Patent Publication Number: US-2020276026-A1

Title: Joint arthroplasty systems, methods and components

Description:
FIELD 
     The disclosure relates generally to surgical implant systems, methods, and components. More particularly, the disclosure relates to joint arthroplasty systems, methods, and components. Particular embodiments described herein can be used to modify the subtalar joint (e.g., posterior facet of the subtalar joint), calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, and any other suitable joint. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The subtalar joint is a joint in the foot formed between the talus and calcaneus and it serves several important roles in human gait. For example, the subtalar joint allows for inversion and eversion of the rear portion of the foot about the lengthwise axis of the foot and abduction and adduction relative to the vertical axis of the tibia. In addition, the subtalar joint allows both pronation and supination to occur and serves to translate rotation of the foot to the tibia and vice versa. The subtalar joint is composed of three articulating facets between the talus and the calcaneus: the anterior, middle, and posterior facets. The anterior and middle facets produce a gliding motion whereas the posterior facet produces a complex triaxial movement due to its saddle shape. 
     Commonly, inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, affects the subtalar joint and requires treatment. Rheumatoid arthritis is known to destroy the subtalar joint through synovitis and, in some cases, directly damages the cartilage in the joint or the tendons around the ankle. In addition to inflammatory arthritis, other afflictions can also affect the subtalar joint, such as eccentric forces that act on the subtalar joint and erode the joint causing pain and discomfort. 
     Various forms of treatment can be used to treat the afflictions that affect the subtalar joint. For example, various non-operative treatments, such as activity modification, weight-loss, prescription shoes, and/or medication can be used. Alternatively, when non-operative treatments are not successful at providing adequate treatment, operative treatments can be used, such as arthrodesis—the fusing of the talus to the calcaneus. Arthrodesis is generally accomplished by removing any remnants of cartilage from the subtalar joint and placing screws and/or bone grafts across the subtalar joint. This treatment, however, presents several disadvantages. For example, it permanently fixes the talus to the calcaneus, eliminating movement between these bones, and sometimes results in pain and discomfort requiring the performance of subsequent procedures to address these issues. 
     Therefore, a need exists for improved surgical implant systems, methods, and components for use in joint arthroplasty. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various exemplary implant systems, methods, and components are described herein. 
     A first exemplary implant system for use in a joint arthroplasty comprises a first implant component, a second implant component, and an insert. The first implant component has a first implant proximal end, a first implant distal end, and a first implant body. The first implant body defines a substantially flat first implant surface, a substantially concave first articulating surface opposably facing the first implant surface, a first implant protuberance, and a passageway. The first implant protuberance extends outward and away from the first implant surface and toward the first implant distal end from a first implant protuberance first end to a first implant protuberance second end. The passageway extends from a first opening defined on the first implant proximal end to a second opening defined on the first implant protuberance second end. The second implant component has a second implant proximal end, a second implant distal end, and a second implant body. The second implant body defines a substantially flat second implant surface, a recess that extends into the second implant body from a side opposably facing the second implant surface to a recess base, a second implant protuberance, and a passageway. The second implant protuberance extends outward and away from the second implant surface and toward the second implant distal end from a second implant protuberance first end to a second implant protuberance second end. The passageway extends from a first opening defined on the recess base to a second opening defined on the second implant protuberance second end. The insert is adapted to be releasably attached to the second implant component and has an insert articulating surface that is substantially convex and adapted to articulate with the first articulating surface. 
     A second exemplary implant system for use in a joint arthroplasty comprises a first implant component, a second implant component, and an insert. The first implant component has a first implant proximal end, a first implant distal end, and a first implant body. The first implant body defines a substantially flat first implant surface, a substantially concave first articulating surface opposably facing the first implant surface, a first implant protuberance, and a passageway. The first implant protuberance extends outward and away from the first implant surface and toward the first implant distal end from a first implant protuberance first end to a first implant protuberance second end. The passageway extends from a first opening defined on the first implant proximal end to a second opening defined on the first implant protuberance second end. The second implant component has a second implant proximal end, a second implant distal end, and a second implant body. The second implant body defines a substantially flat second implant surface, a recess, a second implant protuberance, and a passageway. The recess extends into the second implant body from a side opposably facing the second implant surface to a recess base and from the second implant proximal end toward the second implant distal end. The second implant protuberance extends outward and away from the second implant surface and toward the second implant distal end from a second implant protuberance first end to a second implant protuberance second end. The passageway extends from a first opening defined on the recess base to a second opening defined on the second implant protuberance second end. The recess has a recess first portion that extends from the recess base and away from the second implant surface and a recess second portion that extends from the recess first portion and away from the second implant surface. The insert is adapted to be releasably attached to the second implant component and has an insert articulating surface that is substantially convex and adapted to articulate with the first articulating surface. 
     A third exemplary implant system for use in a joint arthroplasty comprises a first implant component, a second implant component, and an insert. The first implant component has a first implant proximal end, a first implant distal end, and a first implant body. The first implant body defines a substantially flat first implant surface, a substantially concave first articulating surface opposably facing the first implant surface, a first implant protuberance, and a passageway. The first implant protuberance extends outward and away from the first implant surface and toward the first implant distal end from a first implant protuberance first end to a first implant protuberance second end. The passageway extends from a first opening defined on the first implant proximal end to a second opening defined on the first implant protuberance second end. The second implant component has a second implant proximal end, a second implant distal end, and a second implant body. The second implant body defines a substantially flat second implant surface, a recess, a second implant protuberance, and a passageway. The recess extends into the second implant body from a side opposably facing the second implant surface to a recess base and from the second implant proximal end toward the second implant distal end. The second implant protuberance extends outward and away from the second implant surface and toward the second implant distal end from a second implant protuberance first end to a second implant protuberance second end. The passageway extends from a first opening defined on the recess base to a second opening defined on the second implant protuberance second end. The recess has a recess first portion that extends from the recess base and away from the second implant surface and a recess second portion that extends from the recess first portion and away from the second implant surface. The insert is adapted to be releasably attached to the second implant component and has an insert articulating surface that is substantially convex and adapted to articulate with the first articulating surface. The recess first portion has a recess first portion width along the second implant proximal end and the recess second portion has a recess second portion width along the second implant proximal end. The recess first portion width is different than the recess second portion width. 
     Additional understanding of the exemplary surgical implant systems, methods, and components can be obtained by review of the detailed description, below, and the appended drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a lateral view of an exemplary human foot highlighting the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 2  is a magnified view of the area indicated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a first exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of the first exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 3 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 5  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a second exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of the second exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 7 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 9  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 10  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view of a third exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 12  is a perspective view of the third exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 11 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 13  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 14  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 15  is a perspective view of a fourth exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 16  is a perspective view of the fourth exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 15 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 17  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 16 . 
         FIG. 18  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 16 . 
         FIG. 19  is a perspective view of a fifth exemplary implant system with the insert partially disposed in the second implant component. 
         FIG. 20  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 19 . 
         FIG. 21  is a magnified view of the area indicated in  FIG. 20 . 
         FIG. 22  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 19 . 
         FIG. 23  is a perspective view of a sixth exemplary implant system with the insert partially disposed in the second implant component. 
         FIG. 24  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 25  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 26  is a perspective view of a seventh exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 27  is a perspective view of the seventh exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 26 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 28  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 27 . 
         FIG. 29  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 27 . 
         FIG. 30  is a perspective view of an eighth exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 31  is a perspective view of the eighth exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 30 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 32  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 31 . 
         FIG. 33  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 31 . 
         FIG. 34  is a perspective view of a ninth exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 35  is a perspective view of the ninth exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 34 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 36  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 35 . 
         FIG. 37  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 35 . 
         FIG. 38  is a perspective view of a tenth exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 39  is a perspective view of the tenth exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 38 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 40  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 39 . 
         FIG. 41  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 39 . 
         FIG. 42  is a perspective view of an eleventh exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 43  is a perspective view of the eleventh exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 42 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 44  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 43 . 
         FIG. 45  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 43 . 
         FIG. 46  is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method of treatment. 
         FIG. 47  is a flowchart representation of a second exemplary method of treatment. 
         FIG. 48  is a flowchart representation of a third exemplary method of treatment. 
         FIG. 49  is a flowchart representation of a fourth exemplary method of treatment. 
         FIG. 50  is a perspective view of a twelfth exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 51  is a perspective view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 50 , free of the subtalar joint, with the insert partially disposed in the second implant component. 
         FIG. 52  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 51 . 
         FIG. 53  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 51 . 
         FIG. 54  is a perspective view of a thirteenth exemplary implant system disposed in the subtalar joint of a human foot. 
         FIG. 55  is a perspective view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 54 , free of the subtalar joint. 
         FIG. 56  is an exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 54 . 
         FIG. 57  is another exploded view of the exemplary implant system illustrated in  FIG. 54 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description and the appended drawings describe and illustrate various exemplary surgical implant systems, methods, and components. The description and drawings are exemplary in nature and are provided to enable one skilled in the art to make and use one or more exemplary surgical implant systems and/or components, and/or practice one or more exemplary methods. They are not intended to limit the scope of the claims in any manner. 
     The use of “e.g.,” “etc.,” “for instance,” “in example,” and “or” and grammatically related terms indicates non-exclusive alternatives without limitation, unless otherwise noted. The use of “optionally” and grammatically related terms means that the subsequently described element, event, feature, or circumstance may or may not be present/occur, and that the description includes instances where said element, event, feature, or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. The use of “exemplary” refers to “an example of” and is not intended to convey a meaning of an ideal or preferred embodiment. The use of “attached” and grammatically related terms refers to the fixed, releasable, or integrated association of two or more elements and/or devices. Thus, the term “attached” and grammatically related terms includes releasably attaching or fixedly attaching two or more elements and/or devices. As used herein, the terms “proximal” and “distal” are used to describe opposing axial ends of the particular elements or features being described. 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  illustrate an exemplary human foot  10  comprising a talus  12 , calcaneus  14 , and subtalar joint  16 . The posterior facet  18  of the subtalar joint  16  is formed by a concave, or substantially concave, surface  20  on the talus  12  and a convex, or substantially convex, surface  22  on the calcaneus  14 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     While the systems, methods, and components described herein are exemplified by systems and methods for modifying the posterior facet of the subtalar joint in a human foot, the systems, methods, and components described and illustrated herein can by used to treat any suitable ailment or joint within the body of an animal, including, but not limited to, humans. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable ailment and/or joint within the body of an animal to utilize a system and/or method described herein according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the type of ailment and/or the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example joints considered suitable to utilize a system, method, and/or component described herein include, but are not limited to, the subtalar joint, the talonavicular joint, and the calcaneocuboid joint. 
       FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6  illustrate an exemplary surgical implant system  100  comprising a first implant component  102 , a second implant component  104 , and an insert  106 . First implant component  102  is adapted to be attached to the talus  12  and second implant component  104  is adapted to be attached to the calcaneus  14 . 
     First implant component  102  and second implant component  104  can be formed of any suitable material, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable material to form a first implant component and/or second implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at an implant site and/or the material forming the insert of an implant system. Example materials considered suitable to form a first implant component and/or second implant component include, but are not limited to, biocompatible materials, materials that can be made biocompatible, ceramics, polymers, polyethylene, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), metals, tantalum, titanium (Ti), and cobalt alloys (e.g., cobalt-chromium (CoCr), cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo)). It is considered advantageous to form a first implant component and/or second implant component of titanium or ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) at least because these materials have properties that limit adverse reactions after being implanted and have high wearability. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, first implant component  102  comprises a first implant proximal end  108 , first implant distal end  110 , first implant body  112 , and a plurality of first implant projections  114 . 
     First implant body  112  defines a convex, or substantially convex, first implant surface  116  and an opposably facing, or substantially opposably facing, concave, or substantially concave, first articulating surface  118 . Each of the first implant surface  116  and first articulating surface  118  has a radius of curvature that extends from the first implant proximal end  108  to the first implant distal end  110 . First implant surface  116  is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted and first articulating surface  118  is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted, such that articulation between articulating surface  118  and insert  106  can be accomplished, as described in more detail herein. 
