Patent Publication Number: US-2016230091-A1

Title: Liquid crystal composition, and liquid crystal display including the same

Description:
This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2015-0019566, filed on Feb. 9, 2015, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. §119, the content of which in its entirety is herein incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     (a) Field 
     The present disclosure relates to a liquid crystal composition, and a liquid crystal display including the same. 
     (b) Description of the Related Art 
     A liquid crystal display is currently one of the most used flat panel displays, and is configured with two sheets of display panels facing each other, a liquid crystal layer provided therebetween, and a field generating electrode such as a pixel electrode or a common electrode provided on at least one of the display panels. 
     The liquid crystal display applies a voltage to the field generating electrode to generate an electric field on the liquid crystal layer, determines the alignment of liquid crystal molecules provided in the liquid crystal layer, and controls the transmittance of light passing through the liquid crystal layer. 
     A liquid crystal composition used in the liquid crystal display achieves a desired image by controlling the transmittance of light. In particular, with variation of use of liquid crystal displays, various characteristics such as low-voltage driving, a high voltage holding ratio (VHR), a wide viewing angle, a wide operation temperature range, and high-speed response are desired. 
     Research related to improvements in the physical properties of the liquid crystal composition such as rotation viscosity, refractive index, and an elastic coefficient of the liquid crystal composition, has been performed. 
     SUMMARY 
     In order to obtain high-speed response characteristics of a liquid crystal composition including a liquid crystal compound including an alkenyl group and the like, a reliability problem such as a linear afterimage may occur. The present disclosure provides a liquid crystal composition having high-rate response characteristics and improved reliability. Liquid crystal displays including the exemplary liquid crystal composition are also provided. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the present disclosure provides a liquid crystal composition including: liquid crystal molecules including at least one of a liquid crystal compound having an alkenyl group and a liquid crystal compound having an alkoxy group; and a first stabilizer including a compound having a structure represented by Formula 1: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where n is 0 or 1, m is 0 or 1, k is 0 or 1; Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3  are each independently a single bond, —C═C—, —OCO—, —COO—, —CF 2 O—, or a C1 to C5 alkylene group; X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4  are each independently hydrogen or halogen; Y is hydrogen, an alkylene group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group, —NHCOCH 3 , or ═O; and A and B are cyclic compounds. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, Formula 1, A and B are each independently 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In an exemplary embodiment, the first stabilizer includes a compound having a structure of Formula 1-1: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where k is 0 or 1; X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4  are each independently hydrogen or halogen; and Y1 is an alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group, —NHCOCH 3 , or ═O. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal molecules include at least one of a first compound to an eleventh compound, where the first compound to the eleventh compound are represented by Formula 5-1 to Formula 5-11, respectively: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where X is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group, and Y is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or an alkoxy group. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal molecules include the first compound, the second compound, the seventh compound, the eighth compound, the ninth compound, the tenth compound, and the eleventh compound. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal molecules include the first compound, the second compound, the fourth compound, the seventh compound, the eighth compound, the ninth compound, the tenth compound, and the eleventh compound. 
     In yet another exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal molecules include the first compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, the fifth compound, the sixth compound, the seventh compound, the eighth compound, the ninth compound, and the eleventh compound. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal molecules include the first compound, the third compound, the sixth compound, the seventh compound, the eighth compound, the ninth compound, and the eleventh compound. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal molecules include a reactive mesogen. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a liquid crystal display including: a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The liquid crystal layer includes liquid crystal molecules including at least one of a liquid crystal compound having an alkenyl group and a liquid crystal compound having an alkoxy group, and a first stabilizer including a compound having a structure represented by Formula 1: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where n is 0 or 1, m is 0 or 1, k is 0 or 1; Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3  are each independently a single bond, —C═C—, —OCO—, —COO—, —CF 2 O—, or a C1 to C5 alkylene group; X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4  are each independently hydrogen or halogen; Y is hydrogen, an alkylene group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group, —NHCOCH 3 , or ═O; and A and B are cyclic compounds. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal layer further includes an aligning polymer. 
     In yet another embodiment, of present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display, including: generating a field generating electrode on at least one of a first substrate and a second substrate, where the second substrate faces the first substrate; forming a liquid crystal layer between the first substrate and the second substrate, in which the liquid crystal layer includes liquid crystal molecules, an alignment aid and a first stabilizer; and forming an aligning polymer by irradiating ultraviolet light while applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer; where the liquid crystal molecules include at least one of a liquid crystal compound having an alkenyl group and a liquid crystal compound having an alkoxy group, and where the first stabilizer includes a compound having a structure represented by Formula 1: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where n is 0 or 1, m is 0 or 1, k is 0 or 1; Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3  are each independently a single bond, —C═C—, —OCO—, —COO—, —CF 2 O—, or a C1 to C5 alkylene group; X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4  are each independently hydrogen or halogen; Y is hydrogen, an alkylene group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group, −NHCOCH 3 , or ═O; and A and B are cyclic compounds. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the method further includes exposing to fluorescent light while an electric field is not applied to the liquid crystal layer. 
     According to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, improvement of the afterimage may be increased when the liquid crystal composition and the liquid crystal display including the same are formed using the exemplary stabilizer or mixture of stabilizers. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects, advantages and features of this disclosure will become more apparent by describing in further detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel of an exemplary embodiment of the liquid crystal display of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a liquid crystal display according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view along line III-III of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating the voltage holding ratio (VHR, %) according to UV irradiated energy (Joules) for Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and Exemplary Embodiments 1 and 2. 
         FIG. 5  is a series of photographs of the line afterimage and surface afterimage for Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and Exemplary Embodiments 1 and 2. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating the voltage holding ratio versus the amount of stabilizer (ppm) added as measured when a thermal or electrical stress is applied for 0, 24, 168 or 336 hours. 
         FIG. 7  is a graph illustrating the voltage holding ratio versus the amount of stabilizer added when a backlight stress is applied for 0, 24, 168 or 336 hours. 
         FIG. 8  is a plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a liquid crystal display according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view along line IX-IX of  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 10  is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel of the exemplary liquid crystal display shown in  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 11  is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel of an exemplary embodiment of a liquid crystal display according to the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various embodiments are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms, and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
     It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, “a first element,” “component,” “region,” “layer” or “section” discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings herein. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms, including “at least one,” unless the content clearly indicates otherwise. “Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element&#39;s relationship to another elements as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The exemplary term “lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The exemplary terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below. 
