Patent Publication Number: US-11394677-B2

Title: Systems and methods for screening electronic communications

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This patent application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 16/518,155, filed on Jul. 22, 2019, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to screening electronic communications, and more specifically to screening electronic communications based on a recipient list of the communication and contents of the communication. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electronic communications, such as electronic messages (e.g., e-mail), may contain information (such as sensitive or confidential information) that should not be viewed by certain parties. It may be difficult for an author of an electronic communication to track whether particular types of information are considered confidential or restricted. In some cases, an author may transmit a communication containing restricted information, without realizing such information was restricted or realizing too late that the information should not have been sent. 
     Adding further layers of complexity to the issue, certain agreements (e.g., non-disclosure agreements) may allow transmission of certain categories of information. However, these agreements may be numerous and diverse, and it may be challenging for authors of messages to recall whether or not a non-disclosure agreement or another type of agreement is in place. Furthermore, agreements may treat different categories of information differently, and may grant certain permissions only to certain individuals. The potential complexity of such agreements adds to difficulties in determining whether or not a message may be sent and may lead to errors (e.g., sending confidential information to parties who should not receive it) or to delays in sending communications. 
     The present disclosure is directed to addressing one or more of these above-referenced challenges. The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art, or suggestions of the prior art, by inclusion in this section. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to certain aspects of the disclosure, non-transitory computer readable media, systems, and methods are disclosed for screening electronic communications. Each of the examples disclosed herein may include one or more of the features described in connection with any of the other disclosed examples. 
     In one example, a computer-implemented method may be used for screening electronic communications. The method may include analyzing contents of an electronic communication to determine whether the contents include sensitive information; comparing a recipient list of the electronic communication to a screening list; based on the analyzing and the comparing, determining whether the contents are permitted to be transmitted to the recipient list; and upon determining that the contents are not permitted to be transmitted to at least one party of the recipient list, providing a notification to an author of the electronic communication indicating that contents are not permitted to be transmitted to the at least one party of the recipient list. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, a computer-implemented method for screening electronic communications may include classifying at least one party of a recipient list of an electronic communication based on the at least one party&#39;s data access permissions; analyzing contents of the electronic communication to determine whether transmitting the electronic communication to the at least one party violates the at least one party&#39;s data access permissions; and upon determining that transmission of the electronic communication violates the at least one party&#39;s data access permissions, providing a notification to an author of the electronic communication. 
     According to still another aspect of the disclosure, a computer-implemented method for screening electronic communications may include receiving information pertaining to contents of an electronic communication and a recipient list of the electronic communication; comparing the information to a screening list; determining, based on the comparison, if transmission of the electronic communication to the recipient list is permitted; and providing a notification to an author of the electronic communication if the transmission is not permitted. 
     Additional objects and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the disclosed embodiments. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosed embodiments, as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various exemplary embodiments and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system for screening electronic communications, according to one or more embodiments; 
         FIGS. 2-4  are flow charts showing exemplary methods of screening electronic communications, according to one or more embodiments; and 
         FIG. 5  depicts an example system that may execute techniques presented herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The terminology used in this disclosure is to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific examples of the present disclosure. Indeed, certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section. Both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the features, as claimed. 
     In this disclosure, the term “based on” means “based at least in part on.” The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context dictates otherwise. The term “exemplary” is used in the sense of “example” rather than “ideal.” The term “or” is meant to be inclusive and means either, any, several, or all of the listed items. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” or other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion such that a process, method, or product that comprises a list of elements does not necessarily include only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Relative terms, such as, “substantially” and “generally,” are used to indicate a possible variation of ±10% of a stated or understood value. 
     In general, the present disclosure provides methods and systems for screening electronic communications by analyzing the contents of the electronic communication and the list of recipients of the electronic message. While electronic communications are referenced herein as an exemplary application for the systems and methods described herein, it will be understood that this disclosure is not limited to electronic communications and may also apply in other contexts, such as file-sharing, webpages, publications, and/or presentations. The systems and methods described herein may be used in order to alert a sender and/or author of a communication that the communication contains information that should not be sent to one or more of the recipients. Additionally or alternatively, the systems and methods may block transmission of a message when the message contains information that one or more recipients do not have permission to view. For example, the systems and methods may utilize artificial intelligence or other methods to analyze contents of a communication, compare the contents to one or more screening lists (e.g., non-disclosure agreements), and determine whether the intended recipients have adequate permissions. 
