Patent Publication Number: US-9836490-B2

Title: Systems, methods and tools for facilitating group collaborations

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/583,657, filed on Oct. 19, 2006, and entitled “Systems, Methods and Tools for Facilitating Group Collaborations,” which claims priority to Canadian Patent Application Serial Number 2,524,527, filed Oct. 26, 2005,” the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The present invention relates to systems, methods and tools for facilitating group collaborations. 
     Technology-assisted group collaborations are now commonplace: many types of tools have been created to support and to expand upon the scope of what can be accomplished between geographically dispersed participants. Some of these tools include, for example, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), message boards, online polls, and collaborative document creation and review. While these tools may represent advances over what existed before, they may nevertheless exhibit certain limitations when used in collaborative efforts involving a large number of people. Improved systems, methods and tools for facilitating group collaborations are needed. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention relates to systems, method and tools for facilitating group collaborations. 
     Collaborative ideas collected from a group are organized into an extendable hierarchical data structure. In a preferred embodiment, collaborative ideas are represented in a modified tree data structure in which ideas are stored in nodes of the tree (an “idea tree”). Each node may be associated with data storage means, such as a table of records, in which different kinds of data can be stored. Data stored in the idea tree, or a part thereof, may be created, modified, deleted or organized by using various types of collaboration tools. A participant&#39;s interaction with the idea tree, or a part thereof, using a particular collaboration tool may be mapped as a transformation of the idea tree from one state to another. Other participants may simultaneously or successively interact with the idea tree, or a part thereof, using the same or a different collaboration tool. A coherent representation of collaborative ideas can be developed and organized without excessive manual effort. 
     In an aspect of the invention, there is provided a data processing system implemented method of facilitating group collaborations on a project by a plurality of participants, comprising: providing an extendable hierarchical data structure, the hierarchical data structure including data storage means for storing a plurality of data items submitted by the participants; providing a collaboration tool for use by the participants to work with the hierarchical data structure, the collaboration tool being configured to logically link to a defined workspace on the hierarchical data structure in which the tool is to be used, the collaboration tool being further configured to work with data items in the workspace associated with the collaboration tool. 
     In an embodiment, the method further comprises: providing a tree data structure as the hierarchical data structure, the tree data structure having a root node and one or more sub-nodes branching from the root node, each node being associated with a data storage means configured to store a plurality of heterogeneous data items; and logically linking a collaboration tool to a link node in the tree data structure, the link node and any sub-nodes defining the workspace on the tree data structure for the collaboration tool. 
     In another embodiment, the method further comprises logically linking multiple collaboration tools to different link nodes of the tree data structure to define multiple workspaces, whereby participants may work on different parts of the tree data structure simultaneously. 
     In another embodiment, the method further comprises successively logically linking different collaboration tools to link nodes of the tree data structure, whereby the resulting workflow simulates a group collaboration process involving a sequential progression. 
     In yet another embodiment, the method further comprises saving the state of the tree data structure after each transformation of the tree data structure applied by a collaboration tool, whereby a previous state of the tree data structure may be recovered. 
     In still another embodiment, the method further comprises configuring a collaboration tool to utilize the output of another collaboration tool, the output of each collaboration tool being reflected as a transformation of the tree data structure. 
     In another embodiment, the method further comprises providing a collaboration tool for linking to a link node of the tree data structure, and collecting a plurality of homogeneous data items from the defined workspace. 
     In another embodiment, the plurality of homogeneous data items comprise text associated with the workspace and submitted by the participants, and the method further comprises forming a document from the collected text. 
     In another embodiment, the method further comprises modifying the document formed from the collected text, and amending the corresponding data items in the tree data structure to correspond to the modified document. 
     In still another embodiment, the plurality of homogeneous data items comprise images associated with the workspace and submitted by the participants, and the method further comprises forming a slideshow of the collected images. 
     In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a data processing system for facilitating group collaborations on a project by a plurality of participants, comprising: means for providing an extendable hierarchical data structure, the hierarchical data structure including data storage means for storing a plurality of data items submitted by the participants; and means for providing a collaboration tool for use by the participants to work with the hierarchical data structure, the collaboration tool being configured to logically link to a defined workspace on the hierarchical data structure in which the tool is to be used, the collaboration tool being further configured to work with data items in the workspace associated with the collaboration tool. 
     In an embodiment, the hierarchical data structure is a tree data structure, the tree data structure having a root node and one or more sub-nodes branching from the root node, each node being associated with a data storage means configured to store a plurality of heterogeneous data items; and the data processing system further includes means for logically linking a collaboration tool to a link node in the tree data structure, the link node and any sub-nodes defining the workspace on the tree data structure for the collaboration tool. 
     In another embodiment, the system further comprises means for logically linking multiple collaboration tools to different link nodes of the tree data structure to define multiple workspaces, whereby participants may work on different parts of the tree data structure simultaneously. 
     In another embodiment, the system further comprises means for successively logically linking different collaboration tools to link nodes of the tree data structure, whereby the resulting workflow simulates a group collaboration process involving a sequential progression. 
     In another embodiment, the system further comprises means for saving the state of the tree data structure after each transformation of the tree data structure applied by a collaboration tool, whereby a previous state of the tree data structure may be recovered. 
     In yet another embodiment, the system further comprises means for configuring a collaboration tool to utilize the output of another collaboration tool, the output of each collaboration tool being reflected as a transformation of the tree data structure. 
