Patent Publication Number: US-9889298-B2

Title: Electrode sling for treating stress and urge incontinence

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This Application is a Section 371 National Stage Application of International Application No. PCT/US2007/004474, filed 22 Feb. 2007 and published as WO 2007/106303A2 on 20 Sep. 2007 in English; this Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/779,219, entitled “SURGICAL ARTICLES AND METHODS TO TREAT STRESS AND URGE INCONTINENCE,” and filed on Mar. 3, 2006; and this Application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/418,790, entitled “APPARATUS FOR TREATING STRESS AND URGE INCONTINENCE” and filed on May 5, 2006. Each of the above-identified applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to treatment of incontinence, and specifically to implantable devices for treatment of stress and urge incontinence. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Urinary stress incontinence is a medical condition in which sudden stress placed on a patient&#39;s bladder causes urinary incontinence. Activities such as laughing, sneezing, and lifting heavy objects frequently cause stress incontinence in susceptible patients. According to the National Institutes of Health, about 50% of all women have occasional urinary incontinence, and as many as 10% have frequent incontinence. Nearly 20% of women over age 75 experience daily urinary incontinence. Stress incontinence may occur as a result of weakened pelvic muscles that support the bladder and urethra, or because of malfunction of the urethral sphincter. Stress incontinence is often seen in women who have had multiple pregnancies and vaginal childbirths, or who have pelvic prolapse, with cystocele, cystourethrocele, or rectocele (protrusion of the bladder, urethra, or rectal wall into the vaginal space). Risk factors for stress incontinence include female sex, advancing age, childbirth, smoking, and obesity. 
     Urge incontinence involves a strong, sudden need to urinate, immediately followed by a bladder contraction, resulting in an involuntary loss of urine. The bladder&#39;s ability to fill and store urine requires a functional sphincter (muscle controlling output) and a stable bladder wall muscle (detrusor). Undesired bladder muscle contraction may occur as the result of a break in a neurological pathway from the brain to the bladder. It can also occur if the bladder is irritated and the normal neurological impulses to inhibit urination are insufficient to keep the bladder relaxed as it fills. Urge incontinence may result from neurological injuries (such as spinal cord injury or stroke), neurological diseases (such as multiple sclerosis), infection, bladder cancer, bladder stones, bladder inflammation, or bladder outlet obstruction. 
     Although urge incontinence may occur in anyone at any age, it is more common in women and the elderly. It is second only to stress incontinence as the most common cause of urinary incontinence (involuntary loss of urine), and it is common for people with stress incontinence to also have urge incontinence. 
     In the urology field, needles, suture passers and ligature carriers are utilized in a variety of procedures, many of which are designed to treat incontinence. A pubovaginal sling procedure is a surgical method involving the placement of a sling to stabilize or support the bladder neck or urethra. There are a variety of different sling procedures. Descriptions of different sling procedures are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,112,344 to Petros et al., 5,611,515 to Benderev et al., 5,842,478 to Benderev et al., 5,860,425 to Benderev et al., 5,899,909 to Claren et al., 6,039,686 to Kovac, 6,042,534 to Gellman et al., and 6,110,101 to Tihon et al., which are incorporated herein by reference and are described hereinbelow. 
     Some pubovaginal sling procedures extend a sling from the rectus fascia in the abdominal region, to a position below the urethra, and back again to the rectus fascia. The Tension-free Vaginal Tape (TVT) procedure (Ethicon, N.J.) utilizes a Prolene™ nonabsorbable, polypropylene mesh. Additional sling procedures are disclosed in US Patent Application Publication 2001/0018549A1 to Scetbon, and PCT Patent Publications WO 02/39890 to Ulmsten et al. and WO 02/069781 to Ulmsten et al., which are incorporated herein by reference and are described hereinbelow. Other examples of a mesh sling used for treating incontinence include the In-Fast™ and InVance™mesh sling (American Medical Systems, Inc., Minnetonka, Minn.), which are the subject of various patents and applications. In general, these systems use bone anchors to affix the mesh sling to the pubic bone in a manner that compresses the urethra. 
     The BioArc™ SP Sling System and the BioArc TO Subfascial Hammock (American Medical Systems) treat female stress incontinence with a minimally invasive procedure using either a suprapubic (BioArc SP) or a transobturator (BioArc TO) approach. The BioArc utilizes a polypropylene mesh for fixation and a biologic graft material for suburethral support. Tensioning and loosening sutures maintain mesh integrity during placement and allow for intra-operative tensioning refinement without distorting the biologic graft material. 
     Both the BioArc SP and BioArc TO have two pieces of precut polypropylene mesh with attached clamps. The mesh and clamps are designed to facilitate the attachment of the surgeon&#39;s choice of graft materials. Tensioning and loosening sutures allow for intra-operative tension adjustment without mesh or biologic distortion. The BioArc is minimally invasive, and patients typically experience immediate continence following surgery. 
     The Monarc™ Subfascial Hammock™ (American Medical Systems) is a minimally invasive treatment option for female patients suffering from stress incontinence. The Monarc treats stress incontinence by supporting the urethra during abdominal stress events, such as sneezing, coughing or laughing. Monarc&#39;s outside-to-in transobturator approach avoids the retropubic space. A knitted, polypropylene mesh creates a hammock-shaped midurethral sling, and helps to maintain continence by supporting the midurethra during times of increased abdominal pressure. Knitted, polypropylene Type I mesh offers tissue fixation without suturing and large pores to facilitate tissue integration. The tensioning suture maintains mesh integrity during placement and allows for intra- and immediate post-operative tensioning, while reducing sling deformation. After the procedure, most patients experience immediate continence. 
     The SPARC™ Self-Fixating Sling System (American Medical Systems) utilizes a suprapubic approach to treat female stress incontinence due to urethral hypermobility and/or intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). It utilizes a self-fixating sling with a resorbable tensioning suture that allows for intra-operative tension refinement without mesh distortion, as well as immediate post-operative adjustment prior to tissue ingrowth. The sling supports the urethra during increased abdominal pressure (e.g., sneezing, coughing or laughing). Large pores of the mesh promote tissue integration for healing. The 1.1×50 cm polypropylene mesh sling is covered with a plastic sheath, and has locking connectors attached. SPARC&#39;s resorbable tensioning suture maintains mesh integrity during placement and allows for intra- and immediate post-operative tensioning, while reducing sling deformation. Patients typically experience immediate continence following the implantation procedure. 
     The In-Fast™ Ultra Transvaginal Sling (American Medical Systems) is a minimally invasive treatment for female stress incontinence. To place a sling, the In-Fast Ultra inserter is used to drive two small titanium bone screws into the posterior aspect of the pubic bone. Each screw has a suture attached that facilitates attachment to a biologic graft or synthetic mesh that is placed under the urethra, thus restoring lost pubocervical support. The graft or mesh provides support for the urethra to restore continence. The In-Fast produces immediate continence in most cases. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,354,991 and 6,896,651 to Gross et al., which are incorporated herein by reference, describe a device and method for treatment of urinary stress incontinence. At least one electrode is implanted in a pelvic muscle of a patient. A control unit receives signals indicative of abdominal stress in the patient and responsive thereto applies an electrical waveform to the electrode which stimulates the muscle to contract, so as to inhibit involuntary urine flow through the patient&#39;s urethra due to the stress. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,449 to Gross et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a device for treatment of a patient&#39;s urinary incontinence, including a sensor, which generates a signal responsive to a physiological characteristic indicative of a likelihood of incontinence. A control unit receives the signal from the sensor. At least one electrode is preferably implanted in the patient. The electrode is coupled to cause contraction of the pelvic muscle of the patient responsive to application of electrical energy to the electrode. Responsive to the signal, the control unit applies an electrical waveform to the electrode, so as to inhibit the incontinence. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,862,480 to Cohen et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a device for treating a medical condition. A surgical procedure for implanting the device is also disclosed. The device includes a sensor, which is adapted to generate a signal responsive to a state of a patient, and at least one electrode, which is adapted to be coupled to a pelvic site of the patient. A control unit is adapted to receive the signal, to analyze the signal so as to distinguish between an imminent stress incontinence event and an imminent urge event, and, responsive to analyzing the signal, to apply an electrical waveform to the at least one electrode. In various configurations, the device may be used alternatively or additionally to treat fecal incontinence, interstitial cystitis, chronic pelvic pain, or urine retention. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,941,171 to Mann et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method and system for treatment of incontinence, urgency, frequency, and/or pelvic pain. The method includes implantation of electrodes on a lead or the discharge portion of a catheter adjacent the perineal nerve(s) or tissue(s) to be stimulated. Stimulation pulses, either electrical or drug infusion pulses, are supplied by a stimulator implanted remotely, and through the lead or catheter, which is tunneled subcutaneously between the stimulator and stimulation site. For instance, the system and method may reduce or eliminate the incidence of unintentional episodes of bladder emptying by stimulating nerve pathways that diminish involuntary bladder contractions, improve closure of the bladder outlet, and/or improve the long-term health of the urinary system by increasing bladder capacity and period between emptying. Moreover, the system and method may allow a patient to be taught to receive one or more patterns of neural stimulation that can be prescribed by a physician and administered without continuous oversight by a clinical practitioner. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,135,945 to Sultan, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes apparatus for preventing uncontrolled discharge of urinary fluid from a patient urethra. The apparatus includes a pressure sensor operable for sensing intra-abdominal pressure when implanted in a patient and operable for generating a pressure signal in response to the sensed pressure. An actuating device is operably coupled to the pressure sensor and is responsive for generating an electrical signal in response to the pressure signal. A controller is operably coupled to the actuating device and configured for engaging the urethra to selectively compress the urethra and prevent incontinence. The controller includes a plate adapted to be positioned on one side of the urethra and an element adapted to be positioned on another side of the urethra, and is operable for varying the distance between the element and the plate in response to the electrical signal to compress the urethra therebetween so that incontinence is prevented when intra-abdominal pressure is experienced by a patient. In an embodiment, the controller is simply an electrode placed inside the wall of the urethral sphincter to enhance its contraction and tone during the increase in the intra-abdominal pressure. 
     In an embodiment described in the &#39;945 patent, apparatus for preventing uncontrolled discharge of urinary fluid from a patient urethra includes (a) a pressure sensor operable for sensing intra-abdominal pressure when implanted in a patient and operable for generating a pressure signal in response to the sensed pressure; (b) an actuating device operably coupled to the pressure sensor, the actuating device responsive for generating an electrical signal in response to the pressure signal; and (c) a controller operably coupled to the actuating device and configured for engaging the urethra to selectively compress the urethra and prevent incontinence. The controller comprises a sling adapted to be positioned on one side of the urethra, a movable metal element coupled to the sling, and an electromagnetic element positioned proximate the metal element, the electromagnetic element creating a magnetic field proximate the metal element in response to the electrical signal for magnetically moving the metal element and thereby directing the sling against the urethra to compress the urethra so that incontinence is prevented when intra-abdominal pressure is experienced by a patient. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,344 to Petros et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method of treating female incontinence comprising looping a filamentary element between the wall of the vagina and the rectus abdominis sheath in the anterior wall of the abdomen whereby it passes to each side of the urethra into the correct spatial relationship to the pubis, allowing the development of scar tissue between the vaginal wall and the rectus abdominis sheath, and removing the filamentary element. A surgical instrument for use with the method comprises a surgical instrument for the application of a filamentary element into the body for the purpose of treating female incontinence, the instrument comprising a tubular shaft having a handle at one end and carried toward its other end a flexible needle element slidably receivable in the shaft and adapted at one end to receive a filamentary element and having an enlarged profiled portion at its other end whereby when the needle element is received in the shaft the other end of the needle element defines a convergent surface of the other end of the shaft and the one end of the needle element is exposed at the one end of the shaft. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,611,515, 5,842,478 and 5,860,425 to Benderev et al., which are incorporated herein by reference, describe a surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence. The described methods include: 1) a technique of probe passage intended to avoid injuring the bladder and to provide a more accurate and reproducible capture of the pubocervical fascia lateral to the bladder neck and urethra, 2) anchor fixation of the suspending sutures to the pubic bone intended to decrease the risk of suture pull through from above and to decrease post-operative pain and 3) a technique intended to simply and reproducibly set a limited tension of the suspending sutures. A description of these methods and results of procedures with some of these methods are disclosed. Drill guides, suture passers, suture tensioners, and various related tools and devices for use in the surgical method are also described. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,039,686 to Koval, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a pubic bone-mounted urethra stabilization and support system and method therefor for the long term cure of recurrent female urinary incontinence. The system comprises a pair of anchors affixed to the posterior/inferior pubic bone, sutures attached to the anchors, and a mesh sling passing behind and about the urethra and the adjacent endopelvic fascia and having ends attached to the anchors by the anchor-mounted sutures. The method includes the steps of accessing the urethra with the endopelvic fascia therebehind and the pubic bone, properly locating and attaching the anchors to the pubic bone, properly locating the sling about the urethra and adjacent endopubic fascia and suturing and tensioning the ends of the sling to the anchors, intending to cause the sling to restore, support and stabilize functional urethral continence anatomy and intending to prevent urethral descent under intraabdominal pressure. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,534 to Gellman et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes prefabricated urethral suspension slings, methods of making the slings, methods of attaching suture to the slings, kits comprising the slings, and methods of using the slings to treat urinary incontinence. The slings comprise a biocompatible material having an elongate shape adapted for urethral suspension. The material has a central portion extending longitudinally between a first end portion and a second end portion. Each end portion of the sling contains at least one suture receiving site. The suture receiving sites are formed prior to surgery and may be reinforced through a variety of means. Sutures may be attached to the suture receiving sites during the manufacturing process or by the physician prior to or during surgery. Additionally, the end portions of the sling containing the suture receiving sites may be thicker than the central portion of the sling. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,101 to Tihon et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a sling for supporting the urethra and neck of the bladder to prevent urinary incontinence. The sling is intended to provide sufficient support to inhibit the unintended flow of urine, yet stretch in a controlled fashion so that the bladder can be voided at appropriate times. 
     US Patent Application 2001/0018549 to Scetbon, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a device for treating urinary stress incontinence in women, including a flexible and elongate mechanism including a tape for supporting a urethra and a flat protective sheath enveloping the tape; and a puncturing needle with an active distal end and a proximal end connected to a first end of the flexible and elongate mechanism, wherein the proximal end of the puncturing needle is connected to a first end of the flexible and elongate mechanism by an intermediate traction element, a second end of the flexible and elongate mechanism being free. A method for treating urinary stress incontinence in a woman suffering from urinary stress incontinence is also described, including (a) forming an opening in an anterior vaginal wall; (b) creating, from two small suprapubic incisions formed in the abdominal wall, a right track and a left track from the abdominal skin to the opening formed in the anterior vaginal wall; (c) using a needle and an intermediate traction element to follow one of the tracks and following the other track with at least a needle; (d) verifying by cystoscopy that the paths of the tracks are outside the bladder and the urethra; (e) using a support tape surrounded by a plastic sheath to follow the tracks by passage under an inferior surface of the urethra; (f) adjusting a loop formed by the sheathed tape under the inferior surface of the urethra; (g) removing the sheath by pulling the sheath toward the outside of the woman&#39;s body through the small suprapubic incisions; and (h) leaving the tape implanted from the first to the second incision and around the urethra to support the urethra. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,909 to Claren et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a surgical instrument and a method for treating female urinary incontinence. The instrument comprises a shank having a handle at one end thereof, and two curved needle-like elements which are connected at one end thereof, each with one end of a tape intended to be implanted into the body. These elements can be connected one at a time with the shank at the other end thereof to form a curved end portion of the shank and are intended to be passed into the body via the vagina, each element being dimensioned to extend from the inside of the vaginal wall over the back of the pubic bone to the outside of the abdominal wall. When practicing the method, the tape is passed into the body via the vagina first at one end and then at the other end, at one side and the other, respectively, of the urethra to form a loop around the urethra, located between the urethra and the vaginal wall. The tape is extended over the pubis and through the abdominal wall and is tightened. Then, the tape ends are cut at the abdominal wall, and the tape is left implanted in the body. 
     PCT Patent Publication WO 02/39890 to Ulmsten et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a surgical instrument and a method for treating female urinary incontinence. The instrument comprises a handle mechanism and one or two curved needle-like elements which are connected at opposite ends of a length of tape, which is implanted into the body. These elements can be connected one at a time with the handle and are intended to pass into the body via the vagina, each needle-like element being dimensioned to extend from the inside of the vaginal wall, under the pubic bone and to the outside of the abdominal wall. When practicing the method, the tape is passed into the body via the vagina first at one end and then at the other end, at one side and the other, respectively, of the urethra to form a loop around the urethra, located between the urethra and the vaginal wall. The tape is extended under the pubis and through the abdominal wall and adjusted. The tape ends are cut at the abdominal wall, and the tape is left implanted in the body. 
     PCT Patent Publication WO 02/069781 to Ulmsten et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a surgical instrument and a method for treating female urinary incontinence. A tape or mesh is permanently implanted into the body as a support for the urethra. In one embodiment, portions of the tape comprise tissue growth factors and adhesive bonding means for attaching portions of the tape to the pubic bone. In a further embodiment, portions of the tape comprise attachment means for fastening portions of the tape to fascia within the pelvic cavity. In both embodiments, the tape is implanted with a single incision through the vaginal wall. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,450 to Neisz et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes an implantable article and method of use to treat urological disorders. A biocompatible device includes a sling assembly intended to be minimally invasive and provide sufficient support to the target site. In addition, the configuration of the sling assembly is intended to allow the position of the sling to be permanently changed during and/or after implantation. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,612,977 to Staskin et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes an apparatus and method of use to treat urological disorders. A biocompatible device includes a handle, needle, dilator and sling assembly intended to be minimally invasive and provide sufficient support to the target site. In addition, the configuration of the sling assembly is intended to allow the sling to be adjusted during and/or after implantation. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,802,807 to Anderson et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes an apparatus and method of use to treat urological disorders. The device is a repositionable handle for an arcuate needle intended to be minimally invasive. The device is for use with a sling assembly that allows a sling to be controllably implanted in a position. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,003, US Patent Application Publication 2003/0171644 and US Patent Application Publication 2005/0143618 to Anderson et al., which are incorporated herein by reference, describe surgical articles, implants and components suitable for a transobturator surgical procedure. 
     US Patent Application Publication 2005/0245787 to Cox et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method of treating pelvic organ prolapse. The method generally includes the steps of establishing a first pathway between the external perirectal region of the patient to the region of the ischial spine in tissue on one side of the prolapsed organ, followed by establishing a second pathway in tissue on the contralateral side of the prolapsed organ. A support member, which includes a central support portion and two end portions, is described as being positioned in a position to reposition the prolapsed organ in the organ&#39;s anatomically correct location. The end portions of the support member are described as being introduced through the respective tissue pathways, followed by adjustment of the end portions so that the support member is located in a therapeutic relationship to the prolapsed organ that is to be supported. An apparatus and kit for the treatment is further described. 
     US Patent Application 2005/0250977 to Montpetit et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for cystocele repair comprising the steps of: establishing four pathways in tissue around a bladder of a patient, introducing a strap into each of the pathways, and positioning beneath the bladder of the patient a support member having each strap connected thereto such that the bladder of the patient is supported by the support member and a bulge of the bladder into a vagina of the patient is reduced. 
     The following patents and published patent applications are incorporated herein by reference: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
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                 U.S. Pat. No. 6,659,936 (Furness) 
               
               
                   
                 U.S. Pat. No. 6,712,772 (Cohen) 
               
               
                   
                 U.S. Pat. No. 6,735,474 (Loeb) 
               
               
                   
                 US 01/0002441 (Boveja) 
               
               
                   
                 US 01/0003799 (Boveja) 
               
               
                   
                 US 02/0055761 (Mann) 
               
               
                   
                 US 03/0018365 (Loeb) 
               
               
                   
                 US 03/0018365 (Loeb) 
               
               
                   
                 US 03/0236557 (Whitehurst) 
               
               
                   
                 US 03/0236558 (Whitehurst) 
               
               
                   
                 US 04/0015204 (Whitehurst) 
               
               
                   
                 US 04/0015205 (Whitehurst) 
               
               
                   
                 US 04/0059392 (Parramon) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, pelvic treatment apparatus comprises an implantable mechanical support, such as a sling, that is shaped to support a portion of a urethra of a patient or another pelvic structure. One or more electrodes are coupled to the mechanical support, so as to contact tissue of the patient. A control unit drives the electrodes to apply a current to the tissue. The mechanical support is typically configured to treat stress incontinence or another condition in which it is desired to support the urethra, and the applied current is typically configured to treat urge incontinence. 
     For some applications, the current is configured to stimulate a pelvic muscle of the patient and induce contraction of the muscle. Alternatively or additionally, the current induces action potential propagation in a nerve of the patient, thereby inducing contraction of a pelvic muscle of the patient. Further alternatively or additionally, the current induces action potential propagation that induces relaxation of a pelvic muscle of the patient. 
     For applications in which the current is configured to stimulate the pelvic muscle of the patient, in an embodiment, the stimulating current is applied at a subthreshold level. The propagated current is insufficient to induce contraction of the pelvic muscle of the patient, but is sufficient to induce a reflex arc that reduces contraction strength of a bladder muscle of the patient. Thus, subthreshold stimulation of the pelvic muscle of the patient has an indirect effect on a nerve of the patient. For some applications, applying the subthreshold stimulation to the pelvic muscle does not effect a response from the nerve associated with the bladder muscle. 
     It is known that many patients develop stress incontinence prior to developing urge incontinence. In many cases, at the time of implantation of the apparatus provided by these embodiments, the patient does not have a condition such as urge incontinence or another condition designated for treatment by the current. Nevertheless, the apparatus is ready for treatment of the condition should it develop. The current is typically not applied on a regular basis (e.g., for 30 consecutive days) in the absence of a medical indication for applying the current, although it may be applied intermittently to confirm that the electrodes are properly aligned, that the batteries are operational, or for another testing purpose. 
     For some applications (e.g., as a cost saving measure), the mechanical support coupled to the electrodes is implanted so that the mechanical support can treat stress incontinence, while the control unit is implanted at a later date if the patient develops urge incontinence or another condition designated for treatment by the current. Alternatively, the control unit is implanted generally simultaneously with the implantation of the mechanical support. 
     In some embodiments, the mechanical support is implanted within the body of the patient without exposure of portions of the mechanical support through the skin during the implantation procedure. In such an embodiment, a single incision (e.g., a transvaginal incision) is sufficient, and the mechanical support is implanted and tightened via the single incision. 
     There is therefore provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, apparatus including: 
     an implantable mechanical support, shaped to support a portion of a urethra of a patient; 
     one or more electrodes, coupled to the mechanical support, so as to contact tissue of the patient when the mechanical support is implanted in the patient; and 
     a control unit, operative to drive the electrodes to apply a current to the tissue. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support is shaped to define a longitudinal axis thereof, and all of the electrodes are greater than 2 mm from a center point of the longitudinal axis. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to configure the current to stimulate a pelvic muscle of the patient and induce contraction of the muscle. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to configure the current to induce in a nerve of the patient action potential propagation that induces contraction of a pelvic muscle of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to configure the current to induce in a nerve of the patient action potential propagation that induces relaxation of a pelvic muscle of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes a sling. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes an injectable agent adapted to solidify following implantation thereof in the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes an injectable agent selected from the group consisting of: polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone, autologous fat, and collagen. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes a plurality of beads selected from the group consisting of: carbon beads, and polymer beads. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes an injectable scarring agent suitable for treating stress incontinence by tightening a pelvic tissue structure of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes an inflatable balloon. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support is adapted to be implanted in the patient via an approach selected from the group consisting of: a suprapubic approach, a transvaginal approach, a retropubic approach, and a transobturator approach. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support is adapted to be implanted in the patient at least in part at an intraurethral site of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes an electrode lead, and the electrode lead couples the control unit to at least one of the electrodes. 
     In an embodiment, an intermediate portion of the electrode lead is coupled to the mechanical support, and a distal portion of the electrode lead is free of the mechanical support. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is wirelessly coupled to the one or more electrodes. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to wirelessly drive the electrodes from a site outside of a body of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to wirelessly drive the electrodes from a site within a body of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes a longitudinal element that is round in cross-section and is sized to support the portion of the urethra. 
     In an embodiment, a diameter of the longitudinal element is between 2 and 5 mm. 
     In an embodiment, the longitudinal element includes a suture. 
     In an embodiment, the longitudinal element includes a plastic tube. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes an inflatable tube. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes a drug, operative to be released from the mechanical support after implantation in the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the apparatus includes a pump operative to pump the drug from the mechanical support. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit includes a drug, operative to be released from the control unit after implantation in the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the apparatus includes a pump operative to pump the drug from the control unit. 
     In an embodiment, the one or more electrodes include three or more electrodes, and the control unit is adapted to operate in a mode in which it drives current through a subset of the electrodes, in response to a designation, with respect to the subset of the electrodes, generated following implantation of the mechanical support. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to perform a calibration procedure in which it (a) applies the current to a plurality of subsets of the electrodes at different times, and (b) receives the designation in response to a physiological response of the patient to (a). 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to configure the current to be suitable for treating a condition of the patient selected from the group consisting of: urge incontinence, bladder dysfunction, mixed incontinence, overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis, and fecal incontinence. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set an amplitude of the current to be sufficient to affect a bladder muscle of the patient, but generally insufficient to affect a nerve innervating the bladder muscle of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set an amplitude of the current to be insufficient to induce contraction of a pelvic muscle of the patient, and sufficient to induce relaxation of a bladder muscle of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set an amplitude of the current to be sufficient to have an indirect effect on a nerve that innervates the bladder muscle of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set an amplitude of the current to be less than 4 volts. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set a frequency of the current to be between 5 and 15 Hz. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set a duration of pulses of the current to be between 50 us and 1 ms. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to apply the current as a series of pulse trains, each pulse train lasting between 2 and 8 seconds. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to apply the current as a series of pulse trains, a time between each pulse train being between 10 and 20 seconds. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to drive the electrodes to apply the current independently of any sensing of an imminent event of the selected condition. 
     In an embodiment, the apparatus does not include any sensors indicative of a physiological state of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to configure the current to be suitable for treating stress incontinence. 
     In an embodiment, the apparatus includes a sensor operative to generate a signal indicative of imminent stress incontinence. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set an amplitude of the current to be greater than 4 volts. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set a pulse duration of pulses of the current to be greater than 1 ms. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to increase an amplitude of pulses of the current from a first amplitude to a second amplitude. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set the first amplitude to be less than 4 volts. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to set the second amplitude to be greater than 4 volts. 
     In an embodiment, the control unit is operative to increase a pulse duration of pulses of the current from a first pulse duration to a second pulse duration. 
     In an embodiment, the first pulse duration is less than 500 us. 
     In an embodiment, the second pulse duration is greater than 500 us. 
     There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method, including: 
     implanting a mechanical support in a patient; 
     mechanically supporting, with the mechanical support, a portion of a urethra of the patient; and 
     driving a current from a site of the mechanical support into tissue of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes driving the current from a plurality of sites which are aligned around less than 180 degrees of the urethra. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes treating stress incontinence of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes treating cystocele of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes treating pelvic organ prolapse of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes implanting a sling. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes injecting into a pelvic area of the patient an agent that solidifies following injection thereof, and the site includes a site of the solidified agent. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes injecting into a pelvic area of the patient an agent selected from the group consisting of: polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone, autologous fat, and collagen. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes implanting a plurality of beads selected from the group consisting of: carbon beads, and polymer beads. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes injecting into a pelvic area a scarring agent suitable for treating stress incontinence by tightening a pelvic tissue structure of the patient, and the site includes a site of the scarring agent. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes inflating a balloon in a pelvic area, and the site includes a site of the inflated balloon. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes accessing the portion of the urethra via an approach selected from the group consisting of: a suprapubic approach, a transvaginal approach, a retropubic approach, and a transobturator approach. 
     In an embodiment, mechanically supporting includes mechanically supporting at least in part at an intraurethral site of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the mechanical support includes an inflatable tube, and mechanically supporting includes inflating the inflatable tube. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes wirelessly receiving energy to power the driving of the current. 
     In an embodiment, wirelessly receiving the energy includes wirelessly receiving the energy from a site outside of a body of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, wirelessly receiving the energy includes wirelessly receiving the energy from a site within a body of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes releasing a drug from the mechanical support. 
     In an embodiment, releasing the drug includes pumping the drug from the mechanical support. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes releasing a drug from a drug-release site other than the mechanical support. 
     In an embodiment, releasing the drug includes pumping the drug from the drug-release site. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes driving the current independently of any sensing of an imminent event of the selected condition. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes designating the site to be at least 2 mm from the urethra of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes configuring the current to induce contraction of the muscle by stimulating a pelvic muscle of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes configuring the current to induce contraction of a pelvic muscle of the patient by inducing action potential propagation in a nerve of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes configuring the current to induce relaxation of a pelvic muscle of the patient by inducing action potential propagation in a nerve of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the site includes three or more sites of the mechanical support, and driving the current includes determining during a calibration procedure a preferred subset of the three or more sites for use during chronic driving of the current. 
     In an embodiment, determining the preferred subset includes (a) applying the current to a plurality of subsets of the electrodes at different times, and (b) receiving the designation in response to a physiological response of the patient to (a). 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes configuring the current to treat a condition of the patient selected from the group consisting of: urge incontinence, bladder dysfunction, mixed incontinence, overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis, and fecal incontinence. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting an amplitude of the current to be insufficient to induce contraction of a pelvic muscle of the patient, and sufficient to induce relaxation of a bladder muscle of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, setting the amplitude of the current to be insufficient to induce contraction of the pelvic muscle of the patient includes indirectly effecting a response from a nerve innervating the bladder of the subject. 
     In an embodiment, setting the amplitude of the current to be insufficient to induce contraction of the pelvic muscle of the patient includes setting the amplitude of the current generally without affecting a nerve innervating the bladder of the subject. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting an amplitude of the current to be less than 4 volts. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting a frequency of the current to be between 5 and 15 Hz. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting a duration of pulses of the current to be between 50 us and 1 ms. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes applying the current as a series of pulse trains, each pulse train lasting between 2 and 8 seconds. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes applying the current as a series of pulse trains, a time between each pulse train being between 10 and 20 seconds. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes driving the current independently of any sensing of an imminent event of the selected condition. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes 
     at a pre-implantation time prior to a first time of mechanically supporting the portion of the urethra, identifying the patient as not suffering from urge incontinence; and 
     at a post-implantation time subsequent to the first time of mechanically supporting the portion of the urethra, identifying the patient as suffering from urge incontinence, 
     and driving the current includes:
         not driving the current on each of any 30 consecutive days prior to the post-implantation time; and   driving the current on each of at least 30 consecutive days following the post-implantation time.       

