Patent Publication Number: US-2023143915-A1

Title: Display device and method of providing the same

Description:
This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0152529, filed on Nov. 8, 2021, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the content of which in its entirety is herein incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     Implementations of the invention relate generally to a display device and a method of manufacturing (or providing) the display device. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED 
     The display device may be divided into a display area and a non-display area which surrounds the display area. An emission layer and an organic layer which is disposed on the emission layer are formed (or provided) in the display area, and the organic layer extends from the display area and to the non-display area. In addition, an open mask may be used to manufacture (or provide) the display device. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a deposition process using an open mask to provide a display device, when an end of the open mask collides with a structure of the display device during a process, moisture and/or air may penetrate into the display area of the display device. Accordingly, the yield of the display device is reduced. 
     Embodiments provide a display device. 
     Embodiments provide a method of manufacturing (or providing) the display device. 
     A display device according to an embodiment includes a transistor in a display area, on a substrate, a dam structure in a non-display area adjacent to the display area, on the substrate, and at least one blocking pattern between the transistor and the dam structure, and having an undercut shape. The blocking pattern may include an etched metal layer, and a first upper metal layer on the etched metal layer and having a width greater than a width of the etched metal layer. 
     In an embodiment, the transistor may include an active pattern and a connecting electrode which is on the active pattern and contacting the active pattern. The blocking pattern may be in a same layer as the connecting electrode. 
     In an embodiment, the etched metal layer and the first upper metal layer may include a metal. 
     In an embodiment, the etched metal layer may include copper. 
     In an embodiment, the first upper metal layer may include polycrystalline indium-tin-oxide. 
     In an embodiment, the dam structure may include a lower dam structure including a first organic material and an upper dam structure including a second organic material. 
     In an embodiment, the display device may further include a first organic structure on the first upper metal layer, including the first organic material, and in a same layer as the lower dam structure, and a second organic structure on the first organic structure, including the second organic material, and in a same layer as the upper dam structure. 
     In an embodiment, the display device may further include a lower blocking pattern under the blocking pattern. The lower blocking pattern may include a first lower metal layer, and a lower etched metal layer which is on the first lower metal layer and having a width smaller than a width of the first upper metal layer. 
     In an embodiment, the transistor may include an active pattern, a gate electrode on the active pattern, and a connecting electrode on the gate electrode and contacting the active pattern. The lower blocking pattern may be in a same layer as the gate electrode, and the blocking pattern may be in a same layer as the connecting electrode. 
     In an embodiment, the etched metal layer and the lower etched metal layer may include copper. 
     In an embodiment, the blocking pattern may further include a second upper metal layer between the first upper metal layer and the etched metal layer. 
     In an embodiment, the second upper metal layer may include titanium. 
     In an embodiment, the blocking pattern may include a first blocking pattern, and a second blocking pattern which is between the first blocking pattern and the dam structure. 
     A display device according to an embodiment includes a transistor in a display area, on a substrate, a dam structure in a non-display area adjacent to the display area, on the substrate, and at least one blocking pattern between the transistor and the dam structure, and having an undercut shape. The blocking pattern may include an etched metal layer, and an upper insulating layer which is on the etched metal layer and having a width greater than a width of the etched metal layer. 
     In an embodiment, the transistor may include an active pattern, a gate electrode on the active pattern, and an interlayer insulating layer on the gate electrode and covering the gate electrode. The etched metal layer may be in a same layer as the gate electrode, and the upper insulating layer may be in a same layer as the interlayer insulating layer. 
     A display device according to an embodiment includes a transistor in a display area, on a substrate, a dam structure in a non-display area adjacent to the display area, on the substrate, and at least one blocking pattern disposed outside the dam structure, and having an undercut shape. The blocking pattern may include an etched metal layer, and a first upper metal layer which is on the etched metal layer and having a width greater than a width of the etched metal layer. 
     In an embodiment, the transistor may include an active pattern and a connecting electrode which is on the active pattern and contacting the active pattern. The blocking pattern may be in a same layer as the connecting electrode. 
     In an embodiment, the etched metal layer and the first upper metal layer may include a metal. 
     In an embodiment, the etched metal layer may include copper. 
     In an embodiment, the first upper metal layer may include polycrystalline indium-tin-oxide. 
     A method of manufacturing (or providing) a display device according to an embodiment includes forming a transistor in a display area, on a substrate, forming at least one blocking pattern in a non-display area adjacent to the display area, on the substrate, and forming a dam structure in the non-display area to be adjacent to the blocking pattern. The forming the blocking pattern may include forming at least one preliminary etched metal layer, forming a first upper metal layer on the preliminary etched metal layer, and forming an etched metal layer of the blocking pattern by etching the preliminary etched metal layer so that the blocking pattern has an undercut shape. 
     In an embodiment, the upper metal layer may have a width greater than a width of the etched metal layer. 
     In an embodiment, the method may further include forming a preliminary anode layer on the blocking pattern and etching the preliminary anode layer. An etchant for etching the preliminary etched metal layer may be the same as an etchant for etching the preliminary anode layer. 
     In an embodiment, the preliminary etched metal layer may include copper. 
     In an embodiment, the preliminary anode layer may include amorphous indium-tin-oxide. 
     Therefore, a display device according to one or more embodiment of the invention may include at least one blocking pattern which is outside of and/or surrounding a display area. The blocking pattern may be formed of a metal. Accordingly, the blocking pattern as a metal pattern may block penetration of moisture and/or air propagating through the organic material in the non-display area and into the display area. 
     In addition, the blocking pattern may have an undercut shape. Accordingly, a plate electrode (e.g., a cathode electrode) deposited through an open mask may be disconnected relative to pieces of cathode electrode material in the non-display area. 
     In addition, the undercut shape may be formed through a wet-etch process, and an etchant used in the wet-etch process may be the same as an etchant for patterning an anode electrode. Accordingly, an etching facility for etching the blocking pattern may be the same as an etching facility for patterning the anode electrode. Accordingly, process economics of the display device may be improved. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are examples and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention together with the description. 
         FIG.  1    is a plan view illustrating a display device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  2    is a circuit diagram illustrating a pixel included in the display device of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is a cross-sectional view illustrating the display device of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  4    is a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  5    is an enlarged view of area A of  FIG.  4   . 
         FIG.  6    is an enlarged view of area B of  FIG.  4   . 
         FIGS.  7  to  15    are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing (or providing) the display device of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  16    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  17    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  18    is an enlarged view of area E of  FIG.  17   . 
