Patent Publication Number: US-8125596-B2

Title: Liquid crystal display apparatus

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display apparatus. The present invention more specifically relates to a liquid crystal display apparatus which allows excellent viewing angle compensation, which exhibits exceptional contrast in an oblique direction, and which can be reduced in thickness. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
       FIG. 11A  shows a schematic sectional view of a conventional liquid crystal display apparatus, and  FIG. 11B  shows a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal cell used for the liquid crystal display apparatus. A liquid crystal display apparatus  900  is provided with: a liquid crystal cell  910 ; retardation plates  920  and  920 ′ arranged on outer sides of the liquid crystal cell  910 ; and polarizing plates  930  and  930 ′ arranged on outer sides of the retardation plates  920  and  920 ′, respectively. The polarizing plates  930  and  930 ′ are generally arranged such that respective absorption axes thereof are perpendicular to each other. The liquid crystal cell  910  includes: a pair of substrates  911  and  911 ′; and a liquid crystal layer  912  as a display medium arranged between the substrates. One substrate  911  is provided with: a switching element (typically, TFT) for controlling electrooptic characteristics of liquid crystal; and a scanning line for providing a gate signal to the switching element and a signal line for providing a source signal thereto (the element and the lines not shown). The other substrate  911 ′ is provided with: color layers  913 R,  913 G, and  913 B constituting a color filter; and a light shielding layer (black matrix layer)  914 . A space (cell gap) between the substrates  911  and  911 ′ is controlled by a spacer (not shown). 
     The retardation plates are used for the purpose of optical compensation of the liquid crystal display apparatus. Various attempts have been made at optimization of optical characteristics of the retardation plates and/or at arrangement of the retardation plates in the liquid crystal display apparatus for attaining optimum optical compensation (such as improvement in viewing angle characteristics, improvement in color shift, and improvement in contrast). Conventionally, as shown in  FIGS. 11A and 11B , one retardation plate is arranged between the liquid crystal cell  910  and the polarizing plate  930 , and another retardation plate is arranged between the liquid crystal cell  910  and the polarizing plate  930 ′ (see JP 11-095208 A, for example). In order to attain optimum optical compensation with such a structure, the retardation plates disclosed in JP 11-095208 A and arranged on both sides of the liquid crystal cell each have a thickness of 140 μm. However, when conventional retardation plates are used in a liquid crystal display apparatus in a conventional arrangement, contrast in an oblique direction often degrades. Meanwhile, further improvement in screen uniformity and display quality is demanded with recent development of a high-definition and high-performance liquid crystal display apparatus. In consideration of such a demand, degradation of contrast in an oblique direction is a critical issue. Further, a demand for reduction in thickness of the liquid crystal display apparatus has increased with the development of a small, portable liquid crystal display apparatus. However, a liquid crystal display apparatus is hardly reduced in thickness if two thick retardation plates are arranged as in the conventional liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     As described above, a liquid crystal display apparatus capable of satisfying the demands for excellent display quality and reduction in thickness has been desired strongly. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention has been made in view of solving the above conventional problems, and an object of the present invention is therefore to provide a liquid crystal display apparatus which allows excellent viewing angle compensation, which exhibits exceptional contrast in an oblique direction, and which can be reduced in thickness. 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a liquid crystal cell including a pair of substrates provided with a color filter on one substrate, and a liquid crystal layer as a display medium arranged between the substrates; and an optical compensation element including at least an optical compensation layer, wherein the optical compensation element is arranged on the opposite side against the color filter with respect to the liquid crystal layer. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the color filter is arranged on a viewer side and the optical compensation element is arranged on a backlight side. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, the liquid crystal cell employs one of a VA mode and an OCB mode. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the optical compensation element further includes a polarizer and the optical compensation layer is arranged closer to the liquid crystal cell. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, a slow axis of the optical compensation layer and an absorption axis of the polarizer are perpendicular to each other. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the optical compensation element further includes a transparent protective layer. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the optical compensation layer is formed from a non-liquid crystal line material. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the non-liquid crystalline material includes at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyamide, polyester, polyetherketone, polyamideimide, and polyesterimide. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the non-liquid crystalline material includes polyimide. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the optical compensation layer has a refractive index profile of nx&gt;ny&gt;nz. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the optical compensation layer has an in-plane retardation Δnd of 5 nm or more and 400 nm or less, and a thickness direction retardation Rth of 10 nm or more and 1,000 nm or less. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the optical compensation layer has an Nz coefficient of 2 to 20. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the optical compensation layer has a thickness of 1 to 20 μm. 
     In still another embodiment of the invention, the optical compensation layer is a monolayer. 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention includes: a liquid crystal cell including a pair of substrates provided with a color filter on one substrate, and a liquid crystal layer as a display medium arranged between the substrates; an optical compensation element including at least an optical compensation layer and arranged on the opposite side against the color filter with respect to the liquid crystal layer; a pair of polarizing plates respectively arranged on an outer side of the optical compensation element and on a side of the liquid crystal cell on which the optical compensation element is not arranged; and a light source provided on the same side as the optical compensation element with respect to the liquid crystal cell. 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention includes: a liquid crystal cell including a pair of substrates provided with a color filter on one substrate and a liquid crystal layer as a display medium arranged between the substrates; and an optical compensation element including at least an optical compensation layer, wherein the optical compensation element is arranged such that light scattered by the color filter does not substantially incident on the optical compensation element. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the accompanying drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal display apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic sectional view of an active matrix substrate used for the liquid crystal display apparatus of  FIG. 1  taken along the line II-II of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic plan view of the active matrix substrate of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are each a schematic sectional view illustrating an alignment state of liquid crystal molecules of a liquid crystal layer in a case where a liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention employs a VA mode liquid crystal cell; 
         FIGS. 5A to 5D  are each a schematic sectional view illustrating an alignment state of liquid crystal molecules of a liquid crystal layer in a case where a liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention employs an OCB mode liquid crystal cell; 
         FIGS. 6A to 6C  are each a schematic sectional view of an optical compensation element used for a liquid crystal display apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7A  is a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus of Example 1, and  FIG. 7B  is a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus of Comparative Example 1; 
         FIG. 8A  is a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus of Example 2, and  FIG. 8B  is a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus of Comparative Example 2; 
         FIG. 9A  is a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus of Example 3, and  FIG. 9B  is a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus of Comparative Example 3; 
         FIG. 10A  is a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus of Example 4, and  FIG. 10B  is a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus of Comparative Example 4; and 
         FIG. 11A  is a schematic sectional view of a conventional liquid crystal display apparatus, and  FIG. 11B  is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal cell used for the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A. Liquid Crystal Display Apparatus 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic sectional view of a liquid crystal display apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 2  is a schematic sectional view of an active matrix substrate used for the liquid crystal display apparatus taken along the line II-II of  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  is a schematic plan view of the active matrix substrate of  FIG. 2 . 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus  100  is provided with: a liquid crystal cell  10 ; an optical compensation element  20  provided on an outer side of the liquid crystal cell  10 ; a polarizing plate  30  provided on an outer side of the optical compensation element  20 ; and a polarizing plate  30 ′ provided on a side of the liquid crystal cell  10  on which the optical compensation element  20  is not provided. The polarizing plates  30  and  30 ′ are generally arranged such that absorption axes of the respective polarizers are perpendicular to each other. The liquid crystal cell  10  includes: a pair of glass substrates  11  and  11 ′; and a liquid crystal layer  12  as a display medium arranged between the substrates. One substrate (active matrix substrate)  11  is provided with: a switching element (typically, TFT) for controlling electrooptic characteristics of liquid crystal; and a scanning line for providing a gate signal to the switching element and a signal line for providing a source signal thereto (the element and the lines not shown). The other glass substrate (color filter substrate)  11 ′ is provided with a color filter  13 . The color filter  13  may be provided on the active matrix substrate  11 . A space (cell gap) between the substrates  11  and  11 ′ is controlled by a spacer (not shown). An alignment layer (not shown) formed of, for example, polyimide is provided on a side of each of the substrates  11  and  11 ′ in contact with the liquid crystal layer  12 . 
