Patent Publication Number: US-2021189520-A1

Title: A method, apparatus and system for processing a composite waste source

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     A method, apparatus and system for processing a composite waste source is disclosed. The method, apparatus and system may find particular application in the recovery of metals and metal alloys from composite waste sources, and provide a simple method, apparatus and system for recycling composite waste. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Internationally, there are increasing problems with the disposal of electronic consumer items. The majority of electronic consumer items, such as televisions, computers, tablets, e-readers and mobile (cell) phones, are made obsolete within about three years from production due to the rapid uptake of information technology with the advent of new designs and technology at regular intervals and intense marketing in the electronics sector. With high consumer demand in affluent countries, and even amongst developing economies, the manufacturing and sales of equipment in the electronics industry is now ˜$1 trillion annually, yielding 30-50 million tonnes of obsolete equipment worldwide each year for disposal. Larger household electrical items, such as washing machines, refrigerators, microwaves, etc. may have a longer lifespan than electronic consumer items, but are also difficult to recycle. 
     Such electronic and electrical items, generally termed e-waste, are difficult to recycle, due to their varied compositions which may contain up to 1000 different substances, with plastics, metals and ceramics being the main constituents. E-waste is also difficult to recycle, or otherwise dispose of in landfill, due to the presence of toxic materials such as lead, cadmium, antimony and flame retardants which can leach into ground water. Additionally, the carbon present in the e-waste in landfill can lead to the release of harmful bi-products including greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. 
     One way in which e-waste is currently being recycled is through mechanical processes, such as dismantling and crushing, grinding or shredding the e-waste, and separating various components through density and/or magnetic separation. The separated e-waste can then undergo further chemical treatments. However, due to the complexity of e-waste and widely differing compositions, the material contents of e-waste are not clearly and precisely known and a universal recycling method is not available. 
     Another way in which e-waste is currently being recycled is through chemical and hydrometallurgical approaches for extracting precious metals or copper, including thermal processes such as pyrolysis, hydration, and metallurgical processes. Recycling may include burning the e-waste, plastic chipping and melting, burning wires to recover copper, and acid and cyanide salt leaching. These recycling processes can release dust particles loaded with heavy metals and flame retardants into the atmosphere. Fumes, ashes and particles generated from burning activities is similar to that of dismantling dust, with toxic pollutants such as dioxins, furans and lead ending up in soil, ground water and the atmosphere. These recycling methods have had limited success, and use a number of process steps that produce large amounts of secondary waste. 
     As e-waste has generally been treated as an impure waste resource, it has also been processed in metal smelters along with ore (up to 10-15%) for metal recovery. However, the composition of e-waste is significantly different from typical ores, as most metals in e-waste are already present in a refined state. Recycling these refined metals along with ores involves their oxidation and subsequent smelting, reduction and refining. Conventional metallurgical processes, which have been optimised for economical and efficient extraction of desired elements from large amounts of ores, may not be suitable for processing e-waste materials. Combustion of the e-waste is generally conducted under oxidising conditions so that the plastics are burnt away, to allow access to the metals of interest, which results in metallic constituents being lost in the slag phase (molten oxides), which are then difficult to recover. 
     Several rare earth elements, such as yttrium, neodymium, dysprosium, lanthanum and cerium, are generally present in e-waste, such as in the form of miniature magnets, magnetic brakes, high performance batteries, electric vehicles, smart phones and LCD screens. These components are glued in position with organic binders and are very difficult to physically separate during recycling. These valuable elements are generally lost in the slag phase during recycling of e-waste in metal smelters. Due to very small concentrations and high temperatures required, their recovery has not been economically feasible to date. 
     Recovery of precious and other metals being the major economic driving force for recycling e-waste, the non-metallic fraction (NMFs) containing plastics and ceramics is treated either by combustion or landfilling. While the combustion of NMFs is known to cause the formation of highly toxic gases, landfilling can cause secondary pollution by the leaching of heavy metals and flame retardants into ground water. As such, one of the main hazards in e-waste arises from the presence of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, flame retardants and other potentially hazardous substances. 
     A reference herein to the prior art does not constitute an admission that the art forms part of the common general knowledge of a person of skill in the art, and is not intended to limit the scope of the method, apparatus and system disclosed herein. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a first aspect, a method of processing a composite waste source is disclosed. In the context of this specification, the terminology “composite waste source” or “composite waste” refers to a waste source that potentially comprises plastics, metals, ceramics and/or other trace impurities. In this regard, plastics may include: epoxy and phenolic resins, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyacetate (PA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), thermosetting plastics, and other polymers. Metals may include: base metals, such as copper, aluminium, nickel, tin, zinc and iron, etc.; precious metals, such as gold, silver, palladium and platinum, etc.; rare metals, such as beryllium, tantalum and indium, etc.; rare earth metals, such as yttrium, dysprosium, neodymium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, etc.; and toxic heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium and antimony. Ceramics may include: oxides, such as silica, alumina and lead oxide; and alumina-silicate, etc. 
