Patent Publication Number: US-2023156894-A1

Title: Energy metering and surge current detection

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a circuit for energy metering and surge current detection. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Energy metering is of increasing interest to consumers as they try to reduce their energy consumption. It is of interest generally for calculating and monitoring energy costs. 
     For example, it is known for some LED lighting applications to monitor the power consumption of the LEDs for various reasons. For example, verification of power consumption of a lighting system may be required for remuneration of energy costs. 
     For this purpose, an LED lighting arrangement may for example include an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) as part of an energy-metering circuit, placed between the input terminals (that connect to a rectified mains input) and a driver stage. Measured values of voltage and current, representing the voltage and current of the LED light source, are provided to the ADC, which samples the inputs and computes the consumed power. A microcontroller of the LED lighting arrangement can then use this information to control operation of the driver. 
     Surge robustness of LED drivers is another topic of increasing interest. The higher the surge voltage the driver can withstand, the more robust the driver will be. It is also of interest to monitor surge events. For example, if the end of life of the driver due to current surges can be predicted, preventive maintenance can be carried out. Especially for road lighting applications, predictable maintenance is of importance. 
     One of the key parameters for end of life prediction is an accurate measurement of the surge current. However, surge current measuring is a high cost function. The monitoring microprocessor needs to be isolated from the point where the surge current is sensed, so an isolator is required. The use of an opto isolator would require an additional supply which is not desired. 
     A passive solution based upon a current transformer has therefore been proposed as it has lower cost than an optical isolation system, and more reliable for coping with high surge currents (and corresponding voltages). 
     However, when separate systems for surge current monitoring and energy metering are involved, there is a significant increase in system cost to provide these monitoring solutions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is defined by the claims. 
     According to examples in accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a circuit for energy metering and surge current detection, comprising: 
     a current transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding; 
     a first current sensing arrangement connected to the secondary winding, for energy metering; and 
     a second current sensing arrangement connected to the secondary winding, for surge current detection, wherein the second current sensing arrangement comprises a high pass filter. 
     This circuit enables both energy metering of a load and surge current detection with a single transformer. This provides a low cost and compact way to implement both functions. The high pass filter means that the correct functioning of the energy metering is not influenced by the second current sensing arrangement, because a current at the normal operating frequency is filtered out by the second current sensing arrangement. For example, the current transformer may operate at the mains frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) and the high pass filter blocks the mains frequency (i.e. the cutoff frequency is above 50 Hz or 60 Hz). 
     The first current sensing arrangement may comprise a first resistor across which an energy metering signal is measured. The current flowing to the first resistor (when there is no surge event) is a known proportion of a load current, which load current (or a portion thereof) flows through the primary winding. Thus, energy consumption by the load can be derived. The energy metering signal for example comprises a voltage across the first resistor. 
     The second current sensing arrangement for example comprises a second resistor across which a current surge signal is measured. Thus, for surge events which have high frequency (i.e. short duration) current spikes are not filtered by the high pass filter, and a signal can be measured. The current surge signal for example comprises a second voltage across the second resistor. 
     The first resistor for example has a larger resistance than the second resistor. In particular, the first resistor is for sensing a small current resulting from normal operation of the load, hence a large resistor is used to generate a significant sense voltage. The second resistor is for sensing a large (but short duration) current pulse, hence a smaller sense resistor may be used. 
     The high pass filter for example comprises a series capacitor between the secondary winding and the second resistor. In combination with the second resistor, a high pass filter is formed. 
     The first current sensing arrangement may further comprise a low pass filter at an input of the first current sensing arrangement. 
     This is used to filter out high amplitude current surge signals, which would otherwise saturate the energy meter reading signal, for example being outside the range of an analog to digital converter of the energy metering system. 
     The second current sensing arrangement may further comprise a sample and hold circuit at an output of the second current sensing arrangement. This is used to store the signal from a short duration current surge, to make the reading of the signal easier. The sample and hold circuit for example comprises a peak detector circuit. 
     The secondary winding may comprise first and second winding portions in series, wherein a virtual earth is defined at the junction between the first and second winding portions, and the ends of the first and second winding portions opposite the junction each connect to a transformer output through a respective forward diode, and wherein the first and second current sensing arrangement are each connected to the transformer output and to the virtual earth. 
     This arrangement means the current surge can be detected with either polarity. 
     The invention also provides a LED lighting circuit comprising: 
     a LED unit; and 
     a circuit for energy metering and surge current detection as defined above for metering energy usage by of the LED unit and surge current sensing and counting. 
     The circuit preferably further comprises a LED driver, wherein the circuit for energy metering and surge current detection is connected with the primary winding of the current transformer in series along an input line to the LED driver. 
     These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiment(s) described hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a better understanding of the invention, and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    shows a known energy metering system; 
         FIG.  2    shows an example of a circuit in accordance with an example of the invention; 
         FIG.  3    shows a modification to the circuit of  FIG.  2   ; and 
         FIG.  4    shows a LED lighting circuit comprising a LED unit and the circuit for energy metering and surge current detection. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention will be described with reference to the Figures. 
     It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating exemplary embodiments of the apparatus, systems and methods, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the apparatus, systems and methods of the present invention will become better understood from the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the Figures are merely schematic and are not drawn to scale. It should also be understood that the same reference numerals are used throughout the Figures to indicate the same or similar parts. 
     The invention provides a circuit for energy metering and surge current detection. It uses a current transformer. A first current sensing arrangement is connected to the secondary side of the transformer for energy metering and a second current sensing arrangement is connected to the secondary side, with a high pass filter, for surge current detection. A single component is thus able to provide energy metering and surge detection. 
       FIG.  1    shows a known energy metering system. A current transformer  10  has a primary winding (winding i.e. coil L 1 ) and a secondary winding (series first and second winding portions, i.e. coils, L 2  and L 3 ). A current being monitored is supplied to the primary winding. The transformer has a large turns ratio, e.g. 1:100, so that a small current is delivered by the secondary winding. 
     A virtual earth is defined at the junction between the first and second secondary coils L 2 , L 3 , and the ends of the coils L 2 , L 3  opposite the junction each connect to a transformer output Vout through a respective forward diode D 1  and D 2 , thus forming a rectifier. 
     A current sensing resistor R 1  is connected between the transformer output Vout and the virtual earth. This arrangement means the output voltage Vout is independent of the polarity of the input current. 
     The termination of the secondary side with a resistor R 1  thus converts the primary current in the transformer into a voltage on the secondary side. This arrangement works well within a certain current range. 
     The invention aims to provide a circuit which is suitable for use both as a surge current sensor (e.g. counter) with currents typically in the range of 1 kA to 10 kA and for an energy metering system for monitoring currents typically in the range 1 to 10 A. To achieve this, an analog to digital converter for processing Vout may be used with a very high accuracy and range (e.g. more than 20 bits). The invention aims to provide a lower cost solution. 
       FIG.  2    shows an example of a circuit in accordance with an example of the invention. 
     The circuit components shown in block  20  correspond to  FIG.  1   . 
     The circuit generates two outputs from the output node Vout. A first output is the energy metering signal V_em, measured across the resistor R 1  in the same way as in  FIG.  1   . The resistor R 1  thus functions as a first current sensing arrangement connected to the secondary winding L 2 , L 3 , for energy metering. 
     A second output is a surge current detection signal V_sc, measured across a second resistor R 2 . There is also a series capacitor C 2 . The resistor R 2  and capacitor C 2  function as a second current sensing arrangement connected to the secondary winding L 2 , L 3 , for surge current detection. The resistor R 2  and capacitor C 2  function as a high pass filter. 
     In normal operation, the primary winding L 1  of the current transformer is supplied with a current of the order of 1 A at mains frequency, e.g. 50 Hz. In the secondary winding L 2 , L 3 , a current of 10 mA will be present for a 1:100 turns ratio. 
     The capacitor C 2  has a high impedance for the 50 Hz signals, so the full secondary current will flow to the other (first) sensing resistor R 1 . By way of example, R 1 =3.3 kΩ. This will result in a voltage of 3.3V, suitable for application to the input of a standard analog to digital converter. 
     Of course, the turns ratio and the resistance of R 1  may take any suitable values to obtain a desired voltage level for monitoring at the output for energy metering purposes. 
     When a surge current for example for 1 kA is present at the input winding L 1 , surge frequencies are in the range of &gt;100 kHz. The capacitor C 2  will act as a short so the secondary current of approximately 10 A will be fed into the second current sense resistor R 2 . The combination of the capacitor C 2  and resistor R 2  function as a high pass filter. 
     The high pass filter means that the correct functioning of the energy metering is not influenced by the surge current sensing arrangement, because a current at the normal operating frequency is filtered out. The high pass filter blocks the mains frequency (i.e. the cutoff frequency is above 50 Hz or 60 Hz, for example in the range 100 Hz to 500 Hz). 
     The second resistor R 2  has a lower resistance than the first so that the voltage resulting from a large surge current (1 kA) can be measured. For example if R 2 =1Ω this would result in a 10V pulse. 
     This circuit enables both energy metering of a load and surge current detection with a single transformer. This provides a low cost and compact way to implement both functions. 
     During a current surge event, the voltage rises for example to 10V as explained above. Because the transformer output Vout is coupled to both sensing outputs V_sc and V_em, the energy monitoring output also rises to 10V. This is outside the range for the input voltage of the analog to digital converter, which will saturate. 
     To avoid inaccuracies in the energy monitoring function that could result, a circuit modification may be used as shown in  FIG.  3   . 
     The first current sensing arrangement additionally comprises a low pass filter R 10 , C 10  between the secondary winding (i.e. Vout) and the first current sense component. i.e. the resistor R 1 . Thus, the low pass filter is at the input of the first current sensing arrangement. This is used to filter out high amplitude current surge signals, which would otherwise saturate the energy meter reading signal, for example being outside the range of the analog to digital converter of the energy metering system. An additional advantage is that with this low pass filter, higher harmonics of the mains frequency are attenuated. 
     An IEC requirement for energy metering is that the measurement should be up to the 5 th  harmonic. 
     The low pass filter has a cutoff frequency to allow the mains signal to pass but cut off higher frequencies above the desired maximum harmonic. The cutoff frequency is for example in the range 250 Hz to 1 kHz. 
     This low pass filter thus blocks the surge current thereby protecting the circuitry that is measuring the current for energy metering. 
     As the surge current is a short spike, either a fast analog to digital converter is needed for processing V_sc or else a sample and hold function may be used.  FIG.  3    shows a sample and hold function implemented by a peak detector circuit D 3 , C 3 , R 3  for processing the voltage across the resistor R 2  before delivery to measuring circuitry. 
     The current spike causes the capacitor C 3  to charge through the forward diode D 3  to a level depending on the peak of the current spike. The discharging of the capacitor (after sufficient time for measurement of the signal) depends on the discharge resistor R 3  in parallel with the capacitor C 3 . This circuit temporarily stores the signal from a short duration current surge, to make the reading of the signal easier. 
       FIG.  4    shows a LED lighting circuit comprising a LED unit and the circuit for energy metering and surge current detection as described above. 
     The input to the circuit is the line and neutral lines L, N. The primary winding L 1  of the current transformer  10  is in series with either one of the input lines.  FIG.  4    shows the circuit  30  for energy metering and surge current detection connected with the primary winding L 1  in series with the neutral line, so that the current to neutral flows through the primary winding L 1 . 
     The EMI stage  32  is downstream of the input lines, followed by the rectifier  34 . The rectifier delivers power to a LED driver  36  such as a switch mode power converter (of any suitable type). This driver delivers power to the LED unit  38 . 
     The circuit  30  for example connects, via its ground connections, to the chassis ground of the LED driver  36 . This chassis ground for example connects to the negative output of the rectifier (not shown in  FIG.  4   ). The mains isolation may instead be in the driver  36  in which case the circuit  30  may be grounded to a location within the LED driver  36 . 
     The LED and driver are not described in detail since any know arrangement may be used. 
     The invention is of particular interest for LED drivers, but it may also be used in a wide range of applications where a surge counter and energy metering function are used. 
     Variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. 
     The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. 
     If the term “adapted to” is used in the claims or description, it is noted the term “adapted to” is intended to be equivalent to the term “configured to”. 
     Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.