     In the liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention, the optical compensation element  20  is arranged on the opposite side against the color filter  13  with respect to the liquid crystal layer  12 . That is, with respect the color filter  13 , the optical compensation element  20  and the liquid crystal layer  12  are arranged on the same side. More specifically, the optical compensation element  20  is arranged on an outer side (backlight side in the figure) of the substrate (substrate  11  in the figure) on which the color filter  13  is not provided. A specific optical compensation element  20  is arranged on one side of the liquid crystal cell in a specific positional relationship with the color filter, to thereby obtain a liquid crystal display apparatus allowing exceptional viewing angle compensation and exhibiting exceptional contrast in an oblique direction. Such an effect is not theoretically clarified, is a finding obtained for the first time through actual production of a liquid crystal display apparatus, and is an unexpected and excellent effect. 
     The active matrix substrate  11  is provided with an interlayer insulating film  61  over an entire surface on a side of the liquid crystal layer  12 . The inter layer insulating film  61  is formed through spin coating of a photosensitive acrylic resin, for example. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a pixel electrode  62  is provided on the interlayer insulating film  61  in a matrix form, and a region provided with the pixel electrode  62  serves as a display portion for displaying an image. The pixel electrode  62  is composed of a transparent conductive material such as indium tin oxide (ITO). The pixel electrode  62  may be formed by: forming a thin film through, for example, sputtering; and patterning the thin film through photolithography and etching. Any suitable TFTs  63  provided in a matrix form, a scanning line  64  for supplying a gate signal to the TFT  63 , and a signal line  65  for supplying a source signal (display signal) thereto are provided under the interlayer insulating film  61 . The scanning line  64  and the signal line  65  are provided to be perpendicular to each other. The TFT  63  generally includes: a semiconductor layer of amorphous silicon, polysilicon, or the like; and a metal layer of aluminum, molybdenum, chromium, copper, tantalum, or the like. The scanning line  64  and the signal line  65  are each formed of aluminum, molybdenum, copper, or the like. A part of the scanning line  64  constitutes a gate electrode of the TFT  63 , and a part of the signal line  65  constitutes a source electrode. One end of a connecting piece is electrically connected to a drain electrode  66  of the TFT  63 . The other end of the connecting piece is electrically connected to the pixel electrode  62  via a contact hole  67  penetrating through the interlayer insulating film  61 . A parasitic capacity wiring  68  extends below the contact hole  67 . Such a structure allows selective application of a voltage to the desired pixel electrode  62 . 
     The color filter substrate  11 ′ is provided with the color filter  13  including color layers  13 R,  13 G, and  13 B for red (R), green (G) and blue (B) divided by a light shielding layer (black matrix layer)  14 . The color layers  13 R,  13 G, and  13 B are each formed using an acrylic resin, gelatin, or the like, and are provided at positions corresponding to the pixel electrode  62  in the display portion. The black matrix layer  14  may be formed of a metal, or may be formed of a resin material. A resin material is generally prepared by dispersing a pigment in an acrylic resin. 
     A drive mode of the liquid crystal cell  110  may employ any suitable drive modes as long as the effects of the present invention can be provided. Specific examples of the drive mode include a super twisted nematic (STN) mode, a twisted nematic (TN) mode, an in-plane switching (IPS) mode, a vertical aligned (VA) mode, an optically aligned birefringence (OCB) mode, a hybrid aligned nematic (HAN) mode, and an axially symmetric aligned microcell (ASM) mode. Of those, a VA mode and an OCB mode are preferred because viewing angle compensation and contrast in an oblique direction are significantly improved by combining a VA mode or OCB mode liquid crystal cell with the optical compensation element  20  of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  are each a schematic sectional view illustrating an alignment state of liquid crystal molecules in a VA mode. As shown in  FIG. 4A , liquid crystal molecules are aligned vertically to the substrates  11  and  11 ′ without application of a voltage. Such vertical alignment is realized by arranging nematic liquid crystal having negative dielectric anisotropy between the substrates each having a vertical alignment layer formed thereon (not shown). When light (specifically, linear polarized light which passed through the polarizing plate  30 ) enters the liquid crystal layer  12  in such a state from a surface of one substrate  11 , the incident light advances along a longitudinal direction of the vertically aligned liquid crystal molecules. No birefringence occurs in the longitudinal direction of the liquid crystal molecules, and thus the incident light advances without changing a polarization direction and is absorbed by the polarizing plate  30 ′ having a polarizing axis perpendicular to the polarizing plate  30 . In this way, a dark state is displayed without application of a voltage (normally black mode) As shown in  FIG. 4B , longitudinal axes of the liquid crystal molecules orientate parallel to the substrate surfaces when a voltage is applied between the electrodes. The liquid crystal molecules exhibit birefringence with linear polarized light entering the liquid crystal layer  12  in such a state, and a polarization state of the incident light changes in accordance with inclination of the liquid crystal molecules. Light passing through the liquid crystal layer during application of a predetermined maximum voltage is converted into linear polarized light having a polarization direction rotated by 90°, for example. Thus, the light passes through the polarizing plate  30 ′, and a bright state is displayed. Upon termination of voltage application, the display is returned to a dark state by an alignment restraining force. An applied voltage is changed to control inclination of the liquid crystal molecules, so as to change an intensity of light transmission from the polarizing plate  30 ′. As a result, display of gradation can be realized. 
