Patent Publication Number: US-2010113415-A1

Title: Epha4 rtk inhibitors for treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and cancer

Description:
This application claims priority under 35 USC §119(e) of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/130,209, filed May 29, 2008. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is directed to a class of novel compounds, their salts, pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and their use in therapy of the human body. In particular, the invention is directed to a class of EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors which are useful in the treatment of neurological and neurogenerative disorders, and cancer and other conditions regulated by EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The Eph super family of receptors is the largest sub-family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and shares 65-90% sequence homology in the kinase domain and 30-70% in the extracellular domain. At least 15 members of the Eph genes have been identified, from vertebrates,  Drosophila  and  C. elegans . The Eph family is divided into two sub-groups, based on ligand-binding affinity and structure of the extracellular domain. The EphA receptors (A1-A9) generally bind ephrin-A members that are linked to the plasma membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The EphB (B1-B6) receptors generally bind ephrin-B members that transverse the cell membrane. Eph receptors consist of an extracellular globular domain responsible for ligand binding, a cysteine-rich region, two fibronectin type III repeats, a region spanning the cell membrane, and a tyrosine kinase domain. 
     Receptor-ligand binding for the Eph family is highly promiscuous within each subclass. EphA4 binds ephrinB ligands with high affinity (Murai et al,  J Cell Sci  2003; 116:2823-2832). In addition, the Eph family of RTKs and their ligands, the ephrins, are membrane-bound proteins that mediate bi-directional signals between adjacent cells. Interactions between Eph receptors and ephrin ligands on adjacent cells promote the clustering of these molecules. Clustering leads to the initiation of the signal, which involves tyrosine phosphorylation mediated by Eph RTKs, and results in the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways. 
     Eph RTK signaling is involved in cytoskeletal organization (Murai,  J Cell Sci  2003). Eph receptors also influence other signaling molecules that regulate cell behavior. In particular, Eph receptor activation has been shown to mediate cell-contact-dependent repulsion (Stein et al,  Genes Dev  1998; 12:667-678). By modulating cytoskeleton dynamics affecting cell motility and adhesion, Eph receptors and ephrins orchestrate cell movements during multiple morphogenetic processes, including gastrulation, segmentation, angiogenesis, neuron axonal path finding, and neural crest cell migration (Kullander et al,  Genes Dev  2001; 15:877-777, Yokoyama et al,  Neuron  2001; 29; 85-97, Tessier-Lavigne,  Cell  1995; 82:345-348). Continued expression of Ephs and ephrins also occurs in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems in adulthood, under physiological and pathological conditions. 
     Functions in Central Nervous System Injury 
     Ephs and ephrins are expressed in many cell types and regions in normal adult CNS. In the white matter, Ephs and ephrins are mainly expressed on astrocytes in contact with blood vessels or closely associated with the pial surface. They are also expressed on neuronal populations in the grey matter (Wahl et al,  Endothelium  9(3):205-216). Expression of Ephs and ephrins in the adult CNS also has implications for regeneration after injury. Indeed, it has been shown that many Eph receptors in adult CNS are upregulated after CNS injury (Olivieri et al,  J Histochem Cytochem  47:855-861). 
     Following damage to the CNS, different cell types respond in different ways. Neurons typically attempt to regenerate their connections, and largely fail. Astrocytes and microglial cells proliferate, migrate and become hypertrophic. Oligodendrocytes generally attempt to remyelinate. Expression of Ephs and ephrins in each of these situations may affect the response of the cells to the damage. Given the role of Ephs and ephrins in axon guidance during development, a common view is that these molecules may also play a role in guidance during CNS regeneration. However, expression of Eph/ephrins on mature cell types, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, may also have an influence that is not present during development, such as mediating astrocytic gliosis or axonal remyelination. 
     In vitro experiments have shown that ephrins are inhibitory and repulsive for the axonal growth of many different neuronal populations. The inhibitory effect on neurite outgrowth may be bidirectional involving the reverse (coming from the ephrin ligand) and/or forward (coming from the Eph receptor) signaling in neurons (Wahl et al,  J Cell Biol  2000: 149:263-270). 
     The failure of axonal regeneration may be related to deficient regenerative capacity of adult CNS axons (Kullander et al,  Neuron  2001; 29: 73-84) but also coincides with astrocytic reactivity (Goldberg et al,  Science  2002 296: 1860-1864) and myelin destruction (Bouslama-Oueghlani,  J Neurosci  2003; 23:8318-8329). Many studies of CNS experimental injury models have demonstrated that glial scarring is a multi-component process consisting of glial reactivity and alteration of the ECM. This reaction is the result of a multi-cellular response to injury involving astrocytes, microglia, macrophages, oligodendrocyte progenitors, fibroblasts and Schwann cells (Shewan et al,  J Neurosci  1995; 15:2057-2062). Ephs and ephrins are expressed by many of these cells and may therefore contribute to their response to damage. 
     Glial cells are particularly sensitive markers of neuronal damage. CNS injury triggers gliosis, characterized by glial reactivity and proliferation, with morphological and functional changes in astrocytes and microglia. This astroglial response can have a dual role affecting both neuronal cell recovery and degeneration. There are some benefits of glial scar formation in the CNS, such as forming a boundary around the site of injury from the external environment, preventing infections and shrinking the lesion cavity. However, many clinical and experimental observations have shown that astrocytic gliosis and formation of the glial scar are also a major barrier to neuronal regeneration (Wahl et al,  J Cell Biol  2000). Following CNS injuries, reactive astrocytes form a dense net of interdigitated processes. They upregulate inhibitory ECM molecules such as proteoglycans and tenascin, which inhibit neurite outgrowth in vitro (Jakeman et al,  J Comp Neurol  1991; 307:311-334), can contribute to the physical barrier of the glial scar (Gallo et al,  Dev Biol  1987; 12:282-285). 
     Eph receptor upregulation on astrocytes also appears to play a role in the initiation of gliosis by contributing directly or indirectly to the reactivity of the astrocytes. In EphA4 knockout mice, there was a dramatic decrease in astrogliosis and glial scar formation after spinal cord injury, whereas EphA4 expression was upregulated on astrocytes by 4 days in wild-type mice (Wahl et al,  J Cell Biol  2000). 
     Functions in Angiogenesis and Tumorigenesis 
     Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is a multi-step process involving a diverse array of molecular signals. These include factors that stimulate endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and assembly, as well as recruitment of perivascular cells and extracellular matrix remodeling. Endothelial cell receptor tyrosine kinases have been recognized as critical mediators of angiogenesis. 
     Ephrin ligands and Eph receptors have been demonstrated to play a role in angiogenesis (Pandey et al,  Science  1995 268:567-569, Daniel et al,  Kidney Int Suppl  1996 57:S73-S81). The expression of ephrin ligands and Eph receptors has been shown on both arteries and veins (Adams et al,  Genes Dev  1999 13:295-306). A role for Eph signaling in vascular growth and remodeling was noted when gene knockout studies of Eph receptors or ephrin ligands resulted in embryonic lethality from cardiovascular defects (Adams et al,  Trends Cardiovasc Med  2000 10:183-188, Gerety et al,  Development  2002 129:1397-1410). Additionally, reduction in EphA4 and EphA7 levels correlated with abnormal cellular organization of the mesenchyme and endothelium that form the umbilical arteries (Stadler et al,  Development  2001 128: 4177-4188). Furthermore, in vitro studies with vascular smooth muscle cells showed that activation of the EphA4 receptor by the Ephrin A1 ligand promoted endothelial capillary-like assembly and cell attachment (Ogita et al,  Circ Res  2003 93:23-27). 
     The growth of solid tumors is highly dependent on the ability to recruit blood vessels, which supply the tumor with growth factors and oxygen necessary for tumor survival, growth and malignancy. Although it is now clear that Eph receptors and ephrin ligands play a critical role in vascular development during embryogenesis, the function of these molecules in pathological angiogenesis has not been well characterized. A survey of expression patterns of Eph molecules in tumor vasculature revealed that the ephrinA1 and EphA2 ligand-receptor pair is consistently expressed in endothelial cells of tumor associated vessels in a variety of tumors (Ogawa et al.  Oncogene  2000 19:6043-6052). More recently, it has been shown that in addition to these two members, EphA4 may play a critical role in promoting cancer cell proliferation in pancreatic carcinogenesis or development (Iizumi it al,  Cancer Science  2006 97; 11:1211-1216). From the available data it is conceivable that the Eph/ephrin system plays a dual role in tumorigenesis by affecting both neovascularization and tumor cell proliferation. 
     These results, identifying specific functions for EphA4 RTK in injury-induced scar formation, suggest that inhibition of EphA4 RTK may provide beneficial therapeutic interventions. Thus the compounds of the invention, which are EphA4 RTK inhibitors, are believed to be useful in the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer, and other diseases regulated by the EphA4 RTK signaling. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is novel compounds of generic formula (I) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which are useful as an EphA4 RTK inhibitors. 
     The invention is further directed to methods of treating a patient (preferably a human) for diseases or disorders regulated by the EphA4 RTK, such as neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer, by administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of general formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions which include an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and the use of the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention in the treatment of such diseases. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In one embodiment, the invention is directed to compounds of general formula (I) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
 
R 1  is selected from the group consisting of
         (1) hydrogen,   (2) —C 6-10  aryl,   (3) heteroaryl, wherein said heteroaryl group has 5 to 12 ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S,   (4) —CH═CH—C 6-10  aryl,   (5) —NR 10A R 10B ,   (6) —C 1-6  alkyl,   wherein said R 1  aryl, heteroaryl and non-aromatic heterocyclic moiety is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) halogen,   (b) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (c) hydroxyl,   (d) —OC 1-6  alkyl,   (e) —CN,   (f) —C 0-6  alkyl-NR 8A R 8B ,   (g) —NR 9A —C(═O)—R 9B ,   (h) —C 6-10  aryl,   wherein said alkyl or aryl moiety is optionally substituted with one or more
               (I) halogen,   (II) hydroxyl,   (III) CN, or   (IV) —NR 9A R 9B ;
 
R 2  is selected from the group consisting of
   
               
           (1) hydrogen,   (2) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (3) cyano,   wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) halogen, or   (b) —NR 8A R 8B ;
 
R 3  is selected from the group consisting of
   
           (1) —C 1-6  alkyl, or   (2) —C 0-2  alkyl-C 6-10  aryl,   wherein said alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) halogen,   (b) —NR 8A R 8B ,   (c) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (d) hydroxyl,   (e) heteroaryl, wherein said heteroaryl group has 5 to 12 ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S,   (f) —C(═O)—NR 8A R 8B ,   (g) —C(═O)—OR) 10 ;
 
or R 2  and R 3  are linked together to form a 5 to 7-membered cyclic ring which is fused to the pyridyl ring, wherein said 5 to 7-membered ring is optionally fused to a phenyl ring, and wherein the ring atoms are selected from C, N O and S, wherein said cyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more
   
           (1) —C 1-6  alkyl, or   (2) —C 0-2  alkyl-C 6-10  aryl;       

     R 4  is selected from the group consisting of
         (1) hydrogen,   (2) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (3) —C 3-8  cycloalkyl, or   (4) -Q 1 -C 1-6  alkyl,   wherein said alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) halogen,   (b) hydroxyl, or   (c) —OC 1-6  alkyl,
 
Q 1  is selected from the group consisting of
   
           (1) —SO 2 —, or   (2) —C(═O)—;
 
R 8A  and R 8B  are each selected from the group consisting of
   (1) hydrogen,   (2) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (3) —C 3-8  cycloalkyl,   (4) —C 0-2  alkyl-C 6-10  aryl,   wherein said R 8A  and R 8B  alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl moiety is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) halogen,   (b) NR 9A R 9B ,   (c) —C 6-10  aryl,   (d) heteroaryl, wherein said heteroaryl group has 5 to 12 ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S,   (e) heterocyclyl, wherein said heterocyclic group is a non-aromatic ring having 5 to 12 ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S,   (f) —OC 1-6  alkyl,   (g) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (h) —OH,   (i) —C(═O)—C 0-6  alkyl-NR 9A R 9B ,   
           or R 8A  and R 8B  are linked together with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a non-aromatic cyclic ring having from 5 to 12 ring atoms selected from C, N O and S, wherein said cyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (b) halogen, or   (c) —C 6-10  aryl;
 
R 9A  and R 9B  are each selected from the group consisting of
   
           (1) hydrogen,   (2) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (3) —C 3-8  cycloalkyl,   (4) —C 0-2  alkyl-C 6-10  aryl,   wherein said R 9A  and R 9B  alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl moiety is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) halogen,   (b) NR 10A R 10B ,   (c) heteroaryl, wherein said heteroaryl group has 5 to 12 ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S,   (d) —OC 1-6  alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen,   (e) —C 1-6  alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen,   (f) —C 6-10  aryl,   (g) —OH,   (h) —C(═O)—C 0-6  alkyl-NR 9A R 9B ,   
           or R 9A  and R 9B  are linked together with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form an aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic ring having from 5 to 12 ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S, wherein said cyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (b) halogen, or   (c) —C 6-10  aryl;
 
R 10A  and R 10B  are each selected from the group consisting of
   
           (1) hydrogen,   (2) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (3) —C 3-8  cycloalkyl,   (4) —C 0-2  alkyl-C 6-10  aryl,   wherein said R 10A  and R 10B  alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl moiety is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) halogen,   (b) NR 11 R 12 ,   (c) heteroaryl, wherein said heteroaryl group has 5 to 12 ring atoms selected from C, N, O and S,   (d) —OC 1-6  alkyl,
               (i) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (ii) 1-C 6-10  aryl,   (iii) —OH,   (iv) —C(═O)—C 0-6  alkyl-NR 9A R 9B ,   
               
           or R 10A  and R 10B  are linked together with the nitrogen to which they are both attached to form a non-aromatic cyclic ring having from 5 to 12 ring atoms selected from C, N O and S, wherein said cyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (b) halogen,   (c) —C 6-10  aryl;
 
R 11  and R 12  are selected from the group consisting of
   
           (1) hydrogen,   (2) —C 1-6  alkyl.       

