Patent Publication Number: US-4060034-A

Title: Delay booster assembly

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In open pit coal mines, open pit rock quarries, and other types of open pit mining operations, blasting is carried out to remove overburden covering an orebody, to break ore to allow it to be loaded and hauled away, and to break rock to allow it to be loaded and hauled away. The blasting part of these operations must be carried out to optimize the use of the available explosive energy. This includes obtaining the desired breakage and throw of the ore and rock. While accomplishing the above, it is becoming increasingly important to minimize the effects of blasting on nearby structures such as homes, schools, offices, etc. One significant way in which such blasting can affect nearby structures is through the ground vibration produced by the blast. 
     Several methods are being used to minimize ground vibration and still obtain the desired blasting results. These generally involve minimizing the amount of explosives detonated at a given time by separating a shot into a number of small blasts that are individually detonated in time sequence. Some examples of these methods are: 
     A. The use of delay electric blasting caps. 
     B. The use of nonelectric delay blasting caps. 
     C. The use of decked charges (explosive charges in a borehole separated by an inert barrier). 
     D. The use of detonating cord with delay connectors. 
     E. The use of delay electric blasting caps in combination with a sequential blasting machine which effectively increases the number of available periods by delaying the shot firing between individual cap circuits. 
     THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The delay insert comprising a sensor, signal carrier and cap assembly of the present invention is used with a delay booster system and thus provides a simple, easy to use, non-electric delay device for use in open pit mines and quarries to minimize blasting vibration and still obtain the desired blasting results. Generally, the invention is used with the combination of a booster shell containing an explosive material, a cap well in the body of the booster, and a detonating cord tunnel surrounded by a stock absorbing material which accommodates a detonating cord &#34;downline&#34; affixed to the side of the cast booster, or enclosed inside the booster. The assembly of the present invention includes a signal carrier which extends from a point within a nonelectric cap shell inserted in the cap well of the booster to a point external to the booster shell and near the downline detonating cord. A shock sensitive sensor is supported at the free end of the signal carrier and the sensor lies in initiating relationship with the downline. The shock created by detonation of the detonating cord triggers the shock sensitive sensing unit which supplies a signal that is transmitted by the signal carrier leading to the nonelectric delay cap unit. The signal is transmitted by the signal carrier toward and to the delay cap subsequently igniting a delay charge. After a predetermined time delay, the delay charge ignites a primer charge in the delay cap which in turn initiates the base composition and, in turn, the explosive composition of the cast booster. 
     Certain developments have been made in the field of the present invention as evidenced by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,431,849 and 3,709,149. The U.S. Pat No. 3,431,849 Pat. relates to the use of an energy absorbing material attached to the side of the booster unit which separates the booster from a detonating cord holder. This arrangement is intended to prevent initiation or rupture of the cast primer explosive by the detonating cord. The U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,149 relates to a system wherein a delay type detonator is supported in a booster charge and a detonating cord in direct contact with the detonator is used to initiate the delay type detonators. Each detonator is made up of a shell which contains the base charge, a primer, a delay composition and impact-sensitive ignition compositions spaced from each other in that order. The detonator in the booster is responsive to impact-ignition to detonate the base charge and thereby detonate the booster. 
    
    
     DETAILS OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention will now be described with respect to the following description and drawings wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective of the overall delay booster assembly showing the assembly of the present invention. 
     FIG. 1a is an embodiment of the delay booster assembly shown in FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the sensor, signal carrier and cap assembly of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a section taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 4 is a cross-section of another embodiment of the assembly of FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 5 is a cross-section of another embodiment of the assembly of FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 6 is a vertical section of another embodiment of the delay booster shown in FIG. 1. 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic illustrating one manner in which the overall booster assemblies including the assemblies of the present invention can be used in blasting operations. 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic illustrating another manner of use of the assemblies of FIG. 7. 
    
    
     As shwon in FIGS. 1 and 3 the overall assembly including the assembly of the present invention in its simplest form includes a booster shell 1 containing an explosive charge 3 which can be PETN, composition B, pentolite, TNT, sensitized ammonium nitrate, mixtures thereof or similar explosive compositions. The booster may contain a small amount of a more sensitive explosive to insure booster initiation by a blasting cap detonation. This more sensitive explosive may be PETN in the form of an extruded tube or sheet, or a piece of detonating cord. A cap well 5 extends through end wall 7 of the booster shell into which a nonelectric delay cap 9 is inserted. As for the assembly of the present invention, the delay cap 9 consists of a shell 11 formed of copper, copper alloy, aluminum, aluminum alloy, steel, or plastic and is closed at one end. Explosive material is located in the closed end portion of the cap 9. As shown better in FIG. 4, a main or base explisive charge 13 such as PETN, tetryl, or mercury fulminate is positioned at the bottom or closed end of the metal shell. A primer explosive charge 15 is located directly above and in contact with the base explosive charge and consists of a material such as lead azide, diazo, MHN, diazo/MHN, lead styphnate/lead azide, etc. A metal capsule 17 formed from copper, zinc, or aluminum may or may not be used above the primer charge to hold the explosive charges in place. A pressed delay powder charge 21 designed to burn at a controlled rate is located above the capsule 17 or, when the capsule is not used, above primer charge 15. Examples of the burning time of the delay powder charge are 12, 24, 37, 50 milliseconds, etc. This burning time could be extended to several seconds if desired by proper selection of the pyrotechnic delay powder. Instead of the pressed delay powder charge 21, a delay element 22 can be used as shown in FIG. 5. The delay element 22 consists of a metal tube, lead, brass or aluminum containing a pyrotechnic powder mixture 21&#39; and is held in place by means of a suitable crimp 22&#34; in the metal shell 11. The delay powder charge 21 consists of a pyrotechnic powder mixture such as Pb 3  O 4  /B Pb 3  O 4  /Si, Pbthd 3O 4  /Si/B, BaO 2  /Mg, PbO 2  /Si, BaO 2  /Mg/Se, PbO 2  /B, or PbO/B. 
     A plastic or rubber sealing plug 23 as shown in FIG. 3, inserted in the upper unfilled portion of the cap for sealing off the cap 9 includes a passageway 23&#39; through which the signal carrier 24 extends and is inserted into the nonelectric delay cap. The sealing plug 23 is held in place in the open end of the shell by suitable crimps 25 in the shell. 
     The signal carrier 24 which extends into the shell 11 of cap 9 terminates at a point above the level of the pressed powder charge 21 or above the delay element 22 whichever is used (see FIGS. 4 and 5). The opposite end of the signal carrier 24 extends outside the end wall 7 of the booster shell 1. the signal carrier is a low strength detonating cord of around 4-5 grains PETN/ft. The sealing plug 23 is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 as a straight, elongated plug with the signal carrier cord 24 extending through the plug passageway 23&#39;. Another embodiment of plug 23 is used in the assembly shown in FIGS. 4-6. Here the cord 24 is housed or encased in passageway 23&#39; extending longitudinally through an L-shaed sealing plug 23&#34;. As shown in FIG. 6, the horizontal leg of the L-shaped plug 23&#34; extends outwardly approximately to the periphery of the booster shell 1. 
     The signal carrier 24 can take other forms than that described above. For instance, the low strength detonating cord may contain an explosive other than PETN. Also, a shock tube signal carrier can be used which consists of an essentially hollow tube containing a very thin coating of a combustible or detonable mixture on the inside wall of the tube. For the L-shaped sealing plug 23&#34; shown in FIGS. 4-6, the passageway 23&#39; may be left empty in which case it serves as a passive signal carrier. 
     Attached to the outer end of the signal carrier 24 is a sensor 30 which consists of a metal shell which can be formed of copper, copper alloy, aluminum, or aluminum alloy, but preferably aluminum. The shell contains one or more explosive charges 32 (see FIG. 6). The thickness of the bottom or end wall of the metal shell for a given metal is adjusted so as to allow the shock energy from a detonating cord downline or upline to be transmitted through the bottom and initiate the adjacent explosive charge 32 in the sensor 30. For example, for an aluminum shell, the bottom thickness should be between 0.005 inch and 0.025. The explosive 32 in the sensor must be sensitive to initiation by the shock energy from detonating cord and have sufficient output to initiate the signal carreir 24. Preferably, the two layers of explosive material are used wherein the explosive nearest the bottom or end wall of the sensor 30 is formed of diazo, lead azide or lead styphnate while the innermost layer of explosive contiguous therewith is formed of lead azode, PETN, MHN, or diazo/MHN. If the passageway 23&#34; shown in FIGS. 4-6 is left empty, the detonation of the explosives in the sensor provide a signal of sufficient strength to travel through the passageway and ignite the delay charge 24 or delay element 22 in the delay cap. 
     The overall assembly other than the assembly of the present invention includes a detonating cord tunnel 38 that is surrounded by a shock absorbing material 34. The shock absorbing material 34 can be attached to the booster in any number of ways including the use of tape strips 36 which extend around the tunnel and booster shell as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, or it can be enclosed inside the booster shell 1 as shown in FIGS. 1a and 6. As shown better in FIGS. 1, 1a, 3 and 6 the tunnel 38 consists of a longitudinal channel through which is passed a detonating cord 40 which can be of the type containing 25-30 grains of PETN/ft. The shock absorbing material 34 can consist of wood, paper, cardboard, rubber, expanded polyethylene, polyurethane resin foam, foam rubber, foam nylon, foamed polypropylene or polyvinylchloride resin foam. The shock abosrbing material 34 prevents damage to or premature initiation of the booster when the detonating cord 40 detonates. The detonating cord is known as the downline or the upline which will be described later. 
     As seen in FIG. 1, the sensor 30 attached to the signal line 24 is inserted in a cutout slot 39 which leads into the channel 38 of the member 34 so that its bottom end is adjacent to detonating cord 40. It is desirable that the bottom end of sensor 30 not make frictional contact with the detonating cord 40 so as not to impede the travel of the delay booster as it slides down the detonating cord into a borehole and to prevent the generation of frictional heat that might prematurely trigger the sensor 30. The bottom end of the sensor should be positioned just out of frictional contact but within about 0.25 inch of the detonating cord 40. An embodiment is shown in FIG. 6 wherein the sensor 30 is not located within a slot in the shock absorbing material 34 but lies adjacent the cord 40 at a point just below it. 
     The operation of the overall assembly begins with the detonation of the detonating cord downline or upline 40 which initiates the sensor 30 which, in turn, initiates the signal carrier 24. The signal carrier ignites the delay powder 21 or element 22 in the cap which ignites the primer charge 14 which initiates the base explosive charge followed in initiation of the explosive 3 in the booster 1. 
     The overall assembly including the assembly of the present invention can be used in either the upright position shown in FIG. 1 or it can be used in the upside down position as shown in FIG. 6. 
     FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate how the overall booster assembly including the assembly of the present invention can be used in borehole blasting operations. An example of deck loading using the delay booster assembly is illustrated in FIG. 7. A single detonating cord downline 40 extends into the borehole 50 which is loaded with alternating layers of bulk explosive charge 52 such as ANFO and stemming 54 such as sand, sized stone, drill cuttings, etc. Connected to the downline 40 are the delay booster assemblies 56 having different millisecond delay times. The delay booster assembly 56 has a delay time of 50 milliseconds while the delay booster assemblies 58, 60 and 62 have delay times of 37, 25 and 12 milliseconds respectively. The downline 40 is initiated by the electric blasting cap 64 attached to that portion of the downline above the borehole which in turn activates the delay booster assembly starting with the assembly 56 in the topmost explosive charge of the borehole 50 and then progressively initiating the assemblies 58, 60 and 62 therebelow in that order. Because of the different delay times of the delay booster 56, 58, 60 and 62, the explosive charges 52 detonate in time sequence starting with the bottommost one and proceeding to the topmost one. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates an example of deck loading using the assembly of the present invention in a series of boreholes 50. Each borehole is loaded in the same manner as discussed above with respect to FIG. 7 except that the electric blasting caps 70, 72, 74 and 76 which initiate the downline 40 in each borehole 50 are EB caps. Cap 70 is an instantaneous cap while cap 72 is a 50 millisecond delay cap and caps 74 and 76 are 100 and 150 millisecond delay caps, respectively. The caps 70, 72, 74 and 76 are connected by conductive wirings 78, 80 and 82 and they will initiate their respective downline 40 in delay timed order extending from left to right as one looks at FIG. 8. In other words, the cap 72 will initiate the downline 40 50 milliseconds after the cap 70 initiates its downline 40 while caps 74 and 76 will initiate their respective downlines 100 and 150 milliseconds respectively after cap 70 initiates its downline 40. These delays acting in combination with the delays provided by the delay boosters 56, 58, 60 and 62 provide a time sequence detonation of the individual deck charge 52 such that they occur at different instants in time. 
     If it is desired to confine all explosive detonations under the earth&#39;s surface, the deck loading arrangement shown in FIG. 8 could be altered by locating the EB caps 70, 72, 74 and 76 at the bottom of each borehole 50. The upper end of each detonating cord 40 would then be buried in the topmost stemming deck 54 in each borehole. The EB caps 70, 72, 74 and 76 would then initiate each detonating cord 40 in time sequence at the bottom of each borehole and the cord detonation would proceed toward the top of each borehole. In this case, the detonating cord 40 would be termed an upline. 
     The particular advantages offered the overall assembly including the assembly of this invention are that multiple or decked explosive charges in a borehole can be initiated separately using a single detonating cord downline or upline. The time at which such decked charges are to be initiated can be controlled by selection of a delay insert with the esired delay time. Since the delay insert and booster would be assembled just prior to use, one type of booster could be used for all of the inserts. Loading of the delay booster assembly into the borehole could be easily accomplished by sliding the assembly down the detonating cord. Inserts with the same delay time can be used in more than one decked hole by delaying the detonation of the individual detonating cord downlines or uplines using electric or nonelectric blasting caps. The reliability of the delay insert is assured by the use of the sensor which relays the signal from the detonating cord downline or upline to the signal carrier cord. Premature actuation of the sensor is prevented by avoiding frictional contact between the sensor and the detonating cord downline or upline. 
     As will be evident to those skilled in the art, various modifications can be made or followed in light of the foregoing disclosure and discussion without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims.