Patent Publication Number: US-5290145-A

Title: Multiple stage drag and dynamic pump

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/832,456, filed Feb. 7, 1992, now abandoned, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/654,423, filed Jan. 25, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,188, issued May 12, 1992. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is directed to a multiple stage turbine for use as a downhole motor on a drilling string, and more particularly, to a multiple stage turbine downhole motor which is driven by the drag or shear stress force alone or in combination with the dynamic or impulse force of the fluid flowing through the turbine. The principles of the present invention can also be applied to a pump, blower or compressor. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Prior art downhole motors for use on drilling strings convert the kinetic energy of a mass of a fluid against the face surface of turbine blades into power for turning a drill string and thereby a drill bit attached to the bottom of the drill string. The turbines rely solely on the dynamic or impulse force. Prior art downhole motors of this type are generally required to be relatively long in order to have sufficient turbine blade surface area for generating enough power to turn the bit at the proper speed with sufficient torque. However, because the downhole motor itself is quite long, it is difficult for the drill string to move through curves and thus it is much more difficult to control the direction of drilling. 
     Another disadvantage of the dynamic force type downhole motors, is that maximum power and efficiency occur at rather high rotational speeds; higher than the range of operational speed for most mechanical drill bits, like tricone bits. The reason for this characteristic is that the functions of power and efficiency, in terms of the velocity of the flow is proportional to the square of the velocity. The function is a parabola in which the apex is approximately midway between zero and runaway or no load speed. 
     Still another disadvantage of prior art downhole turbine motors is that the turbine blades are internal with respect to the drilling shaft. In order to drive the turbine, fluid must flow through the internal structure of the drill string and can cause damage to the bearings, seals and other internal parts of the downhole motor. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A helical multiple impulse hydraulic downhole motor is described in my prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 045,822, filed May 4, 1987, now abandoned. This application is incorporated herein by reference. 
     It is the primary object of the present invention to provide a multiple stage turbine which operates by using the shear force of the fluid on the edges of the blades of the turbine either alone or in combination with the impulse force of the fluid on the surface of the blades. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a downhole motor for use in turning a drilling string, and thereby a drill bit on the end of the drill string, which operates at a relatively slow speed of 300-500 rpm and produces high torque, with no torque on the pipe of the drill string itself. 
     It is a further object of the present invention to use the shear force between the edges of the turbine blades and the fluid in the turbine to operate the turbine as a pump, blower or compressor. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a multiple stage turbine in which the rotor having the turbine blades, is external to the drilling shaft and thus the moving parts are external to the drilling shaft. Further, because the blades are attached to an external movable part, the generated forces are farther away from the axis of the turbine, giving more leverage and hence more torque. 
     The present invention is directed to a multistage turbine for driving a downhole motor, which is driven by the flow of a fluid therethrough. The turbine comprises a housing with a plurality of rims and a shaft positioned in the housing, the housing and rims rotating about the longitudinal axis thereof. A plurality of turbine stages are mounted on the housing for rotation therewith, each turbine stage including a rim coaxial with the shaft and a plurality of turbine blades fixed to each rim. A plurality of flow directing stators are positioned between adjacent turbine stages, each of the stators having a wall portion and diverter portion, wherein the wall portions are perpendicular to the axis of the shaft and the diverter portions are at an angle of less than 90° with respect to the axis of the shaft. At least three of the turbine blades and the diverter portions form a seal for preventing the flow from passing therebetween, such that flow through a turbine stage is perpendicular to the axis of the shaft in the space between adjacent wall portions and wherein the diverter portions are positioned with respect to said wall means for diverting flow from the turbine stage to an adjacent turbine stage. 
     The turbine blades are positioned between adjacent stators such that flow between the wall portion of adjacent stators contacts the edges of the turbine blades, thereby imparting a drag force on the turbine blades and flow through adjacent diverter portions impinges upon the face surface of the turbine blades, thereby imparting a dynamic force on the turbine blades, whereby the turbine blades are rotated by the combination of the drag forces and dynamic forces thereon. 
     The principles of the present invention may also be incorporated into a pump, wherein the blades are fixed to a shaft and the rotation of the shaft rotates the blades thereby imparting shear and/or dynamic forces to the fluid which thus imparts energy to the fluid. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a downhole motor of the present invention. 
     FIG. 1a is an expanded view of a portion of FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 1b is a sectional view through Section 1b--1b in and 1a. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the flow through a turbine of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 3a and 3b are diagrams for analyzing the flow and forces in a turbine of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view of a turbine of a first embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a rotor stage of the present invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a front view of the rotor stage of FIG. 5. 
     FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a stator of the first embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a stator of the present invention. 
     FIG. 9 is a partial layout illustrating the flow of fluid through a first embodiment of the turbine of the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 is a partial layout illustrating the flow of fluid through a second embodiment of the turbine of the present invention. 
     FIG. 11 is a partial sectional view of a turbine of a second embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the stator of the second embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 13 is a front view of the stator of FIG. 12. 
     FIG. 14 is a bottom view of the stator of FIG. 12. 
     FIG. 15 is a partial layout illustrating the flow of fluid through a third embodiment of the turbine of the present invention. 
     FIG. 16 is a partial layout illustrating the flow of fluid through a fourth embodiment of the turbine of the present invention. 
     FIG. 17a is a partial sectional view of a fifth embodiment of the turbine of the present invention. 
     FIG. 17b is a partial sectional view of Section 17A--17A&#39; of FIG. 17a. 
     FIG. 17c is a sectional view of Section 17B--17B&#39; of FIG. 17b 
     FIG. 17d is a perspective view of the turbine rotor of the fifth embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 18a and 18b are partial layouts illustrating the intermediate seal for the drag and dynamic embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 19a-19d are force diagrams for analyzing forces and flow through a pump of the present invention. 
     FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a stage of a pump of the present invention. 
     FIG. 21 is a partial layout illustrating flow of fluid through a pump of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention is directed to a multiple stage turbine which comprises a plurality of single stages, each of which operates on the principle of the shear stress of fluid flowing in passages or spaces in the stage against the edges of the turbine blades which generate drag forces either alone or in combination with impulse forces of the fluid against the surface of the blades. The volume of flow is not a factor as to the drag force or the shear forces on the edges of the turbine blades. The power produced by the drag force is a function of the relative velocity and drag surface, the drag surface being the edges of the turbine blades, and not the surface or face of the blade itself. The use of the drag force results in a higher torque then a conventional turbine rotor of the same dimensions. This enables the motor of the present invention to generate sufficient torque using less stages, which in turn enables it to be shorter in length than a conventional turbine motor. 
     FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a downhole motor 1 which comprises an outer casing 3 and an inner shaft 5. The motor further includes a bearing assembly 7 and a turbine assembly 9 having a plurality of stages, each stage having a stator and rotor assembly. Each stator assembly comprises a plurality of flow directing stators 11 and each rotor assembly comprises a plurality of turbine blades 13 which are fixed to a rotor rim 15. 
     A plurality of turbine rotors 13 are pre-loaded and held together by means of nuts 28 and 29 located at the ends of the downhole motor. A drill bit (not shown) may be connected to nut 28. These nuts also hold the bearing assembly 7 in place. The bearings 7 may be tapered journal bearings or other types of bearings such as ball bearings. If necessary, nuts for holding the assembly together can be used as intermediate portions of the motor. Block 31 provides separation between the bearing assembly 7 and the turbine assembly 9 and forms a seal therebetween. Block 31 can also be used to house a pressure compensator for the bearing lubrication system, should such pressure compensation be necessary. 
     Referring to FIGS. 1, 1a and 1b, fluid, the flow of which is illustrated by arrows F1-F7, flows through the downhole motor 1 as shown. Flow starts at F1-F3 axially through the center of shaft 5, between F3 and F4, the fluid flows through a plurality of slots 33 in the shaft 5. Between F4 and F5, the fluid flows through the turbine assembly 9, rotating the turbine blades 13 and the outer casing 3. End piece 28 is screw-threaded into outer casing 3 and tightened against blades 13 to thereby cause the blade 13 to rotate with the outer casing 3. At F5-F6, the fluid then flows out of the turbine assembly 9 and into the shaft 5 through additional slots 35, which are the same as slots 33, and then exits from the downhole motor into the bore hole. As can be seen, the turbine assembly is mounted on the outside of the shaft 5, thus, the moving parts are external to the drill shaft. 
     FIG. 2 shows the flat helical flow path through a turbine assembly 9. The turbine assembly is mounted on a shaft 5. The turbine assembly includes a plurality of flow directing stators 11 fixed to the shaft 5, with a plurality of turbine blades 13 being fixed to the corresponding rotor rim 15 being positioned to rotate between adjacent stators 11 (See FIG. 1). A seal is formed between flow directing portions 19b and 19a and the turbine blades 13 so that the flow F is circular in the channel or space formed between adjacent stators 11 and then flows through the channel or space between the flow diverters 17a and 17b and 19a and 19b into an adjacent turbine stage between the next adjacent stators 11. Thus as can be seen, the flow follows a flat circular path through almost an entire 360° and then a somewhat helical path diagonally downward into the next turbine stage. The drag forces and impulse forces applied to the turbine blades by the flow through the turbine will depend upon the configuration of the turbine blades 13 and the stators 11 as will be explained in more detail below. 
     The turbine of the present invention is driven by the shear stress or drag force in combination with the dynamic or impulse force of the fluid flowing through the turbine. The drag force is generated by the flow of fluid against the edges of the turbine blades. The dynamic force is generated by the impact of the flow against the surface of the face of the turbine blades as its flows through the rotor blades at the entrance and the outlet of each turbine stage. 
     The total force acting on the rotor is: 
     