     In certain embodiments, R 1  is optionally substituted phenyl. 
     In other embodiments, R 1  is optionally substituted heteroaryl. Exemplary heteroaryl R 1  groups include indolyl, indazolyl, pyridyl, 1,4-benzodioxan, furan, isoxazole, benzofuran and benzotetrahydrofuran. 
     In certain embodiments, R 2  is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R 2  is —C 1-6  alkyl, which is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or —NR 8A R 8B . In certain embodiments, R 8A  and R 8B , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are linked, form an optionally substituted cyclic ring, such as aziridine, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazines and morpholine. 
     In certain embodiments, R 3  is an optionally substituted —C 1-6  alkyl. In particular embodiments, R 3  is methyl. 
     In particular embodiments, R 2  and R 3  are linked together to form a 5 to 7-membered cyclic ring which is fused to the pyridyl ring. For example, R 2  and R 3  may form a cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, morpholine or piperidine, each of which is optionally substituted with —C 1-6  alkyl or —C 0-2  alkyl-C 6-10  aryl, 
     In particular embodiments, R 2  and R 3  are linked together to form a 5 to 7-membered cyclic ring which is fused to the pyridyl ring, wherein said 5 to 7-membered ring is optionally fused to a phenyl ring. 
     In particular embodiments, R 4  is hydrogen. 
     In other embodiments, R 4  is optionally substituted —C 1-6  alkyl. In other embodiments, R 4  is methyl. 
     In other embodiments, R 4  is -Q 1 -C 1-6  alkyl, wherein Q 1  is —SO 2 — or —C(═O)—. 
     In one embodiment, the invention is directed to methods of treating a patient (preferably a human) for diseases or disorders which are mediated by EphA4 RTK signaling, such as neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, by administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of general formula (I). 
     The invention is also directed to the use of a compound of formula (I) for treating diseases or disorders which are mediated by the EphA4 RTK, such as neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. 
     The invention is also directed to medicaments or pharmaceutical compositions for treating diseases or disorders which are mediated by the EphA4 RTK, such as neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, which comprise a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The invention is further directed to a method for the manufacture of a medicament or a composition for treating diseases or disorders which are mediated by the EphA4 RTK, by combining a compound of formula (I) with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. 
     Exemplary neurological or neurodegenerative diseases or disorders mediated by EphA4 RTK include stroke (including ischemic stroke), spinal cord injury (including paralysis induced by spinal cord injury), traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#39;s Disease, Parkinson&#39;s Disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington&#39;s Disease and multiple sclerosis. Other diseases or disorders for which the compounds of the invention are useful are EphA4 RTK mediated diseases or disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Crohn&#39;s disease, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, diabetic and other retinopathies, age-related macular degeneration, neovascular glaucoma, vascular diseases, and diseases characterized by cell proliferation, including cancers. Exemplary cancer conditions include angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and treatment of tumors, including solid malignant tumors. 
     The inhibitors of the EphA4 RTK may also be useful to treat diseases or disorders by promoting neuronal repair, or neuronal survival, for example by prevention or reduction of gliosis, or interference with the glial scar. The inhibitors of EphA4 RTK may also be useful to treat diseases or disorders by facilitating axonal regeneration, or to prevent inhibition of axonal growth. 
     In one embodiment, the compounds of general formula (I) are compounds of general formula (II) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R 6A  is selected from the group consisting of
         (1) halogen,   (2) —C 1-6  alkyl,   (3) hydroxyl,   (4) —OC 1-6  alkyl,   (5) —CN,   (6) —C 0-6  alkyl-NR 8A R 8B ,   (7) —NR 9A —C(═O)—R 9B  or   (8) —C 6-10  aryl,   wherein said alkyl or aryl moiety is optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) halogen,   (b) hydroxyl,   (c) —CN, or   (d) —NR 9A R 9B ;
 
and R 6B  is selected from the group consisting of
   
           (1) hydrogen,   (2) —C 1-6  alkyl (preferably methyl),   (3) —CN, or   (4) —C 6-10  aryl. In certain embodiments, R 6B  is methyl.       

     In one embodiment, the compounds of general formula (I) are compounds of general formula (III) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R 5  is selected from the group consisting of
         (1) —C 1-6  alkyl, and   (2) —C 0-2  alkyl-C 6-10  aryl (preferably benzyl), wherein the R 5  alkyl and aryl groups are optionally substituted with one or more
           (a) halogen,   (b) —OC 1-6  alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen,   (c) —C 1-6  alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, or   (d) —C 6-10  aryl; and
 
R 6B  is selected from the group consisting of
   
           (1) hydrogen,   (2) —C 1-6  alkyl (preferably methyl),   (3) —CN, or   (4) —C 6-10  aryl. In certain embodiments, R 6B  is methyl.       

     In one embodiment, the compounds of general formula (I) are compounds of general formula (IV) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of
         (1) —CR 13A R 13B —,   (2) —CR 13A R 13B CR 14A R 14B —,   (3) —CR 13A R 13B CR 14A R 14B CR 15A R 15B —, or   (4) —NR 13A CR 14A R 14B —,   wherein each of R 13A , R 13B , R 14A , R 14B , R 15A  and R 15B  are selected from the group consisting of
           (a) hydrogen,   (b) —C 1-6  alkyl (preferably methyl), or   (c) benzyl.   
               

     In one embodiment, the compounds of general formula (I) are compounds of general formula (V) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
     The invention is also directed to methods of promoting neuronal repair after ischemic damage in the brain of a patient (preferably, a stroke patient), by reducing the glial scar, by administering an effective amount of an EphA4 RTK and inhibitor to the patient. The invention is also directed to the use of EphA4 RTK inhibitors to promote neuronal repair after ischemic damage in the brain of a patient (preferably, a stroke patient). The invention is further directed to the use of an EphA4 RTK inhibitor for the manufacture of a medicament for promoting neuronal repair in the brain of a patient in need thereof, by reducing the glial scar. 
     Specific embodiments of formula (I) are described herein as Examples 1-167, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The invention is also directed to methods of treating a patient (preferably a human) for diseases or disorders which are mediated by EphA4 RTK, such as neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, by administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulae (II) to (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The invention is also directed to the use of a compound of formulae (II) to (V) for treating diseases or disorders which are mediated by the EphA4 RTK, such as neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, by administering to the patient a compound of formulae (II) to (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The invention is also directed to medicaments or pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of diseases or disorders in a patient (preferably a human) which are mediated by the EphA4 RTK, such as neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, which comprise a compound of formulae (II) to (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The invention is also directed to a method for the manufacture of a medicament or a pharmaceutical composition for treating diseases or disorders which are mediated by the EphA4 RTK, such as neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, by combining a compound of formulae (II) to (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     Where a variable occurs more than once in any of Formulas (I) to (V) or in a substituent thereof, the individual occurrences of that variable are independent of each other, unless otherwise specified. 
     As used herein, in particular in the definitions of R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , R 8A , R 8B , R 9A , R 9B  and R 10 , the term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means a saturated straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical having the number of carbon atoms designated (e.g., C 1-10  alkyl means an alkyl group having from one to ten carbon atoms). Preferred alkyl groups for use in the invention are C 1-6  alkyl groups, having from one to six atoms. Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and the like. C 0  alkyl means a bond. 
     As used herein, in particular in the definition of R 5  and R 6 , the term “cycloalkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means a means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon radical having the number of carbon atoms designated (e.g., C 3-8  cycloalkyl means a cycloalkyl group having from three to eight carbon atoms). The term cycloalkyl as used herein includes mono-, bi- and tricyclic saturated carbocycles, as well as bridged and fused ring carbocycles, such as spiro fused ring systems. 
     Preferred cycloalkyl groups for use in the invention are monocyclic C 3-8  cycloalkyl groups, having from three to eight carbon atoms. Exemplary monocyclic cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. 
     As used herein, in particular in the definitions of R 2  and R 3 , the term “aryl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means an aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon radical. Preferred aryl groups have from six to ten carbons atoms. The term “aryl” includes multiple ring systems as well as single ring systems. Preferred aryl groups for use in the invention include phenyl and naphthyl. 
     The term “aryl” also includes fused cyclic hydrocarbon rings which are partially aromatic (i.e., one of the fused rings is aromatic and the other is non-aromatic). An exemplary aryl group which is partially aromatic is indanyl. 
     As used herein, the term “halo” or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. 
     As used herein, in particular in the definition of R 2  and R 3 , the term “heteroaryl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means a cyclic or polycyclic group having ring carbon atoms and at least one ring heteroatom (O, N or S), wherein at least one of the constituent rings is aromatic. Exemplary heteroaryl groups for use in the invention include carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, isobenzofuranyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzimidazolonyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzotetrahydrofuranyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, indolazinyl, indynyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thienyl, benzothioenyl, benzothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, triazinyl and triazolyl, and N-oxides thereof. 
     Preferred R 2  and R 3  heteroaryl groups have from 5 to 12 ring atoms. In one such embodiment, the heteroaryl groups have 5 or 6 ring atoms. 
     For example, one subgroup of R 2  and R 3  heteroaryl groups have 5 or 6 ring atoms and a single heteroatom, which is nitrogen. Exemplary heteroaryl groups in this embodiment are pyridyl and pyrrolyl. 
     Another subgroup of R 2  and R 3  heteroaryl groups have 5 or 6 ring atoms and two heteroatoms, which are selected from sulfur and nitrogen. Exemplary heteroaryl groups in this embodiment are pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thienyl and isothiazolyl. 
     Another subgroup of R 2  and R 3  heteroaryl groups has 7 or 8 ring atoms and two heteroatoms, which are selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Exemplary heteroaryl groups in this embodiment are benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl and quinoxalinyl. 
     The term “heteroaryl” also includes fused cyclic heterocyclic rings which are partially aromatic (i.e., one of the fused rings is aromatic and the other is non-aromatic). Exemplary heteroaryl groups which are partially aromatic are benzodioxol and benzotetrahydrofuran. 
     When a heteroaryl group as defined herein is substituted, the substituent may be bonded to a ring carbon atom of the heteroaryl group, or on a ring heteroatom (i.e., a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur), which has a valence which permits substitution. Preferably, the substituent is bonded to a ring carbon atom. Similarly, when a heteroaryl group is defined as a substituent herein, the point of attachment may be at a ring carbon atom of the heteroaryl group, or on a ring heteroatom (i.e., a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur), which has a valence which permits attachment. Preferably, the attachment is at a ring carbon atom. 
     As used herein, in particular in the definition of R 3 , R 8A  and R 8B , the term “heterocyclic” or “non-aromatic heterocyclic,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means a cycloalkyl group as defined above, in which one or more of the ring carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom (such as N or O). Suitable non-aromatic heterocyclic groups for use in the invention include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl and imidazolidinyl. In certain embodiments, heterocyclic groups for use in the invention have four to eight ring atoms and a single nitrogen or oxygen heteroatom. 
     When a heterocyclic group as defined herein is substituted, the substituent may be bonded to a ring carbon atom of the heterocyclic group, or to a ring heteroatom (i.e., a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur), which has a valence which permits substitution. Similarly, when a heterocyclic group is defined as a substituent herein, the point of attachment may be at a ring carbon atom of the heterocyclic group, or on a ring heteroatom (i.e., a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur), which has a valence which permits attachment. 
     The compounds of the invention may have one or more asymmetric centers. Compounds with asymmetric centers give rise to enantiomers (optical isomers), diastereomers (configurational isomers) or both, and it is intended that all of the possible enantiomers and diastereomers in mixtures and as pure or partially purified compounds are included within the scope of this invention. The present invention is meant to encompass all such isomeric forms of the compounds of formulae (I) to (V). 
     Formulae (I) to (V) are shown above without a definite stereochemistry at certain positions. The present invention includes all stereoisomers of formulae (I) to (V) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 
     The independent syntheses of the enantiomerically or diastereomerically enriched compounds, or their chromatographic separations, may be achieved as known in the art by appropriate modification of the methodology disclosed herein. Their absolute stereochemistry may be determined by the x-ray crystallography of crystalline products or crystalline intermediates that are derivatized, if necessary, with a reagent containing an asymmetric center of known absolute configuration. 
     If desired, racemic mixtures of the compounds may be separated so that the individual enantiomers or diastereomers are isolated. The separation can be carried out by methods well known in the art, such as the coupling of a racemic mixture of compounds to an enantiomerically pure compound to form a diastereomeric mixture, followed by separation of the individual diastereomers by standard methods, such as fractional crystallization or chromatography. The coupling reaction is often the formation of salts using an enantiomerically pure acid or base. The diastereomeric derivatives may then be converted to the pure enantiomers by cleavage of the added chiral residue. The racemic mixture of the compounds can also be separated directly by chromatographic methods using chiral stationary phases, which methods are well known in the art. 
     Alternatively, any enantiomer or diastereomer of a compound may be obtained by stereoselective synthesis using optically pure starting materials or reagents of known configuration by methods well known in the art. 
     The compounds of the invention may be prepared according to the following reaction Schemes, in which variables are as defined before or are derived, using readily available starting materials, from reagents and conventional synthetic procedures. It is also possible to use variants which are themselves known to those of ordinary skill in organic synthesis art, but are not mentioned in greater detail. 
     The general scheme used for the synthesis of difunctionalized pyridines of type 1.3 is shown in Scheme 1. Condensation of cyanoacetamide with a β-ketoester readily provides adducts of type 1.2 (Wenkert et al,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  1965, 87, 5461-5467). Functionalization of 1.2 to the dichloropyridine 1.3.a was achieved using POCl 3  in the presence of a chloride donor. Triflation under standard conditions also provides pyridines of type 1.3.b. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In addition to commercially available synthons, the synthesis of β-ketoesters is well documented in the chemical literature. The most commonly used strategies included carbonylation of esters under anionic conditions (Paquette et al,  J. Org. Chem.,  1991, 56, 6199-6205) or the formation of cyclic β-ketoesters under Dieckmann conditions (Matthews et al  J. Chem. Soc Perkins  1, 1987, 7, 1485-1487 and Cooper et al  J. Chem. Soc Perkins  1, 1984, 4, 799-809) as shown in Scheme 2. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Intermediates of type 1.3 undergo selective Suzuki reaction with boronic acids or esters as precedented in the patent literature (WO2006058273) to afford compound 3.1 (Scheme 3). Commercially available boronic acids were utilized when possible, and other boronic acids or esters were synthesized via know procedures (WO2006039718) Synthesis of final compounds of type 3.2 were achieved by subjecting 3.1 to hydrazine hydrate in refluxing EtOH (Paronikyan et al,  Pharm. Chem. J.  2001, 35, 8-10). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds of type 3.2.1, synthesized following the general procedures outlines by Schemes 1-3, were further elaborated. Displacement of the alkyl chloride moiety by an amine group was possible when 3.2.1 was heated in the presence of KI and the desired amine in DMF solvent. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 3.2.2 was synthesized utilizing a dichloropyridine of type 1.3.a that was precedented in the literature (WO2005063768). The methyl ester group could be transformed to the corresponding amide 5.1 via direct displacement or two step synthesis via ester hydrolysis and amide bond formation. The methyl ester functionality was also reduced to 5.2 in the presence of LiBH 4 . Conversion of the primary alcohol to the corresponding iodide, followed by displacement with an amine afforded amines of type 5.3. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The present invention also provides a method for the synthesis of compounds useful as intermediates in the preparation of compounds of the invention. 
     During any of the above synthetic sequences it may be necessary or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in  Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry , ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973, and T. W. Greene &amp; P/G. M. Wuts,  Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1991. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient sequent stage using methods known from the art. 
     Specific embodiments of the compounds of the invention, and methods of making them, are described in the Examples herein. 
     The term “substantially pure” means that the isolated material is at least 90% pure, and preferably 95% pure, and even more preferably 99% pure as assayed by analytical techniques known in the art. 
     The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic or organic bases and inorganic or organic acids. The compounds of the invention may be mono, di or tris salts, depending on the number of acid functionalities present in the free base form of the compound. Free bases and salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. 
     Salts in the solid form may exist in more than one crystal structure, and may also be in the form of hydrates. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylene-diamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethyl-morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like. 
     When the compound of the present invention is basic, salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include acetic, trifluoroacetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like. 
     As used herein, the terms “EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase” or “EphA4 RTK” are used interchangeably to refer to the high affinity cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase known as EphA4. EphA4 is from the EphA sub-family of the Eph super family of receptors. The EphA receptors generally bind ephrin-A members that are linked to the plasma membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Further information about the EphA4 receptor can be found in Murai et al,  J Cell Sci  2003; 116:2823-2832. 
     EphA4 RTK as used herein refers to the EphA4 RTK of humans, or of other mammals (such as dogs, cats, mice, rats, cattle, horses, sheep, rabbits, monkeys, chimpanzees or other apes or primates). 
     An inhibitor of EphA4 RTK is an agent (for example, a compound of formula Ito V herein), which demonstrates inhibition of the EphA4 RTK through one or more of the assays described herein. In some embodiments, a subject inhibitor of EphA4 RTK has an IC50 of 5 μM or less in the EphA4 kinase enzymatic assay. In some other embodiments, the compounds have an inflection point (“IP”) value of 20 μM or less (preferably 10 μM or less) in the EphA4 cell-based assay. In some other embodiments, the compounds have an IP value of 20 μM or less (preferably 10 μM or less) in the scratch wound assay. In some other embodiments, the compounds have a reduction in cell confluence of 15% or more (preferably 25% or more) in the proliferation assay. 
     The present invention is directed to the use of the compounds of formulas (I) to (V) disclosed herein as EphA4 RTK inhibitors in a patient or subject such as a mammal in need of such activity, comprising the administration of an effective amount of the compound. In addition to humans, a variety of other mammals can be treated according to the method of the present invention. The subject or patient to whom the compounds of the present invention is administered is generally a human being, male or female, in whom EphA4 inhibition is desired, but may also encompass other mammals, such as dogs, cats, mice, rats, cattle, horses, sheep, rabbits, monkeys, chimpanzees or other apes or primates, for which treatment of the above noted disorders is desired. 
     The compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment of diseases or conditions for which the compounds of the present invention have utility, where the combination of the drugs together are safer or more effective than either drug alone. Additionally, the compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with one or more other drugs that treat, prevent, control, ameliorate, or reduce the risk of side effects or toxicity of the compounds of the present invention. Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with the compounds of the present invention. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those that contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to the compounds of the present invention. The combinations may be administered as part of a unit dosage form combination product, or as a kit or treatment protocol wherein one or more additional drugs are administered in separate dosage forms as part of a treatment regimen. 
     In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment of stroke. Stroke occurs when normal bloodflow to the brain is disrupted, and the brain receives too much or too little blood. Ischemic stroke, which is the most common type of stroke, results from insufficient cerebral circulation of blood caused by obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood. Various disorders, including inflammation and atherosclerosis, can cause a thrombus, i.e., a blood clot that forms in a blood vessel. The thrombus may interrupt arterial blood flow, causing brain ischemia and consequent neurologic symptoms. Ischemic stroke may also be caused by the lodging of an embolus from the heart in an intracranial vessel, causing decreased perfusion pressure or increased blood viscosity with inadequate cerebral blood flow. An embolus may be caused by various disorders, including atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis. 
     While not fully understood, the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke involves a complex cascade of multiple interacting biochemical events, which lead to acute neurologic injury and reduced neurological function. Brain injury from stroke leads to a cascade of events that can be separated into an early phase (from the initial minutes to days), and the repair and regeneration processes of a chronic phase (from days to months). 
     Neuroprotective strategies targeting the early events after stroke have often failed in clinical studies. An alternative approach to stroke therapy is targeting the delayed, functional recovery. For example, damage to the central nervous system results in a glial reaction that leads to the formation of a glial scar. After cerebral ischemia, the glial scar forms an obstacle for endogenous repair mechanisms. After spinal cord injury, induction of the EPhA4 receptor plays a role in the development of the astrocytic gliosis, which impedes axonal regeneration and inhibits functional recovery. Blockage of EphA4 RTK function may inhibit the formation of the glial scar and promote recovery after cerebral ischemia. 
