Patent Publication Number: US-2009218458-A1

Title: Shell type needle roller bearing, support structure for supporting a compressor spindle, and support structure for supporting driving portion of a piston pump

Description:
This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/584,924, filed Jul. 5, 2006, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP05/002036, filed Feb. 10, 2005. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a shell type needle roller bearing, a support structure including the shell type needle roller bearing for supporting a compressor spindle, and a support structure including the shell type roller bearing for supporting the driving portion of a piston pump. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Among needle roller bearings including an outer ring having a radially inner raceway, and a plurality of needle rollers arranged along the raceway of the outer ring is a shell type needle roller bearing including a shell type outer ring formed by pressing including drawing steps. Such a shell type outer ring is formed by pressing a steel sheet made of a casehardened steel such as a low-carbon structural alloy steel sheet of e.g. SCM415 or a steel sheet of e.g. SPC for cold stretch pressing. In order to ensure quality-related characteristics, such as strength and the surface hardness, of the raceway, the steel sheet is subjected to heat treatment such as carburizing or carbonitriding after pressing (as disclosed in JP patent publication 3073937, pages 1-2 and FIGS. 1-3). There are two types of shell type outer rings, i.e. the open-ended type, which has both ends open, and the closed-end type, which has one end closed. Some needle rollers are mounted in an outer ring together with a retainer, and other are mounted alone in an outer ring (full type). 
     Such a shell type outer ring is manufactured as follows. A circular steel sheet blank is formed into a cup in a plurality of separate drawing steps; the edge of the cup bottom is restruck to a predetermined radius of curvature; the center of the cup bottom is punched out to form one of the flanges of the outer ring if the outer ring to be formed is of the open-ended type; this step is omitted when forming a closed-end outer ring; the top end of the cup is trimmed to a uniform height in a trimming step; the top end portion of the cup which is to be bent as the other flange of the open-ended cup or the single flange of the closed-end cup is subjected to a thickness-reducing treatment; the cup is subjected to carburization or carbonitriding in a heat treatment step; the top end portion that has been subjected to the thickness-reducing treatment is subjected to annealing; and with needle rollers mounted, the top end of the cup is bent radially inwardly to form the other flange or the single flange. 
     There is known a compressor for an air-conditioner of the type in which compression elements are actuated by the spindle through a swash plate, with the spindle supported by needle roller bearings mounted in the compressor for supporting radial loads (See JP patent publication 2997074, page 2 and FIGS. 10-12.) Needle roller bearings are advantageous in that their load capacity and rigidity are relatively large compared to their projected area. Thus, using needle rollers, a compact support structure for a compressor spindle can be designed. 
     Compactness and low costs, as well as high endurance, are especially acutely required for compressors for vehicle air-conditioners. Further, in order to save energy, to be more environment-friendly, and to improve cooling efficiency, it is a recent tendency to reduce the amount of lubricating oils used to lubricate various parts of the compressor such as bearings. Lubricating oils used for compressors are usually relatively low in viscosity. Since such low-viscosity lubricating oils are used in reduced amounts, today&#39;s needle roller bearings for supporting compressor spindles are used in increasingly harsh lubricating conditions. 
     Thus, if such a needle roller bearing is used to support radial loads applied to a compressor spindle, which is typically rotated at high speed, the bearing tends to suffer from premature surface damage, such as surface-starting peelings, to the raceway of the outer ring. This of course shortens the life of the bearing. Also, since today&#39;s compressors are used to compress refrigerants in increasingly higher compression ratios, needle roller bearings used therein tend to be subjected to higher loads. Thus, the outer ring of such a needle roller bearing tends to suffer from peelings starting from inside the outer ring due to repeated loads applied to the outer ring. Either type of peelings shortens the rolling fatigue life of bearings, one of the basic characteristics required for bearings. Quietness during operation is another characteristic required especially for compressors for vehicle air-conditioners. To provide a quiet compressor, it is essential to suppress noise produced from needle roller bearings used therein. 
     An automatic brake system such as an anti-lock brake system (ABS) or a traction control (TRC) system includes a piston pump assembly to pressure-feed brake fluid in the reservoir tank to the master cylinder. A typical such piston pump assembly includes an electric motor having an armature shaft as the output shaft including an eccentric portion, and a piston pump proper having its piston supported by the armature shaft through a rolling bearing mounted on the eccentric portion of the armature shaft. Thus, by rotating the armature shaft, the piston of the piston pump is reciprocated. (See JP patent publication 8-182254, page 2 and FIG. 7.) In JP patent publication 2001-187915 (page 2 and FIG. 9), the rolling bearing supporting the piston is a needle roller bearing. 
     High performance is especially required for such a piston pump if it is used in e.g. a hydraulic brake assist system. Compactness and low costs are also required. One way to increase the capacity of the piston pump is to increase the eccentricity of the eccentric portion of the armature shaft. One way to reduce the size of such a piston pump is to use smaller needle roller bearings to support the piston of the piston pump. Thus, today&#39;s needle roller bearings have to bear greater loads with minimum size increase. This increases the possibility of premature peelings starting from inside the outer ring due to repeated loads applied thereto. This shortens the rolling fatigue life of bearings, one of the basic characteristics required for bearings. 
     Moreover, the lubricating oil for the needle roller bearing supporting the piston of the piston pump tends to be diluted with low-viscosity oil (i.e. brake fluid), and also, the piston of the piston pump repeatedly abuts the outer ring of this needle roller bearing with the needle rollers rolling on the raceway of the outer ring. All these factors serve to promote depletion of oil film on the frictional contact surfaces, which will in turn quicken surface damage, such as surface-starting peelings, to the raceway of the outer ring. This of course shortens the bearing life. Quietness during operation is another characteristic required especially for piston pumps for vehicle brake system. To provide a quiet piston pump, it is essential to suppress noise produced from needle roller bearings used therein. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Problems for which the Invention Intends to Seek Solutions 
     Low-carbon structural alloy steel sheets and steel sheets for cold rolling and pressing used for steel sheet blanks to be formed into conventional shell type outer rings are well-known for its good formability in pressing. But because it is low in the carbon content, it has to be subjected to heat treatment such as carburizing or carbonitriding by adjusting the heat treatment atmosphere. Thus, they have the following problems. A large heat facility is needed, its management and maintenance are troublesome. For example, it is necessary to determine what atmospheric gas should be used, determine the heat treatment temperature and time, manage the hardening oil, and periodically inspect the furnace. When producing a large variety of different kinds of products, each kind in a small lot, different settings are needed for each lot, which is extremely troublesome. Diffusion of carbon and nitrogen prolongs the heat treatment time. Since an extremely long time is needed to diffuse carbon and/or nitrogen deep into components, the strength of the inner parts of the components does not sufficiently increase. A large batch of blanks are usually treated at one time for high efficiency. This causes a prolonged lead time due to an increase in the number of unfinished products. If the heat treatment stops due e.g. to a sudden power outage, many defectives will be produced. The greater the number of lots, the greater the possibility of products in different lots mixing together. In order to provide the other of the two flanges after mounting the rollers, the open end of the outer ring blank has to be bent. To bend the blank, the blank has to be annealed. 
     An object of the invention is therefore to further reduce the manufacturing cost of a shell type needle roller bearing, which is used e.g. in a support structure for a compressor spindle or a driving portion of a piston pump, while ensuring high quality of its shell type outer ring by subjecting it to a simple heat treatment that needs no adjustment of the atmosphere. 
     Means to Solve the Problems 
     According to the invention, there is provided a shell type needle roller bearing comprising a shell type outer ring formed by pressing a steel sheet and having a radially inner surface, and a plurality of needle rollers arranged along the radially inner surface of the outer ring, the steel sheet being formed of a medium to high carbon steel containing carbon by 0.3 mass percent or over. 
