Patent Publication Number: US-2018037841-A1

Title: Lubricating engine oil for improved wear protection and fuel efficiency

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/370,371 filed Aug. 3, 2016, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to improving wear protection, while maintaining or improving fuel economy, in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by including a low viscosity carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant in the lubricating oil. This disclosure also relates to improving to fuel efficiency, while maintaining or improving wear protection, in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by including a low viscosity carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant in the lubricating oil. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Improved energy efficiency and fuel economy are of ever-increasing importance in many industries, including the automotive and commercial freight industries. Automotive OEMs are demanding lower viscosity lubricants to provide additional fuel efficiency and help bridge the gap between current technology and the levels of fuel economy demanded by new government regulation. Typically, this trend towards lower viscosity raises concerns with customers who are concerned about the durability of their equipment and demand superior wear protection. 
     In particular fuel efficiency requirements for passenger vehicles are becoming increasingly more stringent. New legislation in the United States and European Union within the past few years has set fuel economy and emissions targets not readily achievable with today&#39;s vehicle and lubricant technology. 
     To address these increasing standards, automotive original equipment manufacturers are demanding better fuel economy as a lubricant-related performance characteristic, while maintaining wear protection requirements. Lubricating oil formulations typically strike a balance between the need for wear protection and the desire for fuel efficiency because the viscosity of the final fluid has a strong impact on both characteristics, but in opposite directions. The higher a lubricating oil&#39;s viscosity, the thicker the lubricating film entrained between metal-to-metal contacts will be, increasing wear protection. However, a higher viscosity lubricating oil will possess more internal fluid traction, which reduces fuel efficiency. 
     High molecular weight additives used in lubricating oils, such as dispersants, can greatly increase the kinematic viscosity and high-temperature high-shear viscosity of a lubricating oil formulation. Dispersants are necessary components that allow engine lubricants to achieve required dispersancy performance of soot, water, and other contaminants at treat levels up to 10 wt % of the formulation. Consequently, the addition of a dispersant typically has a significant impact on the viscosity of the lubricating oil. 
     Heavy-duty engine oils, such as 5W-30 SAE grade lubricating oils, utilize “standard” PIBSA-PAM (polyisobutylene succinic anhydride-polyamine) dispersants and lower base oil viscosity than the disclosed invention. 
     Despite the advances in lubricant oil formulation technology, there exists a need for an engine oil lubricant that effectively improves wear protection, while maintaining or improving fuel efficiency. 
     SUMMARY 
     This disclosure relates in part to a method for improving engine wear protection, while maintaining or improving fuel efficiency, in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by providing to the engine a lubricating oil including a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, as a minor component in the lubricating oil, wherein the lubricating oil has a base oil viscosity at 100 deg. C. ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 cSt, and wherein the lubricating oil has a cold crank simulator viscosity at −30 deg. C. of less than 8500 mPa·s. The lubricating oils of this disclosure are useful in internal combustion engines including direct injection, gasoline and diesel engines. 
     This disclosure also relates in part to a method for improving fuel efficiency, while maintaining or improving engine wear protection, in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by providing to the engine a lubricating oil including a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, as a minor component in the lubricating oil, wherein the lubricating oil has a base oil viscosity at 100 deg. C. ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 cSt, and wherein the lubricating oil has a cold crank simulator viscosity at −30 deg. C. of less than 8500 mPa·s. 
     This disclosure further relates in part to a multi-grade lubricating engine oil having a composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, as a minor component, wherein the multi-grade lubricating engine oil has a base oil viscosity at 100 deg. C. ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 cSt, and wherein the multi-grade lubricating engine oil has a cold crank simulator viscosity at −30 deg. C. of less than 8500 mPa·s. The carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality includes a polymer backbone comprising grafted ethylene-propylene (EP) copolymers, or grafted terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and non-conjugated diene, or a combination of grafted EP copolymers and grafted EP non-conjugated diene terpolymers. The carboxylic acid functionality is grafted either onto the polymer backbone, within the polymer backbone or as a terminal group on the polymer backbone. The amine group has at least 3 aromatic groups and may be selected from the group consisting of bis[p-(p-aminoanilino)phenyl]-methane, 2-(7-amino-acridin-2-ylmethyl)-N-4-{4-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-benzyl]-phenyl}-benzene-1,4-diamine, N 4 -{4-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-benzyl]-phenyl}-2-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-cyclohexa-1,5-dienylmethyl]-benzene-1,4-diamine, N-[4-(7-amino-acridin-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-benzene-1,4-diamine, and combinations thereof. Fuel efficiency and wear protection are improved or maintained as compared to fuel efficiency and wear protection achieved using a lubricating engine oil containing a dispersant as a minor component other than the carboxylic functionalized polymer. 
     This disclosure further relates to a method of method of making a lubricating engine oil including the steps of: providing a lubricating oil base stock having a base oil viscosity at 100 deg. C. ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 cSt, and a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, and blending from 50 to 99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the oil, of the lubricating oil base stock with from 1 to 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the oil, of the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality to form the lubricating engine oil, wherein the lubricating engine oil has a cold crank simulator viscosity at −30 deg. C. of less than 8500 mPa·s. 
     It has been surprisingly found that, in accordance with this disclosure, improvements in engine wear protection while maintaining or improving fuel economy are obtained in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil, by including a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality as a minor component in the lubricating oil. It has also been surprisingly found that, in accordance with this disclosure, improvements in engine fuel efficiency while maintaining or improving engine wear protection are obtained in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil, by including a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality as a minor component in the lubricating oil. 
     Other objects and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description that follows. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an inventive formulation embodiment of this disclosure, in particular, individual contributions of components and viscometric properties to three baseline formulations (comparative examples) used in the Examples. Formulation details are shown in weight percent based on the total weight percent of the formulation, of various formulations. 
         FIG. 2  shows another inventive formulation embodiment of this disclosure, in particular, individual contributions of components and viscometric properties to another baseline formulation (comparative example) used in the Examples. Formulation details are shown in weight percent based on the total weight percent of the formulation, of various formulations. 
         FIG. 3  graphically depicts ultrashear viscosities of inventive lubricating oil formulation E and comparative lubricating oil formulation F. 
         FIG. 4  shows two inventive formulations of this disclosure, and in particular, individual contributions of components and viscometric properties to one comparative formulation used in the Examples for a 2.6 cSt HTHS viscosity formulation with a Group III basestock. 
         FIG. 5  shows two more inventive formulations of this disclosure, and in particular, individual contributions of components and viscometric properties to another comparative formulation used in the Examples for a 2.9 cSt HTHS viscosity formulation with a Group III basestock. 
         FIG. 6  shows two more inventive formulations of this disclosure, and in particular, individual contributions of components and viscometric properties to another comparative formulation used in the Examples for a 3.2 cSt HTHS viscosity formulation with a Group III basestock. 
         FIG. 7  shows two inventive formulations of this disclosure, and in particular, individual contributions of components and viscometric properties to one comparative formulation used in the Examples for a 2.6 cSt HTHS viscosity formulation with a Group II basestock. 
         FIG. 8  shows two more inventive formulations of this disclosure, and in particular, individual contributions of components and viscometric properties to another comparative formulation used in the Examples for a 2.9 cSt HTHS viscosity formulation with a Group II basestock. 
         FIG. 9  shows two more inventive formulations of this disclosure, and in particular, individual contributions of components and viscometric properties to another comparative formulation used in the Examples for a 3.2 cSt HTHS viscosity formulation with a Group II basestock. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     All numerical values within the detailed description and the claims herein are modified by “about” or “approximately” the indicated value, and take into account experimental error and variations that would be expected by a person having ordinary skill in the art. 
     It has now been found that improved engine wear protection can be achieved by using in a lubricating oil as a minor component a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality that results in a significantly higher lubricating oil viscosity while maintaining fuel efficiency compared to a lubricating oil including a conventional dispersant. In particular, at an equivalent fuel efficiency as measured by HTHS (ASTM D4683) viscosity, the high shear viscosity of a lubricating oil including as a minor component a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality is increased by at least 2%, or at least 4%, or at least 6%, or at least 8% or at least 10% compared to a comparable lubricating oil including a conventional dispersant as opposed to the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant. These increases in high shear viscosity for the lubricating oils including a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality translates directly into equivalent increases in engine wear protection of least 2%, or at least 4%, or at least 6%, or at least 8% or at least 10%. These carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersants with aromatic amine functionality are also referred to herein as low viscosity dispersants. These low viscosity dispersants are distinct from prior art non-low viscosity dispersants, which are referred to below. 
     It has also been found that fuel efficiency, as measured by HTHS, can be delivered with improved engine protection by an oil containing as a minor component a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality is increased by at least 4%, or at least 6%, or at least 10%, or at least 17%. It has been shown that HFRR can be related to wear protection of the engine. It has also been found that the HFRR wear scar can be reduced for lubricating oils including a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality by at least 2%, or at least 4%, or at least 6%, or at least 8%, or at least 10% compared to similar lubricating oils using a conventional dispersant(s). The HFRR wear scar depth in microns of inventive lubricating oils including the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality may be less than or equal to 205, or less than or equal to 202, or less than or equal to 200, or less than or equal to 195, or less than or equal to 190, or less than or equal to 185, or less than or equal to 180, or less than or equal to 175, or less than or equal to 170. or less than or equal to 165, or less than or equal to 160, or less than or equal to 155. 
     It has now also been found that improved engine wear protection can be achieved by using in a lubricating oil as a minor component a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality that results in a significantly higher lubricating oil viscosity while maintaining fuel efficiency compared to a lubricating oil including a conventional dispersant. In particular, at an equivalent fuel efficiency as measured by HTHS (ASTM D4683) viscosity, the high shear viscosity of a lubricating oil including as a minor component a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality is increased by at least 2%, or at least 4%, or at least 6%, or at least 8% or at least 10% compared to a comparable lubricating oil including a conventional dispersant as opposed to the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant. These increases in high shear viscosity for the lubricating oils including a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality translates directly into equivalent increases in engine wear protection of least 2%, or at least 4%, or at least 6%, or at least 8% or at least 10%. These carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersants with aromatic amine functionality are also referred to herein as low viscosity dispersants. These low viscosity dispersants are distinct from prior art non-low viscosity dispersants, which are referred to below. 
     It has also been found that improved fuel efficiency can be achieved by using in a lubricating oil as a minor component a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality while maintaining wear protection compared to a lubricating oil including a conventional dispersant. In particular, at an equivalent engine wear protection level as measured by high shear viscosity, the HTHS viscosity of the lubricating oil is decreased by at least 2%, or at least 4%, or at least 6%, or at least 8% or at least 10% compared to a comparable lubricating oil including a conventional dispersant as opposed to the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant. These decreases in HTHS viscosity translate directly and equivalently into increases in fuel efficiency of at least 2%, or at least 4%, or at least 6%, or at least 8% or at least 10%. 
     The formulated oil preferably comprises a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, as a minor component. The lubricating oils of this disclosure are particularly advantageous as heavy duty diesel engine oil (HDEO) products. 
     The formulated oils of the instant disclosure are particularly suited for API multi-grade lubricating oils, and in particular heavy-duty engine oils, such as SAE 5W-30 grade oil. In these multi-grade oils of the instant disclosure, the low viscosity carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant allows for a higher base oil viscosity than in conventional multi-grade lubricating oils, which provides for improved wear protection of the engine. In particular, the base oil viscosity (as defined in the Examples section) at 100 deg. C. of the multi-grade lubricating oils of the instant disclosure may range from 4.5 to 7.5 cSt, or from 5.0 to 7.0 cSt, or from 5.5 to 6.5 cSt, or from 5.8 to 6.2 cSt. The multi-grade formulated oils including the low viscosity carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant of the instant disclosure may have a cold crank simulator viscosity at −30 deg. C. (ASTM D5293) of less than 8500 mPa·s, or less than 8000 mPa·s, or less than 7500 mPa·s, or less than 7000 mPa·s, or less than 6600 mPa·s. In contrast, conventional lubricating oils of the same viscosity grade, which include PIBSA-PAM (polyisobutylene succinic anhydride-polyamine) dispersants, have a lower base oil viscosity at 100 deg. C. and more particularly a base oil viscosity of less than 5.5 cSt, or even more particularly a base oil viscosity of less than 5.0 cSt, which yields significantly worse wear protection of the engine. 
     The lubricating oils of this disclosure provide excellent engine protection including friction reduction and anti-wear performance. The lubricating oils of this disclosure provide improved fuel efficiency. A lower HTHS viscosity engine oil generally provides superior fuel economy to a higher HTHS viscosity product. This benefit may be demonstrated for the lubricating oils of this disclosure in track testing, such as SAE J1321 fuel consumption testing. 
     The lubricating engine oils of this disclosure have a composition sufficient to pass wear protection requirements of one or more engine tests selected from Cummins ISM, Cummins ISB, and others. 
     Lubricating Oil Base Stocks 
     A wide range of lubricating base oils is known in the art. Lubricating base oils that are useful in the present disclosure are both natural oils, and synthetic oils, and unconventional oils (or mixtures thereof) can be used unrefined, refined, or rerefined (the latter is also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oil). Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and used without added purification. These include shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process. Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefined oils except refined oils are subjected to one or more purification steps to improve at least one lubricating oil property. One skilled in the art is familiar with many purification processes. These processes include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, base extraction, filtration, and percolation. Rerefined oils are obtained by processes analogous to refined oils but using an oil that has been previously used as a feed stock. 
     Groups I, II, III, IV and V are broad base oil stock categories developed and defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API Publication 1509; www.API.org) to create guidelines for lubricant base oils. Group I base stocks have a viscosity index of between 80 to 120 and contain greater than 0.03% sulfur and/or less than 90% saturates. Group II base stocks have a viscosity index of between 80 to 120, and contain less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and greater than or equal to 90% saturates. Group III stocks have a viscosity index greater than 120 and contain less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and greater than 90% saturates. Group IV includes polyalphaolefins (PAO). Group V base stock includes base stocks not included in Groups I-IV. The table below summarizes properties of each of these five groups. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Base Oil Properties 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Saturates 
                 Sulfur 
                 Viscosity Index 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Group I 
                  &lt;90 and/or 
                  &gt;0.03% and 
                 ≧80 and &lt;120 
               
