Patent Publication Number: US-7712416-B2

Title: Apparatus and method for penetrating oilbearing sandy formations, reducing skin damage and reducing hydrocarbon viscosity

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/691,802 filed on Oct. 22, 2003. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   The invention relates generally to the design of shaped charges. In particular aspects, the invention relates to improved liner design for shaped charges and the use of improved shaped charges within a wellbore in order to better penetrate oil bearing sandy formations with minimal skin damage and to reduce hydrocarbon viscosity. Such a shaped charge features a composite jet that produces a large diameter hole in the formation, barely disturbing the formation properties. Such charges will greatly benefit gravel-packing completions. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   Shaped charges are used in wellbore perforating guns. A shaped charge typically consists of an outer housing, an explosive portion shaped as an inverted cone, and a metal liner that retains the explosive portion within the housing. When oil-bearing sands are perforated by conventional shaped charges, the full oil-producing potential of the formation is often not realized. The perforated walls tend to get cemented over by the backflow of jet material from the impacted region. During detonation of the shaped charge, a high-velocity jet is formed which is preceded by a mushroom-shaped front end and followed by a slow-moving slug of material. As the metallic jet penetrates the surrounding oilwell casing, cement sheath, and formation, portions of the casing and formation are displaced by the metallic jet and placed into plastic back flow. This results in an area around the perforation tunnel where the material that was within the tunnel has been compressed. Because the material is compressed, it is denser and less permeable than the undisturbed in-situ rock in the formation. This decrease in permeability may be sufficient to preclude hydrocarbons from entering the perforation tunnel. 
   In conventional shaped charges, the liner that retains the explosive charge within the housing is typically made of a single monolithic material, principally copper, but also sometimes of tungsten, brass, molybdenum, lead, nickel, tin, phosphor bronze, or some combination of these elements. Other prior liner designs have been made from sintered copper or lightly consolidated copper powder mixed with graphite and tungsten powders. These liner designs are better suited for penetration of the wellbore casing and the formation, but cause significant skin damage to the perforation tunnel and are, therefore, not optimal for use in oil-bearing formations. 
   The inventors of this application have recognized this. With sandy formations, the depth of the penetration is typically not of great importance to achieving good production of the well. Sandy formations have good initial permeability. Of greater significance is the cleanliness of the perforation. The high compression and ensuing plastic flow of target material damages the original permeability of the formation, thus inhibiting the free flow of hydrocarbons into the wellbore and often necessitating drastic post perforation treatment. A perforation that results in minimal skin damage will effectively permit transmission of hydrocarbons into the wellbore. 
   U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/0037692 A1 by Liu discusses the use of aluminum in shaped charges. Among the several shaped charge designs discussed are those that employ aluminum either mixed with the explosive or used as a solid liner with or without the accompaniment of a copper liner for producing a deep penetrating jet. He also discusses mixing aluminum with ferrous oxide to form the liner. In Liu&#39;s design, additional energy is released through a secondary detonation when molten aluminum reacts with an oxygen carrying substance, such as water. However, Liu&#39;s application teaches mixing of inert powder aluminum with energetic explosive. This actually reduces the available energy content per unit volume of explosive, which, in turn, reduces the likelihood of aluminum undergoing the secondary detonation inside the hollow carrier gun due to the limited air space in its interior. Once the solid slug made from the aluminum liner reaches the formation, it lodges itself into the deep narrow hole made by the aluminum or copper jet that preceded it. This rapidly cooling solid slug lodged in the perforation tunnel severely restricts, if not completely stops, the flow of hydrocarbons into the well. Reaction of the aluminum slug with the borehole water will be limited to the exposed surface of the slug, at best. 
   The present invention addresses the problems of the prior art. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention provides a shaped charge and a method of using such to provide for large and effective perforations in oil bearing sandy formations while causing minimal disturbance to the formation porosity. Shaped charges are described that use a low-density liner having a filler material that is enclosed by a polymer-resin skin, such as plastic or polyester. The filler material is in the powdered or granulated form and is left largely unconsolidated. In the preferred embodiments, the filler material is a metal powder, such as aluminum powder that is coated with a polymer or other substance, such as TEFLON®, thereby permitting a secondary reaction inside the formation following detonation. In a further described embodiment, an explosively formed penetrator (EFP) is is provided with a liner having powdered or granulated filler material. 
