Patent Publication Number: US-2020290067-A1

Title: Rotary bell cup atomizer with auxiliary turbine and vortex shaping air generator

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to rotary bell cup atomizers and is especially useful in the automotive industry in robotic painting of vehicle body parts. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides rotary bell cup atomizers generally useful in the coating of substrates. Rotary bell cup atomizers are commonly used in coating operations such as, for example, the painting of vehicle body parts. These coating operations are carried out, in the main, by either robotically mounted and controlled atomizers or by hand-held spray gun atomizers. Both coat various work-pieces by operation of bell cup rotating atomizers affixed thereto. 
     Rotary atomizers are used in liquid based paint coating operations and bell cup rotary devices are also used in powder coating operations. The invention herein described and claimed can be useful in both types, either robotically or machine mounted, or applied via hand-held spray gun. 
     Rotary atomizers which are used in coating various substrates employ centrifugal forces generated by a rotating bell cup to atomize paint supplied thereto. In a conventional process, pressurized air is directed as an axially-extending shroud around the periphery of the atomized paint and this shroud controls the disposition pattern of paint particles deposited on the work-piece. Electrostatic charging may be used to assist in attracting the atomized particles to the substrate, all of which is known. 
     Examples of state-of-the-art rotary bell cup atomizers are found in prior patents of one or both of the named inventors herein, specifically in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,056,397, 6,676,049, 6,341,734, 6,053,428 and 5,862,988. 
     In the spray painting of vehicle bodies, for example, improvements in application methods continue, specifically in enhancements to the spray pattern geometry produced on the substrate, a result of which is controlled by the velocity and direction of the shaping air flowing axially and peripherally about the outside edge of the bell cup and enveloping the sprayed coating exiting the cup. 
     The quality of the final coating is dependent upon many variables in addition to the velocity and direction of the atomized paint particles, among them being the electrostatic effect in carrying the atomized charged particles to the grounded substrate. In addition, the deposited film quality and aesthetics of the applied coating are dependent upon surface irregularities, protrusions, and edges in and on the surface to be coated. Controlled shaping air cited above plays an important role in producing an acceptable, and optimal, coated final product. 
     An example of a method for controlling the spray pattern applied by a rotary atomizer is found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,611,069 B2 (2009). That reference is directed to an atomizer having a spray head which includes an annular shaping air ring having a plurality of nozzles for controlling the spray pattern, wherein each nozzle has a right-handed triad orientation having a base coordinate system that is placed on the longitudinal axis of the nozzle in a specified orientation. The reference is said to optimize the control of shaping air to create a stable, focused pattern that minimizes robot speed while maintaining high transfer efficiency. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,921 (1986) discloses a method carried out by centrifugally dispersing coating material in an annular pattern about an axis and directing a conical sheath of air forwardly through the pattern and toward a confluence on the axis with sufficient velocity to effect turbulent mixing of particles of the coating material, so that the coating material is atomized and deposited on the workpiece in a film of substantially uniform thickness. The method is said to impart a swirl component to the sheath of air to cause enlargement of the spray pattern which emerges from the confluence. The method is carried out by a rotary spray head having a forward rim for centrifugal dispersion of coating material and a vortex plenum surrounding the head provided with an annular discharge slit for projecting a conical sheath of air around the rim to direct the coating material forwardly and inwardly, and controls for the plenum airflow include an air input for air moving in a forward flow direction and another air input for tangential airflow to impart a swirl moment to the sheath of air. 
     A more recent patent, U.S. Pat. No. 9,833,797B2 ( 2007 ), discloses electrostatic coating apparatus which includes an air motor, a rotary atomizing head provided on a front side of the air motor to be rotatable by the air motor, external electrode units provided in a periphery of the rotary atomizing head, and a high-voltage applying unit that applies a high voltage to the external electrode units to indirectly charge paint particles atomized from the rotary atomizing head with the high voltage. In one embodiment of the disclosed apparatus, a shaping air ring is provided with first and second air spout holes wherein the shaping air ring forms part of a ground. The shaping air ring is formed in a cylindrical shape using, for example, a conductive metallic material, and is connected to ground through an air motor. The shaping air ring has an outer peripheral surface and a stepped part formed on a front end part of the shaping air ring by a protruding radial inside part of the shaping air ring. 
