Patent Publication Number: US-2023139455-A1

Title: Frequency domain resource allocation for downlink (dl) and uplink (ul) in new radio (nr)

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of and priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/521,239 entitled “Frequency-domain Resource Allocation for Downlink (DL) and Uplink (UL) in New Radio (NR)” and filed Jun. 16, 2017, and the benefit of and priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/588,253 entitled “Frequency-domain Resource Allocation DL and UL” and filed Nov. 17, 2017, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure generally relates to New Radio (NR) frequency-domain resource allocation techniques for uplink and downlink transmissions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards and protocols to transmit data between a node (e.g., a transmission station) and a wireless device (e.g., a mobile device). Some wireless devices communicate using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in a downlink (DL) transmission and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in an uplink (UL) transmission. Standards and protocols that use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for signal transmission include the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) and New Radio (NR), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 standard (e.g., 802.16e, 802.16m), which is commonly known to industry groups as WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access), and the IEEE 802.11 standard, which is commonly known to industry groups as Wi-Fi. 
     In 3GPP radio access network (RAN) Long Term Evolution (LTE) and NR systems, the node may be a combination of Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Node Bs (also commonly denoted as evolved Node Bs, enhanced Node Bs, eNodeBs, or eNBs) and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs), which communicates with the wireless device, known as a user equipment (UE). The downlink (DL) transmission may be a communication from the node (e.g., eNodeB) to the wireless device (e.g., UE), and the uplink (UL) transmission may be a communication from the wireless device to the node. 
     In LTE and NR, data may be transmitted from the eNodeB to the UE via a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). A physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may be used to provide control information regarding a downlink PDSCH. A physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may be used to acknowledge that data was received. Downlink and uplink channels or transmissions may use time-division duplexing (TDD) or frequency-division duplexing (FDD). Time-division duplexing (TDD) is an application of time-division multiplexing (TDM) to separate downlink and uplink signals. In TDD, downlink signals and uplink signals may be carried on a same carrier frequency (i.e., shared carrier frequency) where the downlink signals use a different time interval from the uplink signals, so the downlink signals and the uplink signals do not generate interference for each other. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a type of digital multiplexing in which two or more bit streams or signals, such as a downlink or uplink, are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but are physically transmitted on different resources. In frequency-division duplexing (FDD), an uplink transmission and a downlink transmission may operate using different frequency carriers (i.e. separate carrier frequency for each transmission direction). In FDD, interference may be avoided because the downlink signals use a different frequency carrier from the uplink signals. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity of presentation. Furthermore, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. The figures are listed below. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an architecture of a system of a network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates example components of a device in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  4    is an illustration of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  5    is an illustration of a user plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates components of a core network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  7    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, of a system to support NFV; 
         FIG.  8    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein; 
         FIG.  9    is a diagram showing example bandwidth parts (BWPs) within a carrier bandwidth in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  10    is a diagram of example frequency-domain allocations in a BWP based on different RBG sizes in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  11    is a diagram showing example RBGs in BWPs based on different RBG size configurations in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  12    is a diagram of example resource allocation (RA) information that includes multiple RA fields in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  13    is a flow diagram showing an example process of allocating frequency-domain resources in a wireless communication system in accordance with some embodiments; and 
         FIG.  14    is a flow diagram showing another example process of allocating frequency-domain resources in a wireless communication system in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and processes are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrase “A or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B). 
     Mobile communication has evolved significantly from early voice systems to today&#39;s highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. The next generation wireless communication system, 5G, or NR will provide access to information and sharing of data anywhere, anytime by various users and applications. NR is expected to be a unified network/system that targets to meet vastly different and sometime conflicting performance dimensions and services. Such diverse multi-dimensional requirements are driven by different services and applications. In general, NR will evolve based on 3GPP LTE-Advanced with additional potential new Radio Access Technologies (RATs) to enrich people&#39;s lives with better, simpler and more seamless wireless connectivity solutions. NR will enable everything connected by wireless and deliver fast, rich content and services. 
     NR supports two basic mechanisms for frequency-domain resource allocation (RA): (1) Resource Block Group (RBG) or bitmap based allocation (referred to as “NR Type 0 RA”), in which particular physical resource blocks (PRBs) are indicated in a bitmap of downlink control information (DCI) sent on a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH); and (2) Resource Indication Value (RIV) based allocation (referred to as “NR Type 1 RA”), in which a starting PRB and the allocated number of PRBs for a set of contiguous logical (virtual) set of PRBs are indicated in DCI sent on the PDCCH. Resources in the frequency-domain may be allocated within bandwidth parts (BWPs) that can be dynamically switched. BWPs may refer to contiguous sets of PRBs, which may be selected from a contiguous set of common PRBs for a given numerology on a given carrier. In some cases, RIV-based allocation may be used for fallback DCI format for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) transmissions to realize a compact DCI size (which, in some cases, may lead to reduced scheduling flexibility). In some cases, the fallback DCI format may refer to a DCI format that doesn&#39;t include fields indicating resource allocation by higher levels (e.g., non-PHY levels). Fallback DCI formats may refer to DCI formats 0_0 or 1_0 for UL or DL scheduling, respectively, in the NR 3GPP specification. Non-fallback or regular or configurable DCI formats may refer to DCI formats 0_1 or 1_1 for UL or DL scheduling, respectively, in the NR 3GPP specification. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure describe efficient methods for frequency-domain resource allocation in NR (e.g., RA for PDSCH and PUSCH with cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM)) or other wireless communication protocols. For example, in some embodiments, RIV-based (Type 1) RA for DL and UL may be supported, considering fallback use cases and dynamic switching of active DL/UL BWPs for regular or non-fallback DCI formats. As another example, in some embodiments, Type 0 RA and handling of dynamic UL BWP switching may be supported, and characteristics of the two sets of RBG sizes may be specified for Type 0 RA. In some cases, certain advantages may be realized by embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, adaptive RBG sizes may be used, allowing for more efficient scheduling. As another example, dynamic switching between large and small frequency-domain RAs may be realized. Other advantages may be realized by aspects of the present disclosure as well. One or more aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented by the systems, devices, or components shown in  FIGS.  1 - 8    and described further below. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an architecture of a system  100  of a network in accordance with some embodiments. The system  100  is shown to include a user equipment (UE)  101  and a UE  102 . The UEs  101  and  102  are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as Personal Data Assistants (PDAs), pagers, laptop computers, desktop computers, wireless handsets, or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. 
     In some embodiments, any of the UEs  101  and  102  can comprise an Internet of Things (IoT) UE, which can comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as machine-to-machine (M2M) or machine-type communications (MTC) for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a public land mobile network (PLMN), Proximity-Based Service (ProSe) or device-to-device (D2D) communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network. 
     The UEs  101  and  102  may be configured to connect, e.g., communicatively couple, with a radio access network (RAN)  110 —the RAN  110  may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), a NextGen RAN (NG RAN), or some other type of RAN. The UEs  101  and  102  utilize connections  103  and  104 , respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below); in this example, the connections  103  and  104  are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. 
     In this embodiment, the UEs  101  and  102  may further directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface  105 . The ProSe interface  105  may alternatively be referred to as a sidelink interface comprising one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), a Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), a Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), and a Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH). 
     The UE  102  is shown to be configured to access an access point (AP)  106  via connection  107 . The connection  107  can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP  106  would comprise a wireless fidelity (WiFi®) router. In this example, the AP  106  is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). 
     The RAN  110  can include one or more access nodes that enable the connections  103  and  104 . These access nodes (ANs) can be referred to as base stations (BSs), NodeBs, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), next Generation NodeBs (gNB), RAN nodes, and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). The RAN  110  may include one or more RAN nodes for providing macrocells, e.g., macro RAN node  111 , and one or more RAN nodes for providing femtocells or picocells (e.g., cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells), e.g., low power (LP) RAN node  112 . 
     Any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs  101  and  102 . In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN  110  including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the UEs  101  and  102  can be configured to communicate using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers. 
     In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  to the UEs  101  and  102 , while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time-domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency-domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks. 
     The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may carry user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs  101  and  102 . The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may carry information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs  101  and  102  about the transport format, resource allocation, and H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE  102  within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes  111  and  112  based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs  101  and  102 . The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs  101  and  102 . 
     The PDCCH may use control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8). 
     Some embodiments may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some embodiments may utilize an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more enhanced the control channel elements (ECCEs). Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as an enhanced resource element groups (EREGs). An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations. 
     The RAN  110  is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network (CN)  120 —via an S1 interface  113 . In embodiments, the CN  120  may be an evolved packet core (EPC) network, a NextGen Packet Core (NPC) network, or some other type of CN. In this embodiment the S1 interface  113  is split into two parts: the S1-U interface  114 , which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes  111  and  112  and the serving gateway (S-GW)  122 , and the S1-mobility management entity (MME) interface  115 , which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes  111  and  112  and MMEs  121 . 
     In this embodiment, the CN  120  comprises the MMEs  121 , the S-GW  122 , the Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW)  123 , and a home subscriber server (HSS)  124 . The MMEs  121  may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Nodes (SGSN). The MMEs  121  may manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. The HSS  124  may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions. The CN  120  may comprise one or several HSSs  124 , depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS  124  can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. 
     The S-GW  122  may terminate the S1 interface  113  towards the RAN  110 , and routes data packets between the RAN  110  and the CN  120 . In addition, the S-GW  122  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. 
     The P-GW  123  may terminate an SGi interface toward a PDN. The P-GW  123  may route data packets between the EPC network  123  and external networks such as a network including the application server  130  (alternatively referred to as application function (AF)) via an Internet Protocol (IP) interface  125 . Generally, the application server  130  may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS Packet Services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). In this embodiment, the P-GW  123  is shown to be communicatively coupled to an application server  130  via an IP communications interface  125 . The application server  130  can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs  101  and  102  via the CN  120 . 
     The P-GW  123  may further be a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection. Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCRF)  126  is the policy and charging control element of the CN  120 . In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE&#39;s Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE&#39;s IP-CAN session: a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within a HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF  126  may be communicatively coupled to the application server  130  via the P-GW  123 . The application server  130  may signal the PCRF  126  to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) and charging parameters. The PCRF  126  may provision this rule into a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) with the appropriate traffic flow template (TFT) and QoS class of identifier (QCI), which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server  130 . 
       FIG.  2    illustrates example components of a device  200  in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the device  200  may include application circuitry  202 , baseband circuitry  204 , Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry  206 , front-end module (FEM) circuitry  208 , one or more antennas  210 , and power management circuitry (PMC)  212  coupled together at least as shown. The components of the illustrated device  200  may be included in a UE or a RAN node. In some embodiments, the device  200  may include less elements (e.g., a RAN node may not utilize application circuitry  202 , and instead include a processor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC). In some embodiments, the device  200  may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, or input/output (I/O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (e.g., said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) implementations). 
     The application circuitry  202  may include one or more application processors. For example, the application circuitry  202  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupled with or may include memory/storage and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the device  200 . In some embodiments, processors of application circuitry  202  may process IP data packets received from an EPC. 