     While first implant surface  116  has been described as convex, or substantially convex, and first articulating surface  118  has been described as concave, or substantially concave, the first implant surface and/or first articulating surface of a first implant component can have any suitable structural arrangement. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable structural arrangement for the first implant surface and/or first articulating surface of a first implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. Example structural arrangements considered suitable for the first implant surface and/or first articulating surface of a first implant component include, but are not limited to, curved, nonuniform, uniform, flat, substantially flat, concave, substantially concave, convex, substantially convex, and any other structural arrangement considered suitable for a particular application. 
     First implant surface  116  and first articulating surface  118  can have any suitable radius of curvature and first implant component can have any suitable dimensions, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable radius of curvature for an implant surface and first articulating surface of a first implant component and/or suitable dimensions for a first implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. For example, one or more first implant components can be provided in a kit such that one, two, at least two, or a plurality of the implant components has/have a different radius of curvature on an implant surface and/or first articulating surface and/or different dimensions. It is considered advantageous to provide a variety of differently sized first implant components at least because this provides a mechanism for matching a first implant component with the anatomy at an implant site. It is considered advantageous for a first implant component to have a thickness that is able to withstand the forces placed on the first implant component and/or an implant site (e.g., subtalar joint) during use (e.g., walking, running) and prevent, or substantially prevent, fracture of and/or damage to the first implant component. 
     While each of the first implant surface  116  and first articulating surface  118  has been described as having a radius of curvature that extends from the first implant proximal end  108  to the first implant distal end  110 , the first implant body of a first implant component can define a radius of curvature along any suitable length of a surface. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable length to define a radius of curvature on a surface according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural configuration at an implant site. Example lengths considered suitable to define a radius of curvature on the surface of a first implant component include, but are not limited to, from the first implant proximal end to the first implant distal end of a first implant component, from a location distal to the first implant proximal end to the first implant distal end of a first implant component, between the first implant proximal end and the first implant distal end of a first implant component, and from the first implant proximal end to a location proximal to the first implant distal end of a first implant component. 
     While first implant surface  116  has been described as smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted, the first implant surface of a first implant component can comprise any suitable texture, roughness, and/or porosity and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable texture, roughness, and/or porosity for the first implant surface of a first implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the desired amount of bone ingrowth desired between a first implant component and the bone at an implant site. For example, alternative to first implant surface comprising a smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted surface, the first implant surface of a first implant component can comprise a porous, or substantially porous, surface. It is considered advantageous for the first implant surface of a first implant component to have a porous, or substantially porous, surface to increase the amount of bone ingrowth between a first implant component and the bone at an implant site. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  has a first implant projection proximal end  120 , first implant projection distal end  122 , and extends outward and away, or radially outward, from first implant surface  116  at a 90 degree, or substantially 90 degree, angle from a first implant projection first end  124  to a first implant projection second end  126 . Each projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  is elongated, is disposed between first implant proximal end  108  and first implant distal end  110 , and defines a serrated first implant projection second end  126 . It is considered advantageous for each projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  to define a serrated first implant projection second end  126  at least because this structural configuration provides a mechanism for increasing the amount of attachment between first implant component  102  and the surface at an implant site. 
     The serrated first implant projection second end  126  of each projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  is configured such that it has a plurality of projection declining surfaces  127 . Each projection declining surface of the plurality of projection declining surfaces  127  extends from a first end  127 ′ toward first implant distal end  110  to a second end  127 ″. The first end  127 ′ is disposed a first projection distance from first implant surface  116  and the second end  127 ″ is disposed a second projection distance from first implant surface  116 . The first projection distance is greater than the second projection distance. This configuration is considered advantageous at least because it provides a mechanism for reducing the complexity of implanting first implant component  102  at an implant site while also preventing, or substantially preventing, first implant component  102  from becoming loose after being implanted. For example, during implantation, first implant component  102  can be introduced at in implant site without the serrated first implant projection second end  126  of each projection of the plurality of projections  114  increasing resistance, or substantially increasing resistance. In addition, after implantation, the serrated first implant projection second end  126  of each projection of the plurality of projections  114  will be forced into the treatment site upon the application of force on first articulating surface  118  and/or toward first implant proximal end  108 . 
     While each projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  has been illustrated and described as disposed between the first implant proximal end  108  and first implant distal end  110 , a projection can be positioned at any suitable location on the implant component and can extend any suitable length along the implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable location to position a projection on an implant component and a suitable length for a projection according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement of the desired implant site. Example positions and lengths considered suitable for a projection of an implant component include, but are not limited to, a projection that is disposed on the implant surface of an implant component and extends from the first implant proximal end to the first implant distal end, a projection that is disposed on the implant surface of an implant component and extends from the first implant proximal end to a location proximal to the first implant distal end, a projection that is disposed on the implant surface of an implant component and extends between the first implant proximal end and the first implant distal end, and a projection that is disposed on the implant surface of an implant component and extends from a location between the first implant proximal end and the first implant distal end to the first implant distal end. 
     While a plurality of first implant projections  114  has been described and illustrated, any suitable number of projections can be included on a first implant component, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable number of projections for inclusion on a first implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. Example number of projections considered suitable to include on a first implant component include, but are not limited to, one, at least one, two, three, four, five, a plurality, and any other number considered suitable for a particular application. If more than one implant projection is included on a first implant component, the implant projections can be disposed on a first implant surface in any suitable structural configuration. For example, the implant projections can be disposed linearly between a first implant proximal end and a first implant distal end and/or staggered between a first implant proximal end and a first implant distal end. 
     While the first implant projection second end  126  of each projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  has been described and illustrated as serrated, the first implant projection second end of a projection can have any suitable structural configuration. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable structural configuration for the first implant projection second end of a projection according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement of a desired implant site. Example structural configurations considered suitable for the first implant projection second end of a projection include, but are not limited to, tapered, pointed, smooth, substantially smooth, porous, substantially porous, serrated, serrated having one or more identical teeth, serrated having a first tooth and a second tooth with a different structural configuration, serrated having at least two teeth with different structural configurations, serrated having a first set of teeth with a first configuration and a second set of teeth with a second structural configuration different than the first structural configuration, and any other structural configuration considered suitable for a particular application. For example, a projection declining surface of the plurality of projection declining surfaces  127  and/or any other portion of a first implant projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  can include one or more cavities or comprise a porous, or substantially porous, surface to allow for bone ingrowth. Example structural configurations for a tooth of a serrated first implant projection second end include, but are not limited to, triangular, square, circular, curved, and any other structural configuration considered suitable for a particular application. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, second implant component  104  comprises a second implant proximal end  130 , second implant distal end  132 , second implant body  134 , and a plurality of second implant projections  136 . 
     Second implant body  134  defines a concave, or substantially concave, second implant surface  138 , recess  139 , and a plurality of recess projections  140 . Second implant surface  138  is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted and has a radius of curvature that extends from the second implant proximal end  130  to the second implant distal end  132 . 
     Recess  139  is adapted to receive a portion, or the entirety, of insert  106 , as described in more detail herein. Recess  139  has a recess length  141 , recess base  142 , recess distal end  143 , recess first portion  144 , and a recess second portion  146 . Recess  139  extends into second implant body  134  from a side opposably facing second implant surface  138  to recess base  142  and from the second implant proximal end  130  toward the second implant distal end  132  to recess distal end  143  disposed between second implant proximal end  130  and second implant distal end  132 . Recess length  141  extends from the second implant proximal end  130  toward the second implant distal end  132  to recess distal end  143 . 
     Each projection of the plurality of recess projections  140  extends into recess  139  along a portion, or the entirety, of recess length  141  and has a tapered edge that is adapted to interact with a portion of insert  106  to releasably attach insert  106  to second implant component  104 . Recess base  142  is opposably facing, or substantially opposably facing, second implant surface  138 , is convex, or substantially convex, and is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted. Recess base  142  has a radius of curvature that extends from the second implant proximal end  130  to recess distal end  143 . Recess first portion  144  extends from recess base  142  and away from the second implant surface  138  to the plurality of recess projections  140  and has a recess first portion width  145  along the second implant proximal end  130 . Recess second portion  146  extends from the recess first portion  144  and away from the second implant surface  138  and has a recess second portion width  147  along the second implant proximal end  130  that is measured from a first recess projection of the plurality of recess projections  140  to a second recess projection of the plurality of recess projections  140 . The recess first portion width  145  is different than the recess second portion width  147 . In the illustrated embodiment, recess first portion width  145  is greater than the recess second portion width  147 . However, recess first portion width  145  can have any suitable width. Example widths considered suitable for a recess first portion width include, but are not limited to, equal to, substantially equal to, greater than, or less than, a recess second portion width. 
     While second implant surface  138  has been described as concave, or substantially concave, and recess base  142  has been described as convex, or substantially convex, the second implant surface and recess base of a second implant component can have any suitable structural arrangement. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable structural arrangement for the second implant surface and/or recess base of a second implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site and/or the structural arrangement of the insert of an implant system. Example structural arrangements considered suitable for the second implant surface and/or recess base of a second implant component include, but are not limited to, curved, nonuniform, uniform, flat, substantially flat, convex, substantially convex, concave, substantially concave, and any other structural arrangement considered suitable for a particular application. 
     Second implant surface  138  and recess base  142  can have any suitable radius of curvature and second implant component can have any suitable dimensions, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable radius of curvature for an implant surface and recess base of a second implant component and/or suitable dimensions for a second implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. For example, one or more second implant components can be provided in a kit such that one, two, at least two, or a plurality of the implant components has/have a different radius of curvature on an implant surface and/or recess base and/or different dimensions. It is considered advantageous to provide a variety of differently sized second implant components at least because this provides a mechanism for matching a second implant component with the anatomy at an implant site. It is considered advantageous for a second implant component to have a thickness that is able to withstand the forces placed on the second implant component and/or an implant site (e.g., subtalar joint) during use (e.g., walking, running) and prevent, or substantially prevent, fracture of and/or damage to the second implant component. 
     While second implant surface  138  has been described as having a radius of curvature that extends from the second implant proximal end  130  to the second implant distal end  132  and recess base  142  has been described as having a radius of curvature that extends from the second implant proximal end  130  to recess distal end  143 , the second implant body can define a radius of curvature along any suitable length of a surface. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable length to define a radius of curvature on the surface of a second implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural configuration at an implant site. Example lengths considered suitable to define a radius of curvature on the surface of a an implant component include, but are not limited to, from the second implant proximal end to the second implant distal end of a second implant component, from a location distal to the second implant proximal end to the second implant distal end of a second implant component, between the second implant proximal end and the second implant distal end of a second implant component, from the second implant proximal end to a location proximal to the second implant distal end of a second implant component, from the second implant proximal end to the recess distal end of a second implant component, from a location distal to the second implant proximal end to the recess distal end of a second implant component, between the second implant proximal end and the recess distal end of a second implant component, and from the second implant proximal end to a location proximal to the recess distal end of a second implant component. 
     While second implant surface  138  has been described as smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted, the second implant surface of a second implant component can comprise any suitable texture, roughness, and/or porosity and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable texture, roughness, and/or porosity for the second implant surface of a second implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the desired amount of bone ingrowth desired between a second implant component and the bone at an implant site. For example, alternative to second implant surface comprising a smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted surface, the second implant surface of a second implant component can comprise a porous, or substantially porous, surface. It is considered advantageous for the implant surface of a second implant component to have a porous, or substantially porous, surface to increase the amount of bone ingrowth between a second implant component and the bone at an implant site. 
     While second implant body  134  has been described as defining a recess  139  with a recess length  141 , recess first portion  144 , and a recess second portion  146  and defining a plurality of recess projections  140 , the body of an implant component can define a recess having any suitable structural arrangement to provide a mechanism for attaching an insert to an implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable structural arrangement for an implant component and/or recess of an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at an implant site and/or the structural arrangement of the insert of an implant system. For example, the body of an implant component can define a recess having only a single portion extending along a recess length that is equal to, or substantially equal to, a portion, or the entirety, of the length of the implant component (e.g., recess can extend the entire axial length of an implant component from the implant proximal end to the implant distal end). 
     While each projection of the plurality of recess projections  140  has been described and illustrated as having a tapered configuration, a recess projection can have any suitable structural configuration, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable structural configuration for a recess projection according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the material forming the insert of an implant system. Example structural arrangements considered suitable for a projection include, but are not limited to, flat, or substantially flat, tapered, curved, serrated, and any other structural arrangement considered suitable for a particular application. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  has a second implant projection proximal end  150 , second implant projection distal end  152 , and extends outward and away, or radially outward, from second implant surface  138  at a 90 degree, or substantially 90 degree, angle from a second implant projection first end  154  to a second implant projection second end  156 . Each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  is elongated, is disposed between second implant proximal end  130  and second implant distal end  132 , and defines a serrated second implant projection second end  156 . It is considered advantageous for each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  to define a serrated second implant projection second end  156  at least because this structural configuration provides a mechanism for increasing the amount of attachment between the second implant component  104  and the surface at an implant site. 
     The serrated second implant projection second end  156  of each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  is configured such that it has a plurality of projection declining surfaces  157 . Each projection declining surface of the plurality of projection declining surfaces  157  extends from a first end  157 ′ toward second implant distal end  132  to a second end  157 ″. The first end  157 ′ is disposed a first projection distance from second implant surface  138  and the second end  157 ″ is disposed a second projection distance from second implant surface  138 . The first projection distance is greater than the second projection distance. This configuration is considered advantageous at least because it provides a mechanism for reducing the complexity of implanting second implant component  104  at an implant site while also preventing, or substantially preventing, second implant component  104  from becoming loose after being implanted. For example, during implantation, second implant component  104  can be introduced at in implant site without the serrated second implant projection second end  156  of each projection of the plurality of projections  136  increasing resistance, or substantially increasing resistance. In addition, after implantation, the serrated second implant projection second end  156  of each projection of the plurality of projections  136  will be forced into the treatment site upon the application of force on second implant body  134  and/or toward second implant proximal end  130 . 
     While each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  has been illustrated and described as disposed between the second implant proximal end  130  and second implant distal end  132 , a projection can be positioned at any suitable location on an implant component and can extend any suitable length along the implant surface of the implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable location to position a projection and a suitable length for a projection according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement of the desired implant site. Example positions and lengths considered suitable for a projection include, but are not limited to, a projection that is disposed on the implant surface of an implant component and extends from the second implant proximal end to the second implant distal end, a projection that is disposed on the implant surface of an implant component and extends from the second implant proximal end to a location proximal to the second implant distal end, a projection that is disposed on the implant surface of an implant component and extends between the second implant proximal end and the second implant distal end, and a projection that is disposed on the implant surface of an implant component and extends from a location between the second implant proximal end and the second implant distal end to the second implant distal end. 
     While a plurality of second implant projections  136  has been described and illustrated, any suitable number of projections can be included on a second implant component, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable number of projections for inclusion on a second implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. Example number of projections considered suitable to include on a second implant component include, but are not limited to, one, at least one, two, three, four, five, a plurality, and any other number considered suitable for a particular application. If more than one implant projection is included on a second implant component, the implant projections can be disposed on a second implant surface in any suitable structural configuration. For example, the implant projections can be disposed linearly between a second implant proximal end and a second implant distal end and/or staggered between a second implant proximal end and a second implant distal end. 
     While the second implant projection second end  156  of each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  has been described and illustrated as serrated, the second implant projection second end of a projection can have any suitable structural configuration. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable structural configuration for the second implant projection second end of a projection according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement of the desired implant site. Example structural configurations considered suitable for the second implant projection second end of a projection include, but are not limited to, tapered, pointed, smooth, substantially smooth, porous, substantially porous, serrated, serrated having one or more identical teeth, serrated having a first tooth and a second tooth with a different structural configuration, serrated having at least two teeth with different structural configurations, serrated having a first set of teeth with a first configuration and a second set of teeth with a second structural configuration different than the first structural configuration, and any other structural configuration considered suitable for a particular application. For example, a projection declining surface of the plurality of projection declining surfaces  157  and/or any other portion of a second implant projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  can include one or more cavities or comprise a porous, or substantially porous, surface to allow for bone ingrowth. Example structural configurations for a tooth of a serrated second implant projection second end include, but are not limited to, triangular, square, circular, curved, and any other structural configuration considered suitable for a particular application. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, a first projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  is disposed parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  and a first projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  is disposed parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136 . It is considered advantageous to position a first projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  and a first projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  at least because this configuration allows for the first implant component  102  and/or second implant component  104  to be seated properly at the implant site and provides a mechanism for reducing the complexity of the implant procedure during the introduction of the first implant component  102  and/or second implant component  104 . 
     While first implant component  102  has been illustrated and described as having a first projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  being disposed parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  and second implant component  104  has been illustrated and described as having a first projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  being disposed parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second projection of the plurality of first implant projections  136 , a first projection of a plurality of implant projections can be disposed at any suitable angle to a second projection of the plurality of implant projections. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle to position a first projection of a plurality of implant projections with respect to a second projection of the plurality of implant projections, according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the number of projections disposed on a first implant component and/or the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. 
     While each implant projection of the plurality of first implant projections  114  has been illustrated and described as extending outward and away from first implant surface  116  at a 90 degree, or substantially 90 degree, angle, and each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  136  has been illustrated and described as extending outward and away from second implant surface  138  at a 90 degree, or substantially 90 degree, angle, a projection can extend outward and away from an implant surface at any suitable angle and comprise any suitable length. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle and length for a projection to extend outward and away from an implant surface of an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. Example angles considered suitable for a projection to extend outward and away from an implant surface of an implant component include, but are not limited to, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, an angle such that the projection is normal to the implant surface, an angle such that the projection is substantially normal to the implant surface, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. It is considered advantageous for a projection to extend outward and away from a first implant surface and/or second implant surface at least a length that will provide resistance to sliding after implantation and reduces interference during implantation of the component. 
     Insert  106  can be formed of any suitable material, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable material to form an insert of an implant system according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the material forming a first implant component and/or second implant component of an implant system. Example materials considered suitable to form an insert include, but are not limited to, biocompatible materials, materials that can be made biocompatible, ceramics, polymers, polyethylene, and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), metals, tantalum, titanium (Ti), and cobalt alloys (e.g., cobalt-chromium (CoCr), cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo)). It is considered advantageous to form insert  106  of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene at least because ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene can be easily machined or molded into a desired structural arrangement and has increased wearability and biocompatibility as compared to other materials. In addition, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene has decreased frictional properties (e.g., lower coefficient of friction) as compared to other materials and wear particulates are easily phagocytized when compared to particulates formed from other materials. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, insert  106  comprises an insert proximal end  160 , insert distal end  162 , and an insert body  164 . Insert  106  is adapted to be releasably attached to the second implant component  104 , as described in more detail herein. 
     Insert body  164  defines an insert base  166 , insert articulating portion  168 , insert recess  170 , and an insert shoulder  172 . Insert base  166  has an insert base surface  174  and the insert articulating portion  168  has an insert articulating surface  176 . Insert base surface  174  has a radius of curvature that extends from insert proximal end  160  to shoulder  172  and insert articulating surface  176  has a radius of curvature that extends from the insert proximal end  160  to the insert distal end  162 . Insert base surface  174  is concave, or substantially concave, and is opposably facing, or substantially opposably facing, insert articulating surface  176  which is convex, or substantially convex. Insert base surface  174  is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted, and is complementary to recess base  142  such that insert  106  is slidable along recess base  142  and releasable attachment between insert  106  and second implant component  104  can be accomplished. Insert articulating surface  176  is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted, and is complementary to first articulating surface  118  such that insert  106  can articulate with first implant component  102 . Thus, insert articulating surface  176  is adapted to articulate with first articulating surface  118 . 
     Insert base  166  has an insert base width  167  along insert proximal end  160  and insert articulating portion  168  has an insert articulating width  169  along insert proximal end  160 . Insert base width  167  is equal to, substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, recess first portion width  145 . Insert articulating width  169  is equal to, substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, recess second portion width  147 . It is considered advantageous to include an insert  106  having an insert base width  167  that is equal to, substantially equal to, or greater than, the recess first portion width  145  at least because this structural arrangement provides a mechanism for introducing insert base  166  into recess first portion  144  and provides a mechanism for achieving a friction fit between insert and second implant component  104 . It is considered advantageous to include an insert  106  having a insert articulating width  169  that is equal to, substantially equal to, or greater than, the recess second portion width  147  at least because this structural arrangement provides a mechanism for achieving a friction fit between insert  106  and second implant component  104 . Thus, each of insert base  166  and insert articulating portion  168  is adapted to interact with recess  139  (e.g., each projection of the plurality of recess projections  140 ) to create a friction fit between insert  106  and second implant component  104 . 
     Insert recess  170  extends into insert body  164  from insert distal end  162  and toward insert proximal end  160  and from insert base surface  174  toward insert articulating surface  176  to define insert shoulder  172 . Insert shoulder  172  is disposed between insert proximal end  160  and insert distal end  162  and is disposed a distance from insert proximal end  160  that is equal to, or substantially equal to, recess length  141 . Thus, insert base  166  extends from the insert proximal end  160  toward the insert distal end  162  to insert shoulder  172  a distance that is equal to, or substantially equal to, recess length  141 . Insert articulating surface  176  extends from insert proximal end  160  to insert distal end  162 . This structural arrangement is considered advantageous at least because insert shoulder  172  provides a mechanical stop to distal axial movement of insert  106  when it is being introduced into recess  139 . It is considered advantageous for insert articulating surface  176  to extend from insert proximal end  160  to insert distal end  162  at least because this structural arrangement provides additional structure distal to insert shoulder  172  and recess  139  when insert  106  is releasably attached to second implant component  104 , that can be utilized for articulation purposes. 
     Each of  FIGS. 5 and 6  illustrates an exploded view of implant system  100  and the relationship between the first implant component  102 , second implant component  104 , and insert  106 . In use, each of the first implant component  102  and second implant component  104  is adapted to be attached at a treatment site such that first articulating surface  118  and recess  139  (e.g., recess base  142 ) are facing, or substantially facing, each other. Insert  106  is releasably attached to the second implant component  104  by sliding insert base  166  into recess first portion  144  and applying a distally directed axial movement on insert  106  until insert shoulder  172 , which is adapted to interact with recess distal end  143 , contacts recess distal end  143  and prevents additional distal axial movement of insert  106 . Insert articulating surface  176  is adapted to articulate with first articulating surface  118  to provide a range of movement between the insert  106  and first implant component  102 . 
     While insert  106  has been illustrated and described as being releasably attached to an implant component that is attached to the calcaneus, the insert of an implant system can alternatively be attached to an implant component that is attached to the talus such that articulation between the insert and an implant component attached to the calcaneus can be accomplished, as described in more detail herein. 
     While insert  106  has been described as being releasably attached to second implant component  104  via friction fit between second implant component  104  and insert  106 , any suitable method of attachment between an insert and an implant component can be used. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable method of attachment between an insert and an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the materials forming the insert and/or implant component. Example methods of attachment considered suitable between an insert and an implant component include, but are not limited to, using an adhesive, welding, providing a permanent attachment, releasable attachment, fixed attachment, and any other method of attachment considered suitable for a particular application. For example, an insert can be deformed to form to the structural arrangement of an implant component and permanently attached to the implant component. In an additional example, a metal tab can be provided over the insert articulating surface and a fastener (e.g., screw) can be introduced through the tab and the insert to prevent, or substantially prevent, the insert from becoming free of an implant component after implantation. In yet another example, an insert can be attached to an implant component using a fastener (e.g., screw) that passes through a portion, or the entirety, of the insert and the implant component, and optionally to the implant site. Subsequent to implantation, a first insert is adapted to be exchanged with a second insert by removing the first insert and introducing the second insert, as described herein. 
     While insert  106  has been described as having a particular structural arrangement, the insert of an implant system can have any suitable structural arrangement that accomplishes attachment between the insert and a first implant component and provides articulation between the insert and a second implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable structural arrangement for the insert of an implant system according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement of a first implant component and/or second implant component. For example, an insert can be adapted to extend the entire length of an implant component from the implant component proximal end to the implant component distal end. 
     Insert base surface  174  and insert articulating surface  176  can have any suitable radius of curvature and insert  106  can have any suitable dimensions, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable radius of curvature for a base surface and insert articulating surface of an insert and/or suitable dimensions for an insert according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. For example, one or more inserts can be provided in a kit such that one, two, at least two, or a plurality of the inserts has/have a different radius of curvature on a base surface and/or an insert articulating surface and/or different dimensions. It is considered advantageous to provide a variety of differently sized inserts at least because this provides a mechanism for matching an insert with the anatomy of an implant site, a first implant component, and/or second implant component. 
     While the insert base surface  174  has been described as having a radius of curvature that extends from insert proximal end  160  toward the insert distal end  162  to insert shoulder  172  and insert articulating surface  176  has been described as having a radius of curvature that extends from insert proximal end  160  to insert distal end  162 , an insert body can define a radius of curvature along any suitable length of the surface of an insert. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable length to define a radius of curvature on the surface of an insert according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural configuration of an implant component. Example lengths considered suitable to define a radius of curvature on the surface of an insert include, but are not limited to, from the insert proximal end to the insert distal end, from a location distal to the insert proximal end to the insert distal end, between the insert proximal end and the insert distal end, and from the insert proximal end to a location proximal to the insert distal end. 
     Implant system  100  can be utilized in any suitable manner and in any suitable location in a body. For example, implant system  100  can be utilized in subtalar joint arthroplasty, such as to modify the posterior facet of the subtalar joint, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Implant system  100  can be implanted using any suitable method and/or approach. When modifying the posterior facet of the subtalar joint, it is considered advantageous to introduce implant system  100  using a lateral and posterior approach at least because this approach provides access to the joint and has limited, or reduced, exposure to vital structures as compared to a medial approach. 
     Alternative to first implant component  102  being adapted to be attached to the talus  12  and second implant component  104  being adapted to be attached to the calcaneus  14 , a first implant component and/or second implant component of an implant system, such as those described herein, can be attached to a talus, navicular, and/or cuboid. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable implant component to attach to a talus, navicular, and/or cuboid according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example joints considered suitable to utilize an implant system and/or implant method described herein include, but are not limited to, the subtalar joint, the talonavicular joint, and the calcaneocuboid joint. 
     Alternative to including an insert  106 , an implant system can omit the inclusion of an insert and a first implant component can articulate with a second implant component. For example, when a first implant component and a second implant component are each formed of a metal or ceramic, the first implant component can articulate with the second implant component. This can be accomplished by omitting the structure on the first implant component and/or second implant component that is configured to receive a portion, or the entirety, of an insert (e.g., recess  139 ). 
       FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10  illustrate a second exemplary surgical implant system  200 . Implant system  200  is similar to implant system  100  illustrated in  FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6 , offset by 100. Thus, implant system  200  comprises a first implant component  202 , a second implant component  204 , and an insert  206 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, first implant component  202  includes a plurality of first implant projections  214 , a first implant tab  277 , and a plurality of fasteners  278 . Each projection of the plurality of first implant projections  214  extends outward and away from the first implant surface  216  from a first implant projection first end  224  to a first implant projection second end  226 . Alternative to elongate projections  114  as illustrated in  FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6 , each projection of the plurality of projections  214  and has a circular, or substantially circular, cross section along its length from the first implant projection first end  224  to the first implant projection second end  226  and extends from the first implant surface  216  at an angle. In addition, each projection of the plurality of first implant projections  214  defines a first implant projection second end  226  that is pointed. 
     First implant tab  277  comprises a first implant tab wall  279  that defines a plurality of first implant bores  280 . First implant tab  277  extends outward and away from first implant surface  216  at an angle and along a portion of first implant proximal end  208 . Each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  280  extends through the first implant tab wall  279  from the first implant proximal end  208  toward the first implant distal end  210  at an acute angle to first implant surface  216  and is adapted to receive a portion of a fastener of the plurality of fasteners  278 . Optionally, each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  280 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of first implant tab  277 . 
     Each fastener of the plurality of fasteners  278  has a fastener first end  281  that is adapted to receive a tool used to install the fastener at an implant site and a fastener second end  282  that is threaded and adapted to be received by a pre-drilled bore at the implant site. Each fastener of the plurality of fasteners  278  is adapted to attach, or assist with attaching, an implant component at an implant site. Thus, a first fastener is disposed through a first bore defined by first implant tab wall  279  and a second fastener is disposed through a second bore defined by first implant tab wall  279 . A fastener can be disposed through each bore defined by a first implant tab wall. 
     While first implant tab  277  has been illustrated and described as extending outward and away from first implant surface  216  and along a portion of first implant proximal end  208 , the tab of an implant component can extend from any suitable portion of an implant component and along any suitable length of an implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable location to position a tab and a suitable length for a tab according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant component. Example locations considered suitable to position a tab include, but are not limited to, along the first implant proximal end of a first implant component, and on the first implant surface of a first implant component. Example lengths considered suitable for a tab include, but are not limited to, a length equal to, or substantially equal to, the length of the first implant proximal end of a first implant component, a length that is less than the length of the first implant proximal end of a first implant component, and a length that is greater than the length of the first implant proximal end of a first implant component. 
     While each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  280  has been illustrated and described as extending through the first implant tab wall  279  from the first implant proximal end  208  toward the first implant distal end  210  at an acute angle to first implant surface  216 , a bore of a first implant component can extend at any suitable angle to the first implant surface of a first implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle to define a bore according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement of an implant site. Example angles considered suitable to define a bore on the tab of a first implant component include, but are not limited to, at an angle that is acute to the first implant surface of a first implant component, at an angle that is obtuse to the first implant surface of a first implant component, and defining a bore such that it extends parallel, or substantially parallel, to the first implant surface of the a implant component. 
     While a plurality of first implant bores  280  has been illustrated and described, the wall of a tab can define any suitable number of bores having any suitable diameter, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable number of bores for inclusion in a tab and a suitable diameter for each bore according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural configuration at an implant site. Example number of bores considered suitable include, but are not limited to, one, at least one, two, three, four, a plurality, and any other number considered suitable for a particular application. An example diameter considered suitable for a bore includes, but is not limited to, a diameter that is capable of receiving a fastener. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, second implant component  204  includes a plurality of second implant projections  236 , a second implant tab  283 , and a plurality of fasteners  278 . Each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  236  extends outward and away from the second implant surface  238  from a second implant projection first end  254  to a second implant projection second end  256 . Alternative to elongate projections  136  as illustrated in  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  5 , and  6 , each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  236  has a circular, or substantially circular, cross section along its length from the second implant projection first end  254  to the second implant projection second end  256  and extends from the second implant surface  238  at an angle. In addition, each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  236  defines a second implant projection second end  256  that is pointed. 
     Second implant tab  283  comprises a second implant tab wall  284  that defines a plurality of second implant bores  285 . Second implant tab  283  extends outward and away from the second implant surface  238  away from second implant distal end  232  at an obtuse, or substantially obtuse, angle and along a portion of second implant proximal end  230 . Each bore of the plurality of second implant bores  285  extends through the second implant tab wall  284  from the second implant proximal end  230  toward the second implant distal end  232  at an acute angle to second implant surface  238  and is adapted to receive a portion of a fastener of the plurality of fasteners  278 . Optionally, each bore of the plurality of second implant bores  285 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of second implant tab  283 . A first fastener is disposed through a first bore defined by second implant tab wall  284  and a second fastener is disposed through a second bore defined by second implant tab wall  284 . A fastener can be disposed through each bore defined by a second implant tab wall. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  280  and each bore of the plurality of second implant bores  285  has a bore axis that extends through its center. Each bore axis of the plurality of first implant bores  280  is disposed on a first plane and each bore axis of the plurality of second implant bores  285  is disposed on a second plane that intersects the first plane at an angle. The first plane and second plane can intersect at any suitable angle, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle for a first plane and a second plane to intersect according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example angles considered suitable for a first plane and a second plane to intersect include, but are not limited to, an angle between about 1 degree and 90 degrees, an angle between about 90 degrees and about 180 degrees, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. Alternatively, a first plane that contains each bore axis of a plurality of first implant bores can extend parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second plane that contains each bore axis of a plurality of second implant bores. 
     While second implant tab  283  has been illustrated and described as extending outward and away from second implant surface  238  and along a portion of second implant proximal end  230 , the tab of an implant component can extend from any suitable portion of an implant component and along any suitable length of an implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable location to position a tab and a suitable length for a tab according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. Example locations considered suitable to position a tab include, but are not limited to, along the second implant proximal end of a second implant component, and on the second implant surface of a second implant component. Example lengths considered suitable for a tab include, but are not limited to, a length equal to, or substantially equal to, the length of the second implant proximal end of a second implant component, a length that is less than the length of the second implant proximal end of a second implant component, and a length that is greater than the length of the second implant proximal end of a second implant component. 
     While each bore of the plurality of second implant bores  285  has been illustrated and described as extending through the second implant tab wall  284  from the second implant proximal end  230  toward the second implant distal end  232  at an acute angle to second implant surface  238 , a bore of a second implant component can extend at any suitable angle to an implant surface of the second implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle to define a bore according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at an implant site. Example angles considered suitable to define a bore on a second implant component include, but are not limited to, at an angle that is acute to the second implant surface of a second implant component, at an angle that is obtuse to the second implant surface of a second implant component, and defining a bore such that it extends parallel, or substantially parallel, to the second implant surface of a second implant component. 
     While a plurality of second implant bores  285  have been illustrated and described, the wall of a tab can define any suitable number of bores having any suitable diameter, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable number of bores for inclusion in a tab and a suitable diameter for each bore according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural configuration at an implant site. Example number of bores considered suitable include, but are not limited to, one, at least one, two, three, four, a plurality, and any other number considered suitable for a particular application. An example diameter considered suitable for a bore includes, but is not limited to, a diameter that is capable of receiving a fastener. 
     While a plurality of fasteners  278  have been illustrated and described as providing a secondary method of attachment between the first implant component  202  and the surface at an implant site and/or the second implant component  204  and the surface at an implant site, any suitable number of fasteners and/or any suitable method of attachment can be used to attach an implant component at a desired treatment site. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable number of fasteners and/or a suitable method of attachment according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural configuration at a desired implant site. Example number of fasteners considered suitable include, but are not limited to, one, at least one, two, three, four, five, six, a plurality, and any other number considered suitable for a particular application. The number of fasteners included can be based on the number of bores defined by a first implant component and/or a second implant component. Example methods of attachment considered suitable between a first implant component and/or a second implant component and the surface at a desired treatment site include, but are not limited to, using an adhesive, plugs, screws, compression screws, locking screws, multi-angle screw, cortical screw, cancellous screw, and any other method of attachment considered suitable for a particular application. 
     Each projection of the plurality of first implant projections  214  and each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  236  can extend outward and away from an implant surface of an implant component at any suitable angle and have any suitable length. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle and length for a projection to extend outward and away from an implant surface of an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a desired implant site. Example angles considered suitable for a projection to extend outward and away from an implant surface of an implant component include, but are not limited to, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an angle less than 45 degrees, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, an angle such that the projection is normal to the implant surface, an angle such that the projection is substantially normal to the implant surface, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. It is considered advantageous for a projection to extend outward and away from a first implant surface and/or second implant surface at least a length that will provide resistance to sliding after implantation and reduces interference during implantation of the component. 
     While first implant tab  277  has been illustrated and described as extending outward and away from the first implant surface  216  at an angle and second implant tab  283  has been illustrated and described as extending outward and away from second implant surface  238  at an obtuse, or substantially obtuse, angle, an implant tab can extend outward and away from an implant surface of an implant component at any suitable angle and have any suitable length. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle and length for an implant tab to extend from an implant surface of an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement of a desired implant site. Example angles considered suitable for a tab to extend outward and away from an implant surface of an implant component include, but are not limited to, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, an angle such that the tab is normal to the first implant surface, an angle such that the tab is substantially normal to the first implant surface, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. It is considered advantageous to for first implant tab and/or second implant tab to be dimensioned such that it is adapted to accept the fastener first end of a fastener, or a plurality of fasteners, and provide material around the fastener first end of each fastener at least to prevent fatigue and/or failure. 
     Each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  280  and/or each bore of the plurality of second implant bores  285  can optionally be adapted to receive a multi-angle screw that can include a locking cap on fastener first end  281 . Using a multi-angle screw is considered advantageous at least because it provides a mechanism directing the fastener to a desired location at the treatment site. For example, such that distal cortical fixation can be achieved. 
