Patent Publication Number: US-9404149-B2

Title: Composition, kits and methods for the detection of point mutations and SNPs

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/EP2010/058022, International Filing Date, 8 Jun. 2010, claiming priority to European Patent Application No. 09165252.9, filed 10 Jul. 2009, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention refers to a method for detecting a point mutation or SNP in a nucleotide sequence by means of an improved LAMP (loop amplification mediated polymerization) amplification method, as well as to a set of primers and a kit for carrying out the method of the invention. According to a non limiting embodiment, the method, the set of primers and the kit are suitable for detecting the G1849T (V617F) mutation in the JAK2 gene. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) are clonal disorders of haematopoietic progenitors, and include the classical MPD chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), polycythaemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythaemia (ED and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), as well as chronic eosinophilic leukaemia (CEL), chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), and systemic mastocytosis (SM) and others. In the past two decades, mutant alleles have been identified in CML, CMML, CEL and SM2-5; and in each case the causative mutation results in constitutive activation of tyrosine kinase signalling. The genetic causes of the most common MPD remained unknown until the identification of mutations that activate Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) signalling in most patients with PV, ET or PMF(1, 2, 3, 4). JAK2 is a member of the Janus family of cytoplasmic non-receptor tyrosine kinases, which also includes JAK1, JAK3 and TYK2. The mutation is a guanine-to-thymidine substitution at position 1849 in the JAK2 coding sequence (GenBank accession no. NM_004972, SEQ ID NO:1), numbering starting at the ATG start codon, corresponding to position 2343 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Such a mutation results in a substitution of valine for phenylalanine at amino acid 617 of the JAK2 protein (JAK2V617F), within the JH2 pseudokinase domain (5). Loss of JAK2 autoinhibition results in constitutive activation of the kinase, analogous to other mutations in MPDs and leukemia that aberrantly activate tyrosine kinases (6,7,8). 
     Direct sequencing is only sensitive down to about 20% of mutant DNA in a wild-type background (9, 10). This issue is quite relevant to chronic myeloid disorders, where blood and marrow are often composed of a mixture of neoplastic and residual normal hematopoietic elements. This is especially the case of ET and MDS, in which phenotypically apparent gene mutations may be present in tiny clones comprising less than 10% of the total marrow cell population. James et al. (11) explored this issue specifically with respect to JAK2 1849 G-T by performing a series of mixing experiments with HEL erythroleukemia cells, which bear the JAK2 mutation, admixed with TF-1 erythroleukemia cells, which do not. They failed to detect the mutated allele when it was present in &lt;5% of the total DNA. With homozygous mutant patient DNA diluted in DNA from a healthy person, sequencing was even less sensitive (10%) than it was with the cell lines (12). 
     A common method used for the detection of nucleic acid mutations is the Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS). It exploits the fact that oligonucleotide primers must be perfectly annealed at their 3′ ends for a DNA polymerase to extend these primers during PCR (12). By designing oligonucleotide primers that match only a specific DNA point mutation, such as that encoding JAK2 V617F, ARMS can distinguish between polymorphic alleles. Therefore, these techniques go by the alternative names of “allele-specific PCR” (AS-PCR) or “sequence-specific primer PCR.” The ARMS sensitivity is up to 1 to 2% (13) mutant DNA in a wild-type background. 
     Real-time monitoring of PCR product accumulation during thermocycling can be of value as a semiquantitative method and DNA-melting curve assays can be used in conjunction with real-time PCR. Likewise, James et al. (14) compared fluorescent dye chemistry sequencing with two different real-time PCR based mutation detection systems, one using a LightCycler instrument (Roche Diagnostics) and the other using a Taqman ABI Prism 7500 machine (Applied Biosystems). These real-time PCR techniques detected 0.5 to 1% of HEL cell line DNA diluted in TF-1 cell line DNA and 2 to 4% of homozygously mutated patient DNA diluted in DNA from a healthy person. 
     A Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis is possible since the JAK2 1849 G-T mutation abolishes a motif in the wild-type JAK2 sequence that is recognized by the restriction enzyme BsaXI. Although abolition of a restriction site is not as satisfying as creation of a new site, because a negative enzymatic cleavage reaction could be due either to absence of the mutation or to failure of the digestion procedure, it can be useful as a first pass analysis. Reported proportional sensitivity depends in part on the method used to detect the fragments and is approximately 20% mutant DNA in Wild-type background (15, 16). 
     Pyrosequencing is a method of rapid genotyping that depends on the liberation of pyrophosphate (PPi) whenever a dNTP is incorporated into a growing DNA chain during template-driven DNA polymerization (17). Pyrosequencing of JAK2 using the automated PSQ HS 96 system (Biotage, Uppsala, Sweden) has been attempted by several groups (17, 18) with dilution experiments similar to those described above showing a reported assay sensitivity of 5 to 10% mutant allele in a wild-type background. 
     Several other mutation detection techniques have been described, including single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), single-nucleotide primer extension assays (Pronto), and others. In fact, DHPLC can detect the genomic DNA mutation underlying JAK2 V617F reliably, and it can detect mutations at a proportionality of &lt;1 to 2%. However, DHPLC and the other techniques are either technically challenging or labor-intensive or both. They either do not allow high throughput at a cost suitable for a clinical laboratory (SSCP and DGGE) or require a considerable initial investment for equipment (DHPLC). 
     Theoretically, protein-based techniques could also be used to detect the JAK2 V617F mutation, but these are generally cumbersome, and access to such resources is limited. Therefore, protein-based assays are usually not preferred if DNA- or RNA-based tests are feasible. 
     European patent application EP1692281A discloses a method for the detection of G1849T JAK2 mutation based on PCR amplification. 
     The methods of the prior art show several limitations. First of all the lower level of sensitivity, that allows detection of the mutant JAK2 sequence down to 1% of the sample in the best cases. Such a sensitivity requires the enrichment of the mutants via granulocytes-isolation before extraction. This is a time consuming and labor-intensive step resulting in about 2 additional hours to the already long procedures (from 2 to 5 hours) requested for the diagnosis. Furthermore, all the methods previously illustrated are relatively labor intensive and expensive, often requiring specialized equipment that may not always be readily available. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present inventors have set up a novel LAMP method of detecting a point mutation or SNP in a nucleic acid molecule, which is particularly selective and rapid. The present inventors have also set up a novel set of primers and a kit for carrying out the method of the invention. The method for detecting a nucleic acid point mutation or SNP and the set of primers and kit therefor are characterized by the features defined in the appended claims, which form an integral part of the description. 
     The method of the present invention differs from the conventional LAMP technology which is disclosed in European patent application EP 1020534A and which is depicted herein in  FIG. 1 . The method of the invention enables the simultaneous selective amplification and detection of a single base substitution in a nucleic acid sample. Furthermore, the method of the present invention is easy to be performed, since it requires simple instrumentation and the results can be generated in a single tube reaction. For these reasons, it is also less expensive compared to the prior art methods. 
     The method of the invention overcomes the limitations and drawbacks of the techniques of the prior art, resulting in a higher sensitivity (down to 0.01% mutant sequences in a wild-type background); it is isothermal and rapid, completing the diagnosis in one hour reaction. In addition, the method of the invention enables to evaluate whether the amount of the mutant allele, such as for example the mutant JAK2 allele, which is present in the tested sample is higher or lower than 50%, providing as indication as to whether the tested subject is heterozygotic or homozygotic for the nucleic acid single point mutation or SNP of interest. 
     Therefore, a first aspect of the present invention is a method of detecting the presence of a point mutation in a target nucleic acid molecule within a background of wild-type nucleic acid molecules, the method comprising the steps of: 
     1) providing a nucleic acid sample; 
     2) contacting said nucleic acid sample, under appropriate reaction conditions, with a solution comprising a mixture of oligonucleotides and a DNA polymerase having strand displacement activity under hybridization conditions, wherein said mixture of oligonucleotides consists of primers suitable for the loop mediated isothermal amplification of the region of the target nucleic acid molecule including the nucleic acid position of the point mutation to be detected, said primers comprising: 
     i. a first outer primer F3 and a second outer primer B3; 
     ii. a first inner primer FIP and a second inner primer BIP, 
     wherein FIP consists of a 3′ nucleic acid sequence F2 and a 5′ nucleic acid sequence F1c and BIP consists of a 3′ nucleic acid sequence B2 and a 5′ nucleic acid sequence B1c, 
     wherein F2 is able to recognize and hybridize to a region of the target nucleic acid molecule designated as F2c and B2 is able to recognize and hybridize to a region of the target nucleic acid molecule designated as B2c, 
     wherein F2c and B2c are different regions located on opposite strands of the target nucleic acid molecule, 
     wherein either B2c is downstream of the point mutation or F2c is upstream of the point mutation, and wherein 
     if B2c is downstream of the point mutation, then said point mutation is located in the F2c sequence or downstream of the F2c sequence and upstream of the F1c sequence, or 
     if F2c is upstream of the point mutation, then said point mutation is located in the B2c sequence or upstream of the B2c sequence and downstream of the B1c sequence; 
     iii. a stem-loop mutant extensible primer comprising:
         a central loop sequence able to selectively recognize and hybridize to a region of the target nucleic acid molecule comprising the point mutation, such that the central loop sequence is capable of recognizing and hybridizing to the target nucleic acid molecule only if the point mutation is present, and   a 5′ end sequence and a 3′ end sequence which are complementary to each other such as to form a stem upon intramolecular hybridization, the hybridization affinity of the central loop sequence to the region of the target nucleic acid molecule comprising the point mutation being higher than the intramolecular hybridization affinity of the 5′ sequence to the 3′ sequence such that, if the point mutation is present, the central loop sequence will anneal to and amplify the region of the target nucleic acid molecule comprising the point mutation;       

     iv. a non extensible moiety which is capable of selectively recognize and hybridize to the wild type nucleic acid molecules; 
     3) incubating the resulting mixture at a constant temperature; 
     4) detecting a signal indicative of amplification of the region of the target nucleic acid molecule comprising the point mutation. 
     The first step of the method implies obtaining the nucleic acid sample to be tested, such as for example from a patient suspected of bearing the point mutation of interest, either in an heterozygotic in a homozygotic form. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the two inner primers FIP and BIP are designed on a region of the target nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid position of the point mutation to be detected such that the point mutation is located in the region between the F2c sequence and the F1c sequence or between the B2c sequence and the B1c sequence. In an alternative embodiment, the point mutation is located in the region probed by B2 or F2, that is to say within the F2c sequence or within the B2c sequence. 
     In another preferred embodiment, the sequence at the 5′ end and the sequence at the 3′ end of the stem-loop mutant extensible primer is of at least 3 nucleotides in length. The stem-loop mutant extensible primer can alternatively be designated as a “self-annealed mutant extensible primer”, or more simply as a “self-annealed extensible primer” (LB or LF). 
     In a further preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, the non extensible moiety is a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which is preferably at least 10 nucleotides in length. DNAs and RNAs respectively consist a deoxyribose and a ribose sugar backbone, whereas the backbone of PNAs is made of repeating N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine units linked by peptide bonds. Purine and pyrimidine bases are linked to the backbone by methylene carbonyl bonds. PNAs are depicted like peptides, with the N-terminus at the first (left) position and the C-terminus at the right. Since the backbone of PNA does not contain any phosphate group, the binding between PNA/DNA strands is stronger than between DNA/DNA strands due to the lack of electrostatic repulsion. 
     In a most preferred embodiment of the invention, the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) comprises a sequence of bases which is capable of hybridizing to the region of the nucleic acid molecule which includes the putative point mutation (that is to say, which includes the nucleic acid position of the point mutation to be detected), thereby resulting in the formation of two double strand structures, one with the wild type target nucleic acid molecule and the other with the mutated target nucleic acid molecule. The melting temperature of the double stranded structure resulting from the hybridization of the PNA with the target nucleic acid molecule in the absence of the point mutation (i.e., with the Wild-type sequence) is designated as (Tm)=X and the melting temperature of the double stranded structure resulting from the hybridization of the PNA with the target nucleic acid molecule in the presence of the point mutation (i.e., with the mutated sequence) is designated as (Tm)=Y. According to a preferred embodiment, Y&lt;Incubation Temperature &lt;or equal to X and X is at least 5° C. higher than Y. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the non extensible moiety is a stem-loop wild type non extensible primer, which comprises:
         a central loop sequence able to selectively recognize and hybridize to a region of the wild type nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid position of the point mutation to be detected,   a 5′ end sequence and a 3′ end sequence, said 5′ end and said 3′ end sequences being complementary to each other to form a stem, so that said central loop sequence has a higher hybridization affinity to the region comprising the wild-type sequence of the nucleic acid molecule than the hybridization affinity of the 5′ end sequence to the 3′ and sequence, so that it results in annealing to and blocking the amplification of the WT sequence. The skilled in the art is aware of the fact that the hybridization between the 5′ end sequence and the 3′ end sequence is an intramolecular hybridization.       

     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the DNA polymerase having strand displacement activity under the reaction conditions is the Bst large fragment polymerase; alternatively, it is one of or a combination of Bca (exo-), Vent, Vent (exo-), Deep Vent, Deep Vent (exo-), 029 phage, MS-2 phage, Z-Taq, KOD, Klenow fragment. 
     In a preferred embodiment the constant reaction temperature is comprised between 62° C. and 67° C. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the signal indicative of amplification of the nucleotide molecule comprising the point mutation is detected by turbidimetry. 
     Alternatively, the signal indicative of amplification of the nucleotide molecule comprising the point mutation is detected by fluorescence or any other suitable means for detection. 
     In still another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the target nucleic acid molecule comprises the region of the human JAK2 gene (GenBank accession no. NG_009904, SEQ ID NO:2) containing the putative guanine-to-thymidine substitution at base 93526 of SEQ ID NO:2, corresponding to nucleotide position 1849 from the start codon in the JAK2 coding sequence (GenBank accession no NM_004972, SEQ ID NO:1), which in turn corresponds to position 2343 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     Preferably, the first and second outer primers F3 and B3 are located respectively in the intron regions flanking exon 14 of the human JAK2 gene (GenBank accession no NG_009904, SEQ ID NO:2) which contains the putative G→T base substitution at position 93526. More preferably, F3 consists of a nucleotide sequence spanning positions 93367-93388 of SEQ ID NO:2 and B3 consists of a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to the nucleotide region between positions 93561-93582 of SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, the first and second inner primers FIP and BIP are designed as follows: the FIP primer consists of a F2 sequence located in the intron region upstream JAK2 exon 14 (preferably between positions 93408-93425 of SEQ ID NO:2) and of a F1c sequence which is complementary to nucleotides 93445 to 93470 of SEQ ID NO:2; the BIP primer consists of a B2 sequence complementary to a region comprising nucleotides 93538-93559 of SEQ ID NO:2, which includes the first eighteen bases of the downstream intron, and of a B1c sequence located at position 93486-93515 of SEQ ID NO:2. The central loop sequence of the stem-loop mutant extensible primer preferably consists of nucleotides 93516-93529 of SEQ ID NO:2. The PNA base sequence preferably consists of nucleotides 93518-93534 of SEQ ID NO:2. 
     Most preferably, primers suitable for loop mediated isothermal amplification, which are employed for carrying out the method according to the present invention, consist of the following sequences: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 3) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 F3 
                 5&#39;-GCATCTTTATTATGGCAGAGAG-3&#39;; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 4) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 B3 
                 5&#39;-TGCTCTGAGAAAGGCATTA-3&#39;; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 5) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 FIP 
                 5&#39;-GCTGCTTCAAAGAAAGACTAAGGAAATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAACAGTCAAACAAC-3&#39;; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 6) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 BIP 
                 5&#39;-GCTTTCTCACAAGCATTTGGTTTTAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAGCCTGTAGTTTTACTTACTCTC-3&#39;; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Stem-loop mutant extensible primer: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 GTCTCCACTGGAGTATGTTTCTGTGGAGAC-3&#39;. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In a more preferred embodiment, the non extensible moiety is a PNA molecule, preferably having the structure:  NH2 GAGTATGTGTCTGTGGA CONH2 . (SEQ ID NO:9). 
     The method of the present invention is also suitable for quantitatively assessing the amount of mutant alleles (e.g. of the present JAK2 mutant alleles) in a nucleic acid sample, e.g. for assessing whether the point mutation is in an homozygotic or heterozygotic form. This is achieved by quantitatively comparing the signal indicative of amplification of the region of the target nucleic acid molecule comprising the point mutation obtained from the sample with the said signal obtained from at least one calibrator. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one calibrator consists of a predetermined percentage (%) of mutant target nucleic acid molecules in a background of wild-type nucleic acid molecules, wherein the said predetermined percentage (%) is preferably about 10%. For example, by analyzing the amplification efficiency of undiluted and 1:5 diluted samples in comparison to 3 calibrators (e.g. 100%, 10% and 1% mutant G1849T JAK plasmid in wild-type plasmid background), it is possible to determine whether the amount of mutant alleles in the test samples is higher or lower than 50%, which is indicative of homozygosity or heterozygosity. 
     The method of the invention is also suitable for detecting other gene mutations responsible for different pathologies, such as kRAS, EGFR, as well as for detecting SNPs. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is a set of primers for detecting the presence of a point mutation in a target nucleic acid molecule in a background of wild type nucleic acid molecules by loop mediated isothermal amplification, the set of primers comprising a first outer primer F3, a second outer primer B3, a first inner primer FIP, a second inner primer BIP and a stem-loop mutant extensible primer, all as defined above with reference to the method of the invention. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, the set of primers comprises a first outer primer F3 consisting of SEQ ID NO:3, a second outer primer B3 consisting of SEQ ID NO:4, a first inner primer FIP consisting of SEQ ID NO:5, a second inner primer BIP consisting of SEQ ID NO:6 and a stem-loop mutant extensible primer consisting of SEQ ID NO:8. 
     A further preferred embodiment of the invention is a set of primers as defined above further comprising a non extensible moiety which is capable of hybridizing to the wild type nucleic acid molecules. The non extensible moiety is for example a Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) or a stem-loop non extensible primer, as defined in the appended claims. A PNA which is at least 10 bases in length is more preferred. The PNA illustrated in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO:9 is the most preferred embodiment of the non extensible moiety. 
     A further aspect of the present invention is a kit for detecting the presence of a point mutation in a target nucleic acid molecule in a background of wild type nucleic acid molecules by loop mediated isothermal amplification, the kit comprising a set of primers as defined above as well as one or more DNA polymerases having strand displacement activity. The DNA polymerase is preferably selected from the group consisting of Bst large fragment polymerase, Bca (exo-), Vent, Vent (exo-), Deep Vent, Deep Vent (exo-), φ29 phage, MS-2 phage, Z-Taq, KOD, Klenow fragment, and any combination thereof. The most preferred DNA polymerase is the Bst large fragment polymerase. 
     The kit according to the present invention may contain additional conventional components such as for example one or more calibrators, means for detecting and/or quantifying amplification of the target nucleic acid molecules, as well as instructions for carryin g  out the assay. The selection and use of such additional components is well within the abilities of the person of average skill in the art. 
     The scope of the invention further comprises an isolated oligonucleotide primer selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:8, as well as a Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) of 6-24 bases in length, comprising a base sequence which is capable of hybridizing to a region of the JAK 2 genomic DNA (SEQ ID NO:2) including position 93526 of SEQ ID NO:2 or to a region of the JAK 2 cDNA (SEQ ID NO:1) including position 2343 of SEQ ID NO:1. A preferred embodiment of the PNA of the invention comprises the following base sequence: NH 2 -GAGTATGTGTCTGTGGA-COOH (SEQ ID NO:9), wherein G is guanine, A is adenine, T is thymine and C is cytosine. 
     The invention is further described herein below by means of specific non limiting examples, with reference to the following drawings: 
       FIG. 1 . LAMP Principle (Prior Art) 
     The amplification reaction is performed by employing 4 oligonucleotide primers specific for 6 different regions of the target genomic sequence. The internal primers hybridize to complementary sequences on the target nucleic acid molecule and are extended by the DNA polymerase; the amplification product is displaced in two steps by the external primers (F3, B3) and is shaped as a double stem-loop structure (starting structure) (panel A). The starting structure is simultaneously amplified from the free 3′ ends and by another internal primer (panel B). DNA concatamers built by inverted repeats of the initial module are progressively synthesized in an exponential fashion (panel C). 
       FIG. 2 . LAMP “DUMB-BELL” Strategy 
     In the present assay set-up illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the F1c and B1c oligonucleotides contained in the FIP and BIP inner primers are complementary to non-overlapping regions of the JAK2 gene which ends and starts respectively one base upstream and one base downstream the nucleotide of interest at position 1849 from the start codon in the JAK2 coding sequence. Furthermore, the 5′ end base of the FIP and BIP primers is specific for the mutated nucleotide in the JAK2 sequence and both inner primers have a mismatched base at the third base from the 3′ end. When the reaction contains the wild-type target allele and a dumb-bell structure is formed, the mutant specific F1c and B1c sequences do not anneal at the 3′ end blocking any further target amplification. Differently, if the mutant target allele is present in solution, the mutant specific F1c and B1c sequences hybridize perfectly to the complementary nucleic acid target region and are extended by the DNA polymerase. 
       FIG. 3 . LAMP “Allele Specific Loop Primer Extension” Strategy 
     The nucleotide at the 3′ end of the mutant-specific loop primer is complementary to the mutated T nucleotide at position 1849 in the JAK2 coding sequence. In addition, this loop primer contains a mismatched base in the third base from the 3′ end. If the reaction contains the WT JAK2 sequence, the 3′-end mutant-specific loop primer does not anneal to the target sequence resulting in no amplification. Differently, if mutant JAK2 sequences are present in solution, the mutant-specific loop primer hybridizes perfectly to the complementary target sequence and is extended by the DNA polymerase. 
       FIG. 4 . LAMP “Stem-Loop Primers” Strategy 
     Universal (mutant insensitive) set of primers comprising the F3, B3, FIP and BIP oligonucleotides to obtain a dumb-bell presenting the putative mutated T nucleotide in the loop region. A first stem-loop primer is included designed to recognize the mutated base in the single strand dumb-bell structure, together with a second modified stem-loop primer complementary to the JAK2 wild-type sequence and containing a not extensible 3′-end. When the mutated JAK2 sequence is present in the nucleic acid sample (panel A), the mutant-specific stem-loop primer breaks its internal structure to anneal to the target sequence and is extended by the DNA polymerase. Conversely, if the WT target sequence is present in the sample (panel B), the modified not extensible stem-loop primer hybridizes to the WT target sequence blocking the amplification of this sequence (“silencing” effect). 
       FIG. 5 . LAMP “Mutant-Specific Stem-Loop Primer with PNA” Strategy 
     Universal (mutant insensitive) set of primers comprising the F3, B3, FIP and BIP oligonucleotides to obtain a dumb-bell presenting the putative mutated T nucleotide in the loop region. A first stem-loop primer is included designed to recognize the mutated base in the single strand dumb-bell structure, together with a PNA molecule. The PNA is designed to be complementary to the loop region comprised between B2 and B1c and encompassing the nucleic acid position of the point mutation to be detected. It forms a stable duplex with the JAK2 WT sequence, thus preventing the hybridization and extension of the mutant-specific stem-loop primer and suppressing the unspecific amplification of the wild-type sequence (panel B). The PNA does not hybridize to the mutated JAK2 sequence because of the lower affinity (panel A). 
       FIG. 6 . Sensitivity of the LAMP “DUMB-BELL” Assay 
     The amplification reaction was performed on a sample containing 7 e3 cps/μl of JAK2 wild-type plasmid (square), on a no-target control and on serial dilutions of JAK2 mutant plasmid in water (from 7 e3 to 7 e1 cps/μl, rhomboidal points, and 7 e0 cps/μl, circle point). Each sample was tested in triplicate. The error bars represent one standard deviation. In comparison to the wild-type plasmid, the mutant target sequence is amplified with higher efficiency up to a sample concentration of 7 el cps/μl. The present assay shows linearity between 7 e3 and 7 e1 cps/μl mutant plasmid sample. 
       FIG. 7 . Sensitivity of the LAMP “Allele Specific Mutant Loop Primer” Assay 
     The amplification reaction was performed on a sample containing 7 e3 cps/μl of JAK2 wild-type plasmid (square point), on a no-target control and on serial dilutions of JAK2 mutant plasmid in water (from 7 e3 to 7 e1 cps/μl, rhomboidal points). Each sample was tested in triplicate. The error bars represent one standard deviation. In comparison to the wild-type plasmid, the mutant target sequence is amplified with higher efficiency up to a sample concentration of 7 e2 cps/μl. The present assay shows linearity between 7 e3 and 7 e1 cps/μl mutant plasmid sample. 
       FIG. 8 . Selectivity of the LAMP “Stem-Loop Primer” Assay 
     The amplification reaction was performed on a sample containing 7 e3 cps/μl of JAK2 wild-type plasmid (square point), on a no-target control and on serial dilutions of JAK2 mutant plasmid in wild-type plasmid, ranging from 75% to 1%, 35000 cps total amount of DNA per reaction. Each sample was tested in triplicate. The error bars represent one standard deviation. In comparison to the wild-type plasmid, the mutant target sequence is amplified with higher efficiency up to a 1% dose sample (350 copies mutant plasmid in 34650 copies original parent plasmid). The assay shows linearity between 100% and 1% mutant plasmid sample in wild-type background. 
       FIG. 9 . LAMP “Stem-Loop Primer with PNA” 
     Assay performance on mutant and wild-type plasmid samples (35000 cps each) with and without PNA. In the absence of PNA, the JAK2 WT plasmid is unspecifically amplified by the mutant-specific stem-loop primer, with a delay of 5 minutes in respect to the mutated target sequence. In contrast, when the PNA is added to the reaction mixture, the WT plasmid is amplified by the mutant-specific stem-loop primer with a one hour delay and only 5 minutes delay are measured for the specific amplification of the JAK2 mutant plasmid. The PNA forms a stable duplex only with the WT complementary sequence preventing the hybridization and extension of the mutant-specific stem-loop primer thereby causing a one hour shift in the amplification time of the wild-type sequence. 
       FIG. 10 . Selectivity of the LAMP “Stem-Loop Primer with PNA” Assay, 
     Assay performance on JAK2 mutated plasmid samples (350000 cps), JAK2 wild-type plasmid samples (350000 cps) and on mutated plasmids serially diluted into wild-type background in the following proportions 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01%. Error bars correspond to 1 standard deviation. No amplification was detected for the WT sample (350000 cps WT plasmid) within one hour reaction. The specific amplification of the mutant target sequence is detected down to 0.01% mutant sequences in wild-type background (35 copies tot mutant plasmid in 349650 copies of WT plasmid). The assay is linear down to a concentration of 0.1% mutant plasmid (350 copies tot mutant plasmid in 349650 copies of WT plasmid). 
       FIG. 11 . LAMP Control Reaction 
     Universal (mutant insensitive) set of primers including the F3, B3, FIP and BIP oligonucleotides. This method is designed to amplify the genomic DNA target sequence independent of the presence of the specific mutation. Such a control assay enables to assess the amplification efficiency of the primers and the presence of inhibitors in the reaction tube. 
       FIG. 12 . LAMP Control Reaction on JAK2 Wild-Type and Mutant Nucleic Acid Samples 
     The amplification efficiency of the universal (mutant insensitive) set of primers including the F3, B3, FIP and BIP oligonucleotides is comparable for all the analyzed samples: 100% JAK2 wild-type plasmid, 100%, 10% and 1% JAK2 mutant plasmid. A delay or absence of target sequence amplification is indicative of the presence of reaction inhibitors or problems in the reaction conditions. 
       FIG. 13 . Principle of the Estimation of Mutant JAK2 Allelic Copies in a Nucleic Acid Sample. 
     To estimate whether the amount of JAK2 allelic copies in a nucleic acid sample is higher or lower than 50%, the modified LAMP with mutant-specific stem-loop primer and PNA is performed on undiluted samples and samples diluted 1:5. If a sample contains more than 50% mutant JAK2 allelic copies, the threshold amplification minute of the target sequence is comprised between the (min)t of the calibrator 100% and the calibrator 10% for both the undiluted (Panel A) and diluted (Panel B) samples. If a sample contains less than 50% mutant JAK2 allelic copies, the threshold amplification minute of the target sequence is comprised between the t(min) of calibrator 100% and the calibrator 10% for the undiluted samples (Panel A), and between the min(t) of the calibrator 10% and the calibrator 1% for the diluted samples (Panel B). 
       FIG. 14 . Estimation of Mutant JAK2 Allelic Copies in Nucleic Acid Samples Containing More than 50% Mutated Target Sequences 
     Four nucleic acid samples containing more than 50% mutant JAK2 plasmid in wild-type background (respectively 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%) were diluted 1:5 and analyzed using the “LAMP stem-loop primer with PNA” assay, together with three calibrators consisting of 100%, 10% and 1% JAK2 mutant plasmids in wild-type background. For all the four samples, the threshold amplification minute was comprised between the min(t) of the calibrator 100% and the min(t) of calibrator 10%. 
       FIG. 15 . Estimation of Mutant JAK2 Allelic Copies in Nucleic Acid Samples Containing Less than 50% Mutated Target Sequences 
     Four nucleic acid samples containing 50% or less mutant JAK2 plasmid in wild-type background (respectively 40%, 30% and 20%) were diluted 1:5 and analyzed using the “LAMP stem-loop primer with PNA” assay, together with three calibrators consisting of 100%, 10% and 1% JAK2 mutant plasmids in wild-type background. The amplification of the 50% sample diluted 1:5 occurred at the same threshold minute of the 10% calibrator sample. For the remaining three samples, the threshold amplification minute was comprised between the min(t) of the calibrator 10% and the min(t) of calibrator 1%. 
     The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     Example 1 
     Materials, Methods and Results of the JAK2-Modified-LAMP “Dumb-Bell Strategy” 
     Reagents 
     JAK2 plasmids were provided by the supplier GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany) and contained the wild-type or the mutant JAK2 sequence. In details:
         JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a G base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “wt plasmid”;   JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a T base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “mut plasmid”. Primers: synthesized by the supplier Eurofins MWG Operon (Ebersberg, Germany) referred to as “primers”:       

