Patent Publication Number: US-2023148355-A1

Title: Content generation framework

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/099,295, filed Nov. 16, 2020, and entitled “CONTENT GENERATION FRAMEWORK”, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 15/712,925, filed Sep. 22, 2017, and entitled “CONTENT GENERATION FRAMEWORK”, issued on Dec. 29, 2020 as U.S. Pat. No. 10,878,047, the contents of which are herein expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Speech recognition systems have progressed to the point where humans can interact with computing devices using their voices. Such systems employ techniques to identify the words spoken by a human user based on the various qualities of a received audio input. Speech recognition combined with natural language understanding processing techniques enable speech-based user control of a computing device to perform tasks based on the user&#39;s spoken commands. The combination of speech recognition and natural language understanding processing techniques is referred to herein as speech processing. Speech processing may also involve converting a user&#39;s speech into text data which may then be provided to various text-based software applications. 
     Speech processing may be used by computers, hand-held devices, telephone computer systems, kiosks, and a wide variety of other devices to improve human-computer interactions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a system configured to determine first content responsive to a command as well as determine second content associated with but not responsive to the command according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a conceptual diagram of components of a system according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    is a conceptual diagram of how natural language processing is performed according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is a conceptual diagram of how natural language processing is performed according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates data stored and associated with user profiles according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    is a conceptual diagram of how a system determines additional content associated with but not directly responsive to a command as well as determines whether the additional content should be output according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  7 A through  7 C  are a signal flow diagram illustrating the output of additional content according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    is a block diagram conceptually illustrating example components of a device according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  9    is a block diagram conceptually illustrating example components of a server according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an example of a computer network for use with the speech processing system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics concerned with transforming audio data associated with speech into text data representative of that speech. Natural language understanding (NLU) is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics concerned with enabling computers to derive meaning from text input containing natural language. Text-to-speech (TTS) is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics concerned with enabling computers to output synthesized speech. ASR, NLU, and TTS may be used together as part of a speech processing system. 
     A speech controlled computing system may answer user commands requesting the output of content. The system may be configured to simply provide a user with content directly responsive to user&#39;s request. For example, a user may say “Alexa, what is the weather.” In response, the system may output weather information. For further example, a user may say “Alexa, play Adele.” In response, the system may output music sang by Adele. 
     The system may be configured with multiple applications (e.g., thousands of applications) that can be used to potentially respond to a user command. For example, the system may include weather applications, music applications, video applications, calendar applications, timer applications, general knowledge answering applications, game applications, etc. The system may be configured to provide content to a user that is provided from a single application that the system determines to be responsive to the user&#39;s command. For example, if a user says “Alexa, what is the weather,” the system may be configured to only output content provided by a weather application, as that is what the user asked for. For further example, if a user says “Alexa, play Adele,” the system may be configured to only output content provided by a music streaming application. 
     The present disclosure improves speech controlled computing systems by enabling a system to proactively output additional content (provided by potentially multiple applications) to a user, even when the user did not necessarily request the additional content. The additional content and timing/frequency of such proactive output of the additional content is selected and timed to improve the user experience and provide the user with information determined to be potentially appreciated by the user, even if not expressly requested by the user in the initial command. 
     As an example, the system may receive, from a user, a command requesting content. The system determines content responsive to the request from a first application. The system also determines whether additional content related to the content responsive to the request should be output, where the additional content may not necessarily be directly responsive to the initial request. The system makes such determinations using various contextual information, such as user specification information (e.g., age, location, culture, etc.) as well as system processing information (e.g., NLU results, results from the first application, or the like). The system then solicits the additional information from a second application which may be different from the first application that provided the content that is directly responsive to the request for information. For example, if a user says “Alexa, book me a ticket to Seattle,” the system may book the user a ticket to Seattle using a ticket booking application and may output “I booked your ticket, the weather in Seattle is sunny with a high of eighty degrees.” 
     A system implementing the present disclosure may also use a variety of contextual information to determine whether the additional content should be output by the system. The contextual information may include user preferences indicating when and how the user permits additional information be output. The contextual information also includes content of NLU results. Thus, the present disclosure enables a system to provide a user with additional information only in situations where the additional information will be useful to the user. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a system for determining first content responsive to a command as well as determining second content associated with but not responsive to the command. Although the figures and discussion illustrate certain operational steps of the system in a particular order, the steps described may be performed in a different order (as well as certain steps removed or added) without departing from the intent of the disclosure. Devices ( 110   a / 110   b ) local to a user  5 , one or more server(s)  120 , and one or more application servers  125  may communicate across one or more networks  199 . 
     The device  110   a  may receive input audio  11  corresponding to a spoken utterance originating from the user  5 . The device  110   a  generates input audio data corresponding to the input audio  11  and sends the input audio data to the server(s)  120 . 
     Alternatively, the device  110   b  may receive input from the user  5  corresponding to text via a touch screen providing a virtual keyboard. The device  110   b  may generate input text data corresponding to the input text. The device  110   b  may send the input text data to the server(s)  120  via a companion application operating on the device  110   b  and in communication with the server(s)  120 . 
     If the server(s)  120  receives input audio data from the device  110   a,  the server(s)  120  performs ( 130 ) ASR on the input audio data to generate input text data. The server(s)  120  performs NLU on input text data (i.e., received from the device  110   b  or generated by performing ASR on input audio data received from the device  110   a ) to determine a command represented in the input text data. The command may correspond to a user instruction for the system to perform an action. For example, the command may correspond to “play music,” “book a ticket to Seattle,” “what is the weather,” etc. 
     The server(s)  120  determines ( 134 ) first output data responsive to the command. The server(s)  120  may determine the first output data is located in a  1 P storage (e.g., one maintained and/or operated by the server(s)  120 ). Alternatively, the server(s)  120  may determine the first output data may be provided by a 1P application (e.g., one maintained and/or operated by the server(s)  120 ). Moreover, the server(s)  120  may determine the first output data may be provided by a 3P application (e.g., one not maintained or operated by the server(s)  120 , but in communication with the server(s)  120 , such as one maintained and/or operated by an application server(s)  125 ). If the server(s)  120  determines the first output data may be provided by a 3P application, the server(s)  120  may solicit an application server(s)  125  maintaining and/or operating the 3P application to provide the server(s)  120  with the first output data. 
     The server(s)  120  causes ( 136 ) a device ( 110   a / 110   b ) to output first content corresponding to the first output data. For example, the server(s)  120  may cause the device  110   a  and/or the device  110   b  to output first audio corresponding to the first output data. For further example, the server(s)  120  may cause the device  110   b  to display first text corresponding to the first output data. 
     The server(s)  120  determines ( 138 ), based on context data, whether additional content should be output to the user  5 . For example, the context data may include explicit user preferences, an age of the user  5 , a culture of the user  5 , a system usage history of the user  5 , etc. Additional content may corresponding to content that is not directly responsive to the command (e.g., was not solicited by the command originating user  5 ) but is associated with the command. 
     If the server(s)  120  determines additional content should be output to the user  5 , the server(s)  120  determines ( 140 ) second output data corresponding to additional content associated with but not directly responsive to the command. For example, if the command corresponds to “tell me the score of the Seattle Mariners game,” the additional content may indicate to the user  5  that the Seattle Mariners game can be live streamed from a particular source. For further example, if the command corresponds to “start Jeopardy game,” the additional content may indicate to the user  5  some other system operated game that the user  5  may like. Yet further, for example, if the command corresponds to “play Adele,” the additional content may indicate to the user  5  that Adele is performing the following week in a city near the user  5 . Like the first output data, the server(s)  120  may receive the second output data from a 1P storage, a 1P application, or an application server(s)  125  maintaining and/or operating a 3P application. 
