Patent Publication Number: US-2023144790-A1

Title: Smart sensor device and antenna structure for use therewith

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a division of U.S. Application No. 17/214,600, which was filed on Mar. 26, 2021, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Application No. 17/214,600 claims priority upon and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/001,837, which was filed on Mar. 30, 2020, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to light sensing devices with wireless communication capability and, more particularly, to a light sensing device and an antenna structure for use therewith. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Streetlights, when they are operating properly, will illuminate a roadway, parking lot, or any other area during the night, in the absence of daylight, and at other desirable times. Oftentimes, a streetlight is desirably turned “on” in the evening as darkness approaches and turned “off” in the morning after daylight has arrived. Streetlight controllers have been known for many years. A conventional streetlight controller includes an electronic light sensor. The light sensor generates an output signal that indicates an amount or intensity of light proximal to the sensor. The output from the light sensor may in some cases indicate the intensity of proximal light. Additionally, or alternatively, the light sensor, asserts or de-asserts an output signal based on a light intensity threshold. If the light intensity is below a threshold, the conventional streetlight controller will direct the streetlight to turn “on” and provide visible light; else, the controller will direct the streetlight to turn “off.” 
     In recent years, so-called “smart” streetlight controllers have been created. A smart streetlight controller provides wireless communication capabilities, which permit the streetlight to report certain status to a remote computing device. In at least some cases, a smart streetlight controller may further be arranged to receive control information from a remote computing device. The received control information may direct the streetlight to turn on, turn off, illuminate at a particular color or intensity, and perform some other function. One exemplary smart streetlight controller may be arranged according to published PCT Patent Application WO 2019/136480 A2, which describes a light pole wireless networking device. Some other aspects of wireless networking device technologies and related art that may be useful in understanding the background of the present disclosure are described in the following publications:
     Published PCT Patent Application WO 2019/136474 A2, which describes a system that captures and analyzes a last known state across a plurality of dispersed geographic sensors synchronized to a common clock;   Published PCT Patent Application WO 2019/136481 A2, which describes failure modeling and management of an aerial light fixture;   Published PCT Patent Application WO 2019/136482 A2, which describes an aerially lighting fixture connector;   Published PCT Patent Application WO 2019/136483 A2, which describes a plurality of camouflaged small cell networking devices;   Published PCT Patent Application WO 2019/136486 A2, which describes an aerially mounted wireless networking device antenna system; and   Published PCT Patent Application WO 2019/136488 A2, which describes a distributed computing environment via a plurality of regularly spaced, aerially mounted wireless smart sensor networking devices.   

     The disclosures of all references mentioned above and throughout the specification, as well as the disclosures of all references mentioned in those references, are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     The antenna systems disclosed in the above-referenced publications are not configured to permit a photosensor or other circuitry that detects, senses, or uses light (e.g., sunlight or moonlight) during operation to be placed under them, such as in a stacked printed circuit board arrangement, without significantly inhibiting the photosensor’s or other circuitry’s ability to function properly. 
     All of the subject matter discussed in the Background section is not necessarily prior art and should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its discussion in the Background section. Along these lines, any recognition of problems in the prior art discussed in the Background section or associated with such subject matter should not be treated as prior art unless expressly stated to be prior art. Instead, the discussion of any subject matter in the Background section should be treated as part of the inventor’s approach to the particular problem, which, in and of itself, may also be inventive. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     The following is a summary of the present disclosure to provide an introductory understanding of some features and context. This summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements of the present disclosure or to delineate the scope of the disclosure. This summary presents certain concepts of the present disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is later presented. 
     According to one exemplary embodiment, the present disclosure describes a sensor device, such as a light sensing device, 
     According to one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a sensor device (such as, for example, a light sensing device that may be employed as a streetlight controller) includes a housing, a substrate positioned within the housing, one or more radiative antenna elements positioned upon or otherwise integrated with a first surface of the substrate, and a processing section positioned within the housing in a stacked arrangement with the substrate such that the processing section is located opposite, but not in physical contact with, a second surface of the substrate. The substrate includes or defines one or more interruptions configured to allow light entering the housing to pass through the substrate from the first surface thereof through the second surface thereof. The second surface of the substrate is parallel to the first surface of the substrate and separated from the first surface of the substrate by a thickness of the substrate. Each radiative antenna element is positioned upon or otherwise integrated with the first surface of the substrate so as to avoid the one or more interruptions. The processing section includes light-responsive circuitry and is configured such that the light-responsive circuitry is positioned so as to receive at least some of the light entering the housing through the one or more interruptions. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the one or more interruptions in the substrate are one or more apertures defined by the substrate and/or one or more lenses integrated into or connected to the substrate. The substrate may also or alternatively be formed or fabricated from a light-transmissive material. 
     According to yet another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the light-responsive circuitry may be a photosensor and the one or more interruptions in the substrate may be one or more apertures sized and shaped to provide the photosensor a field of view in the range of about 90 to about 120 degrees. 
     According to further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a transverse axis through a center of the substrate generally aligns with a longitudinal axis through a center of the housing when the substrate and the processing section are in their stacked arrangement. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the sensor device may further include a power supply section that provides direct current power for use by at least the processing section, a first set of shield contacts positioned about a periphery of the processing section and electrically connected to ground, a second set of shield contacts positioned about a periphery of the power supply section and electrically connected to ground, and an electromagnetic field (EMF) shield electrically connected to the first set of shield contacts and the second set of shield contacts. 
     According to further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the sensor device housing may be generally cylindrical, and the antenna-supporting substrate may be generally circular. In such a case, the antenna-supporting substrate may be rigid or substantially rigid and have a thickness in the range of about 50 mils (0.05 in.) to about 500 mils (0.5 in. or one-half inch). The antenna-supporting substrate may further have a radius in the range of about three-fourths of an inch (0.75 in. or 750 mils) to about four inches (4 in.). 
     According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a sensor device includes a housing, a substrate positioned within the housing, one or more radiative antenna elements positioned upon or otherwise integrated with a first surface of the substrate, and a processing section positioned within the housing in a stacked arrangement with the substrate such that the processing section is located opposite, but not in physical contact with, a second surface of the substrate. According to this embodiment, the substrate defines one or more apertures sized and shaped to allow light entering the housing to pass through the substrate from the first surface thereof through the second surface thereof. The second surface of the substrate is parallel to the first surface of the substrate and separated from the first surface of the substrate by a thickness of the substrate. Each radiative antenna element is positioned upon or otherwise integrated with the first surface of the substrate so as to avoid the one or more apertures in the substrate. The processing section includes a photosensor and is configured such that the photosensor is positioned so as to receive at least some of the light entering the housing through the one or more apertures. The one or more apertures may be sized and shaped to provide the photosensor a field of view in the range of about 90 to about 120 degrees. 
     According to further exemplary embodiment, the device, method, and system embodiments described in this disclosure may disclose a circular antenna for use in a device that controls the operation of a streetlight. In such an embodiment, the streetlight controller may be arranged in a generally cylindrical housing having a base with integrated connector “pins” that mate with a corresponding receptacle, which receptacle is integrated in a streetlight, a luminaire, a control box, or some other structure. In cases where the streetlight controller provides wireless communication features, embodiments of the antenna structures described herein may be suitably arranged in the cylindrical housing. The substrate of the antenna structure may be formed to provide mechanical stability to the electronic component structures of the streetlight controller. The substrate may be formed as a platform that supports one or more radio frequency (RF) antenna components. The substrate of the antenna structure may be formed as a “donut” with a “hole” that permits ambient light to reach light-responsive circuitry (e.g., a photosensor) mounted below the antenna structure. Other features, benefits, and utilitarian effects of the antenna and sensor device embodiments described herein will be evident from the present disclosure. 
     This Brief Summary has been provided to describe certain concepts in a simplified form that are further described in more detail in the Detailed Description. The Brief Summary does not limit the scope of the claimed subject matter, but rather the words of the claims themselves determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments are described with reference to the following drawings, wherein like labels refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements are selected, enlarged, and positioned to improve drawing legibility. The particular shapes of the elements as drawn have been selected for ease of recognition in the drawings. One or more embodiments are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an exemplary system level deployment having at least one smart streetlight controller having circular antenna embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is one more partial system level deployment. 
         FIG.  3    is portion of a light pole and fixture with a smart sensor device. 
         FIG.  4    is a conventional smart sensor device embodiment. 