     The compounds of the invention may be useful in combination with other agents for the treatment of stroke or stroke recovery. Examples of such second agents for treatment of stroke include, but are not limited to, aspirin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-I and LFA-I antagonists including antibodies such as enlimomab (an anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody), and anti-CD18 and anti-CD 1Ia antibodies, human anti-leukocytic antibodies such as Hu23F2G, glycoprotein lib Ilia antagonists such as eptifibatide (INTEGRELIN™), direct thrombin inhibitors, external or local ultrasound, mechanical clot retrieval or inaceration, fibrinolytic agents, neuronal wound healing agents such as basic fibroblast growth factor (e.g., FIBLAST™), neuroprotective agents such as citicoline, magnesium, nalmefene, dizocilpine, nimodipine, lamotrigine, sipatrigine, lubeluzole, mexiletine, clomethiazole, calcium and sodium channel blocking agents, beta-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid antagonist, a serotonin agonist, a transmembrane potassium channel modulator, agents that inhibit astrocyte activation (e.g., ONO 2506), antioxidants (e.g., MCI-186), anti-adhesion monoclonal antibodies and antagonists and antibodies inhibiting platelet aggregation such as argatroban and abciximab (REOPRO™), phenyloin, nitrogen oxides, CNS-protective therapies, free-radical scavengers such as tirilazad, reactive oxygen metabolites, and antioxidants, and other thrombolytic agents than tenecteplase, as defined below, such as, for example, acylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex (APSAC), single-chain urokinase-plasminogen activator (scu-PA), thrombin-like enzymes from snake venoms such as ancrod, streptokinase (e.g., SAKSTAR™), urokinase, anistreplase, alteplase, saruplase, reteplase, lanoteplase (SUN-9216; Genetics Institute Inc.), plasmin, a truncated form of plasmin (microplasmin; ThromboGenics Ltd), a direct-acting thrombolytic with non-thrombolytic-related neuroprotective activities, recombinant desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator (rDSPA) alpha-1 (Schering/Teijin Pharmaceuticals), a mutant fibrin-activated human plasminogen (BB 101 53; British Biotech Inc.), staphylokinase, fibrolase, prourokinase (intra-arterial administration directly into M1 or M2 arterial thrombus), monteplase (modified rtPA), pamiteplase, tisokinase, and vampire bat plasminogen activator, a spin-trap agent such as NXY-059 (cerovive), clopidogrel, n-methyl-dextro-aspartic acid receptor blocking agent, an anticonvulsive agent, a caspase 3 inhibitor, ((tert butylimino)methyl) 1,3 (benzenedisulfonate disodium n oxide), ebselen, glutathione peroxidase, norphenazone, rovelizumab, lactacystin beta-lactone, tsukubaenolide, 4 phosphonomethylpipecolic acid, eliprodil, antibodies to ganglioside GM1, and biologically active variants, salts, and derivatives of any of the above. 
     A “thrombolytic agent” is a molecule that breaks up and/or dissolves a thrombus. Exemplary thrombolytic agents include streptokinase, acylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex (APSAC), urokinase, single-chain urokinase-plasminogen activator (scu-PA), thrombin-like enzymes from snake venoms such as ancrod (Bell, W. “Defibrinogenating enzymes” In Colman et al (eds),  Hemostasis and Thrombosis  Lippincott, Philadelphia (1987) p. 886), tPA, and biologically active variants of each of the above. 
     The compounds of the invention are used to treat or prevent cellular proliferation diseases. Cellular proliferation disease states include, but are not limited to, cancer (further discussed below), autoimmune disease, arthritis, graft rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, proliferation induced after medical procedures, including, but not limited to, surgery, angioplasty, and the like. It is appreciated that in some cases the cells may not be in a hyper- or hypoproliferation state (abnormal state) and still require treatment. Thus, in one embodiment, the invention herein includes application to cells or individuals which are afflicted or may eventually become afflicted with any one of these disorders or states. 
     The compounds, compositions and methods provided herein are particularly useful for the treatment and prevention of cancer, such as angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, and including the treatment of solid tumors such as skin, breast, brain, cervical carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, and the like. Particular cancers that may be treated by the compounds, compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to cardiac sarcomas: angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; lung sarcomas: bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma; gastrointestinal sarcomas: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma); genitourinary tract sarcomas: kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm&#39;s tumor or nephroblastoma, lymphoma, leukemia), bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma); liver sarcomas: hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma; bone sarcomas: osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing&#39;s sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma and giant cell tumors; nervous system sarcomas: skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma [pinealoma], glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), spinal cord (neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma); gynecological sarcomas: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma [serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma], granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), fallopian tubes (carcinoma); hematologic sarcomas: blood (myeloid leukemia [acute and chronic], acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome), Hodgkin&#39;s disease, non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma [malignant lymphoma]; skin sarcomas: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis; and Adrenal glands: neuroblastoma. The term “cancerous cell” as provided herein, includes a cell afflicted by any one of the above-identified conditions. 
     In another embodiment, the compounds of the instant invention are useful for treating or preventing cancer selected from: head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, histiocytic lymphoma, lung adenocarcinoma, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, papillary renal cell carcinoma, liver cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, multiple myeloma, glioblastomas and breast carcinoma. In another embodiment, the compounds of the instant invention are useful for the prevention or modulation of the metastases of cancer cells and cancer. 
     The instant compounds are also useful in combination with known anti-cancer agents. For example, the compounds are useful in combination with known anti-cancer agents. Examples of such agents can be found in  Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology  by V. T. Devita and S. Hellman (editors), 6th edition (2001). Suitable anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators, retinoid receptor modulators, cytotoxic/cytostatic agents, antiproliferative agents, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and other angiogenesis inhibitors, inhibitors of cell proliferation and survival signaling, and apoptosis inducing agents and agents that interfere with cell cycle checkpoints. 
     The instant compounds are also useful when co-administered with radiation therapy. 
     “Estrogen receptor modulators” refers to compounds that interfere with or inhibit the binding of estrogen to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of estrogen receptor modulators include, but are not limited to, tamoxifen, raloxifene, idoxifene, LY353381, LY1 17081, toremifene, fulvestrant, 4-[7-(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopro ρoxy-4-methyl-2-[4-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]-phenyl-2,2-dimethylpropanoate, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone and SH646. 
     “Androgen receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of androgens to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of androgen receptor modulators include finasteride and other 5α-reductase inhibitors, nilutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide, liarozole and abiraterone acetate. 
     “Retinoid receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of retinoids to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of such retinoid receptor modulators include bexarotene, tretinoin, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, α-difluoromethylornithine, ILX23-7553, trans-N-(4′-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide and N-4-carboxyphenyl retinamide. 
     “Cytotoxic/cytostatic agents” refer to compounds which cause cell death or inhibit cell proliferation primarily by interfering directly with the cell&#39;s functioning or inhibit or interfere with cell mitosis, including alkylating agents, tumor necrosis factors, intercalators, hypoxia activatable compounds, microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilizing agents, inhibitors of mitotic kinesins, inhibitors of histone deacetylase, inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression, antimetabolites, biological response modifiers, hormonal/anti-hormonal therapeutic agents, haematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal antibody targeted therapeutic agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors and ubiquitin ligase inhibitors. Examples of cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, sertenef, cachectin, ifosfamide, tasonermin, lonidamine, carboplatin, altretamine, prednimustine, dibromodulcitol, ranimustine, fotemustine, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, temozolomide, heptaplatin, estramustine, improsulfan tosilate, trofosfamide, nimustine, dibrospidium chloride, pumitepa, lobaplatin, satraplatin, profiromycin, cisplatin, irofulven, dexifosfamide, cis-aminedichloro(2-methyl-pyridine)platinum, benzylguanine, glufosfamide, GPX1OO, (trans, trans, trans)-bis-mu-(hexane-1,6-diamine)-mu-[diamine-platinum(π)]bis[diamine(chloro)platinu πi (II)]tetrachloride, diarizidinylspermine, arsenic trioxide, 1-(11-dodecylamino-10-hydroxyundecyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine, zorubicin, idarubicin, daunorubicin, bisantrene, mitoxantrone, pirarubicin, pinafide, valrubicin, amrubicin, antineoplaston, 3′-deamino-3′-morpholino-13-deoxo-10-hydroxycaminomycin, annamycin, galarubicin, elinafide, MEN10755 and 4-demethoxy-3-deamino-3-aziridinyl-4-methylsulphonyl-daunorubicin. 
     An example of a hypoxia activatable compound is tirapazamine. 
     Examples of proteasome inhibitors include but are not limited to lactacystin and bortezomib. 
     Examples of microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilising agents include paclitaxel, vindesine sulfate, 3′,4-didehydro-4′-deoxy-8′-norvincaleukoblastine, docetaxol, rhizoxin, dolastatin, mivobulin isethionate, auristatin, cemadotin, RPR 109881, BMS184476, vinflunine, cryptophycin, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-N-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)benzene sulfonamide, anhydrovinblastine, N,N-dimethyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-proline-t-butylamide, TDX258, epothilones (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,284,781 and 6,288,237) and BMS 188797. 
     Examples of topoisomerase inhibitors are topotecan, hycaptamine, irinotecan, rubitecan, 6-ethoxypropionyl-3′,4′-O-exo-benzylidene-chartreusin, 9-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acridine-2-(6H) propanamine, 1-amino-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-9-hydroxy-4-methyl-1H,12H-benzo[de]pyrano[3′,4′:b,7]-indolizino [1,2b]quinoline-10,13(9H,15H)dione, lurtotecan, 7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)camptothecin, BNP1350, BNPI1 100, BN80915, BN80942, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, sobuzoxane, T-dimethylamino-2′-deoxy-etoposide, GL331, N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole-1-carboxamide, asulacrine, (5a, 5a,6,8aa,9b)-9-[2-[N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylamino]ethyl]-5-[4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl]-5 5a,6,8,8a,9-hexohydrofuro(3′,′:6,7)naphtho(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxol-6-one, 2,3-(methylenedioxy)-5-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-methoxybenzo[c]-phenanthridinium, 6,9-bis[(2-aminoethyl)amino]benzo[g]isoquinoline-5,10-dione, 5-(3-aminopropylamino)-7,10-dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl)-6H-pyrazolo[4,5,1-de]acridin-6-one, N—[I-[2(diethylamino)ethylamino]-7-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-4-ylmethyl]formamide, N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)acridine-4-carboxamide, 6-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-one and dimesna. 
     Examples of inhibitors of mitotic kinesins include, but are not limited to inhibitors of KSP, inhibitors of MKLP1, inhibitors of CENP-E, inhibitors of MCAK, inhibitors of Kifl4, inhibitors of Mphosphl and inhibitors of Rab6-KIFL. 
     Examples of “histone deacetylase inhibitors” include, but are not limited to SAHA, TSA, oxamflatin, PXD1O1, MG98, valproic acid and scriptaid. Further reference to other histone deacetylase inhibitors are described in Miller, T. A. et al. J. Med. Chem. 46(24):5097-51 16 (2003). 
     “Inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression” include, but are not limited to, inhibitors of aurora kinase, inhibitors of Polo-like kinases (PLK) (in particular inhibitors of PLK-I), inhibitors of bub-1 and inhibitors of bub-R1. 
     “Antiproliferative agents” includes antisense RNA and DNA oligonucleotides such as G3139, ODN698, RVASKRAS, GEM231, and INX3001, and antimetabolites such as enocitabine, carmofur, tegafur, pentostatin, doxifluridine, trimetrexate, fludarabine, capecitabine, galocitabine, cytarabine ocfosfate, fosteabine sodium hydrate, raltitrexed, paltitrexid, emitefur, tiazofurin, decitabine, nolatrexed, pemetrexed, nelzarabine, 2′-deoxy-2′-methylidenecytidine, 2′-fluoromethylene-2′-deoxycytidine, N-[5-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl)sulfonyl]-N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, N6-[4-deoxy-4-[N2-[2(E),4(E)-tetradecadienoyl]glycylamino]-L-glycero-B-L-manno-heptopyranosyl]adenine, aplidine, ecteinascidin, troxacitabine, 4-[2-amino-4-oxo-4,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrimidino[5,4-b][1,4]thiazin-6-yl-(S)-ethyl]-2,5-thienoyl-L-glutarnic acid, aminopterin, 5-fluorouracil, alanosine, 11-acetyl-8-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-4-formyl-6-methoxy-14-oxa-1,11-diazatetracyclo(7.4.1.0.0)-tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-9-yl acetic acid ester, swainsonine, lometrexol, dexrazoxane, methioninase, 2′-cyano-2′-deoxy-N4-palmitoyl-1-B-D-arabino furanosyl cytosine and 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone. 
     Examples of monoclonal antibody targeted therapeutic agents include those therapeutic agents which have cytotoxic agents or radioisotopes attached to a cancer cell specific or target cell specific monoclonal antibody. Examples include Bexxar. 
     “HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors” refers to inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Examples of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used include, but are not limited to lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin and atorvastatin. The structural formulas of these and additional HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used in the instant methods are described at page 87 of M. Yalpani, “Cholesterol Lowering Drugs”,  Chemistry  &amp;  Industry , pp. 85-89 (1996). The term HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as used herein includes all pharmaceutically acceptable lactone and open-acid forms (i.e., where the lactone ring is opened to form the free acid) as well as salt and ester forms of compounds which have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, and therefor the use of such salts, esters, open-acid and lactone forms is included within the scope of this invention. 
     “Prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor” refers to a compound which inhibits any one or any combination of the prenyl-protein transferase enzymes, including farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase), geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I (GGPTase-I), and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type-II (GGPTase-H, also called Rab GGPTase). 
     “Angiogenesis inhibitors” refers to compounds that inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, regardless of mechanism. Examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase receptors FIt-I (VEGFR1) and Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR2), inhibitors of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet derived growth factors, MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitors, integrin blockers, interferon-α, interleukin-12, pentosan polysulfate, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatories (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen as well as selective cyclooxy-genase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib, steroidal antiinflammatories (such as corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylpred, betamethasone), carboxyamidotriazole, combretastatin A-4, squalamine, 6-O-chloroacetyl-carbonyl)-fumagi πol, thalidomide, angiostatin, troponin-1, angiotensin II antagonists and antibodies to VEGF. 
     Other therapeutic agents that modulate or inhibit angiogenesis and may also be used in combination with the compounds of the invention include agents that modulate or inhibit the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems (see  Clin. Chem. La. Med.  38:679-692 (2000)). Examples of such agents that modulate or inhibit the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways include, but are not limited to, heparin, low molecular weight heparins and carboxypeptidase U inhibitors (also known as inhibitors of active thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor). 
     “Agents that interfere with cell cycle checkpoints” refer to compounds that inhibit protein kinases that transduce cell cycle checkpoint signals, thereby sensitizing the cancer cell to DNA damaging agents. Such agents include inhibitors of ATR, ATM, the Chk1 and Chk2 kinases and cdk and cdc kinase inhibitors and are specifically exemplified by 7-hydroxystaurosporin, flavopiridol, CYC202 (Cyclacel) and BMS-387032. 
     “Agents that interfere with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)” refer to compounds that inhibit RTKs and therefore mechanisms involved in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Such agents include inhibitors of c-Kit, Eph, PDGF, Flt3 and c-Met. Further agents include inhibitors of RTKs as described by Bume-Jensen et al,  Nature  2001; 4 11-355-365. 
     “Inhibitors of cell proliferation and survival signaling pathway” refer to pharmaceutical agents that inhibit cell surface receptors and signal transduction cascades downstream of those surface receptors. Such agents include inhibitors of inhibitors of EGFR (for example gefitinib and erlotinib), inhibitors of ERB-2 (for example trastuzumab), inhibitors of IGFR, inhibitors of cytokine receptors, inhibitors of MET, inhibitors of PDK (for example LY294002), serine/threonine kinases (including but not limited to inhibitors of Akt, inhibitors of Raf kinase (for example BAY-43-9006), inhibitors of MEK (for example CI-1040 and PD-098059) and inhibitors of mTOR (for example Wyeth CCI-779). Such agents include small molecule inhibitor compounds and antibody antagonists. 
     “Apoptosis inducing agents” include activators of TNF receptor family members (including the TRAIL receptors). 
     The invention also encompasses combinations with NSAID&#39;s which are selective COX-2 inhibitors. For purposes of this specification, NSAID&#39;s which are selective inhibitors of COX-2 are defined as those which possess a specificity for inhibiting COX-2 over COX-1 of at least 100 fold as measured by the ratio of IC50 for COX-2 over IC50 for COX-1 evaluated by cell or microsomal assays Inhibitors of COX-2 that are particularly useful in the instant method of treatment are 3-phenyl-4-(4-(memylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-(5/0-furanone; a 5-chloro-3-(4-methylsulfonyl)-phenyl-2-(2-methyl-5-pyridinyl)pyridine; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Compounds that have been described as specific inhibitors of COX-2 and are therefore useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to: parecoxib, CELEBREX and BEXTRA® or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     Other examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, endostatin, ukrain, ranpirnase, IM862, 5-methoxy-4-[2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxiranyl]-1-oxaspiro[2,5]oct-6-yl(chloroacetyl)carbamate, acetyldinanaline, 5-amino-1-[[3,5-dichloro-4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-phenyl]methyl]-IH-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide, CM 101, squalamine, combretastatin, RPI4610, NX31838, sulfated mannopentaose phosphate, 7,7-(carbonyl-bis[imino-N-methyl-4,2-pyrrolocarbonylimino[N-methyl-4,2-pyrrole]-carbonylimino]-bis-(1,3-naphthalene disulfonate) and 3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl)methylene]-2-indolinone (SU5416). 
     As used above, “integrin blockers” refers to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the αv β3 integrin, to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the αvβ5 integrin, to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to both the αyβ3 integrin and the αv β5 integrin, and to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract the activity of the particular integrin(s) expressed on capillary endothelial cells. The term also refers to antagonists of the αv β6, αγβ8 cti βi, 2β1&lt;*5β1 α6β1 and α β4 integrins. The term also refers to antagonists of any combination of α β3 αv β5, cx v β6, ctv β8 αi βi, α2β1, αs β1, αββ1 and 6β4 integrins. 
     Some specific examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors include N-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-carboxamide, 3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl)methylindenyl)indolin-2-one, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin&gt;4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenylamino)-7-methoxy-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)pro ρoxyl]quinazoline, N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-quinazolinamine, BEBX1382, 2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-(hydroxymethyl)-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3′,2′,r-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]benzodiazocin-1-one, SH268, genistein, imatinib (STI571), CEP2563, 4-(3-chlorophenylamino)-5,6-dimethyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidinemethane sulfonate, 4-(3-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, SU6668, STI571A, N-4-chlorophenyl-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)-1-phthalazinamine and EMD 12 1974. 
     Combinations with compounds other than anti-cancer compounds are also encompassed in the instant methods. For example, combinations of the instantly claimed compounds with PPAR-γ (i.e., PPAR-gamma) agonists and PPAR-δ (i.e., PPAR-delta) agonists are useful in the treatment of certain malignancies. PPAR-γ and PPAR-6 are the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ and δ. The expression of PPAR-γ on endothelial cells and its involvement in angiogenesis has been reported in the literature (see  J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol  1998; 31:909-913 ; J. Biol. Chem.  1999; 274:91 16-9121 ; Invest. Opthalmol Vis. Sd.  2000; 4 1.-2309-23 17). More recently, PPAR-γ agonists have been shown to inhibit the angiogenic response to VEGF in vitro; both troglitazone and rosiglitazone maleate inhibit the development of retinal neovascularization in mice. ( Arch. Opthamol.  2001; 119:709-717). 
     Examples of PPAR-γ agonists and PPAR-γ/α agonists include, but are not limited to, thiazolidinediones (such as DRF2725, CS-O1 I troglitazone, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone), fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, GW2570, SB219994, AR-H039242, JTT-501, MCC-555, GW2331, GW409544, NN2344, KRP297, NPOI1O, DRF4158, NN622, GI262570, PNU1 82716, DRF552926, 2-[(5,7-dipropyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]-2-methylpropionic acid and 2(R)-7-(3-(2-chloro-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy)propoxy)-2-ethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid. 
     Another embodiment of the instant invention is the use of the presently disclosed compounds in combination with gene therapy for the treatment of cancer. For an overview of genetic strategies to treating cancer see Hall et al ( Am J Hum Genet  61:785-789, 1997) and Kufe et al ( Cancer Medicine,  5th Ed, pp 876-889, BC Decker, Hamilton 2000). Gene therapy can be used to deliver any tumor suppressing gene. Examples of such genes include, but are not limited to, p 53, which can be delivered via recombinant virus-mediated gene transfer. 
     The compounds of the instant invention may also be administered in combination with an inhibitor of inherent multidrug resistance (MDR), in particular MDR associated with high levels of expression of transporter proteins. Such MDR inhibitors include inhibitors of p-glycoprotein (P-gp), such as LY335979, XR9576, OC144-093, R101922, VX853 and PSC833 (valspodar). 
     A compound of the present invention may be employed in conjunction with anti-emetic agents to treat nausea or emesis, including acute, delayed, late-phase, and anticipatory emesis, which may result from the use of a compound of the present invention, alone or with radiation therapy. For the prevention or treatment of emesis, a compound of the present invention may be used in conjunction with other anti-emetic agents, especially neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, 5HT3 receptor antagonists, such as ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, and zatisetron, GABAB receptor agonists, such as baclofen, a corticosteroid such as Decadron® (dexamethasone), Kenalog®, Aristocort®, Nasalide®, Preferid®, Benecorten® or others, an antidopaminergic, such as the phenothiazines (for example prochlorperazine, fluphenazine, thioridazine and mesoridazine), metoclopramide or dronabinol. In an embodiment, an anti-emesis agent selected from a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, a 5HT3 receptor antagonist and a corticosteroid is administered as an adjuvant for the treatment or prevention of emesis that may result upon administration of the instant compounds. 
     In an embodiment, the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for use in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention is selected from: 2-(R)-(1-(R)-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)ethoxy)-3-(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(3-(5-oxo-1H,4H-1,2,4-triazolo)methyl)morpholine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer, including bone cancer, in combination with bisphosphonates (understood to include bisphosphonates, diphosphonates, bisphosphonic acids and diphosphonic acids). Examples of bisphosphonates include but are not limited to: etidronate (Didronel), pamidronate (Aredia), alendronate (Fosamax®), risedronate (Actonel®), zoledronate (Zometa®), ibandronate (Boniva®), incadronate or cimadronate, clodronate, EB-1053, minodronate, neridronate, piridronate and tiludronate including any and all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, hydrates and mixtures thereof. 
     A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an agent useful in the treatment of anemia. Such an anemia treatment agent is, for example, a continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (such as epoetin alfa). 
     A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an agent useful in the treatment of neutropenia. Such a neutropenia treatment agent is, for example, a hematopoietic growth factor which regulates the production and function of neutrophils such as a human granulocyte colony stimulating factor, (G-CSF). Examples of a G-CSF include filgrastim. 
     A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an immunologic-enhancing drug, such as levamisole, isoprinosine and Zadaxin®. 
     A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing breast cancer in combination with aromatase inhibitors. Examples of aromatase inhibitors include but are not limited to anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane. 
     A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer in combination with siRNA therapeutics. 
     The compounds of the instant invention may also be administered in combination with γ-secretase inhibitors and/or inhibitors of NOTCH signaling. 
     A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer in combination with PARP inhibitors. 
     A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating cancer in combination with the following therapeutic agents: abarelix (Plenaxis Depot®); aldesleukin (Prokine®); Aldesleukin (Proleukin®); Alemtuzumabb (Campath®); alitretinoin (Panretin®); allopurinol (Zyloprim®); altretamine (Hexylen®); amifostine (Ethyol®); anastrozole (Arimidex®); arsenic trioxide (Trisenox®); asparaginase (Elspar®); azacitidine (Vidaza®); bevacuzimab (Avastin®); bexarotene capsules (Targretin®); bexarotene gel (Targretin®); bleomycin (Blenoxane®); bortezomib (Velcade®); busulfan intravenous (Busulfex®); busulfan oral (Myleran®); calusterone (Methosarb®); capecitabine (Xeloda®); carboplatin (Paraplatin®); carmustine (BCNU®, BiCNU®); carmustine (Gliadel®); carmustine with Polifeprosan 20 Implant (Gliadel Wafer®); celecoxib (Celebrex®); cetuximab (Erbitux®); chlorambucil (Leukeran®); cisplatin (Platinol®); cladribine (Leustatin®, 2-CdA®); clofarabine (Clolar®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®, Neosar®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan Injection®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan Tablet®); cytarabine (Cytosar-U®); cytarabine liposomal (DepoCyt®); dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome®); dactinomycin, actinomycin D (Cosmegen®); Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp®); daunorubicin liposomal (DanuoXome®); daunorubicin, daunomycin (Daunorubicin®); daunorubicin, daunomycin (Cerubidine®); Denileukin diftitox (Ontak®); dexrazoxane (Zinecard®); docetaxel (Taxotere®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin PFS®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Rubex®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin PFS Injection®); doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil®); DROMOSTANOLONE PROPIONATE (DROMOSTANOLONE®); DROMOSTANOLONE PROPIONATE (MASTERONE INJECTION®); Elliott&#39;s B Solution (Elliott&#39;s B Solution®); epirubicin (Ellence®); Epoetin alfa (Epogen®); erlotinib (Tarceva®); estramustine (Emcyt®); etoposide phosphate (Etopophos®); etoposide, VP-16 (Vepesid®); exemestane (Aromasin®); Filgrastim (Neupogen®); floxuridine (intraarterial) (FUDR®); fludarabine (Fludara®); fluorouracil, 5-FU (Adrucil®); fulvestrant (Faslodex®); gefitinib (Iressa®); gemcitabine (Gemzar®); gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®); goserelin acetate (Zoladex Implant®); goserelin acetate (Zoladex®); histrelin acetate (Histrelin Implant®); hydroxyurea (Hydrea®); Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevaliπ®); idarubicin (Idamycin®); ifosfamide (IFEX®); imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®); interferon alfa 2a (Roferon A®); Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A®); irinotecan (Camptosar®); lenalidomide (Revlimid®); letrozole (Femara®); leucovorin (Wellcovorin®, Leucovorin®); Leuprolide Acetate (Eligard®); levamisole (Ergamisol®); lomustine, CCNU (CeeBU®); meclorethamine, nitrogen mustard (Mustargen®); megestrol acetate (Megace®); melphalan, L-PAM (Alkeran®); mercaptopurine, 6-MP (Purinethol®); mesna (Mesnex®); mesna (Mesnex Tabs®); methotrexate (Methotrexate®); methoxsalen (Uvadex®); mitomycin C (Mutamycin®); mitotane (Lysodren®); mitoxantrone (Novantrone®); nandrolone phenpropionate (Durabolin-50®); nelarabine (Arranon®); Nofetumomab (Verluma®); Oprelvekin (Neumega®); oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®); paclitaxel (Paxene®); paclitaxel (Taxol®); paclitaxel protein-bound particles (Abraxane®); palifermin (Kepivance®); pamidronate (Aredia®); pegademase (Adagen (Pegademase Bovine)®); pegaspargase (Oncaspar®); Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta®); pemetrexed disodium (Alimta®); pentostatin (Nipent®); pipobroman (Vercyte®); plicamycin, mithramycin (Mithracin®); porfimer sodium (Photofrin®); procarbazine (Matulane®); quinacrine (Atabrine®); Rasburicase (Elitek®); Rituximab (Rituxan®); sargramostim (Leukine®); Sargramostim (Prokine®); sorafenib (Nexavar®); streptozocin (Zanosar®); sunitinib maleate (Sutent®); talc (Sclerosol®); tamoxifen (Nolvadex®); temozolomide (Temodar®); teniposide, VM-26 (Vumon®); testolactone (Teslac®); thioguanine, 6-TG (Thioguanine®); thiotepa (Thioplex®); topotecan (Hycamtin®); toremifene (Fareston®); Tositumomab (Bexxar®); Tositumomab/1-131 tositumomab (Bexxar®); Trastuzumab (Herceptin®); tretinoin, ATRA (Vesanoid®); Uracil Mustard (Uracil Mustard Capsules®); valrubicin (Valstar®); vinblastine (Velban®); vincristine (Oncovin®); vinorelbine (Navelbine®); and zoledronate (Zometa®). 
     The term “composition” as used herein is intended to encompass a product comprising specified ingredients in predetermined amounts or proportions, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. This term in relation to pharmaceutical compositions is intended to encompass a product comprising one or more active ingredients, and an optional carrier comprising inert ingredients, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. 
     In general, pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredient into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. In the pharmaceutical composition the active compound, which is a compound of formulae (I) to (IV), is included in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of diseases. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous). Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. Further, the compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as an oil-in-water emulsion or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. In addition to the common dosage forms set out above, the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets may contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. 
     A tablet containing the composition of this invention may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Each tablet preferably contains from about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule preferably containing from about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient. 
     Compositions for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil. 
     Other pharmaceutical compositions include aqueous suspensions, which contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. In addition, oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. Oily suspensions may also contain various excipients. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions, which may also contain excipients such as sweetening and flavoring agents. 
     The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension, or in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability. The pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, or the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations may be prepared via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by mixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can also be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It is preferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. 
     By “pharmaceutically acceptable” it is meant the carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. 
     The terms “administration of” or “administering a” compound should be understood to mean providing a compound of the invention to the individual in need of treatment in a form that can be introduced into that individual&#39;s body in a therapeutically useful form and therapeutically useful amount, including, but not limited to: oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, and the like; injectable dosage forms, such as IV, IM, or IP, and the like; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and the like; and rectal suppositories. 
     The terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of the subject compound that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. 
     As used herein, the term “treatment” or “treating” means any administration of a compound of the present invention and includes (1) inhibiting the disease in an animal that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomotology of the diseased (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomotology), or (2) ameliorating the disease in an animal that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomotology of the diseased (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomotology). 
     The compositions containing compounds of the present invention may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The term “unit dosage form” is taken to mean a single dose wherein all active and inactive ingredients are combined in a suitable system, such that the patient or person administering the drug to the patient can open a single container or package with the entire dose contained therein, and does not have to mix any components together from two or more containers or packages. Typical examples of unit dosage forms are tablets or capsules for oral administration, single dose vials for injection, or suppositories for rectal administration. This list of unit dosage forms is not intended to be limiting in any way, but merely to represent typical examples of unit dosage forms. 
     The compositions containing compounds of the present invention may conveniently be presented as a kit, whereby two or more components, which may be active or inactive ingredients, carriers, diluents, and the like, are provided with instructions for preparation of the actual dosage form by the patient or person administering the drug to the patient. Such kits may be provided with all necessary materials and ingredients contained therein, or they may contain instructions for using or making materials or components that must be obtained independently by the patient or person administering the drug to the patient. 
     When treating or ameliorating a disorder or disease for which compounds of the present invention are indicated, generally satisfactory results are obtained when the compounds of the present invention are administered at a daily dosage of from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg per kg of animal body weight, preferably given as a single daily dose or in divided doses two to six times a day, or in sustained release form. The total daily dosage is from about 1.0 mg to about 2000 mg, preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 20 mg per kg of body weight. In the case of a 70 kg adult human, the total daily dose will generally be from about 7 mg to about 1,400 mg. This dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response. The compounds may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day, preferably once or twice per day. 
     The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. For example, a formulation intended for the oral administration to humans may conveniently contain from about 0.005 mg to about 2.5 g of active agent, compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material. Unit dosage forms will generally contain between from about 0.005 mg to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient, typically 0.005, 0.01 mg, 0.05 mg, 0.25 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg or 1000 mg, administered once, twice or three times a day. 
     It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy. 
     Several methods for preparing the compounds of this invention are illustrated in the schemes and examples herein. Starting materials are made according to procedures known in the art or as illustrated herein. The following examples are provided so that the invention might be more fully understood. 
     Intermediate A 
     N-[4-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared as described in WO 2006039718 and WO 2006015859. LCMS [M+H] + =406 
     Intermediate B 
     N-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared as Intermediate A, using 3-bromoaniline as the starting ingredient. LCMS [M+H] + =392. 
     Intermediate C 
     1,3-dichloro-6,6-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-isoquinolinecarbonitrile 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step A. Carbomethoxylation 
     A solution of dimethyl carbonate (7.01 mL, 83 mmol) and NaH (2.61 g of 95%, 103 mmol) in 35 THF was heated to reflux. A solution of 3,3-dimethylcyclohexanone (4.2 g, 33.3 mmol) (House,  J. Org. Chem.  1968, 33, 949-956) in 15 mL THF was added via cannula (2 mL rinse), and the reaction was refluxed for a further 6 h. Cooled to 0° C., added MeOH dropwise until fizzing stopped, then added H 2 O very cautiously. Added CH 2 Cl 2 , then acidified with 3M HCl until pH of aqueous layer was ˜1 while stirring vigorously. Separated layers, washed aq. with CH 2 Cl 2  (3×), dried combined organics over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to afford desired product primarily as the keto tautomer, which was used without further purification.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.73 (m, 3H), 2.24 (m, 2H), 2.04 (s, 2H), 1.37 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 0.94 (s, 6H). 
     Step B. Condensation 
     To a soln of β-keto ester from step A (4.6 g, 25 mmol) and cyanoacetamide (2.10 g, 25 mmol) in 19 mL MeOH was added KOH (1.47 g, 26.2 mmol) in 6 mL MeOH (1 mL rinse) over a few minutes. The reaction was refluxed overnight then cooled to rt. Filtered off white solid using Buchner apparatus, washed with MeOH. The desired product was obtained as a white solid.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 3.32 (s, 2H), 2.34-2.30 (m, 4H), 1.46 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 0.95 (s, 6H); LCMS [M+H] + =219. 
     Step C. Dichloropyridine Synthesis 
     To product from Step B (1.0 g, 4.58 mmol) and Et 3 NBnCl (3.1 g, 13.7 mmol) in 20 mL microwave vial was added POCl 3  (8.5 mL, 92 mmol) in 1 mL portions. Bubbling and exotherming was observed. Once POCl 3  addition was complete, the vial was sealed and heated to 165° C. for 5.5 h. Cooled to rt and quenched by pouring reaction into ice/H 2 O/CH 2 Cl 2 . Separated layers, washed aq with CH 2 Cl 2  (2×), dried combined organics over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and conc. Purified by normal phase chromatography (0-&gt;25% EA/hex) to obtain title compound as a white solid.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 2.75 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (s, 2H), 1.54 (t, J=6.7 Hz), 1.00 (s, 6H); LCMS [M+H] + =255 and 257 (characteristic of dichloro substitution). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preparation described in WO2005063768 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preparation described in Kutney et al,  J. Org. Chem.  1961, 2733-2737 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from methyl 2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate utilizing Steps B-C as described in the synthesis of Intermediate C. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Methyl 4-methyl-2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate was prepared using the Dieckmann cyclization of dimethyl 3-methylhexane-1,6-dioate as described by Matthews et al ( J. Chem. Soc Perkins  1, 1987, 7, 1485-1487. The beta keto ester adduct was elaborated to Intermediate 1.3.a.5 utilizing Steps B and C in the synthesis of Intermediate C. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Methyl 4-methyl-2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate was prepared using the Dieckmann cyclization of dimethyl 3,3-dimethylhexane-1,6-dioate as described by Cooper et al ( J. Chem. Soc Perkins  1, 1984, 4, 799-809. The beta keto ester adduct was elaborated to Intermediate 1.3.a.6 utilizing Steps B and C in the synthesis of Intermediate C. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from methyl 2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate utilizing Steps B-C as described in the synthesis of Intermediate C. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesized from methyl 3-methyl-2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate utilizing Steps B-C in the synthesis of Intermediate C. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from methyl 2-oxocycloheptanecarboxylate utilizing Steps B-C as described in the synthesis of Intermediate C. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from 2-cycloheptenone using steps A-C in the Intermediate C synthesis. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from methyl 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanoate utilizing steps C in the Intermediate C synthesis. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis described by Brunskill ( Journal of the Chemical Society [Section] C: Organic  1968, 8, 960-6. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesized from 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone using steps A-C as described in the synthesis of Intermediate C. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis reported by Yakhontov et al,  Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii,  1966, 1, 59-65. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesized from Intermediate D as described in WO2005063768. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step A: Condensation 
     Methyl 1-benzyl-4-oxo-3-piperidinecarboxylate and cyanoacetamide were reacted to obtain 6-benzyl-1,3-dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,6-naphthyridine-4-carbonitrile as described in Step B for the synthesis of Intermediate C. 
     Step B: Triflate Formation 
     Dihydroxypyridine from step A (1.6 g, 5.2 mmol) and 2,6-Lutidine (1.9 mL, 16.7 mmol) were dissolved in DCM (50 mL) and cooled to 0° C. under argon atmosphere. Triflic Anhydride (1.8 mL, 10.9 mmol) was then added dropwise to the heterogeneous solution, which then became homogenous after addition was complete. The reaction was allowed to gradually warm to 25° C. over 2 hours. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting oil was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 10% KHSO 4  (×3), brine (×3), and the organics were concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid was purified using NP gilson (0-40% EtOAc in hexane gradient). Concentration in vacuo of the appropriate tubes furnished a white solid. LC/MS: M[H+]=545.6 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Two synthetic approaches were used for the synthesis of this intermediate: condensation of 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione with cyanoacetamide, followed by chlorication as described in Steps B-C in the synthesis of Intermediate C, or using Intermediate M and phenylboronic acid following Steps D and E in the synthesis of Example 1. LCMS [M+H] + =291 (Cl pattern). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesized using Intermediate N and phenylboronic acid using Steps D and E as described for the synthesis of Example 1. LCMS [M+H] + =287 (Cl pattern). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesized utilizing Intermediate N and 2-methylphenylboronic acid using Steps D and E as described for the synthesis of Example 1. LCMS [M+H] + =301 (Cl pattern). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesized using Intermediate N and N-[4-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (Intermediate A) using Steps D and E as described for the synthesis of Example 1. LCMS [M+H] + =488 (Cl pattern). 
     Example 1 
     8,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-]isoquinolin-1-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step A. Suzuki Coupling 
     A soln of Intermediate C (850 mg, 3.33 mmol) and phenyl boronic acid (427 mg, 3.5 mmol) in 27 mL dioxane and 4.4 mL 1.5M aqueous K 2 CO 3  was degassed with N 2  for 2 min. Catalyst Pd(Ph 3 P) 4  (192 mg, 0.167 mmol) was added in one portion, the reaction was briefly degassed, then heated to 100° C. for 6.5 h. Cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc and brine. Separated, dried organics over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and conc. Purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography (0-&gt;15% EA/hex).  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.41 (m, 5H), 2.80 (s, 2H), 2.61 (m, 2H), 1.57 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.03 (s, 6H); LCMS [M+H] + =297. 
     Step B. 7-Aza-Indazole Formation 
     To a solution of product from step A in 6.3 mL EtOH was added 1.26 mL hydrazine hydrate. The reaction was heated to 85° C. for 5 h. The desired product precipitated out as a white solid during the course of the reaction, and was filtered off after cooling to rt. The mother liquor was concentrated and purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography (0-&gt;18% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to obtain additional title compound as a white solid.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.55-7.41 (m, 5H), 3.10 (s, 2H), 2.66 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.57, 2H), 1.10 (s, 6H); LCMS [M+H] + =293. 
     The following compounds were synthesized using the general procedure described above. Addition of hydrazine hydrate after the Suzuki reaction was complete in Step A and heating at 100° C. also gave the desired final products. 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 Boronic 
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 # 
                 Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 2 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 225 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 239 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 259 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 426 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 434 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 442 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 412 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 Boronic 
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 # 
                 Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 9 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 239 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 253 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 440 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 448 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 456 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 426 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 Boronic 
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 # 
                 Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 251 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 265 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 269 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 269 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 269 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 276 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 281 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 283 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 283 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 283 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 285 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 285 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 285 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 287 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 438 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 452 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 460 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 468 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 Boronic 
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 # 
                 Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 265 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 279 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 299 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 466 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 Boronic 
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 # 
                 Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 279 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 293 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 297 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 297 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 313 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 347 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 347 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 480 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 Boronic 
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 # 
                 Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 265 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 281 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 47 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 281 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 290 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 290 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 50 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 299 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 299 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 299 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 305 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 323 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 466 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 Boronic 
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 # 
                 Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 279 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 293 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 297 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 297 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 304 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 304 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 307 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 313 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 313 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 64 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 480 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 Boronic 
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 # 
                 Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 65 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 283 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 66 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 293 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 67 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 307 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 311 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 311 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 311 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 312 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 72 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 319 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 321 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 321 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 75 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 325 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 325 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 325 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 78 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 327 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 79 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 329 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 332 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 81 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 322 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 322 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 83 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 333 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 84 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 335 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 85 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 336 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 86 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 337 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 87 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 343 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 88 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 343 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 89 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 346 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 90 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 367 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 91 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 480 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 Boronic Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 92 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 279 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 93 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 293 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 94 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 297 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 95 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 297 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 96 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 313 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 97 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 313 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 98 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 480 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 Boronic Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 99 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 292 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 307 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 327 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 Boronic Acid 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 287 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 103 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 288 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 104 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 288 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 105 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 301 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 106 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 312 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 107 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 312 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 108 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 321 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 109 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 321 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 110 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 321 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 111 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 326 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 326 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 113 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 340 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 114 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 344 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 115 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 386 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 116 
     3-amino-4-methyl-6-(2-methylphenyl)-1-pyrazolo[3,4-]pyridine-5-carbonitrile 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from Intermediate N and 2-methylphenylboronic acid using steps A-B as described for the synthesis of Example 1. LCMS [M+H] + =264. 
     Example 117 
     5-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-]isoquinolin-1-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from Intermediate 0 and phenylboronic acid using steps A-B as described for the synthesis of Example 1. LCMS [M+H] + =313. 
     Example 118 
     5-(2-methylphenyl)-6,7-dihydro-3H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazolo[3,4-amine] 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from Intermediate 0 and 2-methylphenylboronic acid using steps A-B as described for the synthesis of Example 1. LCMS [M+H] + =327 
     Example 119 
     4-methyl-6-phenyl-5-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-]pyridin-3-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of Intermediate T (19 mg, 0.066 mmol), potassium iodide (33 mg, 0.199 mmol) and piperidine (66 uL, 0.663 mmol) was heated at 120° C. in 1 mL DMF for 16 h. After cooling to rt, the reaction was purified utilizing preparative HPLC (Sunfire column, 15 mL/min) to obtain the desired product as a viscous oil.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.58-7.57 (m, 3H), 7.52-7.50 (m, 2H), 3.43 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.10-3.08 (m, 1H), 2.99-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 2.71-2.65 (m, 2H), 1.66 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.50 (m, 4H); LCMS [M+H] + =336. 
     The following compounds were synthesized from Intermediate T using the procedure described for the synthesis of Example 119. Salts of amines can be used in the presence of an equimolar quantity of a tertiary amine base such as Hunig&#39;s base without loss of reaction integrity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 Amine 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 120 
                 Dimethylamine in THF 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 296 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 338 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 122 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 351 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                 BnNH 2   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 358 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following compounds were synthesized from Intermediate U using the procedure described for the synthesis of Example 119. Salts of amines can be utilized in the presence of an equimolar quantity of a tertiary amine base such as Hunig&#39;s base without loss of reaction integrity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 Amine 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 124 
                 Dimethylamine in THF 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 310 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 125 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 350 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 126 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 352 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127 
                 BnNH 2   
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 372 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 378 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 129 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 412 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following compounds were synthesized from Intermediate V using the procedure described for the synthesis of Example 119. Salts of amines can be utilized in the presence of an equimolar quantity of a tertiary amine base such as Hunig&#39;s base without loss of reaction integrity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 Amine 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 130 
                 Methylamine in THF 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 483 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 131 
                 Dimethylamine in THF 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 497 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 132 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 509 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 133 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 134 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 523 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 533 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 136 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 537 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 539 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 138 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 541 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 139 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 552 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 555 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 141 
     8-benzyl-5-(2-methylphenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-2,6-naphthyridin-1-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step A: Suzuki Coupling 
     The bis triflate Intermediate R (310 mg, 0.57 mmol), cesium carbonate (370 mg, 1.137 mmol), ortho-tolyl boronic acid (77 mg, 0.57 mmol), and [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocen]dichloropalladium (II) (20 mg, 0.03 mmol) were dissolved in a degassed solution THF:water 1:1 and placed in a microwave vial and irradiated with microwave radiation for 5 min at 100° C. LCMS revealed a 1:1 mixture of the two regioisomers. The reaction was then diluted with EtOAc and brine and the organics were collected, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil was purified using reverse phase chromatography to yield the desired mono-triflate as a clear oil. LC/MS: M[H+]=487.8 
     Step B: Hydrazine Addition 
     The mono triflate adduct from Step A (25.0 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in THF (1.4 ml) and cooled to 0° C. Anhydrous hydrazine (50 μl, 1.6 mmol) hydrate was added dropwise to the stirring solution. The reaction was complete after 1 h, and the solution was concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative HPLC to yield the desired product as a clear oil.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.32 (m, 9H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 2.80 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.6 (br s, 3H). 
     Example 142 
     5-(2-methylphenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-]-2,6-naphthyridin-1-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared via the hydrogenation of Example 141 using Pd(OH) 2  and hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure. LCMS [M+H] + =280 
     Example 143 
     8-ethyl-5-(2-methylphenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3-pyrazolo[3,4-]-2,6-naphthyridin-1-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared via the reductive amination of Example 143 and acetaldehyde using NaBH(OAc) 3 . LCMS [M+H] + =308 
     Example 144 
     1-methyl-4,6-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-]pyridin-3-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of Intermediate S (30 mg, 0.103 mmol), CuI (1 mg, 0.052 mmol), Cs2CO3 (50.4 mg, 0.155 mmol), 1,10-phenanthroline (1.8 mg, 0.010 mmol) and methyl hydrazine (0.034 mL, 0.64 mmol) in 1 mL DMF was heated at 60° C. for 15 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a 45 micron frit, then purified by preparative HPLC (Sunfire column, 15 mL/min) to afford the title compound.  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.13 (m, 2H), 7.62 (m, 2H), 7.56-7.40 (m, 7H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H); LCMS [M+H] + =301. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The following compounds were synthesized from Intermediate S using the procedure described for the synthesis of Example 144 by varying the hydrazine portion of the experimental. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 Alkyl hydrazine 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 145 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 331 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 146 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 369 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 147 
     methyl[3-amino-6-(2-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-H]pyridin-4-yl]acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from Intermediate Q using Steps D and E in the synthesis of Example 1. LCMS [M+H] + =297. 
     Example 148 
     4-[2-(aminooxy)-2-oxoethyl]-6-(2-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-]pyridin-3-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of Example 147 (10 mg, 0.034 mmol) in 0.34 mL of EtOH saturated with NH 3  was heated at 70° C. for 14 h. The reaction was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC (Sunfire column, 15 mL/min) to afford the title compound. LCMS [M+H] + =282. 
     Example 149 
     4-{2-[(dimethylamino)oxy]-2-oxoethyl}-6-(2-methylphenyl)-1-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Prepared from Example 147 using a procedure as described for the synthesis of Example 148 with dimethylamine saturated EtOH in place of ammonia saturated EtOH. LCMS [M+H] + =326. 
     Example 150 
     6-(2-methylphenyl)-4-[2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-H]pyridin-3-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of Example 147 (10 mg, 0.034 mmol) in 0.10 mL MeOH and 0.1 mL THF was added 0.10 mL 1M LiOH in H 2 O (0.10 mmol). After 1 h, the reaction was acidified with 1M HCl, and the aqueous was extracted with CHCl 3 , dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated. To the unpurified acid in 0.35 mL DMF was added EDC (10.2 mg, 0.053 mmol), HOAt (1.7 mg, 0.01 mmol) and amine (7.7 mg, 0.089 mmol). After 14 h, the reaction was purified by preparative HPLC (Sunfire column, 15 mL/min) to afford the title compound. LCMS [M+H] + =365. 
     Examples 151-153 were synthesized using a procedure similar to that described for Example 150, with the amine portion being varied. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 Amine 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 151 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 367 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 152 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 409 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 153 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 395 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 154 
     2-[3-amino-6-(2-methylphenyl)-1-pyrazolo[3,4-H]pyridin-4-yl]ethanol 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step A: Boc Protection 
     To a solution of Example 147 (300 mg, 1.01 mmol) in 10 mL DMF was added Boc2O (552 mg, 2.53 mmol). After 3 days, the reaction was heated to 50° C. for 6 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc. The organics were washed with LiCl (3×), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (20-&gt;70% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford the desired product. LCMS [M+H] + =397. 
     Step B: Ester Reduction 
     To a solution of product from Step A (25 mg, 0.063 mmol) in 0.63 mL THF at 0° C. was added 2M LiBH4 (0.047 mL, 0.095 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm to rt over 14 h, then concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC (Sunfire column, 15 mL/min). LCMS [M+H] + =369. 
     Step C: Boc Deprotection 
     To a solution of product from Step B (15 mg, 0.041 mmol) in 0.41 mL dioxane was added 4M HCl in dioxane (0.051 mL, 0.204 mmol). After the starting material was consumed, the sample was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC (Sunfire column, 15 mL/min). LCMS [M+H] + =269. 
     Example 155 
     4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-6-(2-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-H]pyridin-3-amine 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Step A: Iodination 
     To a solution of product from Step B in the Example 154 synthesis (45 mg, 0.122 mmol) in 1.2 mL CH 2 Cl 2  was added Ph3P (48.1 mg, 0.183 mmol), imidazole (12.5 mg, 0.183 mmol) and I2 (46.5 mg, 0.183 mg). After the starting alcohol was consumed, the reaction was concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography. LCMS [M+H] + =479. 
     Step B: Amine Displacement/Boc Removal 
     To iodide product from Step A (40 mg, 0.084 mmol) in 1 mL DMF was added 2M dimethylamine in THF (0.21 mL, 0.42 mmol). After the starting iodide was consumed, the reaction was purified by preparative HPLC (Sunfire column, 15 mL/min). LCMS [M+H] + =438. The fractions containing the desired product were concentrated and redissolved in 1 mL 1:1 TFA/CH 2 Cl 2  and reconcentrated after 2 h to obtain the desired title compound. LCMS [M+H] + =338. 
     Examples 156-167 were synthesized using a procedure similar to that described for Example 155, with the amine portion being varied. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMS 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 Amine 
                 Product 
                 [M + H] +   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 156 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 338 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 157 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 351 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 158 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 361 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 159 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 353 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 160 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 354 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 161 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 354 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 162 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 368 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 163 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 368 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 164 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 378 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 165 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 354 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 166 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 387 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 167 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 326 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Biological Data 
     The utility of the compounds as EphA4 RTK inhibitors may be demonstrated by methodology known in the art, including by one or more of the assays described below. 
     EphA4 Kinase Enzymatic Assay 
     Recombinant EphA4 kinase His6-TEV-EphA4 (36 KD) (aa. 615-911) was expressed in Sf9 using baculovirus expression system. Hi-tagged protein was purified by high performance liquid chromatography in two step, using a His Trap HP column and a heparin column. The potency of compounds to inhibit EphA4 kinase phosphorylation was measured by an enzymatic assay based on time resolved fluorescence energy transfer assay format (TR-FRET), using Eu-W1024 anti-pTyr antibody (Perkin Elmer, USA) as a donor and SureLight APC (Perkin Elmer, USA) as an acceptor. 
     Biotinylated Poly(Glu Tyr) peptide (50 nM) was incubated in 384-well with 25 μM ATP (Sigma) and 10 ng EphA4 kinase in NEBuffer (New England Biolabs) for 60 minutes at rt. The reaction was stopped by 15 mM of EDTA solution for 10 minutes at rt. The detection mixture containing 0.5 nM Eu-W1024 anti-pTyr antibody (Perkin Elmer, USA) and 50 nM SureLight APC (Perkin Elmer, USA) was added to the wells and the plate was incubated for 30 min at rt, while protected from light. Energy transfer signal was measured using a Victor 2V (excitation filter 340, emission filter 615 and 665, delay time 50 μs). Results were expressed as ratios of the absorbencies 665/615. 
     Compounds were titrated in duplicate at 11 points concentration starting at 100 μM with a 3 fold increment. Compounds were diluted in DMSO. The value of 100% inhibition was measured by the ratio when the reaction was completely blocked by adding the stop reagent, EDTA, before the enzyme; whereas 0% inhibition represented the ratios in presence of DMSO only. Percentage inhibition for each compound was then calculated based on the value of the 100% inhibition. Concentration-response curves were represented and the concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50) were calculated. 
     Counterscreen Enzymatic Assays 
     Src Kinase and Jak2 Assays 
     Counterscreen assays were developed for the tyrosine kinases src kinase and Jak2 kinase, with a format essentially identical to the EphA4 kinase TR-FRET format. Jak2 (50 ng) (Cell Signaling, USA) was incubated with 0.5 μM of biotinylated FLT3 peptide (Cell Signaling, USA) in presence of 5 μM of ATP (Sigma). P60c-src (10 U/well) (Upstate biotechnology, USA) was incubated with biotinylated Poly(Glu Tyr) peptide (100 nM) in presence of 0.5 μM of ATP. The enzymatic reaction was stopped after 60 min by adding 15 mM EDTA. The detection reaction and energy transfer signal measurements were similar to those previously described. Results were expressed as ratios of the absorbencies 665/615. 
     Compounds were titrated in duplicate at 11 points concentration starting at 100 μM with a 3 fold increment. Compounds were diluted in DMSO. The value of 100% inhibition was measured by the ratio when the reaction was completely blocked by adding the stop reagent, EDTA, before the enzyme; whereas 0% inhibition represented the ratios in presence of DMSO only. Percentage inhibition for each compound was then calculated based on the value of the 100% inhibition. Concentration-response curves were represented and the concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50) were calculated. 
     P38 Alpha Kinase Assay 
     A counterscreen assay was performed to measure p38alpha kinase activity using the Caliper System (LifeSciences, USA). This system is based on the microfluidic technology. P38 alpha kinase activity was measured by the shift in mobility of the non-phosphorylated form when separated by electrophoresis and detected via LED (Light Emitting Diode) induced fluorescence. This assay was automated following the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. P38alpha kinase and its substrate GST-MK2 were bought from Dundee Library. 
     Compounds were titrated, concentration-response curves were represented and the concentrations for 50% inhibition (IC50) were calculated. 
     EphA4 Cell-Based Assay 
     A cell-based assay was used to measure the potency of the compounds on the human form of EphA4 receptor over-expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line, CHO-K1 cells (Merck Collection). The cell assay was based on a novel signaling pathway of EphA4, which involves activation of the tyrosine kinase Jak2 and the transcriptional activator Stat3 (39). 
     Reagents: The expression constructs of EphA4 were subcloned into the expression vector pCMV6-XL5 (Origene, MD, USA) (clone from Merck Kinase Library). The luciferase construct that was linked to the Stat1-responsive enhancer (pGAS-Luc) was bought from Stratagene (USA). The  renilla  construct that linked to an empty vector CMV was bought from Promega (USA). 
     Transfection and Luciferase Assay: CHO-K1 cells were plated in T-175 cell culture bottle in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine and 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate. When cell reached 70-80% confluence, transfections were performed in T-175 culture flasks, using Lipofectamine 2000™ transfection reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer&#39;s directions. For the luciferase assay CHO-K1 cells were co-transfected the next day with 50 μg of pGAS-Luc, 70 μg of EphA4, and 5 μg of empty vector pRL-CMV, which encoded the  Renilla  luciferase, and was included in the transfection mix for normalization. Six hours after transfection the cells were trypsinized and plated at 4.105 cells/ml into 96 well Black/Clear Poly-D-Lysine coated plates (Biocoat) that had been pre-spotted with compounds. Cells were lysed the next day using the Reporter Lysis Buffer (Promega), and the luciferase activity was measured using the Dual Luciferase Assay (Promega) following the manufacturer&#39;s directions. The Firefly and  Renilla  luminescences are read consecutively on a Top-Count (Perkin-Elmer). Results are expressed as a ratio of the two luminescence: Firefly Luciferase/Renilla Luciferase. Cell viability was assessed on parallel plates using the Cell Glo Assay (Promega) following the manufacturer&#39;s directions. Results are expressed as percent of cell death in comparison with vehicle-treated wells. 
     Compounds were titrated in duplicate at 10 points concentration starting at 100 μM with a 1.5 fold increment. Concentration-response curves were represented and the concentrations at the inflexion point (IP) were calculated. The maximum effect was given by the maximum percent inhibition calculated from the results of the control wells (containing only DMSO). 
     Cell-Based Counterscreen Assay 
     EphA4 cell-based assay was based on the signaling pathway of EphA4, which involves activation of the tyrosine kinase Jak2 and the transcriptional activator Stat3. However, pharmacological agents could also interfere downstream of EphA4 signaling and particularly on Jak2 activity. To counterscreen this potential effect unrelated to EphA4 activity, a new assay was designed based on direct activation of the tyrosine kinase Jak2 and the transcriptional activator Stat3 with Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ). 
     MCF-7 cells were maintained in MEM growth media, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate, 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 0.01 mg/ml bovine insulin. For the luciferase assay MCF-7 cells were co-transfected the next day with 50 μg of pGAS-Luc and 5 μg of empty vector pRL-CMV, which encoded the  Renilla  luciferase, and was included in the transfection mix for normalization. Six hours after transfection the cells were trypsinized and plated at 4.105 cells/ml into 96 well Black/Clear Poly-D-Lysine coated plates (Biocoat) that had been pre-spotted with compounds. IFN-γ (BD Pharmingen, USA) was then added to the wells. Cells were lysed the next day using the Reporter Lysis Buffer (Promega), and the luciferase activity was measured using the Dual Luciferase Assay (Promega) following the manufacturer&#39;s directions. The Firefly and  Renilla  luminescences are read consecutively on a Top-Count (Perkin-Elmer). 
     Results are expressed as a ratio of the two luminescence: Firefly Luciferase/Renilla Luciferase. Cell viability was assessed on parallel plates using the Cell Glo Assay (Promega) following the manufacturer&#39;s directions. Results are expressed as percent of cell death in comparison with vehicle-treated wells. 
     Compounds were titrated in duplicate at 10 points concentration starting at 100 μM with a 1.5 fold increment. Concentration-response curves were represented and the concentrations at the inflexion point (IP) were calculated. The maximum effect was given by the maximum percent inhibition calculated from the results of the control wells (containing only DMSO). 
     Scratch Wound Assay 
     Cell Cultures: C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line (ATCC, VA, USA) was maintained in culture in DMEM media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate, and 100 IU of penicillin, 100 mg/ml of streptomycin. The cells were then differentiated into myotubes with DMEM supplemented with 2% horse serum for 3 days in 24 well ImageLock™ plate (Essen Instruments, MI, USA). 
     Primary Rat cortical astrocytes were purchased from Lonza (Walkersvelle Inc., MA, USA). Cells were plated in culture flasks at a density of 1.106-3.106 cells/ml, and maintained at 37° C. and 95% CO 2 /5% O 2 , in Astrocyte Growth Medium Bulletkit™ (Lonza Walkersville Inc., MA, USA). When astrocyte cultures reached confluence, cells were trypsinized and replated at 6.105 cells/ml onto 24 well ImageLock™ plate (Essen Instruments, MI, USA). 
     Scratch wound assays are commonly used to assess the effects of drugs and drug candidates on the cellular proliferation and/or migration associated with wound closing. The IncuCyte™ system (Essen Instruments, MI, USA), an automated imaging platform, provides ongoing, real-time images and quantitative data generated throughout the wound-closing process. Cells were maintained in 24 well ImageLock™ (Essen Instruments, MI, USA) at 37° C. and 95% CO 2 /5% O 2 , until a confluent monolayer was achieved. A single scratch wound was then created in each well using the Essen Woundmaker™ (Essen Instruments, MI, USA). It induced a mechanical scratch of the cell monolayer using plastic pipette tips (10-20 μl pipette tips, Eppendorff). Dead cells and other debris produced by the scratch were immediately washed with regular growth media. Cells were then treated with pharmacological agents and were placed into the IncuCyte™ at 37° C. and 95% CO 2 /5% O 2 , for two to three days. During this time, the wound area within each well was repeatedly imaged at fixed time intervals (every three hours). The IncuCyte™ scratch wound software generates a “wound mask” for each well. An initial wound mask is created for the first image (at time 0) that clearly delineates the border of the wound. A revised mask is generated for each subsequent image to track wound closure. Wound closure can be automatically monitored using the wound confluence (% confluence). Wound confluence can be graphed over time to evaluate the characteristics of wound closing in the presence of pharmacological agents. 
     The calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) of the % confluence function of the time gave a quantitative measurement of compounds efficacy on the scratch wound closing. Compounds were titrated in quadruplicate at 5 points concentration starting at 20 μM with a two-fold increment. The percentage of inhibition was calculated from the AUCs at each dose in comparison with the AUCs of the control wells (1% DMSO). Concentration-response curves were represented and the concentrations at the inflexion point (IP) were calculated. The maximum effect was given by the maximum percent inhibition. 
     Proliferation Assay 
     C2Cl2 were plated at 15,000 cells per well and then differentiated into myotubes with DMEM supplemented with 2% horse serum for 3 days in 24 well ImageLock™ plate (Essen Instruments, MI, USA). Primary Rat cortical astrocytes were plated at 3.105 cells/ml onto 24 well ImageLock™ plate. 
     Cells were placed into the IncuCyte™ at 37° C. and 95% CO 2 /5% O 2 , for two to three days. During this time, the cells within each well were repeatedly imaged at fixed time intervals (every three hours). The IncuCyte™ system automatically monitored the proliferation using the percentage of confluence. Percent of confluence can be graphed over time to evaluate the characteristics of proliferation in the presence of pharmacological agents. 
     Compounds were tested at 5 μM in quadruplicate. The percentage of reduction of cell confluence was calculated from the AUCs in comparison with the AUCs of the control wells (1% DMSO). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibition Profiles of Exemplary Inhibitors of Eph A4 RTK 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EXAMPLES 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 ASSAY 
                 Example 63 
                 Example 67 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EphA4 Kinase IC50 (μM) 
                 2.1 (99%) 
                  1.5 (100%) 
               
               
                 (max inhibition in %) 
               
               
                 EphA4 Cell Assay IP (μM) 
                 7.2 (55%) 
                 2.3 (46%) 
               
               
                 Max Toxicity Cell Assay 
                 68% at 100 μM 
                    76% at 100 μM 
               
               
                 % of cell death 
               
               
                 Cell Counter Screen Assay IP 
                  20 (82%) 
                  13 (81%) 
               
               
                 (μM) (max inhibition in %) 
               
               
                 Scratch Assay C2C12 Cells IP 
                 3.1 (46%) 
                 0.5 (78%) 
               
               
                 (μM) (max inhibition in %) 
               
               
                 % Reduction of Confluence 
                 9.2% at 5 μM   
                 49.2% at 5 μM 
               
               
                 C2C12 Cells 
               
               
                 Max Toxicity C2C12 in cells 
                 3% 
                 10% 
               
               
                 % of cell death 
                 20 μM 
                 20 μM 
               
               
                 Scratch Assay Astrocytes IP 
                  49 (33%) 
                 1.4 (66%) 
               
               
                 (μM) (max inhibition in %) 
               
               
                 % Reduction of Confluence 
                 14.8% at 5 μM    
                 29.1% at 5 μM 
               
               
                 Astrocytes 
               
               
                 Max Toxicity Astrocytes 
                 5% at 20 μM 
                  12.5% at 20 μM 
               
               
                 % of cell death 
               
               
                 Src Kinase IC50 (μM) 
                 8.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 Jak2 Kinase IC50 (μM) 
                 &gt;100 
                 1 
               
               
                 P38 Kinase IC50 (μM) 
                 7.3 
                 3.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EphA4 kinase inhibition is assessed by both an enzymatic assay measuring the phosphorylation of a purified recombinant EphA4 kinase and a cell-based assay using the activation of pGas-Luciferase system in EphA4-transfected CHO-K1 cells. The functional effects of EphA4 RTK inhibitors on cell motility and proliferation is evaluated by the scratch wound assay. The effect of EphA4 RTK inhibitors is also directly measured on the cell confluence. The counterscreen assays (cell counterscreen, Src, Jak2 and P38α kinase) identified other potential inhibitory activities of compounds unrelated to EphA4 kinase. The toxicity is measured by the percent of cell death in the different cell assays. Values represent IC50 and IP in μM calculated from the dose-response curves. Values in parentheses give the maximum percent inhibition. 
     The following abbreviations are used throughout the text: 
     Me: methyl 
     Et: ethyl 
     t-Bu: tent-butyl 
     Ac: acetyl 
     Ar: aryl 
     Ph: phenyl 
     Bn: benzyl 
     DCE: dichloroethylene 
     BOC: t-butyloxycarbonyl 
     HMDS: hexamethyldisilazane 
     DIAD: diisopropyl azodicarboxylate 
     DMA: N,N-dimethylacetamide 
     TFA: trifluoroacetyl 
     HOAt: 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole 
     EDC: 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide 
     DCM: dichloromethane 
     DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide 
     Dba: dibutylamine 
     LiHMDS: lithium hexamethyldisilazide 
     THF: tetrahydrofuran 
     DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide 
     EDTA: ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid 
     DMEM: Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (High Glucose) 
     FBS: fetal bovine serum 
     rt: room temperature 
     h: hour or hours 
     min: minutes 
     aq: aqueous 
     HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography 
     MS: mass spectrometry 
     While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to certain particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations, changes, modifications, substitutions, deletions, or additions of procedures and protocols may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be defined by the scope of the claims that follow and that such claims be interpreted as broadly as is reasonable.