Patent Publication Number: US-2018050237-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for plyometric force application to muscle

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No 62/376,005 filed 17 Aug. 2016, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention pertains to an apparatus and method for plyometric force application to muscle, and in particular to a desired muscle or group of muscles. 
     BACKGROUND 
     This relates to the fields of exercise, fitness, training and rehabilitation equipment and resources. Mosby&#39;s Medical dictionary describes plyometrics as, “bounding or high-velocity exercise that entails eccentric and rapid concentric muscle contractions, such as jumping or weighted ball throwing and catching.” (Mosby&#39;s Medical Dictionary, 9th edition, 2009, Elsevier) Similar exercises have also been created using falling weights in both free and restrained environments. A key factor of plyometric forces is the rapid “explosion” of force that is required to be exerted by the exerciser. Generation and application of plyometric forces causes muscles to exert maximum force in short intervals of time, with the goal of increasing both speed and power capabilities of the user. Typically, jump training is used to accomplish plyometric force application to muscle, however jump training is limited to leg muscles. 
     Various devices have been designed to assist muscle development and in exercise training by employing plyometric force. In an example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,750,739 to Lange describes a plyometric exercising device with a hand bar, bar guide and gas operated piston to assist and guide a user with a weightlifting exercise. The device of Lange, in particular, is designed to focus on the concentric contraction phase of the exercise and is limited in capability related to force generation and the application of such forces. In an attempt to increase forces, other devices employ a biased member such as an elastic in an attempt to decrease the eccentric contraction time followed by an increase in force required during the concentric contraction phase of the exercise. Methodology for research on muscle fatigue detection or prediction and the development of devices that can be used in sports scenarios to improve performance or prevent injury has also been studied by Al-Mulla et al. (A Review of Non-Invasive Techniques to Detect and Predict Localized Muscle Fatigue Sensors 2011, 11(4), pp.3545-3594). 
     Yuri Verkhoshansky, a Russian track and field coach and researcher credited as being the inventor of plyometrics, defined plyometrics as application of Kinetic Energy, for example a falling weight, as a muscle stimulating factor. In one example, muscles being exercised are shocked with a collision or impact of force (kinetic energy) and then engage in rapid (such as less than 1 second) eccentric and concentric contractions to absorb the kinetic energy, stop the motion of the object, and then reverse the direction as quickly as possible. It is the finding of the work and study of many researchers that such a regime can result in greater muscle fiber activation due to the impact of the external force, thus equating to greater power output. It has also been found that the mechanism sought is a stretch-shortening cycle which affects the response of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs as well as potentiating the Myotatic Reflex. 
     In an exercise, training or rehabilitation setting where a muscle is activated using a plyometric force, one goal may be to achieve many separate cycles of plyometric force muscle activations whereby the aggregate of these cycles has sufficient accuracy and repeatability to a muscle or group of muscles. An adjustable hurdle to jump over may be used, for example, as the plyometric force application element is be raised or lowered to adjust the plyometric force applied to the leg muscle. It is, however, not possible to apply a second or third or fourth or more plyometric activation force activations to the leg muscle or leg muscle group given the hurdle jump design limitations. The plyometric force application element of the hurdle jump can only apply a single plyometric force amount to the leg muscle or leg muscle group that is activated during the hurdle jump landing. Therefore, more than one plyometric force application cannot be directly applied to the leg muscle or leg muscle group and is not possible according to a detailed muscle, exercise, training or rehabilitation regimen that includes multiple leg muscle and leg group muscle activations. In an exercise, training or rehabilitation setting where a muscle is activated using a plyometric force, another goal may be to be able to provide a plyometric force or force sequence combination of time, force, stroke, application profile, force direction on a 360° plane, within all of the 360 degrees of vector possibilities of 3-dimentional space, etc., with more plyometric force profile variability, plyometric force intensity, plyometric force control, plyometric force temporal variability and control of all other plyometric force factors for muscle activations with sufficient accuracy and repeatability to muscle or group of muscles. In an exercise, training or rehabilitation setting where a muscle is activated using a plyometric force, another goal may be to achieve a measured muscle activation amount with sufficient accuracy, repeatability and at the right time. For example, an adjustable hurdle to jump over as the plyometric force application element may be raised or lowered to adjust the plyometric force applied to the leg muscle. It is, however, difficult to determine and apply a sufficiently precise plyometric activation force to the leg muscle given the variability of the individual hurdle jumps. Therefore, the determined plyometric force application cannot be directly measured or applied, so that, for example, an accurate amount of plyometric force can be measured and repeatedly applied according to a detailed muscle, exercise, training or rehabilitation regimen. 
     In an exercise, training or rehabilitation setting where a muscle is activated using a plyometric force, another goal may be to achieve a plyometric force muscle activation amount throughout the entire muscle and muscle group range with sufficient accuracy and repeatability. A muscle or group of muscles has a range of motion within and throughout which the muscle or group of muscles can be activated. Using, for example, an adjustable hurdle to jump over, a plyometric force application element may be raised or lowered to adjust the plyometric force applied to the leg muscle. It is, however, difficult to determine and apply a sufficiently precise plyometric activation force to all of the leg muscle points throughout the entire leg muscle or leg muscle group range given the design and variability of the individual hurdle jumps. The plyometric force application element of the hurdle jump can only apply a single plyometric force amount and activate a single location or the limited area of the entire leg muscle or group range that is activated during the hurdle jump landing. Therefore, the determined plyometric force application cannot be directly applied and measured, so that, for example, an accurate amount of plyometric force can be applied and measured to the remaining leg muscles outside of the hurdle jump landing leg muscles according to a detailed muscle, exercise, training or rehabilitation regimen that includes leg muscle and leg group of muscle activations throughout the entire leg muscle range. 
     In an exercise, training or rehabilitation setting where a muscle is activated using a plyometric force, another goal may be to achieve plyometric force muscle activations with sufficient accuracy and repeatability to a group of muscles. Existing plyometric equipment and plyometric force application to muscle relies on gravity and is designed to be a simple (dumb) object, typically a platform or series thereof, for jumping off of. These things include hurdles, cones, boxes, platforms etc. In some cases, adjustable platforms can be used, chiefly relying on gravity and body mass to generate the eccentric contraction, mostly in the legs. In another case, the clap push-up, which is a variation to the traditional push-up, has the exerciser push themselves up in the air enough to clap their hands and then quickly put their hands down in order to generate a plyometric force to the chest/pectoral muscles. If, however, the plyometric force application was to be applied to activate additional muscles and muscle groups outside of the legs and chest, such plyometric activations are not possible. Therefore, plyometric force applications according to a detailed muscle, exercise, training or rehabilitation regimen for muscle and groups of muscle outside of legs and chest is challenging. 
     In an exercise, training or rehabilitation setting where a muscle is activated using a plyometric force, another goal may be to safely achieve plyometric force muscle activations with sufficient accuracy and repeatability to all muscle or group of muscles. Using existing plyometric equipment and plyometric force application to muscle methods, including hurdles, cones, boxes, platforms etc. which rely on gravity and are designed to be a simple (dumb) object typically a platform or series thereof for jumping off of, jumping failures are common and can be very serious. In another case, using the clap push-up, there is a real risk of injury from clap push-up failure. Also the determined plyometric force application cannot be safely and directly measured or applied, so that, for example, an accurate amount of plyometric force can be measured and repeatedly applied according to a safe detailed muscle, exercise, training or rehabilitation regimen. 
     Current methods, devices and apparatuses for delivering plyometric forces are primitive and extremely limited. There is therefore a need to reduce shortcomings in known plyometric force application a muscle or muscle group. 
     This background information is provided for the purpose of making known information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present invention. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present invention. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for plyometric force application to muscle, and in particular to a desired muscle or group of muscles. 
     In an aspect there is provided an apparatus for delivering plyometric force to muscle, the apparatus comprising: a force generator to generate plyometric force; a force application element functionally connected to the force generator for delivering the plyometric force to muscle; a control unit for controlling the force generator; and a memory for storing a plyometric force application profile, wherein the force generator generates a plyometric force based on the stored plyometric force application profile. 
     In an embodiment, the plyometric force application profile comprises times, duration, amplitude, temporal variability, plyometric force intensity, force direction on a 360° plane, load time periods, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the apparatus comprises a delta robot. In another embodiment, the plyometric force application profile comprises a multitude of a single plyometric contraction forces, wherein each single plyometric contraction force is comprised of single or multiple pulses, vibrations, twists, torsional rotations, pulls, or a combination thereof. 
     In another embodiment, the applied plyometric force is eccentric, concentric, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the force application element is a bar, plate, handlebar, platform, tether, harness, bat, club, racquet or stick. In another embodiment, the force application element delivers plyometric force through a fluid to the muscle. In another embodiment, the fluid is air or water. In another embodiment, the force application element is interfaced with the apparatus with a connector, fastener, mechanical device, friction fit, magnetic device, or combination thereof. 
     In another embodiment, the apparatus comprises more than one force generator. In another embodiment, the apparatus comprises a sensor for measuring muscle applied weight, force, temperature, tension, stress, damage, conductance, hydration, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the force generator is a pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, electric, elastic, electro-magnetic, or neuromagnetic force generator. In another embodiment, the apparatus is configured like a bench press, a leg squat equipment, a bicep machine, an all-in-one universal fitness equipment machine application, a rowing machine, an abdominal machine, or a physical rehabilitation device. 
     In another aspect there is provided a method for applying plyometric force to muscle, the apparatus comprising: creating a plyometric force application profile; generating plyometric force using a plyometric force generator based on the plyometric force application profile; transferring the plyometric force from the force generator to a force application element; and delivering the plyometric force to a muscle by the force application element. 
     In an embodiment, the plyometric force application profile comprises a multitude of a single plyometric contraction forces, wherein each single plyometric contraction force is comprised of single or multiple pulses, vibrations, twists, torsional rotations, and pulls over different load time periods. In another embodiment, the plyometric force application profile is programmable. 
     In another embodiment, the plyometric force application profile comprises variations in, vectors, cycles, sequences, combinations of time, force, stroke, force direction, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the plyometric force is exerted in multiple axis simultaneously, such as x, y, z, twist x, twist y, twist z, and a combination thereof. 
     In another embodiment, the method further comprises pre-straining muscle, pre-stressing muscle, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the method further comprises creating an electric potential across a muscle or group of muscles before delivering the plyometric force to the muscle. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       For a better understanding of the present invention, as well as other aspects and further features thereof, reference is made to the following description which is to be used in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where: 
         FIG. 1  is a flow chart illustrating the high level apparatus logic whereby the apparatus determines if it is safe for the user of the apparatus (exerciser); 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a basic apparatus operation sequence example; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates several plyometric force application profiles; 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates part of an inventive plyometric force application profile of a single plyometric event; 
         FIG. 4B  illustrates another part of an inventive plyometric force application profile of a single plyometric event; 
         FIG. 4C  details a sample plyometric force application profile; 
         FIG. 4D  details a sample plyometric force application profile; 
         FIG. 4E  details a sample plyometric force application profile; 
         FIG. 4F  illustrates a sample plyometric force application profile whereby the plyometric force delays in start then follows a simple on/off type intensity; 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates a relationship between the plyometric force intensity and time; 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates a sample plyometric force application profile embodiment with any number of individual plyometric force application embodiments existing in a positive or negative direction in 3-dimentional space; 
         FIG. 6  presents an example of how a plyometric force application profile can be applied to a muscle as the position changes in three dimensions; 
         FIG. 7  presents an example 3D force application profile; 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a plyometric force application to chest muscles; and 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a plyometric force application to arm muscles. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. 
     As used in the specification and claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     The term “comprising” as used herein will be understood to mean that the list following is non-exhaustive and may or may not include any other additional suitable items, for example one or more further feature(s), component(s) and/or element(s) as appropriate. 
     The term “plyometric force” refers to the force experienced by or applied to muscles during an exercise in which force is applied to muscle in a short interval of time. Plyometric force application to muscle can also be a rapid duration experience of force on a muscle. One goal of applying plyometric force to muscle is to increase muscle power as speed-strength. Plyometric muscle training can include moving one or more muscles from extension to a contraction (or vice versa) in a rapid or “explosive” manner. Plyometrics can also include explosive and/or powerful training exercises that are trained to activate the quick response and elastic properties of the major muscles in the body. Plyometric exercise can be used by athletes such as, for example, martial artists, sprinters and high jumpers, and in fitness, to achieve an increase in explosive force and power. The applied plyometric force can be eccentric, concentric, a combination thereof, or other pattern. 
     The presently described apparatus and method is capable of applying a known plyometric force application to a muscle or muscle group. Techniques can be used to tune the plyometric force applied by the apparatus for obtaining profiles of multiple activations, intensity, direction in 3-dimensional space, temporal characteristics, measurability, repeatability and other force factors, that were previously impossible using other apparatuses. Through these force activation profiles, it is possible to stimulate and provoke unique activation strategies of specific muscles, muscle groups and the nervous system through both conscious and unconscious (conditioned and unconditioned) reactions. The present method and apparatus provides for plyometric force application to muscle with a plyometric force application element for controlling the amount of plyometric force application to muscle. A variety of plyometric force profiles are possible. Temporal variability, plyometric force intensity, control, and force direction on a 360° plane, within all of the 360 degrees of vector possibilities of 3-dimentional space, as well as other plyometric force factors can also be controlled for muscle activations with sufficient accuracy, measurability and repeatability to muscle or group of muscles. 
     The present apparatus facilitates the creation of both Soviet and American Plyometric forces (shock loaded eccentric contraction in ≦1 sec programmable followed by a pushing concentric contraction of duration to be determined by the trainer) to other muscle groups that cannot be readily serviced by jumping. Soviet Plyometric forces typically see the entire eccentric contraction and concentric contraction sequence occurring ≦0.2 seconds. American Plyometric forces typically see a rapid eccentric contraction followed by a slower concentric contraction where the entire sequence can occur in ≦1 second or more. Together, eccentric, concentric and related forces will be referred to as plyometric forces. The present apparatus and method is capable of meeting both of these definitions or anywhere in between. 
     The apparatus can be used as a muscle activation system capable of generating and applying plyometric forces to a specific muscle group or muscle groups. A combination of plyometric force application element and plyometric force generator can control the amount, intensity, duration, etc. of plyometric force application to muscle tissue. The applied plyometric force profile can be generated through taking several key factors into consideration. The primary plyometric factors include, but are not limited to temporal variability, force intensity, force control, force direction on a 360° plane, within all of the 360 degrees of vector possibilities of 3-dimentional space, including similar parameters for pre-stressing muscles. These factors for muscle and the associated muscle activations can be sufficiently accurate, measurable and repeatable to any muscle or group of muscles. 
     A purpose built apparatus has been developed to specifically to work a muscle or groups of muscles with a plyometric force generating apparatus. Such a purpose built device can have the form of a traditional piece of exercise equipment, with a specialty setup that is optimized for the plyometric force or a robotic device where a spatial envelope (x,y,z) axis is available to execute the forces. This robotic envelope can be sufficiently small to work one or some specific muscles, either at many points along the muscle range or on a specific point of the muscle, or groups of muscles, or conversely it can be large enough for a person to enter inside of. Such a robotic envelope can be created by one or more robotic arms, telescopic arms, overhead gantry, or some combination thereof. In one preferable embodiment, the apparatus is a delta style robot. The logic to control the plyometric forces can be programmed into the robot and force-feed back capabilities may or may not be employed. Furthermore, a delta style robot can apply singular or repeated, rapid and forceful actions requiring between 0 to 100% muscle fiber activation. A control unit optionally with a microprocessor can use sophisticated force equations to control the plyometric force application generator. This can be accomplished through programmed logic in the robot or apparatus control including repeats and or various plyometric element variations as required. The logic can instruct the apparatus to move and facilitate motion in a defined direction with a defined force. 
     The apparatus comprises a plyometric force generator and an efficient interface in which the muscle and or groups of muscles can interact with the apparatus to receive the desired plyometric forces and profiles as developed. The plyometric forces can be generated through, for example, hydraulic, servo, magnetic, pneumatic motion against or relative to a frame. The human interface is a device or series of devices that are capable of delivering the forces from the force generator to the user. A method and an apparatus is provided for measuring the plyometric force profile and application amount in an accurate and timely way or a timed measurement of the plyometric force profile amount across a plyometric force application element, in which the plyometric force profile and amount across the plyometric force application element is determined or sensed and is provided at a predefined time in synchronization with a control program or control logic of the plyometric force application element. A tall delta style robot is capable of, for example, force feedback data collection and sophisticated logic where by the user enters the robot manipulation zone and connects with a force application element that in turn delivers the plyometric forces to the specific muscle groups as required. 
     A plyometric force or force sequence combination of time, force, stroke, application profile, force direction on a 360° plane, within all of the 360 degrees of vector possibilities of 3-D space, etc. with specific plyometric force profile variability, plyometric force intensity, plyometric force control, plyometric force temporal variability and control of all other plyometric force factors can be applied for muscle activations with sufficient accuracy and repeatability to muscle or group of muscles. Plyometric force application elements can provide accurately measured and/or precisely adjusted, and plyometric force can be delivered in one or many separate cycles of plyometric force muscle activations where by the aggregate of effect these cycles is greater than any training currently possible. This includes the concept of pre-straining and or stressing and or creating an electric potential across a muscle or group of muscles before a plyometric force or force profile is delivered to the target. This also includes developing and defining a plyometric element that is determined or sensed and is provided at a predefined time in synchronization with a control program or control logic of the plyometric force application element. This includes forces that can be measured or precisely adjusted in order to be applied to one or a variety of muscle activation points throughout the muscle or group of muscles. This can also include plyometric force muscle activations to additional muscles and muscle groups outside of the legs and chest. This can also include elements that eliminate falling and safety concerns that are caused by, for example, failures to clear hurdles or cones or from jumping off of boxes during the plyometric force application to muscle process. 
     The present invention represents an improvement in the prior art and provides a method and apparatus for plyometric force application to muscle that can be dynamic, multi-directional, controllable, adjustable. The present apparatus can also provide infinite plyometric force profile variability, intensity, temporal variability and programmability of all other plyometric force factors, for improved muscle activation, muscle strength, muscle rehabilitation, muscle flexibility, core control, and other athletic performance improvements, among other benefits, for the user that is not possible in the prior art. 
     The present apparatus also does not rely on gravity, and instead generates very specific plyometric forces and apply said forces to very specific muscles and or groups of muscles. The present invention consists of logic and an apparatus for applying plyometric forces to specific muscles or groups of muscles. The logic details how the force will be applied factoring temporal, intensity and profile variables. According to one embodiment of the invention, the control unit contains a memory, in which the plyometric force application profile information about the times for delivering plyometric forces and about the duration and amplitudes of the plyometric forces in each plyometric sequence is stored. A microprocessor controls the control unit for delivering plyometric forces on the basis of the stored information. The information is suitably stored in the form of data, programmed by the user or trainer, which are tailored to the user requirements. Switching between plyometric force application profiles is also controlled on the basis of the stored data. 
     The present apparatus is capable of generation and application of plyometric force in such a way that the force can be applied to a variety of muscle groups outside of and including the legs. This force has the effect of activating more muscle fibers and motor neurons in a particular muscle than traditional exercising techniques, resources and apparatus currently available. The key element is the sharpness of the external force as applied by the apparatus. It is up to the user to stop the movement and force over a minimal or prescribed distance then switch from eccentric to concentric muscle movement to repel the force in some direction. 
     In one embodiment, various muscles and or groups of muscles can be isolated through the inclusion of braces or restrictive device worn by the user of the apparatus that are specifically designed to restrict or prohibit the motion of various joints. This specific muscle targeting can also be achieved through the human/machine interface location. For example, the machine can interfaces with a user&#39;s elbow rather than hand or foot palm or interfacing directly to a specially designed restriction brace through means of a fastener or directly to a specially designed interface point that might be a cuff, sleeve or other mode that is fastened via tension, clamping, screwing, adhesion, etc. The electrification (potential across specific cells) of muscles or groups of muscles can be achieved through the incorporation of electrodes via adhesive, elastic, cuff mount, under skin, pin/needle, etc. alternatively, the human/machine interface can be developed such that there is are insulated sections and or isolated contact points that can be electrified to induce the potential across specific cells. The extent of the potential is limited only by the capabilities of the cells to survive. This aspect can be manipulated for muscle activation and or rehabilitation depending on the voltage and profile developed/applied. 
     A force application element is used to apply plyometric force to muscle. Directing plyometric force application to muscle can be accomplished through a number of methods specifically tailored to individual needs and or muscle group needs. The force application element can take the form of a bar, a plate, tether, harness, specialized sports equipment like a bat, club, racquet or stick, or other form capable of applying plyometric force to muscle either directly or indirectly. Other force application elements can be a force application plate, kick plate, a platform for standing on, a side surface, overhead surface, where the surfaces may be solid, semi-solid, rubberized, as well textured or smooth, and of any shape such as round, rectangular, flat or 3-dimentionally formed. The force application element may also be formed to accommodate a body shape, limb shape, or muscle shape. Mobile force application elements such as a bat, club, racquet or stick may also serve as a force application element and can be gripped by the user as required, and can be interfaced with the apparatus to the force generator through a fastener, or by mechanical, friction, magnetic connection, or other means of connection. Force application elements can also be envisaged to accommodate animal bodies and/or appendages for applying plyometric force to animal muscle, such as, for example, horses or dogs. The force application element may also be used to apply plyometric force to a fluid, such as for example air or water, such that the air or water can further direct the plyometric force to muscle. 
     In one embodiment, the plyometric force application apparatus itself can be created through the inclusion of one or more force generators (pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, electric, elastic, electro-magnetic, neuromagnetic, etc.) and logic to any existing piece of exercise equipment or resource, or training or rehabilitation, etc. equipment or resource. The type of control logic can be pneumatic, hydraulic, electronic or mechanical. Some limitations of the force vectors and impulse profiles may be imparted due to the limitations of the equipment that it is installed on. In the case of an installation onto existing exercise equipment, the force generators can be attached to the frame of the equipment through mechanical fasteners, magnets, friction sleeve, adhesion, etc. These fastening point(s) may be stationary or adjustable or dynamically movable depending on the installation parameters. 
     The apparatus for plyometric force application to muscle can be configured as a piece of exercise equipment such as a bench press, a leg squat equipment, a bicep machine, an all-in-one universal fitness equipment machine application, rowing machine, abdominal machine for example, a physical rehabilitation device, or any other exercise equipment resource, fitness equipment resource, training equipment resource or rehabilitation resource. The apparatus can also be tailored for activity specific exercise, training and or rehabilitation for sports and or activities including but not limited to golf, baseball, football, swimming, running javelin, horse racing, hockey, basketball, soccer etc. The present method and apparatus can provide tailored plyometric force application to muscle, including plyometric force profile variability, plyometric force intensity, plyometric force temporal variability and control of other plyometric force factors. The present apparatus can also allow the exercise, fitness, training or rehabilitation equipment, apparatus or equipment resource to be selectively used as a plyometric force application resource or a traditional exercise, weight, training or rehabilitation equipment resource. 
     Although the present invention has been described with respect to certain example embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to these specific embodiments. For example, although the invention has been described for use in an exercise equipment environment, the invention can be used to apply plyometric forces using a specific athletic training equipment resource in an athletic training environment as well. Similarly, the present apparatus can be used to apply plyometric forces using a specific rehabilitation equipment resource in a rehabilitation environment as well. Further, although the operation of certain embodiments has been described in detail using specific equipment resources and certain detailed process steps, different equipment resources, machines or robotic resources may be used, and some of the steps may be omitted or other similar steps may be substituted, without departing from the scope of the invention. Other embodiments incorporating the inventive features of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     A high level description of the method is detailed in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 1  is a flow chart illustrating an example apparatus logic whereby the apparatus determines if it is safe for the user of the apparatus (exerciser). As shown in  FIG. 1 , once the apparatus is activated, the system determines through sensors (weight, thermal, tension, stress, damage, conductance, hydration, etc.) when the program can be initiated in step  101 . One of the first stages of a program is to energize the apparatus and disable safety lockouts in step  102 . The apparatus will wait for confirmation from the user or trainer that the user is ready to receive the plyometric force in step  103 . If the user is not ready, the logic proceeds to step  104  where the safety lockouts are once again activated before returning to step  102 . If the user is ready, the logic progresses to step  105  where the plyometric forces and or force profiles are executed. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a basic apparatus operation sequence example, essentially showing that the present apparatus is not limited by the number of plyometric sequences or elements applied in a single session.  FIG. 2  details a sample operation sequence whereby step  1  the apparatus confirms that the user is ready in step  201 . If the user is not ready for any reason the logic proceeds to step  202  and returns to step  102  in  FIG. 1 . The user is ready to receive plyometric forces and or force profiles if the user triggers an activation button or applies contact to the user interface. A coach or trainer can also signal that the user is ready if the force application is to be unexpected by the user. If the user is ready to receive plyometric forces and or forces profiles, the logic proceeds to step  203  where the apparatus is cleared to apply forces and or force profiles at specific locations. Step  204  sees the user moving the machine interface through 3-dimensional space until a plyometric activation trigger coordinate has been reached at step  205 . The plyometric force and or force profile sequence is then applied to the user through the interface. The logic then proceeds to step  206  where a decision is made by the program regarding subsequent force and or profile applications. If another force application is required, the logic proceeds to step  207  and confirmation of the next force parameters are conducted. If no changes are required, the logic returns to step  204  or  205  and the next force application is applied or the user once again moves the interface through 3-dimensional space until the next plyometric activation trigger coordinate has been reached at step  205 . If a change to the parameters is required the logic will proceed to step  208 . From  208  the logic returns to step  204  or  205  and either affects the user or waits for the user to move the interface to a new plyometric activation trigger coordinate. From step  206 , if no further plyometric forces and or force profiles are required, the logic proceeds to step  209  and the shutdown/exit sequence is executed. 
       FIG. 3  presents several plyometric force profiles. The apparatus can call on any of these profiles modified by variable parameters. The invention is capable of producing plyometric force profiles with a number of elements as described in  FIG. 3 . This shows that there can be a complex structure or composition of an individual plyometric force application that is far more sophisticated than the prior art. Element  1  shown as  301  details a simple on and off functionality in a time limited to less than 1 second (to achieve the plyometric effect). Element  2  shown as  302  details a building of force intensity in terms of some function (linear, exponential, polynomial, etc.) within a specific time such that the plyometric effect can be achieved. Element  3  shown as  303  details the opposite of  302  whereby the force intensity starts strong then is reduced following some function. Element  4  shown as  304  details the potential of multiple plyometric hits or force application profiles within a time interval. Element  5  shown as  305  details the application of a combination of elements  1 ,  2 ,  3  and  4  based on some parameters derived by a sensed data from the user. This could include but is not limited to oxygen levels, lactic acid levels, energization of the muscle, muscle stress, temperature, other muscle or bodily characteristics, or a combination thereof. Element  6  shown as  306  details the application of a combination of profiles  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4  and  5  based on some parameters derived by a sensed data from the user and preloaded or pre stressed muscle. This can be achieved through passing potential through the muscles or groups of muscles, vibrations, light stimulation, heat stimulation (conduction, convection, radiation), neuro magnetic, magnetic, etc. 
     A variety of specific sequences of events can be produced by varying a number of factors (temporal, force, vector direction, number of elements in an aggregate, etc.) as detailed in  FIGS. 4A-4F . The force profiles are unrestricted in terms of shape profile, temporal delay/dwell, the number of force peaks within a specific force, force holds/dwells, the rate of change of force application and removal, and the force can exist or be exerted in multiple axis simultaneously, such as x, y, z, twist x, twist y, twist z, and combinations thereof. These sequences can be measurable, repeatable, and applied at specific times throughout the motion (stroke) of a muscle with pre-stressed, and electrified (potential across specific cells) muscle and or group of muscles.  FIG. 4A  details a sample plyometric force application profile whereby the plyometric force starts at 0 and increases following a mathematical function to a maximum then abruptly back to 0 in less than a maximum plyometric force time window before ending within a plyometric window among a plurality of possible plyometric force applications.  FIG. 4B  details another sample plyometric force application profile whereby the plyometric force builds from 0 and follows a mathematical function that includes a progressive reduction in the applied plyometric force followed by an increase following a different (compound) mathematical function. This single plyometric event starts at 0 force and increases following a complex mathematical function before ending within a plyometric window among a plurality of possible plyometric force application events.  FIG. 4C  details another sample plyometric force application profile whereby the plyometric force follows several linear functions of various intensities returning to 0 several times within one plyometric force time window effectively creating multiple hits.  FIG. 4D  details a sample plyometric force application embodiment that is similar to  FIG. 4C  however there is a complex plyometric force function at some point within the plyometric force time window. The duration and intensity of each plyometric hit can be different and independent of the previous hits. Subsequent plyometric hits can also be dependent on prior hits.  FIG. 4E  details a sample plyometric force application profile whereby the plyometric force has a delay in starting then rapidly attains maximum force before following a mathematic function down to 0 force within the plyometric time window.  FIG. 4F  details a sample plyometric force application profile whereby the plyometric force delays in start then follows a simple on/off type intensity. 
     Muscle stimulation can also be performed by the discharge of an electric voltage/amperage pulse between two electrodes just prior to the plyometric force application. The control unit can control the force application element for delivering plyometric force applications and the stimulation activator circuitry so a series of small muscle stimulations using for example, an electrical stimulation electrode placed on the muscle, are emitted prior to each plyometric force application. The electrodes are placed so the discharge takes place over the muscle or a large part thereof. The energy in a pulse can be variable and can amount to several to a few dozen joules. This produces a refractory area around the stimulation electrode to prepare the muscle before the actual plyometric force application is delivered. Plyometric force applications in each muscle activation sequence can also be emitted between muscle activation shocks or after the same. 
     A muscle sensor can further be used to detect muscle characteristics and perform muscle state analyses, and direct the plyometric force application profile according to a desired logic pre-programming. The muscle detector can be capable of recognizing and differentiating among various muscle states, including, for example inactive or active muscle states. The plyometric force application method and apparatus can use the muscle sensor to perform muscle state analyses and to use the results of these analyses to categorize or recognize the current condition of the muscle and further direct the desired plyometric force application profile. 
       FIGS. 5A-B  show infinitely programmable plyometric contraction time, infinitely programmable plyometric contraction force/intensity, infinitely programmable location for force to be exerted, infinitely programmable force vector to be exerted, infinitely programmable number of plyometric force sequences (single or multiple aggregate hits/loadings) per cycle on top of potential and unlimited preloading pre-stressing of a muscle or group of muscles. Infinitely programmable percussion/percussive loads and or forces can be produced mechanically, pneumatically, hydraulically, electrically, magnetically, electro-magnetically, neuromagnetically, etc. The apparatus also has the ability to be configured for any and all muscle groups for humans and or animals, to enable and generate directional stability for increased safety and form and directional movement performance capability, and to have variable, programmable forces and force duration to enable use in the fields of athletic performance and training, physical training/conditioning, exercise training and rehabilitation. The apparatus can be portable or stationary based on desired use. Dedicated equipment resources and aftermarket add-on type equipment resource solutions are also possible Equipment and resource functionality can be controlled via digital, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic etc. logic. Equipment and resources can further be configured for any living thing including humans and other mammals, reptiles, birds, aquatic and insects. 
       FIG. 5A  details a sample plyometric force profile whereby a plyometric force sequence as defined in  FIG. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F  or a combination thereof is applied at specific or random points throughout a set or subset defining the stroke of a muscle. The intervals of no action can be identified spatially requiring a trigger point in 3-dimensional space to be reached. The intervals of no action can also be temporal in nature. The intervals of no action can vary in duration and quantity throughout a set or subset defining the stroke of a muscle.  FIG. 5B  details a sample plyometric force profile similar to  FIG. 5A  however any number of individual plyometric force application embodiments can exist in a positive or negative direction in 3-dimentional space.  FIG. 5A  illustrates a relationship between the plyometric force intensity and time and presents an example of how the plyometric force can be embodied within a single muscle stroke. The plyometric force morphology in  FIG. 5A  shows forces being applied to some pre-selected regions throughout a given muscle or group of muscle range and also serves to illustrate through a single plyometric force morphology example, that numerous other morphologies, not possible in the prior art, could be utilized in accordance with the principles of the present invention.  FIG. 5B  illustrates a sample plyometric force profile embodiment similar to  FIG. 5B , however any number of individual plyometric force application embodiments can exist in a positive or negative direction in 3-dimentional space. 
     An eccentric contraction force (plyometric force) sequence is some combination of time, force, stroke, application profile, force direction on a 360° plane, within all of the 360 degrees of vector possibilities of 3-dimentional space as shown in  FIG. 6  where the line details motion through 3-dimentional space and each node represents a plyometric element as described above in  FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F, 5A and 5B . Each node can affect the user in any 3-dimentional space direction with any plyometric force application embodiment profile compounded with any plyometric force profile embodiment.  FIG. 6  presents an example of how the plyometric force profiles can be applied to a muscle as the position changes in 3-dimentional space in accordance with the principles of the present invention 
       FIG. 7  presents a 3D force application profile example within a single 3-dimentional space motion and force application point from  FIG. 6  and shows how a single proposed plyometric force profile point can look and change in three dimensions. The shown 3-dimentional force application profile is an example of one of the dots from  FIG. 6 , where line thickness represents intensity and the line direction represents force vector illustrates intensity force and the direction vector of the force all happening within a 1000 ms time constraint. The plyometric force morphology shown in  FIG. 7  is only one example, and plyometric forces with numerous other morphologies could be utilized in accordance with the principles of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  details an example compounded plyometric force element node where the plyometric force motion happens in 3-dimentional space and dynamic line width shows force intensity and the mathematical function that it follows. Some examples are as follows: a single plyometric contraction force is comprised of single or multiple pulses, vibrations, twists, torsional rotations, pulls and over different load time periods, a single plyometric contraction force is comprised of a combination of an initial eccentric and then concentric loading. For example, in the case of one embodiment of the invention, such as the arm curl machine or arm curl equipment resource, a machine setting that directs a single force that pulls into the palm of the hand and then followed by a single force that pushes against the back of the hand is possible, which is not possible in the prior art. Further, a combination of a multitude eccentric contraction force load(s) can then be followed by a multitude of concentric contraction force(s), a combination of variable loads, a single eccentric contraction force that starts with a small load then goes to a heavy load and over different load time periods, a single eccentric contraction force that starts with a heavy load then goes to a small load and over different load time periods, a single eccentric contraction force that is comprised of short period of time forces, and a single eccentric contraction force that is comprised of long period of time forces to muscle or a group of muscles are all possible using the arm curl machine or equipment resource profile. Any of the above forces and or force cycles can be considered a vector that can be applied in any direction within 3-dimentional space from the attachment point. Infinitely programmable axially and radially directed force, at the location of the force to be exerted, can include but is not limited to twisting, torsionally rotating or pulling directed forces. In the case of the arm curl, a machine force application profile setting that directs a single force that twists the bar is positioned in the palm of the users hand. Alternatively, a machine force application profile setting can direct a single force that initially pulls a bar (serving as a force application element) that is positioned in the palm of the users hand and then twists the bar. Infinitely programmable plyometric force application profiles can include variations in, for example, vectors, cycles, sequences, combinations of time, force, stroke, force direction, and combinations of axially and radially directed plyometric forces at the location of the force to be exerted and variable eccentric plyometric time, force, stroke, and force contraction sequences.  FIG. 7  is one possible sample illustration of how the plyometric force application embodiments and profile embodiments can compound and interact with each other within a single node described in  FIG. 6 . 
     Various plyometric force profiles can be seen in  FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F, 5A, 5B, 6 and 7 . Furthermore, these profiles can be further complicated and can apply additional impulses to the muscle during its concentric contraction. Each of these additional impulses can also be tailored plyometric force with unlimited profile variability, plyometric force intensity, plyometric force temporal variability and control of other plyometric force factors. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates one embodiment of plyometric force apparatus  800  with support stand  802  for plyometric force application to chest muscles. Force application element  801  represents the force application element in which an eccentric contraction inducing force can be applied. This member can be a bar of any shape with any cross section, such as round, hex, square, oval, flat, “I”, angular, “C”, triangular, and can be solid, hollow, of variable internal geometry, or composite, such as filled with a secondary, tertiary, or other substance. The force application element  801  can be of any material that is suitably strong to transmit the eccentric contraction inducing force without suffering permanent deformation. In one preferable embodiment, the force application element  801  will be maximally rigid to facilitate the maximum transmission of force and constitutes the machine interface. This might include metals (steel, aluminum, iron, etc.) or composite materials such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, etc. 
     The apparatus  800  facilitates motion of the force application element  801  and provides a place for the eccentric contraction inducing force generator  803  to be connected to the apparatus  800 . Application specific, there may be one or more support stands or support structure; the apparatus of  FIG. 8  has vertical support structure  802 . The force application element  801 , which in the embodiment shown is a horizontal bar, can be adjusted to facilitate the development of the infinitely programmable location for force to be exerted. The force application element  801  is also capable of facilitating, enabling and generating directional stability for increased safety and form if needed. The support structure  802  may be omitted or otherwise changed from the embodiment shown in  FIG. 8 , and can also be a hand held or multi dimension, activity specific unit such as but not limited to golf, baseball, football, swimming, running javelin, horse racing, hockey, basketball, soccer etc. One or more force generator  803  is capable of generating a plyometric force to the plyometric force application element  801 . The apparatus  800  can provide an eccentric contraction via the one or more force generator  803  to generate the forces as required to the force application element  801 . The force generator  803  can be located internally, externally, integrally or remotely. Force generator  803  can provide, for example, a rotational, vibrational, translational motion, or combination thereof, to force application element  801 , and can exert forces in a variety of directions to facilitate a 360 degrees of vector possibilities to the force application element  801 . The force generator  803  can generate force and impulse through the use of or combination use of pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, electric, electro-magnetic, neuromagnetic means (inducer, actuator, servo, gear, threaded, etc.), chemical, shape-memory alloy (one or two way) or biased member. This force generator  803  is configurable to exhibit variable forces and impulses in terms of force duration, force profile, intensity, stroke, number of forces sequences, etc. The apparatus can also comprise more than one force generator  803  capable of generating force to one or more force application element  801 . 
     The force generator  803  and force application element  801  can also be added to a piece of existing exercise, training or rehabilitation equipment or a new activity specific piece of equipment to replace elements  801  and  802 . Control unit  804  comprises a power unit and preferably a microprocessor with may cause to excite, ignite or otherwise empower the force generator  803  comprising pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, electric, electro-magnetic, neuromagnetic, etc. (inducer, actuator, servo, gear, threaded, etc.), chemical, shape-memory alloy (one or two way) or biased member. The control unit  804  can comprise a controller such as, for example, a valve, regulator, computer, or combination thereof, to enable the control unit  804  to facilitate all of the key performance capabilities as detailed above. The control unit  804  can be configurable to exhibit variable levels of excitement to force generator  803  and force application element  801 , particularly if additional axes of motion are enabled. The control unit  804  can also have computational capabilities to interpret and react to dynamic sensor readings surrounding repeatability and muscle condition. There can be one or more control units  804  in the apparatus  800  depending on the application. The control unit  804  can be located internally, externally, integrally or remotely to the apparatus  800 . The control unit  804  can further conduct one or two way communications with force generator  803  and force application element  801  via communication channel  805 . Communication channel  805  can be, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, direct wire, or other communication connection. Control unit  804  can be capable of generating a set or sub set of the plyometric force and logic. Memory (not shown) in communication with the control unit  804  stores one or more plyometric force application profiles for application to the force application element  801 . In an example exercise using apparatus  800 , a user squats under force application element shoulder bar  801  with feet on the floor or support. A downward plyometric force can then be applied to the leg muscles through the body of the user by force generation to the shoulders by force application element shoulder bar  801 . 
     In  FIG. 9  is shown a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a plyometric force apparatus  900  to apply plyometric force to arm muscles through the use of a 5+ axis delta style robot, which may include the exemplary embodiments of the apparatuses, methods and systems of as presently described. The apparatus  900  may also include extra sensors  907  to detect various muscle or bodily characteristics and properties. The apparatus  900  in  FIG. 9  can manipulate muscle in 3-dimentional space, such as a person&#39;s hand as per the path detailed in  FIG. 7  whereby each node is a plyometric force application. Force application element  901  is a member through which the eccentric contraction inducing force can be applied. The force application element  901  can be a bar of any shape or cross-section, such as round, hex, square, oval, flat, “I”, angular, “C”, triangular, etc., that is either solid, hollow, of variable internal geometry, composite, such as filled with a secondary, tertiary, or other substance. The force application element  901  can be manufactured of any material that is suitably strong to transmit an eccentric contraction inducing force without suffering permanent deformation or absorbing the plyometric force intended to be transferred to the muscle of a user. Preferably, the force application element  901  will be maximally rigid to facilitate the maximum transmission of force. Materials of which the force application element  901  is made can include metals such as steel, aluminum, iron, etc., or composite materials such as carbon fiber, fiberglass. Connectors  902  are capable of connecting the one or more force application element  901  and withstanding high speed (plyometric time window speed) motion of sufficient rigidity that all or substantially all of the plyometric forces generated can be applied to the force application element  901 . Connectors  902  also facilitate the limited 3-dimentional space motion of the force application element  901 . Connectors  902  can be composed of, for example, appropriate composites such as steel, aluminum, plastic, iron, titanium, other materials or a combination thereof. Force generator  903  serves to generate the plyometric forces as required and transferring the force to force application element  901 . The force generator  903  can be located internally, externally, integrally or remotely. Force application element  901  as shown can be capable of rotating around support  904  and connectors  902 , and force generator  903  can be capable of exerting forces in a variety of direction to facilitate the 360 degrees of vector possibilities. The force generator  903  can generate forces and impulse through the use of or combination use of pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, electric, electro-magnetic, neuromagnetic means (inducer, actuator, servo, gear, threaded, etc.), chemical, shape-memory alloy (one or two way) or biased member to force application element  901 . The force generator  903  can be configurable to exhibit variable forces and impulses in terms of force duration, force profile, intensity, stroke, number of forces sequences, etc. There can be one or more force generators  903  each connected with one or more force application elements depending on the application. Further, one or more force application element  901  and one or more associated force generator  903  can be added to a piece of existing exercise, training or rehabilitation equipment or a new activity specific piece of equipment to replace elements if possible. Support  904  facilitates motion of the force application element  901  and one or more associated force generator  903  and provides a place for the eccentric contraction inducing force generator to be in some way connected. Application specific, there may be one or more support stands. Force application element  901  can be adjusted to facilitate the development of the infinitely programmable location for force to be exerted. The force application element  901  can also be capable of facilitating, enabling and generating directional stability for increased safety and form if needed. The connectors  902  may be omitted or otherwise different than shown, and may be a hand held or multi dimension, activity specific unit such as, for example, a golf, baseball, football, swimming, running javelin, horse racing, hockey, basketball, soccer. Force generator  903  can be adjusted such that it is positioned up and or down the support  904  to provide an increased working envelope. Strengthening member  905  optionally provides strength to supports  904  and thus also to force generator  903 , connectors  902  and force application element  901 . In some applications, ultimate rigidity will be sought and thus the purpose of strengthening member  905 . In other applications strengthening member  905  can be omitted if not required or incorporated into some other building or structure. 
     Pre-stressing unit  906  is a muscle excitement or pre-stressing unit that can exert physical forces and or electrical potential to target specific muscles and or groups of muscles prior to, during, and or after receiving a plyometric force. This can be achieved through, for example, passing potential current through the muscles or groups of muscles, vibrations, light stimulation, heat stimulation, conduction, convection, radiation, neuro magnetic, magnetic, and other methods. Sensor  907  is capable of detecting various muscle or bodily characteristics such as but not limited to weight, thermal, tension, stress, damage, conductance, hydration. Sensor  907  can be used in conjunction with logic to trigger various machine initiation and or adjustment cycles/ sequences and profiles durations etc. to target specific muscles and or groups of muscles prior to, during, and or after receiving a plyometric force and or logic. Sensor  907  may but does not necessarily need to be attached to the user, and it may rely on optical and or thermal, or other metric data collected by remote sensors. Sensor  907  may also exist as a number of sensors located and situated in a number of places to gather specific user data. 
     Optional restrictive device  908  can control or eliminate plyometric forces from leaving the target muscles or groups of muscles by controlling or limiting movement of a body, limb or muscle to further direct application of the plyometric force. In this case shown, the restrictive device  908  is a restrictive chest plate that restricts motion to the users spine and stroke of the arm muscles. Control unit  909  can cause to excite, ignite or otherwise empower the pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, electric, electro-magnetic, neuromagnetic, etc. (inducer, actuator, servo, gear, threaded, etc.), chemical, shape-memory alloy (one or two way) or biased member of force generator  903 . A controller such as a valve, regulator, computer, or combination thereof can be used to facilitate all of the key performance capabilities as detailed above. The control unit  909  can be configurable to exhibit variable levels of excitement to force generator  903  and force application element  901  if equipped with additional axis of motion such as torsion. The control unit  909  can further have computational capabilities to interpret and react to dynamic sensor readings surrounding repeatability and muscle condition. The control unit  909  can further interact with pre-stressing unit  906  and sensor  907 , as well as force generator  903  to dynamically generate new plyometric force application embodiments and or force application profile embodiments based on instantaneous and or trending muscle condition. The apparatus can have more than one control unit  909  depending on the application. The control unit  909  can be located internally, externally, integrally or remotely. The control unit  909  can further conduct one or two way communications with the force generator  903  via a communication channel  910 , such as, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, direct wire, etc. The control unit  909  can further be capable of generating and set or sub set of the plyometric force and logic as described in  FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4A -F,  5 A,  5 B,  6  and  7 . 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus can also facilitate a modification to the plyometric exercise as the reactive motion can be controlled and limited to be in a specific direction that is not  180  degrees opposite to the direction of the initial force. The apparatus can facilitate a reaction movement in any 3-dimentional space (X,Y,Z) direction. This can be accomplished through the logic controller whereby the apparatus or robot restricts motion in all but the desired movement paths or vector. The desired reactive movement path can be further complicated to include varying resistance by the apparatus that can increase or decrease or torsionally rotate or twist, as location and time changes either by a preset programmed function, or a dynamic force feedback type setting. Force feedback data can also be obtained from the apparatus&#39; servos. 
     A method and apparatus for plyometric force application to muscle has been described. Numerous specific details have been set forth in order to provide a more thorough description of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention. The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Other variations and modifications of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and therefore it is understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented merely as exemplary to enable a complete understanding of the invention. Such variations and modifications as are embraced by the scope of the description are contemplated as within the purview of the present invention. 
     All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains and are herein incorporated by reference. The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.