Patent Publication Number: US-2012028976-A1

Title: Pharmacokinetically-based dosing regiments of a thrombin receptor antagonist

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and dosing regimens for delivery of a thrombin receptor antagonist. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Thrombin is known to have a variety of activities in different cell types and thrombin receptors are known to be present in such cell types as human platelets, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. It is therefore possible that thrombin receptor antagonists, also known as protease activated receptor (PAR) antagonists, will be useful in the treatment of thrombotic, inflammatory, atherosclerotic and fibroproliferative disorders, as well as other disorders in which thrombin and its receptor play a pathological role. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,304,078 discloses a genus of compounds, including a specific thrombin receptor antagonist compound identified as Example 2, herein identified as COMPOUND 1. COMPOUND 1 has the following structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     COMPOUND 1 is a potent and selective thrombin receptor antagonist, and is currently in development by Schering Corp. Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/705,282, herein incorporated by reference, discloses a variety of indications and combination formulations for thrombin receptor antagonists including COMPOUND 1. A preferred crystalline form of the bisulfate salt of COMPOUND 1 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,235,567. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/771,571; 11/771,520; and 11,860,165 disclose capsule formulations, tablet formulations and lyophilized formulations (respectively) of Compound 1, and methods of treating various conditions by administering same. 
     The use of a small subset of thrombin receptor antagonists to treat a variety of conditions and diseases is disclosed in U.S. publication no. 04/0192753. The prevention of complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery by administration of a thrombin receptor antagonist is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/613,450. Substituted thrombin receptor antagonists are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,847; 6,326,380; and 6,645,987 and U.S. publication nos. 03/0203927; 04/0216437A1; 04/0152736; and 03/0216437. All of the herein cited references are incorporated in their entirety. 
     It would be beneficial to provide dosing regimens to achieve acceptable pharmacokinetic characteristics for COMPOUND 1. The invention seeks to provide these and other benefits, which will become apparent as the description progresses. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method of treating acute coronary syndrome or peripheral vascular disease or of effecting secondary prevention in a person in need of such treating or effecting comprising administering to said person a loading dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said administering results in a mean plasma C max  of between about 238 and about 511 ng/mL at a T max  of between about 0.5 and about 1.5 hours. (Table 3) 
     In some embodiments, the loading dose comprises about 40 mg of Compound 1. 
     In some embodiments, administration of Compound 1 further results in an AUC (0-72 hr)  of between about 4745 and about 7508 ng-hr/mL. 
     Some embodiments further comprise the step of administering a maintenance dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said maintenance dose is administered once daily for a period equal to at least 5 times the mean terminal-phase half-life. 
     In some embodiments, the maintenance dose comprises about 1 mg of Compound 1 and the mean terminal-phase half-life is about 269 hours. 
     In some embodiments, the maintenance dose comprises about 3 mg of Compound 1 and the mean terminal-phase half-life is about 173 hours. 
     In some embodiments, the maintenance dose comprises between about 1 and about 3 mg of Compound 1 and the mean terminal-phase half-life is between about 173 hours and about 269 hours. 
     In some embodiments, the maintenance dose comprises about 5 mg of Compound 1 and the mean terminal-phase half-life is about 217 hours. 
     In further embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method of achieving a steady state plasma concentration of a thrombin receptor antagonist in a person in need of such plasma concentration comprising administering to the person a maintenance dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the thrombin receptor antagonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said maintenance dose is administered once daily (for a period equal to at least 4-5 times the mean terminal-phase half-life.) 