     In this embodiment, a plurality of groove parts are formed on the outer peripheral surface of the shaping air ring to mount an adaptor thereto. The plurality of groove parts are arranged to be spaced by equal intervals in the circumferential direction, whereby the stepped part is formed on the front end part of the shaping air ring by the protruding radial inside part thereof to the forward side. 
     The cited shaping air ring is provided with first air spout holes and second air spout holes formed therein. The first air spout holes are arranged closer to a radial inside projecting part than the stepped part of the shaping air ring and are provided along a paint releasing edge of the rotary atomizing head. These first air spout holes are arranged to line up annularly. Each of the first air spout holes is communicated with a first air passage and first shaping air is supplied to each of the first air spout holes and the air spout holes spout the first shaping air to the vicinity of the paint releasing edge of the rotary atomizing head. (&#39;797 patent, col. 6, 1. 17, et seq.) 
     Second air spout holes are formed in the shaping air ring together with the first air spout holes. The second air spout holes are respectively arranged closer to a radial inside than the first air spouts holes and are arranged to line up annularly. Each of the second air spout holes is communicated with a second air passage provided in a housing member. The second shaping air having the same pressure as, or a pressure different from the shaping air, is supplied to the second air spout holes and the second air spout holes spout the second shaping air to the back surface of the rotary atomizing head. The first and second shaping air shears liquid paint released from the rotary atomizing head to accelerate formation of paint particles, and shapes an atomizing pattern of paint particles atomized from the rotary atomizing head. The pressure of the first shaping air and the pressure of the second shaping air are adjusted as needed, said to make it possible to change the atomizing pattern to a desired size or shape. (&#39;797 patent, col. 6, 11. 50-57) 
     In contrast with known prior art methods for controlling the spray pattern produced by rotary atomizers, the invention provided herein controls the applied pattern using primary shaping air directed through primary shaping air nozzles located peripherally adjacent and around the bell cup outer edge and, in addition, providing secondary shaping air directed obliquely of the primary shaping air using secondary shaping air supplied through secondary shaping air nozzles also located peripherally about the outer edge of the bell cup. The secondary air is supplied to the secondary air nozzles by an auxiliary air-driven turbine which, in operation, combines the secondary shaping air and the primary shaping air to provide separate, controllable and adjustable shaping of atomization patterns over wide ranges, thereby producing unique, heretofore unachievable final coatings. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Apparatus for coating a substrate is provided, including a rotatable bell cup coating applicator affixed to the distal end of a rotatable main drive shaft driven by a main turbine, a source of supply of coating material, and wherein the main drive shaft has an axial conduit therethrough for supplying coating material from the source to and through the main drive shaft and into the bell cup for spraying the coating material onto the substrate upon actuation of rotation of the main drive shaft. The apparatus is further characterized as having multiple pressurized air sources and air passageways formed within and through the apparatus to convey air to and through the apparatus, including a first source of pressurized air for driving the main turbine, a second source of pressurized air for creating and directing a first curtain of shaping air circumferentially, axially and externally about the bell cup to envelop, control and shape the diameter and pattern of the coating material sprayed from the bell cup, this first curtain of shaping air being formed by air conveyed from the second source of pressurized air and channeled through passageways in the apparatus to and through a first plurality of axially oriented nozzles positioned circumferentially adjacent to and around the outer edge of the bell cup, to form the first curtain of shaping air. Also included is a second, hollow, independently rotatable drive shaft mounted upon, radially and externally of, and being concentric with, the main drive shaft, this second drive shaft being driven by a second, auxiliary turbine. Further included is a third source of pressurized air for driving and controlling the auxiliary turbine independently and separately from the main turbine. The apparatus further includes a fourth source of air for creating a second curtain of shaping air circumferentially, axially and externally about the bell cup to further control and shape the diameter and pattern of the coating material being sprayed from the bell cup, this second curtain of shaping air being formed by the air conveyed from the fourth source of pressurized air and channeled through passageways in the apparatus to and through a second plurality of axially oriented nozzles positioned circumferentially adjacent to and around the outer edge of the bell cup and in immediate proximity to the first plurality of nozzles, such that, in operation on actuation of the turbines, thereby forming the second curtain of shaping air. The apparatus also includes a vortex generator mounted on the second drive shaft proximate the distal end of the second drive shaft adjacent the outer surface of the bell cup, the vortex generator having a truncated annular shape with an inner surface extending along and generally mirroring the outer surface of the adjacent bell cup, the vortex generator being rotatable within a gap provided between the bell cup and the vortex generator, the vortex generator having a distal edge extending to near proximity with the spray edge of the adjacent bell cup and having a plurality of shaped vanes affixed thereto and therearound proximate the distal edge of the vortex generator and extending perpendicularly and outwardly therefrom. These vanes are configured with respect to the second plurality of nozzles such that, in operation, the second curtain of shaping air exiting from the second plurality of nozzles is directed to, impacts and passes between these rotating vanes, is deflected by the vanes, and is mixed with the first curtain of shaping air emerging from the adjacent first plurality of nozzles, the mixed first and second curtains of shaping air thereby producing a final, mixed, applied curtain of shaping air for ultimately controlling the pattern of the coating sprayed onto the substrate. The shaping air exiting from the second plurality of nozzles is intended to be deflected by the vanes in a swirl pattern. 
