Patent Publication Number: US-2021186893-A1

Title: Water-soluble cannabinoids

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/534,832, filed Aug. 7, 2019, and entitled, “Water-Soluble Cannabinoids,” which is incorporated in its entirety herein by this reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Cannabinoids are a group of compounds originally found and isolated from  cannabis  or hemp. The terms “hemp” and “ cannabis ” refer to the genus  Cannabis , which contains three species  Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica , and  Cannabis ruderalis . All three species are of the family Cannabaceae, which also includes the genus  Humulus , or hops. More than 100 different cannabinoids have been isolated including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). The discovery of these compounds has led to further discovery of an important neurotransmitter system called the endocannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system is widely distributed in the brain, and is considered to be responsible for many important bodily functions. 
     THC is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis and has well known effects on pain, appetite enhancement, digestion, emotions and processes that are mediated through the endocannabinoid system. Contrary to THC, CBD does not appear to have psychoactive properties. However, CBD has been shown to have pharmacological effects in various models of pathologies, from inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, to epilepsy, autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis, arthritis, schizophrenia, and cancer. 
     Cannabinoids such as CBD and THC have a strong preference for non-aqueous media, dissolving only in oil and organic solvents, such as alcohol-based solvents, aliphatic hydrocarbons, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, and acetone. The lack of solubility in water can result in low absorption and bioavailability, thereby presenting a challenge for administration as an orally ingested therapeutic or a topically applied therapeutic. In order to increase bioavailability and absorption, cannabinoids have been formulated with a number of excipients. However, inclusion of such ingredients can produce cannabinoid compositions with low solubility and stability, and can be costly and difficult to manufacture. 
     Therefore, there is a need for new formulations for oral consumption and topical application of cannabinoids such as CBD and THC that have improved absorption and bioavailability, which are relatively easy to manufacture, and remain shelf stable for extended periods of time. 
     It will be appreciated that this background description has been created by the inventors to aid the reader, and is not to be taken as a reference to prior art nor as an indication that any of the indicated problems were themselves appreciated in the art. While the described principles can, in some regards and embodiments, alleviate the problems inherent in other systems, it will be appreciated that the scope of the protected innovation is defined by the attached claims, and not by the ability of the claimed invention to solve any specific problem noted herein. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure, in one aspect, is directed to embodiments of polysorbate(s) and D-a-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) based formulations to prepare water-soluble cannabinoids. The formulations can be further stabilized by addition of an antioxidant, a magnesium salt, a preservative, or a combination of two or more thereof. In various embodiments, the invention provides compositions (e.g., compositions for oral consumption and/or topical application) such as solid, liquid, or oil preparations, methods of preparing the compositions, and use of the composition for oral consumption and/or topical application. The compositions comprise a polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), and an antioxidant. The oral compositions can be non-alcoholic or alcoholic (i.e., additionally containing ethanol, if desired). The present inventors have found a preferred desired proportion of the polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabinoid to produce a desirably high concentration of water solubility, while maintaining a high level of shelf stability. The addition of an antioxidant, a preservative, or a combination thereof to the formulation helps to reduce the change in color of the formulation as a result of environmental conditions such as, for example, oxidation, temperature, pressure, and light. 
     Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides a composition (e.g., solid, liquid, or oil) comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid, and (d) an antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof). 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides a composition (e.g., in liquid form) comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), (d) an antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof), and (e) water. 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides a composition (e.g., in liquid form) comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), (d) an antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof), and (e) a magnesium salt (e.g., magnesium chloride). 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides a composition (e.g., in liquid form) comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), (d) an antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof), (e) a magnesium salt (e.g., magnesium chloride), and (f) water. 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides a composition (e.g., in liquid form) comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), (d) an antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof), and (e) a preservative (e.g., sorbic acid or a salt thereof). 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides a composition (e.g., in liquid form) comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), (d) an antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof), (e) a preservative (e.g., sorbic acid or a salt thereof), and (f) water. 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides a composition (e.g., in liquid form) comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), (d) an antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof), (e) a magnesium salt (e.g., magnesium chloride), and (f) a preservative (e.g., sorbic acid or a salt thereof). 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides a composition (e.g., in liquid form) comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), (d) an antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof), e) a magnesium salt (e.g., magnesium chloride), (f) a preservative (e.g., sorbic acid or a salt thereof), and (g) water. 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides a composition (e.g., in liquid form) comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of (a) from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of a polysorbate, (b) from about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of vitamin E TPGS, (c) from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), and (d) water, wherein the weight percentage is based on the sum total of (a), (b), and (c), and wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of an antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof) and optionally 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.25% (w/v) preservative (e.g., sorbic acid or a salt thereof). 
     In another aspect, the invention also provides a use of a composition described herein for oral consumption and/or topical application. 
     In another aspect, embodiments of a method of making a composition for oral consumption and/or topical application are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of making a composition for oral consumption and/or topical application comprising: (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid, and (d) an antioxidant, includes preparing an aqueous solution comprising the polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, the cannabinoid, and the antioxidant; and filtering the aqueous solution to form a filtered aqueous solution. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
         FIG. 1  is a high performance liquid chromatography trace of a diluted sample of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 1. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph of CBD concentration (Y-axis) vs. temperature (X-axis) for the stability analysis after 84 days of a concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 2. 
         FIG. 3  is a graph of CBD concentration (Y-axis) vs. temperature (X-axis) for the stability analysis after 35 days of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 3. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph of CBD concentration (Y-axis) vs. temperature (X-axis) for the stability analysis after 8 days of a concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 5. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph of CBD concentration (Y-axis) vs. temperature (X-axis) for the stability analysis after 8 days of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 6. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph of CBD concentration (Y-axis) vs. temperature (X-axis) for the stability analysis after 15 days of a concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 8. 
         FIG. 7  is a graph of CBD concentration (Y-axis) vs. temperature (X-axis) for the stability analysis after 15 days of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 9. 
         FIG. 8  is a high performance liquid chromatography trace of a diluted sample of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 10. 