     Exemplary composite waste sources may include so-called electronic waste (or e-waste), which may contain up to 1000 different substances, with plastics, metals and ceramics being the main constituents. Such e-waste can include: consumer/entertainment electronics, such as televisions, DVD players and amplifiers; office, information and communications technology, such as computers, central processing units (CPUs), monitors, notebooks, keyboards, faxes, telephones and mobile (cell) phones, printers and photocopiers (including toners and cartridges); household appliances including refrigerators, washing machines and microwaves; lighting devices including desk lamps and fluorescent tubes; power tools, such as power drills; and sport and leisure equipment, such as fitness machines and remote control cars. Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), which are mainly used to connect and hold various electrical components, are one such part of these mentioned electrical items suitable for use in the disclosed method which, in turn, makes their e-wastes a source of composite waste as described herein. Other items, such as spark plugs, transistors and capacitors, which may be present in various electronic and electrical items, are also suitable for use as a composite waste source as described herein. 
     In this aspect, the composite waste source may be considered as comprising low-, moderate- and high- melting point constituents. Such low-melting point constituents may include plastics, but may also include low-melting point metals such as lead or tin. Moderate-melting point constituents may include metals such as copper, aluminium, zinc, gold, silver, etc. High melting-point constituents may include ceramics such as silica, etc. 
     The method comprises heating the composite waste to a first temperature zone, such that at least some of the low-melting point constituents in the composite waste are at least partially thermally transformed. In this regard, the low-melting point constituents may be thermally transformed by melting, alloy formation, dissolution and/or phase separation. For example, when tin and/or lead are present, they may become molten or form their alloy, and become recoverable. Plastics, on the other hand, may begin to thermally breakdown. The present method can allow for the recovery of alloys of low-melting point constituents as they form. When the alloys form they are phase separated from the remaining composite waste source. For example, the composite waste source may be located on a mesh conveyor belt, and the alloys of low-melting point constituents may drip through the mesh for recovery in, for example, a collector, whereas the higher-melting point constituents and those constituents that are too viscous to pass through the mesh will remain on top of the conveyor belt. 
     The method also comprises heating the composite waste in the first temperature zone to a second, higher, temperature zone, such that at least some of the moderate-melting point constituents are at least partially thermally transformed. The moderate-melting point constituents, such as metals, may be at least partially thermally transformed by melting, alloy formation and/or dissolution. This may also allow for the recovery of the generated molten metals or metal alloys of moderate-melting point constituents. For example, when the composite waste source is located on a mesh conveyor belt, the alloys of moderate-melting point constituents may drip through the mesh for recovery in, for example, a collector, whereas the higher-melting point constituents and those constituents that are too viscous to pass through the mesh will continue to remain on top of the conveyor belt. Plastics, on the other hand, may continue their thermal transformation, transforming into gases, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and solid carbon. Additionally, the production of toxic gases, such as dioxins and furans can be minimised by rapidly heating the composite waste source from the first temperature zone to the second temperature zone. Although the generation of toxic gases will likely never be entirely eliminated, the presently disclosed method may minimise their production. Further, known scrubbing or capture techniques can be employed to prevent such gases from escaping into the environment or atmosphere. 
     At least some of the high-melting point constituents may remain reasonably inert. In this regard, at least some of the high-melting point constituents, such as silica glass fibers, may remain relatively inert, and will tend to remain on top of the mesh conveyor belt. 
     The method may further comprise heating the composite waste in the second temperature zone to a third, higher, temperature zone, such that the bulk of the moderate-melting point constituents are at least partially thermally transformed. For example, if the third temperature zone corresponds to a temperature of approximately 1100° C., this will result in any remaining copper melting (copper has a melting point of 1085° C.). This will continue to leave high-melting point constituents, such as silica glass fibers, as relatively inert. The glass fibers will continue to remain on top of the mesh conveyor belt and can be collected with any other remaining solids. 
     If any oxidised copper is present, it may be reduced by the gases, such as CO and H 2 , and solid carbon generated in the second temperature zone. 
