Patent Publication Number: US-2022229958-A1

Title: Predicting oil gains derived from horizontal sidetracking of producer wells using past production performance, subsurface information, and sidetrack design parameters

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure applies to techniques used to predict oil gains derived from horizontal sidetracking of producer wells. Horizontal sidetracking allows companies to re-purpose old wells, which would otherwise be abandoned, in order to access new sections of the reservoir to further recover hydrocarbons. Prediction of horizontal sidetracking performance is customarily done using reservoir simulation or statistical analogs. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure describes techniques that can be used for techniques used to predict oil gains derived from horizontal sidetracking of producer wells using past production performance, subsurface information and sidetrack design parameters. 
     The present disclosure describes a workflow to extract data from historical sidetracks (for example, implemented in Python, but other programming languages can be used) and the machine learning processes validated to correctly predict sidetrack gains. 
     In some implementations, a computer-implemented method includes the following. A subset of independent variables corresponding to production variables of the oil well are selected using statistical analysis from a set of independent variables corresponding to production features of an oil well. The production parameters include performance variables for production of the oil well, design variables of the design of the oil well, and modeled independent variables of the oil well. Using the subset of independent variables and machine learning, predicted values of dependent variables are determined including an oil gain (ΔQ o ) and a water reduction (ΔQ w ) associated with production of the oil well. A display specifying incremental values of average rate variations over a cumulative time window is generated in a graphical user interface. The display is based at least in part on the predicted values of dependent variables. 
     The previously described implementation is implementable using a computer-implemented method; a non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions to perform the computer-implemented method; and a computer-implemented system including a computer memory interoperably coupled with a hardware processor configured to perform the computer-implemented method/the instructions stored on the non-transitory, computer-readable medium. 
     The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in particular implementations, so as to realize one or more of the following advantages. First, the techniques of the present disclosure can be used to provide statistical support for use in sidetrack decisions, including by helping to quickly and robustly evaluate sidetracks candidates, and to screen for poor candidates. Second, the techniques can reduce the need for constant drilling of sidetracks that require continuous evaluation, screening, and prediction simulation predictions that can take a significant amount of time. The techniques of the present disclosure can accelerate the process and reduce the uncertainty in the evaluation. Third, the techniques can provide a quick and unbiased prediction of sidetrack performance, including to evaluate each candidate individually. This can overcome problems that occur in which engineers have biases and limitations in the number of variables that they can consider, resulting in a loss of objectivity at the moment of assessing which sidetrack is better. Fourth, the techniques can be used to predict the performance of sidetracks (incrementally over the prior well completions) in oil fields, including water-flooded conventional reservoirs. 
     The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter of this specification are set forth in the Detailed Description, the accompanying drawings, and the claims. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the Detailed Description, the claims, and the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a graph showing an example of a time series split validation, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1B  is a graph showing examples of shuffle splits for model selection, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing an example of a workflow using predictors to predict oil gains and water reduction, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 3A-3D  are plots providing examples of schematics of some of the performance features extracted automatically, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are graphs providing examples of predicted quality based on blind test for oil gains (on randomly selected samples), according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are graphs providing examples of prediction quality, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a flowchart of an example of a method for predicting oil gains and water reduction and displaying specifying incremental values of average rate variations over a cumulative time window, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating an example computer system used to provide computational functionalities associated with described algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the present disclosure, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description describes techniques used to predict oil gains derived from horizontal sidetracking of producer wells using past production performance, subsurface information, and sidetrack design parameters. Various modifications, alterations, and permutations of the disclosed implementations can be made and will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the general principles defined may be applied to other implementations and applications, without departing from scope of the disclosure. In some instances, details unnecessary to obtain an understanding of the described subject matter may be omitted so as to not obscure one or more described implementations with unnecessary detail and inasmuch as such details are within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the described or illustrated implementations, but to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the described principles and features. 
     The techniques of the present disclosure can include the use of a machine learning model and a workflow that predicts sidetrack performance (including oil gains and changes in water production) utilizing a multilayer perception (MLP) neural network. Inputs to the MLP can include a set of features (for example, 25 features) that are identified as having predictive value using feature analysis techniques. The set of features can include, for example: 1) performance data prior to the sidetrack (for example, decline rate, actual oil rate, and watercut); 2) sidetrack design information (for example, lateral length and orientation); and 3) a few modeled subsurface variables (for example, height above free water level and top structure). The techniques of the present disclosure can be implemented and deployed, for example, in specific types of reservoirs, such as high permeability giant carbonate fields. Other different types of fields/reservoirs may require alteration of certain aspects of the methodology and re-validation of the prediction ability using the MLP neural network. 
     The techniques of the present disclosure were used to predict sidetrack oil gains (in an unseen test set) with a correlation coefficient of 0.83. The techniques can be used to predict variations in the water rate with a correlation coefficient of 0.9. These validations can be used using random samples in historical records of sidetracks (for example, through shuffle split validation). 
     An additional time series validation was carried out techniques of the present disclosure for training in using information about sidetracks in the past to predict additional sidetracks. The additional time series validation also delivered very positive results. The techniques of the present disclosure can be used to evaluate, rank, and high-grade sidetrack candidates, which can result in increasing field potential and capital expenditures (CAPEX) efficiency. 
     The techniques of the present disclosure can include: 1) a series of workflows that generate the features (for example, used as input data) needed for the MLP neural network; and 2) a MLP neural network that receives input features about sidetracks and predicts future performance (for example, including oil and water rate). 
     The workflow to obtain the features can include: 1) extracting performance metrics from production allocation data; 2) providing variables related to the sidetrack design (for example, orientation and length); and 3) extracting, from geological models or logs, a limited set of subsurface attributes which have low levels of uncertainty. 
     The predictions can then be done as follows (assuming the predictions are applied on a new field). The MLP can be trained using a standard library (for example, Scikit Learn) to determine the best weights for the field using the historical dataset. Cross validation can be performed using shuffle split and time series cross validation. Performance of future sidetracks can then be predicted using the trained MLP model. 
     The techniques of the present disclosure can be useful in identifying the parameters that matter, having validated the possibility of such model being constructed. These parameters can include variables that are known prior to the drilling of the sidetrack itself (and therefore predictive) and the choke/pump setting after the sidetrack. For example, a choke setting can include a choke size post indicating a choke setting on which the sidetrack will be placed. In developing the techniques of the present disclosure, a statistical analysis that was carried out to select these variables started out with  75  parameters, from which the top 25 were selected (and are shown in  FIG. 2 ). 
       FIG. 1A  is a graph showing an example of a time series split validation  100 , according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The graph is plotted relative to time  102  for different time series splits (TSS)  104 . The graph  100  are annotated for training  108  and testing  106  sets over a time frame. The validation starts with an initial split  110 , then uses a training set  112  and a testing set  114  (including at a final test  116 ). 
       FIG. 1B  is a graph  150  showing examples of shuffle splits for model selection, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The graph  150  is annotated for training  108  and testing  106  sets over a time frame relative to time and the TSSes  104 . 
     The techniques of the present disclosure can enable fast and statistically robust evaluation of sidetracks, by simultaneously considering the effect of 25 different parameters in sidetrack performance. For example, the analysis of hundreds of sidetracks can be run to assess and rank (and predict independently) the sidetracks in a matter of minutes. 
     The statistical robustness is a major advantage over simple engineering judgment. It provides the capacity to remain unbiased as well as considering the impact of many conflicting variables, which is impossible for the human brain. 
     The advantage over standard finite different/finite volume simulation is that it is quicker and does not require input parameters which are not known well (such as the permeability fields in the reservoir). 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing an example of a workflow  200  using predictors (or independent variables  202 ) to predict oil gains and water reduction, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. Dependent variables  204  can be determined using machine learning  206 . The dependent variables  204  can include outcomes  208  of an oil gain (ΔQ o ) and a water reduction (ΔQ w ), for example. The independent variables  202  (for example, including 25 variables) can be chosen by prediction ability through feature selection, for example. In some implementations, the independent variables  202  can include nine performance variables  210 , eleven design variables  212 , and five modeled variables  214 . 
     Prior parameters  216  used in the workflow  200  can include the following. A liquid rate prior can represent an average of the liquid production rate prior to the sidetrack. A watercut prior sidetrack (ST) can be calculated as a ratio of an average water production prior and an oil rate from decline curve analysis (DCA). Parameters can include a cumulative water prior to sidetrack, a cumulative oil prior to sidetrack, an oil rate prior, which is calculated using a decline curve analysis over one million stock tank barrels (MMSTB) cumulative window; an uptime prior; a choke size post indicating a choke setting on which the sidetrack will be placed; a decline rate prior (or a slope of oil DCA in MMSTB), and a static pressure prior (a trend extrapolation of static pressure to the date of sidetrack). 
     Other parameters  218  and  220  used in the workflow  200  can include the following. A normalized northing refers to a normalized north-south (N-S) distance relative to the centroid of the completions. For example, fields that are studied are elongated N-S, with petrophysical properties showing a variation in this direction. A Y-coordinate is represents the northing in km with origin in the barycenter of the well head locations. An offset well head (WH) to true depth (TD) can be a horizontal distance between the well head and the true depth of a new sidetrack (for example, at its tip). A distance to flank refers to the distance between the well completion center and the periphery of the field. A partial penetration refers to an extent to which the future well will penetrate vertically in the reservoir (for example, as a percentage 0-100%). A lowest z deviation (dev) survey refers to the lowest depth, in true vertical depth-subsea (TVDSS), reached by the future well completion. A start to (ST) completion length refers to the length of a completed interval. An azimuth refers to an angle measured from north in the clockwise direction (−pi/2 to pi/2). A field number refers to an integer code identifying a field. A completion type refers to an integer reflecting completion type (openhole, ICD or ICV). Well density refers to a number of other well TDs in a 2 km radius at the time of the drilling. Year refers to a year in which the sidetrack is performed. An initial oil thickness refers to the reservoir oil thickness in feet. A Kóczy-Hirota (KH) interpolation refers to a permeability height product (interpolated from maps build using interpolated pressure transient analysis (PTA) data). A height above initial free water level (HAFWL) is a height above the above free-water level. A top reservoir refers to a height in TVDSS of the top reservoir. An original free water level (FWL) refers to a TVDSS of the original free water level. 
     Units in input variables can be standardized. For every value, normalization (for example, subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation) can be done, except the discrete variables which are one-hot encoded. 
       FIGS. 3A-3D  are plots  300   a - 300   d  providing examples of schematics of some of the performance features extracted automatically, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The plots  300   a - 300   d  include an azimuth line  302 . 
     The plot  302   a  includes an oil test rate  304 , an oil instantaneous rate  306 , an oil average (avg.) rate  308 , a decline curve analysis (DCA) oil average rate  310 , and an average inst.  312 , each rate in standard barrels per day (STB/D), for example. The plot  302   a  shows a DCA before point  314 , an average after point  316 , and a root mean square (RMS) test versus barrels of oil per day (BOPD) point  318 . The plot  302   a  is plotted relative to cumulative (cum.) oil  320  and a rate  322 . 
     The plot  302   b  includes an avg. liquid ( 14 ) rate  324 , an avg. water (wat.) rate  326 , an oil average rate  328 , a static pressure  330  (for example, is pounds per square inch absolute (PSIA)), a sidetrack  332 , a water breakthrough (BT) of 10 percent  334 , a 10 percent after sidetrack (AF ST)  336 , and a last production (prod.), and a before sidetrack (BF ST)  338 . The plot  302   b  shows a static pressure point  340 . The plot  302   b  is plotted relative to a date  342  and a rate  322 . Rates can be in STB/D, for example. 
     The plot  302   c  includes a water test rate  344 , a water avg. rate  346 , a water inst. rate  348 , an average inst. rate  350 , and an average allocated rate  352 . The plot  302   c  shows an average before point  354  and an average after point  356 . The plot  302   c  is plotted relative to cumulative (cum.) oil  320  and a rate  322 . 
     The plot  302   d  includes a water breakthrough (BT) cumulative water rate  358 , a cumulative oil rate  360 , a WHP/10 rate  362 , a test choke size  364  (for example, 1/64 inch), a sidetrack  366 , and operating days (OPD)  368 . The plot  302   d  shows cumulatives  370 , a well head flowing pressure (WHFP)  372 , and operational days  374 . The plot  302   d  is plotted relative to a date  342  and a rate  322 . 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  are graphs  400  and  450  providing examples of predicted quality based on blind test for oil gains (on randomly selected samples), according to some implementations of the present disclosure. For example,  FIGS. 4A and 4B  show validation plots, proving the statistical validity of predictions made using techniques of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 4A , model prediction points  402  are plotted relative to a perfect prediction line  404 . The graphs are plotted relative to a “y in test” axis  406  and a y prediction  408 . In the bar chart of  FIG. 4B , bars representing differences  410  of y_model=y_test are graphed relative to the y_prediction axis  408 . 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  are graphs providing examples of prediction quality, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The graphs are based on blind tests for water reduction (using randomly selected samples). Referring to  FIG. 5A , model prediction points  502  are plotted relative to a perfect prediction line  504 . The graphs are plotted relative to a “y in test” axis  506  and a y prediction  508 . In the bar chart of  FIG. 5B , bars representing differences  510  of y_model=y_test are graphed relative to the y_prediction axis  508 . 
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart of an example of a method  600  predicting oil gains and water reduction and displaying specifying incremental values of average rate variations over a cumulative time window, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. For clarity of presentation, the description that follows generally describes method  600  in the context of the other figures in this description. However, it will be understood that method  600  can be performed, for example, by any suitable system, environment, software, and hardware, or a combination of systems, environments, software, and hardware, as appropriate. In some implementations, various steps of method  600  can be run in parallel, in combination, in loops, or in any order. 
     At  602 , a subset of independent variables corresponding to production variables of the oil well are selected using statistical analysis from a set of independent variables corresponding to production features of an oil well. The production parameters include performance variables for production of the oil well, design variables of the design of the oil well, and modeled independent variables of the oil well. The performance variables selected in the subset of independent variables can include, for example, a liquid rate prior, a watercut prior sidetrack (ST), a cumulative water prior to sidetrack, a cumulative oil prior to sidetrack, an oil rate prior, an uptime prior, a choke size post, a decline rate prior, and a static pressure prior. The design variables selected in the subset of independent variables can include, for example, a Y-coordinate, an offset well head (WH) to true depth (TD), a distance to flank, a partial penetration, a lowest z deviation survey, a start to (ST) completion length, an azimuth, a field number, a completion type, a well density, and a year in which the sidetrack is performed. The modeled independent variables selected in the subset of independent variables can include, for example, an initial oil thickness, a Kóczy-Hirota (KH) interpolation, a height above initial free water level (HAFWL), a top reservoir, and an original free water level (FWL). From  602 , method  600  proceeds to  604 . 
     At  604 , using the subset of independent variables and machine learning, predicted values of dependent variables are determined including an oil gain (ΔQ o ) and a water reduction (ΔQ w ) associated with production of the oil well. The predicted oil gains are described as the average rate increase (incremental to prior rate) for the period it takes for the well to produce 0.5 MMstb (million stock tank barrels). The same can be applied to the water variation predicted. It is the change in rate experienced by the well after being sidetracked for a cumulative of 0.5 mMstb. From  604 , method  600  proceeds to  606 . 
     At  606 , a display specifying incremental values of average rate variations over a cumulative time window is generated in a graphical user interface. The display is based at least in part on the predicted values of dependent variables. After  606 , method  600  can stop. 
     In some implementations, an oil-gain prediction quality is generated in a graphical user interface based, at least in part, on the predicted values of dependent variables. As an example, graphs can be generated that provide plots of oil gain prediction quality can include model prediction points plotted relative to a perfect prediction line. 
     In some implementations, graphs of water-reduction prediction quality are generated in the graphical user interface. For example, the graphs providing plots of water reduction prediction quality can include model prediction points plotted relative to a perfect prediction line. 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram of an example computer system  700  used to provide computational functionalities associated with described algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures described in the present disclosure, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The illustrated computer  702  is intended to encompass any computing device such as a server, a desktop computer, a laptop/notebook computer, a wireless data port, a smart phone, a personal data assistant (PDA), a tablet computing device, or one or more processors within these devices, including physical instances, virtual instances, or both. The computer  702  can include input devices such as keypads, keyboards, and touch screens that can accept user information. Also, the computer  702  can include output devices that can convey information associated with the operation of the computer  702 . The information can include digital data, visual data, audio information, or a combination of information. The information can be presented in a graphical user interface (UI) (or GUI). 
     The computer  702  can serve in a role as a client, a network component, a server, a database, a persistency, or components of a computer system for performing the subject matter described in the present disclosure. The illustrated computer  702  is communicably coupled with a network  730 . In some implementations, one or more components of the computer  702  can be configured to operate within different environments, including cloud-computing-based environments, local environments, global environments, and combinations of environments. 
     At a top level, the computer  702  is an electronic computing device operable to receive, transmit, process, store, and manage data and information associated with the described subject matter. According to some implementations, the computer  702  can also include, or be communicably coupled with, an application server, an email server, a web server, a caching server, a streaming data server, or a combination of servers. 
     The computer  702  can receive requests over network  730  from a client application (for example, executing on another computer  702 ). The computer  702  can respond to the received requests by processing the received requests using software applications. Requests can also be sent to the computer  702  from internal users (for example, from a command console), external (or third) parties, automated applications, entities, individuals, systems, and computers. 
     Each of the components of the computer  702  can communicate using a system bus  703 . In some implementations, any or all of the components of the computer  702 , including hardware or software components, can interface with each other or the interface  704  (or a combination of both) over the system bus  703 . Interfaces can use an application programming interface (API)  712 , a service layer  713 , or a combination of the API  712  and service layer  713 . The API  712  can include specifications for routines, data structures, and object classes. The API  712  can be either computer-language independent or dependent. The API  712  can refer to a complete interface, a single function, or a set of APIs. 
     The service layer  713  can provide software services to the computer  702  and other components (whether illustrated or not) that are communicably coupled to the computer  702 . The functionality of the computer  702  can be accessible for all service consumers using this service layer. Software services, such as those provided by the service layer  713 , can provide reusable, defined functionalities through a defined interface. For example, the interface can be software written in JAVA, C++, or a language providing data in extensible markup language (XML) format. While illustrated as an integrated component of the computer  702 , in alternative implementations, the API  712  or the service layer  713  can be stand-alone components in relation to other components of the computer  702  and other components communicably coupled to the computer  702 . Moreover, any or all parts of the API  712  or the service layer  713  can be implemented as child or sub-modules of another software module, enterprise application, or hardware module without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The computer  702  includes an interface  704 . Although illustrated as a single interface  704  in  FIG. 7 , two or more interfaces  704  can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer  702  and the described functionality. The interface  704  can be used by the computer  702  for communicating with other systems that are connected to the network  730  (whether illustrated or not) in a distributed environment. Generally, the interface  704  can include, or be implemented using, logic encoded in software or hardware (or a combination of software and hardware) operable to communicate with the network  730 . More specifically, the interface  704  can include software supporting one or more communication protocols associated with communications. As such, the network  730  or the interface&#39;s hardware can be operable to communicate physical signals within and outside of the illustrated computer  702 . 
     The computer  702  includes a processor  705 . Although illustrated as a single processor  705  in  FIG. 7 , two or more processors  705  can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer  702  and the described functionality. Generally, the processor  705  can execute instructions and can manipulate data to perform the operations of the computer  702 , including operations using algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the present disclosure. 
     The computer  702  also includes a database  706  that can hold data for the computer  702  and other components connected to the network  730  (whether illustrated or not). For example, database  706  can be an in-memory, conventional, or a database storing data consistent with the present disclosure. In some implementations, database  706  can be a combination of two or more different database types (for example, hybrid in-memory and conventional databases) according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer  702  and the described functionality. Although illustrated as a single database  706  in  FIG. 7 , two or more databases (of the same, different, or combination of types) can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer  702  and the described functionality. While database  706  is illustrated as an internal component of the computer  702 , in alternative implementations, database  706  can be external to the computer  702 . 
     The computer  702  also includes a memory  707  that can hold data for the computer  702  or a combination of components connected to the network  730  (whether illustrated or not). Memory  707  can store any data consistent with the present disclosure. In some implementations, memory  707  can be a combination of two or more different types of memory (for example, a combination of semiconductor and magnetic storage) according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer  702  and the described functionality. Although illustrated as a single memory  707  in  FIG. 7 , two or more memories  707  (of the same, different, or combination of types) can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer  702  and the described functionality. While memory  707  is illustrated as an internal component of the computer  702 , in alternative implementations, memory  707  can be external to the computer  702 . 
     The application  708  can be an algorithmic software engine providing functionality according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the computer  702  and the described functionality. For example, application  708  can serve as one or more components, modules, or applications. Further, although illustrated as a single application  708 , the application  708  can be implemented as multiple applications  708  on the computer  702 . In addition, although illustrated as internal to the computer  702 , in alternative implementations, the application  708  can be external to the computer  702 . 
     The computer  702  can also include a power supply  714 . The power supply  714  can include a rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery that can be configured to be either user- or non-user-replaceable. In some implementations, the power supply  714  can include power-conversion and management circuits, including recharging, standby, and power management functionalities. In some implementations, the power-supply  714  can include a power plug to allow the computer  702  to be plugged into a wall socket or a power source to, for example, power the computer  702  or recharge a rechargeable battery. 
     There can be any number of computers  702  associated with, or external to, a computer system containing computer  702 , with each computer  702  communicating over network  730 . Further, the terms “client,” “user,” and other appropriate terminology can be used interchangeably, as appropriate, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the present disclosure contemplates that many users can use one computer  702  and one user can use multiple computers  702 . 
     Described implementations of the subject matter can include one or more features, alone or in combination. 
     For example, in a first implementation, a computer-implemented method includes the following. A subset of independent variables corresponding to production variables of the oil well are selected using statistical analysis from a set of independent variables corresponding to production features of an oil well. The production parameters include performance variables for production of the oil well, design variables of the design of the oil well, and modeled independent variables of the oil well. Using the subset of independent variables and machine learning, predicted values of dependent variables are determined including an oil gain (ΔQ o ) and a water reduction (ΔQ w ) associated with production of the oil well. A display specifying incremental values of average rate variations over a cumulative time window is generated in a graphical user interface. The display is based at least in part on the predicted values of dependent variables. 
     The foregoing and other described implementations can each, optionally, include one or more of the following features: 
     A first feature, combinable with any of the following features, where the performance variables selected in the subset of independent variables include: a liquid rate prior, a watercut prior sidetrack (ST), a cumulative water prior to sidetrack, a cumulative oil prior to sidetrack, an oil rate prior, an uptime prior, a choke size post, a decline rate prior, and a static pressure prior. 
     A second feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the design variables selected in the subset of independent variables include: a Y-coordinate, an offset well head (WH) to true depth (TD), a distance to flank, a partial penetration, a lowest z deviation survey, a start to (ST) completion length, an azimuth, a field number, a completion type, a well density, and a year in which the sidetrack is performed. 
     A third feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the modeled independent variables selected in the subset of independent variables include: an initial oil thickness, a Kóczy-Hirota (KH) interpolation, a height above initial free water level (HAFWL), a top reservoir, and an original free water level (FWL). 
     A fourth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the graphs providing plots of oil gain prediction quality include model prediction points plotted relative to a perfect prediction line. 
     A fifth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the graphs providing plots of water reduction prediction quality include model prediction points plotted relative to a perfect prediction line. 
     A sixth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the average rate variations are measured in millions of barrels per day over the cumulative time window. 
     In a second implementation, a non-transitory, computer-readable medium stores one or more instructions executable by a computer system to perform operations including the following. A subset of independent variables corresponding to production variables of the oil well are selected using statistical analysis from a set of independent variables corresponding to production features of an oil well. The production parameters include performance variables for production of the oil well, design variables of the design of the oil well, and modeled independent variables of the oil well. Using the subset of independent variables and machine learning, predicted values of dependent variables are determined including an oil gain (ΔQ o ) and a water reduction (ΔQ w ) associated with production of the oil well. A display specifying incremental values of average rate variations over a cumulative time window is generated in a graphical user interface. The display is based at least in part on the predicted values of dependent variables. 
     The foregoing and other described implementations can each, optionally, include one or more of the following features: 
     A first feature, combinable with any of the following features, where the performance variables selected in the subset of independent variables include: a liquid rate prior, a watercut prior sidetrack (ST), a cumulative water prior to sidetrack, a cumulative oil prior to sidetrack, an oil rate prior, an uptime prior, a choke size post, a decline rate prior, and a static pressure prior. 
     A second feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the design variables selected in the subset of independent variables include: a Y-coordinate, an offset well head (WH) to true depth (TD), a distance to flank, a partial penetration, a lowest z deviation survey, a start to (ST) completion length, an azimuth, a field number, a completion type, a well density, and a year in which the sidetrack is performed. 
     A third feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the modeled independent variables selected in the subset of independent variables include: an initial oil thickness, a Kóczy-Hirota (KH) interpolation, a height above initial free water level (HAFWL), a top reservoir, and an original free water level (FWL). 
     A fourth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the graphs providing plots of oil gain prediction quality include model prediction points plotted relative to a perfect prediction line. 
     A fifth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the graphs providing plots of water reduction prediction quality include model prediction points plotted relative to a perfect prediction line. 
     A sixth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the average rate variations are measured in millions of barrels per day over the cumulative time window. 
     In a third implementation, a computer-implemented system includes one or more processors and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium coupled to the one or more processors and storing programming instructions for execution by the one or more processors. The programming instructions instruct the one or more processors to perform operations including the following. A subset of independent variables corresponding to production variables of the oil well are selected using statistical analysis from a set of independent variables corresponding to production features of an oil well. The production parameters include performance variables for production of the oil well, design variables of the design of the oil well, and modeled independent variables of the oil well. Using the subset of independent variables and machine learning, predicted values of dependent variables are determined including an oil gain (ΔQ o ) and a water reduction (ΔQ w ) associated with production of the oil well. A display specifying incremental values of average rate variations over a cumulative time window is generated in a graphical user interface. The display is based at least in part on the predicted values of dependent variables. 
     The foregoing and other described implementations can each, optionally, include one or more of the following features: 
     A first feature, combinable with any of the following features, where the performance variables selected in the subset of independent variables include: a liquid rate prior, a watercut prior sidetrack (ST), a cumulative water prior to sidetrack, a cumulative oil prior to sidetrack, an oil rate prior, an uptime prior, a choke size post, a decline rate prior, and a static pressure prior. 
     A second feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the design variables selected in the subset of independent variables include: a Y-coordinate, an offset well head (WH) to true depth (TD), a distance to flank, a partial penetration, a lowest z deviation survey, a start to (ST) completion length, an azimuth, a field number, a completion type, a well density, and a year in which the sidetrack is performed. 
     A third feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the modeled independent variables selected in the subset of independent variables include: an initial oil thickness, a Kóczy-Hirota (KH) interpolation, a height above initial free water level (HAFWL), a top reservoir, and an original free water level (FWL). 
     A fourth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the graphs providing plots of oil gain prediction quality include model prediction points plotted relative to a perfect prediction line. 
     A fifth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, where the graphs providing plots of water reduction prediction quality include model prediction points plotted relative to a perfect prediction line. 
     Implementations of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, in tangibly embodied computer software or firmware, in computer hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Software implementations of the described subject matter can be implemented as one or more computer programs. Each computer program can include one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable computer-storage medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. Alternatively, or additionally, the program instructions can be encoded in/on an artificially generated propagated signal. For example, the signal can be a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal that is generated to encode information for transmission to a suitable receiver apparatus for execution by a data processing apparatus. The computer-storage medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory device, or a combination of computer-storage mediums. 
     The terms “data processing apparatus,” “computer,” and “electronic computer device” (or equivalent as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art) refer to data processing hardware. For example, a data processing apparatus can encompass all kinds of apparatuses, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example, a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can also include special purpose logic circuitry including, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In some implementations, the data processing apparatus or special purpose logic circuitry (or a combination of the data processing apparatus or special purpose logic circuitry) can be hardware- or software-based (or a combination of both hardware- and software-based). The apparatus can optionally include code that creates an execution environment for computer programs, for example, code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of execution environments. The present disclosure contemplates the use of data processing apparatuses with or without conventional operating systems, such as LINUX, UNIX, WINDOWS, MAC OS, ANDROID, or IOS. 
     A computer program, which can also be referred to or described as a program, software, a software application, a module, a software module, a script, or code, can be written in any form of programming language. Programming languages can include, for example, compiled languages, interpreted languages, declarative languages, or procedural languages. Programs can be deployed in any form, including as stand-alone programs, modules, components, subroutines, or units for use in a computing environment. A computer program can, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data, for example, one or more scripts stored in a markup language document, in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files storing one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code. A computer program can be deployed for execution on one computer or on multiple computers that are located, for example, at one site or distributed across multiple sites that are interconnected by a communication network. While portions of the programs illustrated in the various figures may be shown as individual modules that implement the various features and functionality through various objects, methods, or processes, the programs can instead include a number of sub-modules, third-party services, components, and libraries. Conversely, the features and functionality of various components can be combined into single components as appropriate. Thresholds used to make computational determinations can be statically, dynamically, or both statically and dynamically determined. 
     The methods, processes, or logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable computers executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The methods, processes, or logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, for example, a CPU, an FPGA, or an ASIC. 
     Computers suitable for the execution of a computer program can be based on one or more of general and special purpose microprocessors and other kinds of CPUs. The elements of a computer are a CPU for performing or executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a CPU can receive instructions and data from (and write data to) a memory. 
     Graphics processing units (GPUs) can also be used in combination with CPUs. The GPUs can provide specialized processing that occurs in parallel to processing performed by CPUs. The specialized processing can include artificial intelligence (AI) applications and processing, for example. GPUs can be used in GPU clusters or in multi-GPU computing. 
     A computer can include, or be operatively coupled to, one or more mass storage devices for storing data. In some implementations, a computer can receive data from, and transfer data to, the mass storage devices including, for example, magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, for example, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a game console, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, or a portable storage device such as a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive. 
     Computer-readable media (transitory or non-transitory, as appropriate) suitable for storing computer program instructions and data can include all forms of permanent/non-permanent and volatile/non-volatile memory, media, and memory devices. Computer-readable media can include, for example, semiconductor memory devices such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), phase change memory (PRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices. Computer-readable media can also include, for example, magnetic devices such as tape, cartridges, cassettes, and internal/removable disks. Computer-readable media can also include magneto-optical disks and optical memory devices and technologies including, for example, digital video disc (DVD), CD-ROM, DVD+/-R, DVD-RAM, DVD-ROM, HD-DVD, and BLU-RAY. The memory can store various objects or data, including caches, classes, frameworks, applications, modules, backup data, jobs, web pages, web page templates, data structures, database tables, repositories, and dynamic information. Types of objects and data stored in memory can include parameters, variables, algorithms, instructions, rules, constraints, and references. Additionally, the memory can include logs, policies, security or access data, and reporting files. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated into, special purpose logic circuitry. 
     Implementations of the subject matter described in the present disclosure can be implemented on a computer having a display device for providing interaction with a user, including displaying information to (and receiving input from) the user. Types of display devices can include, for example, a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED), and a plasma monitor. Display devices can include a keyboard and pointing devices including, for example, a mouse, a trackball, or a trackpad. User input can also be provided to the computer through the use of a touchscreen, such as a tablet computer surface with pressure sensitivity or a multi-touch screen using capacitive or electric sensing. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user, including to receive user feedback including, for example, sensory feedback including visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback. Input from the user can be received in the form of acoustic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user by sending documents to, and receiving documents from, a device that the user uses. For example, the computer can send web pages to a web browser on a user&#39;s client device in response to requests received from the web browser. 
     The term “graphical user interface,” or “GUI,” can be used in the singular or the plural to describe one or more graphical user interfaces and each of the displays of a particular graphical user interface. Therefore, a GUI can represent any graphical user interface, including, but not limited to, a web browser, a touch-screen, or a command line interface (CLI) that processes information and efficiently presents the information results to the user. In general, a GUI can include a plurality of user interface (UI) elements, some or all associated with a web browser, such as interactive fields, pull-down lists, and buttons. These and other UI elements can be related to or represent the functions of the web browser. 
     Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, for example, as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, for example, an application server. Moreover, the computing system can include a front-end component, for example, a client computer having one or both of a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with the computer. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of wireline or wireless digital data communication (or a combination of data communication) in a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN), a radio access network (RAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX), a wireless local area network (WLAN) (for example, using 802.11 a/b/g/n or 802.20 or a combination of protocols), all or a portion of the Internet, or any other communication system or systems at one or more locations (or a combination of communication networks). The network can communicate with, for example, Internet Protocol (IP) packets, frame relay frames, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells, voice, video, data, or a combination of communication types between network addresses. 
     The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server can generally be remote from each other and can typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server can arise by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship. 
     Cluster file systems can be any file system type accessible from multiple servers for read and update. Locking or consistency tracking may not be necessary since the locking of exchange file system can be done at application layer. Furthermore, Unicode data files can be different from non-Unicode data files. 
     While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular implementations. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented, in combination, in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations, separately, or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although previously described features may be described as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination. 
     Particular implementations of the subject matter have been described. Other implementations, alterations, and permutations of the described implementations are within the scope of the following claims as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. While operations are depicted in the drawings or claims in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed (some operations may be considered optional), to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking or parallel processing (or a combination of multitasking and parallel processing) may be advantageous and performed as deemed appropriate. 
     Moreover, the separation or integration of various system modules and components in the previously described implementations should not be understood as requiring such separation or integration in all implementations. It should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. 
     Accordingly, the previously described example implementations do not define or constrain the present disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and alterations are also possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 
     Furthermore, any claimed implementation is considered to be applicable to at least a computer-implemented method; a non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions to perform the computer-implemented method; and a computer system including a computer memory interoperably coupled with a hardware processor configured to perform the computer-implemented method or the instructions stored on the non-transitory, computer-readable medium.