Patent Publication Number: US-5425310-A

Title: Red powder articles and compositions

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 094,411, filed 8, Jul. 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,320,691. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present application relates to the substitution of red powder energetic compositions for black powder in standard black powder type compositions and structures, such as hand-held military flares. It also includes novel methods of production. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Signal rockets or flares are pyrotechnic devices which are well known articles of commerce. They are used on a large scale for signalling and terrain illumination. The signals are available with red, white, and green illuminants or with red, green, or yellow smoke. J.H. McLain, in &#34;Pyrotechnics&#34;, The Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia, Pa., 1980, pages 109 and 110 describes the M127A1 and related M125A1 and M126A1 hand held signal rockets. McLain also describes the weight, size, shape, and composition of the black powder propulsion pellet. A composition of 91% black powder, 9% calcium carbonate and a moisture content of 1.8-2.5% is described by McLain. The M127A1 signal rocket is fired by hand from an expendable launcher. 
     Signal rockets have been powered with black powder charges. A problem of black powder is its variable burning behavior from batch to batch. This variability originates from inconsistencies in the quality of charcoal which makes up ten percent of the black powder weight. As a result of this variability many black powder plants blew up so that, currently, there is only one domestic black powder plant. Thus, black powder&#39;s safety problem created also a single-source problem. 
     Accordingly, a need exists for a more reliable process and for substitute products which have approximately the same percentages of potassium nitrate and sulfur as black powder. 
     In my copending patent application Ser. No. 094,411, filed Jul. 8, 1993, which is herewith incorporated by reference, methods and compositions are described for articles and products that are made from charcoal-free black powder type granules that, in closed bomb tests, have a burn rate and pressure development rate comparable to that of standard black powder. The products are dispersions of unconverted phenolphthalein, potassium nitrate and sulfur in a binding phase of phenolphthalein salt. The products have a characteristic red color which is indicative of the presence of the phenolphthalein salt. For clarity in this specification, the energetic compositions of the earlier application will be hereinafter collectively referred to as &#34;red powder&#34;. 
     Among the various pyrotechnic devices, the M127A1 signal rocket is an important technical demonstration because of the required cooperation of elements that is necessary to effect sequential burning of the initiating, expelling, delay and propelling charges of the signal rocket. This signal rocket has a minimal elevation of 650 feet, 
     The benefits of the substitution of red powder granules and consolidated red powder in conventional articles which have used black powder are set forth in detail below. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention therefore relates to a process for preparation of red powder propellant compositions which comprises: 
     (a) mixing a concentrated alkali metal hydroxide solution with a solvent consisting of a mixture of denatured alcohol and water to form an alcoholic alkali metal hydroxide solution; 
     (b) mixing calcium carbonate, phenolphthalein, sulfur, and an alkali metal nitrate selected from potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate to form a mixture of solids; 
     (c) adding under mixing the alcoholic alkali metal hydroxide solution formed in step (a) to the mixture of solids formed in step (b) to form a soft clay-like product; 
     (d) kneading the clay-like product formed in step (c) to form a homogeneous product; 
     (e) further drying the homogeneous product formed under step (d) to a form an extrudable product; 
     (f) extruding the extrudable product formed under step (e) through a wire mesh screen to form a moist extrudate; and 
     (g) further drying the moist extrudate formed under step (f) to a dry extrudate. 
     The invention also relates to consolidated red powder and to articles of consolidated red powder and to a method for preparation of a red powder propellant cylinder having a bore therethrough with utility as a propellant structure for signal rockets. 
     The invention further relates to granular red powder products with utility as initiating and expelling charges for signal rockets. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram, largely in block form, that illustrates the process for red powder as earlier described in my copending application Serial No.: 094,411, dated Jul. 8, 1993. A batch of 1500 grams is described in Example 1. 
     FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the process for producing the granular form of red powder and the articles with the consolidated form of red powder. 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic elevation in cross section of the hand-held M127A1 signal rocket. 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic in exploded view of the initiating, expelling, delay, and propelling charges of FIG. 3. 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a red powder propellant shape according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of the propellant shape according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is an end view of the propellant shape according to the present invention. 