     In some embodiments, the thrombin receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, the thrombin receptor antagonist is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In yet further embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method of treating acute coronary syndrome or peripheral vascular disease or of effecting secondary prevention in a person in need of such treating or effecting comprising administering a maintenance dose of a thrombin receptor antagonist, wherein said maintenance dose is administered once daily (for a period equal to at least 4-5 times the mean terminal-phase half-life). 
     In some embodiments, the thrombin receptor antagonist is selected from the group consisting of 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, the thrombin receptor antagonist is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A further understanding of the invention will be had from the following description and claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates mean plasma COMPOUND 1 concentrations following single oral doses. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates individual (scatter) and mean (line) COMPOUND 1 exposure following a single dose of COMPOUND 1. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates mean plasma COMPOUND 1 concentrations following multiple oral doses. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates individual (scatter) and mean (line) COMPOUND 1 exposure following multiple oral doses. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates individual Plasma COMPOUND 1 Pre-Dose Concentration-Time Profiles. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Schering Corp. is developing a thrombin receptor antagonist (“TRA”) for use in a variety of cardiovascular applications, including treatment of acute coronary syndrome and secondary prevention. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (“API”), COMPOUND 1, has completed phase I and II clinical trials. Dosing regimens being considered for commercialization include potential loading doses of about 10, 20 and 40 mg and maintenance doses of about 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 mg, in formulations for oral administration. Based on clinical data, it appears that a maintenance dose of between 0.25 and 5 mg will safely achieve therapeutically effective blood levels of COMPOUND 1 in a patient in the desired time frame. A loading dose of 40 mg and a maintenance dose of 2.5 mg are in phase III clinical trials. The development of formulations of suitable pharmaceutical characteristics is a necessary step in the commercialization of this thrombin receptor antagonist. 
     “Acute coronary syndrome” includes any group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia. Acute myocardial ischemia is chest pain due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle that results from coronary artery disease (also called coronary heart disease). Acute coronary syndrome thus covers the spectrum of clinical conditions ranging from unstable angina to non-Q-wave myocardial infarction and Q-wave myocardial infarction. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), palpitations, anxiety or a sense of impending doom and a feeling of being acutely ill. 
     “Secondary prevention” refers to the treatment of patients who have already suffered a significant cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack or stroke, to prevent another future, potentially more serious, perhaps lethal, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular event. 
     Another cardiovascular condition for which thrombin receptor antagonists may be useful is peripheral arterial disease (“PAD”), also known as peripheral vascular disease (“PVD”), which occurs when cholesterol and scar tissue build up, forming plaque inside the arteries that narrows and clogs the arteries. The clogged arteries cause decreased blood flow to the legs, which can result in pain when walking, and eventually gangrene and amputation. 
     For the first-in-human, phase I studies, 0.25-, 1.0-, and 5.0-mg capsule formulations of COMPOUND 1 were developed using a simple dry blending process. The prototype formulations were developed based on the results of excipient compatibility studies, dissolution screening studies and content uniformity studies. These prototype formulations, labeled “A,” “B” and “C” are displayed in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Prototype Capsule Formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Amount (mg) 
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ingredient 
                 Function 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 COMPOUND 1 
                 TRA 
                 0.25 
                 1.0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 (bisulfate) 
               
               
                 Microcrystalline 
                 Diluent 
                 140.75 
                 140.0 
                 136.0 
               
               
                 Cellulose 
               
               
                 Crospovidone 
                 Disintegrant 
                 7.5 
                 7.5 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 Magnesium Stearate 
                 Lubricant 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Capsule Fill Weight 
                   
                 150.0 
                 150.0 
                 150.0 
               
               
                 Capsule, No. 2 Blue 
                 Capsule Shell 
               
               
                 Opaque Gelatin 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The present invention encompasses dosing regimens of solid formulations of any thrombin receptor antagonist. A variety of compounds have been demonstrated as displaying activity as thrombin receptor antagonists, many being himbacine analogs. As disclosed in U.S. publication no. 04/0152736, a subset of particularly preferred compounds of Formula I is as follows: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and the pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, solvates and polymorphs thereof. U.S. publication no. 03/0216437 discloses a subset of thrombin receptor antagonists of Formula II which are both particularly active and selective. These compounds are as follows: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and the pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, solvates and polymorphs thereof. 
     The following compounds are particularly favored based on their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic characteristics: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and the pharmaceutically acceptable isomers, salts, solvates and polymorphs thereof. The bisulfate salt of COMPOUND 1 is currently in development as a thrombin receptor antagonist by Schering Corp. Its synthesis is disclosed in U.S. publication no. 03/0216437, published Nov. 20, 2003, which publication also discloses Compound 3. Compound 2 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,987. 
     Other compounds for use in the combinations of the present invention are disclosed in any of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,847 and 6,326,380, U.S. Patent Publications 03/0203927, 03/0216437, 04/0192753 and 04/0176418, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Combinations that include one or more other agents that display activity as thrombin receptor antagonists are also within the scope of the present invention, including E5555 currently in development by Eisai: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It will be understood that unless otherwise specified, the term “thrombin receptor antagonist” and any compounds identified as such, including COMPOUND 1, encompass any chemically stable and pharmaceutically acceptable free base, salt, isomer or solvate form thereof. The term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts are also useful. Salts of the compound of the above active agents may be formed, for example, by reacting the above active agents with an equivalent amount of acid or base in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization. 
     Phase I clinical studies were designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of COMPOUND 1 in healthy subjects after rising single and multiple doses. The study included a randomized, evaluator-blind, placebo-controlled, rising single dose (“RSD”) study and a rising multiple dose (“RSM”) study of orally administered COMPOUND 1 in healthy subjects. 
     In the single-dose study, 50 healthy males were enrolled into 6 sequential cohorts and randomized to receive in ascending dose manner placebo (n=2-3/group) or oral COMPOUND 1 (0.25, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg; n=5-6/group). In the multiple-dose study, 36 healthy subjects were enrolled into 3 sequential cohorts and randomized to receive in ascending-dose manner placebo (n=4/group) or oral COMPOUND 1(1, 3, and 5 mg OD in the morning for 28 days, n=8/group). A fourth cohort in the same study (n=12) was randomized to receive a single loading dose of COMPOUND 1, 10 mg (n=6) or 20 mg (n=6) on Day 1, followed by maintenance doses of 1 mg daily for 6 days. Measured and derived pharmacokinetic parameters were used to assess the pharmacokinetic profile. The designs of the RSD and RSM studies are summarized in Table 2. The doses were administered using appropriate combinations of the capsule formulations disclosed in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rising Multiple 
               
               
                   
                 Rising Single Dose Study 
                 Dose Study 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Treatment 
                 0.25 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 
                 1 mg, 3 mg, 5 mg or 
               
               
                   
                 20 mg, 40 mg or placebo 
                 placebo, once daily 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for 28 days 
               
               
                 Subjects 
                 Healthy male subjects, 
                 Healthy male 
               
               
                   
                 n = 6/dose (2:1 randomization) 
                 and female subjects; 
               
               
                   
                   
                 n = 8/dose (2:1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 randomization) 
               
               
                 Pharmacokinetic 
                 0-72 hr 
                 0-24 hr Day 1 
               
               
                 sample 
                 extended to 64 days post-dose 
                 0-24 hr Day 28 
               
               
                 collection 
                 for 20 mg and 40 mg groups 
                 0 hr (pre-dose) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Days 7, 14, 21, 26 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and 28 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Bioanalytical 
                 LC-MS/MS (LLOQ = 0.1 ng/ml) 
               
               
                 assay 
               
               
                 Pharmacokinetic 
                 Model-independent methods 
               
               
                 Analysis 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Several observations were made from the data collected in the RSD Study. Table 3 displays observed mean C max , T max , and AUC (0-72 hr)  following administration of single oral dosages of COMPOUND 1 in doses of 0.25, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg. For the 40 mg dose, the minimum and maximum individual C max  and corresponding T max , as well as the minimum and maximum individual AUC (0-72 hr)  are also displayed. The data show that COMPOUND 1 exhibited rapid absorption following oral administration. T max  ranged from 0.5 to 2 hrs after dosing. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Pharmacokinetic parameters following administration 
               
               
                 of single oral dosages of COMPOUND 1. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AUC (0-72 hr)   
               
               
                 Dose (n) 
                 C max  (ng/mL) 
                 T max  (hr) 
                 (ng · hr/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.25 mg (6) 
                 2.23 (8)  
                 1.0 (0.5-1.5) 
                 33.7 (28)  
               
