Patent Publication Number: US-8122200-B2

Title: Modified machine architecture with advanced synchronization

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application that claims benefit under 35 USC 120 to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/583,961 filed Oct. 18, 2006, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,761,670 and entitled “Modified Machine Architecture With Advanced Synchronization,” and claims benefit under 35 USC 119( e ) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/730,493 entitled “Modified Machine Architecture with Advanced Synchronization” filed 25 Oct. 2005; which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to computing and, in particular, to the simultaneous operation of a plurality of computers interconnected via a communications network. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     International Patent Application No. PCT/AU2005/000580 published under WO 2005/103926 (to which U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/111,946 and published under No. 2005-0262313 corresponds) in the name of the present applicant, discloses how different portions of an application program written to execute on only a single computer can be operated substantially simultaneously on a corresponding different one of a plurality of computers. That simultaneous operation has not been commercially used as of the priority date of the present application. International Patent Application Nos. PCT/AU2005/001641 to which U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/259,885 entitled: “Computer Architecture Method of Operation for Multi-Computer Distributed Processing and Co-ordinated Memory and Asset Handling” corresponds and PCT/AU2006/000532 in the name of the present applicant and unpublished as at the priority date of the present application, also disclose further details. The contents of each of the abovementioned prior application(s) are hereby incorporated into the present application by cross reference for all purposes. 
     Briefly stated, the abovementioned patent specifications disclose that at least one application program written to be operated on only a single computer can be simultaneously operated on a number of computers each with independent local memory. The memory locations required for the operation of that program are replicated in the independent local memory of each computer. On each occasion on which the application program writes new data to any replicated memory location, that new data is transmitted and stored at each corresponding memory location of each computer. Thus apart from the possibility of transmission delays, each computer has a local memory the contents of which are substantially identical to the local memory of each other computer and are updated to remain so. Since all application programs, in general, read data much more frequently than they cause new data to be written, the abovementioned arrangement enables very substantial advantages in computing speed to be achieved. In particular, the stratagem enables two or more commodity computers interconnected by a commodity communications network to be operated simultaneously running under the application program written to be executed on only a single computer. 
     In many situations, the above-mentioned arrangements work satisfactorily. This applies particularly where the programmer is aware that there may be updating delays and so can adjust the flow of the program to account for this. However, there are situations in which the use of stale contents or values instead of the latest content can create problems. 
     The genesis of the present invention is a desire to at least partially overcome the abovementioned difficulty. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is disclosed in a multiple computer environment in which different portions of at least one application program each written to execute on only a single computer, each execute substantially simultaneously on a corresponding one of a plurality of computers, each having a local memory and each being interconnected via a communications network, and in which at least one memory location is replicated in the memory of each said plurality of computers, and after each occasion at which each said memory location has its contents written to, or re-written, with a new content, all said corresponding memory locations of said computers are in due course updated via said communications network with said new content, the further improvement comprising the steps of: 
     (i) prior to initially writing said new content, acquiring a lock on an object, asset or resource, 
     (ii) recording the name and updated content of said local memory locations written to prior to releasing said lock, 
     (iii) releasing said lock, and 
     (iv) prior to permitting the acquisition of the same lock by another one of said computers, transmitting said updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to said another one computer, whereby any said computer on acquiring said lock has acquired said previously updated contents without needing to wait for said in due course updating of all said computers. 
     In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a computer system comprising a plurality of computers each having a local memory and each being interconnected via a communications network wherein different portions of at least one application program each written to execute on only a single computer, each execute substantially simultaneously on a corresponding one of said plurality of computers, at least one memory location is replicated in the local memory of each said computer, said system further comprising updating means associated with each said computer to in due course update each said memory location via said communications network after each occasion at which each said memory location has its content written to, or re-written, with a new content, and lock means associated with each said computer to acquire a lock on an object, asset or resource, said lock means including a recording means in which is recorded the name and updated content of all said local memory locations written to prior to releasing said lock, and said lock means after releasing said lock and prior to permitting the acquisition of the same lock by another one of said computers transmitting said updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to said another one computer, whereby any said computer on acquiring said lock has acquired said previously updated contents without needing to wait for said in due course updating of all said computers. 
     In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a single computer intended to operate in a multiple computer system which comprises a plurality of computers each having a local memory and each being interconnected via a communications network wherein different portions of at least one application program each written to execute on only a single computer, each execute substantially simultaneously on a corresponding one of said plurality of computers, and at least one memory location is replicated in the local memory of each said computer, said system further comprising updating means associated with each said computer to in due course update each said memory location via said communications network after each occasion at which each said memory location has its content written to, or re-written, with a new content, 
     said single computer comprising: 
     a local memory having at least one memory location intended to be updated via a communications port connectable to said communications network, 
     updating means to in due course update the memory locations of other substantially similar computers via said communications port; 
     lock means associated with said local memory to acquire a lock on an object, asset or resource of said local memory, said lock means including a recording means in which is recorded the name and updated content of said local memory locations written to prior to releasing said lock, and 
     said lock means after releasing said lock and prior to permitting the acquisition of the same lock by another one of said computers, transferring said updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to said communications port for transmittal to said another one computer whereby any said another one computer on acquiring said lock has acquired said previously updated contents without needing to wait for said in due course updating of all said computers. 
     In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention there is disclosed in a single computer, adapted to interoperate with a plurality of other external computers as a multiple computer system wherein said computer has a local processor and a local memory coupled to the local processor and said computers are at least intermittently interconnected via a communications network, and wherein different portions of an application program written to execute on only a one computer are modified to execute substantially simultaneously on said single computer and said plurality of computers, and wherein at least one memory location is replicated in the local memory of each said computer, each said computer including memory location updating means to in due course update each said memory location via said communications network after each occasion at which each said memory location has its content written to, or re-written, with a new content; a method comprising: 
     acquiring a lock on an object, asset, or resource of said local memory of said single computer prior to initially writing said new content; 
     recording the name and updated content of said at least one local memory location of said single computer written to prior to releasing said lock; 
     releasing said lock on said object, asset, or resource of said local memory of said single computer; and 
     sending a communication of said updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to other of said plurality of computers by said single computer over said communications network. 
     In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention there is disclosed in a single computer, adapted to interoperate with a plurality of other external computers as a multiple computer system wherein said computer has a local processor and a local memory coupled to the local processor and said computers are at least intermittently interconnected via a communications network, and wherein different portions of an application program written to execute on only a one computer are modified to execute substantially simultaneously on said single computer and said plurality of computers, and wherein at least one memory location is replicated in the local memory of each said computer, each said computer including memory location updating means to in due course update each said memory location via said communications network after each occasion at which each said memory location has its content written to, or re-written, with a new content; a method comprising: 
     receiving a communication of updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to send by a different one of said plurality of computers by said single computer over said communications network; and 
     updating the local memory locations of said single computer in response to said received communication. 
