Patent Publication Number: US-2019170254-A1

Title: Seal, assembly, and methods of using the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 62/592,757 entitled “SEAL, ASSEMBLY, AND METHODS OF USING THE SAME,” by Bedros J. TASLAKIAN et al., filed Nov. 30, 2017, which is assigned to the current assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates to seal and seal assemblies, and more particularly to seals with multiple components. 
     RELATED ART 
     Commonly, a fluid component is used to inhibit or facilitate flow of a fluid. The fluid component can include for example, a piston, a pipe junction, a pipe coupling, a pipe, a pipe bend, a manifold, an elbow, a valve, a pump, a regulator, a seam or weld line, a nozzle or sprayer, a threaded port, a sampling valve, an exhaust line, a fluid inlet or outlet, or may be another component. In some cases, fluid components may use seals or seal assemblies to prevent leakage, contain pressure, contain a desired substance within the fluid component, or exclude contamination from the fluid component. In some particular cases, fluid components may need seals or seal assemblies that are used in difficult installation environments, such as in non-direct reachable grooves in piston seals, or in operating conditions, such as subsea valves with extreme or harsh temperatures and pressures. In such cases, the seal or seal assembly require higher reliability to tolerate these environments and conditions that provides a more efficient ease of installation and use. 
     There continues to be a need for seals and seal assemblies having improved sealing properties and higher reliabilities in difficult installation environments and harsh operating conditions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are not limited in the accompanying figures. 
         FIG. 1A  includes a cross section plan view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 1B  includes a close up overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 1C  includes a straight on overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2A  includes a cross section plan view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2B  includes a close up overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2C  includes a straight on overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3A  includes a cross section plan view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3B  includes a close up overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3C  includes a straight on overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4A  includes a cross section plan view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4B  includes a close up overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4C  includes a straight on overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5A  includes a cross section plan view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5B  includes a close up overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  includes a time vs. pressure test graph of a seal in accordance with a number of embodiments and prior art. 
         FIG. 7A  includes a cross section plain view of a seal assembly in accordance with a number of embodiments. 
         FIG. 7B  includes a cross section plain view of a seal assembly in accordance with a number of embodiments. 
         FIG. 8A  includes a cross section plain view of a seal assembly in accordance with a number of embodiments. 
         FIG. 8B  includes a cross section plain view of a seal assembly in accordance with a number of embodiments. 
         FIG. 8C  includes a cross section plain view of a seal assembly in accordance with a number of embodiments. 
         FIG. 8D  includes a cross section plain view of a seal assembly in accordance with a number of embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  includes a cross section plain view of a seal assembly in accordance with a number of embodiments. 
         FIG. 10A  includes a cross section plain view of a seal assembly in accordance with a number of embodiments. 
         FIG. 10B  includes a straight on overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10C  includes a cross section plain view of a seal assembly in accordance with a number of embodiments. 
         FIG. 11A  includes a close up overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11B  includes a close up overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11C  includes a close up overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11D  includes a close up overhead view of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  includes a time vs. pressure test graph of a seal in accordance with accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  includes a table of Nominal Seat Diameter vs. Maximum Seat Leakage of a seal in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description in combination with the figures is provided to assist in understanding the teachings disclosed herein. The following discussion will focus on specific implementations and embodiments of the teachings. This focus is provided to assist in describing the teachings and should not be interpreted as a limitation on the scope or applicability of the teachings. However, other embodiments can be used based on the teachings as disclosed in this application. 
     The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). 
     Also, the use of “a” or “an” is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one, at least one, or the singular as also including the plural, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meant otherwise. For example, when a single item is described herein, more than one item may be used in place of a single item. Similarly, where more than one item is described herein, a single item may be substituted for that more than one item. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. To the extent not described herein, many details regarding specific materials and processing acts are conventional and may be found in textbooks and other sources within the seal and/or seal assembly arts. 
     Referring initially to  FIGS. 1A-5C , a seal  1  is shown according to a number of embodiments. The seal  1  can include a first annular body  2  disposed about a central axis  100 . The first annular body  2  may have an inner radius IR FAB  and an outer radius OR FAB  about the central axis  100 . The first annular body  2  also may include a nominal axial thickness T FAB . The first annular body  2  may further include a first circumferential end  20  and a second circumferential end  22  defining a first split  102  along the circumference of the first annular body  2 . In a number of embodiments, the first annular body  2  can be generally cylindrical and can further include an aperture  600 . In a particular aspect, the aperture  600  can be coaxial, or substantially coaxial, with the central axis  100 . The first annular body  2  may define an exterior surface  35  of the seal  1 . In a number of embodiments, the first annular body  2  may include at least one axial or radial lip  52 . The at least one axial or radial lip  52  may extend axially or radially from the first annular body  2 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial or radial lip  52  may be integral with the first annular body  2 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial or radial lip  52  may have a material composition different with the composition first annular body  2 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial or radial lip  52  may include a ramp  27  extending in the radial or axial direction. In an embodiment, the one axial or radial lip  52  may form a recess  54 . In an embodiment, the first annular body  2  may include a first axial lip  52   a  and a second axial lip  52   b  that may form a recess  54 . In a number of embodiments, the first annular body  2  may include a first axial lip  52   a  and a second axial lip  52   b  that may each include a ramp  27   a,    27   b  extending in the radial or axial direction. In a number of embodiments, the first annular body  2  may include a first axial lip  52   a  and a second axial lip  52   b  that may form a recess  54  that forms a “U-shaped” cross-section in the radial direction. The recess  54  can be coaxial to the central axis  100 . The recess  54  may be located axially or radially adjacent the axial or radial lip  52 . The recess  54  can define a generally rectilinear cross section when viewed in a direction perpendicular to a plane extending radially from the central axis  100 . Moreover, the recess  54  can comprise one or more fillets, rounded edges, angular components, or any combination thereof. The first annular body  2  may be formed in different cross-sectional geometries. Suitable geometries may include a square, rectangle, trapezoid, and other sealing element geometries that will be familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     In a number of embodiments, the inner radius IR FAB  of the first annular body  2  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The inner radius IR FAB  of the first annular body  2  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, the outer radius OR FAB  of the first annular body  2  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The outer radius OR FAB  of the first annular body  2  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, the nominal axial thickness T FAB  of the first annular body  2  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The nominal axial thickness T FAB  of the first annular body  2  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     Still referring to  FIGS. 1A-5C , the seal  1  can include a second annular body  4  disposed about a central axis  100 . The second annular body  4  may have an inner radius IR SAB  and an outer radius OR SAB  about the central axis  100 . The second annular body  4  also may include a nominal axial thickness T SAB . The second annular body  4  may further include a first circumferential end  30  and a second circumferential end  32  defining a first split  104  along the circumference of the second annular body  4 . In a number of embodiments, the second annular body  4  can be generally cylindrical and can further include an aperture  700 . In a particular aspect, the aperture  700  can be coaxial, or substantially coaxial, with the central axis  100 . The aperture  700  may be coaxial, or substantially coaxial with the aperture  600  of the first annular body  2 . The second annular body  4  may define the exterior surface  35  of the seal  1 . In a number of embodiments, the second annular body  4  may include at least one axial or radial lip  62 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial or radial lip  52  may be integral with the first annular body  2 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial or radial lip  52  may have a material composition different with the composition second annular body  4 . The at least one axial or radial lip  62  may extend axially or radially from the second annular body  4 . In an embodiment, the one axial or radial lip  62  may form a recess  64 . In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 2A, 3A, and 4A , the second annular body  4  may include a first axial lip  62   a  and a second axial lip  62   b  that may form a recess  64  that forms a “U-shaped” cross-section in the radial direction. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 9 , the second annular body  4  may have a circular cross-section with a recess  64  formed on its interior. The recess  64  can be coaxial to the central axis  100 . The recess  64  may be located axially or radially adjacent the axial or radial lip  62 . The recess  64  can define a generally rectilinear cross section when viewed in a direction perpendicular to a plane extending radially from the central axis  100 . Moreover, the recess  64  can comprise one or more fillets, rounded edges, angular components, or any combination thereof. The second annular body  4  may be formed in different cross-sectional geometries. Suitable geometries may include a square, rectangle, trapezoid, and other sealing element geometries that will be familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. In a number of embodiments, the second annular body  4  may be disposed within the recess  54  formed between the first lip  52   a  and the second lip  52   b  of the first annular body  2 . In a number of embodiments, the first annular body  2  may include at least one axial step  72 . In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 8A , the first annular body  2  may include a plurality of axial steps  72 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial step  72  may lock or inhibit movement of the second annular member  4  to the first annular member  2 . In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 2A, 3A, 4A, and 5A , the at least one axial step  72  may lock or inhibit movement of the second annular member  4  to the first annular member  2  in the radial direction. In another embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 1A , the first annular body  2  may axially and/or radially compress the second annular body  4  to form an interference fit between the two components. In operation and installation, due to the mechanical compression of the second annular body  4  within an annular region between the inside radius of the first annular body  2  and the outside diameter of the first annular body  2  (i.e. the recess  54 ), the circumferential ends  30 ,  32  of the second annular body  4  are squeezed together and forced against each other. Thus, the circumferential ends  30 ,  32  of the second annular body  4  form a leak proof surface  35  when paired with a sealing surface. Accordingly, leakage of process fluid may be prevented. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 9 , at least one of the first lip  52   a  or the second lip  52  may be axially tapered. 
     In an embodiment, the recess  54  of the first annular body  2  may have a length L R1  of at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The recess  54  of the first annular body  2  may have a length L R1  that may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. In an embodiment, the recess  54  of the first annular body  2  may have a width W R1  of at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The recess  54  of the first annular body  2  may have a width W R1  that may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. In a number of embodiments, the width W R1  of the recess  54  of the first annular body  2  may vary along its length L R1 . 
     In a number of embodiments, the inner radius IR SAB  of the second annular body  4  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The inner radius IR SAB  of the second annular body  4  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, the outer radius OR SAB  of the second annular body  4  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The outer radius OR SAB  of the second annular body  4  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, the nominal axial thickness T SAB  of the second annular body  4  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The nominal axial thickness T SAB  of the second annular body  4  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, the circumferential split  102  of the first annular body  2  may be offset from the circumferential split  104  of the second annular body  4 . In a number of embodiments, the circumferential split  102  of the first annular body  2  may be offset from the circumferential split  104  of the second annular body  2  at an arc distance defined by a central angle C, where the central angle C may be no less than 15°, such as no less than 30°, such as no less than 45°, such as no less than 60°, or such as no less than 90°. In a number of embodiments, the circumferential split  102  of the first annular body  2  may be offset from the circumferential split  104  of the second annular body  2  at an arc distance defined by a central angle C, where the central angle C may be no greater than 180°, such as no greater than 135°, such as no greater than 120°, such as no greater than 90°, or such as no greater than 60°. In a number of embodiments, the second annular body  4  may be adapted to force the first circumferential split  102  of the first annular body  2  to close around a fluid component  150 . In such a way, a radially outside surface of the first annular body  2  faces the second annular body  4 . During operation, the second annular body  4  may be compressed so that at least a portion of the second annular body  4  presses against the radially outer of first annular body  2 . Accordingly, the first annular body  2  may be energized and a radially directed sealing force may be applied. Accordingly, the seal  1  may establish a seal against a sealing surface in an assembly  200 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5A-5B , the seal  1  can include a third annular body  6  disposed about a central axis  100 . The third annular body  6  may have an inner radius IR TAB  and an outer radius OR TAB  about the central axis  100 . The third annular body  6  also may include a nominal axial thickness T SAB . The third annular body  6  may further include a first circumferential end  40  and a second circumferential end  42  defining a first split  106  along the circumference of the third annular body  6 . In a number of embodiments, the third annular body  6  can be generally cylindrical and can further include an aperture  800 . In a particular aspect, the aperture  800  can be coaxial, or substantially coaxial, with the central axis  100 . The aperture  800  may be coaxial, or substantially coaxial with the aperture  600  of the first annular body  2  and/or the aperture  700  of the second annular body  4 . The third annular body  6  may define the exterior surface  35  of the seal  1 . In a number of embodiments, the third annular body  6  may include at least one axial or radial lip  82 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial or radial lip  82  may be integral with the third annular body  6 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial or radial lip  82  may have a material composition different with the composition third annular body  6 . The at least one axial or radial lip  82  may extend axially or radially from the third annular body  6 . In an embodiment, the one axial or radial lip  82  may form a recess  94 . In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 5A-5B , the third annular body  6  may include a first axial lip  82   a  and a second axial lip  82   b  that may form a recess  94  that forms a “U-shaped” cross-section in the radial direction. The recess  94  can be coaxial to the central axis  100 . The recess  94  may be located axially or radially adjacent the axial or radial lip  82 . The recess  94  can define a generally rectilinear cross section when viewed in a direction perpendicular to a plane extending radially from the central axis  100 . Moreover, the recess  94  can comprise one or more fillets, rounded edges, angular components, or any combination thereof. The third annular body  6  may be formed in different cross-sectional geometries. Suitable geometries may include a square, rectangle, trapezoid, and other sealing element geometries that will be familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. In a number of embodiments, the first annular body  2  and/or the second annular body  4  may be disposed within the recess  94  formed between the first lip  82   a  and the second lip  82   b  of the third annular body  6 . In a number of embodiments, the third annular body  6  may include an edge  84   a,    84   b  adapted to provide an interference fit with the first annular body  2 . In an embodiment, the third annular body  6  may radially compress the first annular body  2  to form an interference fit between the two components. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 8A-8C , the recess may be circular or oval to accommodate a circular or oval second annular body  4 . In an embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 8B-8D , the length of the third annular body  6  may be significantly greater than that of the first annular body  2 . In another embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 8D , the first annular body  2  may include a dovetail  55  to form a mechanical connection with the third annular body  6 . 
     In an embodiment, as shown best in  FIG. 8B , the third annular body  6  may have a length L TAB  of at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The third annular body  6  may have a length L TAB  may have a length L TAB  that may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. In an embodiment, the recess  94  of the third annular body  6  may have a length L R2  of at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The recess  94  of the third annular body  6  may have a length L R2  that may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. In an embodiment, the recess  94  of the third annular body  6  may have a width W R2  of at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The recess  94  of the first annular body  2  may have a width W R2  that may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. In a number of embodiments, the width W R2  of the recess  94  of the third annular body  6  may vary along its length L R2.    
     In a number of embodiments, the inner radius IR TAB  of the third annular body  6  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The inner radius IR TAB  of the third annular body  6  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, the outer radius OR TAB  of the third annular body  6  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The outer radius OR TAB  of the third annular body  6  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, the nominal axial thickness T TAB  of the third annular body  6  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The nominal axial thickness T TAB  of the third annular body  6  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 10A-10C , the seal  1  can include a fourth annular body  8  disposed about a central axis  100 . The fourth annular body  8  may have an inner radius IR FOAB  and an outer radius OR FOAB  about the central axis  100 . The fourth annular body  8  also may include a nominal axial thickness T FOAB.  The fourth annular body  8  may further include a first circumferential end  70  and a second circumferential end  72  defining a first split  206  along the circumference of the fourth annular body  8 . In a number of embodiments, the fourth annular body Scan be generally cylindrical and can further include an aperture  900 . In a particular aspect, the aperture  900  can be coaxial, or substantially coaxial, with the central axis  100 . The aperture  800  may be coaxial, or substantially coaxial with the aperture  600  of the first annular body  2 , the aperture  700  of the second annular body  4 , and/or the aperture  800  of the third annular body  6 . The fourth annular body  8  may define the exterior surface  35  of the seal  1 . In a number of embodiments, the fourth annular body  8  may include at least one axial or radial lip  92 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial or radial lip  92  may be integral with the fourth annular body  8 . In a number of embodiments, the at least one axial or radial lip  92  may have a material composition different than the composition of the fourth annular body  8 . The at least one axial or radial lip  92  may extend axially or radially from the fourth annular body  8 . In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 10A , the one axial or radial lip  92  may form a male tongue or dovetail. In another embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 10C , the one axial or radial lip  92  may form a T-connection with a first flange  94 A and a second flange  94 B. The T-connection may perform under high pressure situations (above 3 ksi). The fourth annular body  8  may be formed in different cross-sectional geometries. Suitable geometries may include a square, rectangle, trapezoid, and other sealing element geometries that will be familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 10A-10C , the at least one axial or radial lip  92  may form a mechanical connection with an opposite female portion  88  of the third annular body  6  to form an interference fit between the two components  6 . In an embodiment, the fourth annular body  8  may radially compress the third annular body  6  to form an interference fit between the two components. 
     In an embodiment, as shown best in  FIG. 10A , the fourth annular body  8  may have a length F FOAB  of at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The fourth annular body  8  may have a length L FOAB  that may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 10B , the inner radius IR FOAB  of the fourth annular body  8  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The inner radius IR FOAB  of the fourth annular body  8  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 10B , the outer radius OR FOAB  of the fourth annular body  8  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The outer radius OR FOAB  of the fourth annular body  8  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, the nominal axial thickness T FOAB  of the fourth annular body  8  of the seal  1  may be at least 1 mm, 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 75 mm, at least 100 mm, at least 150 mm, at least 250 mm, at least 500 mm. The nominal axial thickness T FOAB  of the fourth annular body  8  of the seal  1  may be no greater than 5000 mm, no greater than 4000 mm, no greater than 3000 mm, no greater than 2000 mm, no greater than 1500 mm, no greater than 1000 mm. 
       FIGS. 12-13  show a time vs. pressure test graph, and a table of Nominal Seat Diameter vs. Maximum Seat Leakage of a seal as shown in  FIG. 10A-10B  respectively. As shown in  FIGS. 12-13 , the seal  1  of  FIG. 10A-10B  exhibits minor leakage when measured with a flowmeter at 8 bar pressure passing class VI according to the ANSI FCl_70-2 specification. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7A-7B , in a number of embodiments, the seal  1  may be used or be a component in an assembly  200  disposed about a central axis  100 . In a non-limiting embodiment, the assembly  200  may be a valve assembly. In a non-limiting embodiment, the valve assembly  200  may be a ball valve assembly. In a number of embodiments, the assembly  200  may include a number of sealing surfaces of any of its components (i.e. fluid components). In a number of embodiments, the assembly  200  may include a housing  201  including a sealing surface. In a number of embodiments, the assembly  200  may include at least one rod or stem  202  including a sealing surface. In an embodiment, optionally, the assembly  200  or housing  201  may include at least one bonnet  204  including a sealing surface. The bonnet  204  can generally include an annular body disposed about a central axis  100 . In a number of embodiments, the assembly  200  or housing  201  may include a first bonnet  204   a  and a second bonnet  204   b  including sealing surfaces. The stem  202  may extend axially through at least one of the first bonnet  204   a  or the second bonnet  204   b.  The exterior surface of the seal  1  (including at least one of the first annular body  2 , second annular body  4 , or optionally the third annular body  6 ) may contact at least one of the components of the assembly  200  (including, but not limited to, the housing  201 , bonnet  204   a,    204   b,  or stem  202 ) to provide a radial or axial force against at least one component of the assembly  200 . In a number of embodiments, the seal  1  may be adapted to contact and provide a seal with the at least one bonnet  204   a,    204   b,  and contact and provide a seal with the stem  202  to provide a seal in at least one of an axial and radial direction relative to the seal  1 . In a number of embodiments, the assembly  200  could include additional parts (not shown) including, but not limited to, a ball member, a first passageway to the valve, a second passageway from the valve, or may be another element. In a number of embodiments, the assembly  200  may include a seal  1  between a first fluid component (for example, first bonnet  204   a  having an axis and a first end  204   a ′), and a second fluid component (for example, second bonnet  204   b  having an axis and a second end  204   b ′) such that it operatively connects the first end  204   a ′ of the first fluid component  204   a  to the second end  204   b ′ of the second fluid component  204   b.  In a number of embodiments, the assembly  200  may include a seal  1  between a first fluid component (for example, first bonnet  204   a  having an axis and a first end  204   a ′ or second bonnet  204   b  having an axis and a second end  204   b ′) and a second fluid component (for example, the stem  202  having a second end  202 ′) such that it operatively connects the first end  204   a ′,  204   b ′ of the first fluid component  204   a,    204   b  to the second end  202 ′ of the second fluid component  202 . As shown in  FIG. 7A , the rod or stem  202  may have a sealing surface contacting the seal  1 , while at least one bonnet  204  or other component of the housing  201  may also have a sealing surface contacting the seal, where the housing  201  has a void where the seal is disposed. As shown in  FIG. 7B , the rod or stem  202  may have a sealing surface contacting the seal  1 , while at least one bonnet  204  or other component of the housing  201  may also have a sealing surface contacting the seal, where the rod or stem  202  has a void where the seal is disposed. 
     In a number of embodiments, an additional anti-rotational element  850  may be included within the assembly to positively capture the seal  1  and prevent the seal  1  from rotating. The anti-rotational element  850  may be one or more pins, staples, or screws applied in a radial fashion to a component of the assembly  200 . One or more thru-holes may be drilled into a component of the assembly  200  and an anti-rotational element  850  may be applied to the seal  1 . The through holes and the anti-rotational element  850  may or may not be threaded. In some embodiments, the anti-rotational element  850  may extend through a component of the assembly  200  and the seal in a radial direction. In some embodiments, the anti-rotational element  850  may extend through a component of the assembly  200  and the seal in an axial direction. The anti-rotational element  850  may be formed of plastic or polymer. The anti-rotational element  850  would typically not be formed of a metal. 
     In a number of embodiments, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can include any material commonly used in the seal arts. The seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 )) can comprise any suitable material with sufficient rigidity to withstand axial and longitudinal forces. In a particular embodiment, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can include a polymer, such as, for example, ultra-high molecular weight polyurethane (UHMWPE), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a polyketone, a polyaryletherketone (PEAK) such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a polyaramid, a polyimide, a polytherimide, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyetherslfone, a polysulfone, a polyphenylene sulfone, a polyamideimide, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, a fluoropolymer, a polyamide, a polybenzimidazole, or any combination thereof. An example fluoropolymer includes fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), a terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride (THV), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), aliphatic polyamides, or even para-aramids such as Kevlar®, or any combination thereof. The polymer may be injection-molded. In another embodiment, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a metal or alloy (such as, but not limited to, aluminum, chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, magnesium, tin, platinum, titanium, tungsten, lead, iron, bronze, steel, spring steel, stainless steel) formed through a machining process. In a number of embodiments, the metal may be lubricious. In yet another embodiment, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a ceramic or any other suitable material. The seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a homogenous composition or may comprise two or more discrete portions having different compositions. The seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can be formed from a single piece, two pieces, or several pieces joined together by melting, sintering, welding, adhesive, fasteners, threading, or any other suitable fastening means. Moreover, in one non-limiting embodiment, although not applicable to all embodiments, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) may not include a polymer, and more particularly, may be essentially free of any/all polymers. In a particular aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) may comprise a single material free of any coating or surface layer. In a certain aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can be formed from a monolithic construction. In another aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can be formed from multiple components joined together by any means recognizable in the art, such as, for example, by mechanical deformation (e.g., crimping or splines), adhesive, welding, melting, or any combination thereof. As shown in  FIGS. 1A and 9 , for example, the first annular body  2  may be split into two components  2   a,    2   b  by a cut  302  in the body  2 . The cut  302  may be angled or straight in a plane in the axial direction. The cut  302  may have different sections having different slopes. The cut  302  may aid in providing improved sealing properties of the seal  1  during and after installation. 
     In a number of embodiments, at least one of the first split  102  of the first annular body  2 , the first split  104  of the second annular body  4 , or the first split  106  of the third annular body  6  may be a straight cut. The straight cut may be perpendicular to a plane in the axial direction as shown in  FIG. 1B . In a number of embodiments, at least one of the first split  102  of the first annular body  2 , the first split  104  of the second annular body  4 , or the first split  106  of the third annular body  6  may be an angled cut. The angled cut may be offset by an angle a to a plane perpendicular to a plane in the axial direction as shown in  FIG. 1B . The angle a may be within the range of −90°≤α≤90°. In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the at least one of the first split  102  of the first annular body  2 , the first split  104  of the second annular body  4 , or the first split  106  of the third annular body  6  may include two different sections having two different slopes. In such a way, the split  102 ,  104 ,  106  may be tapered to form the circumferential ends of the first annular body  2 , the second annular body  4 , or the third annular body  6  including two different sections  301 ,  303  having two different slopes in at least one of the radial or axial direction. 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 2B , the first and second circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2  may include a flared male end and a grooved female end respectively. In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 2B , the first and second circumferential ends  30 ,  32  of the second annular body  4  may include a flared male end and a grooved female end respectively. In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 2B , the first and second circumferential ends  40 ,  42  of the third annular body  6  may include a flared male end and a grooved female end respectively. In a number of embodiments, the flared male end may have a flange  220  in the circumferential direction and flange  222  in at least one of the radial or axial direction. The flange  222  may surround the entirety of the male circumferential end of the first annular body  2 , second annular body  4 , or third annular body  6 . In a number of embodiments, the grooved female end may have a groove  224  in at least one of the radial or axial direction. The groove  224  may surround the entirety of the male circumferential end of the first annular body  2 , second annular body  4 , or third annular body  6  and may couple the flared male end to the grooved female end. In a number of embodiments, the flared male end and a grooved female end of the first annular body  2  may be adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2 . In a number of embodiments, the flared male end and a grooved female end of the second annular body  4  may be adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the circumferential ends  30 ,  32  of the second annular body  4 . In a number of embodiments, the flared male end and a grooved female end of the third annular body  6  may be adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the circumferential ends  40 ,  42  of the third annular body  6 . 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 3B , the first and second circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2  may include a tongued male end and a grooved female end respectively. In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 2B , the first and second circumferential ends  30 ,  32  of the second annular body  4  may include a tongued male end and a grooved female end respectively. In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 2B , the first and second circumferential ends  40 ,  42  of the third annular body  6  may include a tongued male end and a grooved female end respectively. In a number of embodiments, the tongued male end may have a flange  320  in the circumferential direction. In a number of embodiments, the grooved female end may have a groove  324  in at least one of the radial or axial direction. The groove  324  may surround the entirety of the male circumferential end of the first annular body  2 , second annular body  4 , or third annular body  6  and may couple the tongued male end to the grooved female end. In a number of embodiments, the tongued male end and a grooved female end of the first annular body  2  may be adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2 . In a number of embodiments, the tongued male end and a grooved female end of the second annular body  4  may be adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the circumferential ends  30 ,  32  of the second annular body  4 . In a number of embodiments, the tongued male end and a grooved female end of the third annular body  6  may be adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the circumferential ends  40 ,  42  of the third annular body  6 . 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 4B , the first and second circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2  may include a first hook side end defining a first edge step, and a second hook side end defining a second edge step. In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 2B , the first and second circumferential ends  30 ,  32  of the second annular body  4  may include a first hook side end defining a first edge step, and a second hook side end defining a second edge step. In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 2B , the first and second circumferential ends  40 ,  42  of the third annular body  6  may include a first hook side end defining a first edge step, and a second hook side end defining a second edge step. In a number of embodiments, the first hook side end  420  defines a first edge step  422  in the radial direction, and the second hook side end  424  defines a second edge step  426  in the radial direction. In a number of embodiments, the first hook side end  420  defines a first edge step  422  in the axial direction, and the second hook side end  424  defines a second edge step  426  in the axial direction. In a number of embodiments, the first hook side end  420  may couple to the second hook side end  424  through an overlap, engagement, or coupling with their respective edge steps  422 ,  426 . In a number of embodiments, the first hook side end and the second hook side end of the first annular body  2  may be adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2 . In a number of embodiments, the first hook side end and the second hook side end of the second annular body  4  may be adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the circumferential ends  30 ,  32  of the second annular body  4 . In a number of embodiments, the first hook side end and the second hook side end of the third annular body  6  may be adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the circumferential ends  40 ,  42  of the third annular body  6 . As an alternative to the split designs listed, the seal  1  (including any of the first annular body  2 , the second annular body  4 , or the third annular body  6 ) may be split by a butt or skieve geometry. In an alternative embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 11A , the first and second circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2  or the seal itself  1 (including any additional components) may include a sloped “S” configuration in the radial or axial direction with a male tongue  78 ,  78 ′ and a female groove  79 ,  79 ′ on each circumferential end  20 ,  22 . In a further alternative embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 11B , the first and second circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2  or the seal itself  1  (including any additional components) may include a sloped “S” configuration in the radial or axial direction with a male tongue  78 ,  78 ′ and a female groove  79 ,  79 ′ on each circumferential end  20 ,  22  with an additional bump  80 ,  80 ′ on the surface of the male tongue  78 ,  78 ′. This bump  80 ,  80 ′ may prevent shrinkage of the seal  1 . In a further alternative embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 11C , the first and second circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2  or the seal itself  1  (including any additional components) may include a sloped “S” configuration in the axial or radial direction with a male tongue  78 ,  78 ′ and a female groove  79 ,  79 ′ on each circumferential end  20 ,  22  with a plurality of additional bumps  80 ,  80 ′ on the surface of the male tongue  78 ,  78 ′ to form a ratchet or ratchet-like attachment. In a further alternative embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 11D , the first and second circumferential ends  20 ,  22  of the first annular body  2  or the seal itself  1 (including any additional components) may include a male-female spear configuration in the axial or radial direction with a male tongue  78  and a female groove  79 ′ on each circumferential end  20 ,  22  with a plurality of additional bumps  80 ,  80 ′ on the surface of the male tongue  78  and the female groove  79 ′ to form a ratchet or ratchet-like attachment. 
     In a particular aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can further include one or more fillers, such as graphite, glass, aromatic polyester (EKONOL®), bronze, zinc, boron nitride, carbon, and/or polyimide. Concentrations of each of these fillers in a polymer such as PTFE may be greater than 1%, such as greater than 5%, greater than 10% or even greater than 20% by weight. 
     In addition, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can further include lubrication to enhance sliding characteristics against the shaft. Exemplary lubricants can include molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, graphite, grapheme, expanded graphite, boron nitrade, talc, calcium fluoride, or any combination thereof. Additionally, the lubricant can comprise alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, calcium fluoride, boron nitride, mica, Wollastonite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, carbon black, pigments, or any combination thereof. 
     In a number of particular embodiments, the first annular body  2  may include an elastomer, plastic or polymer, polyurethane, metal, or composite fiber. In a number of embodiments, the first annular body  2  may include a composite fiber comprising one or a combination of silicone, carbon, aramid, rayon, kynol, Kevlar, cotton, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or rubber fibers. In a number of embodiments, the first annular body  2  may include a resilient polymer. In a number of embodiments, the first annular body  2  may include a resilient polymer including one of a silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or rubber. In a number of particular embodiments, the second annular body  4  can include an energizer adapted to provide an outward force on the first lip  52   a  and the second lip  52   b  of the first annular body  2  to enhance sealing performance and provide a spring-energized seal  1 . In a number of embodiments, the second annular body  4  can include a metal. In a number of embodiments, the second annular body  4  can include a metal spring. The second annular body  4  can include a metal or alloy (such as, but not limited to, aluminum, zinc, copper, magnesium, tin, platinum, titanium, tungsten, lead, iron, bronze, steel, spring steel, stainless steel) In a number of embodiments, second annular body  4  can include a metal including a metallic spring comprising an aluminum, nickel, iron, or chromium alloy. In a number of embodiments, the second annular body  4  may include elastomer, foam, silicone, fluorocarbons, ethylene propylene diene Monomer (M-class) rubber (EPDM), nitrile, a sponge, or a metallic spring. For example, the second annular body  4  may be made from a 50 A durometer material. In an embodiment, the second annular body  4  may be manufactured by a method conventional in the art such as, but not limited to, metalworking, forming, forging, extrusion, molding, printing, or may be another type. In a number of particular embodiments, the third annular body  6  may include an elastomer, plastic or polymer, polyurethane, metal, or composite fiber. In a number of embodiments, the third annular body  6  may include a composite fiber comprising one or a combination of silicone, carbon, aramid, rayon, kynol, Kevlar, cotton, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or rubber fibers. In a number of embodiments, the third annular body  6  may include a resilient polymer. In a number of embodiments, the third annular body  6  may include a resilient polymer including one of a silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or rubber. 
     In a number of embodiments, the second annular body  4  material and shape may be selected to have appropriate stress/strain characteristics. In a number of embodiments, the second annular body  4  has a spring constant which dictates how much sealing force may be applied to the matrix. The second annular body  4  may apply a spring load of 1 lb/in, although spring loads in the range of 0.5-10 lb/in are also suitable for exemplary embodiments. The seal force applied to the first annular body  2  by the second annular body  4  can be varied by using energizer materials of different hardness and foams with different densities. The range of deflection within these materials will also dictate the load force applied. The second annular body  4  may be selected to be less rigid than the first annular body  2  so that the second annular body  4  may deform before the first annular body  2 . At the same stress level, the strain on the second annular body  4  should typically be an order of magnitude or higher than the first annular body  2 . 
     In a number of embodiments, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can be untreated or treated to enhance the physical or chemical properties thereof. For example, in particular embodiments, the seal  1  can be treated using techniques such as laser melting or ablation, mechanical sandblasting or chemical picking. In further embodiments, the seal  1  can be treated by galvanizing, chromate or phosphate treatments, or anodizing. In a number of embodiments, the surface  35  of the seal  1  may include a surface finish that cannot be achieved by machining. In a number of embodiments, the surface  35  of the seal  1  may be polished. In a number of embodiments, the seal  1  may have a surface finish provided by electrolytic polishing. 
     In a number of embodiments, the surface  35  finish of the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) may provide a surface roughness average Ra not greater than 0.1 μm, such as not greater than 0.05 μm, such as not greater than 0.01 μm, such as not greater than 0.005 μm, or such as not greater than 0.001 μm. In a number of embodiments, the surface  35  finish of seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) may provide surface maximum height of the profile Rt of not greater than 0.6 μm, such as not greater than 0.5 μm, such as not greater than 0.1 μm, such as not greater than 0.05 μm, or such as not greater than 0.01 μm. 
     In a particular aspect, the first annular body  2 , second annular body  4 , or third annular body  6  can have a generally U-shaped cross section when viewed in a direction perpendicular to a plane extending radially from the central axis  100 . In another aspect, the first annular body  2 , second annular body  4 , or third annular body  6  can have any other shape when viewed in a direction perpendicular to a plane extending radially from the central axis  100 , such as, for example, a generally I-shape, a generally J-shape, or even a generally L-shape. 
     In a particular aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a material having a Brinell hardness (HB) in a range between and including about 70 to about 150, such as in a range between about 75 to about 145, in a range between about 80 to about 140, in a range between about 85 to about 135, in a range between about 90 to about 130, in a range between about 95 to about 125, in a range between about 100 to about 120, or even in a range between about 105 to about 115. 
     In another particular aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a material having an ultimate tensile strength or material strength of at least about 350 megapascal (MPa), such as at least about 360 MPa, at least about 370 MPa, at least about 380 MPa, at least about 390 MPa, at least about 400 MPa, or even at least about 410 MPa. In further embodiments, the annular body  2  can comprise a material having an ultimate tensile strength of no greater than about 5000 MPa, such as no greater than about 4000 MPa, no greater than about 2000 MPa, no greater than about 1000 MPa, or even no greater than about 500 MPa. Moreover, the seal  1  can comprise a material having a tensile strength within a range between and including any of the values described above, such as, for example, between about 500 MPa and about 1800 MPa. 
     In another aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a material having a Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of between about 50 GPa and about 1000 MPa, such as between about 65 GPa and about 750 GPa, between about 75 GPa and about 500 GPa, between about 80 GPa and about 250 GPa, between about 85 GPa and about 200 GPa, between about 95 GPa and about 150 GPa, or even between about 100 GPa and about 130 GPa. In a more particular embodiment, the seal  1  can comprise a material having an MOE of between about 100 GPa and about 300 GPa. 
     In another aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a material having a Poisson&#39;s ratio of between about 0.5 to about 0.1, such as between about 0.45 to about 0.15, such as between about 0.4 to about 0.2, such as between about 0.35 to about 0.25. In a more particular embodiment, the seal  1  can comprise a material having a Poisson&#39;s ratio of between about 0.2 and 0.4. 
     In a further aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of between about 1×10 −6  in/in° F. and about 75×10 −6  in/in° F., such as between about 2×10 −6  in/in° F. and about 50×10 −6  in/in° F., between about 3×10 −6  in/in° F. and about 25×10 −6  in/in° F., between about 5×10 −6  in/in° F. and about 15×10 −6  in/in° F., or even between about 7×10 −6  in/in° F. and about 11×10 −6  in/in° F. 
     In yet a further aspect, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a material having an elongation at break (EAB) of no greater than about 60%, such as no greater than about 55%, no greater than about 50%, no greater than about 45%, no greater than about 40%, no greater than about 30%, no greater than about 20%, or even no greater than about 10%. In further embodiments, the annular body 2 can comprise a material having an EAB of no less than about 0.5%, such as no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, or even no less than about 5%. Moreover, the seal  1  can comprise a material having an EAB within a range between and including any of the values described above, such as, for example, between about 45% and about 55%. 
     In a number of embodiments, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a coating  20  on its surface  35 . In a number of embodiments, the coating  20  may include a material having a low temperature hard coating, such as, for example, a diamond-like coating (DLC) impregnated therein. In particular embodiments, the DLC can have a lattice structure similar to a diamond, where each carbon atom comprises four carbon atoms equally spaced. Alternatively, the seal  1  (or any of its subcomponents including, but not limited to, the first annular body  2  or any of its lips  52 , the second annular body  4  or any of its lips  64 , the third annular body  6  or any of its lips  82 , or the fourth annular body  8 , or its at least one lip  92 ) can comprise a material impregnated therein by use of a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) coating. HVOF coatings can extend sealing surface life by significantly increasing the sealing element&#39;s resistance to wear and corrosion. Moreover, HVOF coatings can affect a smoother surface finish with bond strengths in excess of approximately 10,000 pounds per square inch. 
     In an aspect, the seal  1  can be adapted to operate within a wide temperature range while simultaneously maintaining effective sealing rates. For example, the seal  1  can be adapted to operate at temperatures within a range between about −275° C. and about 300° C., such as within a range between about −250° C. and about 250° C., within a range between about −100° C. and about 100° C., or even within a range between about −40° C. and about 20° C., while exhibiting a leakage rate of less than about 10 mL/min/mm, such as less than about 9 mL/min/mm, less than about 8 mL/min/mm, less than about 7 mL/min/mm, less than about 6 mL/min/mm, less than about 5 mL/min/mm, less than about 4 mL/min/mm, less than about 3 mL/min/mm, less than about 2 mL/min/mm, less than about 0 mL/min/mm, less than about 0.75 mL/min/mm, less than about 0.5 mL/min/mm, less than about 0.25 mL/min/mm, less than about 0.1 mL/min/mm, or even less than about 0.01 mL/min/mm. Moreover, the seal  1  can be adapted to operate within the above described temperature range while having a leakage rate of about 0 mL/min/mm. 
     In a number of embodiments, the components of the assembly  200  (including, but not limited to, the housing  201 , bonnet  204   a,    204   b,  or stem  202 ) can include any material commonly used in the seal arts. The components of the assembly  200  can comprise any suitable material with sufficient rigidity to withstand axial and longitudinal forces. In a particular embodiment, the components of the assembly  200  (including, but not limited to, the housing  201 , bonnet  204   a ,  204   b,  or stem  202 ) can include a polymer, such as, for example, ultra-high molecular weight polyurethane (UHMWPE), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a polyketone, a polyaryletherketone (PEAK) such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), a polyaramid, a polyimide, a polytherimide, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyetherslfone, a polysulfone, a polypheylene sulfone, a polyamideimide, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, a fluoropolymer, a polyamide, a polybenzimidazole, or any combination thereof. An example fluoropolymer includes fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), a terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride (THV), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), aliphatic polyamides, or even para-aramids such as Kevlar®, or any combination thereof. The polymer may be injection-molded. In another embodiment, the components of the assembly  200  can comprise a metal or alloy (such as, but not limited to, aluminum, chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, magnesium, tin, platinum, titanium, tungsten, lead, iron, bronze, steel, spring steel, stainless steel) formed through a machining process. In yet another embodiment, the components of the assembly  200  can comprise a ceramic or any other suitable material. The components of the assembly  200  can be formed from a single piece, two pieces, or several pieces joined together by welding, adhesive, fasteners, threading, or any other suitable fastening means. 
     In a particular aspect, the components of the assembly  200  (including, but not limited to, the housing  201 , bonnet  204   a,    204   b,  or stem  202 ) can further include one or more fillers, such as graphite, glass, aromatic polyester (EKONOL®), bronze, zinc, boron nitride, carbon, and/or polyimide. Concentrations of each of these fillers in a polymer such as PTFE may be greater than 1%, such as greater than 5%, greater than 10% or even greater than 20% by weight. 
     In addition, the components of the assembly  200  (including, but not limited to, the housing  201 , bonnet  204   a,    204   b,  or stem  202 ) can further include lubrication to enhance sliding characteristics against the shaft. Exemplary lubricants can include molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, graphite, grapheme, expanded graphite, boron nitrade, talc, calcium fluoride, or any combination thereof. Additionally, the lubricant can comprise alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, calcium fluoride, boron nitride, mica, Wollastonite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, carbon black, pigments, or any combination thereof. 
     The components of the assembly  200  (including, but not limited to, the housing  201 , bonnet  204   a,    204   b,  or stem  202 ) can comprise a homogenous composition or may comprise two or more discrete portions having different compositions. The components of the assembly  200  (including, but not limited to, the housing  201 , bonnet  204   a,    204   b,  or stem  202 ) can be formed from a single piece, two pieces, or several pieces joined together by melting, sintering, welding, adhesive, fasteners, threading, or any other suitable fastening means. Moreover, in one non-limiting embodiment, although not applicable to all embodiments, the components of the assembly  200  (including, but not limited to, the housing  201 , bonnet  204   a,    204   b,  or stem  202 ) may not include a polymer, and more particularly, may be essentially free of any/all polymers. In a particular aspect, the components of the assembly  200  (including, but not limited to, the housing  201 , bonnet  204   a,    204   b,  or stem  202 ) may comprise a single material free of any coating or surface layer. 
     According to still another aspect, there may be provided a method including providing a first fluid component ( 204   a,    204   b ) having an axis  100  and a first end ( 204   a ′,  204   b ′) and a second fluid component ( 204   b,    202 ) having an axis  100  and a second end ( 204   b ′,  202 ′); and further providing a seal  1  having a first annular body  2  having an inner radius IR FAB  and an outer radius OR FAB , and a first circumferential end  20  and a second circumferential end  22  defining a first split  102  along the circumference of the first annular body  2 ; and a second annular body  4  having an inner radius IR SAB  and an outer radius OR SAB , and a first circumferential end  30  and a second circumferential end  32  defining a first split  104  along the circumference of the second annular body  4 , where the circumferential split  102  of the first annular body  2  may be offset from the circumferential split  104  of the second annular body  4  at an arc distance defined by a central angle C, where the central angle C may be no less than 15°, such as no less than 30°, such as no less than 45°, such as no less than 60°, or such as no less than 90°, or where the second annular body  4  may be adapted to force the first split  102  of the first annular body  2  to close around a fluid component ( 204   a,    204   b,    202 ). The method may further include positioning the seal  1  in contact with the first end ( 204   a ′,  204   b ′) of the first fluid component ( 204   a,    204   b ) to the second end ( 204   b ′,  202 ′) of the second fluid component ( 204   b ,  202 ) to seal the first fluid component ( 204   a,    204   b ) and the second fluid component ( 204   b,    202 ) in at least one of an axial and radial direction relative to the seal  1 . 
       FIG. 6  shows a graph of time (sec) vs. pressure (bar) for a seal  1  in accordance with a number of embodiments and prior art seals. Seal A shows a seal  1  embodiment as shown in  FIG. 2A . Seal B shows a seal  1  embodiment as shown in  FIG. 3A . Seal C shows a seal  1  embodiment as shown in  FIG. 4A . Seal D shows a seal  1  embodiment as shown in  FIG. 1A . Seal E shows a 2 in 1 big heel seal  1  embodiment as shown in  FIG. 5A . Seal F shows a prior art seal. Seal G shows a prior art seal. Seal H shows a seal  1  embodiment as shown in  FIG. 8B . Seal I shows a seal  1  embodiment as shown in  FIG. 8D . As shown, several of the seals perform with a higher pressure drop at a shorter time than the prior art seal as shown. 
     The seal  1 , assembly  200  or method described above may provide higher reliability and quality of sealing in difficult installation spaces and under more severe operating conditions (such as greater than 3 ksi pressure, greater than 200° C. temperature, less than 1 ksi pressure, less than 0° C. temperature). They may provide at least one of high elasticity, high strength, high strain at break, maximum sealing capacity, minimum friction, or minimum plastic deformation under these operating conditions. Further, the sealing of the seal  1  through the first lip and/or the second lip may be decoupled, making it easier to handle tolerances within the assembly  200  without significantly influencing sealing strength. Lastly, the splits in the annular bodies  2 ,  4 ,  6 , of the seal  1  work together to provide ease of installation as a simple, versatile, and more robust solution compared to standard installation tools or regular spring-energized seals. The installation may reduce the number of installation steps using the seal  1  from 3-5 steps down to 1 step where additional tools may not be needed. Ease of installation may be facilitated due to a split formed in the annular bodies  2 ,  4 ,  6  of the seal  1 , although the assembly may be solid in some embodiments. 
     Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of those aspects and embodiments are described below. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that those aspects and embodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments as listed below. 
     Embodiment 1 
     A seal comprising: a first annular body having an inner diameter and an outer diameter, and a first circumferential end and a second circumferential end defining a first split along the circumference of the first annular body; and a second annular body having an inner diameter and an outer diameter, and a first circumferential end and a second circumferential end defining a first split along the circumference of the second annular body, wherein the circumferential split of the first annular body is offset from the circumferential split of the second annular body at an arc distance defined by a central angle C, wherein the central angle C is no less than 15°, such as no less than 30°, such as no less than 45°, such as no less than 60°, or such as no less than 90°. 
     Embodiment 2 
     A seal comprising: a first annular body having an inner radius and an outer radius, and a first circumferential end and a second circumferential end defining a first split along the circumference of the first annular body, wherein the first annular body has first and second lips; and a second annular body comprising an energizer having an inner radius and an outer radius, wherein the second annular body is adapted to force the first split of the first annular body to close around a fluid component, wherein the energizer is positioned between the first and second lip of the first annular body and adapted to force the first and second lip apart. 
     Embodiment 3 
     An assembly comprising: a first fluid component having an axis and a first end; a second fluid component having an axis and a second end; and a seal operatively connecting the first end of the first fluid component to the second end of the second fluid component; the seal comprising: a first annular body having an inner diameter and an outer diameter, and a first circumferential end and a second circumferential end defining a first split along the circumference of the first annular body; and a second annular body having an inner diameter and an outer diameter, and a first circumferential end and a second circumferential end defining a first split along the circumference of the second annular body, wherein 1) the circumferential split of the first annular body is offset from the circumferential split of the second annular body at an arc distance defined by a central angle C, wherein the central angle C is no less than 15°, such as no less than 30°, such as no less than 45°, such as no less than 60°, or such as no less than 90°; or 2) wherein the second annular body comprises an energizer where the energizer is adapted to force the first split of the first annular body to close around a fluid component, wherein the energizer is positioned between the first and second lip of the first annular body and adapted to force the first and second lip apart. 
     Embodiment 4 
     A method comprising: providing a first fluid component having an axis and a first end and a second fluid component having an axis and a second end; providing a seal comprising: a first annular body having an inner diameter and an outer diameter, and a first circumferential end and a second circumferential end defining a first split along the circumference of the first annular body; and a second annular body having an inner diameter and an outer diameter, and a first circumferential end and a second circumferential end defining a first split along the circumference of the second annular body, wherein 1) the circumferential split of the first annular body is offset from the circumferential split of the second annular body at an arc distance defined by a central angle C, wherein the central angle C is no less than 15°, such as no less than 30°, such as no less than 45°, such as no less than 60°, or such as no less than 90°; or 2) wherein the second annular body comprises an energizer where the energizer is adapted to force the first split of the first annular body to close around a fluid component, wherein the energizer is positioned between the first and second lip of the first annular body and adapted to force the first and second lip apart; and positioning the seal in contact with the first end of the first fluid component to the second end of the second fluid component to seal the first fluid component and the second fluid component in at least one of an axial and radial direction relative to the seal. 
     Embodiment 5 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first lip and the second lip define a recess in the first annular body to form a U-shaped cross-section in the radial direction. 
     Embodiment 6 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 5, wherein the second annular body is disposed within the recess formed between the first lip and the second lip of the first annular body. 
     Embodiment 7 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 5, wherein the second annular body is adapted to provide an outward force on the first lip and the second lip to enhance sealing performance. 
     Embodiment 8 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 7, wherein the first annular body comprises at least one axial step to radially lock the second annular member to the first annular member. 
     Embodiment 9 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 7, wherein the first annular body radially compresses the second annular body to provide an interference fit therebetween. 
     Embodiment 10 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first annular body comprises an elastomer, polymer, polyurethane, metal, or composite fiber. 
     Embodiment 11 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 10, wherein the first annular body comprises a composite fiber comprising one or a combination of silicone, carbon, aramid, rayon, kynol, Kevlar, cotton, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or rubber fibers. 
     Embodiment 12 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 10, wherein the first annular body comprises a resilient polymer comprising one or a silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or rubber. 
     Embodiment 13 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 7, wherein the energizer comprises a metallic spring comprising an aluminum, nickel, iron, or chromium alloy. 
     Embodiment 14 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 7, wherein the energizer comprises elastomer, foam, silicone, fluorocarbons, ethylene propylene diene Monomer (M-class) rubber (EPDM), nitrile, a sponge, or a metallic spring. 
     Embodiment 15 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seal further comprises a third annular body having an inner diameter and an outer diameter, and a third split along its circumference, wherein the third annular body comprises a first radial lip and a second radial lip adapted to at least partially surround the first annular body in at least one of the axial or radial direction. 
     Embodiment 16 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 15, wherein the third annular body has a U-shaped cross-section. 
     Embodiment 17 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 15, wherein the third annular body comprises an elastomer, polymer, polyurethane, metal, or composite fiber. 
     Embodiment 18 
     The seal, assembly, or method of embodiment 15, wherein the third annular body comprises a resilient polymer comprising one or a silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or rubber. 
     Embodiment 19 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first split is formed in a straight cut or an angle cut in a plane in the axial direction of the first annular body. 
     Embodiment 20 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the second split is formed in a straight cut or an angle cut in a plane in the axial direction of the second annular body. 
     Embodiment 21 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first and second circumferential ends of the first annular body comprise a flared male end and a grooved female end adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the first annular body. 
     Embodiment 22 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first and second circumferential ends of the second annular body comprise a flared male end and a grooved female end adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the second annular body. 
     Embodiment 23 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first and second circumferential ends of the first annular body comprise a tongued male end and a grooved female end adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the first annular body. 
     Embodiment 24 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first and second circumferential ends of the second annular body comprise a tongued male end and a grooved female end adapted to mate and circumferentially lock the second annular body. 
     Embodiment 25 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first and second circumferential ends of the first annular body comprise a first hook side end defining a first edge step, and a second hook side end defining a second edge step, wherein the first edge step and the second edge step are adapted to overlap and circumferentially lock the second annular body. 
     Embodiment 26 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first and second circumferential ends of the second annular body comprise a first hook side end defining a first edge step, and a second hook side end defining a second edge step, wherein the first edge step and the second edge step are adapted to overlap and circumferentially lock the second annular body. 
     Embodiment 27 
     The seal, assembly, or method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein at least one of the first split or the second split is tapered to form an edge having two different sections having different slopes. 
     This written description uses examples, including the best mode, and also to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims. For example, embodiments may relate to rotational devices such as an electric motor, such as a windshield wiper motor), or axial sliding applications, such as a steering column adjustment mechanism. 
     While embodiments have been shown or described in only some of forms, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that they are not so limited, but are susceptible to various changes without departing from the scope of the invention. 
     Note that not all of the features described above are required, that a portion of a specific feature may not be required, and that one or more features may be provided in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which features are described is not necessarily the order in which the features are installed. 
     Certain features are, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombinations. 
     Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments, However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims. 
     The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and every value within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent to skilled artisans only after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that a structural substitution, logical substitution, or any change may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.