Patent Publication Number: US-2004056539-A1

Title: Electric motor having armature coated with a thermally conductive plastic

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
     [0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/756,959, filed Jan. 9, 2001, and presently pending. 
    
    
     
       TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0002] This invention relates to electric motors, and more particularly to an electric motor having an armature which is at least structurally encased within a thermally conductive plastic, and wherein a fan is integrally formed from a portion of the thermally conductive plastic at one end of the armature.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003] Electric, motors are used in a wide variety of applications involving power tools such as drills, saws, sanding and grinding devices, yard tools such as edgers and trimmers, just to name a few such tools. These devices all make use of electric motors having an armature and a stator. The armature is typically formed from a lamination stack around which a plurality of windings of magnet wires are wound. The magnet wires are coupled at their ends to tangs on a commutator disposed on an armature shaft extending coaxially through the lamination stack. The ends of the magnet wires are secured to the commutator.  
       [0004] In the manufacturing process for the armature described above, once the magnet wires have been secured to the commutator, a “trickle” resin is applied over the magnet wires and over the ends of the magnet wires where they attach to tangs associated with the commutator. The process of applying the trickle resin is a somewhat difficult process to manage to obtain consistent results. It also has a number of drawbacks, not the least of which is the cost and difficulty of performing it with reliable, consistent results.  
       [0005] Initially, the trickle process requires the use of a relatively large and expensive oven to carefully preheat the partially assembled armatures to relatively precise temperatures before the trickle resin can be applied. The temperature of the trickle resin also needs to be carefully controlled to achieve satisfactory flow of the resin through the slots in the lamination stack of the armature. It has proven to be extremely difficult to achieve consistent, complete flow of the trickle resin through the slots in the lamination stack. As such, it is difficult to achieve good flow inbetween the magnet wires with the trickle resin to satisfactorily insulate the magnet wires from one another and hold them stationary relative to each other. A cooling period must then be allowed during which air is typically forced over the armatures to cool them before the next manufacturing step is taken. Further complicating the manufacturing process is that the trickle resin typically has a short shelf life, and therefore must be used within a relatively short period of time.  
       [0006] With present day manufacturing techniques, an additional or secondary coating of a higher viscosity trickle resin is often required to protect the armature (and specifically the magnet wires) from abrasive metal particles that are drawn in and over the armature by the armature&#39;s fan when the armature is used in connection with various grinders and sanders. This serves to further increase the manufacturing cost and complexity of the armature.  
       [0007] Still another drawback with the trickle process is the relatively high number of armatures which are often rejected because of problems encountered during the process of applying the trickle resin to an otherwise properly constructed armature. Such problems can include contamination of the commutator of the armature by the trickle resin during the application process, as well as uneven flow of the trickle resin if the pump supplying the resin becomes momentarily clogged. Accordingly, the difficulty in controlling the trickle resin application process produces a relatively large scrap rate which further adds to the manufacturing cost of electric motors.  
       [0008] Still another disadvantage with present day electric motors is that the fan which is typically attached at one end of the armature is a separately formed component which must be glued or otherwise secured to the armature in a separate manufacturing step. This fan also is typically the first component to fail if the motor is stressed. This occurs when the fan simply melts due to overheating of the motor. The use of a separately formed component also takes up additional space on the armature which increases the overall size of the armature.  
       [0009] In view of the foregoing, it would be highly desirable to eliminate the steps of applying the trickle resin and securing a separately formed fan to an armature. More specifically, it would be highly desirable if these two steps could be replaced by a single step which achieves the object of more thoroughly coating the magnet wires of the armature with a thermally conductive material, in addition to forming an integrally formed fan, all with a single manufacturing step.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010] The present invention is directed to an armature for an electric motor which includes a thermally conductive coating applied over the magnet wires wound around the lamination stack thereof, to thereby form an excellent means for dissipating heat and holding the magnet wires stationary as well as holding the ends of the magnet wires secured to tangs on the commutator. It is also a principal object of the present invention to provide a fan which is integrally molded at one end of the armature from the thermally conductive plastic in a single manufacturing step. The integrally molded fan better resists the extreme temperatures that may be encountered if the motor is stressed during use.  