     The disclosed method may allow for the recovery and reuse of materials which would otherwise be sent to landfill, or incinerated. With key thermal transformation stages occurring in different temperature-time regimes, the step-wise phase separation, partitioning of e-waste constituents and formation of high value products for a wide range of composite waste sources is disclosed. In this regard, a method for the micro-recycling of composite waste, including e-waste, is disclosed. For example, polymer transformations and formation of low-melting point metal alloys, such as tin-lead will occur in a first temperature zone; melting of copper, and dissolution of elements in copper, as well as volatile and gaseous release; and carbon formation of the plastics will occur in a second temperature zone, and completion of the melting of e.g. copper, while relatively high melting point constituents such as silica remain inert on the conveyor belt, will occur in a third temperature zone (e.g. up to about 1250° C.). Each temperature zone can allow the separate capture and recovery of molten metals and alloys specific to that temperature zone. This is contrary to current e-waste recycling methodologies which involve the addition or charging of bulk e-waste into a liquid phase. Known furnaces do not provide the ability to recover metals and alloys progressively from different temperature zones, with the recovered metals and alloys being directly dependent on the temperature of the zone, and the time for which the composite waste source was held at that temperature. 
     When the composite waste source is located on a mesh conveyor belt, ultra-high-melting point constituents and constituents that are too viscous to pass through the mesh will remain on the belt. Such constituents may include solid carbon generated in the second/third temperature zones, glass fibers, and other ultra-high-melting point constituents such as ceramics including: oxides, such as silica and alumina; and alumina-silicate, etc. For example, when the composite waste source is located on a mesh conveyor belt, the alloys of low- and moderate-melting point constituents may drip through the mesh for recovery in, for example, a collector, whereas the high- and ultra-high-melting point constituents and those constituents that are too viscous to pass through the mesh will continue to remain on top of the conveyor belt. The remaining high-, ultra-high-melting point constituents and viscous constituents of the remaining composite waste source can also be collected and/or recovered for further processing. 
     Each of the collected respective metals or metal alloys can be further processed to obtain a usable form of the metal, etc., such as further refining processes so the metal can be re-used in the manufacture of metal-containing products. 
     In a second aspect, a method of processing composite waste is disclosed. The composite waste comprises plastic constituents, metal constituents and ceramic constituents. The method comprises rapidly heating the composite waste to a first temperature zone, such that at least some of the plastic constituents in the composite waste are at least partially thermally transformed. The method further comprises heating the composite waste to a second temperature zone, such that at least some of the metal constituents in the composite waste are at least partially thermally transformed. The ceramic constituents remain reasonably inert. 
     The method may also comprise heating the composite waste to a third temperature zone, such that thermal transformation of at least some metal constituents is effectively completed, while ceramic constituents in the composite waste remain reasonably inert on top of the mesh conveyor belt. 
     The plastic constituents may begin to thermally breakdown in the first temperature zone, with thermal transformation into gases and solid carbons occurring in the second and/or third temperature zones. In cases where oxidised copper is present, gases, such as CO and H 2 , and solid carbon generated in the second temperature zone, may assist in the reduction of oxidised copper. 
     The metal constituents may be thermally transformed through melting, alloy formation, dissolution and/or diffusion. For example, the affinity of various metals such as tin, lead and nickel, with copper as a solvent could be utilized for their extraction as enriched metallic solid solutions for further refining and processing. 
     Each temperature zone can allow the separate capture and recovery of molten metals and alloys specific to that temperature zone. This is contrary to known techniques which simply add e-waste to the smelting process, and the constituents become part of the liquid phase. 
     Prior to rapidly heating the composite waste to the first temperature zone, the composite waste may pre-heated to a pre-treatment temperature zone, whereby at least some low-melting point metals are at least partially thermally transformed to form metals or metal alloys. Such low-melting point metals may include lead and tin. Again, these low-melting point alloys can be recovered separately to other generated molten metals or metal alloys. 
     In various aspects of the above methods, the composite waste may be heated to one or more additional temperature zones, with each temperature zone being higher in temperature than the preceding temperature zone. For example, additional temperature zones may be included before, between or after the first, second, third or pre-treatment temperature zones disclosed above. As such, there is a progressive increase in temperatures in the temperature zones. In this regard, specific end products can be both avoided and/or targeted. For example, the formation of different/specific copper alloys, etc. may be targeted at different temperature zones, whilst the temperature in the zones may be controlled so as to minimise the generation of hazardous materials, such as vapourised lead (i.e. above 1250° C.), etc. As such, the method may further comprise collecting at least some of the at least partially thermally transformed constituents at the or each temperature zone. At each specific temperature to which the composite waste is heated, a different/specific alloy can be recovered. In this regard, a method is provided that allows for the controlled recovery of various alloys, in contradistinction to known methods which do not provide the ability to recover metals and alloys progressively from different temperature zones, with the recovered metals and alloys being directly dependent on the temperature of the zone, and the time for which the composite waste source was held at that temperature. 
     In various aspects of the above methods, heating of the composite waste may be conducted under inert conditions. For example, the composite waste may be heated in a furnace that has been purged with argon, or another inert gas, for the duration of the heating stages. Inert conditions may prevent the oxidation of metals, rare earths and alloys present in the furnace, thereby limiting degradation, chemical transformations and significantly reducing the loss of valuable resources (e.g. metals) to the slag phase. This may be further assisted by the presence of the gases and solid carbon generated in the first or second temperature zones. 
     In various aspects of the above methods, the composite waste may be roughly chopped, shredded or broken up into smaller pieces prior to heating. Whilst it is not entirely necessary, this can assist in heating the composite waste in a more homogenous manner. Additionally, large parts of the composite waste, such as the housing of a computer or microwave, may first be removed or dismantled for separate recycling. In this manner, the parts of the composite waste (such as printed circuit boards) which have been traditionally difficult to recycle may be isolated for preferential recovery of valuable metals and alloys. The componentry, such as copper wires and semiconductors on printed circuit boards, provides a composite waste source that has a high surface area that can be rapidly heated. 
     In various aspects of the above methods, the composite waste may be analysed to determine its constituents prior to heating. In this regard, if the various constituents, and ratios of the various constituents, are known, targeted recovery of selected metals and alloys may be possible. This may allow the targeted metals and alloys, and, as such, the temperature zones and heating times, to be selected based on the materials available in the composite waste. 
     In various aspects of the above methods, the temperature of each temperature zone may be dependent on the constituents of the composite waste, or the metal alloy being targeted for recovery. Similarly, the time for which the composite waste is held at each temperature zone may be dependent on the constituents of the composite waste. In this regard, even if the precise composition of the constituents of the composite waste is not known, if the general type of composite waste is known, it may still be possible to postulate the types of constituents that will likely be present. For example, if the composite waste is a single sided printed circuit board, this is an older generation board which was used in older electronic components, and is relatively paper rich. Multilayer printed circuit boards, on the other hand, are used in newer generation electronic components and are richer in ceramics and polymers than the older generation boards. This knowledge may be useful in determining the time and temperature characteristics to be used in a given method. 
     In various aspects of the above methods, the composite waste may be heated in a micro-recycling furnace. The temperature zones may be different regions of the micro-furnace. The micro-recycling furnace may include rapid heating capabilities, for example heating at a rate of about 50-100° C./min or greater. The micro-recycling furnace may also include the ability to heat different zones of the furnace to different temperatures. This can allow the selective and progressive removal and recovery of metals and metal alloys from different temperature zones in the furnace. A micro-recycling furnace may be similar to a horizontal furnace or horizontal tube furnace and may include, for example, a conveyor belt which can allow the composite waste to be moved between temperature zones as and when required. Similarly, a horizontal, or other suitable, furnace may be adapted to implement the method presently disclosed. 
     The conveyor belt may preferably be in the form of a mesh conveyor belt, which can allow molten metals and/or metal alloys of constituents to drip through the mesh for recovery in, for example, a collector, whereas the higher-melting point constituents and those constituents that are too viscous to pass through the mesh will remain on top of the conveyor belt. The conveyor belt may be manually operated or automated. Each temperature zone of the micro-recycling furnace may preferably include a separate collector for the separate recovery of different metals and/or metal alloys. 
     Additionally, such micro-recycling furnaces may provide a relatively small, portable and cost-effective furnace that could be deployed locally to process e-waste into high value metals and/or alloys. This could also avoid current practices of transporting large volumes of composite waste long distances to large scale, high cost furnaces, which may not recover sufficient volumes. As the likely resulting metals and/or alloys are niche, high value products, modest volumes of e-waste may prove economically viable, allowing recycling and recovery of metals and/or alloys on a micro-scale. 
     It should also be appreciated that the presently disclosed method may be adapted to recover only one, or more, metals or metal alloys, depending on the furnace structure available for use, and other economic feasibility factors. 
     In another aspect, a method of producing a metal alloy from a composite waste source is disclosed. The composite waste source comprises plastic constituents, metal constituents and ceramic constituents. The method comprises a multi-stage heating process including the steps of rapidly heating the composite waste to a first temperature zone, such that at least some plastic constituents in the composite waste are at least partially thermally transformed, and heating the composite waste to a second temperature zone, such that at least some metal constituents in the composite waste are at least partially thermally transformed. In this aspect, some of the metal constituents may be transformed into one or more metal alloys. 
     In one form, when the metal constituents of the composite waste source include copper, the resulting metal alloy may be a copper-based metal alloy. The method may further comprise the step of heating the composite waste to a third temperature zone, such that remaining copper in the composite waste is melted, and the ceramic constituents remain reasonably inert. 
     The plastic constituents may be thermally transformed into gases and solid carbons, and may assist in enhancing the reduction of the oxides, such as copper oxides, in the second and/or third temperature zones. 
     Prior to rapidly heating the composite waste to the first temperature zone, the composite waste may be pre-heated to a pre-treatment temperature zone, whereby low-melting point metals are melted to form metals or metal alloys. Such low-melting point metals may include lead and tin. Again, these low-melting point alloys can be recovered separately to other generated molten metals and alloys. 
     The method may be otherwise as disclosed in the above aspects. 
     In yet another aspect, a method of recovering metals from a composite waste source is disclosed. The composite waste source comprises plastic constituents, metal constituents and ceramic constituents. The method comprises a multi-stage heating process including the steps of rapidly heating the composite waste to at least a first temperature zone, such that at least some of the plastic constituents and low-melting temperature metal constituents in the composite waste are at least partially thermally transformed, and heating the composite waste to a second temperature zone, such that at least some moderate-melting temperature metal constituents in the composite waste are at least partially thermally transformed. At least some of the low-melting and moderate-melting temperature metal constituents are recovered, separately, as molten metals and/or metal alloys. 
     The method may further comprise the step of heating the composite waste to a third temperature zone, such that melting of e.g. copper, is essentially completed, while relatively high melting point constituents such as silica remain inert on the conveyor belt. 
     The method may be otherwise as disclosed in the above aspects. 
     An apparatus for the processing of a composite waste source comprising plastic constituents, metal constituents and ceramic constituents, is also disclosed. The apparatus comprises a mesh conveyor belt for progressing the composite waste source through the apparatus. The apparatus also comprises a first temperature zone for heating the composite waste source to a first temperature and a first recovery collector positioned beneath the mesh conveyor belt in the first temperature zone. The first recovery collector collects and recovers molten metals or metal alloys in the first temperature zone which drip through the mesh conveyor belt. The apparatus also comprises a second temperature zone, which is a higher temperature than the first temperature zone, for heating the composite waste source to a second temperature, and a second recovery collector positioned beneath the mesh conveyor belt in the second temperature zone. The second recovery collector collects and recovers molten metals or metal alloys in the second temperature zone which drip through the mesh conveyor belt. 
     The apparatus is suitable for use as a micro-recycling furnace and, unlike known furnaces, allows the controlled and progressive removal of metal alloys from composite waste sources, such as e-waste, at increasing temperatures. 
     The apparatus may further comprise at least one additional temperature zone for heating of the composite waste source to at least one additional temperature. For example, additional temperature zones may be included between, before or after the first and second temperature zones disclosed above. The at least one additional temperature zone is higher in temperature than the preceding temperature zone. In this regard, there is a progressive increase in temperatures in the temperature zones moving through the apparatus. An additional recovery collector for each respective additional temperature zone is also provided. The or each additional recovery collector may be positioned beneath the mesh conveyor belt in the additional temperature zone for the collection and recovery of molten metals or metal alloys in the additional temperature zone. 
     In one embodiment, the speed of the mesh conveyor belt may be variable. This can allow length of time taken for the composite waste source to move through a given temperature zone to be varied. This can also assist in holding the composite waste source at a given temperature to preferentially form a given metal alloy. 
     In one embodiment, operation of the mesh conveyor belt may be automated. In other embodiments, the mesh conveyor belt may be manually operated. This may allow existing furnaces to be retro-fitted with appropriate equipment to allow the processing of composite waste sources along with the recovery of at least one metal alloy. Additionally, this may be useful in developing regions where existing furnaces are being modified, and the cost of automated apparatus&#39; and/or conveyor belts may be prohibitive to implementation. 
     In one embodiment, the heating rate of each temperature zone in the apparatus may be variable. This can allow moderate or rapid increases in temperature to be achieved, depending on whether particular temperature ranges are to be avoided. For example, in order to minimise the generation of dioxins and furans, the temperature range of approximately 350° C. to about 850° C. may want to be avoided. A higher heating rate may be used when transitioning from a first temperature zone (up to about 350° C.) to a second temperature zone (at about 850° C.), than transitioning from the second temperature zone to a third temperature zone (at about 1250° C.), where there is no need to avoid any temperatures (i.e. there is no need to avoid temperatures between about 850° C.-1250° C.; however, temperatures above 1250° C. should be avoided to minimise vapourisation of lead). 
     In one embodiment, the temperature of each temperature zone may be variable. By providing a temperature zone that can be varied, the metal alloys being targeted can be varied. 
     In some embodiments, heating of each temperature zone in the apparatus may be by natural gas. This can allow accurate control of both the heating rate and temperature. In some forms, each temperature zone may be heated from above the mesh conveyor belt. 
     In some forms, the apparatus may further comprise a solids recovery collector for the recovery of solids remaining on the mesh conveyor belt once heating at a final temperature zone is completed. This can allow the remaining ultra-high temperature constituents of the composite waste source to be recovered for further processing. 
     In some forms, the apparatus may be operated under inert conditions. For example, the apparatus may be purged with argon, or another inert gas, for the duration of the heating stages in the various temperature zones. Inert conditions may prevent the oxidation of metals, rare earths and alloys present in the furnace, thereby limiting degradation, chemical transformations and significantly reducing the loss of valuable resources (e.g. metals) to the slag phase. 
