Patent Publication Number: US-2007103546-A1

Title: Movie theatre

Description:
CROSS NOTING  
      This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/174,256, filed on Jun. 19, 2002, titled Steroscopic Moving Pictures With Two Eye Image Duplication &amp; Positioning Method and Apparatus, by Robert B. Collender and Michael A. Collender, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
      The present invention relates generally to a movie watching, and is more particularly related to a movie theatre.  
     BACKGROUND  
      Lenticular Systems  
      The history of 3-D technology without glasses that reproduce scenes in motion essentially begins with F and H. Ives in the 1930&#39;s with the use of lenticules and film camera/projector arrays. The reproduction system suffered from parallax discontinuities, shallow depth of field and the need for multiple projection lamps.  
      In the 1940&#39;s, Ivanov, in Russia, demonstrated the radial raster stereoscreen constructed of about 3000 long conical lenses imposing very tight tolerances in implementation. Special visors had to be designed to help spectators locate the best view positions. The Russians admitted to the following problems: visual fatigue due to poor left and right eye separation and brightness differences; poor convergence and the appearance of “cardboard” images.  
      Lenticular 3-D displays use vertical elongated lenses (the height of the view screen) and selective vertical lines from several images. This approach suffers a loss of horizontal detail and is very susceptible to jitter demanding an extremely accurate scan.  
      Varifocal Mirror  
      The varifocal 3-D system used a rapidly vibrating reflective membrane to cause a flat image to move through a minimum depth and rapidly repeat. The system could not provide a detailed photographic-type image due to a severely limited image writing time constraint.  
      Barrier Strip  
      The barrier strip system used a “picket fence” array of vertical narrow slats running the height of the screen and having a narrow space between each slat. The slats were arranged near to and in front of the view screen so that observer&#39;s right and left eyes could not see the same areas of the view screen at the same time. Right and left scene information (in narrow vertical areas behind the slats) presented 3-D to eyes in special places. The system reduced the brightness and the horizontal resolution of the scene.  
      In France, F. Savoye demonstrated the “Cyclostereoscope” (a type of “barrier strip” system) by projecting two pictures through a very large revolving truncated drum of spaced slats onto an internal stationary reflective screen to a theatre audience of 90 observers in the 1940&#39;s. Observers looked through the spaces between the revolving slats as the large drum of slats rotated. Observers had to stay within the tiring lateral confines of about 1.5 inches. The 3-D effect offered good resolution but with reduced brightness.  
      LCD Vertical Shutter  
      This type of 3-D display uses electronically controlled multiple narrow vertical LCD slats to selectively pass or block light. The elongated slats are arranged side by side in a vertical plane surface between a “bright” screen and the observer&#39;s eyes. The slats are a few inches in front of the screen. The concept requires a very bright screen due to the LCD slat aperture duty cycle and low throughput in the “on” mode. The images are usually only simple computer graphics figures due to the high scanning speeds required in this process. The concept is similar to the “Stereoptiplexer” of the 1970&#39;s except that conventional movies are captured by a horizontally moving relative motion camera/scene which generated 3-D movies without glasses by means of a fast moving “aerial” slit in a rotating mechanism. The advantage of the Stereoptiplexer over the LCD system was that a means was found to bring all of the light from the screen to the “aerial” slit and thus eliminate considerable light loss. The height of the aerial slit was several feet so a very wide vertical view angle was allowed. Pictures arrived at the conventional speed of 24 frames per second but were projected internally in the system to 2000 frames per second by an internal scanner. The problem with the Stereoptiplexer was that the camera was constrained to look out only one side. The Stereoptiplexer was described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,597 dated May 16, 1978 and was invented by one of the inventors of the current patent application.  
      Flickering 3-D Methods  
      R. McElveen of South Carolina (an optometrist), has shown 3-D movies by alternating left and right eye pictures at low refresh rates but flicker was intolerable and the effects were difficult to sustain.  
      VISIDEP was another flickering 3-D system which was developed by three professors at the University of South Carolina. They used two cameras displaced vertically and then electronically switched between them at a 5 Hz rate. The effects were very poor and caused much eyestrain.  
      LASER Activated Omni-View Wobble Plate  
      Texas Instrument&#39;s reflective disc attached at an angle to a motor shaft spinning at 10 r/s was selectively illuminated by one or more modulated LASER beams which were synchronized with the spin rate. The resultant image was confined to a minimum volume (about 4 inches in size). The image was viewable from any position in a hemisphere. The system was not compatible with TV signals but showed only simple graph shapes. The flicker is not tolerable unless the spin rate is about 6 times greater. Larger full color system would require multi-LASERS accurately located and timed and a disc spin rate of at least 60 r/s.  
      Holography  
      In the early 1980&#39;s Komar of Russia used the principle of holography to present 3-D pictures without glasses. Komar provided a special reflective holographic screen that worked like a multiple ellipsoid. The projector was at the common focus of the ellipsoids and there were as many ellipsoids as observers. Each ellipsoid had a second focus at the observer&#39;s eyes. It is reported that four exit pupils with a 3×4 foot monochrome picture was demonstrated. The exit pupils at each seat were about 10 inches wide and resembled invisible “port holds” through which an observer viewed the scene-image with camera/scene proximity. Seats had to be specially located.  
      MIT&#39;s Media Lab-Holographic Video  
      A holographic moving picture was presented by MIT&#39;s Media lab in 1990, containing a simple wire frame graphic image a few inches high and requiring the bandwidth equivalent of 160 television channels. The demonstration image had a low resolution of 64 lines and refreshed at 40 Hz providing a limited 15-degree view angle. The system only provided horizontal parallax which was done to limit the bandwidth. If a full color TV image (running at standard TV rates and having 24 bits/pixel) were shown on their system, the bit rate would be 36 trillion bits per second. In their system, light passes through a tellurium dioxide crystal (which must be the full size of a viewing screen in a practical system and was only a few inches in size at that time) where a varying voltage was translated into a varying phase of light beam to produce a hologram in motion.  
      3-D Systems Without Glasses During the Decade—1990 to 2000  
      Dimension Technologies built a transmissive high-resolution display with a rear thin vertical light source to direct left and right eye information to a few people  
      Infinity Multi Media built a high speed CRT with liquid crystal shutter and projection lens using a Fresnel lens to create several viewing zones. The system had a narrow view field.  
      NYU used a retro reflective camera-based eye tracking system to scan the view area for left and right eyes and to direct, via a computer control, appropriate images to the eyes (presently for a single viewer but may be expanded).  
      DDD (Dynamic Digital Depth ) can use multiple cameras or a single camera and synthesize data for the other eye via computer coded information or can scan a scene with a LASER range finder and apply to the final picture. 3-D results are good but from zoned areas of view only. In this technology, the audience size is relatively small (i.e., it will not work for theatre applications).  
      General Comments on the Above 3-D Systems  
      All 3-D without glasses systems to date suffer from various problems: minimum depth of field; constrained eye regions within the view area; flicker; high bandwidth; small image size; low brightness; poor resolution; tight equipment alignment tolerances; not compatible with standard motion pictures, video or standard TV.  
      It would be an advance in the art to provide a 3-D movie theatre without requiring patrons to wear glasses. It would further be an advance in the art to provide high brightness; high resolution; a deep depth of field without flicker; 3-D images to all members of a large audience without any special zoned areas of view. Also, not like the barrier systems, it would also be an advance in the art if the head of a patron can be held in any position, even upside down and still perceive the 3-D effect as in nature. It would be a still further advance in the art to provide a system for a movie theatre that is compatible with existing movies and TV software.  
     SUMMARY  
      In one implementation, there is provided a movie theater that includes a screen located between the front and back of the movie theater, a substantially spherically concave mirror proximal the front of the movie theater; and a viewing volume located between the screen and the mirror such that (i) each observer in the viewing volume can see in their respective pair of eyes a reflection in the mirror of a scene that is displayed on the screen, and (ii) any observer at substantially all locations within the viewing volume can see a three dimensional view of the scene displayed on the screen.  
      In another implementation, there is provided a motion picture theater that includes a substantially spherical convex screen, means for making moving pictures visible on the screen, a substantially spherical concave mirror, and an area for a distribution of movie watchers located between the substantially spherical convex screen and the substantially spherical concave mirror, wherein for each said movie watcher (i) a substantially identical reflection from the substantially spherical concave mirror of the moving pictures on the substantially spherical convex screen will be received at the movie watcher&#39;s retinas, and (ii) substantially all of the movie watchers in the area can see a three dimensional view of the moving pictures.  
      In a still further implementation, there is provided a movie theater that includes a viewing area for any movie watcher therein to view optical scenes, a screen displaying the optical scenes, and a mirror in which each said movie watcher can see a reflection of the optical scenes displayed by the screen, whereby (i) at the same instant in time, an identical image of each said optical scene is put on the right and left eyes of each said movie watcher in the viewing area, and (ii) substantially all movie watchers in the viewing area can perceive each said optical scene in three dimensions.  
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
      In order that the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and features of the invention are obtained, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:  
       FIG. 1  shows a movie camera (using film or electronic storage media) moving laterally while capturing views of a scene at great distance;  
       FIG. 2  shows the far image viewing geometry in a plan view of a conventional movie projection system where the views from  FIG. 1  camera are projected onto a reflective screen;  
       FIG. 3  shows the far image viewing geometry in a plan view of one embodiment of a movie projection system (using film or electronic storage media) where the views from  FIG. 1  camera are projected onto a screen in the focal surface of a concaved mirror;  
       FIG. 4  shows a movie camera (using film or electronic storage media) moving laterally while capturing views of a scene close to the camera;  
       FIG. 5  shows the near image viewing geometry in a plan view of a conventional movie projection system (using film or electronic storage media) where the views from  FIG. 4  camera are projected onto a reflective screen;  
       FIG. 6  shows the near image viewing geometry in a plan view of the same embodiment of a movie projection system as in  FIG. 3  (using film or electronic storage media) where the views from  FIG. 4  camera are projected onto a screen in the focal surface of a concaved mirror;  FIG. 7A  is the plan view of the viewing parameters for one embodiment of a large audience projection system where the projector is at the center of curvature of a concaved mirror and the screen in the mirror&#39;s focal plane is a rear projection type;  
       FIG. 7B  is the side elevation view of the system of  FIG. 7A ;  
       FIG. 8  shows a plan view of a 3-D glasses system embodiment using a wedge prism over one eye that gives the same result as the audience view in  FIG. 7 ;  
       FIG. 9A  shows a plan view of an alternate collimating 3-D viewing embodiment in which the viewing screen is at a great distance from the viewer;  
       FIG. 9B  shows a side elevation view of  FIG. 9A ;  
       FIG. 10  shows a plan view of three scene points and a single movie camera capturing scenes at three positions along its path of movement;  
       FIG. 11  shows a plan view of an arbitrary observer receiving collimated light in his left and right eyes from the direction of each image point in the scene captured by the camera of  FIG. 10 ;  
       FIG. 12  shows a plan view of three scene points that maintain their relative position to each other while laterally moving together relative to a fixed movie camera where the camera captures scenes at three positions of the objects;  
       FIG. 13  shows a plan view of an arbitrary observer receiving collimated light in his left and right eyes from the direction of each image point in the scene relative to the fixed movie camera of  FIG. 12 ;  
       FIG. 14A  is a plan view of the viewing parameters for another embodiment of a large audience projection system (similar to  FIG. 7 ) where the projector is near the concaved mirror and projects a picture via a local flat mirror to revert the image left to right while projecting onto the screen behind the audience;  
       FIG. 14B  is a side view of  FIG. 14A ;  
       FIG. 15A  is another embodiment of a large audience viewing system similar to  FIGS. 7 &amp; 14  except the screen is made of electronically controlled picture elements that either emit or modulate scene light;  
       FIG. 15B  is a side view of  FIG. 15A ;  
       FIG. 16A  shows the concaved mirror optics;  
       FIG. 16B  shows an observer looking at the nearest image of the screen in the collimating mirror that would be allowed in the viewing system;  
       FIG. 17A  shows how a mirror tile is extracted from a globe for a small portion of the concaved mirror;  
       FIG. 17B  shows a side view of the location of the top and bottom of the concaved mirror for a 200-seat theatre;  
       FIG. 17C  shows the front view of how a vertical array of mirror tiles are arranged in a geodesic structure for a portion of the concaved mirror;  
       FIG. 18A  shows a back view of one of the mirror tiles used in the concaved mirror;  
       FIG. 18B  shows a front view of the mirror tile shown in  FIG. 18A ;  
       FIG. 19A  shows a plan view of the aluminum gusset (Node) with attached struts;  
       FIG. 19B  shows a front view of the aluminum gusset (Node) with attached struts;  
       FIG. 20  shows a front view layout of attach points (nodes) on all of the mirror tiles in a geodesic structure for the 200-seat theatre;  
       FIG. 21A  shows the top view of the U-Pin;  
       FIG. 21B  shows the side view of the U-Pin;  
       FIG. 21 C  shows the end view of the U-Pin;  
       FIG. 22A  shows a front view of the Diving Board;  
       FIG. 22B  shows a plan view of the Diving Board;  
       FIG. 22C  shows a side view of the Diving Board;  
       FIG. 23  shows a side view of the assembly of 3 adjacent mirror tiles into the geodesic structure;  
       FIG. 24  shows a side view of the final concaved mirror for a 200-seat theatre installed on concrete slab resting on the ground. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION  
      General Comments on the Above 3-D Systems Relative to Our Invention  
      All 3-D without glasses systems to date suffer from various problems: minimum depth of field; constrained eye regions within the view area; flicker; high bandwidth; small image size; low brightness; poor resolution; tight equipment alignment tolerances; not compatible with standard motion pictures, video or standard TV.  
      Our 3-D without glasses invention will provide: high brightness; high resolution; a deep depth of field without flicker; 3-D images to all members of a large audience without any special zoned areas of view. Also, not like the barrier systems, the head can be held in any position, even upside down and still perceive the 3-D effect as in nature. Our invention is directly compatible with existing movies and TV software. The only limitation of our invention is in the need for relative horizontal motion between the camera and scene. This will be described in detail in the Specification.  
      We propose that a simple change be made in the way television and movies are displayed so that flat-looking pictures can look natural with an added depth dimension (3-D without glasses).  
      Currently, with existing TV and movies, a screen is placed in front of the observers (at a finite distance) on which the viewed image appears. The picture is flat—2 dimensional (2-D). The main depth cues are: relative rates of movement for objects at different distances in space with movement of the camera (i.e., some objects passing behind others); the diminishing size of a receding object or the increasing size of an object approaching the camera; and the use of color. The problem is that the observer&#39;s eyes do not converge differently for objects at various depths in the scene as they do in nature.  
      To solve the problem and bring the reality of depth or 3-dimensions (3-D) to the scene (without glasses), our new system depends on some component of horizontal relative motion between camera and scene. Successive views of the scenes captured by the camera provide a “look around” feature while the camera or scene-objects move left, right, forward or backward relative to each other. In addition, instead of the screen being placed at a finite view-distance, we “effectively” move it to infinity so that both eyes see exactly the same image (as though looking at distant mountains). If no relative motion is present the scene will appear outside the reach of depth cues (as when one looks at distant mountains), but it turns to spectacular 3-D (without glasses) when this motion is present. Even if the camera was stationary, if a component of horizontal motion occurred anywhere in the scene, that element in the scene will also be in 3-D.  
      There are other benefits to an infinitely distant screen, such as: every eye in the viewing area sees exactly the same thing (all looking parallel to one another); everyone sees the scene as though their eyes were at the camera&#39;s lens; all eyes see the same resolution and therefore an HDTV projector can replace cumbersome film projectors; no one sees the kind of distorted picture as an observer would see viewing a conventional display up close but way to one side and above or below the screen&#39;s center.  
      The means to achieve a distant screen in a practical way is to start with a screen “behind” the audience and image it to infinity by a collimating spherically-concaved mirror in front of the audience (similar to the way it is done in aircraft flight simulators for only a few people, but in those simulators, only a few viewers are nearer the center of curvature of the mirror than in the method we propose and the angle of view is 7.5 times wider than for our system). The flight simulators either use very large concaved ground and polished glass surfaces (about 8 feet high) or a very thin reflective mylar which is formed into the required concaved shape by use of a servo-controlled vacuum behind the mirror&#39;s surface.  
      The following is partial list of camera/scene relationships that appear in three dimensions either without the need for observers to wear glasses (as in the concaved mirror test) and with the need for glasses (as in the glasses test methods of the prism wedge over one eye):  
      1. Camera moving in any direction (with a component of horizontal motion) and with objects both stationary and moving in all directions relative to the camera: walking with camera; camera in car; camera on bicycle; camera in helicopter; camera on surf board; camera on snow skies; camera on a roller-coaster; camera carried along underwater by swimmers or vehicles;  
      2. Camera stationary and scene objects moving with any component of horizontal motion relative to camera: merry-go-round; on bridge overlooking traffic going in both directions; at a train station with people walking in all directions; at the beach looking at the waves and water washing to shore with people walking by and dog playing in the sand; surfing; smoke or dust plumes; dancing; players in basketball game; parades; sparks from a welder&#39;s torch.  
      Many, if not most scenes in old and new movies are in three dimensions because of the relative camera/scene motion.  
      Since it is undesirable for moviegoers to wear special glasses and have to adjust them to their particular seat to screen distance and it is also impractical to build theatres with huge screens and great viewing distances, a compromise theatre design is proposed.  
      In the proposed theatre, it is desired to retain a stadium seating arrangement (to allow all spectators to see the show without interference by the person&#39;s head in front of them) and to present every theatre seat location with essentially distortionless viewing and to provide 3-D without glasses whenever some component of relative camera/scene horizontal motion occurs using existing standard software. It is also desirable to provide 3-D multiplex theatres with a seating quantity equivalent to current theatres.  
      The screen can either reflect or transmit projected light or can be a flat panel light emitting surface that does not require a projector. In our invention using the collimating principle of a large concaved mirror, the theatre walls grow wider toward the front of the auditorium (a trapezoid seating area). All seats are parallel to one another and all eyes view the picture while looking in the same direction (i.e., as though the picture originated at infinity). A person coming down the aisle with his popcorn/drink will continue to see smooth 3-D (without glasses) all the way to his seat. There are no alternating zones of perturbed information. The observer&#39;s head can be oriented at any angle with respect to the mirror&#39;s image (i.e., he can even stand on his head and still see 3-D without glasses). All observers in the audience (close to or far from the collimating means) while looking parallel to each other and straight ahead—see the image of the scene in a manner similar to the way the original camera saw the scene (but with 3-D added without the need for glasses of any sort).  
       FIG. 1  shows a movie camera  1  (using film or electronic storage media) moving with a component of horizontal motion while capturing views of a scene at great distances. P 1  represents an object point in the scene at infinity. Camera  1  is shown at two points in time designated by time t o  and time t 1  at which times scene point P 1  is recorded on the storage media used in camera  1 . The views thus captured become images in the successive embodiments of the playback equipment discussed in the remainder of this specification.  
       FIG. 2  shows the far image viewing geometry in a plan view of a conventional movie projection system (using film or electronic storage media) where the view captured in  FIG. 1  is projected by projector  2  onto reflective screen  3  and image point P 1i  is viewed by observer  4 . Observer  4  sees P 1i  on screen  3  with left eye E L  and right eye E R  and the sight lines from eyes to screen image are not parallel as they were for camera  1  in  FIG. 1 . Thus, the  FIG. 2  geometry does not faithfully reproduce the capture geometry of  FIG. 1  for distant scene object points.  
       FIG. 3  shows the far image viewing geometry in a plan view of one embodiment of a movie projection system according to our invention (using film or electronic storage media) where the view captured in  FIG. 1  is projected by projector  2  onto rear translucent screen  5  located in the focal surface of a spherical concaved reflecting mirror  6 . Because of this geometry, an image collimator is formed. Point P 1i  on screen  5  is viewed by observer  4  in mirror  6  and appears as a virtual image. Observer  4  sees P 1i  at infinity with left eye E L  and right eye E R.  Thus, the viewing geometry of  FIG. 3  emulates the capture geometry of  FIG. 1  for distant scene object points. Screen  5  is shown here as a curved screen for ease of illustration. However, in practical tests we have shown that a flat screen has advantages in our system.  
       FIG. 4  shows movie camera  1  (using film or electronic storage media) moving with a component of horizontal motion while capturing views of a scene containing an arbitrary point P 2  at close distance. Camera  1  is shown at two points in time designated by time t o  and time t 1  at which times scene object point P 2  is captured on the recording media used in camera  1 . The views thus captured become images in the successive embodiments of the playback equipment discussed in the remainder of this specification.  
       FIG. 5  shows the near image viewing geometry in a plan view of a conventional movie projection system (using film or electronic storage media) where projector  2  projects the views captured in  FIG. 4  onto reflective screen  3 . The images of object P 2  in  FIG. 4  are designated P 2i  in  FIG. 5  and are imaged sequentially on screen  3  at two distinct locations (one location for the image of P 2  captured at t o  and one location for the image of P 2  captured at t 1 ). Observer  4  does not see the P 2  image in the relative location designated by the relative position of camera  1  and object P 2  of  FIG. 4  but instead sees the two distinct flat images of P 2  at P 2i  for time to and P 2i  for time t 1 . The spatial location of the P 2  object of  FIG. 4  is therefore not consummated by the conventional 2-D projection system of  FIG. 5 .  
       FIG. 6  shows the near image viewing geometry in a plan view of one embodiment, according to our invention, of an image generator consisting of a movie projection system  2  identical to  FIG. 3  (using film or electronic storage media) where the views captured in  FIG. 4  are projected by projector  2  onto rear translucent screen  5  (which is shown spherical but in our invention can be a flat surface because of relatively narrow viewing angles compared with flight simulators) located in the focal surface of spherical concaved reflecting mirror  6 . Projected image point P 2i  is shown at two locations on screen  5  and represent captured object point P 2  at times t o  and t 1  from  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 6 , observer  4  with left eye E L  and right eye E R , sees the image of P 2  at P 2i ′ by imaging screen  5  in mirror  6 . Rays from a to E L  and from b to E R  are parallel to each other and rays from c to E L  and from d to E R  are parallel to each other. Rays from b to E R  and from c to E L  intersect at P 2i ′, thus placing the image of P 2  in the same relative spatial location to observer  4  as the original object point P 2  was to camera  1  (in  FIG. 4 ) in its excursion over time interval t o -t 1 . If only these two pictures were taken and continuously displayed, observer  4  would see a double exposure in  FIG. 6  as the subdued image of P 2  appears along lines d to E R  and a to E L . Since camera  1  of  FIG. 4  continuously moves, and the cross-over of ray b to E R  with ray c to E L  are stronger reinforcements, the series of pictures thus formed eliminate all double exposures and blend into an accurate rendition of the original scene in realistic 3-dimensions without the need for observers to wear glasses as the working model of our invention proves.  
       FIG. 7A  shows a plan view of the proposed 200-seat theatre viewing geometry. Our invention can use much greater or even less seating capacity but 200 was chosen as a reasonable start point to build a test theatre. In the plan view, the standard motion picture is projected by projector  2  onto screen  5  and the audience seated in trapezoid area “abcd” looks away from screen  5  and toward the large concaved mirror  6  (about 26 ft high by 52 ft wide for a 200 seat theatre) in front of the audience. The width of the audience area grows wider as they sit closer to the large mirror  6 . The large mirror&#39;s  6  purpose is to reflect an image on screen  5  but also to move that image to near infinity (hence, collimate it). The horizontal view angle of every member of the audience is 30 degrees (measured at the eye shown as angle a in  FIG. 7A ) and selected as a maximum in order to avoid distortion of the picture. The nearest observer (in the bottom corner of the seating area at c or d) would be seated about 5 ft from mirror&#39;s  6  surface. The planned gap allowance between all of mirror tiles  10  (to be described later) 99 of which are used to construct the large size concaved mirror  6 , is about one thirty second of an inch and that gap should be nearly imperceptible to the nearest observer. All of the observers will be looking parallel to each other and the center of the picture will be directly in front of each observer  4 .  
       FIG. 7B  is a side view of the projection and viewing system of  FIG. 7A .  FIG. 7B  is more complex in that it shows more clearly the locus of the audience eyes inclined to the horizontal (the standard stadium seating angle φ is about 23 degrees but other angles can be chosen ) to avoid interference of any person&#39;s view of the picture caused by the person directly in front of him. The screen  5  occupies a vertical angle of 17.1 degrees measured from the center of curvature of mirror  6 . Any aspect ratio (width to height) of picture can be displayed here as long as the maximum horizontal angle α of 30 degrees, shown in the  FIG. 7A , is maintained. For a 200-seat theatre, the angle measured from the equator E to the mirror&#39;s top G is minus 2 degrees latitude whereas the angle measured from the equator E to the mirror&#39;s  6  bottom H is minus 16.9 degrees latitude. The bottom of mirror  6  at H is extended past 16.9 degrees to a value of 17.5 degrees latitude. This is done to allow a constant height of each of 6 rows of mirror tiles  10  (to be described later in  FIGS. 18A  &amp; B) that run from the top G to the bottom H of mirror  6 . As long as mirror&#39;s  6  size occupies the physical space to intercept the expected one-half vertical views of 8.55 degrees both measured upward and downward from a horizontal reference center line for an included vertical view angle θ of 17.1 degrees maximum, all audience members will be satisfied.  
      The top observer on the 23-degree (angle φ in  FIG. 7B ) incline will see the top of the picture at point G on mirror  6 . The bottom observer on the 23-degree incline will see the bottom of the picture at point H on mirror  6 . The radius R for mirror  6 , measured from the center of curvature “o” is 100 ft for a 200-seat theatre. If the theatre were to grow to 460 seats, the value of R would increase to 150 ft but the viewing angles α and θ (both horizontally and vertically) would remain the same as for the 200-seat theatre.  
      Motion picture projector  2  in  FIGS. 7A &amp; 7B  (using either film or electronic media) is projecting the scenes photographed by the camera  1  of  FIG. 1  or  FIG. 4  onto the rear projection screen  5 . Screen  5  is shown flat as the collimating image of screen  5  in mirror  6  has minimal distortion for a flat screen due to the small horizontal view angle α of 30 degrees for each observer. A flat screen is cheaper to make than a compound curved one. A 30 degree horizontal view angle α is that angle subtended by the sides of a conventional movie theatre screen as measured at the optimum eye location near center theatre. It also corresponds with a frequently used camera capture angle. The audience view area is defined by the area encompassed by the letters abcd in  FIG. 7A  and is contained in a plane surface including points b and c of  FIG. 7B  inclined φ degrees (about 23 degrees for stadium seating). Within the view area, an arbitrary observer&#39;s  4  eye is shown viewing the collimated picture with approximately a 30 degree (angle α in  FIG. 7A ) horizontal view angle (shown in  FIG. 7A ) and approximately a 15 to 17 degree vertical view angle (shown as angle θ in  FIG. 7B ), depending on the desired picture aspect ratio (width to height).  
      The geometry of image collimation by concaved mirror  6  using a picture in its focal plane (screen  5 ) is a very old idea and written into many old optics books. An example is John Strong&#39;s book “Concepts of Classical Optics” copyrighted 1958 by W.H. Freeman and Co., Inc. The drawing of the spherical concaved mirror&#39;s collimating properties with any image points on the focal surface of the mirror is shown on page 370 of the book ( FIG. 16-12 ). U.S. Pat. No. 3,784,742 of Jan. 8, 1974 by D. Burnham, et al, shows the principal for collimating light by this method for simulators (but Burnham&#39;s patent utilizes the same approach to collimation as described in Strong&#39;s 1958 book). This geometry for collimation is about as old as using a lens with the image at the focal plane of the lens in order to collimated the image as shown in several very old optics books. Even the method of collimating light by merely placing the viewing screen at a great distance is not new. It is written in books that depth is not observed beyond a certain distance. An example, is a book by A. W. Judge, “Stereoscopic Photography”-1950 Chapman and Hall, Ltd., page 26. What is new however in our invention, is the application of the properties of a moving image (having some component of horizontal relative motion between camera and scene) received as from nearly an infinite distance by the left and right eyes of any member of an audience (in the viewing space) to generate 3-D motion pictures or television without the need for glasses. The key is to have an identical image on the right and left eye of any given observer at the same instant in time and change this image by a succession of moving images resulting from a relative horizontal motion of the scene/camera and at a rate consistent with persistence of vision. This moving 3-D imagery occurs because of intersecting rays from successive frames in scene/camera relative motion during playback of the scene images. The brain does the remainder of the work through the agency of persistence of vision.  
      By presenting a succession of scene image frames derived from some component of horizontal camera/scene motion and by assuring that an identical image appears at nearly the same location on an observer&#39;s left and right eye&#39;s retina, the brain can cognize the depth information already contained in the successive frames, in the same way that it cognizes the motion contained in successive frames. The moving 3-D imagery occurs because of intersecting rays establishing a scene&#39;s location points from successive frames acquired during scene/camera relative motion in the playback of the scene image. When the successive frames are presented, the brain cognizes the motion in linking the frames by the persistence of vision. For the brain to perceive an item as moving it must connect these various frames, but because of intersecting rays (for any given point in space) coming from successive frames, the brain cannot connect the frames without also locating the points in space. We have made our system to generate 3-D images by making use of what happens in the brain “between the frames”. When the same image is presented at different locations within the two eyes (as happens when the eyes toe in on standard television and movie systems) then the depth information contained in the difference between frames is lost.  
      There are a number of methods for constructing the large mirror of  FIG. 7 . One method such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,750,808 dated Jun. 14, 1988 by G. Nash, et al, uses a metallic foil such as aluminized polyester “Melinex” stretched over a vacuum chamber box with curved sides that follow the required screen curvature. An internal positioning sensor determines the vacuum pressure to keep the right curvature of the metallic foil. SEOS Displays Ltd., at Burgess Hill, West Sussex, U.K., makes flexible concaved mirrors several feet in size by a similar process for the flight simulators. Currently a reflective mylar sheet width is about 10 feet as an upper limit. In the future perhaps much larger thin film reflective sheets may be available. Another method for constructing the large mirror is to piece it together with a mosaic of cells (or mirror tiles  10  as this specification calls them). These mirror tiles  10  would take on the shape of the surface of a globe map of the world with the space between curved latitude and longitude lines as the mirror tile  10  shape. In addition, the mirror tiles  10  can be made identical using a common geometric shape. The spherical shape of any mirror tile  10  of the mosaic or segmented mirror matrix can be made by compression molded SMC (Sheet Molded Compound) material the way the roof of a car is made-only inverted as a concaved surface. This surface can have a reflective overlay attached to it as from a thin mirrored acrylic sheet. Another method for generating a sphere shaped mirror is to form stainless steel by use of a large punch and die or by stretch forming and then to mirror-polish. Another method would be to thermal/vacuum form mirrored plastic sheets.  
      In addition to the 3-D without glasses approach which we tested using the concaved mirror, we also tested the “effects” of the process in existing theatres (starting near the end of the 1980&#39;s while observing what portions of the movies give the 3-D results) using a special pair of glasses that collimate one eye to the unaided view of the other eye. The result is to make the theatre screen appear to be at infinity.  FIG. 8  shows the glasses method to verify the same results obtained with the collimating mirror approach.  
      In the glasses system, collimation can be “effectively” created by the use of special view-glasses that horizontally divert rays entering one eye so that the retina of each eye (left and right) receives the exact image in the same position, size and shape that it would be in if both eyes were viewing a single collimated image. This can be achieved by a fixed or adjustable wedge prism over one of the observer&#39;s eyes.  
      In order to achieve the 3-D results with the implementation of  FIG. 8 , arbitrary point P on screen  3  must be seen with parallel sight lines from each of the two eyes (E L  and E R  ). Without wedge prism  7 , the sight lines converge to P on screen  3  and there is no 3-D. With the wedge prism  7  over one eye (in this case, the right eye E R  is shown with wedge prism  7  but it could have been the left eye E L  ) the sight lines are rendered parallel and the 2-D moving picture on screen  3  turns into 3-D whenever there is a relative horizontal motion (left or right) between the camera/scene. The ray deviation angle is ε. The wedge prism  7  angle is β in order to result in a ray deviation of ε when wedge prism  7  has an index of refraction n. The formula for this relationship is: β=ε/n-1 and ε=tan −1  (2.5/D) where both 2.5 and D are given in inches.  
       FIGS. 9 A  &amp; B shows an alternate image collimating embodiment of our invention where the physical screen  3  is placed about 700 feet away from the nearest observer S and is also made very large (say 25 times the area of current theatre screens so as to encompass a horizontal viewing angle of about 30 degrees). There will be several thousands of seats and the observer at each seat will see the picture as the camera saw it and the picture will appear in 3-D whenever there is some component of “relative horizontal motion” in any direction between camera and scene. The cost and power requirements for such a large screen are prohibitive. In the case of the distant screen (beyond 700 feet), the left and right eyes of the observers have nearly identical images formed on each eye&#39;s retina.  
       FIGS. 9A  &amp; B show a plan and side view, respectively, of this embodiment in which a great distance is maintained (about 700 feet from screen  3  to the nearest observer S in viewing area mnpq). About 24,000 viewers can be seated in viewing area mnpq. The left and right eyes of any observer will see any point in the screen  3  image with about ½ arc minutes difference between each eye and so the image will be essentially collimated and appear to come from infinity. In practice, a projector  2  throwing a 523 foot wide by 295 foot high image onto screen  3  would take unheard of LASER power but could become practical with improved LASER development. An alternate method is to build the screen of a matrix of smaller multi-pixel light modulators (such as liquid crystal) so that backlight from the bright sky (about 2000-foot lamberts) would eliminate the need for high power. As an example, the audience could sit in an air-conditioned room and look out at the distant screen (even in the desert). Screen  3  should have a very large black border around it to limit the direct sky light from striking the audience and thus reducing the effective image brightness.  
       FIG. 10  shows a plan view of three points (A, B and E) in the scene to be captured by a laterally travelling camera  1  (having film or electronic storage media). Camera  1  can be any motion picture or television camera that captures multiple pictures over an extended time interval. Camera  1  is shown at three locations along its path at three points in time ( t 1 , t 2  and t 3  ) corresponding to the times of occurrence for three successively captured frames of the scene. For reference, angles α and θ are given to help establish the geometry-shape and to correlate this shape with the playback imagery geometry of  FIG. 11 . The three frames are selected to make the explanation simple. Actually, there are as many points in time as there are frames in the movie or television capture rate.  
      In  FIG. 11 , the collimating nature of the invention described in  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9  assures that any ray&#39;s direction from the three scene points to camera  1  in  FIG. 10  (as camera  1  moves to each of the three locations in time), is maintained in playback for both eyes of any arbitrary observer  4  such as left eye E L  and right eye E R  as shown in  FIG. 11 . Any two rays corresponding to the same image point (as A, B or E from  FIG. 10 ) will intersect and move to the left if camera  1  tracks to the right or move to the right if camera  1  tracks to the left. In  FIG. 11 , point A 1 A 2  represents the spatial position of the image of point A of  FIG. 10  between times t 1  and t 2  while point A 2 A 3  represents the spatial position of the image of point A of  FIG. 10  between times t 2  and t 3 .  
      This invention provides 3-D viewing without glasses for the audience when the tracking camera  1  is looking in any direction (up, down, left, right, forward and to the rear and any other angular relationship) relative to the camera&#39;s direction of motion which can be at most any angle except around the vertical as it must have a component of horizontal tracking motion.  
      In  FIG. 12 , stationary movie camera  1  (with film or electronic storage media) is shown capturing a laterally translating array of object points A, B and E at three distinct points in time t 1 , t 2  and t 3 . The subscript to A, B or E indicates the spatial location of A, B or E either at time t 1 , t 2  or t 3 . Therefore a subscript A 1  is the location of point A relative to camera  1  at time t 1 . Although the translation direction is shown to the left in  FIG. 12 , it could be in any lateral direction in practice.  
       FIG. 13  shows a plan view of the imaging geometry for an arbitrary observer  4  receiving identical collimated views corresponding to the ray angles captured in  FIG. 12  at the three points of time t 1 , t 2  and t 3  for laterally translating scene points A, B and E. The reference line for  FIG. 13  is taken through the nodes of the two eyes (E L  and E R ) of observer  4 . This reference line is taken parallel to the direction of motion of the three object points A, B, E in  FIG. 12 . This ray construction is chosen for simplicity of illustration. Again, in practice, the translating objects can make any angle with respect to the image plane of camera  1  so that the image translation angle with respect to the chosen reference line in  FIG. 13  can be any desired angle. Also, for simplicity, the capture times t 1 , t 2  and t 3  are taken at three consecutive frame times for camera  1 . In  FIG. 13 , any of the  12  rays are drawn by duplicating  6  rays for each eye (E L  and E R ) of arbitrary observer  4  in like manner to the  6  rays captured during the three separate exposures of the imaging media (film or electronic) to the scene object emitted light for object points A, B, E. Because the  6  rays are duplicated for E L  and E R , it follows that the scene image must be collimated. Because the image is collimated for every person in the viewing space, all observers will see an identical picture and this picture will emulate what the camera  1  captured in  FIG. 12 .  
      In  FIG. 12 , any ray is identified by either 1 or 2 letters with their corresponding subscripts (such as B 1 E 1  or E 2 ). In  FIG. 13 , a given image point is determined by an intersection of two rays containing the same point (i.e., point B). The point B 1 B 2 , representing point B at a translated point in time, results from combining rays B 1 E 1  with A 1 B 2  (from  FIG. 12 ) as an example. It is evident from  FIG. 13  that the original scene made of left translating object points A, B and E of  FIG. 12  , is reproduced in left translation parallel to the chosen reference line through the two eyes of observer  4 .  
       FIG. 14A  is a plan view of an alternate embodiment of a large audience image generating projection system  2  and image collimator  6  which is identical to  FIG. 7  except that screen  3  behind the audience is reflective in  FIG. 14A  and screen  5  is transmissive in  FIG. 7 . In addition, the projector  2  is relocated to the front of the auditorium in  FIG. 14  where the image projected onto reflective screen  3  is laterally reversed by use of plane mirror  8  so that the right side of the image is on the right side of concaved mirror  6  as the observers look toward mirror  6 .  FIG. 14B  is a side elevation view of  FIG. 14A . In  FIG. 7 , the image is automatically laterally reversed to concaved mirror  6  so that observers looking toward the concaved mirror  6  in either  FIG. 7  or  FIG. 14  will see the final image oriented correctly. One advantage of the embodiment of  FIG. 14  over  FIG. 7  is that the folded nature of projection cuts the theatre length in half. A disadvantage might be that projection from front to back might bother some people as light rays tend to illuminate dust particles in the theatre. Mirror  8  in  FIG. 14A  can be dispensed with if an electronic projector  2  is used as that projector could be modified to reverse the horizontal scan direction.  
      If multi-theatres under a common roof are planned, the radial arrangement of about eight theatres allows a single light source at the center of the theatre complex (and center of curvature of the concaved mirror  6 ) to service all theatres simultaneously. This provision reduces cost of electrical power. Should the cost of power escalate, this method will be cost effective for multi-auditorium theatres. The high contrast translucent screen  5 , of  FIG. 7  eliminates the need for a flat lateral reversing mirror  8  as in the theatre of  FIG. 14A .  
       FIG. 15  is identical to  FIG. 14  and  FIG. 7  except in the type of screen  9  used in  FIG. 15  and also the elimination of projector  2 . In screen  9 , the picture elements are electronically controlled.  FIG. 15A  is a plan view while  FIG. 15B  is a side elevation view. Screen  9  along with its associated drive electronics, constitute an image generator (to replace a projector) in this embodiment of our invention. Screen  9  can be an active “emitting” flat panel screen electronically controlled as with various conventional flat panel displays consisting of the following but not limited to: plasma, electroluminescent; light emitting diodes; Microbead or Microtip; edge illuminated shuttered panel with sequential use of rapidly changing colored lights (as red, green and blue); fiber optics with spatially arranged fibers to carry a remote small image to the larger surface. Screen  9  can be any other self-emitting display surface. Screen  9  can also be a light modulating “passive” transparent surface such as liquid crystal and could be backlit by a diffusing light source.  
      The purpose of  FIG. 16A  is to determine the optical relationships of key parameters in the projection system using the collimating mirror  6  such as: the radius (R) of the concaved mirror  6 ; its focal length (F); the position of the screen  5  from the mirror&#39;s node n (distance A) and the virtual image location (B) in space measured from the mirror&#39;s node n.  FIG. 16A  shows the layout of these parameters. The following is a listing of the mirror&#39;s basic imaging formulas: 
 
 B =( M− 1) F=FA /( F−A )= AM  
 
 A=B/M=F−F/M=FB /( F+B ) 
 
 M=B/A=F /( F−A )=( B+F )/ F , where  M =magnification between the screen 5 and the virtual image of the screen 5i 
 
 F =sphere radius/2 =AM /( M− 1)= B /( M− 1)= AB /( B−A ) 
 
 The rule is that A=F (is ideal); A less than F (is ok); A greater than F (is not allowed) 
 
      In setting up the projection system, measure the distance between the mirror&#39;s  6  node n and the screen  5  to be “A”=50 feet (assume an ideal radius (R) of the sphere=100 ft and the focal length (F) of the sphere=50 ft). Calculate how much “F” can grow from 50 ft (if A is set to 50 ft.) to give a virtual image − 5   i  greater than 716 ft from the mirror&#39;s node-n.  
      If “A” is set to 50 ft, in order to have the image 716-ft behind the concaved mirror&#39;s node-n, the focal length (F) of mirror  6  must increase to 53.75 ft. and the radius of the mirror R would increase by 7.5 ft or 90 inches or 7.5%. This knowledge is helpful in the construction of the molded mirror  10  shape which would have a +90 inch −0 inch tolerance on its specified radius of 100 ft.  
       FIG. 16B  shows a typical observer  4  with his two eyes (E L  &amp; E R  ) separated by about 2.5 inches (on average) viewing a distant point  5   i  in space such that his two eyes converge with an angle of one minute of arc (shown as angle α in  FIG. 16B  -the minimum angle for a 20-20 viewer to resolve between 2 elements in close proximity in space). The distance to the convergent point calculates to 716 feet. Therefore, we want the virtual image  5   i  caused by the theatre optics of  FIG. 16A  to be at least 716 feet in space but ideally at infinity. Infinity viewing of the virtual image occurs only if screen  5  is placed exactly in the focal plane F of concaved mirror  6  (which is one-half the radius of curvature of mirror  6 ).  
       FIG. 17A  uses a sketch of a sphere of radius R and center at o to show the general means to identify a mirror tile  10  shape by employing both latitude lines (x 1 , x 2 ) and longitude lines (y 1 , y 2 ). As shown in  FIG. 17B  and  FIG. 20 , the final concaved mirror  6  is a “segmented” mirror constructed of a matrix of mirror tiles  10 . The shape of all mirror tiles  10  needs to be programmed into the LASER peripheral trimmer. It has been determined that all four sides of the mirror-tile  10  shape can be approximated by straight lines because of the long radius of curvature and the small size of mirror tile  10 . The final shape of mirror tiles  10  resembles a trapezoid.  
      In  FIG. 17A  for a 200-seat theatre with a 100-foot radius R sphere, the longitude lines y 1  and y 2  are 1.875 degrees apart and the latitude lines x 1  and x 2  are 2.583 degrees apart. The shaded portion between the latitude and longitude lines represents a typical mirror tile  10 .  
       FIG. 17B  shows a side view of the completed concaved mirror  6  of radius R with its center of curvature at point o. Segmented concaved mirror  6  is shown after the assembly of a matrix of all of the mirror tiles  10  of which there are  6  mirror tiles  10  running from the top of mirror  6  at point G to the bottom of mirror  6  at point H for a total of  6  rows of mirror tiles  10  with each row containing about  16  identical mirror tiles  10  for any particular row. This assembly of the mirror tiles  10  is shown in  FIG. 20A . Although  6  rows of mirror tiles  10  are shown for a 200-seat theatre, the total quantity of mirror tiles  10  in the final concaved mirror  6  assembly matrix of mirror tiles  10  can vary depending on audience size and the slope of the seating floor.  
       FIG. 17B  shows “vertical” information in a side view of the geodesic structure (concaved mirror  6 ). The final large concaved mirror  6  (constructed of 99 mirror-tiles  10 ) resides between latitude negative 2 degrees at its top G and negative 17.5 degrees at its bottom H. This arc length from G to H at the 1200 inch radius is 324.631 inches which if divided by 6 (for the 6 rows of mirror tiles  10 ) equals 54.1 inches for the arc height of one mirror tile  10 . All mirror tiles  10  have the same height. Although mirror tiles  10  are completely identical in any given horizontal row, the width of mirror tiles  10  changes slightly between the  6  rows and therefore there are 6 different sizes of mirror tiles  10  in the concaved mirror  6  assembly matrix of mirror tiles  10 .  
       FIG. 17C  shows how U-pins  11  are employed to capture the mirror tiles  10  to the geodesic structure made of nodes  12  and struts  13  (detailed in  FIG. 19 ) which forms concaved mirror  6 .  FIG. 17C  shows a U-pin  11  (detailed in  FIG. 21 ) at each node  12  (detailed in  FIG. 19 ). Any U-pin locks  3  mirror tiles  10  together as shown in  FIG. 17C . There are a total of 99 mirror tiles  10  and 121 U-pins  11  and 121 nodes  12  (where the concaved mirror- 6  aluminum struts  13  come together in 6 places—reference  FIG. 19 ).  FIG. 17C  shows the total height K of the assembly of 6 mirror tiles  10 , where each mirror tile&#39;s  10  height in each row is k and K=6 k.  
       FIG. 18A  shows the back view of mirror tile  10 . Point n is the center of the mirror tile  10  (the lowest point on the spherical surface connecting with the center of curvature of concaved mirror- 6 ). The single slot “a” is contained in an upper ledge of mirror tile  10  and the upper ledge points toward the mirror tile  10  center of curvature. The dual slots “b” are contained in a lower ledge of the mirror tile  10  where the lower ledge also points toward the mirror tile  10  center of curvature. All a and b slots will each receive U-pin  11 . Notches c and d in the top and bottom ledges of mirror-tile  10  respectively, and the bottom of the surface containing notch d, are all used as reference elements for correctly positioning mirror tile  10  for the LASER cutting operation that will trim mirror tile  10  so that all mirror tiles  10  fit into the completed concaved mirror- 6  assembly of matrix mirror tiles  10 . In  FIG. 18A , a thin reflective mirror sheet  15  is shown attached (via adhesive) to the front of mirror tile  10 .  
       FIG. 18B , shows the front of mirror tile  10 . After mirror tile  10  is molded, a reflective thin mirrored sheet  15  is glued onto the front of mirror tile  10  (via a vacuum bag to assure that the mirror surface follows the molded mirror tile  10  concaved surface with a  100 -foot radius). A suitable adhesive is Lord Corporation&#39;s 7422 one part Urethane. Mirror sheet  15  may be an acrylic mirror about 1/16 inch thick or a super  8  non-directional 20 gage mirrored stainless steel sheet or even a reflective mylar sheet (without print-through features). The dashed line represents the final LASER cut-line for the trapezoid mirror tile  10  shape to be performed at a later time. There are  6  different shapes of mirror tiles  10  all with the same height but with varied widths in a trapezoid shape and all made from the same mold.  
      The lamination of the reflective mirror sheet  15  to the molded mirror tile  10  form involves the adhesive preparation and application followed by the vacuum bag processes where the mirror sheet  15  is held in contact against the spherical molded surface by vacuum pressure until the adhesive has properly gelled.  
      The key element in our invention is the large spherically concaved mirror  6  at the front of the audience. The means to achieve this large mirror is to build its surface area (about 26 ft×52 ft) out of mirror tiles  10 . A quantity of 99 mirror tiles  10 , each about 41 inch×55 inch in size, are required for a 200 seat theatre in order to have a reasonable mirror tile  10  size for ease of assembly.  FIG. 19  through  FIG. 22  inclusive show the major parts of the structure required to assemble all of these tiles to form the large concaved mirror  6 . The major parts of the concaved mirror  6  assembly are: 99 mirror tiles  10  (shown in  FIG. 18 ),  121  nodes with 6 struts  13  per node (shown in  FIG. 19 ), 121 U-Pins  11  (shown in  FIG. 21 ) and 121 Diving Boards  14  (shown in  FIG. 22 ). The assembly of these components is shown in  FIG. 20  and  FIG. 23  with the final structure shown in  FIG. 24 .  
      The concaved mirror  6  geodesic structure is made of aluminum struts  13  arranged in triangles with the apex of the triangle called a “node”  12  shown in  FIG. 19 . Each node has 6 struts  13  connected to it. There are 121 nodes in the construction of a 200-seat theatre as shown in the  FIG. 20  mirror tile  10  array making the concaved mirror matrix assembly  6 . Our first theatre will seat 200 people and the concaved mirror  6  assembly of 99 mirror tiles  10  will have a radius of 1200 inches and will occupy the space between longitudes 0 and 30 degrees and between latitudes minus 2 and minus 17.5 degrees.  FIG. 19A  shows a plan view of node  12  with struts  13  and  FIG. 19B  shows a front view of a typical node  12  of the structure with the 6 struts  13  attached. In the center of node  12  is a 3.5 inch diameter “flat” area F onto which diving board  14  will be attached (the diving board is detailed in  FIG. 22 ). There are 4 bolt holes (a,b,c,d) and 2 locator pin  19  holes (e &amp; f—one at 12 o&#39;clock and one at 6 o&#39;clock) in this “flat” area (ref  FIG. 22 ). A typical bolt  20  is shown for reference in  FIGS. 19A  &amp; B.  
       FIG. 19A  shows the plan view of aluminum gusset node  12  (about ⅜ inch thick) which is very slightly formed (with a radius of curvature of about 100 feet) into a conical surface for attachment of the 6 mirror struts  13  (shown in their method of attachment by bolting). In  FIG. 19B , the front view of the node  12  is shown with the 6 mirror struts  13  with bolts  20  attaching struts  13  to node  12 . The diameter of node  12  is about 14.2 inches. The central portion of node  12  is not conical but is a flat surface F about 3.5 inches in diameter against which a diving board  14  ( FIG. 22 ) will be attached using two locator pins  19  through the 6 O&#39;clock and 12 O&#39;clock holes (shown in  FIGS. 22B  &amp; C) and the 4 bolts  20  shown. The diving board  14  is detailed in  FIG. 22  and is shown in assembly with mirror tile  10 , node  12  and U-pin  11  in  FIG. 23 .  
       FIG. 20  shows an assembly of all 99 of the mirror tiles  10  and that each mirror tile  10  will attach to a single node  12  at top center (slot a of  FIG. 18 ) and attach to two additional nodes  12  at mirror tile&#39;s  10  base (1 on the right and 1 on the left bottom corner using slots b of mirror tile  10 ). Each of the 121 nodes  12  will capture 3 mirror tiles  10 .  FIG. 20  shows that 6 rows of mirror tiles  10  are required for a 200-seat theatre. The height of the mirror tiles  10  in all 6 rows will be identical but as the rows progress downward the width decreases slightly due to the fact that all mirror tiles  10  are on a sphere shape in the negative latitudes. The final sizing of the mirror tiles  10  will be done by a LASER cutter to plus or minus 0.005 inch accuracy after the acrylic mirror  15  (reference  FIG. 18 ) is laminated to the molded mirror tile  10  concaved surface.  
      Each of the mirror tiles  10  will have a concaved reflective spherical shape with a 100-foot radius of curvature. As in  FIG. 17B , the top G of the concaved mirror assembly  6  is located at negative 2 degrees latitude and the bottom H of the concaved mirror assembly  6  is located at negative 17.5 degrees latitude. Each mirror tile  10  height will be identical and equal to ⅙ of (17.5−2) degrees.  
       FIGS. 21A , B and C, respectively are showing the plan, side and end views of the U-pin  11 . The diameter d of U-pin  11  is 0.25 inch and the height h and width w of U-pin  11  is 5 inches as measured between the centerline of each of the downward prods of the U-shape. The assembly of the U-pin  11  into the concaved mirror assembly  6  of 99 mirror tiles  10  is shown in  FIG. 23 .  
      The U-pin  11  is so named because of its “U”-shape. Its purpose is to capture mirror tiles  10  to the geodesic structure (concaved mirror  6 ) and hold mirror tile  10  at the proper attitude to assure the integrity of concaved mirror&#39;s  6  continuous spherical surface. The U-pin  11  prods will go through slots a and b on mirror tile  10  (reference  FIG. 18A ) and then into holes g and h on diving board  14  (reference  FIG. 22B ). This assembly of mirror tile  10 , U-pin  11  and diving board  14  is shown in  FIG. 23 . Since diving board  14  is attached directly to any of the  121  nodes  12  of the geodesic structure (concaved mirror  6 ), when the U-pins  11  go through the slots a &amp; b on the molded mirror tile  10  and through holes g &amp; h on diving board  14 , mirror tile  10  is captured to the geodesic structure (concaved mirror  6 ).  
       FIG. 22A  shows a front view of diving board  14 .  FIG. 22B  shows a plan view of diving board  14 .  FIG. 22C  shows a side view of diving board  14 . Diving board  14  is a partly molded and machined part with two pressed in locating steel pins  19  pressed into holes e &amp; f in  FIG. 22A . These locating pins  19  are in the circular flange section of the diving board  14  as shown in  FIG. 22A . The circular flange section is 3.5 inches in diameter and butts against the 3.5 inch flat area F of node  12  (described and shown in  FIG. 19B ). Bolt holes a, b, c, and d shown in  FIG. 22A  allow bolts to capture diving board  14  to node  12 . Each of the nodes  12  (on the concaved side) have a diving board  14  protruding from its center area and normal to the flat surface F of node  12 . The base of mirror tile  10  will rest on diving board  14  and be captured by U-pin  11  as shown in the assembly drawing  FIG. 23 . The separation distance W between the centers of 0.25 inch diameter holes g and h in  FIG. 22B  is  5  inches and receives the two prods of U-pin  11 . Surfaces S 1  and S 2  of the diving board  14  of  FIG. 22C  are machined accurately to be mutually perpendicular. Section A-A of  FIG. 22B  is shown as  FIG. 22C . The angled portion of diving board  14  shown in side view in  FIG. 22C  and in front view  FIG. 22A , has the purpose of strengthening diving board  14  to sustain a load of about 50 lbs from the weight of mirror tile  10 .  
      After the geodesic structure (concaved mirror  6 ) with the 121 diving boards  14  is set up in the theatre, the only operation remaining is to attach the mirror tiles  10  to the geodesic structure (concaved mirror  6 ). The quantity of basic elements required for attachment are: 121 U-pins  11 ; 99 mirror tiles  10 ; 2 assemblers in 2 mechanical lifts.  
      Two separate lifts (each with a bucket to hold a person and which is typically used by construction workers to reach high altitudes) is used in this case to lift the 99 mirror tiles  10  into position on the concaved mirror structure  6 . One assembler is in the front lift bucket with a mirror tile  10  and another assembler is in the rear lift bucket with 121 U-pins  11  (1 for each node  12  of the geodesic structure—concaved mirror  6 ). When the front assembler sets a mirror tile  10  on a diving board  14  attached to node  12 , the rear assembler inserts U-pins  11  to capture the mirror tile  10  in 3 places (3 nodes 12 per mirror tile  10 —ref.  FIG. 20 ). With 121 U-pins  11  anchored in 121 nodes  12  and into 121 diving boards  14 , all of the mirror tiles  10  are captured into the geodesic structure-concaved mirror  6 .  
       FIG. 23  shows a side view in the assembly of 3 mirror tiles  10 . They are shown as ( 10   a ,  10   b  and  10   c ), running from the top to the bottom, respectively.  FIG. 23  shows more clearly how the mirror tiles  10  are captured to the geodesic structure concaved mirror  6 . The mirror tiles  10  are captured at nodes  12  by means of the U-pin  11  and diving board  14 .  
      At the top of  FIG. 23 , the bottom ledge of mirror tile  10   a  is shown resting on a diving board  14  and pinned in place by U-pin  11  which passes through one of the slots b from  FIG. 18A  at the base of mirror tile  10   a . U-pin  11  continues through the two holes g and h in diving board  14 . Only one of the holes in diving board  14  is shown for clarity and receives one of the U-pin prods. The second hole in diving board  14  is hidden from view behind the foremost hole in diving board  14 . U-pin  11  continues through diving board  14  and into slot a from  FIG. 18A  at the top ledge of the next mirror tile  10   b  in the array of mirror tiles  10  shown in  FIG. 20 . This second mirror tile  10   b  beneath the top mirror tile  10   a  is cut away in  FIG. 23  so that the exact assembly of the next set of mirror tiles, one above and one beneath each other, can be repeated as described above. In reality there is a slight spherical curve (a radius of 100 feet) to the front of each mirror tile  10  as they are assembled as shown in  FIG. 23 , such that each of the diving boards  14  points toward the center of curvature o from  FIG. 7  of mirror tiles  10  to form the final geodesic concaved mirror  6  shown in  FIG. 7  and which is shown also in several of the other figures in this specification. In addition, the arrow L in  FIG. 23  points to a line element made by the intersection of the diving board  14  top protruding surface S 2  (reference  FIG. 22C ) with its end surface S 3  (also shown in  FIG. 22C ) such that this line element L will be parallel with the ground  18  (reference  FIG. 24 ) for all 121 of the diving boards  14 . The overlaid reflecting surface  15  of the concaved mirror  6  is also applied to each of the mirror tiles  10 . Mirror tile  10   a  has reflective overlay  15   a  while mirror tile  10   b  has reflective overlay  15   b  and mirror tile  10   c  has reflective overlay  15   c , etc.  
       FIG. 24  shows the final assembly of the geodesic structure concaved mirror  6  as it will rest on the floor of the theatre (represented by the ground  18 ) in front of the audience. The center of curvature of mirror  6  is at o on equator E at a height H=30 feet above the ground  18 . The top of concaved mirror  6  is at latitude negative 2 degrees represented by angle α and the bottom of the mirror  6  is at latitude negative 17.5 degrees represented by angle θ. The radius of concaved mirror  6  is R=100 feet. Supporting members  16  attach to concaved mirror  6  and are anchored into the cement slab  17  resting on the ground  18 . This will hold the concaved mirror  6  at the proper attitude for audience viewing.  
      Note: Although this specification has called out numerous dimensions and angles, it is understood that many other dimensions and angles can also be designed into our invention but that those mentioned here are merely those that we have chosen for the test theatre seating only 200 people.  
      In one implementation, the invention is a means to have an identical image of a scene on the right and left eye of any given observer at the same instant in time and changing the image by a succession of moving images resulting from a relative horizontal motion of the scene/camera and at a rate consistent with persistence of vision causing intersecting rays from any given object location point in the scene to determine the spatial location of the object location point in the scene in the playback of the scene while allowing the brain to cognize the depth information already contained in the succession of moving images as it cognizes the motion contained in the succession of moving images by means of persistence of vision  
      In another implementation, the invention is a means for recording sequential views of a scene with a motion picture camera in a manner such that between each sequential view recorded, some component of horizontal relative motion takes place between the camera and the scene.  
      In a still further implementation, the invention is a means for reproducing the recorded sequential views of the scene onto a screen to be viewed by plural observers, the screen or image of the screen appearing to be at a great distance from the plural observers such that all eyes of the plural observers see the same image of the recorded sequential views of the scene at the same time  
      In yet another implementation, the invention is a means for obtaining sequential views of a scene using computer graphics in a manner such that between each sequential view, some component of horizontal relative motion takes place between the sequential views and the scene.  
      In another implementation, the invention is a means for reproducing the sequential views of the computer graphics scene onto a screen to be viewed by plural observers, the screen appearing to be at a great distance from the plural observers such that all eyes of the plural observers see the same image of the sequential views of the computer graphics scene at the same time  
      In another implementation, the invention is a reproduction apparatus that provides image of sequential views of scenes at great distance from plural observers and comprised of: a stationary flat screen at the rear of the plural observers; a segmented spherically concaved mirror in front of the plural observers reflecting the image of the sequential views of the scene from the screen such that all the plural observers see the sequential views of the scene reflected in the segmented spherically concaved mirror and collimated as though appearing to be at great distance from the plural observers.  
      The reproduction apparatus that provides the image of the recorded sequential views of a scene at great distance from the plural observers by means of the screen being physically located at a great distance from the plural observers. The reproduction apparatus can provides the sequential views of a scene at a great distance from the plural observers by means of a wedge prism over one eye of each of the plural observers although the screen, on which the sequential views of a scene are formed, is at close proximity to the plural observers.  
      In another implementation, the invention is an apparatus for displaying stereoscopic motion pictures to the plural observers, and includes the screen located substantially at the focal surface of the concaved mirror and located behind the plural observers; a segmented spherically concaved mirror in front of the plural observers, the concaved mirror made of smaller mirror tiles with top and bottom of the mirror tiles having ledges on the mirror tile back side, the ledges containing slots; the ledges pointed toward the concaved mirror&#39;s center of curvature; each of the mirror tiles attached to a diving board having two spaced holes to receive the prods of a U-shaped pin through the diving board holes and the slots in the mirror tile ledges; the diving board attached by bolts to a node of a geodesic structure having multiple nodes and struts to make up the entire geodesic structure; each of the nodes to support a portion of the weight of two of the mirror tiles and to locate the top of a third mirror tile so as to keep the mirror tiles at the proper attitude in the geodesic structure; each of the mirror tiles to attach to a geodesic node at each corner of the bottom of the mirror tile and a single geodesic node at the top center of the mirror tile; the mirror tile captured to the geodesic structure by means of the U-pin through the ledge slot on the mirror tile, the U-pin continuing through the ledge slot and through the two holes in the diving board, the diving board bolted to the node of the geodesic structure.  
      The shape of the mirror tile can be a trapezoid and cut along latitude lines at the mirror tile top and bottom and along longitude lines at the mirror tile sides so as to resemble a portion of a global map between two latitudes and two longitudes.  
      The multiple sequential views of a scene are captured by a motion picture camera having a component of horizontal motion, or the multiple sequential computer graphic views are obtained as though photographed by a camera having a component of horizontal motion, or the multiple sequential views of a scene can be captured from a stationary motion picture camera and scene objects having a component of horizontal motion, or the multiple sequential views of the computer graphics scene can appear to be captured from a fixed location and scene objects having a component of horizontal motion.  
      The sequential views of the scene can be rear projected onto the screen. The sequential views of the scene can be front projected onto the screen, having been horizontally reversed left to right. The images on the screen can be achieved by electronic control of passive picture elements and rear lighting, or by electronic control of active self emitting picture elements.  
      The audience seating area in the reproducing means can be on an inclined floor between the screen and the concaved mirror in which the plan view of the seating area is a trapezoid shape increasing in width toward said concaved mirror.  
      When any observer in the audience, viewing either a television or a motion picture by our invention, receives an image of a given scene having the same relative size, shape and location on the retina of each of his two eyes at any instant and that image of the scene is stationary, the image is flat and resides at infinity. When, however, the image of the scene has some component of horizontal motion in any direction due to either motion of the camera, motion of scene objects (or both), during the acquisition of the moving scene, the image viewed is three dimensional. The reason for this is that if the motion occurs, all scene-object points are proportionally spatially located in playback since all of the original ray angles between camera and scene points are reproduced for both eyes by the ray cross-overs at the scene image points in the same proportionally relative positions as the original object points. The key is to have an identical image on the right and left eye of any given observer at nearly the same instant in time and replace this image by a succession of moving images resulting from a relative horizontal motion of the scene/camera and at a rate consistent with persistence of vision. This moving 3-D imagery occurs because of intersecting rays from successive frames in scene/camera relative motion during playback of the scene images. When the successive frames are presented, the brain cognizes the motion in linking the frames by the persistence of vision. For the brain to perceive an item as moving it must connect these various frames, but because of intersecting rays coming from any given spatial location point in successive frames, the brain cannot connect the frames without also locating the points in space. In yet another implementation, the invention presents the scene to the brain in such a way that it can understand the depth information already contained within the image.  
      The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.