         FIG.  5    is a smart sensor device embodiment. 
         FIG.  6    is a top-down view of a smart sensor device. 
         FIG.  6 A  is the planar cross-section of the smart sensor device of  FIG.  6    at A-A. 
         FIG.  6 B  is the planar cross-section of the smart sensor device of  FIG.  6    at B-B. 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  are an embodiment of a circular antenna from different perspectives. 
         FIGS.  8 A- 8 D  are the embodiment of a circular antenna of  FIG.  7    from different perspectives. 
         FIG.  9 A  is a smart sensor device embodiment that deploys a circular antenna structure from a first perspective. 
         FIG.  9 B  is the smart sensor device embodiment of  FIG.  9 A  from a second perspective. 
         FIG.  10 A  is the smart sensor device embodiment of  FIG.  9    with an optional cylindrical electromagnetic field (EMF) shield. 
         FIG.  10 B  is the smart sensor device embodiment of  FIG.  10 A  from a different perspective. 
         FIG.  11    is yet one more smart sensor device embodiment with an optional substrate for passing RF signals between antenna elements and a processing section. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure may be understood more readily by reference to this detailed description and the accompanying figures. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and is not limiting to the claims unless a court or accepted body of competent jurisdiction determines that such terminology is limiting. Unless specifically defined herein, the terminology used herein is to be given its traditional meaning as known in the relevant art. 
     In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosed embodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognize that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. Also, in these instances, well-known structures may be omitted or shown and described in reduced detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. 
     The device, method, and system embodiments described in this disclosure (i.e., the teachings of this disclosure) enable deployment of particular circular antenna embodiments. The circular antenna structures described in the present disclosure may be included in certain streetlight controller embodiments. In other cases, the circular antennas may be formed, integrated, or otherwise used for different devices that perform wireless communications such as traffic light controllers, signage or sign controllers, access points, repeaters, emergency service devices, small cells, and many other devices. In many of these cases, the device containing the circular antenna is an aerially mounted device arranged for wireless communications. 
       FIG.  1    is a system level deployment  200  having at least one small cell networking device and a plurality of smart sensor devices coupled to streetlight fixtures. The smart sensor devices are in many, but not all, cases implemented as smart streetlight controllers. The smart sensor devices include the inventive circular antennas, methods, and systems described in the present disclosure. The small cell networking device, traffic lights, public information signs, private entity signs, and the like may also have one or more circular antennas of the type described here. 
     Streetlight fixtures in  FIG.  1    are coupled to or otherwise arranged as part of a system of streetlight poles, and each streetlight fixture includes a light source. Each light source, light fixture, and light fitting, individually or along with their related components, may in some cases be interchangeably referred to as a luminaire, a light source, a streetlight, a streetlamp, or some other such suitable term. In the system level deployment  200 , at least one light pole includes a fixture with a small cell networking device  202 , and a plurality of light poles each have a smart sensor device  204 A- 204 H. In the present disclosure, light poles having a smart sensor device  204 A- 204 H may individually or collectively be referred to as light poles having a smart sensor device  204  or simply light poles  204  for brevity. In these cases, and for the purposes of the present disclosure, the light sensor of each light pole  204  may be structurally and operatively identical (i.e., having same or substantially similar circuitry and embedded software, and differing by way of one or more network-level system identifiers). 
     As shown in the system level deployment  200 , a plurality of light poles  202 ,  204  are arranged in one or more determined geographic areas, and each light pole  202 ,  204  has at least one light source positioned in a fixture. The fixture is at least twenty feet above ground level and in at least some cases, the fixtures are between about 20 feet and 40 feet above ground level. In other cases, the streetlight fixtures may of course be lower than 20 feet above the ground or higher than 40 feet above the ground. In other system level deployments according to the present disclosure, there may be 1,000 or more light poles  202 ,  204  arranged in one or more determined geographic areas. In these or in still other cases, the streetlight fixtures may of course be lower than 20 feet above the ground or higher than 40 feet above the ground. Although described as being above the ground, streetlight fixtures shown and contemplated in the present disclosure may also be subterranean, but positioned above the floor, such as in a tunnel. 
     The system of streetlight poles, streetlight fixtures, streetlight sources, or the like in the system level deployment may be controlled by a municipality or other government agency. In other cases, the system streetlight poles, streetlight fixtures, streetlight sources, or the like in the system level deployment is controlled by a private entity (e.g., private property owner, third-party service contractor, or the like). In still other cases, a plurality of entities share control of the system of streetlight poles, streetlight fixtures, streetlight sources, or the like. The shared control may be hierarchical or cooperative in some other fashion. For example, when the system is controlled by a municipality or a department of transportation, an emergency services agency (e.g., law enforcement, medical services, fire services) may be able to request or otherwise take control of the system. In still other cases, one or more sub-parts of the system of streetlight poles, streetlight fixtures, streetlight sources, or the like can be granted some control such as in a neighborhood, around a hospital or fire department, in a construction area, or in some other manner. 
     In the system level deployment  200  of  FIG.  1   , any number of streetlight poles  202 ,  204  and their associated fixtures may be arranged with a connector that is compliant with a roadway area lighting standard promoted by a standards body such as ANSI C136.41 (e.g., a NEMA-based connector/socket system). The connector permits the controlling or servicing authority of the system to competitively and efficiently purchase and install light sensors on each streetlight fixture. In addition, or in the alternative, the standardized connector in each streetlight fixture permits the controlling or servicing authority to replace conventional light sensors with other devices such as a small cell networking device, a smart sensor device  120  ( FIG.  3   ), or some other device. 
     In the system level deployment  200 , a small cell networking device is electromechanically coupled to a selected light pole  202  wherein the electromechanical coupling is performed via the connector that is compliant with the roadway area lighting standard promoted by a standards body. Stated differently, the system level deployment  200  includes at least one light pole and fixture with a small cell networking device  202 , and a plurality of light poles each having a smart sensor device  204 A- 204 H. In these light poles  204 , each streetlight fixture is equipped with a standalone smart device such as the smart sensor device  120  of  FIGS.  2 ,  3 ,  6 ,  9 , and  10    that is electromechanically coupled via a respective connector that is compliant with the roadway area lighting standard promoted by the standards body. In this arrangement, each streetlight  202 ,  204  is equipped with a light sensor that is further electrically coupled to a processor-based light control circuit. In at least some of these embodiments, electrically coupling the light sensor to the processor-based light control circuit includes passing a signal representing an amount of light detected by the light sensor to the processor-based light control circuit. In at least some of these embodiments, the light sensor is arranged to detect an amount of lux, lumens, or other measurement of luminous flux and generate the signal representing the amount of light detected. 
     The processor-based light control circuit of each smart device is arranged to provide a light control signal to the respective light source based on at least one ambient light signal generated by a light sensor associated with the processor-based light control circuit. In addition, because each streetlight  202 ,  204  is equipped with communication capabilities, each light source in each streetlight  202 ,  204  can be controlled remotely as an independent light source or in combination with other light sources. In at least some of these cases, each of the plurality of light poles and fixtures with a smart sensor device  204  is communicatively coupled to the light pole and fixture with a small cell networking device  202 . The communicative relationship from each of the plurality of light poles and fixtures with a smart sensor device  204  to the light pole and fixture with a small cell networking device  202  may be a direct communication or an indirect communication. That is, in some cases, one of the plurality of light poles and fixtures with a smart sensor device  204  may communicate directly to the light pole and fixture with a small cell networking device  202  or the one of the plurality of light poles and fixtures with a smart sensor device  204  may communicate via one or more other ones of the plurality of light poles and fixtures with a smart sensor device  204  or via some other means (e.g., via a cellular communication to a traditional cellular macro-cell, via a wired connection, or the like). 
     In the system level deployment  200  of  FIG.  1   , various ones of the light poles may be 50 feet apart, 100 feet apart, 250 feet apart, or some other distance. In some cases, the type and performance characteristics of each small cell networking device and each smart sensor device  120  are selected based on their respective distance to other such devices such that wireless communications are acceptable. 
