Patent Publication Number: US-2021187419-A1

Title: Liquid filter assemblies; features; components; and, methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/230,297, filed Dec. 21, 2018 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/224,025, filed Jul. 29, 2016 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,195,551, which is a continuation U.S. application Ser. No. 13/262,071, filed Apr. 19, 2012, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,480,940, which is a US National Stage application of PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/US10/29228, filed on Mar. 30, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application 61/211,586, filed Mar. 31, 2009, which applications are incorporated herein by reference. To the extent appropriate, a claim of priority is made to each of the above disclosed applications. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates to liquid filter assemblies. It particularly concerns assemblies with features to facilitate ensuring a proper replacement part filter cartridge is appropriately positioned within a filter housing, for use. Features described herein can be applied in in-tank filter assemblies, as well as in in-line types of filter assemblies. Features and components for use with such arrangements, as well as methods of assembly and use, are described. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Liquid filters have been employed in a variety of applications including hydraulic systems, engine lubrication systems, and fuel systems. In these type of systems, a filter cartridge is serviced periodically. This is important to protect equipment from contaminant. 
     One general type of filtration system is sometimes referenced as “in-tank.” In-tank filter systems are described, for example, in PCT publication WO 2005/063358, published Jul. 14, 2005; and, in PCT publication WO 2008/030323, published Mar. 13, 2008. Each of these two PCT publications is incorporated herein by reference. 
     In general terms, an “in-tank” filter system, is a system configured to be mounted on a reservoir tank for the liquid involved. The system will typically provide for at least one of: liquid flow to the tank; or, draw of liquid from the tank. 
     Typically, an in-tank filter assembly includes a housing having a removable, i.e. serviceable, filter cartridge appropriately positioned therein. The service cartridge is periodically removed for servicing, for example when it becomes sufficiently occluded to generate an undesirable level of restriction across the filter media, or when a service interval is passed. Servicing typically involves one of: replacing with a new filter cartridge; replacing with a previously used, but refurbished, filter cartridge; or, in some manner cleaning the removed cartridge and replacing it for further use. 
     An additional type of liquid filter assembly involves a housing removably secured to a filter head that is not mounted on a reservoir tank. Rather, the housing is mounted on a filter head, filter base or some other form of manifold, which directs liquid to be filtered to the filter system and which provides for removal of filtered liquid from the system. Such assemblies are sometimes referenced as “in-line”, since the filter assembly is typically positioned in one or more liquid flow lines. This type of assembly includes a housing or bowl which is mounted on the filter head, base or manifold, for example through a threaded engagement. A filter cartridge is positioned within the housing or bowl, and engages appropriate portions of the filter head as the housing or bowl is mounted, for sealing interaction to provide for a filtering flow path of unfiltered liquid to the filter cartridge, and filtered liquid from the filter cartridge. In some assemblies, referred to herein as bowl/cartridge assemblies, the filter cartridge (when removable from the bowl) is a service part that is typically removed and is either replaced or refurbished. 
     Example bowl/cartridge filter assemblies are described in PCT WO 2006/012031, published Feb. 2, 2006, incorporated herein by reference. The particular bowl/cartridge filter assemblies depicted in WO 2006/012031 are provided with certain anti-drain back valve features. 
     It is important to ensure, during servicing, that the filter cartridge is properly and sealingly positioned within the assembly. Since portions of the housing may block view of the cartridge, during closure of the housing, it is preferable to develop features to help ensure proper alignment and interaction between the cartridge and a remainder of the system, to ensure that the cartridge is properly positioned for use. 
     In addition, with the continued development of still greater numbers of different applications for liquid filter arrangements and a wide number of various types of systems to use them, it is important to ensure that any filter cartridge that is positioned within the housing of a given filter assembly, is a proper filter cartridge for that assembly. 
     It is also preferable to provide that any features which are incorporated to ensure proper cartridge positioning, and proper engagement within system, are features that are relatively simple to construct, inexpensive to assemble, and convenient to align in use. Improvements in these areas are sought. In addition, unique alternatives to previously existing systems are desired, in order to ensure that for a given system, there is preferably only one type of cartridge, i.e. an appropriate cartridge, which can be fit into the system for use. 
     SUMMARY 
     Liquid filter assemblies, components and features are described and depicted. In general, the features provide for ensuring that a filter cartridge, for a liquid filter assembly, is the proper filter cartridge for that assembly and is appropriately installed and sealed, when positioned in the assembly for use. Features described herein can be applied with both in-line filter assemblies and in-tank filter assemblies. 
     In general terms, a liquid filter cartridge is provided. The cartridge is configured for use, in installation, in removable sealing engagement with a liquid flow collar of a liquid filter assembly. The liquid filter cartridge includes filter media surrounding an open filter interior. The media has first and second, opposite, ends and defines a central axis. The media can define a cylindrical outer perimeter, or alternatives. 
     A first end construction is positioned at the first end of the filter media. It is typically closed, although alternatives are possible. This end construction can be a closed end cap, or it can be an end construction having a bypass valve arrangement therein. 
     A second, open, end construction is positioned at the second end of the media. The second end construction, being open, includes a liquid flow aperture therethrough in communication with the open filter interior. In examples depicted, the second end construction includes a central spigot projecting away from the media and surrounding and defining a central liquid flow aperture. 
     A seal member is positioned on the spigot. The seal member can comprise an o-ring, although alternatives are possible. In examples depicted, the seal member is positioned around the spigot, although alternatives are possible. The seal member is typically configured to define a seal pattern non-orthogonal to the central axis of the media. 
     Typically, the seal member is configured so that, in axial projection, it defines a circular perimeter. 
     A member of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is positioned on the second end construction. Typically this member is not a seal, i.e. it is a “non-seal member.” The member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement positioned on the second end construction is configured and oriented at a location to engage at another member of a projection/receiver rotational arrangement on a liquid flow collar, in selected rotational alignment, when the liquid filter cartridge is positioned for use. The “selected rotational alignment” can be a single possible pre-selected rotational alignment or more than one, depending on the system. Typically, only a single possible (pre-selected) rotational alignment will be preferred. The rotational alignment arrangements depicted also prevent the cartridge from rotating, once installed. 
     Also according to the present disclosure, methods, features and techniques providing for snap-fit engagement between a filter cartridge and a filter housing, in use, are provided. These can be used with various alignment features previously described, or can be used independently thereof. 
     Methods of assembly and use are described. 
     It is also noted that there is no specific requirement that a feature, component, assembly or method include all of the detail characterized herein, in order to obtain some benefit according to the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of an in-tank filter assembly that can be implemented with principles according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic perspective view of an in-tank filter assembly configured for implementation of principles in general accord with  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic top plan view of the assembly of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic side cross-sectional view of the assembly of  FIG. 2 , taken generally along line  4 - 4 ,  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic top perspective view of a replacement part filter cartridge for the assembly of  FIGS. 2-4 . 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the cartridge of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 6A  is a schematic cross-sectional view of an alternate cartridge to the cartridge of  FIGS. 5 and 6 , depicted without a bypass valve and with a locator spring secured on the cartridge. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic bottom perspective view of a closed end construction of the cartridge of  FIGS. 5 and 6 . 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic top perspective view of the end construction of  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the end construction of  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic, exploded, perspective view of a component in the end construction of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a housing member of the assembly of  FIGS. 2-4 . 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic top perspective view of the component of  FIG. 11 . 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic, enlarged, fragmentary, cross-sectional view of an identified portion of  FIG. 11 . 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic, exploded, bottom perspective view of two components of the assembly of  FIGS. 2-4 , oriented and rotationally aligned for engagement with one another. 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic, exploded, top perspective view of the components of  FIG. 14 . 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic, exploded, bottom perspective view of the assembly of  FIGS. 2-4 . 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic top perspective view of an alternate in-tank filter assembly including features according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  is a schematic top plan view of the assembly of  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 19  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the assembly of  FIGS. 17 and 18 , taken generally along line  19 - 19 ,  FIG. 18 . 
         FIG. 20  is a schematic, top perspective, view of a liquid filter assembly according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure, mounted on a manifold assembly for use in-line. 
         FIG. 21  is a schematic top perspective view of the in-line liquid filter assembly of  FIG. 20 , removed from the manifold. 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic, top perspective, view of a filter cartridge component of the filter assembly of  FIG. 21 , shown removed from a housing. 
         FIG. 23  is a fragmentary schematic perspective view of the filter cartridge component of  FIG. 22 , rotated counter-clockwise around a central axis approximately one-quarter turn. 
         FIG. 24  is a schematic top plan view of the filter cartridge component of  FIG. 22 . 
         FIG. 25  is a schematic top perspective cross-sectional view of the filter cartridge component of  FIGS. 22 and 24 , taken generally along line  25 - 25 ,  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 26  is a schematic exploded bottom perspective view depicting alignment for engagement between a filter cartridge component and a filter head component, of the in-line liquid filter assembly of  FIG. 20 . 
         FIG. 27  is a schematic, top, exploded, perspective view of the componentry of  FIG. 26 . 
         FIG. 28  is a schematic exploded cross-sectional view of the componentry of  FIGS. 26 and 27 . 
         FIG. 29  is a schematic, bottom, exploded, perspective view of an alternate embodiment to the depictions of  FIGS. 26-28 . 
         FIG. 30  is a schematic, top perspective, view of the componentry depicted in  FIG. 29 . 
         FIG. 31  is a schematic, exploded, top perspective view of a second alternate componentry, to the componentry depicted in  FIGS. 26-28 . 
         FIG. 32  is a schematic exploded bottom perspective view of the componentry of  FIG. 31 . 
         FIG. 33  is a schematic top perspective view of an end construction of the embodiment depicted in  FIGS. 31 and 32 . 
         FIG. 34  is a schematic top perspective view of a liquid filter assembly according to a fifth embodiment of the present disclosure, mounted on a filter head assembly for use in line. 
         FIG. 35  is a schematic cross-sectional perspective view of the components of  FIG. 34 . 
         FIG. 36  is a schematic perspective cross-sectional view of a housing and cartridge component of the assemblies of  FIGS. 34 and 35 . 
         FIG. 37  is a schematic, enlarged, fragmentary cross-sectional view of a selected portion of  FIG. 36 . 
         FIG. 38  is a schematic, enlarged, fragmentary schematic view of a selected portion of  FIG. 37 . 
         FIG. 39  is a schematic top perspective view of a filter cartridge component of the assembly of  FIGS. 34 and 35 . 
         FIG. 40  is a schematic enlarged fragmentary exploded perspective view of the cartridge of  FIG. 40 . 
         FIG. 41  is a schematic top perspective view of a second end construction component of the cartridge of  FIGS. 39 and 40 . 
         FIG. 42  is an alternate schematic top perspective view of the component of  FIG. 41 . 
         FIG. 43  is a schematic side elevational view of the component of  FIGS. 41 and 42 . 
         FIG. 44  is a schematic top plan view of the component of  FIG. 43 . 
         FIG. 45  is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line  45 - 45 ,  FIG. 44 . 
         FIG. 46  is a schematic top perspective view of the assembly of  FIG. 34 , with selected portions broken away to show internal detail; in  FIG. 46  the assembly being depicted during a step of securing a housing to a filter head. 
         FIG. 47  is an enlarged, schematic, fragmentary view of a selected portion of  FIG. 46 . 
         FIG. 48  is a fragmentary schematic depiction of a potential alignment step in the generation of the assembly of  FIGS. 34 and 35 . 
         FIG. 49  is a fragmentary schematic depiction of a second alignment step in the generation of the assembly of  FIGS. 34 and 35 . 
         FIG. 50  is a schematic perspective enlarged exploded view of a housing component of the assembly of  FIGS. 34 and 35 . 
         FIG. 51  is an exploded schematic perspective view of a filter head component of the assembly of  FIGS. 34 and 35 . 
         FIG. 52  is a schematic cross-sectional perspective view of the filter head of the  FIG. 51 . 
         FIG. 53  is a schematic enlarged fragmentary view of a selected portion of  FIG. 52 . 
         FIG. 54  is a schematic side elevational view of an alternate end construction component feature usable in arrangements in accord with present disclosure. 
         FIG. 55  is a schematic top plan view of the end construction feature of  FIG. 54 . 
         FIG. 56  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the end cap of  FIGS. 54 and 55 , taken generally along  56 - 56 ,  FIG. 55 . 
         FIG. 57  is a schematic bottom perspective view of a sixth alternate embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 58  is a schematic top perspective view of a componentry depicted in  FIG. 57 . 
         FIG. 59  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the componentry depicted in  FIGS. 57 and 58 . 
         FIG. 60  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a housing component of the assembly of  FIGS. 57-59 . 
         FIG. 61  is a schematic enlarged fragmentary view of a selected portion of  FIG. 60 . 
         FIG. 62  is a schematic bottom perspective view of the housing component of  FIG. 60 . 
         FIG. 63  is a schematic perspective view of a cartridge component usable in the assembly of  FIGS. 57-59 . 
         FIG. 64  is a schematic plan view of the cartridge component of  FIG. 63 . 
         FIG. 65  is a schematic side elevational view of the cartridge component of  FIG. 63  depicting selected portions shown in cross-section. 
         FIG. 66  is a schematic end view of the cartridge of  FIG. 66 . 
         FIG. 67  is a schematic side elevational view of a seventh liquid filter assembly according to the present disclosure, with selected portions broken away or exploded to indicate detail. 
         FIG. 68  is a schematic side elevational view of a housing component of the assembly of  FIG. 67 , with selected portions shown in cross-section. 
         FIG. 69  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the component of  FIG. 68  taken generally along line  69 - 69  thereof. 
         FIG. 70  is a schematic top perspective view of a flow collar member depicted in  FIGS. 68 and 69 . 
         FIG. 71  is a schematic side elevational view of a filter cartridge usable in the assembly of  FIG. 67 ; in  FIG. 71  selected portions being shown in cross-sectional view. 
         FIG. 72  is a schematic enlarged fragmentary perspective view of a portion of the cartridge component of  FIG. 71 . 
         FIG. 73  is a schematic plan view of the cartridge component of  FIG. 71 . 
         FIG. 74  is a schematic depiction analogous to  FIG. 15 , but showing a selected alternate feature. 
         FIG. 75  is a schematic depiction analogous to  FIG. 29 , but depicting an alternate feature. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The principles described herein can be used with a variety of liquid filtration systems. Typical uses will be in hydraulic systems. However, the principles can be applied in other liquid systems, for example lubricant systems and/or fuel filter systems. 
     I. Example in-Tank Liquid Filter Assemblies Including Features According to the Present Disclosure 
     A. General Schematic, FIG.  1   
     The reference numeral  1 ,  FIG. 1 , generally indicates a schematic depiction of a system including an in-tank filter assembly according to the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 1 , the system  1  includes a filter arrangement or cartridge  2  including filter media  3  therein. The filter media  3  is configured to filter liquid from inlet line  4  to outlet line  5 . The outlet line  5  from the media  3  is directed to an outlet line  7  directed to a reservoir tank, shown generally at  8 . 