    
    
     DRAWING REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     20 Firing cap 
     22 Firing pin 
     24 Percussion cap 
     26 Black powder initiating charge 
     28 Venturi 
     30 Black powder propellant charge 
     32 Black powder delay charge 
     34 Black powder expelling charge 
     36 Illuminant assembly 
     38 Link 
     40 Parachute assembly 
     42 Cork seal 
     44 Signal casing 
     46 Tail assembly 
     48 Red powder expelling charge 
     50 Red powder propellant charge 
     52 Red powder initiating charge 
     56 Red powder propellant shape 
     58 Red powder propellant cylinder 
     60 Red powder propellant cylinder bore 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The specifications for raw materials and equipment used in the invention are listed below: 
     RAW MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 
     1. YELLOW PHENOLPHTHALEIN, POWDER, U.S.P GRADE Supplier: CERES CHEMICAL CO. INC. Address: 550 Mamaroneck Ave, Harrison, NY 10528 
     2. POTASSIUM NITRATE, Class C Military Specification: MIL-P-156B 
     3. SULFUR POWDER, Ground Military Specification: MIL-S-14929 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, 45% SOLUTION, Reagent grade Source: Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp. 755 Jersey Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 
     4. CALCIUM CARBONATE, Precipitated Military Specification: MIL-C-293 Source: Charles Pfizer &amp; Son; nominal particle size 8 microns; moisture content 2%. 
     5. DENATURED ALCOHOL Source: Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp. 755 Jersey Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 
     6. BLACK POWDER INITIATING CHARGE FOR M127A1 ROCKET Military Specification: MIL-P-223 Black powder, Class V, -16+40 mesh Quantity: 710 milligrams Source: GOEX Corporation, Moosic, PA. 
     7. BLACK POWDER EXPELLING CHARGE FOR M127A1 ROCKET Military Specification: MIL-P-223 Black powder, Class V, -16+40 mesh Quantity: 750 milligrams Source: GOEX Corporation, Moosic, PA. 
     8. BLACK POWDER PROPELLANT COMPOSITION FOR M127A1 Rocket Military Specification: MIL-A-2550. The propellant composition is a blend of black powder and calcium carbonate in a 91:9 ratio by weight. Required granulation for black powder: +20 mesh: 3% max.; -20+40 mesh: 60% max.; -80 mesh: 5% max. 
     9. BLACK POWDER PROPELLANT ASSEMBLY FOR M127A1 ROCKET. Military Specification: MIL-A-2550 The articles of the invention can be devices having consolidated red powder propellant shapes. The shapes can be solid plugs or rods. The shapes can also be hollow forms or solid cylinders with a center bore therethrough, often referred to as grains in the hand-held signal industry. The grains are prepared by tabletting the powder propellant composition described above. The specified dimensions for the grains in the M127A1 signal rocket are: inside diameter×outside diameter×height=0.35 inch×0.968 inch×0.693 inch. For conventional black powder propellant the consolidated density of the grains is in the range from 1.82 to 1.89 grams per milliliter, and the weight of a grain is 13 grams. A 3-grain assembly for the M127A1 signal rocket has a total energetic weight of 39 grams. The grains are joined together with an adhesive and the assembly is wrapped with a paper sheath prior to mounting in the M127A1 signal rocket. 
     10. M127A1 HAND-HELD SIGNAL ROCKET Military specification: MIL-A-2550 Length×Diameter=10.1 inch×1.6 inch; Material of construction: aluminum barrel and body; design altitude: 650-700 ft. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The methods of producing energetic compositions, as described in my copending application, are used for the preparation of the red powder propellant compositions. Generally, there is a mixing step and a shaping step. The ingredients will contain the additives that are specified for a particular article. The military specification for the M127A1 hand-held signal rocket requires the use of calcium carbonate. When the consolidated propellant burns, the calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas and provides for the gas volume, pressure and kinetic energy to propel the rocket. Other carbonates or gas generants can be used. 
     The novel method for shaped red powder propellant compositions, shown in FIG. 2, has a mixing step (a) which includes: 
     (i) mix a concentrated alkali metal hydroxide solution with a solution consisting of a mixture of denatured alcohol and water to form an alcoholic alkali metal hydroxide solution; (ii) mix calcium carbonate, phenolphthalein, sulfur, and an alkali metal nitrate selected from potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate to form a mixture of solids; (iii) add under mixing the alcoholic alkali metal hydroxide solution formed in step (i) to the mixture of solids formed in step (ii) to form a soft clay-like product; (iv) knead the clay-like product formed in step (iii) to form a homogeneous product; (v) further dry the homogeneous product formed under step (iv) to a form an extrudable product; and a shaping step (b) which includes: 
     (1) extrude the extrudable product formed under step (a) (v) through a wire mesh screen to form a moist extrudate; and (ii) further dry the moist extrudate formed under (b)(i) to a dry extrudate. 
     With reference to FIG. 2, the preferred amount of calcium carbonate from about 4 to about 10% by weight based on dry solids. The calcium carbonate is conveniently added with the other solid raw materials to the mixer, for example a mixmuller, prior to adding the alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide to the mixmuller. A preferred texture results from combining about 2.1 lbs of solids with about 1.0 lb of liquid. By applying this ratio, the solid-liquid mixture is a semisoft solid which turns over well during mixing, a condition needed to homogenize the mixture in a relatively short time, i.e. from about 10 to about 30 minutes. In softer mixtures that contain more liquid, the mixing time must be unduly extended in order to reach the required texture through forced or natural evaporation of the excess alcohol from the mixture. After proper mixing, the homogeneous mixture is a dispersion of calcium carbonate, unconverted phenolphthalein, potassium nitrate and sulfur in a binding phase of phenolphthalein salt. 
     The semisoft red powder propellant mixture has the same characteristic red color as a red powder mixture, because of the presence of alkaline phenolphthalein salt in the mixture. For clarity, the novel propellant compositions will be hereinafter collectively referred to as &#34;red powder propellant&#34;. 
     Subsequent to the mixing step in the mixmuller, the semisoft red powder propellant can be shaped by shaping means, for example by extruders, pellet mills, and briquetting machines. A tablet machine requires a dryer product, which can be obtained by drying the semisoft red powder propellant. Clearly, a large variety of shaped products can be prepared and additional shape variations can be obtained by choosing the shape of the orifices of the dies of the shaping means. 
     As far as production costs are concerned, extrusion is a low cost operation and, therefore, the red powder and red powder propellant mixtures are preferably extruded. The extrudate can be cut into short sections to form rod or tablet like products. If the extrudate is cut in longer sections, for example with a length/diameter ratio of 2 to 3, the extrudate would be in the shape of short strands. 
     The extrudability of a particular mixture of red powder or red powder propellant can be tested by an artisan in the laboratory by: (a) preparing a mixture using a porcelain mortar and pestle; and (b) forcing the clay-like mixture solids through the openings of a wiremesh screen using a rubber stopper. Only when the product has the proper texture, the extrusion test will be succesfull. If the product is too hard it can not be forced through the screen openings. If the product is too soft it will not shape and will merely stick to the screen. Corrections to the mixture can be effected so that it will have a proper texture. Mesh sizes used in the extrusion test included 8, 10 and 12 mesh. 
     In other extension processes, red powder propellant can be extruded as hollow strands which, after cutting into short sections, would provide shapes in ring form. In still another shaping process, semisoft short extrudates can be spherodized in conventional equipment to form spherical shapes. Small diameter microspheres can be formed by preparing red powder and red powder propellant batches in diluted form resembling paint like slurries and spraydrying the slurries in conventional equipment. The product are the microspheres. 
     Subsequent to the shaping of semisoft red powder propellant, the shapes are dried from a semisoft state to a dry state having about 1 to about 3% by weight of moisture. Overdrying should be avoided because the presence of moisture in the products helps to avoid the accumulation of static electrical charges during handling of the products. Another advantage of the presence of a few percent free moisture is that water is known to be an effective binder for consolidation and is benefecial for consolidation or shaping the dried product into grains, tablets or other shapes. Thus, a few percent of free moisture in dried red powder propellant will not only improve the operational safety, but will also be advantageous for consolidation after drying and, thus, provide for more perfect shapes and greater strength of the consolidated products. The drying of semisoft red powder and red powder propellant after the mixing step can be conducted in flowing air having a temperature between ambient and about 100° C. for an appropriate time. The drying step can be carried out with conventional batch or continuous drying means as for example, e.g. vibrating dyers, or continuous rotary dryers. 
     The red powder and red powder propellant semisoft mixed products, if prepared according to the diagrams in FIGS. 1 and 2, and extruded by manually pressing the products through a wire mesh screen, have an irregular shape and a relatively low bulk density. The products are hereinafter referred to as granular products. For certain applications, it can be advantageous to prepare granular products with a higher density. 
     In this alternate process, shown in FIG. 2, the red powder and red powder propellant mixture from the mix muller are first dried by drying means, reduced in size by size reduction means, shaped by shaping means and consolidated by consolidating means. 
     Consolidated red powder and red powder propellant of higher density can be prepared by compressing granular dried red powder or granular red powder propellant into high-density shapes, followed by crushing the shapes and screening the crushed product. The crushed product is then pressed into the shape of the desired article. This process is similar to that used in the preparation of conventional granular black powder. 
     Tabletting of black powder propellant compositions is carried out on conventional tablet machines, set up to produce tablets with a center bore therethrough. The red powder compositions can be consolidated into tablets with the same equipment. These shapes are referred to as propellant grains by producers of signal rockets. 
     The consolidated density of conventional black powder propellant is 1.82-1.89 grams/cubic centimeter and the tablet machine is set to reach this density. Since the bulk density of the granular red powder propellant is less than the bulk density of the loose black powder propellant composition before tabletting, the red powder propellant grains are shorter. At the same settings of the tabletting machine, the red powder propellant grains were shorter. The problem was solved, as described in Example 3 below, by using 4 red powder propellant grains in each M127A1 signal rocket. 
     Another method to solve the aforementioned problem is by densifying the granular red powder propellant. A process used in the tablet industry to effect partial consolidation is called &#34;slugging&#34; which comprises the crude tabletting of a low density feed. The denser slugs are crushed and screened to a smaller particle size range and re-fed to the tablet machine for tabletting. 
     Other general improvements for tabletting and consolidation processes include the addition of binders, lubricants and inert fillers. These improvements are well known to the artisan skilled in the tabletting process and are also applicable to shaped red powder and shaped red powder propellant. The adjuvants are preferably added before or during the solid-liquid mixing step of the respective processes. Generally, inert adjuvants will reduce the energetic output of red powder and red powder propellant, but their presence in small amounts can be very beneficial. For example, graphite is a well-known lubricant which improves the production rate of consolidated shapes by avoiding sticking of the shapes in the dies or molds of the consolidating means and by avoiding chipping of the consolidated shapes. Well-known binders that can improve the geometric accuracy and physical strength of tablets and consolidated shaped products include water, stearic acid and a multitude of additives well known in this art. 
     The invention will now be illustrated with the aid of the following examples which are not to be construed as limiting the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of red powder 
     In this example, a process described in my earlier patent application Ser. No. 094,411, dated 8, Jul. 1993, was scaled up to 1500 grams. A block diagram for the scaled-up process is provided in FIG. 1. The batch was prepared to provide sufficient material to illustrate the use of granular red powder as a replacement charge for the black powder initiating and expelling charges in M127A1 signal rockets. 
     Preparation: 
     In a first step, phenolphthalein (222 grams), potassium nitrate (1045 grams) and sulfur (164 grams) were added to a mixmuller of 12&#34; diameter by 4.5&#34; depth. The mixer was turned on for approximately two minutes to mix and delump the solids; 
     In a second step, an alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution (69.0 grams potassium hydroxide, as a 20% solution in aqueous denatured alcohol prepared by mixing 153 grams of 45% potassium hydroxide solution with 192 grams denatured alcohol) was added to to the mixer. 
     In a third step, mixing of the solids with the liquid was continued for a total of 30 minutes. 
     In a fourth step, the deep-red colored mixture was manually transferred from the mix-muller to a ventilated fume hood for drying of the product. This was done by spreading out lumps of the semisoft product on a conductive plastic bag. The lumps were manually turned over at arbitrary intervals and the lumps allowed to dry at ambient temperature for 48 hours; and 
     In a fifth step, the dry relatively large lumps of red powder were reduced in size by using a commercial Stokes granulator fitted with a 12 mesh screen. The minus 12 mesh red powder product was collected and stored in conductive plastic bags placed in metal containers. 
     The nominal composition of product on a dry basis was: 4.60% potassium hydroxide, 14.80% phenolphthalein, 69.67% potassium nitrate, and 10.93% sulfur. Following drying in the fume hood at ambient conditons, the resulting red powder contains from 1 to 3% moisture. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Preparation of red powder propellant 
     A block diagram for the process is provided in FIG. 2. A 1500 grams batch was prepared to illustrate the use of red powder propellant as a replacement charge for the black powder propelling charge in M127A1 signal rockets. 
     Preparation: 
     In a first step, phenolphthalein (209 grams), potassium nitrate (982 grams), sulfur (154 grams) and calcium carbonate (90.0 grams) were added to a mix-muller of 12&#34; diameter by 4.5&#34; depth, and the mixer turned on for approximately two minutes to mix and delump the solids; 
     In a second step, potassium hydroxide solution (65.0 grams potassium hydroxide, as a 15% solution in aqueous denatured alcohol, and prepared by mixing 144 grams of 45% potassium alcohol, and prepared by mixing 144 grams of 45% potassium hydroxide solution with 289 parts denatured alcohol) was added to to the mixer. Mixing was continued for a total of 45 minutes from start. 
     In a third step, the deep-red colored mixture was manually transferred from the mix-muller to a ventilated fume hood. The moist product was spread out on a conductive plastic bag in a layer of approximately 0.75 inch thick and allowed to dry at ambient temperature for 48 hours; and 
     In a fourth step, the dried lumps of red powder propellant were granulated using a Stokes granulator fitted with a 12 mesh screen. 
     The minus 12 mesh red powder propellant product was stored in conductive plastic bags placed in metal containers. 
     The nominal composition of this batch was: 6.0% calcium carbonate, 4.32% potassium hydroxide, 13.91% phenolphthalein, 65.49% potassium nitrate, and 10.28% sulfur. Following drying at ambient conditions, the resulting red powder propellant contains from 1 to 3% moisture. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Tabletting of red powder propellant for the M127A1 signal rocket 
     A commercial Stokes tabletting machine was used to produce consolidated red powder propellant in the form of propellant grains. The granular red powder propellant was consolidated at the same pressures and machine settings as for the production of conventional black powder propellant grains. The properties of the black powder propellant composition and propellant assembly are described under points 8 and 9 of the RAW MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT section above, including the consolidated density specification of 1.82-1.89 grams per cubic centimeter. As a consequence of the lower bulk density of granular red powder propellant, the consolidated red powder propellant grains were shorter than the standard black powder propellant grains and weighed 9.5 grams instead of 13 grams. The consolidated density was 1.77 to 1.84 grams per cubic centimeter. To provide for a comparable weight of propellant per signal rocket, 4-grain red powder propellant assemblies were prepared instead of the 3-grain assemblies used for black powder propellant motors. The hand held signal rocket with four red powder propellant grains is shown in FIG. 4 as element 50. The three grain black powder propellant assembly is shown in FIG. 3 as element 30. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Testing of experimental M127A1 signal rockets 
     Granular red powder from Example 1 was used as a substitute for the black powder initiating charge (710 milligrams) in 17 experimental rockets, and as a substitute for the black powder expelling charge (750 milligrams) in 14 experimental rockets. 
     Red powder propellant, from Example 2 and consolidated as described in Example 3, was used in 15 experimental rockets in an amount of 38 grams per signal, coralspared to 39 grams of black powder propellant for the conventional signal rocket. 
     The rockets were test-fired from a launching tube set up in a field and directed into the atmosphere under a firing angle of 90 degrees. 
     The following description of the flight mechanism of the rocket is described with reference to FIG. 3. 
     The launch tube was equipped with a spring-release striker pin mounted at the bottom of the tube. The striker pin was remotely deployed by means of a pull wire. In manual launching, the percussion cap 24 is ignited by placing the firing cap 20 over the percussion end of the signal and by striking the cap with the palm of the hand. The striker pin 22, located in the center of the cap, hits the percussion cap 24 which then in turn ignites the initiating charge 26. The resulting explosive-flash expels the rocket from the signal casing 44 and simultaneously ignites the propelling charge 30. The hot propellant gases pass through venturi 28 which converts the gas pressure to kinetic energy. Metallic fins 46, in folded position in the tail assembly, unfold when the signal emerges from the launch tube and stabilize the flight of the signal rocket. A delay charge 32 is ignited after the rocket motor is consumed. At the end of the delay&#39;s burn time, the burn front ignites the expelling charge 34 and provides an explosive-flash to expel and light the rocket&#39;s payload. In the case of the M127A1 military hand-held signal rockets, the payload is an illuminant 36 attached by means of a link 38 to a parachute 40. The payload descends with a speed controlled by the parachute. Flight test data of the M127A1 signal rockets are set out in Table 1. 
     The following is apparent from Table 1. 
     (a) Initiating charge series 1: In all tests the flight angle was about constant and all signals flew virtually in a 90 degrees upward direction. This proves that the initiating charge functioned properly to launch the rocket, ignite the propellant motor and positioning the signal vertically for the subsequent flight. Should the initiating charge fail to launch the signal rocket or fail to ignite the propellant, the signal would take off 
     
                                           TABLE 1                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Field testing of M127A1 hand-held signals                                 
         BPP = Standard black powder propellant                           
         BP = Standard black powder    RPP = Red powder propellant        
         BPD = Standard black powder delay                                
                                       RP = Red powder                    
                                                          AVER-           
Signal No.                                                                
       1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G 1H 1I 1J 1K 1L 1M 1N 1O 1P 1Q AGE             
__________________________________________________________________________
INITIA-                                                                   
       RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP                 
TING                                                                      
Propelling                                                                
       BPP                                                                
          BPP                                                             
             BPP                                                          
                BPP                                                       
                   BPP                                                    
                      BPP                                                 
                         BPP                                              
                            BPP                                           
                               BPP                                        
                                  BPP                                     
                                     BPP                                  
                                        BPP                               
                                           BPP                            
                                              BPP                         
                                                 BPP                      
                                                    BPP                   
                                                       BPP                
Delay  BPD                                                                
          BPD                                                             
             BPD                                                          
                BPD                                                       
                   BPD                                                    
                      BPD                                                 
                         BPD                                              
                            BPD                                           
                               BPD                                        
                                  BPD                                     
                                     BPD                                  
                                        BPD                               
                                           BPD                            
                                              BPD                         
                                                 BPD                      
                                                    BPD                   
                                                       BPD                
Expelling                                                                 
       BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP                 
Altitude (Ft)                                                             
       764                                                                
          782                                                             
             845                                                          
                822                                                       
                   752                                                    
                      866                                                 
                         797                                              
                            789                                           
                               808                                        
                                  805                                     
                                     816                                  
                                        830                               
                                           800                            
                                              857                         
                                                 774                      
                                                    828                   
                                                       800                
                                                          808             
Angle  7  8  6  3  8  4  7  3  7  4  7  7  2  7  6  6  5   6              
(Degrees)                                                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
                                                          AVER-           
Signal No.                                                                
       2A 2B 2C D  2E 2F 2G 2H 2I 2J 2K 2L 2M 2N 2O       AGE             
__________________________________________________________________________
Initiating                                                                
       BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP                       
PROPEL-                                                                   
       RPP                                                                
          RPP                                                             
             RPP                                                          
                RPP                                                       
                   RPP                                                    
                      RPP                                                 
                         RPP                                              
                            RPP                                           
                               RPP                                        
                                  RPP                                     
                                     RPP                                  
                                        RPP                               
                                           RPP                            
                                              RPP                         
                                                 RPP                      
LING                                                                      
Delay  BPD                                                                
          BPD                                                             
             BPD                                                          
                BPD                                                       
                   BPD                                                    
                      BPD                                                 
                         BPD                                              
                            BPD                                           
                               BPD                                        
                                  BPD                                     
                                     BPD                                  
                                        BPD                               
                                           BPD                            
                                              BPD                         
Expelling                                                                 
       BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP                       
Altitude (Ft)                                                             
       767                                                                
          674                                                             
             782                                                          
                762                                                       
                   792                                                    
                      712                                                 
                         782                                              
                            784                                           
                               819                                        
                                  750                                     
                                     764                                  
                                        674                               
                                           814                            
                                              797                         
                                                 745      761             
Angle  13 4  2  7  7  4  2  1  7  5  2  6  1  5  7         5              
(Degrees)                                                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Signal No.                                                                
       3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 3G 3H 3I 3J 3K 3L 3M 3N                          
__________________________________________________________________________
Initiating                                                                
       BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP BP                          
Propelling                                                                
       BPP                                                                
          BPP                                                             
             BPP                                                          
                BPP                                                       
                   BPP                                                    
                      BPP                                                 
                         BPP                                              
                            BPP                                           
                               BPP                                        
                                  BPP                                     
                                     BPP                                  
                                        BPP                               
                                           BPP                            
                                              BPP                         
Delay  BPD                                                                
          BPD                                                             
             BPD                                                          
                BPD                                                       
                   BPD                                                    
                      BPD                                                 
                         BPD                                              
                            BPD                                           
                               BPD                                        
                                  BPD                                     
                                     BPD                                  
                                        BPD                               
                                           BPD                            
                                              BPD                         
EXPEL- RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP                          
LING                                                                      
Altitude (Ft)                                                             
       792                                                                
          712                                                             
             772                                                          
                741                                                       
                   822                                                    
                      782                                                 
                         789                                              
                            789                                           
                               789                                        
                                  774                                     
                                     732                                  
                                        803                               
                                           787                            
                                              816         779             
Angle  4  3  4  9  7  7  3  4  1  8  6  7  4  4            5              
(Degrees)                                                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
 under an unpredictable angle or burn in the launch tube or not function at
 all.
 
    
     (b) Propelling charge series 2: The altitude reached is better than the minimum of 650-700 ft. The altitude reached is 30 ft., i.e. 3%, less than for the standard black powder propellant. Noteworthy is that the weight of the red powder propellant in the signal rocket was also about 2.5% less than the weight of black powder propellant weight in standard rockets. It is also very important to note that in all tests, the signals with red powder propellant burned and that none of the red powder propellant signals exploded. 
     (c) Expelling charge series 3: In all tests, the expelling charge functioned after ignition by the delay charge. All payloads were expelled and the illuminants lit. Should an expelling charge have failed a parachute would not have appeared. 
     In conclusion, granular and consolidated red powder are dispersions of alkali nitrate, sulfur and phenolphthalein in a binder of alkali phenolphthalein salt. In red powder propellant formulations, a heat decomposable solid carbonate is also present. Prepared compositions include: 
     (a) For use as an initiating or expelling charge in signal rockets a granular energetic composition comprising: (i) 1-5% by weight of potassium hydroxide; (ii) 69-75% by weight potassium nitrate; (iii) 9-11% by weight sulfur; (iv) 13-18% by weight phenolphthalein; and (v) 1-3% by weight water. 
     (b) For use as a propelling charge in signal rockets a consolidated granular energetic composition comprising: (i) 1-5% by weight of potassium hydroxide; (ii) 69-75% by weight potassium nitrate; (iii) 9-11% by weight sulfur; (iv) 5-10% by weight calcium carbonate; (v) 13-18% by weight phenolphthalein; and (vi) 1-3% by weight water. 
     It is again pointed out that the effect of the phenolphthalein salt binder in the invention is very dramatic. Even at low concentrations of the binder, rapid rise times and a high pressure development, comparable to conventional black powder, are attained. These are generally advantageous when maximum pressures and minimum rise times are desired. It can also be seen that articles can contain both forms, i.e. red powder and red powder propellant as granular powders in loose form and as consolidated forms including grains, rods etc. 
     While the above description contains specific articles, processes and compositions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but as an exemplification of preferred embodiments thereof. For example, skilled artisans will readily be able to change rocket dimensions, arrangements of parts, structures and quantities of ingredients to achieve specific purposes of particular devices or compositions.