Patent Publication Number: US-11647526-B2

Title: Method and apparatus for performing LTE SL communication based on DCI

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/863,912, filed on Apr. 30, 2020, which is a continuation pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of International Application PCT/KR2020/002849, with an international filing date of Feb. 27, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Applications No. 62/811,474 filed on Feb. 27, 2019, No. 62/828,467 filed on Apr. 2, 2019, and No. 62/888,355 filed on Aug. 16, 2019, the contents of which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Field of the Disclosure 
     This disclosure relates to a wireless communication system. 
     Related Art 
     Sidelink (SL) communication is a communication scheme in which a direct link is established between user equipments (UEs) and the UEs exchange voice and data directly with each other without intervention of an evolved Node B (eNB). SL communication is under consideration as a solution to the overhead of an eNB caused by rapidly increasing data traffic. 
     Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) refers to a communication technology through which a vehicle exchanges information with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an object having an infrastructure (or infra) established therein, and the like. The V2X may be divided into 4 types, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). The V2X communication may be provided via a PC5 interface and/or Uu interface. 
     As a wider range of communication devices require larger communication capacities, the need for mobile broadband communication that is more enhanced than the existing radio access technology (RAT) is rising. Accordingly, discussions are made on services and user equipment (UE) that are sensitive to reliability and latency. A next-generation radio access technology that is based on the enhanced mobile broadband communication, massive machine-type communication (MTC), ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC), and the like, may be referred to as a new radio access technology (RAT) or new radio (NR). Here, the NR may also support vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. 
       FIG.  1    is a drawing for describing V2X communication based on NR, compared to V2X communication based on RAT used before NR. The embodiment of  FIG.  1    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Regarding V2X communication, a scheme of providing a safety service, based on a V2X message, such as a basic safety message (BSM), a cooperative awareness message (CAM), and a decentralized environmental notification message (DENM), is focused in the discussion on the RAT used before the NR. The V2X message may include position information, dynamic information, attribute information, or the like. For example, a UE may transmit a periodic message type CAM and/or an event triggered message type DENM to another UE. 
     For example, the CAM may include dynamic state information of the vehicle such as direction and speed, static data of the vehicle such as a size, and basic vehicle information such as an exterior illumination state, route details, or the like. For example, the UE may broadcast the CAM, and latency of the CAM may be less than 100 ms. For example, the UE may generate the DENM and transmit it to another UE in an unexpected situation such as a vehicle breakdown, accident, or the like. For example, all vehicles within a transmission range of the UE may receive the CAM and/or the DENM. In this case, the DENM may have a higher priority than the CAM. 
     Thereafter, regarding V2X communication, various V2X scenarios are proposed in NR. For example, the various V2X scenarios may include vehicle platooning, advanced driving, extended sensors, remote driving, or the like. 
     For example, based on the vehicle platooning, vehicles may move together by dynamically forming a group. For example, in order to perform platoon operations based on the vehicle platooning, the vehicles belonging to the group may receive periodic data from a leading vehicle. For example, the vehicles belonging to the group may decrease or increase an interval between the vehicles by using the periodic data. 
     For example, based on the advanced driving, the vehicle may be semi-automated or fully automated. For example, each vehicle may adjust trajectories or maneuvers, based on data obtained from a local sensor of a proximity vehicle and/or a proximity logical entity. In addition, for example, each vehicle may share driving intention with proximity vehicles. 
     For example, based on the extended sensors, raw data, processed data, or live video data obtained through the local sensors may be exchanged between a vehicle, a logical entity, a UE of pedestrians, and/or a V2X application server. Therefore, for example, the vehicle may recognize a more improved environment than an environment in which a self-sensor is used for detection. 
     For example, based on the remote driving, for a person who cannot drive or a remote vehicle in a dangerous environment, a remote driver or a V2X application may operate or control the remote vehicle. For example, if a route is predictable such as public transportation, cloud computing based driving may be used for the operation or control of the remote vehicle. In addition, for example, an access for a cloud-based back-end service platform may be considered for the remote driving. 
     Meanwhile, a scheme of specifying service requirements for various V2X scenarios such as vehicle platooning, advanced driving, extended sensors, remote driving, or the like is discussed in NR-based V2X communication. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     An aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a method for sidelink (SL) communication between apparatuses (or UEs) based on V2X communication and an apparatus (or UE) for performing the same. 
     Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a method and an apparatus for performing long-term evolution (LTE) SL communication between apparatuses based on V2X communication in a wireless communication system. 
     Still another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a method and an apparatus for performing LTE SL communication based on downlink control information (DCI) received from an NR base station. 
     According to one embodiment of the disclosure, there is a provided a method for a first apparatus to perform long-term evolution (LTE) sidelink (SL) communication through downlink control information (DCI). The method includes: receiving DCI from a new radio (NR) base station through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); obtaining a first timing offset based on the DCI; and performing LTE SL communication based on the first timing offset, wherein a minimum value of the first timing offset is determined based on a minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
     According to another embodiment of the disclosure, there is a provided a first apparatus for performing sidelink (SL) communication through downlink control information (DCI). The first apparatus includes: at least one memory to store instructions; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor to connect the at least one memory and the at least one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor controls the at least one transceiver to receive DCI from a new radio (NR) NR base station through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), obtains a first timing offset based on the DCI, and performs LTE SL communication based on the first timing offset, and a minimum value of the first timing offset is determined based on a minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
     According to still another embodiment of the disclosure, there is a provided an apparatus for controlling a first UE. The apparatus includes: at least one processor; and at least one computer memory that is connected to be executable by the at least one processor and stores instructions, wherein, when the at least one processor executes the instructions, the first UE receives downlink control information (DCI) from an NR base station through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), obtains a first timing offset based on the DCI, and performs LTE SL communication based on the first timing offset, and wherein a minimum value of the first timing offset is determined based on a minimum latency between a new radio (NR) module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first UE. 
     According to yet another embodiment of the disclosure, there is a provided a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions recorded thereon which, when executed by at least one processor, enable: downlink control information (DCI) to be received by a first apparatus from a new radio (NR) base station through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); a first timing offset to be obtained by the first apparatus based on the DCI; and LTE SL communication to be performed by the first apparatus based on the first timing offset, wherein a minimum value of the first timing offset is determined based on a minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
     According to still another embodiment of the disclosure, there is a provided a method for a new radio (NR) base station to control sidelink (SL) communication of a first apparatus through downlink control information (DCI). The method includes: determining DCI including a first timing offset; and transmitting the DCI to the first apparatus through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), wherein the first timing offset is used when the first apparatus performs LTE SL communication, and a minimum value of the first timing offset is determined based on a minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
     According to yet another embodiment of the disclosure, there is a provided a new radio (NR) base station for controlling sidelink (SL) communication of a first apparatus through downlink control information (DCI). The NR base station includes: at least one memory to store instructions; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor to connect the at least one memory and the at least one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor determines DCI including a first timing offset and controls the at least one transceiver to transmit the DCI to the first apparatus through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), the first timing offset is used when the first apparatus performs LTE SL communication, and a minimum value of the first timing offset is determined based on a minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
     According to the present disclosure, a UE (or apparatus) may efficiently perform SL communication. 
     According to the present disclosure, it is possible to efficiently perform V2X communication between apparatuses (UEs). 
     According to the present disclosure, it is possible to efficiently perform LTE SL communication based on DCI received from an NR base station. 
     According to the present disclosure, an NR base station may support an LTE mode 3 SL operation and/or scheduling for a UE through an NR Uu interface and may reduce the implementation complexity of the UE in a support process. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a drawing for describing V2X communication based on NR, compared to V2X communication based on RAT used before NR. 
         FIG.  2    shows a structure of an NR system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    shows a functional division between an NG-RAN and a 5GC in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  show a radio protocol architecture in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    shows a structure of an NR system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    shows a structure of a slot of an NR frame in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    shows an example of a BWP in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  show a radio protocol architecture for a SL communication in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  9    shows a UE performing V2X or SL communication in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  show a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a UE based on a transmission mode in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  11 A to  11 C  show three cast types in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    shows a process in which a first apparatus performs LTE SL communication based on DCI received from an NR base station in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  13    shows a process in which a first apparatus and a second apparatus perform LTE SL communication in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  14    is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a first apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  15    is a flowchart illustrating the operation of an NR base station in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  16    shows a communication system  1  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  17    shows wireless devices in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  18    shows a signal process circuit for a transmission signal in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  19    shows a wireless device in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  20    shows a hand-held device in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  21    shows a car or an autonomous vehicle in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     In the present specification, “A or B” may mean “only A”, “only B” or “both A and B.” In other words, in the present specification, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and/or B”. For example, in the present specification, “A, B, or C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, C”. 