     The rotatable bell cup coating applicator and the rotatable vortex generator can be rotatable in opposite directions or, alternatively, in the same direction. All nozzles within the first plurality of nozzles can be directed in parallel with the axis of rotation of the rotatable bell cup or they can be directed angularly with respect to the axis of rotation of the rotatable bell cup. All nozzles within the second plurality of nozzles can be directed in parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotatable bell cup, or they can be directed angularly with respect to the axis of rotation of the rotatable bell cup. 
     The plurality of shaped vanes can extend linearly and proximally inwardly from the distal edge of the vortex generator or they can extend in a curvilinear fashion inwardly and proximally from the distal edge of the vortex generator. 
     Preferably, the first plurality of axially oriented nozzles includes 10 to 120 nozzles and the second plurality of axially oriented nozzles includes 10 to 120 nozzles. 
     The apparatus can be useful in paint or powder coating processes. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the accompanying figures: 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 1 a    is a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1  taken along a common plane through fiber optic cables which monitor the respective speeds of the main turbine and the auxiliary turbine/vortex generator; 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view, partially in cross-section, of the embodiment of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view, partially cut away and partially in cross-section, depicting the vortex generator of the invention and the bell cup to be rotating in opposite directions; 
         FIG. 4 a    is a duplicate of  FIG. 4  showing the expected path of emitted shaping air about the periphery of the bell cup, indicated by the shaded curved arrows; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view, partially cut away and partially in cross-section, depicting the vortex generator of the invention and the bell cup to be rotating in the same direction; 
         FIG. 5 a    is a duplicate of  FIG. 5  showing the expected path of emitted shaping air about the periphery of the bell cup, indicated by the shaded curved arrows; 
         FIG. 6  is a sectional view, partially cut away and partially in cross-section, of the vortex generator, showing in detail the paths of shaping air through the air supply channels, the exit air conduits, and thence to, through and exiting from the first and second pluralities of shaping air nozzles into the spaces between rotating vanes of the vortex generator according to the invention; and 
         FIG. 7  is an exploded perspective view of the elements of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention provides apparatus for spray coating of substrates using a rotary bell cup atomizer equipped with an air-driven main turbine and a supply of pressurized primary shaping air conveyed through primary shaping air channels and nozzles for controlling the shape of the atomized spray pattern exiting the bell cup edge, the apparatus further including a second auxiliary drive shaft driven by an auxiliary turbine equipped with a rotatable vortex generator mounted on the auxiliary drive shaft. Also included is a separate air supply of secondary shaping air for supplying secondary shaping air through secondary air channels and nozzles to further control the shape of the atomized spray pattern exiting the bell cup, which secondary shaping air, on passing through the vortex generator, produces a secondary curtain of shaping air in a vortex-like pattern, which, in conjunction with and mixing with the primary shaping air from the primary air nozzles, together produce improved pattern control, transfer efficiency and quality of coating on the substrate. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the rotary bell cup atomizer  10  of the invention is shown to include bell cup  12  mounted at the distal end of main drive shaft/fly wheel  14 , the main drive shaft  14  rotatably driven by drive air entering inlet  20 . The drive air throughput is depicted by small arrows within the channel  21  downstream from the air supply inlet  20  and directed, as shown, schematically, to the turbine/flywheel to power the rotating drive shaft  14 . Coating material, e.g. paint, is fed to paint injector  48  housed in main drive shaft  14  through supply inlet  16  and thence into the conduit  18  and flows therethrough to and into the bell cup  12 , impinging onto the deflector  56 , from which the coating material is deflected radially outwardly to and over the inside surface of the rotating bell cup  12 , flowing thereover to the distal edge  44  of the cup  12  where it is atomized, all of which is known in the art. 
