Patent Publication Number: US-2022220369-A1

Title: Method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The technical solution relates to a method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     From the prior art there are known methods and manufacture of photoluminescent materials which are based on mixing of photoluminescent powder into a base material. The drawback of said method consists in damage of crystals of photoluminescent powder and their dispersion in the base material that causes a reducing of a final luminance of obtained material, accurately luminance of dispersed crystals is smaller than the luminance of homogeneous layer. 
     There is a known solution according to patent document No. US20060162620A1, where the essence consists in the formation of encapsulated photoluminescent particles which are further deposited in the base material, in particular for use in aqueous media such as swimming pools, spas, etc. 
     Another known solution is one according to patent US20070022911A1, whose principle is based on the method of manufacturing a luminescent tile for use in the aquatic environment, which is based on mixing the luminescent pigment capable to illuminate an external light source, with the molding material and the catalyst to form a luminescent composition, wherein the tile is formed by casting said mixture into a mold. 
     Methods for applying individual layers are also known, for example according to patent document PL173588B1, A method for creating photoluminescent signs and pictograms, the essence of which consists in applying a coloured layer to a frosted glass plate and to this layer there is applied a layer consisting of a resin mixture containing a photoluminescent powder which is mixed into this resin. 
     Another known solution is one according to the patent in PL  200803 , which discloses a method for producing a photoluminescent material, which consists in mixing photoluminescent material consisting of rare metals, colouring agent and a photoluminescent powder, where the mixing process is realized by machines generating small speed. 
     Said methods are based on mixing photoluminescent powder into a base material, for example resin or concrete, and as mentioned, mechanical mixing causes damage of crystals of photoluminescent powder, and thereby a reducing the luminance. 
     Furthermore, a solution is known according to patent document PL 402969, a method of applying of a photoluminescent coating and a photoluminescent material formed by this method, the essence of which consists in applying to the base plate a layer of resin on which a photoluminescent powder is applied which is applied into the base plate under the pressure from 3 to 8 bars. This procedure of applying of a base layer-resin altogether with compressed powder coating is repeated. The layers thus formed are repeatedly applied, and the photoluminescent powder is applied by pressure to the base layer, and a thin layer of a connective glue is applied to the last layer of the photoluminescent powder, and then the upper protective layer is applied. A disadvantage of this solution is the necessity to use pressure and further thus obtained plate and also plates manufactured by the above methods it is necessary to cut, or otherwise mechanically divide to obtain the final shape of the finished product. On the cutting edge then occurs the damage of the crystals, their crumbling away in time and also the erosion by moisture, which significantly reduces the luminance of crystals. This reduces the luminance of the product in the peripheral parts and over time the edges of the product cease to shine completely. 
     Solution is known from patent PL 399917, Photoluminescent materials and method of manufacturing photoluminescent material, wherein photoluminescent layer containing photoluminescent powder and a transparent binder, and preferably containing additives such as dyes and agent for strengthening the effect of luminescence, is provided with a lower and upper protective layer, where the method for producing a photoluminescent material is such that the lower layer is applied with an adhesive binder and then is sprinkled with thick layer of photoluminescent powder, significantly higher than the bonding layer, and further the surface is rolled and thus the photoluminescent powder enters the binder layer. The surplus of photoluminescent powder is removed by blowing off and the resulting coating is provided with the upper protective layer, which is rolled again. This procedure can be repeated. 
     Furthermore, a solution according to patent specification PL 41737 is known—A method of forming of photoluminescent boards intended for cutting, which consists in pouring a layer of transparent low-viscosity resins covered with a layer of synthetic separating waxes on a flat sheet and then forming a layer of concentrated photoluminescent powders by a template with a surface smaller than the finished product. Next, the glass mat is applied to the layer thus formed and penetrates the entire surface of the board with a low-viscosity transparent resin, the product thus obtained is further deaerated and covered with the last layer, which is a white resin. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     These disadvantages are eliminated by the method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element, according to this invention, whose principle consists in that during an ambient temperature from 15-55° C. on the plate or into a mold there is applied a thick transparent layer, whose density is 1-1.5 t/m 3 . This thick transparent layer is allowed to dry for over 8 hours to 10 minutes, and then on it is applied a thin transparent layer with a viscosity of 100 to 200 cP·s wherein immediately to this thin transparent layer a photoluminescent powder is applied. The photoluminescent powder, under the action of gravity, falls through this thin transparent layer and adheres to the interface of the two transparent layers, thus forming a continuous photoluminescent layer. Subsequently, these layers are hardened and, after hardening, the photoluminescent element is removed from the plate or mold. 
     It is preferred that the thick transparent layer is applied in the way that it is shaped on its profile in order to increase the surface area of the thick transparent layer, and most preferably the thick transparent layer is applied to the plate or mold in the form of pyramids, preferably the pyramids are applied repeatedly in succession and side by side. 
     Furthermore, it is expedient for the bottom of the plate or mold to be formed on its profile in the shape of a multi-sided pyramid, wherein the applied thick transparent layer is copying the shaped bottom of the plate or mold. After hardening, the photoluminescent element is removed from the plate or mold. 
