Patent Publication Number: US-11027330-B2

Title: Method of thin strip casting

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/373,086, filed Aug. 10, 2016 with the US Patent Office, where such application is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
     This invention relates to making thin strip and more particularly casting of thin strip by a twin roll caster. 
     It is known to cast metal strip by continuous casting in a twin roll caster. Molten metal is introduced between a pair of counter-rotating horizontal casting rolls, which are internally cooled so that metal shells solidify on the moving roll surfaces and are brought together at the nip between the rolls producing solidified strip product delivered downwardly from the nip between the rolls. The term “nip” is used herein to refer to the general region where the rolls are closest together. The molten metal is delivered from a ladle into a smaller vessel, or tundish, from which the molten metal flows through a metal delivery nozzle positioned above the nip, longitudinally between the casting rolls, and forming a casting pool of molten metal supported on the casting rolls above the nip. 
     The casting pool of molten metal is supported on the casting surfaces of the casting rolls above the nip. The casting pool of molten metal is typically confined at the ends of the casting rolls by side plates or dams, which are held in sliding engagement adjacent the end portions of the casting rolls. The rate of heat loss from the casting pool is higher near the side dams adjacent the end portions of the casting rolls, with temperature gradients in the molten metal in that area increasing the conductive heat loss from the molten metal. This area is called the “triple point region.” This localized heat loss gives rise to “skulls” of solid metal forming in that region, which can grow to considerable size. The skulls can drop through the nip of the casting rolls and form defects in the strip known as “snake eggs.” When these skulls drop between the roll nip, they may also cause the two solidifying shells at the casting roll nip to “swallow” additional liquid metal between the shells, and cause the strip to reheat and break disrupting the continuous production of coiled strip. 
     Snake eggs and skulls may also be detected as visible bright bands across the width of the cast strip, as well as by spikes in the lateral force exerted by skulls on the casting rolls as they pass through the roll nip between the casting rolls. Such resistive forces are exerted against the side dams in addition to the forces from the ferrostatic head of the casting pool. Additionally, skulls resulting in snake eggs in the cast strip passing through the nip between the casting rolls can cause lateral movement of the casting rolls and the side dams. 
     In the past, an increased flow of molten metal to the triple point regions (i.e. “triple point pouring”), near the side dams, was provided to assist in reducing the temperature gradient in the casting pool in those regions; thus, eliminating snakes eggs in the triple point region. Examples of such equipment and processes are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,694,887 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,511. However, as casting sequence lengths become longer, for example greater than 3 ladles, the side dam segment produced as a result of the casting roll edges wearing into the side dam generates a new source of snake eggs. The narrow clearance formed between this side dam segment and the casting roll surface arc allows period penetration of liquid steel, which solidifies and generates unwanted skulls that drop to produce snake eggs. The triple point pouring has not been effective to reduce the formation of these skulls during casting. Therefore, there remains a need to control the formation of unwanted solidified skulls in the casting pool and formation of snake eggs in the cast strip. 
     Currently disclosed is an apparatus for continuous casting metal strip reducing snake eggs comprising:
         (a) a pair of counter rotating casting rolls, each casting roll less than 800 millimeters in diameter and positioned to form a nip there between through which thin strip can be cast;   (b) a metal delivery system disposed above the nip and capable of discharging molten metal to form a casting pool supported on the casting rolls;   (c) a pair of side dam holders and a pair of side dams assembled adjacent each end portion of the casting rolls, each side dam holder tapered along edge portions to dovetail with edge portions of an adjacent side dam assembled in position, and each side dam adapted to confine the casting pool of molten metal supported on casting surfaces of the casting rolls above the nip; and   (d) an oscillation mechanism adapted to cause lateral oscillation of each side dam and side dam holder together at a frequency between 2 and 50 hertz and with an amplitude between 100 μm and 2000 μm during a casting campaign.       

     The oscillation mechanism may be adapted to cause lateral oscillation of each side dam and side dam holder together at a frequency between 2 and 30 hertz and with an amplitude between 100 μm and 2000 μm, preferably between 100 μm and 1250 μm, during the casting campaign. In certain instances, for example, the oscillating mechanism is a motor operating in cooperation with an eccentric. This eccentric may form a cam or an oblong/elongated member, for example, operably attached to a rotational shaft or the like. In other examples, the eccentric forms an annular member attached to a rotational shaft or the like non-centrally, that is, where the annular center is not aligned with the center of the rotational shaft. In either scenario, the eccentric may be configured to generate lateral-only oscillations or both lateral and vertical oscillations. In other instances, a cylinder, such as a hydraulic cylinder is used to generate lateral oscillations. For example, the cylinder may be arranged to extend and retract in the direction of lateral oscillation. By further example, a linkage or the like may be employed to generate the lateral oscillation when the cylinder is arranged to extend and retract in another direction. 
