Patent Publication Number: US-2015070628-A1

Title: Electro-optical switching element and electro-optical display

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to electro-optical switching elements and their use in electro-optical displays, as well as to these displays. In particular, the present invention relates to electro-optical switching elements leading to bright images with excellent visibilities under bright ambient light conditions and hence with low power consumption and additionally featuring long term reliabilities. These electro-optical switching elements comprise at least a light reflecting layer, a light switching layer and a light conversion layer, which comprises one or more light emitting moieties. The electro-optical switching elements according to the present application are particularly well suited for so called liquid crystal, electronic paper (e-paper) and MEMS switching applications. 
     STATE OF THE ARTS AND PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED 
     Electro-optical switching elements using a liquid crystal material with a helical structure, optionally comprising a fluorescent dye, as lighting and/or reflecting material with improved contrast by avoiding the otherwise typical strong selective reflection of ambient light by the liquid crystal helical structure, are described in laid open Japanese patent application JP 2008-233915 (A). 
     Electro-optical switching elements using a liquid crystal material with a helical structure, optionally comprising a fluorescent dye, as a light conversion means capable to convert light (e.g. ambient light and/or light from a backlight system), each of said light conversion means
         being capable to convert the state of polarization of the light from non-polarized light either to linear polarized light or to circular polarized light and, at the same time,   optionally being capable to shift the wavelength of the light to longer values are described in laid open international patent application WO2010/028728A.       

     Electro-optical switching elements comprising one or more layers of cholesteric liquid crystal, optionally comprising a fluorescent dye, as a light conversion means capable to convert light (e.g. ambient light and/or light from a backlight system), each of said light conversion means
         being capable to convert the state of polarization of the light from non-polarized light either to linear polarized light or to circular polarized light and, at the same time,   optionally being capable to shift the wavelength of the light to longer values are described in laid open international patent application WO2011/107215A.       

     However, no actual display device that gives high luminance, clear visibility under bright ambient light conditions, low power consumption and a wide process window simultaneously, has been realized through a disclosure of aforementioned prior arts. 
     PRESENT INVENTION 
     The inventor has analyzed energetically the cause of aforementioned problems and found the fact. Surprisingly, in most cases, light emitting moieties, such as laser dyes, do not have enough compatibility with liquid crystal materials even a liquid material is utilized. 
     It causes above mentioned problems through bad uniformity of light emitting moieties and liquid crystal materials. 
     It also causes difficulty of achieving efficient light emitting moieties. Based on the aforementioned knowledge, the inventor has made effort to solve the problems, and finally found the innovative structure mentioned below. 
     In the present invention an electro-optical switching element comprises,
         one or more layers of light reflecting layer, capable to selectively reflect (visible) light, arranged in such a way facing the illumination light;   one or more electro-optical elements, capable to control the intensity of light which is transmitted and/or reflected by the respective parts of a device, in response to the application of an electrical voltage and stacked over the light reflecting layer, and   one or more layers of light converting layer, capable to shift the wavelength of (the) light to longer values and being arranged over the electro-optical element.       

     Preferably, the electro-optical switching element according to the present application comprises a means for illumination, such as a backlight. 
     Preferably, the electro-optical switching element according to the present application further comprises one or more of light direction changing layers, such as micro lens array, existing between the light reflection layer and the electro optical element and/or the opposite side of the light converting layer. Said light reflection means is capable to selectively reflect light of particular wavelength region. 
     Preferably, the electro-optical devices, comprising at least one electro-optical switching element according to the present application, are electronic displays. Particularly preferred, they are displays for the display of information, such as “Liquid crystal displays”, “electronic paper” and “MEMS” switching displays. And most preferred displays, are Liquid crystal displays. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the electro-optical devices according to the present invention have a unique combination and arrangement of optical elements so that they utilize reflected ambient light as well as the light from a backlight and hence, they lead to a bright image with clear visibility under bright ambient light conditions with low power consumption. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an electro-optical switching element comprises;
         a means for illumination (as e.g. a backlight),   one or more layers of light reflecting layer, capable to selectively reflect (visible) light and stacked over the means of illumination,   an electro-optical element, capable to control the intensity of light and stacked over the light reflecting layer, and   one or more layers of light converting layer, capable to shift the wavelength of (the) light to longer values and being arranged over the electro-optical element.       

     In the electro-optical devices according to the present invention, one or more optical elements are arranged in such a way that they utilize the light from the backlight system quite efficiently, and further that the radiation from the backlight system does not include radiation having a high energy. Preferably, it does not include any UV radiation, and more preferably also no blue light with short wavelengths. Preferably, the wavelength of the light is 385 nm or more, more preferably 420 nm or more, and most preferably 430 nm or more. 
     The light reflection means used according to the present application may have different forms. In a preferred embodiment, they comprise one or more layers, which are more or less flat, essentially continuous layers, preferably covering essentially all switching elements of the display. The reflection means preferably are structured, e.g. in a patterned way, such as e.g. being essentially congruent with the pixels or sub-pixels of a display. 
     In particular, when the light reflecting layer is a cholesteric liquid crystal layer, it is desirable to disturb the cholesteric liquid crystals, it is desirable to disturb the cholesteric liquid crystal layer morphology by intentionally tilting the helical axes as described in Japanese patent application JP05-3823 from the viewing angle point of view. 
     The expression of the electro-optical element being capable of controlling the intensity of light means that the state of transmission through the electro-optical element may be altered at least from one state to at least one other state by application of an external force, preferably by electrically addressing it. The change of the transmission may be, and preferably is, more or less continuous, in order to facilitate the representation of grey scales. 
     It is, however, also possible to use electro-optical elements using effects, which exhibit bistability. The latter case is often beneficially used in devices for applications, which require economising of the energy used, like e.g. bistable liquid crystal cell. 
     The light conversion means according to the present invention, increases the chromaticity range, improves the uniformity of the distribution of the light from the backlight, and suppresses transmission of light having a short wavelength. 
     The light conversion means used according to the present invention may have e.g. the form a single layer, which includes one or a few kinds of organic dyes and/or inorganic phosphors, or have the form of stacked layers including different dyes and/or inorganic phosphors in each layer. They further may be more or less continuous or spatially structures, respectively patterned. 
     In  FIG. 1  the device is shown for the first embodiment. A back light ( 5 ), a light reflecting layer ( 1 ), a light switching layer ( 2 ) as the electro-optical element, and a light converting layer ( 3 ) are arranged in this sequence along direction of a light form the backlight ( 5 ). 
     Any layer can be the light reflecting layer ( 1 ) as long as exciting light ( 6 ) can pass through the layer and ambient light ( 7 ) can be reflected by the layer, for examples, half mirror, BEF, dielectric mirror and cholesteric liquid crystal layer. 
     Dielectric mirror and cholesteric liquid crystal layer are both preferable, because they can select the reflecting light wavelength and can pass the light exiting light thoroughly. 
     From the practical process point of view, the cholesteric liquid crystal layer is more preferable as the light reflecting layer ( 2 ). 
     The layer of cholesteric liquid crystal, as the light reflecting layer ( 2 ), has a selective reflection in the range of visible light. This layer of cholesteric liquid crystal is preferably located between the lower substrate and the respective electrode of this substrate. To realise a colour display, e.g. three of these switching elements may be conveniently used, each one having a different cholesteric liquid crystal, exhibiting a different wavelength of selective reflection. Preferably, one each of these different cholesteric liquid crystals has a region of wavelengths of selective reflection in a spectral region corresponding to one each of the three primary colours red (R), green (G) and blue (B), respectively. 
     In the case a cholesteric liquid crystal is used in the liquid crystal layer as the light reflecting layer ( 2 ), the cholesteric liquid crystal in the liquid crystal layer as the light reflecting layer ( 2 ) has only one twist sense, since the device utilises only polarized light. 
     On the other hand, if electrophoresis display or MEMS switching device is used as the light switching layer ( 2 ), the cholesteric liquid crystal layers as the light reflecting layer ( 2 ) may have two twist senses. 
     The light produced by the selective reflection from the cholesteric liquid crystals is characterised by a rather narrow angular distribution, leading to a rather strong angular dependence of the brightness of the light reflected. It may, however, be reduced by an intentional distribution of the orientation of the axis of the layer of the cholesteric liquid crystals. This leads to an increased field of view as shown in Japanese laid open patent application JP 2005-003823 (A). 
     Any device can be used as the light switching layer as long as it can control the amount of light. 
     For example, liquid crystal device, electrophoretic device and MEMS switching device can be used. 
     The light switching layer may be beneficially addressed by an active matrix driving system e.g. using thin film transistors (TFTs), like in the case of a conventional liquid crystal display. The light switching layer may, however, also be either directly addressed or by a passive matrix driving system, e.g. in the so called “time multiplex” addressing. In the case of liquid crystal device is used as the light switching layer, these two latter cases of addressing do not require a matrix of active driving elements (e.g. TFTs). In an active matrix driving system, typically, and preferably, liquid crystal cells are used in which the director of the liquid crystal is twisted by an angle with an absolute value of 90° or of about 90° through the cell from the bottom substrate to the top substrate (“TN” configuration). In contrast, in displays using a passive matrix driving system, the director of the liquid crystal is twisted by an angle with an absolute value in the range of 180° to 270°, preferably in the range of 240° to or 270° (“STN” configuration). 
     The light conversion layer ( 3 ) is a layer containing light luminescent substances ( 4 ), such as phosphors and/or fluorescent dyes, which absorb the exciting light ( 6 ) and convert it into a longer wavelength light as an emitted light ( 9 ). 
     Any material can be used as a medium for the light conversion layer ( 3 ) as long as a light emitting material can be dispersed in common plastic materials, for example, epoxy resin acrylate resin, novolak resin, siloxane and/or polystyrene can be used. 
     To realise a colour display, e.g. three of these switching elements may be conveniently used, each one having light conversion layer exhibiting a different wavelength of selective wavelength conversion. Preferably, one each of these different light conversion layers has a region of wavelengths of selective wavelength conversion in a spectral region corresponding to one each of the three primary colours red (R), green (G) and blue (B), respectively. 
     In  FIG. 1 , three primary colours red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are depicted. The three colours are not always necessary depending on a display device. Such as, the three colours can be piled depending on a requirement for a display device. 
     Exciting light ( 106 ) passes through the light switching layer ( 2 ) when it is open and excites the light emission substances ( 4 ), and hence, a pixel glows. 
     The amount (intensity) of the emitted light ( 9 ) and the ambient light ( 7 ) are both controlled by the light switching layer. 
     As a material comprising one or more light emitting substances ( 4 ), every material, which absorbs the light of the excitation and also emits light may be used. Organic fluorescent dyes and/or inorganic phosphors can be used. When dyes with a small Stokes shift are used, ambient light can be used as the light for excitation. Brighter images may be obtained when an backlight ( 5 ) is used for excitation, which emits blue light having a wavelength of 470 nm and/or which emits light having wavelengths is shorter than 470 nm or, even more desirable, shorter than 400 nm. As backlight for the excitation ( 5 ) inorganic light emitting diodes (LEDs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) or fluorescent lamps or lasers may be used. 
     As organic dyes, various kinds of fluorescent dyes and phosphorescent dyes may be beneficially used, such as laser dyes and/or light emissive dyes used in organic light emitting diodes. Respective laser dyes are commercially available from Exciton Corporation, USA via Indeco Corporation, Japan, whereas other suitable dyes are commercially available from American Dye Sources Inc., Canada. 
     Laser dyes with an emission wavelength in the blue spectral region, which may be used here, are e.g. commercially available from Exciton Corporation, USA via Indeco Corporation, Japan e.g. Coumarin460, Coumarin480, Coumarin481, Coumarin485, Coumarin487, Coumarin490, LD489, LD490, Coumarin500, Coumarin503, Coumarin504, Coumarin504T and Coumarin515. Besides these laser dyes, fluorescent dyes with an emission in the blue spectral region such as perylene, 9-amino-acridine, 12(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid, 4-phenylspiro[furan-2(3H),1′-futalan]-3,3′-dione, N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methylcoumarynyl)-maleimide and/or the dyes ADS135BE, ADS040BE, ADS256FS, ADS086BE, ADS084BE, which are commercially available from American Dye Sources Inc., Canada, may be used too. These dyes may be used according to the present invention either individually or in the form of appropriate mixtures. 
     Laser dyes emitting in the green spectral region, which may be used here, are commercially available: e.g. Coumarin522, Coumarin 522B, Coumarin525 and Coumarin540A from Exciton Corporation, USA via Indeco Corporation, Japan and Coumarin 6, 8-hydroxy-xynoline* from Sigma-Aldrich Ltd , Japan, a subsidiary of Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Besides these laser dyes, fluorescent dyes with an emission in the green spectral region such as the dyes ADS061 GE, ADS063GE, ADS108GE, ADS109GE and ADS128GE from American Dye Sources Inc., Canada, may be used too. Also these dyes may be used according to the present invention either individually or in the form of appropriate mixtures. 
     Laser dyes emitting in the red spectral region, which may be used here, are commercially available: e.g. DCM, Fluorol 555, Rhodamine 560 Perchlorate, Rhodamine 560 Chloride and LDS698 from Exciton Corporation, USA via Indeco Corporation, Japan. Further, fluorescent dyes with an emission in the red spectral region such as ADS055RE, ADS061 RE, ADS068RE, ADS069RE and ADS076RE commercially available from American Dye Sources Inc., Canada, may be used. Also these dyes may be used according to the present invention either individually or in the form of appropriate mixtures. 
     Alternatively, as organic dyes, dyes emitting light developed for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) may also be used here. Dyes, as those described in Japanese patent JP 2795932 (B2), which are able to convert colours, may be used according to the present invention. The dyes described in a paper S. A. Swanson et al., Chem. Mater., Vol. 15, (2003) pp. 2305-2312 may also be used beneficially. Blue dyes, as well as green dyes, as well as red as described in Japanese patent applications JP 2004-263179 (A), JP 2006-269819 (A) and JP 2008-091282 (A) may also be used, in particular, for red dyes, green light emitting dyes, which convert UV radiation or blue light, may be used in combination with dyes emitting red light, which absorb green light and emit red light as described in laid open Japanese patent application JP 2003-264081 (A). These dyes most generally may be used as they are described by the respective references. However, it may be necessary to slightly modify their chemical structures by well known measures, for example by the introduction of alkyl chains or the modification of alkyl chains, to increase their solubility in organic solvents, and especially in liquid crystals. 
     As blue inorganic phosphors, Cu activated zinc sulfide phosphors as described in laid open Japanese patent application JP 2002-062530 (A) and/or Eu activated halo phosphate phosphors, Eu activated aluminate phosphors as described in laid open Japanese patent application JP 2006-299207 (A) may be used. For green inorganic phosphors, Ce or Tb activated rare earth element borate phosphors as described in laid open Japanese patent application JP 2006-299207 (A) may be used. For red emission, Eu activated lanthanum sulfide phosphors or Eu activated yttrium sulfide phosphors as described in laid open Japanese patent application JP 2006-299207 (A) may be used. Yellow phosphors, which consist of BaS and Cu 2+  as a colour centre as described in laid open Japanese patent application JP2007-063365 (A), and red phosphors, which consist of Ba 2 ZnS 3  and Mn 2+  as a colour centre as described in laid open Japanese patent application JP 2007-063366 (A), can also be used. Ce activated garnet phosphors as described in Japanese patent JP 3503139 (B2) mentioned above, red phosphors as described in laid open Japanese patent application JP 2005-048105 (A), beta-sialon green phosphors as described in laid open Japanese patent application JP 2007-262417 (A), and Ca alfa-sialon red phosphors can also be used. The phosphors above mentioned can be used as ground material and/or as surface modified material dispersed in light conversion layers. Quantum dots as described in WO 2006/017125 may also be used. 
     The second embodiment of the present invention is shown in  FIG. 2 , in which a light direction changing layer ( 11 ), respectively ( 12 ), that can make the light from backlight or ambient light into parallel light is set at least one of the two outsides of the light switching layer ( 2 ). 
     The light direction changing layer ( 11 ), respectively ( 12 ), can be placed anywhere outside of the light switching layer ( 2 ). It is preferable to place it at the top of the whole device for the observation direction, and between the backlight ( 5 ) and the light reflecting layer ( 1 ) for the backlight side. The light direction changing layer ( 11 ), respectively ( 12 ), is usually composed of micro-lens array and it can solve the parallax problem even when pixel size is small and thick substrates are used for the light switching layer ( 2 ). 
     Concerning the form of the micro-lends array, it is pitch is desirable to be smaller that a pixel size, preferably, the pitch is smaller than the half of the shorter side of a pixel so that it can avoid the complication of an alignment between the micro-lens arrays and the display pixels. 
       FIG. 3  shows the outline of the micro-lens array. 
     The micro-lends array has a surface shape that is a part of a sphere. 
     If a critical angle of the material is α, an edge of a micro-lens is the point where the circular cone angle is a as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     In the case of a radius of the sphere is r and a micro-lens pitch is L, r is equal to L/(2 sin α). 
     In  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , material refractive index, n, is 1 and the neighbour layer is the air and its refractive index is assumed to be 1.45. 
     Parallel lights in the  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , go out (or come into) the micro-lens with an angle θ which is given by the equation θ=β−α, where β is an angle determined by Snell&#39;s law ( FIG. 3 ). 
     Micro-lens array can be fabricated using a photo-lithography technique or nano-inprinting technique. Nano-inprinting technique is preferable from a mass production point of view. 
     In a photo-lithography technique, a resin is coated and after UV light exposure through a proper photo mask and resin development, a desirable shape is formed by etching. 
     On the other hand, in a nano-inprinting technique, a mold is fabricated using a photo-lithography technique, and in the nano-inprinting process, the resin consist of either a thermally polymerizing resin or a photo-polymerizable resin (or both) is replicated by the mold. 
     In other embodiments, disturbing the twist axes of the cholesteric liquid crystal layers on purpose is effective to enhance the field of view as described e.g. in Japanese laid open patent application JP 2005-003823 (A). However, in the present embodiment, it is highly desirable that the twist axes of all of the cholesteric liquid crystal layers should be aligned in one and the same direction. This type of orientation may be realized rather easily, for example, by the following process. An alignment layer is rubbed mechanically and/or treated photochemically and a layer of a cholesteric liquid crystal is coated on top of the alignment layer. Then, the layer of the cholesteric liquid crystal is heated to a temperature above its clearing point (i.e. the temperature of the transition to the isotropic phase) and then it is allowed to cool down gradually to ambient temperature. 
     A liquid crystal cell operating in the phase change mode can be used instead of a cell or film operating in the PDLC mode. The liquid crystal material, which is used in the cell operating in the phase change mode, may preferably be either a smectic material, preferably a material exhibiting a S A  phase, or a cholesteric material of appropriate pitch. Preferably, a cholesteric material is used. These liquid crystal cells are used in the scattering mode and, thus, do not require the use of polarizers. The used cholesteric liquid crystal preferably changes its state from its scattering focal conic orientation to its planar (or homeotropic) transparent state. These electro-optical modes are particularly useful, as they exhibit a memory effect. 
     Alternatively, a layer of a “broad-band” reflective cholesteric liquid crystal, i.e. of a cholesteric liquid crystal showing a “selective” reflection having a broad range of wavelengths, may be applied. Such a broad-band reflective cholesteric liquid crystal may be realized by preparing a cholesteric layer having a cholesteric pitch, which gradually changes e.g. as a function of the location throughout the thickness of the layer. The preparation of such a layer may be simple and straightforward. 
     The addition of a second layer of a broad-band cholesteric liquid crystal, having the opposite twist sense of twist compared to that of the first layer of broad-band a broad-band cholesteric liquid crystal, results in the realization of the brightest images. 
     Besides natural ambient light, and if the light that excites the light emitting substance is irradiated, for example light having a wavelength in the range from between 400 nm and 470 nm is preferably used for irradiation. Then brighter images can be displayed even in dim or dark illumination conditions. 
     According to the present application, light used for excitation preferably is light with a wavelength of 400 nm or more, i.e. including violet light, but no UV radiation, preferably it is light with a wavelength of 420 nm or more and, most preferably, of 430 nm or more. 
     According to the present invention all known LCD modes may be applied for the liquid crystal switching layer as the electro-optical elements, like for example the twisted nematic (TN) mode and the vertical alignment (VA) mode. 
     Preferred embodiments of the present application are also obvious for the expert from the claims filed with this application, which in this respect form a part of the disclosure of the instant application. 
     The melting point T(C,N), the transition from the smectic (S) to the nematic (N) phase T(S,N) and the clearing point T(N,I) of the liquid crystals are given in degrees centigrade. 
     In the present application, all temperatures are given in degrees centigrade (degrees Celsius, short ° C.), all physical data apply to a temperature of 20° C., and all concentrations are weight per cent (% resp. wt.-%), all unless explicitly stated otherwise. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     The present invention is illustrated in more detail by the following examples. They are intended to illustrate the present invention, without limiting it in any way. 
     However, the different embodiments, including their compositions, constitutions and physical properties, illustrate to the expert very well, which properties can be achieved by the present invention and also, in particular, in which ranges they can be modified. Especially, the combination of the various properties, which can be preferably achieved, is thus well defined for the expert. 
     Example 1 
     Cholesteric liquid crystal layer, which corresponds to blue selective reflections as a light reflecting layer is prepared using the photo-polymerizable liquid crystal material RMM34C, a mixture of reactive mesogens comprising a photo-initiator, which is commercially available from Merck KGaA, Germany. Chiral dopant is BDH1281 (also available from Merck KGaA) for right-hand twist. The chiral dopant concentration is 4.54 wt % (B). 
     Glass substrate is cleaned and dried as usual and then a water solution of the polyvinylalcohol (PVA) from Kanto Chemical Co. Ltd., Japan is applied by spin-coating at 1,500 rpm. Then the substrate is pre-heated at a temperature of 80° C. for 3 min and cured at a temperature of 80° C. for 30 min. Then the substrate is subsequently rubbed in one direction. RMM34C doped with the chiral dopant BDH1281 is dissolved in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) and 60% solution is spin-coated at 2,000 rpm on the substrate covered with rubbed PVA. The substrate is then dried at a temperature of 100° C. for 3 min. The cholesteric liquid crystal structure formed by this process is then stabilized by polymerization initiated by exposure to (1,200±50) mJ/cm 2  of irradiation by UV having a wavelength of 365 nm. 
     Siloxane layer for blue colour as a light converting layer is prepared using the photo polymerizable siloxane FX-V5500, which is commercially available from Adeka Co., Japan and the blue dye SEB-105 (commercially available from Merck KGaA, Germany). The blue dye is incorporated into FX-V5500 with 0.5 wt % concentration. FX-V5500 doped with the blue dye is dissolved in PGMEA and 67 wt % solution is spin coated at 1,500 rpm on cleaned glass substrate and subsequently baked at 100° C. for 3 min. 
     The Siloxane structure formed by this process is then stabilized by polymerization initiated by exposure to 360 mJ/cm 2  of irradiation by UV having a wavelength of 365 nm. 
     The VA LC cell as a light switching layer is obtained by using the empty LC cell with 10 μm thickness having patterned ITO electrode covered with polyimide commercial name JALS-2096-R1 purchased from JSR Corporation, which induces homeotropic alignment to MLC-6608 and MLC-6608. 
     MLC-6608 is introduced in the empty LC cell and encapsulated. 
     The LC cell is then sandwiched by an R-circular polarizer and an L-circular polarizer (from MeCan Imaging Inc., Japan) with the side of its quarter wave plate facing the LC cell. Physical properties of the MLC-6608 are shown in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Physical properties of MLC-6608 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 n e   
                 1.5586 
               