         FIG.  19    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  20    is an enlarged view of area F of  FIG.  19   . 
         FIG.  21    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  22    is an enlarged view of area G of  FIG.  21   . 
         FIG.  23    is an enlarged view of area H of  FIG.  21   . 
         FIG.  24    is a plan view illustrating a display device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG.  25    is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II′ of  FIG.  24   . 
         FIG.  26    is an enlarged view of area J of  FIG.  24   . 
         FIG.  27    is an enlarged view of area K of  FIG.  24   . 
         FIG.  28    is a plan view illustrating a display device according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Illustrative, non-limiting embodiments will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     The invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various embodiments are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms, and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
     It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being related to another element such as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being related to another element such as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, “a first element,” “component,” “region,” “layer” or “section” discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings herein. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, “a”, “an,” “the,” and “at least one” do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are intended to include both the singular and plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, “an element” has the same meaning as “at least one element,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. “At least one” is not to be construed as limiting “a” or “an.” “Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, a reference number may indicate a singular element or a plurality of the element. For example, a reference number labeling a singular form of an element within the drawing figures may be used to reference a plurality of the singular element within the text of specification. 
     As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element&#39;s relationship to another element as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The term “lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     Embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims. 
       FIG.  1    is a plan view illustrating a display device  1000  according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , a display device  1000  according to an embodiment may be divided into a display area DA and a non-display area NDA. The display device  1000  may be disposed in a plane defined by a first direction D 1 , a second direction D 2 , a fourth direction D 4 , etc. crossing each other. In an embodiment, a thickness direction of the display device  1000  and various components or layer thereof may be defined along a third direction D 3  which crosses each of the first direction D 1 , second direction D 2  and fourth direction D 4 . 
     In an embodiment, the display area DA may have a rectangular shape. At least one pixel PX may be disposed in the display area DA. The pixel PX may include at least one switching element (e.g., a transistor TFT in  FIG.  3   ) and an emission pattern layer (e.g., an emission layer EL in  FIG.  3   ), and an image may be displayed in the display area DA through the pixel PX. 
     The non-display area NDA may be adjacent to the display area DA. In an embodiment, the non-display area NDA may be positioned to surround the display area DA. 
     In an embodiment, at least one blocking pattern and at least one dam structure DS may be disposed in the non-display area NDA. For example, the blocking pattern may include a first blocking pattern BP 1  and a second blocking pattern BP 2 . 
     The dam structure DS may be disposed to surround at least a portion of the display area DA. The first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed between the display area DA and the dam structure DS, and may be disposed to surround at least a portion of the display area DA. The second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed between the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the dam structure DS, and may be disposed to surround at least a portion of the display area DA. 
     In an embodiment, the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the second blocking pattern BP 2  may block penetration of moisture and/or air into the display area DA. 
     In an embodiment, the dam structure DS may block an organic material layer (e.g., an organic layer OL in  FIG.  3   ) formed in the display area DA from flowing out of the non-display area NDA, to define a first flow-blocking pattern. 
     The pixel PX may be electrically connected to a data line DL, a driving voltage line PL, and a gate line GL among a plurality of signal lines. 
     A gate driver GDV may be disposed in the non-display area NDA. The gate driver GDV may generate a plurality of electrical signals such as a plurality of gate signals (e.g., a first gate signal SC in  FIG.  2    and a second gate signal SS in  FIG.  2   ). The first gate signal SC and the second gate signal SS may be provided to the pixel PX through the gate line GL. 
     A first pad PD 1 , a second pad PD 2 , and a driving voltage pattern VP may be disposed in the non-display area NDA. 
     In an embodiment, the first and second pads PD 1  and PD 2  may be disposed in the non-display area NDA adjacent to the lower side of the display area DA. The first and second pads PD 1  and PD 2  may receive an electrical signal and/or a voltage from outside the display device  1000 , such as through a printed circuit board. 
     The first pad PD 1  may receive a data signal (e.g., a data voltage DATA in  FIG.  2   ). The data voltage DATA may be provided to the pixel PX through the data line DL. 
     The second pad PD 2  may receive a first voltage signal (e.g., a first voltage ELVDD in  FIG.  2   ). The first voltage ELVDD may be provided to the pixel PX through the driving voltage pattern VP and the driving voltage line PL. 
       FIG.  2    is a circuit diagram illustrating a pixel PX included in the display device of  FIG.  1   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , the pixel PX may include a first transistor T 1 , a second transistor T 2 , a third transistor T 3 , a storage capacitor CST, and a display element which emits light to display an image, such as a light emitting diode LED. 
     The first transistor T 1  may include a first terminal, a second terminal, and a gate terminal. The first terminal may receive the first voltage ELVDD. The second terminal may be connected to the light emitting diode LED. The gate terminal may be connected to the second transistor T 2 . The first transistor T 1  may generate a driving current (e.g., electrical driving current) based on the first voltage ELVDD and the data voltage DATA. 
     The second transistor T 2  may include a first terminal, a second terminal, and a gate terminal. The first terminal may receive the data voltage DATA. The second terminal may be connected to the first transistor T 1 . The gate terminal may receive the first gate signal SC. The second transistor T 2  may transmit the data voltage DATA in response to the first gate signal SC. 
     The third transistor T 3  may include a first terminal, a second terminal, and a gate terminal. The first terminal may be connected to the first transistor T 1 . The second terminal may receive an initialization voltage VINT. The gate terminal may receive the second gate signal SS. The third transistor T 3  may transmit the initialization voltage VINT in response to the second gate signal SS. 
     The storage capacitor CST may include a first terminal and a second terminal. The first terminal may be connected to the gate terminal of the first transistor T 1 . The second terminal may be connected to the first terminal of the third transistor T 3 . The storage capacitor CST may maintain the voltage level of the gate terminal of the first transistor T 1  during the inactivation period of the first gate signal SC. 
     The light emitting diode LED may include a first terminal and a second terminal. The first terminal may be connected to the second terminal of the first transistor T 1 . The second terminal may receive a second voltage ELVSS. The light emitting diode LED may emit light having a luminance corresponding to the driving current. The light emitting diode LED may include an organic light emitting diode using an organic material as an emission layer EL, an inorganic light emitting diode using an inorganic material as an emission layer EL, and the like. 
