Patent Publication Number: US-2021186307-A1

Title: Endoscope with detachable camera module

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/951,157 filed Dec. 20, 2019 titled “MODULAR ENDOSCOPE WITH DETACHABLE AND SELECTIVELY DISPOSABLE COMPONENTS” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/031,312 filed May 28, 2020 titled “ENDOSCOPE WITH DETACHABLE CAMERA MODULE” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/031,316 filed May 28, 2020 titled “ENDOSCOPE WITH DETACHABLE HANDLE MODULE”; the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to medical devices comprising elongate bodies configured to be inserted into incisions or openings in anatomy of a patient to provide diagnostic or treatment operations. 
     More specifically, the present disclosure relates to endoscopes for imaging and/or providing passage of therapeutic devices toward various anatomical portions, including gastrointestinal tract (e.g., esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreaticobiliary duct, intestines, colon, and the like), renal area (e.g., kidney(s), ureter, bladder, urethra) and other internal organs (e.g., reproductive systems, sinus cavities, submucosal regions, respiratory tract), and the like. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Conventional endoscopes can be involved in a variety of clinical procedures, including, for example, illuminating, imaging, detecting and diagnosing one or more disease states, providing fluid delivery (e.g., saline or other preparations via a fluid channel) toward an anatomical region, providing passage (e.g., via a working channel) of one or more therapeutic devices for sampling or treating an anatomical region, and providing suction passageways for collecting fluids (e.g., saline or other preparations) and the like. 
     In conventional endoscopy, the distal portion of the endoscope can be configured for supporting and orienting a therapeutic device, such as with the use of an elevator. However, such distal portions can, in a few instances, lead to difficulty in sterilizing or reprocessing the distal portion after use. For example, conventional endoscopy devices can be completely reusable such that crevices between components or spaces within functional components of the distal portion can be difficult to access and clean. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present inventors have recognized that problems to be solved with conventional medical devices, and in particular endoscopes and duodenoscopes, include, among other things, particularly those that are difficult or not configured to be easily disassembled, 1) the need and difficulty of cleaning and sterilizing endoscopes after usage, 2) the cost of maintaining multiple endoscopes in inventory to perform different surgical techniques or therapeutic methods on different patients, and 3) the cost of purchasing medical devices having excess capacity or unwanted capabilities for a particular patient. The present disclosure can help provide solutions to these and other problems by providing systems, devices and methods for designing, building, using and deconstructing modular endoscopes. In particular, the present application is directed to attachment systems for detachable camera modules and detachable control modules for medical devices such as endoscopes and duodenoscopes. The camera modules and control modules can be configured for reuse after appropriate cleaning and sterilization, while the insertion sheaths and shafts to which they can be configured to connect can be configured for one-time use. As such, more expensive camera and control components can be modularly attached to inexpensive, disposable insertion sheaths and shafts. Said modular camera and control components can be configured for cleaning, e.g., by being encapsulated, while the insertion sheath and shafts can be inexpensively made to perform only the desired procedure and then disposed of after use. Such configurations can eliminate the need to clean in difficult to reach places in fully assembled devices and the need to maintain a large inventory of devices with different or excess capabilities. 
     The present inventors have also recognized that problems to be solved with conventional medical devices, and in particular endoscopes and duodenoscopes, include, among other things, the potential difficulty presented by having to attach modular components and the associated need to have attached modular components remain attached during a procedure. The present disclosure can help provide solutions to these and other problems by providing systems, devices and methods comprising attachment mechanisms for modular components, particularly modular imaging and illuminating units. The attachment systems described herein can facilitate simple and easy assembly such that, if needed, surgeons and other personnel can assemble the camera module to an insertion module in an operating room environment, yet can still provide adequate coupling to prevent unintended or accidental dislodgement of the camera module from the insertion module, such as when the insertion module is being used to insert the camera module into a patient. 
     The present inventors have additionally recognized that problems to be solved with conventional medical devices, and in particular endoscopes and duodenoscopes, include, among other things, the need for controlling endoscopes having different capabilities. In particular, modular endoscopes can be built with modular functional components that perform a wide variety of tasks, including different treatment options such as cutting, cauterizing, ablating and the like. As such, conventional endoscope control devices can be limited in accommodating additional functionality or adapting to modular accessories. The present disclosure can help provide solutions to these and other problems by providing systems, devices and methods comprising module control modules that can be coupled to proximal ends of insertion modules to control different functional modules attached to distal ends of the insertion modules. The control modules of the present disclosure can be provided with a wide variety of inputs, e.g., buttons, joysticks and touchscreens, that can be configured to control a variety of outputs. 
     In an example, a modular endoscope system can comprise a first modular section comprising an imaging unit and an illumination unit, and a second modular section that can be user-detachably connectable to the first modular section via an attachment mechanism, the second modular section being patient insertable, wherein the first modular section is positionable at a distal end section of the second modular section and is configured to illuminate and image a portion of a patient anatomy. 
     In another example, a method of using a modular endoscopy system can comprise attaching a first modular section of the modular endoscopy system to a second modular section of the modular endoscopy system, positioning at least a portion of the modular endoscopy system within a patient, illuminating and imaging a portion of a patient anatomy via the first modular section, removing the modular endoscopy system from the patient, and detaching the second modular section from the first modular section after removal of the modular endoscopy system from the patient. 
     In an additional example, an insertion section module for an endoscope can comprise a shaft comprising a flexible, elongate body extending from a proximal end to a distal end and a coupling mechanism located proximal the distal end, the coupling mechanism configured to releasably secure a camera module to the insertion section module. 
     In another example, a method of assembling a modular endoscopy system comprises bringing the first modular section of the modular endoscopy system proximate to a second modular section of the modular endoscopy system, the first modular section and the second modular section each comprising a near-field communication chip, establishing near-field communication between the first modular section and the second modular section when the first modular section and the second modular section are in a detached state, to validate the second modular section, and attaching the first modular section to the second modular section. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an endoscopy system comprising an imaging and control system and an endoscope, such as duodenoscope. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of the endoscopy system of  FIG. 1  comprising the endoscope connected to a control unit of the imaging and control system. 
         FIG. 3A  is a schematic top view of a camera module including optical components for a side-viewing endoscope and an elevator mechanism. 
         FIG. 3B  is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the plane  3 B- 3 B of  FIG. 3A  showing the optical components. 
         FIG. 3C  is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the plane  3 C- 3 C of  FIG. 3A  showing the elevator mechanism. 
         FIG. 4A  is an end view of a camera module including optical components for an end-viewing endoscope. 
         FIG. 4B  is a cross-sectional view taken along the plane  4 B- 4 B of  FIG. 4A  showing the optical components. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic view of a modular endoscope suitable for use as the endoscope of  FIGS. 1-4B  comprising a camera module, an insertion section module, and a navigation and control module that are configured to be detachable from each other. 
         FIG. 6A  is a schematic illustration of an example of a camera module of the modular endoscope of  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 6B  is schematic illustration of the camera module of  FIG. 6A  comprising a communication circuit, a rechargeable power source, an imaging unit and an illumination unit. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic illustration of the modular camera of  FIGS. 6A and 6B  connected to a wireless imaging and control system according to an example. 
         FIG. 8A  is a schematic illustration of a first example of an attachment mechanism for securing detachable camera modules of the present disclosure to a distal portion of the insertion section module of the modular endoscope of  FIG. 5 , the attachment mechanism comprising a retention band. 
         FIG. 8B  is a schematic illustration of the camera module of  FIG. 6  secured with the attachment mechanism of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 8C  is a perspective view of a clasp mechanism suitable for use with the retention band of  FIGS. 8A and 8B . 
         FIG. 9A  is a schematic illustration of a second example of an attachment mechanism for securing detachable camera modules of the present disclosure to a distal portion of the insertion section module of the modular endoscope of  FIG. 5 , the attachment mechanism comprising a retention clip system. 
         FIG. 9B  is a schematic illustration of a clip for the retention clip system of  FIG. 9A . 
         FIG. 9C  is a schematic illustration of the camera module of  FIG. 6  secured with the attachment mechanism of  FIG. 9A . 
         FIG. 9D  is a schematic illustration of the retention clip system of  FIG. 9A  showing retention clips mounted to a platform. 
         FIG. 10A  is a schematic illustration of a third example of an attachment mechanism for securing detachable camera modules of the present disclosure to a distal portion of the insertion section module of the modular endoscope of  FIG. 5 , the attachment mechanism comprising a hinged basket. 
         FIG. 10B  is a schematic illustration of the hinged basket of  FIG. 10A  in an expanded state. 
         FIG. 11A  is a schematic illustration of a fourth example of an attachment mechanism for securing detachable camera modules of the present disclosure to a distal portion of the insertion section module of the modular endoscope of  FIG. 5 , the attachment mechanism comprising an expandable sleeve. 
         FIG. 11B  is a schematic illustration of the expandable sleeve of  FIG. 11A  in an expanded state. 
         FIG. 12A  is a schematic illustration of a fifth example of an attachment mechanism for securing detachable camera modules of the present disclosure to a distal portion of the insertion section module of the modular endoscope of  FIG. 5 , the attachment mechanism comprising a screw-on holder. 
         FIG. 12B  is a schematic illustration of the camera module of  FIG. 6  coupled to the attachment mechanism of  FIG. 12A , which is shown exploded form the insertion section module of the modular endoscope. 
         FIG. 13A  is a schematic illustration of a navigation and control module for the modular endoscope of  FIG. 5  according to a first example. 
         FIG. 13B  is a schematic illustration of a control circuit for the navigation and control module of  FIG. 13A . 
         FIG. 14A  is a schematic illustration of a sectional view of the navigation and control module of  FIG. 13A  taken along the plane  14 A- 14 A. 
