Patent Publication Number: US-2018051297-A1

Title: Compositions and systems for conferring disease resistance in plants and methods of use thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/700,500, filed on Sep. 13, 2012, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     This invention was made with government support under GM046451 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING 
     A paper copy of the Sequence Listing and a computer readable form of the sequence containing the file named “31377-21_IURTC13057_ST25.txt”, which is 17,844 bytes in size (as measured in Microsoft WINDOWS® Explorer), are provided herein and are herein incorporated by reference. This Sequence Listing consists of SEQ ID NOs:1-28. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates generally to plant genetics and plant molecular biology, and more particularly relates to compositions, systems and methods of conferring disease resistance to plant pathogens that express pathogen-specific proteases based on recognition of the pathogen-specific proteases in a plant cell. 
     Plant diseases are a serious limitation on agricultural productivity and influence the development and history of agricultural practices. A variety of plant pathogens are responsible for plant diseases including bacteria, fungi, insects, nematodes and viruses. 
     Incidence of plant diseases can be controlled by agronomic practices that include conventional breeding techniques, crop rotation and use of synthetic agrochemicals. Conventional breeding methods, however, are time-consuming and require continuous effort to maintain disease resistance as plant pathogens evolve. See, Grover &amp; Gowthaman (2003)  Curr. Sci.  84:330-340. Likewise, agrochemicals increase costs to farmers and cause harmful effects on the ecosystem. Because of such concerns, regulators have banned or limited the use of some of the most harmful agrochemicals. 
     Agricultural scientists now can enhance plant pathogen resistance by genetically engineering plants to express anti-pathogen polypeptides. For example, potatoes and tobacco plants have been developed that exhibit an increased resistance to foliar and soil-borne fungal pathogens. See, Lorito et al. (1998)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  95:7860-7865. In addition, transgenic barley has been developed that exhibit an increased resistance to fungal pathogens. See, Horvath et al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:364-369. Moreover, transgenic corn and cotton plants have been developed to produce Cry endotoxins. See, e.g., Aronson (2002)  Cell Mol. Life Sci.  59:417-425; and Schnepf et al. (1998)  Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.  62:775-806. Other crops, including potatoes, have been genetically engineered to contain similar endotoxins. See, Hussein et al. (2006)  J. Chem. Ecol.  32:1-8; Kalushkov &amp; Nedved (2005)  J. Appl. Entomol.  129:401-406 and Dangl et al. (2013)  Science  341: 746-751. 
     In light of the significant impact of plant pathogens on the yield and quality of plants, additional compositions, systems and methods are needed for protecting plants from plant pathogens. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Compositions, systems and methods are provided for conferring disease resistance to plant pathogens that express pathogen-specific proteases by modifying at least one member of a protein pair used by plants to detect the pathogen-specific proteases. These protein pairs enable plants to activate endogenous defense systems in response to the pathogen-specific proteases. Briefly, the compositions, systems and methods are based upon a protein pair in which one member of the pair is a nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) disease resistance protein and the other member of the pair is a substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease that physically associates with its native/corresponding NB-LRR protein and that activates the NB-LRR protein when cleaved by the pathogen-specific protease. The specificity of such pairs for a given pathogen-specific protease can be engineered by replacing an endogenous protease recognition sequence in the substrate protein with a recognition sequence for a pathogen-specific protease of interest (i.e., a heterologous protease recognition sequence). 
     The compositions include recombinant nucleic acid molecules having a nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease, where the modified substrate protein has a heterologous protease recognition sequence. The heterologous protease recognition sequence can be within, for example, an exposed loop of the modified substrate protein. Optionally, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule can have a nucleotide sequence that encodes a NB-LRR protein so that the nucleic acid molecule encodes the protein pair. For example, in one embodiment, a recombinant nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence that encodes the NB-LRR protein can be co-transformed with the recombinant nucleic acid molecules having a nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease so that the modified substrate protein and the NB-LRR protein are co-expressed. The NB-LRR protein can associate with, and can be activated by, the modified substrate protein of the pathogen-specific protease. 
     The compositions also include isolated, modified substrate proteins of pathogen-specific proteases as described herein, as well as active fragments and variants thereof. 
     The compositions also include nucleic acid constructs, such as expression cassettes and vectors, having a nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease as described herein operably linked to a promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant. Such a nucleic acid construct can be used to provide a modified substrate protein to a plant cell, plant part or plant that natively expresses the corresponding NB-LRR protein. The modified substrate protein can associate with, and can activate, the NB-LRR protein. 
     Optionally, the constructs, including expression cassettes and vectors, can include a nucleotide sequence that encodes a NB-LRR protein operably linked to a promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant. The nucleic acid constructs having a nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease and the nucleic acid constructs having a nucleotide sequence that encodes a NB-LRR protein can be co-expressed in a plant cell, plant part or plant. The NB-LRR protein can associate with, and can be activated by, the modified substrate protein of the pathogen-specific protease. Such a nucleic acid construct can be used to provide the protein pair to a plant cell, plant part or plant that does not natively express both members of the protein pair. 
     The compositions also include transformed plant cells, plant parts and plants having a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease as described herein operably linked to a promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant. Optionally, the plant cells, plant parts and plants are transformed to include a nucleotide sequence that encodes a NB-LRR protein operably linked to a promoter that drives expression in the plant cell, plant part or plant. The NB-LRR protein can associate with, and can be activated by, the modified substrate protein of the pathogen-specific protease. 
     The systems include a nucleic acid construct having a nucleotide sequence for a first promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease as described herein and a nucleotide sequence for a second promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes a NB-LRR protein. The NB-LRR protein can associate with, and can be activated by, the modified substrate protein. Such systems can be used to provide the protein pair to a plant cell, plant part or plant that does not natively express both members of the protein pair. 
     The systems also include a first nucleic acid construct having nucleotide sequence for a promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease as described herein, and a second nucleic acid construct having a nucleotide sequence for a promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant operably linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes a NB-LRR protein. Additional nucleic acid constructs also can be included in the system, where each construct has a nucleotide sequence that encodes a distinct modified substrate protein, each having a heterologous recognition sequence for a separate pathogen-specific protease. Although each modified substrate protein has a heterologous recognition sequence distinct from one another, each can associate with, and can activate, the NB-LRR protein. Alternatively, the first nucleic acid construct can encode more than one modified substrate protein, where each modified substrate protein has a heterologous recognition sequence distinct from one another and where each can associate with, and can activate, the NB-LRR protein. Alternatively, the second nucleic acid construct can encode one or more modified substrate proteins, where each modified substrate protein has a heterologous recognition sequence distinct from one another and where each can associate with, and can activate, the NB-LRR protein. Such systems can be used to provide the protein pair to a plant cell, plant part or plant that does not natively express the protein pair or can be used to provide more than one modified substrate protein to a plant cell, plant part or plant. 
     By way of example, the substrate protein of the pathogen-specific protease can be a PBS1 or a RIN4 homolog from  Arabidopsis thaliana , and the NB-LRR protein can be a RPS5 or a RPS2 from  A. thaliana , where the PBS1 or RIN4 homolog is modified to include a heterologous protease recognition sequence. As understood by those skilled in the art, “PBS1” refers to avrPphB susceptible 1. As understood by those skilled in the art, “RIN4” refers to Resistance To  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  maculicola  1 (“RPM1”) Interacting Protein 4. As understood by those skilled in the art, “avrRpt2” refers to the bacterial avirulence gene from  Pseudomonas syringae  that encodes the “AvrRpt2” polypeptide having a role in plant- P. syringae  interactions (see, Innes et al. (1993) J. Bacteriol 175:4859-4869). As understood by those skilled in the art, “avrPphB” refers to the bacterial avirulence gene from  P. syringae  that encodes the “AvrPphB” polypeptide having a role in plant- P. syringae  interactions. 
     In view of the foregoing, the methods include introducing into a plant cell, plant part or plant at least one nucleic acid molecule, construct, expression cassette or vector as described herein to confer disease resistance to plant pathogens that express pathogen-specific proteases. 
     The compositions, systems and methods therefore find use in conferring disease resistance to plant pathogens by transferring to plant cells, plant parts or plants nucleotide sequences that encode at least one modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease and optionally that encode a NB-LRR protein when such NB-LRR protein is not native to the plant cell, plant part or plant. The pair is thus engineered to be specific for a plant pathogen-specific protease by including in the modified substrate protein a heterologous protease recognition sequence for that plant pathogen-specific protease. When activated by the plant pathogen-specific protease, the pair initiates host defense responses thereto, including programmed cell death. 
     These and other features, objects and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood from the description that follows. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The features, objects and advantages other than those set forth above will become more readily apparent when consideration is given to the detailed description below. Such detailed description makes reference to the following drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a photograph showing that RPS5 (a NB-LRR disease resistance protein) can be activated by AvrRpt2 (a plant pathogen-specific protease) when co-expressed with a modified PBS1 (a substrate protein for a plant pathogen-specific protease) containing an AvrRpt2 cleavage site. Indicated nucleic acid molecules were transiently expressed in  Nicotiana glutinosa  leaves by injecting  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  strains carrying the indicated nucleic acid molecules. Each nucleic acid molecule was under control of a dexamethasone-inducible promoter, and leaves were photographed about 24 hours after dexamethasone application. Visible leaf collapse indicates activation of programmed cell death. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph illustrating electrolyte leakage from  N. glutinosa  leaf disks inoculated with the same strains as used in  FIG. 1 . Increases in electrolyte leakage indicate loss of plasma membrane integrity due to cell death. PBS1 RCS2  indicates PBS1 in which its AvrPphB (a plant pathogen-specific protease) cleavage site (GDKSHVS; SEQ ID NO:1) was replaced with the AvrRpt2 cleavage site (VPKFGDW; SEQ ID NO:2). 
         FIG. 3  shows photographs of infected leaves from transgenic  A. thaliana  expressing PBS1 RCS2  (i.e., PBS1 in which the AvrPphB cleavage site was replaced with the AvrRpt2 cleavage site). Shown are leaves from five different primary transformants inoculated on the right side with  Pseudomonas syringae  strain DC3000(AvrRpt2). The photographs were taken 24 hours after inoculation, a time point at which untransformed  A. thaliana  leaves do not display cell death. The  A. thaliana  accession used for this experiment contained mutations in RIN4 and RPS2, which prevent activation of cell death by AvrRpt2 in the absence of modified PBS1. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic representation of a PBS1 RCS2  construct illustrating the replacement of the AvrPphB cleavage site within the PBS1 activation loop with the RIN4 cleavage site 2 (RCS2) as discussed in Example 5. 
         FIG. 5  is a photograph taken 24 hours post-induction showing that the co-expression of PBS1 RCS2  with AvrRpt2 and PRS5 induced an RPS5-dependent cell death response, whereas cell death was not detected in the absence of AvrRpt2 or PBS1 RCS2  as discussed in Example 5. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph illustrating that PBS1 RCS2  with AvrRpt2 induced as much electrolyte leakage as wild-type PBS1 cleaved by AvrPphB, whereas PBS1 RCS2  with C122A only weakly activated RPS5 as discussed in Example 5. Data represents the mean and standard deviation (n=4). 
         FIG. 7  is an immunoblot confirming that AvrRpt2 cleaved PBS1 RCS2  at 6 hours post-induction, whereas C122A or AvrPphB did not as discussed in Example 5. 
         FIG. 8  is a photograph showing the induction of HR in transgenic lines 2 and 5 in response to inoculation with  P. syringae , whereas lines 1 and 3 did not as discussed in Example 5. “Col” indicates the wild-type  Arabidopsis  parent. 
         FIG. 9  is a graph illustrating that PBS1 RCS2  confers resistance to bacterial growth of DC3000(avrRpt2) in  Arabidopsis  as discussed in Example 5. Data represent mean cfu cm −2  (n=4), and error bars denote standard deviation. 
         FIG. 10  contains immunoblots showing that resistance to bacterial growth of DC3000(avrRpt2) correlated with expression of PBS1 RCS2  as discussed in Example 5. 
         FIG. 11  is an immunoblot showing cleavage of PBS1 RCS2  expressed in transgenic  Arabidopsis  by AvrRpt2 delivered by DC3000 as discussed in Example 5. The asterisk indicates the expected size of the C-terminal PBS1 RCS2  cleavage product. 
         FIG. 12  is a photograph showing that PBS1 RCS2  transgenic  Arabidopsis  also displayed HR 21 hours after injection with DC3000(avrPphB), demonstrating that native recognition specificity of RPS5 was retained in these transgenic lines as discussed in Example 5. 
         FIG. 13  is a representation of a PBS1 TCS  construct illustrating the replacement of the seven amino acids flanking the AvrPphB cleavage site with a TEV cleavage site as discussed in Example 5. 
         FIG. 14  contains immunoblots showing cleavage of PBS1 TCS -HA as detected by anti-HA (upper panel) as discussed in Example 5. 
         FIG. 15  is a photograph of  N. benthamiana  co-expressing PBS1 TCS  with TEV protease activated RPS5 as discussed in Example 5. The left side of each leaf was infiltrated with  Agrobacterium  strains that delivered PBS1 TCS , TEV protease and RPS5. 
         FIG. 16  is a graph illustrating that PBS1 TCS  with TEV protease induced RPS5-mediated cell death as indicated by electrolyte leakage. The level of electrolyte leakage was similar to that induced by wild-type PBS1 cleaved by AvrPphB as discussed in Example 5. Data represents the mean and standard deviation (n=4). 
         FIG. 17  is a photograph showing AvrPphB recognition by soybean as discussed in Example 6. 
     
    
    
     While the present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, exemplary embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description of exemplary embodiments is not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the scope of the disclosure as defined by the embodiments above and the claims below. Reference should therefore be made to the embodiments above and claims below for interpreting the scope of the present disclosure. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The compositions, systems and methods now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. Indeed, the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. 
     Likewise, many modifications and other embodiments of the compositions, systems and methods described herein will come to mind to one of skill in the art to which the invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although any methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are described herein. 
     Moreover, reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one element. The indefinite article “a” or “an” thus usually includes “at least one.” 
     Many plant pathogens employ proteases as virulence factors, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. As used herein, “plant pathogen” or “pathogen” means an organism that interferes with or is harmful to plant development and/or growth. Examples of plant pathogens include, but are not limited to, bacteria (e.g.,  Xanthomonas  spp. and  Pseudomonas  spp.), fungi (e.g., members in the phylum Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes, and fungal-like organisms including Oomycetes such as  Pythium  spp. and  Phytophthora  spp.), insects, nematodes (e.g., soil-transmitted nematodes including  Clonorchis  spp.,  Fasciola  spp.,  Heterodera  spp.,  Globodera  spp.,  Opisthorchis  spp. and  Paragonimus  spp.), protozoans (e.g., Phytomonas spp.), and viruses (e.g.,  Comovirus  spp.,  Cucumovirus  spp.,  Cytorhabdovirus  spp.,  Luteovirus  spp.,  Nepovirus  spp.,  Potyvirus  spp.,  Tobamovirus  spp.,  Tombusvirus  spp. and  Tospovirus  spp.) 
     Plants, however, contain innate disease resistance against a majority of plant pathogens. Natural variation for resistance to plant pathogens has been identified by plant breeders and pathologists and can be bred into many plants. These natural disease resistance genes provide high levels of resistance (or immunity) to plant pathogens and represent an economical and environmentally friendly form of plant protection. 
     Innate disease resistance in plants to plant pathogens typically is governed by the presence of dominant or semidominant resistance (R) genes in the plant and dominant avirulence (avr) genes in the pathogen. The largest group of R genes encodes proteins characterized by the presence of a NB-LRR. This form of innate disease resistance typically initiates programmed cell death in infected plant cells/tissues. 
       A. thaliana , for example, uses R genes to confer resistance to  P. syringae  strains that express the avr gene, avrPphB. Specific recognition of AvrPphB requires at least two genes, RPS5 and PBS1. RPS5 encodes a NB-LRR disease resistance protein, and PBS1 encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. 
     The work described herein is the first to show that an endogenous  P. syringae  AvrPphB protease recognition sequence within the activation loop of PBS1 (an exposed loop on the surface of the PBS1 protein) can be replaced with a heterologous protease recognition sequence. In particular, it is shown that the endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (GDKSHVS; SEQ ID NO:1) of PBS1 can be replaced with a heterologous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (VPKFGDW; SEQ ID NO:2) from the  Arabidopsis  RPM1 Interacting Protein 4 (RIN4), thereby producing a modified PBS1 (SEQ ID NO:6) that can be used in connection with RPS5 to confer resistance to pathogens that express AvrRpt2 instead of AvrPphB. It also is shown that the endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (GDKSHVS; SEQ ID NO:1) of PBS1 can be replaced with a heterologous TEV protease cleavage site (VPKFGDW; SEQ ID NO:4) of a TEV polyprotein, thereby producing another modified PBS1 (SEQ ID NO:8) that can be used in connection with RPS5 to confer resistance to pathogens that express TEV protease instead of AvrPphB. It is further contemplated that that an endogenous  P. syringae  AvrRpt2 cleavage site (VPKFGDW; SEQ ID NO:2) of RIN4 can be replaced with a cleavage site of other pathogen-specific proteases, leading to the activation of its corresponding NB-LRR protein, RPS2, in the presence of such pathogen-specific proteases. It is also contemplated that a Soybean Mosaic Virus cleavage recognition site (SMV Nla protease; EPVSTQG; SEQ ID NO:27) can replace the AvrPphB cleavage site, thereby producing another modified PBS1. It is further contemplated that a Bean Pod Mottle Virus cleavage recognition site (BPMV NIa protease; PVVQAQS; SEQ ID NO:28) can replace the AvrPphB cleavage site, thereby producing another modified PBS1. 
     The present disclosure therefore provides compositions, systems and methods for conferring additional disease resistance to plant pathogens that express specific proteases in plant cells, plant parts or plants by using a modified substrate of a pathogen-specific protease that has a heterologous protease recognition sequence in connection with its corresponding NB-LRR protein. 
     Compositions 
     Recombinant Nucleic and Amino Acid Molecules 
     Compositions of the present disclosure include recombinant nucleic and amino acid sequences for modified substrate proteins of pathogen-specific proteases in which an endogenous protease recognition sequence within the substrates are replaced with a heterologous protease recognition sequence. 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one substrate protein of a plant pathogen-specific protease having a heterologous pathogen-specific protease recognition sequence within the substrate protein. The substrate protein can be, for example, AvrPphB susceptible 1 (PBS1) and Resistance To  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  maculicola  1 (RPM1) Interacting Protein 4 (RIN4). Particularly suitable substrate proteins can be, for example,  Arabidopsis thaliana  AvrPphB susceptible 1 (PBS1) and  Arabidopsis thaliana  Resistance To  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  maculicola  1 (RPM1) Interacting Protein 4 (RIN4). 
     As used herein, a “nucleic acid” sequence means a DNA or RNA sequence. The term encompasses sequences that include any of the known base analogues of DNA and RNA such as, but not limited to 4-acetylcytosine, 8-hydroxy-N6-methyladenosine, aziridinylcytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylpseudouracil, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarbonylmethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, oxybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, -uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, and 2,6-diaminopurine. 
     As used herein, “recombinant,” when used in connection with a nucleic acid molecule, means a molecule that has been created or modified through deliberate human intervention such as by genetic engineering. For example, a recombinant nucleic acid molecule is one having a nucleotide sequence that has been modified to include an artificial nucleotide sequence or to include some other nucleotide sequence that is not present within its native (non-recombinant) form. 
     Further, a recombinant nucleic acid molecule has a structure that is not identical to that of any naturally occurring nucleic acid molecule or to that of any fragment of a naturally occurring genomic nucleic acid molecule spanning more than one gene. A recombinant nucleic acid molecule also includes, without limitation, (a) a nucleic acid molecule having a sequence of a naturally occurring genomic or extrachromosomal nucleic acid molecule, but which is not flanked by the coding sequences that flank the sequence in its natural position; (b) a nucleic acid molecule incorporated into a construct, expression cassette or vector, or into a host cell&#39;s genome such that the resulting polynucleotide is not identical to any naturally occurring vector or genomic DNA; (c) a separate nucleic acid molecule such as a cDNA, a genomic fragment, a fragment produced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or a restriction fragment; and (d) a recombinant nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence that is part of a hybrid gene (i.e., a gene encoding a fusion protein). As such, a recombinant nucleic acid molecule can be modified (chemically or enzymatically) or unmodified DNA or RNA, whether fully or partially single-stranded or double-stranded or even triple-stranded. 
     A nucleic acid molecule (or its complement) that can hybridize to any of the uninterrupted nucleotide sequences described herein, under either highly stringent or moderately stringent hybridization conditions, also is within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As used herein, “stringent conditions” means conditions under which one nucleic acid molecule will hybridize to its target to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least two-fold over background). Stringent conditions can be sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences that are 100% complementary to the nucleic acid molecule can be identified (i.e., homologous probing). Alternatively, the stringent condition can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (i.e., heterologous probing). 
     Typically, stringent conditions can be one in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na + , typically about 0.01 M to 1.0 M Na +  (or other salts) at about pH 7.0 to 8.3, and a temperature of at least about 30° C. for short molecules (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and of at least about 60° C. for long molecules (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions also can be achieved by adding destabilizing agents such as formamide. 
     As used herein, “about” means within a statistically meaningful range of a value or values such as a stated concentration, length, molecular weight, pH, sequence identity, time frame, temperature or volume. Such a value or range can be within an order of magnitude, typically within 20%, more typically within 10%, and even more typically within 5% of a given value or range. The allowable variation encompassed by “about” will depend upon the particular system under study, and can be readily appreciated by one of skill in the art. 
     An exemplary low stringent condition includes hybridizing with a buffer solution of about 30% to about 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at about 37° C., and washing in about 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at about 50° C. to about 55° C. Wash buffers optionally can comprise about 0.1% to about 1% SDS. 
     An exemplary moderate stringent condition includes hybridizing in about 40% to about 45% formamide, 1.0 M NaCl, 1% SDS at about 37° C., and washing in about 0.5× to 1×SSC at about 55° C. to about 60° C. Wash buffers optionally can comprise about 0.1% to about 1% SDS. 
     An exemplary high stringent condition includes hybridizing in about 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at about 37° C., and washing in about 0.1×SSC at about 60° C. to about 65° C. Wash buffers optionally can comprise about 0.1% to about 1% SDS. 
     The duration of hybridizing generally can be less than about 24 hours, usually about 4 hours to about 12 hours. The duration of the washing can be at least a length of time sufficient to reach equilibrium. Additional guidance regarding such conditions is readily available in the art, for example, in  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,  3rd ed. (Sambrook &amp; Russell eds., Cold Spring Harbor Press 2001); and  Current Protocols in Molecular Biology  (Ausubel et al. eds., John Wiley &amp; Sons 1995). 
     The heterologous pathogen-specific protease recognition sequence can be from about 5 amino acids to about 15 amino acids. A list of plant pathogen-specific proteases, plant pathogens of origin, protease substrate proteins and the endogenous protease recognition sequences are listed in Table 1, which can be used as a source for heterologous protease recognition sequences. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Plant Pathogen-Specific Proteases, Plant Pathogen of Origin, Protease 
               
               
                 Substrate Proteins and Endogenous Protease Recognition Sequence. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Protease Substrate Protein 
                   
               
               
                 Plant Pathogen- 
                 and Plant Pathogen of 
                 Protease Recognition Sequence 
               
               
                 Specific Protease 
                 Origin 
                 (amino acid sequence) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AvrPphB 
                 
                   P. syringae 
                 
                 PBS1; GDKSHVS (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AvrRpt2 
                 
                   P. syringae 
                 
                 RIN4; VPKFGDW (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HopN1 
                 
                   P. syringae 
                 
                 PsbQ; QEHGCQL (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TEV protease 
                 Tobacco Etch Virus 
                 TEV polyprotein; ENLYFQG (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NO: 4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SMV Nla protease 
                 Soybean Mosaic Virus 
                 SMV polyprotein; EPVSTQG (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NO: 27) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BPMV Nla protease 
                 Bean Pod Mottle Virus 
                 BPMV polyprotein; PVVQAQS (SEQ ID 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NO: 28) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Additional avirulence and disease resistance pairs can be found in, for example, Jones et al. (1994)  Science  266:789-793; Martin et al. (1993)  Science  262:1432-1436; and Mindrinos et al. (1994)  Cell  78:1089-1099). 
     The examples below relate to the RPS5 substrate protein and PBS1 NB-LRR protein pair of  A. thaliana . Nucleic and amino acids sequences for RPS5 are known and characterized. See, e.g., GenBank® Accession Nos. NM_001198041.1, NM_101094.2 and 064973.2. See also, Warren et al. (1998)  Plant Cell  10:1439-1452; and DeYoung et al. (2012)  Cell. Microbiol.  14:1071-1084. Likewise, nucleic and amino acids sequences for PBS1 are known and characterized, see, e.g., GenBank® Accession Nos. NM_121319.4, NM_115403.3, AF314176.1, NP_196820 and AAG38109.1. See also, Swiderski &amp; Innes (2001)  Plant J.  26:101-112; and DeYoung et al. (2012), supra, as well as U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,599. The pathogen-specific protease natively related to this pair is AvrPphB (GenBank® Accession No. CAI36057.1). 
     Other examples relate to the RIN4 substrate protein and RPS2 NB-LRR protein pair of  A. thaliana . Nucleic and amino acid sequences for RIN4 and RPS2 are known and characterized. See, e.g., GenBank® Accession Nos. Q8GYN5.1 and AAA21874.1. The pathogen-specific protease natively related to this pair is AvrRpt2 (GenBank® Accession No. Q6LAD6.1). 
     An example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease therefore includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2), as is shown in SEQ ID NO:5. Another example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous TEV protease cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:4), as is shown in SEQ ID NO:7. Another example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous HopN1 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:3). Another example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1). Another example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous TEV protease cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:4). Another example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID N0:2) is replaced with a heterologous HopN1 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:3). Another example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous SMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:27). Another example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous BPMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:28). Another example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous SMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:27). Another example of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous BPMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:28). The endogenous protease cleavage sequence, which is a preferred location for the heterologous protease recognition sequence, can be located in an exposed loop of the substrate protein, for example. In one particularly suitable embodiment of the substrate protein, the endogenous protease cleavage sequence can be located, for example, between about amino acid position 240 to about amino acid position 250 when the substrate protein is PBS1. In another particularly suitable embodiment of the substrate protein, the endogenous protease cleavage sequence can be located, for example, between about amino acid position 142 to about amino acid position 165 when the substrate protein is RIN4. 
     Methods for synthesizing nucleic acid molecules are well known in the art, such as cloning and digestion of the appropriate sequences, as well as direct chemical synthesis (e.g., ink-jet deposition and electrochemical synthesis). Methods of cloning nucleic acid molecules are described, for example, in Ausubel et al. (1995), supra; Copeland et al. (2001)  Nat. Rev. Genet.  2:769-779 ; PCR Cloning Protocols,  2nd ed. (Chen &amp; Janes eds., Humana Press 2002); and Sambrook &amp; Russell (2001), supra. Methods of direct chemical synthesis of nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, the phosphotriester methods of Reese (1978)  Tetrahedron  34:3143-3179 and Narang et al. (1979)  Methods Enzymol.  68:90-98; the phosphodiester method of Brown et al. (1979)  Methods Enzymol.  68:109-151; the diethylphosphoramidate method of Beaucage et al. (1981)  Tetrahedron Lett.  22:1859-1862; and the solid support methods of Fodor et al. (1991)  Science  251:767-773; Pease et al. (1994)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  91:5022-5026; and Singh-Gasson et al. (1999)  Nature Biotechnol.  17:974-978; as well as U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,066. See also, Peattie (1979)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  76:1760-1764; as well as EP Patent No. 1 721 908; Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 2004/022770 and WO 2005/082923; US Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0062521; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,521,427; 6,818,395 and 7,521,178. 
     In addition to the full-length nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified substrate protein, it is intended that the nucleic acid molecule can be a fragment or variant thereof that is capable of functioning as a substrate. For nucleotide sequences, “fragment” means a portion of a nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule, for example, a portion of the nucleotide sequence encoding a modified substrate protein. Fragments of a nucleotide sequence may retain the biological activity of the reference nucleic acid molecule. For example, less than the entire sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO:5 or 7 can be used and will encode a modified substrate protein that interacts with a pathogen-specific protease and that retains its ability to interact with its corresponding NB-LRR protein. Likewise, a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified substrate protein can be used if that fragment encodes a modified substrate protein that interacts with a pathogen-specific protease and that retains its ability to interact with its corresponding NB-LRR protein. Alternatively, fragments of a nucleotide sequence that can be used as hybridization probes generally do not need to retain biological activity. Thus, fragments of the nucleic acid molecules can be at least about 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850 or 900 nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length nucleic acid molecule. 
     A fragment of the nucleic acid molecule therefore can include a functionally/biologically active portion, or it can include a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer. A biologically active portion of the nucleic acid molecule can be prepared by isolating part of the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule, operably linking that fragment to a promoter, expressing the nucleotide sequence encoding the protein, and assessing the amount or activity of the protein. Methods of assaying protein expression are well known in the art. See, e.g., Chan et al. (1994)  J. Biol. Chem.  269:17635-17641; Freyssinet &amp; Thomas (1998)  Pure  &amp;  Appl. Chem.  70:61-66; and Kirby et al. (2007)  Adv. Clin. Chem.  44:247-292; as well as US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2009/0183286 and 2009/0217424; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,294,711 and 7,408,055. Likewise, kits for assaying protein expression are commercially available, for example, from Applied Biosystems, Inc. (Foster City, Calif.), Caliper Life Sciences (Hopkinton, Mass.), Promega (Madison, Wis.), and SABiosciences (Frederick, Md.). Protein expression also can be assayed using other methods well known in the art, including, but not limited to, Western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the like. See, e.g., Sambrook &amp; Russel (2001), supra. Moreover, methods of assaying pathogen-specific protease substrate protein activity are well known in the art. See, DeYoung et al. (2012), supra. 
     For nucleotide sequences, “variant” means a substantially similar nucleotide sequence to a nucleotide sequence of a recombinant nucleic acid molecule as described herein, for example, a substantially similar nucleotide sequence encoding a modified substrate protein. For nucleotide sequences, a variant comprises a nucleotide sequence having deletions (i.e., truncations) at the 5′ and/or 3′ end, deletions and/or additions of one or more nucleotides at one or more internal sites compared to the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules as described herein; and/or substitution of one or more nucleotides at one or more sites compared to the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules described herein. One of skill in the art understands that variants are constructed in a manner to maintain the open reading frame. 
     Conservative variants include those nucleotide sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code (see, Table 2), result in a functionally active modified substrate protein as described herein. Naturally occurring allelic variants can be identified by using well-known molecular biology techniques such as, for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques. Variant nucleotide sequences also can include synthetically derived sequences, such as those generated, for example, by site-directed mutagenesis but which still provide a functionally active modified substrate protein. Generally, variants of a nucleotide sequence of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules as described herein will have at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters as described elsewhere herein. 
     When making recombinant nucleic acid molecules as described herein and variants thereof, one of skill in the art can be further guided by knowledge of redundancy in the genetic code as shown below in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Redundancy in Genetic Code. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Residue 
                 Triplet Codons Encoding the Residue 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ala (A) 
                 GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG 
               
               
                   
                 Arg (R) 
                 CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG 
               
               
                   
                 Asn (N) 
                 AAU, AAC 
               
               
                   
                 Asp (D) 
                 GAU, GAC 
               
               
                   
                 Cys (C) 
                 UGU, UGC 
               
               
                   
                 Gln (Q) 
                 CAA, CAG 
               
               
                   
                 Glu (E) 
                 GAA, GAG 
               
               
                   
                 Gly (G) 
                 GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG 
               
               
                   
                 His (H) 
                 CAU, CAC 
               
               
                   
                 Ile (I) 
                 AUU, AUC, AUA 
               
               
                   
                 Leu (L) 
                 UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG 
               
               
                   
                 Lys (K) 
                 AAA, AAG 
               
               
                   
                 Met (M) 
                 AUG 
               
               
                   
                 Phe (F) 
                 UUU, UUC 
               
               
                   
                 Pro (P) 
                 CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG 
               
               
                   
                 Ser (S) 
                 UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC 
               
               
                   
                 Thr (T) 
                 ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG 
               
               
                   
                 Trp (W) 
                 UGG 
               
               
                   
                 Tyr (Y) 
                 UAU, UAC 
               
               
                   
                 Val (V) 
                 GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG 
               
               
                   
                 START 
                 AUG 
               
               
                   
                 STOP 
                 UAG, UGA, UAA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Deletions, insertions and/or substitutions of the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules are not expected to produce radical changes in their characteristics. However, when it is difficult to predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion or insertion in advance of doing so, one of skill in the art will appreciate that the effect can be evaluated by expression assays. 
     Variant nucleic acid molecules also encompass nucleotide sequences derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, the nucleotide sequences of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules described herein can be manipulated to create a new nucleic acid molecule possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant nucleic acid molecules can be generated from a population of related nucleic acid molecules comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. For example, using this approach, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest can be shuffled between the nucleic acid molecules described herein and other known promoters to obtain a new nucleic acid molecule with an improved property such as increased promoter activity. 
     Methods of mutating and altering nucleotide sequences, as well as DNA shuffling, are well known in the art. See, Crameri et al. (1997)  Nature Biotech.  15:436-438; Crameri et al. (1998)  Nature  391:288-291; Kunkel (1985)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987)  Methods in Enzymol.  154:367-382; Moore et al. (1997)  J. Mol. Biol.  272:336-347; Stemmer (1994)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  91:10747-10751; Stemmer (1994)  Nature  370:389-391; Zhang et al. (1997)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  94:4504-4509; and  Techniques in Molecular Biology  (Walker &amp; Gaastra eds., MacMillan Publishing Co. 1983) and the references cited therein; as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,873,192; 5,605,793 and 5,837,458. As such, the nucleic acid molecules as described herein can have many modifications. 
     Variants of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules described herein also can be evaluated by comparing the percent sequence identity between the polypeptide encoded by a variant and the polypeptide encoded by a reference nucleic acid molecule. Thus, for example, an isolated nucleic acid molecule can be one that encodes a polypeptide with a given percent sequence identity to the polypeptide of interest. Percent sequence identity between any two polypeptides can be calculated using sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein. Where any given pair of polynucleotides of the present disclosure is evaluated by comparison of the percent sequence identity shared by the two polypeptides they encode, the percent sequence identity between the two encoded polypeptides can be at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity. 
     Determining percent sequence identity between any two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. Non-limiting examples of such mathematical algorithms include, but are not limited to, the algorithm of Myers &amp; Miller (1988)  CABIOS  4:11-17; the local alignment algorithm of Smith et al. (1981)  Adv. Appl. Math.  2:482-489; the global alignment algorithm of Needleman &amp; Wunsch (1970)  J. Mol. Biol.  48:443-453; the search-for-local alignment method of Pearson &amp; Lipman (1988)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  85:2444-2448; the algorithm of Karlin &amp; Altschul (1990)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  87:2264-2268, modified as in Karlin &amp; Altschul (1993)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  90:5873-5877. 
     The present disclosure therefore includes recombinant nucleic acid molecules having a nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease, where the modified substrate protein has a heterologous protease recognition sequence and can be incorporated into nucleic acid constructs such as expression cassettes and vectors. 
     Nucleic Acid Constructs 
     Compositions of the present disclosure also include nucleic acid constructs, such as expression cassettes or vectors, having plant promoters operably linked with a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease with a heterologous pathogen-specific protease recognition sequence for use in transforming plant cells, plant parts and plants. In addition, the constructs can include a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a NB-LRR protein, particularly when such NB-LRR protein is not native/not endogenous to the plant cell, plant part or plant to be transformed. 
     As used herein, “nucleic acid construct” means an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide composed of deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides or combinations thereof having incorporated therein the nucleotide sequences described herein. The nucleotide construct can be used for transforming organisms such as plants. In this manner, plant promoters operably linked to a nucleotide sequence for a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease as described herein are provided in nucleic acid constructs for expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant. 
     As used herein, “expression cassette” means a nucleic acid molecule having at least a control sequence operably linked to a coding sequence. 
     As used herein, “operably linked” means that the elements of the expression cassette are configured so as to perform their usual function. Thus, control sequences (i.e., promoters) operably linked to a coding sequence are capable of effecting expression of the coding sequence. The control sequences need not be contiguous with the coding sequence, so long as they function to direct the expression thereof. Thus, for example, intervening untranslated, yet transcribed, sequences can be present between a promoter and a coding sequence, and the promoter sequence still can be considered “operably linked” to the coding sequence. 
     As used herein, a “coding sequence” or “coding sequences” means a sequence that encodes a particular polypeptide, and is a nucleotide sequence that is transcribed (in the case of DNA) and translated (in the case of mRNA) into a polypeptide in vitro or in vivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a start codon at a 5′ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at a 3′ (carboxy) terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, viral nucleic acid sequences, cDNA from prokaryotic or eukaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from prokaryotic or eukaryotic DNA, and even synthetic DNA sequences. A transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3′ to the coding sequence. Examples of coding sequences for use herein include nucleotide sequence that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease, a NB-LRR protein or both. 
     As used herein, “control sequence” or “control sequences” means promoters, polyadenylation signals, transcription and translation termination sequences, upstream regulatory domains, origins of replication, internal ribosome entry sites (“IRES”), enhancers, and the like, which collectively provide for replication, transcription and translation of a coding sequence in a recipient host cell. Not all of these control sequences need always be present so long as the selected coding sequence is capable of being replicated, transcribed and translated in an appropriate host cell. 
     As used herein, a “promoter” means a nucleotide region comprising a nucleic acid (i.e., DNA) regulatory sequence, wherein the regulatory sequence is derived from a gene or synthetically created that is capable of binding RNA polymerase and initiating transcription of a downstream (3′-direction) coding sequence. A number of promoters can be used in the expression cassette, including the native promoter of the modified substrate protein or NB-LRR protein. 
     Alternatively, promoters can be selected based upon a desired outcome. Such promoters include, but are not limited to, “constitutive promoters” (where expression of a polynucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter is unregulated and therefore continuous), “inducible promoters” (where expression of a polynucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter is induced by an analyte, cofactor, regulatory protein, etc.), and “repressible promoters” (where expression of a polynucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter is repressed by an analyte, cofactor, regulatory protein, etc.). 
     As used herein, “plant promoter” means a promoter that drives expression in a plant such as a constitutive, inducible (e.g., chemical-, environmental-, pathogen- or wound-inducible), repressible, tissue-preferred or other promoter for use in plants. 
     Examples of constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the rice actin 1 promoter (Wang et al. (1992)  Mol. Cell. Biol.  12:3399-3406; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876), the CaMV 19S promoter (Lawton et al. (1987)  Plant Mol. Biol.  9:315-324), the CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985)  Nature  313:810-812), the nos promoter (Ebert et al. (1987)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  84:5754-5749), the Adh promoter (Walker et al. (1987)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  84:6624-6628), the sucrose synthase promoter (Yang &amp; Russell (1990)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  87:4144-4148), the ubiquitin promoters, and the like. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142 and 6,177,611. 
     Examples of chemical-inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, the maize Tn2-2 promoter, which is activated by benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners; the maize GST promoter, which is activated by hydrophobic electrophilic compounds that are used as pre-emergent herbicides; and the tobacco PR-1a promoter, which is activated by salicylic acid. Other chemical-inducible promoters of interest include steroid-responsive promoters (e.g., the glucocorticoid-inducible promoters in Aoyama &amp; Chua (1997)  Plant J.  11:605-612; McNellis et al. (1998)  Plant J.  14:247-257; and Schena et al. (1991)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  88:10421-10425); tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters (Gatz et al. (1991)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  227:229-237; as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156); ABA- and turgor-inducible promoters, the auxin-binding protein gene promoter (Schwob et al. (1993)  Plant J.  4:423-432), the UDP glucose flavonoid glycosyl-transferase gene promoter (Ralston et al. (1988)  Genetics  119:185-187), the MPI proteinase inhibitor promoter (Cordero et al. (1994)  Plant J.  6:141-150), and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene promoter (Kohler et al. (1995)  Plant Mol. Biol.  29:1293-1298; Martinez et al. (1989)  J. Mol. Biol.  208:551-565; and Quigley et al. (1989)  J. Mol. Evol.  29:412-421). Also included are the benzene sulphonamide-inducible (U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,780) and alcohol-inducible (Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 97/06269 and WO 97/06268) systems and glutathione S-transferase promoters. Chemical-inducible promoters therefore can be used to modulate the expression of a nucleotide sequence of interest in a plant by applying an exogenous chemical regulator. Depending upon the objective, the promoter can be a chemical-inducible promoter, whereby application of the chemical induces gene expression, or a chemical-repressible promoter, whereby application of the chemical represses gene expression. See also, Gatz (1997) Annu.  Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol.  48:89. 
     Other inducible promoters include promoters from genes inducibly regulated in response to environmental stress or stimuli such as drought, pathogens, salinity and wounds. See, Graham et al. (1985)  J. Biol. Chem.  260:6555-6560; Graham et al. (1985)  J. Biol. Chem.  260:6561-6564; and Smith et al. (1986)  Planta  168:94-100. Wound-inducible promoters include the metallocarboxypeptidase-inhibitor protein promoter (Graham et al. (1981)  Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.  101:1164-1170). 
     Examples of tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, the rbcS promoter, the ocs, nos and mas promoters that have higher activity in roots or wounded leaf tissue, a truncated (−90 to +8) 35S promoter that directs enhanced expression in roots, an α-tubulin gene promoter that directs expression in roots, as well as promoters derived from zein storage protein genes that direct expression in endosperm. Additional examples of tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoters of genes encoding the seed storage proteins (e.g., β-conglycinin, cruciferin, napin and phaseolin), zein or oil body proteins (e.g., oleosin), or promoters of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (e.g., acyl carrier protein, stearoyl-ACP desaturase and fatty acid desaturases (e.g., fad 2-1)), and promoters of other genes expressed during embryo development (e.g., Bce4; Kridl et al. (1991)  Seed Sci. Res.  1:209-219). Further examples of tissue-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, the lectin promoter (Lindstrom et al. (1990)  Dev. Genet.  11:160-167; and Vodkin (1983)  Prog. Clin. Biol. Res.  138:87-98), the corn alcohol dehydrogenase 1 promoter (Dennis et al. (1984)  Nucleic Acids Res.  12:3983-4000; and Vogel et al. (1989)  J. Cell. Biochem.  13: Part D, M350 (Abstract)), corn light harvesting complex (Bansal et al. (1992)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89:3654-3658; and Simpson (1986)  Science  233:34-380), corn heat shock protein (Odell et al. (1985)  Nature  313:810-812; and Rochester et al. (1986)  EMBO J.  5:451-458), the pea small subunit RuBP carboxylase promoter (Cashmore, “Nuclear genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase” 29-38 In: Gen. Eng. of Plants (Plenum Press 1983); and Poulsen et al. (1986)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  205:193-200), the Ti plasmid mannopine synthase promoter (Langridge et al. (1989)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  86:3219-3223), the Ti plasmid nopaline synthase promoter (Langridge et al. (1989), supra), the  petunia  chalcone isomerase promoter (van Tunen et al. (1988)  EMBO J.  7:1257-1263), the bean glycine rich protein 1 promoter (Keller et al. (1989)  Genes Dev.  3:1639-1646), the truncated CaMV 35s promoter (Odell et al. (1985), supra), the potato patatin promoter (Wenzler et al. (1989)  Plant Mol. Biol.  13:347-354), the root cell promoter (Yamamoto et al. (1990)  Nucleic Acids Res.  18:7449), the maize zein promoter (Langridge et al. (1983)  Cell  34:1015-1022; Kriz et al. (1987)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  207:90-98; Reina et al. (1990)  Nucleic Acids Res.  18:6425; Reina et al. (1990)  Nucleic Acids Res.  18:7449; and Wandelt et al. (1989)  Nucleic Acids Res.  17:2354), the globulin-1 gene (Belanger et al. (1991)  Genetics  129:863-872), the α-tubulin, cab promoter (Sullivan et al. (1989)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  215:431-440), the PEPCase promoter (Hudspeth &amp; Grula (1989)  Plant Mol. Biol.  12:579-589), the R gene complex-associated promoters (Chandler et al. (1989)  Plant Cell  1:1175-1183), and the chalcone synthase promoters (Franken et al. (1991)  EMBO J.  10:2605-2612). See also, Canevascini et al. (1996)  Plant Physiol.  112:513-524; Guevara-Garcia et al. (1993)  Plant J.  4:495-505; Hansen et al. (1997)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  254:337-343; Kawamata et al. (1997)  Plant Cell Physiol.  38:792-803; Lam (1994)  Results Probl. Cell Differ.  20:181-196; Matsuoka et al. (1993)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  90:9586-9590; Orozco et al. (1993)  Plant Mol. Biol.  23:1129-1138; Rinehart et al. (1996)  Plant Physiol.  112:1331-1341; Russell et al. (1997)  Transgenic Res.  6:157-168; Van Camp et al. (1996)  Plant Physiol.  112:525-535; Yamamoto et al. (1994)  Plant Cell Physiol.  35:773-778; and Yamamoto et al. (1997)  Plant J.  12:255-265. 
     In some instances, the tissue-preferred promoter can be a leaf-preferred promoter. See, Gan et al. (1995)  Science  270:1986-1988; Gotor et al. (1993)  Plant J.  3:509-518; Kwon et al. (1994)  Plant Physiol.  105:357-367; Matsuoka et al. (1993), supra; Orozco et al. (1993), supra; Yamamoto et al. (1994), supra; and Yamamoto et al. (1997), supra. 
     In some instances, the tissue-preferred promoter can be a root-preferred promoter. See, Capana et al. (1994)  Plant Mol. Biol.  25:681-691 (rolB promoter); Hire et al. (1992)  Plant Mol. Biol.  20:207-218 (soybean root-specific glutamine synthetase gene); Keller &amp; Baumgartner (1991)  Plant Cell  3:1051-1061 (root-specific control element in the GRP 1.8 gene of French bean); Kuster et al. (1995)  Plant Mol. Biol.  29:759-772 (VfENOD-GRP3 gene promoter) Miao et al. (1991)  Plant Cell  3:11-22 (full-length cDNA clone encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS), which is expressed in roots and root nodules of soybean); and Sanger et al. (1990)  Plant Mol. Biol.  14:433-443 (root-specific promoter of the mannopine synthase (MAS) gene of  A. tumefaciens ); see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,876; 5,750,386; 5,633,363; 5,459,252; 5,401,836; 5,110,732; and 5,023,179. Likewise, Bogusz et al. (1990)  Plant Cell  2:633-641 describes two root-specific promoters isolated from hemoglobin genes from the nitrogen-fixing nonlegume  Parasponia andersonii  and the related non-nitrogen-fixing nonlegume  Trema tomentosa . Leach &amp; Aoyagi (1991)  Plant Sci.  79:69-76 describes an analysis of the promoters of the highly expressed rolC and rolD root-inducing genes of  Agrobacterium rhizogenes . Teeri et al. (1989)  EMBO J.  8:343-335 describes a gene fusion to lacZ to show that the  Agrobacterium  T-DNA gene encoding octopine synthase is especially active in the epidermis of the root tip and that the TR2′ gene is root specific in the intact plant and stimulated by wounding in leaf tissue. 
     In some instances, the tissue-preferred promoter can be a seed-preferred promoter, which includes both “seed-specific” promoters (i.e., promoters active during seed development such as promoters of seed storage proteins) and “seed-germinating” promoters (i.e., promoters active during seed germination). See, Thompson et al. (1989)  BioEssays  10:108-113. Examples of seed-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, the Cim1 promoter (cytokinin-induced message); the cZ19B1 promoter (maize 19 kDa zein); the myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (milps) promoter (Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication No. WO 00/11177; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,529); the γ-zein promoter; and the globulin 1 (Glb-1) promoter. For monocots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, promoters from maize 15 kDa zein, 22 kDa zein, 27 kDa zein, γ-zein, waxy, shrunken 1, shrunken 2 and Glb-1. See also, Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication No. WO 00/12733, which discloses seed-preferred promoters from end1 and end2 genes. For dicots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, promoters from bean 3-phaseolin, napin, β-conglycinin, soybean lectin, cruciferin and pea vicilin (Czako et al. (1992)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  235:33-40). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,136. 
     In some instances, the tissue-preferred promoter can be a stalk-preferred promoter. Examples of stalk-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, the maize MS8-15 gene promoter (Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/00533; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,174), and the promoters disclosed in Graham et al. (1997)  Plant Mol. Biol.  33:729-735. 
     In some instances, the tissue-preferred promoter can be a vascular tissue-preferred promoter. For example, a vascular tissue-preferred promoter can be used to express the modified substrate protein in polypexylem and phloem tissue. Examples of vascular tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, the  Prunus serotina  prunasin hydrolase gene promoter (Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication No. WO 03/006651), and the promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,921,815. 
     As an alternative to the promoters listed above, in some instances a low level of expression is desired and can be achieved by using a weak promoter. As used herein, “weak promoter” means a promoter that drives expression of a coding sequence at a low level. As used herein, “low level” means at levels of about 1/1000 transcripts to about 1/100,000 transcripts to about 1/500,000 transcripts. Alternatively, it is recognized that weak promoter also encompasses promoters that are expressed in only a few cells and not in others to give a total low level of expression. Where a promoter is expressed at unacceptably high levels, portions of the promoter sequence can be deleted or modified to decrease expression levels. 
     Examples of weak constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter (Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050), the core 35S CaMV promoter, and the like. Other weak constitutive promoters are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142 and 6,177,611. 
     Weak promoters can be used when designing expression cassettes for NB-LRR proteins, as NB-LRR genes preferably are constitutively expressed at low levels because high levels can lead to cell death in the absence of pathogens. 
     The expression cassette can include other control sequences 5′ to the coding sequence. For example, the expression cassette can include a 5′ leader sequence, which can act to enhance translation. Examples of 5′ leader sequences include, but are not limited to, picornavirus leaders (e.g., encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) leader; Elroy-Stein et al. (1989)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  86:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders (e.g., tobacco etch virus (TEV) leader; Gallie et al. (1995)  Gene  165:233-238); maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) leader (Allison et al. (1986)  Virology  154:9-20); human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP; Macejak et al. (1991)  Nature  353:90-94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 94; Jobling et al. (1987)  Nature  325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) leader (Gallie et al., “Eukaryotic viral 5′-leader sequences act as translational enhancers in eukaryotes and prokaryotes” 237-256 In: Molecular Biology of RNA (Cech ed., Liss 1989)); and maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) leader (Lommel et al. (1991)  Virology  81:382-385). See also, Della-Cioppa et al. (1987)  Plant Physiol.  84:965-968; and Gallie (1996)  Plant Mol. Biol.  32:145-158. Other methods or sequences known to enhance translation also can be used, for example, introns, and the like. 
     The expression cassette also can include a coding sequence for the modified substrate protein of the pathogen-specific protease and/or NB-LRR protein. As discussed above, the modified substrate protein includes a heterologous protease recognition sequence. The heterologous protease recognition sequence can be located within, for example, an exposed loop of the substrate protein. As noted above, nucleic and amino acid sequences are well known in the art for many protease recognition sequences that can be inserted into the substrate protein such as PBS1. In addition, nucleic and amino acid sequences are known in the art for various NB-LRR proteins. These sequences can be used when constructing the expression cassette(s). 
     For example, the coding sequence can be SEQ ID NO:5 (modified PBS1 having an AvrRpt2 protease recognition sequence) operably linked to the native PBS1 promoter (SEQ ID NO:9). Alternatively, the coding sequence can be SEQ ID NO:7 (modified PBS1 having a TEV protease recognition sequence) operably linked to the native PBS1 promoter. Likewise, the coding sequence can include a NB-LRR protein such as RPS5 when the modified substrate protein is based upon PBS1 (or RPS2 when the modified substrate protein is based upon RIN4). 
     The control sequence(s) and/or the coding sequence therefore can be native/analogous to the host cell or to each other. Alternatively, the control sequence(s) and/or coding sequence can be heterologous to the host cell or to each other. As used herein, “heterologous” means a sequence that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention. For example, a promoter operably linked to a heterologous polynucleotide is from a species different from the species from which the polynucleotide was derived, or, if from the same/analogous species, one or both are substantially modified from their original form and/or genomic locus, or the promoter is not the native promoter for the operably linked polynucleotide. 
     The expression cassette also can include a transcriptional and/or translational termination region that is functional in plants. The termination region can be native with the transcriptional initiation region (i.e., promoter), can be native with the operably linked coding sequence, can be native with the plant of interest, or can be derived from another source (i.e., foreign or heterologous to the promoter, the coding sequence, the plant host cell, or any combination thereof). Termination regions are typically located downstream (3′-direction) from the coding sequence. Termination regions include, but are not limited to, the potato proteinase inhibitor (Pin II) gene or the Ti-plasmid of  A. tumefaciens , such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See e.g., Ballas et al. (1989)  Nucleic Acids Res.  17:7891-7903; Guerineau et al. (1991)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  262:141-144; Joshi et al. (1987)  Nucleic Acid Res.  15:9627-9639; Mogen et al. (1990)  Plant Cell  2:1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990)  Gene  91:151-158; Proudfoot (1991)  Cell  64:671-674; and Sanfacon et al. (1991)  Genes Dev.  5:141-149. 
     The expression cassette also can include one or more linkers. As used herein, “linker” means a nucleotide sequence that functions to link one element of the expression cassette with another without otherwise contributing to the transcription or translation of a nucleotide sequence of interest when present in the expression cassette. The linker can include plasmid sequences, restriction sequences and/or sequences of a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR). Alternatively, the linker further can include nucleotide sequences encoding the additional amino acid residues that naturally flank the heterologous protease recognition sequence in the substrate protein from which it was isolated. The length and sequence of the linker can vary and can be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 nucleotides or greater in length. 
     Just as expression of the modified substrate protein and/or NB-LRR protein can be targeted to specific tissues or cell types by appropriate use of promoters, it also can be targeted to different locations within a cell of a plant host by appropriate use of signal and/or targeting peptide sequences. Unlike a promoter, which acts at the transcriptional level, signal and/or targeting peptide sequences are part of the initial translation product. Therefore, the expression cassette also can include a signal and/or targeting peptide sequence. Examples of such sequences include, but are not limited to, the transit peptide for the acyl carrier protein, the small subunit of RUBISCO, plant EPSP synthase, and the like. See, Archer et al. (1990)  J. Bioenerg. Biomemb.  22:789-810; Clark et al. (1989)  J. Biol. Chem.  264:17544-17550; Daniell (1999)  Nat. Biotech.  17:855-856; de Castro Silva Filho et al. (1996)  Plant Mol. Biol.  30:769-780; Della-Cioppa et al. (1987)  Plant Physiol.  84:965-968; Lamppa et al. (1988)  J. Biol. Chem.  263:14996-14999; Lawrence et al. (1997)  J. Biol. Chem.  272:20357-20363; Romer et al. (1993)  Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.  196:1414-1421; Schmidt et al. (1993)  J. Biol. Chem.  268:27447-27457; Schnell et al. (1991)  J. Biol. Chem.  266:3335-3342; Shah et al. (1986)  Science  233:478-481; Von Heijne et al. (1991)  Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.  9:104-126; and Zhao et al. (1995)  J. Biol. Chem.  270:6081-6087; as well as U.S. Pat. No. 6,338,168. 
     It may be desirable to locate the modified substrate protein and/or NB-LRR protein on specific plant membranes such as the plasma membrane or tonoplast membrane. This can be accomplished, for example, by adding specific amino acid sequences to the N-terminus of these proteins by adding specific sequences to the expression cassette as described in Raikhel &amp; Chrispeels, “Protein sorting and vesicle traffic” In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants (Buchanan et al. eds., American Society of Plant Physiologists 2000). See also, Denecke et al. (1992)  EMBO J.  11:2345-2355; Denecke et al. (1993)  J. Exp. Bot.  44:213-221; Gomord et al. (1996)  Plant Physiol. Biochem.  34:165-181; Lehmann et al. (2001)  Plant Physiol.  127:436-449; Munro &amp; Pelham (1986)  Cell  46:291-300; Munro &amp; Pelham (1987)  Cell  48:899-907; Vitale et al. (1993)  J. Exp. Bot.  44:1417-1444; and Wandelt et al. (1992)  Plant J.  2:181-192. 
     Additional guidance on subcellular targeting of proteins in plants can be found, for example, in Bruce (2001)  Biochim Biophys Acta  1541:2-21; Emanuelsson et al. (2000)  J. Mol. Biol.  300:1005-1016; Emanuelsson &amp; von Heijne (2001)  Biochim Biophys Acta  1541:114-119; Hadlington &amp; Denecke (2000)  Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.  3:461-468; Nicchitta (2002)  Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.  14:412-416; and Silva-Filho (2003)  Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.  6:589-595. 
     The expression cassette also can include nucleotide sequences encoding agronomic and pesticidal polypeptides, and the like. Such sequences can be stacked with any combination of nucleotide sequences to create plant cells, plants parts and plants with a desired phenotype. For example, the nucleic acid molecule encoding modified substrate protein and/or NB-LRR protein can be stacked with nucleotide sequences encoding a pesticidal polypeptide such as a δ-endotoxin. The combinations generated also can include multiple copies of any one of the nucleotide sequences of interest. Examples of other nucleotide sequences of interest include, but are not limited to, sequences encoding for high oil (U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529); balanced amino acids (hordothionins; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,409; 5,885,801; 5,885,802 and 5,990,389); barley high lysine (Williamson et al. (1987)  Eur. J. Biochem.  165:99-106; and Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/20122); high methionine proteins (Pedersen et al. (1986)  J. Biol. Chem.  261:6279-6284; Kirihara et al. (1988)  Gene  71:359-370; and Musumura et al. (1989)  Plant Mol. Biol.  12:123-130); increased digestibility (modified storage proteins; U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,778); and thioredoxins (U.S. Pat. No. 7,009,087). 
     The nucleotide sequence encoding the modified substrate protein and/or NB-LRR disease resistance protein also can be stacked with nucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides for herbicide resistance (e.g., glyphosate or HPPD resistance; see, e.g., EPSPS genes, GAT genes (Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 02/36782 and WO 03/092360; and US Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0082770); lectins (Van Damme et al. (1994)  Plant Mol. Biol.  24:825-830); fumonisin detoxification (U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931); acetolactate synthase (ALS) mutants that lead to herbicide resistance such as the S4 and/or Hra mutations; inhibitors of glutamine synthase such as phosphinothricin or basta (e.g., bar gene); modified starches (ADPG pyrophosphorylases (AGPase), starch synthases (SS), starch branching enzymes (SBE) and starch debranching enzymes (SDBE)); and polymers or bioplastics (U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,321); beta-ketothiolase, polyhydroxybutyrate synthase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (Schubert et al. (1988)  J. Bacteriol.  170:5837-5847). 
     The nucleotide sequence encoding the modified substrate protein and/or NB-LRR disease resistance protein also can be stacked with nucleotide sequences encoding for agronomic traits such as male sterility (U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,210), stalk strength, flowering time or transformation technology traits such as cell cycle regulation or gene targeting (Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication Nos. and WO 99/25821; WO 99/61619 and WO 00/17364). 
     These stacked combinations can be created by any method including, but not limited, to cross breeding plants by any conventional or TopCross™ methodology (DuPont Specialty Grains; Des Moines, Iowa), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) or other genetic transformation. If the traits are stacked by genetically transforming the plants, the nucleotide sequences of interest can be combined at any time and in any order. For example, a transgenic plant comprising one or more desired traits can be used as the target to introduce further traits by subsequent transformation. The traits can be introduced simultaneously in a co-transformation protocol with the polynucleotides of interest provided by any combination of transformation cassettes. For example, if two sequences will be introduced, the two sequences can be contained in separate expression cassettes (trans) or contained on the same transformation cassette (cis). Expression of the sequences can be driven by the same promoter or by different promoters. In certain instances, it may be desirable to introduce an expression cassette that will suppress the expression of the polynucleotide of interest. This may be combined with any combination of other suppression cassettes or overexpression cassettes to generate the desired combination of traits in the plant. It is further recognized that polynucleotide sequences can be stacked at a desired genomic location using a site-specific recombination system. See, Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 99/25821; WO 99/25840; WO 99/25853; WO 99/25854 and WO 99/25855. 
     In addition to the above, it is contemplated that the nucleic acid constructs can be used in the form of a system, particularly when used in plant cells, plant parts and plants that lack a substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease and NB-LRR protein pair. Such systems can include one or more nucleic acid constructs, such as expression cassettes or vectors, having a promoter that drives expression in a plant, plant part or plant cell operably linked to a coding sequence for a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease, where the substrate protein has a heterologous protease recognition sequence, and a sequence for a promoter that drives expression in a plant, plant part or plant cell operably linked to a coding sequence for a NB-LRR protein. The promoters can be the same or can be distinct. For example, the first promoter can be an inducible promoter and the second promoter can be a constitutive promoter, especially a weak constitutive promoter. Alternatively, both the first and second promoters can be inducible, repressible or constitutive. The NB-LRR protein can associate with, and can be activated by, the modified substrate. Such systems therefore can be used to provide the protein pair to a plant cell, plant part or plant that does not natively express the protein pair. 
     Alternatively, the system can include a first nucleic acid construct having nucleotide sequence for a promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant operably linked to a coding sequence for a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease as described herein, and a second nucleic acid construct having a nucleotide sequence for a promoter that drives expression in a plant cell, plant part or plant operably linked to a coding sequence for a NB-LRR protein. 
     Additional nucleic acid constructs also can be included in the system, where each construct has a nucleotide sequence that encodes a distinct modified substrate protein, each having a heterologous recognition sequence for a separate pathogen-specific protease. Although each modified substrate protein has a heterologous recognition sequence distinct from one another, each can associate with, and can activate, the NB-LRR protein. For example, the nucleic acid construct(s) can encode (1) a PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2), (2) a PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous TEV protease cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:4) and/or (3) a PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous HopN1 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:3). Similarly, the nucleic acid construct(s) can encode (1) a PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous SMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:27) and/or (2) a PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous BPMV protease cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:28). Although each of these modified substrate proteins would be targets for distinct pathogen-specific proteases, all would be expected to associate with and activate a RPS5 protein. In another example, the nucleic acid construct(s) can encode (1) a RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1). (2) a RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous TEV protease cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:4) and/or (3) a RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous HopN1 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:3). Similarly, the nucleic acid construct(s) can encode (1) a RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous SMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:27) and/or (2) a RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous BPMV protease cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:28). Although each of these modified substrate proteins would be targets for distinct pathogen-specific proteases, all would be expected to associate with and activate a RPS2 protein. 
     As such, the first nucleic acid construct can encode more than one modified substrate protein, where each modified substrate protein has a heterologous recognition sequence distinct from one another and where each can associate with, and can activate, the NB-LRR protein. Alternatively, the second nucleic acid construct can encode one or more modified substrate proteins, where each modified substrate protein has a heterologous recognition sequence distinct from one another and where each can associate with, and can activate, the NB-LRR protein. As above, the promoters can be the same or can be distinct. Such systems can be used to provide the protein pair to a plant cell, plant part or plant that does not natively express the protein pair or can be used to provide more than one modified substrate to a plant cell, plant part or plant. 
     Regardless of whether used as individual nucleic acid constructs or systems, and where appropriate, the nucleotide sequences can be optimized for increased expression in plants. That is, the nucleotide sequences can be synthesized using plant-preferred codons for improved expression. Methods for optimizing nucleotide sequences for expression in plants are well known in the art. See, Campbell &amp; Gowri (1990)  Plant Physiol.  92:1-11; Murray et al. (1989)  Nucleic Acids Res.  17:477-498; and Wada et al. (1990)  Nucl. Acids Res.  18:2367-2411; as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,096,825; 5,380,831; 5,436,391; 5,625,136; 5,670,356 and 5,874,304. 
     Likewise, additional sequence modifications are known to enhance nucleotide sequence expression in plants. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence can be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host plant. When possible, the nucleotide sequence can be modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures. 
     Methods of constructing expression cassettes are well known in the art and can be found, for example, in Balbás &amp; Lorence,  Recombinant Gene Expression: Reviews and Protocols,  2nd ed. (Humana Press 2004); Davis et al.,  Basic Methods in Molecular Biology  (Elsevier Press 1986); Sambrook &amp; Russell (2001), supra; Tijssen,  Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes  (Elsevier 1993); Ausubel et al. (1995), supra; as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,664,387; 7,060,491; 7,345,216 and 7,494,805. 
     The expression cassette therefore can include at least, in the direction of transcription (i.e., 5′ to 3′ direction), a plant promoter that is functional in a plant cell, plant part or plant operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a modified substrate protein having a heterologous protease recognition sequence. In some instances, the expression cassette also can include a nucleotide sequence encoding a NB-LRR disease resistance protein. 
     To assist in introducing the nucleotide sequences of interest into the appropriate host cells, the expression cassette can be incorporated or ligated into a vector. As used herein, “vector” means a replicon, such as a plasmid, phage or cosmid, to which another nucleic acid segment may be attached so as to bring about the replication of the attached segment. A vector is capable of transferring nucleic acid molecules to the host cells. Bacterial vectors typically can be of plasmid or phage origin. 
     Typically, the terms “vector construct,” “expression vector,” “gene expression vector,” “gene delivery vector,” “gene transfer vector,” and “expression cassette” all refer to an assembly that is capable of directing the expression of a sequence or gene of interest. Thus, the terms include cloning and expression vehicles. 
     Vectors typically contain one or a small number of restriction endonuclease recognition sites where a nucleic acid molecule of interest can be inserted in a determinable fashion without loss of essential biological function of the vector, as well as a selectable marker that can be used for identifying and selecting cells transformed with the vector. 
     A vector therefore can be capable of transferring nucleic acid molecule to target cells (e.g., bacterial plasmid vectors, particulate carriers and liposomes). The selection of vector will depend upon the preferred transformation technique and the target specie for transformation. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are binary vectors because of their ability to replicate in intermediate host cells such as  E. coli  and  A. tumefaciens . The intermediate host cells allow one to increase the copy number of the cloning vector and/or to mediate transformation of a different host cell. With an increased copy number, the vector containing the expression cassette of interest can be isolated in significant quantities for introduction into the desired plant. General descriptions of plant vectors can be found, for example, in Gruber et al., “Vectors for plant transformation” 89-119 In: Methods in Plant Molecular Biology &amp; Biotechnology (Glich et al. eds., CRC Press 1993). Examples of vectors for use with  A. tumefaciens  can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,102,057. 
     Restriction enzymes can be used to introduce cuts into the target nucleic acid molecule (e.g., nucleotide sequence encoding a modified substrate protein and/or NB-LRR protein) and the plasmid to facilitate insertion of the target into the vector such as a plasmid. Moreover, restriction enzyme adapters such as EcoRl/Notl adapters can be added to the target mRNA when the desired restriction enzyme sites are not present within it. Methods of adding restriction enzyme adapters are well known in the art. See, Krebs et al. (2006)  Anal. Biochem.  350:313-315; and Lönneborg et al. (1995), supra. Likewise, kits for adding restriction enzyme sites are commercially available, for example, from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). 
     Alternatively, viruses such as bacteriophages can be used as the vector to deliver the target mRNA to competent host cells. Vectors can be constructed using standard molecular biology techniques as described, for example, in Sambrook &amp; Russell (2001), supra. 
     As noted above, selectable markers can be used to identify and select transformed plants, plant parts or plant host cells. Selectable markers include, but are not limited to, nucleotide sequences encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO), hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), as well as nucleotide sequences encoding resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin, spectinomycin or tetracycline, and even nucleotide sequences encoding herbicidal compounds such as glufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, imidazolinones and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). 
     Additional selectable markers can include phenotypic markers such as nucleic acid sequences encoding β-galactosidase, β-glucoronidase (GUS; Jefferson (1987)  Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.  5:387-405); luciferase (Teeri et al. (1989)  EMBO J.  8:343-350); anthocyanin production (Ludwig et al. (1990)  Science  247:449-450), and fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP; Chalfie et al. (1994)  Science  263:802-805; Fetter et al. (2004)  Plant Cell  16:215-228; and Su et al. (2004)  Biotechnol. Bioeng.  85:610-619); cyan fluorescent protein (CYP; Bolte et al. (2004)  J. Cell Science  117:943-954; and Kato et al. (2002)  Plant Physiol.  129:913-942), and yellow fluorescent protein (PhiYFP™ available from Evrogen (Moscow, Russia); Bolte et al. (2004)  J. Cell Science  117:943-954). For additional selectable markers, Baim et al. (1991)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  88:5072-5076; Barkley &amp; Bourgeois, “Repressor recognition of operator and effectors” 177-120 In: The Operon (Miller &amp; Reznikoff eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 1980); Bonin (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Brown et al. (1987)  Cell  49:603-612; Christopherson et al. (1992)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89:6314-6318; Degenkolb et al. (1991)  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.  35:1591-1595; Deuschle et al. (1989)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  86:5400-5404; Deuschle et al. (1990)  Science  248:480-483; Figge et al. (1988)  Cell  52:713-722; Fuerst et al. (1989)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  86:2549-2553; Gill et al. (1988)  Nature  334:721-724; Gossen et al. (1992)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89:5547-5551; Gossen (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Hillenand-Wissman (1989)  Topics Mol. Struc. Biol.  10:143-162; Hlavka et al.,  Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology , Vol. 78 (Springer-Verlag 1985); Hu et al. (1987)  Cell  48:555-566; Kleinschnidt et al. (1988)  Biochemistry  27:1094-1104; Labow et al. (1990)  Mol. Cell. Biol.  10:3343-3356; Oliva et al. (1992)  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.  36:913-919; Reines et al. (1993)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  90:1917-1921; Reznikoff (1992)  Mol. Microbiol.  6:2419-2422; Yao et al. (1992)  Cell  71:63-72; Yarranton (1992)  Curr. Opin. Biotech.  3:506-511; Wyborski et al. (1991)  Nucleic Acids Res.  19:4647-4653; and Zambretti et al. (1992)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89:3952-3956. The above list of selectable markers is not intended to be limiting, as any selectable marker can be used. 
     The vector therefore can be selected to allow introduction of the expression cassette into the appropriate host cell such as a plant host cell. Bacterial vectors are typically of plasmid or phage origin. Appropriate bacterial cells are infected with phage vector particles or transfected with naked phage vector DNA. If a plasmid vector is used, the cells are transfected with the plasmid vector DNA. 
     The present disclosure therefore includes nucleotide constructs such as expression cassettes and vectors having a nucleotide sequence encoding a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease, where the modified substrate protein has a heterologous protease recognition sequence. In addition, the nucleic acid constructs can include a nucleotide sequence encoding a NB-LRR protein. The nucleic acid constructs can be introduced into an organism such as a plant to confer resistance to plant pathogens expressing specific proteases. 
     Recombinant Peptides, Polypeptides and Proteins 
     Compositions of the present disclosure also include isolated or purified, modified substrate proteins of a pathogen-specific protease, where the substrate proteins have heterologous protease recognition sequences, as well as fragments and/or variants thereof. Methods for producing peptide, polypeptides and proteins in plant cells, plant parts and plants are discussed elsewhere herein. 
     Methods of isolating or purifying peptides, polypeptides and proteins are well known in the art. See, Ehle &amp; Horn (1990)  Bioseparation  1:97-110; Hengen (1995)  Trends Biochem Sci.  20:285-286 ; Basic Methods in Protein Purification and Analysis: A Laboratory Manual  (Simpson et al. eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2008); Regnier (1983)  Science  222:245-252; Shaw, “Peptide purification by reverse-phase HPLC” 257-287 In: Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 32 (Walker ed., Humana Press 1994); as well as US Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0239262; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,454; 7,083,948; 7,122,641; 7,220,356 and 7,476,722. 
     As used herein, “peptide,” “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to mean a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers. 
     As used herein, “residue,” “amino acid residue” and “amino acid” are used interchangeably to mean an amino acid that is incorporated into molecule such as a peptide, polypeptide or protein. The amino acid can be a naturally occurring amino acid and, unless otherwise limited, may encompass known analogues of natural amino acids that can function in a similar manner as naturally occurring amino acids. 
     As used herein, “recombinant,” when used in connection with a peptide, polypeptide or protein, means a molecule that has been created or modified through deliberate human intervention such as by protein engineering. For example, a recombinant polypeptide is one having an amino acid sequence that has been modified to include an artificial amino acid sequence or to include some other amino acid sequence that is not present within its native/endogenous/non-recombinant form. 
     Further, a recombinant peptide, polypeptide or protein has a structure that is not identical to that of any naturally occurring peptide, polypeptide or protein. As such, a recombinant peptide, polypeptide or protein can be prepared by synthetic methods such as those known to one of skill in the art. 
     If, and when, modified substrate proteins are to be isolated, complete purification is not required. For example, the modified substrate proteins described herein can be isolated and purified from normally associated material in conventional ways, such that in the purified preparation, the proteins are the predominant species in the preparation. At the very least, the degree of purification is such that extraneous material in the preparation does not interfere with use of the proteins in the manner disclosed herein. The peptide, polypeptide or protein can be at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98% or at least about 99% pure. Alternatively stated, the polypeptide is substantially free of cellular material such that preparations of the polypeptide can contain less than about 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% (dry weight) of contaminating protein. When the polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof is recombinantly produced, culture medium represents less than about 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% (dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-protein-of-interest chemicals. 
     It is known in the art that amino acids within the same conservative group can typically substitute for one another without substantially affecting the function of a protein. For the purpose of the present disclosure, such conservative groups are set forth in Table 3 and are based on shared properties. See also, Alberts et al., “Small molecules, energy, and biosynthesis” 56-57 In: Molecular Biology of the Cell (Garland Publishing Inc. 3 rd  ed. 1994). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Amino Acid Conservative Substitutions. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Side 
                   
