Patent Publication Number: US-2020284947-A1

Title: Thin film interference pigments with a coating of nanoparticles

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/966,391, filed Jan. 27, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/813,483, filed Mar. 4, 2019, the entire disclosure of both applications is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure generally relates to an article including a thin film interference pigment; and a coating including a selectively absorbing nanoparticle. The article can exhibit increased chromaticity as compared to the thin film interference pigment alone. Methods of making the article are also disclosed. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Fabry-Perot multilayer structures exhibit a color primarily because of the thickness of a dielectric layer present in the structure. The thickness of the dielectric layer therefore limits the pallet of colors that can be produced. 
     One way to manipulate the color produced can be to add a colorant into an ink or paint vehicle that includes the Fabry-Perot multilayer structure. However, a blend of a colorant and a Fabry-Perot multilayer structure can be difficult to formulate to obtain the desired final color due to variables with the colorant, such as colorant concentration, colorant size, colorant distribution. Additionally, a blend of a colorant and a Fabry-Perot multilayer structure can be difficult to reproduce batch-to-batch. 
     Another problem with a blend is the issue of light scattering. In particular, a large quantity of colorant particles distributed in a large volume to create the ink or paint will significantly increase light scattering so that the scattering effects are interdependent. Additionally, colorant absorbing pigments typically used in blends have large particle sizes, which can also increase light scattering because each large particle can independently scatter light. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features of the present disclosure are illustrated by way of example and not limited in the following figure(s), in which like numerals indicate like elements, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the percent reflectance of the Gold Pigment (pre-flake) alone, Sample C (green spotted), and Sample A (green high saturation); 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the hue of the samples in  FIG. 1  using an a*, b* graph; 
         FIG. 3  is a reflectance plot for a thin film interference pigment a low and high angle; 
         FIG. 4  is a reflectance plot for a thin film interference pigment for various angles from low to high angle; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a thin film interference pigment with a color travel from green to purple; and 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a thin film interference pigment with a color travel from magenta to green. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In an aspect, there is disclosed an article including a thin film interference pigment; and a coating including a selectively absorbing nanoparticle on the thin film interference pigment. 
     In another aspect, there is disclosed a method of making an article including providing a thin film interference pigment; and coating the thin film interference pigment with a selectively absorbing nanoparticle. 
     Additional features and advantages of various embodiments will be set forth, in part, in the description that follows, and will, in part, be apparent from the description, or can be learned by the practice of various embodiments. The objectives and other advantages of various embodiments will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the description herein. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     For simplicity and illustrative purposes, the present disclosure is described by referring mainly to an example thereof. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It will be readily apparent however, that the present disclosure may be practiced without limitation to these specific details. In other instances, some methods and structures have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure the present disclosure. 
     Additionally, the elements depicted in the accompanying figures may include additional components and some of the components described in those figures may be removed and/or modified without departing from scopes of the present disclosure. Further, the elements depicted in the figures may not be drawn to scale and thus, the elements may have sizes and/or configurations that differ from those shown in the figures. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are intended to provide an explanation of various embodiments of the present teachings. In its broad and varied embodiments, disclosed herein are articles; and a method of making and using articles. 
