Patent Publication Number: US-10770107-B1

Title: Adaptive tension position changing for magnetic tape recording device

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to data storage systems, and more particularly, relates to tape position change and tape tension in tape drives. 
     In magnetic storage systems, magnetic transducers read data from and write data onto magnetic recording media. Data is written on the magnetic recording media by moving a magnetic recording transducer to a position over the media where the data is to be stored. The magnetic recording transducer then generates a magnetic field, which encodes the data into the magnetic media. Data is read from the media by similarly positioning the magnetic read transducer and then sensing the magnetic field of the magnetic media. Read and write operations may be independently synchronized with the movement of the media to ensure that the data can be read from and written to the desired location on the media. 
     An important and continuing goal in the data storage industry is that of increasing the density of data stored on a medium. For tape storage systems, that goal has led to increasing the track and linear bit density on recording tape and decreasing the thickness of the magnetic tape medium. However, the development of a smaller footprint in higher performance tape drive systems has created various challenges ranging from the design of tape head assemblies for use in such systems to dealing with tape dimensional instability. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure include a method, computer program product, and system for handling seek commands for a tape drive. The method includes receiving a seek command for moving tape in the tape drive to a target position. The method further includes determining, based on a current position of the tape, the target position, a high water mark for the tape, a first speed of moving the tape at a first tension, and a second speed of moving the tape at a second tension, whether to move the tape according to a first procedure or a second procedure. The first procedure includes directly moving the tape from the current position to the target position with the tape at the first tension. The second procedure includes moving the tape from the current position to the HWM with the tape at the first tension and moving the tape from the HWM to the target position with the tape at the second tension. The method further includes moving the tape according to the determined first or second procedure. 
     The above summary is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The drawings included in the present application are incorporated into, and form part of, the specification. They illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, along with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. The drawings are only illustrative of certain embodiments and do not limit the disclosure. 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram of a simplified tape drive system, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic diagram of a tape cartridge, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates a side view of a flat-lapped, bi-directional, two-module magnetic tape head, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2B  is a tape bearing surface view taken from Line  2 B of  FIG. 2A , in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2C  is a detailed view taken from Circle  2 C of  FIG. 2B , in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2D  is a detailed view of a partial tape bearing surface of a pair of modules, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is a partial tape bearing surface view of a magnetic head having a write-read-write configuration, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a partial tape bearing surface view of a magnetic head having a read-write-read configuration, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a side view of a magnetic tape head with three modules where the modules all generally lie along about parallel planes, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a side view of a magnetic tape head with three modules in a tangent (angled) configuration, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a side view of a magnetic tape head with three modules in an overwrap configuration, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 8A-8C  are schematics depicting the principles of tape tenting, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  is a representational diagram of files and indexes stored on a magnetic tape, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  depicts a flowchart of an example method for handling seek commands for a tape drive, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  depicts a flowchart of a second example method for handling seek commands for a tape drive, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  depicts a representational diagram of tape, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  depicts a high-level block diagram of an example computer system, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. Further, particular features described herein can be used in combination with other described features in each of the various possible combinations and permutations. 
     Unless otherwise specifically defined herein, all terms are to be given their broadest possible interpretation including meanings implied from the specification as well as meanings understood by those skilled in the art and/or as defined in dictionaries, treatises, etc. 
     It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless otherwise specified. 
     The following description discloses several embodiments of magnetic storage systems, as well as operation and/or component parts thereof. 
     Tape media are widely used as a removable, sequentially accessible, and cost-effective data storage media. A tape drive writes data to a tape sequentially along the length of the tape. Once reading and/or writing of data are completed, the tape cartridge may be unloaded to make the tape drive available for other tape cartridges as needed. 
     When reading and/or writing data on a tape, the tape drive pulls the tape with a particular level of tension (normal tension) such that a drive head contacts the surface of the tape uniformly. If the tape is rewound to the tape cartridge with the same level of tension as used for reading/writing data before unloading the tape, the tape may be widened by the pressure applied to the tape. If the tape is widened, the tape drive may fail to properly read data written on the tape as the track pitches may change while the distance between data reader cells on the tape drive head may remain constant. 
     To address this issue, some tape drives are configured to completely unwind the tape to the end of tape with the tension used for reading and writing to tape (normal tension) and rewind the tape to the cartridge at a lower tension than the normal tension (low tension) during the unload process. However, this process can result in a long unload time, particularly when the current position of the tape is near the beginning of tape. 
     To address this issue, tape drives may be configured to perform an adaptive unload of the tape. Adaptive unload refers to maintaining a high water mark (HWM) and only unwinding the tape to the HWM, instead of the end of tape, before rewinding the tape at the low tension. The HWM is the position on the tape that needs to be reached to ensure that all the tape is wound on the cartridge at low tension. Typically, the HWM is the furthest position on the tape that the tape has been unwound to since the tape has been loaded. Thus, when the HWM is not at the end of tape, the time that it would take to unwind the tape from the HWM to the end of tape and rewind the tape from the end of tape to the HWM is saved during the unload process. However, the more data that is read or written since the tape has been loaded increases the likelihood that the HWM will be at or near the end of tape, thus negating the time advantage of adaptive unload. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method, computer program product, and system for responding to seek commands based on the current position of the tape, the HWM, and the target position of the seek command. In certain situations, according to embodiments described herein, the tape drive may unwind the tape to the HWM at normal tension and then move to the target position at low tension. This allows for the HWM to be changed to the target position as the tape has been wound from the previous HWM to the target position at low tension. With an HWM closer to the beginning of tape, adaptive unload may be performed faster. Thus, a first benefit of embodiments of the present disclosure is that the time for completing the process of adaptive unload may be decreased. 