               
                   
                 n o   
                 1.4756 
               
               
                   
                 Δn 
                 0.0083 
               
               
                   
                 ε ∥   
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                 ε ⊥   
                 7.7 
               
               
                   
                 Δε 
                 −4.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Here, an R-circular polarizer (from MeCan Imaging Inc., Japan), which transmits only right-hand circularly polarized light can be realized by placing a quarter wave plate having wide range of wavelengths to a linear polarizer so that its optical axis is twisted clockwise by 45° against the axis of transmission of polarizer. An L-circular polarizer (from MeCan Imaging Inc., Japan), which transmits only the circular polarized light having left handed sense of rotation, consists of a combination of a linear polarizer and a quarter wave plate, in which the slow axis of the quarter wave plate is rotated by 45° relative to the absorption axis of the polarizer. 
     The samples are assembled as follows. 400 nm LED light source, cholesteric LC layer, VA LC cell, and siloxane layer doped with blue dye, are placed in this sequence from the bottom to the top. 
     Emission spectra of the resulting light converting layer of the assembled samples are measured from the vertical direction using the luminance meter, CS-1000 (Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc., Japan) and the 400 nm LED light source. The excitation light comes from the 400 nm LED light source. 
     Reflection spectra of the resulting light reflecting layer of the samples are measured using a luminance meter CS-1000 and an incandescent lamp, Fiber Lite Model 190 from Dolan-Jenner Industries, Inc., as a light source for reflection spectra measurement. 
     The incident light is 20° tilted from the vertical direction to the substrate and the reflection is detected from the vertical direction. 
     The intensity of the excitation light from the 400 nm LED light source is 5 mW/cm 2  and the intensity of the incandescent lamp is 1,820 μW/cm 2 . 
     The emission intensity against applied voltage to the LC cell is listed in Table 2. 
     As can clearly be seen the blue light emission intensity is controlled by the LC cell due to controlling the excitation light from the 400 nm LED light source by the LC cell. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Emission Intensity I in W/(sr · m 2  · 
               
               
                 nm) vs. Applied Voltage to the LC cell 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 U [V] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.2 
                 2.4 
                 2.6 
                 2.8 
                 3.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 λ(nm) 
                 I [10 −6  W/(sr · m 2  · nm)] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 430 
                 73.7 
                 72.9 
                 73.1 
                 75.0 
                 300 
                 2,960 
                 6,760 
                 10,200 
               
               
                 440 
                 58.0 
                 57.3 
                 56.7 
                 56.7 
                 210 
                 2,040 
                 4,700 
                 7,320 
               
               
                 450 
                 36.5 
                 35.8 
                 35.8 
                 34.9 
                 120 
                 1,100 
                 2,500 
                 4,060 
               
               
                 460 
                 22.5 
                 22.7 
                 22.3 
                 21.1 
                 58.2 
                 457 
                 1,040 
                 1,810 
               
               
                 470 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.3 
                 18.1 
                 49.9 
                 383 
                 868 
                 1,410 
               
               
                 480 
                 14.3 
                 14.1 
                 14.0 
                 14.3 
                 38.3 
                 301 
                 680 
                 1,020 
               
               
                 490 
                 10.8 
                 10.7 
                 10.6 
                 11.1 
                 28.7 
                 228 
                 535 
                 751 
               
               
                 500 
                 9.3 
                 9.24 
                 9.01 
                 9.51 
                 25.8 
                 209 
                 507 
                 713 
               
               
                 510 
                 11.5 
                 11.4 
                 11.3 
                 11.8 
                 38.3 
                 365 
                 904 
                 1,450 
               
               
                 520 
                 12.7 
                 12.5 
                 12.4 
                 12.7 
                 45.9 
                 472 
                 1,170 
                 1,970 
               
               
                 530 
                 12.5 
                 12.2 
                 12.3 
                 12.9 
                 47.5 
                 507 
                 1,260 
                 2,140 
               
               
                 540 
                 12.1 
                 11.8 
                 11.9 
                 12.5 
                 46.3 
                 507 
                 1,270 
                 2,200 
               
               
                 550 
                 11.7 
                 11.5 
                 11.5 
                 12.0 
                 45.0 
                 500 
                 1,270 
                 2,230 
               
               
                 560 
                 11.3 
                 11.0 
                 11.1 
                 11.5 
                 43.0 
                 481 
                 1,240 
                 2,210 
               
               
                 570 
                 10.3 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.5 
                 38.5 
                 432 
                 1,140 
                 2,070 
               
               
                 580 
                 9.42 
                 9.33 
                 9.37 
                 9.72 
                 34.4 
                 395 
                 1,060 
                 1,940 
               
               
                 590 
                 8.63 
                 8.38 
                 8.40 
                 8.83 
                 30.2 
                 356 
                 964 
                 1,780 
               
               
                 600 
                 7.89 
                 7.81 
                 7.88 
                 8.35 
                 28.4 
                 339 
                 911 
                 1,660 
               
               
                 610 
                 7.37 
                 6.97 
                 7.38 
                 7.36 
                 25.8 
                 305 
                 813 
                 1,500 
               
               
                 620 
                 6.43 
                 6.49 
                 6.28 
                 6.95 
                 23.2 
                 269 
                 722 
                 1,360 
               
               
                 630 
                 5.73 
                 5.72 
                 5.83 
                 6.09 
                 19.5 
                 228 
                 626 
                 1,190 
               
               
                 640 
                 5.19 
                 5.23 
                 5.22 
                 5.61 
                 17.5 
                 206 
                 565 
                 1,080 
               
               
                 650 
                 4.55 
                 4.64 
                 4.64 
                 4.90 
                 15.5 
                 180 
                 489 
                 936 
               
               
                 660 
                 4.08 
                 4.24 
                 4.36 
                 4.29 
                 13.3 
                 153 
                 424 
                 833 
               
               
                 670 
                 3.61 
                 3.64 
                 3.81 
                 3.92 
                 11.4 
                 133 
                 368 
                 714 
               
               
                 680 
                 3.29 
                 3.08 
                 3.33 
                 3.44 
                 9.8 
                 109 
                 302 
                 597 
               
               
                 690 
                 2.81 
                 2.98 
                 3.10 
                 2.93 
                 8.1 
                 91.3 
                 256 
                 511 
               
               
                 700 
                 2.67 
                 2.49 
                 2.64 
                 2.56 
                 7.0 
                 75.5 
                 211 
                 417 
               
               
                 710 
                 2.73 
                 2.48 
                 2.57 
                 2.60 
                 6.1 
                 61.6 
                 171 
                 348 
               
               
                 720 
                 3.04 
                 3.22 
                 3.27 
                 2.84 
                 5.8 
                 51.5 
                 143 
                 287 
               
               
                 730 
                 4.15 
                 4.49 
                 4.69 
                 4.07 
                 6.5 
                 43.3 
                 115 
                 237 
               
               
                 740 
                 7.10 
                 6.76 
                 6.99 
                 6.57 
                 8.2 
                 38.4 
                 98.2 
                 196 
               
               
                 750 
                 12.0 
                 11.9 
                 12.0 
                 10.8 
                 12.5 
                 35.6 
                 82.5 
                 166 
               
               
                 760 
                 19.5 
                 19.7 
                 19.6 
                 17.8 
                 19.0 
                 38.9 
                 75.8 
                 146 
               
               
                 770 
                 29.1 
                 29.6 
                 29.7 
                 26.9 
                 27.8 
                 44.6 
                 70.4 
                 129 
               
               
                 780 
                 41.2 
                 41.3 
                 41.1 
                 37.8 
                 38.8 
                 49.5 
                 75.8 
                 117 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The reflection intensity against applied voltage to the LC cell is listed in Table 3. 
     As can clearly be seen, the blue light reflection intensity is controlled by the LC cell due to controlling the incident light from the incandescent lamp by the LC cell. 
     Some remaining reflection when the applied voltage is 0 V is due to surface reflection of the sample and it is eliminated, if anti-reflection coating is used. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Reflection Intensity I in W/(sr · m 2  · nm) vs. Applied Voltage to the LC cell 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 U [V] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.2 
                 2.4 
                 2.6 
                 2.8 
                 3.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 λ(nm) 
                 I [10 −6  W/(sr · m 2  · nm)] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 430 
                 723 
                 711 
                 703 
                 516 
                 510 
                 565 
                 626 
                 858 
               
               
                 440 
                 1,050 
                 1,030 
                 1,020 
                 779 
                 773 
                 896 
                 1,050 
                 1,400 
               
               
                 450 
                 1,130 
                 1,120 
                 1,110 
                 834 
                 834 
                 1,080 
                 1,420 
                 2,030 
               
               
                 460 
                 1,160 
                 1,140 
                 1,130 
                 825 
                 831 
                 1,240 
                 1,870 
                 2,920 
               
               
                 470 
                 1,140 
                 1,120 
                 1,110 
                 782 
                 796 
                 1,340 
                 2,200 
                 3,700 
               
               
                 480 
                 1,090 
                 1,070 
                 1,060 
                 718 
                 738 
                 1,390 
                 2,500 
                 4,450 
               
               
                 490 
                 1,010 
                 993 
                 986 
                 646 
                 671 
                 1,360 
                 2,680 
                 4,890 
               
               
                 500 
                 996 
                 984 
                 977 
                 602 
                 634 
                 1,340 
                 2,750 
                 5,490 
               
               
                 510 
                 1,030 
                 1,020 
                 1,010 
                 600 
                 634 
                 1,250 
                 2,420 
                 4,850 
               
               
                 520 
                 1,070 
                 1,060 
                 1,050 
                 610 
                 642 
                 1,010 
                 1,570 
                 3,190 
               
               
                 530 
                 1,110 
                 1,100 
                 1,090 
                 624 
                 659 
                 929 
                 1,260 
                 2,460 
               
               
                 540 
                 1,170 
                 1,160 
                 1,150 
                 648 
                 685 
                 918 
                 1,160 
                 2,280 
               
               
                 550 
                 1,250 
                 1,240 
                 1,230 
                 677 
                 718 
                 935 
                 1,140 
                 2,270 
               
               
                 560 
                 1,330 
                 1,320 
                 1,310 
                 710 
                 754 
                 957 
                 1,140 
                 2,290 
               
               
                 570 
                 1,410 
                 1,390 
                 1,380 
                 743 
                 788 
                 981 
                 1,140 
                 2,350 
               
               
                 580 
                 1,480 
                 1,470 
                 1,460 
                 776 
                 821 
                 1,010 
                 1,160 
                 2,400 
               
               
                 590 
                 1,560 
                 1,540 
                 1,530 
                 807 
                 853 
                 1,040 
                 1,190 
                 2,490 
               
               
                 600 
                 1,630 
                 1,620 
                 1,610 
                 838 
                 884 
                 1,060 
                 1,210 
                 2,560 
               
               
                 610 
                 1,700 
                 1,690 
                 1,680 
                 862 
                 910 
                 1,080 
                 1,220 
                 2,640 
               
               
                 620 
                 1,780 
                 1,770 
                 1,760 
                 893 
                 941 
                 1,110 
                 1,240 
                 2,710 
               
               
                 630 
                 1,860 
                 1,850 
                 1,840 
                 925 
                 972 
                 1,140 
                 1,280 
                 2,800 
               
               
                 640 
                 1,950 
                 1,930 
                 1,920 
                 960 
                 1,010 
                 1,170 
                 1,310 
                 2,910 
               
               
                 650 
                 2,030 
                 2,010 
                 2,000 
                 994 
                 1,040 
                 1,200 
                 1,340 
                 3,020 
               
               
                 660 
                 2,080 
                 2,060 
                 2,050 
                 1,020 
                 1,070 
                 1,220 
                 1,360 
                 3,080 
               
               
                 670 
                 2,090 
                 2,080 
                 2,070 
                 1,030 
                 1,080 
                 1,230 
                 1,370 
                 3,080 
               
               
                 680 
                 2,060 
                 2,050 
                 2,040 
                 1,020 
                 1,070 
                 1,220 
                 1,360 
                 3,030 
               
               
                 690 
                 1,950 
                 1,940 
                 1,930 
                 979 
                 1,020 
                 1,160 
                 1,290 
                 2,860 
               
               
                 700 
                 1,730 
                 1,730 
                 1,730 
                 889 
                 926 
                 1,040 
                 1,160 
                 2,550 
               
               
                 710 
                 1,440 
                 1,450 
                 1,450 
                 760 
                 793 
                 892 
                 992 
                 2,150 
               
               
                 720 
                 1,130 
                 1,150 
                 1,160 
                 605 
                 633 
                 711 
                 792 
                 1,700 
               
               
                 730 
                 905 
                 920 
                 929 
                 473 
                 496 
                 555 
                 619 
                 1,350 
               
               
                 740 
                 769 
                 781 
                 788 
                 383 
                 401 
                 448 
                 498 
                 1,120 
               
               
                 750 
                 699 
                 707 
                 711 
                 340 
                 354 
                 391 
                 428 
                 972 
               
               
                 760 
                 642 
                 646 
                 649 
                 309 
                 321 
                 351 
                 379 
                 855 
               
               
                 770 
                 593 
                 595 
                 596 
                 286 
                 296 
                 321 
                 342 
                 769 
               
               
                 780 
                 573 
                 572 
                 571 
                 273 
                 281 
                 308 
                 330 
                 746 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can clearly be seen, both emission and reflection intensity can be controlled by the liquid crystal layer of the LC cell in the same manner. 
     Example 2 
     In a similar way as in the example 1, the cholesteric liquid crystal layer and the siloxane layer with fluorescent dye for green color are fabricated as follows. 
     The cholesteric liquid crystal layer is prepared using a photo-polymerizable liquid crystal material RMM34C, commercially available from Merck KGaA, Germany, doped with the commercially available chiral dopant BDH1281 (also from Merck KGaA). The concentration of the chiral dopant in RMM34C is 3, 78 wt %. 
     The Siloxane layer for green colour as a light converting layer is prepared using the photo polymerizable siloxane FX-V5500 and the green dyes Coumarin 6 commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation and Coumarin 500 (commercially available from Indeco corporation). 
     The green dyes, Coumarin 6 and Coumarin 500, are incorporated into the photo-polymerizable siloxane FX-V5500 with 0.5 wt % respectively. 
     The other conditions are the same as described in example 1. 
     The emission intensity against applied voltage to the LC cell is listed in Table 4. 
     As can clearly be seen the green light emission intensity is controlled by the LC cell due to controlling the excitation light from the 400 nm LED light source by the LC cell. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Emission Intensity I in W/(sr · m 2  · 
               
               
                 nm) vs. Applied Voltage to the LC cell 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 U [V] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.2 
                 2.4 
                 2.6 
                 2.8 
                 3.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 λ(nm) 
                 I [10 −6  W/(sr · m 2  · nm)] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 480 
                 7.35 
                 6.25 
                 6.14 
                 6.07 
                 20.2 
                 172 
                 400 
                 554 
               
               
                 490 
                 8.59 
                 7.28 
                 7.37 
                 7.07 
                 18.5 
                 127 
                 286 
                 356 
               
               
                 500 
                 15.7 
                 14.5 
                 14.2 
                 14.0 
                 31.5 
                 166 
                 356 
                 466 
               
               
                 510 
                 21.1 
                 19.9 
                 19.6 
                 19.6 
                 42.0 
                 201 
                 417 
                 564 
               
               
                 520 
                 20.2 
                 19.0 
                 18.6 
                 18.5 
                 40.2 
                 195 
                 405 
                 592 
               
               
                 530 
                 20.8 
                 19.4 
                 18.9 
                 18.5 
                 44.9 
                 267 
                 591 
                 1,020 
               
               
                 540 
                 22.8 
                 21.3 
                 20.9 
                 20.7 
                 57.8 
                 417 
                 977 
                 1,670 
               
               
                 550 
                 22.9 
                 21.6 
                 21.1 
                 21.4 
                 64.4 
                 505 
                 1,210 
                 2,090 
               
               
                 560 
                 21.4 
                 20.3 
                 19.8 
                 19.9 
                 61.7 
                 499 
                 1,220 
                 2,150 
               
               
                 570 
                 18.7 
                 17.7 
                 17.2 
                 17.6 
                 55.0 
                 458 
                 1,150 
                 2,040 
               
               
                 580 
                 17.0 
                 16.0 
                 15.6 
                 15.6 
                 49.4 
                 424 
                 1,080 
                 1,930 
               
               
                 590 
                 15.0 
                 14.0 
                 13.6 
                 13.6 
                 43.2 
                 385 
                 993 
                 1,760 
               
               
                 600 
                 13.5 
                 12.4 
                 12.2 
                 12.3 
                 40.0 
                 365 
                 938 
                 1,640 
               
               
                 610 
                 12.0 
                 11.1 
                 10.8 
                 10.7 
                 35.7 
                 327 
                 837 
                 1,490 
               
               
                 620 
                 10.7 
                 9.52 
                 9.36 
                 9.35 
                 31.4 
                 287 
                 747 
                 1,330 
               
               
                 630 
                 9.34 
                 8.35 
                 8.35 
                 8.14 
                 26.6 
                 248 
                 654 
                 1,180 
               
               
                 640 
                 8.33 
                 7.41 
                 7.20 
                 7.26 
                 23.5 
                 222 
                 583 
                 1,030 
               
               
                 650 
                 7.37 
                 6.39 
                 6.42 
                 6.23 
                 20.7 
                 194 
                 513 
                 914 
               
               
                 660 
                 6.74 
                 5.82 
                 5.73 
                 5.59 
                 17.7 
                 166 
                 442 
                 795 
               
               
                 670 
                 5.97 
                 5.10 
                 4.88 
                 4.77 
                 15.1 
                 144 
                 383 
                 672 
               
               
                 680 
                 5.36 
                 4.39 
                 4.18 
                 4.19 
                 13.0 
                 120 
                 322 
                 570 
               
               
                 690 
                 4.81 
                 3.76 
                 3.67 
                 3.50 
                 10.7 
                 99.4 
                 268 
                 472 
               
               
                 700 
                 4.53 
                 3.53 
                 3.22 
                 3.09 
                 9.28 
                 83.2 
                 221 
                 389 
               
               
                 710 
                 4.65 
                 3.35 
                 3.04 
                 2.99 
                 7.85 
                 69.2 
                 185 
                 326 
               
               
                 720 
                 4.52 
                 3.57 
                 3.65 
                 3.32 
                 7.32 
                 56.6 
                 149 
                 262 
               
               
                 730 
                 5.77 
                 4.78 
                 4.58 
                 4.31 
                 7.73 
                 46.1 
                 122 
                 214 
               
               
                 740 
                 8.46 
                 7.20 
                 7.04 
                 6.55 
                 9.52 
                 43.1 
                 103 
                 184 
               
               
                 750 
                 13.5 
                 11.7 
                 11.8 
                 10.8 
                 13.0 
                 38.6 
                 88.8 
                 151 
               
               
                 760 
                 20.5 
                 19.2 
                 19.0 
                 17.5 
                 19.3 
                 40.7 
                 79.5 
                 132 
               
               
                 770 
                 30.9 
                 29.0 
                 28.6 
                 26.9 
                 27.9 
                 44.7 
                 75.6 
                 114 
               
               
                 780 
                 42.1 
                 40.1 
                 40.8 
                 37.8 
                 39.3 
                 54.9 
                 81.6 
                 112 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The reflection intensity against applied voltage to the LC cell is listed in Table 5. 
     As can clearly be seen, the green light reflection intensity is controlled by the LC cell due to controlling the incident light from the incandescent lamp by the LC cell. 
     Some remaining reflection when the applied voltage is 0 V is due to surface reflection of the sample and it&#39;s eliminated, if anti-reflection coating is used. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Reflection Intensity I in W/(sr · m 2  · nm) vs. Applied Voltage to the LC cell 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 U [V] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.2 
                 2.4 
                 2.6 
                 2.8 
                 3.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 λ(nm) 
                 I [10 −6  W/(sr · m 2  · nm)] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 480 
                 317 
                 310 
                 309 
                 284 
                 290 
                 442 
                 666 
                 1,020 
               
               
                 490 
                 899 
                 880 
                 871 
                 869 
                 876 
                 1,090 
                 1,440 
                 2,030 
               
               
                 500 
                 2,380 
                 2,320 
                 2,290 
                 2,360 
                 2,370 
                 2,770 
                 3,520 
                 4,820 
               
               
                 510 
                 3,600 
                 3,500 
                 3,450 
                 3,630 
                 3,640 
                 4,320 
                 5,640 
                 7,970 
               
               
                 520 
                 3,520 
                 3,430 
                 3,380 
                 3,550 
                 3,570 
                 4,450 
                 6,150 
                 9,120 
               
               
                 530 
                 3,120 
                 3,040 
                 3,000 
                 3,100 
                 3,140 
                 3,990 
                 5,620 
                 8,710 
               
               
                 540 
                 2,890 
                 2,820 
                 2,780 
                 2,830 
                 2,870 
                 3,490 
                 4,570 
                 6,450 
               
               
                 550 
                 2,680 
                 2,610 
                 2,580 
                 2,600 
                 2,640 
                 3,030 
                 3,560 
                 4,390 
               
               
                 560 
                 2,430 
                 2,380 
                 2,350 
                 2,340 
                 2,390 
                 2,700 
                 3,060 
                 3,510 
               
               
                 570 
                 2,210 
                 2,160 
                 2,140 
                 2,090 
                 2,140 
                 2,430 
                 2,690 
                 3,080 
               
               
                 580 
                 2,050 
                 2,000 
                 1,980 
                 1,900 
                 1,960 
                 2,220 
                 2,450 
                 2,800 
               
               
                 590 
                 1,910 
                 1,870 
                 1,850 
                 1,740 
                 1,800 
                 2,060 
                 2,250 
                 2,620 
               
               
                 600 
                 1,780 
                 1,750 
                 1,730 
                 1,590 
                 1,660 
                 1,900 
                 2,070 
                 2,460 
               
               
                 610 
                 1,690 
                 1,660 
                 1,650 
                 1,470 
                 1,540 
                 1,780 
                 1,940 
                 2,360 
               
               
                 620 
                 1,630 
                 1,600 
                 1,590 
                 1,400 
                 1,470 
                 1,700 
                 1,860 
                 2,290 
               
               
                 630 
                 1,600 
                 1,580 
                 1,570 
                 1,350 
                 1,420 
                 1,650 
                 1,810 
                 2,270 
               
               
                 640 
                 1,600 
                 1,580 
                 1,570 
                 1,340 
                 1,410 
                 1,630 
                 1,780 
                 2,270 
               
               
                 650 
                 1,610 
                 1,580 
                 1,570 
                 1,330 
                 1,400 
                 1,620 
                 1,760 
                 2,280 
               
               
                 660 
                 1,610 
                 1,580 
                 1,580 
                 1,330 
                 1,400 
                 1,620 
                 1,760 
                 2,290 
               
               
                 670 
                 1,590 
                 1,570 
                 1,560 
                 1,310 
                 1,380 
                 1,590 
                 1,740 
                 2,270 
               
               
                 680 
                 1,550 
                 1,530 
                 1,520 
                 1,280 
                 1,350 
                 1,550 
                 1,700 
                 2,200 
               
               
                 690 
                 1,450 
                 1,430 
                 1,430 
                 1,210 
                 1,270 
                 1,460 
                 1,590 
                 2,060 
               
               
                 700 
                 1,280 
                 1,270 
                 1,270 
                 1,090 
                 1,150 
                 1,310 
                 1,430 
                 1,830 
               
               
                 710 
                 1,070 
                 1,060 
                 1,060 
                 922 
                 972 
                 1,110 
                 1,210 
                 1,520 
               
               
                 720 
                 833 
                 831 
                 835 
                 723 
                 765 
                 872 
                 956 
                 1,190 
               
               
                 730 
                 659 
                 661 
                 665 
                 559 
                 592 
                 673 
                 736 
                 943 
               
               
                 740 
                 556 
                 557 
                 561 
                 457 
                 483 
                 547 
                 595 
                 786 
               
               
                 750 
                 499 
                 498 
                 501 
                 406 
                 427 
                 475 
                 510 
                 681 
               
               
                 760 
                 452 
                 453 
                 454 
                 371 
                 389 
                 427 
                 452 
                 597 
               
               
                 770 
                 415 
                 412 
                 413 
                 344 
                 357 
                 390 
                 407 
                 525 
               
               
                 780 
                 397 
                 395 
                 393 
                 329 
                 341 
                 374 
                 394 
                 498 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can clearly be seen, both emission and reflection intensity can be controlled by the liquid crystal layer of the LC cell in the same manner. 
     Example 3 
     Similar to the investigations described in example 1 and 2, the cholesteric liquid crystal layer and the siloxane layer with fluorescent dye for red color are fabricated as follows. 
     The cholesteric liquid crystal layer is prepared using a photo-polymerizable liquid crystal material RMM34C, commercially available from Merck KGaA, Germany, doped with the commercially available chiral dopant BDH1281 (also from Merck KGaA). The concentration of the chiral dopant in RMM34C is 3.00 wt %. 
     The Siloxane layer, for red colour as a light converting layer, is prepared using the photo polymerizable siloxane FX-V5500 and the red dyes NK-3590 commercially available from Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories and Coumarin 515 (commercially available from Indeco corporation). The red dyes, NK-3590 and Coumarin 515, are incorporated into the photo-polymerizable siloxane FX-V5500 with 0.19 wt % and 0.22 wt % respectively. 
     The other conditions are the same as described in example 1. 
     The emission intensity against applied voltage to the LC cell is listed in Table 6. 
     As can clearly be seen, the red light emission intensity is controlled by the LC cell due to controlling the excitation light from the 400 nm LED light source by the LC cell. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Emission Intensity I in W/(sr · m 2  · 
               
               
                 nm) vs. Applied Voltage to the LC cell 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 U [V] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.2 
                 2.4 
                 2.6 
                 2.8 
                 3.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 λ(nm) 
                 I [10 −6  W/(sr · m 2  · nm)] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 630 
                 1.87 
                 1.68 
                 1.63 
                 1.61 
                 2.65 
                 34.6 
                 99.2 
                 84.9 
               
               
                 640 
                 1.85 
                 1.88 
                 1.72 
                 1.38 
                 2.47 
                 32.2 
                 90.7 
                 81.3 
               
               
                 650 
                 2.02 
                 1.98 
                 1.87 
                 1.50 
                 2.57 
                 33.6 
                 97.7 
                 89.8 
               
               
                 660 
                 2.53 
                 2.55 
                 2.56 
                 2.40 
                 4.34 
                 63.8 
                 187 
                 168 
               
               
                 670 
                 2.79 
                 2.61 
                 2.62 
                 2.98 
                 4.69 
                 76.2 
                 226 
                 216 
               
               
                 680 
                 2.46 
                 2.55 
                 2.41 
                 2.83 
                 4.27 
                 69.7 
                 207 
                 198 
               
               
                 690 
                 2.50 
                 2.33 
                 2.35 
                 2.83 
                 4.35 
                 66.7 
                 199 
                 192 
               
               
                 700 
                 2.21 
                 1.86 
                 2.15 
                 2.52 
                 3.45 
                 53.9 
                 162 
                 159 
               
               
                 710 
                 1.95 
                 2.05 
                 1.72 
                 2.44 
                 3.26 
                 46.0 
                 137 
                 136 
               
               
                 720 
                 2.03 
                 1.84 
                 2.02 
                 2.99 
                 3.56 
                 38.9 
                 116 
                 115 
               
               
                 730 
                 2.33 
                 2.51 
                 2.13 
                 3.85 
                 4.57 
                 33.6 
                 94.9 
                 92.3 
               
               
                 740 
                 3.10 
                 2.99 
                 3.05 
                 6.19 
                 6.69 
                 30.7 
                 79.7 
                 78.2 
               
               
                 750 
                 4.82 
                 4.71 
                 4.80 
                 10.6 
                 11.0 
                 30.5 
                 69.6 
                 65.2 
               
               
                 760 
                 7.84 
                 7.23 
                 7.32 
                 17.5 
                 17.8 
                 32.2 
                 61.4 
                 57.1 
               
               
                 770 
                 11.3 
                 11.0 
                 11.1 
                 26.0 
                 26.7 
                 38.8 
                 64.6 
                 48.9 
               
               
                 780 
                 15.9 
                 15.5 
                 15.3 
                 36.1 
                 36.7 
                 45.4 
                 64.9 
                 46.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The reflection intensity against applied voltage to the LC cell is listed in Table 7. 
     As can clearly be seen, the red light reflection intensity is controlled by the LC cell due to controlling the incident light from the incandescent lamp by the LC cell. 
     Some remaining reflection when the applied voltage is 0 V is due to surface reflection of the sample and it&#39;s eliminated, if anti-reflection coating is used. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Reflection Intensity I in W/(sr · m 2  · nm) vs. Applied Voltage to the LC cell 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 U [V] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.2 
                 2.4 
                 2.6 
                 2.8 
                 3.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 λ(nm) 
                 I [10 −6  W/(sr · m 2  · nm)] 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 630 
                 1,330 
                 1,300 
                 1,280 
                 888 
                 913 
                 1,640 
                 3,910 
                 10,100 
               
               
                 640 
                 1,350 
                 1,320 
                 1,310 
                 918 
                 941 
                 1,680 
                 4,040 
                 10,200 
               
               
                 650 
                 1,360 
                 1,340 
                 1,330 
                 948 
                 969 
                 1,680 
                 3,990 
                 10,200 
               
               
                 660 
                 1,360 
                 1,340 
                 1,330 
                 967 
                 986 
                 1,490 
                 2,990 
                 7,930 
               
               
                 670 
                 1,350 
                 1,330 
                 1,320 
                 976 
                 992 
                 1,340 
                 2,250 
                 4,920 
               
               
                 680 
                 1,310 
                 1,290 
                 1,280 
                 970 
                 985 
                 1,240 
                 1,870 
                 3,700 
               
               
                 690 
                 1,220 
                 1,210 
                 1,200 
                 927 
                 940 
                 1,140 
                 1,550 
                 2,910 
               
               
                 700 
                 1,080 
                 1,070 
                 1,070 
                 842 
                 854 
                 1,000 
                 1,290 
                 2,250 
               
               
                 710 
                 905 
                 898 
                 897 
                 718 
                 730 
                 846 
                 1,050 
                 1,710 
               
               
                 720 
                 719 
                 715 
                 716 
                 572 
                 585 
                 671 
                 815 
                 1,290 
               
               
                 730 
                 576 
                 574 
                 575 
                 448 
                 459 
                 523 
                 631 
                 1,000 
               
               
                 740 
                 486 
                 483 
                 484 
                 367 
                 376 
                 427 
                 512 
                 825 
               
               
                 750 
                 437 
                 434 
                 434 
                 328 
                 335 
                 378 
                 449 
                 716 
               
               
                 760 
                 398 
                 395 
                 395 
                 304 
                 309 
                 347 
                 406 
                 641 
               
               
                 770 
                 367 
                 364 
                 364 
                 285 
                 288 
                 321 
                 370 
                 584 
               
               
                 780 
                 359 
                 356 
                 356 
                 283 
                 285 
                 314 
                 357 
                 562 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can clearly be seen, both emission and reflection intensity can be controlled by the liquid crystal layer of the LC cell in the same manner. These data clearly shows that the effect of the incorporation of a dye(s) into the siloxane layer and cholesteric LC layer without light emitting moieties are significantly improving the intensity of light emission and the intensity of light reflection furthermore, efficient light emitting moieties can be used in the siloxane layer because of the uniformity problem of light emitting moieties in liquid crystal materials is solved. 
     It is quite good to be able to choose the best emitting moieties from among many options.