Patent Publication Number: US-2021183632-A1

Title: Mass spectrometry of samples including coaxial desorption/ablation and image capture

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/382,007 filed Apr. 11, 2019, and titled “Laser Desorption, Ablation, and Ionization System for Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Samples Including Organic and Inorganic Materials”. This application is also related to and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) from U.S. Patent Application No. 62/982,473, filed Feb. 27, 2020, and titled “Mass Spectrometry of Samples Including Coaxial Desorption/Ablation and Image Capture”. The entire contents of each of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Aspects of the present disclosure involve systems and methods for chemical analysis of samples. More specifically, the present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for analyzing organic and inorganic components of a sample 
     BACKGROUND 
     Mass spectrometry is a technique for analyzing chemical species of a sample material by sorting ions of the material based on their mass-to-charge ratio. In general, the process includes generating ions from a sample such as by bombarding the sample with an energy beam (e.g., a photon or electron beam) in the case of solid sample analysis. The resulting ions are then accelerated and subjected to an electromagnetic field resulting in varying deflection of the ions based on their respective mass-to-charge ratios. A detector (e.g., electron multiplier) is then used to detect and quantify particles having the same mass-to-charge ratios. The results of such analysis are generally presented as a spectrum indicating the relative amount of detected ions having the same mass-to-charge ratio. By correlating the masses of the ions obtained during analysis with known masses for atoms and molecules, the specific atom or molecule for each component of the spectra may be identified, quantified, and the general composition of the sample can be obtained. 
     Conventional mass spectrometry systems are complex and costly instruments that generally require significant capital investment, space, and training to operate. Moreover, many such systems are limited in their ability to effectively analyze both organic and inorganic components of a given sample. 
     With these thoughts in mind among others, aspects of the analysis systems and methods disclosed herein were conceived. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method of sample analysis is provided. The method includes capturing an image of an analysis location of a sample disposed within a sample chamber using an imaging device, the imaging device having a field of view into the sample chamber along an axis. The method further includes, subsequent to capturing the image, applying a material removal beam to the sample along the same axis as the imagine device&#39;s field of view. The material removal beam is produced from a source beam originating from a laser source and desorbs or ablates sample material from the sample at the analysis location. An ionization beam is then applied to the sample to generate ionized sample material, which is then delivered to a mass spectrometer for analysis. 
     In certain implementations, the source beam is a first source beam, the material removal beam is a first material removal beam and desorbs organic material, the sample material is a first sample material, and the ionized sample material is a first ionized sample material. In such implementations, the method may further include, subsequent to delivering the first ionized sample material to the mass spectrometer for analysis, applying a second material removal beam to the sample along the axis. The second material removal beam is produced from a second source beam originating from the same laser source as the first source beam and ablates a second sample material from the sample at the analysis location. A second ionization beam is then applied to the second sample material to generate a second ionized sample material, which is delivered to a mass spectrometer for analysis. In at least certain implementations, the second material removal beam is applied to the sample to ablate the second sample material without repositioning the sample within the sample chamber after applying the first material removal beam to the sample. 
     In other implementations, the image is a first image and has a first field of view and the method further includes, prior to capturing the first image, capturing a second image of the sample. The second image of the sample has a second field of view larger than the first field of view and encompassing the analysis location. 
     In other implementations, the axis is perpendicular to a top surface of the sample. 
     In still other implementations, the source beam is delivered from the laser source into an optical assembly in a direction different than along the axis. The optical assembly then produces the material removal beam from the source beam and redirects the material removal beam into the sample chamber along the axis. 
     In yet other implementations, the field of view is directed from the imaging device into an optical assembly in a direction different than along the axis. The optical assembly then redirects the field of view into the sample chamber along the axis. 
     In other implementations, the source beam is delivered from the laser source into an optical assembly in a first direction not along the axis and the field of view is directed from the imaging device into the optical assembly in a second direction not along the axis and different than the first direction. The optical assembly then produces the material removal beam from the source beam. In such implementations, the optical assembly may include an optical element that redirects each of the field of view and the material removal beam along the axis and through a port of the optical assembly in communication with the sample chamber. 
     In another implementation, delivering the ionized sample material to the mass spectrometer includes passing the ionized sample material through an ion extraction system. In such implementations, the ionized sample material passed through an ion funnel in a first direction. The ionized sample material may then be delivered to the mass spectrometer by passing the ionized sample material through a quadrupole ion deflector to redirect the ionized sample material in a second direction different than the first direction. In such implementations, delivering the ionized sample material to the mass spectrometer may further include, subsequent to redirection by the quadrupole ion deflector, passing the ionized sample material through an Einzel lens. 
     In other implementations, the analysis location is a first analysis location, the material removal beam is a first material removal beam, the source beam is a first source beam, the sample material is a first sample material, the ionization beam is a first ionization beam, and the ionized sample material is a first ionized sample material. In such implementations, the method may further include, subsequent to delivering the first ionized sample material to the mass spectrometer, moving the sample within the sample chamber such that a second analysis location of the sample is aligned with the axis. An image of the second analysis location may then be captured using the imaging device with the field of view of the imaging device along the axis. Subsequent to capturing the image of the second analysis location, a second material removal beam may be applied to the sample along the axis to desorb or ablate second sample material from the sample at the second analysis location, the second material removal beam being produced from a second source beam originating from the laser source. A second ionization beam may then be applied to the second sample material to generate second ionized sample material, which is then delivered to the mass spectrometer for analysis. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, a system for performing sample analysis is provided. The system includes a sample chamber, an imaging device having a field of view, a first laser to produce a source beam, and an optical assembly. Each of the field of view and the source beam are directed into the optical assembly during operation. The optical assembly produces either of a desorption beam or an ablation beam from the source beam and defines a port in communication with the sample chamber. The system further includes an ionization assembly to produce an ionization beam, the ionization beam to generate an ionized sample material from a sample material, the sample material produced by applying the desorption beam or the ablation beam to a sample disposed within the sample chamber. The system also includes a mass spectrometer in communication with the sample chamber to analyze the ionized sample material produced by the ionization assembly. The optical assembly directs each of the desorption beam, the ablation beam, and a field of view of the imaging device along an axis extending through the port into the sample chamber. 
     In certain implementations, the system further includes an illumination source to produce and direct light into the optical assembly. In such implementation, the optical assembly further directs light produced by the illumination source into the sample chamber along the axis. 
     In other implementations, the imaging device is a first imaging device. In such implementations, the system may further include a sample holder to retain the sample and to move the sample between a first position within the sample chamber and a second position outside the sample chamber. The system may further include a second imaging device to capture a second image of the sample while the sample is in the second position. 
     In still other implementations, the system further includes each of an ion funnel, a quadrupole ion deflector, and an Einzel lens collectively configured to capture and concentrate the ionized sample material and to redirect the ionized sample material to the mass spectrometer. In such implementations, the ion funnel and the quadrupole ion deflector may also disposed along the axis. 
     In another implementation, the optical assembly includes a first set of optical elements to direct the desorption beam and the ablation beam to a common optical element and a second set of optical elements to direct the field of view of the imaging device to the common optical element. In such implementations, the common optical element redirects each of the desorption beam, the ablation beam, and the field of view of the imaging device through the port along the axis. 
     In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of sample analysis is provided. The method includes capturing an image of an analysis location of a sample disposed within a sample chamber using an imaging device having a field of view along an axis and, subsequent to capturing the image, applying a desorption beam along the axis to the sample to desorb organic material from the sample at the analysis location, the desorption beam produced from a first source beam of a laser source. The method further includes applying a first ionization beam to the desorbed organic material to generate ionized organic material and delivering the ionized organic material to a mass spectrometer for analysis. The method further includes, without repositioning of the sample within the sample chamber, applying an ablation beam along the axis to the sample to ablate inorganic material from the sample at the analysis location, the ablation beam produced from a second source beam of the laser source. The method also includes applying a second ionization beam to the ablated inorganic material to generate ionized inorganic material and delivering the ionized inorganic material to a mass spectrometer for analysis. 
     In certain implementations, the desorption beam is an infrared beam having a wavelength of 1064 nm and the ablation beam is an ultraviolet beam having a wavelength of 266 nm or 213 nm. 
     In other implementations, the laser source is a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINCIS 
       Example embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures of the drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be considered illustrative rather than limiting. 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic illustration of an analysis system according to an implementation of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1B  is a detailed schematic illustration of a mounting assembly of the analysis system of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of an image capture system for use in conjunction with the analysis system of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are schematic illustrations of halves of a kinematic mounting system as may be incorporated into either of the analysis system of  FIG. 1A  and the image capture system of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  is a graphical representation of the relationship between images and results data obtained during analysis of a sample, such as by using the system of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIGS. 5A-D  are a flow diagram for a method of analyzing a sample in accordance with the present disclosure. More specifically,  FIG. 5A  illustrates initial preparation of the sample and analysis system,  FIG. 5B  illustrates general operation of the analysis system,  FIG. 5C  illustrates the steps involved in analyzing each of organic and inorganic components of a sample, and  FIG. 5D  illustrates quantification of the analysis and feedback to improve operation of the analysis system. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart illustrating a method for processing mass spectrometry data collected during analysis of organic or inorganic material obtained from a sample. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic illustration of a second analysis system in accordance with the present disclosure in a closed configuration. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic illustration of the analysis system of  FIG. 7  in an open configuration. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic illustration of a macro-level imaging device assembly of the analysis system of claim  7 . 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic illustration of an optical assembly of the analysis system of claim  7 . 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic illustration of an ion extraction system of the analysis system of claim  7 . 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic illustration of a sample chamber of the analysis system of claim  7 . 
         FIG. 13  is a block diagram illustrating a computer system as may be included in the analysis systems of  FIGS. 1A and 7 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present disclosure involve systems and methods for analyzing a sample using mass spectrometry and, in particular, for efficiently analyzing both organic and inorganic components of the sample. Analysis systems according to the present disclosure implement an extraction and ionization technique in which both organic and inorganic material may be extracted from a sample, ionized, and analyzed. For example, in a first stage of the analysis process, organic material may be desorbed from a location of a sample to form a vapor cloud. The vapor cloud is then ionized and the resulting ions may be transported to a mass spectrometer for analysis. In a second stage of the analysis process, non-organic material may be ablated from the sample, forming a particle cloud. The particle cloud may then be ionized and the resulting ions transported to the mass spectrometer for analysis. 
     To facilitate the foregoing processes, systems according to the present disclosure include a single laser source and various optical elements to produce beams suitable for each of desorption and ablation. For example, in one implementation, the system includes a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser used to produce a source beam for producing each of a relatively low energy beam (e.g., in the infrared (IR) range) for heating and desorbing organic material from the sample and a relatively high energy beam (e.g., in the ultraviolet (UV) range) beam capable of ablating inorganic material from the sample. 
     In certain implementations, the laser source may be configured to have a fundamental wavelength and other characteristics that correspond to one of the desorption beam or the ablation beam. In such implementations, production of the desorption/ablation beam from the source beam may include redirecting and/or passing the source beam without modifying other characteristics of the source beam. Stated differently, in the context of the present disclosure, a source beam generally refers to a beam as it exits a laser source while a beam produced from the source beam generally refers to a beam as it is delivered to perform its particular functionality (e.g., ablation, desorption, ionization), regardless of whether characteristics of the source beam have been modified to generate the final beam. For purposes of the present disclosure, the terms “desorption/ablation (D/A) beam” and “material removal beam” are used to refer collectively to beams for removing material from a sample for analysis, regardless of whether the removed material is organic or inorganic and whether the beams remove material by desorption or ablation of the sample. 