       FIGS. 11, 12, 13, and 14  illustrate a third exemplary surgical implant system  300 . Implant system  300  is similar to implant system  200  illustrated in  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 11, 12, 13, and 14  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10 , offset by 100. Thus, implant system  300  comprises a first implant component  302 , a second implant component  304 , and an insert  306 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, second implant component  304  omits the inclusion of a second implant tab, as illustrated and described with respect to  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10 , and includes a plurality of second implant projections  336  and second implant body  334  defines a plurality of second implant protuberances  386 . 
     Each projection of the plurality of second implant projections  336  extends outward and away from the second implant surface  338  from a second implant projection first end  354  toward the second implant distal end  332  to a second implant projection second end  356  at an acute angle with respect to implant surface  338 . This configuration advantageously allows for placement and implantation of second implant component  304  at a distance from an implant surface that is less than that required when a second implant component includes projections that extend at a 90 degree, or substantially 90 degree, angle and have the same length as the plurality of second implant projections  336  (e.g., second implant component  204 ). Thus, it is considered advantageous to include a plurality of second implant projections  336  that extend at an angle with respect to second implant surface  338  at least to allow second implant component  304  to be implanted at an angle and to reduce the distance required between the second implant component  304  and an implant surface while second implant component  304  is being introduced. 
     Second implant body  334  defines the plurality of second implant protuberances  386  between the second implant proximal end  330  and the second implant distal end  332 . Each protuberance of the plurality of second implant protuberances  386  extends outward and away from the second implant surface  338  toward the second implant distal end  332  from a protuberance first end  387  to a protuberance second end  388 . Each protuberance of the plurality of second implant protuberances  386  extends at an acute, or substantially acute, angle with respect to second implant surface  338 . The second implant body  334  defines a passageway  389  through each protuberance of the plurality of second implant protuberances  386  that extends from a first opening defined on recess base  342  to second opening defined on protuberance second end  388 . Each passageway  389  provides access for passing a portion of a fastener of the plurality of fasteners  378  through a protuberance of the plurality of second implant protuberances  386  to attach, or assist with attaching, second implant component  304  at an implant site. Optionally, each passageway  389  defined by second implant body  334 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of recess base  342 . Thus, a first fastener is disposed through a first passageway defined by second implant body  334  and a second fastener is disposed through a second passageway defined by second implant body  334 . A fastener can be disposed through each passageway defined by a second implant body. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  380  has a bore axis that extends through its center and each passageway  389  defined by second implant body  334  has a passageway axis that extends through its center. Each bore axis of the plurality of first implant bores  380  is disposed on a first plane and each passageway axis of each passageway  389  defined by second implant body  334  is disposed on a second plane that intersects the first plane at an angle. The first plane and second plane can intersect at any suitable angle, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle for a first plane and a second plane to intersect according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example angles considered suitable for a first plane and a second plane to intersect include, but are not limited to, an angle between about 1 degree and 90 degrees, an angle between about 90 degrees and about 180 degrees, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. Alternatively, a first plane that contains each bore axis of a plurality of first implant bores can extend parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second plane that contains each passageway axis of each passageway defined by a second implant body. 
     While a plurality of second implant protuberances  386  have been illustrated and described, the body of an implant component can define any suitable number of protuberances, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable number of protuberances for inclusion in an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural configuration at an implant site. Example number of protuberances considered suitable include to include in an implant component include, but are not limited to, one, at least one, two, three, four, a plurality, and any other number considered suitable for a particular application. 
     While each protuberance of the plurality of second implant protuberances  386  has been illustrated and described as extending at an acute angle with respect to second implant surface  338 , a protuberance of an implant component can extend at any suitable angle to the implant surface of the implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle to define a protuberance according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at an implant site. Example angles considered suitable to define a protuberance on an implant component include, but are not limited to, an angle that is acute to the implant surface of an implant component, an angle that is obtuse to the implant surface of an implant component, and defining a protuberance such that it extends at a 90 degree, or substantially 90 degree, angle to the implant surface of an implant component. 
       FIGS. 15, 16, 17, and 18  illustrate a fourth exemplary surgical implant system  400 . The implant system  400  is similar to implant system  300  illustrated in  FIGS. 11, 12, 13, and 14 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 15, 16, 17, and 18  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 11, 12, 13, and 14 , offset by 100. Thus, implant system  400  comprises a first implant component  402 , a second implant component  404 , and an insert  406 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the first implant component  402  omits the inclusion of a first implant tab, as illustrated and described with respect to  FIGS. 11, 12, 13, and 14 , and includes a plurality of first implant projections  414  and a porous first implant surface  416 . It is considered advantageous for first implant component  402  to have a porous, or substantially porous, first implant surface  416  at least because this type of surface increases the amount of bone ingrowth between first implant component  402  and the bone at an implant site. The structural configuration of first implant component  402  (e.g., omitting the inclusion of a first implant tab) is considered advantageous at least because it reduces the overall size of first implant component  402  and reduces the complexity of implanting first implant component  402  at a treatment site. 
       FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22  illustrate a fifth exemplary surgical implant system  500 . The implant system  500  is similar to implant system  400  illustrated in  FIGS. 15, 16, 17, and 18 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 15, 16, 17, and 18 , offset by 100. Thus, implant system  500  comprises a first implant component  502 , a second implant component  504 , and an insert  506 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, first implant component  502  omits the inclusion of the plurality of first implant projections and alternative to having a first implant surface that is convex, or substantially convex, first implant body  512  defines a flat, or substantially flat, first implant surface  516  and an opposably facing concave, or substantially concave, first articulating surface  518 . In addition, first implant body  512  defines a plurality of first implant bores  590 . Each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  590  extends from a first opening defined on first implant proximal end  508  to a second opening defined on first implant surface  516 . Each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  590  provides access for a fastener of the plurality of fasteners  578 , such that attachment between first implant component  502  at an implant site can be accomplished. Optionally, each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  590 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of first implant  502 . Thus, a first fastener is disposed through a first bore defined by first implant body  512  and a second fastener is disposed through a second bore defined by first implant body  512 . A fastener can be disposed through each bore defined by a first implant body. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, and alternative to having a second implant surface that is concave, or substantially concave, and a recess base that is convex, or substantially convex, second implant body  534  defines a flat, or substantially flat, second implant surface  538 , a recess  539  that has a flat, or substantially flat, recess base  542 , and a plurality of recess protuberances  591 . In addition, alternative to second implant body defining a plurality of recess projections, second implant body  534  defines a ridge  592  that extends into recess  539 . Thus, second implant component  504  comprises a second implant proximal end  530 , second implant distal end  532 , and a second implant body  534 . Second implant body  534  defines recess  539  that extends into second implant body  534  from the second implant proximal end  530  toward the second implant distal end  532  and a ridge  592  that extends into recess  539 . 
     Each protuberance of the plurality of recess protuberances  591  is disposed along the recess length  541  of recess first portion  544  between the second implant proximal end  530  an recess distal end  543  and extends into recess first portion  544 . Each protuberance of the plurality of protuberances  591  tapers from the distal end of the protuberance to the proximal end of the protuberance. A first protuberance of the plurality of protuberances  591  is disposed on a first recess side  593  and a second protuberance of the plurality of protuberances  591  is disposed on a second recess side  594 . The first recess side  593  is opposite, or substantially opposite, the second recess side  594  across recess  539 . Each of the first recess side  593  and second recess side  594  extends from the second implant proximal end  530  to the recess distal end  543 . 
     Recess first portion  544  extends from recess base  542  to ridge  592  and has a recess first portion width  545  along the second implant proximal end  530 . Recess second portion  546  has a recess second portion width  547  along the second implant proximal end  530  that is different than recess first portion width  545 . In the illustrated embodiment, recess second portion width  547  is less than recess first portion width  545  an amount that is equal to, or substantially equal to, the distance ridge  592  extends into recess  539  on first recess side  593  and second recess side  594 . 
     Ridge  592  extends into recess  539  about the entirety, or a portion of, the perimeter of recess  539 . Thus, ridge  592  extends into recess  539  along the first recess side  593 , second recess side  594 , and recess distal end  543 . The structural arrangement of second implant body  534  and recess  539  is considered advantageous at least because it provides a mechanism for releasably attaching an insert, such as insert  506 , to second implant component  504 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  590  has a bore axis that extends through its center and each passageway  589  defined by second implant body  534  has a passageway axis that extends through its center. Each bore axis of the plurality of first implant bores  590  is disposed on a first plane and each passageway axis of each passageway  589  defined by second implant body  534  is disposed on a second plane that intersects the first plane at an angle. The first plane and second plane can intersect at any suitable angle, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle for a first plane and a second plane to intersect according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example angles considered suitable for a first plane and a second plane to intersect include, but are not limited to, an angle between about 1 degree and 90 degrees, an angle between about 90 degrees and about 180 degrees, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. Alternatively, a first plane that contains each bore axis of a plurality of first implant bores can extend parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second plane that contains each passageway axis of each passageway defined by a second implant body. 
     While each protuberance of the plurality of protuberances  591  has been described and illustrated as having a tapered configuration and as being positioned in the recess first portion  544 , a protuberance can have any suitable structural configuration and be positioned at any suitable location on an implant component. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable structural configuration for a protuberance and a suitable location to position a protuberance on an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the material forming an insert and/or implant component. Example locations considered suitable to position a protuberance on an implant component include, but are not limited to, along a portion, or the entirety, of the recess first portion of an implant component, along a portion, or the entirety, of the recess second portion of an implant component, and along a portion, or the entirety, of the recess base of an implant component. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, and alternative to having an insert base surface that is concave, or substantially concave, insert body  564  defines an insert base surface  574  that is flat, or substantially flat, and that is complementary to recess base  542 . In addition, insert body  564  defines a plurality of first insert recesses  595  and second insert recess  596 . A first recess of the plurality of first insert recesses  595  extends into insert base  566  on an insert first side  597  and a second recess of the plurality of insert recesses  595  extends into insert base  566  on an insert second side  598 . Each recess of the plurality of insert recesses  595  is disposed between the insert proximal end  560  and insert distal end  562  and tapers from the distal end of the recess to the proximal end of the recess. Each recess of the plurality of insert recesses  595  is complementary to a protuberance of the plurality of recess protuberances  591 . This configuration is considered advantageous at least because it provides a mechanism for releasably attaching insert  506  to second implant component  504 . 
     In addition to defining shoulder  570 , insert body  564  defines second insert recess  596  between insert base  566  and insert articulating surface  576 . Second insert recess  596  extends along the entirety, or a portion of, insert distal end  562  and complements ridge  592  along the recess distal end  543 . Second insert recess  596  extends into insert body  564  a distance that is equal to, or substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, the distance that ridge  592  extends into recess  539 . Thus, second insert recess  596  is adapted to interact with ridge  592  of recess  539 . 
     In use, as shown in  FIG. 19 , as distally directed axial movement is placed on insert  506 , shown as arrow  599 , insert base  566  is inserted into recess first portion  544 . As distally directed axial movement continues to be placed on insert  506 , a first protuberance of the plurality of protuberances  591  will engage with a first recess of the plurality of first insert recesses  595  to attach insert  506  to second implant component  504 . 
       FIGS. 23, 24, and 25  illustrate a sixth exemplary surgical implant system  600 . The implant system  600  is similar to implant system  500  illustrated in  FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 23, 24, and 25  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22 , offset by 100. Thus, implant system  600  comprises a first implant component  602 , a second implant component  604 , and an insert  606 . 