     “About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, a liquid crystal composition according to the present disclosure may include liquid crystal molecules including at least one of a liquid crystal compound including an alkenyl group and a liquid crystal compound including an alkoxy group, and a first stabilizer. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal molecules may include at least one of a first compound to an eleventh compound. The first compound to the eleventh compound are represented by Formula 5-1 to Formula 5-11, respectively. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Regarding Formula 5-1 to Formula 5-11, X is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group, and Y is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or an alkoxy group. 
     In detail, the liquid crystal composition may include the first compound, the second compound, the seventh compound, the eighth compound, the ninth compound, the tenth compound, and the eleventh compound. 
     Alternatively, the liquid crystal composition may include the first compound, the second compound, the fourth compound, the seventh compound, the eighth compound, the ninth compound, the tenth compound, and the eleventh compound. 
     As a further alternative, the liquid crystal composition may include the first compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, the fifth compound, the sixth compound, the seventh compound, the eighth compound, the ninth compound, and the eleventh compound. 
     As a still further alternative, the liquid crystal composition may include the first compound, the third compound, the sixth compound, the seventh compound, the eighth compound, the ninth compound, and the eleventh compound. 
     The first stabilizer may be a compound having a structure represented by Formula 1. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Regarding Formula 1, n is 0 or 1, m is 0 or 1, k is 0 or 1; Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3  are each independently a single bond, —C═C—, —OCO—, —COO—, —CF 2 O—, or a C1 to C5 alkylene group; X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4  are each independently a hydrogen or halogen; Y is hydrogen, an alkylene group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group, —NHCOCH 3 , or ═O; and A and B are cyclic compounds. 
     In exemplary embodiments, A and B are each independently 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The liquid crystal composition may be used for the liquid crystal display, and it may include an alkenyl-based liquid crystal compound with low viscosity in order to improve the response speed of the liquid crystal display. However, the alkenyl-based liquid crystal compound may deteriorate reliability since an alkenyl by-product and a line afterimage are generated by heat and ultraviolet (“UV”) rays. Previously, a second stabilizer such as the one expressed in Formula 2, was used in an attempt to improve the afterimage, but the effect on improving reliability was insufficient. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It was advantageously discovered that the afterimage improving effect may be maximized by using an N-oxyl radical stabilizer as expressed in Formula 1 as a new stabilizer. 
     In an exemplary embodiment the first stabilizer may include at least one compound represented by Formula 1-1. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Regarding Formula 1-1, k is 0 or 1; X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X4 are each independently a hydrogen or halogen; and Y1 is one of an alkoxy group, a hydroxyl group, —NHCOCH 3 , or ═O. 
     To maximize the afterimage improving effect, at least one of a second stabilizer and a third stabilizer may be further included. In an exemplary embodiment, the second stabilizer includes a compound having a structure represented by Formula 2 below, and the third stabilizer includes a compound having a structure represented by Formula 3 below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Additionally, the liquid crystal display may further include an antioxidant. In an exemplary embodiment, the antioxidant includes a compound having the structure represented by Formula 4. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     However, the antioxidant is not restricted to the compound expressed in the Formula 4, and may be at least one of an alkylated monophenol, alkyl thiomethylphenol, hydroquinone, alkylated hydroquinone, tocopherol, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ether, alkylidene bisphenol, an O-, N-, and S-benzyl compound, hydroxyl benzylated malonate, an aromatic hydroxyl benzyl compound, benzylphosphonate, acylaminophenol, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol and β-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid esters, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol and β-(5-tertbutyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-propionic acid esters, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol and β-(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid esters, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol and 3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid esters, β-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid amides, ascorbic acid, and an amine antioxidant. 
     A liquid crystal display formed by use of the above-described liquid crystal composition will now be described. 
       FIG. 1  is an equivalent circuit diagram of one pixel PX area of an exemplary embodiment of the liquid crystal display according to the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 , the liquid crystal display includes a thin film transistor array panel  100  and a common electrode panel  200  facing each other, and a liquid crystal layer  3  provided therebetween. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the liquid crystal display includes signal lines including a plurality of gate lines (GL), pairs of data lines (DLa and DLb), and storage electrode lines SL, and a plurality of pixels PX connected thereto. 
     The pixel PX includes a pair of subpixels (PXa and PXb) including switching elements (Qa and Qb), liquid crystal capacitors (Clca and Clcb), and storage capacitors (Csta and Cstb). 
     The switching elements (Qa and Qb) are three-terminal elements, such as thin film transistors, provided on the lower panel  100 , and they include control terminals connected to the gate lines (GL), input terminals connected to the data lines (DLa and DLb), and output terminals connected to the liquid crystal capacitors (Clca and Clcb) and the storage capacitors (Csta and Cstb), respectively. 
     The liquid crystal capacitors (Clca and Clcb) are formed by having the sub-pixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b  and the common electrode  270  as two terminals, and the liquid crystal layer  3  positioned between the two terminals as a dielectric material. 
     The storage capacitors (Csta and Cstb) for supporting the liquid crystal capacitors (Clca and Clcb) are formed when the storage electrode lines SL provided on the lower panel  100  overlap the sub-pixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b  with an insulator therebetween, and the storage electrode lines SL receive a predetermined voltage such as a common voltage (“Vcom”). 
     Voltages charged in the liquid crystal capacitors (Clca and Clcb) have a slight difference. For example, a data voltage applied to the liquid crystal capacitor (Clca) is set to be always greater or less than a data voltage applied to the neighboring liquid crystal capacitor (Clcb). When the voltages at the liquid crystal capacitors (Clca and Clcb) are appropriately controlled, an image seen from a lateral side may approach an image seen from a front side thereby improving the lateral visibility of the liquid crystal display. 
       FIG. 2  is a plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a liquid crystal display according to the present disclosure.  FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view along line III-III of  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  show a configuration of the equivalent circuit diagram of  FIG. 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , the liquid crystal display includes a lower panel  100  and an upper panel  200  facing each other, and a liquid crystal layer  3  provided between the display panels  100  and  200 . 
     The lower panel  100  will now be described. 
