Patent Publication Number: US-7904324-B2

Title: Method and system for assessing schedule performance issues of a project

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This invention is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/502,721 entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR VALIDATING TASKS”, filed on Aug. 10, 2006, assigned to the same assignee as the present application, and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method and system for assessing schedule performance issues of a project. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Conventional project plan management tools lack automation and functionality to easily and effectively build, quality assure and maintain a complex project plan while conforming to professional project management standards (e.g., standards provided the Project Management Institute or another similar authority). Further, conventional project management techniques are characterized by manual tasks that are complex, mentally-challenging and time-consuming. These manual tasks include determining project plan problem areas that need heightened focus, integrating large volumes of project plan details, and maintaining baseline integrity. Still further, known project management applications (e.g., Microsoft® Project) are limited to identifying only one or a minimal number of schedule conflicts per opening of a project management file for a project plan that includes a substantial number of schedule conflicts. Moreover, conventional project performance measurements indicate a project is ahead of schedule overall while providing no indication that a significant number of tasks of the project or a number of critical tasks are behind schedule. Thus, there exists a need to overcome at least one of the preceding deficiencies and limitations of the related art. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In first embodiments, the present invention provides a computer-implemented method of assessing schedule performance of a project, the method comprising one of: 
     generating, by a computing application capable of managing the project, a Behind Schedule Performance Index (BSPI) that excludes an ahead of schedule component from a scheduled performance index (SPI) associated with the project, the ahead of schedule component being a first component of a schedule variance (SV) associated with the project; 
     generating, by the computing application, an ahead/behind trend graph having a first plurality of graphical indicators of ahead of schedule values associated with the project and a second plurality of graphical indicators of behind schedule values associated with the project, wherein the first plurality of graphical indicators and the second plurality of graphical indicators indicate that a portion of the project is behind schedule while the project, as a whole, is ahead of schedule; 
     generating, by the computing application, a behind schedule exception report that includes a first set of one or more tasks of the project that are behind schedule based on a baseline of the project and that excludes any task of the project that is ahead of schedule based on the baseline; and 
     generating, by the computing application, an ahead of schedule exception report that includes a second set of one or more tasks of the project that are ahead of schedule based on the baseline and that excludes any task of the project that is behind schedule based on the baseline. 
     In second embodiments, the present invention provides a computer-implemented method of validating a task of a project, comprising one of: 
     identifying, by a computing application capable of managing the project, a milestone flag for work error associated with whether the task is a milestone, the identifying the milestone flag for work error facilitating at least one of a validation of a milestone of the project and an analysis of a date conflict associated with the task, wherein the identifying the milestone flag for work error comprises:
         determining that a milestone flag associated with the task indicates that the task is not a milestone,   determining that a work value associated with the task is equal to a zero amount of work,   determining that a baseline work value associated with the task is equal to a zero amount of baseline work, and   determining that a summary task flag associated with the task indicates that the task is not a summary task;       

     identifying, by the computing application, a work error to facilitate at least one of a validation of the task and the analysis of the date conflict, wherein the task is one of: the milestone, a key milestone, a deliverable, a dependency, a major dependency, and a key work product, and wherein the identifying the work error comprises:
         determining that the milestone flag indicates that the task is a milestone, and   determining that the work value is not equal to a zero amount of work; and       

     identifying, by the computing application, a missing data for a milestone error to facilitate the analysis of the date conflict, wherein the identifying the missing data for a milestone error comprises one of:
         determining that a completed task value indicates that the task is completed and an actual finish date field value associated with the task is not equal to an actual finish date associated with the task, and   determining that the completed task value indicates that the task is not completed and the actual finish date field value is equal to the actual finish date associated with the task.       

     A system, computer program product, and process for supporting computing infrastructure corresponding to the first method summarized above are also described and claimed herein. 
     Advantageously, the present invention provides a technique for automating and integrating project task and baseline validation activities. Further, the present invention provides a schedule performance assessment technique that quickly and reliably identifies whether or not a project has behind schedule performance problems, quickly identifies underlying root causes of schedule performance problems, and facilitates the identification and reassignment of ahead of schedule resources to support a behind schedule recovery plan. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a flow chart of an overview of a project management process, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1B  is a flow chart of a method of validating tasks of a project managed by the process of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1C  is a flow chart of a method of validating tasks and a baseline of a project managed by the process of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a flow chart of a process of installing the computing application and validating data values in the method of  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 3A-3B  depict a flow chart of a process of validating milestones in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart of a process of validating dependencies and deliverables in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow chart of a process of validating required work products in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart of a process of validating tasks in a work breakdown structure in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart of a process of validating milestone predecessors and successors in a work breakdown structure in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 8A-8B  depict a flow chart of a process of validating resources, work, labor rates and critical path in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow chart of a process of validating links between project plans in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a flow chart of a process of validating a project baseline in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow chart of a process of validating a project plan update in the method of  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12A  is a flow chart of a process of prerequisite tests used in analyzing schedule conflicts in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 12B-12C  depict a flow chart of a process of analyzing schedule conflicts at an integrated plan level in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12D  is a flow chart of a process of analyzing schedule conflicts at a subproject level in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12E  is a flow chart of a process of resolving schedule conflicts in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12F  is a flow chart of a process of final tests used in analyzing schedule conflicts in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12G  is an exemplary interface that includes an exception report generated by the schedule conflict analysis of  FIGS. 12B-12C  or  FIG. 12D  and that facilitates the schedule conflicts resolution process of  FIG. 12E , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 13A-13B  depict a flow chart of a process of executing QA operations from a quality assurance super macro in the validation method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13C  is an exemplary interface for the quality assurance super macro that provides the process of  FIGS. 13A-13B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 13D-13F  depict an example of using the quality assurance super macro interface of  FIG. 13C  to resolve an error in a milestone constraint type, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 14A-14B  depict a flow chart of a process of baseline error checking in the method of  FIG. 1A  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14C  is a screen illustrating baseline errors to be detected by the process of  FIGS. 14A-14B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14D  is a screen illustrating a result of identifying baseline information missing from the screen of  FIG. 14C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15A  is a flow chart of a process of assessing a project&#39;s schedule performance using a behind schedule performance index in the methods of  FIG. 1A  and/or  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15B  is an example of a report including a behind schedule performance index generated in the process of  FIG. 15A , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16A  is a flow chart of a process of assessing a project&#39;s schedule performance using an ahead/behind trend graph in the methods of  FIG. 1A  and/or  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16B  is an example of an ahead/behind trend graph used to analyze Ahead of Schedule and Behind Schedule components of a project plan in the process of  FIG. 16A , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16C  is a flow chart of a process of assessing a project&#39;s schedule performance using a behind schedule exception report in the methods of  FIG. 1A  and/or  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16D  is an example of a Behind Schedule report used to analyze behind schedule components of a project plan in the process of  FIG. 16C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16E  is a flow chart of a process of assessing a project&#39;s schedule performance using an ahead of schedule exception report in the methods of  FIG. 1A  and/or  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  is a block diagram of a computing system for implementing the methods of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method and system for quality assuring and validating a project plan&#39;s task setup and syntax during project planning and execution, expeditiously and accurately assuring the quality of a project plan&#39;s baseline during project planning and execution, and identifying behind schedule performance issues during project execution. The present invention is implemented by a computing application that is, for example, an add-on to a software-based project management application. The computing application provides a novel sequence of processes to facilitate the validation of tasks and assure the quality of a baseline of a project, where the sequence includes eight processes in the order presented below: 
     (1) validating milestones (see  FIGS. 3A-3B ), 
     (2) validating dependencies and deliverables (see  FIG. 4 ), 
     (3) validating key work products (see  FIG. 5 ), 
     (4) validating tasks in a work breakdown structure (see  FIG. 6 ), 
     (5) validating predecessors and successors in a work breakdown structure (see  FIG. 7 ), 
     (6) validating resources, work and labor rates (see  FIGS. 8A-8B ), 
     (7) identifying and resolving schedule conflicts (see  FIGS. 12A-12F ), and 
     (8) validating a project baseline (see  FIGS. 14A-14B ). 
     In one embodiment, the processes (1) through (8) listed above refer to the same task of a project. In another embodiment, different tasks are referred to by any pair of processes selected from processes (1) through (8). 
     Hereinafter, “computing application” refers to the software application that executes and/or facilitates the aforementioned quality assurance, validation, and performance reporting techniques of the present invention. Hereinafter, “user” refers to one or more individuals who utilize the computing application to validate tasks of a project, assure the quality of the project&#39;s baseline, and assess the project&#39;s performance. 
     Definitions 
     A list of terms used herein and their definitions are presented below. 
     Ahead of Schedule: A custom field that records the schedule variance relative to a task if the task is ahead of schedule. 
     Baseline: The original approved plan for a project, plus or minus approved scope changes. A baseline includes a set of project estimates such as task name, duration, work, resource assignments, schedule and costs. A baseline also includes a baseline start date and a baseline finish date that are copies of the start and finish dates, respectively, of each task in a project plan. Moreover, a baseline includes calculations of the budgeted actual cost, budgeted cost of work scheduled and budgeted cost of work performed. Baseline is usually used with a modifier (e.g., cost baseline, schedule baseline, and performance measurement baseline). 
     Baseline cost (BAC): The sum of the total budgets for a project. 
     Baseline finish date: The date work was scheduled to finish for a task when the original project plan was approved. 
     Baseline start date: The date work was scheduled to start for a task when the original project plan was approved. 
     Behind Schedule: A custom field that records the schedule variance value relative to a task if the task is behind schedule. 
     Budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP): The sum of approved cost estimates, including any overhead allocation, for tasks or portions of tasks completed during a given time period. BCWP is also known as Earned Value. 
     Budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS): The sum of the approved cost estimates, including any overhead allocation, for tasks or portions of tasks scheduled to be performed during a given time period. BCWS is also known as Planned Value. 
     Constraint: A factor that affects when an activity can be scheduled (e.g., a field value that limits the start or finish date of a task). 
     Critical path: The series of tasks that must finish on time for the entire project to finish on schedule. Each task on the critical path is a critical task. 
     Deliverable: A task reserved (along with a dependency) for denoting a completion of an intermediate event resulting in a hand off between two subprojects operating within the same end-to-end integrated plan. A deliverable is denoted when a subproject is sending a work product or similar output. A deliverable is also known as a Give or a Give task. 
     Dependency: A task reserved (along with a deliverable) for denoting a completion of an intermediate event resulting in a hand off between two subprojects operating within the same end-to-end integrated plan. A dependency is denoted when a subproject receives a work product or similar input. A dependency is also known as a Get or a Get task. 
     Earned value methodology (EVM): A body of processes, models, rules, procedures, tools and techniques that are employed in a project schedule planning, tracking and controlling management system. EVM includes custom filters, macros and metrics that facilitate quality assurance of a project plan. 
     Earned Value (EV) Rollup: A report provided by EVM that includes earned value metrics for an end-to-end integrated plan and the integrated plan&#39;s subprojects. 
     End-to-end (e2e) integrated plan: A project comprised of individual subprojects that are seamlessly linked via predecessor and successor assignments. This term is also referred to herein simply as “integrated plan.” 
     External task: A task residing in a plan that is external to another plan that includes a given task. The external task and the given task are in a predecessor-successor or successor-predecessor relationship. 
     Milestone: A task with no duration and associated with 0 hours of work. A milestone designates a significant event in a project (e.g., marking the completion of a phase of a project). 
     Project: A temporary endeavor of interrelated activities implemented for a specific purpose. 
     Project plan: A set of documents that support a project. 
     Predecessor: A task that must start or finish before another task can start or finish. 
     Schedule Variance (SV): SV=BCWP−BCWS. The SV of a task, summary task, subproject or integrated plan indicates whether the task, summary task, subproject or integrated plan is ahead of schedule (i.e., positive SV value) or behind schedule (i.e., negative SV value). 
     Scheduled Performance Index (SPI): SPI=BCWP/BCWS. SPI provides a rate at which a task, subproject or integrated plan is actually progressing compared to the original plan. 
     Slack: The amount of time that a task may be delayed from its earliest possible start date without delaying the finish date of the project. Slack is also known as float. 
     Subproject: One project of multiple projects included in an e2e integrated plan. 
     Successor: A task that cannot start or finish until another task has started or finished. 
     Overview of Project Management Process 
       FIG. 1A  is a flow chart of an overview of a project management process, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The project management process of  FIG. 1A  is also referred to herein as the earned value methodology (EVM). The EVM begins at step  100 . In step  102 , one or more management teams define the scope and requirements of a project and assign roles and responsibilities to entities associated with the management of the project (e.g., assign a client project manager and assign a Single Point of Contact (SPOC) role). In step  104 , a project manager builds, integrates and baselines an e2e integrated plan. Step  104  also includes a quality assurance (QA) review of the project plan. The QA review is performed by one or more project managers utilizing a computing application and includes validating tasks of a project, as described below relative to  FIG. 1B . In step  106 , one or more project managers updates the project plan based on the QA review. In step  108 , status and trend reports associated with the project are generated and reviewed by one or more project managers. The project management process of  FIG. 1A  ends at step  110 . 
     Overview of Task Validation 
       FIG. 1B  is a flow chart of a method for validating a plurality of tasks of a project managed by the process of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The plurality of tasks of the project includes at least one milestone and/or at least one task having a work value assigned thereto. In one embodiment, the plurality of tasks includes one or more summary tasks. In another embodiment, the plurality of tasks includes one or more major milestones. The task validation method of  FIG. 1B  is implemented by a computing application and starts at step  120 . In one embodiment, the computing application is an add-on component to a project planning application (e.g., Microsoft® Project). In step  122 , pre-defined standards are input into the computing application. Each pre-defined standard is associated with a characteristic of one or more tasks of the project being managed. The characteristic of a task is syntactic or analytic. 
     In step  124 , a user of the computing application initiates the execution of code via the computing applications. In one embodiment, the execution of the code in step  124  includes an execution of one or more filters and/or macros. Hereinafter, the one or more filters and/or macros of step  124  are collectively referred to as software routines. Each of the one or more software routines validates tasks of a project in step  124  by identifying whether or not an error (a.k.a. defect) is associated with a syntactic or an analytic characteristic of each task. An error associated with a syntactic or analytic characteristic is identified by determining that the syntactic or analytic characteristic is in nonconformance with an associated pre-defined standard which was input in step  122 . 
     In step  126 , the error(s) identified in step  124  are presented to a user of the computing application via an interface provided by the application. In step  128 , the user interacts with the interface to correct one or more errors identified in step  124 , or the computing application displays a recommended action to correct the one or more errors and the user initiates, via the interface, an automatic correction of the one or more errors. The task validation process of  FIG. 1B  ends at step  130 . 
     Task and Baseline Validation 
       FIG. 1C  is a flow chart of a method of validating tasks and a baseline of a project managed by the process of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The process of validating tasks and a baseline of a project begins at step  140 . Step  142  validates one or more milestones of the project (see  FIGS. 3A-3B  and the related discussion below). Step  144  validates a dependency or a deliverable for each task of the project (see  FIG. 4  and the related discussion below). Step  146  validates one or more key work products of the project (see  FIG. 5  and the related discussion below). Step  148  validates tasks in a work breakdown structure of the project (see  FIG. 6  and the related discussion below). Step  150  validates predecessors and successors of one or more milestones of the project (see  FIG. 7  and the related discussion below). Step  152  validates one or more resources, a work value, labor rates and a critical path of each task of the project (see  FIGS. 8A-8B  and the related discussion below). Step  154  analyzes and resolves schedule conflicts (i.e., date conflicts) related to each task of the project (see FIGS.  9  and  12 A- 12 F and the related discussion below). Step  156  validates a baseline for each task of the project (see FIGS.  10  and  14 A- 14 B and the related discussion below). The task and baseline validation process ends at step  158 . 
     The validation or analysis in each of steps  142 - 156  includes a determination of whether a task is associated with a particular type of invalidity related to a task or baseline. For example, the validation of the baseline in step  156  includes a determination of whether a task is associated with one or more baseline errors, and this determination includes identifying the one or more baseline errors if such errors exist. Further, the novel order of steps  142 - 156  described above facilitates a process of quality assurance associated with the project. 
     Building Project Plans 
       FIG. 2  is a flow chart of a process for installing the computing application and validating data values in the method of  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The data value validation process begins at step  200 . In step  202 , a user who has downloaded or received an EVM project scheduling template executes a macro to install an EVM toolset (i.e., install the computing application). The template includes views, tables, filters and fields for which valid data values are defined by a value list. In this case, the value list comprises a set of pre-defined standards by which the template&#39;s data values are validated. The toolset installation includes migrating EVM components (e.g., data values) from the template to an existing file for project management (e.g., an existing Microsoft® Project .mpp file). The toolset includes software tools that provide, for example, an automated generation of project status reports. 
