Patent Publication Number: US-11033652-B2

Title: Emanator for vapor of a volatile fluid

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/512,177, titled “URINAL AIR FRESHENER”, filed Jul. 15, 2019, which is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/953,400, titled URINAL AIR FRESHENER, filed Apr. 13, 2018, which is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/413,233, titled “HIGH SURFACE AREA RESERVOIR FOR VOLATILE FLUID DISPENSER”, filed Jan. 23, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of the International Application identified under Serial No. PCT/US2016/041007, titled “AIR FRESHENER WITH OPTIONAL DRAIN CLEANER” with an International filing date of Jul. 5, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/792,332, filed Jul. 6, 2015, for AIR FRESHENER WITH OPTIONAL DRAIN CLEANER, the entire contents of all of which are incorporated by this reference as though set forth herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
     This invention relates generally to dispensers for volatile fluids, such as products for air freshening, mosquito abatement, and/or drain cleaning, and their use. 
     Background 
     Air freshening, and/or masking of unpleasant odors, is commonly done in certain enclosed environments, such as bathrooms and automobiles. A typical air treatment includes introduction of a masking fragrance, or scent, into the environment. Known devices for introducing a scent or fragrance into the environment on-demand include aerosols, which may be hand operated when a need is detected. 
     Some air freshening devices may automatically dose the environment over a desirable period of time. Certain such devices require an additional source of energy, such as devices that are plugged into an electrical outlet to operate a warming element. Other devices are structured to off-gas, or sublimate, under the ambient conditions of the environment in which they are deployed. One such device includes a puck of mothball-like material that can be placed into a urinal. Another air freshener includes a fragrance-soaked ornament that is structured to hang on a rear view mirror of an automobile. Typically, such a device produces an initially strong fragrance that steadily diminishes over time. 
     Introduction of scent may also be performed during certain processing operations, such as when drying articles of clothing in a mechanical clothes drier. For example, it is known to include scent as a dry component carried on a disposable sheet of substrate that also is structured to reduce build-up of static electricity. 
     It would be an improvement to provide an air freshening material and device that can dispense vapor of a volatile fluid (e.g., scent) to an environment automatically over a period of time in excess of about 14 days without requiring an additional energy source, and optionally provide an additional function, such as facilitating biodegradable disposal of a spent emanator. Desirably, the improved air-freshening device will produce a substantially constant level of detectable fragrance in the environment over the desired time increment. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments may be characterized as distribution devices to provide long-term release of one or more volatile agent into a local environment. Certain embodiments structured according to principles of this invention provide an automatic air freshener for use over a period of time in excess of about 14 days. A preferred embodiment includes a container that is associated with an air freshener to provide an additional function, such as facilitating enhanced-rate biodegradable disposal of a spent emanator, or portions there-of. 
     A workable air freshener includes an emanator that may be formed from, or include, a material selected from the group including bitumen, wood dust, paper mâchè, plastic clay, earth clay, cotton dust, ash, cement powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), styrene-based polymer, styrene-based rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), butadiene-based polymer, butadiene-based rubber, gum rubber, and cellulosic rubber, other elastomer, rubber, or plastic material that can imbibe volatile fluid, and the like sorts of materials, an adsorbent material having high-surface area greater than about 10 m 2 /g, or an absorbent material including cellulose or polymer sponge, natural biopolymer such as loofah (or luffa), hemp, ramie, flax, sisal, jute, and the like, and including combinations of two or more of the aforementioned materials and the like thereof. One currently preferred emanator is injection molded in final form as a unitary element, and the volatile fluid is subsequently imbibed into the emanator. 
     A scented oil or other volatile fluid is typically dispersed, loaded, or otherwise imbibed into the emanator to a weight percent of between about 3% and about 500%, where weight percent is calculated as A/B*100, and A is weight of volatile fluid and B is weight of dry emanator material. Certain emanators may even be loaded with volatile fluid to a weight percent of over 500%. For example, a loofah may be loaded in excess of 800%. The air freshener may be loaded with volatile fluid by wetting the emanator with a volatile fluid under ambient temperature conditions and for a period of time between about one hour and about seven days. For purpose of this disclosure, ambient temperature conditions means the fluid is simply placed into a container in a room, and the air temperature of the room is maintained between about 50° F. and about 100° F. Operable volatile fluids include various scent-emitting oils, mosquito repellant, and the like. 
     An emanator typically applies a vaporized fluid agent to the local environment. An agent may be a scent, or mosquito repellant, air care product, medicinal fluid, or some other volatile element of which vapor application to the local environment is desired. 
     A workable emanator may be formed by causing volatile fluid to be loaded, dispersed, absorbed, adsorbed, or otherwise imbibed into a carrier material (e.g., paper mâchè, plastic clay, earth clay, bitumen, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), styrene-based, butadiene-based, or an adsorbent material having high-surface area greater than about 10 m 2 /g, or biopolymer open cell materials, or cellulose foam or sponge, and/or an absorbent material, or combinations thereof, to a weight percent of greater than about 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or more. Subsequent to being loaded into the carrier material, the volatile fluid may slowly evaporate in vapor phase from a surface of the carrier material to dispense volatile fluid vapors into the local environment. An emanator may include a volatile fluid that is dispersed into a carrier material to a weight percent of between about 3%, 10%, 20%, 30%, etc., and up to about 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, or more. An alternative emanator may simply provide a surface from which a volatile fluid may evaporate. In some case, an emanator may be wetted by drop-wise distribution of volatile fluid from a container onto the emanator. In other cases, an emanator may be a portion of a container of volatile fluid, and fluid may diffuse through a wall of the emanator from a container-side to an evaporation-side. 
     A workable embodiment according to certain aspects of the invention includes a carrier material to hold a quantity of volatile fluid, and a volatile fluid dispersed into the carrier material. A currently preferred carrier material includes an adsorbent material having a surface area greater than 10 m 2 /g, although other materials are workable. Typically, the volatile fluid is loaded into the adsorbent carrier material to a weight percent of between about 5% and about 500%, where weight percent is calculated as A/B*100, and A is weight of volatile fluid and B is dry weight of adsorbent material. 
     An embodiment may include an emanator with a wicking and distributing wall disposed and structured to provide a surface area from which volatile fluid may evaporate into a local environment. An embodiment may include a container structured to hold the carrier material and to permit egress of volatile fluid vapor from the adsorbent material into the local environment. Sometimes, a container is structured to hold the carrier material in a particular shape and to permit egress of volatile fluid vapor from the carrier material into the local environment. However, carrier material may form a stand-alone device. In certain cases, the container and the emanator may be structured in harmony such that the container defines a portion of the shape of the emanator. A workable container may even be manufactured from a workable carrier material to operate as an emanator on its own. 
     A workable adsorbent material includes a material selected from the group including adsorbent high-surface area ceramic, Alumina, γ-form Alumina, Silica, activated carbon, carbon black, molecular sieves, and zeolite. A workable adsorbent material may also include a material selected from the group including bitumen, wood dust, paper mâchè, plastic clay, earth clay, cotton dust, ash, and cement powder. For purpose of this disclosure, a high-surface area material provides an available surface area that is greater than about 10 m 2 /g of material. 
     By “available” it is intended to mean that an activity may be performed in conjunction with the surface area, such as reaction with a volatile fluid to disperse volatile fluid molecules over the surface. An adsorbent material may be arranged in the form of powder, meal, dough, one or more other solid shape such as a spherical bead, cuboid brick, irregular chunk, or in any desired shape. 
     The carrier material for an emanator may include an adsorbent constituent material, and/or an absorbent constituent material. A carrier material can sometimes be in the form of dough. One workable dough includes an adsorbent material component in powder or meal form, with the adsorbent constituent material having a surface area of greater than about 200 m 2 /g. For example, adsorbent material and absorbent material may initially be in powder or meal form, and can be mixed together with a volatile fluid to form a plastically moldable dough. One such dough has moldable or deformable properties similar to bread dough. As might be expected, a larger quantity of volatile fluid in the mix tends to make a more malleable and plastic dough. 
     Sometimes, particles of a dough may not be firmly adhered together. For example, one dough may be made by mixing volatile fluid with particles of carrier material. The resulting dough may be packed into an open-ended cylindrical canister. If the canister is displaced vertically and removed, the dough may tend to slump into a pyramid. 
     Sometimes, a carrier material further includes hydrophobic material arranged to reduce a rate of discharge of volatile vapor from the carrier material to a local environment responsive to moisture-induced off-gassing of volatile fluid. That is, moisture can be imbibed from a moist environment into the carrier material to displace volatile fluid, thereby increasing a rate of volatile fluid discharge from the carrier material. Hydrophobic material to reduce fluid or moisture uptake into a carrier material may be provided as an exterior coating, or may be adsorbed into the carrier material. Sometimes, a gas-generating compound may also be included in an air freshener carrier material to increase the rate of off-gassing of volatile fluid responsive to uptake of moisture from the local environment. 
     The invention may be embodied in a device for, and/or a method for making, an air freshener. One exemplary method includes providing an emanator in final-form. Preferably, the emanator is structured to resist a humanly perceptible change in configuration size and shape from the final-form during a useful life of the emanator for air freshening. A workable emanator may be formed from a material capable of imbibing a volatile fluid when exposed to the volatile fluid in a liquid environment and subsequently off-gassing the imbibed volatile fluid in vapor phase when exposed to a gas environment. The method further includes wetting the emanator with a volatile fluid under ambient temperature conditions for between about 1 hour and about 48 hours to disperse a fragrant oil into the emanator to a weight percent of greater than about 3%, where weight percent is calculated as A/B*100, and A is weight of imbibed volatile fluid and B is weight of the emanator material prior to the imbibing process. 
     An emanator may imbibe or otherwise uptake volatile fluid during exposure of the emanator material to any operable saturating fluid environment, including dipping in bulk fluid or spray application of volatile fluid onto emanator material. An emanator may simply be wetted or soaked in volatile fluid for any period of time between about one hour and about 24 hours, or even up to several days. In a preferred method, the emanator is bathed in volatile fluid for a period of time between about 4 hours and about 24 hours, with workable time periods being consecutively longer by about 1 minute increments. That is, a workable time period may be 1 hour; or 1 hour, 1 minute; or 1 hour, 2 minutes; etc. 
     In one preferred arrangement, the emanator is structured as a unitary element from a material selected from the group including bitumen, wood dust, paper mâchè, plastic clay, earth clay, cotton dust, ash, and cement powder, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), styrene-based polymer, styrene-based rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), butadiene-based polymer, butadiene-based rubber, gum rubber, and cellulosic rubber, or combinations there-of. 
     The emanator may be structured as a unitary element from a material selected from the group consisting of bitumen, wood dust, cotton dust, ash, cement powder, paper mâchè, plastic clay, earth clay, powdered cellulosic material(s), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), styrene-based rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), butadiene-based rubber, and cellulosic rubber. In some cases, the emanator is injection molded. 
     A workable emanator may include synthetic or natural biopolymer material. Exemplary natural biopolymer materials include: PHB, PHBV, cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulo se, chitin, chitosan, gelatin, glutin, alginate, poly-L-lucine, polysaccharides from vegetal sources, bacterial polymers, and pectin. Exemplary synthetic biopolymers include: polylactide (PLA), polyhydroxylalkanoates, and microbially synthesized polymers such as PBAT. 
     Sometimes, an air freshener may include a primary emanator that is a naturally occurring element (e.g., a loofah sponge). In certain cases, the primary emanator may operate as a stand-alone air freshening emanator. However, it is typically preferred to include a secondary emanator in combination with the primary emanator. 
     One purpose of an emanator is to release volatile fluid into a local environment. Materials that are useful to form a workable emanator may be characterized in many ways. For example, operable materials may be selected from generally recognized material classifications such as rubber, polymer, biopolymer, high-surface area, and the like. Embodiments may further be specified by more detailed material or chemical composition, such as styrene-based, butadiene-based, high-surface area, theoretical density, and the like. A workable emanator material may sometimes be characterized by an inherent material property, such as resistance to change in shape at elevated temperature, melting temperature, and the like. A standard for detection of a change in shape or size of an emanator may be from the reference of an unaided human&#39;s visual inspection. 
     Certain operable emanating materials may be characterized by a principle of operation under which fluid flows into or through the material for initial storage and/or subsequent release to the environment. For examples, fundamental principles of operation that can cause an effect on fluid flow nonexclusively include adsorption, absorption, capillary action, gravity, adhesion, diffusion, and molecular disruption or combinations thereof. Certain materials that may be employed to form an emanator have a theoretical density of greater than 90%. 
     Certain operable emanators may be formed from materials that have a melting point that is greater than about 200° F., 300° F., 400° F., 500° F., 600° F., 1000° F., 1500° F., 2000° F., or more. While an emanator may never be placed into service in a high temperature environment, the melting point of a candidate emanator material may provide a distinction over other materials that are not encompassed within certain embodiments. 
     An emanator may be, and also directly or indirectly provide, a storage system for volatile fluid. In certain embodiments, an emanator may be embodied as a cage or other container having orifices through which vapor from volatile fluid may pass. In one embodiment, the cage is formed from a material that imbibes volatile fluid, and subsequently emanates vapor from that fluid. The cage may be regarded as a first emanator, and can operate on its own, or operate in harmony with a cooperating second emanator. 
     A cooperating second emanator can be embodied as a cartridge configured for reception inside the cage. A cartridge may be embodied in various ways to hold a quantity of volatile fluid. A workable cartridge may include a carrier material to uptake volatile fluid and subsequently release vapor from that volatile fluid. For example, one workable cartridge includes carrier material confined inside an emanating or porous membrane, and the carrier material imbibes or otherwise uptakes volatile fluid and subsequently releases vapor from the volatile fluid. A workable cartridge may also be embodied to include a gas-generating cell coupled to a quantity of volatile fluid to cause release of volatile fluid onto a second emanator. 
     An embodiment may non-exclusively further include a color-coded life expectancy indicator element, and/or enhanced biodegradability of one or more constituent element. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings, which illustrate what are currently considered to be the best modes for carrying out the invention: 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of an embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a side view of the embodiment in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-section view of the embodiment in  FIG. 3 , taken at section  4 - 4  and looking in the direction of the arrows; 
         FIG. 5  is a plan view of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a side view of the embodiment in  FIG. 5 , looking in the direction of the arrows  6 - 6 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a side view of the embodiment in  FIG. 7 , looking in the direction of the arrows  8 - 8 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-section view of top and bottom portions of a container to accomplish a gravity-assisted release of fluid operable in certain embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a view in elevation, partially in cross-section of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a view in elevation, partially in cross-section of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a plan view of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-section view of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 14  is a cross-section view of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 15  is a side view of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 16  is a cross-section view of another embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a cartoon illustrating operable steps of manufacture of an air freshening material according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 18  is a cartoon illustrating operable steps of manufacture of another air freshening material according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 19  is a side view of a container in which air freshening material structured according to certain principles of the invention may be placed; 
         FIG. 20  is a cross-section view in elevation of another embodiment; 
         FIG. 21  is a cross-section view in elevation of another embodiment; 
         FIG. 22  is a top, or plan view of an embodiment structured similar to bubble wrap, and containing fragrance inside a plurality of bubbles; 
         FIG. 23  is a side view of the embodiment in  FIG. 22 , taken at section  23 - 23  and looking in the direction of the arrows; 
         FIG. 24  is a process chart for making one type of embodiment according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 25  is a side view in perspective of a portion of an air freshener including micro-channel structure according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 26  is a side view, in cross-section, of another embodiment structured according to certain principles of the invention; 
         FIG. 27  is a plan view of an air freshener structured for use as a urinal screen; 
         FIG. 28  is a cross-section view taken at section  28 - 28  in  FIG. 27 ; 
         FIG. 29  is a view similar to that in  FIG. 28 , but illustrating an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 30  is a depiction of a manufacturing process for an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 31  illustrates an embodiment subsequent to passage of time; 
         FIG. 32  is a plan view of an air freshener structured for use as a urinal screen; 
         FIG. 33  is a cross-section view taken at section  33 - 33  in  FIG. 32 ; 
         FIG. 34  is a plan view of an air freshener structured for use as a size-adjustable urinal screen; 
         FIG. 35  is an end view of the embodiment in  FIG. 34 ; 
         FIG. 36  is a close-up view of a portion of the embodiment in  FIG. 35 ; 
         FIG. 37  is an alternative size-adjustable fragrance delivery device; 
         FIG. 38  is an alternative size-adjustable fragrance delivery device; 
         FIG. 39  is a view in perspective of a constituent element of the embodiment in  FIG. 38 ; 
         FIG. 40  is a plan view of an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 41  is a plan view of an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 42  is a plan view of an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 43  is a plan view of an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 44  is a plan view of an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 45  is a side view in partial cross-section of the embodiment in  FIG. 44 ; 
         FIG. 46  is a plan view of an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 47  is a plan view of an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 48  is a plan view of an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 49  is an X-Y plot showing release of volatile fluid over time by the embodiment in  FIG. 46 ; 
         FIG. 50  is an X-Y plot showing release of volatile fluid over time by embodiments such as illustrated in  FIG. 47 ; 
         FIG. 51  illustrates an emanating cartridge and a holder; 
         FIG. 52  is a cross-section view in elevation of a workable emanating cartridge; 
         FIG. 53  illustrates assembly of an alternative emanating cartridge; 
         FIG. 54  is an X-Y plot showing release of volatile fluid over time by embodiments such as illustrated in  FIG. 52 ; 
         FIG. 55  is an X-Y plot showing release of volatile fluid over time by embodiments such as illustrated in  FIG. 53 ; 
         FIG. 56  is a side view in perspective of another embodiment; 
         FIG. 57  is a cross-section view in elevation of another embodiment; 
         FIG. 58  is a cross-section view of another embodiment; 
         FIG. 59  is a cross-section view of another embodiment; 
         FIG. 60  is a cross-section view of another embodiment; 
         FIG. 61  is a cross-section view of another embodiment; 
         FIG. 62  is a top plan view of an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 63  is a cross-section view through a midline of the embodiment in  FIG. 62 ; 
         FIG. 64  is a cross-section slice of an embodiment similar to that illustrated in  FIG. 63 , but illustrating a unitary shell disposed in a preferred deflected or cambered state to improve splash knock-down; 
         FIG. 65  illustrates certain details of exemplary upstanding splash knock-down elements that may be included in an embodiment such as that illustrated in  FIGS. 62 through 64 ; 
         FIG. 66  is an X-Y plot illustrating long-term operation of a paper mâchè emanator; 
         FIG. 67  is a view in perspective of an exemplary cartridge with a gas-generating cell operably coupled to a bulk quantity of volatile fluid and a wicking emanator; 
         FIG. 68  is a view in perspective of an exemplary air freshener according to certain principles of the instant invention and including a first emanator made from naturally occurring loofah; 
         FIG. 69  is a view in perspective of another air freshener according to certain principles of the instant invention and including a naturally occurring loofah emanator with secondary emanating material disposed inside the main pores; 
         FIG. 70  is an X-Y plot depicting recorded weight loss over time for an exemplary loofah emanator; 
         FIG. 71  is an X-Y plot depicting recorded weight loss over time for exemplary combination loofah/cellulose sponge emanators; and 
         FIG. 72  is an X-Y plot depicting recorded weight loss over time for exemplary combination sisal/cellulose sponge emanators. 
     
    
    
     MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     A first embodiment of a dispensing device operable as an air freshener according to certain principles of the invention is illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , and generally indicated at  100 . Air freshener  100  is particularly adapted for deployment in a urinal. It should be appreciated that alternative embodiments of the invention are not limited to such use. The air freshener  100  and other embodiments described below serve as simple examples to illustrate a few applications of certain principles of the instant invention. 
     Air freshener  100  includes a screen  102  substrate, which may be considered a container, or sometimes a support, in that the screen  102  carries a quantity of air fresher material  104 . One preferred air freshener material  104  is a scent-bearing styrene-based material manufactured from styrene-based polymers or styrene-based rubbers, as will be described in detail below. One way to obtain the illustrated embodiment  100  is to simply coat the screen  102  with a glue-like mixture of air freshener material  104 . Alternatively, it is within contemplation to mold or bond air freshener material  104  onto a substrate  102 , or even to form the entire air freshener  100  by molding air freshener material  104  and thereby reduce the number of constituent elements. 
     A plurality of apertures  106  permit fluid to pass through the air freshener  100 , in conventional manner. Typically, the air freshener  100  is placed into a urinal and contacts the bowel around portion(s) of the perimeter  108 . Sometimes, one or more optional foot  110 , or other operably-shaped protrusion from the screen  102 , may be included to better hold the air freshener  100  in a desired position. 
     Certain embodiments may include provisions to reduce splash of a fluid stream from part of a device, such as an embodiment  100 ,  120 ,  350 , or  460 , (see also  FIGS. 4, 23, 36 , etc.), including a rubber or plastic or other generally hydrophobic exterior surface. For example, it is within contemplation to coat part of a device, such as surface  112 , with a surfactant material. In an alternative construction, the surface  112  may also or alternatively be treated by corona or electrical plasma to convert a generally hydrophobic material surface to a more hydrophilic surface. As illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , plasma radiation, generally indicated at  114 , from a plasma radiation source  116  may be applied to a plastic or rubber surface  112 , or to a surface that is made from some other generally hydrophobic material. 
     An air freshener according to certain principles of the invention, such as air freshener  100 , will produce an air freshening scent at a substantially constant level for a period in excess of about 14 days from time of first deployment. In this case, the term “substantially constant level” means that a qualitative standard is employed, and a person in proximity to the device will notice an appreciable odor or scent-emanation from the air freshener  100  for at least about 14 days from first deployment of the air freshener  100  in its use environment. Desirably, the scent will remain at a humanly-perceptible or detectable and operable level for a greater period of time, such as in excess of about 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, or sometimes even longer. 
     A second embodiment of a dispensing device operable as an air freshener is indicated generally at  120  in  FIGS. 3 and 4 . A plurality of spokes  122  extend between the rim  124  and an interior wall  126  to define apertures  106 . The wall  126 , in combination with floor  128 , defines a compartment, vessel, or container  130 , in which is received a quantity of volatile air freshener material or fluid  104 . The compartment  130  is structured to permit scent to emanate from the material  104  to the local environment in which the device  120  is deployed. In this embodiment  120 , air freshener material  104  may run the gamut from a flowable glue-like substance, to a solid puck or brick-like element, depending on user preference and manufacturing process used to form the air freshening material. Additional details of operable air freshener materials  104  are set forth below, partially in connection with a description of  FIGS. 17 and 18 . Typically, a portion of perimeter  108  rests against the bowel of the urinal in which the device  120  is deployed. Again, one or more optional foot  110 , or other operable extension member, may sometimes be provided to facilitate holding the device  120  in a desired position. 
       FIGS. 5 and 6  illustrate a third embodiment of dispensing device structured as an air freshener, generally  140 , according to certain principles of the invention. Air freshener  140  includes a screen  102  that carries holding structure, generally  142 , that is configured and arranged to hold a dispenser of fluid, generally  144 , in an operable position. One workable holding structure  142  includes circumscribing wall  143 . A currently preferred dispenser of fluid  144  includes the illustrated container  146 , which is structured to provide a gravity-assisted, drop-wise release of fluid from a bulk quantity confined inside the container  146 . For use as an air freshener, the bulk fluid confined inside container  146  is typically a fragrance of some sort, such as a fragrant oil. In other applications, a bulk fluid sometimes may simply be a volatile oil or other fluid (which may, or may not, be volatile). In one alternative construction that is loosely based upon  FIGS. 5 and 6 , an air freshening material may be carried on screen  102 , and the fluid inside container  146  may be a liquid drain cleaner. 
     During use in a urinal application, container  146  typically includes a splash guard, such as tube  148 , structured to resist fluid flow into the top vent aperture  150  (see also  FIG. 9 ). A workable splash guard may be alternatively structured, including as an umbrella or mushroom providing a shield extending over the vent aperture  150 . Container  146  has a discharge end, generally  152 , disposed to release fluid through a discharge aperture  154  (see  FIG. 9 ). 
     An operable dispenser of fluid  144  is capable of releasing fluid at a controlled, substantially constant rate over a period of time in excess of about 14 days, preferably in excess of about 30 day, or so. As used herein, the term “substantially constant rate” means a qualitative standard is employed. In rigorous terms, a quantitative change in flow rate of 20%, 30%, 50%, or even 100% may be considered “substantially constant”, depending upon the application For air-freshening purpose, the more important effect is accomplishing a humanly-perceptible substantially constant air freshening smell. In application as a drain cleaner, the important effect is accomplishing reliable release of sufficient fluid to maintain drain cleanliness over the desired time increment. 
     One workable fluid dispenser  144  operates under principles of gravity-induced drip from a bulk supply of fluid through a small orifice. Certain details of construction and operation of such a dispenser  144  are disclosed in U.S. Provisional patent application No. 62/164,650. A second workable fluid dispenser  144  operates under principles of osmotic transfer of fluid from a bulk supply. Certain details of construction and operation of that type of dispenser  144  are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 8,240,261. A third workable fluid dispenser  144  operates under principles of gas-cell drive of fluid at substantially controlled pressure. Certain details of construction and operation of that third type of dispenser  144  are set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,823,383; 6,957,779; and 8,939,435. The entire disclosures of the patent documents mentioned in this paragraph are hereby incorporated as though set forth herein in their entirety. 
       FIGS. 7 through 9  illustrate certain details of construction of a fourth ‘type’ of embodiment of a dispensing device, generally indicated at  170 , structured according to certain principles of the invention. The illustrated embodiment  170  includes two fluid dispensers  144  carried on a support or screen  102 . In the particular embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 8 , the fluid dispensers  144  are of the gravity-induced drip type  146 . One container  146  is typically used to dispense fragrance, and the other container  146  is typically used to dispense drain cleaner. Other types of fluid dispensers  144  may be employed, and may be combined in more than one type and number. It is also within alternative contemplation that a quantity of styrene-based fragrance may be used as the air fresher element, and one or more fluid dispenser  144  may be employed to dispense fluid drain cleaner or other fluid. In the latter case, fragrant material  104  may be applied as a coating to the screen  102 , may form the screen/support  102 , or may be confined in a compartment, such as a container  130  ( FIG. 4 ) formed by a wall  126  or  143  associated with a screen or support  102 . 
     The embodiment in  FIG. 10 , and generally indicated at  180 , illustrates an alternative type of dispensing device operable as an air freshener. Air freshener  180  includes a fluid dispenser, generally  144 , adapted to discharge fluid onto an emanator  182 . A currently preferred emanator  182  is formed from, or includes, a styrene-based polymer, styrene-based rubber, or butadiene-based material, and the fluid dispenser  144  discharges a fragrant oil onto the emanator  182 . 
     One workable fluid dispenser  144  includes the illustrated gravity-induced drop type  146 . In that case, some sort of seals are desirably provided to confine fluid inside the container  146 , e.g. during shipping and handling prior to placing the device  180  into service. A workable seal includes the illustrated ubiquitous tear-off foil cover  184  that is removably bonded to the container  146  and blocks fluid flow from respective vent or discharge openings. Other conventional sealing structures may be used, including stoppers, corks, twist-off threaded caps, and the like. Sometimes, suspension structure, such as a handle or bail  186  may be provided to facilitate placement of a device into operable service as a suspended element. Alternatively, some sort of stand-up support structure, such as a foot (not illustrated), may permit placement of a device  180  in an operable orientation onto a supporting surface, such as a table or the floor. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates another embodiment of a dispensing device operable as an air freshener, generally  190 , that is structured for operation over an extended period of time. An emanator  182  defines at least part of a volume  192 , in which an excess quantity of fragrant fluid  194  is stored. A currently preferred emanator  182  includes a material selected from, or includes, a styrene-based polymer, styrene-based rubber, or butadiene-based material, or combinations thereof, and the volatile fluid  194  (typically a fragrant oil) is disposed in direct contact with one side of the emanator  182 . A cover or cap  196  may be sealed against undesired fluid flow through a fill-opening by a seal element  184 . The fill opening may also operate as a vent to admit volume-replacement air during operational service of the dispensing device  190 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an embodiment, generally  200 , that is structured to provide an enlarged surface area  202  to provide a more concentrated source of scent over a significant period of time. The emanator of embodiment  200  is formed from a coiled tube with a wall made from a dispensing material through which volatile fluid can travel effective to deploy volatile fluid molecules into the local environment. Volatile fluid molecules may diffuse through, and evaporate from, the external surface of the dispensing material. Operable such dispensing materials non-exclusively include styrene-based polymer, styrene-based rubber, or butadiene-based material, and combinations thereof. Various heat-shrinkable polymeric or nano-porous polymeric materials are also operable as dispensing materials. Similar to embodiment  190 , a volatile (e.g., fragrance) fluid is disposed in direct contact with the dispensing material, and may be confined by one or more seal element  184 . 
     The embodiment, generally  210 , illustrated in  FIG. 13  represents the case where a pocket or space is formed between two layers of plastic-, or rubber-like, or other polymer materials. At least one side of a pocket or void may include styrene-based or butadiene-based material. That is, one or both of top sheet  212  or bottom sheet  214  can be a styrene-based or butadiene-based material, or other material through which volatile fluid molecules may permeate or migrate for application to the local atmosphere. Fragrant or other volatile fluid  194  is placed into the void, pocket, or compartment  216  that is formed between top sheet  212  and bottom sheet  214 , and the edges surrounding the void  216  may be sealed. Alternatively, the volatile fluid may be injected into the void  216 . 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an embodiment, generally  220 , including a separate and impermeable pouch  222  in which volatile fluid  194  is initially confined. Again, one or both of top sheet  212  or bottom sheet  214  is typically formed from a styrene-based or butadiene-based material, or other material through which volatile fluid molecules may permeate or migrate for application to the local atmosphere. A workable sheet  212 ,  214  can be manufactured from materials including styrene-based polymers, styrene-based rubbers, EPDM, gum rubber, cellulosic rubber, and other materials that absorb and emanate a fragrant material. A workable pouch  222  can be made from polymeric, plastic, or plastic-like materials that are impermeable to the volatile fluid  194 . A user may rupture the pouch  222  to release fluid  194  into contact with the styrene-based or butadiene-based material. That material then operates as an emanator to disperse scent into the environment local to the device  220 . A pouch  222  may be ruptured by stepping on the device  220 , poking the pouch  222  with a sharp object (desirably making a hole in sheet  212  or  214  too small to leak), or otherwise causing a break in the wall of the pouch  222  through which fluid  194  may escape for contact with the styrene-based or other emanator material. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a generalized object made from a carrier material, such as a styrene-based or butadiene-based material, generally indicated at  230 . The object  230  can be any sort of 3-dimensional shape. Advantageously, the object can be provided in final-form prior to infusing the object with volatile fluid to create an emanator. The object  230  is soaked in, or otherwise wetted by, fragrant fluid at a temperature between about 20° C. and about 50° C. for a period of time greater than about 2 hours to form an emanator  232 . In such a process, scented or other volatile fluid is dispersed into the material to a weight percent of between about 5% and about 100% to perhaps 200%, where weight percent is calculated as A/B*100, and A is weight of volatile fluid and B is weight of carrier material. In a preferred embodiment, the weight gain of a styrene-based polymer or rubber-like material is about 35%. 
     For example, the device  230  in  FIG. 15  can be a flat section of styrene-based polymer or styrene-based rubber seen in side view. The plan view can be formed to resemble a shape, such as a pine tree, rectangle, or any other desired shape. A logical fragrant or scented volatile fluid for a pine tree shape would include pine-scented fragrant oil. Provision may be made to permit suspending the device  230  from, for non-limiting examples: a rear view mirror in an automobile; or a clothes-rod in a closet. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a generalized embodiment, generally  240 , of a multi-compartment fluid dispenser. Device  240  can be manufactured by bonding top sheet  242  to bottom sheet  244  around perimeters of void compartments, similar to the embodiments in  FIGS. 13 and 14 . Multiple compartments can be made, similar to bubble wrap. The illustrated embodiment  240  includes two compartments, namely compartment  246  and compartment  248 . Top and bottom sheets  242 ,  244  may conveniently be manufactured from polymer sheets, including plastic, rubber, and plastic-like materials. It is not necessary (but not precluded, either), that either or both of sheets  242 ,  244  be a styrene-based or butadiene-based material, or another material that may be characterized as functioning either as an emanator or a carrier material. 
     In an exemplary device  240  that is structured as a combination urinal air freshener and drain cleaner, a first fluid  250  (which is a fragrant fluid) is inserted into void  246  by way of first and second puncture holes generally indicated at  252 . One puncture hole may admit fluid  250  into the void or cavity  246 , while the second puncture hole may release any entrapped air from cavity  246 . A seal element, such as a peel-off removable foil cap  184 , can then be installed to entrap the fluid  250  during, for example, transportation and handling prior to deployment of that device  240 . Similarly, a drain cleaning fluid  254  can be placed into cavity  248 . One operable drain cleaning fluid includes tetra sodium ethaline diamine tetracetic acid tetra sodium salt (C 10 H 12 Tv 2 O 8 Na 4 ) or tetra sodium EDTA. Desirably, the puncture holes  252  are sized to operate as discharge orifices permitting a gravity-induced discharge of respective fluid over a desired extended period of time. If required, one or more vent hole may be formed in a sheet opposite to the discharge aperture. Certain embodiments may be self-pressurized to urge fluid flow from a cavity. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates one process, generally  260 , operable to create an emanator according to certain principles of the invention. One or more piece of carrier material  262  is placed into contact (indicated at arrow  264 ) with a fragrant fluid, such as fragrant oil  266 . Workable carrier materials nonexclusively include paper mâchè, plastic clay, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), styrene-based polymers, butadiene-based polymers, and high-surface area adsorbent materials. As illustrated, the contact can be simple submersion in a container  268 , where the material  262 ′ absorbs the fragrant fluid. Desirably, the fluid is maintained at a temperature of between about 20° C. and about 50° C. for a period of time greater than about 2 hours, preferably about 24 hours. The material may then be removed from the fluid, as indicated at arrow  270 , resulting in emanator  262 ″. Emanator  262 ″ may be used in an exemplary embodiment  240 , such as illustrated in  FIG. 15 . Certain emanators may be used as stand-alone devices for air freshening. Other emanators may be used in combination with one or more member that provides one or more additional function, such as decorative covering, or fluid management. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a second process, generally  280 , operable to form an alternative emanator material  282 . A sufficient quantity of fragrant oil is poured from a container  284  onto one or more piece of styrene-based material  262  in a second container  268 . After a period of time, and in an ambient fluid temperature between about 25° C. and about 50° C. for a period of time greater than about four hours, the material  262  absorbs a sufficient amount of oil as to change viscosity from a solid to a thick and viscous material. The resulting material  282  may be characterized as a scent-emitting glue-like substance, and is very sticky. The glue-like material  282  may then conveniently be applied as a coating to a substrate, such as screen  102  illustrated in  FIG. 1 , to form an air fresher. Viscosity of the glue-like material is a function of the amount of fragrance absorbed by the base rubber, or rubber-like, or other workable carrier or emanator material. 
     It has been determined by experimentation that only certain rubber, or rubber-like, compositions absorb and release fragrant oil under substantially ambient conditions (e.g. between about 25° C. and about 50° C.). Effective and operable rubber compounds for use as an emanator or carrier material nonexclusively include styrene-based, EPDM, natural rubbers, gum rubbers, and cellulosic rubbers. Other workable carrier materials include EVA. 
     According to Wikepedia: “Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), also known as poly (ethylene-vinyl acetate) (PEVA), is the copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate. The weight percent vinyl acetate usually varies from 10 to 40%, with the remainder being ethylene. Broadly speaking, there are three different types of EVA copolymer, which differ in the vinyl acetate (VA) content and the way the materials are used. 
     The EVA copolymer which is based on a low proportion of VA (approximately up to 4%) may be referred to as vinyl acetate modified polyethylene. It is a copolymer and is processed as a thermoplastics material—just like low density polyethylene. It has some of the properties of a low density polyethylene but increased gloss (useful for film), softness and flexibility. The material is generally considered as non-toxic. 
     The EVA copolymer which is based on a medium proportion of VA (approximately 4 to 30%) is referred to as thermoplastic ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and is a thermoplastic elastomer material. It is not vulcanized but has some of the properties of a rubber or of plasticized polyvinyl chloride particularly at the higher end of the range. Both filled and unfilled EVA materials have good low temperature properties and are tough. The materials with approximately 11% VA are used as hot melt adhesives. 
     The EVA copolymer which is based on a high proportion of VA (greater than 40%) is referred to as ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber. EVA is an elastomeric polymer that produces materials which are “rubber-like” in softness and flexibility. The material has good clarity and gloss, low-temperature toughness, stress-crack resistance, hot-melt adhesive waterproof properties, and resistance to UV radiation. EVA has a distinctive vinegar-like odor and is competitive with rubber and vinyl polymer products in many electrical applications”. 
     A workable emanator-holding device is illustrated generally at  290  in  FIG. 19 . Device  290  may be characterized as a thimble, having an internal volume defined by axially extending ribs  292  and circumferentially circumscribing bands  294 . Together, the ribs  292  and bands  294  form a plurality of apertures  296 . A quantity of emanator material, such as  262 ″ or  282 , is placed into the internal volume of container  290 , and a cap  298  may be installed to confine the material in place. Desirably, the apertures  296  are sized sufficiently small as to resist escape of a fluid-like material  282 . Provision, such as a loop  300 , may be included to facilitate suspending device  290  in use as an air freshener. A device  290  may be embodied for direct contact with clothes in a clothes drier, thereby imparting a fresh scent to drying clothes. 
     Example 1 
     A piece of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) weighing 6.198 grams was dipped into a sufficient quantity of citrus fragrance oil as to be fully submerged. After 12 hours at about 30° C., the SBR piece was removed, dried by paper towels, and weighed. The resulting weight was 14.688 grams. Therefore, the total weight gain was 8.49 grams. That constitutes a weight gain of over 100% at about 30° C. Then, the piece of SBR was placed into a bathroom having an approximately 120 ft 2  floor, and the citrus smell filled the room and was initially strong. The citrus smell persisted for more than 30 days. 
     Various different types of SBR were tested to evaluate the absorption capacity of the rubber under ambient conditions. (It should be noted that SBS is also workable as an emanator or carrier material). The samples tested had different sources and different thicknesses. Pierced and unpierced samples were also tested. Seven different fragrances were used for absorption tests. The soak times varied from 3 to 6 days for various tests. However, it was established that 3 days was the adequate time period to achieve close to maximum absorption. All tests were conducted at room temperature (72° F.) and weights were measured before and after the soak. The first test was conducted on urinal screen samples similar to those as shown in  FIG. 1  and two 1″×1″ additional samples. The SBR used was 1/16″ thick, red in color and 70-75 A durometer. The results showed that different fragrances differed in their absorption limits. 
     A test was conducted to evaluate the effect of thickness and piercing on the SBR fragrance absorption. One set of samples was prepared for each of the seven fragrances. Each set consisted of four 1″×1″ samples, two each of the two thicknesses, 1/16″ and 1/32″. Also, one sample from each thickness set was pierced with a Philips head screwdriver to create divots. These were soaked in the fragrances and the results showed that the thinner samples absorbed more weight % of fragrance than the thicker samples. Also, the piercing made very little difference in the absorption capability (2% more weight gain). 
     Another test was conducted using SBR from two alternative sources. Three samples were prepared per fragrance. Each set of three samples comprised one sample from alternative source  1  and two samples from alternative source  2 . The two samples from alternative source  2  had different durometers (75 A and 90 A) while the sample from alternative source  1  had a 75 A durometer. The samples were slightly more than 1/16″ thick. The source made a huge difference on the absorption capacity of the SBR. The amount of styrene or butadiene may be responsible for the difference in the absorption capability. 
     Thinner SBR ( 1/32″ thick) from alternative source  2  was then tested to observe its capability. The absorption capacity increased in most cases. Based on the above tests it can be concluded that SBR has the capability to absorb 5 to 60% of its weight of fragrance. 
     Example 2 
     Another sheet of SBR rubber sheet was pierced by a sharp knife at several places to promote an increase in surface area. The perforated rubber sheet was then dipped into fragrance. After about 24 hours in an approximately 35° C. environment, the sheet absorbed more than 75% of its weight in fragrance. 
     It has been observed that the styrene portion of styrene-based materials can absorb fragrant oil and form a glue-like substance when exposed to liquid scented oil at a temperature between about 25° C. and about 50° C. A trigger event that appears to cause the phase transition between a solid polymer and a glue-like material is addition to the polymer of about 50% (by weight) of fragrance. Preferably, about 75% to 150% of the weight of the styrene-based material will be absorbed during the process to transform a solid polymer into a glue-like fragrant material. 
     It has also been observed that EPDM and Natural Gum rubbers may also absorb more than about 50% of their weight in fragrant oil, simply by submersion in fragrant oil at substantially ambient temperature for a sufficient length of time. Furthermore, cellulosic rubbers have been observed to operate in a similar manner. 
     Example 3 
     In one experiment, 1 g of polystyrene foam obtained from a crushed-up foam coffee cup was placed in a polypropylene cup. 1 g of fragrance was added to the polypropylene cup to bathe the crushed-up foam polystyrene. The fragrance was totally absorbed for a 100% weight gain. Although stirring was not part of the procedure, a viscosity change was detected at an estimated 75% weight gain. After about 4 hours, a fragrant glue was formed from the combination. The fragrant glue was very sticky, and would stick to any surface, especially porous surfaces like paper, cloth, etc. Furthermore, the fragrant glue appears to emit fragrance at a controlled rate. The fragrant glue-like substance was viscous, and would slowly extend in a drip-like extension from a stirring stick used to pick up the mixture. The thusly-formed fragrant glue was placed in a central container of an air freshener device, such as container  130  in  FIGS. 3 and 4 ; the air freshener device was placed in the sink of the aforementioned bathroom; and fragrance level in the bathroom was monitored. The fragrance level was humanly appreciable and relatively constant for a period of time in excess of 18 days. 
     It has been observed that after losing 20-30% of the fragrance, the “stickiness” decreased. The resulting material then possessed a tacky property similar to a “post-it” note, or glue used to affix a removable object to a substrate. The object can then be removed without retaining residual adhesive, or the adhesive may be easily removed. 
     The embodiment generally indicated at  310  in  FIG. 20  includes an EPDM rubber tube  312 , in which may be confined a fragrance or other fluid  314 . Tube  312  is capped on its open ends by polypropylene stoppers  316  to resist undesired loss of fluid  314 . A plurality of through-thickness punctures or piercings  318  can be created by piercing the tube  312  with a sharp knife. Punctures  318  inherently form very small apertures through which fragrance or other fluids may slowly diffuse to the outer surface for evaporation there-on, or dripping there-from. That is, rubber, and rubber-like materials tend to self-heal to form very small apertures that can permit a slow migration of fluid, or even substantially or completely resist fluid flow. Punctures  318  may also increase the effective surface area of the tube  312 . In this kind of punctured embodiment, virtually any sort of rubber, or rubber-like compound, and even some plastic, or plastic-like materials, may be workable. 
     For example, the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 21  and generally indicated at  330  includes a container  332  pierced by a plurality of punctures  318 . Container  332  may be formed from virtually any rubber, or rubber-like compound, and even some plastic, or plastic-like materials. Bulk fluid  314  migrates through the slits  318  and is dispersed by emanator  334 . A workable emanator may be made from paper, or other material that can absorb and disperse fluid for evaporation from an external surface. A stopper  316 ′ includes a fill-aperture  336  that is capped by foil wrapper  338  to resist undesired fluid escape. A fan  340  may sometimes be included to assist in dispersing scent into the environment in which the device  330  is placed into service. In fact, such a fan  340  may be included in any embodiment of the invention, as desired. 
     Another embodiment is illustrated in  FIGS. 22 and 23 , and generally indicated at  350 . Embodiment  350  is somewhat analogous to bubble wrap that is used to protect items during shipping. Bubbles, one of which is generally indicated at  352 , are formed between top sheet  354  and substrate  356 . A beneficial fluid may be loaded into the interior  358  of a plurality of bubbles. Either, or both, of top sheet  354  and substrate  356  may be formed from a rubber or polymer to form an emanator. Beneficial fluids encompass fragrant oils, mosquito repellant, drain cleaners, and the like. The illustrated embodiment  350  is structured to release the bulk fluids at a slow and controlled rate into the local atmosphere or environment in which embodiment  350  is placed into service. 
     By local atmosphere or environment, it is intended to mean a volume disposed in the vicinity of a deployed device. For example, a local atmosphere may encompass the volume defined by a room in a dwelling or an equivalent space in which a dispensing device is deployed. One such room might encompass a bathroom having a floor sized about 12 feet by 15 feet, or so. Another local environment may be defined by the volume inside a clothes closet. Another local environment may be defined by the volume inside an automobile. 
     An air freshener according to certain principles of the invention may be very simply manufactured. As illustrated in  FIG. 24 , an item may be molded or otherwise manufactured in substantially final form from a workable absorbant/releasant carrier material, such as the various rubbers described above, or a material having high surface area per unit weight, or other workable material or combination of materials. The item is desirably provided in substantially final form as indicated in box  360 . Then, the item is placed into contact with a quantity of volatile fluid, as indicated in box  362 . The fluid is absorbed or infused into the item at substantially ambient conditions (e.g. between about 20° C. and about 50° C.). Time of contact by fluid can be controlled to cause a desired amount of fluid uptake by the item. The result becomes a finished item, ready for service, as indicated in box  364 . 
     Example 4 
     An embodiment structured according to  FIG. 20  was made from a 2 inch length of about 1 inch diameter EPDM tube having a wall thickness of about 1 mm. Several piercings were made in the lower portion of the tube using a sharp knife. A polypropylene stopper was inserted into the bottom, and the tube was half-filled with fragrance. The tube was then sealed with a top polypropylene stopper, and the assembly was placed into an open container. The container was placed into a small bathroom, where the fragrance emanation has remained humanly detectable at a strong level for over 28 days. 
     Example 5 
     An embodiment similar to  FIG. 1  as mentioned in EXAMPLE 1 was tested for fragrance delivery in a urinal environment. The Urinal Cover samples consisted of one sheet of 1/16″ thick red SBR with 70-75 A durometer. They were soaked in six different fragrances and were then tested for fragrance delivery. Two samples were tested per fragrance. One sample was placed submerged in a water trough while one sample was kept unsubmerged. The sample in the trough was to simulate urinals which retain water while the unsubmerged sample was meant to simulate urinals that do not retain any water after flushing. Urea was added to the trough containing the submerged sample and it was left for an hour. This water was drained over the unsubmerged sample to simulate the flushing action for both the samples. Water with urea was then added to the submerged sample and then the process was repeated every hour for nine hours to simulate an office environment use. Samples from all six fragrances were tested this way. 
     The tests showed that the samples delivered fragrance for more than 20 days. They also delivered between 85 to 95% of the absorbed fragrance indicating a minimum waste in fragrance used. The fragrance delivery rates were comparable if not higher than those obtained from existing market products. Also, the amount of fragrance delivered was a lot higher than the existing market products. The fragrance level was humanly perceptible even towards the end of the testing period. 
     The terms “fragrance” and “fragrant oil”, and the like are sometimes employed as a convenience in this disclosure to characterize bulk volatile fluids. These terms are intended to encompass any volatile or beneficial fluid or agent, irrespective of any scent characteristic of the fluid. Beneficial agents include volatile and non-volatile fluids that are beneficial for the environment surrounding the emanation of such fluids. Exemplary beneficial agents nonexclusively include mosquito repellant, citric oils, cleaners, deodorizers, moisturizing liquids, air care products, medicinal fluids, and the like. 
     Exemplary materials for use as an absorber/releaser carrier substrate for use as an emanator in certain embodiment of the invention include styrene-based polymers such as: acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS), styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene (SEPS), and combinations thereof; and operable styrene-based rubbers non-exclusively include: styrene-butadiene-rubber. As previously mentioned, EPDM, Natural rubbers, and cellulosic rubbers are also operable, among other workable compositions. An emanator may be fashioned from butadiene-based polymer materials, and combinations of styrene-butadiene-based materials. It has recently been discovered that ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) can make a workable up-taking/releasing emanator. 
     Other workable up-taking/releasing carrier substrates include paper mâchè (and its modern derivatives or alternatives) and plastic clay. Paper mâchè is commercially available under the trade name CelluClay (e.g., world wide web activaproducts.com). Additional sources for paper mâchè (sold by Amaco, Blick&#39;s, and Jovi) may be located on the world wide web at dickblick.com/categories/crafts/paper/paper-mache/. Paper mâchè can be molded or otherwise formed into a desired shape, air dried, and then infused with volatile fluid under ambient conditions to create a long-lasting emanator of volatile fluid vapor. For purpose of this disclosure, and unless specifically set forth in context, the term “paper mâchè” is intended to encompass conventional embodiments, wherein strips of paper are bonded together with a paste or glue, as well as modern embodiments, wherein paper or cellulose is ground up, and mixed with dry paste powder. Experimental data showing the long-term off-gassing of imbibed volatile fluid at a relatively constant rate by weight loss measured in each exemplary specimen manufactured from CelluClay vs. elapsed time is shown in  FIG. 66 . 
     Plastic clay is found in localized deposits at a handful of locations around the world. It&#39;s a sedimentary material, made from kaolinite, or decomposed granite that has been mixed through river action with other clays, sands, gravel and vegetation. Similar to paper mâchè, it can also be molded or shaped into a final form product that can then be infused with volatile fluid under ambient conditions to form a long-lasting emanator of volatile fluid vapor. 
     Furthermore, heat-shrinkable polymeric material and nano-porous polymeric material are also workable to form emanating containers in which to confine bulk volatile fluid. That is, in certain preferred embodiments, a portion of the walls of a container inherently forms an operable emanator. While a container wall may substantially confine bulk fluid, bulk volatile fluid may sometimes slowly migrate through the wall for sustained release of volatile fluid in vapor phase to the local environment. In certain other embodiments, a workable carrier material is simply preloaded at ambient temperature condition, and used as a sustained-release emanator. 
     Also, as previously indicated, certain embodiments are operable even if the base material used to confine a bulk fluid does not significantly absorb and subsequently release the bulk fluid (i.e. a fragrance, volatile oil, or other beneficial fluid) at approximately ambient temperatures on the planet Earth. For example, no significant fragrant oil uptake was observed for Silicone rubber, polypropylene, polyethylene, acrylic rubbers, and PVC at approximately room temperature (about 20° C.). However, embodiments structured according to certain principles of the invention may encompass a bulk fluid container made from, or including, one or more of such materials. 
     A workable embodiment may include an emanator that can be structured to include microporous or nanoporous elements. Further, a workable emanator can include microchannels. A workable emanator can sometimes be thought of as including certain characteristics of a sponge, and structured accordingly. For example,  FIG. 25  illustrates a portion of a microchannel emanator. The illustrated emanator, generally indicated at  370 , is formed by a series of stacked and bonded-together sheets and spacers. Any number of sheets and spacers may be employed, as desired. A small sample is illustrated for convenience. Top sheet  272 , middle sheet  274 , and bottom sheet  276  form top and bottom surfaces for contact with fragrance fluids. A plurality of spacers  378  form sides, or walls, of a plurality of microchannels  380 , in which to receive a fragrant fluid. The fragrance can be injected into, or aspired subsequent to evacuation of air from, the channels  380 . 
     Preferably, the sheets  272 ,  274 , and  276  are formed from a material that absorbs (or somehow uptakes) and subsequently emanates fragrance. However, certain alternative embodiments may rely only upon evaporation or emanation of scent from the open ends of the microchannels  380 . Microchannels can be sized in any workable range operable to maintain capillary attraction to the fragrant fluid employed in a device. For non-limiting example, channel height can be between 10 and 100 μm; channel width can be 10 to 500 μm; and sheets can be 50 to 200 μm thick, or so. 
     It is within contemplation that certain embodiments may include a heating element to facilitate, or accelerate, emanation of fragrance. For example,  FIG. 26  illustrates a heated embodiment, generally indicated at  390 , which includes an emanator  392  that is warmed by a heating element  394 . An operable heating element  394  may be battery operated, or obtain electrical energy by a conventional cord-and-outlet arrangement. A workable dispensing device may be structured to include a combination of elements that are individually extracted from any of the various embodiments described in this disclosure. 
       FIG. 27  illustrates a dispensing device, generally  400 , particularly adapted for use in a urinal air freshening application. A support  402  is pierced by drain holes  404  and carries splash-resisting or splash knock-down bristles  408 . Certain embodiments desirably carry a life-indicator, such as dye-indicator strip  412 . Preferably, a life-indicating element such as  412  is visible during the time the device  400  is in service, and provides a visual indication of the remaining operable life of the device  400 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 28 , illustrated support  402  is a cover or shell that carries a plurality of upstanding closely spaced-apart bristles  408  configured to disperse a stream of fluid as an operable splash-guard to resist splash of that fluid. Reduction in splash of urine provides an improved health and cleanliness benefit. Cover  402  also forms a housing in which to dispose an air freshening element, such as emanator  416 . Desirably, a cover  402  may be formed from a low-cost polymer, plastic or plastic-like material, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, recycled polymer material, PVC, and the like. A cooperating emanator  416  may be formed from a more expensive material or combination of materials, and then added to, or otherwise carried by, a support such as cover  402 . An operable emanator  416  may be formed by a suitably shaped piece of carrier material (such as SBR, TPU, EVA, paper mache, and plastic clay, or a high surface area material having a surface area greater than 100 m 2 /g) that is pre-loaded or infused with a fragrant volatile fluid, and may be configured as a replaceable insert, cartridge, or element. Legs  110 , or other support structures, may be provided to operably interface with cooperating structure present at a particular deployment location. 
     A similar embodiment  400 ′ illustrated in  FIG. 29  further includes a dedicated dispenser  146  for a drain cleaning solution. Bristles  408  are configured to disrupt and resist splash of a fluid stream. Alternative hollow bristles  408 ′ that serve the same splash-resistance or knock-down function may be provided to enhance release of fragrance from an emanator  416  that is disposed underneath a cover or support  402 . Again, a splash guard  148  may be provided to resist fluid entrance into a vent of the drain cleaner assembly  146 . 
       FIG. 30  illustrates manufacture of a workable life-indicating strip  412 . A workable carrier substrate, such as a length of styrene-based polymer material  418 , is placed into a container  420  and submerged in a fluid dye  422 . Fluid  422  may also include a fragrant volatile fluid, and thereby form a dual-purpose life-indicating and fragrance-dispensing element  412 . An indicator structure may be formed by combining a dye with a volatile fluid (e.g., fragrant oil, acetone, etc.), and applying that fluid to a carrier substrate. An indicating glue may even be formed after the substrate absorbs a sufficient quantity of the volatile fluid. As shown in  FIG. 31 , an indicator strip  412 A is initially fully dark or colored prior to deployment of a dispensing device, such as dispensing device  400  in  FIG. 27 . The color or intensity of color of indicator  412  gradually decreases as indicated by  412 B,  412 C,  412 D, and  412 E. Desirably, the change in intensity or color is approximately linear and relatively constant during the life of the dispensing device, so by the time the indicator  412  is in expired condition as indicated at  412 E, the fragrance-dispensing capability of the representative device  400  is also nearly or completely expired. 
       FIGS. 32 and 33  illustrate another variation of a dispensing device, generally indicated at  440 , adapted as a urinal air freshener within the ambit of the invention. Dispensing device  440  includes a cover  402  that advantageously may be made from various low-cost polymer materials, such as polyethylene, and the like. A holder, generally  444 , receives a fragrant element  448 , and a drain cleaning fluid dispenser  452 . The holder  444  and/or one or more foot element  110  may be structured to interface with 3-dimensional structure in an area in which the device  440  is deployed. A preferred fragrant element  448  includes a fragrance-infused polymer material, such as SBR. A workable drain cleaning fluid dispenser  452  may release fluid under influence of gravity, or in accordance with any of the previously-described embodiments of fragrance or volatile or cleaning fluids, or combinations thereof. Either or both of elements  448  and  452  may be made as replaceable cartridges structured for cooperating reception in holder  444 . 
       FIGS. 34 through 36  illustrate details of a size-adjustable embodiment, generally indicated at  460 . Sometimes, it is desirable to change the amount of an active agent a dispensing device will broadcast into an environment. Other times, it may be desirable to change a deployable size of a working surface area to fit into a particular space. As illustrated, embodiment  460  can be configured to change its deployed working area to fit into a urinal of a particular size. Embodiment  460  includes column and row spacer elements that are structured to be additive or subtractive. One or more column  464  of spacer elements may be removed or added to change the width of the device  460 . Similarly, one or more row  468  of spacer elements may be removed or added to change a length of the device  460 . A backing element  472  may be provided to reinforce an assembly against undesired separation of spacer elements. If a row  468  or column  464  is removed, the sides remaining behind are structured to connect together. In the illustrated embodiment  460 , the elements fit together like puzzle pieces. However, alternative connection structures (e.g. snaps, hook-and-loop, interlocking tongue-and-grove, etc.) are also operable. More complex spacer shapes are contemplated to permit alternative changes in shape of a working surface area. 
       FIGS. 37 and 38  illustrate two embodiments that each have size-variable deployment areas  478 . The snake-like embodiment, generally  480 , in  FIG. 37  includes a plurality of constituent elements  482  disposed in an end-to-end, or front-to-back coupling assembly. A front surface of each coupling element  482  carries male coupling structure  484 , and a back end of each element  480  carries cooperating female coupling structure. An elongate or snake-like body of any desired length may be assembled from the requisite number of elements  482 . In the illustrated embodiment  480 , the coupling structures and bodies may be structured from or comprise materials operable to provide sufficient flexibility as to permit bending the assembly into a spiral or other nonlinear shape. 
     The monolithic embodiment, generally  490 , in  FIG. 38  similarly has constituent elements  492  having cooperating male and female connection structures disposed at opposite ends.  FIG. 39  illustrates one example, generally indicated at  494 , of workable male coupling structure. Individual coupling elements  482 ,  492  may be made from a carrier material that is infused with a desired quantity of a volatile fluid, such as a fragrant oil. 
     A deployed area  478  inherently contains a number of constituent coupling elements. Each constituent element makes a contribution by providing a surface area from which volatile fluid may evaporate to dispense an agent into the local atmosphere. A larger deployed area  478  exhibits a more apparent and detectable distribution of active or operable agent to a local environment compared to a smaller deployed area. When a device, such as  480  or  490 , is an air freshener, the assembled area  478  forms an emanator. The larger the deployed emanator area, the more scent that will be deployed to the local environment. Therefore, an air freshener, such as distribution device  480  or  490 , may be assembled and sized to operate to a desired extent (e.g., broadcast a scent at a desired detection level) in a plurality of environments having different sizes. 
     Sometimes, it is desirable to prove structure arranged to enhance release of volatile fluid molecules from an emanator, or to maintain emanation of a volatile agent at or near an initial pace. A few non-limiting examples are illustrated in  FIGS. 40-45 . Certain embodiments may include fluid distribution structure configured to maintain an enhanced wetted emanator surface area size as the volatile fluid is depleted. An enhanced wetted surface area is larger than the area that would conventionally be wetted as the fluid is depleted. For example, the wetted area of a cylindrical container of fluid is conventionally reduced in concert with reduction in height or depth of fluid as the fluid is dispensed to the local environment. That is, part of the potential emanator area may effectively become dry in certain embodiments that lack the enhanced wetted area functionality. 
     The embodiment indicated at  520  in  FIG. 40  shows a vibrating element, such as magnetically attracted disk  524 , arranged to impart mechanical energy to an emanator surface of pouch  528 . A workable pouch  528  may be formed from tubular heat-shrinkable polymer or nano-porous material. An exemplary heat shrinkable material exhibits a 2:1 shrink ratio. Ends of such a tube may be heat sealed to form a container or pouch  528  in which to hold a quantity of volatile fluid, or a source of volatile fluid, and walls of the pouch can also operate as an emanator. One side of the disk  524  is affixed to a surface or wall of pouch  528 . The other side of disk  524  is normally biased away from the intermittent magnet  532  by way of spring  536 . Oscillation of the magnetic field from magnet  532  causes the disk  524  to shake a wall of pouch  528 , and thereby, increases diffusion and causes an enhanced emanation of volatile fluid from pouch  528 . 
     The embodiment generally indicated at  540  in  FIG. 41  shows application of an electric potential across a wall of a pouch  528 . Electrode  544  is disposed external to the pouch  528 . Electrode  548  is disposed inside the pouch  528  and is wetted by volatile fluid. A voltage source, generally  552 , is connected to the electrodes  544  and  548 . Application of a potential across the pouch wall may assist in, or enhance, emanation of volatile fluid molecules from the pouch  528 . 
     The embodiment generally indicated at  560  in  FIG. 42  shows a pouch  528  carrying an internally disposed gas-generating compound, along with a volatile fluid. Moisture present in the local environment may diffuse through the wall of pouch  528  and interact with the gas-generating compound  564 . The generated gas can increase internal pressure inside pouch  528 , and thereby, enhance emanation of volatile fluid molecules from the pouch  528 . An operable gas-generating compound includes citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Moisture may alternatively be applied in other ways, as desired. 
     The embodiment generally indicated at  570  in  FIG. 43  shows a pouch  528  carrying an internally disposed wicking element  572 . A workable wicking element  572  can be saturated by volatile fluid, or be disposed in an excess quantity of volatile fluid, and is operable to distribute that fluid to wet the inner surface of a pouch  528  or other container. In that way, the wetted emanator surface can remain essentially the same size as the original deployed wetted surface during the entire time that the volatile fluid is evaporating from an exterior emanator surface. The operable exterior emanator evaporation surface can remain at the corresponding same deployed size. Therefore, when the volatile fluid produces a scent, the scent can remain substantially constant to human perception over a longer period of the operable life of a broadcast or distribution device in which a constant emanator-area device, such as embodiment  570 , is deployed. An exemplary wicking element  572  is a sponge. 
     A mechanical device may sometimes be employed to maintain an enhanced size of an emanator surface in a wetted condition. For example, the air freshener device generally indicated at  576  in  FIGS. 44 and 45  is structured to rotate a container  578  of volatile fluid operably to apply volatile fluid to a larger area of emanator than would be the case if the container  578  were stationary. Embodiment  576  includes a housing or body  582  in which are held the control system  582 , motor  584 , and power supply  586 . A workable power supply  586  may include a rechargeable battery, or super capacitor. Alternatively, a cord may be provided for plugging in to an electric outlet. Certain embodiments may include a charging device in-circuit with the power supply, such as solar cell array  588 . 
     Body  580  includes a plurality of openings  590 , through which air may circulate to dispense an agent into the local environment. The agent typically includes molecules of a scented volatile fluid  592 , which evaporate from the evaporation surface  594  of the emanator  596 . Volatile fluid  592  diffuses through the emanator  596  from a wetted side to the evaporation surface  594 . Again an operable membrane/emanator  596  may be formed from a heat-shrinkable polymer material or nano-porous material. It can be seen that as the fluid level  598  drops, rotation of container  578  causes membrane  596  to pass through the pool of fluid  592 , thereby maintaining a larger wetted surface area. It is within contemplation to dispose an alternative or supplemental membrane/emanator  596  on the circumferential surface of container  578  as indicated at  600  in  FIG. 45 . In that case, the circumferential surface  600  will operate as an emanator that is wetted by rotation of the container  578  until the fluid  592  is completely consumed. That is, rotation  602  of the container  578  moves surface  600  through a bath of fluid  592  until the fluid is depleted and the corresponding agent is fully broadcast into the local environment. 
     Another embodiment according to certain principles of the instant invention includes high-surface area adsorbent materials that are loaded with a volatile fluid. For purpose of this disclosure, a high-surface area material is a material that exhibits greater than about 10 m 2 /g of surface area to weight or mass on the surface of the Earth. The fluid-loaded adsorbent materials may be employed directly as a stand-alone emanator, or may be disposed inside a container of some sort. Exemplary adsorbent materials include molecular sieves, zoolites, silica, silica gells, activated carbon, high surface area metal powders such as Iron, Magnesium, and activated Alumina, and the like. A workable container may operate, for example, to maintain a collection of adsorbent material (e.g., in pellet or granular form, or in the form of a quantity of powder), in an organized state and in a desirably small volume. Certain containers simply look nice to a consumer. A currently preferred container is manufactured from a membrane, especially including a membrane formed from heat-shrinkable polymer material or nano-porous polymer material, wet cell battery separator, and the like. When present, the membrane desirably operates as an emanator. 
     Exemplary embodiments with an emanator that includes high-surface area adsorbent materials are illustrated in  FIGS. 46 through 48 . The embodiment indicated generally at  610  in  FIG. 46  includes a plurality of activated Alumina pellets  612  disposed inside a pouch  528 . The pellets  612  may be pre-loaded with volatile fluid, or may be bathed in an excess quantity of volatile fluid inside the pouch  528 . Preferred embodiments include heat-sealed ends  614 . An advantage provided by certain pre-loaded pellets  612  is that, in the event of rupture of the pouch  528 , the volatile fluid is confined to the pellets, and will not cause a fluid spill and attendant stain of a surface on which the pellets  612  fall. Pre-loaded pellets may provide a form of solidized volatile fluid in which volatile fluid is confined inside the pellets, but vapor may be emitted from the pellets. A resulting emanator of solidized volatile fluid is leak-proof. 
     An exemplary embodiment  610  was formed from high-surface activated alumina pellets  612  obtained from the Alfa-Aesar company. Alph Aesar Company has a web site located at world wide web alfa.com. The pellets  612  were placed in a 300 degrees C. environment for a period of 24 hours to drive off any adsorbed moisture, then cooled to room temperature. 15 grams of fragrant volatile fluid was added to 20 grams of Alumina pellets  612  at room temperature. A vacuum was then applied to the mixture to remove any adsorbed air from the pellets. It was observed that all of the volatile fluid was adsorbed by the pellets  612 . The loaded pellets were then encased in polyolefin heat-shrinkable tubing exhibiting a 2:1 shrink ratio. Ends of the tube were heat-sealed as indicated generally at  614 . The resulting container  528  was exposed to a local atmosphere, and delivery of the volatile fluid molecules to the local environment was measured as a function of time. Results of the measured change in container weight over time are presented in  FIG. 49 . It is within contemplation that loaded pellets  612  (or other forms of high-surface area materials) may be employed directly as an emanator, as indicated generally at  616  in  FIG. 48 . 
     Another embodiment is indicated generally at  620  in  FIG. 47 . Embodiment  620  was made by extracting high-surface area γ Alumina powder straight from a bottle, e.g., without additional processing to remove moisture. The particle size of the powder was between about 150 to about 200 microns. A total of five g of γ Alumina powder was added to 4 cc of fragrance (e.g., a volatile fluid). The Alumina soaked up all of the fragrance. The loaded powder  618  was then disposed in volume  620  inside a polyolefin heat-shrinkable tubing exhibiting a 2:1 shrink ratio. Ends of the tube were heat-sealed as indicated at  614 . The resulting container  528  was exposed to a local atmosphere, and delivery of the volatile fluid molecules to the local environment was measured as a function of time. Results of the measured change in container weight over time are presented in  FIG. 50 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 51 , an air freshening emanator  620  according to certain principles of the invention may be embodied as a replaceable cartridge  622 . Exemplary cartridges  622  are structured for cooperation with an attractive holder  624 . A holder  624  and cartridge may be structured to permit naturally occurring air currents to convey the emanations for distribution into the local environment. However, a fan or other element may be provided to assist in delivering a desired quantity of air-freshening agent in a particular volume. When the air freshening capacity of a cartridge  622  is sufficiently diminished, the spent cartridge  622  may be exchanged for a fresh replacement cartridge  622 . Certain embodiments may include visual feedback to indicate remaining useful life, as described in detail above. Sometimes, a cartridge  622  may be used in single or serial consumption on its own, without a holder  624 . Also, a holder  624  may be structured to contain a plurality of cartridges  622  for use in parallel, and the number of installed cartridges may be increased as desired e.g., to treat a larger volume. 
     The exemplary emanator  620  illustrated in  FIG. 52  includes a container  626  and a lid  628 . Sometimes, the lid  628  may not be included. A quantity of volatile fluid-loaded emanating material  630  (e.g., fragrance-loaded, or fragrant oil-loaded) is held inside the container  626 . A workable container  626  may be structured like a conventional paper cup. Desirably, the wall, floor, and/or lid  628  of the cup is made from a material that is absorbent and emanating of volatile fluid, such as certain of the materials described above in connection with other embodiments. In that case, fluid can be transported from inside the container  626  and the wall, floor, and/or lid  628  forms a surface of enhanced size from which the volatile fluid may evaporate to dispense volatile fluid into the environment. It has been determined that plain paper works quite well as an emanating wall  626 . Porous cellulose paper, such as a commercially available bathroom paper towel, or blotter paper, can form exemplary embodiments of an emanator. Other emanating materials discussed above are also workable. 
     In  FIG. 52 , the wall  632  of container  626  provides sufficient structural support to hold the material  630  in a particular shape. Although material  630  in  FIG. 52  is illustrated as a solid mass, alternative particulate and other arrangements are workable. It is within contemplation that alternative containers may require a support of some sort to maintain a shape. The wall  632  also emanates the volatile fluid, so serves a plurality of purposes. Among over functions, a wall  632  may also be infused with a dye agent to indicate remaining useful service life. A wall  632  may also carry attractive visual decorations, as is known in the art. 
     A volatile fluid-loaded material, such as emanating material  630  in  FIG. 52 , may include one or more material and be made as variously described above. It is currently preferred for a material  630  to encompass one or more primarily adsorbent material having a surface area greater than about 10 m 2 /g, 20 m 2 /g, 30 m 2 /g, 40 m 2 /g, 50 m 2 /g, 60 m 2 /g, 70 m 2 /g, 80 m 2 /g, 90 m 2 /g, or 100 m 2 /g. More preferred adsorbent materials have a surface area that is greater than about 200 m 2 /g. Exemplary such materials include ceramic materials, Alumina, γ-form Alumina, Silica, ceramic, activated carbon, carbon black, molecular sieves, and zeolite. Some operable adsorbent materials may possess a surface area of 300 m 2 /g, or 350 m 2 /g, or more. 
     Fluid uptake for an adsorbent material may be characterized as a surface area phenomenon. It has been observed that certain high-surface area carrier materials have greater affinity to water molecules than to certain volatile fluids. Consequently, volatile fluid is displaced from the carrier material by the application of moisture to, or equivalently, uptake of moisture by, the carrier material. 
     The various constituent material(s) may be in powder, meal, granular, bead, chunk, briquette, brick, or larger-scale form. Currently preferred adsorbent material may be deployed in spherical bead form and having a diameter of ⅛ inches, ¼ inches, ⅜ inches, ½ inches, or more, and sometimes, less. Sometimes, a volatile fluid emanating material  630  may be manufactured to resemble bread or cookie dough, or even glue having a selectable range of viscosity from paste to thin syrup. It is within contemplation that net-shape objects of any desired shape may be manufactured to include one or more such high surface area adsorbent material for use in certain embodiments. For example, a component may be injection-, or otherwise molded to include one of the aforementioned materials, then loaded with a volatile fluid to form an emanating structure having a defined shape. One workable way to load a component with volatile fluid is by soaking the component in the volatile fluid for a period of time at ambient conditions, as detailed above. 
     Sometimes, a volatile fluid-loaded material  630  may be, or include, one or more primarily absorbent material. Absorption can be characterized as a bulk phenomena. An absorbent material typically releases volatile fluid more rapidly to the environment than an adsorbent material, so for non-limiting example, can provide a strong initial burst of air freshening. In contrast, an adsorbent material tends to exhibit slower release, and at a more sustained rate, of volatile fluid over a longer period of time. A workable absorbent material includes cellular foam, such as would be employed in manufacture of a cellulose or polymer sponge. Other workable volatile fluid-imbibing materials include paper, such as cellulose paper or porous polymer paper, paper mâchè, plastic clay, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), other porous polymer materials, foams made from polymers including polystyrene and polybutadiene, polystyrene-based and polybutadiene-based rubber, plastic of various compositions and configurations, and other absorbent materials, matted or arranged fibrous material, cotton, and the like, including combinations of a plurality of constituent elements set forth in this disclosure. One workable polystyrene foam includes material used in the ubiquitous foam coffee cup. Desirably, the imbibing material into which volatile fluid is to be dispersed or loaded is inert to the volatile fluid, or at least exhibits a benign reaction when the two are in contact. 
     A volatile fluid-loaded material  630  may include a mix of any suitable materials mentioned or suggested in this disclosure. Further, one or more such material may be carried in a matrix of other material, such as blended into a stream of plastic for injection molding. One or more additional beneficial agent may also be included, such as a selected commercially available enzymatic formulation for drain cleaning, or a gas-generating compound to promote transfer of volatile fluid vapor to the local environment. Several microbe-based enzymatic formulations are commercially available that are biodegradable. An exemplary gas-generating compound includes a metal carbonate with a solid acid, such as Calcium carbonate with citric acid. Moisture present in the local environment may be sufficient to generate gas from the gas-generating compound to facilitate, or enhance, delivery of volatile fluid vapor to that environment. 
     It has been found that powder made from a commercially available cellulose sponge can make a very desirable emanating structure. A commercially available cellulose sponge was soaked in water, frozen, and then crushed into a powder form in a blender. Remnant moisture in the thus-obtained and thawed foam powder may be removed prior to loading with a volatile fluid. For example, shredded or powdered foam may be dried by heating under vacuum for a period of time (e.g., 24 hours) at 60 to 80° C. The resulting absorbent foam powder, or meal, can be mixed with one or more adsorbent powder and a volatile fluid, like a fragrance, to make an emanating substance that resembles bread or cookie dough. 
     An exemplary emanating dough can be made according to the formula: 4 to 10 g cellulose foam powder; plus 10 to 30 g high surface area (&gt;200 m 2 /g) γ Alumina powder; plus 25 to 70 ml of fragrant oil. Sometimes a solvent, such as acetone, may be included in the mix, as well as one or more other material(s) to accomplish a particular objective. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 53 , an exemplary emanator cartridge, generally indicated at  640 , includes a cage  642 , a top puck  644 , a bottom puck  646 , and a divider wall  648 . Cage  642  provides a porous skeleton or framework to define a vented overall shape for the cartridge  640 , and can be made from plastic, such as polypropylene. Alternative embodiments may include fewer or more constituent elements. For example, a workable embodiment may include only the skeleton, a quantity of beads, and a bottom cap, which may be plastic and/or sponge. Another embodiment may further include a top cap, which may be plastic and/or sponge. Another workable embodiment may include only the skeleton, a quantity of beads, and a dividing wall, which may be plastic and/or sponge. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 53 , top puck  644  and bottom puck  646  are structured to fill the opposite end openings of the cage  642 , and can act as cap elements. Wall  648  also spans across the cage and divides the cage  642  into compartments. In similar manner, additional walls may be provided to form additional compartments, if desired. It is currently preferred for one or more of pucks  644 ,  646  and wall  648  to be made from an absorbent material for rapid uptake and release of volatile fluid to the environment. An operable absorbent material includes a commercially available open-celled cellulose sponge, or other plastic or polymer sponge. When employed as an air freshener, the absorbent material provides a burst of fragrance to the environment upon deployment of the cartridge  640 , and the adsorbent material provides a sustained product life. In a particular embodiment structured according to  FIG. 53 , 50 ml of fragrance was dispersed into the device; the top and bottom pucks were cellulose sponge material weighing about 1.5 g each, and the wall was a cellulose sponge weighing about 3 g, and the ¼ inch diameter Alumina beads weighed about 120 to 130 g. 
     During assembly, and indicated at A, a quantity of adsorbent material, generally  650 , is preloaded with volatile fluid  652  by soaking the adsorbent elements  650  in a container  654  of volatile fluid  652 . The bottom puck and wall  648  are installed in the cage  642  to define the compartments. The pre-loaded elements  650 ′ are placed into the cage  642  to fill the compartments, and top puck  644  is installed. At B, a volatile fluid  656  is infused into one or more of the absorbent pucks  644 ,  646  and wall  648 . An optional bottom cap  658  may be installed. A workable cap  658  may also be made from polypropylene. The completed cartridge  640  is illustrated at C. An exemplary adsorbent material may be selected from a material described above. The illustrated embodiment  640  includes Alumina elements  650  in spherical bead form, although other shapes of adsorbent material are also workable. It should be noted that volatile fluid  652  may be the same as volatile fluid  656 , or different, in that a plurality of different fluids may be employed. For example, a blend of different scents may be desired in certain cases. 
       FIG. 54  is an X-Y plot of the loss in weight of an emanator structured similar to the emanator  620  in  FIG. 52 . For the case illustrated in  FIG. 54 , the material  630  was made by blending 7.2 g cellulose foam powder and 16.8 g γ Alumina powder with 50 cc of fragrant oil. The Alumina and foam powder were first heat treated to remove moisture, then the fragrant oil was stirred into the combination of powders to form a dough. The dough was packed into a paper container, and covered with a top cover. Fragrant oil worked its way through, and evaporated into the local environment from the exterior of, the walls of the paper container. The weight of the thus-formed emanator was measured at intervals, and recorded in  FIG. 54 . The paper container operates as an emanator to disperse volatile vapor to the local environment. 
     A similar set of data is shown in  FIG. 55 , except that the emanator was structured similar to that illustrated in  FIG. 53 . For the case illustrated in  FIG. 55 , 78 g of Alumina beads having ¼ inch diameter were pre-loaded with 30 ml fragrant oil. It has been found that 100 g of Alumina beads will consistently adsorb about 40 g of fragrant oil. The wall and top and bottom pucks were made from ½ inch thick cellulose foam sponge material weighing in total 7 to 9 g, and the materials were loaded into a polypropylene screen/mesh tube having a 4 inch length, 2 inch diameter, and about 3/16 inch aperture size. A total of 20 ml of volatile fluid (a fragrant oil) was infused into the sponge materials. Weight of the thus-formed emanating cartridge was measured at intervals to generate  FIG. 55 . 
     Another emanating cartridge, generally indicated at  670 , is illustrated in  FIG. 56 . Cartridge  670  includes a cage, or framework-like skeleton  672  that is structured to define a shape of the device  670 . The skeleton  672  provides a plurality of vents, or windows  674 , through which vapor may emanate into the local atmosphere. An emanator  676  may be provided to confine material  630  that is loaded with volatile fluid. Illustrated emanator  676  cooperates with skeleton  672  to define a shape for the cartridge  670 , and can be made from any workable emanating material. Workable emanators  676  may be structured as a membrane, sack, bag, or more rigid element such as a skeleton or cage. Illustrated material  630  includes a plurality of small diameter adsorbent beads  678 , which would pour through the illustrated windows  674  without additional restraint. Of course, when material  630  is structured to remain confined within the skeleton  672  on its own, an emanator  676  may not be required. Also, an optional cap  680  and floor (not illustrated) may be provided in a cartridge  670 . 
     Another volatile fluid-emanating device, generally indicated at  690 , is illustrated in cross-section in  FIG. 57 . Device  690  is particularly structured for use as a urinal air freshener, and includes a support dish  692  in which are confined a plurality of volatile fluid-holding adsorbent beads  678 . Dish  692  includes a plurality of drain apertures  694 , and may be structured to provide a support perimeter  696  as required to fit into any of a variety of urinals. It is within contemplation that an alternative embodiment may not include a support dish, and may simply include beads sized for direct application into a urinal bowl. Certain embodiments  690  may also include a drain cleaner (such as a plurality of cleaning beads  698 ) and a life-indicator (such as a plurality of color-changing beads  700 ). 
     The beads illustrated in  FIG. 57  are sized on the order of about ¼ inch in diameter. Such beads have an inherent splash knock-down capability that is useful in a urinal application.  FIG. 57  illustrates beads that are loose in the dish  692  and open to the local environment. However, it is within contemplation to also include a covering element of some sort over the beads, with the cover being structured to resist vandalism and bead scattering. 
     Sometimes, measures may be taken to retard release of fragrance or volatile vapor from an air freshening device. For example, a device disposed for service in repetitive or extended fluid flow may be undesirably depleted before the end of its intended service life, due to interaction with the flowing fluid in which the device is bathed. One way to retard depletion of volatile fluid is by providing a coating to the device, where the coating inherently slows down a rate of emanation of volatile fluid. A coating can operate to resist washing the volatile fluid from the carrier material, or reservoir, for the volatile fluid. 
     An exemplary embodiment of one such air freshening device for application in periodic, intermittent, or event steadily flowing water is generally indicated at  710  in  FIG. 58 . Device  710  includes an absorbent material  712  that is coated by a thin layer of retardant material  714 , such as rubber or polymer. A volatile fluid is absorbed in the body of device  710 . The coating permits emanation of vapor from the volatile fluid at a desired rate, but resists washing the volatile fluid away. An exemplary absorbent material  712  includes a cellulose sponge that is preloaded with fragrance prior to application of the coating  714 . As one example, a relatively thin coating  714  of styrene-based, or butadiene-based rubber may be applied by spraying over the surface of an absorbent material  712  that has a desired shape and conformation. Similarly, a coating of ceramic having a high surface area  716  may be applied over the surface of an absorbent material, such as a fragrance-laden sponge  712 , as illustrated by the embodiment generally indicated at  720  in  FIG. 59 . 
     The embodiment generally indicated at  730  in  FIG. 60  further includes a gas-generating material  718  to facilitate delivery of volatile vapor from the device  730 . A balance may be made to regulate release of fragrant material vapors to the environment by the combination and proportions of the coating  716  and the gas-generating material  718 . In such case, a coating  716  is structured and arranged to permit moisture to pass into the device at a slow rate, and volatile vapor to exit the device  730  at a corresponding desired rate. It is within contemplation that the gas-generating material  718  may be mixed into, or distributed throughout the adsorbent material, rather than formed as the separate portion as illustrated. Further, an absorbent material (not illustrated in  FIG. 60 ) may also be included in certain embodiments. It is within contemplation that an absorbent material may be arranged as a separate partition, or distributed, either partially or throughout, in a mix including adsorbent and absorbent materials, and potentially also including gas-generating material. 
     The embodiment indicated generally at  740  in  FIG. 61  includes a volatile fluid-loaded adsorbent material  742  that is covered with a thin coating  716 . A currently preferred adsorbent material  742  includes high-surface area ceramic such as Alumina in bead form. Other adsorbent materials disclosed herein are also workable. A workable coating includes rubber or polymeric coatings. A workable coating  716  may be formulated and configured (e.g., in thickness), to provide a desired degree of water resistance as an operable mechanism to control a rate of emanation into the local environment vs. protection of the volatile fluid from rapid depletion. A coating may operate to reduce a rate of evaporation of volatile fluid from the reservoir material that hold a quantity of volatile fluid for an emanator. A coating may also reduce a rate at which water molecules migrate into the reservoir material. Water molecules tend to displace volatile fluid from confinement in adsorbent material, so controlling in-migration of water molecules can operate to control rate of release of fragrance from an emanating device. 
     An alternative release-rate control mechanism (not illustrated) includes adsorbing one or more rate-controlling element into an adsorbent material, along with one or more volatile fluid. For example, one exemplary embodiment was made by combining a solution formed by the combination of 25 g fragrant oil with 5 g of Styrofoam (from a foam coffee cup) and 1 cc of acetone with 90 g of high-surface area Alumina beads having a diameter of about ¼ inch. The solution was completely taken up by the beads in 24 to 72 hours, and resulted in beads that exhibited sustained release of fragrance over an extended period of time in both a watery and dry air environment. 
     Another embodiment of an air freshener is indicated generally at  750  in  FIGS. 62 and 63 . Air freshener  750  is particularly adapted for use as a urinal screen, and includes an emanator portion  752 , and a container, generally  754 . Emanator  752  is formed from a material capable of imbibing a volatile fluid when exposed to the volatile fluid in a liquid environment and subsequently off-gassing the imbibed volatile fluid in vapor phase when exposed to a gas or vapor phase environment. As mentioned above, a workable substrate material for forming an emanator includes styrene-based polymer, styrene-based rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), butadiene-based polymer, butadiene-based rubber, gum rubber, and cellulosic rubber, among other options. 
     An emanator  752  may be structured as a unitary element, as illustrated in e.g.,  FIGS. 62 and 63 . Workable materials of composition for an emanator  752  include those set forth herein. It is currently preferred to manufacture that emanator  752  by way of an injection molding process to create a substantially final-form, and then to impregnate the emanator with a volatile fluid, such as fragrant oil, using a room temperature process (described in detail elsewhere in this document). Embodiments may then essentially be “stand alone” elements that may be used as air fresheners in their own right. 
     An emanator  752  is typically first formed in a desired “final-form” structural configuration, and that final-form structure is then loaded with a volatile fluid at ambient temperature conditions. It is to be understood that extensive imbibing of volatile fluid may cause certain substrates to “swell” slightly as the volatile fluid is imbibed. For certain embodiments  750 , the emanator may be structured to resist a humanly perceptible change in configuration size and shape from the final-form during a useful life of the emanator for air freshening. 
     Emanator  752  includes a shell  756  with a top surface  758  spaced apart from a bottom surface  760  by a substantially uniform distance or thickness. A rim  762  of the shell  756  may provide a support foot, generally  764 , disposed around a portion of a perimeter  766  of the shell  756  to support the shell  756  on a surface during use. As illustrated in  FIG. 63 , a cross-section of the shell  756  may possess an arcuate shape to define a volume  768  bounded in part by the bottom surface  760  and being open to permit access to the volume through an opening bounded by the perimeter  766 . Desirably, the top surface  758  carries a plurality of upstanding splash knock-down structures, such as illustrated bristles  768 , and the shell  756  includes a plurality of penetrations  770  structured to permit fluid to travel through the shell  756 . 
     Preferably, bottom surface  760  is structured to permit attachment of a container  754  there-to. As illustrated, a workable container  754  is porous to permit travel of fluid there-through. Also as illustrated, container  754  is structured in harmony with the emanator  752  to permit the container  754  to be installed in registration with the shell  756  in a tool-free operation. In certain cases, and as illustrated, the shell  756  is transversely flexible and may be deformed to permit engagement of the container  754  to coupling devices, such as hooks  772 . In  FIG. 63 , a plurality of coupling hooks  772  carried by shell  756  are configured to engage a rim, generally  774 , of the container to hold container  754  in installed registration. A container  754  may also be structured in harmony with the emanator  752  to permit the container  754  to be removed from registration with the shell  756  in a tool-free operation to permit recharging the container with, for example, drain cleaning compound, or sometimes, with fragrance or a fragrant emanating element. Alternative coupling arrangements are within contemplation, including ubiquitous cooperating threaded structures, bayonet structures, other interlocking structures, and the like, carried by respective elements. 
     Sometimes, and as illustrated in  FIG. 64 , an air freshener  750  may include a shell  756  that is made from inexpensive material(s), such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, PVC, and the like. The shell  756  provides an inexpensive splash knock-down portion. In that case, an emanator (not illustrated) may be made from a more expensive material that functions to quickly uptake a volatile fluid and slowly emanate a volatile vapor over a useful service life. Materials considered as being more expensive include TPU, polystyrene, EVA, and SBR. The more expensive emanator portion is then associated with, or carried by, the inexpensive splash knockdown portion. In addition, a drain cleaning portion (such as an enzyme in block, cake, or fluid form) may also be carried by the shell  756  (e.g., in a container  54 ). 
     With reference again to  FIG. 63 , a container  754  may be made from a suitable carrier material to form an emanator. Sometimes, an emanating container  754  may also carry an effective drain cleaning compound. Other times, an emanating container  754  may carry only its imbibed volatile fluid, and the emanating container  754  may take any desired shape. 
     It has been discovered that splash knock-down efficacy of a shell  756  is improved by imparting a cambered shape (illustrated in  FIG. 64 ) to the generally concave arcuate shape illustrated in  FIG. 63 . A workable cambered shape may be characterized as a centrally-dented dome, wherein the top of the dome is everted symmetrically about dome centerline  780 . Such a cambered shape may be imparted by the weight of a container  754  and its confined material, or may be directly formed during manufacture of the shell  756 . As initially manufactured, each bristle  768  is generally oriented to upstand perpendicular to a plane defined by rim  762  of shell  756  (e.g., in a direction parallel to dome centerline  780 ). Imposing a cambered shape causes the free-standing bristle portions to deflect in response to the changed shell shape. Consequently, individual bristles  768  of the cambered shell illustrated in  FIG. 64  are therefore oriented at a plurality of angles with respect to centerline  780 . It is believed that bristles extending in a plurality of directions operates in harmony with the depressed dome top to reduce splash of a directed stream of fluid. 
     With reference to  FIG. 65 , it is preferred for a plurality of upstanding bristles  768  to have a length H disposed along their centerlines  780 ′ greater than about 10 mm; a tip diameter TD of about 1 mm; a root diameter RD of about 2 mm, and a spacing S between adjacent bristles of about 3 to 5 mm. A tip end may be rounded, or otherwise shaped for convenience in manufacturing. 
     As indicated in  FIGS. 62 and 63 , an exemplary shell may be injection molded to comprise a portion of a shallow dome, the rim  762  substantially defining a circular perimeter of the dome disposed in a plane, the perimeter being between about 12 cm and about 15 cm in diameter, and the inside surface  760  defining a peak elevation disposed above the plane by a distance of about 3 cm in an un-deflected state. 
     It is sometimes desirable to include in an air freshener, such as air freshener  750 , one or more additional element described in detail with respect to other embodiments in this disclosure. For non-limiting example, a color-changing life indicator may be included to visually show when the air freshener is near the end of its useful life. 
     Certain embodiments may be structured to facilitate decomposition and enhance biodegradability of one or more constituent element. For example, up to about 1% to 2%, or so, of a workable additive may be added to any plastic or plastic-like material to enhance biodegradability. A workable additive is described on the world wide web at biosphereplastics.com. For purpose of this disclosure, an “enhanced biodegradable” plastic or plastic-like material means decomposed in less than 5 years in a landfill, vs, greater than 20 years for untreated plastics. 
     With reference once again to  FIG. 56 , an embodiment according to certain principles of the invention may include a cage  672  with a wall substantially defining a volume and pierced by a plurality of apertures  674 . In one such case, the cage  672  is desirably made by injection molding in substantially final form from a material that can subsequently imbibe volatile fluid under room-temperature conditions (as described above). Cage  672  may therefore operate as a stand-alone emanator. 
     Sometimes, a second emanator may be combined with an emanating cage  672 . In that case, it is preferable for the second emanator to be configured and arranged as a removable/replaceable cartridge for reception of the cartridge inside the cage. For example, a workable cartridge may be structured somewhat similar to cartridge  622  ( FIG. 52 ), or to an emanating cartridge, such as  640  ( FIG. 53 ). A cartridge may generally be embodied as a replaceable volatile fluid emanating element that fits inside a volume defined by a cage  672 . Certain cartridges include high-surface area material that is loaded with volatile fluid in accordance with disclosure found throughout this document. 
     An alternative workable emanating cartridge for disposition inside a cage  672  is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,614,568 (the &#39;568 patent), titled “Device employing gas generating cell for facilitating controlled release of fluid into ambient environment”, and incorporated herein in its entirety.  FIG. 67  reproduces FIG. 3 of the &#39;568 patent to point out certain relevant elements. A workable gas-generating cartridge, such as generally indicated at  790 , includes a bulk storage reservoir  792  to hold a bulk quantity of volatile fluid. Reservoir  792  is operably coupled to gas-generating cell  794  and a wicking emanator  796 , such that gas produced by the gas-generating cell expels volatile fluid from the reservoir  792  into holding volume  798  for contact between expelled fluid and a portion of the emanator  796 . 
     Desirably, an incontinence chamber  800  is arranged to hold a small volume of volatile fluid that may be incidentally discharged, e.g., during storage and prior to placement into service as an air freshener. A workable emanator  796  may be embodied as a pleated sheet of paper, or other wicking element. As illustrated, a needle is disposed to rupture a membrane barrier to the incontinence chamber and allow the incidentally discharged volatile fluid to flow into the holding volume  798 . The emanator  796  is displaced vertically from its illustrated position to operate the needle and position the bottom edge of the emanator into holding volume  798  for contact with any incidental volatile fluid therein, as well as subsequently discharged fluid during intended operation as an air freshener or other dispenser of volatile fluid. 
       FIG. 68  illustrates an emanator element, generally indicated at  810 , which may either include or consist of a substrate or carrier material obtained from a naturally occurring element in nature. A currently preferred emanator element  810  may be constructed from biopolymer materials, nonexclusively including hemp, ramie, flax, sisal, jute, luffa (or loofah), and cellulose. The biopolymer material may be woven, matted, foamed, molded, or otherwise arranged into a desired shape, size, or configuration. A workable emanator may be characterized as an open-cell biopolymer structure that can imbibe or uptake volatile fluid and release vapor of that volatile fluid to the local environment. 
     For example, a loofah gourd inherently develops an open cell foam pore skeletal structure that is widely used as a sponge for cleaning or bathing. Larger diameter main pores run in the length direction of the sponge body. Walls of the main pores are defined by a fibrous mesh that provides a plurality of apertures to permit fluid communication from inside to outside of the sponge body. 
     It has been discovered that biopolymer materials may be easily loaded with a charge of volatile fluid (e.g., fragrance) to create an emanator. A charge of volatile fluid may be imbibed into the biopolymer to create solidized volatile fluid, and thereby avoid chance of volatile fluid leaking from the emanator. However, vapor from the volatile fluid is readily discharged to the local environment. Such biopolymer emanators provide an unexpected improvement in longevity and consistent discharge level of fragrance compared to commercially available air fresheners. Biopolymer emanators also provide the benefit of inherent biodegradability. 
     A further unexpected benefit of biopolymer emanators is their efficiency in discharge of volatile fluid to the environment. Embodiments have been measured to discharge over 90-95% of their total charge of volatile fluid during an operable life as an emanator. In contrast, an EVA emanator having an imbibed charge of volatile fluid can be expected to retain over 20% of its charge of volatile fluid at the end of its useful life as an emanator. 
     The illustrated emanator element  810  includes a loofah sponge  812  that is loaded with a charge of volatile fluid to produce the emanator element. Volatile fluid may be imbibed by, or loaded into, the loofah sponge under ambient conditions, as described variously above. A loofah sponge can imbibe up to about 500% of its weight of volatile fluid. The loaded loofah  812  may operate as a stand-alone emanator. 
     Sometimes, an air freshener may include a principal or first emanator element (such as loaded loofah  812 ) in combination with a secondary emanating material. As indicated generally at  810 ′ in  FIG. 69 , a loaded loofah sponge  812  may also carry a second emanating material  814  disposed in the main or larger diameter and axially-directed pores  816  of the loofah. Pores  816  define a volume in which an item can be stored, and permit a loofah sponge to properly be considered as a cage or container. Operable secondary emanating material for disposition in a pore  816  includes any of the carrier materials described in this document. 
     Secondary emanating materials provide a bulk storage reservoir holding a quantity of volatile fluid. Currently preferred secondary emanating materials include cellulose sponge or foam, high-surface area materials, and mixtures thereof. Secondary emanating materials may be unitary elements, or combinations of particles, and the particles may be of uniform or various size. Individual particle size may be small or large, from micro-powder to meal, to beads, chunks, blocks, or bricks, etc. Sometimes, secondary emanating materials are confined inside a cartridge for replaceable reception in a volume provided by the container. 
     It is within contemplation to provide a first emanator as a bag, envelope, cage, skeleton, housing, or other container made from biopolymer material and having an open cell structure. A volatile fluid is dispersed or imbibed into the biopolymer material. An open cell structure can be embodied as certain foams or sponges that inherently include open cell structure. A workable open cell structure may be created from natural or synthetic fibers that are e.g., matted, woven, knitted, or braided. An open cell structure advantageously provides apertures to permit flow of gas in a direction from inside to outside of the container. The first emanator may provide a pleasing exterior or ornamental appearance. An exemplary such emanator may be formed from natural fiber, such as a woven or knitted sisal bag. A second emanator may be confined inside the first emanator. An exemplary second emanator may include a cellulose foam or sponge, a quantity of high-surface area material, or a mix of such materials. 
     Several emanator candidates incorporating biopolymer materials as carrier and emanating materials have been tested, and three exemplary tests are set forth below: 
     TEST 1-BPLF 
     Initial Dry Weight: 10.996 g 
     Fragrance Added: 18.161 g 
     Final Weight: 13.355 g 
     Area Under the Curve Delivered: 16.724 g 
     Fragrance Delivery Efficiency: 92.087% 
     Preparation Method: Marine Fresh fragrance was added drop-wise to a loofah. The loofah had undergone treatment that included being exfoliated using water and drying in an oven overnight. It took 18.161 grams of fragrance before reaching a limit before leaking. Safety pins were used to hang the loofah on an open rack. Weight of the emanator was recorded periodically, and the resulting data is plotted in  FIG. 70 . 
     TEST 2-BPLCF 
     Initial Dry Weight: 33.373 g 
     Fragrance Added: 51.387 g 
     Current Weight: 56.241 g 
     Fragrance Delivery Efficiency: Still Being Tested 
     Preparation Method: First, a loofah was exfoliated with warm water before being dried in a 65° C. oven overnight. Sponge powder was added into the openings within the loofah. Marine Fresh fragrance was added drop-wise to the powder sections up to the limit before leaking. This allowed for 51.387 grams of fragrance to be added. Safety pins were used to hang the device by the loofah&#39;s string onto an open rack. Weight of the emanator was recorded periodically, and the resulting data is plotted in  FIG. 71 . 
     TEST 3-BPSCF 
     Initial Dry Weight: 24.783 
     Fragrance Added: 54.454 g 
     Current Weight: 58.539 g 
     Fragrance Delivery Efficiency: Still Being Tested 
     Preparation Method: White cellulose foam sponge was cut to fit inside a sisal bag. Citrus Zest fragrance was slowly added drop-wise to the outside of the bag and allowed to absorb. This method resulted in 54.454 grams of fragrance being put into the device. Safety pins are used to hang it from the string of the sisal bag. Weight of the emanator was recorded periodically, and the resulting data is plotted in  FIG. 72 . 
     The invention may be embodied in a method for making an air freshener. One exemplary method includes providing an emanator in final-form, and configured as described in-part variously above. A workable emanator may include one or more elements described with reference to any of the afore-mentioned embodiments. An emanator may nonexclusively be cast, injection molded, woven, braided, matted, or foamed. In certain embodiments, the emanator is structured to resist a humanly perceptible change in configuration size and shape from the final-form during a useful life of the emanator for air freshening. A method may further include wetting the emanator with a volatile fluid under ambient temperature conditions for between about 1 hour and about 48 hours to disperse a fragrant oil into the emanator to a weight percent of greater than about 3%, where weight percent is calculated as A/B*100, and A is weight of imbibed volatile fluid and B is weight of the emanator material prior to the imbibing process. 
     A method may further include attaching a container to depend from the bottom surface of a support structure, such as a shell  756 . Sometimes, the support structure may be formed from inexpensive material compared to material included in the emanator. A support structure may be configured as a splash knock-down structure. A workable container may be porous to permit travel of fluid there-through. A method may further include placing a first quantity of drain cleaning compound into the container prior to attaching the container to the bottom surface. One workable drain cleaning compound is enzyme-based, and slowly dissolves in a moist (e.g., wet) environment. An alternative drain cleaning agent is chemical-based. 
     It is generally desirable for the container to be structured in harmony with the air freshener to permit the container to be installed in registration with the air freshener in a tool-free operation. A method may further include installing the container in registration with the bottom surface of a support structure, such as an emanating or non-emanating shell  756 , prior to placing the air freshener in service to freshen air. It is also desirable for the container to be structured in harmony with the air freshener to permit the container to be removed from registration with the air freshener in a tool-free operation. A method may further include removing the container from registration with the bottom surface of the support structure, refilling the container with a quantity of drain cleaning compound, and re-installing the container in registration with the bottom surface prior to again placing the emanator in service to freshen air. Sometimes, the container may carry an emanating element, or may be infused with volatile fluid to function directly as an emanator. 
     Workable materials to form an emanator may be characterized by certain properties to distinguish over other materials. For example, one preferred emanator has a theoretical density of greater than 90%. As is well-known, theoretical density is the maximum achievable density of a particular element, compound, or alloy, assuming no internal voids or contaminants. It is calculated from the number of atoms per unit cell and measurement of the lattice parameters. 
     It is also preferred to structure an emanator from materials that have a melting point, or otherwise inherently avoid conglomeration or change from a final-form size and configuration, at a temperature above at least about 250° F. Sometimes, an emanator may have an inherent melting point above 300° F., 400° F., 500° F., or sometimes 1000° F., and even above 2000° C. in certain cases. 
     For purpose of this application, what is meant by “the emanator being structured to resist a humanly perceptible change in configuration size and shape from a final-form during a useful life of the emanator for air freshening”, is intended to recognize that an emanator may swell slightly during an imbibing process, and substantially reverse that during an off-gas process. However, a human that is unaided by tools (such as a micrometer, caliper, ruler, or other measuring device) cannot detect that change. In contrast, conglomeration of a plurality of elements at elevated temperature to form a combination element is distinctly perceptible by an unaided human. 
     A self-supplied emanator is desirably capable of being internally loaded with volatile fluid at substantially ambient temperature conditions, and then autonomously off-gassing the volatile fluid in vapor phase into a vapor phase local environment. That low-temperature loading provides cost-effective manufacturing use of relatively expensive volatile fluid (e.g., various scents and scented oils). During the loading process, the emanator may be characterized as imbibing or up-taking the volatile fluid. The imbibing process may take one or more of several mechanisms or forms, including absorption, adsorption, diffusion, and molecular disruption, combination, or reaction, depending upon material composition of the emanator substrate and the selected volatile fluid(s). Each such imbibing or fluid transfer mechanism to load or infuse volatile fluid into an emanator substrate is properly regarded as functioning under a unique and separately distinguishable principle of operation. 
     While the invention has been described in particular with reference to certain illustrated embodiments, such is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill that certain embodiments, such as above-described urinal air fresheners, may be modified for alternative application, such as for operation in an automobile, closet, or clothes drier, for non-limiting examples. One or more element described with reference to one embodiment may sometimes be extracted for separate use, or in combination with one or more elements from the same or a different embodiment. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.