Patent Publication Number: US-2021172164-A1

Title: Modular housing and related systems and manufacture

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present implementations relate to a modular habitual structure, and specific structures and systems that enhance a robustness of the structure. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In recent years, the availability of affordable housing has become an issue for many communities around the country and throughout the world. Certain segments of the population, such as the poor or elderly, may be especially susceptible to the increased cost and decreased availability of housing. As a result, many people are either living in substandard housing or are forced to commute long distances to work at their jobs. One of the issues exacerbating this housing crisis is the amount of time and resources that are necessary to construct a single family home or a multi-unit dwelling. Such construction times can take anywhere from several weeks to several months or more, and may require teams of workers and contractors to construct a home or dwelling at a construction site. 
     In addition to time constraints, current building practices also rely upon a division of labor and responsibilities to incorporate technology into the home or dwelling unit. As such, a primary contractor may be responsible for erecting the structural components that are used to build the home or dwelling. Separate contractors or workers may then be called upon to modify the existing walls or other structural components to incorporate various types of technologies and capabilities, including networking, communications, and sensing capabilities, into the structure. 
     SUMMARY 
     Modular structure may be used to decrease construction time for various types of dwelling units. At least portions of such modular units may pre-fabricated at a facility located away from the construction site, and shipped to the construction site to be quickly and efficiently incorporated into the modular structure. Because such portions may be pre-fabricated to be included within multiple types of modular structures, the cost of such fabrication may be kept relatively low. In addition, certain types of features (e.g., sensors, piping, conduits) may be formed as an integral part of such pre-fabricated units thereby decreasing the amount of time and labor costs that may be necessary to build the modular structure. In such an implementation, the various features and/or technologies may be incorporated into a dashboard that may be used to provide a comprehensive overview of conditions within the modular structure and execute one or more actions based one such an overview. 
     The modular structure may also include one or more components that may be used to protect each modular structure from damage caused by events in other, adjacent modular structures. For example, some modular structures may include a subfloor that may be arranged to drain one or more types of fluid away from the modular structure when such fluids may be present (e.g., during a flooding event caused by an activated sprinkler system, overflowing bath, sink, toilet, dishwasher or washing machine), Accordingly, a plurality of such modular structures may form a modular building that may be used as a multi-unit dwelling for multiple occupants. In such an implementation, the subfloors may be used to minimize or prevent damage caused by actions in one of the dwelling units from having an impact on other dwelling units in the modular building. 
     A modular structure may be summarized as including a floor, the floor having an upper surface and a lower surface, the lower surfaced opposed from the upper surface across a thickness of the floor, the upper surface being substantially horizontal and permeable to at least one type of liquid; and a subfloor, the subfloor having an upper surface, the subfloor spaced relative beneath lower surface of the floor with the upper surface of the subfloor facing toward the lower surface of the floor and a gap between at least a portion of the lower surface of the floor and the upper surface of the subfloor, at least a majority of the upper surface of the subfloor being titled with respect to the upper surface of the floor to drain that at least one type of liquid in one or more defined directions. The floor may include a plurality of perforations extending therethrough to provide fluidly communicative paths between the upper and lower surfaces of the floor. 
     The modular structure may be a modular dwelling unit, and may further include a plurality of modular walls and a frame comprised of a plurality of structural members, the floor and the modular walls physically coupled to the frame. 
     The modular structure may further include at least one conduit fluidly coupled to the gap, and which provides a fluid flow path away from the modular dwelling unit. The gap and the at least one conduit may fluidly isolate the modular dwelling unit from neighboring modular dwelling units. The modular dwelling unit may have a perimeter and the upper surface of the subfloor may slope downwardly as the subfloor is traversed outwardly from an interior toward at least a portion of the perimeter of the modular dwelling unit. The modular dwelling unit may have a perimeter and at least one perimeter channel that extends along at least a portion of the perimeter, and the upper surface of the subfloor may slope downwardly as the subfloor is traversed outwardly from an interior toward the at least one perimeter channel. The modular dwelling unit may have a perimeter and the upper surface of the subfloor may slope downwardly as the subfloor is traversed inwardly from at least a portion of the perimeter toward an inwardly spaced location. The modular dwelling unit may have a perimeter and at least one interior channel that is spaced away from the perimeter, and the upper surface of the subfloor may slope downwardly as the subfloor is traversed inwardly from at least a portion of the perimeter toward the at least one interior channel. The structural members may each include steel structural members. The floor may include at least a first steel layer. 
     The floor may further include at least a non-metal layer overlying the first steel layer, and the perforations extend through both the first steel layer and the non-metal layer. 
     The modular structure may further include at least one sensor responsive to detection of a presence of a liquid, the at least one sensor operable to produce an alert in response to detection of the presence of the liquid. The at least one sensor may be responsive to the presence of the liquid in the gap, the at least one sensor may be operable to produce the alert in response to detection of the presence of the liquid in the gap. The at least one sensor may be an integral component of the floor or the subfloor. 
     The modular structure may further include at least one valve fluidly coupled to control a flow of water into the modular structure, the at least one valve selectively operable to stop a flow of water into the modular structure. 
     The modular structure may further include at least one sensor responsive to an occurrence of a leak, the at least one sensor operable to produce an alert in response to detection of the occurrence of a leak. The at least one valve may be communicatively coupled to respond to detection of the occurrence of a leak by the at least one sensor. The at least one valve may be communicatively coupled to respond to human generated command. 
     The modular structure may further include a plurality of sprinklers; a first supply network fluidly coupled to provide water to the plurality of sprinklers; a second supply fluidly coupled to provide water to at least one of a faucet, a toilet, or a shower head; and at least one valve fluidly coupled to control a flow of via the second supply, the at least one valve selectively operable to stop a flow of water into the modular structure. 
     A modular building may be summarized as including a plurality of modular dwelling units, each of the modular dwelling units have a respective floor, a respective ceiling, and at least one respective perimeter wall, the respective floor, respective ceiling and at least one respective perimeter wall delimiting a respective interior of the modular dwelling unit from a respective exterior of the modular dwelling unit, the modular dwelling units physically coupled to a number of nearest neighboring ones of the modular dwelling units via at least one coupler with a gap between each of the modular dwelling units and all of the other module dwelling units which are the nearest neighboring ones of the modular dwelling units. The respective floor of each of the modular dwelling units may include an upper surface and a lower surface, the lower surfaced opposed from the upper surface across a thickness of the floor, the upper surface being substantially horizontal and permeable to at least one type of liquid. 
     Each of the modular dwelling units may further include a subfloor, the subfloor having an upper surface, the subfloor spaced relative beneath lower surface of the floor with the upper surface of the subfloor facing toward the lower surface of the floor and a gap between at least a portion of the lower surface of the floor and the upper surface of the subfloor, at least a majority of the upper surface of the subfloor being titled with respect to the upper surface of the floor to drain that at least one type of liquid in one or more defined directions. The floor may include a plurality of perforations extending therethrough to provide fluidly communicative paths between the upper and lower surfaces of the floor. 
     The perimeter walls may be modular perimeter walls, and may further include a frame comprised of a plurality of structural members, the floor and the modular perimeter walls are physically coupled to the frame. 
     The modular structure may further include a plurality of sealing systems that each provide a respective waterproof and airtight seal between a respective one of the structural members and one of the floor, the ceiling or modular perimeter walls. Each of the sealing systems may include at least one portion that is repairable or replaceable. Each of the modular perimeter walls may include one or more modular perimeter wall panels, the modular perimeter wall panels each including a cold rolled steel layer and a thermal and acoustic insulation layer. Each of the ceilings may include one or more modular ceiling panels, the modular ceiling panels each including a cold rolled steel layer and a thermal and acoustic insulation layer. At least a first one of the modular dwelling units may be spaced above at least a second one of the modular dwelling units, and at least the second one of the modular dwelling units may be spaced laterally from at least a third one of the modular dwelling units, the first, the second, and the third modular dwelling units each being respective modular dwelling units, distinct from one another. 
     A modular building component may be summarized as including a pre-fabricated structural member; and at least one sensor integral to the pre-fabricated structural member. 
     The modular building component may further include at least one wired access connector integral to the pre-fabricated structural member. 
     The modular building component may further include at least one wire, cable or optical fiber integral to the pre-fabricated structural member. 
     The modular building component may further include at least one circuit board integral to the pre-fabricated structural member. The pre-fabricated structural member may include at least one passage therein to receive at least one of a wire, a cable, an optical fiber, or a fluid conduit. The pre-fabricated structural member may be one of a wall panel, a ceiling panel, a floor panel, or a structural member. The at least one sensor may include one or more of a water sensor, a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, a carbon monoxide sensor, a smoke detector, a passive infrared motion detector, an image sensor, a microphone, an accelerometer, an impact sensor, a pressure sensor, a load cell, an air flow sensor, a gas flow sensor, a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor, and a radar sensor. The pre-fabricated structural member may be modular wall panel which includes a cold rolled steel layer and a thermal and acoustic insulation layer. The modular wall panel may be replaceable as an integral unit. The modular wall panel may be fire resistant, water resistant, and rot resistant. The modular building component may have a unique identifier readable therefrom. The unique identifier readable may be one of a human-readable symbol, a machine-readable symbol or a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder encoded identifier. 
     A modular building may be summarized as including a plurality of modular dwelling units, each of the modular dwelling units have a respective floor, a respective ceiling, and at least one respective perimeter wall, the respective floor, respective ceiling and at least one respective perimeter wall delimiting a respective interior of the modular dwelling unit from a respective exterior of the modular dwelling unit, the modular dwelling units physically coupled to a number of nearest neighboring ones of the modular dwelling units via at least one coupler, each of the modular dwelling units have a respective set of sensors to monitor a number of physical characteristics of the modular dwelling unit and a number of physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units. 
     Each of the modular dwelling units may further include a respective communications hub which provides communications between the respective set of sensors and at least one remote monitoring system. 
     Each of the modular dwelling units may further include a respective communications hub which provides communications between the respective set of sensors and at least one remote cloud-based monitoring system. The respective set of sensors may each include one or more of a water sensor, a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, a carbon monoxide sensor, a smoke detector, a passive infrared motion detector, an image sensor, a microphone, an accelerometer, an impact sensor, a pressure sensor, a load cell, an air flow sensor, a gas flow sensor, a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor, and a radar sensor. Each of the sensors may have a unique identifier readable therefrom. Each of the sensors may have a wired or optical fiber connection to provide communications therefrom. The sensors of the respective sets of sensors may each be integral to one or more pre-fabricated modular building components. The modular building component may have a unique identifier readable therefrom. The unique identifier may be one of a human-readable symbol, a machine-readable symbol or a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder encoded identifier. The modular dwelling units may be physically coupled to the number of nearest neighboring ones of the modular dwelling units with a gap between each of the modular dwelling units and all of the other module dwelling units which are the nearest neighboring ones of the modular dwelling units. 
     A monitoring system may be summarized as including at least a first processor-based system comprising at least one processor and at least one non-transitory processor-readable medium that stores at least one of processor-executable instructions or data which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to: monitor each sensor of a respective set of sensors for each of a plurality of modular dwelling units, each of the modular dwelling units have a respective floor, a respective ceiling, and at least one respective perimeter wall, the respective floor, respective ceiling and at least one respective perimeter wall delimiting a respective interior of the modular dwelling unit from a respective exterior of the modular dwelling unit, the modular dwelling units physically coupled to a number of nearest neighboring ones of the modular dwelling units via at least one coupler, the respective set of sensors of each of the modular dwelling units operable to sense a number of physical characteristics of the modular dwelling unit and a number of physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units and produce at least one alert in response to one or more or a combination of the sensed physical characteristics of the modular dwelling unit or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units at least one of not meeting a first defined condition or meeting a second defined condition. 
     The processor-executable instructions or data, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to present a dashboard representing the sensed physical characteristics of the modular dwelling unit or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units. 
     The processor-executable instructions or data, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to present a dashboard representing the sensed physical characteristics of the modular dwelling unit or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of all of the modular dwelling units to an authorized building monitor. 
     The processor-executable instructions or data, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to present a dashboard representing the sensed physical characteristics of the modular dwelling unit or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of a first one of the modular dwelling units to an authorized inhabitant of the first one of the modular dwelling units and not to inhabitants of other ones of the modular dwelling units. 
     The processor-executable instructions or data, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to implement a controller that allows remote control over actuators of respective sets of one or more actuators for each of the modular dwelling units. 
     The processor-executable instructions or data, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the at least one processor to implement a controller that allows local control over actuators of respective sets of one or more actuators for each of the modular dwelling units via one or more authorized inhabitants of the respective modular dwelling units. 
     A method of operation in a monitoring system that includes at least one processor and at least one non-transitory processor-readable medium that stores at least one of processor-executable instructions or data executable by the at least one processor may be summarized as including detecting an addition of a new modular dwelling unit to a network of modular dwelling units, each of the modular dwelling units having a respective floor, a respective ceiling, and at least one respective perimeter wall, the respective floor, respective ceiling and at least one respective perimeter wall delimiting a respective interior of the modular dwelling unit from a respective exterior of the modular dwelling unit, the modular dwelling units physically coupled to a number of nearest neighboring ones of the modular dwelling units via at least one coupler, the respective set of sensors of each of the modular dwelling units operable to sense a number of physical characteristics of the modular dwelling unit and a number of physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units; and monitoring each sensor of a respective set of sensors for each of a plurality of modular dwelling units, each of the modular dwelling units have a respective floor, a respective ceiling, and at least one respective perimeter wall, the respective floor, respective ceiling and at least one respective perimeter wall delimiting a respective interior of the modular dwelling unit from a respective exterior of the modular dwelling unit, the modular dwelling units physically coupled to a number of nearest neighboring ones of the modular dwelling units via at least one coupler, the respective set of sensors of each of the modular dwelling units operable to sense a number of physical characteristics of the modular dwelling unit and a number of physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units. 
     The method may further include producing at least one alert in response to one or more or a combination of the sensed physical characteristics of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units at least one of not meeting a first defined condition or meeting a second defined condition. 
     The method may further include in response to one or more or a combination of the sensed physical characteristics of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units at least one of not meeting a first defined condition or meeting a second defined condition, transmitting at least one alert to a device located remotely from the dwelling units. 
     The method may further include in response to one or more or a combination of the sensed physical characteristics of a first one of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the first one of the modular dwelling units at least one of not meeting a first defined condition or meeting a second defined condition, transmitting at least one alert to a device located a second one of the dwelling units. 
     The method may further include in response to one or more or a combination of the sensed physical characteristics of a first one of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the first one of the modular dwelling units at least one of not meeting a first defined condition or meeting a second defined condition, transmitting at least one alert to a device located at all of the other ones of the dwelling units. 
     The method may further include presenting a dashboard representing the sensed physical characteristics of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units. 
     The method may further include presenting a dashboard representing the sensed physical characteristics of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling units at a location that is remote from the modular dwelling units. Presenting a dashboard may include presenting a dashboard representing the sensed physical characteristics of a first one of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the first one of the modular dwelling units via a device operated by a manager of the modular dwelling units. 
     The method may further include presenting a dashboard representing the sensed physical characteristics of a first one of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the first one of the modular dwelling units via a device associated with an inhabitant of the first modular dwelling unit, Presenting a dashboard may include presenting a dashboard representing the sensed physical characteristics of a first one of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the first one of the modular dwelling units via, a device operated by one of the inhabitants of the first modular dwelling unit, Presenting a dashboard may include presenting a dashboard representing the sensed physical characteristics of a first one of the modular dwelling units or the sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the first one of the modular dwelling units via a device operated by at least one casework assigned to work with at least one of the inhabitants of the first modular dwelling unit. 
     The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the figures and the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The various embodiments of the present motion detection based on image data and non-image data will be discussed in detail with an emphasis on highlighting the advantageous features. These embodiments depict the novel and non-obvious motion detection based on image data and non-image data shown in the accompanying drawings, which are for illustrative purposes only. These drawings include the following figures, in which like numerals indicate like parts: 
         FIG. 1A  is a perspective view of a modular structure having a subfloor that is tilted to slope downwardly towards a center portion of the modular structure, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 1B  is a perspective view of a modular structure having a subfloor that is tilted to slope downwardly towards an outside edge of the modular structure, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 2A  is a top, side isometric view of a portion of a modular wall panel, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 2B  is a bottom, side isometric view of a portion of a modular ceiling panel, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 3  is a top, side isometric view of a portion of a floor that includes a first steel layer and a non-metal layer overlaying the first steel layer in which perforations extend through both the first steel layer and the non-metal layer, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 4  is a top, side isometric view of a roof that is physically coupled to a modular structure, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 5A  is a side perspective view of a modular building comprised of a plurality of modular dwelling units, each of which is physically coupled to one or more adjacent modular dwelling units, in which fluid drains through one or more fluidly communicative paths located towards a center portion of each modular dwelling unit, according to at least one illustrated implantation. 
         FIG. 5B  is a side perspective view of a modular building comprised of a plurality of modular dwelling units, each of which is physically coupled to one or more adjacent modular dwelling units, in which fluid drains through one or more fluidly communicative paths located towards a perimeter of the modular building, according to at least one illustrated implantation. 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a modular building comprised of two adjacent modular dwelling units with a modular wall placed along an interior portion of the modular building, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view of a display of a dashboard in which information about a modular dwelling unit is rendered, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram showing a processor-based system that may be used to receive signals from one or more sensors, generate control signals for one or more actuators and/or valves, and activate an alarm signal based on one or more criteria, according to at least one illustrated implementation 
         FIG. 9  is a logic flow diagram of an example method of monitoring the signals received from one or more of the sensors in one of the modular dwelling units, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 10  is a logic flow diagram of an example method of generating an alarm based on one or more of the signals received from respective sensors in one or more of the modular dwelling units, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
         FIG. 11  is a logic flow diagram of an example method of recognizing and becoming communicatively coupled with a modular dwelling unit that has been added to existing modular dwelling units in a modular building, according to at least one illustrated implementation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description describes the present implementations with reference to the drawings. Example methods, apparatuses, and systems described herein are not intended to limit the scope of the description to the precise form or forms detailed herein. Instead the following description is intended to be illustrative so that others may follow its teachings. 
       FIG. 1A  shows a modular structure  100  having a subfloor  102  that is tilted to slope downwardly towards an interior portion  104  of the modular structure  100  according to at least one illustrated implementation.  FIG. 1B  shows a modular structure  100  having a subfloor  102  that is tilted to slope downwardly towards a portion of a perimeter of the modular structure  100 , according to at least one illustrated implementation. The modular structure  100  may have a length  106 , a width  108 , and a height  110 . In some implementations, the modular structure  100  may also include a frame  112  and a floor  114 . The frame  112  may be comprised of metal (e.g., steel), a composite material (e.g., oriented strand board, fiber reinforced polymers), or other materials. The frame  112  may extend through one or more of the length  106 , the width  108 , and/or the height  110  of the modular structure  100 , and may delineate an interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  from an exterior  124  of the modular structure  100 . All or substantially all of the materials employed in the modular structure  100  may be fireproof or fire resistant (e.g., glass fiber reinforced sheetrock, steel, mineral wool) and/or may have a tire retardant coating or covering thereon. 
     The frame  112  may include one or more structural frame members  118 . Each of the structural members of the frame  112  may extend along one or more of the length  106 , width  108 , and/or height  110  of the modular structure  100 . The structural members may be used to outline a shape for the modular structure  100 . For example, the structural members may include a set of vertical structural frame members  118   a,  a set of lower horizontal structural frame members  118   b,  and a set of upper horizontal structural frame members  118   c  that may be used to outline a cube. As such, the set of lower horizontal structural frame members  118   b  may include a first pair of opposing lower horizontal structural frame members  118   b  that extend along the length  106  of the modular structure  100 , and a second pair of opposing lower horizontal structural frame members  118   b  that extend along the width  108  of the modular structure  100 . The set of upper horizontal structural frame members  118   c  in such an implementation may include a first pair of opposing upper horizontal structural frame members  118   c  that extend along the length  106  of the modular structure  100 , and a second pair of opposing upper horizontal structural frame members  118   c  that extend along the width  108  of the modular structure  100 . The vertical structural frame members  118   a  in such an implementation may extend between the lower horizontal structure frame members  118   b  and the upper horizontal structural frame members  118   c.  In such an implementation, the set of lower horizontal members  118   b  may form a perimeter  120  of the modular structure  100 . In some implementations, the structural members may be used to outline other types of shapes for the modular structure  100 . 
     The dimensions of the modular structure  100  (e.g., the length  106 , the width  108 , and/or the height  110 ) may be based upon one or more criteria. Such criteria may reflect the environment and/or usage of the modular structure  100 . For example, the dimensions of the modular structure  100  may be the same or substantially similar to the dimensions of one or more types of intermodal container (e.g., 20-foot containers or 40-foot containers) to facilitate transport via various modes of transportation (e.g., ships, trains, trucks) to a location. In such an implementation, the modular structure  100  may include other features or components that reflect the environment and/or usage of the modular structure  100 . For example, in implementations in which the modular structure  100  has the same or substantially similar dimensions to a type of intermodal container, the modular structure  100  may include one or more couplers (e.g., twistlock fittings) at appropriate locations such that the modular structure  100  may be selectively, releaseably, physically coupled and secured to other intermodal containers for transport. 
     In some implementations, the modular structure  100  may include a floor  114  that extends across some or all of the length  106  and/or the width  108  of the modular structure  100  proximate a bottom portion  128  of the modular structure  100 . The floor may be physically coupled to the frame  112  using one or more physical couplers (e.g., bolts, screws, nails, staples, adhesives). The floor  114  may include an upper surface  130  that faces toward the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  and an opposing lower surface  132  that faces toward the exterior  124  of the modular structure. The upper surface  130  may be separated from the opposing lower surface  132  by a thickness  134  of the floor  114  in which one or both of the upper surface  130  and the lower surface  132  may be substantially parallel to a horizontal plane. As such, the upper surface  130  may be used to support items located within the interior portion  122  of the modular structure. In some implementations, the floor  114  may be supported by one or more support members that may extend across length  106  and/or the width  108  of the modular structure. For example, in some implementations, one or more metal bars may extend across the width  108  of the modular structure  100  along the bottom portion  128  of the modular structure  100 . The lower surface  132  of the floor  114  may thereby rest on top of such support members. 
     As discussed in more detail below, the floor  114  may be comprised of one or more layers of one or more types of materials. For example, the floor  114  may be comprised of one or more steel layers combined with one or more non-metal layers. Such non-metal layers may provide acoustic and/or thermal insulation. In some implementations, the one or more layers or materials that comprise the floor  114  may be permeable to one or more types of liquids. For example, as discussed below, the floor  114  may have a plurality of perforations that provide a fluidly communicative path from the upper surface  130  of the floor  114  to the lower surface of the floor  114 . Such perforations may be used to drain fluids from the upper surface  130  of the floor  114  towards the lower surface  132  of the floor  114 . 