     In step  204 , a view of data from the project management file is optionally displayed. In step  206 , a software routine (e.g., a value list filter) is executed by the computing application to automatically identify whether there are one or more invalid data values that were previously entered in the template. If one or more invalid data values are identified, the invalid data value(s) are displayed in an interactive view that includes an exception report. Any exception report provided by the computing application and described herein is interactive and includes user-modifiable field values. A data value of the one or more data values is identified as being invalid because the data value is not included in the list of valid data values defined by the value list. For example, a data value included in a Give/Get field is identified as being invalid because the data value does not conform to the list of valid data values that includes “Get,” “Give,” “External Get,” and “External Give.” The exception report generated in step  206  also identifies one or more tasks associated with the one or more invalid data values. Valid data values associated with each of the identified tasks are not displayed on the exception report. 
     Inquiry step  208  determines if the exception report includes at least one record (i.e., includes at least one task and at least one associated invalid data value). If the exception report does include at least one record, the user resolves the issues associated with the invalid data in step  210  via the computing application. In one embodiment, the user corrects the displayed one or more invalid data value(s) by selecting one or more different, valid data values via the interactive view. Following step  210 , the process begins another iteration by returning to step  202 . These iterations continue until inquiry step  208  indicates that the exception report does not include at least one record, and the data value validation process ends at step  212 . 
     Validating Milestones 
       FIGS. 3A-3B  depict a flow chart of a process of validating milestones in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The milestone validation method starts at step  300  of  FIG. 3A . In step  302 , a user utilizes a template provided by the computing application to define one or more milestones by subproject. In one embodiment, each milestone definition includes one or more of the following field values: (1) an identifier of the milestone (e.g., task name), (2) a milestone type, (3) a constraint type (i.e., “finish no later than” or “must finish on”) (4) a constraint date indicating the committed date for completing the event designated by the defined milestone, (5) a resource name indicating the name of a deliverable owner, (6) a milestone flag set to “Yes,” (7) a work field set to “0” and (8) a duration field set to “0.” 
     The milestone type field value indicates, for example, major VP milestone (a.k.a. major (VP) milestone or major milestone), major dependency VP milestone (a.k.a. major dependency VP), key milestone, or standard milestone. Major VP milestones and major dependency VP milestones are items in a project designated to appear on specified reports for a Vice President (VP) (e.g., monthly Vice President&#39;s report) or for another specified person or position. 
     As used herein, the modifier “key” in key milestone, key Get, and key work product indicates items that are to appear in an executive summary report. Items not designated as “key” will not show up on the executive summary report. 
     The present invention imposes a rule to limit the constraint type for a Key, Major or Give milestone to “finish no later than” or “must finish on” to ensure that any schedule slippage results in a schedule conflict occurring within the project plan that experienced the delay. 
     In step  304 , the user selects one or more milestone types to display via one or more milestone filters. The computing application executes the one or more milestone filters in step  304  to display a list of milestones of the selected milestone type(s). In step  306 , the user verifies that the task name, milestone type, and project phase field values in the list are consistent with expectations and agreements associated with a project manager (e.g., a solution project manager). The user verifies that the list is accurate and complete. To be accurate, the list includes only milestones of the selected type or a summary line associated with a milestone of the selected type. 
     In step  308 , the computing application executes a QA filter for each milestone type to automatically search for and identify any errors in milestone flag fields. In one embodiment, the computing application in step  308  executes an Invalid Milestone flag for Key Milestone filter that identifies an invalid milestone flag for a task if a value indicating a key milestone is specified in the milestone type field for the task and the task&#39;s milestone flag field is set to No. If the milestone type field is set to indicate a Key milestone, then the milestone flag field must be set to Yes. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that a name of any filter or macro used herein is an example and that the present invention contemplates that other names can be substituted in each case. 
     Further, step  308  in the aforementioned embodiment includes the computing application executing an Invalid Milestone flag for Major VP filter that identifies an invalid milestone flag field for a task if the task is defined as a Major VP milestone in the milestone type field and the task&#39;s milestone flag field equals No. If the milestone type field is set to indicate a Major VP milestone, then the milestone flag field must be set to Yes. 
     Still further, step  308  includes an execution of an Invalid Milestone flag for Summary Task filter that identifies an invalid milestone flag for a task if the task is defined as a summary task and the task&#39;s milestone field is set to Yes. A summary task cannot be designated as a milestone. 
     Yet further, step  308  includes an execution of an Invalid Milestone flag for Work filter that checks if the following conditions are true: a task&#39;s milestone flag indicates that the task is not a milestone (e.g., the milestone flag equals No), the task&#39;s work value equals zero, the task&#39;s baseline work value equals zero, and the task&#39;s summary task flag indicates that the task is not a summary task (e.g., the summary task flag equals No). If the aforementioned conditions are true, either the task is actually a milestone and the corrective action is to change the milestone flag so that it indicates the task is a milestone (e.g., change the milestone flag to Yes), or the task is not a milestone and the corrective action is to enter a non-zero work value and baseline the task. In another embodiment, the Invalid Milestone flag for Work filter checks these additional conditions: the task has no value associated with the task&#39;s milestone type, give/get, and key work product (e.g., the task&#39;s Milestone Type field, Give/Get field, and Key Work products field are all equal to “ ”). These additional conditions and any other condition that is identified hereinafter as “additional” or “supplemental” in a separate embodiment is included to enhance the efficiency of its associated validation process and is not part of the present invention&#39;s core logic. 
     For example, if a milestone type field specifies a key milestone, but the corresponding milestone flag field equals “No”, then the milestone flag value is invalid and the corrective action is setting the milestone flag field “Yes.” As another example, if a task is defined as a Major VP milestone, but the corresponding milestone flag field equals “No”, then the milestone flag field value is invalid and the corrective action is setting the milestone flag to “Yes.” 
     If the filters executed in step  308  identify any errors, then the computing application also generates and displays an exception report in step  308 . Otherwise, the computing application indicates that no errors were identified in step  308 . If inquiry step  310  determines that the exception report generated in step  308  includes at least one record indicating at least one error identified in step  308 , then the computing application automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  312  that can resolve at least one error indicated by the exception report. The user selects an option in step  312  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the corrective action(s). Following step  312 , the process repeats starting at step  308 . 
     For example, the exception report generated by step  308  includes a record having a milestone type field value of “major (VP) milestone” and a milestone flag set to No. This record indicates an invalid milestone because any key milestone or major (VP) milestone must be associated with a milestone flag that is set to Yes. The computing application displays a selectable option to change the milestone flag setting associated with the record from No to Yes. The user selects the option and the computing application modifies the milestone flag setting to Yes. If no other record appeared on the exception report, then the subsequent execution of step  308  after step  312  indicates that no errors were identified in the subsequent execution of step  308 . 
     If inquiry step  310  determines that the exception report of step  308  does not include at least one record (i.e., no errors were identified in step  308 ), then the computing application executes, in step  314 , a QA filter for each type of milestone to automatically search for and identify any errors in work fields. Hereinafter, the filters executed in step  314  are also referred to as the Invalid Work for Milestone filter, the Invalid Work for Key Milestone filter and the Invalid Work for Major VP filter. The filters executed in step  314  each identify an invalid work value if the following two conditions are true: (1) a work value associated with a task does not equal zero and (2) the task&#39;s milestone flag indicates that the task is a milestone (e.g., the task&#39;s milestone flag is equal to Yes). 
     In a first embodiment, the aforementioned two conditions for the Invalid Work for Milestone filter are supplemented by one or more of the following additional conditions: the task&#39;s milestone type and give/get fields have no value assigned thereto, and the task&#39;s summary task field indicates that the task is not a summary task. 
     As a first example, the execution of the Invalid Work for Milestone filter identifies a task that has a milestone flag field set to “Yes”, but the corresponding work field value does not equal zero. Since milestones must be associated with work that equals zero according to predefined standards, the first example identifies an invalid work field value. 
     In a second embodiment, the aforementioned two conditions for the Invalid Work for Key Milestone filter are supplemented by an additional condition whereby the task&#39;s milestone type indicates that the task is a key milestone. 
     As a second example, the execution of the Invalid Work for Key Milestone filter identifies a task whose milestone type field indicates a key milestone and whose milestone flag field is set to “Yes”, but whose corresponding work field value does not equal zero. Since key milestones must be associated with a work field value that equals zero, the second example identifies an invalid work field value. 
     In a third embodiment, the aforementioned two conditions for the Invalid Work for Major VP filter are supplemented by an additional condition whereby the task&#39;s milestone type indicates that the task is a Major VP milestone. 
     As a third example, the execution of the Invalid Work for Major VP filter identifies a task whose milestone type field indicates a major VP milestone and whose milestone flag field is set to “Yes”, but whose corresponding work field value does not equal zero. Since major VP milestones must be associated with a work field value that equals zero, the third example identifies an invalid work field value. 
     If the execution of the filters in step  314  identifies any errors, then the computing application also generates and displays an exception report in step  314 . Otherwise, the computing application indicates that no errors were identified in step  314 . If inquiry step  316  determines that the exception report generated in step  314  includes at least one record indicating at least one error identified in step  314 , then the computing application automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  318  that can resolve at least one error indicated by the exception report. The user selects an option in step  318  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the corrective action(s). Following step  318 , the process repeats starting at step  314 . 
     Returning to the first example described above, the exception report generated includes a record having a milestone flag set to Yes and a work field set to a non-zero value and the computing application displays an option to perform a corrective action whereby the non-zero work value is changed to zero. The user selects the option and the corrective action is performed by the computing application. If no other record appeared on the exception report, then the subsequent execution of step  314  after step  318  indicates that no errors were identified in the subsequent execution of step  314 . 
     If inquiry step  316  determines that the exception report of step  314  does not include at least one record (i.e., no errors were identified in step  314 ), then the milestone validation process continues in  FIG. 3B . In step  322  of  FIG. 3B , the computing application executes a QA filter to automatically check milestone constraint types for major VP milestones. Hereinafter, the filter of step  322  is also referred to as the Invalid Constraint Type for Major VP filter. The Invalid Constraint Type for Major VP filter identifies an invalid constraint type associated with a task if the following conditions are true: the task&#39;s milestone type indicates that the task is a major VP milestone and the task&#39;s constraint type does not indicate Finish No Later Than or Must Finish On. In one embodiment, the task being an uncompleted task (e.g., a physical % complete field does not equal 100%) is another condition that must be true if the Invalid Constraint Type for Major VP filter identifies an invalid constraint type. 
     As an example, the execution of the Invalid Constraint Type for Major VP filter identifies an uncompleted task whose milestone type field defines the task as a major VP milestone, but whose corresponding constraint type field includes a value other than “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than.” Since the only valid constraint types for a milestone whose type is a major VP milestone are “Must Finish On” and “Finish No Later Than,” this example identifies an invalid constraint type. 
     If the execution of the filter in step  322  identifies any errors, then the filter also generates and displays an exception report in step  322 . Otherwise, the computing application indicates that no errors are identified in step  322 . If inquiry step  324  determines that the exception report generated in step  322  includes at least one record indicating at least one error identified in step  322 , then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  326  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report. The user selects an option in step  326  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the corrective action(s). Following step  326 , the process repeats starting at step  322 . 
     Returning to the example described above relative to step  322 , the exception report generated includes a record for a major VP milestone whose constraint type field includes “As Late As Possible,” rather than the only valid values of “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than.” The computing application displays an option to perform a corrective action, whereby the constraint type field is changed from As Late As Possible to Finish No Later Than. The user selects the displayed option and the corrective action is performed by the computing application. If no other record appeared on the exception report, then the subsequent execution of step  322  after step  326  indicates that no errors are identified by the filter of step  322 . 
     If inquiry step  324  determines that the exception report of step  322  does not include at least one record (i.e., no errors were identified in step  322 ), then the milestone validation process ends at step  328 . 
     In one embodiment, the computing application identifies and presents to the user one or more proposed corrective actions that resolve the issue(s) in steps  312 ,  318  and/or  326 , where any of the one or more proposed correction actions are automatically completed via the user&#39;s interaction with an interface view that includes the exception report associated with the issues being resolved (e.g., the user activates an onscreen button to select a proposed corrective action). 
     Validating Dependencies and Deliverables 
       FIG. 4  is a flow chart of a process of validating dependencies and deliverables in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The dependencies and deliverables validation process begins at step  400 . In step  402 , dependencies and deliverables for a subproject are defined by the user via a template provided by the computing application. In step  403 , the user enters values in the following fields associated with a dependency or a deliverable: task name, give/get, to/from, constraint type, constraint date and resource name. 
     In the case of step  403  referring to a dependency, the task name indicates a name of a work product or similar project element being received as an input from another subproject and the give/get field indicates a get (i.e., a dependency that is outside the subproject but within the e2e integrated plan) or an external get (i.e., a dependency outside the e2e integrated plan). Further, the to/from field indicates the name of the person (e.g., project lead) who is responsible for fulfilling the dependency (i.e., the person who is to provide the input). Still further, the constraint type field value must be “start no earlier than” or “must start on”, and the constraint date is the interlocked date indicating the earliest time in the schedule the subproject can expect to receive the input. Moreover, the resource name field contains the name of the person who will receive the input. 
     In the case of step  403  referring to a deliverable, the task name is a name of a work product or similar project element being delivered as an output to another subproject and the give/get field indicates a give (i.e., a deliverable outside the subproject but within the e2e integrated plan) or an external give (i.e., a deliverable outside the e2e integrated plan). Further, the to/from field indicates the name of the person (e.g., project lead) who will receive the output. Still further, the constraint type field value must be “finish no later than” or “must finish on”, and the constraint date is the interlocked date indicating the latest time in the schedule the subproject can expect to deliver the output. The resource name field for a deliverable includes the name of the individual providing the output. 
     Step  403  also links pairs of task names corresponding to a dependency/deliverable pair via the computing application for integration in the task validation process of  FIG. 1B . In step  404 , the user verifies that the task name, give/get and to/from field values are consistent with expectations and agreements. 
     In step  406 , the computing application executes a give/get filter to display all deliverables and dependencies that exist in a project plan. The user may also execute a major dependencies filter in step  406 . Step  406  is included to enhance the efficiency of the validation process of  FIG. 4 . In step  408 , an appropriate view is automatically displayed to the user (e.g., a give/get table resulting from filtering the project tasks for give/get) and the user verifies the accuracy and completeness of the data in the view. 
     In step  410 , the computing application executes filters to perform the following checks: 
     (1) for each give/get, major dependency and summary task, check for invalid milestone flag values; 
     (2) for each give/get and major dependency, check for invalid work values; 
     (3) for each major dependency, check for invalid milestone constraint types; 
     (4) for each give/get, check for invalid to/from values; and 
     (5) for each major dependency and major milestone, check for invalid give/get values. 
     The step  410  filters associated with the checks in item (1) listed above include the Invalid Milestone flag for Give/Get, Invalid Milestone flag for Major Dependency, and Invalid Milestone flag for Summary task filters. 
     The Invalid Milestone flag for Give/Get filter identifies a task&#39;s milestone flag field as being invalid if the task is defined as a Give or Get and the task&#39;s milestone flag field is set to No. If the give/get field of a task is set to a non-blank value, then the corresponding milestone flag field must be set to Yes. 
     The Invalid Milestone flag for Major Dependency filter identifies a task&#39;s milestone flag field as being invalid if the task is defined as a Major Dependency VP and the task&#39;s milestone flag field equals No. If the milestone type field is specified as Major Dependency VP, then the corresponding milestone flag field must be set to Yes. 
     The Invalid Milestone flag for Summary task filter identifies a task&#39;s milestone flag field as being invalid if the task is a summary task and the summary task&#39;s milestone flag field is set to Yes. If the task is a summary task (e.g., the task&#39;s summary flag field is set to Yes), then the milestone flag field must be set to No. 
     The step  410  filters associated with the checks in item (2) listed above include the Invalid Work for Give/Get filter and the Invalid Work for Major Dependency VP filter. 
     The Invalid Work for Give/Get filter identifies a task&#39;s work field as being invalid if the task&#39;s milestone flag field is set to Yes and the corresponding work field value does not equal zero. In one embodiment, the task being defined as a Give or a Get is an additional condition that must be true if the Invalid Work for Give/Get filter identifies an invalid work field. The Invalid Work for Major Dependency VP filter identifies a task&#39;s work field as invalid if the task&#39;s milestone flag field is set to Yes and the task&#39;s work field value does not equal zero. According to predefined standards, milestones must have their associated work fields equal to zero. In one embodiment, an the task being defined as a Major Dependency VP is an additional condition that must be true if the Invalid Work for Major Dependency VP filter identifies an invalid work field. 
     The step  410  filter associated with the check in item (3) listed above is the Invalid Constraint Type for Major Dependency VP filter. 