     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 10) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 GA211 (F3) 
                 5&#39; GTCAAACAACAATTCTTTGTACT 3&#39;; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 11) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 GA212 (B3) 
                 5&#39; AGCTGTGATCCTGAAACTG 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 12) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 GA216(FIP) 
                 5&#39;AATATACTCCATAATTTAAAACCAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTTTCTTTCTTTGAAGCAGCAAGT 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 13) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 GA220(BIP) 
                 5&#39;TTTTGTGGAGACGAGAGTAAGTAAAACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACATAAACAAAAACAGATGCTCTGA 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 14) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 GA221 (LF) 
                 5&#39; GTGAGAAAGCTTGCTCATCAT 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 15) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 GA222 (LB) 
                 5&#39; AGGCTTTCTAATGCCTTTC 3&#39; 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Reaction buffer: 100 mM; Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 50 mM KCl, 40 mM MgSO4, 50 mM (NH4)2SO4, 0.5% Tween, 5% DMSO “buffer 5×” 
     dNTPs mix 25 mM (Fermentas), “dNTPs” 
     Bst Large Fragment polymerase 8 U/ul (New England Biolabs), “Polymerase” Sterile apyrogen water (SALF Spa), “ddw” 
     Procedure 
     Sample Preparation 
     Prepare reaction mix as follows: 0.2 μM outer primers (F3 and B3), 1.6 μM inner primers (FIP and BIP), 0.8 uM loop primers (LF and LB), 1× buffer solution, 1.4 mM dNTPs mix, 8 U Bst Polymerase. Final volume of the reaction mix must be ⅘ of the total reaction volume (i.e. 20 μl reaction mix+5 μl sample). Always keep reagents on ice. Prepare the mix for at least 17 samples, comprising 3 negative control (7e3 cps/ul wild-type plasmid), 12 positive control (3 samples 7e3 cps/ul mutant plasmid, 3 samples 7e2 cps/ul mutant plasmid, 3 samples 7e1 cps/ul mutant plasmid, 3 samples 7e0 cps/ul mutant plasmid), 1 no-target control. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 sample mix composition 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample tube 
                 1-3 
                 4-6 
                 7-9 
                 10-12 
                 13-15 
                 16-19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Target to be 
                 Wt 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                   
               
               
                 add (5 μl) 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                   
               
               
                   
                 7e3 cps/ 
                 7e3 cps/ 
                 7e2 cps/ 
                 7e1 cps/ 
                 7e0 cps/ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 μl 
                 μl 
                 μl 
                 μl 
                 μl 
                   
               
               
                 GA 211 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA 212 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA 221 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 GA 221 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 GA 216 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 GA 220 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Buffer 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 LAMP 5x 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bst Polymerase 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 8 U/μl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 dNTPs 25 mM 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Ddw to 20 μl 
                 13.18 
                 13.18 
                 13.18 
                 13.18 
                 13.18 
                 13.18 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Dispense 20 μl of reaction mix in the strip. Keep the strips on ice. Always keep the reaction mix on ice from now on. 
     Prepare serial dilutions of the target (“target dilutions”) from shipped solution (WT plasmid and MUT plasmid). Shipped solution is a 7*10 10  copies/μl. Dilute initially the mutant plasmid to a 7*10 4  copies/μl in Tris 10 mM, then dilute serially to 7e3 cps/μl, 7e2 cps/μl, 7e1 cps/μl and 7e0 cps/μl in Tris 10 mM. Dilute the WT plasmid to 7*10 3  copies/μl in Tris 10 mM. 
     Add 5 μl of target dilutions to the strips, in triplicate. Add 5 μl of the target dilutions starting from the less concentrated to the highest concentrated sample. Close all the tubes. 
     Reaction 
     The reaction follows the method scheme of  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     Program the turbidimeter (Teramecs) for incubation at constant temperature and real time monitoring of turbidity, in order to obtain a constant reaction temperature of 66° C. for 1 hour. 
     Put the strips in the instrument immediately before the beginning of the programs. Start the program. 
     Data Analysis 
     Analyze the variation of absorbance in terms of a.u. (arbitrary units of absorbance) to find the threshold time for each sample analyzed. The threshold time is the minute at which the sample absorbance, after baseline subtraction, reaches the arbitrary unit value representing the threshold (in this case 0.1 a.u.). The threshold time reached by each samples is correlated with its Log of DNA copies/μl. 
     Results 
     The “LAMP JAK2 Dumb-bell” strategy is based on the Eiken LAMP method for SNP detection (described in EP 1231281, 20, 21, 22. 
     In the present assay set-up illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the F1c and B1c oligonucleotides contained in the FIP and BIP inner primers are complementary to non-overlapping sequences of the JAK2 gene which ends and starts respectively one base upstream and one base downstream the nucleotide of interest at, position 1849 from the start codon in the JAK2 coding sequence. Furthermore, the 5′ end base of the FIP and BIP primers is specific for the mutated T nucleotide in the JAK2 sequence and both inner primers have a mismatched base at the third base from the 3′ end. When the reaction contains the wild-type target allele and a dumb-bell structure is formed, the mutant specific, F1c and B1c sequences do not anneal at the 3′ end blocking any further amplification. Differently, if the mutant target allele is present in solution, the mutant specific F1c and B1c sequences hybridize perfectly to the complementary nucleic acid target region and are extended by the DNA polymerase. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , decreasing mutant plasmid concentrations were detected by the LAMP assay ranging from 7e3 cps/μl to 7e0 cps/μl (35 copies tot mutant plasmid). At low concentrations of the target nucleic acid sequence, this LAMP assay set-up could not discriminate between mutant and wild-type plasmids which are indeed amplified at a concentration of 7e3 cps/μl. Since a selectivity value lower than 1% is required in order to overcome the limitations of the assay methods previously described in literature, no clear advantage was gained with the present approach. 
     Example 2 
     Materials, Methods and Results of the JAK2-Modified-LAMP “Allele Specific Loop Primer Extension” Strategy 
     Reagents
         JAK2 plasmids were synthesized by the supplier GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany) to contain the wild-type or the mutant JAK2 sequence. In details:   JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a G base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “wt plasmid”;   JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a T base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “mut plasmid”. Primers: synthesized by Eurofins MWG Operon, referred to as “primers”:       

     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 16) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 JAKR5 (F3) 
                 5&#39; TCTATAGTCATGCTGAAAGTAGGAG 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 17) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 JAKR2 (B3) 
                 5&#39; AAGGCATTAGAAAGCCTGTAGT 3&#39;  
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 18) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 JAKR7 (FIP) 
                 5&#39;ACAAAGAATTGTTGTTTGACTGTTGTCCA 
               
               
                   
                 TTGCATCTTTATTATGGCAGAGAGAA3&#39; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 19) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 JAKR8 (BIP) 
                 5&#39; AGTCTTTCTTTGAAGCAGCAAGTATGAT 
               
               
                   
                 GTTACTTACTCTCGTCTCCACAGA 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 20) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 JAKR9 (LB) 
                 5&#39; AGCATTTGGTTTTAAATTATGGAGTA G GT T  3&#39;. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The underlined base corresponds to a mismatched nucleotide; the bold base corresponds to the mutated nucleotide at position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon of the JAK2 coding sequence. 
     Reaction buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 50 mM KCl, 40 mM MgSO4, 50 mM (NH4)2SO4, 0.5% Tween, “buffer 5×” 
     dNTPs mix 25 mM (Fermentas), “dNTPs” 
     Bst Large Fragment polymerase 8 U/ul (New England Biolabs), “Polymerase” 
     Sterile apyrogen water (SALF Spa), “ddw” 
     Procedure 
     Sample Preparation 
     Stock the primers in aliquots. It is better to store stock solutions at −20° C., while working dilutions should be stored at 4° C. 
     Prepare reaction mix as follows: 0.2 μM outer primers (F3 and B3), 1.6 μM inner primers (FIP and BIP), 0.8 uM loop primer (LB), 1× buffer solution, 1.4 mM dNTPs mix, 8 U Bst Polymerase. Final volume of the reaction mix must be ⅘ of the total reaction volume (i.e. 20 μl reaction mix+5 μl sample). Always keep reagents on ice. Prepare the mix for at least 14 samples, comprising 3 negative controls (7e3 cps/ul wild-type plasmid), 9 positive control (3 samples 7e3 cps/ul mutant plasmid, 3 samples 7e2 cps/ul mutant plasmid, 3 samples 7e1 cps/ul mutant plasmid) 1 no-target control. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 sample mix composition 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample tube 
                 1-3 
                 4-6 
                 7-9 
                 10-12 
                 13-15 
                 16-19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Target to be 
                 Wt 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                   
               
               
                 add (5 μl) 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                   
               
               
                   
                 7e3  
                 7e3  
                 7e2  
                 7e1  
                 7e0  
                   
               
               
                   
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                   
               
               
                 JAKR5 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 JAKR2 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 JAKR7 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 JAKR8 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 JAKR9 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Buffer 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 LAMP 10x 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bst Polymerase 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 8 U/μl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 dNTPs 25 mM 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Ddw to 20 μl 
                 14 
                 14 
                 14 
                 14 
                 14 
                 14 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Dispense 20 μl of reaction mix in the strip. Keep the strips on ice. Always keep the reaction mix on ice from now on. 
     Prepare serial dilutions of the target (“target dilutions”) from shipped solution (WT plasmid and MUT plasmid). Shipped solution is a 7*10 10  copies/μl. Dilute initially the mutant plasmid to a 7*10 4  copies/μl in Tris 10 mM, then dilute serially to 7e3 cps/μl, 7e2 cps/μl, 7e1 cps/μl in Tris 10 mM. Dilute the WT plasmid to 7*10 3  copies/μl in Tris 10 mM. Add 5 μl of target dilutions to the strips, in triplicate. Add 5 μl of the target dilutions starting from the less concentrated to the highest concentrated sample. Close all the tubes. 
     Reaction 
     The reaction follows the method scheme of  FIG. 3 . 
     Program the turbidimeter (Teramecs) for incubation at constant temperature and real time monitoring of turbidity in order to obtain a constant reaction temperature of 65° C. for 1 hour. 
     Put the strips in the instrument immediately before the beginning of the programs. Start the program. 
     Data Analysis 
     Analyze the variation of absorbance in terms of a.u. to find the threshold time for each sample analyzed. The threshold time is the minute at which the sample absorbance, after baseline subtraction, reaches the arbitrary unit value representing the threshold (in this case 0.1 a.u.). The threshold time reached by each samples is correlated with its 
     Log of DNA copies/μl. 
     Results 
     The present approach consists in the selective amplification of a mutant sequence by using a mutant-specific loop primer ( FIG. 3 ). We designed a universal (mutant insensitive) set of primers including the F3, B3, FIP and BIP oligonucleotides to obtain a dumb-bell structure presenting the putative mutation in the loop region comprised between B2 and B1c. In addition, we designed a loop primer presenting the last base at the 3′ end complementary to the mutated nucleotide T at position 1849 of the JAK2 coding sequence and a mismatched base in the third base from the 3′ end. If the reaction contains the WT target sequence, the 3′ end of the mutant-specific loop primer does not anneal to the complementary nucleotide thus resulting in no amplification. Differently, if JAK2 mutant sequences are present in solution, the mutant-specific loop primer hybridizes perfectly to the complementary sequence and is extended by the DNA polymerase. 
     Assay evaluation was performed on mutant plasmid samples at concentrations ranging from 7e3 cps/μl to 7e1 cps/μl (35000 and 350 copies tot mutant plasmid) and on a WT sample containing 7e3 plasmid cps/μl, all tested samples in triplicate. With the present method unspecific amplification was detected for the WT plasmid sample at 7e3 cps/μl and mutant and wild-type samples at 7e1 cps/μl concentrations could not be discriminated. Since a selectivity value lower than 1% is required in order to overcome the limitations of the assay methods previously described in literature, no clear advantage was gained with the present approach ( FIG. 7 ). 
     Example 3 
     Materials, Methods and Results of the JAK2-Modified-LAMP “Stem-Loop Primer Strategy” 
     Reagents 
     JAK2 plasmids were synthesized by the supplier GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany) to contain the wild-type or the mutant JAK2 sequence. In details:
         JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a G base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “wt plasmid”;   JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a T base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “mut plasmid”.       

     Primers: synthesized by Eurofins MWG Operon, referred to as “primers”: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 3) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 GA231 (F3) 
                 5&#39; GCATCTTTATTATGGCAGAGAG 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 4) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 GA232 (B3) 
                 5&#39; TGCTCTGAGAAAGGCATTA 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 5) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 GA233 (FIP) 
                 5&#39; GCTGCTTCAAAGAAAGACTAAGGA 
               
               
                   
                 AATGGACAACAGTCAAACAAC 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 6) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 GA234 (BIP) 
                 5&#39;GCTTTCTCACAAGCATTTGGTTTTA 
               
               
                   
                 AATTAGCCTGTAGTTTTACTTACTCTC 3&#39; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 7) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 GA236 (LB) 
                 5&#39; GTCTCCACTGGAGTATGT T TCTGTGGAGAC 3&#39; 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     the underlined base corresponds to the wild-type nucleotide at position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon in the JAK2 coding sequence (GeneBank accession no NM_004972).
         ddC stands for not-extensible dideoxy-citosine.   GA236 (LB) 5′ GTCTCCACTGGAGTATGTTTCTGTGGAGAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:8)   the underlined base corresponds to the mutated nucleotide at position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon in the JAK2 coding sequence (GeneBank accession no NM_004972).       

     Reaction buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 50 mM KCl, 40 mM MgSO 4 , 50 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.5% Tween, “buffer 5×” 
     dNTPs mix 25 mM (Fermentas), “dNTPs” 
     Bst Large Fragment polymerase 8 U/ul (New England Biolabs), “Polymerase” 
     Sterile apyrogen water (SALF Spa), “ddw” 
     Procedure 
     Sample Preparation 
     Stock the primers in aliquots. It is better to store stock solutions at −20° C., while working dilutions should be stored at 4° C. 
     Prepare reaction mix as follows: 0.2 μM outer primers (F3 and B3), 1.6 μM inner primers (FIP and BIP), 0.8 uM both self-annealed loop primers (not-extensible LF and LB), 1× buffer solution, 1.4 mM dNTPs mix, 8 U Bst Polymerase. Final volume of the reaction mix must be ⅘ of the total reaction volume (i.e. 20 μl reaction mix+5 μl sample). Always keep reagents on ice. Prepare the mix for at least 26 samples, comprising 3 negative controls (100% wild-type plasmid, 7e3 cps/μl), 21 positive control (3 samples 100% mutant plasmid (7e3 cps/μl), 3 samples 75% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 50% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 25% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 10% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 5% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 1% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid), and one no target control. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 sample mix composition 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample tube 
                 1-3 
                 4-6 
                 7-9 
                 10-12 
                 13-15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Target to be 
                 Wt 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
               
               
                 add (5 μl) 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
               
               
                   
                 7e3  
                 7e3  
                 5.25e3  
                 3.5e3  
                 1.75e3  
               
               
                   
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl, 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WT 
                 WT 
                 WT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1.75e3 
                 3.5e3 
                 5.25e3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
               
               
                 GA231 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA232 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA233 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 GA234 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 GA235 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 GA236 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Buffer 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 LAMP 10x 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bst Polymerase 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 8 U/μl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 dNTPs 25 mM 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Ddw to 20 μl 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Dispense 20 μl of reaction mix in the strip. Keep the strips on ice. Always keep the reaction mix on ice from now on. 
     Prepare serial dilutions of the target (“target dilutions”) from shipped solution (WI plasmid and MUT plasmid). Shipped solution is a 7*10 10  copies/μl. Dilute initially the mutant plasmid to a 7*10 4  copies/μl in Tris 10 mM, then dilute serially the mutant plasmid in WT plasmid to obtain the following concentrations of mutant sequences in wild-type background: 75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, 1% (total amount per tube, 7e3 cps/μl). 
     Add 5 μl of target dilutions to the strips, in triplicate. Add 5 μl of the target dilutions starting from the less concentrated to the highest concentrated sample. Close all the tubes. 
     Reaction 
     The reaction follows the method scheme of  FIG. 4 . 
     Program the turbidimeter (Teramecs) for incubation at constant temperature and real time monitoring of turbidity, in order to obtain a constant reaction temperature of 65° C. for 1 hour. 
     Put the strips in the instrument immediately before the beginning of the programs. Start the program. 
     Data Analysis 
     Analyze the variation of absorbance in terms of a.u. to find the threshold time for each sample analyzed. The threshold time is the minute at which the sample absorbance, after baseline subtraction, reaches the arbitrary unit value representing the threshold (in this case 0.1 a.u.). The threshold time reached by each samples is correlated with its Log of DNA copies/μl. 
     Results 
     The present approach consists in the selective amplification of a mutant sequence based on a particular loop primer design resulting in selective hybridization of such loop primer to the dumb-bell formed from the mutant sequence ( FIG. 4 ). We designed a universal (mutant insensitive) set of primers including the F3, B3, FIP and BIP oligonucleotides to obtain a dumb-bell structure presenting the putative mutation in the loop region comprised between B1 and B2. No major differences were detected when performing such experiments on alternative sequences containing the putative mutated nucleotide in the loop region within B2 or between B2 and B1c. We included in the primer set a particular loop primer presenting a 8-bases sequence region at its 5′ end complementary to its own sequence at the 3′ end. Consequently, this special loop primer forms an intra-molecular hairpin structure which is in equilibrium with its open form at the reaction temperature (65° C.). 
     When the mutated JAK2 sequence is present in the sample, such modified loop primer breaks its internal structure to hybridize to the complementary target sequence, according to the thermodynamic equilibrium (Tm between primer and specific target=65° C.). The loop primer hybridized to the specific mutated target is then extended by the polymerase and the amplification can further proceed. As additional feature, the loop primer specific for the JAK2 G→T mutation presents a Tm with the wild-type target sequence (59° C.) lower than the intra-molecular hairpin structure (65° C.). Thus, in a sample containing the JAK2 WT sequence, such difference in Tm values results in auto-sequestration of the modified loop primer that prefers to fold in the hairpin structure rather than to form a duplex with the unspecific target, since the intramolecular forces are higher than the intermolecular ones. 
     To limit the competition of this loop primer for the wild-type sequences likely to be present in large excess in the clinical sample, we included in the reaction set-up a second loop primer with analogous structure and containing a nucleotide sequence complementary to the JAK2 wild-type sequence, i.e. with G base at position 1849 from the start codon (GeneBank accession no NM_004972). 
     The 3′ end of this “competitor” loop primer is made not extensible by a modification (3′ dideoxy). The task of this competitor is to “silence” the WT sequence thus enabling the specific mutant primer to find its target. 
     When the “competitor” primer recognizes the complementary wild-type sequence, it breaks its intramolecular structure to hybridize to the WT target, according to the higher affinity (Tm of the duplex formed by the WT target and the WT modified loop primer=67° C.). The loop primer hybridized to the WT target is not extensible, resulting in no amplification of the wild-type sequences. Since the reaction is conducted at constant temperature, the WT-specific stem-loop primer stays attached to the wild-type sequences thus preventing the unspecific hybridization of the MUT loop primer. 
     In contrast to the mutant-specific loop primer, the “competitor” primer presents a Tm with the mutant target sequence (62° C.) lower than the intra-molecular hairpin structure formed with itself (65° C.). Thus the higher intramolecular forces compared to the intermolecular ones cause the auto-sequestration of the modified stem-loop primer that prefers to fold in the hairpin structure rather than to form a duplex with the mutant target sequence. 
     The selectivity of the present assay was evaluated by performing the target sequence amplification on serial dilutions of mutant plasmid in wild-type background ( FIG. 8 ). The achieved selectivity is significantly less than 1% (350 copies tot mutant plasmid in 34650 copies of WT plasmid) indicating a higher performance than the assays previously described in literature. 
     Assay linearity is detected between 100% mutant plasmid (35000 cps) and 1% mutant in 99% wild-type plasmids (350 copies tot mutant plasmid in 34650 copies of WT plasmid) thus allowing the detection and quantification of low percentage of mutant sequences in large amount of WT plasmids. Therefore, a significant improvement has been achieved with such implemented LAMP approach. 
     Example 4 
     Materials, Methods and Results of the JAK2-Modified-LAMP “Stem-Loop Primer Strategy with PNA” 
     Reagents 
     JAK2 plasmids were synthesized by the supplier GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany) to contain the wild-type or the mutant JAK2 sequence. In details:
         JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a G base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “wt plasmid”;   JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a T base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “mut plasmid”. Primers: synthesized by Eurofins MWG Operon, referred to as “primers”:   GA231 (F3) 5′ GCATCTTTATTATGGCAGAGAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:3)   GA232 (B3) 5′ TGCTCTGAGAAAGGCATTA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:4)   GA233 (FIP) 5′ GCTGCTTCAAAGAAAGACTAAGGAAATGGACAACAGTCAAACAAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:5)   GA234 (BIP) 5′GCTTTCTCACAAGCATTTGGTTTTAAATTAGCCTGTAGTTTTACTTACTCTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:6)   GA236 (LB) 5′ GTCTCCACTGGAGTATGT T TCTGTGGAGAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:8)       

     The underlined base corresponds to the mutated nucleotide at position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon in the JAK2 coding sequence (GeneBank accession no NM_004972). 
     PNA: synthesized by Eurogentec, referred to as “PNA” GM43  NH2 GAGTATGT G TCTGTGGA COOH  (SEQ ID NO:9.) 
     The underlined base corresponds to the wild-type nucleotide at position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon in the JAK2 coding sequence (GeneBank accession no NM_004972). 
     Reaction buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 50 mM KCl, 40 mM MgSO4, 50 mM 
     (NH4)2SO4, 0.5% Tween, “buffer 5×” 
     dNTPs mix 25 mM (Fermentas), “dNTPs” 
     Bst Large Fragment polymerase 8 U/μl (New England Biolabs), “Polymerase” 
     Sterile apyrogen water (SALF Spa), “ddw” 
     Procedure 
     Sample Preparation 
     Stock the primers in aliquots. It is better to store stock solutions at −20° C., while working dilutions should be stored at 4° C. 
     Prepare reaction mix as follows: 0.2 μM outer primers (F3 and B3), 1.6 μM inner primers (FIP and BIP), 0.8 uM self-annealed loop primer specific for mutant JAK2 (LB), 0.8 uM PNA, 1× buffer solution, 1.4 mM dNTPs mix, 8 U Bst Polymerase. Final volume of the reaction mix must be ⅘ of the total reaction volume (i.e. 20 μl reaction mix+5 μl sample). Always keep reagents on ice. Prepare the mix for at least 23 samples, comprising 3 negative controls (100% wild-type plasmid, 7e4 cps/μl), 18 positive control (3 samples 100% mutant plasmid, 3 samples 1% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 0.5% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 0.1% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 0.05% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 0.01% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid (total amount of DNA 7e4 cps/μl)), and one no target control. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 sample mix composition 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample tube 
                 1-3 
                 4-6 
                 7-9 
                 10-12 
                 13-15 
                 16-19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Target to be 
                 Wt 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
               
               
                 add (5 μl) 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
               
               
                   
                 7e4 
                 7e4  
                 7e3  
                 3.5e2 
                 7e1  
                 3.5e1 
               
               
                   
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl, 
                 cps/μl, 
                 cps/μl, 
                 cps/μl, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WT 
                 WT 
                 WT 
                 WT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 6.93e4 
                 6.65e4 
                 6.993e4 
                 6.9965e4 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
               
               
                 GA231 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA232 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA233 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 GA234 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 PNA 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 GA236 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Buffer 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 LAMP 10x 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bst Polymerase 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 8 U/μl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 dNTPs 25 mM 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Ddw to 20 μl 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Dispense 20 μl of reaction mix in the strip. Keep the strips on ice. Always keep the reaction mix on ice from now on. 
     Prepare serial dilutions of the target (“target dilutions”) from shipped solution (WT plasmid and MUT plasmid). Shipped solution is a 7*10 10  copies/μl. Dilute initially the mutant plasmid to a 7*10 4  copies/μl in Tris 10 mM, then dilute serially the mutant plasmid in WT plasmid to obtain the following concentrations of mutant sequences in wild-type background: 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01% (total amount per tube, 7e4 cps/μl). 
     Add 5 μl of target dilutions to the strips, in triplicate. Add 5 μl of the target dilutions starting from the less concentrated to the highest concentrated sample. Close all the tubes. 
     Reaction 
     The reaction follows the method scheme of  FIG. 5 . 
     Program the turbidimeter (Teramecs) for incubation at constant temperature and real time monitoring of turbidity in order to obtain a constant reaction temperature of 65° C. for 1 hour. 
     Put the strips in the instrument immediately before the beginning of the programs. Start the program. 
     Data Analysis 
     Analyze the variation of absorbance in terms of a.u. to find the threshold time for each sample analyzed. The threshold time is the minute at which the sample absorbance, after baseline subtraction, reaches the arbitrary unit value representing the threshold (in this case 0.1 a.u.): The threshold time reached by each samples is correlated with its Log of DNA copies/μl. 
     Results 
     This approach consists in the selective amplification of a mutant sequence based on a particular loop primer design resulting in selective hybridization of such loop primer to the dumb-bell formed from the mutant sequence ( FIG. 5 ). We designed a universal (mutant insensitive) set of primers including the F3, B3, FIP and BIP oligonucleotides to obtain a dumb-bell presenting the putative mutated nucleotide in the loop region comprised between B1 and B2. No major differences were detected when performing such experiments on alternative sequences containing the putative mutated nucleotide in the loop region within B2 or between B2 and B1c. We included in the primer set a particular loop primer presenting a 8-bases sequence region at its 5′ end complementary to its own sequence at the 3′ end. Consequently, this special loop primer forms an intra-molecular hairpin structure which is in equilibrium with its open form at the reaction temperature (65° C.). 
     When the mutated JAK2 sequence is present in the sample, such modified loop primer breaks its internal structure to hybridize to the complementary target sequence, according to the thermodynamic equilibrium (Tm between primer and specific target=65° C.). The loop primer hybridized to the specific mutated target is then extended by the polymerase and the amplification can further proceed. As additional feature, the loop primer specific for the JAK2 G→T mutation presents a Tm with the wild-type target sequence (59° C.) lower than the intra-molecular hairpin structure (65° C.). Thus, in a sample containing the JAK2 WT sequence, such difference in Tm values results in auto-sequestration of the modified loop primer that prefers to fold in the hairpin structure rather than to form a duplex with the unspecific target, since the intramolecular forces are higher than the intermolecular ones. 
     To further increase the discrimination capability of the LAMP system based on selective stem-loop primer, we added to the reaction mix a Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA). 
     PNAs are non-extensible and not-displaceable oligonucleotides where the ribose-phosphate backbone is replaced by (2-minoethyl)-glycine units linked by amide bonds. Each base pairing DNA/PNA contributes to the stability of the duplex structure more than a regular base pairing DNA/DNA. Therefore a single mismatch in a PNA/DNA duplex results in a significant difference in Tm. A PNA probe fully complementary to the WT sequence of the JAK2 gene prevents the hybridization and extension of the mutant-specific stem-loop primer, suppressing the unspecific amplification of the wild-type sequence. In presence of a single mismatch, the PNA does not inhibit loop primer hybridization, which leads to amplification. Therefore PNA can be used to selectively block the WT sequence present in the sample. 
     The PNA is designed to be complementary to the loop region comprised between B2 and B1c presenting the wild-type G nucleotide. It forms a stable duplex only with the WT complementary sequence (Tm 65.7° C.), preventing the hybridization and extension of the mutant-specific stem-loop primer and therefore suppressing the amplification of the wild-type sequence. The PNA does not hybridize to the mutated JAK2 sequence because of the lower affinity (Tm=56° C.). 
     The efficiency of the PNA as a wild-type amplification clamp was assessed by comparing the performance of amplification reactions carried out with and without the PNA on 7e3 cps/ul wild-type and mutant plasmid samples ( FIG. 9 ). Amplification curve analysis revealed that the presence of the PNA leaded to a one-hour delay in the unspecific amplification of the WT plasmid by the mutant-specific stem-loop primer and to 5 minutes delay in the specific amplification of the mutant plasmid. Conversely, in the absence of PNA the non-specific amplification of the WT plasmid by the the mutant-specific stem-loop primer occurred with only 5 minutes delay compared to the specific mutated target sequence. The observed delay in wild-type amplification is explained by the formation of a stable duplex between the PNA and the WT complementary sequence thus preventing the unspecific hybridization and extension of the mutant-specific stem-loop primer. 
     To determine the selectivity of this LAMP assay format, amplification reactions were performed on serial dilutions of mutant plasmid in wild-type background ( FIG. 10 ). Since the achieved selectivity is less than 0.01% (35 copies tot mutant plasmid in 34965 copies of WT plasmid), the present approach shows higher selectivity than the assays described in the prior art, about 3 Logs higher in respect to direct sequencing, RFLP and pyrosequencing and about 2 Logs in respect to ARMS, Real-Time techniques and DNA-melting curve analysis. 
     In summary, the present LAMP assay format represents a significant improvement in respect to the strategies previously described in this document and detection methods illustrated in literature: i) the unspecific amplification of the WT sample (350000 cps WT plasmid) is delayed of about one-hour, ii) the specific amplification of the mutant target is detected down to 0.01% mutant sequences in wild-type (35 copies tot mutant plasmid in 349965 copies of WT plasmid) iii) assay selectivity is about 2 Logs higher than the selectivity of other approaches described in literature, iv) assay linearity is down to 0.1% mutant sequences (350 copies tot mutant plasmid in 349650 copies of WT plasmid), thus enabling the detection and quantification of low percentage of mutant alleles in a large excess of wild-type DNA. 
     Example 5 
     LAMP “Stem-Loop Primer with PNA” on Clinical Samples: Comparison with ARMs 
     A total of 29 samples of DNA extracted from patients at Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo were analyzed using the JAK2 LAMP “stem-loop primer with PNA” strategy, as, described in the EXAMPLE 4. The obtained results were compared with the data obtained at the Hospital using the ARMs technology. The ARMS exploits the fact that oligonucleotide primers must be perfectly annealed at their 3′ ends for a DNA polymerase to extend these primers during PCR. By designing oligonucleotide primers that match at the 3′ end the specific JAK2 point mutation, ARMS can distinguish between wild-type and mutant alleles. 
     As shown in Table 5, the LAMP assay detected as positive all the samples previously diagnosed as such by ARMS. Out of 15 samples resulted negative by ARMS, 11 were diagnosed as negative by LAMP and 4 as low positive. To exclude that these 4 discordant samples were false positive in the LAMP assay and to confirm that the mutation diagnosis was due to the higher selectivity of the implemented LAMP method, we tested the discordant samples using a third assay. Such assay was based on the amplification of the JAK2 region of interest by PCR in presence of the PNA molecule complementary to the wild-type target with the purpose to enrich the mutated base, if present, by suppression of the wild-type sequence amplification via PNA clamping. If a 20% sample enrichment of the mutant allele is achieved, the altered sequence can be detected by a direct-sequencing approach. The primers (GA231 forward and GA232 reverse) and the PNA were as previously described (Example 4). The amplification was performed in 1× reaction buffer containing 2.5 mM MgCl 2 , 200 μM dNTPs, 500 nM forward and reverse primers, 1.5M PNA and 0.025 U Taq Gold in a final volume of 45 μl. A volume of 5 μl target sequence (20 ng/μl) was added to the reaction mix and the solution was incubated in a thermocycler, following a thermal program consisting in 10 min at 95° C. followed by 35 cycles of 30 sec at 94° C., 40 sec at 62° C. cycles, 30 sec at 58° C. and 30 sec at 72° C. and finishing with 10 min at 72° C. for the final extension. The four discordant clinical samples, one no-target control sample and a positive and negative controls containing respectively the mutant and wild-type plasmid target were tested in duplicate. After the reaction, the amplification products were separated on an agarose gel and visualized using EtBr. No amplification was detected for the no-target control; a weak band was visible on the agarose gel for the negative control and a strong band for the positive control. The PCR products of the four clinical samples were subsequently analyzed via automatic-sequencing, all showing a double peak in position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon (GeneBank accession no NM_004972), corresponding respectively to the Guanine (wild-type) base and the Thymine (mutated) base. These results confirmed that the four discordant samples were correctly diagnosed as carrying the G→T base substitution by LAMP, while ARMS detected them as false negative. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LAMP self-annealed 
               
               
                   
                 sample 
                 ARMs 
                 loop primer with PNA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 PIGI 
                 − 
                 + (low) 
               
               
                   
                 PEVI 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 ACGI 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 BEMA 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 BILU 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 PAAN 
                 − 
                 + (low) 
               
               
                   
                 BOMA 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 OLIN 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 PALO 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 BOED 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 SAGE 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 BAGI 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 FEGI 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 BEAL 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 TALU 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 CAPI 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 SAGI 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 SAVGI 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 PECA 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 SCLU 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 BILU2 
                 − 
                 + (low) 
               
               
                   
                 NAGI 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 MAST 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 COSA 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 GUAL 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 COCL 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 PEMG 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 SABA 
                 − 
                 + (low) 
               
               
                   
                 ANPI 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 6 
     Fluorescent JAK2-Modified-LAMP “Stem-Loop Primer Strategy” 
     Reagents 
     JAK2 plasmids were synthesized by the supplier GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany) to contain the wild-type or the mutant JAK2 sequence. In details:
         JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a G base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “wt plasmid”;   JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a T base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “mut plasmid”. Primers: synthesized by Eurofins MWG Operon, referred to as “primers”:   GA231 (F3) 5′ GCATCTTTATTATGGCAGAGAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:3)   GA232 (B3) 5′ TGCTCTGAGAAAGGCATTA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:4)   GA233 (FIP) 5′ GCTGCTTCAAAGAAAGACTAAGGAAATGGACAACAGTCAAACAAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:5)   GA234 (BIP) 5′GCTTTCTCACAAGCATTTGGTTTTAAATTAGCCTGTAGTTTTACTTACTCTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:6)   GA236 (LB) 5′TAMRA-TGTCTCCACTGGAGTATGT T TCTGTGGAGAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:8)   The underlined base corresponds to the mutated nucleotide at position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon of the JAK2 coding sequence (GeneBank accession no NM_004972). The Thymine base in bold at the 5′ end has not a complementary base in the target sequence. It has been added to separate the fluorophore from the downstream Guanine base, which has a quenching effect.   GA235 (LF) 5′-5′GTCTCCACTGGAGTATGT G TCTGTGGAGAddC3′ (SEQ ID NO:7)       

     The underlined base corresponds to the wild-type nucleotide in position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon of the JAK2 coding sequence (GeneBank accession no NM_004972); ddC stands for not-extensible dideoxy-citosine. 
     Reaction buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 50 mM KCl, 40 mM MgSO4, 50 mM (NH4)2SO4, 0.5% Tween, “buffer 5×” 
     dNTPs mix 25 mM (Fermentas), “dNTPs” 
     Bst Large Fragment polymerase 8 U/μl (New England Biolabs), “Polymerase” 
     Sterile apyrogen water (SALF Spa), “ddw” 
     Procedure 
     Sample Preparation 
     Stock the primers in aliquots. It is better to store stock solutions at −20° C., while working dilutions should be stored at 4° C. 
     Prepare reaction mix as follows: 0.2 μM outer primers (F3 and B3), 1.6 μM inner primers (FIP and BIP), 0.8 μM fluorescent self-annealed loop primer specific for mutant JAK2 (LB), 0.8 μM self annealed not-extensible loop primer for wild-type JAK2 (LF), 1× buffer solution, 1.4 mM dNTPs mix, 8 U Bst Polymerase. Final volume of the reaction mix must be ⅘ of the total reaction volume (i.e. 20 μl reaction mix+5 μl sample). Always keep reagents on ice. Prepare the mix for at least 23 samples, comprising 3 negative controls (100% wild-type plasmid, 7e3 cps/μl), 18 positive control (3 samples 100% mutant plasmid, 3 samples 1% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 0.5% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 0.1% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 0.05% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 0.01% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, total amount of DNA 7e3 cps/μl), and one no target control. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 sample mix composition 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample tube 
                 1-3 
                 4-6 
                 7-9 
                 10-12 
                 13-15 
                 16-19 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Target to be 
                 Wt 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 Mut 
                 MUT 
               
               
                 add (5 μl) 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
               
               
                   
                 7e3  
                 7e3 
                 7e1  
                 3.5e1 
                 7e0  
                 3.5e0 
               
               
                   
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl, 
                 cps/μl, 
                 cps/μl, 
                 cps/μl, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WT 
                 WT 
                 WT 
                 WT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 6.93e3 
                 6.965e3 
                 6.993e3 
                 6.996e3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
                 cps/μl 
               
               
                 GA231 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA232 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA233 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 GA234 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 GA235 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 GA236 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Buffer 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 LAMP 10x 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bst Polymerase 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 8 U/μl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 dNTPs 25 mM 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Ddw to 20 μl 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Dispense 20 μl of reaction mix in the strip. Keep the strips on ice. Always keep the reaction mix on ice from now on. 
     Prepare serial dilutions of the target (“target dilutions”) from shipped solution (WT plasmid and MUT plasmid). Shipped solution is a 7*10 10  copies/μl. Dilute initially the mutant plasmid to a 7*10 4  copies/μl in Tris 10 mM, then dilute serially the mutant plasmid in WT plasmid to obtain the following concentrations of mutant sequences in wild-type background: 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01% (total amount per tube, 7e3 Cps/μl). 
     Add 5 μl of target dilutions to the strips, in triplicate. Add 5 μl of the target dilutions starting from the lowest to the highest concentrated sample. Close all the tubes. 
     Reaction 
     The reaction follows the method scheme of  FIG. 4 . 
     Program the real time instrument for incubation at constant temperature in order to obtain a constant reaction temperature of 65° C. for 1 hour. Program the real time instrument in order to obtain a fluorescence reading per minute. 
     Put the strips in the instrument immediately before the beginning of the programs. Start the program. 
     Data Analysis 
     The fluorescent self-annealed loop primer in reaction produces a fluorescent signal once it is excited by an appropriated wavelength-light emission. When the LAMP reaction proceeds, the fluorescent self-annealed loop primer hybridizes to the complementary target sequence being consequently incorporated in the amplification products. The fluorescent self-annealed loop primer is designed to be complementary to a sequence containing at least one Guanine nucleotide close to the 5′ end. The Guanine base can absorb the wavelength emitted by the fluorophore (TAMRA in our case), causing the quenching of the fluorescent signal. In this case the detection of target sequence amplification during the LAMP reaction is based on measuring the decrease of fluorescence signal in order to find a threshold time for each sample under analysis. The threshold time is the minute at which the reaction fluorescence signal reaches 50% of quenching. For each sample, the threshold time is correlated with the Log of DNA copies/μl. 
     Results 
     The present approach consists in the selective amplification of a mutant sequence based on a particular loop primer design resulting in selective hybridization of such loop primer to the dumb-bell formed from the mutant sequence ( FIG. 4 ). We designed a universal (mutant insensitive) set of primers including the F3, B3, FIP and BIP oligonucleotides to obtain a dumb-bell structure presenting the putative mutation in the loop region comprised between B1 and B2. No major differences were detected when performing such experiments on alternative sequences containing the putative mutated nucleotide in the loop region within B2 or between B2 and B1c. We included in the primer set a particular loop primer presenting a 8-bases sequence region at its 5′ end complementary to its own sequence at the 3′ end. Consequently, this special loop primer forms an intra-molecular hairpin structure which is in equilibrium with its open form at the reaction temperature (65° C.). 
     When the mutated JAK2 sequence is present in the sample, such modified loop primer breaks its internal structure to hybridize to the complementary target sequence, according to the thermodynamic equilibrium (Tm between primer and specific target=65° C.). The loop primer hybridized to the specific mutated target is then extended by the polymerase and the amplification can further proceed. As additional feature, the loop primer specific for the JAK2 G→T mutation presents a Tm with the wild-type target sequence (59° C.) lower than the intra-molecular hairpin structure (65° C.). Thus, in a sample containing the JAK2 WT sequence, such difference in Tm values results in auto-sequestration of the mutant-specific stem-loop primer that prefers to fold in the hairpin structure rather than to form a duplex with the unspecific target, since the intramolecular forces are higher than the intermolecular ones. 
     To limit the competition of this loop primer for the wild-type sequences likely to be present in large excess in the clinical sample, we included in the reaction set-up a second loop primer with analogous structure and containing a nucleotide sequence complementary to the JAK2 wild-type sequence, i.e. with G base at position 1849 from the start codon (GeneBank accession no NM_004972). 
     The 3′ end of this “competitor” loop primer is made not extensible by a modification (3′ dideoxy). The task of this competitor is to “silence” the wild-type sequence thus enabling the specific mutant primer to find its target. 
     When the “competitor” primer recognizes the specific wild-type sequence, it breaks its intramolecular structure to hybridize to the WT target, according to the higher affinity (Tm of the duplex formed by the WT target and the WT-specific stem-loop primer=67° C.). The stem-loop primer hybridized to the WT target is not extensible, resulting in no amplification of the wild-type sequences. Since the reaction is conducted at constant temperature, the WT-specific stem-loop primer stays attached to the wild-type allelic sequences thus preventing the unspecific hybridization of the MUT loop primer. In contrast to the mutant-specific stem-loop primer, the “competitor” primer presents a Tm with the mutant target sequence (62° C.) lower than the intra-molecular hairpin structure formed with itself (65° C.). Thus the higher intramolecular forces compared to the intermolecular ones cause the auto-sequestration of the modified loop primer that prefers to fold in the hairpin structure rather than to form a duplex with the mutant target sequence. 
     To follow the reaction on a real-time instrument, we labeled the 5′ end of the mutant-specific stem-loop primer with a FAM dye. To avoid the binding of the fluorophore to the Guanine base present at the 5′ end of the modified loop primer, which has a quenching effect, we added a Thymine base to the extremity of the oligonucleotide. The modified-labeled primer, when present in solution, emits a fluorescent signal if excited at the appropriate wavelength light. When the LAMP reaction starts and proceeds, the fluorescent stem-loop primer is incorporated in the amplification products. The Guanine bases present in the complementary nucleotide sequence can absorb the wavelength emitted by the fluorophore, causing a detectable quenching of the fluorescent signal in real-time. Therefore, the accumulation of amplification products can be monitored throughout the LAMP reaction by measuring the decrease in fluorescence signal caused by this “quenching effect”. 
     Example 7 
     Control LAMP Reaction 
     Reagents 
     JAK2 plasmids were synthesized by the supplier GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany) to contain the wild-type or the mutant JAK2 sequence. In details:
         JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a G base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “wt plasmid”;   JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a T base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “mut plasmid”. Primers: synthesized by Eurofins MWG Operon, referred to as “primers”:
           GA231 (F3) 5′ GCATCTTTATTATGGCAGAGAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:3)   GA232 (B3) 5′ TGCTCTGAGAAAGGCATTA 3′(SEQ ID NO:4)   GA233 (FIP) 5′ GCTGCTTCAAAGAAAGACTAAGGAAATGGACAACAGTCAAACAAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:5)   GA234 (BIP) 5′GCTTTCTCACAAGCATTTGGTITTAAATTAGCCTGTAGTTTTACTTACTCTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:6)   
               

     Reaction buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 50 mM KCl, 40 mM MgSO4, 50 mM (NH4)2SO4, 0.5% Tween, “buffer 5×” 
     dNTPs mix 25 mM (Fermentas), “dNTPs” 
     Bst Large Fragment polymerase 8 U/μl (New England Biolabs), “Polymerase” 
     Sterile apyrogen water (SALF Spa), “ddw” 
     Procedure 
     Sample Preparation 
     Stock the primers in aliquots. It is better to store stock solutions at −20° C., while working dilutions should be stored at 4° C. 
     Prepare reaction mix as follows: 0.2 μM outer primers (F3 and B3), 1.6 μM inner primers (FIP and BIP), 1× buffer solution, 1.4 mM dNTPs mix, 8 U Bst Polymerase. Final volume of the reaction mix must be ⅘ of the total reaction volume (i.e. 20 μl reaction mix+5 μl sample). Always keep reagents on ice. Prepare the mix for at least 23 samples, comprising 3 negative controls (100% wild-type plasmid, 7e3 cps/μl), 9 positive control (3 samples 100% mutant plasmid, 3 samples 10% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 1% mutant plasmid diluted in WT Plasmid) and One No Target control. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 sample mix composition 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample tube 
                 1-3 
                 4-6 
                 7-9 
                 10-12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Target to be 
                 WT 
                 MUT  
                 MUT plasmid 
                 MUT plasmid  
               
               
                 added (5 μl) 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 7e2 cps/μl,  
                 7e1 cps/μl,  
               
               
                   
                 7e3 cps/μl 
                 7e3 cps/μl 
                 WT plasmid  
                 WT plasmid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 6.3e2 cps/μl 
                 6.93e2 cps/μl 
               
               
                 GA231 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA232 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA233 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 GA234 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Buffer LAMP 10x 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Bst Polymerase 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 8 U/μl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 dNTPs 25 mM 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Ddw to 20 μl 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Dispense 20 μl of reaction mix in the strip. Keep the strips on ice. Always keep the reaction mix on ice from now on. 
     Prepare serial dilutions of the target (“target dilutions”) from shipped solution (WT plasmid and MUT plasmid). Shipped solution is a 7*10 10  copies/μl. Dilute initially the mutant plasmid to a 7*10 4  copies/μl in Tris 10 mM, then dilute serially the mutant plasmid in WT plasmid to obtain the following concentrations of mutant sequences in wild-type background: 10%, 1% (total amount per tube, 7e3 cps/μl). 
     Add 5 μl of target dilutions to the strips, in triplicate. Add 5 μl of the target dilutions starting from the lowest to the highest concentrated sample. Close all the tubes. 
     Reaction 
     The reaction follows the method scheme of  FIG. 11 . 
     Program the turbidimeter (Teramecs) for incubation at constant temperature and real time monitoring of turbidity in order to obtain a constant reaction temperature of 65° C. for 1 hour. 
     Put the strips in the instrument immediately before the beginning of the programs. Start the program. 
     Data Analysis 
     Analyze the variation of absorbance in terms of a.u. to find the threshold time for each sample analyzed. The threshold time is the minute at which the sample absorbance, after baseline subtraction, reaches the arbitrary unit value representing the threshold (in this case 0.1 a.u.). The threshold time reached by each samples is correlated with its Log of DNA copies/μl. 
     Results 
     The present approach consists in a mutant-insensitive amplification of the JAK2 gene sequence by using the F3, B3, FIP and BIP primers ( FIG. 11 ). We employed the same primer set described in the “EXAMPLE 4”, excluding the PNA and the mutant-specific stem-loop primer from the reaction mixture. The detection of target sequence amplification in the “LAMP control assay” is indicative of different quality parameters such as the correct base matching of primers to template, the efficient extension conditions and the absence of inhibitors in the reaction solution. Conversely, the absence or delay of nucleic acid sample amplification in the “LAMP control assay” highlights problems in the reaction set-up (i.e. buffer composition, temperature, primers quality, . . . ) or the presence of an inhibitor in the reaction mixture. 
     To evaluate such assay control method, a clinical sample panel was analyzed in duplicate using both the LAMP assay specific for detecting the G→T mutation (EXAMPLE 4) and the “LAMP control assay”. When the target nucleic acid sequence is amplified in both assays, a validated result is obtained and the sample is considered bearing the V617F mutation. When the target nucleic acid sequence is amplified by the “LAMP control assay” and not by the “JAK2-modified-LAMP Stem-loop primer strategy with PNA”, again a validated result is obtained and the sample is diagnosed as a wild-type JAK2 sample. In the case of no target sequence amplification in the “LAMP control assay”, the analysis is to be considered not valid. 
     The evaluation of the “LAMP control assay” was performed on DNA plasmid samples containing respectively 7 e3 cps/μl wild-type and mutant plasmid and on samples containing 10% and 1% mutant plasmid in wild-type background, 35000 total copies ( FIG. 12 ). All tested nucleic acid samples showed comparable amplification efficiency thus indicating the absence of reaction inhibitors. 
     Example 8 
     Estimation of the Amount of Mutant JAK2 Sequences in a Sample Using the “LAMP Stem-Loop Primer with PNA” Assay 
     Reagents JAK2 plasmids were synthesized by the supplier GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany) to contain the wild-type or the mutant JAK2 sequence. In details:
         JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a G base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “wt plasmid”;   JAK2 plasmid which Insert corresponds to the sequence 93249-93731 of SEQ ID NO:2, including a T base at nucleotide 93526, referred to as “mut plasmid”.       

     Primers: synthesized by Eurofins MWG Operon, referred to as “primers”:
         GA231 (F3) 5′ GCATCTTTATTATGGCAGAGAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:3)   GA232 (B3) 5′ TGCTCTGAGAAAGGCATTA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:4)   GA233 (FIP) 5′ GCTGCTTCAAAGAAAGACTAAGGAAATGGACAACAGTCAAACAAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:5)   GA234 (BIP) 5′GCTTTCTCACAAGCATTTGGTTTTAAATTAGCCTGTAGTTTTACTTACTCTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:6)   GA236 (LB) 5′ GTCTCCACTGGAGTATGT T TCTGTGGAGAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:8)       

     The underlined base corresponds to the mutated nucleotide at position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon in JAK2 coding sequence (GeneBank accession no NM_004972). PNA: Eurogentec, referred to as “PNA” GM43  NH2 GAGTATGT G TCTGTGGA COOH  (SEQ ID NO:9) 
     The underlined base corresponds to the wild-type nucleotide at position 1849 from the ATG initiation codon in the JAK2 coding sequence (GeneBank accession no NM_004972). 
     Reaction buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 50 mM KCl, 40 mM MgSO4, 50 mM (NH4)2SO4, 0.5% Tween, “buffer 5×” 
     dNTPs mix 25 mM (Fermentas), “dNTPs” 
     Bst Large Fragment polymerase 8 U/μl (New England Biolabs), “Polymerase” 
     Sterile apyrogen water (SALF Spa), “ddw” 
     Procedure 
     Sample Preparation 
     Stock the primers in aliquots. It is better to store stock solutions at −20° C., while working dilutions should be stored at 4° C. 
     Prepare reaction mix as follows: 0.2 μM outer primers (F3 and B3), 1.6 μM inner primers (FIP and BIP), 0.8 uM self-annealed loop primer specific for mutant JAK2 (LB), 0.8 uM PNA, 1× buffer solution, 1.4 mM dNTPs mix, 8 U Bst Polymerase. Final volume of the reaction mix must be ⅘ of the total reaction volume (i.e. 20 μl reaction mix+5 μl sample). Always keep reagents on ice. Prepare the mix for at least 23 samples, including 3 negative controls (100% wild-type plasmid, 7e3 cps/μl), 9 positive calibrator controls (3 samples 100% mutant plasmid, 3 samples 10% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid, 3 samples 1% mutant plasmid diluted in WT plasmid) and one no target control. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 sample mix composition 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample tube 
                 1-3 
                 4-6 
                 7-9 
                 10-12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Target to be 
                 WT  
                 MUT  
                 MUT plasmid 
                 MUT plasmid  
               
               
                 added (5 μl) 
                 plasmid 
                 plasmid 
                 7e2cps/μl  
                 7e1 cps/μl,  
               
               
                   
                 7e3 cps/μl 
                 7e3 cps/μl 
                 WT plasmid  
                 WT plasmid  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 6.3e3 cps/μl 
                 6.93e3 cps/μl 
               
               
                 GA231 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA232 100 μM 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 GA233 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 GA234 100 μM 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 PNA 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 GA236 100 μM 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Buffer LAMP 10x 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Bst Polymerase 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 8 U/μl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 dNTPs 25 mM 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Ddw to 20 μl 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
                 13.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Dispense 20 μl of reaction mix in the strip. Keep the strips on ice. Always keep the reaction mix on ice from now on. 
     Prepare serial dilutions of the target (“target dilutions”) from shipped solution (WT plasmid and MUT plasmid). Shipped solution is a 7*10 10  copies/μl. Dilute initially the mutant plasmid to a 7*10 4  copies/μl in Tris 10 mM, then dilute serially the mutant plasmid in WT plasmid to obtain the following concentrations of mutant sequences in wild-type background: 10%, 1% (total amount per tube, 7e3 cps/μl). 
     Add 5 μl of target dilutions to the strips, in triplicate. Add 5 μl of the target dilutions starting from the less concentrated to the highest concentrated sample. Close all the tubes. 
     Reaction 
     The reaction follows the method scheme of  FIG. 5 . 
     Program the turbidimeter (Teramecs) for incubation at constant temperature and real time monitoring of turbidity in order to obtain a constant reaction temperature of 65° C. for 1 hour. 
     Put the strips in the instrument immediately before the beginning of the programs. Start the program. 
     Data Analysis 
     Analyze the variation of absorbance in terms of a.u. to find the threshold time for each sample analyzed. The threshold time is the minute at which the sample absorbance, after baseline subtraction, reaches the arbitrary unit value representing the threshold (in this case 0.1 a.u.). The threshold time reached by each samples is correlated with its Log of DNA copies/μl. 
     Results 
     A subset of patients are homozygous for the JAK2 V617F allele 1 . The mechanism of homozygosity results from mitotic recombination and duplication of the mutant allele, known as acquired uniparental disomy 1 . The heterozygosity or homozygosity of the JAK2 mutant allele is correlated with the prognosis, thus resulting in the importance of determining whether the amount of JAK2 mutant allelic copies in the sample is higher or lower than 50%. 
     According to the present approach, the unknown samples are analyzed as undiluted and 1:5 diluted using the “LAMP stem-loop primer with PNA” assay previously described in EXAMPLE 4. In addition, the assay set-up includes three calibrator samples containing respectively 100%, 10% and 1% mutant JAK2 plasmid copies in wild-type background. If the amount of mutant JAK2 target sequence in the nucleic acid sample is higher than 50%, real-time amplification of said target sequence is detected at a time between the amplification threshold minutes of the 100% calibrator and the 10% calibrator both in case of undiluted samples ( FIG. 13 , Panel A) and samples diluted 1:5 ( FIG. 13 , Panel B). A different amplification performance is detected for nucleic acid samples containing less than 50% mutant JAK2 sequence amount since target amplicons in the undiluted samples are detected earlier than in the calibrator 10% ( FIG. 13 , Panel A) while the amplification threshold minute in the corresponding samples 1:5 diluted is measured at a time between the min(t) of the calibrator 10% and the min(t) of calibrator 1% ( FIG. 13 , Panel B). 
     The present approach was tested by performing the “LAMP stem-loop primer with PNA” reaction on control samples (7 e3 cps/μl wild-type plasmid, 7 e2 cps/μl mutant plasmid in 6.3e3 cps/μl wild-type plasmid, 7 e1 cps/μl mutant plasmid in 6.93e3 cps/μl wild-type plasmid), on four samples consisting in mixtures of mutant JAK2 plasmid in wild-type background in proportions higher than 50% (respectively 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%) and on four samples consisting in mixtures of mutant JAK2 plasmid in wild-type background in proportion of 50% or less than 50% (respectively 40%, 30%, 20%). Except for the controls, all the samples were analyzed as undiluted (5 μl of the 7e3 cps/μl for each reaction) and diluted 1:5 in Tris-HCl 10 mM. 
     For the test samples containing more than 50% mutant JAK2 allelic copies and diluted 1:5, the target sequence amplification was detected after the amplification of the corresponding sequence in the 100% calibrator and before 10% calibrator ( FIG. 14 ). For the test samples presenting 50% amount of mutant JAK2 allelic copies and diluted 1:5, the target sequence amplification was registered at the same threshold minute as for the 10% calibrator sample ( FIG. 15 ). 
     For the test samples containing less than 50% mutant JAK2 allelic copies and diluted 1:5, the target sequence amplification was detected at an intermediate threshold minute between the amplification time of calibrators 10% and 1% ( FIG. 15 ). 
     Therefore, using the present approach it is possible to estimate whether the amount of JAK2 mutant allelic copies in a nucleic acid sample is higheror lower than 50%. Such an information is clinically very relevant since it provides indication about the “heterozygosity or homozygosity” in a sample which in turn is correlated to the disease prognosis. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
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