     In an embodiment, the method includes implanting a control unit for driving the current greater than 30 days following a first time of mechanically supporting the portion of the urethra. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes starting to drive the current on each of at least 30 consecutive days at a time greater than 60 days from a first time of mechanically supporting the portion of the urethra. 
     In an embodiment, driving the current includes configuring the current to treat at least one condition, the at least one condition including a condition that is not stress incontinence. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes configuring the current to be suitable for treating stress incontinence. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes generating a signal indicative of imminent stress incontinence of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting an amplitude of the current to be greater than 4 volts. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting a pulse duration of pulses of the current to be greater than 1 ms. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes increasing an amplitude of pulses of the current from a first amplitude to a second amplitude. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting the first amplitude to be less than 4 volts. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting the second amplitude to be greater than 4 volts. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes increasing a pulse duration of pulses of the current from a first pulse duration to a second pulse duration. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting the first pulse duration to be less than 500 us. 
     In an embodiment, the method includes setting the second pulse duration to be greater than 500 us. 
     There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, apparatus for treating a patient, including: 
     an implantable mechanical support, shaped to (a) support a urethra of a patient, (b) define one or more pockets, such that the pockets are not under the urethra when the mechanical support is disposed in the patient in a urethra-supporting position, and (c) define one or more channels of the mechanical support providing fluid communication between the pockets and a region of the mechanical support that is under the urethra when the mechanical support is in the urethra-supporting position; and 
     a substance disposed within the pockets, and operative to flow from the pockets to the region of the mechanical support under the urethra in response to increased pelvic pressure, and to return to the pockets when the pelvic pressure decreases. 
     There is yet further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method for treating a patient, including: 
     implanting a mechanical support in a position that supports a urethra of a patient; and 
     in response to increased pelvic pressure of the patient, moving a substance stored in a portion of the mechanical support that is not under the urethra to a portion of the mechanical support that is under the urethra. 
     There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method including: 
     implanting a mechanical support in a patient; 
     coupling at least one electrode to the mechanical support; 
     mechanically supporting, with the mechanical support, a portion of a urethra of the patient; and 
     driving a current from the at least one electrode into tissue of the patient. 
     In an embodiment, implanting the mechanical support includes implanting the mechanical support generally simultaneously with the implanting of the at least one electrode. 
     In an embodiment, coupling the at least one electrode to the mechanical support includes attaching the mechanical support to the at least one electrode prior to the implantation of the mechanical support. 
     In an embodiment, implanting the mechanical support includes placing the mechanical support and the at least one electrode into a common implantation tool prior to the implanting of the mechanical support. 
     In an embodiment, coupling the at least one electrode to the mechanical support includes attaching the mechanical support to the at least one electrode during the implantation of the mechanical support. 
     In an embodiment, coupling the at least one electrode to the mechanical support includes attaching the mechanical support to the at least one electrode following the implantation of the mechanical support. 
     There is yet additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method, including: 
     implanting a mechanical support in a patient; 
     implanting at least one electrode in the patient, in a vicinity of the mechanical support; 
     mechanically supporting, with the mechanical support, a portion of a urethra of the patient; and 
     driving a current from the at least one electrode into pelvic tissue of the patient. 
     There is still additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method, including: 
     implanting an electrode lead and an electrode via a suprapubic approach, without passing the electrode lead through a transvaginal incision; and 
     driving current from the electrode into pelvic tissue. 
     There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method, including: 
     implanting an electrode lead and an electrode via a retropubic approach, without passing the electrode lead through a transvaginal incision; and driving current from the electrode into pelvic tissue. 
     There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a method, including: 
     implanting an electrode lead and an electrode via a transobturator approach, without passing the electrode lead through a transvaginal incision; and 
     driving current from the electrode into pelvic tissue. 
     The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of pelvic treatment apparatus coupled to the urethra of a patient, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 2-12  are schematic illustrations of mechanical supports of the pelvic treatment apparatus of  FIG. 1 , in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 13-15  are schematic illustrations of the pelvic treatment apparatus of  FIG. 1  implanted in a female patient, in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 16 and 17  are schematic illustrations of pelvic treatment apparatus implanted in a female patient, in two respective phases of the apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIGS. 18 and 19  are schematic illustrations of pelvic treatment apparatus implanted in a female patient, in two respective phases of the apparatus, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, pelvic treatment apparatus  20  comprises an implantable mechanical support  26 , such as a mesh or non-mesh sling, that is shaped to support and/or compress a portion of a urethra  32  of a patient or another pelvic structure. One or more electrodes  28  are coupled to mechanical support  26 , so as to contact tissue of the patient. A control unit  22  inside or outside of the patient&#39;s body drives electrodes  28  to apply a current to the tissue. The mechanical support is typically configured to treat stress incontinence or another condition in which it is desired to support the urethra, and the applied current is typically configured to treat urge incontinence. 
     For some applications, the current is configured to stimulate a pelvic muscle of the patient and induce contraction of the muscle in order to, for example, tighten a sphincter muscle. (Suitable parameters for such muscle stimulation are described, for example, in patent references in the Background section of the present patent application that relate to treating urge and/or stress incontinence.) 
     Alternatively or additionally, the current induces action potential propagation in a nerve of the patient, thereby inducing contraction of a pelvic muscle of the patient. (Suitable parameters for such nerve stimulation are described, for example, in patent references in the Background section of the present patent application that relate to treating urge and/or stress incontinence.) 
     Further alternatively or additionally, the current induces action potential propagation that induces relaxation of a pelvic muscle of the patient. Suitable parameters for such nerve stimulation are described, for example, in patent references in the Background section of the present patent application that relate to treating urge and/or stress incontinence. In an embodiment, an amplitude of the current is set to be insufficient to induce contraction of a pelvic muscle of the patient, but sufficient to induce relaxation of a bladder muscle of the patient. Thus, stimulation of the pelvic muscle of the patient at a subthreshold level has an indirect effect on a nerve, e.g., by inducing a reflex arc associated with delivering motor impulses to the bladder muscle of the patient. In an embodiment, the amplitude is less than 4 volts. For example, a series of pulse trains may be applied generally continuously, each pulse train having an amplitude of about 3 volts and a duration of about 5 seconds, and being separated from the next pulse train by about 16 seconds. The pulse trains comprise square pulses at about 10 Hz, whose pulse durations may range from about 50 us to about 1 ms. The actual pulse duration used is typically determined during a calibration procedure so as to attain maximal effect without patient sensation of the applied signal (or significant patient sensation of the signal). The current is typically applied independently of any sensing of an imminent event of urge incontinence, and may, for example, be applied throughout the day and night. Additionally, apparatus  20  in some embodiments does not comprise any sensors indicative of a physiological state of the patient. 
     By way of illustration and not limitation, techniques believed by the inventor to be particularly suitable for the described muscle and/or nerve stimulation are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,354,991, 6,896,651, and 6,652,449 to Gross et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,862,480 to Cohen et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,941,171 to Mann et al., which are incorporated herein by reference. In an embodiment, control unit  22  comprises circuitry used to drive the InterStim™ (Medtronic, Inc.). 
     In an embodiment, control unit  22  is configured to drive electrodes  28  to treat stress incontinence of the patient, in addition to or instead of treating urge incontinence. Typically, in response to a detection of imminent stress incontinence (e.g., via pressure and/or electromyographic measurements), control unit  22  applies a train of pulses that start with an approximately 3 volt, 50 us pulse and grow rapidly and generally monotonically to an approximately 6 volt, 2 ms pulse. Each pulse is separated by about 25 ms from the previous pulse. Typically, the total time for the train of pulses to grow to the 6 volt level is about 50-250 ms, or about 250-1500 ms. 
     For some applications control unit  22  comprises very simple circuitry, suitable for applying a single non-varying waveform. Alternatively, the control unit is programmable, e.g., wirelessly under physician control, in order to optimize stimulation parameters following implantation. The control unit typically comprises a rechargeable battery, and the patient is instructed to recharge the battery as necessary (e.g., nightly or weekly). Alternatively, the control unit comprises a long-life battery, which is replaced every few years. 
     Mechanical support  26  may be configured for implantation by any of a number of known surgical approaches, for example, a suprapubic approach, a transvaginal approach, a retropubic approach, and a transobturator approach. Techniques for implanting a mechanical support via these approaches and others are well known in the art, and are described, for example, in many of the references cited in the Background section of the present patent application. Regardless of the particular approach selected, mechanical support  26  (when it is generally sling-type) and electrodes  28  are typically aligned around less than 180 degrees of the urethra, as shown in  FIG. 1 . In an embodiment, one of these listed surgical approaches is used to implant electrodes on an electrode lead, without a mechanical support. Optionally, the electrode lead is incorporated into a strip shaped like a standard sling (e.g., generally rectangular, and of similar dimensions to mechanical support  26  shown in the figures). A control unit is typically subsequently coupled to the electrodes, and drives the electrodes to apply current to a pelvic site configured to treat, for example, stress incontinence, urge incontinence, urge frequency, erectile dysfunction, or other pelvic dysfunctions described in references cited in the Background section of the present patent application, typically using stimulation protocols described in these references. 
     Mechanical support  26  is shown in the figures as being generally ribbon shaped, by way of illustration and not limitation. The scope of the present invention includes shaping mechanical support  26  to be round in cross-section, or to have another shape in cross-section, as well. In an embodiment, the mechanical support and/or the electrodes are implanted intraurethrally, at least in part. 
     For some applications, the mechanical support comprises a drug which is slowly eluted therefrom following implantation (e.g., in order to reduce pain or inflammation, or to increase adhesion of the support to surrounding tissue). Alternatively or additionally, the control unit comprises a drug reservoir and, for some applications, a pump that pumps the drug from the reservoir into tissue of the patient. In an embodiment, the drug is pumped from the reservoir into the tissue via the mechanical support. 
     For some applications, only one electrode  28  is coupled to mechanical support  26 , and another electrode is provided, for example, by a conductive case of control unit  22 . Alternatively, two electrodes  28  are coupled to mechanical support  26 . In an embodiment, pelvic treatment apparatus  20  comprises three or more electrodes  28  (as shown in the figures), and control unit  22  drives current through the three or more electrodes as part of a treatment protocol for urge incontinence or another condition. 
     Typically, when mechanical support  26  comprises three or more electrodes, only a subset of these electrodes optimally treat the condition, while others of these electrodes are not well positioned to optimally treat the condition. Because of the practical realities of some implantation procedures, it is not easy to know in advance which of the electrodes will be optimally placed. In these cases, control unit  22  typically receives, following implantation of the mechanical support, a designation of the particular subset of electrodes, and drives current through the subset of the electrodes in response to the designation. For example, the control unit may perform a calibration procedure in which it (a) applies the current to all of the electrodes, and (b) receives the designation from the physician based on the extent to which the current applied through each electrode achieved a desired response (e.g., relief of an urge symptom due to relaxation of bladder  30 ). 
     In an embodiment, electrodes  28  are movable by the physician during the implantation procedure in order to allow them to be advantageously positioned for applying the current to the tissue. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of mechanical support  26 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Each electrode is integrated into the body of the mechanical support, e.g., by being stitched thereto or attached thereto with an adhesive. As appropriate, the electrodes may protrude from the mechanical support or be flush with the mechanical support, and may establish electrical contact with tissue on one or both sides of the mechanical support. 
     Electrode leads  40  couple electrodes  28  to control unit  22 . For some applications, the leads themselves form the mechanical support, without a distinct separate mechanical support like a sling as is known in the art. For ease of handling the leads, the leads may in any case be incorporated into a single supporting body (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 2 ), even if the supporting body does not provide the majority of the support of the pelvic structure. 
     It is noted that although the figures show a sling providing support to urethra  32 , this is by way of illustration and not limitation. The scope of the present invention includes coupling electrodes  28  to other mechanical supports, as well. For example, as described, the mechanical support may comprise one of electrode leads  40 . Alternatively, the mechanical support comprises:
         one or more thick sutures or other round longitudinal elements sized to support the portion of the urethra (e.g., 2-5 mm in diameter);   a plastic or inflatable tube, sized to support the portion of the urethra (such as the type manufactured by American Medical Systems for penile implants);   an injectable agent adapted to solidify into a generally homogenous structure following implantation thereof in the patient. Suitable materials for injection into a patient to treat stress incontinence include polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), silicone, autologous fat, and collagen;   carbon or polymer beads that in combination support the urethra;   an injectable scarring agent (e.g., sodium tetradecyl sulfate (Sotradecol)) suitable for treating stress incontinence by tightening a pelvic tissue structure of the patient; and/or   an inflatable balloon.       