     The server(s)  120  causes ( 142 ) a device ( 110   a / 110   b ) to output second content corresponding to the second output data corresponding to the additional content. For example, the server(s)  120  may cause the device  110   a  and/or the device  110   b  to output second audio corresponding to the second output data. For further example, the server(s)  120  may cause the device  110   b  to display second text corresponding to the second output data. 
     The server(s)  120  may cause the device ( 110 / 110   b ) to output the second content after the device ( 110   a / 110   b ) is finished outputting the first content. For example, for a command corresponding to “tell me the score of the Seattle Mariners game,” after the device ( 110   a / 110   b ) finished outputting TTS generated first content corresponding to the score of the Seattle Mariners game, the device ( 110   a / 110   b ) may output TTS generated second content indicating the Seattle Mariners game can be live streamed from a particular source. For further example, for a command corresponding to “start Jeopardy game,” after the device ( 110   a / 110   b ) finishes interacting with the user  5  with respect to a system operated Jeopardy game, the device ( 110   a / 110   b ) may output TTS generated second content indicating some other system operated game that the user  5  may like. 
     The server(s)  120  may alternatively cause the device ( 110   a / 110   b ) to output the second content prior to the first content. For example, for a command corresponding to “play Adele,” since the system may output multiple Adele songs to the user in sequence, the device ( 110   a / 110   b ) may output TTS generated second content indicating Adele is performing the following week in a city near the user  5  prior to the device ( 110   a / 110   b ) outputting first content corresponding to Adele music. 
     The system may operate using various components as described in  FIG.  2   . The various components may be located on a same or different physical devices. Communication between various components may occur directly or across a network(s)  199 . 
     The device  110   a  may receive the input audio  11  using an audio capture component, such as a microphone or microphone array. The device  110   a,  using a wakeword detection component  220 , processes audio data corresponding to the input audio  11  to determine if a keyword (e.g., a wakeword) is detected in the audio data. Following detection of a wakeword, the device  110   a  sends input audio data  211  to the server(s)  120 . The input audio data  211  at least partially corresponds to input audio captured subsequent to input audio corresponding to the wakeword. That is, the input audio data  211  corresponds to a spoken command following a spoken wakeword, and optionally includes the spoken wakeword. 
     Upon receipt by the server(s)  120 , the input audio data  211  may be sent to an orchestrator component  230 . The orchestrator component  230  may include memory and logic that enables the orchestrator component  230  to transmit various pieces and forms of data to various components of the system. 
     The orchestrator component  230  sends the input audio data  211  to a speech processing component  240 . An ASR component  250  of the speech processing component  240  transcribes the input audio data  211  into input text data representing one more hypotheses representing the spoken command represented in the input audio data  211 . The ASR component  250  interprets the spoken command represented in the input audio data  211  based on a similarity between the spoken command and pre-established language models. For example, the ASR component  250  may compare the input audio data  211  with models for sounds (e.g., subword units, such as phonemes, senons, etc.) and sequences of sounds to identify words that match the sequence of sounds corresponding to the spoken command represented in the input audio data  211 . The ASR component  250  sends the input text data generated thereby to an NLU component  260  of the speech processing component  260 . The input text data sent from the ASR component  250  to the NLU component  260  may include a top scoring hypothesis or may include an N-best list including multiple hypotheses. An N-best list may additionally include a score associated with each hypothesis represented therein. Each score may indicate a confidence of ASR processing performed with respect to the hypothesis with which it is associated. 
     Alternatively, the device  110   b  may send input text data  213  to the server(s)  120 . Upon receipt by the server(s)  120 , the input text data  213  may be sent to the orchestrator component  230 . The orchestrator component  230  may send the input text data  213  to the NLU component  260 . 
     The NLU component  260  attempts to make a semantic interpretation of the phrases or statements represented in the input text data input therein. That is, the NLU component  260  determines one or more meanings associated with the phrases or statements represented in the input text data based on individual words represented in the input text data. The NLU component  260  determines an intent of the command represented in the input text data (e.g., an action that a user desires be performed) as well as pertinent pieces of information in the input text data that allow a device (e.g., the device  110   a,  the device  110   b,  the server(s)  120 , the application server(s)  125 , etc.) to execute the intent. For example, if the input text data corresponds to “call mom,” the NLU component  260  may determine a user intended to activate a telephone in his/her device and to initiate a call with a contact matching the entity “mom.” 
     The server(s)  120  may include a user recognition component  295 . The user recognition component  295  may take as input the input audio data  211  and/or input text data output by the ASR component  250 . The user recognition component  295  determines scores indicating whether the command originated from a particular user. For example, a first score may indicate a likelihood that the command originated from a first user, a second score may indicate a likelihood that the command originated from a second user, etc. The user recognition component  295  also determines an overall confidence regarding the accuracy of user recognition operations. The user recognition component  295  may perform user recognition by comparing speech characteristics in the input audio data  211  to stored speech characteristics of users. The user recognition component  295  may also perform user recognition by comparing biometric data (e.g., fingerprint data, iris data, etc.) received by the system in correlation with the present command to stored biometric data of users. The user recognition component  295  may further perform user recognition by comparing image data (e.g., including a representation of at least a feature of a user) received by the system in correlation with the present command with stored image data (e.g., including representations of features of users). The user recognition component  295  may perform additional user recognition processes, including those known in the art. Output of the user recognition component  295  may be used to inform NLU component processes, processing performed by applications  290 , as well as processes performed by a content generation component  265 . 
     The server(s)  120  may include a user profile storage  270 . The user profile storage  270  may include a variety of information related to individual users, groups of users, etc. that interact with the system. The user profile storage  270  may include one or more customer profiles. Each customer profile may be associated with a different customer identifier (ID). A customer profile may be an umbrella profile specific to a group of users. That is, a customer profile encompasses two or more individual user profiles, each associated with a respective unique user ID. For example, a customer profile may be a household profile that encompasses user profiles associated with multiple users of a single household. A customer profile may include preferences shared by all the user profiles encompassed thereby. Each user profile encompassed under a single customer profile may include preferences specific to the user associated therewith. That is, each user profile may include preferences unique from one or more other user profiles encompassed by the same customer profile. A user profile may be a stand-alone profile or may be encompassed under a customer profile. As illustrated, the user profile storage  270  is implemented as part of the server(s)  120 . However, it should be appreciated that the user profile storage  270  may be located proximate to the server(s)  120 , or may otherwise be in communication with the server(s)  120 , for example over the network(s)  199 . 
     The server(s)  120  may also include various 1P applications  290  (as illustrated in  FIG.  2   ). It should be appreciated that the server(s)  120  may additionally or alternatively communicate with one or more application servers  125  executing 3P applications. 
     An “application,” as used herein, may be considered synonymous with a “skill.” A skill may be software akin to an application. That is, a skill may enable the server(s)  120  or other the application server(s)  125  to execute specific functionality in order to provide output data to the user  5 . The system may be configured with more than one skill. A skill may either be executed by the server(s)  120  or merely associated with the server(s)  120  (i.e., one executed by the application server(s)  125 ). For example, a weather service skill may enable the server(s)  120  to execute a command with respect to a weather service application server(s), a car service skill may enable the server(s)  120  to execute a command with respect to a taxi or ride sharing service application server(s), an order pizza skill may enable the server(s)  120  to execute a command with respect to a restaurant application server(s), etc. 