       FIG. 1  shows an exemplary system  10  for analyzing electronic communications. Screening system  10  may include a software application  12  configured to perform a variety of operations, as will be discussed in further detail below. Application  12  may employ one or more microservices. For example, application  12  may make use of cloud computing, on premises software, an API service, and/or a an AWS Lambda. Application  12  may be installed on a device  14  (also referred to herein as a user device) (e.g., a computer or a mobile device, as described in connection with  FIG. 5 ) associated with one or more user(s), or may be installed remotely and accessed via a network  16  (e.g., application  12  may be cloud-based). Indeed, multiple devices  14  may access application  12  via, for example, network  16 . Alternatively, multiple devices  14  may each have application  12  installed locally thereon. A combination of network-based and locally based applications may be used. For example, one or more portions of application  12  may be installed locally on device  14  associated with a user, and one or more other portions of application  12  may be accessed via network  16 . Any number of devices  14  associated with any number of users may access application  12 . Users of devices  14  may be, for example, members of a same organization (e.g., business, company, charity, etc.). Rules of application  12 , discussed below, may apply in the same manner to each of the users or may differ across users. That is, certain users may have different permissions, access rules, or other characteristics than other users. For example, while some of the users may be able to override aspects of application  12 , other users may not have such abilities. Application  12  may be used with multiple software applications across multiple devices  14 . A single user may, for example, be associated with more than one device  14 , and application  12  may be used on different devices  14  (e.g., desktop computer, laptop computer, mobile device, tablet, etc.) Additionally or alternatively, application  12  may be utilized with multiple applications on a single device  14 . For example, application  12  may be used whether a user of device  14  is employing an internet browser, an e-mail application, a chat application, etc. 
     Application  12  may store data in and/or access data from a database  18 . Database  18  may have any features known or to become known in the art. Information from database  18  may be utilized across multiple user devices  14 . Although one database  18  is referenced herein, it will be appreciated that multiple databases  18  may be employed. Database  18  may be comprised of any number of tables that may interact in any suitable way. 
     Application  12  may utilize artificial intelligence or machine learning capabilities. For example, application  12  may utilize natural language processing, a trained neural network model, a deep learning model, a supervised machine learning model, and/or an artificial intelligence model. Multiple machine learning models may be used. For example, a separate model could apply to images, audio, and/or text. Additionally, application  12  may utilize/invoke any methodology that is known or becomes known. Application  12  may be capable of upgrading over time, either via intervention by a party such as a user of device  14  or automatically. During operation, the quantity and/or quality of capabilities of application  12  may increase as application  12  gains access to more information. 
     Application  12  may have access to details regarding one or more screening lists. For example, data regarding a screening list may be stored in database  18 . Screening lists may include non-disclosure agreements, ethical walls, protective orders, corporate agreements (e.g., co-development or sales agreements), confidentiality agreements, trade secret protocols, etc. Although non-disclosure agreements may be particularly referenced herein, it will be understood that uses of system  10  are not limited to non-disclosure agreements and may apply to a variety of contexts. Details of a screening list may be input manually or automatically into application  12  and/or database  18 . For example, data regarding a screening list may be populated using, for example, artificial intelligence or other automated methods. 
     The details of a screening list may include, for example, types of information protected, limited, authorized by, or otherwise covered by the screening list. For example, the screening list may restrict sharing of certain types of information. For example, under the screening list, information on certain topics or in certain types of electronic files may or may not be shared. Data stored in application  12  and/or database  18  may include information such as allowed/disallowed file extensions, keywords, combinations of words, data format (e.g., social security numbers or computer code), etc. Information may be input into database  18  using pre-defined categories that may be common across multiple agreements or may be customized based on a particular agreement. For example, data may be classified according to different levels of sensitivity (e.g., top secret, confidential, public, etc.). 