     In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a plurality of computers interconnected via a communications network and operable to ensure carrying out any of the above methods. 
     In accordance with a seventh aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a computer program product comprising a set of program instructions stored in a storage medium and operable to permit a plurality of computers to carry out any of the above methods. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic illustration of a prior art computer arranged to operate JAVA code and thereby constitute a single JAVA virtual machine, 
         FIG. 1B  is a drawing similar to  FIG. 1A  but illustrating the initial loading of code, 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates the interconnection of a multiplicity of computers each being a JAVA virtual machine to form a multiple computer system, 
         FIG. 2  schematically illustrates “n” application running computers to which at least one additional server machine X is connected as a synchronizing lock server, 
         FIGS. 3 and 4  are flowcharts respectively illustrating the acquire lock and release lock procedures of a first embodiment, and 
         FIGS. 5 and 6  are flowcharts illustrating the respective procedures of a second embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments will be described with reference to the JAVA language, however, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to this language and, in particular can be used with other languages (including procedural, declarative and object oriented languages) including the MICROSOFT.NET platform and architecture (Visual Basic, Visual C, and Visual C++, and Visual C#), FORTRAN, C, C++, COBOL, BASIC and the like. 
     It is known in the prior art to provide a single computer or machine (produced by any one of various manufacturers and having an operating system (or equivalent control software or other mechanism) operating in any one of various different languages) utilizing the particular language of the application by creating a virtual machine as illustrated in  FIG. 1A . 
     The code and data and virtual machine configuration or arrangement of  FIG. 1A  takes the form of the application code  50  written in the JAVA language and executing within the JAVA virtual machine  61 . Thus where the intended language of the application is the language JAVA, a JAVA virtual machine is used which is able to operate code in JAVA irrespective of the machine manufacturer and internal details of the computer or machine. For further details, see “The JAVA Virtual Machine Specification” 2 nd  Edition by T. Lindholm and F. Yellin of Sun Microsystems Inc of the USA which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     This conventional art arrangement of  FIG. 1A  is modified in accordance with embodiments of the present invention by the provision of an additional facility which is conveniently termed a “distributed run time” or a “distributed run time system” DRT  71  and as seen in  FIG. 1B . 
     In  FIGS. 1B and 1C , the application code  50  is loaded onto the Java Virtual Machine(s) M 1 , M 2 , . . . Mn in cooperation with the distributed runtime system  71 , through the loading procedure indicated by arrow  75  or  75 A or  75 B. As used herein the terms “distributed runtime” and the “distributed run time system” are essentially synonymous, and by means of illustration but not limitation are generally understood to include library code and processes which support software written in a particular language running on a particular platform. Additionally, a distributed runtime system may also include library code and processes which support software written in a particular language running within a particular distributed computing environment. A runtime system (whether a distributed runtime system or not) typically deals with the details of the interface between the program and the operating system such as system calls, program start-up and termination, and memory management. For purposes of background, a conventional Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) (that does not provide the capabilities of the inventive distributed run time or distributed run time system  71  used in the preferred embodiments of the present invention) is available from the Open Software Foundation. This Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) performs a form of computer-to-computer communication for software running on the machines, but among its many limitations, it is not able to implement the desired modification or communication operations. Among its functions and operations the preferred DRT  71  coordinates the particular communications between the plurality of machines M 1 , M 2 , . . . Mn. Moreover, the preferred distributed runtime  71  comes into operation during the loading procedure indicated by arrow  75 A or  75 B of the JAVA application  50  on each JAVA virtual machine  72  or machines JVM# 1 , JVM# 2 , . . . JVM#n of  FIG. 1C . It will be appreciated in light of the description provided herein that although many examples and descriptions are provided relative to the JAVA language and JAVA virtual machines so that the reader may get the benefit of specific examples, the invention is not restricted to either the JAVA language or JAVA virtual machines, or to any other language, virtual machine, machine or operating environment. 
       FIG. 1C  shows in modified form the arrangement of the JAVA virtual machines, each as illustrated in  FIG. 1B . It will be apparent that again the same application code  50  is loaded onto each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. However, the communications between each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn are as indicated by arrows  83 , and although physically routed through the machine hardware, are advantageously controlled by the individual DRT&#39;s  71 / 1  . . .  71 / n  within each machine. Thus, in practice this may be conceptionalised as the DRT&#39;s  71 / 1 , . . .  71 / n  communicating with each other via the network or other communications link  53  rather than the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn communicating directly themselves or with each other. Contemplated and included are either this direct communication between machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn or DRT&#39;s  71 / 1 ,  71 / 2  . . .  71 / n  or a combination of such communications. The preferred DRT  71  provides communication that is transport, protocol, and link independent. 
     The one common application program or application code  50  and its executable version (with likely modification) is simultaneously or concurrently executing across the plurality of computers or machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. The application program  50  is written to execute on a single machine or computer (or to operate on the multiple computer system of the abovementioned patent applications which emulate single computer operation). Essentially the modified structure is to replicate an identical memory structure and contents on each of the individual machines. 
     The term “common application program” is to be understood to mean an application program or application program code written to operate on a single machine, and loaded and/or executed in whole or in part on each one of the plurality of computers or machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn, or optionally on each one of some subset of the plurality of computers or machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. Put somewhat differently, there is a common application program represented in application code  50 . This is either a single copy or a plurality of identical copies each individually modified to generate a modified copy or version of the application program or program code. Each copy or instance is then prepared for execution on the corresponding machine. At the point after they are modified they are common in the sense that they perform similar operations and operate consistently and coherently with each other. It will be appreciated that a plurality of computers, machines, information appliances, or the like implementing embodiments of the invention may optionally be connected to or coupled with other computers, machines, information appliances, or the like that do not implement embodiments of the invention. 
     The same application program  50  (such as for example a parallel merge sort, or a computational fluid dynamics application or a data mining application) is run on each machine, but the executable code of that application program is modified on each machine as necessary such that each executing instance (copy or replica) on each machine coordinates its local operations on that particular machine with the operations of the respective instances (or copies or replicas) on the other machines such that they function together in a consistent, coherent and coordinated manner and give the appearance of being one global instance of the application (i.e. a “meta-application”). 
     The copies or replicas of the same or substantially the same application codes, are each loaded onto a corresponding one of the interoperating and connected machines or computers. As the characteristics of each machine or computer may differ, the application code  50  may be modified before loading, or during the loading process, or with some disadvantages after the loading process, to provide a customization or modification of the application code on each machine. Some dissimilarity between the programs or application codes on the different machines may be permitted so long as the other requirements for interoperability, consistency, and coherency as described herein can be maintained. As it will become apparent hereafter, each of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn and thus all of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn have the same or substantially the same application code  50 , usually with a modification that may be machine specific. 
