Patent Publication Number: US-9847217-B2

Title: Devices and systems including a boost device

Description:
PRIORITY APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of, and is a continuation application of, U.S. Ser. No. 11/156,274 filed on Jun. 17, 2005. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY 
     Certain examples disclosed herein relate generally to boost devices, for example, boost devices configured to provide radio frequencies. More particularly, certain examples relate to boost devices that may be used to provide additional energy to an atomization source, such as a flame or a plasma. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Atomization sources, such as flames, may be used for a variety of applications, such as welding, chemical analysis and the like. In some instances, flames used in chemical analyses are not hot enough to vaporize the entire liquid sample that is injected into the flame. In addition, introduction of a liquid sample may result in zonal temperatures that may provide mixed results. 
     Another approach to atomization is to use a plasma source. Plasmas have been used in many technological areas including chemical analysis. Plasmas are electrically conducting gaseous mixtures containing large concentrations of cations and electrons. The temperature of a plasma may be as high as around 6,000-10,000 Kelvin, depending on the region of the plasma, whereas the temperature of a flame is often about 1400-1900 Kelvin, depending on the region of the flame. Due to the higher temperatures of the plasma, more rapid vaporization, atomization and/or ionization of chemical species may be achieved. 
     Use of plasmas may have several drawbacks in certain applications. Viewing optical emissions from chemical species in the plasma may be hindered by a high background signal from the plasma. Also, in some circumstances, plasma generation may require high total flow rates of argon (e.g., about 11-17 L/min) to create the plasma, including a flow rate of about 5-15 L/min of argon to isolate the plasma thermally. In addition, injection of aqueous samples into a plasma may result in a decrease in plasma temperature due to evaporation of solvent, i.e., a decrease in temperature due to desolvation. This temperature reduction may reduce the efficiency of atomization and ionization of chemical species in some contexts. 
     Higher powers have been used in plasmas to attempt to lower the detection limits for certain species, such as hard-to-ionize species like arsenic, cadmium, selenium and lead, but increasing the power also results in an increase in the background signal from the plasma. 
     Certain aspects and examples of the present technology alleviate some of the above concerns with previous atomization sources. For example, a boost device is shown here as a way to assist other atomization sources, such as flames, plasmas, arcs and sparks. Certain of these embodiments may enhance atomization efficiency, ionization efficiency, decrease background noise and/or increase emission signals from atomized and ionized species. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with a first aspect, a boost device is disclosed. As used throughout this disclosure, the term “boost device” refers to a device that is configured to provide additional energy to another device, or region of that device, such as, for example, an atomization chamber, desolvation chamber, excitation chamber, etc. In certain examples, a radio frequency (RF) boost device may be configured to provide additional energy, e.g., in the form of radio frequency energy, to an atomization source, such as a flame, plasma, arc, spark or combinations thereof. Such additional energy may be used to assist in desolvation, atomization and/or ionization of species introduced into the atomization source, may be used to excite atoms or ions, may be used to extend optical path length, may be used to improve detection limits, may be used to increase sample size loading or may be used for many additional uses where it may be desirable or advantageous to provide additional energy to an atomization source. Other uses of the boost devices disclosed herein will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary additional uses of the boost devices in chemical analysis, welding, sputtering, vapor deposition, chemical synthesis and treatment of radioactive waste are provided below to illustrate some of the features and uses of certain illustrative boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with other aspects, an atomization device is provided. In certain examples, the atomization device may include a chamber configured with an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. The atomization source may be a device that may atomize and/or ionize species including but not limited to flames, plasmas, arcs, sparks, etc. The boost device may be configured to provide additional energy to a suitable region or regions of the chamber such that species present in the chamber may be atomized, ionized and/or excited. Suitable devices and components for designing or assembling the atomization source and the boost device will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary devices and components are discussed below. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, another example of an atomization device is disclosed. In certain examples, the atomization devices include a first chamber and a second chamber. The first chamber includes an atomization source. The atomization source may be a device that may atomize and/or ionize species including but not limited to flames, plasmas, arcs, sparks, etc. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber to provide additional energy to excite any atoms or ions that enter into the second chamber. In this embodiment, the first and second chambers may be in fluid communication such that species that are atomized or ionized in the first chamber may enter into the second chamber. Suitable examples of configurations for providing fluid communication between the first chamber and the second chamber are discussed below, and additional configurations may be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with other aspects, a device for optical emission spectroscopy (“OES”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the OES device may include a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the OES device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber that may include a boost device configured to provide radio frequencies to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable devices that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species introduced into the first chamber. The OES device may further include a light detector configured to detect the amount of light and/or the wavelength of light emitted by species that are atomized and/or ionized using the OES device. Depending on the configuration of the OES device, the OES device may be used to detect atomic emission, fluorescence, phosphorescence and other light emissions. The OES device may further include suitable circuitry, algorithms and software. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design suitable OES devices for an intended use. In certain examples, the OES device may include two or more plasma sources for atomization, ionization and/or detection of species. 
     In accordance with still other aspects, a device for absorption spectroscopy (“AS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the AS device may include a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the AS device may include at least a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. The AS device may further include a light source configured to provide one or more wavelengths of light and a light detector configured to detect the amount of light absorbed by the species present in one or more of the chambers. The AS device may further include suitable circuitry, algorithms and software of the type known in the art for such devices. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, a device for mass spectroscopy (“MS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the MS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a mass analyzer, a mass detector or a mass spectrometer. In some examples, the MS device includes an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the MS device includes a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the MS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, may be coupled or hyphenated to a mass analyzer, a mass detector or mass spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the mass analyzer, mass detector or mass spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the MS device may be configured such that species first enter into the mass analyzer, mass detector or mass spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other spectroscopic or analytical techniques. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to select suitable devices and methods to couple mass analyzers, mass detectors or mass spectrometers with the atomization devices disclosed herein to perform mass spectroscopy. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, a device for infrared spectroscopy (“IRS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the IRS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to an infrared detector or infrared spectrometer. In some examples, the IRS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the IRS device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may also include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the IRS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, may be coupled or hyphenated to an infrared detector or infrared spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or the first and second chambers, may enter into the infrared detector for detection. In other examples, the IRS device may be configured such that species first enter into the infrared detector or infrared spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, a device for fluorescence spectroscopy (“FLS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the FLS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a fluorescence detector or fluorimeter. In some examples, the FLS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the FLS device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to supply radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the FLS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a fluorescence detector or fluorimeter such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the fluorescence detector for detection. In other examples, the FLS device may be configured such that species first enter into the fluorescence detector or fluorimeter and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques. 
     In accordance with further aspects, a device for phosphorescence spectroscopy (“PHS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the PHS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a phosphorescence detector or phosphorimeter. In some examples, the PHS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the PHS device may include a chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the PHS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a phosphorescence detector or phosphorimeter such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the phosphorescence detector for detection. In other examples, the PHS device may be configured such that species first enter into the phosphorescence detector or phosphorimeter and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques. 
     In accordance with other embodiments, a device for Raman spectroscopy (“RAS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the RAS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a Raman detector or Raman spectrometer. In some examples, the RAS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the RAS device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include a boost device configured to supply radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the RAS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a Raman detector or Raman spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the Raman detector or spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the RAS device may be configured such that species first enter into the Raman detector or Raman spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques. 
     In accordance with other aspects, a device for X-ray spectroscopy (“XRS”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the XRS device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to an X-ray detector or an X-ray spectrometer. In some examples, the XRS device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the XRS device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include a boost device configured to supply radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the XRS device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to an X-ray detector or an X-ray spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chamber, may enter into the X-ray detector or spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the XRS device may be configured such that species first enter into the X-ray detector or an X-ray spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, a device for gas chromatography (“GC”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the GC device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a gas chromatograph. In some examples, the GC device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the GC device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the GC device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a gas chromatograph such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the gas chromatograph for separation and/or detection. In other examples, the GC device may be configured such that species first enter into the gas chromatograph and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques. 
     In accordance with other aspects, a device for liquid chromatography (“LC”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the LC device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a liquid chromatograph. In some examples, the LC device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the LC device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the LC device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a liquid chromatograph such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the liquid chromatograph for separation and/or detection. In other examples, the LC device may be configured such that species first enter into the liquid chromatograph and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other suitable spectroscopic or analytical techniques. 
     In accordance with still other aspects, a device for nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”) is disclosed. In certain examples, the NMR device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to a nuclear magnetic resonance detector or a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. In some examples, the NMR device includes an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the NMR device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the NMR device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to a nuclear magnetic resonance detector or a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first and second chambers, may enter into the nuclear magnetic resonance detector or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the nuclear magnetic resonance detector or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer may be configured such that species first enter into the nuclear magnetic resonance detector or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other spectroscopic or analytical techniques. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to select suitable devices and methods to couple nuclear magnetic resonance detectors or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers with the atomization devices disclosed here to perform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, a device for electron spin resonance (“ESR”) is provided. In certain examples, the ESR device may include an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to an electron spin resonance detector or an electron spin resonance spectrometer. In some examples, the ESR device may include an atomization device with a chamber that includes an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chamber. In other examples, the ESR device may include a first chamber that includes an atomization source and a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber. The second chamber may include at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the second chamber. The atomization source may be a flame, plasma, arc, spark or other suitable sources that may atomize and/or ionize chemical species. In some examples, the ESR device may be configured such that the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device may be coupled or hyphenated to an electron spin resonance detector or an electron spin resonance spectrometer such that species that exit the chamber, or first chamber and second chambers, may enter into the electron spin resonance detector or the electron spin resonance spectrometer for detection. In other examples, the electron spin resonance detector or the electron spin resonance spectrometer may be configured such that species first enter into the electron spin resonance detector or the electron spin resonance spectrometer and then enter into the chamber, or first and second chambers, of the atomization device for detection using optical emission, absorption, fluorescence or other spectroscopic or analytical techniques. 
     In accordance with other aspects, a welding device is disclosed. The welding device may include an electrode, a nozzle tip and at least one boost device surrounding at least some portion of the electrode and/or the nozzle tip and configured to provide radio frequencies. Welding devices which include a boost device may be used in suitable welding applications, for example, in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, plasma arc welding (PAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), laser welding, and high frequency welding. Exemplary configurations implementing the boost devices disclosed here in combination with torches for welding are discussed below and other suitable configurations will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, a plasma cutter is provided. In certain examples, the plasma cutter may include a chamber or channel that includes an electrode. The chamber or channel in this example may be configured such that a cutting gas may flow through the chamber and may be in fluid communication with the electrode and such that a shielding gas may flow around the cutting gas and the electrode to minimize interferences such as oxidation of the cutting surface. The plasma cutter of this example may further include at least one boost device configured to increase ionization of the cutting gas and/or increase the temperature of the cutting gas. Suitable cutting gases may be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary cutting gases include, for example, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and mixtures thereof. 
     In accordance with yet additional aspects, a vapor deposition device is disclosed. In certain examples, the vapor deposition device may include a material source, a reaction chamber, an energy source with at least one boost device, a vacuum system and an exhaust system. The vapor deposition device may be configured to deposit material onto a sample or substrate. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, a sputtering device is disclosed. In certain examples, the sputtering device may include a target and a heat source including at least one boost device. The heat source may be configured to cause ejection of atoms and ions from the target. The ejected atoms and ions may be deposited, for example, on a sample or substrate. 
     In accordance with other aspects, a device for molecular beam epitaxy is disclosed. In certain examples, the device may include a growth chamber configured to receive a sample, at least one material source configured to provide atoms and ions to the growth chamber, and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the at least one material source. The molecular beam epitaxy device may be used, for example, to deposit materials onto a sample or substrate. 
     In accordance with further aspects, a chemical reaction chamber is disclosed. In certain examples, the chemical reaction chamber includes a reaction chamber with an atomization source and at least one boost device configured to provide radio frequency energy to the chemical reaction chamber. The reaction chamber may further include an inlet for introducing reactants and/or catalysts into the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber may be used, for example, to control or promote reactions between products or to favor one or more products produced from the reactants. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, a device for treatment of radioactive waste is disclosed. In certain examples, the device includes a chamber configured to receive radioactive waste, an atomization source configured to atomize and/or oxidize radioactive waste and an inlet for introducing additional reactants or species that may react with, or interact with, the radioactive materials to provide stabilized forms. The stabilized forms may be disposed of, for example, using suitable disposal techniques, e.g., burial, etc. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, a light source is disclosed. In certain examples, the light source may include an atomization source and at least one boost device. The atomization source may be configured to atomize a sample, and the boost device may be configured to excite the atomized sample, which may emit photons to provide a source of light, by providing radio frequency energy to the atomized sample. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, an atomization device that includes an atomization source and a microwave source (e.g., a microwave oven among other things) is disclosed. In certain examples, the microwave source may be configured to provide microwaves to the atomization source to create a plasma plume or extend a plasma plume. Atomization devices including microwave sources may be used for numerous applications including, for example, chemical analysis, welding, cutting and the like. 
     In accordance with other aspects, a miniaturized atomization device is disclosed. In certain examples, the miniaturized atomization device may be configured to provide devices that may be taken for in-field analyses. In certain other examples, microplasmas including at least one boost device are disclosed. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, a limited use atomization device is disclosed. In certain examples, the limited use atomization device may be configured with at least one boost device and may be further configured to provide sufficient power and/or fuel for one, two or three measurements. The limited use device may include a detector for measurement of species, such as, for example, arsenic, chromium, selenium, lead, etc. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, an optical emission spectrometer configured to detect arsenic at a level of about 0.6 μg/L or lower is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may include a device that may excite atomized arsenic species for detection at levels of about 0.3 μg/L or lower. 
     In accordance with other aspects, an optical emission spectrometer configured to detect cadmium at a level of about 0.014 μg/L or lower is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may include a device that may excite atomized cadmium species for detection at levels of about 0.007 μg/L or lower. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, an optical emission spectrometer configured to detect lead at a level of about 0.28 μg/L or lower is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may include an atomization device and a boost device that may excite atomized lead species for detection at levels of about 0.14 μg/L or lower. 
     In accordance with yet additional aspects, an optical emission spectrometer configured to detect selenium at a level of about 0.6 μg/L or lower is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may include a device that may excite atomized selenium species for detection at levels of about 0.3 μg/L or lower. 
     In accordance with further aspects, a spectrometer including an inductively coupled plasma and at least one boost device is disclosed. In certain examples, the spectrometer may be configured to increase a sample emission signal without significantly increasing background signal. In some examples, the spectrometer may be configured to increase the sample emission signal at least about five-times or more, when compared with the emission signal of a device not including a boost device or a device operating with a boost device turned off. In other examples, the emission signal may be increased, e.g., about five times or more, without a substantial increase in background signal using a boost device. 
     In accordance with more aspects, a device for OES that includes an inductively coupled plasma and at least one boost device is disclosed. In certain examples the OES device may be configured to dilute the sample with a carrier gas by less than about 15:1. In certain other examples, the OES device may be configured to dilute the sample with a carrier gas by less than about 10:1. In yet other examples, the OES device may be configured to dilute the sample with a carrier gas by less than about 5:1. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, a spectrometer comprising an inductively coupled plasma and at least one boost device is provided. In certain examples, the spectrometer may be configured to at least partially block the signal from the primary plasma discharge. 
     In accordance with other aspects, a spectrometer including at least one boost device and configured for low UV measurements is provided. As used herein, “low UV” refers to measurements made by detecting light emitted or absorbed in the 90 nm to 200 nm wavelength range. In certain examples, the chamber comprising the boost device may be fluidically coupled to a vacuum pump to draw sample into the chamber. In other examples, the chamber comprising the boost device may also be optically coupled to a window or an aperture on a spectrometer such that substantially no air or oxygen may be in the optical path. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, a method of enhancing atomization of species using a boost device is provided. Certain examples of this method include introducing a sample into an atomization device, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device during atomization of the sample to enhance atomization. The atomization device may include any of the atomization sources with boost devices disclosed herein or other suitable atomization sources that will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, a method of enhancing excitation of atomized species using a boost device is disclosed. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample into an atomization device, atomizing and/or exciting the sample using the atomization device, and enhancing excitation of the atomized sample by providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device. The atomization device may include any of the atomization sources with boost devices disclosed herein and other suitable atomization sources that will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with further aspects, a method of enhancing detection of chemical species is provided. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to increase a detection signal from the atomized sample. 
     In accordance with yet additional aspects, a method of detecting arsenic at levels below about 0.6 μg/L is provided. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample comprising arsenic into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample comprising arsenic at levels less than about 0.6 μg/L. In certain examples, the sample signal to background signal ratio may be at least three or greater. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, a method of detecting cadmium at levels below about 0.014 μg/L is disclosed. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample comprising cadmium into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample comprising cadmium at levels less than about 0.014 μg/L. In certain examples, the sample signal to background signal ratio may be at least three or greater. 
     In accordance with additional aspects, a method of detecting lead at levels below about 0.28 μg/L is disclosed. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample comprising selenium into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample comprising lead at levels less than about 0.28 μg/L. In certain examples, the sample signal to background signal ratio may be at least three or greater. 
     In accordance with other aspects, a method of detecting selenium at levels below about 0.6 μg/L is disclosed. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample comprising selenium into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample, and providing radio frequency energy from at least one boost device to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample comprising selenium at levels less than about 0.6 μg/L. In certain examples, the sample signal to background signal ratio may be at least three or greater. 