     Each of the desorbed organic material and the ablated inorganic material are subsequently ionized using a second laser system including a second laser source and corresponding optics. In one implementation, the second laser system is configured to produce a relatively high energy beam (e.g., in the UV range) and is directed to intersect the vapor cloud and the particle cloud produced by the desorption and ablation processes, respectively. In certain implementations, the second laser source may also be a Nd:YAG laser and the second laser system may include optical elements to produce an ionization beam having a wavelength of 266 nm. The resulting ions are then extracted and transported (e.g., by applying an electrostatic potential using an electrostatic lens system such as an Einzel lens, quadrupole ion guide, or ion funnel) as an ion beam into a mass spectrometer. Mass spectrometry data is then collected and quantified. 
     Conventional techniques, such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ionization mass spectroscopy (LIMS), which only use plasma generated by an initial ablation laser, have fundamental weaknesses centered around low ionization efficiency and matrix effects (i.e., the effects on the analysis caused by components of the sample other than the specific component to be quantified). These shortcomings lead to difficulty with quantification and have contributed to the difficulty in fully commercializing such technologies across multiple fields and applications. For example, reasonable quantification of LIBS data requires sample standard matching and, therefore, is highly subject to matrix effects. Therefore, LIBS has been difficult to use in applications in which a variety of matrices may be used and requires a significant amount of data reduction. 
     In contrast, in various possible examples, the techniques described herein may have the advantage of ionizing from the neutral vapor cloud or particle cloud resulting from ablation. These clouds are significantly less variable across different matrices and more closely represents the sample constituents and their proportions within the sample. Accordingly, the techniques described herein have significant potential to quantify multi-matrix samples using uniform or algorithmically adjusted quantification schema. 
     Implementations of the present disclosure may further include imaging systems, such as camera systems, for capturing images of samples prior to, during, or subsequent to analysis. For example, the analysis system may include a first camera system to capture images of the sample at a large or “macro” scale. The analysis system may further include a camera system configured to capture a detailed or “micro” image of a specific location of the sample being to be analyzed. Such images may be associated with any captured data, allowing users to visually analyze a sample at a macro level, visually identify particular regions of interest of the sample, readily obtain detailed data for such regions, and perform various other functions. 
     In addition to the foregoing, various other advantages may be associated with implementations of the present disclosure. For example, the implementations of the present disclosure may be static systems. Such systems may operate using a vacuum chamber within which no gases are required since ionization does not require an inductively coupled plasma source. Doing so eliminates molecular isobars that may hinder detection of elements such as, but not limited to, silicon, potassium, calcium, and iron. Moreover, the two-step multiphoton ionization source allows for an algorithmic approach to quantification. The absence of hot, inductively coupled plasma also eliminates the thermal emission of contaminant ions from the cones and injector that may hinder the analysis of sodium, lead, and many volatile metals. Rather, in implementations of the present disclosure, ions are sourced only from the sample spot under ablation. 
     Implementations of the present disclosure also may have considerable advantage regarding the transmission efficiency of the generated ion beam. For example, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has a high ionization efficiency (&gt;90%) for elements with a first ionization potential of approximately 8 eV or less and has a relatively low transmission efficiency of about 0.01-0.001% (i.e., approximately 1 in every 10 5 -10 8  ions reach the detector). This is largely due to the fact the ions are created in atmosphere (argon plasma) and are then transferred to the mass spectrometer in stages until reaching the ultimate high-vacuum mass filter. The transition through these stages is done through a system of cones and lenses that removes a significant portion of ions. In contrast, the techniques discussed herein do not suffer from transmission losses across atmosphere to vacuum systems as the entirety of the process is conducted under vacuum. 
     Another advantage of the presently disclosed system is its ability to efficiently analyze both organic and inorganic matter. Organic analysis is performed in at least certain implementations of the present disclosure using an infrared component of the Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). A long-pass cut-on filter (or similar filtering element) may then be placed in the beam path allowing for the transmission of IR energy while blocking UV energy. The IR pulse may then be used to flash heat the sample. By flash heating (e.g., on the order of 10 8  K/s), the organic compounds are desorbed from the sample surface intact where lower heating rates may result in undesirable decomposition of the organic material. 
     Other advantages of implementations of the present disclosure relate to their overall size, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness as compared to conventional analysis systems. For example, by using laser sources for multiple purposes (e.g., desorption and ablation, multi-energy level ionization) and making specific use of optics to redirect beams from such laser sources, the overall size and shape of the analysis system may be reduced. As a result, implementations of the present disclosure are generally suitable for benchtop and/or field applications that would otherwise be problematic or simply not possible for conventional systems. 
     These and other features and advantages of systems according to the present disclosure are provided below. 
     Analysis System Components and Design 
       FIG. 1A  is a schematic illustration of an analysis system  100  in accordance with the present disclosure. In general, the analysis system  100  includes a sample chamber  104  within which a sample  10  is disposed for analysis by a mass spectrometer  102 . The analysis system  100  may be capable of operating in multiple modes to facilitate analysis of both organic and inorganic material of the sample  10 . Generally, and as described below in further detail, the analysis system  100  includes a desorption/ablation (D/A) sub-system  120  to selectively apply energy to desorb organic material from the sample  10  or to ablate inorganic material from the sample  10 . The desorbed or ablated material is then ionized using an ionization sub-system  140 . The ionized material is then directed to a mass spectrometer  102  for analysis. In certain implementations, the mass spectrometer  102  is a time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometer. 
     The analysis system  100  further includes a computing device  192 . The computing device  192  may take various forms, however, the computing device  192  generally includes one or more processors and a memory including instructions executable by the one or more processors to perform various functions of the analysis system  100 . In one implementation, the computing device  192  may be physically integrated with the other components of the analysis system  100 . For example, the computing device  192  may be a panel, tablet, or similar computing device integrated into a wall of the sample chamber  104 . In other implementations, the computing device  192  may be a separate device operably coupled to the other components of the analysis system  100 . Coupling between the computing device  192  and the components of the analysis system  100  may be wireless, wired, or any combination and may use any suitable connection and communication protocol for exchanging data, control signals, and the like. To facilitate interaction with the analysis system  100 , the computing device  192  may include various input and output devices including, but not limited to, a display  194  (which may be a touchscreen); a microphone; speakers; a keyboard; a mouse, trackball, or other pointer-type device; or any other suitable device for receiving input from or providing output to a user of the analysis system  100 . 
     The sample chamber  104  generally includes a vacuum chamber  106  accessible, e.g., by a chamber door  108  or similar sealable opening. During operation, the sample  10  may be supported within the sample chamber  104  by a mount  110 . In certain implementations, the mount  110  may be motorized or otherwise movable such that the sample  10  may be repositioned within the vacuum chamber  106 . By doing so, analysis of the sample  10  may be conducted at multiple locations without removing the sample  10  from the vacuum chamber  106 . As described in further detail below, the mount  110  may be configured to move incrementally and with a high degree of precision to facilitate mapping and analysis of the sample  10 .  FIG. 1B  provides a more detailed view of the mount  110  and associated components of the analysis system  100 . 
     The D/A sub-system  120  is generally configured to provide beams of at least two distinct wavelengths to a surface  12  of the sample  10  for purposes of removing material from the sample  10 . To do so, the D/A sub-system  120  includes a D/A laser source  122  for producing a source beam and optical elements configured to generate the different material removal beams from the source beam. In at least certain implementations, the D/A sub-system  120  may produce a first material removal beam having a first wavelength and that is generally used to heat the sample  10  and desorb organic material from the sample  10  without substantially decomposing the organic material or damaging the surface  12  of the sample  10 . The organic vapor cloud produced by the desorption process may then be energized by the ionization sub-system  140  and the resulting ionized vapor cloud may be directed to the mass spectrometer  102  for analysis, such as by a quadrupole ion guide  112  (or similar guide device, such as, but not limited to an Einzel lens or a series of lenses). The D/A sub-system  120  may also produce a second material removal beam having a second wavelength, the second material removal beam having a higher energy density than the first material removal beam such that the second material removal beam is suitable for ablation of inorganic material from the surface  12  of the sample  10 . Similar to the organic vapor cloud produced by desorption, the particle cloud produced by ablation may be ionized by the ionization sub-system  140 . In certain implementations, such ionization may occur after a delay to allow plasma generated during the ablation process to extinguish. The resulting ionized particle cloud may then be directed to the mass spectrometer  102  for analysis by the quadrupole ion guide  112  (or similar guide device). In certain implementations, a gate valve  170  or similar mechanism may be disposed between the ion guide  112  and the mass spectrometer  102 , for example and among other things, to reduce pump down time between samples, to keep the mass spectrometer  102  under high vacuum conditions, and to reduce exposure to air. 
     The optical elements of the D/A sub-system  120  are generally used to produce a material removal beam  16  from a source beam  17  of the D/A laser source  122  and to direct the produced material removal beam (which may be either a desorption or ablation beam) to a analysis location  14  of the sample  10 . In instances where the fundamental wavelength of the material removal beam  16  differs from that of the source beam  17 , producing the material removal beam  16  from the source beam  17  may include modifying the fundamental wavelength of the source beam  17 , e.g., by filtering the source beam  17 . The energy density of the material removal beam  16  at the analysis location  14  may also be controlled to facilitate desorption or ablation. Direction of the removal beam  16  may be achieved, for example, by one or more mirrors disposed within the vacuum chamber  106 , such as mirror  136 , positioned to direct the beam  16  from an initial beam direction to an incident beam direction having a particular angle of incidence (θ D/A , shown in  FIG. 1B ) relative to a normal  171  defined by a surface  12  of the sample  10 . The value of θ DA  may vary based on the location of the optical elements of the D/A sub-system  120 , the location of the D/A laser source  122  relative to the surface  12  of the sample  10 , and the general size and shape of the vacuum chamber  106 . However, in at least some implementations of the present disclosure, θ D/A  is from and including about 15 degrees to and including about 45 degrees. In one specific implementation, θ D/A  is about 40 degrees. Among other things, such values for θ D/A  may allow for a relatively small form factor for the analysis system  100  (e.g., by avoiding interference of the mirror  136  and other optical components with the ion guide  112 ) while ensuring that sufficient energy is delivered to the surface  12  of the sample  10  to desorb/ablate. 
     As noted above, optical elements of the D/A sub-system  120  may also be used to control or modify characteristics of the source beam  17  to produce the material removal beam  16 . Such processing may include, among other things, modifying fundamental wavelengths, attenuating, focusing/diffusing, or splitting the source beam  17  or any intermediate beams produced during the process of producing the material removal beam  16  from the source beam  17 . As a first example, the D/A sub-system  120  may include at least one filter  130  to produce a beam having a fundamental wavelength that is a harmonic wavelength of the source beam  17 . In other implementations, the filter  130  may include multiple selectable filter elements configured to change the wavelength of a beam entering the filter element (e.g., the source beam  17 ) from a fundamental wavelength of the beam to one of several harmonic wavelengths of the beam. In either case and in at least certain implementations, the filter  130  may be in the form of an electronically controlled filter wheel that allows automatic or manual application or removal of one or more filters to facilitate production of the material removal beam  16 . 