     The server(s)  120  may include a TTS component  280  that generates audio data from text data using one or more different methods. In one method of synthesis called unit selection, the TTS component  280  matches text data against a database of recorded speech. The TTS component  280  selects matching units of recorded speech matching the text data and concatenates the units together to form audio data. In another method of synthesis called parametric synthesis, the TTS component  280  varies parameters such as frequency, volume, and noise to create audio data including an artificial speech waveform. Parametric synthesis uses a computerized voice generator, sometimes called a vocoder. 
     The system may include a content generation component  265  that determines whether additional content associated with the command but not directly responsive to the command should be output to the user  5 . Specifically, the content generation component  265  proactively selects additional content that is not necessarily responsive to an input command but may nonetheless be beneficial to the user, for example due to its relation to the original requested content. The content generation component  265  is described in further detail below. 
     The content generation component  265  may communication directly with the user profile storage  270 . Moreover, while  FIG.  2    illustrates components of the server(s)  120  communicating via the orchestrator component  230 , one skilled in the art will appreciated that various components of the server(s)  120  may communication directly. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates how NLU processing is performed on input text data. Generally, the NLU component  260  attempts to make a semantic interpretation of text represented in text data input thereto. That is, the NLU component  260  determines the meaning behind text represented in text data based on the individual words and/or phrases. The NLU component  260  interprets text to derive an intent or a desired action from the user as well as the pertinent pieces of information in the text that allow a device (e.g., the device  110   a,  the device  110   b,  the server(s)  120 , the application server(s)  125 ) to complete that action. For example, if the NLU component  260  receives text data including text corresponding to “tell me the weather,” the NLU component  260  may determine that the user intends the system to output weather information. 
     The NLU component  260  may process text data including several hypotheses of a single command. For example, if the ASR component  250  outputs text data including an N-best list of hypotheses, the NLU component  260  may process the text data with respect to all (or a portion of) the hypotheses represented therein. 
     The NLU component  260  may annotate text represented in text data by parsing and/or tagging the text. For example, for the text “tell me the weather for Seattle,” the NLU component  260  may tag “tell me the weather for Seattle” as a command (e.g., to output weather information) as well as tag “Seattle” as a location for the weather information. 
     The NLU component  260  may include one or more recognizers  363 . Each recognizer  363  may be associated with a different application  290 . Each recognizer  363  may process with respect to text data input to the NLU component  260 . Each recognizer  363  may operate in parallel with other recognizers  363  of the NLU component  260 . 
     Each recognizer  363  may include a named entity recognition (NER) component  362 . The NER component  362  attempts to identify grammars and lexical information that may be used to construe meaning with respect to text represented in text data input therein. The NER component  362  identifies portions of text represented in text data input into the NLU component  260  that correspond to a named entity that may be applicable to processing performed by an application associated with the recognizer  363  implementing the NER component  362 . The NER component  362  (or other component of the NLU component  260 ) may also determine whether a word refers to an entity that is not explicitly mentioned in the text, for example “him,” “her,” “it” or other anaphora, exophora or the like. 
     Each recognizer  363 , and more specifically each NER component  362 , may be associated with a particular grammar model  376 , a particular set of intents/actions  378 , and a particular personalized lexicon  386 . A gazetteer  384  may include application-indexed lexical information associated with a particular user and/or device. For example, a Gazetteer A ( 384   a ) includes application-indexed lexical information  386   aa  to  386   an . A user&#39;s music application lexical information might include album titles, artist names, and song names, for example, whereas a user&#39;s contact list application lexical information might include the names of contacts. Since every user&#39;s music collection and contact list is presumably different, this personalized information improves entity resolution. 
     An NER component  362  applies grammar models  376  and lexical information  386  associated with the application (associated with the recognizer  363  implementing the NER component  362 ) to determine a mention of one or more entities in text data input therein. In this manner, the NER component  362  identifies “slots” (i.e., one or more particular words in text data) that may be needed for later command processing. The NER component  362  may also label each slot with a type (e.g., noun, place, city, artist name, song name, etc.). 
     Each grammar model  376  includes the names of entities (i.e., nouns) commonly found in speech about the particular application (i.e., generic terms) to which the grammar model  376  relates, whereas the lexical information  386  is personalized to the user and/or the device from which the input audio data  211  or input text data  213  originated. For example, a grammar model  376  associated with a shopping application may include a database of words commonly used when people discuss shopping. 
     A downstream process called entity resolution links a portion of text data to a specific entity known to the system. To perform entity resolution, the NLU component  260  may utilize gazetteer information ( 384   a - 384   n ) stored in an entity library storage  382 . The gazetteer information  384  may be used to match text represented in text data output by the ASR component  250  with different entities, such as song titles, contact names, etc. Gazetteers  384  may be linked to users (e.g., a particular gazetteer may be associated with a specific user&#39;s music collection), may be linked to certain applications (e.g., a shopping application, a music application, a video application, a communications application, etc.), or may be organized in a variety of other ways. 
     Each recognizer  363  may also include an intent classification (IC) component  364 . The IC component  364  parses text data input thereto to determine an intent(s) associated with the application (associated with the recognizer  363  implementing the IC component  364 ) that potentially corresponds to the command represented in the text data. An intent corresponds to an action to be performed that is responsive to the command represented by the text data. The IC component  364  may communicate with a database  378  of words linked to intents. For example, a music intent database may link words and phrases such as “quiet,” “volume off,” and “mute” to a “mute” intent. The IC component  364  identifies potential intents by comparing words and phrases in input text data to the words and phrases in an intents database  378  associated with the application that is associated with the recognizer  363  implementing the IC component  364 . 
     The intents identifiable by a specific IC component  364  are linked to application-specific (i.e., the application associated with the recognizer  363  implementing the IC component  364 ) grammar frameworks  376  with “slots” to be filled. Each slot of a grammar framework  376  corresponds to a portion of the text data that the system believes corresponds to an entity. For example, a grammar framework  376  corresponding to a &lt;PlayMusic&gt;intent may correspond to text data sentence structures such as “Play {Artist Name},” “Play {Album Name},” “Play {Song name},” “Play {Song name} by {Artist Name},” etc. However, to make entity resolution more flexible, grammar frameworks  376  may not be structured as sentences, but rather based on associating slots with grammatical tags. 
     For example, an NER component  362  may parse text data to identify words as subject, object, verb, preposition, etc. based on grammar rules and/or models prior to recognizing named entities in the text data. An IC component  364  (implemented by the same recognizer  363  as the NER component  362 ) may use the identified verb to identify an intent. The NER component  362  may then determine a grammar model  376  associated with the identified intent. For example, a grammar model  376  for an intent corresponding to &lt;PlayMusic&gt;may specify a list of slots applicable to play the identified “object” and any object modifier (e.g., a prepositional phrase), such as {Artist Name}, {Album Name}, {Song name}, etc. The NER component  362  may then search corresponding fields in a lexicon  386  associated with the application  290  associated with the recognizer  363  implementing the NER component  362 , attempting to match words and phrases in text data the NER component  362  previously tagged as a grammatical object or object modifier with those identified in the lexicon  386 . 
     An NER component  362  may perform semantic tagging, which is the labeling of a word or combination of words according to their type/semantic meaning. An NER component  362  may parse text data using heuristic grammar rules, or a model may be constructed using techniques such as hidden Markov models, maximum entropy models, log linear models, conditional random fields (CRF), and the like. For example, an NER component  362  implemented by a music application recognizer  363  may parse and tag text data including text corresponding to “play mother&#39;s little helper by the rolling stones” as {Verb}: “Play,” {Object}: “mother&#39;s little helper,” {Object Preposition}: “by,” and {Object Modifier}: “the rolling stones.” The NER component  362  identifies “Play” as a verb based on a word database associated with the music application, which an IC component  364  (also implemented by the music application recognizer  363 ) may determine corresponds to a &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent. At this stage, no determination has been made as to the meaning of “mother&#39;s little helper” and “the rolling stones,” but based on grammar rules and models, the NER component  362  has determined that the text of these phrases relates to the grammatical object (i.e., entity) of the hypothesis represented in the text data. 