     In accordance with yet other aspects, a method of separating and analyzing a sample comprising two or more species is provided. Certain embodiments of this method include introducing a sample into a separation device, eluting individual species from the separation device into an atomization device comprising at least one boost device, and detecting the eluted species. In some examples, the atomization device may be configured to desolvate and atomize the eluted species. In certain examples, the separation device may be a gas chromatograph, a liquid chromatograph (or both) or other suitable separation devices that will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     It will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that the methods and devices disclosed herein provide a breakthrough in the ability to atomize, ionize and/or excite materials for various purposes such as materials analysis, welding, hazardous waste disposal, etc. For example, some embodiments disclosed herein permit devices to be constructed using a boost device as disclosed herein to provide chemical analyses, devices and instrumentation that may achieve detection limits that are substantially lower than those obtainable with existing analyses, devices and instrumentation, or such analyses, devices, and instrumentation may provide comparable detection limits at a lower cost (in equipment, time and/or energy). In addition, the devices disclosed herein may be used, or adapted for use, in numerous applications, including but not limited to chemical reactions, welding, cutting, assembly of portable and/or disposable devices for chemical analysis, disposal or treatment of radioactive waste, deposition of titanium on turbine engines, etc. These and other uses of the novel devices and methods disclosed herein will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary uses and configurations using the devices are described below to illustrate some of the uses and various aspects of certain embodiments of the technology described. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Certain examples are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a first example of a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  are examples of a boost device configured for use with a flame or primary plasma source, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIGS. 2C and 2D  are examples of a boost device comprising a microwave cavity, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  are examples of pulsed and continuous mode application of a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  are examples of a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 5  is an example of an atomization device including a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 6  is another example of an atomization device including a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 7  is an example of an atomization device with an electrothermal atomization source and a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 8  is an example of an atomization device with a plasma source and a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 9A  is an example of a inductively coupled plasma, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 9B  is an example of a helical resonator, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 10  is another example of an atomization device including a plasma source and a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 11A  is an example of radial monitoring and  FIG. 11B  is an example of axial monitoring, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 12  is an example of an atomization device including a plasma source, a first boost device and a second boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIGS. 13A and 13B  are examples of a second chamber including a manifold or interface, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 14A  is an example of an atomization device with a first chamber with a flame or primary plasma source and a second chamber including a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 14B  is an example of another boost device configuration suitable for providing energy to a chamber, such as, for example, the second chamber in  FIG. 14A , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 15  is an example of a first chamber with a plasma source and a second chamber including a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 16  is an example of a first chamber with a plasma source and a second chamber including a first boost device and a second boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 17  is an example of device for optical emission spectroscopy that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 18  is an example of a single beam device for absorption spectroscopy that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 19  is an example of a dual beam device for absorption spectroscopy that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 20  is an example of a device for mass spectroscopy that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 21  is an example of a device for infrared spectroscopy that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 22  is an example of a device with a boost device suitable for use in fluorescence spectroscopy, phosphorescence spectroscopy or Raman scattering, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 23  is an example of a gas chromatograph that may be hyphenated to devices including a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 24  is an example of a liquid chromatograph that may be hyphenated to devices including a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 25  is an example of a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer suitable for use with devices including a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 26A  is an example of a welding torch including a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 26B  is an example of a DC or AC arc welder comprising a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 26C  is another example of a DC or AC arc welder comprising a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 26D  is an example of a device configured for use in soldering or brazing that comprises a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 27  is an example of plasma cutter that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 28  is an example of vapor deposition device that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 29  is an example of a sputtering device that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 30  is an example of device for molecular beam epitaxy that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 31  is an example of a reaction chamber that includes a first boost device and optionally a second boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 32  is an example of a device suitable for treating radioactive waste that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 33  is an example of a device for providing a light source that includes a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 34  is an example of a device including an atomization source and a microwave source, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 35  is an example of the computer controlled hardware setup, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 36  is an example of an excitation source to generate a plasma, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIGS. 37-39  show a supply and control box used to provide power to a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 40  shows a control board that was used with the supply and control box shown in  FIGS. 37-39 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 41  is a schematic of the circuitry used with the supply and control box shown in  FIGS. 37-39 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 42  is a picture of a wire from an interface board from a plasma excitation source to a solid state relay in the supply and control box shown in  FIGS. 37-39 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 43  is a solid state relay in the supply and control box shown in  FIGS. 37-39 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 44  is a configuration for providing power to the boost device control box shown in  FIGS. 37-39 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 45  shows placement of an optical plasma sensor above an atomization device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIGS. 46 and 47  show a manually controlled hardware setup, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 48  is a hardware setup used in Example 3 described below, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 49  shows certain components used in Example 3 including a nebulizer and an injector, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 50  is a picture of a device including a chamber with a plasma and a boost device turned off, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 51  is a picture of a device including a chamber with a plasma and a boost device turned on, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 52  is a hardware setup that was used in Example 4, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 53  shows certain components of the hardware setup shown in  FIG. 52  including an interface and heat sinks, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 54  is an enlarged view of a boost device that includes a 17½ turn coil, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 55  shows the front mounting block of second chamber used in the hardware setup of  FIG. 52 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 56  shows the mounting interface plate of the second chamber used in hardware setup of  FIG. 52 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 57  shows the rear mounting block of the second chamber used in the hardware setup shown in  FIG. 52 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 58  shows the rear mounting block of the second chamber with a quartz viewing window mounted, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 59  is a picture of a vacuum pump and power supply suitable for use in a computer controlled hardware setup, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 60  is a picture of a vacuum pump that was used in performing Example 4 described below, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 61  is a picture of a device including a first chamber with a plasma and a second chamber with a boost device turned off, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIGS. 62A-62D  are pictures of a device including a first chamber with a plasma and a second chamber with a boost device turned on, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 63  is a radial view of a schematic of an atomization source suitable for use with the boost devices disclosed here, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 64  is a radial view of another schematic of an atomization source suitable for use with the boost devices disclosed here and viewed radially, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 65  is a radial view of a schematic of an atomization source with a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 66  is radial view of another schematic of an atomization source with a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 67  is a radial view of an enlarged schematic of an atomization device with a boost device turned off, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 68  is radial view of an enlarged schematic of an atomization device with a boost device turned on, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 69  is an axial view of an atomization device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 70  is an axial view of an atomization device with a boost device turned off, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 71  is an axial view of an atomization device with a boost device turned on, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 72  is a radial view of an inductively coupled plasma suitable for use with the boost devices disclosed here, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 73  is a radial view, through a piece of welding glass, of an inductively coupled plasma suitable for use with the boost devices disclosed here, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 74  is a radial view of the effect of RF power on emission path length of 1000 ppm of yttrium introduced into an inductively coupled plasma, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 75  is a radial view of a plasma discharge and optical emission of 1000 ppm yttrium introduced into an inductively coupled plasma, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 76  is a radial view of a plasma discharge and optical emission of 1000 ppm yttrium introduced into an inductively coupled plasma and viewed through a piece of welding glass, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 77  is a device including an inductively coupled plasma source and a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 78  is a radial view through a piece of welding glass of a plasma discharge and optical emission of 500 ppm yttrium introduced into an inductively coupled plasma with the boost device turned off, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 79  is a radial view through a piece of welding glass of a plasma discharge and optical emission of 500 ppm yttrium introduced into an inductively coupled plasma with the boost device turned on, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 80  is a perspective view of a device including an inductively coupled plasma source and a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 81  is an axial view of a device including an inductively coupled plasma source and a boost device with the plasma turned off, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 82  is an axial view of the emission from 500 ppm of yttrium in an inductively coupled plasma with a boost device turned off, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 83  is an axial view of the emission from 500 ppm of yttrium in an inductively coupled plasma with a boost device turned on, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 84  is an axial view of the emission from water in an inductively coupled plasma with a boost device turned off, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 85  is an axial view of the emission from water in an inductively coupled plasma with a boost device turned on, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 86  is a perspective view of a device including a first chamber for generating an inductively coupled plasma and a second chamber with a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 87  is a perspective view looking from the first chamber towards the interface of the second chamber with a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 88  is a top view between the terminus of the first chamber and the interface of the second chamber with a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 89  is a perspective view looking from the second chamber towards the interface and the boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 90  is a picture of a vacuum pump and flow meter suitable for use with the second chamber shown in  FIGS. 58-61 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 91  is an axial view of the emission from 500 ppm of aspirated sodium in the second chamber with a 6½ turn boost device turned on, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 92  is an axial view of the emission from 500 ppm of aspirated sodium using a second chamber with a 18½ turn boost device to extend the path length observed in the device of  FIG. 91 , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 93  is an axial view of the emission from 500 ppm of aspirated sodium using a second chamber with a 18½ turn boost device and higher RF power to increase the emission intensity, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 94  is a perspective view of a candle in a microwave oven with the microwave oven turned off, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 95  is a perspective view of a flame source in a microwave oven with the microwave over turned on and as the candle flame passes through a standing voltage maxima, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 96A  is a perspective view of a device that includes a single power source for powering a primary induction coil and a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 96B  shows the optical emission of an yttrium sample using the device of  FIG. 96A , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 96C  is an examples of a device with a primary and secondary chamber and comprising a single RF source for powering a primary induction coil and a boost device, in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 97  is close-up radial view of the emission from 1000 ppm of aspirated yttrium using the device of  FIG. 96A , in accordance with certain examples; 
         FIG. 98A  is a photograph of an existing ICP-OES configuration,  FIG. 98B  is a schematic of an optical emission spectrometer configured for use in low UV measurements and  FIG. 98C  is a photograph of the configuration of  FIG. 98B  in operation, in accordance with certain examples; and 
         FIG. 99  is a schematic of a spectrometer configured for use in low UV measurements, in accordance with certain examples. 
     
    
    
     It will be apparent to the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that the exemplary electronic features, components, tubes, injectors, RF induction coils, boost coils, flames, plasmas, etc. shown in the figures are not necessarily to scale. For example, certain dimensions, such as the dimensions of the boost devices, may have been enlarged relative to other dimensions, such as the length and width of the chamber, for clarity of illustration and to provide a more user-friendly description of the illustrative examples discussed below. In addition, various shadings, dashes and the like may have been used to provide a more clear disclosure, and the use of such shadings, dashes and the like is not intended to refer to any particular material or orientation unless otherwise clear from the context. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The boost devices disclosed here represent a technological advance. Methods and/or devices including at least one boost device have numerous and widespread uses including, but not limited to, chemical analysis, chemical reaction chambers, welders, destruction of radioactive waste, plasma coating processes, vapor deposition processes, molecular beam epitaxy, assembly of pure light sources, low UV measurements, etc. Additional uses will be readily recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples (“certain examples” being intended to refer to some examples, but not all examples, of the present technology), atomization devices, spectrometers, welders and other devices disclosed below that include one or more boost devices may be configured with suitable shielding to prevent unwanted interference with other components included in the devices. For example, boost devices may be contained within lead chambers to shield other electrical components from the radio frequencies generated by the boost devices. In some examples, one or more ferrites may be used to minimize or reduce RF signals that might interfere with electronic circuitry. Other suitable shielding materials may be implemented including, but not limited to, aluminum, steel, and copper enclosures, honeycomb air filters, filtered connectors, RF gaskets and other RF shielding materials that will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples, boost devices disclosed here may take numerous forms, such as, for example, a coil of wire electrically coupled to a radio frequency generator and/or radio frequency transmitter. In other examples, boost devices may include one or more circular plates or coils in electrical communication with a RF generator. In some examples, the boost device may be constructed by placing a coil of wire in electrical communication with a radio frequency generator. The coil of wire may be wrapped around a chamber to supply radio frequencies to the chamber. 
     Suitable RF generators and transmitters will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary RF generators and transmitters include, but are not limited to, those commercially available from ENI, Trazar, Hunttinger and the like. In some examples, the boost devices may be in electrical communication with a primary RF generator, such as an RF source used to power a primary induction coil. That is, in certain examples, the devices disclosed herein may include a single RF generator that is used to power both a primary energy source, e.g., an atomization source such as a plasma, as well as one or more boost devices. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a boost device can be understood to be one or more secondary RF energy sources, that, for example, may be coupled to a RF generator that may also be coupled to one or more primary RF energy sources. 
     In accordance with certain examples, devices disclosed herein may include one or more stages. For example, a device may include a desolvation stage that removes liquid solvent from a sample, an ionization stage that may convert atoms to ions and/or one or more excitation stages that may provide energy to excite atoms. The boost devices disclosed herein may be used in any one or more of these stages to provide additional energy. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an example of a boost device is shown in  FIG. 1 . In this example, a boost device  200  is shown coiled around a chamber  205 . The boost device  200  includes radio frequency coils  210  electrically coupled to an RF generator  215 . The boost device  210  is configured to provide radio frequency signals into the chamber  205 . The exact frequency and power may vary depending on numerous factors including, but not limited to, the desired effect, the configuration of the chamber, etc. In certain examples, the boost device provides signals at a frequency of about 25 MHz to about 50 MHz, more particularly about 35 MHz to about 45 MHz, e.g., about 40.6 MHz. In other examples, the boost device provides signals at a frequency of about 5 MHz to about 25 MHz, more particularly about 7.5 to about 15 MHz, e.g., about 10.4 MHz. In yet other examples, the frequency ranges from about 1 kHz to about 100 GHz. For example, at lower frequencies the energy may be inductively coupled with the use of load coils or induction coils, such as those described in commonly owned U.S. application Ser. No. 10/730,779, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. At most frequencies, the energy may be capacitively coupled using plates or conductive coatings. At high frequencies, helical resonators or cavities may be used. Other suitable frequencies will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, for various applications. In certain examples, the boost device may provide radio frequencies at a power of about 1 Watt to about 10,000 Watts, more particularly about 10 Watts to about 5,000 Watts. In other examples, the boost device provides radio frequencies at a power of about 100 Watts to about 2,000 Watts. In examples where a plasma is formed in a small capillary, such as a GC capillary tube using a dry gas, then a power of 1 watt or less may be used. If a large secondary chamber, e.g., having dimensions similar to a large fluorescent light tube, and high solvent loads are used, then powers as large as 10,000 watts or higher may be desirable to provide the desired results. Other suitable powers will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. Suitable devices for providing radio frequency signals include, but are not limited to, radio frequency transmitters commercially available from numerous sources such as ENI, Trazar, Hunttinger and Nautel, and radio frequency circuits such as Impedance Matching Networks from ENI, or Trazar. Suitable circuitry for generating radio frequencies will be readily selected and/or designed by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. In some examples, two or more radio frequency coils are used with each radio frequency coil being tuned to the same frequency or a different frequency and/or providing radio frequencies at the same power or a different power. Other configurations will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples, the boost devices disclosed here may be configured to provide additional energy to “boost” or increase the energy already present in a chamber, such as the chamber of an atomization device that includes an atomization source. As used here, “atomization device” is used in the broad sense and is intended to include other processes that may take place in the chamber, such as desolvation, vaporization, ionization, excitation, etc. Atomization source refers to a heat source that is operative to atomize, desolvate, ionize, excite, etc. species introduced into the atomization source. Suitable atomization sources for various applications will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary atomization sources include, but are not limited to, flames, plasmas, arcs, sparks, etc. 
     Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory or by this example, understanding of certain aspects may be had with reference to the introduction of a liquid sample. As liquid sample is introduced into an atomization device, an atomization source within the chamber may rapidly cool, due to desolvation. That is, a material amount of energy may be used to convert the liquid solvent into a gas, which may result in a decrease in temperature (or other loss of energy) of the atomization source. A result of this cooling is that less energy may be available to atomize, ionize and/or excite any species that were dissolved in the solvent. Using certain embodiments of boost devices disclosed here, additional energy may be provided to enhance atomization and/or ionization of any species present in the introduced sample and, in certain examples, the additional energy may be used to excite atoms and/or ions present in a sample. For example, referring to  FIG. 2A  and without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory or application or this one embodiment, atomization device  300  includes a chamber  305  that is surrounded by an induction coil  310  in communication with a radio frequency generator  315 . Atomization source is shown in a first state  320  and is contained within chamber  305 . In the example shown in  FIG. 2A , the radio frequency generator  315  is turned off such that no radio frequencies are provided to radio frequency coils  310 . Referring now to  FIG. 2B , when radio frequency generator  315  is turned on, radio frequencies are provided to chamber  305 , which results in conversion of the atomization source from the first state  320  to a second state  330 . A result of application of radio frequencies to chamber  305  is the extension of the atomization source along the axial and/or radial lengths of the chamber to provide an increased effective area of energy for atomizing, ionizing and exciting a sample. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an additional example of adding energy to enhance atomization and/or ionization of chemical species is shown in  FIGS. 2C and 2D . Referring to  FIG. 2C , a high frequency source  250 , which may be, for example, a 2.54 gigahertz magnetron, may be configured to be electrically coupled with a power supply  252  and a waveguide adapter  254 . An electrical lead  256  provides electrical communication between a waveguide adapter  254  and a circulator  258 , which itself may be electrically coupled to a coaxial resistor load  260 , e.g., a 50 ohm load. The circulator  258  is in electrical communication with a microwave cavity  262 , which is operative to provide radio frequencies into a chamber  264 , which passes through the microwave cavity  262 . In  FIG. 2C , the high frequency source  250  is turned off so that no radio frequencies are transmitted to the microwave cavity  262  or the chamber  264  and the atomization source remains in a first state  266 . Referring now to  FIG. 2D , when the high frequency source  250  is turned on, radio frequencies are provided to the chamber  264 , which results in conversion of atomization source from a first state  266  to a second state  268 . A result of application of radio frequencies to the chamber  264  is the extension of the atomization source along the axial and/or radial lengths of the chamber to provide an increased effective area of energy for atomizing, ionizing and exciting a sample. Suitable commercially available devices for implementing the configurations shown in  FIGS. 2A-2D  will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and illustrative microwave generators and power supplies are commercially available from Aalter Reggio Emlia (Italy), illustrative coaxial resistors are commercially available from Bird Electronic Corp. (Solon, Ohio), and illustrative circulators are commercially available from National Electronics (Geneva, Ill.). Illustrative waveguide adapters may be fabricated, for example, using cross-bar mode transducers, which are commercially available from numerous sources, and by reference to numerous publications, such as, for example, the “ITT Reference Data for Radio Engineers (Sixth Edition)” section under “Waveguides and Resonators.” Microwave cavities may be commercially obtained from numerous sources or will be readily fabricated by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and optionally with the guidance of C. J. M. Beenakker,  Spectrochimica Acta , Vol. 31B, pp. 483 to 486 Pergamon Press 1976. 
     In accordance with certain examples, the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, may be able to extend the length of an atomization source by a selected or suitable amount. In certain examples, the length of the atomization source may be extended by using the boost devices. As one example, the atomization source may be extended by at least about three times its normal length along a longitudinal axis of a chamber using a boost device as disclosed herein. In other embodiments, the atomization source may be extended by at least about five times its normal length along the longitudinal axis of the chamber or at least about ten times it normal length along the longitudinal axis of the chamber using a boost device as disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with certain examples, the boost devices may be operated in a pulsed or continuous mode. As used here pulsed mode refers to providing radio frequencies in a non-continuous manner by providing radio frequencies followed by a delay before any subsequent radio frequencies are provided to the chamber. For example, referring to  FIGS. 3A and 3B , channel A represents radio frequencies provided to a chamber, such as chamber  205  shown in  FIG. 1 . Channel B represents the time intervals in which any resulting signal is measured from the chamber, using, for example, a detector such as those discussed herein. The example shown in  FIG. 3A  is based on sampling of a detectable signal when radio frequencies are not provided. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory or this example, by sampling any detectable signal during periods where no radio frequencies are provided, higher signal-to-noise values may be achieved. It is possible, however, to sample a detectable signal from a species during periods where radio frequencies are provided. For example and referring to  FIG. 3B , in a continuous mode, the radio frequencies are provided continuously and any resulting signal may be monitored continuously or intermittently. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to collect suitable signals during and/or between applications of radio frequencies using the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with certain other examples, an additional example of a boost device is shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B . In the configuration shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B , a boost device  400  includes a support or plate  405 , a first electrode  410  and a second electrode  420  each mounted to support  405 . Each of the first electrode  410  and the second electrode  420  may be configured to receive a chamber within the interior of the electrodes. The support or plate  405  may be electrically coupled to a radio frequency transmitter or generator to provide radio frequencies to the first electrode  410  and the second electrode  420 . In this example, the first electrode  410  and the second electrode  420  may be operated at the same frequency or may be individually tuned to provide different frequencies. 
     In certain examples, the first electrode  410  may be operated with a radio frequency of about 10 MHz to about 2.54 GHz, and in other examples the second electrode  420  may be operated with a radio frequency of about 100 kHz to about 2.54 GHz. In other examples, the first electrode  410  may be operated with radio frequencies from about 10 MHz to about 200 MHz, and second electrode  420  may be operated with radio frequencies from about 100 kHz to about 200 MHz. The first electrode  410  and the second electrode  420  may take the form of the induction coil shown below in  FIG. 9  or the induction coils discussed in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/730,779, filed on Dec. 9, 2003, and entitled “ICP-OES and ICP-MS Induction Current,” the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. For the first electrode  410  and for the second electrode  420 , radio frequencies from about 20 MHz to about 500 MHz may be provided using, for example, helical resonators, an example of which is shown in  FIG. 9B  and is discussed in more detail below. In some examples, the first electrode  410  and the second electrode  420  may be operated using radio frequencies from about 500 MHz to about 5 GHz using a microwave cavity or resonant cavity, an example of which is shown in  FIG. 2C . In certain examples, capacitive coupling of energy may also be used in place of second electrode  420 ; an example of this configuration is shown in  FIG. 14B  and is described in more detail below. Other suitable radio frequencies and powers will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an example of an atomization device is shown in  FIG. 5 . Atomization device  500  includes a chamber  505 , a flame source  510 , and a boost device  520 . The boost device  520  is electrically coupled to support  530 , which itself may be electrically coupled to radio frequency transmitter or generator or both (not shown). The chamber  505  may be constructed of suitable materials, such as quartz, and may include a cooling tube or jacket (not shown) to surround the chamber to reduce the temperatures experienced by the boost device. In this example, the flame source  510  may be any suitable flame, such as a methane/air flame, a methane/oxygen flame, hydrogen/air flame, a hydrogen/oxygen flame, an acetylene/air flame, an acetylene/oxygen flame, an acetylene/nitrous oxide flame, a propane/air flame, a propane/oxygen flame, a propane/nitrous flame, a naphtha/air flame, a naphtha/oxygen flame, a natural gas/nitrous flame, a natural gas/air flame, a natural gas/oxygen flame and other flames that may be generated using a suitable fuel source and a suitable oxidant gas. Such flames may generally be created by introducing fuel and oxygen in selected ratios and igniting the mixture with a spark, arc, flame or the like. The exact temperature of the flames may vary depending on the fuel and oxidant gas source and depending on the distance from the burner tip. For example, the highest flame temperatures are typically found slightly above the primary combustion zone with lower temperatures in the interconal region and in the outer cone. In at least certain examples, the temperature of at least some portion of the flame may be at least about 1700° C. For example, a natural gas/air flame may have a temperature of about 1700-1900° C., whereas a natural gas/oxygen flame may have a temperature of about 2700-2900° C. and a hydrogen/oxygen flame may have a temperature of about 2550-2700° C. Without wishing to be limited thereby, flame sources may be efficient at desolvation in some applications, but inefficient at atomization and ionization due to relatively low temperatures. Using the boost devices disclosed here, however, the efficiency of ionization and/or atomization may be increased using flame sources, such as hydrogen/oxygen flames, in combination with a boost device. For example, using one or more boost devices disclosed here in combination with a hydrogen/oxygen flame, it may be possible to achieve the benefits of having a high heat capacity of a flame for desolvation and (e.g., followed by) extreme plasma temperatures for greater excitation. This result is advantageous for several reasons including, but not limited to, reduced operating costs, simpler design, less RF noise, better signal-to-noise ratios, etc., although not every embodiment will meet or address one or more of these advantages. 