   The liner is also provided with a metal cap member for penetration of the gun scallops, intervening well fluid, and the surrounding oilwell casing and cement sheath. The metal cap member forms the leading portion of the jet, during detonation. The remaining portion of the jet is formed from the low-density, unconsolidated powder liner, thereby resulting in a more particulated jet. The jet causes little compression around the perforation tunnel and the skin damage is minimal. 
   In operation, a large diameter perforation hole is created by a jet of increased diameter rather than by a conventional focused jet, which is formed of a beam of particles. High target compression is avoided through the use of a low-density liner. The jet is slower and much hotter. Hotter jets better open the pores within the formation and particularly avoid the compressed area immediately surrounding the perforation tunnel. Once the filler particles reach the perforation tunnel, the fluorine atom in the TEFLON® coating oxidizes the aluminum atom under the prevailing conditions of high shock pressure and high temperature. This, in turn, releases a high amount of energy causing a secondary detonation in the perforation tunnel. Since the fluorine atom is carried by aluminum particles in the stoichometrically correct proportion, the oxidation reaction is more certain and not dependent upon the availability of water molecules, as was the case for the devices described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/0037692 A1 by Liu. Even if the secondary reaction fails, the elevated temperature of the jet and TEFLON® reduces hydrocarbon viscosity. If the coating is a polymer other than TEFLON® or another oxidizing agent, the secondary detonation will not take place and the reduction of hydrocarbon viscosity will be primarily due to reduction of friction. 
   The present invention provides significant advantages over prior art devices and methods, such as those described in the Liu patent application. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, heating of the aluminum is more assured due to the collapse of air voids present in the unconsolidated aluminum powder. Air void collapse and high temperatures are developed locally in the vicinity of aluminum particulates when the detonation wave resulting from explosive initiation sweeps over the liner. Also, the present invention is not dependent upon aluminum particles finding water or other oxygen-carrying molecules to react with. In preferred embodiments, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or TEFLON®, a very powerful oxidizer carrying a large number of fluorine atoms, is coated onto the aluminum particles. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For greater understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which reference characters designate like or similar elements throughout the several figures of the drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a side, cross-sectional view of an exemplary shaped charge constructed in accordance with the present invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary shaped charge liner shown apart from other components. 
       FIG. 3  is a side, cross-sectional view depicting the creation of a high velocity jet and following slug resulting from detonation of the shaped charge depicted in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a side, cross-sectional illustration of an exemplary perforation process in accordance with the present invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a side, cross-sectional view of an alternative exemplary shaped charge having an inset metal cap member. 
       FIG. 6  is a side, cross-sectional view of an exemplary explosively formed penetrator (EFP) constructed in accordance with the present invention. 
       FIG. 7  depicts the EFP shown in  FIG. 6  following detonation. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary shaped charge  10  that is constructed in accordance with the present invention. The shaped charge  10  includes an outer charge casing, or case,  12  that is typically fashioned of metal. The casing  12  defines a charge cavity  14  that is generally hemispherical and presents an open forward end  16 . At the rear end of the casing  12 , a small aperture  18  is disposed. A small amount of booster is usually placed in the aperture  18 . A detonator  20  is retained adjacent to the aperture  18 . The detonator  20  typically comprises a detonation cord, or other items known in the art for initiation of a shaped charge. An explosive charge  22  is disposed within the charge cavity  14  and within the forward portion of the aperture  18  so as to be in contact with the booster which is, in turn, in contact with or in close proximity with the detonator  20 . The explosive material may comprise RDX (Hexogen, Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine), HMX (Octogen, Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine), HNS, PYX or other suitable high explosives known in the industry for use in downhole shaped charges. A liner  24  seals the material of the explosive charge within the charge cavity  14 . The liner  24  may assume any suitable shape, including hemispherical, trumpet, tulip, bell, and conical (shown). 
   The structure of the liner  24  is better appreciated with reference to  FIG. 2 . As seen there, the liner  24  includes a pair of outer membranes  26  and  28  that sandwich a low-density filler material  30  therebetween so as to provide a double-walled configuration. The outer membranes  26  and  28  are preferably made of a substantially contiguous polymer-resin skin, such as plastic or polyester material that is lightweight. Alternatively, the outer membranes  26 ,  28  may be formed of a thin sheet of metal, such as copper. It is preferred that the membranes  26  and  28  be affixed to one another in a contiguous manner so as to completely enclose the filler material  30 . In other words, the outer membranes  26  and  28  would completely encapsulate the filler material  30 . 
   The filler material  30  is a granulated or powdered and preferably largely unconsolidated. In preferred embodiments, the filler material  30  comprises a micro-sized or nano-sized metal powder, most preferably aluminum powder. Aluminum is a preferred filler material since it is highly reactive during detonation and releases explosive power in the presence of an oxidizer. Aluminum burns hot and releases significant amounts of thermal energy during the course of the detonation and perforation of a wellbore. Alternatively, the filler material  30  may comprise aluminum powder intermixed with a polymer powder, such as TEFLON®. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the filler material  30  comprises a polymer-coated metal powder, such as aluminum powder coated with TEFLON® polymer. This combination of substances is particularly desirable since it provides for secondary “special effects” during perforation and after detonation. Specifically, the TEFLON® passivates the highly reactive aluminum powder during manufacturing and storage and permits controlled oxidation of the aluminum particles when initiated. Additionally, the fluorine in TEFLON® feeds the oxidation reaction in an oxygen-poor downhole environment and typically contributes to a secondary detonation inside the formation following jet penetration. In case the secondary reaction fails, the hot-burning aluminum opens the pores within the formation surrounding the perforation, thereby providing for better flow of hydrocarbons into the perforation tunnel and the wellbore. This increases the perforation temperature and reduces interstitial fluid viscosity. Unreacted TEFLON® advantageously reduces in situ hydrocarbon viscosity as well. 
   In an alternative embodiment, the filler material  30  might also comprise a metal powder coated with another metal, for example, tungsten powder coated with copper. Alternatively, the filler material  30  might be made up of hollow metal pellets or micro-balloons of metal or glass. 
   As noted, the filler material  30  is largely unconsolidated and is not compressed or sintered together. In the preferred embodiments, the density of the filler material  30  within the liner  24  is close to the formation density. As a practical matter, the density of the filler material is preferably below 2.7 g/cc, or the approximate density of solid aluminum. Uniformity in filling of the liner  24  with the filler material  30  is preferably achieved by vibration of the liner  24  during filling, depending upon the mass and particle size of the filler material  30 . 
   A metal cap member  32  is affixed to the first membrane  26  of the liner  24  in the apex region of the casing  12 . If the filled liner  24  is hemispherical in shape, then the metal cap  32  will also be a cap of sphere and reside in the polar region of the filled liner  24 . The metal cap  32 , in general, is conformed to the shape of the liner  24 , whatever shape the liner  24  may be. The metal cap  32  is fashioned from a suitable metal material, including copper, brass, bronze, tungsten, or tantalum.  FIG. 5  illustrates an alternative design for a shaped charge  10 ′ wherein the metal cap member  32 ′ is inset within the liner  24 . In practice, this design may have advantages for security of the cap by ensuring that the cap member  32 ′ is largely located inside of the liner  24  and is less likely in some situations to be prematurely unseated from the liner  24  prior to detonation. 
     FIG. 3  illustrates the shaped charge  10  following detonation. The radially inner portion of the liner  24  primarily forms a forward-penetrating jet  34  while the radially outer portions of the liner  24  primarily form the slow-moving slug  36  that follows. It is noted that the leading portion  38  of the main jet  34  has a greater radial diameter than that created by most conventional shaped charges. The metal cap  32  makes a jet, which has sufficient density and mass to penetrate the casing of the wellbore and any gun scallops or protective cover that surrounds the perforating gun, provides the forward portion  38  of the jet  34 . The uncollapsed portion of the liner  24  separates the main jet from the slug. The use of low-density, unconsolidated filler material  30  in the liner  24  causes the remaining portions of the jet  34  and the slug  36  to be more particulated than the corresponding conventional jets and slugs formed of tungsten, copper and similar solids or heavier materials. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary perforation process utilizing a shaped charge constructed in accordance with the present invention. Wellbore  40  is shown disposed through a sandy oil-bearing formation  42 . The wellbore  40  has casing  44  that is retained by cement  46 . A perforating gun  48  is shown disposed within the wellbore  40  by the tubing string  50 . The perforating gun  48  may be of any of a number of types used in the industry, but includes at least one shaped charge  10 , of the type described earlier. The shaped charge  10  is shown to have created a perforation  52  through the casing  44 , cement  46  and formation  42 . For comparison, a standard perforation  54  is also shown in  FIG. 4 . The skin damage resulting from a conventional jet is shown generally at  56  in  FIG. 4 . There will also be less compression damage to the formation  42  surrounding the perforation  52 . A compression zone  58  is illustrated about the standard perforation  54  wherein the formation material has been compressed into a state that is less porous and denser. The perforation  52  is also of greater diameter than the perforation  54  and is not as deep. As noted, where the filler material  30  is composed of TEFLON®-coated aluminum powder, the jet  34  and slug  36  will tend to provide a secondary explosion within the formation which will release a lot of heat, which in turn, will increase porosity and reduce viscosity of fluids within the formation. 
   A shaped charge constructed in the manner described above also provides an advantage when used in sandy formations with respect to shock, or acoustic, impedance matching of the formation. The shock impedance provided by the more highly particulated jet  34  and slug  36  more closely matches the shock impedance of a sandy formation. As a result, there is a decreased amount of shear damage and skin damage to the surrounding formation. 
   Referring now to  FIGS. 6-7  there is shown an explosively formed penetrator (EFP) charge  60  that is constructed in accordance with the present invention. The EFP  60  is a type of shaped charge. As can be seen, the EFP is roughly hemispherical in shape and includes an outer charge case  62  that defines an interior charge cavity  64 . Explosive material  65 , such as RDX, is molded into the cavity  64  and conforms to the interior walls of the cavity  64 . A liner  66  encloses the explosive material  65  within the cavity  64  and is conformal with the walls of the cavity  64 . The liner  66  is formed of particulated filler materials, as described earlier, encased within an outer membrane (not shown) of plastic or metal, as described previously. A metal cap member  68  is affixed to the central area of the liner  64  in a polar location, as shown. In a preferred embodiment, the metal cap member  68  is formed of copper. 
     FIG. 7  illustrates the EFP  60  following detonation and illustrates the formation of a particulated jet  70  and following slug, or more solid jet,  72  thereby. As the detonation progresses, the formation will be penetrated by the particulated jet  70  to form a perforation. The formation will then be “kissed” by the following slug or solid jet  72 . The term “kissed,” as used herein, means to impact upon the surface of the formation while substantially not penetrating it and substantially not destroying the formation&#39;s porosity or permeability. Following this, a secondary detonation reaction will occur within the formation as the filler material, preferably aluminum, reacts with fluorine atoms in the formation water and, if present, TEFLON® in the filler material. 
   Generally speaking, the present invention improves upon several aspects of the prior art, including the Liu patent application by providing the following results or advantages:
         1) aluminum reaches a high temperature during and following detonation. This is accomplished by making the liner from unconsolidated powder that carries many air pockets.   2) aluminum reacts with oxidizer to create a secondary detonation. This is accomplished by coating the aluminum particles with fluorine-carrying TEFLON®. Fluorine reactivity with aluminum is always higher than that of oxygen.   3) Aluminum delivers substantially all of its secondary detonation energy inside the perforation tunnel and not outside in the borehole or the hollow carrier gun.   4) The resulting aluminum slug cannot block the hydrocarbon flow. This is facilitated by use of unconsolidated aluminum particles in the liner that, upon explosive action, produces a particulated slug.       

   Those of skill in the art of shaped charges will recognize that numerous modifications and changes can be made to the illustrative designs and embodiments described herein and that the invention is limited only by the claims that follow and any equivalents thereof.