Patent Publication Number: US-RE38345-E

Title: Armored cable

Description:
More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No.  5 , 708 , 235 . The reissue applications are U.S. Ser. No.  09 / 482 , 340  and U.S. Ser. No.  10 / 058 , 225 , which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.  09 / 482 , 340 . U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,235  This  is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/458,642 filed on Jun. 2, 1995, allowed, now as U.S. Pat. No. 5,5557,071   5 , 557 , 071 , which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/139,314, filed on Oct. 19, 1993, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,914, which is a divisional of Ser. No. 07/865,334, filed Apr. 8, 1992, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,885. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to armored cable. 
     Armored cable typically has a metal sheath enclosing one or more individually insulated conductors. The sheath may be formed of a helically interlocked continuous strip of metal, or of smooth or corrugated continuous metal tubing. 
     The National Electrical Code identifies two types of armored cable: “Type MC” and “Type AC”. In Type AC, the insulated conductors are individually wrapped with protective paper, and a bare ground wire extends the length of and touches the inside wall of the sheath. 
     In Type MC cable, the insulated conductors are not individually wrapped with paper; rather they are surrounded as a group with a paper or plastic insulating wrap. The ground wire is one of the individually insulated conductors and, thus, does not touch the inside wall of the sheath. While the internal configurations of Type MC and Type AC armored cables differ, they have similar external appearances (i.e., gray-colored metal). 
     Armored cable permits orderly wiring for various applications within a building (e.g., fire protection devices, lighting, motors). For example, wires of different sizes serving different applications may be grouped within different armored cables. Because the cables typically are installed near to each other, and because the cables look identical or similar, it is difficult to distinguish the different cables which serve different applications. The particular application associated with an armored cable may or may not be indicated by attaching an identification tag, stamping a code into the outer surface of the cable&#39;s sheath, or writing (e.g., with an indelible marker) in relatively small print somewhere on the outer surface of the sheath. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, in one aspect, the invention features an armored cable sheath including a conductive tubular structure having an internal passage, an outer surface, a first end, and a second end. The internal passage is sized and configured to enclose one or more conductors. The tubular structure is made of a material having a first visual appearance. A pattern of visible indicia, of different visual appearance from the first visual appearance, is applied on the outer surface and is repeated along the length of the sheath. 
     Embodiments of the invention include the following features. The pattern has color, e.g., red, green, blue, or yellow and is repeated at regular intervals along the length of the sheath. 
     In some embodiments, the conductive tubular structure includes crowns and valleys of a helically wound strip and the pattern leaves exposed a substantial portion of the outer surface of the crowns, and also leaves exposed a substantial portion of the strip where edges of the strip along the crowns contact a surface of the strip at the valleys. The pattern, applied along the length of the strip, may be discontinuous, e.g., a sequence of spots. The pattern may be a non-conductive material, and may be of ink, dye, or paint. 
     In some embodiments, the tubular structure comprises a cylinder formed from a continuous piece of metal tubing, and the pattern is formed repeatedly along the length of the sheath. The cylinder may have one or more corrugated outer walls and may have a generally rectangular transverse cross-sectional configuration. 
     In general, in other aspects, the invention features a cable including one or more conductors enclosed within the sheath, and a set of armored cables having applied patterns of different visual appearance. 
     In general, in other aspects, the invention features methods of making an armored cable sheath which include applying visual indicia to the outer surface of a conductive tubular structure or to the strip from which it is made by helical winding. 
     By looking at the cable, one can easily determine the number of conductors, type of insulation, and/or type of cable, or the particular application. The premarking of various colored designs on the sheath saves time and reduces errors in handling, installing, inspecting, and maintaining the armored cable. 
     Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description and from the claims. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
     The drawings are first briefly described. 
     FIGS. 1 and 3 are perspective views of armored cables installed in a building and leading to various areas of the building to be terminated in distribution boxes serving various circuits. 
     FIG. 2 is a perpective view of a junction box. 
     FIG. 4 is a colored drawing of a set of armored cables. 
     FIGS. 5 is a fragmentary plan view of a piece of an armored cable sheath showing a partial cross-section at each end. 
     FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a maze of armored cables installed in the ceiling of a building. 
     FIG. 7 is a fragmentary plan view of Type MC armored cable sheath, similar to FIG. 5, with insulated wires extending from the sheath. 
     FIG. 8 is a view of the armored cable sheath in cross-section, taken along line  8 — 8  in FIG.  5 . 