     The subfloor  102  of the modular structure  100  may be located relatively beneath the lower surface  132  of the floor  114  and extend across some or all of the length  106  and/or width  108  of the modular structure  100  proximate the bottom portion  128  of the modular structure  100 . The subfloor  102  may have an upper surface  136  that faces towards the lower surface  132  of the floor  114 . In some such implementations, the upper surface  136  of the subfloor  102  may be separated from the lower surface  132  of the floor  114  by a gap  138 . At least a portion of the upper surface  136  of the subfloor  102  is titled with respect to the lower surface  132  of the floor  114 . In some implementations, a substantial portion (e.g., a majority) of the upper surface  136  of the subfloor  102  is so tilted. Such a tilt may be used to facilitate draining fluid in one or more directions towards one or more conduits  140  that may be fluidly coupled to the gap  138  between the upper surface  136  of the subfloor  102  and the lower surface  132  of the floor  114  to thereby provide a fluid flow path  142  through the conduit  140 . 
     In some implementations, the upper surface  136  of the subfloor  102  may include one or more channels  144  that may be used to drain fluids towards the one or more conduits  140 . Such channels  144  may thereby be used to drain fluid from the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100 . The channels  144  may include interior channels  144   a  ( FIG. 1A ) and perimeter channels  144   b  ( FIG. 1B ), and may be located relatively lower than the surrounding portions of the upper surface  136  to facilitate the flow of fluid towards the channels  144 . 
     In some implementations, the interior channels  144   a  and associated conduits  140  may be located along the interior portion  104  of the subfloor  102 . Such interior channels  144   a  may be located relatively away from the perimeter  120  of the modular structure  100 , and may extend along all or a portion of one or both of the length  106  ( FIG. 1A ) and/or width  108  (not shown) of the modular structure  100 . In such implementations, at least some portion(s) of the upper surface  136  of the subfloor  102  (e.g., a majority of the upper surface  136 ) may tilt downwardly as the subfloor  102  is traversed inwardly from at least a portion of the perimeter  120  toward an inwardly spaced location (e.g., the interior portion  104 ) of the subfloor  102  such that fluid will flow towards the interior channels  144 . 
     In some implementations, the perimeter channels  144   b  and associated conduits  140  may be located proximate at least part of the perimeter  120  along the bottom portion  128  of the modular structure  100  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 1B ). In some such implementations, at least some portion(s) of the upper surface  136  of the subfloor  102  (e.g., a majority of the upper surface  136 ) may slope downwardly as the subfloor  102  is traversed outwardly from the interior portion  104  of the subfloor  102  towards the part of the perimeter  120  that includes the perimeter channel  144   b.  In some such implementations, at least some portion(s) of the upper surface  136  of the subfloor  102  (e.g., a majority of the upper surface  136 ) may slope downwardly as the subfloor  102  is traversed from one edge of the subfloor  102  towards a second, opposing edge of the subfloor  102  at which the perimeter channel  144   b  is located ( FIG. 1B ). In each such implementation, the tilt of the subfloor  102  directs the flow of fluid towards the perimeter channel  144   b  and associated conduits  110  to thereby drain the fluid from the modular structure  100 . 
     In some implementations, one or more liquid sensors  146  may be included with the modular structure  100 . Such a liquid sensor  146  may be responsive to detect the presence of a liquid. In some implementations, for example, the liquid sensor  146  may be incorporated into a portion of one or more of the channels  144  in the subfloor  102 . In some implementations, the liquid sensors  146  may be integrated into one or more components, such as the floor  114  and/or the subfloor  102 , of the modular structure  100 . As such, the liquid sensors  146  may be operable to detect fluid within the gap  138  between the floor  114  and the subfloor  102 . In some such implementations, the liquid sensor  146  may be comprised of one or more capacitance transmitters each of which include a pair of opposing capacitor plates separated by a capacitor gap. Such capacitor plates may be arranged such that fluid will fill the area within the capacitor gap when the fluid moves through the associated channel  144 . Because fluid has a different dielectric constant than air, the introduction of the fluid into the capacitor gap will change the capacitance between the opposing capacitor plates. In addition, different types of fluids may have different dielectric constants, which may result in different capacitances between opposing capacitor plates depending upon the type of fluid present in the capacitor gap. In some implementations, the liquid sensor  146  may generate one or more electrical signals in response to detecting the presence of a liquid. In some implementations, the liquid sensor  146  may generate an alarm in response to detecting the presence of a liquid. In such implementations, the liquid sensor  146  may be used to detect and/or confirm a leak within the modular structure  100 . 
     The modular structure  100  may include one or more sealing systems  148  that may be used to create a waterproof seal and/or an air-tight seal within the modular structure  100  or between components thereof. The sealing system  148  may be comprised of material that is impermeable to fluid and/or air. Such material may include, for example, a plastic material, a polymer-based material, silicone, or any other such flexible material with such impermeability. In some such implementations, the sealing system  148  may be repairable and/or replaceable, for example, in the event of damage. In some implementations, the sealing systems  148  may be placed along a portion of one or more of the structural members (e.g., lower horizontal structural frame members  118   b ) to form a seal between the structural member and a surface (e.g., a wall, a ceiling, the floor  114 , and/or the subfloor  102 ) that is proximate or adjacent to the respective structural member. As shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the sealing system  148  may be placed in the gap  138  between the floor  114  and the subfloor  102  to thereby provide a waterproof seal and an air-tight seal along the perimeter  120  of the modular structure  100  at the gap  138 . 
     A number of structural frame members  118  may be physically coupled together using a connector  150 , as shown in the call out in  FIG. 1A . Each connector  150  may include a first leg  152  and a second leg  154  in which the first leg  152  and the second leg  1 . 54  are arranged at an angle to each other. The angle formed by the first leg  152  and the second leg  154  may be based, at least in part, on the shape of the modular structure  100 . In implementations in which the modular structure  100  forms a cube or box, as shown in  FIG. 1A , the first leg  152  and the second leg  154  may be arranged at a ninety degree angle with respect to each other. Each of the first leg  152  and the second leg  154  may have a respective cavity  156  (one shown) with an opening  158  that faces away from the connector  150 . The opening  158  and/or the cavity  156  may be shaped and dimensioned to receive one of the structural frame members  118  in the modular structure  100 . In some implementations, the opening  158  and/or cavity  156  may have dimensions that are only slightly larger than the outside dimensions of the structural frame member  118 . As such the structural frame member  118  may form a close fitting or tight physical coupling with the opening  158  and/or cavity  156 . In some implementations, one or more of the structural frame members  118  and the connector  150  may include a hollow cavity. In such implementations, such hollow cavities may be used to run one or more wires, cables, and/or optical fibers, as discussed below. 
     In some implementations, the connector  150  may have corresponding sidewall apertures  160  on opposing sidewalls of either or both of the first leg  152  and/or the second leg  154  (one shown in  FIG. 1A ). Each pair of opposing sidewall apertures  160  may align with a corresponding frame member aperture  162  when the structural frame member  118  is inserted into the cavity  156 . The frame member aperture  162  may extend through the structural frame member  118  such that the structural frame member  118  may be selectively, releaseably, physically secured to the connector  150  by, for example, inserting a pin  164  through the opposing sidewall apertures  160  and the frame member aperture  162 . 
     The connector  150  may include a post  166  that may be oriented in a vertical direction to be physically coupled to one of the vertical structural frame members  118   a.  In some implementations, the post  166  may be sized to be securely inserted into an opening  168  in the vertical structural frame member  118   a.  In some implementations, the vertical structural frame member  118   a  may include opposing sidewall apertures  162 , and the post  166  may include a corresponding post aperture  170  that extends through the post  166 . As such, the post  166  and the vertical structure frame member  118   a  may be selectively, releaseably physically secured to the connector  150  via the post  166 . In some implementations, the posts  166  may be used to selectively, physically secure other structural members, such as modular ceiling panels (see  FIG. 2B ) and/or modular roof panels (see  FIG. 4 ). 
       FIG. 2A  shows a portion of a modular wall panel  200 , according to at least one illustrated implementation. The modular wall panel  200  may have a length  202 , a height  204 , and a thickness  206 . The modular wall panel  200  may include a rigid layer that may be used to support the modular wall panel  200  when the modular wall panel  200  is oriented in a vertical direction. The rigid layer may include, for example, a cold rolled steel layer  208 . The cold rolled steel layer  208  may be formed of a rigid steel layer that may extend across the length  202  and/or height  204  of the modular wall panel  200 . The cold rolled steel layer  208  may be of a sufficient thickness and associated rigidity to maintain the length  202  or the height  204  of the modular wall panel  200  oriented in a vertical direction  209 . For example, in some implementations, the cold rolled steel layer  208  may be between 0.014 inches and about 0.25 inches, or more or less. In some implementation, such as those in which the modular wall panel  200  forms an exterior wall that may be subject to rain, snow, wind, or other elements, the cold rolled steel layer  208  may form an outside facing layer of the modular wall panel  200 . In such an implementation, the cold rolled steel layer  208  may be treated with a protective layer to reduce the possibility that the cold rolled steel layer  208  may be adversely impacted by these or other weather elements, Such a treatment may be used to make the cold rolled steel layer  208  first resistant and/or water resistant. In some implementations, such as those in which the modular wall panel  200  is used within an interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  (e.g., as an interior wall), the cold rolled steel layer  208  may be surrounded by other layers (e.g., an acoustic layer  210  and/or a thermal insulation layer  212 ). In some implementations, the modular wall panel  200  may be a pre-fabricated structural member such that the wall panel  200  is fabricated before reaching the site at which the modular wall panel  200  will be incorporated into one of the modular structures  100 . 
     The modular wall panel  200  may include one or more layers. In some implementations, the modular wall panel  200  may include one or more of an acoustic layer  210  and/or a thermal insulation layer  212 . One or both of the acoustic layer  210  and/or the thermal insulation layer  212  may extend across the length  202  and/or thickness  206  of the modular wall panel  200 . In some implementations, each of the cold rolled steel layer  208 , the acoustic layer  210 , and/or the thermal insulation layer  212  may be oriented along substantially parallel planes. The acoustic layer  210  and/or the thermal insulation layer  212  may be physically attached to the cold rolled steel layer  208  using, for example, an adhesive such as one or more types of epoxy. The acoustic layer  210  and/or the thermal insulation layer  212  may be physically coupled to the cold rolled steel layer  208  using, for example, screw, bolts, or other physically couplers. In some implementations, one or more layers, coatings, and/or other treatments may provide protection to the modular wall panel  200 . For example, such layers, coatings, and/or other treatments may make the modular wall panel  200  fire resistant, water resistant, and/or rot resistant. 
     For example, the modular wall panel  200  can employ, one, more or all of the components of an exterior insulation and finish system with drainage (EIFS). EIFS structures are generally a class of non-load bearing building cladding systems that provide exterior walls with an insulated, water-resistant, finished surface in an integrated composite material system, Also UN example, the modular wall panel  200  can employ, one, more or all of the components of an External Wall insulation System (EWIS) or External Thermal Insulation Cladding System (ETICS). 
     The acoustic layer  210  may be used to acoustically isolate or separate spaces on either side of the modular wall panel  200 . Such an acoustic layer  210  may be included, for example, on a modular wall panel  200  that is incorporated into the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  to separate two different living areas. The acoustic layer  210  may be used to thereby prevent sounds in one of the living spaces from being heard in the other living space. The acoustic layer  210  may be comprised of material that absorbs energy from sound waves, such as foam, cardboard, Styrofoam, and/or insulation. The acoustic layer  210  may alternatively or additionally include one or more angled surfaces to reflect sound waves in a desired direction (e.g., away from the interior portion  122  or other living spaces of the modular structure  100 ). 
     The thermal insulation layer  212  may be used to reduce the transfer of thermal energy between areas on either side of the thermal insulation layer  212 . In some implementations, the thermal insulation layer  212  may be located along an exterior wall of the modular structure  100  to prevent the transfer of thermal energy from the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  to the exterior during cold weather and to prevent the transfer from thermal energy from the exterior to the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  during warm weather. In some implementations, the thermal insulation layer  212  may be included as part of a modular wall panel  200  located in an interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  to separate different living spaces. Such a thermal insulation layer  212  may be used to thereby prevent the transfer of thermal energy between the living spaces. Such an implementation may advantageously be used to separate spaces occupied by different occupants or tenants, such as may occur in an apartment or office. The thermal insulation layer  212  may be comprised of various types of material, such as, for example, fiberglass, cellulose, rock wool, cork, and foam. 
     The modular wall panel  200  may include a first primary surface  214  and an opposing second primary surface  216  separated by the thickness  206  of the modular wall panel  200 . The modular wall panel  200  may include one or more sensors  218  (three shown in  FIG. 2A ). In some implementations, one or more of the sensors  218  may be integral to the modular wall panel  200 , As such, the sensors  218  may be incorporated into modular wall panel  200  such that a surface of each respective sensor  218  may be flush or substantially flush with a plane formed by the first primary surface  214  and/or the second primary surface  216  of the modular wall panel  200 . The sensor  218  may include one or more of water sensor  218   a,  a humidity sensor  218   b,  a temperature sensor  218   c,  a carbon monoxide sensor  218   d,  a smoke detector  218   e,  a passive infrared motion detector  218   f,  an image sensor  218   a,  a microphone  218   h,  an accelerometer  218   i,  an impact sensor  218   j,  a pressure sensor  218   k,  a load cell  218   l,  an air flow sensor  218   m,  a gas flow sensor  218   n,  a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor  218   o,  and/or a radar sensor  218   p  (three sensors shown as sensors  218  in  FIG. 2A ). In some implementations, one or more of the sensors  218  may include a unique identifier  220  that may be used to identify each of the sensors  218 . In some implementations, the unique identifier  220  may include, for example, a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder  222 c that may be used to encode the unique identifier. In some implementations, the unique identifier  220  may include a human readable symbol and/or a machine readable symbol (e.g., a barcode symbol and/or a Quick Response code symbol). In some implementations, one or more of the sensors may be communicatively coupled to a processor integrated into the modular wall panel  200  and/or to an off-site processor. As such, the sensor  218  may transmit signals representative of current or recent measurements to the processor. In such implementations, the sensor  218  may incorporate the unique identifier  220  in one or more of the transmissions that include the current or recent measurements. Such an implementation may advantageously be used to map the current and/or recent conditions to specific sensors  218  and associated locations. 
     In some implementations, the modular wall panel  200  may include one or more passages  224  that may be integral to the modular wall panel  200 . In such implementations, the passages  224  within the modular wall panel  200  may be used to receive wired connections to one or more of the sensors  218  that are incorporated into the modular wall panel  200 . In some implementations, such wired connections may include one or more of a wire  226 , a cable  228 . and/or an optical fiber  230 . As such, one or more of the wire  226 , the cable  228 . and/or the optical fiber  230  may be used to communicatively couple one or more of the sensors  218  to a processor. 
     In some implementations, one or more of the wires  226  may be used to provide electrical power to one or more components within the modular wall panel  200 . For example, in some implementations, the wire  226  may provide electrical power to one or more of the sensors  218  shown in  FIG. 2A . Such sensors  218  may include, for example, the water sensor  218   a,  the humidity sensor  218   b,  the temperature sensor  218   c,  the carbon monoxide sensor  218   d,  the smoke detector  218   e,  the passive infrared motion detector  218   f,  the image sensor  218   g,  the microphone  218   h,  the accelerometer  218   i,  the impact sensor  218   j,  the pressure sensor  218   k,  the load cell  218   l,  the air flow sensor  218   m,  the gas flow sensor  218   n,  the light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor  218   o,  and/or the radar sensor  218   p.  In some implementations, one or more of the wires  226  may be used to provide electricity to at least one wired access connector  232 . Such a wired access connector  232  may be integral to the modular wall panel  200 , and may include one or more electrical receptacles that may be used to provide electricity to appliances with corresponding electrical plugs. 
     In some implementations, at least one or more of the passages  224  may include one or more fluid conduits  234  that may be used to transport one or more types of fluids. Such fluid conduits  234  may be integral to the modular wall panel  200 . In some implementations, the modular wall panels may include multiple fluid conduits  234  (e.g., first fluid conduit  234   a  and second fluid conduit  234   b ) that may be used transport fluid for two separate fluid transport systems. For example, in some implementations, the first fluid conduit  234   a  may be used to transport clean water to supply water fixtures (e.g., sinks, wash tubs, etc.) in the modular structure  100 , and the second fluid conduit  234   b  may be used to transport water (or a fire retardant fluid) for a sprinkler system that may be included within the modular structure  100 . In such an implementation, the supply of fluid in one of the systems, such as the water for system that used the first fluid conduit  234   a,  may be selectively turned off, such as when an emergency occurs, whereas the supply of fluid in the second fluid conduit  234   b  may be maintained. 
     The modular wall panel  200  may include one or more unique identifiers  222  that may be used to uniquely identify each modular wall panel  200  from other modular wall panels  200 , The unique identifiers  222  may include one or more of a human-readable symbol  222   a,  a machine-readable symbol  222   b,  and/or a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder  222   c  that may be used to encode a unique identifier. The machine-readable symbol  222   b  may include one or more of a one-dimensional symbol (e.g., a barcode symbol) or a multi-dimensional symbol (e.g., a Quick Response (QR) code symbol) or some other type of machine-readable symbol. 
     In some implementations, the modular wall panels  200  may include one or more couplers  236  that may be used to couple the modular wall panel  200  to other modular wall panels  200  and/or to structure frame members  118  in the modular structure  100 . In some implementations, for example, the modular wall panel  200  may include a tongue-and-groove coupling feature  236   a  that may be used to selectively, physically couple together adjacent modular wall panels  200 , and/or to selectively, physically couple the modular wall panel  200  to one of the structural frame members  118 . In some implementations, the modular wall panel  200  may include one or more posts  236   b  that may be selectively received by corresponding holes in adjacent modular wall panels  200  and/or by corresponding holes in one of the structural frame members  118 . Other physical couplers could include one or more latches and/or a cam fitting that may be used to physically couple the modular wall panel  200  to other modular wall panels  200  and/or to one of the structural frame members  118 . In such implementations, each of the modular wall panels  200  may be replaced as an integral unit, such as, for example, when the modular wall panel  200  becomes damaged. 
       FIG. 2B  shows a portion of a modular ceiling panel  250 , according to at least one illustrated implementation. The modular ceiling panel  250  may have a ceiling panel length  252 , a ceiling panel width  254 , and a ceiling panel thickness  256 . The modular ceiling panel  250  may include a rigid layer that may be used to support the modular ceiling panel  250  when the modular ceiling panel  250  is oriented in a horizontal direction. The rigid layer may include, for example, the cold rolled steel layer  208 . The cold rolled steel layer  208  may be formed of a rigid steel layer that may extend across the ceiling panel length  252  and/or the ceiling panel width  254  of the modular ceiling panel  250 . For example, in some implementations, the cold rolled steel layer  208  may be between 0.014 inches and about 0.25 inches, or more or less. In some implementations, such as those in which the modular ceiling panel  250  is used within an interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  (e.g., as an interior ceiling), the cold rolled steel layer  208  may be surrounded by other layers, such as an acoustic layer  210  and/or a thermal insulation layer  212  as discussed below. In some implementations, the modular ceiling panel  250  may be a pre-fabricated structural member such that modular ceiling panel  250  is fabricated before reaching the site at which the modular ceiling panel  250  will be incorporated into one of the modular structures  100 . 
     The modular ceiling panel  250  may include one or more layers. In some implementations, the modular ceiling panel  250  may include one or more of an acoustic layer  210  and/or a thermal insulation layer  212 . One or both of the acoustic layer  210  and/or the thermal insulation layer  212  may extend across the ceiling panel length  252  and/or ceiling panel width  254  of the modular ceiling panel  250 . In some implementations, each of the cold rolled steel layer  208 , the acoustic layer  210 , and/or the thermal insulation layer  212  may be oriented along substantially parallel planes. The acoustic layer  210  and/or the thermal insulation layer  212  may be physically attached to the cold rolled steel layer  208  using, for example, an adhesive such as one or more types of epoxy. The acoustic layer  210  and/or the thermal insulation layer  212  may be physically coupled to the cold rolled steel layer  208  using, for example, screw, bolts, or other physically couplers. In some implementations, one or more layers, coatings, and/or other treatments may provide protection to the modular ceiling panel  250 . For example, such layers, coatings, and/or other treatments may make the modular ceiling panel  250  fire resistant, water resistant, and/or rot resistant. 
     The acoustic layer  210  may be used to acoustically isolate or separate spaces on either side of the modular ceiling panel  250 . Such an acoustic layer  210  may be included, for example, on a modular ceiling panel  250  that is incorporated into the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  to separate two different living areas. The acoustic layer  210  may be used to thereby prevent sounds in one of the living spaces from being heard in the other living space. The acoustic layer  210  may be comprised of material that absorbs energy from sound waves, such as foam, cardboard, Styrofoam, and/or insulation. The acoustic layer  210  may alternatively or additionally include one or more angled surfaces to reflect sound waves in a desired direction e.g., away from the interior portion  122  or other living spaces of the modular structure  100 ). 
     The thermal insulation layer  212  may be used to reduce the transfer of thermal energy between areas on either side of the thermal insulation layer  212 . In some implementations, the thermal insulation layer  212  may be located along an exterior portion of the modular structure  100  to prevent the transfer of thermal energy from the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  to the exterior during cold weather and to prevent the transfer from thermal energy from the exterior to the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  during warm weather. In some implementations, the thermal insulation layer  212  may be included as part of a modular ceiling panel  250  located in an interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  to separate different living spaces. Such a thermal insulation layer  212  may be used to thereby prevent the transfer of thermal energy between the living spaces. Such an implementation may advantageously be used to separate spaces occupied by different occupants or tenants, such as may occur in an apartment or office. The thermal insulation layer  212  may be comprised of various types of material, such as, for example, fiberglass, cellulose, rock wool, cork, and foam. 
     The modular ceiling panel  250  may include a first primary surface  258  and an opposing second primary surface  260  separated by the ceiling panel thickness  256  of the modular ceiling panel  250 . The modular ceiling panel  250  may include one or more sensors  218  (three shown in  FIG. 2A ). In some implementations, one or more of the sensors  218  may be integral to the modular ceiling panel  250 . As such, the sensors  218  may be incorporated into modular ceiling panel  250  such that a surface of each respective sensor  218  may be flush or substantially flush with a plane formed by the first primary surface  258  and/or the second primary surface  260  of the modular ceiling panel  250 . The sensor  218  may include one or more of water sensor  218   a,  a humidity sensor  218   b,  a temperature sensor  218   c,  a carbon monoxide sensor  218   d,  a smoke detector  218   e,  a passive infrared motion detector  218   f,  an image sensor  218   g,  a microphone  218   h,  an accelerometer  218   i,  an impact sensor  218   j,  a pressure sensor  218   k,  a load cell  218   l,  an air flow sensor  218   m,  a gas flow sensor  218   n,  a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor  218   o,  and/or a radar sensor  218   p  (three sensors shown as sensors  218  in  FIG. 2A ). In some implementations, one or more of the sensors  218  may include a unique identifier  220  that may be used to identify each of the sensors  218 . In some implementations, the unique identifier  220  may include, for example, a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder  222   c  that may be used to encode the unique identifier. In some implementations, the unique identifier  220  may include a human readable symbol and/or a machine readable symbol (e.g, a barcode symbol and/or a Quick Response code symbol). In some implementations, one or more of the sensors may be communicatively coupled to a processor integrated into the modular ceiling panel  250  and/or to an off-site processor. As such, the sensor  218  may transmit signals representative of current or recent measurements to the processor. In such implementations, the sensor  218  may incorporate the unique identifier  220  in one or more of the transmissions that include the current or recent measurements. Such an implementation may advantageously be used to map the current and/or recent conditions to specific sensors  218  and associated locations. 
     In some implementations, the modular ceiling panel  250  may include one or more passages  224  that may be integral to the modular ceiling panel  250 . In such implementations, the passages  224  within the modular ceiling panel  250  may be used to receive wired connections to one or more of the sensors  218  that are incorporated into the modular ceiling panel  250 . In some implementations, such wired connections may include one or more of a wire  226 , a cable  228 , and/or an optical fiber  230 . As such, one or more of the wire  226 , the cable  228 , and/or the optical fiber  230  may be used to communicatively couple one or more of the sensors  218  to a processor. 
     In some implementations, one or more of the wires  226  may be used to provide electrical power to one or more components within the modular ceiling panel  250 . For example, in some implementations, the wire  226  may provide electrical power to one or more of the sensors  218  shown in  FIG. 2B . Such sensors  218  may include, for example, the water sensor  218   a,  the humidity sensor  218   b,  the temperature sensor  218   c,  the carbon monoxide sensor  218   d,  the smoke detector  218   e,  the passive infrared motion detector  218   f,  the image sensor  218   g,  the microphone  218   h,  the accelerometer  218   i,  the impact sensor  218   j,  the pressure sensor  218   k,  the load cell  218   l,  the air flow sensor  218   m,  the gas flow sensor  218   n,  the light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor  218   o,  and/or the radar sensor  218   p.  In some implementations, one or more of the wires  226  may be used to provide electricity to at least one wired access connector  232 . Such a wired access connector  232  may be integral to the modular ceiling panel  250 , and may include one or more electrical receptacles that may be used to provide electricity to appliances with corresponding electrical plugs. 
     In some implementations, at least one or more of the passages  224  may include one or more fluid conduits  234  that may be used to transport one or more types of fluids. Such fluid conduits  234  may be integral to the modular ceiling panel  250 . In some implementations, the modular ceiling panel  250  may include multiple fluid conduits  234  (e.g., first fluid conduit  234   a  and second fluid conduit  234   b ) that may be used transport fluid for two separate fluid transport systems. For example, in some implementations, the first fluid conduit  234   a  may be used to transport clean water to supply water fixtures (e.g., sinks, wash tubs, etc.) in the modular structure  100 , and the second fluid conduit  234   b  may be used to transport water (or a fire retardant fluid) for a sprinkler system that may be included within the modular structure  100 . The second fluid conduit  234   b  may be used to provide fluid, such as water or some other flame retardant, to a sprinkler head  262  that may form an integral part of the ceiling panel  250 . In such an implementation, the supply of fluid in one of the systems, such as the water for system that used the first fluid conduit  234   a,  may be selectively turned off, such as when an emergency occurs, whereas the supply of fluid in the second fluid conduit  234   b  may be maintained. 
     The modular ceiling panel  250  may include one or more unique identifiers  222  that may be used to uniquely identify each modular wall panel  200  from other modular ceiling panel  250 . The unique identifiers  222  may include one or more of a human-readable symbol  222   a,  a machine-readable symbol  222   b,  and/or a radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder  222   c  that may be used to encode a unique identifier. The machine-readable symbol  222   b  may include one or more of a one-dimensional symbol (e.g., a barcode symbol) or a multi-dimensional symbol (e.g., a Quick Response (QR) code symbol) or some other type of machine-readable symbol. 
     In some implementations, the modular ceiling panel  250  may include one or more couplers  264  that may be used to couple the modular ceiling panel  250  to structure frame members  118  in the modular structure  100 . In some implementations, for example, the modular ceiling panel  250  may include one or more posts  264   a  that may be selectively received by corresponding holes in one of the structural frame members  118 . Other physical couplers could include one or more latches and/or a cam fitting that may be used to physically couple the modular ceiling panel  250  to other modular ceiling panel  250  and/or to one of the structural frame members  118 . In such implementations, each of the modular ceiling panel  250  may be replaced as an integral unit, such as, for example, when the modular ceiling panel  250  becomes damaged. 
       FIG. 3  shows a portion of a floor panel  300  that includes a first steel layer  302  and a non-metal layer  304  overlaying the first steel layer  302  in which perforations  306  extend through both the first steel layer  302  and the non-metal layer,  304  according to at least one illustrated implementation. The first steel layer  302  may have a width  308 , and may extend across at least a portion of the length  106  and/or width  108  of the modular structure  100 . The width  308  of the first steel layer  302  may be sufficient to support items and/or people located along the upper surface  130  of the floor  114 . For example, the first steel layer  302  may be up to one-quarter inch thick, up to one-half inch thick, or more or less. The non-metal layer  304  may be any of a type of flooring surface that may be used in various types of living and/or working environments. In some implementations, flooring surface may be a natural or synthetic wood surface such as those that may be used for hardwood floors. In some implementations, the flooring surface used for the non-metal layer  304  may be comprised of one or more of a natural and/or synthetic padded surface, such as a carpet and/or a padded mat. Such a padded mat may include, for example, a carpet pad and/or an exercise mat. 
     The perforations  306  may extend from the upper surface  130  of the floor panel  300  to the lower surface  132  of the floor to thereby create a fluidly communicative path  310  that extends therethrough the floor panel  300  between the upper surface  130  and the lower surface  132  of the floor panel  300 . Such a fluidly communicative path  310  may be of a size that will permit one or more types of fluids to be drained from the upper surface  130  of the floor panel  300  towards the gap  138  formed with the subfloor  102 . In some implementations, the fluidly communicative path  310  may include two portions, a first portion  310   a  that extends through the non-metal layer  304 . and a second portion  310   b  that extends through the first steel layer  302 . In some such implementations, the first portion  310   a  of the fluidly communicative path  310  through the non-metal layer  304  may have a smaller cross-sectional area than the second portion  310   b  of the fluidly communicative path  310  that extends through the first steel layer  302 . In such an implementation, the opening of the fluidly communicative path  310  on the upper surface  130  of the floor panel  300  may be less noticeable to occupants or others as compared to openings having a larger cross sectional area. In some implementations, the cross-sectional area of the first portion  310   a  of the fluidly communicative path  310  through the non-metal layer  304  may be the same or substantially the same size as the second portion  310   b  of the fluidly communicative path  310  that extends through the first steel layer  302 . In some implementations, the first portion  310   a  of the fluidly communicative path  310  that extends through the non-metal layer  304  may be aligned with a corresponding second portion  310   b  of the fluidly communicative path  310  that extends through the first steel layer  302  to facilitate draining fluid from the upper surface  130  of the floor panel  300 . 
       FIG. 4  shows a roof  400  that has been physically attached to the modular structure  100  proximate an upper portion  402  of the modular structure  100 , according to at least one illustrated implementation. The roof  400  may include one or more modular roof panels  404  that may be physically coupleable to the structural frame members  118  of the modular structure  100 . The modular roof panel  404  may include a modular roof panel length  406  and a modular roof panel width  408 . Each modular roof panel  404  may include one or more layers, as shown in the cross-sectional view in  FIG. 4 . For example, in some implementations, each modular roof panel  404  may include a cold rolled steel layer  410  that may be formed of a rigid steel layer that may extend across some or all of the modular roof panel length  406  and/or modular roof panel width  408  of the modular roof panel  404 . The cold rolled steel layer  410  may be of a sufficient thickness and associated rigidity to provide structural integrity for the roof  400  even during adverse weather (e.g., rainfall, hail, snow, or high winds). For example, in some implementations, the cold rolled steel layer  410  may be between 0.014 inches and about 0.25 inches, or more or less. In some implementation, the cold rolled steel layer  410  may be treated with a protective layer to reduce the possibility that the cold rolled steel layer  410  may be adversely impacted by these or other weather elements. Such a treatment may be used to make the cold rolled steel layer  410  first resistant and/or water resistant. 
     In some implementations, the modular roof panel  404  may include one or more of an acoustic layer  412  and/or a thermal insulation layer  414 . One or both of the acoustic layer  412  and/or the thermal insulation layer  414  may extend fully or partially across the modular roof panel length  406  and/or the modular roof panel width  408  of the modular roof panel  404 . In some implementations, each of the cold rolled steel layer  410 , the acoustic layer  412 , and/or the thermal insulation layer  414  may be substantially parallel to each other. The acoustic layer  412  and/or the thermal insulation layer  414  may be physically attached to each other and/or to the cold rolled steel layer  410  using, for example, an adhesive such as one or more types of epoxy. The acoustic layer  412  and/or the thermal insulation layer  414  may be physically coupled to each other and/or to the cold rolled steel layer  410  using, for example, screw, bolts, adhesives or other physically couplers. In some implementations, one or more layers, coatings, and/or other treatments may provide protection to the modular roof panel  404 . For example, such layers, coatings, and/or other treatments may make the modular roof panel  404  fire resistant, water resistant, and/or rot resistant. 
     The acoustic layer  412  may be used to acoustically isolate or separate the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  from the exterior  124 . The acoustic layer  412  may be comprised of material that absorbs energy from sound waves, such as foam, cardboard, Styrofoam, and/or insulation. The acoustic layer  412  may alternatively or additionally include one or more angled surfaces to reflect sound waves in a desired direction (e.g., away from the interior portion  122  or other living spaces of the modular structure  100 ). The thermal insulation layer  414  may be used to reduce the transfer of thermal energy between the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  and the exterior  124  to prevent the transfer of thermal energy from the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  to the exterior during cold weather and to prevent the transfer from thermal energy from the exterior to the interior portion  122  of the modular structure  100  during warm weather). The thermal insulation layer  414  may be comprised of various types of material, such as, for example, fiberglass, cellulose, rock wool, cork, and foam. 
     The roof  400  may be tilted to facilitate draining rain water, snow melt, or other fluids that may be introduced to the roof  400 . In some implementations, the roof  400  may tilt relatively downwards when the roof  400  is traversed from a first edge of the modular structure  100  towards a second, opposing edge of the modular structure  100 . In such an implementation, for example, the roof  400  may tilt such as to drain fluids along the width  108  of the modular structure  100  so that the direction of travel of the fluid is along the width  108  of the modular structure  100 . By draining along the shorter edge of the modular structure, the rise of the roof  400  due to the tilt may be kept relatively lower as compared to draining the fluid along the relatively longer length  106 . In some implementations, the roof  400  may include one or more ceiling channels  416  that may be used to collect the draining fluid along a respective edge of the roof  400 . In such an implementation, the ceiling channel  416  may be sloped to drain the fluid towards a scupper  418  that may provide a fluidly communicative exit path for the fluid to exit the upper surface of the roof  400 . 
     The modular roof panels  404  may include one or more anchor points  420  that may be used to selectively, physically couple the modular roof panels  404  to other structural member of the modular structure  100 . For example, in some implementations, the one or more anchor points  420  may physically couple the respective modular roof panel  404  to one or more of the structural frame members  118  (e.g., upper horizontal structural frame members  118 c. The one or more anchor points  420  may be physically coupled to the modular structure  100  using one or more types of physical couplers, such as, for example, nuts and bolts, rivets, anchoring pins, or other similar such physical couplers. In some implementations, a rubber or silicone seal or gasket  422  may be interposed between the modular roof panel  404  and the other structural member(s) of the modular structure  100  to which the modular roof panel  404  is attached. Such a rubber or silicone seal or gasket  422  may be used to provide an air-tight and/or waterproof seal between the roof  400  and the other portion of the modular structure  100 . Although  FIG. 4  is depicted with a parapet design, other types of ceiling outlines may be used for the roof  400 , such as a saw-toothed clerestory outline and/or a gabled outline. 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  show modular buildings  500  comprised of a plurality of modular dwelling units  502 , each of which is physically coupled to one or more adjacent modular dwelling units  502 , in which fluid drains through one or more fluidly communicative paths  504  located towards a center portion  506  of each modular dwelling unit ( FIG. 5A ), or through one or more fluidly communicative paths  504  located towards a perimeter  508  of the modular building  500  ( FIG. 5B ), according to at least one illustrated implantation. Each of the modular dwelling units  502  may be comprised of a modular structure  100  with one or more modular wall panels  200 , floors  114  and subfloors  102 , and/or modular ceiling panels  250 . The modular wall panels  200  may be used to form one or more perimeter walls  510 . The perimeter walls  510  along with the floor  114  and a ceiling  511 , may delimit a respective interior  512  of the modular dwelling unit  502 , thereby separating the respective interior  512  from an exterior  514 . In some implementations, one or more of the perimeter walls  510  may be load bearing. The floor  114  may be comprised of a plurality of floor panels  300 . The ceiling  511  may be comprised of a plurality of ceiling panels  250 . In such an implementation, the perimeter walls  510  may be physically coupled to one or more structural frame members  118 . 
     In some implementations, the modular dwelling units  502  may be arranged as an array of modular dwelling units  502 . As such, the modular dwelling units  502  may be arranged within certain number of rows and columns. In other implementations, the modular dwelling units  502  can be arranged in any number of configurations. In such implementations, each modular dwelling unit  502  may be physically coupled to one or a number of nearest neighboring modular dwelling units  502  via one or more physical couplers  516 . Such physical couplers  516  may include one or more of a nut and bolt, a latch, or some other type of physical coupler  516 . In some such implementations, a gap  517  may exist between neighboring modular dwelling units  502 . In such implementations, at least one of the modular dwelling units  502 , such as first modular dwelling unit  502 a, may be spaced above an adjacent modular dwelling unit  502  (e.g., the first modular dwelling unit  502   a  is spaced above a second modular dwelling unit  502   b ) and may be spaced laterally from another modular dwelling unit  502  (e.g., the first modular dwelling unit  502   a  is spaced laterally from a third modular dwelling unit  502   c ). 
     The gap  138  between the floor  114  and subfloor  102 , the conduit  140 , and/or sealing system  148  for each modular dwelling unit  502  may be used to fluidly isolate the modular dwelling unit  502  from adjacent modular dwelling units  502 . In some implementations, fluid that is incident upon the floor  114  in one modular dwelling unit  502  may thereby drain towards the associate subfloor  102  in the same modular dwelling unit  502 . The fluid may thereby collect in the respective gap  138  between the floor  114  and subfloor  102  for the modular dwelling unit  502 . The fluid in the gap  138  may drain towards a channel  144  located along the respective interior  512  of the modular dwelling unit  502  ( FIG. 5A ) or towards a channel  144  located proximate the exterior  514  of the modular dwelling unit  502  ( FIG. 5B ). Each respective channel  144  may be fluidly communicatively coupled to the conduit  140 , which may be fluidly communicatively coupled to a fluidly communicative drainage channel  518  that may provide a fluid path  520  for the fluid to drain from the subfloor  102  of the respective modular dwelling unit  502  to the exterior  514 . In some implementations, the fluidly communicative drainage channel  518  may be comprised of a cylindrical tube that may be comprised of a corrosion resistant metal and/or non-metal substance (e.g., PVC or some other synthetic material). The fluidly communicative drainage channel  518  may be fluidly coupled to the conduits  142  in a plurality of subfloors  102  from a corresponding plurality of modular dwelling units  502 . Such a fluidly communicative drainage channel  518  may thereby collect fluid from the plurality of modular dwelling units  502  and drain such fluids away from the modular building  500 . 
     In some implementations, one or more of the modular dwelling units  502  may include a set of sensors  218  that may be used to monitor the physical environment within the respective modular dwelling unit  502 . Such sensors  218  may be an integral part of one or more of the modular wall panels  200  and/or the modular ceiling panels  250 . Such sensors  218  may include, for example, one or more of the water sensor  218   a,  the humidity sensor  218   b,  the temperature sensor  218   c,  the carbon monoxide sensor  218   d,  the smoke detector  218   e,  the passive infrared motion detector  218   f,  the image sensor  218   g,  the microphone  218   h,  the accelerometer  218   i,  the impact sensor  218   j,  the pressure sensor  218   k,  the load cell  218   l,  the air flow sensor  218   m,  the gas flow sensor  218   n,  the light detection and ranging (L 1 DAR) sensor  218   o,  and/or the radar sensor  218   p.  Such sensors  218  may be used alternatively and/or additionally to monitor physical characteristics of or other data related to an occupant or inhabitant  522  of the modular dwelling unit  502 . 
       FIG. 6  shows a modular building  600  comprised of two adjacent modular dwelling units  502  with a modular wall  602  placed along an interior portion  604  of the modular building  600 , according to at least one illustrated implementation. The modular wall  602  may be load bearing. Each modular dwelling unit  502  includes a first supply network  606  that is fluidly coupled to supply water or other fluid to a sprinkler system  608  that may include one or more sprinkler heads  610  located proximate the ceiling  511  of the modular dwelling units  502 , sprinkler pipes  612  that may fluidly couple the sprinkler heads  610  to a source of fluid, and one or more first supply valves  614  that may be used to control the flow of fluid to respective ones of the sprinkler heads  610 . In some implementations, the sprinkler pipes  612  may be located inside of, and may be an integral portion of, the modular ceiling panels  250  that may be used to form the ceiling  511 . In some implementations, the first supply valve  614  may be located within the ceiling  511  (e.g., inside of, or forming an integral portion of, one of the ceiling panels  250 ), and/or within one of the other structural members of the modular dwelling unit  502 , such as one of the frame members  118 . Such a first supply valve  614  may be selectively operable to control a flow of water or other fluid into the sprinkler pipes  612  and the associated modular dwelling unit  502 . 
     The modular building  600  may include a second supply network  616  that may be fluidly coupled to a water source, and may carry water or other fluids in one or more pipes  618  located proximate and/or within the modular wall  602 . The second supply network  616  may further include a second supply valve  620  that may be used to control the flow of water through the second supply network  616 . In some implementations, the second supply network  616  may include one or more fittings that may be coupled to water using components for individuals or occupants of the modular building  600 . Such water using components may include, for example, a faucet  622   a,  a toilet  622   b,  and/or a showerhead  622   c.  In some implementations, each water-using component or a flow or volume meter attached thereto may generate a signal when in use. The second supply valve  620  may be selectively operable to permit or to stop a flow of water through the second supply network  616  for the water using components. In some implementations, one or both of the first fluid network  606  and/or the second supply network  616  may include one or more flow meters  624  that may be used to detect the flow of fluid through the respective fluid networks. Such flow meters  624  may produce an electrical signal that indicates that fluid is flowing through the associated fluid network. In some implementations, the electrical signal provided by the flow meter  624  may be used to indicate the rate of flow of the fluid within the associated fluid network. 
     The modular building  600  may include one or more circuit boards  626  that may be integral to one or more structural members, such as the modular wall  602  as shown in  FIG. 6 . The circuit board  626  may be electrically coupled to one or more of the sensors  218  that may be incorporated into the modular dwelling units  502 . The circuit board  626  may additionally and/or alternatively be electrically coupled to one or more actuators and/or valves (e.g., first supply valve  614  and/or second supply valve  620 ) that may be used to control systems and/or components within the modular dwelling units  502 . In some implementations, such electrical coupling may occur through one or more electrical wires, cables, or fiber optics (not shown) that may be run through one or more passageways that are integral to one or more structural members (e.g., frame members  118 , modular ceiling panels  250 , modular wall panels  200 ) of the modular dwelling units  502 . In such implementations, the circuit board  626  may receive electrical signals from the sensors  218 , and based upon such signals, transmit one or more control signals to control the operation and/or state of the actuators and/or valves. In some implementations, the circuit board  626  may be communicatively coupled to sensors  218 , valves, and/or actuators in a plurality of modular dwelling units  502 , such as may occur, for example, in a modular building  500  that includes a plurality of modular dwelling units  502 . In such an implementation, the circuit board  626  may control the valves and/or actuators for each of the modular dwelling units  502  based upon the signals received from the respective sensors  218  for that modular dwelling unit  502 . 
     In some implementations, the circuit board  626  may be communicatively coupled to a remote cloud-based monitoring system  628  via a communications network  630  and a communications hub  632 . In such an implementation, the circuit board  626  may transmit the signals received from the one or more sensors  218  in the modular dwelling unit  502  and may receive one or more control signals from the remote cloud-based monitoring system  628  to control an action and/or state for one or more of the actuators and/or valves in the modular dwelling unit  502 . The circuit board  626  may be communicatively coupled via one or more of a wired and/or wireless connection or protocol (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Z-Wave). The communications network  630  may include various types of networks such as: a PSTN (public switched telephone network), the Internet, a local intranet, a PAN (Personal Area Network), a LAN (Local Area Network), a WAN (Wide Area Network), a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), a virtual private network (VPN), a storage area network (SAN), a frame relay connection, an Advanced intelligent Network (AIN) connection, a synchronous optical network (SONET) connection, a digital T1, T3, E1 or E3 line, a Digital Data Service (DDS) connection, a DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) connection, an Ethernet connection, an ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) line, a dial-up port such as a V.90, V.34, or V.34bis analog modem connection, a cable modem, an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) connection, or an FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) or CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface) connection. 
     In some implementations, the circuit board  626  may transmit one or more control signals in response to receiving an indication that a leak is occurring within the modular dwelling unit  502 . Such an indication may occur, for example, based upon signals received from one or more sensors  218  and/or flow meters  624 . For example, in some implementations, the circuit board  626  may receive a signal from the flow meter  624  associated with the second supply network  616  indicating that water is flowing through the second supply network  616 , even though none of the water using components (e.g., the faucet  622   a,  the toilet  622   b,  and the showerhead  622   c ) indicate that they are in use. In such a situation, the circuit board  626  may determine that a leak is occurring within the second supply network  616 . In this situation, the circuit board  626  may generate and transmit a control signal for the second supply valve  620  associated with the second supply network  616  indicating that the second supply valve  620  should move to the OFF state to stop the flow of water through the second supply network  616 . In some situations, the circuit board  626  may receive an alert signal from a liquid sensor  146  ( FIG. 1A ) located in the gap  138  between the floor  114  and the subfloor  102  in which the alert signal indicates the presence of fluid in the gap  138 . In such a situation, the circuit board  626  may be responsive to the alert signal to transmit control signals that result in one or both of the first supply valve  614  or the second supply valve  620  that control the first supply network  606  and the second supply network  616 . respectively, moving to the OFF state to stop the flow of water or other fluid through the first supply network  606  and/or the second supply network  616 . 
     In some implementations, the modular dwelling unit  502  may have one or more actuators  636  (two shown, a lock actuator  636   a  and an alarm actuator  636   b ). In such implementations, the actuators  636  may be responsive to a control signal to switch between an ON and an OFF state and/or an ACTIVATED and a DEACTIVATED state. For example, in implementations including the lock actuator  636   a,  a control signal may be received by the lock actuator  636   a  to move between an ON/LOCKED state and an OFF/UNLOCKED state. As such, the door actuator  636   a  may be activated, and a door  638  associated with the lock actuator  636   a  may be locked by transmitting an appropriate control signal to the lock actuator  636   a.  In implementations that have an alarm actuator  636   b,  an alarm  640  associated with the alarm actuator  636   b  may be activated to generate an alarm signal (e.g., a loud noise and/or flashing fight) in response, for an example, to an emergency condition existing in the modular dwelling unit  502 . In some implementations, the alarm condition may be recognized and the alarm signal triggered based upon one or more signals generated by the sensors  218  in the modular dwelling unit  502 . 
     In some implementations, the circuit board  626  may be communicatively coupled to a display  634  that may be used to receive commands from an occupant or inhabitant of the modular dwelling unit  502 . In such an implementation, the display  634  may be used to render a dashboard (i.e., a visual representation of various conditions or parameters, discussed below) to provide conditions related to the modular dwelling unit  502  and/or to receive input and commands from the occupant or inhabitant. In such implementations, the dashboard may be used to receive a human generated command, such as may be received by the occupant or inhabitant of the modular dwelling unit  502 . Such commands may result, for example, in changing the state or condition of one or more of the actuators  636  in the modular dwelling unit  502  and/or may result in one or both of the first supply valve  614  and/or the second supply valve  620  being moved to the OFF position or the ON position to stop or start, respectively, the flow of water or other fluid through the first supply network  606  and/or the second supply network  616 , respectively. In some implementations, the dashboard may be rendered on a device that is located remoted from the modular dwelling unit  502 , such as at a remote monitoring facility. In some implementations, the dashboard may be rendered on a device (e.g., a smartphone or tablet computer) that is associated with the occupant or inhabitant of the modular dwelling unit  502 . 
       FIG. 7  shows a dashboard  700  that displays information related to one or more modular dwelling units  502 . The dashboard  700  may be rendered at the display  634  that is located within a modular dwelling unit  502  that is being monitored, and/or the dashboard  700  may be rendered on a device located remotely from the modular dwelling unit  502  being monitored. The dashboard  700  may present various views of the modular dwelling unit  502 , including views that may be captured from one or more image capture devices (e.g., cameras) located within or proximate to the modular dwelling unit  502 . In such implementations, the image capture devices may be orientable to capture images that include one or more of the sensors  218  located within the modular dwelling unit  502  and/or one or more of the actuators or valves located within the modular dwelling unit  502 . In some implementations, the dashboard  700  may present a plan view representation of the modular dwelling unit  502 . As such, the dashboard  700  may be used to represent physical characteristics of the modular dwelling unit  502  based, for example, on the signals received from one or more of the sensors  218  in the modular dwelling unit  502 . The dashboard  700  may additionally or alternatively be used to represent sensed physical characteristics of any inhabitants of the modular dwelling unit  502 . In some implementations, the dashboard  700  may be used to indicate alarm events that may be generated at one or more of the sensors  218 . The dashboard  700  may alternatively or additionally be used to generate one or more control signals that may be transmitted to one or more of the actuators and/or valves in the modular dwelling unit  502 . For example, in some implementations, the dashboard  700  may include one or more user interactive inputs  702  that may be operable to receive inputs from a user. Such inputs, for example, may be used to activate and/or deactivate one or more of the actuators  636  in the modular dwelling unit  502 . 
     The dashboard  700  may be rendered on devices at various locations. For example, in some implementations, the dashboard may be displayed on a device that is located within the modular dwelling unit  502  being monitored (see  FIG. 6 ). In some implementations, dashboards  700  associated with a plurality of modular dwelling units  502  may be displayed on a single device. In some such implementations, for example, the display device may depict dashboards  700  from each of the plurality of the modular dwelling units  502  located in the modular building  500 . As such, the dashboard  700  may be presented only to an authorized user, such as an authorized building monitor or manager associated with the modular building  500 . In some such implementations, the authorized building monitor or manager may access the dashboard  700  only after identity authentication process, such as, for example, entering a secure pass code or engaging a biometric scan. In some implementations, the dashboard  700  may be used to present information about some other modular dwelling unit  502  other than the modular dwelling unit  502  in which the display for the dashboard  700  is located. As such, for example, the dashboard  700  may be used to depict and alert occupants of an emergency situation (e.g., fire or medical emergency) in a nearby modular dwelling unit  502 . In some implementations, the dashboard  700  may be depicted on a device, such as a mobile device, associated with the inhabitant and/or occupant of the modular dwelling unit  502 . In some implementations, the dashboard  700  may be depicted on a device, such as a computer display or mobile device, associated with a caseworker (e.g., a social worker) associated with one of the inhabitants or occupants of the modular dwelling unit  502 . 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram showing a processor-based system  800  that may be used to receive signals from one or more sensors  218 , generate control signals to control operation of one or more actuators, for instance to control locks, valves, and/or produce an alarm signal (e.g., aural, visual, electronic) based on one or more criteria, according to at least one illustrated implementation. Although the processor-based system  800  may be described herein as a functional element, one of ordinary skill in the art would readily appreciate that some or all of the functionality may be performed using one or more additional computing devices which may be external to the processor-based system  800 . Such computing devices may be included, for example, within a networked environment. The processor-based system  800  may implement some or all of the various functions and operations discussed herein. 
     Although not required, some portion of the specific implementations will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions or logic, such as program application modules, objects, or macros being executed by a computer. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the illustrated embodiments as well as other embodiments can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including handheld devices for instance Web enabled cellular phones or PDAs, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, personal computers (“PCs”), network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The implementations can be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks or modules are performed by remote processing devices, such as the remote cloud-based monitoring system  628 , which are linked through a communications network, such as the communications network  630 . In a distributed computing enviromnent, program modules may be stored in both local and remote memory storage devices and executed using one or more local or remote processors, microprocessors, digital signal processors, controllers, or combinations thereof. 
     The processor-based system  800  may take the form of any current or future developed computing system capable of executing one or more instruction sets. The processor-based system  800  includes one or more processing units  801 , a system memory  802 , one or more controllers  822  (only one illustrated), a network interface  824 , a power module  826 , one or more sensor interfaces  828  (only one illustrated) and a system bus  804  that communicably couples various system components including the system memory  802  to the processing unit(s)  801 . The processor-based system  800  will at times be referred to in the singular herein, but this is not intended to limit the embodiments to a single system, since in certain embodiments, there will be more than one system or other networked computing device involved. Non-limiting examples of commercially available systems include, but are not limited to, an Atom, Pentium, or 80×86 architecture microprocessor as offered by Intel Corporation, a Snapdragon processor as offered by Qualcomm, Inc., a PowerPC microprocessor as offered by IBM, a Sparc microprocessor as offered by Sun Microsystems, Inc., a PA-RISC series microprocessor as offered by Hewlett-Packard Company, an A6 or A8 or A12 series processor as offered by Apple Inc., or a 68xxx series microprocessor as offered by Motorola Corporation. 
     The processing unit(s)  801  may be any logic processing unit or circuit (e.g., integrated circuit, analog circuit), such as one or more central processing units (CPUs), microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and/or graphics processing units (GPUs), etc. In some implementations, the processing unit(s)  801  may be communicatively coupled to one or more controllers  822 , for instance one or more microcontrollers (e.g., motor controllers), that provide signals to control one or more of actuators  832   a,    832   b,    832   c,    832   d,    832   e,    832   f  (only three six, collectively  832 ) to control various mechanisms (e.g., locks  834   a,  valves  834   b,  fans  834   c,  alarms  834   d,  dampers  834   e,  circuit breakers  834   f ) at the various modular dwelling units  502 . 
     Notably, each various modular dwelling units  502  may have a set of controllable mechanism, including one or more locks  834   a,  one or more valves  834   b,  one or more fans  834   c,  one or more alarms  834   d,  one or more dampers  834   e,  and/or one or more circuit breakers  834   f,  which operable via respective actuators  832   a - 832   f  in response to control signals provided by the processor-based system  804 . The processor-based system  804  may, for example, control the mechanisms for a particular modular dwelling unit  502  based, at least in part on, sensed information, for instance information sensed by sensors in or at the respective modular dwelling unit  502 . The processor-based system  804  may, for example, control the mechanisms for group of modular dwelling units  502  together, based, at least in part on, sensed information, for instance information sensed by sensors in or at one or more of the modular dwelling units  502 . The processor-based system  804  may, for example, control the mechanisms for all of modular dwelling units  502  together, based, at least in part on, sensed information, for instance information sensed by sensors in or at one or more of the modular dwelling units  502 . Sensed information may include information sensed by, for example, smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, water detectors, moisture detectors, temperature detectors, glass-breakage detectors, motion detectors, passive infrared detectors, contact switches, magnetic switches, etc., as well as information about an operational state or condition (e.g., open, closed, stuck, responsive, non-responsive) of one or more of the actuators  832 . Additionally or alternatively, the processor-based system  804  may, for example, control the mechanisms for a particular modular dwelling unit  502 , for group of modular dwelling units  502  together, or for all of modular dwelling units  502  together based, at least in part on, selections or other input received via dashboard  700  or other user input device which selections or inputs may, or may not, be independent of sensed information sensed by the sensors. 
     The system bus  804  can employ any known bus structures or architectures, including a memory bus with memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus. The system memory  802  includes read-only memory (“ROM”)  806  and random access memory (“RAM”)  808 . A basic input/output system (“BIOS”)  810 , which can form part of the ROM  806 , contains basic routines that help transfer information between elements within the processor-based system  800 , such as during start-up. Some implementations may employ separate buses for data, instructions and power. 
     The processor-based system  800  may include one or more controllers  822  that may generate and transmit one or more control signals to the actuators  832  in or at one or more of the modular dwelling units  502 . The controller(s)  822  may be communicatively coupled and operable to transmit one or more signals  822   a  to one or more actuators e.g., electric motors, stepper motors, solenoids, pumps, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders and pistons, shape memory alloy elements, and/or other actuators) that may be used to control the movement of such motors, solenoids, pumps, pistons, and/or other actuators. Such movement may be used to selectively extend and/or retract a latch or other locking mechanism (e.g., key strike lock, electric strike lock, deadbolt lock, knob locks, lever locks, cylinder locks, smart locks), for example in the event of a disturbance or other occurrence either in or outside of a modular dwelling unit  502  or in the vicinity thereof. Such may allow easy ingress by first responders to the modular dwelling unit  502  in the event of an emergency, or may secure the modular dwelling unit  502  from intruders in the event of an external disturbance. Such movements may be used to selectively activate and/or deactivate a pump, heater, cooling device, fan, blower, damper, or other machine associated with the actuator. Such may be used to close access ways to prevent the spread of fire and/or smoke in the event of an emergency, or to distribute water or fire retardant in the event of a fire. Such may also be used to remove liquid (e.g., water) the event or a leak or spill. Such movement may be used to selectively open and close one or more valves, for example closing a valve on a main water line in response to detection of a leak or presence of liquid above a threshold amount in a space or location in a modular dwelling unit  502  where liquid should not collect or in a location (e.g., sump, channel, conduits  140 ) built to collect liquid in the event of a spill or leak. Such may additionally cause presentation of an alarm, for example an aural (e.g., klaxon, siren) or visual (e.g., strobe light, flashing lights) alert in the event of a disturbance or emergency. In some implementations, the controller  822  may include one or more microcontrollers that may be used to generate the signals  822   a  used to activate and/or control the one or more motors, solenoids, pumps, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders and pistons, and/or other actuators. In some implementations, the one or more microcontrollers may be part of or located proximate to the respective motor, piston, and/or other actuator being controlled. 
     In some embodiments, the processor-based system  800  operates in an environment using one or more of the network interfaces  824  to optionally communicably couple to one or more remote computers, servers, display devices, and/or other devices via one or more communications channels. The one or more communications channels may be provided, at least in part, for example, via the communications network  630 , These logical connections may facilitate any known method of permitting computers to communicate, such as through one or more LANs and/or WANs. Such networking environments are well known in wired and wireless enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets, extranets, and the Internet. 
     The processor-based system  800  may include a sensor interface  828 . Such a sensor interface  828  may be communicatively coupled with, and may receive signals from, one or more sensors  218 . The sensor  218  may include one or more of the water sensor  218   a,  the humidity sensor  218   b,  the temperature sensor  218   c,  the carbon monoxide sensor  218   d,  the smoke detector  218   e,  the passive infrared motion detector  218   f,  the image sensor  218   g,  the microphone  218   h,  the accelerometer  218   i,  the impact sensor  218   j,  the pressure sensor  218   k,  the load cell  218   l,  the air flow sensor  218   m,  the gas flow sensor  218   n,  the light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor  218   o,  and/or the radar sensor  218   p.  In some implementations, the sensor interface  828  may receive signals from the flow meter  624 . Such signals may be used by the processor-based system  800  to identify conditions that may meet one or more criteria for generating an alarm signal. 
     The processor-based system  800  also includes one or more internal nontransitory storage systems  812 . Such internal nontransitory storage systems  812  may include, but are not limited to, any current or future developed persistent storage device. Such persistent storage devices may include, without limitation, magnetic storage devices such as hard disc drives, electromagnetic storage devices such as memristors, molecular storage devices, quantum storage devices, electrostatic storage devices such as solid state drives, and the like. 
     The processor-based system  800  may also include one or more optional removable nontransitory storage systems  814 . Such removable nontransitory storage systems  814  may include, but are not limited to, any current or future developed removable persistent storage device. Such removable persistent storage devices may include, without limitation, magnetic storage devices, electromagnetic storage devices such as memristors, molecular storage devices, quantum storage devices, and electrostatic storage devices such as secure digital (“SD”) drives, USB drives, memory sticks, or the like. 
     The one or more internal nontransitory storage systems  812  and the one or more optional removable nontransitory storage systems  814  communicate with the processing unit  801  via the system bus  804 . The one or more internal nontransitory storage systems  812  and the one or more optional removable nontransitory storage systems  814  may include interfaces or device controllers (not shown) communicably coupled between nontransitory storage system and the system bus  804 , as is known by those skilled in the relevant art. The nontransitory storage systems  812 ,  814 , and their associated storage devices provide nonvolatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the processor-based system  800 . Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that other types of storage devices may be employed to store digital data accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, RAMs, ROMs, smart cards. etc. 
     Program modules can be stored in the system memory  802 , such as an operating system  816 , one or more application programs  818 , and program data  820 . 
     The application programs  818  may include, for example, one or more machine executable instruction sets (i.e., alarm module  818   a ) capable of generating an alarm signal based on input received from one or more sensors  218  and/or flow meter  624 . The application programs  818  may additionally include one or more machine executable instruction sets (i.e., dashboard  818   b ) capable of displaying the dashboard  700  on one or more displays and of receiving commands or instructions from the dashboard  700 , such as commands or instructions that may be entered by a user. The application programs  818  may additionally include one or more machine executable instruction sets (i.e., monitoring module  818   c ) capable of monitoring the signals received from the one or more sensors  218  and/or the flow meter  624 . 
       FIG. 9  shows a method  900  of monitoring the signals received from one or more of the sensors  218  in one of the modular dwelling units  502 , according to at least one illustrated implementation. The method  900  starts at  902 , for example on powering up of the processor-based system  800 , or on invocation by a calling routine. 
     At  904 , the processor-based system  800  receives one or more signals in which each signal may be received from a respective sensor  218  and/or flow meter  624 . In some implementations, the sensors  218  may include one or more of the water sensor  218   a,  the humidity sensor  218   b,  the temperature sensor  218   c,  the carbon monoxide sensor  218   d,  the smoke detector  218   e,  the passive infrared motion detector  218   f,  the image sensor  218   g,  the microphone  218   h,  the accelerometer  218   i,  the impact sensor  218   j,  the pressure sensor  218   k,  the load cell  218   l,  the air flow sensor  218   m,  the gas flow sensor  218   n,  the light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor  218   o,  and/or the radar sensor  218   p.  In some implementations, the signal received from one of the sensors may note the presence or absence of a specific condition. The simal for the water sensor  218   a,  for example, may be a binary signal that indicates the presence of a fluid or an absence of the fluid. In some implementations, the signal received from the sensor may be indicative of a measurement of some physical condition within the modular dwelling unit  502 . The signal received from the temperature sensor  218   c  may indicate the measurement of the temperature in the environment surrounding the temperature sensor  218   c.  In some implementations, the signal from the sensor  218  may indicate a condition of an occupant or inhabitant of the modular dwelling unit  502 . For example, the signal from the accelerometer  218   i  may indicate rate and/or direction of motion by an occupant of the interior  512  of the modular dwelling unit  502 . 
     At  906 , the processor-based system  800  compares each signal received from a respective sensor  218  to a corresponding threshold value or condition to determine if a condition is met. In some implementations, the processor-based system  800  may compare the magnitude of the signal received from the sensor  218  to determine if the magnitude of the simal meets or exceeds the corresponding threshold value. In some implementations, for example, the magnitude of the signal associated with the carbon monoxide sensor  218   d  may be compared to a corresponding carbon monoxide threshold value or condition to determine if the magnitude of the received signal meets or exceeds the threshold value or condition. If the threshold value or condition is met or exceeded, the processor-based system  800  may execute a method for generating and/or transmitting an alarm, as discussed below. 
     In some implementations, the processor-based system  800  may compare one or more signals received from respective sensors  218  to determine if a corresponding threshold value or condition is not met. In some implementations, for example, the processor-based system  800  may compare the signal generated by the temperature sensor  218   c  to determine if a threshold value or condition is met (e.g., if a threshold temperature is met). If not, the processor-based system  800  may execute a method for generating and/or transmitting an alarm, as discussed below. 
     The method  900  terminates at  908 , for example, until invoked again. 
       FIG. 10  shows a method  1000  of generating and transmitting an alarm signal, according to at least one illustrated implementation. The method  1000  starts at  1002 , for example on powering up of the processor-based system  800 , or on invocation by a calling routine such as the method  900 . 
     At  1002 , the processor-based device  800  generates an alarm signal. Such an alarm signal may be generated based upon a comparison of one or more signals received from respective sensors  218  and/or flow meters  624 . In some implementations, the alarm signal may be generated based upon one of a first defined condition not being met or a second defined condition being met. Such first defined condition and/or second defined condition may be compared to signals received from sensors  218  that are associated with a sensed physical characteristic of the modular dwelling unit ambient temperature) and/or that are associated with a sensed physical characteristic of any inhabitant of the modular dwelling unit  502  (e.g., movement). In some implementations, the alarm signal may be generated based upon a combination of at least one defined condition not being met and of at least another defined condition being met. For example, in some implementations, an alarm signal indicating a leak condition may be generated upon a first defined condition not being met (e.g., receiving no signals from any of the water-using components (e.g., a faucet  622   a,  a toilet  622   b,  and/or a showerhead  622   c ) fluidly coupled to a supply network (e.g., first supply network  606  and/or second supply network  616  in  FIG. 6 ) indicating that such water-using component is in use) and a second defined condition being met (e.g., receiving a signal from the flow meter  624  indicating that water is flowing in the supply system that is fluidly coupled to the faucet  622   a,  the toilet  622   b,  and the showerhead  622   c ). 
     At  1004 , the processor-based device  800  may transmit the alarm signal generated at  1002 , For example, the alarm signal may be transmitted to one or more actuators  636 , valves  614 / 620 , and/or other control component associated with the modular dwelling unit  502 . Such alarm signals may result in a responsive action being taken upon detecting that at least one of the first defined condition has not been met and/or that the second defined condition has been met. For example, in some implementations, the alarm signal may be transmitted to one or more valves  614 / 620  to shut off the supply of a fluid in a supply network (e.g., first supply network  606  and/or second supply network  616  in  FIG. 6 ). In some implementations, the alarm signal may be transmitted to the dashboard  700  that may be rendered on a display  634 . The dashboard  700  may indicate an alarm condition using one or more of loud sounds and/or flashing graphics to attract the attention of a user. The dashboard  700  may additional suggest corrective action that may be taken by the viewer of the dashboard  700  in response to the alarm condition. 
     The alarm signal may be transmitted to various devices in a number of locations. In some implementations, the alarm signal may be transmitted to a device located in the impacted modular dwelling unit  502 . In some implementations, the alarm signal may be transmitted to a device associated with the occupant or inhabitant of the modular dwelling unit  502 . In some implementations, the alarm signal may be transmitted to all modular dwelling units  502  in a modular building  500  except for the modular dwelling unit  502  with which the alarm signal is associated. In some implementations, the alarm signal may be transmitted to a monitoring location that may be in the same modular building  500  as the modular dwelling unit  502  associated with the alarm and/or to a monitoring location that may be remote from the modular dwelling unit  502 . 
     At  1008 , the processor-based device  800  may implement the controller  822  that may be used to transmit control signals to one or more of the actuators  636  and/or valves in the modular dwelling unit  502 . In some implementations, the controller  822  may be accessed from a device (e.g., the display  634 ) located within the modular dwelling unit  502  associated with the alarm signal. In some implementations, the controller  822  may be accessed from a device located away from the modular dwelling unit  502  associated with the alarm, such as at a monitoring facility that may be located elsewhere in the modular building  500  or in a remote monitoring facility. In such an implementation, the controller  822  may be restricted to access by an authorized user, such as an authorized building monitor or manager. In some implementations, the controller  822  may be accessed from a remoted device that is associated with the inhabitant and/or occupant of the modular dwelling unit  502  associated with the alarm signal. 
     The method  1000  terminates at  1010 , for example, until invoked again. 
       FIG. 11  shows a method  1100  of recognizing and communicatively coupling with a modular dwelling unit  502  that has been added to existing modular dwelling units  502  in a modular building  500 , according to at least one illustrated implementation. The method  1100  starts at  1002 , for example, when a modular dwelling unit  502  is added to a modular building  500 . 
     At  1104 , the new modular dwelling unit  502  is coupled to a set of one or more existing modular dwelling units  502  that comprise a modular building  500 . In such an implementation, the modular dwelling unit  502  may have the same or substantially similar dimensions to a type of intermodal container and may include one or more couplers (e.g., twistlock fittings) at appropriate locations such that the modular dwelling unit  502  may be selectively, releaseably, physically coupled and secured to other similarly shaped modular dwelling units  502 . In such implementations, the modular dwelling units  502  may include standardized communication interfaces and locations by which the communication systems in each modular dwelling unit  502  may physically connect with each other when such modular dwelling units  502  are physically coupled. 
     At  1106 , the coupled modular dwelling units  502  institute a handshake protocol to become communicatively coupled to each other. Such a handshake protocol could be similar to other such networking handshake protocols by which devices are dynamically added to existing networks. Such handshake protocols may include, for example, or be similar to those handshake protocols used for adding devices to a Bluetooth network, an IEEE 802.11 WiFi network, an Ethernet network, or any other type of communications network. Once the handshake protocol is complete, the new modular dwelling unit  502  may be communicatively coupled to the existing modular dwelling units  502  in the modular building  500 . 
     The method  1100  terminates at  1108 , for example, until invoked again. 
     To the extent that they are not inconsistent with the specific teachings and definitions herein, all of the US patents, US patent application publications, US patent applications, referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, including but not limited to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/666,422, filed May 3, 2018, are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     While various aspects and implementations have been disclosed herein, other aspects and implementations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The present embodiments are susceptible to modifications and alternate constructions from those discussed above. Consequently, the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed. Rather, numerous modifications and alternate constructions fall within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. For example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other arrangements and other elements (e.g., machines, interfaces, operations, orders, and groupings of operations, etc.) can be used instead, and some elements may be omitted altogether according to the desired results. Further, many of the elements that are described are functional entities that may be implemented as discrete or distributed components or in conjunction with other components, in any suitable combination and location, or other structural elements described as independent structures may be combined. The blocks in the processes described herein need not be performed in the same order as they have been presented, and may be performed in any order(s), unless logic dictates a particular order. Further, blocks that have been presented as being performed separately may in alternative embodiments be performed concurrently. Likewise, blocks that have been presented as being performed concurrently may in alternative embodiments be performed separately. The various aspects and implementations disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope being indicated by the following claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only, and is not intended to be limiting. 
     U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/666,422, entitled “MODULAR HOUSING AND RELATED SYSTEMS AND MANUFACTURE,” filed May 3, 2018, to which the present application claims priority,is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.