Patent Publication Number: US-2009238774-A1

Title: Use of lactic acid bacteria for decreasing gum bleeding and reducing oral inflammation

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority from co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/147,880 filed Jun. 8, 2005, which claims priority from provisional patent application No. 60/580,279 having a filing date of Jun. 14, 2004, the disclosure of which applications is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to the selection and use of nonpathogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-bleeding lactic acid bacteria strains, and products and methods using such strains for treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding gum, gingivitis and periodontitis caused by oral inflammation. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Bleeding from the gums has been considered to be mainly due to inadequate plaque removal from the teeth at the gum line. Plaque is a sticky material that develops on the exposed portions of the teeth, consisting of bacteria, mucus, and food debris. It is a major cause of tooth decay. Plaque that is not removed mineralizes into a hard deposit called tartar that becomes trapped at the base of the tooth. Plaque and tartar irritate and inflame the gingiva. Ultimately, this will lead to increased bleeding and a more advanced form of gum and jawbone disease known as periodontitis. 
     Gingivitis is one of the most commonly occurring chronic inflammations in humans. Gingivitis, a form of periodontal disease, is a condition when the gingiva has lost its normal appearance and has become swollen, soft and red. 
     Common causes of gum and tooth problems, such as gingivitis, also include periodontitis (advanced form of gingivitis), anticoagulants such as Coumadin (warfarin) and heparin, toothbrush abrasion, improper flossing, infection, which can be either tooth or gum related, Vitamin C deficiency, Vitamin K deficiency, hormonal changes during pregnancy, chemical irritants such as aspirin, leukemia, placement of new dentures leading to denture sores/irritations, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Periodontal disease, generally, is when inflammation and infection destroy the tissues that support the teeth, including the gingiva (gums), the periodontal ligaments, and the tooth sockets (alveolar bone). Misaligned teeth, rough edges of fillings, and ill fitting or unclean mouth appliances (such as orthodontic appliances, dentures, bridges, and crowns) can irritate the gums and increase the risk of gingivitis. Medications such as phenyloin and birth control pills, and ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and bismuth are also associated with gingivitis. 
     Gingivitis and periodontitis are caused by several mechanisms including accumulation of bacteria in the tooth pocket starting an inflammatory reaction and the long-term effects of plaque deposits. If the inflammation and degradation of collagen increases and reaches further down into the pocket the gingivitis develops into periodontitis. For the patient the immediate consequence of the sore and bleeding gum is that tooth-cleaning becomes difficult. In acute and severe cases the patient may be more generally affected and fever may occur. Further, side effects of oral inflammation and bleeding have been reported to be associated with both heart disease and spontaneous pre-term birth. Complications include the recurrence of gingivitis, periodontitis, infection or abscess of the gingiva or the jaw bones, and trench mouth. 
     Since gingivitis is the first phase leading to periodontitis, treatment and preventative measures are among the more common challenges for today&#39;s dentists. Today the first measure for treating gingivitis is to improve the patient&#39;s oral hygiene and sometimes treatment with chlorhexidine or antibiotics is used. 
     If a dentist determines that the patient has some bone loss or that the gums have receded from the teeth, the standard treatment is an intensive deep-cleaning, non-surgical method called scaling and root planning (SRP). Scaling scrapes the plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line. Root planning smoothes rough spots on the tooth root where germs collect and helps remove bacteria that can contribute to the disease. This smooth, clean surface helps allow the gums to reattach to the teeth. 
     A relatively new drug in the arsenal against serious gum disease called Periostat (doxycycline hyclate) was approved by the FDA in 1998 to be used in combination with SRP. While SRP primarily eliminates bacteria, Periostat, which is taken orally, suppresses the action of collagenase, an enzyme that causes destruction of the teeth and gums. Antibiotic treatments can be used either in combination with surgery and other therapies, or alone, to reduce or temporarily eliminate the bacteria associated with periodontal disease. However, doctors, dentists and public health officials are becoming more concerned that overuse of these antibiotics can increase the risk of bacterial resistance to these drugs. When germs become resistant to antibiotics, the drugs lose the ability to fight infection. There are also antibiotic gels, fibers or chips applied directly to the infected pocket. In some cases, a dentist will prescribe a special anti-germ mouth rinse containing chlorhexidine to help control plaque and gingivitis. Also available is over-the-counter toothpaste containing the antibacterial triclosan. The antibacterial ingredient is claimed to reduces plaque and resulting gingivitis but clinical effects are weak. 
     It is known that several different bacterial species (among others  Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacterioides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus , and  Selenomonas noxia ) are implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontic diseases. It is not known if these bacteria are causing the diseases or if their presence occur as an opportunistic result of the change of the composition of the biofilms which in turn causes the disease to progress. The disease progression is dependent on several changes in the microbiota, on the gingival crevicular fluid and on the interaction with the innate host defense. 
     Periodontal diseases are very wide-spread in the industrialized world. Many people experience gingivitis to a varying degree. It usually develops during puberty or early adulthood due to hormonal changes and may persist or recur frequently, depending on how healthy the teeth and gums are. Depending on age and gender, 45-70% of all US citizens above age 13 are affected by gingival bleeding. The prevalence is highest among those who are 13-17 years old, and lowest at 3544 years of age, after which the prevalence slightly goes up again. When it comes to the most severe form of periodontal disease, periodontitis (defined as attachment loss exceeding 3 mm) occurs in 30-40% of people 30-39 years of age and then increases linearly with increasing age to 85-90% at 80-90 years of age. The situation is probably similar in Europe and the rest of the industrialized world. Swedish data indicate that close to 3 million inhabitants have problems with bleeding gums. 
     Normally a dentist is consulted if signs of gingivitis are present. The dentists will examine the mouth and teeth and look for soft, swollen, red-purple gingiva. Deposits of plaque and tartar may be visible at the base of the teeth. The gums are usually painless or mildly tender. No further testing is usually done, although dental x-rays and dental gingival probing (measuring the amount of bone) may be performed to determine whether periodontitis (spread of inflammation to the supporting structures of the teeth) has developed. The removal of plaque from inflamed gums may be uncomfortable. Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications will sometimes be used to ease any discomfort from a rigorous cleaning. Healthy gums are pink and firm in appearance. Strict oral hygiene is recommended to be maintained for the patient&#39;s whole life or gingivitis will recur. 
     The goal of gingivitis treatment is to reduce the gingival inflammation and bleeding. Normal treatment includes that the teeth are cleaned thoroughly by the dentist or dental hygienist. This may involve using various instruments or devices to loosen and remove deposits from the teeth (scaling). The dentist or hygienist will often demonstrate brushing and flossing techniques. Professional tooth cleaning in addition to brushing and flossing may be recommended twice per year or more frequently for severe cases. Antibacterial mouth rinses or other aids may be recommended in addition to frequent, careful, tooth-brushing and flossing. 
     For periodontitis treatment, the primary strategy is similar to the treatment of gingivitis; however, due to the severity of the disease, additional procedures may be necessary. The goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation, eliminate pockets if present, and address any underlying causes. Dental irritants, such as rough surfaces of teeth or dental appliances, should be repaired. It is important to have the teeth cleaned thoroughly. Therefore, scaling is strongly recommended. Meticulous home oral hygiene is necessary after professional tooth cleaning to limit further destruction. The dentist or hygienist will demonstrate brushing and flossing techniques. With periodontitis, professional tooth cleaning is often recommended more frequently than the standard twice a year. Surgical treatment may be necessary. Deep pockets may need to be opened and cleaned. Loose teeth may need to be supported. Extraction (removal) of a tooth may be necessary for advanced periodontitis so destruction does not spread to adjacent teeth. 
     In spite of the relative success of the acute treatment performed by professionals, it is well known that many diagnosed and treated patients will come back at the next appointment with a similar or worse condition. Regular professional tooth cleaning is important to remove plaque that may develop even with careful brushing and flossing. Many dentists recommend having the teeth professionally cleaned at least every 6 months. 
     In general the possibility of effective antibacterial activity by several lactobacilli is well known, but not much has been known about differences between lactic acid bacteria strains in their ability to reduce host inflammation, nor that such strains could be selected, however, this is now possible. (WO2004031368) 
     The oral cavity of humans and other mammals contains many different species of bacteria, including a number of different species of lactic acid bacteria. There has been some speculation that that lactic acid bacteria can positively affect oral inflammation and be of benefit in terms of reduced gingivitis and gum bleeding. For example,  Lactobacillus reuteri  is a major component of the lactobacilli population that naturally inhabits humans and animals. The organism has been extensively studied as a probiotic over the last ten years and found to possess a number of interesting properties. The invention described herein is different from the general probiotic use of lactic acid bacteria in that the bacteria need not be ingested; the presence of the lactic acid bacteria locally on the oral bio-film close to the gingival area is sufficient for the anti-bleeding effects of the invention. To use the strains of the invention a person can just use a chewing gum or a mouth-rinse product that has the lactic acid bacteria in it and spit out the product after sufficient time at this locale. The anti-bleeding and anti-inflammatory effect can be detected within days. 
     Strains of a wide variety of  Lactobacillus  species, including  Lactobacillus  reuteri, have been used in anti-microbial formulations.  Lactobacillus reuteri  is one of the naturally occurring inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of animals, and is routinely found in the intestines, and occasionally in the birth channel, breast milk and mouth of healthy animals, including humans. It is known to have antibacterial activity. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,439,678, 5,458,875, 5,534,253, 5,837,238, and 5,849,289. When  L. reuteri  cells are grown under anaerobic conditions in the presence of glycerol, they produce the antimicrobial substance known as reuterin (β-hydroxy-propionaldehyde). Other antimicrobial substances beside the traditional organic acids have also been reported such as “Reutericyclin” (Holtzel, A. et al. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 39, 2766-2768, 2000) and “PCA (pyroglutamic acid)” (Yang, Z. Dissertation, Univ. of Helsinki, March 2000), and “Reutericin 6” (Toba T, et al., Lett Appl Microbiol 13: 281-6.). Lactobacilli, including  L. reuteri , are also well known to have the ability to inhibit various pathogenic organisms through local competition of nutrients and other metabolic interactions. 
     Mucin binding proteins of  L. reuteri  have been isolated and described. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,388.  Lactobacillus  strains have been reported to adhere to various cell lines and host mucus (Klemm, P. and Schembri, M. A. (2000) Bacterial adhesins: function and structure. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 290, 27-35.) It has however not been so well known that there are important differences between a  Lactobacillus  strains ability to adhere to oral mucin and mucin from other sources. Some strains are good at adhering to both oral mucin and other mucin, for example, gastric mucin, others are only good at adhering to gastric mucin but less good to oral mucin, others does not adhere well to any kind of mucin. It is therefore a part of the selection method of this invention to use oral mucin to find the best strains. 
     While the possibility of effective anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and binding characteristics by  L. reuteri  and some other lactic acid bacteria is known, as well as some bacteria&#39;s ability to secrete vitamin K (menaquinones), it was not previously known that substantial differences existed between lactic acid bacteria strains in their ability to decrease gum bleeding and reduce gingivitis, nor that such strains could be selected. It is now also generally recognized that menaquinones biosynthesis is increased in anaerobiosis (Bentley et. al., Microbiological review September 1982, p. 241-280) meaning that the selected strains ability to produce vitamin K to help decrease the bleeding, will increase in areas closest to the gingival, where it is best needed. 
     Vitamin K, is a group of three related substances. K1-Phytonadione—from plants, K2-Menaquinone—from bacteria, K3-Menadione—synthetic. Vitamin K is necessary for normal blood clotting. It is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and other proteins (Factors IX, VII, and X) involved in blood coagulation. 
     Several cases of excessive bleeding have been reported in people who take antibiotics. (Huilgol V R, et al. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:706-7) This side effect may be the result of reduced vitamin K activity and/or reduced vitamin K production by bacteria. One study showed that people who had taken broad-spectrum antibiotics had lower liver concentrations of vitamin K2 (menaquinone), though vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) levels remained normal. Several antibiotics appear to exert a strong effect on vitamin K activity, while others may not have any effect. Moreover, most multivitamins do not contain vitamin K. 
     It has unexpectedly been found that  Lactobacillus  strains specifically selected according to the present invention for their anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, oral mucin (teeth-biofilm) adhesion properties and their ability to produce vitamin K (menaquinones) are better in decreasing gum bleeding and reducing gingivitis. 
     It is therefore an object of the invention to provide better strains of lactic acid bacteria which have been selected for their capability to decrease gum bleeding and reduce gingivitis in the mouth through antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, such as that due to  Porphyromonas gingivalis , good capability of adhering to oral mucin in combination with good secretion of vitamin K and thereby successfully prevent, reduce or treat gum bleeding and gingivitis. It is a further object of the invention to provide products containing said strains for administration to humans. Such products could also be used to decrease inflammation and bleeding on skin and other local surfaces of the body. 
     It is also an object of the invention to provide strains of lactic acid bacteria which have been selected for their capability of reducing oral inflammation, such as that due to  Porphyromonas gingivalis  and also such strains that are good producers of vitamin K to decrease gum bleeding. It is a further object of the invention to provide products containing said strains, including agents for treatment or prophylaxis of bleeding gum and gingivitis for administration to humans. 
     Other objects and advantages will be more fully apparent from the following disclosure and appended claims. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention herein relates to the use of nonpathogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-bleeding lactic acid bacteria strains, and products and methods using such strains for treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding gum and gingivitis caused by oral inflammation. 
     Other objects and features of the inventions will be more fully apparent from the following disclosure and appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a bar graph showing the effect of lactic acid bacteria on visual improved effect on bleeding gum/gingivitis. L. r. prodentis vs. placebo: p&lt;0.005, L. r. prodentis vs. L.r.ATCC55730: p&lt;0.05, L. r. ATCC55730 vs. placebo: n.s. (Fisher&#39;s exact) 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS THEREOF 
     The invention herein relates to the use of nonpathogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-bleeding lactic acid bacteria strains, and products and methods using such strains for treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding gum and gingivitis caused by oral inflammation. 
     The present invention provides a product, for decreasing gum bleeding and reducing gingivitis, utilizing selected strains in such products such as  L. reuteri  “Prodentis” (ATCC PTA-5289) and  L. reuteri  FJ3 (ATCC PTA-5290). These strains are available to the public at the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.) having been deposited there on Jul. 29, 2003, and further  L. reuteri  (ATCC 55730) deposited Dec. 18, 1995. The deposits of  Lactobacillus reuteri  “Prodentis” (ATCC PTA-5289),  L. reuteri  FJ3 (ATCC PTA-5290) and  L. reuteri  (ATCC 55730) meet the requirements of the Budapest Treaty. Strain 55730 was deposited on Dec. 18, 1995 and strains ATCC PTA-5289 and PTA-5290 were deposited on Jul. 29, 2003 at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, and all three strains are taxonomically described as  Lactobacillus reuteri .    
     In the selection method used herein, the inhibiting effects of bacterial species (among others  Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacterioides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus , and  Selenomonas noxia ) implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontic diseases are examined by traditional microbiological methods using the bacterial cells. The adhesion capabilities are measured using oral mucin coated in microtiter wells (ref. Jonsson et al. 2001 FEMS Microbiol. lett. 204: 19-22). 
     Selection of vitamin K producing lactic acid bacteria is done by standard methods such as HPLC analysis (ref Conly J M, Stein K. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992 March; 87(3):311-Quantitative and qualitative measurements of K vitamins) of the test bacteria anaerobically grown in MRS media, or by a genetic probe analyzing the test bacteria. As known by a person in the art, all growth of strains and analysis for vitamin K should be done under yellow light as the substance is sensitive to photo-oxidation. 
     The product of the invention can be any product for placement in the mouth as a local preventative or treatment for gum bleeding and gingivitis, also such products as mouthwashes or other specified health products, chewing gum, lozenges and the like. 
     The concentration of selected  Lactobacillus  cells needed for effectiveness of a product of the invention depends on the type of formulation to be used (or the time of use in the mouth), but it is usually preferable to have equivalent of about 10 5 -10 8  CFU (colony-forming units) or more per daily oral placement of a product. Amounts up to about 10 10 -10 11  CFU are possible and can be used to increase efficacy without adversely affecting the product&#39;s organoleptic characteristics (its flavor or smell). 
     Preferably the product of the invention does not contain other antibacterial components, at least none that inhibit or kill selected lactic acid bacterial strain(s) or interfere with the anti-inflammatory or anti-bleeding activity. 
     The strain(s) of lactic acid bacteria can be an additive mixed into the ingredients or kneaded into or coated on the product by means known in the art for formulation of products of that type. When using cells and if preparation of the selected food or other product of the invention requires a heating step, the lactic acid bacterial strain(s) should be added after the heating. Once the selected lactic acid bacteria cells are in the product, it is preferred not to heat the product to 60-70 degrees C. or above for a longer period of time. 
     The features of the present invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting the invention. 
     Example 1 
     Method of Selection of Strains 
     The selection of the lactic acid bacteria strains to be used according to this invention can be done in the following four step manner: 
     a) Evaluation of Inhibiting Effect of  Porphyromonas gingivalis  by Cells of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains 
     An example of a strain to use to measure the inhibitory effect is  Porphyromonas gingivalis , ATCC33277 (available from The American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., USA). The isolate is grown in trypticase soy broth (Difco, Detroit, USA) supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract (Difco) (TSBY). The cells are harvested during the exponential growth phase by centrifugation at 1000×g, washed twice with PBS and resuspended in the same buffer. The cell suspensions are subjected to a low-intensity ultrasonic device to disperse bacterial aggregates. 
     The test lactic acid bacteria strain is grown in MRS broth (Difco), and harvested during the exponential growth phase by centrifugation at 1000×g, washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 6.8) and re-suspended in the same buffer. 
     The optical densities of the bacterial suspensions are measured in a 1.0 ml cuvette with a 1 cm light path, and the suspensions are adjusted to a final concentration of 1.0×10 8  CFU (colony forming unit)/ml. 
     The inhibitory assay is conducted as follows: the suspension of  P. gingivalis  and the suspension of lactic acid bacteria are mixed in the ratios of 100-0, 75-25, 50-50 and 25-75 in sterile centrifugation tube (total volume 100 μL), the BHI broth, up to 10 ml, is added, vortex mixed for ten seconds, and incubated for 90 min at 37° C. with gentle shaking. As a control, the suspension of  P. gingivalis  is mixed with an equal volume of PBS in the control tubes (free of lactic acid bacteria). Afterwards each suspension is washed by centrifugation at 1000×g, washed twice with PBS, and plated on MS agar to determine the CFU count of  P. gingivalis . The % survival of  P. gingivalis  is obtained from following formula. 
     
       
         
           
             
               % 
                
               
                   
               
                
               survival 
                
               
                   
               
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               of 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 P 
                 . 
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 gingivalis 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         CFU 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         of 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           P 
                           . 
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           gingivalis 
                         
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           incub 
                           . 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         w 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         lactic 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         acid 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         bacteria 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         CFU 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         of 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           P 
                           . 
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           gingivalis 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         
                           incubated 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           with 
                            
                           
                               
                           
                            
                           PBS 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               × 
               100 
             
           
         
       
     
     The assay should be carried out with minimum triplicate samples. All the numerical data obtained should be statistically analyzed. 
     In this example using the above method  L. reuteri  “Prodentis” (ATCC PTA-5289)  L. reuteri  FJ3 (ATCC PTA-5290) and  L. reuteri  (ATCC 55730) are selected. 
     b) Evaluation of Adhesion Capabilities to Oral Mucin/Oral Biofilm of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains 
     The lactic acid bacteria strains to be tested are collected. The bacteria are grown at 37° C. in MRS broth (Difco) for 16 h. Plates are incubated in anaerobic jars under CO 2 +N 2  atmosphere (GasPak System, BBL, Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md., USA). 
     Oral mucus as human saliva are collected, centrifuged, sterile filtered and coated into microtiter wells as described. The mucus are collected in 200 ml ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (8.0 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.44 g Na 2 HPO 4 .2H 2 O and 0.2 g KH 2 PO 4  per 1000 ml of dH 2 O) and supplemented with 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST). The resulting suspension is centrifuged first at 11000 g for 10 min and then at 26000 g for 15 min in order to remove cells and particulate matter. As an alternative mucin is gastric mucin (Sigma, M1778) used. The crude mucus preparation is stored at 20° C. The mucus material is diluted to approximately 100 μg ml-1 in 50 mM Na 2 CO 3  buffer, pH 9.7 and incubated overnight in microtiter wells (Greiner) (150 μl per well) at 4° C. with slow rotation. The wells are blocked with PBS with 1% Tween 20 for 1 h and thereafter washed with PBST. Wells coated with BSA are used as controls. 
     The strains to be tested are grown as per above, washed once in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.3) supplemented with 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST) and diluted to OD 600  0.5 in the same buffer. One hundred microliters bacterial suspension is added to each well and incubated over night at 4° C. The wells are washed 4 times with PBST and binding examined with an inverted microscope. The buffer is poured off and, after the wells had dried, the binding is measured over the whole surface of the well in an BioRad Gel Doc 2000 instrument (BioRad Laboratories, Herkules, Calif., USA). All measurements are done in triplicate. 
     In using the above method in this example  L. reuteri  “Prodentis” (ATCC PTA-5289) is firstly selected and  L. reuteri  FJ3 (ATCC PTA-5290) and  L. reuteri  (ATCC 55730) selected second alternatives. 
     c) Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Capabilities of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains 
     Test lactic acid bacteria are grown in de Man, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS) and Luria-Bertani (LB) media (Difco, Sparks, Md.), respectively. Overnight cultures of lactic acid bacteria are diluted to an OD 600  of 1.0 (representing approximately 10 9  cells/ml) and further diluted 1:10 and grown for an additional 4, 8 and 24 h.  Porphyromonas gingivalis , ATCC33277 is cultured for 48 h in  Brucella  broth (Difco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cultures are diluted 1:10 and grown for another 24 and 48 h. Bacterial cell-free conditioned medium is collected by centrifugation at 8500 rpm for 10 min at 4° C. Conditioned medium is separated from the cell pellet and then filtered through a 0.22 μm pore filter unit (Millipore, Bedford, Mass. USA). 
     Mouse monocyte/macrophage cell lines, RAW 264.7 (ATCC TIB-71) and RAW 264.7 gamma NO(−) (ATCC CRL-2278), are used as a reporter cells for studying the inflammatory response pathway. RAW 264.7 cells are grown in either Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (wild-type) or RPMI Medium 1640 (gamma NO−) (Gibco-Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplemented with 10% FBS and 2% antibiotic (5000 units/ml Penicillin and 5 mg/ml Streptomycin, Sigma) at 5% CO 2  37° C. until 80-90% confluent. Approximately 5×10 4  cells are seeded into 96-well cell culture clusters and allowed to adhere for 2 h prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation and addition of conditioned medium. Naive RAW 264.7 cells are exposed to purified LPS from  E. coli  serotype O127:B8 (Sigma). Activation medium is made by adding 2 ng LPS to 20 μl conditioned medium per well. Macrophages are either pre-incubated or co-incubated with cell-free lactic acid bacteria conditioned medium. Recombinant mIL-10 (R&amp;D Systems, Minneapolis, Min.) is used as a positive control. Cell viability is assessed by Trypan-blue (Invitrogen) exclusion. The presence of TNF-α in cell culture supernatant is measured with a sandwich enzyme immunoassay, Quantikine M® Mouse TNF-α Immunoassay (R &amp; D Systems). 
     In using the above method  L. reuteri  “Prodentis” (ATCC PTA-5289)  L. reuteri  FJ3 (ATCC PTA-5290) are selected. 
     d) Evaluation of Vitamin K Secretion Capabilities of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains 
     Selection of vitamin K producing lactic acid bacteria is done by standard methods such as HPLC analysis (ref Conly J M, Stein K. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992 March; 87(3):311—Quantitative and qualitative measurements of K vitamins) of the test bacteria anaerobically grown in MRS media, or by a genetic probe analyzing the test bacteria. As known by a person in the art, all growth of strains and analysis for vitamin K should be done under yellow light as the substance is sensitive to photooxidation. 
     The lactic acid bacteria strains showing best results in both inhibiting of  P. gingivalis  using lactic acid bacteria cells as well as best results in adhesion to oral mucin, anti-inflammatory effect and vitamin K secretion according to the assays above, are selected. 
     Example 2 
     Manufacturing of Chewing Gum Products Containing Selected Strain 
     In this example,  L. reuteri  FJ1 “Prodentis” (ATCC PTA-5289), is selected based on good growth characteristics in general and favorable results in the earlier mentioned selection in Example 1 in order to add the strain to a chewing gum. The  L. reuteri  protectis strain is grown and lyophilized, using standard methods for growing  Lactobacillus  in the industry. 
     The steps of an example of a manufacturing process of chewing gum containing the selected strain follow, with it being understood that excipients, fillers, flavors, encapsulators, lubricants, anticaking agents, sweeteners and other components of chewing gum products as are known in the art, may be used without affecting the efficacy of the product: 
     1 Melting. Melt Softisan 154 (SASOL GMBH, Bad Homburg, Germany) in a vessel and heat it to 70° C. to assure complete disruption of the crystalline structure. Then cool it down to 52-55° C. (just above its hardening point).
 
2 Granulation. Transfer  Lactobacillus reuteri  freeze-dried powder to a Diosna high-shear mixer/granulator, or equivalent. Add slowly during approximately 1 minute the melted Softisan 154 to the  Lactobacillus reuteri  powder. No additional massing time is required. Use chopper during the addition.
 
3 Wet-sieving. Immediately after the granulation, pass the granules through a 1-mm sieving net by using a Tornado mill. The sieved granulate is packed in alupouches made out of PVC-coated aluminum foil, sealed with a heatsealer to form a pouch, together with desiccant pouch, and stored refrigerated until mixing. The granulated batch is divided for two tablet batches.
 
4 Mixing. Mix all the ingredients in a mixer, to a homogenous blend.
 
5 Compression. Transfer the final blend to the hopper of a rotary tablet press and compress tablets with a total weight of 765 mg, in a Kilian compressor.
 
6 Bulk packaging. The chewing gums are packed in alu-bags together with a drying pouch of molecular sieve. The alu-pouch is put in a plastic bucket and stored in a cool place at least one week, before final package.
 
     In-process controls, as is standard in the industry, are shown in the following Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Test 
                   
               
               
                 IPC 
                 Method 
                 Limit 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Appearance 
                 Clear, homogenous solution 
                 Visually 
               
               
                 2 
                 Temperature 
                 52-55° C. 
                 Thermometer 
               
               
                 3 
                   L. reuteri  assay 
                   
                 CM003 
               
               
                 4 
                 Appearance 
                 Cream colored with blue 
                 Visually 
               
               
                   
                   
                 spots, convex tablets plain 
               
               
                   
                   
                 on both sides. 
               
               
                   
                 Uniformity of mass 
                 765 mg ± 5% 
                 Ph. Eur. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the example herein, the selected  L. reuteri  culture is then added as above at a level of 10 7  CFU/gram of product, and the chewing gum used by humans as a way to decrease gum bleeding and reducing gingivitis. 
     As stated above, the product of the invention may be in forms other than chewing gum, for example as a lozenge and other formulations and standard methods of preparing the underling underlying product as are known in the art are beneficially used to prepare the product of the invention including the selected  L. reuteri  culture. 
     While certain representative embodiments have been set forth herein, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that modifications can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.