     It is preferred that the bottom plate or the mold is formed in the shape of pyramids, wherein the height of the pyramid is from 0.2 to 15 mm and the angle of the wall is from 15 to 75° C. 
     Furthermore, it is expedient for the photoluminescent element, which is formed on the shaped bottom of the plate or mold, to be removed from the plate or mold, to be folded over on a flat-bottomed plate or mold and the molded surface to be re-filled with a levelling transparent layer. 
     It is preferred that a frame is mounted on the board to prevent spillage of the levelling transparent layer. 
     It is preferred that the mold or frame for insertion of folded photoluminescent element is in its shape about 1% to 10% larger than the photoluminescent element to facilitate the wrapping of the side surfaces of photoluminescent element by levelling transparent layer, and it is also preferable to be provided with a layer to provide easy taking our or removal. 
     It is expedient for the thick transparent layer to be applied by means of a 3D printing method. 
     Furthermore, it is expedient to make pressure by pressuring means into a thick transparent layer, which is applied on a flat bottom plate or the mold, whereby the surface of the pressuring means is shaped. In a preferred embodiment, the surface of the pressuring means is arranged in the shape of multi-sided pyramids. 
     It is preferred that a thin transparent layer extends beyond the thick transparent layer about 0.1 until 10 mm. 
     It is preferred that the plate is made as smooth and it is also preferred that the plate is provided with a layer to ensure easy removal of the photoluminescent element from the plate. It is also preferred that the mold is provided with a layer to ensure easy removal of the photoluminescent element, in a most preferred embodiment the easy removal layer is formed as a poly-film, where the base film performs the role of a heat mouldable form, and the top film performs the role of layer to ensure an easy removal of the photoluminescent element. 
     It is expedient to apply a white layer to the hardened layers, wherein all layers are hardened together. 
     It is preferable that the thickness of the thick transparent layer is 0.2-3 mm, the thickness of the thin transparent layer is 0.1-10 mm. 
     It is expedient for the photoluminescent powder to be applied by means of a sieve. 
     It is further expedient that a thin transparent layer and/or white outer layer is provided with a glass or carbon fibers for reinforcement. 
     Advantages of the present invention may be seen particularly in increasing and extending the length of luminance of photoluminescent elements, and also in the length of the lifespan. Another important criterion is also the achievement of economic savings in the said method of production. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows the applying of a photoluminescent powder ( 131 ) to a thin transparent layer ( 12 ) which the photoluminescent powder ( 131 ) falls through and adheres to the interface with the thick transparent layer ( 11 ) and creates a photoluminescent layer ( 13 ), as seen in  FIG. 2 , wherein the plate ( 2 ) is provided with a layer ( 21 ) to provide easy removal. 
         FIGS. 3 and 4  describes the applying of photoluminescent powder ( 131 ) and forming a photoluminescent layer ( 13 ) when applied in the mold ( 3 ), wherein the mold ( 3 ) is provided with a layer ( 31 ) to provide easy removal. 
         FIG. 5  shows in sectional view applying of the shaped thick transparent layer ( 11 ) on the plate ( 2 ) in such way that on the profile there is a thick transparent layer ( 11 ) spatially arranged, preferably in the shape of pyramids. 
         FIG. 6  is a view of the plate ( 2 ) with a shaped bottom and a applying of photoluminescent powder ( 131 ) to a thin transparent layer ( 12 ) which the photoluminescent powder ( 131 ) falls through and adheres to the interface with the thick transparent layer ( 11 ), and forms a shaped photoluminescent layer ( 13 ), as shown in  FIG. 7 . Here is also shown a white cover layer ( 14 ) containing glass fibers ( 15 ). 
         FIG. 8  in sectional view shows the plate ( 2 ′) with a put folded photoluminescent element ( 1 ), where the shaped surface of the thick transparent layer ( 11 ) is re-filled with a levelling transparent layer ( 16 ). Furthermore, there is shown a method of rolling a film ( 6 ) to provide a glossy surface into a photoluminescent element ( 1 ). 
         FIG. 9  shows the mold ( 3 ) with a shaped bottom and a applying of photoluminescent powder ( 131 ) to a thin transparent layer ( 12 ) which the photoluminescent powder ( 131 ) falls through and adheres to the interface with the thick transparent layer ( 11 ), and forms a spatially shaped photoluminescent layer ( 13 ). There is also displayed a white cover layer ( 14 ) containing glass fibers ( 15 ). 
         FIG. 10  in sectional view shows the mold ( 3 ′) with a put folded photoluminescent element ( 1 ) wherein the spatially shaped surface of the thick transparent layer ( 11 ) is re-filled with a levelling transparent layer ( 16 ). Furthermore, there is shown a method of rolling a film ( 6 ) to provide a glossy surface into a photoluminescent element ( 1 ). 
         FIG. 11  shows the embodiment of the pressure by the pressuring means ( 5 ) into the thick transparent layer ( 11 ), whereby a spatially shaped surface is formed. 