     Because traditional pinned mounting of side dams would not sufficiently withstand oscillating movement, a different manner for mounting side dams is desirable. Specifically, a dovetail mount is employed, where edge portions of each side dam holder are tapered to dovetail with the adjacent side dam to hold each adjacent side dam in position while in oscillation mode. In certain exemplary instances, the edge portions of each side dam holder tapered to dovetail with the adjacent side dam may be tapered at or between 3 and 15 degrees, although other angles may be employed. Use of a dovetail design provides a stronger, more durable attachment of the side dam to the side dam holder due to the increased contact area between the side dam and holder. Also, a tighter fit is achieved over traditional mounting methods as the side dam is able to be forced downwardly due to the effects of gravity and the downward force applied by the casting rolls. Because this dovetail design would be difficult to install in a traditionally heated state, in certain instances the side dams are installed into the strip caster in an unheated state at room temperature. Production costs are thereby reduced by virtue of not having to heat the side dam prior to installation, and in certain instances, not having to heat the side dam after installation. 
     Optionally, the apparatus for continuous casting metal strip may further comprise a mechanism providing vertical movement of each side dam holder and adjacent side dam of at least 100 μm per hour during the casting campaign. Alternatively, the mechanism may provide vertical movement of each side dam holder and adjacent side dam by between 3 and 15 millimeters during the casting campaign. Vertical movement may assist in reducing the formation, severity, and frequency of skulls. Again, the edge portions of each side dam holder tapered to dovetail with the adjacent side dam may be tapered at or between 3 and 15 degrees. 
     Also disclosed is a method of continuously casting metal strip comprising the steps of:
         (a) assembling a pair of counter-rotating casting rolls laterally forming a nip between circumferential casting surfaces of the casting rolls through which metal strip can be cast;   (b) assembling a pair of side holders and a pair of side dams adjacent each end portion of the casting rolls with each side dam holder tapered along edge portions to dovetail with edge portions of adjacent side dam assembled in position, and with each side dam adapted to confine a casting pool of molten metal supported on casting surfaces of the casting rolls above the nip;   (c) assembling a metal delivery system above the casting rolls delivering molten metal to form a casting pool supported on the casting surfaces of the casting rolls above the nip and confined by the side dams at each end portion of casting rolls;   (d) laterally oscillating each side dam holder and adjacent side dam at a frequency between 2 and 50 hertz with an amplitude between 100 μm and 2000 μm during a casting campaign; and   (e) counter-rotating the casting rolls such that the casting surfaces of the casting rolls each travel inwardly toward the nip to produce a cast strip downwardly from the nip.       

     The method of continuously casting metal strip may further comprise laterally oscillating each side dam holder and adjacent side dam at a frequency between 2 and 30 hertz with an amplitude between 100 μm and 2000 μm, preferably between 100 μm and 1250 μm, during the casting campaign. Any oscillating mechanism contemplated herein may be employed. 
     Optionally, the method of continuously casting metal strip may further comprise vertically moving each side dam holder and adjacent side dam at least 100 μm per hour during a casting campaign. Alternatively, the method of continuously casting metal strip may further comprise vertically moving each side dam holder and adjacent side dam between 3 and 15 millimeters during the casting campaign. Once more, in certain exemplary instances, the edge portions of each side dam holder tapered to dovetail with the adjacent side dam may be tapered at or between 3 and 15 degrees. 
     The current disclosed invention substantially reduces, if not eliminates, the need for triple point pouring to effectively prevent the formation of snake eggs. Reducing or eliminating the need for triple point pouring reduces the thinning of the cast strip edges by shell washing, which results in an improved strip profile, reduces the amount of edge trim, and hence, decreasing the material lost yearly due to edge trimming. To this end, the method of continuously casting metal strip may further comprise discontinuing triple point pouring of molten metal during part of the casting campaign. Additionally, it has been found that by employing the methods and apparatuses disclosed herein, the temperature of the molten steel supplied for casting may be reduced. By eliminating side dam heating and reducing the temperature of the supplied molten steel, production costs are significantly reduced. In fact, it is estimated that an approximately 7% savings may be observed by employing these methods and apparatuses. 
     Also disclosed is a side dam holder for continuously casting metal strip comprising a side dam holder with edge portions adapted to dovetail with and support an adjacent side dam by tapers at or between 3 and 15 degrees to hold the adjacent side dam and adapted to move with the side dam holder. 
     Additionally disclosed is a side dam assembly for continuous casting metal strip comprising:
         (a) a pair of side dams adjacent to end portions of a pair of counter-rotating casting rolls, each casting roll with less than 800 millimeters in diameters and positioned to form a nip there between through which thin strip can be cast, with each side dam adapted to confine a casting pool of molten metal supported on casting surfaces of the casting rolls above the nip;   (b) a pair of side dam holders, each side dam holder supporting an adjacent side dam and tapered along edge portions to dovetail with edge portions of the adjacent side dam assembled in position and adapted to move with the adjacent side dam; and   (c) an oscillation mechanism adapted to cause lateral oscillation of each side dam and side dam holder together at a frequency between 2 and 50 hertz and with an amplitude between 100 μm and 2000 μm during a casting campaign.       

     Once again, the oscillation mechanism may be adapted to cause lateral oscillation of each side dam and side dam holder together at a frequency between 2 and 30 hertz and with an amplitude between 100 μm and 2000 μm, preferably between 100 μm and 1250 μm, during a casting campaign. Likewise, the oscillation mechanism may comprise any contemplated herein. In particular instances, the edge portions of each side dam holder tapered to dovetail with the adjacent side dam are tapered at or between 3 and 15 degrees. As noted previously, because this dovetail design would be difficult to install in a traditionally heated state, in certain instances the side dams are installed into the strip caster in an unheated state, that is, installed at room temperature. 
     Optionally, the side dam assembly may further comprise a mechanism providing vertical movement of each side dam holder and adjacent side dam of at least 100 μm per hour during the casting campaign. Alternatively, the side dam assembly may further comprise a mechanism providing vertical movement of each side dam holder and adjacent side dam of between 3 and 15 millimeters during the casting campaign. Vertical movement may also assist in reducing the formation, severity, and frequency of skulls. Again, the edge portions of each side dam holder tapered to dovetail with the adjacent side dam may be tapered at or between 3 and 15 degrees. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatical side view of a twin roll caster plant shown operation with the presently disclosed method; 
         FIG. 2  is a partial sectional view through the casting rolls mounted in a roll cassette in the casting position of the caster of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a transverse partial sectional view of the twin roll caster shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a transverse partial sectional view of a side dam unit shown in conjunction with a portion of a twin roll caster, the side dam unit forming one embodiment of the disclosed invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a transverse partial sectional view of a side dam unit shown in conjunction with a portion of a twin roll caster, the side dam unit forming another embodiment of the disclosed invention; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates in a front perspective view a side dam holder according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates in a bottom perspective view a side dam holder of  FIG. 6  with tapered edged portions to dovetail with an adjacent side dam; 
         FIG. 8A  illustrates a front view of the side dam holder shown in  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8B  is a sectional view of the side dam holder in  FIG. 8A  taken along line  8 B- 8 B; 
         FIG. 8C  is a sectional view of the side dam holder in  FIG. 8A  taken along line  8 C- 8 C; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a side dam with tapered edge portions to dovetail with an adjacent side dam holder; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken transversally across side dam installed in a side dam holder according to the embodiments described in association with  FIGS. 6-9 , where a dovetail joint is formed there between, the section being taken centrally across the side dam holder between side edge portions thereof (such as normal to the line  8 B- 8 B in  FIG. 8A ); 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an eccentric used to induce oscillations for the oscillating side dam in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a graph showing the impact on snake egg formation with oscillation of a side dam holder and adjacent side dam in accordance with the present invention; and, 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a graph showing the impact on snake egg formation with oscillation of a side dam holder and adjacent side dam in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , in one exemplary embodiment, a twin roll caster is shown for continuously casting thin steel strip, which is one of many casters with which the side dam, side dam holder, and oscillating aspects of the side dam may be employed, as any caster employing a side dam may employ the mechanisms and methods described herein. In the embodiment shown, a main machine frame  10  stands up from the factory floor and supports a roll cassette module  11  on which a pair of counter-rotatable casting rolls  12  are mounted. The casting rolls  12  having casting surfaces  12 A are laterally positioned to form a nip  18  there between. The roll cassette  11  facilitates rapid movement of the casting rolls  12  as a unit from a setup position, to operative casting position, and rapid removal of the casting rolls from the casting position when the casting rolls are to be replaced. The configuration of the roll cassette may be as desired, so long as it performs that function of facilitating movement and positioning of the casting rolls  12  between the set up position and the operative casting position. 
     Molten metal is supplied from a ladle  13  through a metal delivery system, such as a movable tundish  14  and a transition piece or distributor  16 . From the distributor  16 , the molten metal flows to at least one metal delivery nozzle  17 , also called core nozzle, positioned between the casting rolls  12  above the nip  18 . Molten metal discharged from the delivery nozzle or nozzles  17  forms a casting pool  19  of molten metal supported on the casting surfaces  12 A of the casting rolls  12  above the nip  18 . This casting pool  19  is confined at the end portions of the casting rolls  12  by a pair of side closures or confining plate side dams  20  (shown in dotted line in  FIG. 2 ). The upper surface of the casting pool  19  (generally referred to as the “meniscus” level) typically rise above the bottom portion of the delivery nozzle  17  so that the lower part of the delivery nozzle  17  is immersed in the casting pool  19 . The casting area above the casting pool  19  provides the addition of a protective atmosphere to inhibit oxidation of the molten metal before casting. 
     The ladle  13  typically is of a conventional construction supported on a rotating turret  40 . For metal delivery, the ladle  13  is positioned above a movable tundish  14  in the casting position as shown in  FIG. 1  to deliver molten metal to movable tundish  14 . The movable tundish  14  may be positioned on a tundish car  66  capable of transferring the tundish from a heating station (not shown), where the tundish is heated to near a casting temperature, to the casting position. A tundish guide, such as rails, may be positioned beneath the tundish car  66  to enable moving the movable tundish  14  from the heating station to the casting position. An overflow container  38  may be provided beneath the movable tundish  14  to receive molten material that may spill from the tundish. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the overflow container  38  may be movable on rails  39  or another guide such that the overflow container  38  may be placed beneath the movable tundish  14  as desired in casting locations. 
     The movable tundish  14  may be fitted with a slide gate  25 , actuable by a servo mechanism, to allow molten metal to flow from the tundish  14  through the slide gate  25 , and then through a refractory outlet shroud  15  to a transition piece or distributor  16  in the casting position. From the distributor  16 , the molten metal flows to the delivery nozzle  17  positioned between the casting rolls  12  above the nip  18 . 
     The casting rolls  12  are internally water cooled so that as the casting rolls  12  are counter-rotated, shells solidify on the casting surfaces  12 A as the casting surfaces  12 A rotate into contact with and through the casting pool  19  with each revolution of the casting rolls  12 . The shells are brought together at the nip  18  between the casting rolls  12  to produce a solidified thin cast strip product  21  delivered downwardly from the nip  18 . The gap between the casting rolls is such as to maintain separation between the solidified shells at the nip so that semi-solid metal is present sandwiched between the shells through the nip, and delivered downwardly as part of the strip below the nip. 
       FIG. 1  shows the twin roll caster producing the thin strip  21 , which passes from the casting rolls across a guide table  30  to a pinch roll stand  31 , comprising pinch rolls  31 A. Upon exiting the pinch roll stand  31  the thin strip passes through a hot rolling mill  32 , comprising a pair of work rolls  32 A, and backup rolls  32 B capable of hot rolling the strip delivered from the casting rolls. In the hot rolling mill  32 , the strip is hot rolled to reduce the strip to a desired thickness, improve the strip surface, and improve the strip flatness. The work rolls  32 A have work surfaces relating to the desired strip profile across the work rolls. The hot rolled strip then passes onto a run-out table  33 , where it may be cooled by contact with a coolant, such as water, supplied via water jets  90  or other suitable means, and by convection and radiation. In any event, the hot rolled strip may then pass through a second pinch roll stand  91  having rollers  91 A to provide tension on the strip, and then to a coiler  92 . The thickness of strip may be typically between about 0.3 and 2.0 millimeters in thickness after hot rolling. 
     At the start of the casting campaign, a short length of imperfect strip is typically produced as casting conditions stabilize. After continuous casting is established, the casting rolls  12  are moved apart slightly and then brought together again to cause the leading end of the thin strip to break away forming a clean head end for the following strip to cast. The imperfect material drops into a scrap receptacle  26 , which is movable on a scrap receptacle guide. The scrap receptacle  26  is located in a scrap receiving position beneath the caster and forms part of a sealed enclosure  27  as described below. The enclosure  27  is typically water cooled. At this time, a water-cooled apron  28  that normally hangs downwardly from a pivot  29  to one side in the enclosure  27  is swung into position to guide the clean end of the strip  21  onto the guide table  30  and feed the strip  21  through the pinch roll stand  31 . The apron  28  is then retracted back to the hanging position to allow the strip  21  to hang in a loop beneath the casting rolls in enclosure  27  before the strip passes to the guide table  30  where it engages a succession of guide rollers. 