     The present disclosure describes articles including a pigment, such as thin film interference pigment, coated with a selectively absorbing nanoparticle that can manipulate the reflectance of the pigment to improve chromaticity and/or create a color (at both normal and angle) not possible with the pigment alone. The method of making the disclosed articles is cost effective and can provide a high throughput of higher performance special effect pigments, such as high chroma pigments. 
     In an aspect, the pigment can include a core material chosen from reflective opaque materials, semi-transparent materials, and transparent materials depending upon the desired optical property of the resultant pigment. 
     The pigment can be a metal, non-metal, or metal alloy. In one example, the materials for the pigment can include any materials that have reflective characteristics in the desired spectral range. For example, any material with a reflectance ranging from 5% to 100% in the desired spectral range. An example of a reflective material can be aluminum, which has good reflectance characteristics, is inexpensive, and is easy to form into or deposit as a thin layer. Non-limiting examples of reflective opaque material for use in the pigment include aluminum, copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, niobium, chromium, tin, iron, and combinations or alloys of these or other metals can be used as the pigment. In an aspect, the material for the pigment can be a white or light colored metal. In other examples, the pigment can include, but is not limited to, the transition and lanthanide metals and combinations thereof; as well as metal carbides, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal sulfides, a combination thereof, or mixtures of metals and one or more of these materials. In an aspect, the pigment may include a transparent or semi-transparent material chosen from glass, silica, titania, alumina, natural mica, synthetic mica, and bismuth oxychloride. In another aspect, the pigment can include a metalloid material chosen from silicon, germanium, and molybdenum. 
     In another aspect, the pigment, such as a thin film interference pigment, can be any special effect pigment, such as a pigment including a reflector layer, a dielectric layer, and an absorber layer, and optionally a magnetic layer. Non-limiting examples of commercially available pigments include SPECTRAFLAIR®, CHROMAFLAIR®, OVP, SecureShift, and OVMP available from Viavi Solutions, Inc. (San Jose, Calif.). 
     The pigment, such as a thin film interference pigment, can be coated with a selectively absorbing nanoparticle. The nanoparticles can selectively absorb any undesired high or low angle colors from a reflectance spectrum of the pigment, such as the thin film interference pigment. The undesired colors can be located along a color travel path of the thin film interference pigment and can be located between different desired colors. Additionally, the nanoparticles can modify a desired color of the article at different viewing angles. Finally, the nanoparticles can change a color shift of the pigment, such as a thin film interference pigment, so that the color shift of the article is from a low to high wavelength. 
     The selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be colored and/or can act as a color filter. The selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be nanoparticle chosen from a pigment, a dye, a metallic nanoparticle, a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal sulfide, a metal nitride, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of selectively absorbing nanoparticles include titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron (II, III) oxide, zirconium dioxide, indium tin oxide, CeO 2 , zinc nitride, gold, silver, carbon black, iron oxide, mixed metal oxides, zinc sulfide, iron sulfide, copper sulfide, perylene, perinone, quinacridone, quinacridonequinone, anthrapyrimidine, anthraquinone, anthanthrone, benzimidazolone, disazo condensation, azo, quinolones, xanthene, azomethine, quinophthalone, indanthrone, phthalocyanine, triarylcarbonium, dioxazine, aminoanthraquinone, isoindoline, diketopyrrolopyrrole, thioindigo, thiazineindigo, isoindoline, isoindolinone, pyranthrone, isoviolanthrone, miyoshi methane, triarylmethane, and mixtures thereof. In an aspect, the selectively absorbing nanoparticle can be charged. 
     In particular, the coating can include the selectively absorbing nanoparticles in a suitable matrix. The coating can include a plurality of selectively absorbing nanoparticles in which a portion of the selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be colored. Another portion of the selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be uncolored. In an aspect, the coating can include a plurality of selectively absorbing nanoparticles in which all of the selectively absorbing nanoparticles are a same color. In another aspect, the coating can include a plurality of selectively absorbing nanoparticles of different colors. 
