Patent Publication Number: US-2021177785-A1

Title: Compositions and methods of use of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (hmb) for enhancing recovery from soft tissue trauma

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/006,422 filed Aug. 28, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/267,717 filed Sep. 16, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/219,208 filed Sep. 16, 2015 and herein incorporates the provisional application by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field 
     The present invention relates to a composition comprising β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and methods of using HMB to enhance soft tissue healing and/or reduce recovery time from soft tissue trauma. Soft tissue trauma includes injection with a Botulinum toxin. 
     2. Background 
     Recovery of an animal from soft tissue trauma, including injuries to muscles, tendons and ligaments, typically requires significant time and cost. Acute soft tissue injury can occur during sports or physical activity or during simple everyday activities. Acute soft tissue trauma also includes the trauma that occurs during a surgical procedure, either related to repair of a soft tissue injury or unrelated to any injury and instead a result of cutting and/or manipulating soft tissue as part of any surgical procedure. Non-acute tissue injuries, such as sprains, also often require lengthy periods of rehabilitation and recovery. Even with appropriate supervision by a medical professional, healing of soft tissues can take a prolonged amount of time. These injuries can lead to delays in returning to regular activity and long-term weakness. 
     Soft tissue damage sustained from trauma, surgical procedures and falls are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults. Recovery from soft tissue injuries often includes exercise and physical therapy and recovery may take six months or even more. 
     Prolonged treatment is expensive and time-consuming. There is a need for a nutritional supplement to reduce recovery times, enhance soft tissue healing and enhance recovery after soft tissue trauma. 
     Botulinum toxins have been used in clinical settings for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders. BoNT/A (Botox) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of blepharospasm, strabismus, cervical dystonia hyperdydrosis, glabellar lines and hemifacial spasm. Botulinum toxin type-A is one of the most potent neurotoxins known to man. Once injected into the target muscle, Botox binds with high affinity to the neuromuscular junction preventing acetylcholine release, and thereby inducing a dose-dependent muscle paralysis. Due to its extreme potency and specificity, Botox has been exploited for both therapeutic and scientific interventions. 
     Localized Botulinum toxin injections have been applied clinically for an increasing number of neuromuscular disorders with the primary aim to relax hyperexcitability of peripheral nerve terminals, such as in patients with cerebral palsy, cervical and hemifacial dystonia or following a stroke (Reiter et al., 1998; Rosales &amp; Chua-Yap, 2008; Teasell et al., 2012). In people with cerebral palsy, muscle weakness is the predominant feature of upper motor neuron syndrome and is a substantial determinant of gross motor function. In an attempt to delay the need for surgery in people with cerebral palsy, intramuscular injections of Botulinum toxin have become common, although prolonged decreases in muscle strength and contractile elements have been identified. 
     Botulinum toxins exerts a paralytic effect on muscles and is used increasingly to treat a variety of muscle spasticity, hypertonicity and movement disorders. It has been demonstrated that neighboring, non-injected muscles are also effected to a significant degree that is caused by more than just functional disuse. In addition, while side effects are typically mild, systemic effects manifested by generalized weakness distant from the site of injection have been reported. Studies have also demonstrated that neither target, nor non-target muscles fully recover strength, muscle mass, or contractile material within six months of a Botulinum toxin treatment protocol. Potential severe side effects of Botulinum toxins include unusual or severe muscle weakness, especially in a body area that was not injected with the medication, and/or trouble breathing, talking or swallowing. Common side effects also include muscle weakness where the medicine was injected, trouble swallowing for several months after treatment, and muscle stiffness. 
     Many of the indications of use of Botulinum toxins, such as spasticity or tremors involve treating muscles that are important for activities of daily living (upper and lower limb), and weakness in those muscle as a result of the use of Botulinum toxins could be problematic. Muscular weakness was reported by around four (4) percent of patients receiving Botulinum toxin (specifically Botox) across clinical trials of various indications. One common side effect is trouble swallowing, which is likely due to weakness in swallowing muscle, including for use of Botulinum toxins for treatment of cervical dystonia. Trouble swallowing was reported by 19% of patients receiving Botox for cervical dystonia. Weakness in accessory respiratory muscles in patients with respiratory disorders (more common with treatment for cervical dystonia) can lead to breathing difficulties. 
     In experimental settings Botulinum toxin has been used to induce muscle weakness in an attempt to mimic muscle atrophy following injury, denervation, in the elderly (Borodic et al., 1994; Cichon et al., 1995; Tsai et al., 2013) or to determine the effects of muscle weakness on bone and joint health (Egloff et al., 2014; Herzog et al., n.d., 2003; Rehan Youssef et al., 2009). Botulinum toxin-induced muscle weakness can also be used to investigate strategies for the prevention or for the reverting of strength loss and muscle atrophy (R Fortuna, Horisberger, Vaz, &amp; Herzog, 2013). 
     Other uses of Botulinum toxins include treatment for migraine headaches. Side effect of use of Botulinum toxins for treatment of migraine headaches include heaviness/weakness in the forehead or temples and muscle stiffness in the affected area. In addition, some patients experience neck pain and/or stiff necks. 
     Patients with a history of use of Botulinum toxins may display permanent atrophy and/or fibrosis. These patients may also display fatty infiltration within muscle. 
     Animals such as horses, dogs and cats frequently sustain soft tissue trauma. By way of non-limiting example, it is very common for dogs to have soft tissue injuries that require surgical repair. Cruciate ligament surgeries such as TPLO (tibial-plateau-leveling osteotomy) or TTA 
     (Tibial Tuberosity Advancement) surgery, hip replacements, and ruptured disc surgeries are commonly performed on animals. Recovery from these injuries and/or surgeries are difficult for both the pet and the owner. Owners typically have to assist the pet during walking and climbing stairs for weeks or months after surgery. Thus, the need exists for nutritional supplement that reduces the amount of time that the owner must assist the pet by days or weeks. 
     Alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) is the first major and active metabolite of leucine. A minor product of KIC metabolism is β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). HMB has been found to be useful within the context of a variety of applications. Specifically, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,613 (Nissen), HMB is described as useful for reducing blood levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,979 (Nissen et al.), HMB is described as useful for promoting nitrogen retention in humans. U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,440 (Nissen) discusses the usefulness of HMB to increase lean tissue development in animals. Also, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,470 (Nissen), HMB is described as effective in enhancing the immune response of mammals. U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,000 (Nissen et al.) describes use of HMB and at least one amino acid to treat disease-associated wasting. HMB, combined with glutamine and arginine, has been found to increase wound collagen accumulation and improve skin wound repair. 
     The use of HMB to suppress proteolysis originates from the observations that leucine has protein-sparing characteristics. The essential amino acid leucine can either be used for protein synthesis or transaminated to the α-ketoacid (α-ketoisocaproate, KIC). In one pathway, KIC can be oxidized to HMB and this account for approximately 5% of leucine oxidation. HMB is superior to leucine in enhancing muscle mass and strength. The optimal effects of HMB can be achieved at 3.0 grams per day when given as calcium salt of HMB, or 0.038 g/kg of body weight per day, while those of leucine require over 30.0 grams per day. 
     Once produced or ingested, HMB appears to have two fates. The first fate is simple excretion in urine. After HMB is fed, urine concentrations increase, resulting in an approximate 20-50% loss of HMB to urine. Another fate relates to the activation of HMB to HMB-CoA. Once converted to HMB-CoA, further metabolism may occur, either dehydration of HMB-CoA to MC-CoA, or a direct conversion of HMB-CoA to HMG-CoA, which provides substrates for intracellular cholesterol synthesis. Several studies have shown that HMB is incorporated into the cholesterol synthetic pathway and could be a source for new cell membranes that are used for the regeneration of damaged cell membranes. Human studies have shown that muscle damage following intense exercise, measured by elevated plasma CPK (creatine phosphokinase), is reduced with HMB supplementation within the first 48 hrs. The protective effect of HMB lasts up to three weeks with continued daily use. Numerous studies have shown an effective dose of HMB to be 3.0 grams per day as CaHMB (calcium HMB) (˜38 mg/kg body weight-day −1 ). This dosage increases muscle mass and strength gains associated with resistance training, while minimizing muscle damage associated with strenuous exercise. HMB has been tested for safety, showing no side effects in healthy young or old adults. HMB in combination with L-arginine and L-glutamine has also been shown to be safe when supplemented to AIDS and cancer patients. 
     Recently, HMB free acid, a new delivery form of HMB, has been developed. This new delivery form has been shown to be absorbed quicker and have greater tissue clearance than CaHMB. The new delivery form is described in U.S. Patent Publication Serial No. 20120053240 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     While it is known that HMB supplementation can also prevent or lessen muscle loss during long periods of inactivity, such as hospitalization, prior to the present invention it was unknown that administration of HMB to a mammal with soft tissue trauma, whether from acute injury such as a soft tissue tear or rupture or surgery or non-acute soft tissue damage, results in faster repair and/or recovery of the soft tissue trauma and enhanced recovery from the injury or surgery. 
     The present invention comprises a composition of HMB and methods of use of HMB to result in enhanced recovery from soft tissue trauma, including soft tissue trauma in the form of administration of Botulinum toxin. The present invention comprises a composition of HMB and methods of use of HMB to improve muscle recovery in treated and contralateral muscles following Botulinum toxin injection. The enhanced recovery also includes a more rapid recovery than expected. The present invention comprises a composition of HMB and methods of use of HMB to result in soft tissue repair and regeneration subsequent to soft tissue trauma or injury, including the soft tissue trauma that results from surgical procedures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One object of the present invention is to provide a composition for use reducing the recovery time after incurring soft tissue trauma. 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide a composition for use in enhancing the recovery after incurring soft tissue trauma. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a composition to enhance soft tissue healing subsequent to soft tissue injury. 
     An additional object of the present invention is to provide a composition for use in repair and regeneration of soft tissue subsequent to soft tissue injury. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide methods of administering a composition for use reducing the recovery time after incurring soft tissue trauma. 
     An additional object of the present invention is to provide methods of administering a composition for use in enhancing recovery after incurring soft tissue trauma. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide methods of administering a composition for use enhancing soft tissue healing subsequent to soft tissue injury. 
     An additional object of the present invention is to provide methods of administering a composition for use in repair and regeneration of soft tissue healing subsequent to soft tissue injury. 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide methods of administering a composition for use in increasing strength in muscle after administration of Botulinum toxin, including the injected muscle and contralateral muscle. 
     An additional object of the present invention is to provide methods of administering a composition for use in preventing loss of contractile material in Botulinum toxin injected and/or contralateral musculature. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide methods of administering a composition for use in maintaining strength in the contralateral, non-target musculature in recovery after an immobilizing injury. 
     These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the following specification, drawings, and claims. 
     The present invention intends to overcome the difficulties encountered heretofore. To that end, a composition comprising HMB is provided. The composition is administered to a subject in need thereof. All methods comprise administering to the animal HMB. The subjects included in this invention include humans and non-human mammals. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a graph depicting the initial and final KOOS Questionnaire Scores for the female subject. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph depicting the initial and final KOOS Questionnaire Scores for the male subject. 
         FIG. 3  is a graph depicting the mean muscle strength in rabbit quadriceps musculature. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph depicting the mean muscle mass of rabbit quadriceps musculature. 
         FIG. 5  depicts images of exemplar histological cross-sectional images showing the percentage of contractile material. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It has been surprisingly and unexpectedly discovered that HMB enhances recovery from soft tissue trauma, including but not limited to reducing the recovery time after soft tissue trauma and enhancing healing of soft tissue. Soft tissue trauma includes trauma incurred from administration of neurotoxins such as Botulinum Toxin A. HMB supplementation repairs and regenerates soft tissue, resulting in enhanced recovery from soft tissue trauma. The present invention comprises a composition of HMB and methods of use of HMB to result enhanced recovery after soft tissue trauma, reducing the recovery time after soft tissue trauma, and enhanced and/or improving soft tissue healing after soft tissue trauma. In one embodiment, administration of HMB to an animal with soft tissue trauma results in a shortened time of physical therapy to substantially recover from the trauma than would be expected or the need for physical therapy may be eliminated. 
     Botulinum toxin means a botulinum neurotoxin type A, B, C, D, E, F or G. Botulinum toxin medications include but are not limited to Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA), Xeomin (IncobotulinumtoxinA), Myobloc, Dysport, and Jeuveau. 
     It has been discovered that administration of HMB concurrently and following treatment with a neurotoxin such as Botulinum toxin enhances recovery from the treatment with the neurotoxin. Enhanced recovery includes preventing or lessening loss of contractile material in the injected musculature and/or contralateral or neighboring muscle. Enhanced recovery also lessening strength loss in musculature, including the injected muscle and/or contralateral, non-injected muscle. Use of HMB in association with neurotoxin administration decreases the neurotoxin-induced inhibition of non-injected muscles and/or preserves the structural integrity that is lost to fibrosis in non-injected muscles. Use of HMB in this manner maintains strength in the non-target musculature and improves overall recovery after an immobilizing injury. 
     Use of HMB can be administered in conjunction with and subsequent to any uses of a Botulinum toxin to prevent or lessen loss of contractile material in the injected musculature and/or contralateral or neighboring muscle and/or lessen strength loss in musculature, including the injected muscle and/or contralateral or neighboring non-injected muscle. 
     HMB has been known to lessen or reverse muscle wasting following prolonged periods of inactivity, such as bed rest following surgery. It is also known that HMB can aid in wound collagen accumulation and skin repair. Prior to the present invention, however, it was unknown that HMB can enhance recovery after soft tissue trauma, including by reducing the recovery time following soft tissue injury. 
     This composition can be used on all age groups seeking enhanced recovery following soft tissue trauma, from infants, children and teens to the elderly and every age in between. This composition can also be used in humans and non-human mammals such as horses and companion animals such as dogs and cats. Mammal, animal, subject and patient are used interchangeably in this invention. 
     In one embodiment, HMB is administered to a mammal after incurring soft tissue trauma. Soft tissue trauma includes acute trauma such as a muscle tear or rupture, or the acute trauma that occurs as a result of any surgical procedure that involves incising or manipulating soft tissue. Acute trauma includes but is not limited to Achilles tendon rupture or tear, anterior cruciate ligament rupture or tear, medial collateral ligament rupture or tear, elbow ligament tear, tendon tears, sprains, strains, rotator cuff tear, and shoulder injuries. Acute trauma also includes the acute trauma incurred from any surgical procedure that cuts or manipulates soft tissue, including orthopedic surgery, soft tissue repair surgery, cardiac surgery, gynecologic surgery, plastic surgery, bariatric surgery, shoulder surgery, elbow surgery, hand surgery, hip surgery, knee surgery, ankle surgery, and spine surgery. 
     In one embodiment of this invention, HMB is administered to a mammal after sustaining any non-acute soft tissue injury. Non-acute soft tissue trauma includes but is not limited to tendonitis, bursitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and plantar fasciitis. 
     HMB is administered to the mammal after the soft tissue injury is sustained. By way of non-limiting example, HMB is administered to an animal from around the time a surgery occurs. HMB administration continues until the mammal substantially recovers from the surgery or is released by a medical professional. Medical professionals include but are not limited to physicians, veterinarians, physical therapists, physician&#39;s assistants and nurse practitioners. 
     In the instance of soft tissue trauma that is unrelated to surgery, administration of HMB begins at any time after the trauma is incurred and continues until the mammal has a substantially complete recovery or is released by a medical professional. 
     The present invention also includes instances wherein a mammal incurs a soft tissue injury that subsequently requires surgical repair. The present invention includes instances wherein HMB is administered after the initial soft tissue injury and continues after the subsequent surgical repair during recovery from the surgery. It also includes instances wherein HMB is only administered after the surgical procedure and not in the period of time between when the soft tissue injury occurred and the surgical procedure takes place. 
     The present invention can be given to an individual during the pre- and post-operative or pre- and post-procedure period (the “peri-operative period”). In one embodiment, the composition is administered prior to the operation or procedure and administration continues for a period of time after the operation or procedure. The peri-operative period may include days, weeks or months after the surgery has occurred. 
     The present invention can be given to an individual prior to administration of Botulinum toxins and after the administration of Botulinum toxins. The period of time after administration of Botulinum toxins may include days, weeks or months after Botulinum toxins have been administered. 
     The enhanced recovery following soft tissue injury includes a reduced recovery time. Administering HMB in the manner described herein results in a reduced recovery time wherein the reduction in recovery time includes fewer days to reach substantially complete recovery or release from a medical professional than the recovery time of a mammal not taking HMB. 
     HMB 