         FIG. 14B  is a schematic illustration of a sectional view of the navigation and control module of  FIG. 13A  taken along the plane  14 B- 14 B. 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic illustration of a navigation and control module for controlling the modular endoscope of  FIG. 5  according to another example. 
         FIG. 16  is a block diagram of an example machine configured as the navigation and control module of  FIG. 15  and upon which any one or more of the techniques discussed herein can be performed and with which any of the devices discussed herein can be used. 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic illustration of a sterilization apparatus for sterilizing the camera modules according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  is a block diagram illustrating a method of processing modular endoscope components for performing one or more surgical procedures. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of endoscopy system  10  comprising imaging and control system  12  and endoscope  14 . The system of  FIG. 1  is an illustrative example of an endoscopy system suitable for use with the systems, devices and methods described herein, such as modular endoscopy systems, modular endoscopes and methods for designing, building, using, deconstructing and reusing endoscope modules. According to some examples, endoscope  14  can be insertable into an anatomical region for imaging and/or to provide passage of one or more sampling devices for biopsies, or one or more therapeutic devices for treatment of a disease state associated with the anatomical region. Endoscope  14  can, in advantageous aspects, interface with and connect to imaging and control system  12 . In the illustrated example, endoscope  14  comprises a duodenoscope, though other types of endoscopes can be used with the features and teachings of the present disclosure. 
     Imaging and control system  12  can comprise controller  16 , output unit  18 , input unit  20 , light source  22 , fluid source  24  and suction pump  26 . 
     Imaging and control system  12  can include various ports for coupling with endoscopy system  10 . For example, controller  16  can include a data input/output port for receiving data from and communicating data to endoscope  14 . Light source  22  can include an output port for transmitting light to endoscope  14 , such as via a fiber optic link. Fluid source  24  can include a port for transmitting fluid to endoscope  14 . Fluid source  24  can comprise a pump and a tank of fluid or can be connected to an external tank, vessel or storage unit. Suction pump  26  can comprise a port used to draw a vacuum from endoscope  14  to generate suction, such as for withdrawing fluid from the anatomical region into which endoscope  14  is inserted. Output unit  18  and input unit  20  can be used by an operator of endoscopy system  10  to control functions of endoscopy system  10  and view output of endoscope  14 . Controller  16  can additionally be used to generate signals or other outputs from treating the anatomical region into which endoscope  14  is inserted. In examples, controller  16  can generate electrical output, acoustic output, a fluid output and the like for treating the anatomical region with, for example, cauterizing, cutting, freezing and the like. 
     Endoscope  14  can comprise insertion section  28 , functional section  30  and handle section  32 , which can be coupled to cable section  34  and coupler section  36 . 
     Insertion section  28  can extend distally from handle section  32  and cable section  34  can extend proximally from handle section  32 . Insertion section  28  can be elongate and include a bending section, and a distal end to which functional section  30  can be attached. The bending section can be controllable (e.g., by control knob  38  on handle section  32 ) to maneuver the distal end through tortuous anatomical passageways (e.g., stomach, duodenum, kidney, ureter, etc.). Insertion section  28  can also include one or more working channels (e.g., an internal lumen) that can be elongate and support insertion of one or more therapeutic tools of functional section  30 . The working channel can extend between handle section  32  and functional section  30 . Additional functionalities, such as fluid passages, guide wires, and pull wires can also be provided by insertion section  28  (e.g., via suction or irrigation passageways, and the like). 
     Handle section  32  can comprise knob  38  as well as ports  40 . Knob  38  can be coupled to a pull wire extending through insertion section  28 . Ports  40  can be configured to couple various electrical cables, fluid tubes and the like to handle section  32  for coupling with insertion section  28 . 
     Imaging and control system  12 , according to examples, can be provided on a mobile platform (e.g., cart  41 ) with shelves for housing light source  22 , suction pump  26 , image processing unit  42 , etc. Alternatively, several components of imaging and control system  12  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  can be provided directly on endoscope  14  so as to make the endoscope “self-contained.” 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of endoscopy system  10  of  FIG. 1  comprising imaging and control system  12  and endoscope  14 .  FIG. 2  schematically illustrates components of imaging and control system  12  coupled to endoscope  14 , which in the illustrated example comprises a duodenoscope. Imaging and control system  12  can comprise controller  16 , which can include or be coupled to image processing unit  42 , treatment generator  44  and drive unit  46 , as well as light source  22 , input unit  20  and output unit  18 . 
     Image processing unit  42  and light source  22  can each interface with endoscope  14  by wired or wireless electrical connections. Imaging and control system  12  can accordingly illuminate an anatomical region, collect signals representing the anatomical region, process signals representing the anatomical region, and display images representing the anatomical region on display unit  18 . Imaging and control system  12  can include light source  22  to illuminate the anatomical region using light of desired spectrum (e.g., broadband white light, narrow-band imaging using preferred electromagnetic wavelengths, and the like). Imaging and control system  12  can connect (e.g., via an endoscope connector) to endoscope  14  for signal transmission (e.g., light output from light source, video signals from imaging system in the distal end, and the like). 
     Fluid source  24  can comprise one or more sources of air, saline or other fluids, as well as associated fluid pathways (e.g., air channels, irrigation channels, suction channels) and connectors (barb fittings, fluid seals, valves and the like). Imaging and control system  12  can also include drive unit  46 , which can be an optional component. Drive unit  46  can comprise a motorized drive for advancing a distal section of endoscope  14 , as described in at least PCT Pub. No. WO 2011/140118 A1 to Frassica et al., titled “Rotate-to-Advance Catheterization System,” which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by this reference. 
       FIGS. 3A-3C  illustrate a first example of functional section  30  of endoscope  14  of  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 3A  illustrates a top view of functional section  30  and  FIG. 3B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of functional section  30  taken along section plane  3 B- 3 B of  FIG. 3A .  FIGS. 3A and 3B  each illustrate “side-viewing endoscope” (e.g., duodenoscope) camera module  50 . In side-viewing endoscope camera module  50 , illumination and imaging systems are positioned such that the viewing angle of the imaging system corresponds to a target anatomy lateral to central longitudinal axis A 1  of endoscope  14 . 
     In the example of  FIGS. 3A and 3B , side-viewing endoscope camera module  50  can comprise housing  52 , elevator  54 , fluid outlet  56 , illumination lens  58  and objective lens  60 . Housing  52  can form a fluid tight coupling with insertion section  28 . Housing  52  can comprise opening for elevator  54 . Elevator  54  can comprise a mechanism for moving a device inserted through insertion section  28 . In particular, elevator  54  can comprise a device that can bend an elongate device extended through insertion section  28  along axis A 1 , as is discussed in greater detail with reference to  FIG. 3C . Elevator  54  can be used to bend the elongate device at an angle to axis A 1  to thereby treat the anatomical region adjacent side-viewing endoscope camera module  50 . Elevator  54  is located alongside, e.g., radially outward of axis A 1 , illumination lens  58  and objective lens  60 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 3B , insertion section  28  can comprise central lumen  62  through which various components can be extended to connect functional section  30  with handle section  32  ( FIG. 2 ). For example, illumination lens  58  can be connected to light transmitter  64 , which can comprise a fiber optic cable or cable bundle extending to light source  22  ( FIG. 1 ). Likewise, objective lens  60  can be coupled to prism  66  and imaging unit  67 , which can be coupled to wiring  68 . Also, fluid outlet  56  can be coupled to fluid line  69 , which can comprise a tube extending to fluid source  24  ( FIG. 1 ). Other elongate elements, e.g., tubes, wires, cables, can extend through lumen  62  to connect functional section  30  with components of endoscopy system  10 , such as suction pump  26  ( FIG. 1 ) and treatment generator  44  ( FIG. 2 ). 
       FIG. 3C  a schematic cross-sectional view taken along section plane  3 C- 3 C of  FIG. 30  showing an elevator  54 . Elevator  54  can comprise deflector  55  that can be disposed in space  53  of housing  52 . Deflector  55  can be connected to wire  57 , which can extend through tube  59  to connect to handle section  32 . Wire  57  can be actuated, such as by rotating a knob, pulling a lever, or pushing a button on handle section  32 . Movement of wire  57  can cause rotation, e.g., clockwise, from a first position of deflector  55  about pin  61  to a second position of deflector  55 , indicated by  55 ′. Deflector  55  can be actuated by wire  57  to move the distal portion of instrument  63  extending through window  65  in housing  52 . 
     Housing  52  can comprise accommodation space  53  that houses deflector  55 . Instrument  63  can comprise forceps, a catheter, or the like that extends through lumen  62 . A proximal end of deflector  55  can be attached to housing  62  at pin  61   8  provided to the rigid tip  21 . A distal end of deflector  55  can be located below window  65  within housing  62  when deflector  55  is in the lowered, or un-actuated, state. The distal end of deflector  55  can at least partially extend out of window  65  when deflector  55  is raised, or actuated, by wire  57 . Instrument  63  can slide on angled ramp surface  51  of deflector  55  to initially deflect the distal end of instrument  63  toward window  65 . Angled ramp surface  51  can facilitate extension of the distal portion of instrument  63  extending from window  65  at a first angle relative to the axis of lumen  62 . Angled ramp surface  51  can include groove  69 , e.g. a v-notch, to receive and guide instrument  63 . Deflector  55  can be actuated to bend instrument  63  at a second angle relative to the axis of lumen  62 , which is closer to perpendicular that the first angle. When wire  57  is released, deflector  55  can be rotated, e.g., counter-clockwise, back to the lowered position, either by pushing or relaxing of wire  57 . 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate a second example of functional section  30  of endoscope  14  of  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 4A  illustrates and end view of functional section  30  and  FIG. 4B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of functional section  30  taken along section plane  4 B- 4 B of  FIG. 4A .  FIGS. 4A and 4B  each illustrate “end-viewing endoscope” (e.g., gastroscope, colonoscope, cholangioscope, etc.) camera module  70 . In end-viewing endoscope camera module  70 , illumination and imaging systems are positioned such that the viewing angle of the imaging system corresponds to a target anatomy located adjacent an end of endoscope  14  and in line with central longitudinal axis A 2  of endoscope  14 . 