     The baseband circuitry  204  may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuitry  204  may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry  206  and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  206 . Baseband processing circuitry  204  may interface with the application circuitry  202  for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry  206 . For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  204  may include a third generation (3G) baseband processor  204 A, a fourth generation (4G) baseband processor  204 B, a fifth generation (5G) baseband processor  204 C, or other baseband processor(s)  204 D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., second generation (2G), sixth generation (6G), etc.). The baseband circuitry  204  (e.g., one or more of baseband processors  204 A-D) may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry  206 . In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors  204 A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory  204 G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU)  204 E. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry  204  may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry  204  may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  204  may include one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP)  204 F. The audio DSP(s)  204 F may be include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in a single chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board in some embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry  204  and the application circuitry  202  may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  204  may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry  204  may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry  204  is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry. 
     RF circuitry  206  may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry  206  may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry  206  may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  208  and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry  204 . RF circuitry  206  may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry  204  and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry  208  for transmission. 
     In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry  206  may include mixer circuitry  206   a , amplifier circuitry  206   b  and filter circuitry  206   c . In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry  206  may include filter circuitry  206   c  and mixer circuitry  206   a . RF circuitry  206  may also include synthesizer circuitry  206   d  for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry  208  based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry  206   d . The amplifier circuitry  206   b  may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry  206   c  may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry  204  for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry  206   a  of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry  206   d  to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry  208 . The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry  204  and may be filtered by filter circuitry  206   c.    
     In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  206   a  may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation. 
     In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry  206  may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry  204  may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry  206 . 
     In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. 
     In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  206   d  may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry  206   d  may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. 
     The synthesizer circuitry  206   d  may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry  206   a  of the RF circuitry  206  based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry  206   d  may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer. 
     In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry  204  or the applications processor  202  depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the applications processor  202 . 
     Synthesizer circuitry  206   d  of the RF circuitry  206  may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle. 
     In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry  206   d  may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry  206  may include an IQ/polar converter. 
     FEM circuitry  208  may include a receive signal path which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or more antennas  210 , amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry  206  for further processing. FEM circuitry  208  may also include a transmit signal path which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry  206  for transmission by one or more of the one or more antennas  210 . In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry  206 , solely in the FEM  208 , or in both the RF circuitry  206  and the FEM  208 . 
     In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry  208  may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry  206 ). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry  208  may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry  206 ), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or more antennas  210 ). 
     In some embodiments, the PMC  212  may manage power provided to the baseband circuitry  204 . In particular, the PMC  212  may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMC  212  may often be included when the device  200  is capable of being powered by a battery, for example, when the device is included in a UE. The PMC  212  may increase the power conversion efficiency while providing desirable implementation size and heat dissipation characteristics. 
     While  FIG.  2    shows the PMC  212  coupled only with the baseband circuitry  204 . However, in other embodiments, the PMC  212  may be additionally or alternatively coupled with, and perform similar power management operations for, other components such as, but not limited to, application circuitry  202 , RF circuitry  206 , or FEM  208 . 
     In some embodiments, the PMC  212  may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the device  200 . For example, if the device  200  is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the device  200  may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. 
     If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the device  200  may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device  200  goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The device  200  may not receive data in this state, in order to receive data, it must transition back to RRC_Connected state. 
     An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable. 
     Processors of the application circuitry  202  and processors of the baseband circuitry  204  may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry  204 , alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry  204  may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., transmission communication protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a radio resource control (RRC) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a physical (PHY) layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuitry in accordance with some embodiments. As discussed above, the baseband circuitry  204  of  FIG.  2    may comprise processors  204 A- 204 E and a memory  204 G utilized by said processors. Each of the processors  204 A- 204 E may include a memory interface,  304 A- 304 E, respectively, to send/receive data to/from the memory  204 G. 
     The baseband circuitry  204  may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as a memory interface  312  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry  204 ), an application circuitry interface  314  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry  202  of  FIG.  2   ), an RF circuitry interface  316  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry  206  of  FIG.  2   ), a wireless hardware connectivity interface  318  (e.g., an interface to send/receive data to/from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components), and a power management interface  320  (e.g., an interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMC  212 ). 
       FIG.  4    is an illustration of a control plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments. In this embodiment, a control plane  400  is shown as a communications protocol stack between the UE  101  (or alternatively, the UE  102 ), the RAN node  111  (or alternatively, the RAN node  112 ), and the MME  121 . 
     The PHY layer 401 may transmit or receive information used by the MAC layer 402 over one or more air interfaces. The PHY layer 401 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC layer 405. The PHY layer 401 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing. 
     The MAC layer 402 may perform mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC service data units (SDUs) from one or more logical channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to PHY via transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the PHY via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), and logical channel prioritization. 
     The RLC layer 403 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC layer 403 may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC layer 403 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment. 
     The PDCP layer 404 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.). 
     The main services and functions of the RRC layer 405 may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in Master Information Blocks (MIBs) or System Information Blocks (SIBs) related to the non-access stratum (NAS)), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and E-UTRAN (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. Said MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more information elements (IEs), which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures. 
     The UE  101  and the RAN node  111  may utilize a Uu interface (e.g., an LTE-Uu interface) to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the PHY layer 401, the MAC layer 402, the RLC layer 403, the PDCP layer 404, and the RRC layer 405. 
     The non-access stratum (NAS) protocols  406  form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE  101  and the MME  121 . The NAS protocols  406  support the mobility of the UE  101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  101  and the P-GW  123 . 
     The S1 Application Protocol (S1-AP) layer 415 may support the functions of the S1 interface and comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An EP is a unit of interaction between the RAN node  111  and the CN  120 . The S1-AP layer services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer. 
     The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer)  414  may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node  111  and the MME  121  based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP layer 413. The L2 layer 412 and the L1 layer 411 may refer to communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) used by the RAN node and the MME to exchange information. 
     The RAN node  111  and the MME  121  may utilize an S1-MME interface to exchange control plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer 411, the L2 layer 412, the IP layer 413, the SCTP layer 414, and the S1-AP layer 415. 
       FIG.  5    is an illustration of a user plane protocol stack in accordance with some embodiments. In this embodiment, a user plane  500  is shown as a communications protocol stack between the UE  101  (or alternatively, the UE  102 ), the RAN node  111  (or alternatively, the RAN node  112 ), the S-GW  122 , and the P-GW  123 . The user plane  500  may utilize at least some of the same protocol layers as the control plane  400 . For example, the UE  101  and the RAN node  111  may utilize a Uu interface (e.g., an LTE-Uu interface) to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising the PHY layer 401, the MAC layer 402, the RLC layer 403, the PDCP layer 404. 
     The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane (GTP-U) layer 504 may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP and IP security (UDP/IP) layer 503 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node  111  and the S-GW  122  may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer 411, the L2 layer 412, the UDP/IP layer 503, and the GTP-U layer 504. The S-GW  122  and the P-GW  123  may utilize an 55/58a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising the L1 layer 411, the L2 layer 412, the UDP/IP layer 503, and the GTP-U layer 504. As discussed above with respect to  FIG.  4   , NAS protocols support the mobility of the UE  101  and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE  101  and the P-GW  123 . 
       FIG.  6    illustrates components of a core network in accordance with some embodiments. The components of the CN  120  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is utilized to virtualize any or all of the above described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network slice  601 . A logical instantiation of a portion of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network sub-slice  602  (e.g., the network sub-slice  602  is shown to include the PGW  123  and the PCRF  126 ). 
     NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions. 
       FIG.  7    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, of a system  700  to support NFV. The system  700  is illustrated as including a virtualized infrastructure manager (VIM)  702 , a network function virtualization infrastructure (NFVI)  704 , a VNF manager (VNFM)  706 , virtualized network functions (VNFs)  708 , an element manager (EM)  710 , an NFV Orchestrator (NFVO)  712 , and a network manager (NM)  714 . 
     The VIM  702  manages the resources of the NFVI  704 . The NFVI  704  can include physical or virtual resources and applications (including hypervisors) used to execute the system  700 . The VIM  702  may manage the life cycle of virtual resources with the NFVI  704  (e.g., creation, maintenance, and tear down of virtual machines (VMs) associated with one or more physical resources), track VM instances, track performance, fault and security of VM instances and associated physical resources, and expose VM instances and associated physical resources to other management systems. 
     The VNFM  706  may manage the VNFs  708 . The VNFs  708  may be used to execute EPC components/functions. The VNFM  706  may manage the life cycle of the VNFs  708  and track performance, fault and security of the virtual aspects of VNFs  708 . The EM 710 may track the performance, fault and security of the functional aspects of VNFs  708 . The tracking data from the VNFM  706  and the EM 710 may comprise, for example, performance measurement (PM) data used by the VIM  702  or the NFVI  704 . Both the VNFM  706  and the EM 710 can scale up/down the quantity of VNFs of the system  700 . 
     The NFVO  712  may coordinate, authorize, release and engage resources of the NFVI  704  in order to provide the requested service (e.g., to execute an EPC function, component, or slice). The NM  714  may provide a package of end-user functions with the responsibility for the management of a network, which may include network elements with VNFs, non-virtualized network functions, or both (management of the VNFs may occur via the EM 710). 
       FIG.  8    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG.  8    shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  800  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  810 , one or more memory/storage devices  820 , and one or more communication resources  830 , each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus  840 . For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  802  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  800   
     The processors  810  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP) such as a baseband processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, a processor  812  and a processor  814 . 
     The memory/storage devices  820  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  820  may include, but are not limited to any type of volatile or non-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. 
     The communication resources  830  may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  804  or one or more databases  806  via a network  808 . For example, the communication resources  830  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via a Universal Serial Bus (USB)), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. 
     Instructions  850  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  810  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  850  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  810  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  820 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  850  may be transferred to the hardware resources  800  from any combination of the peripheral devices  804  or the databases  806 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  810 , the memory/storage devices  820 , the peripheral devices  804 , and the databases  806  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
     Certain frequency-domain resource allocation (RA) for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) shared channels (e.g., PDSCH, PUSCH) for NR communications (e.g., communications between a gNB device and UE device) are described herein. In particular embodiments, for example, a frequency-domain RA mechanism allows PDSCH and PUSCH according to CP-OFDM to switch dynamically between a relatively large allocation and a relatively small allocation (e.g., one or few PRBs). For the NR Type 0 RA scheme (which is conceptually similar to LTE Type 0 RA), a Resource Block Group (RBG)-based scheduling may be used, whereby the minimum granularity of frequency-domain RA is in terms of the RBGs. 
     In LTE, RBG sizes for allocation may be defined as a function of the system BW as in Table 1 below. 
                     TABLE 1                  Type 0 resource allocation RBG size vs. Downlink System Bandwidth       (Reproduced from Table 7.1.6.1-1 in 3 GPP TS 36.213)                             System Bandwidth N RB   DL     RBG Size (P)                       ≤10   1           11-26   2           27-63   3            64-110   4                        
In NR, by comparison, the maximum number of subcarriers within a carrier can be as large as 3300 or 6600 subcarriers, amounting to 275 or 550 PRBs (as one PRB includes 12 subcarriers). Hence, for similar signaling overhead in the scheduling DCI from the frequency-domain RA field, the RBG sizes for carrier bandwidth (BW) or bandwidth part (BWP) with a large number of PRBs can be quite large, especially if 550 PRBs are supported (e.g., in NR Rel-15 or in a future NR Release). Certain embodiments in this disclosure assume a maximum of 6600 subcarriers. However, the number of subcarriers may be different than those described herein, or may be scaled in some manner if a different maximum number of maximum subcarriers is considered. Thus, depending on the chosen number of subcarriers used for the determination of the RBG size, it may not be possible for a NR gNB to schedule a UE, configured with NR RA Type 0 in a relatively large carrier BW or configured BWP, with a smaller allocation on the order of one or few PRBs in a dynamic manner without changing or modifying the resource allocation type.
 
     Accordingly, certain embodiments described herein relate to several methods for frequency-domain resource allocation for PDSCH and PUSCH with CP-OFDM. For example, the present disclosure describes details related to: (1) determination of RBG sizes corresponding to the carrier bandwidth size, configured frequency range, or size of configured or activated BWP; (2) support of adaptive RBG sizes for frequency-domain RA according to NR RA Type 0; and (3) RA mechanisms for PDSCH and PUSCH using CP-OFDM waveforms to enable dynamic switching between relatively large and relatively small allocations. 
     In some embodiments, the following items may apply for NR frequency-domain RA techniques:
         Candidates of the maximum number of subcarriers per NR carrier may be 3300 or 6600 in NR Rel-15
           The above may apply to the lowest subcarrier spacing The set of RBG size includes at least 2, [3,] 4, [6,] 8, 16   Other RBG sizes may be used as well, however   
           RBG size may depend on the number of symbols for data   For determining RBG size, the following options may be considered
           Option 1: RBG size determined by the network channel BW
               Necessity of signaling may be considered   
               Option 2: RBG size is determined by BW for the configured BWP
               Necessity of signaling may be considered   Multiple configured BWP may be considered   
               Option 3: RBG size is configured by network
               Sets of configurable RBG sizes may depend on frequency range   
               Option 4: RBG size is determined by DCI
               Signaling details may be considered   
               
           In the frequency-domain, for PDSCH and for PUSCH with CP-OFDM waveform, a default or starting point may utilize NR Type 0 RA (which may be conceptually similar to LTE Type 0 RA).   In the frequency-domain, for PUSCH with DFT-s-OFDM waveforms, only contiguous RA may be supported in NR Rel.15.   In the frequency-domain, NR may allow scheduling a PDSCH and PUSCH with CP-OFDM waveforms using either relatively large resource allocation and relatively small resource allocation in dynamic manner (e.g., scheduling a slot with full or almost full bandwidth and scheduling next slot with one or a few PRBs.)       

     In NR Type 0 RA (which is similar to LTE Type 0 RA), allocable PRBs within the carrier BW, configured frequency range, or activated BWP(s), etc. may be divided into RBGs of size P, with possibly the last RBG containing less than P PRBs. The signaling for the RA may be realized via a bitmap of length ceil(N/P) where N is the number of PRBs within the carrier BW, configured frequency range, or BWP. The function ceil(x) refers to a “ceiling” function, which returns a smallest integer greater than or equal to x. 
       FIG.  9    is a diagram showing example BWPs  902  within a carrier bandwidth  900  in accordance with some embodiments. In the example shown, each BWP  902  includes a set of contiguous PRBs  904 , and subsets of PRBs  904  within each BWP  902  are grouped into RBGs  908 . 
       FIG.  10    is a diagram of example frequency-domain allocations in a BWP  1000  based on different RBG sizes in accordance with some embodiments. In the example shown, the BWP  1000 A includes PRB allocations  1002  based on an RBG size of P=2, the BWP  1000 B includes PRB allocations  1004  based on an RBG size of P=4, and the BWP  1000 C includes PRB allocations  1008  based on an RBG size of P=8. 
     In some embodiments, an RBG size determination may made during frequency-domain RA. For example, considering Options 1 and 2 above, an RBG size may be given by the network carrier BW, configured frequency range, or BWP size. Assuming a maximum number of subcarriers as 3300 (i.e., 275 PRBs), some example mappings for RBG sizes at least based on the number of PRBs of one component carrier (CC), configured frequency range, or BWP are presented in Tables 2A, 2B, and 2C. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2A 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 NR Type 0 RA RBG size vs. Carrier BW, 
               
               
                 configured frequency range, or BWP size 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Carrier BW, configured 
                   
               
               
                   
                 frequency range, 
               
               
                   
                 or BWP size (N) 
                 RBG Size (P) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ≤26 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 27-63 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                  64-110 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 111-275 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2B 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 NR Type 0 RA RBG size vs. Carrier BW, 
               
               
                 configured frequency range, or BWP size 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Carrier BW, configured 
                   
               
               
                   
                 frequency range, 
               
               
                   
                 or BWP size (N) 
                 RBG Size (P) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ≤26 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 27-63 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                  64-138 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 139-275 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2C 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 NR Type 0 RA RBG size vs. Carrier BW, 
               
               
                 configured frequency range, or BWP size 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Carrier BW, configured 
                   
               
               
                   
                 frequency range, 
               
               
                   
                 or BWP size (N) 
                 RBG Size (P) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ≤26 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 27-63 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                  64-100 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 101-138 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 139-275 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Assuming a maximum number of subcarriers as 6600 (i.e., 550 PRBs), some example mappings for RBG sizes at least based on the number of RBs of one CC or Bandwidth part (BP) are presented in Tables 3A and 3B. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3A 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 NR Type 0 RA RBG size vs. Carrier BW, 
               
               
                 configured frequency range, or BWP size 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Carrier BW, configured 
                   
               
               
                   
                 frequency range, 
               
               
                   
                 or BWP size (N) 
                 RBG Size (P) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ≤26 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 27-63 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                  64-110 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 111-250 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 251-550 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
                     TABLE 3B                  NR Type 0 RA RBG size vs. Carrier BW,       configured frequency range, or BWP size                             Carrier BW, configured               frequency range,           or BWP size (N)   RBG Size (P)                                         ≤26   2            27-110   4           111-250   8           251-550   16                        
Depending on the maximum number of PRBs (which may depend on the maximum number of subcarriers in an NR carrier and the maximum NR carrier BW), the above Tables 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B can be further extended in a scaled manner or shortened appropriately.
 
     In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a RBG size may be selected from a set of RBG size configurations based on a carrier BW, configured frequency range, or carrier BWP size. Each RBG size configuration may indicate RBG sizes associated with respective ranges of carrier BWP sizes, and the RBG sizes may indicate a number of PRBs for PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. In some cases, the RBG size configurations may include non-overlapping ranges of carrier BWP sizes and associated RBG sizes. For instance, for a given carrier BW, configured frequency range, or BWP size of less than ‘X’ PRBs, an RBG size may be selected (e.g., via higher layers) between one of multiple candidates. This may allow for finer trade-off between RA granularity and DCI overhead. In some cases, the value of ‘X’ may be selected, specified, or configured via higher layers, e.g., via the minimum system information (MSI), remaining minimum system information (RMSI), system information block (SIB) signaling, or dedicated radio resource control (RRC) signaling. 
     In certain embodiments, two or more sets of RBG size configurations may be utilized. The RBG sizes indicated in the configurations may be based on the number of PRBs in the BWP. UE-specific RRC signaling may be used to configure RA based on the selected one of the two or more sets (see, e.g., Config 1 and Config 2 in Tables 4-6 below). In some cases, at least the lowest BWP range for each RBG size configuration has a common value for RBG size (e.g., RBG size=2). In some cases, both the lowest and highest BWP ranges for each RBG size configuration have a common value for RBG size (e.g., RBG size=16). Further, in some instances, for increased flexibility, a particular RBG size configuration (or RBG size set) can have multiple consecutive rows corresponding to different non-overlapping ranges of BWPs but with the same RBG size. Thus, in the example of Table 4 below, “RBG size 3” and “RBG size 5” can have the same value. Particular examples of BWP ranges and corresponding RBG sizes are shown below in Tables 5-6. It will be understood that the values in Tables 5-6 are merely example values, and variants of these example values are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the choice of the RBG size is configured for transmission of all PDSCH and PUSCH transmissions with CP-OFDM waveforms via the MSI, RMSI, or SIB signaling. Accordingly, the choice of the RBG may be predefined based on the carrier BW or BWP size for transmission of the MSI, RMSI, or SIB signaling, i.e., up until the UE is expected to be indicated with the RBG size. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 RBG size sets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Carrier BWP Size 
                 Config 1 
                 Config 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 X 0  − X 1  RBs 
                 RBG size 1 
                 RBG size 2 
               
               
                   
                 X 1  + 1 − X 2  RBs 
                 RBG size 3 
                 RBG size 4 
               
               
                   
                 X 2  + 1 − X 3  RBs 
                 RBG size 5 
                 RBG size 6 
               
               
                   
                 . . . 
                 . . . 
                 . . . 
               
               
                   
                 Xk + 1 − Xmax RBs 
                 RBG size 11 
                 RBG size 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of RBG size sets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Carrier Bandwidth, 
                   
                   
               
               
                 configured frequency 
                 RBG Size - 
                 RBG Size - 
               
               
                 range, or BWP size (N) 
                 Config 1 (P) 
                 Config 2 (P) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 ≤26 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 27-63 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                  64-110 
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                 111-138 
                 8 
                 16 
               
               
                 139-275 
                 16 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example of RBG size sets 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Carrier BWP 
                 RBG Size - 
                 RBG Size - 
               
               
                 Size (N) 
                 Config 1 (P) 
                 Config 2 (P) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                  1-36 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 37-72 
                 4 
                 8 
               
               
                  73-144 
                 8 
                 16 
               
               
                 145-275 
                 16 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  11    is a diagram showing example RBGs in BWPs based on different RBG size configurations in accordance with some embodiments. In particular,  FIG.  11    shows example RBGs for PRBs 0-31 of a carrier bandwidth using the configurations shown in Table 6 above. 
     Adaptive RBG size selection can be indicated via dynamic signaling in some embodiments. For instance, in certain embodiments, the selection of which RBG size configuration (and thus, the RBG size for a given BWP size) may be based on a flag value in DCI or other higher layer signaling messages (e.g., RRC messages). For instance, referring to the examples above in Tables 4-6, if the DCI flag=0, then Config 1 may be used to select an RBG size for RA, and if the flag=1, then Config 2 may be used to select an RBG size for RA. 
     In dynamic indication of the RBG size configuration or RBG size, if the RBG size is reduced, then the bit-width of the frequency-domain RA may not be sufficient to cover the entire carrier BW or frequency range or BWP size. Thus, in certain embodiments, a shift indicator field may be used in the DCI to indicate the set of RBGs that the RA bitmap (in NR Type 0 RA) corresponds to. Accordingly, a one- or two-bit field indicating a shift of the set of RBGs may be used to enable access to all PRBs. For example, the union of the RBG mask (counting from the first PRB of the intended carrier BW, frequency range, or BWP) and the shifted RBG masks may span the carrier BW, frequency range, or BWP size. In other words, one of two to four overlapping RBG masks can be indicated such that the first and the last of these RBG masks include the first and last PRB, respectively, of the carrier BW, frequency range, or BWP. When the flag for RBG size selection indicates the use of the larger RBG size (P) value in a set of RBG size configurations, the shift indicator field may be reserved. The size of the shift indicator field can be determined based on the relative RBG sizes that can be dynamically switched between. In consideration of the additional overhead, in come embodiments, candidate RBG sizes (corresponding to the same BWP size) in two or more RBG size configurations used for dynamic switching may not be different from each other beyond a factor of two. 
     In some embodiments, the RBG size may be scaled according to the number of symbols allocated in the time-domain for the physical shared channel. Specifically, in one example, the size of RBG can be obtained by increasing the reference RBG size value by a certain factor greater than one, when a number of allocated symbols is less than a certain configured or specified threshold. The factor can be configured by higher layers or predefined in the 3GPP NR specification or determined in accordance with a number of allocated symbols. The number of symbols in the time-domain may be configured by higher layers, and then the gNB and the UE can have the same understanding. In cases that the said number of symbols can change dynamically slot by slot, an indication of the number of symbols in DCI may be used and the size of RBG applied in the slot can be understood based on the indication along with the factor to adjust the size of RBG. In certain embodiments, the RBG size may be at least a function of number of symbols of the NR PDSCH or PUSCH. In some cases, the number of symbols for a NR PDSCH or PUSCH may be indicated by a dedicated field (IE) of DCI format. In some cases, a set of NR PDSCH duration (e.g., expressed in number of symbols) may be configured by higher layers and DCI format may be used to indicate which index of the PDSCH duration out of the duration sets is used. 
     In some embodiments, a scalable RBG may consist of K consecutive reference RBG in frequency. The size of the reference RBG, denoting as N RBG   Ref  may be defined in the 3GPP NR specification at least based on a reference CC BW or BWP configuration and a reference number of symbols N symbols   Ref  corresponding to a subcarrier spacing. In some cases, N symbols   Ref =7 or 14, depending on the subcarrier spacing (SCS). In some designs, the scalable RBG size K may be determined as follows: 
     
       
      
       K=┌N 
       symbols 
       Ref 
       /N 
       symbols 
       scheduled 
       ┘·N 
       RBG 
       Ref  
      
     
     where the N symbols   scheduled  denotes the number of symbols occupied by the scheduled PDSCH. In some cases, the RBG size K may be explicitly signaled in the DCI format and may be independent of symbols duration of the scheduled NR PDSCH. For instance, a set of candidate RBG sizes may be configured through RRC signaling or fixed in the 3GPP NR specification and one of these values can be dynamically selected and indicated using DCI format to reduce the control signaling overhead. In some cases, the RBG size K and the number of symbols may be combined and indicated via a single field of the DCI, whose value indicates a combination of a RBG size and a number of symbols for the scheduled NR PDSCH. 
     In implementations with large system BW or BWP sizes, it may be desirable to reduce the DCI overhead when using NR Type 0 RA for PDSCH and PUSCH w/CP-OFDM waveforms or when scheduling of shared channels is performed using compact DCI formats. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the gNB may configure a UE with an additional factor, f&gt;1 (e.g., f=2), to increase the effective RBG size from P to fP. Thus, the combined RBGs, each of size P, may or may not be contiguous in frequency. Such an approach could be used as a counterpart to RA for small BW implementations (e.g., Option 3 detailed below). In some cases, a factor of value greater than one may not apply to RBG size P=16. Conversely, the factor f could be a fraction (e.g., f=½) to reduce the effective RBG size and achieve finer RA granularity at the possible expense of larger DCI overhead. In some cases, a factor of value less than one may not apply to RBG size P=2. The factor f can be provided to the UE via higher-layer signaling, such as, for example, through MSI, RMSI, SIB or dedicated RRC signaling. 
     Some embodiments may support dynamic switching between large BW and small BW allocations, with a DCI size that does not differ between the two RA methods. In contrast to LTE Type 0 RA, LTE Type 1 RA may allow a UE to be configured with PRB-level allocation by use of a two-stage frequency-domain resource allocation involving RBG subsets and RBGs. Thus, to support of dynamic switching between large bandwidth allocations and narrowband (one or few PRBs) allocations, some embodiments may support both LTE Type 0 and LTE Type 1 RA for PDSCH and PUSCH with CP-OFDM waveforms, with a single additional bit in the DCI acting as a RA type field to indicate the chosen RA type. 
     In certain embodiments, both LTE Type 0 RA and LTE Type 2 RA (which are conceptually similar to NR Type 0 RA and NR Type 1 RA, respectively) may be supported for PDSCH and PUSCH with CP-OFDM waveforms, using an RA type field in the DCI to switch between the two types, which may include 1 bit (or more if further actions are to be supported). When implementing NR Type 1 RA, a maximum of approximately 18 bits may be sufficient for the RA type field. Accordingly, when frequency-domain allocation is performed using NR Type 1 RA, any remaining bits or states from the RA field can be reserved or used for joint indication of another dynamically signaled parameter. 
     In some embodiments, to support narrowband resource allocations in NR Type 0 RA smaller than a configured or indicated RBG size, the RA field can be reinterpreted as described in the following Options depending on the indication via the RA type header field in the DCI. 
     Under Option 1, a number, ceil(log 2 (ceil(N/P))), of bits (e.g., LSB or MSB) may be used to indicate one of the ceil(N/P) RBGs, and the subsequent ceil(log 2 (P*(P+1)/2)) bits are used to indicate the PRBs allocated with the indicated RBG of size P PRBs following a mechanism similar to LTE Type 2 RA or NR Type 1 RA. Any remaining bits from the original RA field corresponding to NR Type 0 RA (depending on the carrier BW or BWP size) may be reserved or used for jointly indicating any other dynamic signaling. For the indication of a single RBG, the maximum number of necessary bits may correspond to the case of maximum possible value of N (e.g., 275 or 550 PRBs), and the corresponding P values to support scheduling over N=275 or 550 PRBs may be 16, leading to a maximum number of bits to indicate one RBG as ceil(log 2(ceil(N/P)))=5 or 6 bits. For example, assuming P=16, a maximum of ceil(log 2 (P*(P+1)/2))=8 bits are needed to indicate an allocation less than or equal to an RBG. The particular combination of N and P values here are for illustrative purpose and the invention can apply generally to any combination of N and P values. Following the above, it can be shown that the above RA mechanism for allocation of PRBs smaller than the configured/determined RBG size will consume no more bits than the corresponding NR Type 0 RA mechanism for the corresponding RBG size. 
     Under Option 2, a number, ceil(log 2(ceil(N/P))), of bits (e.g., LSB or MSB) may be used to indicate one of the ceil(N/P) RBGs, and the subsequent P bits may be used as a bitmap to indicate the PRBs allocated with the indicated RBG of size P PRBs. Any remaining bits from the original RA field corresponding to NR Type 0 RA (depending on the carrier BW or BWP size) may be reserved or used for jointly indicating any other dynamic signaling. Compared to Option 1, Option 2 may provide additional flexibility of scheduling any set of P PRBs within a RBG as against the contiguous PRB allocation possible with Option 1. 
     Under Option 3, the RBGs may be further grouped by grouping of ‘x’ contiguous or non-contiguous RBGs, and a bitmap of length ceil(ceil(N/P)/x) may be used to indicate a set of allocated RBG sets. The PRBs within each RBG set can be indicated in LTE Type 2 RA or NR Type 1 RA using ceil(log 2 (xP*(xP+1)/2) bits. The value of ‘x’ can either be specified (e.g., x=2) or configured via higher layer signaling. Such a RA scheme may allow for fine granularity of RA ranging from 1 PRB to xP PRBs with the constraint of same allocation in the indicated RBG set. 
     For RA using a compact DCI format, aspects (e.g., the first two concepts) of RA Options 1 or 2 can be used to minimize the resource allocation DCI field size. For resource allocation for PUSCH with DFT-S-OFDM, LTE Type 0 RA or NR Type 0 RA can be used. 
     For both DL and UL and for a UE configured with one or more BWPs, the above RA techniques can be applied within the BWP configured to the UE via higher layers (RRC or MAC CE) or as indicated via the scheduling DCI itself. In one embodiment, for scheduling a UE with an allocation spanning multiple non-overlapping BWPs, the RA may be indicated using an RBG size corresponding to the sum of the PRBs corresponding to the aggregated BWPs. In another embodiment, for scheduling a UE with an allocation spanning multiple overlapping (partially or one completely including the other) BWPs, the RA may be indicated using an RBG size corresponding to the bandwidth of the union of the span of these multiple BWPs. In another embodiment, for scheduling a UE with an allocation spanning multiple non-overlapping or overlapping BWPs, different DC&#39;s may be used to schedule the respective transport blocks (TBs) corresponding to same or different numerologies. In such a case, the frequency-domain resource allocation can still use the RBG size corresponding to the respective BWP. 
       FIG.  12    is a diagram of example resource allocation (RA) information  1200  that includes multiple RA fields  1202 ,  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208  in accordance with some embodiments. In some instances, the RA information  1200  may be included in DCI or may be signaled in higher layers. In some cases, the RA fields  1202 ,  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208  may be implemented as bit fields of DCI. Each of the RA fields  1202 ,  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208  shown may be fields of different types (denoted by Field A, B, C, D, and so on). 
     In some cases, Field A  1202  may indicate a type of resource allocation such as RBG based allocation or start PRB-length (or similar type of information). Field B  1204  may indicate the RBG size (e.g. in case Field A  1202  indicates an RBG based allocation), and Field C  1206  can indicate a bitmap (or similar type of information) indicating which RBGs are assigned. In another example, Field B  1204  may indicate a BWP, and Field C  1206  may indicate an RBG size associated with the frequency resources in the BWP, and Field D  1208  may contain the bitmap (or similar type of information) indicating which RBGs are assigned. 
     In certain other embodiments, the RA field may be interpreted differently depending on the situation. For example, in some cases, a RA field (and/or RBG size) may be configured separately for cell-common messages, group of UEs, or UE-specific messages (e.g., a first RBG size may be configured for a first set of messages, and a second RBG size may be configured for a second set of messages). In some cases, a RA field (and/or RBG size) may be configured on a per-Control resource set (CORESET) basis (e.g. a first RBG size may be configured for message scheduled a first CORESET, and a second RBG size may be configured for messages scheduled via a second CORESET). In some cases, a RA field (and/or RBG size) may be configured on a per-DCI information type basis (e.g. a first RBG size may be configured for a first DCI type, and a second RBG size may be configured for a second DCI type). 
     In some embodiments, the allocation of RBG size may be made by scaling carrier BW, configured frequency range, or BWP. For example, a field (e.g., Field B  1204  of  FIG.  12   ) within the RA information may be used to determine the scaling (e.g., fraction of N to be used as the RBG size). In some cases, another field of the RA information may indicate the actual RBG used for allocation. Table 7 shows example field values corresponding to different scaling factors for the RBG size (P) based on the carrier BW, configured frequency range, or BWP size (N). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example RA Field Values and Corresponding RBG Size 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 RBG Size (P) as function 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of carrier BW, configured 
               
               
                   
                 Field Value 
                 frequency range, or BWP (N) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 00 
                 N/2 
               
               
                   
                 01 
                 N/4 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 N/8 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                  N/16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the example shown in Table 7, if the field value (e.g., for Field B  1204 ) is indicated as 00, then there could be only two allocations in the frequency range, 1 to N/2, or N/2 to N, implying that the additional field (e.g., Field C  1206 ) could be just 1 bit. In this case the resource allocation field is 1+2+1=4 bits total. The remaining bits of resource allocation (if they exist) could be used for indicating other information such as Modulation and coding scheme, redundancy version, etc. For very large transport blocks corresponding to very large frequency allocations, the resource allocation could be jointly coded with other fields in the downlink control information such as Code block group indication, MCS, redundancy version, etc. In some embodiments, Field A  1202 , Field B  1204 , Field C  1206 , or Field D  1208  may be jointly coded to reduce a number of resource allocation fields in the RA information  1200 . 
     In certain embodiments, for PUSCH resource allocation with DFT-S-OFDM waveforms, LTE UL Type 0 RA (or equivalently, LTE DL RA type 2) can be used. Further, in some embodiments, the resource allocation for data channels (e.g., PDSCH or PUSCH) may overlap with the resource allocation for control channel (e.g., PUCCH or PUCCH). This may be the case for the same or other UEs, in either same OFDM symbol or in other OFDM symbols. When the data channel and control channel allocations overlap, the UE may derive its overall resource allocation, by taking into account the explicit or implicit indications from the gNB such as received control channel(s), control resource set, higher layer indications, or other information. 
     In some embodiments, NR Type 0 RA may be used for scheduling of PDSCH/PUSCH in non-fallback cases when the allocation is for UE(s) in RRC connected mode. In such cases, NR Type 1 RA may be used for scheduling of all common control messages in DL and Msg3 retransmission scheduling for UL (irrespective of the UL waveform used). 
     For UL NR Type 0 RA and dynamic UL BWP switching, the size of the Type 0 RA bitmap can be semi-statically configured, or the Type 0 RA bitmap size can be determined based on the last active UL BWP. If a BWP switching indication is in the DCI, the resource allocation may be performed using a scaled version of the RBG value used for the latest active UL BWP. In some cases, the scaling may be followed by any necessary rounding up to result in RBG sizes that are configured by the gNB. 
     Furthermore, in some embodiments, RIV-based RA (NR Type 1 RA) may be implemented in fallback DCI formats for DL and UL, which may realize compact DCI sizes. In certain embodiments, dynamic switching of active DL/UL BWPs may be implemented using regular, non-fallback DCI formats. Some embodiments may support NR Type 0 RA and handling of dynamic UL BWP switching and characteristics of the two RBG size configurations to be specified for NR Type 0 RA. 
     NR Type 1 RA and Fallback DCI 
     To simplify the design of fallback DCI, in some embodiments, fallback DCI formats do not support dynamic switching of active DL/UL BWP based on information in the scheduling (fallback) DCI. Thus, fallback DL DCI formats can assign PDSCH resources only in the active DL BWP in which the DCI is detected. Additionally, in some embodiments, for fallback UL DCI formats, the allocated PUSCH resources can be limited to the initial or default active UL BWP. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the fallback UL DCI can be restricted to allocate PUSCH resources in the latest activated UL BWP. 
     In certain embodiments, the NR Type 1 RA bit-field can be of length corresponding to number of PRBs in the default/initial DL or UL BWP. Alternatively, in some cases, the bit-width for the NR Type 1 RA bit-field in fallback DCI format can be configured using system information, i.e., using MSI/RMSI/OSI. This might not be reconfigurable due to the need for fallback functionality. To enable easier size-matching between DL and UL fallback DCI formats, in some embodiments, the size of the NR Type 1 RA bit-field corresponds to the number of PRBs for the larger of the DL and UL default/initial BWPs. Consequently, if fallback DCI is used to schedule a UE in a BWP with size different from that of the initial or default DL/UL BWP or different from the corresponding configured bitmap, some mapping from the RA bit-field to the resources in the active DL/UL BWP may be defined. In certain embodiments, fallback DCI formats can support dynamic BWP switching. In such instances, the descriptions for Cases A1 and A2 below can still apply with the PDSCH/PUSCH resources being allocated in the BWP indicated in the DCI. 
     Some embodiments may implement one or more of the following techniques for NR Type 1 RA using fallback DCI formats: 
     § Case A1: BW of initial active BWP&lt;=BW of BWP with allocated resources:
         Option 1: The RIV based allocation is restricted to certain regions, i.e., specified subset of PRBs (e.g., lowest or highest M PRBs, where M PRBs=BW of default/initial DL/UL BWP) within the active DL/UL BWP   Option 2: In addition to Option 1, the RA field includes a shift or offset indicator (1 to m bits) to up to two or 2∧m (m likely no more than 2) regions that are defined such that the lowest and highest PRBs of the larger BWP correspond to the lowest and highest (respectively) PRBs of the first and last region, and any intermediate regions are uniformly placed between the first and last region. Depending on the relative sizes between BWPs, these regions may overlap or not.
           This offset/shift bit(s) is/are reserved for Case A2   System information (RMSI/OSI) can be used to configure the bit-width of this shift/offset indicator   
           Option 3: The PRB range covers the whole current BWP but the maximum schedulable BW in terms of PRBs may be restricted to only a fraction of BWP. This is similar to the approach when RIV field is reduced when hopping bits are taken out.   Option 4: In some other designs, the resource allocation field in DCI format may include a resource indication value (RIV) corresponding to a starting RB and a length in terms of contiguously allocated group of blocks (L cRB ). More particularly, the L cRB  may be selected based on a function of the ratio between BW of initial BWP and the target BWP. Also, the last contiguously allocated RB group (RBG) may be spanned in order to cover the whole bandwidth of target BWP. In some other designs, the L cRB  is determined based on the BW of target BWP and additionally zero bits padding may be applied to match the DCI format size.       

     § Case A2: BW of initial active BWP&gt;BW of BWP with allocated resources:
         Certain specified subset of length N bits (e.g., first or last N bits of the resource allocation part of the RA bit field) of the RA bit-field is used where N=ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and N_RB is the number of PRBs in the current active DL/UL BWP       

     NR Type 1 RA and Dynamic BWP Switching 
     For regular, or non-fallback, DCI that can schedule cross-BWP or otherwise enable dynamic switching of active BWPs, NR Type 1 RA can be used. Cross-BWP scheduling w/o changing the size of the RA bit-field may thus be enabled. In certain embodiments, the DCI field ordering may be such that the UE can determine the BWP index or BWP indicator field first, and can thereby know the size of the BWP with PDSCH/PUSCH scheduling. 
     Some embodiments may implement one or more of the following techniques for NR Type 1 RA using non-fallback DCI formats: 
     § Case B1: BW of BWP with allocated PDSCH&gt;BW of current (where UE finds DCI) active BWP
         Option 1: The RIV based allocation is restricted to certain regions, i.e., specified subset of PRBs (e.g., lowest or highest M PRBs, where M PRBs=BW of scheduling DL/UL BWP) within the DL/UL BWP with PDSCH/PUSCH allocation   Option 2: In addition to Option 1, the RA field includes a shift or offset indicator (1 to m bits) to up to two or 2∧m (m likely no more than 2) regions that are defined such that the lowest and highest PRBs of the larger BWP correspond to the lowest and highest (respectively) PRBs of the first and last region, and any intermediate regions are uniformly placed between the first and last region. Depending on the relative sizes between BWPs, these regions may overlap or not.
           This offset/shift field is reserved for Case B2   System information (RMSI/OSI) can be used to configure the bit-width of this shift/offset indicator   
           Option 3: The PRB range covers the whole current BWP but the maximum schedulable BW in terms of PRBs may be restricted to only a fraction of BWP. This is similar to the approach when RIV field is reduced when hopping bits are taken out.   Option 4: In some other designs, the resource allocation field in DCI format may include a resource indication value (RIV) corresponding to a starting RB and a length in terms of contiguously allocated group of blocks (L cRB ). More particularly, the L cRB  may be selected based on a function of the ratio between BW of initial BWP and the target BWP. Also, the last contiguously allocated RB group (RBG) may be spanned in order to cover the whole bandwidth of target BWP. In some other designs, the L cRB  is determined based on the BW of target BWP and additionally zero bits padding may be applied to match the DCI format size.       

     § Case B2: BW of BWP with allocated PDSCH&lt;=BW of current (where UE finds DCI) active BWP
         Certain specified subset of length N bits (e.g., first or last N bits of the resource allocation part of the RA bit field) of the RA bit-field is used where N=ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and N_RB is the number of PRBs in the BWP with allocated PDSCH/PUSCH       

     In embodiments implementing regular/non-fallback DCI in UL scheduling, NR Type 1 RA may support dynamic switching of BWPs. The following embodiments can apply to both DL and UL DCI formats. 
     In some embodiments, semi-statically configured bit-width of the NR Type 1 RA field for “regular” DCI may be defined. A common configured bit-width may be applied for both DL and UL DCI RA field. Further, a default bit-width may be defined to correspond to the larger of initial DL/UL BWP. 
     In other embodiments, the bit-width of the NR Type 1 RA field may be implicitly determined based on size of largest configured DL and UL BWP for regular DL and UL DCI, respectively, or based on the size of the largest configured DL or UL BWP (i.e., over the set of all DL and UL BWPs). The latter option may reduce the need for addition of padding bits for size-matching of DL and UL DCI formats. 
     In other embodiments, the size of the bit-width of the NR Type 1 RA field may be defined based on the number of PRBs corresponding to the span of all configured DL and/or UL BWPs. 
     In other embodiments, for both DL and UL cases with NR Type 1 RA, the RA bit-field may be defined such that it covers the maximum possible span of all BWPs, which can correspond to either 275 or 550 PRBs in some instances. Accordingly, the RIV-based resource allocation can cover any resource within any configured BWP, and based on the allocated resources, the UE can determine the BWP. 
     Further, in some embodiments, a BWP index or BWP indicator field may not be present in the DCI (e.g., with one or more of the approaches above). However, in case of configured BWPs that are nested or have overlaps, there can be ambiguity in the determining the intended BWP for allocated resources if the resources are part of multiple BWPs. To resolve this ambiguity, the BWP indicator field can still be carried in the DCI. 
       FIG.  13    is a flow diagram showing an example process  1300  of allocating frequency-domain resources in a wireless communication system. Operations in the example process  1300  may be performed by one or more components of a RAN node (e.g., one or more components the baseband circuitry  204  of  FIG.  2   ), and, in certain cases, may be encoded in computer-readable media as instructions executable by processing circuitry of at least one processor. The example process  1300  may include additional or different operations, and the operations may be performed in the order shown or in another order. In some cases, one or more of the operations shown in  FIG.  13    are implemented as processes that include multiple operations, sub-processes, or other types of routines. In some cases, operations can be combined, performed in another order, performed in parallel, iterated, or otherwise repeated or performed another manner. 
     At  1302 , a resource block group (RBG) size configuration is selected from a set of RBG size configurations based on a bandwidth part (BWP) size. Each RBG size configuration may indicate RBG sizes associated with respective ranges of BWP sizes, with the RBG sizes indicating a number of frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions. The RBG size configurations may include non-overlapping ranges of BWP sizes. In some cases, a first RBG size associated with a first range of BWP sizes in a first RBG size configuration is equal to a second RBG size associated with a second range of BWP sizes in the first RBG size configurations. In some cases, a first RBG size associated with a highest range of BWP sizes in a first RBG size configuration is equal to a second RBG size associated with the highest range of BWP sizes in a second RBG size configurations. 
     At  1304 , PRBs are allocated for communication between the gNB device and a user equipment (UE) device via the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions based on the selected RBG size. In some cases, this may include allocating PRBs for PDSCH and PUSCH that overlap with PRBs allocated for via physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmissions, respectively. In some cases, this may include allocating the PRBs according to NR Type 1 for PUSCH transmissions between the gNB and the UE device using Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). 
     At  1306 , downlink control information (DCI) that indicates the allocated PRBs is transmitted to the UE device. In some cases, RRC message indicating the selected RBG size configuration may be transmitted to the UE device as well. Before transmitting the RRC message, the gNB device may communicate with the UE based on a default RBG size configuration. In some cases, the DCI may also indicate a number of symbols for the PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions. 
     In some embodiments, the DCI includes a header bit in the resource allocation (RA) field indicating whether frequency-domain allocation of PRBs for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions is to be according to NR Type 0 RA or NR Type 1 RA. For example, the RA field may indicate NR Type 0 RA, and the DCI may further include an RBG size field indicating the selected RBG size. A bitmap of the RA field may indicate which RBGs are assigned for the PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions. As another example, the RA field may indicate NR Type 0 RA and the DCI may further include one or more of: a BWP field indicating a particular BWP, an RBG size field indicating an RBG size associated with the frequency resources in the particular BWP, and a bitmap in the RA field indicating which RBGs are assigned for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. As another example, the RA field indicates NR Type 1 RA and is of a length corresponding to a number of PRBs in the BWP. The length may be based on the maximum of ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and ceil(N_RB/RBG size), where N_RB is the number of PRBs in the BWP and RBG size is the corresponding RBG size for NR Type 0 RA. 
     In some embodiments, a PDSCH duration is selected from a set of durations that are configured to the UE device based on radio resource control (RRC) messages, and the DCI further indicates the selected PDSCH duration. 
       FIG.  14    is a flow diagram showing another example process  1400  of allocating frequency-domain resources in a wireless communication system. Operations in the example process  1400  may be performed by one or more components of a RAN node (e.g., one or more components the baseband circuitry  204  of  FIG.  2    in a gNodeB), and, in certain cases, may be encoded in computer-readable media as instructions executable by processing circuitry of at least one processor of a RAN node (e.g., a gNodeB). The example process  1400  may include additional or different operations, and the operations may be performed in the order shown or in another order. In some cases, one or more of the operations shown in  FIG.  14    are implemented as processes that include multiple operations, sub-processes, or other types of routines. In some cases, operations can be combined, performed in another order, performed in parallel, iterated, or otherwise repeated or performed another manner. 
     At  1402 , frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions are allocated in an allocated bandwidth part (BWP) for communication between a gNB device and a UE device. 
     At  1404 , second downlink control information (DCI) is encoded for transmission to the UE device. The second DCI indicates the allocated PRBs in a resource allocation (RA) field of the second DCI, wherein a size of the RA field of the DCI corresponds to a different number of PRBs than a number of total PRBs in the allocated BWP. In some instances, the size of the RA field in the DCI is based on a number of PRBs in an initial BWP used for initial communication between the gNB and the UE device. Further, in some instances, the DCI does not include a BWP indicator field (i.e., does not support dynamic BWP switching). 
     In some cases, the RA field indicates a resource indication value (RIV) indicating a starting PRB and a length indicating a number of contiguous PRBs with the starting PRB that comprise the allocated PRBs. The DCI may include a header bit in the RA field indicating a frequency-domain RA type and a BWP indicator field indicating the allocated BWP for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. The allocated BWP may be different from a BWP previously used for communication between the gNB and the UE device (e.g., in a dynamic BWP switching scenario). 
     In some instances, the length field of the RIV may be based on a ratio of a number of PRBs in an initial BWP previously used for communication between the gNB and the UE device and the number of allocated PRBs in the allocated BWP. In other instances, the length field of the RIV is based on a number of the allocated PRBs in the allocated BWP and a number of zero-padded bits. In some cases, the RIV includes a subset of bits of the RA field, with the subset of bits comprising N bits, where N=ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and N_RB is the number of PRBs in a current active BWP used for communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Functions, operations, components and/or features described herein with reference to one or more embodiments, may be combined with, or may be utilized in combination with, one or more other functions, operations, components and/or features described herein with reference to one or more other embodiments, or vice versa. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples pertain to further embodiments. It will be understood that certain examples listed below may be combined with other examples, or certain aspects of other examples. The examples listed below may be performed by one or more components of a RAN node (e.g., one or more components the baseband circuitry  204  of  FIG.  2    implemented in a gNodeB). In certain cases, may be encoded in computer-readable media as instructions executable by processing circuitry of at least one processor of a RAN node (e.g., a gNodeB). 
     Example 1 includes an apparatus of a New Radio (NR) gNodeB (gNB) device, the apparatus comprising: memory storing instructions; and processing circuitry coupled to the memory to implement the instructions to: select a resource block group (RBG) size configuration from a set of RBG size configurations based on a bandwidth part (BWP) size, wherein each RBG size configuration indicates RBG sizes associated with respective ranges of BWP sizes, the RBG sizes indicating a number of frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions; allocate PRBs for communication between the gNB and a user equipment (UE) device via the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions based on the selected RBG size; and encode downlink control information (DCI) that indicates the allocated PRBs for transmission to the UE device. 
     Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally, wherein the processing circuitry is further to encode a radio resource control (RRC) message indicating the selected RBG size configuration for transmission to the UE device. 
     Example 3 includes the subject matter of Example 2, and optionally, wherein the processing circuitry is further to, before encoding the RRC message indicating the selected RBG size, allocate PRBs for communication between the gNB and the UE device based on a default RBG size configuration. 
     Example 4 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, and optionally, wherein the DCI further indicates a number of symbols for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 5 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, and optionally, wherein the processing circuitry is further to select a PDSCH duration from a set of durations that are configured to the UE device based on radio resource control (RRC) messages, and the DCI further indicates the selected PDSCH duration. 
     Example 6 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, and optionally, wherein the RBG size configurations include non-overlapping ranges of BWP sizes. 
     Example 7 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, and optionally, wherein a first RBG size associated with a first range of BWP sizes in a first RBG size configuration is equal to a second RBG size associated with a second range of BWP sizes in the first RBG size configuration. 
     Example 8 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, and optionally, wherein a first RBG size associated with a highest range of BWP sizes in a first RBG size configuration is equal to a second RBG size associated with the highest range of BWP sizes in a second RBG size configuration. 
     Example 9 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, and optionally, wherein the DCI includes a header bit in the resource allocation (RA) field indicating whether frequency-domain allocation of PRBs for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions is to be according to NR Type 0 RA or NR Type 1 RA. 
     Example 10 includes the subject matter of Example 9, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates NR Type 0 RA, the DCI further includes an RBG size field indicating the selected RBG size, and a bitmap of the RA field indicates which RBGs are assigned for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 11 includes the subject matter of Example 9, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates NR Type 0 RA and the DCI further includes one or more of: a BWP field indicating a particular BWP, an RBG size field indicating an RBG size associated with the frequency resources in the particular BWP, and a bitmap in the RA field indicating which RBGs are assigned for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 12 includes the subject matter of Example 9, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates NR Type 1 RA and is of a length corresponding to a number of PRBs in the BWP. 
     Example 13 includes the subject matter of Example 12, and optionally, wherein the length is based on the maximum of ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and ceil(N_RB/RBG_size), where N_RB is the number of PRBs in the BWP and RBG_size is the corresponding RBG size for NR Type 0 RA. 
     Example 14 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, and optionally, wherein allocating PRBs for communication between the gNB and the UE device comprises allocating PRBs for PDSCH and PUSCH that overlap with PRBs allocated for via physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmissions, respectively. 
     Example 15 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-3, and optionally, wherein allocating PRBs for communication between the gNB and the UE device comprises allocating the PRBs according to NR Type 1 for PUSCH transmissions between the gNB and the UE device using Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). 
     Example 16 includes a method to be performed at a processing circuitry of a New Radio (NR) gNodeB (gNB) device, the method comprising: selecting a resource block group (RBG) size configuration from a set of RBG size configurations based on a bandwidth part (BWP) size, wherein each RBG size configuration indicates RBG sizes associated with respective ranges of BWP sizes, the RBG sizes indicating a number of frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions; allocating PRBs for communication between the gNB and a user equipment (UE) device via the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions based on the selected RBG size; and encoding downlink control information (DCI) that indicates the allocated PRBs for transmission to the UE device. 
     Example 17 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, further comprising encoding a radio resource control (RRC) message indicating the selected RBG size configuration for transmission to the UE device. 
     Example 18 includes the subject matter of Example 17, and optionally, further comprising, before encoding the RRC message indicating the selected RBG size, allocating PRBs for communication between the gNB and the UE device based on a default RBG size configuration. 
     Example 19 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein the DCI further indicates a number of symbols for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 20 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, further comprising selecting a PDSCH duration from a set of durations that are configured to the UE device based on radio resource control (RRC) messages, and wherein the DCI further indicates the selected PDSCH duration. 
     Example 21 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein the RBG size configurations include non-overlapping ranges of BWP sizes. 
     Example 22 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein a first RBG size associated with a first range of BWP sizes in a first RBG size configuration is equal to a second RBG size associated with a second range of BWP sizes in the first RBG size configurations. 
     Example 23 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein a first RBG size associated with a highest range of BWP sizes in a first RBG size configuration is equal to a second RBG size associated with the highest range of BWP sizes in a second RBG size configurations. 
     Example 24 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein the DCI includes a header bit in the resource allocation (RA) field indicating whether frequency-domain allocation of PRBs for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions is to be according to NR Type 0 RA or NR Type 1 RA. 
     Example 25 includes the subject matter of Example 24, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates NR Type 0 RA, the DCI further includes an RBG size field indicating the selected RBG size, and a bitmap of the RA field indicates which RBGs are assigned for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 26 includes the subject matter of Example 24, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates NR Type 0 RA and the DCI further includes one or more of: a BWP field indicating a particular BWP, an RBG size field indicating an RBG size associated with the frequency resources in the particular BWP, and a bitmap in the RA field indicating which RBGs are assigned for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 27 includes the subject matter of Example 24, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates NR Type 1 RA and is of a length corresponding to a number of PRBs in the BWP. 
     Example 28 includes the subject matter of Example 27, and optionally, wherein the length is based on the maximum of ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and ceil(N_RB/RBG_size), where N_RB is the number of PRBs in the BWP and RBG_size is the corresponding RBG size for NR Type 0 RA. 
     Example 29 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein allocating PRBs for communication between the gNB and the UE device comprises allocating PRBs for PDSCH and PUSCH that overlap with PRBs allocated for via physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmissions, respectively. 
     Example 30 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally, wherein allocating PRBs for communication between the gNB and the UE device comprises allocating the PRBs according to NR Type 1 for PUSCH transmissions between the gNB and the UE device using Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). 
     Example 31 includes a product comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one computer processor, enable the at least one computer processor to: select a resource block group (RBG) size configuration from a set of RBG size configurations based on a bandwidth part (BWP) size, wherein each RBG size configuration indicates RBG sizes associated with respective ranges of BWP sizes, the RBG sizes indicating a number of frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions; allocate PRBs for communication between the gNB and a user equipment (UE) device via the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions based on the selected RBG size; and encode downlink control information (DCI) that indicates the allocated PRBs for transmission to the UE device. 
     Example 32 includes the subject matter of Example 31, and optionally, wherein the instructions are further operable enable the at least one computer processor to encode a radio resource control (RRC) message indicating the selected RBG size configuration for transmission to the UE device. 
     Example 33 includes the subject matter of Example 32, and optionally, wherein the instructions are further operable enable the at least one computer processor to, before encoding the RRC message indicating the selected RBG size, allocate PRBs for communication between the gNB and the UE device based on a default RBG size configuration. 
     Example 34 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 31-33, and optionally, wherein the DCI further indicates a number of symbols for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 35 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 31-33, and optionally, wherein the instructions are further operable enable the at least one computer processor to select a PDSCH duration from a set of durations that are configured to the UE device based on radio resource control (RRC) messages, and the DCI further indicates the selected PDSCH duration. 
     Example 36 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 31-33, and optionally, wherein the RBG size configurations include non-overlapping ranges of BWP sizes. 
     Example 37 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 31-33, and optionally, wherein a first RBG size associated with a first range of BWP sizes in a first RBG size configuration is equal to a second RBG size associated with a second range of BWP sizes in the first RBG size configurations. 
     Example 38 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 31-33, and optionally, wherein a first RBG size associated with a highest range of BWP sizes in a first RBG size configuration is equal to a second RBG size associated with the highest range of BWP sizes in a second RBG size configurations. 
     Example 39 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 31-33, and optionally, wherein the DCI includes a header bit in the resource allocation (RA) field indicating whether frequency-domain allocation of PRBs for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions is to be according to NR Type 0 RA or NR Type 1 RA. 
     Example 40 includes the subject matter of Example 39, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates NR Type 0 RA, the DCI further includes an RBG size field indicating the selected RBG size, and a bitmap of the RA field indicates which RBGs are assigned for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 41 includes the subject matter of Example 39, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates NR Type 0 RA and the DCI further includes one or more of: a BWP field indicating a particular BWP, an RBG size field indicating an RBG size associated with the frequency resources in the particular BWP, and a bitmap in the RA field indicating which RBGs are assigned for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 42 includes the subject matter of Example 39, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates NR Type 1 RA and is of a length corresponding to a number of PRBs in the BWP. 
     Example 43 includes the subject matter of Example 42, and optionally, wherein the length is based on the maximum of ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and ceil(N_RB/RBG_size), where N_RB is the number of PRBs in the BWP and RBG_size is the corresponding RBG size for NR Type 0 RA. 
     Example 44 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 31-33, and optionally, wherein allocating PRBs for communication between the gNB and the UE device comprises allocating PRBs for PDSCH and PUSCH that overlap with PRBs allocated for via physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmissions, respectively. 
     Example 45 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 31-33, and optionally, wherein allocating PRBs for communication between the gNB and the UE device comprises allocating the PRBs according to NR Type 1 for PUSCH transmissions between the gNB and the UE device using Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). 
     Example 46 includes a system comprising: means for selecting a resource block group (RBG) size configuration from a set of RBG size configurations based on a bandwidth part (BWP) size, wherein each RBG size configuration indicates RBG sizes associated with respective ranges of BWP sizes, the RBG sizes indicating a number of frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions; means for allocating PRBs for communication between the gNB and a user equipment (UE) device via the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions based on the selected RBG size; and means for encoding downlink control information (DCI) that indicates the allocated PRBs for transmission to the UE device. 
     Example 47 includes the subject matter of Example 46, and optionally, further comprising means for encoding a radio resource control (RRC) message indicating the selected RBG size configuration for transmission to the UE device. 
     Example 48 includes the subject matter of Example 46, and optionally, further comprising means for selecting a PDSCH duration from a set of durations that are configured to the UE device based on radio resource control (RRC) messages, and the DCI further indicates the selected PDSCH duration 
     Example 49 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 46-48, and optionally, further comprising means for allocating PRBs for PDSCH and PUSCH that overlap with PRBs allocated for via physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmissions, respectively. 
     Example 50 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 46-48, and optionally, further comprising means for allocating the PRBs according to NR Type 1 for PUSCH transmissions between the gNB and the UE device using Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) 
     Example 51 includes an apparatus of a New Radio (NR) gNodeB (gNB) device, the apparatus comprising: memory storing instructions; and processing circuitry coupled to the memory to implement the instructions to: allocate frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions in an allocated bandwidth part (BWP) for communication between the gNB and a user equipment (UE) device; and encode, for transmission to the UE device, second downlink control information (DCI) that indicates the allocated PRBs in a resource allocation (RA) field of the second DCI, wherein a size of the RA field of the DCI corresponds to a different number of PRBs than a number of total PRBs in the allocated BWP. 
     Example 52 includes the subject matter of Example 51, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates a resource indication value (RIV) indicating a starting PRB and a length indicating a number of contiguous PRBs with the starting PRB that comprise the allocated PRBs. 
     Example 53 includes the subject matter of Example 52, and optionally, wherein the DCI includes a header bit in the RA field indicating a frequency-domain RA type and a BWP indicator field indicating the allocated BWP for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 54 includes the subject matter of Example 53, and optionally, wherein the allocated BWP is different from a BWP previously used for communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Example 55 includes the subject matter of Example 52, and optionally, wherein the length is based on a ratio of a number of PRBs in an initial BWP previously used for communication between the gNB and the UE device and the number of total PRBs in the allocated BWP. 
     Example 56 includes the subject matter of Example 52, and optionally, wherein the length is based on a number of the allocated PRBs in the allocated BWP and a number of zero-padded bits. 
     Example 57 includes the subject matter of Example 52, and optionally, wherein the RIV comprises a subset of bits of the RA field, the subset comprising N bits, where N=ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and N_RB is the number of PRBs in a current active BWP used for communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Example 58 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 51-57, and optionally, wherein the size of the RA field in the DCI is based on a number of PRBs in an initial BWP used for initial communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Example 59 includes the subject matter of Example 58, and optionally, wherein the DCI does not include a BWP indicator field. 
     Example 60 includes method to be performed at a processing circuitry of a New Radio (NR) gNodeB (gNB) device, the method comprising: allocating frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions in an allocated bandwidth part (BWP) for communication between the gNB and a user equipment (UE) device; and encoding, for transmission to the UE device, second downlink control information (DCI) that indicates the allocated PRBs in a resource allocation (RA) field of the second DCI, wherein a size of the RA field of the DCI corresponds to a different number of PRBs than a number of total PRBs in the allocated BWP. 
     Example 61 includes the subject matter of Example 60, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates a resource indication value (RIV) indicating a starting PRB and a length indicating a number of contiguous PRBs with the starting PRB that comprise the allocated PRBs. 
     Example 62 includes the subject matter of Example 61, and optionally, wherein the DCI includes a header bit in the RA field indicating a frequency-domain RA type and a BWP indicator field indicating the allocated BWP for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 63 includes the subject matter of Example 62, and optionally, wherein the allocated BWP is different from a BWP previously used for communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Example 64 includes the subject matter any one of Examples 61-63, and optionally, wherein the length is based on a ratio of a number of PRBs in an initial BWP previously used for communication between the gNB and the UE device and the number of allocated PRBs in the allocated BWP. 
     Example 65 includes the subject matter any one of Examples 61-63, and optionally, wherein the length is based on a number of the allocated PRBs in the allocated BWP and a number of zero-padded bits. 
     Example 66 includes the subject matter any one of Examples 61-63, and optionally, wherein the RIV comprises a subset of bits of the RA field, the subset comprising N bits, where N=ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and N_RB is the number of PRBs in a current active BWP used for communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Example 67 includes the subject matter of Example 60, and optionally, wherein the size of the RA field in the DCI is based on a number of PRBs in an initial BWP used for initial communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Example 68 includes the subject matter of Example 67, and optionally, wherein the DCI does not include a BWP indicator field. 
     Example 69 includes a product comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one computer processor, enable the at least one computer processor to: allocate frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions in an allocated bandwidth part (BWP) for communication between the gNB and a user equipment (UE) device; and encode, for transmission to the UE device, second downlink control information (DCI) that indicates the allocated PRBs in a resource allocation (RA) field of the second DCI, wherein a size of the RA field of the DCI corresponds to a different number of PRBs than a number of total PRBs in the allocated BWP. 
     Example 70 includes the subject matter of Example 69, and optionally, wherein the RA field indicates a resource indication value (RIV) indicating a starting PRB and a length indicating a number of contiguous PRBs with the starting PRB that comprise the allocated PRBs. 
     Example 71 includes the subject matter of Example 70, and optionally, wherein the DCI includes a header bit in the RA field indicating a frequency-domain RA type and a BWP indicator field indicating the allocated BWP for the PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions. 
     Example 72 includes the subject matter of Example 71, and optionally, wherein the allocated BWP is different from a BWP previously used for communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Example 73 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 70-72, and optionally, wherein the length is based on a ratio of a number of PRBs in an initial BWP previously used for communication between the gNB and the UE device and the number of allocated PRBs in the allocated BWP. 
     Example 74 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 70-72, and optionally, wherein the length is based on a number of the allocated PRBs in the allocated BWP and a number of zero-padded bits. 
     Example 75 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 70-72, and optionally, wherein the RIV comprises a subset of bits of the RA field, the subset comprising N bits, where N=ceil(log_2 (N_RB*(N_RB+1)/2)) and N_RB is the number of PRBs in a current active BWP used for communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Example 76 includes the subject matter of Example 69, and optionally, wherein the size of the RA field in the DCI is based on a number of PRBs in an initial BWP used for initial communication between the gNB and the UE device. 
     Example 77 includes the subject matter of Example 76, and optionally, wherein the DCI does not include a BWP indicator field. 
     Example 78 includes a system comprising: means for allocating frequency-domain physical resource blocks (PRBs) for physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) transmissions in an allocated bandwidth part (BWP) for communication between the gNB and a user equipment (UE) device; and means for encoding, for transmission to the UE device, second downlink control information (DCI) that indicates the allocated PRBs in a resource allocation (RA) field of the second DCI, wherein a size of the RA field of the DCI corresponds to a different number of PRBs than a number of total PRBs in the allocated BWP. 
     Example 79 may include a system or method of wireless communication for a fifth generation (5G) or new radio (NR) system wherein frequency-domain resource allocation for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) shared channels, PDSCH and PUSCH, is indicated to a NR UE using different resource allocation types using a combination of one or more of predefined mapping rules, higher layer signaling, and Layer 1 signaling. 
     Example 80 may include the system or method of Example 79 or some other example herein, wherein the frequency-domain resource allocation for PDSCH and PUSCH with CP-OFDM waveform is signaled by dividing the allocable PRBs within the carrier BW, configured frequency range, or activated BWP(s), etc. into Resource Block Groups (RBGs) of size P, with possibly the last RBG containing less than P PRBs and wherein the signaling for the resource allocation is realized via a bitmap of length ceil(N/P) where N is the number of PRBs within the carrier BW, configured frequency range, or BWP. 
     Example 81 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein for carrier BW, configured frequency range, or BWP sizes of less than ‘X’ PRBs the RBG sizes may be configured via higher layers between one of multiple candidate RBG values. 
     Example 82 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein the RBG value is configured for transmission of all PDSCH and PUSCH transmissions with CP-OFDM via the minimum system information (MSI), remaining minimum system information (RMSI), or system information block (SIB) signaling. 
     Example 83 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein the RBG value is indicated dynamically to the UE such that the RBG value is indicated via the scheduling DCI out of a plurality of RBG values by means of a flag field. 
     Example 84 may include the system or method of Example 83 or some other example herein, wherein an additional shift indicator field is used to indicate the set of RBGs that the resource allocation bitmap field corresponds to and such that the union of all sets of RBGs indicated by the shift indicator field covers all allocable PRBs in the carrier BW, configured frequency range, or bandwidth part. 
     Example 85 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein the size of RBG is obtained by scaling a reference RBG size by a certain factor greater than one, when the number of allocated symbols is less than a certain configured or specified threshold, and wherein the factor is either predefined or configured or dynamically indicated to the UE. 
     Example 86 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein the size of RBG can be scaled by a factor that is given by the ratio of the number of allocated symbols for the PDSCH or PUSCH with at least CP-OFDM waveform and a reference number of symbols. 
     Example 87 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein the DL resource allocation (RA) type 0 and type 1 are supported for frequency-domain resource allocation for PDSCH and PUSCH with at least CP-OFDM waveform and a RA type header is used to indicate the RA type. 
     Example 88 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein the DL resource allocation (RA) type 0 and type 2 are supported for frequency-domain resource allocation for PDSCH and PUSCH with at least CP-OFDM waveform and a RA type header is used to indicate the RA type. 
     Example 89 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein the DL resource allocation (RA) type 0 is supported and in order to support narrowband resource allocations smaller than the configured/indicated RBG size, the frequency-domain resource allocation field is reinterpreted. 
     Example 90 may include the system or method of example 89 or some other example herein, wherein ceil(log 2(ceil(N/P))) LSB (or MSB) bits are used to indicate one of the ceil(N/P) RBGs, the subsequent ceil(log 2(P*(P+1)/2)) bits are used to indicate the PRBs allocated with the indicated RBG of size P PRBs following a mechanism similar to LTE DL RA type 2, and any remaining bits from the original resource allocation field corresponding to DL RA type 0 (depending on the carrier BW or BWP size) are reserved or used for jointly indicating any other dynamic signaling. 
     Example 91 may include the system or method of example 89 or some other example herein, wherein ceil(log 2(ceil(N/P))) LSB (or MSB) bits are used to indicate one of the ceil(N/P) RBGs, the subsequent P bits are used as a bitmap to indicate the PRBs allocated with the indicated RBG of size P PRBs, and any remaining bits from the original resource allocation field corresponding to DL RA type 0 (depending on the carrier BW or BWP size) are reserved or used for jointly indicating any other dynamic signaling. 
     Example 92 may include the system or method of example 89 or some other example herein, wherein the RBGs are further grouped by grouping of ‘x’ contiguous or non-contiguous RBGs, and a bitmap of length ceil(ceil(N/P)/x) is used to indicate a set of allocated RBG sets, and the PRBs within each RBG set are indicated using DL RA type 2 using ceil(log 2(xP*(xP+1)/2) bits. 
     Example 93 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein for scheduling a UE with an allocation spanning multiple non-overlapping BWPs, the resource allocation in frequency-domain may be indicated using an RBG size corresponding to the sum of the PRBs corresponding to the aggregated BWPs. 
     Example 94 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein for scheduling a UE with an allocation spanning multiple overlapping (partially or one completely including the other) BWPs, the resource allocation in frequency-domain may be indicated using an RBG size corresponding to the bandwidth of the union of the span of these multiple BWPs. 
     Example 95 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein for scheduling a UE with an allocation spanning multiple non-overlapping or overlapping BWPs, different DC&#39;s may be used to schedule the respective transport blocks (TBs) corresponding to same or different numerologies, and the frequency-domain resource allocation uses the RBG size corresponding to the respective BWP. 
     Example 96 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein frequency-domain resource allocation information in a downlink control information or in the higher layers is conveyed to the UE using multiple fields or wherein some of the fields are jointly encoded. 
     Example 97 may include the system or method of example 96 or some other example herein, wherein a first field indicates a type of resource allocation such as RBG based allocation or startPRB-length (or similar), a second field indicates the RBG size (e.g. in case field A indicates an RBG based allocation), and a third indicates a bitmap (or similar) of which RBGs are assigned. 
     Example 98 may include the system or method of example 96 or some other example herein, wherein a first field indicates a type of resource allocation such as RBG based allocation or startPRB-length (or similar), a second field indicates a BWP, a third field indicates the RBG size (e.g. in case field A indicates an RBG based allocation), and a fourth field indicates a bitmap (or similar) of which RBGs are assigned. 
     Example 99 may include the system or method of Example 80 or some other example herein, wherein resource allocation field may be interpreted differently based on at least one or more of the following to determine the RBG size: a first RBG size for a first set of messages, and a second RBG size for a second set of messages; a first RBG size for message scheduled in a first CORESET, and a second RBG size for messages scheduled via a second CORESET; a first RBG size for a first DCI type, and a second RBG size for a second DCI type. 
     Example 100 may include the system or method of example 79 or some other example herein, wherein frequency-domain resource allocation for PUSCH with DFT-S-OFDM is indicated to the UE following LTE UL RA type 0 (or equivalently, LTE DL RA type 2) or similar. 
     Example 101 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 79-100, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 102 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 79-100, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 103 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 79-100, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 104 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 79-100, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example 105 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 79-100, or portions thereof. 
     Example 106 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 79-100, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example 107 may include the system and method of wireless communication for a fifth generation (5G) or new radio (NR) system with one or more of the following components: (a) Wherein a fallback DL or UL DCI format using DL/UL Type 1 RA (RIV based RA) can schedule resources in DL/UL BWPs that may not have same size as the number of PRBs corresponding to the RA bit-field in the DCI; (b) Wherein DL/UL Type 1 RA (RIV based RA) can schedule DL/UL resources with support of dynamic BWP switching; or (c) Wherein only DL Type 1 RA is used for scheduling of all common control messages in DL and only UL Type 1 RA for Msg3 retransmission scheduling. 
     Example 108 may include the system and method of example 107 or some other example herein, wherein fallback DL DCI can assign PDSCH resources only in the active DL BWP in which the DCI is detected. 
     Example 109 may include the system and method of example 107 or some other example herein, wherein for fallback UL DCI, the allocated PUSCH resources is limited to the initial or default active UL BWP or in the latest active UL BWP. 
     Example 110 may include the system and method of example 107 or some other example herein, wherein the Type 1 RA bit-field can be of length corresponding to number of PRBs in the default/initial DL or UL BWP. 
     Example 111 may include the system and method of example 107 or some other example herein, wherein for Type 1 RA bit-field in non-fallback DCI, the bit-width is determined according to the largest of the DL and UL BWPs configured to the UE. 
     Example 112 may include the system and method of wireless communication for a fifth generation (5G) or new radio (NR) system with one or more of the following components: (a) Wherein UL Type 0 RA (RBG based RA) supports dynamic UL BWP switching such that the Type 0 RA bitmap size is determined based on the last active UL BWP and in case of BWP switching indication from the DCI, the resource allocation is performed using a scaled version of the RBG value used for the latest active UL BWP; (b) Wherein two sets of RBG sizes are specified for DL/UL Type 0 RA such that the two sets have the lowest PRB ranges with same RBG sizes; or (a) Wherein two sets of RBG sizes are specified for DL/UL Type 0 RA such that a particular set can have multiple consecutive rows for different non-overlapping PRB ranges with same RBG size value. 
     Example 113 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 107-112, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 114 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 107-112, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 115 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 107-112, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example 116 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 107-112, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example 117 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 107-112, or portions thereof. 
     Example 118 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 107-112, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example 13 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example 119 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example 120 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Example 121 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Example 122 includes an apparatus of a user equipment (UE) device that includes instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry of the UE device, process messaging from a gNodeB (gNB) device indicating frequency-domain resource allocation according to any one of Examples 1-121, and configure the UE device to communicate with the gNB based on the frequency-domain resource allocation. 
     Example 123 includes a method comprising: processing, at a UE device messaging from a gNB device indicating frequency-domain resource allocation according to any one of Examples 1-121, and configuring the UE device to communicate with the gNB based on the frequency-domain resource allocation. 
     Example 124 includes product comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one computer processor, enable the at least one computer processor to: process messaging from a gNodeB (gNB) device indicating frequency-domain resource allocation according to any one of Examples 1-121, and configure a UE device to communicate with the gNB based on the frequency-domain resource allocation. 
     Example 125 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally, further comprising a front-end module coupled to the processing circuitry. 
     Example 126 includes the subject matter of Example 125, and optionally, further comprising at least one antenna coupled to the front-end module. 
     Example 127 includes the subject matter of Example 51, and optionally, further comprising a front-end module coupled to the processing circuitry. 
     Example 128 includes the subject matter of Example 127, and optionally, further comprising at least one antenna coupled to the front-end module. 
     While certain features have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the disclosure.