     The Invalid Constraint Type for Major Dependency VP filter identifies an invalid constraint type for a task if the task is defined as a Major Dependency VP and the task&#39;s constraint type is a value other than “Must Start On” or “Start No Earlier Than”. The only valid constraint types for a Major Dependency VP are “Must Start On” and “Start No Earlier Than”. In one embodiment, the task not being completed is an additional condition that must be true if the Invalid Constraint Type for Major Dependency VP filter identifies an invalid constraint type. 
     The step  410  filter associated with the check in item (4) listed above is the Invalid To/From for Give/Get filter. 
     The Invalid To/From for Give/Get filter identifies an invalid To/From value for a task if the task is defined as a Give or Get, and no value has been specified in the task&#39;s To/From field. In one embodiment, the task not being completed is an additional condition that must be true if the Invalid To/From for Give/Get filter identifies an invalid To/From value. 
     The step  410  filters associated with the checks in item (5) listed above includes Invalid Give/Get for Major Dependency VP and Invalid Give/Get for Major (VP). 
     The Invalid Give/Get for Major Dependency VP filter identifies an invalid Give/Get value for a task if the task&#39;s milestone type indicates that the task is a Major Dependency (VP) task, and the task&#39;s Give/Get field does not equal Get or External Get. The only valid values for the Give/Get field for a Major Dependency (VP) milestone are Get and External Get. In one embodiment, the task not being completed is an additional condition that must be true if the Invalid Give/Get for Major Dependency VP filter identifies an invalid Give/Get value. 
     The Invalid Give/Get for Major (VP) filter identifies an invalid Give/Get value for a task if the task&#39;s milestone type indicates that the task is a Major (VP) task, and the task&#39;s Give/Get field includes Get or External Get. A Major (VP) milestone cannot be a Get or External Get. The valid values for the Give/Get field for a Major (VP) milestone are: Give and External Give, or the field may be blank. In one embodiment, the task not being completed is an additional condition that must be true if the Invalid Give/Get for Major (VP) filter identifies an invalid Give/Get value. 
     The execution of the above-described filters associated with the checks (1)-(5) listed above facilitates a check of the syntax of data in the give/get table and produces one or more exception reports in step  410  if one or more errors are found. 
     If inquiry step  412  determines that any of the exception reports generated in step  410  includes at least one record (i.e., step  410  identifies at least one error), then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  414  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s). The user selects an option in step  414  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  414 , the process repeats starting at step  410 . 
     If inquiry step  412  determines that none of the exception reports generated in step  410  includes at least one record (i.e., no errors were identified in step  410 ), then the dependencies and deliverables validation process ends at step  416 . 
     Corrective actions that can be performed in step  414  include: 
     1. If the Invalid Milestone flag for Give/Get or the Invalid Milestone flag for Major Dependency filter identifies an invalid milestone flag, then the user selects an option to set the milestone flag to Yes. 
     2. If the Invalid Milestone flag for Summary task filter identifies an invalid milestone flag, then the user selects an option to set the milestone flag to No. 
     3. If the Invalid Work for Give/Get or the Invalid Work for Major Dependency VP filter identifies an invalid work field, then user selects an option to set the work field value to zero. 
     4. If the Invalid Constraint Type for Major Dependency VP filter identifies an invalid constraint type, then the user selects an option to set the constraint type field to “Must Start On” or “Start No Earlier Than”. 
     5. If the Invalid To/From for Give/Get filter identifies an invalid value in a To/From field for a task, then the user selects an option to enter in the To/From field the name of the person who is to provide the deliverable if the task is a Give, or the name of the person who is to provide the input to the task if the task is a Get. 
     6. If the Invalid Give/Get for Major Dependency VP identifies an invalid Give/Get value, then the user selects an option to set the Give/Get field to Get or External Get. 
     7. If the Invalid Give/Get for Major (VP) filter identifies an invalid Give/Get value, then the user selects an option to change the milestone type of the task to Major Dependency (VP) if the user determines that the Give/Get field is supposed to be Get or External Get. Alternatively, the user may select an option to set the Give/Get field to Give or External Give or set the milestone type field to a blank. 
     For example, an exception report is generated in step  410  by the Invalid To/From for Give/Get filter. The exception report includes a modifiable record having a blank To/From field for a deliverable. Since the To/From field must include the name of the person who is to provide the deliverable, this record identifies an error in the To/From field. The user corrects the error by entering the appropriate name in a modifiable To/From field in the exception report. The user re-executes the Invalid To/From for Give/Get filter. This re-execution does not generate any records on an exception report, and thereby verifies that no further problems exist relative to To/From field values for Give or Get tasks. 
     Validating Required Work Products 
       FIG. 5  is a flow chart of a process of validating required work products in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The work products validated by the process of  FIG. 5  are associated with a given project phase. The required work products validation process begins at step  500 . In step  502 , the user defines required work products by entering values in multiple fields via the computing application. These fields include, for example, task name (i.e., identifier of the required work product being defined), constraint type (e.g., “finish no later than” or “must finish on”), constraint date (i.e., interlocked date indicating the latest time in the schedule the subproject can expect to deliver the work product), required work product flag (e.g., Yes/No), required work product phase, resource name (i.e., name of person providing the output), milestone flag, (e.g., Yes/No) and work (i.e., set to “0”). In step  504 , the user verifies that the task name and work product flag field values are consistent with expectations and agreements. In step  506 , the computing application executes a work products filter that filters project tasks to generate a work product list where the work product flags are equal to Yes. Further, the user verifies that the work product list is accurate and complete in step  506 . In step  508 , a view is automatically displayed to allow the user to select filters to be executed to facilitate the required work products validation process. 
     In step  510 , the computing application executes filters to perform the following checks: 
     (1) for each work product and summary task, check for invalid milestone flag values; 
     (2) for each work product, check for invalid work field values; 
     (3) for each work product, check for invalid project phase values; 
     (4) for each project phase exit milestone, check for invalid milestone types; and 
     (5) for each major VP milestone, check for invalid key work product values. 
     The step  510  filters associated with the checks in item (1) listed above include Invalid Milestone flag for Key Work Product and Invalid Milestone flag for Summary task. 
     The Invalid Milestone flag for Key Work Product filter identifies a task&#39;s milestone flag as being invalid if the task is defined as a key work product and the task&#39;s milestone flag field equals No. If the key work product field is specified with a non-blank value, then the corresponding milestone flag field must be set to Yes. 
     The invalid values identified by the Invalid Milestone flag for Summary task filter and the associated corrective actions are described above relative to  FIG. 4 . 
     The step  510  filter associated with the check in item (2) listed above is Invalid Work for Key Work Product. The Invalid Work for Key Work Product filter identifies a task&#39;s work field value as being invalid if the task&#39;s milestone flag field is set to Yes and the task&#39;s work field does not equal zero. A work field corresponding to a milestone must be equal to zero. In one embodiment, the task being defined as a key work product (e.g., a key work product flag field is not equal to “ ”) is an additional condition that must be true if the Invalid Work for Key Work Product filter identifies an invalid work value. 
     The step  510  filter associated with the check in item (3) listed above is Invalid Project Phase for Key Work Product. The Invalid Project Phase for Key Work Product filter identifies a task&#39;s project phase value as being invalid if the task is defined as a key work product and no value has been specified in the task&#39;s project phase field. 
     The step  510  filter associated with the check in item (4) listed above is Invalid Milestone Type for Project Phase Exit. The Invalid Milestone Type for Project Phase Exit filter identifies a task&#39;s milestone type as being invalid if the task&#39;s project phase field includes a value, the task is not defined as a key work product, and the milestone type is not Major (VP). The only valid milestone type is Major (VP) if the project phase is non-blank and the task is not defined as a key work product. In one embodiment, the task not being completed is an additional condition that must be true if the Invalid Milestone Type for Project Phase Exit filter identifies an invalid milestone type. 
     The step  510  filter associated with the check in item (5) listed above is Invalid Key Work Product for Major VP. The Invalid Key Work Product for Major VP filter identifies a task&#39;s key work product field value as being invalid if the task is defined as a Major (VP) milestone but the task&#39;s key work product field includes a value (i.e., is non-blank). This combination of values is invalid because a Major (VP) milestone cannot be a key work product. In one embodiment, the task not being completed is an additional condition that must be true if the Invalid Key Work Product for Major VP filter identifies an invalid key work product value. 
     If the execution of the filters in step  510  identifies one or more errors, then the computing application also automatically generates one or more exception reports in step  510 . 
     If inquiry step  512  determines that any of the exception reports generated in step  510  includes at least one record (i.e., step  510  identifies at least one error), then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  514  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s). The user selects an option in step  514  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  514 , the process repeats starting at step  510 . 
     If inquiry step  512  determines that none of the exception reports generated in step  510  includes at least one record (i.e., no errors were identified in step  510 ), then the required work products validation process ends at step  516 . 
     Examples of corrective actions that are performed in step  514  include: 
     1. If the Invalid Milestone flag for Key Work Product filter identifies an invalid milestone flag, then the user selects an option to set the milestone flag to Yes. 
     2. If the Invalid Work for Key Work Product filter identifies an invalid work value, then the user selects and option to set the work field to zero. 
     3. If the Invalid Project Phase for Key Work Product filter identifies an invalid project phase value, then the user selects an option to enter a non-blank value in the project phase field. 
     4. If the Invalid Milestone Type for Project Phase Exit filter identifies an invalid milestone type for a task, then the user selects an option to enter Major (VP) in the task&#39;s milestone type field. Alternatively, if the task is intended to be a key work product, then the user leaves the milestone type field blank and selects an option to enter a valid value in the key work product field to define the task as a key work product. 
     5. If the Invalid Key Work Product for Major VP filter identifies an invalid key work product value, then the user selects an option to (1) set the key work product field to a blank so as not to define the task as a key work product, (2) set the milestone type field to a blank, or (3) set the milestone type field to indicate a key milestone rather than a Major (VP) milestone. 
     Validating Tasks in WBS 
       FIG. 6  is a flow chart of a process of validating tasks in a work breakdown structure (WBS) in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. A WBS is a task-oriented tree of activities that organizes, defines and graphically displays the total work to be accomplished to achieve the final objectives of a project. The process for validating tasks in a WBS starts at step  600  of  FIG. 6A . In step  602 , the user defines tasks in a WBS. A definition of a task (i.e., task detail) in a WBS reflects the specific activities that need to be performed to support meeting milestones, deliverables and/or required work products. All planned effort is contained within the task definitions of step  602 , thereby documenting the required flow of work from dependency inputs to deliverable outputs. In one embodiment, task definitions in step  602  are elaborated until they reflect a single person&#39;s effort over a one to two week period (i.e., 40 to 80 hours of effort), resulting in an objective and measurable output. In one embodiment, tasks defined in step  602  do not have constraint types and dates assigned to them as the tasks are intended to float given other project scheduling constraints (e.g. milestones, dependencies, deliverables and resource loads). 
     In one embodiment, the step  602  definition of a task includes entries for a resource name field, and earned value method setting field, and a work field. An entry in the resource name field indicates the name of the individual performing the task being defined in step  602 . The entry for the earned value method setting specifies a process of calculating a percentage of work completed for a task, where the process is selected to be consistently applied to every task of the project. An earned value method setting is, for example, “Physical % Complete” to indicate a physical percent complete process or “% Complete” to indicate a percent complete process. Physical % Complete (a.k.a. Earned Value % Complete) is defined as the percentage of originally scheduled work that is actually completed. Percent Complete is defined as (actual work/(actual work+estimated effort to complete))×100%, where actual work is the amount of work actually completed on a task and estimated effort to complete is the estimated amount of work needed to complete the task. Alternately, Percent Complete may be defined as (actual duration/(actual duration+remaining duration))×100%, where actual duration is the amount of time that has passed since the start of a task and remaining duration is the amount of time before the scheduled completion of the task. The entry for the work field is an amount of time (e.g., number of hours) of work effort that is constrained by a pre-defined range of time amounts (e.g., 40 to 80 hours of work). 
     In step  604 , a view is automatically displayed to allow the user to select filters to facilitate the validation of tasks in WBS. In step  606 , the computing application executes the Tasks with Incorrect Earned Value Method filter to verify that tasks have the correct earned value method setting. 
     The Tasks with Incorrect Earned Value Method filter identifies an invalid earned value method setting for a task if the task&#39;s earned value method field value is set to a value that does not equal an expected value. The expected value is the aforementioned earned value method setting that was previously selected to be applied to all tasks of a project. An example of the expected value includes “Physical % Complete” or “% Complete.” 
     If the Tasks with Incorrect Earned Value Method filter identifies any incorrect earned value method settings, then the computing application also generates and displays an exception report in step  606  that include the identified errors. 
     If inquiry step  608  determines that the exception report generated in step  606  includes at least one record (i.e., at least one error is identified in step  606 ), then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  610  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report. The user selects an option in step  610  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  610 , the process repeats starting at step  606 . 
     For example, the user selects an option to apply a correction that enters “Physical % Complete” in the earned value method field. In one embodiment, the Tasks with Incorrect Earned Value Method filter identifies multiple tasks whose earned value method settings are incorrect, and a user can select a single option (e.g., Apply to All) that applies the same correction to the multiple tasks. 
     If inquiry step  608  determines that the exception reports generated in step  606  include no records (i.e., no errors were identified in step  606 ), then the WBS task validation process ends at step  612 . 
     Validating Predecessors and Successors 
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart of a process of validating milestone predecessor tasks and successor tasks in a work breakdown structure in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The predecessor/successor validation process begins at step  700 . In step  702 , the user defines predecessor and/or successor relationships for tasks and milestones of the project being managed. The definitions of the predecessor and successor relationships create links between tasks, between milestones, and between tasks and milestones throughout the entire project plan to provide a contiguous flow of work activities. A definition of a predecessor of a given task includes an identifier for the task or tasks whose completion immediately precedes the start of the given task. A definition of a successor of a given task includes an identifier of the task or tasks whose start immediately follows completion of the given task. 
     In step  704 , a view is automatically displayed by the computing application. The view allows the user to initiate the execution of filters that validate the milestone predecessor/successor linkages. In step  704 , the computing application also executes filters to perform the following check: for each milestone type, Give/Get and/or work product, check for a missing predecessor and/or successor. 
     The step  704  filters associated with the checks in item (1) listed above are presented below: 
     (a) Major VP missing predecessor 
     (b) Major VP missing successor 
     (c) Key milestone missing predecessor 
     (d) Key milestone missing successor 
     (e) Give missing external successor 
     (f) Give missing predecessor 
     (g) Get missing external predecessor 
     (h) Get missing successor 
     (i) Key work product missing predecessor 
     (j) Key work product missing successor 
     The Major VP missing predecessor filter identifies a missing predecessor for a Major VP milestone task within a project plan if the task is defined as a Major VP milestone and no predecessor link from another task within the project plan is specified. A Major (VP) milestone must have a predecessor task linked to it. 
     The Major VP missing successor filter identifies a missing successor for a Major VP milestone task within a project plan if the task is defined as a Major (VP) milestone and no successor link to another task within the project plan is specified. A Major (VP) milestone must have a successor task linked to it. 
     The Key milestone missing predecessor filter identifies a missing predecessor for a key milestone task within a project plan if the task is defined as a key milestone and no predecessor link from another task within the project plan is specified. A key milestone requires that a predecessor task be linked to it. 
     The Key milestone missing successor filter identifies a missing successor for a key milestone task within a project plan if the task is defined as a key milestone and no successor link to another task within the project plan is specified. A key milestone requires that a successor task be linked to it. 
     The Give missing external successor filter identifies a missing external successor for a Give task within a project plan if the task is defined as a Give task and no successor link to a task within another project plan is specified. A Give task requires that a successor task be linked to it. 
     The Give missing predecessor filter identifies a missing predecessor for a Give task within a project plan if the task is defined as a Give task and no predecessor link from another task within the project plan is specified. A Give task requires that a predecessor task be linked to it. 
     The Get missing external predecessor filter identifies a missing external predecessor for a Get task within a project plan if the task is defined as a Get task and no predecessor link to a task within another project plan is specified. A Get task requires that a predecessor task be linked to it. 
     The Get missing successor filter identifies a missing successor for a Get task within a project plan if the task is defined as a Get task and no successor link from another task within the project plan is specified. A Get task requires that a successor task be linked to it. 
     The Key work product missing predecessor filter identifies a missing predecessor for a key work product task within a project plan if the task is defined as a key work product and no predecessor link from another task within the project plan is specified. A key work product requires that a predecessor task be linked to it. 
     The Key work product missing successor filter identifies a missing successor for a key work product task within a project plan if the task is defined as a key work product and no successor link to another task within the project plan or within another project plan is specified. A key work product requires that a successor task be linked to it. 