     In the example of  FIGS. 4A and 4B , end-viewing endoscope camera module  70  can comprise housing  72 , therapy unit  74 , fluid outlet  76 , illumination lens  78  and objective lens  80 . Housing  72  can comprise and endcap for insertion section  28 , thereby providing a seal to lumen  82 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 4B , insertion section  28  can comprise lumen  82  through which various components can be extended to connect functional section  30  with handle section  32  ( FIG. 2 ). For example, illumination lens  78  can be connected to light transmitter  84 , which can comprise a fiber optic cable or cable bundle extending to light source  22  ( FIG. 1 ). Likewise, objective lens  80  can be coupled to imaging unit  87 , which can be coupled to wiring  88 . Also, fluid outlets  76  can be coupled to fluid lines  89 , which can comprise a tube extending to fluid source  24  ( FIG. 1 ). Other elongate elements, e.g., tubes, wires, cables, can extend through lumen  82  to connect functional section  30  with components of endoscopy system  10 , such as suction pump  26  ( FIG. 1 ) and treatment generator  44  ( FIG. 2 ). For example, therapy unit  74  can comprise a wide-diameter lumen for receiving other treatment components, such as cutting devices and therapeutic devices. 
     Both side-viewing endoscope camera module  50  of  FIGS. 3A and 3B  and end-viewing endoscope camera module  70  of  FIGS. 4A and 4B  have several elements in common. In particular, endoscope camera modules  50  and  70  can include optical components (e.g., objective lenses  60  and  80 , prism  66 , imaging units  67  and  87 , wiring  68  and  88 ) for collection of image signals, lighting components (e.g., illumination lenses  58  and  78 , light transmitters  64  and  84 ) for transmission or generation of light. Endoscope camera modules  50  and  70  can also include a photosensitive element, such as a charge-coupled device (“CCD” sensor) or a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (“CMOS”) sensor. In either example, imaging units  67  and  87  can be coupled (e.g., via wired or wireless connections) to image processing unit  42  ( FIG. 2 ) to transmit signals from the photosensitive element representing images (e.g., video signals) to image processing unit  42 , in turn to be displayed on a display such as output unit  18 . In various examples, imaging and control system  12  and imaging units  67  and  87  can be configured to provide outputs at desired resolution (e.g., at least 480p, at least 720p, at least 1080p, at least 4K UHD, etc.) suitable for endoscopy procedures. 
     As mentioned, the present inventors have recognized that conventional endoscopes, particularly, duodenoscopes, can include elevator sections that comprise elaborate and intricate constructions that can be expensive and difficult to clean. The present inventors have developed solutions to these and other problems by developing endoscopes that can have attachment mechanisms and systems that facilitate simple and easy-to-operate attachment and detachment of camera modules and control modules that can be separated from a disposable insertion section sheath. As such, the camera and control modules can include high-quality or high-performance components that can be reused and enveloped in an easy to clean housing. For example, the cameral module can include a 4K, high-imaging unit that can be contained in a sealed container having cut-outs or windows for imaging and illumination lenses, thereby eliminating or reducing cracks and crevices for biological matter to become lodged. Furthermore, the control module can include a multitude of inputs for fixed or programmable control of functional module outputs, such as buttons or a touchscreen connected to a programmable computer system including, at least, a processor and memory. Furthermore, the control module can be encapsulated for easy cleaning and can wirelessly communicate with the functional module so to be operable from a sterile or non-sterile environment. 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic view of modular endoscope  100  suitable for use as endoscope  14  and with endoscope camera module  50  of  FIGS. 3A and 3B  or camera module  70  of  FIGS. 4A and 4B . Modular endoscope  100  can comprise a modular detachable functional module  102 , insertion section module  104  and navigation and control module  106 . Modules  102 ,  104  and  106  can comprise components including customizable features and components. As such, modular endoscope  100  can be custom-built to perform a specific procedure for a specific patient. Individual modular components can be configured as reusable or disposable components. Therefore, inexpensive or difficult to clean components can be disposed of and expensive or easy to clean components can be reused after appropriate cleaning and sterilizing. 
     Functional module  102  can comprise functional module  30 , camera module  50 , camera module  150  ( FIG. 6 ) or other types of modules. Functional module  30  can include one or both of an imaging device, a therapeutic device, and an ancillary therapeutic device, as well as other devices as is described herein. 
     Insertion section module  104  can comprise a tubular element, sheath or shaft upon and within which functional module  102  can be mounted for insertion into anatomy of a patient. 
     Navigation and control module  106  can comprise handle section  32 , cable section  34  and coupler section  36  of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , as well as navigation and control module  300  of  FIG. 13A  and navigation and control module  400  of  FIG. 14 . 
     In examples, functional module  102  can comprise camera module  150  as described herein, or the camera modules of the endoscopes described in U.S. provisional patent application 63/024,674 filed on May 14, 2020, titled, “Endoscope with a Low-Profile Distal Section,” the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     In examples, insertion section module  104  can comprise insertion section  28 , which can be configured to include one or more of the sheath and shaft components of U.S. provisional patent application 63/017,901 filed on Apr. 30, 2020, titled, “Insertion Sheath for Modular Endoscope with Detachable and Selectively Disposable Components,” the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     As mentioned previously, components of endoscope  14  can be modular, as shown by modular endoscope  100  of  FIG. 5 , such that they can be attached by an operator to initially configure the device for use with a patient, and can be detached by the operator after use with the patient. In other examples, the modular components can be assembled and disassembled by a manufacturer or a decommissioning service without action from the operator. In an example,  FIG. 5  illustrates endoscope  14  of  FIG. 2 , wherein components thereof are shown in a detached state. While  FIG. 5  illustrates endoscope  14  as being constructed from three modular components (functional module  102  [functional section  30 ]), navigation and control module  106  [handle section  32 ], insertion section module  104  [insertion section  28 ]), additional or fewer components are contemplated, depending on the surgical procedure to be performed with the configuration of endoscope  14  constructed or designed by the operator. Each of functional module  102 , navigation and control module  106 , and insertion section module  104  can be detachable from each other. Furthermore, each of modules  102 ,  104  and  106  can be disposed after a single clinical use. Alternatively, each of modules  102 ,  104  and  106  can be constructed using materials that would permit several clinical uses. In such cases, modules  102 ,  104  and  106  can be constructed to withstand sterilization after each clinical use. 
     In certain advantageous aspects, the modular construction of endoscope  14  of  FIG. 2  and modular endoscope  100  of  FIG. 5 , and as discussed herein, can permit mixing and matching of disposable and reusable modules such that some modules can be reused, such as expensive and/or easy to clean modules, and some modules can be disposable, such as simple and/or difficult to clean modules. For example, certain modules can be detached from the endoscope after a clinical use for sterilization, reprocessing, and reuse for subsequent clinical uses, while the remaining modules can be disposed. For instance, there have been concerns with inadequate reprocessing of portions of duodenoscopes (e.g., elevator portions). As a result, single-use endoscopes that can be disposed after a single clinical use (to prevent infection between uses) have been developed. However, currently available single-use endoscopes, wherein the entire endoscope is disposed of, can be constructed using lower cost materials resulting in a lower price for the endoscope in order to remain competitive per clinical use. In many clinical instances, lower cost materials can lead to poorer clinical performance (e.g., lower quality images, inadequate maneuverability, insertion section module damage during insertion, poorer ergonomic of endoscope handle, etc.). As such, inferior components can result in practitioners preferring not to use such devices. 
     Accordingly, modular endoscopes  14  and  100  of  FIGS. 2 and 5 , and others described herein are advantageously constructed such that the end user (e.g., health care providers and facilities) can recover certain modules of endoscope  14  for reuse, while disposing infection prone areas after a single clinical use. In addition, portions of the endoscope that are intended for reuse can be constructed to reduce accumulation of biological materials (such as be being fully encapsulated), and can additionally be fluidly isolated from infection prone areas. Such configurations promote the use of a combination of higher quality (higher cost) reusable components usable over multiple clinical uses, and lower cost, disposable portions, while reducing infection risk, and achieving desired clinical performance. Not only can the disposable components be constructed to include features only needed for the specifically-built procedure, but the materials and construction can be built to only survive one-time use, both of which help reduce the cost of the disposable components. For example, insertion sheaths can be built to survive the stress of only a single operation and does not need to be robustly constructed to survive repetitive stresses of multiple procedures. 
     In examples, endoscope  100  of  FIG. 5  can comprise a duodenoscope, functional module  102  can be configured as a reusable camera module, navigation and the control module  106  can comprise a reusable handle module, and insertion section module  104  can comprise a disposable unit having multiple lumens. Accordingly, the camera module and the navigation and control module can each include connectors that can maintain each of the camera module and the navigation and control module in an attached state to the insertion section module during use with a patient. After each use, the camera module and the navigation and control module can be separated (e.g., using the connectors such as attachment mechanisms  200 ,  220 ,  240 ,  260  and  260  of  FIGS. 8A-12B ), and reprocessed for subsequent use with a new insertion section module. Conversely, the used insertion section module can be disposed after a single use. 
     Additionally, the connectors of the camera module and the navigation and the control module as well as the camera module and the navigation and the control module can be constructed of materials and engineered to reduce any ingress of biological materials and can optionally be constructed in a fluid-tight manner. 
     Modular endoscope  100  can be configured for either a “side-viewing” configuration (as shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B ) or an “end-viewing” configuration (as shown in  FIGS. 4A-4B ). In examples, wherein modular endoscope  100  is configured as a side-viewing device (e.g., side-viewing duodenoscope), the distal modular section (e.g., camera module) can be offset from a longitudinal axis of the middle modular section (e.g., insertion module), to accommodate additional components (e.g., elevator mechanisms and the like). In other examples, wherein modular endoscope  100  is configured as an end-viewing device (e.g., gastroscope, colonoscope, cholangioscope, etc.), the distal modular section (e.g., camera module) can be generally co-axially positioned along a longitudinal axis of the middle modular section (e.g., insertion module). 
       FIG. 6A  is a perspective view of detachable camera module  150  comprising housing  152 , groove  154 , imaging lens  156 , illumination lens  158 , an irrigation jets  160 A and  160 B. 
       FIG. 6B  is a schematic view of detachable camera module  150  comprising wireless communication circuit  162 , memory  163 , rechargeable power source  164 , imaging unit  166  and illumination unit  168 .  FIG. 7  is a schematic illustration of camera module  150  of  FIGS. 6A and 6B  connected to wireless imaging and control system  12  ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ) according to an example. Wireless imaging and control system  12  can comprise wireless communication unit  172 , rechargeable power source  174 , image processing unit  42  ( FIG. 2 ) and light source unit  22  ( FIG. 2 ).  FIG. 6A-7  are discussed concurrently. 
     Camera module  150  can be attached to insertion section module  104  of  FIG. 5  using any of the attachment mechanisms described herein, such as those shown in  FIGS. 8A-12B .  FIGS. 6 and 7  illustrate detachable camera module  150  with orifices for irrigation jets  160 A and  160 B to provide lens cleaning functionalities, etc. However, in other examples, irrigation jets  160 A and  160 B can be omitted. 
     Housing  152  can comprise a sturdy, fluid-tight enclosure can be formed to limit accumulation of biofilm or other biological substances during clinical use. In the illustrated examples, camera module  150  can include ports that permit passage of fluids, however, the remainder of housing  152  can be fluid-tight to reduce the chances of fluid ingress or egress, and also can not include seams or other crevices which have a tendency for accumulation of biological substances. In an example, housing  152  can comprise first shell  153 A and second shell  153 B that can be brought together at groove  154 , such as via a snap fit coupling. A seal, such as an O-ring can be positioned in groove  154 . Additionally, shells  153 A and  153 B can be fabricated of a clear or transparent material that can allow light to pass into and out of lenses  156  and  158 , thereby avoiding external cracks and crevices where fluid can ingress into housing  152 . Alternatively, shell  153 A can be provided with ports for lenses  156  and  156  that can be sealed with O-rings. Accordingly, housing  152  of  FIGS. 6 and 7  can be detached from insertion section module  104  after each clinical use, and reprocessed before a subsequent clinical use, such as by using the attachment mechanism described with reference to  FIGS. 8A-12B . 
     Camera module  150  can be “self-contained.” For instance, detachable camera module  150  can include wireless communication circuit  162 , rechargeable power source  164 , imaging unit  166  and illumination unit  168  in operative communication with one another, as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 7 . As such, camera module  150  can be capable of powering itself, capturing images with imaging unit  166 , generating light with illumination unit  168 , and transmitting captures images to external devices with wireless communication circuit  162  without the aid or intervention of an external device or system. 
     Rechargeable power source  164  can include one or more batteries (e.g., Lithium ion) that can provide power for the entire duration of clinical procedures (e.g., up to about 8 hours, inclusive). Power source  164  can be “recharged” between use, during sterilization or reprocessing, as explained herein with reference to  FIG. 17 . Rechargeable power source  164  can be wirelessly recharged through housing  152  or can include a plug or socket into which a power cord or cable, such as power cable  510  ( FIG. 17 ) can be inserted. 
     Illumination unit  168  can include one or more lamps e.g., LED, as illustrated in  FIGS. 6B and 7 , or other suitable light sources in a desired spectrum to permit imaging of patient anatomy, for instance according to Olympus Corporation&#39;s Narrow Band Imaging or other technologies. 
     Illumination unit  168  can be coupled to rechargeable power source  164  to provide power to illumination unit  168  for the duration of one or more clinical procedures. 
     Imaging unit  166  can include one or more of a CCD or CMOS photosensitive element. Imaging unit  166  can be coupled to rechargeable power source  164  to provide power to imaging unit  166  for the duration of one or more clinical procedures. Output of imaging unit  166 , e.g., still digital images or digital video, can be conveyed to wireless communication circuit  162  for transmission to devices and systems external to camera module  150 . 
     Wireless communication circuit  162  can establish wireless communication between illumination unit  168 , imaging unit  166 , rechargeable power source  164 , and any of endoscope control unit  16  (as seen in  FIGS. 2 and 7 ). Wireless communication circuit  162  can send and receive wireless signals that can transmit data or instructions between camera module  150  and wireless communication unit  172  of endoscope controller  16 . The instructions can include navigational instructions directed toward insertion section module  104  to advance the distal end of endoscope  100  to a desired location within the anatomy. The instructions can also include commands to imaging unit  166  or illumination unit  168 , such as turn illumination  168  unit on or off, turn imaging unit  166  on or off, capture image using imaging unit  166 , capture video using imaging unit  166  and the like. Wireless communication circuit  162  can further comprise, either integrated into or in communication with, memory  163 . Memory  163  can comprise a non-transitory storage medium including information stored therein regarding manufacturing information, model identification information and serial number information related to camera module  150 . Furthermore, insertion section module  104  can include a wireless communication circuit and memory that can be configured similarly to wireless communication circuit  162  and memory  163  to transmit and store information relating to the manufacturing, model and serial number information of a particular insertion section module.  104 . Memory  163  can comprise a tangible computer-readable media such as hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like. 
     In advantageous examples, the wireless signals can include data (e.g., scope identification such as serial number), camera module location in the anatomy (e.g., using Olympus Corporation&#39;s ScopeGuide technology), battery power remaining, strength of wireless signal, and images or video recorded by the imaging unit, and the like. 
     According to illustrative examples, wireless communication circuit  162  can include transponders or beacons that can communicate using well-established wireless communication protocols, such as 3G, 4G, 5G, Bluetooth®, and wireless internet protocols such as 802.11 and WiFi. In advantageous aspects, Bluetooth can be used to achieve desirable data transfer rates and low power consumption rates. 
     Additionally, wireless communication circuit  162  can also include near-field communication (NFC or radiofrequency) chips or devices to communicate with other modules (e.g., an NFC chip provided on a insertion section module having memory) to validate identification data (e.g. serial number of the insertion section module) stored in the memory. Wireless communication circuit  162  can transmit the identification data collected from insertion section module  104  to control unit  16  and verify that insertion section module  104  is appropriate (e.g., compatible with camera module  150 ) and ready for use. In addition, such examples can ensure that a correct insertion section module  104  has been used for a particular clinical procedure. In such cases, control unit  16  can be programmed (e.g., using computer readable instructions) to:
         receive identification data of the insertion section module read by the near-field communication chip of the camera module;   verify that the insertion section module is appropriate;   optionally, displaying specifications (size, manufacturer, serial number, prior use data etc.) of the insertion section module for a health care provider, such as on display unit  18 ;   optionally, displaying a message on display unit  18  that the device is ready for use if the specification data of the insertion section module matches one or more criteria (not previously used, correct size, type, manufacturer, valid serial number) for a clinical procedure; and   displaying a message on display unit  18  the device is not ready for use if the specification of the working section does not match one or more criteria (incorrect type, manufacture or size of scope, prior use, serial number is not authorized).       

     According to advantageous aspects, in examples where an NFC chip is used, the above steps can be performed before the insertion and coupling of camera module  150  to insertion section module  104 . For example, wireless communication circuit  162  of camera module  150  can interrogate a wireless communication circuit of insertion section module  104  and the wireless communication circuit of insertion section module  104  can communicate with control unit  16  of imaging and control system  12  to, for example, ensure that only compatible insertion section modules  104  are used with camera module  150  and are suitable for the intended medical procedure. 
     In addition, or in the alternative, in certain examples, camera module  150  can be constructed as being similar to the Olympus Corporation&#39;s Endocapsule endoscopy system. 
       FIGS. 8-12  illustrate various attachment mechanisms for attaching detachable camera module  150 , as well as any of the other examples disclosed or referenced herein, to insertion section module  104 , as well as any of the other examples disclosed or referenced herein. In various examples, the disclosed attachment mechanisms can attach to camera module  150  via groove  154  or another attachment feature, such as a hole, socket, channel and the like. 
     The attachment mechanisms of  FIGS. 8A-12B  can each be configured to withstand loads experienced during insertion of scope  100  inside a patient anatomy. Furthermore, in examples where camera module  150  is intended to be reusable, portions of groove  154  on camera module  150  can be engineered to withstand mechanical loads, high pressure and temperature water washing, UV radiation and the like. 
       FIG. 8A  is a schematic illustration of attachment mechanism  200  for securing detachable camera module  150  of the present disclosure to distal portion  202  of elongate insertion section module  104  ( FIG. 5 ) of modular endoscope  100  of  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 8B  is a schematic illustration of camera module  150  of  FIG. 6  secured with retention band  204  of  FIG. 8A . In the example of  FIGS. 8A and 8B , attachment mechanism  200  can comprise retention band  204 .  FIGS. 8A and 8B  are discussed concurrently. 
     Distal portion  202  of insertion section module  104  can comprise a tubular body defining lumen  206 . Retention band  204  can comprise a loop, r partial loop, having first end  208 A connected to distal portion  202  at attachment  210 A and second end  208 B connected to distal portion  202  at attachment  210 B. 
     Retention band  204  can comprise a rigid or elastic member extending between first end  208 A and second end  208 B. Attachments  210 A and  210 B can comprise fixed or releasable connections between retention band  204  and distal portion  202 . In examples, attachments  210 A and  210 B can comprise metallurgical bonds (e.g., welds or solders), chemical bonds (e.g., adhesives or glues) or mechanical bonds (e.g., fasteners and pins). 
     In an example, retention band  204  can comprise an elastic band and attachments  210 A and  210 B can be fixed. As such, as shown in  FIG. 8B , camera module  150  can be slipped into retention band  204  with retention band  204  expanded, e.g. by a user. Retention band  204  can be released to be positioned within groove  154 . As such, in a relaxed state, retention band  204  can be smaller than the diameter of housing  152 , but can be expanded to be larger than the diameter of housing  152 . Retention band  204  can additionally be smaller than the diameter of groove  154  in a relaxed state such that retention band  204  can apply tension to housing  152 . 
     In another example, retention band  204  can comprise a rigid band and one or both of attachments  210 A and  210 B can comprise releasable connections. In particular, one or each of attachments  210 A and  210 B can comprise a clasp, such as the one described with reference to  FIG. 8C . As such, retention band  204  can extend between first end  208 A and second end  208 B to have a radius smaller than housing  152  and just greater than the radius of groove  154 . Thus, when both of attachments  210 A and  210 B are closed or clasped, retention band  204  can be trapped within groove  154  such that housing  152  cannot be released from retention band  204 . In examples, the clasps comprising attachments  210 A and  210 B can be spring-loaded. Thus, attachment mechanism  200  can be actuated by pressing open a spring-loaded clasp, to dislodge an indent at the distal edge. The dislodged indent can allow arms of the clasp to spread laterally allowing placement of camera module  150 . Once camera module  150  is placed, the arms can be closed, and the indent reinstated. 
       FIG. 8C  is a perspective view of clasp mechanism  212  suitable for use with retention band  204  of  FIGS. 8A and 8B . Clasp mechanism  212  can comprise eyelets  213 A and  213 B, hook  214 , handle  215 , ring  216 , latch  218  and spring  219 . Ring  216  can be attached to second end  208 B of retention band  204 . Hook  214  can be releaseably attached to first end  208 A of retention band  204 . Handle  215  can be actuated to move latch  218  toward ring  216  (to the right with reference to  FIG. 8C ) to open hook  214 . As such eyelet  213 A can be positioned inside hook  214 . Handle  215  can be released to close hook  214 . Force from spring  219  can push latch  218  back into engagement with hook  214  to close hook  214 . 
       FIG. 9A  is a schematic illustration of attachment mechanism  220  for securing detachable camera module  150  of the present disclosure to distal portion  202  of elongate insertion section module  104  of modular endoscope  100  of  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 9B  is a schematic illustration of attachment mechanism  220  comprising retention clip  222 .  FIG. 9C  is a schematic illustration of camera module  150  of  FIG. 6  secured with attachment mechanism  220  of  FIG. 9A .  FIG. 9D  is a schematic illustration of attachment mechanism  220  of  FIG. 9A  showing retention clips  222  mounted to platform  228 .  FIGS. 9A-9D  are discussed concurrently. 
     Retention clip  222  can comprise a spring bracket comprising base  224  and first and second ends  226 A and  226 B. Attachment mechanism  220  can comprise one or more retention clips  222  mounted to platform  228 . Platform  228  can comprise a flange or hoop coupled to distal portion  202  upon which retention clips  222  can be mounted. Platform  228  can be attached to distal portion  202  by any suitable means, including via the use of fasteners, metallurgical bonding methods, glues and adhesives. Bases  224  of retention clips  222  can be secured to platform  228  such that ends  226 A and  226 B extend radially inward toward centerline  230 . First and second ends  226 A and  226 B can be contoured to match the shape of housing  152  including groove  154 . Retention clips  22  can be actuated (e.g., by manual force during attachment of camera module  150 ) onto groove  154  in housing  152  of camera module  150  (as illustrated in  FIG. 6 ). As such, housing  152  of camera module  150  can be pushed down radially in between ends  226 A and  226 B such that ends  232 A and  232 B penetrate into groove  154 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 9D , platform  228  can comprise base  234 . In the illustrated examples, base  234  can comprise a hoop having ends  236 A and  236 B that can be coupled to distal portion  202  by any suitable means, such as those described herein. As such, bases  224  of retention clips  222  can be seated in the hoop of base  234  with ends  226 A and  226 B projecting outward from platform  228  to receive housing  152 . Bases  224  can be coupled to base  234  via metallurgical, chemical or mechanical fastening means. 
       FIG. 10A  is a schematic illustration of attachment mechanism  240  for securing detachable camera module  150  of the present disclosure to distal portion  202  of elongate insertion section module  104  of modular endoscope  100  of  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 10B  is a schematic illustration of attachment mechanism  240  of  FIG. 10A  in an expanded state.  FIGS. 10A and 10B  are discussed concurrently. 
     Attachment mechanism  240  can comprise a hinged mechanism including base  242 , fixed jaw  244  and movable jaw  246 . Fixed jaw  244  can be rigidly secured to base  242 . Fixed jaw  244  and moveable jaw  246  can be coupled by one or more devices acting as hinges and springs, such as hinges  248 A and  248 B at joint  250 . In the illustrated example, hinges  248 A and  248 B can comprise elastic bands. Hinges  248 A and  248 B are shown in one side of jaws  244  and  246  and an analogous pair can be disposed on the opposed side of jaws  244  and  246 . Fixed jaw  244  and moveable jaw  246  can comprise a holder or housing for receiving camera module  150  and, as such, can comprise an internal volume that conforms or substantially conforms to the outer shape of housing  152  of camera module  150 . Hinges  248 A and  248 B can have opposite ends connected to fixed jaw  244  and moveable jaw  246 , respectfully. Hinges  248 A and  248 B can comprise both spring properties and hinge properties. For example, hinges  248 A and  248 B can comprise elastic bands that can be stretched to position moveable jaw  246  in the extended or expanded position of  FIG. 10B . In other examples, moveable jaw  246  can be connected to fixed jaw  244  via separate spring mechanisms that pull moveable jaw  246  into engagement with fixed jaw  244  as shown in  FIG. 10A  and hinge mechanisms that allow moveable jaw  246  to be pivoted relative to fixed jaw  244  at a fixed pivot axis, such as pinned axis  254  When moveable jaw  246  is pulled away from fixed jaw  244 , e.g., in distal direction  252 , or rotated at axis  254 , moveable jaw  246  can be disrupted at joint  250  to expand the internal volume of the holder formed by fixed jaw  244  and moveable jaw  246 . As a result, housing  152  of camera module  150  can be positioned between fixed jaw  244  and moveable jaw  246  within the internal volume. When moveable jaw  246  is released and returned to the closed position of  FIG. 10 , housing  152  can become fixed within the internal volume between fixed jaw  244  and moveable jaw  246 . 
       FIG. 11A  is a schematic illustration of attachment mechanism  260  for securing detachable camera module  150  of the present disclosure to distal portion  202  of elongate insertion section module  104  of modular endoscope  100  of  FIG. 5 . Attachment mechanism  260  can comprise expandable sleeve  262 . Sleeve  262  can comprise base  264 , opening  266  and interior space  268 . Sleeve  262  can comprise a boot or bag configured to partially envelope housing  152  of camera module  150 . Sleeve  262  can be attached to base  264  that can attach to distal portion  202 . Sleeve  262  can be fabricated from a resilient material that can be stretched or expanded to allow housing  152  of camera module  150  to pass through opening  266 . As can be seen in  FIG. 11A , sleeve  262  can include an adjustable or stretchable strap that can extend across opening  266  to help secure camera module  150  within sleeve  262 . 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 11B , expandable sleeve  262  can be stretched in distal direction  270  to expand opening  166  to at least one dimension being greater than the diameter or width of housing  152 . As such, housing  152  can be pushed through opening  266  and into the interior space  268 . Once housing  152  is within interior space  258 , sleeve  262  can contract or retract to a smaller size to envelop and at least partially conform to the shape of housing  152 . 
       FIG. 12A  is a schematic illustration of attachment mechanism  280  for securing detachable camera module  150  of the present disclosure to distal portion  202  of elongate insertion section module  104  of modular endoscope  100  of  FIG. 5 . Attachment mechanism  280  can comprise threaded engagement  282 . Threaded engagement  282  can comprise threaded socket  284  for connecting to attachment mechanism  280  and threaded rim  286  connected to, or part of, distal portion  202 .  FIG. 12B  is a schematic illustration of attachment mechanism  280  with threaded socket  284  separated from threaded rim  286 . 
     Attachment mechanism  280  can comprise any of the attachment mechanisms disclosed or contemplated herein, such as attachment mechanisms  200 ,  220 ,  240  and  260 . In the illustrated examples, threaded socket  284  can comprise a circular ring into which distal portion  202  can be inserted via threaded engagement. As such threaded socket  284  can comprise internal threading  288  (shown in phantom in  FIG. 12B ) and threaded rim  286  can comprise a portion of distal portion  202  having external threading  290 . In other examples distal portion  202  can be provided with internal threading to engage external threading of socket  284 . 
     In examples where endoscope  100  is a duodenoscope, distal portion  202  of insertion section module  104  can be provided with an elevator portion (e.g., elevator  54  of  FIG. 3A ) for orienting and supporting a plurality of therapeutic tools (e.g., biopsy forceps, cholangioscope, and the like). In such configurations, attachment mechanisms  200 ,  220 ,  240  and  260  of any of  FIGS. 8A-12B  can be located adjacent, e.g., radially outward of central axis CA if insertion section module  104 , to the elevator mechanism. In other configurations, the attachment mechanism can be position axially spaced from the elevator mechanism, as is shown in  FIG. 12B  with camera module  150  being axially (distally) displaced from elevator  54 . 
     Housing  152  of camera module  150  can be positioned in the various attachment mechanisms disclosed herein in different orientations relative to central axis CA, as can be seen in  FIGS. 8B, 9A, 11A and 12B . Furthermore, though the described attachment mechanisms are shown in side-viewing configurations, the attachment mechanisms can be configured in end-viewing configurations. As shown in  FIG. 12B , housing  152  of camera module  150  and attachment mechanism  280  can be have other shapes besides the round or circular shaped described herein. 
     In optional examples, a protective sheath can be placed around camera module  150  to further reduce ingress of biological substances into the camera module. The protective sheath can comprise a flexible bag that can be positioned over camera module  150  and attachment mechanism  280  and secured to distal portion  202 . In examples, the protective sheath can be secured by threaded engagement  282 . In other examples, the protective sheath can comprise a hard-sided structure matching the shape of attachment mechanism  280  that is secured by force for or snap fit at threaded socket  284 . 
     In examples, attachment mechanism  280 , as well as the other attachment mechanisms disclosed herein, can include fluid outlets  76  that can connect to fluid lines  89  via conduits  292  (only one within attachment mechanism. Additionally, distal section  202  can comprise lumen  82  through which other components or capabilities can be inserted to connect to attachment mechanism  280 . In other examples, distal section  202  can be sealed off, such as for use with fully independently functional camera modules. 
     According to some examples, navigation and control module  106  ( FIG. 5 ) of modular endoscope  100  can include ergonomically shaped handle  32  with controls, such as buttons and knob  38 , that can permit well-known endoscope navigation and control functionalities. While handle  38  can include any of the handles known in the art (e.g., handles available with Olympus Corporation&#39;s endoscopes, such as TJF-Q180V or TJF-Q190V series endoscopes), in the alternative, the present disclosure provides detachable navigation and control modules according to one or more examples. 
       FIGS. 13A, 14A and 14B  schematically illustrate detachable navigation and control module  300  comprising an example of navigation and control module  106  according to the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 14 , navigation and control module  106  can include joysticks  302 A and  302 B, arrow buttons  304 A- 304 D, auxiliary buttons  306 A- 306 D, programmable buttons  308 A and  308 B, lock buttons  310 A and  310 B, lock indicator  312  and coupler  314 . 
     Navigation and control module  300  can be detachably coupled to insertion section module  104 , such as via coupler  314 . In addition, navigation and control module  300  can be fluidly isolated from insertion section module  104 , and can therefore be in a sterile environment for reuse after using in a single clinical procedure. For examples, holes in housing  315  for each of the illustrated joysticks and buttons can be sealed with an O-ring or the like. In additional examples, the illustrated buttons can comprise portions of housing  315  connected thereto by monolithic membranes in housing  315 . Housing  315  can be ergonomically shaped to allow a user to grip module  300  and easily manipulate joysticks  302 A and  302 B and buttons  304 A- 310 B. Although module  300  is illustrated as having joysticks and buttons, module  300  can be configured to include other operator inputs, such as triggers and gesture controllers (e.g., gyroscopes). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 14A and 14B , joystick  302 A can include joystick driver  316 , pivot shaft  318 , pivot gear  320 , up/down axis  322 , angulation wires  324 A and  324 B, rotation shaft  326 , rotation gear  328  and pull wires  330 A and  330 B. 
     Joystick  302 A can be configured to control the directionality of insertion section module  104 , such as by acting upon pull wires. Joystick  302 A can replace the up-down and right-left angulation knobs (e.g., knob  38  of  FIG. 2 ) available on conventional endoscope handles. 
     Joystick driver  316  can be moved in up-down and right-left directions by a user, such as by engagement with a thumb, to advance distal end  202  of insertion section module  104 . While a single joystick driver can be sufficient, in certain advantageous examples, a second joystick driver, provided by joystick  302 B in examples, can be included in navigation and control module  300 . Joystick  302 B can advantageously drive a second endoscope. For instance, in certain duodenoscopy procedures (e.g., Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography, hereinafter “ERCP” procedures) an auxiliary scope (also referred to as daughter scope, or cholangioscope) can be attached and advanced through the working channel, (e.g., within insertion section module  104 ) of the “main scope” (also referred to as mother scope or duodenoscope). In such instances, it can be advantageous to include joystick  302 B for navigating (e.g., advancing, up-down or right-left angulating) the auxiliary scope. 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 13A , navigation and control module  300  can include one or more buttons. For example, in examples, module  300  can include buttons  310 A and  310 B for locking the angulation provided by joystick  302 A. Buttons  310 A and  310 B can function similarly to (and interface similarly with) angulation buttons of endoscope handle shown in  FIG. 2 . Button  310 A can comprise an “up” lock button that prevents joystick  302 A from moving up. Button  310 B can comprise a “right” lock button that prevents joystick  302 A from moving right. Button  310 C can comprise an “down” lock button that prevents joystick  302 A from moving down. Button  310 D can comprise a “left” lock button that prevents joystick  302 A from moving left. Buttons  310 A- 310 D can be configured to physically obstruct movement of joystick  302 A, via appropriate linkages and the like, or can be configured to electronically actuate, e.g., via motor, a linkage to obstruct movement of joystick  302 A. 
     Module  300  can also include additional buttons for facilitating other endoscope functionalities, including programmable functionalities (e.g., capture image, record video, open suction valve, open irrigation valve, close suction valve, close irrigation valve, and the like). Button  308 A can be configured to command camera module  150  to operate imaging unit  166 . Button  308 B can be configured to command camera module  150  to operate illumination unit  168 . Furthermore, buttons  308 A- 308 D can be programmable, or can provide angulation locks for the auxiliary scope, similar to the buttons  304 A- 304 D. Additional buttons can be provided to improve ergonomic comfort for the operator e.g., quick lock buttons positioned near the joystick driver to easily lock the scope in the current location without requiring the operator to remove their fingers from the joystick driver, or additional buttons for elevator functionality in duodenoscopes. 
       FIG. 14A  shows a section view through joystick  302 A, according to an example, taken along plane  14 A- 14 A shown in  FIG. 13A .  FIG. 14B  shows a section view through joystick  302 A, according to an example, taken along plane  14 B- 14 B shown in  FIG. 13A . Navigation and control module  300  can be operatively coupled to insertion section module  104  to enable angulation and/or other controls. For example, according to an example, joystick driver  316  can be connected via gear  320  to angulation wires  324 A and  324 B and gear  328  to angulation wires  330 A and  330 B. (or suitable tension adjusting mechanisms) provided on the working module section (e.g., at the bending section) to control angulation (up-down, right-left). Coupler  314  can include sockets  332 A and  332 B that can couple angulation wires  324 A and  324 B to wires within insertion section module  104 . Coupler  314  can also include sockets  334 A and  334 B that can couple angulation wires  330 A and  330 B to wires within insertion section module  104 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 14A , as an operator manipulates joystick driver  316  in a back and forth motion as shown by arrow  336 , the operation motion is transmitted through shaft  318  to gear  320  on axis  322 . Gear  320  can be coupled to angulation wires  324 A and  324 B to control angulation of endoscope  100 , such as in up and down directions. Likewise, as shown in  FIG. 14B , as an operator manipulates joystick drive  316  in a rotational motion as shown by arrow  338 , the operation motion is transmitted through shaft  318  to gear  328  on axis  326 . Gear  328  can be coupled to angulation wires  330 A and  330 B to control angulation of endoscope  100 , such as in left and right directions. Though not illustrated for simplicity, gears  322  and  328  can be connected to gearing systems that can amplify or dampen the movements of joystick  302 A to produce greater or less correlation in the movement of joystick  302 A with the movement of angulation wires  324 A,  324 B,  330 A and  330 B. 
     While  FIGS. 14A and 14B  illustrate the angulation mechanism associated with the main scope (e.g., of insertion section module  104 ), joystick  302 B ( FIG. 13A ) cab similarly be coupled to angulation wires of an auxiliary scope (e.g., daughter scope or cholangioscope) to control angulation thereof for certain procedures (e.g., ERCP procedures). In yet another configuration, one of joysticks  302 A and  302 B can be configured to control up-down angulation of the main scope, while the other of joysticks  302  and  302 B can be configured to control left-right angulation. 
       FIG. 13B  is a schematic illustration of a control circuit for navigation and control module  300  of  FIG. 13A . Controller  300  illustrated in  FIGS. 13A-14B  can, in certain optional examples, include appropriate electronics for communicating with and controlling other components, such as camera module  150 . The control circuit can include processor  340 , memory  342 , wireless communication unit  344 , force sensors  346  and haptic motors  348 . Furthermore, the control circuit can be connected to a power source, such as a wirelessly rechargeable battery. For example, wireless communication unit  344  can comprise a wireless transponder, beacon, or other circuitry to wirelessly communicate with camera module  150  and/or insertion section module  104  according to any of the disclosed examples. In addition, controller  300  illustrated in  FIGS. 13A-14  can be programmed to provide haptic feedback (e.g., by vibration of the joystick) to alert the user of too much pushing or bending force or other adverse outcomes during insertion. For example, controller  300  be operatively coupled to one or more sensors  346  (e.g., force transducer or proximity sensor) to detect force or contact. Processor  340  and memory  342  can comprise a controller that can be programmable to: receive sensor input from sensors  346 , determine if sensor input exceeds thresholds (force exceeds a safe limit, proximity to an abdominal wall is below a safe limit) and provide a signal to an electromagnetic or piezoelectric actuator (e.g., haptic motor  348 ), for generating vibrations to provide haptic feedback to the user. 