     Before the loading of, or during the loading of, or at any time preceding the execution of, the application code  50  (or the relevant portion thereof) on each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn, each application code  50  is modified by a corresponding modifier  51  according to the same rules (or substantially the same rules since minor optimizing changes are permitted within each modifier  51 / 1 ,  51 / 2  . . .  51 / n ). 
     Each of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn operates with the same (or substantially the same or similar) modifier  51  (in some embodiments implemented as a distributed run time or DRT 71  and in other embodiments implemented as an adjunct to the application code and data  50 , and also able to be implemented within the JAVA virtual machine itself). Thus all of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn have the same (or substantially the same or similar) modifier  51  for each modification required. A different modification, for example, may be required for memory management and replication, for initialization, for finalization, and/or for synchronization (though not all of these modification types may be required for all embodiments). 
     There are alternative implementations of the modifier  51  and the distributed run time  71 . For example, as indicated by broken lines in  FIG. 1C , the modifier  51  may be implemented as a component of or within the distributed run time  71 , and therefore the DRT  71  may implement the functions and operations of the modifier  51 . Alternatively, the function and operation of the modifier  51  may be implemented outside of the structure, software, firmware, or other means used to implement the DRT  71  such as within the code and data  50 , or within the JAVA virtual machine itself. In one embodiment, both the modifier  51  and DRT  71  are implemented or written in a single piece of computer program code that provides the functions of the DRT and modifier. In this case the modifier function and structure is, in practice, subsumed into the DRT. Independent of how it is implemented, the modifier function and structure is responsible for modifying the executable code of the application code program, and the distributed run time function and structure is responsible for implementing communications between and among the computers or machines. The communications functionality in one embodiment is implemented via an intermediary protocol layer within the computer program code of the DRT on each machine. The DRT can, for example, implement a communications stack in the JAVA language and use the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to provide for communications or talking between the machines. These functions or operations may be implemented in a variety of ways, and it will be appreciated in light of the description provided herein that exactly how these functions or operations are implemented or divided between structural and/or procedural elements, or between computer program code or data structures, is not important or crucial to the invention. 
     However, in the arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 1C , a plurality of individual computers or machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn are provided, each of which are interconnected via a communications network  53  or other communications link. Each individual computer or machine is provided with a corresponding modifier  51 . Each individual computer is also provided with a communications port which connects to the communications network. The communications network  53  or path can be any electronic signalling, data, or digital communications network or path and is preferably a slow speed, and thus low cost, communications path, such as a network connection over the Internet or any common networking configurations including ETHERNET or INFINIBAND and extensions and improvements, thereto. Preferably, the computers are provided with one or more known communications ports (such as CISCO Power Connect 5224 Switches) which connect with the communications network  53 . 
     As a consequence of the above described arrangement, if each of the machines M 1 , M 2 , . . . , Mn has, say, an internal or local memory capability of 10 MB, then the total memory available to the application code  50  in its entirety is not, as one might expect, the number of machines (n) times 10 MB. Nor is it the additive combination of the internal memory capability of all n machines. Instead it is either 10 MB, or some number greater than 10 MB but less than n×10 MB. In the situation where the internal memory capacities of the machines are different, which is permissible, then in the case where the internal memory in one machine is smaller than the internal memory capability of at least one other of the machines, then the size of the smallest memory of any of the machines may be used as the maximum memory capacity of the machines when such memory (or a portion thereof) is to be treated as ‘common’ memory (i.e. similar equivalent memory on each of the machines M 1  . . . Mn) or otherwise used to execute the common application code. 
     However, even though the manner that the internal memory of each machine is treated may initially appear to be a possible constraint on performance, how this results in improved operation and performance will become apparent hereafter. Naturally, each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn has a private (i.e. ‘non-common’) internal memory capability. The private internal memory capability of the machines M 1 , M 2 , . . . , Mn are normally approximately equal but need not be. For example, when a multiple computer system is implemented or organized using existing computers, machines, or information appliances, owned or operated by different entities, the internal memory capabilities may be quite different. On the other hand, if a new multiple computer system is being implemented, each machine or computer is preferably selected to have an identical internal memory capability, but this need not be so. 
     It is to be understood that the independent local memory of each machine represents only that part of the machine&#39;s total memory which is allocated to that portion of the application program running on that machine. Thus, other memory will be occupied by the machine&#39;s operating system and other computational tasks unrelated to the application program  50 . 
     Non-commercial operation of a prototype multiple computer system indicates that not every machine or computer in the system utilises or needs to refer to (e.g. have a local replica of) every possible memory location. As a consequence, it is possible to operate a multiple computer system without the local memory of each machine being identical to every other machine, so long as the local memory of each machine is sufficient for the operation of that machine. That is to say, provided a particular machine does not need to refer to (for example have a local replica of) some specific memory locations, then it does not matter that those specific memory locations are not replicated in that particular machine. 
     It may also be advantageous to select the amounts of internal memory in each machine to achieve a desired performance level in each machine and across a constellation or network of connected or coupled plurality of machines, computers, or information appliances M 1 , M 2 , . . . , Mn. Having described these internal and common memory considerations, it will be apparent in light of the description provided herein that the amount of memory that can be common between machines is not a limitation. 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the plurality of individual computers or machines can be contained within a single housing or chassis (such as so-called “blade servers” manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Development Company, Intel Corporation, IBM Corporation and others) or the multiple processors (eg symmetric multiple processors or SMPs) or multiple core processors (eg dual core processors and chip multithreading processors) manufactured by Intel, AMD, or others, or implemented on a single printed circuit board or even within a single chip or chip set. Similarly, also included are computers or machines having multiple cores, multiple CPU&#39;s or other processing logic. 
     When implemented in a non-JAVA language or application code environment, the generalized platform, and/or virtual machine and/or machine and/or runtime system is able to operate application code  50  in the language(s) (possibly including for example, but not limited to any one or more of source-code languages, intermediate-code languages, object-code languages, machine-code languages, and any other code languages) of that platform and/or virtual machine and/or machine and/or runtime system environment, and utilize the platform, and/or virtual machine and/or machine and/or runtime system and/or language architecture irrespective of the machine or processor manufacturer and the internal details of the machine. It will also be appreciated that the platform and/or runtime system can include virtual machine and non-virtual machine software and/or firmware architectures, as well as hardware and direct hardware coded applications and implementations. 
     For a more general set of virtual machine or abstract machine environments, and for current and future computers and/or computing machines and/or information appliances or processing systems, and that may not utilize or require utilization of either classes and/or objects, the inventive structure, method and computer program and computer program product are still applicable. Examples of computers and/or computing machines that do not utilize either classes and/or objects include for example, the x86 computer architecture manufactured by Intel Corporation and others, the SPARC computer architecture manufactured by Sun Microsystems, Inc and others, the Power PC computer architecture manufactured by International Business Machines Corporation and others, and the personal computer products-made by Apple Computer, Inc., and others. 
     For these types of computers, computing machines, information appliances, and the virtual machine or virtual computing environments implemented thereon that do not utilize the idea of classes or objects, may be generalized for example to include primitive data types (such as integer data types, floating point data types, long data types, double data types, string data types, character data types and Boolean data types), structured data types (such as arrays and records), derived types, or other code or data structures of procedural languages or other languages and environments such as functions, pointers, components, modules, structures, reference and unions. These structures and procedures when applied in combination when required, maintain a computing environment where memory locations, address ranges, objects, classes, assets, resources, or any other procedural or structural aspect of a computer or computing environment are where required created, maintained, operated, and deactivated or deleted in a coordinated, coherent, and consistent manner across the plurality of individual machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. 
     This analysis or scrutiny of the application code  50  can take place either prior to loading the application program code  50 , or during the application program code  50  loading procedure, or even after the application program code  50  loading procedure (or some combination of these). It may be likened to an instrumentation, program transformation, translation, or compilation procedure in that the application code can be instrumented with additional instructions, and/or otherwise modified by meaning-preserving program manipulations, and/or optionally translated from an input code language to a different code language (such as for example from source-code language or intermediate-code language to object-code language or machine-code language). In this connection it is understood that the term compilation normally or conventionally involves a change in code or language, for example, from source code to object code or from one language to another language. However, in the present instance the term “compilation” (and its grammatical equivalents) is not so restricted and can also include or embrace modifications within the same code or language. For example, the compilation and its equivalents are understood to encompass both ordinary compilation (such as for example by way of illustration but not limitation, from source-code to object code), and compilation from source-code to source-code, as well as compilation from object-code to object code, and any altered combinations therein. It is also inclusive of so-called “intermediary-code languages” which are a form of “pseudo object-code”. 
     By way of illustration and not limitation, in one embodiment, the analysis or scrutiny of the application code  50  takes place during the loading of the application program code such as by the operating system reading the application code  50  from the hard disk or other storage device, medium or source and copying it into memory and preparing to begin execution of the application program code. In another embodiment, in a JAVA virtual machine, the analysis or scrutiny may take place during the class loading procedure of the java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass method, (e.g. “java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass( )”). 
     Alternatively, or additionally, the analysis or scrutiny of the application code  50  (or of a portion of the application code) may take place even after the application program code loading procedure, such as after the operating system has loaded the application code into memory, or optionally even after execution of the relevant corresponding portion of the application program code has started, such as for example after the JAVA virtual machine has loaded the application code into the virtual machine via the “java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass( )” method and optionally commenced execution. 
     Persons skilled in the computing arts will be aware of various possible techniques that may be used in the modification of computer code, including but not limited to instrumentation, program transformation, translation, or compilation means and/or methods. 
     One such technique is to make the modification(s) to the application code, without a preceding or consequential change of the language of the application code. Another such technique is to convert the original code (for example, JAVA language source-code) into an intermediate representation (or intermediate-code language, or pseudo code), such as JAVA byte code. Once this conversion takes place the modification is made to the byte code and then the conversion may be reversed. This gives the desired result of modified JAVA code. 
     A further possible technique is to convert the application program to machine code, either directly from source-code or via the abovementioned intermediate language or through some other intermediate means. Then the machine code is modified before being loaded and executed. A still further such technique is to convert the original code to an intermediate representation, which is thus modified and subsequently converted into machine code. 
     The present invention encompasses all such modification routes and also a combination of two, three or even more, of such routes. 
     The DRT  71  or other code modifying means is responsible for creating or replicating a memory structure and contents on each of the individual machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn that permits the plurality of machines to interoperate. In some embodiments this replicated memory structure will be identical. Whilst in other embodiments this memory structure will have portions that are identical and other portions that are not. In still other embodiments the memory structures are different only in format or storage conventions such as Big Endian or Little Endian formats or conventions. 
     These structures and procedures when applied in combination when required, maintain a computing environment where the memory locations, address ranges, objects, classes, assets, resources, or any other procedural or structural aspect of a computer or computing environment are where required created, maintained, operated, and deactivated or deleted in a coordinated, coherent, and consistent manner across the plurality of individual machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. 
     Therefore the terminology “one”, “single”, and “common” application code or program includes the situation where all machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn are operating or executing the same program or code and not different (and unrelated) programs, in other words copies or replicas of same or substantially the same application code are loaded onto each of the interoperating and connected machines or computers. 
     In conventional arrangements utilising distributed software, memory access from one machine&#39;s software to memory physically located on another machine typically takes place via the network interconnecting the machines. Thus, the local memory of each machine is able to be accessed by any other machine and can therefore cannot be said to be independent. However, because the read and/or write memory access to memory physically located on another computer require the use of the slow network interconnecting the computers, in these configurations such memory accesses can result in substantial delays in memory read/write processing operations, potentially of the order of 10 6 -10 7  cycles of the central processing unit of the machine (given contemporary processor speeds). Ultimately this delay is dependent upon numerous factors, such as for example, the speed, bandwidth, and/or latency of the communication network. This in large part accounts for the diminished performance of the multiple interconnected machines in the prior art arrangement. 
     However, in the present arrangement all reading of memory locations or data is satisfied locally because a current value of all (or some subset of all) memory locations is stored on the machine carrying out the processing which generates the demand to read memory. 
     Similarly, all writing of memory locations or data is satisfied locally because a current value of all (or some subset of all) memory locations is stored on the machine carrying out the processing which generates the demand to write to memory. 
     Such local memory read and write processing operation can typically be satisfied within 10 2 -10 3  cycles of the central processing unit. Thus, in practice there is substantially less waiting for memory accesses which involves and/or writes. Also, the local memory of each machine is not able to be accessed by any other machine and can therefore be said to be independent. 
     The invention is transport, network, and communications path independent, and does not depend on how the communication between machines or DRTs takes place. In one embodiment, even electronic mail (email) exchanges between machines or DRTs may suffice for the communications. 
     In connection with the above, it will be seen from  FIG. 2  that there are a number of machines M 1 , M 2 , . . . Mn, “n” being an integer greater than or equal to two, on which the application program  50  of  FIG. 1  is being run substantially simultaneously. These machines are allocated a number 1, 2, 3, . . . etc. in a hierarchical order. This order is normally looped or closed so that whilst machines  2  and  3  are hierarchically adjacent, so too are machines “n” and 1. There is preferably a further machine X which is provided to enable various housekeeping functions to be carried out, such as acting as a lock server. In particular, the further machine X can be a low value machine, and much less expensive than the other machines which can have desirable attributes such as processor speed. Furthermore, an additional low value machine (X+1) is preferably available to provide redundancy in case machine X should fail. Where two such server machines X and X+1 are provided, they are preferably, for reasons of simplicity, operated as dual machines in a cluster configuration. Machines X and X+1 could be operated as a multiple computer system in accordance with the present invention, if desired. However this would result in generally undesirable complexity. If the machine X is not provided then its functions, such as housekeeping functions, are provided by one, or some, or all of the other machines. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 3 , the operation of one of the machines M 1 -Mn on acquiring a lock is illustrated. During normal code execution, the need for a lock arises and thus upon entering the “acquire lock” operation, as indicated at step  21 , the acquiring machine, say M 5 , which is to acquire the lock looks up a global name for the object, asset or resource to be locked. For the purposes of this example, it will be assumed that the object asset or resource is an object. Thus at step  22 , the global name of the object is looked up, bearing in mind that each of the machines M 1 -Mn has a local object which corresponds to the same object in each machine, but which will have the same global name, but possibly a different local name depending upon the organisation of the local memory of each machine. 
     The global names and the corresponding local memory names or addresses are preferably stored in a table or similar data structure. The table can be presented in each of the “n” machines or in server machine X only. The data structure can take the form of a tag which accompanies each local memory location and which identifies or points to, or refers to the global name. Conversely, the global name can identify, point to, or refer to the local memory location, or object, asset, etc. 
     Once this global name has been as ascertained by machine M 5 , machine M 5  then sends an “acquire lock” request to the machine X, which functions as the lock server. This is indicated in step  23 . As indicated in step  24 , machine M 5  then awaits a reply from the lock server, which confirms the acquisition of the lock. 
     For the purposes of explanation, it is convenient to assume that the lock thus acquired is the first lock on the object. As a consequence, machine M 5  only carries out steps  21 - 24  and step  25  will result in receipt of a table with nil values. Machine M 5  then proceeds to resume normal code execution. As indicated in step  27 , each time a memory location is written to, an entry is made in a table with the name of the memory location and the amended value. As a consequence, when the lock is about to be relinquished, there is in existence a table, which lists the memory location(s) and value(s) of each memory location, where a value has been written to memory. Thus, when a lock acquired is not the first lock on an object, as indicated in step  25 , on the acquisition of that subsequent lock, each machine receives a table with the updated memory values and global names to which the lock relates. This procedure is repeated for each lock. 
     The above described operation of  FIG. 3  can be modified slightly due to possible delays in transmission within the communications network  53 . This can result in the confirmation of “acquisition of lock” of step  26  being received before the table of memory location/value pairs of step  25 . In these circumstances normal code execution resumes after the receipt of the table of step  25 . 
     Similarly, as indicated in  FIG. 4 , where a lock is intended to be released or relinquished, as indicated at step  31  then the relinquishing machine, M 5 , preferably determines the global name of the object to be unlocked. This is indicated at step  32 . Next the relinquishing machine, M 5  sends a “release lock” request to the lock server machine X and this is indicated at step  33 . The lock server machine X sends to the requesting machine, not only the lock authorization, but also propagates the previously generated table contents (ie memory location/value pairs) created whilst the lock was held by machine M 5 . Preferably as indicated at step  35 , the machine M 5  awaits a reply from a lock server, which confirms the release of the lock. This step  35 , like step  32 , is a preferable one, but not essential and thus is indicated in broken lines in  FIG. 4 . Next, as indicated at step  36 , the machine M 5  resumes normal code execution. 
     The abovementioned procedure for lock acquisition and release, can be modified so as to reduce the volume of data contained within the table to be propagated from one machine to the other. In particular, the abovementioned procedure suffers from the disadvantage that where a specific memory location is written to on many occasions, each of the successive values is stored within the table, but it is only the final value which is of interest to the next machine to receive the lock. In order to reduce the volume of data sent with each table, the above-mentioned procedure can be modified by noting only the names of the various locations, which had been written to, during the duration of the lock. Only at the relinquishing of the lock, is the current value of each memory location read and then inserted into the table or then used to form a new table. 
     Irrespective of which method is used, the lock authorization and its accompanying table of memory locations/content pairs are preferably given top priority for transmission via the communications network  53 . As a consequence, the machine in the queue of waiting machines which receives the lock receives not only the lock authorization, but also the global names of the relevant written to memory locations, together with their up-to-date values or content. 
     An alternative arrangement is illustrated in  FIGS. 5 and 6 . Here, during the initial loading of the application program, after commencing the loading procedure at step  41 , step  42  is carried out so as to create a list of memory locations to be utilised by the application program. Next, as indicated in step  43 , a search of the program is conducted in order to detect synchronisation routines. Then, as indicated in step  44 , for each detected synchronisation routine, a search is made to detect any listed memory locations which are to be written to. 
     In step  45 , a table is created (either during the search or during execution of the application program) in which is recorded the identity and value (if all changes to each memory location are to be propagated) or just the identity of each memory location (if the final value of each memory location is to be propagated). Once this procedure has been completed in step  45 , the loading procedure continues as indicated at step  46  and the modified application program is loaded. 
     In  FIG. 6 , the procedure of acquiring and relinquishing a lock, where the above-mentioned modification of the program has been carried out at loading, is illustrated. As indicated at step  52 , once the lock is acquired, the machine acquiring the (subsequent) lock also receives the propagated table of memory location/value pairs. In order to ensure that the local memory location(s) corresponding to the global name(s) has the latest content or value, the machine acquiring the lock updates its local memory. The machine which has acquired the lock is thus in a position to begin execution of the application code with a local memory which is in the condition applying when the previous lock was released. This is indicated at step  53 . 
     During the execution of the application code, as indicated by steps  54  and  55 , if any write to memory is to take place, then the location and value of each memory location written to, is recorded in a table. This cycle repeats as necessary, also utilizing steps  56  and  57 . After this has been carried out, as indicated at step  56 , if there is no further code to be executed within the synchronization routine, then the lock is released as indicated at step  58 . As indicated by step  59 , at the release of the lock a table is propagated to the machine to next receive the lock in any queue of waiting machines, the table containing all recorded memory location/value pairs where any writing to memory occurred whilst the lock was held by the releasing machine. 
     The tabulation or recording of memory location/value pairs can be accomplished in various ways. In one form a single table is used for all purposes. In another form one table is used to record the newly written values and a record table is used to record the memory location/value pairs. This second table is transmitted when the lock is released. For example the table in steps  52  and  55  and  59  can be same table or different tables can be used. Alternatively, the table of steps  52  and  59  can be the same table and the table of step  55  can be a different table. Many tabulation formats will be apparent to those skilled in the computing arts. What is important is the nature and content of the tabulated or recorded data, not the tabulation format. 
     In connection with the foregoing, where reference is made to searching for synchronization routines and written to memory locations, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is routines and locations within the application program  50  which are searched or detected. It is not the entirety of the memory of each machine (which includes an operating system, for example) which is searched. 
     Set out in an Annexure hereto are code fragments G1-G32 which exemplify the implementation of the above described techniques. Such code fragments are written in the JAVA language. 
     The foregoing describes only some embodiments of the present invention and modifications, obvious to those skilled in the art, can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, reference to JAVA includes both the JAVA language and also JAVA platform and architecture. 
     In all described instances of modification, where the application code  50  is modified before, or during loading, or even after loading but before execution of the unmodified application code has commenced, it is to be understood that the modified application code is loaded in place of, and executed in place of, the unmodified application code subsequently to the modifications being performed. 
     Alternatively, in the instances where modification takes place after loading and after execution of the unmodified application code has commenced, it is to be understood that the unmodified application code may either be replaced with the modified application code in whole, corresponding to the modifications being performed, or alternatively, the unmodified application code may be replaced in part or incrementally as the modifications are performed incrementally on the executing unmodified application code. Regardless of which such modification routes are used, the modifications subsequent to being performed execute in place of the unmodified application code. 
     It is advantageous to use a global identifier is as a form of ‘meta-name’ or ‘meta-identity’ for all the similar equivalent local objects (or classes, or assets or resources or the like) on each one of the plurality of machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. For example, rather than having to keep track of each unique local name or identity of each similar equivalent local object on each machine of the plurality of similar equivalent objects, one may instead define or use a global name corresponding to the plurality of similar equivalent objects on each machine (e.g. “globalname7787”), and with the understanding that each machine relates the global name to a specific local name or object (e.g. “globalname7787” corresponds to object “localobject456” on machine M 1 , and “globalname7787” corresponds to object “localobject885” on machine M 2 , and “globalname7787” corresponds to object “localobject111” on machine M 3 , and so forth). 
     It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the detailed description provided herein that in a table or list or other data structure created by each DRT  71  when initially recording or creating the list of all, or some subset of all objects (e.g. memory locations or fields), for each such recorded object on each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn there is a name or identity which is common or similar on each of the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn. However, in the individual machines the local object corresponding to a given name or identity will or may vary over time since each machine may, and generally will, store memory values or contents at different memory locations according to its own internal processes. Thus the table, or list, or other data structure in each of the DRTs will have, in general, different local memory locations corresponding to a single memory name or identity, but each global “memory name” or identity will have the same “memory value or content” stored in the different local memory locations. So for each global name there will be a family of corresponding independent local memory locations with one family member in each of the computers. Although the local memory name may differ, the asset, object, location etc has essentially the same content or value. So the family is coherent. 
     The term “table” or “tabulation” as used herein is intended to embrace any list or organised data structure of whatever format and within which data can be stored and read out in an ordered fashion. 
     It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the description provided herein that the abovementioned modification of the application program code  50  during loading can be accomplished in many ways or by a variety of means. These ways or means include, but are not limited to at least the following five ways and variations or combinations of these five, including by: 
     (i) re-compilation at loading, 
     (ii) a pre-compilation procedure prior to loading, 
     (iii) compilation prior to loading, 
     (iv) “just-in-time” compilation(s), or 
     (v) re-compilation after loading (but, for example, before execution of the relevant or corresponding application code in a distributed environment). 
     Traditionally the term “compilation” implies a change in code or language, for example, from source to object code or one language to another. Clearly the use of the term “compilation” (and its grammatical equivalents) in the present specification is not so restricted and can also include or embrace modifications within the same code or language. 
     Given the fundamental concept of modifying memory manipulation operations to coordinate operation between and amongst a plurality of machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn, there are several different ways or embodiments in which this coordinated, coherent and consistent memory state and manipulation operation concept, method, and procedure may be carried out or implemented. 
     In the first embodiment, a particular machine, say machine M 2 , loads the asset (such as class or object) inclusive of memory manipulation operation(s), modifies it, and then loads each of the other machines M 1 , M 3  . . . Mn (either sequentially or simultaneously or according to any other order, routine or procedure) with the modified object (or class or other assert or resource) inclusive of the new modified memory manipulation operation. Note that there may be one or a plurality of memory manipulation operations corresponding to only one object in the application code, or there may be a plurality of memory manipulation operations corresponding to a plurality of objects in the application code. Note that in one embodiment, the memory manipulation operation(s) that is (are) loaded is executable intermediary code. 
     In this arrangement, which may be termed “master/slave” each of the slave (or secondary) machines M 1 , M 3  . . . Mn loads the modified object (or class), and inclusive of the new modified memory manipulation operation(s), that was sent to it over the computer communications network or other communications link or path by the master (or primary) machine, such as machine M 2 , or some other machine as a machine X. In a slight variation of this “master/slave” or “primary/secondary” arrangement, the computer communications network can be replaced by a shared storage device such as a shared file system, or a shared document/file repository such as a shared database. 
     It will be appreciated in the light of the detailed description provided herein that the modification performed on each machine or computer need not and frequently will not be the same or identical. What is required is that they are modified in a similar enough way that each of the plurality of machines behaves consistently and coherently relative to the other machines. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that there are a myriad of ways to implement the modifications that may for example depend on the particular hardware, architecture, operating system, application program code, or the like or different factors. It will also be appreciated that implementation can be within an operating system, outside of or without the benefit of any operating system, inside the virtual machine, in an EPROM, in software, in hardware, in firmware, or in any combination of these. 
     In a still further embodiment, each machine M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn receives the unmodified asset (such as class or object) inclusive of one or more memory manipulation operation(s), but modifies the operations and then loads the asset (such as class or object) consisting of the now modified operations. Although one machine, such as the master or primary machine may customize or perform a different modification to the memory manipulation operation(s) sent to each machine, this embodiment more readily enables the modification carried out by each machine to be slightly different. It can thereby be enhanced, customized, and/or optimized based upon its particular machine architecture, hardware processor, memory, configuration, operating system, or other factors yet still be similar, coherent and consistent with the other machines and with all other similar modifications. 
     In all of the described instances or embodiments, the supply or the communication of the asset code (such as class code or object code) to the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn and optionally inclusive of a machine X, can be branched, distributed or communication among and between the different machines in any combination or permutation; such as by providing direct machine to machine communication (for example, M 2  supplies each of M 1 , M 3 , M 4  etc. directly), or by providing or using cascaded or sequential communication (for example, M 2  supplies M 1  which then supplies M 3  which then supplies M 4 , and so on) or a combination of the direct and cascaded and/or sequential. 
     The above described arrangement needs to be varied in the situation where the modification relates to a cleanup routine, finalization or similar, which is only to be carried out by one of the plurality of computers In this variation of this “master/slave” or “primary/secondary” arrangement, machine M 2  loads the asset (such as class or object) inclusive of a cleanup routine in unmodified form on machine M 2 , and then (for example, M 2  or each local machine) deletes the unmodified cleanup routine that had been present on the machine in whole or part from the asset (such as class or object) and loads by means of the computer communications network the modified code for the asset with the now modified or deleted cleanup routine on the other machines. Thus in this instance the modification is not a transformation, instrumentation, translation or compilation of the asset cleanup routine but a deletion of the cleanup routine on all machines except one. In one embodiment, the actual code-block of the finalization or cleanup routine is deleted on all machines except one, and this last machine therefore is the only machine that can execute the finalization routine because all other machines have deleted the finalization routine. One benefit of this approach is that no conflict arises between multiple machines executing the same finalization routine because only one machine has the routine. 
     The process of deleting the cleanup routine in its entirety can either be performed by the “master” machine (such as for example machine M 2  or some other machine such as machine X) or alternatively by each other machine M 1 , M 3  . . . Mn upon receipt of the unmodified asset. An additional variation of this “master/slave” or “primary/secondary” arrangement is to use a shared storage device such as a shared file system, or a shared document/file repository such as a shared database as means of exchanging the code for the asset, class or object between machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn and optionally the server machine X. 
     In a further arrangement, a particular machine, say for example machine M 1 , loads the unmodified asset (such as class or object) inclusive of a finalization or cleanup routine and all the other machines M 2 , M 3  . . . Mn perform a modification to delete the cleanup routine of the asset (such as class or object) and load the modified version. 
     In a still further arrangement, the machines M 1 , M 2  . . . Mn, may send some or all load requests to the additional server machine X, which performs the modification to the application program code  50  (including or consisting of assets, and/or classes, and/or objects) and inclusive of finalization or cleanup routine(s), via any of the above-mentioned methods, and returns in the modified application program code inclusive of the now modified finalization or cleanup routine(s) to each of the machines M 1  to Mn, and these machines in turn load the modified application program code inclusive of the modified routine(s) locally. In this arrangement, machines M 1  to Mn forward all load requests to machine X, which returns a modified application program code inclusive of modified finalization or cleanup routine(s) to each machine. The modifications performed by machine X can include any of the modifications described. This arrangement may of course be applied to some only of the machines whilst other arrangements described herein are applied to others of the machines. 
     Those skilled in the computer and/or programming arts will be aware that when additional code or instructions is/are inserted into an existing code or instruction set to modify same, the existing code or instruction set may well require further modification (such as for example, by re-numbering of sequential instructions) so that offsets, branching, attributes, mark up and the like are properly handled or catered for. 
     Similarly, in the JAVA language memory locations include, for example, both fields and array types. The above description deals with fields and the changes required for array types are essentially the same mutatis mutandis. Also the present invention is equally applicable to similar programming languages (including procedural, declarative and object orientated languages) to JAVA including Microsoft.NET platform and architecture (Visual Basic, Visual C/C ++ , and C#) FORTRAN, C/C ++ , COBOL, BASIC etc. 
     The terms object and class used herein are derived from the JAVA environment and are intended to embrace similar terms derived from different environments such as dynamically linked libraries (DLL), or object code packages, or function unit or memory locations. 
     Various means are described relative to embodiments of the invention, including for example but not limited to lock means, distributed run time means, modifier or modifying means, and the like. In at least one embodiment of the invention, any one or each of these various means may be implemented by computer program code statements or instructions (possibly including by a plurality of computer program code statements or instructions) that execute within computer logic circuits, processors, ASICs, logic or electronic circuit hardware, microprocessors, microcontrollers or other logic to modify the operation of such logic or circuits to accomplish the recited operation or function. In another embodiment, any one or each of these various means may be implemented in firmware and in other embodiments such may be implemented in hardware. Furthermore, in at least one embodiment of the invention, any one or each of these various means may be implemented by a combination of computer program software, firmware, and/or hardware. 
     Any and each of the above described methods, procedures, and/or routines may advantageously be implemented as a computer program and/or computer program product stored on any tangible media or existing in electronic, signal, or digital form. Such computer program or computer program products comprising instructions separately and/or organized as modules, programs, subroutines, or in any other way for execution in processing logic such as in a processor or microprocessor of a computer, computing machine, or information appliance; the computer program or computer program products modifying the operation of the computer in which it executes or on a computer coupled with, connected to, or otherwise in signal communications with the computer on which the computer program or computer program product is present or executing. Such a computer program or computer program product modifies the operation and architectural structure of the computer, computing machine, and/or information appliance to alter the technical operation of the computer and realize the technical effects described herein. 
     The invention may therefore include a computer program product comprising a set of program instructions stored in a storage medium or existing electronically in any form and operable to permit a plurality of computers to carry out any of the methods, procedures, routines, or the like as described herein including in any of the claims. 
     Furthermore, the invention includes (but is not limited to) a plurality of computers, or a single computer adapted to interact with a plurality of computers, interconnected via a communication network or other communications link or path and each operable to substantially simultaneously or concurrently execute the same or a different portion of an application code written to operate on only a single computer on a corresponding different one of computers. The computers are programmed to carry out any of the methods, procedures, or routines described in the specification or set forth in any of the claims, on being loaded with a computer program product or upon subsequent instruction. Similarly, the invention also includes within its scope a single computer arranged to co-operate with like, or substantially similar, computers to form a multiple computer system 
     The term “compromising” (and its grammatical variations) as used herein is used in the inclusive sense of “having” or “including” and not in the exclusive sense of “consisting only of”. 
     To summarise, there is provided an improved method used in a multiple computer environment in which different portions of at least one application program each written to execute on only a single computer, each execute substantially simultaneously on a corresponding one of a plurality of computers, each having a local memory and each being interconnected via a communications network, and in which at least one memory location is replicated in the memory of each the plurality of computers, and after each occasion at which each the memory location has its contents written to, or re-written, with a new content, all the corresponding memory locations of the computers are in due course updated via the communications network with the new content, the improved method comprising the steps of: 
     (i) prior to initially writing the new content, acquiring a lock on an object, asset or resource, 
     (ii) recording the name and updated content of the local memory locations written to prior to releasing the lock, 
     (iii) releasing the lock, and 
     (iv) prior to permitting the acquisition of the same lock by another one of the computers, transmitting the updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to the another one computer, whereby any the computer on acquiring the lock has acquired the previously updated contents without needing to wait for the in due course updating of all the computers. 
     Preferably each the computer has an independent local memory accessible only by the corresponding portion of the application program. 
     Preferably the object, asset or resource locked is the object, asset or resource to which the new content is to be written. 
     Preferably the method includes the further step of: 
     (v) transmitting in step (iv) all memory locations and contents updated in step (ii). 
     Alternatively the method includes the further step of: 
     (vi) transmitting in step (iv) all memory locations and only their final contents as updated in step (ii). 
     Preferably the method includes the further steps of: 
     (vii) prior to acquiring the lock, detecting all applications program steps which potentially write to listed memory location(s), and 
     (viii) recording the name of the listed memory location(s) prior to releasing the lock. 
     Preferably the detecting all application program steps takes place either before loading, or during loading, or after loading but before execution of the relevant code. 
     Preferably the recording of the name of the listed memory locations takes place either at the time of detection or at the time of execution of an detected program step. 
     Preferably the method includes the further step of: 
     (ix) for each recorded memory location recording all contents updated in step (ii). 
     Alternatively the method includes the further step of: 
     (x) for each recorded memory location recording only the final contents as updated in step (ii). 
     Also provided is a computer system comprising a plurality of computers each having a local memory and each being interconnected via a communications network wherein different portions of at least one application program each written to execute on only a single computer, each execute substantially simultaneously on a corresponding one of the plurality of computers, at least one memory location is replicated in the local memory of each the computer, the system further comprising updating means associated with each the computer to in due course update each the memory location via the communications network after each occasion at which each the memory location has its content written to, or re-written, with a new content, and lock means associated with each the computer to acquire a lock on an object, asset or resource, the lock means including a recording means in which is recorded the name and updated content of all the local memory locations written to prior to releasing the lock, and the lock means after releasing the lock and prior to permitting the acquisition of the same lock by another one of the computers transmitting the updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to the another one computer, whereby any the computer on acquiring the lock has acquired the previously updated contents without needing to wait for the in due course updating of all the computers. 
     Preferably each the computer has an independent local memory accessible only by the corresponding portion of the application program. 
     Preferably the object, asset or resource locked is the object asset or resource to which the new content is written. 
     Preferably the lock means comprises a lock server computer in addition to the plurality of computers, and also connected to the plurality of computers via the communications network. 
     Preferably the recording means comprises a look up table. 
     Preferably the look up table includes all contents updated for each recorded memory location. 
     Preferably the look up table includes only the final content of each updated content for each recorded memory location. 
     Preferably the contents of the look up table comprises the address of a memory location at which the updated content is stored. 
     Further, also provided are a plurality of computers interconnected via a communications network and operable to ensure carrying out of the above method(s). 
     In addition, there is provided a computer program product comprising a set of program instructions stored in a storage medium and operable to permit a plurality of computers to carry out the any of the above method(s). 
     Furthermore, there is also provided a single computer intended to operate in a multiple computer system which comprises a plurality of computers each having a local memory and each being interconnected via a communications network wherein different portions of at least one application program each written to execute on only a single computer, each execute substantially simultaneously on a corresponding one of the plurality of computers, and at least one memory location is replicated in the local memory of each the computer, the system further comprising updating means associated with each the computer to in due course update each the memory location via the communications network after each occasion at which each the memory location has its content written to, or re-written, with a new content, 
     the single computer comprising: 
     a local memory having at least one memory location intended to be updated via a communications port connectable to the communications network, 
     updating means to in due course update the memory locations of other substantially similar computers via the communications port; 
     lock means associated with the local memory to acquire a lock on an object, asset or resource of the local memory, the lock means including a recording means in which is recorded the name and updated content of the local memory locations written to prior to releasing the lock, and 
     the lock means after releasing the lock and prior to permitting the acquisition of the same lock by another one of the computers, transferring the updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to the communications port for transmittal to the another one computer whereby any the another one computer on acquiring the lock has acquired the previously updated contents without needing to wait for the in due course updating of all the computers. 
     Preferably the local memory is an independent local memory accessible only by the corresponding portion of the application program executing on the computer. 
     Preferably the object, asset or resource locked is the object, asset or resource to which the new content is written. 
     Preferably the lock means further includes a lock server computer connectable to the single computer via the communications network. 
     Preferably the recording means comprises a look up table. 
     Preferably the look up table includes all contents updated for each recorded memory location. 
     Alternatively the look up table includes only the final content of each updated content for each recorded memory location. 
     Preferably the contents of the look up table comprises the address of a memory location at which the updated content is stored. 
     Still further, there is provided in a single computer, adapted to interoperate with a plurality of other external computers as a multiple computer system wherein the computer has a local processor and a local memory coupled to the local processor and the computers are at least intermittently interconnected via a communications network, and wherein different portions of an application program written to execute on only a one computer are modified to execute substantially simultaneously on the single computer and the plurality of computers, and wherein at least one memory location is replicated in the local memory of each the computer, each the computer including memory location updating means to in due course update each the memory location via the communications network after each occasion at which each the memory location has its content written to, or re-written, with a new content; a method comprising: 
     acquiring a lock on an object, asset, or resource of the local memory of the single computer prior to initially writing the new content; 
     recording the name and updated content of the at least one local memory location of the single computer written to prior to releasing the lock; 
     releasing the lock on the object, asset, or resource of the local memory of the single computer; and 
     sending a communication of the updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to other of the plurality of computers by the single computer over the communications network. 
     Preferably the method further comprises: 
     permitting but not requiring the acquisition of a new lock on the same object, asset, or resource by another one of the computers; 
     wherein any the another one of the plurality of computers on acquiring the new lock has acquired the previously updated memory location contents without needing to wait for the in due course updating of the updated contents of all the plurality of computers. 
     Preferably the method further comprises: 
     updating the local memory locations of other of the plurality of computers via the communications network in due course. 
     Preferably the method further comprises: 
     generating a memory update message that includes the updated memory locations(s) and updated content(s) that are to be updated in due course in other of the computers, prior to sending the communication and sending the generated memory update message with the communication. 
     Also provided is a computer program product comprising a set of program instructions stored in a storage medium and operable to permit a computer to carry out the above method(s). 
     In addition there is provided in a single computer, adapted to interoperate with a plurality of other external computers as a multiple computer system wherein the computer has a local processor and a local memory coupled to the local processor and the computers are at least intermittently interconnected via a communications network, and wherein different portions of an application program written to execute on only a one computer are modified to execute substantially simultaneously on the single computer and the plurality of computers, and wherein at least one memory location is replicated in the local memory of each the computer, each the computer including memory location updating means to in due course update each the memory location via the communications network after each occasion at which each the memory location has its content written to, or re-written, with a new content; a method comprising: receiving a communication of updated memory location(s) and updated content(s) to send by a different one of the plurality of computers by the single computer over the communications network; and 
     updating the local memory locations of the single computer in response to the received communication. 
     Preferably the communication received includes a memory update message that includes the updated memory locations(s) and updated content(s) that are to be updated in due course in the receiving computer. 
     Still further, there is provided a computer program product comprising a set of program instructions stored in a storage medium and operable to permit a computer to carry out the last mentioned method. 
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     This patent specification and the Annexures which form a part thereof contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner (which is the applicant) has no objection to the reproduction of this patent specification or related materials from publicly available associated Patent Office files for the purposes of review, but otherwise reserves all copyright whatsoever. In particular, the various instructions are not to be entered into a computer without the specific prior written approval of the copyright owner.