     The D/A laser source  122  may include various types of laser sources, however, to facilitate a relatively compact form factor, in at least certain implementations of the present disclosure the D/A laser source  122  includes a miniaturized, high-powered, solid-state laser. For example and without limitation, the D/A laser source  122  may be a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. In one specific example, the Nd:YAG laser may produce a source beam having a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm, i.e., within the infrared (IR) range. In such implementations, the source beam may be passed through the D/A sub-system  120  without altering its fundamental wavelength such that the resulting material removal beam also has a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm and may be used for desorbing organic matter from the sample  10 . When ablation is to occur, a filter or other optical elements of the D/A sub-system  120  may be applied to the source beam such that the material removal beam produced from the source beam has a wavelength of 266 nm (e.g., the fourth harmonic wavelength of the original 1064 nm beam) or 213 nm, falling in the ultraviolet (UV) range. This material removal beam may then be used to ablate the sample  10  at the analysis location  14  for analysis of inorganic matter. 
     A Nd:YAG lasers is provided merely as an illustrative example of a laser that may be implemented as the D/A laser source  122 . As noted, desorption of organic material in the context of the current disclosure refers to the process of supplying energy from a beam to the sample to produce a vapor cloud of organic material of the sample. Ablation of inorganic material, on the other hand, refers to the process of supplying energy from a beam to the sample to generate an ionized particle cloud from inorganic matter of the sample. Accordingly, any laser having a beam that may be used in the production of each a first beam for use in desorbing organic material from a sample and a second beam for use in ablating inorganic material from the same sample may be used. Various processes and techniques for selecting such a laser are known in the art and, as a result, are not described in detail within this disclosure. Accordingly, while an Nd:YAG laser is used herein as a primary example of a laser suitable for use as the D/A laser source  122 , implementations of this disclosure are not limited to Nd:YAG lasers. Rather, those of skill in the art, given the teachings herein, would understand and know how to identify and select other types of lasers suitable for use in implementations of this disclosure. 
     Similarly, while 1064 nm and 266 nm/213 nm are provided as examples of suitable wavelengths for desorption and ablation, respectively, implementations of the present disclosure are not limited to those particular wavelengths. Rather, as is known in the art, desorption of organic material and ablation of nonorganic material may be achieved using beams of various wavelengths. As discussed herein, whether a given beam results in desorption or ablation is generally a function of, among other things, the sample composition, the total energy delivered to the sample, and the rate at which that energy is delivered to the sample. Although wavelength is one factor related to the energy delivered by the beam, other aspects of the beam (e.g., width, duty cycle, etc.) may be used to control the total energy delivered and, as a result, the occurrence of desorption or ablation. Accordingly, while 1064 nm is used herein as the primary example wavelength for the desorption beam and 266 nm is used herein as the primary example wavelength for the ablation beam, implementations of the present disclosure are not limited to those wavelengths and those of skill in the art, given the teachings herein, would be able to determine other suitable wavelengths. 
     In each of the desorption and ablation cases, the material removal beam  16  or intermediate beams between the source beam  17  and the material removal beam  16  may also be attenuated, expanded, or focused to modify the power density at the sample  10 . Accordingly, the D/A sub-system  120  may further include one or more of a beam expander  128 , one or more attenuators (e.g., UV attenuator  131  and IR attenuator  132 ), and a focusing lens  134 . The D/A sub-system  120  may also include multiple beam expanders, attenuators, focusing lenses, or similar optical elements, as required by the particular application. Beam expanders used in implementations of the present disclosure may be fixed or variable and attenuators may be included for attenuating beams having specific wavelengths or ranges of wavelengths. For example, as previously discussed, in at least one implementation, the D/A sub-system  120  may produce a material removal beam in either the IR or UV range for desorption and ablation, respectively. In such implementations, one or both of an IR attenuator and a UV attenuator may be included in the D/A sub-system  120  to further tune the energy of beams within the D/A sub-system  120 . Finally, the focusing lens  134  may be configured such that the material removal beam has a particular size and, as a result, particular energy density at the surface  12  of the sample  10 . 
     As previously discussed, in at least one example the D/A laser source  122  is a Nd:YAG laser capable of producing a desorption beam with a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm. The optics of the D/A sub-system  120  may be configured such that the beam width and/or energy density of the desorption beam is sufficient and suitable for thermal desorption of organics of various molecular sizes without causing decomposition. For example, when operating in a desorption mode, the D/A sub-system  120  may generate a desorption beam with a wavelength of 1064 nm and an energy density at the surface  12  of the sample  10  from and including about 10 MW/cm 2  to and including about 150 MW/cm 2 . In certain implementations, the optics of the D/A sub-system  120  may also be configured to focus the desorption beam to be no more than about 50 μm in diameter at the surface  12  of the sample  10 . As discussed below in further detail, doing so allows multiple samples to be taken from the sample  10  at a relatively high sample density to facilitate thorough analysis of the sample  10 . 
     With respect to ablation and as previously noted, the 1064 nm beam of the Nd:YAG laser may be filtered to produce an ablation beam having a wavelength of 266 nm. The optics of the D/A sub-system  120  may be configured such that the beam width and/or energy density of the ablation beam is sufficient and suitable for breaking bonds of non-organic matter of the sample. For example, in at least one implementation, when operating in an ablation mode, the D/A sub-system  120  generates an ablation beam with a wavelength of 266 nm and an energy density at the surface  12  of the sample  10  from and including about 1 GW/cm 2  to and including about 100 GW/cm 2 . Again, the optics of the D/A sub-system  120  may also be configured to focus the ablation beam to be no more than about 50 μm in diameter at the surface  12  of the sample  10 . 
     Although 50 μm is provided above as an example diameter of the desorption and ablation beams as the surface  12  of the sample  10 , it should be appreciated that the diameter of the beam may vary between implementations of the present disclosure and may also be variable within a given implementation. For example, any suitable number of fixed or variable beam expanders and/or focusing lenses (such as the beam expander  128  and the focusing lens  134 ) may be implemented in the D/A sub-system  120  to achieve various beam widths and, as a result various energy densities of the beam at the sample  10 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1A , the D/A sub-system  120  may further include at least one beam splitter  124  configured to split a beam within the D/A sub-system  120  and direct a portion of the beam to an energy meter  126 . The energy meter  126  may be used to measure the energy of the beam. Such energy values may be used as a feedback or similar mechanism to facilitate control of the analysis system  100 , as inputs to one or more equations or algorithms used to analyze the sample  10 , or any other use related to the operation of the analysis system  100  or processing of data obtained by the analysis system  100 . 
     To facilitate analysis of each of the desorbed organic material and ablated inorganic material, the analysis system  100  may include an ionization sub-system  140  configured to ionize the organic and inorganic material removed from the sample  10  as a result of desorption or ablation. Similar to the D/A sub-system  120 , the ionization sub-system  140  generally includes an ionization laser source  142  and various optical elements for manipulating an ionization beam generated by the ionization laser source  142 . 
     In general, the ionization sub-system  140  produces an ionization beam for exciting, at least in part, one or both of the vapor cloud created by the desorption process and the particle cloud generated by the ablation process. In one specific implementation, the beam generated by the ionization sub-system  140  excites the vapor/particle cloud using multiphoton ionization (MPI). In general, MPI provides a relatively efficient method of generating ions (as compared to argon plasma of inductively coupled plasma processes) across a wide range of ionization energies. For example, the ionization sub-system  140  may implement MPI such that it is capable of generating ions having ionization potential of approximately 9.3 eV or less. MPI is further advantageous in that it is capable of ionizing a range of particles as compared to other techniques, such as resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI), which generally require tuning of the ionization beam to a particular ionization frequency to excite particular molecules or particles. 
     In certain specific implementations, the ionization laser source  142  may be a Nd:YAG laser and the ionization sub-system  140  may be configured to provide an ionization beam having a wavelength of 213 nm or 266 nm. However, as was the case with the D/A laser source  122 , a Nd:YAG laser is provided merely as an illustrative example of a laser that may be implemented as the ionization laser source  142 . More generally, any suitable laser source may be used in conjunction with the broader ionization sub-system  140  provided that the ionization sub-system  140  generates a beam for ionizing material that has been desorbed or ablated from the sample  10 . Various processes and techniques for selecting a laser suitable for producing an ionization beam are known in the art and, as a result, are not described in detail within this disclosure. Accordingly, while an Nd:YAG laser is used herein as a primary example of a laser suitable for use as the ionization laser source  142 , implementations of this disclosure are not limited to Nd:YAG lasers. Rather, those of skill in the art, given the teachings herein, would understand and know how to identify and select other types of lasers and similar energy sources that suitable for producing an ionization beam. 
     The vapor cloud created by the desorption process and the particle cloud generated by the ablation process may rise substantially normal to the surface  12  of the sample  10 . Accordingly, as illustrated in  FIG. 1A , in at least some implementations of the present disclosure, the ionization sub-system  140  may be configured to direct the ionization beam parallel to the surface  12  of the sample  10  and, as a result, through the vapor cloud or particle cloud produced from the sample  10 . 
     Although various types of laser sources may be used for the ionization laser source  142 , in at least one implementation, the ionization sub-system  140  produces a beam having a wavelength of 266 nm. The ionization sub-system  140  may also be configured such that the ionization beam produced has a particular beam width and/or energy density at an ionization location disposed above the surface  12  of the sample  10 . For example, in one implementation the ionization beam may be focused at a particular location  180  above the sample  10  such that the ionization beam has an energy density of at least about 1 GW/cm 2  at the location  180 . To do so, the ionization sub-system  140  may include various optical elements including, without limitation, an attenuator  148 , and a focusing lens  150 . In other implementations filters and/or other optical elements may also be included in the ionization sub-system  140  for further control of the ionization beam. Similar to the D/A sub-system  120 , the ionization sub-system  140  may further include at least one beam splitter  144  configured to split a beam of the ionization sub-system  140  and to direct a portion of the beam to an energy meter  146 . The energy meter  146  may be used to measure the energy of the ionization beam  18  to facilitate control of the analysis system  100 . 
     In one specific example, the ionization sub-system  140  may include optics to control the intensity of the ionization beam  18  depending on whether the analysis system  100  is performing analysis of organic or inorganic matter. In the case of the former, optical elements, such as filters and attenuators, may be used to reduce the energy of the ionization beam from a first energy level suitable for ionizing ablated inorganic material to a second energy level suitable for ionizing desorbed organic material. For example, the second energy level may be chosen to decrease or eliminate the likelihood of fragmentation effects that may be caused if the desorbed organic material were to be ionized using the same energy level as required during the ablation process. 
     Application of the ionization beam to the vapor/particle cloud may occur after a particular delay following the completion of desorption or ablation, respectively. In the case of ablation in particular, such a delay may be implemented to allow any plasma produced during the ablation process to extinguish. While the duration of the delay may vary between specific applications, in at least one implementation, the delay may be from an including about 10 ns up to and including about 1 μs between the completion of ablation and the application of the ionization laser to the resulting particle cloud. 
     As further illustrated in  FIG. 1A , the analysis system  100  may also include an imaging system  160  for capturing images of the sample  10  and, in particular, for capturing detailed images of specific portions of the sample subject to desorption and/or ablation. In certain implementations, the imaging system  160  may include an imaging device  162  and may further include multiple optical elements for directing light reflected off the surface  12  of the sample  10  to the imaging device  162 . In at least certain implementations, the imaging device  162  may be a camera adapted to capture images of the sample  10  in the visible light range or in a broader range, such as a range including one or both of UV or IR wavelengths. In other implementations, the imaging device  162  may be or otherwise include an interferometer or other similar imaging device capable of capturing topographical information of the sample  10 . 