                   
                 Preferred 
               
               
                   
                 Chain 
                 Side Chain 
                 Hydropathy 
                 Conservative 
               
               
                 Residue 
                 Polarity 
                 pH 
                 Index 
                 Substitution 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ala (A) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 1.8 
                 Ser 
               
               
                 Arg (R) 
                 Polar 
                 Basic (strongly) 
                 −4.5 
                 Lys, Gln 
               
               
                 Asn (N) 
                 Polar 
                 Neutral 
                 −3.5 
                 Gln, His 
               
               
                 Asp (D) 
                 Polar 
                 Acidic 
                 −3.5 
                 Glu 
               
               
                 Cys (C) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 2.5 
                 Ser 
               
               
                 Gln (Q) 
                 Polar 
                 Neutral 
                 −3.5 
                 Asn, Lys 
               
               
                 Glu (E) 
                 Polar 
                 Acidic 
                 −3.5 
                 Asp 
               
               
                 Gly (G) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 −0.4 
                 Pro 
               
               
                 His (H) 
                 Polar 
                 Basic (weakly) 
                 −3.2 
                 Asn, Gln 
               
               
                 Ile (I) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 4.5 
                 Leu, Val 
               
               
                 Leu (L) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 3.8 
                 Ile, Val 
               
               
                 Lys (K) 
                 Polar 
                 Basic 
                 −3.9 
                 Arg, Gln 
               
               
                 Met (M) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 1.9 
                 Leu, Ile 
               
               
                 Phe (F) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 2.8 
                 Met, Leu, Tyr 
               
               
                 Pro (P) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 −1.6 
                 Gly 
               
               
                 Ser (S) 
                 Polar 
                 Neutral 
                 −0.8 
                 Thr 
               
               
                 Thr (T) 
                 Polar 
                 Neutral 
                 −0.7 
                 Ser 
               
               
                 Trp (W) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 −0.9 
                 Tyr 
               
               
                 Tyr (Y) 
                 Polar 
                 Neutral 
                 −1.3 
                 Trp, Phe 
               
               
                 Val (V) 
                 Non-polar 
                 Neutral 
                 4.2 
                 Ile, Leu 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following six groups each contain amino acids that are typical but not necessarily exclusive conservative substitutions for one another: 1. Alanine (A), Serine (S), Threonine (T); 2. Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E); 3. Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q); 4. Arginine (R), Lysine (K); 5. Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); and 6. Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W). 
     Substantial changes in function of a peptide, polypeptide or protein can be made by selecting substitutions that are less conservative than those listed in the table above, that is, by selecting residues that differ more significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of substitution, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the polypeptide at the target site, or (c) the bulk of a side chain. The substitutions that in general can be expected to produce the greatest changes in the polypeptide&#39;s properties will be those in which (a) a hydrophilic residue, for example, seryl or threonyl, is substituted by a hydrophobic residue, for example, leucyl, isoleucyl, phenylalanyl, valyl or alanyl; (b) a cysteine or proline is substituted by any other residue; (c) a residue having an electropositive side chain, for example, lysyl, arginyl or histidyl, is substituted by an electronegative side chain, for example, glutamyl or aspartyl; (d) a residue having a bulky side chain, for example, phenylalanyl, is substituted by a residue not having a side chain, for example, glycyl; or (e) by increasing the number of sulfation or glycosylation. 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an isolated polypeptide encoded by the recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising about 90% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the polypeptide is a substrate protein of a plant pathogen-specific protease. In another embodiment, the isolated polypeptide can comprise about 95% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the polypeptide is a substrate protein of a plant pathogen-specific protease. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide can comprise about 96% identity, about 97% identity, about 98% identity and about 99% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the polypeptide is a substrate protein of a plant pathogen-specific protease. 
     An example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease therefore includes SEQ ID NO:6 (modified PBS1 having an AvrRpt2 protease recognition sequence). Another example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease as described herein includes SEQ ID NO:8 (modified PBS1 having a TEV protease recognition sequence). Another example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous HopN1 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:3). Another example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous SMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:27). Another example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes PBS1 in which its endogenous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1) is replaced with a heterologous BPMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:28). Another example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous AvrPphB cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:1). Another example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous TEV protease cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:4). Another example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous HopN1 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:3). Another example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous SMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:27). Another example of a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease includes RIN4 in which its endogenous AvrRpt2 cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:2) is replaced with a heterologous BPMV cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:28). As noted above, the endogenous protease cleavage sequence, which is a preferred location for the heterologous protease recognition sequence, typically can be located in an exposed loop of the substrate protein. 
     In addition to the full-length amino acid sequence of the modified substrate protein of the pathogen-specific protease, it is intended that the modified substrate protein can be a fragment or variant thereof that is capable of being recognized by the plant pathogen protease and/or its corresponding NB-LRR protein. For amino acid sequences, “fragment” means a portion of the amino acid sequence of a reference polypeptide or protein. Fragments of an amino acid sequence may retain the biological activity of the reference polypeptide or protein. For example, less than the entire amino acid sequence of the modified substrate protein can be used and may have substrate protein activity and/or NB-LRR protein binding activity. Thus, fragments of the reference polypeptide or protein can be at least about 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 or 450 amino acid residues, or up to the number of amino acid residues present in a full-length modified substrate protein. For example, about 80 amino acids can be deleted from the N-terminus of PBS1 while retaining function. See, DeYoung et al. (2012), supra. Alternatively, about 100 amino acids can be deleted from the C-terminus of PBS1 while retaining function. Id. 
     Likewise, a “variant” peptide, polypeptide or protein means a substantially similar amino acid sequence to the amino acid sequence of a reference peptide, polypeptide or protein. For amino acid sequences, a variant comprises an amino acid sequence derived from a reference peptide, polypeptide or protein by deletion (so-called truncation) of one or more amino acids at the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end of the amino acid sequence of the reference; deletion and/or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more internal sites in the amino acid sequence of the reference; or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the amino acid sequence of the reference. Variant peptides, polypeptides or proteins encompassed by the present disclosure are biologically active, that is, they continue to possess the desired biological activity of the reference peptide, polypeptide or protein as described herein. Such variants may result from, for example, genetic polymorphism or human manipulation. Biologically active variants will have at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the reference peptide polypeptide or protein as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described above. For example, a biologically active variant of a modified substrate protein may differ by as few as 1-15 amino acid residues, as few as 1-10, such as 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue. It is contemplated that PBS1 orthologues from other plant species can be substituted for  Arabidopsis  PBS1, which typically have about 90% or higher identity. 
     Deletions, insertions and substitutions of the modified substrate proteins are not expected to produce radical changes in the characteristics of the polypeptides. However, when it is difficult to predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion or insertion in advance of doing so, one of skill in the art will appreciate that the effect can be evaluated by routine activity assays as described herein. 
     As above, variant peptides, polypeptides and proteins also encompass sequences derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more nucleic acid molecules can be manipulated to encode new modified substrate proteins possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant nucleic acid molecules can be generated from a population of related nucleic acid molecules comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. For example, using this approach, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest can be shuffled between the nucleic acid molecules identified by the methods described herein and other known substrate protein-encoding nucleic acid molecules to obtain a new nucleic acid molecule that encodes a modified substrate protein with an improved property such as increased activity or an expanded pH or temperature range. As such, a peptide, polypeptide or protein of the present disclosure can have many modifications. 
     The present disclosure therefore includes recombinant modified substrate proteins of pathogen-specific proteases, where the substrate proteins have heterologous protease recognition sequences, as well as active fragments or variants thereof. 
     Transformed Plant Cells, Plant Parts and Plants 
     Compositions of the present disclosure also include transformed plant cells, plant parts and plants (i.e., subject plant cells, plant parts or plants) having a resistance to an increased number of plant pathogens when compared with control/native plant cells, plant parts or plants. 
     The transformed plant cells, plant parts or plants can have at least one nucleic acid molecule, nucleic acid construct, expression cassette or vector as described herein that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease, where the modified substrate protein has a heterologous protease recognition sequence. 
     As used herein, “subject plant cell,” “subject plant part” or “subject plant” means one in which a genetic alteration, such as transformation, has been effected as to a nucleic acid molecule of interest, or is a plant cell, plant part or plant that descended from a plant cell, plant part or plant so altered and that comprises the alteration. 
     As used herein, “control plant cell,” “control plant part” or “control plant” means a reference point for measuring changes in phenotype of the subject plant cell, plant part or plant. A control plant cell, plant part or plant can comprise, for example: (a) a wild-type plant cell, plant part or plant (i.e., of the same genotype as the starting material for the genetic alteration that resulted in the subject plant cell, plant part or plant); (b) a plant cell, plant part or plant of the same genotype as the starting material, but which has been transformed with a null construct (i.e., with a construct that has no known effect on the trait of interest, such as a construct comprising a marker gene); (c) a plant cell, plant part or plant that is a non-transformed segregant among progeny of a subject plant cell, plant part or plant; (d) a plant cell, plant part or plant genetically identical to the subject plant cell, plant part or plant, but which is not exposed to conditions or stimuli that would induce expression of the gene of interest; or (e) the subject plant cell, plant part or plant itself, under conditions in which the nucleic acid molecule/construct of interest is not expressed. 
     Methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plants, plant parts or plant host cells are well known in the art and are discussed in greater detail below. 
     As used herein, “plant cell” or “plant cells” means a cell obtained from or found in seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen and microspores. Plant cell also includes modified cells, such as protoplasts, obtained from the aforementioned tissues, as well as plant cell tissue cultures from which plants can be regenerated, plant calli and plant clumps. 
     As used herein, “plant part” or “plant parts” means organs such as embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, silk and the like. 
     As used herein, “plant” or “plants” means whole plants and their progeny. Progeny, variants and mutants of the regenerated plants also are included, provided that they comprise the introduced nucleic acid molecule. 
     As used herein, “grain” means mature seed produced by commercial growers for purposes other than growing or reproducing the species. The class of plants that can be used in the methods described herein is generally as broad as the class of higher plants amenable to transformation techniques, including both monocotyledonous (monocots) and dicotyledonous (dicots) plants. 
     Examples of plant species of interest herein include, but are not limited to, corn ( Zea mays ),  Brassica  spp. (e.g.,  B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea ), particularly those  Brassica  species useful as sources of seed oil, alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), rye ( Secale cereale ),  sorghum  ( Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare ), millet (e.g., pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ), proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum ), foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ), finger millet ( Eleusine coracana )), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ), safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), soybean ( Glycine max ), tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea ), cotton ( Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum ), sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatus ), cassava ( Manihot esculenta ), coffee ( Coffea  spp.), coconut ( Cocos nucifera ), pineapple ( Ananas comosus ),  citrus  trees ( Citrus  spp.), cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ), tea ( Camellia sinensis ), banana ( Musa  spp.), avocado ( Persea americana ), fig ( Ficus casica ), guava ( Psidium guajava ), mango ( Mangifera indica ), olive ( Olea europaea ), papaya ( Carica papaya ), cashew ( Anacardium occidentale ),  macadamia  ( Macadamia integrifolia ), almond ( Prunus amygdalus ), sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris ), sugarcane ( Saccharum  spp.), oats ( Avena sativa ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers. 
     Vegetables of interest include, but are not limited to, tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), lettuce (e.g.,  Lactuca sativa ), green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), lima beans ( Phaseolus  limensis), peas ( Lathyrus  spp.), and members of the genus  Cucumis  such as cucumber ( C. sativus ), cantaloupe ( C. cantalupensis ), and musk melon ( C. melo ). 
     Ornamentals of interest include, but are not limited to, azalea ( Rhododendron  spp.),  hydrangea  ( Macrophylla hydrangea ),  hibiscus  ( Hibiscus rosasanensis ), roses ( Rosa  spp.), tulips ( Tulipa  spp.), daffodils ( Narcissus  spp.), petunias ( Petunia hybrida ), carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ), poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima ), and  chrysanthemum.    
     Conifers of interest include, but are not limited to, pines such as loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ), slash pine ( Pinus elliotii ),  ponderosa  pine ( Pinus ponderosa ), lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ), and Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ); Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ); Western hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ); Sitka spruce ( Picea glauca ); redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ); true firs such as silver fir ( Abies amabilis ) and balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ); and cedars such as Western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ) and Alaska yellow cedar ( Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ). 
     In some instances, the plant cells, plant parts or plants of interest are crop plants (e.g., corn, alfalfa, sunflower,  Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut,  sorghum , wheat, millet, tobacco, etc.). 
     Other plants of interest include grain plants that provide seeds of interest, oil-seed plants, and leguminous plants. Seeds of interest include grain seeds, such as corn, wheat, barley, rice,  sorghum , rye, etc. Oil-seed plants include cotton, soybean, safflower, sunflower,  Brassica , maize, alfalfa, palm, coconut, etc. Leguminous plants include beans and peas. Beans include guar, locust bean, fenugreek, soybean, garden beans, cowpea, mungbean, lima bean, fava bean, lentils, chickpea, etc. 
     The present disclosure therefore includes transgenic plant cells, plant parts and plants having incorporated therein at least one nucleic acid molecule that encodes a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease, where the modified substrate protein has a heterologous protease sequence, to confer disease resistance to plant pathogens expressing specific proteases. 
     Methods 
     Methods of the present disclosure include introducing and expressing in a plant cell, plant part or plant a nucleic acid molecule or construct as described herein. As used herein, “introducing” means presenting to the plant cell, plant part or plant, a nucleic acid molecule or construct in such a manner that it gains access to the interior of a cell of the plant. The methods do not depend on the particular method for introducing the nucleic acid molecule or nucleic acid construct into the plant cell, plant part or plant, only that it gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the plant or plant part. Methods of introducing nucleotide sequences, selecting transformants and regenerating whole plants, which may require routine modification in respect of a particular plant species, are well known in the art. The methods include, but are not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, virus-mediated methods and sexual breeding. As such, the nucleic acid molecule or construct can be carried episomally or integrated into the genome of the host cell. 
     As used herein, “stable transformation” means that the nucleic acid molecule or construct of interest introduced into the plant integrates into the genome of the plant and is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof. As used herein, “transient transformation” means that the nucleic acid molecule or construct of interest introduced into the plant is not inherited by progeny. 
     Methods of transforming plants and introducing a nucleotide sequence of interest into plants can and will vary depending on the type of plant, plant part or plant host cell (i.e., monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous) targeted for transformation. Methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plant host cells therefore include  Agrobacterium -mediated transformation (e.g.,  A. rhizogenes  or  A. tumefaciens ; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,563,055 and 5,981,840), calcium chloride, direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al. (1984)  EMBO J.  3:2717-2722), electroporation (Riggs et al. (1986)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  83:5602-5606), microinjection (Crossway et al. (1986)  Biotechniques  4:320-334), microprojectile bombardment/particle acceleration (McCabe et al. (1988)  Biotechnology  6:923-926; and Tomes et al., “Direct DNA transfer into intact plant cells via microprojectile bombardment” In: Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods (Gamborg &amp; Phillips eds., Springer-Verlag 1995); as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050; 5,879,918; 5,886,244 and 5,932,782), polyethylene glycol (PEG), phage infection, viral infection, and other methods known in the art. See also, EP Patent Nos. 0 295 959 and 0 138 341. 
     A nucleic acid molecule or construct as described above herein can be introduced into the plant cell, plant part or plant using a variety of transient transformation methods. Methods of transiently transforming plant cells, plant parts or plants include, but are not limited to,  Agrobacterium  infection, microinjection or particle bombardment. See, Crossway et al. (1986)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  202:179-185; Hepler et al. (1994)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  91:2176-2180; Hush et al. (1994)  J. Cell Sci.  107:775-784; and Nomura et al. (1986)  Plant Sci.  44:53-58. Alternatively, the plant cell, plant part or plant can be transformed by viral vector systems or by precipitation of the nucleic acid molecule or construct in a manner that precludes subsequent release of the DNA. Thus, transcription from the particle-bound nucleotide sequence can occur, but the frequency with which it is released to become integrated into the genome is greatly reduced. Such methods include the use of particles coated with polyethylimine (PEI; Sigma; St. Louis, Mo.). 
     Likewise, the nucleic acid molecules or constructs as described herein can be introduced into the plant cell, plant part or plant by contacting it with a virus or viral nucleic acids. Generally, such methods involve incorporating the nucleic acid molecule or construct within a viral DNA or RNA molecule. It is recognized that the nucleotide sequences can be initially synthesized as part of a viral polyprotein, which later can be processed by proteolysis in vivo or in vitro to produce the desired recombinant protein. Methods for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants and expressing the protein encoded therein, involving viral DNA or RNA molecules, are well known in the art. See, Porta et al. (1996)  Mol. Biotechnol.  5:209-221; as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,866,785; 5,889,190; 5,889,191 and 5,589,367. 
     Methods also are known in the art for the targeted insertion of a nucleic acid molecule or construct at a specific location in the plant genome. In some instances, insertion of the nucleic acid molecule or construct at a desired genomic location can be achieved by using a site-specific recombination system. See, Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 99/025821, WO 99/025854, WO 99/025840, WO 99/025855 and WO 99/025853. 
     Transformation techniques for monocots therefore are well known in the art and include direct gene uptake of exogenous nucleic acid molecules or constructs by protoplasts or cells (e.g., by PEG- or electroporation-mediated uptake, and particle bombardment into callus tissue). Transformation of monocots via  Agrobacterium  also has been described. See, Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication No. WO 94/00977 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616; see also, Christou et al. (1991)  Bio/Technology  9:957-962; Datta et al. (1990)  Bio/Technology  8:736-740; Fromm et al. (1990)  Biotechnology  8:833-844; Gordon-Kamm et al. (1990)  Plant Cell  2:603-618; Koziel et al. (1993)  Bio/Technology  11:194-200; Murashige &amp; Skoog (1962)  Physiologia Plantarum  15:473-497; Shimamoto et al. (1989)  Nature  338:274-276; Vasil et al. (1992)  Bio/Technology  10:667-674; Vasil et al. (1993)  Bio/Technology  11:1553-1558; Weeks et al. (1993)  Plant Physiol.  102:1077-1084; and Zhang et al. (1988)  Plant Cell Rep.  7:379-384; as well as EP Patent Application Nos. 0 292 435; 0 332 581 and 0 392 225; Int&#39;l Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 93/07278 and WO 93/21335; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,102,057. 
     Transformation techniques for dicots also are well known in the art and include  Agrobacterium -mediated techniques and techniques that do not require  Agrobacterium . Non- Agrobacterium -mediated techniques include the direct uptake of exogenous nucleic acid molecules by protoplasts or cells (e.g., by PEG- or electroporation-mediated uptake, particle bombardment, or microinjection). See, Klein et al. (1987)  Nature  327:70-73; Paszkowski et al. (1984)  EMBO J.  3:2717-2722; Potrykus et al. (1985)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  199:169-177; and Reich et al. (1986)  Bio/Technology  4:1001-10041; as well as U.S. Pat. No. 7,102,057. 
     Plant cells that have been transformed can be grown into plants by methods well known in the art. See, McCormick et al. (1986)  Plant Cell Rep.  5:81-84. These plants then can be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting progeny having the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations can be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited, and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved. 
     The present disclosure therefore provides methods of introducing into plants, plant parts and plant host cells the nucleic acid constructs described herein, for example, an expression cassette of the present disclosure, which encode a modified substrate protein of a pathogen-specific protease, where the substrate protein has a heterologous protease recognition sequence. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The disclosure will be more fully understood upon consideration of the following non-limiting examples, which are offered for purposes of illustration, not limitation. 
     Example 1 
     RPS5 Activation by AvrRpt2 when Transiently Co-Expressed with a Modified PBS1 Protein Containing an AvrRpt2 Cleavage Site. 
     Methods: 
     Transient Transformation: 
     PBS1 RCS2  (SEQ ID NO: 4; modified PBS1 containing an AvrRpt2 cleavage site) was inserted in a vector (pTA7002; Aoyama &amp; Chua (1997), supra) containing a dexamethasone-inducible promoter as described in DeYoung et al. (2012), supra. This vector was transformed into  A. tumfaciens  strain GV3101(pMP90). RPS5 and AvrRpt2 genes also were inserted into pTA7002 (separate constructs) as described in DeYoung et al. (2012) and independently transformed into GV3101(pMP90). For use as controls, GV3101(pMP90) also was transformed with the empty vector pTA7002, and with pTA7002 containing the wild-type PBS1 gene, and with pTA7002 containing AvrPphB, creating a total of six strains (listed below). 
     To transiently express these genes in plants, the  Agrobacterium  strains were prepared as described in DeYoung et al. (2012), supra, mixed in equal ratios in the combinations shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  and injected into expanding leaves of 4-week-old  N. glutinosa  plants. Protein expression was induced by spraying leaves with 50 μM dexamethasone 40 hours after injection. 
     For evaluation of cell death, leaves were scored for visible collapse 24 hours after dexamethasone application. Electrolyte leakage (a quantitative indicator of cell death) was measured as described in DeYoung et al. (2012), supra. 
     Constructs (all in pTA7002):
         1. Wild-type PBS1;   2. PBS1 with the AvrRpt2 Cleavage Site (PBS1 RCS2 );   3. AvrRpt2;   4. AvrPphB;   5. RPS5; and   6. Empty Vector (pTA7002).       

     Results: As shown in  FIG. 1 , strong leaf collapse was induced when wild-type PBS1 was co-expressed with RPS5 and AvrPphB (far right side of figure). This is the positive control and demonstrated that  Arabidopsis  RPS5 can induce defense responses (cell death) when activated in  N. glutinosa . Co-expression of wild-type PBS1 and RPS5 with AvrRpt2 did not induce significant collapse (left most leaf, right half), consistent with the inability of AvrRpt2 to cleave wild-type PBS1. 
     In contrast, co-expression of PBS1 RCS2  with RPS5 and AvrRpt2 induced strong leaf collapse (left side of leaves 1 and 2), demonstrating that RPS5 can be activated by PBS1 RCS2  cleavage.  FIG. 2  quantifies the level of cell death in each treatment, and is consistent with the visual symptoms shown in  FIG. 1A . 
     This example therefore shows that the AvrPphB cleavage site within the PBS1 activation loop can be replaced with the recognition sequence for a different protease from  P. syringae  named AvrRpt2. This replacement makes PBS1 a substrate protein for AvrRpt2 instead of AvrPphB. As such, co-expression of the modified PBS1 with AvrRpt2 and RPS5 resulted in activation of RPS5, whereas co-expression of wild-type PBS1 with AvrRpt2 and RPS5 did not. 
     Example 2 
     Transformation of  A. thaliana  with Modified PBS1 Protein Containing an AvrRpt2 Cleavage Site Confers Resistance to  P. syringae  Strains Expressing AvrRpt2. 
     Methods: 
     Stable Transformation: 
     An  A. thaliana  mutant line containing mutations in the RPS2 and RIN4 genes (makes  A. thaliana  susceptible to infection by  P. syringae  expressing AvrRpt2) was stably transformed with a PBS1 RCS2  construct using  A. tumefaciens  strain GV3101(pMP90) following the protocol of Clough &amp; Bent using resistance to the herbicide glufosinate as a selectable marker. See, Clough &amp; Bent (1998)  Plant J.  16:735-743. Five independent transgenic plants were selected. Leaves of these individual plants were inoculated with  P. syringae  strain DC3000 expressing AvrRpt2 at a concentration of 0.5×10 7  colony forming units (cfu) per milliliter using a needleless 1 mL syringe. Leaves were scored for visible leaf collapse (cell death) 24 hours after injection. Wild-type  A. thaliana  was used as a positive control. 
     Results: 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , transgenic Hines 1, 2, 4 and 5 showed leaf collapse on the right side in response to inoculation with  P. syringae  strain DC3000(AvrRpt2), which is indicative of programmed cell death activated by RPS5 in response to AvrRpt2. Line 3 did not show leaf collapse, likely due to failure of the PBS1 RCS2  transgene to express. This lack of leaf collapse demonstrates that the parent rin4rps2 mutant line does not induce cell death at this time point in response to inoculation with DC3000(AvrRpt2), which has been reported previously by Day et al. See, Day et al. (2005) Plant Cell 17:1292-1305. Activation of cell death indicates that transgenic lines 1, 2, 4 and 5 have gained disease resistance to DC3000(AvrRpt2); thus, expression of PBS1 RCS2  enables the endogenous RPS5 gene of  Arabidopsis  to confer resistance to this strain. 
     Example 3 (Prophetic) 
     RPS5 Activation by a Protease (BEC1019) from a Powdery Mildew Fungus when Co-Expressed with a Modified PBS1 Protein Containing a BEC1019 Cleavage Site. 
     The genome sequences of several different species of powdery mildew fungi, including species that infect wheat and barley ( Blumeria graminis ) and species that infect  Arabidopsis  ( Golovinomyces cichoracearum  and  G. orontii ) have been determined. These genomes have been analyzed for the presence of protease enzymes that are likely secreted during infection of host plants. One such protease that is conserved among these fungal species has been identified and has been named BEC1019. Silencing of the BEC1019 gene has been shown to compromise virulence of barley powdery mildew, indicating that this protease is required to cause disease, at least on barley ((Pliego, C., Nowara, D., Bonciani, G., Gheorghe, D. M., Xu, R., Surana, P., Whigham, E., Nettleton, D., Bogdanove, A. J., Wise, R. P., Schweizer, P., Bindschedler, L. V., and Spanu, P. D. 2013. Host-induced gene silencing in barley powdery mildew reveals a class of ribonuclease-like effectors. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 26:633-642). 
     A nucleic acid molecule for the protease recognition sequence for BEC1019 will be inserted into the activation loop of PBS1. The modified PBS1 nucleic acid molecule then will be transformed into  Arabidopsis  plants lacking a functional PBS1 gene, but that are wild-type for RPS5. The  Arabidopsis  plants should become resistant to infection by powdery mildew species such as G.  cichoracearum  and  G. golovinomyces . If this is confirmed, RPS5 and PBS1 containing the BEC1019 cleavage site will be transformed into various crop plants to confer resistance to powdery mildew (e.g., wheat, barley, grapevine, etc.). 
     Example 4 (Prophetic) 
     RPS5 Activation by Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) Protease when Co-Expressed with a Modified PBS1 Protein Containing a TEV Polyprotein Cleavage Site. 
     Several viruses that infect plants encode proteases that are required for processing of viral polyproteins. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the protease recognition sequence for TEV protease will be inserted into the activation loop of PBS1. The modified PBS1 and wild-type RPS5 nucleic acid molecules will be used to transform the tobacco relative  Nicotiana benthamiana . Activation of RPS5 by TEV protease will first be tested using the transient expression system described in Example 1. Assuming that RPS5 is activated, as predicted, the modified PBS1 gene and RPS5 will be transformed into  N. tabacum  and the resulting transgenic plants are tested for resistance to TEV infection. This gene pair should confer resistance. 
     Example 5 
     RPS5 Activation by AvrRpt2 when Transiently Co-Expressed with a Modified PBS1 Protein Containing an AvrRpt2 Cleavage Site. 
     Methods: 
     Construction of plasmids for transgene expression. A PBS1::RCS2 entry clone harboring the RIN4 cleavage site sequence inserted at the AvrPphB cleavage site was constructed using overlap PCR and a pBSDONR PBS1 template. A Multisite Gateway LR Clonase reaction was performed to recombine the entry clone, the pBAV154 destination vector (carrying a dexamethasone-inducible promoter) and a clone containing a 3×HA C-terminal epitope. The PBS1 RCS2  and PBS1 TCS  entry clones in which the AvrPphB cleavage site of PBS1 was replaced with the RIN4 cleavage site 2 (RCS2) and TEV cleavage site (TCS), respectively, were created from the pBSDONR PBS1 template using site-directed mutagenesis PCR. These entry clones and 3×HA were recombined into the pTA7002 destination vector (carrying a dexamethasone-inducible promoter) using LR reactions. The coding regions of AvrPphB, AvrRpt2, C122A (AvrRpt2 mutant), and TEV protease were PCR-amplified and cloned into the Gateway vector pBSDONR P1-P4 using Gateway BP Clonase to generate entry clones, which were recombined with pTA7002 and 5×Myc using LR reactions. To generate plant expression constructs for PBS1 RCS2  fused to 3×HA driven by the native PBS1 regulatory elements (pPBS1-PBS1 RCS -HA), an 875 bp Apal/Xhol fragment spanning the PBS1 promoter and a 400 bp Notl/Sacl fragment spanning the PBS1 terminator, and a 1731 bp Xhol/Xbal fragment containing the Gateway cassette were inserted into the pGreen0229 binary vector. PBS1 RCS2  and 3×HA were then recombined into this destination construct using LR clonase. All constructs were verified by sequencing. Primer sequences used in cloning are listed in Table 4 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Primer Sequences. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Primer 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Name 
                 Sequence (5′→3′) (SEQ ID NO:) 
                 Purpose 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP5 
                 GTGCCTAAATTCGGTGACTGGTCTCATGTCTCCACTAG 
                 PBS1::RCS2 
               
               
                   
                 AGT (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP6 
                 CCAGTCACCGAATTTAGGCACTTTGTCTCCCGTTGGTC 
                 PBS1::RCS2 
               
               
                   
                 C (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP28 
                 GTGCCTAAATTCGGTGACTGGACTAGAGTTATGGGAAC 
                 PBS1 RCS2   
               
               
                   
                 TTATGGT (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP29 
                 CCAGTCACCGAATTTAGGCACCGTTGGTCCGAGTTTAG 
                 PBS1 RCS2   
               
               
                   
                 CAA (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP59 
                 GAAAACCTGTATTTTCAGGGCACTAGAGTTATGGGAACT 
                 PBS1 TCS   
               
               
                   
                 TATGGT (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP60 
                 GCCCTGAAAATACAGGTTTTCCGTTGGTCCGAGTTTAG 
                 PBS1 TCS   
               
               
                   
                 CAA (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP61 
                 GGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTCTATGGAAAGC 
                 TEV protease 
               
               
                   
                 TTGTTTAAGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP62 
                 GGACAACTTTGTATAGAAAAGTTGGGTGATTCATGAGTT 
                 TEV protease 
               
               
                   
                 GAGTCGCTTC (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP15 
                 GGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTCTATGAAAATTG 
                 AvrRpt2 or 
               
               
                   
                 CTCCAGTTGCCA (SEQ ID NO: 19) 
                 C122A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHP16 
                 GGACAACTTTGTATAGAAAAGTTGGGTGGCGGTAGAGC 
                 AvrRpt2 or 
               
               
                   
                 ATTGCGTGTGG (SEQ ID NO: 20) 
                 C122A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RB63 
                 GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTGCATGGGGT 
                 AvrPphB 
               
               
                   
                 GTGCATCCTCTTCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RB62 
                 GGGGACAACTTTGTATAGAAAAGTTGGGTGCGAAACTC 
                 AvrPphB 
               
               
                   
                 TAAACTCGTTTA (SEQ ID NO: 22) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BD113 
                 AGGGCCCATAGTTTCGTTCTCTGCTTCAA (SEQ ID 
                 PBS1 promoter 
               
               
                   
                 NO: 23) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BD115 
                 ACTCGAGCTCCTCCTTTACTCAATTTTC (SEQ ID NO: 24) 
                 PBS1 promoter 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BD131 
                 AGCGGCCGCAACCGGTTTGGGTCGGTCTTG (SEQ ID 
                 PBS1 
               
               
                   
                 NO: 25) 
                 terminator 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BD119 
                 AGAGCTCCATGTGACCCACGTTGTCCGA (SEQ ID 
                 PBS1 
               
               
                   
                 NO: 26) 
                 terminator 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plant materials and growth conditions.  Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotina benthamiana , and  N. glutinosa  plants were grown under a 9 h light/15 h dark cycle at 24° C. in Metro-Mix 360 plotting mixture (Sun Gro Horticulture, http://www.sungrow.com). Transfer-DNA insertion lines of PBS1 (pbs1-7; Salk_062464C) and RPS5 (rps5-3; Salk_015294C) were obtained from the Salk T-DNA Express collection via the  Arabidopsis  Biological Resource Center at Ohio State University. 
     Assessing resistance to bacterial infection in  Arabidopsis . For hypersensitive response (HR) assays,  Pseudomonas syringae  strains DC3000(avrPphB) and DC3000(avrRpt2) were grown on King&#39;s medium B agar plates, and infiltrated into 5-week old  Arabidopsis  leaves using needless syringe at 10 8  colony-forming units (cfu) per ml (OD 600 =0.1). Leaves were scored and photographed 21 hours after inoculation. To measure bacterial growth within plant leaves, 5-week-old  Arabidopsis  plants were infiltrated with DC3000(avrRpt2) at 10 5  cfu per ml. A total of 0.5 cm 2  of leaf tissue, collected using a cork borer, was ground in 10 mM MgCl 2  and plated by serial dilution on selective medium (King&#39;s medium B supplemented with 100 μg/mL rifampicin and 50 μg/mL kanamycin) in four replicates at the indicated time points. 
     Transient expression assays in  Nicotiana  species. For transient expression assays, the dexamethasone-inducible constructs described above were mobilized into  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  strain GV3101. After overnight culture in liquid LB media, bacterial cells were pelleted and resuspended in 10 mM MgCl 2  with 100 μM acetosyringone (Sigma-Aldrich), adjusted to an OD 600  of 0.1, incubated for 2 hours at room temperature and infiltrated into leaves of 4-week-old  N. benthamiana  or  N. glutinosa  plants. Leaves were sprayed with 50 μM dexamethasone 40 hours after injection. Samples were harvested for protein extraction 6 or 24 hours after dexamethasone application, and HR was evaluated 24 hours after dexamethasone application. 
     Electrolyte leakage assays. To measure electrolyte leakage from  Agrobacterium -infiltrated  Nicotiana  leaves, 8 leaf discs (6 mm in diameter) were collected from four individual leaves at 2 hours post dexamethasone induction. After washing three times with distilled water, the leaf discs were floated in 5 ml of distilled water containing 0.001% Tween 20 (Sigma-Aldrich). Conductivity was monitored in four replicates at the indicated time points using a Traceable Pen Conductivity Meter (VWR). 
     Immunoblot analysis.  Nicotiana  leaf tissue expressing a protein of interest was ground in extraction buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris [pH 7.5], 0.2% Nonidet P-40 [Sigma-Aldrich], 1% plant protease inhibitor cocktail [Sigma-Aldrich]). Cell debris was pelleted at 12,000 rpm for 10 min., and the collected supernatants were separated on a 4-20% gradient Tris-Hepes-SDS polyacrylamide gel (Thermo Scientific). Proteins were detected with 1:2000 diluted peroxidase-conjugated anti-HA antibody (Sigma-Aldrich) or with 1:4000 diluted peroxidase-conjugated anti-c-Myc antibody (Roche). Total protein from transgenic  Arabidopsis  tissue expressing pDEX-PBS1::RCS2-HA was prepared 16 hours post dexamethasone induction, and subjected to immunoblot analysis. Total protein from transgenic  Arabidopsis  tissue expressing pPBS1-PBS1 RCS2 -HA was prepared from healthy plants, or 12 hours post inoculation with DC3000(e.v.) or DC3000(avrRpt2) at a density of 10 8  cfu/ml, and immunoprecipitated using Pierce Anti-HA agarose (Thermo Scientific) for immunoblot analysis. 
     Results: As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , seven amino acids flanking the AvrPphB cleavage site in PBS1 (GDKSHVS; SEQ ID NO:1) were replaced with the RIN4 cleavage site 2 (RCS2) sequence (VPKFGDW; SEQ ID NO:2). Co-expression of the PBS1 RCS2  with AvrRpt2 and PRS5 induced an RPS5-dependent cell death response, whereas cell death was not detected in the absence of AvrRpt2 or PBS1 RCS2  ( FIG. 5 ). A protease-deficient mutant form of AvrRpt2 (C122A) induced only a very weak macroscopic response. To quantify the HR, electrolyte leakage analysis was performed as a measurement of cell death. Consistent with the macroscopic symptoms, PBS1 RCS2  with AvrRpt2 induced as much electrolyte leakage as wild-type PBS1 cleaved by AvrPphB, whereas PBS1 RCS2  with C122A only weakly activated RPS5 ( FIG. 6 ). Immunoblot analysis confirmed that AvrRpt2 cleaved PBS1 RCS2  at 6 hours post-induction, whereas C122A or AvrPphB did not ( FIG. 7 ). At 24 hours post-induction, AvrRpt2-induced cleavage was increased, and even C122A induced small amounts of cleavage ( FIG. 7 ), consistent with the observed weak induction of cell death by this construct ( FIGS. 5 and 6 ). Together, these data establish that PBS1 RCS2  is a substrate for AvrRpt2 and that AvrRpt2-mediated cleavage activates RPS5. 
     To assess whether AvrRpt2-mediated cleavage of PBS1 RCS2  can activate RPS5 expressed at native levels in  Arabidopsis , an  Arabidopsis  rin4rps2 mutant was stably transformed with PBS1 RCS2  under the native PBS1 regulatory elements (pPBS1-PBS1 RCS2 -HA/rin4rps2). The rin4rps2 mutant was used to avoid activation of the endogenous RPS2 disease resistance protein by AvrRpt2. As shown in  FIG. 8 , two independent transgenic lines (#5 and #2) showed a visible HR 21 hours after inoculation with  P. syringae  strain DC3000(avrRpt2), whereas the untransformed rin4rps2 mutant did not. In planta bacterial growth assays showed that growth of DC3000(avrRpt2) in transgenic lines #5 and #2 was restricted to levels 100- to 200-fold less compared to rin4rps2, while transgenic lines #1 and #3 had approximately 5-10 fold lower bacterial growth than rin4rps2 ( FIG. 9 ; statistically significant differences were determined by a two-tailed Student&#39;s t-Test (P&lt;0.01) or a one-way ANOVA and Tukey&#39;s HSD (P&lt;0.01)). Restriction of bacterial growth correlated with expression levels of PBS1 RCS2  ( FIG. 10 ). Proteins from transgenic lines shown in  FIG. 8  were immunoprecipitated with anti-HA agarose, and immunoblots were performed with an anti-HA antibody. In addition, a cleavage product of PBS1 RCS2  was detected in transgenic line #5 twelve hours after inoculation with DC3000(avrRpt2), but not with DC3000 lacking avrRpt2 (DC3000(e.v.);  FIG. 11 ), indicating that cleavage of PBS1 RCS2  by AvrRpt2 activates RPS5 in  Arabidopsis . In addition, these transgenic plants also displayed HR 21 hours after injection with DC3000(avrPphB), demonstrating that native recognition specificity of RPS5 was retained in these transgenic lines ( FIG. 12 ). Thus, RPS5-mediated disease resistance can be activated by two different protease effector proteins in the PBS1 RCS2  transgenic plants, demonstrating that the recognition specificity of RPS5 can be expanded by addition of new ‘decoy’ copies of PBS1. 
     To test whether this decoy approach could be extended to recognize pathogens beyond  P. syringae , a PBS1 decoy was created that can be cleaved by the NIa protease of Tobacco Etch Virus (referred to as PBS1 TCS ) ( FIG. 13 ). TEV is a positive stranded RNA virus that encodes a polyprotein that must be post-translationally processed by its embedded Nla protease. This protease is essential for viral replication, thus an R protein that is triggered by its enzymatic activity should be highly durable, as it would be extremely difficult for the virus to simultaneously change the specificity of its protease and the protease cleavage sites embedded within its polyprotein. 
     TEV protease and RPS5 were transiently co-expressed with PBS1 TCS  in  N. benthamiana  ( FIG. 14 ). RPS5-mediated cell death was induced only when RPS5 was co-expressed with PBS1 TCS  and TEV protease, but was not induced when either PBS1 TCS  or TEV protease was excluded ( FIG. 15 ). Quantification of cell death using electrolyte leakage showed that PBS1 TCS  and TEV protease induced RPS5-mediated cell death equivalent to wild-type PBS1 and AvrPphB ( FIG. 16 ). Immunoblot analysis confirmed that TEV protease cleaved PBS1 TCS  6 hours post induction, whereas AvrPphB did not. Also, TEV protease did not cleave wild-type PBS1. These data established that PBS1 can be engineered to function as a decoy to detect the presence of proteases from two very different classes of pathogen, viruses and bacteria, and open the way to engineering resistance to a broad array of pathogens. 
     Example 6 
     Recognition of AvrPphB by Soybean. 
     In this Example,  P. syringae  pv.  glycinea  Race4 strains carrying AvrPphB or AvrB::Ω (a non-functional effector used as an empty vector control) were infiltrated into a unifoliolate leaf of soybean cultivar Flambeau. The leaf was removed from the plant 24 hours after injection, cleared using hot 70% ethanol and photographed. 
     Soybean responded to  P. syringae  expressing AvrPphB with an HR as indicated by leaf browning (dark region shown in  FIG. 17 ). These data indicated that using the decoy approach described herein to engineer resistance in crop plants might not require transfer of the  Arabidopsis  RPS5 gene if crop plants already possess the ability to detect AvrPphB by a similar mechanism. In addition, PBS1 is highly conserved among crop plants, including soybean. It may thus be possible to engineer soybean, and other crop plants, to detect various pathogen proteases by making small changes to their endogenous PBS1 genes. 
     All of the patents, patent applications, patent application publications and other publications recited herein are hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety. 
     The present disclosure has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments. However, the present disclosure has been presented by way of illustration and is not intended to be limited to the disclosed embodiments. Accordingly, one of skill in the art will realize that the present disclosure is intended to encompass all modifications and alternative arrangements of the compositions and methods as set forth in the appended claims.