         FIG. 9  is a graph of CBD concentration (Y-axis) vs. temperature (X-axis) for the stability analysis after 19 days of a concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 11. 
         FIG. 10  is a graph of CBD concentration (Y-axis) vs. temperature (X-axis) for the stability analysis after 19 days of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, as set forth in Example 12. 
         FIG. 11  shows the color change of a control solution and a composition containing polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid after 60 days of exposure to ambient light at room temperature, as set forth in Example 13. 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  are high performance liquid chromatography traces of a composition containing polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid at day 1 ( FIG. 12A ) and after 60 days of exposure to ambient light at room temperature ( FIG. 12B ), as set forth in Example 13. 
         FIGS. 13A-C  shows the color change of Solution C ( FIG. 13C ), containing polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol, ascorbic acid, and magnesium chloride, and Control Solution A ( FIG. 13A ) and Control Solution B ( FIG. 13B ) after 14 days of exposure to ambient light at room temperature, as set forth in Example 14. 
         FIGS. 14A-C  shows the color change of Solution C ( FIG. 14C ), containing polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol, ascorbic acid, and magnesium chloride, and Control Solution A ( FIG. 14A ) and Control Solution B ( FIG. 14B ) after 70 days of exposure to ambient light at room temperature, as set forth in Example 14. 
         FIGS. 15A and 15B  are high performance liquid chromatography traces of a composition containing polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol, ascorbic acid, and magnesium chloride at day 1 ( FIG. 15A ) and after 70 days of exposure to ambient light at room temperature ( FIG. 15B ), as set forth in Example 14. 
         FIGS. 16A and 16B  are high performance liquid chromatography traces of a composition containing polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol, magnesium chloride, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid at day 1 ( FIG. 16A ) and after 14 days of exposure to ambient light at 37° C. ( FIG. 16B ), as set forth in Example 15. 
         FIG. 17  shows a high performance liquid chromatograph trace of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, purified cannabidiol, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid, as set forth in Example 16. 
         FIG. 18  shows a high performance liquid chromatograph trace of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol from hemp oil, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid, as set forth in Example 17. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the invention provide for a composition (e.g., solid, liquid, or oil) containing a cannabinoid, which can be used for oral consumption and/or topical application (e.g., as a liquid preparation), and a method of making the composition containing the cannabinoid. Advantageously, compositions in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention exhibit enhanced stability for extended periods of time. In addition, compositions for oral consumption and/or topical application in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention can exhibit improved absorption and bioavailability. The compositions for oral consumption and/or topical application in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention also can be less susceptible to undergo color changes as a result of environmental conditions (e.g., oxidation, temperature, pressure, and light). Thus, embodiments of the invention represent improvements to conventional techniques. In this respect, as described herein, cannabinoids such as THC and CBD can be insoluble in water and therefore require additional components to facilitate solubilization (“solubilizing agents”). In order to achieve desirable levels of said cannabinoids in an aqueous solution, and to maintain said desirable levels, compositions and methods have been developed as described herein. Other benefits of the inventive process and compositions will be readily apparent from the disclosure provided herein. 
     Embodiments of the invention provide a composition comprising: (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid, (d) an antioxidant, (e) optionally a magnesium salt, (f) optionally a preservative, and (g) optionally water. 
     The composition comprises a polysorbate. As used herein, the term polysorbate refers to a class of emulsifiers derived from sorbitol. The polysorbate can be any suitable polysorbate with any suitable molecular weight. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the polysorbate can have a weight average molecular weight of, for example, from about 1000 g/mol to about 1400 g/mol (e.g., from about 1100 g/mol to about 1400 g/mol, from about 1150 g/mol to about 1400 g/mol, from about 1200 g/mol to about 1400 g/mol, from about 1150 g/mol to about 1350 g/mol, from about 1150 g/mol to about 1300 g/mol, from about 1200 g/mol to about 1400 g/mol, from about 1200 g/mol to about 1350 g/mol, from about 1200 g/mol to about 1300 g/mol, or from about 1250 g/mol to about 1400 g/mol). 
     In some embodiments, the polysorbate is polysorbate 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), polysorbate 40 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate), polysorbate 60 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate), polysorbate 80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), or a combination thereof. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that in terms of composition stability, polysorbate 20 is superior to polysorbate 40, polysorbate 40 is superior to polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 60 is superior to polysorbate 80. 
     In certain embodiments, the composition comprises polysorbate 20. Accordingly, the polysorbate can be polysorbate 20 or the polysorbate can contain polysorbate 20 and one or more of polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In other embodiments, the composition comprises polysorbate 40. Accordingly, the polysorbate can be polysorbate 40 or the polysorbate can be polysorbate 40 and one or more of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. 
     In preferred embodiments, the composition comprises polysorbate 20; polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 40; polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 60; or polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80. 
     The composition can comprise any suitable amount of polysorbate (i.e., sum total of polysorbates). For example, the composition can comprise from about 5 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the polysorbate (i.e., sum total of polysorbates), for example, from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 25 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 35 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, from about 25 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 30 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, from about 35 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 25 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 30 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, or from about 35 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the polysorbate (i.e., sum total of polysorbates), wherein the wt. % is based on the sum total of ingredients other than water. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the polysorbate (i.e., sum total of polysorbates), wherein the wt. % is based on the sum total of ingredients other than water. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises from about 35 wt. % to about 45 wt. % of the polysorbate, wherein the wt. % is based on the sum total of ingredients other than water. 
     The composition comprises vitamin E TPGS. The composition can comprise any suitable amount of vitamin E TPGS. For example, the composition can comprise from about 1 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of vitamin E TPGS, for example, from about 5 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 25 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 25 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 30 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, from about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, from about 25 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, or from about 15 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of vitamin E TPGS, wherein the wt. % is based on the sum total of ingredients other than water. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of vitamin E TPGS, wherein the wt. % is based on the sum total of ingredients other than water. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises from about 15 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of vitamin E TPGS, wherein the wt. % is based on the sum total of ingredients other than water. 
