Patent Publication Number: US-2022219119-A1

Title: Modular Extraction Apparatus

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/171,109, filed Oct. 25, 2018, which application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/577,554, filed Oct. 26, 2017, each of which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to separation of materials, and more particularly to a modular extraction array for separation, purification, and/or concentration of various elements from brine solutions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Reference may be made herein to other United States Patents, foreign patents, and/or other technical references. Any reference made herein to other documents is an express incorporation by reference of the document so referenced in its entirety. 
     Recent advances in chemical processes allow for separation of species from raw materials. An element of interest is Lithium (Li), as lithium compounds are employed in various applications. For example, lithium stearate (C 18 H 35 LiO 2 ) may be used in lubricants, lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used in breathing gas purification systems for spacecraft, submarines, and rebreathers to remove carbon dioxide from exhaled gas, and lithium metal can be alloyed with other metals, e.g., aluminum, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make high performance alloys for aircraft and other applications. Lithium metal also has the highest specific heat of any solid element, so lithium may be used in heat transfer applications. Lithium ions are also used in rechargeable batteries for various devices. 
     Extraction and/or separation of lithium as a metal, or as a species, from raw material are often difficult and expensive. Separation of lithium or other metals from brine is often done at a separation facility, which may involve transportation of the brine to the facility, transportation of the desired constituent, whether in solid or in solution, from the facility, and/or a large capital investment in the facility construction and maintenance. Such facilities may also employ customized designs and/or equipment, and may also involve obtaining building permits or other government approvals before construction occurs, further adding to the overall costs of extraction of the desired constituent. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure describes methods and apparatuses for separation of lithium and/or lithium species from raw materials. 
     A modular extraction system in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure comprises a first tank, a second tank, and a third tank, an interconnection system for selectively directing a brine input stream to at least one of the first tank, the second tank, and the third tank, an amount of sorbent material contained within at least one of the first tank, the second tank, and the third tank, in which the sorbent material extracts at least one constituent from the brine input stream, and at least one of a purification membrane and a concentration membrane, for processing the extracted at least one constituent into at least one output stream. 
     The above summary has outlined, rather broadly, some features and technical advantages of the present disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be described below. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that this disclosure may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the teachings of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features, which are believed to be characteristic of the disclosure, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further features and advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The features, nature, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout. 
         FIG. 1  is a process flow diagram for species separation in an aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a column array in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a system in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a modular system in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a modular extraction apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below, in connection with the appended drawings, is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the various concepts. It will be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts. As described herein, the use of the term “and/or” is intended to represent an “inclusive OR”, and the use of the term “or” is intended to represent an “exclusive OR”. 
     Although described herein with respect to lithium and/or lithium species, other elements and/or species, e.g., calcium and/or other alkaline earth metals, sodium and/or other alkali metals, etc., may be employed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Overview 
     Other approaches have been undertaken to extract lithium, specific lithium species, and/or other chemical compounds from raw materials. The raw materials are directly exposed to solvents such as acids, and the lithium metal and/or lithium species are dissolved and/or extracted. With such approaches, however, large amounts of chemical by-products are produced, and disposal of such solvents may be expensive. Further, building such a plant usually involves a large capital investment, as well as many years to obtain governmental approval and to build. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, a mobile system may use single or multiple elements arranged in a single unit or multiple arrays for the extraction, purification, and concentration of lithium and other constituents from brine. Constituent species are targeted by arranging extraction columns, purification membranes, and/or concentration membranes in the mobile unit. 
     Conventional methods of separating lithium and/or other constituent species from solution, e.g., brine, etc. are often dependent upon specific sequences. The specific sequence, and design and/or operation of a separation plant, also may depend upon the variation within the brine stream. A common approach for separation is to flow the brine stream through an adsorbed material. The adsorber material is usually packed into a column, called a “packed bed” column, where the species of interest is selectively adsorbed onto the internal packing of the packed bed column. A sequence of fluid flows may be used to minimize impurities and maximize concentration of the targeted constituent for isolation. 
     Performance of conventional systems is limited by the ability to increase the concentration of the targeted constituent and decrease concentration of the undesired impurities. Brine streams that have low concentrations of the targeted constituent are recycled through conventional systems, thus creating very specific sequences and column arrangements and involve large volume internal components and flow. The materials in the columns, e.g., sorbent particles, sorbent fibers, separation membranes, plates, and other known separation materials must be arranged in conventional systems to maintain a distinct difference in the concentration of the stream flowing through the columns in order to enable the mass transfer of the targeted constituent to the internals. 
     As an example of the conventional approach, brine is flowed through a packed bed column having sorbent material for adsorption of the targeted constituent lithium. The column may be 10 feet in diameter and 30 feet high. As the brine flows through the packed bed column, the lithium in the brine is adsorbed at extraction “sites” on the sorbent material. Brine is flowed through the packed bed column until the sorbent material is saturated with lithium, i.e., where all or nearly all of the extraction sites of the sorbent material are filled with lithium. A second stream is then flowed through the packed bed column to displace the residual brine from the initial flow. This second stream lowers the concentration of impurities present in the brine, i.e., the non-targeted constituents of the brine. A third flow, known as “product flow” is then passed through the packed bed column. The product flow detaches the lithium (and/or other targeted constituent) from the sorbent material. The sequence duration and specific makeups of each of these flows (or “streams”) determine the performance of the column. 
     When the brine is flowed through initially, the sorbent material may not remove all of the targeted constituent. This may necessitate flowing the brine through the packed bed column many times to ensure that as much of the targeted constituent is removed as possible. However, this may interfere with the initial flow, dilute the initial flow, etc., and thus uses extra volume in the packed bed column, more precise control of the system, etc. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, and as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 62/394,117, which application and priority is wholly incorporated by reference herein, a stream containing a concentration of lithium or another targeted constituent may be fed into an array of smaller diameter columns, e.g., a plurality of one foot diameter columns each five feet high, with a flow controller to balance the flow through each column in the array. It is envisioned that various diameters and various heights of columns are within the scope of the present disclosure, e.g., such that the ratio of diameter to height is in the range of approximately 2 to 10, and the diameter is on the order of one fifth to one twentieth the diameter of conventional columns. A single column may be employed within the scope of the present disclosure if desired. So long as the column within the system maintains the mobility of the system, any size column or any number of columns may be employed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, a simplified column and/or simplified column sequence may reduce the volume, dynamic shock on the internals, and/or employ post column concentration to simplify system design and/or operation. In an aspect of the present disclosure, the system may be mobile, in that a system may be placed on a truck or be on a mobile platform (also known as a “skid”) such that the system may be placed in locations where conventional systems would be difficult to locate. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, instead of feeding an entire stream of fluid containing a concentration of lithium or another targeted constituent into a single large diameter, lengthy column, the stream may be divided into portions and one or more of the portions may each be fed into smaller diameter and/or shorter length columns. By dividing the incoming stream into smaller portions, each column can be better controlled for pressure drops, pressure surges, etc. to reduce the effects of pressure changes on the sorbent in each column. A flow controller may be used to balance the fluid flow through each column. The smaller (in length and/or width) columns may each perform one phase or processing step in the overall system, and each of these columns may be placed in series (called a “daisy chain”). By placing two or more daisy chains in parallel, the entire incoming fluid flow may be processed. Similarly, a plurality of columns may receive the entire incoming flow for step/phase one of the process (called a “cluster of columns”) and the output of that cluster may be collected together and passed to the next step/phase of the overall process being performed. This parallel connection of columns as clusters for each of the phases/steps of the process may also be combined in any form with the daisy chain configuration without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Further, a single column may be employed within the scope of the present disclosure if desired. So long as the column within the system maintains the mobility of the system, any size column or any number of columns may be employed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     By placing a parallel feed manifold on top of the packed bed columns, the flows through each column may be adjusted, either manually or automatically, to distribute the flow between the columns present. Regardless of the number of columns present, the system “behaves” as if the columns are a single column. This arrangement allows for a sharp concentration profile, also known as a sharp “brine-water interface”, to be presented to the extracting material in each of the columns. A sharp brine-water interface means that the physical boundary of the concentration of the constituents of interest on one side of the boundary remain separate and evenly distributed along the boundary as the profile flows axially down the bed of sorbent in the column. A sharp concentration profile is contrasted with a maldistributed or back-mixed profile which gradually destroys the sharp contrast at the boundary between the two concentrations. A profile that is not chromatographic also is physically much wider in the axial direction and along the axial plane, as sampling in the wider boundary area is gradual where the two ends of the wide boundary layer are the same as the concentrations on either side of the widened boundary layer. 
     Although a system in accordance with the present disclosure may not allow for more complex flow sequencing, the ability of the system to remove and replace columns may reduce complex flow sequencing in a mobile unit. Further, the mobile aspects of such a system may allow for simpler extraction techniques at remote locations. 
     Further, systems in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure reduces the dynamics, vibrations, and interactions that are present in conventional systems. Systems in accordance with the present disclosure may be operated at lower pressures, and with shorter columns may be subject to reduced recycling of brine. Other aspects of the present disclosure may also reduce the wear on system hardware and sorbent components. 
     For example, the sorbent material to capture lithium is a “size exclusion” material that creates extraction sites only lithium ions/atoms can fit into. This sorbent may be one or more lithium aluminates. The lithium aluminates may have large surface areas having sites that accept only ions that are of a certain size, e.g., lithium ions, and attract the lithium ions into the sites through energy loss of the lithium ion as the fluid flows through the column. The sorbent is then formed into a structurally stable particle and placed in the column as a packed bed. This material may be more susceptible to damage due to hydraulic dynamics, e.g., pressure drops across the column, pressure surge (“water hammer”) effects as fluid flow is increased and/or reduced through the column, etc., during fluid flow than other types of sorbents, e.g., ion exchange resins. 
     The sorbent material may be a solid material and/or a liquid material, and may comprise one or more of lithium aluminate, aluminum-based material, aluminum-oxygen based materials, manganese, manganese oxides, gallium-based materials, cobalt oxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal phosphates, aluminum phosphates, gallium phosphates, antimony oxides, antimony phosphates, tin oxides, tin phosphates, silicon-based materials, germanium-based materials, transition metal silicates, aluminum-gallium silicates, germanium, tin, and/or antimony silicates, sulfides, titanates, indiumates, indium tin oxides, mixed transition metal oxides and/or phosphates, organophosphates, polymers containing organophosphates, polyethers, ion-exchange resins, bohemite-based materials, aluminum-oxyhydroxides, activated alumina, and/or other materials that adsorb a desired constituent in the brine. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure reduce problems associated with the brittle and friable nature of the lithium aluminate(s) in lithium extraction applications. With wider and taller sorbent tanks, the sorbent particles are subjected to pressure drops and/or pressure surges that stress the sorbent particles. Additional pressure forces the sorbent particles to become more closely packed, and as the pressure in the tank changes, friction between the particles abrades the particles, which may reduce the number of attraction sites on each sorbent particle. A fewer number of attraction (absorption) sites in the same volume of a column reduces the efficiency of the column. Pressure surges create similar effects with respect to abrasion/friction of the sorbent particles within the column. 
     In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, a shorter column may be subject to a lower amount of pressure drop across the length of the column, thereby reducing the chance of abrasion/friction between the particles. Further, a smaller diameter column may be easier to control the pressure changes/surges across the diameter of the column, thereby increasing the sharpness of the brine-water interface within each column. By tighter control of the brine-water interface, the efficiency of the overall system may increase. The lower pressure drop reduces the grinding and allows much more capacity of the system, while increased pressure also increases sorbent particle attrition. This in turn increases internal useful life and allows for continued lower cost operation. 
     Daisy Chain Flow 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a flow system of the related art. 
     System  100  illustrates tank  102 , tank  104 , and tank  106  that are connected to a forward flow feed line  108  and a reverse flow feed line  110 . The tanks  102 - 106  are also connected to a forward flow discharge line  112  and a reverse flow discharge line  114 . The control of the flow through tanks  102 - 106  can be performed by valves coupled to tanks  102 - 106  as shown in  FIG. 1 , or may be performed by other means without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Each tank  102 - 106  contains a sorbent material as described herein. 
     System  100  may be referred to as a “lead/lag/regen” system  100 , in that tank  102  is the first tank to receive fluid flow through forward flow feed line  108 , tank  104  may be the second tank to receive fluid flow through forward flow feed line  108 , and tank  106  may be the third tank to receive fluid flow through forward flow feed line  108 . As such, tank  102  may be referred to as the “lead tank  102 ,” tank  104  may be referred to as the “lag tank  104 ,” and tank  106  may be referred to as the “regen tank  106 ” herein for ease of following the description of this aspect of the present disclosure. 
     The present disclosure may be operated in several different modes. Once the fluid containing the desired constituent (also referred to as “brine” herein) is introduced to tank  102  by opening valves  116  and  118 , sorbent material in tank  102  begins to absorb constituents in the brine. In the case of lithium-containing brine, the lithium ions are attracted to water molecules in the fluid by the lone pairs of electrons in water molecules. As the lithium ions in the fluid pass near the sorbent absorbing sites, the lithium loses energy by shedding the water molecules and enters the absorbing site. In another aspect of the present disclosure, an ion-exchange resin may be used where the lithium (or other constituent) ion is exchanged with an ion that is currently attached to the resin, where the exchange also results in a lower energy state for the constituent ion and/or energy state of the resin. Other absorption techniques are also possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As a fluid containing the desired constituent (also referred to as “brine” herein) flows from  108  to  102 , valve  116  and valve  118  are opened to allow for brine flow through  102 . Brine fluid from  108  is allowed to flow through  102  until sorbent material in  102  has started absorbing the desired constituent, and may near saturation, with a desired constituent in the brine fluid from  108 . 
     When the desired concentration of constituent has been absorbed by the sorbent, a second fluid flow (which may emanate from valve  108  and/or  110 ) is introduced into tank  102 . This second fluid flow may be water. As the second fluid flow begins to move through tank  102 , the interface between the brine and the second fluid (the brine-water interface) moves along the length of the tank  102 . As the interface passes a given level in the tank  102 , the ions that have been captured in the sorbent may also lose energy by leaving the absorption site and entering the fluid stream in the second fluid. In the case of lithium, the lithium ion is attracted to several water molecules in the second fluid, which would place the lithium ion at a lower energy state in the second fluid than if the lithium ion were to remain absorbed (attached) to the sorbent particle. As such, the lithium is “flushed” or removed from the sorbent and is absorbed by the second fluid. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, once sorbent material in tank  102  has been completely saturated, a second (“dilute”) flow is introduced into tank  102 . This dilute flow may come from  108  or from  110 . The dilute flow may comprise a dilute solution of the desired constituent dissolved in water, and forces the remaining brine (and all of the impurities still present in the brine) from tank  102  while at least partially filling tank  102 . By maintaining a substantially constant pressure within tank  102 , the structural integrity of the sorbent material in tank  102  is relatively maintained. The removal of the brine fluid may reduce the impurities that are present when the desired constituent is removed from tank  102 . While tank  102  is being filled with the dilute flow, lag tank  104  may be being filled with brine flow from  108 . Thus, tank  102  “leads” the flow ahead of lag tank  104 . Other valves and/or other mechanisms in system  100  may control the flow of brine and/or dilute flow into tanks  102 - 106 . 
     Once lead tank  102  has been filled with the dilute flow, a stripping solution is placed into tank  102  to remove the desired constituent from the sorbent material in tank  102 . This flow may also come from  108  or from  110 , and regenerates the ability of tank  102  to absorb the desired constituent from a brine fluid flow. 
     As such, while lead tank  102  is absorbing the desired constituent from the brine flow, lag tank  104  may be undergoing a dilute flow and regen tank  106  may be receiving the stripping solution to remove the desired constituent from the sorbent material. Thus, system  100  may be operated as a continuous sequential flow system, such that the brine flow from  108  is continuously flowing into one of tanks  102 - 106  and the desired constituent is continuously being removed from another of tanks  102 - 106  once an initial cycle through the number of tanks  102 - 106  has been completed. Such a sequential flow system  100  may also be referred to as a “daisy chain” flow system. 
     Column Array Description 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a column array in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
     In the related art approach, tanks  102 - 106  are large diameter tanks with a large height. The majority of the volume of tanks  102 - 106  in the related art is filled with sorbent material, which is packed into tanks  102 - 106  with pressure. Such tanks  102 - 106  are expensive to build, maintain, and often employ specially-built facilities to house. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, array  200 , which may replace one or more of tanks  102 - 106  as shown in  FIG. 1 , comprise a first manifold  202 , a plurality of columns  204 , and a second manifold  206 . 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, manifold  202  distributes  108  and/or manifold  206  distributes  110  through columns  204 , depending on the flow through columns  204 . By separating tank  102  (and/or tanks  104 - 106 ) into columns, the size and/or dimensions of the diameter  208  and/or the length  210  of array  200  may be sized such that array  200  can be mounted on a mobile (i.e., movable) platform. 
     The volume of fluid that takes up the space of one array  200  is called a bed volume. The extraction array  200 , in combination with optional purification and concentration membrane units makes use of a simplified sequence that increases the collected mass of the target constituent. At saturation the targeted constituent concentration on the sorbent material is at its peak and the liquid in the column contains one bed volume of loading, or feed, solution worth of impurities. 
     At saturation in the conventional method the residual impurity liquid bed volume is displaced with a dilute stream, e.g., a lower concentration of the targeted constituent than the stream is displacing, and the residual impurity liquid bed volume is sent to spent solution, e.g., a solution where the target constituent has been removed to the greatest extent possible. Next the bed volume of dilute stream is displaced with a bed volume of clean stream, e.g., a stream containing substantially only desired constituents which are primarily the targeted constituents and the majority of the undesired constituents have been removed, containing a part per million concentration of targeted constituent also known as strip solution. 
     In the present disclosure, a similar flow sequence occurs for the brine and the dilute stream, i.e., brine is flowed through the column until the column has absorbed the targeted constituent, and a bed volume of diluted stream is flowed through the array  200 . In the conventional method the bed volume of displaced dilute stream is either recycled or sent to spent solution so as not to dilute the concentrated target constituent stream that will be stripped from the sorbent material. In an aspect of the present disclosure the bed volume of displaced dilute stream can be recycled or pushed forward to the purification and concentration membrane units because the units can readily concentrate dilute and clean target constituent streams. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, depending on efficiency of the sorbent material and/or other economically-based factors, a number of bed volumes of strip solution may be flowed through the columns resulting in a higher mass of collected targeted material. This material will be relatively clean of impurities, but may be more dilute. A system in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure can accommodate a more dilute flow once the targeted constituent has been removed from the sorbent material, because systems in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure employs a concentration membrane unit. 
     Additionally, in the present disclosure the extraction material sites in the array  200  are more available than the conventional method because more of the targeted constituent was released, or stripped, from the extraction material sites as a result of the additional bed volumes of strip solution run through the array  200 . 
     Once array  200  has been more thoroughly stripped, a system in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure has a greater number of extraction sites available to attract the targeted constituent than a conventional system. Thus, a greater number of bed volumes can be flowed through the array  200  than a tank  102 - 106  in the conventional system. Because systems in accordance with the present disclosure may operate without recirculating loads, such systems may operate on a simpler time-based flow sequence, reducing complex valve and circulation designs employed by conventional systems. 
     System Description 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a system in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, the output of array  200  may be purified, e.g., have contaminants removed from the output stream from array  200 , and may also be concentrated in the system with a concentration membrane. 
     A purification membrane, e.g., a cross-flow membrane, an ion-exchange resin, solvent extraction system, and/or other purification devices, allows the targeted constituent and solvent to pass, or permeate, while retaining or preventing undesired impurities from passing through the purification membrane and/or ion-exchange resin. Purification membranes, which may also be a nanofiltration membrane, or other type of filtration membrane, having a porosity and/or separation affinity for specific constituents in the output of array  200 , and may reduce the levels of impurities to the parts per million levels. Purification membranes may be operated at a pressure between 100 and 400 psig. Ion-exchange resins may be employed to remove polyvalent metal ions, sulfates, borates, and/or other impurities as desired. 
     The concentration membrane may separate and/or remove the solvent, in most cases water, from the stream containing the desired constituent. Concentration membranes may be susceptible to impurity materials affecting the performance of the separation. In an aspect of the present disclosure, a purification membrane, such as a cross-flow membrane may be used prior to the concentration membrane to reduce the effects of impurities on the system. 
     A concentration membrane in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure then accepts the product stream that passed through the purification membrane. The solvent passes through the concentration membrane and the target constituent is rejected and/or retained by the concentration membrane. In an aspect of the present disclosure, a reverse osmosis (RO) unit may be employed as a concentrating membrane. Concentration membranes operated as reverse osmosis systems may concentrate the targeted constituent to weight percentage levels. Concentration membranes operated as reverse osmosis systems may be limited by the osmotic pressure of the solution and the practical limits of the pressure ratings of the single element components. Concentration membranes may operate between 200 and 1200 psig. The concentration membrane may also be a heating system that boils off some of the liquid in the product stream, as well as an evaporative system that may or may not recover some of the evaporated liquid. For example, and not by way of limitation, the concentration membrane may be an evaporation pond, a boiler system, an evaporative cooler, and/or other systems that concentrate the amount of desired constituent in the product stream. 
     Both the purification membrane units and the concentration membrane units may be made up of single elements arranged in arrays. Similar to the extraction array, purification and concentration membrane units can be arranged in arrays and fitted to mobile systems. This allows the mobile deployment of these unit operations for recovery of targeted constituents. 
     The present disclosure may also isolate other targeted constituents. For example, and not by way of limitation, a system in accordance with the present disclosure may isolate CO2 from a feed gas stream. The CO2 may be used to produce the final Li2CO3 product by reacting the lithium rich brine stream with the separated CO2. In the case of LiOH production, the raw purification and concentration system allows the direct feed to a lithium hydroxide electrolysis system. The purified product will meet the raw purification standards and the system may only employ the secondary purification system to prepare the brine for electrolysis to LiOH. In both these product cases, lithium is the targeted constituent, but other elements may behave in a similar fashion and be targeted in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     System  300  comprises arrays  200 A- 200 C, collectively referred to as array  200 , arranged in a daisy chain configuration as shown in  FIG. 1 . The intermediate valves and reverse flow path through array  200  is not shown in  FIG. 3  to aid in the understanding of system  300  in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. System  300  also comprises a purification membrane  302  (and/or ion-exchange resin), which may be an array similar to that described with respect to  FIG. 2 , and a concentration membrane  304 , which also may be an array similar to that described with respect to  FIG. 2 . Valves  306 - 310  couple one or more inputs  312 - 316  to the arrays  200 A- 200 C. Valves  306 - 310  may also control the flow and/or flow rate of the inputs  110 - 114 . 
     Valve  318 , which may be an array of valves, controls the flow out from arrays  200 A- 200 C to direct the flow toward purification membrane  302  or as an output  320 . Output  320  may be recycled to one or more inputs  312 - 316  and/or to one or more tanks  200 A- 200 C if desired. 
     One output  322  of purification membrane  302  is passed to concentration membrane  304 . Another output  324  of purification membrane  302  may exit system  300 , or may be recycled back to one or more inputs  312 - 316 . One concentration membrane  304  output  326  may exit system  300 , while a second output  328  may be recycled back to one or more inputs  312 - 316 . The volume (“bed volume”) of arrays  200 A- 200 C is known and/or may be calculated, and the flow rate of inputs  312 - 316  can be measured by a flow rate meter or other methods. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, system  300  may be operated as follows. Initially, valve  306  is opened and valves  308 - 310  are closed. As such, input  312 , also referred to as brine input  312 , is allowed to flow through array  200  (as one or more of arrays  200 A- 200 C). 
     Brine input  312  may be analyzed to determine the concentration of the desired constituent (e.g., lithium, etc.) as well as other impurities (e.g., magnesium, silica, etc.) to determine how long to flow brine input  312  through array  200 . Brine input  312  may be flowed through array  200  until one of the arrays (e.g., array  200 A) array is approximately saturated with the desired constituent. Brine input  312  may then be directed toward another array (e.g., array  200 B) within array  200 . Output  320  may be recycled to input  312  if desired. 
     Once a portion of the array  200  (e.g., array  200 A) is saturated with the desired constituent, the flow of brine input  312  is stopped to that portion of array  200  and valve  308  is opened to allow a second flow, called the “dilute flow,” “dilute input” or “dilute stream,” to flow into the saturated portion of array  200 , such that the dilute flow displaces the remaining brine in the saturated portion of array  200 . This displacement reduces the particulates and/or other impurities that may be captured by the purification membrane  302 , while minimizing the removal of the desired constituent from the array  200 . 
     As with brine input  312 , the flow rate of dilute input  314  may be measured such that a bed volume, multiple bed volumes, and/or some other desired amount, of dilute input  314  is flowed through the desired portion of the array  200 . Dilute input  314  may be passed through purification membrane  302  or be directed to output  320  as desired by changing the position of valve  318 . Further, the position of valve  318  may be changed during the dilute input  314  flow to reduce any losses of desired constituent that may be dislodged from array  200  during the dilute input  314  flow. 
     Now that a portion of array  200  is saturated with the desired constituent, and the dilute input  314  has displaced the brine input  312  in that portion of array  200 , valve  310  is opened and valve  318  is positioned to pass flow from array  200  to purification membrane  302 . This flow, called the clean flow or clean input  316 , removes the desired constituent from array  200  and passes the desired constituent in solution to purification membrane  302  and subsequently to concentration membrane  304 . 
     For some systems  100 , purification membrane  302  may not be necessary, because once the brine input  312  is displaced by dilute input  314 , only the desired constituent, or a small enough amount of impurities, would remain in the flow that is passed through valve  318 , and, as such, the flow may be directed into flow  322  and concentration membrane  304  as shown by dashed line  330  rather than through purification membrane  304 . The output  324  from purification membrane  302  may be a concentrated flow of impurities removed from brine input  312 . This output  324  may be sent to a similar system  300  that removes selected impurities from output  324  if desired, which may be accomplished by using a different sorbent material and/or ion-exchange resin in array  200 . Other uses for output  324  are also envisioned as within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The clean input  316  removes the desired constituent from array  200  in solution. This solution is then flowed through purification membrane  302  to remove impurities from the solution prior to the output  322 . Output  322  is then flowed through concentration membrane  304  to remove the desired constituent from the flow  322  as a concentrated output  328 , and the solvent is removed as output  326 . 
     System  300  may also include processor  332 , which is coupled to various valves, input streams, and/or other sensors via connection  334  within system  300  to control the flow of the various input streams  312 - 316  and outputs  320 ,  324 ,  326 , and/or  328 . 
     Further, system  300  may have a backflush capability for one or more of array  200 , purification membrane  302 , and/or concentration membrane  304 . Backflushing one or more portions of system  300  may be performed by valves similar to those shown for the reverse flow path in  FIG. 1 , such that fluid may flow in a different direction than the flow from inputs  312 - 316 . 
     Modular Platform System 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a modular system in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
     System  400  may include system  300 , with inputs  312 - 316  and outputs  320 ,  324 ,  326 , and/or  328  mounted on a platform  402 . Platform  402  may be a mobile platform, and as such may include wheels  404  (and/or placed on wheels  404 ) if desired, or may be a skid platform  402 , e.g., where a skid is a welded metal frame. Because the size of array  200  may be smaller than tanks  102 - 106 , system  300  may be mounted on platform  404  and moved from location to location where input stream  312  is available, rather than shipping or flowing input stream  312  via pipeline to a remote location. For example, and not by way of limitation, system  400  may be employed in an oilfield with distributed well heads, in locations where runoff water from oil drilling operations is accessible, or in other locations where a mobile system  400  may be brought in for temporary use, without the need for building permits or other governmental approvals. If desired, the outputs  320 ,  324 ,  326  and/or  328  may be taken from system  400  by tanker truck and/or other transportation to a location geographically distant from system  400 , such that additional processing may be undertaken. 
     Although described with respect to a desired constituent, system  300  and/or  400  may be employed to remove an “undesired” constituent from input stream  312 . For example, and not by way of limitation, system  300  and/or  400  may be used to remove a contaminant from input stream, such as contaminants from a water stream, to provide purified water as an output and removing unwanted constituents in the output  326  flow. System  300  may be connected in series and/or parallel with other systems  300 , and may also remove both desired and undesired constituents from input stream  312  as desired without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a modular extraction apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure. 
     As described with respect to  FIG. 4 , system  300  (and/or system  400 ) may have one or more outputs  320 ,  324 , and/or  328 . Output  320  may be a diluted output of a desired constituent where the output stream contains impurities. Output  324  may be a stream of fluid that contains the removed impurities from the brine input stream  312 . Output  328  may be a concentrated fluid flow of the desired input that has been concentrated through evaporation and/or other methods, and may also have impurities removed prior to exiting system  300 . 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, some systems may only have one output, or may have many outputs as described with respect to  FIG. 4 . Further, depending on the desired constituent and/or impurities present in brine input stream  312 , different processes may be desired as part of an overall modular system design. 
     Module  500 , which may be referred to as a “post-processing module” herein, may be a purification module that further removes impurities from output  320 . Module  500  may also concentrate output  320 . Depending on the design of module  500 , output  502  may be a concentrated, relatively pure output stream comprising the desired constituent. For example, and not by way of limitation, brine input stream  312  may have a lithium concentration of 100 parts per million (PPM) and concentrations of divalent cations (magnesium, calcium, etc.) in the range of 10,000 PPM. System  300  may be designed, for various reasons, to produce an output stream  320  of 4% by weight (wt %) lithium having a 500 PPM concentration of magnesium and a 500 PPM concentration of calcium. 
     Transporting this output  320  (4 wt % Li, 500 PPM Mg++ and Ca++ as described in the example) long distances for purification and concentration may be impractical and/or cost prohibitive if the brine source  312  is relatively inaccessible. However, in some situations, transporting such an output  320  may be fairly straightforward via pipeline and/or other transportation methods. As such, in an aspect of the present disclosure, module  500 , which may also be a mobile module, may be placed in relative proximity to module  300 , such that output  502  may be a more concentrated output of lithium, e.g., 40 wt %, with reduced levels of magnesium and/or calcium, e.g., 50 PPM magnesium and/or calcium. Such a design of separating module  300  from module  500  may allow for greater flexibility in design of an extraction system for various locations. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, a different module  300  having output  328  may be employed in a particular location and/or application. Output  328  may be a concentrated output of a desired constituent that is relatively free from impurities. For example, and not by way of limitation, output  328  may be a 40 wt % lithium output with less than 5 PPM of impurities present. 
     Again, such an output  328  may be impractical and/or cost prohibitive to transport. As such, module  504 , which may also be referred to as a “post-processing module” herein, may be coupled to output  328  to produce a more “final” product from output  328 . Such a final output  506  may be, for example, a lithium carbonate solution, a lithium hydroxide monohydrate solution, and/or other outputs depending on the desired constituent in output  328  and the desired output  506 . 
     Similarly, output  324 , which comprises one or more impurities from brine input stream  312 , may be coupled to module  508 . Module  508 , which also may be referred to as a “post-processing module” herein, may separate one or more impurities from the output  324  and provide that separated impurity in output  510 , with the remaining impurities from output  324  provided at output  512 . 
     With the modular design shown in  FIG. 5 , it can be seen that a system in accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure can provide a complete processing system that accepts the brine input stream  312  and can produce various outputs  320 ,  324 ,  328 ,  502 ,  506 ,  510 , and/or  512 , as well as other outputs, depending at least in part on the constituents in the brine input stream  312 , the location where the system will be placed, and/or other factors as desired. Dotted lines shown in  FIG. 5  also show that a system can have different interconnections to allow for even further adaptability between modules  300 ,  400 ,  500 ,  504 , and/or  508 . 
     For a firmware and/or software implementation of the present disclosure, such as with respect to the processor  332 , the methodologies described may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. A machine-readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software codes may be stored in a memory and executed by a processor unit. Memory may be implemented within the processor unit or external to the processor unit. As used herein, the term “memory” refers to types of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other memory and is not to be limited to a particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored. 
     If implemented in firmware and/or software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Examples include computer-readable media encoded with a data structure and computer-readable media encoded with a computer program. Computer-readable media includes physical computer storage media. A storage medium may be an available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer; disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     In addition to storage on computer readable medium, instructions and/or data may be provided as signals on transmission media included in a communication apparatus. For example, a communication apparatus may include a transceiver having signals indicative of instructions and data. The instructions and data are configured to cause one or more processors to implement the functions outlined in the claims. 
     Although the present disclosure and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the technology of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, relational terms, such as “above” and “below” are used with respect to a substrate or electronic device. Of course, if the substrate or electronic device is inverted, above becomes below, and vice versa. Additionally, if oriented sideways, above and below may refer to sides of a substrate or electronic device. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular configurations of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding configurations described herein may be utilized according to the present disclosure. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. 
     Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration). 
     The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the disclosure may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM, flash memory, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. 
     In one or more exemplary designs, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store specified program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. 
     Although the present disclosure and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the technology of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, relational terms, such as “above” and “below” and/or “inside” and “outside” are used with respect to a specific device. Of course, if the device is inverted, above becomes below, and vice versa. Additionally, if oriented sideways, above and below may refer to sides of a device. Further, reference to “first” or “second” instances of a feature, element, or device does not indicate that one device comes before or after the other listed device. Reference to first and/or second devices merely serves to distinguish one device that may be similar or similarly referenced with respect to another device. 
     Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular configurations of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding configurations described herein may be utilized according to the present disclosure. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps. 
     The description of the disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those reasonably skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. Accordingly, the disclosure is not to be limited by the examples presented herein, but is envisioned as encompassing the scope described in the appended claims and the full range of equivalents of the appended claims.