     The disclosed apparatus may be employed in carrying out the methods described above. 
     A system for the processing of a composite waste source comprising plastic constituents, metal constituents and ceramic constituents, is also disclosed. The system comprises a mesh conveyor belt, for progressing the composite waste source through at least first and second temperature zones in the system, and at least first and second recovery collectors. Each collector is, respectively, positioned beneath the mesh conveyor belt in the first and second temperature zones for the collection and recovery of molten metals and/or metal alloys in the first and second temperature zones. The second temperature zone has a higher temperature than the first temperature zone. The system is suitable for use as a micro-recycling furnace in the recycling of composite waste sources, such as e-waste. Unlike known systems, the presently disclosed system allows the controlled and progressive removal of metals or metal alloys at increasing temperatures, via the solid state addition of the composite waste source only to a furnace. 
     In some forms the system may further comprise at least one additional temperature zone for heating the composite waste source. The additional temperature zones may be included before, between or after the first or second temperature zones disclosed above. The at least one additional temperature zone may be higher in temperature than the preceding temperature zone in the system. In this regard, there is a progressive increase in temperatures in the temperature zones moving through the system. An additional recovery collector for each respective additional temperature zone may also be provided, and positioned beneath the mesh conveyor belt in the respective additional temperature zone for collection and recovery of molten metals or metal alloys in the additional temperature zone. The inclusion of additional temperature zones and additional recovery collectors can assist in the targeted recovery of additional metals and/or metal alloys. 
     In some forms, the speed of the mesh conveyor belt may be variable. This can allow length of time taken for the composite waste source to move through a given temperature zone to be varied, which can assist in holding the composite waste source at a given temperature to preferentially form a given metal or alloy. 
     In some forms, operation of the mesh conveyor belt may be automated. In other embodiments, the mesh conveyor belt may be manually operated. This may allow existing furnaces to be retro-fitted with appropriate equipment to allow the processing of composite waste sources along with the recovery of at least one metal or alloy. Additionally, this may be useful in developing regions where existing furnaces are being modified, and the cost of automated systems and/or conveyor belts may be prohibitive to implementation. 
     In some embodiments of the system, the heating rate of each temperature zone may be variable. In a manner similar to that described in relation to the apparatus above, this can allow moderate or rapid increases in temperature to be achieved, depending on whether particular temperature ranges are to be avoided. 
     In some embodiments of the system, the temperature of each temperature zone may be variable. The provision of a variable temperature zone can vary the metal alloys being targeted for recovery. 
     In some embodiments, heating of each temperature zone in the system may be by natural gas. This can allow accurate control of both the heating rate and temperature. In some forms, each temperature zone may be heated from above the mesh conveyor belt. 
     In some forms, the system may further comprise a solids recovery collector for the recovery of solids remaining on the mesh conveyor belt once heating at a final temperature zone is completed. This can allow the remaining ultra-high temperature constituents of the composite waste source to be recovered for further processing. 
     In some forms, the system may be operated under inert conditions. For example, the system may be purged with argon, or another inert gas, for the duration of the heating stages in the various temperature zones. Inert conditions may prevent the oxidation of metals, rare earths and alloys present in the furnace, thereby limiting degradation, chemical transformations and significantly reducing the loss of valuable resources (e.g. metals) to the slag phase. 
     The apparatus disclosed above, may be employed in the disclosed system. Similarly, the disclosed system may be employed to carry out the methods described above. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the method, apparatus and system as set forth in the Summary, specific embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawing in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic micro-recycling furnace used in accordance with an embodiment of the method, system and apparatus disclosed; and 
         FIGS. 2A to 2G  show the schematic micro-recycling furnace of  FIG. 1  in use, in accordance with an embodiment of the method, system and apparatus disclosed. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A schematic diagram of a micro-recycling furnace  10 , is shown in  FIG. 1 . The micro-recycling furnace  10  includes a conveyor belt  12  that allows a composite waste source to move from low to high temperature zones in the furnace. The micro-recycling furnace  10  also includes a receptacle  14 , such as a hot working stage, to hold the composite waste source, although it should be appreciated that in some forms the composite waste source may be placed directly onto the conveyor belt  12 , such as if the conveyor belt is a mesh, or if portions of the conveyor belt are a mesh or sieve. 
     The receptacle  14  may include a sieve or mesh base  16 , which can allow molten materials to pass therethrough for collection and subsequent processing, if appropriate. The micro-recycling furnace  10  of  FIG. 1  is shown having three recovery collectors  18 ,  20  and  22 , for this purpose. It should be appreciated that there may only be two such collectors, or there may be additional such collecters (not shown). 