     The composition comprises a cannabinoid. The cannabinoids can be isolated from plants (e.g., dried hemp and/or cannabis leaves) of the genus  Cannabis , which contains three species, namely  Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica , and  Cannabis ruderalis . The isolated extract can be used directly, or the isolated extract can be purified (e.g., using column chromatography) and/or processed (e.g., filtered, dewaxed, decolorized, and/or decarboxylated) prior to use in the composition. Accordingly, the cannabinoid can be a single purified cannabinoid (e.g., CBD or THC), a mixture of cannabinoids, or an extract from a Cannabis plant. The cannabinoid can be any cannabinoid isolated from the Cannabis plant. 
     The following are commonly found cannabinoids in the extract of hemp leaves, which can be used in the compositions described herein: 
                                    THC   Tetrahydrocannabinol       THCV   Tetrahydrocannabivarin       CBG   Cannabigerol       CBD   Cannabidiol       CBC   Cannabichromene       CBN   Cannabinol       THCA   Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid       CBDA   Cannabidiolic Acid       CBGA   Cannabigerolic Acid       CBDV   Cannabidivarin                    
Accordingly, the cannabinoid can be THC, THCV, CBG, CBD, CBC, CBN, THCA, CBDA, CBGA, CBDV, or a combination thereof.
 
     In some embodiments, the method for making a composition described herein utilizes hemp oil (e.g., the cannabinoid is added to the aqueous solution or composition as hemp oil). Accordingly, the compositions described herein can comprise THC, THCV, CBG, CBD, CBC, CBN, THCA, CBDA, CBGA, CBDV, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD) and/or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In certain embodiments, the cannabinoid (e.g., CBD and/or THC) is purified to high levels (e.g., greater than 90% purity, greater than 95% purity, or greater than 99% purity) for use in the composition, thereby allowing for their use in various pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. In some embodiments, the cannabinoid is THC. In preferred embodiments, the cannabinoid is CBD. In certain aspects purified CBD can be used, which has the benefits of CBD without the alternative effects of psychoactive THC. In certain embodiments, the cannabinoid results from hemp oil (e.g., the cannabinoid is added to the aqueous solution or composition as hemp oil) such that the cannabinoid of the compositions described herein (e.g., cannabidiol (CBD) and/or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) further comprises THCV, CBG, CBC, CBN, THCA, CBDA, CBGA, CBDV, or a combination thereof. 
     The composition can comprise any suitable amount of the cannabinoid (i.e., sum total of cannabinoids). For example, the composition can comprise from about 1 wt. % to about 70 wt. % of the cannabinoid (i.e., sum total of cannabinoids), for example, from about 5 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, from about 25 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, from about 30 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, from about 1 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, from about 25 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, from about 30 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, from about 1 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 15 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 20 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, from about 25 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, or from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the cannabinoid (i.e., sum total of cannabinoids), wherein the wt. % is based on the sum total of ingredients other than water. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of the cannabinoid (i.e., sum total of cannabinoids), wherein the wt. % is based on the sum total of ingredients other than water. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the cannabinoid (i.e., sum total of cannabinoids), wherein the wt. % is based on the sum total of ingredients other than water. 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of a polysorbate (i.e., sum total of polysorbates), from about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of vitamin E TPGS, and from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a cannabinoid (i.e., sum total of cannabinoids), wherein the weight percentage is based on the sum total of the polysorbate (i.e., sum total of polysorbates), vitamin E TPGS, and the cannabinoid (i.e., sum total of cannabinoids). In certain embodiments, the composition comprises from about 35 wt. % to about 45 wt. % of a polysorbate (i.e., sum total of polysorbates), from about 15 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of vitamin E TPGS, and from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of a cannabinoid (i.e., sum total of cannabinoids), wherein the weight percentage is based on the sum total of the polysorbate (i.e., sum total of polysorbates), vitamin E TPGS, and the cannabinoid (i.e., sum total of cannabinoids). 
     The composition comprises an antioxidant. As used herein, the term antioxidant refers to a class of compounds that inhibit oxidation. The antioxidant can be any suitable compound that inhibits oxidation of one or more components (e.g., the polysorbate, the vitamin E TPGS, and the cannabinoid) of the composition. For example, the antioxidant can be retinol, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, selenium, tocopherols, tocotrienols, polyphenols, melatonin, uric acid, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the antioxidant is ascorbic acid or a salt thereof. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the antioxidant helps to reduce the color change of the composition by inhibiting oxidation as a result of environmental factors such as temperature, light, pressure, and air. 
     As used herein, the phrase “salt” or “salt thereof” is intended to include salts derived from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid, respectively, in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. For example, an inorganic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, or hydrobromic acid), an organic acid (e.g., oxalic acid, malonic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, methylsulfonic acid, or benzylsulfonic acid), an inorganic base (e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide), an organic base (e.g., methylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, guanidine, choline, or cinchonine), or an amino acid (e.g., lysine, arginine, or alanine) can be used. Lists of suitable salts are found in  Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences,  18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990, p. 1445, and  Journal of Pharmaceutical Science,  66: 2-19 (1977). For example, suitable salts can be salts of alkali metals (e.g., sodium or potassium), alkaline earth metals (e.g., calcium), and ammonium. 
     The composition can comprise any suitable amount of antioxidant (i.e., sum total of antioxidants). For example, the composition can comprise from about 0.001% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) of the antioxidant (i.e., sum total of antioxidants), for example, from about 0.001% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.001% (w/v) to about 0.1% (w/v), from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v), from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v), from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.1% (w/v), from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v), from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 0.1% (w/v), from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v), or from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of the antioxidant (i.e., sum total of antioxidants), wherein the (w/v) is based on the volume of the composition including any solvent (e.g., water and/or ethanol). In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of the antioxidant (i.e., sum total of antioxidants), wherein the (w/v) is based on the volume of the composition including any solvent (e.g., water and/or ethanol). In certain embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of the antioxidant (i.e., sum total of antioxidants), wherein the (w/v) is based on the volume of the composition including any solvent (e.g., water and/or ethanol). 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises a magnesium salt. The magnesium salt can be any suitable magnesium-based compound that can be ingested without harm. For example, the magnesium salt can be magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate, magnesium malate, magnesium taurate, magnesium threonate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium glycinate, magnesium orotate, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the magnesium salt is magnesium chloride. 