     Alternative to introducing an implant system using a lateral and posterior approach, as described above, the illustrated embodiment provides an implant system  600  that can be introduced into a body using a medial and posterior approach. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, alternative to first implant body defining a first articulating surface that extends from the first implant proximal end to the first implant distal end, first implant body  612  defines a first articulating surface  618  that extends from a first implant first side  700  to a first implant second side  702 . Each of the first implant first side  700  and first implant second side  702  extends from first implant proximal end  608  to first implant distal end  610 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, alternative to first implant body defining a plurality of bores that extend through the first implant proximal end and through the first implant surface, first implant body  612  defines a plurality of first implant protuberances  704 . Each protuberance of the plurality of first implant protuberances  704  extends outward and away from the first implant surface  616  from a protuberance first end  706  toward first implant distal end  610  to a protuberance second end  708  at an acute, or substantially acute, angle with respect to first implant surface  616 . The first implant body  612  defines a passageway  710  through each protuberance of the plurality of first implant protuberances  704  and that extends from a first opening defined on the first implant proximal end  608  to a second opening defined on the protuberance second end  708 . Each passageway  710  provides access for passing a fastener of the plurality of fasteners  678  through a protuberance of the plurality of protuberances  704  to attach, or assist with attaching, first implant component  602  at an implant site. Optionally, each passageway  710  defined by first implant body  612 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of first implant  602 . Thus, a first fastener is disposed through a first passageway defined by first implant body  612  and a second fastener is disposed through a second passageway defined by first implant body  612 . A fastener can be disposed through each passageway defined by a first implant body. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, second implant component  604  comprises a second implant proximal end  630 , second implant distal end  632 , and a second implant body  634 . Second implant body  634  defines recess  639  that extends into second implant body  634  from the second implant proximal end  630  toward the second implant distal end  632  and a ridge  692  that extends into recess  639 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each passageway  710  defined by first implant body  612  has a passageway axis that extends through its center and each passageway  689  defined by second implant body  634  has a passageway axis that extends through its center. Each passageway axis of each passageway  710  defined by first implant body  612  is disposed on a first plane and each passageway axis of each passageway  689  defined by second implant body  634  is disposed on a second plane that intersects the first plane at an angle. The first plane and second plane can intersect at any suitable angle, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle for a first plane and a second plane to intersect according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example angles considered suitable for a first plane and a second plane to intersect include, but are not limited to, an angle between about 1 degree and 90 degrees, an angle between about 90 degrees and about 180 degrees, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. Alternatively, a first plane that contains each passageway axis of each passageway defined by a first implant component can extend parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second plane that contains each passageway axis of each passageway defined by a second implant component. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, insert  606  comprises an insert proximal end  660 , insert distal end  662 , and an insert body  664 . Alternative to insert body defining an insert articulating surface that has radius of curvature that extends from the insert proximal end to the insert distal end (e.g.,  FIG. 19 ,  FIG. 20 ), insert body  664  defines an insert articulating surface  676  that has a radius of curvature that extends from insert first side  697  to insert second side  698 . 
     In addition, insert body  664  defines second insert recess  696  between insert base  666  and insert articulating surface  676 . Second insert recess  696  extends along insert first side  697 , insert second side  698 , and insert distal end  662 . Second insert recess  696  extends into insert body  664  a distance that is equal to, or substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, the distance that ridge  692  extends into recess  639 . Insert base width  667  is equal to, substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, recess first portion width  645 . Insert articulating width  669  is greater than insert base width  667 . 
     While insert articulating width  669  has been described and illustrated as being greater than insert base width  667 , the insert articulating portion of an insert can have any suitable width. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable width for the articulating portion of an insert according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at an implant site. Example widths considered suitable include, but are not limited to, an articulating portion that has a width greater than the width of a base portion of an insert, an articulating portion that has a width less than the width of a base portion of an insert, and an articulating portion that has a width equal to, or substantially equal to, than the width of a base portion of an insert. 
       FIGS. 26, 27, 28, and 29  illustrate a seventh exemplary surgical implant system  800 . The implant system  800  is similar to implant system  500  illustrated in  FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 26, 27, 28, and 29  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22 , offset by 300. Thus, implant system  800  comprises a first implant component  802 , a second implant component  804 , and an insert  806 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, alternative to second implant component being adapted to be attached to the calcaneus, as described above, second implant component  804  is adapted to be attached to the talus  12 . Alternative to including a plurality of second implant protuberances and a plurality of second implant projections that extend from second implant surface, second implant body  834  defines a plurality of bores  912  that extend through the second implant proximal end  830  and through the second implant surface  838 . Alternative to second implant body defining a recess base that is flat, or substantially flat, second implant body  834  defines a recess  839  having a recess base  842  that is concave, or substantially concave. Optionally, each bore of the plurality of second implant bores  912 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of second implant  804 . Thus, a first fastener is disposed through a first bore defined by second implant body  834  and a second fastener is disposed through a second bore defined by second implant body  834 . A fastener can be disposed through each bore defined by a second implant body. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, alternative to first implant component being adapted to be attached to the talus, as described above, first implant component  802  is adapted to be attached to the calcaneus  14 . Alternative to first implant body defining a first articulating surface that is concave, or substantially concave, first implant body  812  defines a first articulating surface  818  that is convex, or substantially convex. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  890  and each bore of the plurality of second implant bores  912  has a bore axis that extends through its center. Each bore axis of the plurality of first implant bores  890  is disposed on a first plane and each bore axis of the plurality of second implant bores  912  is disposed on a second plane that intersects the first plane at an angle. The first plane and second plane can intersect at any suitable angle, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle for a first plane and a second plane to intersect according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example angles considered suitable for a first plane and a second plane to intersect include, but are not limited to, an angle between about 1 degree and 90 degrees, an angle between about 90 degrees and about 180 degrees, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. Alternatively, a first plane that contains each bore axis of a plurality of first implant bores can extend parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second plane that contains each bore axis of a plurality of second implant bores. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, alternative to insert body defining an insert base surface having a flat, or substantially flat, surface, insert body  864  defines an insert base surface  874  that is convex, or substantially convex, such that it compliments recess base  842 . In addition, alternative to insert body defining an insert articulating surface that is convex, or substantially convex, insert body  864  defines an insert articulating surface  876  that is concave, or substantially concave, such that it compliments first articulating surface  818 . Insert articulating surface  876  is adapted to articulate with first articulating surface  818 . 
     In addition, alternative to insert body defining an insert second recess that extends along the entirety, or a portion of, the insert distal end (e.g., second insert recess  596 ), insert body  864  defines a plurality of second insert recesses  896 . Each recess of the plurality of second insert recesses  896  is disposed between the insert base surface  874  and insert articulating surface  876  and extends from the insert proximal end  860  toward the insert distal end  862  to insert shoulder  870 . Each recess of the plurality of second insert recesses  896  extends into insert body  864  a distance that is equal to, or substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, the distance that ridge  892  extends into recess  839 . Thus, each recess of the plurality of insert second recesses  896  is adapted to interact with ridge  892  of recess  839 . In the illustrated embodiment, ridge  892  and each recess of the plurality of recesses  896  has a tapered configuration. 
       FIGS. 30, 31, 32, and 33  illustrate an eighth exemplary surgical implant system  1000 . The implant system  1000  is similar to implant system  500  illustrated in  FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 30, 31, 32, and 33  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22 , offset by 500. Thus, implant system  1000  comprises a first implant component  1002 , a second implant component  1004 , and an insert  1006 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, second implant body  1034  defines a recess  1039  that omits the inclusion of a recess second portion (e.g., recess second portion  546 ), a plurality of recess protuberances (e.g., plurality of recess protuberances  591 ), and ridge (e.g., ridge  592 ). Thus, recess  1039  extends from second implant proximal end  1030  to second implant distal end  1032  and from recess base  1042  away from second implant surface  1038 . Recess  1039  has a recess length  1041  and a recess width  1045 . Recess length  1041  extends from the second implant proximal end  1030  to the second implant distal end  1032  and recess width  1045  extends along the second implant proximal end  1030 . Thus, second implant body  1034  defines a recess  1039  that extends the length of second implant component  1004  and that omits the inclusion of a ridge (e.g., ridge  592 ). 
     In the illustrated embodiment, insert  1006  comprises an insert proximal end  1060 , insert distal end  1062 , and an insert body  1064 . Insert body  1064  defines an insert base surface  1074  and an insert articulating surface  1076 . Insert base surface  1074  is flat, or substantially flat, and insert articulating surface  1076  has a radius of curvature that extends from the insert proximal end  1060  to the insert distal end  1062  and that is convex, or substantially convex. 
     Insert  1006  has an insert length  1063  that extends from the insert proximal end  1060  to the insert distal end  1062  and an insert width  1069  that extends along the insert proximal end  1060 . Insert length  1063  is equal to, or substantially equal to, greater than, or less than, recess length  1041  and recess width  1069  is equal to, substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, recess width  1045 . 
       FIGS. 34, 35, 36, and 37  illustrate a ninth exemplary surgical implant system  1100 . The implant system  1100  is similar to implant system  600  illustrated in  FIGS. 23, 24, and 25 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 34, 35, 36, and 37  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 23, 24, and 25 , offset by 500. Thus, implant system  1100  comprises a first implant component  1102 , a second implant component  1104 , and an insert  1106 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, second implant body  1134  defines a recess  1139  that omits the inclusion of a recess second portion (e.g., recess second portion  646 ), a plurality of recess protuberances (e.g., plurality of recess protuberances  691 ), and ridge (e.g., ridge  692 ). Thus, recess  1139  extends from the second implant proximal end  1130  to the second implant distal end  1132  and from recess base  1142  away from second implant surface  1138 . Recess  1139  has a recess length  1141  and a recess width  1145 . Recess length  1141  extends from the second implant proximal end  1130  to the second implant distal end  1132  and recess width  1145  extends along second implant proximal end  1130 . Thus, second implant body  1134  defines a recess  1139  that extends the length of second implant component  1104  and that omits the inclusion of a ridge (e.g., ridge  692 ). 
     In the illustrated embodiment, insert  1106  omits the inclusion of a plurality of first insert recesses (e.g., plurality of first insert recesses  695 ) and second insert recess (e.g., second insert recess  696 ). Thus, insert  1006  comprises an insert proximal end  1160 , insert distal end  1162 , and an insert body  1164 . Insert body  1164  defines an insert base  1166  and an insert articulating portion  1168 . Insert base  1166  has an insert base surface  1174  and the insert articulating portion  1168  has an insert articulating surface  1176 . Insert base surface  1174  extends from insert proximal end  1160  insert distal end  1162  and insert articulating surface  176  has a radius of curvature that extends from insert first side  1197  to insert second side  1198 . 
     Insert base  1166  has an insert base width  1167  along the insert proximal end  1160  and the insert articulating portion  1168  has an insert articulating width  1169  along the insert proximal end  1160 . Insert base width  1167  is equal to, substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, recess width  1145 . Insert articulating width  1169  is greater than insert base width  1167 . 
       FIGS. 38, 39, 40, and 41  illustrate a tenth exemplary surgical implant system  1200 . The implant system  1200  is similar to implant system  100  illustrated in  FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 38, 39, 40, and 41  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6 , offset by 1100. Thus, implant system  1200  comprises a first implant component  1202 , a second implant component  1204 , and an insert  1206 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, alternative to second implant component defining a recess and a plurality of recess projections, first implant body  1212  defines a convex, or substantially convex, first implant surface  1216 , recess  1239 , and a plurality of recess projections  1240 . Recess  1239  is adapted to receive a portion, or the entirety, of insert  1206 . Recess  1239  has a recess length  1241 , recess base  1242 , recess first portion  1244 , and a recess second portion  1246 . Recess  1239  extends into first implant body  1212  to recess base  1242  and from first implant proximal end  1208  to first implant distal end  1210 . Recess length  1241  extends from first implant proximal end  1208  to first implant distal end  1210 . 
     Each projection of the plurality of recess projections  1240  extends into recess  1239  along a portion, or the entirety, of recess length  1241  and has a tapered edge that is adapted to interact with a portion of insert  1206  to releasably attach insert  1206  to first implant component  1202 . Recess base  1242  is opposably facing, or substantially opposably facing, first implant surface  1216 , is concave, or substantially concave, and is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted. 
     Recess base  1242  has a radius of curvature that extends from first implant proximal end  1208  to first implant distal end  1210 . Recess first portion  1244  extends from recess base  1242  to the plurality of recess projections  1240  and has a recess first portion width  1245  along first implant proximal end  1208 . Recess second portion  1246  has a recess second portion width  1247  along first implant proximal end  1208  that is measured from a first recess projection of the plurality of recess projections  1240  to a second recess projection of the plurality of recess projections  1240 . The recess first portion width  1245  is greater than the recess second portion width  1247 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, second implant body  1234  defines a concave, or substantially concave, second implant surface  1238  and an opposably facing, or substantially opposably facing, convex, or substantially convex, second articulating surface  1243 . Each of the second implant surface  1238  and second articulating surface  1243  has a radius of curvature that extends from second implant proximal end  1230  to second implant distal end  1232 . Second implant surface  1238  is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted and second articulating surface  1243  is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted, such that articulation between articulating surface  1243  and insert  1206  can be accomplished, as described in more detail herein. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, insert  1206  comprises an insert proximal end  1260 , insert distal end  1262 , and an insert body  1264 . Alternative to insert being attached to a second implant component, insert  1206  is adapted to be attached to first implant component  1202 . In addition, alternative to insert body defining an insert recess and a recess shoulder, insert body  1264  defines an insert base  1266 , insert articulating portion  1268 , a first insert recess  1296 , and a second insert recess  1296 ′. 