     In some embodiments, mechanical support  26  is placed within an orifice of the patient&#39;s body. In other words, in these embodiments the mechanical support is not implanted in the patient. For example, mechanical support  26  may comprise a pessary, which treats stress incontinence by pressing urethra  32  against the upper posterior portion of the symphysis pubis and elevating the bladder neck. As appropriate, techniques and apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,866,613 to Kenny or U.S. Pat. No. 6,418,930 to Fowler may be utilized in carrying out these embodiments of the present invention. 
     Control unit  22  is shown in  FIG. 22  as being separate from mechanical support  26 . In an embodiment, the control unit is not implanted at the same time as mechanical support  26  in cases where the patient does not suffer from a condition designated for treatment by current applied through electrodes  28 . If the patient later develops such a condition (e.g., urge incontinence), then the control unit is implanted at that time and coupled to the mechanical support. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of mechanical support  26 , in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a control unit  52  is integrated into the mechanical support. For example, control unit  52  and electrodes  28  may be incorporated in a single integrated unit, as shown in  FIG. 3 . In an embodiment, the single integrated unit comprises a BION™ (Advanced Bionics Corp.) or similar device. 
     The electrodes and control unit  52  may be located at the center of mechanical support  26  (designated by “A” in the figure), but are typically disposed at least a distance L of 2 mm from the center, for example between about 2 and about 6 mm. 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic illustration of mechanical support  26 , in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, electrodes  28  are located at the distance L from the center of mechanical support  26 , and control unit  22  is coupled to the mechanical support via electrode leads. 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration of mechanical support  26  in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention, in which electrodes  28  are located on either side of the center of the mechanical support, in order to provide bilateral stimulation of pelvic tissue. 
       FIG. 6A  is a schematic illustration of mechanical support  26 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a lead  62  having electrodes  28  at a distal end thereof is coupled to mechanical support  26  by an adhesive, sutures, or other coupling mechanism that would be obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art having read the disclosure of the present patent application. A connector  64  (e.g., an IS-1 connector) couples electrodes  28  to control unit  22  (not shown). 
     For some applications, a mark  66  on mechanical support  26  indicates the center point (or another point of interest) of mechanical support  26 , and is visible to the physician implanting the mechanical support during the implantation procedure, to facilitate proper placement of the mechanical support and/or electrodes. 
       FIG. 6B  is a schematic illustration of mechanical support  26  as described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 6A , with the exception that the distal end of lead  62  is not attached to mechanical support  26 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. While a portion of lead  62  remains firmly coupled to mechanical support  26 , several centimeters, e.g., 3-6 cm, of the distal end of lead  62  are not attached to mechanical support  26 . Such a configuration enables the physician to place electrodes  28  into or on a desired implantation site near mechanical support  26 . As appropriate, electrodes  28  may be sutured or otherwise stabilized at the implantation site using techniques known in the art. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , which are schematic illustrations of mechanical support  26 , in accordance with respective embodiments of the present invention. In  FIG. 7 , an electrode lead  70  is printed on mechanical support  26 , and allows control unit  22  to drive a current between two electrodes  28  through tissue of the patient. In  FIG. 8 , printed electrode lead  70  couples control unit  22  to a larger number of electrodes  28 , which may be individually addressable or addressable as groups (e.g., to drive current between the upper and lower sets of electrodes). 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic illustration of mechanical support  26 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Mechanical support  26  is coupled to control unit  22  (not shown) via a lead having a plurality of wires  80 . One or more circuitry units  82  on mechanical support  26  direct current from the control unit to selected subsets of electrodes  28 . For example, each circuitry unit  82  may comprise a multiplexer, a microchip, or a decoder, and may be configured to interpret a digital signal on wires  80  that indicates which of electrodes  28  is to be activated at a given time. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 10 and 11  which are schematic illustrations of mechanical support  26  packaged within a low friction casing  90 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Typically, mechanical support  26  and casing  90  are placed within the patient&#39;s body during an implantation procedure, and casing  90  is removed after the mechanical support is in place. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10 , a coil  92  is coupled to electrodes  28 , and is inductively driven by an internal or external control unit  22  to apply a current to electrodes  28 . In  FIG. 11 , the current in coil  92  is regulated by various components, such as diodes  100 , capacitors  102 , and a load  104 , before being driven between electrodes  28 . 
       FIG. 12  is a schematic illustration of mechanical support  26 , in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a microchip  104  and a rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery  110  are fixed to mechanical support  26 , and drive current between electrodes  28 . 
       FIG. 13  is a schematic illustration of pelvic treatment apparatus  20 , comprising mechanical support  26 , electrodes,  28 , and a lead coupling the electrodes to connector  64 , prior to placement of control unit  22  in a position for driving current through the electrodes, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. For some applications, a patient who has stress incontinence but does not have urge incontinence has the apparatus shown in  FIG. 13  implanted, and the control unit is not implanted. If the patient later develops urge incontinence, then control unit  22  is implanted, as described hereinbelow with reference to  FIG. 15 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 14 and 15 , which are schematic illustrations of pelvic treatment apparatus  20 , comprising mechanical support  26 , electrodes  28 , and a lead coupling the electrodes to connector  64 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 14 , a wireless receiver  120  is coupled to mechanical support  26 , either via connector  64  (as shown), or as described hereinabove with reference to  FIG. 10 or 11 . For some applications, a patient who has stress incontinence but does not have urge incontinence has the apparatus shown in  FIG. 14  implanted, excluding control unit  22 . If, at a later time, the patient develops urge incontinence, then an external control unit  22  is placed in a position to wirelessly drive current through electrodes  28 . If the current application treats the urge incontinence, then, typically, an implantable control unit  22  is placed within the patient during a follow up surgical procedure. The control unit may be placed adjacent to wireless receiver  120 , or may be implanted in direct electrical contact with connector  64  ( FIG. 15 ). 
       FIG. 16  is a schematic illustration of pelvic treatment apparatus comprising a mechanical support  126 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Mechanical support  126  is shaped to define one or more pockets  130  that are typically filled with a viscous substance that can flow within the mechanical support in response to force applied by pelvic musculature, in particular at force levels associated with the onset of stress incontinence.  FIG. 16  shows mechanical support  126  when no stress-incontinence-related force is being applied by the pelvic musculature on the support. In this disposition, the mechanical support is typically providing only minimal support, if any, to urethra  32 . Alternatively, the mechanical support generally continuously provides support to the urethra. 
       FIG. 17  is a schematic illustration of the apparatus of  FIG. 16 , during the application of force normally associated with the onset of stress incontinence, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In this figure, a portion of the viscous substance within pockets  130  is forced to flow towards a region  140  of mechanical support  126  between urethra  32  and vagina  120  of the patient. The extra volume within region  140  transiently supports the urethra and prevents or minimizes involuntary voiding. Subsequently, elasticity of region  140  ejects the excess viscous substance from the region, and this returns to pockets  130 . Alternatively or additionally, the pockets have an unstressed disposition in which their volume is substantially larger than when they are squeezed by the pelvic musculature, and they therefore draw back the viscous substance. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 18 and 19 , which are schematic illustrations of pelvic treatment apparatus, in two respective phases thereof, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 18  shows an implantation procedure in which control unit  22  and electrodes  28  are placed within the body of a female patient. In  FIG. 19 , a mechanical support comprising a balloon  150  coupled to the electrodes is inflated, in order to provide support of pelvic musculature and thereby treat stress incontinence. At intermittent times following implantation of the mechanical support, the pressure in the balloon is evaluated and regulated, as appropriate. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 1-15 . In an embodiment, implantation of mechanical support  26  occurs generally simultaneously with the implantation of electrodes  28 , but mechanical support  26  is not attached to electrodes  28  prior to the implantation procedure (configuration not shown). In this embodiment, the mechanical support and the electrodes are typically implanted using a common implantation tool. For some applications, mechanical support  26  and electrodes  28  are disposed within a common sheath during the implantation procedure but are not otherwise connected to each other. For some applications, electrodes  28  are coupled to mechanical support  26  following implantation of mechanical support  26 . 
     In some embodiments, mechanical support  26  and electrodes  28  are mutually coupled prior to implantation of mechanical support  26 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 1-17 . For some applications, mechanical support  26  is implanted within the body of the patient without exposure through the skin of portions of mechanical support  26  during the procedure. In such an embodiment, a single incision is sufficient to implant and tighten support  26  around a portion of the urethra. For applications in which mechanical support  26  is implanted within a female patient, a single transvaginal incision is typically sufficient to implant support  26  without perioperatively exposing portions of support  26  through a subsequent abdominal incision (which is commonly used in the prior art to tighten the support around the portion of the urethra by pulling on the exposed portions of the support). For applications in which mechanical support  26  is implanted within a male patient, typically following a radical prostatectomy, one incision, e.g., a perineal incision or a suprapubic incision, is typically sufficient in order to implant and tighten support  26  around the portion of the urethra of the patient. Aspects of a single-incision implantation of mechanical support  26  are typically performed, mutatis mutandis, in accordance with techniques described in PCT Publications WO 02/069781 to Ulmsten et al. 
     It is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention are described hereinabove with respect to using a mechanical support to treat stress incontinence by way of illustration and not limitation. The scope of the present invention includes using a mechanical support to treat other pelvic conditions (e.g., cystocele and pelvic organ prolapse), as well. Similarly, various embodiments of the invention are described herein with respect to applying electrical current to treat urge incontinence by way of illustration and not limitation. The scope of the present invention includes using the same techniques of applying current to treat other conditions (e.g., bladder dysfunction, mixed incontinence, overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis, and fecal incontinence), as well. For these conditions, techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,862,480 to Cohen et al. are typically utilized. 
     Embodiments of the present invention are generally suitable for use with male and female patients. For applications in which embodiments of the present invention are used with male patients, mechanical support  26  and electrodes  28  are typically but not necessarily used to treat post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. 
     Techniques described in the present patent application may be practiced in combination with techniques described in one or more of the patent references cited in the Background section of the present patent application. By way of illustration and not limitation, techniques described herein may be practiced in combination with techniques described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,652,450, 6,612,977, 6,802,807, 6,712,772, and 6,911,003. Each of these patents is incorporated herein by reference. 
     US Patent Application Publication 2003/0171644 describes an implantable device with helical and spiral needles that are used for implanting mesh and or tape into a patient. US Patent Application Publication 2005/0143618 describes an approach for treating male stress urinary incontinence using helical and spiral needles, via a transobturator approach. Each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference. Techniques described herein may be practiced in combination with suprapubic, transvaginal, retropubic or transobturator approach techniques described therein, as well as other techniques described therein. 
     Mechanical supports as described herein may be implemented using techniques described in US Patent Application Publications 2005/0245787 and 2005/0250977, which are incorporated herein by reference, or using techniques described in other references cited in the Background section of the present patent application or as are known in the art. Mechanical support  26  may comprise any suitable material known in the art, such as a synthetic material, a polymer, cadaveric material, an autologous material, or a biological material such as porcine dermis. 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description.