       [0011] In one preferred embodiment the thermally conductive plastic is applied by a well known injection molding process. As such, the need for a trickle oven and the difficult to manage application of the trickle resin is completely eliminated.  
       [0012] The integrally formed fan is formed when the armature is placed into a suitable molding tool during the injection molding process. The resulting injection molded fan is much more resistant to high temperatures that may be encountered during use of the armature with which it is associated, and further requires less space than previously formed, independent fan components. The smaller fan allows the overall dimensions of the armature to be reduced thereby allowing a smaller motor to be formed for a given ampere rating. Forming the fan integrally with the thermally conductive plastic which coats the magnet wires also eliminates the need to insert portions of the fan into the slots in the lamination stack. This allows more room within the slots in the lamination stack for the magnet wires which allows the power rating of the motor to be increased beyond what would normally be attainable with a conventionally attached and independently formed fan component.  
       [0013] In a preferred embodiment the thermally conductive plastic is intermixed, prior to applying it to the armature, with a suitable compound such that the plastic has essentially the same density as the magnet wires. Thus, when each armature slot is filled with the thermally conductive plastic during the molding step, the weight of material (i.e., both magnet wires and plastic) in each armature slot will be essentially the same. This provides the significant benefit that the armature does not have to be balanced prior to being assembled to form a motor. Eliminating the balancing step represents a significant manufacturing savings because no armature balancing equipment needs to be provided in the assembly area. The manual labor associated with setting up each armature to be balanced on the balancing equipment is also eliminated.  
       [0014] The armature of the present invention thus significantly reduces the complexity and cost of the manufacturing process by completely eliminating the steps involving the application of trickle resin and the attachment of a separately formed fan component, which are two of the most expensive and cumbersome manufacturing steps performed with present day electric motors. The requirement of balancing the armature prior to assembling it into a motor is also eliminated by mixing the plastic with a compound that provides essentially the same density as the magnet wires.  
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0015] The various advantages of the present invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art by reading the following specification and subjoined claims and by referencing the following drawings in which:  
     [0016]FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a prior art armature which incorporates the conventional trickle resin coating and separately manufactured fan secured by adhesives to the armature; and  
     [0017]FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of an armature in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
     [0018] Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a prior art armature  10  made in accordance with a conventional manufacturing process incorporating the trickle resin application steps described hereinbefore. The armature  10  incorporates a lamination stack  12  having a plurality of longitudinal slots  14  disposed circumferentially therearound. Wound within the slots  14  is a large plurality of magnet wires  16  forming coils. An armature shaft  18  extends coaxially through the lamination stack  12  and includes a commutator  20 . An independently formed plastic fan  22  is secured, typically by adhesives, to the lamination stack  14 . The fan  22  typically includes a plurality of legs  24  which project into the slots  14 , thus taking up space which would more preferably be occupied by the magnet wires  16 . Trickle resin  26  is applied over the magnet wires  16 , in the slots  14 , and also at the tangs  25  where the ends of the magnet wires  16   a  attach to the commutator  20 .  
     [0019] Referring now to FIG. 2, a motor  100  in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. The motor  100  includes an armature  102  and a stator  104 , the stator being illustrated in highly simplified fashion. The armature  102  incorporates a lamination stack  106  having a plurality of longitudinal slots  108  arranged circumferentially therearound. A plurality of magnet wires  110  are wound in the slots  108  to form a plurality of coil windings. An armature shaft  112  extends coaxially through the lamination stack  106  and has disposed on one end thereof a commutator  114 . A thermally conductive plastic coating  116  is injection molded over the armature  102  so that the plastic flows into and through each of the slots  108 . The thermally conductive plastic coating  116  is applied by placing the armature  102  in a suitable injection molding tool and then injecting the thermally conductive plastic  116  under a suitably high pressure into the molding tool. The thermally conductive plastic  116  preferably at least partially encases the magnet wires  110 , and more preferably completely encases the magnet wires to form an excellent means for transferring heat therefrom. The plastic  116  also encases the ends  118  of the magnet wires  110  which are secured to tangs  120  operably associated with the commutator  114 .  
     [0020] A principal advantage of the present invention is that a fan  122  is also integrally formed during the molding of the thermally conductive plastic  116  at one end of the lamination stack  106 . Forming the fan  122  as an integral portion of the thermally conductive plastic  116  serves to completely eliminate the manufacturing steps in which a trickle resin is applied to the lamination stack  106  and then a separately formed fan is adhered to the lamination stack  106 .  
     [0021] The molding of the thermally conductive plastic  116  to substantially or completely encase the magnet wires  110  serves to efficiently conduct heat away from the magnet wires and also to more evenly fill the gaps inbetween the magnet wires where they extend in the slots  108 . Thus, the thermally conductive plastic  116  even more efficiently serves to secure the magnet wires  110  to the lamination stack  106  to prevent movement of the wires, as well as to secure the magnet wires to the tangs  120  and to improve the conduction of heat from the wires.  
     [0022] The molding of the fan  122  as an integral portion of the thermally conductive plastic coating  116  also provides a significant manufacturing benefit by removing the cost associated with separately forming such a fan component and then securing the component via an adhesive to the lamination stack  106 . This allows the fan  122  to be constructed even more compactly against the lamination stack  106  which allows a motor to be constructed which requires less space than previously developed motors employing independently formed fans.  
     [0023] In the preferred embodiment the thermally conductive plastic coating  116  comprises Konduit® thermoplastic commercially available from LNP Engineering Plastics of Exton, Pa. However, it will be appreciated that any material which could be injection molded and which is thermally conductive could be used.  
     [0024] Another advantage of having the fan  122  molded from the thermally conductive plastic is that the fan will be even more resistant to high temperatures which might be encountered during use which stresses the motor  100 . With previously developed motors, the fan mounted to the armature thereof is often the first component to fail because of high temperatures encountered during periods of high stress of the motor. The armature  100  of the present invention, with its integrally molded fan  122 , is significantly more resistant to failure due to high temperatures.  
     [0025] The injection molding of a thermally conductive plastic also more efficiently fills the spaces and voids inbetween the magnet wires  110  extending through the lamination stack slots  108 , thus promoting even more efficient cooling of the armature  102  during use. The increase in heat transfer is expected to allow even larger gauge magnet wires  110  to be employed on a given size armature, thus increasing the amp rating which can be attained with a motor of given dimensions over a comparably sized motor employing trickle resin sealing of the magnet wires.  
     [0026] With the armature  100 , the thermally conductive plastic  116  may comprise a high temperature nylon or thermoset plastic which is further mixed with a suitable non-ferromagnetic material such as ceramic, aluminum or copper, to provide essentially the same density as that of the magnet wires  110 . Thus, when each of the lamination stack slots  108  are completely filled with the plastic  116  and the magnet wires  110 , the weight of the material filling each slot  108  is essentially the same. Since the weight of the material filling each slot  108  is essentially the same, the need to balance the armature on a balancing machine, after the molding step, is eliminated. Eliminating the balancing step represents a substantial cost savings because, no longer is the use of a balancing machine required, as well as the manual labor of setting each of the armatures up on the balancing machine. Instead, once the armatures have cooled after the injection molding process, the armatures can proceed to the assembly stage where they are assembled with other components to form motors. LNP Plastics Engineering is a source of specifically formulated plastics.  
     [0027] Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings of the present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this invention has been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification and following claims.