     In addition, a flame may tolerate increased sample loading while leaving the RF power from the boost device available for sample ionization. To minimize the spectral background of the flame while maintaining high gas purity, a “water welder” may be used to decompose any produced water to its elements of hydrogen and oxygen. Suitable water welders are commercially available, for example, from SRA (Stan Rubinstein Assoc.) or KingMech Co., LTD. The flame (in certain embodiments) also preferably should not present significant additional background signal than the background observed with the desolvation of aqueous samples. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design suitable atomization devices including flame sources and boost devices. 
     In accordance with certain examples, when using the device shown in  FIG. 5 , a fluid sample may be introduced into the flame to desolvate the sample. Desolvation may (in certain embodiments) be accomplished by spraying the species into the chamber in the form of a fine mist. Suitable devices for creating mists of species include nebulizers such as those commercially available from J.E. Meinhard Assoc. Inc or CPI International. A fluid sample may be introduced into a nebulizer and may be mixed with an aerosol carrier gas, such as argon, neon, etc. The carrier gas nebulizes the liquid sample droplets to provide finely divided droplets that may be carried into the atomization device. Other suitable devices for delivering samples to the atomization device will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and illustrative devices include, but are not limited to, a concentric nebulizer, a cross-flow nebulizer, an ultrasonic nebulizer and the like. 
     In accordance with certain examples, as sample is introduced through a nebulizer into the atomization device shown in  FIG. 5 , fluid may be vaporized from the sample by a flame or a primary plasma. Chemical species in the sample may be atomized and/or ionized using the energy produced by the flame or the primary plasma. To increase the efficiency of atomization and/or ionization, the boost device may be used to provide radio frequencies to chamber  505 . Boost device may be configured to provide additional energy such that energy lost due to desolvation is restored by the boost, and, in certain examples, the total energy in the chamber exceeds the amount of energy present when only a flame or primary plasma is used. Such additional energy increases the amount of species that are atomized and/or ionized, which increases the number of species available for detection. In certain examples, atomization devices including the boost devices disclosed here may allow for the use of reduced amounts of sample due to the higher efficiency of atomization and ionization. 
     Another example of an atomization device is disclosed in  FIG. 6 . Atomization device  600  includes a chamber  605 , a flame or primary plasma  610 , and a boost device  620 . The boost device  620  includes a support  630 , which may be electrically coupled to a radio frequency transmitter or generator (not shown). In the configuration shown in  FIG. 6 , the boost device  620  has been positioned downstream from the flame or primary plasma  610  in the “ionization region” of chamber  605 . As used here, for illustrative purposes only, the ionization region refers to the region of a chamber where signal is measured or detected. For example and again for illustrative purposes only, region  650  in  FIG. 6  is referred to in some instances herein as the desolvation region and region  660  is referred to in some instances herein as the ionization region. It will be understood by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, however, the desolvation may occur at least to some extent in the ionization region and detection of chemical species may occur at least to some extent in the desolvation region depending on the exact configuration of the device, and it will also be understood by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that there need not be fixed or discrete boundaries that separate the desolvation and ionization regions. As sample is introduced into the flame or primary plasma  605 , the flame or primary plasma  605  desolvates, atomizes, ionizes and/or excites the sample. The atomized and/or ionized sample may be carried downstream toward boost device  620  using for example an assist or carrier gas such as nitrogen gas, argon gas, etc. The atoms and ions may not be excited when exiting the desolvation region and in certain embodiments provide little or no detectable signal. Using boost device  620 , atomized and/or ionized sample that enters the ionization region may be excited to provide a detectable signal. For example, atoms and ions may be excited by the radio frequencies introduced by boost device  620  such that optical emission occurs, which may be detected using suitable detectors as discussed in more detail below. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to position boost devices at suitable positions along a chamber to provide a desired result such as, for example, atomization, ionization or excitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an example of an atomization device using an electrothermal atomization source is shown in  FIG. 7 . An atomization device  700  includes a chamber  705 , an electrothermal atomizer  710 , a boost device  720  and a radio frequency generator  730 . Electrothermal atomizers, such as graphite tubes or cups, atomize sample by first evaporating liquid from the sample at a relatively low temperature (e.g., about 1200° C.) and then ashing the sample at a higher temperature (e.g., about 2000-3000° C.), which results in atomization of the sample. The atomized sample may be carried down chamber  705  using a carrier gas, such as argon, nitrogen, etc., and may be excited for detection using the boost device  720 . The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design atomization devices with electrothermal atomizers and boost devices. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an example of an atomization device using a plasma is shown in  FIG. 8 . An atomization device  800  includes a chamber  805 , a plasma  810 , and a boost device  820 . The boost device  820  includes a support which may be in electrical communication with a radio frequency generator  830 . Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, plasmas suffer less than flames from interferences, such as oxide formation, because of the higher temperatures of the plasmas. In addition, spectra may be obtained from a plurality of sample species under a single set of conditions, which allows for measurement of many species simultaneously. The higher temperatures in the plasmas may also provide improved detection limits and be useful for detection of non-metal species. A plasma may be created when a gas, such as argon, is excited and/or ionized to form ions and electrons, and in certain instances cations. The ions may be maintained at high temperatures by using an external power source, such as a DC electrical source. For example, two or more electrodes may be positioned around high temperature argon ions and electrons to provide current between the electrodes to maintain the plasma temperature. Other suitable power sources for sustaining plasmas include, but are not limited to, radio frequency induction coils, such as those used in inductively coupled plasmas, and microwaves, such as those used in microwave induced plasmas. For convenience purposes only, an inductively coupled plasma device is described below, but the boost devices disclosed herein may be readily used with other plasma devices. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9A , inductively coupled plasma device  900  includes chamber  905  comprising three or more tubes, such as tubes  910 ,  920  and  930 . The tube  910  is in fluid communication with a gas source, such as argon, and a sample introduction device. The argon gas aerosolizes the sample and carries it into the desolvation and ionization regions of a plasma  940 . The tube  920  may be configured to provide tangential gas flow throughout the tube  930  to isolate plasma  940  from the tube  930 . Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, gas is introduced through inlet  950 , and the tangential flow acts to cool the inside walls of center tube  910  and centers plasma  940  radially. Radio frequency inductions coils  960  may be in electrical communication with a radio frequency generator (not shown) and are configured to create plasma  940  after the gas is ionized using an arc, spark, etc. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to select or design suitable plasmas including, but not limited to inductively coupled plasmas, direct current plasmas, microwave induced plasmas, etc., and suitable devices for generating plasmas are commercially available from numerous manufacturers including, but not limited to, PerkinElmer, Inc., Varian Instruments, Inc. (Palo Alto, Calif.), Teledyne Leeman Labs, (Hudson, N.H.), and Spectro Analytical Instruments (Kleve, Germany). An exemplary device for providing radio frequencies is shown in  FIG. 9B . A helical resonator  970  comprises an RF source  972 , an electrical lead  974 , which typically is a coaxial cable, configured to provide electrical communication with a coil  976  in a resonant cavity  978 . The resonant cavity  974  with the coil  978  may be configured to receive a chamber. In certain examples, radio frequencies from about 20 MHz to about 500 MHz may be provided using, for example, helical resonators. Exemplary dimensional information for construction of helical resonators may be found, for example, in the International Telephone and Telegraph,  Reference Data for Radio Engineers . Fifth Edition. Referring again to  FIG. 8 , after creation of plasma  810  using, for example atomized and ionized argon and radio frequency induction coils  860 , sample may be introduced into the plasma  810 . Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory or this example, desolvation of the sample may reduce the temperature of the plasma and may result in lesser amounts of energy available for atomization and ionization. The boost device  820  may be used to provide radio frequencies to boost the energy in the plasma to increase the efficiency of atomization and ionization. For example, the boost device  820  may be positioned such that the energy in the desolvation region  840  is increased to promote more efficient desolvation which may provide more atoms and ions to generate a detectable signal in the ionization region  850 . It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design atomization devices including plasmas and boost devices to enhance desolvation, atomization, ionization and excitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, another example of an atomization device including a plasma is shown in  FIG. 10 . An atomization device  1000  includes a chamber  1005 , a plasma  1010 , and a boost device  1020 . The boost device  1020  includes a support  1030 , which may be in electrical communication with a radio frequency transmitter or generator (not shown). The atomization device  1000  also includes radio frequency induction coils  1035  which are constructed and arranged to maintain plasma  1010 , which is shown as a torus. In this example the boost device  1020  is positioned downstream from a desolvation region  1040  in an ionization region  1050 . Introduction of a sample into plasma  1010  may result in a decrease in plasma temperature as energy in the plasma is used to desolvate the sample. This temperature decrease may reduce the efficiency of ionization and atomization and may reduce the number of ions and atoms that are excited. Using the boost device  1020 , ions and atoms that travel down the chamber  1005  to the ionization region  1050  may be excited. For example, radio frequencies at about 11 MHz and at a power of about 1.2 kilowatts may be provided to an analytical region  1050  to excite atoms and ions present in the ionization region. The excited atoms may be detected using suitable methods such as optical emission spectroscopy. The ionization region may be extended almost indefinitely by placing one or more boost devices along the ionization region of chamber  1005 . As discussed further below, the boost devices may be configured in stages and may be individually tuned to different frequencies and/or powers. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to detect excited ions and atoms using the atomization devices disclosed here along with suitable optics, detectors and the like. 
     In accordance with certain examples, the signal originating from excited atoms and/or ions may be viewed or detected at least two ways. An example of the ionization region of a chamber, such as those used in the atomization devices disclosed here, is shown in  FIGS. 11A and 11B . Any signal from a chamber  1105  may be viewed in at least one of two directions—axially or radially. Referring to  FIG. 11A , when monitored or detected radially, signal from the chamber  1105  may be monitored in one or more planes parallel to the radius of the chamber  1105 . For example, in an instrument configured to measure optical emissions radially, a detector may be positioned to detect signals that are emitted in the direction of arrow X in  FIG. 11A . Referring to  FIG. 11B , when detected or monitored axially, signal from the chamber  1105  may be monitored or detected in one or more planes parallel to the axis of the chamber. For example, in an instrument configured to measure optical emissions axially, a detector may be positioned to detect signals that are emitted in the direction of arrow Y in  FIG. 11B . It will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that axial and radial detection are not limited to optical emissions but may be used to detect signals from numerous other analytical techniques including absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, scattering, etc. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device that includes at least two boost devices is shown in  FIG. 12 . An atomization device  1200  may include a chamber  1205  and a radio frequency induction coil  1210  configured to generate a plasma  1215 . The atomization device  1200  may also include a first boost device  1220  in electrical communication with a support  1230  and a second boost device  1240  in electrical communication with a support  1250 . In the example shown in  FIG. 12 , a first boost device  1230  and a second boost device  1250  are positioned in the ionization region of the chamber  1205  to provide additional energy to excite atoms and ions present in the ionization region. The boost devices  1230  and  1250  may be configured to provide the same or different frequency of radio frequencies. For example, each of boost devices may be configured to provide radio frequencies of about 15 MHz and at a power of about 1000 Watts. The boost devices  1230  and  1250  may independently provide radio frequencies in either pulsed or continuous modes. For example, the boost device  1230  may provide radio frequencies in a pulsed mode while the boost device  1250  may provide radio frequencies continuously. In the alternative, the boost device  1230  may provide radio frequencies continuously while the boost device  1250  may provide radio frequencies in a pulsed mode. In other examples, both of boost devices  1230  and  1250  may provide radio frequencies continuously, or both of boost devices  1230  and  1250  may provide radio frequencies in a pulsed mode. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to provide radio frequencies in a selected manner or mode using multiple boost devices. While the configuration shown in  FIG. 12  includes two boost devices positioned in the ionization region of chamber  1205 , in certain examples one of the boost devices may be positioned in the desolvation region with the second boost device positioned in the ionization region. In yet other examples, both of the boost devices may be positioned in the desolvation region. Additional configurations for arranging two or more boost devices along a chamber will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a chamber comprising a manifold or interface is disclosed. Referring to  FIG. 13A , a chamber  1300  comprises a manifold or interface  1305  in contact with a chamber cavity  1310 . As shown in  FIG. 13B , the interface  1305  includes a small opening or a port  1320  configured to receive sample. The port  1320  may take numerous sizes and forms. In certain examples, the port may be circular and have a diameter of about 0.25 mm to about 25 mm, more particularly about 4 mm. In other examples, the port may be rectangular with length and width measurements each about 0.25 mm to about 4 mm Other port shapes, such as rhomboidal, trapezoidal, triangular, octahedral, etc., and port sizes will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. In certain examples, the port may be positioned centrally, such as the position of port  1320  shown in  FIG. 13B , whereas in other examples, the port may be positioned at any selected region or area of the interface. In examples where the port is positioned at the center of the interface, the discharge from the atomization source may be blocked, or partially blocked, by the interface. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory or this example, blockage of the discharge may lower the detection limit due to removal, or reduction, of background signal from the discharge, which may increase the signal-to-noise ratio. This result may be achieved with both axial and radial detection of signals from the chamber  1300 . Also, the working pressure of the boosted discharge may have some effect on the spectral emission quality, and may be optimized for the specific operating conditions based on sample, hardware, detection schemes, etc. An example of one way to control the working pressure of the secondary chamber is by controlling the exit gas flow rate and selecting the interface port size. Another example is to select the port diameter and directly control the exit gas pressure. Another example may be to have a higher exhaust flow and provide an additional bleed gas into the chamber. The exact pressure and power may vary depending on numerous factors including, but not limited to, the desired effect, the configuration of the chamber, etc. 
     In accordance with certain examples, the chamber  1300  may include a vacuum pump (not shown) that may be operative to draw sample through the port  1320  into the secondary chamber for detection. In certain examples, the interface may be configured with a side port or outlet that is in fluid communication with the second chamber. A vacuum pump may be coupled to the side port to draw sample into the chamber  1300 . In other examples, sample diffuses or flows into the secondary chamber, because the pressure in the secondary chamber may be less than the pressure in the atomization source chamber. For example, pressures in chambers including flames are higher than atmospheric pressure due to the high flow rates of gases introduced into the chamber. Pressures in plasmas may be higher than atmospheric pressure due to the high flow rates of gases through the chamber. In certain examples, the pressure of the chamber with the interface is approximately atmospheric pressure such that atoms and ions may flow down a pressure gradient from the high pressure chamber where atomization and/or ionization has occurred to a lower pressure chamber, e.g., where excitation may occur through the use of a boost device as disclosed herein. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to construct suitable chambers with interfaces for receiving and/or detecting atoms and ions generated using one or more atomization sources. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device comprising two or more chambers and a flame or primary plasma source is disclosed. Referring to  FIG. 14A , an atomization device  1400  may include a first chamber  1405  and a second chamber  1410 . A flame or primary plasma source  1415  may be positioned within the first chamber  1405 . The second chamber  1410  may include an interface or manifold  1430  and a boost device  1440 , which may be in electrical communication with a support  1450 . In certain examples, the second chamber  1410  may also include a vacuum pump  1460  which may be configured to draw atomized or ionized species from the first chamber  1405  into the second chamber  1410 , whereas in other examples species flow or diffuse into the second chamber  1410  from the first chamber  1405 . A vacuum pump  1460  may be in direct fluid communication with the second chamber  1410  or, in certain other examples, an additional interface may be positioned at the end of the second chamber  1410  and may be configured to provide fluid communication between the second chamber  1410  and the vacuum pump  1460 . In the example shown in  FIG. 14A , as atoms and/or ions enter into second chamber  1410 , boost device  1440  may provide radio frequencies to excite the atoms and ions. As discussed herein, such radio frequencies may be provided in a continuous mode or a pulsed mode. Also as discussed herein, radio frequency pulses from the boost device  1440  may be varied during detection of any atoms or species within the second chamber  1410 . In other examples, as discussed in more detail below, the second chamber  1410  may also include one or more additional boost devices, or, in certain examples, the first and second chamber are each configured with at least one boost device. In some examples, the atomization device may include additional chambers any one or more of which may include a boost device. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design suitable atomization devices that include flame or primary plasma sources and multiple chambers some of which may include a boost device. 
     In accordance with certain examples, capacitive coupling may be used to provide additional energy in place of the boost devices. Referring to  FIG. 14B  an axial view of a configuration for capacitive coupling is shown. Conductive plates  1462  and  1464  may be positioned around a chamber, such as a second chamber  1466 , e.g., a quartz tube or other non-conductive material, and may be in electrical communication with a high voltage RF source  1468  through electrical leads  1472  and  1474 . Capacitive coupling may provide sufficient energy to the chamber to excite and/or ionize atoms in the chamber within the conductive plates  1462  and  1464 . Additional configurations using conductive plates and high energy RF sources will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with other examples, an atomization device comprising two or more chambers and a plasma source is provided. Referring to  FIG. 15 , an atomization device  1500  may include a first chamber  1505  and a second chamber  1510 . The first chamber  1505  may be surrounded by a radio frequency induction coil  1520  which may be configured to generate a plasma  1530 . The second chamber  1510  also may be configured with a boost device  1540  which may be in electrical communication with a support  1550 . The second chamber  1510  may also include an interface  1560  that may be configured to receive a portion of atoms or ions from the first chamber  1505 . In certain examples, the second chamber  1510  may also include a vacuum pump (not shown) which may be configured to draw atomized or ionized species from the first chamber  1505  into the second chamber  1510 , whereas in other examples species may flow or diffuse into the second chamber  1510  from the first chamber  1505 . In yet other examples, the second chamber  1510  may include a second interface positioned opposite the interface  1560 . The second interface may be configured to provide fluid communication between the second chamber  1510  and a vacuum pump  1570 . In the example shown in  FIG. 15 , as atoms and/or ions enter into the second chamber  1510 , the boost device  1540  may provide radio frequencies to excite the atoms and ions. As discussed herein, such radio frequencies may be provided in a continuous mode or a pulsed mode. Also as discussed herein, the radio frequency power may be varied during detection of any atoms or species within the second chamber  1510 . In other examples, as discussed in more detail below, the second chamber may also include one or more additional boost devices, or, in certain examples, the first and second chamber are each configured with at least one boost device. In some examples, the atomization device may include additional chambers any one or more of which may include a boost device. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design suitable atomization devices that include plasma sources and multiple chambers some of which may include a boost device. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device including a first chamber and a second chamber with multiple boost devices is shown in  FIG. 16 . An atomization device  1600  may include a first chamber  1605  and a second chamber  1610 . The first chamber  1605  may be surrounded by a radio frequency induction coil  1620  which may be configured to generate a plasma  1630 . The second chamber  1610  may be configured with a first boost device  1640 , which may be in electrical communication with a support  1650 , and a second boost device  1660 , which may be in electrical communication with a support  1665 . The second chamber  1610  may also include an interface or manifold  1670  that may be configured to receive a portion of atoms or ions from the first chamber  1605 . In certain examples, the second chamber  1610  may also include a vacuum pump  1680  which may be configured to draw atomized or ionized species from the first chamber  1605  into the second chamber  1610 , whereas in other examples species may flow or diffuse into the second chamber  1610  from the first chamber  1605 . In yet other examples, the second chamber  1610  may include a second interface positioned opposite the interface  1670 . The second interface may be configured to provide fluid communication between the second chamber  1610  and the vacuum pump  1680 . In the example shown in  FIG. 16 , as atoms and/or ions enter into the second chamber  1610 , the first boost device  1640  may provide radio frequencies to excite the atoms and ions. The second boost device  1660  may also provide radio frequencies to excite atoms and ions in the second chamber  1610 . The radio frequencies supplied by first boost device  1640  and second boost device  1660  may be the same or different. The radio frequencies from each of the boost devices may be provided in a continuous mode or a pulsed mode. Also, the radio frequency power from each boost device may be varied during detection of any atoms or species within the second chamber  1610 . In other examples, the first chamber may also include one or more boost devices. In some examples, the atomization device may include additional chambers any one or more of which may include one or more boost devices. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design suitable atomization devices that include multiple chambers including one or more boost devices. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device including a single RF generator in electrical communication with a radio frequency induction coil and a boost device is disclosed. Examples using a single radio frequency generator, e.g. a single RF source, may allow for operation of the radio frequency induction coil and boost device at different inductances to tailor or to tune the radio frequency induction coil or boost device or both for a particular region or area of the device. A specific example of this configuration is described in more detail below with reference to  FIG. 96B . Even though a single radio frequency generator may be used, the induction coil and the boost device may be designed for different plasma impedances in each region with respect to its location. For example, the inductance value of the induction coil and the boost device may be different to provide devices having different properties and performance characteristics. In other examples, the properties of the induction coil and the boost device may be varied by varying the diameter, coupling or shape of each of the induction coil and the boost device. For example, the primary RF supply and each of the induction coil and the boost device may be configured to provide radio frequencies of about 40 MHz and at a power of about 1100 Watts in the primary discharge and a power of about 400 watts in the boost device region. In some examples, two or more coils from a single RF Source may be used, for example, where the primary discharge is separated from the secondary boost region by an interface (as shown in  FIG. 96C ). It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design atomization devices including a single radio frequency generator in electrical communication with a radio frequency induction coil and one or more boost devices. 