     The frameworks linked to the intent are then used to determine what database fields should be searched to determine the meaning of these phrases, such as searching a user&#39;s gazetteer  384  for similarity with the framework slots. For example, a framework for a &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent might indicate to attempt to resolve the identified object based on {Artist Name}, {Album Name}, and {Song name}, and another framework for the same intent might indicate to attempt to resolve the object modifier based on {Artist Name}, and resolve the object based on {Album Name} and {Song Name} linked to the identified {Artist Name}. If the search of the gazetteer  384  does not resolve a slot/field using gazetteer information, the NER component  362  may search a database of generic words associated with the application (in the knowledge base  372 ). For example, if the text data includes text corresponding to “play songs by the rolling stones,” after failing to determine an album name or song name called “songs” by “the rolling stones,” the NER component  362  may search the application vocabulary for the word “songs.” In the alternative, generic words may be checked before the gazetteer information, or both may be tried, potentially producing two different results. 
     An NER component  362  may tag text of a hypothesis represented in text data to attribute meaning to the hypothesis. For example, an NER component  362  may tag “play mother&#39;s little helper by the rolling stones” as: {application} Music, {intent} Play Music, {artist name} rolling stones, {media type} SONG, and {song title} mother&#39;s little helper. For further example, the NER component  362  may tag “play songs by the rolling stones” as: {application} Music, {intent} Play Music, {artist name} rolling stones, and {media type} SONG. 
     The NLU component  260  may generate cross-application N-best list data  440  including the tagged text output by each recognizer  363  (as illustrated if  FIG.  4   ). A recognizer  363  may output tagged text data generated by an NER component  362  and an IC component  364  operated by the recognizer  363 , as described herein above. Each entry of tagged text represented in the cross-application N-best list data  440  may be associated with a respective score indicating a likelihood that the tagged text corresponds to the application  290  associated with the recognizer  363  from which the tagged text was output. For example, the cross-application N-best list data  440  may be represented as: 
     [0.95] Application: Music Intent: &lt;PlayMusic&gt; ArtistName: Lady Gaga SongName: Poker Face 
     [0.95] Application: Video Intent: &lt;PlayVideo&gt; ArtistName: Lady Gaga VideoName: Poker Face 
     [0.01] Application: Image Intent: &lt;DisplayImage&gt; ArtistName: Lady Gaga AlbumName: Poker Face 
     The NLU component  260  may send the cross-application N-best list data  440  to a pruning component  450 . The pruning component  450  may sort the tagged text represented in the cross-application N-best list data  440  according to their respective scores. The pruning component  450  may then perform score thresholding with respect to the cross-application N-best list data  440 . For example, the pruning component  450  may select tagged text entries represented in the cross-application N-best list data  440  associated with scores satisfying (e.g., meeting and/or exceeding) a threshold score. The pruning component  450  may also or alternatively perform number of tagged text entry thresholding. For example, the pruning component  450  may select a maximum threshold number of top scoring tagged text entries. The pruning component  450  may generate cross-application N-best list data  460  including the selected tagged text entries. The purpose of the pruning component  450  is to create a reduced list of tagged text entries so that downstream, more resource intensive, processes may only operate on the tagged text entries that most likely correspond to the command input to the system. 
     The NLU component  260  may also include a light slot filler component  452 . The light slot filler component  452  can take text from slots represented in the tagged text entries output by the pruning component  450  and alter it to make the text more easily processed by downstream components. The light slot filler component  452  may perform low latency operations that do not involve heavy operations such as reference to a knowledge base. The purpose of the light slot filler component  452  is to replace words with other words or values that may be more easily understood by downstream system components. For example, if a tagged text entry includes the word “tomorrow,” the light slot filler component  452  may replace the word “tomorrow” with an actual date for purposes of downstream processing. Similarly, the light slot filler component  452  may replace the word “CD” with “album” or the words “compact disc.” The replaced words are then included in the cross-application N-best list data  460 . 
     The NLU component  260  sends the cross-application N-best list data  460  to an entity resolution component  470 . The entity resolution component  470  can apply rules or other instructions to standardize labels or tokens from previous stages into an intent/slot representation. The precise transformation may depend on the application  290 . For example, for a travel application, the entity resolution component  470  may transform text corresponding to “Boston airport” to the standard BOS three-letter code referring to the airport. The entity resolution component  470  can refer to the knowledge base  372  that is used to specifically identify the precise entity referred to in each slot of each tagged text entry represented in the cross-application N-best list data  460 . Specific intent/slot combinations may also be tied to a particular source, which may then be used to resolve the text. In the example “play songs by the stones,” the entity resolution component  470  may reference a personal music catalog, Amazon Music account, a user profile  502  (described herein below), or the like. The entity resolution component  470  may output data including an altered N-best list that is based on the cross-application N-best list represented in the cross-application N-best list data  460 , and that includes more detailed information (e.g., entity IDs) about the specific entities mentioned in the slots and/or more detailed slot data that can eventually be used by an application  290 . The NLU component  260  may include multiple entity resolution components  470  and each entity resolution component  470  may be specific to one or more applications  290 . 
     The entity resolution component  470  may not be successful in resolving every entity and filling every slot represented in the N-best list represented in the cross-application N-best list data  460 . This may result in the entity resolution component  470  outputting incomplete results. The NLU component  260  may include a final ranker component  490 . The final ranker component  490  may assign a particular confidence score to each tagged text entry input therein. The confidence score of a tagged entry may represent a confidence of the system in the NLU processing performed with respect to the tagged entry. The confidence score of a particular tagged text entry may be affected by whether the tagged text entry has unfilled slots. For example, if a tagged text entry associated with a first application includes slots that are all filled/resolved, that tagged text entry may be assigned a higher confidence score than another tagged text entry including at least some slots that are unfilled/unresolved by the entity resolution component  470 . 
     The final ranker component  490  may apply re-scoring, biasing, or other techniques to determine the top scoring tagged text entries. To do so, the final ranker component  490  may consider not only the data output by the entity resolution component  470 , but may also consider other data  491 . The other data  491  may include a variety of information. For example, the other data  491  may include application rating or popularity data. For example, if one application has a high rating, the final ranker component  490  may increase the score of a tagged text entry output by a recognizer  363  associated with that application. The other data  491  may also include information about applications that have been enabled by the user that input the command to the system. For example, the final ranker component  490  may assign higher scores to tagged text entries output by recognizers  363  associated with enabled applications than tagged text entries output by recognizers  363  associated with non-enabled applications. The other data  491  may also include data indicating user usage history, such as if the user that input the command to the system regularly uses a particular application or does so at particular times of day. The other data  491  may additionally include data indicating date, time, location, weather, type of device  110 , user ID, context, as well as other information. For example, the final ranker component  490  may consider when any particular application is currently active (e.g., music being played, a game being played, etc.). 
     Following final ranking, the NLU component  260  may output NLU results data  485 . The NLU component  260  may send the NLU results data  485  to the orchestrator component  230 , which sends the NLU results data  485  to the application(s)  290  represented in the NLU results data  485 . The NLU results data  485  may include first NLU results data  485   a  including tagged text associated with a first application, second NLU results data  485   b  including tagged text associated with a second application, etc. The NLU results data  485  may include tagged text data corresponding to at least one of the top scoring tagged text entries as determined by the final ranker component  490 . 