     A slash (/) or comma used in the present specification may mean “and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Accordingly, “A/B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. For example, “A, B, C” may mean “A, B, or C”. 
     In the present specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. In addition, in the present specification, the expression “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and/or B” may be interpreted as “at least one of A and B”. 
     In addition, in the present specification, “at least one of A, B, and C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, and C”. In addition, “at least one of A, B, or C” or “at least one of A, B, and/or C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and C”. 
     In addition, a parenthesis used in the present specification may mean “for example”. Specifically, when indicated as “control information (PDCCH)”, it may mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”. In other words, the “control information” of the present specification is not limited to “PDCCH”, and “PDDCH” may be proposed as an example of the “control information”. In addition, when indicated as “control information (i.e., PDCCH)”, it may also mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”. 
     A technical feature described individually in one figure in the present specification may be individually implemented, or may be simultaneously implemented. 
     The technology described below may be used in various wireless communication systems such as code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and the like. The CDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA-2000. The TDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as global system for mobile communications (GSM)/general packet ratio service (GPRS)/enhanced data rate for GSM evolution (EDGE). The OFDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), and the like. IEEE 802.16m is an evolved version of IEEE 802.16e and provides backward compatibility with a system based on the IEEE 802.16e. The UTRA is part of a universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) is part of an evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using the E-UTRA. The 3GPP LTE uses the OFDMA in a downlink and uses the SC-FDMA in an uplink. LTE-advanced (LTE-A) is an evolution of the LTE. 
     5G NR is a successive technology of LTE-A corresponding to a new Clean-slate type mobile communication system having the characteristics of high performance, low latency, high availability, and the like. 5G NR may use resources of all spectrum available for usage including low frequency bands of less than 1 GHz, middle frequency bands ranging from 1 GHz to 10 GHz, high frequency (millimeter waves) of 24 GHz or more, and the like. 
     For clarity in the description, the following description will mostly focus on LTE-A or 5G NR. However, technical features according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will not be limited only to this. 
       FIG.  2    shows a structure of an NR system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  2    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , a next generation-radio access network (NG-RAN) may include a BS  20  providing a UE  10  with a user plane and control plane protocol termination. For example, the BS  20  may include a next generation-Node B (gNB) and/or an evolved-NodeB (eNB). For example, the UE  10  may be fixed or mobile and may be referred to as other terms, such as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a subscriber station (SS), a mobile terminal (MT), a wireless device, and the like. For example, the BS may be referred to as a fixed station which communicates with the UE  10  and may be referred to as other terms, such as a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point (AP), and the like. 
     The embodiment of  FIG.  2    exemplifies a case where only the gNB is included. The BSs  20  may be connected to one another via Xn interface. The BS  20  may be connected to one another via 5th generation (5G) core network (5GC) and NG interface. More specifically, the BSs  20  may be connected to an access and mobility management function (AMF)  30  via NG-C interface, and may be connected to a user plane function (UPF)  30  via NG-U interface. 
       FIG.  3    shows a functional division between an NG-RAN and a 5GC in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , the gNB may provide functions, such as Inter Cell Radio Resource Management (RRM), Radio Bearer (RB) control, Connection Mobility Control, Radio Admission Control, Measurement Configuration &amp; Provision, Dynamic Resource Allocation, and the like. An AMF may provide functions, such as non access stratum (NAS) security, idle state mobility processing, and the like. A UPF may provide functions, such as mobility anchoring, protocol data unit (PDU) processing, and the like. A session management function (SMF) may provide functions, such as user equipment (UE) Internet protocol (IP) address allocation, PDU session control, and the like. 
     Layers of a radio interface protocol between the UE and the network can be classified into a first layer (L1), a second layer (L2), and a third layer (L3) based on the lower three layers of the open system interconnection (OSI) model that is well-known in the communication system. Among them, a physical (PHY) layer belonging to the first layer provides an information transfer service by using a physical channel, and a radio resource control (RRC) layer belonging to the third layer serves to control a radio resource between the UE and the network. For this, the RRC layer exchanges an RRC message between the UE and the BS. 
       FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  show a radio protocol architecture in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIGS.  4 Aa and  4 B  may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically,  FIG.  4 A  shows a radio protocol architecture for a user plane, and  FIG.  4 B  shows a radio protocol architecture for a control plane. The user plane corresponds to a protocol stack for user data transmission, and the control plane corresponds to a protocol stack for control signal transmission. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B , a physical layer provides an upper layer with an information transfer service through a physical channel. The physical layer is connected to a medium access control (MAC) layer which is an upper layer of the physical layer through a transport channel. Data is transferred between the MAC layer and the physical layer through the transport channel. The transport channel is classified according to how and with what characteristics data is transmitted through a radio interface. 
     Between different physical layers, i.e., a physical layer of a transmitter and a physical layer of a receiver, data are transferred through the physical channel. The physical channel is modulated using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, and utilizes time and frequency as a radio resource. 
     The MAC layer provides services to a radio link control (RLC) layer, which is a higher layer of the MAC layer, via a logical channel. The MAC layer provides a function of mapping multiple logical channels to multiple transport channels. The MAC layer also provides a function of logical channel multiplexing by mapping multiple logical channels to a single transport channel. The MAC layer provides data transfer services over logical channels. 
     The RLC layer performs concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of Radio Link Control Service Data Unit (RLC SDU). In order to ensure diverse quality of service (QoS) required by a radio bearer (RB), the RLC layer provides three types of operation modes, i.e., a transparent mode (TM), an unacknowledged mode (UM), and an acknowledged mode (AM). An AM RLC provides error correction through an automatic repeat request (ARQ). 
     A radio resource control (RRC) layer is defined only in the control plane. The RRC layer serves to control the logical channel, the transport channel, and the physical channel in association with configuration, reconfiguration and release of RBs. The RB is a logical path provided by the first layer (i.e., the physical layer or the PHY layer) and the second layer (i.e., the MAC layer, the RLC layer, and the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer) for data delivery between the UE and the network. 
     Functions of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer in the user plane include user data delivery, header compression, and ciphering. Functions of a PDCP layer in the control plane include control-plane data delivery and ciphering/integrity protection. 
     A service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer is defined only in a user plane. The SDAP layer performs mapping between a Quality of Service (QoS) flow and a data radio bearer (DRB) and QoS flow ID (QFI) marking in both DL and UL packets. 
     The configuration of the RB implies a process for specifying a radio protocol layer and channel properties to provide a particular service and for determining respective detailed parameters and operations. The RB can be classified into two types, i.e., a signaling RB (SRB) and a data RB (DRB). The SRB is used as a path for transmitting an RRC message in the control plane. The DRB is used as a path for transmitting user data in the user plane. 
     When an RRC connection is established between an RRC layer of the UE and an RRC layer of the E-UTRAN, the UE is in an RRC_CONNECTED state, and, otherwise, the UE may be in an RRC_IDLE state. In case of the NR, an RRC INACTIVE state is additionally defined, and a UE being in the RRC INACTIVE state may maintain its connection with a core network whereas its connection with the BS is released. 
     Data is transmitted from the network to the UE through a downlink transport channel. Examples of the downlink transport channel include a broadcast channel (BCH) for transmitting system information and a downlink-shared channel (SCH) for transmitting user traffic or control messages. Traffic of downlink multicast or broadcast services or the control messages can be transmitted on the downlink-SCH or an additional downlink multicast channel (MCH). Data is transmitted from the UE to the network through an uplink transport channel. Examples of the uplink transport channel include a random access channel (RACH) for transmitting an initial control message and an uplink SCH for transmitting user traffic or control messages. 
     Examples of logical channels belonging to a higher channel of the transport channel and mapped onto the transport channels include a broadcast channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), a multicast traffic channel (MTCH), or the like 
     The physical channel includes several OFDM symbols in a time domain and several sub-carriers in a frequency domain. One sub-frame includes a plurality of OFDM symbols in the time domain. A resource block is a unit of resource allocation, and consists of a plurality of OFDM symbols and a plurality of sub-carriers. Further, each subframe may use specific sub-carriers of specific OFDM symbols (e.g., a first OFDM symbol) of a corresponding subframe for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), i.e., an L1/L2 control channel. A transmission time interval (TTI) is a unit time of subframe transmission. 
       FIG.  5    shows a structure of an NR system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  5    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , in the NR, a radio frame may be used for performing uplink and downlink transmission. A radio frame has a length of 10 ms and may be defined to be configured of two half-frames (HFs). A half-frame may include five 1 ms subframes (SFs). A subframe (SF) may be divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots within a subframe may be determined in accordance with subcarrier spacing (SCS). Each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclic prefix (CP). 
     In case of using a normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols. In case of using an extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. Here, a symbol may include an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) and a Single Carrier-FDMA (SC-FDMA) symbol (or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol). 
     Table 1 shown below represents an example of a number of symbols per slot (N slot   symb ), a number slots per frame (N frame,u   slot ), and a number of slots per subframe (N subframe,u   slot ) in accordance with an SCS configuration (u), in a case where a normal CP is used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SCS (15*2 u ) 
                 N slot   symb   
                 N frame, u   slot   
                 N subframe, u   slot   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 15 KHz 
                 (u = 0) 
                 14 
                 10 
                 1 
               
               
                 30 KHz 
                 (u = 1) 
                 14 
                 20 
                 2 
               
               
                 60 KHz 
                 (u = 2) 
                 14 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                 120 KHz 
                 (u = 3) 
                 14 
                 80 
                 8 
               
               
                 240 KHz 
                 (u = 4) 
                 14 
                 160 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 2 shows an example of a number of symbols per slot, a number of slots per frame, and a number of slots per subframe in accordance with the SCS, in a case where an extended CP is used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SCS (15*2 u ) 
                 N slot   symb   
                 N frame, u   slot   
                 N subframe, u   slot   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 60 KHz (u = 2) 
                 12 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an NR system, OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCS, CP length, and the like) between multiple cells being integrate to one UE may be differently configured. Accordingly, a (absolute time) duration (or section) of a time resource (e.g., subframe, slot or TTI) (collectively referred to as a time unit (TU) for simplicity) being configured of the same number of symbols may be differently configured in the integrated cells. 
     In the NR, multiple numerologies or SCSs for supporting diverse 5G services may be supported. For example, in case an SCS is 15 kHz, a wide area of the conventional cellular bands may be supported, and, in case an SCS is 30 kHz/60 kHz a dense-urban, lower latency, wider carrier bandwidth may be supported. In case the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, a bandwidth that is greater than 24.25 GHz may be used in order to overcome phase noise. 
     An NR frequency band may be defined as two different types of frequency ranges. The two different types of frequency ranges may be FR1 and FR2. The values of the frequency ranges may be changed (or varied), and, for example, the two different types of frequency ranges may be as shown below in Table A3. Among the frequency ranges that are used in an NR system, FR1 may mean a “sub 6 GHz range”, and FR2 may mean an “above 6 GHz range” and may also be referred to as a millimeter wave (mmW). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Frequency Range 
                 Corresponding 
                   
               
               
                 designation 
                 frequency range 
                 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 FR1 
                  450 MHz-6000 MHz 
                  15, 30, 60 kHz 
               
               
                 FR2 
                 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 
                 60, 120, 240 kHz 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As described above, the values of the frequency ranges in the NR system may be changed (or varied). For example, as shown below in Table A4, FR1 may include a band within a range of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz. More specifically, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and the like) and higher. For example, a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and the like) and higher being included in FR1 mat include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used for diverse purposes, e.g., the unlicensed band for vehicle-specific communication (e.g., automated driving). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Frequency Range 
                 Corresponding 
                   
               
               
                 designation 
                 frequency range 
                 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 FR1 
                  410 MHz-7125 MHz 
                  15, 30, 60 kHz 
               
               
                 FR2 
                 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 
                 60, 120, 240 kHz 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  6    shows a structure of a slot of an NR frame in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , a slot includes a plurality of symbols in a time domain. For example, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 14 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 12 symbols. Alternatively, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 7 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 6 symbols. 
     A carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain. A Resource Block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive subcarriers (e.g., 12 subcarriers) in the frequency domain. A bandwidth part (BWP) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive (physical) resource blocks ((P)RBs) in the frequency domain, and the BWP may correspond to one numerology (e.g., SCS, CP length, and the like). A carrier may include a maximum of N number BWPs (e.g., 5 BWPs). Data communication may be performed via an activated BWP. Each element may be referred to as a Resource Element (RE) within a resource grid and one complex symbol may be mapped to each element. 
     Meanwhile, a radio interface between a UE and another UE or a radio interface between the UE and a network may consist of an L1 layer, an L2 layer, and an L3 layer. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the L1 layer may imply a physical layer. In addition, for example, the L2 layer may imply at least one of a MAC layer, an RLC layer, a PDCP layer, and an SDAP layer. In addition, for example, the L3 layer may imply an RRC layer. 
     Hereinafter, a bandwidth part (BWP) and a carrier will be described. 
     The BWP may be a set of consecutive physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a given numerology. The PRB may be selected from consecutive sub-sets of common resource blocks (CRBs) for the given numerology on a given carrier. 
     When using bandwidth adaptation (BA), a reception bandwidth and transmission bandwidth of a UE are not necessarily as large as a bandwidth of a cell, and the reception bandwidth and transmission bandwidth of the BS may be adjusted. For example, a network/BS may inform the UE of bandwidth adjustment. For example, the UE receive information/configuration for bandwidth adjustment from the network/BS. In this case, the UE may perform bandwidth adjustment based on the received information/configuration. For example, the bandwidth adjustment may include an increase/decrease of the bandwidth, a position change of the bandwidth, or a change in subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth. 
     For example, the bandwidth may be decreased during a period in which activity is low to save power. For example, the position of the bandwidth may move in a frequency domain. For example, the position of the bandwidth may move in the frequency domain to increase scheduling flexibility. For example, the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may be changed. For example, the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may be changed to allow a different service. A subset of a total cell bandwidth of a cell may be called a bandwidth part (BWP). The BA may be performed when the BS/network configures the BWP to the UE and the BS/network informs the UE of the BWP currently in an active state among the configured BWPs. 
     For example, the BWP may be at least any one of an active BWP, an initial BWP, and/or a default BWP. For example, the UE may not monitor downlink radio link quality in a DL BWP other than an active DL BWP on a primary cell (PCell). For example, the UE may not receive PDCCH, PDSCH, or CSI-RS (excluding RRM) outside the active DL BWP. For example, the UE may not trigger a channel state information (CSI) report for the inactive DL BWP. For example, the UE may not transmit PUCCH or PUSCH outside an active UL BWP. For example, in a downlink case, the initial BWP may be given as a consecutive RB set for an RMSI CORESET (configured by PBCH). For example, in an uplink case, the initial BWP may be given by SIB for a random access procedure. For example, the default BWP may be configured by a higher layer. For example, an initial value of the default BWP may be an initial DL BWP. For energy saving, if the UE fails to detect DCI during a specific period, the UE may switch the active BWP of the UE to the default BWP. 
     Meanwhile, the BWP may be defined for SL. The same SL BWP may be used in transmission and reception. For example, a transmitting UE may transmit an SL channel or an SL signal on a specific BWP, and a receiving UE may receive the SL channel or the SL signal on the specific BWP. In a licensed carrier, the SL BWP may be defined separately from a Uu BWP, and the SL BWP may have configuration signaling separate from the Uu BWP. For example, the UE may receive a configuration for the SL BWP from the B S/network. The SL BWP may be (pre-)configured in a carrier with respect to an out-of-coverage NR V2X UE and an RRC_IDLE UE. For the UE in the RRC_CONNECTED mode, at least one SL BWP may be activated in the carrier. 
       FIG.  7    shows an example of a BWP in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  7    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. It is assumed in the embodiment of  FIG.  7    that the number of BWPs is 3. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7   , a common resource block (CRB) may be a carrier resource block numbered from one end of a carrier band to the other end thereof. In addition, the PRB may be a resource block numbered within each BWP. A point A may indicate a common reference point for a resource block grid. 
     The BWP may be configured by a point A, an offset N start   BWP  from the point A, and a bandwidth N size   BWP . For example, the point A may be an external reference point of a PRB of a carrier in which a subcarrier 0 of all numerologies (e.g., all numerologies supported by a network on that carrier) is aligned. For example, the offset may be a PRB interval between a lowest subcarrier and the point A in a given numerology. For example, the bandwidth may be the number of PRBs in the given numerology. 
     Hereinafter, V2X or SL communication will be described. 
       FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  show a radio protocol architecture for a SL communication in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. More specifically,  FIG.  8 A  shows a user plane protocol stack, and  FIG.  8 B  shows a control plane protocol stack. 
     Hereinafter, a sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) and synchronization information will be described. 
     The SLSS may include a primary sidelink synchronization signal (PSSS) and a secondary sidelink synchronization signal (SSSS), as an SL-specific sequence. The PSSS may be referred to as a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), and the SSSS may be referred to as a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS). For example, length- 127  M-sequences may be used for the S-PSS, and length- 127  gold sequences may be used for the S-SSS. For example, a UE may use the S-PSS for initial signal detection and for synchronization acquisition. For example, the UE may use the S-PSS and the S-SSS for acquisition of detailed synchronization and for detection of a synchronization signal ID. 
     A physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) may be a (broadcast) channel for transmitting default (system) information which must be first known by the UE before SL signal transmission/reception. For example, the default information may be information related to SLSS, a duplex mode (DM), a time division duplex (TDD) uplink/downlink (UL/DL) configuration, information related to a resource pool, a type of an application related to the SLSS, a subframe offset, broadcast information, or the like. For example, for evaluation of PSBCH performance, in NR V2X, a payload size of the PSBCH may be 56 bits including 24-bit CRC. 
     The S-PSS, the S-SSS, and the PSBCH may be included in a block format (e.g., SL synchronization signal (SS)/PSBCH block, hereinafter, sidelink-synchronization signal block (S-SSB)) supporting periodical transmission. The S-SSB may have the same numerology (i.e., SCS and CP length) as a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH)/physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) in a carrier, and a transmission bandwidth may exist within a (pre-)configured sidelink (SL) BWP. For example, the S-SSB may have a bandwidth of 11 resource blocks (RBs). For example, the PSBCH may exist across  11  RBs. In addition, a frequency position of the S-SSB may be (pre-)configured. Accordingly, the UE does not have to perform hypothesis detection at frequency to discover the S-SSB in the carrier. 
       FIG.  9    shows a UE performing V2X or SL communication in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  9    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , in V2X or SL communication, the term ‘UE’ may generally imply a UE of a user. However, if a network equipment such as a BS transmits/receives a signal according to a communication scheme between UEs, the BS may also be regarded as a sort of the UE. For example, a UE 1 may be a first apparatus  100 , and a UE 2 may be a second apparatus  200 . 
     For example, the UE 1 may select a resource unit corresponding to a specific resource in a resource pool which implies a set of series of resources. In addition, the UE 1 may transmit an SL signal by using the resource unit. For example, a resource pool in which the UE 1 is capable of transmitting a signal may be configured to the UE 2 which is a receiving UE, and the signal of the UE 1 may be detected in the resource pool. 
     Herein, if the UE 1 is within a connectivity range of the BS, the BS may inform the UE 1 of the resource pool. Otherwise, if the UE 1 is out of the connectivity range of the BS, another UE may inform the UE 1 of the resource pool, or the UE 1 may use a pre-configured resource pool. 
     In general, the resource pool may be configured in unit of a plurality of resources, and each UE may select a unit of one or a plurality of resources to use it in SL signal transmission thereof. 
     Hereinafter, resource allocation in SL will be described. 
       FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  show a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a UE based on a transmission mode in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the transmission mode may be called a mode or a resource allocation mode. Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, in LTE, the transmission mode may be called an LTE transmission mode. In NR, the transmission mode may be called an NR resource allocation mode. 
     For example,  FIG.  10 A  shows a UE operation related to an LTE transmission mode 1 or an LTE transmission mode 3. Alternatively, for example,  FIG.  10 A  shows a UE operation related to an NR resource allocation mode 1. For example, the LTE transmission mode 1 may be applied to general SL communication, and the LTE transmission mode 3 may be applied to V2X communication. 
     For example,  FIG.  10 B  shows a UE operation related to an LTE transmission mode 2 or an LTE transmission mode 4. Alternatively, for example,  FIG.  10 B  shows a UE operation related to an NR resource allocation mode 2. 
     Referring to  FIG.  10 A , in the LTE transmission mode 1, the LTE transmission mode 3, or the NR resource allocation mode 1, a BS may schedule an SL resource to be used by the UE for SL transmission. For example, the BS may perform resource scheduling to a UE 1 through a PDCCH (more specifically, downlink control information (DCI)), and the UE 1 may perform V2X or SL communication with respect to a UE 2 according to the resource scheduling. For example, the UE 1 may transmit a sidelink control information (SCI) to the UE 2 through a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), and thereafter transmit data based on the SCI to the UE 2 through a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH). 
     Referring to  FIG.  10 B , in the LTE transmission mode 2, the LTE transmission mode 4, or the NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may determine an SL transmission resource within an SL resource configured by a BS/network or a pre-configured SL resource. For example, the configured SL resource or the pre-configured SL resource may be a resource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select or schedule a resource for SL transmission. For example, the UE may perform SL communication by autonomously selecting a resource within a configured resource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select a resource within a selective window by performing a sensing and resource (re)selection procedure. For example, the sensing may be performed in unit of subchannels. In addition, the UE 1 which has autonomously selected the resource within the resource pool may transmit the SCI to the UE 2 through a PSCCH, and thereafter may transmit data based on the SCI to the UE 2 through a PSSCH. 
       FIGS.  11 A to  11 C  show three cast types in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIGS.  11 A to  11 C  may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically,  FIG.  11 A  shows broadcast-type SL communication,  FIG.  11 B  shows unicast type-SL communication, and  FIG.  11 C  shows groupcast-type SL communication. In case of the unicast-type SL communication, a UE may perform one-to-one communication with respect to another UE. In case of the groupcast-type SL transmission, the UE may perform SL communication with respect to one or more UEs in a group to which the UE belongs. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, SL groupcast communication may be replaced with SL multicast communication, SL one-to-many communication, or the like. 
     Meanwhile, in sidelink communication, a UE may need to effectively select a resource for sidelink transmission. Hereinafter, a method in which a UE effectively selects a resource for sidelink transmission and an apparatus supporting the method will be described according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the sidelink communication may include V2X communication. 
     At least one scheme proposed according to various embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to at least any one of unicast communication, groupcast communication, and/or broadcast communication. 
     At least one method proposed according to various embodiment of the present embodiment may apply not only to sidelink communication or V2X communication based on a PC5 interface or an SL interface (e.g., PSCCH, PSSCH, PSBCH, PSSS/SSSS, or the like) or V2X communication but also to sidelink communication or V2X communication based on a Uu interface (e.g., PUSCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PUCCH, or the like). 
     In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a receiving operation of a UE may include a decoding operation and/or receiving operation of a sidelink channel and/or sidelink signal (e.g., PSCCH, PSSCH, PSFCH, PSBCH, PSSS/SSSS, or the like). The receiving operation of the UE may include a decoding operation and/or receiving operation of a WAN DL channel and/or a WAN DL signal (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, PSS/SSS, or the like). The receiving operation of the UE may include a sensing operation and/or a CBR measurement operation. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the sensing operation of the UE may include a PSSCH-RSRP measurement operation based on a PSSCH DM-RS sequence, a PSSCH-RSRP measurement operation based on a PSSCH DM-RS sequence scheduled by a PSCCH successfully decoded by the UE, a sidelink RSSU (S-RSSI) measurement operation, and an S-RSSI measurement operation based on a V2X resource pool related subchannel. In various embodiments of the disclosure, a transmitting operation of the UE may include a transmitting operation of a sidelink channel and/or a sidelink signal (e.g., PSCCH, PSSCH, PSFCH, PSBCH, PSSS/SSSS, or the like). The transmitting operation of the UE may include a transmitting operation of a WAN UL channel and/or a WAN UL signal (e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, SRS, or the like). In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a synchronization signal may include SLSS and/or PSBCH. 
     In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a configuration may include signaling, signaling from a network, a configuration from the network, and/or a pre-configuration from the network. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a definition may include signaling, signaling from a network, a configuration form the network, and/or a pre-configuration from the network. In various embodiment of the present disclosure, a designation may include signaling, signaling from a network, a configuration from the network, and/or a pre-configuration from the network. 
     In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a ProSe per packet priority (PPPP) may be replaced with a ProSe per packet reliability (PPPR), and the PPPR may be replaced with the PPPP. For example, it may mean that the smaller the PPPP value, the higher the priority, and that the greater the PPPP value, the lower the priority. For example, it may mean that the smaller the PPPR value, the higher the reliability, and that the greater the PPPR value, the lower the reliability. For example, a PPPP value related to a service, packet, or message related to a high priority may be smaller than a PPPP value related to a service, packet, or message related to a low priority. For example, a PPPR value related to a service, packet, or message related to a high reliability may be smaller than a PPPR value related to a service, packet, or message related to a low reliability 
     In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a session may include at least any one of a unicast session (e.g., unicast session for sidelink), a groupcast/multicast session (e.g., groupcast/multicast session for sidelink), and/or a broadcast session (e.g., broadcast session for sidelink). 
     In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a carrier may be interpreted as at least any one of a BWP and/or a resource pool. For example, the carrier may include at least any one of the BWP and/or the resource pool. For example, the carrier may include one or more BWPs. For example, the BWP may include one or more resource pools. 
     Hereinafter, various embodiments of a method in which an apparatus (or UE) performs LTE SL communication based on (NR) downlink control information (DCI) received from a (NR) base station will be described with reference to  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . 
       FIG.  12    shows a process in which a first apparatus performs LTE SL communication based on DCI received from an NR base station in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     According to an embodiment, the NR base station (e.g., a gNB) may transmit DCI to a UE through an NR UU interface in order to support an LTE mode 3 SL operation/scheduling. Here, from the perspective of the UE, for smooth LTE SL communication, it is necessary to exchange information at a high speed between an NR modem/module and an LTE modem/module of the UE. 
     The information exchange between the NR modem/module and the LTE modem/module may include, for example, a process in which when the NR modem/module forwards DCI information received from the NR base station to the LTE modem/module, the LTE modem/module performs LTE mode 3 SL scheduling/operation based on the DCI information. Further, the information exchange between the NR modem/module and the LTE modem/module may include a process in which the LTE modem/module transmits generated LTE SL traffic-related information to the NR modem/module, and the NR modem/module transmits supplementary information on the LTE mode 3 SL scheduling/operation (e.g., an LTE traffic generation period/size, a (related) service priority, or the like) to the NR base station. Here, the information exchange between the NR modem/module and the LTE modem/module may increase the implementation complexity of the UE. 
     In order to solve the problem related to the implementation complexity of the UE, the following embodiments of the present disclosure illustrate a method for efficiently transmitting information  1234  on LTE SL communication (or information on an LTE mode 3 SL operation/scheduling) through (NR) DCI  1230 . 
     According to an embodiment, the NR base station  1210  may transmit information  1234  on LTE SL communication to the UE through signaling based on the NR UU interface (e.g., an RRC message or DCI). In one example, the information  1234  on LTE SL communication may be related to an SL SPS operation/scheduling of LTE mode 3 but is not limited to this example. For example, the information  1234  on LTE SL communication may be related to an SL dynamic operation/scheduling of LTE mode 3. 
     In an embodiment, the information  1234  on LTE SL communication signaled through the DCI  1230  may include at least one of information on resource scheduling of LTE semi-persistent scheduling (SPS), information on activation or release (or deactivation) of an SPS process, and/or scheduling information on dynamic transmission. In one example, the DCI  1230  may be cross-RAT DCI including the information  1234  on LTE SL communication. In one example, the information  1234  on LTE SL communication may include content of LTE DCI format 5A (or a DCI  5 A field of LTE-V). 
     According to an embodiment, the first apparatus  1220  may receive the DCI  1230  from the NR base station  1210 . In one example, the DCI  1230  may be delivered from the NR base station  1210  to the first apparatus  1220  through a PDCCH. The DCI  1230  may be delivered to an NR module  1222  in the first apparatus  1220 . 
     According to an embodiment, the first apparatus  1220  may obtain (information on) a first timing offset  1232  based on the DCI  1230 . In one example, the first timing offset may be equal to or greater than a minimum latency  1223  between the NR module  1222  of the first apparatus  1220  for new radio (NR) communication and an LTE module  1224  of the first apparatus  1220  for long-term evolution (LTE) communication. 
     In one example, the minimum latency  1223  may indicate the minimum value of a time interval from the time when the NR module  1222  receives the DCI  1230  from the NR base station  1210  to the time when the LTE module  1224  receives LTE DCI, into which the DCI  1230  is converted, from the NR module  1222 . That is, in this example, the minimum latency  1223  may be the sum of a processing time for which the DCI  1230  is converted to the LTE DCI and an inter-modem (NR module  1222 -LTE module  1224 ) delivering time. 
     In another example, the minimum latency  1223  may indicate the minimum value of a time interval from the time when the NR module  1222  transmits the LTE DCI to the LTE module  1224  to the time when the LTE module  1224  receives the LTE DCI. That is, in this example, the minimum latency  1223  may be the inter-modem (NR module  1222 -LTE module  1224 ) delivering time. 
     In the present disclosure, the first timing offset may be variously referred to as X ms, DCI_TINF, RRC_TINF, and the like. The first timing offset is an NR reference offset based on an NR frame or NR numerology that the NR base station  1210  transmits to the first apparatus  1220 . 
     In one embodiment, the DCI format of the LTE DCI may be LTE DCI format 5A (LTE DCI format 5A). 
     According to an embodiment, the LTE module  1224  of the first apparatus  1220  may perform LTE SL communication (e.g., an LTE SL operation, LTE SL resource allocation, or the like) after a lapse of the first timing offset and a second timing offset from the time when the NR module  1222  receives the DCI  1230 . The second timing offset may be included in the information  1234  on LTE SL communication of the DCI  1230 . The second timing offset may be variously referred to as Z ms, SPS TINF, and the like in the present disclosure. The second timing offset is an LTE reference offset based on LTE, which the NR base station  1210  transmits to the first apparatus  1220 . 
     In one embodiment, the information  1234  on LTE SL communication may include at least one of information on activation and/or release of LTE SL semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) (process), index information on activated and/released LTE SL SPS (process), or resource scheduling information on LTE SL SPS (process) (e.g., information on PSCCH/PSSCH (or initial transmission/retransmission)-related time/frequency resources, a timing offset (e.g., OFF_INF or m) related to activation of LTE SL SPS, or the like). 
     According to an embodiment, the first apparatus  1220  may assume that the LTE module  1224  receives the LTE DCI after a lapse of the first timing offset from the time when the NR module  1224  receives the DCI  1230 . Accordingly, the first apparatus  1220  may add the second timing offset (or Z ms) at the time after a lapse of the first timing offset from the time when the NR module  1224  receives the DCI  1230 . Regarding the second timing offset related to the time to determine whether to activate LTE SPS, the first apparatus may determine the time to determine whether to activate the LTE SPS based on the time after a lapse of the first timing offset and the second timing offset from the time when the NR module  1224  receives the DCI  1230 . When SPS is activated, the first apparatus  1220  may perform an LTE SL SPS operation. The time when the LTE module  1224  receives the LTE DCI may be referred to as a time based on RRC_TINF, T DL , or the like. 
     In one embodiment, it may be determined whether to activate the LTE SPS at a time the same as or similar to that in the rule according to the LTE specifications. For example, it may be determined whether to activate the LTE SPS at “‘the time when it is assumed that the LTE module  1224  receives the LTE DCI’−N TA /2*Ts+(4+OFF_INF)*10 −3 ”. Alternatively, it may be determined whether to activate the LTE SPS at “‘a time after the first timing offset from a time when the NR module  1222  receives the DCI  1230 ’−N TA /2*Ts+(4+OFF_INF)*10 −3 ”. Alternatively, it may be determined whether to activate the LTE SPS at “‘a time based on RRC_TINF’−N TA /2*Ts+(4+OFF_INF)*10 −3 ”. Alternatively, it may be determined whether to activate the LTE SPS at “‘a time based on X ms’−N TA /2*Ts+(4+OFF_INF)*10 −3 ”. Alternatively, it may be determined whether to activate the LTE SPS at “‘T DL ’−N TA /2*TS+(4+OFF_INF)*10 −3 ”. Here, N TA  and Ts may denote a timing offset between uplink/downlink (UL/DL) radio frames (from the perspective of the UE) and a basic time unit (=10 ms/307200), respectively. 
     In one embodiment, the LTE SL communication may be based on Table 5 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 RRC-based activation/deactivation is not supported 
               
               
                   
                 DCI-based activation/deactivation is supported 
               
               
                   
                 Support of LTE PC5 scheduling by NR Uu (mode 3-like) 
               
               
                   
                 is based on UE capability 
               
               
                   
                 NR DCI provides the fields of DCI 5A in LTE-V that are 
               
               
                   
                 related to SPS scheduling 
               
               
                   
                 The size of DCI for activation/deactivation is one of 
               
               
                   
                 the DCI size(s) that will be 
               
               
                   
                 defined for NR Uu scheduling NR V2V 
               
               
                   
                 FFS whether the DCI format is the same as one of the 
               
               
                   
                 DCI formats that 
               
               
                   
                 will be defined for NR Uu scheduling NR V2V 
               
               
                   
                 Activation/deactivation applies to the first LTE 
               
               
                   
                 subframe after Z + X ms after 
               
               
                   
                 receiving the DCI 
               
               
                   
                 Z is the same timing offset in current LTE V2X specs 
               
               
                   
                 X &gt; 0. FFS value(s) of X, and if one or multiple 
               
               
                   
                 values of X are possible 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an embodiment according to Table 5, RRC-based activation/deactivation may not be supported, whereas DCI-based activation/deactivation may be supported. Support of LTE PC5 scheduling by NR Uu (like mode 3) may be based on UE capability. NR DCI may provide fields of DCI  5 A in LTE-V that are related to SPS. The size of DCI for activation/deactivation may be the same as/similar to one of a DCI size(s) to be defined for NR Uu scheduling NR V2V. As to whether the DCI format is the same as one of DCI formats to be defined for NR Uu scheduling NR V2V, various embodiments may exist. Activation/deactivation may apply to a first LTE subframe after a lapse of Z ms+X ms after receiving DCI. Z may be the same as a timing offset in the current LTE V2X specifications. X may be greater than 0 and may have various values. One or a plurality of values of X may be possible. 
     In one embodiment, the following operations may be performed in order to activate and/or deactivate LTE SL-configured grant type-2 resources by NR DCI. In one example, a receiver (or receiving UE) may include both an NR (SL) module and an LTE (SL) module. First, the NR module may receive NR DCI transmitted from a gNB. Next, the NR module may convert the NR DCI into LTE DCI format 5A (or LTE DCI) for scheduling LTE SL-configured grant type-2 resources. The NR module may deliver converted LTE DCI format 5A to the LTE module. After LTE DCI format 5A is delivered to the LTE module, even though LTE DCI format 5A is delivered from the NR module, the LTE module may consider that LTE DCI format 5A is delivered from an eNB. After a lapse of a (pre)configured timing offset, the LTE module may perform an LTE SL operation by applying activation/release of related resources. 
     In one embodiment, the NR module may convert the NR DCI into LTE DCI format 5A and may deliver LTE DCI format 5A to the LTE module after a lapse of X ms from the time when the NR DCI is received from the gNB. The LTE module may apply activation/release (of LTE SPS) in a first (entire) LTE subframe detected after a lapse of Z ms from the time when LTE DCI format 5A is received from the NR module. 
     In one embodiment, Z ms may be simply expressed as a timing offset applied to the LTE module, and X ms may be simply expressed as a timing offset considering the time to switch a DCI format and a communication latency between the NR module and the LTE module. 
     In one example, there may be the minimum value of X that satisfies all UE implementations. The gNB may select/configure an X value greater than the minimum value of X, and thus signaling/reporting required to check/confirm a specific UE capability may not be necessary. An X value may be selected/configured by the gNB among a plurality of possible values. 
     In one embodiment, the base station may transmit information on an (candidate) X value (e.g., information on the number of (candidate) X values) to the UE through predefined (physical-layer and/or higher-layer) signaling. In one example, the size of a related field of the NR DCI (e.g., CEILING (LOG 2 (X_NUM)) bits, where CEILING (A) is a function to derive an integer value equal to or greater than A) may be (implicitly) determined according to the number of (candidate) X values (X_NUM). In another example, the capability of the UE may support one (or some) of a plurality of (candidate) X values (supported in the specifications), and the base station may receive capability information on the UE from the UE through predefined (physical-layer and/or higher-layer) signaling. For example, upon receiving the capability information on the UE from the UE, the base station may signal only an X value (and/or the number of X values) that the UE can support (among fixed X values defined in the specifications (and/or the number of fixed X values defined in the specifications)). 
       FIG.  13    shows a process in which a first apparatus and a second apparatus perform LTE SL communication in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Since a method in which an NR base station  1210  configures ( 1240 ) a resource for LTE SL communication of the first device  1220  through DCI  1230  has been illustrated in detail in  FIG.  12   , a redundant description is omitted in  FIG.  13   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , an LTE base station  1310  (e.g., eNB) according to an embodiment may control LTE SL communication  1340  of the second apparatus  1320  through LTE (dedicated) DCI  1330 . Specifically, the LTE base station  1310  may deliver the LTE (dedicated) DCI  1330  to an LTE module  1332  of the second apparatus  1320 , and the LTE module  1332  may perform LTE SL communication  1340 . 
     In one embodiment, the LTE (dedicated) DCI  1330  is not based on cross-RAT DCI and may thus be referred to as LTE-dedicated DCI  1330  to be distinguished from LTE SL DCI derived based on cross-RAT DCI  1230 . A second timing offset  1242  determined by an LTE module  1224  of the first apparatus  1220  based on information  1234  on LTE SL communication of the DCI  1230  may be the same as or similar to a second timing offset  1342  determined by the LTE module  1332  of the second apparatus  1320  based on the LTE-dedicated DCI  1330 . 
     In one embodiment, the LTE module  1224  of the first apparatus  1220  may not only receive the LTE SL DCI, converted based on the DCI  1230 , from the NR base station  1210  but may also receive the LTE (dedicated) DCI  1330  from the LTE base station  1310 . The second timing offset  1242  (or Z ms) derived by the LTE module  1224  based on the DCI  1230  may be the same as the second timing offset  1342  (or Z ms) derived by the LTE module  1332  based on the LTE (dedicated) DCI  1330 . 
     According to an embodiment, the LTE module  1224  of the first apparatus  1220  may perform LTE SL communication  1244  at the time when the second timing offset  1242  is applied. 
     In one example, the LTE module  1224  of the first apparatus  1220  may determine (or judge) whether SPS is activated at the time when the second timing offset  1242  is applied. The LTE module  1224  may apply LTE SPS based on the determination that the LTE SPS is activated. Alternatively, the LTE module  1224  may apply scheduling other than the LTE SPS based on the determination that the LTE SPS is deactivated. 
     According to an embodiment, the LTE module  1332  of the second apparatus  1320  may perform LTE SL communication  1344  at the time when the second timing offset  1342  is applied. 
     In one example, the LTE module  1332  of the second apparatus  1320  may determine (or judge) whether LTE SPS is activated at the time when the second timing offset  1342  is applied. The LTE module  1332  may apply LTE SPS based on the determination that the LTE SPS has been activated. Alternatively, the LTE module  1332  may apply scheduling other than the LTE SPS based on the determination that the LTE SPS has been deactivated. 
     In one embodiment, the LTE SL communication  1244  by the LTE module  1224  of the first apparatus  1220  may be the same as or similar to the LTE SL communication  1344  by the LTE module  1332  of the second apparatus  1320  in terms of resource configuration, resource location, and resource allocation length. 
       FIG.  14    is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a first apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Operations disclosed in the flowchart of  FIG.  14    may be performed in combination with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In one example, the operations disclosed in the flowchart of  FIG.  14    may be performed based on at least one of the devices illustrated in  FIG.  16    to  FIG.  21   . In another example, the operations disclosed in the flowchart of  FIG.  14    may be performed in combination with the individual operations of the embodiments disclosed in  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13    by various methods. 
     In one example, the first apparatus and/or a second apparatus of  FIG.  14    may correspond to a first wireless device  100  of  FIG.  17    described below. In another example, the first apparatus and/or the second apparatus of  FIG.  14    may correspond to a second wireless device  200  of  FIG.  17    described below. In still another example, the first apparatus of  FIG.  14    may correspond to the first apparatus (or first UE)  1220  described above with reference to  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . In yet another example, the second apparatus of  FIG.  14    may correspond to the second apparatus (or second UE)  1320  described above with reference to  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . In still another example, a base station or an NR base station of  FIG.  14    may correspond to the NR base station  1210  described above with reference to  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . In yet another example, an LTE base station of  FIG.  14    may correspond to the LTE base station  1310  described above with reference to  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . 
     In operation S 1410 , the first apparatus according to an embodiment may receive downlink control information (DCI) from the NR base station through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). 
     In operation S 1420 , the first apparatus according to an embodiment may obtain a first timing offset based on the DCI. 
     In operation S 1430 , the first apparatus according to an embodiment may perform LTE SL communication based on the first timing offset. 
     In one embodiment, the minimum value of the first timing offset may be determined based on a minimum latency between an NR module for new radio (NR) communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
     In one embodiment, the minimum latency may indicate the minimum value of a time interval from the time when the DCI is received by the NR module to the time when the DCI is converted into LTE SL DCI by the first apparatus and the LTE SL DCI is transmitted by the first apparatus and is received by the LTE module. 
     In one embodiment, the minimum latency may be based on apparatus capability of the first apparatus. 
     The first apparatus according to an embodiment may transmit information on the minimum latency to the NR base station. 
     In one embodiment, the first timing offset may be equal to or greater than the minimum latency. 
     In one embodiment, the LTE SL communication may be performed based on information on LTE SL communication included in the DCI. 
     In one embodiment, the information on the LTE SL communication may include a second timing offset related to the LTE SL communication. The second timing offset may be added at the time after a lapse of the first timing offset from the time when the NR module receives the DCI as a starting point. 
     In one embodiment, the second timing offset may be a timing offset related to activation of LTE semi-persistent scheduling (SPS). 
     The first apparatus according to an embodiment may determine the time to determine whether to activate the LTE SPS based on the time after a lapse of the first timing offset and the second timing offset from the time when the NR module receives the DCI. Also, the first apparatus may determine whether to activate the LTE SPS at the time to determine whether to activate the LTE SPS. 
     The first apparatus according to an embodiment may determine an LTE SL resource related to the LTE SPS based on the determination that the LTE SPS is activated. 
     The first apparatus according to an embodiment may determine an LTE SL resource to which the LTE SPS is not applied based on the determination that the LTE SPS is deactivated. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there may be provided a first apparatus for performing sidelink (SL) communication through downlink control information (DCI). The first apparatus may include at least one memory to store instructions, at least one transceiver, and at least one processor to connect the at least one memory and the at least one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor may control the at least one transceiver to receive downlink control information (DCI) from an NR base station through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), may obtain a first timing offset based on the DCI, and may perform LTE SL communication based on the first timing offset, and the minimum value of the first timing offset may be determined based on the minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there may be provided an apparatus (or chip (set)) for controlling a first UE. The apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one computer memory that is connected to be executable by the at least one processor and stores instructions, wherein, when the at least one processor executes the instructions, the first UE may receive downlink control information (DCI) from an NR base station through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), may obtain a first timing offset based on the DCI, and may perform LTE SL communication based on the first timing offset, and wherein the minimum value of the first timing offset may be determined based on the minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first UE. 
     In one example, the first UE of the embodiment may indicate the first apparatus described throughout the present disclosure. In one example, each of the at least one processor, the at least one memory, and the like in the apparatus for controlling the first UE may be configured as a separate sub-chip, or at least two components thereof may be configured through a single sub-chip. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there may be provided a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions (or indications). When the instructions are executed by at least one processor of the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, downlink control information (DCI) may be received by a first apparatus from an NR base station through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), a first timing offset may be obtained by the first apparatus based on the DCI, and LTE SL communication may be performed by the first apparatus based on the first timing offset, and the minimum value of the first timing offset may be determined based on the minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
       FIG.  15    is a flowchart illustrating the operation of an NR base station in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Operations disclosed in the flowchart of  FIG.  15    may be performed in combination with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In one example, the operations disclosed in the flowchart of  FIG.  15    may be performed based on at least one of the devices illustrated in  FIG.  16    to  FIG.  21   . In another example, the operations disclosed in the flowchart of  FIG.  15    may be performed in combination with the individual operations of the embodiments disclosed in  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13    by various methods. 
     In one example, a (NR) base station or an LTE base station of  FIG.  15    may correspond to the BS of  FIG.  9    described above. In another example, a first apparatus of  FIG.  15    may correspond to the first apparatus (or first UE)  1220  described above with reference to  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . In still another example, a second apparatus of  FIG.  15    may correspond to the second apparatus (or second UE)  1320  described above with reference to  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . In yet another example, the base station or the NR base station of  FIG.  15    may correspond to the NR base station  1210  described above with reference to  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . In still another example, the LTE base station of  FIG.  15    may correspond to the LTE base station  1310  described above with reference to  FIG.  12    and  FIG.  13   . 
     In operation S 1510 , the NR base station according to an embodiment may determine DCI including a first timing offset. 
     In operation S 1520 , the NR base station according to an embodiment may transmit the DCI to the first apparatus through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). 
     In one embodiment, the first timing offset may be used when the first apparatus performs LTE SL communication. The minimum value of the first timing offset may be determined based on a minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
     In one embodiment, the minimum latency may indicate the minimum value of a time interval from the time when the DCI is received by the NR module to the time when the DCI is converted into LTE SL DCI by the first apparatus and the LTE SL DCI is transmitted by the first apparatus and is received by the LTE module. 
     In one embodiment, the minimum latency may be based on apparatus capability of the first apparatus. 
     The first apparatus according to an embodiment may transmit information on the minimum latency to the NR base station. 
     In one embodiment, the first timing offset may be equal to or greater than the minimum latency. 
     In one embodiment, the LTE SL communication may be performed based on information on LTE SL communication included in the DCI. 
     In one embodiment, the information on the LTE SL communication may include a second timing offset related to the LTE SL communication. The second timing offset may be added at the time after a lapse of the first timing offset from the time when the NR module receives the DCI as a starting point. 
     In one embodiment, the second timing offset may be a timing offset related to activation of LTE semi-persistent scheduling (SPS). 
     The first apparatus according to an embodiment may determine the time to determine whether to activate the LTE SPS based on the time after a lapse of the first timing offset and the second timing offset from the time when the NR module receives the DCI. Also, the first apparatus may determine whether to activate the LTE SPS at the time to determine whether to activate the LTE SPS. 
     The first apparatus according to an embodiment may determine an LTE SL resource related to the LTE SPS based on the determination that the LTE SPS is activated. 
     The first apparatus according to an embodiment may determine an LTE SL resource to which the LTE SPS is not applied based on the determination that the LTE SPS is deactivated. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there may be provided an NR base station for controlling SL communication of a first apparatus through downlink control information (DCI). The NR base station may include at least one memory to store instructions, at least one transceiver, and at least one processor to connect the at least one memory and the at least one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor may determine DCI including a first timing offset and may control the at least one transceiver to transmit the DCI to the first apparatus through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), the first timing offset may be used when the first apparatus performs LTE SL communication, and the minimum value of the first timing offset may be determined based on a minimum latency between an NR module for NR communication and an LTE module for LTE communication of the first apparatus. 
     Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be independently implemented. Alternatively, the various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by being combined or merged. For example, although the various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described based on the 3GPP LTE system for convenience of explanation, the various embodiments of the present disclosure may also be extendedly applied to another system other than the 3GPP LTE system. For example, the various embodiments of the present disclosure may also be used in an uplink or downlink case without being limited only to direct communication between terminals. In this case, a base station, a relay node, or the like may use the proposed method according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, it may be defined that information on whether to apply the method according to various embodiments of the present disclosure is reported by the base station to the terminal or by a transmitting terminal to a receiving terminal through pre-defined signaling (e.g., physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling). For example, it may be defined that information on a rule according to various embodiments of the present disclosure is reported by the base station to the terminal or by a transmitting terminal to a receiving terminal through pre-defined signaling (e.g., physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling). For example, some embodiments among various embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied limitedly only to a resource allocation mode 1. For example, some embodiments among various embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied limitedly only to a resource allocation mode 2. 
     Hereinafter, an apparatus to which various embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied will be described. 
     The various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts of the present disclosure described in this document may be applied to, without being limited to, a variety of fields requiring wireless communication/connection (e.g., 5G) between devices. 
     Hereinafter, a description will be given in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings/description, the same reference symbols may denote the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or functional blocks unless described otherwise. 
       FIG.  16    shows a communication system  1  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  16   , a communication system  1  to which various embodiments of the present disclosure are applied includes wireless devices, Base Stations (BSs), and a network. Herein, the wireless devices represent devices performing communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G new rat (NR)) or long-term evolution (LTE)) and may be referred to as communication/radio/5G devices. The wireless devices may include, without being limited to, a robot  100   a , vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2 , an extended reality (XR) device  100   c , a hand-held device  100   d , a home appliance  100   e , an Internet of things (IoT) device  100   f , and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) device/server  400 . For example, the vehicles may include a vehicle having a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, and a vehicle capable of performing communication between vehicles. Herein, the vehicles may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device may include an augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR)/Mixed Reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) mounted in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, or the like The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), and a computer (e.g., a notebook). The home appliance may include a TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine. The IoT device may include a sensor and a smartmeter. For example, the BSs and the network may be implemented as wireless devices and a specific wireless device  200   a  may operate as a B S/network node with respect to other wireless devices. 
     The wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the network  300  via the BSs  200 . An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  and the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the AI server  400  via the network  300 . The network  300  may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g., NR) network. Although the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may communicate with each other through the BSs  200 /network  300 , the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) with each other without passing through the BSs/network. For example, the vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  may perform direct communication (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)/vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). The IoT device (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f.    
     Wireless communication/connections  150   a ,  150   b , or  150   c  may be established between the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f /BS  200 , or BS  200 /BS  200 . Herein, the wireless communication/connections may be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlink communication  150   a , sidelink communication  150   b  (or, D2D communication), or inter BS communication (e.g., relay, Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB)). The wireless devices and the BSs/the wireless devices may transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through the wireless communication/connections  150   a  and  150   b . For example, the wireless communication/connections  150   a  and  150   b  may transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least a part of various configuration information configuring processes, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, and resource mapping/demapping), and resource allocating processes, for transmitting/receiving radio signals, may be performed based on the various proposals of the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  17    shows wireless devices in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  17   , a first wireless device  100  and a second wireless device  200  may transmit radio signals through a variety of RATs (e.g., LTE and NR). Herein, {the first wireless device  100  and the second wireless device  200 } may correspond to {the wireless device  100   x  and the BS  200 } and/or {the wireless device  100   x  and the wireless device  100   x } of  FIG.  16   . 
     The first wireless device  100  may include one or more processors  102  and one or more memories  104  and additionally further include one or more transceivers  106  and/or one or more antennas  108 . The processor(s)  102  may control the memory(s)  104  and/or the transceiver(s)  106  and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s)  102  may process information within the memory(s)  104  to generate first information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the first information/signals through the transceiver(s)  106 . The processor(s)  102  may receive radio signals including second information/signals through the transceiver  106  and then store information obtained by processing the second information/signals in the memory(s)  104 . The memory(s)  104  may be connected to the processor(s)  102  and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s)  102 . For example, the memory(s)  104  may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s)  102  or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s)  102  and the memory(s)  104  may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s)  106  may be connected to the processor(s)  102  and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  108 . Each of the transceiver(s)  106  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s)  106  may be interchangeably used with Radio Frequency (RF) unit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip. 
     The second wireless device  200  may include one or more processors  202  and one or more memories  204  and additionally further include one or more transceivers  206  and/or one or more antennas  208 . The processor(s)  202  may control the memory(s)  204  and/or the transceiver(s)  206  and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s)  202  may process information within the memory(s)  204  to generate third information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the third information/signals through the transceiver(s)  206 . The processor(s)  202  may receive radio signals including fourth information/signals through the transceiver(s)  106  and then store information obtained by processing the fourth information/signals in the memory(s)  204 . The memory(s)  204  may be connected to the processor(s)  202  and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s)  202 . For example, the memory(s)  204  may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s)  202  or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s)  202  and the memory(s)  204  may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s)  206  may be connected to the processor(s)  202  and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  208 . Each of the transceiver(s)  206  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s)  206  may be interchangeably used with RF unit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip. 
     Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices  100  and  200  will be described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may be implemented by, without being limited to, one or more processors  102  and  202 . For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, and SDAP). The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Unit (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document and provide the generated signals to the one or more transceivers  106  and  206 . The one or more processors  102  and  202  may receive the signals (e.g., baseband signals) from the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  and acquire the PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. 
     The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more application-specific integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software and the firmware or software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, or functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202  or stored in the one or more memories  104  and  204  so as to be driven by the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands. 
     The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and/or commands. The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be configured by read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives, registers, cash memories, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be located at the interior and/or exterior of the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  through various technologies such as wired or wireless connection. 
     The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of this document, to one or more other apparatuses. The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, from one or more other apparatuses. For example, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other apparatuses. In addition, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other apparatuses. In addition, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more antennas  108  and  208  and the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, through the one or more antennas  108  and  208 . In this document, the one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert received radio signals/channels or the like from RF band signals into baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, or the like using the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, or the like processed using the one or more processors  102  and  202  from the base band signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters. 
       FIG.  18    shows a signal process circuit for a transmission signal in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  18   , a signal processing circuit  1000  may include scramblers  1010 , modulators  1020 , a layer mapper  1030 , a precoder  1040 , resource mappers  1050 , and signal generators  1060 . An operation/function of  FIG.  18    may be performed by, without being limited to, the processors  102  and  202  and/or the transceivers  106  and  206  of  FIG.  17   . Hardware elements of  FIG.  18    may be implemented by the processors  102  and  202  and/or the transceivers  106  and  206  of  FIG.  17   . For example, blocks  1010  to  1060  may be implemented by the processors  102  and  202  of  FIG.  17   . Alternatively, the blocks  1010  to  1050  may be implemented by the processors  102  and  202  of  FIG.  17    and the block  1060  may be implemented by the transceivers  106  and  206  of  FIG.  17   . 
     Codewords may be converted into radio signals via the signal processing circuit  1000  of  FIG.  18   . Herein, the codewords are encoded bit sequences of information blocks. The information blocks may include transport blocks (e.g., a UL-SCH transport block, a DL-SCH transport block). The radio signals may be transmitted through various physical channels (e.g., a PUSCH and a PDSCH). 
     Specifically, the codewords may be converted into scrambled bit sequences by the scramblers  1010 . Scramble sequences used for scrambling may be generated based on an initialization value, and the initialization value may include ID information of a wireless device. The scrambled bit sequences may be modulated to modulation symbol sequences by the modulators  1020 . A modulation scheme may include pi/2-binary phase shift keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-phase shift keying (m-PSK), and m-quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM). Complex modulation symbol sequences may be mapped to one or more transport layers by the layer mapper  1030 . Modulation symbols of each transport layer may be mapped (precoded) to corresponding antenna port(s) by the precoder  1040 . Outputs z of the precoder  1040  may be obtained by multiplying outputs y of the layer mapper  1030  by an N*M precoding matrix W. Herein, N is the number of antenna ports and M is the number of transport layers. The precoder  1040  may perform precoding after performing transform precoding (e.g., DFT) for complex modulation symbols. Alternatively, the precoder  1040  may perform precoding without performing transform precoding. 
     The resource mappers  1050  may map modulation symbols of each antenna port to time-frequency resources. The time-frequency resources may include a plurality of symbols (e.g., a CP-OFDMA symbols and DFT-s-OFDMA symbols) in the time domain and a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain. The signal generators  1060  may generate radio signals from the mapped modulation symbols and the generated radio signals may be transmitted to other devices through each antenna. For this purpose, the signal generators  1060  may include inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) modules, cyclic prefix (CP) inserters, digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and frequency up-converters. 
     Signal processing procedures for a signal received in the wireless device may be configured in a reverse manner of the signal processing procedures  1010  to  1060  of  FIG.  18   . For example, the wireless devices (e.g.,  100  and  200  of  FIG.  17   ) may receive radio signals from the exterior through the antenna ports/transceivers. The received radio signals may be converted into baseband signals through signal restorers. To this end, the signal restorers may include frequency downlink converters, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), CP remover, and fast Fourier transform (FFT) modules. Next, the baseband signals may be restored to codewords through a resource demapping procedure, a postcoding procedure, a demodulation processor, and a descrambling procedure. The codewords may be restored to original information blocks through decoding. Therefore, a signal processing circuit (not illustrated) for a reception signal may include signal restorers, resource demappers, a postcoder, demodulators, descramblers, and decoders. 
       FIG.  19    shows a wireless device in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The wireless device may be implemented in various forms according to a use-case/service (see  FIG.  16   ). 
     Referring to  FIG.  19   , wireless devices  100  and  200  may correspond to the wireless devices  100  and  200  of  FIG.  17    and may be configured by various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules. For example, each of the wireless devices  100  and  200  may include a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , and additional components  140 . The communication unit may include a communication circuit  112  and transceiver(s)  114 . For example, the communication circuit  112  may include the one or more processors  102  and  202  and/or the one or more memories  104  and  204  of  FIG.  17   . For example, the transceiver(s)  114  may include the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  and/or the one or more antennas  108  and  208  of  FIG.  17   . The control unit  120  is electrically connected to the communication unit  110 , the memory  130 , and the additional components  140  and controls overall operation of the wireless devices. For example, the control unit  120  may control an electric/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on programs/code/commands/information stored in the memory unit  130 . In addition, the control unit  120  may transmit the information stored in the memory unit  130  to the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit  110  through a wireless/wired interface or store, in the memory unit  130 , information received through the wireless/wired interface from the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit  110 . 
     The additional components  140  may be variously configured according to types of wireless devices. For example, the additional components  140  may include at least one of a power unit/battery, input/output (I/O) unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit. The wireless device may be implemented in the form of, without being limited to, the robot ( 100   a  of  FIG.  16   ), the vehicles ( 100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  of  FIG.  16   ), the XR device ( 100   c  of  FIG.  16   ), the hand-held device ( 100   d  of  FIG.  16   ), the home appliance ( 100   e  of  FIG.  16   ), the IoT device ( 100   f  of  FIG.  16   ), a digital broadcast terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medicine device, a fintech device (or a finance device), a security device, a climate/environment device, the AI server/device ( 400  of  FIG.  16   ), the BSs ( 200  of  FIG.  16   ), a network node, or the like The wireless device may be used in a mobile or fixed place according to a use-example/service. 
     In  FIG.  19   , the entirety of the various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules in the wireless devices  100  and  200  may be connected to each other through a wired interface or at least a part thereof may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit  110 . For example, in each of the wireless devices  100  and  200 , the control unit  120  and the communication unit  110  may be connected by wire and the control unit  120  and first units (e.g.,  130  and  140 ) may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit  110 . Each element, component, unit/portion, and/or module within the wireless devices  100  and  200  may further include one or more elements. For example, the control unit  120  may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control unit  120  may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphical processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory  130  may be configured by a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM), a read-only memory (ROM)), a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof. 
     Hereinafter, an example of implementing  FIG.  19    will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. 
       FIG.  20    shows a hand-held device in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a notebook). The hand-held device may be referred to as a Mobile Station (MS), a User Terminal (UT), a Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS), a Subscriber Station (SS), an Advanced Mobile Station (AMS), or a Wireless Terminal (WT). 
     Referring to  FIG.  20   , a hand-held device  100  may include an antenna unit  108 , a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , a power supply unit  140   a , an interface unit  140   b , and an I/O unit  140   c . The antenna unit  108  may be configured as a part of the communication unit  110 . Blocks  110  to  130 / 140   a  to  140   c  correspond to the blocks  110  to  130 / 140  of FIG. X3, respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from other wireless devices or BSs. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling constituent elements of the hand-held device  100 . The control unit  120  may include an application processor (AP). The memory unit  130  may store data/parameters/programs/code/commands needed to drive the hand-held device  100 . In addition, the memory unit  130  may store input/output data/information. The power supply unit  140   a  may supply power to the hand-held device  100  and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, or the like. The interface unit  140   b  may support connection of the hand-held device  100  to other external devices. The interface unit  140   b  may include various ports (e.g., an audio I/O port and a video I/O port) for connection with external devices. The I/O unit  140   c  may input or output video information/signals, audio information/signals, data, and/or information input by a user. The I/O unit  140   c  may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit  140   d , a speaker, and/or a haptic module. 
     As an example, in the case of data communication, the I/O unit  140   c  may acquire information/signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, images, or video) input by a user and the acquired information/signals may be stored in the memory unit  130 . The communication unit  110  may convert the information/signals stored in the memory into radio signals and transmit the converted radio signals to other wireless devices directly or to a BS. The communication unit  110  may receive radio signals from other wireless devices or the BS and then restore the received radio signals into original information/signals. The restored information/signals may be stored in the memory unit  130  and may be output as various types (e.g., text, voice, images, video, or haptic) through the I/O unit  140   c.    
       FIG.  21    shows a car or an autonomous vehicle in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The car or autonomous vehicle may be implemented by a mobile robot, a car, a train, a manned/unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, or the like 
     Referring to  FIG.  21   , a car or autonomous vehicle  100  may include an antenna unit  108 , a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a driving unit  140   a , a power supply unit  140   b , a sensor unit  140   c , and an autonomous driving unit  140   d . The antenna unit  108  may be configured as a part of the communication unit  110 . The blocks  110 / 130 / 140   a  to  140   d  correspond to the blocks  110 / 130 / 140  of  FIG.  19   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from external devices such as other vehicles, BSs (e.g., gNBs and road side units), and servers. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling elements of the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100 . The control unit  120  may include an electronic control unit (ECU). The driving unit  140   a  may cause the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100  to drive on a road. The driving unit  140   a  may include an engine, a motor, a powertrain, a wheel, a brake, a steering device, or the like The power supply unit  140   b  may supply power to the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100  and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, or the like The sensor unit  140   c  may acquire a vehicle state, ambient environment information, user information, or the like The sensor unit  140   c  may include an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, a slope sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/backward sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illumination sensor, a pedal position sensor, or the like The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may implement technology for maintaining a lane on which a vehicle is driving, technology for automatically adjusting speed, such as adaptive cruise control, technology for autonomously driving along a determined path, technology for driving by automatically setting a path if a destination is set, and the like. 
     For example, the communication unit  110  may receive map data, traffic information data, or the like from an external server. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may generate an autonomous driving path and a driving plan from the obtained data. The control unit  120  may control the driving unit  140   a  such that the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100  may move along the autonomous driving path according to the driving plan (e.g., speed/direction control). In the middle of autonomous driving, the communication unit  110  may aperiodically/periodically acquire recent traffic information data from the external server and acquire surrounding traffic information data from neighboring vehicles. In addition, in the middle of autonomous driving, the sensor unit  140   c  may obtain a vehicle state and/or surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may update the autonomous driving path and the driving plan based on the newly obtained data/information. The communication unit  110  may transfer information about a vehicle position, the autonomous driving path, and/or the driving plan to the external server. The external server may predict traffic information data using AI technology, or the like, based on the information collected from vehicles or autonomous vehicles and provide the predicted traffic information data to the vehicles or the autonomous vehicles. 
     The scope of the disclosure may be represented by the following claims, and it should be construed that all changes or modifications derived from the meaning and scope of the claims and their equivalents may be included in the scope of the disclosure. 
     Claims in the present description can be combined in a various way. For instance, technical features in method claims of the present description can be combined to be implemented or performed in an apparatus, and technical features in apparatus claims can be combined to be implemented or performed in a method. Further, technical features in method claim(s) and apparatus claim(s) can be combined to be implemented or performed in an apparatus. Further, technical features in method claim(s) and apparatus claim(s) can be combined to be implemented or performed in a method.