     Details of the screening list may also include information relating to parties affected by the screening list. For example, the screening list may allow sharing only with certain parties, may bar sharing with particular parties, or may assign different permissions to different parties. Data stored in application  12  and/or database  18  may include, for example, names of corporate entities or individuals bound by the agreement and/or names of corporate entities or individuals who have different permission levels. For example, details regarding a corporate entity may include a domain name, IP address, or another contact method for the corporate entity (e.g., a fax number for an electronic fax). Details regarding individuals may include e-mail addresses, full names, nicknames, aliases, corporate title, or other information. Information regarding an entity or an individual may include variants for any of the categories described above. For example, a name of an individual or entity may also include nicknames, name variants, or aliases. The variants may be obtained from the individual or entity, from public records, or from other sources. For example, multiple domain names associated with a corporate entity in the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) can each be accessed by application  12 . For example, the multiple domain names can be stored in database  18 , or application  12  can query ICANN at any point. For example, application  12  may query ICANN during a time that details of the screening list are first uploaded and/or when an electronic communication is being analyzed. Details regarding entities or individuals (e.g., ICANN domain names) can also be updated over time, as the information may change. 
     A screening list may include details tying parties (e.g., individuals and/or corporate entities) to types of information. A screening list may also contain different information relating to subsets of particular parties. For example, a corporate entity may have a screening list associated with it. Certain individuals or subsets of the corporate entity may have different access permissions than other individuals or subsets. For example, a first group of parties associated with the corporate entity may have permission to see all types of information. A second group may have access to all information except for one type (e.g., computer code). A third group may have access to PowerPoint presentations but not to Excel files. Certain groups may have access to information with different levels of sensitivity. For example, particular groups may have access to top secret information, whereas other groups may have access to only less sensitive information. Information may be restricted based on a title of a party. For example, certain information may be restricted to attorneys or other parties having duties of confidentiality. 
       FIGS. 2-4  depicts exemplary methods  100 ,  200 ,  300 , respectively, for screening electronic communications. A user of device  14  of system  10  may compose an electronic communication that the user would like to transmit. The electronic communication may include text, attachments, images, computer code, or other types of information. The communication may be addressed to one or more individuals, entities, reflectors, mailing lists, listservs, etc. Before the user may transmit the communication, system  10  may analyze the communication using the steps described below. For example, all or a subset of the steps below may occur upon a particular action by the user, such as placing a cursor on a button (e.g., a “send” button), indicating a desire to transmit the message. Alternatively, other actions may trigger completion of all or some of the steps of methods  100 ,  200 , and/or  300  (e.g., pressing a “send button,” a “screen” button, etc.). The order of steps described herein is not limiting, but rather, the steps of methods  100 ,  200 , and/or  300  may be performed in various orders and combinations without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     Turning first to method  100  illustrated in  FIG. 2 , in step  110 , a portion of system  10 , such as application  12 , may analyze the electronic communication to determine if the communication includes sensitive information. In doing so, application  12  may consider any of the types of information described above. For example, application  12  may analyze attachment file extension types, text of the communication, embedded images, hyperlinks, etc. Whether information is sensitive or not may be defined by a screening list (e.g., a non-disclosure agreement), as discussed above. Additionally or alternatively, certain types of information, such as SSI, may be classified as sensitive regardless of whether a screening list classifies the information as sensitive. 
     In step  120 , a portion of system  10 , such as application  12 , may compare a recipient list to a screening list. As discussed above, application  12  may determine whether a corporate entity associated with one or more recipients is associated with one or more screening lists. For example, application  12  may query WHOIS in order to determine an entity associated with a domain name and may populate/store those domain names in database  18  in advance of, or at the time of, the communication being screened. Application  12  may also determine whether individual recipients of the communication are associated with one or more screening lists. As discussed above, application  12  may compare names, e-mail addresses, aliases, nicknames etc. to a screening list (stored, e.g., in database  18 ). 