     In certain implementations, the internal volume of the vacuum chamber  106  and placement of the quadrupole ion guide  112  normal to the surface  12  of the sample  10  may require the imaging device  162  to be indirectly aligned with the surface  12  of the sample  10 . Accordingly, the optical elements of the imaging system  160  may be used to facilitate placement of the imaging device  162  at a suitable offset relative to the surface  12  while still enabling proper capture of a current analysis location of the surface  12 . For example, and without limitation, in at least one implementation, the imaging system  160  may include an objective lens  164 , one or more prisms (e.g., prism pair  166 ), and a mirror  168  in to achieve a relatively tight angle of incidence to the sample surface  12 . In at least one implementation, the angle of incidence associated with the imaging system  160  (θ IMG , shown in  FIG. 1B ) is at least approximately 24 degrees, which generally permits light to exit the vacuum chamber  106  to the imaging device  162  in a substantially parallel direction relative to the top surface of the sample  10  while still allowing capture of a high quality image by the imaging device  162 . 
     As previously noted and with reference to  FIG. 1B , the sample  10  may be retained within the vacuum chamber  106  on a mount  110 . The mount  110  may be movable such that an analysis location  14  of the sample  10  may be varied. The mount  110  may be manually or automatically adjustable in multiple directions to ensure a predetermined size and location of the beam  16 . For example, the mount  110  may be adjustable in along a first axis  20  (e.g., a z- or vertical axis) to ensure that the analysis location  14  is disposed at a particular height relative to the ion guide  112 . The mount  110  may also be movable along each of a second axis  22  and a third axis  24  (e.g., an x-axis and y-axis or similar axes of a horizontal plane) to change the location of the analysis location  14  relative to the surface  12  of the sample  10 . 
     In at least one implementation, the analysis system  100  may be configured to execute an analysis routine in which successive analyses are conducted at different locations of the sample  10 . For example, and as discussed below in further detail in the context of  FIG. 4 , the analysis system  100  may be configured to analyze a sample according to a grid pattern. For each element of the grid, the analysis system  100  may capture a detailed image using the imaging system  160  and perform either or both of an organic analysis and inorganic analysis at the location. Following analysis at a location, the analysis system  100  may be configured to move the mount  110  such that the analysis location  14  is changed relative to the surface  12  of the sample  10 . By automating such a process, a sample may be thoroughly analyzed while requiring only minimal intervention from an operator. 
     In certain implementations, the mount  110  may include a kinematic mount system. In general, a kinematic mount (or kinematic coupling) is a fixture designed to constrain a component in a particular location with high degrees of certainty, precision, and repeatability. Kinematic mounts generally include six contact points between a first part and a second part such that all degrees of freedom of the first part are constrained. Examples of kinematic mounts include, without limitation, Kelvin and Maxwell mounts. In a Maxwell mount, for example, three substantially V-shaped grooves of a mounting surface are oriented to a center of the part to be mounted, while the part being mounted has three corresponding curved surfaces (e.g., hemispherical or spherical surfaces) configured to sit down into the three grooves. The grooves may be cut into the mounting surface or formed by parallel rods (or similar structures) coupled to the mounting surface. When the curved surfaces are disposed in the grooves, each of the grooves provides two contact points for the respective curved surface, resulting in a total of six points of contact that fully constrain the part. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1B , in implementations in which a kinematic mount is used, the mount  110  may include a sample holder  182  including a sample stage  184  and a kinematic base  186 , the sample holder  182  being removable from the vacuum chamber  106 . During use, the sample  10  is placed and retained on the sample stage  184  while the sample holder  182  is outside of the vacuum chamber  106 . Once the sample  10  is coupled to the sample stage  184 , the sample holder  182  is disposed within the vacuum chamber  106 . More specifically, the kinematic base  186  of the sample holder  182  is received by and kinematically coupled to a kinematic mounting surface  188  disposed within the vacuum chamber  106 . The mount  110  may further include a magnetic or other latch  190  to fix the kinematic base  186  to the kinematic mounting surface  188 . The latch  190  may be integrated into either the sample holder  182  of the kinematic mounting surface  188 . 
     In addition to repeatable placement of the sample  10  within the vacuum chamber  106 , implementation of kinematic mounting may also facilitate the generation of composite images and composite image stacking. For purposes of the present disclosure, composite image stacking generally refers to the process of linking one or more low scale images of the sample  10  with multiple large scale images, each of which corresponds to a portion of the low scale image. For example, the small scale image may correspond to an overall image of the entire sample (or a relatively large portion of the sample  10 , e.g., a quarter of the sample) while the large scale images may correspond to specific locations of the sample  10  at which organic/inorganic sampling and analysis is conducted. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of an image capture system  200  that may be used in conjunction with the analysis system  100  of  FIG. 1A  to facilitate composite image stacking and, in particular, to capture small scale/macro images of the sample  10  prior to analysis. In general, after a sample has been loaded into the sample holder  182 , the sample holder  182  is placed onto a kinematic mounting surface  206  of the image capture system  200 . A latch  190  may then be used to fix the sample holder  182  to the kinematic mounting surface  206 . An imaging device  202  (e.g., a camera) of the image capture system  200  may then be used to capture one or more macro-scale images of the sample  10 . Following capture of the one or more images, the sample holder  182  including the sample  10 , is moved into the vacuum chamber  106  of the analysis system  100  for subsequent analysis. 
     The imaging device  202  may be positioned at a known location relative to the sample holder  182  when the sample holder  182  is placed onto the kinematic mounting surface  206 . For example, and without limitation, the imaging device  202  may be positioned directly above the center of the sample stage  184 . Similarly, when placed within the vacuum chamber  106 , the mount  110  may be “zeroed” such that the sample holder  182  is also disposed in a known position within the vacuum chamber  106 . Due to the high repeatability of the kinematic mounting and the ability to place the sample holder  182  in a known position in both the analysis system  100  and image capture system  200 , a common coordinate system (or mapping between different coordinate systems) may be readily ascertained between the image capture system  200  and analysis system  100 . Based on the common coordinate system, large scale images captured during analysis (e.g., by the imaging system  160 ) may be readily mapped to corresponding locations of the macro image(s) previously captured by using the image capture system  200 . 
     In addition to establishing a relationship between the macro image and the large-scale/micro images, establishing the common coordinate system also facilitates control and operation of the analysis system  100 . For example, in at least one implementation, once the macro-scale image has been captured, it may be displayed on the display  194  of the computing device  192 . A user of the analysis system may then use an input (mouse, touchscreen, etc.) to identify one or more specific locations of interest, define or select a sampling pattern/path along which multiple samples are to be taken, or otherwise provide input as to where and how the sample should be analyzed. As described below in further details, the analysis system  100  may generally, for each location, capture one or more detailed images as well as analysis data for both organic and inorganic material at the location. The detailed images and analysis data may then be linked to the corresponding location of the macro image such that a user may select locations of the sample in the macro image and “drill-down” to view one or both of the detailed image and the analysis data for the selected location. 
     By implementing the foregoing approach, the macro-level image may be readily aligned with any detailed images of specific sample locations (e.g., obtained using the imaging system  160  of the analysis system  100 ). As discussed below, the detailed images may then be linked or otherwise associated with any data resulting from organic and/or inorganic analysis conducted at the location represented by the detailed image. In other words, the various images captured during analysis of a given sample may be used to generate a stacked and zoomable image that is also tied to underlying analysis data. So, for example, a user may be able to view the macro-level image of a given sample and toggle display of one or more heat maps (or similar visualizations) indicating the presence or concentration of different chemical components identified during analysis. The user may also be able to select specific locations to obtain more detailed information about the chemical makeup and analysis results for that location. 
       FIGS. 3A and 3B  are schematic illustrations of an example kinematic mounting system  300 A,  300 B (collectively) as may be used in implementations of the present disclosure.  FIG. 3A  illustrates a first half of the kinematic mounting system  300 A that may generally correspond to an underside of the sample holder  182 .  FIG. 3B , on the other hand, illustrates a second half of the kinematic mounting system  300 B and may generally correspond to the kinematic mounting surface  188  of the analysis system  100 . It should be appreciated, however, that the second half of the kinematic mounting system  300 B may also correspond to the kinematic mounting surface  206  of the image capture system  200  of  FIG. 2 . 
     Referring first to  FIG. 3A , the first half of the kinematic mounting system  300 A includes three spherical or hemi-spherical protrusions  302 A-C distributed about the underside of the sample holder  182 . As previously discussed, the sample holder  182  may also include a rotatable or otherwise movable latch mechanism  190 . The latch  190  includes a first set of magnets  304 A-C such that rotation of the latch  190  results in rotation of the magnets  304 A-C. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 3B , the second half of the kinematic mounting system  300 B includes three channels  306 A-C which, in the illustrated example, are defined by respective pairs of rods  308 A-C. The second half of the kinematic mounting system  300 B further includes a second set of magnets  310 A-C arranged in a pattern similar to that of the first set of magnets  304 A-C of the latch  190 . 
     During operation, the first half of the kinematic mounting system  300 A and the second half of the kinematic mounting system  300 B may be coupled by placing the first half  300 A onto the second half  300 B such that the protrusions  302 A-C of the first half  300 A are received in the corresponding channels  306 A-C of the second half  300 B. When so disposed, the latch  190  may be manipulated (e.g., rotated) to align the first set of magnets  304 A-C with the second set of magnets  310 A-C, locking the two halves  300 A,  300 B together. To separate the kinematic mount, the latch  190  may be manipulated to misalign the first set of magnets  304 A-C and the second set of magnets  310 A-C, thereby unlocking the kinematic mount and allowing separation of the two halves of the kinematic mount. 
     It should be appreciated that the kinematic mount system illustrated in  FIGS. 3A and 3B  is merely one example of a kinematic mount suitable for use in applications of the present disclosure and other configurations are possible. For example, the components of the first half  300 A, such as the protrusions  302 A-C and the latch  190 , may instead be disposed on the second half  300 B, and vice versa. As previously noted, other styles of kinematic mechanisms may also be used. More generally, however, any suitable mounting system may be implemented in each of the analysis system  100  and the image capture system  200  that facilitates repeatable location of the sample  10  such that the detailed images captured by the analysis system  100  can be readily correlated and aligned with corresponding portions of the macro-level images captured by the image capture system  200 . 
       FIG. 4  is a graphical representation of the foregoing concepts and data storage approach. As previously noted, prior to inserting the sample  10  into the sample chamber  104  of the analysis system  100 , a macro image  402  of the sample  10  may be captured using an image capture system, such as the image capture system  200  of  FIG. 2 . The macro image  402  may then be stored by the analysis system  100  (e.g., in a memory of the computing device  192 ). 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the macro image  402  may be subdivided by the analysis system  100  into a grid  404  or similar pattern, with each location in the grid representing an analysis location of the sample. The dimensions of each grid element may vary in different applications, however, in at least some implementations each element of the grid is on a similar order as the width of the material removal beam at the surface  12  of the sample  10 . For example, as previously discussed, the D/A sub-system  120  may be configured to generate a focused beam having a diameter of no more than about 50 μm in diameter at the surface  12  of the sample  10 . In such applications, the macro image  402  of the sample  10  may be sub-divided into a square grid in which each element is a square from and including about 50 μm by 50 μm to and including 100 μm to and including 100 μm. 