       FIG.  5    illustrates the user profile storage  270  that includes data regarding customer profiles as well as individual user profiles  502 . Each user profile  502  may include information indicating various devices. For each of the various devices, the user profile  502  may indicate the device&#39;s type (e.g., output capabilities of the device). Each user profile  502  may also include information indicating intents. For each intent, the user profile  502  may indicate a user preference regarding whether the user  5  wants the system to provide additional content when the user  5  inputs a command corresponding to the intent to the system. Each user profile  502  may further include information indicating resolved entities. For each resolved entity, the user profile  502  may indicate a user preference regarding whether the user  5  wants the system to provide additional content when the user  5  inputs a command including the resolved entity to the system. Each user profile  502  may additionally include other data not explicitly illustrated. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates how a system may determine additional content associated with but not directly responsive to a command as well as determine whether the additional content should be output to a user. As illustrates, the various components in  FIG.  6    communicate directly. It should be appreciated that some or all of the components illustrated in  FIG.  6    may communicate through the orchestrator component  230 . In addition, while  FIG.  6    illustrates a dedicated content generation component  265 , it should be appreciated that some or all of the processes performed by the content generation component  265  disclosed herein may be performed by the orchestrator component  230 . 
     Each time the NLU component  260  outputs NLU results data  485 , the system may send the NLU results data  485  to the content generation component  265 . The content generation component  265  determines whether additional content associated with but not directly responsive to the command should be output to the command originating user  5 . 
     The content generation component  265  may base its determinations at least in part on non-user specific data, such as application provided data, system generated intent pairs, etc. 
     The content generation component  265  may determine whether additional content should be output based on data accompanying output content data provided to the server(s)  120  by an application  290 . Such data may be represented as other data  608 . In addition to providing the server(s)  120  with output content data responsive to the command, the application  290  may additionally provide the server(s)  120  with presentation framework data. The presentation framework data may include information indicating the types of content (e.g., audio, image, video, etc.) represented in the output content data as well as one or more devices associated with the command originating user  5  that should be used to output the different types of content. The presentation framework data may, in some instances, also include information indicating the server(s)  120  should determine additional content associated with the output content data, but which is not directly responsive to the command. When the presentation framework data includes such information, the content generation component  265  may determine additional content may be output. 
     The content generation component  265  may also determine whether additional content should be output based on data provided to the server(s)  120  by an application  290 , with the data not accompanying output content data. Such data is represented as other data  608 . An application  290  may provide the server(s)  120  with data indicating that any time the NLU results data  485  indicate a particular intent, the content generation component  265  should solicit the application  290  as to whether the application  290  has additional content that may be output. For example, a concert ticket application may provide the server(s)  120  with data indicating that anytime the NLU results data  485  indicate a &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent, the content generation component  265  should solicit the concert ticket application as to whether the concert ticket application has access to information indicating a concert put on by a resolved artist entity represented in the NLU results data  485 . For further example, an electronic calendar application may provide the server(s)  120  with data indicating that anytime the NLU results data  485  indicate an &lt;OutputTime&gt; intent, the content generation component  265  should solicit the electronic calendar application as to whether the electronic calendar application has calendar entries associated with an electronic calendar associated with the command originating device  110  and/or user  5 . Yet further, for example, a traffic report application may provide the server(s)  120  with data indicating that anytime the NLU results data  485  indicate a &lt;BookRide&gt;intent, the content generation component  265  should solicit the traffic report application to provide current traffic report information. 
     The content generation component  265  may also determine whether additional content should be output based on the intent represented in the NLU results data  485 . The system may store intent pair data (illustrated as other data  608 ) corresponding to pairs of intents. Each pair of intents may be associated with a respective score representing a likelihood that a second intent of the pair will be invoked by a user within a time threshold subsequent to content responsive to the first intent being output. The scores of various intent pairs may be normalized. The intent pair data may be untailored with respect to any given user of the system. For example, the intent pair data may include the following intent pairs with corresponding scores: 
     [0.345] &lt;GetWeather&gt;; &lt;GetTraffic&gt; 
     [0.217] &lt;OrderPizza&gt;; &lt;PlayMovie&gt; 
     [0.121] &lt;PlayMusic&gt;; &lt;SetVolume&gt; 
     The intent pair data may be configured based solely upon the natures of the intents. For example, a pair of intents may include a &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent and a &lt;ChangeVolume&gt; intent. The pair of intents may be associated with a score representing a likelihood that a user may input a first command corresponding to the &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent immediately prior to the user inputting a second command corresponding to the &lt;ChangeVolume&gt; intent based solely on the &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent and the &lt;ChangeVolume&gt; intent both relating to output of audio from the system. For further example, a pair of intents may include a &lt;BookPlaneTicket&gt; intent and a &lt;GetWeather&gt; intent. This pair of intents may be associated with a score indicating a likelihood that users who by plane tickets often ask about the weather for their destination. 
     Intent may also be paired based on system user history associated with various different users. Pairing of the intents may be application agnostic. Thus, both the first intent and the second intent of a pair of intents may be associated with a single application, or the first intent of the pair may be associated with a first application while the second intent of the pair may be associated with a second application. For example, a pair of intents may include a &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent and a &lt;ChangeVolume&gt; intent, where both the &lt;PlayMucic&gt; intent and the &lt;Change Volume&gt; intent correspond to a music application. For further example, a pair of intents may include a &lt;BookPlaneTicket&gt; intent and a &lt;GetWeather&gt; intent, where the &lt;BookPlaneTicket&gt; intent corresponds to a booking application and the &lt;GetWeather&gt; intent corresponds to a weather application. Pairing of the intents may also be agnostic with respect to the 1P or 3P nature of the applications associated with the intents. That is, both of the intents of a pair may be associated with one or more 1P applications, both of the intents of a pair may be associated with one or more 3P applications, or a first intent of a pair may be associated with a 1P application while the second intent of the pair is associated with a 3P application. For example, a pair of intents may include a &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent and a &lt;ChangeVolume&gt; intent, where both the &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent and the &lt;Change Volume&gt; intent are executed by a 1P application. For further example, a pair of intents may include a &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent and a &lt;ChangeVolume&gt; intent, where both the &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent and the &lt;Change Volume&gt; intent are executed by a 3P music application. For further example, a pair of intents may include a &lt;BookPlaneTicket&gt; intent and a &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent, where the &lt;BookPlaneTicket&gt; intent is executed by a 3P application and the &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent is executed by a 1P application. 
     The intent pair data may alternatively be user-specific. For example, if a user routinely invokes a &lt;ChangeVolume&gt; intent subsequent to a &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent, the system may increase the score associated with a pair of intents corresponding to these intents. Conversely, if the user rarely invokes the &lt;ChangeVolume&gt; intent subsequent to the &lt;PlayMusic&gt; intent, the system may decrease the score associated with a pair of intents correspond to these intents. 
     The content generation component  265  may also base its determinations at least in part on presently input command originating user-specific data. Each user may have a different tolerance regarding how many times additional content is output in a given period of time, what kinds of additional content are output, as well as how additional content is presented. 
     The content generation component  265  may receive user identity data  606  from the user recognition component  295 . The user identity data  606  may indicate the presently input command originating user  5 . The content generation component  265  may then receive user profile data  604  from the user profile storage  270 , with the user profile data  604  being specific to the command originating user  5 . 