     Further, it has been found in certain tape drives (e.g., IBM TS 1155 and TS 1160) that tape can be moved faster with a low tension than moving the tape with normal tension. For example, in certain tape drives the tape runs at a speed of 6 m/s at normal tension and a speed of 18 m/s at low tension. When a tape is wound partially with normal tension and partially with low tension, adverse side effects can occur in reading and writing to the tape. Thus, the tape may be moved at normal tension when moving from beginning of tape to end of tape and when moving toward the beginning of tape when the current position is not at the HWM. 
     Given the speed differences, unwinding the tape to the HWM at normal tension and then winding the tape to the target position at low tension may provide the additional benefit of moving the tape to the target position faster than a direct winding of the tape from the current position to the target position at normal tension. 
     According to some embodiments described herein, in response to receiving a seek command, it is determined whether it is faster to move the tape directly to the target position at normal tension, or to move the tape to the HWM at normal tension and then move the tape from the HWM to the target position at low tension. The tape may then be controlled according to the faster procedure. Thus, performing the position change according to a seek command may be accomplished faster in certain circumstances, while also reducing the time for adaptive unload by changing the HWM. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates a simplified tape drive  100  of a tape-based data storage system, which may be employed in the context of the present invention. While one specific implementation of a tape drive is shown in  FIG. 1A , it should be noted that the embodiments described herein may be implemented in the context of any type of tape drive system. 
     As shown, a tape supply cartridge  120  and a take-up reel  121  are provided to support a tape  122 . One or more of the reels may form part of a removable cartridge and are not necessarily part of the tape drive  100 . The tape drive, such as that illustrated in  FIG. 1A , may further include drive motors to drive the tape supply cartridge  120  and the take-up reel  121  to move the tape  122  over a tape head  126  of any type. Such head may include an array of readers, writers, or both. As used herein, the term unwind may refer to the movement of tape from the supply cartridge to the take-up reel, and the term rewind may refer to the movement of tape from the take-up reel to the supply cartridge. 
     Guides  125  guide the tape  122  across the tape head  126 . Such tape head  126  is in turn coupled to a controller  128  via a cable  130 . The controller  128 , may be or include a processor and/or any logic for controlling any subsystem of the drive  100 . For example, the controller  128  typically controls head functions such as servo following, data writing, data reading, etc. The controller  128  may control the power of the motors driving the tape supply cartridge and the tape reel such that a constant tension is applied to the tape. According to embodiments, the controller may change the tension applied to the tape between a normal tension and a low tension as described herein. The controller  128  may include at least one servo channel and at least one data channel, each of which include data flow processing logic configured to process and/or store information to be written to and/or read from the tape  122 . The controller  128  may operate under logic known in the art, as well as any logic disclosed herein, and thus may be considered as a processor for any of the descriptions of tape drives included herein, in various embodiments. The controller  128  may be coupled to a memory  136  of any known type, which may store instructions executable by the controller  128 . Moreover, the controller  128  may be configured and/or programmable to perform or control some or all of the methodology presented herein. In some embodiments, controller  128  may store the HWM in memory  136 . Thus, the controller  128  may be considered to be configured to perform various operations by way of logic programmed into one or more chips, modules, and/or blocks; software, firmware, and/or other instructions being available to one or more processors; etc., and combinations thereof. 
     The cable  130  may include read/write circuits to transmit data to the tape head  126  to be recorded on the tape  122  and to receive data read by the tape head  126  from the tape  122 . An actuator  132  controls position of the tape head  126  relative to the tape  122 . 
     An interface  134  may also be provided for communication between the tape drive  100  and a host (internal or external) to send and receive the data and for controlling the operation of the tape drive  100  and communicating the status of the tape drive  100  to the host, all as will be understood by those of skill in the art. 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates an exemplary tape cartridge  150  according to one embodiment. Such tape cartridge  150  may be used with a system such as that shown in  FIG. 1A . As shown, the tape cartridge  150  includes a housing  152 , a tape  122  in the housing  152 , and a nonvolatile memory  156  coupled to the housing  152 . In some approaches, the nonvolatile memory  156  may be embedded inside the housing  152 , as shown in  FIG. 1B . In more approaches, the nonvolatile memory  156  may be attached to the inside or outside of the housing  152  without modification of the housing  152 . For example, the nonvolatile memory may be embedded in a self-adhesive label  154 . In some embodiments, the nonvolatile memory  156  may be a Flash memory device, read-only memory (ROM) device, etc., embedded into or coupled to the inside or outside of the tape cartridge  150 . The nonvolatile memory is accessible by the tape drive and the tape operating software (the driver software), and/or another device. In some embodiments. nonvolatile memory  156  may be used to store the HWM. 
     By way of example,  FIG. 2A  illustrates a side view of a flat-lapped, bi-directional, two-module magnetic tape head  200  which may be implemented in the context of the present invention. As shown, the head includes a pair of bases  202 , each equipped with a module  204 , and fixed at a small angle at with respect to each other. The bases may be “U-beams” that are adhesively coupled together. Each module  204  includes a substrate  204 A and a closure  204 B with a thin film portion, commonly referred to as a “gap” in which the readers and/or writers  206  are formed. In use, a tape  208  is moved over the modules  204  along a media (tape) bearing surface  209  in the manner shown for reading and writing data on the tape  208  using the readers and writers. The wrap angle θ of the tape  208  at edges going onto and exiting the flat media support surfaces  209  are usually between about 0.1 degree and about 3 degrees. 
     The substrates  204 A are typically constructed of a wear resistant material, such as a ceramic. The closures  204 B may be made of the same or similar ceramic as the substrates  204 A. 
     The readers and writers may be arranged in a piggyback or merged configuration. An illustrative piggybacked configuration comprises a (magnetically inductive) writer transducer on top of (or below) a (magnetically shielded) reader transducer (e.g., a magnetoresistive reader, etc.), wherein the poles of the writer and the shields of the reader are generally separated. An illustrative merged configuration comprises one reader shield in the same physical layer as one writer pole (hence, “merged”). The readers and writers may also be arranged in an interleaved configuration. Alternatively, each array of channels may be readers or writers only. Any of these arrays may contain one or more servo track readers for reading servo data on the medium. 
       FIG. 2B  illustrates the tape bearing surface  209  of one of the modules  204  taken from Line  2 B of  FIG. 2A . A representative tape  208  is shown in dashed lines. The module  204  is preferably long enough to be able to support the tape as the head steps between data bands. 
     In this example, the tape  208  includes 4 to 32 data bands, e.g., with 16 data bands and 17 servo tracks  210 , as shown in  FIG. 2B  on a one-half inch wide tape  208 . The data bands are defined between servo tracks  210 . Each data band may include a number of data tracks, for example 1024 data tracks (not shown). During read/write operations, the readers and/or writers  206  are positioned to specific track positions within one of the data bands. Outer readers, sometimes called servo readers, read the servo tracks  210 . The servo signals are in turn used to keep the readers and/or writers  206  aligned with a particular set of tracks during the read/write operations. 
       FIG. 2C  depicts a plurality of readers and/or writers  206  formed in a gap  218  on the module  204  in Circle  2 C of  FIG. 2B . As shown, the array of readers and writers  206  includes, for example, 16 writers  214 , 16 readers  216  and two servo readers  212 , though the number of elements may vary. Illustrative embodiments include 8, 16, 32, 40, and 64 active readers and/or writers  206  per array, and alternatively interleaved designs having odd numbers of reader or writers such as 17, 25, 33, etc. An illustrative embodiment includes 32 readers per array and/or 32 writers per array, where the actual number of transducer elements could be greater, e.g., 33, 34, etc. This allows the tape to travel more slowly, thereby reducing speed-induced tracking and mechanical difficulties and/or execute fewer “wraps” to fill or read the tape. While the readers and writers may be arranged in a piggyback configuration as shown in  FIG. 2C , the readers  216  and writers  214  may also be arranged in an interleaved configuration. Alternatively, each array of readers and/or writers  206  may be readers or writers only, and the arrays may contain one or more servo readers  212 . As noted by considering  FIGS. 2A and 2B-2C  together, each module  204  may include a complementary set of readers and/or writers  206  for such things as bi-directional reading and writing, read-while-write capability, backward compatibility, etc. 
       FIG. 2D  shows a partial tape bearing surface view of complementary modules of a magnetic tape head  200  according to one embodiment. In this embodiment, each module has a plurality of read/write (R/W) pairs in a piggyback configuration formed on a common substrate  204 A and an optional electrically insulative insulating layer  236 . The writers  214  and the readers  216  are aligned parallel to an intended direction of travel of a tape medium thereacross to form an R/W pair, exemplified by R/W pairs  222 . Note that the intended direction of tape travel is sometimes referred to herein as the direction of tape travel, and such terms may be used interchangeably. Such direction of tape travel may be inferred from the design of the system, e.g., by examining the guides; observing the actual direction of tape travel relative to the reference point; etc. Moreover, in a system operable for bi-direction reading and/or writing, the direction of tape travel in both directions is typically parallel and thus both directions may be considered equivalent to each other. 
     Several R/W pairs  222  may be present, such as 8, 16, 32 pairs, etc. The R/W pairs  222  as shown are linearly aligned in a direction generally perpendicular to a direction of tape travel thereacross. However, the pairs may also be aligned diagonally, etc. Servo readers  212  are positioned on the outside of the array of R/W pairs, the function of which is well known. 
     Generally, the magnetic tape medium moves in either a forward or reverse direction as indicated by arrow  220 . The magnetic tape medium and head assembly  200  operate in a transducing relationship in the manner well-known in the art. The head assembly  200  includes two thin-film modules  224  and  226  of generally identical construction. 
     Modules  224  and  226  are joined together with a space present between closures  204 B thereof (partially shown) to form a single physical unit to provide read-while-write capability by activating the writer of the leading module and reader of the trailing module aligned with the writer of the leading module parallel to the direction of tape travel relative thereto. When a module  224 ,  226  of a magnetic tape head  200  is constructed, layers are formed in the gap  218  created above an electrically conductive substrate  204 A (partially shown), e.g., of AlTiC, in generally the following order for the R/W pairs  222 : an insulating layer  236 , a first shield  232  typically of an iron alloy such as NiFe (-), cobalt zirconium tantalum (CZT) or Al—Fe—Si (Sendust), a sensor  234  for sensing a data track on a magnetic medium, a second shield  238  typically of a nickel-iron alloy (e.g., ˜80/20 at % NiFe, also known as permalloy), first and second writer poles  228 ,  230 , and a coil (not shown). The sensor may be of any known type, including those based on magnetoresistive (MR), GMR, AMR, tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), etc. 
     The first and second writer poles  228 ,  230  may be fabricated from high magnetic moment materials such as ˜45/55 NiFe. Note that these materials are provided by way of example only, and other materials may be used. Additional layers such as insulation between the shields and/or pole tips and an insulation layer surrounding the sensor may be present. Illustrative materials for the insulation include alumina and other oxides, insulative polymers, etc. 
     The configuration of the tape head  126  according to some embodiments includes multiple modules, preferably three or more. In a write-read-write (W-R-W) head, outer modules for writing flank one or more inner modules for reading. Referring to  FIG. 3 , depicting a W-R-W configuration, the outer modules  252 ,  256  each include one or more arrays of writers  260 . The inner module  254  of  FIG. 3  includes one or more arrays of readers  258  in a similar configuration. Variations of a multi-module head include a R-W-R head ( FIG. 4 ), a R-R-W head, a W-W-R head, etc. In yet other variations, one or more of the modules may have read/write pairs of transducers. Moreover, more than three modules may be present. In further approaches, two outer modules may flank two or more inner modules, e.g., in a W-R-R-W, a R-W-W-R arrangement, etc. For simplicity, a W-R-W head is used primarily herein to exemplify embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art apprised with the teachings herein will appreciate how permutations of the present invention would apply to configurations other than a W-R-W configuration. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a magnetic head  126  according to one embodiment of the present invention that includes first, second and third modules  302 ,  304 ,  306  each having a tape bearing surface  308 ,  310 ,  312  respectively, which may be flat, contoured, etc. Note that while the term “tape bearing surface” appears to imply that the surface facing the tape  315  is in physical contact with the tape bearing surface, this is not necessarily the case. Rather, only a portion of the tape may be in contact with the tape bearing surface, constantly or intermittently, with other portions of the tape riding (or “flying”) above the tape bearing surface on a layer of air, sometimes referred to as an “air bearing”. The first module  302  will be referred to as the “leading” module as it is the first module encountered by the tape in a three module design for tape moving in the indicated direction. The third module  306  will be referred to as the “trailing” module. The trailing module follows the middle module and is the last module seen by the tape in a three module design. The leading and trailing modules  302 ,  306  are referred to collectively as outer modules. Also note that the outer modules  302 ,  306  will alternate as leading modules, depending on the direction of travel of the tape  315 . 
     In one embodiment, the tape bearing surfaces  308 ,  310 ,  312  of the first, second and third modules  302 ,  304 ,  306  lie on about parallel planes (which is meant to include parallel and nearly parallel planes, e.g., between parallel and tangential as in  FIG. 6 ), and the tape bearing surface  310  of the second module  304  is above the tape bearing surfaces  308 ,  312  of the first and third modules  302 ,  306 . As described below, this has the effect of creating the desired wrap angle α 2  of the tape relative to the tape bearing surface  310  of the second module  304 . 
     Where the tape bearing surfaces  308 ,  310 ,  312  lie along parallel or nearly parallel yet offset planes, intuitively, the tape should peel off of the tape bearing surface  308  of the leading module  302 . However, the vacuum created by a skiving edge  318  of the leading module  302  has been found by experimentation to be sufficient to keep the tape adhered to the tape bearing surface  308  of the leading module  302 . A trailing edge  320  of the leading module  302  (the end from which the tape leaves the leading module  302 ) is the approximate reference point which defines the wrap angle α 2  over the tape bearing surface  310  of the second module  304 . The tape stays in close proximity to the tape bearing surface until close to the trailing edge  320  of the leading module  302 . Accordingly, transducers  322  may be located near the trailing edges of the outer modules  302 ,  306 . These embodiments are particularly adapted for write-read-write applications. 
     A benefit of this and other embodiments described herein is that, because the outer modules  302 ,  306  are fixed at a determined offset from the second module  304 , the inner wrap angle α 2  is fixed when the modules  302 ,  304 ,  306  are coupled together or are otherwise fixed into a head. The inner wrap angle α 2  is approximately tan −1 (δ/W) where δ is the height difference between the planes of the tape bearing surfaces  308 ,  310  and W is the width between the opposing ends of the tape bearing surfaces  308 ,  310 . An illustrative inner wrap angle α 2  is in a range of about 0.3° to about 1.1°, though can be any angle required by the design. 
     Beneficially, the inner wrap angle α 2  on the side of the module  304  receiving the tape (leading edge) will be larger than the inner wrap angle α 3  on the trailing edge, as the tape  315  rides above the trailing module  306 . This difference is generally beneficial as a smaller α 3  tends to oppose what has heretofore been a steeper exiting effective wrap angle. 
     Note that the tape bearing surfaces  308 ,  312  of the outer modules  302 ,  306  are positioned to achieve a negative wrap angle at the trailing edge  320  of the leading module  302 . This is generally beneficial in helping to reduce friction due to contact with the trailing edge  320 , provided that proper consideration is given to the location of the crowbar region that forms in the tape where it peels off the head. This negative wrap angle also reduces flutter and scrubbing damage to the elements on the leading module  302 . Further, at the trailing module  306 , the tape  315  flies over the tape bearing surface  312  so there is virtually no wear on the elements when tape is moving in this direction. Particularly, the tape  315  entrains air and so will not significantly ride on the tape bearing surface  312  of the third module  306  (some contact may occur). This is permissible, because the leading module  302  is writing while the trailing module  306  is idle. 
     Writing and reading functions are performed by different modules at any given time. In one embodiment, the second module  304  includes a plurality of data and optional servo readers  331  and no writers. The first and third modules  302 ,  306  include a plurality of writers  322  and no data readers, with the exception that the outer modules  302 ,  306  may include optional servo readers. The servo readers may be used to position the head during reading and/or writing operations. The servo reader(s) on each module are typically located towards the end of the array of readers or writers. 
     By having only readers or side by side writers and servo readers in the gap between the substrate and closure, the gap length can be substantially reduced. Typical heads have piggybacked readers and writers, where the writer is formed above each reader. A typical gap is 20-35 microns. However, irregularities on the tape may tend to droop into the gap and create gap erosion. Thus, the smaller the gap is the better. The smaller gap enabled herein exhibits fewer wear related problems. 
     In some embodiments, the second module  304  has a closure, while the first and third modules  302 ,  306  do not have a closure. Where there is no closure, a hard coating may be added to the module. One preferred coating is diamond-like carbon (DLC). 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 5 , the first, second, and third modules  302 ,  304 ,  306  each have a closure  332 ,  334 ,  336 , which extends the tape bearing surface of the associated module, thereby effectively positioning the read/write elements away from the edge of the tape bearing surface. The closure  332  on the second module  304  can be a ceramic closure of a type typically found on tape heads. The closures  334 ,  336  of the first and third modules  302 ,  306 , however, may be shorter than the closure  332  of the second module  304  as measured parallel to a direction of tape travel over the respective module. This enables positioning the modules closer together. One way to produce shorter closures  334 ,  336  is to lap the standard ceramic closures of the second module  304  an additional amount. Another way is to plate or deposit thin film closures above the elements during thin film processing. For example, a thin film closure of a hard material such as Sendust or nickel-iron alloy (e.g., 45/55) can be formed on the module. 
     With reduced-thickness ceramic or thin film closures  334 ,  336  or no closures on the outer modules  302 ,  306 , the write-to-read gap spacing can be reduced to less than about 1 mm, e.g., about 0.75 mm, or 50% less than commonly-used linear tape open (LTO) tape head spacing. The open space between the modules  302 ,  304 ,  306  can still be set to approximately 0.5 to 0.6 mm, which in some embodiments is ideal for stabilizing tape motion over the second module  304 . 
     Depending on tape tension and stiffness, it may be desirable to angle the tape bearing surfaces of the outer modules relative to the tape bearing surface of the second module.  FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment where the modules  302 ,  304 ,  306  are in a tangent or nearly tangent (angled) configuration. Particularly, the tape bearing surfaces of the outer modules  302 ,  306  are about parallel to the tape at the desired wrap angle α 2  of the second module  304 . In other words, the planes of the tape bearing surfaces  308 ,  312  of the outer modules  302 ,  306  are oriented at about the desired wrap angle α 2  of the tape  315  relative to the second module  304 . The tape will also pop off of the trailing module  306  in this embodiment, thereby reducing wear on the elements in the trailing module  306 . These embodiments are particularly useful for write-read-write applications. Additional aspects of these embodiments are similar to those given above. 
     Typically, the tape wrap angles may be set about midway between the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an embodiment where the modules  302 ,  304 ,  306  are in an overwrap configuration. Particularly, the tape bearing surfaces  308 ,  312  of the outer modules  302 ,  306  are angled slightly more than the tape  315  when set at the desired wrap angle α 2  relative to the second module  304 . In this embodiment, the tape does not pop off of the trailing module, allowing it to be used for writing or reading. Accordingly, the leading and middle modules can both perform reading and/or writing functions while the trailing module can read any just-written data. Thus, these embodiments may be preferred for write-read-write, read-write-read, and write-write-read applications. In the latter embodiments, closures should be wider than the tape canopies for ensuring read capability. The wider closures may require a wider gap-to-gap separation. Therefore, a preferred embodiment has a write-read-write configuration, which may use shortened closures that thus allow closer gap-to-gap separation. 
     Additional aspects of the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7  are similar to those given above. 
     A  32  channel version of a multi-module tape head  126  may use cables  350  having leads on the same or smaller pitch as current  16  channel piggyback LTO modules, or alternatively the connections on the module may be organ-keyboarded for a 50% reduction in cable span. Over-under, writing pair unshielded cables may be used for the writers, which may have integrated servo readers. 
     The outer wrap angles α 1  may be set in the drive, such as by guides of any type known in the art, such as adjustable rollers, slides, etc. or alternatively by outriggers, which are integral to the head. For example, rollers having an offset axis may be used to set the wrap angles. The offset axis creates an orbital arc of rotation, allowing precise alignment of the wrap angle α 1 . 
     To assemble any of the embodiments described above, conventional u-beam assembly can be used. Accordingly, the mass of the resultant head may be maintained or even reduced relative to heads of previous generations. In other approaches, the modules may be constructed as a unitary body. Those skilled in the art, armed with the present teachings, will appreciate that other known methods of manufacturing such heads may be adapted for use in constructing such heads. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, processes and materials of types known in the art may be adapted for use in various embodiments in conformance with the teachings herein, as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure. 
     As a tape is run over a module, it is preferred that the tape passes sufficiently close to magnetic transducers on the module such that reading and/or writing is efficiently performed, e.g., with a low error rate. According to some approaches, tape tenting may be used to ensure the tape passes sufficiently close to the portion of the module having the magnetic transducers. To better understand this process,  FIGS. 8A-8C  illustrate the principles of tape tenting.  FIG. 8A  shows a module  800  having an upper tape bearing surface  802  extending between opposite edges  804 ,  806 . A stationary tape  808  is shown wrapping around the edges  804 ,  806 . As shown, the bending stiffness of the tape  808  lifts the tape off of the tape bearing surface  802 . Tape tension tends to flatten the tape profile, as shown in  FIG. 8A . Where tape tension is minimal, the curvature of the tape is more parabolic than shown. 
       FIG. 8B  depicts the tape  808  in motion. The leading edge, i.e., the first edge the tape encounters when moving, may serve to skive air from the tape, thereby creating a subambient air pressure between the tape  808  and the tape bearing surface  802 . In  FIG. 8B , the leading edge is the left edge and the right edge is the trailing edge when the tape is moving left to right. As a result, atmospheric pressure above the tape urges the tape toward the tape bearing surface  802 , thereby creating tape tenting proximate each of the edges. The tape bending stiffness resists the effect of the atmospheric pressure, thereby causing the tape tenting proximate both the leading and trailing edges. Modeling predicts that the two tents are very similar in shape. 
       FIG. 8C  depicts how the subambient pressure urges the tape  808  toward the tape bearing surface  802  even when a trailing guide  810  is positioned above the plane of the tape bearing surface. 
     It follows that tape tenting may be used to direct the path of a tape as it passes over a module. As previously mentioned, tape tenting may be used to ensure the tape passes sufficiently close to the portion of the module having the magnetic transducers, preferably such that reading and/or writing is efficiently performed, e.g., with a low error rate. 
     Magnetic tapes may be stored in tape cartridges that are, in turn, stored at storage slots or the like inside a data storage library. The tape cartridges may be stored in the library such that they are accessible for physical retrieval. In addition to magnetic tapes and tape cartridges, data storage libraries may include data storage drives that store data to, and/or retrieve data from, the magnetic tapes. Moreover, tape libraries and the components included therein may implement a file system which enables access to tape and data stored on the tape. 
     File systems may be used to control how data is stored in, and retrieved from, memory. Thus, a file system may include the processes and data structures that an operating system uses to keep track of files in memory, e.g., the way the files are organized in memory. Linear Tape File System (LTFS) is an exemplary format of a file system that may be implemented in a given library in order to enables access to compliant tapes. It should be appreciated that various embodiments herein can be implemented with a wide range of file system formats, including for example IBM Spectrum Archive Library Edition (LTFS LE). However, to provide a context, and solely to assist the reader, some of the embodiments below may be described with reference to LTFS which is a type of file system format. This has been done by way of example only, and should not be deemed limiting on the invention defined in the claims. 
     Magnetic tape is a sequential access medium. Thus, new data is written to the tape by appending the data at the end of previously written data. It follows that when data is recorded in a tape having only one partition, metadata (e.g., allocation information) is continuously appended to an end of the previously written data as it frequently updates and is accordingly rewritten to tape. As a result, the rearmost information is read when a tape is first mounted in order to access the most recent copy of the metadata corresponding to the tape. However, this introduces a considerable amount of delay in the process of mounting a given tape. 
     To overcome this delay caused by single partition tape mediums, the LTFS format includes a tape that is divided into two partitions, which include an index partition and a data partition. The index partition may be configured to record metadata (meta information), e.g., such as file allocation information (Index), while the data partition may be configured to record the body of the data, e.g., the data itself. 
     Looking to  FIG. 9 , a magnetic tape  900  having an index partition  902  and a data partition  904  is illustrated according to one embodiment. As shown, data files and indexes are stored on the tape. The LTFS format allows for index information to be recorded in the index partition  902  at the beginning of tape  906 , as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art upon reading the present description. 
     In some embodiments, as index information is updated, it overwrites the previous version of the index information, thereby allowing the currently updated index information to be accessible at the beginning of tape in the index partition. According to the specific example illustrated in  FIG. 9 , a most recent version of metadata Index  3  is recorded in the index partition  902  at the beginning of the tape  906 . Conversely, all three version of metadata Index  1 , Index  2 , Index  3  as well as data File A, File B, File C, File D are recorded in the data partition  904  of the tape. Although Index  1  and Index  2  are old (e.g., outdated) indexes, because information is written to tape by appending it to the end of the previously written data as described above, these old indexes Index  1 , Index  2  remain stored on the tape  900  in the data partition  904  without being overwritten. 
     The metadata may be updated in the index partition  902  and/or the data partition  904  the same or differently depending on the desired embodiment. According to some embodiments, the metadata of the index and/or data partitions  902 ,  904  may be updated in response to the tape being unmounted, e.g., such that the index may be read quickly from the index partition when that tape is mounted again. In some embodiments, the metadata is also written in the data partition  904  so the tape may be mounted using the metadata recorded in the data partition  904 , e.g., as a backup option. 
     According to one example, which is no way intended to limit the invention, LTFS LE may be used to provide the functionality of writing an index in the data partition when a user explicitly instructs the system to do so, or at a time designated by a predetermined period which may be set by the user, e.g., such that data loss in the event of sudden power stoppage can be mitigated. 
       FIG. 10  depicts a method  1000  for handling seek commands for a tape drive according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Method  1000  may be performed by processing logic that comprises hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, etc.), software (e.g., instructions run on a processor to perform hardware simulation), firmware, and/or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, method  1000  may be performed by a processor or controller of the tape drive (e.g., controller  128  of  FIG. 1A ). While method  1000  is described below as being performed by a tape drive, in some embodiments, one or more operations of method  1000  may be performed by an external host computer in communication with the tape drive. 
     The method  1000  may begin at operation  1002 , where a seek command is received by the tape drive. For example, a seek command for moving the tape to a target position may be received from a host computer via an interface (e.g., interface  134  of  FIG. 1A ). A seek command, as used herein, is a command (e.g., LOCATE, SPACE, and REWIND) for changing the current position of the tape in the tape drive (i.e., moving the tape from the current position to a target position). 
     At operation  1004 , the tape drive may identify the current position of the tape in the tape drive. Generally, tape drives are configured to maintain the current position of the tape in the tape drive as commands are executed by the tape drive. In some embodiments, the tape drive maintains the current position in a memory (e.g. memory  136  of  FIG. 1A ) and identifying the current position of the tape drive includes reading the current position from the memory. 
     At operation  1006 , the tape drive determines whether the current position on the tape is closer to the beginning of tape than the target position. In some embodiments, a value representing the current position on the tape is compared to a value representing the target position. For example, if the position values are greater toward the end of tape than the beginning of tape, the position values may be compared to determine which is greater. 
     If the current position is closer to beginning of tape than the target position, the tape drive may move the tape to the target position at normal tension, per operation  1014 . For example, the controller of the tape drive may control the power to the motors driving the tape supply cartridge and the take-up reel to unwind the tape at the normal read/write tension. 
     If the target position is closer to beginning of tape than the current position, it is determined whether the current position is at the HWM, per operation  1008 . For example, the current position may be compared to an HWM stored in a memory, such as memory  136  of  FIG. 1A , to determine whether the positions are the same. 
     If the current position is at the HWM, the tape drive may move the tape to the target position with low tension, per operation  1012 . For example, the tape drive may direct the motors controlling the supply reel and the take up reel to rewind the tape, until the target position is reached, at a low tension. 
     If the current position is not at the HWM, the tape drive may move the tape to the HWM with normal tension and then move the tape from the HWM to the target position at low tension, per operation  1010 . 
     Based on moving the tape from the HWM to the target position with low tension in either operation  1010  or  1012 , the tape drive may update the HWM to be the target position, per operation  1016 . For example, the value of the HWM stored in a memory, such as memory  136  of  FIG. 1A , may be overwritten with a value referencing the target position. As discussed herein, moving the HWM closer to the beginning of tape provides for a faster adaptive unload process when the tape is later unloaded from the tape drive. 
       FIG. 11  depicts a method  1100  for handling seek commands for a tape drive according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Method  1100  may be performed by processing logic that comprises hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, etc.), software (e.g., instructions run on a processor to perform hardware simulation), firmware, and/or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, method  1100  may be performed by a processor or controller of the tape drive (e.g., controller  128  of  FIG. 1A ). While method  1100  is described below as being performed by a tape drive, in some embodiments, one or more operations of method  1100  may be performed by an external host computer in communication with the tape drive. 
     The method  1100  may begin at operation  1102 , where a seek command is received by the tape drive. For example, a seek command for moving the tape to a target position may be received from a host computer via an interface (e.g., interface  134  of  FIG. 1A ). 
     At operation  1104 , the tape drive may identify the current position of the tape in the tape drive. Generally, tape drives are configured to maintain the current position of the tape in the tape drive as commands are executed by the tape drive. In some embodiments, the tape drive maintains the current position in a memory (e.g. memory  136  of  FIG. 1A ) and identifying the current position of the tape drive includes reading the current position from the memory. 
     At operation  1106 , the tape drive determines whether the current position on the tape is closer to the beginning of tape than the target position. In some embodiments, a value representing the current position on the tape is compared to a value representing the target position. For example, if the position values are greater toward the end of tape than the beginning of tape, the position values may be compared to determine which is greater. 
     If the current position is closer to beginning of tape than the target position, the tape drive may move the tape to the target position at normal tension, per operation  1116 . For example, the controller of the tape drive may control the power to the motors driving the tape supply cartridge and the take-up reel to unwind the tape at the normal read/write tension until the target position is reached. 
     If the target position is closer to beginning of tape than the current position, it is determined whether the current position is at the HWM, per operation  1108 . For example, the current position may be compared to an HWM stored in a memory, such as memory  136  of  FIG. 1A , to determine whether the positions are the same. 
     If the current position is at the HWM, the tape drive may move the tape to the target position with low tension, per operation  1114 . For example, the tape drive may direct the motors controlling the supply reel and the take up reel to rewind the tape, until the target position is reached, at a low tension. 
     If the current position is not at the HWM, the tape drive may determine whether it is faster to move the tape to HWM and then the target position based on the speed of moving the tape at low tension and the speed of moving the tape at high tension, per operation  1110 . As discussed herein, the speed of moving tape at low tension may be faster than moving the tape at normal tension. Thus, it may be faster to move the tape to the HWM at normal tension and then move the tape to the target position at low tension, instead of moving the tape directly from the current position to the target position. In embodiments, the speeds for moving tape at normal tension and low tension may be determined by the manufacturer of the tape drive and stored in a memory of the tape drive. In some embodiments, an equation is stored in the tape drive which is based on manufacturer determined speeds of moving the tape at normal tension and low tension. 
     In some embodiments, the time perform each operation may be calculated and compared to each other. For example, the distance on tape to travel from the current position to the target position may be divided by the speed of moving the tape at normal tension. 
     In some embodiments, an equation based on the speeds of moving the tape at normal tension and low tension may be programmed, stored, or otherwise provided on the tape drive which uses variables related to the current position, the HWM, and the target position for determining which procedure for moving the tape is faster. Example equations are described later herein. 
     If the tape drive determines that it is faster to move the tape directly to the target position, the tape drive may move the tape to the target position at normal tension, per operation  1116 . 
     If the tape drive determines that it is faster to move the tape to the HWM and then to the target position, the tape drive may move the tape to the HWM with normal tension and then move the tape from the HWM to the target position at low tension, per operation  1112 . As has been described herein, moving the tape from the HWM to the target position at low tension allows the tape drive to change the HWM to a position closer to the beginning of tape. Thus, method  1100  may provide benefits to both the processing time for seek commands and for performing a future adaptive unload process. 
       FIG. 12  depicts a representational diagram of a tape  1200  in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. As depicted, the distance from the beginning of tape to the end of tape is denoted by “L”; the distance from the beginning of tape to the HWM is denoted by “a”; the distance from the beginning of tape to the current position is denoted by “x”; and the distance from the beginning of tape to the target position is denoted by “y”. In some embodiments, the beginning of tape and the end of tape refers to the beginning and end of the data writing portion of the tape and not the physical beginning and end of the tape. Additionally, in the following equations the speed of moving tape with normal tension is denoted by “S n ” and the speed of moving tape with low tension is denoted by “S l ”. 
     The time (t xy ) required for moving the tape directly to the target position with normal tension is represented by the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               t 
               
                 x 
                 ⁢ 
                 y 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 x 
                 - 
                 y 
               
               
                 S 
                 n 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The time (t xaz ) required for moving the tape from the current position to the HWM with the normal tension and then rewind the tape to the target position with the low tension can be represented by the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               t 
               
                 x 
                 ⁢ 
                 a 
                 ⁢ 
                 y 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   a 
                   - 
                   x 
                 
                 
                   S 
                   n 
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   a 
                   - 
                   y 
                 
                 
                   S 
                   l 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The condition in which the time required for moving the tape from x to a and then moving the tape to y with the weak tension becomes faster than the time required for moving the tape directly to the target position with the normal tension is represented by the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         x 
                         - 
                         y 
                       
                       
                         S 
                         n 
                       
                     
                     &gt; 
                     
                       
                         
                           a 
                           - 
                           x 
                         
                         
                           S 
                           n 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           a 
                           - 
                           y 
                         
                         
                           S 
                           l 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         S 
                         l 
                       
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           x 
                           - 
                           y 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     &gt; 
                     
                       
                         
                           S 
                           l 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             a 
                             - 
                             x 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           S 
                           n 
                         
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             a 
                             - 
                             y 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           S 
                           l 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         x 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               S 
                               l 
                             
                             - 
                             
                               S 
                               n 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         y 
                       
                     
                     &gt; 
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             S 
                             l 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             S 
                             n 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       a 
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     a 
                     &lt; 
                     
                       
                         
                           2 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             S 
                             l 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           x 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 S 
                                 l 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 S 
                                 n 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           y 
                         
                       
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             S 
                             l 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             S 
                             n 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     When the speeds of moving the tape at normal tension and low tension are known, the equation can be further simplified. For example, in some tape drives S n =6 m/s and S l =18 m/s. Thus, for a tape drive with these speeds, equation 1 becomes: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   a 
                   &lt; 
                   
                     
                       
                         3 
                         ⁢ 
                         x 
                       
                       - 
                       y 
                     
                     2 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Therefore, a tape drive with these speeds may be configured to move from the current position to the HWM, and then to the target position when equation 2 is satisfied given the distance from the beginning of tape to the current position (x), the distance from the beginning of tape to the HWM (a), and the distance from the beginning of tape to the target position (y). 
     In some embodiments, an allowable penalty time (t m ) can be predetermined and movement of the tape using the slower procedure may be allowed within the penalty time. For example, the manufacturer may determine that it is preferable to perform the procedure in which the tape is moved to the HWM prior to the target position, even if this procedure is slower, within a certain penalty time, based on the benefit of a faster adaptive unload procedure. In the case of an allowable penalty time, the equation becomes: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           x 
                           - 
                           y 
                         
                         
                           S 
                           n 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         t 
                         m 
                       
                     
                     &gt; 
                     
                       
                         
                           a 
                           - 
                           x 
                         
                         
                           S 
                           n 
                         
                       
                       + 
                       
                         
                           a 
                           - 
                           y 
                         
                         
                           S 
                           l 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     A 
                     &lt; 
                     
                       
                         
                           2 
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             S 
                             l 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           x 
                         
                         - 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 S 
                                 l 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 S 
                                 n 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           y 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             S 
                             l 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             S 
                             n 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             t 
                             m 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             S 
                             l 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             S 
                             n 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     3 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Thus, the following equation is delivered when using the example speeds of S n =6 m/s and S l =18 m/s: 
     
       
         
           
             A 
             &lt; 
             
               
                 
                   
                     3 
                     ⁢ 
                     x 
                   
                   - 
                   y 
                 
                 2 
               
               + 
               
                 9 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   t 
                   m 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen, Equation 1 can obtained by making t m =0 in Equation 3. Thus, Equation 3 can be more generally used. 
     In some embodiments, the position values used by the tape drive may correspond to the distance of the position from the beginning of tape and thus may be directly used in the equations. In some embodiments, the tape drive may be configured to translate position values into values (e.g., distances from the beginning of tape) that can be entered into an equation such as those provided herein. 
     While the equations provided herein are based on using the beginning of tape as a reference point, some embodiments may use other equations that are developed based on a different reference point. For example, equations could be derived using the end of tape as a reference point. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 13 , shown is a high-level block diagram of an example computer system  1301  that may be used in implementing one or more of the methods, tools, and modules, and any related functions, described herein (e.g., using one or more processor circuits or computer processors of the computer), in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the major components of the computer system  1301  may comprise one or more CPUs  1302 , a memory subsystem  1304 , a terminal interface  1312 , a storage interface  1316 , an I/O (Input/Output) device interface  1314 , and a network interface  1318 , all of which may be communicatively coupled, directly or indirectly, for inter-component communication via a memory bus  1303 , an I/O bus  1308 , and an I/O bus interface unit  1310 . 
     The computer system  1301  may contain one or more general-purpose programmable central processing units (CPUs)  1302 A,  1302 B,  1302 C, and  1302 D, herein generically referred to as the CPU  1302 . In some embodiments, the computer system  1301  may contain multiple processors typical of a relatively large system; however, in other embodiments the computer system  1301  may alternatively be a single CPU system. Each CPU  1302  may execute instructions stored in the memory subsystem  1304  and may include one or more levels of on-board cache. 
     System memory  1304  may include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  1322  or cache memory  1324 . Computer system  1301  may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system  1326  can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media, such as a “hard drive.” Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), or an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disc such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In addition, memory  1304  can include flash memory, e.g., a flash memory stick drive or a flash drive. Memory devices can be connected to memory bus  1303  by one or more data media interfaces. The memory  1304  may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of various embodiments. 
     One or more programs/utilities  1328 , each having at least one set of program modules  1330  may be stored in memory  1304 . The programs/utilities  1328  may include a hypervisor (also referred to as a virtual machine monitor), one or more operating systems, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating systems, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules  1330  generally perform the functions or methodologies of various embodiments. 
     Although the memory bus  1303  is shown in  FIG. 13  as a single bus structure providing a direct communication path among the CPUs  1302 , the memory subsystem  1304 , and the I/O bus interface  1310 , the memory bus  1303  may, in some embodiments, include multiple different buses or communication paths, which may be arranged in any of various forms, such as point-to-point links in hierarchical, star or web configurations, multiple hierarchical buses, parallel and redundant paths, or any other appropriate type of configuration. Furthermore, while the I/O bus interface  1310  and the I/O bus  1308  are shown as single respective units, the computer system  1301  may, in some embodiments, contain multiple I/O bus interface units  1310 , multiple I/O buses  1308 , or both. Further, while multiple I/O interface units are shown, which separate the I/O bus  1308  from various communications paths running to the various I/O devices, in other embodiments some or all of the I/O devices may be connected directly to one or more system I/O buses. 
     In some embodiments, the computer system  1301  may be a multi-user mainframe computer system, a single-user system, or a server computer or similar device that has little or no direct user interface, but receives requests from other computer systems (clients). Further, in some embodiments, the computer system  1301  may be implemented as a desktop computer, portable computer, laptop or notebook computer, tablet computer, pocket computer, telephone, smart phone, network switches or routers, or any other appropriate type of electronic device. 
     It is noted that  FIG. 13  is intended to depict the representative major components of an exemplary computer system  1301 . In some embodiments, however, individual components may have greater or lesser complexity than as represented in  FIG. 13 , components other than or in addition to those shown in  FIG. 13  may be present, and the number, type, and configuration of such components may vary. 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a ROM, an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be accomplished as one step, executed concurrently, substantially concurrently, in a partially or wholly temporally overlapping manner, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     Moreover, a system according to various embodiments may include a processor and logic integrated with and/or executable by the processor, the logic being configured to perform one or more of the process steps recited herein. By integrated with, what is meant is that the processor has logic embedded therewith as hardware logic, such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc. By executable by the processor, what is meant is that the logic is hardware logic; software logic such as firmware, part of an operating system, part of an application program; etc., or some combination of hardware and software logic that is accessible by the processor and configured to cause the processor to perform some functionality upon execution by the processor. Software logic may be stored on local and/or remote memory of any memory type, as known in the art. Any processor known in the art may be used, such as a software processor module and/or a hardware processor such as an ASIC, a FPGA, a central processing unit (CPU), an integrated circuit (IC), etc. 
     It will be clear that the various features of the foregoing systems and/or methodologies may be combined in any way, creating a plurality of combinations from the descriptions presented above. 
     It will be further appreciated that embodiments of the present invention may be provided in the form of a service deployed on behalf of a customer. 
     The inventive concepts disclosed herein have been presented by way of example to illustrate the myriad features thereof in a plurality of illustrative scenarios, embodiments, and/or implementations. It should be appreciated that the concepts generally disclosed are to be considered as modular, and may be implemented in any combination, permutation, or synthesis thereof. In addition, any modification, alteration, or equivalent of the presently disclosed features, functions, and concepts that would be appreciated by a person having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the instant descriptions should also be considered within the scope of this disclosure. 
     While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of an embodiment of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.