     
    
    
     EXAMPLE OF AN EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION 
     Example 1 
     Method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element  1  according to the present invention consists in the fact that at temperatures in the range from 15 to 55° C., preferably at about room temperature in the range from 20 to 23° C., on the plate  2 , for example a plate of hard plastic or glass, there is applied a thin layer  21  to ensure easy removal of the plate, preferably the layer is formed by pouring or spraying hot liquid wax, which is spread over the surface and solidifies at ambient temperature. On thus prepared surface a thick transparent layer  11  is applied, the density of which is 1-1.5 t/m 3 , for example 1.1 t/m 3 , and this layer is spread over the prepared base plate  2 . 
     The transparent layer  11  is in a preferred embodiment a binder resin or a mixture thereof or a polyurethane mixture which is transparent. It is possible to use a matt resin, for example a polyester resin, or a glossy one, for example natural mixtures. In the most preferred embodiment, the thick transparent layer  11  is colourless and water-repellent. The thick transparent layer  11  is poured onto the plate  2 , in the most preferred embodiment the pouring is performed by means of an automatic robot. The layer  11  thus prepared is left at said temperature for 150 minutes, and the surface of this layer  11  becomes cloudy in said time. The thickness of the thick transparent layer  11  is in the range 0, 1 to 20 mm, preferably 0.8 mm. On the thick transparent layer  11  a thin transparent layer  12  is poured, a viscosity of which is 100 to 200 cP·s, for example 130 cP·s, and to a thin transparent layer  12  a photoluminescent powder  131  is immediately applied, which falls by gravity through this thin transparent layer  12  and adheres to the interface of the transparent layers  11  and  12 , thereby forming a continuous photoluminescent layer  13 . The thickness of layer  12  is in the range 0, 1 to 20 mm, in a most preferred embodiment the thickness is 2 mm. 
     Photoluminescent powder  131  is introduced as a metal oxide, in a preferred embodiment the oxide Al 2 O 3  (corundum)+Strontium+Europium+Dysprosium+Cobalt where the individual elements sinter together at temperatures above 1 000° C. and the resulting ingot is then crushed and ground into a powder of different grain sizes, so as to maintain the maximum luminance of the photoluminescent powder  131 . In the most preferred embodiment, a photoluminescent powder  131  with the largest possible grain size is used, since the degree of luminance is directly proportional to the grain-crystal size. The grain size—crystals size—is from 50 μm to 650 μm, in the case of using blue luminous crystals the grain size is preferably around 50 μm, in the case of yellow-green luminous crystals the grain size is preferably from 150-200 μm. 
     The photoluminescent powder  131 , containing large crystals, is applied with a spatula—spread on the surface of the thin transparent layer  12 , in a preferred embodiment it is applied automatically by screen printing, where the speed of movement of the knife is constant. The thickness of the photoluminescence layer  13  depends on the size of the crystals and their eventual overlap, this layer  13  is preferably formed by crystals fixed side by side without overlapping. The coverage of the surface of the thick transparent layer  11  with the photoluminescent layer  13  is 70 to 100%. 
     Thus prepared layers  11 ,  12  and  13  are hardened together in order to assemble a photoluminescent element  1 . Hardening is preferably carried out at temperatures of 25-55° C. at time 10 hours to 3 hours, according to the particular used material of transparent layers. 
     In a preferred embodiment on the hardened layer  12  a white cover layer  14  is applied, in order to increase luminance. The layers  11 ,  12  and  13 ,  14  are hardened together again by the method of the used material. The white cover layer  14  is preferably introduced as a natural or synthetic resin containing, for example, titanium dioxide. The thickness of the white cover layer  14  is 0.05-0.5 mm, most preferably 0.1 to 0.2 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the white cover layer  14  is provided with glass or carbon fibers  15  to provide strengthening. 
     Photoluminescent element  1  in form of a plate, manufactured as mentioned above, is ready for further processing, in the preferred embodiment, due to chip machining or water jet cutting or other dividing manufactured desired shapes, e.g., round, square or triangular elements, letters, numerals, etc. 
     Example 2 
     Method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element  1  according to the present invention consists in the fact that at a temperature, preferably at room temperature ranged between 20-23° C., a thick transparent layer  11  is applied into the mold  3 , for example into the mold of hardened plastic. The shape of the mold is molded according to the requirements of the particular shape, for example the mold  3  has a circular shape of defined dimension or oval, however the shape of the mold  3  can be of any shape. Most preferably, it is a system comprising several juxtaposed molds. In a preferred embodiment this mold  3  is provided with a thin polyurethane film  31  to ensure easy removal of the photoluminescent element  1  from the mold  3 , wherein the mold  3  and the polyurethane film  31  form one unit together. For example, a wax may be used as the layer  31  to ensure easy removal of the photoluminescent element  1  from the mold  3 . 