     During operation and prior to analysis, a user may be presented with the macro image  402  for identification of an analysis path/routine. For example,  FIG. 4  includes a path  406  that extends through each grid element in a given column before moving to the subsequent column. This pattern may continue such that the path reaches each grid element of the macro image  402 . It should be appreciated that the column by column approach illustrated in  FIG. 4  is only an example and other analysis routines are contemplated. More generally, a user may select one or more specific locations or areas of the sample  10  for analysis. To the extent the user selects an area (which may correspond to any area up to and including the entire sample), the user may also select an analysis density or pattern. For example, the user may want in-depth analysis of a particular area of a sample and, as a result, may desire that an analysis be conducted at each discrete location (e.g., each grid element) within the area. Alternatively, if a more general analysis is desired, only a subset of grid elements may be identified for analysis (e.g., every second (or any other number) grid element within the area, every other (or any other number) row of elements within the area, every other (or any other number) column within the area). In still other implementations, a random sampling mode may be available in which random locations of all or a subset of the grid  404  is selected for analysis. 
     In at least certain implementations, the computing device  192  may be configured to automatically generate a path for analysis of the sample. In certain implementations, the analysis system may analyze the entire sample following a path similar to that of the path  406  of  FIG. 4 . In other implementations, the computing device  192  may be configured to identify particular areas of the sample  10  (e.g., areas having particular colors, shapes, or other notable characteristics) and target such areas of interest for more in-depth analysis (e.g., by automatically increasing the analysis density within the areas of interest). 
     Once an analysis routine has been identified, the analysis routine may be subsequently executed by the analysis system  100 . In general, executing the analysis routine includes successively moving the sample  10  into locations to be analyzed and analyzing each location. As previously discussed, analyzing a given location may include capturing an image of the location and performing each of an organic material analysis and an inorganic material analysis. Following analysis at a location, the capture image (e.g., image  410 ) and analysis results (e.g., result data  412 ) may be linked to the grid element (e.g., grid element  408 ). This process may be repeated for each grid element identified for analysis within the analysis routine. Although illustrated in  FIG. 4  as graphical data, it should be appreciated that the result data  412  may be stored as alphanumeric values, as a table of values, or any other suitable format and is not limited to graphical representations. 
     In light of the foregoing, implementations of the present disclosure may include storage of sample data in an efficient and easily navigable format. More specifically, each sample analyzed using the analysis system  100  may be represented by a macro level image including a relatively large portion of the sample surface. The macro-level image may be sub-divided into a grid or similar pattern and an underlying data structure (e.g., an array) may be linked to the macro-level image in which each element of the array represents a corresponding grid element. To the extent image data and/or mass spectroscopy data is subsequently obtained at a location of the sample, the corresponding array element may be populated with the image/mass spectroscopy data, links/pointers to such data, or similar information for retrieving the analysis data. Accordingly, the analysis data is stored in a manner that allows a user to easily view the sample as a whole (e.g., via the macro image) and select specific sample locations to obtain more detailed images and analysis data for the location. As previously mentioned, linking the analysis data and macro-level image enables the generation and display of various useful visualizations that may be overlaid on top of the macro-level image, such as heat or color maps, to facilitate further analysis by a user of the analysis system  100 . 
     Analysis and Related Methods 
       FIGS. 5A-D  illustrate a flow chart of an example method  500  of operating an analysis system in accordance with the present disclosure to analyze a sample containing organic and inorganic components. The method  500  may be implemented, for example, using the analysis system  100  illustrated in  FIG. 1A-B . Accordingly, reference in the following discussion is made to the analysis system  100  and its components; however, it should be understood that the analysis system  100  should be regarded as a non-limiting example of a system that may implement the method  500 . 
       FIG. 5A  generally illustrates the steps prior to actual analysis of the sample. Prior to analysis, each of the sample  10  and the analysis system  100  may each be prepared for use. For example, at operations  502  and  504 , the sample  10  is prepared and a macro-level image of the sample is capture and stored, respectively. Preparation of the sample  10  may include, among other things, cleaning, chemically treating, cutting, polishing, or otherwise preparing the sample surface  12 . Preparation of the sample  10  may further include loading the sample onto a sample stage  184  or similar fixture for retaining the sample  10  during capture of the macro-level image and subsequent analysis. As previously discussed, capturing the macro-level image (operation  504 ) may include loading the sample  10  onto a kinematic or similar high-precision mount to facilitate later alignment of detailed images captured during analysis of the sample with the macro-level image. 
     Calibration of the analysis system  100  (operation  506 ) may include, among other things, performing various checks to confirm communication with and functionality of various sub-systems of the analysis system  100 . Calibration may also include testing various components (e.g., confirming a full range of motion for the motors used to move the sample  10  within the sample chamber  104 , activation of the various lasers and associated optical sub-systems, etc.). Calibration may also include configuring the mass spectrometer  102 , such as by loading various matrix standards or similar information into the mass spectrometer  102  to configure the mass spectrometer  102  for analyzing particular types of samples. This may also include independent system parameters for organic and inorganic analysis. As illustrated in  FIG. 5A  calibration of the analysis system  100  and preparation of the sample  10  are generally independent steps and may be conducted in any order, including simultaneously (in whole or in part). 
     Once the sample  10  and analysis system  100  are prepared, the sample  10  may be loaded into the vacuum chamber  106  (operation  508 ) and the vacuum chamber  106  may be pumped to a low vacuum (operation  510 ). A sensitivity analysis may then be performed and corresponding instrument conditional values may be stored (operation  512 ). This may include executing a pre-loaded internal standard of a known matrix or an external standard loaded alongside the sample. Such values may be used to update the internal tables used in quantification. 
     With the sample  10  loaded into the analysis system  100 , an analysis routine may be selected (operation  514 ). As previously discussed, doing so may include the user interacting with the computing device  192  to select one or more specific locations and/or areas for analysis (e.g., by clicking or otherwise identifying areas of interest on the macro-level image) and specifying to what extent each area is to be analyzed. Alternatively, the computing device  192  may be configured to automatically identify areas of interest of the sample and generate a corresponding analysis routine. With an analysis routine selected, analysis of the sample is initiated (operation  516 ). 
     Analysis of a given sample may generally include positioning the sample  10  such that the focal point of the D/A beam  16  and field of view of the imaging system  160  is at a first location specified in the analysis routine (operation  518 ). Analysis at that location may then commence by first capturing a micro-level image of the location (operation  520 ). As previously discussed, the captured micro-level image may then be stored in a manner that links the image with the corresponding location of the macro-level image captured during operation  504 . 
     Following capture of the micro-level image, the analysis system  100  may initiate organic analysis at the current location (operation  522 ). As illustrated in  FIG. 5C , organic analysis may generally include the steps of desorbing organic material using a low energy beam (operation  524 ), ionizing the resulting desorbed organic material to form ionized organic sample material (operation  526 ), and analyzing the resulting ionized organic sample material (operation  528 ). As described in the context of  FIG. 1A , the desorption process may include modifying an operational mode of a desorption/ablation (D/A) sub-system to generate a material removal beam suitable for desorption of organic material from the sample  10 . Generating a material removal beam having suitable characteristics for desorption may include, among other things, using one or more filters, attenuators, mirrors, lenses, or other similar optical elements to manipulate a size, energy density, and wavelength of a source beam generated by a D/A laser source  122  of the D/A sub-system  120  and directing the resulting material removal beam to the current analysis location of the sample  10 . 
     Desorption may generally result in a vapor cloud of organic material rising normal to the surface  12  of the sample  10 . Accordingly, in certain implementations, the process of ionizing the desorbed organic sample material (operation  526 ) may include producing and directing an ionization beam  18  generated by an ionization sub-system  140  to a location normal to the sample surface  12 . The resulting ionized organic sample material may subsequently be analyzed by the mass spectrometer  102  of the analysis system (operation  528 ). Doing so may include transporting the ionized organic sample material, such as by use of the quadrupole ion guide  112  or similar delivery system, including the opening of any valves (e.g., gate valve  170 ) to allow transportation of the ionized vapor from the vacuum chamber  106  to the mass spectrometer  102 . One example of an analysis process is illustrated in  FIG. 6  and is discussed below in further detail. Analysis of the sample at operation  528  may further include storing the results of the analysis. Similar to the micro-level image, such storage may include storing the organic analysis result data in a manner that is linked with the corresponding location of the macro-level image captured during operation  504 . 
     Following the completion of organic analysis, the analysis system  100  may initiate inorganic analysis at the current sample location (operation  530 , shown in  FIG. 5B ), e.g., without repositioning the sample within the sample chamber and without modifying the material removal beam angle of incidence. As illustrated in  FIG. 5C , inorganic analysis may generally include the steps of ablating inorganic material using a high energy beam (operation  532 ), imposing a delay to allow for extinction of any plasma resulting from the ionization process (operation  534 ), ionizing the resulting particle cloud of inorganic sample material to form ionized inorganic sample material (operation  536 ), and analyzing the resulting ionized inorganic sample material (operation  538 ). Similar to the desorption process, the ablation process may include modifying an operational mode of the desorption/ablation (D/A) sub-system to generate a material removal beam suitable for ablating inorganic material from the sample  10 . Generating such a material removal beam may include, among other things, using one or more filters, attenuators, mirrors, lenses, or other similar optical elements to manipulate a size, energy density, and wavelength of a source beam generated by the D/A laser source  122  of the D/A sub-system  120  and directing the resulting beam to the current analysis location of the sample  10 . 
     Ablation generally results in a cloud of inorganic particles material rising normal to the surface  12  of the sample  10 . In certain cases, the energy used to ablate the inorganic material may generate charged plasma that may negatively impact subsequent ionization and analysis of the inorganic material. Accordingly, as noted above, the analysis system  100  may be configured to apply a delay between ablation and ionization (operation  534 ). The duration of the delay may vary, however, in at least certain implementations, the delay may be from and including about 10 ns to and including about 1ρs. 
     Following the delay, the resulting particle cloud of inorganic matter may be ionized (operation  526 ). Similar to ionization of the vapor cloud in operation  526 , ionization of the particle cloud may include producing and directing the ionization beam  18  generated by the ionization sub-system  140  to a location normal to the sample surface  12 . The resulting ionized particles may then be directed to and analyzed by the mass spectrometer  102  of the analysis system (operation  538 ). Analysis of the sample at operation  538  may further include storing the results of the inorganic analysis. Similar to the micro-level image and the organic analysis data, such storage may include storing the inorganic analysis result data in a manner that is linked with the corresponding location of the macro-level image captured during operation  504 . 
     Following execution of the inorganic analysis, the analysis system determines whether the current sample location is the final sample location as dictated by the analysis routine (operation  540 ). If not, the sample location is incremented (operation  542 ) to the next sample location of the analysis routine and the process of positioning the sample, capturing an image of the sample, and performing each of an organic and inorganic analysis (operations  518 - 538 ) are repeated at the new location. 
     If, on the other hand, data for the final location of the analysis routine is captured, final processing of the collected data may occur. Although analysis of the collected data may vary, in at least one implementation of the present disclosure, analyzing the collected data may include each of identifying matrix elements (operation  544 ), choosing a suitable relative sensitivity factor (RSF) for the matrix type (operation  546 ), and applying each of the identified matrix and corresponding RSF to quantify the analysis (operation  548 ). This allows for quantification of a sample which may have many matrices within a small area. Each grid may be analyzed first for matrix compositions which then determines the factors used for ultimate quantification 
     In addition to quantifying the analysis, the collected data may also be used to provide feedback to the analysis system  100  and/or to update or otherwise modify calibration data of the analysis system  100 . For example, and without limitation, in at least one implementation, following analysis of a sample a matrix normalizing element may be identified (operation  550 ). Moreover, each of RSFs for all elements and matrix types may also be calculated and RSFs relative to a general standard RSF may also be calculated (operations  552 ,  554 , respectively). Finally, the foregoing information may be stored in a calibration table (operation  556 ) for later use in calibrating the analysis system  100  prior to analysis of subsequent samples. 
     While the foregoing description of the method  500  includes analysis of both organic and inorganic material at each sample location, it should be appreciated that in other implementations the system may be configured to analyze only organic material or only inorganic material at any or all sample locations. 
     As previously noted,  FIG. 6  is a flow chart illustrating a method  600  of analyzing ionized particles, such as may be used by the mass spectrometer  102  of the analysis system  100  in conjunction with the computing device  192 . The method  600  illustrated in  FIG. 6  may generally be applied to analysis of either the ionized vapor cloud produced during analysis of organic material or the ionized particle cloud produced during analysis of inorganic material. 
     At operation  602 , a baseline correction may be applied to the signals received during the analysis process. The corrected signals may then be analyzed to identify peaks (operation  604 ) in the mass spectrum results. Such peaks generally correspond to relatively high quantities of detected particles having particular mass-to-charge ratios. The resulting peak data may then be integrated or otherwise processed to determine the mass of the particles associated with each peak (operation  606 ). The masses and elements may then be verified using isotropic ratios (operation  608 ). Following verification, the peaks may be labelled or otherwise tagged with the particular element or compound represented by the peak (operation  610 ). 
     It should be appreciated that the unique configuration of the analysis system  100  enables a single standard to be used for multi-matrix quantification. As a result, the strict sample-standard matching practices required for many conventional instruments and which are highly susceptible to matrix effects can be avoided. For example, in implementations of the current disclosure, the initial neutral particle cloud formed during ablation is not affected to a substantial degree by the ablation process and the effect of the changing chemical environment (i.e., the matrix) is orders of magnitude less than ions which are produced by the resultant plasma. Thus, by having a more regular particle cloud which ionized particles may be produced, the resulting ionized particles can be more readily characterized and quantified. It should be noted that all variances in matrix effects may be normalized and thus the matrix characterization may be used to determine the relative RSFs (MEM) as discussed below in further detail. 
     In at least certain implementations, the quantification process may require an initial calibration stage in which standards of varying matrix types are analyzed (e.g., the calibration operation  506  of  FIG. 5A ). Such calibration may include selecting one or more general standards (e.g., silicate glass), analyzing the selected standards, and calculating individual relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) for the standards. A matrix-effect-multiplier (MEM) may then be computed for each matrix type based on the foregoing calculations. The MEM generally functions as a scaling factor for each element&#39;s effects in different matrices relative to the general standard matrix. Accordingly, by calculating an MEM for a given sample, the sample may be rapidly quantified despite the sample possibly including multiple matrices in a small area. The foregoing approach is only possible because of the neutral particle production normalization and the fact the instrument is in a static environment with no gas-flows or changes in atmospheric conditions. Such static conditions allow for more regular behavior and operation as compared to conventional analysis systems. It should also be noted that the operational behavior of systems according to the present disclosure also allows the system to be characterized and standardized less often than other techniques and can also lead to the development of standard-less quantification. 
     During quantification, a relative sensitivity factors (RSF) is generally used to scale measured peak areas obtained during spectrometry such that variations in the peak areas are representative of the amount of material in the sample. In other words, the RSF is applied to convert the measured ion intensities obtained during spectrometry into atomic concentrations in the investigated matrix. Each element within a sampled matrix may behave differently in a particular spectrometry system. As a result, a respective RSF is generally required for each element within a sample being quantified. 
     RSFs often depend on characteristics of the sample being analyzed but also on the conditions under which such analysis occurs. Accordingly, while libraries of RSFs may be available for certain spectrometry systems, the relative utility of such RSFs are highly dependent on subsequent analysis conditions being substantially the same as when the RSFs were determined. To the extent analysis is conducted under disparate conditions (e.g., different environmental conditions or different instrument conditions such as resulting from instrument drift), previously determined RSF values may be unreliable or otherwise inaccurate. 
     To address the foregoing issue, implementations of systems according to the present disclosure may calculate effective RSF (RSF Eff ) values that more readily take into account variability in the analysis system as compared to simply relying on libraries of stored RSF values. In one implementation, effective RSFs are calculated for each element of interest based on each of a dynamically updated general standard RSF and a library of matrix standard RSFs. The general standard RSF corresponds to a known material for which a test sample is available and for which the actual contents/quantification of molecular species within the test sample are known. In one example, the general standard RSF may correspond to a standard form of glass (e.g., a standardized piece of borosilicate glass) with a known and certified composition. The matrix standard RSFs, on the other hand, are RSF values associated with particular matrices and characterize the relative sensitivity attributable to matrix effects for those matrices. In the context of sample analysis for oil and gas, for example, various matrix standard RSFs for commonly encountered minerals/matrices (e.g., plagioclase, alkali feldspar, pyroxene, quartz, mica, etc.) may be provided to the analysis system, each matrix standard RSF providing relative sensitivity values arising out of the matrix effects for the particular mineral/matrix. In certain implementations of the present disclosure, initial general standard RSFs and the matrix standard RSFs may be combined to generate what are referred to herein as matrix effect multipliers (MEMs) for various elements of interest. 
     As conditions associated with the analysis system change, the test sample corresponding to the general standard RSFs may be periodically analyzed to obtain updated general standard RSFs. The updated general standard RSFs may then be scaled using the corresponding MEMs to determine the effective RSF. 
     Over time or as environmental or other conditions change, the sample material may be reanalyzed by the system to obtain an updated general standard RSF which in turn may be used to calculate updated effective RSFs. 
     As noted, the foregoing process includes calculating an effective relative sensitivity factor for an element in question (e). In one specific implementation, the effective relative sensitivity factor can be calculated according to the following equation (1): 
       RSF Eff =MEM e (RSF G   e )  (1)
 
     where RSF Eff  is the effective relative sensitivity factor, MEM is a matrix effect multiplier, RSF G  is a relative sensitivity factor according to a general standard, and e is the element in question. 
     The matrix effect multiplier (MEM) for the element e may in turn be calculated according to equation (2): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     MEM 
                     e 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       RSF 
                       M 
                       e 
                     
                     
                       RSF 
                       G 
                       e 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where RSF M  is a relative sensitivity factor according to a matrix effect standard for element e. 
     The relative sensitivity factor according to the general standard (RSF G ) may in turn be calculated according to equation (3): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     RSF 
                     G 
                     e 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     [ 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             X 
                             G 
                             e 
                           
                           
                             X 
                             G 
                             
                               N 
                               G 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             P 
                             G 
                             e 
                           
                           
                             P 
                             G 
                             
                               N 
                               G 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ] 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where X G  is concentration according to the general standard and P G  is an integrated peak according to the general standard. Each of XG and P G  are further included in terms of the element in question (e) and a normalizing element relative to the general standard (N G ). 
     Similarly, the relative sensitivity factors according to the matrix effect standard (RSF M ) may in turn be calculated according to equation (4): 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     RSF 
                     M 
                     e 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     [ 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             X 
                             M 
                             e 
                           
                           
                             X 
                             M 
                             
                               N 
                               M 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             P 
                             M 
                             e 
                           
                           
                             P 
                             M 
                             
                               N 
                               M 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     ] 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where X M  is concentration according to the matrix effect standard and P M  is an integrated peak according to the matrix effect standard. Each of X M  and P M  are further included in terms of the element in question (e) and a normalizing element relative to the matrix effect standard (N M ).
 
Analysis Systems including Coaxial Material Removal Beams and Micro-Level Field of View
 
     As previously discussed and illustrated in  FIGS. 1A-1B , each of the absorption/desorption beam  16  and the micro-level imaging device  162  of the analysis system  100  may have an associated angle of incidence (θ D/A  and θ CAM , each shown in  FIG. 1B ) corresponding to the angle at which the material removal beam  16  (e.g., either of a desorption beam or an ablation beam) is directed onto the sample  10  and the angle of view of the imaging device  162 , respectively. In other implementations, the material removal beam and the angle of view of the imaging device may instead be arranged to be coaxial and perpendicular to a top surface of the sample  10 . Such implementations may provide improved alignment of the material removal beam and the imaging, easier system calibration, reduced system footprint, and other benefits. 
       FIGS. 7-12  are schematic illustrations of an alternative analysis system  700  in accordance with the present disclosure in which each of the material removal beam and micro-level imaging device field of view are arranged coaxially and perpendicular to a top surface of a stage/sample holder  705 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , each of the desorption beam, the ablation beam, and field of view of the micro-level imaging device may be directed along an axis  701 . In instances where a top surface of a sample  10  is substantially parallel to the top surface of the stage/sample holder  705 , the material removal beam and micro-level imaging device field of view would also be perpendicular to the top surface of the sample  10 . The analysis system  700  further incorporates additional features for improved capture of a macro image of the sample  10 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8  (which illustrate the analysis system  700  in a closed configuration and open configuration, respectively), the analysis system  700  may generally include a sample chamber  702 , a macro-level imaging assembly  720 , an optical assembly  730 , an ion extraction system  750 , and a mass spectrometer  770  (e.g., a time-of-flight mass spectrometer). The analysis system  700  may be contained within a suitable housing or case  790  (shown in dashed lines for purposes of illustrating internal components of the analysis system  700 ). A computing system for controlling and operating the analysis system  700  is omitted for clarity; however, it should be understood that the analysis system  700  may be operated and controlled locally and/or remotely using a suitable computing device. Such a computing system may generally contain similar components and perform functions similar to the computing device  192  of the analysis system  100 , as described above. 
     During use, a door  706  of the sample chamber  702  (which is illustrated in further detail in  FIG. 12 ) may be opened to insert a sample  10 . An example opened configuration is generally illustrated in  FIG. 8 . In certain implementations, the sample chamber  702  may be opened using a corresponding control element such as a button (physical or electronic) or interactive element of a user interface, such as a user interface of a computing device (not shown) communicatively coupled to the analysis system  700 . In response to activation of the control element, an actuator  708  (e.g., an electropneumatic or similar actuator) may open the door  706 . Alternatively, the door  706  of the sample chamber  702  may be opened, at least in part, by a user of the analysis system  700 . 
     When the door  706  is opened, a stage assembly  704  of the analysis system  700  may be accessed. The stage assembly  704  may generally include a stage or sample holder  705  for retaining the sample  10  and one or more actuators (e.g., actuator  707 ) for adjusting the position of the stage/sample holder  705 . For example, in certain implementations, the stage assembly  704  may include three or more actuators such that the stage/sample holder  705  may be translated in any of the x-, y-, or z-directions. In other implementations, actuators of the stage assembly may further permit at least some rotation about at least one of the x-, y-, or z-axes. The stage assembly  704  may also be coupled to an additional actuator (not shown) that automatically translates the stage assembly  704  out of the sample chamber  702  in response to opening of the door  706 . In other implementations, the stage assembly  704  may be manually translated out of the sample chamber  702  when the door  706  is opened. Regardless of how the stage assembly  704  is translated from within the sample chamber  702 , the stage assembly  704  may be coupled to or otherwise disposed on guides, rails or similar structural elements (not shown for clarity) to maintain alignment of the stage assembly  704 . 