     In another embodiment, the system further comprises means for providing a collaboration tool for linking to a link node of the tree data structure, and collecting a plurality of homogeneous data items from the defined workspace. 
     In still another embodiment, the plurality of homogeneous data items comprise text associated with the workspace and submitted by the participants, and the data processing system further includes means for forming a document from the collected text. 
     In another embodiment, the system further comprises means for modifying the document formed from the collected text, and amending the corresponding data items in the tree data structure to correspond to the modified document. 
     In another embodiment, the plurality of homogeneous data items comprise images associated with the workspace and submitted by the participants, and the data processing system further includes means for forming a slideshow of the collected images. 
     In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a data processor readable medium storing data processor code that, when loaded into a data processing device, adapts the device to facilitate group collaborations on a project, the data processor readable medium including: code for providing an extendable hierarchical data structure, the hierarchical data structure including data storage means for storing a plurality of data items submitted by the participants; and code for providing a collaboration tool for use by the participants to work with the hierarchical data structure, the collaboration tool being configured to logically link to a defined workspace on the hierarchical data structure in which the tool is to be used, the collaboration tool being further configured to work with data items in the workspace associated with the collaboration tool. 
     In another embodiment, the data processor readable medium further includes: code for defining the hierarchical data structure as a tree data structure, the tree data structure having a root node and one or more sub-nodes branching from the root node, each node being associated with a data storage means configured to store a plurality of heterogeneous data items; and code for logically linking a collaboration tool to a link node in the tree data structure, the link node and any sub-nodes defining the workspace on the tree data structure for the collaboration tool. 
     In another embodiment, the data processor readable medium further includes code for logically linking multiple collaboration tools to different link nodes of the tree data structure to define multiple workspaces, whereby participants may work on different parts of the tree data structure simultaneously. 
     In another embodiment, the data processor readable medium further includes code for successively logically linking different collaboration tools to link nodes of the tree data structure, whereby the resulting workflow simulates a group collaboration process involving a sequential progression. 
     In another embodiment, the data processor readable medium further includes code for saving the state of the tree data structure after each transformation of the tree data structure applied by a collaboration tool, whereby a previous state of the tree data structure may be recovered. 
     In another embodiment, the data processor readable medium further includes code for configuring a collaboration tool to utilize the output of another collaboration tool, the output of each collaboration tool being reflected as a transformation of the tree data structure. 
     In another embodiment, the data processor readable medium further includes code for providing a collaboration tool for linking to a link node of the tree data structure, and collecting a plurality of homogeneous data items from the defined workspace. 
     In yet another embodiment, the plurality of homogeneous data items comprise text associated with the workspace and submitted by the participants, and the data processor readable medium further includes code for forming a document from the collected text. 
     In another embodiment, the data processor readable medium further includes code for modifying the document formed from the collected text, and amending the corresponding data items in the tree data structure to correspond to the modified document. 
     In still another embodiment, the plurality of homogeneous data items comprise images associated with the workspace and submitted by the participants, and the data processor readable medium further includes code for forming a slideshow of the collected images. 
     These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following more particular descriptions of exemplary embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the figures which illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention: 
         FIG. 1  shows a generic data processing system that may provide a suitable operating environment. 
         FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  show an illustrative framework for policy development. 
         FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B  show illustrative schematic views of an idea tree. 
         FIG. 3C  shows an illustrative data schema for the idea tree of  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B . 
         FIG. 4A  shows an illustrative screen capture of a brainstorm chat tool. 
         FIG. 4B  shows an illustrative screen capture of a categorizer tool. 
         FIG. 4C  shows an illustrative screen capture of a collaborative document editing tool. 
         FIG. 4D  shows an illustrative screen capture of a real-time collaborative document editing tool. 
         FIG. 4E  shows an illustrative screen capture of a document commenting tool. 
         FIG. 4F  shows an illustrative screen capture of a ranking tool. 
         FIG. 4G  shows an illustrative screen capture of a solution matrix tool. 
         FIG. 5  shows a schematic diagram of an illustrative IT architecture for the tools. 
         FIG. 6  shows a schematic diagram of an illustrative communication flow between some components of the IT architecture of  FIG. 5 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As noted above, the present invention relates to systems, methods and tools for group collaborations. 
     The invention may be practiced in various embodiments. A suitably configured data processing system, and associated communications networks, devices, software and firmware may be provided to provide a platform for enabling one or more of these systems, methods, and tools. By way of example,  FIG. 1  shows a generic data processing system  100  that may include a central processing unit (“CPU”)  102  connected to a storage unit  104  and to a random access memory  106 . The CPU  102  may process an operating system  101 , application program  103 , and data  123 . The operating system  101 , application program  103 , and data  123  may be stored in storage unit  104  and loaded into memory  106 , as may be required. An operator  107  may interact with the data processing system  100  using a video display  108  connected by a video interface  105 , and various input/output devices such as a keyboard  110 , mouse  112 , and disk drive  114  connected by an I/O interface  109 . In known manner, the mouse  112  may be configured to control movement of a cursor in the video display  108 , and to operate various graphical user interface (“GUI”) controls appearing in the video display  108  with a mouse button. The disk drive  114  may be configured to accept data processing system readable media  116 . The data processing system  100  may form part of a network via a network interface  111 , allowing the data processing system  100  to communicate with other suitably configured data processing systems (not shown). The particular configurations shown by way of example in this specification are not meant to be limiting. 