     As the material for the steel sheet to be formed into the shell type outer ring by pressing, a medium to high carbon steel containing carbon by not less than 0.3 mass percent is less expensive than a low-carbon structural alloy steel sheet or steel sheet for cold rolling and pressing, which has been a preferred material for conventional such steel sheets. Still, its carbon content is high enough to make expensive carburization and carbonitriding unnecessary. This pushes down the manufacturing cost. Specific materials for the claimed steel sheet that contain carbon by 0.3 mass percent or over include structural carbon steels ranging from S30C to S58C, from SAE1040 to 1095, and tool steel SK5. 
     The steel sheet is preferably spheroidize-annealed so that the steel sheet retains elongation and flexibility that are high enough to allow the plate to be formed into the shell type outer ring by pressing, even though its carbon content is high. 
     The spheroidization rate of carbides in the steel sheet after such spheroidize-annealing is preferably not less than 50% so that the steel sheet blank can be formed into the outer ring by pressing in a stable manner. The spheroidization rate is given by the following equation: 
       Spheroidization rate=(number of carbides of which the aspect ratio is less than 2)/(number of the entire carbides)×100(%) 
     where the aspect ratio is the ratio of the major diameter to the minor diameter 
     The spheroidization rate is preferably not less than 50% because: in the drawing step for forming the shell type outer ring by pressing, the thickness of the cup decreases most markedly at the arcuate edge of the cup bottom (i.e. by about 10 to 20 percent), so that the cup tends to be broken along the arcuate edge of its bottom. As shown in  FIG. 2 , which will be described in detail later, the elongation of a steel sheet containing carbon by 0.3 mass percent or over is substantially proportional to the spheroidization rate of carbides in the steel sheet, with the elongation at about 20 percent where the spheroidization rate is about 50 percent. Thus, by setting the spheroidization rate at 50 percent or over, even if the thickness of the cup decreases rather markedly along the arcuate edge of its bottom during the drawing step, the cup will be less likely to be broken. 
     The outer ring is preferably subjected to induction hardening or bright hardening after pressing to ensure necessary strength and hardness of the outer ring at a minimum heat treatment cost. Induction hardening is particularly advantageous because it needs no large heat treatment facility and the heat treatment time is short. Bright treatment needs no additional time for diffusing carbon or nitrogen so that the heat treatment time is short, too. 
     Preferably, the steel sheet contains an alloy element of at least one of Si, Ni and Mo by not more than 0.35 mass percent. With this arrangement, pressing becomes easy. While one or a combination of these alloys improve hardening properties, if their content exceeds 0.35 percent by weight, pressing will become difficult. Thus, their content is preferably not more than 0.35 percent by weight. 
     At least the radially inner surface of the outer ring is subjected to induction hardening and then tempering in a furnace or induction tempering after pressing so that the radially inner surface of the outer ring has a Vickers hardness of 653 HV or over. The bearing thus formed is satisfactory in its basic properties. Induction hardening needs no adjustment of the atmosphere and can be performed using a smaller heat treatment facility. Heat treatment time can be extremely shortened, too. Tempering in a furnace and induction tempering also need no adjustment of the atmosphere and can be performed in a simple manner. 
     The hardened portion formed by the induction hardening applied to the radially inner surface of the outer ring may be of such a depth that the hardened portion stops short of the radially outer periphery of the outer ring. 
     Preferably, the radially inner surface of the outer ring has a circumferential roughness average RA in the range of between 0.05 and 0.3 micrometers so as to reduce the sound level when the needle rollers are rolling on the radially inner surface of the outer ring, thereby providing a quieter bearing. The circumferential RA value should not be less than 0.05 micrometers because too smooth a radially inner surface will reduce the lubricating oil retained on the area of the radially inner surfaced that is elastically brought into contact with the needle rollers. This increases the possibility of e.g. smearing. Its upper limit is set at Ra 0.3 micrometers for the following reasons. 
     The inventors conducted a sound measurement test using a rotary tester on shell type needle roller bearings of which the radially inner surfaces of their outer rings had different surface roughness values from each other. As a result, it was found out that the lower the circumferential surface roughness of the radially inner surface, the lower the sound level of the bearing. It was also found out that when the Ra value is reduced to 0.3 micrometers or less, the sound level is dramatically decreases, as is apparent from  FIG. 12 . The reason why the circumferential surface roughness of the radially inner surface has such a large influence on the sound level of the bearing is presumably because if irregularities of the radially inner surface in the rotational direction of the bearing (i.e. the circumferential surface roughness) exceeds a certain threshold relative to the diameter of the needle rollers, the needle rollers tend to rather violently jump up and down when they roll on the radially inner surface of the outer ring, thus producing much noise. Since the needle rollers have a relatively small diameter, they tend to produce much noise if the circumferential roughness average Ra exceeds 0.3 micrometers. 
     Preferably, the radially inner surface of the outer ring has an axial roughness average RA not exceeding 0.3 micrometers to further reduce the sound level produced when the needle rollers are rolling, thereby further improving the quietness of the bearing. Since the needle rollers have a relatively large length compared to their diameter, widthwise irregularities (axial surface roughness) on the radially inner surface of the outer ring have a large influence on vibrations of the needle rollers. Specifically, if the axial roughness average Ra exceeds 0.3 micrometers, the bearing&#39;s noise level tends to jump up. 
     Preferably, the steel sheet is formed into the outer ring by drawing the steel sheet up to three times, and in the final drawing step, the steel sheet is ironed, too. With this arrangement, it is possible to reduce the number of molds for pressing the steel sheet, and the number of pressing steps. This further reduces the manufacturing cost. Also, by reducing the number of drawings, the dimensions of the cup is less influenced by setting errors of the mold. The dimensional accuracy is thus high. 
     It is known that a drawing/ironing process provides a higher drawing ratio than simple drawing. That is, when steel plate is drawn, the drawing limit is determined by the point at which the steel plate is broken at the shoulder of the punch due to tensile stress resulting from the deformation resistance of the flange portion of the steel plate and the wrinkle-suppressing force at the flange portion. In the drawing/ironing process, the tensile stress from the flange portion toward the shoulder of the punch is stopped at the ironing portion, so that even a medium to high carbon steel containing carbon by 0.3 mass percent or over, which is typically difficult to draw, can be drawn with a sufficiently high drawing ratio. 
     The steel sheet may be formed into the outer ring by drawing the steel sheet once, and the steel sheet may be ironed simultaneously when the steel sheet is drawn. With this arrangement, the manufacturing cost further decreases and the dimensional accuracy of the outer ring further improves. 
     The steel sheet is preferably coated with phosphate so as to increase the ability to retain oil used during pressing, thereby making it possible to use lower-quality oil when forming the outer ring by pressing. 
     The present invention provides a support structure for supporting a spindle for rotating compression elements, said support structure comprising a needle roller bearing supporting said spindle in the compressor, and said spindle, wherein said needle roller bearing is the above-described shell type needle roller bearing. 
     The compressor may be an air compressor including a swash plate. 
     The present invention provides a support structure for supporting a piston pump driver portion, said support structure comprising a motor output shaft of the piston pump, a needle roller bearing mounted on an eccentric portion of said motor output shaft, and a piston supported by said needle roller bearing, wherein said needle roller bearing is the above-described shell type needle roller bearing. 
     The piston pump may be used in a vehicle anti-lock brake system. 
     ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION 
     As the material for the steel sheet to be formed into the shell type outer ring by pressing, a medium to high carbon steel containing carbon by not less than 0.3 mass percent is less expensive than a low-carbon structural alloy steel sheet or a steel sheet for cold rolling and pressing, which has been a preferred material for conventional such steel sheets. Still, its carbon content is high enough to make expensive carburization and carbonitriding unnecessary. This pushes down the manufacturing cost. 
     The steel sheet is preferably spheroidize-annealed so that the steel sheet retains elongation and flexibility that are high enough to allow the plate to be formed into the shell type outer ring by pressing, even though its carbon content is high. 
     The spheroidization rate of carbides in the steel sheet after such spheroidize-annealing is preferably not less than 50% so that the steel sheet blank can be formed into the outer ring by pressing in a stable manner. 
     The outer ring is preferably subjected to induction hardening or bright hardening after pressing to ensure necessary strength and hardness of the outer ring at a minimum heat treatment cost. Induction hardening is particularly advantageous because it needs no large heat treatment facility and the heat treatment time is short. Bright treatment needs no additional time for diffusing carbon or nitrogen so that the heat treatment time is short, too. 
     Preferably, the steel sheet contains an alloy element of at least one of Si, Ni and Mo by not more than 0.35 mass percent. With this arrangement, pressing is easy. 
     At least the radially inner surface of the outer ring is subjected to induction hardening and then tempering in a furnace or induction tempering after pressing so that the radially inner surface of the outer ring has a Vickers hardness of 653 HV or over. The bearing thus formed is satisfactory in its basic properties. Induction hardening needs no adjustment of the atmosphere and can be performed using a smaller heat treatment facility. Heat treatment time can be extremely shortened, too. Tempering in a furnace and induction tempering also need no adjustment of the atmosphere and can be performed in a simple manner. 
     Preferably, the radially inner surface of the outer ring has a circumferential roughness average RA in the range of between 0.05 and 0.3 micrometers so as to reduce the sound level when the needle rollers are rolling on the radially inner surface of the outer ring, thereby providing a quieter bearing. 
     Preferably, the radially inner surface of the outer ring has an axial roughness average RA not exceeding 0.3 micrometers to further reduce the sound level produced when the needle rollers are rolling, thereby further improving the quietness of the bearing. 
     Preferably, the steel sheet is formed into the outer ring by drawing the steel sheet up to three times, and in the final drawing step, the steel sheet is ironed, too. With this arrangement, it is possible to reduce the number of molds for pressing the steel sheet, and the number of pressing steps. This further reduces the manufacturing cost. Also, by reducing the number of drawings, the dimensions of the cup is less influenced by setting errors of the mold. The dimensional accuracy is thus high. 
     The steel sheet may be formed into the outer ring by drawing the steel sheet once, and the steel sheet may be ironed simultaneously when the steel sheet is drawn. With this arrangement, the manufacturing cost further decreases and the dimensional accuracy of the outer ring further improves. 
     The steel sheet is preferably coated with phosphate so as to increase the ability to retain oil used during pressing, thereby making it possible to use lower-quality oil when forming the outer ring by pressing. 
     The support structure for supporting a compressor spindle according to the present invention includes a shell type needle roller bearing according to the invention to support the spindle. The support structure can thus be manufactured at a lower cost. 
     The support structure for supporting a piston pump driving portion according to the present invention includes a shell type needle roller bearing according to the invention to support the piston of the piston pump. The support structure can thus be manufactured at a lower cost. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an axial sectional view of a shell type needle roller bearing embodying the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a graph showing the results of a tensile test conducted on steel sheet blanks to be formed into outer rings according to Example 2; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram schematically showing manufacturing steps of the outer ring of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are graphs showing, respectively, the circumferential surface roughness and axial surface roughness of the radially inner surface of the outer ring of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a sectional view of an outer ring according to Example 1 or 2, showing how it is hardened; 
         FIG. 6  shows sections of outer rings according to Example 3 and modified examples, showing their hardened portions; 
         FIG. 7  is a graph showing the results of the bearing life test conducted for shell type needle roller bearings of the type shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a longitudinal sectional view of a compressor for an air-conditioner including a support structure for supporting a spindle of the compressor according to a first embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a longitudinal sectional view of a compressor for an air-conditioner including a support structure for supporting a spindle of the compressor according to a second embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a longitudinal sectional view of a compressor for an air-conditioner including a support structure for supporting a spindle of the compressor according to a third embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a longitudinal sectional view of a driver for driving a piston pump in which is mounted the shell type needle roller bearing shown in  FIG. 1 ; and 
         FIG. 12  is a graph showing the relationship between the circumferential surface roughness of the radially inner surface of the outer ring of a shell type needle roller bearing and the sound level measured in a sound measurement test. 
     
    
    
     A Shell type needle roller bearing
     Outer ring  1 ,  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c ,  1   d        2  Radially inner surface     3  Needle roller     4   a ,  4   b  Flange     5  Retainer     11  Spindle     12  Swash plate     13  Shoe     14  Piston     14   a  Recess     15  Housing     16  Thrust needle roller bearing     17  Bore     18  Spherical seat     21  Spindle     22  Coupling member     22   a  Inclined surface     23  Ball     24  Thrust needle roller bearing     25  Swash plate     26  Piston rod     27  Piston     28  Housing     29  Thrust needle roller bearing     31  Spindle     32  Coupling member     33  Sleeve     34  Thrust needle roller bearing     35  Swash plate     36  Piston rod     37  Piston     38  Housing     39  Thrust needle roller bearing     41  Piston pump     42  Electric motor     43  Armature     44  Armature shaft     44   a  Eccentric portion     45  Pump housing     45   a  Recess     46  Ball bearing     47  Piston     48  Inlet port     49  Outlet port   

     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Now referring to the drawings, first to  FIG. 1 , the shell type needle roller bearing embodying the present invention includes a shell type outer ring  1  formed by pressing a steel sheet and having a radially inner surface  2  that serves as a raceway, and a plurality of needle rollers  3  arranged along the inner surface  2 . The outer ring  1  shown is the open-ended type, that is, it has flanges  1   a  and  1   b  at both ends. The needle rollers  3  are held by a retainer  4 . 
     The steel sheet to be formed into the outer ring  1  by pressing is formed of structural carbon steel S40C containing carbon by 0.4 mass percent (Example 1), formed of tool steel SK5 containing carbon by 0.85 mass percent which is spheroidizing-annealed so that the spheroidization rate of carbides increases to 50% or over (Example 2), or formed of structural carbon steel S55C containing carbon by 0.55 mass percent and silicon by 0.15-0.35 mass percent, and is coated with phosphate. But the steel sheet to be formed into the outer ring  1  is not limited to one of the above three examples, provided it contains carbon by 0.3 mass percent or over. For example, it may be formed of one of structural carbon steels ranging from S30C to S58C and from SAE1040 to 1095, and bearing steel SUJ2. 
       FIG. 2  is a graph showing the results of a tensile test conducted on steel sheet blanks of Example 2, i.e. blanks formed of tool steel SK5 and spheroidize-annealed. As explained above, the elongations of the respective steel sheet blanks were proportional to the spheroidization rates of carbides in the respective blanks, with the elongation at about 20% and 40% where the spheroidization rate was 50% and 100%, respectively. Similar results were obtained in tensile tests conducted for structural carbon steels S30C to S58C, SAE1040 to 1095, and bearing steel SUJ2, which all contain carbon by not less than 0.3 mass percent, and which were all spheroidize-annealed. 
       FIG. 3  summarily shows the method of manufacturing the outer ring  1  using the steel sheet of each example. The method comprises a one-time drawing step of drawing a circular steel sheet blank into a cup; a restriking step of restriking the corner of the cup bottom to a predetermined radius of curvature; a punch-out step of punching out the center of the cup bottom to form one of the flanges (i.e. the flange  1   a ) of the outer ring  1  ( FIG. 1 ); a trimming step of trimming the top end of the cup to a uniform height; the step of reducing the thickness of the top end portion of the cup which is to be bent as the other flange  1   b  (see  FIG. 1 ); a heat treatment step of subjecting the cup to heat treatment such as induction hardening; and the final step of mounting needle rollers  3  held in a retainer  4  in the cup, and radially inwardly bending the top end portion of the cup at a right angle to form the flange  1   b . Since the steel blank is formed into the cup in the one-time drawing step, the shell type outer ring  2  is free from any influence of setting errors of molds, so that it is high in dimensional accuracy. 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  show the circumferential surface roughness and the axial surface roughness of the radially inner surface  2  of the outer ring  1 . The circumferential surface roughness, shown in  FIG. 4A , is a surface roughness profile taken along a circumferential line at the longitudinal center of the outer ring  1 . Its Ra value is 0.18 micrometers, which is sufficiently small. While not shown, the circumferential roughness average Ra values measured along circumferential lines spaced 2 millimeters from the respective ends of the outer ring were also in the range of 0.05-0.3 micrometers. The axial surface roughness shown in  FIG. 4B  was measured along one of four axial lines that are angularly spaced by 90 degrees from the adjacent lines. Its Ra value was 0.15 micrometers, which is sufficiently small. The Ra values measured along the other three axial lines were also very small, i.e. not more than 0.3 micrometers. 
       FIG. 5  shows the hardened portion (hatched portion) of the outer ring  1  of either of Examples 1 and 2 when it is induction-hardened. In the example shown, the cylindrical portion of the outer ring  2 , where the raceway is formed on the radially inner surface thereof, and the flange  1   a , which is formed by punching the bottom of the cup, are induction-hardened. But the flange  1   b  may also be hardened and then tempered. The other flange  1   b , which is formed by bending after mounting the rolling elements, is not hardened. In induction hardening, the hardening process, which comprises heating and cooling, proceeds from one small area to another. The hardening time in each area is relatively short. Thus, the outer ring  1  is less likely to suffer from thermal strains, irrespective of whether the entire outer ring is hardened or it is hardened only partially as shown. 
       FIG. 6  shows outer rings  1  formed according to Example 3 and outer rings  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c  and  1   d  according to modified examples, which are all induction-hardened at their portions indicated by hatches. The outer rings  1   a  and  1   b , as well as the outer rings  1 , are of the open-ended type. The flanges  4   a  and  4   b  of the outer rings  1   a  are formed by inwardly bending both end portions thereof by 180 degrees. The outer rings  1   b  has only the flange  4   b  bent inwardly by 180 degrees. The outer rings  1   c  and  1   d  are of the closed-end type. The outer rings  1   c  have their only flange  4   b  bent inwardly by 90 degrees in the same manner as the flanges of the outer rings  1  of Example 3. The outer rings  1   d  have their only flange  4   b  bent inwardly by 180 degrees. The outer rings  1  of Example 3 and the outer rings  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c  and  1   d  of modified examples were all induction-hardened and then tempered in a furnace or induction-tempered. 
     Each of the four types of outer rings  1 ,  1   a ,  1   b ,  1   c  and  1   d  was hardened in three different patterns each shown in one of the columns A, B and C of  FIG. 6 . Shades show hardened portions. The outer rings in column A were hardened only at the radially inner surface thereof. The outer rings in column B were hardened entirely. The outer rings in column C were hardened only at their radially inner and outer surfaces. Some of the partially induction-hardened outer rings in columns A and C were also hardened at portions of the flanges  4   a  and  4   b  to be brought into abutment with the end faces of the needle rollers  3 . Any of these outer rings has a Vicker&#39;s hardness of HV 653 on their radially inner surface  2 . Induction hardening is performed on a limited area at one time such that any portion of the outer ring is heated only for a short period of time and cooled soon thereafter. Thus, any of the entirely hardened outer rings in column B and the partially hardened outer rings in columns A and C is less likely to suffer thermal strains. 
     Two groups of shell type needle roller bearings of the type shown in  FIG. 1  were prepared. The first group of bearings each included a shell type outer ring formed by pressing a steel sheet of structural carbon steel S40C of Example 1 and induction-hardened in the pattern shown in  FIG. 5 . The second group of bearings are comparative examples and each include a shell type outer ring formed by pressing and then carburizing and hardening a steel sheet of low-carbon, structural alloy steel SCM415. With each of these two groups of bearings mounted on a rotary shaft of a rotation tester, the rotary shaft was rotated under the following conditions to determine their L10 life (period of time until 10% of the bearings of each group suffer from surface-starting peelings and/or peelings starting from inside). 
     Load: 4776 N 
     rpm: 8000
 
Lubricating oil: multipurpose oil #5 (circulating lubrication)
 
     The results of the life test are shown in  FIG. 7 . As shown, the first group of bearings, i.e. the bearings of which the outer rings were formed of steel plates of structural carbon steel S40C of Example 1 and induction-hardened, showed an L10 life that is nearly three times that of the second group of bearings, of which the outer rings were formed of low-carbon, structural alloy steel SCM415 and carburized and hardened. The test results clearly show that the first group of bearings operate for an extremely long period of time without suffering from surface-starting peelings or peelings starting from inside. Peelings starting from inside were the main cause of shortening of the L10 life of the second group of bearings. 