               
                   1 mg (6) 
                 9.29 (18) 
                 1.25 (0.5-1.5)  
                 142 (20) 
               
               
                   5 mg (6) 
                 51.4 (17) 
                 0.75 (0.5-1.5)  
                 740 (11) 
               
               
                   10 mg (6) 
                 99.2 (19) 
                 1.5 (1.0-2.0) 
                 1514 (10)  
               
               
                   20 mg (5) 
                  183 (19) 
                 1.5 (1.0-2.0) 
                 3346 (7)  
               
               
                   40 mg (5) 
               
               
                 Mean 
                  376 (28) 
                 1.5 (0.5-1.5) 
                 6028 (18)  
               
               
                 Min 
                 238 
                 0.5 
                 4745 
               
               
                 Max 
                 511 
                 1.5 
                 7508 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The pharmacokinetic profile of COMPOUND 1 was characterized by a fast distribution phase followed by a slow terminal elimination phase, as demonstrated in  FIG. 1 . Exposure to COMPOUND 1 was dose related at doses up to 40 mg, as shown in  FIG. 2 . To estimate the terminal-phase half-life (t½) of COMPOUND 1, samples were collected from subjects in the 20 mg and 40 mg dose groups for up to 64 days after dosing. The apparent terminal-phase half-life (t/½) in these subjects ranged from 126 to 269 hrs. Plasma concentrations were quantifiable for up to 53 days in subjects administered 20 mg and up to 62 days in subjects administered 40 mg. The variability in exposure to COMPOUND 1 was low; the coefficient of variation for AUC (0-72 h)  ranged from 7% to 28%. 
     The rising multiple dose study resulted in a data set that supports its own set of observations. The rapid absorption and slow elimination following oral administration seen in the RSD study were also seen in the RMD study, as demonstrated by the data in Table 4 and  FIG. 3 . Median T max  values were observed from 1 to 1.5 hrs after dosing. Mean terminal-phase half-life (t½) ranged from 173 to 269 hrs. Also consistent with the results of the RSD study, it was found that exposure to COMPOUND 1 increased in a dose-related manner for all dose groups, as demonstrated in  FIG. 4 . Variability was low to moderate. The coefficient of variability (CV) for AUC (0-24 h)  ranged from 14% to 34%. 
     The RMD study also allowed evaluation of COMPOUND 1 accumulation. Mean accumulation index (R) values ranged from 4.72 to 6.37. The effective half-lives determined from R values ranged from 59.8 to 141 hrs. 
     There was no consistent trend in the fluctuations of trough plasma COMPOUND 1 concentrations at the end of the dosing interval, as demonstrated in  FIG. 5 . Therefore, steady-state plasma concentrations were attained by Day 21 in all three dose groups, consistent with an effective half-life of about 60 to 141 hours. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 COMPOUND 1 pharmacokinetic parameters following single (Day 1) and multiple (Day 28) oral doses. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 C max   
                 T max   
                 t 1/2   
                 AUC (0-24 hr)   
                   
               
               
                   
                 (ng/mL) 
                 (hr) 
                 (hr) 
                 (ng · hr/mL) 
                 R 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dose 
                 Mean 
                 CV (%) 
                 Median 
                 Range 
                 Mean 
                 CV (%) 
                 Mean 
                 CV(%) 
                 Mean 
                 CV (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Single Dose: 
                 Day 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  1 mg (n = 8) 
                 9.78 
                 31 
                 1.00 
                 0.5-4.0 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 58.5 
                 24 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                  3 mg (n = 8) 
                 38.2 
                 25 
                 1.00 
                 0.5-1.0 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 225 
                 15 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                  5 mg (n = 8) 
                 56.4 
                 25 
                 1.00 
                 0.5-2.0 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 315 
                 21 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                 10 mg (n = 6) 
                 85.4 
                 24 
                 1.00 
                 1.0-2.0 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 592 
                 14 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                 20 mg (n = 6) 
                 188 
                 32 
                 1.50 
                 1.0-4.0 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 1280 
                 23 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Multiple Dose: 
                 Day 28 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  1 mg (n = 7) 
                 24.6 
                 24 
                 1.00 
                 0.5-2.0 
                 269 
                 30 
                 363 
                 24 
                 6.37 
                 18 
               
