Patent Publication Number: US-5024676-A

Title: Super-heavy oil emulsion fuel

Description:
INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION FIELD 
     This invention relates to a super-heavy oil emulsion fuel. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     Buried deposits of fossil fuel resources such as oil sand, bitumen and natural asphalt, which are not contained in petroleum, coal or LNG, are drawing attention as a result of their extremely vast amounts. In addition, with respect to petroleum-based substances also, asphalt and other heat-treated residues from which oil distillates, such as naphtha, have been removed are also in large excess. These super-heavy oils are oily substances which contain approximately 60-70% or more of a heavy fraction of 420°-450° C. or more which is normally the product of distillation under reduced pressure, and either do not flow as is or have high viscosities of several tens of thousands centipoise or more. As a result, when using as a fuel, if not heated to high temperatures, problems relating to handling and atomization occur. In addition, such fuels are also susceptible to blocking of pipes, etc. making them very difficult to use. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     The inventors discovered that a super-heavy oil, oil droplets in water type (O/W type) of emulsion fuel in which super-heavy oil (O) is emulsified in water (W) can be prepared when a suitable surface active agent, called also a surface activating agent, is used. This emulsion fuel exhibits a viscosity which is comparatively close to that of water and allows adequate atomization at high temperatures of, for example, 40°-90° C. making it extremely easy to handle. O/W type emulsion fuels are more preferable with a low water (W) content, in other words, with a greater oil (O) content, since fuel loss is less. In order for emulsion fuels to be handled in the same manner as ordinary liquid fuel oils, long-term stability, which allows the fuel to withstand transport and storage, is required. Although there are numerous reports in the past of using oils of satisfactory fluidity such as kerosene, heavy oil A, heavy oil B and heavy oil C by emulsifying them, there are hardly any reports of emulsifying super-heavy oil which has an extremely large heavy fraction and either does not flow or has a viscosity of several tens of thousands centipoise and then using it as a fuel. 
     The inventors discovered that a low-viscosity, O/W type super-heavy oil emulsion fuel can be prepared using 100 parts (weight standard, same for all to follow) of super-heavy oil, 30-80 parts, and preferably 33-50 parts, of water, 0.01-4 parts by weight of an anionic surface active agent selected from among the groups indicated in (i) to (vii) below and a nonionic surface active agent having an HLB (hydrophilic lipophilic balance) of 9-19 selected from among the groups indicated in (I)-(VII) at an anionic surface active agent/nonionic surface active agent weight ratio of 1/99-75/25, preferably 10/90-40/60, by stirring with a line mixer, etc. 
     ANIONIC SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT 
     (i) This group consists of formalin condensation products of sulfonic acid or sulfonate salts of cyclical aromatic compounds such as naphthalene, alkylnaphthalene, alkylphenol or alkylbenzene, in which the average degree of condensation of formalin is 1.2-100, and preferably 2-20. The salts are lower amines such as ammonium, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and triethylamine or alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. 
     (ii) This group consists of the formalin condensation products of lignin sulfonic acid, lignin sulfonate salts, its derivative and lignin sulfonate and sulfonates of aromatic compounds, naphthalene and alkylnaphthalene, and their salts. In any of the cases above, the salts are lower amines such as ammonium, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and triethylamine, or alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The average degree of condensation of formalin is 1.2-50, and preferably 2-20. For the lignin, the introduction of, for example, a few carboxyl groups results in superior performance particularly at high temperatures. 
     (iii) This group consists of copolymers and their salts of polystyrene sulfonic acid and its salts as well as styrene sulfonic acid and other copolymerizing monomers in which the molecular weight is 500-500,000, and preferably 2000-100,000. The salts are lower amines such as ammonium, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and triethylamine, or alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Typical examples of copolymerizing monomers include acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl acetate, acrylic ester, olefins, allyl alcohols as well as their ethylene oxide addition products, and AMPS. 
     (iv) This group consists of dicyclopentadiene sulfonate polymers and their salts in which the molecular weight of the polymer is 500-500,000, and preferably 2000-100,000. The salts are lower amines such as ammonium, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and triethylamine, or alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. 
     (v) This group consists of copolymers and their acids and salts of maleic anhydride and/or itaconic anhydride and other copolymerizing monomers in which the molecular weight is 500-500,000, and preferably 1500-100,000. Salts are ammonium as well as alkaline metals such as sodium, and potassium. Examples of the copolymerizing monomer include olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, tridecene, tetradecene, pentadecene, hexadecene), styrene, vinyl acetate, acrylic ester, methacrylate and acrylate. 
     (vi) This group consists of the maleic compounds and their salts of liquid polybutadiene in which the molecular weight of liquid butadiene is 500-200,000, and preferably 1000-50,000. The copolymer is preferred to have so high a content of maleic anhydride units as to be soluble in water, more preferably 40-70%. Salts include ammonium as well as alkaline metals such as sodium and potassium. 
     (vii) This group consists of the following anionic surface activating agents having 1 or 2 hydrophilic groups within the same molecule. 
     (a) Sulfuric ester salts of alcohols having 4-18 carbon atoms in which the salts are lower amines such as ammonium, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine or triethylamine, or alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium. Typical examples include sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium octyl sulfate. 
     (b) Alkanes, alkenes and/or alkylaryl sulfonates or their salts having 4-18 carbon atoms in which the salts are lower amines such as ammonium, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and triethylamine, or alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Typical examples include sodium dodecylbenzylsulfonate, sodium butylnaphthalenesulfonate and sodium dodecanesulfonate. 
     (c) Sulfates or phosphate esters and their salts of the alkylene oxide addition products of compounds having 1 or more activated hydrogens within the same molecule. Examples of the salts include ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Typical examples include the sodium sulfuric ester salt of polyoxyethyelene (3 mol)nonylphenyl ether and the sodium phosphoric ester salt of polyoxyethylene(3 mol) dodecyl ether. 
     (d) Sulfosuccinate salts which are esters of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids having 4-22 carbon atoms in which the salts are ammonium, sodium or potassium. Typical examples include sodium or ammonium dioctylsulfosuccinate and sodium dibutylsulfosuccinate. 
     (e) Alkyldiphenylether disulfonates and their salts. The alkyl groups have 8-18 carbon atoms and the salts are ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. 
     (f) Rosin acids and their salts in which the salts are ammonium, sodium and potassium. Tall oil and acid mixture, which is an acid mixture of rosin acid and higher fatty acids, and its salts are also included. 
     (g) Alkanes or alkene fatty acids having 4-18 carbon atoms and their salts in which the salts are ammonium, potassium and sodium. 
     NONIONIC SURFACE ACTIVATING AGENTS WITH HLB OF 9-19 
     (I) This group consists of the alkylene oxide addition products of compounds having phenolic hydroxyl groups such as phenol, cresol, butylphenol, nonylphenol, dinonylphenol, dodecylphenol, para-cumylphenol and bis-phenol A, in which the alkylene oxide is ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, butylene oxide or styrene oxide. 
     (II) This group consists of the alkylene oxide addition products of the formalin condensation products of compounds having phenolic hydroxyl groups such as alkylphenol, phenol, meta-cresol, styrenated phenol and benzylated phenol, in which a condensation degree is 1.2-100, or preferably 2-20. The alkylene oxide is ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, butylene oxide or styrene oxide. 
     (III) This group consists of the alkylene oxide addition products of monovalent aliphatic alcohols and/or aliphatic amines having 2-50 carbon atoms, in which the alkylene oxide is ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, butylene oxide or styrene oxide. 
     (IV) This group consists of the block or random addition polymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide and styrene oxide. 
     (V) This group consists of the alkylene oxide addition products of polyvalent alcohols such as glycerine, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, sucrose, polyglycerine, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, or the esters of those polyvalent alcohols and fatty acids having 8-18 carbon atoms. The alkylene oxide is ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, butylene oxide or styrene oxide. 
     (VI) Alkylene oxide addition products of polyvalent amines having a multiple number of active hydrogen atoms such as ethylenediamine, tetraethylenediamine and polyethyleneimine (molecular weight: 600-1,000,000). The alkylene oxide is ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, butylene oxide or styrene oxide. 
     (VII) The products of the reaction resulting from the addition of an alkylene oxide to a mixture of 1 mole of triglyceride-type oil and 1 or 2 or more types of polyvalent alcohols selected from the group consisting of glycerine, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, sucrose, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 1000 or less, propylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1000 or less, and/or 0.1-5 moles of water. The alkylene oxide is ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, butylene oxide or styrene oxide. 
     From among the anionic surface activating agents selected from the groups indicated in (i)-(vii) above, the formalin condensation products of lignin sulfonic acid and lignin sulfonate with naphthalene sulfonate and their salts, and the formalin condensation product of naphthalene sulfonate demonstrated particularly superior performance overall. The action of anionic surface active agents involves adsorption onto the interface of the particles of the super-heavy oil thereby giving an electrical charge to the particles while simultaneously assisting in reducing the size of the particles which results in the prevention of the aggregation of the particles. Although nonionic surface active agents are strongly susceptible to the effects of temperature, when anionic surface active agents are added, the effects of temperature are weakened which results in improved storage stability of the emulsion. 
     The action of the above nonionic surface activating agents involves adsorption onto the interface of the particles of the super-heavy oil and preventing aggregation of the particles as a result of protective action while simultaneously assisting in reducing the size of the particles. 
     In the case of anionic surface activating agent alone, storage stability is inadequate. Similarly, in the case of nonionic surface activating agent alone, a stable emulsion fuel cannot be obtained since such agents are strongly susceptible to the effects of temperature. By adding anionic surface activating agent to nonionic surface activating agent to reduce their dependence on temperature, it is possible to prepare a stable emulsion fuel. 
     The amount of anionic surface activating agent that is added in the emulsion fuel of this invention is 0.005-2.2 wt. %, and preferably 0.06-0.61 wt. %. A mixture of two or more types of anionic surface activating agent and nonionic surface activating agent respectively may also be used. In addition, the anionic surface activatig agent and nonionic surface activating agent may be added separately or may be added in the form of a mixture mixed in advance. 
     Although the optimum HLB value of the nonionic surface activating agent varies according to the temperature at the time of emulsion, a value of 9-19 is preferable with a value of 12-17 being more preferable. From among the nonionic surface activating agents indicated above, the surface activating agent indicated in (VII) above is the most superior, followed by (II) and (III) which also demonstrate superior performance. 
     In addition, the inventors discovered that a composition consisting of 100 parts of super-heavy oil, 30-80 parts, and preferably 33-50 parts of water, 0.05-4 parts of nonionic surface activating agent having an HLB value of 9-19, preferably 12-17, which is selected from the groups indicated in (I)-(VII) above, and 0.003-1 part, and preferably 0.01-0.1 part of the naturally-occurring hydrophilic polymer substances indicated in (A)-(D) below, and/or 0.01-1 part of the aqueous synthetic polymers indicated in (a)-(f) below, becomes a stable, O/W type of super-heavy oil emulsion with low viscosity. It is desirable to use efficient, mechanical methods for preparing this composition. 
     NATURALLY-OCCURRING HYDROPHILIC POLYMER SUBSTANCES 
     (A) Microorganism-Originating Hydrophilic Polymer Substances (Polysaccharides) 
     (a) Xanthan Gum 
     (b) Bluran 
     (c) Dextran 
     (B) Plant-Originating Hydrophilic Polymer Substances (Polysaccharides) 
     (a) Kelp-originating 
     (1) Agar 
     (2) Galaginan 
     (3) Phaseleran 
     (4) Arginate and its salts (Na, K, NH 4 , Ca, Mg) 
     (b) Seed-originating 
     (1) Locust Bean Gum 
     (2) Gua Gum 
     (3) Fatsia Gum 
     (4) Tamarind Gum 
     (c) Tree-originating (Sap) 
     (1) Arabian Gua 
     (2) Karaya Gum 
     (3) Tragacanth Gum 
     (d) Fruit-originating 
     (1) Pectin 
     (C) Animal-Originating Hydrophilic Polymer Substances (Proteins) 
     (1) Gelatin 
     (2) Casein 
     (D) Natural Polymer Derivatives 
     (1) Cellulose derivatives (such as carboxymethylcellulose) 
     (2) Processed starch 
     AQUEOUS SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 
     The following describes aqueous synthetic polymers with high viscosity. 
     (a) Homopolymers of acrylate and its derivatives as well as copolymers of other monomers. ##STR1## where R: H, methyl, ethyl 
     M: H, Na, K, Li, NH 4   
     Z: ##STR2##  and monomers which can copolymerize with this monomer and its salts (NH 4 , Na, K, Li). 
     Examples include maleic acid (anhydride), itaconic acid (anhydride), α-olefins, acrylamide, vinylsulfonate, allylsulfonate, methallylsulfonate, acrylamide methylpropylsulfonate and its salts (NH 4 , Na, K), and dialkyl(methyl or ethyl)ethylaminomethacrylate and its salts (chlorine, diethylsulfate, dimethylsulfate). 
     n: 50-100,000 
     (b) Copolymers of acrylamide and other monomers which can copolymerize with its derivatives. ##STR3## where R: H, CH 2  CH 2  OH 
     Z: ##STR4##  and monomers which can be polymerized with this monomer, and their salts (NH 4 , Na, K, Li). 
     Examples include vinylsulfonate, allylsulfonate, methallylsulfonate, acrylamide methylpropylsulfonate, dialkyl(methyl or ethyl)ethylaminomethacrylate, α-olefins (C 2  -C 18 ) and vinylallyl alcohols 
     n: 50-100,000 
     (c) Salts of copolymers of maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride and other monomers that can copolymerize. The salt includes that with ammonium, potassium and sodium. ##STR5## where M: Maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride 
     Z: α-olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, octene, decene, dodecene, etc.), styrene 
     n: 50-100,000 
     (d) Homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl alcohol. ##STR6## where Z: Vinyl acetate, styrene 
     n: 30-100,000 
     (e) Homopolymers and copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone. ##STR7## where Z: Monomers which can copolymerize with vinylpyrrolidone and their salts (NH 4 , Na, K, Li). 
     Examples include acrylamide, vinylsulfonate, methallylsulfonate, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, styrene and α-olefins (C 2  -C 18 ). 
     n: 50-100,000 
     (f) Polyethyeleneoxide (PEO) with a molecular weight of 10,000-3,000,000, and preferably 20,000-1,000,000. 
     It is preferable to use naturally-occurring hydrophilic polymer substances so that 0.003-1 part, and preferably 0.01-0.1 part are contained in 100 parts of super-heavy oil, and use aqueous synthetic polymers so that 0.01-1 part are contained in 100 parts of super-heavy oil. If the amount that is added is excessive, since the viscosity of the system will be too high and since this is also economically disadvantageous, it is desirable to demonstrate effectiveness with as small an amount as possible. From among the hydrophilic polymer substances indicated above, xanthan gum is especially superior such that superior performance will be exhibited with the addition of a small amount. 
     When the anionic surface activating agent is further added to the nonionic surface activating agent-hydrophilic polymer substance and/or aqueous synthetic polymer system, a super-heavy oil emulsion fuel results with even greater long-term stability. The anionic surface activating agents indicated in (i)-(vii) above are typical examples of the anionic surface activating agent of this invention. 
     From among the anionic surface activating agents indicated above, (i) and (ii) exhibited superior performance overall. 
     When the powerful protective action of the hydrophilic polymer substance is added to the action of the anionic and nonionic surface activating agents, the super-heavy oil emulsion fuel becomes a stable system at low viscosity for an extended period of time. 
     For systems which use anionic surface activating agent, nonionic surface activating agent and a hydrophilic polymer substance, as well as for systems which use a nonionic surface activating agent and a hydrophilic polymer substance, these can either be used by blending together in advance or used separately. In addition, although these can be added to either water or oil, adding to water results in easier handling. 
     In regard to mechanical methods for preparing the emulsion fuel, as long as an efficient stirring method is used, any method of this type is satisfactory, and two or more methods may be combined. High-shearing types of stirring devices are particularly desirable. Examples of these include line mixers, arrow blade turbine blade mixers, propeller blade mixers, full margin type blade mixers and paddle blade mixers. High shearing refers to shearing of 1100/sec. or greater, and preferably a range of 4000-30,000/sec. 
     The action of anionic surface activating agents involves adsorbing onto the interface of the particles of the super-heavy oil thereby giving an electrical charge to the particles while simultaneously assisting in reducing the size of the particles resulting in prevention of aggregation of the particles. Although nonionic surface active agents are strongly susceptible to the effects of temperature, when anionic surface active agents are added, the effects of temperature are weakened resulting in improved storage stability of the emulsion. In addition, storage stability is further improved by adding the action of a hydrophilic polymer substance. 
     In the case of anionic surface activating agent alone, although the viscosity of the system decreases, storage stability is worsened. Similarly, in the case of using the nonionic surface activating agent alone, viscosity increases with time since such agents are strongly susceptible to the effects of temperature and as such, an emulsion fuel that is stable for an extended period of time cannot be prepared. However, when anionic surface activating agent and nonionic surface activating agent are used in combination, a stable emulsion fuel can be obtained. The weight ratio of anionic surface activating agent and nonionic surface activating agent (anionic surface activating agent/nonionic surface activating agent) which demonstrate superior performance is 1/99-75/25, and preferably 10/90-40/60. An added amount of anionic surface activating agent of 0.005-2.2 parts to 100 parts of emulsion fuel is preferable, and 0.06-0.61 parts is more preferable. 
     The oil which is referred to as super-heavy oil in this invention includes the oils indicated below which have a high viscosity at room temperature and do not flow unless heated to high temperatures. 
     (1) Petroleum-based asphalts as well as its mixtures. 
     (2) Various types of treated petroleum-based asphalt, their intermediate products, residues and oil mixtures. 
     (3) High fluid point oils or crude oils which do not flow at room temperature. 
     (4) Petroleum-based tar pitch as well as its mixtures. 
     (5) Bitumen, oil sand and natural asphalt. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DIAGRAMS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a centrifuge tube used in evaluation of the dispersion state after allowing to stand undisturbed. 
     1: Surface Layer 
     2: Intermediate Layer 
     3: Sedimentation Layer 
    
    
     EMBODIMENTS 
     The following describes embodiments of this invention, this invention is not limited to these embodiments. 
     EMBODIMENT 1 
     A specific amount of Middle East type asphalt (softening temperature: 50° C.) or Asabaska bitumen (softening temperature: 12.5° C.), water and surface activating agent were weighed so as to total 300 g. This mixture was then placed in an 800 ml centrifuge tube and heated to 75° C. After reaching a constant temperature, the mixture was stirred with a TK Homomixer (Tokushu Kikako Ltd., equipped with low viscosity stirring blades) to prepare the emulsion fuel. This was then maintained at a temperature of 60° C. After reaching a constant temperature, the viscosity was measured. A portion of the emulsion fuel was maintained at a temperature of 50° C. and observed after 1 day, 7 days, 21 days, 1 month and 3 months. A portion was removed and the amount that passed through a 100 mesh strainer was measured. Viscosity measurements were made using a Vismetron Model VS-AI No. 2 (Shibaura Systems Co., Ltd.) at a rotor speed of 60 rpm and the amount that passed through the strainer was determined by placing approximately 10 g of the sample on a φ 70 mm, 100 mesh stainless steel strainer in a 50° C. atmosphere and calculating the amount remaining in the strainer after 10 minutes. Those results are indicated in Table 1. 
     Furthermore, overall evaluation was made by comprehensively evaluating viscosity of the emulsion, amount that passed through the strainer, and visual observation of the dispersion state after the emulsion was allowed to stand. Evaluation was made using the symbols  ○&gt; ○&gt;Δ&gt;X with an evaluation of Δ of better being recognized as at least demonstrating some degree of effectiveness. 
     However, in the case of the dispersion state after standing, evaluation was made by observing the three layers consisting of the surface layer 1, intermediate layer 2 and sedimentation layer 3 as indicated in FIG. 1 and evaluating each of the respective surface layer, intermediate layer and sedimentation layer separately. 
     In surface layer 1, the size of the oil droplets on the surface were observed as well as the size of the oil film that formed when these were large. Dispersion state was evaluated in the order of no oil droplets&gt;some oil droplets&gt;small oil film&gt;large oil film with no oil droplets indicating the most satisfactory evaluation. 
     In intermediate layer 2, the quality of the emulsification state was observed Evaluation was made in the order of good emulsification&gt;slightly creamy &gt;creamy&gt;separated&gt;major separation&gt;complete separation with good emulsification indicating the most satisfactory evaluation. 
     In sedimentation layer 3, evaluation was made in the order of no sediment&gt;soft sediment&gt;hard sediment with no sediment indicating the most satisfactory evaluation. Soft sediment refers to sediment that is soft and can be redispersed easily. Hard sediment refers to sediment that is hard and for which redispersion is difficult. 
     EMBODIMENT 2 
     A specific amount of Asabaska bitumen (softening temperature: 12.5° C., Canada), water and each of the surface activating agents indicated in Table 2 were weighed so as to total 300 g. This mixture was then placed in an 800 ml centrifuge tube and heated to 45° C. After reaching a constant temperature, the mixture was stirred with a TK Homomixer, equipped with low viscosity stirring blades, to prepare the emulsion fuel. This was then placed in a 40° C. constant temperature bath. After reaching a constant temperature, the viscosity was measured. A portion of the emulsion fuel was maintained at a temperature of 40° C. and its state was observed after 1 day, 3 days and 7 days. A portion was removed and the amount that passed through a 100 mesh strainer was measured. Viscosity measurements were made using a Vismetron Model VS-AI No. 2 (Shibaura Systems Co., Ltd.) at a rotor speed of 60 rpm and the amount that passed through the strainer was determined by placing approximately 10 g of the sample on a φ70 mm, 100 mesh stainless steel strainer in a 40° C. atmosphere and calculating the amount remaining in the strainer after 10 minutes. Those results are indicated in Table 1. Further, overall evaluation and observation of the dispersion state were performed with the same methods as in Embodiment 1. 
     EMBODIMENT 3 
     A specific amount of Middle East type asphalt (softening temperature: 50° C.), water, surface activating agent, hydrophilic polymer substance and/or aqueous synthetic polymer substance were weighed so as to total 300 g. This mixture was then placed in an 800 ml centrifuge tube and heated to 75° C. After reaching a constant temperature, the mixture was stirred with a TK Homomixer (Tokushu Kikako Ltd., equipped with low viscosity stirring blades) to prepare the emulsion fuel. This was then maintained at a temperature of 60° C. After reaching a constant temperature, the viscosity was measured. A portion of the emulsion fuel was maintained at a temperature of 50° C. and observed after 1 day, 7 days, 21 days, 1 month and 3 months. A portion was removed and the amount that passed through a 100 mesh strainer was measured. Viscosity measurements were made using a Vismetron Model VS-AI No. 2 (Shibaura Systems Co., Ltd.) at a rotor speed of 60 rpm and the amount that passed through the strainer was determined by placing approximately 10 g of the sample on a φ70 mm, 100 mesh stainless steel strainer in a 50° C. atmosphere and calculating the amount remaining in the strainer after 10 minutes. Those results are indicated in Table 3. Further, overall evaluation and observation of the dispersion state were performed with the same methods as in Embodiment 1. 
     EMBODIMENT 4 
     A specific amount of Asabaska bitumen (softening temperature: 12.5° C., Canada), water, surface activating agent, hydrophilic polymer substance and/or aqueous synthetic polymer substance were weighed so as to total 300 g. This mixture was then placed in an 800 ml centrifuge tube and heated to 40° C. After reaching a constant temperature, the mixture was stirred with a TK Homomixer (Tokushu Kikako Ltd.) to prepare the emulsion fuel. This was then placed in a 40° C. constant temperature bath. After reaching a constant temperature, the viscosity was measured. A portion of the emulsion fuel was maintained at a temperature of 40° C. and its state was observed after 1 day, 7 days, 21 days, 1 month and 3 months. A portion was removed and the amount that passed through a 100 mesh strainer was measured. Viscosity measurements were made using a Vismetron Model VS-AI No. 2 (Shibaura Systems Co., Ltd.) at a rotor speed of 60 rpm and the amount that passed through the strainer was determined by placing approximately 10 g of the sample on a φ70 mm, 100 mesh stainless steel strainer in a 40° C. atmosphere and calculating the amount remaining in the strainer after 10 minutes. Those results are indicated in Table 4. Further, overall evaluation and observation of the dispersion state were performed with the same methods as in Embodiment 3. 
     
         TABLE 1
  Physical Properties  During Preparation Asphalt Surface Activating
 Agents and  Amount Passing  Concen- Amount of Addition (%) Viscosity
 Through Test tration Anionic Surface Nonionic Surface (c.P. Strainer
 Observation of Dispersion State After Standing Overall No. (%) Activating
  Agent Activating Agent 60° C.) (100 Mesh) (%) After 1 Day After
 3 Days After 7 Days Evaluation
    1 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene  77  0 Large Oil Film No Change No Change X
    Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl   Complete No Change No Change   0.60%
 Ether (HLB 15.5)   Separation    0%   Hard Sediment No Change No Change
 2 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene 105 19 Large Oil Film No Change No Change
 Δ   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl   Major Separation No Change No
 Change   0.40% Ether (HLB 15.5)   Soft Sediment No Change Hard Sediment
   0.20%  3 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene 158 11 Small Oil Film No Change No
 Change Δ   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl   Major Separation No Change
 No Change   0.30% Ether (HLB 15.5)   Soft Sediment No Change Hard
 Sediment    0.30%  4 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene 248 43 Small Oil FilmNo
 Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl   Good No Change
 No Change   0.20% Ether (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification    0.40%   No
 Sediment No Change Soft Sediment  5 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene 350 39
 Small Oil Film No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl
   Good No Change No Change   0.12% Ether (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification
 0.48%   No Sediment No Change No Change  6 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene
 1200
   34 No Oil Droplets No Change Small Oil Film Δ   Lignosulfonate
 Nonylphenyl   Good No Change Slightly Creamy   0.06% Ether (HLB 15.5)
 Emulsification    0.54%   No Sediment No Change No Change  7 74 Sodium
 Polyoxyethylene 4170
   17 Large Oil Film No Change No Change X   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl
 Creamy No Change No Change   0% Ether (HLB 15.5)   No Sediment No Change
 No Change    0.60%  8 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene 208 39 Some Oil Droplets
 No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl   Good No
 Change No Change   0.13% Ether (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification    0.27%   No
 Sediment No Change No Change  9 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene 291 41 Some
 Oil Droplets No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl
 Good No Change No Change   0.17% Ether (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification
 0.33%   No Sediment No Change No Change 10 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene 270
 43 Some Oil Droplets No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate
 Nonylphenyl   Creamy No Change No Change   0.27% Ether (HLB 15.5)   No
 Sediment No Change No Change    0.53% 11 72 Sodium Polyoxyethylene 129
 46 Some Oil Droplets No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate
 Nonylphenyl   Good No Change No Change   0.20% Ether (HLB 15.5)
 Emulsification    0.40%   No Sediment No Change No Change 12 70 Sodium
 Polyoxyethylene 105 44 Some Oil Droplets No Change No Change ○
 Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl   Good No Change No Change   0.20% Ether (HLB
 15.5)   Emulsification    0.40%   No Sediment No Change No Change 13 74
 Calcium Salt of Polyoxyethylene 560 23 Small Oil Film No Change No
 Change ○   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl   Good No Change Creamy
 0.20% Ether (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification    0.40%   No Sediment No Change
 Soft Sediment 14 74 Ammonium Salt of Polyoxyethylene 420 25 Small Oil
 Film No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl   Good No
 Change Slightly Creamy   0.20% Ether (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification
 0.40%   No Sediment No Change Soft Sediment 15 74 Formalin Condensate
 Polyoxyethylene 490 30 Small Oil Film No Change No Change ○   of
 Sodium Salt of Nonylphenyl   Good No Change Slightly Creamy   Lignosulfon
 ate Ether (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification   0.20% 0.40%   No Sediment No
 Change Soft Sediment 16 74 Formalin Condenstate Polyoxyethylene 205 46
 Some Oil Droplets No Change No Change ○   of Sodium Salt of
 Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No Change No Change   Naphthalene Sulfonate
 (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification   0.20% 0.40%   No Sediment No Change No
 Change 17 74 Formalin Condensate Polyoxyethylene 180 28 Small Oil Film
 No Change No Change ○   of Sodium Salt of Nonylphenyl Ether
 Good No Change No Change   Naphthalene Sulfonate (HLB 15.5)   Emulsificat
 ion   0.13% 0.27%   No Sediment No Change Soft Sediment 18 74 Formalin
 Condensate Polyoxyethylene 620 18 Small Oil Film No Change No Change
 Δ   of Sodium Salt of Nonylphenyl Ether   Good Slightly Creamy No
 Change   Cresol Sulfonate (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification   0.20% 0.40%   No
 Sediment Soft Sediment Soft Sediment 19 74 Formalin Condensate Polyoxyeth
 ylene 240 41 Some Oil Droplets No Change No Change ○   of Sodium
 Salt of Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No Change No Change   Butylnaphthalene
 (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification   Sulfonate 0.40%   No Sediment No Change No
 Change   0.20% 20 74 Formalin Condensate Polyoxyethylene 270 42 Some Oil
 Droplets No Change No Change ○   of Butylnaphthalene Nonylphenyl
 Ether   Good No Change No Change   Sulfonate (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification
   0.20% 0.40%   No Sediment No Change No Change 21 74 Sodium Polystyrene
 Polyoxyethylene 780 23 Small Oil Film No Change No Change Δ
 Sulfonate (MW: 8,000) Nonylphenyl Ether   Good Slightly Creamy No Change
   0.20% (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification    0.40%   No Sediment Soft Sediment
 No Change 22 74 Sodium Salt of Polyoxyethylene 890 25 Small Oil Film
 Large Oil Film No Change Δ   Styrene Sulfonate- Nonylphenyl Ether
  Slightly Creamy No Change No Change   Maleate Copolymer (HLB 15.5)   No
 Sediment Soft Sediment No Change   (MW: 6,000) 0.40%   0.20% 23 74
 Sodium Salt of Polyoxyethylene 950 22 Small Oil Film Large Oil Film No
 Change Δ   Dicyclopentadiene Nonylphenyl Ether   Slightly Creamy
 No Change No Change   Sulfonate Copolymer (HLB 15.5)   No Sediment No
 Change No Change   (MW: 8,000) 0.40%   0.20% 24 74 Sodium Salt of
 Polyoxyethylene 200 45 Small Oil Film No Change No Change ○
 Denatured Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No Change No Change   Lignosulfonate
 (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification   0.20% 0.40%   No Sediment No Change Soft
 Sediment 25 74 Sodium Salt of Polyoxyethylene 360 32 Small Oil Film No
 Change No Change ○   Octene-Maleate Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No
 Change No Change   Copolymer (MW: 6,000) (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification
 0.20% 0.40%   No Sediment Soft Sediment No Change 26 74 Sodium Salt of
 Polyoxyethylene 430 26 Small Oil Film Large Oil Film No Change Δ
 Maleated Liquid Poly- Nonylphenyl Ether   Slightly Creamy No Change No
 Change   butadiene (MW: 4,000) (HLB 15.5)   No Sediment Soft Sediment No
 Change   (Degree of Maleation: 0.40%   50%)   0.20% 27 74 Sodium Salt of
 Polyoxyethylene 660 28 Small Oil Film No Change Large Oil Film Δ
 Lauryl Sulfate Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No Change No Change   0.20% (HLB
 15.5)   Emulsification    0.40%   No Sediment Soft Sediment No Change 28
 74 Triethanolamine Salt Polyoxyethylene 690 24 Small Oil Film Large Oil
 Film No Change Δ   of Lauryl Sulfate Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No
 Change No Change   0.20% (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification    0.40%   No
 Sediment Soft Sediment No Change 29 74 Sodium Salt of Poly- Polyoxyethyle
 ne 390 37 Small Oil Film No Change No Change ○   oxyethylene (n =
 3) Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No Change No Change   Nonylphenyl Ether (HLB
 15.5)   Emulsification   Sulfate 0.40%   No Sediment No Change Soft
 Sediment   0.20% 30 74 Sodium Salt of Poly- Polyoxyethylene 430 38 Small
 Oil Film No Change No Change ○   oxyethylene (n = 3) Nonylphenyl
 Ether   Good No Change No Change   Nonylphenyl Ether (HLB 15.5)
 Emulsification   Phosphate 0.40%   No Sediment Soft Sediment No Change
 0.20% 31 74 Sodium Salt of Polyoxyethylene 580 29 Small Oil Film Large
 Oil Film No Change Δ   Dioctyl- Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No Change
 No Change   sulfosuccinate (HLB 15.5)   Emulsification   0.20% 0.40%
 No Sediment Soft Sediment No Change 32 74 Sodium Salt of Polyoxyethylene
 460 30 Small Oil Film Large Oil Film No Change ○   Rosin Soap
 Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No Change No Change   0.20% (HLB 15.5)
 Emulsification    0.40%   No Sediment Soft Sediment No Change 33 74
 Sodium Ethylene Oxide 350 44 Small Oil Film No Change No Change ○
   Lignosulfonate Addition Product of   Good No Change Slightly Creamy
 0.20% Nonylphenol Formalin   Emulsification    Condensate (HLB 15.2)
 No Sediment No Change Soft Sediment    0.40% 34 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene
  380 43 Small Oil Film No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate
 Oleyl Ether (HLB 15.7)   Good No Change Slightly Creamy   0.20% 0.40%
 Emulsification       No Sediment No Change Soft Sediment 35 74 Sodium
 Polyoxyethylene 510 36 Small Oil Film No Change No Change ○
 Lignosulfonate Sorbitan Laurate   Good No Change Slightly Creamy   0.20%
 (HLB 15.2)   Emulsification    0.40%   No Sediment No Change Soft
 Sediment 36 74 Sodium Polyoxypropylene 560 38 Small Oil Film No Change
 No Change ○   Lignosulfonate (MW: 1,500) Polyoxy-   Good No
 Change Slightly Creamy   0.20% ethylene Block   Emulsification
 Polymer (HLB 15.8)   No Sediment No Change Soft Sediment    0.40% 37 74
 Sodium Ethylene Oxide and 620 17 Small Oil Film No Change No Change
 Δ   Lignosulfonate Propylene Oxide   Good No Change Creamy   0.20%
 Block Polymer of   Emulsification    Tetraethyleneamine   No Sediment
 Soft Sediment No Change    (HLB 15.1)    0.40% 38 74 Sodium Ethylene
 Oxide 151 48 Some Oil Droplets No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfon
 ate Addition Product of   Good No Change No Change   0.20% a Mixture of
 Beef   Emulsification    Tallow and Glycerine   No Sediment No Change
 Soft Sediment    (1:0.5) (HLB 15.5)    0.40% 39 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene
  920
  4 Large Oil Film No Change No Change X   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl
 Ether   Separation No Change No Change   0.20% (HLB 8.8)   Soft Sediment
 Hard Sediment No Change    0.40% 40 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylene 650  8
 Small Oil Film Large Oil Film No Change Δ   Lignosulfonate
 Nonylphenyl Ether   Slightly Creamy Creamy No Change   0.20% (HLB 12.2)
  No Sediment Soft Sediment No Change    0.40% 41 74 Sodium Polyoxyethylen
 e 238 41 Some Oil Droplets No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate
 Nonylphenyl Ether   Good No Change No Change   0.20% (HLB 17.8)
 Emulsification    0.40%   No Sediment No Change No Change 42 74 Sodium
 Polyoxyethylene 760 14 Small Oil Film Large Oil Film No Change X
 Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl Ether   Creamy No Change No Change   0.20%
 (HLB 19.1)   Soft Sediment No Change Hard Sediment    0.40%
 
    
     
         TABLE 2
     Physical Properties      During Preparation       Amount    Asabaska
   Passing    Bitumen Surface Activating Agents and Amount of Viscos-
 Through  Over-  Concen- Addition (%) ity Strainer Observation of
 Dispersion State all Test tration Anionic Surface Nonionic Surface
 Polymer (c.P. (100 Mesh) After Standing Evalua- No. (%) Activating Agent A
 ctivating Agent Substance 40° C.) (%) After 1 Day After 3 Days
 After 7 Days tion
   1 73 Sodium Polyoxyethylene Xanthan Immea-
  0 Test   X   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl Gum surable  Discontinued   0%
 Ether 0%    0% 2 73 Sodium Polyoxyethylene Xanthan 490 21 Small Oil Film
 No Change Large Oil Δ   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl Gum   Slightly
 No Change Film   0.20% Ether 0%   Creamy No Change No Change    (HLB
 9.2)    No Sediment  Soft Sediment    0.40% 3 73 Sodium Polyoxyethylene
 Xanthan 190 43 No Oil No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate
 Nonylphenyl Gum   Droplets No Change No Change   0.20% Ether 0%   Good
 No Change No Change    (HLB 12.2)    Emulsification    0.40%    No
 Sediment 4 73 Sodium Polyoxyethylene Xanthan 170 46 No Oil No Change No
 Change ○   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl Gum   Droplets No Change No
 Change   0.20% Ether 0%   Good No Change No Change    (HLB 13.2)
 Emulsification    0.40%    No Sediment 5 73 Sodium Polyoxyethylene
 Xanthan 230 29 No Oil No Change No Change Δ   Lignosulfonate
 Nonylphenyl Gum   Droplets No Change Creamy   0.20% Ether 0%   Slightly
 No Change Soft Sediment    (HLB 15.5)    Creamy    0.40%    No Sediment
 6 73 Sodium Polyoxyethylene Xanthan 350 20 Small Oil Film No Change No
 Change Δ   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl Ether Gum   Slightly Creamy
 No Change   0.20% (HLB 17.8) 0%   Creamy Soft Sediment No Change
 0.40%    No Sediment 7 73 Sodium Polyoxyethylene Xanthan 830 15 Small
 Oil Film No Change No Change X   Lignosulfonate Nonylphenyl Ether Gum
 Creamy No Change No Change   0.20% (HLB 19.1) 0%   No Sediment Soft
 Sediment Hard Sediment    0.40% 8 73 Sodium Ethylene Oxide Xanthan 165
 51 No Oil No Change No Change ○   Lignosulfonate Addition Product
 Gum   Droplets No Change No Change   0.20% of a Mixture of 0%   Good No
 Change No Change    Beef Tallow and    Emulsification    Glycerine
 (1:0.5)    No Sediment    (HLB 13.2)    0.40% 9 73 Formalin Condensate
 Ethylene Oxide Xanthan 173 49 No Oil No Change No Change ○   of
 Sodium Naphtha- Addition Product Gum   Droplets No Change No Change
 lene Sulfonate of a Mixture of 0%   Good No Change No Change   (Degree
 of Conden- Beef Tallow and    Emulsification   sation: 4.1) Glycerine
 (1:0.5)    No Sediment   0.20% (HLB 13.2)    0.40% 10  73 Formalin
 Condensate Polyoxyethylene Xanthan 172 48 No Oil No Change No Change
 ○   of Sodium Naphtha- Nonylphenyl Ether Gum   Droplets No Change
 No Change   lene Sulfonate (HLB 13.2) 0%   Good No Change No Change
 (Degree of Conden- 0.40%    Emulsification   sation: 4.1)     No
 Sediment   0.20%
 
    
     
         TABLE 3
  Physical  Properties During Preparation Surface Activating Agents,
 Polymer  Amount  Substances and Amounts of Addition (%)  Passing Asphalt A
 nionic Nonionic Viscos- Through  Over- Concen- Surface Surface ity
 Strainer Observation of Dispersion State After Standing all Test tration A
 ctivating Activating Polymer (c.P. (100 Mesh)  After 7 After 21 After 1
 After 3 Evalua- No. (%) Agent Agent Substance 60° C.) (%) After 1
 Day Days Days Month Months tion
   1 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 40000 0 Large Oil Film No Change Test
   X   Ligno- ethylene 0%     Discontinued   sulfonate Nonylphenyl
 Complete No Change Test   0% Ether (HLB    Separation  Discontinued
 15.5)    Hard Sediment No Change Test    0%      Discontinued 2 74
 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 248 43 Small Oil Film No Change Large Oil No
 No X   Ligno- ethylene 0%     Film Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl
    Good No Change Slightly Creamy No   0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsification
   Creamy  Change    15.5)    No Sediment Soft No Change No Hard    0.40%
     Sediment  Change Sediment 3 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 265 66 No
 Oil No Change No Change No No Δ   Ligno- ethylene 0.008%
 Droplets   Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No
 Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Creamy Change
   15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change No Hard    0.40%       Change
 Sediment 4 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 303 75 No Oil No Change No
 Change No No ○   Ligno- ethylene 0.010%   Droplets   Change
 Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No Change Slightly No
 0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Creamy Change    15.5)    No
 Sediment No Change No Change No Soft    0.40%       Change Sediment 5 74
 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 340 70 No Oil No Change No Change No No
 ⊚   Ligno- ethylene 0.020%   Droplets   Change Change
 sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No Change No Slightly   0.20%
 Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Change Creamy    15.5)    No Sediment No
 Change No Change No No    0.40%       Change Change 6 74 Sodium Polyoxy-
 Xanthan Gum 370 64 No Oil No Change No Change No No ⊚
 Ligno- ethylene 0.040%   Droplets   Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl
     Good No Change No Change No Slightly   0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsifica
 tion   Change Creamy    15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change No No
  0.40%       Change Change 7 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 490 60 No
 Oil No Change No Change No No ⊚   Ligno- ethylene 0.100%
  Droplets   Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No
 Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Creamy Change
   15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change No No    0.40%       Change
 Change 8 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 800 45 No Oil No Change No
 Change No No Δ   Ligno- ethylene 0.200%   Droplets   Change Change
   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No Change Creamy No   0.20%
 Ether (HLB    Emulsification    Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change
 No Change No No    0.40%       Change Change 9 74 Sodium Polyoxy-
 Xanthan Gum 350 39 Small Oil Film No Change Large Oil No No X   Ligno-
 ethylene 0%     Film Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No
 Change Slightly No Creamy   0.10% Ether (HLB    Emulsification  Creamy
 Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change Soft No Hard    0.40%
 Sediment Change Sediment 10 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 390 62 No Oil
 No Change No Change No No ⊚   Ligno- ethylene 0.040%
 Droplets   Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No
 Change Slightly No   0.10% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Creamy Change
   15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change No No    0.40%       Change
 Change 11 72 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 129 46 Some Oil No Change Small
 Oil No Large X   Ligno- ethylene 0%   Droplets  Film Change Oil Film
 sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change Slightly Creamy No   0.20% Ether
 (HLB    Emulsification  Creamy  Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change
 Slight Soft Soft Hard    0.40%      Sediment Sediment Sediment 12 72
 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 240 67 No Oil No Change No Change No No
 ⊚   Ligno- ethylene 0.040%   Droplets   Change Change
 sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No Change No Slightly   0.20%
 Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Change Creamy    15.5)    No Sediment No
 Change No Change No No    0.40%       Change Change 13 70 Sodium
 Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 105 44 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No No X
 Ligno- ethylene 0%   Droplets  Film Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl
     Good No Change No Change Creamy No   0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsificati
 on    Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change Soft No Hard    0.40%
  Sediment Change Sediment 14 70 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 210 70 No
 Oil No Change No Change No No ⊚   Ligno- ethylene 0.040%
  Droplets   Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No
 Change No Slightly   0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Change Creamy
   15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change No No    0.40%       Change
 Change 15 74 Formalin Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 205 46 Some Oil No Change
 Small Oil No Large X   Condensate ethylene 0%   Droplets  Film Change
 Oil Film   of Sodium Nonylphenyl    Good No Change Slightly No Creamy
 Naphthalene Ether (HLB    Emulsification  Creamy Change   Sulfonate
 15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change Soft Hard   (Degree of 0.40%
    Sediment Sediment   Condensa-   tion: 4.1)   0.20% 16 74 Formalin
 Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 210 73 No Oil No Change No Change No No .circleincir
 cle.   Condensate ethylene 0.040%   Droplets   Change Change   of Sodium
 Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No Change No Slightly   Naphthalene Ether
 (HLB    Emulsification   Change Creamy   Sulfonate 15.5)    No Sediment
 No Change No Change No No   (Degree of 0.40%       Change Change
 Condensa-   tion: 4.1)   0.20% 17 74 Sodium Ethylene Xanthan Gum 151 48
 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No Large X   Ligno- Oxide 0%   Droplets
 Film Change Oil Film   sulfonate Addition    Good No Change No Change
 Slight Creamy   0.20% Product of    Emulsification   Soft    a Mixture
     Sediment    of Beef    No Sediment Soft  No Hard    Tallow and
 Sediment  Change Sediment    Glycerine    (1:0.5)    (HLB 15.5)    0.40%
 18 74 Sodium Ethylene Xanthan Gum 220 82 No Oil No Change No Change No
 No ⊚   Ligno- Oxide 0.040%   Droplets   Change Change
 sulfonate Addition    Good No Change No Change No No   0.20% Product of
   Emulsification   Change Change    a Mixture    No Sediment No Change
 No Change No No    of Beef       Change Change    Tallow and    Glycerine
     (1:0.5)    (HLB 15.5)    0.40% 19 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 380
 43 Small Oil Film No Change Large Oil No No X   Ligno- ethylene 0%
 Film Change Change   sulfonate Oleyl Ether    Good Slightly No Change
 Creamy No   0.20% (HLB 15.7)    Emulsification Creamy   Change    0.40%
   No Sediment Soft No Change No Hard         Sediment  Change Sediment
 20 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 450 72 No Oil No Change No Change No
 No ⊚   Ligno- ethylene 0.040%   Droplets   Change Change
  sulfonate Oleyl Ether    Good No Change No Change No Slightly   0.20%
 (HLB 15.7)    Emulsification   Change Creamy    0.40%    No Sediment No
 Change No Change No No           Change Change 21 74 Sodium Polyoxy-
 Sodium 280 50 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No No ○   Ligno-
 ethylene Arginate   Droplets  Film Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl
 Salt   Good No Change No Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB 0.040%
 Emulsification   Creamy Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change No
 Change Soft No    0.40%       Sediment Change 22 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Gua
 Gum 300 52 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No No ○   Ligno- ethylene
 0.040%   Droplets  Film Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No
 Change No Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsification
 Creamy Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No
 0.40%       Sediment Change 23 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Locust Bean 340 57
 Some Oil No Change No Change Small No ○   Ligno- ethylene Gum
 Droplets   Oil Film Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl 0.040%   Good No
 Change No Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsification
 Creamy Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No
 0.40%       Sediment Change 24 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Arabian Gum 270 49
 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No No ○   Ligno- ethylene 0.040%
 Droplets  Film Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change
 No Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Creamy
 Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No    0.40%
  Sediment Change 25 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Casein 310 52 Some Oil No Change
 Small Oil No No ○   Ligno- ethylene Ammonium   Droplets  Film
 Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl Salt   Good No Change No Change
 Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB 0.040%   Emulsification   Creamy Change
  15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No    0.40%
 Sediment Change 26 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Carboxy- 270 46 Some Oil No Change
 Small Oil No Large ○   Ligno- ethylene methyl-   Droplets  Film
 Change Oil Film   sulfonate Nonylphenyl cellulose   Good No Change No
 Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB 0.040%   Emulsification   Creamy
 Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No    0.40%
  Sediment Change 27 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Sodium 340 48 Some Oil No Change
 Small Oil No No ○   Ligno- ethylene Polyacryl-   Droplets  Film
 Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl ate (MW:   Good No Change No
 Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB 400,000   Emulsification   Creamy
 Change    15.5) 0.040%   No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No
 0.40%       Sediment Change 28 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Polyacryl- 360 45 Some
 Oil No Change Small Oil No No ○   Ligno- ethylene amide (MW:
 Droplets  Film Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl 300,000)   Good No
 Change No Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB 0.040%   Emulsification
  Creamy Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No
 0.40%       Sediment Change 29 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Sodium Salt 330 49
 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No No ○   Ligno- ethylene of
 Droplets  Film Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl Isobutylene-   Good
 No Change No Change Slightly No   0.20% Ether (HLB Maleate   Emulsificati
 on   Creamy Change    15.5) Copolymer   No Sediment No Change No Change
 Soft No    0.40% (MW:      Sediment Change     150,000)     0.040% 30 74
 Sodium Polyoxy- Polyvinyl 350 50 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No No
 ○   Ligno- ethylene Alcohol   Droplets  Film Change Change
 sulfonate Nonylphenyl (MW:   Good No Change No Change Slightly No
 0.20% Ether (HLB 300,000)   Emulsification   Creamy Change    15.5)
 0.040%   No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No    0.40%       Sediment
 Change 31 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Polyvinyl 340 46 Some Oil No Change Small
 Oil No No ○   Ligno- ethylene Pyrrolidone   Droplets  Film Change
 Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl (MW:   Good No Change No Change Slightly
 No   0.20% Ether (HLB 200,000)   Emulsification   Creamy Change    15.5)
 0.040%   No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No    0.40%       Sediment
 Change 32 74 Sodium Polyoxy- Poly- 330 56 Some Oil No Change No Change
 Small No ○   Ligno- ethylene ethylene   Droplets   Oil Film
 Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl Oxide   Good No Change No Change No
 Slightly   0.20% Ether (HLB (MW:   Emulsification   Change Creamy
 15.5) 500,000)   No Sediment No Change No Change Slight Soft    0.40%
 0.040%      Soft Sediment           Sediment 33 71 Sodium Polyoxy-
 Oxidized 600 23 Small Oil Film No Change Large Oil No No X   Ligno-
 ethylene Starch     Film Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl 0%   Good
 Creamy No Change No No   0% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Change Change
    15.5)    No Sediment Soft Hard No No    0.60%     Sediment Sediment
 Change Change 34 71 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 680 36 Some Oil Small
 Oil No Change Large No Δ   Ligno- ethylene 0.010%   Droplets Film
 Oil Film Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change Slightly No
 Creamy   0% Ether (HLB    Emulsification  Creamy Change    15.5)    No
 Sediment No Change Soft No Hard    0.60%      Sediment ChangeSediment 35
 71 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 720 48 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No No
 ○   Ligno- ethylene 0.040%   Droplets  Film ChangeChange
 sulfonate Nonylphenyl    Good No Change No Change Slightly No   0% Ether
 (HLB    Emulsification   Creamy Change    15.5)    No Sediment No Change
 No Change Soft No    0.60%       Sediment Change 36 71 Sodium Ethylene
 Xanthan Gum 560 28 Some Oil No Change Large Oil No No X   Ligno- Oxide
 0%   Droplets  Film Change Change   sulfonate Addition    Good Slightly
 Creamy No No   0% Product of    Emulsification Creamy  Change Change
 a Mixture    No Sediment Soft Hard No No    of Beef     Sediment
 Sediment Change Change    Tallow and    Glycerine    (1:0.5)    (HLB
 15.5)    0.60% 37 71 Sodium Ethylene Xanthan Gum 620 49 Small Oil Film
 No Change No Change Small No ○   Ligno- Oxide 0.040%      Oil
 Film Change   sulfonate Addition    Good No Change No Change Slighty No
  0% Product of    Emulsification   Creamy Change    a Mixture    No
 Sediment No Change No Change No Soft    of Beef       Change Sediment
 Tallow and    Glycerine    (1:0.5)    (HLB 15.5)    0.40% 38 71 Sodium
 Ethylene Xanthan Gum 530 31 Small Oil Film No Change No Change Large No
 X   Ligno- Oxide 0%      Oil Film Change   sulfonate Addition    Good No
 Change Slighty Creamy No   0% Product of    Emulsification  Creamy
 Change    a Mixture    No Sediment No Change Soft Hard No    of Beef
  Sediment Sediment Change    Tallow and    Glycerine    (1:0.5)    (HLB
 15.5)    1.00% 39 71 Sodium Ethylene Xanthan Gum 610 51 Small Oil No
 Change No Change No Large ○   Ligno- Oxide 0.040%   Droplets
 Change Oil Film   sulfonate Addition    Good No Change No Change Slighty
 No   0% Product of    Emulsification   Creamy Change    a Mixture    No
 Sediment No Change No Change No Soft    of Beef       Change Sediment
 Tallow and    Glycerine    (1:0.5)    (HLB 15.5)    1.00% 40 71 Sodium
 Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 600 23 Small Oil Film No Change Large Oil No No X
 Ligno- ethylene 0%     Film Change Change   sulfonate Oleyl Ether
 Good Creamy No Change No No   0% (HLB 15.2)    Emulsification   Change
 Change    0.60%    No Sediment Soft Hard No No         Sediment Sediment
 Change Change 41 71 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum 750 48 Some Oil No
 Change Small Oil No No ○   Ligno- ethylene 0.040%   Droplets
 Film Change Change   sulfonate Oleyl Ether    Good No Change No Change
 Slightly No   0% (HLB 15.2)    Emulsification   Creamy Change    0.60%
  No Sediment No Change No Change Soft No           Sediment Change 42 71
 Sodium Polyoxy- Casein 770 32 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No Large
 Δ   Ligno- ethylene Ammonium   Droplets  Film Change Oil Film
 sulfonate Nonylphenyl Salt   Good No Change No Change Slightly Creamy
 0% Ether (HLB 0.040%   Emulsification   Creamy    15.5)    No Sediment
 No Change No Change Soft Some    0.60%       Sediment Hard
 Sediment 43 71 Sodium Polyoxy- Locust Bean 780 30 Some Oil No Change
 Small Oil No Large Δ   Ligno- ethylene Gum   Droplets  Film Change
 Oil Film   sulfonate Nonylphenyl 0.040%   Good No Change No Change
 Slightly Creamy   0% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Creamy    15.5)
 No Sediment No Change No Change Soft Some    0.60%       Sediment Hard
          Sediment 44 71 Sodium Polyoxy- Sodium 760 29 Some Oil No Change
 Small Oil No Large Δ   Ligno- ethylene Arginate   Droplets  Film
 Change Oil Film   sulfonate Nonylphenyl Salt   Good No Change No Change
 Slightly Creamy   0% Ether (HLB 0.040%   Emulsification   Creamy
 15.5)    No Sediment No Change No Change Soft Some    0.60%
 Sediment Hard            Sediment 45 74 Formalin Polyoxy- Xanthan Gum
 245 69 No Oil No Change No Change No No ⊚   Condensate
 ethylene 0.040%   Droplets   Change Change   of Sodium Nonylphenyl
 Good No Change No Change No Slightly   Naphthalene Ether (HLB
 Emulsification   Change Creamy   Sulfonate 15.5)    No Sediment No
 Change No Change No No   (Degree of 0.40%       Change Change   Condensa-
    tion: 4.1)   0.20%
 
    
     
         TABLE 4
     Physical      Properties During      Preparation       Amount
 Surface Activating Agents, Polymer  Passing    Asabaska Substances and
 Amounts of Addition (%)  Through    Bitumen Anionic Nonionic  Viscos-
 Strainer  Over-  Concen- Surface Surface  ity (100 Observation of
 Dispersion State After Standing all Test tration Activating Activating
 Polymer (c.P. Mesh)  After 7 After 21 After 1 After 3 Evalua- No. (%)
 Agent Agent Substance 40° C.) (%) After 1 Day Days Days Month
 Months tion
   1 73 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan Im-  0 Test     X   Ligno- ethylene Gum
 meas-  Discontinued   sulfonate Nonylphenyl 0% urable   0% Ether (HLB
 15.5)    0% 2 73 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan 280 72 No Oil No Change No
 Change No No ○   Ligno- ethylene Gum   Droplets No Change No
 Change Change Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl 0.010%   Good No Change No
 Change Slightly No   0.2% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Creamy Change
  15.5)    No Sediment   No Soft    0.40%       Change Sediment 3 73
 Sodium Polyoxy- Xanthan 210 74 No Oil No Change No Change No No .circlein
 circle.   Ligno- ethylene Gum   Droplets No Change No Change Change
 Change   sulfonate Nonylphenyl 0.040%   Good No Change No Change No
 Slightly   0.2% Ether (HLB    Emulsification   Change Creamy    15.5)
 No Sediment   No No    0.40%       Change Change 4 73 Formalin Polyoxy-
 Xanthan 210 46 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No Large X   Condensate
 ethylene Gum   Droplets No Change Film Change Oil Film   of Sodium
 Nonylphenyl 0%   Good No Change Slightly Creamy No   Naphthalene Ether
 (HLB    Emulsification  Creamy No Change   Sulfonate 15.5)    No
 Sediment  Soft Change Hard   (Degree of 0.40%      Sediment  Sediment
 Condensa-   tion: 4.1)   0.20% 5 73 Formalin Polyoxy- Xanthan 236 73 No
 Oil No Change No Change No No ⊚   Condensate ethylene Gum
   Droplets No Change No Change Change Change   of Sodium Nonylphenyl
 0.040%   Good No Change No Change No Slightly   Naphthalene Ether (HLB
  Emulsification   Change Creamy   Sulfonate 15.5)    No Sediment   No No
   (Degree of 0.40%       Change Change   Condensa-   tion: 4.1)   0.20%
 6 74 Formalin Ethylene Xanthan 227 77 No Oil No Change No Change No No
 ⊚   Condensate Oxide Gum   Droplets No Change No Change
 Change Change   of Sodium Addition 0.040%   Good No Change No Change No
 Slightly   Naphthalene Product of    Emulsification   Change Creamy
 Sulfonate a Mixture    No Sediment   No No   (Degree of of Beef
 Change Change   Condensa- Tallow and   tion: 4.1) Glycerine   0.20%
 (1:0.5)    (HLB 15.5)    0.40% 7 71 Formalin Ethylene Xanthan 500 35
 Small Oil Film No Change Large Oil No No X   Condensate Oxide Gum   Good
 Creamy Film Change Change   of Sodium Addition 0%   Emulsification Soft
 No Change No No   Naphthalene Product of    No Sediment Sediment Hard
 Change Change   Sulfonate a Mixture      sediment No No   (Degree of of
 Beef       Change Change   Condensa- Tallow and   tion: 4.1) Glycerine
 0% (1:0.5)    (HLB 15.5)    0.60% 8 71 Formalin Ethylene Xanthan 680 54
 Some Oil No Change Small Oil No No ○   Condensate Oxide Gum
 Droplets No Change Film Change Change   of Sodium Addition 0.040%   Good
 No Change No Change Slightly No   Naphthalene Product of    Emulsificatio
 n  No Change Creamy Change   Sulfonate a Mixture    No Sediment   Soft
 No   (Degree of of Beef       Sediment Change   Condensa- Tallow and
 tion: 4.1) Glycerine   0% (1:0.5)    (HLB 15.5)    0.60% 9 71 Formalin
 Polyoxy- Xanthan 540 30 Small Oil Film No Change Large Oil No No X
 Condensate ethylene Gum   Good Creamy Film Change Change   of Sodium
 Nonylphenyl 0%   Emulsification Soft No Change No No   Naphthalene Ether
 (HLB    No Sediment Sediment Hard Change Change   Sulfonate 15.5)
 Sediment No No   (Degree of 0.60%       Change Change   Condensa-
 tion: 4.1)   0% 10  71 Formalin Polyoxy- Xanthan 580 53 Small Oil Film
 No Change No Change No No ○   Condensate ethylene Gum   Good No
 Change No Change Change Change   of Sodium Nonylphenyl 0.040%   Emulsific
 ation No Change No Change Slightly No   Naphthalene Ether (HLB    No
 Sediment   Creamy Change   Sulfonate 15.5)       No Soft   (Degree of
 0.60%       Change Sediment   Condensa-   tion: 4.1)   0%