Patent Publication Number: US-2021167063-A1

Title: Semiconductor devices

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/422,199, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,930,648, filed May 24, 2019, which is a continuation application of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/926,572, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,347,627, filed on Mar. 20, 2018, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0075059, filed on Jun. 14, 2017, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to semiconductor devices and, more particularly, to semiconductor devices including a field effect transistor. A semiconductor device may include an integrated circuit having metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). As the semiconductor device becomes highly integrated, MOSFETs may be scaled-down in size, which may result in deterioration of operating characteristics of the semiconductor device. For example, a process margin (e.g., spacing) of metal lines in the semiconductor device may decrease, which may result in deterioration of operating characteristics. Accordingly, various research has been developed to manufacture semiconductor devices having high performance while overcoming limitations due to the high integration of semiconductor devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     Some embodiments of the inventive concepts provide a semiconductor device including highly-integrated field effect transistors. Other objects of the present inventive concepts that have not been mentioned above, however, will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the following description. 
     According to example embodiments of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device may include a plurality of active patterns extending in a first direction. The semiconductor device may include a plurality of gate structures crossing the active patterns and extending in a second direction crossing the first direction. The semiconductor device may include a device isolation layer extending in the second direction between adjacent first and second ones of the plurality of gate structures. The semiconductor device may include a plurality of contact patterns between the plurality of gate structures and the device isolation layer. The semiconductor device may include a plurality of connection patterns connected to the plurality of contact patterns, respectively. The device isolation layer may be between the plurality of connection patterns, and the plurality of connection patterns may be spaced apart from each other by a first distance in the first direction. The semiconductor device may include a plurality of wiring patterns connected to the plurality of connection patterns, respectively. Moreover, the device isolation layer may be between the plurality of wiring patterns, and the plurality of wiring patterns may be spaced apart from each other in the first direction by a second distance that is longer than the first distance. 
     A semiconductor device, according to some embodiments, may include a plurality of active patterns extending in a first direction. The semiconductor device may include a device isolation layer crossing the plurality of active patterns and extending in a second direction crossing the first direction. The semiconductor device may include a gate structure spaced apart from the device isolation layer and extending in the second direction to cross the plurality of active patterns. The semiconductor device may include a plurality of source/drain impurity layers on the plurality of active patterns on opposite sides of the gate structure. The semiconductor device may include a contact pattern connected to one of the plurality of source/drain impurity layers that is between the device isolation layer and the gate structure. The semiconductor device may include a connection pattern connected to the contact pattern and spaced apart by a first distance in the first direction from an axis that is aligned with the device isolation layer. Moreover, the semiconductor device may include a wiring pattern connected to the connection pattern and spaced apart in the first direction from the axis that is aligned with the device isolation layer by a second distance that is longer than the first distance. 
     A semiconductor device, according to some embodiments, may include a substrate including a first cell region that includes a first N-well region and a first P-well region and a second cell region that includes a second N-well region and a second P-well region. The semiconductor device may include a gate structure on the first cell region of the substrate. The semiconductor device may include first and second source/drain impurity regions on the substrate adjacent opposite first and second sides, respectively, of the gate structure. The semiconductor device may include a third source/drain impurity region on the second cell region of the substrate. The semiconductor device may include a first contact connected to the first source/drain impurity region and including a first metallic material. The semiconductor device may include a first connector that contacts the first contact and extends to overlap at least a portion of the gate structure. The first connector may include a second metallic material different from the first metallic material. The semiconductor device may include a second contact connected to the third source/drain impurity region. Moreover, the semiconductor device may include a second connector that contacts the second contact. 
     Details of other example embodiments are included in the description and drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a simplified plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
         FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D  illustrate cross-sectional views respectively taken along lines I-I′, and IV-IV′ of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
         FIGS. 7, 9, and 11  illustrate plan views showing a portion of a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
         FIGS. 8, 10, and 12  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line I-I′ of  FIGS. 7, 9 , and  11 , respectively. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ of  FIG. 13 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Hereinafter, a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts will be described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a simplified plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a semiconductor substrate  100  may be provided thereon with a plurality of integrated standard cells SC including logic devices such as a logical sum gate or a logical product gate. For example, the standard cells SC may include a basic cell (e.g., an AND gate, an OR gate, a NOR, or an inverter), a complex cell (e.g., OAI (OR/AND/Inverter) gates and AOI (AND/OR/Inverter) gates), or a storage element (e.g., a master-slave flip-flop and a latch). 
     The standard cells SC may be two-dimensionally arranged along a first direction D 1  and a second direction D 2  crossing the first direction D 1 . Each of the standard cells SC may include a P-well region PR where NMOS field effect transistors are formed and an N-well region NR where PMOS field effect transistors are formed. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts.  FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D  illustrate cross-sectional views respectively taken along lines I-I′, and IV-IV′ of  FIG. 2 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 3A to 3D , a semiconductor substrate  100  may be provided thereon with a plurality of standard cells SC arranged along a first direction D 1 . Each of the standard cells SC may include active patterns  101 , gate structures GS, source/drain impurity layers  130 , active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2 , gate contact patterns GCP, via patterns VP 1  and VP 2 , wiring patterns CP, and power lines PL 1  and PL 2 . The term “contact pattern” or the term “contact,” as used herein, may refer to one of the active contact patterns ACP 1  or ACP 2 . Moreover, as used herein, the term “connection pattern” or the term “connector” may refer to a via pattern VP, a via pattern VP 1 , or a via pattern VP 2 . 
     The semiconductor substrate  100  may include first and second well regions R 1  and R 2 . In some embodiments, NMOS field effect transistors may be provided on the first well region R 1 , and PMOS field effect transistors may be provided on the second well region R 2 . 
     The semiconductor substrate  100  may be, for example, a silicon substrate, a germanium substrate, an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) substrate, or a GOI (Germanium On Insulator) substrate. At/in each of the first and second well regions R 1  and R 2 , a plurality of the active patterns  101  may extend in the first direction D 1 , and may be spaced apart from each other in a second direction D 2  crossing the first direction D 1 . The active patterns  101  may be portions of the semiconductor substrate  100  and may be defined by trenches formed in the semiconductor substrate  100 . 
     A first device isolation layer  103  may be disposed between the active patterns  101 , and upper portions of the active patterns  101  may be exposed by the first device isolation layer  103 . For example, the first device isolation layer  103  may have a top surface below those of the active patterns  101 , and the active patterns  101  may protrude upward beyond the top surface of the first device isolation layer  103 . The first device isolation layer  103  may separate the active patterns  101  from each other in the second direction D 2 . 
     A second device isolation layer  105  may extend in the first direction D 1  and may define the first well region R 1  and the second well region R 2 . The second device isolation layer  105  may be provided between the active patterns  101  of the first well region R 1  and the active patterns  101  of the second well region R 2 . The second device isolation layer  105  may have a width greater than that of the first device isolation layer  103 . The second device isolation layer  105  may have a bottom surface at a level lower than or substantially the same as that of a bottom surface of the first device isolation layer  103 . The second device isolation layer  105  may separate the first and second well regions R 1  and R 2  from each other in the second direction D 2 . The first and second device isolation layers  103  and  105  may be formed by forming trenches defining the active patterns  101  and filling portions of the trenches with an insulating material (e.g., a silicon oxide layer or a silicon nitride layer). 
     The gate structures GS may extend in the second direction D 2 , while crossing the active patterns  101  of the first and second well regions R 1  and R 2 . The gate structures GS may be regularly arranged at a first pitch at/in each of the standard cells SC. For example, the gate structures GS may have substantially the same first width W 1 , and may be equally spaced apart from each other in the first direction D 1  at a first spacing S 1 . 
     Each of the gate structures GS may include a gate dielectric layer  111 , a gate barrier metal pattern  113 , a gate metal pattern  115 , and a capping insulation pattern  117 . Gate spacers  121  may be disposed on opposite sidewalls of each of the gate structures GS. 
     The gate dielectric layer  111  may extend along the second direction D 2 , and may conformally cover upper portions of the active patterns  101 . The gate dielectric layer  111  may extend from between the gate barrier metal pattern  113  and the active patterns  101  to between the gate barrier metal pattern  113  and the gate spacers  121 . For example, the gate dielectric layer  111  may extend from a bottom surface of the gate metal pattern  115  to opposite sidewalls of the gate metal pattern  115 . The gate dielectric layer  111  may include a high-k dielectric material whose dielectric constant is greater than that of silicon oxide. The gate dielectric layer  111  may include, for example, metal oxide, metal silicate, or metal silicate nitride. 
     The gate barrier metal pattern  113  may be disposed between the gate dielectric layer  111  and the gate metal pattern  115 , and may extend between the gate metal pattern  115  and the gate spacers  121 . The gate barrier metal pattern  113  may include conductive metal nitride (e.g., titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, and/or tungsten nitride). The gate metal pattern  115  may include a metallic material (e.g., tungsten, titanium, and/or tantalum). The capping insulation pattern  117  may cover a top surface of the gate metal pattern  115 . The capping insulation pattern  117  may also cover top surfaces of the gate spacers  121 . The capping insulation patterns  117  may have top surfaces substantially coplanar with that of a gap-fill insulation layer  131 . The capping insulation patterns  117  and the gate spacers  121  may include, for example, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbon nitride (SiCN), or silicon carbon oxynitride (SiCON). 
     According to some embodiments, a third device isolation layer  107  may extend parallel to the gate structures GS in the second direction D 2 , and may be disposed between ones of (e.g., a pair of) the standard cells SC that are adjacent to each other. The third device isolation layer  107  may cross the active patterns  101  in the second direction D 2 , and may separate the active patterns  101  from each other in the first direction D 1 . The third device isolation layer  107  may separate field effect transistors that are adjacent to each other in the first direction D 1 . The third device isolation layer  107  may include, for example, a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon carbon nitride (SiCN) layer, a silicon carbon oxynitride (SiCON) layer, or a combination thereof. For example, the third device isolation layer  107  may include a silicon nitride and/or a silicon oxide layer. 
     The third device isolation layer  107  may be disposed between ones of (e.g., a pair of) the gate structures GS that are adjacent to each other. For example, the third device isolation layer  107  may be spaced apart at a second spacing S 2  from the gate structures GS disposed at edges of the standard cells SC. In some embodiments, the second spacing S 2  may be substantially the same as the first spacing  51 . The third device isolation layer  107  may have a second width W 2  less than about twice (i.e., double) the first width W 1  of the gate structures GS. For example, the second width W 2  of the third device isolation layer  107  may be substantially the same as the first width W 1  of the gate structures GS. 
     The third device isolation layer  107  may have an upper portion that protrudes upward beyond the active patterns  101  and penetrates portions of the active patterns  101 . The third device isolation layer  107  may have a top surface lower than those of the gate structures GS and higher than those of the active patterns  101 . The third device isolation layer  107  may have a bottom surface at a level lower than or substantially the same as that of the bottom surface of the first or second device isolation layer  103  or  105 . 
     Dummy spacers  123  may be disposed on opposite sidewalls of the upper portion of the third device isolation layer  107 . In some embodiments, the dummy spacers  123  may include an insulating material the same as that of the gate spacers  121 . The dummy spacers  123  may have top surfaces lower than those of the gate spacers  121 . For example, the dummy spacers  123  may have a height less than that of the gate spacers  121 . 
     The source/drain impurity layers  130  may be disposed on the active patterns  101  on opposite sides of each of the gate structures GS. The source/drain impurity layers  130  of the first well region R 1  may include n-type impurities, and the source/drain impurity layers  130  of the second well region R 2  may include p-type impurities. The source/drain impurity layers  130  may be epitaxial layers grown from the active patterns  101 . The source/drain impurity layers  130  of the first well region R 1  may be germanium (Ge) epitaxial layers, and the source/drain impurity layers  130  of the second well region R 2  may be silicon carbide (SiC) epitaxial layers. According to some embodiments, the third device isolation layer  107  may separate, from each other, the source/drain impurity layers  130  that are adjacent to each other in the first direction D 1  at edges of the standard cells SC. The source/drain impurity layers  130  formed by epitaxial growth may be connected to each other in the second direction D 2 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3D . As used herein, the term “source/drain impurity region” may refer to one of the source/drain impurity layers  130 . 
     The gap-fill insulation layer  131  may fill a space between the gate structures GS and may cover the source/drain impurity layers  130 . In some embodiments, the top surface of the gap-fill insulation layer  131  may be substantially coplanar with the top surfaces of the gate structures GS. The gap-fill insulation layer  131  may cover the top surface of the third device isolation layer  107 . 
     In some embodiments, before the gap-fill insulation layer  131  is formed, an etch stop layer  135  may be formed to have a substantially uniform thickness. The etch stop layer  135  may extend onto the source/drain impurity layers  130  from sidewalls of the gate spacers  121 . The etch stop layer  135  may extend onto sidewalls of the capping insulation pattern  117  from the sidewalls of the gate spacers  121 . 
     An interlayer insulation layer  133  may be disposed on the gap-fill insulation layer  131  and may cover the top surfaces of the gate structures GS. The gap-fill insulation layer  131  and the interlayer insulation layer  133  may be formed of an insulating material having an etch selectivity to the gate spacers  121 , and may include one or more of a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, and a low-k dielectric layer. 
     The active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  may penetrate the interlayer insulation layer  133 , the gap-fill insulation layer  131 , and the etch stop layer  135 , and may be connected to the source/drain impurity layers  130 . In some embodiments, the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  may include first active contact patterns ACP 1 , which lie between the third device isolation layer  107  and its adjacent gate structures GS, and second active contact patterns ACP 2 , which lie between ones of the gate structures GS that are adjacent to each other. 
     Each of the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  may be connected either to one source/drain impurity layer  130  or to a plurality of the source/drain impurity layers  130  disposed in the second direction D 2 . The active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  may include a first metallic material, for example, metal (e.g., tungsten, titanium, or tantalum) and/or conductive metal nitride (e.g., titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, or tungsten nitride). Each of the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  may include a first barrier metal layer  141  and a first metal layer  143 . The first barrier metal layer  141  of the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  may have a uniform thickness, and may conformally cover a top surface of the source/drain impurity layer  130 . 
     The gate contact patterns GCP may penetrate the interlayer insulation layer  133 , the gap-fill insulation layer  131 , and the capping insulation patterns  117  of the gate structures GS, and may be connected to the gate metal patterns  115 . The gate contact patterns GCP may be formed simultaneously with the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2 , and may include the same first metallic material as that of the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2 . Like the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2 , each of the gate contact patterns GCP may include the first barrier metal layer  141  and the first metal layer  143 . The first barrier metal layer  141  of the gate contact patterns GCP may have a uniform thickness, and may be interposed between the first metal layer  143  and the gate metal pattern  115 . The gate contact patterns GCP may have top surfaces substantially coplanar with those of the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2 . 
     A first etch stop layer  151  and a first interlayer dielectric layer  153  may be sequentially stacked on the interlayer insulation layer  133 . The first etch stop layer  151  may cover the top surfaces of the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  and the top surfaces of the gate contact patterns GCP. The first etch stop layer  151  may include, for example, silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiON), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon carbon nitride (SiCN), or a combination thereof. The first interlayer dielectric layer  153  may include a dielectric material whose dielectric constant is lower than that of a silicon oxide layer. 
     The via patterns VP 1  and VP 2  may be formed in the first interlayer dielectric layer  153  and the first etch stop layer  151 , and may be connected to the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2 . The via patterns VP 1  and VP 2  may include a second metallic material different from the first metallic material, and the second metallic material may have resistivity less than that of the first metallic material. For example, the second metallic material may include copper or its alloy. In this description, the copper alloy may mean copper mixed with an extremely small amount of one of Carbon (C), Silver (Ag), Cobalt (Co), Tantalum (Ta), Indium (In), Tin (Sn), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Titanium (Ti), Magnesium (Mg), Chromium (Cr), Germanium (Ge), Strontium (Sr), Platinum (Pt), Aluminum (Al), and Zirconium (Zr). Each of the via patterns VP 1  and VP 2  may include a second barrier metal layer  161  and a second metal layer  163 , and the second barrier metal layer  161  may be interposed between the second metal layer  163  and the active contact pattern ACP 1  or ACP 2 . 
     According to some embodiments, the via patterns VP 1  and VP 2  may include first via patterns VP 1  connected to the first active contact pattern ACP 1  and second via patterns VP 2  connected to the second active contact pattern ACP 2 . For example, the first via pattern VP 1  and the first active contact pattern ACP 1  may be electrically connected to each other at an edge of each of the standard cells SC, and the second via pattern VP 2  and the second active contact pattern ACP 2  may be electrically connected to each other at an inner region of each of the standard cells SC. 
     According to some embodiments, each of the first via patterns VP 1  may have a bar shape whose major axis extends in the first direction D 1  on the first active contact pattern ACP 1 . For example, the first via pattern VP 1  may have a length in the first direction D 1  greater than a width in the first direction D 1  of the first active contact pattern ACP 1 . As viewed in plan, the first via patterns VP 1  may overlap a portion of the gate structure GS. The first via pattern VP 1  may have one sidewall spaced apart at a first distance d 1  in the first direction D 1  from an axis aligned with a sidewall of the third device isolation layer  107 . 
     In some embodiments, the first via patterns VP 1  of neighboring standard cells SC may be adjacent to each other across the third device isolation layer  107 . The first via patterns VP 1  may be spaced apart from each other in the first direction D 1  at a second distance d 2  greater than the second width W 2  of the third device isolation layer  107 . 
     A second etch stop layer  171  and a second interlayer dielectric layer  173  may be sequentially stacked on the first interlayer dielectric layer  153 . The second etch stop layer  171  and the second interlayer dielectric layer  173  may cover top surfaces of the first and second via patterns VP 1  and VP 2 . For example, the second etch stop layer  171  and the second interlayer dielectric layer  173  may be formed after the first and second via patterns VP 1  and VP 2  are formed. 
     At/in each of the standard cells SC, the wiring patterns CP may be disposed in the second etch stop layer  171  and the second interlayer dielectric layer  173 , and may be connected to the first and second via patterns VP 1  and VP 2 . The wiring patterns CP may include a third metallic material whose resistivity is less than that of the first metallic material. In some embodiments, the third metallic material may be the same as the second metallic material, and may include, for example, copper or its alloy. The wiring patterns CP may include a third barrier metal layer  181  and a third metal layer  183 . The third barrier metal layer  181  may be interposed between the third metal layer  183  of the wiring pattern CP and the second metal layer  163  of the first or second via pattern VP 1  or VP 2 . In this configuration, an interface may exist between the wiring patterns CP and the via patterns VP 1  and VP 2 . 
     In some embodiments, the wiring pattern CP may connect one first via pattern VP 1  to another first via pattern VP 1  spaced apart from the one first via pattern VP 1 , or may connect the first via pattern VP 1  to the second via pattern VP 2 . Each of the wiring patterns CP may extend in the first direction D 1 , and may include a first segment connected to the first active contact pattern ACP 1 . Each of the wiring patterns CP may further include a second segment that extends in the second direction D 2  from the first segment. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment of the wiring pattern CP may run across the gate structure GS. The wiring pattern CP may have one sidewall spaced apart from an axis that is aligned with a sidewall of the third device isolation layer  107  in the first direction D 1  at a third distance d 3  greater than the first distance d 1 . For example, the one sidewall of the wiring pattern CP may be spaced farther apart from the axis that is aligned with the third device isolation layer  107  than is the one sidewall of the first via pattern VP 1 . The one sidewall of the first via pattern VP 1  may be spaced apart in the first direction D 1  from an axis aligned with the one sidewall of the wiring pattern CP. The wiring pattern CP may be in contact with a portion of the first via pattern VP 1 , and with an entire top surface of the second via pattern VP 2 . For example, the portion of the first via pattern VP 1  that the wiring pattern CP contacts may be only a first portion of the first via pattern VP 1 , such that a second portion of the first via pattern VP 1  is free of the wiring pattern CP. 
     The wiring patterns CP of the standard cells SC may be spaced apart from each other across the third device isolation layer  107  in the first direction D 1  at a fourth distance d 4 . The fourth distance d 4  may be greater than the second distance d 2 . Namely, the fourth distance d 4  between the wiring patterns CP adjacent to each other in the first direction D 1  may be greater than the second distance d 2  between the first via patterns VP 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction D 1 . 
     The first power line PL 1  and the second power line PL 2  may extend in the first direction D 1 , and may be connected in common to the standard cells SC. The first power line PL 1  may be spaced apart in the second direction D 2  from the second power line PL 2 . The first and second power lines PL 1  and PL 2  may each be electrically connected through the via patterns VP 1  and VP 2  to at least a corresponding one of the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2 . 
     According to some embodiments, even if the gate structures GS decrease in pitch and the third device isolation layer  107  decreases in width, a process margin may be secured to the wiring patterns CP adjacent to each other in the first direction D 1 . In addition, as the first via patterns VP 1  have a bar shape whose major axis extends in the first direction D 1 , a contact area may be securely provided between the wiring pattern CP and the first via pattern VP 1 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts.  FIG. 5  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ of  FIG. 4 .  FIG. 6  illustrates a plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts. Descriptions of the same technical features as those of the embodiments discussed with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 3A to 3D  may be omitted in the interest of brevity of description. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the first active contact patterns ACP 1  adjacent to the third device isolation layer  107  may not overlap the gate structures GS, in plan view. For example, the first via pattern VP 1  may be disposed between the third device isolation layer  107  and its adjacent gate structure GS. The first via pattern VP 1  may have a width in the first direction D 1  less than a spacing S 2  between the third device isolation layer  107  and its adjacent gate structure GS. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a semiconductor device may be provided with via patterns that include a first via pattern VP 1  connected to the first active contact pattern ACP 1 , a second via pattern VP 2  connected to the second active contact pattern ACP 2 , and a third via pattern VP 3  connected to the gate contact pattern GCP. The first to third via patterns VP 1 , VP 2 , and VP 3  may each have a bar shape whose major axis extends in the first direction D 1 . 
     In some embodiments, one of the wiring patterns CP may extend parallel to the third device isolation layer  107  in the second direction D 2 , and may be electrically connected through the first via patterns VP 1  to the first active contact patterns ACP 1 . 
     Alternatively, the wiring pattern CP may connect the first via pattern VP 1  adjacent to the third device isolation layer  107  to the third via pattern VP 3  connected to the gate structure GS. The wiring pattern CP may have one sidewall, which may be spaced farther apart from the third device isolation layer  107  than one sidewall of the first via pattern VP 1  and which may be in contact with a portion of the first via pattern VP 1 . 
       FIGS. 7, 9, and 11  illustrate plan views showing a portion of a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts.  FIGS. 8, 10, and 12  illustrate cross-sectional views taken along line I-I′ of  FIGS. 7, 9, and 11 , respectively. Descriptions of the same technical features as those of the embodiments discussed with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 3A to 3D  may be omitted in the interest of brevity of description. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , first and second ones of (i.e., a pair of) the first via patterns VP 1  adjacent to each other across the third device isolation layer  107  may be spaced apart from each other at a second distance d 2 , and the wiring patterns CP adjacent to each other across the third device isolation layer  107  may be spaced apart from each other at a fourth distance d 4 . The fourth distance d 4  may be substantially equal to or greater than the second distance d 2 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , the first via patterns VP 1  may be spaced apart from each other in the first direction D 1  at a second distance d 2 , and the wiring patterns CP may be spaced apart from each other at a fourth distance d 4  greater than the second distance d 2 . In addition, each of the first via patterns VP 1  may extend in the first direction D 1  and may overlap a portion of the gate structure GS. 
     As viewed in plan view, each of the wiring patterns CP may be in contact with a portion of the first via pattern VP 1 , and may not overlap the first active contact pattern ACP 1 . Because an increased spacing is provided between the wiring patterns CP as well as contact areas are secured between the wiring patterns CP and the first via patterns VP 1 , even if the standard cells SC decrease in area, a process margin may be secured to the wiring patterns CP. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , each of the first via patterns VP 1  may run across at least one gate structure GS, and may extend onto the second active contact pattern ACP 2  from the first active contact pattern ACP 1 . In this configuration, each of the first via patterns VP 1  may electrically connect the first active contact pattern ACP 1  to the second active contact pattern ACP 2 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a plan view showing a semiconductor device according to example embodiments of the inventive concepts.  FIG. 14  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ of  FIG. 13 . Descriptions of the same technical features as those of the embodiments discussed with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 3A to 3D  may be omitted in the interest of brevity of description. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 13 and 14 , the gate structures GS may extend in the second direction D 2 , while crossing the active patterns  101  that extend in the first direction D 1 . The gate structures GS may have substantially the same first width W 1 , and may be equally spaced apart from each other in the first direction D 1  at a first spacing S 1 . 
     A fourth device isolation layer  109  may separate the active patterns  101  from each other in the first direction D 1  at an edge of the standard cell SC. In some embodiments, the fourth device isolation layer  109  may have a width W 3  greater than the first spacing S 1  between neighboring gate structures GS. 
     Dummy gate structures DGS may be disposed at the edge of the standard cell SC and at a boundary between the fourth device isolation layer  109  and the active patterns  101 . The dummy gate structures DGS may have a stack structure the same as that of the gate structures GS. 
     The active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  may be connected to the source/drain impurity layers  130  on opposite sides of each of the gate structures GS. As discussed above, the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  may include first active contact patterns ACP 1 , which lie between the fourth device isolation layer  109  and its adjacent gate structures GS, and second active contact patterns ACP 2 , which lie between ones of the gate structures GS that are adjacent to each other. 
     In some embodiments, the via patterns VP may be connected to the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2 , and one of the via patterns VP may electrically connect a plurality of (e.g., a pair of) the second active contact patterns ACP 2  to each other. The one of the via patterns VP may extend in the first direction D 1  to run across the gate structure GS, and may be in direct contact with the plurality of second active contact patterns ACP 2 . 
     As discussed above, the active contact patterns ACP 1  and ACP 2  may include a first metallic material, and the via patterns VP may include a second metallic material whose resistivity is less than that of the first metallic material. 
     According to example embodiments of the inventive concepts, compared to the via patterns, the wiring patterns may be spaced farther apart in the first direction from the device isolation layer at a boundary between the standard cells. Accordingly, even if a spacing between the standard cells is decreased due to a width reduction of the device isolation layer, a process margin is secured to the wiring patterns. The via pattern may have a bar shape whose major axis extends in the first direction, such that a contact area may be securely provided between the wiring pattern and the via pattern. 
     The via pattern and the wiring pattern that are connected to the standard cell may be formed of a metallic material having a lower resistivity, thereby decreasing resistance between connection lines connected to the standard cell. 
     The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the true spirit and scope. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.