Patent Publication Number: US-2023136536-A1

Title: Methods and systems for sterilizing sealed components of a drug delivery device

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/275,745, filed Nov. 4, 2021, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure generally relates to a drug delivery system, and, in particular, improved methods and systems for sterilizing sealed components of a drug delivery system. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Healthcare providers may prescribe patients fluid delivery devices for delivering fluids, such as liquid medicaments, as part of a treatment regimen. Non-limiting examples of medicaments may include chemotherapy drugs, hormones (for instance, insulin), pain relief medications, and other types of liquid-based drugs. Fluid delivery devices need to be sterilized before they are sent to the patient. Methods of sterilization may include exposing the fluid delivery device and/or components thereof to sterilization conditions, which may include sterilization fluids, gases, and/or temperatures. Typically, the efficient sterilization techniques involve sterilizing the assembled fluid delivery device, for example, after packaging and prior to shipment. However, certain components (for instance, fluid pumps, fluid reservoirs, and/or the like) and/or regions of fluid delivery devices are designed to be sealed off from the external environment. Accordingly, system design may be in conflict with efficient sterilization processes. In addition, because the systems are typically fully assembled at the time of sterilization, it is not practical to manually disassemble or otherwise expose the sealed components to the sterilization conditions. 
     It is with considerations of these and other challenges in mind that improvements such as disclosed in the present disclosure may be useful. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a first exemplary embodiment of an operating environment in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a second exemplary embodiment of an operating environment in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a first sterilization process in accordance with the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a second sterilization process in accordance with the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an embodiment of workflow of a sterilization process in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     The drawings are not necessarily to scale. The drawings are merely representations, not intended to portray specific parameters of the disclosure. The drawings are intended to depict example embodiments of the disclosure, and therefore should not be considered as limiting in scope. In the drawings, like numbering represents like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The described technology generally relates to techniques and systems for sterilizing fluid delivery devices. In general, a sterilization process may include exposing components of the fluid delivery device to a sterilization source. The fluid delivery device may have a sealed region (or component) that is closed off from being contacted by the sterilization source. Fluid delivery devices according to some embodiments may include an activation component configured to allow the sealed region to be exposed or vented to the sterilization source during the sterilization process, then to be re-sealed after the sterilization process is complete so that the sealed region is sealed during use of the fluid delivery device by a user. 
     In some embodiments, the sterilization process may include exposing the activation component to an activation stimulus to cause activation of an exposure valve. Activation of the exposure valve may unseal the sealed region. Responsive to removal of the activation stimuli (or, in addition or in the alternative, exposure to a second stimulus), the activation component may become deactivated, thereby causing deactivation (or closure) of the exposure valve. Closure of the exposure valve may re-seal the sealed region. In some embodiments, once the sealed region has been re-sealed, it may not be exposed again. For example, the activation component may not be re-activated, the exposure valve may not be re-opened, re-activation of the activation component may not open the exposure valve, combinations thereof, and/or the like. Accordingly, the sealed region may be exposed for sterilization, then re-sealed for subsequent use. 
     In one non-limiting example, a fluid delivery device may be an automated insulin delivery (AID) device or pump. In general, insulin pumps need to be sterilized before being sent to the patient. The most common method of sterilization is Ethylene Oxide (EO) gas exposure. In order for the gas-based sterilization method to work, every part of the product needs to be accessible by gas. This means that no part of the system can be sealed off from the external environment. Certain system designs (for example, pumps, reservoirs, and/or the like) that have major advantages in other areas require the system to be sealed off from the external environment during system function. This puts these designs and advantages at odds with sterilization simplicity and efficiency. In addition, the sealed parts of conventional systems normally cannot be opened just for a sterilization step. For example, fluid delivery systems are typically fully assembled and in packaging during sterilization, so there can be no external human interference to expose the sealed parts during the sterilization process. 
     In one embodiment, an activation component may be or may include a shape-memory allow (SMA) wire. Non-limiting examples of SMA wires may include nickel-titanium wires, nitinol wires, alloys thereof, and/or the like. Some embodiments may leverage an SMA wire that has a transition/activation temperature that is above a sterilization temperature (for instance, about ˜130° F. or greater) and is not activated at normal assembly and transportation temperatures (for instance, about ˜100° F. maximum). This allows the SMA wire to open and unseal the system only during the elevated temperatures of sterilization. After the temperature cools, the system may be locked into a position so that an elevated temperature would never allow it to open again. 
     Accordingly, embodiments may provide multiple technological advantages over conventional systems. In one non-limiting technological advantage, embodiments may provide techniques and systems to facilitate efficient sterilization of a fluid delivery device, including sealed components thereof, that is not available using conventional systems. In another non-limiting technological advantage, embodiments may provide techniques and systems to allow for the selective exposure of sealed device components during specified events, times and/or conditions, such as sterilization. In another non-limiting technological advantage, embodiments may provide techniques and systems to allow for the permanent re-sealing of exposed sealed components such that similar conditions will not cause re-exposure of sealed components (e.g., exposure to a sterilization temperature in a first instance will expose a sealed component, but exposure to the sterilization temperature in a second instance will not lead to exposure of the sealed component). 
     Other embodiments and technological advantages are contemplated in the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an example of an operating environment  100  that may be representative of some embodiments. As shown in  FIG.  1   , operating environment  100  may include a sterilization system  110 . In various embodiments, sterilization system  110  may include a sterilization device  170  that may be configured to expose a fluid delivery device  160  to sterilization conditions. In some embodiments, sterilization conditions may include exposure to any type of sterilization source such as a fluid, temperature, pressure, light, and/or the like that may be used during a sterilization process to sterilize fluid delivery device. Non-limiting examples of sterilization conditions may include a sterilization temperature (for example, greater than 100° F., greater than 130° F., greater than 150° F., greater than 200° F., greater than 250° F., greater than 300° F., and any range or value between any of these values (including endpoints)), a sterilization fluid (for example, EtO gas, steam, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, vaporized chlorine dioxide, vaporized peracetic acid, nitrogen dioxide, and/or the like), radiation (for example, gamma radiation), and/or the like. 
     Fluid delivery device  130  may be or may include a wearable automatic fluid delivery device configured to be directly coupled to a patient during use, for example, directly attached to the skin of the user via an adhesive and/or other attachment component. In some embodiments, fluid delivery device  130  may be or may include a medicament delivery device configured to deliver a liquid medicament, drug, therapeutic agent, or other medical fluid to a patient. Non-limiting examples of medicaments may include insulin, glucagon or a glucagon-like peptide, pain relief drugs, hormones, blood pressure medicines, morphine, methadone, chemotherapy drugs, proteins, antibodies, and/or the like. 
     In some embodiments, fluid delivery device  130  may be or may include an automatic insulin delivery (AID) device configured to deliver insulin (and/or other medication) to a patient. For example, fluid delivery device  130  may be or may include a device the same or similar to an OmniPod® device or system provided by Insulet Corporation of Acton, Mass., United States, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,303,549; 7,137,964; and/or 6,740,059, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Although an AID device and insulin are used in examples in the present disclosure, embodiments are not so limited, as fluid delivery device  130  may be or may include a device capable of storing and delivering any fluid including, without limitation, therapeutic agent, drug, medicine, hormone, protein, antibody, and/or the like. 
     Fluid delivery device  130  may include a delivery system having a number of components to facilitate automated delivery of a fluid to a patient, including, without limitation, a reservoir  162  for storing the fluid, a pump  140  for transferring the fluid from reservoir  162 , through a fluid path or conduit  166 , and into the body of the patient, and/or a power supply  168 . Fluid delivery device  130  may include at least one delivery element  164 , such as a needle and/or cannula, configured to be inserted into the skin of the patient to operate as a conduit between reservoir  162  and the patient. Embodiments are not limited in this context, for example, as delivery system  162  may include more or less components. In some embodiments, fluid path  166  may include various segments, such as a segment  166   a  between reservoir  162  and pump  140  and a segment  166   b  between pump  140  and delivery element  164 . 
     In some embodiments, fluid delivery device  130  may include a sterilization management system configured to manage sterilization of portions of fluid delivery device, such as sealed components that require exposure during a sterilization process. In the example depicted in  FIG.  1   , the sterilization management system may operate to sterilize fluid path  166   a  of fluid delivery device  130  (e.g., a fluid path between reservoir  162  and pump  140 ). In some embodiments, sterilization management system may include an activation element  120  and an exposure valve  148 . In various embodiments, activation element  120  may be activated by one or more activation stimuli, such as temperature, a current, light, radiation, sound, electrical signals, wireless signals, and/or the like. In some embodiments, activation element  120  may be or may include an SMA wire activated via exposure to an activation temperature, such as a temperature greater than 130° F. The activation temperature may have various values according to some embodiments, such as 100° F., 110° F., 120° F., 130° F., 140° F., 150° F., 160° F., 170° F., 180° F., 190° F., 200° F., 200° F. or higher, and/or any value or range between any two of these values (including endpoints). Activation element  120  may be operably coupled to exposure valve  148  such that activation of activation element  120  may open exposure valve  148  to expose, for example, path  166   a.    
     In some embodiments, fluid delivery device  130  may include a control system  190 . In various embodiments, control system  190  may be a logic device or system and may include hardware (for instance, processors, memory, sensors, circuits, and/or the like) and/or software. For example, control system  190  may include discrete, specialized logic and/or components, an application-specific integrated circuit, a microcontroller or processor that executes software instructions, firmware, programming instructions stored in memory, or any combination thereof. Control system  190  may operate to implement various functions according to some embodiments, such as controlling activation element  120 . For instance, control system  190  may monitor for (or the absence of) sterilization stimuli (for example, via one or more sensors operatively coupled to control system  190 ), such as a temperature being over a threshold value, light, radiation, fluid flow, and/or the like and may provide a signal to activate (or deactivate) activation element  120 . 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example of an operating environment  200  that may be representative of some embodiments. As shown in  FIG.  2   , operating environment  200  may include a device region  270  associated with an exposure valve  248 . In some embodiments, exposure valve  248  may be operably coupled to an activation element  220 . 
     In a first state  251  (an “initial state” or a “pre-sterilization state”), device region  270  may be sealed from the environment. In one non-limiting example, device region  270  may be a sealed fluid path of an AID device, sealed between a pump and a reservoir (for instance, a sterilization source would not be able to reach device region  270  in first state  251 ). The AID device may be fully assembled (and packaged) and ready for sterilization. 
     In a second state  252  (a “sterilization state”), activation element  220  may be exposed to an activation stimulus. In one non-limiting example, an activation stimulus may be an elevated temperature, for example, used as part of the sterilization process. In some embodiments, activation element  220  may be an SMA wire that is activated (for example, changes shape, length, or other physical property) via exposure to a certain temperature range, electrical signal, or other stimulus. In other embodiments, the activation stimuli (for instance, a temperature over a threshold range) may cause activation of a circuit that provides an electrical signal (for instance, a threshold voltage, current, and/or the like) to activate activation element  220 . For example, a sensor (not shown) within a fluid delivery device may determine an elevated temperature and an activation current may be transmitted to activation element  220  (for example, via control system  190  and/or the sensor). 
     Exposure valve  248  is activated or “opened” in second state  252 . For example, activation element  220  may be deformed, moved, or otherwise activated responsive to exposure to the activation stimulus. Activation element  220  may be operably coupled to exposure valve  248  such that movement of activation element  220  responsive to the exposure to the activation stimulus may cause a corresponding movement or other change in exposure valve  248  to open a vent  272  or other opening. Sterilization source may enter device region  270  via vent  272 . During second state  252 , the sterilization process may expose device region  270  to the sterilization source or sources, such as heat, fluid or gas (EO), radiation (gamma), and/or the like. 
     In a third state  253  (the “closed state” or the “sealed state”), activation element  220  may be deactivated. In some embodiments, activation element  220  may be deactivated via removal of the activation stimulus and/or exposure to a deactivation stimulus (for instance, an electrical signal). In the third state, device region  270  has been sterilized. Deactivation of activation element  220  may cause exposure valve  248  to permanently close vent  272 . For example, re-exposure of activation element  220  to the activation stimulus will not open exposure valve  248  to expose device region  270  via vent  272 . 
     Accordingly, some embodiments may facilitate a sterilization process to sterilize sealed components by temporarily opening sealed components or regions for exposure to sterilization conditions, and then permanently sealing (or re-sealing) the sealed components or regions so that they may maintain a hermetic seal during device operation. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a first sterilization process in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  3   , an exposure valve or valve system  360  may be configured to allow for selective exposure of a device region or component during a sterilization process and to be closed or sealed after completion of the sterilization process. In some embodiments, exposure valve  360  may be arranged in a fluid path (for instance, path  166   a ) or device component (for instance, a wall of a reservoir, pump, and/or housing thereof). 
     A piston  348  may be arranged within a cylinder  344 . Piston  348  may be connected to or integrated with a locking element  332 , such as detent arms, at a first or locking end and a sealing component  336  at a second or sealing end, opposite the first end. Sealing component  336  may be formed of rubber, silicone, a polymer, and/or other materials suitable for forming a hermetic seal. An activation element  350 , such as an SMA wire, may be operatively coupled to piston  348 . Cylinder  344  may include various openings, such as vents  340  (for example, air vents to atmosphere) and/or a fluid port  338  fluidically coupled to a fluid path (for instance, path  166   a  or  166   b ). Openings  338 ,  340  may provide a fluid path to the device region being sealed by exposure valve  360 . Accordingly, if the openings are sealed off by sealing component  336 , then the device region associated with exposure valve is also sealed from fluid. 
     In a first or pre-sterilization stage  351 , piston  348  is arranged within cylinder  344  such that sealing component  336  forms a seal with openings, including vents  340  and/or fluid port  338 , and detent arms  332  are arranged within cylinder  344 . Detent arms  332  may be biased against an inner wall of cylinder  344 . 
     In a sterilization stage  352 , activation element  320  may be activated to pull piston  348  in an unsealing direction or in a direction that is away from openings  338 ,  340  to place piston in a sterilization position. In some embodiments, activation element  320  may be activated by one or more activation stimuli, such as exposure to a temperature over a threshold value, an electrical current or signal, and/or the like. When piston  348  is pulled out of cylinder  344 , detent arms  332  may expand and openings  338 ,  340  may be unsealed, allowing fluid or other sterilization sources (for instance, light, radiation, and/or the like) to enter the device region associated with exposure system  360 . In various embodiments, activation element  320  may remain activated during sterilization stage  352  to hold or otherwise maintain piston  348  in a position that keeps openings  338 ,  348  open. For example, a device associated with exposure valve  360  may be exposed to a sterilization temperature (for instance, 130° F. or higher) during sterilization stage  352 , which causes activation element  320  to remain activated (for example, either directly or via an electrical signal triggered by the sterilization temperature). During sterilization stage  352 , the device associated with exposure valve  360  may be exposed to a sterilization source, such as a sterilization fluid (EO), radiation, light, and/or the like, that may enter the device region via one or more of openings  338 ,  340  to sterilize the device region. 
     In a sealing stage  353 , activation element  320  may be deactivated, for instance, via removal of a heat source, transmission of an electrical signal, and/or the like. A biasing component  330 , such as a spring, may be biased against piston  348  in a sealing direction (for instance, toward openings  338 ,  340 ). During sterilization stage  352 , activation element  320  may maintain piston  348  with a force that is greater than a biasing force applied by biasing component  330  against piston  348  to keep openings  338 ,  340  open. When activation element  320  is deactivated and stops holding piston  348 , biasing component  330  pushes piston  348  in a sealing direction toward openings  338 ,  340  until sealing component  336  forms (or re-forms) a seal with openings  338 ,  340 . Accordingly, in the sealing stage  353 , the device region associated with exposure valve  360  is re-sealed as in pre-sterilization stage  351 . 
     Detent arms  332  may have detent locking flanges or elements  370  configured to engage a corresponding device locking flanges, hooks, or elements  371 . Biasing component  330  may push piston  348  downward in a sealing direction (for instance, toward openings  338 ,  340 ), such that detent locking flanges  370  are arranged to engage device locking flanges  371  to prevent piston  348  from being moved in an unsealing direction away from openings  338 ,  340 . Accordingly, piston  348  may not be moved in a manner that exposes openings  338 ,  340 , and the device region associated with exposure valve  360  is permanently re-sealed after sterilization. 
     In this manner, some embodiments may provide a one-time use mechanism for allowing sterilization of a device. In one non-limiting example, a valve assembly may include two detent arms entrapped within a cylinder. When an SMA wire is heated and activates, the valve assembly is pulled at least partially out of the cylinder so that the seal and detent arms are pulled back. The detent arms are able to escape the cylinder and the air vents expose the system. Once the SMA wire cools, a return spring pushes the valve assembly back into place sealing the air vents. The detent arms get locked behind a second set of inescapable retaining features. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates a second sterilization process in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  4   , an exposure valve or valve system  460  may be configured to allow for selective exposure of a device region or component during a sterilization process and to be closed or sealed after completion of the sterilization process. In some embodiments, exposure valve  460  may be arranged in a fluid path (for instance, path  166   a ) or integrated into a device component (for instance, a wall of a reservoir, pump, and/or housing thereof). 
     A piston  448  having a sealing component  436  may be arranged within a cylinder  444 . A pair of detent arms  432  may be arranged below piston  448  to engage a portion of piston  448 , such as sealing component  436 . A biasing component or spring (a return spring)  430  may bias piston  448  in a sealing direction, such as toward openings  440 ,  438  of exposure valve  460 . Openings, such as an air vent to atmosphere  438  and/or fluid path  440 , may provide a fluid path to the device region being sealed by exposure valve  460 . Accordingly, if openings  438 ,  440  are sealed off by sealing component  436 , then the device region associated with exposure valve  460  is also sealed from fluid. 
     In a first or pre-sterilization stage  451 , biasing component  430  may push piston  448  in a sealing direction; however, detent arms  432  may engage piston  448  to hold or maintain piston in an unsealed position in which openings  438 ,  440  are not sealed by sealing component  436 . In addition, piston  448  may hold detent arms  432  in an expanded position. For example, the biasing force of spring  430  may be sufficient to hold detent arms  432  in the expanded position. 
     In a sterilization stage  452 , activation element  420  may be activated to pull piston  448  in an unsealing direction (for instance, in a direction away from openings  338 ,  340 ) and into a sterilization position. Detent arms  432  may retract to a retracted position. When activated, activation element  420  may hold piston  448  with a force greater than the biasing force of biasing component  430 . Openings  438 ,  440  may be unsealed in sterilization stage  452 , allowing fluid or other sterilization sources (for instance, light, radiation, and/or the like) to enter the device region associated with exposure system  460 . For instance, EtO  480  may enter via vents  440  and travel into fluid path  438 . In various embodiments, activation element  420  may remain activated during sterilization stage  452  to hold or otherwise maintain piston  448  in a position that keeps openings  438 ,  448  open. 
     In a sealing stage  453 , activation element  420  may be deactivated. When activation element  420  is deactivated and stops holding piston  448 , biasing component  430  pushes piston  448  in a sealing direction toward openings  438 ,  440  until sealing component  436  forms (or re-forms) a seal with openings  438 ,  440 . Accordingly, in the sealing stage  453 , the device region associated with exposure valve  460  is re-sealed as in pre-sterilization stage  451 . In some embodiments, sealing component  436  may engage openings  438  and/or  440 , cylinder  444 , and/or another portion of exposure valve  460  to form a seal with or without relying on a biasing force from biasing component  430 . Accordingly, piston  448  may not be moved in a manner that exposes openings  438 ,  440 , and the device region associated with exposure valve  460  is permanently re-sealed after sterilization. 
     In some embodiments, portions of exposure valve  460  may be formed of an SMA material (for instance, nitinol). For example, in an alternative embodiment, detents  432  may be formed of an SMA material and may retract responsive to a stimulus, such as a sterilization temperature. Removal of the stimulus, such as returning exposure valve  460  to room temperature, may cause detents  432  to expand. In this embodiment, detents  432  would act as the activation element, such that activation element  420  and biased component  430  would not be required for exposure valve  460  to function according to various embodiments. 
     In this manner, some embodiments may provide a one-time use mechanism for allowing sterilization of a device. In one non-limiting example, an SMA wire is heated and activates, a seal pulls back allowing detent arms to retract. Once the SMA wire cools, the return spring pushes the assembly back into place sealing the air vents and/or other openings. 
     Included herein are one or more operation flows representative of exemplary methodologies for performing novel aspects of the disclosed technology. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the one or more methodologies shown herein are shown and described as a series of acts, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that the methodologies are not limited by the order of acts. Some acts may, in accordance therewith, occur in a different order and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all acts illustrated in a methodology may be required for a novel implementation. 
     An operation flow may be implemented via components of a fluid delivery device and/or exposure valve, including in software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof. In software and firmware embodiments, an operation flow may include a logic flow implemented by computer executable instructions stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium or machine readable medium. Embodiments are not limited in this context. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an embodiment of an operation flow  900 . Flow  900  may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described in the present disclosure, such as exposure valves  360  and/or  460  alone or in combination with manual steps performed by an operator. 
     At block  502 , flow  500  may include placing a fluid delivery device in a pre-sterilized sealed state. For example, a fluid delivery device may be placed in an initial or pre-sterilized state such as states  251 ,  351 , and/or  451 . A fluid delivery device may be placed in the pre-sterilized sealed state after manufacturing to be ready for sterilization prior to final packaging and shipping. 
     Flow  500  may include exposing the fluid delivery device to sterilization conditions in block  504 . For example, a fluid delivery device may be exposed to a sterilization temperature and/or other sterilization source, such as a sterilization fluid, radiation, and/or the like. 
     At block  506 , components are exposed to sterilization conditions. For example, a sterilization device may enter a sterilization stage (for instance, such as states  252 ,  352 , and/or  452 ) in response to the sterilization conditions to cause an exposure valve to open one or more openings (or maintain the openings in an open state) to allow a sterilization source to enter and sterilize a device region associated with the exposure valve. 
     Flow  500  may include removing the sterilization conditions at block  508 . For example, a fluid delivery device may be removed from a sterilization temperature and, for instance, placed in a room temperature environment. In another example, a sterilization source, such as gamma radiation, may be removed from exposing the fluid delivery device. 
     At block  510 , the fluid delivery device may enter a post-sterilization sealed state. For example, responsive to removal of the sterilization conditions, such as a sterilization temperature, the openings may be permanently sealed by a sealing component of an exposure valve (for instance, as depicted in states  253 ,  353 , and/or  453 ). 
     Some examples of the disclosed devices and/or processes (or portions thereof) may be implemented, for example, using a storage medium, a computer-readable medium, or an article of manufacture which may store an instruction or a set of instructions that, if executed by a machine (for instance, processor or controller), may cause the machine to perform a method and/or operation in accordance with examples of the disclosure. Such a machine may include, for example, any suitable processing platform, computing platform, computing device, processing device, computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware and/or software. The computer-readable medium or article may include, for example, any suitable type of memory unit, memory, memory article, memory medium, storage device, storage article, storage medium and/or storage unit, for example, memory (including non-transitory memory), removable or non-removable media, erasable or non-erasable media, writeable or re-writeable media, digital or analog media, hard disk, floppy disk, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), optical disk, magnetic media, magneto-optical media, removable memory cards or disks, various types of Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), a tape, a cassette, or the like. The instructions may include any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, encrypted code, programming code, and the like, implemented using any suitable high-level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/or interpreted programming language. The non-transitory computer readable medium embodied programming code may cause a processor when executing the programming code to perform functions, such as those described herein. 
     Certain examples of the present disclosure were described above. It is, however, expressly noted that the present disclosure is not limited to those examples, but rather the intention is that additions and modifications to what was expressly described herein are also included within the scope of the disclosed examples. Moreover, it is to be understood that the features of the various examples described herein were not mutually exclusive and may exist in various combinations and permutations, even if such combinations or permutations were not made express herein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed examples. In fact, variations, modifications, and other implementations of what was described herein will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the disclosed examples. As such, the disclosed examples are not to be defined only by the preceding illustrative description. 
     Program aspects of the technology may be thought of as “products” or “articles of manufacture” typically in the form of executable code and/or associated data that is carried on or embodied in a type of non-transitory, machine readable medium. Storage type media include any or all of the tangible memory of the computers, processors or the like, or associated modules thereof, such as various semiconductor memories, tape drives, disk drives and the like, which may provide non-transitory storage at any time for the software programming. It is emphasized that the Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow a reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, various features are grouped together in a single example for streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed examples require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed example. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate example. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein,” respectively. Moreover, the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and so forth, are used merely as labels and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. 
     The foregoing description of examples has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure. It is intended that the scope of the present disclosure be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto. Future filed applications claiming priority to this application may claim the disclosed subject matter in a different manner and may generally include any set of one or more limitations as variously disclosed or otherwise demonstrated herein.