     The user profile data  604  may indicate a maximum number of times the user  5  has indicated the system should output additional content in a specific period of time (e.g., twice/hour, ten (10) times/day, etc.). The maximum number of times may be irrespective to any specific application  290 , resolved entity, intent, or the like. For example, the user profile data  604  may indicate the system should output additional content a maximum of ten (10) times a day. If the content generation component  265  determines the system has output additional content to the user  5  less than ten (10) times prior to input of the present command, the content generation component  265  may generate content generation data  610  indicating additional content should be output with a response to the present command. If the content generation component  265  determines the system has already output additional content to the user  5  ten (10) times prior to input of the present command, the content generation component  265  may not generate content generation data  610 , thereby ending processing with respect to the output of additional content and thereby resulting in additional content not being output by the system. 
     The user profile data  604  may also indicate a user preference regarding how often (e.g., a frequency) additional content associated with a content type may be output in a specific amount of time. Alternatively, the user profile data  604  may indicate a user preference regarding how often additional content may be output in a specific amount of time with respect to a content type of the input command. Content types include, but are not limited to, songs, news information, videos, concert ticket offers, shopping discounts, and newly available Alexa skills. For example, a first user preference of a first user may indicate additional content corresponding to songs may be output ten (10) times a day whereas a second user preference of a second user may indicate additional content corresponding to songs may be output two (2) times a week. For further example, a first user preference of a first user may indicating additional content may be output with respect to ten (10) input commands corresponding to requests to play music in a single day whereas a second user preference of a second user may indicate additional content may be output with respect to two (2) input command corresponding to requests to play music in a single a week. 
     The user profile data  604  may also indicate a user preference regarding the times at which the command originating user  5  permits the system to provide additional content. For example, the user preference may indicate the system is permitted to output a first amount of additional content over the duration of a morning and permitted to output a second amount of additional content over the duration of an evening. The content generation component  265  may determine a time corresponding to the presently input command based on time information represented in the other data  608 . If the content generation component  265  determines the system has output additional content to the user  5  less times than that permitted (as indicated by the user preference) for the time corresponding to the present command, the content generation component  265  may generate content generation data  610 . If the content generation component  265  determines the system has already output additional content a number of permitted times (as indicated by the user preference) for the time corresponding to the present command, the content generation component  265  may not generate content generation data  610 . 
     The user profile data  604  may also indicate a user preference regarding the types of input commands with respect to which the user  5  permits, as well as does not permit, the system to output additional content. For example, the user preference may indicate the system may output additional content when the input command corresponds to a request to play music. For further example, the user preference may indicate the system may not output additional content when the input command corresponds to a request to purchase a product using a shopping application. If the content generation component  265  determines the current intent corresponds to one with respect to which the system is permitted (as indicated by the user preference) to output additional content, the content generation component  265  may generate content generation data  610 . If the content generation component  265  determines the current intent corresponds to one with respect to which the system is not permitted (as indicated by the user preference) to output additional content, the content generation component  265  may not generate content generation data  610 . 
     The user profile data  604  may also indicate various characteristics of the user  5 . The user profile data  604  may indicate an age of the user  5 , as users of different ages may be susceptible to receiving different amounts and/or kinds of additional content. The user profile data  604  may also indicate a culture of the user  5 , as users of different cultures may be susceptible to receiving different amounts and/or kinds of additional content. The user profile data  604  may also indicate a geographic region, country, or other geographic location corresponding to the user&#39;s residence, as users residing in different geographic locations may be susceptible to receiving different amounts and/or kinds of additional content. If the content generation component  265  determines the characteristics of the user  5  indicate additional content should be output, the content generation component  265  may generate content generation data  610 . If the content generation component  265  determines the characteristics of the user  5  indicate additional content should not be output, the content generation component  265  may not generate content generation data  610 . 
     The user profile data  604  may also indicate a user preference regarding resolved entities with respect to which additional content should be output. For example, the user preference may indicate the system should output additional content any time the NLU results data  485  indicates a resolved entity corresponding to a particular sports team. For further example, the user preference may indicate the system should not output additional content any time the NLU results data  485  indicates a resolved entity corresponding to a celebrity. If the content generation component  265  determines at least one resolved entity represented in the NLU results data  485  corresponds to an entity with respect to which the user preference indicates additional content should be output, the content generation component  265  may generate content generation data  610 . If the content generation component  265  determines at least one of the resolved entities represented in the NLU results data  485  corresponds to an entity with respect to which the user preference indicates additional content should not be output, the content generation component  265  may not generate content generation data  610 . 
     The other data  608  may indicate a region, country, or other geographic location of the command originating device  110 , as users interacting with devices  110  located in different geographic locations may be susceptible to receiving different amounts and/or kinds of additional content. If the content generation component  265  determines the geographic location of the command originating device  110  indicates additional content should be output, the content generation component  265  may generate content generation data  610 . If the content generation component  265  determines the geographic location of the command originating device  110  indicates additional content should not be output, the content generation component  265  may not generate content generation data  610 . 
     The other data  608  may also include information representing the command originating user&#39;s system usage history. The user&#39;s system usage history may represent data corresponding to instances of previous user input commands, ASR results, NLU results, as well as other processing results data. The content generation component  265  may determine one or more trends in the command originating user&#39;s system usage history. For example, the content generation component  265  may determine the user  5  routinely inputs a command to output weather information for a location immediately following the input of a command to book a flight to the location. The content generation component  265  may also determine whether a current context (e.g., the current ASR results, current NLU results, etc.) correspond to any of the determined trends. If the content generation component  265  determines the current context corresponds to at least one trend, the content generation component  265  may generate content generation data  610 . 
     The other data  608  may also include data representing previously provided user feedback indicating the appropriateness of previously output additional content. The other data  608  may also include social media data associated with the user, system usage history associated with the user, a history of music listened to by the user, a history of books purchased by the user, a general purchasing history of the user, a system browsing history of the user, a travel history of the user, information from the user&#39;s electronic calendar, etc. 
     The content generation component  265  may run one or more machine learned models that enable the content generation component  265  to perform the determinations described herein above. The model(s) run by the content generation component  265  may be trained and operated according to various machine learning techniques. Such techniques may include, for example, neural networks (such as deep neural networks and/or recurrent neural networks), inference engines, trained classifiers, etc. Examples of trained classifiers include Support Vector Machines (SVMs), neural networks, decision trees, AdaBoost (short for “Adaptive Boosting”) combined with decision trees, and random forests. Focusing on SVM as an example, SVM is a supervised learning model with associated learning algorithms that analyze data and recognize patterns in the data, and which are commonly used for classification and regression analysis. Given a set of training examples, each marked as belonging to one of two categories, an SVM training algorithm builds a model that assigns new examples into one category or the other, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier. More complex SVM models may be built with the training set identifying more than two categories, with the SVM determining which category is most similar to input data. An SVM model may be mapped so that the examples of the separate categories are divided by clear gaps. New examples are then mapped into that same space and predicted to belong to a category based on which side of the gaps they fall on. Classifiers may issue a “score” indicating which category the data most closely matches. The score may provide an indication of how closely the data matches the category. 
     In order to apply machine learning techniques, machine learning processes themselves need to be trained. Training a machine learning component, such as the content generation component  265 , requires establishing a “ground truth” for training examples. In machine learning, the term “ground truth” refers to the accuracy of a training set&#39;s classification for supervised learning techniques. Various techniques may be used to train the models including backpropagation, statistical learning, supervised learning, semi-supervised learning, stochastic learning, or other known techniques. 
     The model(s) run by the content generation component  265  may include application specific rules. Thus, if the NLU results data  485  are associated with a specific application, the model(s) may execute application specific rules that are only associated with the specific application. For example, the model(s) may include music application specific rules that indicate additional content should never by output when the music application is represented in NLU results data  485  since the output of the music application is long form music content. The portions of the model(s) specific to one or more applications  290  may be considered static because they may remain constant overtime. 