     Following placement of the sample  10 , a macro-level image of the sample  10  may be captured using the macro-level imaging assembly  720  (which is illustrated schematically in  FIG. 9 ). In one implementation, after the user has loaded the sample  10  onto the stage assembly  704  and confirmed placement of the sample  10  (e.g., using a corresponding on-screen button or prompt or similar physical control element of the analysis system  700 ), the macro-level imaging assembly  720  may automatically open and extend a macro-level imaging device  724  to align the field of view  723  of the imaging device  724  to capture an image of the sample  10  and/or the stage/sample holder  705  of the stage assembly  704 . The image capture by the macro-level imaging device  724  may include all or a substantial amount of a top surface of the sample  10 . In certain implementations, the macro-level imaging assembly  720  may include a mirror  722  (or similar optical element) for directing the field of view of the macro-level imaging device  724  to be aligned with the stage assembly  704  when the stage assembly  704  is translated outside of the sample chamber  702 . The macro-level imaging assembly  720  may further include one or more actuators (e.g., actuator  721 ) for moving one or both of the macro-level imaging device  724  and the mirror  722  for purposes of aligning the field of view of the macro-level  724  with the stage assembly  704 . 
     Following alignment of the field of view of the macro-level imaging device  724 , the system  700  may perform an auto-focusing procedure. In one implementation, the auto-focusing procedure includes translating the stage/sample holder  705  of the stage assembly  704  to bring the sample  10  into focus with respect to the macro-level imaging device  724 . After focus is achieved, a macro-level image may be captured using the macro-level imaging device  724 . In certain implementations, the captured image may be mapped onto a digital plane representing the moveable area of the stage/sample holder  705  in x- and y-directions. Further processing and use of the macro-level image is described above, e.g., in the context of  FIGS. 4-5D . 
     Following capture of the macro-level image, the stage assembly  704  may be retracted back into the sample chamber  702  and the sample chamber door  706  may be closed (e.g., manually by the user or by one or more actuators of the analysis system  700 ). In implementations in which components of the macro-level imaging assembly  720  are also extended/translated for purposes of capturing the macro-level image, such components may similarly be retracted and any doors (or similar openings) through which the components translate through to capture the macro-level image may be closed (either manually or automatically). 
     With the sample  10  disposed within the sample chamber  702  and the sample door  706  closed and sealing the sample chamber  702 , pressure within the sample chamber  702  may be reduced. For example, in one implementation, a port (not shown) of the sample chamber  702  is opened to a valve (e.g., a roughing valve, not shown) and pumped down to a first reduced pressure level using a corresponding pump (not shown) coupled to the sample chamber  702 . In one specific and non-limiting example implementation, pressure may be reduced to approximately 0.3 mbar during this process. 
     Following initial depressurization, a second adjustment (e.g., an adjustment in the z-direction) of the stage assembly  704  may be performed (either automatically or in response to commands provided by the user, e.g., through a user interface of the computing device of the analysis system  700 ) such that the sample is brought into focus relative to a micro-level imaging device of the optical assembly  730 . A plan view of one implementation of the optical assembly  730  including a micro-level imaging device  738  is provided in  FIG. 10 . Other aspects of the optical assembly  730  are described below in further detail. In certain implementations, the second adjustment may be performed at multiple locations with the system in a raster mode, such as described above in the context of  FIG. 4 . 
     In certain implementations, the initial vertical adjustment of the stage assembly  704  external the sample chamber  702  and based on the macro-level imaging device  724  may be considered a “coarse” adjustment having a first broader range of available positions and a first step-size between selectable positions. In general, this coarse adjustment is intended to achieve a level of focus sufficient to capture a macro-level image of the sample  10  and to bring the sample  10  into substantial focus relative to the micro-level imaging device  738 . After retraction of the stage assembly  704  into the sample chamber  702 , subsequent adjustment of the stage assembly  704  may be considered a “fine” position adjustment within a range of stage assembly positions about the position set during coarse adjustment. During fine position adjustment, the step size may be significantly reduced as compared to the step size used during coarse adjustment. 
     Following the fine adjustment of the stage assembly  704 , a valve (e.g., a gate valve  756 ) of the ion extraction system  750  (shown in detail in  FIG. 11 ) may be opened such that the sample chamber  702  and the ion extraction system  750  are in communication. The roughing valve (or other similar low-pressure valve) previously opened during initial depressurization may also be closed at this time. 
     A pump (not shown) in communication with the sample chamber  702  may then be used to begin to pull a vacuum in the sample chamber  702 . In one specific implementation, a vacuum may be pulled such that pressure within the sample chamber  702  reaches an ultimate pressure of less than 10{circumflex over ( )}-3 mbar, which, for purposes of the present discussion is considered to be full vacuum. 
     Following establishment of a full vacuum within the sample chamber  702 , a gas, such as a high purity Helium gas, may be injected, leaked, or otherwise provided into the sample chamber  702 . In certain implementations, Helium gas may be provided into the sample chamber  702  to a pressure of 0.01 to 0.3 mbar, depending on analysis conditions. 
     At any point subsequent to acquiring the macro image of the sample  10 , the user may begin selecting specific points, lines, rasters, etc. of the sample  10  for analysis. To do so, the macro image may be presented to the user (e.g., on a display of the analysis system computing device). In certain implementations, as the user selects particular locations in the macro level image, the stage assembly  704  may automatically translate such that the selected location is within the field of view of the micro-level imaging device  738 . The user may then “zoom into” the current location by switching to a live feed or otherwise viewing an image of the current location captured by the micro-level imaging device  738 . Stated differently, the user may select an area of the sample from the macro-level image captured by the macro-level imaging device  724  and then may be subsequently presented with a more detailed image or video feed corresponding to the selected location and captured using the micro-level imaging device  738 . In certain implementations, the user may also be permitted to adjust the focus of the micro-level imaging device  738  by making fine adjustments to the z-position of the stage/sample holder of the stage assembly  704 . 
     As an alternative to manually selecting points, lines, rasters, etc., the user may select from one or more preset analysis routines stored in memory of the analysis system computing device (or otherwise accessible by the computing) via the selectable by the user. Preset analysis routines may include, among other things, routines that follow preset scanning paths that test all or a particular portion of the sample, routines involving randomly or pseudo-randomly selected locations, or locations based on visual characteristics of the sample. With respect to visual characteristics, for example, the system  700  may be configured to identify areas of the sample surface having certain visual characteristics (e.g., color, shape, boundaries, etc.) and may prioritize such areas for testing. 
     The user may also select whether the analysis procedure is to include inorganic analysis, organic analysis, or both inorganic and organic analysis. Based on the type of analysis to be conducted, the analysis system  700  sets the state of the optical assembly  730  to provide the corresponding beam. More specifically, if inorganic analysis is to be conducted, the analysis system  700  puts the optical assembly  730  in a state to deliver a high energy beam to ablate the sample. Similarly, if organic analysis is to be conducted, the analysis system  700  puts the optical assembly  730  in a state to deliver a lower energy to the sample  10  to desorb organic material from the sample  10 . As previously discussed, in at least certain implementations, organic analysis may be conducted using a beam in the IR range while inorganic analysis may be conducted using a beam in the UV range; however, implementations of the present disclosure are not limited to any specific laser types or wavelengths. In implementations in which each of inorganic and organic analysis are to be conducted, the system  700  may configure the optical assembly to first perform organic analysis for all locations of the sample  10  to be analyzed and then, after completing the organic analysis, may reconfigure the optical assembly  730  to perform the inorganic analysis. Alternatively, the system  700  may alternate between performing organic and inorganic analysis for subsets (including individual locations) of the sample locations to be analyzed. For example, in an analysis of ten locations, the system may conduct organic analysis of a first pair of points followed by inorganic analysis of the first pair of points. This process may then be repeated for subsequent pairs of points until all ten locations have been analyzed. 
       FIG. 10  is a plan view of an example optical assembly  730  in accordance with the present disclosure. The optical assembly  730  generally includes a desorption/ablation (D/A) laser  732 , the micro-level imaging device  738 , and an illumination source  740  (e.g., an illumination light emitting diode (LED)). The optical assembly  730  is generally configured to selectively provide each of a low energy (e.g., IR) beam for desorption and a high energy (e.g., UV) beam for ablation and to capture micro-level images of the sample  10  disposed within the sample chamber  702 . As discussed above in the context of the analysis system  100 , in certain implementations, the D/A laser  732  may be a Nd:YAG laser; however, implementations of the present disclosure are not specifically limited to Nd:YAG laser. 
     The optical assembly  730  further includes a single port  742  defined within a housing  731  and through which the beams generated by the D/A laser  732  may be delivered. More specifically, beams generated by the D/A laser  732  are directed in a substantially horizontal direction within the housing  731  but made to exit through the port  742  in a substantially vertical direction perpendicular to a top surface of the stage  705  and sample  10  within the sample chamber  702 . Accordingly, the optical assembly  730  may further include various mirrors (e.g., mirrors, prisms, filters, or other optical elements to modify and direct beams generated by the D/A laser  732  within the optical assembly  730  and through the port  742 . For example, a filter element  734  may be used to separate the beam produced by the D/A laser into high and low energy components. A low-energy/IR shutter  744  may then be used to selectively control delivery of the low-energy component to the port  742  via a first series of optical elements. Similarly, a high-energy/UV shutter  745  may be used to selectively control delivery of the high-energy component to the port  742  via a second series of optical elements. Other optical elements for purposes of directing, splitting, and otherwise modifying beams provided by the D/A laser  732  are indicated in  FIG. 10  as optical elements  750 A-E. 
     As previously noted and further illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the optical assembly  730  further includes the micro-level imaging device  738  and the illumination source  740 . With respect to the micro-level imaging device  738 , the optical assembly  730  further includes optical elements (e.g., optical element  752 ) to direct light from the port  742  to the micro-level imaging device  738 . Similarly, the optical assembly  730  also includes optical elements (e.g., optical element  754 ) to direct light from the illumination source  740  through the port  742 . 
     In light of the foregoing, it should be appreciated that the configuration of the optical assembly  730  is such that each of the desorption and ablation produced by use of the D/A laser  732  and light generated by the illumination source  740  exit through the port  742  of the optical assembly  730  when exit through the port  742  coaxially. In certain implementations, port  742  may include a mirror or similar optical element that directs the material removal beams and field of view into the sample chamber (e.g., downward into the image of  FIG. 10 ). Similarly, light to be captured by the micro-level imaging device  748  enters the optical assembly  730  coaxially relative to beams generated by the D/A laser  732  and light produced by the illumination source  740 . Stated differently, the field of view of the micro-level imaging device  748  is coaxial with each of desorption beams, ablation beams, and illumination light produced by the optical assembly  730  as each exits or enters the port  742 . 
     In general, axial alignment of material removal beams and the field of view of the micro-level imaging device  748  may be achieved using at least one common optical element that passes or directs the material removal beams and/or the field of view of the micro-level imaging device  748  through the port  742  along a common axis. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the paths of each of the material removal beams and the field of view of the micro-level imaging device  748  pass through, are reflected by, or are otherwise directed to optical element  750 E. Subsequent to meeting optical element  750 E, each of the material removal beams and the field of view are directed to port  742  along substantially the same axis. Accordingly, optical element  750 E and any mirror that may be incorporated in port  742  may be considered common optical elements for purposes of facilitating coaxial direction of the material removal beams and field of view. 