               
                   
                 Group II 
                 ≧90 and 
                 ≦0.03% and 
                 ≧80 and &lt;120 
               
               
                   
                 Group III 
                 ≧90 and 
                 ≦0.03% and 
                 ≧120 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Group IV 
                 polyalphaolefins (PAO) 
               
               
                   
                 Group V 
                 All other base oil stocks 
               
               
                   
                   
                 not included in Groups I, II, III or IV 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (castor oil and lard oil, for example), and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oils possessing favorable thermal oxidative stability can be used. Of the natural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary widely as to their crude source, for example, as to whether they are paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful. Natural oils vary also as to the method used for their production and purification, for example, their distillation range and whether they are straight run or cracked, hydrorefined, or solvent extracted. 
     Group II and/or Group III hydroprocessed or hydrocracked basestocks, including synthetic oils such as polyalphaolefins, alkyl aromatics and synthetic esters are also well known basestock oils. 
     Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oil. Hydrocarbon oils include oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers, for example). Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oil. By way of example, PAOs derived from C 8 , C 10 , C 12 , C 14  olefins or mixtures thereof may be utilized. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,956,122; 4,827,064; and 4,827,073. 
     The number average molecular weights of the PAOs, which are known materials and generally available on a major commercial scale from suppliers such as ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, BP, and others, typically vary from 250 to 3,000, although PAO&#39;s may be made in viscosities up to 100 cSt (100° C.). The PAOs are typically comprised of relatively low molecular weight hydrogenated polymers or oligomers of alphaolefins which include, but are not limited to, C 2  to C 32  alphaolefins with the C 8  to C 16  alphaolefins, such as 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene and the like, being preferred. The preferred polyalphaolefins are poly-1-octene, poly-1-decene and poly-1-dodecene and mixtures thereof and mixed olefin-derived polyolefins. However, the dimers of higher olefins in the range of C 14  to C 18  may be used to provide low viscosity base stocks of acceptably low volatility. Depending on the viscosity grade and the starting oligomer, the PAOs may be predominantly trimers and tetramers of the starting olefins, with minor amounts of the higher oligomers, having a viscosity range of 1.5 to 12 cSt. PAO fluids of particular use may include 3.0 cSt, 3.4 cSt, and/or 3.6 cSt and combinations thereof. Mixtures of PAO fluids having a viscosity range of 1.5 to approximately 100 cSt or more may be used if desired. 
     The PAO fluids may be conveniently made by the polymerization of an alphaolefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride with water, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acids or esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate. For example the methods disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,178 or 3,382,291 may be conveniently used herein. Other descriptions of PAO synthesis are found in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,742,082; 3,769,363; 3,876,720; 4,239,930; 4,367,352; 4,413,156; 4,434,408; 4,910,355; 4,956,122; and 5,068,487. The dimers of the C 14  to C 18  olefins are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,330. 
     Other useful lubricant oil base stocks include wax isomerate base stocks and base oils, comprising hydroisomerized waxy stocks (e.g. waxy stocks such as gas oils, slack waxes, fuels hydrocracker bottoms, etc.), hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch waxes, Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base stocks and base oils, and other wax isomerate hydroisomerized base stocks and base oils, or mixtures thereof Fischer-Tropsch waxes, the high boiling point residues of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, are highly paraffinic hydrocarbons with very low sulfur content. The hydroprocessing used for the production of such base stocks may use an amorphous hydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst, such as one of the specialized lube hydrocracking (LHDC) catalysts or a crystalline hydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst, preferably a zeolitic catalyst. For example, one useful catalyst is ZSM-48 as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,269, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Processes for making hydrocracked/hydroisomerized distillates and hydrocracked/hydroisomerized waxes are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,817,693; 4,975,177; 4,921,594 and 4,897,178 as well as in British Patent Nos. 1,429,494; 1,350,257; 1,440,230 and 1,390,359. Each of the aforementioned patents is incorporated herein in their entirety. Particularly favorable processes are described in European Patent Application Nos. 464546 and 464547, also incorporated herein by reference. Processes using Fischer-Tropsch wax feeds are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,594,172 and 4,943,672, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils, and other wax-derived hydroisomerized (wax isomerate) base oils be advantageously used in the instant disclosure, and may have useful kinematic viscosities at 100° C. of 3 cSt to 50 cSt, preferably 3 cSt to 30 cSt, more preferably 3.5 cSt to 25 cSt, as exemplified by GTL 4 with kinematic viscosity of 4.0 cSt at 100° C. and a viscosity index of 141. These Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils, and other wax-derived hydroisomerized base oils may have useful pour points of −20° C. or lower, and under some conditions may have advantageous pour points of −25° C. or lower, with useful pour points of −30° C. to −40° C. or lower. Useful compositions of Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils, and wax-derived hydroisomerized base oils are recited in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,301; 6,090,989, and 6,165,949 for example, and are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
     The hydrocarbyl aromatics can be used as base oil or base oil component and can be any hydrocarbyl molecule that contains at least 5% of its weight derived from an aromatic moiety such as a benzenoid moiety or naphthenoid moiety, or their derivatives. These hydrocarbyl aromatics include alkyl benzenes, alkyl naphthalenes, alkyl diphenyl oxides, alkyl naphthols, alkyl diphenyl sulfides, alkylated bis-phenol A, alkylated thiodiphenol, and the like. The aromatic can be mono-alkylated, dialkylated, polyalkylated, and the like. The aromatic can be mono- or poly-functionalized. The hydrocarbyl groups can also be comprised of mixtures of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl, cycloalkyl groups, cycloalkenyl groups and other related hydrocarbyl groups. The hydrocarbyl groups can range from C 6  up to C 60  with a range of C 8  to C 20  often being preferred. A mixture of hydrocarbyl groups is often preferred, and up to three such substituents may be present. The hydrocarbyl group can optionally contain sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen containing substituents. The aromatic group can also be derived from natural (petroleum) sources, provided at least 5% of the molecule is comprised of an above-type aromatic moiety. Viscosities at 100° C. of approximately 3 cSt to 50 cSt are preferred, with viscosities of approximately 3.4 cSt to 20 cSt often being more preferred for the hydrocarbyl aromatic component. In one embodiment, an alkyl naphthalene where the alkyl group is primarily comprised of 1-hexadecene is used. Other alkylates of aromatics can be advantageously used. Naphthalene or methyl naphthalene, for example, can be alkylated with olefins such as octene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene or higher, mixtures of similar olefins, and the like. Useful concentrations of hydrocarbyl aromatic in a lubricant oil composition can be 2% to 25%, preferably 4% to 20%, and more preferably 4% to 15%, depending on the application. 
     Alkylated aromatics such as the hydrocarbyl aromatics of the present disclosure may be produced by well-known Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds. See Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Olah, G. A. (ed.), Inter-science Publishers, New York, 1963. For example, an aromatic compound, such as benzene or naphthalene, is alkylated by an olefin, alkyl halide or alcohol in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst. See Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Vol. 2, part 1, chapters 14, 17, and 18, See Olah, G. A. (ed.), Inter-science Publishers, New York, 1964. Many homogeneous or heterogeneous, solid catalysts are known to one skilled in the art. The choice of catalyst depends on the reactivity of the starting materials and product quality requirements. For example, strong acids such as AlCl 3 , BF 3 , or HF may be used. In some cases, milder catalysts such as FeCl 3  or SnCl 4  are preferred. Newer alkylation technology uses zeolites or solid super acids. 
     Esters comprise a useful base stock. Additive solvency and seal compatibility characteristics may be secured by the use of esters such as the esters of dibasic acids with monoalkanols and the polyol esters of monocarboxylic acids. Esters of the former type include, for example, the esters of dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc., with a variety of alcohols such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, etc. Specific examples of these types of esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, etc. 
     Particularly useful synthetic esters are those which are obtained by reacting one or more polyhydric alcohols, preferably the hindered polyols (such as the neopentyl polyols, e.g., neopentyl glycol, trimethylol ethane, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol) with alkanoic acids containing at least 4 carbon atoms, preferably C 5  to C 30  acids such as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding branched chain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, or mixtures of any of these materials. 
     Suitable synthetic ester components include the esters of trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, trimethylol ethane, pentaerythritol and/or dipentaerythritol with one or more monocarboxylic acids containing from 5 to 10 carbon atoms. These esters are widely available commercially, for example, the Mobil P-41 and P-51 esters of ExxonMobil Chemical Company. 
     Also useful are esters derived from renewable material such as coconut, palm, rapeseed, soy, sunflower and the like. These esters may be monoesters, di-esters, polyol esters, complex esters, or mixtures thereof. These esters are widely available commercially, for example, the Mobil P-51 ester of ExxonMobil Chemical Company. 
     Engine oil formulations containing renewable esters are included in this disclosure. For such formulations, the renewable content of the ester is typically greater than 70 weight percent, preferably more than 80 weight percent and most preferably more than 90 weight percent. 
     Other useful fluids of lubricating viscosity include non-conventional or unconventional base stocks that have been processed, preferably catalytically, or synthesized to provide high performance lubrication characteristics. 
     Non-conventional or unconventional base stocks/base oils include one or more of a mixture of base stock(s) derived from one or more Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) materials, as well as isomerate/isodewaxate base stock(s) derived from natural wax or waxy feeds, mineral and or non-mineral oil waxy feed stocks such as slack waxes, natural waxes, and waxy stocks such as gas oils, waxy fuels hydrocracker bottoms, waxy raffinate, hydrocrackate, thermal crackates, or other mineral, mineral oil, or even non-petroleum oil derived waxy materials such as waxy materials received from coal liquefaction or shale oil, and mixtures of such base stocks. 
     GTL materials are materials that are derived via one or more synthesis, combination, transformation, rearrangement, and/or degradation/deconstructive processes from gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stocks such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, propyne, butane, butylenes, and butynes. GTL base stocks and/or base oils are GTL materials of lubricating viscosity that are generally derived from hydrocarbons; for example, waxy synthesized hydrocarbons, that are themselves derived from simpler gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stocks. GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) include oils boiling in the lube oil boiling range (1) separated/fractionated from synthesized GTL materials such as, for example, by distillation and subsequently subjected to a final wax processing step which involves either or both of a catalytic dewaxing process, or a solvent dewaxing process, to produce lube oils of reduced/low pour point; (2) synthesized wax isomerates, comprising, for example, hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxed synthesized wax or waxy hydrocarbons; (3) hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxed Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) material (i.e., hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, waxes and possible analogous oxygenates); preferably hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat and/or solvent dewaxing dewaxed F-T waxy hydrocarbons, or hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat (or solvent) dewaxing dewaxed, F-T waxes, or mixtures thereof. 
     GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) derived from GTL materials, especially, hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat and/or solvent dewaxed wax or waxy feed, preferably F-T material derived base stock(s) and/or base oil(s), are characterized typically as having kinematic viscosities at 100° C. of from 2 mm 2 /s to 50 mm 2 /s (ASTM D445). They are further characterized typically as having pour points of −5° C. to −40° C. or lower (ASTM D97). They are also characterized typically as having viscosity indices of 80 to 140 or greater (ASTM D2270). 
     In addition, the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) are typically highly paraffinic (&gt;90% saturates), and may contain mixtures of monocycloparaffins and multicycloparaffins in combination with non-cyclic isoparaffins. The ratio of the naphthenic (i.e., cycloparaffin) content in such combinations varies with the catalyst and temperature used. Further, GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) typically have very low sulfur and nitrogen content, generally containing less than 10 ppm, and more typically less than 5 ppm of each of these elements. The sulfur and nitrogen content of GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) obtained from F-T material, especially F-T wax, is essentially nil. In addition, the absence of phosphorous and aromatics make this materially especially suitable for the formulation of low SAP products. 
     The term GTL base stock and/or base oil and/or wax isomerate base stock and/or base oil is to be understood as embracing individual fractions of such materials of wide viscosity range as recovered in the production process, mixtures of two or more of such fractions, as well as mixtures of one or two or more low viscosity fractions with one, two or more higher viscosity fractions to produce a blend wherein the blend exhibits a target kinematic viscosity. 
     The GTL material, from which the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) is/are derived is preferably a F-T material (i.e., hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, wax). 
     In addition, the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) are typically highly paraffinic (&gt;90% saturates), and may contain mixtures of monocycloparaffins and multicycloparaffins in combination with non-cyclic isoparaffins. The ratio of the naphthenic (i.e., cycloparaffin) content in such combinations varies with the catalyst and temperature used. Further, GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) and hydrodewaxed, or hydroisomerized/cat (and/or solvent) dewaxed base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) typically have very low sulfur and nitrogen content, generally containing less than 10 ppm, and more typically less than 5 ppm of each of these elements. The sulfur and nitrogen content of GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) obtained from F-T material, especially F-T wax, is essentially nil. In addition, the absence of phosphorous and aromatics make this material especially suitable for the formulation of low sulfur, sulfated ash, and phosphorus (low SAP) products. 
     Base oils for use in the formulated lubricating oils useful in the present disclosure are any of the variety of oils corresponding to API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, preferably API Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, more preferably the Group III to Group V base oils due to their exceptional volatility, stability, viscometric and cleanliness features. Minor quantities of Group I stock, such as the amount used to dilute additives for blending into formulated lube oil products, can be tolerated but should be kept to a minimum, i.e. amounts only associated with their use as diluent/carrier oil for additives used on an “as-received” basis. Even in regard to the Group II stocks, it is preferred that the Group II stock be in the higher quality range associated with that stock, i.e. a Group II stock having a viscosity index in the range 100&lt;VI&lt;120. 
     The base oil constitutes the major component of the engine oil lubricant composition of the present disclosure and typically is present in an amount ranging from 50 to 99 weight percent, preferably from 70 to 95 weight percent, and more preferably from 85 to 95 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. The base oil may be selected from any of the synthetic or natural oils typically used as crankcase lubricating oils for spark-ignited and compression-ignited engines. The base oil conveniently has a kinematic viscosity, according to ASTM standards, of 2.5 cSt to 12 cSt (or mm 2 /s) at 100° C. and preferably of 2.5 cSt to 9 cSt (or mm 2 /s) at 100° C. Mixtures of synthetic and natural base oils may be used if desired. Bi-modal mixtures of Group I, II, III, IV, and/or V base stocks may be used if desired. 
     Carboxylic Functionalized Polymer Dispersants (Low Viscosity Dispersants) 
     The carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant which is functionalized with an aromatic amine may be a carboxylic functionalized polymer. The carboxylic functionalized polymer backbone may be a copolymer or a terpolymer, provided that it contains at least one carboxylic acid functionality or a reactive equivalent of carboxylic acid functionality (e.g., anhydride or ester). The carboxylic functionalized polymer has a carboxylic acid functionality (or a reactive equivalent of carboxylic acid functionality) grafted onto the backbone, or alternatively within the polymer backbone, or alternatively as a terminal group on the polymer backbone. 
     The carboxylic functionalized polymer described herein may be grafted with grafted ethylene-propylene (EP) copolymers, terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and non-conjugated diene (such as dicyclopentadiene or butadiene), or combinations of EP copolymers and EP non-conjugated diene terpolymers. With regard to grafting of EP copolymers, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,632,769; 4,517,104; and 4,780,228 are incorporated by reference in their entirety. With regard to grafting of EP non-conjugated diene terpolymers, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,798,420 and 5,538,651 are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     The polymer backbone (other than a polyisobutylene) of the present disclosure may have a number average molecular weight (by gel permeation chromatography, polystyrene standard), which may be up to 150,000 or higher, e.g., 1,000 or 5,000 to 150,000 or to 120,000 or to 100,000. An example of a suitable number average molecular weight range includes 10,000 to 50,000, or 6,000 to 15,000, or 30,000 to 50,000. In one embodiment, the polymer backbone has a number average molecular weight of greater than 5,000, for instance, greater than 5000 to 150,000. Other combinations of the above-identified molecular weight limitations are also contemplated. 
     The carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant which is functionalized with an aromatic amine has a backbone which is functionalized with an amine group having at least 3 aromatic groups, or alternatively at least 4 aromatic groups. As used herein the phrase “an aromatic group” is used in the ordinary sense of the term and is known to be defined by Huckel theory of 4n+2π electrons per ring system. Accordingly, one aromatic group of the invention may have 6, or 10, or 14π electrons. Hence a benzene ring has 6π electrons, a naphthylene ring has 10π electrons and an acridine group has 14π electrons. 
     The amine having at least 3 aromatic groups, or at least may be reacted with the carboxylic functionalized polymer under known reaction conditions. The reaction conditions are known to a person skilled in the art for forming imides and/or amides of carboxylic functionalized polymers. 
     Non-limiting examples of suitable amines having at least 3 aromatic groups may be bis[p-(p-aminoanilino)phenyl]-methane, 2-(7-amino-acridin-2-ylmethyl)-N-4-{4-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-benzyl]-phenyl}-benzene-1,4-diamine, N 4 -{4-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-benzyl]-phenyl}-2-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-cyclohexa-1,5-dienylmethyl]-benzene-1,4-diamine, N-[4-(7-amino-acridin-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-benzene-1,4-diamine, or mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment the amine having at least 3 aromatic groups may be bis[p-(p-aminoanilino)phenyl]-methane, 2-(7-amino-acridin-2-ylmethyl)-N-4-{4-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-benzyl]-phenyl}-benzene-1,4-diamine or mixtures thereof. 
     The amine having at least 3 aromatic groups may be prepared by a process comprising reacting an aldehyde with an amine (typically 4-aminodiphenylamine). The resultant amine may be described as an alkylene coupled amine having at least 3 aromatic groups, at least one —NH2 functional group, and at least 2 secondary or tertiary amino groups. 
     The aldehyde may be aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic. The aliphatic aldehyde may be linear or branched. Examples of a suitable aromatic aldehyde include benzaldehyde or o-vanillin. Examples of an aliphatic aldehyde include formaldehyde (or a reactive equivalent thereof such as formalin or paraformaldehyde), ethanal or propanal. Typically the aldehyde may be formaldehyde or benzaldehyde. 
     The process may be carried out at a reaction temperature in the range of 40 degree C. to 180 degree C., or 50 degree C. to 170 degree C. The reaction may or may not be carried out in the presence of a solvent. Examples of suitable solvents include diluent oil, benzene, t-butyl benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, hexane, tetrahydrofuran, or mixtures thereof. The reaction may be performed in either air or an inert atmosphere. Examples of suitable inert atmosphere include nitrogen or argon, typically nitrogen. Alternatively, the amine having at least 3 aromatic groups may also be prepared by the methodology described in Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (1910), 43, 728-39. 