     The selectively absorbing nanoparticles present in the coating can be the same or different, such as in terms of the material for the nanoparticle, the average particle of the nanoparticles, the concentration (percent volume) of nanoparticles in the coating, etc. In an aspect, the coating includes a plurality of selectively absorbing nanoparticles that are different one from another. A skilled person can adjust the above-described variables to achieve an article with the desired resultant color, including the desired lightness and chroma. For example, a skilled person can select a weakly colored nanoparticle, but with a large average particle size, in a high concentration in the coating to achieve a resultant color in the article with high chroma. Additionally, and or alternatively, a skilled person can select a highly colored nanoparticle, but with a small average particle size, in a medium concentration in the coating to still achieve a resultant color in the article with high chroma. 
     The selectively absorbing nanoparticles can have an average particle size ranging from less than about 300 nm; for example, from about 2 nm to about 100 nm; for example, from about 4 nm to about 95 nm; and as a further example, from about 6 nm to about 90 nm. The average particle size can have an effect on the resultant chroma of the article. For example, a large average particle size can increase the intensity and/or chroma of the resultant color of the article because the article will achieve color saturation faster, i.e., with less material. 
     The concentration of the selectively absorbing nanoparticles can also affect the intensity and/or chroma of the resultant color of the article. The selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be present in the coating in an amount greater than about 40% by volume, for example greater than about 65% by volume, and as a further example greater than about 70% by volume. For example, a coating with greater than about 70% by volume of selectively absorbing nanoparticles will have a higher color saturation as compared to a coating with about 65% by volume of selectively absorbing nanoparticles. As a further example, an intensity of the color of the article is increased by a high concentration of the selectively absorbing nanoparticle in the coating. 
     The coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be a single layer or multiple layers. In an aspect, the disclosed article can include a thin film interference pigment with a coating with multiple layers of selectively absorbing nanoparticles, in which each layer of the multiple layers includes a plurality of selectively absorbing nanoparticles that are different one from another. The use of multiple layers can also increase the color saturation of the article. 
     The coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be continuous or discontinuous on a surface of the pigment, such as a thin film interference pigment. In an aspect, the coating is continuous on the surface of the pigment. In another aspect, the coating is discontinuous on the surface and has a low impact on light scattering. The coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be present on greater than about 90% of a surface of the pigment; for example, greater than about 95% of the pigment; and as a further example, can be present on all surfaces (100% continuous/encapsulating) the pigment. In an aspect, the coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be discontinuous, such as in the form of spots, lines, etc. An intensity of a color of the article can be increased by a fully encapsulating coating. 
     In an aspect, the coating can, but should not, negatively impact a hiding property of the thin film interference pigment. 
     The selectively absorbing nanoparticles can have other properties besides, or in addition to, ultraviolet (UV) light absorption. In an aspect, the selectively absorbing nanoparticles can have a property chosen from fluorescence, phosphorescence, thermochromic, photochromic, and infrared (IR) fluorescence (anti-stokes). 
     UV light exposure can degrade nanoparticles. In an aspect, the coating can include other particles that can protect the nanoparticles, for example, particles that absorb ultraviolet light and/or decrease photocatalytic activity inherent in some nanoparticles. The coating can include other particles, such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, Al 2 O 3 , and CeO 2 . 
     The nanoparticles can also exhibit metallic resonance plasmons effects. These effects can be enhanced by local fields so that the nanoparticles can have different spectral responses depending upon the light source, e.g., polarized or unpolarized light. 
     In an aspect, instead of a thin film interference pigment, the article can include a thin film interference foil; and a coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles on the thin film interference foil. The article can be used as a thread in security applications. The article can include a substrate (PET) and can have the following structure: PET/absorber/dielectric/reflector/coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticle. In another aspect, the article can have the following structure: PET/reflector/dielectric/absorber/coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticle. 
