Patent Publication Number: US-11375679-B2

Title: Plants and seeds of Brassica carinata variety AGR159-4A1A

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of  Brassica carinata  breeding and, more specifically, to the development of a new  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, a sample of seed of which has been deposited with NCIMB under Accession number 43240. 
     BACKGROUND 
       Brassica carinata  is a member of the Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae) family, commonly known as the mustard family. In Canada,  Brassica carinata  is commonly known as  carinata , but is also sometimes referred to as Ethiopian mustard, Abyssinian mustard, Ethiopian kale or Abyssinian kale. In Ethiopia it is named gomenzer (Getinet, et al., 1996). 
     The genus  Brassica  is a member of the tribe Brassiceae in the mustard family (Brassicaceae; (Warwick, et al., 2009). In addition to  B. carinata , the  Brassica  genus includes several economically important oilseed crop species:  B. juncea  (L). Czern. (brown mustard),  B. napus  L. (rape, Argentine canola),  B. nigra  (L) W. D. J. Koch (black mustard), and  B. rapa  L. (field mustard, Polish canola). The genus  Brassica  also includes  B. oleracea  L. food crops, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi and kale. 
     The six  Brassica  species are closely related genetically, as described in the Triangle of U (Nagaharu, 1935).  Brassica carinata  is an amphidiploid (BBCC, 2n=34) thought to be derived from interspecific hybridization of the diploid species  B. nigra  L. (BB, 2n=16) and  B. oleracea  L. (CC, 2n=18; (Prakash, et al., 2011). The native range of  Brassica carinata  comprises the central highland region of Ethiopia. All the naturally occurring  carinata  in these regions is cultivated; there do not appear to be wild populations. 
       Brassica carinata  is an herbaceous annual with a determinate growth habit (Zanetti, et al., 2013). The plants were originally cultivated in their home range primarily as a source of leaves used as an edible and nutritious vegetable (Neugart, et al., 2017).  Carinata  can be grown as a cover crop to reduce soil erosion and herbicide use, while promoting water conservation (Alcántara, et al., 2011) or can be plowed into the soil for use as a green manure soil amendment and bio-fumigant (Lazzeri, et al., 2009; Pane, et al., 2013).  Carinata  also has utility in phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated topsoil (Mourato, et al., 2015). As abundant producers of vegetative biomass, cropping of  carinata &#39;s above-ground biomass has been suggested as a renewable source of feedstock for conversion to energy, particularly where cultivated in southern Europe (Gasol, et al., 2007). 
       Brassica carinata  can be grown in subtropical regions as winter cover crop in rotations with summer crops such as beans, cotton, peanuts, where the usual practice had been to follow with winter fallow and is made possible by the unique ability for established  carinata  to survive and recover after hard frosts (Seepaul, et al., 2015). Benefits of  carinata &#39;s use as a winter cover crop in this environment include the ability to conserve winter moisture and nutrients in the soil, mitigate leaching of nitrogen, phosphates and other residual nutrients into local waterways as well as providing a means to increase soil organic carbon (Newman, et al., 2010 (revised)).  Brassica carinata &#39;s greater tolerance to early season frost, ability to better cope with higher heat and lower moisture during flowering and seed set as well as resistance to lodging, allows it to better withstand early and late season weather extremes (Seepaul, et al., 2015), making it overall a more reliable oilseed cropping option for producers in semi-arid regions.  Brassica  crops have long been shown to be beneficial when grown in rotations with cereals such as wheat, an important food crop amenable to production in semiarid regions by virtue of its shorter growing season and tolerance to climate extremes. Rotations with oilseed as well as forage  Brassica  species have consistently demonstrated a beneficial effect on yield of the ensuing cereal crop, due to their effects on improving soil structure and moisture conservation and to its ability to provide a break to the cycle of diseases that affect cereal performance (Angus, et al., 2011). Its ability to break cereal disease cycles stems from  Brassica &#39;s lack of susceptibility to many cereal diseases, but may also derive from their ability to actively discourage persistence of soil pathogens via the biofumigant activity of root exudates and residues (Kirkegaard and Sarwar, 1998). In the southern hemisphere, the crop can be sown in late autumn or early winter into moist soil. In higher rainfall zones, it can be sown as late as early spring. 
     In terms of economic value,  Brassica carinata &#39;s greatest potential as a crop resides in its prolific yields of oil and protein rich seed. In southern Europe,  carinata  seed oil has been investigated for its potential as a feedstock for biofuel and as a bio-industrial feedstock with applications in production of lubricants, paints, cosmetics, plastics (Cardone, et al., 2003; Bouaid, et al., 2005; Gasol, et al., 2007). In North America, where varieties have been adapted to grow in regions as diverse as the semi-arid southern Canadian prairies and adjacent US northern tier states as well as the Southeast US gulf states,  carinata  has been shown to be a suitable renewable feedstock crop for biofuel production (Gesch, et al., 2015; Seepaul, et al., 2015), and oil extracted from  B. carinata  seed has been used to produce green bio-diesel and bio-jet fuel (Drenth, et al., 2015). In October 2012, experimental aviation flights by the National Research Council of Canada using the world&#39;s first 100% bio-j et fuel were successful (“ReadiJet 100% biofuels flight—one of 2012&#39;s 25 most important scientific events”, Popular Science Magazine, 2012(12). 
       Carinata  varieties have been developed that are optimized for production of oil feedstock for diverse bio-industrial uses such as manufacturing of bio-plastics (Impallomeni, et al., 2011; Newson, et al., 2014), lubricants (Zanetti, et al., 2009) and specialty fatty acids such as 5, 13-docosadienoic acid, 5-eicosenoic acid (Jadhav, et al., 2005), eicosapentaenoic acid (Cheng, et al., 2010) and nervonic acid (Taylor, et al., 2010). In some cases, modification of the seed oil profile has involved the use of transgenic technologies to introduce specific genes encoding enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathways or constructs to knock down expression of endogenous pathway genes (reviewed in Taylor, et al., 2010). 
     As well as its high oil content,  carinata  seed has high protein and low fibre content (Xin and Yu, 2014), making the meal that is produced as a by-product of the oil extraction process a potential source of high quality protein for use in animal feed applications. The native seed also has a high content of glucosinolate (GSL), a class of sulfur containing compounds which, when present at high levels in meal, can reduce feed palatability and adversely affect animal health. There have been efforts to reduce GSL levels through use of interspecific crossing with low GSL varieties of other Brassicaceae species (Getinet, et al., 1997; Márquez-Lema, et al., 2008). More recently, it has been demonstrated that the optimized processing of the meal during the oil extraction process can remove most of the glucosinolate, rendering the meal suitable for a number of animal feed applications (Hetherington, et al., 2017).  Carinata  meal is currently approved as a supplement for cattle feed in Canada, US and Europe. 
       Brassica carinata  has been adapted to meet the demands of emerging markets for  carinata  seed and  carinata  products. To provide opportunity to expand its production base, there continues to be a great need in the art for new  carinata  varieties and lines with improved traits, including increased grain and oil yields per acre, increased seed oil content and optimized oil composition, as well as varieties with improved agronomic traits such as increased tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses, reduced time to maturity and improved harvestability. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect of the invention, a new  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A is provided. In other aspects, the invention also provides a seed, plant, plant part or cell of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, for which a representative sample of seed has been deposited under NCIMB Accession Number 43240. 
     In other aspects, the invention provides methods for producing a  Brassica carinata  plant by crossing variety AGR159-4A1A with itself or with other  Brassica carinata  varieties. The invention is also directed to a cell, seed, plant, plant part of a  Brassica carinata  variety produced by crossing  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with itself or with other  Brassica carinata  varieties. 
     In another aspect, the invention is directed to a  Brassica carinata  seed produced by crossing  Brassica carinata  plants and harvesting the resulting  Brassica carinata  seed, wherein at least one  Brassica carinata  plant is the plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, the method comprising (a) crossing  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A plant with a different  Brassica carinata  plant having a desired trait to produce F1 hybrid seed; and (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more F1 hybrid progeny plants having the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. In one embodiment, the method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A further comprises the steps of (a) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with plants of variety AGR159-4A1A, or with the different  Brassica carinata  plant having a desired trait, to produce backcross progeny seed; (b) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected backcross progeny plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny  Brassica carinata  plant derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein the progeny  Brassica carinata  plant comprises the desired trait and at least a portion of the genome of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. In another embodiment, the method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A further comprises the steps of (a) self-pollinating the selected F1 hybrid progeny plants to produce further progeny seed; (b) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected further progeny plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny  Brassica carinata  plant derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein the progeny  Brassica carinata  plant comprises the desired trait and at least a portion of the genome of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. The invention is also directed to a cell, seed, plant, plant part of a  Brassica carinata  variety derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A using the above-described methods. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides methods for producing doubled haploid (DH) varieties from F1  Brassica carinata  plants produced by crossing  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A variety with itself or with other  Brassica carinata  varieties, as well as to seeds and plants produced by such DH varieties and any progeny of these. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides methods for producing a  Brassica carinata  plant by outcrossing  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with other Brassicaceae species followed by backcrossing with  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, as well as producing DH varieties from the interspecific crosses. In some embodiments, the other Brassicaceae species may be any species of the family Brassicaceae including but not limited to  Brassica alba, Brassica hirta, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Sinapus alba , and  Camelina sativa . In some embodiments, the progeny DH varieties retain the “essential morphological or physiological characteristics” of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A as described herein, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the “essential morphological or physiological characteristics” of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A are the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 as determined at the 5% significance level. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides for the use of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A as a background for chemical and/or radiation induced mutagenesis, for targeted gene editing, for modulation of traits via RNA interference or antisense RNA expression, or for introduction of traits via genetic transformation. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a method to produce a commercial crop of plants of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, as well any progeny plants derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. The invention also provides a method of producing a commercial plant product comprising growing the plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, or any progeny plants derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, to produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial crop. 
     In other aspects, the invention relates to the use of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce a commercial product, such as oil, meal, protein isolate, biofumigant, or crushed non-viable seed. The invention also provides for commercial products produced from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, as well any progeny plants derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, including but not limited to oil, meal, protein isolate, biofumigant, or crushed non-viable seed. 
     The invention provides for, without limitation, the following numbered embodiments:
         1.  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, representative seed of the variety having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43240.   2. A seed, plant, plant part or cell of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, representative seed of the variety having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43240.   3. A  Brassica carinata  seed produced by crossing  Brassica carinata  plants and harvesting the resulting  Brassica carinata  seed, wherein at least one  Brassica carinata  plant is the plant of embodiment 2.   4. A method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, the method comprising
           (a) crossing a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with a different  Brassica carinata  plant having a desired trait to produce F1 hybrid seed; and   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more F1 hybrid plants having the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   
           5. The method of embodiment 4, further comprising the steps of
           (a) backcrossing the selected F1 hybrid plants with plants of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, or with the different  Brassica carinata  plant having a desired trait, to produce backcross progeny seed;   (b) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic makeup of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A; and   (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected backcross progeny plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a  Brassica carinata  plant derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein the resulting progeny  Brassica carinata  plant comprises the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic makeup of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   
           6. The method of embodiment 4, further comprising the steps of
           (a) self-pollinating the F1 hybrid plants to produce further progeny seed;   (b) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A; and   (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) on the selected further progeny plants to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a  Brassica carinata  plant derived from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein the  Brassica carinata  plant comprises the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic makeup of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   
           7. A cell, seed, plant, or plant part of the  Brassica carinata  variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 4 to 6, wherein the  Brassica carinata  plant has the same physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A as a plant of variety AGR159-4A1A.   8. A method of producing a commercial plant product, the method comprising growing the plant of embodiment 2 to produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial crop.   9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant.   10. A method of producing a commercial plant product, the method comprising growing the plant of embodiment 7 to produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial crop.   11. The method of embodiment 10, wherein the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant.   12. A commercial crop produced from the  Brassica carinata  plant of embodiments 2 or 7.   13. A commercial plant product produced from the  Brassica carinata  plant of embodiments 2 or 7.   14. The commercial plant product of embodiment 13, wherein the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate or biofumigant.   15. The plant part of embodiment 2, wherein the plant part is an ovule, a leaf, pollen, a seed, an embryo, a root, a root tip, a pod, a flower, a stalk, a cell, or a protoplast.   16. The plant part of embodiment 15, wherein the plant part is pollen.   17. The plant part of embodiment 15, wherein the plant part is an ovule.   18. A  Brassica carinata  plant or plant part having essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the plant of embodiment 2 when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.   19. A  Brassica carinata  plant or plant part having the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   20. A method for producing  Brassica carinata  seed comprising crossing  Brassica carinata  plants and harvesting the resulting  Brassica carinata  seed, wherein at least one  Brassica carinata  plant is the plant of embodiment 2.   21. A method for producing a first generation (F1) hybrid  Brassica carinata  seed comprising crossing the plant of embodiment 2 with a different  Brassica carinata  plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid  Brassica carinata  seed, and wherein the plant of embodiment 2 is either a female parent or a male parent.   22. An F1 hybrid seed produced by the method of embodiment 21.   23. An F1 hybrid plant grown from the F1 hybrid seed of embodiment 22.   24. A method for producing a Double Haploid variety comprising:
           (a) isolating a flower bud of the F1 plant of embodiment 23;   (b) dissecting out a haploid microspore;   (c) placing the haploid microspore in culture;   (d) inducing the microspore to differentiate into an embryo and subsequently into a plantlet;   (e) identifying whether the plantlet contains a diploid chromosome number, wherein the diploid chromosome number occurred through chromosome doubling; and   (f) continuing to grow the plantlet if it contains a diploid chromosome number, wherein the Double Haploid variety comprises at least a portion of the genetic makeup of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   
           25. The method of embodiment 24 further comprising inducing chromosome doubling by chemical or physical means.   26. A cell, plant, plant part, or seed of a Doubled Haploid variety produced by the method of embodiment 24 or 25.   27. A method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety derived from the plant of embodiment 2, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a desired trait, the method comprising the steps of:
           (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR159-4A1A with another  Brassica carinata  variety comprising the desired trait;   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait;   (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the desired trait with plants of variety AGR159-4A1A to produce backcross progeny seed; and   (d) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait,   wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety derived from the plant of embodiment 2 comprises at least a portion of the genetic makeup of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A   
           28. The method of embodiment 27, wherein steps (c) and (d) are repeated until the  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   29. A method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety from the plant of embodiment 2, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a desired trait, the method comprising introducing a DNA construct conferring the desired trait into a  Brassica carinata  plant of variety AGR159-4A1A.   30. The method of embodiment 29, wherein the DNA construct is introduced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated DNA uptake, electroporation, ballistic infiltration using DNA coated microprojectiles (gene gun), an  Agrobacterium  infiltration-based vector, or a plant virus based vector.   31. The method of embodiment 29 or 30, wherein the DNA construct comprises a transgene, an RNAi construct, or an antisense RNA construct.   32. The method of any one of embodiments 29 to 31, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   33. A method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety from the plant of embodiment 2, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a desired trait, the method comprising the steps of:
           (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR159-4A1A with another  Brassica carinata  variety comprising the desired trait;   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait;   (c) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce further progeny seed; and   (d) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further progeny plants that have the desired trait,   wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety derived from the plant of embodiment 2 comprises at least a portion of the genetic makeup of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   
           34. The method of embodiment 33, wherein steps (c) and (d) are repeated until the  Brassica carinata  variety from variety AGR159-4A1A has the desired trait the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   35. A method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety produced from the plant of embodiment 2, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a new trait and the method comprises exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent and allowing the surviving fraction to develop into mature plants.   36. The method of embodiment 35, wherein the mutagenic agent is ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or ultraviolet radiation.   37. A method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety derived from the plant of embodiment 2, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a desired trait, the method comprising:
           (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR159-4A1A with a plant of another species of the family Brassicaceae comprising the desired trait;   (b) producing F1 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F1 plants or growing F1 seeds;   (c) self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character;   (d) producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F2 plants or growing F2 seeds;   (e) self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character;   (f) producing F3 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F2 plants or growing F3 seeds;   (g) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character to produce further progeny plants; and   (h) selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and  carinata  character to produce the  carinata  variety,   wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety derived from the plant of embodiment 2 comprises at least a portion of the genetic makeup of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   
           38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein steps (g) and (h) are repeated until the  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   39. The method any one of embodiments 27 to 38, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility and/or fertility restoration, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism.   40. The method of embodiment 39, wherein the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.   41. A plant, plant part, cell, or seed of a progeny  Brassica carinata  variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 27 to 40.   42. A method for producing a  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A CMS line expressing a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) trait, comprising the following steps:
           (a) using a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A as a pollen donor for crossing with an existing  Brassica  CMS plant, preferably a  Brassica napus  CMS variety or a  Brassica juncea  CMS variety, to produce viable F 1  CMS plants;   (b) backcrossing the F 1  CMS plants with  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, using  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A as a pollen donor, to recover viable CMS BC 1  plants;   (c) repeatedly backcrossing CMS BC x  plants with  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A using  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A as a pollen donor for up to 6 generations and recovering viable CMS BC 6  plants (referred to as  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A CMS); and   (d) maintaining the  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A CMS line by crossing with  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A wildtype (used as B line) and harvesting of CMS seed from  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A CMS parent.   
           43. A method for producing a  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A Rf line expressing a fertility restorer function gene (Rf) comprising:
           (a) use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A in reciprocal crosses with an existing  Brassica  Rf plant, preferably a  Brassica carinata  Rf plant, whereby viable F 1  progeny plants are subsequently recovered then screened for presence of Rf gene marker and whereby Rf F1 plants are selected;   (b) backcrossing the Rf F 1  plants with  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, whereby viable BC 1  plants are subsequently recovered then screened for presence of Rf gene marker and whereby Rf BC 1  plants are selected.   (c) repeated backcrossing of Rf BC x  plants with  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, for up to 6 generations as described above, whereby, viable Rf BC 6  plants are ultimately recovered (referred to as  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A Rf; and   (d) maintenance of the  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A Rf line by self-crossing and harvesting of Rf seed from  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A Rf selfed parent.   
           44. A method for producing hybrid seed from crossing a female parent and a male parent, the method comprising the steps of:
           (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR159-4A1A with another  Brassica carinata  variety;   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have a desired trait;   (c) recovering the hybrid seed,   wherein the female parent is  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A CMS.   
           45. A method for producing hybrid seed from crossing a female parent and a male parent, the method comprising the steps of:
           (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR159-4A1A with another  Brassica carinata  variety;   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have a desired trait;   (c) recovering the hybrid seed,
               wherein the male parent is  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A CMS.   
               
           46. Hybrid seed produced from the method of any one of embodiments 42 to 45.   47. Crushed, non-viable seed of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein a representative sample of the seed has been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 43240.   48. A cell of a seed, plant or plant part of  Brassica carinata  variety designated AGR159-4A1A, wherein a representative sample of the seed has been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 43240.   49. A protoplast of the cell of embodiment 48.   50. The cell of embodiment 48, wherein the plant part is an ovule, a leaf, pollen, a seed, an embryo a root, a root tip, a pod, a flower, or a stalk.   51. A cell of a  Brassica carinata  plant or plant part having the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   52. A tissue culture of protoplasts or regenerable cells of the cell of embodiment 50 or 51.   53. The tissue culture according to embodiment 52, wherein the protoplasts or regenerable cells are produced from a tissue selected from the group consisting of leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, pods, flowers, ovules, and stalks.   54. A  Brassica carinata  plant regenerated from the tissue culture of embodiment 53, wherein the plant has the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   55. A cell of a  Brassica carinata  plant regenerated from the tissue culture of embodiment 53, wherein the plant has the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   56. Use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce seed, wherein the seed is produced by self-crossing or open pollination.   57. Use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce an F1 hybrid  Brassica carinata  seed, wherein the plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A is either a female parent or a male parent in a cross-fertilization.   58. A cell of an F1 hybrid plant grown from the F1 hybrid seed produced by the use of embodiment 57.   59. A cell of an F1 hybrid plant grown from F1 hybrid seed produced by a method comprising crossing a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with a different  Brassica carinata  plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid  carinata  seed.   60. Use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce a Double Haploid variety.   61. Use of embodiment 60, wherein the Double Haploid variety is produced by a method comprising chromosome doubling introduced by chemical or physical means.   62. A cell of a Double Haploid (DH) variety produced from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   63. Use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce a  Brassica carinata  variety comprising a desired trait.   64. Use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce a  Brassica carinata  variety comprising a desired trait, wherein the desired trait is conferred by a DNA or RNA construct.   65. The use of embodiment 64, wherein the DNA construct is introduced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated DNA uptake, electroporation, ballistic infiltration using DNA- or RNA-coated microprojectiles (gene gun), an  Agrobacterium  infiltration-based vector, or a plant virus-based vector.   66. The use of embodiment 64 or 65, wherein the DNA construct comprises a transgene, an RNAi construct or an antisense RNA construct.   67. Use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce a  Brassica carinata  variety comprising a desired trait, wherein the desired trait is introduced by exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent.   68. The use of embodiment 67, wherein the mutagenic agent is ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or ultraviolet radiation.   69. Use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce a  Brassica carinata  variety comprising a desired trait, wherein the desired trait is introduced by crossing a plant of variety AGR159-4A1A with a plant of another Brassicaceae species comprising the desired trait.   70. The use of embodiment 69, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   71. The use of any one of embodiments 63 to 70, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism.   72. The use of embodiment 71 wherein the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.   73. A cell of a plant of a  Brassica carinata  variety comprising a desired trait, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety is produced from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A by a method comprising the steps of:
           (a) crossing a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with another  Brassica carinata  variety comprising the desired trait;   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait;   (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the desired trait with plants of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce backcross progeny plants; and   (d) growing seed from the resultant backcross progeny plants and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   
           74. The cell of embodiment 73, wherein the method to produce the  Brassica carinata  variety further comprises repeating steps (c) and (d) until the  Brassica carinata  variety has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   75. A cell of a plant of a  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a desired trait, and wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety was produced by a method comprising introducing a DNA construct conferring the desired trait into a plant, plant part, or cell of variety AGR159-4A1A.   76. The cell of embodiment 75, wherein the DNA construct is introduced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated DNA uptake, electroporation, ballistic infiltration using DNA coated microprojectiles (gene gun), an  Agrobacterium  infiltration-based vector, or a plant virus-based vector.   77. The cell of embodiment 75 or 76, wherein the DNA construct comprises a transgene, an RNAi construct, or an antisense RNA construct.   78. The cell of any one of embodiments 75 to 77, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A comprises the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   79. A cell of a plant of a  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a desired trait, and wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety was produced by a method comprising the steps of:
           (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR159-4A1A with a plant of another  Brassica carinata  variety comprising the desired trait;   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait;   (c) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce further progeny plants;   (d) growing the resultant further progeny plants and selecting further progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   
           80. The cell of embodiment 79, wherein steps (c) and (d) are repeated until the  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   81. A cell of a plant of a  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a desired trait, and wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety was produced by a method comprising the steps of:
           (a) crossing from the  Brassica carinata  plant of embodiment 2 with another  Brassica carinata  variety comprising the desired trait;   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait;   (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the desired trait with plants of from the  Brassica carinata  plant of embodiment 2 to produce backcross progeny seed; and   (d) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A.   
           82. The cell of embodiment 81, wherein steps (c) and (d) are repeated until the  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   83. A cell of a plant of a  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a new trait and is produced by a method comprising exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent and allowing the surviving fraction to develop into mature plants.   84. The cell of embodiment 83, wherein the mutagenic agent is ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or ultraviolet radiation.   85. A cell of a plant of a  Brassica carinata  variety comprising a desired trait, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety is produced by a method comprising:
           (a) crossing a plant of variety AGR159-4A1A with a plant of another Brassicaceae species comprising the desired trait;   (b) producing F1 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F1 plants from the cross or growing F1 seeds;   (c) self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character;   (d) producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F1 plants from the cross or growing F2 seeds;   (e) self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character;   (f) producing progeny plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F3 plants or growing F3 seeds;   (g) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character to produce further progeny plants; and   (h) selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and  carinata  character.   
           86. The cell of embodiment 85, wherein steps (g) and (h) are repeated until the  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A.   87. The cell of any one of embodiments 73 to 86, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism.   88. The cell of embodiment 87, wherein the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.   89. Use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce a commercial crop.   90. Use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce a commercial plant product.   91. The use of embodiment 90, wherein the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant.   92. A method for producing a group of cultivated plants of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A in a field, wherein harmful microorganisms are controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more microbiocidal ingredient.   93. The method of embodiment 92, wherein the one or more microbiocidal ingredient is selected from the group comprising iprodione, prothiaconazole vinclozolin, boscalid, carbathiin, thiram, difenoconazole, metalaxyl, sedaxane, fludioxonil, penflufen, trifloxystrobin, and sedaxane.   94. The method of embodiment 93, wherein the composition comprising one or more microbiocidal ingredient is applied as a seed treatment or seed coating.   95. A method for producing a group of cultivated plants of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A in a field, wherein insect pests are controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more insecticidal ingredient.   96. The method of embodiment 95, wherein the insecticidal ingredient is applied as a seed treatment or foliar treatment.   97. A method for cleaning seed of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, or seed from a plant produced from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, to remove foreign material from the surface of the seed.   98. A method for cleaning seed of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, or seed from a plant produced from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, to remove any debris or low quality, infested, or infected seeds, or seeds of different species.       

     Definitions 
     In the following description and tables, many terms are used. To aid in a clear and consistent understanding of the specification, the following definitions and evaluation criteria are provided. 
     Abiotic stress is defined as the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. Examples of abiotic stress include, but are not limited to, drought, water-logging or flooding, extreme temperatures, extreme salinity, and mineral toxicity. 
     Agronomic practice refers to any of a set of cultivation practices or techniques that attempt to maximize the health and productivity of a crop. The agronomic practices used are an important factor in interpreting results from field studies of various kinds. 
     Allele refers to one or more alternative forms of a gene locus that relate to one trait. Diploid organisms, i.e., organisms with two sets of chromosomes, have one copy of each gene (and therefore, one allele) on each chromosome. If both the alleles are the same, they are homozygous. If the alleles are different, they are heterozygous. 
       Alternaria  resistance is typically rated on a scale from 0-5; 0=no symptoms were observed, 1=indicates infection of pods only, 2=disease prevalence on 25% of upper plant, 3=50% prevalence, 4=75% prevalence, and 5=disease symptoms are seen throughout entire plant and considered severe. 
     Average refers to the arithmetic mean. “Substantially equivalent” or “statistically equivalent” refers to a characteristic that, when compared, does not show a statistically significant difference from the mean. In contrast, “statistically different” or “statistical significance” refers to a characteristic that, when compared, shows statistically significant differences from means of the same characteristic of another group or groups. Most often, statistical significance of differences is measured at levels of P&lt;0.05 using standard tests to compare Least Square Means, such as Tukey&#39;s HSD or Student&#39;s t-test. 
     Backcrossing means a traditional breeding technique used to introduce a trait to a plant line or variant from a donor plant to a recurrent plant. An initial cross is made between the donor and recurrent parent plants to produce progeny plants. Progeny plants having the desired trait are then crossed to the recurrent parent. This process of backcrossing is repeated for several breeding cycles until the progeny plants are indistinguishable from the recurrent parent, except for the trait from the donor parent. 
     Breeding line (or Plant line) refers to a unique, reproducible  carinata  type, and is distinguishable from other  carinata  types based on its genotype and phenotype. Most often, a breeding line refers to a type that is mostly or completely homozygous, such as a DH line or a highly inbred line (five or more generations inbred). 
       Carinata  refers to seeds or plants of the species  Brassica carinata  containing both the B genome from  Brassica nigra  and the C genome from  Brassica oleracea  (Nagahuru, 1935). The terms “ Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A”, “ carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A”, “variety AGR159-4A1A”, and “AGR159-4A1A” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 43240. 
     Check variety (or check line) are  carinata  genotypes considered to be the standard for overall performance, or for a specified trait, in a given growing region. Often, the current commercial varieties are used as check lines for the regions in which they are grown, and this is the standard against which new potential varieties are tested. Examples of useful commercial check varieties include, but are not limited to,  Brassica carinata  varieties AAC-A120 and AGR044-312D-HP11 (WO2017/181276A1; henceforth referred to as “AG044-HP11” or “HP11”) 
     Days to Flowering (initiation of flowering) refers to the number of days from planting until 50% of the plants in a planted area have at least one open flower. 
     Depth of canopy, measured in cm, is the distance from the first incidence of pods on a plant (average within a plot) to the top of the pod canopy. 
     Diploid refers to cell or a plant with two sets of chromosomes. One set comes from each parent. 
     Double Haploid, Doubled Haploid, Doubled Haploidy (DH) refers to a haploid cell or plant that has undergone a doubling of its chromosomes to produce a functional diploid. 
     Duration of flowering is the number of days between the initiation of flowering and end of flowering. 
     Early (season) vigour is a rating, usually on a scale of 1 to 7, that reflects how a variety develops in its early stages (about 4 weeks after seed) in terms of putting on leaf area and competing with weeds. Typically, experimental varieties or lines are compared with a check variety or line, which is rated as a “4”. A new variety with slightly more leaf cover and advanced development would be rated a “5”, or more significantly a “6”, and so forth. 1=significantly less than check variety; 7=significantly greater uniformity than check variety. 
     End of flowering is the number of days from planting to when approximately 90% of flowers have lost their petals. 
     Erucic Acid content is the weight percentage (wt %) of fatty acids in the form of C22:1 among all major fatty acid types found in  carinata . Most often, this is estimated by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of mature seeds at less than 6% moisture. The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples whose fatty acid profile is determined by American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) Official Method Ce1-66 Fatty Acid Composition by Gas Chromatography. This is one of the official methods recommended by the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RCC). 
     Extent of branching refers to the number of pod-bearing secondary branches (racemes) off the main stem. This is often estimated using an average of at least eight plants per breeding line. 
     Embryo Rescue techniques refers to in vitro techniques whose purpose is to promote the development of an immature or weak embryo into a viable plant. This methodology is commonly used to rescue viable embryos from crosses between different but closely related species, i.e., interspecific crosses. 
     Fatty acid content means the typical percentages by weight of fatty acids present in the endogenously formed oil of the mature whole dried seeds, as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy at less than 6% seed moisture. The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples whose fatty acid profile is determined by American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) Official Method Cel-66 Fatty Acid Composition by Gas Chromatography. This is one of the official methods recommended by the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RCC). Aside from erucic acid (C22:1), the most significantly occurring fatty acids in  carinata  are oleic acid (c18:1), linoleic acid (c18:2), linolenic acid (c18:3), and eicosenoic acid (C20:1). 
     Flower Petal Colouration means the colouration of open exposed petals on the first day that flowering is observed. In  carinata , varieties are most often categorized as either W=White or Y=Yellow. Occasionally, for varieties with a very light yellow colour, a third category will be employed: PY=Pale Yellow. 
     Frost tolerance means the ability of young plants to withstand frosts in areas where  carinata  is grown during the winter season. These frosts are most likely to occur from the five-leaf to early bolting plant development stages, depending on time of planting. This is typically measured 3-5 days following a hard frost event and rated using a scale of visual percentage of injury (leaf bleaching and death); where “0” is no injury and “10” is 100% plant damage, and each successive number indicates an additional 10% injury to leaf and stem tissue. 
     Gene silencing means the interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation. 
     Genotype refers to the genetics or DNA sequence of individual  carinata  lines, as opposed to their actual appearance, which is called the phenotype. 
     Glucosinolate (GSL) content means the total glucosinolate content of mature seed at less than 6% moisture, given in units of μmol/g, as analyzed using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. In  carinata , the majority of glucosinolate content is in the form of sinigrin (chemical name: allylglucosinolate or 2-propenylglucosinolate). Most often, the total glucosinolate content of seeds is estimated by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of mature seeds at less than 6% moisture. The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples with known GSL content determined previously by one or more methods known in the art including, but not limited to, gas chromatography of TMS-derivatives, and HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 
     Grain means the seed produced by  carinata  crops that are intended for processing for oil or feed uses. This is in contrast with parent seed or planting seed, which is intended for growth of another generation of plants. 
     Growing Degree Days refers to the accumulation of heat units above a base temperature over time and is often strongly correlated with rate of plant development. The daily GDD units are calculated by subtracting the average temperature (° C.) (average of daily maximum and minimum temperature) from the baseline of 5° C. These units accumulate beginning the day after planting. 
     Growing Environment refers to a particular area (typically grouped by geography) or controlled environment where plants are grown and evaluated. Expression of various characteristics or traits, such as plant height or days to maturity, can be greatly influenced by the environment in which it is grown. This is also commonly known as Genotype×Environment interaction, or G×E. 
     Haploid refers to a plant, or a cell of a plant, that has only one set of chromosomes. Haploid plants can be produced artificially, and their single set of chromosomes can be doubled to produce a doubled haploid. 
     Height of first pod, measured in cm, refers to the distance from ground level to the first incidence of pods on a plant (average within a plot). 
     Herbicide Resistance means the resistance to various herbicides when that herbicide is applied at standard recommended application rates and timing; and is expressed on a scale of 0 to 10; where “0” is no symptoms, and a rating of “10” means entire plant is brown and curled. Each successive number indicates approximately 10% more damage or effect of herbicide on the plant: a rating of “2” indicates several leaves with slight yellowing and curl, “4” is several yellowing or dying leaves and more noticeable curl, “6” is a greater number and severity of yellowing, curling, and dead leaves, and “8” indicates that most leaves are completely yellow or dead. 
     Hybrid variety or F1 hybrid refers to the seeds harvested from crossing two inbred (nearly homozygous) parental lines. This is most often accomplished in  carinata  through the development of inbred parents using the Ogura pollination control system, where one parent is functionally male sterile (CMS or A-line) and the other restores fertility to the F1 hybrid (Rf or R-line). 
     Leaf colour means the colour of the leaf blade of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages (on a plot basis). A categorical scale is most often used, where DG=Dark green; G=Green; LG=Light green; BG=Bluish green. 
     Leaf glaucosity refers to the presence or absence of a fine whitish powdery coating on the surface of the leaves, and the degree thereof, when present. Numerical scale used to rate this trait: 3=weak, 5=medium, 7=strong. 
     Leaf Length is the total length of the leaf from attachment of the petiole to the stem, to the tip of the blade, measured in cm, of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. It is estimated using an average of measurements from at least 30 plants. 
     Leaf number of Lobes means the frequency of leaf lobes, when present, of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. 3=few, 5=medium, 7=many. 
     Leaf Width is the width, in cm, of the widest part of the leaf blade of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. It is estimated using an average of measurements from at least 30 plants. 
     Locus refers to a specific location in a chromosome. 
     Lodging, is the displacement of stems from their vertical and proper placement, observed as extent to which plants of a given variety remain upright; upright plants are easier to harvest with harvesting equipment. In some trials, lodging is measured on a scale of 1-5, where 1=significantly less lodging than check variety; 5=significantly greater lodging than check variety. In other trials, lodging is measured on a scale of 1-7, where 1=plot flat on the ground; 2=most of plot on ground; 3=75% lodged; 4=50% lodged; 5=25% lodged; 6=only slight lodging/stem bending noticed; 7=no lodging. 
     Maturity may be determined based on Seed Maturity, Physiological Maturity or both. 
     Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) refers to a non-destructive, spectrometric method commonly used to assess seed quality parameters in grain producing crops. Estimates of total seed oil content and fatty acid profile, as well as total glucosinolate and protein content on a whole seed basis, are examples of parameters for which NIR is commonly employed. 
     Number of seed-bearing pods is determined by counting the number of pods containing at least one viable seed on the main raceme, as measured in at least eight plants of the same line at full pod set stage. 
     Oil content means the typical percentage by weight (wt %) of oil present in the mature whole dried seeds, at less than 6% moisture, as determined near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (AOCS Procedure Am 1-92 Determination of Oil, Moisture and Volatile Matter, and Protein by Near-Infrared Reflectance). 
     Open-pollinated (OP) variety refers to varieties that are maintained and propagated primarily by means of self-pollination, and for which the next generation will be largely equivalent to the previous. 
     Pedicel Length is the typical length of the silique stem observed when mature, measured in mm, for 30 pods taken per plot, from pods occurring on mid-third of the main raceme. 
     Petiole Length is the length of the petiole, measured in cm, from attachment of the petiole to the stem, to the start of the leaf blade, as observed in lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. 
     Phenotype refers to the outward appearance or manifestation of given traits of varieties, individual plants, or plant parts (such as leaves or seeds). 
     Physiological maturity means the number of days from planting to the stage when pods with seed change colour, from green to a dry tan look and when about 70-80% of stems and pods dry-down, corresponding to stages 90 and beyond of the BBCH scale (Meier, et al., 2009). 
     Plant includes the whole plant, or any plant parts such as plant organs, plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell cultures, or plant tissue cultures form which whole plants can be regenerated, plant callus, plant cell clumps, plant transplants, seedlings, plant cells that are intact in plants, plant clones or micropropagations. 
     Plant height means the overall plant height from ground level to the average of the top of the plant canopy, in cm, taken between mid-flowering and full pod-set stages of plant development. 
     Plant length is the length of the plant, in cm, measured at maturity. For this trait, it is typically an average 30 or more plants measured individually from the same variety. 
     Plant part includes, but is not limited to, harvested tissues, fruits, organs, plant cuttings, vegetative propagations, embryos, flowers, leaves, fruits, fruit flesh, seeds, clonally propagated plants, roots, stems, stalks, root tips, grafts, parts of any of these and the like. Plant part also includes any developmental stage, such as seedlings, cutting prior or after rooting, mature and/or immature plants, or mature and/or immature leaves. 
     Ploidy refers to the number of sets of chromosomes exhibited by the line, for example, diploid (two sets) or tetraploid (four sets). 
     Plot refers to a group of  carinata  plants, grown in one or multiple rows of varying lengths, which is often used as the basic unit of measurement for a number of traits. These are often, but not always, associated with replicated yield trials. 
     Pod shatter loss is the amount of seed lost from shattered pods at harvest; seeds are collected in three 7″×13″ pans placed 3′ from either end or at center of each plot and converted to kg/ha. 
     Pod shatter resistance, or shatter resistance, means the resistance to silique shattering observed at seed maturity. 1=not tested, 3=poor, 5=fair, 7=good, 9-does not shatter. 
     Pod (silique) Beak length, measured in mm, for 30 pods taken per plot, from pods occurring on mid-third of the main raceme. 
     Pod (silique) length is the length of the pod not including the pedicel or beak, measured in mm, for 30 pods per plot taken from the mid-third of the main raceme. 
     Pod (silique) width is the typical pod width when mature, for 30 pods per plot taken from the mid-third of the main raceme. Rating scale is typically categorical: 3=narrow; 5=medium, 7=broad. 
     Primary raceme length, measured in cm, means the measurement of the main raceme from the last (youngest) branch to the top of the inflorescence. This measurement often taken from end flowering to full pod set stage of plant development. 
     Progeny refers to plants derived from a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. Progeny may be derived by regeneration of cell culture or tissue culture of a plant of  carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, self-pollination of a plant designated AGR159-4A1A, crossing at least one plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with a plant of another variety or line of  Brassica carinata  or other Brassicaceae species, or by producing seeds of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. 
     Protein content means the typical percentage by weight (wt %) of protein in the oil-free meal of the mature whole dried seeds, at less than 6% moisture, analyzed using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (AOCS Procedure Am 1-92 Determination of Oil, Moisture and Volatile Matter, and Protein by Near-Infrared Reflectance). 
     Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) is the most common experimental design used in standard replicated yield testing, typically consisting of four replications of various breeding lines or varieties, having the complete set of entries arranged in different randomizations for each replication. 
     Recovery from frost damage, is assessed by rating the same plots at a couple additional time points beyond the initial rating, often at two and three weeks following a hard frost event. 
     Regeneration means the development of a plant from cell culture or tissue culture or vegetative propagation. 
     Replication refers to a series of ratings or observations, taken from different plots or samples of the same variety, breeding line, or trait thereof, from plants grown at the same location or within a given set of trials. Replicated measurements are critical for greater accuracy in statistical analysis. 
     Resistance means the ability of a plant to withstand exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide or other potentially stress-inducing condition. A resistant plant variety or hybrid will have a level of resistance higher than a comparable check variety or hybrid. 
     Saturated Fatty Acids refer to Fatty Acids in which carbon chains are linked by single bonds; they lack unsaturated links between carbon atoms. The Saturated Fatty Acid content of oil in the seed is 
       Sclerotinia  resistance is typically rated on a scale from 0-5; 0=no symptoms were observed, 1=infection of pods only, 2=disease prevalence on 25% of upper plant, 3=50% prevalence, 4=75% prevalence, and 5=disease symptoms are seen throughout entire plant and considered severe. 
     Seed colour (NIR), means the seed coat colour of typical mature seeds based on NIR analysis. For this objective measurement, the colour of an aggregate sample of seed (1-5 g of seed) is determined by using the FOS XBR, or equivalent, near infrared spectrophotometer as a reflectance spectrophotometer over the visible range (400 nm to 700 nm) to provide an objective description of the  carinata  seed color, essentially as described (Black and Panozzo, 2004) except that seed color is described in terms of the Hunter L*A*B* color space rather than CIEL*A*B* color space. 
     Seed colour (visual), is a subjective categorization of the predominant seed coat colour at seed maturity for a given variety or breeding line. These are generally grouped into the following categories: Y=Yellow or bright yellow; DY=Dark yellow; LB=Light brown; B=Brown; DB=Dark brown; 0=Orange. 
     Seed Maturity refers to number of days from planting to the stage when 70-80% seeds on main raceme had seeds with complete colour change and hard when pressed between fingers. 
     Seeds per pod, means the average number of seeds per pod, in at least 30 pods taken from the mid-third of the main stalk. 
     Seed weight (thousand seed weight, or TKW), means the weight, in grams, of 1,000 typical seeds determined at maturity, as measured at a seed moisture content of approximately 5-6%. 
     Self-pollination or “selfing” means the self-pollination of a plant by transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of the same plant.  Carinata  is a self-compatible species, meaning there are no genetic or physiological impediments to successful self-pollination. 
     Stand is the number of plants counted in 4 rows and converted to plants/m 2 . Recorded 2-4 days before harvest. 
     Stem colour refers to the predominant stem colour at bolting stage, depending on levels of anthocyanin manifest in the stem. This is generally categorical, characterized as G=Green; LP=Light Purple; and P=Purple or dark purple. 
     Tissue culture refers to a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into part of a plant. This technique is an integral part of breeding techniques such as doubled haploidy, whereby new diploid plants of a unique, homozygous genetic composition are generated in lab conditions to the point where normal plant growth can occur in the field or in a greenhouse. 
     Tolerance is commonly used in the context of plants affected by abiotic stress, diseases, or pests and is used to describe an improved level of field resistance. 
     Traditional plant breeding techniques include, but are not limited to, crossing, selfing, selection, double haploid production, embryo rescue, marker assisted selection, mutation breeding, backcross breeding, single seed descent, and any other method known to the breeder other than genetic modification and transformation/transgenic methods, by which a genetically heritable trait can be transferred from one  carinata  line or variety to another, or traits of interest fixed in one genetic background. 
     Trait introgression refers to plants within a variety have been modified in a manner that retains the overall genetics of the variety and further comprises one or more loci with a specific desired trait, such as male sterility, disease, or herbicide resistance. Backcrossing followed by inbreeding or DH line generation is a common methodology to achieve this objective. Using this technique, one or more value added traits may be introduced into a single  carinata  variety. 
     Transgene means a genetic locus comprising a DNA sequence which has been introduced into the genome of a  Brassica carinata  plant by transformation. A plant comprising a transgene stably integrated into its genome is referred to as a transgenic plant. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In one aspect, the present invention relates to cells, seeds, plants, and plant parts of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, alternatively “ carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A”, “variety AGR159-4A1A”, or “AGR159-4A1A”, for which a representative sample of the seed has been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 43240. 
     In another aspect, the present invention relates to  Brassica carinata  plant or plant part produced or derived from seeds, plants, and plant parts of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, as well as to all progeny of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A produced by one or more breeding, mutagenesis, tissue culture, or genetic modification techniques and having essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant or plant part of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A. 
     In another aspect, the present invention relates to  Brassica carinata  plant or plant part produced or derived from seeds, plants, and plant parts of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, as well as to all progeny of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A produced by one or more breeding, mutagenesis, tissue culture, or genetic modification techniques and having the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. 
     The present invention also relates to any plants produced or derived from seeds, plants, and plant parts of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, that exhibit “ carinata  character”. 
     For the purpose of the present invention, plants exhibiting “ carinata  character” have an erect, upright bearing, are highly branching, with well-developed and aggressive tap root systems (Barro and Martin, 1999). Leaves are generally wide elliptic in shape with weak-medium dentation, medium glaucosity, and very sparse pubescence. Seeds are globose, 1-1.5 mm in diameter and finely reticulated (Mnzava and Schippers, 2004) and vary from yellow to yellow-brown to brown in colour (Getinet 1987; Rahman and Tahir, 2010). 
     Plants exhibiting “ carinata  character” may be produced from the seed of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A; a representative sample of the seed has been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 43240 or from any cell, plant or plant part produced from the seed of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, using one or more (conventional) plant breeding technologies, cell culture or tissue culture technologies, and/or transgenic technologies. 
     Plant Breeding Technologies 
     Critical to the development and breeding of any crop is the ability to make use of genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Breeding strategies make use of the plant&#39;s method of pollination: self-pollination, where the pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower on the same plant or a genetically identical plant; sib-pollination, when individuals with the same family or line are used for pollination; or cross-pollination, where the pollen comes from a flower on a genetically different plant from a different family or line. 
     For practical application, a breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection to produce many unique genetic combinations. For a newly developing crop such as  carinata , it is necessary to be able to obtain a sufficient pool of genetic material to identify genetic backgrounds more adapted to target geographies (i.e. a better starting point), as well as variation for traits of interest. This allows for crossing or other modifications to be done to identify genetic combinations superior to the types already tested. Thus, an important initial objective is the collection and characterization of as large of a collection of genetic backgrounds as possible, for each target geography. Parental lines are selected based on breeding priorities and the unique combination of traits available in potential crossing parents. The selection of parents of these crosses is critical to the effectiveness of a breeding program. Parental lines may be closely or distantly related lines of a single plant species or may be two different species of the same genus. 
     Crossing, of {inbred) parental lines, by sexual hybridization, is typically done manually in controlled conditions. Often, two or three rounds of crossing are needed to accumulate beneficial alleles into a single genetic background. This includes evaluating offspring of a cross, selecting the most desirable (inbred) lines as future parents, and making the next round of parental selection based on priority targets. Theoretically, billions of different genetic combinations can be produced through a combination of mutagenesis, selfing, and crossing. Since the breeder has no direct control at the cellular level, two breeders will never independently develop the same variety of  carinata  plants have the same traits. 
     In each cycle of selection and evaluation, the breeder selects germplasm to advance to the next generation by growing individual plants in the chosen geography, soil and climate conditions and collecting phenotypic data reflective of actual performance that would be realized by a seed producer. Traits collected focus on those that would be of agronomic or economic benefit in the crop. Examples of traits characterized in a  carinata  breeding program include, but are not limited to, early plant vigor, plant height, branching habit, days to flower, silique density, flower petal color, pod size, reaction to heat and water stress, disease susceptibility, and pod shatter tolerance. 
     In a typical  carinata  breeding program, the breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental  Brassica carinata  lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection to produce many unique genetic combinations, which are evaluated for overall agronomic potential as well as specific traits. Such recurrent selection can be used to improve a population of either self- or cross-pollinating  Brassica . Intercrossing of several parents creates a genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals and the best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny and/or excellent combining ability. New populations are created by further intercrossing and selection. This method is useful for the improvement of quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. 
     Backcrossing may be used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait from a donor parent to the recurrent parent. After the initial cross, individual plants with the desired trait of the donor parent are selected and backcrossed to the recurrent parent for several generations. The resulting progeny are expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent and the desired trait from the donor parent. Backcrossing may be used in conjunction with pedigree breeding. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection methods are used to develop varieties from breeding populations. Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, each with one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking in the other or that complement each other. Additional genotypes can be included in the breeding population if the original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics. In the pedigree method of breeding, five or more generations of selfing and selection may be used. For example, crossing of the two initial parents (the donor and recurrent parents) produces an initial F1 population, from which an F2 population is produced by selfing one or several F1 plants or by intercrossing two F1 plants (sib mating). Selection of hybrids with desired combination of traits may be conducted with the F2 population, or with the F3 or subsequent population. 
     Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for several generations become homozygous at nearly all gene loci and produce a uniform population of breeding progeny or inbred lines. Subsequent crosses with two different homozygous (inbred) lines produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that may be heterozygous for many gene loci. Crossing two plants each heterozygous at a number of gene loci will produce a population that differ genetically and will not be uniform. 
     Doubled haploid (or DH) technology allows for the generation of completely homozygous lines, which are a combination of genes of the parental lines, in a single generation. This accelerates the process of inbred line development dramatically as the process from seeding of parental lines to obtaining seed for a resulting inbred population from those parents will generally take about 18 months. To achieve a highly homozygous line using traditional self-pollination generally will take five or six growth cycles, which in the case of  carinata  would represent three years or six growth cycles, with two cycles completed per year. In DH technology, using appropriate in vitro conditions, haploid microspores from an F1 plant can be induced to differentiate into diploid embryos and subsequently plantlets. This technique typically relies on a percentage of regenerated plants to undergo spontaneous doubling (usually in the range of 20 to 60% of plants, depending on several factors), whereas the remaining plants will remain haploid and sterile. To increase the efficiency of space used for seed increase, such as in the greenhouse or field, a flow cytometer is used to distinguish at an early stage the chromosome content “n” or “2n” of each plant. Thus, the sterile plants can be discarded at an early stage. 
     In some instances, a desirable trait may not reside within the species of interest, specifically  Brassica carinata . In that case, it may be possible to transfer the trait via interspecific or wide crossing. For interspecific crossing, one parent is  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A and the second parent may be a different species of  Brassica , including but not limited to  B. juncea  (L). Czern. (brown mustard),  B. napus  L. (rape, Argentine canola),  B. nigra  (L) W. D. J. Koch (black mustard),  B. rapa  L. (field mustard, Polish canola), and  B. oleracea  L. (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi and kale). In other instances, the other Brassicaceae species including but not limited to  Brassica alba, Brassica hirta, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Sinapus alba , and  Camelina sativa.    
     The methodology for performing interspecific crosses is similar to that described for within-species crosses described above. However, unlike intraspecific crosses, the likelihood that the resulting progeny will produce viable seed is very low and thus represents a formidable challenge to the success of this technique. To overcome this potential block, embryo rescue techniques are often employed to recover viable offspring from the cross. Essentially, this relies on the progeny surviving until the embryogenic stage at which point it can be dissected from the silique and placed into artificial growth medium. Under appropriate conditions, the cultured embryo can survive and be induced to differentiate into a plantlet, which can be grown into a mature plant. Successive rounds of embryo rescue may be needed until inbred progeny, or backcross-derived progeny, are stable and can produce fertile offspring without intervention. Often molecular markers, where available, are used to trace a specific allele from a related species into an adapted background in the target species, using repeated cycles of backcrossing. 
     In addition, to minimize the relative proportion of the donor genome from the non- carinata  species, several rounds of back-crossing of the rescued plants with the  Brassica carinata  parent may be required to generate progeny having  carinata  character and the desired trait, which are stable and can produce fertile offspring. 
     Selection 
     Breeding nurseries are often the first cycle of evaluation of breeding populations. Generally, nurseries utilize single or paired rows with frequent checks (i.e. the best available commercial germplasm for a specified geography. 
     Various methods are used to screen breeding populations for individual plants with desired characteristics. Single seed descent procedure refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has advanced from the F2 to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F2 individuals. Since the number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or produce seed, not all the F2 plants will be represented by a progeny in the final generation. 
     A multiple-seed procedure is when pods form each plant in a population are harvested and threshed together to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. The advantage of this method is that it is faster to harvest seed with a machine than to remove one seed from each plant by hand. If desired, Double(d) Haploid methods can be used to extract homogeneous (homozygous) lines. 
     Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding 
     A breeding program can make use of marker assisted selection (MAS) and marker assisted breeding (MAB) technologies to accelerate the successful outcome of a breeding project. These techniques enable the identification of lines carrying a trait of interest in the laboratory, while other lines not containing a marker of interest can then be discarded at an early stage. These methods can also increase the efficiency of a program, as the lines being evaluated in the field have a greater probability of meeting seed quality or other criteria. MAS and MAB methods rely on the existence of a dense set of genetic markers for the species of interest. Genetic markers are the unique sequences that may be found in allelic forms of genes, distinguishing one allele from another. Like genes themselves, they can be transmitted to progeny in a Mendelian fashion and can thus be used to follow the movement of specific alleles from parents to progeny. 
     Molecular markers can be used in Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping whereby selection of plants with desired trait(s) is assisted by markers known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait—i.e., accumulation of markers linked to positive effecting alleles or elimination of markers linked to negative effecting alleles in the plant genome. Markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the markers of the donor parent. This can minimize the amount of genome from a donor parent that remains in the selected plants and/or the number of back crosses to the recurrent patent. 
     Other types of genetic markers in common use by persons skilled in the art include, but are not limited to, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). 
     Mutagenesis 
     Another method of creating genetic variation and capturing beneficial changes in a heritable fashion is through mutagenesis breeding. This method is often carried out via chemical means or ionizing radiation and is typically focused either on a microspore or on a whole seed level. In  Brassica  breeding, some common forms of mutagens used have been chemical agents such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), or high levels of ionizing radiation (x-ray or gamma irradiation or exposure to UV light). EMS produces random point mutations via low frequency methylation of guanine residues in genomic DNA. This results in altered Watson-Crick base pairing such that the affected base pairing is converted from G-C to A-T. ENU is also an alkylating agent that preferentially modifies thymine residues converting A-T to G-C. Ionizing radiation may affect DNA in many ways but typically the mutations are double strand breaks leading to deletions and frameshift mutations that are frequently inactivating. 
     To carry out this technique, seedlings or microspores are exposed to the mutagenic agent and the surviving fraction are allowed to develop into mature plants. In some cases, the mutagenized plantlets or embryos (in the case of microspore mutagenesis) may be exposed to selection in order to enrich for a particular phenotype. For example, mutagenesis has been used to develop plants that are resistant to the actions of specific herbicides; in this instance the developing plantlets or microspores can be grown in vitro in the presence of the herbicide(s) of interest in order to select for those plants with the appropriate mutations conferring resistance. The advantage of the microspore mutagenesis of the seed approach is that the resultant DH plants can be used to derive pure and homozygous plant lines where all induced mutations, whether dominant or recessive, would be expressed. Mutagenesis has been used to develop  Brassica  varieties with resistance to various herbicides, altered seed oil profiles and increased tolerance to disease and abiotic stress. 
     Genetic Transformation and Transgenic Technologies 
     In instances where unique and valuable traits are known to be available in distant plant or in non-plant species that cannot be transferred to  Brassica carinata  via classical breeding, and where the genes for those traits have been cloned, a breeding program may employ genetic transformation techniques, or transgenic technologies, to stably transfer those genes into this species. Transfer of cloned genetic elements into  B. carinata  have been achieved via a number of means, including PEG-mediated DNA uptake into protoplasts (Johnson, et al., 1989), electroporation into protoplasts (Fromm, et al., 1985), ballistic infiltration using DNA coated microprojectiles (Finer, et al., 1999),  Agrobacterium -based vector infiltration (Babic, et al., 1998), and infection using plant virus-based vectors (Gleba, et al., 2004). Aside from having the genes of interest in cloned form, the other requirements include having the genes cloned into a suitable vector to allow for their propagation in an appropriate bacterial system, as well as their packaging in appropriate viral and  Agrobacterium  strains if transformation utilizes an infectious route of transfer. Once transferred, the gene(s) of interest would also require appropriate plant-based promoters, enhancers and terminators to allow for the correct temporal and tissue specific pattern of expression for the heterologous gene. Finally, to select for those rare events where the heterologous gene expression unit has been successfully transferred into the plant genome, a selectable marker may be introduced, either physically linked to the heterologous gene of interest or co-transformed with the gene of interest at a suitable ratio to favor co-insertion. 
     The selectable marker may consist of a gene that can confer resistance to a particular herbicide or antibiotic that would otherwise kill the plant, a gene that may confer a growth advantage, a gene that may alter a response to plant hormones, or a gene that expresses a fluorescent protein that can allow transformed cells to be easily visualized. Examples of selectable markers conferring resistance to antibiotics that have been successfully used in  Brassica  transformation are the NPTII gene (Bevan 1984; Datla, et al., 1992), encoding an enzyme conferring resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin, and the HPT gene encoding an enzyme conferring resistance to the antibiotic Hygromycin (Rothstein, et al., 1987). Examples of selection markers based on conferring tolerance to herbicides and successfully used in  Brassica  transformation are the BAR (Thompson, et al., 1987) and PAT (Wohlleben, et al., 1988) gene products, which encode phosphinothicine acetyltransferase and confer resistance to glufosinate (bialaphos) or L-PPT, and the AHAS gene product encoding acetohydroxyacid synthase enzyme conferring resistance to imidazolinones (Miki, et al., 1990). Other plant selectable markers have been developed whose actions are not based on conferring resistance to toxic compounds per se but instead allow survival in the presence of nutrients not normally metabolized by the wildtype organism. 
     Transformation cannot only be used to introduce heterologous genes into the genome of  carinata  plants, it can also be used to introduce DNA constructs that are designed to modulate the expression of endogenous genes. Genes encoding antisense RNA or RNAi sequences (Tang and Galili, 2004) can be used to interfere or knock down the expression of endogenous genes to extremely low levels, simulating the effect of a null mutation at the endogenous locus. This of course relies on the continuous stable expression of the antisense RNA or RNAi to be effective. In amphidiploid  Brassica  species such as  napus, juncea  and  carinata , multiple copies of genes from the contributing ancestral species may create a high level of functional redundancy such that a single mutation in one of the homologues may not be sufficient to confer a phenotype. However, by using an RNAi or antisense approach, where the interfering RNA is derived from conserved sequences, one may conceivably be capable of targeting all the expressed homologues and achieving a functional knockdown effect. 
     Examples of modifications that can be introduced into  Brassica carinata  using genetic transformation include, but are not limited to,
         genes that control pollination, hybrid seed production, or male-sterility;   genes encoding resistance to pathogens and insect pests (plant disease resistance gene(s); gene(s) conferring resistance to fungal pathogens; natural or synthetic  Bacillus thuringiensis  (Bt) protein or a derivative thereof; an insect-specific hormone or pheromone coach or a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof; an insect-specific peptide that disrupts the physiology of the affected pest; an enzyme responsible for hyperaccumulation of a non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity; a membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker; a viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom; an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom; genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes; antifungal genes; detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin, and zearalenone, and their structurally related derivatives; cystatin and cysteine protease inhibitors; Defensin genes; genes that confer resistance to Phytophora Root Rot, such as the  Brassica  equivalents of the Rps 1, Rps 1-a, Rps 1-b, Rps 1-c, Rps 1-d, Rps 1-e, Rps 1-k, Rps 2, Rps 3-a, Rps 3-b, Rps 3-c, Rps 4, Rps 5, Rps 6, Rps 7, and other Rps genes);   genes that confer resistance to a herbicide (mutant ALS and AHAS enzymes to confer resistance to imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides; mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes conferring resistance to glyphosate; phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and  Streptomyces hydroscopicus  phosphinothricin-acetyl transferase (BAR) conferring resistance to other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate; ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes conferring resistance to pyridinoxy or phenoxy propionic acids and cyclohexones; pabA and gs+ genes conferring resistance to triazine; nitrilase gene conferring resistance to benzonitrile; acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants resistant to multiple types of herbicide);   genes that confer or contribute to altered fatty acids (down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid; elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreasing linolenic acid via FAD-2 gene modification; altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content; altered LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1 ps, various lpa genes such as lpa 1, lpa3, hpt, or hggt);   genes that confer or contribute to altered phosphorus content (introduction of a phytase-encoding gene; up-regulation of a gene that reduces phytate content);   genes that confer or contribute to altered carbohydrates, antioxidant, or essential seed amino acids;   genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration, such as the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/PRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system;   genes that affect abiotic stress resistances (including, but not limited to flowering, pod and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance, and increase yield under stress}.
 
Gene Editing
       

     More recently, several novel approaches have been developed which offer the ability to manipulate the plant genome in a targeted way. Collectively known as gene editing technology (Petolino, et al., 2010; Woo, et al., 2015, Sauer, z et al., 2016), the technologies share several important similarities:
         they offer the ability to introduce small or large gene deletions or insertions in the plant genome by means of targeted double strand breaks at precise genomic locations;   they allow for the insertion of small inactivating mutations into specific genes of interest;   they permit the replacement of an entire gene or gene segment by a modified counterpart;   they allow for the insertion of a heterologous gene in a specific genomic location which may represent a preferred site for regulated gene expression. (i.e. downstream of a known endogenous promoter/enhancer).
 
Locus Conversion
       

     The  Brassica carinata  variety described herein represents a new base genetic line into which a new locus or trait my be introduced using transgenic technologies or back-crossing. The term “locus conversion” refers to the product of such an introgression. For example, a donor parent having a specific desirable trait may be crossed with an inbred variety, the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks the desirable trait. The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection of the desired trait from the donor parent. 
     A locus converted plant cell of a locus converted plant is obtained by introducing one or more locus conversion in the  Brassica carinata  variety described herein. The locus converted plant cell is therefore identical to a cell from the  Brassica carinata  variety described herein except for the one or more locus conversion and the locus converted plant exhibits essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the  Brassica carinata  variety described herein. The locus conversion can confer a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be use used to reduce the number of backcrosses need to achieve the backcross conversion. 
     A locus conversion of the  Brassica carinata  variety described herein will otherwise retain its genetic integrity. For example, a locus converted plant of the  Brassica carinata  variety described herein will comprise at least 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of its base genetics of the starting variety. A locus converted plant of the  Brassica carinata  variety described herein will therefore have at least one, and possibly two or three physiological or morphological characteristics which are different from those of a locus converted plant of the  Brassica carinata  variety described herein and otherwise has all the physiological or morphological characteristics of a locus converted plant of the  Brassica carinata  variety described herein. 
     Male Sterility 
     To produce and test hybrid combinations, some form of pollination control system must be employed. The most widely used pollination control system to achieve this in  Brassica  species is the method of Ogura (Ogura, 1968) adapted and modified by scientists at INRA, which is based on control of pollination by use of male cytoplasmic sterility. In cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) plants, a mitochondrial gene mutation interferes with the flower&#39;s ability to produce viable pollen but does not affect the functionality of the flower&#39;s female components. Because the mutation is within the mitochondrial genome, it is transmitted maternally through the cytoplasm. CMS plant lines, termed A lines, can only produce viable seed via outcrossing with non-CMS plants; however, the F1 plants derived from the seed of such a crossing will also exhibit the CMS phenotype and will still not produce viable seed by self pollination. 
     The Ogura CMS trait, originally identified in Japanese radish varieties (Ogura, 1968), was transferred to  Brassica oleracea  via backcrossing (Bannerot, et al., 1977) then subsequently transferred to  Brassica napus . These initial  Brassica napus  A lines were found to be deficient in terms of their sensitivity to cold and their tendency to exhibit leaf chlorosis, as well as fertility issues, which were ultimately found to be related to interactions with chloroplasts derived from the radish cytoplasm (Pelletier, Primard et al., 1983). Using a cell fusion approach, improved  Brassica napus  A lines were subsequently developed that overcame these Initial deficiencies (Pelletier, et al., 1987). A-lines can be maintained by crossing them with B lines (lines that are genetically identical to A lines except that their cytoplasm is not CMS). 
     For production of fully fertile hybrid seed, CMS lines must be crossed with lines that contain a restorer function gene (Rf) which can restore the ability of CMS plants to produce viable pollen. Plant lines with the RF function stably incorporated and homozygous (termed RF lines) can be crossed with CMS lines and the F1 seed harvested from the CMS plants will represent a true hybrid and which will have the ability to produce fully fertile offspring capable of self pollination, a prerequisite for commercial grain production. 
     Such an Rf activity, first identified in radish, was introduced into  Brassica napus  (Heyn, 1976). It was subsequently shown that these lines were affected by fertility problems (Heyn, 1978; Pellan-Delourme and Renard, 1988). Intensive backcrossing of these initial lines eventually yielded material with improved fertility such that they could be used practically as Rf lines (Delourme, et al., 1991). It was further noted, however, that hybrid seed produced from crosses with the early versions of  Brassica napus  Rf lines often had high glucosinolate levels (Delourme, Foisset et al., 1998) that made generation of canola quality hybrids problematic. Efforts to develop improved Rf lines by reducing the amount of extraneous radish genetic material has resulted in newer generations of  Brassica napus  (Primard-Brisset, et al., 2005) and  Brassica juncea  (Tian, et al., 2014) Rf line families of sufficiently quality to be used in commercial hybrid seed production. Seed of Rf lines can be maintained by allowing self crossing of plants grown in isolated tents or fields. 
     A, B and Rf lines are thus the prerequisite components of an expandable production system for F1 hybrid seed. In practice, for production of pure hybrid seed:
         a. the hybrid production fields are required to be reproductively isolated from extraneous sources of  Brassica  pollen;   b. RF lines are seeded at a predetermined optimal ratio relative to A lines and may be kept spatially separated from the A lines so that the RF plants can be readily removed post flowering, and prior to harvest of the A line material;   c. pollinators are absolutely required to allow for maximal pollination of the A lines by CMS pollen donors;   d. for maintenance and expansion of RF stocks, RF seed is planted in isolation (either isolated fields separated from other  Brassica  crops by great distance, or plots that are reproductively isolated by virtue of a physical barrier such as a tent) and allowed to self pollinate;   e. for maintenance and expansion of A line stocks, A lines and B lines are planted in separate rows in isolated fields or tents (as described above) and pollinators are used to promote pollination of A lines with B line pollen. B lines are cut down after flowering and before seed set and the A line plants are allowed to come to maturity then harvested.       

     In some cases, a less labor- and cost-intensive alternative to that described in (b) is employed whereby a low ratio of RF plants may be interspersed with the A line plants in the field and harvested together. While there will be some level of adulteration of the harvested hybrid grain with that of the self pollinated Rf plants; however, in practice this level of contamination will not greatly affect the commercial quality of the hybrid seed 
     More recently, both the CMS and Rf traits have been transferred to  Brassica carinata . The development of a set of genetically diverse CMS and Rf lines in  Brassica carinata  allows the testing of many combinations for the first time in this  Brassica  species. 
     In a hypothetical test scheme based on the Ogura CMS system, the following steps are carried out:
         panels of genetically diverse  Brassica carinata  varieties are selected from a previously characterized collection of elite germplasm and used for introgression of CMS or Rf traits to produce A and Rf test lines. Diversity can be estimated by comparing differences in molecular marker profiles between candidate lines;   crosses are carried out between selected diverse A and Rf test lines, under conditions described in previous sections;   F1  carinata  hybrid seed from test crosses are planted in replicated small plot trials, F1 plants and harvested seed are assessed for a number of traits including, but not limited to, early vigour, yield potential, grain and oil yield per acre, as well as seed quality traits;   patterns of heterosis between pairs A and Rf parents are identified and F1 hybrid seed from promising combinations are studied more extensively in larger, geographically diverse trials; and   hybrid seed from specific combinations may be selected for potential commercial release as a new variety.
 
Phenotype/Genotype
       

     To be useful and reliable, a  Brassica carinata  variety or hybrid must be homogenous and reproducible. While there are a number of analytical methods known to the skilled person for assessing the phenotypical stability of a  Brassica carinata  variety or hybrid, the traditional method is the observation of phenotypic traits over the life of the  carinata  plant using data collected from field experiments conducted under the selected geographic, climatic, and soil conditions during one or more growing seasons. Phenotypic characteristics observed include, but are not limited to, traits associated with seed yield (pod density, number of seeds per pod, pod length), oil yield, seed oil quality (GSL and erucic acid content; fatty acid composition), seed protein content, seed protein quality, glucosinolate composition of meal, growth habit, lodging resistance, plant height, and pod shatter resistance. Other phenotypic characteristics that may be observed include, but are not limited to, traits associated with pest tolerance or resistance, cold or frost tolerance, disease tolerance or resistance, herbicide tolerance or resistance, early or late flowering, and/or early or late maturity. 
     In some embodiments,  Brassica carinata  varieties or hybrids useful for commercial crop production or production of commercial products may exhibit traits associated with seed yield, oil yield, seed oil quality, erucic acid content of seed or oil, glucosinolate content of seed, seed protein content, fatty acid composition of oil, glucosinolate composition of meal, meal protein content, growth habit, lodging resistance, plant height, and pod shatter resistance 
     In some embodiments, a  Brassica carinata  variety or hybrid may exhibit multiple traits or phenotypic characteristics that provide agronomic advantages in particular geographies, climates, cropping regimes, and/or soil types. For example,
           Brassica carinata  varieties for planting in regions with a climate classified as being of tropical moist characteristics, with planting occurring in fall or winter for harvest in spring or summer, may be selected for one or more traits including, but not limited to, superior yield of oil per area planted, shorter time to maturity, improved frost tolerance, improved disease resistance, and resistance to pod shatter.     Brassica carinata  varieties for planting in regions with a climate classified as being of cool temperate, dry classification, with planting occurring in spring and harvest in summer or fall, may be selected for one or more traits including, but not limited to, superior yield of oil per area planted, shorter time to maturity, tolerance to drought, improved disease resistance, and resistance to pod shatter.     Brassica carinata  varieties for planting in regions with a climate classified as being of warm temperate, moist characteristic for planting in fall or winter for harvest in spring or summer, may be selected for one or more traits including, but not limited to, superior yield of oil per area planted, shorter time to maturity, tolerance to drought, improved disease resistance, and resistance to pod shatter.       

     Other traits for which  Brassica carinata  varieties may be selected include, but are not limited to,  Alternaria  resistance, days to flowering, depth of canopy, duration of flowering, end of flowering, flower petal coloration, frost tolerance, herbicide resistance, leaf colour, leaf glaucosity, leaf length, leaf number of lobes, leaf width, maturity, seed maturity, number of seed-bearing pods, pod (silique) beak length, pedicel length, petiole length, plant height, plant length, pod (silique) length, pod (silique) width, primary raceme length, recovery from frost damage,  Sclerotinia  resistance, seed colour, seeds per pod, seed weight (thousand seed weight or TKW), and stem color. 
     Genotype assessment(s) can be used to confirm the homogeneity and reproducibility of a  Brassica carinata  hybrid, to identify plants of the same variety or related variety, and to confirm the pedigree of the plant. Techniques known to those skilled in the art for the analysis and comparison of plant genotype include, but are not limited to, whole genome sequencing, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). 
     The  Brassica carinata  variety of the present invention has shown uniformity and stability for all traits described in the variety description information in Table 1, which include morphological, agronomic, and quality traits for  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. The detailed phenotypic information provided in Table 1 is based on data collected in field experiments using conventional agronomic practices. For comparative purposed,  Brassica carinata  varieties AAC-A120 and AGR044-312D-HP11 (WO2017/181276A1; henceforth referred to as “AG044-HP11” or “HP11”) were similarly grown as comparative check varieties in replicated experiments, and observations were recorded for the various morphological traits for  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A and the comparative check varieties. 
     Disease 
     Varieties of  Brassica carinata  may be susceptible to a number of pathogens that commonly infect  Brassica  species including, but not limited to, the bacteria and fungi listed below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Disease 
                 Organism 
                 Disease 
                 Organism 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Bacterial  
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 Light leaf spot 
                 
                   Pyrenopeziza 
                 
               
               
                 leaf spot 
                 
                   syringae 
                 
                   
                 
                   brassicae 
                 
               
               
                 Bacterial  
                 
                   Erwinia 
                   marginalis 
                 
                 Powdery  
                 
                   Erysiphe 
                   polygoni 
                 
               
               
                 leaf rot 
                   
                 mildew 
                   
               
               
                 Bacterial  
                 
                   Pseudomonas 
                 
                 Root rot  
                   Rhizoctonia   solani , 
               
               
                 soft rot 
                 
                   marginalis 
                 
                 complex 
                   Fusarium  spp., 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   Pythium  spp. 
               
               
                 Black rot 
                 
                   Xanthomonas 
                 
                 Seeding  
                   Rhizoctonia   solani , 
               
               
                   
                 
                   campestris 
                 
                 disease 
                   Fusarium  spp., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complex 
                   Pythium  spp. 
               
               
                 Alternaria  
                 
                   Alternaria 
                   spp 
                 
                 Sclerotonia  
                 
                   Sclerotonia 
                 
               
               
                 black spot 
                   
                 white stem rot 
                 
                   sclerotiorum 
                 
               
               
                 Alternaria  
                 
                   Alternaria 
                   brassicae 
                 
                 Aster yellow 
                   Phytoplasma  spp. 
               
               
                 grey leaf spot 
                 
                   Alternaria 
                   brassicola 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Alternaria  
                 
                   Alternaria 
                   brassicae 
                 
                 Damping off 
                 
                   Phytophthora 
                 
               
               
                 pos spot 
                 
                   Alternaria 
                   brassicola 
                 
                   
                 
                   cactorum 
                   Pythium 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 spp. 
               
               
                 Black leg 
                 
                   Leptosphaeria 
                 
                 White leaf  
                 
                   Mycosphaerella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   maculans 
                 
                 spot 
                 
                   capsellae 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Leptosphaeria 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   biglobosa 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Black root 
                 
                   Aphanomyces 
                 
                 Grey stem 
                 
                   Mycosphaerella 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   raphanin 
                 
                   
                 
                   capsellae 
                 
               
               
                 Clubroot 
                 
                   Plasmodiophora 
                 
                 Wirestem and 
                 
                   Rhizoctonia 
                   solani 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   brassicae 
                 
                 girdling  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 root rot 
                   
               
               
                 Downey  
                 
                   Peronospora 
                 
                 White rust 
                 
                   Albugo 
                   candida 
                 
               
               
                 mildew 
                 
                   parasitica 
                 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Fusarium wilt 
                 
                   Fusarium 
                   oxysporum 
                 
                 Verticillium  
                 
                   Verticillium 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Fusarium 
                   avenaceum 
                 
                 wilt 
                 
                   longisporum 
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples of economically significant fungal diseases of  Brassica  species and mustard oilseeds include
         a.  Sclerotinia  stem rot is caused by a fungus whose spores infect  Brassica  species primarily during flowering stages and whose incidence is associated with periods of high humidity. Lesions are formed on the stems which can eventually kill the plant. Fungicides are available which can control the severity of the infection but must be applied at specific periods of the plant lifecycle (i.e. at early to mid-flowering) for best effect. Often multiple applications within this window of time are necessary.   b.  Alternaria  is a fungal disease of  Brassica  species that affects plants at all growth stages from early seedling through to maturity although mature plants are more susceptible. The greatest economic impact is on grain yield and quality. Foliar fungicide application during the late flowering stage is an effective way to mitigate the more detrimental effects of the disease on grain yield and quality.   c. Blackleg is caused by a fungal pathogen  Leptosphaeria maculans  of  Brassica  oilseed crops, which infects plants at all stages, but early stage infections have the most serious consequences, often culminating in plants with necrotic lesions on their lower stems that can virtually sever the plants at the base. Fungicides are only partially effective, having a minor protective effect when applied at an early plant growth stage.   d. Clubroot is caused by a soil borne fungus-like pathogen ( Plasmodiophora brassicae ) that affects the roots of  Brassica  oilseed crops. The spores can persist for long periods in the soil and there is currently no effective fungicidal treatment. Management may require using rotations which limit the frequency of  Brassica  planting.       

     The development of disease tolerant or disease resistant  carinata  varieties is important for achieving high yields of seed, oil, and other products from  Brassica carinata . Conventional methods for control of microbial disease may employ one or more of chemical control, disease resistance, and culture control procedures such as crop rotation, liming, and use of bait crops. 
     When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated  Brassica carinata  plants in a field, harmful microorganisms can be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more microbiocidal ingredients, such as a fungicide. Fungicides comprise a diverse set of chemical agents which can prevent or reduce the severity of plant infection by pathogenic fungi. There are numerous classes of fungicides. FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee; frac.info/home) lists 12 classes based on the different biochemical pathways that the fungicides within a class targets, as well as a 13 th  class which comprises fungicides with unknown modes of action. Fungicides are also distinguished by their modes of delivery and sites of action: some fungicides are sprayed onto plant surfaces, some are applied to the soil surfaces either in granular form or as a liquid flooding the soil surface, while others are applied as seed treatments. Fungicides applied to the seeds or soils tend to be absorbed via the roots and are transported to all plant tissues via xylem. Fungicides that are foliar can be either local—i.e., protecting only the surfaces that they contact, systemic—i.e., absorbed by the upper plant surfaces but then transported by xylem to all above ground tissues, or partially systemic—i.e., they can be locally absorbed but can only be transported short distances to protect a somewhat more extensive surface than the initial point of fungicide contact. Fungicides can help mitigate the risk of losses incurred by fungal infection, but the costs of fungicide spraying are significant enough to require cost benefit and risk assessment type analyses to be carried out before deciding to proceed. 
     When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated  Brassica carinata  plants in a field, harmful microorganisms can be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more microbicide or fungicide ingredient. Examples of microbiocides and fungicides useful for disease control for  Brassica carinata  include, but are not limited to, azoxystrobin, boscalid, fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, picoxystrobin, propiconazole, metconazole, iprodione, prothiaconazole, vinclozolin, carbathiin, thiram, difenoconazole, metalaxyl, sedaxane, fludioxonil, penflufen, trifloxystrobin, and sedaxane. 
     Insect Pests 
     A variety of insect pests may infest and/or cause damage to a developing  Brassica carinata  plant. Common insect pests of  Brassica  at the seedling stage include, but are not limited to, aphids ( Lipaphis erysimi, Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae ), flea beetles ( Phyllotreta cruciferae, Phyllotreta striolata, Psylliodes punctulata ), cutworm ( Agrotis orthogonia, Euxoa ochrogaster, Feltia jaculifera, Lacimpolia renigrea ), and cabbage root maggot ( Delia radicum ). Common insect pests of  Brassica  at the flowering and podding stages include, but are not limited to, diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostell ), Berta armyworm ( Mamestra configurata ), and cabbage seed pod weevil ( Ceutorhynchus obstrictus ). 
     When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated  Brassica carinata  plants in a field, insect pests may be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more insecticide. Insecticides are a group of pesticide compounds designed to reduce or eliminate crop loss due the predation of crop species by insects. Like herbicides and fungicides, insecticides are classified according to their mode of action and the biochemical pathways that they target. One classification scheme (IRAC MoA) advocated by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC; irac-online.orq) lists 29 classes of insecticides grouped by the common biochemical processes and pathways that the insecticide compounds target. Like herbicides and fungicides, insecticide function and persistence can also be influenced by their sites of action, i.e. whether they are only active on the surface of plants as applied, or whether they function as systemic agents. Further differentiation among some insecticide groups may be apparent based on whether they exhibit selectivity for specific insect types due to distinctive aspects of that insect&#39;s biology. Given that some insects serve a beneficial role, such as controlling plant pests, serving as plant pollinators and improving the nutrient content of soil, it is important that insecticides not be applied indiscriminately, but rather are used in a way that limits their actions as much as possible to the desired target species. Thus, modalities such as timing of application, amount and route of application, and restrictions on the types of insecticides used and the crops they may be used are all incorporated into the registered usage criteria of insecticide as a means of ensuring their safety and efficacy. 
     Insecticides useful for the control of insect pests of  Brassica carinata  include, but are not limited to, zeta-cypermethrim, zeta-cypermethrim-S-cyanol, lambdacyhalothrin, methoxyfenozide, cyantraniliprole, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin. Such insecticide can be applied as a seed treatment or as a foliar treatment. 
     Plant Pests 
       Brassica carinata  is an aggressive crop and will out-compete many weeds if it establishes well. Some weed species, however, if allowed to establish early and persist, can affect quality and yield of all crops, including  carinata . Examples of weeds that can adversely affect yield and quality include cochia, wild mustard, and wild radish. Weed management is thus an important aspect of modern agricultural practice and comprises several different but complementary approaches including physical methods to remove weeds before seed can be set, such as cultivation, tilling and rogueing of fields as well as use of chemical agents or herbicides to suppress or kill weedy species before they become established and/or are able to set and release their seed. 
     When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated  Brassica carinata  plants in a field, plant pests can be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more herbicide. Herbicides comprise a large group of chemical compounds that interfere with specific biological processes of the plants in such a way as to block their growth and survival. Herbicides are grouped into classes defined by the biological process with which they interact. These can include inhibition of lipid biosynthesis, inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis, hormonal regulation of plant growth, inhibition of photosynthesis, inhibition of nitrogen metabolism, inhibition of plant pigments biosynthesis or function, agents which can disrupt cell membranes and agents which inhibit seedling growth (Sherwani, et al., 2015). In general, different compounds and herbicide classes may display preferential efficacy against certain weedy species. Moreover, some crop species may display more tolerance to certain classes of herbicide than others. Thus, in a particular geographical region, the use of a particular herbicide for weed control may be dictated by the nature of the crop being cultivated and the native weeds encountered in the region. The registered usage also specifies specific methods of application of the herbicide, including recommended concentration of herbicide, use of appropriate diluents, adjuvants, or surfactants, method of delivery (i.e. spray versus granular), timing of application at appropriate crop stage to ensure least crop damage, timing of application and number of applications to ensure optimal weed control, location of application (foliar or soil application), recommended weather conditions for optimal weed control. Some examples of herbicides recommended for use with  Brassica carinata  grown in SE USA are listed (Seepaul, et al., 2015). 
     Seed Cleaning 
     “Cleaning (of) seed” or “seed cleaning” refers to the removal of foreign material from the surface of the seed. Foreign material to be removed includes, but is not limited to, fungi, bacteria, insect material (including insect eggs, larvae, and parts thereof), and any other pests that exist on the surface of the seed. “Cleaning (of) seed” or “seed cleaning” also refers to removal of any debris or low quality, infested, or infected seeds, or seeds of different species that are foreign to the sample. 
     Seed Treatment 
     Prior to planting,  Brassica carinata  a composition may be applied to the seed as a seed treatment. The composition may be applied at any time from harvesting of the seed to sowing of the seed using methods including, but not limited to, mixing in a container, mechanical application, tumbling, spraying, misting, and immersion. The composition may be applied as a liquid, a slurry, a mist, a soak, or a powder. The composition may comprise one or more of a pesticide, fungicide, insecticide, antimicrobial, a bacterial or fungal inoculant for nutrient utilization, plant growth regulator, or plant signalling compound. A general discussion of techniques for application of fungicides to seeds may be found, for example, in chapter 9 of (Jeffs 1978). 
     Commercial Crops and Commercial Plant Products 
     Commercial crop production comprises the steps of seeding, cultivation and harvesting of grain:
         Seeding:  Brassica carinata  can be planted into conventionally tilled soil where conventional tillage or full-tillage comprises a substantial soil inversion repeated several times yearly such that few plant residues remain at the soil surface at the time of seeding. Alternatively,  carinata  can planted into soil that is maintained under conservation tillage practices whereby the extent and frequency of tillage is substantially reduced with respect to conventional tillage (so-called medium or low tillage soil management) or preferably, it may be no-till planted in standing stubble. Seeding is carried out at a rate designed to achieve plant densities in a range from 80 to 180 plants per square meter.  B. carinata  should be seeded at a consistent 1.25 to 2.5 cm depth.  Brassica carinata  is a mid- to long-season crop that requires a slightly longer growing season than other mustard types. Hence seeding early provides the best results. The ideal seeding date depends greatly on geography and weather. In general, soils should be at least 4° C. (40° F.) or higher before planting. In the Canadian Prairies and US northern tier, typical planting occurs in spring between early April to late May. In South Eastern US, typical planting occurs in fall between October and December. In South America, the optimal planting time occurs in fall or winter (i.e. typically between beginning of May to end of June).   Cultivation: For good stand establishment,  Brassica carinata  requires adequate soil moisture at seeding and through emergence but can tolerate reduced moisture thereafter and stands up well to the semi-arid mid-summer conditions.  Brassica carinata  is a temperate climate crop but which has been adapted to the more extreme conditions experienced in the southern Canadian prairies and Northern Tier US states. During initial stand formation,  carinata  can recover from short term frost conditions and tolerates higher heat during flowering and seed set better than other  Brassica  oilseeds. The fertility requirements of  Brassica carinata  are similar to other mustards and canola. Adequate availability of the primary macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and sulfur are required to achieve the true yield potential. Lesser amounts of secondary macronutrients, including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) and trace amounts of micronutrients (such as boron, copper, Iron, manganese, zinc) may also contribute to optimal plant growth and yield. Fertilizer rates vary with growing zone and soil fertility   Harvesting is the act of collecting the portion of a plant that has matured sufficiently over the course of a growing season and that has value as a source of food, feed, fibre, feedstock, structural material or as a propagule for the plant itself.  Brassica carinata  is harvested, for example, by mechanical harvesting, ideally when seed maturity is reached (seed, pods and stalks turn from green to yellow, seed moisture is 9.5 5 or less).  Brassica carinata  can be combine harvested by straight cutting or, if need be can be swathed at an early stage, allowed to dry naturally or with the aid of a desiccant, then the dried swath can be combined. Swathing mean cutting near the base of the plant and allowing the plant to lie flat in field for several days to allow the grain to reach the appropriate dryness. However, since  Brassica carinata  has a sturdy stalk, the preferred method for harvest of  carinata  is direct combining at maturity, rather than swathing or pushing followed by combining.   Combining: refers to the process of reaping and collecting the seed pods from the matured crop, threshing the seed pods to release the seed (grain), and winnowing to separate and recover the grain from the now empty seed pods, stems, and branches (collectively referred to as chaff). These once distinct operations are today often “combined” by use of a multifunctional mechanized apparatus, appropriately known as a “combine” harvester.   Grain, in reference to  Brassica carinata , refers to the seed harvested at maturity and sold as a source of oil and meal products.       

     Commercial products produced from  Brassica carinata  seed include, but are not limited to, crushed, non-viable seed, oil, meal, and protein isolate. Production of oil, meal and protein isolate involves multiple steps. Typically, the seeds are cleaned then crushed in a roller mill to generate flakes. The flaked seed then undergoes a cooking process in which it is conveyed to a heated drum where the flakes are cooked at elevated temperatures (typically from 70-90° C.). The cooking helps to reduce the viscosity of the oil to allow for more efficient extraction in subsequent steps. Cooked seed flakes are then pressed in a series of screw presses or expellers which can remove 50-60% of the oil. Aside from the oil which is removed for further processing, the pressing produces a meal cake that is ideal for solvent extraction. Using several cycles of extraction, the meal cake is treated with a solvent such as hexane to remove the residual oil from the meal. The meal is then transferred to a desolventizer-toaster where it is heated to remove remaining solvent; the final step of the process, called toasting, involves injection of stream into the meal to remove the last traces of solvent. The meal is then cooled and dried by blowing forced air through it. In some cases, the seed can also be processed using a cold press methodology which is similar to above except it does not involve the use of solvent to remove residual oil from the oil cake, resulting in a meal with much higher oil composition. In other cases, meal containing high levels of glucosinolates can be combined with other ingredients and formulated into pellets for use as a biofumigant (U.S. Publication No. 2008/0199451). 
       Brassica carinata  plants can also be used commercially for biofumigation to reduce the population of disease-causing organisms in the soil. Typically, a field is seeded with  Brassica  plants early in the planting season, the plants are grown for a time, and the biomass is collected between flowering and before seed set. The plant biomass is then chopped to release the myrosinase enzyme and convert the glucosinolates in the plant biomass to isothiocyanates. The chopped biomass is tilled into the soil prior to seeding of a second crop. 
     Uses of  Brassica carinata  Variety AGR159-4A1A 
       Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A can be used in accordance with any of the breeding methods described herein, as well as in breeding methods known to those skilled in the art, to produce  carinata  hybrids or other progeny plants having the desired traits and characteristics of variety AGR159-4A1A. 
     The invention is directed to methods for producing  carinata  seeds, plants and plant parts from a  carinata  plant produced by crossing a first parent plant with a second parent plant, wherein the first parent plant is  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A and the second parent plant is also  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, another  Brassica carinata  variety, or a variety of another Brassicaceae species. In some embodiments,  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A may be the male or female parent. In other embodiments, either the first or second parent plant may be male sterile. In some embodiments, the second parent plant comprises a desired trait. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. 
     In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a first generation (F1) hybrid  Brassica carinata  seed, as well a first generation (F1) hybrid plant grown from such seed, comprising crossing  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with a different  Brassica carinata  plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid  Brassica carinata  seed, and wherein  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A is either a female parent or a male parent. 
     In another aspect, the invention is further directed to a method of for producing a Doubled Haploid (DH) variety comprising isolating a flower bud of the F1 hybrid plant, dissecting out a haploid microspore, placing the haploid microspore in culture, inducing the microspore to differentiate into an embryo and subsequently into a plantlet, identifying whether the plantlet contains a diploid chromosome number, wherein the diploid chromosome number occurred through chromosome doubling, and continuing to grow the plantlet if it contains a diploid chromosome number. In one embodiment, the diploid chromosome number is obtained by chemical or physical means. In another aspect the invention is directed to a plant, plant part, or seed of such Double Haploid variety produced from the F1 hybrid plant resulting from crossing  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with a different  Brassica carinata  plant. 
     In another aspect, the invention is directed to producing a  Brassica carinata  plant, as well as a plant, plant part or seed therefrom, by crossing  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with a second  Brassica carinata  variety having a desired trait, growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait, backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the desired trait with plants of variety AGR159-4A1A to produce backcross progeny seed, and growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A. In some embodiments, the steps of backcrossing and growing the resulting progeny seed may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, or until the  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. 
     In yet another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety having a desired trait, as well as seeds, plants and plant parts of such variety, by crossing a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with a plant of another species of the family Brassicaceae comprising the desired trait, producing F1 progeny plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F1 plants or growing F1 seeds, self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character, producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F2 plants or growing F2 seeds, self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character, using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F3 plants or growing F3 seeds to produce progeny plants, self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character to produce further progeny plants, and selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and  carinata  character. In some embodiments, the steps of producing progeny plants, self-pollinating, and selecting progeny plants having the desired trait and  carinata  character are repeated until the progeny plant has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A. In other embodiments, the steps of backcrossing and growing the resulting progeny seed may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, or until the  Brassica carinata  variety produced from  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. 
     In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a cell of a plant of a  Brassica carinata  variety having a desired trait, as well as seeds, plants and plant parts of such variety, by crossing a plant of  Brassica carinata  AGR159-4A1A with a plant of another species of the family Brassicaceae comprising the desired trait, producing F1 progeny plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F1 plants or growing F1 seeds, self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character, producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F2 plants or growing F2 seeds, self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character, using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F3 plants or growing F3 seeds to produce progeny plants, self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired trait and  carinata  character to produce further progeny plants, and selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and  carinata  character. In some embodiments, the steps of producing progeny plants, self-pollinating, and selecting progeny plants having the desired trait and  carinata  character are repeated until the progeny plant has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a tissue culture of protoplasts or regenerable cells of the plant or plant part produced from the seed of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A, as well as a  Brassica carinata  plant regenerated from the tissue culture the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A. The tissue may be selected from the group consisting of leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, pods, flowers, ovules, and stalks. 
     In other aspects, the present invention is directed to a cell of  Brassica carinata  variety designated AGR159-4A1A, as well as to a cell, plant or plant part, or a protoplast of a plant or plant part, produced from a seed of  Brassica carinata  variety designated AGR159-4A1A. In some embodiments, the plant part is an ovule, a leaf, pollen, a seed, an embryo a root, a root tip, a pod, a flower, or a stalk. In other embodiments, the plant part is pollen or an ovule. In other embodiments, the present invention is directed to a cell, plant or plant part having the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A. 
     The present invention also includes a method of producing a  Brassica carinata  variety comprising a desired trait, as well as a plant, plant part, or seed of such variety, by introducing a DNA construct conferring the desired trait into a  Brassica carinata  plant of variety AGR159-4A1A using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated DNA uptake, electroporation, ballistic infiltration using DNA coated microprojectiles (gene gun), an  Agrobacterium  infiltration-based vector, or a plant virus-based vector. In some embodiments, the DNA construct comprises a transgene. In other embodiments, the DNA construct comprises an RNAi construct. In some embodiments, the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as determined at the 5% significance level, when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as variety AGR159-4A1A. In other embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. 
     In another aspect, the invention is directed to the use of a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A to produce a  Brassica carinata  variety comprising a new trait, wherein the new trait is introduced by exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent. In some embodiments, the mutagenic agent is ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or ultraviolet radiation. 
     In another aspect, the invention is directed to a cell of a plant of a  Brassica carinata  variety produced from variety AGR159-4A1A, wherein the  Brassica carinata  variety comprises a new trait and is produced by a method comprising exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent and allowing the surviving fraction to develop into mature plants. In some embodiments, the mutagenic agent is ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or ultraviolet radiation. 
     In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a commercial crop of a  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A or of a  Brassica carinata  variety produced by any of methods described herein. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a commercial plant product from the commercial crop. In some embodiments, the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. In another aspect the invention is directed to a method of producing crushed, non-viable seed of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A or a  Brassica carinata  variety produced by any of methods described herein. 
     In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of biofumigation comprising, growing a plant of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A or a  Brassica carinata  variety produced by any of methods described herein in a field, collecting the  Brassica carinata  plant biomass between flowering and seed set, chopping the biomass, and incorporating the chopped biomass into the soil. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1: Field Trials 
     Small plot field experiments were conducted in Western Canada, in selected southeast or northern states of the United States, or in Uruguay, using best agronomic practices for  carinata  as described in the “Carinata Management Handbook” for the southeastern United States (agrisoma.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/2017_18_SE_Handbook.pdf) or for the northern tier United States and Canadian prairies (growcarinata.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/US %20Northern %20Plains_handbook_2018.pdf). A number of newly developed carinata varieties, including AGR159-4A1A (also referred to “4A1A” in the tables that follow) were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design trial (RCBD), comprising 4 replicate plots (unless otherwise noted) along with plots of check varieties AAC-A120 and/or AGR044-312D-HP11 (also referred to as “AGR044-HP11” or “HP11” in the tables that follow). During the course of the trials, the experimental varieties and check varieties were closely observed, and descriptions of phenotypic characteristics and agronomic traits were recorded. After plants had reached maturity, seed was collected for subsequent NIR based seed quality analysis (as described in the definitions section). Least square mean values from replicated data sets were calculated using the REML model and pairwise comparisons carried out using Tukey&#39;s test at the 5% probability level. All quantitative data analysis was carried out using JMP 13 (SAS). 
     Example 2: Varietal Characteristics of AGR159-4A1A when Grown in SE United States 
     The southeastern states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama and others constitute an important  carinata  growing region. Farmers in this region would benefit from a crop that can be grown during the winter months as a cover crop, replacing the normal winter fallow in their rotations, allowing them an additional cash crop option while providing soil benefits that may in turn benefit other crops in their rotation. In order to identify those varieties with suitable productivity and agronomic properties in the low daylight hour/winter cropping scenario, field trial evaluations of new  carinata  varieties in this region are carried out, selecting the best adapted varieties for the local environment. These as described in Example 1 and serve to identify best candidates for commercialization based on comparing agronomic traits, seed yield and quality as well as multi-year performance to those of commercial check varieties. 
     As described in Example 1, replicated field trials afford the opportunity to compare experimental varieties in terms of their morphological phenotypes and agronomic traits. During the winter of 2017-2018, field trials were carried out in multiple sites in Alabama, Georgia, and Central and North Florida. Note that two plantings were carried out at the Quincy Fla. site—one plated in early November 2017 (early) and one planted in mid December 2017 (late). These trials provided extensive phenotypic observations, summarized in Table 1. Each characteristic was assessed as described in DEFINITIONS section, above, with the following exceptions and additions:
         Shattering loss at harvest—shattered seeds at harvest collected in three 7″×13″ pans placed 3′ from either end or at center of each plot and converted to kg/ha.       

     Table 1 provides data for morphological and agronomic characteristics for variety AGR159-4A1A and check variety AGR044-HP11. Data was obtained from observations taken during trials carried out at Midville Ga., Tifton Ga., Shorter Ala., Jay Fla., Live Oak Fla., Quincy Fla. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (Letters Column) are not significantly different from one another. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Morphological traits of variety AGR159-4A1A grown in southeast US, 2017-2018 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Stand 
                 Freeze surv/rec 
                 Days to 50% 
                 Days to 50% 
                 Plant height 
               
               
                   
                 (plants per m 2 ) 
                 @104 days (%)* 
                 bolt 
                 flower 
                 (cm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Location 
                 Variety 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Midville, GA 
                 4A1A 
                 94.5 
                 A 
                 52.5 
                 AB 
                 114 
                 A 
                 ND 
                   
                 93.0 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 77.8 
                 A 
                 67.5 
                 AB 
                 111 
                 ABC 
                 ND 
                   
                 81.0 
                 BCDEF 
               
               
                 Tifton, GA 
                 4A1A 
                 56.9 
                 ABC 
                 ND 
                   
                 94.9 
                 AB 
                 104 
                 ABCD 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 74.6 
                 AB 
                 ND 
                   
                 93.0 
                 ABC 
                 103 
                 ABCDEF 
                 ND 
               
               
                 Shorter, AL 
                 4A1A 
                 59.9 
                 AB 
                 ND 
                   
                 ND 
                   
                 136 
                 BC 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 63.6 
                 AB 
                 ND 
                   
                 ND 
                   
                 137 
                 AB 
                 ND 
               
               
                 Quincy, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 88.2 
                 ABC 
                 ND 
                   
                 94.1 
                 AB 
                 102 
                 ABC 
                 ND 
               
               
                 (late) 
                 HP11 
                 90.6 
                 ABC 
                 ND 
                   
                 94.5 
                 AB 
                 104 
                 AB 
                 ND 
               
               
                 Live Oak, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 52.9 
                 ABC 
                 100 
                 A 
                 90.5 
                 CDE 
                 98.0 
                 CDE 
                 144 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 65.8 
                 ABC 
                 100 
                 A 
                 89.4 
                 DEF 
                 97.6 
                 CDEF 
                 110 
                 CDE 
               
               
                 Jay, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 57.7 
                 BCD 
                 59.6 
                 ABC 
                 93.3 
                 ABC 
                 104 
                 A 
                 136 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 56.8 
                 BCD 
                 54.4 
                 ABCD 
                 91.6 
                 BCD 
                 102 
                 A 
                 121 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ND = not determined 
               
               
                 *freeze survival in Midville, GA; freeze recovery in Live Oak and Jay, FL. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Distinguishing characteristics of AGR159-4A1A grown in these trials and with respect to the check variety are summarized below
         Flowering: No significant differences in the days to 50% flowering between variety AGR159-4A1A and the check variety were observed at any of the trial sites.   Maturity: No significant differences in the days to 50% bolting between variety AGR159-4A1A and the check variety were observed at any of the trial sites.   Plant height: In the trial at Live Oak Fla., plants of variety AGR159-4A1A were found to be significantly taller than plants of the check variety; however, no significant differences in plant height were observed at the other trial sites where plant height was measured.   Stand: Plant stand values, expressed as number plants/m 2  prior to harvest, were not found to be significantly different between AGR159-4A1A and the check variety at any of the trial sites.   Freeze damage: During the course of the 2017-2018 winter trials, plots were exposed to frost conditions (Table 1). No significant differences in the percentage of plants that survived or recovered from freeze damage was observed between variety AGR159-4A1A and the check variety at any of the trial sites.       

     In summary, in the trials described above, the agronomic characteristics of AGR159-4A1A variety were found to be consistent with those of an existing commercial variety grown in the SE US region, supporting its selection as suitable candidate for commercial cultivation in the SE USA. 
     Example 3: Grain Yields of AGR159-4A1A Grown in Field Trials Conducted During Winter of 2017-2018 in SE USA 
     For the purpose of assessing the yield potential of new and experimental  carinata  varieties, including AGR159-4A1A, relative to commercial check varieties, a series of replicated yield trials designed as described in Example 1 were carried out during winter 2017-2018 in southeast US. Note that two plantings were carried out at the Quincy Fla. site—one plated in early November 2017 (early) and one planted in mid December 2017 (late). After maturity had been reached, seeds were harvested from the center 5′ of each plot (5 rows), cleaned and dried in a forced air oven at 50° C. for at least 72 h, subsequently weighed for yield determination and the seed analyzed for test weight and moisture using a Steinlite SL95 Moisture Meter. Reported yields, tabulated in Table 2, have been adjusted to 8% moisture. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Grain yields of variety AGR159-4A1A grown in  
               
               
                 southeast US in winter 2017-18 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LSM  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Yield 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Location 
                 Variety 
                 (kg/ha) 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Midville, GA 
                 4A1A 
                 1984 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HP11 
                 1661 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Tifton, GA 
                 4A1A 
                 2724 
                 ABC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HP11 
                 2208 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 Shorter, AL 
                 4A1A 
                 3241 
                 ABCD 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HP11 
                 3140 
                 ABCD 
               
               
                   
                 Quincy, FL (late) 
                 4A1A 
                 3633 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HP11 
                 3178 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 Quincy, FL (early) 
                 4A1A 
                 2584 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HP11 
                 3114 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Live Oak, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 2480 
                 BCD 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HP11 
                 2399 
                 BCDE 
               
               
                   
                 Jay, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 2254 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HP11 
                 2223 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen, the LSM yield of AGR159-4A1A was slightly greater than that of the check variety at most of the trial sites; however, these differences were not found to be significant. The data supports the yield potential of the AGR159-4A1A variety as being comparable to that of the commercial check variety, making it a suitable candidate for commercial exploitation in the SE region. 
     Example 4: Quality of AGR159-4A1A  Carinata  Seed Harvested from Field Trials Conducted in Southeast US, 2017-2018 
     Trials were conducted in southeastern US states as described in Example 1. Seed quality data was obtained from NIR analysis, as described above under DEFINITIONS, on replicated samples of harvested grain from small plot, RCBD field experiments. Least square means (LSM) were calculated for measurements of replicate samples using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey&#39;s test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM values for AGR159-4A1A and check variety AGR044-HP11. The results of this analysis are tabulated in Table 3. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Seed quality characteristics of variety AGR159-4A1A grown in southeast US in 2017-18 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                 Oil, 
                 Glucosinolates, 
                 Erucic Acid, 
                 Protein, 
                 Saturates, 
               
               
                   
                 wt % of seed 
                 μmol/g seed 
                 wt % of seed 
                 wt % of seed 
                 wt % of seed 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Location 
                 Variety 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Midville GA 
                 4A1A 
                 46.65 
                 A 
                 83.80 
                 A 
                 36.83 
                 A 
                 22.88 
                 A 
                 ND 
                   
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 46.40 
                 A 
                 74.45 
                 A 
                 38.38 
                 A 
                 23.60 
                 A 
                 ND 
               
               
                 Tifton GA 
                 4A1A 
                 49.39 
                 BCD 
                 76.28 
                 DEF 
                 43.56 
                 AB 
                 23.61 
                 BCD 
                 5.98 
                 CDE 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 50.68 
                 ABC 
                 68.85 
                 FGH 
                 42.48 
                 BC 
                 21.74 
                 D 
                 5.94 
                 DE 
               
               
                 Shorter AL 
                 4A1A 
                 48.33 
                 ABC 
                 88.36 
                 BC 
                 45.94 
                 A 
                 25.61 
                 BCDE 
                 5.89 
                 DE 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 47.00 
                 ABCD 
                 78.99 
                 CDE 
                 42.83 
                 CD 
                 24.40 
                 D 
                 5.93 
                 CD 
               
               
                 Quincy FL 
                 4A1A 
                 47.28 
                 ABCD 
                 93.63 
                 D 
                 47.58 
                 AB 
                 25.88 
                 DE 
                 6.02 
                 BCDEF 
               
               
                 (late) 
                 HP11 
                 47.91 
                 ABCD 
                 93.26 
                 D 
                 46.05 
                 BCD 
                 25.50 
                 DE 
                 5.75 
                 FG 
               
               
                 Quincy FL 
                 4A1A 
                 52.10 
                 BCD 
                 57.02 
                 CDE 
                 46.25 
                 A 
                 20.54 
                 ABCD 
                 5.91 
                 CDEF 
               
               
                 (early) 
                 HP11 
                 51.41 
                 CDE 
                 58.16 
                 CDE 
                 45.62 
                 AB 
                 20.63 
                 ABCD 
                 5.76 
                 FG 
               
               
                 Live Oak FL 
                 4A1A 
                 44.41 
                 ABCD 
                 86.71 
                 CDEF 
                 42.93 
                 A 
                 27.57 
                 E 
                 5.85 
                 CDE 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 43.60 
                 BCDE 
                 79.95 
                 EFG 
                 41.70 
                 ABC 
                 27.08 
                 E 
                 5.83 
                 CDE 
               
               
                 Citra FL 
                 4A1A 
                 44.20 
                 ABCD 
                 76.75 
                 CDEF 
                 43.91 
                 AB 
                 26.79 
                 BCD 
                 5.95 
                 BCD 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 43.57 
                 ABCDE 
                 72.62 
                 FG 
                 45.09 
                 A 
                 27.70 
                 ABCD 
                 5.75 
                 DEF 
               
               
                 Jay FL 
                 4A1A 
                 51.87 
                 BCD 
                 62.99 
                 CD 
                 46.70 
                 A 
                 20.13 
                 C 
                 6.16 
                 ABC 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 51.76 
                 BCDE 
                 60.44 
                 CDE 
                 45.16 
                 ABC 
                 19.89 
                 C 
                 6.00 
                 ABCDE 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The fatty acid profile of seed oil from AGR159-4A1A, as determined by NIR analysis, was also compared to that of seed from check variety AGR044-HP11 and the results, expressed as the percentage by weight (mean of 4 samples) for each of the major fatty acid constituents of the oil is shown in Table 4. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Fatty acid profile of oil from variety AGR159- 
               
               
                 4A1A grown in southeast US in 2017-18 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % of total fatty acids 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 C18:1 
                 C18:2 
                 C18:3 
                 C20:1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Location 
                 Variety 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Midville, GA 
                 4A1A 
                 10.95 
                 A 
                 17.10 
                 A 
                 12.25 
                 A 
                 10.23 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 9.50 
                 A 
                 16.15 
                 A 
                 12.65 
                 A 
                 10.25 
                 A 
               
               
                 Tifton, GA 
                 4A1A 
                 9.58 
                 BCDEF 
                 13.59 
                 EF 
                 12.35 
                 DE 
                 9.98 
                 CDE 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 9.30 
                 DEF 
                 14.45 
                 D 
                 12.28 
                 DEF 
                 10.23 
                 BCD 
               
               
                 Shorter, AL 
                 4A1A 
                 8.61 
                 CDE 
                 13.60 
                 H 
                 11.68 
                 EF 
                 9.53 
                 DEF 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 8.48 
                 DE 
                 14.91 
                 DEF 
                 11.94 
                 DE 
                 10.18 
                 CD 
               
               
                 Quincy, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 6.28 
                 ABC 
                 13.28 
                 CD 
                 11.62 
                 CDEF 
                 9.27 
                 CDE 
               
               
                 (late) 
                 HP11 
                 5.13 
                 CD 
                 14.51 
                 ABC 
                 11.96 
                 CD 
                 9.37 
                 CDE 
               
               
                 Quincy, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 8.50 
                 EFG 
                 11.90 
                 GH 
                 13.54 
                 D 
                 9.51 
                 FG 
               
               
                 (early) 
                 HP11 
                 7.39 
                 GH 
                 12.12 
                 FGH 
                 13.69 
                 D 
                 10.37 
                 DE 
               
               
                 Live Oak, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 8.50 
                 DEFG 
                 14.86 
                 FG 
                 13.70 
                 EFG 
                 8.70 
                 GH 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 7.98 
                 EFG 
                 15.80 
                 BCDEF 
                 13.71 
                 EFG 
                 9.85 
                 ABCDE 
               
               
                 Citra, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 7.62 
                 CDE 
                 14.22 
                 D 
                 13.74 
                 DEF 
                 8.76 
                 EFG 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 5.97 
                 E 
                 14.42 
                 D 
                 14.31 
                 BCD 
                 9.24 
                 CDE 
               
               
                 Jay, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 8.71 
                 CDE 
                 12.14 
                 EF 
                 12.67 
                 E 
                 9.39 
                 DEFG 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 8.75 
                 CDE 
                 12.83 
                 BCDE 
                 12.72 
                 DE 
                 10.35 
                 CD 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % of total fatty acids 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MONO 
                 POLY 
                 LCFA 
                 VLCFA 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Location 
                 Variety 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Midville, GA 
                 4A1A 
                 61.10 
                 A 
                 32.33 
                 A 
                 41.25 
                 A 
                 58.75 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 61.15 
                 A 
                 32.13 
                 A 
                 41.23 
                 A 
                 58.78 
                 A 
               
               
                 Tifton, GA 
                 4A1A 
                 65.00 
                 A 
                 28.69 
                 G 
                 32.89 
                 FG 
                 67.11 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 63.95 
                 ABC 
                 29.94 
                 CDEF 
                 35.54 
                 DEF 
                 64.46 
                 BCD 
               
               
                 Shorter, AL 
                 4A1A 
                 65.24 
                 A 
                 28.24 
                 I 
                 29.24 
                 J 
                 70.76 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 62.65 
                 CD 
                 30.58 
                 DEFG 
                 34.69 
                 DEFG 
                 65.31 
                 DEFG 
               
               
                 Quincy, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 65.69 
                 A 
                 27.91 
                 F 
                 29.60 
                 EF 
                 70.40 
                 AB 
               
               
                 (late) 
                 HP11 
                 63.72 
                 BC 
                 29.94 
                 CDE 
                 32.28 
                 DE 
                 67.72 
                 BC 
               
               
                 Quincy, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 65.70 
                 A 
                 28.85 
                 G 
                 32.80 
                 EFGHI 
                 67.20 
                 ABCDE 
               
               
                 (early) 
                 HP11 
                 64.00 
                 BC 
                 30.09 
                 DEF 
                 33.40 
                 EFGH 
                 66.60 
                 BCDE 
               
               
                 Live Oak, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 62.12 
                 A 
                 31.58 
                 F 
                 36.10 
                 FG 
                 63.90 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 60.06 
                 CD 
                 33.42 
                 DE 
                 39.18 
                 EF 
                 60.82 
                 BC 
               
               
                 Citra, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 62.26 
                 A 
                 31.50 
                 E 
                 37.64 
                 FG 
                 62.36 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 60.43 
                 BCD 
                 33.12 
                 BCD 
                 38.12 
                 EFG 
                 61.88 
                 ABC 
               
               
                 Jay, FL 
                 4A1A 
                 66.17 
                 A 
                 28.00 
                 E 
                 29.38 
                 F 
                 70.62 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 64.23 
                 BC 
                 29.41 
                 D 
                 30.40 
                 EF 
                 69.60 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results of seed quality analysis from multiple trials conducted in southeast US in 2018 can be summarized as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Seed oil content 
                 Seed from AGR159-4A1A harvested from all trial sites was shown 
               
               
                   
                 to have a similar oil content to seed from check variety AGR044-HP11. 
               
               
                 Seed protein content 
                 Seed from AGR159-4A1A harvested from all trial sites was shown 
               
               
                   
                 to have similar protein content to that of check variety AGR044-HP11. 
               
               
                 Glucosinolates 
                 Seed from AGR159-4A1A harvested from all trial sites was shown 
               
               
                   
                 to have similar glucosinolate content to seed from check variety 
               
               
                   
                 AGR044- 
               
               
                 Fatty acid profile 
                 Oil from AGR159-4A1A grain has a similar fatty acid profile to oil 
               
               
                   
                 from grain of check variety AGR044-HP11, although some small 
               
               
                   
                 but significant differences were observed in oil from grain 
               
               
                   
                 harvested at some trial sites. For example, oil from AGR159-4A1A 
               
               
                   
                 grain harvested at Tifton GA and Shorter AL had a lower 
               
               
                   
                 proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2) and oil from grain harvest from 
               
               
                   
                 Quincy FL (early) and Live Oak FL had a lower proportion of 
               
               
                   
                 eicosenoic acid (C20:1) compared to oil from grain of the check 
               
               
                   
                 variety. While no differences were observed in the concentration of 
               
               
                   
                 saturated fatty acids (SATS) in seed from variety AGR159-4A1A 
               
               
                   
                 compared to seed from the check variety at all sites, oil from 
               
               
                   
                 AGR159-4A1A grain harvested at most sites (except Midville GA 
               
               
                   
                 and Tifton GA) was higher in mono-unsaturated fatty acids 
               
               
                   
                 (MONO) and lower in poly-unsaturated fatty acids (POLY) than oil 
               
               
                   
                 from grain of the check variety. Oil from grain of variety AGR159- 
               
               
                   
                 4A1A and the check variety from most sites had similar proportions 
               
               
                   
                 of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and very long chain fatty acids 
               
               
                   
                 (VLCA), expect for grain harvested at Shorter, AL where the oil 
               
               
                   
                 from grain of variety AGR159-4A1A was lower in LCFA and 
               
               
                   
                 higher in VLCFA compared to oil from grain of the check variety. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on the comparative seed quality and fatty acid profile analysis shown in Tables 3 and 4, the AGR159-4A1A variety produces grain with substantially similar composition and properties to that of the commercial check variety, supporting its suitability as candidate for commercial exploitation in the SE region of the United States. 
     Example 5: Yield of  Carinata  Seed from Variety AGR159-4A1A Grown in Northern US States (Summer 2016) 
     Field trials designed as described in Example 1 were carried out in nine sites in Devil&#39;s Lake N. Dak. during the summer 2016, to assess the yield potential of a number of new  carinata  varieties, including AGR159-4A1A, in relation to the commercial check variety AAC-A120. After maturity had been attained, plots were harvested, and seed yield quantitated essentially as described in Example 3. Table 5 (below) summarizes the results of yield analysis carried out on AGR159-4A1A and check variety AAC-A120 obtained from harvests of replicate plots. Least square means (LSM) were calculated from replicate trials for each variety tested at each site using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey&#39;s test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for AGR159-4A1A and check variety AAC-A120. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters column of Table 5) are not significantly different from one another. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Yields of AGR159-4A1A grown in 2016 trials  
               
               
                 in northern US 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 LSM 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield 
                   
               
               
                 Site 
                 Variety 
                 (kg/ha) 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Devil&#39;s Lake, ND 
                 AGR159-4A1A 
                 4342 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 AAC-A120 
                 3833 
                 ABCD 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The difference in LSM yields between AGR159-4A1A and the commercial check variety AAC-A120 were small and found not to be significantly different. 
     Example 6: Quality of AGR159-4A1A  Carinata  Seed Harvested from Field Trials Conducted in Northern US (Summer 2016) 
     Trials were conducted as described in Example 1. Seed quality data was obtained from NIR analysis of replicated samples of harvested grain from trial sites described in Example 4. Least square means (LSM) were calculated for seeds from replicate trials for each variety tested at sites described in Example 5, using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Student t-test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM values for AGR159-4A1A and check variety AAC-A120. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters column of Table 6) are not significantly different from one another. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Seed quality characteristics of variety AGR159-4A1A  
               
               
                 grown in field trials carried out in northern US states and  
               
               
                 Canadian southern prairies (summer 2016). 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Quality 
                 Variety 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Protein content, 
                 AGR159-4A1A 
                  31.45 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 wt % of seed 
                 AAC-A120 
                  32.00 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Oil content, 
                 AGR159-4A1A 
                  40.68 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 wt % of seed 
                 AAC-A120 
                  40.90 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Glucosinolates, 
                 AGR159-4A1A 
                 104.1 
                 ABCD 
               
               
                   
                 μmol/g 
                 AAC-A120 
                 111.6 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 Erucic Acid, 
                 AGR159-4A1A 
                  42.05 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 wt % fatty acids 
                 AAC-A120 
                  42.95 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Total Saturates, 
                 AGR159-4A1A 
                  5.93 
                 ABC 
               
               
                   
                 wt % fatty acids 
                 AAC-A120 
                  5.73 
                 ABCD 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results of the seed quality and oil profile analysis for AGR159-4A1A harvested from summer 2016 preliminary yield trials can be summarized as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Seed oil  
                 Seed from AGR159-4A1A has a similar oil content to  
               
               
                 content 
                 that of seed from check variety AAC-A120. 
               
               
                 Seed protein 
                 Seed from AGR159-4A1A has a similar protein content  
               
               
                 content 
                 to that of seed from check variety AAC-A120. 
               
               
                 Glucosinolates 
                 Seed from AGR159-4A1A has a similar glucosinolate  
               
               
                   
                 content to that of seed from check variety AAC-A120. 
               
               
                 Erucic acid 
                 Oil from AGR159-4A1A grain has a similar erucic  
               
               
                   
                 content as oil of seed from check variety AAC-A120. 
               
               
                 Saturated fatty 
                 Oil from AGR159-4A1A grain has a similar proportion  
               
               
                 acids 
                 of saturated fatty acids as oil of seed from check  
               
               
                   
                 variety AAC-A120. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on the comparative seed quality analysis shown in Table 6, the AGR159-4A1A variety produces grain with substantially similar oil, protein, glucosinolate and fatty acid content compared to grain produced by the check variety when grown in this region. 
     Example 7: Varietal Characteristics of AGR159-4A1A Grown in S. America (Uruguay) 
     Uruguay is an important commercial producer of  Brassica carinata . Its climate lends itself to production of  carinata  as a short-day length winter cover crop often in rotation with summer grown crops such as soybean. In order to assess, new  carinata  varieties for their suitability in commercial production in this region, small plot yield trials have been carried out in Uruguay, primarily at two sites, La Estanzuela (LE) and Young (YO). In winters of 2016 and 2017, small plot trials were carried out at both sites, essentially as described in Example 1, except that 3 randomized plot replicates were employed instead of 4. Results of these analyses are shown in Table 7. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Morphological traits of variety AGR159-4A1A grown in field 
               
               
                 trials carried out in Uruguay (2016, 2017 and 2018) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 2016 
                 2017 
                 2018 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Trait 
                 Variety 
                 LE 
                 YO 
                 LE 
                 YO 
                 LE 
                 YO 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 10% flowering (days) 
                 4A1A 
                 109 
                 99 
                 87 
                 83 
                 118 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 113 
                 106 
                 86 
                 82 
                 118 
                 95 
               
               
                 Mid flowering (days) 
                 4A1A 
                 119 
                 104 
                 106 
                 89 
                 127 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 121 
                 109 
                 106 
                 87 
                 126 
                 99 
               
               
                 100% flowering (days) 
                 4A1A 
                 140 
                 129 
                 126 
                 112 
                 151 
                 125 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 142 
                 133 
                 126 
                 117 
                 166 
                 123 
               
               
                 Plant height (m) 
                 4A1A 
                 1.6 
                 2.10 
                 1.90 
                 1.81 
                 1.87 
                 1.59 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 1.5 
                 1.93 
                 1.48 
                 1.66 
                 1.83 
                 1.55 
               
               
                 Canopy bottom (m) 
                 4A1A 
                 0.8 
                 1.01 
                 1.30 
                 0.82 
                 0.73 
                 0.62 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 0.7 
                 1.05 
                 1.00 
                 0.66 
                 0.84 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 Canopy depth (m) 
                 4A1A 
                 0.8 
                 1.09 
                 0.60 
                 0.99 
                 1.10 
                 0.97 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 0.8 
                 0.88 
                 0.48 
                 1.00 
                 1.03 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 Stand (plants/m 2 ) 
                 4A1A 
                 70 
                 ND 
                 102 
                 ND 
                 93 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 74 
                 ND 
                 111 
                 ND 
                 73 
                 ND 
               
               
                 Shatter (kg/ha) 
                 4A1A 
                 0 
                 23 
                 129 
                 ND 
                 148 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 ND 
                 164 
                 ND 
               
               
                 Harvest loss (kg/ha) 
                 4A1A 
                 191 
                 277 
                 245 
                 ND 
                 100 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 483 
                 477 
                 227 
                 ND 
                 167 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ND = not determined 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The distinguishing characteristics of AGR159-4A1A grown in this trial and with respect to the check variety are summarized below:
         Flowering: In 2016, variety AGR159-4A1A initiated and complete flowering 2-4 days earlier than the check variety at both the LE and YO sites; however, these differences were not observed in the 2017 or 2018 trials.   Plant height: Variety AGR159-4A1A was observed to be taller than the check variety in all trials except for the trial at LE in 2016. The distance to bottom of canopy was quite variable—bottom of canopy was higher for variety AGR159-4A1A in 2017 at both sites, but similar to or lower than that of the check variety at both sites in 2016 and 2018. However, the depth of the canopy for variety AGR159-4A1A was similar to that of the check variety in 2016 at the LE site and 2017 at the YO site, but larger than that of the check variety at both sites in 2018, at the LE site in 2017 and at the YO site in 2016.   Stand: Plant stand determinations (number plants/m 2  prior to harvest), were carried out solely at the La Estanzuela (LE) trials. Variety AGR159-4A1A and the check variety were found to be similar in stand establishment in 2016 and 2017. In the 2018 trials, variety AGR159-4A1A grew at a higher plant density (93 vs 73 plants/m 2 ).   Pod shatter: Pod shatter, expressed as absolute seed loss (LSM kg of seed/ha) obtained from replicate plots prior to harvest, was determined as described in the definition section at both sites in 2016, but only at the LE site in 2017 and 2018. As can be seen in Table 7, shatter losses were negligible for both AGR159-4A1A and check variety at both sites in 2016. Shatter losses were considerably higher for AGR159-4A1A in 2017 than for the check variety, but similar to the check variety in 2018. Harvest losses were lower for variety AGR159-4A1A than for the check variety in 2016 and 2018, but slightly higher in 2017.       

     Example 8: Yield of AGR159-4A1A  Carinata  Seed from Variety AGR159-4A1A Grown in Uruguay During Winters of 2016 and 2017 
     Table 8 summarizes the results of yield analysis carried out on a number of new and experimental  carinata  varieties at La Estanzuela and Young sites in 2016 and 2017. Several new varieties were evaluated, including AGR159-4A1A, alongside check variety AGR044-HP11, the latter chosen due to it being the current preferred commercial variety in this geography. Least square means (LSM) yield (in kg/ha) were calculated from replicate trials for each variety tested at each site using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey&#39;s test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for AGR159-4A1A and the check variety. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns of Table 10) are not significantly different from one another. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Seed yields for variety AGR159-4A1A grown in 
               
               
                 Uruguay during winter of 2016, 2017 and 2018 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 2016 
                 2017 
                 2018 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 LSM 
                   
                 LSM 
                   
                 LSM 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yield 
                   
                 Yield 
                   
                 Yield 
               
               
                 Site 
                 Variety 
                 (kg/ha) 
                 Letters 
                 (kg/ha) 
                 Letters 
                 (kg/ha) 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 LE 
                 4A1A 
                 4171 
                 AB 
                 4112 
                 A 
                 3893 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 3840 
                 ABCDE 
                 5373 
                 A 
                 4110 
                 AB 
               
               
                 YO 
                 4A1A 
                 4254 
                 AB 
                 2983 
                 A 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 3810 
                 ABCD 
                 3192 
                 A 
                 ND 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown Table 8, analysis of LSM yield values by Tukey&#39;s test showed that there were no statistically significant differences at the 5% confidence level between yields observed for AGR159-4A1A and check variety AGR044-HP11 in any of the trials. 
     Example 9: Quality of AGR159-4A1A  Carinata  Seed from Field Trials Conducted in Uruguay During Winter 2017 
     As described above, and in Example 1, trials were conducted using best agronomic practices for  carinata  as described in the “Carinata Management Handbook” for the southeastern United States (agrisoma.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/2017_18_SE_Handbook.pdf). Seed quality data was obtained from NIR analysis of replicated samples of harvested grain, as described under DEFINITIONS, above. Table 9 tabulates the main characteristics of AGR159-4A1A seed harvested from these trials in relation to those of the HP11 check variety. 
     The fatty acid profile of seed oil from AGR159-4A1A, as determined by NIR analysis, was also compared to that of the ABR044-HP11 check variety and the results, expressed as the percentage by weight (mean of 4 samples) for each of the major fatty acid constituents of the oil are shown in Table 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Seed quality characteristics of variety AGR159-4A1A grown 
               
               
                 in Uruguay during winters of 2016, 2017, and 2018 (combined 
               
               
                 data from La Estanzuela and Young sites). 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 2016 
                 2017 
                 2018 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Quality 
                 Variety 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Protein 
                 4A1A 
                 23.9 
                 ABCD 
                 29.0 
                 A 
                 27.46 
                 ABC 
               
               
                 content, 
               
               
                 wt % of seed 
                 HP11 
                 21.9 
                 D 
                 26.7 
                 A 
                 26.26 
                 ABCD 
               
               
                 Oil content, 
                 4A1A 
                 50.8 
                 ABC 
                 45.2 
                 A 
                 47.37 
                 AB 
               
               
                 wt % of seed 
                 HP11 
                 52.4 
                 A 
                 47.3 
                 A 
                 46.58 
                 BC 
               
               
                 Glucosin- 
                 4A1A 
                 31.4 
                 BCDE 
                 71.2 
                 A 
                 59.55 
                 ABC 
               
               
                 olates, 
               
               
                 μmol/g 
                 HP11 
                 35.9 
                 BCD 
                 58.9 
                 A 
                 55.28 
                 ABC 
               
               
                 Erucic Acid, 
                 4A1A 
                 44.5 
                 AB 
                 47.6 
                 ABC 
                 47.01 
                 A 
               
               
                 wt % fatty 
                 HP11 
                 44.9 
                 A 
                 48.2 
                 ABC 
                 46.53 
                 AB 
               
               
                 acids 
               
               
                 Total 
                 4A1A 
                 6.0 
                 FG 
                 5.7 
                 AB 
                 6.12 
                 F 
               
               
                 Saturates, 
               
               
                 wt % fatty 
                 HP11 
                 6.1 
                 DEFG 
                 5.8 
                 AB 
                 6.15 
                 DEF 
               
               
                 acids 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Fatty acid profile of variety AGR159-4A1A grown in 
               
               
                 Uruguay during winters of 2016, 2017 and 2018 (combined 
               
               
                 data from La Estanzuela and Young sites). 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 % Fatty 
                 2016 
                 2017 
                 2018 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Acid 
                 Variety 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
                 LSM 
                 Letters 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 C18:1 
                 4A1A 
                 8.55 
                 CDE 
                 5.59 
                 CDEF 
                 7.63 
                 CDEF 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 8.44 
                 CDE 
                 4.85 
                 DEF 
                 6.28 
                 F 
               
               
                 C18:2 
                 4A1A 
                 13.57 
                 EFG 
                 13.61 
                 BC 
                 14.11 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 13.03 
                 FG 
                 12.79 
                 C 
                 14.38 
                 C 
               
               
                 C18:3 
                 4A1A 
                 13.26 
                 DEF 
                 14.09 
                 CDE 
                 13.64 
                 CDE 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 13.64 
                 CDE 
                 14.09 
                 CDE 
                 14.21 
                 BC 
               
               
                 C20:1 
                 4A1A 
                 8.19 
                 GHI 
                 7.66 
                 E 
                 7.02 
                 F 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 8.95 
                 DEF 
                 9.07 
                 ABCD 
                 7.57 
                 CDEF 
               
               
                 C22:1 
                 4A1A 
                 44.51 
                 AB 
                 47.62 
                 ABC 
                 47.01 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 44.89 
                 A 
                 48.22 
                 ABC 
                 46.53 
                 AB 
               
               
                 Mono 
                 4A1A 
                 63.16 
                 A 
                 62.57 
                 AB 
                 61.97 
                 AB 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 62.06 
                 AB 
                 61.33 
                 ABC 
                 59.87 
                 CDE 
               
               
                 Poly 
                 4A1A 
                 31.08 
                 G 
                 31.75 
                 CDE 
                 32.20 
                 FG 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 31.89 
                 FG 
                 32.35 
                 BCDE 
                 33.90 
                 DE 
               
               
                 LCFA 
                 4A1A 
                 38.10 
                 DEF 
                 36.09 
                 B 
                 41.63 
                 D 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 36.97 
                 EF 
                 34.49 
                 BC 
                 43.62 
                 CD 
               
               
                 VLCFA 
                 4A1A 
                 61.90 
                 ABC 
                 63.91 
                 B 
                 58.37 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 HP11 
                 63.03 
                 AB 
                 65.05 
                 AB 
                 56.38 
                 BC 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The major seed quality trait characteristics of AGR159-4A1A are summarized below 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Seed oil  
                 Seed from AGR159-4A1A demonstrated a similar oil  
               
               
                 content 
                 content to that of seed from check variety  
               
               
                   
                 AGR044-HP11 in both trial seasons. 
               
               
                 Seed protein  
                 Seed from AGR159-4A1A demonstrated, in both trial  
               
               
                 content 
                 seasons, a similar protein content to seed from check  
               
               
                   
                 variety AGR044-HP11. 
               
               
                 Glucosinolates 
                 Seed from AGR159-4A1A demonstrated, in both trial  
               
               
                   
                 seasons, equivalent GSL content relative to seed from  
               
               
                   
                 check variety AGR044-HP11. 
               
               
                 Erucic acid 
                 Oil from grain of variety AGR159-4A1A  
               
               
                   
                 demonstrated, in both trial seasons, similar levels  
               
               
                   
                 of erucic acid (C22:1) 
               
               
                   
                 as oil from grain of check variety AGR044-HP11. 
               
               
                 Fatty acids  
                 All but one of the major fatty acid constituents  
               
               
                 profile 
                 (i.e. those that represented individually more than 
               
               
                 and SATS  
                 3% of the total fatty acid content by weight),  
               
               
                 content 
                 showed similar concentrations in the oil  
               
               
                   
                 from AGR159-4A1A as the oil from check variety  
               
               
                   
                 AGR044-HP11. A significantly lower concentration  
               
               
                   
                 of eicosenoic acid (C20:1) was measured in the 
               
               
                   
                 oil from AGR159-4A1A compared to the  
               
               
                   
                 oil from check variety AGR044-HP11 in both 
               
               
                   
                 of the two years of testing. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In summary, the seed oil content and fatty acid profile, protein content and GSL content of AGR159-4A1A were found to be substantially comparable to those of an existing commercial variety AGR044-HP11 grown in the same geography. These attributes support the selection of AGR159-4A1A as a potential commercial candidate for cultivation in this region. 
     DEPOSIT 
     Applicant(s) have made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A with the NCIMB Ltd., Ferguson Building, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK, AB21 9YA, under Accession number 43240. The seeds deposited with NCIMB on Nov. 6, 2018 for AGR159-4A1A were taken from the seed stock maintained by Agrisoma Biosciences Inc., since prior to the filing date of this application. The deposit of seed of  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A will be maintained in the NCIMB depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicant has satisfied all the requirements 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant imposes no restrictions on the availability of the deposited material from NCIMB; however, Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant(s) do not waive any infringement of their rights granted under this patent or rights applicable to  Brassica carinata  variety AGR159-4A1A under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). 
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