     The light pole and fixture with a small cell networking device  202  and each light pole and fixture with a smart sensor device  204  may be directly or indirectly coupled to a street cabinet  208  or other like structure that provides utility power (e.g., “the power grid”) in a wired way. The utility power may provide 120 VAC, 208 VAC, 220 VAC, 240 VAC, 260 VAC, 277 VAC, 360 VAC, 415 VAC, 480 VAC, 600 VAC, or some other power source voltage. In addition, the light pole and fixture with a small cell networking device  202 , and optionally one or more of the light poles and fixtures with smart sensor devices  204 A- 204 H, are also coupled to the same street cabinet  208  or another structure via a wired backhaul connection. It is understood that these wired connections are in some cases separate wired connections (e.g., copper wire, fiber optic cable, industrial Ethernet cable, or the like) and in some cases combined wired connections (e.g., power over Ethernet (PoE), powerline communications (PLC), or the like). For simplification of the system level deployment  200  of  FIG.  1   , the wired backhaul and power line  206  is illustrated as a single line. In the embodiment of  FIG.  1   , the street cabinet  208  is coupled to the power grid, which is administered by a licensed power utility agency, and the street cabinet  208  is coupled to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). In other embodiments, the street cabinet  208  may be electrically, communicatively, or electrically and communicatively to some other infrastructure (e.g., power source, satellite communication network, or the like) such as a windmill, generator, solar source, fuel cell, satellite dish, long- or short-wave transceiver, or the like. 
     In some embodiments, any number of small cell networking devices  202  and smart sensor devices  204  are arranged to provide utility grade power metering functions. The utility grade power metering functions may be performed with a circuit arranged apply any one or more of a full load, a partial load, and a load where voltage and current are out of phase (e.g., 60 degrees; 0.5 power factor). Other metering methodologies are also contemplated. 
     Each light pole and fixture with a smart sensor device  204  is in direct or indirect wireless communication with the light pole and fixture that has the small cell networking device  202 . In addition, each light pole and fixture with a smart sensor device  204  and the light pole and fixture with the small cell networking device  202  may also be in direct or indirect wireless communication  212  with an optional remote computing device  210 . The remote computing device  210 , when it is included in the system level deployment  200 , may be controlled by a mobile network operator (MNO), a municipality, another government agency, a third party, or some other entity. By this optional arrangement, the remote computing device  210  can be arranged to wirelessly communicate light control signals and any other information (e.g., packetized data) between itself and each respective wireless networking device coupled to any of the plurality of light poles. 
     A user  214  holding a mobile device  216  is represented in the system level deployment  200  of  FIG.  1   . A vehicle having an in-vehicle mobile device  218  is also represented. The vehicle may be an emergency service vehicle, a passenger vehicle, a commercial vehicle, a public transportation vehicle, a drone, or some other type of vehicle. The user  214  may use their mobile device  216  to establish a wireless communication session over a cellular-based network controlled by an MNO, wherein packetized wireless data is passed through the light pole and fixture with a small cell networking device  202 . Concurrently, the in-vehicle mobile device  218  may also establish a wireless communication session over the same or a different cellular-based network controlled by the same or a different MNO, wherein packetized wireless data of the second session is also passed through the light pole and fixture with a small cell networking device  202 . 
     Other devices may also communicate through light pole-based devices of the system level deployment  200 . These devices may be internet of things (IoT) devices or some other types of devices. In  FIG.  1   , two public information signs  220 A,  220 B, and a private entity sign  220 C are shown, but many other types of devices are contemplated. Each one of these devices may form an unlicensed wireless communication session (e.g., Wi-Fi) or a cellular-based wireless communication session with one or more wireless networks made available by the devices shown in the system level deployment  200  of  FIG.  1   . 
     The sun and moon  222  are shown in  FIG.  1   . Light or the absence of light based on time of day, weather, geography, or other causes provide information (e.g., ambient light) to the light sensors of the light pole mounted devices described in the present disclosure. Based on this information, the associated light sources may be suitably controlled. 
       FIG.  2    is one more partial system level deployment  200 B. In the partial system level deployment  200 B, a light pole and fixture with a small cell networking device  202  is shown and two light poles and fixtures with a smart sensor device  204 I,  204 J are shown. The individual small cell networking device  202  and smart sensor devices  120  are also identified. In some cases, a light sensor detects both ambient light from above its respective fixture and other light from different directions. For example, where light from two light sources overlap, one or both of the small cell networking device  202  and the smart sensor devices  120  may adjust their light output. The adjustment may be a reduction in light output, a directional change to light output, or some other adjustment. Along these lines, where light from two light sources do not overlap at all, there may be areas in need of additional illumination. In this case, one or both of the small cell networking device  202  and the smart sensor devices  120  may adjust their light output. In some cases, the small cell networking device  202  and the smart sensor devices  120  are arranged to dynamically detect motion (e.g., infrared detection sensor, mobile device transceiver detection, or the like) and adjust light output to increase, decrease, or change other parameters such as a direction of light output when the motion is directionally detected. 
       FIG.  3    is portion of a light pole and fixture with a smart sensor device  204 . A streetlight support structure  236  (e.g., a pole) supports a luminaire  238 . The luminaire has a connector (e.g., a socket) that is compliant with a roadway area lighting standard promoted by a standards body such as ANSI C136.41 (e.g., a NEMA-based connector/socket system). A smart sensor device  120  includes a corresponding connector (e.g., a set of “pins”), which permits electro-mechanical coupling of the smart sensor device  120  to the luminaire  236 . 
     The smart sensor device  120  in  FIG.  3    is often, but not exclusively, arranged for omnidirectional communications. Accordingly, a representation of such omnidirectional communications is represented as an enveloping radio frequency (RF) cloud  240 . It is recognized that omnidirectional communications include communications that are substantially omnidirectional, but not completely omnidirectional. For example, omnidirectional communications include implementations where at least some RF signal is attenuated or completely blocked by a structure (e.g., building, sign, tower, pole, support, luminaire  238 , or the like), foliage (e.g., trees, bushes, vines, or the like), or some other manmade or naturally occurring obstruction. In this respect, the wireless communication device, in at least some cases, does not beam-form or otherwise aim the RF signal, but instead, the RF signal is propagated or received, as the case may be, in the unobstructed region about the antenna of the smart sensor device  120 . 
       FIG.  4    is a conventional smart sensor device  120   a  embodiment. The conventional smart sensor device  120   a  includes a conventional antenna structure  100   a  mounted inside the generally cylindrical housing of the conventional smart sensor device  120   a . The dashed lines of the conventional antenna structure  100   a  represent the hidden nature of the conventional antenna structure  100   a . More particularly, the conventional antenna structure  100   a  is inside the housing of the conventional smart sensor device  120   a . 
     In at least one case, the conventional antenna structure  100   a  is formed as a flexible tape having at least one adhesive surface. During manufacture of the conventional smart sensor device  120   a , the conventional antenna structure  100   a  is adhered to the inside surface of the conventional smart sensor device  120  housing, and wires (not shown) of the conventional antenna structure  100   a  are electrically coupled to a circuit board that is also inside the housing. 
       FIG.  5    is a smart sensor device  120  embodiment. The smart sensor device  120  includes a housing  122 , which may be generally cylindrical. The generally cylindrical housing  122  may be formed of a plastic, a glass, a metal, a composite material, or any other suitable material. The generally cylindrical housing  122  may in some cases have heat dissipation properties to assist in the removal of heat generated by electronic circuitry inside the housing. In at least some cases, the generally cylindrical housing  122  is arranged to resist the nesting birds or other animals. In at least some cases, the generally cylindrical housing  122  is arranged to resist accumulation of dirt, snow, or any foreign bodies or materials. In at least some cases, the generally cylindrical housing  122  is symmetrically arranged to have a generally same visual appearance when viewed from any perspective. 
     The generally cylindrical housing  122  includes a connector  124  (e.g., a set of “pins”) that is compliant with a roadway area lighting standard promoted by a standards body such as ANSI C136.41 (e.g., a NEMA-based connector/socket system). When the smart sensor device  120  is deployed, the pins of the connector  124  mate with a corresponding receptacle (e.g., a socket) that is integrated in a streetlight, a luminaire, a control box, or some other structure, which permits electro-mechanical coupling of the smart sensor device  120  to the streetlight, luminaire, control box, or the like. 
     The generally cylindrical housing  122  of the smart sensor device  120  includes a light-transmissive surface  126 . The light transmissive surface may be transparent or partially transparent (e.g., partially opaque). In some embodiments, the light-transmissive surface  126  is integrated with the generally cylindrical housing  122 , and in other cases, the light-transmissive surface  126  is a distinct structure that is removably or fixedly coupled to the generally cylindrical housing  122 . In the embodiment of  FIG.  5   , the light-transmissive surface  126  is arranged at a “top” of the smart sensor device  120 , but in at least some embodiments, the light-transmissive surface  126  is formed additionally or alternatively in or through a surface wall of the generally cylindrical housing  122 . Generally, the light-transmissive surface  126  permits ambient light to reach an electronic light sensor (e.g., a photosensor, which is not shown in  FIG.  5   ) formed within a volumetric cavity inside the generally cylindrical housing  122 . As described in the present disclosure, the light sensor is arranged, in at least some cases, to provide a first output signal that directs a light source to illuminate when light reaching the light sensor crosses a determined first threshold, and to provide a second signal (e.g., an alteration of the first signal or a different signal) when the light reaching the light sensor crosses a determined second threshold. In some cases, the first and second thresholds are the same thresholds, and in some cases, the first and second thresholds are different thresholds. 
     The smart sensor device  120  includes a circular antenna structure  100  mounted inside the generally cylindrical housing  122  of the smart sensor device  120 . The dashed lines of the circular antenna structure  100  represent the hidden nature of the circular antenna structure  100 . More particularly, the circular antenna structure  100  is inside the housing of the smart sensor device  120 . 
       FIG.  6    is a top-down view of a smart sensor device  120 . The smart sensor device  120  in  FIG.  6    does not have a light-transmissive surface  126 , and accordingly, a circular antenna structure  100  embodiment is visible. A light sensor  128  is also identified. The embodiment of  FIG.  6    also includes two sets of cross-sectional indicators. A first set of cross-sectional indicators A-A indicates a first planar cross-section of the smart sensor device  120 , and a second set of cross-sectional indicators B-B indicates a second planar cross-section of the smart sensor device  120 . 
       FIG.  6 A  is the planar cross-section of the smart sensor device  120  of  FIG.  6    at A-A.  FIG.  6 B  is the planar cross-section of the smart sensor device  120  of  FIG.  6    at B-B. In the present disclosure,  FIGS.  6 ,  6 A, and  6 B  may be individually or collectively referred to as  FIG.  6   . Structures earlier identified are not necessarily repeated for brevity. 
     A circular antenna may be formed as a disc having a suitable diameter sized in accordance with an upper diameter of the generally cylindrical housing. In at least some cases, the smart sensor device  120  of  FIG.  6    forms a circular antenna  100  on a substrate that has a “donut” shape. The aperture in the center of the donut permits light from outside of the smart sensor device  120  to pass through the circular antenna  100  structure and reach the light sensor  128 . Understandably, a circular antenna formed as a solid disc would obstruct such light. 
     The smart sensor device  120  of  FIG.  6 B  includes a plurality of distance measurement icons  130   a ,  130   b ,  130   c ,  130   d ,  130   e ,  130   f ,  130   g , and  130   h . 
     In some embodiments, a distance measured between a point at icon  130   a  and a point at icon  130   b  is between about 15 millimeters (15 mm) and about 30 mm. In one embodiment, the distance is about 23 mm. Other distances, which may be less than 15 mm and greater than 30 mm are of course contemplated. 
     In some embodiments, a distance measured between a point at icon  130   c  and a point at icon  130   d  is between about five millimeters (5 mm) and about 25 mm. In one embodiment, the distance is about 15 mm. Other distances, which may be less than 5 mm and greater than 25 mm are of course contemplated. 
     In some embodiments, a distance measured between a point at icon  130   e  and a point at icon  130   f  is between about 15 mm and about 40 mm. In one embodiment, the distance is about 28 mm. Other distances, which may be less than 15 mm and greater than 40 mm are of course contemplated. 
     In some embodiments, a distance measured between a point at icon  130   g  and a point at icon  130   h  is between about 5 mm and about 35 mm. In one embodiment, the distance is about 20 mm. Other distances, which may be less than 5 mm and greater than 35 mm are of course contemplated. 
     The smart sensor device  120  may be formed by layering a plurality of circuit structures (e.g., circuit boards) in a stack. Such formation is desirable, in at least some cases, because it permits separation of high voltage components from low voltage components. Such formation may additionally or alternatively be desirable, in at least some cases, because it permits separation of components that produce a high-level of electronic noise from other components that cannot effectively tolerate a high-level of electronic noise. Accordingly, the distances between various “layers” of the circuitry and structures at the represented icons in  FIG.  6 A  are desirably selected. 
     As evident in  FIG.  6   , the circular antenna  100  is arranged in a substantially horizontal plane relative to the earth or “ground” when the smart sensor device  120  is deployed. Such an orientation favorably permits robust, omnidirectional RF communications (e.g.,  FIG.  3   ). Furthermore, in this orientation, the inventor has recognized robust RF communications may be facilitated by keeping the circular antenna  100  from a ground plane in the smart sensor device  120  by at least about 15 mm. 
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  illustrate an embodiment of a circular antenna  100  from different perspectives. In the present disclosure,  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  may be individually or collectively referred to as  FIG.  7   . Structures earlier identified are not necessarily repeated for brevity. 
     The circular antenna  100  includes a substrate  102 . One or more radiative antenna elements are positioned upon or otherwise integrated with the substrate  102 . In the circular antenna  100  embodiment of  FIG.  7   , three radiative elements are presented including a first radiative antenna element  104   a , a second radiative antenna element  104   b , and a third radiative antenna element  104   c . In the present disclosure, to avoid unnecessarily muddling the descriptive text, radiative antenna elements  104   a ,  104   b ,  104   c  may be individually or collectively referred to as radiative element  104  or radiative elements  104 . 
     The substrate  102  may be formed from any suitable material and have any suitable dimensions. As disclosed herein, the substrate  102  of the circular antenna  100  has a generally circular shape. Various portions of the perimeter of the substrate  102  may have any number of cut-outs, notches, protuberances, flattened areas, mounting structures  106 , alignment structures  108 , or other such irregularities that depart the generally circular shape from a perfect circle. Accordingly, a generally circular shape includes a generally hexagonal shape, a generally octagonal shape, or the like. A generally circular shape may be a regular, symmetrical shape or an irregular, non-symmetrical shape. The substrate  102  may further include one or more interruptions (e.g., one or more apertures  110 ), one or more electrical connection points  112 , and additional features not shown in  FIG.  7   . 
     In some cases, the generally circular shape of the substrate  102  has a radius between about three-fourths of an inch (0.75 in.) and about four inches (4 in.). In at least one case, the radius of the substrate  102  is about one and one-half inches (1.5 in.). 
     The generally circular shape of the substrate  102  may be solid or interrupted. A solid substrate may have the appearance of a disc. An interrupted substrate may have the appearance of a donut. Additionally, or alternatively, an interrupted form of the substrate  102  may have one or more apertures, which are circular, ovular, elongated, square, triangular, or have any other suitable shape and location of interruption. An interrupted substrate may provide beneficial reductions of weight, beneficial improvement in heat dissipation, an opening to permit light from “above” the circular antenna  100  to reach a light sensor “below” the substrate  102 , and for other reasons. 
     In cases where the substrate  102  is donut-shaped, the substrate’s donut-hole interruption may have a radius between about one-eighth of an inch (0.125 in.) and about three and one-half inches (3.5 in.). In at least one case, the donut-hole interruption in the substrate  102  has a radius of about one-half inches (0.5 in.) 
     The substrate  102  may in some cases be formed from a fiberglass material, a composite material, a plastic, an epoxy such as an epoxy glass-reinforced resin or a polyphenylene oxide (PPO) resin, a suitable combination of these, or some other material or materials. In some cases, the substrate may be a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which may also be referred to as TEFLON. The substrate  102  may be formed as a solid mass, or alternatively, the substrate  102  may be formed as a laminate. In some cases, the substrate  102  is formed from a light transmissive material, and in at least some of these cases, the material permits light to pass through the substrate  102  and reach an electronic light sensor. 
     In many desirable cases, the substrate  102  will be RF inert. That is, the substrate  102  will have a small, stable dielectric constant (DK), small amounts of dielectric loss (DF), an acceptable level of RF dissipation and loss, and overall low water absorption properties. A small, stable DK is desirable because materials with a high probability for the change of dielectric constant often have corresponding fluctuations in impedance. As it is known, changes to impedance can cause disruptions to harmonics that make up the digital signal being communicated (i.e., transmitted, received, or transmitted and received) through the antenna, and this disruption cause an overall loss of digital signal integrity. 
     With respect to other aspects of RF signal quality and robust RF communications related to the substrate  102  materials, dielectric loss (DF) is a measure of the quality of signal communication. A smaller amount of dielectric loss generally indicates a small amount of signal wastage and a reduced amount of generated heat. Another factor in the selection of material used to form the substrate  102  is a matching of thermal expansion. If the thermal expansion rates of the materials used to form the substrate  102 , the radiative antenna elements  104 , and any other materials in the circular antenna  100  are not properly selected, then the materials could separate from each other due to changes in temperature thereby causing the circular antenna  100  to perform poorly or even to fail entirely. Yet one more factor associated with a selection of materials for substrate  102  is a measure of water absorption. It is known that high amounts of water intake will affect the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of substrate  102 , which affect the quality of the circular antenna  100 . Notwithstanding these factors that are analyzed to select an appropriate material for substrate  102 , the materials used to form substrate  102  may also be selected for resistance to extreme temperature, resistance to impact, resistance to degradation over time, resistance to vibration, resistance to hazardous chemicals, and the like. 
     The substrate  102  is preferably formed with a desired level of flexibility. In some embodiments, the substrate  102  is substantially rigid. That is, the substrate  102  resists visible deformation at least under its own weight. In some cases, the substrate  102  may be arranged to resist visible deformation under one eighth pound per square foot (0.125 ft-lbs) of torque, one quarter pound per square foot (0.25 ft-lbs) of torque, one-half foot pounds (0.5 ft-lbs) of torque, one foot pound (1 ft-lbs) of torque, two foot pounds (2 ft-lbs) of torque, or some other selected amount of torque. 
     The formation of a substrate  102  that is substantially rigid may in some cases be achieved by forming the substrate  102  to a desired thickness. In some cases, a substrate has a thickness of between about two-hundredths of an inch (0.02 in or 20 mils) and about one-quarter inch (0.25 in. or 250 mils). The substrate  102  may, of course, be thinner or thicker. In at least some cases, the substrate  102  is formed to a thickness of about seven-hundredths of an inch (0.07 in or 70 mils). 
     A radiative antenna structure is an electrical device that converts an electric signal into radio waves and vice versa. More specifically, in a radio frequency (RF) communications system, the radiative antenna structure converts guided radio wave energy, such as a signal traveling in a signal conduction medium (e.g., coaxial cable, twisted pair, or the like), to energy that is transmitted, emitted, or otherwise radiated out into free space. Such an antenna may also receive and capture RF energy from free space and induce a guided radio wave energy in a signal conduction medium. 
     The radiative antenna structure is electrically coupled to a radio transmitter, a radio receiver, or a combined radio transmitter-receiver (i.e., a transceiver). In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to the antenna’s terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic (radio) waves. In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. 
     As it is known, radiative antenna structures are sized, shaped, located, and formed of materials based on one or more types of signals that the radiative antenna structure will transmit, receive, or transmit and receive. As it is also known, the design of any particular radiative antenna structure involves trading off particular parameters to achieve a desirable result. For example, the tradeoffs may include: 1) reducing a size in one or more dimensions while increasing power of signals transmitted through the radiative antenna structure, 2) separating two or more radiative antenna structures from each other to avoid losses (e.g., signals desirably received with one radiative antenna structure are instead absorbed by another nearby radiative antenna structure, energy transmitted by one radiative antenna structure are undesirably absorbed by a nearby radiative antenna structure rather than continuing into free space, and the like), and 3) accepting a reduced efficiency in a radiative antenna structure so as to shape the radiative antenna structure to fit an available location in the electronic device where the structure is integrated. Many other tradeoffs are of course contemplated by the inventor. 
     Many devices where circular antenna  100  embodiments of the type discussed in the present disclosure will operate require two or more radiative antenna structures. For example, devices such as smart lighting controllers may typically include: 1) primary cellular radiative antenna structures (e.g., Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) frequencies, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) frequencies, Long Term Evolution (LTE), frequencies, 5G frequencies, millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies, and the like); 2) diversity cellular radiative antenna structures; global positioning system (GPS) radiative antenna structures (e.g., GPS of the United States, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) of Russia, BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) of China, and the like); local area network (LAN) radiative antenna structures such those compliant with a WIFI communications standard; personal area network (PAN) radiative antenna structures such as those compliant with a BLUETOOTH communications standard; counterpoise structures, and the like. 
     Radiative antenna structures of the type integrated in circular antenna  100  embodiments may be formed of foil, sheet metal, or electrically conductive material of some other form. In at least some cases, the radiative antenna structure is formed with a laser direct structuring (LDS) process. The electrically conductive material of the radiative antenna structures may be any one or more of aluminum, copper, stainless steel, silver, gold, or some other material. The material selected to form a radiative antenna structure, and the form of the material, may be based on any one or more of weight, conductivity, heat transfer, electromagnetic properties, cost, manufacturability, and many other properties. 
       FIGS.  8 A- 8 D  are the embodiment of a circular antenna  100  of  FIG.  7    from different perspectives. In the present disclosure,  FIGS.  8 A- 8 D  may be individually or collectively referred to as  FIG.  8   . Structures earlier identified are not necessarily repeated for brevity. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG.  8   , the circular antenna structure  100  includes a substantially rigid substrate  102  that has a substantially certain radius between about three-fourths of an inch (0.75 in.) and about four inches (4 in.) and a substantially certain thickness between about one-hundredth of an inch (0.01 in. or 10 mils) and about one-half inch (0.50 in. or 500 mils). In at least one case, the substrate  102  has a radius of about one and one-half inch (1.5 in) and a thickness of about of about seven-hundredths of an inch (0.07 in. or 70 mils). 
     The circular antenna structure  100  has a first radiative antenna element  104   a  integrated with the substrate  102 . The first antenna element  104   a  may be, for example, a copper, silver, or gold foil structure arranged on the surface of the substrate  102 . The first antenna element  104   a  may be adhered to the substrate  102  via an encapsulation layer of epoxy or some other material. In other embodiments, the first antenna element  104   a  may be embedded within, deposited on, adhered to, or otherwise integrated with the substrate  102 . 
     In at least some cases, the first antenna element  104   a  is a primary cellular antenna arranged to transmit RF data that is communicated to the antenna via a first signal conduction medium  114 . The primary cellular antenna may be arranged to pass signals at frequencies between 600 megahertz (600 MHz) and three gigahertz (3 GHz). In at least some cases, the primary cellular antenna is arranged to communicate signals at frequencies between 703 MHz and 2690 MHz. In other cases, the first antenna element  104   a  is a ground plane. 
     The first signal conduction medium  114  may be formed as a coaxial cable ( FIG.  8   ), a twisted pair, or some other electrical conduit suitable for carrying signal data to, from, or to and from the first radiative antenna element  104   a . A first end of the first signal conduction medium  114  may be joined in any suitable way to the first antenna element  104   a . For example, in some cases, the first end of the first signal conduction medium  114  is soldered at an electrical connection point  112 , which may be, for example, a solder pad. In other cases, the first signal conduction medium  114  is electrically adjoined to the first antenna element  104   a  via a miniature or ultra-miniature RF connector such as a U.FL series connector from HIROSE (UFL connector), a surface mount technology (SMT) connector, an ultraminiature coaxial connector (UMCC) assembly, or some other form of high-frequency electrical connector. In the circular antenna  100  embodiment of  FIG.  8   , a second end of the first signal conduction medium  114  is arranged with a suitable RF signal connector  116  such as a UFL connector, but other embodiments and mechanisms to electrically couple the second end of the first signal conduction medium  114  to an appropriate electronic circuit are contemplated. 
     In some cases, the circular antenna structure  100  has a second radiative antenna element  104   b  integrated with the substrate  102 . In at least some cases, the second antenna element  104   b  is an antenna structure arranged to receive location-based signals from one or more satellites of a satellite constellation system that provides geographic location information. The satellite constellation system may be a United States GPS system, a Russian GLONASS system, a Chinese BDS system, or some other such system. In the embodiment of  FIG.  8   , the second antenna element  104   b  is arranged as a sheet metal structure adhered to the substantially rigid substrate  102 . 
     RF signals bearing satellite-based location information are collected by the second antenna element  104   b  and passed via a second signal conduction medium  114  to a particular transceiver circuit (not shown). In at least some cases, the second signal conduction medium  114  is formed along the lines of the first signal conduction medium  114 . In at least some cases, the second signal conduction medium  114  is electrically, and therefore communicatively, coupled to the second antenna element  104   b  in a similar manner as the first signal conduction medium  114  is communicatively coupled to the first radiative antenna element  104   a . In other cases, the second signal conduction medium  114  has similar suitable RF signal connectors  116  as the first signal conduction medium  114 . Conversely, if the first antenna element  104   a  is arranged as a ground plane, the first antenna element  104   a  may also operate as a ground plane for the second antenna element  104   b , and in at least some of these cases, a ground shield in both the first signal conduction medium  114  and the second signal conduction medium  114  is electrically coupled to the first antenna element  104   a . 
     In still other embodiments, the circular antenna structure  100  has a third radiative antenna element  104   c  integrated with the substrate  102 . In at least some cases, the third antenna element  104   c  is a cellular diversity antenna element arranged to receive cellular frequency signals present in the air in proximity to the circular antenna structure  100 . The third antenna element  104   c  may be formed of materials and may have properties that are along the lines of the first antenna element  104   a . The third antenna element  104   c  may be communicatively coupled to a suitable electronic receiver circuit via any suitable signal conduction medium  114  and any suitable connection points  112 , RF signal connectors  116 , or the like. Alternatively, if the first antenna element  104   a  is arranged as a ground plane, then the third radiative antenna element  104   c  may be arranged as the primary cellular antenna arranged to transmit RF data as described herein. 
       FIG.  9 A  is a first perspective view of a smart sensor device  120  that includes a circular antenna structure  100 .  FIG.  9 B  is a second perspective view of the smart sensor device  120  of  FIG.  9 A . In the present disclosure,  FIGS.  9 A- 9 B  may be individually or collectively referred to as  FIG.  9   . Structures earlier identified are not necessarily repeated for brevity. 
     The smart sensor device  120  of  FIG.  9    is along the lines of the smart sensor device  120  of  FIG.  5   . The smart sensor device  120  illustrated in  FIG.  9    is shown without the housing  122  and without the light transmissive surface  126  represented in  FIG.  5   . The smart sensor device  120  of  FIG.  9    is arranged as a smart light controller having cellular connectivity to a remote computing server  210  ( FIG.  1   ). In some cases, the smart sensor device  120  of  FIG.  9    is along the lines of the smart sensor devices  120  used in the system level deployment  200  of  FIG.  1   . 
     The smart sensor device  120  includes a base section  132 . According to this embodiment, the base section has a generally circular perimeter arranged to mate with a lower portion of the generally cylindrical housing  122 . In at least some cases, the base section  132  has a connector  124  ( FIG.  5   ) integrated therein. One or more gasket structures may be included in the base section  132  to form a seal between the base section  132  and the generally cylindrical housing  122  and thereby protect electronic circuitry of the smart sensor device  120  from rain, humidity, particulate matter, and other undesirable foreign contamination. 
     A high voltage section  134  of the smart sensor device  120  is formed on a generally circular circuit board “above” the base section  132 . The high voltage section  134  may include a stray voltage detection circuit, utility-grade power metering circuitry, and switching circuitry to direct a light source of an associated luminaire to turn on and turn off at an appointed time. The high-voltage section  134  may optionally include other circuits. 
     “Above” the high voltage section, the smart sensor device  120  includes a power supply section  136 . The power supply section includes a switching power supply that is arranged to generate any suitable number of low voltage power signals used in the smart sensor device  120 . It is recognized by the inventors that the power supply section  136  produces a level of electromagnetic field noise that is known to be undesirable in proximity to circuits that operate with high-frequency signals. 
     “Above” the power supply section  136 , a processing section  138  includes cellular transceiver circuitry, location-based processing circuitry, embedded processor circuitry, memory, general purpose input/output circuits, a light sensor, and the like. In some cases, the processing section  138  may optionally include wireless LAN circuitry (e.g., communication components organized according to a WIFI protocol). Other optional circuits are also contemplated. Generally, the embedded processor circuitry cooperatively retrieves executable software instructions from the memory, which, when executed, direct operations of the smart sensor device. The operations may include collecting information from the light sensor, producing control signals for the light source of the luminaire, directing transmission of data to a remote computing server  210  ( FIG.  1   ) through the circular antenna structure  100 , directing receipt of data from a remote computing server  210  or some other device through the circular antenna structure  100  and processing of such data, and performing many other actions and functions. 
     The configuration of the sensor device  120  illustrated in  FIG.  9    shows the various sections of the device  120  in a stacked arrangement within the housing  122 . In such an arrangement, the antenna elements  104   a - 104   c  are positioned upon or otherwise integrated with a first or top surface of the substrate  102 , which surface is separated from a second or bottom surface of the substrate  102  by a thickness of the substrate  102 . The processing section  138  is positioned or located opposite, but not in physical contact with, the bottom surface of the substrate  102 . The power supply section  136  is positioned such that it is located opposite, but not in physical contact with, a bottom surface of the processing section  138 . The bottom surface of the processing section  136  is the surface opposite the surface upon which the light-responsive circuitry (e.g., photosensor  901 ) is positioned. The high voltage section  134  is positioned such that it is located opposite, but not in physical contact with, a bottom surface of the power supply section  136 . Finally, the base section  132  is positioned such that it is located opposite a bottom surface of the high voltage section  134 . In one exemplary embodiment, a transverse axis  701  (see  FIG.  7 B ) through a center of the antenna-supporting substrate  102  generally aligns with a longitudinal axis  902  through a center of the housing  122 . 
     To reduce undesirable effects of EMF noise produced in the power supply section  136  on high frequency signals passed through the circular antenna  100 , the processing section  138  may include a circuit board having a large ground plane. Because the large ground plane of the circuit board of the processing section  138  and the metal of the circular antenna  100  may form an undesirable parasitic capacitive circuit between the radiative antenna elements and ground, the circular antenna  100  is arrange for placement a desirable distance “above” the circuit board of the processing section  138  as described with respect to distance measurement icons  130   c ,  130   d  in  FIG.  6   . 
     The various layers of the smart sensor device  120  may be described as “above” one another, “below” one another, or the like. One of skill in the art will recognized that terms such as “above” and “below” are terms of relative position and not absolute position. More specifically, even though one layer of the stack (e.g., base section  132 , high voltage section  134 , power supply section  136 , processing section  138 , circular antenna  100 ) is absolutely above another layer when the smart sensor device  120  is deployed in the top of a street light luminaire, the same arrangements may still be considered “above” and “below,” as the case may be, when the smart sensor device  120  is deployed in a different orientation. 
     The smart sensor device  120  embodiment of  FIGS.  9  and  10    show an embodiment of the circular antenna structure  100 , but the embodiments do not show any signal conduction medium  114  structures. In some cases, signal conduction medium  114  structures are deployed. In other cases, the radiative antenna elements  104  of the circular antenna structure  100  may be electrically coupled to suitable locations of the processing section  138  via spring contacts, a header receptacle and pins, or via some other direct physical and wireless connection path. 
     In the smart sensor device  120  embodiment of  FIG.  9   , one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that alignment structures  108 , notches, apertures, and other registration features are used to help align the layers of the stack (e.g., base section  132 , high voltage section  134 , power supply section  136 , processing section  138 , circular antenna  100 ) during manufacturing construction. Various headers and pin connectors are aligned and electrically coupled, which permit passing power and data signals from one layer to another. The stack of layers is physically coupled together via the mounting structures  106 , which may include screws, nuts, bolts, standoffs, any other such structures. The presence of the substantially rigid substrate  102  may optionally improve the mechanical stability of the smart sensor device  120 . Accordingly, a desirable level of rigidity may be implemented (e.g., via a thicker substrate  102 , stronger or more durable materials of the substrate  102 , and the like) to thereby improve the reliability over time of the smart sensor device  120 . 
     The smart sensor device  120  includes a plurality of EMF shield contacts  118 . The EMF shield contacts are optionally included at any desirable locations on or about the high voltage section  134 , power supply section  136 , and the processing section  138 . One or more of the EMF shield contacts  118  are electrically coupled to a ground plane of the smart sensor device  120 . In some cases, the EMF shield contacts  118  are electrically coupled to the first radiative antenna element  104   a . 
     In another alternative embodiment, the antenna-supporting substrate  102  and/or the aperture  110 , film, panel, lens, or other light transmissive feature of the substrate  102  may be implemented in various other shapes and sizes, including rectangular, rounded rectangular, oval, or any other shape or series or arrangement of shapes the permits a desired amount of light to pass through the substrate  102  to a photosensor  901  (e.g., photocell) or other light-responsive circuitry that may be positioned below the substrate in a stacked arrangement as shown in exemplary form in  FIG.  9   . According to one alternative embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  9 A , the interruption (e.g., aperture  110 ) in the antenna-supporting substrate  102  may be sized and shaped or otherwise configured to provide the photosensor a field of view  903  in the range of about 90 degrees to about 120 degrees. 
       FIG.  10 A  is the smart sensor device  120  embodiment of  FIG.  9    with an optional electromagnetic field (EMF) shield  140 .  FIG.  10 B  is the smart sensor device  120  embodiment of  FIG.  10 A  from a different perspective. In the present disclosure,  FIGS.  10 A- 10 B  may be individually or collectively referred to as  FIG.  10   . Structures earlier identified are not necessarily repeated for brevity. 
     The optional EMF shield  140  is arranged as a flexible foil or other material with electrically conductive properties. When deployed around certain layers (e.g., the high voltage section  134 , the power supply section  136 , and the processing section  138 ) of the smart sensor device  120 , the EMF shield  140  makes electrical contact with one or more of the EMF shield contacts  118  ( FIG.  9   ). In embodiments where the first radiative antenna element  104   a  ( FIGS.  7 ,  8   ) is arranged as a ground plane, the optional EMF shield  140  may be electrically coupled to the first radiative antenna element  104   a  via one or more of the EMF shield contacts  118 . The EMF shield contacts  118  may be spring steel, tabs, or any other suitable material and structure. When deployed, the EMF shield  140  is arranged in at least some embodiments as an EMF noise reduction structure to shield or otherwise attenuate EMF noise produced in at least the power supply section  136  from the high-frequency RF structures of the processing layer  138  and antenna  100 . In other embodiments contemplated herein, the EMF shield  140  may be arranged to capacitively cooperate with the first radiative antenna element  104   a  to operate as a counterpoise for the primary cellular antenna or another antenna structure in the smart sensor device  120 . The EMF shield  140  may be configured in any geometry necessary to provide effective shielding for the processing section  138  and the power supply section  136  and to electrically connect to the sets of shield contacts  118  positioned about the peripheries of the processing section  138  and the power supply section  136 . 
       FIG.  11    illustrates yet one more smart sensor device  120  embodiment with an optional thick substrate  102   a . Structures earlier identified are not necessarily repeated for brevity. The embodiment of  FIG.  11    includes a circular antenna structure having a thick substrate  102   a . The thick substrate  102   a  is substantially rigid and along the lines of other substrate embodiments described herein except that substrate  102   a  has a thickness between about one-half inch (0.50 in. or 500 mils) and about two inches (2.0 in.). The thick substrate  102   a  has a radius that is between about three-fourths of an inch (0.75 in.) and about four inches (4 in.). In at least one case, the substrate  102   a  has a radius of about one and one-half inch (1.5 in.) and a thickness of about of about sixty-tenths of an inch (0.60 in or 600 mils). 
     The circular antenna structure of  FIG.  11    also includes signal conduction medium structures  114   a  that are etched, deposited, or otherwise formed on the surface of the thick substrate  102   a . These signal conduction medium structures  114   a  electrically couple antenna structures to underlying circuitry of the processing section  138  ( FIGS.  9 ,  10   ) via pads, spring biased tabs, or some other electrical coupling means. It is recognized that by forming a circular antenna with a thick substrate  102   a , signal conduction medium structures  114  ( FIG.  8   ) that are formed as cable, wire, or the like may be avoided, and signal integrity and device reliability may be improved. 
     Various figures in the present disclosure illustrate portions of one or more non-limiting computing device embodiments such as one or more components of a smart sensor device  120 . The computing devices may include operative hardware found in conventional computing device apparatuses such as one or more processors, volatile and non-volatile memory, serial and parallel input/output (I/O) circuitry compliant with various standards and protocols, wired and/or wireless networking circuitry (e.g., a communications transceiver), one or more user interface (UI) modules, logic, and other electronic circuitry. 
     Processing devices, or “processors,” as described herein, include central processing units (CPU’s), microcontrollers (MCU), digital signal processors (DSP), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), peripheral interface controllers (PIC), state machines, and the like. Accordingly, a processor as described herein includes any device, system, or part thereof that controls at least one operation, and such a device may be implemented in hardware, firmware, or software, or some combination of at least two of the same. The functionality associated with any particular processor may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. Processors may interchangeably refer to any type of electronic control circuitry configured to execute programmed software instructions. The programmed instructions may be high-level software instructions, compiled software instructions, assembly-language software instructions, object code, binary code, micro-code, or the like. The programmed instructions may reside in internal or external memory or may be hard-coded as a state machine or set of control signals. According to methods and devices referenced herein, one or more embodiments describe software executable by the processor, which when executed, carries out one or more of the method acts. 
     As known by one skilled in the art, a computing device has one or more memories, and each memory comprises any combination of volatile and non-volatile computer-readable media for reading and writing. Volatile computer-readable media includes, for example, random access memory (RAM). Non-volatile computer-readable media includes, for example, read only memory (ROM), magnetic media such as a hard-disk, an optical disk, a flash memory device, a CD-ROM, and/or the like. In some cases, a particular memory is separated virtually or physically into separate areas, such as a first memory, a second memory, a third memory, etc. In these cases, it is understood that the different divisions of memory may be in different devices or embodied in a single memory. The memory in some cases is a non-transitory computer medium configured to store software instructions arranged to be executed by a processor. Some or all of the stored contents of a memory may include software instructions executable by a processing device to carry out one or more particular acts. 
     The computing devices illustrated herein may further include operative software found in a conventional computing device such as an operating system or task loop, software drivers to direct operations through I/O circuitry, networking circuitry, and other peripheral component circuitry. In addition, the computing devices may include operative application software such as network software for communicating with other computing devices, database software for building and maintaining databases, and task management software where appropriate for distributing the communication and/or operational workload amongst various processors. In some cases, the computing device is a single hardware machine having at least some of the hardware and software listed herein, and in other cases, the computing device is a networked collection of hardware and software machines working together in a server farm to execute the functions of one or more embodiments described herein. Some aspects of the conventional hardware and software of the computing device are not shown in the figures for simplicity. 
     When so arranged as described herein, each computing device may be transformed from a generic and unspecific computing device to a combination device arranged comprising hardware and software configured for a specific and particular purpose such as to provide a determined technical solution. When so arranged as described herein, to the extent that any of the inventive concepts described herein are found by a body of competent adjudication to be subsumed in an abstract idea, the ordered combination of elements and limitations are expressly presented to provide a requisite inventive concept by transforming the abstract idea into a tangible and concrete practical application of that abstract idea. 
     Software of a smart sensor device  120  may include a fully executable software program, a simple configuration data file, a link to additional directions, or any combination of known software types. When a computing device updates software, the update may be small or large. For example, in some cases, a computing device downloads a small configuration data file to as part of software, and in other cases, a computing device completely replaces most or all of the present software on itself or another computing device with a fresh version. In some cases, software, data, or software and data is encrypted, encoded, and/or otherwise compressed for reasons that include security, privacy, data transfer speed, data cost, or the like. 
     Database structures, if any are present in the smart sensor device  120  embodiments described herein, may be formed in a single database or multiple databases. In some cases hardware or software storage repositories are shared amongst various functions of the particular system or systems to which they are associated. A database may be formed as part of a local system or local area network. Alternatively, or in addition, a database may be formed remotely, such as within a distributed “cloud” computing system, which would be accessible via a wide area network or some other network. 
     Input/output (I/O) circuitry and user interface (UI) modules include serial ports, parallel ports, universal serial bus (USB) ports, IEEE 802.11 transceivers and other transceivers compliant with protocols administered by one or more standard-setting bodies, displays, projectors, printers, keyboards, computer mice, microphones, micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) devices such as accelerometers, and the like. 
     In at least one embodiment, devices such as the smart sensor device  120  may communicate with other devices via communication over a network. The network may involve an Internet connection or some other type of local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). Non-limiting examples of structures that enable or form parts of a network include, but are not limited to, an Ethernet, twisted pair Ethernet, digital subscriber loop (DSL) devices, wireless LAN, Wi-Fi, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), or the like. 
     In the present disclosure, memory may be used in one configuration or another. The memory may be configured to store data. In the alternative or in addition, the memory may be a non-transitory computer readable medium (CRM). The CRM is configured to store computing instructions executable by a processor of the smart sensor device  120 . The computing instructions may be stored individually or as groups of instructions in files. The files may include functions, services, libraries, and the like. The files may include one or more computer programs or may be part of a larger computer program. Alternatively or additionally, each file may include data or other computational support material useful to carry out the computing functions of a smart sensor device  120  or a remote computing system. 
     In the absence of any specific clarification related to its express use in a particular context, where the terms “substantial” or “about” in any grammatical form are used as modifiers in the present disclosure and any appended claims (e.g., to modify a structure, a dimension, a measurement, or some other characteristic), it is understood that the characteristic may vary by up to 30 percent. For example, a substrate  102  of a smart sensor device  120  having a particular linear dimension of “between about three (3) inches and five (5) inches” includes such devices in which the linear dimension varies by up to 30 percent, Accordingly, the particular linear dimension of the substrate  102  may be between one point five (1.5) inches and six point five (6.5) inches. 
     Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention. 
     Unless defined otherwise, the technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, a limited number of the exemplary methods and materials are described herein. 
     In the present disclosure, when an element (e.g., component, circuit, device, apparatus, structure, layer, material, or the like) is referred to as being “on,” “coupled to,” or “connected to” another element, the elements can be directly on, directly coupled to, or directly connected to each other, or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly coupled to,” or “directly connected to” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     The terms “include” and “comprise” as well as derivatives and variations thereof, in all of their syntactic contexts, are to be construed without limitation in an open, inclusive sense, (e.g., “including, but not limited to”). The term “or,” is inclusive, meaning and/or. The phrases “associated with” and “associated therewith,” as well as derivatives thereof, can be understood as meaning to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, or the like. 
     Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” and variations thereof means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
     In the present disclosure, the terms first, second, etc., may be used to describe various elements, however, these elements are not limited by these terms unless the context clearly requires such limitation. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first machine could be termed a second machine, and, similarly, a second machine could be termed a first machine, without departing from the scope of the inventive concept. 
     The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” in the present disclosure include plural referents unless the content and context clearly dictates otherwise. The conjunctive terms, “and” and “or” are generally employed in the broadest sense to include “and/or” unless the content and context clearly dictates inclusivity or exclusivity as the case may be. The composition of “and” and “or” when recited herein as “and/or” encompasses an embodiment that includes all of the elements associated thereto and at least one more alternative embodiment that includes fewer than all of the elements associated thereto. 
     In the present disclosure, conjunctive lists make use of a comma, which may be known as an Oxford comma, a Harvard comma, a serial comma, or another like term. Such lists are intended to connect words, clauses or sentences such that the thing following the comma is also included in the list. 
     The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments. 
     In cases where an antenna is used in a device that controls the operation of a streetlight, the streetlight controller may be arranged, in at least some embodiments, in a generally cylindrical housing. The generally cylindrical housing will have a base with integrated connector “pins.” When the streetlight controller is deployed, the connector pins mate with a corresponding receptacle that is integrated in a streetlight, a luminaire, a control box, or some other structure. In cases where the streetlight controller provides wireless communication features, embodiments of the circular antenna structures described herein may be suitably arranged in the cylindrical housing. The substrate of the circular antenna structure may be formed to provide mechanical stability to the electronic component structures of the streetlight controller. The substrate may be formed as a platform that supports one or more radio frequency (RF) antenna components. The substrate of the circular antenna structure may be formed as a “donut” with a “hole” that permits ambient light to reach a light sensor mounted below the circular antenna structure. Other features, benefits, and utilitarian effects of the circular antenna embodiments described herein are evident in the present disclosure. 
     The conventional antennas that permit wireless RF communications are insufficient in at least some cases. The present inventor has recognized that certain devices may be more reliably and predictably manufactured and deployed using the inventive circular antennas, methods, and systems (i.e., the teaching of this present disclosure) described herein, and once and deployed, these circular antennas may provide as good or more reliable, predictable RF communications than conventional antennas. 
     Certain wireless communication devices of the type described herein are often, but not exclusively, arranged for omnidirectional communications. It is recognized that omnidirectional communications include communications that are substantially omnidirectional, but not completely omnidirectional. For example, omnidirectional communications include implementations where at least some RF signal is attenuated or completely blocked by a structure (e.g., building, sign, tower, pole, support, luminaire, or the like), foliage (e.g., trees, bushes, vines, or the like), or some other manmade or naturally occurring obstruction. In this respect, the wireless communication devices of the present disclosure, in at least some cases, do not beam-form or otherwise aim the RF signal, but instead, the RF signal is propagated or received, as the case may be, in the unobstructed region about the device’s radiative antenna element. 
     The antenna structures described in the present disclosure provide several technical effects and advances to the field of radio frequency (RF) communications. 
     Technical effects and benefits include improvements in the reliability of RF communications, particularly in aerially mounted devices and structures. The circular antenna may include a substrate that provides mechanical stability for other electronic components integrated in the operative device. For example, when two or more circuit boards are arranged in a “stack,” the substrate of the circular antenna may also be included in the stack and formed with any desirable thickness, rigidity, material, size, mounting structures, and the like, to keep the two or more circuit boards from bending, twisting, sagging, or deforming in some other way. Another technical effect and benefit of at least some of the circular antennas described herein includes providing a substantially planar surface on which to form or otherwise location one or more radiating or radiative structures. When deployed, the planar surface may be arranged substantially parallel to the ground. The radiating or radiative structures may be arranged for directional or omnidirectional RF communications. In at least some embodiments, the circular antenna is mounted at the top of a light control structure, and an aperture in the circular antenna structure permits light to reach a light sensor mounted below the circular antenna. 
     The present disclosure sets forth details of various structural embodiments that may be arranged to carry the teaching of the present disclosure. To exploit the advantages that a circular antenna may provide, a number of exemplary systems, methods, and devices are now disclosed. 
     The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. Various features of the embodiments are optional, and features of one embodiment may be suitably combined with other embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, application and publications to provide yet further embodiments. 
     Example A-1 is a circular antenna, comprising a substantially rigid substrate formed having a substantially certain radius between about three-fourths of an inch (0.75 in.) and about four inches (4 in.), the substantially rigid substrate also having a substantially certain thickness between about 0.05 inches and about 0.50 inches; and a radiative antenna element integrated with the substantially rigid substrate. 
     Example A-2 may include the subject matter of Example A-1, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, the radiative antenna is a primary cellular antenna arranged to pass signals at frequencies between 600 megahertz (600 MHz) and three gigahertz (3 GHz). 
     Example A-3 may include the subject matter of Example A-2, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the radiative antenna is a primary cellular antenna arranged to pass signals at frequencies between 703 MHz and 2690 MHz. 
     Example A-4 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 to A-3, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, and further comprise a second radiative antenna element integrated with the substantially rigid substrate. 
     Example A-5 may include the subject matter of Example A-4, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the second radiative antenna arranged to receive location-based signals from one or more satellites of a satellite constellation system that provides geographic location information. 
     Example A-6 may include the subject matter of Example A-4, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the second radiative antenna is a cellular diversity antenna element arranged to receive cellular frequency signals present in the air in proximity to the circular antenna. 
     Example A-7 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 to A-3, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, and further comprise a second radiative antenna element integrated with the substantially rigid substrate, wherein the second radiative antenna is arranged to receive location-based signals from one or more satellites of a satellite constellation system that provides geographic location information; and a third radiative antenna element integrated with the substantially rigid substrate, wherein the third radiative antenna is arranged to receive cellular frequency signals present in the air in proximity to the circular antenna. 
     Example A-8 may include the subject matter of any of Examples A-1 to A-66, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the substantially rigid substrate includes at least one interruption arranged to permit light to reach an area that would otherwise be shielded by the substantially rigid substrate. 
     Example A-9 may include the subject matter of Example A-8, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the at least one interruption is an aperture. 
     Example A-10 may include the subject matter of Example A-8, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the at least one interruption is a lens. 
     Example A-11 may include the subject matter of Example A-8, and alternatively or additionally any other example herein, wherein the substantially rigid substrate is formed from a light-transmissive material. 
     The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, application and publications to provide yet further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.