     On the thus prepared surface in the mold  3  a thick transparent layer  11  is applied, the density of which is 1-1.5 t/m 3 , for example 1, 1 t/m 3 , and this layer is spread over the prepared base surface of the mold  3 . The thick transparent layer  11  is in a preferred embodiment a binder resin or a mixture thereof or a polyurethane mixture which is transparent. It is possible to use a matt resin, for example a polyester resin, or a glossy, for example natural mixtures. In the most preferred embodiment, the thick transparent layer  11  is colourless and water-repellent. The thick transparent layer  11  is poured onto the mold  3 , in the most preferred embodiment the pouring is performed by means of an automatic robot. The thus prepared layer  11  is left at this temperature for 130 minutes, and the surface of the layer  11  becomes cloudy over said time. 
     The thickness of thick transparent layer  11  is in the range of 0.1 to 20 mm, preferably 0.8 mm. On the thick transparent layer  11  there is poured a thin transparent layer  12 , a viscosity of which is 100 to 200 cP·s, for example 110 cP·s, and on this layer  12  is immediately applied a photoluminescent powder  131 , which falls by gravity through this thin transparent layer  12  and adheres to the interface of the transparent layers  11  and  12 , thereby forming a continuous photoluminescent layer  13 . The thickness of the thin transparent layer  12  is in the range of 0, 1 to 20 mm, in a most preferred embodiment, the thickness is of 2 mm. The photoluminescent powder  131  is presented as a metal oxide, according to Example 1. The thickness of the photoluminescence layer  13  depends on the size of the crystals and their eventual overlap, most preferably this layer consists of crystals fixed side by side without overlapping. The coverage of the surface of the thick transparent layer  11  by the photoluminescent layer  13  is 70 to 100%. Thus prepared layers  11 ,  12  and  13  are harden together for the purpose of assembling the photoluminescent element  1 . Hardening is preferably carried out at temperatures of 25-55° C. at time from 10 to 3 hours, depending on the specific used material of transparent layers. 
     Then onto the hardened layer  12  there is applied a white cover layer  14 , which is altogether with the layers  11 ,  12  and  13  hardened again by the method according to the used material of transparent layers. The white cover layer  14  is preferably introduced as a natural or synthetic resin, for example, containing titanium dioxide. The thickness of the white cover layer is 0.05 to 0.5 mm, most preferably 0.1 to 0.2 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the white cover layer  14  is provided with glass or carbon fibers  15  to provide strengthening. 
     The thus manufactured photoluminescent elements after hardening are simply husked or moved out of the elastic mold. The photoluminescent element  1 , shaped according to the negative of the mold, is intended for direct use. In this way, highly shining products are obtained, which can be in both 2D and 3D versions. 
     For example, said shining article is provided with a self-adhesive film and attached to another substrate, such as polymethyle-methacrylate, polycarbonate, metal, etc. 
     The photoluminescent element  1  can be glued or otherwise attached to the desired location. These products are for example incorporated into the barrier around roads etc. Luminance of the surface of the product is from 160 to 220 mcd/m 2  over 1 hour from the illuminating by a halogen lamp with a luminance of 1 000 lux for 10 minutes, respectively by a xenon lamp with a luminance of 1 000 lux for 5 minutes. Xenon has a purpler colour of light, which provides more energy for the photoluminescent effect. 
     Example 3 
     Method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element  1  according to the present invention consists in the fact that at temperatures in the range between 15-55° C., preferably about room temperature in the range from 20 to 23° C., onto the plate  2 , for example a plate of hard plastic or glass, a thin layer  21  is applied to ensure easy removal of the plate, preferably this layer is formed by pouring or spraying hot liquid wax, which spreads over the surface and solidifies at ambient temperature or a thick transparent layer is applied to the mold  3 , for example to hardened plastic mold. The shape of the mold  3  is molded according to the requirements of the particular shape, for example the mold has a circular shape of defined dimension or oval shape, however the shape of the mold  3  can be of any shape, for example the mold shapes can be repeated in rows next to each other and/or one by the other. 
     In a preferred embodiment this mold  3  is provided with a thin polyurethane film  31  to ensure easy removal of the photoluminescent element  1  from the mold  3 , for example a surface of a mold  3  is qualitatively adapted to ensure easy removal of the photoluminescent element. 
     On the thus prepared surface there is applied a thick transparent layer  11 , the density of which is 1-1.5 t/m 3 , for example, 1.4 t/m 3 , where the density of layer  11  enables application that the thick transparent layer  11  is shaped on its profile, most preferably is in the form of pyramids, which in the most preferred embodiment are applied repeatedly next to each other and one by other, thus forming rows and then the area of the transparent layer  11  is larger. The surface prepared in this way is left to become cloudy. 
     The thick transparent layer  11  is in a preferred embodiment a binder resin or a mixture thereof or a polyurethane mixture which is transparent. It is possible to use a matt resin, for example a polyester resin, or a glossy, for example natural mixtures. In the most preferred embodiment, the thick transparent layer  11  is colourless and water-repellent. The thick transparent layer  11  is applied to the plate  2  or to the mold  3 , in the most preferred embodiment the application is performed by means of an automatic robot. 
     The layer  11  thus prepared is allowed to stay at said temperature for 90 minutes, and the surface of this layer  11  becomes cloudy in said time. Height of the pyramids is from 0.2 to 12 mm. On pyramidal shaped layer  11  a thin transparent layer  12  is poured, a viscosity of which is 1 00-200 cP·s. A photoluminescent powder  131  is immediately applied to this layer  12 , which gravitationally falls through this thin transparent layer  12  and adheres to the interface of the transparent layers  11  and  12 , thus forming a continuous pyramid-shaped photoluminescent layer  13 . The thickness of layer  12  is in the range from 0.4 to 20 mm, in a most preferred embodiment the thickness is 4 mm. Shaping of thick transparent layer  11  generates a larger area of photoluminescent layer  13  and thus, provides a greater luminance of photoluminescent element. In a preferred embodiment, the plate  2  is provided with a frame  22  to prevent from the spillage of transparent layer  12 . 
     The photoluminescent powder  131  is presented as a metal oxide, according to Example 1. Photoluminescent powder  131  having large crystals is applied using a spatula—sprinkled on the surface of the thin transparent layer  12 , preferably is applied automatically by screen printing, where the speed of movement of the knife is constant. The thickness of the photoluminescence layer  13  depends on the size of the crystals and their eventual overlap, preferably this layer consists of crystals which are established side by side without overlapping. The coverage of the surface of the thick transparent layer  11  by the photoluminescent layer  13  is 70 to 100%. The thus prepared layer  11 ,  12  and  13  are hardened together for the purpose of assembling the photoluminescent element  1 . Hardening is preferably carried out at temperatures of 25-55° C. at time from 10 to 3 hours, depending on the specific used material of the transparent layers. Then, in the preferred embodiment, a white cover layer  14  is applied onto the hardened layer  12  in order to increase luminance. The layers  11 ,  12  and  13 ,  14  are again hardened together by method according to the used material of the layers. The white cover layer  14  is preferably introduced as a natural or synthetic resin, for example, containing titanium dioxide. The thickness of the white cover layer  14  is 0.05 to 0.5 mm, most preferably 0, 1 to 0.2 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the white cover layer  14  is provided with glass or carbon fibers  15  to provide strengthening. 
     Photoluminescent element  1  in form of a plate, manufactured as mentioned above, is ready for further processing, in the preferred embodiment, due to chip machining or water jet cutting or other dividing manufactured desired shapes, e.g., round, square or triangular elements. The photoluminescent element  1  produced in the mold  3  after hardening is simply husked or moved out of the elastic mold. The photoluminescent element  1 , shaped according to the negative of the mold, is intended for direct use. 
     Example 4 
     Method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element  1  according to the present invention consists in the fact that at a temperature, preferably at room temperature ranged between 20-23° C., a thick transparent layer  11  is applied onto the plate  2 . The bottom of the plate  2  is arranged in the form of multi-sided pyramid, for example one next to each other repeating multi-sided pyramids, in a most preferred embodiment the multi-sided pyramid is introduced as a pyramid, while the height of the pyramid is from 0.2 to 15 mm, and an angle of the wall is from 15° to 75°, most preferably a height of 6-12 mm, under the angle of the wall of 45°. The plate  2  is for example made of hard plastic or glass, on which a thin layer  21  to ensure easy removal of the plate is applied, preferably a layer is formed by pouring or spraying hot liquid wax, which is spread over the surface and solidifies at ambient temperature. It is further preferred, that the plate  2  is provided with a frame  22  to prevent spillage of the layer  12  at the edges. 
     On thus prepared shaped surface on the board  2  there is applied a thick transparent layer  11 , the density of which is 11.5 t/m 3 , for example, 1.4 t/m 3  and this layer is spread over the prepared molded surface of the plate  2 , whereby due to the physical properties of the transparent layer  11 , this layer will copy the shape of the bottom and becomes cloudy in the copied shape. The transparent layer  11  is in a preferred embodiment a binder resin or a mixture thereof or a polyurethane mixture which is transparent. It is possible to use a matt resin, for example a polyester resin, or a glossy, for example natural mixtures. In the most preferred embodiment, the thick transparent layer  11  is colourless and water-repellent. The thick transparent layer  11  is poured onto the plate  2 , in the most preferred embodiment the pouring is performed by means of an automatic robot. The thickness of layer  11  is in the range of 0.1 to 20 mm, preferably 0.8 mm. On layer  11  there is poured a thin transparent layer  12 , a viscosity of which is 100 to 200 cP·s. The height of the layer  12  is preferably about 0.1 to 3 mm taller than the height of the pyramid. A photoluminescent powder  131  is immediately applied to the layer  12 , which gravitationally falls through this thin transparent layer  12  and adheres to the interface of the transparent layers  11  and  12 , thus forming a continuous shaped photoluminescent layer  13 . The thickness of layer  12  is in the range of 0, 1 to 20 mm, in a most preferred embodiment, the thickness is 2 mm. 
     By creating a larger real surface of photoluminescent layer  13  there is a significant increase of luminance of photoluminescent element  1 . 
     The photoluminescent powder  131  is presented as a metal oxide, as mentioned above. The thickness of the photoluminescence layer  13  depends on the size of the crystals and their eventual m overlap, preferably this layer consists of crystals which are established side by side without overlapping. The coverage of the surface of the thick transparent layer  11  of the photoluminescent layer  13  is from 70 to 100%. 
     Thus prepared layer s  11 ,  12  and  13  are hardened together for the purpose of assembling the photoluminescent element  1 . Hardening is preferably carried out at temperatures of 25-55° C. at time 10 hours to 3 hours, depending on the specific used material of the transparent layers. Then onto the hardened layer  12  the white cover layer  14  is applied, which altogether with the layers  11 ,  12 ,  13  is hardened again by the method according to the used material of the layers. The white cover layer  14  is preferably introduced as a natural or synthetic resin, for example, containing titanium dioxide. The thickness of the white cover layer  14  is 0.05 to 0.5 mm, most preferably 0.1 to 0.2 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the white cover layer  14  is provided with glass or carbon fibers  15  to provide strengthening. The photoluminescent element  1  in the form of a plate, produced in the manner described above, is ready for further processing, in a preferred embodiment the desired shapes, e.g. round, square or triangular elements, are made by means of chip machining or other material separation methods. 
     To ensure long-term luminance of molded photoluminescent layer  13  a photoluminescent element  1  is removed from the plate  2 , turned around and inserted onto the plate  2 ′ provided with a frame  22 ′, wherein the frame  22 ′ is preferably about 6% larger than the photoluminescent element  1 , and shaped surface is filled with a levelling transparent layer  16 . The levelling layer  16  flows around the whole photoluminescent element  1 , thereby avoiding distortion and degradation of the luminous layer of photoluminescent element  1 . For example, the plate  2 ′ is equipped with layer  21 ′ to ensure easy removal. Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, the levelling transparent layer  16  is provided with a film  6  for providing a smooth and glossy surface, which is incorporated into the surface of the photoluminescent element  1  by a rolling device  7 . 
     The photoluminescent element  1 , in the form of a plate, produced in the manner mentioned above, is ready for further processing, in a preferred embodiment the desired shapes are made by means of chip machining or water jet cutting or other means of division, e.g. round, square or triangular elements, letters, numbers etc. For example, said luminous article is provided with a self-adhesive film and attached to another surface, such as polymethyle methacrylate, polycarbonate, metal, etc. The attachment of the photoluminescent element  1  is also possible with glue, sealant or other known attachment methods. 
     These products are for example incorporated into the barrier around roads etc. The luminance of the surface of the article is from 160 to 220 mcd/m 2  over 1 hour from illuminating by the halogen lamp of a luminance of 1 000 lux for 10 minutes, respectively by a xenon lamp with a luminance of 1 000 lux for 5 minutes. Xenon has a purpler colour of light, which provides more energy for the photoluminescent effect. 
     Example 5 
     Method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element  1  according to the present invention consists in the fact that at a temperature, preferably at room temperature ranged between 20-23° C., into the mold  3  a thick transparent layer  11  is applied. The bottom of the plate  2  is arranged in the form of multi-sided pyramid, for example one next to each other repeating multi-sided pyramids, in a most preferred embodiment the multi-sided pyramid is introduced as a pyramid, while the height of the pyramid is from 0.2 to 15 mm, and an angle of the wall is from 15° to 75°, most preferably a height of 6-12 mm, under the angle of the wall of 45°. The mold  3  is preferably made of hardened plastic and the shape of the mold is molded according to the requirements of the particular shape, for example the mold has a circular shape of defined size or oval, however the shape of the mold  3  can be of any shape. In the most preferred embodiment the system is arranged in rows next to each other and/or several molds in series. In a preferred embodiment, this mold  3  is provided with a thin polyurethane film  31  to ensure easy removal of the photoluminescent element  1  from the mold  3 . 
     On the thus prepared substrate surface shaped in the mold  3  a thick transparent layer  11  is applied, the density of which is 1-1.5 t/m3, and this layer is spread over the prepared shaped surface of the bottom of the mold  3 , wherein with respect to the physical properties of the transparent layer  11  this layer will copy the shape of the bottom and become cloudy in the copied shape. The transparent layer  11  is in a preferred embodiment a binder resin or a mixture thereof or a polyurethane mixture which is transparent. It is possible to use a matt resin, for example a polyester resin, or a glossy, for example natural mixtures. In the most preferred embodiment the thick transparent layer  11  is colourless and water-repellent. The thick transparent layer  11  is poured into the mold  3 , in the most preferred embodiment the pouring is performed by means of an automatic robot. The thickness of layer  11  is in the range of 0.1 to 20 mm, preferably 0.8 mm. Onto the layer  11  a thin transparent layer  12  is poured with a viscosity of 100 to 200 cP·s. The height of layer  12  is preferably about 0.1 to 3 mm taller than the height of the pyramid. A photoluminescent powder  131  is immediately applied onto the layer  12 , which gravitationally falls through this thin transparent layer  12  and adheres to the interface of the transparent layers  11  and  12 , thereby forming a continuous shaped photoluminescent layer  13 . The thickness of layer  12  is in the range of 0.1 to 20 mm, in a most preferred embodiment, the thickness is 2 mm. 
     By creating a larger real surface of photoluminescent layer  13  there is a significant increase of luminance of photoluminescent element  1 . 
     The photoluminescent powder  131  is presented as a metal oxide, as mentioned above, including coating density. 
     Thus prepared layer s  11 ,  12  and  13  are hardened together for the purpose of assembling the photoluminescent element  1 . Hardening is preferably carried out at temperatures of 25-55° C. at time 10 hours to 3 hours, depending on the specific used material of the transparent layers. Then onto the hardened layer  12  the white cover layer  14  is applied, which altogether with the layers  11 ,  12 ,  13  is hardened again by the method according to the used material of the layers. The white cover layer  14  is preferably introduced as a natural or synthetic resin, for example, containing titanium dioxide. The thickness of the white cover layer  14  is 0.05 to 0.5 mm, most preferably 0.1 to 0.2 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the white cover layer  14  is provided with glass or carbon fibers  15  to provide strengthening. The photo-luminescent elements  1  formed in the molds  3  after hardening are simply husked or moved out of the elastic mold and are ready for direct use. 
     To ensure the long-term luminance of the shaped photoluminescent layer  13 , the photoluminescent element  1  is removed from the mold  3 , turned around and inserted into the mold  3 ′ while being preferred that the mold  3 ′ is about 7 percent larger than the photoluminescent element  1 , and shaped surface is filled with a levelling transparent layer  16 . The levelling layer  16  flows around the whole photoluminescent element  1 , thereby avoiding distortion and degradation of the luminous layer of photoluminescent element  1 . For example, the mold  3 ′ is equipped with layer  31 ′ to ensure easy removal. Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, the levelling transparent layer  16  is provided with a film  6  for providing a smooth and glossy surface, which is incorporated into the surface of the photoluminescent element  1  by a rolling device  7 . 
     For example, said luminous article is provided with a self-adhesive film and attached to another surface, such as polymethyle methacrylate, polycarbonate, metal, etc. The attachment of the photoluminescent element  1  is also possible with glue, sealant or other known attachment methods. 
     These products are for example incorporated into the barrier around roads etc. The luminance of the surface of the article is from 160 to 220 mcd/m 2  over 1 hour from illuminating by the halogen lamp of a luminance of 1 000 lux for 10 minutes, respectively by a xenon lamp with a luminance of 1 000 lux for 5 minutes. Xenon has a purpler colour of light, which provides more energy for the photoluminescent effect. 
     Example 6 
     Method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element  1  according to the present invention consists in the fact that at temperatures in the range from 15 to 55° C., preferably at about room temperature in the range from 20 to 23° C., on the plate  2 , for example a plate of hard plastic or glass, there is applied a thin layer  21  to ensure easy removal of the plate, preferably the layer is formed by pouring or spraying hot liquid wax, which is spread over the surface and solidifies at ambient temperature. On thus prepared surface a thick transparent layer  11  is applied, the density of which is 1-1.5 t/m 3 , for example 1.1 t/m 3 , and this layer is spread over the prepared base plate  2 . The thick transparent layer  11  is in a preferred embodiment a binder resin or a mixture thereof or a polyurethane mixture which is transparent, same as mentioned above. In the most preferred embodiment, the thick transparent layer  11  is colourless and water-repellent. The thick transparent layer  11  is poured onto the plate  2 , in the most preferred embodiment the pouring is performed by means of an automatic robot. The layer  11  thus prepared is left at said temperature for 80-350 minutes, and the surface of this layer  11  becomes cloudy in said time. The thickness of the thick transparent layer  11  is in the range 0, 1 to 20 mm, preferably 0.8 mm. 
     Into the thick transparent layer  11  a pressure is made by pressuring means, wherein the pressuring means  5  has a shaped surface. As a result, the thick transparent layer  11  is formed and its area is larger. Most preferably, the shaped surface is pyramidal. On the thick transparent layer  11  a thin transparent layer  12  is poured with a viscosity of 100 to 200 cP·s, and a photoluminescent powder  131  is immediately applied onto the thin transparent layer  12 , which falls by gravity through this thin transparent layer  12  and adheres to the interface of the transparent layers  11  and  12 , thereby forming a continuous photoluminescent layer  13 . 
     Reached photoluminescent layer  13  has a significantly greater area and thereby a higher luminance is achieved. The thickness of the thin transparent layer  12  is in the range of 0.1 to 20 mm, in a most preferred embodiment, the thickness is 2 mm. 
     Photoluminescent powder  131  is presented as a metal oxide as mentioned above, including its percentage coverage. 
     Thus prepared layers  11 ,  12  and  13  are hardened together for the purpose of assembling the photoluminescent element  1 . Hardening is preferably carried out at temperatures of 25-55° C. at time from 10 hours to 3 hours, depending on the specific used material of the transparent layers. 
     In a preferred embodiment, a white cover layer  14  is applied to the hardened layer  12  to increase luminance. Layers  11 ,  12  and  13 ,  14  are hardened together again depending on the material used. The white cover layer  14  is preferably a natural or artificial resin containing, for example, titanium white. The thickness of the white cover layer  14  is 0.05 to 0.5 mm, most preferably 0.1 to 0.2 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the white cover layer  14  is provided with glass or carbon fibers  15  to provide strengthening. 
     The photoluminescent element  1 , in the form of a plate, produced in the manner described above, is ready for further processing, in a preferred embodiment the desired shapes are made by means of chip machining or water jet cutting or other means of division, e.g. round, square or triangular elements, letters, numbers, etc. 
     Example 7 
     Method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element  1  according to the present invention consists in the fact that at a temperature, preferably at room temperature ranged between 20-23° C., a thick transparent layer  11  is applied into the mold  3 , for example into the mold of hardened plastic. The shape of the mold is molded according to the requirements of the particular shape, for example the mold  3  has a circular shape of defined dimension or oval, however the shape of the mold  3  can be of any shape. Most preferably, it is a plate comprising several juxtaposed molds. In a preferred embodiment this mold  3  is provided with a thin polyurethane film  31  to ensure easy removal of the photoluminescent element  1  from the mold  3 , wherein the mold  3  and the polyurethane film  31  form one unit together. For example, a wax may be used as the layer  31  to ensure easy removal of the photoluminescent element  1  from the mold  3 . 
     On the thus prepared surface in the mold  3  a thick transparent layer  11  is applied, the density of which is 1-1.5 t/m 3 , and this layer is spread over the prepared base surface of the mold  3 . The transparent layer  11  is in a preferred embodiment a binder resin or a mixture thereof or a polyurethane mixture which is transparent. It is possible to use a matt resin, for example a polyester resin, or a glossy, for example natural mixtures. In the most preferred embodiment, the thick transparent layer  11  is colourless and water-repellent. The thick transparent layer  11  is poured onto the mold  3 , in the most preferred embodiment the pouring is performed by means of an automatic robot. The thus prepared layer  11  is left at said temperature for a period of 80-150 min, the surface of this layer  11  becomes cloudy in said time. The thickness of the thick transparent layer  11  is in the range 0, 1 to 20 mm, preferably 0.8 mm. Into the thick transparent layer  11  a pressure is made by pressuring means, wherein the pressuring means  5  has a shaped surface. As a result, the thick transparent layer  11  is formed and its area is larger. Most preferably, the shaped surface is pyramidal. 
     On the thick transparent layer  11  a thin transparent layer  12  is poured with a viscosity of 100 to 200 cP·s, and a photoluminescent powder  131  is immediately applied onto the thin transparent layer  12 , which falls by gravity through this thin transparent layer  12  and adheres to the interface of the transparent layers  11  and  2  thereby forming a continuous photoluminescent layer  13 . The thickness of layer  12  is in the range of 0.1 to 20 mm, in a most preferred embodiment, the thickness is 2 mm. Photoluminescent powder  131  is introduced as a metal oxide, identically as described above. The layers  11 ,  12  and  13  thus prepared are hardened together in order to assemble the photoluminescent element  1 . Hardening is preferably carried out at temperatures of 25-55° C. at time from 10 to 3 hours, depending on the specific used material of the transparent layers. 
     Then onto the hardened layer  12  the white cover layer  14  is applied, which altogether with the layers  11 ,  12 ,  13  is hardened again by the method according to the used material of the transparent layers. The white cover layer  14  is preferably introduced as a natural or synthetic resin, for example, containing titanium dioxide. The thickness of the white cover layer  14  is 0.05 to 0.5 mm, most preferably 0.1 to 0.2 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the white cover layer  14  is provided with glass or carbon fibers  15  to provide strengthening. 
     The thus manufactured photoluminescent elements after hardening are simply husked or moved out of the elastic mold. The photoluminescent element  1 , shaped according to the negative of the mold, is intended for direct use. In this way, highly shining products are obtained, which can be in both 2D and 3D versions. 
     For example, said shining article is provided with a self-adhesive film and attached to another substrate, such as polymethyle-methacrylate, polycarbonate, metal, etc. 
     The photoluminescent element  1  can be glued or otherwise attached to the desired location. These products are for example incorporated into the barrier around roads etc. Luminance of the surface of the product is from 160 to 220 mcd/m 2  over 1 hour from the illuminating by a halogen lamp with a luminance of 1 000 lux for 10 minutes, respectively by a xenon lamp with a luminance of 1 000 lux for 5 minutes. 
     LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS 
     
         
           1  photoluminescent element 
           11  thick transparent layer 
           12  thin transparent layer 
           13  photoluminescent layer 
           131  photoluminescent powder 
           14  white cover layer 
           15  glass or carbon fibers 
           16  levelling transparent layer 
           2 ,  2 ′ plate 
           21 ,  21 ′ layer to provide easy removal 
           22  frame of the plate 
           22 ′ larger frame of the plate 
           3  mold 
           3 ′ larger mold 
           31 ,  31 ″ layer to provide easy removal 
           4  screen printing knife or cartridge of photoluminescent powder 
           5  pressing means 
           6  film to provide a smooth and glossy surface 
           7  rolling device