     The rotating main drive shaft  14  rides within main drive shaft bearing  50 , having bearing sleeve  51 , and proximal main thrust bearing  78  and distal main thrust bearing  80 , enabling the main drive shaft  14  to rotate completely within a surrounding envelope of air. That air is supported through main bearing air supply  76  and passes into and through channels  77 , as depicted by the small arrows in  FIG. 1 , and passes through openings in main bearing sleeve  51  and ultimately through openings in each of the main bearings  50 ,  78  and  80  as shown, to provide air cushioning surrounding the main drive shaft  14 . Owing to restraints on scale of the drawings, the very narrow air gaps between these bearings and all rotating surfaces is not expressly depicted, but such construction is known; see e.g., issued U.S. Pat. No. 9,970,481 B1. 
     Materials of construction of the components of such atomizing device are known, as described in the &#39;481 patent. Preferred bearing material here is carbon, both solid and porous, for all main bearings. 
     Shaping air for shaping of the pattern of atomized coating material sprayed from the edge  44  of the bell cup  12  is supplied from a first source of shaping air  22  and channeled into and through channels  24  and into and through exit air conduits  26 , and into and through a first plurality of shaping air nozzles  27 , from which nozzles the air escapes and circumferentially surrounds the coating spray, thereby forming a first curtain of air around and shaping the pattern of the applied coating, all controlled by adjusting the volume of the shaping air supplied to the system from the first source of shaping air  22  to be described in more detail below. 
     With further reference to  FIG. 1 , and according to the invention, a second, hollow, independently rotatable auxiliary drive shaft  28  is mounted upon, radially and externally of, and concentric with, the main drive shaft  14 , this auxiliary drive shaft  28  being driven by third source of pressurized air  30 , controlled independently and separately from the main drive shaft  14 . 
     Drive air for driving the auxiliary drive shaft  28  enters inlet  30  and passes into and through channels  31 , as indicated by the small arrows shown, impinging upon the turbine blades (not shown, but see  FIG. 7 ), to controllably and independently drive the shaft  28  separately from main drive shaft  14 . 
     The auxiliary hollow rotational shaft  28  is also air cushioned in operation by distal auxiliary shaft bearing  82  and proximal auxiliary shaft bearing  88 , which, like the main bearings  50 ,  78  and  80 , are preferably also of carbon, either porous or solid. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 1 , a source of air for creating a second curtain of shaping air circumferentially around and shaping the sprayed coating exiting the edge  44  of cup  12  is provided by pressurized air fed through inlet  32  and channeled to and through conduits  34  and into and through exit air conduits  36  and thence into and through a second plurality of shaping air nozzles  37 , from which nozzles the air escapes and circumferentially surrounds the coating spray exiting the cup edge  44 , thereby forming a second curtain of air extending around and shaping the pattern of the applied coating, all controlled as with the first curtain of shaping air by adjusting, independently, the volume of air supplied to the system through the inlet  32  from the second source of shaping air, which is the fourth source of air to the system overall, including the two turbine drive air sources  30  and  76 , the source of air  22  for the first curtain of shaping air described above, and this second source of shaping air entering inlet  32 . 
     The apparatus according to the invention, as further depicted in  FIG. 1 , also includes a vortex generator  38  which is mounted as shown on the second, auxiliary hollow drive shaft  28 , being concentric with drive shaft  28 , and being affixed to and positioned proximate the distal end of shaft  28  adjacent the outer surface of the bell cup  12  as shown. The vortex generator  38  has an annular, generally truncated conical shape as shown, wherein its inner surface extends along and generally mirroring the outer surface of the adjacent bell cup  12  as indicated. The vortex generator  38  is rotatable within the gap  40  between the bell cup  12  and the vortex generator  38 , as depicted in  FIG. 1 . The vortex generator  38  has a distal edge  42  extending to near proximity with the spray edge  44  of the bell cup  12 , and has a plurality of shaped vanes  46 , to be described in more detail below, which extend rearwardly from the edge  42  of the vortex generator  38  around the periphery of the vortex generator  38  and are all positioned proximate the distal edge  42  of the generator, extending perpendicularly and outwardly from the generator  38 . The vanes  46  are configured with respect to the second plurality of shaping air nozzles  37  such that, in operation, the above-described second curtain of shaping air exiting from this second plurality of nozzles is directed toward, impacts, and passes between these vanes  46 . On passing between the vanes  46  on the rotating vortex generator, the shaping air exiting from the second plurality of nozzles  37  is thus mixed with the air in the first curtain of shaping air emerging from the first plurality of nozzles  27 , with the mixed first and second curtains of shaping air producing a final, mixed applied curtain of shaping air for controlling the pattern of coating being sprayed onto a workpiece. 
     Completing the assembly of components of the coating apparatus depicted in  FIG. 1  are shaping air ring  58 , shaping air divider plate  60 , upper spacer plate  62 , upper drive plate  64 , upper base plate  66 , lower base plate  68 , top plate  70 , lower spacer plate  72 , lower drive plate  74 , upper shroud  52  and manifold housing  54 , these further components being generally known. 
     For descriptive purposes herein and simplicity, the term “turbine” as used in connection with  FIG. 1  includes components  58 ,  60 ,  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  70  and  74  as shown. An alternate embodiment of the invention within the appended claims is depicted in  FIG. 1 a   . Common-numbered components are identical in both figures. The embodiment shown in  FIG. 1  depicts an assembly of components in which all shaping air is channeled externally of the “turbine” as defined above. 
     In  FIG. 1 a   , the alternate embodiment shown depicts an assembly in which all shaping air is channeled externally of the “turbine”, wherein this alternate turbine is defined to include the following alternate components, all as depicted in the figure: upper spacer plate  63 , upper drive plate  65 , upper base plate  67 , and manifold housing  55 , all other components being commonly shown in both  FIGS. 1 and 1   a . Routing the shaping air through the turbine assembly is an embodiment disclosed in more detail in prior U.S. Pat. No. 9,375,734 B1. 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the rotary bell cup atomizer  10  of the invention identical to that of  FIG. 1  except this view is taken along a plane through the atomizer offset from the plane of  FIG. 1  to depict the fiberoptic main turbine speed monitor  84  and the second fiberoptic auxiliary turbine speed monitor  86 . Otherwise, all components in  FIGS. 1 and 2  having the same number designation are as described above in the descriptions of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  is a perspective view, partially broken away and partially in cross-section, of the coating apparatus  10  of the invention, schematically showing its attachment to a robotic arm through which the coatings and air supplies all pass. More specifically, coating material, e.g., paint, is supplied through inlet  16 , air to drive the main turbine/drive shaft  14  is supplied through inlet  20 , the first source of shaping air enters through inlet  22 , air for driving the auxiliary turbine  28  is supplied through inlet  30 , that air passing to the auxiliary turbine through channels  31 , the second source of shaping air  32 , air supplied through inlet  76  for channeling as shown to main bearing  50 , proximal main thrust bearing  78  and distal main thrust bearing  80 , and air supplied through inlet  76  and channeled to proximal auxiliary thrust bearing  88  and distal auxiliary thrust bearing  82 , all as depicted in  FIG. 3 . 
     The cross-sectional portion of  FIG. 3  is identical to  FIG. 1 , and all commonly numbered components are as described above with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a perspective view, partly broken away, of the upper end of the bell cup atomizer, specifically, the distal edge  44  of the bell cup  12  from which the coating material exits onto the workpiece (not shown), the solid arrow on the cup indicating the direction of rotation of the cup  12 . The vortex generator  38  is depicted as in clockwise rotation indicated by the solid arrow shown, the direction of rotation of the vortex generator  38  being the opposite of the counter clockwise direction of rotation of the bell cup  12 . In the cutaway section of the figure, the vanes  46  of one embodiment of the vortex generator  38  are shown to be curvilinear and, as the generator  38  rotates, air exiting from the first and second plurality of shaping air nozzles,  27  and  37  respectively, passes between the rotating vanes  46  and mixes to form a combined curtain of air having a vortex pattern which is cast in an enveloping sheath about the sprayed coating being applied and which controls the coating&#39;s shape. In the figure, the air curtain and coating are not shown in order to focus on the specific operative components of the atomizer. Shroud  52  is included for completeness. 
       FIG. 4 a    is identical to  FIG. 4 , and common components have common designations. The shaded curved arrows directed outwardly from the nozzles  27  and  37  are a representation of predicted flow patterns exiting the nozzles and then mixing to form the final curtain of shaping air surrounding and controlling the pattern of the coating supplied to the workpiece (not shown).  FIG. 5 , in the perspective view, is identical to  FIG. 4  except that both the vortex generator  38  and the bell cup  12  are rotating in the same counter clockwise direction. It should be readily apparent that both could also rotate clockwise without deviating from the scope of the invention. The speed and direction of rotation of both the bell cup and the vortex generator are independently controlled, and both can be rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise, in either the same direction or in opposite directions, as desired. The vortex generator rotational speed can conceivably vary over a wide range, from completely idle to 100,000 RPM. Also shown in  FIG. 5 a   , represented by the shaded arrows, are expected patterns of shaping air exiting from the first and second plurality of shaping air nozzles,  27 , and  37  respectively, enveloping and shaping the pattern of the applied coating (not shown). 
     In these figures, the vortex generator vanes  46  are all indicated to be curvilinear in shape. Other shapes, such as straight vanes extending perpendicularly from the vortex generator  38  and oriented parallel to or angled with respect to the centerline of the apparatus are optional and within the scope of the invention and will be apparent to one skilled in the art. 
       FIG. 6  is an additional perspective view of the distal end of the atomizer apparatus  10 , partially broken away and partially in cross-section, with the shroud  52  removed in order to illustrate schematically the operative components beneath the shroud. In the figure, the bell cup  12  having spray edge  44  and installed paint deflector  56 , in operation, rotates about the central axis of the apparatus driven by the rotating main drive shaft  14  (not shown). The vortex generator  38  having vanes  46 , mounted on the auxiliary drive shaft  28  (not shown), rotates concentrically with the bell cup  12  about the central axis, either in the same direction or in the opposite direction of rotation of the bell cup  12 , rotating within the gap  40  described previously between the bell cup  12  and the shaping air ring  58 . In the broken-away portion of  FIG. 6 , in cross-section, the shaping air channels  24  and  34 , the exit air conduits  26  and  36 , and the first and second plurality of shaping air nozzles  27  and  37 , all described previously, are illustrated, wherein the directions of the shaping air in the several passageways are indicated by the smaller arrows depicted in each. Sealing “O”-rings  29  are included as shown, for completeness.  FIG. 7  depicts a schematic diagram of the components of the invention, specifically those through which the separate drive air and separate shaping air flows. In flow-direction sequence with reference to the figure, and with cross-reference to the more detailed  FIGS. 1-6 , the components include the manifold housing  54  in which is located the paint injector  48  (housed within the main drive shaft  14  on assembly), the lower base plate  68 , the proximal thrust bearing  78 , lower drive plate  74 , lower spacer plate  72 , main drive shaft  14  (illustrating the flywheel and turbine blades), top plate  70 , main drive shaft main bearing sleeve  51 , main drive shaft main bearing  50 , upper base plate  66 , proximal vortex generator shaft thrust bearing  88 , annular vortex generator auxiliary drive shaft  28  (illustrating the auxiliary flywheel/turbine blades), upper drive plate  64 , upper spacer plate  62 , distal vortex generator shaft ( 28 ) thrust bearing  82 , shaping air divider plate  60 , shaping air ring  58 , vortex generator  38 , vanes  46  of the vortex generator, bell cup  12 , and external upper shroud, all as described in detail above. 
     Materials of construction of the above components are generally known. See, e.g., the prior art cited above. Preferred materials herein include carbon for all bearing materials, both solid and porous and alternating porous/nonporous, and elastomeric “O”-rings are preferred, with fluoroelastomeric “O”-rings being most preferred. 
     While the invention has been disclosed herein in connection with certain embodiments and detailed descriptions, it will be clear to one skilled in the art that modifications or variations of such details can be made without deviating from the gist of this invention, and such modifications or variations are considered to be within the scope of the claims hereinbelow.