     The micro-recycling furnace  10  shown includes an automated motion system  24  to automatically operate conveyor belt  12 , to cause it to move the receptacle  14  into different temperature zones within the furnace  10 . It should be appreciated that the automation of the conveyor belt  12  may still be subject to specific parameters, such as conveyor belt speed, or length of time that the conveyor belt is to remain in a specific temperature zone, and that these parameters may be entered into a control program for the automated motion system. It should also be appreciated that in alternative forms, the conveyor belt  12  may be manually operated, thus eliminating the need for the shown automated motion system  24 . 
     The micro-recycling furnace  10  is also shown having a gas scrubber  26 , to remove gaseous releases generated during use of the furnace  10 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 2A to 2G , which show some exemplary sequential stages of the micro-recycling furnace  10  in use.  FIG. 2A  shows micro-recycling furnace  10  of  FIG. 1 , with a composite waste  30  on the sieve base  16  of receptacle  14 , located in the low temperature zone of the furnace  10 . After a period of time in the low temperature zone, and as shown in  FIG. 2B , molten material  32  passes through the sieve base  16 , and is collected in the first recovery collector  18 . 
     The conveyor belt  12  then moves the receptacle  14  to a first position in the high temperature zone. The temperature in this first position is higher than the temperature in the low temperature zone. Because of the recovery of molten material  32 , the volume of composite waste  30  has reduced, with the reduced volume of composite waste  30 B shown in the receptacle  14  of  FIG. 2C . After a period of time in this first position of the high temperature zone, and as shown in  FIG. 2D , molten material  34  passes through the sieve base  16 , and is collected in the second recovery collector  20 . 
     The conveyor belt  12  again moves the receptacle  14  to a second position in the high temperature zone (see  FIG. 2E ). The temperature in this second position of the high temperature zone is higher than the temperature in the first position of the high temperature zone and higher than the temperature in the low temperature zone. After a period of time in this second position of the high temperature zone, and as shown in  FIG. 2F , molten material  36  from the composite waste  30 C passes through the sieve base  16 , and is collected in the second recovery collector  22 . 
     Once the recovery processes have completed, the conveyor belt  12  can again move the receptacle  14 , with any other leftover materials  38  which did not melt at the selected temperature zones remaining in the receptacle  14 . This leftover material  38  may also be collected, e.g. for discarding, disposal, or collection and further processing. The micro-recycling furnace  10  provides a safe and sustainable solution for processing composite waste that also contains toxic waste and metals. 
     Low melting-point materials, such as lead or tin, may form an alloy  32  or molten metal at relatively low temperature zones. It should also be appreciated that low melting-point materials, such as lead, may also form an alloy  34  at a relatively moderate temperature zone. For example, even though different lead alloys (such as lead-tin, or copper-lead) may form at a variety of temperatures (between about 250° C.-350° C., and 350° C.-1250° C., respectively), specific alloys may be preferred to remove lead from the system. For example, formation of lead-tin alloys at 250° C.-350° C. may be preferred to remove lead at a lower temperature and minimise the amount of lead in the system at higher temperatures, such as when the reactivity of copper is higher, or the possibility of lead vapourisation is higher. The removal and recovery of lead in alloyed form may, in this regard, reduce the potential environmental impact. 
     It should also be appreciated that in selecting the temperature zones, heating rates and time spent at various temperatures, one goal may be to remove a significant portion of e.g. lead at relatively low and moderate temperature zones, to recover leaded alloys separately and minimise the lead from becoming part of other alloys, such as copper, being recovered. In this regard, it may be necessary to increase the time spent at a particular temperature in a relatively low to moderate temperature zone in order to remove the majority of lead from the composite waste source. As such, the composite waste source may be judiciously selected so that sources with relatively higher lead contents (such as older-style printed circuit boards) are processed at the same time. 
     As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, the rationale behind removing as much lead as possible in the low and moderate temperature zones is to minimise the amount of lead left in the composite waste source  30  when the furnace temperature is being increased to a temperature at which lead vapourises. However, as will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, there are known scrubbing or capture techniques that can be employed to prevent such gases from escaping into the environment or atmosphere, should lead vapourise. For example, a gas scrubber  26  may be employed with the micro-recycling furnace  10  to remove gaseous releases generated during processing. 
     Another goal in selecting the temperature zones, heating rates and time spent at various temperature zones, may be to maximise the reactivity of, for example, copper. In this regard, the goal may be to prevent copper from melting out, so that if there is lead or tin in the system, they will form alloys with copper, such as the material recovered as material  34 . By tailoring the temperature zone, the percentage of, for example, tin in the copper alloy can be altered. 
     Another goal in selecting the temperature zones, heating rates and time spent at various temperature zones, may be to minimise the production of toxic gases, such as dioxins and furans. 