       FIG. 15  is a schematic illustration of navigation and control module  400  according to another example for controlling modular endoscope  100  of  FIG. 2  according to another example. Navigation and control module  400  can be particularly suitable in instances where endoscopy system  10  includes a motorized drive (e.g., the motorized drive disclosed in the aforementioned PCT Pub. No. WO 2011/140118 A1 to Frassica et al.) and camera module  150  is self-contained, for instance as shown in  FIGS. 6-12B , though navigation and control module  400  shown in  FIG. 15  can be used for many conventional endoscopy systems. 
     Navigation and control module  400  can comprise a touchscreen display comprising housing  402  and touchscreen  404 . Control module  400  can include a wireless communication device to facilitate wireless communication  405  with camera module  150  of module endoscope  100  and one or more systems, such as, a motorized driver for self-advancement of endoscope  100  upon receiving instructions from the operator  405 , provided by one or more “gestures”  406  on touchscreen  404 . 
     The operator can interact with touchscreen  404  to send instructions to endoscope  100 , including camera module  150 , for the performance of one or more endoscopy functions. For instance, the operator can interact with touchscreen  404  the endoscope using one or more gestures provided on the touchscreen display, including, “pan” gesture (horizontal or vertical direction). Upon receiving the gesture, touchscreen  404  can communicate with imaging and control system  12  (e.g., including drive motor  46 ) to start advancing the endoscope in a direction corresponding to the movement of the operator&#39;s finger, provided during the finger gesture. Additionally, “pinch” to zoom and “tap” to focus gestures can be used. 
     Control module  400  can be programmed so that touchscreen  404  can display one or more indicators or interface icons. In the illustrated example, touchscreen  404  can display battery icon  407 , wireless toggle  408 , power toggle  411 , angulation lock toggle  412 , illumination toggle  410 , video record toggle  414  and still image toggle  416 . Touchscreen  404  can also display navigation aids, such as imaging unit field of view  418  and anatomy diagram  420  with camera location indicator  422 . 
     The operator can communicate with imaging and control system  12  (e.g., a motorized lens assembly for the objective lens) by tapping on touchscreen  404 , to focus or refocus on an anatomical region. The operator can tap once on the “endoscope imaging unit: field of view” button  418  shown in  FIG. 15 . The gesture can be communicated (wired or wireless communication) to an imaging unit, such as imaging unit  166  ( FIG. 6B ). The imaging unit can include imaging optics (e.g., lens and prism assemblies) provided on a movable housing, which can be moved, for instance by a motorized driver. In such cases, the “tap” gesture can be converted to instructions for actuating the movable imaging optics, to focus on a region or refocus on the same region or a near-by region (subsequent tapping gesture). In the alternative, the imaging optics can include “zoom lenses” which can zoom in response to the tap gesture. 
     Other gestures can include tapping on the “record video” toggle  414 , tapping on “record still image” toggle  416  to take a single image of the endoscope field of view, press and hold on “record still image” toggle  416  to take a screen shot of the current screen for medical records, or to take a series of shots. In addition, gestures can include tapping on various regions of the interactive graphical user interface, such as angulation toggle  412  for angulation lock, adjusting intensity of light output provided by illumination module  168  using illumination toggle  410 , and toggle wireless communication on/off with wireless toggle  408 , etc. 
     Touchscreen  404  can include an interactive graphical user interface, enabling the operator to receive different types of data (e.g., scope specifications such as serial number, type, manufacturer, etc., location of the camera module overlaid on an anatomy map) battery power left on the camera module and the like). Anatomy diagram  420  can be provided by medical imaging uploaded to control module  400  or can comprise generic anatomical diagrams to generally indicate the shape of the anatomy. Location indicator  422  can be provided by a locator provided on wireless camera module  150 , such as a locator useable with a surgical tracking system or one that can triangulate the position of camera module  150  within a tracking field. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a block diagram of an example machine  1700  configured as the navigation and control module  400  of  FIG. 15  and upon which any one or more of the techniques discussed herein can be performed and with which any of the devices discussed herein can be used. For example, machine  1700  can comprise a computing system, including a computing system connected to imaging and control system  12  of  FIG. 1 . Machine  1700  can comprise an example of a controller for endoscopy system  10 . As such instructions  1724  can be executed by processor  1702  to control modular camera module  150 . Information regarding the operation of battery icon  407 , wireless toggle  408 , power toggle  411 , angulation lock toggle  412 , illumination toggle  410 , video record toggle  414 , still image toggle  416 , imaging unit field of view  418  and anatomy diagram  420  with camera location indicator  422  can be stored in main memory  1704  and accessed by processor  1702 . Main memory  1704  can also include instructions for operating wireless camera module  150  based on gestures executed on touchscreen  404 . Main memory  1704  can additionally include inventory information for manufacturers and healthcare facilitators of modular endoscope components so as to provide validation functionality of the modular components. Main memory  1704  can additionally include anatomic information for particular patients, such as medical image files. 
     In alternative examples, machine  1700  can operate as a standalone device or can be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, machine  1700  can operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, machine  1700  can act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. Machine  1700  can be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), other computer cluster configurations. 
     Machine (e.g., computer system)  1700  can include hardware processor  1702  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), main memory  1704  and static memory  1706 , some or all of which can communicate with each other via interlink (e.g., bus)  1708 . Machine  1700  can further include display unit  1710 , alphanumeric input device  1712  (e.g., a keyboard), and user interface (UI) navigation device  1714  (e.g., a mouse). In an example, display unit  1710 , input device  1712  and UI navigation device  1714  can be a touch screen display. Machine  1700  can additionally include storage device (e.g., drive unit)  1716 , signal generation device  1718  (e.g., a speaker), network interface device  1720 , and one or more sensors  1721 , such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor. Machine  1700  can include output controller  1728 , such as a serial (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.). Input device  1712  can include wireless toggle  408 , power toggle  411 , angulation lock toggle  412 , illumination toggle  410 , video record toggle  414  and still image toggle  416 . Output controller  1728  can control operation of motors for advancement of insertion section module  104  as described herein. Display unit  1710  can comprise touchscreen  404 . Sensors  1721  can comprise force sensors for sensing the advancement of insertion section module  104 . Sensors  1721  can also comprise locations sensors from wireless camera module  150 . 
     Storage device  1716  can include machine readable medium  1722  on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions  1724  (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. Instructions  1724  can also reside, completely or at least partially, within main memory  1704 , within static memory  1706 , or within hardware processor  1702  during execution thereof by machine  1700 . In an example, one or any combination of hardware processor  1702 , main memory  1704 , static memory  1706 , or storage device  1716  can constitute machine readable media. 
     While machine readable medium  1722  is illustrated as a single medium, the term “machine readable medium” can include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions  1724 . The term “machine readable medium” can include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by machine  1700  and that cause machine  1700  to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine readable medium examples can include solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. 
     Instructions  1724  can further be transmitted or received over communications network  1726  using a transmission medium via network interface device  1720  utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks can include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, network interface device  1720  can include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to communications network  1726 . In an example, network interface device  1720  can include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by machine  1700 , and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software. Interface device  1720  can be configured to communicate with wireless communication circuit  162  of camera module  150 , wireless communication unit  172  of control unit  16 , a wireless communication unit of insertion section module  104 , wireless communication unit  344  and other wireless communication devices described herein. 
       FIG. 17  is a schematic illustration of sterilization apparatus  500  for sterilizing the camera modules according to the present disclosure, including camera module  150 . Sterilization apparatus  500  can comprise housing  502 , access panel  504 , light sources  506 , fluid nozzles  508 , power cable  510  and fluid cable  512 . Power cable  510  can connect to power source  514  and fluid cable  512  can connect to fluid source  516 . Sterilization apparatus  500  can be used for sterilizing camera module  150  prior to reuse after a single use. Sterilization apparatus  500  can include one or more UV light sources  506  and optionally, one or more fluid nozzles  508  that can supply a jet of fluid (water, cleaning detergent, and the like) at high pressures and high temperatures suitable for cleaning camera module  150  prior to reuse. The sterilization process can be controlled to achieve a desired degree of sterilization to reduce any biological substances to comply with standards (e.g., supplied by regulatory authorities such as Food and Drug Administration.) Camera module  150  and controller  400  can be configured to withstand the pressures and temperatures generated by sterilization apparatus  500 . Sterilization apparatus  500  can be operated at a medical facility, such as a hospital. 
     Examples disclosed herein can result in many advantages, including a modular construction, improved ergonomics, and self-contained camera modules for an endoscope. 
       FIG. 18  is a block diagram illustrating method  900  of processing modular endoscope components for performing a surgical procedure. At step  902 , a specific patient can be diagnosed as having a particular condition or as needing a particular evaluation. A surgeon or other qualified medical professional can perform the diagnosis. 
     At step  904 , a particular condition of the patient can be identified as needing interaction from a particular therapy or evaluative procedure. For example, a particular organ or anatomic region can be identified as needing a specific intervention or evaluation. 
     At step  906 , a particular treatment plan can be developed to address the condition identified at step  904 . The treatment plan can include selection of a therapy to be performed, such as ablation, freezing, cauterizing, cutting, attaching and the like. The treatment plan can also include a plan for performing a surgical technique, such as instructions for delivering the selected therapy to the particular organ or anatomic regions, such as by using a camera-enabled endoscope. 