     A plurality of gate lines  121  and storage electrode lines  131  and  135  are disposed on an insulation substrate  110 . 
     The gate lines  121  transmit gate signals and mainly extend in a horizontal direction. The gate line  121  include a plurality of first and second gate electrodes  124   a  and  124   b,  respectively, protruded upward. 
     The storage electrode line includes a stem line  131  extending substantially in parallel to the gate lines  121 , and a plurality of storage electrodes  135  extending therefrom. Forms and dispositions of the storage electrode lines  131  and  135  are variable in many ways. 
     The gate lines  121  and the storage electrode lines  131  and  135  may be made of at least one of an aluminum-based metal such as aluminum (Al) and an aluminum alloy, a silver-based metal such as silver (Ag) and a silver alloy, and a copper-based metal such as copper (Cu) and a copper alloy. 
     The gate lines  121  and the gate electrodes  124   a  and  124   b  are formed by a single film, but are not limited thereto and may be formed in a dual-film or triple-film pattern. 
     When the gate lines  121  and the gate electrodes  124   a  and  124   b  have a dual-film (bilayer) structure, they may be formed by a lower film and an upper film. The lower film may be formed of at least one material selected from molybdenum (Mo), a molybdenum alloy, chromium (Cr), a chromium alloy, titanium (Ti), a titanium alloy, tantalum (Ta), a tantalum alloy, manganese (Mn), and a manganese alloy. The upper film may be made of at least one material selected from an aluminum-based metal such as aluminum (Al) and an aluminum alloy, a silver-based metal such as silver (Ag) and a silver alloy, and a copper-based metal such as copper (Cu) and a copper alloy. Alternatively, the structure maybe a triple-film (trilayer) structure. In the case of a triple-film structure, films having different physical properties may be combined to form the triple-film. 
     A gate insulating layer  140  is disposed on the gate lines  121  and the storage electrode lines  131  and  135 , and a plurality of semiconductor layers  154   a  and  154   b  made of amorphous silicon or crystalline silicon are formed on the gate insulating layer  140 . 
     A plurality of pairs of ohmic contacts  163   b  and  165   b  is disposed on the semiconductor layers  154   a  and  154   b,  and they may be made of a material such as n+hydrogenated amorphous silicon in which an n-type impurity is doped with a high concentration, or of a silicide. 
     A plurality of pairs of data lines  171   a  and  171   b  and a plurality of pairs of first and second drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b  are disposed on the ohmic contacts  163   b  and  165   b  and the gate insulating layer  140   
     The data lines  171   a  and  171   b  transmit a data signal and mainly extend in a perpendicular direction to the gate line  121  and the storage electrode line  131  of the storage electrode line. The data lines  171   a  and  171   b  include first and second source electrodes  173   a  and  173   b  extended toward the first and second gate electrodes  124   a  and  124   b  and bent in a U shape, and the first and second source electrodes  173   a  and  173   b  face the first and second drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b  with respect to the first and second gate electrodes  124   a  and  124   b.    
     The data lines  171   a  and  171   b  may be made of at least one material selected from an aluminum-based metal such as aluminum (Al) and an aluminum alloy, a silver-based metal such as silver (Ag) and a silver alloy, and a copper-based metal such as copper (Cu) and a copper alloy. In an exemplary embodiment, the data lines  171   a  and  171   b  are formed of a single layer film however, they are not restricted thereto. In alternative embodiments, the data lines  171   a  and  171   b  may be formed as a dual-film or triple-film structure. 
     The first and second drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b  extend upward from one end partly surrounded by the first and second source electrodes  173   a  and  173   b,  and another end may be large enough to access another layer. 
     However, the shapes and dispositions of the data lines  171   a  and  171   b  in addition to the first and second drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b  are modifiable in many ways. 
     The first and second gate electrodes  124   a  and  124   b,  the first and second source electrodes  173   a  and  173   b,  and the first and second drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b  form the first and second thin film transistors (Qa and Qb) together with the first and second semiconductor layers  154   a  and  154   b.  Channels of the first and second thin film transistors (Qa and Qb) are formed on the first and second semiconductor layers  154   a  and  154   b  between the first and second source electrodes  173   a  and  173   b  and the first and second drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b.    
     The ohmic contacts  163   b  and  165   b  are provided between the semiconductor layers  154   a  and  154   b  provided below them and the data lines  171   a  and  171   b  and the drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b  provided above them and reduce contact resistance therebetween. Portions that are exposed and are not covered by the data lines  171   a  and  171   b  and the drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b  are provided between the source electrodes  173   a  and  173   b  and the drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b  on the semiconductor layers  154   a  and  154   b.    
     A lower passivation layer  180   p  made of a silicon nitride or a silicon oxide is formed on the data lines  171   a  and  171   b,  the drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b,  and the exposed semiconductor layers  154   a  and  154   b.    
     A color filter  230  is disposed on the lower passivation layer  180   p.  The color filter  230  may include color filters of red, green, and blue. A light blocking member  220  made of a single layer or dual layers of chromium and a chromium oxide, or an organic material, is disposed between color filters adjacent to each other among the color filters. The light blocking member  220  may have an opening arranged in a matrix form. 
     An upper passivation layer  180   q  made of a transparent organic insulating material, is disposed on the color filter  230  and the light blocking member  220 . The upper passivation layer  180   q  prevents exposure of the color filter  230  and provides a flat surface. A plurality of contact holes  185   a  and  185   b  for exposing first and second drain electrodes  175   a  and  175   b  are formed in the upper passivation layer  180   q.    
     A plurality of pixel electrodes  191  are disposed on the upper passivation layer  180   q.  The pixel electrode  191  may be made of a transparent conductive material such as indium tin oxide (“ITO”) or indium zinc oxide (“IZO”), or a reflective metal such as aluminum, silver, chromium, or an alloy thereof. 
     The pixel electrode  191  includes first and second sub-pixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b  separated from each other. The first and second sub-pixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b,  respectively include a horizontal stem  192  and a perpendicular stem  193  crossing the same which together form a cross-shaped stem, and a fine branch  194  extending from the horizontal stem  192  and the perpendicular stem  193  in an oblique manner. 
     The upper panel  200  will now be described. 