     The carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality may be incorporated into the lubricating oil at from 0.1 to 20 wt. %, or from 1 to 15 wt. %, or from 3 to 12 wt. %, or from 5 to 10 wt. %, or from 7 to 8 wt. % of the total lubricating oil composition. Other combinations of the above-identified loadings are also contemplated. 
     The carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant may also be combined with other dispersants (described below and referred to as non-low viscosity dispersants) to provide a lubricating oil with a combination of a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant and another non-low viscosity dispersant. The other dispersants (non-low viscosity dispersants) may be incorporated into the lubricating oil at from 0.1 to 20 wt. %, or from 0.1 to 10 wt. %, or from 0.5 to 4 wt. %, or from 0.5 to 8 wt. %, or from 1 to 9 wt. %, or from 2 to 8 wt. %, or from 3 to 7 wt. %, or from 4 to 6 wt. % of the total lubricating oil composition. 
     Further details regarding the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant which is functionalized with an aromatic amine may be found within U.S. Pat. No. 8,557,753, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Other Non-Low Viscosity Dispersants 
     During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation byproducts are produced. Dispersants help keep these byproducts in solution, thus diminishing their deposition on metal surfaces. Dispersants used in the formulation of the lubricating oil may be ashless or ash-forming in nature. Preferably, the dispersant is ashless. So-called ashless dispersants are organic materials that form substantially no ash upon combustion. For example, non-metal-containing or borated metal-free dispersants are considered ashless. In contrast, metal-containing detergents discussed above form ash upon combustion. 
     Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. The polar group typically contains at least one element of to nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus. Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms. 
     A particularly useful class of dispersants are the alkenylsuccinic derivatives, typically produced by the reaction of a long chain hydrocarbyl substituted succinic compound, usually a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride, with a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound. The long chain hydrocarbyl group constituting the oleophilic portion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil, is normally a polyisobutylene group. Many examples of this type of dispersant are well known commercially and in the literature. Exemplary U.S. patents describing such dispersants are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,172,892; 3,215,707; 3,219,666; 3,316,177; 3,341,542; 3,444,170; 3,454,607; 3,541,012; 3,630,904; 3,632,511; 3,787,374 and 4,234,435. Other types of dispersant are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,036,003; 3,200,107; 3,254,025; 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,454,555; 3,565,804; 3,413,347; 3,697,574; 3,725,277; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; 4,454,059; 3,329,658; 3,449,250; 3,519,565; 3,666,730; 3,687,849; 3,702,300; 4,100,082; 5,705,458. A further description of dispersants may be found, for example, in European Patent Application No. 471 071, to which reference is made for this purpose. 
     Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives are useful dispersants. In particular, succinimide, succinate esters, or succinate ester amides prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid compound preferably having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one equivalent of an alkylene amine are particularly useful. 
     Succinimides are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and amines. Molar ratios can vary depending on the polyamine. For example, the molar ratio of hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride to TEPA can vary from 1:1 to 5:1. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,936; 3,172,892; 3,219,666; 3,272,746; 3,322,670; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,652,616, 3,948,800; and Canada Patent No. 1,094,044. 
     Succinate esters are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alcohols or polyols. Molar ratios can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. For example, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant. 
     Succinate ester amides are formed by condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alkanol amines. For example, suitable alkanol amines include ethoxylated polyalkylpolyamines, propoxylated polyalkylpolyamines and polyalkenylpolyamines such as polyethylene polyamines. One example is propoxylated hexamethylenediamine. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,305. 
     The molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides used in the preceding paragraphs will typically range between 800 and 2,500 or more. The above products can be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid. The above products can also be post reacted with boron compounds such as boric acid, borate esters or highly borated dispersants, to form borated dispersants generally having from 0.1 to 5 moles of boron per mole of dispersant reaction product. 
     Mannich base dispersants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols, formaldehyde, and amines. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,551, which is incorporated herein by reference. Process aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be part of the reaction mixture. Molecular weights of the alkylphenols range from 800 to 2,500. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,697,574; 3,703,536; 3,704,308; 3,751,365; 3,756,953; 3,798,165; and 3,803,039. 
     Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannich condensation products useful in this disclosure can be prepared from high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatics or HNR 2  group-containing reactants. 
     Hydrocarbyl substituted amine ashless dispersant additives are well known to one skilled in the art; see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,565,804; 3,755,433, 3,822,209, and 5,084,197. 
     Preferred dispersants include borated and non-borated succinimides, including those derivatives from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides, and/or mixtures of mono- and bis-succinimides, wherein the hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group such as polyisobutylene having a Mn of from 500 to 5000, or from 1000 to 3000, or 1000 to 2000, or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups, often with high terminal vinylic groups. Other preferred dispersants include succinic acid-esters and amides, alkylphenol-polyamine-coupled Mannich adducts, their capped derivatives, and other related components. 
     Such non-low viscosity dispersants may be used in an amount of 0.1 to 20 weight percent, preferably 0.5 to 8 weight percent, or more preferably 0.5 to 4 weight percent. On an active ingredient basis, such additives may be used in an amount of 0.06 to 14 weight percent, preferably 0.3 to 6 weight percent. The hydrocarbon portion of the dispersant atoms can range from C 60  to C 400 , or from C 70  to C 300 , or from C 70  to C 200 . These dispersants may contain both neutral and basic nitrogen, and mixtures of both. Dispersants can be end-capped by borates and/or cyclic carbonates. 
     As used herein, the dispersant concentrations are given on an “as delivered” basis. Typically, the active dispersant is delivered with a process oil. The “as delivered” dispersant typically contains from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent, or from 40 weight percent to 60 weight percent, of active dispersant in the “as delivered” dispersant product. 
     Other Lubricating Oil Additives 
     The formulated lubricating oil useful in the present disclosure may additionally contain one or more of the other commonly used lubricating oil performance additives including but not limited to friction modifiers, antiwear agents, other detergents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, defoamants, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, and others. For a review of many commonly used additives, see Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, Fla.; ISBN 0-89573-177-0. Reference is also made to “Lubricant Additives” by M. W. Ranney, published by Noyes Data Corporation of Parkridge, N J (1973); see also U.S. Pat. No. 7,704,930, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
     The types and quantities of performance additives used in combination with the instant disclosure in lubricant compositions are not limited by the examples shown herein as illustrations. 
     Friction Modifiers 
     Friction modifiers useful in this disclosure are any materials that can alter the coefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by any lubricant or fluid containing such material(s). Organic friction modifiers, also known as friction reducers, or lubricity agents or oiliness agents, and other such agents that change the ability of base oils, formulated lubricant compositions, or functional fluids, to modify the coefficient of friction of a lubricated surface can be effectively used in combination with the base oils or lubricant compositions of the present disclosure. Organic friction modifiers that lower the coefficient of friction are particularly advantageous in combination with the base oils and lube compositions of this disclosure. The organic friction modifiers can be sub-grouped into metal-containing organic complex friction modifiers and other organic friction modifiers, which are discussed below. 
     A. Metal-Containing Organic Complex Friction Modifiers 
     Metal-containing organic complex friction modifiers useful in this disclosure are any materials that can alter the coefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by any lubricant or fluid containing such material(s). Metal-containing organic complex friction modifiers, also known as friction reducers, or lubricity agents or oiliness agents, and other such agents that change the ability of base oils, formulated lubricant compositions, or functional fluids, to modify the coefficient of friction of a lubricated surface can be effectively used in combination with the base oils or lubricant compositions of the present disclosure. Metal-containing organic complex friction modifiers that lower the coefficient of friction are particularly advantageous in combination with the base oils and lube compositions of this disclosure. 
     Preferred metal-containing organic complex friction modifiers useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure include tungsten organic complex compounds or molybdenum organic complex compounds. Illustrative tungsten or molybdenum organic complex compounds include, for example, tungsten dithiophosphates or molybdenum dithiophosphates represented by the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein M is tungsten or molybdenum, R 1  and R 2  are the same or different, each of R 1  and R 2  contains from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and are an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group or an alkylaryl group, and x and y are positive real numbers satisfying the equation x+y=4. Other illustrative tungsten or molybdenum organic complex compounds include, for example, tungsten or molybdenum dithiocarbamates represented by the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein M is tungsten or molybdenum, R 3  and R 4  are the same or different, each of R 3  and R 4  contains from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and are an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group or an alkylaryl group, and m and n are positive real numbers satisfying the equation: m+n=4. Such a tungsten or molybdenum dithiocarbamate may be in the form of a dimer or trimer, being fully sulfurized or containing residual oxygen. Additionally, illustrative examples may include tungsten or molybdenum organic complexes of which amine-based salts of tungsten or molybdenum oxides and tungsten or molybdenum amine complexes are more preferred. 
     Illustrative tungsten organic complex compounds useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,529,526 and 4,266,945, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Other illustrative tungsten organic complex compounds useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2004/0214731 and 2007/0042917, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The metal-containing organic complex friction modifier constitutes the minor component of the engine oil lubricant composition of the present disclosure and typically is present in an amount ranging from 0.01 weight percent to 5 weight percent, preferably from 0.01 weight percent to 3.5 weight percent, and more preferably from 0.01 weight percent to 2.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. The concentration of the metal-containing organic complex friction modifier should be sufficient to provide from 20 parts per million (ppm) to 500 ppm of metal (e.g., tungsten or molybdenum), preferably from 40 ppm to 400 ppm of metal (e.g., tungsten or molybdenum), and more preferably from 50 ppm to 250 ppm of metal (e.g., tungsten or molybdenum), to the composition. 
     B. Other Organic Friction Modifiers 
     Illustrative other organic friction modifiers useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure include, for example, an alkoxylated fatty acid ester, alkanolamide, glycerol fatty acid ester, borated glycerol fatty acid ester, and fatty alcohol ether. Mixtures of the organic friction modifiers are also useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure. 
     Illustrative alkoxylated fatty acid esters include, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate, fatty acid polyglycol ester, and the like. These can include polyoxypropylene stearate, polyoxybutylene stearate, polyoxyethylene isosterate, polyoxypropylene isostearate, polyoxyethylene palmitate. 
     Illustrative alkanolamides include, for example, lauric acid diethylalkanolamide, palmic acid diethylalkanolamide, and the like. These can include oleic acid diethyalkanolamide, stearic acid diethylalkanolamide, oleic acid diethylalkanolamide, polyethoxylated hydrocarbylamides, polypropoxylated hydrocarbylamides. 
     Illustrative glycerol fatty acid esters include, for example, glycerol mono-oleate, glycerol mono-stearate, and the like. These can include polyol esters and hydroxyl-containing polyol esters. In addition to glycerol polyols, these can include trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitan, and the like. These esters can be polyol monocarboxylate esters, polyol dicarboxylate esters, and on occasion polyoltricarboxylate esters. Preferred can be the glycerol mono-oleates, glycerol dioleates, glycerol trioleates, glycerol monostearates, glycerol distearates, and glycerol tristearates and the corresponding glycerol monopalmitates, glycerol dipalmitates, and glycerol tripalmitates, and the respective isostearates, linoleates, and the like. On occasion the glycerol esters can be preferred as well as mixtures containing any of these. Ethoxylated, propoxylated, butoxylated fatty acid esters of polyols, especially using glycerol as underlying polyol can be preferred. 
     Illustrative borated glycerol fatty acid esters include, for example, borated glycerol mono-oleate, borated glycerol mono-sterate, and the like. 
     Illustrative fatty alcohol ethers include, for example, stearyl ether, myristyl ether, and the like. Alcohols, including those that have carbon numbers from C=3 to C=50, can be ethoxylated, propoxylate, or butoxylated to form the corresponding fatty alkyl ethers. The underlying alcohol portion can preferably be stearyl, myristyl, C 11 -C 13  hydrocarbon, oleyl, isosteryl, and the like. 
     Preferred organic friction modifiers of this disclosure include an ethoxylated fatty acid ester and stearyl ether, isostearyl ether, or palmitic ether, and mixtures thereof. A preferred organic friction modifier mixture of this disclosure comprises an ethoxylated fatty acid ester and a stearyl ether. A preferred formulation of this disclosure comprises a lubricating oil base stock that includes a Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV and/or Group V base oil, a tungsten or molybdenum organic complex friction modifier, and an organic friction modifier comprising an ethoxylated fatty acid ester or a stearyl ether. Another preferred formulation of this disclosure comprises a lubricating oil base stock that includes a Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV and/or Group V base oil, a tungsten or molybdenum organic complex friction modifier, and an organic friction modifier mixture that includes an ethoxylated fatty acid ester and a stearyl ether. 
     Useful concentrations of organic friction modifiers may range from 0.01 weight percent to 10-15 weight percent or more, often with a preferred range of 0.1 weight percent to 5 weight percent, or 0.1 weight percent to 2.5 weight percent. In organic friction modifier mixtures, the weight ratio of the first friction modifier to the other friction modifier can range from 0.1:1 to 1:0.1. 
     Antiwear Additives 
     A metal alkylthiophosphate and more particularly a metal dialkyl dithio phosphate in which the metal constituent is zinc, or zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP) is a useful component of the lubricating oils of this disclosure. ZDDP can be derived from primary alcohols, secondary alcohols or mixtures thereof. ZDDP compounds generally are of the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR 1 )(OR 2 )] 2  where R 1  and R 2  are C 1 -C 18  alkyl groups, preferably C 2 -C 12  alkyl groups. These alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched. Alcohols used in the ZDDP can be 2-propanol, butanol, secondary butanol, pentanols, hexanols such as 4-methyl-2-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, 2-ethyl hexanol, alkylated phenols, and the like. Mixtures of secondary alcohols or of primary and secondary alcohol can be preferred. Alkyl aryl groups may also be used. 
     Preferable zinc dithiophosphates which are commercially available include secondary zinc dithiophosphates such as those available from for example, The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations “LZ 677A”, “LZ 1095” and “LZ 1371”, from for example Chevron Oronite under the trade designation “OLOA 262” and from for example Afton Chemical under the trade designation “HITEC 7169”. 
     The ZDDP is typically used in amounts of from 0.4 weight percent to 1.2 weight percent, preferably from 0.5 weight percent to 1.0 weight percent, and more preferably from 0.6 weight percent to 0.8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil, although more or less can often be used advantageously. Preferably, the ZDDP is a secondary ZDDP and present in an amount of from 0.6 to 1.0 weight percent of the total weight of the lubricating oil. 
     Low phosphorus engine oil formulations are included in this disclosure. For such formulations, the phosphorus content is typically less than 0.12 weight percent preferably less than 0.10 weight percent and most preferably less than 0.085 weight percent. 
     Viscosity Index Improvers 
     Viscosity index improvers (also known as VI improvers, viscosity modifiers, and viscosity improvers) can be included in the lubricant compositions of this disclosure. 
     Viscosity index improvers provide lubricants with high and low temperature operability. These additives impart shear stability at elevated temperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures. 
     Suitable viscosity index improvers include high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters and viscosity index improver dispersants that function as both a viscosity index improver and a dispersant. Typical molecular weights of these polymers are between 10,000 to 1,500,000, more typically 20,000 to 1,200,000, and even more typically between 50,000 and to 1,000,000. 
     Examples of suitable viscosity index improvers are linear or star-shaped polymers and copolymers of methacrylate, butadiene, olefins, or alkylated styrenes. Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscosity index improver. Another suitable viscosity index improver is polymethacrylate (copolymers of various chain length alkyl methacrylates, for example), some formulations of which also serve as pour point depressants. Other suitable viscosity index improvers include copolymers of ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates (copolymers of various chain length acrylates, for example). Specific examples include styrene-isoprene or styrene-butadiene based polymers of 50,000 to 200,000 molecular weight. 
     Olefin copolymers, are commercially available from Chevron Oronite Company LLC under the trade designation “PARATONE®” (such as “PARATONE® 8921” and “PARATONE® 8941”); from Afton Chemical Corporation under the trade designation “HiTEC®” (such as “HiTEC® 5850B”; and from The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designation “Lubrizol® 7067C”. Polyisoprene polymers are commercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g. under the trade designation “SV200”; diene-styrene copolymers are commercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g. under the trade designation “SV 260”. 
     In an embodiment of this disclosure, the viscosity index improvers may be used in an amount of less than 2.0 weight percent, preferably less than 1.0 weight percent, and more preferably less than 0.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulated oil or lubricating engine oil. Viscosity improvers are typically added as concentrates, in large amounts of diluent oil. 
     In another embodiment of this disclosure, the viscosity index improvers may be used in an amount of from 0.25 to 2.0 weight percent, preferably 0.15 to 1.0 weight percent, and more preferably 0.05 to 0.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulated oil or lubricating engine oil. 
     Detergents 
     Illustrative detergents useful in this disclosure include, for example, alkali metal detergents, alkaline earth metal detergents, or mixtures of one or more alkali metal detergents and one or more alkaline earth metal detergents. A typical detergent is an anionic material that contains a long chain hydrophobic portion of the molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic hydrophilic portion of the molecule. The anionic portion of the detergent is typically derived from an organic acid such as a sulfur acid, carboxylic acid, phosphorous acid, phenol, or mixtures thereof. The counterion is typically an alkaline earth or alkali metal. 
     Salts that contain a substantially stochiometric amount of the metal are described as neutral salts and have a total base number (TBN, as measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80. Many compositions are overbased, containing large amounts of a metal base that is achieved by reacting an excess of a metal compound (a metal hydroxide or oxide, for example) with an acidic gas (such as carbon dioxide). Useful detergents can be neutral, mildly overbased, or highly overbased. These detergents can be used in mixtures of neutral, overbased, highly overbased calcium salicylate, sulfonates, phenates and/or magnesium salicylate, sulfonates, phenates. The TBN ranges can vary from low, medium to high TBN products, including as low as 0 to as high as 600. Mixtures of low, medium, high TBN can be used, along with mixtures of calcium and magnesium metal based detergents, and including sulfonates, phenates, salicylates, and carboxylates. A detergent mixture with a metal ratio of 1, in conjunction of a detergent with a metal ratio of 2, and as high as a detergent with a metal ratio of 5, can be used. Borated detergents can also be used. 
     Alkaline earth phenates are another useful class of detergent. These detergents can be made by reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxide or oxide (CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , BaO, Ba(OH) 2 , MgO, Mg(OH) 2 , for example) with an alkyl phenol or sulfurized alkylphenol. Useful alkyl groups include straight chain or branched C 1 -C 30  alkyl groups, preferably, C 4 -C 20  or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable phenols include isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, dodecyl phenol, and the like. It should be noted that starting alkylphenols may contain more than one alkyl substituent that are each independently straight chain or branched and can be used from 0.5 to 6 weight percent. When a non-sulfurized alkylphenol is used, the sulfurized product may be obtained by methods well known in the art. These methods include heating a mixture of alkylphenol and sulfurizing agent (including elemental sulfur, sulfur halides such as sulfur dichloride, and the like) and then reacting the sulfurized phenol with an alkaline earth metal base. 
     Metal salts of carboxylic acids are also useful as detergents. These carboxylic acid detergents may be prepared by reacting a basic metal compound with at least one carboxylic acid and removing free water from the reaction product. These compounds may be overbased to produce the desired TBN level. Detergents made from salicylic acid are one preferred class of detergents derived from carboxylic acids. Useful salicylates include long chain alkyl salicylates. One useful family of compositions is of the formula 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where R is an alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and M is an alkaline earth metal. Preferred R groups are alkyl chains of at least C 11 , preferably C 13  or greater. R may be optionally substituted with substituents that do not interfere with the detergent&#39;s function. M is preferably, calcium, magnesium, or barium. More preferably, M is calcium. 
     Hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared from phenols by the Kolbe reaction (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,791). The metal salts of the hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared by double decomposition of a metal salt in a polar solvent such as water or alcohol. 
     Alkaline earth metal phosphates are also used as detergents and are known in the art. 
     Detergents may be simple detergents or what is known as hybrid or complex detergents. The latter detergents can provide the properties of two detergents without the need to blend separate materials. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,039. 
     Preferred detergents include calcium phenates, calcium sulfonates, calcium salicylates, magnesium phenates, magnesium sulfonates, magnesium salicylates and other related components (including borated detergents), and mixtures thereof. Preferred mixtures of detergents include magnesium sulfonate and calcium salicylate, magnesium sulfonate and calcium sulfonate, magnesium sulfonate and calcium phenate, calcium phenate and calcium salicylate, calcium phenate and calcium sulfonate, calcium phenate and magnesium salicylate, calcium phenate and magnesium phenate. 
     The detergent concentration in the lubricating oils of this disclosure can range from 1.0 to 6.0 weight percent, preferably 2.0 to 5.0 weight percent, and more preferably from 2.0 weight percent to 4.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil. 
     As used herein, the detergent concentrations are given on an “as delivered” basis. Typically, the active detergent is delivered with a process oil. The “as delivered” detergent typically contains from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent, or from 40 weight percent to 60 weight percent, of active detergent in the “as delivered” detergent product. 
     Antioxidants 
     Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of base oils during service. Such degradation may result in deposits on metal surfaces, the presence of sludge, or a viscosity increase in the lubricant. One skilled in the art knows a wide variety of oxidation inhibitors that are useful in lubricating oil compositions. See, Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, op cite, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,798,684 and 5,084,197, for example. 
     Useful antioxidants include hindered phenols. These phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are the hindered phenolics which are the ones which contain a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these include those derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the o- or p-position to each other. Typical phenolic antioxidants include the hindered phenols substituted with C 6 + alkyl groups and the alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols. Examples of phenolic materials of this type 2-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol. Other useful hindered mono-phenolic antioxidants may include for example hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolic propionic ester derivatives. Bis-phenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used in combination with the instant disclosure. Examples of ortho-coupled phenols include: 2,2′-bis(4-heptyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); 2,2′-bis(4-octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); and 2,2′-bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl-phenol). Para-coupled bisphenols include for example 4,4′-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol) and 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol). 
     Effective amounts of one or more catalytic antioxidants may also be used. The catalytic antioxidants comprise an effective amount of a) one or more oil soluble polymetal organic compounds; and, effective amounts of b) one or more substituted N,N′-diaryl-o-phenylenediamine compounds or c) one or more hindered phenol compounds; or a combination of both b) and c). Catalytic antioxidants are more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,048,833, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Non-phenolic oxidation inhibitors which may be used include aromatic amine antioxidants and these may be used either as such or in combination with phenolics. Typical examples of non-phenolic antioxidants include: alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines such as aromatic monoamines of the formula R 8 R 9 R 10 N where R 8  is an aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic group, R 9  is an aromatic or a substituted aromatic group, and R 10  is H, alkyl, aryl or R 11 S(O) X R 12  where R 11  is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group, R 12  is a higher alkyl group, or an alkenyl, aryl, or alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1 or 2. The aliphatic group R 8  may contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and preferably contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms. The aliphatic group is a saturated aliphatic group. Preferably, both R 8  and R 9  are aromatic or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group may be a fused ring aromatic group such as naphthyl. Aromatic groups R 8  and R 9  may be joined together with other groups such as S. 
     Typical aromatic amines antioxidants have alkyl substituent groups of at least 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, the aliphatic groups will not contain more than 14 carbon atoms. The general types of amine antioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines, phenyl naphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls and diphenyl phenylene diamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are also useful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used. Particular examples of aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present disclosure include: p,p′-dioctyldiphenylamine; t-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; phenyl-alphanaphthylamine; and p-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine. 
     Sulfurized alkyl phenols and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof also are useful antioxidants. 
     Preferred antioxidants include hindered phenols, arylamines. These antioxidants may be used individually by type or in combination with one another. Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 10 weight percent, preferably 0.01 to 5 weight percent, more preferably 1 to less than 4 weight percent, even more preferably 2 to less than 3.5 weight percent. 
     Pour Point Depressants (PPDs) 
     Conventional pour point depressants (also known as lube oil flow improvers) may be added to the compositions of the present disclosure if desired. These pour point depressant may be added to lubricating compositions of the present disclosure to lower the minimum temperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids and allyl vinyl ethers. U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,815,022; 2,015,748; 2,191,498; 2,387,501; 2,655,479; 2,666,746; 2,721,877; 2,721,878; and 3,250,715 describe useful pour point depressants and/or the preparation thereof. Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 5 weight percent, preferably 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent. 
     Seal Compatibility Agents 
     Seal compatibility agents help to swell elastomeric seals by causing a chemical reaction in the fluid or physical change in the elastomer. Suitable seal compatibility agents for lubricating oils include organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (butylbenzyl phthalate, for example), and polybutenyl succinic anhydride. Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 3 weight percent, preferably 0.01 to 2 weight percent. 
     Antifoam Agents 
     Anti-foam agents may advantageously be added to lubricant compositions. These agents retard the formation of stable foams. Silicones and organic polymers are typical anti-foam agents. For example, polysiloxanes, such as silicon oil or polydimethyl siloxane, provide antifoam properties. Anti-foam agents are commercially available and may be used in conventional minor amounts along with other additives such as demulsifiers; usually the amount of these additives combined is less than 1 weight percent and often less than 0.1 weight percent. 
     Inhibitors and Antirust Additives 
     Antirust additives (or corrosion inhibitors) are additives that protect lubricated metal surfaces against chemical attack by water or other contaminants. A wide variety of these are commercially available. 
     One type of antirust additive is a polar compound that wets the metal surface preferentially, protecting it with a film of oil. Another type of antirust additive absorbs water by incorporating it in a water-in-oil emulsion so that only the oil touches the metal surface. Yet another type of antirust additive chemically adheres to the metal to produce a non-reactive surface. Examples of suitable additives include zinc dithiophosphates, metal phenolates, basic metal sulfonates, fatty acids and amines. Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 5 weight percent, preferably 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent. 
     When lubricating oil compositions contain one or more of the additives discussed above, the additive(s) are blended into the composition in an amount sufficient for it to perform its intended function. Typical amounts of such additives useful in the present disclosure are shown in Table 1 below. 
     It is noted that many of the additives are shipped from the additive manufacturer as a concentrate, containing one or more additives together, with a certain amount of base oil diluents. Accordingly, the weight amounts in the table below, as well as other amounts mentioned herein, are directed to the amount of active ingredient (that is the non-diluent portion of the ingredient). The weight percent (wt %) indicated below is based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Typical Amounts of Other Lubricating Oil Components 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Approximate 
                 Approximate 
               
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 wt % (Useful) 
                 wt % (Preferred) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dispersant 
                  0.1-20 
                 0.1-8 
               
               
                   
                 Detergent 
                  0.1-20 
                 0.1-8 
               
               
                   
                 Friction Modifier 
                 0.01-5  
                  0.01-1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Antioxidant 
                 0.1-5 
                 0.1-3 
               
               
                   
                 Pour Point Depressant 
                 0.0-5 
                  0.01-1.5 
               
               
                   
                 (PPD) 
               
               
                   
                 Anti-foam Agent 
                 0.001-3  
                  0.001-0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity Index Improver 
                 0.1-2 
                 0.1-1 
               
               
                   
                 (solid polymer basis) 
               
               
                   
                 Anti-wear 
                 0.2-3 
                 0.5-1 
               
               
                   
                 Inhibitor and Antirust 
                 0.01-5  
                  0.01-1.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The foregoing additives are all commercially available materials. These additives may be added independently but are usually precombined in packages which can be obtained from suppliers of lubricant oil additives. Additive packages with a variety of ingredients, proportions and characteristics are available and selection of the appropriate package will take the requisite use of the ultimate composition into account. 
     The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate the disclosure. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Base oil viscosity for the purpose of this disclosure is defined as the kinematic viscosity at 100 deg. C. of the combination of base stocks used in the lubricating engine oil (no additives included). In the Examples and Figures, Group III (A) is 4 cSt Yubase 4 supplied by SK Lubricants, which is a hydrocracked and catalyst dewaxed basestock. Group III (B) is a 4 or 8 cSt base oil supplied by Shell, which is produced via Fischer Tropsch Synthesis. 
     To demonstrate the advantages of the disclosed lubricating oils including carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersants, the viscometric profiles of comparative 5W-30 engine oils blended with conventional dispersants are displayed with their formulations in  FIG. 1 . Formulation A is the first inventive example, in which a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality (also referred to as low-viscosity dispersant) is included as part of the total dispersant content (3% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). The conventional dispersant used at 7 wt. % of the lubricating oil was a conventional PIBSA-PAM disperstant. Formulation B is identical to Formulation A but uses only conventional dispersant (0% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). Formulation C represents 5W-30 grade engine oil, utilizing a commercial additive package containing conventional dispersant). Formulation D represents a 5W-30 grade engine oil using a conventional PIBSA-PAM dispersant at 9.85 wt. % loading). 
     In addition, these formulations were adjusted to the same HTHS viscosity (indicative of fuel economy benefits) by shifting base oil viscometrics and the full profile of viscometric properties were assessed again as shown in  FIG. 2 . Formulation E is similar to Formulation A in  FIG. 1  (Inventive Example 1); however, the base oil content was adjusted to achieve a HTHS viscosity of 3.4 cSt. Formulation F is similar to Formulation C in  FIG. 1  (Comparative Example 2); however, the base oil content was adjusted to achieve a HTHS viscosity of 3.4 cSt. 
     HTHS viscosity is generally accepted as a proxy for fuel economy measurement in heavy duty engines. The lower the HTHS, the more fuel economy benefit is typically observed. In the case of Formulations E and F, the HTHS viscosities were adjusted to be equivalent so that a relevant comparison of wear protection at equivalent “fuel economy” might be achieved. This comparison is addressed below by measuring viscosity under even greater shear as a proxy for film thickness (see Example 3 below). 
     The HFRR tests were all conducted in a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) test (ISO Provisional Standard, TC22/SC7N959, 1995). This test is designed to predict wear performance of diesel fuels. A modified procedure was developed to evaluate the wear characteristics of lubricants. The High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) was used under the following conditions. This method runs the HFRR rig for 30 min at 100° C. with a 400 g load, 400 HZ, and 1 mm stroke length. In this test, the wear scar diameter of a loaded steel ball is the measure of the wear performance of the lubricant. The repeatability of the HFRR test is ±1.0 to 2.0%. 
     Example 1 
     Formulations A and B both contain 10 wt % dispersants but formulation A includes 3% carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality (low-viscosity dispersant) while formulation B uses only conventional dispersants. The KV100, KV40, CCS at −30C (ASTM D5293), and HTHS (ASTM D4683) of Formulation A are all lower than Formulation B (see  FIG. 1 ). Lower viscosity, especially lower HTHS viscosity, is understood to convey fuel economy benefits. In addition, the substitution of 3% conventional dispersant in Formulation B causes Formulation B to fail the CCS requirement (&lt;6600 cSt at −30 C) for 5W grade oils. Without the 3% of carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, Formulation A could not be classified as a 5W-30 oil. 
     Example 2 
     Formulation A is an SAE 5W-30 grade oil which includes carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality at 3 wt %. Formulations C and D are to competitive SAE 5W-30 grade oils that do not contain carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality. The KV100, KV40, CCS at −30 C, and HTHS of Formulation A is lower than those of Formulations C and D (see  FIG. 1 ). The Base Oil Viscosity of Formulation A is 5.99 cSt at 100 deg. C., which is higher than the base oil viscosity readings for Formulations C (4.87 cSt) and D (5.01 cSt), which are competitive products whose full viscometric profile classifies them in the same SAE viscosity grade category. As a result, a thicker film under shear is expected for formulation A compared to formulations C and D, which provides better wear protection in engines. 
     Example 3 
     Formulation E contains the same base oils and additives as Formulation A, including 3 wt % carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, but has been adjusted using base oil mixture to have an HTHS viscosity of 3.4 cP. Formulation F contains the same base oils and additives as Formulation C, including 0 wt % carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, but has been adjusted using base oil mixture to have an HTHS viscosity of 3.4 cP. The viscosity of these two formulations was tested under very high shear conditions at 100 deg. C.  FIG. 3  graphically depicts the ultrashear viscosities of formulations E (inventive) and F (comparative) at 100 deg. C. In  FIG. 3 , the circle shaped points are for formulation E and show the unexpectedly higher shear viscosity for the lubricating engine oil including the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant which is functionalized with an aromatic amine. In  FIG. 3 , the triangle shaped points are for formulation F and show the lower shear viscosity for the lubricating engine oil including the conventional dispersant. The shear experienced by the formulations in these tests exceeds the shear rate of the HTHS test. At all shear conditions, Formulation E shows a higher viscosity than Formulation F. Higher viscosity under shear indicates a thicker lubricant film under these conditions and correspondingly increased wear protection. Because formulation E (inventive) and formulation F (comparative) have the same HTHS viscosity of 3.4 cP, they would have comparable fuel efficiency. However, inventive formulation E with its higher shear viscosity than comparative formulation F will have improved engine wear protection. 
     Example 4 
     To demonstrate the advantages of the disclosed lubricating oils including carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersants, the viscometric profiles of comparative 5W-30 engine oils blended with conventional dispersants are displayed with their formulations in  FIG. 4 . Formulation GA is the comparative example, in which 10% of the dispersant used is a conventional PIBSA-PAM dispersant. Inventive example, formulation GB is identical to Formulation GA but also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (5% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). Inventive formulation GC also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (10% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). The formulations were adjusted to equivalent HTHS viscosity (2.6 cSt) and tested in HFRR to indicate wear protection. As can be seen in  FIG. 4 , increased levels of the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality enables increasing base oil viscosity, which leads to lower HFRR wear scars at equivalent HTHS. 
     Example 5 
     To demonstrate the advantages of the disclosed lubricating oils including carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersants, the viscometric profiles of comparative 5W-30 engine oils blended with conventional dispersants are displayed with their formulations in  FIG. 5 . Formulation GD is the comparative example, in which 10% of the dispersant used is a conventional PIBSA-PAM dispersant. Inventive example, formulation GE is identical to Formulation GD but also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (5% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). Inventive formulation GF also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (10% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). The formulations were adjusted to equivalent HTHS viscosity (2.9) and tested in HFRR to indicate wear protection. As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , increased levels of the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality enables higher base oil viscosity, which leads to lower HFRR wear scars at equivalent HTHS. 
     Example 6 
     To demonstrate the advantages of the disclosed lubricating oils including carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersants, the viscometric profiles of comparative 5W-30 engine oils blended with conventional dispersants are displayed with their formulations in  FIG. 6 . Formulation GG is the comparative example, in which 10% of the dispersant used is a conventional PIBSA-PAM dispersant. Inventive example, formulation GH is identical to Formulation GG but also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (5% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). Inventive formulation GI also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (10% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). The formulations were adjusted to equivalent HTHS viscosity (3.2) and tested in HFRR to indicate wear protection. As can be seen in  FIG. 6 , increased levels of the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality enables higher base oil viscosity, which leads to lower HFRR wear scars at equivalent HTHS. 
     Example 7 
     To demonstrate the advantages of the disclosed lubricating oils including carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersants, the viscometric profiles of comparative 5W-30 engine oils blended with conventional dispersants are displayed with their formulations in  FIG. 7 . Formulation GJ is the comparative example, in which 10% of the dispersant used is a conventional PIBSA-PAM dispersant. Inventive example, formulation GK is similar to Formulation GJ but also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (5% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). Inventive formulation GL also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality at 10%, but with a blend of two different viscosity Group II base stocks. The formulations were adjusted to equivalent HTHS viscosity (2.6 cSt) and tested in HFRR to indicate wear protection. As can be seen in  FIG. 7 , increased levels of the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality enables increasing base oil viscosity, which leads to lower HFRR wear scars at equivalent HTHS. 
     Example 8 
     To demonstrate the advantages of the disclosed lubricating oils including carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersants, the viscometric profiles of comparative 5W-30 engine oils blended with conventional dispersants are displayed with their formulations in  FIG. 8 . Formulation GM is the comparative example, in which 10% of the dispersant used is a conventional PIBSA-PAM dispersant. Inventive example, formulation GN is identical to Formulation GM but also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (5% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). Inventive formulation GO also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (10% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). The formulations were adjusted to equivalent HTHS viscosity (2.9) and tested in HFRR to indicate wear protection. As can be seen in  FIG. 8 , increased levels of the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality enables higher base oil viscosity, which leads to lower HFRR wear scars at equivalent HTHS. 
     Example 9 
     To demonstrate the advantages of the disclosed lubricating oils including carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersants, the viscometric profiles of comparative 5W-30 engine oils blended with conventional dispersants are displayed with their formulations in  FIG. 9 . Formulation GP is the comparative example, in which 10% of the dispersant used is a conventional PIBSA-PAM dispersant. Inventive example, formulation GQ is identical to Formulation GP but also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (5% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). Inventive formulation GR also uses the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality along with conventional dispersant (10% low-viscosity dispersant out of 10% total dispersant). The formulations were adjusted to equivalent HTHS viscosity (3.2) and tested in HFRR to indicate wear protection. As can be seen in  FIG. 9 , increased levels of the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic functionality enables higher base oil viscosity, which leads to lower HFRR wear scars at equivalent HTHS. 
     PCT/EP Clauses: 
     1. A multi-grade lubricating engine oil comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, as a minor component, wherein the lubricating engine oil base oil viscosity at 100 deg. C. ranges from 4.5 to 7.5 cSt, wherein the lubricating engine oil has a cold crank simulator viscosity at −30 deg. C. of less than 8500 mPa·s and wherein fuel efficiency as measured by HTHS (ASTM D4683) and/or engine wear protection as measured by HFRR wear scar (ISO Provisional Standard, TC22/SC7N959, 1995) are improved or maintained as compared to fuel efficiency and engine wear protection achieved using a multi-grade lubricating engine oil containing a dispersant as a minor component other than the carboxylic functionalized polymer with aromatic amine functionality. 
     2. The oil of clause 1, wherein the lubricating oil base stock is selected from the group consisting of a Group I base stock, a Group II base stock, a Group III base stock, a Group IV base stock, Group V base stock and combinations thereof. 
     3. The oil of clauses 1-2, wherein the major component ranges from 50 to 99 wt. % and the minor component ranges from 1 to 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the oil. 
     4. The oil of clauses 1-3, wherein the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant includes a polymer backbone comprising grafted ethylene-propylene (EP) copolymer, or grafted terpolymers of ethylene, propylene and non-conjugated diene, or a combination thereof. 
     5. The oil of clauses 1-4, wherein the aromatic amine functionality includes an amine group having at least 3 aromatic groups. 
     6. The oil of clause 5, wherein the amine group having at least 3 aromatic groups is selected from the group consisting of bis[p-(p-aminoanilino)phenyl]-methane, 2-(7-amino-acridin-2-ylmethyl)-N-4-{4-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-benzyl]-phenyl}-benzene-1,4-diamine, N 4 -{4-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-benzyl]-phenyl}-2-[4-(4-amino-phenylamino)-cyclohexa-1,5-dienylmethyl]-benzene-1,4-diamine, N-[4-(7-amino-acridin-2-ylmethyl)-phenyl]-benzene-1,4-diamine, and combinations thereof. 
     7. The oil of clauses 1-6, further including a non-low viscosity dispersant at from 0.1 to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the oil. 
     8. The oil of clause 7, wherein the non-low viscosity dispersant is selected from the group consisting of succinimides, succinate esters, succinate ester amides, alkylphenol-polyamine-coupled Mannich adducts and combinations thereof. 
     9. The oil of clauses 1-8, further comprising one or more of an anti-wear additive, viscosity index improver, antioxidant, detergent, pour point depressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, seal compatibility additive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, and anti-rust additive. 
     10. The oil of clauses 1-9, wherein the lubricating engine oil is a heavy duty diesel engine oil (HDEO). 
     11. A method for improving engine wear protection while maintaining or improving fuel efficiency, in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, as a minor component, wherein the lubricating oil base oil viscosity at 100 deg. C. ranges from 4.5 to 7.5 cSt, wherein the lubricating oil has a cold crank simulator viscosity at −30 deg. C. of less than 8500 mPa·s and wherein the engine wear protection as measured by HFRR wear scar (ISO Provisional Standard, TC22/SC7N959, 1995) is improved by at least 10% as compared to the engine wear protection achieved using a formulated oil containing a dispersant as a minor component other than the carboxylic functionalized polymer with aromatic amine functionality. 
     12. A method for improving fuel efficiency while maintaining or improving wear protection, in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, as a minor component, wherein the lubricating oil base oil viscosity at 100 deg. C. ranges from 4.5 to 7.5 cSt, wherein the lubricating oil has a cold crank simulator viscosity at −30 deg. C. of less than 8500 mPa·s, and wherein the fuel efficiency as measured by HTHS (ASTM D4683) is improved by at least 10% as compared to the fuel efficiency achieved using a formulated oil containing a dispersant as a minor component other than the carboxylic functionalized polymer with aromatic amine functionality. 
     13. A method of making a lubricating engine oil comprising: providing a lubricating oil base stock having a base oil viscosity at 100 deg. C. ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 cSt, and a carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality, and blending from 50 to 99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the oil, of the lubricating oil base stock with from 1 to 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the oil, of the carboxylic functionalized polymer dispersant with aromatic amine functionality to form the lubricating engine oil, wherein the lubricating engine oil has a cold crank simulator viscosity at −30 deg. C. of less than 8500 mPa·s. 
     All patents and patent applications, test procedures (such as ASTM methods, UL methods, and the like), and other documents cited herein are fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with this disclosure and for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation is permitted. 
     When numerical lower limits and numerical upper limits are listed herein, ranges from any lower limit to any upper limit are contemplated. While the illustrative embodiments of the disclosure have been described with particularity, it will be understood that various other modifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the claims appended hereto be limited to the examples and descriptions set forth herein but rather that the claims be construed as encompassing all the features of patentable novelty which reside in the present disclosure, including all features which would be treated as equivalents thereof by those skilled in the art to which the disclosure pertains. 
     The present disclosure has been described above with reference to numerous embodiments and specific examples. Many variations will suggest themselves to those skilled in this art in light of the above detailed description. All such obvious variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims