Patent Publication Number: US-2016223781-A1

Title: Motorized interchangeable lens system

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to a motorized lens tray for a multi-focal length lens imaging system. In particular, a lens trays holds a variety of fixed focal length lenses, and a motorized mechanism moves the lens tray to align the desired lens with an imaging element. This provides the flexibility to change focal lengths without the complexity, size, weight, and image quality degradation associated with a zoom lens. Certain embodiments of the invention are intended for use with digital cameras, camcorders, and cellular phones. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     With the advent of digital cameras, people can better capture memories and communicate points of view. Current technology enables pictures to be easily and conveniently previewed, taken, and reviewed. Digital photography has made cameras compact, portable, and low-powered. However, certain trade-offs are often associated with the portability that miniaturization brings, somewhat undermining the benefits of a readily accessible form of image-capture. 
     Specifically, zoom lenses appear at first to be versatile and provide more interesting images than prime lenses. A prime lens has a fixed focal length, so a user must adjust his or her relative position to get a desired image. This can impede the capture of an image if there is not enough physical space to properly frame the desired image. In contrast, a user is able to transition from a wide-angle view to a telephoto view with a single zoom lens without the need to physically move and thus capture alternative views. However, at the expense of such flexibility, the image quality from a zoom lens is considerably poorer than that from a prime lens. Part of this loss of image quality can sometimes be attributed to constraints on the range of aperture sizes available in a zoom lens. Generally a narrower aperture is unsuitable for low light situations and the resulting photo may appear blurry. Poorer image quality is also due in part to more glass for light to travel through. Additional glass has the effect of altering the light, leading to some degradation of the light. In contrast, a prime lens preserves the integrity of an image by virtue of its simple design. A prime lens has one focal length and fewer moving parts than a zoom lens that yield an image of maximum sharpness. 
     Additionally, for a camera module to provide zoom lens capability, the internal construction of the lens is rather complicated. For example, zoom lenses generally have over hundreds of individual parts. Therefore, one poorly machined part may squander the financial investment in the zoom lens, whether at the manufacturing stage or the commercial stage. Also, zoom lenses tend to be bulky and heavy, making them infeasible where portability is paramount. 
     Prime, or fixed focal length, camera lenses typically provide higher quality images than zoom or variable focal length lenses. Prime lenses also tend to be more compact and light weight than zoom lenses. In many modern imaging devices, particularly mobile phones, compactness is of utmost importance, making zoom lenses somewhat impractical. Therefore, some flexibility regarding varying focal lengths is typically sacrificed in mobile devices. However, the current invention is aimed at providing the high quality of images resulting from the use of prime lenses along with the convenience of having multiple focal lengths of a zoom lens. 
     Therefore, there is a need in the arts for a camera feature that allows for the versatility of a zoom lens with the image reproducing capabilities, light weight, and compactness of a prime lens. These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be explained and will become obvious to one skilled in the art through the summary of the invention that follows. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention are directed to a motorized interchangeable lens system comprising the following: 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, a powered interchangeable lens system comprises: a first planar lens tray having two or more first optical window openings creating holes through a plane of the lens tray, and zero or more of the optical window openings configured to hold an optical element parallel with the plane of the lens tray, and a first motor configured to move the first planar lens tray and align one of the two or more optical window openings into a desired position. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the lens tray is circular and one or more of the optical window openings are arranged with their geometric centers on a ring concentric with the circular lens tray, and the motor is configured to rotate the circular lens tray. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the lens tray is a rectangle. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the optical window openings are arranged in a single one-dimensional array along the length of the rectangle. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the optical window openings are arranged in two or more one-dimensional arrays, each array having one or more optical window openings. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the powered interchangeable lens system further comprises: a second planar lens tray having two or more second optical window openings creating holes through a plane of the lens tray, and at least one of the optical window openings configured to hold an optical element parallel with the plane of the lens tray, and a second motor configured to move the second planar lens tray and align one of the two or more second optical window openings into a desired position. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the powered interchangeable lens system further comprises an optical prism configured to receive incoming light entering the prism in a direction of incidence and redirect the incoming light to outgoing light with a direction of exit which is different from the direction of incidence. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the powered interchangeable lens system further comprises: a second planar lens tray having two or more second optical window openings creating holes through a plane of the lens tray, and at least one of the optical window openings configured to hold an optical element parallel with the plane of the lens tray, and a second motor configured to move the second planar lens tray and align one of the two or more second optical window openings into a desired position. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first planar lens tray is arranged such that the incoming light passes through one of the two or more first optical window openings of the first planar lens tray before entering the prism, and the second planar lens tray is arranged such that the outgoing light passes through one of the two or more second optical window openings. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the powered interchangeable lens system of claim  1  further comprises an imaging element. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, a powered interchangeable lens system comprises: a first lens tray in the shape of a sector of a cylindrical ring, the first lens tray having two or more first optical window openings creating holes from an external surface to an internal surface of the cylindrical ring, and zero or more of the first optical window openings configured to hold an optical element, and a first motor configured to rotate the first cylindrical lens tray and align one of the two or more optical window openings in a desired position. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the powered interchangeable lens system further comprises: a second planar lens tray having two or more second optical window openings creating holes through a plane of the lens tray, and at least one of the optical window openings configured to hold an optical element parallel with the plane of the lens tray, and a second motor configured to move the second planar lens tray and align one of the two or more second optical window openings in a desired position. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the powered interchangeable lens system further comprises: an optical prism configured to receive incoming light entering the prism in a direction of incidence and redirect the incoming light to outgoing light with a direction of exit which is different from the direction of incidence. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the powered interchangeable lens system further comprises: a second planar lens tray having two or more second optical window openings creating holes through a plane of the lens tray, and at least one of the optical window openings configured to hold an optical element parallel with the plane of the lens tray, and a second motor configured to move the second planar lens tray and align one of the two or more second optical window openings in a desired position. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the second planar lens tray is arranged such that the incoming light passes through one of the two or more second optical window openings of the second planar lens tray before entering the prism, and the first lens tray is arranged such that the outgoing light passes through one of the two or more first optical window openings of the first lens tray in the shape of a sector of a cylindrical ring. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first lens tray is made of a flexible band of material connected end-to-end to form a loop, the loop is formed into a geometric shape, and the loop is configured to rotate along the contour defined by the geometric shape, moving one of the first optical window openings to a desired position while maintaining the orientation and shape of the geometric shape. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, a powered interchangeable lens system comprises: a flexible band of material connected end to end forming a loop with an inner surface and outer surface, two or more traylets, each of the traylets formed of a tab of material extending from the inner or outer surface of the loop, and a first optical window opening formed in one or more of the traylets and configured to hold an optical element. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the power interchangeable lens system further comprises: a second lens tray having two or more second optical window openings, wherein one or more of the second optical windows openings is configured to hold an optical element, wherein the second lens tray is arranged in relation to at least one of the one or more traylets having a first optical window opening such that light passing through the first optical window opening also passes through at least one of the second optical window openings. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the powered interchangeable lens system further comprises: an optical prism configured to receive incoming light entering the prism in a direction of incidence and redirect the incoming light to outgoing light with a direction of exit which is different from the direction of incidence. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the powered interchangeable lens system further comprises: a second lens tray having two or more second optical window openings, wherein one or more of the second optical windows openings is configured to hold an optical element, wherein the second lens tray is arranged in relation to at least one of the one or more traylets having a first optical window opening such that light passing through the first optical window opening also passes through the prism and also passes through at least one of the second optical window openings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a motorized interchangeable lens system with an annular lens ring with an attached motor according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a motorized interchangeable lens system with multiple annular lens rings with attached motors according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a motorized interchangeable lens system with a single rectangular lens tray having a single array of lenses according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a motorized interchangeable lens system with a single rectangular lens tray having multiple arrays of lenses according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a motorized interchangeable lens system with multiple rectangular lens trays, each having multiple arrays of lenses according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a cutaway side view of a stack of lenses that may be placed in optical window opening of a lens tray according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7 a    shows an arrangement of a lens tray, a prism, and an imaging unit arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7 b    shows an alternate arrangement of various lens trays and an imaging unit arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7 c    shows a sector-shaped lens tray, a prism, and a rectangular lens tray on different plane from the sector shaped lens tray, and an imaging unit arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7 d    shows a rectangular lens tray, a prism, a barrel shaped lens tray, and an imaging unit arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7 e    shows a dual rectangular lens tray, prism, and imaging unit arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7 f    shows a rectangular lens tray, a prism, an imaging unit and a flexible band lens tray arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7 g    shows a series of lens optical window openings arranged on the inside surface of a flexible band lens tray, a prism and an imaging unit according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram of how two lenses in separate lens trays would work together to produce a desired result according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram of a circular lens tray with magnetic motor and a locking mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a cutaway side view of a magnetic motor for moving two circular lens trays according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  shows an iris aperture arranged between two circular lens trays according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is block diagram showing the integration of the motorized interchangeable lens system with a mobile imaging unit according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13  is a flowchart showing how camera software integrated with the motorized interchangeable lens system interprets user inputs and translates them into the appropriate lens tray positions. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED SPECIFICATION 
     A motorized interchangeable lens system according to the current invention includes at least one lens tray, a motor, a motor controller, and may also include an imaging element. The motorized interchangeable lens system is designed to be incorporated into a mobile device, camera, camcorder, or other imaging device. The lens tray has formed within it, a plurality of optical window openings or holes. A optical window opening may hold an optical element such as a lens, lens stack, lens cover, or an optical filter, or an optical window opening may be empty. Empty optical window openings, or optical window openings not holding an optical element can be useful for a variety of reasons which will become apparent through this detailed specification. According to one embodiment, empty optical window openings allow a lens to be used in isolation without being combined with other lenses. Empty optical window openings may also allow for attachment of modular lenses to the outside of the imaging device. Other than any empty optical window openings, each optical window opening contains a lens or lens stack of a different focal length or a different optical filter. This allows for the flexibility of having a variety of different focal length lenses to be included in a compact device without requiring the complexity, size, and weight of a zoom lens. Since the size, thickness and diameter of each prime lens varies in order to provide the desired focal length, the diameters of each optical window opening also vary. 
     Lenses or lens stacks may comprise H-cut lenses, D-cut lenses, rectangular lenses, or lenses of any shape. Lenses of different shapes, such as H-cut lenses, can allow lens tray space to be used more efficiently and effectively. Lens stacks may optionally include photographic filters or other light refracting elements that produce color or geometric effects on the light. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that any lens, filter, or optical element may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     The present invention can be useful for creating a compact multi-focal length lens imaging system that is waterproof because the moving parts can be completely enclosed inside a waterproof case. No moving parts would need to be directly exposed to water, greatly simplifying the construction and reliability of a multi focal length lens imaging system that can be used under water. 
     The motorized interchangeable lens system may contain two or more lens trays. Each tray moves individually and independent of any other trays that are present. Therefore, lenses from each tray can be combined to achieve a greater variety of photographic or optical effects. For example, if Lens A of Lens Tray 1 is paired with Lens B of Lens Tray 2, the result may be a more powerful convergence or divergence of light. In another embodiment, Lens Tray 1 may contain lenses or a group of lenses while Lens Tray 2 may contain a variety of photographic filters. Lens A of Lens Tray 1 may pair with a infrared filter on Lens Tray 2 for night vision purposes. Accordingly, a variety of combinations may be achieved among optical elements to produce many photographic possibilities. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the interchangeable lens system is combined with a software user interface which facilitates choosing the correct optical element combination for a given situation or according to user commands. These features will be described in greater detail beginning with  FIG. 12 . 
     Having described the basic structure and function of the a multi-focal length imaging system incorporating the current invention, various embodiments of the current invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the drawings. 
       FIG. 1  shows a lens tray with various lens optical window openings attached to a motor and an imaging unit. According to one embodiment of the invention, the motorized interchangeable lens system  100  includes a lens tray  101 , and an imaging unit  107 . In this particular embodiment of the invention, the lens tray  101  is annular such that there is a hole in the center and the body of the lens tray contains multiple optical window openings  102  around the peripheral circumference. Each optical window opening holds a lens  103 , a stack of lenses (shown in  FIG. 6 ), a filter, or other optical element, and a motor  106   a,  mounted to the annular ring lens tray  101 , rotates the ring about its central axis in order to position the appropriate lens  103  in line with the imaging unit  107 . The interface board  105  receives power and control signals from the imaging device incorporating the motorized interchangeable lens system  100 . The interface board  105  may be incorporated into the imaging unit  107 , motor  106   a,  or lens tray  101 . One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the interface board  105  may be placed anywhere without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     The lens tray  101  is thick enough to hold either a stack of lenses, as shown in  FIG. 6  below, or single lenses  103  in each optical window opening at various positions within each optical window opening  102 . For example, one lens  103  may be placed near the entrance side of the lens tray  101 , where the lens cover assembly  104  is positioned. Another lens may be placed near the exit side of the lens tray  101  where the imaging unit  107  is positioned. The relative positions of the lenses  103  or lens stacks within the lens tray  101  optical window openings  102  are determined by the geometry of the lens and the configuration of the imaging unit  107 . Lenses of different focal lengths may need to be placed closer to or farther from the imaging unit  107  in order to work correctly. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the properties of the lens  103  or lens stack would determine the appropriate position within the lens tray  101  optical window opening  102 . 
     The motor  106   a  may be arranged so that the drive shaft is perpendicular to the plane of the annular ring lens tray  10 . A pinion gear on the drive shaft of the motor  106   a  engages with gear teeth on the inner edge of the annular ring lens tray  101 . In an alternate embodiment, the motor  106   a  is arranged with the drive shaft parallel to the plane of the annular ring lens tray  101 . In this case, a worm gear on the drive shaft of the motor  106   a  engages with teeth on the outer edge of the annular ring lens tray  101 . The lens tray may also have gear teeth arranged on the front or rear face of the annular ring lens tray  101 , and a bevel, spiral bevel or hypoid gear arrangement would be used to transfer power from the motor  106   a  to the lens tray  101 . One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that any known gear arrangement could be used to connect the motor  106   a  drive shaft to the lens tray  101  without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     The motorized interchangeable lens system  100  may optionally include imaging hardware, such as the imaging element, focusing component, image stabilizers, additional lenses, filters, iris aperture etc. These imaging hardware components may be housed in the imaging unit  107  or housed separately. The imaging element may be any kind of device used for capturing photographic images, including photo-sensitive film, a CCD image sensor, or a CMOS image sensor. One or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that any kind of imaging element could be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     A focusing component may be any component that allows the light from the lens to be focused on the imaging element. This usually involves moving the imaging element toward or away from the lens, moving the lens toward or away from the imaging element, or moving a focusing component within the path of light between the lens and the imaging element. Alternatively a liquid lens, which changes focal length in proportion to the strength of an electric field, or mirrors may also be used to focus. In the present invention, focusing may be accomplished by moving the imaging element, moving a focusing lens, moving an individual lens or stack of lenses within the lens tray, or moving the entire lens tray. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that any kind of focusing element could be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     One method of moving the lens toward or away from the imaging element involves using a voice coil motor design. This is done by mounting the lens or lens stack into the optical window opening by using springs. A first magnet is attached to the lens assembly and a corresponding second magnet is placed outside the light pathway between the lens assembly and the imaging element. One of the magnets should be an electromagnet, but the other may optionally be a permanent magnet. Energizing the electromagnet and adjusting the current causes the lens assembly to be pulled toward or pushed away from the imaging element. 
     The motorized interchangeable lens system  100  may also cooperatively interface with a separate imaging system not integrated into the motorized interchangeable lens system  100 . The lens cover assembly  104  is also optional and may include one or more additional lenses, one or more filters, or a glass or plastic cap or cover to protect the lenses in the lens tray from dust and moisture. The lens cover assembly may be incorporated into the body of the mobile phone, camera, or other imaging device that incorporates the motorized interchangeable lens system  100 . It is not necessary that the lens tray  101  be annular. One or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the lens tray may be annular, circular, rectangular, arced, or any shape that is suitable for the space in which the motorized interchangeable lens system is used, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 1 , and the other figures depicting lens trays throughout this specification, shows only one lens  103  in the optical window openings  102 . It should be understood that simplification of the drawings should not be interpreted as limiting. Any number of optical window openings  102  may be used, and each may be referred to by element  102 . One or more of the optical window openings  102  may have no lens  103  at all. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the lens  103  may generically refer to any lens in the lens tray  101 , including a lens  103  that is lined up with the imaging unit  107 , and hidden from view in the drawing. 
       FIG. 2  shows a motorized interchangeable lens system with two lens trays, which move independently of each other. In this embodiment of the invention, a first motor  106   a  controls the movement of the first lens tray  101   a,  and a second motor  106   b  controls the movement of the second lens tray  101   b.  The control circuitry for both motors is incorporated into the same interface board  105 . Independent movement of the two lens trays  101  allows the lenses in each lens tray  101   a,    101   b,  to be combined to produce a variety of desirable focal lengths, allowing a focal length that is suitable for almost any situation. Alternatively, the second lens tray  101   b  could carry a number of photographic filters, while the first lens tray  101   a  carries lenses of various focal lengths. When the second lens tray  101   b  carries photographic filters, at least one of the optical window openings  102  may be left empty to provide the user with a “no-filter” option for taking photos. This would allow the user to pick any of the available filters to use with any of the available lenses, presenting a variety of choices to the user. 
       FIG. 2  shows only one lens  103 , but this should not be interpreted at limiting. The lens tray  101  may have any number of optical window openings  102  and zero or more of those optical window openings may hold a lens  103  or remain empty. Even if all optical window openings in any lens tray described herein are empty, the empty optical window openings may still serve the purpose of providing varying aperture sizes to change the amount of light entering the imaging unit  107 . Although an iris aperture is the preferred method of changing aperture sizes, a lens tray with various optical window opening sizes may also be used and may even be preferred under certain circumstances. Therefore, even a lens tray with no lenses remains within the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, although the first lens tray  101   a  and second lens tray  101   b  appear to have the same number of optical window openings  102 , this need not be the case. The second lens tray  101   b  may have more or fewer optical window openings  102  than the first lens tray, and the total number of possible lens combinations could be as many as the number of optical window openings  102  in the first lens tray  101  multiplied by the number of optical window openings  102  in the second lens tray  101   b.    
     The concepts discussed with reference to  FIG. 2  may be further expanded to implement three or more lens trays. 
       FIG. 3  shows the motorized interchangeable lens system  200  with the optical window openings  202  of the lens tray  201  arranged in a one-dimensional array. This arrangement of lenses may be able to hold fewer lenses than the annular design, for example, before the lens tray becomes unfeasibly long. However, the dimensions required for use within something like a mobile phone would be easy to determine and space within the mobile phone could be easily provided in a situation where curves might be more difficult to deal with. The simplicity of the device in  FIG. 3  is considered a fair trade for reduced lens options. 
     Motors are not shown in  FIG. 3 , but a variety of different motor and gear mechanisms which could be used to move the lens tray  201  into the desired position. The motor  206  could be arranged perpendicular, parallel, transverse, or in any position and combined with worm gears, bevel gears, spiral, hypoid, or rack and pinion gear arrangements configured to move the lens tray as desired. A linear motor can also be used for quieter or quicker movement. One or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that any motor and gear arrangement could be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 4  shows a motorized interchangeable lens system  200  with optical window openings and lenses arranged two-dimensionally. As seen in  FIG. 4 , the arrangement of lenses can be described as having at least three arrays: one array on the left, one array on the right containing the optical window opening labeled  202 , and one array in the center containing just one lens  203 . Alternatively, the arrangement of optical window openings could be described as a first array at the top with just one lens  203 , a second array with two optical window openings just below the first array, and so on to the bottom array. No matter the arrangement of optical window openings, their arrangement can be described as having a number of arrays with one or more optical window openings in each array. 
     In the case of  FIG. 4 , an x-axis motor moves the lens tray along the x-axis and a y-axis motor moves the lens tray along the y-axis. Combining the motion of both the x-axis and y-axis motors allows the lens tray to be positioned at any of the lenses on the lens tray. The optical window openings  202  may be of varying sizes and may even be large enough to overlap into the next row, as illustrated by the lens  203 . This allows for varying sized optical window openings  202  to be strategically placed within the lens tray  201  in order to minimize the space used by the lens tray  201 . The x-axis motor and y-axis motor are capable of positioning the lens tray  201  in any position necessary to select the desired lens. 
     The system of motors and gears required to move the lens tray  201  in two dimensions may be somewhat more complicated than the motor system required for moving a lens tray in one dimension. However, mechanical systems for moving items on a plane in two dimensions are available in the prior art and one or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that any of such systems could be adapted for use with the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  shows a motorized interchangeable lens system  200  with multiple rectangular lens trays  201 . In this particular embodiment, a more complex motor system would be required in order to move each lens tray independent of each other. However, if the lens trays were intended to only be moved in unison, both lens trays could be moved by the same system of motors and gears as is used to move a single tray. 
       FIG. 6  shows a side cutaway view of a lens stack held in an optical window opening  102 ,  202 . According to some embodiments of the invention, the optical window openings  102 ,  202  may hold nothing, an optical filter, a single lens, or may hold a stack of multiple lenses. A stack of lenses used for general purpose, or somewhat wide angle photography can be reversed in another optical window opening to produce high magnification of close up subjects for macro photography. Stacking or coupling lenses can also aid in correcting aberrations or distortions created, for example, by differences in the refraction rate of different colors of light through a material. Stacking lenses can also help in achieving greater magnification, such as that required for macro, or extreme close-up photography. When the optical window opening  202  holds no optical element, it simply does not refract the light. This can be useful in a variety of situations. First, some lenses or lens stacks require no other lenses in order to produce the desired result. This is explained in more detail with reference to  FIG. 8  below. In addition, the interchangeable lens system may be configured to allow attachment of external optical attachments, including, but not limited to, microscopes, telescopes, external lenses, filters, or other optical elements. In this situation, lenses on the lens trays may interfere with the desired effect of the external optical attachment, so an empty optical window opening would be selected to prevent unwanted refraction. 
       FIGS. 7 a -7 g    show various lens tray shapes and arrangements that can be rearranged to produce a variety of desirable results. Each of the lens trays may include a prism or mirror system  708  which changes the direction of the light, allowing for a greater distance to be placed between the refractive lens and the imaging unit  707  while still maintaining a compact form factor. Each arrangement, along with some unique properties of each, will be explained in further detail below. 
       FIG. 7 a    shows a basic arrangement of a lens tray combined with a prism  708  which changes the direction of the light coming through the lens tray.  FIG. 7 a    shows how the prism may be combined with a lens tray to provide additional function and flexibility. The imaging unit  707  is arranged on the exit end of the prism, allowing flexibility to increase the distance the light travels between the lens and the imaging unit  707  without increasing the thickness of the camera system. In one embodiment, the interchangeable lens system of  FIG. 7 a    is arranged in a mobile phone such that the circular lens tray lies flat behind the screen of the mobile phone. The lens cover assembly  104  is incorporated into the body of the mobile phone such that the camera opening is visible on the back of the camera. The prism  708  redirects the light along the length or width of the mobile phone. Without the prism  708 , the imaging unit  707  would have to be oriented along the same vector of the lens cover assembly  104 , as depicted in  FIGS. 1-5 , and the thickness of the mobile phone would limit the focal length possible with the interchangeable lens system. The prism provides much more flexibility in the distance between the lens and the imaging unit  707 , and thus flexibility in the maximum focal lengths possible with the interchangeable lens system. 
       FIG. 7 b    shows a lens tray arrangement with three lens trays, showing that more than two lens trays may be used and the lens trays need not be of the same shape, size or type. The first lens tray  101   a  is thicker than the second lens tray  101   b.  The optical window openings  102  of the first lens tray  101   a  may hold a stack of lenses, as depicted in  FIG. 6 , or may hold various single lenses  103  at various positions within the optical window openings  102  of the lens tray  101   a.  The second lens tray  101   b  is thinner than the first lens tray  101   a  and may contain either single lenses or optical filters. The single lenses may be designed to work in combination with one or more of the lenses  103  or lens stacks of the first lens tray  101   a.  The third lens tray  201 , is a rectangular lens tray  201 . The lenses  103 ,  203  of all the trays would combine to produce the desired focal length, and/or optical effect and each of the lens trays may have one or more empty optical window openings  103 ,  203 . These empty optical window openings may be combined with the lenses to produce a desirable optical effect or focal length where fewer than three separate optical elements are required to achieve the desired result. The imaging unit  707  is arranged perpendicular to the lens trays to show that the interchangeable lens system need not necessarily use a prism  FIG. 7 a      708 . 
       FIG. 7 c    shows how a prism  708  may be used to combine two lens trays of different shapes arranged on different planes relative to each other. The first lens tray  101  is in the shape of a sector, or a wedge cut out of a circle. Light enters through the lens cover assembly  104  and passes through a optical window opening  102  in the first lens tray before entering a prism  708 , which changes the direction of the light to be parallel to the plane of the first lens tray  101 . The second lens tray  201  is then arranged after the prism  708  and orthogonal to the first lens tray  101 . Light passes through a optical window opening  202  of the second lens tray before reaching the imaging unit  707 . 
       FIG. 7 d    shows a combination of a rectangular lens tray  201 , a prism  708 , and a barrel lens tray  709  that encircles the imaging unit  707 . The barrel lens tray  709  is different from previously described lens trays  101 ,  201  because it is not planar. The barrel lens tray  709  is a cylindrical ring shape with an outer wall and inner wall. Although  FIG. 7 d    depicts a fully circular ring, the barrel lens tray  709  may be an arc or sector that is less than the whole cylindrical ring shape. In other words, the ends of the barrel lens tray  709  need not necessarily meet each other to form a complete circle. This type of lens tray is similar to the rectangular lens tray  201  of  FIG. 3 , except the planar surface is curved to form an arc along the length of the rectangle. When the ends of the rectangle of sufficient length are curved to the point of meeting each other, a barrel lens tray, as depicted in  FIG. 7   d,  is formed. 
     On the barrel lens tray  709 , instead of having optical window openings arranged along a plane, they are arranged along the cylindrical wall, and instead of rotating or sliding the lens tray, the barrel lens tray  709  is spun on its central axis. The prism  708  makes using the barrel lens tray  709  possible by changing the direction of the light that enters through the rectangular lens tray  201 . This allows the barrel lens tray  709  to be oriented so that the overall thickness of the lens tray combination can be minimized. 
       FIG. 7 e    shows a combination of a prism  708  and two rectangular lens trays  201   a,    201   b,  but in this instance, the two lens trays  201   a,    201   b  lie on parallel planes and light travels through the prism  708  before reaching the lens trays  201   a,    201   b.  The prism  708  opening is protected by an optical cover window  711  which allows light to pass through, but keeps out moisture and dust. In this example, the imaging unit  707  would lie along the length or width of the mobile phone or camera device that incorporates the interchangeable lens system. 
       FIG. 7 f    is similar to  FIG. 7   d,  but the barrel lens tray  709  is a flexible band barrel lens tray  712  made of rubber, silicone, fiber, or a chain loop of hinged rigid segments. The optical window openings  702  hold the optical elements such as lenses or filters. As the lens tray  712  is rotated to select the desired lens, the flexible band  712  bends around the rounded corners  713 , reducing the amount of space required to hold the interchangeable lens system. The rounded corners  713  are configured to have a large enough radius of curvature so that the rigid lenses can traverse the rounded corners  713  without jamming or binding the flexible band barrel lens tray. 
     The barrel lens trays of  FIG. 7 d    and  FIG. 7   f,  whether made of flexible material or rigid material may alternatively have material cut out of the barrel between the optical window openings, forming triangular, rectangular or rounded teeth on one or both sides of the barrel. This makes the lens tray lighter, and/or more flexible. One or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that adding or removing excess material from any lens tray described herein may be done without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 7 g    depicts a different type of flexible lens tray, where the flexible band  714  is attached to several optical window traylets  715 . According to an embodiment of the present invention illustrated in  FIG. 7   g,  a traylet  715  is made of a tab of material separated from the rest of the lens tray, but connected to the perimeter of the lens tray on one side. A lens tray, whether flexible, rigid, planar, or some other shape, may contain multiple traylets  715 . The traylets  715  may be separated from each other by gaps in the tray material or otherwise identifiable as individual portions of the lens tray. Alternatively, a traylet may be a section of the lens tray that contains two or more of the optical window openings of the lens tray. A Traylet may also be blank, or contain no optical window opening. The material forming the traylets  715  may be flexible or rigid. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7   g,  each optical window traylet  715  is formed from a tab of material extending from the inner surface of the flexible band. The flexible band can be made of rubber, silicone, fiber, or a chain loop of rigid segments connected by hinges. Each optical window traylet is capable of remaining empty, or holding a single optical element such as a lens, stack of lenses or filter. Alternatively, the function of an empty window can be achieved simply by having a sufficiently large gap on the flexible band  714  where there is no optical window traylet  715 . The flexible band  714  allows a larger number of optical element options to be placed within available space constraints. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that traylet  715  may also be formed from a tab of material extending from the inner surface, outer surface, or both the inner and outer surface of the flexible band without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       FIGS. 7 a -7 g    depict various combinations of lens trays  101 , prisms  708 , and imaging units  707  in a variety of arrangements suitable for achieving desirable focal lengths and optical effects while fitting the interchangeable lens system within the space constraints typical of modern mobile devices. One or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the various elements of  FIGS. 7 a -7 g    can be mixed and matched to produce any number of additional combinations without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 8  shows how lenses in two different lens trays can be combined to produce a variety of desirable effects. The lens combination at the top is labeled a macro lens combination. The combination of lens D  801  in tray  1  and lens E  802  in tray  2  produces a short focal length A, which has a high magnifying effect on objects brought close to the camera lens. 
     The middle lens combination of  FIG. 8  is labeled as telephoto. The combination of lens F  803  in tray  1  and lens E  802  in tray  2  produces a relatively long focal length B which effectively enlarges objects that are far away from the lens. Note that the lens E  802  used in tray  2  for the macro lens combination may be the same lens E  802  used in tray  2  for the telephoto combination. However,  FIG. 8  is used for illustration purposes only, and is not intended to be limiting. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that one lens, either in tray  1  or tray  2 , may be used in a variety of lens combinations to achieve a variety of different focal lengths for a variety photographic purposes. 
     The bottom lens combination of  FIG. 8  is labeled as wide angle. The wide angle combination uses the same lens D in tray  1  as the macro combination, but the lens in tray  2  is switched to lens G  804 . This lens combination produces a relatively short focal length C that has a wide angle effect on objects that are far from the lens. One or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that any combination of lenses, filters, optical devices, or even empty optical window openings could be used to achieve whatever focal length or other optical effect is desired. 
       FIG. 9  shows a diagram of a motor for rotating a circular lens tray and a system for locking a lens tray in place according to an embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, a motor and gears may be used to rotate, slide, or otherwise move the lens tray into a desired position. Alternatively, a motor as shown in  FIG. 9  may be used to move the lens tray without the need for a system of gears. The lens tray makes up the rotor  901  of a motor similar to a brushless electric motor. The central portion of the lens tray rotor  901  has permanent magnets  908  attached to it and a stator  902  has electromagnets  909  attached. For each lens, there is a corresponding electromagnet  909  and locking notch  904 . The locking notch  904  corresponding to each lens  903  is positioned around the outside edge of the lens tray rotor  901 . 
     A magnetic locking pin  906  is loaded by a spring  905  and interfaces with the locking notches  904  to hold the lens tray rotor at the desired position corresponding to a selected lens  903 . The magnetic locking pin  906  is controlled by a locking electromagnet  907 . When the locking electromagnet  907  is turned on, it pulls the magnetic locking pin  906  toward it, compressing the spring  905  disengaging the pin from the locking notch  904  and allowing the lens tray rotor  901  to rotate freely. When the electromagnets  907 ,  909  are off, they apply no force on the permanent magnets  908  or the magnetic locking pin  906  and the spring  905  loaded locking pin  906  holds the rotor  901  securely in position by interfacing with a locking notch  904 . 
     The appropriate lens  903  can be selected by the following steps. In step  1 , the locking electromagnet  907  is turned on. Turning on the locking electromagnet  907  causes the magnetic locking pin  906  to move toward the locking electromagnet  907 , compressing the spring  905 , and disengaging the magnetic locking pin  906  from the locking notch  904 . In step  2 , turning on and off the electromagnets  909  in the correct sequence causes the lens tray rotor  901  to rotate in one direction or the other. In step  3 , a hall-effect sensor, light sensor, or another sensing device (not shown), detects when the chosen lens  903  is approaching the correct position. When the rotor reaches the desired position, the electromagnets  909  corresponding to the desired lens remain powered on in the correct polarity to stop the rotor in the desired position. In step  4 , the electromagnets  907 ,  909  are turned off and the spring  905  pushes the magnetic locking pin  906  to engage with the locking notch  904  corresponding to the appropriate lens  903 . The locking pin  906  then holds the lens tray rotor in place without requiring the electromagnets to be powered on. 
     Although the above rotation and locking mechanism is applied to a circular lens tray with a magnetic locking pin, many variations can be made. The permanent magnets  908  may be replaced with electromagnets. The relative positions of the stator and rotor may be swapped. The positions or orientations of the permanent magnets  908  and/or the electromagnets  909  can be changed, i.e. placed on the outer edge of the tray, or arranged with the poles being orthogonal, rather than parallel to the plane of the tray. A different locking pin design may be used. The locking pin may be placed on the rotating lens tray. The position of rotor brushes can be changed. The system may also be adapted for linear movement rather than rotation. One or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that many changes to the system could be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 10  shows a side cutaway view of an electromagnetic motor designed for an interchangeable lens system using two lens trays. The first tray  1001  is shown with two first rotor electromagnets  1003  attached to it. Although two first rotor electromagnets  1003  are shown, it is for illustration purposes only, and more electromagnets may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The first rotor electromagnets  1003  are powered through the first rotor brushes  1005  which maintain electrical contact with stationary electrical contacts. The second tray  1002  has two second rotor electromagnets  1004  attached to an extension which passes through the center of the first tray  1001 . The second rotor electromagnets  1004  are powered by a set of second rotor brushes  1006  which maintain contact with a corresponding set of stationary electrical contacts. The stator electromagnets  1007  are positioned such that they will interact with both the first rotor electromagnets  1003  and the second rotor electromagnets  1004 . As in the system described in  FIG. 9 , the electromagnets are turns on and off in the proper sequence to produce the desired movement. 
     The rotor electromagnets may be replaced with permanent magnets, but in this particular physical arrangement, it is desirable that the rotor magnets be electromagnets. Unless sufficient magnetic shielding is used or the rotor magnets are placed so that they don&#39;t interfere with each other, electromagnets are a preferable option here because they can be turned on and off selectively, thus making the task of moving one tray at a time somewhat simpler. 
     The above described electromagnetic motor may be adapted or expanded to move three or more layers of lens trays such that each magnet on the stator interfaces will all of the rotors. The rotors may be rotated simultaneously by energizing the electromagnets on each tray, or the rotors may be moved individually by only energizing the electromagnet on the tray to be moved. 
       FIG. 11  is an illustration showing how an iris aperture may be incorporated into the interchangeable lens system. The iris aperture  1101  in  FIG. 11  is shown placed between first lens tray  101   a  and second lens tray  101   b.  One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that the iris aperture  1101  could be place at any functional position in  FIG. 11  or combined with any number of arrangements depicted or made obvious by  FIGS. 7 a -7 g    without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
       FIG. 12  shows a block diagram of the motorized interchangeable lens system incorporated into an imaging device  1201  such as a mobile phone, camera, or camcorder. The imaging device  1201  includes a programmable apparatus comprising a processor  1202  and a memory  1203  or other computer readable medium for storing program instructions to be executed by the processor  1202 . The memory may also be used to store images received by the imaging element  1204 . The imaging device  1201  sends commands to the motor controller  1205 , which moves the lens tray  1207  to align one of the optical elements  1208  with the imaging element  1204 . An optical element  1208  may be a lens, filter, or some other type of optical element. Light  1209  passes through the optical element  1208  to the imaging element  1204 . 
     The imaging device  1201 , such as a mobile phone, camera, or camcorder may have software and/or drivers installed which enable the user to control the motorized interchangeable lens system through a graphical user interface, or allow automatic control through system software. The user need not be aware of which optical element is used or when it is necessary to change the lens. For example, on a mobile phone, the camera software would receive input from the user to apply a filter, zoom in, zoom out, switch to macro mode, or adjust the aperture size. The device driver, which may be part of the camera software itself, or other software module on the phone would then determine how to move the lens tray to achieve the desired results for the user. 
       FIG. 13  shows a flowchart depicting the software method for interpreting user inputs, determining the appropriate optical elements and moving the lens tray to the appropriate position. At step  1301 , the software receives user inputs. User inputs are typically received through a Graphical User Interface (GUI) where icons, buttons and menus allow the user to choose commands. As an example the user may zoom using an on-screen slider, a touch screen gesture, or a software or hardware dial, wheel, or button. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that any method of zooming may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     In a basic camera app, the user often wants to achieve a certain zoom level in order to properly frame the subject and does not know or care what camera parameters or lens combination are used to achieve the desired result. The user will simply stop adjusting the zoom when the viewfinder or camera display screen shows an acceptable zoom level. Whatever zoom level the user chooses, the software will determine what set of lenses and what level of digital zoom should be used in order to achieve the user-selected zoom level. The primary feature of the software is its ability to choose the appropriate lens combination given user inputs. Although this particular example uses zoom to describe the software function and features, other camera parameters, such as shutter speed, aperture size, filters, film speed, etc. can also be automatically determined based on user inputs. 
     At step  1304 , the camera software interprets the user&#39;s input. The user&#39;s input may include a variety of changes to camera parameters and will not necessarily consist only of zoom commands. Therefore, the software determines what zoom level is required from the user&#39;s input. 
     At step  1306 , the camera software checks configuration parameters to determine what lens tray positions would be required to achieve the user selected zoom level or focal length. The software determines lens tray positions by referring to a set of configuration parameters. The configuration parameters list each available zoom level or focal length with the lens tray positions required to achieve that zoom level or focal length. The available zoom levels or focal lengths may be stored in a file, array, table, or simply hard coded into the software. Because the user may choose a zoom level that may not be exactly the same as one of the available discrete zoom levels, the software finds the closest available discrete zoom level that is no higher than the user selected zoom level. Any remaining amount of zoom is done digitally. The lens tray positions stored under the configuration parameters refer to position sensor readings that correctly select the lenses required to achieve the desired zoom level or focal length. The tray position may be sensed using hall-effect sensors, light sensors, barcode readers, motor position sensors, or determined from the relative movements from a currently known lens combination. One or ordinary skill in the art would recognize that there are a variety of ways to sense, or otherwise determine the position of the lens trays without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     Once the lens tray positions are determined from the configuration parameters, the camera software sends commands to move the lens tray to the correct position. The camera software monitors the lens tray position with sensors, and continues sending movement commands until the desired lens tray position is reached. Alternatively, the camera software may use current knowledge of the lens tray positions and send movement commands known to produce the desired lens tray positions. 
     The camera software may also automatically control an iris aperture incorporated in to the motorized interchangeable lens system. If the user wants to capture fast action or take a photo in low light conditions, the user can set the camera to action mode, or a sensor can detect the low light conditions. In either case, the software responds by sending a command to the iris aperture to increase the aperture size and select the general purpose lens. If the user directs the camera to zoom in using the camera software, the software will command the motor to move the lens tray in order to select the telephoto lenses. 
     A camera software for more advanced users, or a “pro” mode may put the user in direct control of which lens and which aperture size to use. Depending on the optical element options available in each tray, the camera software may present different options to the user based on what is available and how the optical elements can be combined. If one of the trays includes filters, the camera software may include the filters as an option. If all the lens trays contain lenses, the camera software can determine what combinations of lenses are available, calculate each combination&#39;s Effective Focal Length (EFL), and present to the user the available options, or a spectrum of options without the user needing to select each lens on each tray individually. When a large number of effective focal lengths are available through a combination of lenses, the software may simply allow the user to zoom in and out, while the software automatically determines and selects the appropriate combination of lenses while using digital zoom smoothing to cover the gaps between each discrete level of optical zoom that is available. 
     Digital zoom merely takes the photo that was captured by the imaging element and enlarges it, without changing the resolution. This means that digital zoom incurs an image quality penalty and, in extreme cases, causes visible pixilation, blurriness, and distortion. Contrary to television and movie depictions, there is no “enhance” command that magically brings out minute details of a photo that has been digitally enlarged. Therefore, if a savvy user is concerned about preserving the native resolution of photographs, the software will allow the user to do away with digital zoom smoothing, and only use the discrete levels of optical zoom that are available through the various lens combinations in the lens trays. 
     Traditionally, a computer program consists of a finite sequence of computational instructions or program instructions. It will be appreciated that a programmable apparatus (i.e., computing device) can receive such a computer program and, by processing the computational instructions thereof, produce a further technical effect. 
     A programmable apparatus includes one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, embedded microcontrollers, programmable digital signal processors, programmable devices, programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, memory devices, application specific integrated circuits, or the like, which can be suitably employed or configured to process computer program instructions, execute computer logic, store computer data, and so on. Throughout this disclosure and elsewhere a computer can include any and all suitable combinations of at least one general purpose computer, special-purpose computer, programmable data processing apparatus, processor, processor architecture, and so on. 
     It will be understood that a computer can include a computer-readable storage medium and that this medium may be internal or external, removable and replaceable, or fixed. It will also be understood that a computer can include a Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), firmware, an operating system, a database, or the like that can include, interface with, or support the software and hardware described herein. 
     Embodiments of the system as described herein are not limited to applications involving conventional computer programs or programmable apparatuses that run them. It is contemplated, for example, that embodiments of the invention as claimed herein could include an optical computer, quantum computer, analog computer, or the like. 
     Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(media) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     Computer program instructions can be stored in a computer-readable memory capable of directing a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner. The instructions stored in the computer-readable memory constitute an article of manufacture including computer-readable instructions for implementing any and all of the depicted functions. 
     The elements depicted in flowchart illustrations and block diagrams throughout the figures imply logical boundaries between the elements. However, according to software or hardware engineering practices, the depicted elements and the functions thereof may be implemented as parts of a monolithic software structure, as standalone software modules, or as modules that employ external routines, code, services, and so forth, or any combination of these. All such implementations are within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In view of the foregoing, it will now be appreciated that elements of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of steps for performing the specified functions, program instruction means for performing the specified functions, and so on. 
     It will be appreciated that computer program instructions may include computer executable code. A variety of languages for expressing computer program instructions are possible, including without limitation C, C++, Java, JavaScript, assembly language, Lisp, HTML, Perl, and so on. Such languages may include assembly languages, hardware description languages, database programming languages, functional programming languages, imperative programming languages, and so on. In some embodiments, computer program instructions can be stored, compiled, or interpreted to run on a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, a heterogeneous combination of processors or processor architectures, and so on. Without limitation, embodiments of the system as described herein can take the form of web-based computer software, which includes client/server software, software-as-a-service, peer-to-peer software, or the like. 
     In some embodiments, a computer enables execution of computer program instructions including multiple programs or threads. The multiple programs or threads may be processed more or less simultaneously to enhance utilization of the processor and to facilitate substantially simultaneous functions. By way of implementation, any and all methods, program codes, program instructions, and the like described herein may be implemented in one or more thread. The thread can spawn other threads, which can themselves have assigned priorities associated with them. In some embodiments, a computer can process these threads based on priority or any other order based on instructions provided in the program code. 
     Unless explicitly stated or otherwise clear from the context, the verbs “execute” and “process” are used interchangeably to indicate execute, process, interpret, compile, assemble, link, load, any and all combinations of the foregoing, or the like. Therefore, embodiments that execute or process computer program instructions, computer-executable code, or the like can suitably act upon the instructions or code in any and all of the ways just described. 
     Throughout this disclosure and elsewhere, block diagrams and flowchart illustrations depict methods, apparatuses (i.e., systems), and computer program products. Each element of the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, as well as each respective combination of elements in the block diagrams and flowchart illustrations, illustrates a function of the methods, apparatuses, and computer program products. Any and all such functions (“depicted functions”) can be implemented by computer program instructions; by special-purpose, hardware-based computer systems; by combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions; by combinations of general purpose hardware and computer instructions; and so on any and all of which may be generally referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module,” or “system.” 
     While the foregoing drawings and description set forth functional aspects of the disclosed systems, no particular arrangement of software for implementing these functional aspects should be inferred from these descriptions unless explicitly stated or otherwise clear from the context. 
     Each element in flowchart illustrations may depict a step, or group of steps, of a computer-implemented method. Further, each step may contain one or more sub-steps. For the purpose of illustration, these steps (as well as any and all other steps identified and described above) are presented in order. It will be understood that an embodiment can contain an alternate order of the steps adapted to a particular application of a technique disclosed herein. All such variations and modifications are intended to fall within the scope of this disclosure. The depiction and description of steps in any particular order is not intended to exclude embodiments having the steps in a different order, unless required by a particular application, explicitly stated, or otherwise clear from the context. 
     The functions, systems and methods herein described could be utilized and presented in a multitude of languages. Individual systems may be presented in one or more languages and the language may be changed with ease at any point in the process or methods described above. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that there are numerous languages the system could be provided in, and embodiments of the present invention are contemplated for use with any language. 
     While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. The invention is capable of myriad modifications in various obvious aspects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and descriptions are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.