     A common electrode  270  is disposed between an insulation substrate  210  and an alignment layer  21 . The common electrode  270  is formed on an entire surface of the insulation substrate  210 , which is transparent. 
     A spacer  363  for maintaining a space between the upper panel  200  and the lower panel  100  is formed. 
     Alignment layers  11  and  21  are applied to the inner sides of the lower panel  100  and the upper panel  200 , respectively, and they may be perpendicular alignment layers or photoalignment layers. The alignment layers  11  and  21  may be formed of at least one material generally used as the liquid crystal alignment layer, such as for example, a polyamic acid or a polyimide. When the alignment layers  11  and  21  are formed by photoalignment layers, the reliability of the liquid crystal molecules  310  in the liquid crystal layer  3  may be worsened due to the photoirradiation process used for photoalignment. However, the exemplary liquid crystal displays of the present disclosure include the first stabilizer, and as a result, the reliability of the liquid crystals may be increased by improving the afterimage. 
     A polarizer (not shown) may be provided on outer sides of the lower panel  100  and the upper panel  200 . 
     A liquid crystal layer  3  is provided between the lower panel  100  and the upper panel  200 . The liquid crystal layer  3  includes a plurality of liquid crystal molecules  310  and an aligning polymer  50 . The aligning polymer may help the initial alignment of liquid crystal molecules  310  when an electric field is applied to improve the response speed. The aligning polymer  50  may be generated by polymerizing an alignment aid by irradiation of the alignment aid with ultraviolet (“UV”) rays. In an exemplary embodiment, the alignment aid may be a reactive mesogen. An electric field exposing process may be performed to form the aligning polymer  50 , and a fluorescent exposure process may be performed to remove unpolymerized alignment aid remaining on the liquid crystal layer  3 . In this instance, the fluorescent exposure process may be performed while no electric field is applied. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal layer  3  may include liquid crystal molecules  310  including at least one of a liquid crystal compound including an alkenyl group and a liquid crystal compound including an alkoxy group, and a first stabilizer (not shown). The above-described contents of the liquid crystal composition may be applicable to the liquid crystal molecules  310  and the first stabilizer, respectively. 
     An alkenyl-based liquid crystal compound with low viscosity may be used to improve the response speed of the liquid crystal display. However, when the electric field exposure process and the fluorescent exposure process are performed to form the aligning polymer  50 , an alkenyl by-product or an alkoxy by-product is detected and linear afterimage occurs, so reliability may be deteriorated. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the afterimage improving effect may be maximized by using the N-oxyl radical stabilizer having a structure represented by Formula 1 as a stabilizer. 
     To maximize the afterimage improving effect, at least one of a second stabilizer having a structure represented by Formula 2 below and a third stabilizer having a structure represented in Formula 3 below, may be further included in the liquid crystal composition. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The liquid crystal display may further include an antioxidant. The alkenyl by-product or the alkoxy by-product may be generated by heat used during the sealing process for bonding the lower panel  100  and the upper panel  200 . The addition of an antioxidant may prevent deterioration of reliability resulting from application of the heat. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the antioxidant has a structure represented by Formula 4. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     However, the antioxidant is not restricted to the compound expressed in the Formula 4, and may be at least one of an alkylated monophenol, alkyl thiomethylphenol, hydroquinone and alkylated hydroquinone, tocopherol, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ether, alkylidene bisphenol, an O-, N-, and S-benzyl compound, hydroxyl benzylated malonate, an aromatic hydroxyl benzyl compound, benzylphosphonate, acylaminophenol, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol and β-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid esters, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol and β-(5-tertbutyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-propionic acid esters, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol and β-(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid esters, a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol and 3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid esters, β-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid amides, ascorbic acid, and an amine antioxidant. 
     The liquid crystal molecules  310  may have negative dielectric anisotropy, and their long axes may be aligned to be substantially perpendicular to surfaces of the display panels  100  and  200  when no electric field is applied. 
     When a voltage is applied to the pixel electrode  191  and the common electrode  270 , the long axes of the liquid crystal molecules  310  are aligned to be perpendicular to the direction of an electric field that is generated between the pixel electrode  191  and the common electrode  270 . A change in the degree of polarization of the light incident to the liquid crystal layer  3  is variable by an inclined degree of the liquid crystal molecules  310 , and the change in polarization causes the change of transmittance by the polarizer, by which the liquid crystal display displays the image. 
     The direction in which the liquid crystal molecules  310  are inclined is determined by the fine branches  194  of the pixel electrode  191 . That is, the liquid crystal molecules  310  are inclined in parallel to a length direction of the fine branches  194 . The length direction of the fine branches  194  of one pixel electrode  191  includes four different sub-areas, so the liquid crystal molecules  310  are inclined in four directions, and four domains with different alignment directions of the liquid crystal molecule  310  are formed on the liquid crystal layer  3 . A viewing angle of the liquid crystal display may be improved by varying the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules are inclined. 
     Regarding the liquid crystal display, the aligning polymer  50 , formed by polymerization of the alignment aid, may control the initial alignment direction (pre-tilt) of the liquid crystal molecules  310 . The response speed may therefore be substantially improved by manufacturing a liquid crystal composition with less viscosity, and the reliability may be improved as measured by improvement of afterimage, by use of the first stabilizer. 
     The reliability-improving effect of an exemplary embodiment of a liquid crystal display according the present disclosure, will now be described with reference to  FIG. 4  to  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 4  is a graph illustrating the voltage holding ratio (VHR) according to UV irradiated energy for Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and Exemplary Embodiments 1 and 2.  FIG. 5  is a series of photographs of the line afterimage and the surface afterimage for Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and Exemplary Embodiments 1 and 2. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 5 , Comparative Example 1 is a case in which the liquid crystal composition includes no stabilizer, Comparative Example 2 is a case in which the liquid crystal composition includes a second stabilizer, Exemplary Embodiment 1 is a case in which the liquid crystal composition includes a first stabilizer, and Exemplary Embodiment 2 is a case in which the liquid crystal composition includes a first stabilizer and a second stabilizer or a first stabilizer and a third stabilizer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , Comparative Example 2, in which the second stabilizer is added to the liquid crystal composition similar to the prior art, shows an improved voltage holding ratio (VHR) as compared to the Comparative Example 1 in which no stabilizer is added thereto. Exemplary Embodiment 1, in which the first stabilizer is added to the liquid crystal composition and Exemplary Embodiment 2, in which the first stabilizer and either the second stabilizer or the third stabilizer are added thereto, further improve the voltage holding ratio as compared to Comparative Examples 1 and 2. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , it was found that the linear afterimage and the surface afterimage are improved in the Exemplary Embodiments 1 and 2 as compared to the Comparative Examples 1 and 2. 
       FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating the voltage holding ratio versus the amount of stabilizer added, measured when a thermal and electrical stress was applied to the liquid crystal layer for 0, 24, 168 or 336 hours. The thermal stress (heat) corresponds to 60 degrees Celsius (° C.) and the electrical stress corresponds to 1 direct current (DC) volt, applied to the liquid crystal layer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , Comparative Example 1 is a case in which the liquid crystal composition includes no stabilizer (0 ppm), the Comparative Example 2 is a case in which the liquid crystal composition includes 500 ppm of the antioxidant having the structure of Formula 4, and the other Examples are cases in which the liquid crystal composition includes 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 300 ppm of the first stabilizer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the voltage holding ratio tends to increase according to the stress-applied hours (0 h, 24 h, 168 h, and 336 h), and the voltage holding ratio is improved as the content of the first stabilizer increases. Particularly, the case in which the content of the first stabilizer is 300 ppm shows a voltage holding ratio improving effect as compared to the Comparative Example 2 (500 ppm). 
       FIG. 7  is a graph illustrating the voltage holding ratio according versus the amount of stabilizer added when a backlight stress was applied for 0, 24, 168 or 336 hours. The backlight stress includes stresses caused by heat and light. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the Comparative Example 1 is a case in which the liquid crystal composition includes no stabilizer (0 ppm), the Comparative Example 2 is a case in which the liquid crystal composition includes 500 ppm of the antioxidant having the structure of Formula 4, and the others are cases in which the liquid crystal composition includes 50 ppm, 100 ppm, or 300 ppm of the first stabilizer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , in a similar manner of the experimental example of  FIG. 6 , the voltage holding ratio tends to increase according to the stress-applied hours (0 h, 24 h, 168 h, and 336 h) and the voltage holding ratio is improved when the content of the first stabilizer is increased. Particularly, the case in which the content of the first stabilizer is 300 ppm shows a voltage holding ratio improving effect as compared to the Comparative Example 2 (500 ppm). 
       FIG. 8  is a plan view of an exemplary embodiment of a liquid crystal display according to the present disclosure.  FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view along line IX-IX of  FIG. 8 . 
     The lower panel  100  will now be described. 
     A plurality of gate lines  121  including a first gate line  121   a  and a second gate line  121   b  and a plurality of storage electrode lines  131  are disposed on an insulation substrate  110 . 
     The first gate line  121   a  and the second gate line  121   b  mainly extend in the horizontal direction and transmit the gate signal. The first gate line  121   a  includes a first gate electrode  124   a  and a second gate electrode  124   b  protruded upward, and the second gate line  121   b  includes a third gate electrode  124   c.  The first gate electrode  124   a  and the second gate electrode  124   b  are connected to each other to form a protrusion. 
     The storage electrode line  131  mainly extends in the horizontal direction and transmits a predetermined voltage such as a common voltage (Vcom). The storage electrode line  131  includes a pair of perpendicular units  134  substantially extending to be perpendicular to the gate line  121 , and a capacitance electrode  137  protruded from the perpendicular units  134  and expanded. 
     A gate insulating layer  140  is disposed on the gate line  121  and the storage electrode line  131 , and a plurality of semiconductor stripe layers (not shown) made of amorphous silicon or crystalline silicon are formed on the gate insulating layer  140 . The semiconductor stripe layers include first and second semiconductor layers  154   a  and  154   b  mainly extending in the perpendicular direction, extending toward the first and second gate electrodes  124   a  and  124   b,  and connected to each other, and a third semiconductor layer  154   c  provided on the third gate electrode  124   c.    
     A plurality of pairs of ohmic contacts (not shown) are disposed on the semiconductor layers  154   a,    154   b,  and  154   c.  The ohmic contacts may be made of a material such as an n+hydrogenated amorphous silicon in which an n-type impurity is doped at a high concentration, or of a silicide. 
     A data conductor including a plurality of data lines  171   a  and  171   b,  first drain electrodes  175   a,  second drain electrodes  175   b,  and third drain electrodes  175   c  is disposed on the ohmic contact. 
     The data lines  171   a  and  171   b  mainly transmit a data signal and mainly extend in the perpendicular direction to cross the first gate line  121   a  and the second gate line  121   b.  The data lines  171   a  and  171   b  include a first source electrode  173   a  and a second source electrode  173   b  extended toward the first gate electrode  124   a  and the second gate electrode  124   b  and connected to each other. The first source electrode  173   a  and the second source electrode  173   b  face the first drain electrode  175   a  and the second drain electrode  175   b  with respect to the first gate electrode  124   a  and the second gate electrode  124   b.    
     The first drain electrode  175   a,  the second drain electrode  175   b,  and the third drain electrode  175   c  include a bar-type end portion and a relatively wide end portion. The bar-type end portions of the first drain electrode  175   a  and the second drain electrode  175   b  are partly surrounded by the first source electrode  173   a  and the second source electrode  173   b.  The wide end portion of the first drain electrode  175   a  extends to form a U-shaped third source electrode  173   c,  and the third source electrode  173   c  faces the third drain electrode  175   c.  The wide end portion  177   c  of the third drain electrode  175   c  overlaps the capacitance electrode  137  to form a step-down capacitor (Cstd), and the bar-type end portion is partly surrounded by the third source electrode  173   c.    
     The first gate electrode  124   a,  the first source electrode  173   a,  and the first drain electrode  175   a  form a first thin film transistor Qa together with the first semiconductor layer  154   a.  The second gate electrode  124   b,  the second source electrode  173   b,  and the second drain electrode  175   b  form a second thin film transistor Qb together with the second semiconductor layer  154   b.  The third gate electrode  124   c,  the third source electrode  173   c,  and the third drain electrode  175   c  form a third thin film transistor Qc together with the third semiconductor layer  154   c.    
     The semiconductor stripe layer including the first semiconductor layer  154   a,  the second semiconductor layer  154   b,  and the third semiconductor layer  154   c  may have a substantially same flat shape as the data conductors  171   a,    171   b,    173   a,    173   b,    173   c,    175   a,    175   b,  and  175   c  and the ohmic contacts provided below the same except at the channel region between the source electrodes  173   a,    173   b,  and  173   c  and the drain electrodes  175   a,    175   b,  and  175   c.    
     A portion that is not covered by the first source electrode  173   a  and the first drain electrode  175   a,  but which is exposed, is provided between the first source electrode  173   a  and the first drain electrode  175   a  on the first semiconductor layer  154   a.  A portion that is not covered by the second source electrode  173   b  and the second drain electrode  175   b,  but which is exposed, is provided between the second source electrode  173   b  and the second drain electrode  175   b  on the second semiconductor layer  154   b.  A portion that is not covered by the third source electrode  173   c  and the third drain electrode  175   c,  but which is exposed, is also provided between the third source electrode  173   c  and the third drain electrode  175   c  on the third semiconductor layer  154   c.    
     A passivation layer  180  made of an inorganic insulator such as a silicon nitride or a silicon oxide is formed on the data conductors  171   a,    171   b,    173   a,    173   b,    173   c,    175   a,    175   b,  and  175   c  and the exposed first, second, and third semiconductor layers  154   a,    154   b,  and  154   c    
     However, the passivation layer  180  may be made of an organic insulator and its surface may be flat. The passivation layer  180  may also have a dual-layer structure of a lower inorganic layer and an upper organic layer so as to not damage the exposed semiconductor layers  154   a,    154   b,  and  154   c  while maintaining the excellent insulating characteristic of the organic layer. 
     A plurality of contact holes  185   a  and  185   b  for exposing the first drain electrode  175   a  and the second drain electrode  175   b  are formed in the passivation layer  180 . 
     A pixel electrode  191  including a first sub-pixel electrode  191   a  and a second sub-pixel electrode  191   b  and a shield electrode  9  are disposed on the passivation layer  180 . The pixel electrode  191  may be made of a transparent conductive material such as ITO or IZO, or a reflective metal such as aluminum, silver, chromium, or an alloy thereof. 
     A horizontal center cutout  91 , a perpendicular center cutout  92   c   1 , lower cutouts  92   a   1 ,  92   a   2 , and  92   c   2 , and upper cutouts  92   b   1 ,  92   b   2 , and  92   c   3  are formed on the pixel electrode  191 , and the pixel electrode  191  is divided into a plurality of partitions by the cutouts  91 ,  92   c   1 ,  92   a   1 ,  92   a   2 ,  92   c   2 ,  92   b   1 ,  92   b   2 , and  92   c   3 . The cutouts  91 ,  92   a   1 ,  92   a   2 ,  92   c   2 ,  92   b   1 ,  92   b   2 , and  92   c   3  substantially configure inversion symmetry with respect to a virtual horizontal center line for dividing the pixel electrode  191  into two portions. 
     In detail, the pixel electrode  191  includes oblique units including lower cutouts  92   a   1 ,  92   a   2 , and upper cutouts  92   b   1 , and  92   b   2  provided on a lower portion and a upper portion with respect to the horizontal center line of the pixel electrode  191 , and connectors including center cutout  92   c   1 , lower cutout  92   c   2 , and upper cutout  92   c   3  for connecting the oblique units  92   a   1 ,  92   a   2 ,  92   b   1 , and  92   b   2  with each other. The oblique units  92   a   1 ,  92   a   2 ,  92   b   1 , and  92   b   2  may substantially extend to a left side of the pixel electrode  191  from a right side thereof in an oblique manner, and may extend perpendicularly with an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the gate line  121 . 
     The lower portion of the pixel electrode  191  is divided into two partitions by the lower cutouts  92   a   1  and  92   a   2 , and the upper portion is divided into two partitions by the upper cutouts  92   b   1  and  92   b   2 . In detail, the lower cutouts  92   a   1  and  92   a   2 , the upper cutouts  92   b   1  and  92   b   2 , and the connectors  92   c   1 ,  92   c   2 , and  92   c   3  may form a closed circuit, and the pixel electrode  191  may be divided into a first sub-pixel electrode  191   a  and a second sub-pixel electrode  191   b  by the lower cutouts  92   a   1  and  92   a   2 , the upper cutouts  92   b   1  and  92   b   2 , and the connectors  92   c   1 ,  92   c   2 , and  92   c   3 . 
     A number of pixel electrode partitions or a number of cutouts may be changed by design factors such as a size of the pixel electrode  191 , a length ratio of the horizontal side and the perpendicular side of the pixel electrode  191 , and a type or a characteristic of the liquid crystal layer  3 . 
     The first sub-pixel electrode  191   a  and the second sub-pixel electrode  191   b  are electrically connected to the first drain electrode  175   a  and the second drain electrode  175   b  through the contact holes  185   a  and  185   b,  and receive a data voltage from the first drain electrode  175   a  and the second drain electrode  175   b.    
     Having received the data voltage, the first sub-pixel electrode  191   a  and the second sub-pixel electrode  191   b  generate an electric field together with the common electrode  270  of the upper panel  200  to determine a direction of the liquid crystal molecules  310  between the two electrodes. The liquid crystal molecules  310  of the liquid crystal layer  3 , which are aligned perpendicular to the surfaces of the two electrodes in the absence of an electric field, lie horizontally with respect to the surfaces of the two electrodes when the electric field is applied As a result, luminance of the light passing through the liquid crystal layer is changed by the degree in which the liquid crystal molecules lie. 
     The first sub-pixel electrode  191   a  and the common electrode  270  form a first liquid crystal capacitor together with the liquid crystal layer  3 , and the second sub-pixel electrode  191   b  and the common electrode  270  form a second liquid crystal capacitor together with the liquid crystal layer  3  provided therebetween. The first and second liquid crystal capacitors maintain the applied voltage when the first and second thin film transistors (Qa and Qb) are turned off. 
     The first sub-pixel electrode  191   a  and the second sub-pixel electrode  191   b  overlap the storage electrode line  131  to form a first storage capacitor and a second storage capacitor, respectively. The first storage capacitor and the second storage capacitor reinforce voltage maintaining performance of the first liquid crystal capacitor and the second liquid crystal capacitor. 
     The capacitance electrode  137  overlaps an extension  177   c  of the third drain electrode  175   c,  which together with the gate insulating layer  140  and the semiconductor layer therebetween, form a step-down capacitor. The semiconductor layer disposed between the capacitance electrode  137  and the extension  177   c  of the third drain electrode  175   c  may be removed. 
     The upper panel  200  will now be described. 
     A light blocking member (not shown), a plurality of color filters  230 , an overcoat  250 , and a common electrode  270  is disposed between an insulation substrate  210  and liquid crystal layer  3 . The insulation substrate  210  may be made of transparent glass or plastic. The light blocking member is also referred to as a black matrix, and prevents light leakage between the pixel electrodes  191 . The light blocking member has a plurality of openings (not shown) which are opposite to the pixel electrodes  191  and have almost the same shape as the pixel electrodes  191 . The light blocking member may include portions corresponding to the gate lines  121   a  and  121   b  and the data lines  171   a  and  171   b,  and portions corresponding to the thin film transistors. 
     The color filters  230  are disposed between the insulation substrate  210  and the overcoat  250 . The color filters  230  mostly exist within the region surrounded by the light blocking member, and may extend along the columns of the pixel electrodes  191  in the vertical direction. Each color filter  230  may display one of the primary colors such as red, green, and blue. In a variation of an exemplary embodiment, the color filter  230  or the light blocking member may be provided on the lower panel  100 . 
     The overcoat  250  is disposed between the color filter  230  and the common electrode  270 . The overcoat  250  may be made of an organic material, and prevents the color filters  230  from being exposed and provides a flat surface. The overcoat  250  is optional and may be omitted. 
     The common electrode  270  is disposed between the overcoat  250  and an alignment layer  21 . The common electrode  270  is made of a transparent conductor such as ITO or IZO. The common electrode  270  includes a set of a plurality of cutouts  71 ,  71   a   1 ,  71   a   2 ,  71   a   3 ,  71   b   1 ,  71   b   2 , and  71   b   3 . 
     The set of the plurality of cutouts  71 ,  71   a   1 ,  71   a   2 ,  71   a   3 ,  71   b   1 ,  71   b   2 , and  71   b   3  include a center cutout  71 , first to third lower oblique cutouts  71   a   1 ,  71   a   2 , and  71   a   3 , and first to third upper oblique cutouts  71   b   1 ,  71   b   2 , and  71   b   3 . 
     The cutouts  71 ,  71   a   1 ,  71   a   2 ,  71   a   3 ,  71   b   1 ,  71   b   2 , and  71   b   3  are respectively disposed between the neighboring lower and upper cutouts  92   a   1 ,  92   a   2 ,  92   b   1 , and  92   b   2  of the pixel electrode  191  or between the lower and upper cutouts  92   a   1 ,  92   a   2 ,  92   b   1 , and  92   b   2  of the pixel electrode  191  and the edge of the pixel electrode  191 . 
     The set of the plurality of cutouts  71 ,  71   a   1 ,  71   a   2 ,  71   a   3 ,  71   b   1 ,  71   b   2 , and  71   b   3  is almost inversely symmetrical with respect to the virtual horizontal center line of the pixel electrode  191 . 
     The cutouts of the pixel electrode  191  and the cutouts of the common electrode  270  divide the pixel electrode  191  into a plurality of sub-areas, and each sub-area has two primary edges forming an oblique angle with the primary edge of the pixel electrode  191 . Liquid crystal molecules in each sub-area are mostly inclined in a direction perpendicular to the primary edges so that the liquid crystal molecules are substantially inclined in four directions. 
     By varying the directions in which the liquid crystal molecules are inclined (as described above), the reference viewing angle of the liquid crystal display can be increased. 
     Alignment layers  11  and  21  are coated on inner sides of the lower panel  100  and the upper panel  200 , respectively, and they may be vertical alignment layers or photoalignment layers. Specifically, the alignment layers  11  and  21  may be provided on the pixel electrodes  191  and the common electrode  270 . 
     Polarizers (not shown) may be formed on the outer surfaces of the lower panel  100  and the upper panel  200 , respectively. Transmissive axes of the polarizers intersect each other, and one transmissive axis may be parallel to the gate lines  121 . In the case of a reflective liquid crystal display, one of the two polarizers may be omitted. 
     A liquid crystal layer  3  is provided between the lower panel  100  and the upper panel  200 . The liquid crystal layer  3  may include a liquid crystal composition including liquid crystal molecules  310  including at least one of a liquid crystal compound including an alkenyl group and a liquid crystal compound including an alkoxy group, and a first stabilizer. 
     The liquid crystal molecules  310  may have negative dielectric anisotropy, and they are aligned so that their long axes are almost perpendicular to the surfaces of the two panels  100  and  200 . 
       FIG. 10  is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel of the exemplary liquid crystal display shown in  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 . 
     The circuit configuration and operation of the exemplary liquid crystal display shown in  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9  will now be described with reference to  FIG. 10 . 
     The liquid crystal display includes signal lines including a first gate line  121   a,  a second gate line  121   b,  a storage electrode line  131 , a data line  171 , and a pixel PX connected thereto. 
     The pixel PX includes a first subpixel PXa, a second subpixel PXb, and a step-down unit Cd. 
     The first subpixel PXa includes a first switching element Qa, a first liquid crystal capacitor Clca, and a first storage capacitor Csta, the second subpixel PXb includes a second switching element Qb, a second liquid crystal capacitor Clcb, and a second storage capacitor Cstb, and the step-down unit Cd includes a third switching element Qc and a step-down capacitor Cstd. 
     The first and second switching elements Qa and Qb are three-terminal elements such as thin film transistors provided to the lower panel, and they respectively include a control terminal connected to the first gate line  121   a,  an input terminal connected to the data line  171 , and an output terminal connected to the first and second liquid crystal capacitors Clca and Clcb and the first and second storage capacitors Csta and Cstb. 
     The third switching element Qc is a three-terminal element such as a thin film transistor provided to the lower panel, and it includes a control terminal connected to the second gate line  121   b,  an input terminal connected to the first liquid crystal capacitor Clca, and an output terminal connected to the step-down capacitor Cstd. 
     The first and second liquid crystal capacitors Clca and Clcb are formed when the first and second sub-pixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b  connected to the first and second switching elements Qa and Qb overlap the common electrode of the upper panel. The first and second storage capacitors Csta and Cstb are formed when the storage electrode line  131  overlaps the first and second sub-pixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b.    
     The step-down capacitor Cstd is connected to the output terminal of the third switching element Qc and the storage electrode line  131 , and the storage electrode line  131  provided to the lower panel overlaps the output terminal of the third switching element Qc with an insulator therebetween. 
     An operation of the liquid crystal display will now be described. 
     When a gate-on voltage (“Von”) is applied to the first gate line  121   a,  the first and second thin film transistors Qa and Qb connected thereto are turned on. 
     The data voltage of the data line  171  is applied to the first and second sub-pixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b  through the turned on first and second switching elements Qa and Qb. The first and second liquid crystal capacitors Clca and Clcb are charged by a voltage difference between the common voltage (Vcom) of the common electrode  270  and the voltage at the first and second sub-pixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b  so the first liquid crystal capacitor Clca and the second liquid crystal capacitor Clcb are changed with the same voltage. A gate-off voltage (“Voff”) is applied to the second gate line  121   b.    
     When the gate-off voltage (Voff) is applied to the first gate line  121   a  and the gate-on voltage (Von) is simultaneously applied to the second gate line  121   b,  the first and second switching elements Qa and Qb connected to the first gate line  121   a  are turned off and the third switching element Qc is turned on. The charges of the first sub-pixel electrode  191   a  connected to the output terminal of the first switching element Qa, flow to the step-down capacitor Cstd to drop the voltage of the first liquid crystal capacitor Clca. 
     Regarding the case in which the exemplary liquid crystal display is driven in frame inversion and a data voltage having a positive (+) polarity with respect to the common voltage (Vcom) is applied to the data line  171 , negative (−) charges are gathered in the step-down capacitor Cstd after the previous frame is finished. In the present frame, when the third switching element Qc is turned on, positive (+) charges of the first subpixel electrode  191   a  flow in the step-down capacitor Cstd through the third switching element Qc so the positive (+) charges are gathered in the step-down capacitor Cstd and the voltage of the first liquid crystal capacitor Clca drops. In the next frame, as the third switching element Qc is turned on while the first subpixel electrode  191   a  is charged with negative (−) charges, the negative (−) charges of the first subpixel electrode  191   a  flow in the step-down capacitor Cstd so the negative (−) charges are gathered in the step-down capacitor Cstd and the voltage of the first liquid crystal capacitor Clca also drops. 
     As described above, in an exemplary embodiment, the charged voltage of the first liquid crystal capacitor Clca can always be lower than the charged voltage of the second liquid crystal capacitor Clcb regardless of the polarity of the data voltage. Thus, the charged voltages of the first and second liquid crystal capacitors Clca and Clcb may be made different from each other, thereby improving the lateral visibility of the liquid crystal display. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, the first and second switching elements Qa and Qb of the first and second subpixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b  may be applied with different data voltages obtained from one image information set through different data lines. Alternatively, the first and second switching elements Qa and Qb of the first and second subpixel electrodes  191   a  and  191   b  may be connected to different gate lines to be applied with different data voltages obtained from one image information set at different times. Alternatively, the first subpixel electrode  191   a  may receive the data voltage through the switching element, and the second subpixel electrode  191   b  may receive a relatively low voltage through capacitive coupling to the first subpixel electrode  191   a.  In some exemplary embodiments, the third switching element Qc, the step-down capacitor Cstd, and the like may be omitted. 
       FIG. 11  shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel of an exemplary embodiment of a liquid crystal display according to the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , a pixel PX of the exemplary embodiment of the liquid crystal display includes a plurality of signal lines including a gate line GL for transmitting a gate signal, a data line DL for transmitting a data signal, and a reference voltage line RL for transmitting a divided reference voltage. The pixel PX also includes a first switching element Qa, a second switching element Qb, a third switching element Qc, a first liquid crystal capacitor Clca, and a second liquid crystal capacitor Clcb which are connected to the plurality of signal lines. 
     The first switching element Qa and the second switching element Qb are connected to the gate line GL and the data line DL respectively, and the third switching element Qc is connected to the output terminal of the second switching element Qb and the reference voltage line RL. 
     The first switching element Qa and the second switching element Qb are three-terminal elements such as thin film transistors, and they respectively include a control terminal connected to the gate line GL, an input terminal connected to the data line DL, and an output terminal of the first switching element Qa connected to the first liquid crystal capacitor Clca. An output terminal of the second switching element Qb is connected to the second liquid crystal capacitor Clcb and the output terminal of the third switching element (Qc). 
     The third switching element Qc is a three-terminal element such as a thin film transistor, and it includes a control terminal connected to the gate line GL, an output terminal connected to the second liquid crystal capacitor Clcb, and an input terminal connected to the reference voltage line RL. 
     When the gate-on (Von) signal is applied to the gate line GL, the first switching element Qa, the second switching element Qb, and the third switching element Qc connected thereto are turned on. Accordingly, the data voltage applied to the data line DL is applied to the first sub-pixel electrode PEa and the second sub-pixel electrode PEb through the turned on first switching element Qa and the second switching element Qb. The data voltage applied to the first sub-pixel electrode PEa and the second sub-pixel electrode PEb may be charged with the same value. However, the voltage applied to the second sub-pixel electrode PEb is divided by the third switching element Qc connected in series to the second switching element Qb. Therefore, the voltage Vb applied to the second sub-pixel electrode PEb becomes less than the voltage Va applied to the first sub-pixel electrode (PEa). 
     As a result, the voltage charged in the first liquid crystal capacitor Clca becomes different from the voltage charged in the second liquid crystal capacitor Clcb so the inclining angles of the liquid crystal molecules in the first subpixel and the second subpixel become different from each other and luminance of the two subpixels become different from each other. Therefore, when the voltage charged in the first liquid crystal capacitor Clca and the voltage charged in the second liquid crystal capacitor Clcb are appropriately controlled, the image seen from the lateral side may be mostly close to the image seen from the front side and the lateral visibility may be improved. 
     In the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 11 , having a modified visibility structure with reference to the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  or the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the above-described liquid crystal composition included in the liquid crystal layer may be applied. 
     While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.