     FIG. 9 is an enlarged sectional view of an interlocked connection between overlapping sections of an armored cable sheath. 
     FIG. 10 is an enlarged, partially sectional view of an armored cable locked in position by a connector mounted in a terminal box 
     FIG. 11 is a fragmentary perspective view of a metal strip used to form an armored cable sheath. 
     FIG. 12 is a fragmentary perspective view of the metal strip of FIG. 11 with a non-conductive coloring material selectively applied to one side. 
     FIGS. 13,  14 , and  15  are fragmentary perspective views of the metal strip of FIG. 11 with non-conductive coloring material selectively applied in various configurations. 
     FIG. 16 is a fragmentary perspective view of a continuous cylinder, with a smooth outer wall, comprising the armored cable sheath. 
     FIGS. 17 and 18 are fragmentary perspective views of the cylinder of FIG. 16 with a non-conductive coloring material selectively applied to the outer wall and insulated wires extending from the sheath. 
     FIG. 19 is a fragmentary perspective view of a continuous cylinder, with an outer wall having helical corrugations, comprising the armored cable sheath. 
     FIGS. 20 and 21 are fragmentary perspective views of the cylinder of FIG. 19 with a non-conductive coloring material applied to the outer wall and insulated wires extending from the sheath. 
     FIG. 22 is a fragmentary perspective view of a tube, having a generally rectangular transverse cross-sectional configuration and smooth outer walls, comprising the armored cable sheath. 
     FIG. 23 is a fragmentary perspective view of the tube of FIG. 22 with a non-conductive coloring material selectively applied to the outer walls and insulated wires extending from the sheath. 
     FIG. 24 a fragmentary perspective view of a tube, having a generally rectangular transverse cross-sectional configuration and corrugated outer walls, comprising the armored cable sheath. 
     FIG. 25 is a fragmentary perspective view of the tube of FIG. 24 with a non-conductive coloring material applied to the outer walls and insulated wires extending from the sheath. 
     FIGS. 26 and 27 are each a schematic process diagram of a manufacturing process for making helically-wound color-coded armored cable. 
     FIGS. 28 and 29 are schematic process diagrams of an off-line manufacturing process for color-coding armored cable made from continuous tubing. 
     FIG. 30 is a fragmentary perspective view of the metal strip of FIG. 11 with a conductive coloring material applied to one tire side. 
     FIG. 31 is a fragmentary perspective view of the cylinder of FIG. 16 with a conductive coloring material applied to the entire outer wall, and insulated wires extending from the sheath. 
     FIG. 32 is a fragmentary perspective view of the tube of FIG. 22 with a conductive coloring material applied to entirely cover the outer walls, and insulated wires extending from the sheath. 
     FIG. 33 is a fragmentary perspective view of the tube of FIG. 24 with a conductive coloring material applied to entirely cover the outer walls, and insulated wires extending from the sheath. 
    
    
     Referring to FIGS. 1,  2 , and  3 , the color-coded armored cable of the invention may be installed by routing it along and through the walls and studs of a building. (Although much of the description refers to color-coded cable, it should be understood that non-color patterns may also be used for coding the cable.) During installation, the color-coded armored cable is cut and bent to conform to the features of the building and secured in place with fasteners  12 . A typical wiring job requires armored cable of various types, e.g., one application within the building may require armored cable enclosing relatively few conductors of relatively large gauge, and another application may require armored cable which houses a relatively large number of conductors of relatively small gauge. The particular application determines the kind of armored cable used. (Any application permitted under the applicable codes is possible, e.g., wiring for fire alarm systems, generators, motors, lighting, HVAC systems.) During installation, all armored cables associated with the same application or all armored cables of a given type are selected to have the same color and color pattern on their sheaths, and (in the case of a given application) are typically, but need not be, located near each other. 
     One group of color-coded armored cables  10  may serve a fire alarm system, for example. Another group  14  may serve an HVAC system. Still another group  18  may serve lighting fixtures. All armored cables belonging to a particular group bear the same color or the same pattern of markings, for example, red for group  10 , blue for group  14 , and yellow for group  18 . The different colors allow quick and easy visual identification of all cables for a particular application. This aids in inspecting and tracing the cables after installation, even though the routing of the cables may be disorganized. (Referring to FIG. 6, a typical wiring job utilizing armored cable may include a disorganized maze of armored cables  17  installed above ceiling beams  15  and behind a wall  16 .) 
     Referring to FIG. 4, a set of four armored cables  30  may include sheaths with blue markings  32 , red markings  34 , yellow markings  36 , and orange markings  32 , red markings  34 , yellow markings  36 , and orange markings  38  (other colors and patterns of markings could be used). On a typical wiring job the use of a set of color-coded armored cables saves time, improves safety, and reduces error. 
     The color markings also allow the armored cable to be inventoried and retrieved quickly and accurately. The color markings on the armored cable are easily seen from a distance. The color markings also may reduce the chance of a person cutting into either the wrong circuit or an energized circuit during modification or installation work. 
     Referring to FIG. 5, color-coded armored cable sheath  50  may be a helically-wound tubular structure having an outer surface  52  and an inner surface  54 . (The armored cable sheath has been cut at  56 ,  58  to allow the inner surface  54  to be seen.) In some embodiments a non-conductive colored ink  60  colors selective portions of the outer surface  52 . 
     Referring to FIG. 7, a section of Type MC armored cable has individually-insulated wires  62  extending through the internal passage of sheath  50 . The group of wires  62  is also surrounded by a layer of insulation  64  (e.g., a wound strip of thin, protective paper or plastic) which also lies within the internal passage of sheath  50 . The combination of the armored cable sheath  50  and the enclosed conductors is referred to as armored cable. 
     During manufacture of an armored cable sheath, a strip of metal first is formed to produce a contour that includes crowns  66  and troughs  68 . The strip is then helically wound and interlocked to form a strong, bendable armored cable sheath. 
     Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, when interlocked, the edge  67  of the strip which forms one turn makes sufficient electrical contact along its edge length with the outer surface  69  of the next winding of the sheath (and edge  71  makes sufficient contact with surface  73 ) to assure a conductive path along the length of the cable. The electrical contact between each turn of the strip and the adjacent turn provides a conductive path along the sheath from one end of the cable to the other. This conductive path supplements the long helical conductive path provided along the surface and body length of the metal strip, which also contributes to the conductivity along the length of the cable. 
     To ensure the integrity of this supplemental conductive path, when non-conductive colored ink  60  is used, it is selectively applied to the outer surface  52 . Because the colored ink  60  is non-conductive, it is not applied to the edges of the strip which must interlock and make electrical contact with the next winding of the sheath. The ink is also not applied to portions of the cable sheathing (i.e., the crowns) which touch the connectors used to attach the cable to electrical panels or boxes. This assures the conductivity of the electrical path to ground throughout the circuit. 
     Referring again to FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the non-conductive colored ink  60  is selectively applied as a stripe to one side of the metal strip (the side corresponding to the outer surface of the sheath) before the metal strip is helically wound. The stripe of colored ink is narrower than the width of the metal strip to which it is applied. In some embodiments, the stripe of colored ink is not centered on the metal strip but instead is positioned closer to one edge of the metal strip than the other edge. (Approximately 2 mm of bare metal is maintained on one side of the stripe of colored ink, and about 3 mm of bare metal is maintained on the other side of the stripe, although the actual figures are at least partially dependent on the width of the metal strip being employed and the desired electrical conductivity.) 
     Referring to FIG. 10, when the inked metal strip is helically wound to form the sheath, the wider area of bare metal corresponds to the exposed (i.e., bare metal) crowns  66 . The bare metal portion of the crowns  66  that results from the selective placement of the non-conductive colored ink assures good electrical contact with a connector  19  used to attach the end of the cable to a metal terminal box In some embodiments, connector  19  includes a metal lock screw  11  attached to a metal lock plate  13  which bears against the armored cable  50  and locks it securely in place when screw  11  is tightened. The connector  19  thus makes electrical and mechanical contact with the armored cable  50  via the metal plate  13 , the screw  11 , and the wall of the connector  19 . (The metal terminal box  20  is in electrical contact with the connector  19 , and that the end of the armored cable  50  is capped with a protective bushing  21 .) 
     Referring to FIG. 11, the metal (e.g., aluminum or steel) strip has two opposite sides  74 ,  76 , and in some embodiments is about 1 cm wide and about 0.5 Run thick. Referring to FIG. 12, stripe  78  in the case of non-conductive colored ink is selectively applied to one side  74  of the metal strip  72 . Continuous strips of bare metal  80 ,  82  extend lengthwise on either side of the stripe of colored ink  78 . In some embodiments, one continuous strip (e.g., strip  80 ) is about 3 mm wide, and the other continuous strip (e.g., strip  82 ) is about 2 mm wide. 