       FIG.  3    is a cross-sectional view illustrating the display device  1000  of  FIG.  1   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , a substrate SUB, a lower metal pattern BML, a buffer layer BFR, an active pattern ACT, a gate insulating layer GI, a gate electrode GAT, an interlayer insulating layer ILD, a connecting electrode CE, a passivation layer PVX, a via insulating layer VIA, an anode electrode ADE, a pixel defining layer PDL, an emission layer EL, a cathode electrode CTE, a first inorganic layer ILL an organic layer OL, a second inorganic layer IL 2 , a bank layer BK, a color conversion layer CVL, a capping layer LRC, a refractive layer LR, a light blocking layer BM, and a color filter CF may be disposed in the display area DA of the display device  1000 . 
     The lower metal pattern BML, the active pattern ACT, the gate electrode GAT, and the connecting electrode CE may constitute a transistor TFT. 
     The substrate SUB may include a transparent or opaque material. Examples of the material that can be used as the substrate SUB may be glass, quartz, plastic, or the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. In addition, the substrate SUB may be configured as a single layer (e.g., monolayer) or as a multi-layer in combination with each other. 
     The lower metal pattern BML may be disposed on the substrate SUB. In an embodiment, the lower metal pattern BML may be formed of (or include) a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of materials that can be used as the lower metal pattern BML may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. In addition, the lower metal pattern BML may be configured as a single layer or as a multi-layer in combination with each other. 
     The buffer layer BFR may be disposed on the substrate SUB and may cover the lower metal pattern BML. In an embodiment, the buffer layer BFR may be formed of an inorganic insulating material. Examples of the material that can be used as the inorganic insulating material may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. The buffer layer BFR may prevent (or reduce) diffusion of metal atoms, atoms, or impurities from the substrate SUB to the active pattern ACT. In addition, the buffer layer BFR may control a heat supply rate during a crystallization process for forming the active pattern ACT. 
     The active pattern ACT may be disposed on the buffer layer BFR. In an embodiment, the active pattern ACT may be formed of a silicon semiconductor material or an oxide semiconductor material. Examples of the silicon semiconductor material that may be used as the active pattern ACT may be amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or the like. Examples of the oxide semiconductor material that may be used as the active pattern ACT may include IGZO (InGaZnO), ITZO (InSnZnO), and the like. In addition, the oxide semiconductor material may further include indium (“In”), gallium (“Ga”), tin (“Sn”), zirconium (“Zr”), vanadium (“V”), hafnium (“Hf”), cadmium (“Cd”), germanium (“Ge”), chromium (“Cr”), titanium (“Ti”), and zinc (“Zn”). These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     The gate insulating layer GI may be disposed on the active pattern ACT. In an embodiment, the gate insulating layer GI may be formed of an insulating material. Examples of the insulating material that can be used as the gate insulating layer GI may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     The gate electrode GAT may be disposed on the gate insulating layer GI. In an embodiment, the gate electrode GAT may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the gate electrode GAT may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the gate electrode GAT may be configured as a single layer or as a multi-layer in combination with each other. For example, the gate electrode GAT may include a titanium layer and a copper layer disposed on the titanium layer. In other words, the gate electrode GAT may have a Ti/Cu structure. 
     The interlayer insulating layer ILD may be disposed on the buffer layer BFR and the gate insulating layer GI. The interlayer insulating layer ILD may cover the gate electrode GAT. In an embodiment, the interlayer insulating layer ILD may be formed of an insulating material. Examples of the insulating material that can be used as the interlayer insulating layer ILD may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     The connecting electrode CE may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. The connecting electrode CE may contact the active pattern ACT. As being in contact, elements may form an interface therebetween, without being limited thereto. In an embodiment, the connecting electrode CE may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of materials that can be used as the connecting electrode CE may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the connecting electrode CE may be configured as a single layer or as a multi-layer by combining with each other. For example, the connecting electrode CE may include a titanium layer, a copper layer disposed on the titanium layer, and an indium-tin-oxide layer disposed on the copper layer. In other words, the connecting electrode CE may have a Ti/Cu/ITO structure. 
     The passivation layer PVX may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. The passivation layer PVX may cover the connecting electrode CE. 
     In an embodiment, the passivation layer PVX may be formed of an inorganic insulating material. Examples of the inorganic insulating material that can be used as the passivation layer PVX may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the passivation layer PVX may be omitted. 
     The via insulating layer VIA may be disposed on the passivation layer PVX. In an embodiment, the via insulating layer VIA may be formed of an organic material. Examples of the organic material that may be used as the via insulating layer VIA may be photoresist, polyacrylic resin, polyimide resin, acrylic resin, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the passivation layer PVX may be omitted. In this case, the via insulating layer VIA may include an organic material and an inorganic material. Examples of the material that can be used as the via insulating layer VIA may be photoresist, polyacrylic resin, polyimide-based resin, acrylic resin, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     The anode electrode ADE may be disposed on the via insulating layer VIA. In an embodiment, the anode electrode ADE may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the anode electrode ADE may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the anode electrode ADE may be configured as a single layer or as a multi-layer in combination with each other. For example, the anode electrode ADE may have an ITO/Ag/ITO structure. 
     In an embodiment, the anode electrode ADE may contact the connecting electrode CE. In an embodiment, the connecting electrode CE may contact the lower metal pattern BML and the active pattern ACT, and the anode electrode ADE may be electrically connected to the lower metal pattern BML and the active pattern ACT through the connecting electrode CE. 
     The pixel defining layer PDL may be disposed on the via insulating layer VIA. An opening exposing the anode electrode ADE may be formed (or defined) in the pixel defining layer PDL. The anode electrode ADE is exposed to outside of the pixel defining layer PDL at the pixel opening defined therein. In an embodiment, the pixel defining layer PDL may be formed of an organic material. Examples of the organic material that can be used as the pixel defining layer PDL may be photoresist, polyacrylic resin, polyimide resin, acrylic resin, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     The emission layer EL may be disposed on the anode electrode ADE and the pixel defining layer PDL. In an embodiment, the emission layer EL may be formed in the entire area including the display area DA and the non-display area NDA (e.g., an entirety of the display area DA and the non-display area NDA). For example, the emission layer EL may have a multilayer structure in which a plurality of layers are stacked. In addition, the emission layer EL may emit light of different colors. In an embodiment, the emission layer EL may be disposed in the opening defined in the pixel defining layer PDL. The cathode electrode CTE may be disposed on the emission layer EL. The emission layer EL may emit light based on a voltage difference between the anode electrode ADE and the cathode electrode CTE. 