         F.sub.T =F.sub.dr +F.sub.dy                                (1) 
    
     where: 
     F dr  =shear force or drag force 
     F dy  =impulse or dynamic force 
     The drag force is as follows: 
     
         Fdr=γλ.sub.dr a.sub.dr u(C-u).sup.2 /2g       (2) 
    
     where: 
     γ=specific weight of the fluid (Kgf/m 3 ). 
     λ dr  =drag coefficient (dimensionless) from rotor blades and channels geometrical configuration. 
     C=mean velocity of the flow through the drag channels (m/sec). 
     u=peripheral velocity of the rotor (m/sec). 
     a dr  =drag area upon which the shear stress acts (m 2 ). 
     The dynamic force can be calculated with reference to FIG. 3a which is a section of the rotor blades, transverse to the axis of rotation wherein: 
     u=tangential velocity of the rotor (m/sec). 
     W 1  =relative velocity of the flow (m/sec). 
     β 1  =angle of W, with the direction u (degrees). 
     C 1  =absolute velocity, vectorial addition of of u and W 1 . 
     α 1  =angle of C, with the direction of u. 
     W x1  =component of W 1  in the direction of movement u. 
     The subscript &#34;1&#34; corresponds to the inlet of the flow for every change of direction through the blade assembly. 
     The subscripts &#34;2&#34; are used to denote the corresponding values of the flow at the outlet of every change of direction, generating a hydraulic impulse. 
     In order to deduce or obtain the equation for the dynamic force, referring to FIG. 3b, shows the composition of the triangles of velocities at the inlet and outlet of the flow at every impulse or change of direction. 
     According to Newton&#39;s Second Law: 
     
         F.sub.dy =ρQ (W.sub.x1 -W.sub.x2)                      (4) 
    
     wherein: 
     W x1  and W x2  are the components of the relative velocities in the direction of the movement. ##EQU1## Then: ##EQU2## and 
     
         F.sub.dy =mρQ[(C.sub.1 cosα.sub.1 -u)+C.sub.1 sinα.sub.1 /tanβ.sub.2 ]                                        (3) 
    
     wherein: 
     m=number of changes of direction or impulses in each stage. 
     Referring to FIGS. 4-6, it can be seen that the blades 13 are fixed to rotor rims 15. Although only four blades are shown, the remaining blades are positioned around the entire rim 15. When a plurality of rotor assemblies are used as shown in FIG. 1, the rim 15 can have a width equal to the width of the turbine blades 13 and a spacer 15, can be positioned adjacent to the rim 15. Alternatively, the rim 15 can be made wider than the blade 13 so that the spacer 15, is an integral portion thereof. FIG. 6 is an elevation view taken in plane 6--6 of FIG. 5 showing the orientation of blades 13 with respect to rim 15 and the center of rim 15. Although the blades 13 are shown in a V-shape cross-section, other cross-sections can be used such as a rounded V, offcenter V, a combination of round and offcentered Vs, etc. 
     FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a flow directing stator 11. Stator 11 has wall portions 25 and flow diverting portions 17a and 17b and 19a and 19b. Flow diverting portions 17a and 19a form seals with adjacent turbine blades 13, as shown in FIG. 2. Although the seal is not a perfect seal since it is necessary for the turbine blades to rotate, the seal substantially stops the flow of fluid thereby maintaining the proper flow path through the turbine assembly as will be described below. The stator 11 further comprises a hub 21 having a keyway 23 for receiving the key 6 when the stator is mounted on the shaft 5. The stator assembly further includes a wall portion 25 integrally formed with the flow directing portions. As shown in FIG. 4, a space 27 is formed between wall portion 25 and spacer 15&#39;. The space 27 is made very small so that the flow of fluid through the space is negligible, but the space is sufficient to permit the rotation of rotor 13 with respect to stator 11. 
     FIG. 8 is an alternative embodiment of the stator 11 in which the hub 21 has a reduced diameter portion 21a. The length or angle of the reduced portion will depend upon the particular flow characteristics but generally will be less than 90°. The purpose of the reduced hub radius is to allow the fluid to flow under the blades 13c, thereby eliminating the impulse forces on blades 13c and to quickly equalize the flow on both sides of the blades 13d. If desired, the sharp corners between surfaces 17a and 17b, and 19a and 19b can be rounded in order to smooth the flow and reduce turbulence. 
     FIG. 9 is a partial layout illustrating the flow of fluid through two blade assemblies 13 in a first embodiment of the turbine of the present invention. The arrows F show the flow and the arrows D and I illustrate the drag and dynamic forces on the turbine blades 13. Starting from the right, the flow F causes a drag force D on the edges of the turbine blades 13. When the flow reaches surface 17b, it is diverted downward as shown, striking the blades 13a and applying a dynamic force I to the blades 13a. Flow then continues through flow diverters 19a and 19b into the adjacent stage of turbine blades and again dynamic forces I are applied to blades 13a. Flow then continues towards the left where only drag forces are applied to the edges of the blades 13. 
     FIG. 10 is a partial layout illustrating the flow of fluid through a second embodiment of the turbine of the present invention in which three impulses are produced in each stage. The arrows F show the flow and the arrows D and I illustrate the drag and dynamic on the turbine blades 13. Starting from the right, the 10 flow F causes a drag force D on only one edge of the turbine blades 13. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the turbine blades are configured so that the drag force is on both edges of the blades. When the flow reaches surface 17b it is diverted downward, as shown, striking the blades 13a and applying a dynamic force I to the blades 13a. The flow then continues through flow diverters 19a and 19b into the adjacent stage of turbine blades 13 and again dynamic forces are applied to blades 13a. 
     In the embodiment of FIG. 10, there are three changes of direction so three impulses are generated in every stage. In the equation (3), in this case the value of parameters &#34;m&#34; would be three. 
     FIGS. 11-15 illustrate a third embodiment of the turbine of the present invention. In FIG. 11, flow directing stators 111 include diverter portions 117a, and 117b and 119a and 119b and wall portions 125. The turbine blade stages 113 are the same as those described in the embodiment of FIGS. 4-6. 
     FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the flow directing stator 111. The stator III comprises a hub 121 with a keyway 123 and a wall portion 125. The wall portion 125 has a plurality of sections 125a-125k (not shown in FIG. 12) which can be seen in FIG. 13 which is a full layout of a plurality of flow directing stators and turbine blade stages. FIG. 13 is an elevational view in plane 13--13 of FIG. 12, and FIG. 14 is a side view of FIG. 13 in plane 14--14. The surfaces of diverter portions 117 and wall portions 125 in the corresponding FIGS. 11-15, have been designated by letters A-G. 
     The flow through the turbine in the embodiment of FIGS. 11-15 is illustrated by the arrows F in FIG. 15. This flow causes impulse forces on the outer halves 113a of the turbine blades 113. The inner halves 113b of the turbine blades 113 do not have any significant forces acting thereon, but rather, act with corresponding diverter wall portions 125a, 125e and 125i to form a substantial seal therebetween. The seals ensure that the flow is as indicated by arrows F, rather than through the space between the turbine blades and the wall portions 125a, 125e and 125i. The impulse forces on the turbine blades 113a are the same impulse forces described above with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 4-9. As can be seen however, in this embodiment there are no substantial drag forces on the turbine blades. The lack of substantial drag forces occurs because centrifugal force on the flow moves the fluid towards the outside against wall portions 125c, 125k and 125g which are away from the edges of the turbine blades. This embodiment is the limit for the dynamic force, because &#34;m&#34; has been increased to provide the maximum dynamic force. 
     FIG. 16 shows a fourth embodiment of the turbine of the present invention. In this embodiment, the blades 213 are alternately attached to the outside rotor rim (not shown). A sealing wall members form a seal with one side of blades 213, and the other side of blades 213 form a seal with stator 211. Flow is in one direction around the annular space and is almost 360° at which point it flows through the outlet into the next stage. The sinuous path of the flow F produces drag forces D on the tips or edges of the blades 213 and additionally produces impulses I on the surfaces of the blades. The drag and dynamic forces can be calculated in accordance with the equations set forth above. However, since the path is not very well defined, the equations have to be effected by coefficients determined experimentally. 
     Instead of blades, planar or rounded bodies can be used and attached to the rotor rim to eliminate eddy currents and turbulence and to enhance impulses on the slanted surfaces to produce the desired number of smooth changes of direction along the annular channels. 
     FIGS. 17a-17d illustrate a fifth embodiment of the turbine of the present invention. In this embodiment, the turbine is substantially a pure drag turbine which is simple, versatile, has high torque and a comparatively high efficiency. Additional turbine blades can be added to produce additional forces either drag forces or dynamic forces to modify the performance of the turbine, if desired. 
     Referring to FIGS. 17a-17d, the flow indicated the arrow F, flows through the turbine with the intermediate seal 315 at the diagonal entrance of the next stage. The turbine has blades 313 which contact seals 315. The seal 317a and the diagonal diverter divert the flow through opening 317 in the wall of stator 311. The flow channel is cylindrical and covers almost 360° and is coaxial and parallel with the cylindrical space covered by the rotor and its blades. In other words, the flow is cylindrical and intermediate between the edges of the blades and the internal hub, as shown in FIG. 17c. 
     The blade length, thickness, angle of inclination, as well as separation between blades, can be varied. All of these variables affect the drag coefficient λ dr  and thus the ultimate drag force, velocity and efficiency. 
     The drag action in this embodiment of the present invention is generally better than in the other embodiments of the present invention. 
     In the fifth embodiment, since the flow through the channels is cylindrical and parallel to the rotor and blades, the blades do not cross or deviate from the direction of the flow, to produce an impulse, except in the change of stages. The change of direction of the flow from one stage to the next is produced by the seal and stator and hence friction loss, and correspondingly hydraulic head loss are small. 
     The operation of the intermediate seals in the present invention can be explained considering one stage of the turbine with the drag and dynamic actions, such as in FIG. 18a and 18b, which shows schematically a section of the channel with seven changes of direction. The rotor is shown divided in two portions; one is the seal portion in the change of stage, and the other is the complement portion for the rest of the rotor. 
     The equilibrium equations for each one of the those portions are: ##EQU3## P 1  and P 7  are the pressures at the inlet and outlet of the stage, and Ap is the area of the blades on which the pressures act. ##EQU4## The total force acting on the rotor will be: ##EQU5## Thus, the forces coming from pressure acting on the section cancel each other. 
     The principles described above for embodying the invention in drag and dynamic turbines can also be used to embody the invention in a pump, blower or compressor. 
     In the above described turbines, the driving element is the fluid which produces shear and drag forces on the edges of the blades of the rotor and dynamic forces on the surfaces of the blades transforming the energy of the fluid into mechanical torque and power. In a pump, blower or compressor, the driving element is the rotor blades which transform mechanical energy through torque and velocity to shear and dynamic forces on the fluid. The shear and dynamic forces on the fluid increase the pressure and mass flowing through the pump, blower or compressor. 
     With pumps, blowers and compressors, the limitation in the diameter or external dimensions is generally not critical as in turbines used in downhole motors. Thus, the movable part can be the internal shaft with the blades attached to the shaft. The stators form an integral part of the static external structure of the pump, blower or compressor. 
     The operation of a pump incorporating the present invention may be described as follows: ##EQU6## Torque applied to the rotor during operation: ##EQU7## Inlet Power--Operating Power: ##EQU8## Hydraulic Power--Outlet Power: ##EQU9## Efficiency: ##EQU10## Where: H T  =Head or total pressure at the outlet, of the pumped fluid (m). 
     H dr  =Head or pressure originated by the dragging action of the blade edges against the fluid by the relative velocity (u-c) (m). 
     H fr  =Head or pressure drop on the fluid, by its friction against the walls of the channels passages (m). 
     H Ke  =Head or pressure drop by change of direction of the fluid, from one stage to the next (m). 
     n=Number of stages. 
     K e  =Loss coefficient (dimensionless) at each stage .by the change of direction. 
     λ fr  =Friction coefficient (dimensionless) of the stator walls. 
     a fr  =Friction area of the stator walls (m 2 ). 
     Am=Cross section area of the through flow channel (m 2 ). 
     r m  =Mean radius of generated forces (m). 
     The impulse component in a pumping operation of incompressible fluids is based upon the formulas (3) and (4) set forth above in describing the turbine operation. Referring to FIGS. 19a-19d, applying equation (3) to pumps and compressors as follows: 
     
         F.sub.dy =ρQ(W.sub.x2 -W.sub.x1) 
    
     
         W.sub.x1 =-(u-C.sub.1 cosα.sub.1), W.sub.x2 =0 
    
     
         F.sub.dy =ρQ(u-C.sub.1 cosα.sub.1) 
    
     Then: 
     
         T.sub.dy =n F.sub.dy r.sub.m =nρQ r.sub.m (u-C.sub.1 cosα.sub.1)(13) 
    
     and the head produced by the dynamic action, will be: ##EQU11## and specific head, corresponding to the unit mass flowing: ##EQU12## 
     FIG. 20 shows a rotor and stator of a single stage of a pump of the present invention. Rotor blades 413 are fixed to rotor shaft 421 for rotation therewith. The rotor shaft and blades are positioned within a stator 411 which has side walls 425. The stator 411 also includes diverting portions 419a and 419b. Flow from an adjacent pump stage flows through opening 418 in stator wall 425 and is diverted by diverting portions 419a and 419b as shown by the arrows F. After passing over diverter portion 419, energy is imparted to the flow by the rotation of blades 413. Edges 413a and surfaces 413b impart drag and dynamic forces respectively to the flow through the pump. A very small space 427 is formed between blades 413 and wall 425 and blades 413 and diverter portion 419b. This small space is sufficient to permit the rotation of the rotor blades within the stator, but small enough to prevent any significant flow therethrough and thus effectively a seal is formed between the rotor blades and the stator wall 425 and diverter portion 419b. 
     FIG. 21 shows the flow of a fluid through four stages of a multiple stage pump having rotor and stator stages such as that shown in FIG. 20. The movement of blades 413 caused by the rotation of the rotor, imparts a shear or drag force D to the fluid in the pump causing it to flow in the direction F. Looking at the upper or first stage, the flow is diverted downward by diverter 419b and 417b and a through opening 118 in stator wall 425. Flow then continues through the next stage with additional force being imparted to the flow by the rotation of blades 413 in the second stage. As the flow passes through the opening 418, a dynamic force is imparted by the surfaces 413b of the blades 413. Thus the fluid is driven through the pump by both shear and dynamic forces imparted by the rotation of the rotor. 
     Although one blade shape or configuration is shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, other blade configurations, for example, those shown in the turbine embodiments, may also be used in pumps of the present invention. 
     The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are, therefore, to be embraced therein.