     A method of making the disclosed article can be performed using techniques, such as layer-by-layer technology. In an aspect, the method can include providing a post-processed thin film interference pigment. In another aspect, the method can include making a thin film interference pigment and coating with selectively absorbing nanoparticles. 
     A method of making the article disclosed herein can include providing a pigment, such as a thin film interference pigment; and coating the thin film interference pigment with a selectively absorbing nanoparticle. The coating step can include providing a layer of a first charged nanoparticle to the pigment; rinsing; providing a layer of a second charged nanoparticle to the layer of the first charged nanoparticle, wherein the second charged nanoparticle material is oppositely charged from the first charged nanoparticle material; and rinsing; wherein a coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles is formed on a surface of the pigment. The steps of providing the layer of the first charged nanoparticle and providing the layer of the second charged nanoparticle can be repeated so that the coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles is a multilayer coating. 
     The coating step can also include providing a layer of a first charged polymer to the pigment; rinsing; providing a layer of a first charged nanoparticle to the layer of the first charged polymer, wherein the first charged nanoparticle material is oppositely charged from the first charged polymeric material; and rinsing; wherein a coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles is formed. The steps of providing the layer of the first charged polymer and providing the layer of the first charged nanoparticle can be repeated so that the coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles is a multilayer coating. 
     The coating step can also include providing a final step with a charged polymer to the last coating including charged selectively absorbing nanoparticle of the multilayer to provide for specific surface functionalization of the pigments. 
     The coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles can fully encapsulate the pigment, such as the thin film interference pigment. The coating is continuous on all surfaces of the pigment. Alternatively, the coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles can encapsulate a portion of the pigment, such as the thin film interference pigment. The coating can be continuous, and yet only encapsulate a portion of the pigment. The coating can be discontinuous and encapsulate a portion of the pigment. 
     In an alternative method, the multilayer coating can be created by alternating a layer of selectively absorbing nanoparticles and a layer of charged polymers (polyelectrolytes) or other molecules presenting interacting binding sites. So, a layer sequence comprises one or more materials having ionic groups of opposite charges. A simple layer sequence can be ABAB(AB)n, wherein n is an integer greater than 1. Notice that even shown as different materials A and B, these two materials could be the same material where the surface was rendered of opposite charges. The multilayer coating could also use more materials. The multilayer coating can include any materials and is only dependent upon the selection of the charges for each material. 
     The steps of providing a layer of first charged or second charged nanoparticles can use any technologies, such as filtration, sedimentation or centrifugation processes. In these processes, the nanoparticles are allowed to sediment or are filtered or centrifuged (faster processes) after the successive application of the first charged nanoparticle (A), rinsing stage, and resuspension/application of the second charged nanoparticle (B). Other process may include successive filtration using systems such as filter reactors, trickle-bed reactors, up-flow reactors, membrane reactors, and the equivalent. In another method, the pigment could be forced to transit (i.e. by sprayed) to areas containing atomized solutions of first charged nanoparticle (A), rinsing media, and second charged nanoparticle (B). Alternative deposition techniques include wet coating method including dip coating, spin coating, flow coating, spray coating, roll coating, gravure coating, and a similar method. 
     The steps of rinsing can be performed with any solvent, such as a polar solvent. Non-limiting examples of solvents can include water; acetates, such as ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, and butyl acetate; acetone; ketones, such as dimethyl ketone (DMK), methylethyl ketone (MEK), secbutyl methyl ketone (SBMK), ter-butyl methyl ketone (TBMK), cyclopenthanon, and anisole; glycol and glycol derivatives, such as propylene glycol methyl ether, and propylene glycol methyl ether acetate; alcohols, such as isopropyl alcohol, and diacetone alcohol; esters, such as malonates; heterocyclic solvents, such as n-methyl pyrrolidone; hydrocarbons, such as toluene, and xylene; coalescing solvents, such as glycol ethers; and mixtures thereof. 