     The first inorganic layer IL 1  may be disposed on the cathode electrode CTE. In an embodiment, the first inorganic layer IL 1  may be formed of an inorganic material. Examples of the inorganic material that can be used as the first inorganic layer IL 1  may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     The organic layer OL may be disposed on the first inorganic layer ILL In an embodiment, the organic layer OL may be formed of an organic material. Examples of the organic material that can be used as the organic layer OL may be a photoresist, a polyacrylic resin, a polyimide-based resin, an acrylic resin, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     The second inorganic layer IL 2  may be disposed on the organic layer OL. In an embodiment, the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be formed of an inorganic material. Examples of the inorganic material that can be used as the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. The second inorganic layer IL 2 , together with the organic layer OL and the first inorganic layer ILL may provide an encapsulation layer, without being limited thereto. 
     The bank layer BK may be disposed on the second inorganic layer IL 2 . The bank layer BK may be formed of a light blocking material and may block light emitted from a lower portion of the stacked structure in the display device  1000 . In addition, an opening exposing the second inorganic layer IL 2  to outside the bank layer BK may be formed in the bank layer BK. The bank layer BK may include light blocking patterns (e.g., solid portion of the light blocking material) which define the bank opening therebetween. 
     The color conversion layer CVL may be disposed on the second inorganic layer IL 2 . The color conversion layer CVL may overlap the emission layer EL. In an embodiment, the color conversion layer CVL may convert a wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer EL. For example, the color conversion layer CVL may include a phosphor, a scatterer, or a quantum dot (QD). In an embodiment, a QD-capping layer may be further disposed under the color conversion layer CVL. The color conversion layer CVL may include color-converting patterns (e.g., solid portion of the color-converting material) which are spaced apart by the light blocking patterns of the bank layer BK. 
     In an embodiment, the capping layer LRC may be disposed on the color conversion layer CVL. The capping layer LRC may protect the refractive layer LR. In an embodiment, an upper capping layer may be disposed on the refractive layer LR. In an embodiment, a first capping layer may be disposed under the refractive layer LR, and a second capping layer may be disposed above the refractive layer LR. 
     In an embodiment, the refractive layer LR may be disposed on the capping layer LRC. The refractive layer LR may have a refractive index. Accordingly, the light efficiency of the display device  1000  may be improved. In an embodiment, the refractive layer LR may be disposed under the color conversion layer CVL. In an embodiment, a first refractive layer may be disposed under the color conversion layer CVL, and a second refractive layer may be disposed above the color conversion layer CVL. 
     In an embodiment, the light blocking layer BM may be disposed on the refractive layer LR. The light blocking layer BM may be formed of a light blocking material and may block light emitted from the lower portion. In addition, an opening exposing the refractive layer LR to outside the light blocking layer BM may be formed in the light blocking layer BM. In an embodiment, the light blocking layer BM may be omitted. In this case, red, green and blue (RGB) color filters may overlap each other to serve as a light blocking member. The light blocking layer BM may include light blocking patterns (e.g., solid portion of the light blocking material) which define the opening therebetween. 
     The color filter CF may be disposed on the refractive layer LR. The color filter CF may selectively transmit light of a color, a wavelength, etc. 
       FIG.  4    is a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ of  FIG.  1   .  FIG.  5    is an enlarged view of area A of  FIG.  4   .  FIG.  6    is an enlarged view of area B of  FIG.  4   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , the substrate SUB, a first metal pattern MP 1 , the buffer layer BFR, the interlayer insulating layer ILD, a second metal pattern MP 2 , the first blocking pattern BP 1 , the second blocking pattern BP 2 , a passivation layer PVX, a first via insulating layer VIA 1 , a lower dam structure LDS, a first pixel defining layer PDL 1 , an upper dam structure UDS, an emission piece EL 1  (e.g., a pattern), the first inorganic layer ILL the organic layer OL, and the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be disposed in the non-display area NDA of the display device  1000 . 
     The lower dam structure LDS and the upper dam structure UDS may together constitute the dam structure DS (e.g., a first dam structure). The first pixel defining layer PDL 1  and the first via insulating layer VIA 1  may together constitute a second dam structure, without being limited thereto. The first dam structure and the second dam structure may be spaced apart from each other in a direction along the passivation layer PVX. 
     The first metal pattern MP 1  may be disposed on the substrate SUB. In an embodiment, the first metal pattern MP 1  may be disposed in the same layer as the lower metal pattern BML and may include the same material as the lower metal pattern BML. In other words, the first metal pattern MP 1  may be formed together with the lower metal pattern BML of the display area DA. As being formed in a same layer, formed (or provided) together and/or as including a same material, elements may be respective portions of a same material layer, may be on a same layer by forming an interface with a same underlying or overlying layer, etc., without being limited thereto. 
     The second metal pattern MP 2  may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In an embodiment, the second metal pattern MP 2  may be disposed in the same layer as the connecting electrode CE and may include the same material as the connecting electrode CE. In other words, the second metal pattern MP 2  may be formed together with the connecting electrode CE of the display area DA. 
     The first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In an embodiment, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed in the same layer as the connecting electrode CE and may include the same material as the connecting electrode CE. In other words, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may be formed together with the connecting electrode CE. 
     The second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In an embodiment, the second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed in the same layer as the connecting electrode CE and may include the same material as the connecting electrode CE. In other words, the second blocking pattern BP 2  may be formed together with the connecting electrode CE. 
     The lower dam structure LDS may be disposed on the passivation layer PVX. In an embodiment, the lower dam structure LDS may include a first organic material. Examples of the first organic material that can be used as the lower dam structure LDS may be photoresist, polyacrylic resin, polyimide resin, acrylic resin, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the lower dam structure LDS may be disposed in the same layer as the via insulating layer VIA and may include the same material as the via insulating layer VIA. In other words, the lower dam structure LDS may be formed together with the via insulating layer VIA of the display area DA. 
     The upper dam structure UDS may be disposed on the lower dam structure LDS. In an embodiment, the upper dam structure UDS may include a second organic material. Examples of the second organic material that can be used as the upper dam structure UDS may be photoresist, polyacrylic resin, polyimide resin, acrylic resin, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the upper dam structure UDS may be disposed in the same layer as the pixel defining layer PDL and may include the same material as the pixel defining layer PDL. In other words, the upper dam structure UDS may be formed together with the pixel defining layer PDL of the display area DA. 
     The first via insulating layer VIA 1  may be positioned between the dam structure DS and the second blocking pattern BP 2  and may be disposed on the passivation layer PVX. The first via insulating layer VIA 1  may be formed together with the via insulating layer VIA. 