     Spectroscopic Devices 
     In accordance with certain examples, a device for optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is shown in  FIG. 17 . Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, as chemical species are atomized and/or ionized, the outermost electrons may undergo transitions which may emit light (potentially including non-visible light). For example, when an electron of an atom is in an excited state, the electron may emit energy in the form of light as it decays to a lower energy state. Suitable wavelengths for monitoring optical emission from excited atoms and ions will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. Exemplary optical emission wavelengths include, but are not limited to, 396.152 nm for aluminum, 193.696 nm for arsenic, 249.772 nm for boron, 313.107 nm for beryllium, 214.440 nm for cadmium, 238.892 nm for cobalt, 267.716 nm for chromium, 224.700 nm for copper, 259.939 nm for iron, 257.610 nm for manganese, 202.031 nm for molybdenum, 231.604 nm for nickel, 220.353 nm for lead, 206.836 nm for antimony, 196.206 nm for selenium, 190.801 nm for tantalum, 309.310 nm for vanadium and 206.200 nm for zinc. The exact wavelength of optical emission may be red-shifted or blue-shifted depending on the state of the species, e.g. atom, ion, etc., and depending on the difference in energy levels of the decaying electron transition, as known in the art. 
     In accordance with certain examples and referring to  FIG. 17 , OES device  1700  includes a housing  1705 , a sample introduction device  1710 , an atomization device  1720 , and a detection device  1730 . The sample introduction device  1710  may vary depending on the nature of the sample. In certain examples, the sample introduction device  1710  may be a nebulizer that is configured to aerosolize liquid sample for introduction into the atomization device  1720 . In other examples, the sample introduction device  1710  may be an injector configured to receive sample that may be directly injected or introduced into the atomization device. Other suitable devices and methods for introducing samples will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. The atomization device  1720  may be any one or more of the atomization devices discussed herein or other atomization devices that include a boost device that the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, may readily design or select. The detection device  1730  may take numerous forms and may be any suitable device that may detect optical emissions, such as optical emission  1725 . For example, the detection device  1730  may include suitable optics, such as lenses, mirrors, prisms, windows, band-pass filters, etc. The detection device  1730  may also include gratings, such as echelle gratings, to provide a multi-channel OES device. Gratings such as echelle gratings may allow for simultaneous detection of multiple emission wavelengths. The gratings may be positioned within a monochromator or other suitable device for selection of one or more particular wavelengths to monitor. In certain examples, the detection device  1730  may include a charge coupled device (CCD). In other examples, the OES device may be configured to implement Fourier transforms to provide simultaneous detection of multiple emission wavelengths. The detection device may be configured to monitor emission wavelengths over a large wavelength range including, but not limited to, ultraviolet, visible, near and far infrared, etc. The OES device  1700  may further include suitable electronics such as a microprocessor and/or computer and suitable circuitry to provide a desired signal and/or for data acquisition. Suitable additional devices and circuitry are known in the art and may be found, for example, on commercially available OES devices such as Optima 2100DV series and Optima 5000 DV series OES devices commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc. The optional amplifier  1740  may be operative to increase a signal  1735 , e.g., amplify the signal from detected photons, and provides the signal to display  1750 , which may be a readout, computer, etc. In examples where the signal  1735  is sufficiently large for display or detection, the amplifier  1740  may be omitted. In certain examples, the amplifier  1740  is a photomultiplier tube configured to receive signals from the detection device  1730 . Other suitable devices for amplifying signals, however, will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. It will also be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to retrofit existing OES devices with the atomization devices disclosed here and to design new OES devices using the atomization devices disclosed here. The OES devices may further include autosamplers, such as AS90 and AS93 autosamplers commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc. or similar devices available from other suppliers. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a single beam device for absorption spectroscopy (AS) is shown in  FIG. 18 . Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, atoms and ions may absorb certain wavelengths of light to provide energy for a transition from a lower energy level to a higher energy level. An atom or ion may contain multiple resonance lines resulting from transition from a ground state to a higher energy level. The energy needed to promote such transitions may be supplied using numerous sources, e.g., heat, flames, plasmas, arc, sparks, cathode ray lamps, lasers, etc, as discussed further below. Suitable sources for providing such energy and suitable wavelengths of light for providing such energy will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples and referring to  FIG. 18 , a single beam AS device  1800  includes a housing  1805 , a power source  1810 , a lamp  1820 , a sample introduction device  1825 , an atomization device  1830 , a detection device  1840 , an optional amplifier  1850  and a display  1860 . The power source  1810  may be configured to supply power to the lamp  1820 , which provides one or more wavelengths of light  1822  for absorption by atoms and ions. Suitable lamps include, but are not limited to mercury lamps, cathode ray lamps, lasers, etc. The lamp may be pulsed using suitable choppers or pulsed power supplies, or in examples where a laser is implemented, the laser may be pulsed with a selected frequency, e.g. 5, 10, or 20 times/second. The exact configuration of the lamp  1820  may vary. For example, the lamp  1820  may provide light axially along the atomization device  1830  or may provide light radially along the atomization device  1830 . The example shown in  FIG. 18  is configured for axial supply of light from the lamp  1820 . As discussed above, there may be signal-to-noise advantages using axial viewing of signals. The atomization device  1830  may be any of the atomization devices discussed herein or other suitable atomization devices including a boost device that may be readily selected or designed by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. As sample is atomized and/or ionized in the atomization device  1830 , the incident light  1822  from the lamp  1820  may excite atoms. That is, some percentage of the light  1822  that is supplied by the lamp  1820  may be absorbed by the atoms and ions in the atomization device  1830 . The remaining percentage of the light  1835  may be transmitted to the detection device  1840 . The detection device  1840  may provide one or more suitable wavelengths using, for example, prisms, lenses, gratings and other suitable devices such as those discussed above in reference to the OES devices, for example. The signal may be provided to the optional amplifier  1850  for increasing the signal provided to the display  1860 . To account for the amount of absorption by sample in the atomization device  1830 , a blank, such as water, may be introduced prior to sample introduction to provide a 100% transmittance reference value. The amount of light transmitted once sample is introduced into atomization chamber may be measured, and the amount of light transmitted with sample may be divided by the reference value to obtain the transmittance. The negative log 10  of the transmittance is equal to the absorbance. AS device  1800  may further include suitable electronics such as a microprocessor and/or computer and suitable circuitry to provide a desired signal and/or for data acquisition. Suitable additional devices and circuitry may be found, for example, on commercially available AS devices such as AAnalyst series spectrometers commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc. It will also be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to retrofit existing AS devices with the atomization devices disclosed here and to design new AS devices using the atomization devices disclosed here. The AS devices may further include autosamplers known in the art, such as AS-90A, AS-90plus and AS-93plus autosamplers commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc. 
     In accordance with certain examples and referring to  FIG. 19 , a dual beam AS device  1900  includes a housing  1905 , a power source  1910 , a lamp  1920 , an atomization device  1965 , a detection device  1980 , an optional amplifier  1990  and a display  1995 . The power source  1910  may be configured to supply power to the lamp  1920 , which provides one or more wavelengths of light  1925  for absorption by atoms and ions. Suitable lamps include, but are not limited to, mercury lamps, cathode ray lamps, lasers, etc. The lamp may be pulsed using suitable choppers or pulsed power supplies, or in examples where a laser is implemented, the laser may be pulsed with a selected frequency, e.g. 5, 10 or 20 times/second. The configuration of the lamp  1920  may vary. For example, the lamp  1920  may provide light axially along the atomization device  1965  or may provide light radially along the atomization device  1965 . The example shown in  FIG. 19  is configured for axial supply of light from the lamp  1920 . As discussed above, there may be signal-to-noise advantages using axial viewing of signals. The atomization device  1965  may be any of the atomization devices discussed herein or other suitable atomization devices including a boost device that may be readily selected or designed by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. As sample is atomized and/or ionized in the atomization device  1965 , the incident light  1925  from the lamp  1920  may excite atoms. That is, some percentage of the light  1925  that is supplied by the lamp  1920  may be absorbed by the atoms and ions in the atomization device  1965 . The remaining percentage of the light  1967  is transmitted to the detection device  1980 . In examples using dual beams, the incident light  1925  may be split using a beam splitter  1930  such that some percentage of light, e.g., about 10% to about 90%, may be transmitted as a light beam  1935  to atomization device  1965  and the remaining percentage of the light may be transmitted as a light beam  1940  to lenses  1950  and  1955 . The light beams may be recombined using a combiner  1970 , such as a half-silvered mirror, and a combined signal  1975  may be provided to the detection device  1980 . The ratio between a reference value and the value for the sample may then be determined to calculate the absorbance of the sample. The detection device  1980  may provide one or more suitable wavelengths using, for example, prisms, lenses, gratings and other suitable devices known in the art, such as those discussed above in reference to the OES devices, for example. Signal  1985  may be provided to the optional amplifier  1990  for increasing the signal for provide to the display  1995 . AS device  1900  may further include suitable electronics known in the art, such as a microprocessor and/or computer and suitable circuitry to provide a desired signal and/or for data acquisition. Suitable additional devices and circuitry may be found, for example, on commercially available AS devices such as AAnalyst series spectrometers commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to retrofit existing dual beam AS devices with the atomization devices disclosed here and to design new dual beam AS devices using the atomization devices disclosed here. The AS devices may further include autosamplers known in the art, such as AS-90A, AS-90plus and AS-93plus autosamplers commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a device for mass spectroscopy (MS) is schematically shown in  FIG. 20 . MS device  2000  includes a sample introduction device  2010 , an atomization device  2020 , a mass analyzer  2030 , a detection device  2040 , a processing device  2050  and a display  2060 . The sample introduction device  2010 , the atomization device  2020 , the mass analyzer  2030  and the detection device  2040  may be operated at reduced pressures using one or more vacuum pumps. In certain examples, however, only the mass analyzer  2030  and the detection device  2040  may be operated at reduced pressures. The sample introduction device  2010  may include an inlet system configured to provide sample to the atomization device  2020 . The inlet system may include one or more batch inlets, direct probe inlets and/or chromatographic inlets. The sample introduction device  2010  may be an injector, a nebulizer or other suitable devices that may deliver solid, liquid or gaseous samples to the atomization device  2020 . The atomization device  2020  may be any one or more of the atomization devices including a boost device discussed herein. As discussed herein, the atomization device  2020  may be a combination of two or more atomization devices at least one of which includes a boost device. The mass analyzer  2030  may take numerous forms depending generally on the sample nature, desired resolution, etc. and exemplary mass analyzers are discussed further below. The detection device  2040  may be any suitable detection device that may be used with existing mass spectrometers, e.g., electron multipliers, Faraday cups, coated photographic plates, scintillation detectors, etc., and other suitable devices that will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. The processing device  2050  typically includes a microprocessor and/or computer and suitable software for analysis of samples introduced into MS device  2000 . One or more databases may be accessed by the processing device  2050  for determination of the chemical identity of species introduced into MS device  2000 . Other suitable additional devices known in the art may also be used with the MS device  2000  including, but not limited to, autosamplers, such as AS-90plus and AS-93plus autosamplers commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc. 
     In accordance with certain examples, the mass analyzer of MS device  2000  may take numerous forms depending on the desired resolution and the nature of the introduced sample. In certain examples, the mass analyzer is a scanning mass analyzer, a magnetic sector analyzer (e.g., for use in single and double-focusing MS devices), a quadrupole mass analyzer, an ion trap analyzer (e.g., cyclotrons, quadrupole ions traps), time-of-flight analyzers (e.g., matrix-assisted laser desorbed ionization time of flight analyzers), and other suitable mass analyzers that may separate species with different mass-to-charge ratios. The atomization devices disclosed herein may be used with any one or more of the mass analyzers listed above and other suitable mass analyzers. In certain examples, the atomization device in an MS device is a single chamber inductively coupled plasma with a boost device. In other examples, the atomization device is a single chamber flame source with a boost device. In yet other examples, the atomization device may include two or more chambers in which at least one of the chambers comprises a boost device as disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed here may be used with existing ionization methods used in mass spectroscopy. For example, electron impact sources with boost devices may be assembled to increase ionization efficiency prior to entry of ions into the mass analyzer. In other examples, chemical ionization sources with boost devices may be assembled to increase ionization efficiency prior to entry of ions into the mass analyzer. In yet other examples, field ionization sources with a boost device may be assembled to increase ionization efficiency prior to entry of ions into the mass analyzer. In still other examples, the boost devices may be used with desorption sources such as, for example, those sources configured for fast atom bombardment, field desorption, laser desorption, plasma desorption, thermal desorption, electrohydrodynamic ionization/desorption, etc. In yet other examples, the boost devices may be configured for use with thermospray ionization sources, electrospray ionization sources or other ionization sources and devices commonly used in mass spectroscopy. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design suitable devices for ionization including boost devices for use in mass spectroscopy. 
     In accordance with certain other examples, the MS devices disclosed here may be hyphenated with one or more other analytical techniques. For example, MS devices may be hyphenated with devices for performing liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and other suitable separation techniques. When coupling an MS device that includes a boost device with a gas chromatograph, it may be desirable to include a suitable interface, e.g., traps, jet separators, etc., to introduce sample into the MS device from the gas chromatograph. When coupling an MS device to a liquid chromatograph, it may also be desirable to include a suitable interface to account for the differences in volume used in liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. For example, split interfaces may be used so that only a small amount of sample exiting the liquid chromatograph may be introduced into the MS device. Sample exiting from the liquid chromatograph may also be deposited in suitable wires, cups or chambers for transport to the atomization devices of the MS device. In certain examples, the liquid chromatograph may include a thermospray configured to vaporize and aerosolize sample as it passes through a heated capillary tube. In some examples, the thermospray may include its own boost device to increase ionization of species using the thermospray. Other suitable devices for introducing liquid samples from a liquid chromatograph into a MS device will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. In certain examples, MS devices, at least one of which includes a boost device, are hyphenated with each other for tandem mass spectroscopy analyses. For example, one MS device may include a first type of mass analyzer and the second MS device may include a different or similar mass analyzer as the first MS device. In other examples, the first MS device may be operative to isolate the molecular ions, and the second MS device may be operative to fragment/detect the isolated molecular ions. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design hyphenated MS/MS devices at least one of which includes a boost device. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a device for infrared spectroscopy (IRS) is provided. An IRS device includes a sample introduction device and an atomization device coupled or hyphenated to the infrared spectrometer. The atomization device may be any of the atomization devices discussed herein or other suitable atomization devices including a boost device. The atomization device may be configured to provide atoms and/or ions to the infrared spectrometer for detection. The infrared spectrometer may be a single or double-beam spectrophotometer, an interferometer, such as those commonly used to perform Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, etc. and exemplary infrared spectrometers and devices for use in infrared spectrometers are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,419,575, 4,594,500, and 4,798,464, the entire disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. For illustrative purposes only, an example of a single-beam FTIR spectrometer  2110  coupled to an atomization device  2115  is shown in  FIG. 21 . The spectrometer  2110  comprises a light source  2116 , such as a HeNe laser, an interferometer flat mirror  2120 , interferometer scan mirrors  2125 , a dessicant box  2130 , an infrared light source  2135 , a beam splitter  2140 , an interferometer flat mirror  2145 , an adjustable toroidal window  2150 , a fixed toroidal window  2175 , a sample chamber  2160  with KBr windows  2162  and  2163 , fixed toroidal windows  2165  and  2170  and an infrared detector  2180 . The infrared spectrometer  2110  may employ a single interferometer for detection of species introduced into the sample chamber  2160 . Sample may be atomized or ionized using the atomization device  2115  and introduced into the sample chamber  2160  through a tube  2117 , which provides fluid communication between the atomization device  2115  and the sample chamber  2160 . The tube  2117  may include cooling devices such that the temperature of any atoms or ions exiting the atomization device  2115  may be reduced prior to entry into the sample chamber  2160 . After sample has entered into the sample chamber  2160 , a valve or port (not shown) may be closed such that no additional sample exits or enters into the sample chamber. In certain examples, the sample chamber  2160  may include temperature control to maintain the sample at a selected temperature. After a suitable number of scans have been obtained, the valve or port may be opened such that sample may be permitted to exit the sample chamber  2160  and may go to waste (not shown). In other examples, the flow from the atomization device  2115  into the sample chamber  2160  may be continuous. Other configurations for introducing atomized and/or ionized samples from atomization devices into an infrared spectrometer will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. In certain examples, the infrared spectrometer may be in electrical communication with a processing device  2190 , such as a microprocessor or computer, which may be used to perform any necessary Fourier transforms and/or other desired data analyses, e.g., quantitative or qualitative analyses. Suitable devices for coupling the atomization devices with infrared spectrometers will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and illustrative devices include, but are not limited to, capillary tubes, quartz tubes and other tubes. For example capillary ionization, may use very low power filament boost discharges and may be sustained in sub-millimeter bore quartz tubes, whereas with large secondary chambers with high solvent loads, or less expensive, low frequency high power RF sources, it may be desirable to use a very large secondary chamber diameter that is about 100 mm in diameter or larger. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a device for fluorescence spectroscopy (FLS), phosphorescence spectroscopy (PHS) or Raman spectroscopy is shown in  FIG. 22 . Device  2200  includes an atomization device  2205 , a light source  2210 , a sample chamber  2220 , a detection device  2230 , an optional amplifier  2240  and a display  2250 . The detection device  2230  may be positioned ninety degrees from incident light  2212  from the light source  2210  to minimize the amount of light from the light source  2210  that arrives at the detection device  2230 . Fluorescence, phosphorescence and Raman emissions may occur in 360 degrees so the positioning of the detection device  2230  to collect light emissions is not critical. The atomization device  2205  may be any of the atomization devices discussed herein and other atomization devices configured with at least one boost device. The atomization device  2205  may be configured to provide atoms and ions to the sample chamber  2220  through the tube  2222  which may be in fluid communication with the sample chamber  2220 . An optical chopper  2215  may be used where it is advantageous to pulse the light source  2210 . Where the light source is a pulsed laser, the chopper  2215  may be omitted. As atomized and/or ionized sample enters into the sample chamber  2220 , the light source  2210  excites one or more electrons into an excited state, e.g., into an excited singlet state, and the excited atom may emit photons as it decays back to a ground state Where the excited atom decays from an excited singlet state to the ground state with resultant emission of light, fluorescence emission is said to occur, and the maximum emission signal is typically red-shifted when compared to the wavelength of the excitation source. Where the excited atom decays from an excited triplet state to the ground state with resultant emission of light, phosphorescence emission is said to occur, and the maximum emission wavelength of phosphorescence is typically red-shifted when compared to the fluorescence maximum emission wavelength. For Raman spectroscopy, scattered radiation may be monitored and the Stokes or anti-Stokes lines may be monitored to provide detection of the sample. The emission signal may be collected using the detection device  2230 , which may be, for example, a monochromator with suitable optics such as prisms, echelle gratings and the like. The detection device  2230  provides a signal to the optional amplifier  2240  for amplification of the signal, which may then be viewed using the display  2250 . In examples, where the signal is sufficiently strong for detection, the optional amplifier  2240  may be omitted. In certain examples, the display  2250  is part of a computer or data acquisition system for analysis of the signals. 
     In accordance with certain examples, the sample chamber conditions may be varied depending on whether it is desirable to measure fluorescence, phosphorescence or Raman scattering. For many chemical species, the rate constant for internal conversion and/or fluorescence is typically much greater than the rate constant for phosphorescence and, as a result, either non-radiative emission or fluorescence emission dominates. By varying the sample conditions, it may be possible to favor phosphorescence, or scattering, over fluorescence. For example, the sample chamber  2220  may include a matrix or solid support, e.g., silica, cellulose, acrylamide, etc., that atoms and/or ions may be adsorbed to or trapped in. In other examples, the sample chamber  2220  may be operated at reduced temperatures, e.g., 77 Kelvin, such that atoms and ions entering into the sample chamber  2220  may be frozen in a matrix. For at least certain species, immobilization of the species in a matrix may result in increased intersystem crossing to populate triplet energy levels, which may favor phosphorescence emission over fluorescence emission. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to select suitable sampling conditions for monitoring fluorescence, phosphorescence and Raman scattering. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a device for performing X-ray spectroscopy that includes a boost device is disclosed. An atomization device including a boost device may be configured to provide atoms and ions to the sample chamber. Once in the sample chamber, the ions and atoms may be subjected to an X-ray source and X-ray absorption or emission may be monitored. Suitable instruments known in the art for performing X-ray spectroscopy include, for example, PHI 1800 XPS commercially available from Physical Electronics USA. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to adapt the boost devices disclosed here for use in X-ray spectroscopic techniques. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a gas chromatograph comprising a boost device is shown in  FIG. 23 . A gas chromatograph  2300  includes a carrier gas  2310  in fluid communication with an injector  2320 . The flow rate of the carrier gas  2310  may be regulated using, for example, a pressure regulator, flow meter, etc. The flow of the carrier gas  2310  may be split using a flow splitter  2315  such that a portion of the carrier gas  2310  passes through a tube in fluid communication with the injector  2310  and the remaining carrier gas  2310  may pass to waste. The gas chromatograph  2300  may further include a heating device  2330 , such as an oven. The heating device  2330  may be operative to vaporize liquid sample injected through the injector  2320 . In certain examples, the heating device  2330  may include an internal boost device to assist with vaporization. Within the heating device  2330  is at least one column  2340  which may separate species within an introduced sample. The column  2340  includes one or more stationary phases such as, for example, polydimethyl siloxane, poly(phenylmethyldimethyl) siloxane, poly(phenylmethyl) siloxane, poly(trifluoropropyldimethyl)siloxane, polyethylene glycol, poly(dicanoallyldimethyl) siloxane and other stationary phases commercially available from numerous manufacturers such as, for example, Phenomenex (Torrance, Calif.). Separated species may elute from the column  2340  and may flow into detector  2350 . The detector  2350  may be any one or more of detectors commonly used in gas chromatography including, but not limited to, flame ionization detectors, thermal conductivity detectors, thermionic detectors, electron-capture detectors, atomic emission detectors, photometric detectors, fluorescence detectors, photoionization detectors and the like. In the example shown in  FIG. 23 , the detector  2350  may include a boost device  2360 , which may be used to promote ionization and/or excite ionized species in the detector  2350 . It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to configure gas chromatographs with suitable boost devices. 
     In accordance with certain other examples, a gas chromatograph may be hyphenated or coupled to an additional instrument. In some examples, the gas chromatograph may be coupled to an inductively coupled plasma that includes a boost device. For example, a gas chromatograph may be used to vaporize and separate species in a sample such that individual species elute from the gas chromatograph. The eluted species may be introduced into an inductively coupled plasma that is hyphenated to the gas chromatograph. The inductively coupled plasma may include one or more boost devices for providing radio frequencies to promote atomization and/or ionization efficiency or for providing radio frequencies to excite atomized and/or ionized species. In other examples, a gas chromatograph may be coupled to a mass spectrometer that includes a boost device. For example, a gas chromatograph may be used to vaporize and separate species in a sample, and the separated species may be introduced into a mass spectrometer for fragmentation and detection. In some examples, a gas chromatograph may be hyphenated to an inductively coupled plasma which itself is coupled to a mass spectrometer. Additional devices and instruments that include boost devices will be readily coupled to gas chromatographs by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a device for liquid chromatography (LC), e.g., for performing LC, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), etc., comprising a boost device is shown in  FIG. 24 . An LC device  2400  includes a carrier solvent reservoir  2410 , a pump  2420 , an injector  2430 , a column  2450  and a detector  2460 . In certain examples, additional pumps and solvents may be included so that solvent gradient techniques may be implemented during the separation. The carrier solvent generally depends on numerous factors including, but not limited to, the species in the sample to be separated and on the nature of the stationary phase in the column  2450 . The solvent(s) is typically degassed, e.g., using fitted filtration, bubbling nitrogen through the solvent, etc., prior to any separations. Suitable solvents for performing a given separation and methods for degassing the solvents will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. The injector  2430  may be any injector that is configured to provide reproducible injections and, in certain examples, the injector  2430  is a loop injector, such as those commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc, Beckman Instruments and the like. As sample is injected into the injector  2430 , solvent carries sample into the column  2450  where separation of the species in the sample may occur. The exact stationary phase in the column  2450  may vary depending the species to be separated, the solvent composition, etc., and in certain examples, the stationary phase may be selected from C18 based stationary phases, silica, strong anion exchange materials, strong cation exchange materials, size exclusion media, and other stationary phases commonly used in LC, FPLC, and HPLC. Suitable stationary phases and LC columns are commercially available from numerous manufacturers such as, for example, Phenomenex, Inc. (Torrance, Calif.). The separated species may elute from the column  2450  and enter into the detector  2460 . The detector  2460  may take numerous forms including, but not limited to, UV/Visible absorbance detectors, fluorescence detectors, conductivity detectors, electrochemical detectors, refractive index detectors, evaporative light scattering detectors, mass analyzers, nuclear magnetic resonance detectors, electron spin resonance detectors, circular dichroism detectors, etc. In certain examples, such as where the liquid chromatograph  2400  may be configured with a mass analyzer, the liquid sample may be nebulized, vaporized and atomized prior to introduction into the mass analyzer. For example, a chromatographic peak may be eluted from the column  2450 , and vaporized and atomized using, for example, an inductively coupled plasma prior to introduction into the mass analyzer. The inductively coupled plasma may include a boost device to promote ionization efficiency. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure to configure LC devices with the boost devices disclosed here. 
     In accordance with certain other examples, an LC device may be hyphenated or coupled to an additional instrument. In some examples, the liquid chromatograph may be coupled to an inductively coupled plasma that includes a boost device. For example, a liquid chromatograph may be used to separate species dissolved in a liquid sample, and the eluted species may be introduced into an inductively coupled plasma that may be hyphenated to the liquid chromatograph and where atomization and/or detection may occur. The inductively coupled plasma may include one or more boost devices for providing radio frequencies to promote atomization and/or ionization efficiency or for providing radio frequencies to excite atomized and/or ionized species. In other examples, the liquid chromatograph may be coupled to a mass spectrometer that includes a boost device. For example, the liquid chromatograph may be used to separate species in a sample, and the separated species may be introduced into a mass spectrometer for fragmentation and detection. It may be desirable to vaporize, using, for example, an inductively coupled plasma with a boost device, a thermospray with a boost device, etc., the liquid sample prior to introduction into the mass spectrometer. Additional devices and instruments that include boost devices will be readily coupled to liquid chromatographs by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a device for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) including a boost device is disclosed. In certain examples, the NMR is hyphenated to one or more additional devices that include the boost device. For example, species may be analyzed using NMR and then subsequent to NMR analysis may be introduced into an atomization device with a boost device for detection. In other examples, the species may first be atomized using the atomization device with a boost device and then the atoms and/or ions may be analyzed using NMR. For example, gas phase NMR studies may be performed to identify impurities with a high vapor pressure. In certain examples, it may be necessary to pressurize the sample chamber, e.g., to about 10-50 atm, to obtain good spectra for gas phase species. For illustrative purposes only, a block diagram of an NMR device suitable for pulsed NMR experiments is shown in  FIG. 25 . An NMR device  2500  includes a magnet  2510 , an RF generator  2520 , a receiver  2530 , and a data acquisition device  2540 , such as a computer. The magnet  2510  includes a field-frequency lock  2512  and shim coils  2514  each of which may be in electrical communication with the data acquisition device  2540 . The probe  2516  may be positioned within the magnet  2510 . The probe  2516  may be electrically coupled to an RF transmitter  2522 . The RF transmitter  2522  may be in electrical communication with a frequency synthesizer  2524 . The frequency synthesizer  2524  may be in electrical communication with a pulse programmer  2526 . The RF generator  2520  may be configured to provide RF pulses, e.g., ninety degree pulses, 180 degree pulses, etc., to the probe  2516  for detection of species present in a sample contained within the probe  2516 . When a signal is transmitted from the probe  2516 , the signal may be sent to the receiver  2530  for detection. The receiver  2530  may include a preamplifier  2532 , a phase sensitive detector  2534 , audio filters  2536  and an analog-to-digital converter  2538  for providing a signal to the data acquisition system  2540 . The probe may be configured to detect one or more magnetically active nuclei, e.g.  1 H,  13 C,  15 N,  31 P, etc. In certain examples, the NMR device may be used for one, two, three, or four-dimensional NMR spectroscopic techniques, e.g., NOESY, COSY, TOCSY, etc. In certain examples, an NMR device may be hyphenated to an atomization device with a boost device that may detect atomized and/or ionized species. In other examples, the NMR device may be hyphenated to a mass analyzer, which itself may be coupled to an atomization device, for analysis based on mass-to-charge ratios. In certain examples, a tube or conduit may be provided between the probe of the NMR device and the additional device, e.g., an ICP or a mass analyzer, such that sample may be automatically transferred from the NMR device to the additional device. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to select or design suitable NMR devices for hyphenating additional devices that include boost devices. 
     In accordance with additional example, a device for electron spin resonance (ESR) that is hyphenated to an additional device including a boost device is provided. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, many metal species that may be detected by OES or AS may also be detected using ESR. For example, manganese with a spin number of 5/2 provides and ESR spectrum with 6 lines when free manganese is dissolved in water. The exact line shape and line widths of the ESR spectrum may provide some indication of the environment experienced by the manganese ions. The optical emission of atomic manganese may be detected at 257.610 nm. Using an ESR instrument hyphenated to an OES device, two measurements may be performed on the same sample. Suitable ESR instruments are commercially available from numerous manufacturers including, but not limited to, Bruker Instruments (Germany). The ESR may be coupled with an OES device using suitable tubing and connectors such that liquid sample from the ESR may be removed and delivered to the OES device without the need to manually inject sample into the OES device. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to couple ESR devices with additional devices and instruments including atomization devices with boost devices. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a spectrometer configured for measurement in the low UV and that includes a boost device is provided. As used herein “low UV” refers to measurements taken at or around 90-200 nm or less. At wavelengths of less than about 200-210 nm, oxygen in the optical path may absorb emitted light (in the case of an OES device) or may absorb light used to excite atoms and ions (in the case of an AS device). This absorption by the oxygen may prevent detection of emission lines of atoms, such as chlorine, that emit in the low UV range. By using a boost device with an OES device or with an AS device, low UV measurements may be obtained by eliminating any oxygen present in the optical path. This result may be accomplished, for example, by coupling a first chamber, or a second chamber, to the spectrometer. For example, a first chamber may be used to contain the atomization source, and an interface may be used to draw atomized sample into a second chamber. The second chamber may include a boost device. The second chamber may be in fluid communication with a window or aperture on the spectrometer such that the optical path of the spectrometer is sealed off from any outside air or oxygen. The optical path may be purged with a gas that does not absorb in the low UV, e.g., nitrogen, such that light emissions in the low UV, or light absorptions using low UV, are not interfered with by oxygen. In certain examples, the device includes a boost device optically coupled to a window on a spectrometer such that substantially no oxygen or air exists in the light path of the spectrometer. In certain examples, the device may be configured for optical emission such that light emissions in the low UV may be detected. In other examples, the device may be configured for atomic absorption such that species that absorb low UV light may be detected. In certain examples, the detector may be optically coupled to a chamber comprising a boost device such that light emissions or absorptions in the chamber may be detected. In some examples, the chamber may also be optically coupled to a light source, e.g., a UV light source such as a laser, arc lamp or the like, such that light may be provided to the chamber to detect the presence of species that absorb the low UV light. Illustrative configurations of low UV devices are described in more detail below in Examples 7 and 8 herein. 
     In other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect metal species at levels at least about five-times less, more particularly at least ten times less, than detection levels obtainable using non-boosted ICP-OES devices is disclosed. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the area of the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold, 10-fold or more. In certain examples using the RF boost devices disclosed herein, the emission region of OES devices increases by about 5-fold, 10-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. While in some examples the background signal may increase, the increase in background signal may be proportionately lower than the increase in emission signal intensity to provide lower detection levels. Such an increase in signal area may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of metals by at least about 5-fold, 10-fold or more. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to use OES devices that include boost devices to detect metal species at levels of at least about 5-times less than non boosted ICP-OES devices. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect aluminum at a level of about 0.18 μg/L or less is provided. As discussed herein, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of aluminum (about 0.9 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect aluminum at levels of about 0.11 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.09 μg/L, 0.045 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect arsenic at a level of about 0.6 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of arsenic (about 3.0-3.6 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect arsenic at levels of about 0.4 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.3 μg/L, 0.15 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect boron at a level of about 0.05 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of boron (about 0.25-1.0 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect boron levels of about 0.033 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.025 μg/L, 0.0125 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect beryllium at a level of about 0.003 μg/L or less is provided. As discussed herein, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of beryllium (about 0.017-1.0 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect beryllium levels of about 0.002 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.0017 μg/L, 0.00085 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect cadmium at a level of about 0.014 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of cadmium (about 0.07-0.1 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect cadmium levels of about 0.009 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.007 μg/L, 0.0035 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect cobalt at a level of about 0.05 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of cobalt (about 0.25 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect cobalt levels of about 0.033 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.025 μg/L, 0.01 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect chromium at a level of about 0.04 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of chromium (about 0.20-0.25 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect chromium levels of about 0.03 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.02 μg/L, 0.01 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect copper at a level of about 0.08 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of copper (about 0.4-0.9 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device is configured to detect copper levels of about 0.053 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.04 μg/L, 0.02 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect iron at a level of about 0.04 μg/L or less is provided. As discussed herein, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of iron (about 0.2-0.4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect iron levels of about 0.027 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.02 μg/L, 0.01 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect manganese at a level of about 0.006 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of manganese (about 0.03-0.10 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect manganese levels of about 0.004 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.003 μg/L, 0.0015 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect molybdenum at a level of about 0.08 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of molybdenum (about 0.40-2 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect molybdenum levels of about 0.053 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.04 μg/L, 0.02 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect nickel at a level of about 0.08 μg/L or less is provided. As discussed herein, the boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of nickel (about 0.4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect nickel levels of about 0.053 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.04 μg/L, 0.02 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect lead at a level of about 0.28 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of lead (about 1.4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect lead levels of about 0.19 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.14 μg/L, 0.007 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect antimony at a level of about 0.4 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of antimony (about 2-4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect antimony levels of about 0.3 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.2 μg/L, 0.1 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect selenium at a level of about 0.6 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of selenium (about 3-4.5 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect selenium levels of about 0.4 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.3 μg/L, 0.15 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect tantalum at a level of about 0.4 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of tantalum (about 2-3.5 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect tantalum levels of about 0.27 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.2 μg/L, 0.1 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect vanadium at a level of about 0.03 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of vanadium (about 0.15-0.4 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect vanadium levels of about 0.02 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.015 μg/L, 0.0075 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device and configured to detect zinc at a level of about 0.04 μg/L or less is provided. The boost devices disclosed here may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the emission region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of zinc (about 0.2 μg/L) by at least 5-fold. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect zinc levels of about 0.027 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.02 μg/L, 0.01 μg/L or less. The OES device may include, for example, an atomization source and boost devices as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a spectrometer including an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device is provided. The spectrometer may be configured to increase the detection region, e.g., the region where optical emissions are monitored or the region where absorption takes place, by at least about 5-fold, more particularly at least about 10-fold. In certain other examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may increase the detection region of OES devices by 5-fold or more without a substantial increase in background emission. The spectrometer may be used for optical emissions and absorptions, fluorescence, phosphorescence, scattering, and other suitable techniques and may be hyphenated with one or more additional devices or instruments. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to assemble suitable spectrometers that are configured to increase the detection region by at least about 5-fold. 
     In accordance with additional examples, a device for optical emission spectroscopy (OES) that includes an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device is disclosed. In certain examples the OES device includes a first chamber comprising the inductively coupled plasma and a second chamber with at least one boost device for exciting atoms or species. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, in a conventional OES device, the analyte may be diluted by at least about 20:1 with a carrier gas. This dilution results in lower sensitivity and/or requires the use of more concentrated samples to detect the species. The second chamber in certain OES devices may be configured to extract atomized and ionized species to avoid the dilution effect caused by the carrier gas. For example, the second chamber may include a suitable interface or manifold such that sample from the interior portion of the plasma plume in the first chamber may be drawn into the second chamber and the carrier gas and cooling gas circulating near the outer portions of the first chamber may be removed. This process may result in concentrating the sample in the second chamber. For example, the OES device may be configured such that sample introduced into the second chamber may be diluted by less than about 15:1 with carrier gas, more particularly by less than about 10:1 with carrier gas, e.g., the sample may be diluted by less than about 5:1 with carrier gas. Such concentrating of sample in the second chamber due to less dilution with carrier gas may provide increased emissions which may provide improved detection limits. For example, the sample may be at least about 2-4 times more concentrated in the second chamber than in the first chamber. In addition, the flame or primary plasma background signal may be removed from axial viewing by placing an optical stop or filter between the first and second chamber. This may result in further improvement of detection limits to at least about 5-fold lower than detection limits obtained using ICP-OES devices without second chambers including a boost device. The exact improvement in the detection limit will depend on numerous factors including the size of the orifice or port in the manifold or interface, the amount of sample drawn into the second chamber, the length of the second chamber, the number of boost devices used in the second chamber, etc. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure to select and design suitable ICP-OES devices including second chambers with boost devices. 
     In accordance with other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect aluminum at a level of about 0.7 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. This may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of aluminum (about 0.9 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect aluminum at levels of about 0.45 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.225 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect arsenic at a level of about 2.25 μg/L or less is provided. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, the second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of arsenic (about 3.0-3.6 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect arsenic at levels of about 1.5 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.75 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect boron at a level of about 0.18 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of boron (about 0.25-1.0 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect boron levels of about 0.125 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.06 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect beryllium at a level of about 0.013 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of beryllium (about 0.017-1.0 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect beryllium levels of about 0.085 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.045 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect cadmium at a level of about 0.0525 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of cadmium (about 0.07-0.1 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect cadmium levels of about 0.035 μg/L or less, e.g. 0.0175 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect cobalt at a level of about 0.19 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of cobalt (about 0.25 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect cobalt levels of about 0.125 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.0625 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect chromium at a level of about 0.15 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of chromium (about 0.20-0.25 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect chromium levels of about 0.10 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.05 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect copper at a level of about 0.30 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of copper (about 0.4-0.9 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect copper levels of about 0.20 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.1 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect iron at a level of about 0.15 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of iron (about 0.2-0.4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect iron levels of about 0.10 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.05 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect manganese at a level of about 0.023 μg/L or less is provided. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, the second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of manganese (about 0.03-0.10 μg/L) by at least 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device is configured to detect manganese levels of about 0.015 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.008 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect molybdenum at a level of about 0.3 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of molybdenum (about 0.40-2 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect molybdenum levels of about 0.2 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.1 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect nickel at a level of about 0.3 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of nickel (about 0.4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect nickel levels of about 0.20 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.10 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect lead at a level of about 1.0 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of lead (about 1.4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect lead levels of about 0.014 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.7 μg/L, 0.35 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect antimony at a level of about 1.5 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of antimony (about 2-4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect antimony levels of about 1 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.5 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect selenium at a level of about 2.25 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% because the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of selenium (about 3-4.5 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect selenium levels of about 1.5 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.75 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect tantalum at a level of about 1.5 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of tantalum (about 2-3.5 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect tantalum levels of about 1.0 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.5 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect vanadium at a level of about 0.11 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of vanadium (about 0.15-0.4 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect vanadium levels of about 0.075 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.038 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with yet other examples, an OES device with an inductively coupled plasma in a first chamber and a second chamber that includes a boost device and configured to detect zinc at a level of about 0.15 μg/L or less is provided. The second chamber with boost device may improve the detection limit by about 25-75% since the sample is diluted 25-75% less with carrier gas. Such an increase may result in lowering of the OES detection limit of zinc (about 0.2 μg/L) by at least about 25-75% or more. In some examples, the OES device may be configured to detect zinc levels of about 0.10 μg/L or less, e.g., 0.05 μg/L or less. The second chamber may include a boost device, such as, for example, the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a spectrometer comprising an inductively coupled plasma and a boost device is provided. In certain examples, the spectrometer may be configured to substantially block the signal from the primary discharge so that the detection limit of the instrument may be improved, e.g., lowered, by at least about 3-fold or greater. In certain examples, the detection limit may be lowered by at least about 5-fold, 10-fold or more using the boost devices provided herein. 
     Other Applications of Boost Devices 
     In accordance with certain examples, a welding device with a boost device is provided. The welding device typically includes a torch and a boost device surrounding at least some portion of the torch plume. The boost devices may be used in combination with torches for tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, plasma arc welding (PAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), laser welding, high frequency welding and other types of welding that will be selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary plasma arc welder with boost device is shown in  FIG. 26A . A plasma arc welder  2600  includes a chamber  2610  with an electrode  2620 . The electrode  2620  may be any suitable material that may conduct a current, e.g., tungsten, copper, platinum, etc. A boost device  2630  may be positioned toward the terminus of the electrode  2620  and near a nozzle tip  2640  of the plasma arc welder  2600 . The nozzle tip  2640  may be constructed from suitable materials known in the art, such as copper, for example. A gas, such as argon, neon, etc., may be introduced into chamber  2610 , e.g., through an inlet  2650 , and as current is passed through the electrode  2620 , an arc is generated between the electrode  2620  and the nozzle tip  2640 . A plasma may be created as the gas passes through the arc, and the boost device  2630 , which may be in electrical communication with an RF transmitter or RF generator (not shown), may increase atomization and/or ionization of the gas to provide increased numbers of atoms and ions for welding. The arc and/or plasma may be forced through a restricted opening  2660  in the nozzle tip  2640  to provide a very concentrated high temperature area that may be used for welding. The plasma arc welder  2600  may further include a power supply, a water circulator for cooling, air supply regulators and additional devices to provide plasma arc welders including desired features. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design suitable welding devices that include boost devices such as those disclosed herein. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an additional configuration of a DC or AC arc welder is shown in  FIG. 26B . An arc welder  2670  includes a torch body  2672 , an electrode  2674 , a boost source  2676 , and an RF source  2678  in electrical communication with the boost device  2676 . In operation, the boost device  2676  may be configured to increase the temperature of a discharge  2680  by providing radio frequencies to the terminus of a torch body  2672 . Suitable DC or AC arc welders that include boost devices configured to increase the temperature of the discharge will be readily designed by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples, yet another configuration of a DC or AC arc welder is shown in  FIG. 26C , where a primary shield gas is used such as, for example, argon, argon/oxygen, argon/carbon dioxide, or argon/helium. The shield gas itself may be used to support an inductively coupled plasma discharge allowing the power to the primary arc generated by the electrode to be turned off or greatly reduced to provide discharge  2682 . The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design suitable DC or AC arc welders, which include boost devices, that allow the power to the primary arc to be turned off or greatly reduced. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an example of a device configured for use in soldering or brazing is shown in  FIG. 26D . A flame  2690 , such as a flame used for flame brazing or soldering, may be boosted in temperature with a boost device  2692 , which may be in electrical communication with an RF source  2694 , to provide a discharge  2696 , which has a temperature that may be higher than the temperature of the flame  2690 . The flame  2690  may be any of the illustrative flames disclosed herein or other suitable flames that will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. It will also be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design flame brazing and soldering devices suitable for an intended use. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a plasma cutter including a boost device is disclosed. For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary plasma cutter with boost device is shown in  FIG. 27 . A plasma cutter  2700  includes a chamber or channel  2710  that includes an electrode  2720 . The chamber  2710  may be configured such that a cutting gas  2725  may flow through the chamber  2710  and may be in fluid communication with the electrode  2720 . The chamber  2710  may also be configured such that a shielding gas  2727  may flow around a cutting gas  2725  and an electrode  2720  to minimize interferences such as oxidation of the cutting surface. A plasma cutter  2700  may further include a boost device  2730  configured to increase ionization of the cutting gas and/or increase the temperature of the cutting gas. Suitable cutting gases will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary cutting gases include, but are not limited to, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and mixtures thereof. As current is passed through electrode  2720 , an arc may be created between the electrode  2720  and a nozzle tip  2740 . The cutting gas  2725  may be introduced through an inlet  2750  and may be atomized and/or ionized as it passes through the arc to create a plasma. The arc and plasma may be forced through a restricted opening  2760  to provide a concentrated high temperature region that may be used for cutting, e.g., for cutting metals, steels, ceramics and the like. Additional devices may be used with the plasma cutter  2700  such as mechanical arms, robots, computers etc. In certain examples, the plasma cutter may be a component of a larger system that is configured to cut shapes or designs from a larger piece of metal. The cutting process may be automated using robotic or mechanical arms and suitable computers and software. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design suitable plasma cutters and systems implementing plasma cutters for cutting metals, ceramics and other materials. 
     In accordance with yet an additional aspect, a vapor deposition device that includes a boost device is disclosed. The exact configuration of the vapor deposition device may take numerous forms and illustrative configurations may be found in vapor deposition devices commercially available from, for example, Veeco Instruments (Woodbury, N.Y.) and other vapor deposition device manufacturers. In certain examples, the vapor deposition device may be configured for atomic layer deposition (ALD), diamond like carbon deposition (DLC), ion beam deposition (IBD), physical vapor deposition, etc. In other examples, the vapor deposition device may be configured for chemical vapor deposition (CVD). For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary vapor deposition device is shown in  FIG. 28 . A vapor deposition device  2800  includes a material source  2810 , a chamber  2820 , an energy source  2830 , a vacuum system  2840  and an exhaust system  2850 . The material source  2810  may be in fluid communication with the chamber  2820  and may be configured to supply precursors or reactants to the chamber  2820 . The chamber  2820  includes the energy source  2830  which may be configured to provide heat or energy to volatize the delivered material or to promote reactions in the reaction chamber. A vacuum system  2840  may be configured to remove by-products and waste from the chamber  2820  and may optionally include scrubbers or other treatment devices to treat the waste prior to release to an exhaust system  2850 . A sample or a substrate  2855  that species are to be deposited on may be loaded into the chamber  2820  using suitable assemblies, e.g., belts, conveyers, etc. Material may be introduced into the chamber  2820  and the energy source  2830  may be used to vaporize, atomize and/or ionize material from the material source  2810  to coat or deposit material onto the substrate  2855 . The energy source  2830  may include a boost device to assist in vaporization and/or atomization of the gas or species to be deposited. Vapor deposition device  2800  may also include process control equipment including but not limited to, gauges, controls, computers, etc., to monitor process parameters such as, for example, pressure, temperature and time. Alarms and safety devices may also be included. Additional suitable devices will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a sputtering device that includes a boost device is disclosed. For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary sputtering device is shown in  FIG. 29 . A sputtering device  2900  includes a target  2910  and an atomization device  2920  with a boost device. The atomization device  2920  may be any of the atomization devices disclosed herein or other suitable atomization devices that will be selected or designed by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. In certain examples, the atomization device  2920  may be a plasma that includes a boost device or a magnetron that includes a boost device. The atomization device  2920  may be operative to strike the target  2910 . Ions and atoms may be ejected from the target  2910  and may be deposited on a substrate  2930 . One or more assist or carrier gases may be used to flow atoms and ions by the substrate  2930 . A boost device may increase the energy of the atoms and/or ions, may increase the number of atoms and/or ions present, etc. The nature of the material to be deposited depends on the selected target. In certain examples, the target may include one or more materials selected from aluminum, gallium, arsenic, and silicon. Other suitable materials for deposition will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. Additional devices, such as control devices, vacuum pumps, exhaust systems, etc., may also be used with the sputtering device  2900 . The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design suitable sputtering devices that include boost devices. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a device for molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) that includes a boost device is provided. The boost device may be used to increase the vaporization, sublimation, atomization of species such as gallium, aluminum, arsenic, arsenides, beryllium, silicon etc., for deposition onto surfaces, such as a GaAs wafer. For illustrative purposes only, an exemplary MBE device is shown in  FIG. 30 . An MBE device  3000  includes a growth chamber  3010  for receiving a sample. A sample holder  3020  and all other internal parts that are subjected to high temperatures may be constructed from materials such as tantalum, molybdenum and pyrolytic boron nitride, which do not substantially decompose or outgas impurities even when heated to temperatures around 1400° C. Sample may be loaded into the growth chamber  3010  and placed on the sample holder  3020  which may include a heating device. Suitable methods for placing sample into the growth chamber  3010  will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, and exemplary methods include the use of magnetically coupled transfer rods and devices. In certain configurations, the sample holder  3020  rotates on two axes, as shown in  FIG. 30 . The sample holder  3020  may be configured for continuous azimuthal rotation (CAR) of the sample, and is referred to in some instances as a CAR assembly  3022 . In certain examples, the CAR assembly includes an ion gauge  3025  mounted on the side opposite the sample to determine chamber pressure, or, in other examples, the ion gauge  3025  may be positioned facing the sources to measure beam equivalent pressure of material sources  3030 ,  3032 , and  3034 . Though the example in  FIG. 30  shows three material sources, fewer material sources, e.g., 1 or 2, or more material sources, e.g. 4 or more, may be used. A cooled cryoshroud  3028 , e.g., cooled by liquid nitrogen or liquid helium, may be positioned between growth chamber walls and the CAR assembly  3022  and may be operative as an effective pump for many of the residual gasses in the growth chamber  3010 . In some examples, one or more cryopumps may be used to remove gasses which are not pumped by the cryopanels. This pumping arrangement may keep the partial pressure of undesired gases, such as H 2 O, CO 2 , and CO, to less than about 10 −9  Torr, more particularly less then about 10 −11  Torr. To monitor the residual gases, analyze the source beams, and check for leaks, a detection device (not shown), such as a mass spectrometer (MS), may be mounted in the vicinity of the CAR assembly  3022 . The material sources  3030 ,  3032 , and  3034  may be independently heated until the desired material flux is achieved. Computer controlled shutters  3040 ,  3042 , and  3044  may be positioned in front of each of the material sources  3030 ,  3032 , and  3034 , respectively, to shutter the flux reaching the sample within a fraction of a second. The exact distance of the material sources  3030 ,  3032 , and  3034  from the sample may vary and typical distances are about 5-50 cm, e.g., 10, 20, 30 or 40 cm. In certain examples, one or more of the material sources  3030 ,  3032 , and  3034  may include a boost device, such as boost device  3050 . Boost device  3050  may be configured to increase vaporization, atomization, ionization, sublimation, etc., of material to be delivered by material source  3030 . It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design MBE devices including boost devices. The MBE devices may further include RHEED guns, fluorescence screens and other suitable devices for monitoring growth in the chamber. 
     In accordance with another aspect, a chemical reaction chamber is disclosed. An exemplary chemical reaction chamber is shown in  FIG. 31 . A reaction chamber  3100  includes an atomization source  3110  in thermal communication with a tube or a chamber  3120  and a boost device  3130  configured to provide radio frequencies to chamber  3120 . In other examples, the reaction chamber  3100  also includes a second boost device  3140 . The boost device  3130  may be in electrical communication with an RF source  3150 , and the boost device  3140  may be in electrical communication with an RF source  3160 . Either of the boost devices  3130  and  3140 , or both, may be used to control or assist in chemical reactions within the chamber  3120 . For example, the atomization source  3110  may be configured to control the heat or energy within the chamber  3120 . The boost device  3130  may provide radio frequencies to increase the energy in certain regions within the chamber  3120 . The additional energy supplied by the boost device  3130  may be used to supply additional activation energy to reactants, to favor, or disfavor, thermodynamically or kinetically, one or more specific reaction products, to maintain reactant species in the gas phase, or other suitable applications where it may be necessary to provide additional energy to reactants. In some examples, the chamber  3120  includes one or more catalysts for catalyzing a reaction. In other examples, the atomization source  3110  may be configured to supply gaseous catalyst to chamber  3120  for catalysis of one or more chemical reactions. For example, the atomization source  3110  may be an inductively coupled plasma that may atomize platinum or palladium, which may be supplied to chamber  3120  for catalysis. Additional devices may be included in the reaction chamber including, but not limited to, reflux devices, jacketed coolers, injections ports, withdrawal or sampling ports, etc. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design suitable reaction chambers that include boost devices. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a device for treatment of radioactive waste is disclosed. In certain examples, the device is configured to dispose of tritiated waste. For example, tritiated waste may be introduced into a chamber, such as chamber  3200  shown in  FIG. 32 . Chamber  3200  includes an atomization source  3210 , a boost device  3220 , an inlet  3230  and an outlet  3240 . The boost device  3220  may be in electrical communication with an RF source  3250 . Radioactive waste may be introduced into the reaction chamber  3200  and subjected to high temperature oxidation to decompose the radioactive waste. For example, the radioactive waste may be introduced into a plasma plume that has been boosted using the boost device  3220 . One or more catalysts may also be introduced into the chamber  3200  through the inlet  3230  to promote oxidation of the radioactive waste. In certain examples, the reaction products may be condensed and added to a silica gel, or a clay, to provide stabilized forms that may be properly disposed of, e.g., by burial. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design suitable devices for disposal of radioactive waste that include one or more of the boost devices disclosed here. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a light source is provided. An illustrative light source is shown in  FIG. 33 . The light source  3300  includes an atomization device  3310 , a boost device  3320  in electrical communication with RF source  3330  and a sample inlet  3340  for introducing a chemical species that may emit light when excited. A sample containing a single chemical species, or in certain examples, multiple chemical species, may be introduced into the atomization device  3310  and excited using the atomization device  3310  and/or the boost device  3320 . In examples where a single species is used, e.g., where substantially pure sodium ions dissolved in water are introduced into the atomization device  3310 , a single wavelength of light may be emitted as excited sodium atoms decay. This optical emission may be used as a substantially pure light source, e.g., a light source having a narrow width (e.g., less than about 0.1 nm) and approximately a single wavelength. In certain examples, the chemical species may be sodium, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, cesium, germanium, lead, mercury, phosphorus, rubidium, selenium, tellurium, tin, zinc, combinations thereof or other suitable metals that may be atomized, ionized and/or excited to provide optical emissions. Suitable optics, choppers, reflective coatings and other devices may be used with the light source to focus or to direct the light or to provide pulsed light sources. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to design suitable light sources using the boost devices disclosed here. 
     In accordance with certain examples, an atomization device that includes a microwave source or microwave oven is disclosed. For illustrative purposes only and without limitation, an exemplary atomization device including a microwave source is shown in  FIG. 34 . The atomization device  3400  includes an atomization source  3410  within a microwave oven  3420 . A sample inlet  3430  may be configured to introduce sample into the atomization source  3410 . Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, microwave oven  3420  may be operative to provide microwaves to atomization source  3410  which may promote ionization efficiency and/or may be used to excite atoms and ions. Typical microwave ovens use an absorption cell as the oven cavity, and a microwave launcher and magnetron tube as an RF source. The microwave launcher may be a small section of wave guide which mounts the magnetron tube forming the mode of propagation. This launches the RF energy into the oven or absorption cell. This RF energy may reflect off of the walls of the oven until it is absorbed and dissipated as heat. Because the oven is an unstructured cavity, it exhibits voltage maxima and nodes as constructive and destructive reflections collide. When the RF voltage in the standing maxima exceeds the ionization potential of the constituent atoms in the atomization source and the population of free ions and electrons is sufficient to allow for RF circulating currents to form, a plasma may form in the plume of the atomization source, dramatically raising the temperature of the atomization source. The atomization source  3410  may be any of the atomization sources disclosed herein, e.g., flames, plasmas, arcs, sparks and other suitable atomization sources that will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. When the atomization source is a flame, the benefits of having both the high heat capacity of a flame needed for efficient desolvation and the extreme plasma temperatures needed for great excitation may be achieved. The flame would tolerate greatly increased sample loading while leaving the RF power available for sample atomization and ionization. For example, when the microwave oven  3420  is turned on, a plasma plume may be formed, or in the case where the atomization source is a plasma, the plasma source may be extended. RF energy, including microwave energy, may be used as a boost source that can be directly coupled with a flame to not only dramatically increase the temperature of flame combustion but to actually change the nature of the resulting combination of both a flame and a plasma discharge. A microwave cavity or resonator may be used in place of the microwave oven to ensure a continuous, well structured, and controlled discharge. The plasma plume may be used for any one or more of the applications discussed herein, e.g., chemical analysis, welding, in a spectrometer, etc. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to implement atomization devices including atomization sources with microwave ovens. 
     In accordance with certain examples, the boost devices disclosed herein may be adapted for use in plasma displays. Without wishing to be bound by any particular scientific theory, plasma displays operate using noble gases and electrodes. Noble gases, such as xenon and neon, are contained within microstructures or cells positioned between at least two glass plates. On both sides of each microstructure or cell are long electrodes. A first set of electrodes, referred to as the address electrodes, are arranged to sit behind the microstructures along the rear or back glass plate and are arranged vertically on the display. Transparent glass electrodes are mounted on top of the microstructures along the front glass plate and are arranged horizontally on the display. The transparent glass electrodes typically are surrounded by a dielectric material and are covered with a protective layer, such as magnesium oxide, for example. The boost devices disclosed here may be adapted for use with plasma displays to enhance or increase ionization of the noble gases. For example, in a typical plasma display, the noble gas in a particular microstructure or cell is ionized by charging the electrodes that intersect at that microstructure. The electrodes are charged thousands or millions of times per second, charging each microstructure in turn. As intersecting electrodes are charged, a voltage differential is created between the electrodes such that an electric current flows through the noble gas in the microstructure. This current creates a rapid flow of charged particles, which stimulates the noble gas atoms and/or ions to release ultraviolet photons. The ultraviolet photons in turn cause phosphors coated on the display to emit visible light. By varying the pulses of current flowing through the different microstructures, the intensity of each sub-pixel color may be increased or decreased to create hundreds of different combinations of red, green and blue. In this way, the entire spectrum of colors may be produced. In certain examples, miniaturized boost devices may be included that surround a portion or all of each microstructure. For example, each microstructure in a plasma display may be surrounded with a boost device to increase the rate of ionization of the noble gases and/or to increase the efficiency at which the noble gases release ultraviolet photons. The boost from the boost device may be provided, e.g., in a continuous or pulsed mode, prior to, during or subsequent to charging of the electrodes. It may be desirable to provide RF shielding to each microstructure so that surrounding microstructures are not affected by RF supplied to any particular microstructure. Such shielding may be accomplished using suitable materials and devices, including, but not limited to, ground-planes and Faraday shields. 
     In accordance with certain other examples, the atomization devices disclosed here may be miniaturized such that portable devices are provided. In certain examples, a portable device may include an atomization source, e.g., a flame, and a boost device. In other examples, the portable device includes an atomization source, e.g., a flame, and a microwave source. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to miniaturize the devices disclosed here. In certain examples, the boost devices may be used with a microplasma in silicon, ceramics, or metal polymer arrays to provide miniaturized devices suitable for detection of chemical species or other applications. Exemplary microplasmas are described, for example, in Eden et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 (7 Dec. 2003) 2869-2877 and Kikuchi et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37 (7 Jun. 2004) 1537-1534, and other microplasmas, such as those used to join fiber optical cables, are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,118,618 and 5,024,725. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a single use atomization device is disclosed. The single use device includes an atomization device, a boost device and a detector. The single use device may be configured with enough fuel or power to provide for a single analysis of a sample. For example, a water sample may be introduced into the device for measuring chemical species, such as lead. The device includes a suitable amount of fuel or power to vaporize, atomize and/or ionize the water sample and may include suitable electronics and power sources for detection of the lead in the water sample. For example, the single use device may include a battery or fuel cell to provide sufficient power to a detector to measure the amount of light emitted from excited lead atoms and to provide sufficient power to the boost device. The device may display the reading on an LCD screen or other suitable display to provide an indication of the lead levels. In some examples, it may be desirable to provide sufficient fuel for two or three sample readings so that the levels provided in an initial reading may be confirmed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to design suitable single use atomization devices using the boost devices disclosed here. 
     Methods Using Boost Devices 
     In accordance with certain examples, a method of enhancing atomization of species using a boost device is provided. The method includes introducing a sample into an atomization device. The atomization device may include, for example, a device disclosed herein and other suitable atomization devices, e.g., with boost devices that will be designed by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. The sample may be introduced, for example, by dissolving a suitable amount of sample in a solvent and injecting, aspirating, nebulizing, etc. the sample into the atomization device. As sample is injected into the atomization device, the sample may be desolvated, atomized and/or excited by the energy from the atomization device. Depending on the nature of the atomization device, a large amount of energy may be used in the desolvation process, leaving less energy for atomization. To enhance atomization, one or more boost devices may provide radio frequencies to provide additional energy for atomization. The boost device may be operated using various powers, e.g., from about 1 Watt to about 10,000 Watts, and various radio frequencies, e.g. from about 10 kHz to about 10 GHz. The boost device may be pulsed or operated in a continuous mode. In certain examples, the boost device may be used to provide additional energy for atomization to increase the number of species available for excitation. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to use the boost devices disclosed here to enhance atomization of species. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a method of enhancing excitation of species using a boost device is provided. The method includes introducing a sample into an atomization device. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The sample may be introduced, for example, by dissolving a suitable amount of sample in a solvent and injecting, aspirating, nebulizing, etc. the sample into the atomization device. Without wishing to be bound by any scientific theory, as sample is injected into the atomization device, the sample may be desolvated, atomized and/or excited by the energy from the atomization device. Depending on the nature of the atomization device, a large amount of energy may be used in the desolvation process, leaving less energy for atomization and excitation. To enhance excitation, one or more boost devices may supply radio frequencies to provide additional energy. The boost device may be operated using various powers, e.g. from about 1 Watt to about 10,000 Watts, and various radio frequencies, e.g. from 10 kHz to about 10 GHz. The boost device may be pulsed or operated in a continuous mode. In certain examples, the boost device may be used to provide additional energy for excitation to provide a more intense optical emission signal, which may improve detection limits. The person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to use the boost devices disclosed here to enhance excitation of species. 
     In accordance with certain examples, a method of enhancing detection of chemical species is provided. In certain examples, the method includes introducing a sample into an atomization device configured to desolvate and atomize the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The sample may be introduced, for example, by dissolving a suitable amount of sample in a solvent and injecting, aspirating, nebulizing, etc. the sample into the atomization device. Radio frequencies may be provided using a boost device to increase signal intensity or to increase path length of a detectable signal. Such an increase in intensity and/or path length may improve detection limits so that lesser amounts of sample may be used or such that lower concentration levels may be detected. Radio frequencies may be provided at various powers, e.g. about 1 Watts to about 10,000 Watts, and various frequencies, for example, about 10 kHz to about 10 GHz. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to use the boost devices disclosed here to enhance detection of species. 
     In accordance with another method aspect, a method of detecting arsenic at levels below about 0.6 μg/L is provided. The method includes introducing a sample comprising arsenic into an atomization device to desolvate, atomize, and/or excite the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The boost device may be configured to provide radio frequencies to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample that includes arsenic at levels less than about 0.6 μg/L. In certain examples, radio frequencies may be provided such that a detectable signal from a sample including arsenic at a level of about 0.3 μg/L or less is observed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to configure and design suitable atomization devices with boost devices for detection of arsenic levels below 0.6 μg/L. 
     In accordance with another method aspect, a method of detecting cadmium at levels below about 0.014 μg/L is provided. The method includes introducing a sample comprising cadmium into an atomization device to desolvate, atomize, and/or excite the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The boost device may be configured to provide radio frequencies to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample that includes cadmium at levels less than about 0.014 μg/L. In certain examples, radio frequencies may be provided such that a detectable signal from a sample including cadmium at a level of about 0.007 μg/L or less is observed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to configure and design suitable atomization devices with boost devices for detection of cadmium levels below 0.014 μg/L. 
     In accordance with another method aspect, a method of detecting selenium at levels below about 0.6 μg/L is provided. The method includes introducing a sample comprising selenium into an atomization device to desolvate, atomize, and/or excite the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The boost device may be configured to provide radio frequencies to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample that includes selenium at levels less than about 0.6 μg/L. In certain examples, radio frequencies are provided such that a detectable signal from a sample including selenium at a level of about 0.3 μg/L or less is observed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to configure and design suitable atomization devices with boost devices for detection of selenium levels below about 0.6 μg/L. 
     In accordance with another method aspect, a method of detecting lead at levels below about 0.28 μg/L is provided. The method includes introducing a sample comprising lead into an atomization device to desolvate, atomize, and/or excite the sample. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. The boost device may be configured to provide radio frequencies to provide a detectable signal from an introduced sample that includes lead at levels less than about 0.28 μg/L. In certain examples, radio frequencies are provided such that a detectable signal from a sample including lead at a level of about 0.14 μg/L or less is observed. It will be within the ability of the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, to configure and design suitable atomization devices with boost devices for detection of lead levels below about 0.28 μg/L. 
     In accordance with another method aspect, a method of separating and analyzing a sample comprising two or more species is provided. The method includes introducing a sample into a separation device. The separation device may be any of the separation devices disclosed herein, e.g., gas chromatographs, liquid chromatographs, etc., and other suitable separation devices and techniques that may provide separation, e.g., baseline separation, of two or more species in a sample. The species may be eluted from the separation device into an atomization device. The atomization device may be, for example, an atomization device with a boost device as disclosed herein, with such examples provided for illustration and not limitation. In certain examples, the atomization device may be configured to desolvate, atomize and/or excite the eluted species. The eluted species may be detected using any one or more of the detection methods and techniques disclosed herein, e.g., optical emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, etc., and additional detection methods that will be readily selected by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure. 
     Certain specific examples are described below to illustrate further a few of the many applications of the boost devices disclosed herein. 
     Example 1—Hardware Setup 
     Certain specific examples that were performed with the hardware of this example are discussed below in Examples 3 and 4. Any hardware that was specific to any given example is discussed in more detail in that example. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 35 , a computer controlled hardware setup is shown. An atomization device  4000  included a boost device supply control  4010 , a boost device excitation source  4020 , a plasma sensor  4030 , an emergency off switch  4040 , a plasma excitation source  4050  and a repackaged Optima 4000 generator  4060 . The boost device supply control  4010  was used as the power supply and control for the boost device. As may be seen in  FIG. 35 , the plasma excitation source  4050  and boost device excitation source  4020  were located on a plate in the center of the atomization device  4000 . The plate used was a 1.5 foot by 2 foot optical bench purchased from the Oriel Corporation (Stratford, Conn.). Each of plasma excitation source  4050  and boost device excitation source  4020  were mounted to a large aluminum angle bracket mounting the source above and at right angles to the plate. Slots were milled into the brackets allowing for lateral adjustment before securing to the plate. The plasma sensor was mounted in an aluminum box that may be positioned for viewing the plasma. The plasma sensor wiring was modified to shutdown both the plasma and boost device excitation sources in the event that the plasma was extinguished. Emergency off switch  4040  was remotely mounted in an aluminum box that could be brought close to the operator. AC and DC power, and the plasma sensor wiring was placed under table  4070 . Many safety features found in a conventional ICP-OES device were removed to allow operation of this setup, and there was no protection provided to the operator from hazardous voltages, or RF and UV radiation. This setup was operated remotely inside of a vented shielded screen room with separate torch exhaust. This open frame construction offered ease of setup between experiments. Using the setup shown in  FIG. 35 , it was possible to evaluate the performance enhancement in each experiment visually by using an yttrium sample and comparing the blue (ion) and red (atom) emission regions and the intensities of these regions or by using a sodium sample. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 36 , primary excitation source was configured with an external 24 V/2.4 A DC power supply  4110  made by Power One (Andover, Mass.). Ferrites  4120 ,  4122 ,  4124 ,  4126  and  4128  were added to prevent RF radiation from interfering with the electronics and the computer. An ignition wire  4130  was extended from the original harness with high voltage wire and a plastic insulator to reach the torch and prevent arcing. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 37-39 , a boost device power supply and control box  4200  was configured with meters  4210  and  4220 , a power control knob  4230  and an RF on/off switch  4240 . The boost device power supply and control box  4200  was constructed to manually control the power to the boost device excitation source in configurations where the boost device was positioned around a single chamber device (see Example 3 below) or in configurations where the boost device was positioned around a second chamber in fluid communication with the first chamber (see Example 4 below). The control box  4200  contained the same type of 3 kW DC supply  4250 , Corcom line filter  4270 , solid state relay, and RF Interface board  4260  as found in the shipping version of the Optima 4000 generator, commercially available from PerkinElmer, Inc., as shown in  FIG. 39 . A 48 V DC supply  4280  was not used. An external 24 V DC supply  4110  was used instead (shown in  FIG. 36 ). Meters  4210  and  4220  were wired to measure the output voltage and current from the 3 kW DC supply  4250 . A hand wired control board allowed for rapid fabrication. The layout of the hand wired control board used is shown in  FIG. 40  and a schematic of the board is shown in  FIG. 41 . 
       FIGS. 42-44  shows wire  4310  from an RF Interface board  4340  on the plasma source control box that drove solid state relay  4320  located in the boost device excitation source box (see  FIG. 43 ). The actual wiring for this plasma sense line is shown schematically in  FIG. 41 . Power for the boost control box  4200  ( FIG. 37 ) was tapped into from the 220 V AC line cord of the repackaged Optima 4000 generator  4060  ( FIG. 35 ). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 45 , an optical plasma sensor  4410  was located above a plasma source  4420  and a boost device  4430 . The optical plasma sensor  4410  had a small hole (about 4.5 mm in diameter) drilled through the aluminum box and mounting bracket to allow the light from the plasma to fall on the optical plasma sensor  4410 . Optical plasma sensor  4410  protected the plasma source and the boost source by shutting them down in the event that the plasma was accidentally extinguished. All of the generator functions including primary plasma ignition, gas flow control, power setting and monitoring were performed under manual control. For automated operation, a computer control using standard WinLab™ software, such as that commercially available on the Optima 4000 instruments and purchased from the PerkinElmer, Inc., could be used. After the primary plasma was ignited, the secondary boost power  4240  was switched on and manually controlled with the power control potentiometer  4230  ( FIG. 38 ). Many other safety features were defeated to allow operation of this setup, and there was no protection provided to the operator from hazardous voltages, hazardous fumes, or RF and UV radiation. However, the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, will be able to implement suitable safety features to provide a safely operating device and operating environment. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 46 and 47 , a manually controlled hardware setup is shown. The manually controlled hardware performs identically to the computer controlled hardware described above, so the common components in this setup such as the plasma and boost supplies and RF sources will not be described in detail. DC power sources  4510  and  4520  were used to power the protection circuitry for both plasma source  4540  and boost device source  4550 . DC power sources  4530  included four 1500 watt switching supplies. Two of the supplies were operated in parallel for a total of 3000 watts for the primary plasma RF source and the boost RF source. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 48 , the hardware setup for Example 3, which may be operating using either the manually or the computer controlled system, is shown. Ignition arc ground return wire  4610  was a piece of number 18 gauge solid copper wire located near the end of the plasma torch and connected to grounded plate  4615  that the RF sources were mounted to. Wire  4610  provided a conductive path for the high voltage ignition arc to travel from the igniter assembly, through the center of the torch, traveling through the conductive argon gas and completing this path to ground. The quartz torch was similar to the Optima 3000XL torch (part number N0695379 available from PerkinElmer, Inc.) but the outside body of the torch was lengthened by 2 inches to capture the extended plume region of the boosted plasma. Solid brass coil extensions  4620  were added. These extensions extended the arms 1 3/16 inches and were ⅝ inch in diameter with ¼ inch NPS (National Pipe Straight) thread on one side and a #4 metric tapped hole at the coil end.  FIG. 48  shows a boost device  4625  that used a 17½ turn coil of number 18 gauge solid copper wire, but a 9½ turn coil of number 14 gauge solid copper wire provided better performance. The turns of a secondary source  4630  were evenly spaced and did not touch each other or coil  4635  of plasma source  4640 , or extend past the end of the torch. Example 3 described below used the standard parts such as those found in the Optima 3000XL torch mount and sample introduction system. These included an igniter assembly  4650 , a torch mount  4660 , a 2 mm bore alumina injector  4670 , a cyclonic spray chamber  4680 , a Type C Concentric Nebulizer  4690 , and a peristaltic pump  4695  as shown in  FIGS. 48 and 49 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 50 , a plasma was operated in a typical normal mode of operation using the extended torch described above, with the boost device turned off and with 1300 watts of power to generate the plasma, with 1.2 L/minute of nebulizer gas flow with 500 ppm of yttrium, with 15 L/minute of plasma gas (argon), and with 0.2 L/minute of auxiliary gas flow (also argon). The plasma was operated with all of the same conditions, but with the boost device power on at about 800 watts ( FIG. 51 ). The enhancement of the ionization region of the yttrium sample was clearly observed (blue region in  FIG. 51 ) with the boost device on. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 52-62 , the hardware setup used in Example 4, a two chamber device (described below), is shown.  FIG. 52  shows an Optima 3000XL sample introduction system  4710  which was similar to the system previously described in detail above. The setup used the standard unmodified Optima 3000XL torch and a torch bonnet  4755 , but the torch bonnet  4755  was installed on the back side of a load coil  4760 , and aided to center the torch in the load coil  4760  ( FIG. 53 ). A primary RF source  4720  used a standard Optima 4000 load coil and fittings, available from PerkinElmer, Inc., but had the plastic faceplate removed. Water cooled heat sinks  4775  and  4776  were used with a brass front mounting block  4730  and a back mounting block  4732 , which were purchased from Wakefield Engineering (Pelham, N.H.) part number 180-20-6C and were 6 inch square heat sinks. These heat sinks were modified by cutting them in half and adding additional mounting holes. The waterlines of each half were rejoined with short pieces of tubing and hose clamps. All of the water cooled heat sinks were placed in a series water path and tied to a NesLab CFT-75 Chiller that was purchased from the former NesLab Instruments Inc. in Newington, N.H., which is now Thermo Electron Corp. in Waltham, Mass. Brass mounting blocks  4730  and  4732  were cooled by sandwiching them between each half of the heat sink and bolted to Newport 360-90 mount  4750 . This setup was used for both the front and rear mounting blocks  4730  and  4732 , respectively ( FIGS. 53 and 54 ). A perspective view of the brass front mounting  4730  block is shown in  FIG. 55 . This block was a simple brass rectangular block which was 5.8″ high by 1.6″ wide and ½″ deep, with the center hole tapped for the ½ inch NPT Swaglok fitting  4734 . The block was tapped shallow enough that the Swaglok fitting  4734  did not protrude past the front of the mounting block. Four perimeter holes  4862 ,  4864 ,  4866  and  4868  were for mounting interface plate  4860  ( FIG. 56 ). The holes were clearance holes in the block and plate for use with #8-32 screws, lock washers, and nuts. The size of center hole orifice  4870  in interface plate  4860  may be varied to control the working pressure for a given flow rate. The size of the orifice hole  4870  shown in  FIG. 56  that was used was 0.155″ inches (3.94 mm) in diameter. Rear mounting block  4732  may be seen in  FIGS. 57 and 58 . This block was identical to the front block with the exception of the addition of side vacuum port  4792 , and the fact that a ½″ NPT tap was shallower so that Swaglok fitting  4794  did not completely block side vacuum fitting  4792 . Side vacuum port  4792  was also tapped shallow enough to prevent the ¼″ Swaglok vacuum fitting  4792  from protruding and blocking the insertion of the larger Swaglok fitting  4794 . A rear quartz viewing window  4796  was held in place with a binder clip  4798  obtained from Office Depot (Delray Beach, Fla.). Any small air leaks at window  4796  did not have any effect on the performance. An axial viewing spectrometer  4740  (see  FIG. 52 ) was setup to capture the emission down the length of a quartz tube  4815 . Quartz tubing  4815  (see  FIG. 54 ) was purchased from Technical Glass Products (Painesville Township, Ohio) and was 10¼″ long and was sized for ½″ compression fittings. It was found that brass fittings would cause less stress fractures of the quartz than stainless steel fittings. Brass ferrules were substituted for stainless steel ferrules in front mounting block  4732  and Teflon ferrules were used in the rear mounting block  4734 . Boost device  4820  used a load coil of 14½ turns of ⅛″ copper tubing. The tubing oxidized quickly if not cooled, but oxidation did not hamper performance substantially. For ease of use, the coils of boost device  4820  were not cooled and were terminated in bare crimp ring lugs and mounted with #4 metric hardware onto the coil extensions described previously. 
     A side vacuum port  4792  was connected with 20 feet of ¼″ ID BEV-A-LINE tubing to either small 12V DC Sensidyne vacuum pump  4910  (part number C120CNSNF60PC1 and commercially available from Sensidyne in Clearwater, Fla.) and Brooks 0-40SCFH air flow meter  4912  with needle valve as shown in  FIG. 59  (used on the computer controlled system), or to a Porter Instrument Company B-1187 0-20 liters/minute flow meter and needle valve assembly (not shown) and Trivac S25B vacuum pump  4920  shown in  FIG. 60  (used on the manual controlled system). The vacuum system used on the manual controlled system had a much higher capacity than what was desired. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 61 , plasma  4950  was operated at 1300 watts with the boost device off using the setup shown in  FIGS. 53 and 54 .  FIG. 62A  shows plasma  4950  operating at 1300 watts with 15 L/minute of argon plasma gas, 1.2 L/minute of nebulizer gas flow with 500 ppm of sodium, and 0.2 L/min of auxiliary argon gas flow in the primary discharge. The boost device power was approximately 800 watts at a frequency of 20 MHz, and the flow rate into the second chamber was a low flow of about 1-2 L/min. In operation, the nebulizer gas flow was increased above that which is used in typical ICP operation. By raising the desolvation bullet to extend past the end of the torch to reach the sampling hole in the interface, not only is the available portion of sample increased but it is possible to capture the concentrated sample without it being diluted by mixing with the high flow rate of the plasma gas. The plasma gas may be allowed to escape by the gap between the primary discharge and the interface of the secondary chamber. The gas flow through the interface may be controlled and adjusted for best operation. By keeping the flow of the gas into the secondary chamber close to the same flow rate of the nebulizer, then just the concentrated sample may be carried into the secondary chamber. The interface of the secondary chamber has the added benefit of effectively blocking the background emission of the primary discharge. It is also possible to add an additional photon stop after the sample orifice to block the majority of or all of the primary discharge background light. It would also be possible to view off axis to prevent any of the primary background light from being viewed.  FIG. 62B  is an enlarged view of the secondary chamber seen in  FIG. 62A  for a comparative view.  FIG. 62C  shows a previous version of the secondary chamber (slightly shorter chamber and a few more turns of the boost device) operating at the same gas flow, sample, and primary discharge conditions, but using about 400 watts of boost power.  FIG. 62D  is also a previous version of the secondary chamber (as shown in  FIG. 62C ) with the same gas flow, and primary discharge conditions, but with a trace amount of yttrium (about 1-10 ppm) in water and using about 400 watts of boost power. 
     Example 2—Optical Emission Using an ICP and Boost Device 
     Referring to  FIG. 63 , a picture of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source suitable for use in performing optical emission spectroscopy or mass spectroscopy is shown. An ICP source  5000  includes hollow injector  5010  to introduce aerosolized sample into a plasma  5020 , such as an RF induced argon plasma, contained in torch glassware  5030 . The ICP source  5000  also includes RF induction coils  5040 . In the configuration shown in  FIG. 63 , an axial viewing window  5050  may be used to monitor axial emission  5060 , and radial viewing window  5070  may be used to monitor radial emission  5080 . As discussed above, by viewing axially, detection limits may be improved by a factor of 5 to 10 times or more. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 64 , a schematic of an ICP containing a species that emits light is disclosed. ICP  5100  includes those components discussed above in reference to  FIG. 63 . Sample is atomized into a fine aerosol mist before it passes into injector  5105  and into the plasma. High current torus discharge region  5110  of the plasma is the brightest background region of the plasma. Desolvation region  5120  of the sample is where solvent is removed from the injected sample. Ionization region  5130  is the useful region of the plasma where the atomized and/or ionized sample will emit light. The emitted light may be viewed axially  5140  or may be viewed radially  5150 . When yttrium is used as a sample, the blue emission may be about 5 times longer when viewed axially as compared to when viewed radially. Not only is the blue emission longer, but it is also brighter in the lower regions of the plasma; hence a greater than 5× improvement in signal may be realized with axial viewing For radial viewing on the other hand, a region must be selected where there is high signal to background noise. The signal continues to get brighter as the viewing gets closer to the induction plates, but the background emission from the torus discharge increases faster than the signal as the viewing region approaches the induction plates. Hence the optimum radial viewing region is typically about 15 mm from the last induction plate. The torus discharge is “lifesaver” shaped with a hole in the middle. The axial viewing captures the ion emission of the sample but looks through the center of the torus discharge, thereby maximizing the ion emission and minimizing the background emission. 
       FIG. 65  shows an ICP including a boost device. An ICP  5200  includes a tube  5205 , a torch  5210 , an RF induction coil  5220 , a boost device  5225  and a shear gas  5230 . The shear gas  5230  is operative to terminate the plasma beyond the end of tube  5205 . ICP  5200  generates a plasma  5235  which may be used to desolvate an introduced sample. A desolvation region  5240  of the plasma  5235  provides energy to remove liquid from the sample. An ionization region  5250  is the region where excited sample may emit light. By switching on a boost device  5225 , the emission region may be extended, or emission may become more intense, or both. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 66 , a second configuration of an ICP including a boost device is shown. An ICP  5300  includes a torch  5310 , an extended quartz tube  5320 , an RF induction coil  5330  and a primary ICP RF source  5340 . The ICP  5300  also includes a boost device  5350  which is in electrical communication with RF source  5360 . Referring to  FIG. 67 , emission  5410  is present when the boost device  5350  is “off” so that no boost is provided. When RF source  5360  is switched “on” to provide radio frequencies to the boost device  5350 , emission signal  5420  results. As may be seen in  FIG. 68 , using the boost device  5350  with the RF source  5360  the emission region from a sample may be extended, which may provide increased levels of signal for detection. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 69 , a torch  5310  without any plasma is shown from an axial view (looking into the end of torch). Torch  5310  includes exterior tube  5510 , auxiliary gas tube  5520  and injector tube  5535  and injector hole  5530 . Referring to  FIG. 70 , as a sample is introduced into a plasma and when the boost device is off, plasma discharge  5610  surrounds sample emission  5620  and the hole in injector tube  5630  is still visible through sample emission  5620 . Referring to  FIG. 71 , as a sample is introduced into a plasma and when boost device is on, emission  5710  from the sample overpowers the plasma discharge and the intensity of emission  5710  increases so that the injector tube may no longer be seen through the sample emission. 
     Example 3—Optical Emission from an Yttrium Sample Using an ICP Boosted Discharge 
     Referring to  FIG. 72 , a picture of an inductively coupled plasma source that was assembled is shown. Inductively coupled plasma source  6000  included torch glassware  6005 , a hollow injector  6010  for injection of aerosol sample into a plasma  6020 . The plasma  6020  was generated using induction coils  6030 . Any emission from the plasma  6020  was viewed either axially  6040  or radially  6050 . Axial viewing provided for lower detection limits 1000 ppm of yttrium in water was injected into the ICP device shown in  FIG. 73  using a Meinhard nebulizer and at a flow rate of about 1 mL/min. The plasma source was so bright that the emission could not be viewed without the optical attenuating aide of a piece of welding glass.  FIG. 73  shows the optical emission of the yttrium through the piece of welding glass. A desolvation region  6110  (the reddish-pink region) is often referred to as a “bullet” due to its shape. As solvent droplets evaporate, the sample was left as microscopic salt particles. An ionization region  6120  was the region where the sample was ionized and emitted at its characteristic wavelength(s), which in this example where yttrium was used was blue light having a wavelength of about 371.029 nm. A high current discharge region  6130  of the plasma  6020  was the brightest background region of the plasma. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 74 , the effect of boost power on path length was demonstrated. Applying 1300 Watts (panel B) and 1500 Watts (panel C) of RF power through the boost device resulted in an increase in the emission path length when compared with the emission path length observed with 1000 Watts of applied power (Panel A). 
     Yttrium emission from the plasma of  FIG. 73  is shown without ( FIG. 75 ) and with the aid of a piece of welding glass ( FIG. 76 ). As may be seen in  FIG. 75 , plasma plume  6210  extended beyond the end of quartz tube  6220 . Referring to  FIG. 76 , blue ionization region  6310  was the region where the sample emission was viewed either axially or radially. As discussed below, using a boost device, the emission region of the sample was extended. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 77 , an ICP including a boost device is shown. ICP  6400  was assembled by replacing a standard quartz tube with an extended quartz tube  6405 , as described above in Example 1. The ICP  6400  included an RF injector  6410 , induction coils  6420  in electrical communication with a plasma RF source  6430 , and a boost device  6440  in electrical communication with an RF source  6450 .  FIG. 78  shows a picture of the emission signal from a 500 ppm yttrium sample that was introduced into the device shown in  FIG. 77  with the boost device turned off. Yttrium emission  6510  was relatively small when compared to the background plasma emission. When boost device  6440  was turned on to provide radio frequencies of about 10.4 MHz and at a power of about 800 Watts, the blue yttrium emission region extended over 5-fold longer than that observed without the boost device and the intensity of the yttrium emission also increased.  FIG. 80  shows a perspective view of the device of  FIG. 77 .  FIG. 81  an axial view of the device of  FIG. 77 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 82 , when the emission of the device assembled in  FIG. 77  was viewed axially through a piece of welding glass and with boost device  6440  off, primary discharge  6610  and an injector  6620 , and an injector hole  6625  may still be observed through yttrium emission  6630 . When boost device was switched on at a power of about 800 Watts and a frequency of about 10.4 MHz, the blue yttrium emission became so intense that the primary discharge and the injector could not be observed. ( FIG. 83 ). With boost device  6440  turned on, the yttrium emission saturated a camera detector, even when a second piece of welding glass was placed between the camera detector and the yttrium emission. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 84 , to determine if the boost device increased the plasma discharge background signal, water was aspirated through the device shown in  FIG. 77 .  FIG. 84  shows the signal from aspirated water when boost device  6440  was turned off, and  FIG. 85  shows the signal from the aspirated water when boost device  6440  was turned on at a power of about 800 Watts and at a frequency of about 10.4 MHz. The observed results were consistent with no substantial difference in plasma discharge background emission when a boost device was used. 
     Example 4—ICP with Secondary Boost Chamber 
     Referring to  FIGS. 86-88 , a device  7000  included first chamber  7010  for generation of an inductively coupled plasma, as described above in Example 1. First chamber  7010  included induction coils  7012 . A device  7000  also included a second chamber  7020  with a boost device  7022 . The second chamber  7020  included an interface  7024  which was configured with an orifice  7026  for introducing atoms and ions from the first chamber  7010  into the second chamber  7020 . An interface  7024  was configured to separate the small volume of ionized sample gas from the larger volume of plasma gas which was used to form the plasma discharge and to cool the torch glassware. This configuration preserved the concentration of the sample which otherwise was diluted as it mixed with the plasma gas. The interface  7024  also separated the plasma discharge signal from the emission signal in the second chamber, and the coupling of energy from the induction coils  7012  and energy from the boost device  7022 . The interface  7024  also eliminated the high background light from the plasma discharge when viewing of the sample signal in the second chamber.  FIG. 87  shows an axial view of the orifice  7026  looking from first chamber  7010  towards the interface  7024 .  FIG. 88  shows a top view looking down on interface  7024 .  FIG. 89  shows an axial view of the orifice  7026  looking from second chamber  7020  towards interface  7024 . Orifice  7026  had a circular cross-section with a diameter of about 0.155 inches (3.94 mm) The distance between the surface of the manifold and the end of first chamber  7010  was about 3 mm Unlike certain manifolds used in ICP-MS, the interface used in this example was for a completely different purpose and under completely different operating conditions. The interface used here separated multiple discharges, the orifice hole was much larger than that used in ICP-MS, and the pressure at the back of the interface was much higher, typically close to atmospheric. In contrast, ICP-MS manifolds are used to separate the ICP source from the spectrometer, whereas interface  7024  was part of device  7000  itself. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 90 , vacuum pump  7040  and flow meter  7042  with a needle valve were used to draw atoms and ions from the first chamber  7010  into the second chamber  7020 . Vacuum pump was coupled to the second chamber  7020  through an inlet positioned at the opposite end of the second chamber  7020  from the interface  7024 , as discussed above in Example 1. The needle valve was used to control the flow rate of sample that was drawn into the second chamber  7020 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 91 , a primary discharge  7110  from an ICP torch  7120  is shown. An emission signal  7130  from 200 ppm of sodium was yellow/orange in color. A boost device  7140  was a coil of ⅛ inch copper tubing (6.5 turns) in electrical communication with RF source  7150  and was placed around a second chamber  7160 . A power of about 100 Watts and radio frequencies of about 30 MHz were used to excite the sodium atoms in the second chamber  7160 . It was possible to vary the temperature of the regions of the emission signal  7130  in the second chamber  7160  by varying the power supplied to the boost device  7140 . An interface  7170  acted as a light shield blocking the bright primary background emission from being viewed when viewing the emission signal  7130  in the second chamber  7160 . The interface  7170  also successfully prevented the sample from being diluted with the plasma gas. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 92 , an 18.5 turn boost device  7210  was used to extend the emission path length relative to the emission path length shown in  FIG. 91 . The remaining components of the device were the same as those described above in reference to  FIG. 91 . A power of about 300 Watts and radio frequencies of about 20 MHz were supplied to the boost device  7210 . The path length was extended along the entire length of the boost device  7210  to provide an emission signal  7220  from 200 ppm of sodium that was aspirated into the device. This result was consistent with extension of path length by using a boost device with additional coils. Air leaks were experienced with the early stage version of hardware depicted in  FIGS. 91, 92 and 93 . It was found that the silicone O-Ring that was used to seal the glass chamber with the copper interface failed due to the high temperature of the interface. This problem was fixed in later developed versions of the hardware by replacing the silicone O-Ring with metal compression fittings. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 93 , the device of  FIG. 92  was used to test the effect of boost device power on emission signal intensity. A power of about 800 Watts and radio frequencies of about 20 MHz were supplied to the 18.5 turn boost device  7210 . An emission signal  7310 , from 200 ppm of sodium that was aspirated into the device, was more intense than emission signal  7220 . This result was consistent with an increase in emission intensity with increasing boost power. 
     Example 5—Boosted Flame Discharge 
     Referring now to  FIG. 94 , a flame source  7410  was positioned inside a microwave oven  7420  that was off. The flame source  7410  was a cylindrical paraffin candle having dimensions of about 1.5 inches diameter by about 2 inches high. The microwave oven  7420  was a standard Tappin (1000 Watt) microwave oven which was obtained from Scalzo-White Appliances (New Milford, Conn.). The microwave oven  7420  used an absorption cell as the oven cavity, and a microwave launcher and magnetron tube as an RF source. The flame source  7410  was lit and placed ¼ of the way into the microwave oven  7420 . The fan of the microwave oven was blocked by a cardboard sheet covering the vent entering the absorption cell area to prevent any plasma plume from being disturbed and to maintain the maximum amount of ions and electrons present in the flame region. The microwave was turned on high. As the flame source  7410  rotated on the on the turnstile, bright plasma  7510  (see  FIG. 95 ) would form as the candle passed through the standing voltage maxima. The flame source  7410  returned to a regular flame in the voltage nodes where the RF excitation was a minimum. This result was consistent with there being enough free ions and electrons generated in a flame to allow for further ionization from external radio frequencies supplied by the microwave oven. As discussed above, RF energy, including microwave energy, may be used as a source of boost energy to greatly increase the temperature of a flame discharge. 
     Example 6—Single RF Source 
     Referring to  FIG. 96A , a device  9600  was assembled using a single RF source  9610  to power a primary induction coil  9620  and a boost device  9630 . This example used the same manually controlled hardware setup as described above except that only the primary RF source was used, a continuous ignition arc source (Solid State Spark Tester BD-40B purchased from Electro-Technic Products (Chicago, Ill.)) was used in place of the standard ignition source, and the plastic faceplate was removed from the standard RF source (a single Optima 4000 generator). A boost device  9630  was made by wrapping 9 turns of ⅛″ refrigerator grade copper tubing around extended quartz torch  9640 . The extended quartz torch was the same torch as described above in the Example 1. The boost device of this example was terminated with un-insulated crimp ring lugs. Since this setup was used for a short term investigation, no cooling of the boost device was used. Due to the lack of cooling, the coil turned black from the heat very quickly. For short term use, this discoloration did not significantly affect the performance. 
     In operation, the primary plasma formed in the boost region of the torch (high impedance region). By applying a continuous ignition arc, the plasma moved into the region of the primary two-turn induction coil  9620  (low impedance region). Once the plasma transitioned into the low impedance region of the two-turn coil, the continuous ignition arc was removed. After removal of the ignition arc, the plasma remained and operated stably in the two-turn load coil region, and power from the boost coil added additional excitation energy to the sample emission region of the plasma (see  FIG. 96B  and  FIG. 97  showing a close-up view of optical emission of 1000 ppm of Yttrium shown in  FIG. 96B ). 
     Referring to  FIG. 96C , a single RF source may also be used to power coils in a configuration implementing an interface. Referring to  FIG. 96C , an RF source  9660  powers primary induction coil  9662  and boost device  9664 . Primary induction coil surrounds first chamber  9666 , whereas boost device  9664  surrounds secondary chamber  9668 . Interface  9670  is positioned at one end of secondary chamber  9668  and is configured to draw sample from primary chamber  9666  into secondary chamber  9668 . A vacuum pump  9672  may be used to control the pressure in the secondary chamber. The interface  9670  may also have a small aperture to help control the flow of sample and the pressure of the chamber. This configuration simplifies construction of atomization devices including boost devices and provides the advantages obtained using an interface. 
     Example 7—Low UV Optical Emission Spectrometer 
     Referring to  FIGS. 98A-98C , a spectrometer configured with a boost device and configured for optical emission measurements in the low UV is shown. The device shown schematically in  FIG. 98B  is configured to exclude substantially all air or oxygen from the optical path such that emission lines having wavelengths in the low UV may be detected. In existing ICP-OES configurations a shear gas nozzle extinguishes the end of the plasma. There is about a 0.5 inch space between the end of the plasma and the beginning of the transfer optics where air or oxygen may absorbs light, e.g., low UV light (see arrow in  FIG. 98A ). The shear gas may be used to prevent melting of the transfer optics and to prevent damage to the aperture or the window located on the spectrometer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 98B , a schematic of a spectrometer configured for use in low UV optical emission measurements is shown. Spectrometer  9700  comprises a primary chamber  9702  with plasma  9704  and induction coils  9707  electrically coupled to RF source  9708 . Spectrometer  9700  also includes a secondary chamber  9710  that includes a sampling interface  9706  with a sampling aperture  9712 . The secondary chamber  9710  also includes a boost device  9713  electrically coupled to an RF source  9714 . The secondary chamber  9710  is fluidically coupled to vacuum pump  9720  and optically coupled to a detector  9740  through a window or aperture  9730 . The vacuum pump  9720  may be used to draw sample from the primary chamber  9702  into the secondary chamber  9710  where it may be atomized, ionized and/or excited using the boost device  9713 . Purge ports  9742  and  9744  may be used to introduce an inert gas into the detector  9740  to purge the detector  9740  of air or oxygen to prevent unwanted absorption of the emission signal by air or oxygen. Using this configuration, light emitted by excited sample in the secondary chamber  9710  may be detected by detector  9740 . In addition, the signal from the plasma in the primary chamber  9702  is minimized using the interface, and the plasma  9704  runs against the sampling interface  9706 , which prevents air from entering through the sample aperture  9712  (see  FIG. 98C ). Because substantially no air or oxygen is in the optical path of the detector  9740 , atoms and ions which emit light in the low UV may be detected with precision. 
     Example 8—Low UV Atomic Absorption Spectrometer 
     Referring to  FIG. 99 , a spectrometer configured for optical measurements in the low UV is shown schematically. Spectrometer  9800  includes a light source  9802  (e.g., a UV light source), a primary chamber  9804  with a plasma  9806  and induction coils  9807  electrically coupled to an RF source  9808 . Spectrometer  9800  also includes a secondary chamber  9820  that includes a sampling interface  9822  with a sampling aperture  9824 . The secondary chamber  9820  also includes a boost device  9825  electrically coupled to an RF source  9826 . The secondary chamber  9820  is fluidically coupled to vacuum pump  9845 , optically coupled to the light source  9802  through a window or aperture  9830  and optically coupled to a detector  9850  through a window or aperture  9840 . The vacuum pump  9845  may be used to draw sample from the primary chamber  9804  into the secondary chamber  9820  where it may be atomized and/or ionized using the boost device  9825 . Purge ports  9852  and  9854  may be used to introduce an inert gas into the detector  9850  to purge the detector  9850  of air or oxygen to prevent unwanted absorption of light from the light source  9802  by the air or oxygen. Using this configuration, the amount of light absorbed by sample in the secondary chamber  9820  may be detected by the detector  9850 . In addition, the signal from the plasma  9806  in the primary chamber  9804  may be minimized because of the right angle configuration, and the plasma  9806  runs against the sampling interface  9822 , which prevents air from entering through the sample aperture  9824 . Because substantially no air or oxygen is in the optical path of the detector  9850 , atoms and ions which absorb light in the low UV may be detected with precision. 
     When introducing elements of the examples disclosed herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including” and “having” are intended to be open-ended and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. It will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that various components of the examples may be interchanged or substituted with various components in other examples. Should the meaning of the terms of any of the patents or publications incorporated herein by reference conflict with the meaning of the terms used in this disclosure, the meaning of the terms in this disclosure are intended to be controlling. 
     Although certain aspects, examples and embodiments have been described above, it will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that additions, substitutions, modifications, and alterations of the disclosed illustrative aspects, examples and embodiments are possible.