     The method can further include a step of providing a layer to a surface of the pigment prior to providing a coating of nanoparticles. The layer is located between the thin film interference pigment and the coating to protect the thin film interference pigment or to provide a receptive surface for the coating. In an aspect of the invention, the distribution of the receptive layer on the surface of the pigment can allow for controlling the distribution of the coating including the selectively absorbing nanoparticles. In particular, the layer can inhibit oxidation of the pigment when it is exposed to the coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles. The layer can include a sol-gel layer of materials such as silica, titania, alumina, zirconia, ceria, or combinations to mention few or a polymeric layer, for example. In an aspect, the method of making an article can include providing a pigment; providing a layer of a first charged nanoparticle to the pigment; rinsing; providing a layer of charged polymer (polyelectrolytes) or other molecules presenting interacting binding sites; rinsing; providing a layer of a second charged nanoparticle to the layer of the charged polymer (polyelectrolytes) or other molecules presenting interacting binding sites; and rinsing. 
     The method can further include a step of providing a second protecting layer to a top-most layer of the coating of nanoparticles. The second protecting layer can include a layer of charged polymers (polyelectrolytes) or other organic molecules presenting interacting binding sites or a sol-gel layer. In an aspect, a second protecting layer of charged polymers (polyelectrolytes) or other organic molecules presenting interacting binding sites can provide a functionalized outer surface with tunable properties such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, lipophilicity, permeability, hardness, stiffness, to mention a few to the pigment. 
     In an additional aspect, the method can further include encapsulating the selectively absorbing nanoparticles, which are coated on the pigment, with a protectant layer. 
     The method can include making a thin film interference pigment on a substrate with a release layer. The release layer can be compatible with liquid coating processes and vacuum deposition. 
     The method can include several post-processing steps, such as stripping the article from the release layer/substrate, grinding, etc. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     A gold thin film interference pigment was encapsulated to varying degrees to produce different levels of intensity depending on the saturation/intensity by the coated selectively absorbing nanoparticle. The pigment was based on the following structure: Cr/ZnS/AI/ZnS/Cr. In sample A) a gold thin film interference pigment was fully encapsulated with a continuous coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles, i.e. a cyan pigment, in a high concentration. In sample B) the same gold thin film interference pigment was fully encapsulated with a continuous coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles, i.e. the same cyan pigment, but with a lower concentration of the selectively absorbing nanoparticles in the coating, e.g. 65% by volume. In sample C) the same gold thin film interference pigment was partially encapsulated with a discontinuous coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles, i.e. the same cyan pigment, but with a larger average particle size as compared to samples A and B. All three samples A, B, and C will exhibit a green color, but with varying degrees of intensity and chroma. Sample A has a higher intensity/color saturation as compared to Samples B and C. Samples B and C had a less saturated color, i.e., it is more pastel, because reflected light comes from areas of the pigment that are not filtered by the coating. An intensity of a color of the article was increased by a high concentration of the selectively absorbing nanoparticle in the coating. Additionally, an intensity of a color of the article was increased by a fully encapsulating coating. 
     The optical characterization of the three Samples was done using paint draw downs on Leneta cards and analyzed under diffuse illumination with a DC650 Photospectrometer. Table 1 shows the Lightness (L*), a*, b*, chroma and hue of the Samples. As can be seen, the lightness (L*) decreased and the hue increased as the coating of the selectively absorbing nanoparticles was increased. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Optical Properties measured with DC650 Photospectrometer. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Gold Pigment 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample Name 
                 Alone 
                 Sample C 
                 Sample A 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 L* 
                 78.98 
                 71.82 
                 54.25 
               
               
                   
                 a* 
                 0.19 
                 −15.99 
                 −42.84 
               
               
                   
                 b* 
                 54.56 
                 40.65 
                 13.20 
               
               
                   
                 c* 
                 54.56 
                 43.68 
                 44.82 
               
               
                   
                 h 
                 89.8 
                 111.48 
                 162.88 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 1  illustrates the percent reflectance of the Gold Pigment (pre-flake) alone, Sample C (green spotted), and Sample A (green high saturation).  FIG. 2  illustrates the hue of the samples in  FIG. 1  using an a*, b* graph. Looking at  FIGS. 1 and 2 , one can see the evolution of the color as the concentration and/or encapsulation of the coating of the selectively absorbing nanoparticles (cyan pigment) increases. As reported in Table 1 and shown in  FIG. 2 , Sample A is green with a higher hue value of 162.88, followed by Sample C, which visually looks like a yellow-green color with a hue of 111.48, and the gold pigment (pre-flake) alone is a gold color with a hue of 89.8 (does not include a coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles, e.g., cyan pigment). 
     Example 2 
     The colors at normal and high angle (60°) of commercially available pigments with a coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles (cyan, magenta, yellow, and green) were used to determine the expected dominant spectral color. However, depending upon variables, such as those discussed herein including intensity, absorbing power, and concentration of nanoparticles, the color shift trajectory of the coated thin film interference pigment can change. Additionally, optical properties of a selectively absorbing nanoparticle can have small spectral changes that modify a visual color observed. For example, a number of cyan pigments show band tails in the visible region that produce a yellow component to color. For this reason, the spectral absorption of the selectively absorbing nanoparticles can be used to better predict the final color travel of the article (thin film interference pigment coated with selectively absorbing nanoparticle). 
     The new color travel as a function of the illumination and viewing angles can be predicted based on the reflectance versus wavelength plots of the thin film interference pigment and on the wavelength and intensity absorbed by the coating of the selectively absorbing nanoparticle.  FIG. 3  is graph illustrating the reflectance plots of a thin film interference pigment at low (10 degrees) and high angle (55 degrees) showing a color travel from green to blue. A coating of selectively absorbing nanoparticles (yellow pigment, which is a blue light absorber) was applied.  FIG. 3  also illustrates the absorption of several other selectively absorbing nanoparticles (1) cyan: (2) magenta; (3) red  1 ; and (4) red  1 .  FIG. 4  illustrates the reflectance curves for the thin film interference pigment when viewed at normal to high angle. The coating of the selectively absorbing nanoparticle (yellow pigment) blocked the reflectance for angles higher than 45 degrees. It was also determined that the design of the thin film interference pigment can be changed to change a peak position of color at different angles so that the angles at which some reflected peaks will be blocked. 
     Example 3 
     Color travel from special effect pigments based on thin film interference is from high to low wavelength as the viewing angle changes from normal (low) to high. Table 2 below shows four (4) selectively absorbing nanoparticles and the wavelength color that each color absorbs. Table 2 also shows two thin film interference pigments and the wavelength color at normal (low) and high. Table 2 also shows the predicted reflected color of an article including the thin film interference pigment and a coating with selectively absorbing nanoparticles. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Selectively Absorbing Nanoparticle 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Green 
               
               
                   
                 Cyan 
                 Magenta 
                 Yellow 
                 (discontinuous) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Absorbs 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Magenta 
               
               
                   
                 Red 
                 Green 
                 Blue 
                 (Blue and Red) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Green to 
                 Green 
                 Green 
                 Black 
                 Green 
                 Dark Green 
               
               
                 Purple 
                 Purple 
                 Blue 
                 Magenta 
                 Red 
                 Black 
               
               
                 Magenta 
                 Magenta 
                 Blue 
                 Magenta 
                 Red 
                 Black 
               
               
                 to Green 
                 Green 
                 Green 
                 Black 
                 Red 
                 Green 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 5  illustrates the color travel of the thin film interference pigment that color shifted from green to purple. Because there are two reflectance peaks at high angle, it could be possible to select the appropriate single selectively absorbing nanoparticle, such as a yellow pigment, or the appropriate blend of nanoparticles, in order to force the color travel in a reverse direction, such as from green to red.  FIG. 5  also illustrates the absorption of several other selectively absorbing nanoparticles (1) cyan: (2) magenta; (3) red  1 ; and (4) red  1 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates the color travel of the thin film interference pigment that color shifted from magenta to green, which is basically the reverse of the pigment illustrated in  FIG. 5 . So, now there are two reflectance peaks at normal. It could be possible to select the appropriate selectively absorbing nanoparticle, such as a cyan pigment, or the appropriate blend of nanoparticles in order to force the color travel in a reverse direction, such as from magenta (blue) to red. 
     From the foregoing description, those skilled in the art can appreciate that the present teachings can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while these teachings have been described in connection with particular embodiments and examples thereof, the true scope of the present teachings should not be so limited. Various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the teachings herein. 
     This scope disclosure is to be broadly construed. It is intended that this disclosure disclose equivalents, means, systems and methods to achieve the coatings, devices, activities and mechanical actions disclosed herein. For each coating, device, article, method, mean, mechanical element or mechanism disclosed, it is intended that this disclosure also encompass in its disclosure and teaches equivalents, means, systems and methods for practicing the many aspects, mechanisms and devices disclosed herein. Additionally, this disclosure regards a coating and its many aspects, features and elements. Such a coating can be dynamic in its use and operation, this disclosure is intended to encompass the equivalents, means, systems and methods of the use of the device and/or optical device of manufacture and its many aspects consistent with the description and spirit of the operations and functions disclosed herein. The claims of this application are likewise to be broadly construed. The description of the inventions herein in their many embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.