     The first pixel defining layer PDL 1  may be disposed on the first via insulating layer VIA 1 . The first pixel defining layer PDL 1  may be formed together with the pixel defining layer PDL. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , in an embodiment, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may include a lower metal layer LML, an etched metal layer EML, and a first upper metal layer UML 1 . In other words, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have a triple layer structure. For example, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have the Ti/Cu/ITO structure. The first blocking pattern BP 1  may define a metal pattern which blocks moisture and/or air from permeating toward the display area DA. 
     The lower metal layer LML may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In an embodiment, the lower metal layer LML may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the lower metal layer LML may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the lower metal layer LML may be formed of titanium (“Ti”). 
     The etched metal layer EML may be disposed on the lower metal layer LML. In an embodiment, the etched metal layer EML may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the etched metal layer EML may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the etched metal layer EML may be formed of copper (“Cu”). 
     The first upper metal layer UML 1  may be disposed on the etched metal layer EML. In an embodiment, the first upper metal layer UML 1  may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the first upper metal layer UML 1  may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the first upper metal layer UML 1  may be formed of polycrystalline indium-tin-oxide (poly-ITO). 
     Elements may have a dimension (e.g., width, length, etc.) in a direction along a reference layer, such as the substrate SUB. In an embodiment, the etched metal layer EML may have a first width W 1 , and the first upper metal layer UML 1  may have a second width W 2 . In this case, the second width W 2  may be greater than the first width W 1 . Accordingly, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have an undercut shape. Referring to  FIGS.  4  through  6   , the first width W 1  may be a minimum dimension of the etched metal layer EML, while the second width W 2  may be a maximum dimension of the first upper metal layer UML 1 , without being limited thereto. A gap may be defined between adjacent blocking patterns and/or between an outermost blocking pattern and an innermost dam structure. An underlying layer may be exposed to outside adjacent blocking patterns and/or a respective blocking pattern and a respective dam structure. In  FIGS.  5  and  6   , for example, interlayer insulating layer ILD may be exposed at the gap. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , the emission piece EL 1  may be disposed on the passivation layer PVX. In an embodiment, the emission piece EL 1  may be formed together with the emission layer EL of the display area DA. 
     A cathode piece CTE 1  may be disposed on the emission piece EL 1 . In an embodiment, the cathode piece CTE 1  may be formed together with the cathode electrode CTE of the display area DA. 
     As the first blocking pattern BP 1  has the undercut shape, the emission piece EL 1  may be disconnected. In addition, as the first blocking pattern BP 1  has the undercut shape, the cathode piece CTE 1  may be disconnected. Accordingly, the cathode piece CTE 1  may be disconnected and portions thereof may be physically separated from the cathode electrode CTE. 
     Elements may have a thickness along a thickness direction of the display device  1000 . In addition, as a thickness of the etched metal layer EML included in the first blocking pattern BP 1  is increased, each of the emission piece EL 1  and the cathode piece CTE 1  may be easily disconnected. 
     In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  6   , the organic layer OL may fill a space formed between the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the second blocking pattern BP 2 , in a direction along the substrate SUB. However, the invention is not limited thereto. In an embodiment, the organic layer OL may not fill the space. For example, the organic layer OL may fill a part of the space and may not fill another part. 
     The display device  1000  may include at least one blocking pattern (e.g., the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the second blocking pattern BP 2 ) disposed between the dam structure DS and the display area DA. The respective blocking pattern may include a metal portion. Accordingly, the respective blocking pattern may block moisture and/or air propagating through a respective organic material from penetrating into the display area DA. 
       FIGS.  7  to  15    are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing (or providing) the display device  1000  of  FIG.  1   .  FIG.  8    is an enlarged view of area C of  FIG.  7   , and  FIG.  12    is an enlarged view of area D of  FIG.  11   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  7   , the transistor TFT may be formed in the display area DA, and a preliminary first blocking pattern BP 1 ′ and a preliminary second blocking pattern BP 2 ′ may be formed in the non-display area NDA. In an embodiment, the connecting electrode CE, the preliminary first blocking pattern BP 1 ′, and the preliminary second blocking pattern BP 2 ′ may be formed together. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , the first preliminary blocking pattern BP 1 ′ may include a preliminary lower metal layer LML′, a preliminary etched metal layer EML′, and a preliminary first upper metal layer UML 1 ′. In an embodiment, the first preliminary blocking pattern BP 1 ′ may be formed by forming a first metal layer (e.g., a titanium layer), forming a second metal layer (e.g., a copper layer), forming a third metal layer (e.g., an indium-tin-oxide layer) in order, and patterning the first to third metal layers. In other words, the preliminary lower metal layer LML′ may include titanium, the preliminary etched metal layer EML′ may include copper, and the preliminary first upper metal layer UML 1 ′ may include indium-tin-oxide. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , a passivation layer PVX may be formed on the preliminary first blocking pattern BP 1 ′, the preliminary second blocking pattern BP 2 ′, and the second metal pattern MP 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  10   , the first via insulating layer VIA 1  may be formed on the passivation layer PVX. In addition, as described above, the lower dam structure LDS of the non-display area NDA may be formed together with the first via insulating layer VIA 1 . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  11  and  12   , the preliminary first blocking pattern BP 1 ′ may be etched. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  12    taken with  FIG.  8   , the preliminary etched metal layer EML′ may be etched, and the preliminary first upper metal layer UML 1 ′ may not be etched. For example, the preliminary etched metal layer EML′ may be etched through a wet-etch process. Accordingly, the first blocking pattern BP 1  having the undercut shape may be formed. In addition, the preliminary etched metal layer included in the preliminary second blocking pattern BP 2 ′ may be etched. Accordingly, the second blocking pattern BP 2  having the undercut shape may be formed. That is, a maximum distance between adjacent blocking patterns may be defined at the etched layer, e.g., the etched metal layer EML. 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , a preliminary anode layer ADE′ may be formed on the first via insulating layer VIA 1  and the passivation layer PVX. In an embodiment, the preliminary anode layer ADE′ may be formed together with the anode electrode ADE of the display area DA. Accordingly, the preliminary anode layer ADE′ may have an ITO/Ag/ITO structure. In this case, the ITO included in the preliminary anode layer ADE′ may be amorphous indium-tin-oxide (amorphous-ITO). 
     Referring to  FIG.  14   , the preliminary anode layer ADE′ overlapping the non-display area NDA may be removed, while the preliminary anode layer ADE′ remains in the display area DA as the anode electrode ADE. For example, the preliminary anode layer ADE′ may be etched through a wet-etch process. 
     In an embodiment, an etchant for etching the preliminary anode layer ADE′ may be the same as an etchant for etching the preliminary etched metal layer EML′. Accordingly, an etching facility for etching the preliminary etched metal layer EML′ and an etching facility etching the preliminary anode layer ADE′ may be the same. Accordingly, economic efficiency of a process for manufacturing the display device  1000  may be improved. 
     Referring to  FIG.  15   , the first pixel defining layer PDL 1  may be formed on the first via insulating layer VIAL In addition, as described above, the upper dam structure UDS may be formed together with the first pixel defining layer PDL 1 . The emission piece EL 1 , the first inorganic layer ILL the organic layer OL, and the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be sequentially formed on the first pixel defining layer PDL 1  and the passivation layer PVX. 
     Taking  FIG.  15    together with  FIGS.  5  and  6   , since adjacent blocking patterns are disconnected at the gap therebetween, a portion of emission layer material forming the emission piece EL 1  and the emission layer EL may be provided at the gap. That is, the emission layer material may be disconnected along the non-display area NDA as being respectively on the adjacent blocking patterns. Although not shown, a portion of cathode electrode material layer forming the cathode piece CTE 1  and the cathode electrode CTE may be provided at the gap between adjacent blocking portions. That is, the cathode electrode material layer may be disconnected along the non-display area NDA as being respectively on the adjacent blocking patterns. The emission piece EL 1  together with the cathode piece CTE 1  may form a protruding pattern which protrudes in a direction from the substrate SUB toward the encapsulation layer. 
     In an embodiment, at least one of the emission piece EL 1 , the first inorganic layer ILL and the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be deposited through an open mask. In the deposition process through the open mask, an end of the open mask may collide with the preliminary stacked structure of the display device  1000  being manufactured. Accordingly, the inorganic layer included in the display device  1000  may be damaged, and moisture and/or air may penetrate into the display area DA through the damaged inorganic layer. However, as one or more blocking pattern is formed in the display device  1000 , penetration of moisture and/or air into the display area DA may be blocked at the one or more blocking pattern even if the inorganic layer is damaged (refer to the dotted line with “X” in  FIG.  4   . 
       FIG.  16    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display device  1100  according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  16   , in the non-display area NDA of a display device  1100  according to an embodiment of the invention, the substrate SUB, the first metal pattern MP 1 , the buffer layer BFR, the interlayer insulating layer ILD, the second metal pattern MP 2 , the first blocking pattern BP 1 , the second blocking pattern BP 2 , the passivation layer PVX, the first via insulating layer VIA 1 , the lower dam structure LDS, a first organic structure OS 1 , the first pixel defining layer PDL 1 , the upper dam structure UDS, a second organic structure OS 2 , the emission piece EL 1 , the first inorganic layer ILL the organic layer OL, and the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be disposed. 
     However, the display device  1100  may be substantially the same as the display device  1000  described with reference to  FIG.  1   , except for the first organic structure OS 1  and the second organic structure OS 2 . 
     The first organic structure OS 1  may be disposed on the passivation layer PVX overlapping (or corresponding to) the first blocking pattern BP 1 . In an embodiment, the first organic structure OS 1  may include the first organic material. Examples of the first organic material that can be used as the first organic structure OS 1  may be a photoresist, a polyacrylic resin, a polyimide resin, an acrylic resin, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the first organic structure OS 1  may be disposed in the same layer as the lower dam structure LDS (e.g., a same layer as the first organic material) and the via insulating layer VIA, and may include the same material as the lower dam structure LDS and the via insulating layer VIA. In other words, the first organic structure OS 1  may be formed together with the lower dam structure LDS and the via insulating layer VIA. 
     The second organic structure OS 2  may be disposed on the first organic structure OS 1 . In an embodiment, the second organic structure OS 2  may include the second organic material. Examples of the second organic material that can be used as the second organic structure OS 2  may be photoresist, polyacrylic resin, polyimide resin, acrylic resin, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the second organic structure OS 2  may be disposed in the same layer as the upper dam structure UDS (e.g., a same layer as the second organic material) and the pixel defining layer PDL, and may include the same material as the upper dam structure UDS and the pixel defining layer PDL. In other words, the second organic structure OS 2  may be formed together with the upper dam structure UDS and the pixel defining layer PDL. 
     However, the invention is not limited thereto. For example, a modified display device according to an embodiment may have a structure in which the first organic structure OS 1  is formed and the second organic structure OS 2  is not formed (e.g., is excluded). In addition, a modified display device according to an embodiment of the invention may have a structure in which the first organic structure OS 1  is not formed and the second organic structure OS 2  is formed. 
       FIG.  17    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display device  1200  according to an embodiment.  FIG.  18    is an enlarged view of area E of  FIG.  17   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  17   , in the non-display area NDA of a display device  1200  according to an embodiment of the invention, the substrate SUB, the first metal pattern MP 1 , the buffer layer BFR, a first lower blocking pattern LBP 1 , a second lower blocking pattern LBP 2 , the interlayer insulating layer ILD, the second metal pattern MP 2 , the first blocking pattern BP 1  (e.g., first upper blocking pattern), the second blocking pattern BP 2  (e.g., second upper blocking pattern), the passivation layer PVX, the first via insulating layer VIA 1 , the lower dam structure LDS, the first pixel defining layer PDL 1 , the upper dam structure UDS, the emission piece EL 1 , the first inorganic layer ILL the organic layer OL, and the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be disposed. 
     However, the display device  1200  may be substantially the same as the display device  1000  described with reference to  FIG.  1    except for the first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  and the second lower blocking pattern LBP 2 . 
     The first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  and the second lower blocking pattern LBP 2  may be disposed on the buffer layer BFR, and closer to the substrate SUB than the upper blocking patterns. In addition, the first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  may be disposed under the first blocking pattern BP 1 , and the second lower blocking pattern LBP 2  may be disposed under the second blocking pattern BP 2 . The first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  and the second lower blocking pattern LBP 2  may block penetration of moisture and/or air into the display area DA. 
     In an embodiment, the first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  may be disposed in the same layer as the gate electrode GAT and may include the same material as the gate electrode GAT. In other words, the first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  may be formed together with the gate electrode GAT of the display area DA. 
     In an embodiment, the second lower blocking pattern LBP 2  may be disposed in the same layer as the gate electrode GAT and may include the same material as the gate electrode GAT. In other words, the second lower blocking pattern LBP 2  may be formed together with the gate electrode GAT. 
     Referring to  FIG.  18   , in an embodiment, the first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  may include a first lower metal layer LML 1  and a lower etched metal layer LEML. In other words, the first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  may have a double-layer structure. For example, the first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  may have the Ti/Cu structure described above. 
     The first lower metal layer LML 1  may be disposed on the buffer layer BFR. In an embodiment, the first lower metal layer LML 1  may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the first lower metal layer LML 1  may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the first lower metal layer LML 1  may be formed of titanium (“Ti”). 
     The lower etched metal layer LEML may be disposed on the first lower metal layer LML 1 . In an embodiment, the lower etched metal layer LEML may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of materials that can be used as the lower etched metal layer LEML may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the lower etched metal layer LEML may be formed of copper (“Cu”). 
     In an embodiment, a width of the lower etched metal layer LEML may be smaller than a width of the first upper metal layer UML 1 . Accordingly, the first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  and the first blocking pattern BP 1  may together form an undercut shape of a respective blocking pattern. In other words, the respective blocking pattern may have a five-layer structure. 
     With the etching of metal layers to provide the first lower metal layer LML 1  and the lower etched metal layer LEML of the lower blocking patterns, an underlying layer may be exposed to outside adjacent blocking patterns and/or a respective blocking pattern and a respective dam structure. In  FIGS.  17  and  18   , for example, buffer layer BFR may be exposed at the gap between adjacent blocking patterns. 
       FIG.  19    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display device  1300  according to an embodiment.  FIG.  20    is an enlarged view of area F of  FIG.  19   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  19   , in the non-display area NDA of a display device  1300  according to an embodiment of the invention, the substrate SUB, the first metal pattern MP 1 , the buffer layer BFR, the interlayer insulating layer ILD, the second metal pattern MP 2 , a first blocking pattern BP 1 , a second blocking pattern BP 2 , the passivation layer PVX, the first via insulating layer VIA 1 , the lower dam structure LDS, the first pixel defining layer PDL 1 , the upper dam structure UDS, the emission piece EL 1 , the first inorganic layer ILL the organic layer OL, and the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be disposed. 
     However, the display device  1300  may be substantially the same as the display device  1000  described with reference to  FIG.  1   , except for the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the second blocking pattern BP 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  20   , the first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In an embodiment, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed in the same layer as the connecting electrode CE and may include the same material as the connecting electrode CE. In other words, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may be formed together with the connecting electrode CE. 
     The second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In an embodiment, the second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed in the same layer as the connecting electrode CE and may include the same material as the connecting electrode CE. In other words, the second blocking pattern BP 2  may be formed together with the connecting electrode CE. 
     In an embodiment, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may include the lower metal layer LML, the etched metal layer EML, a second upper metal layer UML 2 , and the first upper metal layer UML 1 . In other words, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have a quadruple layer structure. For example, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have a Ti/Cu/Ti/ITO structure. 
     The lower metal layer LML may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In an embodiment, the lower metal layer LML may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the lower metal layer LML may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the lower metal layer LML may be formed of titanium (“Ti”). 
     The etched metal layer EML may be disposed on the lower metal layer LML. In an embodiment, the etched metal layer EML may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the etched metal layer EML may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the etched metal layer EML may be formed of copper (“Cu”). 
     The second upper metal layer UML 2  may be disposed between the etched metal layer EML and the first upper metal layer UML 1 . In an embodiment, the second upper metal layer UML 2  may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the second upper metal layer UML 2  may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the second upper metal layer UML 2  may be formed of titanium (“Ti”). 
     The first upper metal layer UML 1  may be disposed on the second upper metal layer UML 2 . In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  20   , a width of the first upper metal layer UML 1  may be greater than a width of the second upper metal layer UML 2 . In an embodiment, a width of the first upper metal layer UML 1  may be substantially the same as a width of the second upper metal layer UML 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the first upper metal layer UML 1  may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the first upper metal layer UML 1  may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the first upper metal layer UML 1  may be formed of polycrystalline indium-tin-oxide (poly-ITO). 
     However, the invention is not limited thereto, and may be implemented by various combinations. For example, the first blocking pattern BP 1  described with reference to  FIG.  20    may be disposed on the first lower blocking pattern LBP 1  described with reference to  FIG.  18   . 
       FIG.  21    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a display device  2000  according to an embodiment.  FIG.  22    is an enlarged view of area G of  FIG.  21   .  FIG.  23    is an enlarged view of area H of  FIG.  21   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  21   , in the non-display area NDA of the display device  2000  according to an embodiment of the invention, the substrate SUB, the first metal pattern MP 1 , the buffer layer BFR, a first blocking pattern BP 1 , a second blocking pattern BP 2 , the interlayer insulating layer ILD, the second metal pattern MP 2 , a connecting metal pattern CMP, the passivation layer PVX, the first via insulating layer VIA 1 , the lower dam structure LDS, the first pixel defining layer PDL 1 , the upper dam structure UDS, the emission piece EL 1 , the first inorganic layer ILL the organic layer OL, and the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be disposed. 
     In an embodiment, the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the second blocking pattern BP 2  may block penetration of moisture and/or air into the display area DA. 
     However, the display device  2000  may be substantially the same as the display device  1000  described with reference to  FIG.  1   , except for the first blocking pattern BP 1 , the second blocking pattern BP 2 , and the connecting metal pattern CMP. 
     Referring to  FIG.  22   , in an embodiment, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may include a first lower metal layer LML 1 , a first etched metal layer EML 1 , and a first upper insulating layer UIL 1 . In other words, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have a triple layer structure. In addition, the second blocking pattern BP 2  may include a second lower metal layer LML 2 , a second etched metal layer EML 2 , and a second upper insulating layer UIL 2 . The second blocking pattern BP 2  may have substantially the same structure as the first blocking pattern BP 1 . 
     In an embodiment, the first lower metal layer LML 1  and the first etched metal layer EML 1  may be disposed in the same layer as the gate electrode GAT and may include the same material as the gate electrode GAT. In other words, the first lower metal layer LML 1  and the first etched metal layer EML 1  may be formed together with the gate electrode GAT. 
     In an embodiment, the first upper insulating layer UIL 1  may be disposed in the same layer as the interlayer insulating layer ILD and may include the same material as the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In other words, the first upper insulating layer UIL 1  may be formed together with the interlayer insulating layer ILD in both of the display area DA and the non-display area NDA. 
     The first lower metal layer LML 1  may be disposed on the buffer layer BFR. In an embodiment, the first lower metal layer LML 1  may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the first lower metal layer LML 1  may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the first lower metal layer LML 1  may be formed of titanium (“Ti”). 