       FIGS. 5A to 5D  are each a schematic sectional view illustrating an alignment state of liquid crystal molecules in an OCB mode. The OCB mode is a display mode in which the liquid crystal layer  12  is constituted by so-called bend alignment. As shown in  FIG. 5C , the bend alignment refers to an alignment state wherein: liquid crystal molecules are aligned at a substantially parallel angle (alignment angle) to a substrate in the vicinity of the substrate; the alignment angle of the liquid crystal molecules becomes vertical to a substrate plane toward the center of the liquid crystal layer; and the alignment angle changes successively and continuously to parallel with a facing substrate surface away from the center of the liquid crystal layer. Further, the bend alignment refers to an alignment state having no twist structure across the entire liquid crystal layer  12 . Such bend alignment is formed as follows. As shown in  FIG. 5A , the liquid crystal molecules have a substantially homogeneous alignment in a state without application of an electric field or the like (initial state). However, the liquid crystal molecules each have a pretilt angle, and a pretilt angle in the vicinity of the substrate  11  is different from a pretilt angle in the vicinity of the opposite substrate  11 ′. A predetermined bias voltage (generally 1.5V to 1.9V) is applied (low voltage application) to the liquid crystal molecules, to thereby realize spray alignment as shown in  FIG. 5B  and then into bend alignment as shown in  FIG. 5C . Then, a display voltage (generally 5 V to 7 V) is applied (high voltage application) to the state of bend alignment, and thus the liquid crystal molecules align/stand substantially vertical to the substrate surface as shown in  FIG. 5D . In a normally white display mode, light (specifically, linear polarized light which passed through the polarizing plate  30 ) entering the liquid crystal layer  12  in a state shown in  FIG. 5D  during high-voltage application advances without changing a polarization direction and is absorbed by the polarizing plate  30 ′ whose absorption axis is perpendicular to that of the polarizing plate  30 , to thereby display a dark state. Upon reduction of a display voltage, the alignment is returned to bend alignment to display a bright state by an alignment restraining force of rubbing treatment. A display voltage is changed to control inclination of the liquid crystal molecules, so as to change an intensity of light transmission from the polarizing plate  30 ′. As a result, display of gradation can be realized. The liquid crystal display apparatus provided with an OCB mode liquid crystal cell allows switching of phase transition from a spray alignment state to a bend alignment state at a very high speed, and has excellent dynamic image display characteristics compared to those of a liquid crystal display apparatus provided with a liquid crystal cell of another drive mode such as a TN mode or an IPS mode. 
     The liquid crystal display apparatus of the present invention may be suitably applied to a liquid crystal display TV, a cellular phone, and the like. 
     B. Optical Compensation Element 
       FIGS. 6A to 6C  are each a schematic sectional view illustrating a preferred example of the optical compensation element  20  used in the present invention. The optical compensation element  20  includes: an optical compensation layer  21 ; and a polarizer  22  and/or a transparent protective layer  23  as required. Hereinafter, each member will be described in more detail. 
     B-1. Optical Compensation Layer 
     An in-plane retardation (front retardation) Δnd of the optical compensation layer  21  may be optimized in accordance with the display mode of the liquid crystal cell. The Δnd is preferably 5 nm or more, more preferably 10 nm or more, most preferably 15 nm or more, for example. A Δnd of less than 5 nm often degrades contrast in an oblique direction. Meanwhile, the Δnd is preferably 400 nm or less, more preferably 300 nm or less, furthermore preferably 200 nm or less, particularly preferably 150 n=or less, especially preferably 100 nm or less, most preferably 80 n=or less. A Δnd more than 400 nm often reduces a viewing angle. More specifically, the liquid crystal cell employing a VA mode has a Δnd of preferably 5 to 150 nm, more preferably 10 to 100 nm, most preferably 15 to 80 nm. The liquid crystal cell employing an OCB mode has a Δnd of preferably 5 to 400 nm, more preferably 10 to 300 nm, most preferably 15 to 200 nm. Note that, the Δnd can be determined from an equation: Δnd=(nx−ny)×d. Here, nx represents a refractive index of the optical compensation layer in a slow axis direction, and ny represents a refractive index of the optical compensation layer in a fast axis direction. d(nm) represents a thickness of the optical compensation layer. The Δnd is generally measured using light of a wavelength of 590 nm. The slow axis refers to a direction which shows the maximum in-plane refractive index in the plane of the film, and the fast axis refers to a direction perpendicular to the slow axis in the same plane. 
     Further, a thickness direction retardation Rth of the optical compensation layer  21  may be optimized in accordance with the display mode of the liquid crystal cell as well. The Rth is preferably 10 nm or more, more preferably 20 nm or more, most preferably 50 nm or more, for example. An Rth of less than 10 nm often degrades contrast in an oblique direction. Meanwhile, the Rth is preferably 1,000 nm or less, more preferably 500 nm or less, furthermore preferably 400 nm or less, particularly preferably 300 nm or less, especially preferably 280 nm or less, most preferably 260 nm or less. An Rth exceeding 1,000 nm may excessively increase optical compensation, thereby resulting in degradation of contrast in an oblique direction. More specifically, the liquid crystal cell employing a VA mode has an Rth of preferably 10 to 300 nm, more preferably 20 to 280 nm, most preferably 50 to 260 nm. The liquid crystal cell employing an OCB mode has an Rth of preferably 10 to 1,000 nm, more preferably 20 to 500 nm, most preferably 50 to 400 nm. Note that, the Rth can be determined from an equation: Rth=(nx−nz)×d. Here, nz represents a refractive index of the film (optical compensation layer) in a thickness direction. The Rth is also generally measured using light of a wavelength of 590 mm. 
     An Nz coefficient (=Rth/Δnd) of the optical compensation layer  21  may be optimized in accordance with the display mode of the liquid crystal cell. The Nz coefficient is preferably 2 to 20, more preferably 2 to 10, furthermore preferably 2 to 8, most preferably 2 to 6, for example. More specifically, the liquid crystal cell employing a VA mode has an Nz coefficient of preferably 2 to 10, more preferably 2 to 8, most preferably 2 to 6. The liquid crystal cell employing an OCB mode has an Nz coefficient of preferably 2 to 20, more preferably 2 to 10, most preferably 2 to 8. Further, the optical compensation layer  21  has a refractive index profile of nx&gt;ny&gt;nz. The optical compensation layer having such optical characteristics (that is, Δnd, Rth, refractive index profile, and Nz coefficient) is arranged on the opposite side against the color filter with respect to the liquid crystal layer, to thereby obtain a liquid crystal display apparatus allowing exceptional viewing angle compensation and exhibiting exceptional contrast in an oblique direction. 
     The optical compensation layer  21  may be a monolayer or a laminate of two or more layers. A material constituting each layer of the laminate as the optical compensation layer  21  and a thickness of each layer thereof may be appropriately set as long as the entire laminate has the above optical characteristics. 
     The optical compensation layer may have any suitable thickness as long as the effects of the present invention can be provided. The optical compensation layer generally has a thickness of 0.1 to 50 μm, preferably 0.5 to 30 μm, more preferably 1 to 20 μm, to thereby contribute to reduction in thickness of the liquid crystal display apparatus and obtain an optical compensation layer allowing excellent viewing angle compensation performance and exhibiting uniform retardation. The present invention may realize excellent viewing angle compensation using an optical compensation layer (optical compensation element) having a considerably small thickness compared to that of a conventional retardation plate and using such an optical compensation layer (optical compensation element) alone. 
     B-2. Material Constituting Optical Compensation Layer. 
     Any suitable materials may be employed as a material constituting the optical compensation layer as long as the optical compensation layer has the above optical characteristics. An example of such a material includes a non-liquid crystalline material. The material is particularly preferably a non-liquid crystalline polymer. The non-liquid crystal line material differs from a liquid crystalline material and may form an optically uniaxial film with nx&gt;nz or ny&gt;nz as property of the non-liquid crystalline material, regardless of alignment of the substrate. As a result, the non-liquid crystalline material may employ not only an alignment-treated substrate, but also an untreated substrate in a step of forming the optical compensation layer. Further, a step of applying an alignment layer on a substrate surface, a step of laminating an alignment layer, or the like may be omitted even when an untreated substrate is employed. 
     A preferred example of the non-liquid crystalline material includes a polymer such as polyamide, polyimide, polyester, polyetherketone, polyamideimide, or polyesterimide since such a material has excellent thermal resistance, excellent chemical resistance, excellent transparency, and sufficient rigidity. One type of polymer may be used, or a mixture of two or more types thereof having different functional groups such as a mixture of polyaryletherketone and polyamide may be used. Of those, polyimide is particularly preferred in view of high transparency, high alignment ability, and high extension. 
     A molecular weight of the polymer is not particularly limited. However, the polymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of preferably within a range of 1,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably within a range of 2,000 to 500,000, for example. 
     Polyimide which has high in-plane alignment ability and which is soluble in an organic solvent is preferred as polyimide used in the present invention, for example. More specifically, a polymer disclosed in JP 2000-511296 A, containing a condensation polymerization product of 9,9-bis(aminoaryl) fluorene and aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and containing at least one repeating unit represented by the following formula (1) can be used. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula (1), R 3  to R 6  independently represent at least one type of substituent selected from hydrogen, a halogen, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with 1 to 4 halogen atoms or 1 to 4 alkyl groups each having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferably, R 3  to R 6  independently represent at least one type of substituent selected from a halogen, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with 1 to 4 halogen atoms or 1 to 4 alkyl groups each having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 
     In the above formula (1), Z represents a tetravalent aromatic group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and preferably represents a pyromellitic group, a polycyclic aromatic group, a derivative of the polycyclic aromatic group, or a group represented by the following formula (2), for example. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula (2), Z′ represents a covalent bond, a C(R 7 ) 2  group, a CO group, an O atom, an S atom, an SO 2  group, an Si (C 2 H 5 ) 2  group, or an NR 8  group. A plurality of Z&#39;s may be the same or different from each other. w represents an integer of 1 to 10. R 7 s independently represent hydrogen or a C(R 9 ) 3  group. R 8  represents hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms. A plurality of R 8 s may be the same or different from each other. R 9 s independently represent hydrogen, fluorine, or chlorine. 
     An example of the polycyclic aromatic group includes a tetravalent group derived from naphthalene, fluorene, benzofluorene, or anthracene. An example of the substituted derivative of the polycyclic aromatic group includes the above polycyclic aromatic group substituted with at least a group selected from an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a fluorinated derivative thereof, and a halogen such as F or Cl. 
     Other examples of the polyimide include: a homopolymer disclosed in JP 08-511812 A and containing a repeating unit represented by the following general formula (3) or (4); and polyimide disclosed therein and containing a repeating unit represented by the following general formula (5). Note that, polyimide represented by the following formula (5) is a preferred form of the homopolymer represented by the following formula (3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above general formulae (3) to (5), G and G′ independently represent a covalent bond, a CH 2  group, a C(CH 3 ) 2  group, a C(CF 3 ) 2  group, a C(CX 3 ) 2  group (wherein, X represents a halogen), a CO group, an O atom, an S atom, an SO 2  group, an Si(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2  group, or an N(CH 3 ) group, for example. G and G′ may be the same or different from each other. 
     In the above formulae (3) and (5), L is a substituent, and d and e each represent the number of the substituents. L represents a halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group, for example. A plurality of Ls may be the same or different from each other. An example of the substituted phenyl group includes a substituted phenyl group having at least one type of substituent selected from a halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, for example. Examples of the halogen include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. d represents an integer of 0 to 2, and e represents an integer of 0 to 3. 
     In the above formulae (3) to (5), Q is a substituent, and f represents the number of the substituents. Q represents an atom or a group selected from hydrogen, a halogen, an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a thioalkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, an alkylester group, and a substituted alkylester group, for example. A plurality of Qs may be the same or different from each other. Examples of the halogen include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. An example of the substituted alkyl group includes a halogenated alkyl group. An example of the substituted aryl group includes a halogenated aryl group. f represents an integer of 0 to 4, and g represents an integer of 0 to 3. h represents an integer of 1 to 3. g and h are each preferably larger than 1. 
     In the above formula (4), R 10  and R 11  independently represent an atom or a group selected from hydrogen, a halogen, a phenyl group, a substituted phenyl group, an alkyl group, and a substituted alkyl group. Preferably, R 10  and R 11  independently represent a halogenated alkyl group. 
     In the above formula (5), M 1  and M 2  independently represent a halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, or a substituted phenyl group, for example. Examples of the halogen include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. An example of the substituted phenyl group includes a substituted phenyl group having at least one type of substituent selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. 
     A specific example of the polyimide represented by the above formula (3) includes a compound represented by the following formula (6). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Another example of the polyimide includes a copolymer prepared through arbitrary copolymerization of acid dianhydride having a skeleton (repeating unit) other than that as described above and diamine. 
     An example of the acid dianhydride includes an aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride. Examples of the aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride include pyromellitic dianhydride, benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, heterocyclic aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 2,2′-substituted biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride. 
     Examples of the pyromellitic dianhydride include: pyromellitic dianhydride; 3,6-diphenyl pyromellitic dianhydride; 3,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyromellitic dianhydride; 3,6-dibromopyromellitic dianhydride; and 3,6-dichloropyromellitic dianhydride. Examples of the benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride include: 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride; 2,3,3′, 4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride; and 2,2′,3,3′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride. Examples of the naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride include: 2,3,6,7-naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride; 1,2,5,6-naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride; and 2,6-dichloronaphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride. Examples of the heterocyclic aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride include: thiophene-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic dianhydride; pyrazine-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride; and pyridine-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride. Examples of the 2,2′-substituted biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride include: 2,2′-dibromo-4,4′,5,5′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride; 2,2′-dichloro-4,4′,5,5′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride; and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′,5,5′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride. 
     Further examples of the aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride include: 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride; bis(2,3-dicarboxyphenyl)methane dianhydride; bis(2,5,6-trifluoro-3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)methane dianhydride; 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane dianhydride; 4,4′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-2,2-diphenylpropane dianhydride; bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)ether dianhydride; 4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride; bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) sulfonic dianhydride; 3,31,4,4′-diphenylsulfone tetracarboxylic dianhydride; 4,4′-[4,4′-isopropylidene-di(p-phenyleneoxy)]bis(phthalic anhydride); N,N-(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-N-methylamine dianhydride; and bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)diethylsilane dianhydride. 
     Of those, the aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride is preferably 2,2′-substituted biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, more preferably 2,2′-bis(trihalomethyl)-4,4′,5,5′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, and furthermore preferably 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′,5,5′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride. 
     An example of the diamine includes aromatic diamine. Specific examples of the aromatic diamine include benzenediamine, diaminobenzophenone, naphthalenediamine, heterocyclic aromatic diamine, and other aromatic diamines. 
     Examples of the benzenediamine include benzenediamines such as o-, m-, or p-phenylenediamine, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 1,4-diamino-2-methoxybenzene, 1,4-diamino-2-phenylbenzene, and 1,3-diamino-4-chlorobenzene. Examples of the diaminobenzophenone include 2,2′-diaminobenzophenone and 3,3′-diaminobenzophenone. Examples of the naphthalenediamine include 1,8-diaminonaphthalene and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene. Examples of the heterocyclic aromatic diamine include 2,6-diaminopyridine, 2,4-diaminopyridine, and 2,4-diamino-S-triazine. 
     Further examples of the aromatic diamine include:
     4,4′-diaminobiphenyl; 4,41-diaminodiphenylmethane;   4,4′-(9-fluorenylidene)-dianiline;   2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl;   3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane;   2,2′-dichloro-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl;   2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobenzidine;   2,2-bis(4-aminophenoxyphenyl)propane;   2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)propane;   2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane;   4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether; 3,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether;   1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene; 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene;   1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene;   4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl;   4,4′-bis(3-aminophenoxy)biphenyl;   2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane;   2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan e; 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl thioether; and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone.   

     An example of the polyetherketone includes polyaryletherketone disclosed in JP 2001-049110 A and represented by the following general formula (7). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula (7), X represents a substituent, and q represents the number of the substituents. X represents a halogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a halogenated alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, or a halogenated alkoxy group, for example. A plurality of Xs may be the same or different from each other. 
     Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a bromine atom, a chlorine atom, and an iodine atom. Of those, a fluorine atom is preferred. The lower alkyl group is preferably an alkyl group having a straight chain or branched chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having a straight chain or branched chain of 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More specifically, the lower alkyl group is preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, or a tert-butyl group, and particularly preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group. An example of the halogenated alkyl group includes a halide of the above lower alkyl group such as a trifluoromethyl group. The lower alkoxy group is preferably an alkoxy group having a straight chain or branched chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkoxy group having a straight chain or branched chain of 1 to 4 carbon atoms. More specifically, the lower alkoxy group is preferably a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, a butoxy group, an isobutoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, or a tert-butoxy group, and particularly preferably a methoxy group or an ethoxy group. An example of the halogenated alkoxy group includes a halide of the above lower alkoxy group such as a trifluoromethoxy group. 
     In the above formula (7), q is an integer of 0 to 4. In the above formula (7), preferably, q=0, and a carbonyl group and an oxygen atom of ether bonded to both ends of a benzene ring are located in para positions. 
     In the above formula (7), R 1  is a group represented by the following formula (8), and m is an integer of 0 or 1. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula (8), X′ represents a substituent which is the same as X in the above formula (7) for example. In the above formula (8), a plurality of X&#39;s may be the same or different from each other. q′ represents the number of the substituents X′. q′ is an integer of 0 to 4, and q′ is preferably 0. p is an integer of 0 or 1. 
     In the above formula (8), R 2  represents a divalent aromatic group. Examples of the divalent aromatic group include: an o-, m-, or p-phenylene group; and a divalent group derived from naphthalene, biphenyl, anthracene, o-, m-, or p-terphenyl, phenanthrene, dibenzofuran, biphenyl ether, or biphenyl sulfone. In the divalent aromatic group, hydrogen directly bonded to an aromatic group may be substituted with a halogen atom, a lower alkyl group, or a lower alkoxy group. Of those, R 2  is preferably an aromatic group selected from groups represented by the following formulae (9) to (15). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula (7), R 1  is preferably a group represented by the following formula (16). In the following formula (16), R 2  and p are defined as those in the above formula (8). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula (7), n represents a degree of polymerization. n falls within a range of 2 to 5,000, preferably within a range of 5 to 500, for example. Polymerization may involve polymerization of repeating units of the same structure or polymerization of repeating units of different structures. In the latter case, a polymerization form of the repeating units may be block polymerization or random polymerization. 
     Terminals of the polyaryletherketone represented by the above formula (7) are preferably a fluorine atom on a p-tetrafluorobenzoylene group side and a hydrogen atom on an oxyalkylene group side. Such polyaryletherketone can be represented by the following general formula (17), for example. In the following formula (17), n represents the same degree of polymerization as that in the above formula (7). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Specific examples of the polyaryletherketone represented by the above formula (7) include compounds represented by the following formulae (18) to (21). In each of the following formulae, n represents the same degree of polymerization as that in the above formula (7). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition, an example of polyamide or polyester includes polyamide or polyester disclosed in JP 10-508048 A. A repeating unit thereof can be represented by the following general formula (22), for example. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula (22), Y represents O or NH. E represents at least one selected from a covalent bond, an alkylene group having 2 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkylene group having 2 carbon atoms, a CH 2  group, a C(CX 3 ) 2  group (wherein, X is a halogen or hydrogen), a CO group, an O atom, an S atom, an SO 2  group, an Si(R) 2  group, and an N(R) group, for example. A plurality of Es may be the same or different from each other. In E, R is at least one of an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and is located in a meta or para position with respect to a carbonyl functional group or a Y group. 
     In the above formula (22), A and A′ each represent a substituent, and t and z represent the numbers of the respective substituents. p represents an integer of 0 to 3, and q represents an integer of 1 to 3. r represents an integer of 0 to 3. 
     A is selected from hydrogen, a halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group represented by OR (wherein, R is defined as above), an aryl group, a substituted aryl group prepared through halogenation or the like, an alkoxycarbonyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, an alkylcarbonyloxy group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, an aryloxycarbonyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an arylcarbonyloxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and its substituted derivatives, an arylcarbamoyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and arylcarbonylamino group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and its substituted derivatives, for example. A plurality of As may be the same or different from each other. A′ is selected from a halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a substituted phenyl group, for example. A plurality of A&#39;s may be the same or different from each other. Examples of the substituent on a phenyl ring of the substituted phenyl group include a halogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and the combination thereof. t represents an integer of 0 to 4, and z represents an integer of 0 to 3. 
     The repeating unit of the polyamide or polyester represented by the above formula (22) is preferably a repeating unit represented by the following general formula (23). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the above formula (23), A, A′, and Y are defined as those in the above formula (22). v represents an integer of 0 to 3, preferably an integer of 0 to 2. x and y are each 0 or 1, but are not both 0. 
     B-3. Polarizer 
     As described above, the optical compensation element  20  further includes the polarizer  22  as required. As shown in  FIGS. 6A to 6C , the polarizer  22  is provided such that the optical compensation layer  21  is arranged on a side of the liquid crystal cell  10 . In the case where the optical compensation element includes a polarizer, the polarizing plate  30  may be omitted in the liquid crystal display apparatus, thereby contributing to reduction in thickness of the liquid crystal display apparatus. The optical compensation element including a polarizer may be provided as a member comparable to the so-called polarizing plate attached with a retardation plate. The optical compensation layer  21  may be arranged directly to the liquid crystal cell  10  as shown in  FIG. 6A , or it may be arranged through the transparent protective layer  23  as shown in  FIG. 6C . 
     Any suitable polarizers may be employed as the polarizer depending on the purpose. Examples of the polarizer include: a film prepared by adsorbing a dichromatic substance such as iodine or a dichromatic dye on a hydrophilic polymer film such as a polyvinyl alcohol-based film, a partially formalized polyvinyl alcohol-based film, or an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer-based partially saponified film and uniaxially stretching the film; and a polyene-based orientated film such as a dehydrated product of a polyvinyl alcohol-based film or a dechlorinated product of a polyvinyl chloride-based film. Of those, a polarizer prepared by adsorbing a dichromatic substance such as iodine on a polyvinyl alcohol-based film and uniaxially stretching the film is particularly preferred in view of high polarized dichromaticity. A thickness of the polarizer is not particularly limited, but is generally about 5 to 80 μm. 
     The polarizer prepared by adsorbing iodine on a polyvinyl alcohol-based film and uniaxially stretching the film may be produced by, for example: immersing a polyvinyl alcohol-based film in an aqueous solution of iodine for coloring; and stretching the film to a 3 to 7 times length of the original length. The aqueous solution may contain boric acid, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, or the like as required, or the polyvinyl alcohol-based film may be immersed in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide or the like. Further, the polyvinyl alcohol-based film may be immersed and washed in water before coloring as required. Washing the polyvinyl alcohol-based film with water not only allows removal of contamination on a film surface or washing away of an antiblocking agent, but also prevents nonuniformity such as uneven coloring or the like by swelling the polyvinyl alcohol-based film. The stretching of the film may be carried out after coloring of the film with iodine, carried out during coloring of the film, or carried out followed by coloring of the film with iodine. The stretching may be carried out in an aqueous solution of boric acid or potassium iodide, or in a water bath. 
     B-4. Transparent Protective Layer 
     As described above, the optical compensation element  20  further includes the transparent protective layer  23  as required. As shown in  FIGS. 6A to 6C , the transparent protective layer  23  is arranged on an outer side (that is, as an outermost layer) of the polarizer  22 . The transparent protective layer is provided, to thereby prevent degradation of the polarizer. As required, another transparent protective layer may be arranged between the optical compensation layer  21  and the polarizer  22  (see  FIG. 6B ), and/or between the optical compensation layer  21  and the liquid crystal cell  10  (see  FIG. 6C ). In an embodiment shown in  FIG. 6B , an adhesion enhancing layer (not shown) formed of, for example, a polyurethane-based resin may be preferably interposed between the optical compensation layer  21  and the transparent protective layer  23 . 
     Any suitable protective layers may be employed as the transparent protective layer depending on the purpose. The transparent protective layer is composed of a plastic film having excellent transparency, mechanical strength, thermal stability, water shielding property, isotropy, and the like, for example. Specific examples of a resin constituting the plastic film include an acetate resin such as triacetylcellulose (TAC), a polyester resin, a polyether sulfone resin, a polysulfone resin, a polycarbonate resin, a polyamide resin, a polyimide resin, a polyolefin resin, an acrylic resin, a polynorbornene resin, a cellulose resin, a polyarylate resin, a polystyrene resin, a polyvinyl alcohol resin, and a mixture thereof. A further example thereof includes an acrylic-based, urethane-based, acrylic urethane-based, epoxy-based, or silicone-based thermosetting resin or UV-curing resin. Of those, a TAC film subjected to surface saponization treatment with alkali or the like is preferred in view of polarization characteristics and durability. 
     Further, a polymer film formed from a resin composition described in JP 2001-343529 A (WO 01/37007) may be used as a transparent protective layer, for example. More specifically, the film is formed from a mixture of a thermoplastic resin having a substituted imide group or unsubstituted imide group on a side chain, and a thermoplastic resin having a substituted phenyl group or unsubstituted phenyl group and a cyano group on a side chain. A specific example thereof includes a resin composition containing an alternate copolymer of isobutene and N-methylene maleimide, and an acrylonitrile/styrene copolymer. An extruded product of such a resin composition may be used, for example. 
     The transparent protective layer is by definition transparent and preferably has no color. More specifically, the transparent protective layer has a thickness direction retardation Rth of preferably −90 nm to +75 nm, more preferably −80 nm to +60 nm, most preferably −70 nm to +45 nm. A thickness direction retardation Rth of the transparent protective layer falling within the above range may eliminate optical coloring of the polarizer attributed to the protective layer. 
     A thickness of the protective layer may be appropriately set depending on the purpose. A thickness of the protective layer is generally 500 μm or less, preferably 5 to 300 μm, more preferably 5 to 150 μm. 
     B-5. Method of Producing Optical Compensation Element (Method of Forming Optical Compensation Layer) 
     Next, a method of producing the optical compensation element (method of forming the optical compensation layer) will be described. Any suitable methods may be employed as the method of producing the optical compensation element as long as an optical compensation element having the above optical characteristics can be obtained. The production method generally includes the steps of: applying a solution of the non-liquid crystalline polymer on a substrate film; and forming a layer of the non-liquid crystalline polymer by removing a solvent in the solution. When the optical compensation element is constituted by the optical compensation layer (optical compensation film) alone, the formed optical compensation layer is peeled off from the substrate film, to thereby obtain an optical compensation element. When the optical compensation element includes the polarizer and the optical compensation layer, the production method further includes a step of attaching the polarizer onto a surface of the substrate film on which an optical compensation layer is not formed. 
     Any suitable films may be employed as the substrate film. A typical example of the substrate film includes a plastic film used for the protective layer of the polarizing plate described in the above section B-4. 
     The solvent of the application solution is not particularly limited. Examples of the solvent include: halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and orthodichlorobenzene; phenols such as phenol and parachlorophenol; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, methoxybenzene, and 1,2-dimethoxybenzene; ketone-based solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, 2-pyrrolidone, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; ester-based solvents such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; alcohol-based solvents such as t-butyl alcohol, glycerin, ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, ethylene glycolmonomethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol; amide-based solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide; nitrile-based solvents such as acetonitrile and butyronitrile; ether-based solvents such as diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, and tetrahydrofuran; and carbon disulfide, ethyl cellosolve, and butyl cellosolve. Of those, methyl isobutyl ketone is preferred because it does not corrode the substrate in a case where a cellulose-based film is used as the substrate, which results in significantly improved appearance of the optical compensation layer to be obtained. The solvent may be used alone or in combination of two or more types thereof. 
     Any suitable concentrations of the non-liquid crystalline polymer in the application liquid may be employed as long as the above optical compensation layer can be obtained and the solution can be applied on the film. For example, the solution contains preferably 5 to 50 parts by weight, more preferably 10 to 40 parts by weight of the non-liquid crystalline polymer with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solvent. The solution having a concentration within the above range has a viscosity that facilitates application thereof. 
     The application solution may further contain various additives such as stabilizers, plasticizers, and metals as required. 
     The application solution may further contain other resin as required. Examples of the other resin include various general-purpose resins, engineering plastics, thermoplastic resins, and thermosetting resins. The use of such resins allows formation of an optical compensation layer having appropriate mechanical strength or durability depending on the purpose. 
     Examples of the general-purpose resins include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), an ABS resin, and an AS resin. Examples of the engineering plastics include polyacetate (POM), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA: nylon), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Examples of the thermoplastic resins include polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethersulfone (PES), polyketone (PK), polyimide (PI), polycyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate (PCT), polyarylate (PAR), and a liquid crystal polymer (LCP). Examples of the thermosetting resins include an epoxy resin and a phenol novolac resin. 
     The type and amount of the other resin added to the application solution may be set appropriately depending on the purpose. The resin is added in a ratio of preferably 0 to 50 mass %, more preferably 0 to 30 mass % with respect to the non-liquid crystalline polymer, for example. 
     Examples of a method of applying the solution include spin coating, roll coating, flow coating, printing, dip coating, flow casting, bar coating, and gravure coating. For application, lamination of a polymer layer may also be used. 
     After the application, the solvent in the solution is removed through evaporation by natural drying, air drying, or drying under heating (at 60 to 250° C., for example), to thereby form an optical compensation layer in a form of film. 
     In the production method, treatment for imparting optically biaxial characteristics (nx&gt;ny&gt;nz) is preferably carried out. Such treatment can assuredly provide an in-plane difference in refractive index (nx&gt;ny), to thereby obtain an optical compensation layer having optically biaxial characteristics (nx&gt;ny&gt;nz). That is, an optical compensation layer having the optical characteristics described in the above section B-1 can be obtained. In other words, an optical compensation layer having optically uniaxial characteristics (nx=ny&gt;nz) is obtained without such treatment. Examples of a method of imparting an in-plane difference inrefractive index include the following two methods. A first method involves: applying the solution on a transparent polymer film subjected to stretching treatment; and drying the film. According to the first method, optically biaxial characteristics may be attained through shrinkage of the transparent polymer film. A second method involves: applying the solution on an unstretched transparent polymer film; drying the film; and stretching the film under heating. According to the second method, optically biaxial characteristics may be attained through stretching of the transparent polymer film. An example of the polymer film used for the methods includes the plastic film used for the transparent protective layer (section B-4). 
     As described above, the present invention can provide a liquid crystal display apparatus allowing exceptional viewing angle compensation and exhibiting exceptional contrast in an oblique direction by arranging a specific optical compensation element on one side of a liquid crystal cell, which is the opposite side against a color filter with respect to a liquid crystal layer. Such an effect is not theoretically clarified, is a finding obtained for the first time through actual production of the liquid crystal display apparatus, and is an unexpected and excellent effect. It is conceivable that such an excellent effect is obtained because light scattered by the color filter does not substantially incident on the optical compensation element. Further, the optical compensation layer of the optical compensation element used in the present invention has a considerably small thickness compared to that of a conventional retardation plate. Moreover, unlike a conventional liquid crystal display apparatus employing two retardation plates, the present invention uses only one such optical element to realize exceptional viewing angle compensation. Thus, the present invention may greatly contribute to reduction in thickness of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of examples, but the present invention is not limited to the examples. Methods of measuring characteristics in the examples are as described below. 
     (1) Measurement of Retardation 
     Refractive indices nx, ny, and nz of a sample film were measured using an automatic birefringence analyzer (Automatic birefringence analyzer KOBRA-21ADH, manufactured by Oji Scientific Instruments), and an in-plane retardation Δnd, and a thickness direction retardation Rth were calculated. A measurement temperature was 23° C. and a measurement wavelength was 590 nm. 
     (2) Measurement of Contrast Ratio 
     A white image and a black image were displayed on the liquid crystal display apparatus produced, and a contrast ratio was measured using “EZ Contrast 160D” (trade name, manufactured by ELDIM SA). 
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 1 
     Formation of Optical Compensation Layer 
     Polyimide represented by the below-indicated formula (6), synthesized from 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (TFMB), and having a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 70,000 was dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketone, to thereby prepare a 15 wt % polyimide solution. Preparation of polyimide or the like was carried out by referring to a method described in a document (F. Li et al., Polymer 40 (1999) 4571-4583). Meanwhile, a triacetylcellulose (TAC) film having a thickness of 80 μm was stretched in a width direction 1.3 times at 175° C. through fixed end stretching, to thereby produce a stretched TAC film having a thickness of 75 μm as a substrate film. The polyimide solution was applied onto the substrate film to be dried at 100° C. for 10 minutes. As a result, an optical film A having an optical compensation layer on the substrate film was obtained. The optical compensation layer had a thickness of 5 μm and a Δn (=nx−nz) of about 0.04. The optical compensation layer had a thickness direction retardation of 200 nm and an in-plane retardation of 60 nm. The optical compensation layer had optical characteristics of nx&gt;ny&gt;nz. The substrate film (stretched TAC film) had a Δn of about 0.0006. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     PREPARATION EXAMPLE 2 
     Production of Optical Compensation Element 
     A polyvinyl alcohol film was colored in an aqueous solution containing iodine and then uniaxially stretched 6 times between rolls of different speed ratios in an aqueous solution containing boric acid, to thereby obtain a polarizer. The obtained polarizer was laminated on a surface of the substrate film of the optical film A on which the optical compensation layer is not formed. The polarizer was laminated such that a slow axis of the optical compensation layer and an absorption axis of the polarizer were substantially perpendicular to each other. Then, a commercially available TAC film (trade name “UZ-TAC”, available from Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.) having a thickness of 40 μm as a protective layer was laminated on a surface of the polarizer on which the optical film A is not laminated, to thereby obtain an optical compensation element G. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A liquid crystal cell was removed from a 16-inch liquid crystal monitor (installed with VA liquid crystal cell, manufactured by SHARP). The above optical compensation element G was attached to a backlight side (a light source side) of the liquid crystal cell (that is, the opposite side against the color filter with respect to the liquid crystal layer) such that the polarizer (actually, TAC protective layer thereof) was arranged on the outer side (backlight side). A commercially available polarizing plate (manufactured by Nitto Denko Corporation) having a structure of polarizer/TAC protective layer was attached to a viewer side of the liquid crystal cell such that the TAC protective layer was arranged on the outer side (viewer side). A liquid crystal display apparatus was produced using the liquid crystal panel, and contrast in a frontal direction and contrast in an oblique direction were measured. Contrast in an oblique direction was measured at four points where azimuth angle/polar angle is 45°/60°, 45°/−60°, 135°/60° and 1350/−60°. The contrast in an oblique direction was determined as the average of the four measurements. Contrast in a frontal direction of the liquid crystal display apparatus was 550 and contrast in an oblique direction was 40. Further,  FIG. 7A  shows a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the optical compensation element was arranged on a viewer side of the liquid crystal cell and the commercially available polarizing plate was arranged on a backlight side. Further, contrast was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Contrast in a frontal direction of the liquid crystal display apparatus was 470 and contrast in an oblique direction was 25. Further,  FIG. 7B  shows a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a liquid crystal cell removed from a 17-inch liquid crystal monitor (installed with VA liquid crystal cell, manufactured by DELL Corporation) was used. Further, contrast was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Contrast in a frontal direction of the liquid crystal display apparatus was 500 and contrast in an oblique direction was 35. Further,  FIG. 8A  shows a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the optical compensation element was arranged on a viewer side of the liquid crystal cell and the commercially available polarizing plate was arranged on a backlight side. Further, contrast was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Contrast in a frontal direction of the liquid crystal display apparatus was 480 and contrast in an oblique direction was 21. Further,  FIG. 8B  shows a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a liquid crystal cell removed from a 15-inch liquid crystal monitor (installed with VA liquid crystal cell, manufactured by FUJITSU Limited) was used. Further, contrast was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Contrast in a frontal direction of the liquid crystal display apparatus was 450 and contrast in an oblique direction was 28. Further,  FIG. 9A  shows a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the optical compensation element was arranged on a viewer side of the liquid crystal cell and the commercially available polarizing plate was arranged on a backlight side. Further, contrast was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Contrast in a frontal direction of the liquid crystal display apparatus was 400 and contrast in an oblique direction was 1S. Further,  FIG. 9B  shows a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a liquid crystal cell removed from a 32-inch liquid crystal television (installed with OCB liquid crystal cell, manufactured by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.) was used. Further, contrast was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Contrast in a frontal direction of the liquid crystal display apparatus was 1,300 and contrast in an oblique direction was 100. Further,  FIG. 10A  shows a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 
     A liquid crystal display apparatus was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the optical compensation element was arranged on a viewer side of the liquid crystal cell and the commercially available polarizing plate was arranged on a backlight side. Further, contrast was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Contrast in a frontal direction of the liquid crystal display apparatus was 1,000 and contrast in an oblique direction was 50. Further,  FIG. 10B  shows a radar-chart illustrating viewing angle dependence of contrast of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     As is clear from the measurement results of contrast and the comparison of the radar-chart between Examples and Comparative Examples, a liquid crystal display apparatus of Examples each shows significantly improved contrast in frontal and oblique directions compared to that of Comparative Examples. Such a result is not theoretically clarified, is a finding obtained for the first time through actual production of the liquid crystal display apparatus, and is an unexpected and excellent effect. It is conceivable that such a remarkable difference between Examples and Comparative Examples is obtained because light scattered by the color filter does not substantially incident on the optical compensation element. 
     As is clear from the thickness of the optical compensation layer of Preparation Example 1, the optical compensation element used in the present invention has considerably small thickness compared to that of a conventional retardation plate (thickness of 140 μm, for example). Further, the liquid crystal display apparatus of Example 1 reveals that the use of one such element can realize exceptional viewing angle compensation, to thereby greatly contribute to reduction in thickness of the liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     Many other modifications will be apparent to and be readily practiced by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It should therefore be understood that the scope of the appended claims is not intended to be limited by the details of the description but should rather be broadly construed.