     In one embodiment, the task being not completed is an additional condition that supplements one or more of the step  704  filters. That is, in order to identify their respective invalidity issues described above, one or more of the step  704  filters also determine that the task is an incomplete task. 
     If the execution of the filters in step  704  identifies one or more errors, then the computing application also automatically generates one or more exception reports in step  704 . 
     If inquiry step  706  determines that any of the exception reports generated in step  704  includes at least one record (i.e., at least one error is identified in step  704 ), then the user identifies and implements one or more corrective actions in step  708  to resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s) generated in step  704 . 
     If inquiry step  706  determines that no errors are identified in exception reports of step  704 , then the predecessor/successor validation process ends at step  710 . 
     Examples of corrective actions performed by the user in step  708  via interactive fields in an exception report generated in step  704  include: 
     (1) If the Major VP missing predecessor filter identifies a missing predecessor for a Major (VP) milestone, the user reviews the task detail and identifies the task whose completion indicates that the Major (VP) milestone is reached. The user selects an option to set the predecessor of the Major (VP) milestone to the identified task. 
     (2) If the Major VP missing successor filter identifies a missing successor, the user reviews the task detail and identifies the task or set of tasks that begins in response to the Major (VP) milestone being reached. The user selects an option to set the successor of the Major (VP) milestone to the identified task or set of tasks. 
     (3) If the Key milestone missing predecessor filter identifies a missing predecessor for a key milestone, the user reviews the task detail and identifies the task whose completion indicates that the key milestone is reached. The user selects an option to set the predecessor of the key milestone to the identified task. 
     (4) If the Key milestone missing successor filter identifies a missing successor for a key milestone, the user reviews the task detail and identifies the task or set of tasks that begins in response to the key milestone being reached. The user selects an option to set the successor of the key milestone to the identified task. 
     (5) If the Give missing external successor filter identifies a missing external successor, the user identifies the project plan receiving the deliverable from the Give. The user selects an option to set the external successor to the identified project plan. 
     (6) If the Give missing predecessor filter identifies a missing predecessor for a Give, the user reviews the task detail and identifies the task whose completion indicates that the Give can be delivered. The user selects an option to set the predecessor of the Give to the identified task. 
     (7) If the Get missing external predecessor filter identifies a missing external predecessor for a Get, then the user identifies the project plan providing the deliverable. The user selects an option to set the external predecessor of the Get to the identified project plan. 
     (8) If the Get missing successor filter identifies a missing successor for a Get task, then the user reviews the task detail and identifies the task(s) receiving the Get. The user selects an option to set the successor of the Get to the identified task(s). 
     (9) If the Key work product missing predecessor filter identifies a missing predecessor for a key work product, then the user reviews the task detail and identifies the task whose completion indicates that the key work product can be delivered. The user selects an option to set the predecessor of the key work product to the identified task. 
     (10) If the Key work product missing successor filter identifies a missing successor for a key work product, then the user identifies the project plan receiving the key work product and/or the subsequent task to be executed. The user selects an option to set the successor of the key work product to the identified project plan or subsequent task. 
     Validating Resources, Work and Labor Rates 
       FIGS. 8A-8B  depict a flow chart of a process of validating resources, work, labor rates and a critical path in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As used herein, a labor rate is associated with personnel required to perform one or more tasks of a project. The validation of resources, work and labor rates starts at step  800 . If inquiry step  801  determines that the project being managed is implementing hours based earned value reporting, then the user defines, in step  802 , a labor rate for each resource as one monetary unit per unit of time (e.g., $1/hour). In one implementation, the $1/hour rate is a default rate for all resources. Accepting the default rate advantageously provides for reporting of the schedule performance index and the cost performance index. The schedule performance index is based only on the ratio of budgeted hours of work performed divided by hours scheduled and the cost performance index is the ratio of budgeted hours of work performed to actual hours worked. Hereinafter, for simplicity, $1/hour is used to refer to the labor rate defined or capable of being defined in step  802 , but it will be understood that any value of one monetary unit per unit of time can be substituted for $1/hour. 
     If inquiry step  801  determines that hours based earned value reporting is not implemented, then the user defines in step  803  an actual labor rate for each resource consistent with dollars based earned value reporting. In one embodiment, the user enters, via an interface provided by the computing application, a minimum allowable standard labor rate and a minimum allowable overtime labor rate in step  803 . Step  804  follows both step  802  and step  803 . 
     In step  804 , a view is automatically displayed by the computing application. The view allows the user to initiate execution of filters that verify assignment of resources and validate work values. In step  804 , the computing application executes the appropriate filters to perform the following checks: 
     (1) check for tasks for which no resources are assigned; 
     (2) check for summary tasks for which a resource is assigned; 
     (3) check for tasks with work values greater than a user-specified maximum; and 
     (4) check for tasks with work in an end-to-end integrated plan. 
     The step  804  filters associated with the checks in items (1)-(4) listed above are: the Task with No Resources Assigned filter, the Resources Assigned to Summary Tasks filter, the Tasks with Work Greater Than [user value] Days filter, and Tasks with Work in E2E Integrated Plan filter, respectively. 
     The Task with No Resources Assigned filter identifies an invalid task if the task is not defined as a milestone or a summary task and the field that specifies resource names assigned to the task includes no value (i.e., is blank). 
     The Resources Assigned to Summary Tasks filter identifies an invalid summary task if a task is defined as a Summary task and a non-blank value is in the field that specifies resource names for the summary task. Summary tasks with resources assigned to them are invalid. 
     The Tasks with Work Greater Than [user value] Days filter identifies an invalid task if the task&#39;s work field value is greater than a user-specified amount of time (e.g., 10 days) and a summary task flag associated with the task indicates that the task is not a summary task. In one embodiment, the Tasks with Work Greater Than [user value] Days filter identifies an invalid task if its aforementioned conditions are true and the following additional condition is also true: the task is not completed. 
     The Tasks with Work in E2E Integrated Plan filter identifies an invalid task if the task&#39;s work field value is non-zero and the task is defined in an e2e integrated plan. In one embodiment, the Tasks with Work in E2E Integrated Plan filter identifies an invalid task if the its aforementioned conditions are true and one or more of the following additional conditions are true: the task is not completed and the task is not a milestone or a summary task. 
     If the execution of the filters in step  804  identifies one or more errors, then the computing application also automatically generates and displays one or more exception reports in step  804 . 
     If inquiry step  806  determines that the exception reports generated in step  804  include at least one record (i.e., at least one error is identified in step  804 ), then the computing application automatically determines and displays one or more corrective actions in step  808  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s). The user selects an option in step  808  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  808 , the process repeats starting at step  804 . 
     Examples of corrective actions performed in step  808  include: 
     (1) If the Task with No Resources Assigned filter identifies an invalid task, then the user selects an option to enter the appropriate resource name in the resource name field. 
     (2) If the Resources Assigned to Summary Tasks filter identifies an invalid summary task, then the user selects an option to delete the resource names in the resource name field associated with the summary task, leaving the resource name field blank. 
     (3) If the Tasks with Work Greater Than [user value] Days filter identifies an invalid task, the task is broken down into tasks that each reflect a single person&#39;s effort over a one to two week period (40 to 80 hours effort) that results in an objective and measurable output. 
     (4) If the Tasks with Work in E2E Integrated Plan filter identifies an invalid task, then the user removes the task from the e2e integrated plan and places the task in a separate subproject. Alternatively, the user selects an option to reduce the work value associated with the task to zero. 
     If inquiry step  806  determines that no errors are identified in exception reports of step  804 , then the validation process continues in  FIG. 8B . 
     In step  812  of  FIG. 8B , the computing application executes filters to perform checks (1), (3) and (5) listed below if step  804  follows step  802  or checks (2), (4) and (5) listed below if step  804  follows step  801 : 
     (1) check if the standard labor rate does not equal $1/hour; 
     (2) check if the standard labor rate is less than a user-specified rate; 
     (3) check if the overtime labor rate does not equal $1/hour; 
     (4) check if the overtime labor rate is less than a user-specified rate; and 
     (5) check if the cost per use does not equal $0. 
     As used herein, cost per use refers to resources that charge a flat fee (i.e., no hourly labor rate is applied when cost per use is utilized). The step  812  filters associated with the checks in items (1)-(5) listed above are: 
     (a) Standard Rate does not equal $1/hour filter; 
     (b) Standard Rate is less than [user_value]/hour; 
     (c) Overtime Rate does not equal $1/hour; 
     (d) Overtime Rate is less than [user_value]/hour; and 
     (e) Cost Per Use does not equal $0/hour, respectively. 
     The Standard Rate does not equal $1/hour filter identifies a resource whose standard rate is set to a value other than $1/hour. $1/hour is the expected standard rate when Hours Based Earned Value reporting is being utilized. 
     The Standard Rate is less than [user_value]/hour filter identifies a resource whose standard rate is less than the standard labor rate specified by the user in step  803  (e.g., the minimum allowable standard labor rate specified in step  803 ). Dollars Based Earned Value reporting requires that an actual billing rate be entered as the standard rate. 
     The Overtime Rate does not equal $1/hour filter identifies a resource whose overtime rate is set to a value other than $1/hour. $1/hour is the expected overtime rate when Hours Based Earned Value reporting is being utilized. 
     The Overtime Rate is less than [user_value]/hour filter identifies a resource whose overtime rate is less than the overtime labor rate the user specified in step  803  (e.g., the minimum allowable overtime labor rate specified in step  803 ). Dollars Based Earned Value reporting requires that an actual billing rate be entered as the overtime rate. 
     The Cost Per Use does not equal $0/hour filter identifies a Cost Per Use field value that is not equal to zero. Zero is the only valid value for the Cost Per Use field. 
     If the execution of the filters in step  812  identifies one or more errors, then the computing application automatically generates and displays one or more exception reports in step  812 . 
     If inquiry step  814  determines that the exception reports generated in step  812  include at least one record (i.e., at least one error is identified in step  812 ), then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  816  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s). The user selects an option in step  816  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  816 , the process repeats starting at step  812 . 
     Examples of corrective actions performed in step  816  are presented below in items 1-3: 
     1. If the Standard Rate does not equal $1/hour filter identifies an invalid standard rate, the user confirms that Hours Based Earned Value reporting is in place and selects an option to set the standard rate field to $1.00. 
     2. If the Overtime Rate does not equal $1/hour filter identifies an invalid overtime rate, the user confirms that Hours Based Earned Value reporting is in place and selects an option to set the overtime rate field to $1.00. 
     3. If the Cost Per Use does not equal $0/hour filter identifies an invalid Cost Per Use value, the user selects an option to set a Cost Per Use field to $0.00. 
     If inquiry step  814  determines that no errors are identified in exception reports of step  812 , then the validation process continues with step  818 , which is described below. 
     In step  818 , the computing application executes a filter to perform a check relative to the total slack. The filter executed in step  818  is the Total slack exceeds limit filter, which identifies that a task&#39;s total slack exceeds a user-specified limit if the task&#39;s total slack field value is greater than the user-specified limit (e.g., greater than 80 hours or 10 days). Excessive slack is a leading cause of failures in project execution and also results in a poorly defined critical path. In one embodiment, the task being incomplete is an additional condition that must be true if the Total slack exceeds limit filter identifies slack exceeding the user-specified limit. 
     If the execution of the filters in step  818  identifies one or more errors, then the computing application automatically generates and displays one or more exception reports in step  818 . 
     If inquiry step  820  determines that the exception reports generated in step  818  include at least one record (i.e., at least one error is identified in step  818 ), then the user identifies and implements one or more corrective actions in step  822  to resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception reports generated in step  818 . Following step  822 , the process repeats starting at step  818 . 
     If inquiry step  820  determines that no errors are identified in exception reports of step  818 , then the validation process ends at step  824 . 
     Examples of corrective actions performed in step  822  are provided below: 
     If the Total slack exceeds limit filter identifies a total slack that exceeds the user-specified limit, then the user reviews the slack and adds or modifies predecessor and/or successor links to reduce the total slack. Removing all slack is not the user&#39;s goal; instead, the user reviews the total slack to confirm that the slack is reasonable and acceptable. It should be noted that a corrective action is also taken by the user if the slack is a negative number. A negative slack value indicates an attempt to complete actions before those actions can be done. 
     For example, the Total slack exceeds limit filter is executed in step  818 . In response to a prompt, the user inputs 8 days as the maximum slack value. An exception report is generated that includes a milestone task  7  and a non-milestone task  12  that is missing a value in its predecessor field. The user identifies task  7  as the predecessor of task  12  and links task  7  and task  12  together so that task  7 &#39;s successor field indicates task  12  and task  12 &#39;s predecessor field indicates task  7 . This linking is initiated by the user in step  822  via the exception report (e.g., highlighting task  7  and task  12  and activating a link button on the exception report). 
     In this example, the Total slack exceeds limit filter is re-executed in step  818  to generate another exception report that still includes task  7  and task  12 . Task  7  is not on this exception report due to a predecessor or successor linking problem because a separate filter already identified such linking problems related to milestones. Thus, the user recognizes that task  7  and task  12  are on this report because of their slack being greater than 8 days. The user reviews the constraint type of task  13 , which is the successor to task  12 , and finds that task  13  is a non-milestone task that has a constraint type of “start no earlier than.” The user changes the constraint type for task  13  to “as soon as possible” in step  822 . The Total slack exceeds limit filter is re-executed and no further errors are indicated by an exception report. 
     If the constraint type of task  13  in the above example had already been “as soon as possible,” the user checks for slack by reviewing the start date of task  13  to determine if an unnecessary start date had been applied to the task. Alternatively, if task  13  had been a milestone with a valid constraint type, then the user could not change the constraint type to “as soon as possible.” In that case, the user checks if task  12  is to be assigned a different successor task that needs to be completed prior to the milestone task  13 . 
     Integrating Project Plans 
       FIG. 9  is a flow chart of a process of validating links between project plans in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The link validation process of  FIG. 9  starts at step  900 . In step  902 , the user links individual subproject plans via predecessor and successor assignments. The linking in step  902  defines a seamless e2e integrated plan for the entire project. 
     In step  904 , a view is automatically displayed to allow the user to initiate execution of filters and/or macros that facilitate the validation of links between project plans. In step  904 , the computing application executes filters and/or macros to perform the following checks: 
     (1) for each Get task, check for a missing external predecessor; 
     (2) for each Give task, check for a missing external successor; and 
     (3) check for schedule conflicts. 
     The step  904  filters associated with the checks in items (1) and (2) listed above are the Get missing external predecessor filter and the Give missing external successor filter, respectively. Both of these filters, along with their associated exception reports and corrective actions are described above relative to  FIG. 7 . The check for a schedule conflict in step  904  is described below relative to the flow chart depicted in  FIGS. 12B-12C . Corrective actions for schedule conflicts are described below relative to  FIG. 12E . 
     If the execution of the filters and/or macros in step  904  identifies one or more errors or schedule conflicts, then the computing application automatically generates and displays one or more exception reports in step  904 . 
     If inquiry step  906  determines that any exception report generated in step  904  includes at least one record (i.e., at least one error or schedule conflict is identified in step  904 ), then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  908  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s). The user selects an option in step  908  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  908 , the process repeats starting at step  904 . 
     If inquiry step  906  determines that no exception report records are generated in step  904  (i.e., no errors or conflicts are identified in step  904 ), then the process ends at step  914 . 
     Baselining Project Plans 
       FIG. 10  is a flow chart of a process of validating a project baseline in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The project baseline validation process starts at step  1000 . In step  1002 , the user baselines individual subproject plans and the e2e integrated plan. Due to change requests, project replanning and/or task detailing, the user rebaselines selected tasks in a selected project plan in step  1004 . 
     In step  1006 , a view is automatically displayed to allow the user to initiate execution of filters that facilitate the validation of a project baseline. In step  1006 , the computing application executes filters to perform the following checks: 
     (1) check for tasks or milestones that are not baselined; 
     (2) check for resources assigned to summary tasks; 
     (3) check for tasks with no resources assigned; 
     (4) check for tasks with an incorrect value in the earned value method field; 
     (5) check for manual adjustments to baseline start and/or baseline finish date(s); 
     (6) check for manual adjustments to baseline cost; and 
     (7) check for completed tasks with an insufficient Earned Value (BCWP). 
     Although not shown in  FIG. 10 , a step of setting a status date associated with the project equal to a specified date is performed as a prerequisite to performing the aforementioned checks for tasks or milestones that are not baselined, manual adjustments to baseline cost, and completed tasks with an insufficient Earned Value. The specified date is described below relative to  FIG. 14A . 
     The step  1006  filter associated with the check in item (1) listed above is the Tasks or Milestones not Baselined filter. 
     The Tasks or Milestones not Baselined filter identifies a task or milestone that was not baselined if one of the following sets of conditions applies to the task or milestone: 
     (a) the Baseline Start value is a default value associated with a new task (e.g., “NA”), 
     (b) the Baseline Finish value is a default value associated with a new task (e.g., “NA”), 
     (c) the task&#39;s Baseline Cost value determined by a baseline rollup is zero and milestone and summary task flag values associated with the task indicate that the task is neither a milestone nor a summary task, 
     (d) the task&#39;s Baseline Cost value determined by a baseline rollup is zero and a Work value associated with the task is greater than zero, 
     (e) the task&#39;s Baseline Work value equals zero and the milestone and summary task flag values indicate that the task is neither a milestone nor a summary task, 
     (f) the task&#39;s values for Baseline Work and Work equal zero, or 
     (g) the task&#39;s Baseline Cost value determined by a baseline rollup is greater than zero and the task&#39;s BCWS value equals zero. 
     If the conditions listed above in item (a) are applicable, then either (i) the task was never baselined or (ii) the task was baselined previously but the Baseline Start date was removed (e.g., removed manually or by using clear baseline). 
     If the conditions listed above in item (b) are applicable, then either (i) the task was never baselined, or (ii) the task was previously baselined but the Baseline Finish date was removed (e.g., removed manually or by using clear baseline). 
     If the conditions listed above in item (c) are applicable, then the task has Baseline Start and Baseline Finish dates but no Baseline Cost (i.e., the value in the Baseline Cost field is zero). These circumstances indicate an error condition because a task that has been baselined must have a Baseline Cost. For the conditions in (c) to be applicable, one of the following actions occurred: (i) the Baseline Start and Baseline Finish dates were manually entered, (ii) the task was initially baselined but afterwards the Baseline Cost was manually set to zero, or (iii) the task is actually a milestone, but the milestone flag field value was incorrectly entered to indicate that the task is not a milestone. 
     If the conditions listed above in item (d) are applicable, then the task has Baseline Start and Baseline Finish dates, but does not have a Baseline Cost (i.e., the value in the Baseline Cost field is zero). Again, an error condition is indicated in this case because a baselined task must have a Baseline Cost. For the conditions in (d) to be applicable to the task, one of the following actions occurred: (i) the Baseline Start and Baseline Finish dates were manually entered, (ii) the task was baselined initially but afterwards the Baseline Cost was manually set to zero, or (iii) the task was baselined initially when the task&#39;s Work value was zero, and after the task was baselined, the Work value was set to a value greater than zero. 
     If the conditions listed above in item (e) are applicable, then the task has a Baseline Start date, a Baseline Finish date and a Baseline Cost, but no Baseline Work (i.e., the value of the Baseline Work field is zero). These circumstances indicate an error condition because a task must have a non-zero Baseline Work value if the task has been baselined. For the conditions in (e) to be applicable to the task, one of the following actions occurred: (i) the Baseline Start and Baseline Finish dates were manually entered, or (ii) the task was initially baselined, but afterwards the task&#39;s Baseline Work value was manually set to zero. 
     If the conditions listed above in item (f) are applicable, then the task has Baseline Start and Baseline Finish dates and a Baseline Cost, but no Baseline Work (i.e., the value in the task&#39;s Baseline Work field is zero). Again, an error condition is indicated in this case because a baselined task must have a non-zero Baseline Work value. For the conditions in (f) to be applicable to the task, one of the following actions occurred: (i) the Baseline Start date, Baseline Finish date and Baseline Cost were manually entered, (ii) the task was baselined initially as a milestone, but afterwards was changed to a task, the task&#39;s Baseline Cost was entered manually, and the task&#39;s Work field was updated, but the task was never re-baselined, or (iii) the task was baselined initially when the value in the task&#39;s Work field was zero, and after the task was baselined, the Work field was set to a value greater than zero. 
     If the conditions listed above in item (g) are applicable, then the Baseline Cost was manually entered. In this case, no BCWS exists for the task. BCWS is populated only when an actual baseline of a task occurs. 
     In one embodiment, one or more of the above-listed sets of conditions (a) through (g) for the Tasks or Milestones not Baselined filter are supplemented with an additional condition: the task or milestone is not an external task. For example, a task is determined to be not an external task if an external task flag associated with the task is equal to “No” or another value that indicates that the task is not an external task. 
     In one embodiment, the execution of the Tasks or Milestones not Baselined filter in step  1006  performs checks for the conditions listed above in the sequence (a) through (g). 
     In one embodiment, one or more of the condition sets (d), (f) and (g) listed above for the Tasks or Milestones not Baselined filter include the following additional condition: a summary task flag value associated with the task indicates that the task is not a summary task. 
     The step  1006  filter associated with the check in item (2) listed above is the Resources Assigned to Summary Tasks filter. The functionality of the Resources Assigned to Summary Tasks filter, along with its associated exception report and corrective actions are described above relative to  FIG. 8B . 
     The step  1006  filter associated with the check in item (3) above is the Tasks with No Resources Assigned filter. The functionality of the Tasks with No Resources Assigned filter, along with its associated exception report and corrective actions are described above relative to  FIG. 8B . 
     The step  1006  filter associated with the check in item (4) listed above is the Tasks with Incorrect Earned Value Method filter. The functionality of the Tasks with Incorrect Earned Value Method filter is described above relative to  FIG. 6 . 
     The step  1006  filters associated with the checks in item (5) above are the Baseline Start Mismatches filter and the Baseline Finish Mismatches filter. The Baseline Start Mismatches filter identifies a baseline start date mismatch if the value in the baseline start date field has been updated manually. The Baseline Finish Mismatches filter identifies a baseline finish date mismatch if the value in the baseline finish date field has been updated manually. 
     The step  1006  filters associated with the check in item (6) above are (a) the BCWS−BAC&lt;0 filter which identifies invalid manual increases of the baseline cost based on the value of BCWS−BAC being less than zero and (b) the BCWS−BAC&gt;0 filter, which identifies invalid manual reductions of the baseline cost based on the value BCWS−BAC being greater than zero. 
     The step  1006  filter associated with the check in item (7) listed above is the Completed Tasks with insufficient EV filter, which, in one embodiment, identifies an insufficient Earned Value (i.e., BCWP) if BCWP is not equal to BAC for a completed task. In another embodiment, an insufficient Earned Value is identified if BCWP is not equal to BAC for a completed task and an additional condition is true: a summary task flag field indicates that the task is not a summary task. This error condition occurs, for example, as a result of marking tasks as complete within an e2e integrated plan managed by Microsoft® Project when the status dates within the subproject and the e2e integrated plan do not match. In one embodiment, the user corrects the error identified in step  1006  by setting the Physical % Complete field to 0%, and then setting the same field back to 100% and performing a Calculate Project function native to Microsoft® Project. 
     If the execution of the filters in step  1006  identifies one or more errors, then the computing application automatically generates and displays one or more exception reports in step  1006 . 
     If inquiry step  1008  determines that any of the exception reports generated in step  1006  include at least one record (i.e., at least one error is identified in step  1006 ), then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  1010  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s). The user selects an option in step  1010  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  1010 , the process repeats starting at step  1006 . 
     If inquiry step  1008  determines that no exception report records are generated in step  1006  (i.e., no errors are identified in step  1006 ), then in step  1012 , the user visually inspects the top level baseline cost and verifies that its value is consistent with what has been authorized via contractual agreements. The user resolves any discrepancies by making appropriate changes to the project plan and/or the contracts. The project baseline validation process ends at step  1014 . 
     Examples of corrective actions that are performed in step  1010  include: 
     1. If the Tasks or Milestones not Baselined filter identifies a new task or milestone that should be baselined, then the user selects a “New Value” option to baseline the single task or milestone. The Start and Finish dates for the task or milestone become the Baseline Start and Baseline Finish. The computing application utilizes a native function of the project management software (e.g., Microsoft® Project) to baseline the entire plan. The computing application utilizes a native function (e.g., “Task and Milestone Baseline”) to baseline the individual task or milestone. 
     2. If the Baseline Start Mismatches filter identifies a mismatch, then the user, via the computing application, restores the original Baseline Start date. If the original Baseline Start date is less than the project start date, the user selects an option to set the Baseline Start to the project start date. The computing application moves the original Baseline Start date to the Baseline Start field. 
     3. If the Baseline Finish Mismatches filter identifies a mismatch, then the user, via the computing application, restores the original Baseline Finish date. If the original Baseline Finish date is less than the project finish date, the user selects an option to set the Baseline Finish to the project finish date. The computing application moves the original Baseline Finish date to the Baseline Finish field. 
     Updating Project Plans 
       FIG. 11  is a flow chart of a process of validating a project plan update in the method of  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The project plan update validation process starts at step  1100 . In step  1102 , the user updates a project plan with the percentage of originally scheduled work that is actually completed (a.k.a. percentage of work completed), actual hours of work expended against a given task to date, and an estimate of the cumulative work needed to complete the task, independent of the work originally planned. For task percent complete updates, the computing application assesses the expected percentage completed for a given task vs. the actual percentage completed for the given task in step  1104  and identifies errors relative to the expected and actual percent complete. The identified errors in step  1104  are corrected by the user utilizing the computing application. 
     In step  1106 , a view is automatically displayed by the computing application. The view allows the user to initiate the execution of filters to verify that baselining was performed correctly for newly created tasks and verify the quality of the project plan. The filters are executed via an execution of a QA super macro with all QA operations selected, which is described below relative to  FIGS. 13A-13F . If the execution of the super macro identifies any errors, then the computing application automatically generates and displays one or more exception reports in step  1106 . An error identified by the super macro is identified via a filter or macro that is included in one of the selected QA operations and described above relative to  FIGS. 3A-10  or below relative to  FIGS. 12A-12F  and  FIGS. 14A-14B . 
     If inquiry step  1108  determines that any of the exception reports generated in step  1106  includes at least one record (i.e., at least one error is identified in step  1106 ), then one or more corrective actions are identified and performed in step  1110  to resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s) generated in step  1106 . The manner in which a corrective action of step  1110  is identified and performed depends on the specific error being corrected. For example, if the error being corrected is identified by a filter described above relative to one of  FIGS. 3A-6 , the missing predecessor/successor checks of step  704  (see  FIG. 7 ), step  804  (see  FIG. 8A ), step  812  (see  FIG. 8B ), and  FIGS. 9-10 , or described below relative to  FIG. 14A  or  FIG. 14B , then the computing application automatically displays the corrective action in step  1110  that can resolve the error, and the user selects an option in step  1110  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply the displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action. As another example, if the error being corrected is identified by a filter or macro described above relative to the tasks not linked check or the total slack greater than a maximum check of step  704  (see  FIG. 7 ), or described below relative to one of  FIGS. 12B-12D , then the user identifies and implements the corrective action. Following step  1110 , the process repeats starting at step  1106 . 
     If inquiry step  1108  determines that no exception report records are generated in step  1106  (i.e., no errors are identified in step  1106 ), then the process ends at step  1112 . 
     Schedule Conflicts 
       FIG. 12A  is a flow chart of a process of prerequisite tests used in analyzing schedule conflicts in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The process of prerequisite schedule conflict tests start at step  1200 . In step  1202 , a view is automatically displayed by the computing application to allow the user to initiate an execution of filters to facilitate the prerequisite tests. 
     In step  1204 , the computing application executes the filters listed below. 
     (1) Invalid Milestone flag for Key Milestone 
     (2) Invalid Milestone flag for Major VP 
     (3) Invalid Milestone flag for Give/Get 
     (4) Invalid Milestone flag for Major Dependency 
     (5) Invalid Milestone flag for Key Work Product 
     (6) Invalid Milestone flag for Summary task 
     (7) Invalid Work for Milestone 
     (8) Invalid Work for Key Milestone 
     (9) Invalid Work for Major VP 
     (10) Invalid Work for Give/Get 
     (11) Invalid Work for Major Dependency VP 
     (12) Invalid Work for Key Work Product 
     (13) Invalid Constraint Type for Major VP 
     (14) Invalid Constraint Type for Major Dependency VP 
     (15) Major VP missing predecessor 
     (16) Major VP missing successor 
     (17) Key milestone missing predecessor 
     (18) Key milestone missing successor 
     (19) Give missing external successor 
     (20) Give missing predecessor 
     (21) Get missing external predecessor 
     (22) Get missing successor 
     (23) Key work product missing predecessor 
     (24) Key work product missing successor 
     (25) Completed Milestones Missing Actual Dates 
     (26) Invalid Milestone flag for Work 
     The functionality, exception reports and corrective actions associated with the step  1204  filters listed above as items (1), (2), (6)-(9), (13) and (26) are described above relative to  FIGS. 3A-3B . Similar types of descriptions for the filters denoted by items (3), (4), (10), (11) and (14) listed above are presented above relative to  FIG. 4 . Further, filters denoted by items (5) and (12) are described above relative to  FIG. 5 . Still further, filters denoted by items (15)-(24) are described above relative to  FIG. 7 . 
     The Completed Milestones Missing Actual Dates filter identifies missing data relative to an actual finish date of a milestone if there is an indication that the milestone is a completed milestone (e.g., the milestone&#39;s Physical % Complete value is 100%) and no actual finish date has been entered in the field corresponding to the actual finish date, or if there is an indication that the milestone is not completed and an actual finish date has been entered in the milestone&#39;s actual finish date field. In one embodiment, one of the following additional conditions supplements the aforementioned conditions of the Completed Milestones Missing Actual Dates filter: the milestone is associated with a valid milestone type, a valid Give or Get, or a valid key work product. That is, the milestone&#39;s milestone type field, give/get field, or key work products field includes a value (e.g., is not equal to “ ”). 
     If the execution of the filters in step  1204  identifies one or more errors, then the computing application automatically generates and displays one or more exception reports in step  1204 . 
     In inquiry step  1206  determines that any of the exception reports generated in step  1204  includes at least one record (i.e., step  1204  identifies at least one error), then one or more corrective actions are identified and performed in step  1208  to resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s) generated in step  1204 . The manner in which a corrective action of step  1208  is identified and performed depends on the specific error being corrected. For example, if the error being corrected is identified by a filter denoted by one of the aforementioned items (1)-(14), then the computing application automatically displays the corrective action in step  1208  that can resolve the error, and the user selects an option in step  1208  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply the displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action. Following step  1208 , the process repeats starting at step  1202 . 
     If inquiry step  1206  determines that no exception report records are generated in step  1204 , then the prerequisite test process ends at step  1210 . 
     As one example of a corrective action performed in step  1208 , consider the Completed Milestones Missing Actual Dates filter identifying a missing actual date for a milestone, thereby generating an exception report. The user corrects the error by utilizing an interactive field on the exception report to enter an actual finish date for the milestone. 
       FIGS. 12B-12C  depict a flow chart of a process of analyzing schedule conflicts at an integrated plan level in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Schedule conflicts occur when a start and/or finish date of a predecessor task to a given task conflicts with a start and/or finish date of the given task. One example of a conflict occurs when the finish date of a predecessor task occurs after the start date of a given successor task. The schedule conflicts analysis process operates within an e2e integrated plan that includes multiple subproject plans and begins at step  1220 . To accurately identify schedule conflicts between linked tasks in separate project plans, the integrity of the link must be assured as a prerequisite. For a given dependency/deliverable pair, the schedule conflicts analysis aborts upon detection of the first error. Unless otherwise indicated, the subsequent process steps of  FIGS. 12B-12C  are performed automatically by a schedule conflicts macro provided by the computing application. 
     In step  1222 , the computing application automatically performs a first link integrity test that checks if a predecessor field for a Get task of a project plan includes an unexpected (i.e., invalid) directory path name. In this case, an unexpected directory path name indicates a directory path that that is not associated with the project plan being analyzed for schedule conflicts. If an expected (i.e., valid) directory path name is included in the predecessor field, then the first link integrity test passes; otherwise, the first test fails. 
     If inquiry step  1224  determines that the first link integrity test fails (i.e., the checked directory path name is invalid), then an indication of the invalid path name is included on a report in step  1226  and the process ends at step  1228 . For example, in response to detecting an invalid directory path name, the step  1226  report includes the notification: PROJECT PATH INCORRECT. 
     If inquiry step  1224  determines that the first link integrity test passes, then the computing application automatically performs a second link integrity test in step  1230 . The second link integrity test checks if a project plan file in the path name is found in the directory specified by the path name. If the file is found in the specified directory, then the second link integrity test passes; otherwise the second test fails. 
     If inquiry step  1232  determines that the second link integrity test fails (i.e., the project plan file in the path name is not found in the specified directory), then an indication of the file not being found is included in a report in step  1234  and the process ends at step  1228 . For example, in response to not finding the file in the specified directory, the report in step  1234  includes the notification: PROJECT FILE NOT FOUND. 
     If inquiry step  1232  determines that the second link integrity test passes, then the computing application automatically performs a third link integrity test in step  1236 . The third link integrity test opens the project plan file found in step  1230  and checks if the Give task corresponding to the Get task is in the project plan file. If the Give task is found in the opened file, then the third link integrity test passes; otherwise the third test fails. The third test fails, for instance, if the Give task is deleted from one project plan and another project plan that includes the Get task has not been updated. 
     If inquiry step  1238  determines that the third link integrity test fails (i.e., the corresponding Give task is not found in the project plan file), then an indication of the task not being found is included in a report in step  1240  and the process ends at step  1228 . For example, in response to not finding the Give task in the project plan file, the report in step  1240  includes the notification: TASK NOT FOUND IN PROJECT. 
     If inquiry step  1238  determines that the third link integrity test passes, then the process continues in  FIG. 12C  with the computing application automatically performing a fourth link integrity test in step  1242 . The fourth link integrity test checks if the successor field for the Give task includes the following expected information: directory path, file name and task ID for the corresponding Get task. The fourth link integrity test completes a check of a “circular” link with a project plan (i.e., a check of the links going both ways between a Give and a Get). If the successor field includes the aforementioned expected information, then the fourth link integrity test passes; otherwise, the fourth test fails (i.e., a circular link failure is detected). 
     If inquiry step  1244  determines that the fourth link integrity test fails (i.e., the successor field for the Give task does not include the expected information), then an appropriate notification (e.g., CIRCULAR LINK FAILURE) is included in a report in step  1246  and the process ends at step  1248 . 
     If inquiry step  1244  determines that the fourth link integrity test passes, then the computing application automatically performs a date conflict test in step  1250 . The date conflict test checks if start/finish dates of Give and Get tasks are in conflict based on a particular link relationship between the Give and Get tasks. 
     The particular link relationships (a.k.a. link associations or start/finish date relationships) that can exist between the Give and Get tasks include: Finish-to-Start, Finish-to-Finish, Start-to-Start and Start-to-Finish relationships, which are also referred to herein as FS, FF, SS and SF, respectively. 
     A Finish-to-Start relationship indicates that the Give task&#39;s finish date must be before the Get task&#39;s start date. A Finish-to-Finish relationship indicates that the Give task&#39;s finish date must be before the Get task&#39;s finish date, while the Get task&#39;s start date is not restricted. A Start-to-Start relationship indicates that the Give task&#39;s start date must be before the Get task&#39;s start date. A Start-to-Finish relationship indicates that the Give task&#39;s start date must be before the Get task&#39;s finish date. 
     For example, if the date conflict test of step  1250  determines that a FS relationship exists between Give and Get task and a Give task&#39;s finish date is later than a corresponding Get task&#39;s start date, then a date conflict is identified in step  1252 . 
     If inquiry step  1252  determines that the date conflict test of step  1250  has identified a date conflict, then the date conflict is included on a report in step  1254  and the process ends at step  1248 . If inquiry step  1252  determines that no date conflict is found, then the process ends at step  1256 . 
     It should be noted that the schedule conflict analysis of  FIGS. 12B-12C  is an analysis of a single Get task where processing halts on the occurrence of the first error. After the occurrence and processing of an error, the computing application fetches the next Get task (not shown) and repeats the process of  FIGS. 12B-12C  as it applies to the fetched Get task. 
       FIG. 12D  is a flow chart of a process of analyzing schedule conflicts at a subproject level in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The schedule conflicts analysis process of  FIG. 12D  operates within a subproject and begins at step  1260 . To accurately identify schedule conflicts between linked tasks in a subproject, the integrity of the link must be assured as a prerequisite. For a given dependency/deliverable pair, the schedule conflicts analysis of  FIG. 12D  aborts upon detection of the first error. Unless otherwise indicated, the subsequent process steps of  FIG. 12D  are performed automatically by a schedule conflicts macro provided by the computing application. 
     In step  1262 , the computing application automatically performs a link integrity test that checks if a predecessor field for a Get task of a project plan includes an unexpected (i.e., invalid) directory path name. In this case, an unexpected directory path name indicates a directory path that that is not associated with the project plan being analyzed for schedule conflicts. If an expected (i.e., valid) directory path name is included in the predecessor field, then the link integrity test of step  1262  passes; otherwise, the link integrity test fails. 
     If inquiry step  1264  determines that the link integrity test fails (i.e., the checked directory path name is invalid), then an indication of the invalid path name is included on a report in step  1266  and the process ends at step  1268 . For example, in response to detecting an invalid directory path name, the step  1266  report includes the notification: SUBPROJECT PATH INCORRECT. 
     If inquiry step  1264  determines that the link integrity test passes, then the computing application automatically performs a date conflict test in step  1270 . The date conflict test checks if start/finish dates of Give and Get tasks are in conflict based on a particular link relationship between the Give and Get tasks. The particular link relationships that can exist between the Give and Get tasks are FS, FF, SS or SF, as described above relative to  FIG. 12C . 
     For example, if the date conflict test of step  1270  determines that a FS relationship exists between a Give task and its corresponding Get task, and the Give task&#39;s finish date is later than a corresponding Get task&#39;s start date, then a date conflict is identified in step  1272 . 
     If inquiry step  1272  determines that the date conflict test of step  1270  has identified a date conflict, then the date conflict is included on a report in step  1274  and the  FIG. 12D  process ends at step  1268 . If inquiry step  1272  determines that no date conflict is found, then the  FIG. 12D  process ends at step  1268 . 
     Similar to  FIGS. 12B-12C , the subproject level schedule conflict analysis of  FIG. 12D  is an analysis of a single Get task where processing halts on the occurrence of the first error. After the occurrence and processing of an error, the computing application fetches the next Get task (not shown) and repeats the process of  FIG. 12D  as it applies to the fetched Get task. 
       FIG. 12E  is a flow chart of a process of resolving schedule conflicts in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The schedule conflict resolution process begins at step  1275 . The user of the computing application examines the exception report generated by  FIGS. 12B-12C  or  FIG. 12D  and identifies and implements one or more corrective actions to resolve any link integrity issues (i.e., link conflicts) or date conflicts included in the exception report. In one embodiment, the computing application provides a conflict resolution interface through which the user initiates resolution of the link conflict and date conflict issues included in the exception report. For example, the user utilizes the conflict resolution interface to resolve link conflicts in step  1276 , date conflicts with the largest date mismatches in step  1277 , date conflicts with constrained milestone predecessors and/or successors in step  1278 , date conflicts with constrained predecessor or constrained task items in step  1279 , and date conflicts with unconstrained tasks and unconstrained predecessors in step  1280 . The schedule conflict resolution process ends at step  1281 . 
     A date mismatch in step  1277  is caused, for example, by making a typographical error associated with the entry of a constraint date, or by neglecting to update a constraint date in response to an agreement to update a project plan. Further, the resolution of conflicts associated with constrained milestone predecessors and successors in step  1278  is capable of automatically resolving other conflicts not related to constrained milestones. 
       FIG. 12F  is a flow chart of a process of final tests used in analyzing schedule conflicts in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The process of final schedule conflict tests start at step  1282  and are performed after the schedule conflicts analysis of  FIGS. 12B-12C  or  FIG. 12D  and the schedule conflict resolution process of  FIG. 12E  are completed for all Get tasks of a project. In step  1284 , a view is automatically displayed by the computing application to allow the user to initiate an execution of filters to facilitate the final tests. 
     In step  1286 , the computing application executes the filters listed below. 
     (1) Invalid Constraint Type for Key Milestone, which identifies an invalid constraint type for a milestone, if a task is not a Get, the task is defined as a key milestone in a milestone type field, and the key milestone&#39;s constraint type field includes a value other than the valid values for a key milestone (i.e., a value other than “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than”). 
     (2) Invalid Constraint Type for Key Get, which identifies an invalid constraint type for a Get task if the Get task is defined as a key Get in the milestone type field and the Get task&#39;s constraint type is a value other than the valid values for key Gets (i.e., a value other than “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than”) 
     (3) Invalid Constraint Type for Get, which identifies an invalid constraint type for a task if the is defined as a Get or External Get and the task&#39;s constraint type value is other than the valid constraint type values for a Get or External Get (i.e., a value other than “Must Start On” or “Start No Earlier Than”). 
     (4) Invalid Constraint Type for Give, which identifies an invalid constraint type for a task if the task is defined as a Give or External Give and the task&#39;s constraint type value is other than the valid constraint type values for a Give or External Give (i.e., a value other than “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than”). 
     (5) Invalid Constraint Type for Key Work Product, which identifies an invalid constraint type for a task if the task is defined as a key work product and the key work product&#39;s constraint type value is other than the valid constraint type values for a key work product (i.e., a value other than “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than”). 
     In one embodiment, the task being not completed is an additional condition that supplements one or more of the step  1286  filters. That is, in order to identify their respective invalidity issues described above, one or more of the step  1286  filters also determine that the task is an incomplete task (e.g., the task&#39;s Physical % Complete field is not equal to 100%). 
     If the execution of the filters in step  1286  identifies one or more errors, then the computing application automatically generates and displays one or more exception reports in step  1286 . 
     If inquiry step  1288  determines that any of the exception reports generated in step  1286  includes at least one record (i.e., step  1286  identifies at least one error), then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  1290  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report(s). The user selects an option in step  1290  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  1290 , the process repeats starting at step  1284 . 
     If inquiry step  1288  determines that no exception report records are generated in step  1204  (i.e., no errors are identified in step  1286 ), then the process for final tests for analyzing schedule conflicts ends at step  1292 . 
     Examples of corrective actions that are performed in step  1290  by the user via interactive fields in an exception report generated in step  1286  include: 
     1. If the Invalid Constraint Type for Key Milestone filter identifies an invalid constraint type, then the user selects an option to set the key milestone&#39;s constraint type field to “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than”. 
     (2) If the Invalid Constraint Type for Key Get filter identifies an invalid constraint type, then the user selects an option to set the key Get task&#39;s constraint type field to “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than”. Further, if the Get or External Get is not meant to be a key Get, the user sets the milestone type field to a blank field. 
     (3) If the Invalid Constraint Type for Get filter identifies an invalid constraint type, then the user selects an option to set the Get task&#39;s constraint type field to “Must Start On” or “Start No Earlier Than”. 
     (4) If the Invalid Constraint Type for Give filter identifies an invalid constraint type, then the user selects an option to set the Give task&#39;s constraint type field to “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than”. 
     (5) If the Invalid Constraint Type for Key Work Product filter identifies an invalid constraint type, then the user selects an option to set the key work product&#39;s constraint type field to “Must Finish On” or “Finish No Later Than”. 
       FIG. 12G  is an exemplary interface that includes an exception report generated by the schedule conflict analysis of  FIGS. 12B-12C  and that facilitates the schedule conflicts resolution process of  FIG. 12E , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Interface  1295  indicates examples of two conflicts identified by the analysis of  FIGS. 12B-12C . A similar interface is generated by the analysis of  FIG. 12D . 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 12G , the exception report includes an identifier (e.g., TASK ID) of the task for which a conflict or link integrity issue was determined, the type of task (e.g., Get or Give), the start date of the task, a name of the identified task, a name of the project plan that includes the task, and a directory path of the predecessor task corresponding to the identified task. Further, for each task, the exception report includes a predecessor identifier (e.g., PRED ID), a finish date of the predecessor task, a directory path of the project plan that includes the predecessor task, a name of the predecessor task, and a directory path of the successor to the predecessor task. The exception report also includes the type of link integrity issue or date conflict determined for each task listed. Further, the exception report of  FIG. 12G  includes automatically calculated totals for confirmed (i.e., valid) links, date conflicts, and link conflicts broken down by four link conflict types identified by the aforementioned four link integrity tests (see  FIGS. 12B-12C ). 
     In this example, the analysis of  FIGS. 12B-12C  includes two notifications of link integrity issues: (1) for task ID  51 , a TASK NOT FOUND IN SUBPROJECT issue that indicates a failure of the third link integrity test performed in step  1236  of  FIG. 12B , and (2) for task ID  64 , a CIRCULAR LINK WITH SUBPROJECT FAILED issue that indicates a failure of the fourth link integrity test performed in step  1242  of  FIG. 12C . 
     In one embodiment, interface  1295  provides an option to enter a margin of acceptable tolerance. By default, the test performed in step  1250  of  FIG. 12C  flags a date conflict based on finding a first date associated with a Give being later than a second date associated with a Get by one or more days. The user, however, may make an entry of X days in a margin of acceptable tolerance field to display only date conflicts where the step  1250  (see  FIG. 12C ) comparison finds the first date being later than the second date by more than X days. 
     Quality Assurance Super Macro 
       FIGS. 13A-13B  depict a flow chart of a process of executing QA operations from a project plan quality assurance super macro in the validation method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The project plan quality assurance super macro is hereinafter simply referred to as the super macro. The super macro is capable of automatically executing all of the filters described above relative to  FIGS. 1-11 ,  12 A- 12 D,  12 F, and described below relative to  FIGS. 14A and 14B , or any combination of the aforementioned filters. The execution of the super macro advantageously provides an efficient software-driven and automated process for executing the filters of  FIGS. 3A-11  and the macros associated with  FIGS. 12A-12D ,  12 F,  14 A and  14 B. Further, execution of the super macro automatically identifies potential errors via the execution of the aforementioned filters and/or macros and automatically corrects one or more of the identified errors. The automatic correction of an identified error is preformed in response to the identification of the error, or in response to an automatic generation of a proposed correction of the error followed by the user confirming that the proposed correction should be performed. 
     The process of executing filters and/or macros via the super macro begins at step  1300 . In step  1302 , the user initiates execution of the super macro via an interface provided by the computing application. In step  1304 , the super macro provides an interactive graphical user interface (GUI) that allows execution of the above-described filters and/or macros based on a selection of one or more individual QA operations or based on a selection of one or more categories, where each category includes one or more QA operations. Each QA operation corresponds to one or more of the aforementioned filters and/or macros. 
     In step  1304 , the user also utilizes the GUI to select a desired mode: (1) an automated correction mode (a.k.a. Auto-correction), (2) an automated detection mode (a.k.a. Auto-detection), or (3) a manual correction mode (a.k.a. Manual Correct). In a series of executions of the super macro relative to a single project plan, the user has the ability to select any combination of the aforementioned modes. For example, given a project plan whose tasks are being validated via the super macro, a first execution of the super macro includes a selection of the automated correction mode to perform a first set of corrective actions and a second execution of the super macro includes a selection of the manual correction mode. 
     In step  1306 , the user selects (e.g., via checkboxes and/or buttons) any number of the aforementioned categories and/or QA operations. This selection by the user initiates execution by the computing application of the one or more filters and/or macros associated with the selected one or more categories and/or one more QA operations. 
     In step  1308 , a first filter or macro associated with the selection in step  1306  is automatically executed by the computing application and an exception report is generated. The filter or macro executed in step  1308  is described above relative to one of  FIGS. 3A-12F . For example, if step  1308  executes the filters associated with a validation of milestones, then the filters include those filters described above relative to  FIGS. 3A-3B . In step  1310 , the user views the results on the exception report generated in step  1308 . 
     If inquiry step  1312  determines that the exception report generated in step  1308  includes one or more issues to be resolved (i.e., one or more errors are identified by the exception report), then the one or more issues are resolved in step  1314 . The resolution of the issues depends on the mode selected in step  1304 . 
     If Auto-correct is selected in step  1304 , step  1314  includes automatically presenting to the user on an interactive display one or more recommended actions to correct the one or more errors and automatically executing an action of the one or more actions in response to the user utilizing the interactive display to confirm that the recommended action should be performed. 
     If Auto-detect is selected in step  1304 , the filters and/or macros associated with the selection(s) in step  1306  are executed in the background in step  1308  to produce exception reports that are to be reviewed later by the user. 
     In Manual Correct is selected in step  1304 , proposed corrective actions are not presented to the user, but the user still has the capability of utilizing an interactive display to correct the one or more errors in step  1314 . 
     Following step  1314 , the super macro process continues in  FIG. 13B . In step  1316 , the user re-executes the filter and/or macro that was first executed in step  1308  (see  FIG. 13A ) to regenerate and re-display the exception report originally generated in step  1308  (see  FIG. 13A ). If inquiry step  1318  determines that any issues remain on the re-displayed exception report, then the process repeats starting with the issue resolution step  1314  of  FIG. 13A ; otherwise inquiry step  1320  determines if additional filters and/or macros exist that were selected in step  1306  (see  FIG. 13A ) and have not yet been executed. Inquiry step  1320  is also performed if inquiry step  1312  (see  FIG. 13A ) determines that no exception report record based on the execution of step  1308  (see  FIG. 13A ) indicate any issues to be resolved. 
     If inquiry step  1320  determines that there are more selected filters and/or macros to be executed, then step  1322  executes the next selected filter/macro and generates an exception report associated with the next selected filter/macro, and the process repeats starting at step  1310  (see  FIG. 13A ). If inquiry step  1320  finds no additional selected filters or macros, then the GUI originally displayed in step  1304  (see  FIG. 13A ) is re-displayed in step  1324 , which allows the user to select one or more additional filters and/or macros to be executed. If inquiry step  1326  determines that the user selects one or more additional filters and/or macros, then the process repeats starting at the first filter execution step  1308  of  FIG. 13A ; otherwise the super macro process ends at step  1328 . 
       FIG. 13C  is an exemplary interface for the quality assurance super macro that provides the process of  FIGS. 13A-13B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Interface  1350  is an example of the GUI displayed in step  1304  (see  FIG. 13A ). The user can check one or more checkboxes in the Detailed QA Steps section of GUI  1350  to select one or more QA operations in step  1306  (see  FIG. 13A ). For example, the user can check the checkbox labeled “10” to perform the QA operation that checks for tasks with no resources assigned. In this example, the QA operation is performed via an execution of the Task with No Resources Assigned filter. Instead of checking checkboxes, the user can also select a category that corresponds to one or more QA operations listed in the Detailed QA Steps section of GUI  1350 . The QA operations that correspond to the categories are described above relative to step  1306  (see  FIG. 13A ). The categories in GUI  1350  are selected via onscreen buttons that include: (1) Milestones, (2) Dependencies/Deliverables, (3) Key Work Products, (4) Tasks, (5) Predecessors/Successors, (6) Resource, Work &amp; Rates, (7) Schedule Conflicts, and (8) Baseline Validation. For example, selecting the Milestones category automatically selects the following QA operations: Major (VP) Milestones, Project Phase Exit DCP Milestones, Key Milestones, Check for Valid Major Milestones, Check for Valid M/S flag and Work and Check for Valid Milestone Constraint Types. 
       FIGS. 13D-13F  depict an example of using the quality assurance super macro interface of  FIG. 13C  to resolve errors in a milestone constraint type, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In this example, QA operations including EV: Key Milestones and EV QA: Check for Valid Milestone Constraint Types are selected to be executed. It will be understood that  FIGS. 13D-13F  illustrate an example only, and that the super macro process of  FIGS. 13A-13B  and the GUI of  FIG. 13C  can be applied to other QA operations that execute other filters described above relative to  FIGS. 1-12C . 
     In this example, the user also selects the automated correction mode by activating the “Auto-Correct Mode” button at the top of GUI  1350  (see  FIG. 13C ). The EV: Key Milestones filter is executed first to generate results in a display  1360  shown in  FIG. 13D . Display  1360  includes a Milestone Type column that identifies milestone tasks as Major (VP) and Key milestones, and a Constraint Type column that specified types of constraints on start or finish dates for tasks. The dialog box in display  1360  allows the user to activate the execution of the next selected filter (e.g., by activating the Next button on display  1360 ). 
     The EV QA: Check for Valid Milestone Constraint Types operation is executed next, which executes filters including the Invalid Constraint Type for Key Milestone filter, which is described above relative to  FIG. 12F . This filter&#39;s execution automatically identifies invalid constraint types and generates an exception report in a display  1380 , which is shown in  FIG. 13E . One invalid constraint type is the Must Start On constraint type associated with the key milestone named Key Milestone 1, which is a highlighted row on display  1380 . 
     As the Auto-correct mode has been selected, the computing application also automatically analyzes the identified invalid constraint types and automatically determines and displays recommended changes to correct the identified invalid constraint. The recommended changes are shown in a dialog box included in display  1380 . The dialog box includes the column name that is associated with the invalid value, the invalid value, and the possible values that will correct the invalid value. In this case, the dialog box in display  1380  identifies the column name as Constraint Type, the existing value is Must Start On, and the possible new values that would be valid are Must Finish On and Finish No Later Than. In this case, the user utilizes the interactive dialog box in display  1380  to select Must Finish On as the new, valid value for the Constraint Type, and then indicates that the correction is to be applied by the computing application (e.g., by activating the Apply Single button). 
     A display  1385  of  FIG. 13F  includes an updated report that shows the new value the user selected on display  1380  (see  FIG. 13E ). A dialog box included in display  1385  presents the name of the task, the column name that includes the changed value, the existing value (i.e., the updated value), and the old value (i.e., the value identified as invalid). This dialog box in display  1385  also presents an opportunity to the user to accept or undo the change presented in the updated report. If the user chooses to accept the change (e.g., by activating the Accept and Continue button), the computing application makes the change and then continues to the identification of the next error, if there is one. In this case, activating the Accept and Continue button changes the Constraint Type field for Key Milestone 1 from the invalid value of Must Start On to the valid value of Must Finish On. If the user chooses to undo the change (e.g., by activating the Undo button), the computing application changes the existing value back to the old value. 
     Baseline Error Checking 
       FIGS. 14A-14B  depict a flow chart of an automated process of baseline error checking in the method of  FIG. 1B  or  FIG. 1C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. In one embodiment, the baseline error checking process of  FIGS. 14A-14B  presents details of the project baseline validation process of  FIG. 10 . The baseline error checking process of  FIGS. 14A-14B  is performed by the execution of a macros and filters. 
     The baseline error checking process compares a project&#39;s baseline with expected values to identify baseline integrity issues that are associated with one or more tasks. A baseline integrity problem exists, for example, when a baselined value does not match an expected value (e.g., a value currently loaded in the project plan). Examples of activities that can cause a baseline integrity problem include manually adjusting baseline cost and manually adjusting a baseline start or finish date. 
     Baseline integrity problems can be manifested in conflicting assessments of tasks in a project plan. For example, a task assessed simultaneously as being 100% complete and as being behind schedule is an indicator of a baseline integrity problem. 
     The baseline error checking process begins at step  1400 . Input to the baseline error checking process includes the budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS) and Baseline Cost (BAC). In step  1402 , the computing application automatically executes the following set of pre-requisite filters which are described above relative to  FIG. 10 : (a) Resources Assigned to Summary Tasks, (b) Task with No Resources Assigned, and (c) Tasks with Incorrect Earned Value Method. If the filters (a)-(c) identify any invalidity issues, the computing application in step  1402  automatically generates one or more exception reports that include the identified issues. Corrective actions are performed to resolve the identified issues, as described above relative to step  1010  of  FIG. 10 . 
     In step  1403 , the computing application automatically determines original baseline start and baseline finish dates for each task (e.g., by using baseline information on a time-phased data table) and loads those dates into custom fields (hereinafter referred to as the Original Baseline Start and Original Baseline Finish fields). In step  1404 , the computing application automatically sets the project status date equal to a specified date to provide BCWS with its final (i.e., maximum) value, which facilitates analysis of computations such as BCWS−BAC. In one embodiment, the specified date is the finish date of the project. In another embodiment, the specified date is a date greater than or equal to the finish date of the project. 
     In step  1405 , the computing application automatically executes the Tasks or Milestones not Baselined filter, which is described above relative to  FIG. 10 . 
     If the execution of the filter in step  1405  indicates one or more error(s) described above relative to  FIG. 10 , then the computing application automatically generates an exception report that indicates the error(s). In step  1405 , the user performs corrective actions via the computing application to resolve the indicated error(s). For example, an error is identified because relevant fields associated with a task designate that the task is not an external task, is not a milestone and is not a summary task, and the task&#39;s Baseline Cost is equal to zero. In this example, the user determines that the task is actually a milestone and the user selects options provided by the computing application to set a milestone flag field associated with the task to “Yes”. 
     In step  1406 , the computing application automatically executes the Baseline Start Mismatches filter and displays an exception report if a mismatch exists between the baseline start date and the original baseline start date for a task. This mismatch indicates that the baseline start date has been updated manually (i.e., the original baseline start date is not equal to a predefined baseline start date default value). The exception report generated in step  1406  includes the errors (i.e., baseline start mismatches) that were found in step  1406 . Further details regarding the Baseline Start Mismatches filter are included above relative to the discussion of  FIG. 10 . 
     If inquiry step  1408  determines that a baseline start mismatch error was identified and is included in the exception report generated in step  1406 , then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  1410  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report. The user selects an option in step  1410  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  1410 , the process repeats starting at step  1406 . For example, the user selects an option to restore the original baseline start date to the baseline start field. Alternatively, if the original baseline start date is less than the project start date, the user selects an option to set the baseline start date to the project start date. 
     If inquiry step  1408  determines that no errors were identified in step  1406 , then in step  1412 , the computing application automatically executes the Baseline Finish Mismatches filter and generates an exception report if a mismatch exists between the baseline finish date and the original baseline finish date. This mismatch indicates that the baseline finish date has been updated manually (i.e., the original baseline finish date is not equal to a predefined baseline finish date default value). The exception report generated in step  1412  includes the errors (i.e., baseline finish mismatches) that were found in step  1412 . Further details regarding the Baseline Finish Mismatches filter are included above relative to the discussion of  FIG. 10 . 
     If inquiry step  1414  determines that a baseline finish mismatch error is identified and is included in the exception report generated in step  1412 , then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  1416  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report. The user selects an option in step  1416  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  1416 , the process repeats starting at step  1412 . For example, the user selects an option to restore the original baseline finish date to the baseline finish field. Alternatively, if the original baseline finish date is less than the project finish date, the user selects an option to set the baseline finish date to the project finish date. 
     In one embodiment, the above-described logic of steps  1406 - 1410  and the logic of steps  1412 - 1416  are switched so that step  1406  executes the Baseline Finish Mismatches filter and corrective actions relevant to identified baseline finish mismatches are performed in step  1410 , and step  1412  executes the Baseline Start Mismatches filter and corrective actions relevant to baseline start mismatches are performed in step  1416 . 
     If inquiry step  1414  determines that no errors are identified in step  1412 , then the baseline error checking process continues in  FIG. 14B . 
     In step  1420  of  FIG. 14B , the computing application automatically executes the BCWS−BAC&lt;0 filter, which identifies an invalid manual increase of the baseline cost if BCWS−BAC is less than zero. The computing application also automatically generates an exception report indicating any invalidity issues (i.e., manual increase of BAC) found by the filter executed in step  1420 . 
     If inquiry step  1422  determines that the exception report of step  1420  includes at least one record (i.e., step  1420  identifies at least one error), then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  1424  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report. The user selects an option in step  1424  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  1424 , the process repeats starting at step  1420 . In one embodiment, the computing application displays in step  1424  a corrective action that includes adding the value of the BCWS−BAC field to the baseline cost field, and the user can select an option to apply or bypass the displayed corrective action. 
     If inquiry step  1422  determines that no records are included in an exception report generated by step  1420  (i.e., no errors are identified in step  1420 ), then the computing application automatically executes the BCWS−BAC&gt;0 filter in step  1426 . 
     The BCWS−BAC&gt;0 filter identifies an invalid manual reduction of the baseline cost if BCWS−BAC is greater than zero. The computing application also automatically generates an exception report indicating any invalidity issues (i.e., manual reduction of BAC) found by the filter executed in step  1426 . 
     If inquiry step  1428  determines that the exception report of step  1426  includes at least one record (i.e., step  1426  identifies at least one error), then the computing application automatically determines and automatically displays one or more corrective actions in step  1430  that can resolve one or more errors indicated by the exception report. The user selects an option in step  1430  to prompt the computing application to automatically apply a displayed corrective action or to bypass the displayed corrective action(s). Following step  1430 , the process repeats starting at step  1426 . In one embodiment, the computing application displays in step  1430  a corrective action that includes adding the value of the BCWS−BAC field to the baseline cost field, and the user can select an option to apply or bypass the displayed corrective action. 
     In one embodiment, the above-described logic of steps  1420 - 1424  and the logic of steps  1426 - 1430  are switched so that step  1420  executes the BCWS−BAC&gt;0 filter and corrective actions relevant to identified manual reductions of BAC are performed in step  1424 , and step  1426  executes the BCWS−BAC&lt;0 filter and corrective actions relevant to identified manual increases of BAC are performed in step  1430 . 
     If inquiry step  1428  determines that no records are included in an exception report generated by step  1426  (i.e., no errors are identified in step  1426 ), then in step  1432 , the computing application automatically executes the Completed Tasks with insufficient EV filter, which, in one embodiment, identifies an insufficient earned value (i.e., BCWP) if BCWP is not equal to BAC for a completed task. In another embodiment, the insufficient earned value is identified if BCWP is not equal to BAC for a completed task and a summary task flag field indicates that the task is not a summary task. This error condition occurs, for example, as a result of marking tasks as complete within an e2e integrated plan managed by Microsoft® Project when the status dates within the subproject and the e2e integrated plan do not match. In one embodiment, the user corrects the error identified in step  1432  by setting the Physical % Complete field to 0%, and then setting the same field back to 100% and performing a Calculate Project function native to Microsoft® Project. After the issues on the exception report of step  1432  are resolved, the baseline error checking process of  FIG. 14B  ends at step  1434 . 
     In one embodiment, the result of performing step  1404  is a prerequisite for the checks performed in steps  1405 ,  1420 ,  1426  and  1432 . In another embodiment, step  1404  is replaced with a first step and a second step. The first step is a prerequisite to step  1405  and sets the status date of the project to a date greater than or equal to the latest baseline start date of any task in the project. The second step is a prerequisite to steps  1420  and  1426  and sets the status date of the project to a date greater than or equal to the finish date of the project, or to a date that is greater than or equal to the baseline finish date of each task being processed by steps  1420  and/or  1426 . 
     Baseline Error Checking Example 
       FIG. 14C  is a screen illustrating baseline errors to be detected by the process of  FIGS. 14A-14B  and  FIG. 14D  is a screen illustrating a result of identifying baseline information missing from the screen of  FIG. 14C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Each of screens  1450  of  FIG. 14C and 1460  of  FIG. 14D  includes the following nine columns: (1) Task Name, (2) Start (i.e., start date of the task), (3) Finish (i.e., finish date of the task), (4) Baseline Start (Rollup), (5) Baseline Finish (Rollup), (6) Original Baseline Start, (7) Original Baseline Finish, (8) BCWS-BAC, and (9) Baseline Cost (Rollup). It should be noted that negative values in the last two columns of screen  1450  or screen  1460  are indicated by parentheses. 
     Screen  1460  of  FIG. 14D  includes values that were populated in the Original Baseline Start and Original Baseline Finish fields after the completion of steps  1404  and  1405  in  FIG. 14A , but prior to the application of any filters starting at step  1406  of  FIG. 14A  and prior to the application of any corrective actions in steps  1410  and  1416  of  FIG. 14A  and steps  1424  and  1430  of  FIG. 14B . 
     The baseline error checking process of  FIGS. 14A-14B  detects the errors that are indicated in the names of the tasks in the Task Name column of screen  1450 . For example, for the task in the third row of data in screen  1450  (i.e., the task named “Manually Increased Baseline Start Date to 12/17”), a filter in step  1406  of  FIG. 14A  identifies that the baseline start date for this task had been previously manually increased to 12/17/2003 (i.e., the value in the Baseline Start (Rollup) field). Step  1410  of  FIG. 14A  performs the corrective action that copies the Original Baseline Start value of 12/15/2003 to the Baseline Start field, as shown in the third row of data in screen  1460  of  FIG. 14D . 
     Behind Schedule Performance Index 
       FIG. 15A  is a flow chart of a process of assessing a project&#39;s schedule performance using a behind schedule performance index (BSPI) in the methods of  FIG. 1A  and/or  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The schedule performance assessment using BSPI begins at step  1500 . At step  1502 , a loop starts that includes steps  1504  and  1506  being performed for each task of a project. In step  1504 , for a given schedule variance (SV) for a task, the computing application determines the ahead of schedule and the behind schedule components of SV. 
     In step  1506 , BSPI is computed by a custom and novel metric defined by the formula: ((BCWP−Ahead)/BCWS)×100%, which is equivalent to ((BCWS+Behind)/BCWS)×100%, where Ahead&gt;=0, Behind&lt;=0, Ahead is the Ahead of Schedule component of SV, and Behind is the Behind Schedule component of SV. In other embodiments, BSPI is based on other equivalent formulas based on (BCWP−Ahead)/BCWS or (BCWS+Behind)/BCWS. Following the completion of the loop that includes steps  1502 - 1506 , the computing application generates a report in step  1508  that includes BSPI for each task, summary task, subproject and e2e integrated plan. An example of the report generated in step  1508  is shown in  FIG. 15B . In step  1510 , the user reviews BSPI trends and threshold limit violations to identify potential schedule performance problems, either partially or completely masked by an ahead of schedule value, at the subproject and/or e2e integrated plan levels. The threshold limits are independently and numerically set by the end user based upon the end user&#39;s risk tolerance level. In one embodiment, comparing the BSPI to the SPI for a given project imparts an indication of the variance. 
     In step  1512 , the user reviews behind schedule reports (a.k.a. behind schedule exception reports) to determine the task or group of tasks that are the primary source(s) of the behind schedule component of SV. Behind schedule reports are described below relative to  FIGS. 16C and 16D . The schedule performance assessment process that uses BSPI ends at step  1514 . 
       FIG. 15B  is an example of a report including a behind schedule performance index generated in the process of  FIG. 15A , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Project status and trend reports are reviewed by the user following periodic updates to project plans. These reports facilitate project execution, tracking and controlling by providing an early warning system that detects impending issues related to a project. EV Rollup report  1550  includes data for an e2e integrated plan (i.e., data under the E2E column) and four subprojects of the e2e integrated plan (i.e., data under the Planning, Develop PM, Develop, and Qualify columns). 
     Report  1550  includes a computation for BSPI, which is described above relative to  FIG. 15A . BSPI presents a more conservative view of project performance compared to SPI, as BSPI&#39;s formula excludes the impact of the Ahead of Schedule component of SV. That is, BSPI considers only the Behind Schedule portion of the SV as a ratio to BCWS. BSPI advantageously provides a view of impending project execution problems that would otherwise be masked from view due to the presence of the Ahead of Schedule component of the SV. 
     For example, in the Develop subproject of report  1550 , the SPI is 135.3% and the BSPI is 79.7%. Even though an SPI of greater than 100% indicates a project that is ahead of schedule overall, this discrepancy between SPI and BSPI values indicates that the SPI value is masking problems relative to Behind Schedule components of the SV value. 
     Ahead/Behind Reporting 
       FIG. 16A  is a flow chart of a process of assessing a project&#39;s schedule performance using an ahead/behind trend graph in the methods of  FIG. 1A  and/or  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The schedule performance assessment using an ahead/behind trend graph begins at step  1600 . In step  1602 , the computing application computes ahead of schedule and behind schedule values for a project for specified time periods. In step  1604 , the computing application generates a graph with graphical indicators of the ahead of schedule and behind schedule values computed in step  1602 . In step  1606 , non-zero behind schedule values are identified to provide an early warning to the user of portions of a project that are behind schedule even though the SPI does not readily indicate schedule performance problems. In step  1608 , the user analyzes effects of behind schedule values on downstream activities and/or events. In optional step  1610 , the user refines the analysis of step  1608  by analyzing a behind schedule exception report that is generated by the computing application. Behind schedule exception reports are described below relative to  FIGS. 16C and 16D . The schedule performance assessment process that uses an ahead/behind trend graph ends at step  1612 . 
       FIG. 16B  is an example of an ahead/behind trend graph  1620  used to analyze Ahead of Schedule and Behind Schedule components of a project plan in the process of  FIG. 16A , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. An ahead/behind trend graph is generated by the computing application and is presented to the user, for example, in step  1604  of  FIG. 16A . As described above relative to  FIG. 16A , the ahead/behind trend graph includes indicators for Ahead of Schedule and Behind Schedule values for specified time periods. In the example of trend graph  1620 , vertical bars extending above a horizontal zero line indicate Ahead of Schedule values and vertical bars extending below the zero line indicate Behind Schedule values. 
     As Ahead of Schedule values offset Behind Schedule values in industry standard calculations for SPI, a value for SPI that indicates a project that is ahead of schedule overall (i.e., an SPI value above 100%) may mask a problem related to substantial numbers of tasks or any number of critical tasks being behind schedule. 
     For example, the project associated with trend graph  1620 , has approximately 2000 hours for Behind Schedule data points in September, which is more than offset by similar, but slightly higher values for Ahead of Schedule. Thus, during this time in September, the SPI is reported as greater than 100%, which indicates a project that is ahead of schedule overall and provides no early warning of portions of the project that are behind schedule. After viewing a report or a trend graph (not shown) that indicates this greater than 100% value for SPI, the user views ahead/behind trend graph  1620 . The user analyzes graph  1620  and finds that that there are non-zero values for Behind Schedule during September. These non-zero values indicate that there are tasks that are behind schedule that may jeopardize the end deliverable of the project. As used herein, an end deliverable is defined as any measurable, tangible, and verifiable item that must be produced to complete a project. In one embodiment, the user utilizes a behind schedule report (see, e.g.,  FIG. 16D ) to refine the analysis of the Behind Schedule components shown in ahead/behind trend graph  1620 . 
       FIG. 16C  is a flow chart of a process of assessing a project&#39;s schedule performance using a behind schedule exception report in the methods of  FIG. 1A  and/or  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The schedule performance assessment using a behind schedule report begins at step  1630 . In optional step  1632 , the computing application receives a sensitivity setting from the user. The sensitivity setting determines a required threshold level for any behind schedule value included in the behind schedule report. At step  1634 , a loop starts that includes steps  1636 ,  1638  and  1640 . The actions of the loop are performed for each task of a project. If inquiry step  1636  determines that BCWP−BCWS is less than zero, then in step  1638  the computing application populates a behind schedule field with the value of BCWP−BCWS; otherwise, in step  1640  the computing application populates the behind schedule field with the value of zero. 
     In one embodiment, the population of the behind schedule field in steps  1638  and  1640  utilizes formula (1) presented below:
 
 IIf (([ BCWP]−[BCWS] &lt;0 And[External Task]=No),[ BCWP]−[BCWS], 0)  (1)
 
     It should be noted that in formula (1), [External Task]=No excludes BCWP−BCWS values that are associated with hidden external tasks that exist only as local images in a plan, and therefore includes only BCWP−BCWS values that are associated with tasks that actually exist in the plan. A task is set up as one of the aforementioned hidden external tasks by, for example, the native functionality of project management software such as Microsoft® Project. 
     After the loop starting at step  1634  finishes its iterations, the computing application aggregates the behind schedule values in step  1642  with respect to one or more levels that include, for instance, a summary task level, a subproject or project level, and an e2e integrated plan level. In step  1644 , a macro screens the entire task list of the project and generates the behind schedule report so that of all tasks of a project, only behind schedule tasks are included (i.e., ahead of schedule tasks are filtered out). The behind schedule report includes the non-zero behind schedule values associated with the behind schedule tasks, along with the behind schedule tasks&#39;rollup (i.e., aggregated) values at the summary task, subproject or project, and/or e2e integrated plan levels. The behind schedule report does not include Ahead of Schedule values, nor does the report include tasks, summary tasks, subprojects/projects, or an e2e integrated plan whose Behind Schedule value is zero. If a sensitivity setting was received in step  1632 , then the screening of step  1644  filters out additional tasks so that the behind schedule report does not include tasks whose behind schedule values have magnitudes that are less than the threshold level determined by the sensitivity setting. In step  1646 , the user analyzes the behind schedule report to identify the task or group of tasks that contribute the most to the behind schedule performance. In one embodiment, data on the behind schedule report is utilized in a Milestone Exposed process that models and predicts impacts to future activities and/or events. Additionally or alternatively, the behind schedule report and information from the Milestone Exposed process is utilized by project team members to further understand impacts and corrective actions. The schedule performance assessment process of  FIG. 16C  ends at step  1648 . 
     For projects with a substantial number of tasks (e.g., thousands of tasks), the behind schedule report advantageously reduces the number of tasks to view by a substantial number via the macro that filters out ahead of schedule tasks, as well as behind schedule tasks that do not meet the sensitivity setting if the setting has been specified. In this way, the present invention eliminates or substantially decreases the amount of scrolling or advancing of pages required to view the tasks that are associated with non-zero Behind Schedule values. 
       FIG. 16D  is an example of a behind schedule exception report  1650  used to analyze behind schedule components of a project plan in the process of  FIG. 16C , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. A behind schedule report is generated by the computing application and is presented to the user, for example, in step  1644  of  FIG. 16C . A behind schedule report provides a view of tasks that are not progressing consistent with the project&#39;s baseline expectations. As described above relative to  FIG. 16C , the behind schedule report includes only non-zero Behind Schedule values and their associated tasks, along with summarized Behind Schedule values for the associated tasks&#39; summary tasks, subprojects/projects and/or the e2e integrated plan. 
     During the performance of the status reporting of the EVM of  FIG. 1A , the user initiates execution of a macro via the computing application to automatically apply formula (1) to facilitate the computing application&#39;s automatic generation of a behind schedule report that filters out tasks that are ahead of schedule. As described above relative to  FIG. 16C , the user can specify a sensitivity setting so that the macro also filters out certain behind schedule tasks from being shown on the behind schedule report. For example, to generate report  1650 , the user specifies a sensitivity setting of 60 hours so that only behind schedule tasks which are greater than or equal to 60 hours behind schedule are included in the behind schedule report. 
     The behind schedule report also includes a Behind Schedule (B/S) Critical Path value for each of the included tasks, summary tasks, subprojects and e2e integrated plan. A B/S Critical Path value records Behind Schedule hours for a task if the task is on the project&#39;s critical path. 
     In exemplary behind schedule report  1650 , the report also includes Task Name, Task ID, Baseline Cost, BCWS and BCWP for the tasks, summary tasks, subprojects and e2e integrated plan. In report  1650 , the BCWP and BCWS values indicate that 62,427 hours of value were earned against a plan of 62,651 hours. In report  1650 , all rates are assumed to be loaded at $1/hour in the plan yielding earned value in hours. While the SV indicates only 224 hours behind schedule (i.e., the difference between BCWP and BCWS, or 62,427−62,651), the Behind Schedule value for all tasks is 1,714 hours (i.e., the Behind Schedule value for the e2e integrated plan named Lab Integrated Plan). The B/S Critical path value of 709 indicates that 709 hours of the 1714 Behind Schedule hours are on the project&#39;s critical path. Behind schedule report  1650  also indicates that the task named System Test accounts for the largest portion of the Behind Schedule hours (i.e., 1202 hours of the 1714 Behind Schedule hours). Further, the task named Documentation/Training accounts for the largest portion of the B/S Critical Path hours (i.e., 249 hours of the 709 total B/S Critical Path hours). 
       FIG. 16E  is a flow chart of a process of assessing a project&#39;s schedule performance using an ahead of schedule exception report in the methods of  FIG. 1A  and/or  FIG. 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The schedule performance assessment using an ahead of schedule report begins at step  1660 . In optional step  1662 , the computing application receives a sensitivity setting from the user. The sensitivity setting determines a required threshold level for any ahead of schedule value included in the ahead of schedule report. At step  1664 , a loop starts that includes steps  1666 ,  1668  and  1670 . The actions of the loop are performed for each task of a project. If inquiry step  1666  determines that BCWP−BCWS is greater than or equal to zero, then in step  1668  the computing application populates an ahead of schedule field with the value of BCWP−BCWS; otherwise, in step  1670  the computing application populates the ahead of schedule field with the value of zero. 
     In one embodiment, the population of the ahead of schedule field in steps  1668  and  1670  utilizes formula (2) presented below:
 
 IIf (([ BCWP]−[BCWS] &gt;=0 And[External Task]=No),[ BCWP]−[BCWS], 0)  (2)
 
     Similar to formula (1), [External Task]=No in formula (2) excludes BCWP−BCWS values that are associated with hidden external tasks. 
     After the loop starting at step  1664  finishes its iterations, the computing application aggregates the ahead of schedule values in step  1672  with respect to one or more levels that include, for instance, a summary task level, a subproject or project level, and an e2e integrated plan level. In step  1674 , a macro screens the entire task list of the project and generates the ahead of schedule report (not shown) so that of all tasks of a project, only ahead of schedule tasks are included (i.e., behind schedule tasks are filtered out). The ahead of schedule report includes the non-zero ahead of schedule values associated with the ahead of schedule tasks, along with the ahead of schedule tasks&#39; rollup (i.e., aggregated) values at the summary task, subproject or project, and/or e2e integrated plan levels. The behind schedule report does not include behind schedule values, nor does the report include tasks, summary tasks, subprojects/projects, or an e2e integrated plan whose ahead of schedule value is zero. In other words, the ahead of schedule report includes a view of tasks whose progress exceeds the baseline plan. In one embodiment, the ahead of schedule report also includes Task Name, Task ID, Baseline Cost, BCWS and BCWP. 
     If a sensitivity setting was received in step  1662 , then the screening of step  1674  filters out additional tasks so that the ahead of schedule report does not include tasks whose ahead of schedule values are less than the threshold level determined by the sensitivity setting. For example, the user specifies a sensitivity setting of 40 hours so that only tasks that are greater than or equal to 40 hours ahead of schedule are shown on the ahead of schedule report. 
     In step  1676 , the user analyzes the ahead of schedule report to identify the task or group of tasks that contribute the most to the ahead of schedule performance. The schedule performance assessment process of  FIG. 16E  ends at step  1678 . In one embodiment, the task or group of tasks identified in step  1676  are used to identify resources that are available for reassignment to assist in recovering a behind schedule issue. For example, identified ahead of schedule tasks indicate that programmer team  1  is ahead of schedule. Common skills in programmer team  1  are temporarily reassigned to programmer team  2  to support a behind schedule recovery plan. 
     Similar to the aforementioned advantages of the behind schedule report, a user interested in reviewing tasks having non-zero ahead of schedule values utilizes the ahead of schedule report to substantially decrease or eliminate the amount of scrolling or advancing of pages required to view the ahead of schedule tasks. 
     Computing System 
       FIG. 17  is a block diagram of a computing system for implementing the methods of  FIGS. 1A and 1B , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Computing unit  1700  generally comprises a central processing unit (CPU)  1702 , a memory  1704 , an input/output (I/O) interface  1706 , a bus  1708 , I/O devices  1710  and a storage unit  1712 . CPU  1702  performs computation and control functions of computing unit  1700 . CPU  1702  may comprise a single processing unit, or be distributed across one or more processing units in one or more locations (e.g., on a client and server). 
     Memory  1704  may comprise any known type of data storage and/or transmission media, including magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a data cache, a data object, etc. Local memory elements of memory  1704  are employed during actual execution of a baseline validation system included in a project plan quality assurance system  1714 . Cache memory elements of memory  1704  provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. Storage unit  1712  is, for example, a magnetic disk drive or an optical disk drive that stores data. Moreover, similar to CPU  1702 , memory  1704  may reside at a single physical location, comprising one or more types of data storage, or be distributed across a plurality of physical systems in various forms. Further, memory  1704  can include data distributed across, for example, a LAN, WAN or storage area network (SAN) (not shown). 
     I/O interface  1706  comprises any system for exchanging information to or from an external source. I/O devices  1710  comprise any known type of external device, including a display monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, speakers, handheld device, printer, facsimile, etc. Bus  1708  provides a communication link between each of the components in computing unit  1700 , and may comprise any type of transmission link, including electrical, optical, wireless, etc. 
     I/O interface  1706  also allows computing unit  1700  to store and retrieve information (e.g., program instructions or data) from an auxiliary storage device, such as a non-volatile storage device (e.g., a CD-ROM drive which receives a CD-ROM disk) (not shown). Computing unit  1700  can store and retrieve information from other auxiliary storage devices (not shown), which can include a direct access storage device (DASD) (e.g., hard disk or floppy diskette), a magneto-optical disk drive, a tape drive, or a wireless communication device. 
     Memory  1704  includes computer program code comprising project plan quality assurance system  1714 . Further, memory  1704  may include other systems not shown in  FIG. 17 , such as an operating system (e.g., Linux) that runs on CPU  1702  and provides control of various components within and/or connected to computing unit  1700 . 
     The invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In a preferred embodiment, the invention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc. 
     Furthermore, the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code  1714  for use by or in connection with a computing unit  1700  or any instruction execution system to provide and facilitate the capabilities of the present invention. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, RAM  1704 , ROM, a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD. 
     Any of the components of the present invention can be deployed, managed, serviced, etc. by a service provider that offers to deploy or integrate computing infrastructure with respect to the baseline validation method of the present invention. Thus, the present invention discloses a process for supporting computer infrastructure, comprising integrating, hosting, maintaining and deploying computer-readable code into a computing system (e.g., computing unit  1700 ), wherein the code in combination with the computing system is capable of performing a method of validating a baseline of a project. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides a business method that performs the process steps of the invention on a subscription, advertising and/or fee basis. That is, a service provider, such as a Solution Integrator, can offer to create, maintain, support, etc. the baseline validation method of the present invention. In this case, the service provider can create, maintain, support, etc. a computer infrastructure that performs the process steps of the invention for one or more customers. In return, the service provider can receive payment from the customer(s) under a subscription and/or fee agreement, and/or the service provider can receive payment from the sale of advertising content to one or more third parties. 
     The flow diagrams depicted herein are provided by way of example. There may be variations to these diagrams or the steps (or operations) described herein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, in certain cases, the steps may be performed in differing order, or steps may be added, deleted or modified. All of these variations are considered a part of the present invention as recited in the appended claims. 
     While embodiments of the present invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, many modifications and changes will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to encompass all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.