     At step  908 , components of a medical device to deliver the selected therapy can be selected. For example, a particular treatment module can be selected to provide the selected therapy, a particular sheath or shaft can be selected to deliver the treatment module, and a particular control module can be selected to control operation of the modular medical device. Features and characteristics of the selected sheath or shaft can be selected, such as the number of delivery lumens needed to provide the treatment, guidance and steering capabilities needed for the selected treatment plan and therapy. Likewise, a camera module and a control module can be selected to facilitate guiding of the treatment module and viewing of the anatomic region or organ. 
     At step  910 , the selected components of step  908  can be assembled. The selected components can be assembled at a medical facility where the procedure is to be performed, at step  912 A. For example, the modular components can be user-assembled. In particular, a camera module can be attached using an attachment mechanism, such as one of the attachment devices described herein, e.g., attachment devices  200 ,  220 ,  240 ,  260  and  280 . Additionally, a control module can be selected, such as module  300  or module  400 . The selected components can be assembled at a manufacturing facility, at step  912 B. 
     At step  914 , the procedure planned for at step  906  can be performed with the medical device assembled at step  910 . 
     At step  916 , the assembled medical device used in the procedure at step  914  can be disassembled. The medical device can be disassembled at the medical facility of step  912 A or can be sent offsite to be disassembled at the manufacturing facility of step  912 B or another repurposing facility. The modular components can be user-disassembled by operating an attachment mechanism. 
     At step  918 , the disassembled components can be sorted into components that can be disposed of at step  920 A and components that can be reused at step  920 B. 
     At step  922 , the disposable components can be disposed of, such as by being destroyed or discarded. The disposable components can comprise a disposable insertion sheath. 
     At step  924 , the reusable components of step  920 B can be cleaned and sterilized for reuse. The reusable components can comprise a detachable camera module and a detachable control module. As such, the cleaned and sterilized components can be returned to inventory of the medical facility or manufacturing facility to be used in additional procedures. In examples, camera module  150  and control module  300  can be cleaned and sterilized using sterilization apparatus  500 . 
     VARIOUS NOTES &amp; EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 can include or use subject matter such as a modular endoscopy system that can comprise a first modular section comprising an imaging unit and an illumination unit and a second modular section user-detachably connectable to the first modular section via an attachment mechanism, the second modular section being patient insertable, wherein the first modular section is positionable at a distal end section of the second modular section and is configured to illuminate and image a portion of a patient anatomy. 
     Example 2 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1, to optionally include a second modular section that includes an insertion section module comprising an elongate working section. 
     Example 3 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 or 2 to optionally include a third modular section that is user-detachably connectable to the second modular section. 
     Example 4 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 3 to optionally include a third modular section that can comprise a navigation and control module operatively connectable to the elongate working section. 
     Example 5 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 4 to optionally include a distal end section of the second modular section that can comprise an elevator mechanism configured to orient and support one or more therapeutic tools extended through the second modular section. 
     Example 6 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 5 to optionally include an elevator mechanism that can be fluidly isolated from the first modular section and the third modular section. 
     Example 7 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 6 to optionally include a first modular section that can further comprise a rechargeable power source configured to provide power to an imaging unit and the illumination unit of the first modular section. 
     Example 8 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 7 to optionally include a first modular section that can further comprise a wireless communication circuit, configured to send or receive data or instructions from the second modular section, or an imaging and control system. 
     Example 9 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 8 to optionally include, when attached, a first modular section and a second modular section that are generally co-axially positioned along a longitudinal axis of the second modular section. 
     Example 10 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 9 to optionally include, when attached, a first modular section that is radially offset from a longitudinal axis of the second modular section. 
     Example 11 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 10 to optionally include an attachment mechanism that comprises a retention band. 
     Example 12 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 11 to optionally include a retention band comprising a clasp. 
     Example 13 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 12 to optionally include a retention band comprising a resilient material. 
     Example 14 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 13 to optionally include an attachment mechanism comprising a resilient clip. 
     Example 15 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 14 to optionally include an attachment mechanism comprising a plurality of resilient clips mounted to a base. 
     Example 16 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 15 to optionally include an attachment mechanism comprising a hinged basket. 
     Example 17 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 16 to optionally include a hinged basket comprising a fixed jaw coupled to the distal end section of the second modular section, and a moveable jaw coupled to the fixed jaw. 
     Example 18 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 17 to optionally include a moveable jaw that is hinged to the fixed jaw at a rotation axis. 
     Example 19 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 18 to optionally include a moveable jaw that is hinged to the fixed jaw via a plurality of resilient bands. 
     Example 20 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 19 to optionally include an attachment mechanism that comprises an expandable sleeve. 
     Example 21 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 20 to optionally include an attachment mechanism that comprises a threaded engagement between the first modular section and the second modular section. 
     Example 22 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 21 to optionally include a first modular section that comprises first near-field communication device, and a second modular section that comprises a second near-field communication device, wherein near-field communication can be established between the first modular section and the second modular section. 
     Example 23 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 22 to optionally include a second modular section that includes memory having stored therein one or more of manufacturer information, model number information and serial number information. 
     Example 24 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 23 to optionally include an attachment mechanism configured to secure the first modular section in an end-viewing orientation. 
     Example 25 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 1 through 24 to optionally include an attachment mechanism configured to secure the first modular section in a side-viewing orientation. 
     Example 26 can include or use subject matter such as a method of using a modular endoscopy system that can comprise attaching a first modular section of the modular endoscopy system to a second modular section of the modular endoscopy system, positioning at least a portion of the modular endoscopy system within a patient, illuminating and imaging a portion of a patient anatomy via the first modular section, removing the modular endoscopy system from the patient, and detaching the second modular section from the first modular section after removal of the modular endoscopy system from the patient. 
     Example 27 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 26, to optionally include assembling the first and second modular components of the modular endoscopy system at a surgical facility. 
     Example 28 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26 or 27 to optionally include a first modular component that comprises an insertion section module, and a second modular component comprises a camera module. 
     Example 29 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26 through 28 to optionally include disposing of the insertion section module, and cleaning and sanitizing the camera module. 
     Example 30 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26 through 29 to optionally include cleaning and sanitizing the camera module by positioning the camera module within a sterilization apparatus comprising an enclosure having an ultraviolet light source and a fluid jet. 
     Example 31 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26 through 30 to optionally include reusing the cleaned and sanitized reusable components in a subsequent medical procedure. 
     Example 32 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26 through 31 to optionally include positioning at least the portion of the modular endoscopy system within the patient by inserting a portion of the insertion section module into the patient to position the camera module adjacent anatomy to be imaged. 
     Example 33 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26 through 32 to optionally include establishing a near-field communication link between the first modular section and the second modular section. 
     Example 34 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26 through 33 to optionally include a second modular section that includes memory having stored therein one or more of manufacturer information, model number information and serial number information. 
     Example 35 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 26 through 34 to optionally include identifying a specific treatment for the patient, and selecting the first modular section capable of treating the patient with the identified treatment. 
     Example 36 can include or use subject matter such as an insertion section module for an endoscope that can comprise a shaft comprising a flexible, elongate body extending from a proximal end to a distal end, and a coupling mechanism located proximal the distal end, the coupling mechanism configured to releasably secure a camera module to the insertion section module. 
     Example 37 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 36, to optionally include an attachment mechanism that comprises a retention band. 
     Example 38 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 or 37 to optionally include a retention band comprising a clasp. 
     Example 39 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 through 38 to optionally include a retention band comprising a resilient material. 
     Example 40 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 through 39 to optionally include an attachment mechanism that comprises a resilient clip. 
     Example 41 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 through 40 to optionally include an attachment mechanism that comprises a plurality of resilient clips mounted to a base. 
     Example 42 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 through 41 to optionally include an attachment mechanism that comprises a hinged basket. 
     Example 43 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 through 42 to optionally include a hinged basket that comprises a fixed jaw coupled to the distal end section of the second modular section, and a moveable jaw coupled to the fixed jaw. 
     Example 44 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 through 43 to optionally include a moveable jaw that is hinged to the fixed jaw at a rotation axis. 
     Example 45 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 through 44 to optionally include a moveable jaw that is hinged to the fixed jaw via a plurality of resilient bands. 
     Example 46 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 through 45 to optionally include an attachment mechanism that comprises an expandable sleeve. 
     Example 47 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of one or any combination of Examples 36 through 46 to optionally include an attachment mechanism that comprises a threaded engagement between the first modular section and the second modular section. 
     Example 48 can include or use subject matter such as a method of assembling a modular endoscopy system that can comprise bringing the first modular section of the modular endoscopy system proximate to a second modular section of the modular endoscopy system, the first modular section and the second modular section each comprising a near-field communication chip, establishing near-field communication between the first modular section and the second modular section when the first modular section and the second modular section are in a detached state, to validate the second modular section, and attaching the first modular section to the second modular section. 
     Example 49 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 48, to optionally include transmitting, via one or more wireless communication circuits provided on the first communication module, identification data read from the second modular section while validating the second modular section, to be displayed on a display along with images collected by the imaging unit of the first modular section. 
     Each of these non-limiting examples can stand on its own, or can be combined in various permutations or combinations with one or more of the other examples. 
     The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the present inventor also contemplates examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Moreover, the present inventor also contemplates examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein. 
     In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and any documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in this document controls. 
     In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects. 
     Method examples described herein can be machine or computer-implemented at least in part. Some examples can include a computer-readable medium or machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods as described in the above examples. An implementation of such methods can include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, or the like. Such code can include computer readable instructions for performing various methods. The code may form portions of computer program products. Further, in an example, the code can be tangibly stored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times. Examples of these tangible computer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like. 
     The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.