     Still referring to  FIG. 1 , the assembly  2  includes an optional bypass line  10  to accommodate flow around the media  3 . The bypass line  10  includes a bypass valve assembly  11  therein, configured to only open and allow flow through line  10 , when the restriction between inlet line  4  and outlet line  5  is sufficiently high, i.e. high enough to overcome an opening pressure of the valve assembly  11 . Typically, the bypass valve  10  will open to avoid damage to the media  3  during over-pressurization caused by cold starts or excessive contaminant. The opening of valve  10  can also protect equipment from damage. 
     Assembly  1  can be configured for liquid flow to the filter assembly  2  from one source, indicated generally at A, or from two sources, indicated generally at A and B. 
     Typically, a filter cartridge  2 , which comprises filter media  3 , is configured as a service part. That is, the filter cartridge  2 , including filter media  3  therein, is serviced periodically, for example when a need for servicing is indicated by a restriction indicator, or when a service interval for the equipment involved has been reached, or when otherwise chosen by the equipment owner or operator. It is desirable to ensure that during servicing, any replacement part cartridge that is selected for installation is properly positioned within the assembly and sealed, for use. It is also preferable to ensure that the servicing operation is a fairly simple operation, easily accomplished by a service provider. Further, it is preferable to ensure that only a proper cartridge, designed for the assembly  2 , will fit in the assembly and appear to be installed, when the assembly is closed. Features that facilitate one or more of these, for an in-tank filter assembly, are described herein below, in connection with  FIGS. 2-19 . It is noted that the particular embodiments described in  FIGS. 2-19  are configured with features that are also advantageous in being simple and inexpensive to construct and use. 
     B. A First Example in-Tank Filter Assembly, with Selected Variations,  FIGS. 2-16   
     It is noted that  FIGS. 2-16  include structural features found in FIGS. 2-16 of U.S. Ser. No. 61/211,586. However, specifically with respect to  FIG. 16  a change in order of the features, to depict actual assembly, as described below, is made. 
     A first example embodiment of an in-tank filter assembly is depicted in  FIGS. 2-4 . Referring first to  FIG. 2 , an in-tank filter assembly  25  is depicted including a filter head assembly  26  comprising a base  27  and an access cover  28 ; and, a housing  30 , depending downwardly from the filter head assembly  26 . The housing  30  is configured to receive, projecting therein, a serviceable filter cartridge not depicted in  FIG. 2 . 
     Still referring to  FIG. 2 , the housing  30  includes a lower end  33  with liquid flow port  34  positioned thereon. For the particular assembly  25  depicted, the liquid flow port  34  is an outlet port  35 , through which filtered liquid exits the assembly  25 . Thus, end  33 , remote from head  26 , is an open end of housing  30 . 
     In use, assembly  25  would be mounted on a reservoir tank, for example a reservoir tank of a hydraulic filter assembly. Housing  30  would be lowered into the tank, with mounting flange or collar  36  positioned against structure on an exterior of the tank. The assembly  25  can be secured in place, for example, by bolts projecting through apertures  37  in mounting flange  36 . 
     In general, the mounting flange  36  comprises a portion of base  27 . The base  27  also includes a port arrangement for liquid flow. The port arrangement  40  depicted, generally comprises a liquid flow inlet arrangement  41 . For the assembly depicted, the inlet arrangement  41  allows for flow of liquid to be filtered into the assembly  25 . The inlet arrangement  41 , i.e. the port arrangement  40 , can comprise one or more ports, depending upon the number of liquid flow lines to be fed into the system. The particular assembly  25  depicted, includes three ports  42 . It is noted that one or more of the ports  42  may be closed, or may be formed (for example cast) closed, when the assembly  25  is to be used with only one inlet line. Indeed, assembly  25 ,  FIG. 2  is configured so that only port  42   a  is open to direct liquid flow into the interior of in-tank assembly  25 ; the other two ports,  42   b , each being cast closed. In alternate applications, two or more ports  42   a ,  42   b ,  42   c  can be formed open, with selected ones capped if they are not to be used. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 2 , filter head assembly  26  includes an access cover  28  removably mounted on filter base  27 , in the example shown by bolts  45 . Service access to an interior of assembly  25  is provided by removing access cover  28 . This allows, for example, for the service provider to install a cartridge or to remove the cartridge for servicing. 
     In  FIG. 3 , a top plan view of assembly  25  is depicted. Attention is directed to line  4 - 4 ,  FIG. 3 , which defines the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 4 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 4 . Here aperture  42   a  is depicted open for inlet flow therethrough of liquid to be filtered, the inlet flow generally being designated by arrow  48 . Interior  26   i  of filter head assembly  26  is viewable. Also viewable is housing  30  defining interior  30   i  depending downwardly from filter head assembly  26 . Within interior  30   i  is, removably, positioned filter cartridge  50 . As previously described, the filter cartridge  50  is a service part, i.e. is constructed and configured to be removable from a remainder of assembly  25  during servicing. The term “removable” and variants thereof when used in this and related contexts, is meant to refer to components that can be separated without damage to either component. 
     In  FIG. 4 , attention is directed to central axis X, which defines a central axis for housing  30 , and also for liquid filter cartridge  50 . 
     Liquid filter cartridge  50  comprises an extension of media  52  surrounding and defining a filter interior  53  which is typically open. For the particular example cartridge  50  depicted, the media  52  surrounds a central core  55 , which is perforated for liquid flow therethrough. The particular example core  55  depicted, is a spiral-wound construction  56  having liquid flow apertures  57  therethrough, although alternatives are possible. 
     As can be seen, referring to  FIG. 4 , the cartridge  52  is sized to define a liquid flow annulus  58  therearound, between the cartridge  50  and a sidewall  30   s  of the housing  30 . The filter head assembly  26  is configured to direct liquid to be filtered into this annulus  58 . The liquid then is directed through the media  52  into interior  53 , and thus into interior  55   i  of core  55 . The filtered liquid is then directed in the general direction of arrow  60  outwardly from cartridge  50  and through liquid flow outlet  35 . In this manner liquid filtered by the cartridge  50 , is directed into the tank or reservoir. 
     Herein, an assembly which is configured for the filtering flow through media to be from outside of the media through the media to a filter interior, will sometimes be characterized as configured for “out-to-in” flow during servicing. It is noted that the assemblies shown herein are generally depicted as configured for “out-to-in flow” during filtering. The principles described herein can also be used, however, in assemblies configured for “in-to-out” flow during filtering, i.e. a direction of filtering flow from the interior of a cartridge to an exterior, if desired. 
     In general, the media  52  of the cartridge  50  has opposite ends  52   u  and  521  and extends between first and second end constructions  64 ,  65 . End construction  64  is closed and generally provides for a closed end cap  64   x , i.e. an end cap closed to the flow of liquid therethrough, during normal operation. The particular closed end cap  64   x  depicted, is closed by an optional bypass valve assembly  67 . Bypass valve assembly  67 , which is described in further detail below in connection with  FIGS. 7-10 , is configured to open end cap  64  to liquid flow therethrough, into interior  53 , without the liquid passing through the media pack  52 , only when a pressure drop across the media  52  has reached a selected level. This may occur, for example, during a cold start-up. It can also occur should contaminant sufficiently occlude the media pack. For example, as the media pack  52  begins to occlude, should it occlude sufficiently to an undesirable extent, the bypass valve assembly  67  is configured to open and allow the liquid to bypass the media pack  52  and to be directed from inlet  42   a  to outlet  35 . Thus, in general, end construction  64  is a closed “end construction” or “closed end cap” since during normal operation, i.e. when the bypass valve  67  is not opened, the end cap closes end  52   u  of the media  52 , and also closes the corresponding end of the media interior  53 , to passage of liquid therethrough. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 4 , attention is directed to locator member  70 . The locator member  70  helps provide for alignment between the cartridge  50  and the filter head assembly  26 . Further, the particular locator member  70  depicted comprises a biasing member  71 . The biasing member  71  helps ensure that the cartridge  50  is biased in the assembly  25  in a direction toward the outlet  35 , i.e. in a direction for ensuring sealing. To facilitate this, the example biasing member  71  depicted comprises a coiled spring  72 . Some variations in mounting of the locator member  70  are discussed below in connection with  FIGS. 6 and 6A . 
     As discussed above, cartridge  50  is a service part, i.e. it is removable and replaceable within in-tank assembly  25 . The general features of the cartridge  50  will be understood by reference to  FIGS. 5-6A . 
     Referring first to  FIG. 5 , liquid filter cartridge  50  is depicted in schematic top perspective view. The media  52  is depicted surrounding interior  53 , core  55  and central axis X. The media  52  is not depicted in detail. It can comprise, for example, a variety of configurations of media, including pleated and non-pleated arrangements. Further it can be provided with an outer liner surrounding the media  52 , to form a media pack, if desired. The media can comprise a variety of filter media materials suitable for the intended filtering operation. It will typically comprise non-woven fibrous material. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 5 , end constructions  64  and  65  are depicted. Construction  64  includes, projecting axially outwardly therefrom, in a direction away from end construction  65 , a collar  75 . The collar  75  surrounds an inner rim  76  against which coiled spring  72 , i.e. biasing member  71 ,  FIG. 4 , will bias. The collar  75  also includes an outer edge  77  with a outward flare  78 , to facilitate entering the coiled spring  72  into interior  75   i  of the collar  75 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 6 , a schematic cross-sectional view of cartridge  50 , taken generally along line  6 - 6 ,  FIG. 5 . Referring to  FIG. 6 , end construction  64  is viewable on one end of the media  52 . The bypass valve assembly  67 , discussed further below in connection with  FIGS. 7-10  is more readily viewable. Further collar  75  with flare  78  and inner rim  76  is viewable. 
     With respect to  FIG. 6 , attention is now directed to end construction  65  which is positioned on an opposite end  521  of the media  52  from end construction  64 . The end construction  65  is open, and generally includes: a flange  80 , which extends over end  521  of the media pack  52 ; and, central port arrangement  81 , which provides for liquid flow communication between interior  55   i  (and thus media interior  53 ) and a region exterior to cartridge  50 , without passage through bypass valve assembly  67  or media  52 . In a typical assembly configured for out-to-in flow during filtering operation, as described previously with respect to  FIG. 4 , central port arrangement  81  comprises an outlet port  82  for flow of filtered liquid from interior  53  (i.e. core interior  55   i ) of cartridge  50 . 
     End construction  65  includes a seal support, spigot or projection  85  thereon, having a seal  86  thereon. The seal support  85 , in the example depicted, comprises a spigot or projection extending away from the media pack  52  in a direction generally away from end construction  64 . The seal  86  depicted comprises a radial seal member which surrounds and spigot  85  and is configured to form a housing seal, with a portion of the housing  30 . For the particular assembly depicted, seal  86  is configured to form an outwardly directed radial seal  88 . By “outwardly directed” in this context, it is meant that the seal  86  is positioned so that when it sealingly engages a seal surface in a housing, the sealing force are against a surrounding structure and generally directed radially toward or away from central axis X of the cartridge  50 . 
     For the particular example seal  86  depicted, an o-ring  86   o  is shown, positioned in a receiving groove  93  on the seal support  85 . It is noted that alternate configurations for the seal  86  to o-rings, can be used. For example, the seal  86  can comprise a portion of seal material molded onto or otherwise mounted on a portion of end construction  65 . 
     It is noted that the end constructions  64  and  65  can be pre-made and then be secured to ends of the media pack  52 ,  521  respectively, with a potting material or adhesive. The end constructions  64 ,  65  can be formed from metal, or can comprise molded plastic components. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 6A , which depicts an alternate cartridge construction to that shown in  FIG. 6 . Referring to  FIG. 6A , cartridge  100  is depicted. The cartridge  100  includes many features analogous to cartridge  50 , and analogous reference numerals are sometimes used to identify those features. Cartridge  100  differs from cartridge  50  in two primary manners. First, cartridge  100  does not include a bypass valve arrangement analogous to bypass valve assembly  67  thereon. Rather end  52   u  of media pack  52  (and cartridge  100 ) is closed by an end construction  102  that is simply a closed end cap, without a bypass valve but with a collar  75  thereon that has been configured for receipt of a locator member  70  projecting therein. 
     The second manner in which cartridge  100  in  FIG. 6A  differs from cartridge  50 , is that the locator member  70 , in this instance coiled spring  72 , is secured to the cartridge  100 . In the example of  FIG. 6 , the locator member  70  was not secured to the cartridge  50 , but rather cartridge  50  was configured to be used with a filter head, in which the locator member remains secured to the filter head during servicing. Of course with the cartridge of  FIG. 6A , the overall assembly of  FIGS. 2-4  would need to be modified only insofar as the locator member adjustment would be needed. 
     It is noted that for other alternate applications of the principles described herein, the cartridge can be modified from cartridges  50  and  100 , for alternate variations in use of the principles. For example, a bypass valve assembly can be used with a cartridge that also has a locator member  70  secured thereto. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIGS. 7-10 , with respect to the first end construction  64  and bypass valve arrangement  67 . Referring to  FIG. 7 , end construction  64  is shown separated from the media pack  52  of cartridge  50 ,  FIG. 6 . The end construction  64  includes an end plate  105  and flange  106 . The media  52  is typically potted and sealed against end plate  105  for sealing end  521  of the media  52 , with rim  106  extending around the media  52 . It is noted that the particular rim  106  and end plate  105  construction, can be for example manufactured from metal, although it could also be a molded piece in some applications. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the end construction  64  is provided in a top plan view. Locator member-receiving collar  75  is viewable. Collar  75  and rim  76  can also be formed from metal if desired. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 7 , bypass valve assembly  67  is seen attached to end construction  64  at a location so that it will project into an open region  53  surrounded by the media  52 , when installed in the cartridge  50 . The bypass valve assembly  67  comprises frame  110  positioned as a support to a biasing member  111 , in this instance comprising coiled spring  112 . The bypass valve assembly  67  further includes a valve member  115 , supported by the biasing member  111  in sealing engagement with a valve seat  116 . With respect to this, attention is directed to  FIG. 9 . Here valve member  115  can be seen biased against valve seat  116 , to close the valve assembly  67 ; the biasing being provided by coiled spring  112  (i.e. by biasing member  111 ). Thus, end construction  64  is closed, as long as the closing pressure of biasing member  111  is not overcome by the pressure differential between opposite sides of the valve member  115 . Should the pressure differential between opposite sides of valve member  115  become sufficiently large, the closure force of the biasing member  111  will be overcome, the valve head  115  will bias away from valve seat  116  and the valve assembly  67  will open for flow of unfiltered liquid therethrough, into the cartridge interior  53 ,  FIG. 6 . 
     In  FIG. 10 , a exploded view of the valve member  115  is depicted, showing seal member  115   s  and frame piece  115   f.    
