Patent Publication Number: US-7583335-B2

Title: Liquid crystal display device

Description:
This application is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 09/582,424 filed Jun. 27, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,738,112, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 

   TECHNICAL FIELD 
   The invention relates to liquid crystal display devices using a liquid crystal panel. In particular, the invention is concerned with a reflection-type liquid crystal display device utilizing external light for effecting display without a light source built therein, and a transflective liquid crystal display device having an auxiliary light source built therein to be lit in a dark application environment. 
   BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY 
   A display capacity of liquid crystal display devices has recently been on the steady increase. There are two types of liquid crystal display devices in constitution, that is, a passive-matrix type wherein display electrodes for liquid crystal pixels are directly connected to signal electrodes installed on a first substrate thereof, and an active-matrix type having switching elements installed between signal electrodes and display electrodes. 
   Further, the active-matrix type liquid crystal display device has a constitution wherein opposed electrodes are installed opposite to the display electrodes provided on the first substrate with liquid crystals interposed therebetween, and a plurality of the signal electrodes and a plurality of the opposed electrodes are disposed in a matrix fashion such that given signals from an external circuit are applied to respective data electrodes connected to the signal electrodes and the opposed electrodes. 
   In the case of applying multiplex driving to a liquid crystal display device of a simple matrix constitution (the passive-matrix type), deterioration in contrast or response time occurs as the multiplexing reaches a higher time-division rate, so that it becomes difficult to obtain sufficient contrast when scanning lines in the order of two hundred. 
   Accordingly, a liquid crystal display panel of the active-matrix type wherein individual pixels are provided with a switching element has been adopted in order to remove such a drawback. 
   For the switching element in the liquid crystal display panel of the active-matrix type, there are in use a three-terminal type switching element using a thin-film transistor, and a two-terminal type switching element using a nonlinear resistance element. Of these two switching elements, the two-terminal type switching element is regarded as superior in respect of having a simpler construction and an adaptability to fabricate by a relatively low temperature process. 
   For the two-terminal type switching element, there have been developed a diode-type, a varistor-type, a thin-film-diode (TFD) type, and so forth. 
   Among these types, the TFD type is characterized especially by simple construction and in addition, by a short-time fabrication process. 
   Further, since the liquid crystal display device is not a self-light-emitting type display device, display is effected by utilizing an external light source, thereby causing variation in external light due to the optical property of liquid crystals. 
   Accordingly, the liquid crystal display device is broadly classified into two kinds in terms of relative positions of a viewer, the liquid crystal display device, and the light source. First, there is one wherein the light source (a main light source) and the viewer are on the same side relative to the liquid crystal display device, the so-called reflection-type liquid crystal display device. Second, there is one wherein the viewer, the liquid crystal display device and the light source (the main light source) are disposed in that order, the so-called transmission-type liquid crystal display device. 
   In the case where an object is to achieve low power consumption, which is the merit of a liquid crystal display device, the reflection-type liquid crystal display device taking advantage of the light source located in the neighborhood thereof without the light source installed therein is more effective. 
   There is also available a transflective liquid crystal display device functioning as the reflection-type liquid crystal display device taking advantage of the external light source (the main light source) when an application environment thereof is bright while functioning as the transmission-type liquid crystal display device by lighting up an auxiliary light source built therein when the application environment is dark. 
   Since the transflective liquid crystal display device is employed basically as the reflection-type liquid crystal display device, its power consumption can be lowered in comparison with that for the transmission-type liquid crystal display device. It is for this reason that the reflection-type liquid crystal display device or the transflective liquid crystal display device is a very important display device for application to portable information equipment. 
   A conventional reflection-type liquid crystal display device having the two-terminal type switching elements as switching elements installed between signal electrodes and display electrodes is described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     FIG. 26  is an enlarged plan view showing an electrode constitution at a pixel of the conventional reflection-type liquid crystal display device using the two-terminal type switching element.  FIG. 27  is a partial sectional view of the conventional reflection-type liquid crystal display device, taken along line A-A in  FIG. 26 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 27 , with this reflection-type liquid crystal display device, a pair of a first substrate  1  and a second substrate  2 , made up of a transparent glass substrate, are disposed opposite to each other with a given gap provided therebetween. On the surface of the second substrate  2 , a signal electrode  3 , made up of a tantalum (Ta) film, and a lower electrode  4 , formed integrally with the signal electrode  3  so as to be projected sideways from the side thereof (refer to  FIG. 26 ) are provided. On the surface of the signal electrode  3  and the lower electrode  4 , a nonlinear resistance layer  5  made up of a tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) film is provided. 
   Further, an upper electrode  6  and a display electrode  9  formed integrally with the upper electrode  6  as shown in  FIG. 26 , made up of an indium tin oxide (ITO) film which is a transparent and electrically conductive film, are provided so as to overlap the nonlinear resistance layer  5  provided on top of the lower electrode  4 . The upper electrode  6 , the nonlinear resistance layer  5 , and the lower electrode  4  constitute a two-terminal switching element  7 . 
   On the inner face of the first substrate  1 , facing the second substrate  2 , there is disposed an opposed electrodes  12 , formed in stripes and made up of an indium tin oxide (ITO) film which is a transparent and electrically conductive film, enabling it to face the display electrode  9 . Further, a data electrode (not shown) for applying signals from an external circuit is connected to the respective opposed electrodes  12 . 
   Further, on the inner faces of the first substrate  1  and the second substrate  2 , facing each other, there are provided alignment layers  15 A,  15 B, respectively, functioning as layers for alignment treatment wherein molecules of liquid crystals  16  sealed in-between the inner faces are aligned in a regular fashion. 
   The first substrate  1  and the second substrate  2  are disposed so as to face each other across a given gap formed by spacers (not shown), and the liquid crystals  16  are sealed in the gap. 
   Further, polarizing films  21 A,  21 B are disposed on the outer faces of the first substrate  1  and the second substrate  2 , respectively, and a reflector  25  is disposed on a side of either of the polarizing films  21 A,  21 B, opposite from the liquid crystal  16  (in an example shown in  FIG. 27 , on the outer face of the second substrate  2 ). There is a case where the polarizing films  21 A,  21 B are required and a case where the polarizing films  21 A,  21 B are not required, depending on the type of the display mode of the liquid crystal display device, for example, phase-transition type guest-host (p-GH) mode, twisted-nematic (TN) mode, and so forth. 
   Since no light is emitted by the liquid crystal display device itself, a voltage at driving waveforms is applied from an external circuit to the signal electrodes  3  and the data electrodes not shown (connected to the opposed electrodes). By applying the voltage via the switching elements  7  to the liquid crystal  16  in regions between the display electrodes  9  and the opposed electrodes  12 , thereby causing changes in the optical property of the liquid crystal  16  to occur, and in addition, by taking advantage of the reflection characteristics of the reflector  25  and external light  31 , a display of desired images is effected. 
   However, with the conventional liquid crystal display device described above, images displayed had a good contrast ratio but were found lacking in brightness, especially, whiteness, so that its display performance was less than satisfactory. In the case of using color filters, brightness further declined. 
   Further, in the case where projections and depressions are provided on the surface of the reflector, control of the surface shape thereof and enhancement of reflectance are needed, thus involving complex work in forming the reflector. Furthermore, in the case of employing a white diffusion film having a specific polarizability, it becomes necessary to match the direction of light diffusion having a directivity dependent on the surface shape with the direction of polarization, and consequently, a white diffusion film having dependence on the direction of polarization of the liquid crystal display device needs to be prepared, so that general versatility is impaired. 
   Also, with the reflection-type liquid crystal display device wherein losses in light quantity occur due to installation of the polarizing films, it becomes necessary to enhance brightness by utilizing the light diffusion film in combined use of the polarizing films and the reflector such that losses in light quantity can be prevented as much as possible. 
   Furthermore, in the case where the liquid crystal display device is provided with an auxiliary light source, it is necessary to enhance brightness by utilizing the white diffusion film in combined use of the auxiliary light source and the reflector. 
   The invention has been developed to solve the problems described above, and an object of the invention is to provide a reflection-type liquid crystal display device capable of effecting bright and whitish display. 
   DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
   In order to achieve the object described above, the liquid crystal display device according to the invention comprises a first substrate made of a transparent material, provided with signal electrodes or display electrodes, formed on one face thereof, a second substrate made of a transparent material, provided with opposed electrodes formed thereon, and liquid crystals sealed in-between the first substrate and the second substrate, disposed oppositely to each other with a predetermined gap interposed therebetween such that each of the signal electrodes or the display electrodes faceseach of the opposed electrodes so as to form a pixel, 
   wherein a white diffusing film and a reflector are disposed in this order from the side of the first substrate on the outer face of the second substrate, and the white diffusing film has characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. 
   Otherwise, a polarizing film and a white diffusing film may be disposed in this order from the visible side on top of the first substrate, and a reflector may be provided on top of the second substrate, or a polarizing film and a reflector may be provided in this order thereon. 
   The opposed electrodes formed on the second substrate may concurrently serve as the reflector. 
   Further, a polarizing film may be disposed on the visible side of the first substrate while a white diffusing film, a polarizing film and a reflector may be disposed in that order on the outer face of the second substrate. Or the order in which the white diffusing film and the polarizing film are disposed may be reversed. Further, another white diffusing film may be disposed between the first substrate and the polarizing film. 
   The reflector may be made of a transflective reflector having the characteristic of a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. 
   Otherwise, the transflective reflector may be made of a reflection-type polarizing film wherein one of the optic axes thereof is the transmission axis and the other, orthogonal to the transmission axis, is the reflection axis. 
   Further, the transflective reflector may be made of a holographic reflection film wherein regions having different refractive indexes are spatially distributed. 
   The liquid crystal may be a liquid crystal containing a dichroic pigment. 
   A color printed layer and a white diffusing film may be disposed in an optional order on the second substrate while a reflector may be disposed on a side of the color printed layer and the white diffusing film, opposite the visible side. In addition, the white diffusing film and the color printed layer may have the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, respectively, the white diffusing film may have the characteristic of having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light, and the color printed layer may have a transmittance having wavelength dependency. 
   Further, a white diffusing film, a reflector, and a light absorption layer may be disposed in that order from the visible side of the second substrate, and the reflector may be a reflection-type polarizing film, and the light absorption layer may have a reflectance lower than that of at least the white diffusing film. 
   A white diffusing film and a color printed layer may be disposed in an optional order on the second substrate while a reflector and a light absorption layer may be disposed in this order on a side of the white diffusing film and the color printed layer, opposite the visible side. Further, the reflector may be a reflection-type polarizing film, and a reflectance of the color printed layer towards the side of the second substrate may be rendered smaller than that of the light absorption layer towards the side of the second substrate. 
   The color printed layer or the light absorption layer may be composed of a plurality of portions, each having a transmittance with a wavelength characteristic in the wavelength range of visible light. 
   It is preferable that the white diffusing film has a transmittance of at least 70%. 
   The white diffusing film may be made of a complex substance comprised of resin beads and a synthetic resin having a refractive index differing from that of the resin beads, and may have a light-scattering characteristic due to the difference in refractive indexes therebetween. 
   The white diffusing film may be a white diffusing film with a plurality of projections and depressions formed on the surface thereof, causing a portion of light incident on the surface thereof to undergo diffuse reflection and remaining portions of the light to be transmitted therethrough, and the projections and depressions formed on the surface may be formed in a shape approximating to a quadratic curve. 
   The white diffusing film may have regions thereof, corresponding to respective pixels, that have diffusibility differing from that of regions around the respective pixels. 
   Further, a white diffusing film and a reflector may be disposed in this order from the side toward the first substrate on the outer face of the second substrate, and the white diffusing film may allow circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light while respective pixels may be provided with color filters. 
   The white diffusing film may be made up of a diffusing-type liquid crystal layer for diffusing light. 
   In such a case, the white diffusing film preferably comprises two transparent substrates, provided with an electrode formed on the inner faces thereof, facing each other, respectively, and a mixed liquid crystal layer comprised of transparent solids and liquid crystal, that is sandwiched between the two transparent substrates, so that a degree of light scattering caused by the mixed liquid crystal layer can be rendered variable according to voltage by applying a voltage between the respective electrodes described in the foregoing. 
   The invention also provides a liquid crystal display device wherein an auxiliary light source is provided on a side of the second substrate, opposite the visible side, in the case of the liquid crystal display devices described in the foregoing, provided with a transflective reflector as the reflector. 
   In the liquid crystal display device according to the invention, the white diffusing film is provided on a face of the first substrate or the second substrate constituting the liquid crystal display panel, opposite a side of the first substrate or the second substrate, adjacent to the liquid crystal, and the white diffusing film reflects a portion of incident light but allows most of the remaining portions to be transmitted therethrough. Further, light rays gain directivity when transmitted through the white diffusing film, then alter the direction of incidence from the light source, are partly diffused, and gain additional whiteness before sent out again to the side of a viewer, so that display is rendered brighter and particularly, whiteness of the display is enhanced. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is an enlarged plan view showing an electrode configuration at a pixel of a first embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention, and 
       FIG. 2  is a partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, taken along line B-B of  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram showing the relationship between reflectance vs. applied voltage with respect to the first embodiment of the liquid crystal display device according to the invention and a conventional liquid crystal display device, and 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram showing wavelength dependency of reflectance with respect to the respective liquid crystal display devices. 
       FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  are partial sectional views of second and third embodiments of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention, similar to  FIG. 2 , respectively. 
       FIG. 7  is an enlarged plan view showing an electrode constitution at a pixel of a fourth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention, and 
       FIG. 8  is a partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, taken along line C-C in  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 9  and  FIG. 10  are enlarged sectional views of a white diffusing film for use in fifth and sixth embodiments of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention, respectively. 
       FIG. 11  is a plan view of a white diffusing film in a seventh embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention. FIG. 12  is an enlarged sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, taken along line D-D in  FIG. 11 . 
       FIG. 13  is an enlarged sectional view of a white diffusing film for use in an eighth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention. 
       FIG. 14  is a plan view of a white diffusing film in a ninth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention, and 
       FIG. 15  is an enlarged sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, taken along line E-E in  FIG. 14 . 
       FIG. 16  is an enlarged sectional view of a white diffusing film for use in a tenth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention. 
       FIGS. 17 to 19  are enlarged sectional views showing a sectional structure of a white diffusing film, a reflector, and an auxiliary light source for use in eleventh to thirteenth embodiments of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention, respectively. 
       FIGS. 20 to 25  are partly enlarged sectional views of fourteenth to nineteenth embodiments of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention, respectively. 
       FIG. 26  is an enlarged plan view showing an electrode constitution at a pixel of a conventional liquid crystal display device, and 
       FIG. 27  is a partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device taken along line A-A in  FIG. 26 . 
   

   BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
   Preferred embodiments of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
   First Embodiment 
   A first embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 4 . With the first embodiment, an example is shown wherein the invention is applied to a passive-matrix type liquid crystal display device provided with signal electrodes and opposed electrodes without switching elements interposed therebetween.  FIG. 1  is an enlarged plan view showing an electrode configuration at a pixel of the liquid crystal display device, and  FIG. 2  is a partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, taken along line B-B of  FIG. 1 . In these figures, parts corresponding to those in  FIGS. 26 and 27  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   In the liquid crystal display device shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , display electrodes  9 , made up of an indium tin oxide (ITO) film which is a transparent and electrically conductive film, and concurrently serve as signal electrodes, are formed in stripes shape on the inner face of a first substrate  1  made up of a glass substrate. 
   Opposed electrodes  12 , made up of an indium tin oxide (ITO) film are provided on the inner face of a second substrate  2  made up of a glass substrate, disposed oppositely to the first substrate  1 , in such a way as to face the display electrodes  9  formed on the first substrate  1 . The opposed electrodes  12  are connected to respective data electrodes (not shown) for applying signals from an external circuit. 
   Further, on the faces of the first substrate  1  and the second substrate  2 , facing each other, there are provided alignment layers  15 A,  15 B, respectively, functioning as alignment treatment layers for aligning molecules of liquid crystal  16  in a regular fashion. 
   The first substrate  1  and the second substrate  2  are disposed so as to face each other across a given gap formed with spacers, not shown, and a peripheral region of the first substrate  1  and that of the second substrate  2  are bonded together and secured with a sealing member, not shown, before sealing the liquid crystals  16  in the gap. 
   Further, polarizing films  21 A,  21 B are disposed on a side of the first substrate  1 , opposite the liquid crystal  16 , and on a side of the second substrate  2 , opposite the liquid crystal  16 , respectively. 
   In the first embodiment of the invention, a white diffusing film  22  is disposed between the second substrate  2  and the polarizing film  21 B. The white diffusing film  22  can be fabricated by kneading beads made of polystyrene, 4 μm and 8 μm in grain size, respectively, with polyimide resin, before forming into a thin film. The white diffusing film  22  is fabricated so as to have the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. It is desirable that the white diffusing film  22  has a transmittance of light at least 70%. 
   Further, a reflector  25  is provided on the polarizing film  21 B disposed on the second substrate  2 , so that by utilizing external light  31  falling on a side of the first substrate  1 , opposite the liquid crystal  16 , display can be effected through changes in the optical property of the liquid crystal  16  at a pixel  17 , dependent on an applied voltage. 
   That is, the liquid crystal display device described above is used as a reflection-type liquid crystal display device wherein the first substrate  1  is disposed on the side of a viewer, and the external light  31  is caused to fall from the same side as the viewer is located, thereby effecting display as desired depending on whether there is light reflected by the reflector  25  or not. 
   Furthermore, with this embodiment of the invention, an air layer  23  is provided between the second substrate  2  and the white diffusing film  22 , and thereby reflection efficiency on the white diffusing film  22  is improved by taking advantage of the difference in refractive indexes between the white diffusing film  22  and the air layer  23 . In addition, by use of beads in a plurality of differing grain sizes for the white diffusing film  22 , light diffusibility can be controlled. 
   Since the use of the white diffusing film  22  renders it unnecessary to form specific projections and depressions on the surface of the reflector  25 , the surface of the reflector  25  may be simply a mirror-surface (flat and smooth surface) or may have some projections and depressions formed thereon. 
   The characteristics of the white diffusing film  22  are described hereinafter.  FIG. 3  is a diagram showing the characteristics of reflectance vs. applied voltage with respect to the liquid crystal display device according to the first embodiment and a conventional liquid crystal display device, respectively, wherein the vertical axis represents reflectance, and the horizontal axis represents voltage (unit: V) applied to the liquid crystals. Similarly,  FIG. 4  is a diagram showing wavelength dependency of reflectance with respect to the respective liquid crystal display devices, wherein the vertical axis represents reflectance, and the horizontal axis represents wavelength (unit: nm). 
   Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the differences in the characteristics between the liquid crystal display device according to the first embodiment, using the white diffusing film  22 , and the conventional liquid crystal display device will be described hereinafter. 
   In these figures, the solid line of curve X indicates the characteristic of the liquid crystal display device according to the first embodiment, and the broken line of curve Y indicates the characteristic of the conventional liquid crystal display device. 
   As indicated by curve Y, in the conventional liquid crystal display device, the display has sufficient contrast but is found lacking in brightness. As reflectance in this case has wavelength-dependency, display in white is tainted with a color ranging from greenish to bluish. As a result, display becomes dark, so that display in white can not be obtained. 
   In contrast, with the liquid crystal display device according to the embodiment, using the white diffusing film, display has slightly lower contrast, however, reflectance is not dependent on wavelength, and remains constant as indicated by the curve X, demonstrating that enhancement of brightness as well as whiteness is evidently improved through reflection of light by the white diffusing film. 
   In the case of a liquid crystal display device, brightness and whiteness have precedence over contrast. As there is recognizability in a newspaper and the like even with contrast at 5:1, it can be said that the advantageous effects due to enhancement of brightness and whiteness outweigh the lower contrast caused by the white diffusing film. 
   Further, in connection with the first embodiment of the invention, an example wherein the white diffusing film  22  is disposed between the second substrate  2  and the polarizing film  21 B, is described, however, it is also possible to dispose the white diffusing film  22  between the first substrate  1  and the polarizing film  21 A. In this case, it becomes important that the white diffusing film  22  has a low transmittance and low surface reflection. Accordingly, it will be effective to stick together the polarizing film  21 A and the white diffusing film  22  with paste, thereby reducing the difference in refractive indexes among the polarizing film  21 A, the white diffusing film  22  and the paste. 
   Further, optical phase difference is not required of the white diffusing film  22 , and only white color scattering properties and a high transmittance by the agency of the beads in the plurality of grain sizes are required of the same. Hence, it is unnecessary to apply a stretching treatment thereto in a specific direction or to contain material having optical anisotropy therein, so that the white diffusing film  22  can be fabricated with ease at a low cost. 
   Second Embodiment 
   The constitution of a second embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is next described with reference to  FIG. 5 . In the liquid crystal display device according to the second embodiment, an example is shown wherein the invention is applied to a passive-matrix type liquid crystal display device provided with signal electrodes and opposed electrodes without switching elements interposed therebetween as with the case of the first embodiment. 
     FIG. 5  is a partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, similar to  FIG. 2 , and in this figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIG. 2  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   The liquid crystal display device according to the second embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5 , has substantially the same constitution as that for the first embodiment, and differs from the first embodiment only in that a polarizing film is not provided on the second substrate  2  while a polarizing film  21  is disposed only on the first substrate  1 , and a retardation film  24  is provided between the first substrate  1  and the polarizing film  21 . 
   Accordingly, with this liquid crystal display device, external light  31  passes through the polarizing film  21 →the retardation film  24 →the first substrate  1 →the display electrodes  9 →the alignment layer  15 A→the liquid crystal  16 →the alignment layer  15 B→the opposed electrodes  12 →the second substrate  2 →the white diffusing film  22 , in that order, and the external light modulated in the liquid crystal  16  is reflected by a reflector  25  before being sent out to the side of a viewer (the incident side of the external light  31 ) along the above-described optical path in a reverse order. 
   The white diffusing film  22  used in this embodiment is fabricated by kneading beads made of polystyrene, 1 μm, 5 μm, and 8 μm in grain size, respectively, with polyimide resin, before forming into a thin film. Thus, by using the beads in a plurality of grain sizes for the white diffusing film  22 , diffusibility can be controlled. Further, since the use of the white diffusing film  22  renders it unnecessary to form specific projections and depressions on the surface of the reflector  25 , the surface of the reflector  25  may be simply a mirror-surface (flat and smooth surface) or may have some projections and depressions formed thereon. 
   The white diffusing film  22  used in this embodiment has the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. Further, it is desirable that the white diffusing film  22  has a transmittance of light at least 70%. 
   The second embodiment represents an example wherein the white diffusing film  22  is used in a display mode making use of the optical phase difference of the liquid crystal  16 , the retardation film  24 , and the polarizing film  21  installed thereon. 
   With the second embodiment, the white diffusing film  22  is provided between the second substrate  2  and the reflector  25 . Unlike the case of the first embodiment, the second substrate  2  and the white diffusing film  22  are stuck together with paste, and further, the white diffusing film  22  and the reflector  25  are also stuck together with paste. By doing so, disorder in polarization of light, occurring at the white diffusing film  22 , can be controlled, so that enhancement of brightness and improvement of whiteness by the agency of the white diffusing film  22  can be achieved. 
   In the case where the white diffusing film  22  is disposed on the first substrate  1 , if the white diffusing film  22  is installed on the polarizing film  21  in such a way as to allow the external light  31  incident directly thereon, this will make it complex to control a reflectance of the white diffusing film  22  and to control whiteness, and an attempt to improve whiteness will result in enhancement of whiteness in regions away from the liquid crystal  16 , thus increasing a decline in contrast. 
   For this reason, in the case of disposing the white diffusing film  22  on the first substrate  1 , it is effective to dispose the white diffusing film  22  between the first substrate  1  and the polarizing film  21 . In such a case, it is important that the white diffusing film  22  has a low transmittance and low surface reflection. Accordingly, it is desirable that the polarizing film  21  and the white diffusing film  22  are stuck together with paste so as to reduce the difference in refractive indexes among the polarizing film  21 , the white diffusing film  22 , and the paste. 
   Furthermore, by sticking the white diffusing film  22  and the first substrate  1  together with paste, reflection at the interface between the white diffusing film  22  and the first substrate  1  can be similarly prevented, thereby enabling further improvements in brightness. 
   Third Embodiment 
   The constitution of a third embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 6 . In the liquid crystal display device according to the third embodiment, an example is shown wherein the invention is applied to a passive-matrix type liquid crystal display device provided with signal electrodes and opposed electrodes without switching elements interposed therebetween as with the case of the first embodiment. 
     FIG. 6  is a partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, similar to  FIG. 2 , and in this figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIG. 2  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   The liquid crystal display device according to the third embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 6 , has substantially the same constitution as that of the first embodiment, and differs from the first embodiment only in that the polarizing films  21 A,  21 B are not used and an anti-reflection film  26  is installed on the visible side of the first substrate  1 . 
   That is, with this liquid crystal display device, external light  31  passes through the anti-reflection film  26 →the first substrate  1 →the display electrodes  9 →the alignment layer  15 A→the liquid crystal  16 →the alignment layer  15 B→the opposed electrodes  12 →the second substrate  2 →the white diffusing film  22 , in that order, and the light transmitted through, or absorbed by the liquid crystal  16 , is reflected by the reflector  25  before sent out to the side of a viewer (the incident side of the external light  31 ) along the above-described optical path in a reverse order. 
   The white diffusing film  22  used in this embodiment is fabricated by kneading beads made of polystyrene, 1 μm, 3 μm, and 5 μm in grain size, respectively, with polyimide resin containing a few silver beads ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 μm in grain size, before forming by injection-molding into a thin film before transferring a plurality of projections and depressions to the surface of the thin film by use of a mold having the surface provided with the projections and depressions formed thereon. The projections and depressions are preferably formed into a shape in outline, approximating to a quadratic curve. 
   The white diffusing film  22  used in this embodiment also has the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. Further, it is desirable that the white diffusing film  22  has a transmittance of light at least 70%. 
   In the third embodiment of the invention, an air layer  23  is provided between the second substrate  2  and the white diffusing film  22 , and thereby reflection efficiency on the white diffusing film  22  is improved by taking advantage of the difference in refractive indexes between the white diffusing film  22  and the air layer  23 . 
   In addition, by use of beads in a plurality of small grain sizes for the white diffusing film  22 , diffusibility can be controlled. Further, as a result of the white diffusing film  22  containing silver (Ag) beads, the white diffusing film  22  can have a constitution with a partial reflection characteristic. 
   Further, as with the cases of the respective embodiments described above, since the use of the white diffusing film  22  renders it unnecessary to form specific projections and depressions on the surface of the reflector  25 , the surface of the reflector  25  may be simply a mirror-finished surface (flat and smooth surface) or may have some projections and depressions formed thereon. 
   Furthermore, by providing the surface of the white diffusing film  22  with projections and depressions, it is possible to control diffusibility and surface reflectivity of the white diffusing film  22 . 
   Fourth Embodiment 
   The constitution of a fourth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
   In the liquid crystal display device according to the fourth embodiment, an example is shown wherein the invention is applied to an active-matrix type liquid crystal display device having two-terminal switching elements provided between signal electrodes and display electrodes. 
     FIG. 7  is an enlarged plan view showing an electrode constitution at a pixel of the liquid crystal display device, and  FIG. 8  is a partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, taken along line C-C in  FIG. 7 . In these figures, parts corresponding to those in  FIGS. 1 ,  2 , and  6  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   With the liquid crystal display device according to the fourth embodiment of the invention as shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 , on the inner face of a first substrate  1  made up of a transparent glass substrate, there are provided a signal electrode  3 , made up of a tantalum (Ta) film, and a lower electrode  4  formed integrally with the signal electrode  3  so as to be projected sideways from the side thereof (refer to  FIG. 7 ). A nonlinear resistance layer  5  made up of a tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) film is provided on the signal electrode  3  and the lower electrode  4 . 
   Further, on the inner face of the first substrate  1 , an upper electrode  6  overlapping the nonlinear resistance layer  5  provided on the lower electrode  4  and a display electrode  9  integral with the upper electrode  6  are formed of an indium tin oxide (ITO) film which is a transparent and electrically conductive film. 
   The upper electrode  6 , the nonlinear resistance layer  5 , and the lower electrodes  4  constitute a two-terminal switching element  7 . On a face (the external face) of the first substrate  1 , on a side thereof, opposite a face where the two-terminal switching element  7  is provided, an anti-reflection film  26  made of a fluororesin, having a low refractive index, is provided. 
   A second substrate  2 , made up of a transparent glass substrate, is disposed oppositely to the first substrate  1 . On a face of the second substrate  2 , facing the first substrate  1 , there are provided a reflector  25  made of silver (Ag), a white diffusing film  22  made up of a sintered film comprised of a metallic oxide film and a sol-gel material film containing beads, and opposed electrodes  12  formed in stripes, made up of a transparent and electrically conductive film. Further, data electrodes, not shown, for applying signals from an external circuit are connected to the respective opposed electrodes  12 . 
   The white diffusing film  22  used in this embodiment is also fabricated so as to have the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. 
   Further, on the inner faces of the first substrate  1  and the second substrate  2 , facing each other, alignment layers  15 A,  15 B are provided, respectively, functioning as alignment treatment layers for aligning molecules of liquid crystal  16  in a regular fashion. The first substrate  1  and the second substrate  2  are disposed so as to face each other across a given gap formed with spacers, not shown, and the liquid crystal  16  are sealed in the gap. 