     Many types of group collaboration projects may be facilitated by the present invention. By way of illustration, one such group collaboration project may involve citizen engagement in a public policy making process. In  FIG. 2A , shown is a typical policy making framework representing a timeline from the original idea to long-term implementation. In this framework, the timeline is partitioned into four quadrants, with the top two quadrants representing citizen-led actions, and the bottom two quadrants representing government-led actions. The left side quadrants represent pre-legislative events, while the right side quadrants represent post-legislative events. Within this policy making framework, citizens may introduce, debate and question a policy, and depending on the input and feedback, the government may decide whether or not to implement the policy through a legislative process. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2B , in the bottom half of the framework, government-led initiatives such as town hall meetings, citizens&#39; assemblies, and citizens&#39; juries may provide a forum for input from citizens. However, these citizens&#39; juries and town hall meetings may tend to provide only a limited opportunity for citizen participation. They may not allow the government to take advantage of a full range of input and opinions from a more representative sample of the voting population. This illustrative example demonstrates a need for facilitating large-scale group collaborations that may be met by the present invention. 
     As will now be explained, a solution for facilitating large-scale group collaboration may include the following: (i) a system and data architecture that allows for the flexible storage, retrieval and manipulation of ideas presented in a variety of forms and formats; and (ii) a collaboration toolkit that enables flexible application of a variety of transformations on the system and data architecture. 
     The collaboration toolkit, as developed and envisioned by the inventors, provides a set of tools to assist participants and moderators in the process of brainstorming, discussing, and compiling the participants&#39; contributions into a structured and meaningful output. As will be explained in more detail further below, a notable feature of the collaboration toolkit is that tools may be applied to different parts of the data structure at the same time. The tools may also be sequenced for use on the data structure in any order, allowing for the creation of flexible, customized workflows to model virtually any type of collaborative process. Tasks may be split into manageable portions, and contributions from many participants may be integrated into a unified whole. To enable this flexibility, the collaboration toolkit should be used with a data structure that is extensible, flexibly structured, and resilient to error. Given this criteria, the data structure preferred by the inventors is a hierarchical data structure capable of storing heterogeneous data items, and more preferably a modified tree data structure referred to herein as an “idea tree” and as described below. 
     The Idea Tree 
     The inventors have selected a tree data structure as illustrated in  FIG. 3A , as being well suited for facilitating large-scale collaborations as in the public policy development example introduced above. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3A , each “idea tree”  300 A starts as a single node, called the root node  302 . Using one of the tools in the collaboration toolkit, related ideas or sub-ideas may be added to the idea tree by creating and adding suitable child nodes  304 ,  306 ,  308  connected to the root node  302 . Each of the sibling nodes  304 ,  306 ,  308  may be a parent node having their own child nodes (e.g. parent node  304  has child nodes  310 ,  312 ,  314 ; parent node  306  has child nodes  316 ,  318 ; parent node  308  has child nodes  320 ,  322 ). Each node in the idea tree may have virtually an unlimited number of child nodes representing sub-ideas, or comments related to the idea expressed in the parent node. As shown in  FIG. 3A , a sub-tree of the idea tree may itself be an intact idea tree. This structural self-similarity may permit large-scale collaborations on potentially very broad topics, and may allow multiple collaboration tools to be used on different parts of the idea tree simultaneously. This is illustrated in  FIG. 3A  where three tools—“Tool A”, “Tool B”, and “Tool C”—are shown acting on different parts of the idea tree  300 A. Each of these tools is logically linked to a particular node, and may act upon a “workspace” including the link node and its sub-nodes. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3B , the data storage means associated with each node of the idea tree  300 B may store different forms of structured data. As an example, the data storage means associated with each node of idea tree  300 B may comprise a table or database having a plurality of records for containing different types of data or information related to a particular node. Each table may be configured to store in its records heterogeneous data items, such as text, sounds, pictures, and various types of information relating to the content or structure of idea tree  300 B (e.g. comments on or responses to proposed ideas posted in the form of video clips, texts or sound recordings; results of ratings collected in response to a prompt to rate an idea; hierarchical references to parent nodes and child nodes, etc.). 
     The data architecture of idea tree  300 B may offer considerable flexibility in allowing each collaborative tool to store and to retrieve only the specific pieces of data or information required by the tool, and to ignore the rest. For example, Tool A having a workspace including nodes  304 ,  310 ,  312  and  314  may be configured to work only with text data, in which case only the text data in nodes  304 ,  310  and  314  may be retrieved and used by Tool A. Sound data or picture data in nodes  304 ,  310 ,  312 ,  314  may be ignored by Tool A. As another example, Tool B might be a slideshow tool having a workspace including node  318 , and which processes images retrieved from node  318 . As yet another example, if this slideshow tool was being used on multiple nodes, the slideshow tool may use ranking information associated with image data stored in the multiple nodes to create a slideshow of images in a ranked order. More examples of tools that may be used on the idea tree are provided further below. 
     In order to provide data resiliency, the idea tree  300 A,  300 B may allow any transformation operation performed on the tree to be undone, either by performing one or more reverse transformation operations (for example, by moving an erroneously placed idea to a previous node in the tree), or by allowing the idea tree to revert back to a previously saved state. 
     The idea tree may be implemented using one of any number of different application development tools and languages. For example, in an Internet-based application development context, the idea tree may be defined using Extensible Markup Language (“XML”). Due to its inherent hierarchical nature, the inventors have found XML to be well suited for defining the idea tree. 
     In an illustrative example, each node of the idea tree may have a number of defined elements, including a Short Name, Data List, and Children, as listed below in Table A. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE A 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Elements 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Short Name 
                 A textual description of the node. 
               
               
                   
                 Data List 
                 Collection of DataItems in the node. 
               
               
                   
                 Children 
                 List of child nodes connected to this node. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As well, each DataItem stored on each node may contain a number of pieces of information as shown below in Table B. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE B 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Information 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 ID 
                 A short name that uniquely identifies a piece of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 information in the node. 
               
               
                   
                 Description 
                 A longer, human readable identifier for a piece 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of information. 
               
               
                   
                 Type 
                 Data type of the DataItem (string, integer, rank, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 etc.) 
               
               
                   
                 Data 
                 The data for this DataItem. 
               
               
                   
                 From 
                 The tool from which this data was created. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A graphic representation of an illustrative XML schema is shown in  FIG. 3E , and a corresponding language version of this XML schema is presented below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 &lt;?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?&gt; 
               
               
                 &lt;xs:schema xmlns:xs=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema” elementFormDefault=“qualified” 
               
               
                 attributeFormDefault=“unqualified”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“Project”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;An alltogether Toolkit Project - Stores the entire Idea 
               
               
                   
                 Tree&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:complexType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:sequence&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“Node”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;A single node in the idea tree.&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:complexType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:sequence&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“ShortName” nillable=“false”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;A short text description of the data within this 
               
               
                   
                 node.&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:restriction base=“xs:string”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:minLength value=“1”/&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:restriction&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:element&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“DataList”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;A list of all data within this node. 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:complexType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:sequence&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“DataItem” minOccurs=“0” 
               
               
                   
                 maxOccurs=“unbounded”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;A single piece of data within the 
               
               
                   
                 node.&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:complexType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:sequence&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“ID” nillable=“false”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;A short textual id of 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 the node. This field must be unique 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 within a DataList.&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:restriction base=“xs:token”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:minLength value=“1”/&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:restriction&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:element&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“Description” nillable=“false”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;A human- 
               
               
                   
                 understandable description 
               
               
                   
                 of the data stored in the 
               
               
                   
                 DataItem.&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:restriction base=“xs:string”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:minLength value=“1”/&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:restriction&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:element&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“Type”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;The type of data 
               
               
                   
                 stored in this DataItem. (E.g. String, 
               
               
                   
                 Rank, Number)&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                  &lt;xs:restriction base=“xs:token”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:minLength value=“1”/&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:restriction&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:element&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“Data” nillable=“false”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;The actual 
               
               
                   
                 data.&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:restriction base=“xs:string”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:minLength value=“1”/&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:restriction&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:element&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:element name=“From”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:annotation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:documentation&gt;Which tool this data 
               
               
                   
                 came from.&lt;/xs:documentation&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:annotation&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:restriction base=“xs:string”&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;xs:minLength value=“1”/&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:restriction&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:simpleType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:element&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:sequence&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 &lt;/xs:complexType&gt; 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
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     Although the above illustrative XML schema may be suitable for many different kinds of applications, it will be appreciated that the XML schema may be adapted as may be necessary (e.g. to allow for other elements or information descriptors). 
     The Collaboration Toolkit 
     Brief examples of tools that may be used to work on the idea tree were provided earlier. Further examples of tools are now provided. 
     Generally speaking, the collaboration toolkit may include both participant collaboration tools and moderator tools. In an embodiment, in order to maintain a desired degree of control over the growth of the idea tree, additions and modifications to the idea tree proposed by participants using one of the collaboration tools may be queued, and only applied by a moderator as a transformation on the idea tree at appropriately determined times. Moderator tools, on the other hand, may allow changes to take effect immediately. 
     In an Internet-based implementation, the collaboration tools may be set up by the moderator and made available on a project&#39;s website. An illustrative information technology (IT) architecture is described further below. Participants can enter the website and participate in the group collaboration project using one or more of the available tools. Examples of some collaboration tools are now described: 
     (a) Brainstorm Chat Tool 
     Shown in  FIG. 4A  is a sample screen capture  400 A of an illustrative “brainstorm chat” tool interface. A corresponding transformation of the idea tree that may be effected by this brainstorm chat tool is represented graphically at  401 A. This brainstorm chat tool may facilitate a brainstorming session by encouraging participants to submit new ideas about a problem or an issue being discussed. 
     When a brainstorm chat session begins, the corresponding brainstorm chat tool may be logically linked to an appropriate node in the idea tree that best represents the desired scope of the brainstorm. The node to which the tool is linked may semantically form the “topic” or “seed” for the discussion/brainstorm. In addition to submitting comments on ideas offered by others, participants can also submit their own new ideas. These new ideas may be added to the idea tree as child nodes to a node to which the brainstorm chat tool is logically linked. This brainstorm chat tool could permit a group to brainstorm solutions to a problem, propose new initiatives, or suggest changes. Participants&#39; contributions are thus used to build the idea tree and become part of the collective store of knowledge in the idea tree. 
     In an embodiment, every participant can promote an idea by supporting it (e.g., by clicking a button associated with the idea). The number of votes of confidence received for an idea may be tallied, so that the submitter of the idea can see how well the idea is accepted by other participants. 
     In terms of implementation, as an illustrative example, this brainstorm chat tool may be configured as a web-based online chat interface using IRC, or other instant messaging protocols. The brainstorm chat tool could also be extended to interfaces for mobile devices, such as SMS. This may allow for many different access points for participation. For example, a brainstorming session or event could be held over the course of a few days or weeks, and the public may be alerted via billboards, print media, radio or television to submit their suggestions for solving a problem by sending an e-mail to a certain address, or a text message to a certain phone number. A server may then add the ideas received to the idea tree on a website. 
     (b) Categorizer Tool 
     Shown in  FIG. 4B  is a sample screen capture  400 B of an illustrative categorizer tool interface. A corresponding transformation of the idea tree applied by the categorizer tool is shown at  401 B. As shown, the categorizer tool may have the effect of changing the structure of the idea tree. 
     Ideas may come in all forms, and may cover a wide range of issues within a topic. A free-form public brainstorming session, such as may be facilitated using the brainstorm chat tool described above, could result in perhaps many hundreds or thousands of ideas. What is needed is a way of bringing order and structure to the pool of knowledge without subjecting any individual to the onerous task of reviewing the entire collection of ideas. 
     This categorizer tool may permit a group of participants to contribute to the task of categorizing a large collection of ideas. Each participant may be shown a relatively small number of ideas and asked to place them in categories based on their views of how the ideas are related. The preferred participant categorizations may be tabulated as votes, and based on a statistical model, other ideas may be presented to participants as they progress through the categorization operation. The inputs from the participants can then be aggregated such that the overall result of the categorization is statistically representative of the entire group. If a participant feels that none of the predefined categories fit, the participant may also submit a new category for review and possible inclusion by a moderator. 
     In an embodiment, a moderator may set up operation of this categorizer tool by selecting the ideas to be categorized, and providing an initial list of possible categories. The categorizer tool may create new nodes that are populated with the categories, and may move the ideas under these category nodes according to the group&#39;s overall categorization preference, as statistically determined by their categorization choices. 
     Like the Brainstorm chat tool described above, the categorizer tool may be logically linked to a particular node. In this case, the categories may be inserted as child nodes to the link node, and any nodes being categorized may get moved under the category nodes as child nodes, as they are categorized by the group. 
     (c) Collaborative Document Editing Tool 
     Shown in  FIG. 4C  is a sample screen capture  400 C of a collaborative document editing tool. A corresponding transformation that may be applied to the idea tree by this tool is shown at  401 C. This collaborative document editing tool may be used to access and search through a document, and to submit proposed changes and edits. 
     In an embodiment, while the proposed changes and edits may immediately be made available for viewing, a moderator may moderate the proposed changes and edits as may be necessary to maintain organization of the idea tree. Since this collaborative document editing tool may allow people to work on different parts of the idea tree asynchronously, it is highly scalable, and allows for a large number of participants to contribute to the idea tree at the same time. The only practical limitation may be the capacity of a moderator to review and approve proposed edits and changes if that is desired, although multiple moderators may be used in this case if the capacity so demands. 
     As with other tools in the collaboration toolkit, the collaborative document editing tool may be logically linked to a specific node and its child nodes, and access only the relevant collaborative document editing tool related data stored in the selected portion of the idea tree. The collaborative document editing tool may be configured to create or modify an appropriate text entry stored in each node, as the moderator accepts the comments made by participants. 
     In terms of implementation, in an illustrative Internet-based XML schema example, memo-type DataItems may be used to store free-form text in each node. In an embodiment, each node may be configured to contain the information necessary to adequately describe its semantic content. A tool can then assemble the text from each node to produce a document. If a collective ranking is associated with each text entry, the text may be presented in the produced document in a ranked order. 
     The document can be edited by participants, and the changes may subsequently be translated to a transformation of the idea tree. For example, changing a paragraph of text would modify the memo-text DataItem entry in the appropriate node. Also, reordering the text may update the relative ranking of the nodes. 
     This collaborative document editing tool permits multi-user manipulations of a document by automatically segmenting the document according to its underlying semantic structure, as specified by the idea tree. 
     (d) Real-Time Collaborative Document Editing Tool 
     Shown in  FIG. 4D  is a sample screen capture  400 D of a “real-time” documentation tool. A corresponding transformation that may be applied to an idea tree by this “real-time” documentation tool is shown at  401 D. This real-time collaborative document editing tool is an alternative to the collaborative document editing tool, and may give participants the ability to work together and to coordinate each other&#39;s contributions to a document in real-time. Participants can either edit pre-existing files extracted from the idea tree, or start with nothing more than a document outline for a new document. Changes to the document may be tracked for each participant, and a chat room may be made available, allowing moderators and participants to coordinate their work in real-time. 
     As with the collaborative document editing tool, a moderator may derive an outline of the discussion by navigating the idea tree. Each paragraph or section of the document may be associated with an idea and exists as a node in the tree. Changes made to the document may be entered as edits in the appropriate records of tables in the appropriate nodes. 
     Since the tool allows participants to work in real-time on a specific document, it may be more effectively used on smaller parts of an idea tree, and larger collaborations may be better handled by the collaborative document editing tool. 
     (e) Document Commenting Tool 
     Shown in  FIG. 4E  is a sample screen capture  400 E of a document commenting tool. The corresponding transformation that may be applied by this tool to an idea tree is shown at  401 E. This document commenting tool may allow participants to comment on a document as created by one of the document tools mentioned above, or imported from another source. As shown at  401 E, these comments may be added, for example, as child nodes to a respective idea presented in a patent node. 
     In an embodiment, this document commenting tool can be configured to select an entire idea tree, or to select a particular sub-tree in which a document has been created using one of the earlier mentioned document tools. The tables associated with each node of the idea tree may contain text entries that may be assembled as necessary to display a document. When a participant adds a comment to a paragraph using this document commenting tool, a new child node may be created under the node to which that paragraph belongs, and the comment may then be entered into a record of a table in the new child node. 
     As will be explained further below, other participants may have the option of ranking a comment added using the document commenting tool. This ranking information may be stored, for example, as entries in the table of node containing the comments. In this manner, moderators may be directed, for example, to deal with the most popular comments based on ranking by all of the participants. 
     Again, participants or the moderator may logically link the document commenting tool to a particular node, and direct their feedback to specific sections of a document. As noted at  401 E, these comment nodes may be nodes in the general sense, and can become seeds for another brainstorm. The comments can also be processed by a ranking or categorization tool, or can be assembled into a new document which can in turn be commented on again, thereby creating an iterative process. 
     (f) Ranking Tool 
     Shown in  FIG. 4F  is a sample screen capture  400 F of a ranking tool which may be used to rank ideas within the idea tree. A corresponding transformation applied by this tool to an idea tree is shown at  401 F. 
     By way of example, participants may be asked to rate an idea on a numeric scale, or simply with an agree or disagree indication. The ranking tool may use as an input a collection of nodes that are siblings on the idea tree. Amongst the sibling nodes, the ranking tool can tabulate, for example, the relative rank of each sibling node. This relative rank information may be associated with a unique rank ID amongst the sibling nodes, so that relative rankings can be compared. The rank IDs may also be used to reconstitute the ranking of the nodes in the event that changes to the idea tree structure cause the nodes to no longer be siblings (i.e. the ranked nodes can be compared against each other using the results of a ranking operation even if the nodes are no longer siblings). 
     In an embodiment, participants can collaboratively create a ranking of a group of ideas or suggestions. The ranking tool may take as input a collection of nodes on the idea tree. One way of specifying this collection of nodes would be to link the ranking tool to a common parent, the child nodes of which form the input set. Each participant may then be presented with the ideas contained in the sibling nodes and asked to express an opinion (e.g. “Is this a good solution to the problem?” “Would you purchase this product?” or “Is this date convenient for you to hold a conference?”). Participants can then express their opinions on as many of the ideas as they may care to view, with the system aggregating the contributions of all participants to create a collective ranking of the ideas. 
     The ranking may then be stored as a doubly-linked list in the data tables of all the nodes involved. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in a doubly-linked list, each element in an ordered list contains a pointer to the next element and a pointer to the previous element. By traversing these pointers in both directions to the end of the chain, a set of nodes upon which such a ranking is performed may later be reconstructed. The ranking may also survive node deletion by updating the doubly-linked list as appropriate (i.e. the pointers in the nodes adjacent the deleted node are updated to reflect the deletion). This effectively removes a particular node from the list, but the relative ordering of all other nodes is retained. It will also be appreciated that a node can participate in more than one ranking, since each ranking operation simply adds a ranking entry to the node&#39;s data table. For example, one might want to know how Nodes A, B and C rank relative to each other, and then how Nodes B, D and E rank relative to each other. In this case, Node B may have two ranking entries, each with a rank ID and two pointers that form part of the doubly-linked list that defines the set of nodes upon which that particular rank was done. 
     (g) Solution Matrix Tool 
     Shown in  FIG. 4G  is a sample screen capture  400 G of a solution matrix tool. A corresponding transformation applied by this tool on an idea tree is shown at  401 G. 
     This solution matrix tool may assist with the task of decision making by providing a set of criteria and a number of proposed solutions that may meet the criteria. The intersection between a particular solution (listed in rows), and a criterion (listed in columns), is where a participant may provide input on whether a particular solution has met certain criteria. 
     In an embodiment, participants may be able to see their own answers to these questions as they enter them (e.g. as shown by a check-mark or an x-mark). However, the solution matrix tool may be used to tabulate the collective results to see how many participants feel that a particular solution abides by specific criteria. Ideas that do not conform to a set of criteria may be deleted by a moderator, and the solution matrix tool may be used to showcase the preferred solutions. 
     The solution matrix tool may apply a similar transformation of the idea tree as the ranking tool. For example, the moderator may select the nodes to be rated and enter the criteria upon which participants should make their decisions. The moderator may also assign numerical weight values to each of the criteria to be used in computing the final rank. For each node, the solution matrix tool may store an aggregated rank, and how that idea did in each category. 
     Moderator Tools 
     In addition to the participant collaboration tools described above, certain moderator tools may also be provided. For example, a spell check tool may allow the moderator to spell check the text in a selection of nodes (e.g. a node and all of its associated child nodes). The spell check tool may present spelling errors, suggests corrections, and receive instructions to correct or to ignore. The spell check tool may end after the moderator completes the spell check task, and updates the idea tree with the corrected text. 
     The moderator may also be provided with a tree editor tool to control the growth of the idea tree. For example, the moderator may wish to periodically prune the idea tree by eliminating branches of ideas that are outdated, or irrelevant to a discussion. The tree editor tool may also allow the moderator to view the idea tree, move or delete nodes, and save a modified version of the idea tree. In an embodiment, all of these editing actions may be undone by backtracking each step, or by reverting back to a previously saved version of the idea tree. 
     The moderator may also be provided with management tools that may be used to keep track of activity summaries, participant lists, and access control lists. These management tools may provide the ability to query the activity summaries to examine the activities of various participants (for example, to determine who should be given which level of access). For example, the moderator may be given the authority to modify the access control list for a particular collaboration project, or for a particular collaborative tool. 
     Sample Tool Workflows 
     To illustrate how different tools may be used to simulate a workflow having a sequential progression, some sample tool workflows are now described. 
     The first example is a large-scale collaboration for authoring a document addressing a particular project topic. Using the brainstorm chat tool, a group of participants may brainstorm the project topic, and possibly generate a number of sub-ideas that may be added to an idea tree as sub-nodes. Each sub-node in turn could be expanded upon until the idea tree has grown to include ideas and collaborative input from the participants. 
     Next, using a solution matrix tool, the ideas presented in the idea tree may be ranked by the participants, and poorly ranked ideas may be eliminated as may be appropriate. Participants may then be asked to comment on the pros and cons of the remaining solutions, as measured against a set of criteria. 
     Using the results of the solution matrix tool, a collaborative document editing tool could be used to create a document outline where each major sub-theme may be presented as a chapter, and each idea about the sub-theme may be presented as a section within each chapter. Introduction and conclusion sections may be added as well. The document may undergo amendments with participation from many participants. A moderator may play the role of an editor to control the growth of the document as may be appropriate. 
     As another illustrative example, a group troubleshooting project is now described. First, a group may start an online project where, using the brainstorm chat tool, members are encouraged to list problems. Using the categorizer tool, the problems may be categorized using group-recommended categories. Next, the ranking tool may be used to determine which of the problems are most pertinent for discussion by the group by collecting rankings from the participants. Less pertinent problems may be deleted, or left to be dealt with at a later time. Of the remaining problems, members may use the brainstorm chat tool to consider possible solutions to the problems identified as being the most pertinent. Once this process of proposing solutions is complete, the ranking tool may again be used to rank the solutions based on perceived effectiveness in dealing with a problem. Using the solution matrix tool, the best solution may be selected from a number of solutions presented, given their effectiveness in meeting defined criteria. 
     The Toolkit Interface 
     In an Internet-based implementation, participants may be able to access the collaboration toolkit by going to a website that implements the toolkit and contains links to various projects. For example, the collaboration tools main page may have a list of all projects that may be accessed. The order of listing of projects on the webpage may be determined by popularity as measured by the amount of activity, i.e., more popular projects may be placed closer to the top of the listing. Projects in which the level of participant activity may have changed drastically could also be identified as being very active, and placed closer to the top of the listing. This may ensure that projects are appropriately rotated within the listing, based on the level of interest. 
     New projects can be created using a link on the main page. As an illustrative example, two options may be available for creating new projects: (i) the server can be set up so that anyone can create a project, or (ii) this option can be made available just to the moderator or to only a small number of participants, allowing for some control over the types of projects created. To create a new project, the moderator or participant may add basic project information, such as the project&#39;s name and purpose, and create a tentative schedule of workflow items. The project may then be made available on the main page. 
     Once a particular project is selected, the associated project page may be the starting point for getting involved in the project. This project page may be used to access a particular collaborative tool (e.g. one of the tools as described earlier), as made available by the moderator. The project page may also contain summaries of any work already completed on the project using other collaboration tools. Participants can add themselves as contributors to the project, which may result in their “handle” being placed on a list of participants on the project page. 
     In an embodiment, each tool may be configured as a client process that is unique to the specific tool, allowing participants to interact with the tool and with other participants. Tools may be configured to create summary documents that summarize the actions of participants, and the transformations applied to the idea tree using the tools. For example, a document creation tool might present the document, a categorizer tool may show the final categorization, and a ranking tool would show the final rankings of the ideas. 
     In an embodiment, each participant may be provided with a personal profile. Wherever a participant&#39;s name is shown, a click on the name (e.g. using a mouse) may display the activity log for all projects that the participant has contributed to. The personal profile for each participant may also contain a personal description space, where the user can post a short personal description. Additional profile items can be set up by the server administrator. 
     If a participant wishes to make his or her contributions anonymously, they may do so by modifying their personal settings. Anonymous contributions may be labelled as being anonymous within project archives. If deemed necessary to avoid an undesired skew in the results from too many anonymous participants with a particular view, a project moderator may decide to disallow anonymous contributions in some or all portions of a project. In this case, if a participant has chosen to remain anonymous, a tool could either block their contributions, or ask if the user is willing to forfeit their anonymity in order to access and participate in the project or tool in question. 
     In an embodiment, to assist the moderator, a wizard tool may be provided which asks a number of appropriate questions. For example, the wizard may ask a series of “What do you want to do next?” questions. These questions may focus on finding out what a moderator wishes to do, and helping him or her choose the proper tool or set of tools to meet their goals. A moderator may then choose which portion of the idea tree to use as data for a particular tool, and link the tool to the appropriate node accordingly. Tool-specific wizards may also be provided which may help in ensuring that a moderator chooses the proper tool settings. 
     IT Architecture 
     An illustrative architectural overview of the collaboration toolkit is shown in  FIG. 5 . As previously mentioned, this IT architecture may be embodied in suitably configured data processing systems (e.g. data processing system  100  of  FIG. 1 ), and associated communications networks, devices, software and firmware. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the collaboration toolkit may comprise a presentation layer  520  and an application layer  530  positioned between participants  510  (e.g. citizens  512 , organizations  514 , government  516 ), and a back-end  550  (containing database  552 ). The presentation layer  520  may be designed, for example, using IBM&#39;s Websphere™ Portal Server. The application layer  530  responsible for the business logic may be designed, for example, on IBM&#39;s Websphere™ Application Server. For the back-end  550 , IBM&#39;s DB2™ Information Management Software may be used as the database  552 . The presentation layer  520  and application layer  530  may use web services to communicate, and the application layer  530  may communicate with the back-end database  552  using an appropriate protocol, such as the Java™ DataBase Connectivity (“JDBC”) protocol for example. 
     At the presentation layer  520 , graphical user interfaces may be provided for each of the components of the application layer, including a collaboration toolkit GUI  522 , a project GUI  524 , and various tool GUIs  526 . 
     The presentation layer  520  is responsible for all elements related directly to the participants  510 . It may consists of a number of components, including a collaboration toolkit GUI  522 , a project GUI  524 , and tool client GUIs  526 . The collaboration toolkit GUI  522  provides all interface and presentation elements of the collaboration toolkit server  532  and the project GUI  524  provides all interface and presentation elements of the project servers  534  as described below. The tool client GUIs  526  provide all interface elements for the various collaborative tools  544  as instantiated in a tool server  537  (see below). 
     By way of example, the collaboration toolkit GUI  522  may consist of a number of J2EE™ (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) portlets that could be deployed on IBM&#39;s Websphere™ Portal Server platform. Tool client GUIs  526  may also be designed as portlets. Depending on the tool, the interface may either be designed as HTML (HyperText Markup Language), or as an encapsulated Java Applet. 
     The application layer  530  may consist of a number of components, including: (i) a collaboration toolkit server  532 ; (ii) a project server  534 ; (iii) one or more tool servers  537 ; and (iv) tool server logic library  542 . Generally speaking, a tool server  537  may be an instantiation of a tool server logic (i.e. one of  544 ,  546 , etc.), which is the general server-side software needed to support the functionality of a particular collaborative tool (brainstorm chat tool, ranking tool, etc.). When a moderator selects a tool to use in the project, that tool&#39;s server logic is instantiated into a tool server  537 . The tool server logic library  542  acts as a repository from which server-side software can be loaded as needed by a project. As described above, there can be more than one tool server  537  active in a project at the same time, each tool server  537  running the same or different tool server logic. For example, two tool servers  537  may run two brainstorm chat tools working on different nodes in the idea tree, or two tool servers  537  may run a brainstorm chat tool and a ranking tool concurrently. Project Servers  534  are described in more detail below. 
     The collaboration toolkit server  532  may also include a tool registry  538  of all tools that are currently available. This tool registry  538  may store, for example, the location of the tool server logic ( 544 ,  546 , etc.) in the tool server logic library  542 , the location of the matching tool client GUI in  526 , and an associated tool wizard (not shown). The collaboration toolkit server  532  may also store a log of activity for each participant in participant activity logs  540 , detailing how a participant has interacted throughout the different projects  536  on the various project servers  534 . 
     Each project server  534  may contain the project information and business logic for a single project. Each project server  534  may store important information about the project  539 , including the schedule of tools that have been used in the past, the schedule of tools to be used in the future, and various properties of the project. An output data repository  541  may store information outputted by each individual tool. 
     Each tool server  537  may have a number of outputs, for example: (i) an output tree after all transformations have been performed; (ii) an HTML output providing a visual representation of the output for participants to see what was accomplished; and (iii) a participant log to update individual user profile pages and participant activity logs  540 . 
     Each tool client&#39;s logic ( 544 ,  546 , etc.) may contain all of the business logic related to an individual tool&#39;s operation. As shown, the tool server logic library  542  may include logic for various tools, including a ranker tool logic  544 , categorizer tool logic  546 , brainstorm client logic  548 , etc. For example, in the brainstorm chat tool, this tool server logic  548  would describe the transfer of information between a tool server  537  and a tool GUI running on the presentation layer  520 , the storing of messages and idea data, and other server-side processing. 
     When a moderator starts a new tool in a project  536 , a new tool server  537  is created and the chosen tool&#39;s server logic ( 544 ,  546 , etc.) is loaded from the tool server logic library  542 . A participant  510  accesses the website by logging in through the collaboration toolkit GUI  522  (which is connected to the collaboration toolkit server  532 ). The participant  510  then chooses a project  536  to access. The collaboration toolkit GUI  522  then loads the project GUI  524  which connects to the appropriate project server  534 . The project server  534  verifies that the user has the appropriate privileges to access the project. The participant  510  uses the project GUI  524  to navigate the various information areas of the project and may eventually select to participate in one of the active collaborative tools. The project GUI  524  inquires about the tool on the appropriate tool server  537 , looks up the tool in the tool registry  538  and loads the appropriate tool client GUI  526 . The tool client GUI  526  connects to the appropriate tool server  537 . The user can then interact with the tool via the tool client GUI. 
     An illustrative flow of communication between various components of  FIG. 5  is shown in  FIG. 6 . At regular intervals, a tool server  537  communicates with a project server  534  and sends output tree data and HTML formatted output  612  to the project server  534 . The tool client  537  also sends user activity data  610  to a collaboration toolkit server  532 . 
     The collaboration toolkit server  532  may create one or more project servers  534 . The project server  534  may initiate one or more tool servers  537 , providing the tool servers  537  with input tree data  614 . Project server  534  may also provide the username and user ID  616  of the participant to a tool client GUI  526 . The tool client GUI  526  may then access the tool server  537 . The tool client GUI  526  communicates with the tool server  537 , at  618 , in a manner specific to each tool. 
     It will be appreciated that the communication flow in  FIG. 6  is illustrative, and that other communication flows may be possible. 
     While various illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that variations and modifications may be made. Thus, the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims.