Patent Publication Number: US-2021194141-A1

Title: Light Path Defining Apparatus and Methods

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/936,340 entitled ADVANCED OPTOELECTRONIC SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS USING SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATION, filed on Jul. 22, 2020, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/878,728 filed on Jul. 25, 2019 and both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. 1852971, awarded by the National Science Foundation. The Government has certain rights in this invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present invention is generally related to the field of systems which utilize light paths, for instance, to modulate light and, more particularly, to advanced system architectures and methods for defining a light path. 
     Applicant recognizes that systems which employ a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) to receive an incoming beam of light and modify one or more characteristics of the light as a function of the cross-sectional position within the beam of light are well known. The amount of modification and type of characteristic(s) modified can change with respect to time as well as with respect to position within the beam; this is frequently referred to as modulation. Some example types of characteristics that can be changed in modulating the beam of light are amplitude (intensity), phase, and polarization. Modulation frequently is controlled by electrical signals that are supplied to the SLM. It should be noted that the term “light” used throughout this application refers to electromagnetic radiation or Electro-Magnetic Waves (EMW). In some other documentation, the term “light” may be used to only refer to EMW in the visible spectrum. That is not the case in this application; herein the term “light” refers to EMW anywhere in the frequency/wavelength spectrum that is suitable for modulation by the systems disclosed herein. 
     One example of a prior art spatial light modulation system is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 8,941,061 by Gopalsami, et al (hereinafter the &#39;061 patent). The &#39;061 patent uses a two lens system in which a single mask provides for spatial light modulation in a compressive sampling implementation. In particular, a single mask  301  ( FIG. 3 ) is moved by a two axis translational stage  303  to provide for different mask patterns. Unfortunately, it is respectfully submitted that moving a large physical mask in the manner suggested would result in a system that is incapable of generating enough imaging information to be acceptable for practical applications such as, for example, real time security applications. More importantly, the use of an imaging lens  305  between mask  301  and an imaging target  302 , as well as a second lens  311  between mask  301  and a detector  313  is submitted to provide limited flexibility as compared to the advanced systems yet to be described below. 
     Another example of a prior art spatial light modulation system is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 8,199,244 by Baraniuk, et al (hereinafter the &#39;244 patent). Like the &#39;061 patent, FIG. 1 of the &#39;244 patent discloses a simple two lens system. Instead of using a single physical mask, however, the &#39;244 patent uses a micro-mirror array  140 . Again, it is submitted that such a system would provide limited flexibility as compared to the advanced systems yet to be described below. 
     The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools, and methods which are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. In various embodiments, one or more of the above described problems have been reduced or eliminated. 
     In general, an optoelectronic system and associated methods are described. In a system embodiment and associated method, the system includes a concentration layer including an array of optical concentrators, each optical concentrator including a concentrator input area and a concentrator output area that is smaller than the concentrator input area such that each concentrator concentrates a portion of an input light beam received at the concentrator input area into the concentrator output area. A modulation layer including an array of light modulators with each light modulator having a modulator input area that is supported in optical communication with the concentrator output area of one of the optical concentrators for modulating the portion of the input light beam and the light modulators are spaced apart from one another in the modulation layer to cooperatively produce a modulation layer output having a modulation layer output spatial distribution. An exit layer receives the modulation layer output having the modulation layer output spatial distribution and remaps the modulation layer output spatial distribution to a modified spatial distribution. A collector layer receives the modified spatial distribution to produce a collector layer output. At least one detector receives the collector layer output to generate a detector output therefrom. A processor is configured for controlling the modulation layer and for receiving the detector output to generate an image based on the input light beam. 
     In another system embodiment and associated method according to the present disclosure, an optoelectronic system includes a concentration layer including an array of optical concentrators, each optical concentrator including a concentrator input area and a concentrator output area that is smaller than the concentrator input area such that each concentrator concentrates a portion of an input light beam received at the concentrator input area into the concentrator output area. A modulation layer includes an array of light modulators with each light modulator having a modulator input area that is supported in optical communication with the concentrator output area of one of the optical concentrators for modulating the portion of the input light beam and the light modulators are spaced apart from one another in the modulation layer to cooperatively produce a modulation layer output having a modulation layer output spatial distribution. An exit layer receives the modulation layer output having the modulation layer output spatial distribution and remaps the modulation layer output spatial distribution to a modified spatial distribution. A collector layer receives the modified spatial distribution at a plurality of collector layer inputs and combines the plurality of collector layer inputs to a single wave passage at a collector layer output to serve as a combined collector layer output. A detector receives the combined collector layer output from the single wave passage. A processor is configured for controlling the modulation layer and for receiving the detector output to generate an image based on the input light beam. 
     In still another system embodiment and associated method according to the present disclosure, an optoelectronic system includes a concentration layer including an array of optical concentrators, each optical concentrator including a concentrator input area and a concentrator output area that is smaller than the concentrator input area such that each concentrator concentrates a portion of an input light beam received at the concentrator input area into the concentrator output area. A modulation layer includes an array of light modulators that are spaced apart from one another in the modulation layer for modulating each portion of the input light with each light modulator having: (i) a modulator input area in optical communication with the concentrator output area of one of the optical concentrators, and (ii) a modulator waveguide for receiving the modulated portion of light and externally outputting the modulated portion of light. A collector waveguide defines a waveguide input for the modulator waveguide of each light modulator in the array of light modulators and the collector waveguide combines the outputted modulated portion of light from each light modulator with the outputted modulated portion of light from other ones of the light modulators in the array of light modulators to produce a collector waveguide output. A detector receives the collector waveguide output to produce a detector output. A processor is configured for controlling the modulation layer and for receiving the detector output to generate an image based on the input light beam. 
     In yet another system embodiment and associated method according to the present disclosure, an optoelectronic system includes a plurality of spatial light modulation sub-modules for receiving input light, modulating the input light to produce modulated light and outputting the modulated output light, the sub-modules supported in a side-by-side relationship. A combiner combines the modulated output light from two or more of the sub-modules to produce at least one combined output. At least one detector receives the combined output to generate a detector output. A processor is configured for controlling the plurality of spatial light modulation sub-modules and for receiving the detector output to generate an image based on the input light. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus and associated method are described. The apparatus comprises a horn including a horn body having at least one horn sidewall defining a first opening that tapers down to a second opening in a direction of elongation such that the first opening includes a first area that is larger than a second area of the second opening and a port that is tubular and dimensionally uniform transverse to the direction of elongation and extends in the direction of elongation from a first port end that is in communication with the second opening to a second port end that defines an external opening, and the port includes at least one port sidewall extending from the first port end to the second port end surrounding a port cavity. A dielectric rod includes a rod length extending between a first rod end and a second rod end with the first rod end extending through the external opening of the second port end and into the port cavity such that the first rod end is in a spaced apart relationship from the port sidewall along the light path and the second rod end is configured for external communication along the light path such that the apparatus defines the light path in (i) one direction from the first opening of the horn body to the second rod end of the dielectric rod and (ii) an opposite direction from the second rod end of the dielectric rod to the first opening of the horn body. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method is described for producing an apparatus for use in a light path. The method includes configuring a horn to include (i) a horn body having at least one horn sidewall defining a first opening that tapers down to a second opening in a direction of elongation such that the first opening includes a first area that is larger than a second area of the second opening and (ii) a port that is tubular and dimensionally uniform transverse to the direction of elongation and extends in the direction of elongation from a first port end that is in optical communication with the second opening to a second port end that defines an external opening. The port is configured with at least one port sidewall extending from the first port end to the second port end surrounding a port cavity. A dielectric rod having a rod length extending between a first rod end and a second rod end is positioned such that the first rod end extends through the external opening of the second port and into the port cavity so that the first rod end is in a spaced apart relationship from the port sidewall configuration along the light path and the second rod end is arranged for external communication such that the light path is defined in (i) one direction from the first opening of the horn body to the second rod end of the dielectric rod and (ii) an opposite direction from the second rod end of the dielectric rod to the first opening of the horn body. 
     In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a horn is described for use in a light path. The horn includes a horn body having at least one horn sidewall defining a first opening that tapers down to a second opening in a direction of elongation such that the first opening includes a first area that is larger than a second area of the second opening and a port that is tubular and dimensionally uniform transverse to the direction of elongation and extends in the direction of elongation from a first port end that is in optical communication with the second opening to a second port end that defines an external opening, and the port includes at least one port sidewall extending from the first port end to the second port end surrounding a port cavity for optical communication on the light path between the first opening of the horn body and the second port end of the port. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Example embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures of the drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be illustrative rather than limiting. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic view, in elevation, illustrating an embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic view, in elevation, of another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure including a concentration layer and an exit layer each of which is made up of side-by-side horns and a lens serving as a collector layer. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic view, in elevation, of another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and which resembles the optoelectronic system of  FIG. 2  except that a horn serves as the collector layer. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and which resembles the structure of the optoelectronic system of  FIG. 4  with the exception of a plurality of horns in a first section of a collector layer that couple to a second section of the collector layer to guide the modulated light to a detector. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and which resembles the structure of the optoelectronic system of  FIG. 4  with the exception of a plurality of horns in the collector layer which couple modulated light to a plurality of detectors. 
         FIG. 7 a    is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure in which a concentration layer is made up of an array of lenses. 
         FIG. 7 b    is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and which resembles the optoelectronic system of  FIG. 7 a    except that the exit layer, like the concentration layer, is made up of an array of lenses. 
         FIG. 8  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and which resembles the optoelectronic system of  FIG. 4  except that a lens serves as the collector layer. 
         FIG. 9 a    is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of a collector layer produced in accordance with the present disclosure utilizing an array of horns and a collector waveguide and which can be used at least in place of the collector layers used in the optoelectronic systems of  FIGS. 4, 5, 7 and 8 . 
         FIG. 9 b    illustrates additional details with respect to the collector layer of  FIG. 9 a    in a diagrammatic exploded view, in perspective, and in relation to a detector. 
         FIGS. 9 c  and 9 d    illustrate additional details with respect to the collector layer of  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b    in diagrammatic partially cutaway perspective views, showing the horn layer and the collector waveguide, respectively, in isolation. 
         FIG. 9 e    is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another collector layer which resembles the collector layer shown in  FIGS. 9 a -9 d    with the exception that passages of the collector waveguide are filled with a dielectric material. 
         FIG. 9 f    is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another collector layer which resembles the collector layer shown in  FIGS. 9 a -9 d    with the exception that the array of horns has been replaced by an array of lenses and associated supports. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and which resembles the optoelectronic system of  FIG. 4  at least given that that there is no exit layer since a dielectric post serves to transfer modulated light from each light modulator directly to a collector waveguide. 
         FIG. 11  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway and exploded view, in perspective, of the optoelectronic system of  FIG. 10 , shown here to illustrate additional details of its structure. 
         FIG. 12  is a diagrammatic view, in perspective, illustrating another embodiment of an optoelectronic system produced in accordance with the present disclosure including a spatial light modulator that receives input light from a concentration layer and subjects the concentrated light to blocking patterns produced using a flexible tape media. 
         FIG. 13  is another diagrammatic view, in perspective, illustrating additional details with respect to the embodiment of  FIG. 12 , shown here to illustrate additional details of its structure and operation. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, illustrating four collector waveguides side-by-side for use as part of an overall system including a detector associated with each collector waveguide. 
         FIG. 15  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, illustrating four collector waveguides side-by-side for use as part of an overall system including a supplemental waveguide that couples from the collector waveguides to a detector. 
         FIG. 16  is a diagrammatic cutaway view, in perspective, of a system produced in accordance with the present disclosure that is modified as compared to the system of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 17  is a diagrammatic partially cut-away view, in elevation, of a light path defining arrangement according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  is a diagrammatic partially cut-away view, in perspective, of the light path defining arrangement of  FIG. 17 , shown here to illustrate further details of its structure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements. Various modifications to the described embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principles taught herein may be applied to other embodiments. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein including modifications and equivalents, as defined within the scope of the appended claims. 
     Applicants hereby describe advanced passive or active imaging system architectures and associated methods which use spatial light modulation. Embodiments of the systems described herein support compressive sampling and imaging with electromagnetic waves (EMW) over a range of frequencies from 10 GHz to 10 THz (millimeter wave to terahertz spectrum), as well as over a range of frequencies from 30 GHz to 300 GHz (millimeter wave spectrum). In conjunction with a compressive sampling algorithm or other suitable algorithm for collecting data to render an image, disclosed systems comprise a millimeter wave imaging camera offering sweeping improvements over the state-of-the-art in millimeter wave imaging. 
     Turning now to the drawings, it is noted that the figures are not to scale and are diagrammatic in nature in a way that is thought to best illustrate features of interest. Descriptive terminology such as, for example, upper/lower, top/bottom, horizontal/vertical, left/right and the like, may be adopted with respect to the various views provided in the figures for purposes of enhancing the reader&#39;s understanding and is in no way intended to be limiting. All embodiments described herein are submitted to be operational irrespective of any overall physical orientation. It is noted that like reference numbers may be used to refer to like items throughout the various figures. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic view illustrating an embodiment of an optoelectronic system, generally indicated by the reference number  10  and produced in accordance with the present disclosure. It is initially noted that suitable measures can be taken to enhance energy transfer between the various layers and components in the systems yet to be described. Such measures include but are not limited to impedance matching based on dimensional considerations, anti-reflective materials or layers, meta-materials, and permittivity of the materials used in the various components. System  10  is shown imaging a scene  12  that is laterally spaced away from the system and normal to the plane of the figure such that the scene is represented by a line. Input light or EMW  20  from the scene is represented as an arrow traveling toward a concentration layer  30 . It is noted that scene  12  can be actively illuminated with light at a wavelength or range of wavelengths of interest, however, this is not a requirement. Embodiments of concentration layer  30  include an array of optical concentrators, diagrammatically shown as rectangles making up the concentration layer and several of which are individually designated by the reference number  34 . From a functional perspective, each optical concentrator includes a concentrator input area  38  and a concentrator output area  40  that is smaller than the concentrator input area such that each concentrator concentrates a portion  42  (demarcated by dotted lines) of input light beam  20  received at the concentrator input area into one, respective concentrator output area  40 . A concentrated output  44  is individually designated for several of the concentrators and represented by an arrow. Side-by-side rows and/or columns of the concentrator array can be offset with respect to one another in order to increase the relative amount of input light that is incident upon the concentrator input areas, for example, when the concentrator input areas are circular in shape. Of course, components of any subsequent layers can be arranged in a way that matches up or aligns with the arrangement of concentrators used in the concentration layer. While embodiments of the concentration layer will be described in detail below, it is initially noted that some embodiments externally transfer concentrated outputs  44  to an ambient environment or atmosphere surrounding the system such as, for example, air or the vacuum of space while other embodiments externally transfer concentrated outputs without emission into an ambient environment, for example, using a waveguide to conduct the concentrated outputs to a subsequent layer. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 1 , concentrated outputs  44  are received by individual modulators  48  that make up an array of modulators in a modulation layer  50 . The array can be of any suitable dimensions in terms of width and length (i.e., rows and columns) transverse or normal to the direction of travel of input light  20  and concentrated outputs  44 . It is noted that the array configuration can be carried from the concentration layer through the modulation layer and subsequent layers, as needed. Side-by-side rows and/or columns of the array can be offset with respect to one another. The modulators can be of any suitable type, either currently available or yet to be developed, that are electrically controllable by a processor  54  through a control line  58 . Suitable types of modulators include but are not limited to magneto-optic, electro-optic such as Pockel cells, electrochromic, polarization modulation using graphene, mechanical shutters, metamaterial (see, for example, a publication by Claire M. Watts, et al., entitled Terahertz Compressive Imaging with Metamaterial Spatial Light Modulators, Nature Photonics, Vol. 8, August 2014). One suitable array of magneto-optic modulators is described as part of the spatial light modulator disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 10,345,631, entitled SOLID STATE SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATOR, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Other suitable modulators are disclosed in U.S. Published Patent Application no. U.S. 2021/0026168, entitled ADVANCED SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS, ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS, which is commonly owned with the present application. Each modulator provides a modulator output  60 , several of which are individually designated. It should be appreciated that the output of the modulation layer can be characterized by a modulation layer spatial output distribution wherein such a distribution is established by the lateral distribution of the spaced apart modulator outputs  60  from the array of modulators. In the present example, the modulation layer spatial output distribution is non-uniform across the lateral extents of the modulation layer. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , modulator outputs  60  are received by an exit layer  64 . The latter serves to receive the modulation layer output having the modulation layer output spatial distribution. It is noted that the modulator outputs are, of course, modulated and shown as being equal in size (as may be the case throughout the various figures), although it is understood that this generally will not be the case due to the impressed modulation. For example, some of the modulators can be set to block the input light based on a particular blocking pattern that is being impressed on the modulators of the modulation layer. The exit layer further serves to remap or redistribute the modulation layer output spatial distribution to a modified spatial distribution  68  which, in the present example, is more uniform and wider in lateral extents than the modulation layer spatial output distribution. For illustrative purposes, the modified spatial distribution is shown as being made up of a plurality of uniformly distributed waves  70 , several of which are individually designated. It is noted that waves  70  can be laterally uniformly distributed at least to a reasonable approximation. Modified spatial distribution  68  is then received by a collector layer  80 . While some embodiments of the collector layer may best function when a more uniform modified spatial distribution is received, it should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, the exit layer can be configured to produce a modified spatial distribution that is customized to the requirements of the exit layer, such that the modified spatial distribution is not necessarily more uniform, in contrast with the manner illustrated. 
     Collector layer  80  serves to receive the modified spatial distribution to produce a collector layer output  84  that is directed to or focused toward a detector  88 . The detector can be of any suitable type either currently available or yet to be developed including, but not limited to a tunnel diode type, Dicke-switched radiometer, and bolometer, and can be configured dependent upon the wavelength range that is of interest. It is noted that the detector can include a small impedance matching horn  89  which is shown in phantom using dotted lines, although this is not a requirement. The collector layer output is made up of a plurality of redirected waves  90 , several of which are individually designated. In some embodiments, a plurality of detectors can be used with the collector layer customized to divide modified spatial distribution  68  into a portion for each detector. In some embodiments, exit layer  64  can cooperate with a customized collector layer by beginning to divide the modified spatial distribution into the portions that are to ultimately be received by detectors. 
     Under the control of processor  54 , modulation layer  50  can be driven in any suitable manner while obtaining outputs from detector  88  for purposes of generating an image that can be presented on a display  92 . An associated input device  94  allows an operator to provide inputs to processor  54 . Of course, the image can readily be externally transferred, for example, through an Internet connection  96 . In a compressive sensing embodiment, the modulation layer can be driven to produce a series of masks or blocking patterns with an output read from detector  88  in association with each blocking pattern. These outputs can then be used to generate an image on display  92 . Prior art examples of blocking patterns include Hadamard patterns, although any suitable blocking patterns can be used. In this regard, the disclosed systems can even be configured to generate image data serially on a pixel-by-pixel basis in a way that mimics conventional imaging sensors such as, for example, a CMOS sensor which collects pixel values essentially in parallel. 
     Having described  FIG. 1  in detail, it is noted that the various layers, at least from a functional perspective, are illustrated in a spaced apart relationship for illustrative clarity and for purposes of enhancing the reader&#39;s understanding. In some embodiments, however, it will be seen that some amount of physical overlap can be present with respect to adjacent functional layers. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic, more detailed illustration of an embodiment of a system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and generally indicated by the reference number  100 . In this embodiment, a concentration layer  104  is made up of side-by-side individual horns  108 . Each horn of the present embodiment, as well as the horn(s) of other embodiments described throughout the present disclosure, can include any suitable cross-sectional shape such as, for example, circular. In this example, the individual horns are frustoconical. Another suitable cross-sectional shape is rectangular which also encompasses a square shape. Any suitable shape can also be used for the sidewall(s) along the length of each horn  108 . For example, the straight sidewalls of a frustoconical or truncated cone shape can be used. As another example, the sidewalls can include a nonlinear, curved or arcuate shape. 
     The horns described throughout this disclosure can be configured to respond to different polarities of light. For example, a square or rectangular horn is more responsive to a linear polarization, thereby partially acting as a polarizer in addition to the concentration layer. A circular horn is more responsive to all polarizations, thereby only concentrating the light. 
     An exit layer  110  includes an array of side-by-side individual horns  120  having an entrance opening  124  facing the modulation layer and a relatively larger exit opening  128  at an opposing end. It is noted that there is no requirement for horns  120  of exit layer  110  to be of the same size and/or shape as horns  108  of the concentration layer. In the present embodiment, horns  120  are configured to emit uniformly distributed waves  70  although other configurations of the horns can produce a non-uniform distribution, if needed. It is also noted that a one-for-one correspondence between horns  120  and modulators  48  is not required such that one horn can receive the output from a plurality of modulators. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 2 , a collector layer  130  includes a convex or converging lens  134  that is configured to receive uniformly distributed waves  70  and focus redirected waves  90  on detector  88  which is positioned to place the detector at least approximately at a focal point of the lens. Lens  134  can be formed in any suitable manner from any suitable material including, but not limited to high density polyethylene. 
       FIG. 3  is another diagrammatic, more detailed illustration of an embodiment of a system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and generally indicated by the reference number  200 . It is noted that system  200  replicates the structure of system  100  with the exception that, in this embodiment, a collector layer  204  includes a collector horn  210  having an input  214  which receives uniformly distributed waves  70  and produces output waves  220  at an output  224  that travel to detector  88 . As shown, input  214  is larger in lateral extents than output  224 . Collector horn  210  can be formed in any suitable manner from suitable materials including, but not limited to brass, aluminum, steel, or metal-coated plastic, such as nickel-plated plastic. In some embodiments, there is no interstitial space present between the output of collector horn  210  and the input of detector  88 , although this is not a requirement. The collector horn can be any suitable shape in its lateral extents, for example, based on the lateral extents of exit layer  110  and modulation layer  50 . 
     Still referring to  FIG. 3  and in some embodiments, a medium  230  (only partially shown) can be present in an interstitial space (i.e., interstice) between exit layer  110  and collector layer  204 . While not a requirement, the medium can also be present in the body or interior cavity of horns  108  and/or in the body or interior cavity of horn  210  of the collector layer. It is noted that suitable coatings can be applied to any outwardly facing surface(s) of the medium for purposes of impedance matching such as, for example, an antireflective coating. Suitable materials for medium  230  include but are not limited to mylar, HDPE, multi-layer materials, and any other material(s) that is substantially transmissive at desired wavelength(s) and has a dielectric constant larger than 1. It is noted that the interior cavity of any of the horns described throughout this disclosure can contain a medium and appropriate coatings. Referring briefly again to  FIG. 2 , medium  230  can be present in a similar manner between horns  120  and lens  134 , although this is not a requirement. 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 4  which is a diagrammatic cutaway view, in perspective, of a system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and generally indicated by the reference number  400 . Input light  20  is illustrated as a series of arrows. It is noted that the basic structure of system  400  resembles that of system  200  of  FIG. 3 . System  400  includes a concentration layer  404  having an array of concentrator horns, several of which are individually designated by the reference number  408 . It is noted that the dimensions of the arrays (i.e., rows and columns) carrying through the structure of system  400  can be of any suitable size, although  FIG. 4  is representative of a 3×3 array in consideration that one-half of the structure has been cut-away in the view of the figure. Processor  54  has not been shown for purposes of illustrative clarity but is understood to be present. Each horn can include a main portion  410  and an exit port  414  extending from the main body that is tubular with a uniform cross-sectional shape and dimensions along the length of the exit port. It is noted that the term “tubular”, as used herein, does not require a cylindrical shape but instead refers to any suitable cross-sectional shape. In the present embodiment, the main portion of each horn and the exit port are at least generally square in lateral cross-section with chamfered corners, although this is not required. In this regard, any suitable shape can be used for the main portion the horn which can be referred to as a horn body tapering from a first, larger opening to a second, smaller opening. For example, the horn body can be a frustum. In the illustrated embodiment, the horn body is a right frustum. The horn bodies and exit ports of the present example can also include chamfered corners  418 , several of which are individually designated, although this is not a requirement. In another embodiment, the horn body can be frustoconical such that the lateral cross-sectional shape is circular. In this latter embodiment, the exit port can be cylindrical with a sidewall extending between upper and lower ends of the exit port in the view of the figure. The diameter of the smaller opening of the horn body can match the diameter of the exit port. The concentration layer can be integrally formed from a single layer of a suitable material such as, by way of non-limiting example, brass, aluminum, steel, or metal-coated plastic. In other embodiments, the horn body and each corresponding exit port can be formed separately, for instance, by different material layers that are joined in a suitable manner. 
     A modulation layer  420  includes an array of modulators, several of which are individually designated by the reference number  424  in a one-to-one correspondence with concentrator horns  408 . Each modulator  424 , by way of non-limiting example, includes a Faraday element  428  that is surrounded by an electrical coil  430 . A printed circuit board  432  can carry control signals from processor  54  (see  FIG. 4 ) to the coil of each modulator for control purposes. An upper dielectric post  434  can include a cylindrical shape with one end received within the exit port of one of horns  408  and an opposing end received in a central aperture of coil  430  adjacent to Faraday element  428 . In the present example, the lateral cross-sectional shape of exit port  414  is square while the lateral cross-sectional shape of the upper dielectric rod is circular. It is noted that this is not a requirement. For example, the lateral cross-sectional shape of the exit port can be circular, particularly when the horn body is frustoconical. Thus, the shape of the exit port sidewall can be complementary to the shape of the sidewall of the dielectric rod at least to the extent that the dielectric rod extends into the exit port to provide a confronting relationship. In an embodiment, the upper end of dielectric post  434  can extend through the exit port and into main portion  410 . In another embodiment, as illustrated, the upper end of the dielectric rod does not extend into main portion  410  (i.e., the horn body). In this embodiment, the upper end of the dielectric post extends through a floor  436  of the exit port and the sidewall of the dielectric post is in a spaced apart, non-contacting relationship with the sidewalls that define the exit port. A lower dielectric post  440  can also include a cylindrical shape with one end received in the central aperture of coil  430  adjacent to an opposite end of Faraday element  428 . A lower, opposite end of dielectric post  440  can be received within an exit layer, as will be described below. In an embodiment, the dielectric post can include a peripheral outline(s) that is complementary to the component in which it is received. As noted above, the dielectric posts can be jacketed by a layer of electrically conductive material or unjacketed. Further, dielectric posts in embodiments of the disclosure can be of any suitable shape in lateral extents and are not limited to a cylindrical shape. Such dielectric posts can be unjacketed dielectric material or a jacketed dielectric material. Insofar as workable dielectric materials are concerned, any material that has a dielectric constant greater than the surrounding atmosphere or ambient can be utilized. Suitable materials include but are not limited to alumina, ferrite, and HDPE. For use as the jacket, any suitable conductive material can be used, such as, for example, aluminum, stainless steel, nonmagnetic steel, gold, gold-plated plastic or plastic coated with nickel and then gold. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 4 , an exit layer  450  is partially cutaway to reveal the structure of one row of three exit horns  454 . The structure, in this example, is used to support printed circuit board  432 . In an embodiment, the exit layer can be a mirror image of concentration layer  404 , although this is not a requirement and is not the case in the present embodiment. Such a mirror image embodiment will be described in further detail at an appropriate point hereinafter. Each exit horn  454  includes an entrance port  458  and a main portion  460  such that a lower end of each lower dielectric post  440  is received within entrance port  458  of one of exit horns  454 . It is noted that collimation can be enhanced by horns  460 , or any horn for that matter, by making the horn relatively longer along the propagation direction and/or relatively more narrow transverse to the propagation direction. Thus, uncollimated modulated light  461  can be collimated as the light travels through the horn. In some embodiments, the lower end of dielectric post  440  can extend into main portion  460 . In the present embodiment, exit horns  454  are of the same general configuration as concentration layer horns  408 , however, entrance ports  458  include lateral extents that are of reduced dimensions as compared to exit ports  414  of the concentration layer. In a manner that is consistent with the illustration of  FIGS. 1 and 3 , the output from exit layer  450  will have a distribution  462  (represented by arrows) that can be more uniform laterally than the modulated distribution from modulators  424  of modulation layer  420 . Like concentration layer  404 , exit layer  450  can be integrally formed from a suitable material, although this is not a requirement. Distribution  462  is received by a collector layer  470 . In the present embodiment, the collector layer includes a single collector horn  474  that couples the light of the distribution to detector  88  via a main portion  478 . Detector  88  can include an entrance aperture  480  which forms part of a housing for the detector. As noted, the latter can be any suitable type of detector or sensor including a sensing element  484  and support electronics  488  to produce an output  500  that can be used by a processor. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of a system configured in accordance with the present disclosure is shown and generally indicated by the reference number  600 . It is noted that the dimensions (i.e., rows and columns) of the arrays carrying through the structure of system  600  can be of any suitable size, although  FIG. 5  is representative of a 4×3 array in consideration that one-half of the structure has been cut-away in the view of the figure. System  600  is identical to system  400  of  FIG. 4  with the exception of a collector layer  610 . In the present embodiment, the collector layer is made up of two sections. A first section  614  defines a pair of adjacent collector horns  618  each one of which receives a portion of modulated output distribution  462 . In particular and by way of non-limiting example, each collector horn receives the output of six modulators  424  (i.e., one-half of the array) via exit horns  454 . Each collector horn can serve any suitable number of modulator outputs while remaining within the scope of the teachings herein. Insofar as their physical structure and shape, collector horns  618  can be configured in any suitable manner in a way that is consistent with the descriptions above. A portion of modulated light energy  462  is carried by each collector horn  618  to a collector horn output  620 . A second section  624  of the collector layer is configured as a waveguide including a passage  630  that extends from each collector horn output  620  to detector  88 . Of course, collector horns  618  can be impedance matched to waveguide passages  630 , for example, based on the shape of the exit opening of each horn  618  in cooperation with the shape of the entrance to each passage  630 . In this regard, passages  630  are illustrated as being of uniform dimensions along their length, however, this is not a requirement. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic cutaway view, in perspective, of an embodiment of a system configured in accordance with the present disclosure and generally indicated by the reference number  700 . It is noted that system  700  is identical to system  600  of  FIG. 5  with the exception of a collector layer  710 . The latter does not utilize waveguide  624  section. For purposes of the present description, the horns of collector layer  710  have been individually designated by appending an “a” or “b” to the appropriate reference numbers carried forward from  FIG. 5 . Thus, horns  618   a  and  618   b  are shown with respective horn exits  620   a  and  620   b . These horn exits are individually coupled to respective detectors  88   a  and  88   b . Outputs  500   a  and  500   b  each serve one-half of the array and can be read by processor  54  and combined by the processor to serve as an overall output. Based on  FIG. 6 , it should be appreciated that any suitable number of detectors can be used with a high degree of flexibility based, for example, on the dimensions of the array that is served. 
     Turning to  FIG. 7 a   , a diagrammatic cutaway view, in perspective, is illustrated of another embodiment of a system configured in accordance with the present disclosure and generally indicated by the reference number  800 . Initially, it is noted that collector layer  470  was initially illustrated in  FIG. 4  and described with regard thereto. Input light  20  is received by a concentration layer  804 . Within each one of a plurality of an array of dome housings  808 , each one of a corresponding array of convex lens  810  focuses a portion of input light  20  toward an exit aperture  814  that leads to a light modulator  424 . In the present embodiment, lenses  810  and dome housings  808  include a complementary peripheral shape such that each lens can be received at the remote end of an interior cavity defined by one of the dome housings. The lenses can be held in position, for example, by a suitable adhesive. The dome housings and lenses are circular in lateral cross-section although any suitable shape can be used. Each dome housing of the present embodiment includes a conical horn  818  that leads to exit aperture  814 . It is noted that the conical horns are not required given the presence of convex lenses  810  which serve to focus input light into apertures  814 . Dome housings  808  can be formed from a suitable material that is substantially transparent to the wavelength(s) of interest such as, for example, plastic. Convex lenses  810  can be formed from a suitable material that is also substantially transparent and refractive to the wavelength(s) of interest, including but not limited to plastic, HDPE, and any other suitable material that is substantially transmissive at the desired wavelength(s) and has a dielectric constant greater than 1 in the wavelengths of interest. If desired, an electrically conductive coating can be applied to the interior surface of each conical horn, for example, if the dome housing is molded from a plastic material. Each light modulator  424  modulates a portion of the input light and outputs the modulated light to an exit layer  820  which includes an array of exit horns  460  for producing distribution  462  that is then routed to detector  88 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 7 b    which is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of a system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and generally indicated by the reference number  840 . It is noted that the structure of system  840  resembles that of system  800  of  FIG. 7 a    with the exception of an exit layer  850 . Hence, the present discussions will be limited to describing exit layer  850  insofar as practical without repeating descriptions of previously described components. Essentially, exit layer  850  is made up of an array of convex lenses  854 , as will be described in further detail immediately hereinafter. 
     After modulation of input light  20  by each light modulator  424 , modulated light  858  enters an exit aperture  856  that leads to an exit horn  860 . In some embodiments, exit aperture  856  can receive a dielectric post that terminates within the exit aperture or extends into the exit horn in a manner that is consistent with the descriptions above. In the present example, horns  860  are conical. It is noted that the modulated light can be uncollimated within horns  860 , as illustrated. One of lenses  854  can be supported within each one of a plurality of an array of dome housings  864 , to redirect light  858  into distribution  462  for receipt by collector layer  470 . Depending at least in part on the configuration of lenses  854 , it should be appreciated that distribution  462  can be customized in its lateral extents. In the present embodiment, distribution  462  is more collimated than modulated light  858  while at least approximately matching the lateral extents of the array of lenses  854 . In other embodiments, distribution  462  can be greater in lateral extents (i.e., arrows making up distribution  462  diverging) or lesser in lateral extents (i.e., arrows making up distribution  462  converging) than the lateral extents of the array of lenses  854 . As examples, a diverging distribution  462 ′ is illustrated by dotted diverging arrows while a converging distribution  462 ″ is illustrated by converging dotted arrows. It is noted that these customized distributions can be implemented based on horns rather than lenses. In the present embodiment, lenses  854  and dome housings  864  include a complementary peripheral shape such that each lens can be received at the remote end of an interior cavity defined by one of the dome housings. The lenses can be held in position, for example, by a suitable adhesive. The dome housings and lenses can be circular in lateral cross-section although any suitable shape can be used. It is noted that the conical horns are not required given the presence of convex lenses  854 . Dome housings  864  can be formed from a suitable material that is substantially transparent to the wavelength(s) of interest such as, for example, plastic. Convex lenses  854  can be formed from a suitable material that is also substantially transparent and refractive to the wavelength(s) of interest, including but not limited to plastic, HDPE, and any other suitable material that is substantially transmissive at the desired wavelength(s) and has a dielectric constant greater than 1 in the wavelengths of interest. If desired, an electrically conductive coating can be applied to the interior surface of each conical horn, for example, if the dome housing is molded from a plastic material. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of a system configured in accordance with the present disclosure and generally indicated by the reference number  900 . Initially, it is noted that concentration layer  404 , modulation layer  420  and exit layer  450  are essentially the same as the corresponding layers shown originally in  FIG. 4 . The reader is referred to the descriptions of these layers which appear above and such descriptions will not be repeated for purposes of brevity. It is also noted that detector  88  is unchanged with respect to its appearance in  FIG. 4 . Collector layer  920 , however, includes a dome housing  924  which receives and supports a convex lens  928 . The latter focuses distribution  462  toward an exit aperture  480  and sensor  484 . Like the corresponding components in  FIG. 4 , lens  928  and dome housing  928  can include a complementary peripheral shape such that the lens can be received at the remote end of an interior cavity defined by the dome housing. The lens can be held in position, for example, by a suitable adhesive. The dome housing and lens are circular in lateral cross-section although any suitable shape can be used. The dome housing of the present embodiment can include a conical horn  930  that leads to exit aperture  480 . The conical horn is not required given the presence of convex lenses  928  which can serve to focus input light directly to sensor  484 . Dome housing  924  can be formed from a suitable material that is substantially transparent to the wavelength(s) of interest such as, for example, plastic. Convex lens  928  can be formed from a suitable material that is also substantially transparent and refractive to the wavelength(s) of interest, including but not limited to plastic, HDPE, and any other suitable material that is substantially transmissive in the desired wavelength and has a dielectric constant larger than 1. If desired, an electrically conductive coating can be applied to the interior surface of the conical horn, for example, if the dome housing is molded from a plastic material. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 a   , a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of a collector layer is illustrated, generally indicated by the reference number  1000 .  FIG. 9 b    is a diagrammatic exploded view, in perspective, of collector layer  1000  shown in relation to detector  88 . It is noted that collector layer  1000  can be used at least in place of collector layer  470  of  FIGS. 4 and 7 , collector layer  610  of  FIG. 5  and collector layer  920  of  FIG. 8 . Collector layer  1000  can also be adapted for use in a wide range of embodiments such as, for example, as collector layer  710  of  FIG. 6  in view of the teachings that have been brought to light herein. While a number of through holes/apertures are visible, it should be appreciated that these features are provided, for example, to receive fasteners that are not shown. 
     In  FIG. 9 a   , previously described exit layer output distribution  462  is shown as being incident on collector layer  1000  from the associated exit layers seen in  FIGS. 4, 5 and 7 . The collector layer includes a horn layer  1004  which defines an array of horns, several of which are individually designated by the reference number  1008 . Horn layer  1004  is also shown, in perspective, in the diagrammatic, partially cutaway view of  FIG. 9 c    which is taken generally along a line  9   c - 9   c  shown in  FIG. 9 b   . It is noted that the dimensions of horn layer  1004  (i.e., rows and columns) can be of any suitable size, although  FIG. 9 a    is representative of an 8×8 array in consideration that slightly less than one-half of the structure of horn layer  1004  has been cut-away in the view of the figure for purposes of illustrative clarity. Each horn  1008  can include a main portion  1010  and an exit port  1014  extending from the main body that is tubular with a uniform cross-sectional shape and dimensions along the length of the exit port. In the present embodiment, the main portion of each horn and the exit port are at least generally square in lateral cross-section, although this is not required. The horn bodies and exit ports of the present example can also include chamfered or rounded corners  1016 . In some embodiments, the horn layer can be integrally formed from a single layer of a suitable material such as, by way of non-limiting example, brass, aluminum, steel, or metal-coated plastic. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 d    in conjunction with  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b   , the former is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, taken generally along a line  9   d - 9   d  shown in  FIG. 9 b    to illustrate details with respect to a collector waveguide  1020  which forms part of collector layer  1000 . It is noted that  FIG. 9 d    illustrates one-half of collector waveguide  1020 . As seen in  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 d   , collector waveguide  1020  defines a passage maze  1024  that includes an input cavity  1028  (several of which are individually designated) in optical communication with exit port  1014  of one of horns  1008  ( FIG. 9 a   ). Input cavities  1028  can be impedance matched to exit apertures  1014 . Waveguide maze  1024  defines a wave passage that leads from each input cavity  1028  to a combined output  1030  ( FIG. 9 d   ). The combined output can be impedance matched to an input  1038  ( FIG. 9 b   ) of detector  88 . It is noted that a lower surface  1032  of horn layer  1004 , when received on collector waveguide  1020  as shown in  FIG. 9 a   , serves as a lid to define one side or sidewall of the wave passages to complete and enclose the wave passages. In the present embodiment, input cavities  1028  are arranged in groups of four  1040 , one of which groups is surrounded by a dashed box in  FIG. 9 d   . In this embodiment, the path length through waveguide maze  1024  from any one of the input cavities to combined output  1030  is essentially identical in terms of passage length. Collector waveguide  1020  can be formed in any suitable manner and from any suitable material(s). In an embodiment, the collector waveguide can be formed from a sheet material. Suitable methods for producing the collector waveguide include but are not limited to molding, machining, and 3D printing, while suitable materials include but are not limited to brass, aluminum, steel, and metal-coated plastic. These materials can be coated or plated, for example, with a layer of nickel followed by a layer of gold. 
     Referring briefly to  FIG. 9 e   , a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of a modified collector layer is illustrated, generally indicated by the reference number  1000 ′. Modified collector layer  1000 ′ is the same as collector layer  1000  with the exception that wave passages of waveguide maze  1024  can be partially or completely filled with a dielectric material  1042  such as, for example, alumina and/or ferrite. In an embodiment with the waveguide maze filled by a dielectric, the waveguide interior (i.e., the passages of the waveguide maze) can be formed, for example, by injection molding or 3D printed using a dielectric such as plastic and then the waveguide exterior can be plated onto the exterior of this structure to form conductive walls. 
       FIG. 9 f    is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of a modified collector layer, generally indicated by the reference number  1000 ″. Modified collector layer  1000 ″ is the same as collector layer  1000  with the exception that horn layer  1004  has been replaced by a lens layer  1050  that is made up of an array of convex lenses, several of which are individually designated by the reference number  1054 . Lenses  1054  can be supported by a suitable dome  1058  in a manner that is consistent with like structures described herein. Bases  1060  supporting domes  1058  can define a conical horn  1064  having an aperture that couples to a passage of waveguide maze  1024 , although a conical horn is not a requirement and any suitable shape can be used. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 10 and 11 ,  FIG. 10  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, of another embodiment of a system configured in accordance with the present disclosure and generally indicated by the reference number  1100  while  FIG. 11  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway and exploded view, in perspective, of system  1100 . Processor  54 , display  94  and input device  96  have not been shown for purposes of illustrative clarity but are understood to be present. 
     Initially, it is noted that concentration layer  404  and modulation layer  420  are essentially the same as the corresponding layers shown originally in  FIG. 4  with one exception that  FIGS. 10 and 11  illustrate an 8×8 array rather than a 3×3 array. The reader is referred to the descriptions of these layers, which appear above, and such descriptions will not be repeated for purposes of brevity. It is also noted that detector  88  is unchanged with respect to its appearance in  FIG. 4 . As another exception a collection layer  1110  is arranged for direct transfer of energy from modulation layer  420 . The term “direct transfer” is utilized to refer to embodiments that do not require an exit layer. In other words, modulated light is carried or delivered from the modulation layer directly to the collection layer. The collection layer includes previously described collector waveguide  1020  upon which a collection lid  1114  is receivable. A distal end  1120  ( FIG. 11 ) of each lower dielectric post  440  is received through a corresponding aperture  1124  that is defined by lid  1114 . In this regard, is noted that the collection lid serves to complete one side of the passages that are defined by waveguide maze  1024  of the collector waveguide. A printed circuit board is understood to be present for driving modulators  424  but has not been shown for purposes of illustrative clarity. Distal ends  1120  ( FIG. 11 ) of lower dielectric posts  440  are positioned for direct transfer of modulated electromagnetic energy to cavities  1028  of the collector waveguide that is then combined enroute to the detector (see  FIG. 10 ). Collection lid  1114  can be formed from any suitable material(s) including, but not limited to brass, aluminum, steel, and metal-coated plastic. 
     In another embodiment, each dielectric post  440 , along with any jacketing provided, can extend only partially through apertures  1124  such that a lowermost portion of each aperture serves as a waveguide. In this regard, collector waveguide  1020 , by way of non-limiting example, can be formed from a suitable waveguide material or the lowermost interior wall of the aperture can be coated with a suitable waveguide material. The lateral extents of the aperture can be configured at an upper end to receive posts  440  and change along the length of the aperture to the lower end thereof to account for impedance matching considerations leading into cavities  1028 . 
       FIG. 12  is a diagrammatic view, in perspective, illustrating an embodiment of an optoelectronic system, generally indicated by the reference number  1200  and produced in accordance with the present disclosure. System  1200  can include sensor  88 , for sensing electromagnetic radiation of interest such as, for example, millimeter wave (MMW) radiation  1204  from a scene  1208  that is of interest. It is noted that electromagnetic radiation  1204  may be referred to as input light. The input light is incident upon a concentration layer  1210  which, in this example is an array of horns with several concentrating horns of the array individually designated by the reference number  1214 . It is noted that, in another embodiment, concentration layer  1210  can be made up of an array of lenses such as convex lenses. Benefits associated with concentration layer  1210  will be discussed at an appropriate point hereinafter, once the reader has been provided a complete overview of the remaining components of system  1200 . After passing through concentration layer  1210 , concentrated input light  1218  travels to a modulation layer that includes a spatial light modulator  1220 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 13  in conjunction with  FIG. 12 , the former is a further enlarged, diagrammatic perspective view illustrating additional details of spatial light modulator  1220  of  FIG. 15  and its interface to processor  54 . It is noted that  FIG. 13  appears as  FIG. 2 a    in U.S. Pat. No. 10,698,290, entitled ADVANCED BLOCKING PATTERN STRUCTURES, APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR A SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATOR, which is incorporated herein by reference and hereinafter referred to as the &#39;290 Patent. In this embodiment, the spatial light modulator includes first and second reels, spindles or spools  1260   a  and  1260   b , respectively, each of which is supported for bidirectional rotation as indicated by arcs  1264 . Reel  1260   a  can be bidirectionally driven by a first motor  1266   a , as indicated by a double headed arrow  1268   a , while reel  1260   b  can be bidirectionally driven by a second motor  1266   b , as indicated by a double-headed arrow  1268   b . In the present embodiment, motor  1266   a  is a stepper motor while motor  1266   b  is a DC motor such that a flexible blocking pattern tape or ribbon  1300  can be spooled bidirectionally between reels  1260   a  and  1260   b , as indicated by a double headed arrow  1304 . It is noted that reels  1260   a  and  1260   b  along with associated motors  1268   a  and  1268   b  may be referred to herein as a flexible tape transport. A free or lateral portion  1306  of the tape extends between reels  1260   a  and  1260   b . In addition to a blocking pattern  1310 , tape  1300  can carry an upper servo stripe  1314   a  along each its upper lengthwise edge margin and a lower servo stripe  1314   b  along its lower lengthwise edge margin, each servo stripe including suitable servo marks  1318 , as will be further described. The servo stripes may be referred to collectively using the reference number  1314 . It is noted that the servo stripes and blocking pattern carry around spooled portions of tape  1300  on reels  1260   a  and  1260   b , however, this has not been shown due to illustrative constraints. It is also noted that a grid  1319  defining the individual cells of the blocking patterns shown in  FIGS. 12 and 13  is provided by way of illustration for purposes of descriptive clarity and is not required. The tape transport of  FIGS. 12 and 13 , like related embodiments brought to light in the &#39;736 Application employ at least one flexible tape, including at least one linear portion (e.g., free portion  1306 ) along which the flexible tape is moved linearly in a plane along a lengthwise dimension and a non-linear portion which, in the present embodiment are end portions of the flexible tape spooled on reels  1260   a  and  1260   b . It is noted that the teachings that have been brought to light herein are equally applicable with respect to embodiments that utilize two flexible tapes. In the present embodiment, at least a portion of the overall tape transport path is nonlinear. First and second upper readers  1320   a  and  1320   b , which may be referred to collectively as upper readers  1320 , are supported to read the upper servo stripe while first and second lower readers  1324   a  and  1324   b , which may be referred to collectively as lower readers  1324 , are supported to read the lower servo stripe. It is noted that the upper and lower readers are supported independent of the support for motors  1266   a  and  1266   b  such that the readers detect relative movement of the tape which can be, for example, movement of the tape up and down on reels  1260   a  and  1260   b  or even relative vertical movement of these reels themselves. In some embodiments, only one servo stripe is needed, along with its associated readers. Each reader can operate, for example, based on emitting light from an LED and receiving the emitted light using a photodiode or phototransistor on an opposing side of the ribbon. It is noted that, due to the use of stepper motor  1266   a , servo stripes  1314  and the associated readers can be optional, as will be further discussed. In another embodiment, motor  1266   a , like motor  1266   b , can be a DC motor in which case, servo stripes  1314  and the associated readers are required. In still another embodiment, a tensioning arrangement can maintain a suitable amount of tension on tape  1300 . Such a tensioning arrangement, for example, can comprise a roller or rod movable by a linear stage such that movement in one direction engages the flexible tape to increase tension while movement in an opposite direction reduces tension. Controller computer or processor  54  can include monitor  92  and input device  94 . In  FIG. 12 , an interface  1350  is connected to spatial light modulator  1220  to provide electrical communication with controller computer  54 . A sensor signal line  1354  provides signals from sensor  88  to controller computer  54 . As seen in  FIG. 13 , interface  1350  includes a first reader interface  1360  from upper servo readers  1320   a  and  1320   b  and a second reader interface  1364  from lower servo readers  1324   a  and  1324   b . The reader interfaces can provide an individual signal from each reader to processor  54  which can provide information relating to the status of flexible blocking pattern tape  1300  such as, for example, being indicative of buckling along free portion  1306 . It is noted that power supply lines for the readers and other components have not been shown but are understood to be present. Drive signals for motor  1266   a  are provided by a first motor drive interface  1368  while drive signals for motor  1266   b  are provided by a second motor drive interface  1370 . It is noted that the spool size (i.e., diameter) for reels  1260   a  and  1260   b  can be selected to balance various factors. For example, a relatively larger spool size (i.e., greater diameter) will result in lower stress on flexible tape  1300 , leading to longer life. On the other hand, such relatively larger reels consume more space and are likely more heavy. 
     As seen in  FIG. 12 , a portion  1372  of electromagnetic wave radiation or input light (i.e., a portion of incident radiation  1218 ) emerges from tape  1300 , indicated by arrows, and travels toward sensor  88  for collection by a horn  1374  and concentration onto this single pixel sensor such that horn  1374  serves as a collection layer.  FIG. 13  illustrates an exposure region  1400  that is planar and indicated by a heavy, dashed line, such that at least a portion of radiation  1218  ( FIG. 1 ) passing through region  1400  is collected and, thereafter, incident on sensor  88 . In the present example, region  1400  forms a blocking pattern that is made up of a 6×6 array of cells. Generally, electromagnetic radiation that transits through tape  1300  outside of region  1400  such as, for example, through the servo stripes is rejected. 
     During operation of system  1200 , stepper motor  1266   a  is driven by control computer  54  to controllably release or take up tape  1300  to selectively establish the lateral segment of the tape that makes up the blocking pattern appearing in region  1400 . At the same time, control computer  54  drives DC motor  1266   b  to maintain at least some degree of tension on free or suspended portion  1306  of the tape extending between reels  1260   a  and  1260   b , thereby ensuring that the free portion remains sufficiently planar or flat (i.e., linear). In this way, motors  1266   a  and  1266   b  can cooperatively and precisely position a series of different blocking patterns within region  1400  with controller computer  54  capturing a reading from sensor  88  in association with each of the different blocking patterns. As will be further discussed, there will be some amount of tolerance in the precision of positioning a particular blocking pattern on tape  1300  within exposure region  1400 . In this regard, system  1200  provides a heretofore unseen approach in dealing with this tolerance, as will be further discussed. 
     Turning the reader&#39;s attention back to concentration layer  1210 , it should be appreciated that one concentrating horn  1214  of the horn array is aligned with each cell of any given blocking pattern of tape  1300  that is positioned in exposure region  1400 . An input aperture  1404  of each concentration horn that faces scene  1208  includes essentially the same lateral dimensions as the corresponding cell. That is, the lateral dimensions are length and width in a direction transverse to the direction of travel of input light  1204 , as shown. Each concentration horn  1208  further includes an output aperture  1408  that is smaller in lateral dimensions that the corresponding cell of the blocking pattern. Assuming perfect alignment of the blocking pattern in exposure region  1400 , concentrating horns direct their concentrated output light  1218  onto a central region of the cells in the blocking pattern. Central regions  1410  of two adjacent cells are illustrated as rectangles in  FIG. 13  under the assumption of perfect alignment. Accordingly, the concentrated output light is incident upon each cell spaced away from the actual edges of the cell when there is perfect blocking pattern alignment. Thus, at least some tolerance for misalignment of the blocking pattern within the exposure region is provided by a margin around the edges of the cells, since the blocking pattern can shift side-to-side and/or up and down at least to some extent without the concentrated input light moving beyond the margins and spilling onto an adjacent cell of the blocking pattern. The reduction in required precision in movement of tape  1300  can translate into a number of different benefits. For example, cost can be reduced by lowering tolerance requirements for positioning of tape  1300 . As another example, structures can be incorporated into tape  1300  within the inter-cell margins. In an embodiment that uses a clear (i.e., transparent) substrate to form tape  1300  with deposited metal to form the blocking pattern, the plated area can be made smaller to approximately match the size of central regions  1410  and/or the clear substrate can be made relatively thinner in central regions  1410  to enhance electromagnetic energy transfer while maintaining the substrate relatively thicker outside of the central regions to enhance strength. 
     It should be appreciated that tape  1300  can be moved in either direction by the motors. Reels  1260   a  and  1260   b , as is the case with reels in other embodiments, can include features to guide the tape, such as contours, steps, texturing and/or flanges. In some embodiments, tape  1300  is moved the full width of exposure region  1400  from one blocking pattern to the next in the series, while, in other embodiments, the tape can be moved by an incremental amount that is less than the full width of region  1400  from one blocking pattern to the next. It is noted that an incremental movement can be as small as the width of one cell of the blocking pattern. Movements by some multiple number of cell widths may produce a more acceptable change from one blocking pattern to the next, especially given Applicants&#39; recognition that real life scenes tend to be self-correlated. In any embodiment that employs a flexible blocking pattern tape, a tape transport supports the flexible tape(s) for movement to transit the tape linearly through the electromagnetic energy in exposure region  1400  as the electromagnetic energy is traveling from the antenna to the single pixel sensor. At the same time, the flexible tape moves on a tape transport path that is, at least in part, nonlinear outside of the exposure region. 
     Still referring to  FIGS. 12 and 13 , flexible blocking pattern tape  1300  includes a flexible substrate that is transmissive at the wavelength of interest. Suitable materials for visible light include, but are not limited to Novele and Polyethylene terephathalate (PET). Suitable materials for millimeter wave (MMW) radiation include, but are not limited to polyimide, PET, and Novele. Thus, transmissive cells are essentially comprised of the substrate material itself with no additional coatings or materials. For the “black” or non-transmissive cells, metallic coatings such as, for example, copper and silver can readily be made flexible at required thicknesses for wavelengths from optical to MMW radiation. The coatings can be applied to form the desired pattern on the substrate, for example, by electrodeposition through a mask, roll-to-roll processing, sheet deposition followed by chemical etching, and ink jet printing. It is noted that any suitable technique can be employed and that the size or dimensions of the cells can be suited to any desired wavelength. In another embodiment, the tape can be formed from a thin flexible metal such as, for example, steel having holes or apertures formed therein to define the transmissive cells of the blocking pattern. This latter embodiment can be very robust and can be suited to any desired wavelength by changing the dimensions of the cells. Moreover, enhanced stiffness, as compared to a plastic substrate, can enhance controllability. 
     Having described structural details of spatial light modulator  1220  above in the context of system  1200 , it is appropriate at this junction to consider aspects of its operation. Generally, a set or series of blocking patterns is used such that a sensor output is recorded for each blocking pattern of the series. Relative increases in the number of blocking patterns in the series as well as increasing the number of cells that change or toggle between a transmissive status and a non-transmissive status from one blocking pattern to the next can serve to enhance image resolution and clarity. Any suitable series of blocking patterns can be used such as, for example, Hadamard patterns or randomly generated patterns. To generate an image, controller computer  54  actuates motors  1266   a  and  1266   b  to move tape  1300  such that a desired blocking pattern is positioned in exposure region  1400 . An initial or beginning blocking pattern can be the first pattern proximate to one of the opposing ends of the tape, although this is not a requirement. Controller computer  54  reads the output of sensor  88 , for example, via analog to digital conversion of the sensor voltage output, and saves that converted output. In the present embodiment, the sensor value is captured when tape  1300  is stationary. In some embodiments, it is not necessary for the tape to be stationary based, at least in part, on the characteristics of the particular sensor that is in use. If another blocking pattern is needed for generating the image currently in process, controller computer  54  moves tape  1300  and thereby a new blocking pattern into exposure region  1400  and then obtains a new sensor output. This process repeats until a complete set of sensor outputs is obtained for use in generating an image. 
     It should be appreciated that multiple instantiations of systems described above can be positioned in a side-by-side relationship and used in coordination for purposes of generating an image. By way of non-limiting example, systems that utilize aforedescribed collector waveguide  1020  as an element of their structure can readily be positioned side-by-side.  FIG. 14  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, illustrating four collector waveguides designated as  1020   a ,  1020   b ,  1020   c  and  1020   d  side-by-side for use as part of an overall system generally indicated by the reference number  1420 . The collector waveguides may be referred to collectively as collector waveguides  1020 . Associated systems are partially shown in phantom using dashed lines and indicated by the reference numbers  1100   a - 1100   d . Each of systems  1100   a - 1100   d  includes a detector  88   a - 88   d  and a collector waveguide  1020   a - 1020   d , respectively. It is noted that collector waveguides  1020   a  and  1020   b  are shown as partially cutaway to reveal associated detectors, while the detectors associated with collector waveguides  1020   c  and  1020   d  are not visible but are understood to be present. The detector associated with each collector waveguide can be coupled with processor  54  (not shown) which can also control any light modulators that are in use in a manner that is consistent with the descriptions above. Systems  1100   a - 1100   d  can be referred to as spatial light modulation modules such that each module is individually replaceable and/or individually usable. For example, given that any suitable number of spatial light modulation modules can be used, different fields of view can be provided by using different combinations of modules. As another example, manufacturing benefits are provided since the production yield on a light modulator having a relatively smaller light modulator array will be significantly higher than the yield on a light modulator array that is some number of times larger (e.g., using nine 16×16 modular arrays to make up an overall 48×48 modulator array.) Moreover, Applicant recognizes that the production costs associated with nine 16×16 modular arrays are lower than those associated with one 48×48 array. As another example, since each 16×16 module includes a dedicated detector, the light modulation modules can be operated in parallel to fill-in an image being generated faster and with less loss than a corresponding system with a single detector. 
       FIG. 15  is a diagrammatic partially cutaway view, in perspective, illustrating collector waveguides  1020   a ,  1020   b ,  1020   c  and  1020   d  side-by-side for use as part of another overall system that is generally indicated by the reference number  1440 . Each collector waveguide  1020   a - 1020   d  forms part of a sub-module designated as  1444   a - 1444   d , respectively, and partially shown in phantom using dashed lines. The sub-modules may be referred to collectively by the reference number  1444 . In the present embodiment, each of sub-modules  1444   a - 1444   d  includes concentration layer  404  and modulation layer  420  (see  FIG. 10 ) in addition to one instance of collector waveguide  1020 . It is noted that collector waveguide  1020   a  is shown as partially cutaway. An uppermost outer periphery of the cutaway portion of collector waveguide  1020   a  as well as the entirety of collector waveguide  1020   b  are shown in phantom represented by dashed lines so as to reveal underlying structure. In particular and instead of utilizing a detector for each collector waveguide, the present embodiment utilizes a supplemental waveguide layer  1500  which includes an input from the collector waveguide of each sub-module. In the figure, supplemental waveguide inputs  1504   a  and  1504   b  are seen for collector waveguides  1020   a  and  1020   b , respectively. The supplemental waveguide inputs for collector waveguides  1020   c  and  1020   d  are not visible but are understood to be present. Supplemental waveguide layer  1500  defines a wave passage for each collector waveguide leading to a combined output  1510  such that a combined output light  1514  is directed to detector  88  which is shown as being spaced away from the remaining structure for purposes of illustrative clarity, although this is not required. Detector  88  is coupled with processor  54  (not shown) which can also control any light modulators that are in use in a manner that is consistent with the descriptions above. In view of the discussions of  FIG. 14 , it should be appreciated that each of sub-modules  1444  can be replaced individually while providing still further benefits with regard to reducing production costs by utilizing a dimensionally smaller light modulator array than the equivalent size of the overall array that is provided by system  1440 . 
     Attention is now directed to  FIG. 16  which is a diagrammatic cutaway view, in perspective, of a system produced in accordance with the present disclosure and generally indicated by the reference number  400 ′. It is noted that system  400 ′ can be essentially identical to system  400  of  FIG. 4  with the exception of the configuration of an exit layer  450 ′. Accordingly, descriptions of like components will not be repeated for purposes of brevity. In system  400 ′, exit layer  450 ′ is essentially a mirror image of concentration layer  404 . Accordingly, modulated light  1600  from each lower dielectric rod  440  flows in an opposite direction with respect to concentration layer  404 . That is, light  1600  enters a port  414 ′, which serves as an entry port, and then passes into each horn body  410 ′ through a smaller opening of the horn body. The larger, lower openings of horn bodies  410 ′ then emits distribution  462  to collection layer  470 . It should be appreciated that an exact mirror image of concentration layer  404  is not required since dimensions can be adjusted based on considerations including but not limited to impedance matching to the collector layer. It remains, however, that the lowermost end of lower dielectric rod is in a non-contact, spaced apart relationship from a portion of the sidewall(s) of exit port  414 ′, extending into exit port  414 ′ without extending into horn body  410 ′. With regard to this configuration as well as embodiments described below, Applicant has demonstrated surprising and unexpected empirical and theoretical results leading to an improvement in coupling between an entrance/exit port and an associated dielectric rod, irrespective of the direction of energy flow, as compared to a direct contact fit between the sidewalls of dielectric rod within the entrance/exit port and a portion of the sidewalls of the entrance/exit port. Applicant submits that this configuration would be counterintuitive to one of ordinary skill in the art who would most likely terminate the post at the floor or as a floor of an exit or entrance port. 
     Given that the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 5, 6 and 8  utilize concentration layer  404  of  FIGS. 4 and 16  while utilizing exit layer  450  of  FIG. 4 , it should be appreciated that exit layer  450 ′ of  FIG. 16  can be used in each of the embodiments of  FIGS. 5, 6 and 8  with attendant benefits. Applicant further submits that the teachings brought to light herein with respect to coupling between a horn and dielectric post are broadly applicable with respect to any light path in which this configuration of components is utilized, as shown in  FIGS. 17 and 18 , yet to be described. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 17 and 18 , one embodiment of an apparatus, generally referred to by the reference number  1700 , which includes a horn housing  1704  and a dielectric rod or post  1708 , which may be referred to hereinafter as an HDP (Horn Dielectric Post) arrangement, is diagrammatically shown.  FIG. 17  shows the HDP arrangement in a partially cut-away view while  FIG. 18  shows the HDP arrangement in a partially cut-away perspective view. Horn housing  1704  defines a horn  1710  having a main portion that extends between a first larger opening  1714  and tapers to a second, smaller opening  1718 . In the present embodiment, the main portion is at least generally rectangular in lateral cross-section, although it can be square. The corners can be chamfered in a suitable manner, although this is not a requirement. In this regard, any suitable shape can be used for the main portion of horn  1710 . For example, the main portion can be a frustum. In the illustrated embodiment, the main portion is a right frustum. In another embodiment, the main portion can be frustoconical such that the lateral cross-sectional shape is circular. Horn housing  1704  further defines a port  1720  that extends from second opening  1718  of the main portion of horn  1710  and is tubular with an least generally uniform cross-sectional shape and dimensions along the length of the tubular port. The latter is terminated by a floor  1724  (i.e., a lower end of the port in the view of the figure). In the present embodiment, the tubular port is rectangular in lateral cross-section to match second opening  1718 . In another embodiment, the port can be cylindrical with a sidewall extending between upper and lower opposing ends of the port. The lateral dimensions of the smaller opening of the horn main portion can match the lateral dimensions of the tubular port. Horn housing  1704  can be a single layer of a suitable material such as, by way of non-limiting example, brass, aluminum, steel, or metal-coated plastic. In other embodiments, the horn body and associated tubular port can be formed separately, for instance, by different material layers that are joined in a suitable manner. In an embodiment, the horn body can be formed as a set of cooperating sidewalls from sheet material(s). Such sheet materials can include, by way of non-limiting example, electrically conductive material or non-electrically conductive materials coated with an electrically conductive layer. 
     Still referring to  FIGS. 17 and 18 , dielectric post  1708  can include a cylindrical shape with one end  1730  received within port  1720  of horn  1710  and an opposing end  1734  arranged for external light coupling such as, for example, to a light modulator  1738  which is shown in phantom using dashed lines in  FIG. 17 . In the present example, input light  1740 , shown above first opening  1718  as a distribution  1740  using a set of arrows, is received by horn  1710 , travels into port  1720  and is then coupled into dielectric post  1708  for coupling to modulator  1738  ( FIG. 17 ) along an overall light path  1744  which is illustrated by an arrow. It is noted that light path  1744  can be externally coupled from the lower end of the dielectric post in any suitable matter to any suitable component and coupling to a modulator is not a requirement. Such suitable components include, but are not limited to another horn, a lens, a grating, a waveguide or waveguide matrix such as  1024 . In the present example, the lateral cross-sectional shape of port  1720  can be square or rectangular while the lateral cross-sectional shape of the upper dielectric rod is circular. It is noted that this is not a requirement. For example, the lateral cross-sectional shape of port  1720  can be circular, particularly when main portion of the horn is frustoconical. Thus, the shape of the exit port sidewall can be complementary to the shape of the sidewall of the dielectric rod at least to the extent that the dielectric rod extends into the exit port in order to provide a confronting relationship. In any case, as illustrated, the upper end of the dielectric rod does not extend into the main portion of horn  1710  but instead extends through floor  1724  and terminates within port  1720 . Thus, the sidewall of the end of the dielectric post within port  1720  are in a spaced apart, non-contacting relationship with the sidewalls that define the exit port. Applicant has discovered, in this regard, that modeling as well as empirical demonstrate that termination of the dielectric post within port  1720  in conjunction with maintaining the described spaced apart relationship enhances optical coupling between the dielectric rod and horn  1710 . 
     Dielectric post  1708  can be jacketed with a waveguide  1750  that is a suitable electrically conductive material, although such a waveguide is not required. Any suitable conductive material can be used for the jacket, such as, for example, aluminum, stainless steel, nonmagnetic steel, gold, gold-plated plastic or plastic coated with nickel and then gold. In any case, Applicant notes that extending waveguide  1750  into port  1720  serves to reduce coupling efficiency with horn  1710 . Thus, waveguide  1750  is terminated outside of port  1720  in the illustrated embodiment. Suitable materials for dielectric post  1708  include but are not limited to any material that has a dielectric constant greater than the surrounding atmosphere or ambient including, by way of non-limiting example, alumina, ferrite, and HDPE. 
     Still referring to  FIGS. 17 and 18 , it should be appreciated that HDP (Horn Dielectric Post) arrangement  1700  supports the flow of energy in each potential direction therethrough or bidirectionally. In this regard,  FIG. 18  illustrates a light path  1744 ′, representing external light energy, entering what is shown as a free end  1754  of dielectric post  1708  with subsequent emission of a distribution  1740 ′ of light responsive to the entering light. What is shown as free end  1754  can be coupled to any suitable external component including but not limited to a modulator, a lens, a horn, a grating, a waveguide or a waveguide matrix such as aforedescribed waveguide maze  1024 . It should be appreciated that, irrespective of the direction of flow, the HDP arrangement can modify the lateral dimensional characteristics of the light path to suit a particular application. 
     The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form or forms disclosed, and other modifications and variations may be possible in light of the above teachings. Accordingly, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations of the embodiments described above.