Patent Publication Number: US-2023136195-A1

Title: Modular power pack energy storage unit

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional patent application 63/273,129 filed Oct. 28, 2021, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure is generally related to an energy storage unit comprising supercapacitors and/or other energy sources. The energy storage unit can be used advantageously in electric vehicles, in energy storage from wind, solar power, or other alternative energy sources, and in many other settings. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely due to its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also correspond to implementations of the claimed technology. 
     Growth of electric vehicles has evolved exponentially in recent years. In addition, to electric passenger cars intended for use on standard vehicle byways, two general classes of vehicle propulsion systems have evolved to pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. The shortcomings of batteries are well known, such as the difficulty determining the remaining charge in a battery, especially lithium batteries, but supercapacitors have not yet been able to effectively replace batteries both due to limited power density and the challenges of emulating the performance of batteries with steady discharge at a useful voltage. One problem in particular is the difficulty of charging a group of supercapacitors without causing damage by overcharging. Due to natural variance in supercapacitors and their performance and voltage after discharge, some may have much lower remaining charge than others, and applying charge uniformly to bring the group to a desired average voltage level may result in overcharging some supercapacitors and causing permanent damage. Simply charging to a lower level to avoid overcharging some results in lower efficiency. There is also a need for improved energy management relative to storing energy not only provided from, say, the grid to charge a device prior to use, but also to efficiently capture energy from systems such as regenerative energy (e.g., energy converted from vehicular kinetic energy during braking) or low-voltage or highly variable sources such as solar power, wind power, and other alternate energy sources, where existing energy storage is inefficient. There are also needs to improve not only charging from various sources, but also to control power delivery or discharging of the energy storage device in use for more efficient power use. Thus, there are a variety of needs for an improved energy storage unit and for the collective and individual control of energy sources in the energy storage unit during use as well as in charging. 
     Further, there is a need to prevent excessive temperature during use or charging, as well as a need to improve the safety features of supercapacitors and related energy storage units to reduce the risk of damage, temperature excursions, or electrical shock. There is also a need for better utilization of supercapacitor energy to meet the dynamic needs of electric vehicles and other devices. Similar needs exist for other energy sources such as batteries when used in electric vehicles or other devices and for hybrid systems with both batteries and supercapacitor systems. 
     There is thus a need for an improved energy storage unit, both for supercapacitor-based units and hybrid units, as well as battery-only systems in order to provide for efficient recharging and efficient charge utilization. 
     In a world of increasing security risks, the theft of valuable, portable electrical storage units is also a potential concern that has not been adequately addressed. There is a need for improved security systems for removable or portable ESUs in automobiles, e-bikes or motorcycles, and many other applications. In particular, there is a need for systems to prevent the use of unauthorized ESUs (i.e., stolen ESUs) and to reduce the risk of theft or misuse. 
     The energy storage units, devices, systems, and methods described and claimed herein may solve one or more of the problems mentioned above, but need not solve any or any one or more of these illustrative and non-comprehensive problems to be within the scope of the invention as claimed. The various problems mentioned above are not intended to be limiting regarding any aspect of the claimed invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings illustrate various aspects of the systems, methods, and devices of the disclosure. Any person with ordinary skills in the art will appreciate that the illustrated element boundaries (e.g., boxes, groups of boxes, or other shapes) in the figures represent one example of the boundaries. In some examples, one element may be designed as multiple elements, or multiple elements may be designed as one. In some examples, an element shown as an internal component of one element may be implemented as an external component in another and vice versa. Furthermore, elements may not be drawn to scale. Non-limiting and non-exhaustive descriptions are described regarding the following drawings. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating principles. 
         FIG.  1    a block diagram of one aspect a modular multi-type energy storage unit. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates one aspect of a charging database. 
         FIG.  3 A  and  FIG.  3 B  illustrate a flowchart showing a method performed by one aspect of an energy control system. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a flowchart showing a method performed by an electrostatic module. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a flowchart showing a method performed by a supercapacitor module. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a flowchart showing a method performed by a battery module. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a flowchart showing a method performed by an identifier module. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a flowchart showing a method performed by a charging module. 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a flowchart showing a method performed by a dynamic module. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a flowchart showing a method performed by a communication module. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Some aspects of this disclosure, illustrating all its features, will now be discussed in detail. The words “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” and “including,” and other forms thereof are intended to be equivalent in meaning and be open-ended in that an item or items following any one of these words is not meant to be an exhaustive listing of such item or items or meant to be limited to only the listed item or items. 
     It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like elements throughout the several figures and in which examples are shown. However, the claims should not be construed as limited to the examples herein, which are non-limiting examples and are merely examples among many possible examples. 
     Applicants have found that an energy storage unit (ESU) comprising supercapacitors and/or other energy sources can be provided with the energy density and other attributes needed for effective operation of an electric vehicle or other electric device, including improved charging and discharging to power the vehicle, particularly when coupled with a novel energy control system (ECS) adapted to control the ESU and optimize at least one of charging, discharging, temperature management, and anticipatory power delivery. The ECS may further communicate with a user interface such as a display interface to assist in control or monitoring of the ESU and also may comprise a processor and a memory. The ESU may further comprise hardware such as charging/discharging hardware and a temperature control system responsive to the ECS for regulating the ESU and its components. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure involves storing energy from solar power, wind power, or other alternative energy sources of many kinds (e.g., from waves, walking, etc.). The ESU with the ECS can be adapted to efficiently receive trickle charge or other low-voltage or highly variable current sources that are typical of alternative energy sources. The ECS in such cases may employ various tools to convert the incoming current to the desired voltage and/or current characteristics and then deliver it to charge the supercapacitors without overcharging. Such methods, in cooperation with the ECS, may include voltage booster circuits, flying capacitors, boost converter circuits, charge pumps, a voltage multiplier circuit with diodes and capacitors, and conversion of the DC current to AC current using an oscillating circuit followed by a step-up transformer to increase the voltage followed by conversion to DC current again. Alternatively or in addition, signal conditioning may be applied to match impedance of the alternative energy source and optimize power transfer to the ESU. However, solar cells may be provided with inverters already to provide AC current, in which case a rectifier could be used to create DC current, after which additional waveform manipulation may still be desirable, but when possible the inverter may simply be bypassed. 
     The ESU is a device that can store and deliver charge. It may comprise one or more power packs which in turn may comprise supercapacitors. The energy storage module may also comprise batteries, hybrid systems, fuel cells, etc. Capacitance provided in the components of the ESU may be in the form of electrostatic capacitance, pseudocapacitance, electrolytic capacitance, electronic double layer capacitance, and electrochemical capacitance, and a combination thereof, such as both electrostatic double-layer capacitance and electrochemical pseudocapacitance, as may occur in supercapacitors. The ESU may be associated with or comprise control hardware and software to provide an energy control system (ECS) to manage any of the following: temperature control, discharging of the ESU whether collectively or of any of its components, charging of the ESU whether collectively or of any of its individual components, maintenance, interaction with batteries or battery emulation, communication with other devices, including devices that are directly connected, adjacent, or remote such as by wireless communication. In some aspects, the ESU may be portable and provided in a casing that also contains the energy control system as well as other features such as communication systems, etc. 
     The energy control system (ECS) is the combination of hardware and software that manages various aspects of the ESU including the energy delivered by it to the device. The EUS may therefore manage any or all of the following: temperature control, discharging of the ESU whether collectively or of any of its components, charging of the ESU whether collectively or of any of its individual components, maintenance, interaction with batteries or battery emulation, and communication with other devices, including devices that are directly connected, adjacent, or remote such as by wireless communication. 
     The ECS may comprise one or more energy source modules that govern specific types of energy storage devices such as a supercapacitor module for governing supercapacitors, a lithium module for governing lithium batteries, a lead-acid module for governing lead-acid batteries, and a hybrid module for governing the combined cooperative use of a supercapacitor and a battery. Each of the energy storage modules may comprise software encoding algorithms for control such as for discharge or charging or managing individual energy sources, hardware for redistributing charge among the energy sources to improve efficiency of the ESU, charge measurement systems such as circuits for determining the charge state of the respective energy sources, means for receiving and sending information to and from the ECS or its other modules, etc. The energy source modules may also cooperate with a charging module responsible for guiding the charging of the overall ESU to ensure a properly balanced charge and a discharge module that guides the efficient discharging of the ESU during use which may also seek to provide proper balance in the discharging of the energy sources. 
     The ECS may further comprise a dynamic module for managing changing requirements in the power supplied. In some aspects, the dynamic module comprises anticipatory algorithms which seek to predict upcoming changes in power demand and to adjust the state of the ECS in order to be ready to more effectively handle the change. For example, in one case, the ECS may communicate with a GPS and/or terrain map for the route being taken by the electric vehicle and recognize that a steep hill will soon be encountered. The ECS may anticipate the need to increase torque and thus the delivered electrical power from the ESU, and thus activate additional power packs if only some are in use or otherwise increase the draw from the power packs in order to handle the change in slope efficiently to achieve desired objectives such as maintaining speed, reducing the need to shift gears on a hill, or reducing the risk of stalling or other problems. 
     The ECS may also comprise a communication module and an associated configuration system to properly configure the ECS to communicate not only with the interface or other aspects of the vehicle, but also to communicate with central systems or other vehicles, when desired. In such cases, a fleet of vehicles may be effectively monitored and managed to improve energy efficiency and track performance of vehicles and their ESUs, thereby providing information that may assist with maintenance protocols, for example. Such communication may occur wirelessly or through the cloud via a network interface, and may share information with various central databases, or access information from databases to assist with the operation of the vehicle and the optimization of the ESU, for which historical data may be available in a database. 
     Databases of use with the ECS include databases on the charge and discharge behavior of the energy sources in the ESU on order to optimize both charging and discharging in use based on known characteristics, databases of topographical and other information for a route to be taken by the electric vehicle or an operation to be performed by another device employing the ESU, wherein the database provides guidance on what power demands are to be expected in advance in order to support anticipatory power management wherein the status of energy sources and the available charge is prepared in time to deliver the needed power proactively. Charging databases may also be of use in describing the characteristics of an external power source that will be used to charge the ESU. Knowledge of the characteristics of the external charge can be used to prepare for impedance matching or other measures needed to handle a new input source to charge the ESU, and with that data the external power can be received with reduced losses and reduced risk of damaging elements in the ESU by overcharge, excessive ripple in the current, etc. 
     Beyond relying on static information in databases, in some aspects the controller is adapted to perform machine learning and to constantly learn from situations faced. In related aspects, the processor and the associated software form a “smart” controller based on machine learning or artificial intelligence adapted to handle a wide range of input and a wide range of operational demands. 
     The power pack is a unit that can store and deliver charge within an energy storage unit, and comprises one or more supercapacitors such as supercapacitors in series and/or parallel. It may further comprise or cooperate with temperature sensors, charge and current sensors (circuits or other devices), connectors, switches such as crosspoint switches, safety devices, and control systems such as charge and discharge control systems. In various aspects described herein, the power pack may comprise a plurality of supercapacitors and have an energy density greater than 200 kWhr/kg, 230 kWhr/kg, 260 kWhr/kg, or 300 kWhr/kg, such as from 200 to 500 kWhr/kg, or from 250 to 500 kWhr/kg. The power pack may have a functional temperature range from −70° C. to +150° C., such as from −50° C. to 100° C. or from −40° C. to 80° C. The voltage provided by the power pack may be any practical value such as 3V or greater, such as from 3V to 240 V, 4V to 120 V, etc. 
     By way of example, a power pack may comprise one or more units each comprising at least one supercapacitor having a nominal voltage from 2 to 12 V such as from 3 to 6 V, including supercapacitors rated at about 3, 3.5, 4, 4.2, 4.5, and 5 V. For example, in discharge testing, a power pack was provided and tested with 14 capacitors in series and five series in parallel charged with 21,000 F at 4.2 V and had 68-75 Wh. Power packs may be packaged in protective casings that allow them to be easily removed from an ESU and replaced. They may also comprise connectors for charging and discharging. Power packs may be provided with generally rectilinear casings or they may have cylindrical or other useful shapes. 
     The supercapacitors of the power pack may be any of a wide variety of suitable supercapacitors. Principles for the design, manufacture, and operation of supercapacitors are described, by way of example, in US Patent Application US20190180949, “Supercapacitor,” published Aug. 29, 2017 by Liu Sizhi et al. and WO WO2018041095, “Supercapacitor,” published Mar. 8, 2018 by Liu Sizhi et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,318,271, “High temperature supercapacitor,” issued Apr. 19, 2016 to S. Fletcher et al.; US20150047844, “Downhole supercapacitor device”; US Patent Application 20200365336, “Energy storage device Supercapacitor and method for making the same”; U.S. Pat. No. 9,233,860, “Supercapacitor and method for making the same”; and U.S. Pat. No. 9,053,870, “Supercapacitor with a meso-porous nano graphene electrode.” 
     A supercapacitor may have two electrode layers separated by an electrode separator wherein each electrode layer is electrically connected to a current collector supported upon an inert substrate layer; further comprising an electrolyte-impervious layer disposed between each electrode layer and each conducting layer to protect the conducting layer; and a liquid electrolyte disposed within the area occupied by the working electrode layers and the electrode separator. The liquid electrolyte may be an ionic liquid electrolyte gelled by a silica gellant or other gellant to inhibit electrolyte flow. 
     The supercapacitor may comprise an electrode plate, an isolation film, a pole, and a shell, wherein the electrode plate comprises a current collector and a coating is disposed on the current collector. The coating may comprise an active material that may include carbon nanomaterial such as graphene or carbon nanotubes, including nitrogen-doped graphene, a carbon nitride, carbon materials doped with a sulfur compound such as thiophene or poly 3-hexylthiophene etc., or graphene on which is deposited nanoparticles of metal oxide such as manganese dioxide. The coating may further comprise a conductive polymer such as one or more of polyaniline, polythiophene and polypyrrole. Such polymers may be doped with a variety of substances such as boron (especially in the case of polyaniline). Nitrogen doping, for example, is described more fully by Tianquan Lin et al, “Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon of extraordinary capacitance for electrochemicalenergy storage,” Science (new series), vol. 350, no. 6267 (18 Dec. 2015): 1508-1513, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24741499. 
     Electrodes in supercapacitors may have thin coatings in electrical communication with a current collector. To provide high electrode surface area for high performance, electrodes may comprise porous material with high specific surface area such as graphene, graphene oxide, or various derivatives of graphene, carbon nanotubes or other carbon nanomaterials including activated carbon, nitrogen doped graphene or other doped graphene, graphite, carbon fiber-cloth, carbide-derived carbon, carbon aerogel, and/or may comprise various metal oxides such as oxides of manganese, etc., and all such materials may be provided in multiple layers and generally planar, cylindrical, or other geometries. Electrolytes in the supercapacitor may include semi-solid or gel electrolytes, conductive polymers or gels thereof, ionic liquids, aqueous electrolytes, and the like. Solid-state supercapacitors may be used. 
     Supercapacitors may be provided with various indicators and sensors pertaining to charge state, temperature, and other aspects of performance and safety. An actuation mechanism may be integrated to prevent undesired discharge. 
     The voltage of an individual supercapacitor may be greater than 2 V such as from 2.5 V to 5 V, 2.7 V to 8 V, 2.5 V to 4.5 V, etc. 
     The display interface may be displayed on or in the device, such as on a touch screen or other display in a vehicle or on the device, or it may be displayed by a separate device such as the user&#39;s phone. It may also be displayed on the ESU itself or on a surface connected to or in communication with the ESU. In one version, the display interface  146  may include but is not limited to a video monitoring display, a smartphone, a tablet, and the like, each capable of displaying a variety of parameters and interactive controls, but the display could also be as simple as one or more lights indicating charging or discharging status and optionally one or more digital or analog indicators showing remaining useful lifetime, % power remaining, voltage, etc. Further, the display interface may be any state-of-the-art display means without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 
     Electric vehicles may include automobiles, trucks, vans, fork lifts, carts such as golf carts or baby carts, motorcycles, electric bikes scooters, autonomous vehicles, mobile robotic devices, hoverboards, monowheels, Segways® and other personal transportation devices, wheelchairs, drones, personal aircraft for one or more passengers and other aeronautical devices, robotic devices, aquatic devices such as boats or personal watercraft such as boats, Jet Skis®, diver propulsion vehicles or underwater scooters, and the like, etc. The electric vehicle generally comprises one or more motors connected to the ESU, and an energy control system (ECS) that controls the power delivered from the ESU, and may comprise a user interface that provides information and/or control regarding the delivery of power from the ESU as well as information regarding performance, remaining charge, safety, maintenance, security, etc. 
     Principles for the manufacture and design of electric vehicles and aspects of their charging are provided in US Patent Application 20190061541, “Electric vehicle batteries and stations for charging batteries”; EP2278677, “Safety Switch for Secondary Battery for Electric Vehicle and Charging/Discharging System for Secondary Battery for Electric Vehicle Using the Same”; US Patent Application 20190061541, “Electric vehicle batteries and stations for charging batteries”; etc. 
     Apart from electric vehicles, there are many other devices that may be powered by the ESU in cooperation with the ESC. Such other devices can include generators, which in turn can power an endless list of electric devices in households and industry. ESUs can also be integrated with a variety of motors, portable devices, wearable or implantable sensors, medical devices, acoustic devices such as speakers or noise cancellation devices, satellites, robotics, heating and cooling devices, lighting systems, rechargeable food processing tools and systems of all kinds, etc. In some versions, the device being powered is the grid, and in such versions, the ESU may comprise a converter to turn DC current into AC current suitable for the grid. 
     In some aspects, a plurality of devices such as electric vehicles may be networked together via a cloud-based network, wherein the devices share information among themselves and/or with a central message center such that an administrator can assist in managing the allocation of resources, oversee maintenance, evaluate performance of vehicles and ESUs, upgrade software or firmware associated with the ESC to enhance performance for the particular needs of individual users or a collective group, adjust operational settings to better cope with anticipated changes in weather, traffic conditions, etc., or otherwise optimize performance. 
     Implementation in Hybrid Vehicles 
     When installed in electric vehicles, the ESU may comprise both powerpacks as well as one or more lead-acid batteries or other batteries. The ESU may power both the motor as well as the on-board power supply system. The display interface of the associated ESC may comprise a graphic user interface such the vehicle&#39;s control panel (e.g., a touch panel). The display interface may also comprise audio information and verbal input from a user. 
     Motors 
     Any kind of electric motor may be power by the ESU. The major classes of electric motors are: 1) DC motors, such as series, shunt, compound wound, separately excited (wherein the connection of stator and rotor is done using a different power supply for each), brushless, and PMDC (permanent magnet DC) motors, 2) AC motors such as synchronous, asynchronous, and induction motors (sometimes also called asynchronous motors), and 3) special purpose motors such as servo, stepper, linear induction, hysteresis, universal (a series-wound electric motor that can operate on AC and DC power), and reluctance motors. 
     Display Interface 
     The display interface of the ESC may be displayed on or in the device, such as on a touch screen or other display in a vehicle or on the device, or it may be displayed by a separate device such as the user&#39;s phone. The display interface may comprise or be part of a graphic user interface such the vehicle&#39;s control panel (e.g., a touch panel). The display interface may also comprise audio information and verbal input from a user. It may also be displayed on the ESU itself or on a surface connected to or in communication with the ESU. In one version, the display interface may include but is not limited to a video monitoring display, a smartphone, a tablet, and the like, each capable of displaying a variety of parameters and interactive controls, but the display could also be as simple as one or more lights indicating charging or discharging status and optionally one or more digital or analog indicators showing remaining useful lifetime, % power remaining, voltage, etc. Further, the display interface may be any state-of-the-art display means without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In some aspects, the display interface provides graphical information on charge status including one or more of fraction of charge remaining or consumed, remaining useful life of the ESU or its components (e.g., how many miles of driving or hours of use are possible based on current or projected conditions or based on an estimate of the average conditions for the current trip or period of use), and may also provide one or more user controls to allow selection of settings. Such settings may include low, medium, or high values for efficiency, power, etc.; adjustment of operating voltage when feasible; safety settings (e.g., prepare the ESU for shipping, discharge the ESU, increase active cooling, only apply low power, etc.); planned conditions for use (e.g., outdoors, high-humidity, in rain, underwater, indoors, etc.). Selections may be made through menus and/or buttons on a visual display, through audio “display” of information responsive to verbal commands, or through text commands or displays transmitted to a phone or computer, including text messages or visual display via an app or web page. 
     Thus, the ESU may comprise a display interface coupled to the processor to continuously display the status of charging and discharging the plurality of power packs. 
     Solar Power and Alternate Energy Systems 
     Solar panels produce electrical power through the photovoltaic effect, converting sunlight into DC electricity. This DC electricity may be fed to a battery via a solar regulator to ensure proper charging and prevent damage to the battery. While DC devices can be powered directly from the battery or the regulator, AC devices require an inverter to convert the DC electricity to suitable AC current at, for example, 110V, 120V, 220V, 240V, etc. 
     Solar panels may be wired in series or in parallel to increase voltage or current, respectively. The rated terminal voltage of, say, a 12 Volt solar panel may actually be around 17 Volts, but the regulator may reduce the voltage to a lower level required for battery charging. 
     Solar Regulators 
     Solar regulators (also called charge controllers) regulate current from the solar panels to prevent battery overcharging, reducing or stopping current as needed. They may also include a Low Voltage Disconnect feature to switch off the supply to the load when battery voltage falls below the cut-off voltage and may also prevent the battery sending charge back to the solar panel in the dark. 
     Regulators may operate with a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller, in which the current is drawn out of the panel at just above the battery voltage, or with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, in which the current is drawn out of the panel at the panel “maximum power voltage,” dropping the current voltage like a conventional step-down DC-DC converter, but adding the “smart” aspect of monitoring of the variable maximum power point of the panel to adjust the input voltage of the DC-DC converter to deliver optimum power. 
     Inverters 
     Inverters are devices that converts the DC power to AC electricity. They come in several forms, including on-grid solar inverters that convert the DC power from solar panels into AC power which can be used directly by appliances or be fed into the grid. Off-grid systems and hybrid systems can also provide power to batteries for energy storage, but are more complex and costly that on-grid systems, requiring additional equipment. An inverter/charger that manages both grid connection and the charging or discharging of batteries may be called interactive or multi-mode inverters. A variation of such inverters is known as the all-in-one hybrid inverter. 
     Output from inverters may be in the form of a pure sine wave or a modified sine wave or squarewave. Some electronic equipment may be damaged by the less expensive modified sine wave output. In many conventional systems, multiple solar panels are connected to a single inverter in a “string inverter” setup. This can limit system efficiency, for when one solar panel is shaded and has reduced power, the overall current provided to the inverter is likewise reduced. String solar inverters are provided in single-phase and three-phase versions. 
     Microinverters are miniature forms of inverters that can be installed on the back of individual solar panels, providing the option for AC power to be created directly by the panel. For example, LG (Seoul, Korea) produces solar panels with integrated microinverters. Unfortunately, microinverters limit the efficiency of battery charging, for the AC power from the panels must be converted back to DC power for battery charging. They also add significant cost to the panels. The additional equipment on the panel may also increase maintenance problems and possibly the risk of lightning strikes. Microinverters generally use maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to optimize power harvesting from the panel or module it is connected to. An example of a microinverter is the Enphase M215 of Enphase Energy (Fremont, Calif.). 
     The on-grid string solar inverters and microinverters, collectively often simply called solar inverters, provide AC power that can be fed to the grid or directly to a home or office. Alternatively, off-grid inverters (or “battery inverters”) or hybrid inverters can charge batteries. Hybrid inverters can be used to charge batteries with DC current and to provide AC current for the grid or local devices, combining a solar inverter and battery inverter/charger into a single unit. An example of a hybrid inverter is the Conext SW 120/240 VAC hybrid inverter charger 48 VDC (865-4048) by Schneider Electric (Rueil-Malmaison, France) is a 4 kW (4000 watt) pure sine wave inverter or the 2.3 kW Outback Power Hybrid On/Off-grid Solar Inverter Charger 1-Ph 48 VDC by Outback Power (Phoenix, Ariz.). 
     Solar power systems may employ “deep cycle solar batteries,” which are designed for discharge over a long period of time (e.g., several days). Such batteries may be at risk of permanent damage is highly discharged, such as below 30% of capacity. They also may suffer the drawback of being able to deliver less total charge at a high load than at a low load due to problems of overheating at elevated discharge rates. 
     Machine Learning and AI 
     The ECS or central systems in communication with the ECS may employ machine learning, including neural networks and AI systems, to learn performance profiles for individual powerpacks, supercapacitors, or entire ESUs, or those of a managed fleet of vehicles of collection of devices, in order to better estimate and optimize performance including such factors as remaining charge, remaining useful life, times for maintenance, methods for charge control to reduce overheating or to prevent other excursions or safety issues, and strategies to optimize lifetime or power delivery with a given ECS. Methods for adaptive learning, neural network analysis, or AI development that can be used with supercapacitor systems or the ESUs described herein include Jean-Noel Marie-Frangoise et al., “Supercapacitor modeling with Artificial Neural Network (ANN),” https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20823689, accessed Nov. 1, 2021, which describes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using a black box nonlinear multiple inputs single output (MISO) model in which the system inputs are temperature and current, the output is the supercapacitor voltage. See also Elena Danila et al., “Dynamic Modelling of Supercapacitor Using Artificial Neural Network Technique,” International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering, October 2014, DOI: 10.1109/ICEPE.2014.6969988 and https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270888480_Dynamic_Modelling_of Supercapacitor_Using_Artificial_Neural_Network_Technique, which describes a feed forward artificial neural network structure with two hidden layers and with backpropagation training. Similar systems may be adapted for anticipatory power control as described herein. Also see Akram Eddahech, “Modeling and adaptive control for supercapacitor in automotive applications based on artificial neural networks,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 106 (January 2014): 134-141, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378779613002265, which seeks to predict power cycle behavior for supercapacitors using a one-layer feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN). Related publications include US Patent Application 20190097362, “Configurable Smart Object System with Standard Connectors for Adding Artificial Intelligence to Appliances, Vehicles, and Devices,” published Mar. 28, 2019 by B. Haba et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,379,546, “Vector control of grid-connected power electronic converter using artificial neural networks,” issued Jun. 28, 2016 to S. Li et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,548,894, “Artificial neural network,” issued Jun. 16, 2009 to Y. Fuji; and US Patent Application 20160283842, “Neural Network and Method of Neural Network Training United,” issued Sep. 29, 2016 to D. Pescianschi. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram of a modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit (ESU)  100  and its associated energy control system (ECS)  101 , which regulates aspects of the ESU  100  and its interaction with a device  162  which may be an electric vehicle (not shown) or other device. The ESU  100  may comprise one or more power packs  108 , as well as batteries or other energy storage units  124 , sensors  126  associated with the power packs  108  and optionally with the batteries or other energy storage units  124 , and may further comprise charging and discharging hardware  160  and configuration hardware  104 . 
     The charging and discharging hardware  160  comprises the wiring, switches, charge detection circuits, current detection circuits, and other devices for proper control of charge applied to the power packs  108  or to the batteries or other energy storage units  124 , as well temperature-control devices such as active cooling equipment and other safety devices. Active cooling devices (not shown) may include fans, circulating heat transfer fluids that pass through tubing or in some cases surround or immerse the power packs  108 , thermoelectric cooling such as Peltier effect coolers, etc. 
     In order to charge and discharge an individual unit among the power packs  108  to optimize the overall efficiency of the ESU, methods are needed to select one or more of many units from what may be a three-dimensional or two-dimensional array of connector to the individual units. Any suitable methods and devices may be used for such operations, including the use of crosspoint switches or other matrix switching tools. Crosspoint switches and matrix switches are means of selectively connecting specific lines among many possibilities, such as an array of X lines (X1, X2, X3, etc.) and an array of Y lines (Y1, Y2, Y3, etc.) that may respectively have access to the negative or positive electrodes or terminals of the individual units among the power packs  108  as well as the batteries or other energy storage units  124 . SPST (Single-Pole Single-Throw) relays, for example, may be used. See “Understanding Tree and Crosspoint Matrix Architectures,” Pickering Test, https://www.pickeringtest.com/en-us/kb/hardware-topics/switching-architectures/understanding-tree-and-crosspoint-matrix-architectures, accessed Oct. 28, 2021. By applying charge to individual supercapacitors within powerpacks or to individual power packs within the ESU, charge can be applied directly to where it is needed and supercapacitor or power pack can be charged to an optimum level independently of other power packs or supercapacitors. 
     Examples of crosspoint switches and related components that may be adapted for one or more aspects of the disclosure herein, particularly the charging of supercapacitors or related power packs, are described in: “Digital Crosspoint Switches,” MicroSemi Corp. (Aliso Viejo, Calif.), https://www.microsemi.com/product-directory/signal-integrity/3579-digital-crosspoint-switches; “Micrel™ 2.5V/3.3V 3.0 GHz Dual 2×2 CML Crosspoint Switch w/Internal Termination, SuperLite™ SY55858U,” 2005, http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/sy55858u.pdf, “Details, datasheet, quote on part number: BQ24640RVAR,” part of the BQ24640 family for “High Efficiency Synchronous Switch-Mode Battery Charge Controller for Super Capacitors,” Texas Instruments (Dallas, Tex.), https://www.digchip.com/datasheets/3258066-bg24640rvar.html; “8×8 Analog Crosspoint Switches Analog &amp; Digital Crosspoint ICs,” Mouser Electronics (Mansfield, Tex.), https://www.mouser.com/c/semiconductors/communication-networking-ics/analog-digital-crosspoint-ics/; “200-MHz 16×16 Video Crosspoint Switch IC,” Analogue Dialogue, April 1997, https://www.analog.com/en/analog-dialogue/articles/200-mhz-16×16-video-crosspoint-switch-ic.html; “Crossbar Switch,” and Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbar_switch, accessed Oct. 28, 2021. 
     The configuration hardware  104  comprises the switches, wiring, and other devices to transform the electrical configuration of the power packs  108  between series and parallel configurations, such as that a matrix of power packs  108  may be configured to be in series, in parallel, or in some combination thereof. For example, as 12×6 array of power packs  108  may 4 groups in series, with each group having 3×6 power packs in parallel. The configuration can be modified by a command from the configuration module  136  which then causes the configuration hardware  104  to make the change at an appropriate time (e.g., when the device  162  is not in use). 
     The sensors  126  may include thermocouples, thermistors, or other devices associated with temperature measurement such as IR cameras, etc., as well as strain gauges, pressure gauges, load cells, accelerometers, inclinometers, velocimeters, chemical sensors, photoelectric cells, cameras, etc., that can measure the status of the power packs  108  or batteries or other energy storage units  124 , or other characteristics of the ESU  100  or the device  162 , as described more fully hereafter. The sensors  126  may comprise sensors physically contained in or on the ESU  100 , or also comprise sensors mounted elsewhere such as engine gauges that are in electronic communication with the ECS  100  or its associated ESC  101 . 
     The ESU  100  also comprises or is associated with a power input/output interface  152  that can receive charge from a device  162  (or a plurality of devices in some cases) such as the grid or from regenerative power sources in an electric vehicle (not shown), and can deliver charge to a device  162  such as an electric vehicle (not shown). The power input/output interface  152  may comprise one or more inverters, charge converters, or other circuits and devices to convert the current to the proper type (e.g., AC or DC) and voltage or amperage for either supplying power to or receiving power from the device it is connected to (not shown). 
     The ESU  100  may be capable of charging, or supplementing the power provided from the batteries or other energy storage units  124  including chemical and nonchemical batteries, such as but not limited to lithium batteries (including those with titanate, cobalt oxide, iron phosphate, iron disulfide, carbon monofluoride, manganese dioxide or oxide, nickel cobalt aluminum oxides, nickel manganese cobalt oxide, etc.), lead-acid batteries, alkaline or rechargeable alkaline batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, nickel-iron batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-metal-hydride batteries, zinc-carbon batteries, mercury cell batteries, silver oxide batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, redox-flow batteries, supercapacitor batteries, and combinations or hybrids thereof. 
     The ESU  100  comprises or is operatively associated with an energy control system (ECS)  101  that may comprise a processor  102 , a memory  103 , one or more energy source modules  122 , a charge/discharge module  132 , a communication module  128 , a configuration module  136 , a dynamic module  134 , an identifier module  138 , a security module  140 , a safety module  142 , a maintenance module  156 , a performance module  150 , and a user interface  146 . 
     The sensors  126  may communicate with the safety module  142  to determine if the temperature of the power packs  108  and/or individual components therein show signs of excessive local or system temperature that might lead to harm to the components. In such cases, the safety module  142  interacts with the processor  102  and other features (e.g., data stored in the databases  144  of the cloud  114  or in memory  103  pertaining to safe temperature characteristics for the ESU  100 ) to cause a change in operation such as decreasing the charging or discharging underway with the portions of the power packs  108  or other units facing excessive temperature. The safety module  142  may also regulate cooling systems that are part of the charging and discharging hardware  160  in order to proactively increase cooling of the power packs  108  or batteries or other energy storage units  124 , such that increasing the load on them does not lead to harmful temperature increase. 
     Thus, the safety module  142  may also interact with the dynamic module  134  in responding to forecasts of system demands in the near future for anticipatory control of the ESU  100  for optimized power delivery. In the interaction with the dynamic module  134 , the safety module may determine that an upcoming episode of high system demand such as imminent climbing of a hill may imposes excessive demands on a power pack already operating at elevated temperature, and thus make a proactive recommendation to increase cooling on the at-risk power packs  108 . Other sensors such as strain gauges, pressure gauges, chemical sensors, etc., may be provided to determine if any of the energy storage units in batteries or other energy storage units  124  or the power packs  108  are facing pressure buildup from outgassing, decomposition, corrosion, electrical shorts, unwanted chemical reactions such as an incipient runaway reaction, or other system difficulties. In such cases, the safety module  142  may then initiate precautionary or emergency procedures such as a shut down, electrical isolation of the affected components, warnings to a system administrator via the communication module  128  to the message center  154 , a request for maintenance to the maintenance module  156 . 
     The processor  102  may comprise one or more microchips and can provide instructions to regulate the charging and discharging hardware and configuration hardware  104 . 
     The memory  103  may comprise coding for operation of one or more of the ECS modules  122 ,  128 ,  132 ,  134 ,  136 ,  138 ,  140 ,  142 ,  150  and their interactions with each other or other components. It may also comprise information such as databases pertaining to any aspect of the operation of the ECS, though additional databases  144  are also available via the cloud  114 . Such databases can include a charging database that describes the charging and/or discharging characteristics of a plurality or all of the energy sources (the power packs  108  and the batteries or other energy storage units  124 ), for guiding charging and discharging operations. Such data may also be included with energy-source-specific data provided by or accessed by the energy source modules  122 . 
     The ECS  101  may communicate with other entities via the cloud  114  or other means, and such communication may involve information received from and/or provided to one or more databases  144  and a message center  154 . The message center  154  can be used to provide alerts to an administrator responsible for the ESU  100  and/or the electric vehicle or other device. For example, an entity may own a fleet of electric vehicles using ESUs  100 , and may wish to receive notifications regarding usage, performance, maintenance issues, and so forth. The message center  146  may also participate in authenticating the ESU  100  or verifying its authorization for use in the electric vehicle or other device (not shown) via interaction with the security module  140 . 
     The energy source modules  122  may comprise specific modules designed for the operation of a specific type of energy source such as supercapacitor module, a lithium battery module, a lead-acid battery module, or other modules. Such modules may be associated with a database of performance characteristics (e.g., charge and discharge curves, safety restrictions regarding overcharge, temperature, etc.) that may provide information for use by the safety module  142  and the charge/discharge module  132 , which is used to optimize the way in which each unit within the power packs  108  or batteries or other energy storage units  124  is used both in terms of charging and delivering charge. The charge/discharge module  132  seeks to provide useful work from as much of the charge as possible in the individual power packs  108  while ensuring that individual power packs  108  are fully charged but not damaged by overcharging. The charge/discharge module  132  can assist in directing the charging/discharging hardware  160 , cooperating with the energy source modules  122 . In one aspect, the ESU  100  thus may provide real-time charging and discharging of the plurality of power packs  108  while the electric vehicle is continuously accelerating and decelerating along a path. 
     The dynamic module  134  assists in coping with changes in operation including acceleration, deceleration, stops, changes in slops (uphill or downhill), changes in traction or properties of the road or ground that affect traction and performance, etc., by optimizing the delivery of power or the charging that is taking place for individual power packs  108  or batteries or other energy storage units  124 . In addition to guiding the degree of power provided by or to individual power packs  108  based on current use of the device  162  and the individual state of the power packs  108 , in some aspects the dynamic module  134  provides anticipatory management of the ESU  100  by proactively adjusting the charging or discharging states of the power packs  108  such that added power is available as the need arises or slightly in advance (depending on time constants for the ESU  100  and its components, anticipatory changes in status may only be needed for a few seconds (e.g., 5 seconds or less or 2 seconds or less) or perhaps only for 1 second or less such as for 0.5 seconds or less, but longer times of preparatory changes may be needed in other cases, such as from 3 seconds to 10 seconds, to ensure that adequate power is available when needed but that power is not wasted by changing the power delivery state prematurely. This anticipatory control can involve not only increase the current or voltage being delivered, but can also involve increasing the cooling provided by the cooling hardware of the charging and discharging hardware  160  in cooperation with safety module  142  and when suitable with the charge/discharge module  132 . 
     The identifier module  138 , described in more detail hereafter, identifies the charging or discharging requirement for each power pack  108  to assist in best meeting the power supply needs of the device  162 . This process may require access to database information about the individual power packs  108  from the energy source modules  122  (e.g., a supercapacitor module) and information about the current state of the individual power packs  108  provided by the sensors  126  and charge and current detections circuits associated with the charging and discharging hardware  160 , cooperating with the charge/discharge module  132  and, as needed, with the dynamic module  134  and the safety module  142 . 
     The ESU  100  may comprise a display interface  146  coupled to the processor  102  to continuously display the status of charging and discharging the plurality of power packs  108 . It can be noted that the display interface  146  may be a display screen or a speaker, and the display device may be attached to the ESU, the device  162 , or to another object such as the user&#39;s cell phone screen. In one aspect, the display interface  146  may be integrated within the electric vehicle to display charging and discharging of the plurality of power packs  108 . 
     The maintenance module  156  determines when the ESU requires maintenance, either per a predetermined scheduled or when needed due to apparent problems in performance, as may be flagged by the performance module  150 , or in issues pertaining to safety as determined by the safety module  142  based on data from sensors  126  or the charging/discharging hardware, and in light of information from the energy sources modules  122 . The maintenance module  156  may cooperate with the communication module  128  to provide relevant information to the display interface  146  and/or to the message center  154 , where an administrator or owner may initiate maintenance action in response to the message provided. The maintenance module  156  may also initiate mitigating actions to be taken such as cooperating with the charge/discharge module  132  to decrease the demand on one or more of the power packs  108  in need of maintenance, and may also cooperate with the configuration module  136  to reconfigure the power packs  108  to reduce the demand in components that may be malfunctioning of near to malfunctioning to reduce harm and risk. 
     The performance module continually monitors the results obtained with individual power packs  108  and the batteries or other energy storage units  124  and stores information as needed in memory  103  and/or in the databases  144  of the cloud  114  or via messages to the message center  154 . The monitoring is done through the use of the sensors  126  and the charging/discharging hardware  160 , etc. The tracking of performance attributes of the individual energy sources can guide knowledge about the health of the system, the capabilities of the components, etc., which can guide decisions about charging and discharging in cooperation with the charge/discharge module  132 . The performance module  150  compares actual performance, such as power density, charge density, time to charge, thermal behavior, etc., to specifications and can then cooperate with the maintenance module  156  to help determine if maintenance or replacement is needed, and alert an administrator via the communication module  128  with a message to the message center  154  about apparent problems in product quality. 
     The Security Module: Security Issues and Anti-Counterfeiting Measures 
     The security module  140  helps to reduce the risk of counterfeit products or of theft or misuse of legitimate products associated with the ESU  100 , and thus can include one or more methods for authenticating the nature of the ESU  100  and/or authorization to use it with the device  162  in question. Methods of reducing the risk of theft of unauthorized use of an ESU  100  or its respective power packs  108  can include locks integrated with the casing of the ESU  100  that mechanically secure the ESU  100  in the electric vehicle or other device, wherein a key, a unique fob, a biometric signal such as a finger print or voice recognition system, or other security-related credentials or may be required to enable removal of the ESU  100  or even operation thereof. 
     In another aspect, the ESU  100  comprises a unique identifier (not shown) that can be tracked, allowing a security system to verify that a given ESU  100  is authorized for use with the device  162 , such as an electric vehicle or other device. For example, the casing of the ESU  100  or of one or more power packs  108  therein may have a unique identifier attached such as an RFID tag with a serial number (an active or passive tag), a holographic tag with unique characteristics equivalent to a serial number or password, nanoparticle markings that convey a unique signal, etc. One exemplary security tool that may be adapted for the security of the ESU is a seemingly ordinary bar code or QR code with unique characteristics not visible to the human eye that cannot be readily copied, is the Unisecure™ technology offered by Systech (Princeton, N.J.), a subsidiary of Markem-Image, that essentially allows ordinary QR codes and barcodes to become unique, individual codes by analysis of tiny imperfections in the printing to uniquely and robustly identify every individual products, even if it seems that the same code is printed on every one. The technology is described in part in U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/380,601, “Method and system for determining whether a mark is genuine,” issued Aug. 13, 2019 to M. L. Soborski; U.S. Pat. No. 9,940,572, “Methods and a computing device for determining whether a mark is genuine,” issued Apr. 10, 2018 to M. L. Soborski; U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/235,597, “Methods and a computing device for determining whether a mark is genuine,” issued Mar. 19, 2019 to M. Voigt et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 9,519,942, “Methods and a computing device for determining whether a mark is genuine,” issued Dec. 13, 2016 to M. L. Soborski; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,950,662, “Unique identification information from marked features,” issued Feb. 10, 2015 to M. L. Soborski. 
     Yet another approach relies at least in part in the unique electronic signature of the ESU, and/or of one or more individual power packs or of one or more supercapacitor units therein. The principle will be described relative to an individual power pack, but may be adapted to an individual supercapacitor or collectively to the ESU  100  as a whole. When a power pack  108  comprising supercapacitors is charged from a low voltage or relatively discharged state, the electronic response to a given applied voltage depends on many parameters, including microscopic details of the electrode structure such as porosity, pore size distribution, and distribution of coating materials, or details of electrolyte properties, supercapacitor geometry, etc., as well as macroscopic properties such as temperature. At a specified temperature or temperature range and under other suitable macroscopic conditions (e.g., low vibration, etc.), the characteristics of the power pack  108  may then be tested using any suitable tool capable of identifying a signature specific to the individual power pack. Such techniques may include impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, etc., measured under conditions such as Cyclic Charge Discharge (CCD), galvanostatic charge/discharge, potentiostatic charge/discharge, and impedance measurements. etc. An electronic signature of time effects (characteristic changes in time of voltage or current, for example, is response to an applied load of some kind) may be explored for a specified scenario such as charging a 90% discharged power pack to a state of 50% charge, or examining the response to difference applied voltages such as −3V to +4V. Voltammograms may be obtained showing, for example, the response of the power pack to different scan rates. See, for example, “Testing Super-Capacitors, Part 1: CV, EIS, and Leakage Current,” Apr. 16, 2015, https://www.gamry.com/assets/Uploads/Super-capacitors-part-1-rev-2.pdf, and “Testing Electrochemical Capacitors Part 2—Cyclic Charge Discharge and Stacks,” Nov. 14, 2011, https://www.gamry.com/assets/Application-Notes/Testing-Super-Capacitors-Pt2.pdf. Instrumentation for such testing may include a variety of electrical signal analysis tools, including, for example, the Gamry Instruments PWR800 system (Gamry Instruments Inc., Warminster, Pa.). Also see Erik Surewaard et al., “A Comparison of Different Methods for Battery and Supercapacitor Modeling,” SAE Transactions, Journal of Engines, vol. 112, Section 3 (2003): 1851-1859, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44741399. Also see Yuru Ge et al., “How to measure and report the capacity of electrochemical double layers, supercapacitors, and their electrode materials,” Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 24 (2020): 3215-3230, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10008-020-04804-x. 
     Recognizing that the details of supercapacitor response to a certain load or charge/discharge process may vary gradually over time, especially if the supercapacitor has been exposed to excess voltage or other mechanical or electrical stress, the security module can be adaptive and recognize and accept change within certain limits. Changes observed in the response characteristics can be used to update a security database or performance database for the ESU, so that future authentication operations will compare the measured behavior profile of the ESU&#39;s power pack in question with the updated profile for authentication purposes and for tracking of performance changes over time. Such information may also be shared with the maintenance module including the maintenance database, which may trigger a request or requirement for service if there are indications of damage pointing to the need of repair or replacement. When a power pack or supercapacitor therein is replaced due to damage, the response profile of the power pack can then be updated in the security database. When such physical changes cause changes to the measured electronic characteristics that exceed a reasonable threshold, the authorization for use of that ESU may be withdrawn pending further confirmation of authenticity or necessary maintenance. 
     In another aspect, each ESU and optionally each power pack of the ESU may be associated with a unique identifier registered in a blockchain system, and each “transaction” of the ESU such as each removal from a vehicle, maintenance operations, purchase or change in ownership, and installation into a vehicle or other device can be recorded and tracked. A code, RFID signal, or other identifier may be read or scanned for each transaction, such that the blockchain record may then be updated. The blockchain record may comprise an information about the authorization state of the product, such as information on what vehicle or vehicles or products the ESU is authorized for, or an identifier associated with the authorized user may be provided which can be verified or authenticated when the ESU is installed in a new setting or when a transaction occurs. The authorization record may be updated at any time, including when a transaction occurs. Mechanisms may be provided by the vendor to resolve disputes regarding authorization status or other questions. 
     In some aspects, such as in military or government operation, the ESU  100  may comprise an internal “kill switch” or other inactivation device that can be remotely activated by authorities in the event of a crime, unauthorized use, or violation of contract. Alternatively or in addition, an electric vehicle or other device may be adapted to reject installation of an ESU  100  that is not authorized for use in the vehicle or device  162 . 
     Further Information 
     The ECS  101  may access various databases  144  via an interface to the cloud  114  and store retrieved information in the memory  103  for use to guide the various modules. The memory  103  be configured to receive a set of instructions from the processor  102  while charging and discharging the power packs  108 . In one aspect, the set of instructions may activate a charging mode or a discharging mode to charge or discharge the power packs  108 . Communication to the cloud  114  may occur via the communication module  128  and may involve a wired or a wireless connections. If wireless, various communication techniques may be employed such as Visible Light Communication (VLC), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Infrared (IR) communication, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Radio waves, and other communication techniques. 
     Further, the memory  103  may comprise a charging database  116  or information from such a database obtained from the databases  144  of the cloud  114 . The charging database  116  is described in  FIG.  2   . In one aspect, the charging database  116  may be configured to store information related to various power packs  108  used while charging and discharging from the ESU  100 . In one aspect, the charging database  116  may be configured to store information related to the power cycle of each of the plurality of power packs  108 , the maximum and minimum charge for different types of power packs, and the state of charge (SoC) profile of each of the plurality of power packs  108 . 
     Further, the charging database  116  may be configured to store information related to the management of the plurality of power packs  108 . In one aspect, the information may include, but is not limited to, the type of power pack to be charged, safety specifications, recent performance data, bidirectional charging requirements or history of each of the plurality of power packs  108 , etc. In another aspect, the stored information may also include, but is not limited to, the capacity of each of the plurality of power packs  108 , amount of charge required for one trip of the electric vehicle along the path, such as golf course, etc., charging required for a supercapacitor unit, and acceleration and deceleration data related to the path of the electric vehicle. In another aspect, the charging database  116  may provide a detailed research report for the electric vehicle&#39;s average electric charge consumption over a path. In one aspect, the charging database  116  may be configured to store information of the consumption of the electric charge per unit per kilometer drive of the electric vehicle from the plurality of power packs  108 . For example, a golf cart is installed with 15 lithium batteries coupled in series; each lithium battery will supply 13 Ampere Hour (Ah) of the electric charge for one hour to drive the golf cart for a distance of one kilometer with an average velocity of 6 m/s, etc. 
     Further, the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100  may comprise a plurality of modules, as discussed below, to evaluate and enhance the performance of charging and discharging the capacity of the plurality of power packs  108 . In one aspect, the plurality of modules may enhance the performance of the electric vehicle by supplying the electric charge from the plurality of power packs  108  according to the need of the electric vehicle. 
     One aspect of the ECS  101  is described in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B . In one aspect, the ECS  101  may act as a central module to receive and send instructions to each of the plurality of modules. In another aspect, the ECS  101  may be configured to activate or deactivate a plurality of sub-modules according to the information received from the processor  102  and the memory unit  112 . The ECS  101  may be in communication with the network interface  114 . Further, the ECS  101  may comprise an electrostatic module to determine data related to a type of power packs. In one aspect, the electrostatic module may be configured to determine the percentage of electric charge available in each of the plurality of power packs  108 . The electrostatic module is described in  FIG.  4   . 
     Further, the ECS  101  may comprise a supercapacitor module within the energy source modules  122  to evaluate and charge the plurality of power packs  108  according to the percentage of electric charge available in each of the plurality of power packs  108  determined by the charging/discharging hardware  160  in cooperation with the performance module  150  and/or the chare/discharge module  132 . In one aspect, the ECS  101  may be configured to receive an input request from the charge/discharge module  132  related to the requirement of the electric charge of the plurality of power packs  108 . In one aspect, the supercapacitor module within the energy source modules  122  may be activated and deactivated automatically by the ECS  101  according to the input request. In one aspect, the supercapacitor module within the energy source modules  122  may be configured to retrieve data related to each of the plurality of power packs  108  from the charging database  116 . In one aspect, the data related to each of the plurality of the power packs  108  may be an amount of electric charge stored in each of the plurality of power packs  108 . In another aspect, the supercapacitor module  122  may be configured to measure the amount of the electric charge of each of the plurality of power packs  108  with respect to the data retrieved from the charging database  116 . Further, the supercapacitor module within the energy source modules  122  may cooperate with the identifier module  138  to determine whether charging of individual supercapacitors or of the entire plurality of power packs  108  is needed or not. The supercapacitor module within the energy source modules  122  is described in  FIG.  5   . 
     Further, the ECS  101  may comprise a battery module within the energy source modules  122  such as a lithium module to evaluate and charge the batteries or other energy storage units  124  according to the percentage of electric charge available therein as determined by the charging and discharging hardware  160  in cooperation with the performance module  150  and/or charge/discharge module  132 . In one aspect, the lithium module may function similarly to the supercapacitor module. Further, the lithium module may be configured to charge or discharge lithium batteries, when present. The lithium module is described in  FIG.  6   , which also applies to the lead-acid battery module or other battery modules within the energy source modules  122 . 
     Further, the ECS  101  may comprise an identifier module  138  configured to identify charging requirements of the plurality of power packs  108 . For example, in one aspect, the identifier module  138  may retrieve information from the charging database  116  to evaluate the charge requirement of each of the plurality of power packs  108  for charging or discharging when connected to the ESU  100 . The identifier module  138  is described in  FIG.  7   . 
     Further, the charge/discharge module  132  may be communicatively coupled to the performance module  150 , the energy storage modules  122 , and the identifier module  138 . Further, the charging module  132  may be configured to charge or discharge each of the plurality of power packs  108  up to a threshold limit. For example, in one aspect, the threshold limit may be more than 90 percent capacity of each of the plurality of power packs  108 . The charging module  132  is described in  FIG.  8   . 
     Further, the ECS  101  may comprise a dynamic module  134 , communicatively coupled to the charge/discharge module  132 . The dynamic module  134  may be configured to determine the charging and discharging status of the plurality of power packs  108  and batteries or other energy storage units  124  in real-time. For example, in one aspect, the dynamic module  134  may help govern bidirectional charge/discharge in real-time in which the electric charge may flow from the ESU  100  into the plurality of power packs  108  and/or batteries or other energy storage units  124  or vice versa. The dynamic module  134  is described in  FIG.  9   . Further, the ECS  101  may comprise a configuration module  136  configured to determine any change in configuration of charged power packs from the charging module  132 . For example, in one aspect, the configuration module  136  may be provided to change the configuration of the power packs  108 , such as from series to parallel or vice versa. The configuration module  136  is described in  FIG.  10   . 
       FIG.  2    illustrates the charging database  116  according to a version of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the charging database  116  may be configured to store information related to various power packs used while charging and discharging from the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 . In one aspect, the charging database  116  stores information of different varieties of power packs such as but not limited to supercapacitor units, lead-acid cells or batteries, lithium batteries, or other types of chemical and nonchemical power packs, including all those mentioned herein. Further, the charging database  116  may be configured to store information related to the power cycle of each of the plurality of power packs  108 , the maximum and minimum charge for different types of power packs, and the state of charge (SoC) profile of each of the plurality of power packs  108 . For example, a supercapacitor unit coupled to a golf cart has a charge cycle of 1 hour with a charging capacity of 60 percent, storing 13 Ah of the electric charge, and the supercapacitor unit, when charged to 60 percent of its capacity, delivers the electric charge for 15 minutes. 
     In one aspect, the charging database  116  may be configured to store the charging capacity of each of the plurality of power packs  108  when connected in series or parallel. In another aspect, the charging database  116  may also store the charging duration of each of the plurality of power packs  108  when connected in series or parallel. In one example, if ten supercapacitor units are connected in series, and each supercapacitor unit receives 13 Ah of the electric charge to reach 60 percent of their capacity for 20 minutes, then each of the ten supercapacitor units may deliver a charge cycle of one hour. Similarly, in another example, ten supercapacitor units are connected in parallel and each supercapacitor unit receives 10 Ah of the electric charge to reach 60 percent of their capacity for 30 minutes, and each supercapacitor unit can deliver the same charge cycle of 1 hour. In another example, ten supercapacitor units are connected in series or parallel, and each supercapacitor unit receives 17 Ah to reach 70 percent of its capacity for 24 minutes in series connection and 14 Ah to reach 70 percent of its capacity for 32 minutes in parallel connection, to deliver the charge cycle of 1.2 hours. Similarly, in the case of the ten supercapacitor units connected in series or parallel and charged 80 percent of their capacity, each supercapacitor unit receives 19 Ah of the electric charge within 29 minutes in series connection, and each supercapacitor unit receives 16 Ah of the electric charge within 34 minutes in parallel connection, and each supercapacitor unit delivers 1.6 hours of the charge cycle. 
     Further, the charging database  116  may be configured to store different types of power packs, such as supercapacitor units, lead-acid batteries, lithium batteries, etc. In one aspect, the charging database  116  may also store the bidirectional nature of charging or discharging of each of the plurality of power packs  108 . In one example, if a supercapacitor unit is charged more than 90 percent of its capacity, the electric charge flowing into the supercapacitor unit reverses its direction to flow back. In another example, if a lithium battery is charged more than 80 percent of its capacity, the electric charge flowing into the lithium battery reverses its direction to flow back. In another example, if a lead-acid battery is charged more than 90 percent of its capacity, the electric charge flowing into the lead-acid battery reverses its direction to flow back. 
       FIGS.  3 A- 3 B  illustrates a flowchart showing a method  300  performed by the ECS  101 , according to a version.  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B  are described in conjunction with  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  2   ,  FIG.  4   ,  FIG.  5   ,  FIG.  6   ,  FIG.  7   ,  FIG.  8   ,  FIG.  9   , and  FIG.  10   . In one aspect, the ECS  101  may be configured to initiate each plurality of modules to enhance the performance and the capability of the plurality of power packs  108 . It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the drawings. For example, two blocks shown in succession in  FIG.  3 A  and  FIG.  3 B  may be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. In addition, the process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understood as representing decisions made by a hardware structure such as a state machine. 
     At first, the ECS  101  may be configured to retrieve information related to the plurality of power packs  108  from the charging database  116  and the charging database  116 , at step  302 . In one aspect, the information related to each of the plurality of power packs  108  may be the type of power packs connected to the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 , duty cycle or charge cycle of each power pack, the capacity of each power pack to store the electric charge. For example, the ECS  101  retrieves information from the charging database  116  that the power pack connected for charging is a lead-acid battery coupled to a golf cart, and the charging database  116  states that the charge cycle of the lead-acid battery is 08 for 4 hours, and the lead-acid battery, when charged to its maximum capacity, delivers the electric charge for 30 minutes. Further, the ECS  101  may trigger the electrostatic module at step  304 . 
     Further, the electrostatic module (not shown) is described in  FIG.  4   .  FIG.  4    illustrates a flowchart of a method  400  performed by the electrostatic module. It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the drawings. For example, two blocks shown in succession in  FIG.  4    may be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. In addition, the process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understood as representing decisions made by a hardware structure such as a state machine. 
     At first, the electrostatic module (not shown) may receive a prompt from the ECS  101  at step  402 . In one aspect, the electrostatic module may be configured to identify the power pack type and the capacity of each power pack connected to the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 . Further, the electrostatic module may be configured to retrieve information related to the type of power packs from the charging database  116 , at step  404 . For example, the electrostatic module retrieves information from the charging database  116  that the plurality of power packs  108  connected to the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100  are ten supercapacitor units, and these ten supercapacitor units are connected in series. Successively, the electrostatic module may determine the capacity of each power pack to be charged at step  406 . In one aspect, the electrostatic module may be configured to determine the capacity of each power pack when connected to the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 . For example, the electrostatic module determines that each of the ten supercapacitor units connected in series can store 20 Ah of the electric charge. 
     Further, the electrostatic module may be configured to determine if each power pack charged below the threshold limit at step  408 . For example, in one aspect, the electrostatic module may check whether each of the plurality of power packs  108  may have the capacity below the threshold limit. In one case, the electrostatic module determines when the supercapacitor units are not charged below the threshold limit; then, the electrostatic module may proceed further to step  410 , to send data related to the supercapacitor units to the ECS  101 . For example, the electrostatic module determines that when the ten supercapacitor units are charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent of the electric charge, they do not need to be charged. In another case, the electrostatic module determines that when the supercapacitor units are charged below the threshold limit, the electrostatic module may proceed further to step  412  to measure the percentage of supercapacitor units to be charged. For example, the electrostatic module determines that the five supercapacitor units charged up to 60 percent of the capacity need to be charged. Further, the electrostatic module may be configured to measure the percentage of power packs to be charged at step  412 . For example, the electrostatic module measures that out of 10 supercapacitor units, five supercapacitor units are charged below 60 percent and need to be charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent. Successively, the electrostatic module may be configured to send data related to power packs to the ECS  101 , at step  414 . For example, the electrostatic module sends to the ECS  101  that out of ten supercapacitor units, five supercapacitor units are charged below 60 percent and need to be charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent. 
     Further, the ECS  101  may be configured to receive the data related to the power packs from the electrostatic module or other modules such as the performance module at step  306 . For example, the ECS  101  receives the data that five supercapacitor units are charged below 60 percent and need to be charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent and five supercapacitor units are charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent of their capacity and therefore does not need charging. Successively, the ECS  101  may be configured to trigger the supercapacitor module  122  at step  308 . Further, the supercapacitor module  122  is described in  FIG.  5   .  FIG.  5    illustrates a flowchart of a method  500  performed by the supercapacitor module  122 . It should also be noted that here and in the other drawings, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the drawings. For example, two blocks shown in succession in  FIG.  5    may be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. In addition, the process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understood as representing decisions made by a hardware structure such as a state machine. 
     At first, the supercapacitor module  122  may be configured to receive a prompt from the ECS  101 , at step  502 . The supercapacitor module  122  may be configured to charge each plurality of power packs  108  up to the threshold limit. In one aspect, the plurality of power packs  108  may be supercapacitor units, and the threshold limit of each supercapacitor unit may be 90 percent of its capacity. In one aspect, the supercapacitor module  122  may be activated and deactivated automatically by the ECS  101  upon receiving a request from the electrostatic module related to the charging requirement of the plurality of power packs  108 . Further, the supercapacitor module  122  may be configured to retrieve the charging requirement of the plurality of power packs  108  from the charging database  116 , at step  504 . In one aspect, the supercapacitor module  122  may be configured to retrieve the charging requirement of the plurality of power packs  108  to be used or consumed by the electric vehicle, such as golf cart, baby cart, electric car, etc., from the charging database  116 . For example, the supercapacitor module  122  retrieves the charging requirement that ten supercapacitor units connected in series need to be charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent of their capacity. 
     Further, the supercapacitor module  122  may be configured to measure the amount of electric charge of each of the plurality of power packs  108  via the communication configuration module  136  in real-time, at step  506 . In one aspect, the supercapacitor module  122  may also determine the amount of charge left within each of the plurality of power packs  108  when connected with the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 . In one aspect, the supercapacitor module  122 , using the communication configuration module  136 , measures the charge left on each of the plurality of power packs  108 . For example, the supercapacitor module  122  measures the amount of the electric charge of the ten supercapacitor units when connected to the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit; for instance, three supercapacitor units are fully drained, four supercapacitor units are still charged up to 60 percent, and three supercapacitor units are charged more than 90 percent of their capacity. Successively, the supercapacitor module  122  may determine if charging each of the plurality of power packs  108  is required at step  508 . For example, the supercapacitor module  122  determines that three supercapacitor units need to be recharged from 0 percent of their capacity, and four supercapacitor units need to be recharged from 60 percent of their capacity. The rest of the three supercapacitor units are charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent. 
     In one case, the supercapacitor module  122  may determine that charging of each of the plurality of power packs  108  is not required, then the supercapacitor module  122  is redirected back to step  506  to measure the amount of electric charge of each power pack. For example, the supercapacitor module  122  determines if each of the ten supercapacitor units is charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent of their capacity. In another case, the supercapacitor module  122  may determine that charging the plurality of power packs  108  is required; then, the supercapacitor module  122  may move to step  510 . For example, the supercapacitor module  122  determines that if each of the ten supercapacitor units is completely drained to 0 percent of their capacity, then the supercapacitor module  122  proceeds to charge each power pack up to the threshold limit, at step  510 . In one aspect, the threshold limit of the power packs may vary according to the desired usage of the power packs. For example, in one exemplary aspect, the threshold limit of each of 10 supercapacitor units may be up to 90 percent of their capacity to hold the electric charge of 25 Ah or 20 Ah for series or parallel connection. For example, the supercapacitor module  122  charges the three supercapacitor units initially at 0 percent of their capacity to 90 percent of their capacity. 
     Successively, the supercapacitor module  122  may be configured to send a first charging notification to the ECS  101  at step  512 . For example, the supercapacitor module  122  sends the first charging notification that out of 10 supercapacitor units, three have been charged to the threshold limit of 90 percent. Four supercapacitor units are charged to 90 percent from 60 percent, and the rest of the three supercapacitor units are not charged. Further, the ECS  101  may be configured to receive the first charging notification from the supercapacitor module  122  at step  310 . For example, the ECS  101  receives the first charging notification that out of 10 supercapacitor units, three have been charged to the threshold limit of 90 percent from initially with 0 percent of the electric charge, four supercapacitor units are charged to 90 percent from 60 percent, and the rest of 3 supercapacitor units are not charged. 
     Successively, the ECS  101  may be configured to trigger the lithium module  124  at step  312 . For example, in one aspect, the lithium module  124  may determine whether there may be lithium batteries to charge or discharge. Further, the lithium module  124  is described in  FIG.  6   .  FIG.  6    illustrates a flowchart of a method  600  performed by the lithium module  124 . It should also be noted that the blocks in flow charts here or elsewhere in the drawings may generally be understood as representing decisions made by a hardware structure such as a state machine. 
     At first, the lithium module  124  may be configured to receive a prompt from the ECS  101  at step  602 . The lithium module  124  may be configured to charge the plurality of power packs  108  up to the threshold limit. In one aspect, the plurality of power packs  108  may be lithium batteries, and each lithium battery&#39;s threshold limit may be 90 percent of its capacity. In one aspect, the lithium module  124  may be activated and deactivated automatically by the ECS  101  upon receiving the request from the electrostatic module related to the charging requirement of the plurality of power packs  108 . Further, the lithium module  124  may be configured to retrieve the charging requirement of the plurality of power packs  108  from the charging database  116 , at step  604 . In one aspect, the lithium module  124  may be configured to retrieve the charging requirement of the plurality of power packs  108  to be used or consumed by the electric vehicle, such as golf cart, baby cart, electric car, etc., from the charging database  116 . For example, the lithium module  124  retrieves the charging requirements that 15 lithium batteries connected in series need to be charged equal to more than 90 percent of their capacity. 
     Further, the lithium module  124  may be configured to measure the amount of electric charge of each of the plurality of power packs  108  via the communication configuration module  136  in real-time, at step  606 . In one aspect, the lithium module  124  may also measure the charge left within each of the plurality of power packs  108  when connected with the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 . In one aspect, the lithium module  124 , using the communication configuration module  136 , measures the amount of charge left on each of the plurality of power packs  108 . For example, the lithium module  124 , using the communication configuration module  136 , determines that the 15 lithium batteries, when connected to the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit, for instance, five lithium batteries are fully drained, four lithium batteries are still charged up to 60 percent, and six lithium batteries are charged more than 90 percent of their capacity. Successively, the lithium module  124  may determine if charging each of the plurality of power packs  108  is required at step  608 . For example, the lithium module  124  determines that five lithium batteries need to be recharged from 30 percent of their capacity, four lithium batteries need to be recharged from 60 percent of their capacity, and the remaining six lithium batteries are charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent. 
     In one case, the lithium module  124  may determine that charging of each of the plurality of power packs  108  is not required, then the lithium module  124  is redirected back to step  606  to measure the amount of electric charge of each power pack. For example, lithium module  124  determines if each of the 15 lithium batteries is charged equal to or more than 90 percent of their capacity. In another case, the lithium module  124  may determine that charging the plurality of power packs  108  is required; then, the lithium module  124  may move to step  610 . For example, the lithium module  124  determines that if each of the 15 lithium batteries is completely drained to 0 percent of their capacity, then the lithium module  124  may proceed to charge each power pack up to the threshold limit at step  610 . In one aspect, the threshold limit of the power packs may vary according to the desired usage of the power packs. In one exemplary aspect, the threshold limit of each of 15 lithium batteries may be up to 90 percent of their capacity to hold the electric charge. For example, the lithium module  124  charges the five lithium batteries, which are at 0 percent of their capacity to 90 percent of their capacity for the electric vehicle to complete one run time along a road of one kilometer. 
     Successively, the lithium module  124  may be configured to send a second charging notification to the ECS  101  at step  612 . For example, the lithium module  124  is configured to send the second charging notification that out of 15 lithium batteries, five have been charged to the threshold limit of 90 percent, four lithium batteries are charged to 90 percent from 60 percent, and the rest of 6 lithium batteries are not charged. Further, the ECS  101  may be configured to receive the second charging notification from the lithium module  124  at step  314 . For example, the ECS  101  receives the second charging notification that out of 15 lithium batteries, five have been charged to the threshold limit of 90 percent from initially with 0 percent of the electric charge, four lithium batteries are charged to 90 percent from 60 percent, and the rest of 6 lithium batteries are not charged. 
     Successively, the ECS  101  may be configured to trigger the lead-acid module  126  at step  316 . In one aspect, the lead-acid module  126  may determine whether there may be lead-acid batteries to charge or discharge. Further, the lead-acid module  126  is described in  FIG.  7   .  FIG.  7    illustrates a flowchart of a method  700  performed by the lead-acid module  126 . It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the drawings. For example, two blocks shown in succession in  FIG.  7    may be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. In addition, the process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understood as representing decisions made by a hardware structure such as a state machine. 
     At first, the lead-acid module  126  may be configured to receive a prompt from the ECS  101 , at step  702 . The lead-acid module  126  may be configured to charge the plurality of power packs  108  up to the threshold limit. In one aspect, the plurality of power packs  108  may be lead-acid batteries, and the threshold limit of each lead-acid battery may be 90 percent of its capacity. In one aspect, the lead-acid module  126  may be activated and deactivated automatically by the ECS  101  upon receiving the request from the electrostatic module related to the charging requirement of the plurality of power packs  108 . Further, the lead-acid module  126  may be configured to retrieve the charging requirement of the plurality of power packs  108  from the charging database  116 , at step  704 . In one aspect, the lead-acid module  126  may be configured to retrieve the charging requirement of the plurality of power packs  108  to be used or consumed by the electric vehicle, such as golf cart, baby cart, electric car, etc., from the charging database  116 . For example, the lead-acid module  126  retrieves the charging requirements that ten lead-acid batteries connected in series need to be charged equal to more than 90 percent of their capacity. 
     Further, the lead-acid module  126  may be configured to measure the electric charge of each of the plurality of power packs  108  via the communication configuration module  136  in real-time, at step  706 . In one aspect, the lead-acid module  126  may also measure the charge left within each of the plurality of power packs  108  when connected with the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 . In another aspect, the lead-acid module  126 , using the communication configuration module  136 , measures the amount of charge left on each of the plurality of power packs  108 . For example, the lead-acid module  126  measures that the ten lead-acid batteries when connected to the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit, for instance, four lead batteries are fully drained, four lead-acid batteries are still charged up to 60 percent, and two lead-acid batteries are charged more than 90 percent of their capacity. Successively, the lead-acid module  126  may determine if charging each of the plurality of power pack  108  is required at step  708 . For example, the lead-acid module  126  determines that four lead-acid batteries need to be recharged from 0 percent of their capacity, four lead-acid batteries need to be recharged from 60 percent of their capacity, and the remaining two lead-acid batteries are charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent. 
     In one case, the lead-acid module  126  may determine that charging of each of the plurality of power packs  108  is not required, then the lead-acid module  126  is redirected back to step  706  to measure the amount of electric charge of each power pack. For example, the lead-acid module  126  determines if each of the ten lead-acid batteries is charged equal to or more than 90 percent of their capacity. In another case, the lead-acid module  126  may determine that charging the plurality of power packs  108  is required; then, the lead-acid module  126  may move to step  710 . For example, the lead-acid module  126  determines that if each of the ten lead-acid batteries is completely drained to 0 percent of their capacity, then the lead-acid module  126  may charge each power pack up to the threshold limit at step  710 . In one aspect, the threshold limit of the power packs may vary according to the desired usage of the power packs. In one exemplary aspect, the threshold limit of each of 10 lead-acid batteries is up to 90 percent of their capacity to hold the electric charge. For example, the lead-acid module  126  charges the four lead-acid batteries, which are at 30 percent of their capacity to 90 percent of their capacity for the electric vehicle to complete one run time along a road of one kilometer. 
     Successively, the lead-acid module  126  may be configured to send a third charging notification to the ECS  101  at step  712 . For example, the lead-acid module  126  is configured to send the third charging notification that out of 10 lead-acid batteries, four have been charged to the threshold limit of 90 percent, four lead-acid batteries are charged to 90 percent from 60 percent, and the rest of 2 lead-acid batteries are not charged. Further, the ECS  101  may be configured to receive the third charging notification from the lead-acid module  126  at step  318 . For example, the ECS  101  receives the third charging notification that out of 10 lead-acid batteries, four have been charged to the threshold limit of 90 percent from initially with 0 percent of the electric charge, four lead-acid batteries are charged to 90 percent from 60 percent, and the rest of 2 lead-acid batteries are not charged. 
     Further, the ECS  101  may be configured to trigger identifier module  138  at step  320 . In one aspect, the identifier module  138  may be configured to identify problems while charging the plurality of power packs  108 . The identifier module  138  is described in conjunction with  FIG.  8   .  FIG.  8    illustrates a flowchart of a method  800  performed by the identifier module  138 . 
     At first, the identifier module  138  may be configured to receive a prompt from the ECS  101 , at step  802 . The identifier module  138  may be configured to determine the charge level required from each of the plurality of power packs  108 . Further, the identifier module  138  may be configured to retrieve information related to the plurality of power packs  108  from the charging database  116 , at step  804 . In one aspect, the identifier module  138  may be configured to retrieve information related to the charging or discharging the plurality of power packs  108 . For example, the identifier module  138  retrieves information that the ten lead-acid batteries connected to the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100  have the state of charge profile as, ten lead-acid batteries have a charge cycle of 2 hours when charged more than 95 percent of their capacity, and the ten lead-acid batteries are charged up to 90 percent from the lead-acid module  126 . Further, the identifier module  138  may be configured to examine the plurality of power packs during charging from the supercapacitor module  122 , the lithium module  124 , the lead-acid module  126 , or the other module  128  at step  806 . For example, the identifier module  138  performs examination that out of the ten lead-acid batteries, only six lead-acid batteries are charged up to 90 percent of their capacity, and the remaining four lead-acid batteries are not charged above 60 percent of their capacity due to the presence of more acid in the four lead-acid batteries. 
     Successively, the identifier module  138  may determine if the plurality of power packs  108  are properly charged above the threshold limit at step  808 . In one aspect, the identifier module  138  may be configured to determine whether each of the plurality of power packs  108  may be charged above the threshold limit. In one case, the identifier module  138  may determine if the plurality of power packs  108  are charged below the threshold limit, then the identifier module  138  may proceed to step  810  to measure the amount of the electric charge required from each of the plurality of power packs  108 . For example, the identifier module  138  determines that if the required electric charge from the ten lead-acid batteries is 20 hours of the charge cycle and out of the ten lead-acid batteries, six are charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent to deliver the charge cycle of 2 hours for each lead-acid battery and the remaining four which are charge below 60 percent of their capacity deliver the charge cycle for 1 hour only for each of these four lead-acid batteries. Therefore, identifier module  138  measures that the ten lead-acid batteries with the current state of charge profile can deliver only 16 hours of the charge cycle, and the identifier module  138  may then proceed to step  812 , to send the information related to the charging requirements to the ECS  101 . 
     In another case, the identifier module  138  may determine that if each of the plurality of power packs  108  are charged above the threshold limit, then the identifier module  138  may proceed to step  812  to send information related to the charging of the plurality of power packs  108  to the ECS  101 . For example, the identifier module  138  determines that out of 10 lead-acid batteries, each of the ten lead-acid batteries are charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent to maintain the state of charge profile by delivering the continuous charge cycle for 20 hours from the ten lead-acid batteries. Further, the identifier module  138  may be configured to send the information related to the charging requirements of the plurality of power packs  108  to the ECS  101 , at step  812 . For example, the identifier module  138  is configured to send to the ECS  101  that out of 10 lead-acid batteries, four batteries need to be charged to achieve an overall charge cycle of 20 hours from the lead-acid batteries. Successively, the ECS  101  may be configured to receive information about charging the plurality of power packs  108  at step  322 . For example, the ECS  101  receives that out of 10 lead-acid batteries, four batteries need to be charged to achieve an overall charge cycle of 20 hours from the lead-acid batteries. 
     Further, the ECS  101  may be configured to trigger the charging module  132  at step  324 . Further, the charging module  132  is described in  FIG.  9   .  FIG.  9    illustrates a flowchart of a method  900  performed by the charging module  132 . It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the drawings. For example, two blocks shown in succession in  FIG.  9    may be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. In addition, the process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understood as representing decisions made by a hardware structure. 
     At first, the charging module  132  may be configured to receive a prompt from the ECS  101 , at step  902 . The charging module  132  may be configured to charge the plurality of power packs  108  to meet the desired charge cycle. In one aspect, the desired charge cycle of each of the plurality of power packs  108  may be 2 hours when each power pack is charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent. In one aspect, the charging module  132  may be configured to activate or deactivated by the ECS  101  according to the information received from the identifier module  138  to charge or discharge the plurality of power packs  108 , respectively. Successively, the charging module  132  may be configured to retrieve information related to the plurality of power packs  108  from the charging database  116 , at step  904 . In one aspect, the charging module  132  may retrieve information that each of the plurality of power packs  108  is charged below the threshold limit. For example, the charging module  132  retrieves information that the ten lead-acid batteries are charged nearly 80 percent of their capacity, which is below the threshold limit of 90 percent to deliver the desired charge cycle of 20 hours. 
     Further, the charging module  132  may be configured to measure the amount of electric charge stored in each of the plurality of power packs  108 , at step  906 . In one aspect, the charging module  132  may be configured to measure the charge stored in each of the plurality of power packs  108 , which may be previously charged by their respective modules. For example, charging module  132  measures that out of the ten supercapacitor units, five are charged 70 percent of their capacity, four are charged 75 percent of their capacity, and one is charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent, by the supercapacitor module  122 , and out of the 15 lithium batteries five are charged 90 percent of their capacity, six are charged around 60 percent of their capacity, and four are charged 70 percent of their capacity, by the lithium module  124 , and similarly, out of the ten lead-acid batteries six are charged 90 percent of their capacity, and four are charged near 60 percent of their capacity, by the lead-acid module  126 . 
     Further, the charging module  132  may determine if each of the plurality of power packs  108  is charged enough to deliver the desired charge cycle at step  908 . In one aspect, the charging module  132  may determine whether each of the plurality of power packs  108  are charged enough for consumption or to be used during the specified or desired charge cycle. In one case, the charging module  132  may determine if the plurality of power packs  108  is not charged equal to or above the threshold limit to deliver the desired charge cycle from each power pack. For example, the charging module  132  determines that if the desired charge cycle from the ten lead-acid batteries is 20 hours and out of the ten lead-acid batteries, six are charged 90 percent of their capacity, and four are charged near 60 percent of their capacity, and the overall charge cycle of the ten lead-acid batteries is 16 hours, which is 4 hours less than the desired charge cycle. In this case, the charging module  132  may proceed to step  910  to charge the plurality of power packs  108  to meet the desired charge cycle. In another case, the charging module  132  may determine if the plurality of power packs  108  is equal to or above the threshold limit to deliver the desired charge cycle. For example, the charging module  132  determines that if the desired charge cycle from the ten lead-acid batteries is 20 hours, and each of the ten lead-acid batteries is charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent to deliver the charge cycle of 20 hours (2 hours from each lead-acid battery). In this case, the charging module  132  may proceed to step  912  to send the information related to the plurality of power packs  108 . 
     Successively, the charging module  132  may be configured to charge the plurality of power packs  108  to meet the desired charge cycle at step  910 . For example, the charging module  132  charges the ten lead-acid batteries if the desired charge cycle from the ten lead-acid batteries is 20 hours, and out of the ten lead-acid batteries, six are charged 90 percent of their capacity, and four are charged near 60 percent of their capacity, and the overall charge cycle of the ten lead-acid batteries is 16 hours, which is 4 hours less than the desired charge cycle, then the charging module  132  charges the rest of 4 lead-acid batteries up to the threshold limit of 90 percent to meet the desired charge cycle of 2 hours from each of the ten lead-acid batteries. Further, the charging module  132  may be configured to send the information about charging the plurality of power packs  108  to the ECS  101 , at step  912 . For example, the charging module  132  is configured to send to the ECS  101  that each of the ten lead-acid batteries is charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent to deliver the desired charging cycle of 20 hours. Successively, the ECS  101  receives the information related to charging required power packs from the charging module  132 , at step  326 . For example, the ECS  101  receives that each of the ten lead-acid batteries is charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent to deliver the desired charging cycle of 20 hours. 
     Further, the ECS  101  may be configured to send the information about charging the plurality of power packs  108  and the charge cycle to the display interface  110 , at step  328 . For example, the ECS  101  sends to the display interface  146  that each of the ten lead-acid batteries is charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent to deliver the desired charging cycle of 20 hours. Successively, the ECS  101  may be configured to trigger the dynamic module  134  at step  330 . Further, the dynamic module  134  is described in  FIG.  10   .  FIG.  10    illustrates a flowchart of a method  1000  performed by the dynamic module  134 . It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the drawings. For example, two blocks shown in succession in  FIG.  10    may be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. In addition, the process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understood as representing decisions made by a hardware structure. 
     At first, the dynamic module  134  may be configured to receive a prompt from the ECS  101 , at step  1002 . The dynamic module  134  may be configured to restrict the flow of the electric charge in real-time towards each of the plurality of power packs  108  when each of the plurality of power packs  108  may be charged above the threshold limit. In one aspect, the flow of the electric charge may be restricted due to the bidirectional charging of each of the plurality of power packs  108  above the threshold limit. In one aspect, the dynamic module  134  may be configured to be activated or deactivated in real-time after the plurality of power packs  108  have been charged from the charging module  132 . Further, the dynamic module  134  may be configured to retrieve information related to the charging or discharging the plurality of power packs  108  from the charging database  116 , at step  1004 . In one aspect, the dynamic module  134  may be configured to retrieve information related to the charging or discharging nature of each of the plurality of power packs  108 . For example, the dynamic module  134  retrieves information that the ten lead-acid batteries when coupled in series and connected to the modular multi-type power energy storage unit  100  for charging up to the threshold limit of 90 percent, and after being charged up to 90 percent of their capacity, the electric charge flows in the reverse direction back into the modular multi-type power energy storage unit  100 . 
     Successively, the dynamic module  134  may be configured to compare the charging and discharging of the plurality of power packs  108  in real-time with the retrieved charging and discharging of the plurality of power packs  108 , at step  1006 . In one aspect, the dynamic module  134  may be configured to compare in real-time the charging and discharging of each of the plurality of power packs  108  charged from the charging module  132  with the plurality of power packs  108  retrieved. For example, the dynamic module  134  compares that the ten lead-acid batteries when charged above the threshold limit of 90 percent of their capacity, the electric charge flows in the reverse direction back into the modular multi-type power energy storage unit  100 , and the electric charge flowing into the ten lead-acid batteries when charged in real-time by the charging module  132 , does not flow back until the each of the ten lead-acid batteries are charged up to 90 percent of their capacity, irrespective of the configuration of the batteries, such as in series or parallel. 
     Further, the dynamic module  134  may be configured to determine if the plurality of power packs  108  have bidirectional charging in real-time, at step  1008 . In one aspect, the dynamic module  134  may be configured to determine if each of the plurality of power packs  108  being charged by the charging module  132  may have the bidirectional nature of the charge. In one case, the dynamic module  134  may determine that if the plurality of power packs  108  have bidirectional charging and discharging capability, the dynamic module  134  may proceed further to step  1010  to restrict the flow of the electric charge from the plurality of power packs above the threshold limit. For example, the dynamic module  134  determines that if each of the ten lead-acid batteries, when charged above the 90 percent of capacity, the electric charge flows back into the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 , the dynamic module  134  is configured to restrict the flow of the electric chargeback by detaching the ten lead-acid batteries from the charging mode. It can be noted that the charging mode is an automatic preprogrammed actuation to start charging of the plurality of power packs  108 . In this case, the dynamic module  134  is configured to send the real-time status of the plurality of power packs  108  to the ECS  101  at step  1012 . 
     In another case, the dynamic module  134  may determine if the plurality of power packs  108  does not have bidirectional charging and discharging capability; the dynamic module  134  may proceed directly to step  1012  to send the real-time status of the plurality of power packs  108  to the ECS  101 . For example, the dynamic module  134  determines that if each of the ten lead-acid batteries, when charged above the 90 percent of capacity, the electric charge does not flow back into the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 , the dynamic module  134  is configured to send the real-time status of the ten lead-acid batteries to the ECS  101 . Successively, the ECS  101  may be configured to receive the real-time status of the plurality of power packs  108  from the dynamic module  134 , at step  332 . For example, the ECS  101  receives that each of the ten lead-acid batteries, when charged above the 90 percent of capacity, the electric charge does not flow back into the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 . 
     Successively, the ECS  101  may be configured to trigger the communication configuration module  136  at step  334 . Further, the communication configuration module  136  is described in  FIG.  11   .  FIG.  11    illustrates a flowchart of a method  1100  performed by the communication configuration module  136 . It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the drawings. For example, two blocks shown in succession in  FIG.  11    may be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. In addition, the process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understood as representing decisions made by a hardware structure. 
     At first, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to receive a prompt from the ECS  101 , at step  1102 . The communication configuration module  136  may be configured to change the configuration of the plurality of power packs  108  when connected to the modular multi-type power pack energy storage unit  100 . In one aspect, the configuration may be series or parallel. In one aspect, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to facilitate communication between the ECS  101  and the charging hardware  106 . Further, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to retrieve information related to the charging hardware  106  from the charging database  116 , at step  1104 . In one aspect, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to retrieve the coupling of the plurality of power packs  108  within the charging hardware  106  from the charging database  116 . In one example, the communication configuration module  136  retrieves that the ten lead-acid batteries are connected in series within the charging hardware  106  to receive the supply of the electric charge, and each of the ten lead-acid batteries is charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent within 45 minutes of charging. In another example, the communication configuration module  136  retrieves that the ten lead-acid batteries are connected in parallel within the charging hardware  106  to receive the supply of the electric charge, and each of the ten lead-acid batteries is charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent within 60 minutes of charging. 
     Successively, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to measure the amount of charge being supplied to each of the plurality of power packs  108 , at step  1106 . In one aspect, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to measure the electric charge supplied to the plurality of power packs from the charging module  134 . For example, the communication configuration module  136  measures that out of the ten lead-acid batteries coupled in series, five lead-acid batteries are charged up to the threshold limit of 90 percent within 45 minutes of charging, rest of the five lead-acid batteries are charged below the threshold limit of 90 percent within these 35 minutes of charging. Further, the communication configuration module  136  may determine if the configuration of the plurality of power packs  108  is consuming more electric charge at step  1108 . In one aspect, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to determine that the plurality of power packs  108  consumes more electric charge than desired to charge each of the plurality of power packs  108  up to the threshold limit. In one case, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to determine that the plurality of power packs  108  may consume more electric charge to reach the threshold limit. For example, the communication configuration module  136  determines that out of the ten lead-acid batteries coupled in series, each battery consumes a 25 Ah charge to reach the threshold limit of 90 percent of their capacity. In this case, the communication configuration module  136  may proceed to step  1110 , to change the configuration of the plurality of power packs  108 . In another case, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to determine that the plurality of power packs  108  does not consume more electric charge to reach the threshold limit. For example, the communication configuration module  136  determines that each of the ten lead-acid batteries consumes 20 Ah of the electric charge to reach the desired threshold limit of 90 percent. In this case, the communication configuration module  136  may proceed to step  1112  to send the ECS  101  that no change in configuration is required. 
     Further, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to change the configuration of the plurality of power packs  108  within the charging hardware  106 , at step  1110 . In one aspect, the plurality of power packs  108  may consume more electric charge to reach the threshold limit. For example, the communication configuration module  136  changes the configuration in a manner that out of the ten lead-acid batteries coupled in series, each battery consumes a 25 Ah charge to reach the threshold limit of 90 percent of their capacity. In this case, the ten lead-acid batteries are changed to parallel configuration. In this case, the communication and configuration module  136 , after changing the configuration of the plurality of power packs  108 , may be redirected back to step  1108 , to determine whether the configuration of the plurality of power packs  108  is consuming more electric charge. Successively, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to send any change in the configuration of the plurality of power packs  108  to the ECS  101 , at step  1112 . For example, the communication configuration module  136  is configured to send to the ECS  101  that the ten lead-acid batteries are consuming 25 Ah of electric charge when coupled in series to reach the threshold limit of 90 percent, and these ten lead-acid batteries when connected in parallel, consume only 20 Ah of the electric charge to reach the threshold limit of 90 percent. Therefore, the communication configuration module  136  may be configured to reduce the consumption of the electric charge while charging the plurality of power packs  108 . 
     Successively, the ECS  101  may be configured to receive any change in configuration of the plurality of power packs  108 , at step  336 . For example, the ECS  101  receives that the ten lead-acid batteries are consuming 25 Ah of electric charge when coupled in series to reach the threshold limit of 90 percent, and these ten lead-acid batteries, when connected in parallel, consume only 20 Ah of the electric charge to reach the threshold limit of 90 percent. Further, the ECS  101  may be configured to send the change in configuration of the plurality of power packs  108  to the display interface  110 , at step  338 . For example, the display interface  146  display, the ten lead-acid batteries are consuming 25 Ah of electric charge when coupled in series to reach the threshold limit of 90 percent, and these ten lead-acid batteries, when connected in parallel, consume only 20 Ah of the electric charge to reach the threshold limit of 90 percent. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure may be provided as a computer program product, which may include a computer-readable medium tangibly embodying thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer (or other electronic devices) to perform a process. The computer-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, fixed (hard) drives, magnetic tape, floppy diskettes, optical disks, Compact Disc Read-Only Memories (CD-ROMs), and magneto-optical disks, semiconductor memories, such as ROMs, Random Access Memories (RAMs), Programmable Read-Only Memories (PROMs), Erasable PROMs (EPROMs), Electrically Erasable PROMs (EEPROMs), flash memory, magnetic or optical cards, or other types of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions (e.g., computer programming code, such as software or firmware). Moreover, aspects of the present disclosure may also be downloaded as one or more computer program products, wherein the program may be transferred from a remote computer to a requesting computer by way of data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection). 
     All patents and patent applications cited are to be understood as being incorporated by reference to the degree they are compatible herewith. 
     For all ranges given herein, it should be understood that any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit, when feasible. Thus, for example, citing a temperature range of from 5° C. to 150° C. and from 20° C. to 200° C. would also inherently include a range of from 5° C. to 200° C. and a range of 20° C. to 150° C. 
     When listing various aspects of the products, methods, or system described herein, it should be understood that any feature, element or limitation of one aspect, example, or claim may be combined with any other feature, element or limitation of any other aspect when feasible (i.e., not contradictory). Thus, disclosing an example of power pack comprising a temperature sensor and then a separate example of a power pack associated with an accelerometer would inherently disclose a power pack comprising or associated with an accelerometer and a temperature sensor. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, components such as software modules or other modules may be combined into a single module or component, or divided such that the function involves cooperation of two or more components or modules. Identifying an operation or feature as a discrete single entity should be understood to include division or combination such that the effect of the identified component is still achieved.