     Although not depicted, the optical assembly  730  may further include additional optical elements for attenuating, focusing, splitting, or otherwise manipulating light within the optical assembly  730 . For example, in one implementation, a respective beam splitter may be disposed along each of the low-energy beam path and the high-energy beam path to direct a portion of the corresponding beam to an energy meter or similar sensor to provide feedback and facilitate control of the analysis system  700 . 
     Following finalization of an analysis routine, the user may initiate the analysis process. As previously discussed (e.g., in the context of  FIGS. 4-5D ), analysis generally includes moving the sample  10  (e.g., by actuating the stage assembly  704 ) through a series of positions corresponding to locations defined by the selected or generated analysis routine and performing an analysis step at each such location. Analysis for a given location may generally include capturing a micro-level image of the location using the micro-level imaging device  738  and then performing one or both of organic or inorganic analysis. Organic analysis generally involves applying a low energy beam to the location to desorb organic material from the sample while inorganic analysis generally involves applying a high energy beam to the location to ablate inorganic material from the sample. The resulting vapor of desorbed material or particle cloud of ablated material is then ionized using an ionization beam generated by an ionization laser  780  (shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 ) and delivered to the ion extraction system  750  (illustrated in  FIG. 11 ) for analysis. In certain implementations, the ionization beam is directed parallel to a top surface of the sample  10  after a delay (e.g., 100 ns-10 us) following delivery of the low energy beam (when conducting organic analysis) or high energy beam (when conducting inorganic analysis) to the sample  10 . Such a delay may be implemented to allow plasmas to extinguish prior to ionization of the desorbed/ablated sample material. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , in certain implementations, the ion extraction system  750  may be adapted to one or more of concentrate, direct, and extract particular ions produced by applying the ionization beam to material that has been desorbed or ablated from the sample  10 . For example, in certain implementations, the ion extraction system  750  may be configured to one or more of concentrate ions produced by the ionization beam, extract ions having particular kinetic energies, and direct extracted ions as a beam to the mass spectrometer  770  for analysis. The operating principle of the ion extraction system  750  may vary in implementations of the present disclosure. For example, in certain implementations, the ion extraction system  750  may be a radio frequency (RF)-based ion extraction system. In other implementations, the ion extraction system  750  may instead be an electrostatic ion extraction system. 
     In at least certain implementations, the ion processing assembly  750  may include an ion funnel  758  for capturing, concentrating, and directing the ions produced by the ionization beam and a gate valve  756  operable to open the processing assembly  750  to the sample chamber  702 . In certain implementations, the ion funnel  758  may be operated at a predetermined frequency (e.g., 1-2 MHz) and may be formed from a series of plates, with every other plate being 90 degrees out of phase. Further, a DC bias may be applied to the ion funnel  758  and equally divided down the plates to form a gradient. During operation, the ion funnel  758  may direct the generated ions into a Quadrupole Ion Deflector (QID)  753  which turns the ions (e.g., by 90 degrees) and directs the ions to an Einzel stack  755 . In certain implementations, the QID  753  may be tuned to reject the higher energy ions generated by the initial desorption/ablation and to direct only secondary post-desorption/ablation ions generated by the ionization beam into the Einzel stack  755 . The Einzel stack  755  may manipulate (e.g., shape) the ions and further direct the ions to one or more additional elements for further processing/shaping and ultimately to the mass spectrometer  770  for analysis. As illustrated in  FIG. 11 , each of the ion funnel  758  and the QID  753  may be arranged to lie along the axis  701  of the ablation beam, desorption beam, and micro-level imaging device field of view. 
     Although the foregoing implementation of the present disclosure generally illustrates the material removal beams and field of view being directed along axis  701  and that axis  701  is substantially vertical or otherwise perpendicular to a top surface of the sample  10 , it should be understood that the concepts disclosed herein are not necessarily limited to such implementations. For example, and among other things, while the optical assembly  730  may be configured to direct material removal beams and the field of view of imaging device  738  along a common axis, that axis may be non-perpendicular to the top surface of the sample  10 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , a schematic illustration of an example computing system  1300  having one or more computing units that may implement various systems, processes, and methods discussed herein is provided. For example, the example computing system  1300  may correspond to, among other things, the computing device  192  of the analysis system  100  of  FIG. 1A . It will be appreciated that specific implementations of these devices may be of differing possible specific computing architectures not all of which are specifically discussed herein but will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     The computer system  1300  may be a computing system capable of executing a computer program product to execute a computer process. Data and program files may be input to computer system  1300 , which reads the files and executes the programs therein. Some of the elements of the computer system  1300  are shown in  FIG. 13 , including one or more hardware processors  1302 , one or more data storage devices  1304 , one or more memory devices  1306 , and/or one or more ports  1308 - 1312 . Additionally, other elements that will be recognized by those skilled in the art may be included in the computing system  1300  but are not explicitly depicted in  FIG. 13  or discussed further herein. Various elements of the computer system  1300  may communicate with one another by way of one or more communication buses, point-to-point communication paths, or other communication means not explicitly depicted in  FIG. 13 . 
     The processor  1302  may include, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), and/or one or more internal levels of cache. There may be one or more processors  1302 , such that the processor  1302  includes a single central-processing unit, or a plurality of processing units capable of executing instructions and performing operations in parallel with each other, commonly referred to as a parallel processing environment. 
     The computer system  1300  may be a conventional computer, a distributed computer, or any other type of computer, such as one or more external computers made available via a cloud computing architecture. The presently described technology is optionally implemented in software stored on data storage device(s)  1304 , stored on memory device(s)  1306 , and/or communicated via one or more of the ports  1308 - 1312 , thereby transforming the computer system  1300  in  FIG. 13  to a special purpose machine for implementing the operations described herein. Examples of the computer system  1300  include personal computers, terminals, workstations, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, personal computers, multimedia consoles, gaming consoles, set top boxes, and the like. 
     One or more data storage devices  1304  may include any non-volatile data storage device capable of storing data generated or employed within the computing system  1300 , such as computer executable instructions for performing a computer process, which may include instructions of both application programs and an operating system (OS) that manages the various components of the computing system  1300 . Data storage devices  1304  may include, without limitation, magnetic disk drives, optical disk drives, solid state drives (SSDs), flash drives, and the like. Data storage devices  1304  may include removable data storage media, non-removable data storage media, and/or external storage devices made available via wired or wireless network architecture with such computer program products, including one or more database management products, web server products, application server products, and/or other additional software components. Examples of removable data storage media include Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM), Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory (DVD-ROM), magneto-optical disks, flash drives, and the like. Examples of non-removable data storage media include internal magnetic hard disks, SSDs, and the like. One or more memory devices  1306  may include volatile memory (e.g., dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), etc.) and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.). 
     Computer program products containing mechanisms to effectuate the systems and methods in accordance with the presently described technology may reside in the data storage devices  1304  and/or the memory devices  1306 , which may be referred to as machine-readable media. It will be appreciated that machine-readable media may include any tangible non-transitory medium that is capable of storing or encoding instructions to perform any one or more of the operations of the present disclosure for execution by a machine or that is capable of storing or encoding data structures and/or modules utilized by or associated with such instructions. Machine-readable media may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more executable instructions or data structures. 
     In some implementations, the computer system  1300  includes one or more ports, such as an input/output (I/O) port  1308 , a communication port  1310 , and a sub-systems port  1312 , for communicating with other computing, network, or similar devices. It will be appreciated that the ports  1308 - 1312  may be combined or separate and that more or fewer ports may be included in the computer system  1300 . 
     The I/O port  1308  may be connected to an I/O device, or other device, by which information is input to or output from the computing system  1300 . Such I/O devices may include, without limitation, one or more input devices, output devices, and/or environment transducer devices. 
     In one implementation, the input devices convert a human-generated signal, such as, human voice, physical movement, physical touch or pressure, and/or the like, into electrical signals as input data into the computing system  1300  via the I/O port  1308 . Similarly, the output devices may convert electrical signals received from the computing system  1300  via the I/O port  1308  into signals that may be sensed as output by a human, such as sound, light, and/or touch. The input device may be an alphanumeric input device, including alphanumeric and other keys for communicating information and/or command selections to the processor  1302  via the I/O port  1308 . The input device may be another type of user input device including, but not limited to: direction and selection control devices, such as a mouse, a trackball, cursor direction keys, a joystick, and/or a wheel; one or more sensors, such as an imaging device, a microphone, a positional sensor, an orientation sensor, a gravitational sensor, an inertial sensor, and/or an accelerometer; and/or a touch-sensitive display screen (“touchscreen”). The output devices may include, without limitation, a display, a touchscreen, a speaker, a tactile and/or haptic output device, and/or the like. In some implementations, the input device and the output device may be the same device, for example, in the case of a touchscreen. 
     The environment transducer devices convert one form of energy or signal into another for input into or output from the computing system  1300  via the I/O port  1308 . For example, an electrical signal generated within the computing system  1300  may be converted to another type of signal, and/or vice-versa. In one implementation, the environment transducer devices sense characteristics or aspects of an environment local to or remote from the computing system  1300 , such as, light, sound, temperature, pressure, magnetic field, electric field, chemical properties, physical movement, orientation, acceleration, gravity, and/or the like. Further, the environment transducer devices may generate signals to impose some effect on the environment either local to or remote from the example the computing system  1300 , such as, physical movement of some object (e.g., a mechanical actuator), heating, or cooling of a substance, adding a chemical substance, and/or the like. 
     In one implementation, a communication port  1310  is connected to a network by way of which the computing system  1300  may receive network data useful in executing the methods and systems set out herein as well as transmitting information and network configuration changes determined thereby. Stated differently, the communication port  1310  connects the computing system  1300  to one or more communication interface devices configured to transmit and/or receive information between the computing system  1300  and other devices by way of one or more wired or wireless communication networks or connections. Examples of such networks or connections include, without limitation, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth®, Near Field Communication (NFC), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and so on. One or more such communication interface devices may be utilized via communication port  1310  to communicate one or more other machines, either directly over a point-to-point communication path, over a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), over a local area network (LAN), over a cellular (e.g., third generation (3G) or fourth generation (4G)) network, or over another communication means. Further, the communication port  1310  may communicate with an antenna for electromagnetic signal transmission and/or reception. 
     The computer system  1300  may include a sub-systems port  1312  for communicating with one or more sub-systems, to control an operation of the one or more sub-systems, and to exchange information between the computer system  1300  and the one or more sub-systems. Examples of such sub-systems include, without limitation, imaging systems, radar, LIDAR, motor controllers and systems, battery controllers, fuel cell or other energy storage systems or controls, light systems, navigation systems, environment controls, entertainment systems, and the like. 
     The system set forth in  FIG. 13  is but one possible example of a computer system that may employ or be configured in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that other non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage media storing computer-executable instructions for implementing the presently disclosed technology on a computing system may be utilized. 
     Although various representative embodiments have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the inventive subject matter set forth in the specification. All directional references (e.g., upper, lower, upward, downward, left, right, leftward, rightward, top, bottom, above, below, vertical, horizontal, clockwise, and counterclockwise) are only used for identification purposes to aid the reader&#39;s understanding of the embodiments of the present invention, and do not create limitations, particularly as to the position, orientation, or use of the invention unless specifically set forth in the claims. Joinder references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and the like) are to be construed broadly and may include intermediate members between a connection of elements and relative movement between elements. As such, joinder references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to each other. 
     In methodologies directly or indirectly set forth herein, various steps and operations are described in one possible order of operation, but those skilled in the art will recognize that steps and operations may be rearranged, replaced, or eliminated without necessarily departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limiting. Changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.