     At moderate temperatures, plastics in the composite waste source will also continue to undergo phase transformations, with volatile and gaseous release, and solid carbon formation. 
     With further increases in temperature, high-melting point constituents, such as silica, in the form of glass fibers, will remain generally inert while any remaining copper will melt. In this regard, the copper will melt through the mesh/sieve base  16  of conveyor belt  12  as material  36 , while the glass fibers will remain on top of the mesh conveyor belt, and be part of other leftover materials  38  which also did not melt at the selected temperature zones. 
     The leftover materials  38  can also be recovered, for disposal or for further use or processing. For example, if the leftover materials  38  are high in carbon, they may be employed as a carbon source for other metallurgical processes (such as ferro-alloy production or smelting). Even if the leftover materials  38  are unable to be used, the amount of leftover material  38  will be significantly less than the starting composite waste source  30 , resulting in significantly less bulk material being sent to landfill. 
     Additionally, recovery of materials  32 ,  34  and  36  has allowed the reclamation of valuable resources which may be rare, expensive or otherwise pose an environmental risk. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that the recycling of metals and metal alloys is more energy efficient, and leads to reduced energy consumption in the manufacturing of metals when recycling is compared to the manufacture of metals from ores. In this regard, the method, system and apparatus disclosed herein may be considered to be a “micro-factory” for the creation of resources from waste, that provides a safe and sustainable solution for the localised processing and toxic composite waste that contains metals. 
     EXEMPLARY METHOD 
     A non-limiting exemplary method for the processing of a composite waste source will now be described with reference to  FIG. 1 . In this exemplary method, the composite waste source comprised a mixture of electronic components such as mobile (cell) phones, e-readers, DVD players and televisions. In order to increase the recovery of various metal alloys, it was determined that the covers and cases of the electronic components should be removed to minimise dilution of the metals during processing. In this regard, a fragmenter was used to pull the mobile (cell) phones, e-readers, DVD players and televisions apart to separate the plastic casings from the circuit boards and other recoverable componentry of the devices. The plastic casings were able to be recycled in a separate process, using known technologies. 
     The printed circuit boards and other recoverable componentry of the devices were then broken down into smaller chunks of board and componentry, forming the composite waste source  30 . The composite waste source  30  was placed on the mesh base  16  of receptacle  14  on conveyor belt  12 , and the first temperature zone was heated to about 325° C., and held at this temperature for about 60 minutes. A molten material  32  was observed to drip through the mesh base  16  of receptacle  14 , and was collected in a first recovery collector  18 . 
     After about 60 minutes, the conveyor belt  12  was moved so that the remaining composite waste source  30 B was positioned in the second temperature zone. The temperature in the second temperature zone was rapidly increased to above about 900° C., and held at this temperature for about 30 minutes. The temperature was increased at a rate of about 50-100° C./min or greater, in order to minimise the production of dioxins and furans which occurs at temperatures between about 350-850° C. A molten material  34  was again observed to drip through the mesh base  16  of receptacle  14 , and was collected in a second recovery collector  20  positioned in the second temperature zone. The formation of gases were also observed. The gas scrubber  26  removed the gases generated from the micro-recycling furnace  10  during the process. 
     After about 30 minutes, the conveyor belt  12  was again moved so that the receptacle  14  with the remaining waste source  30 C was positioned in the third temperature zone. The temperature in the third temperature zone was increased to about 1100° C., and was held at this temperature for about 30 minutes. A molten material  36  was again observed to drip through the mesh base  16  of receptacle  14 , and was collected in a third recovery collector  22  positioned in the third temperature zone. 
     Recovered materials  32 ,  34  and  36  were removed separately and taken for further processing to complete the recycling and refinement of the metal alloys. The leftover material  38  was also removed and processed to recover valuable materials. 
     It was observed that the disclosed solid-state process provided a simple method for the micro-recycling of composite waste sources, that didn&#39;t require the manual separation of many different types of materials or the use of smelting technologies of known processes. This process not only had the effect of providing a safe and sustainable solution for the recycling of toxic composite waste containing materials, it was also a micro-factory that allowed the creation and recovery of resources from that waste. 
     Whilst a number of specific embodiments have been described, it should be appreciated that the methods, apparatus and system may be embodied in many other forms. For example: modifications may be made to the heating rate used to heat the composite waste source to the desired temperature zone; a different type of furnace, such as a horizontal furnace, may be employed; the recovery of certain metals or metal alloys may be preferred, which may alter the preferred temperatures of the temperature zones; additional or fewer temperature zones may be employed, depending on which materials are being targeted for recovery; the length of time required at a specified temperature may vary, depending on which materials are being targeted for recovery or the constituents present in the composite waste source; etc. 
     In the claims which follow, and in the preceding description, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word “comprise” and variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” are used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the method, apparatus and system as disclosed herein.