       FIG. 8  shows a compressor for a vehicle air-conditioner including a spindle  11  supported by a support structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention. A swash plate  12  is fixed to the spindle  11 . When the spindle  11  rotates, the swash plate  12  reciprocates pistons  14  as compression elements through shoes  13  that are slidable on the swash plate  12 . The spindle  11 , which is rotated at high speed in a housing  15  in which is present a refrigerant, is supported by two shell type needle roller bearings A according to the invention for bearing radial loads, and thrust needle roller bearings  16  for bearing thrust loads. 
     The housing  15  is formed with a plurality of cylinder bores  17  arranged circumferentially at equal intervals. Each piston  14  has heads at both ends. Each head is adapted to be slide in one of the bores  17  when the piston  14  is reciprocated. The pistons  14  have recesses  14   a  that surround the radially outer end of the swash plate  12 . The shoes  13  are spherical elements that are seated in spherical seats  18  formed in the axially opposed walls of the recesses  14   a . But the shoes  13  may be semispherical members instead. They serve to smoothly convert the rotary motion of the swash plate  12  to reciprocating motion of the pistons  14 . 
       FIG. 9  shows a compressor for a vehicle air-conditioner including a spindle  21  supported by a support structure according to a second embodiment of the present invention. A coupling member  22  is coupled to the spindle  21 . The coupling member  22  has an inclined surface  22  on which is supported a ball  23  and a swash plate  25 , the latter being supported through a thrust needle roller bearing  24 . When the spindle  21  is rotated, the swash plate  25  swings back and forth, thereby reciprocating single-headed pistons  27  through piston rods  26 . The spindle  21 , which is mounted in a housing  28 , is supported by a shell type needle roller bearing A according to the invention for bearing radial loads, and a thrust needle roller bearing  29  for bearing thrust loads. 
       FIG. 10  shows a variable-capacity compressor for a vehicle air-conditioner including a spindle  31  supported by a support structure according to a third embodiment of the present invention. A coupling member  32  is coupled to the spindle  31  such that its inclination angle is adjustable by axially sliding a sleeve  33  fitted on the spindle  31 . Otherwise, this embodiment is substantially identical to the second embodiment. That is, the swing motion of a swash plate  35  supported on a thrust needle roller bearing  34  is converted to reciprocating motion of single-headed pistons  37  through piston rods  36 . The spindle  31 , which is mounted in a housing  38 , is supported by two shell type needle roller bearings A according to the invention for bearing radial loads, and a thrust needle roller bearing  39  for bearing thrust loads. 
       FIG. 8  shows a piston pump  41  in a vehicle anti-lock brake system (ABS) including a support structure embodying the invention for supporting a driver for driving the piston pump. The driver in the embodiment is an electric motor  42 . The output shaft of the motor  42 , which is an armature shaft  44  of an armature  43 , is mounted in a recess  45   a  formed in a pump housing  45  to extend perpendicular to the piston pump  41  through a pair of ball bearings  46 . The piston pump  41  has its piston  47  in abutment with and supported by a shell type needle roller bearing A according to the invention which is fitted on an eccentric portion  44   a  of the shaft  44 . Thus, when the motor  42  is activated, the piston  47  is reciprocated by the shaft  44  through the shell type needle roller bearing A. The pump  41  thus sucks brake fluid through an inlet port  48  formed in the pump housing  45  and discharges it through an outlet port  49 . While not shown, the inlet port  48  communicates with a reservoir tank, while the outlet port  49  communicates with a master cylinder. 
     In the embodiment, the blank is formed into a cup in the one-time drawing step. But the blank may be formed into a cup by drawing the blank twice or three times, and in the final drawing step, the blank may be ironed. The shell type needle roller bearing may not include a retainer so that the needle rollers abut each other.