     The first etched metal layer EML 1  may be disposed on the first lower metal layer LML 1 . In an embodiment, the first etched metal layer EML 1  may be formed of a metal, an alloy, a conductive metal oxide, a transparent conductive material, or the like. Examples of the material that can be used as the first etched metal layer EML 1  may be silver (“Ag”), an alloy containing silver, molybdenum (“Mo”), an alloy containing molybdenum, aluminum (“Al”), an alloy containing aluminum, aluminum nitride (“AlN”), tungsten (“W”), tungsten nitride (“WN”), copper (“Cu”), nickel (“Ni”), chromium (“Cr”), chromium nitride (“CrN”), titanium (“Ti”), tantalum (“Ta”), platinum (“Pt”), scandium (“Sc”), indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”), indium-zinc-oxide (“IZO”), and the like. In an embodiment, the first etched metal layer EML 1  may be formed of copper (“Cu”). 
     The first upper insulating layer UIL 1  may be disposed on the first etched metal layer EML 1 . In an embodiment, the first upper insulating layer UIL 1  may be formed of an inorganic insulating material. Examples of the inorganic insulating material that can be used as the first upper insulating layer UIL 1  may be silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination with each other. 
     In an embodiment, the first etched metal layer EML 1  may have a first width W 1  (e.g., a minimum width), and the first upper insulating layer UIL 1  may have a second width W 2  (e.g., a maximum width). In this case, the second width W 2  may be greater than the first width W 1 . Accordingly, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have the undercut shape. 
     The connecting metal pattern CMP may be disposed on the first upper insulating layer UIL 1 . In an embodiment, the connecting metal pattern CMP may be disposed in the same layer as the connecting electrode CE and may include the same material as the connecting electrode CE. In other words, the connecting metal pattern CMP may be formed together with the connecting electrode CE of the display area DA. 
     Referring to  FIG.  23   , as the first blocking pattern BP 1  has the undercut shape, the emission piece EL 1  may be disconnected. In addition, as the first blocking pattern BP 1  has the undercut shape, the cathode piece CTE 1  may be disconnected. Accordingly, the cathode piece CTE 1  may be physically separated from the cathode electrode CTE. 
     In addition, as a thickness of the first etched metal layer EML 1  included in the first blocking pattern BP 1  is increased, each of the emission piece EL 1  and the cathode piece CTE 1  may be easily disconnected. 
     In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  23   , the organic layer OL may fill a space formed between the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the second blocking pattern BP 2 . However, the invention is not limited thereto. For example, the organic layer OL may not fill the space. 
       FIG.  24    is a plan view illustrating a display device  1400  according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  24   , a display device  1400  according to an embodiment may be divided into a display area DA and a non-display area NDA. However, the display device  1400  may be substantially the same as the display device  1000  described with reference to  FIG.  1   , except for positions where a dam structure DS, a first blocking pattern BP 1 , and a second blocking pattern BP 2  are formed. 
     In an embodiment, at least one blocking pattern and at least one dam structure DS may be disposed in the non-display area NDA. For example, the blocking pattern may include a first blocking pattern BP 1  and a second blocking pattern BP 2 . 
     The dam structure DS may be disposed to surround at least a portion of the display area DA. The first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed to surround the outside of the dam structure DS, and the second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed to surround the outside of the first blocking pattern BP 1 . 
       FIG.  25    is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-IF of  FIG.  24   .  FIG.  26    is an enlarged view of area J of  FIG.  24   .  FIG.  27    is an enlarged view of area K of  FIG.  24   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  25   , the substrate SUB, the first metal pattern MP 1 , the buffer layer BFR, the interlayer insulating layer ILD, the second metal pattern MP 2 , the first blocking pattern BP 1 , the second blocking pattern BP 2 , the passivation layer PVX, a first via insulating layer VIA 1 , a lower dam structure LDS, a first pixel defining layer PDL 1 , an upper dam structure UDS, the first inorganic layer ILL the organic layer OL, and the second inorganic layer IL 2  may be disposed in the non-display area NDA of the display device  1400 . 
     The first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In an embodiment, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed in the same layer as the connecting electrode CE and may include the same material as the connecting electrode CE. In other words, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may be formed together with the connecting electrode CE. 
     The second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer ILD. In an embodiment, the second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed in the same layer as the connecting electrode CE and may include the same material as the connecting electrode CE. In other words, the second blocking pattern BP 2  may be formed together with the connecting electrode CE. 
     In addition, as described above, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed outside the dam structure DS, and the second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed outside the first blocking pattern BP 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  26   , in an embodiment, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may include a lower metal layer LML, an etched metal layer EML, and a first upper metal layer UML 1 . In other words, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have a triple layer structure. For example, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have the above-described Ti/Cu/ITO structure. 
     In an embodiment, the etched metal layer EML may have a first width W 1 , and the first upper metal layer UML 1  may have a second width W 2 . In this case, the second width W 2  may be greater than the first width W 1 . Accordingly, the first blocking pattern BP 1  may have the undercut shape. 
     Referring to  FIG.  27   , each of the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the second blocking pattern BP 2  may have the undercut shape. Accordingly, the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the second blocking pattern BP 2  may block moisture and/or air propagating through an organic material remaining outside the dam structure DS from penetrating into the display area DA. 
       FIG.  28    is a plan view illustrating a display device  1500  according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  28   , a display device  1500  according to an embodiment may be divided into a display area DA and a non-display area NDA. However, the display device  1500  may be substantially the same as the display device  1000  described with reference to  FIG.  1   , except for a third blocking pattern BP 3  and a fourth blocking pattern BP 4 . 
     In an embodiment, at least one blocking pattern and at least one dam structure DS may be disposed in the non-display area NDA. For example, the blocking pattern may include a first blocking pattern BP 1 , a second blocking pattern BP 2 , a third blocking pattern BP 3 , and a fourth blocking pattern BP 4 . 
     The dam structure DS may be disposed to surround at least a portion of the display area DA. The first blocking pattern BP 1  may be disposed between the display area DA and the dam structure DS, and may be disposed to surround at least a portion of the display area DA. The second blocking pattern BP 2  may be disposed between the first blocking pattern BP 1  and the dam structure DS, and may be disposed to surround at least a portion of the display area DA. The third blocking pattern BP 3  may be disposed to surround the outside of the dam structure DS, and the fourth blocking pattern BP 4  may be disposed to surround the outside of the third blocking pattern BP 3 . 
     Although embodiments and implementations have been described herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparent from this description. Accordingly, the invention is not limited to such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of the appended claims and various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art.