   As described in the foregoing, with this liquid crystal display device, the white diffusing film  22  and the reflector  25  are formed on a side of the second substrate  2 , facing the liquid crystals. Further, no polarizing film is in use. 
   And external light  31  passes through the anti-reflection film  26 →the first substrate  1 →the display electrodes  9  and the signal electrodes  3 →the alignment layer  15 A→the liquid crystals  16 →the alignment layer  15 B→the opposed electrodes  12 →the white diffusing film  22  in that order, and the light transmitted through, or absorbed by the liquid crystal  16 , is reflected by the reflector  25  before sent out to the side of a viewer (the incident side of the external light  31 ) along the above-described optical path in a reverse order, thereby effecting display as desired. 
   Meanwhile, since the reflector  25  and the opposed electrodes  12  provided on the second substrate  2  are electrically conductive members, and a plurality of the opposed electrodes  12  are provided in stripes, it will become impossible to reproduce display as intended if an electrical short-circuit occurs between the reflector  25  and the opposed electrodes  12 . Accordingly, there is a need of installing an insulation film between the reflector  25  and the opposed electrodes  12 . However, with the fourth embodiment of the invention wherein use is made of the white diffusing film  22  as the insulation film, enhancement of display quality can be attained concurrently with reduction of fabrication cost, thus greatly improving the efficiency of the device. 
   Further, as a result of the reflector  25 , the white diffusing film  22  and the opposed electrodes  12  being installed on a side of the second substrate  2 , facing the liquid crystal  16 , double images due to the position of a viewer relative to the external light  31  can be prevented from appearing in display, or in the case of a color liquid crystal display device using color filters, a decline in brightness, deterioration in chroma, and the like due to incident light and outgoing light passing through different color filters, respectively, can be prevented. 
   Furthermore, the anti-reflection film  26  installed on top of the first substrate  1  cuts off light components at wavelengths shorter than 380 nm in order to prevent degradation occurring to the liquid crystal  16  and the two-terminal switching elements  7  due to ultraviolet irradiation thereof. Hence, degradation in display quality can be prevented even in environments utilizing light containing ultraviolet rays such as sunlight, and the like. 
   In the respective embodiments described in the foregoing, liquid crystals containing a dichroic pigment may be used for the liquid crystal  16 . 
   Fifth Embodiment 
   The construction of a white diffusing film for use in a fifth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 9  is an enlarged partial sectional view of the white diffusing film. 
   In fabricating the white diffusing film  22  as shown in  FIG. 9 , beads  51  made of polystyrene 1 μm in grain size, and beads  52  made of polystyrene 5 μm in grain size, are mixed into polyimide resin  50 , and the beads  51 ,  52  are then uniformly dispersed in the polyimide resin  50  using three rolls. 
   Further, in order to prevent corrugation or the like from occurring to the surface of the white diffusing film  22  due to agglomeration of the beads  51 ,  52 , the polyimide resin  50  is formed by pressure-molding, while viscosity thereof is still low, into a resin film 6 μm in thickness. Thus, the resin film which is flat and contains the beads  51  and  52  differing in grain size and uniformly dispersed therein is fabricated. 
   When a light ray L 1  shown in  FIG. 9  falls on the white diffusing film  22  made up of the resin film, a portion of the light ray L 1  is reflected by one of the beads  52  but most of the remaining portions thereof are transmitted. Further, a portion of another light ray L 2  is reflected by the surface of one of the beads  51  in a direction differing from the case of the light ray L 1  but most of the remaining portions thereof are transmitted. Substantially all of a light ray L 3  is transmitted. 
   Further, since the polyimide resin  50  and the beads  51 ,  52  making up the white diffusing film  22  have substantially flat optical transmittance characteristics against visible light, it is possible to effect white color diffusion due to the difference in refractive indexes among the beads  51 ,  52  and the polyimide resin  50 . 
   This white diffusing film  22  also has the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. 
   The fifth embodiment of the liquid crystal display device according to the invention can be implemented by disposing the white diffusing film  22  for use as the white diffusing film provided in the liquid crystal display device according to any of the first to fourth embodiments of the invention described in the foregoing. 
   Sixth Embodiment 
   The construction of a white diffusing film for use in a sixth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 10  is an enlarged partial sectional view of the white diffusing film, and in the figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIG. 9  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   In fabricating the white diffusing film  22  as shown in  FIG. 10 , beads  51  made of polystyrene 1 μm in grain size are mixed into polyimide resin  50 . The beads  51  are then uniformly dispersed in the polyimide resin  50  by a centrifuging. Further, in order to prevent the surface of the white diffusing film  22  from undergoing quality change due to agglomeration of the beads  51 , the polyimide resin  50  is formed by pressure-molding, while viscosity thereof is still low, into a resin film 6 μm in thickness. Also, during the pressure-molding process, a printing plate having the surface provided with projections and depressions in a shape in outline, approximating to a quadratic curve with a plurality of coefficients is pressed against the polyimide resin  50 , thereby forming the projections and depressions in a shape in outline, approximating to the quadratic curve on the surface of the white diffusing film  22 . As a result, a portion of external light is reflected on the surface of the white diffusing film  22 , and the greater part (70% or more) of the external light is transmitted therethrough. 
   Furthermore, since the polyimide resin  50  and the beads  51  have substantially flat optical transmittance characteristics against visible light, it is possible to effect white color diffusion due to the difference in refractive indexes between the beads  51  and the polyimide resin  50  as well as the difference in refractive indexes between the white diffusing film  22  and air. 
   This white diffusing film  22  also has the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. 
   The sixth embodiment of the liquid crystal display device according to the invention can be implemented by disposing this white diffusing film  22  for use as the white diffusing film provided in the liquid crystal display device according to any of the first to fourth embodiments of the invention. 
   Seventh Embodiment 
   The construction of a white diffusing film for use in a seventh embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIGS. 11 and 12 . 
     FIG. 11  is an enlarged partial plan view of the white diffusing film, and  FIG. 12  is an enlarged sectional view thereof, taken along line D-D in  FIG. 11 . 
   In the liquid crystal display device according to the seventh embodiment of the invention, a transmittance of pixel regions is rendered greater than that of other regions, and regions having white color diffusibility are provided between respective pixels. 
   This embodiment of the invention adopts a construction wherein the white diffusing film  22  is provided directly on top of a second substrate  2  making up the liquid crystal display device as shown in  FIG. 12 . Two kinds of regions, that is, a region A 1  between pixels  17 ,  17 , comprised of a photosensitive resin  55  containing beads  51 , and a region A 2  corresponding to the pixel  17 , are provided on the second substrate  2 . 
   The white diffusing film  22  comprised of the photosensitive resin  55  and the beads  51  is not provided in the regions A 2  corresponding to the pixels  17  in order to enhance a transmittance thereof and to prevent disorder in polarization of light from occurring. That is, an opening in the white diffusing film  22  is provided therein. In contrast, the white diffusing film  22  is provided in the region A 1  between the pixels  17 ,  17  because diffusibility and transmissiveness by the agency of the beads  51  are required therein, and the region A 1  has a constitution wherein light rays are scattered on the surface of the white diffusing film  22  or at the interface between the beads  51  and the photosensitive resin  55 , so that portions of the light rays are reflected. Consequently, it becomes possible to further enhance brightness at the time of effecting display in white. 
   Further, with this embodiment, since the white diffusing film  22  is provided directly on the second substrate  2 , there has been adopted a method of fabricating the white diffusing film  22 , whereby after the beads  51  are mixed into the photosensitive resin  55 , and the photosensitive resin  55  is applied to the second substrate  2 , the photosensitive resin  55  is subjected to exposure, taking advantage of the difference in transmittance between region A 2  corresponding to pixel  17  and region A 1  surrounding region A 2 , thereby leaving intact the photosensitive resin  55  in region A 1  surrounding pixel  17 . As a result of adopting the method described above, it has become unnecessary to properly align the white diffusing film  22  with the second substrate  2 , and alignment accuracy has been remarkably improved. In addition, by providing two kinds of the regions, that is, region A 1  having diffusibility of the white diffusing film  22 , and regions A 2  where importance is attached to transmissiveness, it becomes possible to enhance brightness of display effected by the liquid crystal display device without causing a decline in contrast. 
   The white diffusing film  22  according to this embodiment also has the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. 
   Eighth Embodiment 
   The construction of a white diffusing film for use in an eighth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 13  is an enlarged partial sectional view of the white diffusing film. 
   The white diffusing film  22  is provided with regions A 4  composed of melamine resin  56  only, and regions A 3  composed of the melamine resin  56  containing beads  51  in the vicinity of the surface thereof. The regions A 3  composed of the melamine resin  56  containing the beads  51  are disposed such that a side thereof, where the beads  51  are present close to the surface of the melamine resin  56 , is facing with either the second substrate  2  or the first substrate  1 . As a result, due to the difference in refractive indexes between the melamine resin  56  and the beads  51 , or the difference in refractive indexes between the melamine resin  56  or the beads  51  and air, portions of light rays of external light are diffused or reflected towards the direction of a viewer. As most of the other portions of the light rays are transmitted through the white diffusing film  22 , and reflected by a reflector and so forth before outgoing again towards the direction of the viewer, a bright display can be indicated. The white diffusing film  22  is particularly effective in the case where it is disposed on the side of the viewer or in the case where polarizability is to be preserved efficiently. 
   The white diffusing film  22  according to this embodiment also has the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. 
   Ninth Embodiment 
   The construction of a white diffusing film for use in a ninth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIGS. 14 and 15 .  FIG. 14  is an enlarged partial plan view of the pixels, and  FIG. 15  is a sectional view thereof, taken along line E-E in  FIG. 14 . 
   In the liquid crystal display device according to the ninth embodiment of the invention, a white diffusing film  22  is used wherein a color filter is provided in each of regions, corresponding to respective pixels, and regions having white color diffusibility and reflectivity are provided around the respective color filters. 
   Blue (B) color filters  41 , red (R) color filters  42 , and green (G) color filters  43  are provided, respectively, in the regions of the white diffusing film  22 , corresponding to the respective pixels. 
   In the white diffusing film  22  according to this embodiment, white color diffusibility is not provided in the regions AS for the color filters  41 ,  42 , and  43 , respectively, wherein pigment particles in respective colors,  43 G,  42 R, and so on, are dispersed in a transparent resin base member  57 . A region A 6 , concurrently having white color diffusibility and transmissiveness is provided around the color filters  41 ,  42 , and  43 , respectively. 
   Two kinds of beads  53 ,  54  1 μm in grain size are contained in the region A 6  around the respective color filters of the white diffusing film  22 , separately disposed along the direction of the thickness thereof. The two kinds of beads  53 ,  54  differ from each other in their refractive indexes. For example, in a case of disposing the white diffusing film  22  on the side of a viewer, the beads  54  made of glass having a refractive index close to that of the resin base member  57  making up the white diffusing film  22  are disposed on the surface side while the beads  53  made of resin having a greater refractive index are disposed on the side of liquid crystals, thereby achieving prevention of surface reflection and control of whiteness. Accordingly, priority is given to maintenance of chroma as well as polarization of light in the regions A 5  provided with the respective color filters while in the regions A 6  around the respective color filters, a portion of incident light from the external side is caused to be reflected in white color so as to enhance brightness and whiteness in display of the liquid crystal display device, but most of the incident light is transmitted. 
   The white diffusing film  22  according to this embodiment allows circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and has a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light in parts thereof, other than the respective color filters. However, the white diffusing film  22  has a transmittance having wavelength-dependency in parts thereof, where the respective color filters are provided. 
   Tenth Embodiment 
   A white diffusing film, a reflection-type polarizing film, and a light absorption layer, for use in a tenth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention, are described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 16 . 
     FIG. 16  is an enlarged partial sectional view of these constituents laminated to each other. In this embodiment of the invention, the reflection-type polarizing film  27  is pasted to the underside of the white diffusing film  22 , and further, the light absorption layer  62  is provided on the underside of the reflection-type polarizing film  27 . 
   The white diffusing film  22  according to this embodiment is provided with a light-scattering layer comprised of an adhesive layer  58  made of resin containing plastic beads  54  made of polystyrene, and has the same characteristics as those of the white diffusing film for use in the previously described embodiments. The reflection-type polarizing film  27  is pasted on the underside of the white diffusing film  22 . The reflection-type polarizing film  27 , wherein one of the optic axes thereof is the transmission axis and the other, substantially orthogonal to the transmission axis, is the reflection axis, reflects the light linearly polarized in the direction parallel to the reflection axis. For the reflection-type polarizing film  27 , DBEF (trade name), manufactured by 3M Co., is used. 
   As described above, the reflection-type polarizing film  27  is capable of controlling transmission and reflection depending on the direction of polarization of light incident on the optic axes (polarization axes) thereof, thus having the function of a transflective reflector. In this connection, the reflection-type polarizing film  27  may be made up of a plurality of reflection-type polarizing films (sheets) laminated to each other such that the reflection axes of the reflection-type polarizing films differ from each other. 
   Further, the light absorption layer  62  in dark blue is provided on the underside surface of the reflection-type polarizing film  27 . The light absorption layer  62  is formed by printing a color ink in dark blue. The light absorption layer  62  has a reflectance lower than that of at least the white diffusing film  22 . 
   The use of a dark blue color for the light absorption layer  62  causes the light linearly polarized in the direction parallel to the reflection axis of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  to outgo as reflected light in white due to reflection by the reflection-type polarizing film  27  and the light-scattering characteristic of the white diffusing film  22  as shown by an incident light ray L 4  in  FIG. 16 . Meanwhile, the light linearly polarized in the direction parallel to the transmission axis of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  is transmitted through the reflection-type polarizing film  27  and effects the characteristic of the light absorption layer  62  provided on the underside of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  as shown by an incident light ray L 3  in  FIG. 16 , thus enabling display to be effected in dark blue. 
   Similarly, with the use of a black ink for the light absorption layer  62 , display in black and white can be effected. 
   Eleventh Embodiment 
   An eleventh embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 17 . With the eleventh embodiment, a transflective liquid crystal display device is implemented by disposing an auxiliary light source on the side of the back face of a white diffusing film. 
     FIG. 17  is an enlarged sectional view of the white diffusing film, a reflection-type polarizing film, and the auxiliary light source, for use in the transflective liquid crystal display device. 
   With this embodiment, the reflection-type polarizing film  27  is pasted to the underside surface of the white diffusing film  22 , and further, the auxiliary light source  60  is disposed on the side of the back face of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  while a light absorption layer  62  is provided on top of the auxiliary light source  60 . 
   As with the case of the tenth embodiment, the white diffusing film  22  is provided with a light-scattering layer comprised of an adhesive layer  58  containing plastic beads  54  made of polystyrene, and has the same characteristics as those of the white diffusing film for use in the previously described embodiments. The reflection-type polarizing film  27 , wherein one of the optic axes thereof is the transmission axis and the other substantially orthogonal to the transmission axis is the reflection axis, is pasted to the underside surface of the white diffusing film  22 . The reflection-type polarizing film  27  may be made up of a plurality of reflection-type polarizing films laminated to each other. 
   Further, the auxiliary light source  60  of a planar-type is provided on the underside surface of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  with a gap interposed therebetween. For the auxiliary light source  60 , an electro-luminescent (EL) device is used comprising polyethylene telephthalate (PET) film  63  serving as a light emission face, a front electrode  64  made up of a transparent electrically-conductive film, a light-emitting layer  65  containing manganese (Mn) as a luminescence center in zinc sulfide (ZnS), an insulating reflector  66  comprised of a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) and a barium oxide (BaO), which are high dielectric films, a rear electrode  67  composed of carbon (C), and a protection film  68  composed of resin, laminated to each other in that order from the side of the white diffusing film  22 . 
   The light absorption layer  62  containing a white fluorescent pigment in a black colored ink is provided on top of the auxiliary light source  60 . By providing a gap between the light absorption layer  62  and the reflection-type polarizing film  27 , a sufficiently black color can be obtained against incoming light from the side of the white diffusing film  22  even with the use of the light absorption layer  62  having transmissiveness. 
   Accordingly, the light (L 4  shown in  FIG. 17 ) linearly polarized in the direction parallel to the reflection axis of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  can produce reflected light in white due to reflection by the reflection-type polarizing film  27  and the light-scattering characteristic of the white diffusing film  22 . Meanwhile, the light (L 3 ) linearly polarized in the direction parallel to the transmission axis of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  effects the characteristic of the light absorption layer  62  provided on the side of the back face of the reflection-type polarizing film  27 , thus enabling a display in black to be effected. 
   Then, in a condition wherein the external environment is dark, the auxiliary light source  60  is utilized, whereupon effective use is made of light from the auxiliary light source  60  by use of the light absorption layer  62  having transmissiveness and containing the white fluorescent pigment. At a time when the auxiliary light source  60  is lit up, light (L 5 ) from the auxiliary light source  60  is transmitted through the light absorption layer  62  and the reflection-type polarizing film  27 , and is scattered by the white diffusing film  22  before entering a liquid crystal display panel not shown. 
   In the case of using colors for the light absorption layer  62 , by the utilization of a fluorescent pigment in the respective colors, chroma is improved and a bright display can be effected when the auxiliary light source  60  is lit up. 
   Twelfth Embodiment 
   A twelfth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 18 . In the twelfth embodiment, a transflective liquid crystal display device is implemented by disposing an auxiliary light source on the side of the back face of a white diffusing film. 
     FIG. 18  is an enlarged sectional view of the white diffusing film, a reflection-type polarizing film and the auxiliary light source, for use in the transflective liquid crystal display device, and in the figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIG. 17  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   This embodiment differs from the eleventh embodiment shown in  FIG. 17  only in that a light-scattering layer comprised of an adhesive layer  58  containing beads  53  made of glass is provided as the white diffusing film  22 , and a light absorption layer  28  in black is provided on the underside surface of the reflection-type polarizing film  27 . 
   The light absorption layer  28  is prepared by mixing an ink containing a white fluorescent pigment with a color ink composed of red, blue, and green fluorescent pigments, and by printing a mixture thereon by use of the printing method. 
   The constitution of this embodiment, in other aspects, and the operation thereof are the same as those for the eleventh embodiment, and are therefore omitted in description. 
   In the case where external light is incident on the light absorption layer  28  from the side of the white diffusing film  22 , a display having excellent chroma can be effected due to scattered light in white caused by the agency of the white diffusing film  22  and the reflection-type polarizing film  27 , and also due to fluorescence caused by the light absorption layer  28  as a result of using the fluorescent pigments therein. 
   Also, ultraviolet rays incident on the fluorescent pigments in the light absorption layer  28  can be efficiently prevented by adopting a method of mixing an ultraviolet absorbent with an adhesive layer  58  making up the white diffusing film  22 , or by using an ultraviolet absorbent in the reflection-type polarizing film  27 . 
   On the other hand, since light emitted from the auxiliary light source  60  contains small amount of ultraviolet rays, use of a material having a property of transmitting light components at wavelengths longer than 350 nanometers (nm) for a transparent electrically-conductive film  64  and a PET film will enable a highly efficient display to be effected while preventing fading by allowing weak ultraviolet rays to be irradiated to the fluorescent pigments in the light absorption layer  28 . 
   Thus, by adopting the constitution comprising the white diffusing film  22 , the reflection-type polarizing film  27 , the light absorption layer  28  containing the fluorescent pigments, and further, the auxiliary light source  60  emitting small amount of ultraviolet rays, ultraviolet irradiation to the fluorescent pigments caused by external light can be prevented. Further, by utilizing the ultraviolet rays contained in the light emitted from the auxiliary light source  60 , highly efficient emission of light by the fluorescent pigments can be achieved. As it is possible to control the wavelength and intensity of the ultraviolet rays contained in the light emitted from the auxiliary light source  60  by designing, a possibility of degradation in the quality of the fluorescent pigments hardly constitutes a matter for concern. 
   Thirteenth Embodiment 
   A thirteenth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 19 . According to the thirteenth embodiment, a transflective liquid crystal display device is also implemented by disposing an auxiliary light source on the side of the back face of a white diffusing film. 
     FIG. 19  is an enlarged sectional view of the white diffusing film, a reflection-type polarizing film and the auxiliary light source, for use in the transflective liquid crystal display device, and in the figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIG. 17  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   The white diffusing film  22  according to this embodiment is provided with a light-scattering layer comprised of an adhesive layer  58  containing beads  53  made of glass and beads  54  made of plastic. A color printed layer  32  comprising a yellow ink having transmissiveness is provided on the underside surface of the white diffusing film  22 . Further, the reflection-type polarizing film  27  is pasted on the rear surface side of the color printed layer  32 . 
   By the agency of the white diffusing film  22 , the color printed layer  32  in yellow, and the reflection-type polarizing film  27 , a golden color display can be effected. The golden color display is effective, especially when the liquid crystal display device is used in a wrist watch wherein importance is attached to decorativeness. 
   The reflection-type polarizing film  27  used in carrying out this embodiment is formed by patterning a metal wire in grid form. 
   Further, a light absorption layer  73  in black and a light absorption layer  74  in green are provided alternately on the rear surface of the reflection-type polarizing film  27 . For the light absorption layer  73  in black, a light transmittable ink is used, and for the light absorption layer  74  in green, an in  k containing a fluorescent pigment is used. 
   By using a black color for the light absorption layer  73 , the light linearly polarized in the direction parallel to the reflection axis of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  can produce reflected light in white as shown by an incident light ray L 4  in  FIG. 19  due to reflection by the reflection-type polarizing film  27  and the scattering characteristic of the white diffusing film  22 . Meanwhile, the light linearly polarized in the direction parallel to the transmission axis of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  reflects the characteristic of the light absorption layer  73  or  74  provided on the rear surface of the reflection-type polarizing film  27  as shown by an incident light ray L 3  in  FIG. 19 , thus enabling a display in black or green to be effected. 
   In addition, by using light absorption layers in blue, red, and green, respectively, a display in full colors can be effected. 
   A reflectance of the color printed layer  32  for light reflected towards the side of a second substrate (provided on the upper side of the white diffusing film  22  in  FIG. 19 ) is smaller than that of the light absorption layer  73 ,  74  for light reflected towards the side of the second substrate. 
   Further, the auxiliary light source  60 , comprised of an electro-luminescent (EL) device having the same constitution as that of the eleventh and twelfth embodiments is provided on the side of the back face of the reflection-type polarizing film  27 . 
   In a condition wherein an external environment is dark, the auxiliary light source  60  is utilized. At a time when the auxiliary light source  60  is lit up, light rays L 5 , L 6  from the auxiliary light source  60  are transmitted through the light absorption layer  73  in black and the light absorption layer  74  in green, respectively, turning into light rays in two colors, respectively, then transmitted through the reflection-type polarizing film  27 , and scattered by the white diffusing film  22  before entering a liquid crystal display panel not shown. 
   In the case where light from an external source (main light source) is incident on the light absorption layer  74  from the side of the white diffusing film  22 , a display having excellent chroma can be effected due to scattered light in white caused by the white diffusing film  22  and the reflection-type polarizing film  27 , and also due to fluorescence caused by the light absorption layer  74  as a result of using fluorescent pigments therein. Further, ultraviolet rays incident on the fluorescent pigments can be efficiently prevented adopting a method of mixing an ultraviolet absorbent with an adhesive layer  58  making up the white diffusing film  22 , or by using an ultraviolet absorbent in the reflection-type polarizing film  27 . 
   The constitution of this embodiment, in other aspects, and the operation thereof are the same as those for the eleventh embodiment described previously, and are therefore omitted in description. 
   Fourteenth Embodiment 
   A fourteenth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 20 . With the liquid crystal display device according to this embodiment, a white diffusing film provided on the side of the back face of a liquid crystal display panel is made up of a diffusing-type liquid crystal layer. Hereinafter is shown an example wherein the invention is applied to a passive-matrix type liquid crystal display device. 
     FIG. 20  is an enlarged partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device. 
   The liquid crystal display panel of this liquid crystal display device has substantially the same constitution as that for the first embodiment as described with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
   More specifically, a first substrate  1  and a second substrate  2 , made up of a glass substrate, are oppositely disposed to each other with a given gap interposed therebetween, and liquid crystals  16  are sealed in the gap. Display electrodes  9  made up of an indium tin oxide film, concurrently serving as signal electrodes, are formed in stripes on the inner face of the first substrate  1 , and opposed electrodes  12  made up of an indium tin oxide film are provided on the inner face of the second substrate  2  in such a way as to face the display electrodes  9 . The opposed electrodes  12  are connected to respective data electrodes (not shown) for applying signals from an external circuit. 
   Further, on the inner faces of the first substrate  1  and the second substrate  2 , facing each other, there are provided alignment layers  15 A,  15 B, respectively, functioning as alignment treatment layers for aligning molecules of the liquid crystal  16  in a regular fashion. Further, polarizing films  21 A,  21 B are disposed on the outer faces of the first substrate  1  and the second substrate  2 , respectively. 
   A white diffusing film  22  is disposed on the side of the back face (underside in the figure) of the second substrate  2  of the liquid crystal display panel made up as described above. 
   With the white diffusing film  22  according to this embodiment, two plastic films  75 ,  77 , that are transparent substrates, are oppositely disposed to each other with a given gap interposed therebetween, and a mixed liquid crystal layer (diffusing-type liquid crystal layer)  79  composed of liquid crystals and transparent polymers which are transparent solids are sealed in the gap. Taking advantage of the difference in refractive indexes between the transparent polymers and the liquid crystals, a function of white color diffusion can be exhibited. A degree of light scattering by the white diffusing film  22  can be rendered variable with ease by controlling the difference in refractive indexes between the transparent polymers and the liquid crystals, or the cross-linking characteristic of the transparent polymers. 
   The white diffusing film  22  made up as described above also has the characteristics of allowing circularly polarized light to pass therethrough substantially as the circularly polarized light, and having a substantially equal transmittance for light components at respective wavelengths in the wavelength range of visible light. 
   A silver (Ag) film serving as a reflector  25  is provided on the plastic film  77  disposed on the backside surface of the white diffusing film  22 . 
   Thus, by providing the reflector  25  on the plastic film  77  disposed on one side of the white diffusing film  22 , the intensity of ultraviolet rays for use when forming the transparent polymers can be rendered uniform while degradation in the quality of the silver film can be prevented by sealing the silver film having poor corrosion resistance in-between the mixed liquid crystal layer  79  containing the transparent polymers and the two plastic films  75 ,  77 . Furthermore, by installing the reflector  25  in a part of the white diffusing film  22 , absorption and reflection of light by other respective parts can be prevented, enabling light to be effectively utilized. 
   Fifteenth Embodiment 
   A fifteenth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 21 . In this embodiment, a white diffusing film made up of a diffusing-type liquid crystal layer is also provided on the side of the back face of a liquid crystal display panel. Hereinafter is shown an example wherein the invention is applied to a passive-matrix type liquid crystal display device. 
     FIG. 21  is a sectional view of the liquid crystal display device similar to  FIG. 20 , and in this figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIG. 20  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   With this liquid crystal display device, the liquid crystal display panel thereof, comprising first and second substrates  1 ,  2 , liquid crystals  16 , polarizing films  21 A,  21 B, and so forth, has the same constitution as that for the fourteenth embodiment shown in  FIG. 20 . 
   The white diffusing film  22  is disposed on the side of the back surface (underside in the figure) of the second substrate  2  of the liquid crystal display panel. 
   With the white diffusing film  22  according to this embodiment, two plastic films  75 ,  77 , that are transparent substrates, are oppositely disposed to each other with a given gap interposed therebetween, and a mixed liquid crystal layer (diffusing-type liquid crystal layer)  79  composed of liquid crystals and transparent polymers which are transparent solids are sealed in the gap. A first electrode  76  made up of a transparent electrically-conductive film is provided on the inner face of the plastic film  75 . Also, on the inner surface of the plastic film  77 , a second electrode  78  made up of a silver (Ag) film, concurrently serving as a reflector  25  and an electrode, is provided. 
   Taking advantage of the difference in refractive indexes between the transparent polymers and the liquid crystals, the white diffusing film  22  exhibits a function of white color diffusion. A degree of light scattering by the white diffusing film  22  can be rendered variable with ease by controlling the difference in refractive indexes between the transparent polymers and the liquid crystals or the cross-linking characteristic of the transparent polymers. 
   Accordingly, a degree of light scattering by the white diffusing film  22  can be rendered variable by applying voltage between the first electrode  76  and the second electrode  78  serving as the reflector  25 . Taking into consideration power consumption, this embodiment adopts a normally-scattering method wherein scattering reaches a maximum level when no voltage is applied to the mixed liquid crystal layer  79 . 
   Further, by providing the reflector  25  on the plastic film  77 , the intensity of ultraviolet rays for use when forming the transparent polymers can be rendered uniform while degradation in the quality of the silver film can be prevented by sealing the silver film having poor corrosion resistance in-between the mixed liquid crystal layer  79  containing the transparent polymers and the two plastic films  75 ,  77 . Furthermore, by installing the reflector  25  in a part of the white diffusing film  22 , absorption and reflection of light by other respective parts can be prevented, enabling light to be effectively utilized. 
   In this embodiment adopting the constitution as described above, the white diffusing film  22  functions as a variable-voltage type, and in the case of a dark external environment, a degree of light scattering is lowered by applying voltage to the mixed liquid crystal layer  79  of the white diffusing film  22 , so that components of external light, undergoing regular reflection, can be enhanced (rendered brighter). 
   Conversely, in the case of a bright external environment, it is possible to reduce the reflective components of external light and projections of the external environment in display, by increasing a degree of light scattering by the white diffusing film  22 . 
   Sixteenth Embodiment 
   A sixteenth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 22 . With the liquid crystal display device according to this embodiment, the same liquid crystal display panel and the same white diffusing film as those for the fifteenth embodiment described above are used while a reflective-type polarizing film is used for a reflector, and further, an auxiliary light source made up of an electro-luminescent (EL) device is provided. 
     FIG. 22  is an enlarged partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, and in the figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIGS. 17 and 21  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   In this liquid crystal display device, the liquid crystal display panel thereof, comprising first and second substrates  1 ,  2 , liquid crystals  16 , polarizing films  21 A,  21 B, and so forth, has the same constitution as that for the fifteenth embodiment shown in  FIG. 21 . 
   On the side of the back surface (underside in the figure) of the second substrate  2  of the liquid crystal display panel, the white diffusing film  22  is provided, and the constitution thereof is substantially the same as that for the fifteenth embodiment shown in  FIG. 21  except that a second electrode disposed on a plastic film  77  is made up of a transparent electrically-conductive film same as with the case of a first electrode  76  disposed on a plastic film  75 , but does not serve concurrently as the reflector. 
   With the white diffusing film  22  according to this embodiment, also a degree of light scattering can be rendered variable by applying voltage between the first electrode  76  and the second electrode  78 , and taking into consideration power consumption, a normally-scattering method is adopted wherein scattering reaches the maximum level when no voltage is applied to a mixed liquid crystal layer  79 . 
   The reflection-type polarizing film  27  serving as the reflector is provided on the side of the back surface of the white diffusing film  22 , and is capable of enhancing reflection efficiency while maintaining transmissiveness, taking advantage of the reflection characteristic of the auxiliary light source  60  disposed on the side of the back surface thereof. 
   The auxiliary light source  60  is of a planar-type, and an electro-luminescent (EL) device is adopted therefor as with the case of the auxiliary light source  60  used in the eleventh embodiment shown in  FIG. 17 . 
   More specifically, the electro-luminescent (EL) device is made up of a polyethylene telephthalate (PET) film  63  serving as a light emission face, a front electrode  64  made up of a transparent electrically-conductive film, a light-emitting layer  65  containing a manganese (Mn) as a luminescence center in zinc sulfide (ZnS), an insulating reflector  66  composed of titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) and barium oxide (BaO) which are high dielectric films, a rear electrode  67  composed of carbon (C), and a protection film  68  composed of resin, laminated to each other in that order from the side of the reflection-type polarizing film  27 . 
   By adopting the constitution as described above, it is possible to obtain the white diffusing film  22  and the reflector (the reflection-type polarizing film  27 ) which are bright while maintaining transmissiveness. Further, the constitution enables the white diffusing film  22  to function as a variable-voltage type, and in the case of a dark external environment, components of external light undergoing regular reflection can be enhanced (rendered brighter) by lowering a degree of light scattering by the white diffusing film  22 . 
   Conversely, in the case of a bright external environment, it is possible to reduce the components of external light undergoing reflection and projection of the external environment in display by increasing a degree of light scattering by the white diffusing film  22 . 
   Furthermore, in the case of a dark external environment, the liquid crystal display device can be used by lighting up the auxiliary light source  60 , and in such a case, by applying voltage to the mixed liquid crystal layer  79  of the white diffusing film  22 , a degree of light scattering is lowered, and a transmittance is increased, thereby enabling a bright display to be effected. 
   Seventeenth Embodiment 
   A seventeenth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is next described with reference to  FIG. 23 . This embodiment shows an example wherein the invention is applied to a passive-matrix liquid crystal display device provided with signal electrodes and opposed electrodes without switching elements interposed therebetween as with the case of the second embodiment. 
     FIG. 23  is an enlarged partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, and in the figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIG. 5  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   The liquid crystal display device according to the seventeenth embodiment has substantially the same construction as that of the liquid crystal display device according to the second embodiment shown in  FIG. 5 . The seventeenth embodiment differs from the second embodiment only in that a white diffusing film  22  is provided on top of the first substrate  1 , and a reflector  25  is not provided on the outer face of the second substrate  2  but opposed electrodes  12  formed on the inner face of the second substrate  2  are utilized to concurrently serve as a reflector. 
   With this embodiment, a retardation film  24  and the white diffusing film  22  are disposed between the first substrate  1  and the polarizing film  21 . Accordingly, external light  31  passes through the polarizing film  21 →the retardation film  24 →the white diffusing film  22 →the first substrate  1 →display electrodes  9 →the alignment layer  15 A→liquid crystal layers  16 →the alignment layer  15 B, in that order, and the external light modulated in the liquid crystals  16  is reflected by the opposed electrodes  12  disposed on top of the second substrate  2  before sent out to the side of a viewer (the incident side of the external light  31 ) along the above-described optical path in a reverse order. 
   The white diffusing film  22  is fabricated by kneading beads made of polystyrene 2 μm in grain size with acrylic resin before forming into a thin film. As the white diffusing film  22  is disposed on the viewer&#39;s side of the liquid crystals  16 , additional whiteness is obtained due to the diffusion effect of the white diffusing film  22  even if the opposed electrodes which are flat are used as the reflector, and at the same time, diffusibility of the white diffusing film  22  can be efficiently expressed due to closeness of the white diffusing film  22  to the viewer. 
   Results of tests conducted for evaluating definition of characters showed that a case where the white diffusing film  22  was provided between the polarizing film  21  and the first substrate  1  as shown in  FIG. 23  was more effective than a case where the white diffusing film  22  was provided on top of the polarizing film  21 . 
   Further, in the case where the white diffusing film  22  is provided on top of the first substrate  1 , it becomes important for the white diffusing film  22  to have a low transmittance and a low surface reflection. Accordingly, it is desirable that the polarizing film  21 , the retardation film  24 , the white diffusing film  22 , and the first substrate  1  are stuck to each other with paste such that the difference in refractive indexes between respective constituent materials and paste can be reduced. Furthermore, by sticking the white diffusing film  22  and the first substrate  1  together with paste, reflection at the interface between the first substrate  1  and the white diffusing film  22  is prevented, so that display becomes brighter. 
   The seventeenth embodiment represents an example wherein the white diffusing film  22  is utilized in a display mode making use of the optical phase difference of the liquid crystal  16 , the retardation film  24 , and the polarizing film  21  installed thereon. 
   Further, since the opposed electrodes  12  provided on the second substrate  2  concurrently serve as the reflector, it is preferable from the standpoint of increasing a reflectance thereof that the opposed electrodes  12  are fabricated by forming an aluminum (Al) film to a thickness of at least 100 nano-meters (nm) by the sputtering, and by anodizing the upper surface thereof, thereby forming an aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) film. The aluminum oxide film can contribute to enhancement in corrosion resistance, and improve reflectance due to a decrease in the difference in refractive indexes with the alignment layer or the liquid crystal. 
   Eighteenth Embodiment 
   An eighteenth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is described next with reference to  FIG. 24 . This embodiment shows an example wherein the invention is applied to a passive-matrix type liquid crystal display device provided with signal electrodes and opposed electrodes without switching elements interposed therebetween as with the case of the first embodiment. 
     FIG. 24  is an enlarged partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, and in this figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIG. 2  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   The liquid crystal display device according to the eighteenth embodiment has substantially the same construction as that of the liquid crystal display device according to the first embodiment, shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . The eighteenth embodiment differs from the first embodiment only in that a polarizing film  21 B, a white diffusing film  22  and a reflector  25  are provided in that order on the outer face of the second substrate  2 . That is, with this embodiment, the air layer  23  according to the first embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 2 , is dispensed with, and changing of places between the white diffusing film  22  and the polarizing film  21 B takes place. 
   Accordingly, external light  31  passes through the polarizing film  21 A→the first substrate  1 →the display electrodes  9 →the alignment layer  15 A→the liquid crystal  16 →the alignment layer  15 B→the opposed electrodes  12 →the second substrate  2 , in that order, so that the external light subjected to modulation in the liquid crystals  16  is first polarized by the polarizing film  21 B. Consequently, after polarization of the external light has been ensured, condensation of light rays, and correction of whiteness are effected due to the lens effect of beads constituting the white diffusing film  22 , and then polarized external light reaches the reflector  25  to be reflected thereby. 
   For the reflector  25  used in this embodiment, a mirror-finished film is adopted in order to improve the reflectivity thereof. When reflected light passes through the white diffusing film  22  again, enhancement of whiteness and improvement of visibility due to diffusion of light are effected before the reflected light reaches the polarizing film  21 B. The reflected light has its polarization corrected by the polarizing film  21 B before being sent out to the side of a viewer (the incident side of the external light) along the above-described optical path in a reverse order. 
   Thus, correction of brightness and improvement of whiteness can be achieved by the agency of the white diffusing film  22 , and further, modulation of light by the liquid crystal  16  can be efficiently taken out by the polarizing films  21  above and below. 
   The white diffusing film  22  used in this embodiment is fabricated by kneading beads made of polystyrene 2 μm in grain size with acrylic resin before forming into a thin film. The diffusibility (haze value) of the white diffusing film  22  is preferably rendered 50% or more, more preferably 70% or more, and the transmittance thereof as well is preferably rendered 70% or more. Further, in order to prevent images from being blurred by reducing a distance between the reflector  25  and the polarizing film  21 B, the white diffusing film  22  is formed to a thickness in a range of 30 to 150 μm. 
   The blurring of images is caused by a deviation of a position where a light ray passing through the liquid crystal  16  enters the second substrate  2  from a position where the light ray reflected by the reflector  25  enters the liquid crystal  16  again after transmitted through the second substrate  2 . Accordingly, with the eighteenth embodiment of the invention, it is desirable in order to prevent the blurring of images that the second substrate  2  is formed to a thickness not more than 300 μm, an adhesion layer between respective constituent materials is rendered not more than 30 μm in thickness, the polarizing film  21 B is formed to a thickness not more than 120 μm, and further, the white diffusing film  22  is formed to a thickness not more than 120 μm. With the liquid crystal display device constituted as above, a gap from the liquid crystals  16  to the reflector  25  is rendered no more than 630 μm. The blurring of images will not occur if a pixel pitch is in the order of 300 μm, so that a bright display in white can be effected. 
   For the reflector  25 , a silver (Ag) film formed by vapor deposition to a thickness of 150 nano-meters (nm) on a PET film 120 μm in thickness is used. 
   In the eighteenth embodiment, a fabrication method is adopted whereby the polarizing film  21 B, the white diffusing film  22 , and the reflector  25 , pasted to each other in a large format fashion with an adhesive, are formed into a predetermined size by use of a cutter or a punch (a press), and thereafter, bonded to the second substrate  2  with an adhesive. As a result, simplification of the fabrication method, and prevention of deformation due to thinness of the respective constituent materials can be attained. 
   Further, as for the reflector  25  used in carrying out the eighteenth embodiment, the silver (Ag) film is formed to a thickness of 150 nano-meters (nm) in order to give priority to brightness, however, a reflector  25  having translucence, allowing portions of light to be transmitted therethrough, may be used instead, so that by lighting up an auxiliary light source installed on a side of the reflector  25  opposite from the second substrate  2 , a display can be effected with light emitted by the auxiliary light source when the external light  31  is dark. 
   For the reflector  25  of a translucent type, a silver (Ag) film or an aluminum (Al) film formed to a thickness not more than 50 nano-meters (nm) is used. Otherwise, a construction provided with micro-pores (or embossed) may be adopted for the purpose. 
   Further, the reflection-type polarizing films previously described, laminated together in double layers such that respective reflection axes thereof form an angle in the range of 90° (orthogonal) to 0° (parallel), thereby controlling reflectance and transmittance, may be used as a translucent reflector. In the case of increasing reflectance by utilizing a double-layered reflection-type polarizing film, it is sufficient to render an angle formed by the respective reflection axes close to 90,° while if the angle is rendered close to 0°, transmittance is increased. 
   Nineteenth Embodiment 
   A nineteenth embodiment of a liquid crystal display device according to the invention is next described with reference to  FIG. 25 . The nineteenth embodiment also shows an example wherein the invention is applied to a passive-matrix type liquid crystal display device provided with signal electrodes and opposed electrodes without switching elements interposed therebetween as with the case of the first embodiment. 
     FIG. 25  is an enlarged partial sectional view of the liquid crystal display device, and in this figure, parts corresponding to those in  FIG. 22  are denoted by the same reference numerals. 
   The liquid crystal display device according to the nineteenth embodiment has substantially the same construction as that of the liquid crystal display device according to the sixteenth embodiment, shown in  FIG. 22 . The nineteenth embodiment differs from the sixteenth embodiment only in that a polarizing film  21 B, a white diffusing film  22  and a holographic reflector  30 , laminated to each other in that order, are provided on a face of the second substrate  2  of the liquid crystal display panel opposite liquid crystal  16 , and further, an auxiliary light source  60  made up of an electro-luminescent (EL) device is disposed in intimate contact with the holographic reflector  30 . 
   As a result, external light  31  passes through the polarizing film  21 A→the first substrate  1 →the display electrodes  9  the alignment layer  15 A→the liquid crystal  16 →the alignment layer  15 B→the opposed electrodes  12 →the second substrate  2 , in that order, so that the external light subjected to modulation in the liquid crystals  16  is first polarized by the polarizing film  21 B. 
   Consequently, after polarization of the external light has been ensured, condensation of light rays and correction of whiteness are effected due to the lens effect of beads constituting the white diffusing film  22 , and then the polarized external light polarized reaches the holographic reflector  30 . Light incident on the holographic reflector  30  undergoes refraction spatially, and outgoes at an angle deviating from that of regular reflection against the incident light. 
   In this case, if a spread angle of outgoing light from the holographic reflector  30  is increased, display becomes darker, however, if the spread angle is decreased, the outgoing light from the holographic reflector  30  becomes specular, causing glare. Furthermore, brightness undergoes a significant change depending on the direction of the light incident on the holographic reflector  30  (brightness undergoes a large change depending on the direction of incidence of the external light). 
   Accordingly, as it is possible to prevent glare and to reduce dependency of brightness on the direction of incidence of the external light by installing the white diffusing film  22  on the viewer&#39;s side of the holographic reflector  30 , brightness can be enhanced due to effective light diffraction effects of the holographic reflector film  30  and effective utilization of light by the white diffusing film  22 . 
   The white diffusing film  22  used in this embodiment is fabricated by kneading beads made of polystyrene 2 μm in grain size with acrylic resin before forming into a thin film. The diffusibility (haze value) of the white diffusing film  22  is preferably rendered in the order of 90%. Further, in order to prevent blurring of images by reducing a distance between the holographic reflector  30  and the polarizing film  21 B, the white diffusing film  22  is preferably formed to a thickness in a range of 30 to 150 μm. 
   The holographic reflector  30  is fabricated by forming a plurality of photosensitive and transparent resin layers on a silver film, and by forming numerous pores in the silver film and the photosensitive and transparent resin layers in the directions of spatial distribution by laser light such that regions having different refractive indices are spatially distributed therein, thereby exhibiting the holographic effect. 
   Further, the auxiliary light source  60  of a planar-type made up of the electro-luminescent (EL) device is provided on the back surface of the holographic reflector film  30  via an adhesive. More specifically, the electro-luminescent (EL) device is comprised of a polyethylene telephthalate (PET) film  63  serving as a light emission face, a front electrode  64  made up of a transparent electrically-conductive film, a light-emitting layer  65  containing a manganese (Mn) as a luminescence center in zinc sulfide (ZnS), an insulating reflector  66  composed of a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) and a barium oxide (BaO) which are high dielectric films, an underside electrode  67  composed of carbon (C), and a protection film  68  composed of resin, laminated to each other in that order from the side of the holographic reflector  30 . 
   In the case where the external light  31  is bright, modulation of light by the liquid crystal  16  can be effectively taken out by the two polarizing films  21 A,  21 B by utilizing the white diffusing film  22  and the holographic reflector film  30 . Further, even in the case where the external light  31  is dark, bright display can be effected due to porosity of the holographic reflector  30  and lighting up the auxiliary light source  60 . 
   With the nineteenth embodiment, the polarizing film  21 B, the white diffusing film  22 , the holographic reflector  30 , and the auxiliary light source  60  are installed on the underside of the second substrate  2  one after another in that order from the side of the viewer, however, for making more effective use of light emitted by the auxiliary light source  60 , it will be advantageous to install the white diffusing film  22  between the holographic reflector  30  and the auxiliary light source  60 . 
   This is because with such a constitution as described, light rays on the auxiliary light source  60  side of the holographic reflector  30  can be condensed at a greater angle by the white diffusing film  22 , and can be irradiated to the holographic reflector  30  at a constant angle. 
   INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
   As is evident from the foregoing description, the reflection-type liquid crystal display device according to the invention, wherein display is effected by utilizing incoming external light from the side of a viewer by adopting a white diffusing film as one of the elements constituting the liquid crystal display device, the white diffusing film reflects a portion of incident light rays of the external light, and allows most of the remaining portions of the incident light rays to be transmitted therethrough to reach a reflector, so that a bright and excellent display in white can be effected. 
   Further, by using polyimide resin in combination with beads for the white diffusing film, a transmittance thereof for light rays in the visible light region can be rendered substantially constant taking advantage of the difference in refractive indexes between the polyimide resin and the beads and the shapes of the beads while the white diffusing film can have both diffusibility and reflectivity. 
   Furthermore, by using a plurality of kinds of beads in different grain sizes, dispersed in the white diffusing film, the light-scattering characteristic thereof can be controlled, and the white diffusing film having directivity can be formed. 
   Still further, by varying the transmittance, reflectivity and light-scattering characteristics of the white diffusing film at pixels from those in regions around the pixels, a liquid crystal display device capable of effecting a bright display, excellent in white balance without lowering contrast can be provided. 
   In addition, by combining the white diffusing film with a reflection-type polarizing film, effective use of light by a liquid crystal display device making use of the polarizing film can be made, enabling a bright display to be effected. 
   Further, by installing a light absorption layer on the backside of the reflection-type polarizing film, a display having an excellent contrast ratio can be effected due to scattering whiteness caused by the white diffusing film and the reflection-type polarizing film, and due to display indicated by the light absorption layer. 
   Also, by installing an auxiliary light source on the backside of the white diffusing film, and by using a fluorescent pigment in the light absorption layer, light emission efficiency of the auxiliary light source when it is lit up can be improved, enabling a bright display to be effected. 
   Further, by installing a color printed layer on the backside of the white diffusing film, a display in a lusterless condition can be indicated due to the color of the color printed layer and the light-scattering characteristic of the white diffusing film. 
   Still further, by providing the white diffusing film with color filters, brightness by the agency of the white diffusing film can be secured while maintaining the chroma of the color filters. 
   It is also possible to apply the invention to an active-matrix type liquid crystal display device provided with two-terminal switching elements such as a thin-film diode using a semiconductor as a nonlinear resistance layer or a thin-film diode using an insulation film as a nonlinear resistance layer, or three-terminal switching elements using a thin-film transistor, and so forth, or a liquid crystal display device that can be in the liquid crystal display mode without use of polarizing films, and thereby the advantageous effects of the white diffusing film can be performed. 
   With the use of a diffusing-type liquid crystal layer for the white diffusing film, a degree of light scattering can be rendered variable with ease, and further, it becomes possible to vary a degree of light scattering in the white diffusing film by applying voltage to the diffusing-type liquid crystal layer depending on the condition of an external environment, whether or not the auxiliary light source is lit up, or so on, so that a bright display excellent in visibility can be effected.