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 11 , in which the housing  30  is depicted in schematic cross-sectional view. The example housing  30  includes a sidewall  30   s  defining an interior  30   i . At one end  118 , the example housing  30  is generally open for receipt of cartridge  50  projecting therethrough, into interior  30   i . For the example housing  30  depicted, at end  118  an outwardly directed flange  119  is provided. Underneath flange  119  is positioned a seal member  120 . Seal member  120  can be secured to a remainder of the housing  30 , or can just be loosely positioned. Although alternatives are possible, for the example depicted the seal member  120  is an o-ring  120   o . Alternate shaped or types of gaskets can be used. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 16 .  FIG. 16  is, in general, a schematic exploded perspective view of assembly  25 . In  FIG. 16 , base  27  is viewable, with access cover  28  removed. During assembly, housing  30  is lowered through upper end  27   u  of base  27 , with sidewall  30   s  depending downwardly through lower end  271  of base  27 . Lowering would occur until flange  119  engages the shelf  122  in base  27 . Sealing between the flange  119  and the shelf  122  is provided by seal member  120 . The combination of base  27  and housing  30  is now ready to receive, operably therein, cartridge  50  and then to be closed by positioning access cover  28  over upper end  27   u  of base  27 . 
     Attention is now directed back to  FIG. 11 . Opposite to end  118 , housing  30  includes end  125 . End  125  includes liquid flow port  34  therein, in this instance comprising a liquid flow outlet  35 . In the example depicted, liquid flow port  34  is provided by a liquid flow collar  130 , separately made and then positioned with a portion thereof extending through aperture  125   o  in end  125 . With respect to this, attention is directed to  FIG. 13 , an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of  FIG. 11 . Here, aperture  125   o  defined by downwardly directed flange  125   x  is viewable. A portion of collar  130  can be seen projecting into aperture  125   o . Further detail regarding collar  130  is described herein below, in connection to  FIGS. 14 and 15 . 
     In  FIG. 12 , a top perspective view of housing  30  is provided. Opposite notches  119   n  in flange  119  are viewable. These can be oriented to engage projections in base  27 ,  FIG. 16 , during installation, for aligning and securing housing  30  in position. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 14 , an exploded perspective view depicting both liquid flow collar  130  and end construction  65 . In  FIG. 14  a schematic, exploded, bottom perspective view is provided, so one can see how end construction  65  is configured for preferred engagement with liquid flow collar  130 , when cartridge  50  is installed in housing  30 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 14 , attention is first directed to liquid flow collar  130 . The liquid flow collar  130  is depicted in bottom perspective view and includes a first ring portion  131 , a second ring portion  132 ; and, a central radially projecting rim  133 . 
     First ring portion  131  defines an open end  131   x , for liquid flow therethrough. The second ring portion  132  defines an open rim  132   x  for liquid flow therethrough. 
     The central radially projecting ring  133  is sized and shaped to interfere with an end  125  of housing  30 , when liquid flow collar  130  is installed. Typically, the liquid flow collar  130  is installed by being positioned within interior  30   i  with collar portion  131  projecting outwardly from interior  30   i , see  FIG. 11 . Welding or other attachment arrangements can be used, to secure and seal collar  130  in place and to provide sealing. 
     Referring to  FIG. 14 , second ring portion  132  is generally circular or ring shaped, but includes a (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting portion  135 . Referring to  FIG. 15 , in which a top perspective view of the componentry depicted in  FIG. 14  is shown, the (bump-out) projection  135  can be seen as defining, along an interior  132   i  of upper region  132 , a outwardly directed recess or receiver (receiver recess)  135   r.    
     It is noted that the particular receiver recess  135   r  depicted, diverges in extension away from end  132   x , opposite sides  138   b ,  138   c . In a typical assembly, the angle divergence for each of the sides  138   b ,  138   c  is the same, and typically is within the range of 5°-20°, inclusive for example 8°-16°, inclusive from vertical. The internal angles where the sides  138   b ,  138   c  engage bottom  138   a , for the example depicted, would be about 95-110°, inclusive, typically 98-116°, inclusive. 
     The liquid flow collar  130  can be constructed from a variety of materials. Usable materials include, for example, metal and plastic. It is anticipated that in a typical application, collar  160  will comprise a steel ring formed, for example, from a sheet of appropriate steel coiled and welded into a cylinder, for example as shown at welding bead  139 ,  FIG. 14 . The features of the liquid flow collar  130  could then be formed using a metal press operation. This would tend to smooth any portion of the welding bead in the second collar section  132 . It can also be used to form bump-out  135  (i.e. recess  135   r ) and ring  133 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 15 , in general terms interior surface  132   i  of collar  130  and in particular second region  132  is positioned and configured to define a seal surface oriented to receive, sealed thereagainst, the housing seal  86 . This will be understood by further reference to  FIGS. 14 and 15 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 14 , attention is directed to end construction  65 . As previously discussed in connection with  FIG. 6 , end construction  65  includes flange  80  and central port arrangement  81 . Positioned at a location to extend around end  521  of media  52 ,  FIG. 6 , cover  80  includes rim  80   f.    
     Central port arrangement  81  comprises a projection or spigot  85  secured to flange  80  and extending in a direction away from the media  52 ,  FIG. 6 . Referring to  FIG. 14 , projection or spigot  85  includes thereon an interference fit member  140 . The interference fit member  140  is positioned to ensure that the projection or spigot  85  can only sealingly engage portion  132   i  of collar  130  when the two are in preferred rotational orientation as further discussed below. For the particular example assembly depicted, the interference fit member  140  comprises a trapezoidal-shaped seal projection  141  sized, shaped and positioned to slide into receiver  135   r  as projection  85  is pushed into liquid flow collar  130 . Alternate shapes to the interference fit member  140  can be possible. 
     In more general terms, interference fit member  140  is a first member of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement, positioned within the assembly  25 . Another member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement, is positioned in liquid flow collar  130 . The two members are configured such that they can only engage in a manner that allows sealing engagement between the cartridge  50  and the liquid flow collar  130 , when the rotational alignment between the two is as selected. For the particular example depicted, only one rotational alignment is allowed, although alternatives are possible in other applications of the technique described herein. Also for the particular arrangement depicted, member  140  is a projection arrangement, and member  135   r  is a receiver arrangement, although alternatives are possible. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 14 , seal  86  can be seen oriented to encircle projection or spigot  85  on an exterior thereof, and is oriented to define a seal pattern oriented non-orthogonal to a central axis X extending through projection or spigot  139 . Typically the seal pattern defines a plane that is non-orthogonal to central axis X which extends at an acute angle to a plane orthogonal to axis X at an angle, indicated generally at Y, of at least 5° usually at least 7° and typically not more than 40° and usually not more than 20°, typical angles are within the range of 7°-15°, inclusive. 
     Comparing  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the seal pattern and angle Y are chosen so that the seal  86  will pass under receiver  135   r , but will, when sealing against surface  132   i , angle upwardly. Indeed, interior  132   i  of upper collar section  132  is typically configured so that when the seal passes underneath receiver  135   r  it will not be able to seal to the surface  132   i  unless it is slanted upwardly. Alternately stated, an interior seal surface portion of interior  132   i , of the liquid flow collar  130 , is generally configured to only accept a seal thereagainst, when the seal is angled, i.e. non-orthogonal to a central axis X. This can be managed by providing disruptions through bumps or recesses within interior  132   i , to any other orientation of seal. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 14 , it is noted that seal  86 , as it surrounds spigot  85 , passes between projection  140 , and an end tip  185   t  of projection  85 . 
     A number of advantages can be obtained from using such seal features and other engagement features between the spigot  85  and liquid flow collar  130 , in general as described and shown. For example a slanted radial seal can be advantageous during installation, since it can be worked into a side of the seal surface  132   i  without engaging a complete 360° seal force initially, i.e. at the beginning of the insertion. Thus, the insertion can be started, and then with added force and rocking, the cartridge  50 , with rotation as needed, can be pushed into appropriate position. 
     Secondly, the system described can be implemented to help ensure that the cartridge  50  is a proper one, properly installed, for the assembly  25  involved, before the assembly is put on line. For example the interference projection  140  and the receiver  135   r  can be used to ensure that the cartridge  50 , once installation is started, is rotated to a proper orientation, before it is pushed fully (downwardly) into a sealing orientation. This will ensure that the seal is properly oriented, for the slanted seal/seal surface alignment needed, to obtain proper sealing. 
     It is noted that the spigot  85  and flow collar  130  described, can operate as a “sight unseen” rotational alignment arrangement. By this it is meant that typically during engagement between the spigot  85  and the liquid flow collar  130 , the service provider cannot see either, as they are buried within the depth of housing  30 . However, the interference which will occur between the two members until proper rotational alignment is achieved, will prevent the service provider from believing that the cartridge is properly installed, until appropriate alignment has occurred. 
     Features can be used in association with those described, to ensure that the cartridge  50  has been properly biased to the seal orientation, and thus is a proper, installed, cartridge, before the access cover  28  is positioned on the base  27 . In particular, and referring to  FIG. 4 , attention is directed to locator member  70 , which will be positioned between end cover  64  and access cover  26 . Biasing member  71 , for example when it is a spring  72 , can be selected so that it will resist access cover  26  being bolted closed, unless the cartridge  50  has been pushed downwardly into the sealing orientation. Alternately stated, if the cartridge  50  has not been recessed through alignment between the interference fit member  140  and the receiver  135   r , the cartridge end  64  will push upwardly substantially far so that the spring  72  cannot be easily collapsed as the access cover  26  is lowered. Generally, this is accomplished by selecting an appropriate length and compression force for the spring  72 . 
     In general terms, assembly  150  shows how a previously existing filter head  151  can be retro-fit for use with assembly having features generally in accord with  FIGS. 2-16 . This will be done, by providing an alternate housing, to the assembly, generally in accord with housing  30 ; a cartridge generally in accord with cartridge  50 ; and, by closing port  156  with cover  157 . 
     Of course a biasing member in accord with biasing member  71  could also be used. 
     Thus, security features are provided by the characterized features. The interference fit member  140  will ensure that the spigot  139  cannot be pushed fully into interior  132   i  of collar  130 , unless in the proper radial alignment, i.e. relative rotational alignment between the spigot  139  and the collar  130 . For the example depicted, this seal alignment only occurs in one radial orientation, i.e. when interference fit member  140  is aligned to be received within receiver  135   r . Of course alternatives are possible. When this rotational alignment occurs, interference to pushing of the cartridge  50  into full engagement with collar  130  is removed. Unless the radial alignment occurs, interference between member  140  and rim  132   x  will occur. This will leave the end cover  64  projecting upwardly within base  27  too far, for access cover  28  to be readily lowered into position due to biasing member  71  (i.e. spring  72 ). 
     Once the appropriate radial alignment occurs, cartridge  50  can be lowered and the seal  86  will be properly radially oriented to engage sealing surface portion of surface  132   i , i.e. with the seal passing under receiver  135   r  and then slanting upwardly along interior surface  32   i  at a preferred locations for sealing engagement. Of course, preferably the relative sizes of the interference fit member  140  and the receiver  135   r  are chosen so that when slightably engaged, the cartridge  50  cannot, in general, rotate relative to the liquid flow collar  130 . 
     In general terms, then, the assembly of  FIGS. 2-16  can be said to include a liquid filter cartridge for installation, in use, to provide removable sealing engagement with a liquid flow collar with a liquid filter assembly. The liquid filter cartridge includes filter media surrounding an open interior, the media having first and second, opposite, ends and defining a central axis. A first, closed, end construction is positioned in a first end of the filter media. This first, closed, end construction can include a bypass valve assembly thereon, if desired. A second end construction is positioned at a second end of the media. The second end construction is open, and includes a central spigot projecting away from the media and surrounding and defining a central liquid flow aperture in liquid flow communication with the open filter interior. A seal member is positioned on the spigot to define a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a central axis of the media. A member of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is positioned on the second end construction at a location to engage another member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on the liquid flow collar, in selected rotational alignment, in use. The member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is generally a projection or receiver member that is not itself a seal, i.e. it is a “non-seal member.” The assembly can be configured so that there is only one selected rotational alignment possible, although alternatives, i.e. in which there is more than one possible rotational alignment possible, can be used. In an example depicted, the seal member is positioned around the spigot, although alternatives are possible. Also, in an example depicted, the member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement positioned on the spigot is a projection, and particularly radially outwardly projecting projection (or bump-out), although alternatives are possible. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a dimension of maximum extension of the projection or spigot  85  radially outwardly from the central axis X, is indicated generally at d 1 . For the example shown, this dimension closely correlates dimension d 2 , a maximum extent of projection radially outwardly from central axis X, of seal member  86 . Each (including an outwardly projecting projection or bump-out) is typically smaller than d 3 , a maximum extent of projection of media  52  radially outwardly from central axis X. Typically, the maximum extension of radial projection of each of the spigot  85  and seal  86  outwardly from axis X is no more than 80% of a maximum extent of radial projection of the media  52  radial outwardly from the central axis X, and usually no more than 60% of this amount. This helps allow the spigot  85  and seal  86  can be configured to be used in a variety of systems, due to their relatively small size by comparisons of the media. Examples of this are described below, in which a end construction analogous to end construction  65  is depicted used with an “in-line” filter assembly. 
     C. An Alternate in-Tank Assembly,  FIGS. 17-19   
     It is noted that the features of  FIGS. 17-19  are generally as described in U.S. Ser. No. 61/211,586. 
     In  FIGS. 17-19 , an alternate in-tank assembly is depicted. Referring to  FIG. 17 , a schematic top perspective view of an alternate in-tank filter assembly  150  is provided. As with the previous assembly of  FIGS. 2-16 , assembly  150  includes a filter head assembly  151  comprising a base  152  and an access cover  153 . In this example assembly, the access cover  153  is threaded onto the base  152 . 
     Still referring to  FIG. 17 , the assembly includes a liquid flow inlet  155 . A port  156  opposite the liquid flow inlet  155  is shown closed by a cap or cover  157 . 
     In  FIG. 18 , a top plan view of assembly  150  is depicted, a cross-section line  19 - 19  being used to define a cross-sectional view of  FIG. 19 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 19 , a side cross-sectional view of assembly  150 . In  FIG. 19 , housing  160 , having a construction generally analogous to housing  30 ,  FIG. 12  is viewable. The housing  160  includes a sidewall  160   s  defining an interior  160   i . At a first end  160   a , the housing includes an outwardly directed flange  169  analogous to flange  119 ,  FIG. 12 , positioned over seal  162 . In the example depicted, the seal  162  is an o-ring seal  162   x , although alternatives are possible. The housing  160  includes an end  160   b  opposite end  160   a  having an outlet port  164  therein, in which is fit liquid flow collar  165 . The collar can be constructed analogous to collar  130 ,  FIG. 12 . 
     It can be seen that except for adjustments for size or similar minor modifications, the housing  160  and collar  165  can be generally analogous to those previously described. 
     Positioned within assembly  150  is serviceable filter cartridge  170 . The filter cartridge  170  is generally analogous to cartridge  50 , and includes media  172  surrounding and defining an open filter interior  173 . In the specific example, the media  172  is positioned around perforated inner liner  175 . The media  172  extends between first and second end constructions  179 ,  180 . End construction  179  comprises a closed end cap having a bypass valve construction  182  therein, configured to allow liquid flow through construction  179  into filter interior  173 , bypassing the media  172 , should a pressure differential between the upstream side and downstream side of the cartridge  170 , when configured for out-to-in flow during filtering, exceed a predetermined amount. 
     It is noted that end construction  179  also includes collar  185 , analogous to collar  75 . 
     End construction  180  includes flange  187  and spigot projection  188 . The spigot projection  188  includes an outer surface  189  with a seal arrangement  190  thereon. The example seal arrangement depicted is an o-ring seal  191 , although alternatives are possible. 
     In general terms, the cartridge  170  can be analogous to the cartridge  50  previously described, including with respect to specific sub-features of end constructions  179 ,  180 . Of course sizes can be varied, depending on the particular application of use. 
     It is noted that the same variations discussed with respect to filter cartridge  50 , i.e. absence of a bypass valve arrangement, absence of a collar  185 , and/or presence of biasing member (for example a spring) secured to the end construction  179  can be used. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 19 , attention is directed to biasing member  194  positioned in extension between access cover  153  and end construction  179 . Biasing member  194 , in the example depicted, comprises spring  195 , although alternatives are possible. Biasing member  194 , again, helps ensure that the cartridge  170  remains in place during use, and also provides for a check to ensure that the cartridge  170  is properly lowered into a sealing engagement with collar  165 , when installed. 
     Thus, in general terms, assembly  150  is analogous assembly  25 , the primary differences relating to specific configuration of the head  151 , and the manner in which the access cover  153  is secured on the base  152 . Also the depictions of assembly  150 ,  FIGS. 17-19 , show how certain principles according to the present disclosure can be applied by retro-fitting previously existing equipment. In particular, filter head assembly  151  can be a filter assembly originally designed and manufactured for use with a different type of in-tank filter assembly, in which aperture  155  is an inlet and port  156  is an outlet. The assembly is retro-fit for use with a cartridge in accord with the present disclosure, by a capping port  156  with cap  157 , and then installing the internal features defined. 
     II. Example in-Line Liquid Filter Assemblies Including Features According to the Present Disclosure 
     Herein, the term “in-line” when used in reference to a filter assembly, is meant to indicate a type of filter assembly, (in contrast to an “in-tank filter assembly”) in which the filter assembly is positioned in one or more liquid flow lines. Thus, the filter head receives liquid to be filtered from a liquid flow line, directs liquid to be filtered through the filter assembly, receives the filtered liquid from liquid filter assembly, and then directs filtered liquid back into the liquid flow line. In contrast to “in-tank” filter assemblies, here the liquid filter assembly is not typically mounted to with a housing projecting into a reservoir configured to pass liquid directly into, or from, the liquid reservoir. 
     A. A First Example Assembly, FIGS.  20 - 28   
     It is noted that the features of  FIGS. 20-28  are generally as described in U.S. Ser. No. 61/211,586. 
     Attention is first directed to  FIG. 20 , a top perspective view depicting an in-line filter assembly  200  comprising a manifold  201  with a filter head  202  thereon. Removably secured to the filter head  202 , in an operable orientation, is provided a filter assembly  205 . The filter assembly  205  depicted comprises a bowl/cartridge assembly  206 . The bowl/cartridge assembly  206  generally comprises an outer housing or bowl  208 , and an interiorly received filter cartridge  210  not viewable in  FIG. 20 ; see  FIGS. 21 and 22  below. 
     It is noted that the assembly  205  can be configured so that the cartridge  210  can not be removed from the housing or bowl  208 . However, in typical applications, the principles herein will be practiced with bowl/cartridge assemblies, wherein the cartridge  210  is configured as a replacement part, to be removed from the housing or bowl  208  for servicing. 
     In general terms, the filter assembly  205  is mounted on the filter head  202 , to receive liquid to be filtered directed from the filter head  202  into the assembly  205 , and to direct filtered liquid back into the filter head  202 , to be directed through the liquid system involved. It is noted that the manifold  201  and filter head  202  can be configured with a variety of inlet port arrangements and outlet port arrangements. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 21 , in which filter assembly  205  is depicted separated from filter head  202 . It can be seen, referring to  FIG. 21 , that assembly  205  is indeed a bowl/cartridge arrangement  206  comprising the outer housing  208  and an internally received, removable and replaceable, service cartridge  210 . It is noted that housing  208  is provided with a first end  211  which includes an engagement mechanism  212  for mounting on the filter head  202 . In the example depicted, the engagement mechanism  212  comprises a threaded arrangement  213 . For the particular assembly  205  depicted, the threaded arrangement  213  comprises outer threads, although in some alternatives, housing  208  can be configured with inner threads. In some arrangements, the first end  211  will be provided with a seal member such as an o-ring, for example, although alternatives are possible, to provide for sealing engagement when mounted on the filter head  202 . 
     The particular filter assembly  205 , again, is configured as a bowl/cartridge assembly  206  with cartridge  210  removable and replaceable within interior  208   i  of bowl  208 , during servicing. In  FIG. 22 , cartridge  210  is shown removed from bowl  208 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , cartridge  210  comprises a media pack including filter media  215  surrounding and defining an open filter interior  215   i , not viewable in  FIG. 22 , see  FIG. 25 . 
     Still referring to  FIG. 22 , media  215  extends between opposite ends  215   u ,  215   l . At end  215   l  is provided an end construction  217 . The end construction  217  is generally a closed end cover, and can optionally be provided with a bypass valve arrangement thereon, analogous to bypass valve arrangements  67 ,  FIG. 6 . This will be understood from further discussions below, related to  FIG. 25 . 
     Provided at opposite end  215   u  of the media  215  from end construction  217 , is open end construction  220 . The end construction  220  can, for example, be generally analogous to end construction  65  of  FIG. 6 . Referring to  FIG. 22 , end construction  220  comprises flange  221 , outer rim  222  and central projection  225 . Projection  225  comprises a projection or spigot defining a flow aperture  226  therethrough, allowing flow communication with interior  215   i . Outer surface  227  of projection or spigot  225  includes (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection  229  generally analogous to (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection  141 ,  FIG. 14 . Positioned around outer surface  227  is a seal member  230  configured and positioned to form a seal with a portion of the filter head  202 , when installed. The particular seal member  230  depicted, is an o-ring  231 , although alternatives are possible as discussed above. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 22 , it can be seen that seal member  230  defines a seal pattern extending at an angle non-orthogonal to the central axis X passing through the cartridge  210 . The acute angle of the plane of seal member  230  relative to the plane orthogonal to a central axis  233 , is typically at least 5° usually at least 7°, and typically not more than 40° and usually not more than 30°, although alternatives are possible. 
     In general terms, the end construction  220  can be analogous to end cover  65 ,  FIG. 6  and if the sizes and proportions are appropriate for the instance of use intended, an identical end construction to can be used for end construction  220 . 
     In  FIG. 23 , a fragmentary perspective view of a portion of  FIG. 22  is depicted. Here the cartridge  210  has been rotated somewhat relative to the view of  FIG. 22 , leaving the bump-out  229  out of view. It is noted that along interior  225   i  of spigot or projection  225 , no concave or bump-out portion is viewable. This is an indication that example end cover  220  depicted is a molded part, from plastic. The end cover  220  could be made from pressing metal, in which case there may be a bump-out recess along a portion of interior surface  225   i  corresponding to (bump-out) projection  229 . 
     In  FIG. 24 , a top plan view of cartridge  210  is depicted. It is noted that line  25 - 25  provides a definition for the cross-sectional view depicted schematically in  FIG. 25 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 25 , it can be seen that the cartridge  210  includes an optional bypass valve assembly  237  generally analogous to bypass valve assembly  67 , discussed above. 
     Also referring to  FIG. 25 , internal perforated core  240 , around which the media  215  is positioned is viewable. 
     It can be seen that cartridge  210  has features generally analogous to cartridges  50  and  150  discussed above, except for the absence of certain flanges or collars. Also, for the example depicted, the cartridge  210  is used with spigot or projection  225  projected upwardly, rather than downwardly as for the examples of cartridges  50  and  150 . It is noted that vertical orientation is a matter of convenience for the particular manifold and filter head system involved. With a bowl/cartridge assembly  206 , typically the open end of the bowl  208  will be directed upwardly, so that as the bowl  208  is removed, the cartridge  210  does not fall out and oil does not leak. 
     To facilitate operation of the bypass valve assembly  237 , end construction  217  includes a lower surface  217   l  with projection arrangement  217   p  thereon, to support a remainder of the end construction  217  above a bottom of housing or bowl  208 . It is noted that a biasing member such as a spring can be positioned between end construction  217  and a bottom of the housing or bowl  208 . 
     For the assembly of  FIGS. 20-22 , the interaction between the cartridge  210  and the filter head  202  can be configured to be analogous to that between the cartridges and the collars for previously described assemblies, to accomplish generally analogous results. This is depicted in  FIGS. 26-28 . 
     Referring first to  FIG. 26 , filter head  202  is depicted having mounting ring  240  by which bowl or housing  208  is mounted to the filter head  202 . The example ring  240  includes inwardly directed threads  241 . As previously described, alternate mounting arrangements can be used, for example the housing or bowl  208  can be provided with inwardly directed threads, and the ring  240  with outwardly directed threads. 
     In  FIG. 26 , a bottom perspective view of head  202  is provided, and end cover  220  is depicted in exploded view showing how alignment occurs. Referring to  FIG. 26 , filter head  202  includes central collar  245  including a (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection  246 . This provides a collar interior surface  247 , with a (bump-out) receiver recess  248  therein. The bump-out recess  248  is configured to receive bump-out or interference projection  229 , to allow spigot or projection  225  to be pushed fully upwardly into interior  247 , during engagement. Analogously to previously described arrangements, proper engagement can only occur when the cartridge  210  is in the proper rotational orientation, otherwise interference between projection  229  and collar  247  will occur. 
     Interior surface  247  of collar  245  is generally configured to provide a sealing surface for seal member  246 . Preferably collar  247  is configured so that such a seal engagement is only secure, when the seal member  230  is rotationally oriented properly, due to its slanted (seal pattern non-orthogonal to axis X) shape. In the example head  202  depicted, recess  249  is depicted at a location which will interfere with proper sealing, unless the cartridge  210  in particular the seal member  230 , is properly configured and orientated. 
     Thus, for the particular example collar  245  depicted, when the cartridge  210  is installed, seal member  230  passes over bump-out  246  and under slot  249 . 
     In  FIG. 27 , a top perspective view of componentry analogous to  FIG. 26  is depicted. Thus, filter head  202  and end construction  220  are depicted. 
     In  FIG. 28 , a cross-sectional view of the componentry depicted in  FIGS. 26 and 27  is provided. Here, again, filter head  202  and end construction  220  are viewable aligned for proper engagement. 
     B. General Principles 
     In general terms, then, the features described above for the assembly of  FIGS. 20-28 , depict how the principles described herein above with respect to an in-tank assembly, can be used with an alternate in-line assembly, to accomplish advantages. That is, it will be difficult to properly assemble the bowl/cartridge onto the filter head, unless the cartridge is of a proper type, and unless the cartridge is appropriately rotationally oriented. This helps provide an assurance that the cartridge is a proper one for the system of use, and is properly oriented for appropriate sealing. Further, the use of the slanted seal provides advantage with respect to ease of initiating installation. 
     In general terms, a liquid filter cartridge is provided usable for installation, in use, to provide a removable seal engagement with a liquid flow collar of a liquid filter assembly. The liquid filter cartridge includes filter media surrounding an open filter interior. The filter media has first and second, opposite, ends and defines a central axis. The assembly includes a first, closed, end construction at a first end of the filter media. This closed end construction can include optional bypass valve assembly therein, if desired. 
     A second end construction is positioned on the second end of the media. The second end construction is open, includes a central spigot projecting away from the media and surrounding and defining a central liquid flow aperture in liquid flow communication with the open filter interior. A seal member is positioned on the spigot to define a seal pattern non-orthogonal to the central axis of the media. A member of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is positioned on the second end construction at a location to engage another member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on a liquid flow collar, in selected rational alignment, in use. Typically, the member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement positioned on the second end construction is a non-seal member; i.e. projection or receiver member that does not comprise a portion of the seal. 
     As with assemblies previously described, the seal member and the spigot (including a bump-out or projection) define a maximum extent of projection radially outwardly from the central axis that is no more than the media, typically no more than 80% of the maximum extension of the media and usually no more than 60% of a maximum distance of an extension of the media from the central axis. This means that the spigot and seal are relatively small, and can be used with filter head assemblies that include many conventional prior art features. 
     It is noted that the bowl can be mounted on the filter head without a cartridge in place. Assemblies have been developed to provide for inhibition of this, and some of these principles can be applied to the systems described herein. 
     It is noted that the techniques described can also be applied when the cartridge is not removable from the bowl. However with such an assembly it will be important to ensure that the cartridge can rotate relative to the bowl, so that once the cartridge is positioned in proper engagement with the liquid flow collar, the bowl can continue to rotate during installation or removal. 
     III. Example Variations in Spigot and Collar Configuration 
     It is noted that  FIGS. 29-33  are generally as described in U.S. Ser. No. 61/211,586. In  FIGS. 29-33 , some variations in collar/spigot configuration for engagement are depicted. In the example embodiments of  FIGS. 29-33 , these variations are depicted in componentry for a filter head and a bowl/cartridge assembly generally analogous to the assembly of  FIGS. 20-28 , described above. However it is noted that the same types of variations can be applied in a spigot/collar for an in-tank assembly, such as those described in  FIGS. 2-19 . 
     A. A First Variation, FIGS.  29 - 30   
     Referring to  FIG. 29 , an exploded bottom perspective view of components of a filter arrangement  254  is provided. The components depicted include an end construction  256  and a collar  257 . The end construction  256  can be used in place of end constructions  65  and  220 , in  FIGS. 4 and 22  respectively; and, the collar portion  257  depicted can be used in place of portions of collars  130  and  245 ,  FIGS. 11 and 26 . 
     For the particular filter arrangement  254  depicted, the collar portion  257  is mounted on part of a filter head  263 . However, the collar portion  257  depicted, could be used as part of a collar in a housing of an in-tank filter assembly, such as those depicted in  FIGS. 2-19 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 29 , attention is directed to projection or spigot  260  on end construction  257 . The spigot  260  includes a notch or recess  261  therein, directed axially toward the media (not viewed) from outer tip  260  of spigot  260 . It is noted that the spigot  260  could also include a (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection, for example analogous to (bump-out) projection  246  discussed above. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 29 , collar section  257  includes a radially inwardly extending projection  265  sized and shaped to be received within notch  261 , when spigot  260  is positioned inside of collar section  257 . This provides for rotational securement and alignment of the cover construction  250 , and thus the resulting cartridge, with collar  257 . Preferably, the notch  261  and projection  265  are sized and shaped so that once slightably engaged, the cartridge cannot rotate substantially relative to the filter head. 
     In  FIG. 30 , a top perspective view of the componentry described is discussed. Here (bump-out) recess  270  on collar section  257  is viewable, oriented to receive (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection  271  on spigot or projection  260 . Also notch or recess  261  can be seen in spigot or projection  260 . Also viewable is seal mount  275  extending around spigot  260 . In typical use seal mount  275  would have a seal mounted thereon, for example an o-ring seal. It can be seen that the seal will pass over (bump-out) projection  271  (i.e. projection  271  and tip  260   t ) and under notch  261  (i.e. between notch  261  and media). Alternately stated, the seal within seal mount  275  will pass between (bump-out) projection  271  and tip  260   t ; and, will also pass between notch  261  and end flange portion  256   f  of end construction  256 . 
     In general terms, the variations described in  FIGS. 29 and 30  depict how instead of, or in addition to, a (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection, a notch can be used in a projection or spigot to accomplish desirable rotational alignment. It further depicts how both the bump-out and the notch can be used together. 
     B. Further Alternate Variations, FIG.  31 - 33   
     In each of the previously described embodiments, rotational alignment between the appropriate end cover on the cartridge, and the appropriate liquid flow collar on either of the housing (for the in-tank variation) or the filter head (for the bowl/cartridge variations) is managed with features on a spigot engaging features on an interior of the liquid flow collar. It is noted that additional or alternate interference arrangements can be used, to accomplish the desired rotational orientation. An example of this is depicted in  FIGS. 31-33 . 
     Attention is first directed to  FIG. 31 . Here a top perspective view of selected componentry of a filter assembly  280  is provided. The componentry depicted is a filter head  281  and an end construction  282  of a filter cartridge. It will be understood that other features may be generally analogous to those described with respect to previously described embodiments of  FIGS. 20-30 . It will also be understood that the principles can also be applied when the end construction  282  is configured to engage a liquid flow collar of an in-tank assembly in accord with  FIGS. 2-19 . 
     In  FIG. 33 , end construction  282  is depicted in top perspective view for more ready inspection. Referring to  FIG. 23 , end construction  282  includes a flange  283 , outer rim  284  and central projection or spigot  285 . The central projection or spigot  285  defines a flow aperture arrangement  288  therethrough, for liquid flow. The projection or spigot  285  includes an interior surface  285   i  and an exterior surface  285   x  with a seal arrangement  290  thereon. 
     The particular seal arrangement  290  depicted, is oriented and angled slanted (non-orthogonal) relative to a plane orthogonal to a central axis X through end construction  282  and the resulting cartridge. In this manner the seal arrangement  290  is generally analogous to those previously discussed. The seal arrangement  290  can comprise an o-ring  290   o , although alternatives are possible. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 33 , the end construction  282  includes an interference projection member  300 . In this instance, the projection member  300  does not comprise a bump-out on outer surface  285   o . Rather, it comprises a portion of a collar  301  having a receiver gap  302  therein at a location oriented to receive a (bump-out) radially outwardly projecting projection on a liquid flow collar therein, when end construction  282 , and the resulting filter cartridge, is appropriately radially aligned relative to the liquid flow collar. The particular gap  302  depicted is oriented for engagement with an outside of a bump-out analogous to the bump-out  135 ,  FIG. 14 . With respect to this, attention is directed to  FIG. 32 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 32 , on outer portion  310  of liquid flow collar  310   c  is depicted with bump-out  311 . The bump-out  311  depicted is generally trapezoidal shaped, and analogous to bump-out regions  135  and  246 ,  FIGS. 14 and 28 . It can be seen by comparing  FIGS. 31, 32 and 33 , that the end construction  282  will only properly seal with the interior surface  310   c  of collar  310 , if the cartridge is in appropriate rotational alignment, allowing bump-out  311  to be received within gap  302 ,  FIG. 33 . It will also be understood that the seal  290  will engage surface  310   i  above bump-out  311  and below member  315 . 
     It will be understood that the principles described in connection with  FIGS. 31-33  can be applied in an in-tank arrangement, by using appropriate features on the cartridge for engagement with appropriate features on the collar in the bottom of the housing. 
     IV. Additional (Alternate) Assemblies, Features and Component Variations—FIGS.  34 - 75   
     It is noted that in  FIGS. 34-75 , some variations in assemblies, components and features from those described in U.S. Ser. No. 61/211,586 are presented. 
     A. An Alternate in-Line Assembly,  FIGS. 34-53   
     The reference numeral  500 ,  FIG. 34 , designates an additional example of an in-line assembly according to the present disclosure. The assembly  500  includes a filter head  502  with a liquid filter assembly  505  mounted thereon. The filter head  502  includes a liquid flow inlet port arrangement  506 , by which liquid to be filtered enters the filter head  502 . The filter head  502  also includes a liquid flow outlet port arrangement  507 , by which filtered liquid leaves the assembly  500  and the filter head  502 . 
     In general terms, filter assembly  505  is removably mounted on filter head  502 . Typically, a threaded engagement is used, as discussed below. 
     In  FIG. 35 , a schematic cross-sectional view of the assembly  500  is depicted. Filter assembly  505  can be seen as comprising: outer housing or bowl  510  and filter cartridge  511 . The housing or bowl  510  includes a sidewall  510   s  having a first, open (in this example upper) end section  510   u . The upper end  510   u  includes a threaded section  510   t  for releasably securing the housing  510  to the filter head  502 . For the particular example assembly depicted, the threads  510   t  surround an exterior of the sidewall  510   s  adjacent, and spaced from, an end tip of end section  510   u . That is, housing  510  has outer or outwardly directed threads  510   t , although alternatives are possible. 
     The example housing  510  depicted further includes a housing bottom  510   b , in the example depicted having an optional central aperture  510   d  closed by removable plug  510   p . In use, plug  510   p  can be removed to drain housing  510 . The plug  510   p  is shown fit with a socket receiver  510   r , for receiving a tool, to insert or remove the plug  510   p.    
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 36 , in which a cross-sectional view of a filter assembly  505  separated from filter head  502  is presented. The cartridge  511  can be seen as comprising media  520  positioned in extension between a first end construction (end cap)  521  and a second end construction (end cap)  522 . 
     The first end construction  521 , for the example system depicted, is generally directed downwardly, i.e. in a direction away from the filter head  502 , in installation. The depicted end construction  521  is closed, i.e. it has no aperture completely open to flow therethrough. In some applications of the techniques described herein, end construction  521  can be provided with an aperture therethrough, closed by a bypass valve. In still other applications of the techniques described herein, end construction  521  can be provided with an aperture therethrough, and with appropriate construction for sealing to a housing, to avoid undesirable leakage at that location. An example of such an open end cap or end construction, with a seal arrangement, is described in U.S. Ser. No. 11/098,242, incorporated herein by reference. Such features can be adapted, for example, for use with the features of the present disclosure. 
     Second end construction  522  for the example depicted, comprises an open end construction, having a central aperture  524  therethrough, in fluid flow communication with an open end interior  525  of cartridge  511 , around which media  520  extends. 
     Surrounding the cartridge  511 , between the media pack  520  and the bowl sidewall  510   s , is provided annular region or flow annulus  527 . In general terms, liquid to be filtered is directed into annulus  527  and passes through the media  520  (with filtering) and into open region  525 . From the open region  525  the filtered liquid passes outwardly from cartridge  511  through aperture  524 . This is, in general, an “out-to-in” flow with respect to the direction of flow through the cartridge  511 . It is established by providing annulus  527  in flow communication with liquid flow inlet arrangement  506 ,  FIG. 34 , and providing open interior  525  in liquid flow communication with liquid flow outlet arrangement  507 ,  FIG. 34 . 
     It is noted that the techniques described herein can be applied in arrangements designed for alternate flow, for example in-to-out flow, during filtering. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 36 , aperture  524  in end construction  522  is surrounded by a projection or spigot  530 . The spigot  530  projects away from media  520  and engages a portion of the filter head  502 , when filter assembly  505  installed. The particular projection  530  depicted has an outer surface  530   x  on which a seal member  531  is mounted, to form a radially outwardly directed radial seal. Mount  532  is shown in  FIG. 36 , for the seal arrangement  531 . The typical seal arrangement would be an o-ring  531   o , although alternatives are possible. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 36 , end construction  522  includes a flexible radial projection arrangement  535  thereon. The flexible radial projection arrangement  535  provides for a releasable interference connection between the cartridge  511  and the bowl or housing  510 . Thus, in general terms, the radial projection arrangement  535  is sometimes referred to herein as a (spring-loaded) housing-engagement projection arrangement. This will be understood from the further description below. 
     For the particular example assembly depicted, the flexible radial projection arrangement  535  comprises at least first and second spaced (in the example radially opposite) flexible tabs  537 . 
     Attention is directed to  FIG. 37 , with respect to one of the tabs  537 . Each of the flexible tabs  537  includes: a flex mount  538  which in the example shown is a living hinge in tab  537 ; a radially outwardly directed projection arrangement (or member)  539  and an actuator (free, handle) end or projection  540 . The projection  539  is oriented and positioned to project outwardly (radially) into receiver recess  545  along an interior  510   i  of housing  510 , when the cartridge  511  is properly installed. When actuator projection or end  540  is manipulated to be flexed radially inwardly, by a service provider, projection member  539  will be recessed radially (retracted) inwardly out of receiver or recess  545 . When this movement is made for both of the two tabs  537 , the cartridge  511  can be separated from the housing  510 . During installation of cartridge  511  into the housing  510 , engagement between the projection member  539  and the housing sidewall  510   s  can be used to deflect the tabs  537  radially inwardly, or manual deflection can be done, until the receiving  545  is encountered and snap-fit occurs. 
     This type of engagement between the cartridge  511  and the housing  510  provides conveniently that the housing  510  and cartridge  511  remain assembled to one another, until the service provider desires separation. Such an engagement uses some of principles related to these described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,556,155, incorporated herein by reference. However, it is advantageous. 
     In  FIG. 38 , an enlarged fragmentary view showing engagement between projection member  539  and recess  545  is shown. The typical receiver recess is a continuous groove. It is noted that the projection/receiver arrangement or snap-fit arrangement represented by flexible projection arrangement  535  and receiver recess  545  can be applied in a variety of liquid filter systems having alternate features to those described herein. It is advantageous for the present system, since it allows independent rotation of the housing and cartridge, which is desirable when used with alignment arrangements as described herein. 
     Also viewable is o-ring  548 , which comprises a seal member mounted in groove  549 , in sidewall  510   s , in an appropriate location to form a seal with outer mounting ring  550  of head  502  during installation,  FIG. 35 . 
     In  FIG. 35 , sealing engagement between the o-ring  548  and the mounting ring  550  is shown generally at  552 , along an inner surface  550   i  of mounting ring  550 , but above threads  553  therein. 
     In  FIG. 39 , cartridge  511  is depicted in perspective view toward end construction (cap)  522 . The depiction is schematic. The media  520 , for example, can comprise pleated media. 
     Referring to  FIG. 39 , it is noted that around an outer periphery  521   o  of end construction  521  are positioned optional spaced radial projections  555 . These optional projections provide centering in housing  510 . Optional projections  556  at outer periphery  522   o  of end construction  522  also provide centering. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 40 , in which individual component parts to cartridge  511  are depicted in exploded view. At  557  a media pack is depicted, comprising media  520 . Around an outside of the media  520 , the media pack  557  includes adhesive  558  to help maintain media pack integrity. It is noted that the media  520  can be provided inside of an outer liner, if desired. Such a liner can comprise for example, a perforated structure as plastic or metal, or can comprise expanded metal. Further, the media  520 , for example when pleated, can be positioned adjacent (pleated) sections of protective materials such as a plastic screen or net. (It is noted that in  FIG. 40 , optional projections  556 ,  FIG. 39 , are not shown). 
     Still referring to  FIG. 40 , when assembled the media pack  557  is positioned around an inner liner  560 . The inner liner  560  depicted, comprises a pair of inner liner halves  560   x , secured to one another. The halves  560   x  can be identical to one another, if desired. Referring to  FIG. 40 , within the liner segments  560   x  are provided cross-pieces  560   p  which provide radial strength. 
     In general terms, the inner liner  560  is a porous or perforated member, through which liquid can flow. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 40 , end constructions  521 ,  522  are viewable. The media pack  557  and inner liner  560  would typically be secured to the end constructions  521 ,  522 , for example by potting or with adhesive. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 40 , attention is directed to a non-seal member  561  of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement  562  positioned on the end cap or end construction  521 . It is oriented to engage another member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on a liquid flow collar, in use, to provide sealing engagement between the two at only selected (pre-selected) rotational alignment. This is described in further detail below. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIGS. 41-45 , in which end construction or end piece  522  is depicted. The end piece  522  can be preformed, for example from a plastic. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 41-45 , attention is directed to spigot or projection  530 . The projection or spigot  530  includes an end  566  (sometimes called a free end) remote from the media pack  557  ( FIG. 40 ) with which the end cap or end construction  522  is used. The end  566  does not include a surface that extends in a plane orthogonal to a central axis X of the cartridge  511  and aperture  524 . In this manner, end  566  differs from ends of the projections or spigot  225 ,  FIG. 22 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 41-45 , for the particular preferred example arrangement depicted, end  566  extends generally in a plane (Y) not orthogonal to central axis X, but rather extending at an acute angle to a plane orthogonal to axis X of at least 5°, typically at least 40°, and usually within the range of 5°-20°, inclusive, (typically 7°-15°, inclusive). The slant to surface end  566  allows, among other things, for clearance of structure in which bypass valve  580 , discussed below, is mounted. 
     Still referring to  FIGS. 41-45 , attention is now directed to the mount  532  for a seal member  531 , in the example comprising o-ring  531   o ,  FIG. 40 . The seal member  531  extends at an angle non-orthogonal to central axis X. The particular example arrangement is depicted with the mount  532  for seal member  531  extending at an acute angle to a plane Y orthogonal to central axis X of at least 5°, typically not more than 40°, often within the range of 5°-20°, inclusive, and typically within the range of 7°-15°, inclusive. 
     It is noted that for the particular example arrangement depicted, the non-orthogonal angle of the seal  531  and mount  532  is the same as the non-orthogonal angle of the end  566 , although alternatives are possible. 
     Referring still to  FIGS. 41-45 , attention is directed to a first member  561  of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement  562 , which is positioned on end member  522 . Member  561  generally includes the following two portions or features: a first axial alignment interference portion  563  ( FIG. 42 ) and a second radial alignment interference portion  564 . Operation of these portions to achieve a desired alignment effect is discussed below in connection with  FIGS. 46-49 . In the example arrangement depicted, the axial alignment interference portion  563  can be characterized as a radial fin member, adjacent to and projecting radially outwardly from, spigot  530  in a direction toward an outer perimeter of end construction  522 , typically only partially toward that outer perimeter. 
     Attention is first directed to  FIG. 46 , a view generally analogous to  FIG. 34 , but with portions broken away to show internal detail. Also in  FIG. 46 , housing  510  is shown partially positioned on head  502 , i.e. during a step of mounting housing  510  in place by engagement of the thread engagement between the two. 
     In  FIG. 47 , an enlarged fragmentary view of a selected portion of  FIG. 46  is provided. In the portion viewable in  FIG. 47 , member  561  on end piece  522  (of cartridge  511 ) is viewable. Also viewable is a portion of collar member (flow collar)  570  of filter head  502 . Collar member  570  generally surrounds and defines a liquid flow passageway within the filter head  502 . The particular liquid flow passageway defined by flow collar  570 , is an outlet flow passageway through which filtered liquid is transported from cartridge interior  525  to liquid flow outlet  507 . Further, member  570  defines an inner seal surface for engagement with seal arrangement  531 , to provide for a seal between cartridge  511  and filter head  502 , during mounting. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 47 , the inner ring or flow collar  570  has an outer surface  570   x  with a radial alignment (radially outwardly projecting) projection member  571  thereon. The radial alignment projection member  571  is configured to work in conjunction with radial alignment member  564 , to ensure that the cartridge  511  is appropriately radially (rotationally) aligned relative to the filter head  502 , in a selected rotational orientation, to allow preferred engagement. It is also noted that the flow collar  570  includes a receiver, notch or gap  573  therethrough, which operates as an axial alignment receiver member with axial alignment member  561 , to facilitate alignment and engagement between the cartridge  510  and the conduit ring member  570 . 
     In particular, and referring to  FIGS. 46 and 47 , as the housing  510  is rotated, to mount filter assembly  505  on filter head  502 , the cartridge  511  is rotated and moved axially toward flow collar  570 . As the cartridge  511  is moved toward flow collar  570 , in due course, projection or spigot  530  begins to be inserted into flow collar  570 . Eventually, the cartridge  511  will move axially sufficiently far for engagement between axial alignment portion  563  (on cartridge  511 ) and lower edge  570   e  of flow collar  570 , unless portion  563  is aligned with receiver, or notch  573 . Thus, unless axial alignment projection  563  is rotationally aligned with receiver  573 , the cartridge  511  cannot be moved into a completely installed, sealed, engagement with the filter head  502 . Also, once fully installed, the cartridge  511  cannot be rotated significantly, relative to the flow collar  570 . 
     Proper alignment between the axial alignment projection  563  and receiver, notch or gap  573  will occur, when forward abutment surface  575  of radial alignment projection  562  (on cartridge  511 ) abuts or aligns with (i.e. moves into juxtaposition with) rear abutment alignment surface  576  of radial alignment projection alignment  571  (on conduit  570 ). In  FIG. 47 , surfaces  575 ,  576  are not shown in proper alignment Rather, surface  575  is shown rotated, counter-clockwise (when viewing down on cartridge  511 ) past surface  576 . Cartridge  510  would have to be rotated nearly a complete rotation relative to the view shown in  FIG. 47  (counter-clockwise when viewed downwardly) for alignment to occur, which rotation would occur during threading of housing  510  in place. 
     In  FIG. 47 , at  575   x , buttresses to strengthen fin  563  and surfaces  575  are shown. 
     In general terms, the member  561  of a projection/receiver arrangement on the second end construction  522  can be characterized as including a radially directed fin member  563  positioned and extending in a direction between the central spigot  530  and an outer perimeter of the second end construction. This member of the projection/receiver arrangement can be characterized as having a radial alignment abutment member  564  having an abutment surface. The radial abutment member defines a collar receiving gap (to receive flow collar  570 ) between a portion of the radial abutment member and a portion of the spigot, the collar-receiving gap being traversed by the radial fin member at a location between the gap and the media pack. Further, the radial abutment member, in the example depicted, at least projects to a highest location above at least a lowest portion the seal arrangement  531 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIGS. 48 and 49 , for further understanding of the alignment arrangement. In  FIG. 48 , a fragmentary schematic view showing approximately the same alignment as shown in  FIG. 47  is depicted. Here, one can see that the tab or projection  563  is positioned just to the right of projection  571 . It is noted that a lower end  571   e  of projection  571  tapers upwardly away from surface  576 . It is also noted that an upper end  562   e  of projection  562  tapers downwardly away from surface  575 ; i.e. to need the media pack. Tapering of ends  571   e  and  562   e  for the example shown, is generally at the same angle, in each case an acute angle of about 30-60°, inclusive, usually 40-50°, inclusive, although alternatives are possible. Thus, as the housing  510  continues to rotate in the direction of arrow A, and to axially move in the direction of arrow B, surfaces  562   e ,  571   e , if they engage, will tend to slide adjacent to one another, and avoid jamming. Eventually, the rotational alignment of  FIG. 49  will occur, in which surface  575  (moves into juxtaposition with) abuts surface  576 . At this point, the cartridge  511  will no longer rotate, as the housing  510  is rotated, due to the interference between surfaces  575  and  576 . The interference to movement occurs right where projection  563  ( FIG. 47 ) aligns with notch  573 . Thus the cartridge  510  can continue to move in the direction of arrow B, upwardly moving projection  563  into notch  573 , and in general moving conduit projection  530  into an interior of flow collar  570 . This will move the seal arrangement on the projection  530  into sealing engagement with an seal inner surface of flow collar  570 . 
     It is noted that within flow collar  570  there will typically be positioned a downwardly directed abutment shelf that is configured (slanted) to mate with surface  564 ,  FIG. 41 . Such a mating would only be possible when surface  564  is in a single accepted rotational alignment with respect to the abutment shelf within flow collar  570 . This abutment shelf is described further below in connection with  FIGS. 51-53 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 50 , an exploded view of housing  510  is depicted. Componentry viewable in  FIG. 50  includes: housing  510 ; plug  510   p ; seal ring  510   q ; seal ring  548 ; and, dust seal  578 . Threaded region  510   t  on housing  510  is viewable. 
     In  FIG. 51 , an exploded view of filter head  502  is depicted. In  FIG. 51 , components of a bypass valve arrangement  580  comprise valve member  581  and spring biasing member  582  are shown. The bypass valve arrangement  580  is positioned to allow direct flow from inlet arrangement  506  to outlet arrangement  507 , when the control or biasing pressure valve arrangement  580  is overcome. 
     In  FIG. 52 , a cross-sectional view of filter head  502  is viewable. Bypass valve  580  can be seen as providing for fluid flow communication between inlet  506  and  507 , when the biasing pressure of spring  582  is overcome, by allowing head  581   a  of valve member  581  to bias away from surface  585 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 52 , at  590  is provided the abutment or alignment surface which also slants at an acute angle to a plane orthogonal to central axis X, to align with end  564 . In general at  591 , is positioned a seal surface for seal member  531  on cartridge  511 . It is noted that surface  591  is typically cylindrical and circular in a axial projection. 
     In  FIG. 53 , an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of  FIG. 52  is shown. In general bypass valve  580  is viewable. 
     B. A Variation in Selected Seal Size Definition, to Advantage. 
     In U.S. 2005/0224407, incorporated herein by reference, principles described in which a seal member can be positioned preferably so that axial forces on an associated cartridge are modified to advantage. Indeed, in that reference, liquid forces on opposite sides of an end cap can be brought into a balance or approximate balance, by appropriately locating the seal. Such principles can be applied in connection with seal arrangements that are defined in plane that extend at an acute angle relative to a plane orthogonal to a central axis of the cartridge. An example of such an arrangement is depicted in  FIGS. 54-56 . 
     Attention is first directed to  FIG. 54 . Here, an end piece  600  is depicted having a projection or spigot  601  thereon terminating in an end  602 . The depicted end  602  extends at an angle relative to a plane orthogonal to central axis X, generally analogous to surface  564  discussed above. 
     Seal member  605  is shown also extending at an angle relative to a plane orthogonal central axis X, generally analogously to seal member  531   o.    
     In  FIG. 55 , a top plan view of the end member  600  is depicted. It can be seen that in plan view, the seal member  605  can be seen to define an outer perimeter  605   p.    
     In the typical arrangement according to the present disclosure, as shown in the various examples depicted herein, an axial projection and outer perimeter of the seal member generally defines a circular pattern, to mate with a cylindrical service that in axial projection also defines a circular perimeter. This allows the seal member  605  on the spigot  601  to rotate in the flow collar, when needed, for example during installation. The circular seal perimeter  605   p , for the various seals described herein, can be characterized as defining a seal diameter D. 
     In  FIG. 56 , seal member  605  is shown in cross-section, on spigot  601 . It can be seen that the seal diameter for the example depicted, is larger than inner aperture or inner pleat diameter, indicated generally  607  and smaller than an outer end piece perimeter or pleat diameter indicated at a location generally  608 . Typically, the seal diameter D when viewed in projection,  FIG. 55 , will be such that it is located at least 5% across the end construction  600  between an inner pleat diameter location  607  and an outer pleat diameter location  608  and preferably it is such that, in accord with the characterization of U.S. 2005/0224407, the seal diameter D s  will be at a location corresponding to about 0.85-1.2 D b , typically at least 0.9 D b , usually at 0.95D b  and often 0.98 D b  or larger. Herein, D b  is meant to refer to a seal diameter at which liquid forces on opposite sides of end construction  600  are in balance, in accord with U.S. 2005/00224407. 
     It is noted that in construction  600  there is not shown a rotational alignment arrangement. Any of the arrangements described herein can be used in connection with the configuration of end construction  600 . The schematic views of  FIGS. 54-56 , with respect to end construction  600 , were primarily meant to indicate how with a slanted seal construction such as that defined herein, can be configured to use the force balancing principles described in U.S. 2005/0224407. 
     C. An Additional Inline Variation, FIGS.  57 - 66   
     Another variation in the application of the principles described herein, in an in-line filter assembly, is depicted herein in connection with  FIGS. 57-66 . 
     Referring first to  FIG. 57 , at  650 , a liquid filter arrangement is depicted, in bottom perspective view. The arrangement  650  comprises a manifold  652  including a filter head  653 ; and, a separable liquid filter arrangement or assembly  655 . The assembly  655  can be separated from the filter  653 , for servicing. 
     In  FIG. 58 , a top perspective view of arrangement  650  is depicted. Flow port arrangement  657  is viewable. Arrangement  657  indicates where liquid flow lines can be attached to the filter head  653 . 
     In  FIG. 59 , a schematic cross-sectional view of the assembly  650  is provided. Upon examination of  FIG. 59 , one can see that liquid filter assembly  655  comprises housing  660  and internally received filter cartridge  661 . The housing  660  is removably secured to mounting collar  663  on filter head  653 . The mounting collar  653 , for the arrangement depicted, has internal threads  664 ; and, the housing  660  has externally directed threads  665 , for engagement. Alternate arrangements are possible. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIGS. 60-62 , in which the housing  660  is viewable. Referring first to  FIG. 60 , in which the housing  660  is shown in cross-sectional view, it can be seen that the housing  660  comprises mounting ring  670  and housing sidewall  671 . The mounting ring  670  includes: external threads  665 , central aperture  672 ; and, seal mount  673 . For the example housing  660  depicted, the seal mount  673  comprises an o-ring receiving groove  673   g . A seal positioned within the o-ring sealing groove  673   g  would be oriented to seal to mounting ring  663 ,  FIG. 54 , during mounting. 
     The housing sidewall  671  includes a side portion  671   s  and a bottom  671   b . The sidewall  671  can be secured to the ring  670 , for example, by welding. 
     In bottom  671   b  is provided a nut plate  671   c  engageable by a tool to facilitate mounting and dismounting housing  660  from filter head  653 . 
     In  FIG. 61 , an enlarged fragmentary view, showing a joint between the sidewall  671  and the ring  670  is depicted. 
     In  FIG. 62 , a bottom perspective view of the housing  660  is provided. Along the bottom  671   b , one can see nut plate  671   c    
     In  FIGS. 63-66 , filter cartridge  661  is viewable. 
     Attention is first directed to  FIG. 63 , in which an outlet end perspective view of cartridge  661  is provided. In general, the cartridge  661  comprises a media pack  680  including media  681  surrounding and defining an open filter interior  682 . The media  681  is shown extending between first and second opposite end caps or end constructions  684 ,  685 . For the example depicted, end construction  684  is closed, but includes a bypass valve arrangement therein, discussed below. End cap  685  is open, having central aperture  688  extending therethrough, in fluid flow communication with open interior  682 . 
     Positioned on end cap  685 , and extending in a direction away from end cap  684 , is provided projection or spigot  690 . Projection or spigot  690  surrounds and defines an open interior  691  in fluid flow communication with interior  682 . On exterior surface  690   x  of spigot  690  is included a seal arrangement  693 . A variety of arrangements can be used for seal arrangement  693 . The particular seal arrangement  693  depicted, comprises an o-ring seal  695  positioned within a groove  696 . 
     The o-ring  695 , and in general with seal  693  is oriented in a plane extending generally at an acute angle to a plane orthogonal to central axis X of cartridge  661 . The acute angle is typically at least 5°, usually not greater than 40°, and typically within the range of 5°-20°, inclusive, usually within the range of 7°-15°, inclusive. 
     It is noted that the projection or spigot  690  has an end  690   e  remote from the media pack  680  which in general defines a plane orthogonal to central axis X. In an alternative example, end  690   e , for example can be provided with a beveled definition, for example, analogous to that for end  564 ,  FIG. 41 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 64 , a plan view of cartridge  661  taken generally directed toward end construction  685 . Here projection  700  projecting radially away from central axis X and surface  690   s  can be seen. The projection  700  operates as a first non-seal member of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement for the assembly arrangement  655 . A second member is positioned on the filter head  653 . The second member, for example, can be generally as described and depicted herein above. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 65 , a side elevational view of cartridge  661 , with portions broken away to show internal detail and other portions depicted in fragmentary. Referring to  FIG. 65 , the media  681  can be seen surrounding inner liner  705 . The inner liner  705  is a permeable or perforate member through which liquid cam flow. In the example depicted, the liner  705  comprises a spiral around perforated liner  706 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 63-65 , it will be understood that the seal arrangement  695  is configured to pass above projection member  700 , i.e. so that projection member  700  is positioned between the seal arrangement  695  and the media pack  681 . This helps ensure that unless the projection member  700  is aligned appropriately with the receiver in the filter head, the cartridge  661  cannot be fully installed. 
     In  FIG. 66 , a bottom plan view of cartridge  661  is provided. A plurality of axial spacers projections, radially spaced from one another is shown at  710 . The projections  710  are also viewable in  FIG. 65  and comprises spacers. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 65 , it can be seen that end cap  682  has an aperture  715  therethrough, closed by a bypass valve arrangement  716 , comprising a valve head  717  biased in place by a biasing arrangement  718  surrounded by valve frame  719 . For the example arrangement depicted, the bypass valve arrangement  716  uses, as a biasing member  718 , spring  718   s.    
     The cartridge  661  is generally configured for out-to-in flow during filtering, as shown by arrows  720 . Thus, should the pressure outside of the cartridge reach a sufficiently high level, valve member  717  will be biased away from aperture  717  opening the aperture  715  to flow of liquid therethrough, bypassing the media  681 . This could occur, for example, if the media  681  becomes sufficiently occluded. 
     D. An Additional Example of a Variation in an Intank Arrangement, FIGS.  67 - 73   
     Attention is first to  FIG. 67 . In  FIG. 67  at  750  is depicted an intank liquid filter assembly. The intank liquid filter assembly  750  includes a filter head  751 , a housing  752  and a filter cartridge  753  received within the housing. 
     The filter head  751  includes a liquid flow inlet arrangement  755  and a liquid flow outlet arrangement  756 . Liquid to be filtered then enters through inlet arrangement  755  is directed into the housing  752 , through filter cartridge  753 ; back into the liquid filter head  751  and outwardly through the liquid filter outlet arrangement  756 . In this manner, the intank filter assembly  750  is analogous go the intank filter assemblies previously described. 
     The housing  752  includes a lower flow aperture  758  analogous to previously described in-tank assemblies. 
     In  FIG. 67 , at  759 , is provided electrical communication between equipment such as a restriction pressure measurement device within filter head  751  and a remote location. 
     In general, liquid filter head  751  comprises a body  760  and a removable cover  761 . When bolts  762  are loosened, cover  761 , which serves as an access or service cover, can be removed from a remainder of filter head  751 , allowing for access to the internally received cartridge  753 . 
     In  FIG. 68-70 , housing  752  and components thereof are viewable. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 68 , the side elevational view is provided, with portions broken away and showing cross-sections. Housing  752  includes a body portion  765  defining an upper rim  766 , surrounding an opening; and, a low housing bottom  767 . Positioned within housing bottom  767  is a seal adapter or flow collar  768 , analogous to flow collars previously described, except as detailed below. 
     In  FIG. 69 , a cross-sectional view is provided at right angles to the view of  FIG. 68 . Flow collar  768  can be seen as having an outward projection  770 . The outward  770  can be generally analogous to that of the previously described in-tank assemblies. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 70 , in which flow collar  768  is shown. It can be seen that projection  770  provides a receiver space  775  comprising a portion of a non-seal projection/receiver arrangement. Also along inner surface  768   i  member  768  defines a seal region or seal engagement region. It is noted that opposite projection  770  is provided member  780  (in this example a projection) which is positioned to inhibit sealing by a seal member at that location. The flow collar  768  can comprise a metal tube, machined where sealing is to occur. At  781 , a weld seam is shown. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 71 , a side elevational view of cartridge  753  is provided with portions broken away to show internal detail. 
     Referring to  FIG. 71 , cartridge  753  includes a media pack  770  extending between first and second end construction  771 ,  772 . The media pack  770  generally comprises media  775  for example pleated media, surrounding and defining an open filter interior  776 . For the example depicted, the media  775  surrounds an inner liner  777  which is perforate or porous. The example liner depicted comprises a spiral around perforate member, although alternatives are possible. 
     It is noted that when cartridge  753  is installed, end cap  773  is directed downwardly and end cap  772  upwardly, i.e. the opposite orientation shown in  FIG. 71 . End construction  773  includes projection or spigot  790  which surrounds and defines a flow passageway with interior  776 . The spigot  790  has an outer surface  790   s  on which is positioned a seal arrangement  791 . In the example depicted the seal arrangement  791  comprises an o-ring positioned in receiving groove  792  and positioned in a plane generally not parallel to a plane orthogonal to central axis X. Typically, the acute angle of extension will be at least 5°, usually not more than 40°, typically within the range of 5°-20°, and usually 7°-15°, inclusive. 
     Attention is also directed to end cap  772 , which is a closed end construction, closed by a bypass valve arrangement  795  which can be generally analogous to previously described bypass valve arrangements comprising valve member  796  secured in place by biasing arrangement  797 , i.e. spring  798 , mounted within frame  799 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 72 , in which a fragmentary perspective view of a selected portion of cartridge  753  is provided. In  FIG. 72 , spigot or projection  790  can be seen as having a radial projection  800  thereon. The projection  800  comprises a second non-seal member of a radial alignment projection/receiver arrangement. It is sized and configured so that projection  790  can only be pushed into flow collar  768 , when projection  800  is radially aligned with receiver  770 ,  FIG. 70 . When this occurs the seal arrangement  791  is appropriately aligned for sealing with surface  768 . In general, then, the radial alignment projection/receiver arrangement is analogous to that described above in connection with previous embodiments. 
     In  FIG. 73 , a plan view of end member  772  is provided. 
     E. Selected Additional Variations, FIGS.  74 , and  75   
     In  FIG. 74 , a variation from the arrangement of  FIG. 15  is depicted. Here, collar  850  has, an outer surface  850   x  with projection  860 . The projection  860  helps ensure that a seal member cannot be positioned around outer surface  850   x  of collar  850 . This helps ensure that the cartridge used with collar  850  is the appropriate cartridge. This variation then can be implemented with the embodiments other described squares. 
     In  FIG. 75 , a variation of  FIG. 29  is depicted, to advantage. In particular, and referring to  FIG. 75 , at conduit member or flow collar  881  are shown as having a notch, recess, or slot therein. This notch, recess, or slot prevents end surface  890  from being perceived as a surface against which a seal can be provided. This helps ensure that a cartridge used with the filter head depicted in  FIG. 75  is an appropriate cartridge. This feature can be implemented with any of the configurations characterized herein, if the notch, slot, or recess is appropriately positioned. 
     F. Example Dimensions 
     It is noted that in selected ones of  FIGS. 34-75 , some dimensions are indicated. The example dimensions provided in this section, are meant to indicate example dimensions of a usable system. Of course, the techniques described herein can be applied in a wide variety of systems with alternate features and dimensions. The example dimensions are as follows: in  FIG. 45 , angle AA=at least 5°, typically at least 7°, usually not more than 40°, preferably not more than 20°, often no more than 15°, and in the example shown 12°; in  FIG. 59 , AB=229 mm; AC=74 mm; AD=2.5 mm; AE=306.8 mm; AF=2.3 mm; and, AG=1 mm; in  FIG. 60  AI=216.1 mm; AJ=240.6 mm; and, AK=129.9 mm; in  FIG. 64 , AN=104 mm; in  FIG. 65 , AL=227 mm; and, AM=103 mm; in  FIG. 67 , AO=46.5 mm; AP=45 mm; AQ=40 mm; AR=10 mm; AS=501 mm; AT=50 mm; and, AU=110 mm; in  FIG. 68 , AV=382 mm; and, AX=50 mm; in  FIG. 71 , AY=106.5 mm; AZ=23.5 mm; BA=354 mm; BB=95 mm; and, BC=7 mm. 
     V. Some General Comments and Observations 
     According to the present disclosure: liquid filter assemblies; features thereof; components for use in liquid filter assemblies; and, methods for assembly and use are described. In specific examples described herein, example such componentry and features are described and depicted in detail. It is noted that there is no requirement that an assembly, method, feature or component include all of the features characterized herein, in order to obtain some benefit in accord with the present disclosure. In addition, variations from the specific configurations described can be practiced, while obtaining at least some of the benefits described herein. 
     According to first aspect of the present disclosure, a liquid filter cartridge is provided. The cartridge is generally configured for use, in installation, in removable sealing engagement with a liquid flow collar of a liquid filter assembly. By the term “removable sealing engagement” in this context, and variants thereof, it is meant that the filter cartridge is configured to engage the liquid filter collar with sealing therebetween, but is also configured to be removed (separated) from the liquid flow collar, for example during a servicing operation, without damage to either the liquid filter cartridge or the liquid flow collar. As will be understood from detailed descriptions presented herein with respect to the examples, the liquid flow collar can be positioned in a variety of liquid filter systems, at a variety of locations. 
     In general terms, the liquid filter cartridge includes filter media surrounding an open filter interior. The filter media generally: defines first and second opposite ends; and, surrounds and defines a central axis. The filter media can be configured with a variety of perimeter shapes, an example perimeter shape depicted herein being generally cylindrical. However, alternate shapes, for example conical or shapes of non-circular cross-section can be used with principles according to the present disclosure. The term “central axis” in this context, is generally meant to indicate an axis extending through the open filter interior, and also through a housing with which the cartridge is used, in a direction between the opposite ends of the filter media. 
     The media can be a variety of types usable with liquid filter operations. The media can be pleated or non-pleated. The media can be positioned around a central support core, typically a perforated or perforate core for liquid flow therethrough, if desired. The media can be provided with an outer liner if desired. 
     In general, the liquid filter cartridge includes a first end construction at the first end of the filter media. The first end construction can be configured, for example, as an end cap over the first end of filter media. The first end cap will typically be closed. The first end construction can include a bypass valve assembly thereon configured to selectively open to allow liquid flow into the open filter interior, through the end construction, without passage through the filter media, when a selected bypass condition is met. A typical selected bypass condition, for example, would be when the pressure differential across the media is sufficiently great, so that bypass flow (around the media) is desired. The bypass may be desirable, for example, during over-pressurization across the media normally caused by cold starts or excessive contaminant. The bypass protects the media against damage, and also protects the equipment involved. 
     A second end construction is positioned at the second end of the media. The second end construction can also be configured as an end cap, sealingly secured to the second end of the media. 
     The second end construction is generally open. By this it is meant that the second end construction includes a liquid flow passageway therethrough, providing for liquid flow communication between the open filter interior and an exterior environment, without passage through the media. In general, the second end construction includes a central spigot or projection projecting away from the media and surrounding and defining a central liquid flow aperture in liquid flow communication with the open filter interior. 
     A seal member is positioned on the spigot. Preferably the seal member is a radial seal that defines a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a central axis of the media. By the term “seal pattern non-orthogonal to the central axis of the media” and similar terms, it is meant that the seal member does not provide for radial sealing in a shape that can be defined by a plane orthogonal to the central axis. For example when the seal pattern is planar, the plane defined by the seal would be generally extend at an angle to a plane orthogonal to the central axis. Although alternatives are possible, that angle typically is at least 5° usually at least 7° and is typically not more than 40° and usually not more than 20°. The seal member will typically be a radial seal, and can either be inwardly or outwardly directed. In examples depicted, the seal is outwardly directed, i.e. configured so that it forms a radial seal with a structure, when inserted inside of that structure. Alternates are possible. 
     A variety of arrangements can be used to form the seal. Example assemblies described herein are configured with a seal comprising an o-ring. However alternatives, for example molded-in-place seals, are possible. O-rings are convenient, for ease of assembly and use. 
     Typically, the seal arrangement or seal member on the spigot is configured to define a circular perimeter definition in (axial) projection. By this it is meant that a projected perimeter of the seal member, when viewed in the direction of a central axis, is circular. 
     In general terms, the second end construction includes a member of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement positioned on the second end construction at a location to engage another member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on a liquid flow collar, in selected rotational alignment, in use. By these terms, reference is made to a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement in an overall assembly in which the liquid filter cartridge is used. A member of that projection/receiver arrangement (i.e. a projection member or a receiver member) is provided on the second end construction of the cartridge. The other member of the projection/receiver arrangement (i.e. the receiver member or the projection member) is included in liquid flow collar of the assembly in which the liquid filter cartridge is used. In general terms, the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is an arrangement that allows for engagement of the projection/receiver, only when the rotational orientation of the cartridge relative to the liquid filter cartridge is in a selected (i.e. preselected) orientation; i.e. the projection/receiver members interfere and do not allow sealing engagement until selected rotational orientation occurs. Typically, the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is configured to allow sealing engagement only at one selected rotational orientation, however alternatives are possible. 
     It is noted that in an example, the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement can include both a projection member and a receiver member on the spigot, matable with a receiver member and a projection member, respectively, on the liquid flow collar. 
     Typically, the member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on the second end construction is a “non-seal member.” By this, it is meant the projection member is not part of the seal member itself, or the pattern defined by the seal member, but rather is another structure on the second end construction, for example a projection or receiver. 
     Example liquid filter cartridges are described and depicted in which the seal member defines a maximum extent of projection radially outwardly from the central axis that is no more than the maximum extent of the media radially outwardly from the central axis, and typically is no more than 80% of a maximum extent of projection of the media radially outwardly from the central axis. This term is generally meant to indicate that the seal in any direction does not projection outwardly from the central axis (in a direction perpendicular to the axis) further than the media, typically no more than 80% of a distance in which the media extends. Often the amount of this seal extension is no more than 60% of this amount of media extension. A similar observation is made for the typical spigot, including any projection thereon. This means that the radial extensions of the spigot and seal can be small relative to the cartridge media radial extension, and provide for advantageous use in a variety of equipment including in-tank assemblies and in-line assemblies involving housing secured to filter heads. Such arrangements are also convenient to manufacture. 
     The member of the projection/receiver arrangement on the central spigot, can be provided in a variety of configurations. One example configuration depicted, is an arrangement in which the member, sometimes characterized as a bump-out or projection, is a radially outwardly projecting projection positioned on an exterior surface of the central spigot. In an example depicted, a single such projection is used as the member. The projection is configured to inhibit insertion of the spigot into the liquid flow collar, unless the spigot (and thus the cartridge) is rotated into an orientation in which the projection (bump-out) on the spigot is properly rotationally aligned with a receiver recess on the liquid flow collar. An example such (bump-out) projection is depicted, which is positioned spaced from an end of the central spigot. With such an arrangement, the seal member can be configured with a portion extending across a portion of the spigot located between the (bump-out) projection and the end tip of the central spigot. Thus, a good seal is ensured even in the presence of the (bump out) projection. 
     In an example depicted, the (bump-out) projection defines a perimeter with two opposite sides that converge in extension toward the end tip of the central spigot. A particular example is depicted, in which these two opposite sides extend between a base directed toward the media and an end, opposite the base, directed toward the end tip of the central spigot. An example such perimeter shape is configured as a trapezoid or trapezoidally-shaped member, wherein the base is wider than the end. Such features in the shape facilitate sliding engagement between the spigot and a liquid flow collar and a filter assembly. 
     An example alternate member of a projection/receiver on the second end construction is described and depicted. This example alternate comprises a radial positioning collar positioned on the second end construction, which is oriented around the liquid flow collar, when the spigot is projected into the liquid flow collar. The radial positioning collar in the second flow construction includes a receiver gap therein, of appropriate size to allow for radial alignment with a projection on an exterior of the liquid flow collar. Typically the receiver gap in the collar on the second filter construction extends over a radial arc of at least 30°, and typically not greater than 180°, although alternatives are possible. 
     A third example configuration of a member of a projection/receiver arrangement that can be positioned on the second end construction, is a receiver notch in the spigot positioned to extend from engagement (intersection) with an end tip on the spigot in a direction toward the media. Such a notch can be used, for example, as a receiver to only receive therein a projection member on the liquid flow collar, when the notch is rotated into appropriate radial alignment therewith. It is noted that the second end construction on the filter cartridge can include more than one member of a projection/receiver arrangement, if desired. Thus, some of the variations described can be used together in a single cartridge if desired. 
     Yet another example configuration of a member (of a projection/receiver arrangement) that can be positioned on the second end construction, is a radially directed fin member on the second end construction positioned extending in a direction between the central spigot and an outer perimeter of the second end construction. Typically, such a radially directed fin member would be secured to, and engage, the spigot, would be directed toward the outer perimeter of the second end construction, but would not reach the outer perimeter of the second end construction. An example of such an arrangement is described, in which the member of the projection/receiver arrangement on the second end construction includes a radial alignment abutment member having an abutment surface. Further, the abutment in an example depicted, projects away from the media pack a distance further than at least a portion of the seal member closest to the media pack, leaving a collar-receiving gap between a portion of the radial abutment member and a portion of the spigot, the collar receiving gap being traversed by the radial fin member at a location between the gap and the media pack. 
     Further, in an example depicted, the radial abutment member defines a cam end remote from the media pack which is slanted from a peak, adjacent the abutment surface, toward the media pack; a cam end in an example depicted slanting at an acute angle of at least 30° and not more than 60°, and typically within the range of 40°-50°, inclusive. 
     In some example arrangements described herein, the central spigot includes an end tip having an end surface non-orthogonal to the central axis of the media. In an example depicted, the end tip generally defines an abutment peak which extends at an acute angle to a plane orthogonal to the central axis. In examples described, the abutment plane of such an arrangement extends at an abutment angle of at least 5° and not more than 40°, relative to the plane orthogonal to the central axis, typically at an abutment within the range of 5°-20°, inclusive, and often within the range of 7°-15°, inclusive. 
     Herein, an example second end construction is described which includes an outer perimeter having a housing-engagement radial projection arrangement thereon. This arrangement can be used with other features described herein, but is also suitable for the variety of types of cartridges including ones not having may of the above described features. The housing-engagement radial projection arrangement comprises a pair of spaced radially flexible tabs each having a radially outwardly-directing projection arrangement thereon. Further, typically each radially flexible tab has an upwardly directed, free, handle or manipulation end positioned to be manipulable to retract the projection arrangement radially inwardly. This can be used as a snap-fit engagement arrangement, between the liquid filter cartridge and a receiver recess arrangement in a housing, which the snap-fit arrangement can be readily disengaged or released, by biasing the handle or free end radially inwardly. 
     In some assemblies, the spigot includes a free or remote end from the media, which is not smooth and planar, for example which includes a notch therein. 
     In some assemblies, the filter cartridge can be used with a biasing member such as a coiled spring, engaging the first end construction on an exterior thereof. Such an arrangement can be used as an alignment or locator arrangement, to help ensure that the cartridge is properly oriented when installed, and also as a biasing member to ensure that the cartridge remains in its intended use orientation within an assembly in which it is used. Further, in some instances such a member can be used to provide an interference with closing of a liquid filter assembly, when the cartridge has not been rotated and sealed properly within the assembly. 
     Example filter cartridges are described, in which the first end construction includes a biasing member-receiving collar projecting in a direction away from the media and the second end construction. This collar is oriented for receipt therein of a portion of the biasing member. The collar can be configured with a end remote from the media flared outwardly, i.e. provided with a flare or flared and, to facilitate receipt of a coiled spring biasing or locator member therein, when used. 
     In some instances, the biasing member, for example a coiled spring, can be secured to the filter cartridge. 
     According to the present disclosure, a liquid filter assembly is provided which includes a liquid filter cartridge, for example having selected features described, and a liquid flow collar. The liquid flow collar defines a central liquid flow passageway with a central axis, and has a first member of a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement positioned thereon. The liquid flow collar also includes or defines a seal surface orientated to be sealingly engaged by the seal on the liquid filter cartridge. The seal surface is generally configured to define a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a central axis of the liquid flow collar. By this, an analogous definition to that used above to describe the seal member itself, is meant. For example, the seal surface, when configured to receive a radial seal, is oriented so that the seal pattern defined by that seal does not rest in a plane orthogonal to the central axis of the collar, but rather extends at an angle thereto, typically an angle with respect to a plane orthogonal to the central axis of at least 5° typically at least 7°, usually no more than 40° and typically no more than 20°. The seal surface is typically cylindrical, with a circular definition in axial projection. 
     A liquid filter cartridge is installed in the liquid filter assembly in operational engagement with the open filter interior of the filter cartridge, in liquid flow communication through the spigot on the second seal construction, with the liquid flow collar central liquid flow passageway; the seal member on the spigot in releasable sealing engagement with a seal engagement surface on a liquid flow collar; and, with the first member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on the liquid flow collar engaged with a member on the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on the second end construction, in selected rotational alignment between the cartridge and the liquid flow collar. The configuration can be such that there is only one rotational alignment in which the sealing can occur, although alternatives, i.e. arrangements allowing for more than one possible rotational alignment are possible with techniques described herein. 
     It is noted that the filter cartridge, and the overall assembly, can be configured for out-to-in flow during filtering. By this it is meant that the configuration is such that during filtering, the liquid to be filtered passes from outside the filter cartridge through the media to the interior of the filter cartridge, with the aperture in the second end construction being a filtered liquid flow outlet aperture. It is, however, noted that principles in accord with descriptions herein can be applied in arrangements configured for “in-to-out” flow during filtering, in which case the liquid to be filtered flows from interior of the cartridge through the media to the exterior of the cartridge during filtering, with the aperture or opening in the second end construction being a unfiltered liquid flow inlet aperture. 
     An assembly is described herein, in which the filter assembly includes a housing, which has a receiver recess arrangement therein, and the cartridge is provided with the radial projection arrangement positioned at an outer periphery of the second end construction, comprising a flexible tab arrangement, for example at least two (spaced) radially flexible tabs, the tabs being snap-fit to the receiver recess and being releasable therefrom by manipulation of a free or handle end of the tabs. A typical receiver recess would be a continuous groove in a sidewall of the housing, although alternatives are possible. These features can be used in conjunction with other components described herein, or can be separately used with alternate configurations of cartridges, housings, and flow collars. Methods of assembly and use of such snap-fit arrangement are also described. 
     As described herein above, principles described herein can be applied in an assembly in which the liquid flow collar is positioned on the housing of an in-tank filter assembly. By the term “in-tank filter assembly” and variants thereof, reference is meant to an assembly in which filter head is mounted on an exterior of a reservoir tank, with a portion of the housing projecting into the reservoir tank and allowing for liquid flow communication therewith. 
     It is also noted that the principles described herein can be applied in in-line filter assemblies (which are not in-tank filter assemblies). in which the assembly includes a liquid flow collar comprising a portion of a liquid filter head that is not the filter head of an in-tank filter assembly, and the liquid filter cartridge is positioned in the housing of a filter arrangement removably secured to the liquid filter head, for example by threaded engagement. Example such in-line assemblies include bowl/cartridge assemblies, in which the liquid filter cartridge is removably positioned in a housing or bowl. 
     Variations described herein include: providing the seal member on an exterior surface of the spigot; providing that the spigot is sized to project into the liquid flow collar; providing that the spigot includes a (bump-out) projection member on an outer surface thereof; providing that the spigot is joined by a radial seal providing that the liquid flow collar includes a recess (for example an internal (bump-out) receiver recess) into which the (bump-out) projection member is received. The (bump-out) projection on the spigot can be as generally characterized as above with respect to size and overall shape. Also, a radial alignment arrangement comprising an abutment surface on each of the spigot and flow collar, is described; the surfaces being juxtaposed when selected radial alignment occurs. 
     In an example system descried herein, the assembly includes: a service access cover; and, a biasing member positioned in extension between the first end construction on the filter cartridge and the service access cover. The biasing member can be a coiled spring secured to one of the access cover on the filter cartridge and biased against the other. An advantage can be obtained when the coiled spring is selected to be of sufficient length and compression resistance, to inhibit closing of the access cover unless the seal on the spigot is properly sealed to the liquid flow collar. The biasing member can also be used as an alignment member to help maintain cartridge portion and alignment. 
     Certain specific overall assemblies, with advantageous features, are depicted. For example a liquid filter cartridge configured for engagement and use with a liquid flow collar is described in which the liquid filter cartridge includes filter media surrounding an open filter interior and a central perforate core. The filter media has first and second, opposite, ends and defines a central axis. The media can be pleated. 
     A first closed end construction is provided at the first end of the media and a second open end construction is provided at the second end of the media, the second end construction comprising a central spigot projecting away from the media and surrounding and defining a central flow aperture in flow communication with the open filter interior. A radial seal member is positioned on the central spigot defining a seal pattern around the spigot that is non-orthogonal to the central axis of the media. The seal member typically defines a maximum extent of radial outward extension from the central axis that is no greater than, and typically no more than 80% of, the maximum extent of the media radially outwardly from the central axis; and, a (bump-out) projection member on the an exterior of the spigot is configured to engage the liquid flow collar in selected rational orientation between the cartridge and the liquid flow collar, in use. 
     An example liquid filter assembly is provided which includes such a cartridge, and also a filter head assembly including a base and removable access cover, the base having a lower aperture therein; and, the assembly including a housing sealed to the filter head and depending downwardly from the base, and through the lower aperture. The housing includes a sidewall and an open end remote from the filter head assembly. A liquid flow collar is positioned at the open end of the housing remote from the filter head assembly. The liquid flow collar includes an inner surface defining a seal surface configured for removable sealing with a seal on a filter cartridge defining a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a central axis in the housing. The liquid flow collar also includes a (bump-out) receiver recess in the inner surface. The filter cartridge is operably positioned in the housing with a spigot projecting into the liquid flow collar and in removable sealing engagement therewith and with a (bump-out) projection on the exterior of the spigot received in the (bump-out) receiver recess in the liquid flow collar. Such an assembly is an in-tank assembly, and can be provided with a coiled spring under compression in extension between the access cover and the first closed end of the liquid filter cartridge. Further, the cartridge can include a bypass valve assembly on the first closed end construction. 
     In an alternative application the liquid filter assembly comprises an in-line assembly having a filter head including an outer mounting ring and a central liquid flow collar. The central liquid flow collar includes an inner surface defining a liquid flow conduit and a (bump-out) receiver recess region; and, further defining a seal surface for releasable engagement by a seal defining a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a central axis of the cartridge and liquid flow collar. The assembly also includes a housing secured to the outer mounting ring, for example by threadable engagement. A filter cartridge, as generally characterized above, is positioned in the housing with a spigot projecting into the liquid flow collar and in removable seal engagement therewith and with a (bump-out) projection on an exterior of the spigot received in the (bump-out) receiver recess in the liquid flow collar. Typically, the filter cartridge is a service part removable from the housing. 
     Also according to the present disclosure a method of installing a liquid filter cartridge in sealing relation to the liquid flow collar of a liquid filtration assembly is provided. The method generally includes a step of pushing a spigot on a filter cartridge partly into a liquid flow collar. For example, this would be conducted with the arrangements previously described, until interference to further insertion is provided by a projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement. 
     After the initial pushing, the cartridge would be rotated relative to the liquid flow collar to align a member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on the filter cartridge with a member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on the liquid flow collar. When this alignment occurs, a further pushing on the spigot into the liquid flow collar can be conducted until the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement is fully engaged. By “fully engaged” it is meant that the projection is fully received in the receiver (or the receiver fully engages the projection). Further, the pushing will have occurred until a seal member on the spigot is sealed to the liquid flow collar, typically along an interior, to a fully sealed orientation. By the term “fully sealed orientation” it is meant that the spigot has been moved appropriately until the sealing is a 360° seal, completely around the spigot or the collar. Generally, this is conducted to define a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a central axis of the filter cartridge and liquid flow collar. Specific examples of the method can be practiced with the features characterized herein above. Preferably the member of the projection/receiver rotational alignment arrangement on the spigot is a non-seal member. 
     According to another aspect of the disclosure, liquid filter cartridge configured for use, in installation, with a liquid filter assembly described. The filter cartridge comprises filter media surrounding an open filter interior; the filter media having first and second, opposite, ends. The first end construction is positioned at the first end of the media. The first end construction can be opened or closed and can include features described herein above. A second end construction is positioned at the second end of the media. The second end construction is open and defines a central liquid flow aperture in liquid flow communication with the open filter material. A radial projection arrangement is positioned at an outer periphery of the second end construction. It comprises a radially flexible tab arrangement, typically including at least two, spaced, radially flexible tabs. Each of the radially flexible tabs in the example depicted, includes a radially outwardly directed projection arrangement and an upwardly directed, free, handle end manipulable to retract the projection arrangement radially inwardly. In an example described, the radially outwardly directed projection arrangement and upwardly directed free handle end are each mounted on a portion of the flexible tab with a living hinge between the handle and a remainder of the end construction. The radial projection arrangement can be used in coordination with end constructions having other features described herein above, but this is not required to obtain some advantage. 
     Also according to the present disclosure, a liquid filter assembly is provided comprising a housing having a sidewall with a receiver recess arrangement therein. A liquid filter cartridge having a radial projection arrangement described above is positioned within the sidewall, with a radially outwardly directed projection arrangement projecting into the receiver recess arrangement and with the upwardly directed, free, handle end of each flexible tab is posed for manipulation. The receiver recess arrangement can be a continuous groove in the sidewall of the housing, which would provide that the cartridge can be rotated independently of the housing. 
     Also according to the present disclosure, a method of installing a liquid filter cartridge in a housing is provided. The method comprises a step of inserting a cartridge having a radial projection arrangement as described, into a housing having a sidewall with a receiver recess arrangement therein, while flexing radially flexible tabs inwardly until the radially outwardly directed projection arrangement of the flexible tab(s) aligns with the receiver recess arrangement and project therein. Also a method of separating a liquid filter cartridge from the liquid filter assembly is provided, the method including a step of biasing exposed upwardly directed free handle ends of each flexible tab radially inwardly, to retract the radially outwardly directed projection arrangement of each tab from the receiver recess arrangement, allowing removal of the cartridge from the housing. 
     From the examples described herein, a variety of specific configurations for application of the principles described herein, to obtain some or all of the advantages described, can be understood. There is again, no specific requirement that all applications of features according to the present disclosure include each and every feature defined herein, in order to obtain some advantage. Also, the various features depicted and described for selected embodiments can be used with alternate embodiments depicted and described.