     The model(s) run by the content generation component  265  may also be personalized to the command originating user at runtime. That is, the model(s) may be trained to consider a variety of information and, at runtime, the content generation component  265  may run the model(s) with respect to a variety of information specific to the command originating user  5 . 
     A user may provide the system with feedback regarding the appropriateness of output additional content. Such feedback may be positive or negative. Moreover, a user may provide feedback to the system by speaking the feedback to the device  110   a,  by interacting with a touchscreen of the device  110   b,  by performing a gesture (e.g., thumbs up, thumbs down, etc.) that is captured by a camera of the device ( 110   a / 110   b ), etc. The system may train or retrain the model(s) using the feedback provided by the user so the content generation component  265  does not determine additional content should be output if the current context corresponds to a previous instance where the user provided feedback indicating the additional content was not applicable to the user or otherwise inappropriate/unnecessary from the user&#39;s perspective. 
     The content generation component  265  may compile all applicable other data  608  and user preferences indicated in the user profile data  604  into a multi-dimensional feature vector. The content generation component  265  may impose a feature vector dimension threshold to determine whether to run the machine learned model(s) or to use system default rules with respect to when additional content should be output. It will be appreciated that the more user-specific dimensions a feature vector has, the more user specific the output of the model(s) may be. It will also be appreciated that running a model(s) may be operationally intensive. Thus, the feature vector dimension threshold may be configured at a value representing a diminishing return of user-specific model(s) output. That is, if the multi-dimensional feature vector includes a number of dimensions not satisfying (e.g., falling below) the feature vector dimension threshold, the veracity of a user-specific model(s) output based on the multi-dimensional feature vector does not outweigh the operational intensity of running the model(s). 
     The system default rules for determining when additional content should be output may be configured with respect to a default user. For example, the system default rules may be based on the culture of a default user, the geographic location (e.g., country, region, etc.) of a default user, the maximum number of time a default user would permit the system to output additional content in a specific period of time, etc. 
     If the content generation component  265  generates content generation data  610  indicating additional content should be output with a response to the present command, the content generation component  265  sends the content generation data  610  to a contention generation application  290   a  configured to determine additional content associated with but not directly responsive to the current command. The content generation data  610  may include at least a portion of the NLU results data  485 , and optionally at least a portion of the user profile data  604  and/or at least a portion of the other data  608 . 
     The content generation data  610  may indicate a specific application that should be solicited for additional information. As described above, an application may provide the server(s)  120  with data indicating that any time the NLU results data  485  indicate a particular intent, the content generation component  265  should solicit the application  290  as to whether the application  290  has additional content that may be output. When the content generation component  265  determines the NLU results data  485  indicate the particular intent, the content generation data  610  may include an indication that the content generation application  290   a  should solicit the specific application for additional content associated with one or more resolved entities represented in the NLU results data  485 . 
     The content generation application  290   a  may determine an application  290   b  from which to receive additional content data from based on the NLU results data  485 . For example, the content generation application  290   a  may determine the NLU results data  485  include a &lt;PlayMusic&gt;intent and a resolved artist of “Adele.” Based thereon, the content generation application  290   a  may determine a concert booking application from which to receive additional content data from. 
     The content generation application  290   a  (or the orchestrator component  230 ) may send the application  290   b  additional content request data  612  indicating at least a portion of the resolved entities represented in the NLU results data  485  that the application  290   b  may need to determine additional content. The system may determine first output data responsive to the input command prior to determining the application  290   b  from which to receive additional content. Alternatively, the system may determine the application  290   b  from which to receive additional content after determining the NLU results data  485  but prior to receiving first output data. 
     The application  290   b  provides the content generation application  290   a  with additional content data  614  corresponding to additional content associated with but not directly responsive to the input command. The content generation application  290   a  then causes a device  110  to output additional content corresponding to the additional content data  614  to the user  5 . The additional content may be output as TTS synthesized speech, displayed text, etc. 
     In some instances, the application  290   b  may be unable to determine additional content. The application  290   b  may provide the content generation application  290   a  with an indication of such, in which case the contention generation application  290   a  may indicate same to the orchestrator component  230 . In response, the orchestrator component  230  may simply cause a device  110  to output content directly responsive to the command to the user  5 . 
     The content generation data  610  may indicate a modality that additional content should be output in. The modality the additional content should be output in may be represented in the user profile data  604  input to the content generation component  265 . For example, the user profile data  604  may indicate a user preference indicating that the user  5  prefers the system output additional visual content over additional audio content. In such a case, the additional content request data  612  may include a request for image data or video data if such can be obtained or generated by the application  290   b.    
     The content generation component  265  may determine whether additional content should be output while content responsive to an input command is output by the system. The device ( 110   a / 110   b ) may receive a command to cease output of the content responsive to the command while the content is be output. For example, while a song is being output, a user may say “Alexa, cancel.” The device ( 110   a / 110   b ) sends input data representing the user&#39;s cease output command to the server(s)  120 . 
     The server(s)  120  processes the input data (e.g., by performing ASR and/or NLU) to determine an intent to cease output of the content. The content generation component  265  then determines additional content should not be output based on the intent to cease output of the original content. 
     The device ( 110   a / 110   b ) may alternatively receive a command to decrease output of additional content while content responsive to a command is being output. For example, while plane ticket booking information is being output, a user may say “Alexa, only output additional content 3 times a week.” 
     The server(s)  120  processes the input data to determine an intent to decrease or otherwise alter a frequency at which additional content should be output. The content generation component  265  then determines a frequency at which additional content was output prior to receiving the current command. If the frequency at which additional content was output is equal to or greater than the decreased or otherwise altered frequency, the content generation component  265  determines to not output additional content. If the frequency at which additional content was output is less than the decreased or otherwise altered frequency, the content generation component  265  may determine to output additional content using the teachings disclosed herein. 
       FIGS.  7 A through  7 C  illustrate the output of additional content to a user  5 . The device  110   a  receives ( 702 ) input audio corresponding to an utterance, generates ( 704 ) input audio data corresponding to the input audio, and sends ( 706 ) the input audio data to the server(s)  120 . 
     The server(s)  120  performs ( 130 ) performs ASR on the input audio data to generate input text data. The server(s)  120  then performs ( 132 ) NLU on the input text data to determine a command. The server(s)  120  may send ( 708 ) a signal requesting first output data responsive to the command to an application server(s)  125   a  associated with the command. The signal may include NLU results data that may be processed by the application server(s)  125   a.  The server(s)  120  receives ( 710 ) first output data corresponding to first output content responsive to the command from the application server(s)  125   a.  The server(s)  120  sends ( 712 ) the first output data to the device  110   a.  Thereafter, the device  110   a  outputs ( 714 ) first content corresponding to the first output data. 
     The server(s)  120  also determines ( 138 ), based on context data, whether additional content should be output, as described in detail herein above. The server(s)  120  may also determine ( 715 ) whether an applicable user-specific maximum frequency threshold has been exceeded. If the server(s)  120  determines additional content should be output and if the server(s)  120  determines an applicable maximum frequency threshold has not been exceeded, the server(s)  120  determines ( 140 ) second output data corresponding to additional content associated with but not directly responsive to the command. The server(s)  120  may send ( 716 ) a signal requesting second output data corresponding to additional content to an application server(s)  125   b.  The signal may include NLU results data that may be processed by the application server(s)  125   b.  The NLU results data sent to the application server(s)  125   b  may be generated using NLU components (e.g., an NER component and an IC component) trained with respect to the application server(s)  125   b.  The NLU results data sent to the application server(s)  125   a  and the NLU results data sent to the application server(s)  125   b  may be different. The server(s)  120  receives ( 717 ) second output data corresponding to additional content from the application server(s)  125   b.  The server(s)  120  sends ( 718 ) the second output data to the device  110   a.  Thereafter, the device  110   a  outputs ( 720 ) second content corresponding to the second output data. The second content may be TTS synthesized speech, a displayed image, a displayed video, displayed text, etc. 