     Referring to FIG. 26, during manufacture, metal strip  100  is fed from a supply spool  102  to an inking machine  104  which selectively applies non-conductive colored ink to one side (the top side in the figure) of the metal strip  100 . The inking machine  104  includes an inking roll  106  which supplies ink to an etched roll  108  contacting one side of the metal strip. The etched roll  108  applies the ink to the metal strip as a third roll  110  holds the metal strip against the etched roll  108 . The metal strip exiting the inking machine  104  enters a profile machine  112  which forms the inked metal strip into an “S” shape (see the cross-section in FIGS.  5  and  8 ). Next, the S-shaped, inked metal strip is helically wrapped around one or more conductors  114 , providing from a supply spool  116 , by a convoluting machine  118 . The convoluting machine  118  forms the interlocking edges which, among other things, provide the supplemental electrical continuity (from one end of the sheath to the other) described previously. (The convoluting machine  118  also forms slight indentations  70 , as seen in FIGS. 5,  7 , and  8 , on the inner surface  54  of the sheath.) The helically-wound, color-coded armored cable  120  exits the convoluting machine  118  as the finished product, as is collected on take-up spool  122 . 
     Other embodiments are within the following claims. For example, the stripe of non-conductive colored ink (FIGS. 12) may be centered on the metal strip instead of being positioned closer to one edge of the metal strip than to the other edge. Also, a metal strip having a different width and/or thickness from the strip  72  of FIG. 11 may be used. 
     The non-conductive colored ink may be applied in a wide variety of configurations other than a stripe, a few examples being shown as patterns of squares  84  (FIG.  13 ), dots  86  (FIG.  14 ), or Xs  87  (FIG.  15 ). It is also possible to apply varying or combined patterns to the exterior of the armored cable sheath, e.g., a repetitive sequence including a dot followed by a square. One strategy for applying the patterns is to assure that regions of bare metal  80 ,  82  appear frequently along the length of the strip so that virtually any contacts along the length of the sheath will be electrically conductive contacts, and so that the crowns  66  on the sheath have bare metal portions for making adequate electrical contact with the metal connector  19  (FIG.  10 ). 
     Referring to FIG. 16, the convoluted metal strip could be replaced by continuous metal tube  200  having a relatively smooth outer wall (of appropriate thickness to permit bending) and an internal passage  202 . The colored markings are applied to the exterior surface of the tube  200 . The pattern may be, for example, continuous strips  204 , spaced around the circumference of tube  200  (FIG. 17) or rows of dots  206  (FIG.  18 ). The main requirement is that bare metal be exposed as necessary to assure that a metal connector attached anywhere along the length of the cable will make electrical contact with the smooth outer wall of tube  200 . 
     Referring to FIG. 19, alternatively the armored cable sheath may be a continuous solid metal tube  210  having an outer wall with helical corrugations and an internal passage  212 . The corrugations allow the tube  210  to be bent more easily, at greater angles, and into smaller arcs than an uncorrugated tube. Two possible patterns include stripes (FIG. 20) and dots (FIG.  21 ). 
     Referring to FIG. 22, the continuous metal tube  220  could have a generally rectangular transverse cross-sectional configuration and smooth outer walls  222 ,  224 ,  226 ,  228 . Referring to FIG. 23, as one example, the ink may be applied in continuous stripes  232  or other configurations suggested in the other figures. 
     Referring to FIG. 24, the rectangular cross-section tube could have corrugated outer walls  242 ,  244 ,  246 ,  248 . Referring to FIG. 25, the ink may be applied, as one example, in a pattern of dots  252 , or in the manner shown in other figures. 
     Regardless of the pattern, it is useful to apply enough colored ink to the sheath to make the color of the armored cable readily visible from a distance. 
     In other embodiments the exterior of the cable may be coated with a wide variety of other nonconductive materials other than ink, for example, dye or paint or others Ultraviolet curing flexographic inks (available, e.g., from QureTech, Inc., Seabrook, N.H.) could be used. Also, if aluminum is used, the aluminum may be anodized to form non-conductive color as part of the metal itself. 
     Conductive materials such as conductive ink, dye, or paint or other conductive materials may also be used in place of non-conductive materials. The conductive materials may be applied in the same manner described for the nonconductive materials. When conductive coatings are used for color coding, the patterns of coating need not leave as much (or any) bare metal on the exterior of the armored cable sheath. For example, referring to FIGS. 30,  31 ,  32 , and  33 , a conductive coating  300  may cover the entire exterior of a sheath of an armored cable. Also, multiple colors could be used on a cable in a single pattern or a combination of patterns. 
     Coding of different armored cables could be done by differentiating the patterns of markings rather than the colors of the markings on the outer surface of the sheath. For example, a red striped pattern could be used for one application and a red dotted pattern for another application. The markings need not have any color but could be done in the form of patterns. Whatever visual indications are used, they should be easily distinguishable when viewed from a distance and should appear continuously or at frequent intervals along the length of the cable so that even a short length of cable will be easily identified. 
     Referring to FIGS. 28 and 29, in forming the color-coded armored cable from a continuous tube  88 , the continuous tube SS is laid flat and a hook  89  with a long handle  90  is inserted through the internal passage of the tube. One end of each wire that is to be enclosed by the tube to form the finished armored cable is attached to the hook  89 , and the wires are drawn through the tube  88  by use of the handle  90 . The tube  88  may be, for example, a smooth-walled cylinder (FIG.  16 ), a corrugated-wall cylinder (FIG.  19 ), a smooth-walled tube having a generally rectangular transverse cross-section (FIG.  22 ), or corrugated-wall tube having a generally rectangular transverse cross-section (FIG.  24 ). 
     With the wires extending through the length of the tube  88 , the armored cable  92  (i.e., the tube  88  with the wires inside) is, e.g., rolled onto a supply spool  91 . To color and form the armored cable  92 , the cable is fed off the supply spool  91 , into an inking machine  93  (similar to the inking machine of FIG.  26 ), and through a convoluting machine  94 . The convoluting machine  94  may form, e.g., convolutions, rectangular shapes, or corrugations in the exterior of the color-coded armored cable. The color-coded, convoluted (or shaped) armored cable exits the convoluting machine and is collected on a take-up spool  95 . 
     The inking machine  93  may be moved (as indicated by arrow  96 ) to the position indicated in phantom in FIG.  29 . In its alternative position, the inking machine  93  marks the armored cable with colored ink (or dye or paint, as described previously) after it exits the convoluting machine  94  but before it is collected on the take-up spool  95 . 
     The continuous tube  88 , through which the wires are pulled with hook  89  and handle  90 , could already have color markings (e.g., in the form of stripes or dots) on its exterior prior to processing to form the corrugated armored cable. In this case, the inking machine  93  would not be used at all in the process of FIG.  29 . 
     If color-coded armored cable having a smooth wall is required, the convoluting machine  94  would be omitted and only the inking machine  93  would be used in the manufacturing process of FIG.  28 . 
     Referring to FIG. 26, the marking of the helically-wound color-coded armored cable may be done after the sheath is formed by moving (as indicated by arrow  124 ) the inking machine  104  to the position indicated in phantom. 
     Another process of forming the helically-wound color-coded armored cable is to supply metal strip already having a stripe (or some other pattern) of colored ink (or dye or paint) on one side to the profile machine  112 . This alternative process would not require an inking machine  104  to be included in the process of profiling and convoluting the metal strip around the conductor(s)  114  to form the helically-wound color-coded armored cable. 
     Referring to FIG. 27, as an alternative to FIGS. 26, during manufacture, one or more conductors  114  may be fed from the supply spool  116  through a rotating machine  103  which rotates the supply of metal strip  100 . The metal strip  100  enters the profile machine  112 , which forms the metal strip into an “S” shape (see the cross-section in FIGS.  5  and  8 ), and then passes into the convoluting machine  118  which helically wraps the S-shaped metal strip around the conductor(s)  114  to form the armored cable. The armored cable enters the inking machine  104  (indicated in phantom) which selectively applies colored ink as described previously. The helically-wound, color-coded armored cable  120  exits the inking machine  104  as the finished product, and is collected on take-up spool  122 . If pre-marked metal strip is provided by the rotating machine  103 , the inking machine  104  (indicated in phantom) may be eliminated from the manufacture process of FIGS.  27 . 
     Referring to FIGS. 26,  27 , and  29 , the inking machine could use “inkier” or paint sprayers to apply the colored material (e.g., ink, dye, or paint, whether conductive or non-conductive) to the metal strip instead of using the inking roll and etched roll. Also, a brush-type application instrument could be used in place of the rollers or sprayers. A constant supply of ink, dye, or paint would be supplied to the brush-type applicator during the application process. Dip pans or wipes could also be used.