     Insert base  1266  has an insert base surface  1274  and the insert articulating portion  1268  has an insert articulating surface  1276 . Each of insert base surface  1274  and insert articulating portion  1268  has a radius of curvature that extends from insert proximal end  1260  to insert distal end  1262 . Insert base surface  1274  is convex, or substantially convex, and is opposably facing, or substantially opposably facing, insert articulating surface  1276 , which is concave, or substantially concave. Insert base surface  1274  is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted, and is complementary to recess base  1242  such that insert  1206  is slidable along recess base  1242  and releasable attachment between insert  1206  and first implant component  1202  can be accomplished. Insert articulating surface  1276  is smooth, substantially smooth, or uninterrupted, and is complementary to second articulating surface  1243  such that insert  1206  can articulate with second implant component  1204 . Thus, insert articulating surface  1276  is adapted to articulate with second articulating surface  1243 . 
     Insert base  1266  has an insert base width  1267  along insert proximal end  1260  and insert articulating portion  1268  has an insert articulating width  1269  along insert proximal end  1260 . Insert base width  1267  is equal to, substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, recess first portion width  1245 . Insert articulating width  1269  is greater than, recess second portion width  1247 . 
     Each of first insert recess  1296  and second insert recess  1296 ′ extends into recess body  1264  between insert base  1266  and insert articulating surface  1276 . First insert recess  1296  extends along insert first side  1297  and second insert recess  1296 ′ extends along insert second side  1298 . Each of the first insert recess  1296  and second insert recess  1296 ′ extends into insert body  1264  a distance that is equal to, or substantially equal to, less than, or greater than, the distance that a projection of the plurality of projections  1270  extends into recess  1239 . It is considered advantageous to include an insert  1206  having a insert articulating width  1269  that is greater than the recess second portion width  1247  and a first insert recess  1296  and second insert recess  1296 ′ at least because this structural arrangement provides a mechanism for achieving a slideably engagement between a first implant component  1202  and an insert. 
       FIGS. 42, 43, 44, and 45  illustrate an eleventh exemplary surgical implant system  1300 . The implant system  1300  is similar to implant system  1200  illustrated in  FIGS. 38, 39, 40, and 41 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 42, 43, 44, and 45  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 38, 39, 40, and 41 , offset by 100. Thus, implant system  1300  comprises a first implant component  1302 , a second implant component  1304 , and an insert  1306 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, first implant component  1302  includes a plurality of first implant projections  1314 , a first implant tab  1377 , and a plurality of fasteners  1378  and second implant component  1304  includes a plurality of second implant projections  1336 , a second implant tab  1383 , and a plurality of fasteners  1378 . The plurality of first implant projections  1314  is similar to the plurality of first implant projections  214  illustrated in  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10 . First implant tab  1377  is similar to first implant tab  277  illustrated in  FIGS. 7, 8, 9 , and  10 . The plurality of fasteners  1378  is similar to the plurality of fasteners  278  illustrated in  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10 . The plurality of second implant projections  1336  is similar to the plurality of second implant projections  236  illustrated in  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10 . Second implant tab  1383  is similar to second implant tab  283  illustrated in  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10 . Reference numbers relating to the plurality of first implant projections  1314 , first implant tab  1377 , plurality of fasteners  1378 , plurality of second implant projections  1336 , second implant tab  1383  in  FIGS. 42, 43, 44, and 45  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10 , offset by 1100. 
     Thus, first implant tab  1377  comprises a first implant tab wall  1379  that defines a plurality of first implant bores  1380 , each fastener of the plurality of fasteners  1378  has a fastener first end  1381  and a fastener second end  1382 , and second implant tab comprises a second implant tab wall  1384  that defines a plurality of second implant bores  1385 . Optionally, each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  1380 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of first implant  1302  and each bore of the plurality of second implant bores  1385 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of second implant  1304 . Thus, a first fastener is disposed through a first bore defined by first implant tab wall  1379  and a second fastener is disposed through a second bore defined by first implant tab wall  1379  and a first fastener is disposed through a first bore defined by second implant tab wall  1384  and a second fastener is disposed through a second bore defined by second implant tab wall  1384 . A fastener can be disposed through each bore defined by a first implant tab wall and/or second implant tab wall. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each bore of the plurality of first implant bores  1380  and each bore of the plurality of second implant bores  1385  has a bore axis that extends through its center. Each bore axis of the plurality of first implant bores  1380  is disposed on a first plane and each bore axis of the plurality of second implant bores  1385  is disposed on a second plane that intersects the first plane at an angle. The first plane and second plane can intersect at any suitable angle, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle for a first plane and a second plane to intersect according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example angles considered suitable for a first plane and a second plane to intersect include, but are not limited to, an angle between about 1 degree and 90 degrees, an angle between about 90 degrees and about 180 degrees, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. Alternatively, a first plane that contains each bore axis of a plurality of first implant bores can extend parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second plane that contains each bore axis of a plurality of second implant bores. 
     While particular combinations of implant components, inserts, and features thereof have been described and illustrated herein, an implant system can combine any suitable implant component, insert, and/or feature thereof in any suitable manner to form an implant system. Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable implant component, insert, and/or feature thereof to form an implant system according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at an implant site. 
     Various methods of treatment are described and illustrated. While the methods described herein are shown and described as a series of acts, it is to be understood and appreciated that the methods are not limited by the order of acts, as one or more acts may, in accordance with these methods, occur in different orders with one or more other acts described herein, or any other suitable act(s), concurrently with one or more other acts described herein, or any other suitable act(s), and/or in the alternative to one or more other acts described herein, or any other suitable act(s). 
       FIG. 46  is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method  1400  of modifying a joint. 
     An initial step  1402  comprises creating an opening in a body to provide access to a joint formed between a first bone and a second bone. Another step  1404  comprises locating the first bone of the joint. Another step  1406  comprises locating the second bone of the joint. Another step  1408  comprises removing a first portion of the first bone to configure the first bone to receive a first implant component. Another step  1410  comprises removing a first portion of the second bone to configure the second bone to receive a second implant component. Another step  1412  comprises installing the first implant component on the first bone. Another step  1414  comprises installing the second implant component on the second bone. Another step  1416  comprises installing an insert on one of the first implant component or second implant component. Another step  1418  comprises closing the opening. 
     The step  1402  of creating an opening can be accomplished using any suitable tool and/or method of creating an opening (e.g., in a body) and can be created at any suitable location on a body, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable tool and/or method to create an opening and a suitable location on a body to create an opening according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size and location of the opening. Example methods and/or tools considered suitable for creating an opening include, but are not limited to, scalpels, lasers, and any other tool and/or method considered suitable for a particular application. Example locations considered suitable to create an opening on a body include, but are not limited to, on the foot, on the ankle, lateral portion of the foot, posterior and lateral portion of the foot, medial portion of the foot, posterior and medial portion of the foot, and any other location considered suitable for a particular application. 
     While step  1402  has been illustrated and described as being an initial step to methodology  1400 , any other suitable step can be completed prior to the step of creating on opening to provide access to a joint, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable step to complete prior to creating an opening to provide access to a joint according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the location of the joint intended to be treated. An example step that can be completed prior to the step of creating an opening includes, but is not limited to, preparing the location of a desired opening for an incision (e.g., cleaning the area). 
     The step  1404  of locating the first bone of the joint, and the step  1406  of locating the second bone of the joint, can each be accomplished using any suitable method of visualization, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable method of visualization to locate a first bone and/or a second bone according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the location of the first bone and/or second bone. Example methods of visualization considered suitable include, but are not limited to, direct visualization, using a scope, and any other method of visualization considered suitable for a particular application. 
     The step  1408  of removing a first portion of the first bone to configure the first bone to receive a first implant component, and the step  1410  of removing a first portion of the second bone to configure the second bone to receive a second implant component, can each be accomplished using any suitable technique and/or tool for removing a portion of a bone (e.g., to prepare a bone to receive an implant component). Skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable technique and/or tool for removing a portion of a bone to configure the bone to receive an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size and location of the implant site. 
     Example methods of removing a portion of a bone to configure the bone to receive an implant component include, but are not limited to, conventional techniques, drilling, sanding, cutting, and any other method considered suitable for a particular application. Example tools considered suitable for removing a portion of a bone to configure the bone to receive an implant component include, but are not limited to, conventional tools, drills, sanders, saws (e.g., bone saws), and any other tool considered suitable for a particular application. 
     An optional step comprises testing the fit between the first implant component and the first bone. Another optional step comprises testing the fit between the second implant component and the second bone. Each of the steps of testing the fit between the first implant component and the first bone, and testing the fit between the second implant component and the second bone, can be accomplished by advancing the implant component toward the implant site, contacting the implant component on the bone, and determining if a desired fit between the bone and the implant component has been achieved. If a desired fit between the bone and the implant component has not been achieved, another optional step comprises removing a second portion of the first bone, and/or removing a second portion of the second bone, to configure the first bone and/or the second bone to receive an implant component. Alternative to, or in combination with, the step of removing a second portion of the first bone and/or removing a second portion of the second bone, a step comprising fitting another implant component different than the first implant component and/or second implant component between the first bone and/or second bone can be completed. 
     Another optional step comprises preparing the surface of the bone (e.g., first bone, second bone) to receive an implant component. This step can be accomplished using any suitable method, material, and/or tool, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable method, material, and/or tool to prepare the surface of a bone to receive an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the type of attachment desired between an implant component and the bone. Examples methods, materials, and/or tools considered suitable to prepare the surface of the bone to receive an implant component include, but are not limited to, using an abrasive, using an air-powered abrasive unit, etching the bone, cleaning the bone, and any other method, material, and/or tool considered suitable for a particular application. 
     The step  1412  of installing the first implant component on the first bone, and the step  1414  of installing the second implant component on the second bone, can each be accomplished using any suitable method of attachment and/or any suitable tool. Example methods of attachment and/or tools considered suitable include, but are not limited to, using a peg, tab, keel, fastener, screw, bolt, adhesive, cement, and any other method of attachment and/or tool considered suitable for a particular application. 
     The step  1416  of installing an insert on one of the first implant component or second implant component can be accomplished by advancing the insert toward the implant site, and/or by inserting the insert into one of the first implant component or second implant component. For example, this step can be accomplished by placing an insert in a recess defined by an implant component. 
     An optional step comprises attaching the insert to one of the first implant component or second implant component. This step can be accomplished using any suitable method of attachment and/or any suitable tool. Example methods of attachment and/or tools considered suitable include, but are not limited to, using a fastener, screw, bolt, adhesive, cement, and any other method of attachment and/or tool considered suitable for a particular application. 
     The step  1418  of closing the opening can be accomplished using any suitable method of closing an opening, and/or by using any suitable device, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable method and/or device for closing an opening according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the location and size of the opening. Example methods and/or devices considered suitable for closing an opening include, but are not limited to, using sutures, staples, strips, glues (e.g., liquid tissue glues), and any other method and/or device considered suitable for a particular application. 
     Methodology  1400  can accomplished on any suitable joint (e.g., in a body), and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable joint to perform a method described herein according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the desired treatment intended to be performed. Example joints considered suitable to perform a methodology described herein include, but are not limited to, the subtalar joint, talonavicular joint, calcaneocuboid joint, and any other joint considered suitable for a particular application. 
     While various steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps have been described above with respect to an exemplary method of treatment  1400 , these steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps can be included in, accomplished concurrently with, and/or accomplished in the alternative to, the methodologies, steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps described herein with respect to exemplary method of treatment  1500 , exemplary method of treatment  1600 , and/or exemplary method of treatment  1700 . 
       FIG. 47  is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method  1500  of modifying the subtalar joint. 
