Patent Publication Number: US-10307895-B2

Title: Extended impact socket construction

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation-in-part application based on Ser. No. 15/013,736 filed Feb. 2, 2016 entitled “Extended Impact Socket Construction” which is a utility application based on provisional application Ser. No. 62/111,992 filed Feb. 4, 2015 entitled “Extended Impact Socket Construction” for which priority is claimed in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In a principal aspect the present invention relates to a socket construction of a type utilized by automotive repair mechanics and service personnel. More specifically, the invention comprises a socket construction wherein the socket has a driven end, typically with a square or spline drive cross section counterbore, and a drive end, with a hexagonal cross section counterbore for engaging a threaded fastener to either attach or remove the fastener from a compatibly threaded bore or opening. The socket may comprise an alternative to sockets Type I, II and VII as disclosed by ASME standard B107.110-2012 (incorporated herein by reference). 
     When repairing automobiles, machinery or other items, a mechanic or technician typically requires multiple sets and types of tools, including wrenches, for removal of or attachment of bolts, screws, nuts and other fasteners. For example, one such task involving a mechanic is attachment or removal of the harmonic balancer associated with an internal combustion engine. That is, the harmonic balancer may be attached by hexagonal headed bolts threaded into and recessed in a counterbore. The bolts thus fasten the harmonic balancer to the drive shaft of the internal combustion engine. To remove the harmonic balancer from the shaft, a hexagonal socket may be positioned on the head of a bolt and a pneumatic impact tool is then fitted on the socket and used to drive the socket and thereby unthread the fastener from the shaft to which the balancer is attached. The above-referenced sockets may typically be used for this task. 
     This is an extremely difficult undertaking and typically requires a pneumatic impact tool to drive the socket in order to provide adequate torque necessary to loosen and remove the fasteners. Because the head of a fastener is often recessed in a counterbore, access may be limited or restricted. Also, because a fastener may be corroded, very high torque may be required to effect removal of the fastener. Many motor vehicles exhibit this problem including, for example, certain models of Honda brand vehicles. 
     Thus, there has developed a need for tools and methods for removal of extremely tightly or highly torqued fasteners, particularly from vehicles wherein fasteners are used to attach a harmonic balancer or some other mechanical part to the vehicle or vehicle engine. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Briefly, the present invention comprises an elongate, high mass, impact socket comprised of a body with a generally cylindrical section that extends between a driven end of the socket and a drive end of the socket. The driven end of the socket may comprise a square or spline cross section counterbore or structure adapted to receive the drive, such as a square drive or spline drive, of a pneumatic impact tool. The opposite drive end of the socket includes a hexagonal counterbore or opening coaxial with the generally cylindrical section or body and the driven counterbore end. The dimensions, density, mass, physical character and outer surface shape of the socket construction typically comprises features of design including an elongate, high mass, socket useful in a circumstance where many prior art sockets do not function appropriately or may fracture or otherwise fail. Additionally, the disclosed sockets are fabricated with a unitary design compatible with a high impact, pneumatic driver. 
     Thus, an aspect, feature, objective and benefit of the socket construction of the invention is to provide a carefully dimensioned, elongate socket construction having a relatively high density, increased mass relative to a typical socket, high tensile strength and good fracture toughness. The socket has dimensional and other requisite characteristics including weight or mass which enable the socket to provide high impact forces on a fastener to efficiently and effectively loosen a very heavily torqued and tightly attached fastener from a threaded passage or bore. The socket is uniquely useful in combination with a cooperative, pneumatic impact tool to drive the socket. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a socket which has broad utility; namely, a design that will enable efficient operation in combination with a standard impact tool or wrench for removal of frozen or locked fasteners. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a socket which is useful over a wide range of torque requirements for attachment as well as removal or unthreading of a fastener. 
     These and other aspects, objects, advantages and features of the invention are set forth in the detailed description which follows. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       In the detailed description which follows reference is made to the drawing comprised of the following figures: 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of an embodiment of the socket of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is an end view of the drive end of the socket of  FIG. 1  as viewed from the left hand side of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross sectional view of the socket of  FIG. 1  taken along the line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is an end view of the driven end of socket of  FIG. 1  as viewed from the right hand side of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a graph depicting the relationship of the effectiveness of sockets in accord with the prior art relative to sockets in accord with the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a side view illustrating the profile of an embodiment of a socket tool of the invention comprised of a single component which includes first and second coaxial body parts or sections; and 
         FIG. 7  is a side elevation of an alternative example of a socket tool of the invention comprising multiple axial sections wherein the sections comprise a driven end body section and a drive end body section. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Sockets having an appropriate size, mass or weight and design in combination with a standard pneumatic impact wrench are disclosed. Such sockets provide a successful means to increase the effective torque imparted to a fastener and thereby enhance the efficiency and the utility of an impact tool or wrench to detach or unthread or thread a fastener from or into a threaded bore or passage. That is, typically the necessary torque or turning force required to remove a fastener from a threaded passage or bore is dependent upon the condition, size, design and configuration of the fastener and the threaded bore. The dimensional characteristics or relationship between the size of and the dimensional and design characteristics of a socket to provide adequate, useful torque and thus effect fastener removal are uniquely disclosed. 
     A socket embodiment of the invention is depicted in  FIGS. 1-4  and comprises a cylindrical body  10  having a straight, centerline axis  12 . The body  10  is comprised or includes a first uniform outside, cylindrical diameter section  14 , a first drive end  20  with a flat planar face  16  transverse to the axis  12  at the first drive end  20 . Center line axis  12  extends axially in a straight direction to a second, transverse, planar, flat face  18  at a second or driven end  21 . The first cylindrical section  14  thus extends between the first transverse flat face  16  axially toward the second transverse flat face  18  in the range of about 85±4% of the axial distance from the first face  16  to the second face  18 . 
     A second uniform diameter, concentric, cylindrical outside section  22  of the body  10  extends axially intermediate the first section  14  and the second face  18  at end surface  21 . The second section  22  has an outside diameter in the range of about 80%±5% of the outside diameter of the first section  14  which has a cylindrical cross section as depicted in  FIG. 2 . 
     The outside radius of the first section  14  is in the range of 2.25±0.2 times the point to point dimension  30  of a hexagonal counterbore  24  at the drive end axis coaxial with a square or spline counterbore  26  in the driven end of the body  10 . The socket has an axial dimension  13  in the range of about 5+0.2 to −0.1 times the axial depth dimension of the hexagonal counterbore  24 . Section  14  has an axial dimension of about 2.5 inches in the embodiment depicted. The socket further has a material density in the range of about 0.28±0.3 pounds per cubic inch and tensile strength in the range of or at least greater than about 150,000±25,000 psi. The socket further includes a transverse or radial passage  32  at the driven end  19  of the socket which is for receipt of a pin of a drive of an impact tool joined to the socket. 
     The first greater axially extending section  14  and the second, lesser axially extending section  22  of the socket are joined along a circumferential, arcuately curved uniform radius section  34 . The square counterbore  26  has a point to point dimension in the range of 1.0±0.50 times the point to point dimension of the hexagonal counterbore  24 . 
     Tables 1 and 2 set forth a summary of the physical parameters of a standard socket and two test sockets. Socket  1  is a prior art standard socket design. Sockets  2  and  3  are variations of the socket design embodiments of the invention wherein socket design 3 is a preferred embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 1-4 . Specifically, the drive end depth and configuration, the driven end depth are variable, but are desirably within limitations to maintain adequate mass of the socket. The mass of the sockets is purposely within the ranges of the parameters set forth. The dimensional ranges and relationships are preferably maintained in accord with ratios of the examples set forth in the tables. 
     Thus, the dimension of the socket drive end is correlated with the other socket dimensions. In particular, the diameter of the threaded fastener and the head thereof serve as an initial basis for determination of and maintaining proportionality with the remaining dimensions and mass of the socket. As a consequence, upon determining the size and dimensions of a fastener diameter and fastener head, one may calculate a proportional relationship to the remaining dimensions of a socket associated with a particular fastener having a particular thread design. Importantly, the mass of the socket is correlated with fastener dimensions. Each socket can in this manner be correlated with the size of the fastener which is to be removed or engaged and driven. 
     Following are examples of sockets (items 2 and 3) which are designed to safely maximize dimensional limits to provide adequate torque in the environment associated with the tools and devices which require high torque to be provided by standard torque wrenches. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SOCKET 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 (Standard 
                 (Experimental 
                 (Experimental 
               
               
                   
                 Design) 
                 Design) 
                 Design) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Density 
                 .28 
                 lb/in 3   
                 .28 
                 lb/in 3   
                 .28 
                 lb/in 3   
               
               
                 Total Mass 
                 8 
                 oz. 
                 20 
                 oz. 
                 30 
                 oz. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Length (inches) 
                 3.125 
                 3.500 
                 3.500 
               
               
                 Diameter 
                 1.100 
                 1.375 
                 1.690 
               
               
                 (Max) (inches) 
               
               
                 Diameter 
                 1.100 
                 1.375 
                 1.375 
               
               
                 (Min) (inches) 
               
               
                 Socket 
                 Cylindrical 
                 Cylindrical 
                 Multiple 
               
               
                 Configuration 
                   
                   
                 Cylindrical 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Sections 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Drive End 
                 ½ 
                 inch square 
                 ½ 
                 inch square 
                 ½ 
                 inch square 
               
               
                 Configuration 
               
               
                 Driven End 
                 19 
                 MM Hex 
                 19 
                 MM Hex 
                 19 
                 MM Hex 
               
               
                 Configuration 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Material 
                 CR—MO 
                 CR—MO 
                 CR—MO 
               
               
                 Radial Profile 
                 Round 
                 Round 
                 Round 
               
               
                 Longitudinal 
                 Straight 
                 Straight 
                 Straight with 
               
               
                 Profile 
                   
                   
                 turned end 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 DIMENSIONS IN INCHES 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SOCKET 3 PARAMETERS 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Length (inches) 
                 3.50 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 First Section Length (14) (inches) 
                 2.50 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Second Section Length (22) (inches) 
                 1.00 ± 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Intermediate Section Length (34) 
                  .24 ± 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 (inches) 
               
               
                   
                 First Section Diameter (inches) 
                  1.70 ± 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Second Section Diameter (inches) 
                 1.375 ± 0.30 
               
               
                   
                 Drive End Depth (inches) 
                  0.75 ± 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Driven End Depth (inches) 
                  1.0 ± 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Mass 
                 About 0.28 ± 0.03 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pounds/cubic inch 
               
               
                   
                 Fracture Toughness 
                 28-60 HRC 
               
               
                   
                 Tensile Strength 
                 150,000 ± 25,000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pounds/square inch 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The empirical data of two series of tests, as set forth in Tables 3 and 4, was obtained using test sockets 1, 2 and 3 of Table 1 and Table 2 to remove threaded fasteners in compatible threaded openings in a test block. The test block was thus threaded to receive a standard “Harmonic Balancer Bolt”. A thread locker compound “Loctite 232” was applied to the bolt prior to being threaded into a test block. The “Loctite” (trade name) compound was allowed to cure after the bolt was tightened to various torque values as shown in Tables 3 and 4. The “Loctite” compound was applied to simulate the effects of corrosion and “tightness” of the fastener. 
     The tests to effect removal of the fasteners were conducted with a Craftsman Model No. 875-198650 air impact wrench. The wrench was operated at a static pressure of 88 psi and a dynamic pressure of 50 psi. The air impact wrench is typical of the type used by technicians for the removal of Harmonic Balancer Bolts and was used to untighten the test bolts after they had been secured into the test block. 
     The sockets tested and were of various weights, dimensions and configurations. Socket No. 1 weighted 8 ounces and is typical of a standard 19 MM impact socket. Socket No. 2 was manufactured for test purposes and weighed 20 ounces. Socket No. 3 is a high mass socket with a weight of 30 ounces and dimensions set forth in Table 2. 
     The test result (Tables 3 and 4) were compiled and demonstrate the effectiveness of the increased mass and test design of test sockets to loosen fasteners that had been tightened in increments up to 400 ft.-lbs. This information is exhibited in graphical form in  FIG. 5 . The mass and associated design of each socket is plotted with respect to the resultant torque necessary to remove the fastener. Increased mass incorporated into socket of varied length and other dimensions result in a non-linear, geometric enhancement in efficiency of fastener removal by means of a standard impact wrench with socket number 3 being the most efficient and enabling removal of the fasteners requiring the greatest force or torque to effect removal. As depicted in  FIG. 5 , the correlation between torque associated with the tool and mass indicates that the combination of the physical parameters as described result in a ratio of at least about 17.5 or more torque in foot pounds to tool mass in ounces is desired as a result of impact by means of an impact wrench such as described to achieve and enable desired efficiency of the tool. 
     Another approach to identify the improved torque that is applied to a fastener which has been locked in place constitutes calculation of a parameter wherein the relative mass of the prior art type socket is compared with examples of the sockets of the invention. Reference is therefore made to Table 5 which identifies various sized sockets. The column identified as Socket Style references standard prior art sockets. The legend “extended” references sockets designed and made in accord with the invention wherein the density of the socket material is the same for the standard as well as the extended sockets. In every event the comparison is made between socket sizes of the same size. The standard socket sizes are in conformance standards ASMEB107, 110 ZR sockets. The sockets identified as extended are designed to engage fasteners of the same size but the ratio of the mass for the 19 MM sockets is approximately 2.25 to 1. For the 21 MM sockets, it is approximately 2.5 to 1 and for the 27 MM sockets, it is approximately 2 to 1. This variance provides significant advantages as indicated by the tensile forces that can be applied successfully to test specimens. 
     That is, test specimens were prepared substantially identically with utilization of a tension calibrator. The calibrator is a device typically used for calibrating impact wrenches and testing fasteners. The calibrator consists of a hydraulic load cell with an opening in the center for insertion of a sample bolt as a test specimen. As the bolt is tightened, the load cell is compressed creating internal pressure. A gauge measures the pressure and provides a dial readout allowing the tensile force created in the bolt to be measured. The test bolts for the variously sized specimens are listed in Table 5. All the bolts were identical material and had the same thread size. The bolts were provided with a hexagonal head that was the size corresponding to the socket that was being tested. The bolts were tightened in 1,000 pound tension increments. 
     After tightening, attempts were made to loosen the bolts using an impact wrench as described above. The impact wrench was assembled with the appropriate socket size. When the bolt could no longer be loosened, the selected socket with the selected socket, that tension limit was noted in the chart. The static pressure used for the impact wrench was 85 psi and the dynamic pressure was 55 psi in all events. As will be seen in Table 5, the tensile force applied to the test specimens wherein the specimen was subject to being removed by “extended” sockets was significantly greater than use of standard sockets. The ratio of the standard versus the “extended” sockets test results is approximated in the far right hand column. It is noted that the sockets incorporating design aspects of the present invention remove fasteners by imparting a tensile force typically greater than twice that of the standard sockets. 
     Thus, the construction of the sockets disclosed enable maximization of torque in a restricted space environment using standard torque wrenches. By correlating a set of sockets to the dimensional patterns and proportions of the example fasteners disclosed utilizing the diameter of the fastener associated with the socket, a uniquely configured, sized and “extended” mass socket can be constructed for efficient removal or driving of the particular sized fastener. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 1 Socket 
                 No. 2 Socket 
                 No. 3 Socket 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TORQUE 
                   
                 TORQUE 
                   
                 TORQUE 
                   
               
               
                 (FT. - LBS.) 
                   
                 (FT. - LBS.) 
                   
                 (FT. - LBS.) 
               
               
                 REQUIRED 
                   
                 REQUIRED 
                   
                 REQUIRED 
               
               
                 TO 
                   
                 TO 
                   
                 TO 
               
               
                 LOOSEN 
                 PASS/ 
                 LOOSEN 
                 PASS/ 
                 LOOSEN 
                 PASS/ 
               
               
                 BOLT 
                 FAIL 
                 BOLT 
                 FAIL 
                 BOLT 
                 FAIL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 200 
                 Pass 
                 200 
                 Pass 
                 200 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 220 
                 Pass 
                 220 
                 Pass 
                 220 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 250 
                 Pass 
                 250 
                 Pass 
                 250 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 270 
                 Fail 
                 270 
                 Pass 
                 270 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 300 
                 Fail 
                 300 
                 Pass 
                 300 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 320 
                 Fail 
                 320 
                 Pass 
                 320 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 350 
                 Fail 
                 350 
                 Pass 
                 350 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 380 
                 Fail 
                 380 
                 Fail 
                 380 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 400 
                 Fail 
                 400 
                 Fail 
                 400 
                 Pass 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 1 Socket 
                 No. 2 Socket 
                 No. 3 Socket 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TORQUE 
                   
                 TORQUE 
                   
                 TORQUE 
                   
               
               
                 (FT. - LBS.) 
                   
                 (FT. - LBS.) 
                   
                 (FT. - LBS.) 
               
               
                 REQ&#39;D TO 
                   
                 REQ&#39;D TO 
                   
                 REQ&#39;D TO 
               
               
                 LOOSEN 
                 PASS/ 
                 LOOSEN 
                 PASS/ 
                 LOOSEN 
                 PASS/ 
               
               
                 BOLT 
                 FAIL 
                 BOLT 
                 FAIL 
                 BOLT 
                 FAIL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 200 
                 Pass 
                 200 
                 Pass 
                 200 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 220 
                 Pass 
                 220 
                 Pass 
                 220 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 250 
                 Pass 
                 250 
                 Pass 
                 250 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 270 
                 Pass 
                 270 
                 Pass 
                 270 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 300 
                 Pass 
                 300 
                 Pass 
                 300 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 320 
                 Fail 
                 320 
                 Pass 
                 320 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 350 
                 Fail 
                 350 
                 Pass 
                 350 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 380 
                 Fail 
                 380 
                 Fail 
                 380 
                 Pass 
               
               
                 400 
                 Fail 
                 400 
                 Fail 
                 400 
                 Pass 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SOCKET TEST RESULTS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TENSILE 
                   
                 TENSILE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FORCE (LBS.) 
                 ABLE TO 
                 FORCE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SOCKET 
                 APPLIED TO 
                 LOOSEN 
                 RATIO OF 
               
               
                 SOCKET 
                 SOCKET 
                 WEIGHT 
                 TEST 
                 TEST 
                 EXTENDED 
               
               
                 SIZE 
                 STYLE 
                 (OZ.) 
                 SPECIMEN 
                 SPECIMEN 
                 TO STANDARD 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 19 MM 
                 STANDARD 
                 8 
                 19,000 
                 Yes 
                 1.5 to 1 
               
               
                 19 MM 
                 STANDARD 
                 8 
                 20,000 
                 No 
                 1.5 to 1 
               
               
                 19 MM 
                 EXTENDED 
                 30 
                 29,000 
                 Yes 
                 1.5 to 1 
               
               
                 19 MM 
                 EXTENDED 
                 30 
                 30,000 
                 No 
                 1.5 to 1 
               
               
                 21 MM 
                 STANDARD 
                 9.1 
                 16,000 
                 Yes 
                 1.9 to 1 
               
               
                 21 MM 
                 STANDARD 
                 9.1 
                 17,000 
                 No 
                 1.9 to 1 
               
               
                 21 MM 
                 EXTENDED 
                 29 
                 30,000 
                 Yes 
                 1.9 to 1 
               
               
                 21 MM 
                 EXTENDED 
                 29 
                 31,000 
                 No 
                 1.9 to 1 
               
               
                 27 MM 
                 STANDARD 
                 15 
                 20,000 
                 Yes 
                 1.5 to 1 
               
               
                 27 MM 
                 STANDARD 
                 15 
                 21,000 
                 No 
                 1.5 to 1 
               
               
                 27 MM 
                 EXTENDED 
                 31 
                 30,000 
                 Yes 
                 1.5 to 1 
               
               
                 27 MM 
                 EXTENDED 
                 31 
                 31,000 
                 No 
                 1.5 to 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The above test results demonstrate the effectiveness of the additional mass and alternate design via extended sockets to loosen the tightened test specimens. This would equate to the enhanced effectiveness for loosening various bolts, fasteners, etc. that may be corroded or damaged. 
     Variable features of the “extended” socket invention thus include: (1) The socket typically includes a uniform cross section of a regular geometric configuration, preferably a circle, or a multi sided polygon with equal length sides. (2) The density of the socket material may vary axially within recommended limits. (3) The configuration may vary axially. (4) The moment of inertia of the socket subjected to the torque of an impact wrench is in the range of 1 to about 6 times the moment of inertia of the impact wrench, preferably greater than 1. (5) The length verses the nominal diameter of the socket is in the range 1:1 to 6:1. A preferred range is about 2:1 to 4:1. (6) The mass of the socket is in the range of 2 to 3 times of the mass of corresponding standard ASMEB107, 110 ZR sockets (7). The correlation between thread surface engagement (and size) and fastener mass is generally proportional to socket mass (8). The correlation between the torque imparted by an impact wrench and the torque generated thereby to socket tools is facilitated by the mass and geometric design of the “extended” socket tool as demonstrated by the data displayed in  FIG. 5 , and a cylindrical cross section is favored to most effectively size the socket for its design purpose. Thus, empirical data provides correlation information such as the reported empirical test results.  FIG. 5  depicts the data graphically indicating that the increase in mass versus torque is not linear, but appears to increase in accord with a ratio associated with design of the sockets as constrained by the features discussed. The result is a correlation between design of the sockets and increased torque as represented by  FIG. 5  and associated tables of data. 
     With respect to the designs of such sockets, the moment of inertia of the socket may be calculated by integrating the product of the mass per unit volume of the socket times the volume of the socket taking into account that the body of the socket will rotate about a single axis. As discussed, it is important to maintain essentially a uniform distribution of the mass radially about the axis of the socket. For that reason, the configuration of the socket preferably is discussed; namely, a body comprised of generally circular cross sectional dimensions transverse to the axis of rotation. This is considered an important aspect of the invention in order to avoid undesirable perturbations of the socket when in use. Thus, sections of the socket may be cylindrical, conical, or multi-sided. The axial length of the sections may be varied to accommodate different materials used in the manufacture of the socket and to accommodate clearances with respect to the attachment of the socket to a drive end to a fastener. 
     Referring therefore to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , there is illustrated various alternative socket tool configurations illustrating multiple alternative embodiments of the invention. For example, in  FIG. 6 , socket tool  100  is comprised of a drive body section  102  in the form of a frustoconical element having a center line axis  104 . The drive body section 102 is unitary and coupled with a driven end body section  106 . The body sections  102  and  106  are coaxial and coupled through a joinder section  108 . In the embodiment depicted, the driven end body section  106  of the socket tool  100  is in the form of a cylindrical member coaxial with the axis  104 . Each of the body sections, drive end body section  102  and drive end body section  106  include, respectively, opposite end faces  110  and  112 . Drive end face  110  includes a coaxial counterbore  111  configured to engage a fastener. Counterbore  113  in the face  112  of driven end  106  receives the drive (not shown) of an impact drive wrench. The counterbore  111  in the face  110  is configured to fit on a fastener which is to be removed or inserted into a threaded opening by way of example. The concept of the moment of inertia of the socket member  100  depicted in  FIG. 6  incorporates the relationships discussed herein which provides that the moment of inertia associated with the socket tool  100  exceeds the moment of inertia provided by the drive force associated with an impact wrench engaged therewith. The drive end body section  102  is generally symmetric about the axis  104  as is the driven end body section  106 . However, the body section  102  is frustoconical in configuration whereas the body section  106  is cylindrical. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a socket tool  122  where a frustoconical drive end body section  120  is associated with a frustoconical driven end body section  124 . That is, the driven body section  124  is a frustoconical element and the socket member  122  drive end  120  thus comprises first and second frustoconical body sections which are joined together along a juncture or coupling sector or body section  126 . 
       FIG. 7  also illustrates another option with respect to the socket member of the invention; namely, a multipart component body section such as body section  120 . That is, body section  120  is comprised of a first frustoconical body section element  120 A and a second frustoconical body section  120 B. The sections interlock with one another as a consequence of the design of interlocking ribs  130  and  132  of body section  120 A that interlock with compatible slots or openings in the body section  120 B. 
     Multiple variations of the designs discussed are deemed to be within the scope of the invention and equivalents thereto. For example, body sections may comprise of curved shapes. The shapes, however, of the various body sections are preferably symmetric with respect to a plane transverse to a central axis. 
     For example, the frustoconical configuration of the drive end body section  120  may be inverted with the larger diameter positioned intermediate the sections  120  and  124 . The same inversion may apply with respect to the driven end frustoconical section  124 . 
     Yet another configuration that is deemed within the scope of the invention is to include or provide that the socket may be a frustoconical shape between the opposite end faces thereof with the narrow end or narrow diameter of the frustoconical configuration located at the drive end or alternatively at the driven end. The sockets may also have undulating curve surfaces between the opposite ends or an array of cylindrical and frustoconical surfaces joined together from end to end between the opposite end faces of the socket construction. 
     While there have been set forth embodiments of the invention it is to be understood that the invention is to be limited only by the following claims and equivalents thereof By way of example and not limitation, the socket tool may comprise two or more conical body sections or multiple cylindrical body sections or other curved or shaped sections. Thus, a conical driven end body section may be conical and the drive and body section cylindrical and coaxial with the driven end body section. The driven end and drive end body sections may each be conical with a virtual apex directed toward the drive end or section of the tool. The driven end body section may be shaped with coaxial cylindrical sections or portions as may the drive end section of the socket tool.