     The server(s)  120  may send the first output data to the device  110   a  prior to sending the second output data to the device  110   a.  Alternatively, the steps of  FIGS.  7 A- 7 C  may be performed in a manner that enables the server(s)  120  to send the first output data and the second output data at or substantially at the same time. 
     The device  110   a  may output the content directly responsive to the command prior to outputting the additional content. Alternatively, the device  110   a  may output the additional content prior to outputting the content directly responsive to the command. 
       FIG.  8    is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a user device  110  that may be used with the system.  FIG.  9    is a block diagram conceptually illustrating example components of a remote device, such as the server(s)  120 , which may assist with ASR processing, NLU processing, or command processing. Multiple servers  120  may be included in the system, such as one or more servers  120  for performing ASR processing, one or more servers  120  for performing NLU processing, etc. In operation, each of these devices (or groups of devices) may include computer-readable and computer-executable instructions that reside on the respective device ( 110 / 120 ), as will be discussed further below. 
     Each of these devices ( 110 / 120 ) may include one or more controllers/processors ( 804 / 904 ), which may each include a central processing unit (CPU) for processing data and computer-readable instructions, and a memory ( 806 / 906 ) for storing data and instructions of the respective device. The memories ( 806 / 906 ) may individually include volatile random access memory (RAM), non-volatile read only memory (ROM), non-volatile magnetoresistive memory (MRAM), and/or other types of memory. Each device ( 110 / 120 ) may also include a data storage component ( 808 / 908 ) for storing data and controller/processor-executable instructions. Each data storage component ( 808 / 908 ) may individually include one or more non-volatile storage types such as magnetic storage, optical storage, solid-state storage, etc. Each device ( 110 / 120 ) may also be connected to removable or external non-volatile memory and/or storage (such as a removable memory card, memory key drive, networked storage, etc.) through respective input/output device interfaces ( 802 / 902 ). 
     Computer instructions for operating each device ( 110 / 120 ) and its various components may be executed by the respective device&#39;s controller(s)/processor(s) ( 804 / 904 ), using the memory ( 806 / 906 ) as temporary “working” storage at runtime. A device&#39;s computer instructions may be stored in a non-transitory manner in non-volatile memory ( 806 / 906 ), storage ( 808 / 908 ), or an external device(s). Alternatively, some or all of the executable instructions may be embedded in hardware or firmware on the respective device in addition to or instead of software. 
     Each device ( 110 / 120 ) includes input/output device interfaces ( 802 / 802 ). A variety of components may be connected through the input/output device interfaces ( 802 / 902 ), as will be discussed further below. Additionally, each device ( 110 / 120 ) may include an address/data bus ( 824 / 924 ) for conveying data among components of the respective device. Each component within a device ( 110 / 120 ) may also be directly connected to other components in addition to (or instead of) being connected to other components across the bus ( 824 / 924 ). 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , the device  110  may include input/output device interfaces  802  that connect to a variety of components such as an audio output component such as a speaker  812 , a wired headset or a wireless headset (not illustrated), or other component capable of outputting audio. The device  110  may also include an audio capture component. The audio capture component may be, for example, a microphone  820  or array of microphones, a wired headset or a wireless headset (not illustrated), etc. If an array of microphones is included, approximate distance to a sound&#39;s point of origin may be determined by acoustic localization based on time and amplitude differences between sounds captured by different microphones of the array. The device  110  may additionally include a display  816  for displaying content. 
     Via antenna(s)  814 , the input/output device interfaces  802  may connect to one or more networks  199  via a wireless local area network (WLAN) (such as WiFi) radio, Bluetooth, and/or wireless network radio, such as a radio capable of communication with a wireless communication network such as a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, WiMAX network, 3G network, 4G network, 5G network, etc. A wired connection such as Ethernet may also be supported. Through the network(s)  199 , the system  100  may be distributed across a networked environment. The I/O device interface ( 802 / 902 ) may also include communication components that allow data to be exchanged between devices such as different physical servers in a collection of servers or other components. 
     The components of the device(s)  110  and the server(s)  120  may include their own dedicated processors, memory, and/or storage. Alternatively, one or more of the components of the device(s)  110  and the server(s)  120  may utilize the I/O interfaces ( 802 / 902 ), processor(s) ( 804 / 904 ), memory ( 806 / 906 ), and/or storage ( 808 / 908 ) of the device(s)  110  and server(s)  120 , respectively. Thus, the ASR component  250  may have its own I/O interface(s), processor(s), memory, and/or storage; the NLU component  260  may have its own I/O interface(s), processor(s), memory, and/or storage; and so forth for the various components discussed herein. 
     As noted above, multiple devices may be employed in a single system. In such a multi-device system, each of the devices may include different components for performing different aspects of the system&#39;s processing. The multiple devices may include overlapping components. The components of the device  110  and the server(s)  120 , as described herein, are exemplary, and may be located as a stand-alone device or may be included, in whole or in part, as a component of a larger device or system. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  10   , multiple devices ( 110   a - 110   g,    120 ,  125 ) may contain components of the system and the devices may be connected over a network(s)  199 . The network(s)  199  may include a local or private network or may include a wide network such as the Internet. Devices may be connected to the network(s)  199  through either wired or wireless connections. For example, a speech-detection device  110   a,  a smart phone  110   b,  a smart watch  110   c,  a tablet computer  110   d,  a vehicle  110   e,  a display device  110   f,  and/or a smart TV  110   g  may be connected to the network(s)  199  through a wireless service provider, over a WiFi or cellular network connection, or the like. Other devices are included as network-connected support devices, such as the server(s)  120 , application server(s)  125 , or others. The support devices may connect to the network(s)  199  through a wired connection or wireless connection. Networked devices may capture audio using one-or-more built-in or connected microphones or other audio capture devices, with processing performed by ASR components, NLU components, or other components of the same device or another device connected via the network(s)  199 , such as the ASR component  250 , the NLU component  260 , etc. of one or more servers  120 . 
     The concepts disclosed herein may be applied within a number of different devices and computer systems, including, for example, general-purpose computing systems, speech processing systems, and distributed computing environments. 
     The above aspects of the present disclosure are meant to be illustrative. They were chosen to explain the principles and application of the disclosure and are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Many modifications and variations of the disclosed aspects may be apparent to those of skill in the art. Persons having ordinary skill in the field of computers and speech processing should recognize that components and process steps described herein may be interchangeable with other components or steps, or combinations of components or steps, and still achieve the benefits and advantages of the present disclosure. Moreover, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art, that the disclosure may be practiced without some or all of the specific details and steps disclosed herein. 
     Aspects of the disclosed system may be implemented as a computer method or as an article of manufacture such as a memory device or non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer readable storage medium may be readable by a computer and may comprise instructions for causing a computer or other device to perform processes described in the present disclosure. The computer readable storage medium may be implemented by a volatile computer memory, non-volatile computer memory, hard drive, solid-state memory, flash drive, removable disk, and/or other media. In addition, components of system may be implemented as in firmware or hardware, such as an acoustic front end (AFE), which comprises, among other things, analog and/or digital filters (e.g., filters configured as firmware to a digital signal processor (DSP)). 
     Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without other input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term “or” is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. 
     Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is understood with the context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either X, Y, or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y, and/or Z). Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and should not, imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, or at least one of Z to each be present. 
     As used in this disclosure, the term “a” or “one” may include one or more items unless specifically stated otherwise. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based at least in part on” unless specifically stated otherwise.