     β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid, or β-hydroxy-isovaleric acid, can be represented in its free acid form as (CH 3 ) 2 (OH)CCH 2 COOH. The term “HMB” refers to the compound having the foregoing chemical formula, in both its free acid and salt forms, and derivatives thereof. Derivatives include metabolites, esters and lactones. While any form of HMB can be used within the context of the present invention, preferably HMB is selected from the group comprising a free acid, a salt, an ester, and a lactone. HMB esters include methyl and ethyl esters. HMB lactones include isovalaryl lactone. HMB salts include sodium salt, potassium salt, chromium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, alkali metal salts, and earth metal salts. 
     Methods for producing HMB and its derivatives are well-known in the art. For example, HMB can be synthesized by oxidation of diacetone alcohol. One suitable procedure is described by Coffman et al.,  J. AM. Chem. Soc.  80: 2882-2887 (1958). As described therein, HMB is synthesized by an alkaline sodium hypochlorite oxidation of diacetone alcohol. The product is recovered in free acid form, which can be converted to a salt. For example, HMB can be prepared as its calcium salt by a procedure similar to that of Coffman et al. (1958) in which the free acid of HMB is neutralized with calcium hydroxide and recovered by crystallization from an aqueous ethanol solution. The calcium salt of HMB is commercially available from Metabolic Technologies, Ames, Iowa. 
     Calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation 
     Numerous studies have shown that CaHMB supplementation improves muscle mass and strength gains in conjunction with resistance-exercise training, and attenuates loss of muscle mass in conditions such as cancer and AIDS. Nissen and Sharp performed a meta-analysis of supplements used in conjunction with resistance training and found that HMB was one of only two supplements that had clinical studies showing significant increases in strength and lean mass with resistance training. Studies have shown that 38 mg of CaHMB per kg of body weight appears to be an efficacious dosage for an average mammal. 
     In addition to strength and muscle mass gains, CaHMB supplementation also decreases indicators of muscle damage and protein degradation. Human studies have shown that muscle damage following intense exercise, measured by elevated plasma CPK (creatine phosphokinase), is reduced with HMB supplementation. The protective effect of HMB has been shown to manifest itself for at least three weeks with continued daily use. In vitro studies in isolated rat muscle show that HMB is a potent inhibitor of muscle proteolysis especially during periods of stress. These findings have been confirmed in humans; for example, HMB inhibits muscle proteolysis in subjects engaging in resistance training. 
     The molecular mechanisms by which HMB decreases protein breakdown and increases protein synthesis have been reported. Eley et al conducted in vitro studies which have shown that HMB stimulates protein synthesis through mTOR phosphorylation. Other studies have shown HMB decreases proteolysis through attenuation of the induction of the ubiquitin-proteosome proteolytic pathway when muscle protein catabolism is stimulated by proteolysis inducing factor (PIF), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and angiotensin II. Still other studies have demonstrated that HMB also attenuates the activation of caspases-3 and -8 proteases. Taken together these studies indicate that HMB supplementation results in increased lean mass and the accompanying strength gains through a combination of decreased proteolysis and increased protein synthesis. 
     HMB Free Acid form 
     In most instances, the HMB utilized in clinical studies and marketed as an ergogenic aid has been in the calcium salt form. Recent advances have allowed the HMB to be manufactured in a free acid form for use as a nutritional supplement. Recently, a new free acid form of HMB was developed, which was shown to be more rapidly absorbed than CaHMB, resulting in quicker and higher peak serum HMB levels and improved serum clearance to the tissues. 
     HMB free acid may therefore be a more efficacious method of administering HMB than the calcium salt form, particularly when administered directly preceding intense exercise. HMB free acid initiated 30 min prior to an acute bout of exercise was more efficacious in attenuating muscle damage and ameliorating inflammatory response than CaHMB. One of ordinary skill in the art, however, will recognize that this current invention encompasses HMB in any form. 
     The HMB itself can be present in any form; for example, CaHMB is typically a powder than can be incorporated into any delivery form, while HMB-acid is typically a liquid or gel that can be incorporated into any delivery form. 
     HMB in any form may be incorporated into the delivery and/or administration form in a fashion so as to result in a typical dosage range of about 0.5 grams HMB to about 30 grams HMB. HMB can also be present in a dosage range of 0.001 to 0.2 grams of HMB per kilogram body weight. HMB can be administered to the animal in multiple servings per day or a single serving. 
     Non-limiting examples of delivery forms include pills, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, liquids, beverages, solids and gels. Non-limiting examples of oral formulations that may be used to administer the composition of the present invention include a nutritional formulation, a medical food, a medical beverage, a sports performance supplement, a meal, or a food additive. 
     When the composition is administered orally in an edible form, the composition is preferably in the form of a dietary supplement, foodstuff or pharmaceutical medium, more preferably in the form of a dietary supplement or foodstuff. Any suitable dietary supplement or foodstuff comprising the composition can be utilized within the context of the present invention. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the composition, regardless of the form (such as a dietary supplement, foodstuff or a pharmaceutical medium), may include amino acids, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, fats, sugars, vitamins (including but not limited to Vitamin D), minerals and/or trace elements. 
     In order to prepare the composition as a dietary supplement or foodstuff, the composition will normally be combined or mixed in such a way that the composition is substantially uniformly distributed in the dietary supplement or foodstuff. Alternatively, the composition can be dissolved in a liquid, such as water. 
     The composition of the dietary supplement may be a powder, a gel, a liquid or may be tabulated or encapsulated. 
     Although any suitable pharmaceutical medium comprising the composition can be utilized within the context of the present invention, the composition can be combined with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier, such as dextrose or sucrose. 
     Furthermore, the composition of the pharmaceutical medium can be intravenously administered in any suitable manner. For administration via intravenous infusion, the composition is preferably in a water-soluble non-toxic form. Intravenous administration is particularly suitable for hospitalized patients that are undergoing intravenous (IV) therapy. For example, the composition can be dissolved in an IV solution (e.g., a saline or glucose solution) being administered to the patient. Also, the composition can be added to nutritional IV solutions, which may include amino acids, peptides, proteins and/or lipids. The amounts of the composition to be administered intravenously can be similar to levels used in oral administration. 
     Methods of calculating the frequency by which the composition is administered are well-known in the art and any suitable frequency of administration can be used within the context of the present invention (e.g., one 6 g dose per day or two 3 g doses per day) and over any suitable time period (e.g., a single dose can be administered over a five minute time period or over a one hour time period, or, alternatively, multiple doses can be administered over an extended time period). HMB can be administered over an extended period of time, such as weeks, months or years. 
     Any suitable dose of HMB can be used within the context of the present invention. Methods of calculating proper doses are well known in the art. 
     In general, an amount of HMB in the levels sufficient to result in enhanced or improved recovery from soft tissue injuries or trauma are provided. 
     The following examples will illustrate the invention in further detail. It will be readily understood that the composition of the present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the Examples herein, could be synthesized in a variety of formulations and dosage forms. Thus, the following more detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments of the methods, formulations and compositions of the present invention are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but it is merely representative of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention. 
     Case Study 1 
     A healthy 39 year old male presented for Ruptured Achilles Repair of the left leg. Rupture of the Achilles tendon occurred three days prior to surgery. The surgeon conducting the repair had approximately fifteen years of experience at the time of the surgery. 
     After the surgery, Nucynta (50 mg tabs, 1-2 tabs every 4-6 hours) and Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen (5 mg/500 mg per tablet, 1-2 tabs every 4-6 hours) were taken for three days. This pain relief regime is typical for this type of surgery. 
     HMB was taken from the day of surgery through approximately four months after surgery. Three grams of calcium HMB were taken per day with normal diet. 
     Immediately following surgery, the leg was casted and use of crutches was required. The leg was re-casted approximately fourteen days later. The physician noted at the time of recasting that the strength and range of motion were above average. The second cast was removed approximately fourteen days later (four weeks post-surgery) and strength and range of motion continued to be ahead of the physician&#39;s schedule. Following the cast removal, a Bledsoe Boot was used to protect and limit leg range of motion with “wedges” under the heel. A cane was required. At the follow-up appointment approximately one month later, the recovery continued to be ahead of schedule with improved range of motion. No wedging was required at this point, and a cane was required for activity outside of the home. At a follow-up visit approximately one month later, the boot was required only during activity outside of the home and starting 2-3 weeks later, patient could resume normal physical activity if no pain or weakness was experienced. 
     Subject was cleared for all activity approximately six weeks after the second follow-up visit, which was approximately four months after surgery. No further doctor visits or therapy was required. In this case, no therapy was prescribed as physical ability had recovered completely by the final doctor visit. The patient returned to normal physical activity approximately three and half months after surgery, including walking, lifting weights and normal daily activity. The surgeon commented that the patient&#39;s recovery was the fastest recovery for his practice to date; the patient set the new record for the quickest recovery of an Achilles Rupture Repair. 
     This case study patient&#39;s recovery is compared to a typical recovery as follows. For a typical Achilles Rupture Repair, after surgery the patient will likely wear a cast, walking boot or similar device for six to twelve weeks. At first, the cast or boot is positioned to keep the foot pointed downward as the tendon heals. The cast or boot is then adjusted gradually to put the foot in a neutral position (not pointing up or down). Many health professionals recommend starting movement and weight-bearing exercises early, before the cast or boot comes off. Total recovery time is typically six months. 
     Case Studies 2-3 
     Participants 
     To test the effectiveness of HMB during ACL rehabilitation, pilot data was collected at Iowa State University. Participants were recruited from Theilen Student Health Center in Ames, Iowa if they were healthy individuals between the ages of 18 and 49, had ACL reconstructive surgery in the past 4 months using a patella or semitendinosus graft, and were regularly attending physical therapy. Subjects were excluded if they have multiple or bilateral ligament tears, other health conditions preventing regular engagement of physical therapy or that effect muscle atrophy, or were NCAA student athletes. After clearance from a medical provider, three participants came in for baseline measurements during an initial visit and were randomly assigned to HMB or placebo supplementation for 8 weeks before returning to our lab for final measurements. One participant withdrew from the study due to time constraints, so data was collected from one male and one female. 
     Supplementation 
     Both participants were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of HMB supplementation. The supplements were supplied by Metabolic Technologies (Ames, Iowa, USA), and distributed in capsule form, identical in size, color, and appearance. The HMB capsules each contained 0.5 g of HMB. Throughout the intervention, participants will be expected to consume 3 supplements in the morning with breakfast and 3 in the afternoon with dinner, for a daily total of 3 g. Participants documented any missed supplements on an adherence log to measure compliance. 
     Outcome Measures 
     KOOS QUESTIONAIRE: Each participant completed a Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire to evaluate overall knee functionality. The KOOS is a valid and reliable instrument used to measure perceived functional differences in knee integrity (Roos &amp; Lohmander, 2003). This questionnaire investigates: level of pain (nine items); other symptoms, such as swelling, range of motion, or mechanical symptoms (seven items); function in daily living (17 items); function of sport and recreation (five items); and knee-related quality of life (four items). A Likert scale was used to gather information regarding each item, with zero indicating No Problems and four indicating Extreme Problems. These responses are then used to determine a score from 0 to 100 for each domain, in which 0 represents Extreme Knee Problems and 100 represents No Knee Problem. This evaluation measured differences of perceived knee functionality between initial to final testing.
 
MID-THIGH GIRTH: Mid-thigh girth measurements were obtained from both lower extremities using a standard circumferential measuring tape, pre and post supplementation. Mid-thigh sites are determined using the midpoint of the inguinal crease and the proximal border of the border of the patella. Three measurements were taken for each limb, rounding to the nearest 0.1 cm, and the average was recorded. Mid-thigh girth measurements are reliable methods of quantifying size differences in lower extremities following ACL reconstructive surgery (Soderberg, Ballantyne, &amp; Kestel, 1996).
 
LEAN BODY MASS: The InBody 720 was used to measure differences in muscle mass between the involved and non-involved limb. To begin, height was rounded to the nearest 0.1 cm as the participants stand against a stadiometer. Body mass was assessed using the scale on the InBody 720, measured to the nearest 0.1 kg. Prior to the impedance measure, sex, age, and height were manually entered. Once entered, participants were instructed to place their bare feet on the metal plates of the scale and firmly grasp the hand grips by placing their thumbs on the thumb plates and grasping the other plate with their other fingers, as indicated on the operation manual to begin the assessment. Once completed, the InBody 720 printed out a report consisting of impedance measurements for each frequency and estimates of FFM for all 5 segments, including left arm, right arm, torso, left leg, and right leg. Bioelectrical impedance is a reliable and valid tool for measuring body composition (Hurst et al, 2015).
 
Y BALANCE FUNCTIONALITY TEST: The Y balance test was used to assess functional deficits of the involved limb. Anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral measurements of the involved and non-involved were taken three times, recording the average. The Y Balance test is a reliable and valid tool, commonly used in rehabilitation to assess functional ability. In previous investigations, deficits using this tool identified individuals that did not meet rehabilitation goals and were delayed in returning to regular activity levels (Harrison, Bothwell, Wolf, Aryal, &amp; Thigpen, 2015).
 
     Results 
     Female Case Study 
     The first participant was a 22-year-old female, who ruptured her left ACL after falling while skiing. The participant underwent surgery 12 weeks prior to being enrolled in the study. 
                     TABLE 1               Participant Characteristics                                                Height (cm)   151           Weight (kg)   59.2           Lean Body Mass (kg)   37.8           Fat Mass (kg)   21.4           Body Fat (%)   36.1                        
Participant characteristics are summarized below in Table 1. Initial lean body mass of the involved leg was 5.6 kg and decreased to 5.5 kg after 8 weeks of supplementation. The non-involved limb remained unchanged at 5.5 kg throughout this investigation. Mid-thigh girth measures increased from 47.5 cm to 49.2 cm, reducing the deficit of the involved leg to the un-involved leg from 3.65% to 1.4%. Averages on the involved leg for each movement of the Y Balance Test are shown in Table 2. Both the involved and involved limbs improved from initial to the final visit, and the involved to non-involved deficit decreased from 4.4 cm at the initial to 2 cm at the final for anterior movement. Finally, pre and post results from the KOOS questionnaire are shown in  FIG. 1  (scores are percentages, with 100% indicative of No Knee Problems and 0% indicating Extreme Knee Problems). Perception of pain, symptoms, and activities of daily life all increased (ie, improved).
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Initial and Final Y Balance Test Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Y Balance Test Direction 
                 Initial 
                 Final 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Anterior (cm) 
                 46.6 
                 49.3 
               
               
                   
                 Posterior-Medial (cm) 
                 80 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 Posterior-Lateral (cm) 
                 80.3 
                 83.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Male Case Study 
     The second participant was a 22-year-old male, who ruptured his ACL when landing from a lay-up while playing basketball. He underwent surgery utilizing a semitendinosus tendon graft less than a month after injuring his knee, and was enrolled in the study 12 weeks after. Participant 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Male Participant Characteristics 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Height (cm) 
                 170 
               
               
                   
                 Weight (cm) 
                 71.9 
               
               
                   
                 Lean Body Mass (kg) 
                 55.3 
               
               
                   
                 Body Fat Mass (kg) 
                 16.6 
               
               
                   
                 Body Fat (%) 
                 23 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Initial and Final Y Balance Test Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Y Balance Test Direction 
                 Initial 
                 Final 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Anterior (cm) 
                 53.6 
                 64.6 
               
               
                   
                 Posterior-Medial (cm) 
                 100 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                 Posterior-Lateral (cm) 
                 97 
                 104 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     characteristics are summarized in Table 3. Lean body mass of the injured limb increased from 8.4 kg to 8.6 kg, and the un-injured limb increased from 8.5 kg to 8.7 kg. Girth measures were also slightly increased from 49.2 cm to 50.1 cm. Y Balance Test scores were averaged and are shown in Table 4. While the posteromedial and posterolateral movements remained similar, the deficit of involved to noninvolved for anterior movement was decreased from 4 cm to 1.7 cm. 
     Finally, KOOS questionnaire scores are shown on  FIG. 2  (scores are percentages, with 100% indicative of No Knee Problems and 0% indicating Extreme Knee Problems). All areas of perception of function increased, with the greatest improvement in sport/recreational activities and overall quality of life. 
     Analysis 
     Both participants increased mid-thigh girth, functionality assessed by the Y Balance test, and perceived functionality, assessed by the KOOS questionnaire 
     Experimental Example 
     Twenty-one female New Zealand White rabbits (43 weeks old) (Covance Research Products, Inc., Greenfield, Ind.) were used in the 8-week study conducted at the University of Calgary (Calgary, Alberta, Canada). Botox was used as an agent to replicate soft tissue trauma. The rabbits were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups:
         (1) Control group: saline injection unilaterally (n=7);   (2) Botox group: single Botox injection unilaterally (n=7);   (3) Botox+HMB group: single injection unilaterally+0.44% calcium HMB food supplementation throughout the experimental period (n=7; Botox+HMB)
 
The rabbits were injected with  Clostridium botulinum  type-A neurotoxin complex (BOTOX, Allergan, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada), which was reconstituted with 0.9% sodium chloride to a concentration of 20 U/ml. The rabbits received intramuscular Botox injections at a total dose of 3.5 U/kg. Injections were randomized to either the right or left quadriceps. The anterior compartment of the thigh was isolated by manual palpation and the quadriceps was visually divided into superior and inferior halves. Each half was subdivided into a medial, central and lateral section. One sixth of the total Botox dose was injected into each section to increase its diffusion and to equally distribute the toxin throughout the different portions of the quadriceps musculature (Longino et al., 2005a; Longino et al., 2005b).
       

     Control group 1 received randomized intramuscular saline injections. The total volume of injected saline was the same as the total volume of Botox injections into the experimental group animals. Groups 2 and 3 rabbits received a single intramuscular Botox injection as described above. All treatment groups were evaluated eight weeks following the injections. 
     Feeding and Supplementation: 
     The food provided for groups 1 (control) and 2 (Botox) was a high fiber diet (Laboratory Rabbit Diet HF 5326, LabDiet, Richmond, Ind.), while group 3 (Botox+HMB) rabbits received the same basal diet which had been custom formulated with 0.44% calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate monohydrate (CaHMB, Metabolic Technologies, Inc. (MTI), Ames Iowa, USA). The CaHMB used in the study was determined to be greater than 99% pure, and the HMB in the rabbit food formulation was determined to be 88.1% of expected and both the purity and formulation were within acceptable limits (MTI). The formulation for the food was calculated such that an estimated daily dosage of 120 mg·kg body weight −1 ·day −1  would be eaten by each of the rabbits on the HMB treatment. This dosage is equivalent to the human dosage of 38 mg·kg body weight −1 ·day −1  when corrected for body surface area (Regan-Shaw et al., 2007). 
     Determination of Food Intake, Knee Extensor Strength, Muscle Mass, and Contractile Material: 
     The food intake was measured daily throughout the experimental period by weighing the individual food hoppers across the groups at the same time of the day using a commercial scale with a resolution of 0.5 g. 
     The primary outcome measures were the isometric knee extensor torque measured via femoral nerve stimulation, the mass of the individual quadriceps muscles, and the percentage of contractile material in the injected and contralateral non-injected musculature. Isometric knee extensor strength was measured in the injected and contralateral musculature eight weeks following the Botox injection. Following nerve cuff implantation, rabbits were secured in a stereotactic frame using bone pins at the pelvis and femoral condyles. Isometric knee extensor forces at 80° of knee flexion were measured using a strain-gauged, calibrated bar placed over the distal portion of the rabbit&#39;s tibia (Longino et al., 2005b). 
     Stimulation of the knee extensor musculature (Grass S8800 stimulator; Astro-Med Inc., Longueil, Quebec, Canada) was performed at a voltage three times higher than the alpha motoneuron threshold, to ensure activation of all motor units (Herzog and Leonard, 1997). Stimulation duration was 500 ms, pulse duration 0.1 ms, and the frequency of stimulation was 200 Hz. 
     Following knee extensor strength assessment, animals were sacrificed by an overdose of Euthanyl (MTC Pharmaceutical; Cambridge, Ontario) via heart puncture. Wet mass for the individual quadriceps femoris muscles was determined using a commercial scale with a resolution of 0.01 g. 
     The percentage of contractile material was determined histologically. The central third of the quadriceps muscle was embedded in paraffin (automatic paraffin processor, Leica TP 1020) and cut cross-sectionally with a microtome (Leica RM 2165). For every 100 μm, an 8 μm section was collected for staining with haematoxylin-eosin (H&amp;E) (Leica ST5010) (R Fortuna, Horisberger, Vaz, van der Marel, et al., 2013; Rafael Fortuna, Aurelio Vaz, et al., 2011; Leumann et al., 2011). Photographs were taken from each stained section using an Axionstar plus microscope (Carl Zeiss AG) with a 5× magnification objective. A customized Matlab program (MatLab, R2019a) was used to calculate the percentage of contractile material for at least 50% of the total cross-sectional area of each muscle (R. Fortuna et al., 2015). 
     Data Analysis: 
     The data were analyzed using Proc GLM in SAS (SAS for Windows 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.). A one-way analysis of variance model (ANOVA) was used with the main effect of treatment. For actual muscle weights and strength measurements, body weight of the rabbit was used as a covariate. Means reported are Least Squares Means with the standard error of the mean. The p-values given for overall treatment are from the main effect model while individual means were compared using the Least Square Means predicted difference. A post hoc Chi Square analysis was performed on the histology measurement of the contractile material between the Botox alone and the Botox+HMB groups. A p-value ≤0.05 was determined to indicate significance. 
     Results 
     Body Weight and Food Intake: 
     The control, Botox, and Botox+HMB rabbits weighed 4.4±0.1, 4.1±0.1, and 4.4±0.3 kg at the start of the study, and 4.2±0.1, 4.0±0.1, and 4.0±0.1 kg at the end of the eight week study period, respectively. There were no differences in body weights across groups either before or after the control or Botox treatments. Food intake over the 8-week study averaged 169±8, 136±8, and 129±8 g/day for the control, Botox, and Botox+HMB rabbits, respectively. The Botox and Botox+HMB groups ate significantly less food due to decreased food intake after the Botox injections (p&lt;0.005). Average food consumption dropped 52% in the Botox group and 35% in the Botox+HMB group during weeks 2 and 3 following the injection. During the two-week period immediately following the Botox injection, the average HMB dosage received by the Botox+HMB group was 80±17 and 86±22 mg·kg body weighr 1 ·day −1  during weeks 2 and 3, respectively. During this period, the rabbits consumed about two-thirds of the target dosage; however, over the 8-week study period, the average dosage was 138±10 mg·kg body weight −1 ·day −1 , or about 15% above the target dosage. 
     Muscle Strength: 
     There was no difference in strength between the saline-injected and contralateral musculature for the control group rabbits. Strength in the injected musculature was 44±2, 16±2, and 18±2 N for the control, Botox, and Botox+HMB rabbits, respectively. Strength of the Botox injected muscles was significantly (p&lt;0.0001) reduced by 63% and 60% in the Botox and the Botox+HMB group rabbits, respectively, compared to the control group rabbits. See  FIG. 3 . 
     Strength in the contralateral musculature was 45±2, 34±2, and 41±2 N for the control, Botox, and Botox+HMB rabbits, respectively. Strength was significantly (p&lt;0.002) reduced by 23% in the contralateral musculature of Botox group rabbits compared to control group rabbits. Strength was significantly greater (p&lt;0.04) in the contralateral musculature of Botox+HMB (41±2 N) than in the Botox group rabbits, and was not significantly different from strength in the control group rabbits ( FIG. 3 ). 
     Muscle Mass: 
     There was no difference in muscle mass for the saline-injected and contralateral muscles of the control group rabbits. Muscle mass in the injected musculature was 33±3, 17±2, and 17±3 N for the control, Botox, and Botox+HMB group rabbits, respectively. Muscle mass in the injected limbs was significantly (p&lt;0.0001) reduced by 46% and 48% for the Botox and Botox+HMB, respectively, compared to the control group rabbits ( FIG. 4 ). 
     Muscle mass values in the contralateral non-injected musculature was 33±2, 32±2, and 34±3 for the control, Botox, and Botox+HMB group rabbits, respectively, and remained similar across all three experimental groups. 
     Contractile Material: 
     There was no difference in the percentage of contractile material for the saline-injected and contralateral musculature of the control group rabbits. The amount (area) of contractile material was measured in the injected and contralateral legs of all animals, and the contractile material for the injected musculature was 93±5, 75±16, and 85±4% for the control, Botox, and Botox+HMB group rabbits. Following the Botox injection, the contractile material was significantly (p&lt;0.006) reduced by 19% and 8% in the Botox and Botox+HMB group rabbits. Least square means analysis showed that with the HMB diet intervention the decrease contractile material was not significant when compared with the control group. Additionally, a post hoc Chi Square analysis between the Botox and Botox+HMB groups showed that HMB fed rabbits had a significantly greater amount of contractile material compared to the Botox group animals (p&lt;0.005,  FIG. 5 ). 
     There were no differences in the percentage of contractile material in the contralateral non-injected musculature, which were 90±2, 87±7, and 92±4% for the control, Botox, and Botox+HMB group rabbits, respectively ( FIG. 5 ). 
     The percentage of contractile material for the saline-injected rabbits was 93±5% (top left). Following Botox injection, there was a significant reduction of contractile material to 75±16 (middle left) and 85±4% (bottom left) for the Botox and Botox+HMB group rabbits, respectively. There was no difference in the percentage of contractile material for the contralateral non-injected musculature across groups. 
     Discussion 
     The results of this study showed that HMB supplementation helped prevent loss of contractile material in the injected muscle and prevented strength loss in the contralateral non-target musculature of rabbits receiving Botox injections. 
     Botox is a potent neurotoxin that prevents muscle contraction in a dose-dependent manner. Botox can produce substantial muscle weakness lasting up to six months following injection (Fortuna et al., 2015). HMB supplementation may have prevented strength loss in the Botox injected muscles, but this effect was not observed because of the remnant inhibition of acetylcholine at the nerve endings. 
     Botox also affects the non-injected, non-target muscles causing atrophy, loss of strength, and fibrosis. Strength in the contralateral muscles was decreased for the Botox but not the Botox+HMB group rabbits, while muscle mass was the same for the control group and Botox-injected group rabbits. These results suggest that (1) the inhibitory effect of Botox in the contralateral limbs was eliminated in the Botox+HMB group rabbits but not the Botox group rabbits, and/or (2) that HMB supplementation preserved the structural integrity of the contralateral muscles. The contralateral muscles in this Botox model can manifest severe fibrosis that affects strength but not muscle mass. In view of these results, HMB supplementation is an important therapeutic agent for people with muscle spasticity (cerebral palsy, post stroke) who receive regular Botox treatments. Preservation of structure and strength of non-target muscles in such patients preserves function in these muscles that is beyond what is possible with traditional intervention therapies. 
     CONCLUSIONS 
     HMB prevents loss of contractile material in the injected musculature and strength loss in the contralateral non-injected muscles suggesting that HMB either decreased Botox-induced inhibition of the contralateral, non-injected muscles, an/or preserved the structural integrity that is lost to fibrosis in non-injected muscles of Botox treated animals. This maintenance of strength in the contralateral non-target musculature may be important for overall recovery after an immobilizing injury. 
     The foregoing description and drawings comprise illustrative embodiments of the present inventions. The foregoing embodiments and the methods described herein may vary based on the ability, experience, and preference of those skilled in the art. Merely listing the steps of the method in a certain order does not constitute any limitation on the order of the steps of the method. The foregoing description and drawings merely explain and illustrate the invention, and the invention is not limited thereto, except insofar as the claims are so limited. Those skilled in the art who have the disclosure before them will be able to make modifications and variations therein without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     Botulinum Neurotoxin 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide methods of administering a composition for use in increasing strength in muscle after administration of Botulinum toxin, including the injected muscle and contralateral muscle. 
     An additional object of the present invention is to provide methods of administering a composition for use in preventing loss of contractile material in Botulinum toxin injected and/or contralateral musculature.