     The composition can comprise any suitable amount of magnesium salt (i.e., sum total of magnesium salts). For example, the composition can comprise from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v) of the magnesium salt (i.e., sum total of magnesium salts), for example, from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 15% (w/v), from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v), from about 0.5% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), from about 0.5% (w/v) to about 15% (w/v), from about 0.5% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v), from about 1% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), from about 1% (w/v) to about 15% (w/v), from about 1% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v), from about 5% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), from about 5% (w/v) to about 15% (w/v), or from about 5% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v) of the magnesium salt (i.e., sum total of magnesium salts), wherein the (w/v) is based on the volume of the composition including any solvent (e.g., water and/or ethanol). In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v) of the magnesium salt (i.e., sum total of magnesium salts), wherein the (w/v) is based on the volume of the composition including any solvent (e.g., water and/or ethanol). In certain embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v) of the magnesium salt (i.e., sum total of magnesium salts), wherein the (w/v) is based on the volume of the composition including any solvent (e.g., water and/or ethanol). 
     In some embodiments, the composition comprises a preservative. The preservative can be any compound that increases the longevity of the composition. For example, the preservative can be benzoic acid, sorbic acid, erythorbic acid, potassium nitrate, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the preservative is sorbic acid or a salt thereof. 
     The composition can comprise any suitable amount of preservative (i.e., sum total of preservatives). For example, the composition can comprise from about 0.001% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) of the preservative (i.e., sum total of preservatives), for example, from about 0.001% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.001% (w/v) to about 0.1% (w/v), from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v), from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.005% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v), from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.1% (w/v), from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v), from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), from about 0.05% (w/v) to about 0.1% (w/v), from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v), or from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of the preservative (i.e., sum total of preservatives), wherein the (w/v) is based on the volume of the composition including any solvent (e.g., water and/or ethanol). In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of the preservative (i.e., sum total of preservatives), wherein the (w/v) is based on the volume of the composition including any solvent (e.g., water and/or ethanol). In certain embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of the preservative (i.e., sum total of preservatives), wherein the (w/v) is based on the volume of the composition including any solvent (e.g., water and/or ethanol). 
     The composition can be a solid, oil, or aqueous solution. Accordingly, the compositions described herein can further comprises water. The water can be any type of water suitable for oral consumption and/or topical application. For example, the water can be purified (e.g., by filtration, distillation, or reverse osmosis), carbonated, dyed, flavored, or any combination thereof. When the composition is an aqueous solution, the aqueous solution can have a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD and/or THC) concentration of from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, or from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL. 
     The concentration of cannabinoid in the composition can be measured by any suitable method. In some embodiments, the concentration of cannabinoid in the composition is analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (“HPLC”). A skilled artisan will know suitable parameters for analyzing the composition by HPLC, such that the amounts of the cannabinoid in the composition can be determined. 
     In some embodiments, the compositions described herein are shelf stable for an extended period of time. For example, the compositions described herein can be shelf stable for at least 1 month, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, or at least 5 years. As used herein, the phrase “shelf stable” refers to a composition, which is enclosed in an aluminum, plastic, or glass container, that maintains at least about 90% of the cannabinoid concentration of the original composition (e.g., at least about 95% of the cannabinoid concentration of the original composition) over the course of the shelf life. In certain embodiments, the composition is shelf stable at 4° C. for at least 3 months (e.g., at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, or at least 5 years). In other embodiments, the composition is shelf stable at 23° C. for at least 3 months (e.g., at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, or at least 5 years). In some embodiments, the composition is shelf stable at 37° C. for at least 3 months (e.g., at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, or at least 5 years). The stability of the composition also can be monitored qualitatively by color. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the cannabinoids can be oxidized over time, which in turn leads to the solution turning yellow. The compositions described herein aim to reduce the foregoing oxidation process, thereby reducing the change in color. 
     The composition can further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Suitable excipients and the amounts to use may be readily determined under the direction of one of ordinary skill in the art based upon experience and consideration of standard procedures and reference works in the field, e.g., sweetening agents, dyes, and flavoring agents. 
     The compositions described herein can be used for oral consumption. For example, the compositions can be used in food (e.g., cooking ingredients, baked goods, energy bars, etc.) and beverages (e.g., energy drinks, hydration beverages, alcoholic beverages, etc.). In some embodiments, particularly when the cannabinoid is free of THC (e.g., it contains CBD), the composition is an alcoholic beverage for oral consumption. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the compositions described herein can further comprise ethanol. Alternatively, or additionally, the compositions described herein can be used for topical application. For example, the compositions described herein can be applied directly to body surfaces such as skin or mucous membranes or the compositions described herein can but incorporated into creams, foams, gels, lotion, and/or ointments and can be applied to body surfaces such as skin or mucous membranes. 
     For compositions comprising ethanol, the composition can comprise ethanol in an amount from about 5 mL to about 50 mL per 100 mL of water. For example, the composition can comprise ethanol in an amount from about 5 mL to about 40 mL per 100 mL of water, from about 5 mL to about 30 mL per 100 mL of water, from about 5 mL to about 20 mL per 100 mL of water, from about 10 mL to about 50 mL per 100 mL of water, from about 10 mL to about 40 mL per 100 mL of water, from about 10 mL to about 30 mL per 100 mL of water, or from about 10 mL to about 20 mL per 100 mL of water. 
     When the composition consists essentially of certain ingredients, other components that exert a material effect (e.g., modify the solubility or stability of the cannabinoid) are excluded from the composition, with the exception of trace amounts of water and/or ethanol. When the composition for oral consumption and/or topical application consists of certain ingredients, the composition excludes any other components, including water and/or ethanol, if not explicitly included. 
     The invention further provides a method of making a composition for oral consumption and/or topical application comprising: (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid, and (d) an antioxidant, the method comprising: preparing an aqueous solution comprising the polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, the cannabinoid, and the antioxidant, and filtering the aqueous solution to form a filtered aqueous solution. The final concentration of (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid, and (d) the antioxidant in the composition are consistent with the values described herein. 
     The aqueous solution can be filtered by any suitable technique to remove residual particulates in the aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, the aqueous solution is filtered with a micro filter. For example, the aqueous solution can be filtered using a filter (e.g., a microfiber filter) with a particle retention of at least about 0.1 μm (e.g., at least about 0.2 μm, at least about 0.3 μm, at least about 0.4 μm, at least about 0.5 μm, at least about 0.6 μm, at least about 0.7 μm, at least about 0.8 μm, at least about 0.9 μm, or at least about 1 μm). In some embodiments, the aqueous solution is be filtered with a Whatman™ glass microfiber filter and/or a polyethersulfone (PES) filter. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution is filtered using a 0.7 μm Whatman™ glass microfiber filter, a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter, a 0.22 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises diluting the filtered aqueous solution to form a diluted aqueous solution. The filtered aqueous solution can be diluted with water and/or alcohol. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the non-diluted composition (i.e., stock solutions) may be too concentrated for oral consumption and/or topical application, and may need to be diluted. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing at least a portion of the water from the filtered aqueous solution to form a concentrated aqueous solution. The water can be removed by any suitable method. For example, the water can be removed by evaporation (e.g., under reduced pressure, elevated temperature, or a combination thereof, membrane permeation (e.g., nano-filtration), or a combination thereof. The concentrated aqueous solution can contain water, can be substantially free of water, or can be free of water. Accordingly, the concentrated aqueous solution can be an aqueous solution, an oil, or a solid. The concentrated aqueous solution can be used as a concentrate for storage and transportation purposes. For example, the concentrated aqueous solution can be a powder, which can be packaged and then solubilized in water and/or alcohol (e.g., by a user) to form a composition for oral consumption and/or topical application. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding an additional component as described herein and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient during formulation of the aqueous solution, the filtered aqueous solution, the diluted aqueous solution, the concentrated aqueous solution, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding ethanol to the aqueous solution, the filtered aqueous solution, the diluted aqueous solution, the concentrated aqueous solution, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the method comprises packaging a composition described herein. The composition can be packaged in any suitable container (e.g., aluminum, plastic, glass, cardboard, paper, etc.). The packaged composition can be stored and/or transported at any suitable temperature. In some embodiments, the packaged composition is stored and/or transported at a temperature of about 37° C. or less, e.g., about 30° C. or less, or about 23° C. or less. In preferred embodiments, the packaged composition is stored at a temperature of about 30° C. or less. 
     The amounts of a polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, a cannabinoid (e.g., CBD and/or THC), and antioxidant (e.g., ascorbic acid or a salt thereof) suitable for the methods described herein will be readily apparent from the disclosure as a whole. 
     EMBODIMENTS 
     Principles of the present disclosure are incorporated in the following, non-limiting examples of embodiments: 
     Embodiment (1) A composition comprising: (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid, and (d) an antioxidant. 
     Embodiment (2) The composition of embodiment (1), comprising: (a) from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the polysorbate, (b) from about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of vitamin E TPGS, and (c) from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a cannabinoid, wherein the weight percentage is based on the sum total of (a), (b), and (c). 
     Embodiment (3) The composition of embodiment (2), comprising: (a) from about 35 wt. % to about 45 wt. % of the polysorbate, (b) from about 15 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of vitamin E TPGS, and (c) from about 30 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of a cannabinoid, wherein the weight percentage is based on the sum total of (a), (b), and (c). 
     Embodiment (4) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(3), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (5) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(4), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 20 and one or more of polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. 
     Embodiment (6) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(4), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 20. 
     Embodiment (7) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(4), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 40 and one or more of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. 
     Embodiment (8) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(4), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 40. 
     Embodiment (9) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(8), wherein the cannabinoid is cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (10) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(9), wherein the cannabinoid is cannabidiol. 
     Embodiment (11) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(9), wherein the cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol. 
     Embodiment (12) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(11), wherein the antioxidant is retinol, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, selenium, tocopherols, tocotrienols, polyphenols, melatonin, uric acid, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (13) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(12), wherein the antioxidant is ascorbic acid or a salt thereof. 
     Embodiment (14) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(13), wherein the composition further comprises a magnesium salt. 
     Embodiment (15) The composition of embodiment (14), wherein the magnesium salt is magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate, magnesium malate, magnesium taurate, magnesium threonate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium glycinate, magnesium orotate, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (16) The composition of embodiment (14) or embodiment (15), wherein the magnesium salt is magnesium chloride. 
     Embodiment (17) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(16), wherein the composition further comprises a preservative. 
     Embodiment (18) The composition of embodiment (17), wherein the preservative is benzoic acid, sorbic acid, erythorbic acid, potassium nitrate, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (19) The composition of embodiment (17) or embodiment (18), wherein the preservative is sorbic acid or a salt thereof. 
     Embodiment (20) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(119), wherein the composition is a solid. 
     Embodiment (21) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(19), wherein the composition is an oil. 
     Embodiment (22) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(19), wherein the composition is an aqueous solution. 
     Embodiment (23) The composition of embodiment (22), wherein the aqueous solution has a cannabinoid concentration of from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL. 
     Embodiment (24) The composition of embodiment (23), wherein the aqueous solution has a cannabinoid concentration of from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL. 
     Embodiment (25) The composition of embodiment (24), wherein the aqueous solution has a cannabinoid concentration of from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL. 
     Embodiment (26) The composition of embodiment (25), wherein the aqueous solution has a cannabinoid concentration of from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL. 
     Embodiment (27) The composition of any one of embodiments (22)-(26), wherein the aqueous solution comprises from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of the antioxidant. 
     Embodiment (28) The composition of any one of embodiments (22)-(27), wherein the aqueous solution further comprises from about 1% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v) of a magnesium salt. 
     Embodiment (29) The composition of any one of embodiments (22)-(28), wherein the aqueous solution further comprises from about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v) of a preservative. 
     Embodiment (30) The composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(29), wherein the composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. 
     Embodiment (31) Use of the composition of any one of embodiments (1)-(30) for oral consumption and/or topical application. 
     Embodiment (32) A method of making a composition for oral consumption and/or topical application comprising: (a) a polysorbate, (b) vitamin E TPGS, (c) a cannabinoid, and (d) an antioxidant, the method comprising: preparing an aqueous solution comprising the polysorbate, vitamin E TPGS, the cannabinoid, and the antioxidant, and filtering the aqueous solution to form a filtered aqueous solution. 
     Embodiment (33) The method of embodiment (32), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (34) The method of embodiment (32) or embodiment (33), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 20 and one or more of polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. 
     Embodiment (35) The method of embodiment (32) or embodiment (33), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 20. 
     Embodiment (36) The method of embodiment (32) or embodiment (33), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 40 and one or more of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. 
     Embodiment (37) The method of embodiment (32) or embodiment (33), wherein the polysorbate is polysorbate 40. 
     Embodiment (38) The method of any one of embodiments (32)-(37), wherein the cannabinoid is cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (39) The method of embodiment (38), wherein the cannabinoid is cannabidiol. 
     Embodiment (40) The method of embodiment (38), wherein the cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol. 
     Embodiment (41) The method of any one of embodiments (32)-(40), wherein the cannabinoid is added to the aqueous solution as hemp oil. 
     Embodiment (42) The method of any one of embodiments (32)-(41), wherein the antioxidant is retinol, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, selenium, tocopherols, tocotrienols, polyphenols, melatonin, uric acid, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (43) The method of any one of embodiments (32)-(42), wherein the antioxidant is ascorbic acid or a salt thereof. 
     Embodiment (44) The method of any one of embodiments (32)-(43), further comprising adding a magnesium salt to the aqueous solution. 
     Embodiment (45) The method of embodiment (44), wherein the magnesium salt is magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate, magnesium malate, magnesium taurate, magnesium threonate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium glycinate, magnesium orotate, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (46) The method of embodiment (44) or embodiment (45), wherein the magnesium salt is magnesium chloride. 
     Embodiment (47) The method of any one of embodiments (32)-(46), further comprising adding a preservative to the aqueous solution. 
     Embodiment (48) The method of embodiment (47), wherein the preservative is benzoic acid, sorbic acid, erythorbic acid, potassium nitrate, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment (49) The method of embodiment (47) or embodiment (48), wherein the preservative is sorbic acid or a salt thereof. 
     Embodiment (50) The method of any one of embodiments (32)-(49), further comprising diluting the filtered aqueous solution to form a diluted aqueous solution. 
     Embodiment (51) The method of any one of embodiments (32)-(49), further comprising removing at least a portion of the water from the filtered aqueous solution to form a concentrated aqueous solution. 
     Embodiment (52) The method of embodiment (51), wherein the concentrated aqueous solution is a solid. 
     Embodiment (53) The method of embodiment (51), wherein the concentrated aqueous solution is an oil. 
     Embodiment (54) The method of any one of embodiments (32)-(53), further comprising adding a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient to the aqueous solution, the filtered aqueous solution, the diluted aqueous solution, the concentrated aqueous solution, or a combination thereof. 
     The foregoing exemplary embodiments of the disclosure numbered 1-54 are non-limiting. Other exemplary embodiments are apparent from the entirety of the description herein. As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individually numbered embodiments may be used or combined with any of the preceding or following individually numbered aspects. 
     The following examples further illustrate the invention but, of course, should not be construed as in any way limiting its scope. 
     Example 1 
     This example illustrates a method of preparing a water soluble cannabidiol composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     Polysorbate 20 (15 mL) was added to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) water (985 mL) at 50° C. Vitamin E TPGS (7.5 g) was added to the resulting mixture and the mixture was stirred for 30-60 minutes at 50° C. Cannabidiol (15 g) was slowly added at 50° C. and the resulting composition was mixed for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was filtered through a 0.7 μm Whatman™ glass microfiber filter followed by a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 8.7 mg/mL cannabidiol. The composition was diluted 83.33-fold in water and filtered through a 0.22 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 0.104 mg/mL cannabidiol. 
     The diluted solution containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol was analyzed using HPLC with the following parameters:
         Sample: injected 20 μl   Column: Reliasil, C18, 3 μm, 4.6×150 mm   Temperature: 25° C.   Wavelength: 220 nm   Mobile Phase: A: 0.2% Phosphoric acid in water, B: ACN   Gradient was run from 80:20 (B:A) over 20 min.
 
The resulting HPLC trace is set forth in  FIG. 1 .
       

     Example 2 
     This example illustrates the stability of a concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     The stock composition from Example 1, containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and 8.7 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stored at three separate temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. The stock solution at each one of these temperatures was diluted 83.33 fold in drinking water at day 0 and day 84 and analyzed using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The results are set forth in  FIG. 2 . 
     As is apparent from the results set forth in  FIG. 2 , the concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and 8.7 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stable, resulting in minimal loss of cannabidiol at temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. 
     Example 3 
     This example illustrates the stability of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     The diluted composition from Example 1, containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and 0.104 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stored at three separate temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. The diluted composition at each of these temperatures was analyzed at day 0 and day 35 using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The results are set forth in  FIG. 3 . 
     As is apparent from the results set forth in  FIG. 3 , the diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and 0.104 mg/mL of cannabidiol maintained comparable stability relative to the concentrated composition of Example 2 at temperatures of 4° C. and room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), resulting in minimal loss of cannabidiol. 
     Example 4 
     This example illustrates a method of preparing a water soluble cannabidiol composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     Polysorbate 20 (7.5 mL) and polysorbate 40 (7.5 mL) were added to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) water (985 mL) at 50° C. Vitamin E TPGS (7.5 g) was added to the resulting mixture and the mixture was stirred for 30-60 minutes at 50° C. Cannabidiol (15 g) was slowly added at 50° C. and the resulting composition was mixed for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was filtered through a 0.7 μm Whatman™ glass microfiber filter followed by a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 8.44 mg/mL cannabidiol. The composition was diluted 83.33-fold in water and filtered through a 0.22 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 0.101 mg/mL cannabidiol. The diluted composition containing 0.101 mg/mL cannabidiol was analyzed using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. 
     Example 5 
     This example illustrates the stability of a concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     The stock composition from Example 4, containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, vitamin E TPGS, and 8.44 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stored at three separate temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. The stock solution at each one of these temperatures was diluted 83.33 fold in drinking water at day 0 and day 8 and analyzed using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The results are set forth in  FIG. 4 . 
     As is apparent from the results set forth in  FIG. 4 , the concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, vitamin E TPGS, and 8.44 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stable, resulting in minimal loss of cannabidiol at temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. 
     Example 6 
     This example illustrates the stability of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     The diluted composition from Example 4, containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, vitamin E TPGS, and 0.101 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stored at three separate temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. The diluted composition at each of these temperatures was analyzed at day 0 and day 8 using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The results are set forth in  FIG. 5 . 
     As is apparent from the results set forth in  FIG. 5 , the diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, vitamin E TPGS, and 0.101 mg/mL of cannabidiol maintain comparable stability relative to the concentrated composition of Example 5 at 4° C., resulting in minimal loss of cannabidiol. 
     Example 7 
     This example illustrates a method of preparing a water soluble cannabidiol composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     Polysorbate 20 (7.5 mL) and polysorbate 60 (7.5 mL) were added to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) water (985 mL) at 50° C. Vitamin E TPGS (7.5 g) was added to the resulting mixture and the mixture was stirred for 30-60 minutes at 50° C. Cannabidiol (15 g) was slowly added at 50° C. and the resulting composition was mixed for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was filtered through a 0.7 μm Whatman™ glass microfiber filter followed by a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 10.05 mg/mL cannabidiol. The composition was diluted 83.33-fold in water and filtered through a 0.22 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 0.12 mg/mL cannabidiol. The diluted composition containing 0.12 mg/mL cannabidiol was analyzed using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. 
     Example 8 
     This example illustrates the stability of a concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     The stock composition from Example 7, containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, vitamin E TPGS, and 10.05 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stored at three separate temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. The stock solution at each one of these temperatures was diluted 83.33 fold in drinking water at day 0 and day 15 and analyzed using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The results are set forth in  FIG. 6 . 
     As is apparent from the results set forth in  FIG. 6 , the concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, vitamin E TPGS, and 10.05 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stable, resulting in minimal loss of cannabidiol at temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. 
     Example 9 
     This example illustrates the stability of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     The diluted composition from Example 7, containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, vitamin E TPGS, and 0.12 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stored at three separate temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. The diluted composition at each of these temperatures was analyzed at day 0 and day 15 using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The results are set forth in  FIG. 7 . 
     As is apparent from the results set forth in  FIG. 7 , the diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, vitamin E TPGS, and 0.12 mg/mL of cannabidiol maintain comparable stability relative to the concentrated composition of Example 8 at 4° C., resulting in minimal loss of cannabidiol. 
     Example 10 
     This example illustrates a method of preparing a water soluble cannabidiol composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     Polysorbate 20 (7.5 mL) and polysorbate 80 (7.5 mL) were added to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) water (985 mL) at 50° C. Vitamin E TPGS (7.5 g) was added to the resulting mixture and the mixture was stirred for 30-60 minutes at 50° C. Cannabidiol (15 g) was slowly added at 50° C. and the resulting composition was mixed for 16 hours. The resulting mixture was filtered through a 0.7 μm Whatman™ glass microfiber filter followed by a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 8.41 mg/mL cannabidiol. The composition was diluted 83.33-fold in water and filtered through a 0.22 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 0.101 mg/mL cannabidiol. The diluted composition containing 0.101 mg/mL cannabidiol was analyzed using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The resulting HPLC trace is set forth in  FIG. 8 . 
     Example 11 
     This example illustrates the stability of a concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     The stock composition from Example 10, containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and 8.41 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stored at three separate temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. The stock solution at each one of these temperatures was diluted 83.33 fold in drinking water at day 0 and day 19 and analyzed using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The results are set forth in  FIG. 9 . 
     As is apparent from the results set forth in  FIG. 9 , the concentrated composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and 8.41 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stable, resulting in minimal loss of cannabidiol at temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. 
     Example 12 
     This example illustrates the stability of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol. 
     The diluted composition from Example 10, containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and 0.101 mg/mL of cannabidiol was stored at three separate temperatures of 4° C., room temperature (i.e., about 23° C.), and 37° C. The diluted composition at each of these temperatures was analyzed at day 0 and day 19 using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The results are set forth in  FIG. 10 . 
     As is apparent from the results set forth in  FIG. 10 , the diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, vitamin E TPGS, and 0.12 mg/mL of cannabidiol maintain comparable stability relative to the concentrated composition of Example 11 at 4° C., resulting in minimal loss of cannabidiol. 
     Example 13 
     This example illustrates the stability of a composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid. 
     To the stock solution as in Example 1, containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and cannabidiol, was added 0.1% (w/v) ascorbic acid and the resulting solution was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. After 30 minutes of stirring, 0.1% (w/v) sorbic acid was added and the resulting solution was stirred for an additional 30 minutes. The resulting mixture was filtered through a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a filtered composition containing 7.66 mg/mL cannabidiol. 
     The filtered composition (i.e., the stock solution as in Example 1 in combination with ascorbic acid and sorbic acid) and a control solution (i.e., the stock solution as in Example 1) were stored at room temperature and exposed to ambient light. The filtered composition and control solution were visually monitored for color change, and the results after 60 days of exposure to ambient light are depicted in  FIG. 11 . 
     In addition, the filtered composition (i.e., the stock solution as in Example 1 in combination with ascorbic acid and sorbic acid) was monitored for the cannabidiol content by HPLC at day 1 (i.e., before exposure to ambient light) and after 60 days of exposure to ambient light at room temperature. The HPLC traces at day 1 and after 60 days of exposure to ambient light at room temperature are shown in  FIGS. 12A and 12B , respectively. The filtered composition (i.e., the stock solution as in Example 1 in combination with ascorbic acid and sorbic acid) had a cannabidiol content of 7.66 mg/mL at day 1 and a cannabidiol content of 7.48 mg/mL at day 60. 
     As is apparent from these results, the filtered composition, containing ascorbic acid and sorbic acid, showed minimal color change and resulted in minimal loss of cannabidiol. In contrast, the control solution, containing no ascorbic acid or sorbic acid, changed color relatively significantly as compared to the filtered composition. 
     Example 14 
     This example illustrates the stability of a diluted composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol, ascorbic acid, and magnesium chloride. 
     To a diluted composition of the stock solution as in Example 1, containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and 3 mg/mL of cannabidiol, was added 10% (w/v) magnesium chloride and the resulting solution was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. After 30 minutes of stirring, 0.025% (w/v) ascorbic acid was added and the resulting solution was stirred for an additional 30 minutes. The resulting mixture was filtered through a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a filtered composition (Solution C) containing 2.72 mg/mL cannabidiol. 
     Solution C (i.e., the diluted composition from Example 1 in combination with magnesium chloride and ascorbic acid), Control Solution A (i.e., the diluted composition from Example 1), and Control Solution B (i.e., a diluted composition of the stock solution as in Example 2 in combination with magnesium chloride only) were stored at room temperature and exposed to ambient light. Solutions A, B, and C were visually monitored for color change, and the results after 14 days and 70 days of exposure to ambient light are depicted in  FIGS. 13A-C  and  14 A-C, respectively. 
     In addition, Solution C (i.e., the diluted composition from Example 1 in combination with magnesium chloride and ascorbic acid) was monitored for the cannabidiol content by HPLC at day 1 (i.e., before exposure to ambient light) and after 70 days of exposure to ambient light at room temperature. The HPLC traces at day 1 and after 70 days of exposure to ambient light at room temperature are shown in  FIGS. 15A and 15B , respectively. Solution C (i.e., the diluted composition from Example 1 in combination with magnesium chloride and ascorbic acid) had a cannabidiol content of 2.72 mg/mL at day 1 and a cannabidiol content of 2.77 mg/mL at day 70. 
     As is apparent from these results, Solution C, containing magnesium chloride and ascorbic acid, showed minimal color change and resulted in no loss of cannabidiol. In contrast, Control Solution A and Control Solution B, containing no ascorbic acid, changed color relatively significantly as compared to Solution C. 
     Example 15 
     This example illustrates the stability of a composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol, magnesium chloride, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid. 
     To the stock solution as in Example 2, containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, and 8.7 mg/mL of cannabidiol, was added 10% (w/v) magnesium chloride and the resulting solution was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. After 30 minutes of stirring, 0.1% (w/v) ascorbic acid and 0.1% (w/v) sorbic acid were added one at a time and the resulting solution was stirred for an additional 30 minutes each. The resulting mixture was filtered through a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a filtered composition containing 7.83 mg/mL cannabidiol. 
     The filtered composition (i.e., the stock solution as in Example 2 in combination with magnesium chloride, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid) was stored at 37° C. and exposed to ambient light. The filtered combination was monitored for the cannabidiol content by HPLC at day 1 (i.e., before exposure to 37° C. and ambient light) and after 14 days of exposure to ambient light at 37° C. The HPLC traces at day 1 and after 14 days of exposure to ambient light at 37° C. are shown in  FIGS. 16A and 16B , respectively. The filtered composition (i.e., the stock solution as in Example 2 in combination with magnesium chloride, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid) had a cannabidiol content of 7.83 mg/mL at day 1 and a cannabidiol content of 7.55 mg/mL at day 14. 
     As is apparent from these results, the filtered composition, containing magnesium chloride, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid, resulted in minimal loss of cannabidiol despite being exposed to elevated temperature (i.e., 37° C.). 
     Example 16 
     This example provides an exemplary procedure for preparing a composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, purified cannabidiol, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid. 
     Sorbic acid (0.5 g) was added to drinking water (985 mL) at 50° C. and stirred for 30 minutes. To the mixture was added polysorbate 20 (15 mL) and vitamin E TPGS (7.5 g), and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30-60 minutes at 50° C. Purified cannabidiol (15 g) was slowly added at 50° C. and the resulting composition was mixed for 16 hours. The heat was turned off, ascorbic acid (1 g) was added, and the emulsion was stirred for an additional 30 minutes. The resulting emulsion was filtered through a 1.2 μm Whatman™ glass microfiber filter followed by a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 7.6 mg/mL cannabidiol. The composition was diluted 83.33-fold in water and filtered through a 0.22 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 0.0912 mg/mL cannabidiol. 
     The diluted composition containing 0.0912 mg/mL cannabidiol, polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, sorbic acid, and ascorbic acid was analyzed using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The resulting HPLC trace is set forth in  FIG. 17 . 
     Example 17 
     This example provides an exemplary procedure for preparing a composition containing polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, cannabidiol from hemp oil, ascorbic acid, and sorbic acid. 
     Sorbic acid (0.5 g) was added to drinking water (985 mL) at 50° C. and stirred for 30 minutes. To the mixture was added polysorbate 20 (15 mL) and vitamin E TPGS (7.5 g), and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30-60 minutes at 50° C. Hemp oil (4.3 g) was slowly added at 50° C. and the resulting composition was mixed for 16 hours. The heat was turned off, ascorbic acid (1 g) was added, and the emulsion was stirred for an additional 30 minutes. The resulting emulsion was filtered through a 1.2 μm Whatman™ glass microfiber filter followed by a 0.2 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 8.29 mg/mL cannabidiol. The composition was diluted 83.33-fold in water and filtered through a 0.22 μm polyethersulfone (PES) filter to produce a composition containing 0.0995 mg/mL cannabidiol. 
     The diluted composition containing 0.0995 mg/mL cannabidiol from hemp oil, polysorbate 20, vitamin E TPGS, sorbic acid, and ascorbic acid was analyzed using the HPLC parameters set forth in Example 1. The resulting HPLC trace is set forth in  FIG. 18 . 
     All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. 
     The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and “at least one” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The use of the term “at least one” followed by a list of one or more items (for example, “at least one of A and B”) is to be construed to mean one item selected from the listed items (A or B) or any combination of two or more of the listed items (A and B), unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. 
     Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments can become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.