               
                  3 mg (n = 8) 
                 65.8 
                 37 
                 1.00 
                 0.5-2.0 
                 173 
                 35 
                 1040 
                 34 
                 4.72 
                 33 
               
               
                  5 mg (n = 8) 
                 131 
                 18 
                 1.00 
                 1.0-2.0 
                 217 
                 22 
                 1910 
                 17 
                 6.22 
                 20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In conclusion, both the single and multiple oral dosing studies, COMPOUND 1 was rapidly absorbed and distributed, in a dose-related manner. Maximal plasma levels were attained generally within 60-90 minutes across all doses in both studies. The exposure to COMPOUND 1 was dose-related, and the variability of exposure was low in both studies. Elimination of COMPOUND 1 was slow in both studies (mean t½=173-269 hr). Accumulation (5- to 7-fold) was observed in the multiple dosing study, and the observed steady state plasma concentrations of COMPOUND 1 were attained by day 21. The pharmacokinetic profile of COMPOUND 1 observed in this study supports once-daily oral dosing. 
     The data generated in the phase I trials suggest methods of treating acute coronary syndrome or peripheral vascular disease or of effecting secondary prevention by administering the single doses listed in Table 3 (i.e., 0.25, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg) to achieve each respective C max  at the T max , and further to achieve the respective AUC (0-72 hr) , as reflected in Table 3. The data further suggest methods of treating acute coronary syndrome or peripheral vascular disease or of effecting secondary prevention by a single administration of each of the loading doses listed in Table 4 (i.e., 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 mg) followed by daily administration of each of the maintenance doses (i.e., 1, 3 and 5) to achieve after 28 days each respective C max  at the T max , and further to achieve the respective AUC (0-24 hr) , as reflected in Table 4. 
     Dosing regimens for the thrombin receptor antagonists referred to herein will include a single administration of a loading dose, followed by daily administrations of a maintenance dose. Since platelet inhibition data have suggested that 40 mg is a preferred dose for the loading dose, dosing regimens that provide the pharmacokinetic results of such a loading dose are also preferred. Referring to Table 3, said administering results in a plasma concentration range C max  of between about 238 and about 511 ng/mL (with a mean of about 376 ng/mL) at a T max  of between about 0.5 and about 1.5 hours, and an exposure range AUC (0-72 hr)  of between about 4745 and about 7508 ng-hr/mL (with a mean of about 6028 ng-hr/mL). Thus, any dosing regimen of a loading dose that results in these pharmacokinetic parameters is also within the scope of the present invention. 
     Since platelet inhibition data suggest that a maintenance dose of between about 1 mg and about 3 mg is preferred, (about 2.5 mg), the pharmacokinetic characteristics of such a maintenance dose are also preferred. The mean terminal-phase half-life is an example of a particularly useful pharmacokinetic characteristic. Dosing regimens that provide for administration of the maintenance dose for a period equal to at least 4-5 times the mean terminal-phase half-life and the effective half-life can result in steady state pharmacokinetics, and are thus preferred. The criterion for achieving “steady state” will be understood to be steady or increasing (i.e., not decreasing) pre-dose trough values for Compound 1. Thus, maintenance doses that have a mean terminal-phase half-life of between about 269 and about 173 hours (see Table 4) or the effective half-life of about 60 to about 141 hours are preferred, and dosing regimens that include once daily dosing of a maintenance dose for a period of at least 4-5 times these mean terminal-phase half-lives and effective half-lives are also preferred. 
     Although the clinical data presented herein were generated by dosing patients with capsule formulations, the dosing regimens and pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention are not limited to those involving capsule formulations. Tablet formulations are the preferred pharmaceutical formulations, and dosing regimens that relate to administration of tablet formulations are also preferred. For the loading dose, lyophilized formulations represent alternate preferred embodiments. 
     While the present invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments set forth above, many alternatives, modifications and variations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. All such alternatives, modifications, and variations are intended to fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.