     The sealed enclosure  27  is formed by a number of separate wall sections that fit together with seal connections to form a continuous enclosure that permits control of the atmosphere within the enclosure. Additionally, the scrap receptacle  26  may be capable of attaching with the enclosure  27  so that the enclosure is capable of supporting a protective atmosphere immediately beneath the casting rolls  12  in the casting position. The enclosure  27  includes an opening in the lower portion of the enclosure, lower enclosure portion  44 , providing an outlet for scrap to pass from the enclosure  27  into the scrap receptacle  26  in the scrap receiving position. The lower enclosure portion  44  may extend downwardly as a part of the enclosure  27 , the opening being positioned above the scrap receptacle  26  in the scrap receiving position. As used in the specification and claims herein, “seal”, “sealed”, “sealing”, and “sealingly” in reference to the scrap receptacle  26 , enclosure  27 , and related features may not be completely sealed so as to prevent atmospheric leakage, but rather usually provides a less than perfect seal appropriate to allow control and support of the atmosphere within the enclosure as desired with some tolerable leakage. 
     A rim portion  45  may surround the opening of the lower enclosure portion  44  and may be movably positioned above the scrap receptacle, capable of sealingly engaging and/or attaching to the scrap receptacle  26  in the scrap receiving position. The rim portion  45  may be movable between a sealing position in which the rim portion engages the scrap receptacle, and a clearance position in which the rim portion  45  is disengaged from the scrap receptacle. Alternately, the caster or the scrap receptacle may include a lifting mechanism to raise the scrap receptacle into sealing engagement with the rim portion  45  of the enclosure, and then lower the scrap receptacle into the clearance position. When sealed, the enclosure  27  and scrap receptacle  26  are filled with a desired gas, such as nitrogen, to reduce the amount of oxygen in the enclosure and provide a protective atmosphere for the strip  21 . 
     The enclosure  27  may include an upper collar portion  27 A supporting a protective atmosphere immediately beneath the casting rolls in the casting position. When the casting rolls  12  are in the casting position, the upper collar portion is moved to the extended position closing the space between a housing portion adjacent the casting rolls  12 , as shown in  FIG. 2 , and the enclosure  27 . The upper collar portion may be provided within or adjacent the enclosure  27  and adjacent the casting rolls, and may be moved by a plurality of actuators (not shown) such as servo-mechanisms, hydraulic mechanisms, pneumatic mechanisms, and rotating actuators. 
     There is shown in  FIG. 3  a pair of delivery nozzles  17  each made of a refractory material such as zirconia graphite, alumina graphite or any other suitable material. The two delivery nozzles  17  may be positioned end-to-end as shown in  FIG. 3 . It must be understood that one or more than two delivery nozzles  17  may be used in any different sizes and shapes if desired. The delivery nozzles  17  need not be substantially the same in size and shape, although generally such is desirable to facilitate fabrication and installation. Two delivery nozzles  17  may be each capable of moving independently of the other above the casting rolls  12 . 
     Typically where two delivery nozzles  17  are used the nozzles  17  are disposed and supported in end-to-end relationship as shown in  FIG. 3  along the nip  18  (see  FIG. 2 ) with gap  34  there between, so that each delivery nozzle  17  can be moved inwardly toward the other during a casting campaign as explained below. It must be understood, however, that any desired number of delivery nozzles  17  may be used. Two delivery nozzles may be used as described below, or include any additional number of nozzle disposed there between. For example, there may be a central nozzle segment adjacent to outer nozzle segments on either side. 
     Each delivery nozzle  17  may be formed in one piece or multiple pieces. As shown, each nozzle  17  includes an end wall  23  positioned nearest a confining side dam  20  as explained below. Each end wall  23  may be configured to achieve a particular desired flow pattern of molten metal flow into the casting pool, particularly in the triple point region between the casting rolls  12  and the respective side dam  20 . 
     The side dams  20  may be made from a refractory material such as zirconia graphite, graphite alumina, boron nitride, boron nitride-zirconia, or other suitable composites. The side dams  20  have a face surface capable of physical contact with the casting rolls and molten metal in the casting pool. 
     A pair of carriage assemblies, generally indicated at  94 , are provided to position both the side dams  20  and the delivery nozzles  17 . As illustrated, the twin roll caster is generally symmetrical, although such is not required. Referring to  FIG. 3 , one carriage assembly  94  is illustrated and described below, with the other carriage assembly being generally similar. Each carriage assembly  94  is disposed at one end of the pair of casting rolls  12 . Each carriage assembly  94  may be mounted fixed relative to the machine frame  10 , or may be moveable axially toward and away from the casting rolls  12  to enable the spacing between the carriage assembly  94  and the casting rolls  12  to be adjusted. The carriage assemblies  94  may be preset in final position before a casting campaign to suit the width of the casting rolls  12  and strip to be cast, or the position of the carriage assemblies  94  may be adjusted as desired during a casting campaign. The carriage assemblies  94  may be positioned one at each end of the roll assembly and moveable toward and away from one another to enable the spacing between them to be adjusted. The carriage assemblies  94  can be preset before a casting operation according to the width of the casting rolls and to allow quick roll changes for differing strip widths. The carriage assemblies  94  may be positioned so as to extend horizontally above the casting rolls with the nozzles  17  positioned beneath the distributor  16  in the casting position and at a central position to receive the molten metal. For example the carriage assembly  94  may be positioned from tracks (not shown) on the machine frame  10 , which may be mounted by clamps or any other suitable mechanism. Alternatively, the carriage assembly  94  may be supported by its own support structure relative to the casting rolls  12 . 
     Referring to one exemplary embodiment in  FIG. 4 , and to another exemplary embodiment in  FIG. 5 , each carriage assembly  94  includes a support frame  300 , an actuator  310 , and a core nozzle support  370 . Actuator  310  is moveably connected to the support frame  300  and engages (that is, actuates) both the delivery nozzles  17  and the side dam holder  100  for selective movement of both the delivery nozzles  17  and side dam  20 . Actuator  310  is capable of positioning both the delivery nozzles  17  and the side dam  20 , and is also capable of cyclically varying the axial force of the side dams. 
     Actuator  310  is a hydraulic cylinder. It must be understood, however, that actuator  310  may be any suitable drive mechanism suitable to move and adjust delivery nozzles  17  and suitable to position the side dam holder  100  to bring the adjacent side dam  20  into engagement with the casting rolls  12  to confine the casting pool  19  formed on the casting surfaces  12 A during a casting operation (see  FIG. 2 ). Such a suitable drive mechanism, for example, may be a servo mechanism, a screw jack drive operated by electric motor, a pneumatic mechanism, a gear mechanisms, a cog, a drive chain mechanism, a pulley and cable mechanism, a drive screw mechanism, a jack actuator, a rack and pinion mechanism, an electro-mechanical actuator, an electric motor, a linear actuator, a rotating actuator, or any other suitable device. Each side dam  20  is mounted with an adjacent side dam holder  100 , and movable together with actuator  310 , such as a servo mechanism, to bring the side dam  20  into engagement with an end portion of the casting rolls. Linear bearings  312  are employed to slidably connect carriage  94  generally to the nozzle  17 , and more specifically, to slidably connect support frame  300  to a core nozzle plate  320 , which is directly or indirectly attached to nozzle  17 . It is noted that this slidable connection is located above the side dam and above the side dam oscillating components. 
     A side dam position sensor  112  senses the position of the side dam  20 . The side dam position sensor  112  is a linear displacement sensor to measure the actual change in position of the side dam holder  100  relative to the support frame  300 . The side dam position sensor  112  may be any sensor suitable to indicate any parameter representative of a position of the side dam  20 . For example, the side dam position sensor  112  may be a linear variable displacement transducer to respond to the extension of the actuator  310  to provide signals indicative of position of the side dam  20 , or an optical imaging device for tracking the position of the side dam  20  or any other suitable device for determining the location of the side dam  20 . The side dam position sensor  112  may also or alternatively include a force sensor, or load cell for determining the force urging the side dam  20  against the casting rolls  12  and providing electrical signals indicative of the force urging the side dam against the casting rolls. Alternatively, a load cell may be placed adjacent oscillation plate  210 . In any case, actuator  310  and sensor  112  may be connected into a control system with a circuit receiving control signals determined by the movement of the side dams. During a casting campaign the control system of the twin roll caster is capable of actuating the actuator  310  to vary the apply force on the side dams  20  against the end portions of the casting rolls  12  along the axis of the two casting rolls. The control system may receive position or force information from the sensors  112  or from direct feedback of the actuator  310 . 
     As explained above and illustrated in  FIGS. 6 to 8C , each side dam  20  (shown  FIGS. 4, 5, and 9 ) is mounted within an adjacent a side dam holder  100 . Side dam holder  100  has a thickness extending between opposing sides, one side  102  being configured to receive a side dam. The one side  102  includes side dam mounting projection  104 , each projection is tapered along a side edge portion  106  to dovetail with the tapered side edge portions of an adjacent side dam to assemble the side dam within the side dam holder and into an installed position. The tapered side edge portions  106  shown form inner side edges of each projection  104 , that is, each forms a side edge that faces a lateral center of the side dam holder. Instead, it is appreciated that in other variations the tapered side edge portion for dovetailing with a corresponding tapered side edge on a side dam may instead form an outer side edge  108  of each projection  104 . Each projection extends lengthwise at least a partial height and up to the full height of the side dam holder, the height extending from a bottom  200  of the side dam holder to a top  202  of the side dam holder. In the exemplary embodiment shown, each projection  104  extends predominantly the full height of the side dam holder  100 . By virtue of using a dovetail attachment between the side dam and the side dam holder, a more durable and tighter fitting attachment is achieved to better hold the adjacent side dam in position while the side dam and side dam holder are laterally oscillated together. With specific reference to  FIG. 8C , it is shown that side edge portions  106  of the side dam holder  100  to dovetail with the adjacent side dam may be tapered by angle θ at or between 3 and 15 degrees. The tapered edge portions may be continuous through the contact internal surface of the side dam holder. 
     The tapered edge portions on the side dams allow the side dam holder to hold the adjacent side dam in position. An exemplary side dam  20  is shown in  FIG. 9  configured to matingly dovetail with the side dam holder shown previously, the side dam  20  having a generally triangular shape similar to the side dam holder, having arcuate lateral sides  124 . Side dam  20  also includes a central projection  120  extending outwardly from a back side of the side dam, the back side being arranged opposite a casting roll side of the side dam and of the side dam thickness, the casting roll side including refractory for engaging the casting rolls and forming the casting pool of molten steel. Opposing lateral sides of projection  120  include tapered side edges  122 . It is appreciated that even though both tapered side edges  122  are arranged along a single projection  120 , multiple projections may be provided where separate tapered side edges  122  are arranged along different projections. It is noted that dovetail joints can accommodate projections of different sizes. Also, each side dam holder may accommodate side dams of different thicknesses. For example, a side dam holder having a dovetail design can accept different side dams each having a thickness of 27, 40, and 44 millimeters (mm) respectively. In either case, the tapered edge portions on the side dam and side dam holder may be continuous or intermittent along the edge portions of the side dam holder and side dam, and need not be conversely identical. It is sufficient for the tapered edge portions on the side dam holder and side dam be such so as to hold the side dam in casting position during the casting campaign. With reference to  FIG. 10 , side dam  20  is shown mounted onto side dam holder  100  by way of a dovetail joint formed there between. 
     Optionally, an air gap is arranged between the side dam and the side dam holder. This provides improved insulative properties to protect the side dam holder and to prevent heat loss from the casting pool through the side dam. In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIGS. 6, 8A, 8B, and 10 , a recess  110  is arranged within side  102  between opposing projections  104  to provide the air gap. However, other variations may be employed to achieve this air gap. For example, alternatively or additionally, a like recess may be arranged centrally within the backside of the side dam. In certain embodiments, this air gap extends along at least 50% and in other variations 85% to 90% of the area between the side dam and side dam holder. In certain instances, the depth d 110  of recess  110 , as reflected in  FIG. 8B , and/or the corresponding air gap is 3 mm to 10 mm, and 5 mm in other certain instances. 
     In any case, during casting, the side dams move inwardly against the ferrostatic force of the casting pool, are laterally oscillated, and are optionally moved upward against the casting rolls. It is appreciated that vertical movement may assist in reducing the formation, severity, and frequency of skulls. In an exemplary embodiment configured to provide both lateral oscillations and vertical movement,  FIG. 4  shows side dam  20 , side dam holder  100 , oscillation plate  210 , fixed plate  220 , vertical lift plate  230 , and upper wedge  240 , and lower wedge  250 . Side dam  20  is supported by side dam holder  100 . Oscillation plate  210  is operably connected to the side dam holder, and provides for the lateral oscillation of the side dam holders and adjacent side dams. Oscillations are generated by an oscillating mechanism comprising an eccentric connected to a rotational shaft driven by a motor. An eccentric may form an eccentric rotary shaft or a disc or wheel mounted eccentrically on a rotational shaft in order to transform rotation into backward-and-forward motion, such as by way of a cam. An eccentric may take any other form that transforms rotation into backward-and-forward motion. As for the motor, and motor may be employed, such as any electric motor or internal combustion engine. In other variations, the oscillating mechanism comprises a cylinder arranged to extend and retract in a lateral direction. Each side dam may be laterally oscillated between 2 and 50 hertz during a casting campaign, or may be laterally oscillated between 2 and 30 hertz during the casting campaign. Hydraulic cylinder  350 , vertical lift plate  230 , upper wedge  240  and lower wedge  250  provide for the optional vertical movement of the side dam holders and adjacent side dams during the casting campaign. Each side dam holder and adjacent side dam may be vertically moved at least 100 μm during the casting campaign. Alternatively, each side dam holder and adjacent side dam may be vertically moved between 3 and 15 millimeters during the casting campaign. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 5 , a portion of the caster is shown comprising a carriage that is configured to oscillate a side dam, which incorporates dovetailed attachment of the side dam to the side dam holder. In this exemplary embodiment, the side dam is not configured to move vertically. Therefore, oscillation of the side dam is limited to lateral oscillations. While this may be achieved using other oscillating mechanisms, in this embodiment, lateral-only oscillations are achieved by an oscillating mechanism comprising a motor  330  operating in cooperation with an eccentric. In this variation, the motor is a hydraulic motor operably connected to a rotational (drive) shaft  332 . An encoder  334  is arranged along the length of the rotational shaft  332  to track the rotational position of the shaft. In an effort to control and limit the oscillatory movement of the side dam holder  100  and side dam  20  in a substantially lateral direction, a plurality of plain, linear bearings  336  slidably attach the oscillation plate to the carriage. A fixed attachment is provided between the oscillation plate  210  and the side dam holder  100 , which are spaced apart in this embodiment to better protect the oscillation plate from heat exposure. Also, the oscillation plate  210  is water cooled by way of a water cooling system  338  to further control temperatures. With additional reference to  FIG. 11 , the eccentric comprises a cylindrical member  340  mounted non-axially on the rotational shaft  332 . In other words, the central axis A 340  of the cylindrical member  340  is offset by distance D from the rotational axis A 332  of the rotational shaft  332 . By doing so, the annular extent of the cylindrical member  340  induces lateral oscillations when engaging horizontal sides S 342  of an oblong opening  342  in the oscillation plate  210 . In particular, the oblong opening  342  is narrowest between opposing horizontal sides S 342  and longest between top T 342  and bottom B 342 . In operation, cylindrical member  340  engages horizontal sides S 342  to cause lateral oscillations while remaining spaced apart from each of the top T 342  and bottom B 342  to avoid any movement in the vertical direction and any vertical oscillations. It is appreciated that the oblong opening  342  may form a cutout in the oscillation plate  210  or may form an oblong opening in a bushing or other member attached to a larger opening formed in the oscillation plate  210 . By using a motor with an eccentric, oscillating frequency may be adjusted, in addition to adjusting the stroke (amplitude) of the oscillations. Additionally, the generation of any desired oscillating frequency may be more reliably generated. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 12 and 13 , lateral oscillation of the side dam holder and adjacent side dam allows for substantial reduction or elimination of snake eggs in the strip. As shown in  FIG. 12 , no snake eggs were seen when the side dam holders and adjacent side dams were laterally oscillated in this embodiment. However, when lateral oscillation of the side dam holders and adjacent side dams was stopped, snake eggs were found to immediately be observed. And once the side dam holders and adjacent side dams were laterally oscillated again, snake eggs were once again immediately reduced, if not eliminated. As shown, lateral oscillation of the side dam holder and adjacent side dam allows for the prevention of snake eggs formation. 
     Similarly, in  FIG. 13 , the side dam holders and adjacent side dams were laterally oscillated. No snake eggs were observed during oscillation. Nonetheless, once the side dam holders and adjacent side dams were ceased to be oscillated, snake eggs were immediately observed. Lateral oscillation of the side dam holder and adjacent side dam allows for substantial reduction or prevention of snake eggs in the strip. 
     In further evaluating the impact of laterally oscillating the side dams, after observation a plurality of castings, in forming a single coil of cast strip, the occurrence of snake eggs reduced from 15.22 on average per coil using non-oscillating side dams to 5.57 on average per coil using laterally oscillating side dams. The severity of each snake egg was also reduced on average by 45%. 
     Additionally, by oscillating the side dam, the molten metal supplied to the caster may be reduced, which reduces manufacturing costs by eliminating the need to generate and supply additional heat to the molten steel. In certain instances, a reduction of 25 degrees F. has been successfully employed when producing cast strip using oscillating side dams, which is a 10 to 12% reduction in temperature relative to the liquidus temperature. 
     While the principle and mode of operation of this invention have been explained and illustrated with regard to particular embodiments, it must be understood, however, that this invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically explained and illustrated without departing from its spirit or scope.