     An initial step  1502  comprises creating an opening to provide access to the subtalar joint formed between the talus and calcaneus. Another step  1504  comprises locating the talus. Another step  1506  comprises locating the calcaneus. Another step  1508  comprises removing a first portion of the talus to configure the talus to receive a first implant component. Another step  1510  comprises removing a first portion of the calcaneus to configure the calcaneus to receive a second implant component. Another step  1512  comprises installing the first implant component on the talus. Another step  1514  comprises installing the second implant component on the calcaneus. Another step  1516  comprises installing an insert on one of the first implant component or second implant component. Another step  1518  comprises closing the opening. 
     The step  1502  of creating an opening to provide access to the subtalar joint formed between the talus and calcaneus can be accomplished by creating an opening at any suitable location, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable location to create an opening according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size of the implant components intended to be used. Example locations considered suitable to create an opening include, but are not limited to, creating an opening such that a lateral approach of the subtalar joint can be accomplished, creating an opening such that a medial approach of the subtalar joint can be accomplished, creating an opening such that a posterior and lateral approach of the subtalar joint can be accomplished, creating an opening such that a posterior and medial approach of the subtalar joint can be accomplished, and any other location considered suitable for a particular application. For example, an opening can be created at, near, behind, and/or around the peroneal tendons (e.g., between the peroneal tendons and the Achilles tendon). 
     An alternative step to the step  1512  of installing the first implant component on the talus comprises installing a second implant component on the talus. An alternative step to the step  1514  of installing the second implant component on the calcaneus comprises installing a first implant component on the calcaneus. 
     While various steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps have been described above with respect to an exemplary method of treatment  1500 , these steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps can be included in, accomplished concurrently with, and/or accomplished in the alternative to, the methodologies, steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps described herein with respect to exemplary method of treatment  1400 , exemplary method of treatment  1600 , and/or exemplary method of treatment  1700 . 
       FIG. 48  is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method  1600  of modifying the calcaneocuboid joint. 
     An initial step  1602  comprises creating an opening to provide access to the calcaneocuboid joint formed between the calcaneus and cuboid. Another step  1604  comprises locating the calcaneus. Another step  1606  comprises locating the cuboid. Another step  1608  comprises removing a first portion of the calcaneus to configure the calcaneus to receive a first implant component. Another step  1610  comprises removing a first portion of the cuboid to configure the cuboid to receive a second implant component. Another step  1612  comprises installing the first implant component on the calcaneus. Another step  1614  comprises installing the second implant component on the cuboid. Another step  1616  comprises installing an insert on one of the first implant component or second implant component. Another step  1618  comprises closing the opening. 
     The step  1602  of creating an opening to provide access to the calcaneocuboid joint formed between the calcaneus and cuboid can be accomplished by creating an opening at any suitable location, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable location to create an opening according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size of the implant components intended to be used. Example locations considered suitable to create an opening include, but are not limited to, creating an opening such that a lateral approach of the calcaneocuboid joint can be accomplished, creating an opening such that a medial approach of the calcaneocuboid joint can be accomplished, and any other location considered suitable for a particular application. For example, an opening can be created at, near, behind, and/or around the extensor brevis. 
     An alternative step to the step  1612  of installing the first implant component on the calcaneus comprises installing a second implant component on the calcaneus. An alternative step to the step  1614  of installing the second implant component on the cuboid comprises installing a first implant component on the cuboid. 
     While various steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps have been described above with respect to an exemplary method of treatment  1600 , these steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps can be included in, accomplished concurrently with, and/or accomplished in the alternative to, the methodologies, steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps described herein with respect to exemplary method of treatment  1400 , exemplary method of treatment  1500 , and/or exemplary method of treatment  1700 . 
       FIG. 49  is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method  1700  of modifying the talonavicular joint. 
     An initial step  1702  comprises creating an opening to provide access to the talonavicular joint formed between the talus and navicular. Another step  1704  comprises locating the talus. Another step  1706  comprises locating the navicular. Another step  1708  comprises removing a first portion of the talus to configure the talus to receive a first implant component. Another step  1710  comprises removing a first portion of the navicular to configure the navicular to receive a second implant component. Another step  1712  comprises installing the first implant component on the talus. Another step  1714  comprises installing the second implant component on the navicular. Another step  1716  comprises installing an insert on one of the first implant component or second implant component. Another step  1718  comprises closing the opening. 
     The step  1702  of creating an opening to provide access to the talonavicular joint formed between the talus and navicular can be accomplished by creating an opening at any suitable location, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable location to create an opening according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the size of the implant components intended to be used. Example locations considered suitable to create an opening include, but are not limited to, creating an opening such that a lateral approach of the talonavicular joint can be accomplished, creating an opening such that a medial approach of the talonavicular joint can be accomplished, and any other location considered suitable for a particular application. 
     An alternative step to the step  1712  of installing the first implant component on the talus comprises installing a second implant component on the talus. An alternative step to the step  1714  of installing the second implant component on the navicular comprises installing a first implant component on the navicular. 
     While various steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps have been described above with respect to an exemplary method of treatment  1700 , these steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps can be included in, accomplished concurrently with, and/or accomplished in the alternative to, the methodologies, steps, alternative steps, and/or optional steps described herein with respect to exemplary method of treatment  1400 , exemplary method of treatment  1500 , and/or exemplary method of treatment  1600 . 
       FIGS. 50, 51, 52, and 53  illustrate a twelfth exemplary surgical implant system  1800 . The implant system  1800  is similar to implant system  500  illustrated in  FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 50, 51, 52, and 53  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 19, 20, 21, and 22 , offset by 1500. Thus, implant system  1800  comprises a first implant component  1802 , a second implant component  1804 , and an insert  1806 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, alternative to first implant body defining a plurality of bores that extend through the first implant proximal end and through the first implant surface, first implant body  1812  defines a plurality of first implant protuberances  1904 . Each protuberance of the plurality of first implant protuberances  1904  extends outward and away from the first implant surface  1816  from a protuberance first end  1906  toward first implant distal end  1810  to a protuberance second end  1908  at an acute, or substantially acute, angle with respect to first implant surface  1816 . The first implant body  1812  defines a passageway  1910  through each protuberance of the plurality of first implant protuberances  1904  and that extends from a first opening defined on the first implant proximal end  1808  to a second opening defined on the protuberance second end  1908 . Each passageway  1910  provides access for passing a fastener of the plurality of fasteners  1878  through a protuberance of the plurality of protuberances  1904  to attach, or assist with attaching, first implant component  1802  at an implant site. Optionally, each passageway  1910  defined by first implant body  1812 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of first implant  1802 . Thus, a first fastener is disposed through a first passageway defined by first implant body  1812  and a second fastener is disposed through a second passageway defined by first implant body  1812 . A fastener can be disposed through each passageway defined by a first implant body. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each passageway  1910  defined by first implant body  1812  has a passageway axis that extends through its center and each passageway  1889  defined by second implant body  1834  has a passageway axis that extends through its center. Each passageway axis of each passageway  1910  defined by first implant body  1812  is disposed on a first plane and each passageway axis of each passageway  1889  defined by second implant body  1834  is disposed on a second plane that intersects the first plane at an angle. The first plane and second plane can intersect at any suitable angle, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle for a first plane and a second plane to intersect according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example angles considered suitable for a first plane and a second plane to intersect include, but are not limited to, an angle between about 1 degree and 90 degrees, an angle between about 90 degrees and about 180 degrees, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. Alternatively, a first plane that contains each passageway axis of each passageway defined by a first implant component can extend parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second plane that contains each passageway axis of each passageway defined by a second implant component. 
     While a plurality of first implant protuberances  1904  have been illustrated and described, the body of an implant component can define any suitable number of protuberances, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable number of protuberances for inclusion in an implant component according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural configuration at an implant site. Example number of protuberances considered suitable include to include in an implant component include, but are not limited to, one, at least one, two, three, four, a plurality, and any other number considered suitable for a particular application. 
     While second implant component  1804  is shown as including a plurality of second implant projections  1836 , a second implant component can omit the inclusion of a plurality of second implant projections. Alternatively, in addition to second implant  1804  including a plurality of second implant projections  1836 , a first implant can include a plurality of first implant projections. 
       FIGS. 54, 55, 56, and 57  illustrate a thirteenth exemplary surgical implant system  2000 . The implant system  2000  is similar to implant system  800  illustrated in  FIGS. 26, 27, 28, and 29 , and described above, except as detailed below. Reference numbers in  FIGS. 54, 55, 56, and 57  refer to the same structural element or feature referenced by the same number in  FIGS. 26, 27, 28, and 29 , offset by 1200. Thus, implant system  2000  comprises a first implant component  2002 , a second implant component  2004 , and an insert  2006 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, alternative to including a plurality of bores that extend through the second implant proximal end and through the second implant surface, second implant body  2034  defines a plurality of second implant protuberances  2086 . Each protuberance of the plurality of second implant protuberances  2086  extends outward and away from the second implant surface  2038  from a protuberance first end  2087  toward second implant distal end  2032  to a protuberance second end  2088  at an acute, or substantially acute, angle with respect to second implant surface  2038 . The second implant body  2034  defines a passageway  2089  through each protuberance of the plurality of second implant protuberances  2086  and that extends from a first opening defined on the second implant proximal end  2030  to a second opening defined on the protuberance second end  2088 . Each passageway  2089  provides access for passing a fastener of the plurality of fasteners  2078  through a protuberance of the plurality of protuberances  2086  to attach, or assist with attaching, second implant component  2004  at an implant site. Thus, a first fastener is disposed through a first passageway defined by second implant body  2034  and a second fastener is disposed through a second passageway defined by second implant body  2034 . A fastener can be disposed through each passageway defined by a second implant body. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, alternative to first implant body defining a plurality of bores that extend through the first implant proximal end and through the first implant surface, first implant body  2012  defines a plurality of first implant protuberances  2104 . Each protuberance of the plurality of first implant protuberances  2104  extends outward and away from the first implant surface  2016  from a protuberance first end  2106  toward first implant distal end  2010  to a protuberance second end  2108  at an acute, or substantially acute, angle with respect to first implant surface  2016 . The first implant body  2012  defines a passageway  2110  through each protuberance of the plurality of first implant protuberances  2104  and that extends from a first opening defined on the first implant proximal end  2008  to a second opening defined on the protuberance second end  2108 . Each passageway  2110  provides access for passing a fastener of the plurality of fasteners  2078  through a protuberance of the plurality of protuberances  2104  to attach, or assist with attaching, first implant component  2002  at an implant site. Optionally, each passageway  2089  defined by second implant body  2034 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of second implant  2004  and each passageway  2110  defined by first implant body  2012 , or a portion thereof, can be countersunk or counterbored to allow a fastener to sit flush with, or below, the outer surface of first implant  2002 . Thus, a first fastener is disposed through a first passageway defined by first implant body  2012  and a second fastener is disposed through a second passageway defined by first implant body  2012 . A fastener can be disposed through each passageway defined by a first implant body. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, each passageway  2110  defined by first implant body  2012  has a passageway axis that extends through its center and each passageway  2089  defined by second implant body  2034  has a passageway axis that extends through its center. Each passageway axis of each passageway  2110  defined by first implant body  2012  is disposed on a first plane and each passageway axis of each passageway  2089  defined by second implant body  2034  is disposed on a second plane that intersects the first plane at an angle. The first plane and second plane can intersect at any suitable angle, and skilled artisans will be able to select a suitable angle for a first plane and a second plane to intersect according to a particular embodiment based on various considerations, including the structural arrangement at a treatment site. Example angles considered suitable for a first plane and a second plane to intersect include, but are not limited to, an angle between about 1 degree and 90 degrees, an angle between about 90 degrees and about 180 degrees, a 90 degree angle, a substantially 90 degree angle, a 45 degree angle, a substantially 45 degree angle, an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and any other angle considered suitable for a particular application. Alternatively, a first plane that contains each passageway axis of each passageway defined by a first implant component can extend parallel, or substantially parallel, to a second plane that contains each passageway axis of each passageway defined by a second implant component. 
     The foregoing detailed description provides exemplary embodiments of the invention and includes the best mode for practicing the invention. The description and illustration of embodiments is intended only to provide examples of the invention, and not to limit the scope of the invention, or its protection, in any manner.