     Step  120  may be performed either before or after step  110 . Step  120  may be performed regardless of the results of step  110 , or step  120  may be performed only if the analysis of step  110  uncovers sensitive information. Similarly, step  110  may be performed regardless of the results of step  120 , or step  110  may be performed only if the analysis of step  120  identifies parties that are or are not the subject of a screening list. 
     In step  130 , application  12  may determine whether the contents are permitted to be transmitted to the parties on the recipient list. Application  12  may use any of the techniques described above with regard to  FIG. 1  and/or step  130  may utilize the analyses of steps  110  and/or  120 . In step  130 , application  12  may analyze a screening list to determine whether the contents of the intended communication can be transmitted to the intended screening list. As discussed above with respect to  FIG. 1 , application  12  may determine whether, if the communication contains sensitive information, the parties on the recipient list are permitted to receive that data. Application  12  may apply rules of a screening list. If an entirety of a corporate entity (or other entity) is permitted to access the contents of the message, then application  12  may determine that a message is permitted to be transmitted if all of the recipients of the message have e-mail addresses associated with the corporate domain. If only certain individuals of the entity are permitted to access the contents of the message, then application  12  may determine whether the individual intended recipients have the necessary permissions in order to receive the intended communication. 
     If, in step  130 , application  12  determines that each of the intended recipients of the communication is permitted to access all of the information in the communication, then, in step  140 , application  12  may permit the application from which the communication was generated to transmit the message or may itself transmit the message. 
     If, in step  130 , application  12  determines that one or more of the intended recipients is not permitted to access all of the information in the communication, then, in step  150 , application  12  may notify the user that intends to send the message that the message is not permitted to be transmitted. Application  12  may provide additional information to the user regarding the reasons why the message is not permitted. For example, application  12  may provide to the user via user device  14  a list of individuals who may not receive the communication, details about the sensitive information, and/or specific information about which recipients on the recipient list have access to or don&#39;t have access to particular information in the message. 
     Application  12  may block sending of a communication if it is not permitted to be sent to all of the intended recipients. Alternatively, application  12  may provide a warning in step  150  that can be overridden by the user. Only certain users may have the permissions necessary to override the determination by application  12  that the message is not permitted to be transmitted. Additionally or alternatively, application  12  may have functionality that enables the user to revise the message contents or the recipient list so that all of the recipients have access to all of the message contents. After the user revises the message, the user may have the capability to transmit (or restart the screening process of method  100 ) the message. Application  12  may also provide information to the user regarding the intended communication and the reasons why it may not be transmitted to a third party. The user may have authority to transmit the message as-is, or may perform other steps, such as redacting the message or removing certain users. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a further exemplary method  200  for screening electronic communications. Method  200  may have any of the steps of method  100  and steps of methods  200  and  100  may be combined in any manner without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     In step  210 , a portion of system  10 , such as application  12 , may classify at least one party of a recipient list based on the data access permissions of the party. Step  210  may utilize any of the techniques described above with respect to steps  120  and/or  130  of method  100 , in particular. In step  210 , as discussed above, application  12  may determine whether a corporate entity associated with one or more recipients is associated with one or more screening lists. For example, application  12  may query WHOIS in order to determine an entity associated with a domain name and may populate/store those domain names in database  18  in advance of or at the time of the communication being screened. Application  12  may also determine whether individual recipients of the communication are associated with one or more screening lists. As discussed above, application  12  may compare names, e-mail addresses, aliases, nicknames etc. to a screening list (stored, e.g., in database  18 ). Application  12  may determine what permissions the at least one party has according to any applicable screening list. For example, application  12  may determine whether the at least one party has permissions to view all information, a subset of information, certain file extensions, etc. As discussed above, permissions may be based on an entity or individual level. For example, all individuals associated with a particular domain name may have the same permissions, or permissions may vary across individuals. Application  12  may repeat step  210  for all recipients on a recipient list, either iteratively in series or simultaneously in parallel. 
     In step  220 , application  12  may analyze the contents of the electronic communication to determine if the communication includes sensitive information. Step  220  may use any of the techniques of step  110 , described above. Application  12  may consider any of the types of information described above. For example, application  12  may analyze attachment file extension types, text of the communication, embedded images, hyperlinks, etc. Whether information is sensitive or not may be defined by a screening list (e.g., a non-disclosure agreement) associated with the at least one individual classified in step  210 . Additionally or alternatively, certain types of information, such as a social security number SSN, may be classified as sensitive regardless of whether a screening list classifies the information as sensitive. Although step  220  is described after step  210 , it will be appreciated that step  210  may be performed following step  220 . Step  220  may only be performed if the analysis of step  210  produces a particular result or may be performed regardless of the outcome of step  210 . For example, step  220  may be omitted if step  210  shows that all of the recipients have access to all categories of information. 
     In step  230 , which may utilize any of the techniques of step  130 , application  12  may determine whether the intended recipients of the communication are permitted to receive the contents of the communication. For example, as discussed above, application  12  may determine whether the comparisons of steps  210  and/or  220  result in the communication being authorized. As also discussed above, application  12  may determine whether the communication contains information (e.g., SSN, etc.) that is barred regardless of a recipient&#39;s screening list permissions. If all of the recipients are permitted to receive the communication, application  12  may transmit the communication in step  240 . 
     If one or more of the intended recipients are not permitted to access all of the information in the communication, then, in step  250 , application  12  may notify the user who intends to send the message that the message is not permitted to be transmitted. Application  12  may provide additional information to the user regarding the reasons why the message is not permitted. For example, application  12  may provide to the user a list of individuals who may not receive the communication, details about the sensitive information, and/or specific information about which recipients on the recipient list have access to or don&#39;t have access to particular information in the message. Application  12  may block sending of a communication if it is not permitted to be sent to all of the intended recipients. Alternatively, application  12  may provide a warning in step  250  that can be overridden by the user. Only certain users may have the permissions necessary to override the determination by application  12  that the message is not permitted to be transmitted. Additionally or alternatively, application  12  may have functionality that enables the user to revise the message contents or the recipient list so that all of the recipients have access to all of the message contents. After the user revises the message, the user may have the capability to transmit the message (or restart the screening process of method  200 ). Application  12  may also provide information to the user regarding the intended communication and the reasons why it may not be transmitted to a third party. The user may have authority to transmit the message as-is, or may perform other steps, such as redacting the message or removing certain users. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a third exemplary method  300 . In step  310 , a component of system  10 , such as application  12 , may receive information pertaining to contents of a communication and a recipient list of the communication. In step  310 , application  12  may receive any of the information described above, including that described with respect to steps  110 ,  120 ,  210 , and/or  220 . For example, application  12  may receive information regarding contents of a body of a communication and/or attachments to a communication, including attachment file extension types, text of the communication, embedded images, hyperlinks, etc. Application  12  may also receive information regarding recipients of the communication, including information about individual recipients and/or entities associated with the recipients. Application  12  may query WHOIS in order to determine an entity associated with a domain name and may populate/store those domain names in database  18  in advance of, or at the time of, the screening of the communication. 
     In step  320 , application  12  may compare the information received in step  310  to a screening list. Step  320  may utilize any of the techniques of steps  110 ,  120 ,  210 , and/or  220 , as described above. Application  12  may determine whether entities or individual recipients of the communication are associated with one or more screening lists. As discussed above, application  12  may compare names, domain names, e-mail addresses, aliases, nicknames etc. to one or more screening lists (e.g., a screening list stored in database  18 ). Application  12  may also determine whether the contents of the communication includes any information associated with a screening list. For example, application  12  may analyze screening lists associated with one or more recipients of the screening list. Alternatively, the communication may be compared to an entire library of screening lists or a subset of a library of screening lists. 
     In step  330 , application  12  may determine whether transmission of the message is permitted to the recipient. Step  330  may use any of the techniques of steps  130  and/or  230 , described above. Step  330  may use the results of step  320 . For example, step  330  may compare a recipient&#39;s permissions from a screening list to the contents of the communication at issue. If the contents of the communication are restricted by a screening list, application  12  may determine whether the each of the recipients of the communication has permission to view the contents. Alternatively or additionally, if one or more recipients of the message are affected by a screening list, application  12  may determine whether the contents are permitted to be sent according to that screening list. In step  330 , application  12  may also consider rules or limitations that are not associated with any particular screening list. For example, certain types of information, such as  551 , may be classified as sensitive regardless of whether a screening list classifies the information as sensitive. Such information may be restricted to all recipients or may be restricted unless a recipient has certain authorizations granted by a screening list. 
     If, in step  330 , application  12  determines that each of the intended recipients of the communication is permitted to access all of the information in the communication, then, in step  340  (which may use any of the techniques of steps  140  and/or  240 ), application  12  may permit the application from which the communication was generated to transmit the message or may itself transmit the message. 
     If, in step  330 , application  12  determines that one or more of the intended recipients is not permitted to access all of the information in the communication, then, in step  350  (which may use any of the techniques of steps  150  and/or  250 ), application  12  may notify the user that intends to send the message that the message is not permitted to be transmitted. Application  12  may provide additional information to the user regarding the reasons why the message is not permitted. For example, application  12  may provide to the user a list of individuals who may not receive the communication, details about the sensitive information, and/or specific information about which recipients on the recipient list have access to or don&#39;t have access to particular information in the message. 
     Application  12  may block sending of a communication if it is not permitted to be sent to all of the intended recipients. Alternatively, application  12  may provide a warning in step  350  that can be overridden by the user. Only certain users may have the permissions necessary to override the determination by application  12  that the message is not permitted to be transmitted. Additionally or alternatively, application  12  may have functionality that enables the user to revise the message contents or the recipient list so that all of the recipients have access to all of the message contents. After the user revises the message, the user may have the capability to transmit the message (or restarting the screening process of method  300 ). Application  12  may also provide information to the user regarding the intended communication and the reasons why it may not be transmitted to a third party. The user may have authority to transmit the message as-is, or may perform other steps, such as redacting the message or removing certain users. 
       FIG. 5  depicts a high-level functional block diagram of an exemplary computer device or system, in which embodiments of the present disclosure, or portions thereof, may be implemented, e.g., as computer-readable code. In some implementations, the user device(s)  14  (depicted in  FIG. 1 ) may correspond to device  500 . Additionally, each of the exemplary computer servers, databases, user interfaces, and methods described above with respect to  FIGS. 1-4  can be implemented in device  500  using hardware, software, firmware, tangible computer readable media having instructions stored thereon, or a combination thereof and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems. Hardware, software, or any combination of such may implement each of the exemplary systems, user interfaces, and methods described above with respect to  FIGS. 1-4 . 
     If programmable logic is used, such logic may be executed on a commercially available processing platform or a special purpose device. One of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate that embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can be practiced with various computer system configurations, including multi-core multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, computers linked or clustered with distributed functions, as well as pervasive or miniature computers that may be embedded into virtually any device. 
     For instance, at least one processor device and a memory may be used to implement the above-described embodiments. A processor device may be a single processor or a plurality of processors, or combinations thereof. Processor devices may have one or more processor “cores.” 
     Various embodiments of the present disclosure, as described above in the examples of  FIGS. 1-4 , may be implemented using device  500 . After reading this description, it will become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art how to implement embodiments of the present disclosure using other computer systems and/or computer architectures. Although operations may be described as a sequential process, some of the operations may in fact be performed in parallel, concurrently, and/or in a distributed environment, and with program code stored locally or remotely for access by single or multi-processor machines. In addition, in some embodiments the order of operations may be rearranged without departing from the spirit of the disclosed subject matter. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , device  500  may include a central processing unit (CPU)  520 . CPU  520  may be any type of processor device including, for example, any type of special purpose or a general-purpose microprocessor device. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art, CPU  520  also may be a single processor in a multi-core/multiprocessor system, such system operating alone, or in a cluster of computing devices operating in a cluster or server farm. CPU  520  may be connected to a data communication infrastructure  510 , for example, a bus, message queue, network, or multi-core message-passing scheme. 
     Device  500  also may include a main memory  540 , for example, random access memory (RAM), and also may include a secondary memory  530 . Secondary memory  530 , e.g., a read-only memory (ROM), may be, for example, a hard disk drive or a removable storage drive. Such a removable storage drive may comprise, for example, a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a flash memory, or the like. The removable storage drive in this example reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit in a well-known manner. The removable storage unit may comprise a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, etc., which is read by and written to by the removable storage drive. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art, such a removable storage unit generally includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data. 
     In alternative implementations, secondary memory  530  may include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into device  600 . Examples of such means may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, or PROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units and interfaces, which allow software and data to be transferred from a removable storage unit to device  500 . 
     Device  500  also may include a communications interface (“COM”)  560 . Communications interface  560  allows software and data to be transferred between device  500  and external devices. Communications interface  560  may include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a PCMCIA slot and card, or the like. Software and data transferred via communications interface  560  may be in the form of signals, which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received by communications interface  560 . These signals may be provided to communications interface  560  via a communications path of device  500 , which may be implemented using, for example, wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link or other communications channels. 
     The hardware elements, operating systems and programming languages of such equipment are conventional in nature, and it is presumed that those skilled in the art are adequately familiar therewith. Device  500  also may include input and output ports  550  to connect with input and output devices such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, monitors, displays, etc. Of course, the various server functions may be implemented in a distributed fashion on a number of similar platforms, to distribute the processing load. Alternatively, the servers may be implemented by appropriate programming of one computer hardware platform. 
     The systems, apparatuses, devices, and methods disclosed herein are described in detail by way of examples and with reference to the figures. The examples discussed herein are examples only and are provided to assist in the explanation of the apparatuses, devices, systems, and methods described herein. None of the features or components shown in the drawings or discussed below should be taken as mandatory for any specific implementation of any of these the apparatuses, devices, systems, or methods unless specifically designated as mandatory. For ease of reading and clarity, certain components, modules, or methods may be described solely in connection with a specific figure. In this disclosure, any identification of specific techniques, arrangements, etc. are either related to a specific example presented or are merely a general description of such a technique, arrangement, etc. Identifications of specific details or examples are not intended to be, and should not be, construed as mandatory or limiting unless specifically designated as such. Any failure to specifically describe a combination or sub-combination of components should not be understood as an indication that any combination or sub-combination is not possible. It will be appreciated that modifications to disclosed and described examples, arrangements, configurations, components, elements, apparatuses, devices, systems, methods, etc. can be made and may be desired for a specific application. Also, for any methods described, regardless of whether the method is described in conjunction with a flow diagram, it should be understood that unless otherwise specified or required by context, any explicit or implicit ordering of steps performed in the execution of a method does not imply that those steps must be performed in the order presented but instead may be performed in a different order or in parallel. 
     Throughout this disclosure, references to components or modules generally refer to items that logically can be grouped together to perform a function or group of related functions. Like reference numerals are generally intended to refer to the same or similar components. Components and modules can be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. The term “software” is used expansively to include not only executable code, for example machine-executable or machine-interpretable instructions, but also data structures, data stores and computing instructions stored in any suitable electronic format, including firmware, and embedded software. The terms “information” and “data” are used expansively and includes a wide variety of electronic information, including executable code; content such as text, video data, and audio data, among others; and various codes or flags. The terms “information,” “data,” and “content” are sometimes used interchangeably when permitted by context. 
     It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims. 
     It should be appreciated that in the above description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, various features of the invention are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this invention. 
     Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those skilled in the art. For example, in the following claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination. 
     Thus, while certain embodiments have been described, those skilled in the art will recognize that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as falling within the scope of the invention. For example, functionality may be added or deleted from the block diagrams and operations may be interchanged among functional blocks. Steps may be added or deleted to methods described within the scope of the present invention. 
     The above disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other implementations, which fall within the true spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the present disclosure is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description. While various implementations of the disclosure have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more implementations and implementations are possible within the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents.