Patent Publication Number: US-2017356903-A1

Title: Oligonucleotide probes and uses thereof

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62/083,060, filed Nov. 21, 2014; 62/099,946, filed Jan. 5, 2015; 62/115,531, filed Feb. 12, 2015; 62/126,308, filed Feb. 27, 2015; 62/130,514, filed Mar. 9, 2015; 62/149,663, filed Apr. 20, 2015; 62/161,181, filed May 13, 2015; 62/167,406, filed May 28, 2015; 62/169,383, filed Jun. 1, 2015; 62/220,652, filed Sep. 18, 2015; 62/239,226, filed Oct. 8, 2015; 62/186,242, filed Jun. 29, 2015; 62/198,110, filed Jul. 28, 2015; all of which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This application is related to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/053306, filed Aug. 28, 2014; which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/871,107, filed Aug. 28, 2013; 61/874,621, filed Sep. 6, 2013; 61/900,975, filed Nov. 6, 2013; 61/912,471, filed Dec. 5, 2013; 61/924,192, filed Jan. 6, 2014; 61/949,216, filed Mar. 6, 2014; 61/974,949, filed Apr. 3, 2014]; 61/990,085, filed May 7, 2014; 61/994,704, filed May 16, 2014; and 62/024,436, filed Jul. 14, 2014; all of which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
     SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED VIA EFS-WEB 
     The entire content of the following electronic submission of the sequence listing via the USPTO EFS-WEB server, as authorized and set forth in MPEP §1730 II.B.2(a), is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. The sequence listing is within the electronically filed text file that is identified as follows: 
     File Name: 37901820602SeqList.txt 
     Date of Creation: Nov. 23, 2015 
     Size (bytes): 1,915,555 bytes 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to the field of aptamers capable of binding to microvesicle surface antigens, which are useful as therapeutics in and diagnostics of cancer and/or other diseases or disorders in which microvesicles are implicated. The invention further relates to materials and methods for the administration of aptamers capable of binding to microvesicles. The microvesicles may be derived from cells indicative of cancer, e.g., a breast cancer. 
     Aptamers are oligomeric nucleic acid molecules having specific binding affinity to molecules, which may be through interactions other than classic Watson-Crick base pairing. Unless otherwise specified, an “aptamer” as the term is used herein can refer to nucleic acid molecules that can be used to characterize a phenotype, regardless of manner of target recognition. The terms aptamer, oligonucleotide, polynucleotide, or the like may be used interchangeably herein. 
     Aptamers, like peptides generated by phage display or monoclonal antibodies (“mAbs”), are capable of specifically binding to selected targets and modulating the target&#39;s activity, e.g., through binding aptamers may block their target&#39;s ability to function. Created by an in vitro selection process from pools of random sequence oligonucleotides, aptamers have been generated for over 100 proteins including growth factors, transcription factors, enzymes, immunoglobulins, and receptors. A typical aptamer is 10-15 kDa in size (30-45 nucleotides), binds its target with sub-nanomolar affinity, and discriminates against closely related targets (e.g., aptamers will typically not bind other proteins from the same gene family). A series of structural studies have shown that aptamers are capable of using the same types of binding interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, electrostatic complementarity, hydrophobic contacts, steric exclusion) that drive affinity and specificity in antibody-antigen complexes. 
     Aptamers have a number of desirable characteristics for use as therapeutics and diagnostics including high specificity and affinity, biological efficacy, and excellent pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, they offer specific competitive advantages over antibodies and other protein biologics, for example: 
     Speed and control. Aptamers are produced by an entirely in vitro process, allowing for the rapid generation of initial leads, including therapeutic leads. In vitro selection allows the specificity and affinity of the aptamer to be tightly controlled and allows the generation of leads, including leads against both toxic and non-immunogenic targets. 
     Toxicity and Immunogenicity. Aptamers as a class have demonstrated little or no toxicity or immunogenicity. In chronic dosing of rats or woodchucks with high levels of aptamer (10 mg/kg daily for 90 days), no toxicity is observed by any clinical, cellular, or biochemical measure. Whereas the efficacy of many monoclonal antibodies can be severely limited by immune response to antibodies themselves, it is extremely difficult to elicit antibodies to aptamers most likely because aptamers cannot be presented by T-cells via the MHC and the immune response is generally trained not to recognize nucleic acid fragments. 
     Administration. Whereas most currently approved antibody therapeutics are administered by intravenous infusion (typically over 2-4 hours), aptamers can be administered by subcutaneous injection (aptamer bioavailability via subcutaneous administration is &gt;80% in monkey studies (Tucker et al., J. Chromatography B. 732: 203-212, 1999)). This difference is primarily due to the comparatively low solubility and thus large volumes necessary for most therapeutic mAbs. With good solubility (&gt;150 mg/mL) and comparatively low molecular weight (aptamer: 10-50 kDa; antibody: 150 kDa), a weekly dose of aptamer may be delivered by injection in a volume of less than 0.5 mL. In addition, the small size of aptamers allows them to penetrate into areas of conformational constrictions that do not allow for antibodies or antibody fragments to penetrate, presenting yet another advantage of aptamer-based therapeutics or prophylaxis. 
     Scalability and cost. Aptamers are chemically synthesized and are readily scaled as needed to meet production demand for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Whereas difficulties in scaling production are currently limiting the availability of some biologics and the capital cost of a large-scale protein production plant is enormous, a single large-scale oligonucleotide synthesizer can produce upwards of 100 kg/year and requires a relatively modest initial investment. The current cost of goods for aptamer synthesis at the kilogram scale is estimated at $100/g, comparable to that for highly optimized antibodies. 
     Stability. Aptamers are chemically robust. They are intrinsically adapted to regain activity following exposure to factors such as heat and denaturants and can be stored for extended periods (&gt;1 yr) at room temperature as lyophilized powders. 
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Compositions and methods of the invention provide aptamers that bind biomarkers of interest such as microvesicle surface antigens or functional fragments of microvesicle surface antigens. In various embodiments, aptamers of the invention are used in diagnostic, prognostic or theranostic processes to screen a biological sample for the presence or levels of microvesicle surface antigens determined to provide a diagnostic readout. The diagnosis may be related to a cancer, e.g., a breast cancer. 
     In other embodiments, aptamers of the invention are chemically modified or composed in a pharmaceutical composition for therapeutic applications. 
     In an embodiment, the invention provides an oligonucleotide probe comprising an anti-miR complementary sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO. 2765-5352. The Sequence Listing notes the appropriate microRNA for each probe. The invention also provides an anti-miR mismatch sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO. 5353-7940. The Sequence Listing also notes the appropriate microRNA for each control probe. 
     The oligonucleotide probes can be surrounded by at least one flanking sequence. The flanking sequence can be chosen to provide various functionalities to a probe construct. For example, the flanking sequence may serve as a primer for amplification or sequencing, or for probe identification, capture, labeling and other detection schemes. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide probe comprises the sequence 5′-CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGT [spacer] [anti-miR] CTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA-3′ , wherein the spacer comprises at least one nucleotide and wherein the [anti-miR] sequence is complementary to a microRNA. If desired, the spacer can be varied in length according to the length of the anti-miR sequence such that all members of a mixture of oligonucleotide probes are of the same length. Such schemes are described in Table 20 or Table 21 and accompanying text. The spacer can also be included 3′ of the anti-miR, or spacers can be included around both sides of the anti-miR within the contruct. The anti-miR section can be designed to be complementary to any known microRNA of interest. For example, the anti-miR section can be complementary to a human microRNA, e.g., a human microRNA as shown herein in any one of SEQ ID NO. 177-2764. In some embodiments, the anti-miR sequence comprises an anti-miR complementary sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO. 2765-5352. Control probes can be constructed that are not cleaved by the protein. Such control probes may comprise an anti-miR mismatch sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO. 5353-7940. 
     In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide probe comprises the sequence 5′ GATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCT [anti-miR] TGTAGAACCATGTCGTCAGTGT 3′. The anti-miR section can be designed to be complementary to any known microRNA of interest. For example, the anti-miR section can be complementary to a human microRNA, e.g., a human microRNA as shown herein in any one of SEQ ID NO. 177-2764. In some embodiments, the anti-miR sequence comprises an anti-miR complementary sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO. 2765-5352. Control probes can be constructed that are not cleaved by the protein. Such control probes may comprise an anti-miR mismatch sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO. 5353-7940. 
     The invention further provides an oligonucleotide that is at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 percent homologous to an oligonucleotide sequence described above. In some cases, mismatches in the anti-miR portions can allow promiscuity in the recognition of the probes by a protein-nucleic acid complex, such as an Ago2-microRNA complex. Thus, the anti-miR may contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more mismatches compared to the complementary microRNA sequence as desired, e.g., up to the point that base pairing and/or cleavage no longer occur. For partially complementary microRNAs to recognise their target nucleic acids, a section of the microRNA referred to as the “seed region,” e.g., nucleotides 2-7 of the miRNA may need to be perfectly complementary. However, pairing of the seed region alone may not offer enough pairing to induce cleavage of the microRNA targets such as mRNAs. See, e.g., Ellwanger D C, et al (2011). The sufficient minimal set of miRNA seed types. Bioinformatics 27:1346-50, which reference is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     The invention also provides a plurality of oligonucleotides comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, or at least 10000 different oligonucleotide sequences as described above. For example, such mixtures can be designed to query the presence of all known microRNA, or of a subset directed to query certain microRNA complexes of interest. The plurality of oligonucleotides may comprise a nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof that is at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 percent homologous to the specific oligonucleotides directed above. 
     The oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides may comprise either DNA and/or RNA. Ago2 is able to cleave either DNA or RNA bound to the loaded microRNA. In some cases, DNA may be preferred. For example, DNA may be inherently more stable in biological samples which may comprise various RNAses. The oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides may also comprise various modifications as desired. For example, oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides may have at least one functional modification selected from the group consisting of biotinylation, a non-naturally occurring nucleotide, a deletion, an insertion, an addition, and a chemical modification. Other nucleic acid modification disclosed herein or known in the art may be used as desired. 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides as above. The composition can include various components, e.g., the composition may comprise a buffer and/or a stabilizing agent. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a method of detecting at least one microRNA-protein complex in a sample comprising: a) contacting the sample with at least one oligonucleotide capable of binding a microRNA in a complex between the microRNA and a protein molecule; and b) identifying cleavage of the at least one oligonucleotide in the contacted sample, thereby detecting the at least one microRNA-protein complex in the sample. The at least one oligonucleotide can be an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides as described above. The at least one oligonucleotide may comprises a 5′ flanking region, a core region configured 5′ of the flanking region, and a 3′ flanking region configured 5′ of the core region, wherein the at least one oligonucleotide is configured to be cleaved within the core region by a protein component of the at least one microRNA-protein complex if the oligonucleotide is fully or partially complementary to the microRNA component of the at least one microRNA-protein complex. See, e.g.,  FIG. 14A . 
     The microRNA can be from any source of interest, including an animal or plant source. In an embodiment, the microRNA a human microRNA. For example, human microRNA can be as shown herein in any one of SEQ ID NO. 177-2764 or as described in the miRbase database (available at www.mirbase.org). In some embodiments, the microRNA comprises at least one of let-7a, miR-16, miR-21 or miR-92a. The protein within the at least one microRNA-protein complex can be a nucleic acid binding protein. In some embodiments, the protein comprises an Argonaute protein, Ago2, Ago1, Ago3 or Ago 4. The method of the invention may further comprise addition of a chelating agent prior to the contacting step and addition of magnesium after the contacting step. Addition of the chelating agent, e.g., EDTA, may inhibit cleavage events. Later addition of magnesium may then allow cleavage to proceed. Thus, this additional step can be used to control cleavage events as desired. 
     Cleavage of the at least one oligonucleotide can be identified by detecting cleaved and/or non-cleaved products of the at least one oligonucleotide. Any useful method of detecting such products can be used. For example, the cleaved and/or non-cleaved products can be detected by sequencing, amplification, hybridization, and/or via a detectable label. Detection by hybridization may comprise contacting the cleaved and/or non-cleaved products with at least one labeled probe that is configured to hybridize with at least one cleaved and/or non-cleaved product. The label can be any appropriate detectable label, e.g., as described elsewhere herein or known in the art. In some embodiments, the label comprises a fluorescent label. Useful systems include the nCounter nucleic acid detection system from NanoString Technologies, Inc. (Seattle, Wash.). The detection by hybridization can also include detecting hybridization to a planar array (e.g., a microarray) or particle array (e.g., a microbead array). 
     The cleaved and/or non-cleaved products can also be detected by size. Size can be determined using any useful technique. For example, the size can be determined via gel electrophoresis or chromatography. 
     The cleaved and/or non-cleaved products can be detected by sequencing. Sequencing can be performed using any useful technique. For example, the sequencing may be next generation sequencing, dye termination sequencing and/or pyrosequencing. 
     The cleaved and/or non-cleaved products can be detected using a label. Any useful labeling system can be used. One such system comprises a molecular beacon system, e.g., as shown in  FIG. 15A . In such a system, the 5′ end of the at least one oligonucleotide carries a fluorescent label and the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide carries a fluorescent quencher. Alternately, the 3′ end of the at least one oligonucleotide carries a fluorescent label and the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide carries a fluorescent quencher. As shown in  FIG. 15A , the fluorescent label is detectable upon cleavage of the at least one oligonucleotide by the protein component of the at least one microRNA-protein complex. A molecular beacon can be designed using structure prediction. See, e.g., Example 23. 
     In some embodiments of the method, the microRNA-protein complex is associated with a microvesicle in the sample. For example, the microRNA-protein complex may be payload within a microvesicle. In that case, the microvesicle can be lysed prior to the contacting step. Alternately, the microRNA-protein complex may be associated with the outer surface of the microvesicle. For example, the protein may be a surface antigen. 
     The method of the invention can be used to characterize a phenotype. The phenotype may be any detectable phenotype, e.g., a condition, disease or disorder. In such cases, the characterizing can include without limitation providing diagnostic, prognostic and/or theranostic information for the disease or disorder. In the methods of the invention, the characterizing may comprise comparing a presence or level of the detected at least one microRNA-protein complex to a reference level. The reference can be any useful level. In some embodiments, the reference comprises a presence or level of the at least one microRNA-protein complex in a sample from an individual without the disease or disorder. 
     The sample assessed according to the method can be a biological sample. For example, the biological sample may be a bodily fluid, tissue sample or cell culture. In some embodiments, the bodily fluid comprises peripheral blood, sera, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper&#39;s fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, sweat, fecal matter, hair oil, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, or umbilical cord blood. Plasma and serum may be preferred for some applications. 
     The sample can be from a subject suspected of having or being predisposed to a disease or disorder. The disease or disorder can be any disease or disorder that can be assessed by the subject method. For example, the disease or disorder may be a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a pregnancy related disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, a neurological disease or disorder, an infectious disease or pain. In an embodiment, the cancer comprises an acute lymphoblastic leukemia; acute myeloid leukemia; adrenocortical carcinoma; AIDS-related cancers; AIDS-related lymphoma; anal cancer; appendix cancer; astrocytomas; atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; basal cell carcinoma; bladder cancer; brain stem glioma; brain tumor (including brain stem glioma, central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, central nervous system embryonal tumors, astrocytomas, craniopharyngioma, ependymoblastoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastoma); breast cancer; bronchial tumors; Burkitt lymphoma; cancer of unknown primary site; carcinoid tumor; carcinoma of unknown primary site; central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; central nervous system embryonal tumors; cervical cancer; childhood cancers; chordoma; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia; chronic myeloproliferative disorders; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; craniopharyngioma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; endocrine pancreas islet cell tumors; endometrial cancer; ependymoblastoma; ependymoma; esophageal cancer; esthesioneuroblastoma; Ewing sarcoma; extracranial germ cell tumor; extragonadal germ cell tumor; extrahepatic bile duct cancer; gallbladder cancer; gastric (stomach) cancer; gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor; gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor; gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); gestational trophoblastic tumor; glioma; hairy cell leukemia; head and neck cancer; heart cancer; Hodgkin lymphoma; hypopharyngeal cancer; intraocular melanoma; islet cell tumors; Kaposi sarcoma; kidney cancer; Langerhans cell histiocytosis; laryngeal cancer; lip cancer; liver cancer; lung cancer; malignant fibrous histiocytoma bone cancer; medulloblastoma; medulloepithelioma; melanoma; Merkel cell carcinoma; Merkel cell skin carcinoma; mesothelioma; metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary; mouth cancer; multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes; multiple myeloma; multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm; mycosis fungoides; myelodysplastic syndromes; myeloproliferative neoplasms; nasal cavity cancer; nasopharyngeal cancer; neuroblastoma; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; nonmelanoma skin cancer; non-small cell lung cancer; oral cancer; oral cavity cancer; oropharyngeal cancer; osteosarcoma; other brain and spinal cord tumors; ovarian cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; ovarian germ cell tumor; ovarian low malignant potential tumor; pancreatic cancer; papillomatosis; paranasal sinus cancer; parathyroid cancer; pelvic cancer; penile cancer; pharyngeal cancer; pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation; pineoblastoma; pituitary tumor; plasma cell neoplasm/multiple myeloma; pleuropulmonary blastoma; primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; primary hepatocellular liver cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer; renal cancer; renal cell (kidney) cancer; renal cell cancer; respiratory tract cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; salivary gland cancer; Sezary syndrome; small cell lung cancer; small intestine cancer; soft tissue sarcoma; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous neck cancer; stomach (gastric) cancer; supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors; T-cell lymphoma; testicular cancer; throat cancer; thymic carcinoma; thymoma; thyroid cancer; transitional cell cancer; transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter; trophoblastic tumor; ureter cancer; urethral cancer; uterine cancer; uterine sarcoma; vaginal cancer; vulvar cancer; Waldenström macroglobulinemia; or Wilm&#39;s tumor. The premalignant condition can be Barrett&#39;s Esophagus. The autoimmune disease can be inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn&#39;s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), pelvic inflammation, vasculitis, psoriasis, diabetes, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), Hashimoto&#39;s Thyroiditis, Grave&#39;s disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis Sjogrens Disease, CREST syndrome, Scleroderma, Rheumatic Disease, organ rejection, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, or sepsis. The cardiovascular disease can be atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, vulnerable plaque, stroke, ischemia, high blood pressure, stenosis, vessel occlusion or a thrombotic event. The neurological disease can be Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, autism, Prion Disease, Pick&#39;s disease, dementia, Huntington disease (HD), Down syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, Rasmussen&#39;s encephalitis, viral meningitis, neurospsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, ischemic reperfusion damage (e.g. stroke), brain trauma, microbial infection, or chronic fatigue syndrome. The pain can be fibromyalgia, chronic neuropathic pain, or peripheral neuropathic pain. The infectious disease can be a bacterial infection, viral infection, yeast infection, Whipple&#39;s Disease, Prion Disease, cirrhosis, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, HIV, HCV, hepatitis, syphilis, meningitis, malaria, tuberculosis, influenza. 
     As further described herein, the invention provides a kit comprising a reagent for carrying out the method. Similarly, the invention provides for the use of a reagent for carrying out the method. The reagent can be any useful reagent for carrying out the method. For example, the reagent can be an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides and/or a composition as described above. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a method of enriching a plurality of oligonucleotides, comprising: (a) contacting a first microvesicle population with the plurality of oligonucleotides; (b) fractionating the first microvesicle population contacted in step (a) and recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that fractionated with the first microvesicle population; (c) contacting the recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides from step (b) with a second microvesicle population; (d) fractionating the second microvesicle population contacted in step (c) and recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that did not fractionate with the second microvesicle population; (e) contacting the recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides from step (d) with a third microvesicle population; and (f) fractionating the third microvesicle population contacted in step (a) and recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that fractionated with the third microvesicle population; thereby enriching the plurality of oligonucleotides. The first and third microvesicle populations may have a first phenotype while the second microvesicle population has a second phenotype. Thus, positive selection occurs for the microvesicle populations associated with the first phenotype and negative selection occurs for the microvesicle populations associated with the second phenotype. An example of such selection schemes is described in Example 27 herein, wherein the first phenotype comprises biopsy-positive breast cancer and the second phenotype comprises non-breast cancer (biopsy-negative or healthy). 
     In some embodiments, the first phenotype comprises a medical condition, disease or disorder and the second phenotype comprises a healthy state or a different state of the medical condition, disease or disorder. The first phenotype can be a healthy state and the second phenotype comprises a medical condition, disease or disorder. The medical condition, disease or disorder can be any detectable medical condition, disease or disorder, including without limitation a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, neurological disease or disorder, infectious disease or pain. Various types of such conditions are disclosed herein. See, e.g., Section “Phenotypes” herein. 
     Any useful method to isolate microvesicles in whole or in part can be used to fractionate the samples. See, e.g., Section “Microvesicle Isolation and Analysis” herein. In an embodiment, the fractionating comprises ultracentrifugation in step (b) and polymer precipitation in steps (d) and (f). The polymer can be polyethylene glycol (PEG). Any appropriate form of PEG may be used. For example, the PEG may be PEG 8000. The PEG may be used at any appropriate concentration. For example, the PEG can be used at a concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% to isolate the microvesicles. In some embodiments, the PEG is used at a concentration of 6%. 
     The contacting can be performed in the presence of a competitor, which may reduce non-specific binding events. Any useful competitor can be used. In an embodiment, the competitor comprises at least one of salmon sperm DNA, tRNA, dextran sulfate and carboxymethyl dextran. As desired, different competitors or competitor concentrations can be used at different contacting steps. 
     The method can be repeated to achieve a desired enrichment. In an embodiment, steps (a)-(f) are repeated at least once. These steps can be repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more than 20 times as desired. At the same time, each of the contacting steps can be repeated as desired. In some embodiments, the method further comprises: (i) repeating steps (a)-(b) at least once prior to step (c), wherein the recovered members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that fractionated with the first microvesicle population in step (b) are used as the input plurality of oligonucleotides for the repetition of step (a); (ii) repeating steps (c)-(d) at least once prior to step (e), wherein the recovered members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that did not fractionate with the second microvesicle population in step (d) are used as the input plurality of oligonucleotides for the repetition of step (c); and/or (iii) repeating steps (e)-(f) at least once, wherein the recovered members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that fractionated with the third microvesicle population in step (f) are used as the input plurality of oligonucleotides for the repetition of step (e). Repetitions (i)-(iii) can be repeated any desired number of times, e.g., (i)-(iii) can be repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more than 20 times. In an embodiment, (i)-(iii) each comprise three repetitions. 
     As further described herein, the invention provides a kit comprising a reagent for carrying out the enrichment method. Similarly, the invention provides for the use of a reagent for carrying out the method. The reagent can be any useful reagent for carrying out the method. For example, the reagent can be one or more of an unenriched plurality of oligonucleotides, a partially enriched plurality of oligonucleotides, components to fractionate microvesicles, competitors, and instructions to perform the method. For example, the partially enriched plurality of oligonucleotides can be enriched against microvesicles in general and can be used to further enrich for a phenotype of interest. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a method of detecting at least one microvesicle in a biological sample comprising contacting the biological sample with at least one binding agent to at least one microvesicle surface antigen and detecting the at least one microvesicle recognized by the binding agent to the at least one protein. In an embodiment, the at least one microvesicle surface antigen is selected from Tables 3-4 herein. The at least one microvesicle surface antigen can be a protein in any of Tables 22-34. See Examples 26-30. The at least one binding agent may comprise any useful binding agent, including without limitation a nucleic acid, DNA molecule, RNA molecule, antibody, antibody fragment, aptamer, peptoid, zDNA, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA), lectin, peptide, dendrimer, membrane protein labeling agent, chemical compound, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one binding agent comprises at least one oligonucleotide, such as an oligonucleotide probe as provided herein. 
     The at least one binding agent can be used to capture and/or detect the at least one microvesicle. Methods of detecting biomarkers and microvesicle using binding agents are provided herein. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 2A-B , which figures describe sandwich assay formats. In some embodiments, the at least one binding agent used to capture the at least one microvesicle is bound to a substrate. Any useful substrate can be used, including without limitation a planar array, a column matrix, or a microbead. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 2A-B . In some embodiments, the at least one binding agent used to detect the at least one microvesicle is labeled. Various useful labels are provided herein or known in the art, including without limitation a magnetic label, a fluorescent moiety, an enzyme, a chemiluminescent probe, a metal particle, a non-metal colloidal particle, a polymeric dye particle, a pigment molecule, a pigment particle, an electrochemically active species, a semiconductor nanocrystal, a nanoparticle, a quantum dot, a gold particle, a fluorophore, or a radioactive label. 
     In an embodiment, the detecting is used to characterize a phenotype. The phenotype can be any appropriate phenotype of interest. In some embodiments, the phenotype is a disease or disorder. The characterizing may comprise providing diagnostic, prognostic and/or theranostic information for the disease or disorder. The characterizing may be performed by comparing a presence or level of the at least one microvesicle to a reference. The reference can be selected per the characterizing to be performed. For example, when the phenotype comprises a disease or disorder, the reference may comprise a presence or level of the at least one microvesicle in a sample from an individual or group of individuals without the disease or disorder. The comparing can be determining whether the presence or level of the microvesicle differs from that of the reference. In some embodiments, the detected at least one microvesicle is found at higher levels in a healthy sample as compared to a diseased sample. In another embodiment, the detected at least one microvesicle is found at higher levels in a diseased sample as compared to a healthy sample. When multiplex assays are performed, e.g., using a plurality of binding agents to different biomarkers, some microvesicle antigens may be observed at a higher level in the biological samples as compared to the reference whereas other microvesicle antigens may be observed at a lower level in the biological samples as compared to the reference. 
     The method can be used to detect the at least one microvesicle in any appropriate biological sample. For example, the biological sample may comprise a bodily fluid, tissue sample or cell culture. The bodily fluid or tissue sample can be from a subject having or suspected of having a medical condition, a disease or a disorder. Thus, the method can be used to provide a diagnostic, prognostic, or theranostic read out for the subject. Any appropriate bodily fluid can be used, including without limitation peripheral blood, sera, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper&#39;s fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, sweat, fecal matter, hair oil, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, or umbilical cord blood. 
     The method of the invention can be used to detect or characterize any appropriate disease or disorder of interest, including without limitation Breast Cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, bronchial asthma, Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, Giant cellular osteoblastoclastoma, Brain Tumor, Colorectal adenocarcinoma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, acute myocardial infarction (AMI)/acute heart failure, Chron&#39;s Disease, diabetes mellitus type II, Esophageal carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, Acute and chronic leukemia of the bone marrow, Lung carcinoma, Malignant lymphoma, Multiple Sclerosis, Ovarian carcinoma, Parkinson disease, Prostate adenocarcinoma, psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, Adenocarcinoma of the stomach, carcinoma of the thyroid gland, Testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, or Uterine adenocarcinoma. 
     In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, neurological disease or disorder, infectious disease or pain. The cancer can include without limitation one of acute lymphoblastic leukemia; acute myeloid leukemia; adrenocortical carcinoma; AIDS-related cancers; AIDS-related lymphoma; anal cancer; appendix cancer; astrocytomas; atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; basal cell carcinoma; bladder cancer; brain stem glioma; brain tumor (including brain stem glioma, central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, central nervous system embryonal tumors, astrocytomas, craniopharyngioma, ependymoblastoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastoma); breast cancer; bronchial tumors; Burkitt lymphoma; cancer of unknown primary site; carcinoid tumor; carcinoma of unknown primary site; central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; central nervous system embryonal tumors; cervical cancer; childhood cancers; chordoma; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia; chronic myeloproliferative disorders; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; craniopharyngioma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; endocrine pancreas islet cell tumors; endometrial cancer; ependymoblastoma; ependymoma; esophageal cancer; esthesioneuroblastoma; Ewing sarcoma; extracranial germ cell tumor; extragonadal germ cell tumor; extrahepatic bile duct cancer; gallbladder cancer; gastric (stomach) cancer; gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor; gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor; gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); gestational trophoblastic tumor; glioma; hairy cell leukemia; head and neck cancer; heart cancer; Hodgkin lymphoma; hypopharyngeal cancer; intraocular melanoma; islet cell tumors; Kaposi sarcoma; kidney cancer; Langerhans cell histiocytosis; laryngeal cancer; lip cancer; liver cancer; lung cancer; malignant fibrous histiocytoma bone cancer; medulloblastoma; medulloepithelioma; melanoma; Merkel cell carcinoma; Merkel cell skin carcinoma; mesothelioma; metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary; mouth cancer; multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes; multiple myeloma; multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm; mycosis fungoides; myelodysplastic syndromes; myeloproliferative neoplasms; nasal cavity cancer; nasopharyngeal cancer; neuroblastoma; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; nonmelanoma skin cancer; non-small cell lung cancer; oral cancer; oral cavity cancer; oropharyngeal cancer; osteosarcoma; other brain and spinal cord tumors; ovarian cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; ovarian germ cell tumor; ovarian low malignant potential tumor; pancreatic cancer; papillomatosis; paranasal sinus cancer; parathyroid cancer; pelvic cancer; penile cancer; pharyngeal cancer; pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation; pineoblastoma; pituitary tumor; plasma cell neoplasm/multiple myeloma; pleuropulmonary blastoma; primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; primary hepatocellular liver cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer; renal cancer; renal cell (kidney) cancer; renal cell cancer; respiratory tract cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; salivary gland cancer; Sézary syndrome; small cell lung cancer; small intestine cancer; soft tissue sarcoma; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous neck cancer; stomach (gastric) cancer; supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors; T-cell lymphoma; testicular cancer; throat cancer; thymic carcinoma; thymoma; thyroid cancer; transitional cell cancer; transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter; trophoblastic tumor; ureter cancer; urethral cancer; uterine cancer; uterine sarcoma; vaginal cancer; vulvar cancer; Waldenström macroglobulinemia; or Wilm&#39;s tumor. The premalignant condition can include without limitation Barrett&#39;s Esophagus. The autoimmune disease can include without limitation one of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn&#39;s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), pelvic inflammation, vasculitis, psoriasis, diabetes, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), Hashimoto&#39;s Thyroiditis, Grave&#39;s disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis Sjogrens Disease, CREST syndrome, Scleroderma, Rheumatic Disease, organ rejection, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, or sepsis. The cardiovascular disease can include without limitation one of atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, vulnerable plaque, stroke, ischemia, high blood pressure, stenosis, vessel occlusion or a thrombotic event. The neurological disease can include without limitation one of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, autism, Prion Disease, Pick&#39;s disease, dementia, Huntington disease (HD), Down&#39;s syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, Rasmussen&#39;s encephalitis, viral meningitis, neurospsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, ischemic reperfusion damage (e.g. stroke), brain trauma, microbial infection, or chronic fatigue syndrome. The pain can include without limitation one of fibromyalgia, chronic neuropathic pain, or peripheral neuropathic pain. The infectious disease can include without limitation one of a bacterial infection, viral infection, yeast infection, Whipple&#39;s Disease, Prion Disease, cirrhosis, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, HIV, HCV, hepatitis, syphilis, meningitis, malaria, tuberculosis, or influenza. One of skill will appreciate that oligonucleotide probes or plurality of oligonucleotides or methods of the invention can be used to assess any number of these or other related diseases and disorders. 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising a reagent for carrying out the methods herein. In still another related aspect, the invention provides for use of a reagent for carrying out the methods. The reagent may comprise at least one binding agent to the at least one protein. The binding agent may be an oligonucleotide probe as provided herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a competitive assay selection strategy: the random pool of aptamer (the library) is incubated with the target protein, in this case, EpCAM. After washing and elution from the target, the eluted aptamers are again added to the target and allowed to bind. The antibody is then added to the reaction, competing with the aptamers at the epitope of the antibody. The aptamers displaced by the antibody are then collected. 
         FIGS. 2A-2F  illustrate methods of assessing biomarkers such as microvesicle surface antigens.  FIG. 2A  is a schematic of a planar substrate coated with a capture agent, such as an aptamer or antibody, which captures vesicles expressing the target antigen of the capture agent. The capture agent may bind a protein expressed on the surface of vesicles shed from diseased cells (“disease vesicle”). The detection agent, which may also be an aptamer or antibody, carries a detectable label, here a fluorescent signal. The detection agent binds to the captured vesicle and provides a detectable signal via its fluorescent label. The detection agent can detect an antigen that is generally associated with vesicles, or is associated with a cell-of-origin or a disease, e.g., a cancer.  FIG. 2B  is a schematic of a particle bead conjugated with a capture agent, which captures vesicles expressing the target antigen of the capture agent. The capture agent may bind a protein expressed on the surface of vesicles shed from diseased cells (“disease vesicle”). The detection agent, which may also be an aptamer or antibody, carries a detectable label, here a fluorescent signal. The detection agent binds to the captured vesicle and provides a detectable signal via its fluorescent label. The detection agent can detect an antigen that is generally associated with vesicles, or is associated with a cell-of-origin or a disease, e.g., a cancer.  FIG. 2C  is an example of a screening scheme that can be performed by using different combinations of capture and detection agents to the indicated biomarkers. The biomarker combinations can be detected using assays as shown in  FIGS. 2A-2B .  FIGS. 2D-2E  present illustrative schemes for capturing and detecting vesicles to characterize a phenotype.  FIG. 2F  presents illustrative schemes for assessing vesicle payload to characterize a phenotype. 
         FIGS. 3A-B  illustrates a non-limiting example of an aptamer nucleotide sequence and its secondary structure.  FIG. 3A  illustrates a secondary structure of a 32-mer oligonucleotide, Aptamer 4, with sequence 5′-CCCCCCGAATCACATGACTTGGGCGGGGGTCG (SEQ ID NO. 1). In the figure, the sequence is shown with 6 thymine nucleotides added to the end, which can act as a spacer to attach a biotin molecule. This particular oligo has a high binding affinity to the target, EpCAM (see Table 5). Additional candidate EpCAM binders are identified by modeling the entire database of sequenced oligos to the secondary structure of this oligo.  FIG. 3B  illustrates another 32-mer oligo with sequence 5′-ACCGGATAGCGGTTGGAGGCGTGCTCCACTCG (SEQ ID NO. 2) that has a different secondary structure than the aptamer in  FIG. 3A . This aptamer is also shown with a 6-thymine tail. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a process for producing a target-specific set of aptamers using a cell subtraction method, wherein the target is a biomarker associated with a specific disease. In Step 1, a random pool of oligonucleotides is contacted with a biological sample from a normal patient. In Step 2, the oligos that did not bind in Step 1 are added to a biological sample isolated from diseased patients. The bound oligos from this step are then eluted, captured via their biotin linkage and then combined again with normal biological sample. The unbound oligos are then added again to disease-derived biological sample and isolated. This process can be repeated iteratively. The final eluted aptamers are tested against patient samples to measure the sensitivity and specificity of the set. Biological samples can include blood, including plasma or serum, or other components of the circulatory system, such as microvesicles. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates results from a binding assay showing the binding affinity of an exemplary aptamer (Aptamer ID BTX176881 (SEQ ID NO: 3)) to the target EpCAM protein at various target concentrations. The aptamer to be tested is fixed to a substrate using a biotin tail and is incubated with various concentrations of target (125, 250 and 500 nM). The test is performed on a surface plasmon resonance machine (SPR). The SPR machine detects association and disassociation of the aptamer and the target. Target is applied until the association and disassociation events are equal, resulting in a plateau of the curve. The equations describing the curve at each concentration can then be used to calculate the K D  of the aptamer (see Table 5). 
         FIGS. 6A-D  illustrate the use of an anti-EpCAM aptamer (Aptamer 4; SEQ ID NO. 1) to detect a microvesicle population. Vesicles in patient plasma samples were captured using bead-conjugated antibodies to the indicated microvesicle surface antigens: A) EGFR; B) PBP; C) EpCAM; D) KLK2. Fluorescently labeled Aptamer 4 was used as a detector in the microbead assay. The figure shows average median fluorescence values (MFI values) for three cancer (C1-C3) and three normal samples (N1-N3) in each plot. In each plot, the samples from left to right are ordered as: C1, C2, C3, N1, N2, N3. 
         FIG. 7A  illustrates the sequence of EPCAM aptamer CAR003 (SEQ ID NO. 4).  FIG. 7B  illustrates the optimal secondary structure of CAR003 with a minimum free energy (AG) of −30.00 kcal/mol. For purposes of illustration, the aptamer is shown as an RNA aptamer (SEQ ID NO. 5) corresponding to the DNA sequence in  FIG. 7A .  FIG. 7C  illustrates aptamer pool purification. The figure comprises an FPLC chromatogram with all product and fractions assigned in pools after checking quality on a gel.  FIG. 7D  illustrates a SYBR GOLD stained gel with different FPLC fractions of CAR003 aptamer after synthesis. Different fractions were combined in pools based on amount of un-finished chains in order high to low (pool 1-pool 3). The pools 1-3 correspond to those indicated in  FIG. 7C .  FIG. 7E-F  illustrate binding of CAR003 to EPCAM protein in 25 mM HEPES with PBS-BN ( FIG. 7E ) or in 25 mM HEPES with 1 mM MgCl 2  ( FIG. 7F ).  FIG. 7G  illustrates CAR003 binding to EpCAM in the indicated salts with and without addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA).  FIG. 7H  illustrates the effect of denaturing on CAR003 binding to EPCAM protein. In each group of four bars, the aptamer is from left to right: Aptamer 4, CAR003 Pool 1, CAR003 Pool 2, and CAR003 Pool 3.  FIG. 7I  illustrates titration of aptamers against EPCAM recombinant protein (constant input 5 μg).  FIG. 7J  illustrates a Western blot with CAR003 aptamer versus EPCAM his-tagged protein, BSA, and HSA (5 μg each). The gel was blocked 0.5% F127 and probed with ˜50 μg/ml CAR003 biotinylated aptamer, fraction 3. The blot was visualized with NeutrAvidin-HRP followed by SuperSignal West Femto Chemiluminescent Substrate. 
         FIGS. 8A-8D  illustrates methods to attach microvesicles to a substrate.  FIG. 8A  illustrates direct conjugation of a carboxylated microsphere to a vesicle surface antigen.  FIG. 8B  illustrates anchoring of a microvesicle to a microsphere via a biotin functionalized lipid anchor.  FIG. 8C  illustrates antibody binding to a vesicle surface antigen, wherein the antibody is conjugated to a carboxylated microsphere.  FIG. 8D  illustrates aptamer binding to a vesicle surface antigen, wherein the aptamer is conjugated to a carboxylated microsphere. 
         FIG. 9  comprises a schematic for identifying a target of a selected aptamer, such as an aptamer selected by the above process. The figure shows a binding agent  902 , here an aptamer for purposes of illustration, tethered to a substrate  901 . The binding agent  902  can be covalently attached to substrate  901 . The binding agent  902  may also be non-covalently attached. For example, binding agent  902  can comprise a label which can be attracted to the substrate, such as a biotin group which can form a complex with an avidin/streptavidin molecule that is covalently attached to the substrate. The binding agent  902  binds to a surface antigen  903  of microvesicle  904 . In the step signified by arrow (i), the microvesicle is disrupted while leaving the complex between the binding agent  902  and surface antigen  903  intact. Disrupted microvesicle  905  is removed, e.g., via washing or buffer exchange, in the step signified by arrow (ii). In the step signified by arrow (iii), the surface antigen  903  is released from the binding agent  902 . The surface antigen  903  can be analyzed to determine its identity. 
         FIGS. 10A-10C  illustrate binding of selected aptamers against microbeads conjugated to various input sample. The aptamers were selected from an aptamer library as binding to microbeads conjugated to breast cancer-derived microvesicles. Experimental details are in the Examples herein. Each plot shows a different aptamer. The Y-axis indicates level of binding. In each group of samples, binding of 9 purified aptamer candidates is shown. The input sample is indicated on the X axis from left to right as follows: 1) Cancer Exosome: aptamer binding to microbeads conjugated to microvesicles isolated from plasma samples from breast cancer patients; 2) Cancer Non-exosome: aptamer binding to microbeads conjugated to plasma samples from breast cancer patients after removal of microvesicles by ultracentrifugation; 3) Non-Cancer Exosome: aptamer binding to microbeads conjugated to microvesicles isolated from plasma samples from normal (i.e., non-breast cancer) patients; 4) Non-Cancer Non-Exosome: aptamer binding to microbeads conjugated to plasma samples from breast cancer patients after removal of microvesicles by ultracentrifugation. 
         FIGS. 11A-11B  illustrate enriching a naïve aptamer library for oligonucleotides that differentiate between breast cancer and non-cancer microvesicles in plasma samples. 
         FIGS. 12A-12G  illustrate using an oligonucleotide probe library to differentiate cancer and non-cancer samples. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a method of detecting Ago2-miR-catalyzed cleavage events. 
         FIGS. 14A-14E  illustrate a method of detecting Ago2-miR-catalyzed cariMir cleavage. 
         FIGS. 15A-15D  illustrate a method of detecting Ago2-miR-catalyzed miR cleavage using a molecular beacon approach. 
         FIGS. 16A-F  illustrate anti-miR molecular beacons and miRs corresponding to Let-7a, miR-16, miR-21 and miR-92a. 
         FIGS. 17A-B  illustrate design of cariMir libraries. 
         FIGS. 18A-E  show the identification of Adaptive Dynamic Artificial Poly-ligand Targeting (ADAPT™) targets.  FIG. 18A  shows protein bands recognized by ADAPT oligonucleotides on a silver stained SDS-PAGE gel.  FIG. 18B  shows a Venn diagram of proteins identified by pull-down with the enriched L2 Library vs the unenriched L0 Library.  FIGS. 18C-E  illustrates GO enrichment showing proteins identified in pull-down with L2 Library are enriched for EV compartment and nucleic acid binding molecular function. The proteins are grouped by GO Cellular Compartment ( FIG. 18C ), GO Biological Process ( FIG. 18D ) and GO Molecular Function ( FIG. 18E ). 
         FIGS. 19A-C  illustrate use of aptamers in methods of characterizing a phenotype.  FIG. 19A  is a schematic  1900  showing an assay configuration that can be used to detect and/or quantify a target of interest. In the figure, capture aptamer  1902  is attached to substrate  1901 . Target of interest  1903  is bound by capture aptamer  1902 . Detection aptamer  1904  is also bound to target of interest  1903 . Detection aptamer  1904  carries label  1905  which can be detected to identify target captured to substrate  1901  via capture aptamer  1902 .  FIG. 19B  is a schematic  1910  showing use of an aptamer pool to characterize a phenotype. A pool of aptamers to a target of interest is provided  1911 . The pool is contacted with a test sample to be characterized  1912 . The mixture is washed to remove unbound aptamers. The remaining aptamers are disassociated and collected  1913 . The collected aptamers are identified  1914  and the identity of the retained aptamers is used to characterize the phenotype  1915 .  FIG. 19C  is a schematic  1920  showing an implementation of the method in  FIG. 19B . A pool of aptamers identified as binding a microvesicle population is provided  1921 . The input sample comprises microvesicles that are isolated from a test sample  1922 . The pool is contacted with the isolated microvesicles to be characterized  1923 . The mixture is washed to remove unbound aptamers and the remaining aptamers are disassociated and collected  1925 . The collected aptamers are identified and the identity of the retained aptamers is used to characterize the phenotype  1926 . 
         FIGS. 20A-20I  illustrate development and use of an oligonucleotide probe library to distinguish biological sample types. 
         FIGS. 21A-C  illustrate enriching a naïve oligonucleotide library with balanced design for oligonucleotides that differentiate between breast cancer and non-cancer microvesicles derived from plasma samples. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying description below. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description. In the specification, the singular forms also include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In the case of conflict, the present Specification will control. 
     Disclosed herein are compositions and methods that can be used to assess a biomarker profile, which can include a presence or level of one or more biomarkers. The compositions and methods of the invention comprise the use of oligonucleotide probes (aptamers) that bind microvesicle surface antigens or a functional fragment thereof. The antigens typically comprise proteins or polypeptides but can be any useful component displayed on a microvesicle surface including nucleic acids, lipids and/or carbohydrates. In general, the oligonucleotides disclosed are synthetic nucleic acid molecules, including DNA and RNA, and variations thereof. Unless otherwise specified, the oligonucleotide probes can be synthesized in DNA or RNA format or as hybrid molecules as desired. The methods disclosed comprise diagnostic processes and techniques using one or more aptamer of the invention, to determine the level or presence of relevant microvesicle surface antigens or a functional fragment thereof. Alternatively, an oligonucleotide probe of the invention can also be used as a binding agent to capture, isolate, or enrich, a cell, cell fragment, vesicle or any other fragment or complex that comprises the antigen or functional fragments thereof. 
     The compositions and methods of the invention comprise individual oligonucleotides that are identified for use in assessing a biomarker profile. The invention further discloses compositions and methods of oligonucleotide pools that can be used to detect a biomarker profile in a given sample. 
     Oligonucleotide probes and sequences disclosed in the compositions and methods of the invention may be identified herein in the form of DNA or RNA. Unless otherwise specified, one of skill in the art will appreciate that an oligonucleotide may generally be synthesized as either form of nucleic acid and carry various chemical modifications and remain within the scope of the invention. The term aptamer may be used in the art to refer to a single oligonucleotide that binds specifically to a target of interest through mechanisms other than Watson crick base pairing, similar to binding of a monoclonal antibody to a particular antigen. Within the scope of this disclosure and unless stated explicitly or otherwise implicit in context, the terms aptamer, oligonucleotide and oligonucleotide probe, and variations thereof, may be used interchangeably to refer to an oligonucleotide capable of distinguishing biological entities of interest (e.g, biomarkers) whether or not the specific entity has been identified or whether the precise mode of binding has been determined. 
     An oligonucleotide probe of the invention can also be used to provide in vitro or in vivo detection or imaging, to provide any appropriate diagnostic readout (e.g., diagnostic, prognostic or theranostic). 
     Separately, an oligonucleotide probe of the invention can also be used for treatment or as a therapeutic to specifically target a cell, tissue or organ. 
     Aptamers 
     SELEX. A suitable method for generating an aptamer is with the process entitled “Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment” (“SELEX”) generally described in, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/536,428, filed Jun. 11, 1990, now abandoned, U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,096 entitled “Nucleic Acid Ligands”, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,163 (see also WO 91/19813) entitled “Nucleic Acid Ligands”. Each SELEX-identified nucleic acid ligand, i.e., each aptamer, is a specific ligand of a given target compound or molecule. The SELEX process is based on the unique insight that nucleic acids have sufficient capacity for forming a variety of two- and three-dimensional structures and sufficient chemical versatility available within their monomers to act as ligands (i.e., form specific binding pairs) with virtually any chemical compound, whether monomeric or polymeric. Molecules of any size or composition can serve as targets. 
     SELEX relies as a starting point upon a large library or pool of single stranded oligonucleotides comprising randomized sequences. The oligonucleotides can be modified or unmodified DNA, RNA, or DNA/RNA hybrids. In some examples, the pool comprises 100% random or partially random oligonucleotides. In other examples, the pool comprises random or partially random oligonucleotides containing at least one fixed and/or conserved sequence incorporated within randomized sequence. In other examples, the pool comprises random or partially random oligonucleotides containing at least one fixed and/or conserved sequence at its 5′ and/or 3′ end which may comprise a sequence shared by all the molecules of the oligonucleotide pool. Fixed sequences are sequences such as hybridization sites for PCR primers, promoter sequences for RNA polymerases (e.g., T3, T4, T7, and SP6), restriction sites, or homopolymeric sequences, such as poly A or poly T tracts, catalytic cores, sites for selective binding to affinity columns, and other sequences to facilitate cloning and/or sequencing of an oligonucleotide of interest. Conserved sequences are sequences, other than the previously described fixed sequences, shared by a number of aptamers that bind to the same target. 
     The oligonucleotides of the pool preferably include a randomized sequence portion as well as fixed sequences necessary for efficient amplification. Typically the oligonucleotides of the starting pool contain fixed 5′ and 3′ terminal sequences which flank an internal region of 30-50 random nucleotides. The randomized nucleotides can be produced in a number of ways including chemical synthesis and size selection from randomly cleaved cellular nucleic acids. Sequence variation in test nucleic acids can also be introduced or increased by mutagenesis before or during the selection/amplification iterations. 
     The random sequence portion of the oligonucleotide can be of any length and can comprise ribonucleotides and/or deoxyribonucleotides and can include modified or non-natural nucleotides or nucleotide analogs. See, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,691; U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,691; U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,687; U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,635; U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,695, and PCT Publication WO 92/07065. Random oligonucleotides can be synthesized from phosphodiester-linked nucleotides using solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis techniques well known in the art. See, e.g., Froehler et al., Nucl. Acid Res. 14:5399-5467 (1986) and Froehler et al., Tet. Lett. 27:5575-5578 (1986). Random oligonucleotides can also be synthesized using solution phase methods such as triester synthesis methods. See, e.g., Sood et al., Nucl. Acid Res. 4:2557 (1977) and Hirose et al., Tet. Lett., 28:2449 (1978). Typical syntheses carried out on automated DNA synthesis equipment yield 10 14 -10 16  individual molecules, a number sufficient for most SELEX experiments. Sufficiently large regions of random sequence in the sequence design increases the likelihood that each synthesized molecule is likely to represent a unique sequence. 
     The starting library of oligonucleotides may be generated by automated chemical synthesis on a DNA synthesizer. To synthesize randomized sequences, mixtures of all four nucleotides are added at each nucleotide addition step during the synthesis process, allowing for random incorporation of nucleotides. As stated above, in one embodiment, random oligonucleotides comprise entirely random sequences; however, in other embodiments, random oligonucleotides can comprise stretches of nonrandom or partially random sequences. Partially random sequences can be created by adding the four nucleotides in different molar ratios at each addition step. 
     The starting library of oligonucleotides may be for example, RNA, DNA, or RNA/DNA hybrid. In those instances where an RNA library is to be used as the starting library it is typically generated by transcribing a DNA library in vitro using T7 RNA polymerase or modified T7 RNA polymerases and purified. The library is then mixed with the target under conditions favorable for binding and subjected to step-wise iterations of binding, partitioning and amplification, using the same general selection scheme, to achieve virtually any desired criterion of binding affinity and selectivity. More specifically, starting with a mixture containing the starting pool of nucleic acids, the SELEX method includes steps of: (a) contacting the mixture with the target under conditions favorable for binding; (b) partitioning unbound nucleic acids from those nucleic acids which have bound specifically to target molecules; (c) dissociating the nucleic acid-target complexes; (d) amplifying the nucleic acids dissociated from the nucleic acid-target complexes to yield a ligand-enriched mixture of nucleic acids; and (e) reiterating the steps of binding, partitioning, dissociating and amplifying through as many cycles as desired to yield highly specific, high affinity nucleic acid ligands to the target molecule. In those instances where RNA aptamers are being selected, the SELEX method further comprises the steps of: (i) reverse transcribing the nucleic acids dissociated from the nucleic acid-target complexes before amplification in step (d); and (ii) transcribing the amplified nucleic acids from step (d) before restarting the process. 
     Within a nucleic acid mixture containing a large number of possible sequences and structures, there is a wide range of binding affinities for a given target. A nucleic acid mixture comprising, for example, a 20 nucleotide randomized segment can have 4 20  candidate possibilities. Those which have the higher affinity constants for the target are most likely to bind to the target. After partitioning, dissociation and amplification, a second nucleic acid mixture is generated, enriched for the higher binding affinity candidates. Additional rounds of selection progressively favor better ligands until the resulting nucleic acid mixture is predominantly composed of only one or a few sequences. These can then be cloned, sequenced and individually tested for binding affinity as pure ligands or aptamers. 
     Cycles of selection and amplification are repeated until a desired goal is achieved. In the most general case, selection/amplification is continued until no significant improvement in binding strength is achieved on repetition of the cycle. The method is typically used to sample approximately 10 14  different nucleic acid species but may be used to sample as many as about 10 18  different nucleic acid species. Generally, nucleic acid aptamer molecules are selected in a 5 to 20 cycle procedure. In one embodiment, heterogeneity is introduced only in the initial selection stages and does not occur throughout the replicating process. 
     In one embodiment of SELEX, the selection process is so efficient at isolating those nucleic acid ligands that bind most strongly to the selected target, that only one cycle of selection and amplification is required. Such an efficient selection may occur, for example, in a chromatographic-type process wherein the ability of nucleic acids to associate with targets bound on a column operates in such a manner that the column is sufficiently able to allow separation and isolation of the highest affinity nucleic acid ligands. 
     In many cases, it is not necessarily desirable to perform the iterative steps of SELEX until a single nucleic acid ligand is identified. The target-specific nucleic acid ligand solution may include a family of nucleic acid structures or motifs that have a number of conserved sequences and a number of sequences which can be substituted or added without significantly affecting the affinity of the nucleic acid ligands to the target. By terminating the SELEX process prior to completion, it is possible to determine the sequence of a number of members of the nucleic acid ligand solution family. The invention provides for the identification of aptamer pools and uses thereof that jointly can be used to characterize a test sample. For example, the aptamer pools can be identified through rounds of positive and negative selection to identify microvesicle indicative of a disease or condition. The invention further provides use of such aptamer pools to detect and/or quantify such microvesicles in a sample, thereby allowing a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis to be provided. 
     A variety of nucleic acid primary, secondary and tertiary structures are known to exist. The structures or motifs that have been shown most commonly to be involved in non-Watson-Crick type interactions are referred to as hairpin loops, symmetric and asymmetric bulges, pseudoknots and myriad combinations of the same. Almost all known cases of such motifs suggest that they can be formed in a nucleic acid sequence of no more than 30 nucleotides. For this reason, it is often preferred that SELEX procedures with contiguous randomized segments be initiated with nucleic acid sequences containing a randomized segment of between about 20 to about 50 nucleotides and in some embodiments, about 30 to about 40 nucleotides. In one example, the 5′-fixed:random:3′-fixed sequence comprises a random sequence of about 30 to about 50 nucleotides. 
     The core SELEX method has been modified to achieve a number of specific objectives. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,796 describes the use of SELEX in conjunction with gel electrophoresis to select nucleic acid molecules with specific structural characteristics, such as bent DNA. U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,177 describes SELEX based methods for selecting nucleic acid ligands containing photoreactive groups capable of binding and/or photocrosslinking to and/or photoinactivating a target molecule. U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,588 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,254 describe SELEX based methods which achieve highly efficient partitioning between oligonucleotides having high and low affinity for a target molecule. U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,938 describes methods for obtaining improved nucleic acid ligands after the SELEX process has been performed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,337 describes methods for covalently linking a ligand to its target. 
     SELEX can also be used to obtain nucleic acid ligands that bind to more than one site on the target molecule, and to obtain nucleic acid ligands that include non-nucleic acid species that bind to specific sites on the target. SELEX provides means for isolating and identifying nucleic acid ligands which bind to any envisionable target, including large and small biomolecules such as nucleic acid-binding proteins and proteins not known to bind nucleic acids as part of their biological function as well as lipids, cofactors and other small molecules. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,737 discloses nucleic acid sequences identified through SELEX which are capable of binding with high affinity to caffeine and the closely related analog, theophylline. 
     Counter-SELEX is a method for improving the specificity of nucleic acid ligands to a target molecule by eliminating nucleic acid ligand sequences with cross-reactivity to one or more non-target molecules. Counter-SELEX is comprised of the steps of: (a) preparing a candidate mixture of nucleic acids; (b) contacting the candidate mixture with the target, wherein nucleic acids having an increased affinity to the target relative to the candidate mixture may be partitioned from the remainder of the candidate mixture; (c) partitioning the increased affinity nucleic acids from the remainder of the candidate mixture; (d) dissociating the increased affinity nucleic acids from the target; e) contacting the increased affinity nucleic acids with one or more non-target molecules such that nucleic acid ligands with specific affinity for the non-target molecule(s) are removed; and (f) amplifying the nucleic acids with specific affinity only to the target molecule to yield a mixture of nucleic acids enriched for nucleic acid sequences with a relatively higher affinity and specificity for binding to the target molecule. As described above for SELEX, cycles of selection and amplification are repeated until a desired goal is achieved. 
     One potential problem encountered in the use of nucleic acids as therapeutics and vaccines is that oligonucleotides in their phosphodiester form may be quickly degraded in body fluids by intracellular and extracellular enzymes such as endonucleases and exonucleases before the desired effect is manifest. The SELEX method thus encompasses the identification of high-affinity nucleic acid ligands containing modified nucleotides conferring improved characteristics on the ligand, such as improved in vivo stability or improved delivery characteristics. Examples of such modifications include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/or phosphate and/or base positions. SELEX identified nucleic acid ligands containing modified nucleotides are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,985, which describes oligonucleotides containing nucleotide derivatives chemically modified at the 2′ position of ribose, 5′ position of pyrimidines, and 8′ position of purines, U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,703 which describes oligonucleotides containing various 2′-modified pyrimidines, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,737 which describes highly specific nucleic acid ligands containing one or more nucleotides modified with 2′-amino (2′-NH 2 ), 2′-fluoro (2′-F), and/or 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe) substituents. 
     Modifications of the nucleic acid ligands contemplated in this invention include, but are not limited to, those which provide other chemical groups that incorporate additional charge, polarizability, hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and fluxionality to the nucleic acid ligand bases or to the nucleic acid ligand as a whole. Modifications to generate oligonucleotide populations which are resistant to nucleases can also include one or more substitute internucleotide linkages, altered sugars, altered bases, or combinations thereof. Such modifications include, but are not limited to, 2′-position sugar modifications, 5-position pyrimidine modifications, 8-position purine modifications, modifications at exocyclic amines, substitution of 4-thiouridine, substitution of 5-bromo or 5-iodo-uracil; backbone modifications, phosphorothioate or allyl phosphate modifications, methylations, and unusual base-pairing combinations such as the isobases isocytidine and isoguanosine. Modifications can also include 3′ and 5′ modifications such as capping. 
     In one embodiment, oligonucleotides are provided in which the P(O)O group is replaced by P(O)S (“thioate”), P(S)S (“dithioate”), P(O)NR 2  (“amidate”), P(O)R, P(O)OR′, CO or CH 2  (“formacetal”) or 3′-amine (—NH—CH 2 —CH 2 —), wherein each R or R′ is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. Linkage groups can be attached to adjacent nucleotides through an —O—, —N—, or —S— linkage. Not all linkages in the oligonucleotide are required to be identical. As used herein, the term phosphorothioate encompasses one or more non-bridging oxygen atoms in a phosphodiester bond replaced by one or more sulfur atoms. 
     In further embodiments, the oligonucleotides comprise modified sugar groups, for example, one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with halogen, aliphatic groups, or functionalized as ethers or amines. In one embodiment, the 2′-position of the furanose residue is substituted by any of an O-methyl, O-alkyl, O-allyl, S-alkyl, S-allyl, or halo group. Methods of synthesis of 2′-modified sugars are described, e.g., in Sproat, et al., Nucl. Acid Res. 19:733-738 (1991); Cotten, et al., Nucl. Acid Res. 19:2629-2635 (1991); and Hobbs, et al., Biochemistry 12:5138-5145 (1973). Other modifications are known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications may be pre-SELEX process modifications or post-SELEX process modifications (modification of previously identified unmodified ligands) or may be made by incorporation into the SELEX process. 
     Pre-SELEX process modifications or those made by incorporation into the SELEX process yield nucleic acid ligands with both specificity for their SELEX target and improved stability, e.g., in vivo stability. Post-SELEX process modifications made to nucleic acid ligands may result in improved stability, e.g., in vivo stability without adversely affecting the binding capacity of the nucleic acid ligand. 
     The SELEX method encompasses combining selected oligonucleotides with other selected oligonucleotides and non-oligonucleotide functional units as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,459 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,867. The SELEX method further encompasses combining selected nucleic acid ligands with lipophilic or non-immunogenic high molecular weight compounds in a diagnostic or therapeutic complex, as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,020, U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,698, and PCT Publication No. WO 98/18480. These patents and applications teach the combination of a broad array of shapes and other properties, with the efficient amplification and replication properties of oligonucleotides, and with the desirable properties of other molecules. 
     The identification of nucleic acid ligands to small, flexible peptides via the SELEX method has also been explored. Small peptides have flexible structures and usually exist in solution in an equilibrium of multiple conformers, and thus it was initially thought that binding affinities may be limited by the conformational entropy lost upon binding a flexible peptide. However, the feasibility of identifying nucleic acid ligands to small peptides in solution was demonstrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,214. In this patent, high affinity RNA nucleic acid ligands to substance P, an 11 amino acid peptide, were identified. 
     The aptamers with specificity and binding affinity to the target(s) of the present invention can be selected by the SELEX N process as described herein. As part of the SELEX process, the sequences selected to bind to the target are then optionally minimized to determine the minimal sequence having the desired binding affinity. The selected sequences and/or the minimized sequences are optionally optimized by performing random or directed mutagenesis of the sequence to increase binding affinity or alternatively to determine which positions in the sequence are essential for binding activity. Additionally, selections can be performed with sequences incorporating modified nucleotides to stabilize the aptamer molecules against degradation in vivo. 
     2′ Modified SELEX. 
     For an aptamer to be suitable for use as a therapeutic, it is preferably inexpensive to synthesize, and safe and stable in vivo. Wild-type RNA and DNA aptamers are typically not stable is vivo because of their susceptibility to degradation by nucleases. Resistance to nuclease degradation can be greatly increased by the incorporation of modifying groups at the 2′-position. 
     Fluoro and amino groups have been successfully incorporated into oligonucleotide pools from which aptamers have been subsequently selected. However, these modifications greatly increase the cost of synthesis of the resultant aptamer, and may introduce safety concerns in some cases because of the possibility that the modified nucleotides could be recycled into host DNA by degradation of the modified oligonucleotides and subsequent use of the nucleotides as substrates for DNA synthesis. 
     Aptamers that contain 2′-O-methyl (“2′-OMe”) nucleotides, as provided herein, overcome one or more potential drawbacks. Oligonucleotides containing 2′-OMe nucleotides are nuclease-resistant and inexpensive to synthesize. Although 2′-OMe nucleotides are ubiquitous in biological systems, natural polymerases do not accept 2′-OMe NTPs as substrates under physiological conditions, thus there are no safety concerns over the recycling of 2′-OMe nucleotides into host DNA. The SELEX method used to generate 2′-modified aptamers is described, e.g., in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/430,761, filed Dec. 3, 2002, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/487,474, filed Jul. 15, 2003, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/517,039, filed Nov. 4, 2003, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/729,581, filed Dec. 3, 2003, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/873,856, filed Jun. 21, 2004, entitled “Method for in vitro Selection of 2′-O-methyl substituted Nucleic Acids”, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Methods 
     Biomarker Detection and Diagnotics 
     The aptamers of the invention can be used in various methods to assess presence or level of biomarkers in a biological sample, e.g., biological entities of interest such as proteins, nucleic acids, or microvesicles. The aptamer functions as a binding agent to assess presence or level of the cognate target molecule. Therefore, in various embodiments of the invention directed to diagnostics, prognostics or theranostics, one or more aptamers of the invention are configured in a ligand-target based assay, where one or more aptamer of the invention is contacted with a selected biological sample, where the or more aptamer associates with or binds to its target molecules. Aptamers of the invention are used to identify candidate biosignatures based on the biological samples assessed and biomarkers detected. In further embodiments, aptamers may themselves provide a biosignature for a particular condition or disease. A biosignature refers to a biomarker profile of a biological sample comprising a presence, level or other characteristic that can be assessed (including without limitation a sequence, mutation, rearrangement, translocation, deletion, epigenetic modification, methylation, post-translational modification, allele, activity, complex partners, stability, half life, and the like) of one or more biomarker of interest. Biosignatures can be used to evaluate diagnostic and/or prognostic criteria such as presence of disease, disease staging, disease monitoring, disease stratification, or surveillance for detection, metastasis or recurrence or progression of disease. For example, methods of the invention using aptamers against microvesicle surface antigen are useful for correlating a biosignature comprising microvesicle antigens to a selected condition or disease. A biosignature can also be used clinically in making decisions concerning treatment modalities including therapeutic intervention. A biosignature can further be used clinically to make treatment decisions, including whether to perform surgery or what treatment standards should be used along with surgery (e.g., either pre-surgery or post-surgery). As an illustrative example, a biosignature of circulating biomarkers that indicates an aggressive form of cancer may call for a more aggressive surgical procedure and/or more aggressive therapeutic regimen to treat the patient. 
     A biosignature can be used in any methods disclosed herein, e.g., to assess whether a subject is afflicted with disease, is at risk for developing disease or to assess the stage or progression of the disease. For example, a biosignature can be used to assess whether a subject has prostate cancer, colon cancer, or other cancer as described herein. Furthermore, a biosignature can be used to determine a stage of a disease or condition, such as colon cancer. The biosignature/biomarker profile comprising a microvesicle can include assessment of payload within the microvesicle. For example, one or more aptamer of the invention can be used to capture a microvesicle population, thereby providing readout of microvesicle antigens, and then the payload content within the captured microvesicles can be assessed, thereby providing further biomarker readout of the payload content. 
     A biosignature for characterizing a phenotype may comprise any number of useful criteria. As described further below, the term “phenotype” as used herein can mean any trait or characteristic that is attributed to a biosignature/biomarker profile. A phenotype can be detected or identified in part or in whole using the compositions and/or methods of the invention. In some embodiments, at least one criterion is used for each biomarker. In some embodiments, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or at least 100 criteria are used. For example, for the characterizing of a cancer, a number of different criteria can be used when the subject is diagnosed with a cancer: 1) if the amount of microRNA in a sample from a subject is higher than a reference value; 2) if the amount of a microRNA within cell type specific vesicles (i.e. vesicles derived from a specific tissue or organ) is higher than a reference value; or 3) if the amount of microRNA within vesicles with one or more cancer specific biomarkers is higher than a reference value. Similar rules can apply if the amount of microRNA is less than or the same as the reference. The method can further include a quality control measure, such that the results are provided for the subject if the samples meet the quality control measure. In some embodiments, if the criteria are met but the quality control is questionable, the subject is reassessed. 
     Theranostics 
     A biosignature can be used in therapy related diagnostics to provide tests useful to diagnose a disease or choose the correct treatment regimen, such as provide a theranosis. Theranostics includes diagnostic testing that provides the ability to affect therapy or treatment of a diseased state. Theranostics testing provides a theranosis in a similar manner that diagnostics or prognostic testing provides a diagnosis or prognosis, respectively. As used herein, theranostics encompasses any desired form of therapy related testing, including predictive medicine, personalized medicine, integrated medicine, pharmacodiagnostics and Dx/Rx partnering. Therapy related tests can be used to predict and assess drug response in individual subjects, i.e., to provide personalized medicine. Predicting a drug response can be determining whether a subject is a likely responder or a likely non-responder to a candidate therapeutic agent, e.g., before the subject has been exposed or otherwise treated with the treatment. Assessing a drug response can be monitoring a response to a drug, e.g., monitoring the subject&#39;s improvement or lack thereof over a time course after initiating the treatment. Therapy related tests are useful to select a subject for treatment who is particularly likely to benefit from the treatment or to provide an early and objective indication of treatment efficacy in an individual subject. Thus, a biosignature as disclosed herein may indicate that treatment should be altered to select a more promising treatment, thereby avoiding the great expense of delaying beneficial treatment and avoiding the financial and morbidity costs of administering an ineffective drug(s). 
     The compositions and methods of the invention can be used to identify or detect a biosignature associated with a variety of diseases and disorders, which include, but are not limited to cardiovascular disease, cancer, infectious diseases, sepsis, neurological diseases, central nervous system related diseases, endovascular related diseases, and autoimmune related diseases. Therapy related diagnostics also aid in the prediction of drug toxicity, drug resistance or drug response. Therapy related tests may be developed in any suitable diagnostic testing format, which include, but are not limited to, e.g., immunohistochemical tests, clinical chemistry, immunoassay, cell-based technologies, nucleic acid tests or body imaging methods. Therapy related tests can further include but are not limited to, testing that aids in the determination of therapy, testing that monitors for therapeutic toxicity, or response to therapy testing. Thus, a biosignature can be used to predict or monitor a subject&#39;s response to a treatment. A biosignature can be determined at different time points for a subject after initiating, removing, or altering a particular treatment. 
     In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention provide for a determination or prediction as to whether a subject is responding to a treatment is made based on a change in the amount of one or more components of a biosignature (i.e., the microRNA, vesicles and/or biomarkers of interest), an amount of one or more components of a particular biosignature, or the biosignature detected for the components. In another embodiment, a subject&#39;s condition is monitored by determining a biosignature at different time points. The progression, regression, or recurrence of a condition is determined. Response to therapy can also be measured over a time course. Thus, the invention provides a method of monitoring a status of a disease or other medical condition in a subject, comprising isolating or detecting a biosignature from a biological sample from the subject, detecting the overall amount of the components of a particular biosignature, or detecting the biosignature of one or more components (such as the presence, absence, or expression level of a biomarker). The biosignatures are used to monitor the status of the disease or condition. 
     One or more novel biosignatures of a vesicle can also be identified. For example, one or more vesicles can be isolated from a subject that responds to a drug treatment or treatment regimen and compared to a reference, such as another subject that does not respond to the drug treatment or treatment regimen. Differences between the biosignatures can be determined and used to identify other subjects as responders or non-responders to a particular drug or treatment regimen. 
     In some embodiments, a biosignature is used to determine whether a particular disease or condition is resistant to a drug, in which case a physician need not waste valuable time with such drug treatment. To obtain early validation of a drug choice or treatment regimen, a biosignature is determined for a sample obtained from a subject. The biosignature is used to assess whether the particular subject&#39;s disease has the biomarker associated with drug resistance. Such a determination enables doctors to devote critical time as well as the patient&#39;s financial resources to effective treatments. 
     Biosignatures can be used in the theranosis of a cancer, such as identifying whether a subject suffering from cancer is a likely responder or non-responder to a particular cancer treatment. The subject methods can be used to theranose cancers including those listed herein, e.g., in the “Phenotypes” section below. These include without limitation lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer small cell lung cancer (including small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer), mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma, and combined small cell carcinoma), colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian cancer, stomach cancer, melanoma, bone cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, papillary renal carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, or other solid tumors. 
     A biosignature of circulating biomarkers, including markers associated with a component present in a biological sample (e.g., cell, cell-fragment, cell-derived extracellular vesicle), in a sample from a subject suffering from a cancer can be used select a candidate treatment for the subject. The biosignature can be determined according to the methods of the invention presented herein. In some embodiments, the candidate treatment comprises a standard of care for the cancer. The treatment can be a cancer treatment such as radiation, surgery, chemotherapy or a combination thereof. The cancer treatment can be a therapeutic such as anti-cancer agents and chemotherapeutic regimens. Further drug associations and rules that are used in embodiments of the invention are found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/658,770, filed Feb. 12, 2010; International PCT Patent Publication WO/2010/093465, filed Feb. 11, 2010; International PCT Patent Publication WO/2011/056688, filed Oct. 27, 2010; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/427,788, filed Dec. 28, 2010; all of which applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. See, e.g., “Table 4: Rules Summary for Treatment Selection” of WO/2011/056688. 
     Biomarker Detection 
     The compositions and methods of the invention can be used to assess any useful biomarkers in a biological sample for charactering a phenotype associated with the sample. Such biomarkers include all sorts of biological entities such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, complexes of any thereof, and microvesicles. Various molecules associated with a microvesicle surface or enclosed within the microvesicle (referred to herein as “payload”) can serve as biomarkers. The microvesicles themselves can also be used as biomarkers. 
     The aptamers of the invention can be used to assess levels or presence of a microvesicle population. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 19B-19C . The aptamers of the invention can also be used to assess levels or presence of their specific target molecule. See, e.g.,  FIG. 19A . In addition, aptamers of the invention are used to capture or isolated a component present in a biological sample that has the aptamer&#39;s target molecule present. For example, if a given microvesicle surface antigen is present on a cell, cell fragment or cell-derived extracellular vesicle. A binding agent to the biomarker, including without limitation an aptamer provided by the invention, may be used to capture or isolate the cell, cell fragment or cell-derived extracellular vesicles. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 2A-2B, 19A . Such captured or isolated entities may be further characterized to assess additional surface antigens or internal “payload” molecules present (i.e., nucleic acid molecules, lipids, sugars, polypeptides or functional fragments thereof, or anything else present in the cellular milieu that may be used as a biomarker), where one or more biomarkers provide a biosignature to assess a desired phenotype, such a s disease or condition. See, e.g.,  FIG. 2F . Therefore, aptamers of the invention are used not only to assess one or more microvesicle surface antigen of interest but are also used to separate a component present in a biological sample, where the components themselves can be further assessed to identify a candidate biosignature. 
     The methods of the invention can comprise multiplex analysis of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 50, 75 or 100 different biomarkers. For example, an assay of a heterogeneous population of vesicles can be performed with a plurality of particles that are differentially labeled. There can be at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 50, 75 or 100 differentially labeled particles. The particles may be externally labeled, such as with a tag, or they may be intrinsically labeled. Each differentially labeled particle can be coupled to a capture agent, such as a binding agent, for a vesicle, resulting in capture of a vesicle. The multiple capture agents can be selected to characterize a phenotype of interest, including capture agents against general vesicle biomarkers, cell-of-origin specific biomarkers, and disease biomarkers. One or more biomarkers of the captured vesicle can then be detected by a plurality of binding agents. The binding agent can be directly labeled to facilitate detection. Alternatively, the binding agent is labeled by a secondary agent. For example, the binding agent may be an antibody for a biomarker on the vesicle, wherein the binding agent is linked to biotin. A secondary agent comprises streptavidin linked to a reporter and can be added to detect the biomarker. In some embodiments, the captured vesicle is assayed for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 50, 75 or 100 different biomarkers. For example, multiple detectors, i.e., detection of multiple biomarkers of a captured vesicle or population of vesicles, can increase the signal obtained, permitted increased sensitivity, specificity, or both, and the use of smaller amounts of samples. Detection can be with more than one biomarker, including without limitation more than one vesicle marker such as in Table 3 or Table 4. 
     An immunoassay based method (e.g., sandwich assay) can be used to detect a biomarker of a vesicle. An example includes ELISA. A binding agent can be bound to a well. For example, a binding agent such as an aptamer or antibody to an antigen of a vesicle can be attached to a well. A biomarker on the captured vesicle can be detected based on the methods described herein.  FIG. 2A  shows an illustrative schematic for a sandwich-type of immunoassay. The capture agent can be against a vesicle antigen of interest, e.g., a general vesicle biomarker, a cell-of-origin marker, or a disease marker. In the figure, the captured vesicles are detected using fluorescently labeled binding agent (detection agent) against vesicle antigens of interest. Multiple capture binding agents can be used, e.g., in distinguishable addresses on an array or different wells of an immunoassay plate. The detection binding agents can be against the same antigen as the capture binding agent, or can be directed against other markers. The capture binding agent can be any useful binding agent, e.g., tethered aptamers, antibodies or lectins, and/or the detector antibodies can be similarly substituted, e.g., with detectable (e.g., labeled) aptamers, antibodies, lectins or other binding proteins or entities. In an embodiment, one or more capture agents to a general vesicle biomarker, a cell-of-origin marker, and/or a disease marker are used along with detection agents against general vesicle biomarker, such as tetraspanin molecules including without limitation one or more of CD9, CD63 and CD81, or other markers in Table 3 herein. Examples of microvesicle surface antigens are disclosed herein, e.g. in Tables 3 or 4, or are known in the art, and examples useful in methods and compositions of the invention are disclosed of International Patent Publication No. WO/2011/127219, entitled “Circulating Biomarkers for Disease” and filed Apr. 6, 2011. 
       FIG. 2D  presents an illustrative schematic for analyzing vesicles according to the methods of the invention. Capture agents are used to capture vesicles, detectors are used to detect the captured vesicles, and the level or presence of the captured and detected microvesicles is used to characterize a phenotype. Capture agents, detectors and characterizing phenotypes can be any of those described herein. For example, capture agents include antibodies or aptamers tethered to a substrate that recognize a vesicle antigen of interest, detectors include labeled antibodies or aptamers to a vesicle antigen of interest, and characterizing a phenotype includes a diagnosis, prognosis, or theranosis of a disease. In the scheme shown in  FIG. 2D  i), a population of vesicles is captured with one or more capture agents against general vesicle biomarkers ( 200 ). The captured vesicles are then labeled with detectors against cell-of-origin biomarkers ( 201 ) and/or disease specific biomarkers ( 202 ). If only cell-of-origin detectors are used ( 201 ), the biosignature used to characterize the phenotype ( 203 ) can include the general vesicle markers ( 200 ) and the cell-of-origin biomarkers ( 201 ). If only disease detectors are used ( 202 ), the biosignature used to characterize the phenotype ( 203 ) can include the general vesicle markers ( 200 ) and the disease biomarkers ( 202 ). Alternately, detectors are used to detect both cell-of-origin biomarkers ( 201 ) and disease specific biomarkers ( 202 ). In this case, the biosignature used to characterize the phenotype ( 203 ) can include the general vesicle markers ( 200 ), the cell-of-origin biomarkers ( 201 ) and the disease biomarkers ( 202 ). The biomarkers combinations are selected to characterize the phenotype of interest and can be selected from the biomarkers and phenotypes described herein, e.g., in Tables 3 or 4. 
     In the scheme shown in  FIG. 2D  ii), a population of vesicles is captured with one or more capture agents against cell-of-origin biomarkers ( 210 ) and/or disease biomarkers ( 211 ). The captured vesicles are then detected using detectors against general vesicle biomarkers ( 212 ). If only cell-of-origin capture agents are used ( 210 ), the biosignature used to characterize the phenotype ( 213 ) can include the cell-of-origin biomarkers ( 210 ) and the general vesicle markers ( 212 ). If only disease biomarker capture agents are used ( 211 ), the biosignature used to characterize the phenotype ( 213 ) can include the disease biomarkers ( 211 ) and the general vesicle biomarkers ( 212 ). Alternately, capture agents to one or more cell-of-origin biomarkers ( 210 ) and one or more disease specific biomarkers ( 211 ) are used to capture vesicles. In this case, the biosignature used to characterize the phenotype ( 213 ) can include the cell-of-origin biomarkers ( 210 ), the disease biomarkers ( 211 ), and the general vesicle markers ( 213 ). The biomarkers combinations are selected to characterize the phenotype of interest and can be selected from the biomarkers and phenotypes described herein. 
     The methods of the invention comprise capture and detection of microvesicles of interest using any combination of useful biomarkers. For example, a microvesicle population can be captured using one or more binding agent to any desired combination of cell of origin, disease specific, or general vesicle markers. The captured microvesicles can then be detected using one or more binding agent to any desired combination of cell of origin, disease specific, or general vesicle markers.  FIG. 2E  represents a flow diagram of such configurations. Any one or more of a cell-of-origin biomarker ( 240 ), disease biomarkers ( 241 ), and general vesicle biomarker ( 242 ) is used to capture a microvesicle population. Thereafter, any one or more of a cell-of-origin biomarker ( 243 ), disease biomarkers ( 244 ), and general vesicle biomarker ( 245 ) is used to detect the captured microvesicle population. The biosignature of captured and detected microvesicles is then used to characterize a phenotype. The biomarkers combinations are selected to characterize the phenotype of interest and can be selected from the biomarkers and phenotypes described herein. 
     A microvesicle payload molecule can be assessed as a member of a biosignature panel. A payload molecule comprises any of the biological entities contained within a cell, cell fragment or vesicle membrane. These entities include without limitation nucleic acids, e.g., mRNA, microRNA, or DNA fragments; protein, e.g., soluble and membrane associated proteins; carbohydrates; lipids; metabolites; and various small molecules, e.g., hormones. The payload can be part of the cellular milieu that is encapsulated as a vesicle is formed in the cellular environment. In some embodiments of the invention, the payload is analyzed in addition to detecting vesicle surface antigens. Specific populations of vesicles can be captured as described above then the payload in the captured vesicles can be used to characterize a phenotype. For example, vesicles captured on a substrate can be further isolated to assess the payload therein. Alternately, the vesicles in a sample are detected and sorted without capture. The vesicles so detected can be further isolated to assess the payload therein. In an embodiment, vesicle populations are sorted by flow cytometry and the payload in the sorted vesicles is analyzed. In the scheme shown in  FIG. 2F  iv), a population of vesicles is captured and/or detected ( 220 ) using one or more of cell-of-origin biomarkers ( 220 ), disease biomarkers ( 221 ), and/or general vesicle markers ( 222 ). The payload of the isolated vesicles is assessed ( 223 ). A biosignature detected within the payload can be used to characterize a phenotype ( 224 ). In a non-limiting example, a vesicle population can be analyzed in a plasma sample from a patient using antibodies against one or more vesicle antigens of interest. The antibodies can be capture antibodies which are tethered to a substrate to isolate a desired vesicle population. Alternately, the antibodies can be directly labeled and the labeled vesicles isolated by sorting with flow cytometry. The presence or level of microRNA or mRNA extracted from the isolated vesicle population can be used to detect a biosignature. The biosignature is then used to diagnose, prognose or theranose the patient. 
     In other embodiments, vesicle or cellular payload is analyzed in a population (e.g., cells or vesicles) without first capturing or detected subpopulations of vesicles. For example, a cellular or extracellular vesicle population can be generally isolated from a sample using centrifugation, filtration, chromatography, or other techniques as described herein and known in the art. The payload of such sample components can be analyzed thereafter to detect a biosignature and characterize a phenotype. In the scheme shown in  FIG. 2F  v), a population of vesicles is isolated ( 230 ) and the payload of the isolated vesicles is assessed ( 231 ). A biosignature detected within the payload can be used to characterize a phenotype ( 232 ). In a non-limiting example, a vesicle population is isolated from a plasma sample from a patient using size exclusion and membrane filtration. The presence or level of microRNA or mRNA extracted from the vesicle population is used to detect a biosignature. The biosignature is then used to diagnose, prognose or theranose the patient. 
     The biomarkers used to detect a vesicle population can be selected to detect a microvesicle population of interest, e.g., a population of vesicles that provides a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of a selected condition or disease, including but not limited to a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, neurological disease or disorder, infectious disease or pain. See Section “Phenotypes” herein for more detail. In an embodiment, the biomarkers are selected from the group consisting of EpCam (epithelial cell adhesion molecule), CD9 (tetraspanin CD9 molecule), PCSA (prostate cell specific antigen, see Rokhlin et al., 5E10: a prostate-specific surface-reactive monoclonal antibody. Cancer Lett. 1998 131:129-36), CD63 (tetraspanin CD63 molecule), CD81 (tetraspanin CD81 molecule), PSMA (FOLH1, folate hydrolase (prostate-specific membrane antigen) 1), B7H3 (CD276 molecule), PSCA (prostate stem cell antigen), ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule), STEAP (STEAP1, six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1), KLK2 (kallikrein-related peptidase 2), SSX2 (synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint 2), SSX4 (synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint 4), PBP (prostatic binding protein), SPDEF (SAM pointed domain containing ets transcription factor), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), and a combination thereof. One or more of these markers can provide a biosignature for a specific condition, such as to detect a cancer, including without limitation a carcinoma, a prostate cancer, a breast cancer, a lung cancer, a colorectal cancer, an ovarian cancer, melanoma, a brain cancer, or other type of cancer as disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a binding agent to one or more of these markers is used to capture a microvesicle population, and an aptamer of the invention is used to assist in detection of the capture vesicles as described herein. In other embodiments, an aptamer of the invention is used to capture a microvesicle population, and a binding agent to one or more of these markers is used to assist in detection of the capture vesicles as described herein. The binding agents can be any useful binding agent as disclosed herein or known in the art, e.g., antibodies or aptamers. 
     The methods of characterizing a phenotype can employ a combination of techniques to assess a component or population of components present in a biological sample of interest. For example, an aptamer of the invention can be used to assess a single cell, or a single extracellular vesicle or a population of cells or population of vesicles. A sample may be split into various aliquots, where each is analyzed separately. For example, protein content of one or more aliquot is determined and microRNA content of one or more other aliquot is determined. The protein content and microRNA content can be combined to characterize a phenotype. In another embodiment, a component present in a biological sample of interest is isolated and the payload therein is assessed (e.g., capture a population of subpopulation of vesicles using an aptamer of the invention and further assess nucleic acid or proteins present in the isolated vesicles). 
     In one embodiment, a population of vesicles with a given surface marker can be isolated by using a binding agent to a microvesicle surface marker. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 2A, 2B, 19A . The binding agent can be an aptamer that was identified to target the microvesicle surface marker using to the methods of the invention. The isolated vesicles is assessed for additional biomarkers such as surface content or payload, which can be contemporaneous to detection of the aptamer-specific target or the assessment of additional biomarkers can be before or subsequent to aptamer-specific target detection. 
     A biosignature can be detected qualitatively or quantitatively by detecting a presence, level or concentration of a circulating biomarker, e.g., a microRNA, protein, vesicle or other biomarker, as disclosed herein. These biosignature components can be detected using a number of techniques known to those of skill in the art. For example, a biomarker can be detected by microarray analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (including PCR-based methods such as real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR/qPCR) and the like), hybridization with allele-specific probes, enzymatic mutation detection, ligation chain reaction (LCR), oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA), flow-cytometric heteroduplex analysis, chemical cleavage of mismatches, mass spectrometry, nucleic acid sequencing, single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), restriction fragment polymorphisms, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), or combinations thereof. A biomarker, such as a nucleic acid, can be amplified prior to detection. A biomarker can also be detected by immunoassay, immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; EIA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), flow cytometry, or electron microscopy (EM). 
     Biosignatures can be detected using aptamers of the invention that function as either as capture agents and detection agents, as described herein. A capture agent can comprise an antibody, aptamer or other entity which recognizes a biomarker and can be used for capturing the biomarker. Biomarkers that can be captured include circulating biomarkers, e.g., a protein, nucleic acid, lipid or biological complex in solution in a bodily fluid. Similarly, the capture agent can be used for capturing a vesicle. A detection agent can comprise an antibody or other entity which recognizes a biomarker and can be used for detecting the biomarker vesicle, or which recognizes a vesicle and is useful for detecting a vesicle. In some embodiments, the detection agent is labeled and the label is detected, thereby detecting the biomarker or vesicle. The detection agent can be a binding agent, e.g., an antibody or aptamer. In other embodiments, the detection agent comprises a small molecule such as a membrane protein labeling agent. See, e.g., the membrane protein labeling agents disclosed in Alroy et al., US. Patent Publication US 2005/0158708. In an embodiment, vesicles are isolated or captured as described herein, and one or more membrane protein labeling agent is used to detect the vesicles. In many cases, the antigen or other vesicle-moiety that is recognized by the capture and detection agents are interchangeable. 
     In a non-limiting embodiment, a vesicle having a cell-of-origin specific antigen on its surface and a cancer-specific antigen on its surface, is captured using a binding agent that is specific to a cells-specific antigen, e.g., by tethering the capture antibody or aptamer to a substrate, and then the vesicle is detected using a binding agent to a disease-specific antigen, e.g., by labeling the binding agent used for detection with a fluorescent dye and detecting the fluorescent radiation emitted by the dye. 
     It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that where the target molecule for a binding agent (such as an aptamer of the invention) is informative as to assessing a condition or disease, the same binding agent can be used to both capture a component comprising the target molecule (e.g., microvesicle surface antigen of interest) and also be modified to comprise a detectable label so as to detect the target molecule, e.g., binding agent 1 -antigen-binding agent 2 *, wherein the * signifies a detectable label; binding agent 1  and binding agent 2  may be the same binding agent or a different binding agent (e.g., same aptamer or different aptamer). In addition, binding agent 1  and binding agent 2  can be selected from wholly different categories of binding agents (e.g., antibody, aptamer, synthetic antibody, peptide-nucleic acid molecule, or any molecule that is configured to specifically bind to or associate with its target molecule). Such binding molecules can be selected solely based on their binding specificity for a target molecule. Examples of additional biomarkers that can be incorporated into the methods and compositions of the invention are known in the art, such as those disclosed in International Patent Publication Nos. WO/2012/174282 (Int&#39;l Appl. PCT/US2012/042519 filed Jun. 14, 2012) and WO/2013/022995 (Int&#39;l Appl. PCT/US2012/050030 filed Aug. 8, 2013). The detectable signal can itself be associated with a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes with a stretch of nucleic acids present in each oligonucleotide comprising a probing library. The stretch can be the same or different as to one or more oligonucleotides in a library. The detectable signal can comprise fluorescence agents, including color-coded barcodes which are known, such as in U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 20140371088, 2013017837, and 20120258870. 
     Techniques of detecting biomarkers or capturing sample components using an aptamer of the invention include the use of a planar substrate such as an array (e.g., biochip or microarray), with molecules immobilized to the substrate as capture agents that facilitate the detection of a particular biosignature. The array can be provided as part of a kit for assaying one or more biomarkers. Additional examples of binding agents described above and useful in the compositions and methods of the invention are disclosed in International Patent Publication No. WO/2011/127219, entitled “Circulating Biomarkers for Disease” and filed Apr. 6, 2011, which application is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Aptamers of the invention can be included in an array for detection and diagnosis of diseases including presymptomatic diseases. In some embodiments, an array comprises a custom array comprising biomolecules selected to specifically identify biomarkers of interest. Customized arrays can be modified to detect biomarkers that increase statistical performance, e.g., additional biomolecules that identifies a biosignature which lead to improved cross-validated error rates in multivariate prediction models (e.g., logistic regression, discriminant analysis, or regression tree models). In some embodiments, customized array(s) are constructed to study the biology of a disease, condition or syndrome and profile biosignatures in defined physiological states. Markers for inclusion on the customized array be chosen based upon statistical criteria, e.g., having a desired level of statistical significance in differentiating between phenotypes or physiological states. In some embodiments, standard significance of p-value=0.05 is chosen to exclude or include biomolecules on the microarray. The p-values can be corrected for multiple comparisons. As an illustrative example, nucleic acids extracted from samples from a subject with or without a disease can be hybridized to a high density microarray that binds to thousands of gene sequences. Nucleic acids whose levels are significantly different between the samples with or without the disease can be selected as biomarkers to distinguish samples as having the disease or not. A customized array can be constructed to detect the selected biomarkers. In some embodiments, customized arrays comprise low density microarrays, which refer to arrays with lower number of addressable binding agents, e.g., tens or hundreds instead of thousands. Low density arrays can be formed on a substrate. In some embodiments, customizable low density arrays use PCR amplification in plate wells, e.g., TaqMan® Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems by Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). 
     An aptamer of the invention or other useful binding agent may be linked directly or indirectly to a solid surface or substrate. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 2A-2B, 9, 19A . A solid surface or substrate can be any physically separable solid to which a binding agent can be directly or indirectly attached including, but not limited to, surfaces provided by microarrays and wells, particles such as beads, columns, optical fibers, wipes, glass and modified or functionalized glass, quartz, mica, diazotized membranes (paper or nylon), polyformaldehyde, cellulose, cellulose acetate, paper, ceramics, metals, metalloids, semiconductive materials, quantum dots, coated beads or particles, other chromatographic materials, magnetic particles; plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene, copolymers of styrene or other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, Teflon material, etc.), polysaccharides, nylon or nitrocellulose, resins, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, plastics, ceramics, conducting polymers (including polymers such as polypyrole and polyindole); micro or nanostructured surfaces such as nucleic acid tiling arrays, nanotube, nanowire, or nanoparticulate decorated surfaces; or porous surfaces or gels such as methacrylates, acrylamides, sugar polymers, cellulose, silicates, or other fibrous or stranded polymers. In addition, as is known the art, the substrate may be coated using passive or chemically-derivatized coatings with any number of materials, including polymers, such as dextrans, acrylamides, gelatins or agarose. Such coatings can facilitate the use of the array with a biological sample. 
     As provided in the examples, below, an aptamer or other useful binding agent can be conjugated to a detectable entity or label. 
     Appropriate labels include without limitation a magnetic label, a fluorescent moiety, an enzyme, a chemiluminescent probe, a metal particle, a non-metal colloidal particle, a polymeric dye particle, a pigment molecule, a pigment particle, an electrochemically active species, semiconductor nanocrystal or other nanoparticles including quantum dots or gold particles, fluorophores, quantum dots, or radioactive labels. Protein labels include green fluorescent protein (GFP) and variants thereof (e.g., cyan fluorescent protein and yellow fluorescent protein); and luminescent proteins such as luciferase, as described below. Radioactive labels include without limitation radioisotopes (radionuclides), such as  3 H,  11 C,  14 C,  18 F,  32 P,  35 S,  64 Cu,  68 Ga,  86 Y,  99 Tc,  111 In,  123 I,  124 I,  125 I,  131 I,  133 Xe,  177 Lu,  211 At or  213 Bi. Fluorescent labels include without limitation a rare earth chelate (e.g., europium chelate), rhodamine; fluorescein types including without limitation FITC, 5-carboxyfluorescein, 6-carboxy fluorescein; a rhodamine type including without limitation TAMRA; dansyl; Lissamine; cyanines; phycoerythrins; Texas Red; Cy3, Cy5, dapoxyl, NBD, Cascade Yellow, dansyl, PyMPO, pyrene, 7-diethylaminocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid and other coumarin derivatives, Marina Blue™, Pacific Blue™, Cascade Blue™, 2-anthracenesulfonyl, PyMPO, 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic acid, 2,7-difluorofluorescein (Oregon Green™ 488-X), 5-carboxyfluorescein, Texas Red™-X, Alexa Fluor 430, 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA), 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (6-TAMRA), BODIPY FL, bimane, and Alexa Fluor 350, 405, 488, 500, 514, 532, 546, 555, 568, 594, 610, 633, 647, 660, 680, 700, and 750, and derivatives thereof, among many others. See, e.g., “The Handbook—A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies,” Tenth Edition, available on the internet at probes (dot) invitrogen (dot) com/handbook. The fluorescent label can be one or more of FAM, dRHO, 5-FAM, 6FAM, dR6G, JOE, HEX, VIC, TET, dTAMRA, TAMRA, NED, dROX, PET, BHQ, Gold540 and LIZ. 
     Using conventional techniques, an aptamer can be directly or indirectly labeled, e.g., the label is attached to the aptamer through biotin-streptavidin (e.g., synthesize a biotinylated aptamer, which is then capable of binding a streptavidin molecule that is itself conjugated to a detectable label; non-limiting example is streptavidin, phycoerythrin conjugated (SAPE)). Methods for chemical coupling using multiple step procedures include biotinylation, coupling of trinitrophenol (TNP) or digoxigenin using for example succinimide esters of these compounds. Biotinylation can be accomplished by, for example, the use of D-biotinyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide. Succinimide groups react effectively with amino groups at pH values above 7, and preferentially between about pH 8.0 and about pH 8.5. Alternatively, an aptamer is not labeled, but is later contacted with a second antibody that is labeled after the first antibody is bound to an antigen of interest. 
     Various enzyme-substrate labels may also be used in conjunction with a composition or method of the invention. Such enzyme-substrate labels are available commercially (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,149). The enzyme generally catalyzes a chemical alteration of a chromogenic substrate that can be measured using various techniques. For example, the enzyme may catalyze a color change in a substrate, which can be measured spectrophotometrically. Alternatively, the enzyme may alter the fluorescence or chemiluminescence of the substrate. Examples of enzymatic labels include luciferases (e.g., firefly luciferase and bacterial luciferase; U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,456), luciferin, 2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, malate dehydrogenase, urease, peroxidase such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharide oxidases (e.g., glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), heterocyclic oxidases (such as uricase and xanthine oxidase), lactoperoxidase, microperoxidase, and the like. Examples of enzyme-substrate combinations include, but are not limited to, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with hydrogen peroxidase as a substrate, wherein the hydrogen peroxidase oxidizes a dye precursor (e.g., orthophenylene diamine (OPD) or 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine hydrochloride (TMB)); alkaline phosphatase (AP) with para-nitrophenyl phosphate as chromogenic substrate; and β-D-galactosidase (β-D-Gal) with a chromogenic substrate (e.g., p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactosidase) or fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactosidase. 
     Aptamer(s) can be linked to a substrate such as a planar substrate. A planar array generally contains addressable locations (e.g., pads, addresses, or micro-locations) of biomolecules in an array format. The size of the array will depend on the composition and end use of the array. Arrays can be made containing from 2 different molecules to many thousands. Generally, the array comprises from two to as many as 100,000 or more molecules, depending on the end use of the array and the method of manufacture. A microarray for use with the invention comprises at least one biomolecule that identifies or captures a biomarker present in a biosignature of interest, e.g., a microRNA or other biomolecule or vesicle that makes up the biosignature. In some arrays, multiple substrates are used, either of different or identical compositions. Accordingly, planar arrays may comprise a plurality of smaller substrates. 
     The present invention can make use of many types of arrays for detecting a biomarker, e.g., a biomarker associated with a biosignature of interest. Useful arrays or microarrays include without limitation DNA microarrays, such as cDNA microarrays, oligonucleotide microarrays and SNP microarrays, microRNA arrays, protein microarrays, antibody microarrays, tissue microarrays, cellular microarrays (also called transfection microarrays), chemical compound microarrays, and carbohydrate arrays (glycoarrays). These arrays are described in more detail above. In some embodiments, microarrays comprise biochips that provide high-density immobilized arrays of recognition molecules (e.g., aptamers or antibodies), where biomarker binding is monitored indirectly (e.g., via fluorescence). 
     An array or microarray that can be used to detect one or more biomarkers of a biosignature and comprising one or more aptamers of the invention can be made according to the methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,329,209; 6,365,418; 6,406,921; 6,475,808; and 6,475,809, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/884,269, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Custom arrays to detect specific selections of sets of biomarkers described herein can be made using the methods described in these patents. Commercially available microarrays can also be used to carry out the methods of the invention, including without limitation those from Affymetrix (Santa Clara, Calif.), Illumina (San Diego, Calif.), Agilent (Santa Clara, Calif.), Exiqon (Denmark), or Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). Custom and/or commercial arrays include arrays for detection proteins, nucleic acids, and other biological molecules and entities (e.g., cells, vesicles, virii) as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, multiple capture molecules are disposed on an array, e.g., proteins, peptides or additional nucleic acid molecules. In certain embodiments, the proteins are immobilized using methods and materials that minimize the denaturing of the proteins, that minimize alterations in the activity of the proteins, or that minimize interactions between the protein and the surface on which they are immobilized. The capture molecules can comprise one or more aptamer of the invention. In one embodiment, an array is constructed for the hybridization of a pool of aptamers. The array can then be used to identify pool members that bind a sample, thereby facilitating characterization of a phenotype. See  FIGS. 19B-19C  and related disclosure for further details. 
     Array surfaces useful may be of any desired shape, form, or size. Non-limiting examples of surfaces include chips, continuous surfaces, curved surfaces, flexible surfaces, films, plates, sheets, or tubes. Surfaces can have areas ranging from approximately a square micron to approximately 500 cm 2 . The area, length, and width of surfaces may be varied according to the requirements of the assay to be performed. Considerations may include, for example, ease of handling, limitations of the material(s) of which the surface is formed, requirements of detection systems, requirements of deposition systems (e.g., arrayers), or the like. 
     In certain embodiments, it is desirable to employ a physical means for separating groups or arrays of binding islands or immobilized biomolecules: such physical separation facilitates exposure of different groups or arrays to different solutions of interest. Therefore, in certain embodiments, arrays are situated within microwell plates having any number of wells. In such embodiments, the bottoms of the wells may serve as surfaces for the formation of arrays, or arrays may be formed on other surfaces and then placed into wells. In certain embodiments, such as where a surface without wells is used, binding islands may be formed or molecules may be immobilized on a surface and a gasket having holes spatially arranged so that they correspond to the islands or biomolecules may be placed on the surface. Such a gasket is preferably liquid tight. A gasket may be placed on a surface at any time during the process of making the array and may be removed if separation of groups or arrays is no longer desired. 
     In some embodiments, the immobilized molecules can bind to one or more biomarkers or vesicles present in a biological sample contacting the immobilized molecules. In some embodiments, the immobilized molecules modify or are modified by molecules present in the one or more vesicles contacting the immobilized molecules. Contacting the sample typically comprises overlaying the sample upon the array. 
     Modifications or binding of molecules in solution or immobilized on an array can be detected using detection techniques known in the art. Examples of such techniques include immunological techniques such as competitive binding assays and sandwich assays; fluorescence detection using instruments such as confocal scanners, confocal microscopes, or CCD-based systems and techniques such as fluorescence, fluorescence polarization (FP), fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS); colorimetric/spectrometric techniques; surface plasmon resonance, by which changes in mass of materials adsorbed at surfaces are measured; techniques using radioisotopes, including conventional radioisotope binding and scintillation proximity assays (SPA); mass spectroscopy, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy (MALDI) and MALDI-time of flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy; ellipsometry, which is an optical method of measuring thickness of protein films; quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), a very sensitive method for measuring mass of materials adsorbing to surfaces; scanning probe microscopies, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning force microscopy (SFM) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and techniques such as electrochemical, impedance, acoustic, microwave, and IR/Raman detection. See, e.g., Mere L, et al., “ Miniaturized FRET assays and microfluidics: key components for ultra - high - throughput screening,” Drug Discovery Today  4(8):363-369 (1999), and references cited therein; Lakowicz J R,  Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy,  2 nd Edition, Plenum Press  (1999), or Jain K K:  Integrative Omics, Pharmacoproteomics, and Human Body Fluids. In: Thongboonkerd V, ed., ed. Proteomics of Human Body Fluids: Principles, Methods and Applications. Volume  1:  Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press,  2007, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Microarray technology can be combined with mass spectroscopy (MS) analysis and other tools. Electrospray interface to a mass spectrometer can be integrated with a capillary in a microfluidics device. For example, one commercially available system contains eTag reporters that are fluorescent labels with unique and well-defined electrophoretic mobilities; each label is coupled to biological or chemical probes via cleavable linkages. The distinct mobility address of each eTag reporter allows mixtures of these tags to be rapidly deconvoluted and quantitated by capillary electrophoresis. This system allows concurrent gene expression, protein expression, and protein function analyses from the same sample Jain K K:  Integrative Omics, Pharmacoproteomics, and Human Body Fluids. In: Thongboonkerd V, ed., ed. Proteomics of Human Body Fluids: Principles, Methods and Applications. Volume  1:  Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press,  2007, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     A biochip can include components for a microfluidic or nanofluidic assay. A microfluidic device can be used for isolating or analyzing biomarkers, such as determining a biosignature. Microfluidic systems allow for the miniaturization and compartmentalization of one or more processes for isolating, capturing or detecting a vesicle, detecting a microRNA, detecting a circulating biomarker, detecting a biosignature, and other processes. The microfluidic devices can use one or more detection reagents in at least one aspect of the system, and such a detection reagent can be used to detect one or more biomarkers. In one embodiment, the device detects a biomarker on an isolated or bound vesicle. Various probes, antibodies, proteins, or other binding agents can be used to detect a biomarker within the microfluidic system. The detection agents may be immobilized in different compartments of the microfluidic device or be entered into a hybridization or detection reaction through various channels of the device. 
     A vesicle in a microfluidic device can be lysed and its contents detected within the microfluidic device, such as proteins or nucleic acids, e.g., DNA or RNA such as miRNA or mRNA. The nucleic acid may be amplified prior to detection, or directly detected, within the microfluidic device. Thus microfluidic system can also be used for multiplexing detection of various biomarkers. In an embodiment, vesicles are captured within the microfluidic device, the captured vesicles are lysed, and a biosignature of microRNA from the vesicle payload is determined. The biosignature can further comprise the capture agent used to capture the vesicle. 
     Novel nanofabrication techniques are opening up the possibilities for biosensing applications that rely on fabrication of high-density, precision arrays, e.g., nucleotide-based chips and protein arrays otherwise known as heterogeneous nanoarrays. Nanofluidics allows a further reduction in the quantity of fluid analyte in a microchip to nanoliter levels, and the chips used here are referred to as nanochips. See, e.g.,  Unger M et al., Biotechniques  1999; 27(5):1008-14,  Kartalov E P et al., Biotechniques  2006; 40(1):85-90, each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Commercially available nanochips currently provide simple one step assays such as total cholesterol, total protein or glucose assays that can be run by combining sample and reagents, mixing and monitoring of the reaction. Gel-free analytical approaches based on liquid chromatography (LC) and nanoLC separations ( Cutillas et al. Proteomics,  2005; 5:101-112  and Cutillas et al., Mol Cell Proteomics  2005;4:1038-1051, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) can be used in combination with the nanochips. 
     An array suitable for identifying a disease, condition, syndrome or physiological status can be included in a kit. A kit can include, an aptamer of the invention, including as non-limiting examples, one or more reagents useful for preparing molecules for immobilization onto binding islands or areas of an array, reagents useful for detecting binding of a vesicle to immobilized molecules, and instructions for use. 
     Further provided herein is a rapid detection device that facilitates the detection of a particular biosignature in a biological sample. The device can integrate biological sample preparation with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on a chip. The device can facilitate the detection of a particular biosignature of a vesicle in a biological sample, and an example is provided as described in  Pipper et al., Angewandte Chemie,  47(21), p. 3900-3904 (2008), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. A biosignature can be incorporated using micro-/nano-electrochemical system (MEMS/NEMS) sensors and oral fluid for diagnostic applications as described in  Li et al., Adv Dent Res  18(1): 3-5 (2005), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Particle Arrays 
     As an alternative to planar arrays, assays using particles, such as bead based assays are also capable of use with an aptamer of the invention. Aptamers are easily conjugated with commercially available beads. See, e.g., Srinivas et al. Anal. Chem. 2011 Oct. 21,  Aptamer functionalized Microgel Particles for Protein Detection;  See also, review article on aptamers as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, Brody and Gold, Rev. Mol. Biotech. 2000, 74:5-13. 
     Multiparametric assays or other high throughput detection assays using bead coatings with cognate ligands and reporter molecules with specific activities consistent with high sensitivity automation can be used. In a bead based assay system, a binding agent for a biomarker or vesicle, such as a capture agent (e.g. capture antibody), can be immobilized on an addressable microsphere. Each binding agent for each individual binding assay can be coupled to a distinct type of microsphere (i.e., microbead) and the assay reaction takes place on the surface of the microsphere, such as depicted in  FIG. 2B . A binding agent for a vesicle can be a capture antibody coupled to a bead. Dyed microspheres with discrete fluorescence intensities are loaded separately with their appropriate binding agent or capture probes. The different bead sets carrying different binding agents can be pooled as desired to generate custom bead arrays. Bead arrays are then incubated with the sample in a single reaction vessel to perform the assay. 
     Bead-based assays can also be used with one or more aptamers of the invention. A bead substrate can provide a platform for attaching one or more binding agents, including aptamer(s). For multiplexing, multiple different bead sets (e.g., Illumina, Luminex) can have different binding agents (specific to different target molecules). For example, a bead can be conjugated to an aptamer of the invention used to detect the presence (quantitatively or qualitatively) of an antigen of interest, or it can also be used to isolate a component present in a selected biological sample (e.g., cell, cell-fragment or vesicle comprising the target molecule to which the aptamer is configured to bind or associate). Any molecule of organic origin can be successfully conjugated to a polystyrene bead through use of commercially available kits. 
     One or more aptamers of the invention can be used with any bead based substrate, including but not limited to magnetic capture method, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) or laser cytometry. Magnetic capture methods can include, but are not limited to, the use of magnetically activated cell sorter (MACS) microbeads or magnetic columns. Examples of bead or particle based methods that can be modified to use an aptamer of the invention include methods and bead systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,551,435, 4,795,698, 4,925,788, 5,108,933, 5,186,827, 5,200,084 or 5,158,871; 7,399,632; 8,124,015; 8,008,019; 7,955,802; 7,445,844; 7,274,316; 6,773,812; 6,623,526; 6,599,331; 6,057,107; 5,736,330; International Patent Publication No. WO/2012/174282; WO/1993/022684. 
     Flow Cytometry 
     Isolation or detection of circulating biomarkers, e.g., protein antigens, from a biological sample, or of the biomarker-comprising cells, cell fragments or vesicles may also be achieved using an aptamer of the invention in a cytometry process. As a non-limiting example, aptamers of the invention can be used in an assay comprising using a particle such as a bead or microsphere The invention provides aptamers as binding agents, which may be conjugated to the particle. Flow cytometry can be used for sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. As particles pass through they can be selectively charged and on their exit can be deflected into separate paths of flow. It is therefore possible to separate populations from an original mix, such as a biological sample, with a high degree of accuracy and speed. Flow cytometry allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and/or chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical/electronic detection apparatus. A beam of light, usually laser light, of a single frequency (color) is directed onto a hydrodynamically focused stream of fluid. A number of detectors are aimed at the point where the stream passes through the light beam; one in line with the light beam (Forward Scatter or FSC) and several perpendicular to it (Side Scatter or SSC) and one or more fluorescent detectors. 
     Each suspended particle passing through the beam scatters the light in some way, and fluorescent chemicals in the particle may be excited into emitting light at a lower frequency than the light source. This combination of scattered and fluorescent light is picked up by the detectors, and by analyzing fluctuations in brightness at each detector (one for each fluorescent emission peak), it is possible to deduce various facts about the physical and chemical structure of each individual particle. FSC correlates with the cell size and SSC depends on the inner complexity of the particle, such as shape of the nucleus, the amount and type of cytoplasmic granules or the membrane roughness. Some flow cytometers have eliminated the need for fluorescence and use only light scatter for measurement. 
     Flow cytometers can analyze several thousand particles every second in “real time” and can actively separate out and isolate particles having specified properties. They offer high-throughput automated quantification, and separation, of the set parameters for a high number of single cells during each analysis session. Flow cytometers can have multiple lasers and fluorescence detectors, allowing multiple labels to be used to more precisely specify a target population by their phenotype. Thus, a flow cytometer, such as a multicolor flow cytometer, can be used to detect one or more vesicles with multiple fluorescent labels or colors. In some embodiments, the flow cytometer can also sort or isolate different vesicle populations, such as by size or by different markers. 
     The flow cytometer may have one or more lasers, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more lasers. In some embodiments, the flow cytometer can detect more than one color or fluorescent label, such as at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 different colors or fluorescent labels. For example, the flow cytometer can have at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 fluorescence detectors. 
     Examples of commercially available flow cytometers that can be used to detect or analyze one or more vesicles, to sort or separate different populations of vesicles, include, but are not limited to the MoFlo™ XDP Cell Sorter (Beckman Coulter, Brea, Calif.), MoFlo™ Legacy Cell Sorter (Beckman Coulter, Brea, Calif.), BD FACSAria™ Cell Sorter (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.), BD™ LSRII (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.), and BD FACSCalibur™ (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.). Use of multicolor or multi-fluor cytometers can be used in multiplex analysis of vesicles, as further described below. In some embodiments, the flow cytometer can sort, and thereby collect or sort more than one population of vesicles based one or more characteristics. For example, two populations of vesicles differ in size, such that the vesicles within each population have a similar size range and can be differentially detected or sorted. In another embodiment, two different populations of vesicles are differentially labeled. 
     The data resulting from flow-cytometers can be plotted in 1 dimension to produce histograms or seen in 2 dimensions as dot plots or in 3 dimensions with newer software. The regions on these plots can be sequentially separated by a series of subset extractions which are termed gates. Specific gating protocols exist for diagnostic and clinical purposes especially in relation to hematology. The plots are often made on logarithmic scales. Because different fluorescent dye&#39;s emission spectra overlap, signals at the detectors have to be compensated electronically as well as computationally. Fluorophores for labeling biomarkers may include those described in  Ormerod, Flow Cytometry  2 nd ed., Springer - Verlag, New York  (1999), and in  Nida et al., Gynecologic Oncology  2005; 4 889-894 which is incorporated herein by reference. In a multiplexed assay, including but not limited to a flow cytometry assay, one or more different target molecules can be assessed, wherein at least one of the target molecules is a microvesicle surface antigen assessed using an aptamer of the invention. 
     Microfluidics 
     One or more aptamer of the invention can be disposed on any useful planar or bead substrate. In one aspect of the invention one or more aptamer of the invention is disposed on a microfluidic device, thereby facilitating assessing, characterizing or isolating a component of a biological sample comprising a polypeptide antigen of interest or a functional fragment thereof. For example, the circulating antigen or a cell, cell fragment or cell-derived vesicles comprising the antigen can be assessed using one or more aptamers of the invention (alternatively along with additional binding agents). Microfluidic devices, which may also be referred to as “lab-on-a-chip” systems, biomedical micro-electro-mechanical systems (bioMEMs), or multicomponent integrated systems, can be used for isolating and analyzing a vesicle. Such systems miniaturize and compartmentalize processes that allow for binding of vesicles, detection of biosignatures, and other processes. 
     A microfluidic device can also be used for isolation of a vesicle through size differential or affinity selection. For example, a microfluidic device can use one more channels for isolating a vesicle from a biological sample based on size or by using one or more binding agents for isolating a vesicle from a biological sample. A biological sample can be introduced into one or more microfluidic channels, which selectively allows the passage of a vesicle. The selection can be based on a property of the vesicle, such as the size, shape, deformability, or biosignature of the vesicle. 
     In one embodiment, a heterogeneous population of vesicles can be introduced into a microfluidic device, and one or more different homogeneous populations of vesicles can be obtained. For example, different channels can have different size selections or binding agents to select for different vesicle populations. Thus, a microfluidic device can isolate a plurality of vesicles wherein at least a subset of the plurality of vesicles comprises a different biosignature from another subset of the plurality of vesicles. For example, the microfluidic device can isolate at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 different subsets of vesicles, wherein each subset of vesicles comprises a different biosignature. 
     In some embodiments, the microfluidic device can comprise one or more channels that permit further enrichment or selection of a vesicle. A population of vesicles that has been enriched after passage through a first channel can be introduced into a second channel, which allows the passage of the desired vesicle or vesicle population to be further enriched, such as through one or more binding agents present in the second channel. 
     Array-based assays and bead-based assays can be used with microfluidic device. For example, the binding agent can be coupled to beads and the binding reaction between the beads and vesicle can be performed in a microfluidic device. Multiplexing can also be performed using a microfluidic device. Different compartments can comprise different binding agents for different populations of vesicles, where each population is of a different cell-of-origin specific vesicle population. In one embodiment, each population has a different biosignature. The hybridization reaction between the microsphere and vesicle can be performed in a microfluidic device and the reaction mixture can be delivered to a detection device. The detection device, such as a dual or multiple laser detection system can be part of the microfluidic system and can use a laser to identify each bead or microsphere by its color-coding, and another laser can detect the hybridization signal associated with each bead. 
     Any appropriate microfluidic device can be used in the methods of the invention. Examples of microfluidic devices that may be used, or adapted for use with vesicles, include but are not limited to those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,591,936, 7,581,429, 7,579,136, 7,575,722, 7,568,399, 7,552,741, 7,544,506, 7,541,578, 7,518,726, 7,488,596, 7,485,214, 7,467,928, 7,452,713, 7,452,509, 7,449,096, 7,431,887, 7,422,725, 7,422,669, 7,419,822, 7,419,639, 7,413,709, 7,411,184, 7,402,229, 7,390,463, 7,381,471, 7,357,864, 7,351,592, 7,351,380, 7,338,637, 7,329,391, 7,323,140, 7,261,824, 7,258,837, 7,253,003, 7,238,324, 7,238,255, 7,233,865, 7,229,538, 7,201,881, 7,195,986, 7,189,581, 7,189,580, 7,189,368, 7,141,978, 7,138,062, 7,135,147, 7,125,711, 7,118,910, 7,118,661, 7,640,947, 7,666,361, 7,704,735; and International Patent Publication WO 2010/072410; each of which patents or applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Another example for use with methods disclosed herein is described in Chen et al., “ Microfluidic isolation and transcriptome analysis of serum vesicles,” Lab on a Chip, Dec.  8, 2009 DOI: 10.1039/b916199f. 
     Other microfluidic devices for use with the invention include devices comprising elastomeric layers, valves and pumps, including without limitation those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,376,252, 6,408,878, 6,645,432, 6,719,868, 6,793,753, 6,899,137, 6,929,030, 7,040,338, 7,118,910, 7,144,616, 7,216,671, 7,250,128, 7,494,555, 7,501,245, 7,601,270, 7,691,333, 7,754,010, 7,837,946; U.S. Patent Application Nos. 2003/0061687, 2005/0084421, 2005/0112882, 2005/0129581, 2005/0145496, 2005/0201901, 2005/0214173, 2005/0252773, 2006/0006067; and EP Patent Nos. 0527905 and 1065378; each of which application is herein incorporated by reference. In some instances, much or all of the devices are composed of elastomeric material. Certain devices are designed to conduct thermal cycling reactions (e.g., PCR) with devices that include one or more elastomeric valves to regulate solution flow through the device. The devices can comprise arrays of reaction sites thereby allowing a plurality of reactions to be performed. Thus, the devices can be used to assess circulating microRNAs in a multiplex fashion, including microRNAs isolated from vesicles. In an embodiment, the microfluidic device comprises (a) a first plurality of flow channels formed in an elastomeric substrate; (b) a second plurality of flow channels formed in the elastomeric substrate that intersect the first plurality of flow channels to define an array of reaction sites, each reaction site located at an intersection of one of the first and second flow channels; (c) a plurality of isolation valves disposed along the first and second plurality of flow channels and spaced between the reaction sites that can be actuated to isolate a solution within each of the reaction sites from solutions at other reaction sites, wherein the isolation valves comprise one or more control channels that each overlay and intersect one or more of the flow channels; and (d) means for simultaneously actuating the valves for isolating the reaction sites from each other. Various modifications to the basic structure of the device are envisioned within the scope of the invention. MicroRNAs can be detected in each of the reaction sites by using PCR methods. For example, the method can comprise the steps of the steps of: (i) providing a microfluidic device, the microfluidic device comprising: a first fluidic channel having a first end and a second end in fluid communication with each other through the channel; a plurality of flow channels, each flow channel terminating at a terminal wall; wherein each flow channel branches from and is in fluid communication with the first fluidic channel, wherein an aqueous fluid that enters one of the flow channels from the first fluidic channel can flow out of the flow channel only through the first fluidic channel; and, an inlet in fluid communication with the first fluidic channel, the inlet for introducing a sample fluid; wherein each flow channel is associated with a valve that when closed isolates one end of the flow channel from the first fluidic channel, whereby an isolated reaction site is formed between the valve and the terminal wall; a control channel; wherein each the valve is a deflectable membrane which is deflected into the flow channel associated with the valve when an actuating force is applied to the control channel, thereby closing the valve; and wherein when the actuating force is applied to the control channel a valve in each of the flow channels is closed, so as to produce the isolated reaction site in each flow channel; (ii) introducing the sample fluid into the inlet, the sample fluid filling the flow channels; (iii) actuating the valve to separate the sample fluid into the separate portions within the flow channels; (iv) amplifying the nucleic acid in the sample fluid; (v) analyzing the portions of the sample fluid to determine whether the amplifying produced the reaction. The sample fluid can contain an amplifiable nucleic acid target, e.g., a microRNA, and the conditions can be polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions, so that the reaction results in a PCR product being formed. 
     The microfluidic device can have one or more binding agents attached to a surface in a channel, or present in a channel. For example, the microchannel can have one or more capture agents, such as a capture agent for a breast tissue related antigen in Table 3, one or more general microvesicle antigen in Table 3 or a cell-of-origin or cancer related antigen in Table 4, including without limitation EpCam, CD9, PCSA, CD63, CD81, PSMA, B7H3, PSCA, ICAM, STEAP, KLK2, SSX2, SSX4, PBP, SPDEF, and EGFR. The capture agent may be an aptamer selected by the methods of the invention. The surface of the channel can also be contacted with a blocking aptamer. In one embodiment, a microchannel surface is treated with avidin and a capture agent, such as an antibody, that is biotinylated can be injected into the channel to bind the avidin. In other embodiments, the capture agents are present in chambers or other components of a microfluidic device. The capture agents can also be attached to beads that can be manipulated to move through the microfluidic channels. In one embodiment, the capture agents are attached to magnetic beads. The beads can be manipulated using magnets. 
     A biological sample can be flowed into the microfluidic device, or a microchannel, at rates such as at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 μl per minute, such as between about 1-50, 5-40, 5-30, 3-20 or 5-15 μl per minute. One or more vesicles can be captured and directly detected in the microfluidic device. Alternatively, the captured vesicle may be released and exit the microfluidic device prior to analysis. In another embodiment, one or more captured vesicles are lysed in the microchannel and the lysate can be analyzed, e.g., to examine payload within the vesicles. Lysis buffer can be flowed through the channel and lyse the captured vesicles. For example, the lysis buffer can be flowed into the device or microchannel at rates such as at least about a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 μl per minute, such as between about 1-50, 5-40, 10-30, 5-30 or 10-35 μl per minute. The lysate can be collected and analyzed, such as performing RT-PCR, PCR, mass spectrometry, Western blotting, or other assays, to detect one or more biomarkers of the vesicle. 
     Phenotypes 
     Disclosed herein are products and processes for characterizing a phenotype using the methods and compositions of the invention. The term “phenotype” as used herein can mean any trait or characteristic that is attributed to a biomarker profile that is identified using in part or in whole the compositions and/or methods of the invention. For example, a phenotype can be a diagnostic, prognostic or theranostic determination based on a characterized biomarker profile for a sample obtained from a subject. A phenotype can be any observable characteristic or trait of, such as a disease or condition, a stage of a disease or condition, susceptibility to a disease or condition, prognosis of a disease stage or condition, a physiological state, or response/potential response to therapeutics. A phenotype can result from a subject&#39;s genetic makeup as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two, as well as from epigenetic modifications to nucleic acid sequences. 
     A phenotype in a subject can be characterized by obtaining a biological sample from a subject and analyzing the sample using the compositions and/or methods of the invention. For example, characterizing a phenotype for a subject or individual can include detecting a disease or condition (including pre-symptomatic early stage detecting), determining a prognosis, diagnosis, or theranosis of a disease or condition, or determining the stage or progression of a disease or condition. Characterizing a phenotype can include identifying appropriate treatments or treatment efficacy for specific diseases, conditions, disease stages and condition stages, predictions and likelihood analysis of disease progression, particularly disease recurrence, metastatic spread or disease relapse. A phenotype can also be a clinically distinct type or subtype of a condition or disease, such as a cancer or tumor. Phenotype determination can also be a determination of a physiological condition, or an assessment of organ distress or organ rejection, such as post-transplantation. The compositions and methods described herein allow assessment of a subject on an individual basis, which can provide benefits of more efficient and economical decisions in treatment. 
     In an aspect, the invention relates to the analysis of biomarkers such as microvesicles to provide a diagnosis, prognosis, and/or theranosis of a disease or condition. Theranostics includes diagnostic testing that provides the ability to affect therapy or treatment of a disease or disease state. Theranostics testing provides a theranosis in a similar manner that diagnostics or prognostic testing provides a diagnosis or prognosis, respectively. As used herein, theranostics encompasses any desired form of therapy related testing, including predictive medicine, personalized medicine, integrated medicine, pharmacodiagnostics and Dx/Rx partnering. Therapy related tests can be used to predict and assess drug response in individual subjects, i.e., to provide personalized medicine. Predicting a drug response can be determining whether a subject is a likely responder or a likely non-responder to a candidate therapeutic agent, e.g., before the subject has been exposed or otherwise treated with the treatment. Assessing a drug response can be monitoring a response to a drug, e.g., monitoring the subject&#39;s improvement or lack thereof over a time course after initiating the treatment. Therapy related tests are useful to select a subject for treatment who is particularly likely to benefit from the treatment or to provide an early and objective indication of treatment efficacy in an individual subject. Thus, analysis using the compositions and methods of the invention may indicate that treatment should be altered to select a more promising treatment, thereby avoiding the great expense of delaying beneficial treatment and avoiding the financial and morbidity costs of administering an ineffective drug(s). 
     Thus, the compositions and methods of the invention may help predict whether a subject is likely to respond to a treatment for a disease or disorder. Characterizating a phenotype includes predicting the responder/non-responder status of the subject, wherein a responder responds to a treatment for a disease and a non-responder does not respond to the treatment. Biomarkers such as microvesicles can be analyzed in the subject and compared against that of previous subjects that were known to respond or not to a treatment. If the biomarker profile in the subject more closely aligns with that of previous subjects that were known to respond to the treatment, the subject can be characterized, or predicted, as a responder to the treatment. Similarly, if the biomarker profile in the subject more closely aligns with that of previous subjects that did not respond to the treatment, the subject can be characterized, or predicted as a non-responder to the treatment. The treatment can be for any appropriate disease, disorder or other condition, including without limitation those disclosed herein. 
     In some embodiments, the phenotype comprises a disease or condition such as those listed in Tables 1 or 16. For example, the phenotype can comprise detecting the presence of or likelihood of developing a tumor, neoplasm, or cancer, or characterizing the tumor, neoplasm, or cancer (e.g., stage, grade, aggressiveness, likelihood of metastatis or recurrence, etc). Cancers that can be detected or assessed by methods or compositions described herein include, but are not limited to, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, hyperplastic polyp, adenoma, colorectal cancer, high grade dysplasia, low grade dysplasia, prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, brain cancer (such as a glioblastoma), hematological malignancy, hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or gastric cancer. The colorectal cancer can be CRC Dukes B or Dukes C-D. The hematological malignancy can be B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, B-Cell Lymphoma-DLBCL, B-Cell Lymphoma-DLBCL-germinal center-like, B-Cell Lymphoma-DLBCL-activated B-cell-like, and Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma. 
     The phenotype can be a premalignant condition, such as actinic keratosis, atrophic gastritis, leukoplakia, erythroplasia, Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis, preleukemia, fibrosis, cervical dysplasia, uterine cervical dysplasia, xeroderma pigmentosum, Barrett&#39;s Esophagus, colorectal polyp, or other abnormal tissue growth or lesion that is likely to develop into a malignant tumor. Transformative viral infections such as HIV and HPV also present phenotypes that can be assessed according to the invention. 
     A cancer characterized by the methods of the invention can comprise, without limitation, a carcinoma, a sarcoma, a lymphoma or leukemia, a germ cell tumor, a blastoma, or other cancers. Carcinomas include without limitation epithelial neoplasms, squamous cell neoplasms squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell neoplasms basal cell carcinoma, transitional cell papillomas and carcinomas, adenomas and adenocarcinomas (glands), adenoma, adenocarcinoma, linitis plastica insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, vipoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoid tumor of appendix, prolactinoma, oncocytoma, hurthle cell adenoma, renal cell carcinoma, grawitz tumor, multiple endocrine adenomas, endometrioid adenoma, adnexal and skin appendage neoplasms, mucoepidermoid neoplasms, cystic, mucinous and serous neoplasms, cystadenoma, pseudomyxoma peritonei, ductal, lobular and medullary neoplasms, acinar cell neoplasms, complex epithelial neoplasms, warthin&#39;s tumor, thymoma, specialized gonadal neoplasms, sex cord stromal tumor, thecoma, granulosa cell tumor, arrhenoblastoma, sertoli leydig cell tumor, glomus tumors, paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma, glomus tumor, nevi and melanomas, melanocytic nevus, malignant melanoma, melanoma, nodular melanoma, dysplastic nevus, lentigo maligna melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, and malignant acral lentiginous melanoma. Sarcoma includes without limitation Askin&#39;s tumor, botryodies, chondrosarcoma, Ewing&#39;s sarcoma, malignant hemangio endothelioma, malignant schwannoma, osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcomas including: alveolar soft part sarcoma, angiosarcoma, cystosarcoma phyllodes, dermatofibrosarcoma, desmoid tumor, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, epithelioid sarcoma, extraskeletal chondrosarcoma, extraskeletal osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, hemangiosarcoma, kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, neurofibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovialsarcoma. Lymphoma and leukemia include without limitation chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (such as waldenstrom macroglobulinemia), splenic marginal zone lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, plasmacytoma, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases, heavy chain diseases, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, also called malt lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (nmzl), follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, intravascular large B cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, burkitt lymphoma/leukemia, T cell prolymphocytic leukemia, T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia, aggressive NK cell leukemia, adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type, enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma, blastic NK cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides/sezary syndrome, primary cutaneous CD30-positive T cell lymphoproliferative disorders, primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, lymphomatoid papulosis, angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, peripheral T cell lymphoma, unspecified, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, classical hodgkin lymphomas (nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte-rich, lymphocyte depleted or not depleted), and nodular lymphocyte-predominant hodgkin lymphoma. Germ cell tumors include without limitation germinoma, dysgerminoma, seminoma, nongerminomatous germ cell tumor, embryonal carcinoma, endodermal sinus turmor, choriocarcinoma, teratoma, polyembryoma, and gonadoblastoma. Blastoma includes without limitation nephroblastoma, medulloblastoma, and retinoblastoma. Other cancers include without limitation labial carcinoma, larynx carcinoma, hypopharynx carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, thyroid cancer (medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma), renal carcinoma, kidney parenchyma carcinoma, cervix carcinoma, uterine corpus carcinoma, endometrium carcinoma, chorion carcinoma, testis carcinoma, urinary carcinoma, melanoma, brain tumors such as glioblastoma, astrocytoma, meningioma, medulloblastoma and peripheral neuroectodermal tumors, gall bladder carcinoma, bronchial carcinoma, multiple myeloma, basalioma, teratoma, retinoblastoma, choroidea melanoma, seminoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, craniopharyngeoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, myosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and plasmocytoma. 
     In a further embodiment, the cancer under analysis may be a lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer (including small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer), mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma, and combined small cell carcinoma), colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, pancreas cancer, brain cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian cancer, stomach cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, papillary renal carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, or a solid tumor. 
     In embodiments, the cancer comprises an acute lymphoblastic leukemia; acute myeloid leukemia; adrenocortical carcinoma; AIDS-related cancers; AIDS-related lymphoma; anal cancer; appendix cancer; astrocytomas; atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; basal cell carcinoma; bladder cancer; brain stem glioma; brain tumor (including brain stem glioma, central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, central nervous system embryonal tumors, astrocytomas, craniopharyngioma, ependymoblastoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastoma); breast cancer; bronchial tumors; Burkitt lymphoma; cancer of unknown primary site; carcinoid tumor; carcinoma of unknown primary site; central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; central nervous system embryonal tumors; cervical cancer; childhood cancers; chordoma; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia; chronic myeloproliferative disorders; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; craniopharyngioma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; endocrine pancreas islet cell tumors; endometrial cancer; ependymoblastoma; ependymoma; esophageal cancer; esthesioneuroblastoma; Ewing sarcoma; extracranial germ cell tumor; extragonadal germ cell tumor; extrahepatic bile duct cancer; gallbladder cancer; gastric (stomach) cancer; gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor; gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor; gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); gestational trophoblastic tumor; glioma; hairy cell leukemia; head and neck cancer; heart cancer; Hodgkin lymphoma; hypopharyngeal cancer; intraocular melanoma; islet cell tumors; Kaposi sarcoma; kidney cancer; Langerhans cell histiocytosis; laryngeal cancer; lip cancer; liver cancer; malignant fibrous histiocytoma bone cancer; medulloblastoma; medulloepithelioma; melanoma; Merkel cell carcinoma; Merkel cell skin carcinoma; mesothelioma; metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary; mouth cancer; multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes; multiple myeloma; multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm; mycosis fungoides; myelodysplastic syndromes; myeloproliferative neoplasms; nasal cavity cancer; nasopharyngeal cancer; neuroblastoma; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; nonmelanoma skin cancer; non-small cell lung cancer; oral cancer; oral cavity cancer; oropharyngeal cancer; osteosarcoma; other brain and spinal cord tumors; ovarian cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; ovarian germ cell tumor; ovarian low malignant potential tumor; pancreatic cancer; papillomatosis; paranasal sinus cancer; parathyroid cancer; pelvic cancer; penile cancer; pharyngeal cancer; pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation; pineoblastoma; pituitary tumor; plasma cell neoplasm/multiple myeloma; pleuropulmonary blastoma; primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; primary hepatocellular liver cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer; renal cancer; renal cell (kidney) cancer; renal cell cancer; respiratory tract cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; salivary gland cancer; Sézary syndrome; small cell lung cancer; small intestine cancer; soft tissue sarcoma; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous neck cancer; stomach (gastric) cancer; supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors; T-cell lymphoma; testicular cancer; throat cancer; thymic carcinoma; thymoma; thyroid cancer; transitional cell cancer; transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter; trophoblastic tumor; ureter cancer; urethral cancer; uterine cancer; uterine sarcoma; vaginal cancer; vulvar cancer; Waldenström macroglobulinemia; or Wilm&#39;s tumor. The methods of the invention can be used to characterize these and other cancers. Thus, characterizing a phenotype can be providing a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of one of the cancers disclosed herein. 
     In some embodiments, the cancer comprises an acute myeloid leukemia (AML), breast carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, extrahepatic bile duct adenocarcinoma, female genital tract malignancy, gastric adenocarcinoma, gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), glioblastoma, head and neck squamous carcinoma, leukemia, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, low grade glioma, lung bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), lung non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lung small cell cancer (SCLC), lymphoma, male genital tract malignancy, malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (MSFT), melanoma, multiple myeloma, neuroendocrine tumor, nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, non epithelial ovarian cancer (non-EOC), ovarian surface epithelial carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, pituitary carcinomas, oligodendroglioma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, retroperitoneal or peritoneal carcinoma, retroperitoneal or peritoneal sarcoma, small intestinal malignancy, soft tissue tumor, thymic carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, or uveal melanoma. The methods of the invention can be used to characterize these and other cancers. Thus, characterizing a phenotype can be providing a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of one of the cancers disclosed herein. 
     The phenotype can also be an inflammatory disease, immune disease, or autoimmune disease. For example, the disease may be inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn&#39;s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), pelvic inflammation, vasculitis, psoriasis, diabetes, autoimmune hepatitis, Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis, Type I diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriasis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE), Hashimoto&#39;s Thyroiditis, Grave&#39;s disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis Sjogrens Disease, CREST syndrome, Scleroderma, Rheumatic Disease, organ rejection, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, or sepsis. 
     The phenotype can also comprise a cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, vulnerable plaque, stroke, or ischemia. The cardiovascular disease or condition can be high blood pressure, stenosis, vessel occlusion or a thrombotic event. 
     The phenotype can also comprise a neurological disease, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, autism, Prion Disease, Pick&#39;s disease, dementia, Huntington disease (HD), Down&#39;s syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, Rasmussen&#39;s encephalitis, viral meningitis, neurospsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, ischemic reperfusion damage (e.g. stroke), brain trauma, microbial infection, or chronic fatigue syndrome. The phenotype may also be a condition such as fibromyalgia, chronic neuropathic pain, or peripheral neuropathic pain. 
     The phenotype may also comprise an infectious disease, such as a bacterial, viral or yeast infection. For example, the disease or condition may be Whipple&#39;s Disease, Prion Disease, cirrhosis, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, HIV, hepatitis, syphilis, meningitis, malaria, tuberculosis, or influenza. Viral proteins, such as HIV or HCV-like particles can be assessed in a vesicle, to characterize a viral condition. 
     The phenotype can also comprise a perinatal or pregnancy related condition (e.g. preeclampsia or preterm birth), metabolic disease or condition, such as a metabolic disease or condition associated with iron metabolism. For example, hepcidin can be assayed in a vesicle to characterize an iron deficiency. The metabolic disease or condition can also be diabetes, inflammation, or a perinatal condition. 
     The compositions and methods of the invention can be used to characterize these and other diseases and disorders that can be assessed via biomarkers. Thus, characterizing a phenotype can be providing a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of one of the diseases and disorders disclosed herein. 
     Subject 
     One or more phenotypes of a subject can be determined by analyzing one or more vesicles, such as vesicles, in a biological sample obtained from the subject. A subject or patient can include, but is not limited to, mammals such as bovine, avian, canine, equine, feline, ovine, porcine, or primate animals (including humans and non-human primates). A subject can also include a mammal of importance due to being endangered, such as a Siberian tiger; or economic importance, such as an animal raised on a farm for consumption by humans, or an animal of social importance to humans, such as an animal kept as a pet or in a zoo. Examples of such animals include, but are not limited to, carnivores such as cats and dogs; swine including pigs, hogs and wild boars; ruminants or ungulates such as cattle, oxen, sheep, giraffes, deer, goats, bison, camels or horses. Also included are birds that are endangered or kept in zoos, as well as fowl and more particularly domesticated fowl, i.e. poultry, such as turkeys and chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowl. Also included are domesticated swine and horses (including race horses). In addition, any animal species connected to commercial activities are also included such as those animals connected to agriculture and aquaculture and other activities in which disease monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy selection are routine practice in husbandry for economic productivity and/or safety of the food chain. 
     The subject can have a pre-existing disease or condition, such as cancer. Alternatively, the subject may not have any known pre-existing condition. The subject may also be non-responsive to an existing or past treatment, such as a treatment for cancer. 
     Samples 
     A sample used and/or assessed via the compositions and methods of the invention includes any relevant biological sample that can be used for biomarker assessment, including without limitation sections of tissues such as biopsy or tissue removed during surgical or other procedures, bodily fluids, autopsy samples, frozen sections taken for histological purposes, and cell cultures. Such samples include blood and blood fractions or products (e.g., serum, buffy coat, plasma, platelets, red blood cells, and the like), sputum, malignant effusion, cheek cells tissue, cultured cells (e.g., primary cultures, explants, and transformed cells), stool, urine, other biological or bodily fluids (e.g., prostatic fluid, gastric fluid, intestinal fluid, renal fluid, lung fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and the like), etc. The sample can comprise biological material that is a fresh frozen &amp; formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) block, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded, or is within an RNA preservative+formalin fixative. More than one sample of more than one type can be used for each patient. 
     The sample used in the methods described herein can be a formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sample. The FFPE sample can be one or more of fixed tissue, unstained slides, bone marrow core or clot, core needle biopsy, malignant fluids and fine needle aspirate (FNA). In an embodiment, the fixed tissue comprises a tumor containing formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) block from a surgery or biopsy. In another embodiment, the unstained slides comprise unstained, charged, unbaked slides from a paraffin block. In another embodiment, bone marrow core or clot comprises a decalcified core. A formalin fixed core and/or clot can be paraffin-embedded. In still another embodiment, the core needle biopsy comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more, e.g., 3-4, paraffin embedded biopsy samples. An 18 gauge needle biopsy can be used. The malignant fluid can comprise a sufficient volume of fresh pleural/ascitic fluid to produce a 5×5×2 mm cell pellet. The fluid can be formalin fixed in a paraffin block. In an embodiment, the core needle biopsy comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more, e.g., 4-6, paraffin embedded aspirates. 
     A sample may be processed according to techniques understood by those in the art. A sample can be without limitation fresh, frozen or fixed cells or tissue. In some embodiments, a sample comprises formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, fresh tissue or fresh frozen (FF) tissue. A sample can comprise cultured cells, including primary or immortalized cell lines derived from a subject sample. A sample can also refer to an extract from a sample from a subject. For example, a sample can comprise DNA, RNA or protein extracted from a tissue or a bodily fluid. Many techniques and commercial kits are available for such purposes. The fresh sample from the individual can be treated with an agent to preserve RNA prior to further processing, e.g., cell lysis and extraction. Samples can include frozen samples collected for other purposes. Samples can be associated with relevant information such as age, gender, and clinical symptoms present in the subject; source of the sample; and methods of collection and storage of the sample. A sample is typically obtained from a subject. 
     A biopsy comprises the process of removing a tissue sample for diagnostic or prognostic evaluation, and to the tissue specimen itself. Any biopsy technique known in the art can be applied to the molecular profiling methods of the present invention. The biopsy technique applied can depend on the tissue type to be evaluated (e.g., colon, prostate, kidney, bladder, lymph node, liver, bone marrow, blood cell, lung, breast, etc.), the size and type of the tumor (e.g., solid or suspended, blood or ascites), among other factors. Representative biopsy techniques include, but are not limited to, excisional biopsy, incisional biopsy, needle biopsy, surgical biopsy, and bone marrow biopsy. An “excisional biopsy” refers to the removal of an entire tumor mass with a small margin of normal tissue surrounding it. An “incisional biopsy” refers to the removal of a wedge of tissue that includes a cross-sectional diameter of the tumor. Molecular profiling can use a “core-needle biopsy” of the tumor mass, or a “fine-needle aspiration biopsy” which generally obtains a suspension of cells from within the tumor mass. Biopsy techniques are discussed, for example, in Harrison&#39;s Principles of Internal Medicine, Kasper, et al., eds., 16th ed., 2005, Chapter 70, and throughout Part V. 
     Standard molecular biology techniques known in the art and not specifically described are generally followed as in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1989), and as in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989) and as in Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York (1988), and as in Watson et al., Recombinant DNA, Scientific American Books, New York and in Birren et al (eds) Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series, Vols. 1-4 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1998) and methodology as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and 5,272,057 and incorporated herein by reference. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be carried out generally as in PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). 
     The biological sample assessed using the compositions and methods of the invention can be any useful bodily or biological fluid, including but not limited to peripheral blood, sera, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen (including prostatic fluid), Cowper&#39;s fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates or other lavage fluids, cells, cell culture, or a cell culture supernatant. A biological sample may also include the blastocyl cavity, umbilical cord blood, or maternal circulation which may be of fetal or maternal origin. The biological sample may also be a cell culture, tissue sample or biopsy from which vesicles and other circulating biomarkers may be obtained. For example, cells of interest can be cultured and vesicles isolated from the culture. In various embodiments, biomarkers or more particularly biosignatures disclosed herein can be assessed directly from such biological samples (e.g., identification of presence or levels of nucleic acid or polypeptide biomarkers or functional fragments thereof) using various methods, such as extraction of nucleic acid molecules from blood, plasma, serum or any of the foregoing biological samples, use of protein or antibody arrays to identify polypeptide (or functional fragment) biomarker(s), as well as other array, sequencing, PCR and proteomic techniques known in the art for identification and assessment of nucleic acid and polypeptide molecules. In addition, one or more components present in such samples can be first isolated or enriched and further processed to assess the presence or levels of selected biomarkers, to assess a given biosignature (e.g., isolated microvesicles prior to profiling for protein and/or nucleic acid biomarkers). 
     Table 1 presents a non-limiting listing of diseases, conditions, or biological states and corresponding biological samples that may be used for analysis according to the methods of the invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Biological Samples for Various Diseases, Conditions, or Biological States 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Illustrative Disease, Condition or Biological 
                   
               
               
                 State 
                 Illustrative Biological Samples 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cancers/neoplasms affecting the following tissue 
                 Tumor, blood, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid 
               
               
                 types/bodily systems: breast, lung, ovarian, colon, 
                 (CSF), urine, sputum, ascites, synovial fluid, 
               
               
                 rectal, prostate, pancreatic, brain, bone, connective 
                 semen, nipple aspirates, saliva, bronchoalveolar 
               
               
                 tissue, glands, skin, lymph, nervous system, 
                 lavage fluid, tears, oropharyngeal washes, feces, 
               
               
                 endocrine, germ cell, genitourinary, 
                 peritoneal fluids, pleural effusion, sweat, tears, 
               
               
                 hematologic/blood, bone marrow, muscle, eye, 
                 aqueous humor, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, 
               
               
                 esophageal, fat tissue, thyroid, pituitary, spinal 
                 chyle, bile, stool water, amniotic fluid, breast milk, 
               
               
                 cord, bile duct, heart, gall bladder, bladder, testes, 
                 pancreatic juice, cerumen, Cowper&#39;s fluid or pre- 
               
               
                 cervical, endometrial, renal, ovarian, 
                 ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, interstitial fluid, 
               
               
                 digestive/gastrointestinal, stomach, head and neck, 
                 menses, mucus, pus, sebum, vaginal lubrication, 
               
               
                 liver, leukemia, respiratory/thorasic, cancers of 
                 vomit 
               
               
                 unknown primary (CUP) 
               
               
                 Neurodegenerative/neurological disorders: 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, urine 
               
               
                 Parkinson&#39;s disease, Alzheimer&#39;s Disease and 
               
               
                 multiple sclerosis, Schizophrenia, and bipolar 
               
               
                 disorder, spasticity disorders, epilepsy 
               
               
                 Cardiovascular Disease: atherosclerosis, 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, urine 
               
               
                 cardiomyopathy, endocarditis, vunerable plaques, 
               
               
                 infection 
               
               
                 Stroke: ischemic, intracerebral hemorrhage, 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, urine 
               
               
                 subarachnoid hemorrhage, transient ischemic 
               
               
                 attacks (TIA) 
               
               
                 Pain disorders: peripheral neuropathic pain and 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, urine 
               
               
                 chronic neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia, 
               
               
                 Autoimmune disease: systemic and localized 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, urine, synovial fluid 
               
               
                 diseases, rheumatic disease, Lupus, Sjogren&#39;s 
               
               
                 syndrome 
               
               
                 Digestive system abnormalities: Barrett&#39;s 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, urine 
               
               
                 esophagus, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative 
               
               
                 colitis, Crohn&#39;s disease, Diverticulosis and 
               
               
                 Diverticulitis, Celiac Disease 
               
               
                 Endocrine disorders: diabetes mellitus, various 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, urine 
               
               
                 forms of Thyroiditis, adrenal disorders, pituitary 
               
               
                 disorders 
               
               
                 Diseases and disorders of the skin: psoriasis 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, urine, synovial fluid, 
               
               
                   
                 tears 
               
               
                 Urological disorders: benign prostatic hypertrophy 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine 
               
               
                 (BPH), polycystic kidney disease, interstitial 
               
               
                 cystitis 
               
               
                 Hepatic disease/injury: Cirrhosis, induced 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine 
               
               
                 hepatotoxicity (due to exposure to natural or 
               
               
                 synthetic chemical sources) 
               
               
                 Kidney disease/injury: acute, sub-acute, chronic 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine 
               
               
                 conditions, Podocyte injury, focal segmental 
               
               
                 glomerulosclerosis 
               
               
                 Endometriosis 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine, vaginal fluids 
               
               
                 Osteoporosis 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine, synovial fluid 
               
               
                 Pancreatitis 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine, pancreatic juice 
               
               
                 Asthma 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine, sputum, bronchiolar 
               
               
                   
                 lavage fluid 
               
               
                 Allergies 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine, sputum, bronchiolar 
               
               
                   
                 lavage fluid 
               
               
                 Prion-related diseases 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, urine 
               
               
                 Viral Infections: HIV/AIDS 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine 
               
               
                 Sepsis 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine, tears, nasal lavage 
               
               
                 Organ rejection/transplantation 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine, various lavage fluids 
               
               
                 Differentiating conditions: adenoma versus 
                 Blood, serum, plasma, urine, sputum, feces, colonic 
               
               
                 hyperplastic polyp, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 
                 lavage fluid 
               
               
                 versus normal, classifying Dukes stages A, B, C, 
               
               
                 and/or D of colon cancer, adenoma with low-grade 
               
               
                 hyperplasia versus high-grade hyperplasia, 
               
               
                 adenoma versus normal, colorectal cancer versus 
               
               
                 normal, IBS versus. ulcerative colitis (UC) versus 
               
               
                 Crohn&#39;s disease (CD), 
               
               
                 Pregnancy related physiological states, conditions, 
                 Maternal serum, plasma, amniotic fluid, cord blood 
               
               
                 or affiliated diseases: genetic risk, adverse 
               
               
                 pregnancy outcomes 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The methods of the invention can be used to characterize a phenotype using a blood sample or blood derivative. Blood derivatives include plasma and serum. Blood plasma is the liquid component of whole blood, and makes up approximately 55% of the total blood volume. It is composed primarily of water with small amounts of minerals, salts, ions, nutrients, and proteins in solution. In whole blood, red blood cells, leukocytes, and platelets are suspended within the plasma. Blood serum refers to blood plasma without fibrinogen or other clotting factors (i.e., whole blood minus both the cells and the clotting factors). 
     The biological sample may be obtained through a third party, such as a party not performing the analysis of the biomarkers, whether direct assessment of a biological sample or by profiling one or more vesicles obtained from the biological sample. For example, the sample may be obtained through a clinician, physician, or other health care manager of a subject from which the sample is derived. Alternatively, the biological sample may obtained by the same party analyzing the vesicle. In addition, biological samples be assayed, are archived (e.g., frozen) or ortherwise stored in under preservative conditions. 
     Furthermore, a biological sample can comprise a vesicle or cell membrane fragment that is derived from a cell of origin and available extracellularly in a subject&#39;s biological fluid or extracellular milieu. 
     Methods of the invention can include assessing one or more vesicles, including assessing vesicle populations. A vesicle, as used herein, is a membrane vesicle that is shed from cells. Vesicles or membrane vesicles include without limitation: circulating microvesicles (cMVs), microvesicle, exosome, nanovesicle, dexosome, bleb, blebby, prostasome, microparticle, intralumenal vesicle, membrane fragment, intralumenal endosomal vesicle, endosomal-like vesicle, exocytosis vehicle, endosome vesicle, endosomal vesicle, apoptotic body, multivesicular body, secretory vesicle, phospholipid vesicle, liposomal vesicle, argosome, texasome, secresome, tolerosome, melanosome, oncosome, or exocytosed vehicle. Furthermore, although vesicles may be produced by different cellular processes, the methods of the invention are not limited to or reliant on any one mechanism, insofar as such vesicles are present in a biological sample and are capable of being characterized by the methods disclosed herein. Unless otherwise specified, methods that make use of a species of vesicle can be applied to other types of vesicles. Vesicles comprise spherical structures with a lipid bilayer similar to cell membranes which surrounds an inner compartment which can contain soluble components, sometimes referred to as the payload. In some embodiments, the methods of the invention make use of exosomes, which are small secreted vesicles of about 40-100 nm in diameter. For a review of membrane vesicles, including types and characterizations, see  Thery et al., Nat Rev Immunol.  2009 August; 9(8):581-93. Some properties of different types of vesicles include those in Table 2: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Vesicle Properties 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Membrane 
                 Exosome- 
                 Apoptotic 
               
               
                 Feature 
                 Exosomes 
                 Microvesicles 
                 Ectosomes 
                 particles 
                 like vesicles 
                 vesicles 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Size 
                 50-100 
                 nm 
                 100-1,000 
                 nm 
                 50-200 
                 nm 
                 50-80 
                 nm 
                 20-50 
                 nm 
                 50-500 
                 nm 
               
               
                 Density in 
                 1.13-1.19 
                 g/ml 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.04-1.07 
                 g/ml 
                 1.1 
                 g/ml 
                 1.16-1.28 
                 g/ml 
               
               
                 sucrose 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 EM 
                 Cup shape 
                 Irregular 
                 Bilamellar 
                 Round 
                 Irregular 
                 Heterogeneous 
               
               
                 appearance 
                   
                 shape, 
                 round 
                   
                 shape 
               
               
                   
                   
                 electron 
                 structures 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dense 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sedimentation 
                 100,000 
                 g 
                 10,000 
                 g 
                 160,000-200,000 
                 g 
                 100,000-200,000 
                 g 
                 175,000 
                 g 
                 1,200 g, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10,000 g, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 100,000 g 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Lipid 
                 Enriched in 
                 Expose PPS 
                 Enriched in 
                   
                   
                 No lipid 
                   
               
               
                 composition 
                 cholesterol, 
                   
                 cholesterol and 
                   
                   
                 rafts 
               
               
                   
                 sphingomyelin 
                   
                 diacylglycerol; 
               
               
                   
                 and ceramide; 
                   
                 expose PPS 
               
               
                   
                 contains lipid 
               
               
                   
                 rafts; expose 
               
               
                   
                 PPS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Major protein 
                 Tetraspanins 
                 Integrins, 
                 CR1 and 
                 CD133; no 
                 TNFRI 
                 Histones 
               
               
                 markers 
                 (e.g., CD63, 
                 selectins and 
                 proteolytic 
                 CD63 
               
               
                   
                 CD9), Alix, 
                 CD40 ligand 
                 enzymes; no 
               
               
                   
                 TSG101 
                   
                 CD63 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Intracellular 
                 Internal 
                 Plasma 
                 Plasma 
                 Plasma 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 origin 
                 compartments 
                 membrane 
                 membrane 
                 membrane 
               
               
                   
                 (endosomes) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Abbreviations: 
               
               
                 phosphatidylserine (PPS); 
               
               
                 electron microscopy (EM) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Vesicles include shed membrane bound particles, or “microparticles,” that are derived from either the plasma membrane or an internal membrane. Vesicles can be released into the extracellular environment from cells. Cells releasing vesicles include without limitation cells that originate from, or are derived from, the ectoderm, endoderm, or mesoderm. The cells may have undergone genetic, environmental, and/or any other variations or alterations. For example, the cell can be tumor cells. A vesicle can reflect any changes in the source cell, and thereby reflect changes in the originating cells, e.g., cells having various genetic mutations. In one mechanism, a vesicle is generated intracellularly when a segment of the cell membrane spontaneously invaginates and is ultimately exocytosed (see for example,  Keller et al., Immunol. Lett.  107 (2): 102-8 (2006)). Vesicles also include cell-derived structures bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane arising from both herniated evagination (blebbing) separation and sealing of portions of the plasma membrane or from the export of any intracellular membrane-bounded vesicular structure containing various membrane-associated proteins of tumor origin, including surface-bound molecules derived from the host circulation that bind selectively to the tumor-derived proteins together with molecules contained in the vesicle lumen, including but not limited to tumor-derived microRNAs or intracellular proteins. Blebs and blebbing are further described in Charras et al.,  Nature Reviews Molecular and Cell Biology, Vol.  9,  No.  11,  p.  730-736 (2008). A vesicle shed into circulation or bodily fluids from tumor cells may be referred to as a “circulating tumor-derived vesicle.” When such vesicle is an exosome, it may be referred to as a circulating-tumor derived exosome (CTE). In some instances, a vesicle can be derived from a specific cell of origin. CTE, as with a cell-of-origin specific vesicle, typically have one or more unique biomarkers that permit isolation of the CTE or cell-of-origin specific vesicle, e.g., from a bodily fluid and sometimes in a specific manner. For example, a cell or tissue specific markers are used to identify the cell of origin. Examples of such cell or tissue specific markers are disclosed herein and can further be accessed in the Tissue-specific Gene Expression and Regulation (TiGER) Database, available at bioinfo.wilmer.jhu.edu/tiger/; Liu et al. (2008) TiGER: a database for tissue-specific gene expression and regulation. BMC Bioinformatics. 9:271; TissueDistributionDBs, available at genome.dkfz-heidelberg.de/menu/tissue_db/index.html. 
     A vesicle can have a diameter of greater than about 10 nm, 20 nm, or 30 nm. A vesicle can have a diameter of greater than 40 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 1000 nm, 1500 nm, 2000 nm or greater than 10,000 nm. A vesicle can have a diameter of about 20-2000 nm, about 20-1500 nm, about 30-1000 nm, about 30-800 nm, about 30-200 nm, or about 30-100 nm. In some embodiments, the vesicle has a diameter of less than 10,000 nm, 2000 nm, 1500 nm, 1000 nm, 800 nm, 500 nm, 200 nm, 100 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 20 nm or less than 10 nm. As used herein the term “about” in reference to a numerical value means that variations of 10% above or below the numerical value are within the range ascribed to the specified value. Typical sizes for various types of vesicles are shown in Table 2. Vesicles can be assessed to measure the diameter of a single vesicle or any number of vesicles. For example, the range of diameters of a vesicle population or an average diameter of a vesicle population can be determined. Vesicle diameter can be assessed using methods known in the art, e.g., imaging technologies such as electron microscopy. In an embodiment, a diameter of one or more vesicles is determined using optical particle detection. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,751,053, entitled “Optical Detection and Analysis of Particles” and issued Jul. 6, 2010; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,600, entitled “Optical Detection and Analysis of Particles” and issued Jul. 15, 2010. 
     In some embodiments, the methods of the invention comprise assessing vesicles directly such as in a biological sample without prior isolation, purification, or concentration from the biological sample. For example, the amount of vesicles in the sample can by itself provide a biosignature that provides a diagnostic, prognostic or theranostic determination. Alternatively, the vesicle in the sample may be isolated, captured, purified, or concentrated from a sample prior to analysis. As noted, isolation, capture or purification as used herein comprises partial isolation, partial capture or partial purification apart from other components in the sample. Vesicle isolation can be performed using various techniques as described herein, e.g., chromatography, filtration, centrifugation, flow cytometry, affinity capture (e.g., to a planar surface or bead), and/or using microfluidics.  FIGS. 19B-19C  present an overview of a method of the invention for assessing microvesicles using an aptamer pool. 
     Vesicles such as exosomes can be assessed to provide a phenotypic characterization by comparing vesicle characteristics to a reference. In some embodiments, surface antigens on a vesicle are assessed. The surface antigens can provide an indication of the anatomical origin and/or cellular of the vesicles and other phenotypic information, e.g., tumor status. For example, wherein vesicles found in a patient sample, e.g., a bodily fluid such as blood, serum or plasma, are assessed for surface antigens indicative of colorectal origin and the presence of cancer. The surface antigens may comprise any informative biological entity that can be detected on the vesicle membrane surface, including without limitation surface proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and other membrane components. For example, positive detection of colon derived vesicles expressing tumor antigens can indicate that the patient has colorectal cancer. As such, methods of the invention can be used to characterize any disease or condition associated with an anatomical or cellular origin, by assessing, for example, disease-specific and cell-specific biomarkers of one or more vesicles obtained from a subject. 
     In another embodiment, the methods of the invention comprise assessing one or more vesicle payload to provide a phenotypic characterization. The payload with a vesicle comprises any informative biological entity that can be detected as encapsulated within the vesicle, including without limitation proteins and nucleic acids, e.g., genomic or cDNA, mRNA, or functional fragments thereof, as well as microRNAs (miRs). In addition, methods of the invention are directed to detecting vesicle surface antigens (in addition or exclusive to vesicle payload) to provide a phenotypic characterization. For example, vesicles can be characterized by using binding agents (e.g., antibodies or aptamers) that are specific to vesicle surface antigens, and the bound vesicles can be further assessed to identify one or more payload components disclosed therein. As described herein, the levels of vesicles with surface antigens of interest or with payload of interest can be compared to a reference to characterize a phenotype. For example, overexpression in a sample of cancer-related surface antigens or vesicle payload, e.g., a tumor associated mRNA or microRNA, as compared to a reference, can indicate the presence of cancer in the sample. The biomarkers assessed can be present or absent, increased or reduced based on the selection of the desired target sample and comparison of the target sample to the desired reference sample. Non-limiting examples of target samples include: disease; treated/not-treated; different time points, such as a in a longitudinal study; and non-limiting examples of reference sample: non-disease; normal; different time points; and sensitive or resistant to candidate treatment(s). 
     Microvesicle Isolation and Analysis 
     Sample Processing 
     A vesicle or a population of vesicles may be isolated, purified, concentrated or otherwise enriched prior to and/or during analysis. Unless otherwise specified, the terms “purified,” “isolated,” or similar as used herein in reference to vesicles or biomarker components are intended to include partial or complete purification or isolation of such components from a cell or organism. Analysis of a vesicle can include quantitiating the amount one or more vesicle populations of a biological sample. For example, a heterogeneous population of vesicles can be quantitated, or a homogeneous population of vesicles, such as a population of vesicles with a particular biomarker profile, a particular biosignature, or derived from a particular cell type can be isolated from a heterogeneous population of vesicles and quantitated. Analysis of a vesicle can also include detecting, quantitatively or qualitatively, one or more particular biomarker profile or biosignature of a vesicle, as described herein. 
     A vesicle can be stored and archived, such as in a bio-fluid bank and retrieved for analysis as desired. A vesicle may also be isolated from a biological sample that has been previously harvested and stored from a living or deceased subject. In addition, a vesicle may be isolated from a biological sample which has been collected as described in  King et al., Breast Cancer Res  7(5): 198-204 (2005). A vesicle can be isolated from an archived or stored sample. Alternatively, a vesicle may be isolated from a biological sample and analyzed without storing or archiving of the sample. Furthermore, a third party may obtain or store the biological sample, or obtain or store the vesicle for analysis. 
     An enriched population of vesicles can be obtained from a biological sample. For example, vesicles may be concentrated or isolated from a biological sample using size exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, nanomembrane ultrafiltration, immunoabsorbent capture, affinity purification, microfluidic separation, or combinations thereof. 
     Size exclusion chromatography, such as gel permeation columns, centrifugation or density gradient centrifugation, and filtration methods can be used. For example, a vesicle can be isolated by differential centrifugation, anion exchange and/or gel permeation chromatography (for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,899,863 and 6,812,023), sucrose density gradients, organelle electrophoresis (for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,198,923), magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), or with a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator. Various combinations of isolation or concentration methods can be used. 
     Highly abundant proteins, such as albumin and immunoglobulin in blood samples, may hinder isolation of vesicles from a biological sample. For example, a vesicle can be isolated from a biological sample using a system that uses multiple antibodies that are specific to the most abundant proteins found in a biological sample, such as blood. Such a system can remove up to several proteins at once, thus unveiling the lower abundance species such as cell-of-origin specific vesicles. This type of system can be used for isolation of vesicles from biological samples such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine. The isolation of vesicles from a biological sample may also be enhanced by high abundant protein removal methods as described in  Chromy et al. J Proteome Res  2004; 3:1120-1127. In another embodiment, the isolation of vesicles from a biological sample may also be enhanced by removing serum proteins using glycopeptide capture as described in  Zhang et al, Mol Cell Proteomics  2005;4:144-155. In addition, vesicles from a biological sample such as urine may be isolated by differential centrifugation followed by contact with antibodies directed to cytoplasmic or anti-cytoplasmic epitopes as described in  Pisitkun et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,  2004; 101:13368-13373. 
     Plasma contains a large variety of proteins including albumin, immunoglobulins, and clotting proteins such as fibrinogen. About 60% of plasma protein comprises the protein albumin (e.g., human serum albumin or HSA), which contributes to osmotic pressure of plasma to assist in the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins make up about 35% of plasma proteins and are used in the transport of ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. About 4% of plasma protein comprises fibrinogen which is essential in the clotting of blood and can be converted into the insoluble protein fibrin. Other types of blood proteins include: Prealbumin, Alpha 1 antitrypsin, Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, Alpha 1 fetoprotein, Haptoglobin, Alpha 2 macroglobulin, Ceruloplasmin, Transferrin, complement proteins C3 and C4, Beta 2 microglobulin, Beta lipoprotein, Gamma globulin proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP), Lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL), other globulins (types alpha, beta and gamma), Prothrombin and Mannose-binding lectin (MBL). Any of these proteins, including classes of proteins, or derivatives thereof (such as fibrin which is derived from the cleavage of fibrinogen) can be selectively depleted from a biological sample prior to further analysis performed on the sample. Without being bound by theory, removal of such background proteins may facilitate more sensitive, accurate, or precise detection of the biomarkers of interest in the sample. 
     Abundant proteins in blood or blood derivatives (e.g., plasma or serum) include without limitation albumin, IgG, transferrin, fibrinogen, IgA, α 2 -Macroglobulin, IgM, α 1 -Antitrypsin, complement C3, haptoglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein A3, apolipoprotein B, α 1 -Acid Glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, complement C4, C1q, IgD, prealbumin (transthyretin), and plasminogen. Such proteins can be depleted using commercially available columns and kits. Examples of such columns comprise the Multiple Affinity Removal System from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, Calif.). This system include various cartridges designed to deplete different protein profiles, including the following cartridges with performance characteristics according to the manufacturer: Human 14, which eliminates approximately 94% of total protein (albumin, IgG, antitrypsin, IgA, transferrin, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, alpha2-macroglobulin, alphal-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid), IgM, apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein AII, complement C3 and transthyretin); Human 7, which eliminates approximately 85-90% of total protein (albumin, IgG, IgA, transferrin, haptoglobin, antitrypsin, and fibrinogen); Human 6, which eliminates approximately 85-90% of total protein (albumin, IgG, IgA, transferrin, haptoglobin, and antitrypsin); Human Albumin/IgG, which eliminates approximately 69% of total protein (albumin and IgG); and Human Albumin, which eliminates approximately 50-55% of total protein (albumin). The ProteoPrep® 20 Plasma Immunodepletion Kit from Sigma-Aldrich is intended to specifically remove the 20 most abundant proteins from human plasma or serum, which is about remove 97-98% of the total protein mass in plasma or serum (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). According to the manufacturer, the ProteoPrep® 20 removes: albumin, IgG, transferrin, fibrinogen, IgA, α 2 -Macroglobulin, IgM, α 1 -Antitrypsin, complement C3, haptoglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, A3 and B; α 1 -Acid Glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, complement C4, C1q; IgD, prealbumin, and plasminogen. Sigma-Aldrich also manufactures ProteoPrep® columns to remove albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulins (IgG). The ProteomeLab IgY-12 High Capacity Proteome Partitioning kits from Beckman Coulter (Fullerton, Calif.) are specifically designed to remove twelve highly abundant proteins (Albumin, IgG, Transferrin, Fibrinogen, IgA, α2-macroglobulin, IgM, α1-Antitrypsin, Haptoglobin, Orosomucoid, Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein A-II) from the human biological fluids such as serum and plasma. Generally, such systems rely on immunodepletion to remove the target proteins, e.g., using small ligands and/or full antibodies. The PureProteome™ Human Albumin/Immunoglobulin Depletion Kit from Millipore (EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, Mass., USA) is a magnetic bead based kit that enables high depletion efficiency (typically &gt;99%) of Albumin and all Immunoglobulins (i.e., IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD) from human serum or plasma samples. The ProteoExtract® Albumin/IgG Removal Kit, also from Millipore, is designed to deplete &gt;80% of albumin and IgG from body fluid samples. Other similar protein depletion products include without limitation the following: Aurum™ Affi-Gels Blue mini kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA); Vivapure® anti-HSA/IgG kit (Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Goettingen, Germany), Qproteome albumin/IgG depletion kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany); Seppro® MIXED12-LC20 column (GenWay Biotech, San Diego, Calif., USA); Abundant Serum Protein Depletion Kit (Norgen Biotek Corp., Ontario, Canada); GBC Human Albumin/IgG/Transferrin 3 in 1 Depletion Column/Kit (Good Biotech Corp., Taiwan). These systems and similar systems can be used to remove abundant proteins from a biological sample, thereby improving the ability to detect low abundance circulating biomarkers such as proteins and vesicles. 
     Thromboplastin is a plasma protein aiding blood coagulation through conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin in turn acts as a serine protease that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions. Thus, thromboplastin is a protein that can be used to facilitate precipitation of fibrinogen/fibrin (blood clotting factors) out of plasma. In addition to or as an alternative to immunoaffinity protein removal, a blood sample can be treated with thromboplastin to deplete fibrinogen/fibrin. Thromboplastin removal can be performed in addition to or as an alternative to immunoaffinity protein removal as described above using methods known in the art. Precipitation of other proteins and/or other sample particulate can also improve detection of circulating biomarkers such as vesicles in a sample. For example, ammonium sulfate treatment as known in the art can be used to precipitate immunoglobulins and other highly abundant proteins. 
     In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of detecting a presence or level of one or more circulating biomarker such as a microvesicle in a biological sample, comprising: (a) providing a biological sample comprising or suspected to comprise the one or more circulating biomarker; (b) selectively depleting one or more abundant protein from the biological sample provided in step (a); (c) performing affinity selection of the one or more circulating biomarker from the sample depleted in step (b), thereby detecting the presence or level of one or more circulating biomarker. The biological sample may comprise a bodily fluid, e.g., peripheral blood, sera, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper&#39;s fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, umbilical cord blood, or a derivative of any thereof. In some embodiments, the biological sample comprises peripheral blood, serum or plasma. Illustrative protocols and results from selectively depleting one or more abundant protein from blood plasma prior to vesicle detection can be found in Example 40 of International Patent Publication No. WO/2014/082083, filed Nov. 26, 2013, which patent publication is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     An abundant protein may comprise a protein in the sample that is present in the sample at a high enough concentration to potentially interfere with downstream processing or analysis. Typically, an abundant protein is not the target of any further analysis of the sample. The abundant protein may constitute at least 10 −5 , 10 −4 , 10 −3 , 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or at least 99% of the total protein mass in the sample. In some embodiments, the abundant protein is present at less than 10 −5 % of the total protein mass in the sample, e.g., in the case of a rare target of interest. As described herein, in the case of blood or a derivative thereof, the one or more abundant protein may comprise one or more of albumin, IgG, transferrin, fibrinogen, fibrin, IgA, α2-Marcroglobulin, IgM, α1-Antitrypsin, complement C3, haptoglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, A3 and B; α1-Acid Glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, complement C4, C1q, IgD, prealbumin (transthyretin), plasminogen, a derivative of any thereof, and a combination thereof. The one or more abundant protein in blood or a blood derivative may also comprise one or more of Albumin, Immunoglobulins, Fibrinogen, Prealbumin, Alpha 1 antitrypsin, Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, Alpha 1 fetoprotein, Haptoglobin, Alpha 2 macroglobulin, Ceruloplasmin, Transferrin, complement proteins C3 and C4, Beta 2 microglobulin, Beta lipoprotein, Gamma globulin proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP), Lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL), other globulins (types alpha, beta and gamma), Prothrombin, Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a derivative of any thereof, and a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, selectively depleting the one or more abundant protein comprises contacting the biological sample with thromboplastin to initiate precipitation of fibrin. The one or more abundant protein may also be depleted by immunoaffinity, precipitation, or a combination thereof. For example, the sample can be treated with thromboplastin to precipitate fibrin, and then the sample may be passed through a column to remove HSA, IgG, and other abundant proteins as desired. 
     “Selectively depleting” the one or more abundant protein comprises depleting the abundant protein from the sample at a higher percentage than depletion another entity in the sample, such as another protein or microvesicle, including a target of interest for downstream processing or analysis. Selectively depleting the one or more abundant protein may comprise depleting the abundant protein at a 1.1-fold, 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.8-fold, 1.9-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 11-fold, 12-fold, 13-fold, 14-fold, 15-fold, 16-fold, 17-fold, 18-fold, 19-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 200-fold, 300-fold, 400-fold, 500-fold, 600-fold, 700-fold, 800-fold, 900-fold, 1000-fold, 10 4 -fold, 10 5 -fold, 10 6 -fold, 10 7 -fold, 10 8 -fold, 10 9 -fold, 10 10 -fold, 10″-fold, 10 12 -fold, 10 13 -fold, 10 14 -fold, 10 15 -fold, 10 16 -fold, 10 17 -fold, 10 18 -fold, 10 19 -fold, 10 20 -fold, or higher rate than another entity in the sample, such as another protein or microvesicle, including a target of interest for downstream processing or analysis. In an embodiment, there is little to no observable depletion of the target of interest as compared to the depletion of the abundant protein. In some embodiments, selectively depleting the one or more abundant protein from the biological sample comprises depleting at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the one or more abundant protein. 
     Removal of highly abundant proteins and other non-desired entities can further be facilitated with a non-stringent size exclusion step. For example, the sample can be processed using a high molecular weight cutoff size exclusion step to preferentially enrich high molecular weight vesicles apart from lower molecular weight proteins and other entities. In some embodiments, a sample is processed with a column (e.g., a gel filtration column) or filter having a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10000, or greater than 10000 kiloDaltons (kDa). In an embodiment, a 700 kDa filtration column is used. In such a step, the vesicles will be retained or flow more slowly than the column or filter than the lower molecular weight entities. Such columns and filters are known in the art. 
     Isolation or enrichment of a vesicle from a biological sample can also be enhanced by use of sonication (for example, by applying ultrasound), detergents, other membrane-activating agents, or any combination thereof. For example, ultrasonic energy can be applied to a potential tumor site, and without being bound by theory, release of vesicles from a tissue can be increased, allowing an enriched population of vesicles that can be analyzed or assessed from a biological sample using one or more methods disclosed herein. 
     With methods of detecting circulating biomarkers as described here, e.g., antibody affinity isolation, the consistency of the results can be optimized as desired using various concentration or isolation procedures. Such steps can include agitation such as shaking or vortexing, different isolation techniques such as polymer based isolation, e.g., with PEG, and concentration to different levels during filtration or other steps. It will be understood by those in the art that such treatments can be applied at various stages of testing the vesicle containing sample. In one embodiment, the sample itself, e.g., a bodily fluid such as plasma or serum, is vortexed. In some embodiments, the sample is vortexed after one or more sample treatment step, e.g., vesicle isolation, has occurred. Agitation can occur at some or all appropriate sample treatment steps as desired. Additives can be introduced at the various steps to improve the process, e.g., to control aggregation or degradation of the biomarkers of interest. 
     The results can also be optimized as desireable by treating the sample with various agents. Such agents include additives to control aggregation and/or additives to adjust pH or ionic strength. Additives that control aggregation include blocking agents such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), milk or StabilGuard® (a BSA-free blocking agent; Product code SG02, Surmodics, Eden Prairie, Minn.), chaotropic agents such as guanidium hydro chloride, and detergents or surfactants. Useful ionic detergents include sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)), sodium laureth sulfate (SLS, sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), cetrimonium bromide, cetrimonium chloride, cetrimonium stearate, and the like. Useful non-ionic (zwitterionic) detergents include polyoxyethylene glycols, polysorbate 20 (also known as Tween 20), other polysorbates (e.g., 40, 60, 65, 80, etc), Triton-X (e.g., X100, X114), 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), CHAPSO, deoxycholic acid, sodium deoxycholate, NP-40, glycosides, octyl-thio-glucosides, maltosides, and the like. In some embodiments, Pluronic F-68, a surfactant shown to reduce platelet aggregation, is used to treat samples containing vesicles during isolation and/or detection. F68 can be used from a 0.1% to 10% concentration, e.g., a 1%, 2.5% or 5% concentration. The pH and/or ionic strength of the solution can be adjusted with various acids, bases, buffers or salts, including without limitation sodium chloride (NaCl), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), tris-buffered saline (TBS), sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, sodium citrate and saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer. In some embodiments, NaCl is added at a concentration of 0.1% to 10%, e.g., 1%, 2.5% or 5% final concentration. In some embodiments, Tween 20 is added to 0.005 to 2% concentration, e.g., 0.05%, 0.25% or 0.5% final concentration. Blocking agents for use with the invention comprise inert proteins, e.g., milk proteins, non-fat dry milk protein, albumin, BSA, casein, or serum such as newborn calf serum (NBCS), goat serum, rabbit serum or salmon serum. The proteins can be added at a 0.1% to 10% concentration, e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% concentration. In some embodiments, BSA is added to 0.1% to 10% concentration, e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% concentration. In an embodiment, the sample is treated according to the methodology presented in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/632946, filed Jul. 13, 2005, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Commercially available blockers may be used, such as SuperBlock, StartingBlock, Protein-Free from Pierce (a division of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Ill.). In some embodiments, SSC/detergent (e.g., 20×SSC with 0.5% Tween 20 or 0.1% Triton-X 100) is added to 0.1% to 10% concentration, e.g., at 1.0% or 5.0% concentration. 
     The methods of detecting vesicles and other circulating biomarkers can be optimized as desired with various combinations of protocols and treatments as described herein. A detection protocol can be optimized by various combinations of agitation, isolation methods, and additives. In some embodiments, the patient sample is vortexed before and after isolation steps, and the sample is treated with blocking agents including BSA and/or F68. Such treatments may reduce the formation of large aggregates or protein or other biological debris and thus provide a more consistent detection reading. 
     Filtration and Ultrafiltration 
     A vesicle can be isolated from a biological sample by filtering a biological sample from a subject through a filtration module and collecting from the filtration module a retentate comprising the vesicle, thereby isolating the vesicle from the biological sample. The method can comprise filtering a biological sample from a subject through a filtration module comprising a filter (also referred to herein as a selection membrane); and collecting from the filtration module a retentate comprising the vesicle, thereby isolating the vesicle from the biological sample. For example, in one embodiment, the filter retains molecules greater than about 100 kiloDaltons. In such cases, microvesicles are generally found within the retentate of the filtration process whereas smaller entities such as proteins, protein complexes, nucleic acids, etc, pass through into the filtrate. 
     The method can be used when determining a biosignature of one or more microvesicle. The method can also further comprise contacting the retentate from the filtration to a plurality of substrates, wherein each substrate is coupled to one or more capture agents, and each subset of the plurality of substrates comprises a different capture agent or combination of capture agents than another subset of the plurality of substrates. 
     Also provided herein is a method of determining a biosignature of a vesicle in a sample comprising: filtering a biological sample from a subject with a disorder through a filtration module, collecting from the filtration module a retentate comprising one or more vesicles, and determining a biosignature of the one or more vesicles. In one embodiment, the filtration module comprises a filter that retains molecules greater than about 100 or 150 kiloDaltons. 
     The method disclosed herein can further comprise characterizing a phenotype in a subject by filtering a biological sample from a subject through a filtration module, collecting from the filtration module a retentate comprising one or more vesicles; detecting a biosignature of the one or more vesicles; and characterizing a phenotype in the subject based on the biosignature, wherein characterizing is with at least 70% sensitivity. In some embodiments, characterizing comprises determining an amount of one or more vesicle having the biosignature. Furthermore, the characterizing can be from about 80% to 100% sensitivity. 
     Also provided herein is a method for multiplex analysis of a plurality of vesicles. In some embodiments, the method comprises filtering a biological sample from a subject through a filtration module; collecting from the filtration module a retentate comprising the plurality of vesicles, applying the plurality of vesicles to a plurality of capture agents, wherein the plurality of capture agents is coupled to a plurality of substrates, and each subset of the plurality of substrates is differentially labeled from another subset of the plurality of substrates; capturing at least a subset of the plurality of vesicles; and determining a biosignature for at least a subset of the captured vesicles. In one embodiment, each substrate is coupled to one or more capture agents, and each subset of the plurality of substrates comprises a different capture agent or combination of capture agents as compared to another subset of the plurality of substrates. In some embodiments, at least a subset of the plurality of substrates is intrinsically labeled, such as comprising one or more labels. The substrate can be a particle or bead, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the filter retains molecules greater than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10000, or greater than 10000 kiloDaltons (kDa). In one embodiment, the filtration module comprises a filter that retains molecules greater than about 100 or 150 kiloDaltons. In one embodiment, the filtration module comprises a filter that retains molecules greater than about 9, 20, 100 or 150 kiloDaltons. In still another embodiment, the filtration module comprises a filter that retains molecules greater than about 7000 kDa. 
     In some embodiments, the method for multiplex analysis of a plurality of vesicles comprises filtering a biological sample from a subject through a filtration module, wherein the filtration module comprises a filter that retains molecules greater than about 100 kiloDaltons; collecting from the filtration module a retentate comprising the plurality of vesicles; applying the plurality of vesicles to a plurality of capture agents, wherein the plurality of capture agents is coupled to a microarray; capturing at least a subset of the plurality of vesicles on the microarray; and determining a biosignature for at least a subset of the captured vesicles. In some embodiments, the filter retains molecules greater than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10000, or greater than 10000 kiloDaltons (kDa). In one embodiment, the filtration module comprises a filter that retains molecules greater than about 100 or 150 kiloDaltons. In one embodiment, the filtration module comprises a filter that retains molecules greater than about 9, 20, 100 or 150 kiloDaltons. In still another embodiment, the filtration module comprises a filter that retains molecules greater than about 7000 kDa. 
     The biological sample can be clarified prior to isolation by filtration. Clarification comprises selective removal of cellular debris and other undesirable materials. For example, cellular debris and other components that may interfere with detection of the circulating biomarkers can be removed. The clarification can be by low-speed centrifugation, such as at about 5,000×g, 4,000×g, 3,000×g, 2,000×g, 1,000×g, or less. The supernatant, or clarified biological sample, containing the vesicle can then be collected and filtered to isolate the vesicle from the clarified biological sample. In some embodiments, the biological sample is not clarified prior to isolation of a vesicle by filtration. 
     In some embodiments, isolation of a vesicle from a sample does not use high-speed centrifugation, such as ultracentrifugation. For example, isolation may not require the use of centrifugal speeds, such as about 100,000×g or more. In some embodiments, isolation of a vesicle from a sample uses speeds of less than 50,000×g, 40,000×g, 30,000×g, 20,000×g, 15,000×g, 12,000×g, or 10,000×g. 
     Any number of applicable filter configurations can be used to filter a sample of interest. In some embodiments, the filtration module used to isolate the circulating biomarkers from the biological sample is a fiber-based filtration cartridge. For example, the fiber can be a hollow polymeric fiber, such as a polypropylene hollow fiber. A biological sample can be introduced into the filtration module by pumping the sample fluid, such as a biological fluid as disclosed herein, into the module with a pump device, such as a peristaltic pump. The pump flow rate can vary, such as at about 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mL/minute. The flow rate can be adjusted given the configuration, e.g., size and throughput, of the filtration module. 
     The filtration module can be a membrane filtration module. For example, the membrane filtration module can comprise a filter disc membrane, such as a hydrophilic polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter disc membrane housed in a stirred cell apparatus (e.g., comprising a magnetic stirrer). In some embodiments, the sample moves through the filter as a result of a pressure gradient established on either side of the filter membrane. 
     The filter can comprise a material having low hydrophobic absorptivity and/or high hydrophilic properties. For example, the filter can have an average pore size for vesicle retention and permeation of most proteins as well as a surface that is hydrophilic, thereby limiting protein adsorption. For example, the filter can comprise a material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, PVDF, polyethylene, polyfluoroethylene, cellulose, secondary cellulose acetate, polyvinylalcohol, and ethylenevinyl alcohol (EVAL®, Kuraray Co., Okayama, Japan). Additional materials that can be used in a filter include, but are not limited to, polysulfone and polyethersulfone. 
     The filtration module can have a filter that retains molecules greater than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 900 kiloDaltons (kDa), such as a filter that has a MWCO (molecular weight cut off) of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 900 kDa, respectively. In embodiments, the filtration module has a MWCO of 1000 kDa, 1500 kDa, 2000 kDa, 2500 kDa, 3000 kDa, 3500 kDa, 4000 kDa, 4500 kDa, 5000 kDa, 5500 kDa, 6000 kDa, 6500 kDa, 7000 kDa, 7500 kDa, 8000 kDa, 8500 kDa, 9000 kDa, 9500 kDa, 10000 kDa, or greater than 10000 kDa. Ultrafiltration membranes with a range of MWCO of 9 kDa, 20 kDa and/or 150 kDa can be used. In some embodiments, the filter within the filtration module has an average pore diameter of about 0.01 μm to about 0.15 μm, and in some embodiments from about 0.05 μm to about 0.12 μm. In some embodiments, the filter has an average pore diameter of about 0.06 μm, 0.07 μm, 0.08 μm, 0.09 μm, 0.1 μm, 0.11 mm or 0.2 μm. 
     The filtration module can be a commerically available column, such as a column typically used for concentrating proteins or for isolating proteins (e.g., ultrafiltration). Examples include, but are not limited to, columns from Millpore (Billerica, Mass.), such as Amicon® centrifugal filters, or from Pierce® (Rockford, Ill.), such as Pierce Concentrator filter devices. Useful columns from Pierce include disposable ultrafiltration centrifugal devices with a MWCO of 9 kDa, 20 kDa and/or 150 kDa. These concentrators consist of a high-performance regenerated cellulose membrane welded to a conical device. The filters can be as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,269,957 or 6,357,601, both of which applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. 
     The retentate comprising the isolated vesicle can be collected from the filtration module. The retentate can be collected by flushing the retentate from the filter. Selection of a filter composition having hydrophilic surface properties, thereby limiting protein adsorption, can be used, without being bound by theory, for easier collection of the retentate and minimize use of harsh or time-consuming collection techniques. 
     The collected retentate can then be used subsequent analysis, such as assessing a biosignature of one or more vesicles in the retentate, as further described herein. The analysis can be directly performed on the collected retentate. Alternatively, the collected retentate can be further concentrated or purified, prior to analysis of one or more vesicles. For example, the retentate can be further concentrated or vesicles further isolated from the retentate using size exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, immunoabsorbent capture, affinity purification, microfluidic separation, or combinations thereof, such as described herein. In some embodiments, the retentate can undergo another step of filtration. Alternatively, prior to isolation of a vesicle using a filter, the vesicle is concentrated or isolated using techniques including without limitation size exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, immunoabsorbent capture, affinity purification, microfluidic separation, or combinations thereof. 
     Combinations of filters can be used for concentrating and isolating biomarkers. For example, the biological sample may first be filtered through a filter having a porosity or pore size of between about 0.01 μm to about 10 μm, e.g., 0.01 μm to about 2 μm or about 0.05 μm to about 1.5 μm, and then the sample is filtered. For example, prior to filtering a biological sample through a filtration module with a filter that retains molecules greater than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10000, or greater than 10000 kiloDaltons (kDa), such as a filter that has a MWCO (molecular weight cut off) of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10000, or greater than 10000 kDa, respectively, the biological sample may first be filtered through a filter having a porosity or pore size of between about 0.01 μm to about 10 μm, e.g., 0.01 μm to about 2 μm or about 0.05 μm to about 1.5 μm. 
     In some embodiments, the filter has a pore size of about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 or 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0 or 10.0 μm. The filter may be a syringe filter. Thus, in one embodiment, the method comprises filtering the biological sample through a filter, such as a syringe filter, wherein the syringe filter has a porosity of greater than about 1 μm, prior to filtering the sample through a filtration module comprising a filter that retains molecules greater than about 100 or 150 kiloDaltons. In an embodiment, the filter is 1.2 μM filter and the filtration is followed by passage of the sample through a 7 ml or 20 ml concentrator column with a 150 kDa cutoff. Multiple concentrator columns may be used, e.g., in series. For example, a 7000 MWCO filtration unit can be used before a 150 MWCO unit. 
     The filtration module can be a component of a microfluidic device. Microfluidic devices, which may also be referred to as “lab-on-a-chip” systems, biomedical micro-electro-mechanical systems (bioMEMs), or multicomponent integrated systems, can be used for isolating, and analyzing, vesicles. Such systems miniaturize and compartmentalize processes that allow for binding of vesicles, detection of biomarkers, and other processes, such as further described herein. 
     The filtration module and assessment can be as described in Grant, R., et al., A filtration-based protocol to isolate human Plasma Membrane-derived Vesicles and exosomes from blood plasma,  J Immunol Methods  (2011) 371:143-51 (Epub 2011 Jun. 30), which reference is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     A microfluidic device can also be used for isolation of a vesicle by comprising a filtration module. For example, a microfluidic device can use one more channels for isolating a vesicle from a biological sample based on size from a biological sample. A biological sample can be introduced into one or more microfluidic channels, which selectively allows the passage of vesicles. The microfluidic device can further comprise binding agents, or more than one filtration module to select vesicles based on a property of the vesicles, for example, size, shape, deformability, biomarker profile, or biosignature. 
     The retentate from a filtration step can be further processed before assessment of microvesicles or other biomarkers therein. In an embodiment, the retentate is diluted prior to biomarker assessment, e.g., with an appropriate diluent such as a biologically compatible buffer. In some cases, the retentate is serially diluted. In an aspect, the invention provides a method for detecting a microvesicle population from a biological sample comprising: a) concentrating the biological sample using a selection membrane having a pore size of from 0.01 μm to about 10 μm, or a molecular weight cut off (MWCO) from about 1 kDa to 10000 kDa; b) diluting a retentate from the concentration step into one or more aliquots; and c) contacting each of the one or more aliquots of retentate with one or more binding agent specific to a molecule of at least one microvesicle in the microvesicle population. In a related aspect, the invention provides a method for detecting a microvesicle population from a biological sample comprising: a) concentrating the biological sample using a selection membrane having a pore size of from 0.01 μm to about 10 μm, or a molecular weight cut off (MWCO) from about 1 kDa to 10000 kDa; and b) contacting one or more aliquots of the retentate from the concentrating step with one or more binding agent specific to a molecule of at least one microvesicle in the microvesicle population. 
     The selection membrane can be sized to retain the desired biomarkers in the retentate or to allow the desired biomarkers to pass through the filter into the filtrate. The filter membrane can be chosen to have a certain pore size or MWCO value. The selection membrane can have a pore size of about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 or 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0 or 10.0 μm. The selection membrane can also have a MWCO of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000 or 10000 kDa. 
     The retentate can be separated and/or diluted into any number of desired aliquots. For example, multiple aliquots without any dilution or the same dilution can be used to determine reproducibility. In another example, multiple aliquots at different dilutions can be used to construct a concentration curve. In an embodiment, the retentate is separated and/or diluted into at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 or 400 aliquots. The aliquots can be at a same dilution or at different dilutions. 
     A dilution factor is the ratio of the final volume of a mixture (the mixture of the diluents and aliquot) divided by the initial volume of the aliquot. The retentate can be diluted into one or more aliquots at a dilution factor of about 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, 9000, 9500, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000 and/or 100000. For example, the retentate can be diluted into one or more aliquot at a dilution factor of about 500. 
     To estimate a concentration or form a curve, the retentate can be diluted into multiple aliquots. In an embodiment of the method, the retentate is diluted into one or more aliquots at a dilution factor of about 100, 250, 500, 1000, 10000 and 100000. As desired, the method can further comprise detecting an amount of microvesicles in each aliquot of retentate, e.g., that formed a complex with the one or more binding agent. The curve can be used to determine a linear range of the amount of microvesicles in each aliquot detected versus dilution factor. A concentration of the detected microvesicles for the biological sample can be determined using the amount of microvesicles determined in one or more aliquot within the linear range. The concentration can be compared to a reference concentration, e.g., in order to characterize a phenotype as described herein. 
     The invention also provides a related method comprising filtering a biological sample from a subject through a filtration module and collecting a filtrate comprising the vesicle, thereby isolating the vesicle from the biological sample. In such cases cells and other large entities can be retained in the retentate while microvesicles pass through into the filtrate. It will be appreciated that strategies to retain and filter microvesicles can be used in concert. For example, a sample can be filtered with a selection membrane that allows microvesicles to pass through, thereby isolating the microvesicles from large particles (cells, complexes, etc). The filtrate comprising the microvesicle can then be filtered using a selection membrane that retains microvesicles, thereby isolating the microvesicles from smaller particles (proteins, nucleic acids, etc). The isolated microvesicles can be further assessed according to the methods of the invention, e.g., to characterize a phenotype. 
     Precipitation 
     Vesicles can be isolated using a polymeric precipitation method. The method can be in combination with or in place of the other isolation methods described herein. In one embodiment, the sample containing the vesicles is contacted with a formulation of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The polymeric formulation is incubated with the vesicle containing sample then precipitated by centrifugation. The PEG can bind to the vesicles and can be treated to specifically capture vesicles by addition of a capture moiety, e.g., a pegylated-binding protein such as an antibody. One of skill will appreciate that other polymers in addition to PEG can be used, e.g., PEG derivatives including methoxypolyethylene glycols, poly (ethylene oxide), and various polymers of formula HO—CH 2 —(CH 2 —O—CH 2 -)n-CH 2 —OH having different molecular weights. The efficiency of isolation may depend on various factors including the length of the polymer chains and concentration of polymer used. In preferred embodiments, PEG4000 or PEG 8000 may be used at a concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10%, e.g., 4% or 8%. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the vesicles are concentrated from a sample using the polymer precipitation method and the isolated vesicles are further separated using another approach. The second step can be used to identify a subpopulation of vesicles, e.g., that display certain biomarkers. The second separation step can comprise size exclusion, a binding agent, an antibody capture step, microbeads, as described herein. 
     In an embodiment, vesicles are isolated according to the ExoQuick™ and ExoQuick-TC™ kits from System Biosciences, Mountain View, Calif. USA. These kits use a polymer-based precipitation method to pellet vesicles. Similarly, the vesicles can be isolated using the Total Exosome Isolation (from Serum) or Total Exosome Isolation (from Cell Culture Media) kits from Invitrogen/Life Technologies (Carlsbad, Calif. USA). The Total Exosome Isolation reagent forces less-soluble components such as vesicles out of solution, allowing them to be collected by a short, low-speed centrifugation. The reagent is added to the biological sample, and the solution is incubated overnight at 2° C. to 8° C. The precipitated vesicles are recovered by standard centrifugation. 
     Binding Agents 
     Binding agents (also referred to as binding reagents) include agents that are capable of binding a target biomarker. A binding agent can be specific for the target biomarker, meaning the agent is capable of binding a target biomarker. The target can be any useful biomarker disclosed herein, such as a biomarker on the vesicle surface. In some embodiments, the target is a single molecule, such as a single protein, so that the binding agent is specific to the single protein. In other embodiments, the target can be a group of molecules, such as a family or proteins having a similar epitope or moiety, so that the binding agent is specific to the family or group of proteins. The group of molecules can also be a class of molecules, such as protein, DNA or RNA. The binding agent can be a capture agent used to capture a vesicle by binding a component or biomarker of a vesicle. In some embodiments, a capture agent comprises an antibody or fragment thereof, or an aptamer, that binds to an antigen on a vesicle. The capture agent can be optionally coupled to a substrate and used to isolate a vesicle, as further described herein. 
     A binding agent is an agent that binds to a circulating biomarker, such as a vesicle or a component of a vesicle. The binding agent can be used as a capture agent and/or a detection agent. A capture agent can bind and capture a circulating biomarker, such as by binding a component or biomarker of a vesicle. For example, the capture agent can be a capture antibody or capture antigen that binds to an antigen on a vesicle. A detection agent can bind to a circulating biomarker thereby facilitating detection of the biomarker. For example, a capture agent comprising an antibody or aptamer that is sequestered to a substrate can be used to capture a vesicle in a sample, and a detection agent comprising an antibody or aptamer that carries a label can be used to detect the captured vesicle via detection of the detection agent&#39;s label. In some embodiments, a vesicle is assessed using capture and detection agents that recognize the same vesicle biomarkers. For example, a vesicle population can be captured using a tetraspanin such as by using an anti-CD9 antibody bound to a substrate, and the captured vesicles can be detected using a fluorescently labeled anti-CD9 antibody to label the captured vesicles. In other embodiments, a vesicle is assessed using capture and detection agents that recognize different vesicle biomarkers. For example, a vesicle population can be captured using a cell-specific marker such as by using an anti-PCSA antibody bound to a substrate, and the captured vesicles can be detected using a fluorescently labeled anti-CD9 antibody to label the captured vesicles. Similarly, the vesicle population can be captured using a general vesicle marker such as by using an anti-CD9 antibody bound to a substate, and the captured vesicles can be detected using a fluorescently labeled antibody to a cell-specific or disease specific marker to label the captured vesicles. 
     The biomarkers recognized by the binding agent are sometimes referred to herein as an antigen. Unless otherwise specified, antigen as used herein is meant to encompass any entity that is capable of being bound by a binding agent, regardless of the type of binding agent or the immunogenicity of the biomarker. The antigen further encompasses a functional fragment thereof. For example, an antigen can encompass a protein biomarker capable of being bound by a binding agent, including a fragment of the protein that is capable of being bound by a binding agent. 
     In one embodiment, a vesicle is captured using a capture agent that binds to a biomarker on a vesicle. The capture agent can be coupled to a substrate and used to isolate a vesicle, as further described herein. In one embodiment, a capture agent is used for affinity capture or isolation of a vesicle present in a substance or sample. 
     A binding agent can be used after a vesicle is concentrated or isolated from a biological sample. For example, a vesicle can first be isolated from a biological sample before a vesicle with a specific biosignature is isolated or detected. The vesicle with a specific biosignature can be isolated or detected using a binding agent for the biomarker. A vesicle with the specific biomarker can be isolated or detected from a heterogeneous population of vesicles. Alternatively, a binding agent may be used on a biological sample comprising vesicles without a prior isolation or concentration step. For example, a binding agent is used to isolate or detect a vesicle with a specific biosignature directly from a biological sample. 
     A binding agent can be a nucleic acid, protein, or other molecule that can bind to a component of a vesicle. The binding agent can comprise DNA, RNA, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, Fabs, Fab′, single chain antibodies, synthetic antibodies, aptamers (DNA/RNA), peptoids, zDNA, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs), lectins, synthetic or naturally occurring chemical compounds (including but not limited to drugs, labeling reagents), dendrimers, or a combination thereof. For example, the binding agent can be a capture antibody. In embodiments of the invention, the binding agent comprises a membrane protein labeling agent. See, e.g., the membrane protein labeling agents disclosed in Alroy et al., US. Patent Publication US 2005/0158708. In an embodiment, vesicles are isolated or captured as described herein, and one or more membrane protein labeling agent is used to detect the vesicles. 
     In some instances, a single binding agent can be employed to isolate or detect a vesicle. In other instances, a combination of different binding agents may be employed to isolate or detect a vesicle. For example, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 50, 75 or 100 different binding agents may be used to isolate or detect a vesicle from a biological sample. Furthermore, the one or more different binding agents for a vesicle can form a biosignature of a vesicle, as further described below. 
     Different binding agents can also be used for multiplexing. For example, isolation or detection of more than one population of vesicles can be performed by isolating or detecting each vesicle population with a different binding agent. Different binding agents can be bound to different particles, wherein the different particles are labeled. In another embodiment, an array comprising different binding agents can be used for multiplex analysis, wherein the different binding agents are differentially labeled or can be ascertained based on the location of the binding agent on the array. Multiplexing can be accomplished up to the resolution capability of the labels or detection method, such as described below. The binding agents can be used to detect the vesicles, such as for detecting cell-of-origin specific vesicles. A binding agent or multiple binding agents can themselves form a binding agent profile that provides a biosignature for a vesicle. One or more binding agents can be selected from FIG. 2 of International Patent Publication No. WO/2011/127219, entitled “Circulating Biomarkers for Disease” and filed Apr. 6, 2011, which application is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. For example, if a vesicle population is detected or isolated using two, three, four or more binding agents in a differential detection or isolation of a vesicle from a heterogeneous population of vesicles, the particular binding agent profile for the vesicle population provides a biosignature for the particular vesicle population. The vesicle can be detected using any number of binding agents in a multiplex fashion. Thus, the binding agent can also be used to form a biosignature for a vesicle. The biosignature can be used to characterize a phenotype. 
     The binding agent can be a lectin. Lectins are proteins that bind selectively to polysaccharides and glycoproteins and are widely distributed in plants and animals. For example, lectins such as those derived from  Galanthus nivalis  in the form of  Galanthus nivalis  agglutinin (“GNA”),  Narcissus pseudonarcissus  in the form of  Narcissus pseudonarcissus  agglutinin (“NPA”) and the blue green algae  Nostoc ellipsosporum  called “cyanovirin” ( Boyd et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother  41(7): 1521 1530, 1997;  Hammar et al. Ann NY Acad Sci  724: 166 169, 1994;  Kaku et al. Arch Biochem Biophys  279(2): 298 304, 1990) can be used to isolate a vesicle. These lectins can bind to glycoproteins having a high mannose content ( Chervenak et al. Biochemistry  34(16): 5685 5695, 1995). High mannose glycoprotein refers to glycoproteins having mannose-mannose linkages in the form of α-1→3 or α-1→6 mannose-mannose linkages. 
     The binding agent can be an agent that binds one or more lectins. Lectin capture can be applied to the isolation of the biomarker cathepsin D since it is a glycosylated protein capable of binding the lectins  Galanthus nivalis  agglutinin (GNA) and concanavalin A (ConA). 
     Methods and devices for using lectins to capture vesicles are described in International Patent Publications WO/2011/066589, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR ISOLATING, STORING, AND ANALYZING VESICLES” and filed Nov. 30, 2010; WO/2010/065765, entitled “AFFINITY CAPTURE OF CIRCULATING BIOMARKERS” and filed Dec. 3, 2009; WO/2010/141862, entitled “METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR ISOLATING EXOSOMES” and filed Jun. 4, 2010; and WO/2007/103572, entitled “EXTRACORPOREAL REMOVAL OF MICROVESICULAR PARTICLES” and filed Mar. 9, 2007, each of which applications is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     The binding agent can be an antibody. For example, a vesicle may be isolated using one or more antibodies specific for one or more antigens present on the vesicle. For example, a vesicle can have CD63 on its surface, and an antibody, or capture antibody, for CD63 can be used to isolate the vesicle. Alternatively, a vesicle derived from a tumor cell can express EpCam, the vesicle can be isolated using an antibody for EpCam and CD63. Other antibodies for isolating vesicles can include an antibody, or capture antibody, to CD9, PSCA, TNFR, CD63, B7H3, MFG-E8, EpCam, Rab, CD81, STEAP, PCSA, PSMA, or 5T4. Other antibodies for isolating vesicles can include an antibody, or capture antibody, to DR3, STEAP, epha2, TMEM211, MFG-E8, Tissue Factor (TF), unc93A, A33, CD24, NGAL, EpCam, MUC17, TROP2, or TETS. 
     In some embodiments, the capture agent is an antibody to CD9, CD63, CD81, PSMA, PCSA, B7H3, EpCam, PSCA, ICAM, STEAP, or EGFR. The capture agent can also be used to identify a biomarker of a vesicle. For example, a capture agent such as an antibody to CD9 would identify CD9 as a biomarker of the vesicle. In some embodiments, a plurality of capture agents can be used, such as in multiplex analysis. The plurality of captures agents can comprise binding agents to one or more of: CD9, CD63, CD81, PSMA, PCSA, B7H3, EpCam, PSCA, ICAM, STEAP, and EGFR. In some embodiments, the plurality of capture agents comprise binding agents to CD9, CD63, CD81, PSMA, PCSA, B7H3, MFG-E8, and/or EpCam. In yet other embodiments, the plurality of capture agents comprises binding agents to CD9, CD63, CD81, PSMA, PCSA, B7H3, EpCam, PSCA, ICAM, STEAP, and/or EGFR. The plurality of capture agents comprises binding agents to TMEM211, MFG-E8, Tissue Factor (TF), and/or CD24. 
     The antibodies referenced herein can be immunoglobulin molecules or immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site that specifically binds an antigen and synthetic antibodies. The immunoglobulin molecules can be of any class (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD or IgA) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule. Antibodies include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, bispecific, synthetic, humanized and chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments and F(ab′) 2  fragments, Fv or Fv′ portions, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, or epitope-binding fragments of any of the above. An antibody, or generally any molecule, “binds specifically” to an antigen (or other molecule) if the antibody binds preferentially to the antigen, and, e.g., has less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or 1% cross-reactivity with another molecule. 
     The binding agent can also be a polypeptide or peptide. Polypeptide is used in its broadest sense and may include a sequence of subunit amino acids, amino acid analogs, or peptidomimetics. The subunits may be linked by peptide bonds. The polypeptides may be naturally occurring, processed forms of naturally occurring polypeptides (such as by enzymatic digestion), chemically synthesized or recombinantly expressed. The polypeptides for use in the methods of the present invention may be chemically synthesized using standard techniques. The polypeptides may comprise D-amino acids (which are resistant to L-amino acid-specific proteases), a combination of D- and L-amino acids, β amino acids, or various other designer or non-naturally occurring amino acids (e.g., β-methyl amino acids, Cα-methyl amino acids, and Nα-methyl amino acids, etc.) to convey special properties. Synthetic amino acids may include ornithine for lysine, and norleucine for leucine or isoleucine. In addition, the polypeptides can have peptidomimetic bonds, such as ester bonds, to prepare polypeptides with novel properties. For example, a polypeptide may be generated that incorporates a reduced peptide bond, i.e., R 1 —CH 2 —NH—R 2 , where R 1  and R 2  are amino acid residues or sequences. A reduced peptide bond may be introduced as a dipeptide subunit. Such a polypeptide would be resistant to protease activity, and would possess an extended half-live in vivo. Polypeptides can also include peptoids (N-substituted glycines), in which the side chains are appended to nitrogen atoms along the molecule&#39;s backbone, rather than to the α-carbons, as in amino acids. Polypeptides and peptides are intended to be used interchangeably throughout this application, i.e. where the term peptide is used, it may also include polypeptides and where the term polypeptides is used, it may also include peptides. The term “protein” is also intended to be used interchangeably throughout this application with the terms “polypeptides” and “peptides” unless otherwise specified. 
     A vesicle may be isolated, captured or detected using a binding agent. The binding agent can be an agent that binds a vesicle “housekeeping protein,” or general vesicle biomarker. The biomarker can be CD63, CD9, CD81, CD82, CD37, CD53, Rab-5b, Annexin V, MFG-E8 or other commonly observed vesicle markers include those listed in Table 3. Furthermore, any of the markers disclosed herein or in Table 3 can be selected in identifying a candidate biosignature for a disease or condition, where the one or more selected biomarkers have a direct or indirect role or function in mechanisms involved in the disease or condition. 
     The binding agent can also be an agent that binds to a vesicle derived from a specific cell type, such as a tumor cell (e.g. binding agent for Tissue factor, EpCam, B7H3, RAGE or CD24) or a specific cell-of-origin. The binding agent used to isolate or detect a vesicle can be a binding agent for an antigen selected from FIG. 1 of International Patent Publication No. WO/2011/127219, entitled “Circulating Biomarkers for Disease” and filed Apr. 6, 2011, which application is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The binding agent for a vesicle can also be selected from those listed in FIG. 2 of International Patent Publication No. WO/2011/127219. The binding agent can be for an antigen such as a tetraspanin, MFG-E8, Annexin V, 5T4, B7H3, caveolin, CD63, CD9, E-Cadherin, Tissue factor, MFG-E8, TMEM211, CD24, PSCA, PCSA, PSMA, Rab-5B, STEAP, TNFR1, CD81, EpCam, CD59, CD81, ICAM, EGFR, or CD66. A binding agent for a platelet can be a glycoprotein such as Gpla-IIa, GpIIb-IIIa, GpIIIb, GpIb, or GpIX. A binding agent can be for an antigen comprisine one or more of CD9, Erb2, Erb4, CD81, Erb3, MUC16, CD63, DLL4, HLA-Drpe, B7H3, IFNAR, 5T4, PCSA, MICB, PSMA, MFG-E8, Muc1, PSA, Muc2, Unc93a, VEGFR2, EpCAM, VEGF A, TMPRSS2, RAGE, PSCA, CD40, Muc17, IL-17-RA, and CD80. For example, the binding agent can be one or more of CD9, CD63, CD81, B7H3, PCSA, MFG-E8, MUC2, EpCam, RAGE and Muc17. One or more binding agents, such as one or more binding agents for two or more of the antigens, can be used for isolating or detecting a vesicle. The binding agent used can be selected based on the desire of isolating or detecting a vesicle derived from a particular cell type or cell-of-origin specific vesicle. The binding agent can be to one or more vesicle marker in Table 4. 
     A binding agent can also be linked directly or indirectly to a solid surface or substrate. A solid surface or substrate can be any physically separable solid to which a binding agent can be directly or indirectly attached including, but not limited to, surfaces provided by microarrays and wells, particles such as beads, columns, optical fibers, wipes, glass and modified or functionalized glass, quartz, mica, diazotized membranes (paper or nylon), polyformaldehyde, cellulose, cellulose acetate, paper, ceramics, metals, metalloids, semiconductive materials, quantum dots, coated beads or particles, other chromatographic materials, magnetic particles; plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene, copolymers of styrene or other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon®), etc.), polysaccharides, nylon or nitrocellulose, resins, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, plastics, ceramics, conducting polymers (including polymers such as polypyrole and polyindole); micro or nanostructured surfaces such as nucleic acid tiling arrays, nanotube, nanowire, or nanoparticulate decorated surfaces; or porous surfaces or gels such as methacrylates, acrylamides, sugar polymers, cellulose, silicates, or other fibrous or stranded polymers. In addition, as is known the art, the substrate may be coated using passive or chemically-derivatized coatings with any number of materials, including polymers, such as dextrans, acrylamides, gelatins or agarose. Such coatings can facilitate the use of the array with a biological sample. 
     For example, an antibody used to isolate a vesicle can be bound to a solid substrate such as a well, such as commercially available plates (e.g. from Nunc, Milan Italy). Each well can be coated with the antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody used to isolate a vesicle is bound to a solid substrate such as an array. The array can have a predetermined spatial arrangement of molecule interactions, binding islands, biomolecules, zones, domains or spatial arrangements of binding islands or binding agents deposited within discrete boundaries. Further, the term array may be used herein to refer to multiple arrays arranged on a surface, such as would be the case where a surface bore multiple copies of an array. Such surfaces bearing multiple arrays may also be referred to as multiple arrays or repeating arrays. 
     Arrays typically contain addressable moieties that can detect the presense of an entity, e.g., a vesicle in the sample via a binding event. An array may be referred to as a microarray. Arrays or microarrays include without limitation DNA microarrays, such as cDNA microarrays, oligonucleotide microarrays and SNP microarrays, microRNA arrays, protein microarrays, antibody microarrays, tissue microarrays, cellular microarrays (also called transfection microarrays), chemical compound microarrays, and carbohydrate arrays (glycoarrays). DNA arrays typically comprise addressable nucleotide sequences that can bind to sequences present in a sample. MicroRNA arrays, e.g., the MMChips array from the University of Louisville or commercial systems from Agilent, can be used to detect microRNAs. Protein microarrays can be used to identify protein-protein interactions, including without limitation identifying substrates of protein kinases, transcription factor protein-activation, or to identify the targets of biologically active small molecules. Protein arrays may comprise an array of different protein molecules, commonly antibodies, or nucleotide sequences that bind to proteins of interest. In a non-limiting example, a protein array can be used to detect vesicles having certain proteins on their surface. Antibody arrays comprise antibodies spotted onto the protein chip that are used as capture molecules to detect proteins or other biological materials from a sample, e.g., from cell or tissue lysate solutions. For example, antibody arrays can be used to detect vesicle-associated biomarkers from bodily fluids, e.g., serum or urine. Tissue microarrays comprise separate tissue cores assembled in array fashion to allow multiplex histological analysis. Cellular microarrays, also called transfection microarrays, comprise various capture agents, such as antibodies, proteins, or lipids, which can interact with cells to facilitate their capture on addressable locations. Cellular arrays can also be used to capture vesicles due to the similarity between a vesicle and cellular membrane. Chemical compound microarrays comprise arrays of chemical compounds and can be used to detect protein or other biological materials that bind the compounds. Carbohydrate arrays (glycoarrays) comprise arrays of carbohydrates and can detect, e.g., protein that bind sugar moieties. One of skill will appreciate that similar technologies or improvements can be used according to the methods of the invention. 
     A binding agent can also be bound to particles such as beads or microspheres. For example, an antibody specific for a component of a vesicle can be bound to a particle, and the antibody-bound particle is used to isolate a vesicle from a biological sample. In some embodiments, the microspheres may be magnetic or fluorescently labeled. In addition, a binding agent for isolating vesicles can be a solid substrate itself. For example, latex beads, such as aldehyde/sulfate beads (Interfacial Dynamics, Portland, Oreg.) can be used. 
     A binding agent bound to a magnetic bead can also be used to isolate a vesicle. For example, a biological sample such as serum from a patient can be collected for colon cancer screening. The sample can be incubated with anti-CCSA-3 (Colon Cancer-Specific Antigen) coupled to magnetic microbeads. A low-density microcolumn can be placed in the magnetic field of a MACS Separator and the column is then washed with a buffer solution such as Tris-buffered saline. The magnetic immune complexes can then be applied to the column and unbound, non-specific material can be discarded. The CCSA-3 selected vesicle can be recovered by removing the column from the separator and placing it on a collection tube. A buffer can be added to the column and the magnetically labeled vesicle can be released by applying the plunger supplied with the column. The isolated vesicle can be diluted in IgG elution buffer and the complex can then be centrifuged to separate the microbeads from the vesicle. The pelleted isolated cell-of-origin specific vesicle can be resuspended in buffer such as phosphate-buffered saline and quantitated. Alternatively, due to the strong adhesion force between the antibody captured cell-of-origin specific vesicle and the magnetic microbeads, a proteolytic enzyme such as trypsin can be used for the release of captured vesicles without the need for centrifugation. The proteolytic enzyme can be incubated with the antibody captured cell-of-origin specific vesicles for at least a time sufficient to release the vesicles. 
     A binding agent, such as an antibody, for isolating vesicles is preferably contacted with the biological sample comprising the vesicles of interest for at least a time sufficient for the binding agent to bind to a component of the vesicle. For example, an antibody may be contacted with a biological sample for various intervals ranging from seconds days, including but not limited to, about 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 3 hours, 5 hours, 7 hours, 10 hours, 15 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days or 10 days. 
     A binding agent, such as an antibody specific to an antigen listed in FIG. 1 of International Patent Publication No. WO/2011/127219, entitled “Circulating Biomarkers for Disease” and filed Apr. 6, 2011, which application is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, or a binding agent listed in FIG. 2 of International Patent Publication No. WO/2011/127219, can be labeled to facilitate detection. Appropriate labels include without limitation a magnetic label, a fluorescent moiety, an enzyme, a chemiluminescent probe, a metal particle, a non-metal colloidal particle, a polymeric dye particle, a pigment molecule, a pigment particle, an electrochemically active species, semiconductor nanocrystal or other nanoparticles including quantum dots or gold particles, fluorophores, quantum dots, or radioactive labels. Various protein, radioactive, fluorescent, enzymatic, and other labels are described further above. 
     A binding agent can be directly or indirectly labeled, e.g., the label is attached to the antibody through biotin-streptavidin. Alternatively, an antibody is not labeled, but is later contacted with a second antibody that is labeled after the first antibody is bound to an antigen of interest. 
     Depending on the method of isolation or detection used, the binding agent may be linked to a solid surface or substrate, such as arrays, particles, wells and other substrates described above. Methods for direct chemical coupling of antibodies, to the cell surface are known in the art, and may include, for example, coupling using glutaraldehyde or maleimide activated antibodies. Methods for chemical coupling using multiple step procedures include biotinylation, coupling of trinitrophenol (TNP) or digoxigenin using for example succinimide esters of these compounds. Biotinylation can be accomplished by, for example, the use of D-biotinyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide Succinimide groups react effectively with amino groups at pH values above 7, and preferentially between about pH 8.0 and about pH 8.5. Biotinylation can be accomplished by, for example, treating the cells with dithiothreitol followed by the addition of biotin maleimide. 
     Particle-Based Assays 
     As an alternative to planar arrays, assays using particles or microspheres, such as bead based assays, are capable of use with a binding agent. For example, antibodies or aptamers are easily conjugated with commercially available beads. See, e.g., Fan et al., Illumina universal bead arrays. Methods Enzymol. 2006 410:57-73; Srinivas et al. Anal. Chem. 2011 Oct. 21,  Aptamer functionalized Microgel Particles for Protein Detection;  See also, review article on aptamers as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, Brody and Gold, Rev. Mol. Biotech. 2000, 74:5-13. 
     Multiparametric assays or other high throughput detection assays using bead coatings with cognate ligands and reporter molecules with specific activities consistent with high sensitivity automation can be used. In a bead based assay system, a binding agent for a biomarker or vesicle, such as a capture agent (e.g. capture antibody), can be immobilized on an addressable microsphere. Each binding agent for each individual binding assay can be coupled to a distinct type of microsphere (i.e., microbead) and the assay reaction takes place on the surface of the microsphere, such as depicted in  FIG. 2B . A binding agent for a vesicle can be a capture antibody or aptamer coupled to a bead. Dyed microspheres with discrete fluorescence intensities are loaded separately with their appropriate binding agent or capture probes. The different bead sets carrying different binding agents can be pooled as desired to generate custom bead arrays. Bead arrays are then incubated with the sample in a single reaction vessel to perform the assay. 
     Various particle/bead substrates and systems useful for the methods of the invention are described further above. 
     Flow Cytometry 
     In various embodiments of the invention, flow cytometry, which is described in further detail above, is used to assess a microvesicle population in a biological sample. If desired, the microvesicle population can be sorted from other particles (e.g., cell debris, protein aggregates, etc) in a sample by labeling the vesicles using one or more general vesicle marker. The general vesicle marker can be a marker in Table 3. Commonly used vesicle markers include tetraspanins such as CD9, CD63 and/or CD81. Vesicles comprising one or more tetraspanin are sometimes refered to as “Tet+” herein to indicate that the vesicles are tetraspanin-positive. The sorted microvesicles can be further assessed using methodology described herein. E.g., surface antigens on the sorted microvesicles can be detected using flow or other methods. In some embodiments, payload within the sorted microvesicles is assessed. As an illustrative example, a population of microvesicles is contacted with a labeled binding agent to a surface antigen of interest, the contacted microvesicles are sorted using flow cytometry, and payload with the microvesicles is assessed. The payload may be polypeptides, nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA or microRNA) or other biological entities as desired. Such assessment is used to characterize a phenotype as described herein, e.g., to diagnose, prognose or theranose a cancer. 
     In an embodiment, flow sorting is used to distinguish microvesicle populations from other biological complexes. In a non-limiting example, Ago2+/Tet+ and Ago2+/Tet− particles are detected using flow methodology to separate Ago2+ vesicles from vesicle-free Ago2+complexes, respectively. 
     Multiplexing 
     Multiplex experiments comprise experiments that can simultaneously measure multiple analytes in a single assay. Vesicles and associated biomarkers can be assessed in a multiplex fashion. Different binding agents can be used for multiplexing different circulating biomarkers, e.g., microRNA, protein, or vesicle populations. Different biomarkers, e.g., different vesicle populations, can be isolated or detected using different binding agents. Each population in a biological sample can be labeled with a different signaling label, such as a fluorophore, quantum dot, or radioactive label, such as described above. The label can be directly conjugated to a binding agent or indirectly used to detect a binding agent that binds a vesicle. The number of populations detected in a multiplexing assay is dependent on the resolution capability of the labels and the summation of signals, as more than two differentially labeled vesicle populations that bind two or more affinity elements can produce summed signals. 
     Multiplexing of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 50, 75 or 100 different circulating biomarkers may be performed. For example, one population of vesicles specific to a cell-of-origin can be assayed along with a second population of vesicles specific to a different cell-of-origin, where each population is labeled with a different label. Alternatively, a population of vesicles with a particular biomarker or biosignature can be assayed along with a second population of vesicles with a different biomarker or biosignature. In some cases, hundreds or thousands of vesicles are assessed in a single assay. 
     In one embodiment, multiplex analysis is performed by applying a plurality of vesicles comprising more than one population of vesicles to a plurality of substrates, such as beads. Each bead is coupled to one or more capture agents. The plurality of beads is divided into subsets, where beads with the same capture agent or combination of capture agents form a subset of beads, such that each subset of beads has a different capture agent or combination of capture agents than another subset of beads. The beads can then be used to capture vesicles that comprise a component that binds to the capture agent. The different subsets can be used to capture different populations of vesicles. The captured vesicles can then be analyzed by detecting one or more biomarkers. 
     Flow cytometry can be used in combination with a particle-based or bead based assay. Multiparametric immunoassays or other high throughput detection assays using bead coatings with cognate ligands and reporter molecules with specific activities consistent with high sensitivity automation can be used. For example, beads in each subset can be differentially labeled from another subset. In a particle based assay system, a binding agent or capture agent for a vesicle, such as a capture antibody, can be immobilized on addressable beads or microspheres. Each binding agent for each individual binding assay (such as an immunoassay when the binding agent is an antibody) can be coupled to a distinct type of microsphere (i.e., microbead) and the binding assay reaction takes place on the surface of the microspheres. Microspheres can be distinguished by different labels, for example, a microsphere with a specific capture agent would have a different signaling label as compared to another microsphere with a different capture agent. For example, microspheres can be dyed with discrete fluorescence intensities such that the fluorescence intensity of a microsphere with a specific binding agent is different than that of another microsphere with a different binding agent. Biomarkers bound by different capture agents can be differentially detected using different labels. 
     A microsphere can be labeled or dyed with at least 2 different labels or dyes. In some embodiments, the microsphere is labeled with at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different labels. Different microspheres in a plurality of microspheres can have more than one label or dye, wherein various subsets of the microspheres have various ratios and combinations of the labels or dyes permitting detection of different microspheres with different binding agents. For example, the various ratios and combinations of labels and dyes can permit different fluorescent intensities. Alternatively, the various ratios and combinations maybe used to generate different detection patters to identify the binding agent. The microspheres can be labeled or dyed externally or may have intrinsic fluorescence or signaling labels. Beads can be loaded separately with their appropriate binding agents and thus, different vesicle populations can be isolated based on the different binding agents on the differentially labeled microspheres to which the different binding agents are coupled. 
     In another embodiment, multiplex analysis can be performed using a planar substrate, wherein the substrate comprises a plurality of capture agents. The plurality of capture agents can capture one or more populations of vesicles, and one or more biomarkers of the captured vesicles detected. The planar substrate can be a microarray or other substrate as further described herein. 
     Binding Agents 
     A vesicle may be isolated or detected using a binding agent for a novel component of a vesicle, such as an antibody for a novel antigen specific to a vesicle of interest. Novel antigens that are specific to a vesicle of interest may be isolated or identified using different test compounds of known composition bound to a substrate, such as an array or a plurality of particles, which can allow a large amount of chemical/structural space to be adequately sampled using only a small fraction of the space. The novel antigen identified can also serve as a biomarker for the vesicle. For example, a novel antigen identified for a cell-of-origin specific vesicle can be a useful biomarker. 
     The term “agent” or “reagent” as used in respect to contacting a sample can mean any entity designed to bind, hybridize, associate with or otherwise detect or facilitate detection of a target molecule, including target polypeptides, peptides, nucleic acid molecules, leptins, lipids, or any other biological entity that can be detected as described herein or as known in the art. Examples of such agents/reagents are well known in the art, and include but are not limited to universal or specific nucleic acid primers, nucleic acid probes, antibodies, aptamers, peptoid, peptide nucleic acid, locked nucleic acid, lectin, dendrimer, chemical compound, or other entities described herein or known in the art. 
     A binding agent can be identified by screening either a homogeneous or heterogeneous vesicle population against test compounds. Since the composition of each test compound on the substrate surface is known, this constitutes a screen for affinity elements. For example, a test compound array comprises test compounds at specific locations on the substrate addressable locations, and can be used to identify one or more binding agents for a vesicle. The test compounds can all be unrelated or related based on minor variations of a core sequence or structure. The different test compounds may include variants of a given test compound (such as polypeptide isoforms), test compounds that are structurally or compositionally unrelated, or a combination thereof. 
     A test compound can be a peptoid, polysaccharide, organic compound, inorganic compound, polymer, lipids, nucleic acid, polypeptide, antibody, protein, polysaccharide, or other compound. The test compound can be natural or synthetic. The test compound can comprise or consist of linear or branched heteropolymeric compounds based on any of a number of linkages or combinations of linkages (e.g., amide, ester, ether, thiol, radical additions, metal coordination, etc.), dendritic structures, circular structures, cavity structures or other structures with multiple nearby sites of attachment that serve as scaffolds upon which specific additions are made. Thes test compound can be spotted on a substrate or synthesized in situ, using standard methods in the art. In addition, the test compound can be spotted or synthesized in situ in combinations in order to detect useful interactions, such as cooperative binding. 
     The test compound can be a polypeptide with known amino acid sequence, thus, detection of a test compound binding with a vesicle can lead to identification of a polypeptide of known amino sequence that can be used as a binding agent. For example, a homogenous population of vesicles can be applied to a spotted array on a slide containing between a few and 1,000,000 test polypeptides having a length of variable amino acids. The polypeptides can be attached to the surface through the C-terminus. The sequence of the polypeptides can be generated randomly from 19 amino acids, excluding cysteine. The binding reaction can include a non-specific competitor, such as excess bacterial proteins labeled with another dye such that the specificity ratio for each polypeptide binding target can be determined. The polypeptides with the highest specificity and binding can be selected. The identity of the polypeptide on each spot is known, and thus can be readily identified. Once the novel antigens specific to the homogeneous vesicle population, such as a cell-of-origin specific vesicle is identified, such cell-of-origin specific vesicles may subsequently be isolated using such antigens in methods described hereafter. 
     An array can also be used for identifying an antibody as a binding agent for a vesicle. Test antibodies can be attached to an array and screened against a heterogeneous population of vesicles to identify antibodies that can be used to isolate or identify a vesicle. A homogeneous population of vesicles such as cell-of-origin specific vesicles can also be screened with an antibody array. Other than identifying antibodies to isolate or detect a homogeneous population of vesicles, one or more protein biomarkers specific to the homogenous population can be identified. Commercially available platforms with test antibodies pre-selected or custom selection of test antibodies attached to the array can be used. For example, an antibody array from Full Moon Biosystems can be screened using prostate cancer cell derived vesicles identifying antibodies to Bcl-XL, ERCC1, Keratin 15, CD81/TAPA-1, CD9, Epithelial Specific Antigen (ESA), and Mast Cell Chymase as binding agents, and the proteins identified can be used as biomarkers for the vesicles. The biomarker can be present or absent, underexpressed or overexpressed, mutated, or modified in or on a vesicle and used in characterizing a condition. 
     An antibody or synthetic antibody to be used as a binding agent can also be identified through a peptide array. Another method is the use of synthetic antibody generation through antibody phage display. M13 bacteriophage libraries of antibodies (e.g. Fabs) are displayed on the surfaces of phage particles as fusions to a coat protein. Each phage particle displays a unique antibody and also encapsulates a vector that contains the encoding DNA. Highly diverse libraries can be constructed and represented as phage pools, which can be used in antibody selection for binding to immobilized antigens. Antigen-binding phages are retained by the immobilized antigen, and the nonbinding phages are removed by washing. The retained phage pool can be amplified by infection of an Escherichia coli host and the amplified pool can be used for additional rounds of selection to eventually obtain a population that is dominated by antigen-binding clones. At this stage, individual phase clones can be isolated and subjected to DNA sequencing to decode the sequences of the displayed antibodies. Through the use of phase display and other methods known in the art, high affinity designer antibodies for vesicles can be generated. 
     Bead-based assays can also be used to identify novel binding agents to isolate or detect a vesicle. A test antibody or peptide can be conjugated to a particle. For example, a bead can be conjugated to an antibody or peptide and used to detect and quantify the proteins expressed on the surface of a population of vesicles in order to discover and specifically select for novel antibodies that can target vesicles from specific tissue or tumor types. Any molecule of organic origin can be successfully conjugated to a polystyrene bead through use of a commercially available kit according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Each bead set can be colored a certain detectable wavelength and each can be linked to a known antibody or peptide which can be used to specifically measure which beads are linked to exosomal proteins matching the epitope of previously conjugated antibodies or peptides. The beads can be dyed with discrete fluorescence intensities such that each bead with a different intensity has a different binding agent as described above. 
     For example, a purified vesicle preparation can be diluted in assay buffer to an appropriate concentration according to empirically determined dynamic range of assay. A sufficient volume of coupled beads can be prepared and approximately 1 μl of the antibody-coupled beads can be aliqouted into a well and adjusted to a final volume of approximately 50 μl. Once the antibody-conjugated beads have been added to a vacuum compatible plate, the beads can be washed to ensure proper binding conditions. An appropriate volume of vesicle preparation can then be added to each well being tested and the mixture incubated, such as for 15-18 hours. A sufficient volume of detection antibodies using detection antibody diluent solution can be prepared and incubated with the mixture for 1 hour or more. The beads can then be washed before the addition of detection antibody (biotin expressing) mixture composed of streptavidin phycoereythin. The beads can then be washed and vacuum aspirated several times before analysis on a suspension array system using software provided with an instrument. The identity of antigens that can be used to selectively extract the vesicles can then be elucidated from the analysis. 
     Assays using imaging systems can be used to detect and quantify proteins expressed on the surface of a vesicle in order to discover and specifically select for and enrich vesicles from specific tissue, cell or tumor types. Antibodies, peptides or cells conjugated to multiple well multiplex carbon coated plates can be used. Simultaneous measurement of many analytes in a well can be achieved through the use of capture antibodies arrayed on the patterned carbon working surface. Analytes can then be detected with antibodies labeled with reagents in electrode wells with an enhanced electro-chemiluminescent plate. Any molecule of organic origin can be successfully conjugated to the carbon coated plate. Proteins expressed on the surface of vesicles can be identified from this assay and can be used as targets to specifically select for and enrich vesicles from specific tissue or tumor types. 
     The binding agent can also be an aptamer to a specific target. The term “specific” as used herein in regards to a binding agent can mean that an agent has a greater affinity for its target than other targets, typically with a much great affinity, but does not require that the binding agent is absolutely specific for its target. 
     Microfluidics 
     The methods for isolating or identifying vesicles can be used in combination with microfluidic devices. The methods of isolating or detecting a vesicle, such as described herien, can be performed using a microfluidic device. Microfluidic devices, which may also be referred to as “lab-on-a-chip” systems, biomedical micro-electro-mechanical systems (bioMEMs), or multicomponent integrated systems, can be used for isolating and analyzing a vesicle. Such systems miniaturize and compartmentalize processes that allow for binding of vesicles, detection of biosignatures, and other processes. 
     A microfluidic device can also be used for isolation of a vesicle through size differential or affinity selection. For example, a microfluidic device can use one more channels for isolating a vesicle from a biological sample based on size or by using one or more binding agents for isolating a vesicle from a biological sample. A biological sample can be introduced into one or more microfluidic channels, which selectively allows the passage of a vesicle. The selection can be based on a property of the vesicle, such as the size, shape, deformability, or biosignature of the vesicle. 
     In one embodiment, a heterogeneous population of vesicles can be introduced into a microfluidic device, and one or more different homogeneous populations of vesicles can be obtained. For example, different channels can have different size selections or binding agents to select for different vesicle populations. Thus, a microfluidic device can isolate a plurality of vesicles wherein at least a subset of the plurality of vesicles comprises a different biosignature from another subset of the plurality of vesicles. For example, the microfluidic device can isolate at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 different subsets of vesicles, wherein each subset of vesicles comprises a different biosignature. 
     In some embodiments, the microfluidic device can comprise one or more channels that permit further enrichment or selection of a vesicle. A population of vesicles that has been enriched after passage through a first channel can be introduced into a second channel, which allows the passage of the desired vesicle or vesicle population to be further enriched, such as through one or more binding agents present in the second channel. 
     Array-based assays and bead-based assays can be used with microfluidic device. For example, the binding agent can be coupled to beads and the binding reaction between the beads and vesicle can be performed in a microfluidic device. Multiplexing can also be performed using a microfluidic device. Different compartments can comprise different binding agents for different populations of vesicles, where each population is of a different cell-of-origin specific vesicle population. In one embodiment, each population has a different biosignature. The hybridization reaction between the microsphere and vesicle can be performed in a microfluidic device and the reaction mixture can be delivered to a detection device. The detection device, such as a dual or multiple laser detection system can be part of the microfluidic system and can use a laser to identify each bead or microsphere by its color-coding, and another laser can detect the hybridization signal associated with each bead. 
     Various microfluidic devices and methods are described above. 
     Combined Isolation Methodology 
     One of skill will appreciate that various methods of sample treatment and isolating and concentrating circulating biomarkers such as vesicles can be combined as desired. For example, a biological sample can be treated to prevent aggregation, remove undesired particulate and/or deplete highly abundant proteins. The steps used can be chosen to optimize downstream analysis steps. Next, biomarkers such as vesicles can be isolated, e.g., by chromotography, centrifugation, density gradient, filtration, precipitation, or affinity techniques. Any number of the later steps can be combined, e.g., a sample could be subjected to one or more of chromotography, centrifugation, density gradient, filtration and precipitation in order to isolate or concentrate all or most microvesicles. In a subsequent step, affinity techniques, e.g., using binding agents to one or more target of interest, can be used to isolate or identify microvesicles carrying desired biomarker profiles. Microfluidic systems can be employed to perform some or all of these steps. 
     An exemplary yet non-limiting isolation scheme for isolating and analysis of microvesicles includes the following: Plasma or serum collection→highly abundant protein removal→ultrafiltration→nanomembrane concentration→flow cytometry or particle-based assay. 
     Using the methods disclosed herein or known in the art, circulating biomarkers such as vesicles can be isolated or concentrated by at least about 2-fold, 3-fold, 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 12-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 35-fold, 40-fold, 45-fold, 50-fold, 55-fold, 60-fold, 65-fold, 70-fold, 75-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 95-fold, 100-fold, 110-fold, 120-fold, 125-fold, 130-fold, 140-fold, 150-fold, 160-fold, 170-fold, 175-fold, 180-fold, 190-fold, 200-fold, 225-fold, 250-fold, 275-fold, 300-fold, 325-fold, 350-fold, 375-fold, 400-fold, 425-fold, 450-fold, 475-fold, 500-fold, 525-fold, 550-fold, 575-fold, 600-fold, 625-fold, 650-fold, 675-fold, 700-fold, 725-fold, 750-fold, 775-fold, 800-fold, 825-fold, 850-fold, 875-fold, 900-fold, 925-fold, 950-fold, 975-fold, 1000-fold, 1500-fold, 2000-fold, 2500-fold, 3000-fold, 4000-fold, 5000-fold, 6000-fold, 7000-fold, 8000-fold, 9000-fold, or at least 10,000-fold. In some embodiments, the vesicles are isolated or concentrated concentrated by at least 1 order of magnitude, 2 orders of magnitude, 3 orders of magnitude, 4 orders of magnitude, 5 orders of magnitude, 6 orders of magnitude, 7 orders of magnitude, 8 orders of magnitude, 9 orders of magnitude, or 10 orders of magnitude or more. 
     Once concentrated or isolated, the circulating biomarkers can be assessed, e.g., in order to characterize a phenotype as described herein. In some embodiments, the concentration or isolation steps themselves shed light on the phenotype of interest. For example, affinity methods can detect the presence or level of specific biomarkers of interest. 
     The various isolation and detection systems described herein can be used to isolate or detect circulating biomarkers such as vesicles that are informative for diagnosis, prognosis, disease stratification, theranosis, prediction of responder/non-responder status, disease monitoring, treatment monitoring and the like as related to such diseases and disorders. Combinations of the isolation techniques are within the scope of the invention. In a non-limiting example, a sample can be run through a chromatography column to isolate vesicles based on a property such as size of electrophoretic motility, and the vesicles can then be passed through a microfluidic device. Binding agents can be used before, during or after these steps. 
     The methods and compositions of the invention can be used with microvesicles isolated or detected using such methods as described herein. In various non-limiting examples: an aptamer provided by the methods of the invention can be used as a capture and/or detector agent for a biomarker such as a protein or microvesicle; a sample such as a bodily fluid can be contacted with an oligonucleotide probe library of the invention before microvesicles in the sample are isolated using one or more technique described herein (e.g., chromatography, centrifugation, flow cytometry, filtration, affinity isolation, polymer precipitation, etc); microvesicles in a sample are isolated using one or more technique described herein (e.g., chromatography, centrifugation, flow cytometry, filtration, affinity isolation, polymer precipitation, etc) before contacting the microvesicles with an aptamer or oligonucleotide probe library of the invention. Contaminants such as highly abundant proteins can be removed in whole or in part at any appropriate step in such processes. These and various other useful iterations of such techniques for assessment of microvesicles and other biomarkers are contemplated by the invention. 
     Biomarkers 
     As described herein, the methods and compositions of the invention can be used in assays to detect the presence or level of one or more biomarker of interest. The biomarker can be any useful biomarker disclosed herein or known to those of skill in the art. In an embodiment, the biomarker comprises a protein or polypeptide. As used herein, “protein,” “polypeptide” and “peptide” are used interchangeably unless stated otherwise. The biomarker can be a nucleic acid, including DNA, RNA, and various subspecies of any thereof as disclosed herein or known in the art. The biomarker can comprise a lipid. The biomarker can comprise a carbohydrate. The biomarker can also be a complex, e.g., a complex comprising protein, nucleic acids, lipids and/or carbohydrates. In some embodiments, the biomarker comprises a microvesicle. In an embodiment, the invention provides a method wherein a pool of aptamers is used to assess the presence and/or level of a population of microvesicles of interest without knowing the precise microvesicle antigen targeted by each member of the pool. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 19B-C . In other cases, biomarkers associated with microvesicles are assessed according to the methods of the invention. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 2A-2F ;  FIG. 19A . 
     A biosignature comprising more than one biomarker can comprise one type of biomarker or multiple types of biomarkers. As a non-limiting example, a biosignature can comprise multiple proteins, multiple nucleic acids, multiple lipids, multiple carbohydrates, multiple biomarker complexes, multiple microvesicles, or a combination of any thereof. For example, the biosignature may comprise one or more microvesicle, one or more protein, and one or more microRNA, wherein the one or more protein and/or one or more microRNA is optionally in association with the microvesicle as a surface antigen and/or payload, as appropriate. 
     In some embodiments, vesicles are detected using vesicle surface antigens. A commonly expressed vesicle surface antigen can be referred to as a “housekeeping protein,” or general vesicle biomarker. The biomarker can be CD63, CD9, CD81, CD82, CD37, CD53, Rab-5b, Annexin V or MFG-E8. Tetraspanins, a family of membrane proteins with four transmembrane domains, can be used as general vesicle biomarkers. The tetraspanins include CD151, CD53, CD37, CD82, CD81, CD9 and CD63. There have been over 30 tetraspanins identified in mammals, including the TSPAN1 (TSP-1), TSPAN2 (TSP-2), TSPAN3 (TSP-3), TSPAN4 (TSP-4, NAG-2), TSPAN5 (TSP-5), TSPAN6 (TSP-6), TSPAN7 (CD231, TALLA-1, A15), TSPAN8 (CO-029), TSPAN9 (NET-5), TSPAN10 (Oculospanin), TSPAN11 (CD151-like), TSPAN12 (NET-2), TSPAN13 (NET-6), TSPAN14, TSPAN15 (NET-7), TSPAN16 (TM4-B), TSPAN17, TSPAN18, TSPAN19, TSPAN20 (UP1b, UPK1B), TSPAN21 (UPla, UPK1A), TSPAN22 (RDS, PRPH2), TSPAN23 (ROM1), TSPAN24 (CD151), TSPAN25 (CD53), TSPAN26 (CD37), TSPAN27 (CD82), TSPAN28 (CD81), TSPAN29 (CD9), TSPAN30 (CD63), TSPAN31 (SAS), TSPAN32 (TSSC6), TSPAN33, and TSPAN34. Other commonly observed vesicle markers include those listed in Table 3. One or more of these proteins can be useful biomarkers for the characterizing a phenotype using the subject methods and compositions. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Proteins Observed in Vesicles from Multiple Cell Types 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Class 
                 Protein 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Antigen Presentation 
                 MHC class I, MHC class II, Integrins, Alpha 4 beta 1, Alpha M beta 2, 
               
               
                   
                 Beta 2 
               
               
                 Immunoglobulin family 
                 ICAM1/CD54, P-selection 
               
               
                 Cell-surface peptidases 
                 Dipeptidylpeptidase IV/CD26, Aminopeptidase n/CD13 
               
               
                 Tetraspanins 
                 CD151, CD53, CD37, CD82, CD81, CD9 and CD63 
               
               
                 Heat-shock proteins 
                 Hsp70, Hsp84/90 
               
               
                 Cytoskeletal proteins 
                 Actin, Actin-binding proteins, Tubulin 
               
               
                 Membrane transport 
                 Annexin I, Annexin II, Annexin IV, Annexin V, Annexin VI, 
               
               
                 and fusion 
                 RAB7/RAP1B/RADGDI 
               
               
                 Signal transduction 
                 Gi2alpha/14-3-3, CBL/LCK 
               
               
                 Abundant membrane 
                 CD63, GAPDH, CD9, CD81, ANXA2, ENO1, SDCBP, MSN, MFGE8, 
               
               
                 proteins 
                 EZR, GK, ANXA1, LAMP2, DPP4, TSG101, HSPA1A, GDI2, CLTC, 
               
               
                   
                 LAMP1, Cd86, ANPEP, TFRC, SLC3A2, RDX, RAP1B, RAB5C, 
               
               
                   
                 RAB5B, MYH9, ICAM1, FN1, RAB11B, PIGR, LGALS3, ITGB1, 
               
               
                   
                 EHD1, CLIC1, ATP1A1, ARF1, RAP1A, P4HB, MUC1, KRT10, HLA- 
               
               
                   
                 A, FLOT1, CD59, C1orf58, BASP1, TACSTD1, STOM 
               
               
                 Other Transmembrane 
                 Cadherins: CDH1, CDH2, CDH12, CDH3, Deomoglein, DSG1, DSG2, 
               
               
                 Proteins 
                 DSG3, DSG4, Desmocollin, DSC1, DSC2, DSC3, Protocadherins, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDH1, PCDH10, PCDH11x, PCDH11y, PCDH12, FAT, FAT2, FAT4, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDH15, PCDH17, PCDH18, PCDH19; PCDH20; PCDH7, PCDH8, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDH9, PCDHA1, PCDHA10, PCDHA11, PCDHA12, PCDHA13, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHA2, PCDHA3, PCDHA4, PCDHA5, PCDHA6, PCDHA7, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHA8, PCDHA9, PCDHAC1, PCDHAC2, PCDHB1, PCDHB10, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHB11, PCDHB12, PCDHB13, PCDHB14, PCDHB15, PCDHB16, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHB17, PCDHB18, PCDHB2, PCDHB3, PCDHB4, PCDHB5, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHB6, PCDHB7, PCDHB8, PCDHB9, PCDHGA1, PCDHGA10, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHGA11, PCDHGA12, PCDHGA2; PCDHGA3, PCDHGA4, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHGA5, PCDHGA6, PCDHGA7, PCDHGA8, PCDHGA9, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHGB1, PCDHGB2, PCDHGB3, PCDHGB4, PCDHGB5, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHGB6, PCDHGB7, PCDHGC3, PCDHGC4, PCDHGC5, CDH9 
               
               
                   
                 (cadherin 9, type 2 (T1-cadherin)), CDH10 (cadherin 10, type 2 (T2- 
               
               
                   
                 cadherin)), CDH5 (VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial)), CDH6 (K- 
               
               
                   
                 cadherin (kidney)), CDH7 (cadherin 7, type 2), CDH8 (cadherin 8, type 
               
               
                   
                 2), CDH11 (OB-cadherin (osteoblast)), CDH13 (T-cadherin - H-cadherin 
               
               
                   
                 (heart)), CDH15 (M-cadherin (myotubule)), CDH16 (KSP-cadherin), 
               
               
                   
                 CDH17 (LI cadherin (liver-intestine)), CDH18 (cadherin 18, type 2), 
               
               
                   
                 CDH19 (cadherin 19, type 2), CDH20 (cadherin 20, type 2), CDH23 
               
               
                   
                 (cadherin 23, (neurosensory epithelium)), CDH10, CDH11, CDH13, 
               
               
                   
                 CDH15, CDH16, CDH17, CDH18, CDH19, CDH20, CDH22, CDH23, 
               
               
                   
                 CDH24, CDH26, CDH28, CDH4, CDH5, CDH6, CDH7, CDH8, CDH9, 
               
               
                   
                 CELSR1, CELSR2, CELSR3, CLSTN1, CLSTN2, CLSTN3, DCHS1, 
               
               
                   
                 DCHS2, LOC389118, PCLKC, RESDA1, RET 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Any of the types of biomarkers described herein can be used and/or assessed via the subject methods and compositions. Exemplary biomarkers include without limitation those in Table 4. The markers can be detected as protein, RNA or DNA as appropriate, which can be circulating freely or in a complex with other biological molecules. As appropriate, the markers in Table 4 can also be used for capture and/or detection of vesicles for characterizing phenotypes as disclosed herein. In some cases, multiple capture and/or detectors are used to enhance the characterization. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 2D-E . The markers can be detected as vesicle surface antigens and/or vesicle payload. The “Illustrative Class” indicates indications for which the markers are known markers. Those of skill will appreciate that the markers can also be used in alternate settings in certain instances. For example, a marker which can be used to characterize one type disease may also be used to characterize another disease as appropriate. Consider a non-limiting example of a tumor marker which can be used as a biomarker for tumors from various lineages. The biomarker references in Tables 3 and 4 are those commonly used in the art. Gene aliases and descriptions can be found using a variety of online databases, including GeneCards® (www.genecards.org), HUGO Gene Nomenclature (www.genenames.org), Entrez Gene (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene), UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (www.uniprot.org), UniProtKB/TrEMBL (www.uniprot.org), OMIM (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM), GeneLoc (genecards.weizmann.acil/geneloc/), and Ensembl (www.ensembl.org). Generally, gene symbols and names below correspond to those approved by HUGO, and protein names are those recommended by UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Common alternatives are provided as well. In some cases, biomarkers are referred to by Ensembl reference numbers, which are of the form “ENSG” followed by a number, e.g., ENSG00000005893 which corresponds to LAMP2. In Table 4, solely for sake of brevity, “E.” is sometimes used to represent “ENSG00000”. For example, “E.005893 represents “ENSG00000005893.” Where a protein name indicates a precursor, the mature protein is also implied. Throughout the application, gene and protein symbols may be used interchangeably and the meaning can be derived from context as necessary. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Illustrative Biomarkers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Illustrative Class 
                 Biomarkers 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Drug associated 
                 ABCC1, ABCG2, ACE2, ADA, ADH1C, ADH4, AGT, AR, AREG, ASNS, BCL2, BCRP, 
               
               
                 targets and 
                 BDCA1, beta III tubulin, BIRC5, B-RAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, CA2, caveolin, CD20, CD25, 
               
               
                 prognostic markers 
                 CD33, CD52, CDA, CDKN2A, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, CDK2, CDW52, CES2, CK 14, CK 
               
               
                   
                 17, CK 5/6, c-KIT, c-Met, c-Myc, COX-2, Cyclin Dl, DCK, DHFR, DNMT1, DNMT3A, 
               
               
                   
                 DNMT3B, E-Cadherin, ECGF1, EGFR, EML4-ALK fusion, EPHA2, Epiregulin, ER, 
               
               
                   
                 ERBR2, ERCC1, ERCC3, EREG, ESR1, FLT1, folate receptor, FOLR1, FOLR2, FSHB, 
               
               
                   
                 FSHPRH1, FSHR, FYN, GART, GNA11, GNAQ, GNRH1, GNRHR1, GSTP1, HCK, 
               
               
                   
                 HDAC1, hENT-1, Her2/Neu, HGF, HIF1A, HIG1, HSP90, HSP90AA1, HSPCA, IGF-1R, 
               
               
                   
                 IGFRBP, IGFRBP3, IGFRBP4, IGFRBP5, IL13RA1, IL2RA, KDR, Ki67, KIT, K-RAS, 
               
               
                   
                 LCK, LTB, Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor, LYN, MET, MGMT, MLH1, MMR, MRP1, 
               
               
                   
                 MS4A1, MSH2, MSH5, Myc, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIA, NRAS, ODC1, OGFR, p16, p21, 
               
               
                   
                 p27, p53, p95, PARP-1, PDGFC, PDGFR, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PGP, PGR, PI3K, POLA, 
               
               
                   
                 POLA1, PPARG, PPARGC1, PR, PTEN, PTGS2, PTPN12, RAF1, RARA, ROS1, RRM1, 
               
               
                   
                 RRM2, RRM2B, RXRB, RXRG, SIK2, SPARC, SRC, SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR4, 
               
               
                   
                 SSTR5, Survivin, TK1, TLE3, TNF, TOP1, TOP2A, TOP2B, TS, TUBB3, TXN, TXNRD1, 
               
               
                   
                 TYMS, VDR, VEGF, VEGFA, VEGFC, VHL, YES1, ZAP70 
               
               
                 Drug associated 
                 ABL1, STK11, FGFR2, ERBB4, SMARCB1, CDKN2A, CTNNB1, FGFR1, FLT3, 
               
               
                 targets and 
                 NOTCH1, NPM1, SRC, SMAD4, FBXW7, PTEN, TP53, AKT1, ALK, APC, CDH1, C-Met, 
               
               
                 prognostic markers 
                 HRAS, IDH1, JAK2, MPL, PDGFRA, SMO, VHL, ATM, CSF1R, FGFR3, GNAS, ERBB2, 
               
               
                   
                 HNF1A, JAK3, KDR, MLH1, PTPN11, RB1, RET, c-Kit, EGFR, PIK3CA, NRAS, GNA11, 
               
               
                   
                 GNAQ, KRAS, BRAF 
               
               
                 Drug associated 
                 ALK, AR, BRAF, cKIT, cMET, EGFR, ER, ERCC1, GNA11, HER2, IDH1, KRAS, MGMT, 
               
               
                 targets and 
                 MGMT promoter methylation, NRAS, PDGFRA, Pgp, PIK3CA, PR, PTEN, ROS1, RRM1, 
               
               
                 prognostic markers 
                 SPARC, TLE3, TOP2A, TOPO1, TS, TUBB3, VHL 
               
               
                 Drug associated 
                 ABL1, AKT1, ALK, APC, AR, ATM, BRAF, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, cKIT, 
               
               
                 targets 
                 cMET, CSF1R, CTNNB1, EGFR, EGFR (H-score), EGFRvIII, ER, ERBB2 (HER2), 
               
               
                   
                 ERBB4, ERCC1, FBXW7, FGFR1, FGFR2, FLT3, GNA11, GNAQ, GNAS, HER2, 
               
               
                   
                 HNF1A, HRAS, IDH1, IDH2, JAK2, JAK3, KDR (VEGFR2), KRAS, MGMT, MGMT 
               
               
                   
                 Promoter Methylation, microsatellite instability (MSI), MLH1, MPL, MSH2, MSH6, 
               
               
                   
                 NOTCH1, NPM1, NRAS, PD-1, PDGFRA, PD-L1, Pgp, PIK3CA, PMS2, PR, PTEN, 
               
               
                   
                 PTPN11, RB1, RET, ROS1, RRM1, SMAD4, SMARCB1, SMO, SPARC, STK11, TLE3, 
               
               
                   
                 TOP2A, TOPO1, TP53, TS, TUBB3, VHL 
               
               
                 Drug associated 
                 1p19q co-deletion, ABL1, AKT1, ALK, APC, AR, ARAF, ATM, BAP1, BRAF, BRCA1, 
               
               
                 targets 
                 BRCA2, CDH1, CHEK1, CHEK2, cKIT, cMET, CSF1R, CTNNB1, DDR2, EGFR, 
               
               
                   
                 EGFRvIII, ER, ERBB2 (HER2), ERBB3, ERBB4, ERCC1, FBXW7, FGFR1, FGFR2, FLT3, 
               
               
                   
                 GNA11, GNAQ, GNAS, H3K36me3, HER2, HNF1A, HRAS, IDH1, IDH2, JAK2, JAK3, 
               
               
                   
                 KDR (VEGFR2), KRAS, MDMT, MGMT, MGMT Methylation, Microsatellite instability, 
               
               
                   
                 MLH1, MPL, MSH2, MSH6, NF1, NOTCH1, NPM1, NRAS, NY-ESO-1, PD-1, PDGFRA, 
               
               
                   
                 PD-L1, Pgp, PIK3CA, PMS2, PR, PTEN, PTPN11, RAF1, RB1, RET, ROS1, ROS1, RRM1, 
               
               
                   
                 SMAD4, SMARCB1, SMO, SPARC, STK11, TLE3, TOP2A, TOPO1, TP53, TRKA, TS, 
               
               
                   
                 TUBB3, VHL, WT1 
               
               
                 Drug associated 
                 ABL1, AKT1, ALK, APC, AR, ATM, BRAF, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, cKIT, 
               
               
                 targets 
                 cMET, CSF1R, CTNNB1, EGFR, EGFR (H-score), EGFRvIII, ER, ERBB2 (HER2), 
               
               
                   
                 ERBB4, ERCC1, FBXW7, FGFR1, FGFR2, FLT3, GNA11, GNAQ, GNAS, HER2, 
               
               
                   
                 HNF1A, HRAS, IDH1, IDH2, JAK2, JAK3, KDR (VEGFR2), KRAS, MGMT, MGMT 
               
               
                   
                 Promoter Methylation, microsatellite instability (MSI), MLH1, MPL, MSH2, MSH6, 
               
               
                   
                 NOTCH1, NPM1, NRAS, PD-1, PDGFRA, PD-L1, Pgp, PIK3CA, PMS2, PR, PTEN, 
               
               
                   
                 PTPN11, RB1, RET, ROS1, RRM1, SMAD4, SMARCB1, SMO, SPARC, STK11, TLE3, 
               
               
                   
                 TOP2A, TOPO1, TP53, TS, TUBB3, VHL 
               
               
                 Drug associated 
                 1p19q, ALK, ALK (2p23), Androgen Receptor, BRCA, cMET, EGFR, EGFR, EGFRvIII, 
               
               
                 targets 
                 ER, ERCC1, Her2, Her2/Neu, MGMT, MGMT Promoter Methylation, microsatellite 
               
               
                   
                 instability (MSI), MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PD-1, PD-L1, PMS2, PR, PTEN, ROS1, RRM1, 
               
               
                   
                 TLE3, TOP2A, TOP2A, TOPO1, TS, TUBB3 
               
               
                 Drug associated 
                 TOP2A, Chromosome 17 alteration, PBRM1 (PB1/BAF180), BAP1, SETD2 (ANTI- 
               
               
                 targets 
                 HISTONE H3), MDM2, Chromosome 12 alteration, ALK, CTLA4, CD3, NY-ESO-1, 
               
               
                   
                 MAGE-A, TP, EGFR 
               
               
                 5-aminosalicyclic 
                 μ-protocadherin, KLF4, CEBPα 
               
               
                 acid (5-ASA) 
               
               
                 efficacy 
               
               
                 Cancer treatment 
                 AR, AREG (Amphiregulin), BRAF, BRCA1, cKIT, cMET, EGFR, EGFR w/T790M, EML4- 
               
               
                 associated markers 
                 ALK, ER, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERCC1, EREG, GNA11, GNAQ, hENT-1, Her2, Her2 Exon 20 
               
               
                   
                 insert, IGF1R, Ki67, KRAS, MGMT, MGMT methylation, MSH2, MSI, NRAS, PGP 
               
               
                   
                 (MDR1), PIK3CA, PR, PTEN, ROS1, ROS1 translocation, RRM1, SPARC, TLE3, TOPO1, 
               
               
                   
                 TOPO2A, TS, TUBB3, VEGFR2 
               
               
                 Cancer treatment 
                 AR, AREG, BRAF, BRCA1, cKIT, cMET, EGFR, EGFR w/T790M, EML4-ALK, ER, 
               
               
                 associated markers 
                 ERBB3, ERBB4, ERCC1, EREG, GNA11, GNAQ, Her2, Her2 Exon 20 insert, IGFR1, Ki67, 
               
               
                   
                 KRAS, MGMT-Me, MSH2, MSI, NRAS, PGP (MDR-1), PIK3CA, PR, PTEN, ROS1 
               
               
                   
                 translocation, RRM1, SPARC, TLE3, TOPO1, TOPO2A, TS, TUBB3, VEGFR2 
               
               
                 Colon cancer 
                 AREG, BRAF, EGFR, EML4-ALK, ERCC1, EREG, KRAS, MSI, NRAS, PIK3CA, PTEN, 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 TS, VEGFR2 
               
               
                 associated markers 
               
               
                 Colon cancer 
                 AREG, BRAF, EGFR, EML4-ALK, ERCC1, EREG, KRAS, MSI, NRAS, PIK3CA, PTEN, 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 TS, VEGFR2 
               
               
                 associated markers 
               
               
                 Melanoma 
                 BRAF, cKIT, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERCC1, GNA11, GNAQ, MGMT, MGMT methylation, 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 NRAS, PIK3CA, TUBB3, VEGFR2 
               
               
                 associated markers 
               
               
                 Melanoma 
                 BRAF, cKIT, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERCC1, GNA11, GNAQ, MGMT-Me, NRAS, PIK3CA, 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 TUBB3, VEGFR2 
               
               
                 associated markers 
               
               
                 Ovarian cancer 
                 BRCA1, cMET, EML4-ALK, ER, ERBB3, ERCC1, hENT-1, HER2, IGF1R, PGP(MDRl), 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 PIK3CA, PR, PTEN, RRM1, TLE3, TOPO1, TOPO2A, TS 
               
               
                 associated markers 
               
               
                 Ovarian cancer 
                 BRCA1, cMET, EML4-ALK (translocation), ER, ERBB3, ERCC1, HER2, PIK3CA, PR, 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 PTEN, RRM1, TLE3, TS 
               
               
                 associated markers 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 BRAF, BRCA1, EGFR, EGFR T790M, EML4-ALK, ER, ERBB3, ERCC1, HER2, Ki67, 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 PGP (MDR1), PIK3CA, PR, PTEN, ROS1, ROS1 translocation, RRM1, TLE3, TOPO1, 
               
               
                 associated markers 
                 TOPO2A, TS 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 BRAF, BRCA1, EGFR w/T790M, EML4-ALK, ER, ERBB3, ERCC1, HER2, Ki67, KRAS, 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 PIK3CA, PR, PTEN, ROS1 translocation, RRM1, TLE3, TOPO1, TOPO2A, TS 
               
               
                 associated markers 
               
               
                 NSCLC cancer 
                 BRAF, BRCA1, cMET, EGFR, EGFR w/T790M, EML4-ALK, ERCC1, Her2 Exon 20 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 insert, KRAS, MSH2, PIK3CA, PTEN, ROS1 (trans), RRM1, TLE3, TS, VEGFR2 
               
               
                 associated markers 
               
               
                 NSCLC cancer 
                 BRAF, cMET, EGFR, EGFR w/T790M, EML4-ALK, ERCC1, Her2 Exon 20 insert, KRAS, 
               
               
                 treatment 
                 MSH2, PIK3CA, PTEN, ROS1 translocation, RRM1, TLE3, TS 
               
               
                 associated markers 
               
               
                 Mutated in cancers 
                 AKT1, ALK, APC, ATM, BRAF, CDH1, CDKN2A, c-Kit, C-Met, CSF1R, CTNNB1, 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB4, FBXW7, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FLT3, GNA11, GNAQ, GNAS, 
               
               
                   
                 HNF1A, HRAS, IDH1, JAK2, JAK3, KDR, KRAS, MLH1, MPL, NOTCH1, NPM1, NRAS, 
               
               
                   
                 PDGFRA, PIK3CA, PTEN, PTPN11, RB1, RET, SMAD4, SMARCB1, SMO, SRC, STK11, 
               
               
                   
                 TP53, VHL 
               
               
                 Mutated in cancers 
                 ALK, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, EGFR, ERRB2, GNA11, GNAQ, IDH1, IDH2, KIT, KRAS, 
               
               
                   
                 MET, NRAS, PDGFRA, PIK3CA, PTEN, RET, SRC, TP53 
               
               
                 Mutated in cancers 
                 AKT1, HRAS, GNAS, MEK1, MEK2, ERK1, ERK2, ERBB3, CDKN2A, PDGFRB, IFG1R, 
               
               
                   
                 FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, ERBB4, SMO, DDR2, GRB1, PTCH, SHH, PD1, UGT1A1, BIM, 
               
               
                   
                 ESR1, MLL, AR, CDK4, SMAD4 
               
               
                 Mutated in cancers 
                 ABL, APC, ATM, CDH1, CSFR1, CTNNB1, FBXW7, FLT3, HNF1A, JAK2, JAK3, KDR, 
               
               
                   
                 MLH1, MPL, NOTCH1, NPM1, PTPN11, RBI, SMARCB1, STK11, VHL 
               
               
                 Mutated in cancers 
                 ABL1, AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, ALK, APC, AR, ARAF, ARFRP1, ARID1A, ARID2, ASXL1, 
               
               
                   
                 ATM, ATR, ATRX, AURKA, AURKB, AXL, BAP1, BARD1, BCL2, BCL2L2, BCL6, 
               
               
                   
                 BCOR, BCORL1, BLM, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, BTK, CARD11, CBFB, CBL, 
               
               
                   
                 CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CCNE1, CD79A, CD79B, CDC73, CDH1, CDK12, CDK4, 
               
               
                   
                 CDK6, CDK8, CDKN1B, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CEBPA, CHEK1, CHEK2, CIC, 
               
               
                   
                 CREBBP, CRKL, CRLF2, CSF1R, CTCF, CTNNA1, CTNNB1, DAXX, DDR2, DNMT3A, 
               
               
                   
                 DOT1L, EGFR, EMSY (C11orf30), EP300, EPHA3, EPHA5, EPHB1, ERBB2, ERBB3, 
               
               
                   
                 ERBB4, ERG, ESR1, EZH2, FAM123B (WTX), FAM46C, FANCA, FANCC, FANCD2, 
               
               
                   
                 FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCL, FBXW7, FGF10, FGF14, FGF19, FGF23, FGF3, 
               
               
                   
                 FGF4, FGF6, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FLT1, FLT3, FLT4, FOXL2, GATA1, 
               
               
                   
                 GATA2, GATA3, GID4 (C17orf39), GNA11, GNA13, GNAQ, GNAS, GPR124, GRIN2A, 
               
               
                   
                 GSK3B, HGF, HRAS, IDH1, IDH2, IGF1R, IKBKE, IKZF1, IL7R, INHBA, IRF4, IRS2, 
               
               
                   
                 JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, JUN, KAT6A (MYST3), KDM5A, KDM5C, KDM6A, KDR, KEAP1, 
               
               
                   
                 KIT, KLHL6, KRAS, LRP1B, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K4, MAP3K1, MCL1, MDM2, 
               
               
                   
                 MDM4, MED12, MEF2B, MEN1, MET, MITF, MLH1, MLL, MLL2, MPL, MRE11A, 
               
               
                   
                 MSH2, MSH6, MTOR, MUTYH, MYC, MYCL1, MYCN, MYD88, NF1, NF2, NFE2L2, 
               
               
                   
                 NFKBIA, NKX2-1, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NPM1, NRAS, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, 
               
               
                   
                 NUP93, PAK3, PALB2, PAX5, PBRM1, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDK1, PIK3CA, PIK3CG, 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PPP2R1A, PRDM1, PRKAR1A, PRKDC, PTCH1, PTEN, PTPN11, 
               
               
                   
                 RAD50, RAD51, RAF1, RARA, RB1, RET, RICTOR, RNF43, RPTOR, RUNX1, SETD2, 
               
               
                   
                 SF3B1, SMAD2, SMAD4, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMO, SOCS1, SOX10, SOX2, SPEN, 
               
               
                   
                 SPOP, SRC, STAG2, STAT4, STK11, SUFU, TET2, TGFBR2, TNFAIP3, TNFRSF14, 
               
               
                   
                 TOP1, TP53, TSC1, TSC2, TSHR, VHL, WISP3, WT1, XPO1, ZNF217, ZNF703 
               
               
                 Gene rearrangement in 
                 ALK, BCR, BCL2, BRAF, EGFR, ETV1, ETV4, ETV5, ETV6, EWSR1, MLL, MYC, 
               
               
                 cancer 
                 NTRK1, PDGFRA, RAF1, RARA, RET, ROS1, TMPRSS2 
               
               
                 Cancer Related 
                 ABL1, ACE2, ADA, ADH1C, ADH4, AGT, AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, ALK, APC, AR, ARAF, 
               
               
                   
                 AREG, ARFRP1, ARID1A, ARID2, ASNS, ASXL1, ATM, ATR, ATRX, AURKA, 
               
               
                   
                 AURKB, AXL, BAP1, BARD1, BCL2, BCL2L2, BCL6, BCOR, BCORL1, BCR, BIRC5 
               
               
                   
                 (survivin), BLM, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, BTK, CA2, CARD11, CAV, CBFB, 
               
               
                   
                 CBL, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CCNE1, CD33, CD52 (CDW52), CD79A, CD79B, 
               
               
                   
                 CDC73, CDH1, CDK12, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, CDK8, CDKN1B, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, 
               
               
                   
                 CDKN2C, CEBPA, CES2, CHEK1, CHEK2, CIC, CREBBP, CRKL, CRLF2, CSF1R, 
               
               
                   
                 CTCF, CTNNA1, CTNNB1, DAXX, DCK, DDR2, DHFR, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, 
               
               
                   
                 DOT1L, EGFR, EMSY (C11orf30), EP300, EPHA2, EPHA3, EPHA5, EPHB1, ERBB2, 
               
               
                   
                 ERBB3, ERBB4, ERBR2 (typo?), ERCC3, EREG, ERG, ESR1, ETV1, ETV4, ETV5, ETV6, 
               
               
                   
                 EWSR1, EZH2, FAM123B (WTX), FAM46C, FANCA, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, 
               
               
                   
                 FANCF, FANCG, FANCL, FBXW7, FGF10, FGF14, FGF19, FGF23, FGF3, FGF4, FGF6, 
               
               
                   
                 FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FLT1, FLT3, FLT4, FOLR1, FOLR2, FOXL2, FSHB, 
               
               
                   
                 FSHPRH1, FSHR, GART, GATA1, GATA2, GATA3, GID4 (C17orf39), GNA11, GNA13, 
               
               
                   
                 GNAQ, GNAS, GNRH1, GNRHR1, GPR124, GRIN2A, GSK3B, GSTP1, HDAC1, HGF, 
               
               
                   
                 HIG1, HNF1A, HRAS, HSPCA (HSP90), IDH1, IDH2, IGF1R, IKBKE, IKZF1, IL13RA1, 
               
               
                   
                 IL2, IL2RA (CD25), IL7R, INHBA, IRF4, IRS2, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, JUN, KAT6A 
               
               
                   
                 (MYST3), KDM5A, KDM5C, KDM6A, KDR (VEGFR2), KEAP1, KIT, KLHL6, KRAS, 
               
               
                   
                 LCK, LRP1B, LTB, LTBR, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K4, MAP3K1, MAPK, MCL1, 
               
               
                   
                 MDM2, MDM4, MED12, MEF2B, MEN1, MET, MGMT, MITF, MLH1, MLL, MLL2, 
               
               
                   
                 MPL, MRE11A, MS4A1 (CD20), MSH2, MSH6, MTAP, MTOR, MUTYH, MYC, MYCL1, 
               
               
                   
                 MYCN, MYD88, NF1, NF2, NFE2L2, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIA, NGF, NKX2-1, 
               
               
                   
                 NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NPM1, NRAS, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, NUP93, ODC1, OGFR, 
               
               
                   
                 PAK3, PALB2, PAX5, PBRM1, PDGFC, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDK1, PGP, PGR (PR), 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CA, PIK3CG, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, POLA, PPARG, PPARGC1, PPP2R1A, PRDM1, 
               
               
                   
                 PRKAR1A, PRKDC, PTCH1, PTEN, PTPN11, RAD50, RAD51, RAF1, RARA, RB1, RET, 
               
               
                   
                 RICTOR, RNF43, ROS1, RPTOR, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B, RUNX1, RXR, RXRB, RXRG, 
               
               
                   
                 SETD2, SF3B1, SMAD2, SMAD4, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMO, SOCS1, SOX10, SOX2, 
               
               
                   
                 SPARC, SPEN, SPOP, SRC, SST, SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR4, SSTR5, STAG2, 
               
               
                   
                 STAT4, STK11, SUFU, TET2, TGFBR2, TK1, TLE3, TMPRSS2, TNF, TNFAIP3, 
               
               
                   
                 TNFRSF14, TOP1, TOP2, TOP2A, TOP2B, TP53, TS, TSC1, TSC2, TSHR, TUBB3, TXN, 
               
               
                   
                 TYMP, VDR, VEGF (VEGFA), VEGFC, VHL, WISP3, WT1, XDH, XPO1, YES1, ZAP70, 
               
               
                   
                 ZNF217, ZNF703 
               
               
                 Cancer Related 
                 5T4, ABI1, ABL1, ABL2, ACKR3, ACSL3, ACSL6, ACVR1B, ACVR2A, AFF1, AFF3, 
               
               
                   
                 AFF4, AKAP9, AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, ALDH2, ALK, AMER1, ANG1/ANGPT1/TM7SF2, 
               
               
                   
                 ANG2/ANGPT2/VPS51, APC, AR, ARAF, ARFRP1, ARHGAP26, ARHGEF12, ARID1A, 
               
               
                   
                 ARID1B, ARID2, ARNT, ASPSCR1, ASXL1, ATF1, ATIC, ATM, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, 
               
               
                   
                 ATR, ATRX, AURKA, AURKB, AXIN1, AXL, BAP1, BARD1, BBC3, BCL10, BCL11A, 
               
               
                   
                 BCL11B, BCL2, BCL2L1, BCL2L11, BCL2L2, BCL3, BCL6, BCL7A, BCL9, BCOR, 
               
               
                   
                 BCORL1, BCR, BIRC3, BLM, BMPR1A, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRD3, BRD4, BRIP1, 
               
               
                   
                 BTG1, BTK, BUB1B, c-KIT, C11orf30, c15orf21, C15orf65, C2orf44, CA6, CACNA1D, 
               
               
                   
                 CALR, CAMTA1, CANT1, CARD11, CARS, CASC5, CASP8, CBFA2T3, CBFB, CBL, 
               
               
                   
                 CBLB, CBLC, CCDC6, CCNB1IP1, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CCNE1, CD110, CD123, 
               
               
                   
                 CD137, CD19, CD22, CD274, CD27L, CD38, CD4, CD74, CD79A, CD79B, CDC73, 
               
               
                   
                 CDH1, CDH11, CDK12, CDK4, CDK6, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, 
               
               
                   
                 CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDX2, CEBPA, CHCHD7, CHD2, CHD4, CHEK1, 
               
               
                   
                 CHEK2, CHIC2, Chk1, CHN1, CIC, CIITA, CLP1, CLTC, CLTCL1, CNBP, CNOT3, 
               
               
                   
                 CNTRL, COL1A1, COPB1, CoREST, COX6C, CRAF, CREB1, CREB3L1, CREB3L2, 
               
               
                   
                 CREBBP, CRKL, CRLF2, CRTC1, CRTC3, CSF1R, CSF3R, CTCF, CTLA4, CTNNA1, 
               
               
                   
                 CTNNB1, CUL3, CXCR4, CYLD, CYP17A1, CYP2D6, DAXX, DDB2, DDIT3, DDR1, 
               
               
                   
                 DDR2, DDX10, DDX5, DDX6, DEK, DICER1, DLL-4, DNAPK, DNM2, DNMT3A, 
               
               
                   
                 DOT1L, EBF1, ECT2L, EGFR, EIF4A2, ELF4, ELK4, ELL, ELN, EML4, EP300, EPHA3, 
               
               
                   
                 EPHA5, EPHA7, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPS15, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERC1, 
               
               
                   
                 ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, ERG, ERRFI1, ESR1, ETBR, ETV1, ETV4, 
               
               
                   
                 ETV5, ETV6, EWSR1, EXT1, EXT2, EZH2, EZR, FAK, FAM46C, FANCA, FANCC, 
               
               
                   
                 FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCL, FAS, FAT1, FBXO11, FBXW7, FCRL4, 
               
               
                   
                 FEV, FGF10, FGF14, FGF19, FGF2, FGF23, FGF3, FGF4, FGF6, FGFR1, FGFR1OP, 
               
               
                   
                 FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FH, FHIT, FIP1L1, FKBP12, FLCN, FLI1, FLT1, FLT3, FLT4, 
               
               
                   
                 FNBP1, FOXA1, FOXL2, FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, FOXP1, FRS2, FSTL3, FUBP1, FUS, 
               
               
                   
                 GABRA6, GAS7, GATA1, GATA2, GATA3, GATA4, GATA6, GID4, GITR, GUI1, GMPS, 
               
               
                   
                 GNA11, GNA13, GNAQ, GNAS, GNRH1, GOLGA5, GOPC, GPC3, GPHN, GPR124, 
               
               
                   
                 GRIN2A, GRM3, GSK3B, GUCY2C, H3F3A, H3F3B, HCK, HERPUD1, HEY1, HGF, 
               
               
                   
                 HIP1, HIST1H3B, HIST1H4I, HLF, HMGA1, HMGA2, HMT, HNF1A, HNRNPA2B1, 
               
               
                   
                 HOOK3, HOXA11, HOXA13, HOXA9, HOXC11, HOXC13, HOXD11, HOXD13, HRAS, 
               
               
                   
                 HSD3B1, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, IAP, IDH1, IDH2, IGF1R, IGF2, IKBKE, IKZF1, IL2, 
               
               
                   
                 IL21R, IL6, IL6ST, IL7R, INHBA, INPP4B, IRF2, IRF4, IRS2, ITGAV, ITGB1, ITK, JAK1, 
               
               
                   
                 JAK2, JAK3, JAZF1, JUN, KAT6A, KAT6B, KCNJ5, KDM5A, KDM5C, KDM6A, KDR, 
               
               
                   
                 KDSR, KEAP1, KEL, KIAA1549, KIF5B, KIR3DL1, KLF4, KLHL6, KLK2, KMT2A, 
               
               
                   
                 KMT2C, KMT2D, KRAS, KTN1, LASP1, LCK, LCP1, LGALS3, LGR5, LHFP, LIFR, 
               
               
                   
                 LMO1, LMO2, LOXL2, LPP, LRIG3, LRP1B, LSD1, LYL1, LYN, LZTR1, MAF, MAFB, 
               
               
                   
                 MAGI2, MALT1, MAML2, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K4, MAP3K1, MAPK1, MAPK11, 
               
               
                   
                 MAX, MCL1, MDM2, MDM4, MDS2, MECOM, MED12, MEF2B, MEK1, MEK2, MEN1, 
               
               
                   
                 MET, MITF, MKL1, MLF1, MLH1, MLLT1, MLLT10, MLLT11, MLLT3, MLLT4, 
               
               
                   
                 MLLT6, MMP9, MN1, MNX1, MPL, MPS1, MRE11A, MS4A1, MSH2, MSH6, MSI2, 
               
               
                   
                 MSN, MST1R, MTCP1, MTOR, MUC1, MUC16, MUTYH, MYB, MYC, MYCL, MYCN, 
               
               
                   
                 MYD88, MYH11, MYH9, NACA, NAE1, NBN, NCKIPSD, NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA4, 
               
               
                   
                 NDRG1, NF1, NF2, NFE2L2, NFIB, NFKB2, NFKBIA, NIN, NKX2-1, NONO, NOTCH1, 
               
               
                   
                 NOTCH2, NOTCH3, NPM1, NR4A3, NRAS, NSD1, NT5C2, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, 
               
               
                   
                 NUMA1, NUP214, NUP93, NUP98, NUTM1, NUTM2B, OLIG2, OMD, P2RY8, 
               
               
                   
                 PAFAH1B2, PAK3, PALB2, PARK2, PARP1, PATZ1, PAX3, PAX5, PAX7, PAX8, 
               
               
                   
                 PBRM1, PBX1, PCM1, PCSK7, PDCD1, PDCD1LG2, PDE4DIP, PDGFB, PDGFRA, 
               
               
                   
                 PDGFRB, PDK1, PER1, PHF6, PHOX2B, PICALM, PIK3C2B, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3CD, PIK3CG, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PIM1, PKC, PLAG1, PLCG2, PML, PMS1, PMS2, 
               
               
                   
                 POLD1, POLE, POT1, POU2AF1, POU5F1, PPARG, PPP2R1A, PRCC, PRDM1, PRDM16, 
               
               
                   
                 PREX2, PRF1, PRKAR1A, PRKCI, PRKDC, PRLR, PRRX1, PRSS8, PSIP1, PTCH1, 
               
               
                   
                 PTEN, PTK2, PTPN11, PTPRC, PTPRD, QKI, RABEP1, RAC1, RAD21, RAD50, RAD51, 
               
               
                   
                 RAD51B, RAF1, RALGDS, RANBP17, RANBP2, RANKL, RAP1GDS1, RARA, RB1, 
               
               
                   
                 RBM10, RBM15, RECQL4, REL, RET, RHOH, RICTOR, RMI2, RNF213, RNF43, ROS1, 
               
               
                   
                 RPL10, RPL22, RPL5, RPN1, RPS6KB1, RPTOR, RUNX1, RUNx1T1, SBDS, SDC4, 
               
               
                   
                 SDHA, SDHAF2, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SEPT5, SEPT6, SEPT9, SET, SETBP1, SETD2, 
               
               
                   
                 SF3B1, SFPQ, SH2B3, SH3GL1, SLAMF7, SLC34A2, SLC45A3, SLIT2, SMAD2, 
               
               
                   
                 SMAD3, SMAD4, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCE1, SMO, SNCAIP, SNX29, SOCS1, 
               
               
                   
                 SOX10, SOX2, SOX9, SPECC1, SPEN, SPOP, SPTA1, SRC, SRGAP3, SRSF2, SRSF3, 
               
               
                   
                 SS18, SS18L1, SSX1, SSX2, SSX4, STAG2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5B, STEAP1, STIL, 
               
               
                   
                 STK11, SUFU, SUZ12, SYK, TAF1, TAF15, TAL1, TAL2, TBL1XR1, TBX3, TCEA1, 
               
               
                   
                 TCF12, TCF3, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TERC, TERT, TET1, TET2, TFE3, TFEB, TFG, TFPT, 
               
               
                   
                 TFRC, TGFB1, TGFBR2, THRAP3, TIE2, TLX1, TLX3, TMPRSS2, TNFAIP3, 
               
               
                   
                 TNFRSF14, TNFRSF17, TOPI, TOP2A, TP53, TPM3, TPM4, TPR, TRAF7, TRIM26, 
               
               
                   
                 TRIM27, TRIM33, TRIP11, TRRAP, TSC1, TSC2, TSHR, TTL, U2AF1, UBA1, UBR5, 
               
               
                   
                 USP6, VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFR, VHL, VTI1A, WAS, WEE1, WHSC1, WHSC1L1, WIF1, 
               
               
                   
                 WISP3, WNT11, WNT2B, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT4, WNT5A, WNT6, WNT7B, WRN, 
               
               
                   
                 WT1, WWTR1, XPA, XPC, XPO1, YWHAE, ZAK, ZBTB16, ZBTB2, ZMYM2, ZNF217, 
               
               
                   
                 ZNF331, ZNF384, ZNF521, ZNF703, ZRSR2 
               
               
                 Cancer Related 
                 ABL2, ACSL3, ACSL6, AFF1, AFF3, AFF4, AKAP9, AKT3, ALDH2, APC, ARFRP1, 
               
               
                   
                 ARHGAP26, ARHGEF12, ARID2, ARNT, ASPSCR1, ASXL1, ATF1, ATIC, ATM, 
               
               
                   
                 ATP1A1, ATR, AURKA, AXIN1, AXL, BAP1, BARD1, BCL10, BCL11A, BCL2L11, 
               
               
                   
                 BCL3, BCL6, BCL7A, BCL9, BCR, BIRC3, BLM, BMPR1A, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, 
               
               
                   
                 BRIP1, BUB1B, C11orf30, C2orf44, CACNA1D, CALR, CAMTA1, CANT1, CARD11, 
               
               
                   
                 CARS, CASC5, CASP8, CBFA2T3, CBFB, CBL, CBLB, CCDC6, CCNB1IP1, CCND2, 
               
               
                   
                 CD274, CD74, CD79A, CDC73, CDH11, CDKN1B, CDX2, CHEK1, CHEK2, CHIC2, 
               
               
                   
                 CHN1, CIC, CIITA, CLP1, CLTC, CLTCL1, CNBP, CNTRL, COPB1, CREB1, CREB3L1, 
               
               
                   
                 CREB3L2, CRTC1, CRTC3, CSF1R, CSF3R, CTCF, CTLA4, CTNNA1, CTNNB1, CYLD, 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2D6, DAXX, DDR2, DDX10, DDX5, DDX6, DEK, DICER1, DOT1L, EBF1, ECT2L, 
               
               
                   
                 ELK4, ELL, EML4, EPHA3, EPHA5, EPHB1, EPS15, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERC1, ERCC2, 
               
               
                   
                 ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, ERG, ESR1, ETV1, ETV5, ETV6, EWSR1, EXT1, EXT2, EZR, 
               
               
                   
                 FANCA, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCG, FANCL, FAS, FBXO11, FBXW7, FCRL4, 
               
               
                   
                 FGF14, FGF19, FGF23, FGF6, FGFR1OP, FGFR4, FH, FHIT, FIP1L1, FLCN, FLU, FLT1, 
               
               
                   
                 FLT3, FLT4, FNBP1, FOXA1, FOXO1, FOXP1, FUBP1, FUS, GAS7, GID4, GMPS, 
               
               
                   
                 GNA13, GNAQ, GNAS, GOLGA5, GOPC, GPHN, GPR124, GRIN2A, GSK3B, H3F3A, 
               
               
                   
                 H3F3B, HERPUD1, HGF, HIP1, HMGA1, HMGA2, HNRNPA2B1, HOOK3, HSP90AA1, 
               
               
                   
                 HSP90AB1, IDH1, IDH2, IGF1R, IKZF1, IL2, IL21R, IL6ST, IL7R, IRF4, ITK, JAK1, 
               
               
                   
                 JAK2, JAK3, JAZF1, KDM5A, KEAP1, KIAA1549, KIF5B, KIT, KLHL6, KMT2A, 
               
               
                   
                 KMT2C, KMT2D, KRAS, KTN1, LCK, LCP1, LGR5, LHFP, LIFR, LPP, LRIG3, LRP1B, 
               
               
                   
                 LYL1, MAF, MALT1, MAML2, MAP2K2, MAP2K4, MAP3K1, MDM4, MDS2, MEF2B, 
               
               
                   
                 MEN1, MITF, MLF1, MLH1, MLLT1, MLLT10, MLLT3, MLLT4, MLLT6, MNX1, 
               
               
                   
                 MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MSI2, MTOR, MYB, MYCN, MYD88, MYH11, MYH9, NACA, 
               
               
                   
                 NCKIPSD, NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA4, NF1, NFE2L2, NFIB, NFKB2, NIN, NOTCH2, 
               
               
                   
                 NPM1, NR4A3, NSD1, NT5C2, NTRK2, NTRK3, NUP214, NUP93, NUP98, NUTM1, 
               
               
                   
                 PALB2, PAX3, PAX5, PAX7, PBRM1, PBX1, PCM1, PCSK7, PDCD1, PDCD1LG2, 
               
               
                   
                 PDGFB, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDK1, PER1, PICALM, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PIM1, 
               
               
                   
                 PML, PMS2, POLE, POT1, POU2AF1, PPARG, PRCC, PRDM1, PRDM16, PRKAR1A, 
               
               
                   
                 PRRX1, PSIP1, PTCH1, PTEN, PTPN11, PTPRC, RABEP1, RAC1, RAD50, RAD51, 
               
               
                   
                 RAD51B, RAF1, RALGDS, RANBP17, RAP1GDS1, RARA, RBM15, REL, RET, RMI2, 
               
               
                   
                 RNF43, RPL22, RPL5, RPN1, RPTOR, RUNX1, RUNX1T1, SBDS, SDC4, SDHAF2, 
               
               
                   
                 SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, 8-Sep, SET, SETBP1, SETD2, SF3B1, SH2B3, SH3GL1, SLC34A2, 
               
               
                   
                 SMAD2, SMAD4, SMARCB1, SMARCE1, SMO, SNX29, SOX10, SPECC1, SPEN, 
               
               
                   
                 SRGAP3, SRSF2, SRSF3, SS18, SS18L1, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5B, STIL, STK11, SUFU, 
               
               
                   
                 SUZ12, SYK, TAF15, TCF12, TCF3, TCF7L2, TET1, TET2, TFEB, TFG, TFRC, TGFBR2, 
               
               
                   
                 TLX1, TNFAIP3, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF17, TP53, TPM3, TPM4, TPR, TRAF7, TRIM26, 
               
               
                   
                 TRIM27, TRIM33, TRIP11, TRRAP, TSC1, TSC2, TSHR, TTL, U2AF1, USP6, VEGFA, 
               
               
                   
                 VEGFB, VTI1A, WHSC1, WHSC1L1, WIF1, WISP3, WRN, WWTR1, XPA, XPC, XPO1, 
               
               
                   
                 YWHAE, ZMYM2, ZNF217, ZNF331, ZNF384, ZNF521, ZNF703 
               
               
                 Gene fusions and 
                 AKT3, ALK, ARHGAP26, AXL, BRAF, BRD3/4, EGFR, ERG, ESR1, ETV1/4/5/6, 
               
               
                 mutations in cancer 
                 EWSR1, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGR, INSR, MAML2, MAST1/2, MET, MSMB, MUSK, 
               
               
                   
                 MYB, NOTCH1/2, NRG1, NTRK1/2/3, NUMBL, NUTM1, PDGFRA/B, PIK3CA, PKN1, 
               
               
                   
                 PPARG, PRKCA/B, RAF1, RELA, RET, ROS1, RSPO2/3, TERT, TFE3, TFEB, THADA, 
               
               
                   
                 TMPRSS2 
               
               
                 Gene fusions and 
                 ABL1 fusion to (ETV6, NUP214, RCSD1, RANBP2, SNX2, or ZMIZ1); ABL2 fusion to 
               
               
                 mutations in cancer 
                 (PAG1 or RCSD1); CSF1R fusion to (SSBP2); PDGFRB fusion to (EBF1, SSBP2, 
               
               
                   
                 TNIP1 or ZEB2); CRLF2 fusion to (P2RY8); JAK2 fusion to (ATF7IP, BCR, ETV6, 
               
               
                   
                 PAX5, PPFIBP1, SSBP2, STRN3, TERP2, or TPR); EPOR fusion to (IGH or IGK); 
               
               
                   
                 IL2RB fusion to (MYH9); NTRK3 fusion to (ETV6); PTK2B fusion to (KDM6A or 
               
               
                   
                 STAG2); TSLP fusion to (IQGAP2); TYK2 fusion to (MYB) 
               
               
                 Cytohesions 
                 cytohesin-1 (CYTH1), cytohesin-2 (CYTH2; ARNO), cytohesin-3 (CYTH3; Grp1; ARNO3), 
               
               
                   
                 cytohesin-4 (CYTH4) 
               
               
                 Cancer/Angio 
                 Erb 2, Erb 3, Erb 4, UNC93a, B7H3, MUC1, MUC2, MUC16, MUC17, 5T4, RAGE, VEGF 
               
               
                   
                 A, VEGFR2, FLT1, DLL4, Epcam 
               
               
                 Tissue (Breast) 
                 BIG H3, GCDFP-15, PR(B), GPR 30, CYFRA 21, BRCA 1, BRCA 2, ESR 1, ESR2 
               
               
                 Tissue (Prostate) 
                 PSMA, PCSA, PSCA, PSA, TMPRSS2 
               
               
                 Inflammation/Immune 
                 MFG-E8, IFNAR, CD40, CD80, MICB, HLA-DRb, IL-17-Ra 
               
               
                 Common vesicle 
                 HSPA8, CD63, Actb, GAPDH, CD9, CD81, ANXA2, HSP90AA1, ENO1, YWHAZ, 
               
               
                 markers 
                 PDCD6IP, CFL1, SDCBP, PKN2, MSN, MFGE8, EZR, YWHAG, PGK1, EEF1A1, PPIA, 
               
               
                   
                 GLC1F, GK, ANXA6, ANXA1, ALDOA, ACTG1, TPI1, LAMP2, HSP90AB1, DPP4, 
               
               
                   
                 YWHAB, TSG101, PFN1, LDHB, HSPA1B, HSPA1A, GSTP1, GNAI2, GDI2, CLTC, 
               
               
                   
                 ANXA5, YWHAQ, TUBA1A, THBS1, PRDX1, LDHA, LAMP1, CLU, CD86 
               
               
                 Common vesicle 
                 CD63, GAPDH, CD9, CD81, ANXA2, ENO1, SDCBP, MSN, MFGE8, EZR, GK, ANXA1, 
               
               
                 membrane markers 
                 LAMP2, DPP4, TSG101, HSPA1A, GDI2, CLTC, LAMP1, CD86, ANPEP, TFRC, 
               
               
                   
                 SLC3A2, RDX, RAP1B, RAB5C, RAB5B, MYH9, ICAM1, FN1, RAB11B, PIGR, 
               
               
                   
                 LGALS3, ITGB1, EHD1, CLIC1, ATP1A1, ARF1, RAP1A, P4HB, MUC1, KRT10, HLA- 
               
               
                   
                 A, FLOT1, CD59, C1orf58, BASP1, TACSTD1, STOM 
               
               
                 Common vesicle 
                 MHC class I, MHC class II, Integrins, Alpha 4 beta 1, Alpha M beta 2, Beta 2, 
               
               
                 markers 
                 ICAM1/CD54, P-selection, Dipeptidylpeptidase IV/CD26, Aminopeptidase n/CD13, CD151, 
               
               
                   
                 CD53, CD37, CD82, CD81, CD9, CD63, Hsp70, Hsp84/90 
               
               
                   
                 Actin, Actin-binding proteins, Tubulin, Annexin I, Annexin II, Annexin IV, Annexin V, 
               
               
                   
                 Annexin VI, RAB7/RAP1B/RADGDI, Gi2alpha/14-3-3, CBL/LCK, CD63, GAPDH, CD9, 
               
               
                   
                 CD81, ANXA2, ENO1, SDCBP, MSN, MFGE8, EZR, GK, ANXA1, LAMP2, DPP4, 
               
               
                   
                 TSG101, HSPA1A, GDI2, CLTC, LAMP1, Cd86, ANPEP, TFRC, SLC3A2, RDX, RAP1B, 
               
               
                   
                 RAB5C, RAB5B, MYH9, ICAM1, FN1, RAB11B, PIGR, LGALS3, ITGB1, EHD1, CLIC1, 
               
               
                   
                 ATP1A1, ARF1, RAP1A, P4HB, MUC1, KRT10, HLA-A, FLOT1, CD59, C1orf58, BASP1, 
               
               
                   
                 TACSTD1, STOM 
               
               
                 Vesicle markers 
                 A33, a33 n15, AFP, ALA, ALIX, ALP, AnnexinV, APC, ASCA, ASPH (246-260), ASPH 
               
               
                   
                 (666-680), ASPH (A-10), ASPH (D01P), ASPH (D03), ASPH (G-20), ASPH (H-300), 
               
               
                   
                 AURKA, AURKB, B7H3, B7H4, BCA-225, BCNP, BDNF, BRCA, CA125 (MUC16), CA- 
               
               
                   
                 19-9, C-Bir, CD1.1, CD10, CD174 (Lewis y), CD24, CD44, CD46, CD59 (MEM-43), CD63, 
               
               
                   
                 CD66e CEA, CD73, CD81, CD9, CDA, CDAC1 1a2, CEA, C-Erb2, C-erbB2, CRMP-2, 
               
               
                   
                 CRP, CXCL12, CYFRA21-1, DLL4, DR3, EGFR, Epcam, EphA2, EphA2 (H-77), ER, 
               
               
                   
                 ErbB4, EZH2, FASL, FRT, FRT c.f23, GDF15, GPCR, GPR30, Gro-alpha, HAP, HBD 1, 
               
               
                   
                 HBD2, HER 3 (ErbB3), HSP, HSP70, hVEGFR2, iC3b, IL 6 Unc, IL-1B, IL6 Unc, IL6R, 
               
               
                   
                 IL8, IL-8, INSIG-2, KLK2, L1CAM, LAMN, LDH, MACC-1, MAPK4, MART-1, MCP-1, 
               
               
                   
                 M-CSF, MFG-E8, MIC1, MIF, MIS RII, MMG, MMP26, MMP7, MMP9, MS4A1, MUC1, 
               
               
                   
                 MUC1 seq1, MUC1 seq11A, MUC17, MUC2, Ncam, NGAL, NPGP/NPFF2, OPG, OPN, 
               
               
                   
                 p53, p53, PA2G4, PBP, PCSA, PDGFRB, PGP9.5, PIM1, PR (B), PRL, PSA, PSMA, 
               
               
                   
                 PSME3, PTEN, R5-CD9 Tube 1, Reg IV, RUNX2, SCRN1, seprase, SERPINB3, SPARC, 
               
               
                   
                 SPB, SPDEF, SRVN, STAT 3, STEAP1, TF (FL-295), TFF3, TGM2, TIMP-1, TIMP1, 
               
               
                   
                 TIMP2, TMEM211, TMPRSS2, TNF-alpha, Trail-R2, Trail-R4, TrKB, TROP2, Tsg 101, 
               
               
                   
                 TWEAK, UNC93A, VEGF A, YPSMA-1 
               
               
                 Vesicle markers 
                 NSE, TRIM29, CD63, CD151, ASPH, LAMP2, TSPAN1, SNAIL, CD45, CKS1, NSE, 
               
               
                   
                 FSHR, OPN, FTH1, PGP9, ANNEXIN 1, SPD, CD81, EPCAM, PTH1R, CEA, CYTO 7, 
               
               
                   
                 CCL2, SPA, KRAS, TWIST1, AURKB, MMP9, P27, MMP1, HLA, HIF, CEACAM, 
               
               
                   
                 CENPH, BTUB, INTG b4, EGFR, NACC1, CYTO 18, NAP2, CYTO 19, ANNEXIN V, 
               
               
                   
                 TGM2, ERB2, BRCA1, B7H3, SFTPC, PNT, NCAM, MS4A1, P53, INGA3, MUC2, SPA, 
               
               
                   
                 OPN, CD63, CD9, MUC1, UNCR3, PAN ADH, HCG, TIMP, PSMA, GPCR, RACK1, 
               
               
                   
                 PSCA, VEGF, BMP2, CD81, CRP, PRO GRP, B7H3, MUC1, M2PK, CD9, PCSA, PSMA 
               
               
                 Vesicle markers 
                 TFF3, MS4A1, EphA2, GAL3, EGFR, N-gal, PCSA, CD63, MUC1, TGM2, CD81, DR3, 
               
               
                   
                 MACC-1, TrKB, CD24, TIMP-1, A33, CD66 CEA, PRL, MMP9, MMP7, TMEM211, 
               
               
                   
                 SCRN1, TROP2, TWEAK, CDACC1, UNC93A, APC, C-Erb, CD10, BDNF, FRT, GPR30, 
               
               
                   
                 P53, SPR, OPN, MUC2, GRO-1, tsg 101, GDF15 
               
               
                 Vesicle markers 
                 CD9, Erb2, Erb4, CD81, Erb3, MUC16, CD63, DLL4, HLA-Drpe, B7H3, IFNAR, 5T4, 
               
               
                   
                 PCSA, MICE, PSMA, MFG-E8, Muc1, PSA, Muc2, Unc93a, VEGFR2, EpCAM, VEGF A, 
               
               
                   
                 TMPRSS2, RAGE, PSCA, CD40, Muc17, IL-17-RA, CD80 
               
               
                 Benign Prostate 
                 BCMA, CEACAM-1, HVEM, IL-1 R4, IL-10 Rb, Trappin-2, p53, hsa-miR-329, hsa-miR- 
               
               
                 Hyperplasia (BPH) 
                 30a, hsa-miR-335, hsa-miR-152, hsa-miR-151-5p, hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-145, hsa-miR- 
               
               
                   
                 29a, hsa-miR-106b, hsa-miR-595, hsa-miR-142-5p, hsa-miR-99a, hsa-miR-20b, hsa-miR- 
               
               
                   
                 373, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-29b, hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-663, hsa-miR-423-5p, hsa- 
               
               
                   
                 miR-15a, hsa-miR-888, hsa-miR-361-3p, hsa-miR-365, hsa-miR-10b, hsa-miR-199a-3p, hsa- 
               
               
                   
                 miR-181a, hsa-miR-19a, hsa-miR-125b, hsa-miR-760, hsa-miR-7a, hsa-miR-671-5p, hsa- 
               
               
                   
                 miR-7c, hsa-miR-1979, hsa-miR-103 
               
               
                 Metastatic Prostate 
                 hsa-miR-100, hsa-miR-1236, hsa-miR-1296, hsa-miR-141, hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-17*, 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 hsa-miR-181a, hsa-miR-200b, hsa-miR-20a*, hsa-miR-23a*, hsa-miR-331-3p, hsa-miR-375, 
               
               
                   
                 hsa-miR-452, hsa-miR-572, hsa-miR-574-3p, hsa-miR-577, hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-937, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-10a, miR-134, miR-141, miR-200b, miR-30a, miR-32, miR-375, miR-495, miR-564, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-570, miR-574-3p, miR-885-3p 
               
               
                 Metastatic Prostate 
                 hsa-miR-200b, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-141, hsa-miR-331-3p, hsa-miR-181a, hsa-miR-574-3p 
               
               
                 Cancer 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 hsa-miR-574-3p, hsa-miR-141, hsa-miR-432, hsa-miR-326, hsa-miR-2110, hsa-miR-181a- 
               
               
                   
                 2*, hsa-miR-107, hsa-miR-301a, hsa-miR-484, hsa-miR-625* 
               
               
                 Metastatic Prostate 
                 hsa-miR-582-3p, hsa-miR-20a*, hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-200b, hsa-miR-379, hsa-miR-572, 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 hsa-miR-513a-5p, hsa-miR-577, hsa-miR-23a*, hsa-miR-1236, hsa-miR-609, hsa-miR-17*, 
               
               
                   
                 hsa-miR-130b, hsa-miR-619, hsa-miR-624*, hsa-miR-198 
               
               
                 Metastatic Prostate 
                 FOX01A, SOX9, CLNS1A, PTGDS, XPO1, LETMD1, RAD23B, ABCC3, APC, CHES1, 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 EDNRA, FRZB, HSPG2, TMPRSS2_ETV1 fusion 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 hsa-let-7b, hsa-miR-107, hsa-miR-1205, hsa-miR-1270, hsa-miR-130b, hsa-miR-141, hsa- 
               
               
                   
                 miR-143, hsa-miR-148b*, hsa-miR-150, hsa-miR-154*, hsa-miR-181a*, hsa-miR-181a-2*, 
               
               
                   
                 hsa-miR-18a*, hsa-miR-19b-1*, hsa-miR-204, hsa-miR-2110, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-217, 
               
               
                   
                 hsa-miR-219-2-3p, hsa-miR-23b*, hsa-miR-299-5p, hsa-miR-301a, hsa-miR-301a, hsa-miR- 
               
               
                   
                 326, hsa-miR-331-3p, hsa-miR-365*, hsa-miR-373*, hsa-miR-424, hsa-miR-424*, hsa-miR- 
               
               
                   
                 432, hsa-miR-450a, hsa-miR-451, hsa-miR-484, hsa-miR-497, hsa-miR-517*, hsa-miR-517a, 
               
               
                   
                 hsa-miR-518f, hsa-miR-574-3p, hsa-miR-595, hsa-miR-617, hsa-miR-625*, hsa-miR-628-5p, 
               
               
                   
                 hsa-miR-629, hsa-miR-634, hsa-miR-769-5p, hsa-miR-93, hsa-miR-96 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 CD9, PSMA, PCSA, CD63, CD81, B7H3, IL 6, OPG-13, IL6R, PA2G4, EZH2, RUNX2, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINB3, EpCam 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 A33, a33 n15, AFP, ALA, ALIX, ALP, AnnexinV, APC, ASCA, ASPH (246-260), ASPH 
               
               
                   
                 (666-680), ASPH (A-10), ASPH (D01P), ASPH (D03), ASPH (G-20), ASPH (H-300), 
               
               
                   
                 AURKA, AURKB, B7H3, B7H4, BCA-225, BCNP, BDNF, BRCA, CA125 (MUC16), CA- 
               
               
                   
                 19-9, C-Bir, CD1.1, CD10, CD174 (Lewis y), CD24, CD44, CD46, CD59 (MEM-43), CD63, 
               
               
                   
                 CD66e CEA, CD73, CD81, CD9, CDA, CDAC1 1a2, CEA, C-Erb2, C-erbB2, CRMP-2, 
               
               
                   
                 CRP, CXCL12, CYFRA21-1, DLL4, DR3, EGFR, Epcam, EphA2, EphA2 (H-77), ER, 
               
               
                   
                 ErbB4, EZH2, FASL, FRT, FRT c.f23, GDF15, GPCR, GPR30, Gro-alpha, HAP, HBD 1, 
               
               
                   
                 HBD2, HER 3 (ErbB3), HSP, HSP70, hVEGFR2, iC3b, IL 6 Unc, IL-1B, IL6 Unc, IL6R, 
               
               
                   
                 IL8, IL-8, INSIG-2, KLK2, L1CAM, LAMN, LDH, MACC-1, MAPK4, MART-1, MCP-1, 
               
               
                   
                 M-CSF, MFG-E8, MIC1, MIF, MIS RII, MMG, MMP26, MMP7, MMP9, MS4A1, MUC1, 
               
               
                   
                 MUC1 seq1, MUC1 seq11A, MUC17, MUC2, Ncam, NGAL, NPGP/NPFF2, OPG, OPN, 
               
               
                   
                 p53, p53, PA2G4, PBP, PCSA, PDGFRB, PGP9.5, PIM1, PR (B), PRL, PSA, PSMA, 
               
               
                   
                 PSME3, PTEN, R5-CD9 Tube 1, Reg IV, RUNX2, SCRN1, seprase, SERPINB3, SPARC, 
               
               
                   
                 SPB, SPDEF, SRVN, STAT 3, STEAP1, TF (FL-295), TFF3, TGM2, TIMP-1, TIMP1, 
               
               
                   
                 TIMP2, TMEM211, TMPRSS2, TNF-alpha, Trail-R2, Trail-R4, TrKB, TROP2, Tsg 101, 
               
               
                   
                 TWEAK, UNC93A, VEGF A, YPSMA-1 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 5T4, ACTG1, ADAM10, ADAM15, ALDOA, ANXA2, ANXA6, APOA1, ATP1A1, 
               
               
                 Vesicle Markers 
                 BASP1, C1orf58, C20orf114, C8B, CAPZA1, CAV1, CD151, CD2AP, CD59, CD9, CD9, 
               
               
                   
                 CFL1, CFP, CHMP4B, CLTC, COTL1, CTNND1, CTSB, CTSZ, CYCS, DPP4, EEF1A1, 
               
               
                   
                 EHD1, ENO1, F11R, F2, F5, FAM125A, FNBP1L, FOLH1, GAPDH, GLB1, GPX3, 
               
               
                   
                 HIST1H1C, HIST1H2AB, HSP90AB1, HSPA1B, HSPA8, IGSF8, ITGB1, ITIH3, JUP, 
               
               
                   
                 LDHA, LDHB, LUM, LYZ, MFGE8, MGAM, MMP9, MYH2, MYL6B, NME1, NME2, 
               
               
                   
                 PABPC1, PABPC4, PACSIN2, PCBP2, PDCD6IP, PRDX2, PSA, PSMA, PSMA1, PSMA2, 
               
               
                   
                 PSMA4, PSMA6, PSMA7, PSMB1, PSMB2, PSMB3, PSMB4, PSMB5, PSMB6, PSMB8, 
               
               
                   
                 PTGFRN, RPS27A, SDCBP, SERINC5, SH3GL1, SLC3A2, SMPDL3B, SNX9, TACSTD1, 
               
               
                   
                 TCN2, THBS1, TPI1, TSG101, TUBE, VDAC2, VPS37B, YWHAG, YWHAQ, YWHAZ 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 FLNA, DCRN, HER 3 (ErbB3), VCAN, CD9, GAL3, CDADC1, GM-CSF, EGFR, RANK, 
               
               
                 Vesicle Markers 
                 CSA, PSMA, ChickenIgY, B7H3, PCSA, CD63, CDS, MUC1, TGM2, CD81, S100-A4, 
               
               
                   
                 MFG-E8, Integrin, NK-2R(C-21), PSA, CD24, TIMP-1, IL6 Unc, PBP, PIM1, CA-19-9, 
               
               
                   
                 Trail-R4, MMP9, PRL, EphA2, TWEAK, NY-ESO-1, Mammaglobin, UNC93A, A33, 
               
               
                   
                 AURKB, CD41, XAGE-1, SPDEF, AMACR, seprase/FAP, NGAL, CXCL12, FRT, CD66e 
               
               
                   
                 CEA, SIM2 (C-15), C-Bir, STEAP, PSIP1/LEDGF, MUC17, hVEGFR2, ERG, MUC2, 
               
               
                   
                 ADAM10, ASPH (A-10), CA125, Gro-alpha, Tsg 101, SSX2, Trail-R4 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 NT5E (CD73), A33, ABL2, ADAM10, AFP, ALA, ALIX, ALPL, AMACR, Apo J/CLU, 
               
               
                 Vesicle Markers 
                 ASCA, ASPH (A-10), ASPH (D01P), AURKB, B7H3, B7H4, BCNP, BDNF, CA125 
               
               
                   
                 (MUC16), CA-19-9, C-Bir (Flagellin), CD10, CD151, CD24, CD3, CD41, CD44, CD46, 
               
               
                   
                 CD59(MEM-43), CD63, CD66e CEA, CD81, CD9, CDA, CDADC1, C-erbB2, CRMP-2, 
               
               
                   
                 CRP, CSA, CXCL12, CXCR3, CYFRA21-1, DCRN, DDX-1, DLL4, EGFR, EpCAM, 
               
               
                   
                 EphA2, ERG, EZH2, FASL, FLNA, FRT, GAL3, GATA2, GM-CSF, Gro-alpha, HAP, 
               
               
                   
                 HER3 (ErbB3), HSP70, HSPB1, hVEGFR2, iC3b, IL-1B, IL6 R, IL6 Unc, IL7 R 
               
               
                   
                 alpha/CD127, IL8, INSIG-2, Integrin, KLK2, Label, LAMN, Mammaglobin, M-CSF, MFG- 
               
               
                   
                 E8, MIF, MIS RII, MMP7, MMP9, MS4A1, MUC1, MUC17, MUC2, Ncam, NDUFB7, 
               
               
                   
                 NGAL, NK-2R(C-21), NY-ESO-1, p53, PBP, PCSA, PDGFRB, PIM1, PRL, PSA, 
               
               
                   
                 PSIP1/LEDGF, PSMA, RAGE, RANK, Reg IV, RUNX2, S100-A4, seprase/FAP, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINB3, SIM2 (C-15), SPARC, SPC, SPDEF, SPP1, SSX2, SSX4, STEAP, STEAP4, 
               
               
                   
                 TFF3, TGM2, TIMP-1, TMEM211, Trail-R2, Trail-R4, TrKB (poly), Trop2, Tsg 101, 
               
               
                   
                 TWEAK, UNC93A, VCAN, VEGF A, wnt-5a(C-16), XAGE, XAGE-1 
               
               
                 Prostate Vesicle 
                 ADAM 9, ADAM10, AGR2, ALDOA, ALIX, ANXA1, ANXA2, ANXA4, ARF6, ATP1A3, 
               
               
                 Membrane 
                 B7H3, BCHE, BCL2L14 (Bcl G), BCNP1, BDKRB2, BDNFCAV1-Caveolin1, CCR2 (CC 
               
               
                   
                 chemokine receptor 2, CD192), CCR5 (CC chemokine receptor 5), CCT2 (TCP1-beta), 
               
               
                   
                 CD10, CD151, CD166/ALCAM, CD24, CD283/TLR3, CD41, CD46, CD49d (Integrin alpha 
               
               
                   
                 4, ITGA4), CD63, CD81, CD9, CD90/THY1, CDH1, CDH2, CDKN1A cyclin-dependent 
               
               
                   
                 kinase inhibitor (p21), CGA gene (coding for the alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones), 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN3- Claudin3, COX2 (PTGS2), CSE1L (Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility), CXCR3, 
               
               
                   
                 Cytokeratin 18, Eag1 (KCNH1), EDIL3 (del-1), EDNRB—Endothelial Receptor Type B, 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR, EpoR, EZH2 (enhancer of Zeste Homolog2), EZR, FABP5, 
               
               
                   
                 Farnesyltransferase/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (GGPS1), Fatty acid synthase 
               
               
                   
                 (FASN), FTL (light and heavy), GAL3, GDF15—Growth Differentiation Factor 15, GloI, GM- 
               
               
                   
                 CSF, GSTP1, H3F3A, HGF (hepatocyte growth factor), hK2/Kif2a, HSP90AA1, HSPA1A/ 
               
               
                   
                 HSP70-1, HSPB1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IL1alpha, IL-6, IQGAP1, ITGAL (Integrin alpha L 
               
               
                   
                 chain), Ki67, KLK1, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, KLK15, KLK4, KLK5, 
               
               
                   
                 KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9, Lamp-2, LDH-A, LGALS3BP, LGALS8, MMP 1, MMP 2, 
               
               
                   
                 MMP 25, MMP 3, MMP10, MMP-14/MT1-MMP, MMP7, MTA1nAnS, Nav1.7, NKX3-1, 
               
               
                   
                 Notch1, NRP1/CD304, PAP (ACPP), PGP, PhIP, PIP3/BPNT1, PKM2, PKP1 
               
               
                   
                 (plakophilin1), PKP3 (plakophilin3), Plasma chromogranin-A (CgA), PRDX2, Prostate 
               
               
                   
                 secretory protein (PSP94)/β-Microseminoprotein (MSP)/IGBF, PSAP, PSMA, PSMA1, 
               
               
                   
                 PTENPTPN13/PTPL1, RPL19, seprase/FAPSET, SLC3A2/CD98, SRVN, STEAP1, 
               
               
                   
                 Syndecan/CD138, TGFB, TGM2, TIMP-1TLR4 (CD284), TLR9 (CD289), TMPRSS1/ 
               
               
                   
                 hepsin, TMPRSS2, TNFR1, TNFα, Transferrin receptor/CD71/TRFR, Trop2 (TACSTD2), 
               
               
                   
                 TWEAK uPA (urokinase plasminoge activator) degrades extracellular matrix, uPAR (uPA 
               
               
                   
                 receptor)/CD87, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 
               
               
                 Prostate Vesicle 
                 ADAM 34, ADAM 9, AGR2, ALDOA, ANXA1, ANXA 11, ANXA4, ANXA 7, ANXA2, 
               
               
                 Markers 
                 ARF6, ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, BCHE, BCL2L14 (Bcl G), BDKRB2, CA215, 
               
               
                   
                 CAV1—Caveolin1, CCR2 (CC chemokine receptor 2, CD192), CCR5 (CC chemokine receptor 5), 
               
               
                   
                 CCT2 (TCP1-beta), CD166/ALCAM, CD49b (Integrin alpha 2, ITGA4), CD90/THY1, 
               
               
                   
                 CDH1, CDH2, CDKN1A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p21), CGA gene (coding for the 
               
               
                   
                 alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones), CHMP4B, CLDN3—Claudin3, CLSTN1 
               
               
                   
                 (Calsyntenin-1), COX2 (PTGS2), CSE1L (Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility), Cytokeratin 18, 
               
               
                   
                 Eag1 (KCNH1) (plasma membrane-K+-voltage gated channel), EDIL3 (del-1), EDNRB- 
               
               
                   
                 Endothelial Receptor Type B, Endoglin/CD105, ENOX2—Ecto-NOX disulphide Thiol 
               
               
                   
                 exchanger 2, EPCA-2 Early prostate cancer antigen2, EpoR, EZH2 (enhancer of Zeste 
               
               
                   
                 Homolog2), EZR, FABP5, Farnesyltransferase/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 
               
               
                   
                 (GGPS1), Fatty acid synthase (FASN, plasma membrane protein), FTL (light and heavy), 
               
               
                   
                 GDF15—Growth Differentiation Factor 15, GloI, GSTP1, H3F3A, HGF (hepatocyte growth 
               
               
                   
                 factor), hK2 (KLK2), HSP90AA1, HSPA1A/HSP70-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IL1alpha, IL-6, 
               
               
                   
                 IQGAP1, ITGAL (Integrin alpha L chain), Ki67, KLK1, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, 
               
               
                   
                 KLK14, KLK15, KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9, Lamp-2, LDH-A, 
               
               
                   
                 LGALS3BP, LGALS8, MFAP5, MMP 1, MMP 2, MMP 24, MMP 25, MMP 3, MMP10, 
               
               
                   
                 MMP-14/MT1-MMP, MTA1, nAnS, Nav1.7, NCAM2—Neural cell Adhesion molecule 2, 
               
               
                   
                 NGEP/D-TMPP/IPCA-5/ANO7, NKX3-1, Notch1, NRP1/CD304, PGP, PAP (ACPP), 
               
               
                   
                 PCA3—Prostate cancer antigen 3, Pdia3/ERp57, PhIP, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), PIP3, 
               
               
                   
                 PKP1 (plakophilin1), PKP3 (plakophilin3), Plasma chromogranin-A (CgA), PRDX2, Prostate 
               
               
                   
                 secretory protein (PSP94)/β-Microseminoprotein (MSP)/IGBF, PSAP, PSMA1, PTEN, 
               
               
                   
                 PTGFRN, PTPN13/PTPL1, PKM2, RPL19, SCA-1/ATXN1, SERINC5/TPO1, SET, 
               
               
                   
                 SLC3A2/CD98, STEAP1, STEAP-3, SRVN, Syndecan/CD138, TGFB, Tissue Polypeptide 
               
               
                   
                 Specific antigen TPS, TLR4 (CD284), TLR9 (CD289), TMPRSS1/hepsin, TMPRSS2, 
               
               
                   
                 TNFR1, TNFα, CD283/TLR3, Transferrin receptor/CD71/TRFR, uPA (urokinase plasminoge 
               
               
                   
                 activator), uPAR (uPA receptor)/CD87, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 hsa-miR-1974, hsa-miR-27b, hsa-miR-103, hsa-miR-146a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-382, hsa- 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 miR-23a, hsa-miR-376c, hsa-miR-335, hsa-miR-142-5p, hsa-miR-221, hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa- 
               
               
                   
                 miR-151-3p, hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-16 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 let-7d, miR-148a, miR-195, miR-25, miR-26b, miR-329, miR-376c, miR-574-3p, miR-888, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-9, miR1204, miR-16-2*, miR-497, miR-588, miR-614, miR-765, miR92b*, miR-938, 
               
               
                   
                 let-7f-2*, miR-300, miR-523, miR-525-5p, miR-1182, miR-1244, miR-520d-3p, miR-379, 
               
               
                   
                 let-7b, miR-125a-3p, miR-1296, miR-134, miR-149, miR-150, miR-187, miR-32, miR-324- 
               
               
                   
                 3p, miR-324-5p, miR-342-3p, miR-378, miR-378*, miR-384, miR-451, miR-455-3p, miR- 
               
               
                   
                 485-3p, miR-487a, miR-490-3p, miR-502-5p, miR-548a-5p, miR-550, miR-562, miR-593, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-593*, miR-595, miR-602, miR-603, miR-654-5p, miR-877*, miR-886-5p, miR-125a-5p, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-140-3p, miR-192, miR-196a, miR-2110, miR-212, miR-222, miR-224*, miR-30b*, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-499-3p, miR-505* 
               
               
                 Prostate (PCSA + 
                 miR-182, miR-663, miR-155, mirR-125a-5p, miR-548a-5p, miR-628-5p, miR-517*, miR- 
               
               
                 cMVs) 
                 450a, miR-920, hsa-miR-619, miR-1913, miR-224*, miR-502-5p, miR-888, miR-376a, miR- 
               
               
                   
                 542-5p, miR-30b*, miR-1179 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 miR-183-96-182 cluster (miRs-183, 96 and 182), metal ion transporter such as hZIP1, 
               
               
                   
                 SLC39A1, SLC39A2, SLC39A3, SLC39A4, SLC39A5, SLC39A6, SLC39A7, SLC39A8, 
               
               
                   
                 SLC39A9, SLC39A10, SLC39A11, SLC39A12, SLC39A13, SLC39A14 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 RAD23B, FBP1, TNFRSF1A, CCNG2, NOTCH3, ETV1, BID, SIM2, LETMD1, ANXA1, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-519d,miR-647 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 RAD23B, FBP1, TNFRSF1A, NOTCH3, ETV1, BID, SIM2, ANXA1, BCL2 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 ANPEP, ABL1, PSCA, EFNA1, HSPB1, INMT, TRIP13 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 E2F3, c-met, pRB, EZH2, e-cad, CAXII, CAIX, HIF-1α, Jagged, PIM-1, hepsin, RECK, 
               
               
                   
                 Clusterin, MMP9, MTSP-1, MMP24, MMP15, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, E2F4, caveolin, EF-1A, 
               
               
                   
                 Kallikrein 2, Kallikrein 3, PSGR 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 A2ML1, BAX, C10orf47, C1orf162, CSDA, EIFC3, ETFB, GABARAPL2, GUK1, GZMH, 
               
               
                   
                 HIST1H3B, HLA-A, HSP90AA1, NRGN, PRDX5, PTMA, RABAC1, RABAGAP1L, 
               
               
                   
                 RPL22, SAP18, SEPW1, SOX1 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 NY-ESO-1, SSX-2, SSX-4, XAGE-lb, AMACR, p90 autoantigen, LEDGF 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 A33, ABL2, ADAM10, AFP, ALA, ALIX, ALPL, ApoJ/CLU, ASCA, ASPH(A-10), 
               
               
                   
                 ASPH(D01P), AURKB, B7H3, B7H3, B7H4, BCNP, BDNF, CA125(MUC16), CA-19-9, C- 
               
               
                   
                 Bir, CD10, CD151, CD24, CD41, CD44, CD46, CD59(MEM-43), CD63, CD63, 
               
               
                   
                 CD66eCEA, CD81, CD81, CD9, CD9, CDA, CDADC1, CRMP-2, CRP, CXCL12, CXCR3, 
               
               
                   
                 CYFRA21-1, DDX-1, DLL4, DLL4, EGFR, Epcam, EphA2, ErbB2, ERG, EZH2, FASL, 
               
               
                   
                 FLNA, FRT, GAL3, GATA2, GM-CSF, Gro-alpha, HAP, HER3(ErbB3), HSP70, HSPB1, 
               
               
                   
                 hVEGFR2, iC3b, IL-1B, IL6R, IL6Unc, IL7Ralpha/CD127, IL8, INSIG-2, Integrin, KLK2, 
               
               
                   
                 LAMN, Mammoglobin, M-CSF, MFG-E8, MIF, MISRII, MMP7, MMP9, MUC1, Muc1, 
               
               
                   
                 MUC17, MUC2, Ncam, NDUFB7, NGAL, NK-2R(C-21), NT5E (CD73), p53, PBP, PCSA, 
               
               
                   
                 PCSA, PDGFRB, PIM1, PRL, PSA, PSA, PSMA, PSMA, RAGE, RANK, RegIV, RUNX2, 
               
               
                   
                 S100-A4, seprase/FAP, SERPINB3, SIM2(C-15), SPARC, SPC, SPDEF, SPP1, STEAP, 
               
               
                   
                 STEAP4, TFF3, TGM2, TIMP-1, TMEM211, Trail-R2, Trail-R4, TrKB(poly), Trop2, 
               
               
                   
                 Tsg101, TWEAK, UNC93A, VEGFA, wnt-5a(C-16) 
               
               
                 Prostate Vesicles 
                 CD9, CD63, CD81, PCSA, MUC2, MFG-E8 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 miR-148a, miR-329, miR-9, miR-378*, miR-25, miR-614, miR-518c*, miR-378, miR-765, 
               
               
                   
                 let-7f-2*, miR-574-3p, miR-497, miR-32, miR-379, miR-520g, miR-542-5p, miR-342-3p, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-1206, miR-663, miR-222 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 hsa-miR-877*, hsa-miR-593, hsa-miR-595, hsa-miR-300, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-548a- 
               
               
                   
                 5p, hsa-miR-329, hsa-miR-550, hsa-miR-886-5p, hsa-miR-603, hsa-miR-490-3p, hsa-miR- 
               
               
                   
                 938, hsa-miR-149, hsa-miR-150, hsa-miR-1296, hsa-miR-384, hsa-miR-487a, hsa-miRPlus- 
               
               
                   
                 C1089, hsa-miR-485-3p, hsa-miR-525-5p 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 hsa-miR-451, hsa-miR-223, hsa-miR-593*, hsa-miR-1974, hsa-miR-486-5p, hsa-miR-19b, 
               
               
                   
                 hsa-miR-320b, hsa-miR-92a, hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-675*, hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-876-5p, hsa- 
               
               
                   
                 miR-144, hsa-miR-126, hsa-miR-137, hsa-miR-1913, hsa-miR-29b-1*, hsa-miR-15a, hsa- 
               
               
                   
                 miR-93, hsa-miR-1266 
               
               
                 Inflammatory 
                 miR-588, miR-1258, miR-16-2*, miR-938, miR-526b, miR-92b*, let-7d, miR-378*, miR- 
               
               
                 Disease 
                 124, miR-376c, miR-26b, miR-1204, miR-574-3p, miR-195, miR-499-3p, miR-2110, miR- 
               
               
                   
                 888 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 A33, ADAM10, AMACR, ASPH (A-10), AURKB, B7H3, CA125, CA-19-9, C-Bir, CD24, 
               
               
                   
                 CD3, CD41, CD63, CD66e CEA, CD81, CD9, CDADC1, CSA, CXCL12, DCRN, EGFR, 
               
               
                   
                 EphA2, ERG, FLNA, FRT, GAL3, GM-CSF, Gro-alpha, HER 3 (ErbB3), hVEGFR2, IL6 
               
               
                   
                 Unc, Integrin, Mammaglobin, MFG-E8, MMP9, MUC1, MUC17, MUC2, NGAL, NK-2R(C- 
               
               
                   
                 21), NY-ESO-1, PBP, PCSA, PIM1, PRL, PSA, PSIP1/LEDGF, PSMA, RANK, S100-A4, 
               
               
                   
                 seprase/FAP, SIM2 (C-15), SPDEF, SSX2, STEAP, TGM2, TIMP-1, Trail-R4, Tsg 101, 
               
               
                   
                 TWEAK, UNC93A, VCAN, XAGE-1 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 A33, ADAM10, ALIX, AMACR, ASCA, ASPH (A-10), AURKB, B7H3, BCNP, CA125, 
               
               
                   
                 CA-19-9, C-Bir (Flagellin), CD24, CD3, CD41, CD63, CD66e CEA, CD81, CD9, CDADC1, 
               
               
                   
                 CRP, CSA, CXCL12, CYFRA21-1, DCRN, EGFR, EpCAM, EphA2, ERG, FLNA, GAL3, 
               
               
                   
                 GATA2, GM-CSF, Gro alpha, HER3 (ErbB3), HSP70, hVEGFR2, iC3b, IL-1B, IL6 Unc, 
               
               
                   
                 IL8, Integrin, KLK2, Mammaglobin, MFG-E8, MMP7, MMP9, MS4A1, MUC1, MUC17, 
               
               
                   
                 MUC2, NGAL, NK-2R(C-21), NY-ESO-1, p53, PBP, PCSA, PIM1, PRL, PSA, PSMA, 
               
               
                   
                 RANK, RUNX2, S100-A4, seprase/FAP, SERPINB3, SIM2 (C-15), SPC, SPDEF, SSX2, 
               
               
                   
                 SSX4, STEAP, TGM2, TIMP-1, TRAIL R2, Trail-R4, Tsg 101, TWEAK, VCAN, VEGF A, 
               
               
                   
                 XAGE 
               
               
                 Prostate Vesicles 
                 EpCam, CD81, PCSA, MUC2, MFG-E8 
               
               
                 Prostate Vesicles 
                 CD9, CD63, CD81, MMP7, EpCAM 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 let-7d, miR-148a, miR-195, miR-25, miR-26b, miR-329, miR-376c, miR-574-3p, miR-888, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-9, miR1204, miR-16-2*, miR-497, miR-588, miR-614, miR-765, miR92b*, miR-938, 
               
               
                   
                 let-7f-2*, miR-300, miR-523, miR-525-5p, miR-1182, miR-1244, miR-520d-3p, miR-379, 
               
               
                   
                 let-7b, miR-125a-3p, miR-1296, miR-134, miR-149, miR-150, miR-187, miR-32, miR-324- 
               
               
                   
                 3p, miR-324-5p, miR-342-3p, miR-378, miR-378*, miR-384, miR-451, miR-455-3p, miR- 
               
               
                   
                 485-3p, miR-487a, miR-490-3p, miR-502-5p, miR-548a-5p, miR-550, miR-562, miR-593, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-593*, miR-595, miR-602, miR-603, miR-654-5p, miR-877*, miR-886-5p, miR-125a-5p, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-140-3p, miR-192, miR-196a, miR-2110, miR-212, miR-222, miR-224*, miR-30b*, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-499-3p, miR-505* 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 STAT3, EZH2, p53, MACC1, SPDEF, RUNX2, YB-1, AURKA, AURKB 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 E.001036, E.001497, E.001561, E.002330, E.003402, E.003756, E.004838, E.005471, 
               
               
                 (Ensembl ENSG 
                 E.005882, E.005893, E.006210, E.006453, E.006625, E.006695, E.006756, E.007264, 
               
               
                 identifiers) 
                 E.007952, E.008118, E.008196, E.009694, E.009830, E.010244, E.010256, E.010278, 
               
               
                   
                 E.010539, E.010810, E.011052, E.011114, E.011143, E.011304, E.011451, E.012061, 
               
               
                   
                 E.012779, E.014216, E.014257, E.015133, E.015171, E.015479, E.015676, E.016402, 
               
               
                   
                 E.018189, E.018699, E.020922, E.022976, E.023909, E.026508, E.026559, E.029363, 
               
               
                   
                 E.029725, E.030582, E.033030, E.035141, E.036257, E.036448, E.038002, E.039068, 
               
               
                   
                 E.039560, E.041353, E.044115, E.047410, E.047597, E.048544, E.048828, E.049239, 
               
               
                   
                 E.049246, E.049883, E.051596, E.051620, E.052795, E.053108, E.054118, E.054938, 
               
               
                   
                 E.056097, E.057252, E.057608, E.058729, E.059122, E.059378, E.059691, E.060339, 
               
               
                   
                 E.060688, E.061794, E.061918, E.062485, E.063241, E.063244, E.064201, E.064489, 
               
               
                   
                 E.064655, E.064886, E.065054, E.065057, E.065308, E.065427, E.065457, E.065485, 
               
               
                   
                 E.065526, E.065548, E.065978, E.066455, E.066557, E.067248, E.067369, E.067704, 
               
               
                   
                 E.068724, E.068885, E.069535, E.069712, E.069849, E.069869, E.069956, E.070501, 
               
               
                   
                 E.070785, E.070814, E.071246, E.071626, E.071859, E.072042, E.072071, E.072110, 
               
               
                   
                 E.072506, E.073050, E.073350, E.073584, E.073756, E.074047, E.074071, E.074964, 
               
               
                   
                 E.075131, E.075239, E.075624, E.075651, E.075711, E.075856, E.075886, E.076043, 
               
               
                   
                 E.076248, E.076554, E.076864, E.077097, E.077147, E.077312, E.077514, E.077522, 
               
               
                   
                 E.078269, E.078295, E.078808, E.078902, E.079246, E.079313, E.079785, E.080572, 
               
               
                   
                 E.080823, E.081087, E.081138, E.081181, E.081721, E.081842, E.082212, E.082258, 
               
               
                   
                 E.082556, E.083093, E.083720, E.084234, E.084463, E.085224, E.085733, E.086062, 
               
               
                   
                 E.086205, E.086717, E.087087, E.087301, E.088888, E.088899, E.088930, E.088992, 
               
               
                   
                 E.089048, E.089127, E.089154, E.089177, E.089248, E.089280, E.089902, E.090013, 
               
               
                   
                 E.090060, E.090565, E.090612, E.090615, E.090674, E.090861, E.090889, E.091140, 
               
               
                   
                 E.091483, E.091542, E.091732, E.092020, E.092199, E.092421, E.092621, E.092820, 
               
               
                   
                 E.092871, E.092978, E.093010, E.094755, E.095139, E.095380, E.095485, E.095627, 
               
               
                   
                 E.096060, E.096384, E.099331, E.099715, E.099783, E.099785, E.099800, E.099821, 
               
               
                   
                 E.099899, E.099917, E.099956, E.100023, E.100056, E.100065, E.100084, E.100142, 
               
               
                   
                 E.100191, E.100216, E.100242, E.100271, E.100284, E.100299, E.100311, E.100348, 
               
               
                   
                 E.100359, E.100393, E.100399, E.100401, E.100412, E.100442, E.100575, E.100577, 
               
               
                   
                 E.100583, E.100601, E.100603, E.100612, E.100632, E.100714, E.100739, E.100796, 
               
               
                   
                 E.100802, E.100815, E.100823, E.100836, E.100883, E.101057, E.101126, E.101152, 
               
               
                   
                 E.101222, E.101246, E.101265, E.101365, E.101439, E.101557, E.101639, E.101654, 
               
               
                   
                 E.101811, E.101812, E.101901, E.102030, E.102054, E.102103, E.102158, E.102174, 
               
               
                   
                 E.102241, E.102290, E.102316, E.102362, E.102384, E.102710, E.102780, E.102904, 
               
               
                   
                 E.103035, E.103067, E.103175, E.103194, E.103449, E.103479, E.103591, E.103599, 
               
               
                   
                 E.103855, E.103978, E.104064, E.104067, E.104131, E.104164, E.104177, E.104228, 
               
               
                   
                 E.104331, E.104365, E.104419, E.104442, E.104611, E.104626, E.104723, E.104760, 
               
               
                   
                 E.104805, E.104812, E.104823, E.104824, E.105127, E.105220, E.105221, E.105281, 
               
               
                   
                 E.105379, E.105402, E.105404, E.105409, E.105419, E.105428, E.105486, E.105514, 
               
               
                   
                 E.105518, E.105618, E.105705, E.105723, E.105939, E.105948, E.106049, E.106078, 
               
               
                   
                 E.106128, E.106153, E.106346, E.106392, E.106554, E.106565, E.106603, E.106633, 
               
               
                   
                 E.107104, E.107164, E.107404, E.107485, E.107551, E.107581, E.107623, E.107798, 
               
               
                   
                 E.107816, E.107833, E.107890, E.107897, E.107968, E.108296, E.108312, E.108375, 
               
               
                   
                 E.108387, E.108405, E.108417, E.108465, E.108561, E.108582, E.108639, E.108641, 
               
               
                   
                 E.108848, E.108883, E.108953, E.109062, E.109184, E.109572, E.109625, E.109758, 
               
               
                   
                 E.109790, E.109814, E.109846, E.109956, E.110063, E.110066, E.110104, E.110107, 
               
               
                   
                 E.110321, E.110328, E.110921, E.110955, E.111057, E.111218, E.111261, E.111335, 
               
               
                   
                 E.111540, E.111605, E.111647, E.111785, E.111790, E.111801, E.111907, E.112039, 
               
               
                   
                 E.112081, E.112096, E.112110, E.112144, E.112232, E.112234, E.112473, E.112578, 
               
               
                   
                 E.112584, E.112715, E.112941, E.113013, E.113163, E.113282, E.113368, E.113441, 
               
               
                   
                 E.113448, E.113522, E.113580, E.113645, E.113719, E.113739, E.113790, E.114054, 
               
               
                   
                 E.114127, E.114302, E.114331, E.114388, E.114491, E.114861, E.114867, E.115053, 
               
               
                   
                 E.115221, E.115234, E.115239, E.115241, E.115257, E.115339, E.115540, E.115541, 
               
               
                   
                 E.115561, E.115604, E.115648, E.115738, E.115758, E.116044, E.116096, E.116127, 
               
               
                   
                 E.116254, E.116288, E.116455, E.116478, E.116604, E.116649, E.116726, E.116754, 
               
               
                   
                 E.116833, E.117298, E.117308, E.117335, E.117362, E.117411, E.117425, E.117448, 
               
               
                   
                 E.117480, E.117592, E.117593, E.117614, E.117676, E.117713, E.117748, E.117751, 
               
               
                   
                 E.117877, E.118181, E.118197, E.118260, E.118292, E.118513, E.118523, E.118640, 
               
               
                   
                 E.118898, E.119121, E.119138, E.119318, E.119321, E.119335, E.119383, E.119421, 
               
               
                   
                 E.119636, E.119681, E.119711, E.119820, E.119888, E.119906, E.120159, E.120328, 
               
               
                   
                 E.120337, E.120370, E.120656, E.120733, E.120837, E.120868, E.120915, E.120948, 
               
               
                   
                 E.121022, E.121057, E.121068, E.121104, E.121390, E.121671, E.121690, E.121749, 
               
               
                   
                 E.121774, E.121879, E.121892, E.121903, E.121940, E.121957, E.122025, E.122033, 
               
               
                   
                 E.122126, E.122507, E.122566, E.122705, E.122733, E.122870, E.122884, E.122952, 
               
               
                   
                 E.123066, E.123080, E.123143, E.123154, E.123178, E.123416, E.123427, E.123595, 
               
               
                   
                 E.123901, E.123908, E.123983, E.123992, E.124143, E.124164, E.124181, E.124193, 
               
               
                   
                 E.124216, E.124232, E.124529, E.124562, E.124570, E.124693, E.124749, E.124767, 
               
               
                   
                 E.124788, E.124795, E.124831, E.124942, E.125246, E.125257, E.125304, E.125352, 
               
               
                   
                 E.125375, E.125445, E.125492, E.125676, E.125753, E.125798, E.125844, E.125868, 
               
               
                   
                 E.125901, E.125944, E.125995, E.126062, E.126267, E.126653, E.126773, E.126777, 
               
               
                   
                 E.126814, E.126858, E.126883, E.126934, E.126945, E.126952, E.127022, E.127328, 
               
               
                   
                 E.127329, E.127399, E.127415, E.127554, E.127616, E.127720, E.127824, E.127884, 
               
               
                   
                 E.127914, E.127946, E.127948, E.128050, E.128311, E.128342, E.128609, E.128626, 
               
               
                   
                 E.128683, E.128708, E.128881, E.129315, E.129351, E.129355, E.129514, E.129636, 
               
               
                   
                 E.129657, E.129757, E.129810, E.129990, E.130175, E.130177, E.130193, E.130255, 
               
               
                   
                 E.130299, E.130305, E.130338, E.130340, E.130402, E.130413, E.130612, E.130713, 
               
               
                   
                 E.130764, E.130770, E.130810, E.130826, E.130935, E.131351, E.131467, E.131473, 
               
               
                   
                 E.131771, E.131773, E.132002, E.132275, E.132323, E.132382, E.132475, E.132481, 
               
               
                   
                 E.132589, E.132646, E.132716, E.132881, E.133313, E.133315, E.133687, E.133835, 
               
               
                   
                 E.133863, E.133874, E.133961, E.134077, E.134138, E.134207, E.134248, E.134308, 
               
               
                   
                 E.134444, E.134452, E.134548, E.134684, E.134759, E.134809, E.134851, E.134955, 
               
               
                   
                 E.135052, E.135297, E.135298, E.135387, E.135390, E.135476, E.135486, E.135525, 
               
               
                   
                 E.135597, E.135679, E.135740, E.135829, E.135842, E.135870, E.135900, E.135914, 
               
               
                   
                 E.135926, E.135940, E.135999, E.136044, E.136068, E.136152, E.136169, E.136280, 
               
               
                   
                 E.136371, E.136383, E.136450, E.136521, E.136527, E.136574, E.136710, E.136750, 
               
               
                   
                 E.136807, E.136874, E.136875, E.136930, E.136933, E.136935, E.137055, E.137124, 
               
               
                   
                 E.137312, E.137409, E.137497, E.137513, E.137558, E.137601, E.137727, E.137776, 
               
               
                   
                 E.137806, E.137814, E.137815, E.137948, E.137955, E.138028, E.138031, E.138041, 
               
               
                   
                 E.138050, E.138061, E.138069, E.138073, E.138095, E.138160, E.138294, E.138347, 
               
               
                   
                 E.138363, E.138385, E.138587, E.138594, E.138621, E.138674, E.138756, E.138757, 
               
               
                   
                 E.138760, E.138772, E.138796, E.139211, E.139405, E.139428, E.139517, E.139613, 
               
               
                   
                 E.139626, E.139684, E.139697, E.139874, E.140263, E.140265, E.140326, E.140350, 
               
               
                   
                 E.140374, E.140382, E.140451, E.140481, E.140497, E.140632, E.140678, E.140694, 
               
               
                   
                 E.140743, E.140932, E.141002, E.141012, E.141258, E.141378, E.141425, E.141429, 
               
               
                   
                 E.141522, E.141543, E.141639, E.141744, E.141873, E.141994, E.142025, E.142208, 
               
               
                   
                 E.142515, E.142606, E.142698, E.142765, E.142864, E.142875, E.143013, E.143294, 
               
               
                   
                 E.143321, E.143353, E.143374, E.143375, E.143390, E.143578, E.143614, E.143621, 
               
               
                   
                 E.143633, E.143771, E.143797, E.143816, E.143889, E.143924, E.143933, E.143947, 
               
               
                   
                 E.144136, E.144224, E.144306, E.144381, E.144410, E.144485, E.144566, E.144671, 
               
               
                   
                 E.144741, E.144935, E.145020, E.145632, E.145741, E.145833, E.145888, E.145907, 
               
               
                   
                 E.145908, E.145919, E.145990, E.146067, E.146070, E.146281, E.146433, E.146457, 
               
               
                   
                 E.146535, E.146701, E.146856, E.146966, E.147044, E.147127, E.147130, E.147133, 
               
               
                   
                 E.147140, E.147231, E.147257, E.147403, E.147475, E.147548, E.147697, E.147724, 
               
               
                   
                 E.148158, E.148396, E.148488, E.148672, E.148737, E.148835, E.149182, E.149218, 
               
               
                   
                 E.149311, E.149480, E.149548, E.149646, E.150051, E.150593, E.150961, E.150991, 
               
               
                   
                 E.151092, E.151093, E.151247, E.151304, E.151491, E.151690, E.151715, E.151726, 
               
               
                   
                 E.151779, E.151806, E.152086, E.152207, E.152234, E.152291, E.152359, E.152377, 
               
               
                   
                 E.152409, E.152422, E.152582, E.152763, E.152818, E.152942, E.153113, E.153140, 
               
               
                   
                 E.153391, E.153904, E.153936, E.154099, E.154127, E.154380, E.154639, E.154723, 
               
               
                   
                 E.154781, E.154832, E.154864, E.154889, E.154957, E.155368, E.155380, E.155508, 
               
               
                   
                 E.155660, E.155714, E.155959, E.155980, E.156006, E.156194, E.156282, E.156304, 
               
               
                   
                 E.156467, E.156515, E.156603, E.156650, E.156735, E.156976, E.157064, E.157103, 
               
               
                   
                 E.157502, E.157510, E.157538, E.157551, E.157637, E.157764, E.157827, E.157992, 
               
               
                   
                 E.158042, E.158290, E.158321, E.158485, E.158545, E.158604, E.158669, E.158715, 
               
               
                   
                 E.158747, E.158813, E.158863, E.158901, E.158941, E.158987, E.159147, E.159184, 
               
               
                   
                 E.159348, E.159363, E.159387, E.159423, E.159658, E.159692, E.159761, E.159921, 
               
               
                   
                 E.160049, E.160226, E.160285, E.160294, E.160633, E.160685, E.160691, E.160789, 
               
               
                   
                 E.160862, E.160867, E.160948, E.160972, E.161202, E.161267, E.161649, E.161692, 
               
               
                   
                 E.161714, E.161813, E.161939, E.162069, E.162298, E.162385, E.162437, E.162490, 
               
               
                   
                 E.162613, E.162641, E.162694, E.162910, E.162975, E.163041, E.163064, E.163110, 
               
               
                   
                 E.163257, E.163468, E.163492, E.163530, E.163576, E.163629, E.163644, E.163749, 
               
               
                   
                 E.163755, E.163781, E.163825, E.163913, E.163923, E.163930, E.163932, E.164045, 
               
               
                   
                 E.164051, E.164053, E.164163, E.164244, E.164270, E.164300, E.164309, E.164442, 
               
               
                   
                 E.164488, E.164520, E.164597, E.164749, E.164754, E.164828, E.164916, E.164919, 
               
               
                   
                 E.164924, E.165084, E.165119, E.165138, E.165215, E.165259, E.165264, E.165280, 
               
               
                   
                 E.165359, E.165410, E.165496, E.165637, E.165646, E.165661, E.165688, E.165695, 
               
               
                   
                 E.165699, E.165792, E.165807, E.165813, E.165898, E.165923, E.165934, E.166263, 
               
               
                   
                 E.166266, E.166329, E.166337, E.166341, E.166484, E.166526, E.166596, E.166598, 
               
               
                   
                 E.166710, E.166747, E.166833, E.166860, E.166946, E.166971, E.167004, E.167085, 
               
               
                   
                 E.167110, E.167113, E.167258, E.167513, E.167552, E.167553, E.167604, E.167635, 
               
               
                   
                 E.167642, E.167658, E.167699, E.167744, E.167751, E.167766, E.167772, E.167799, 
               
               
                   
                 E.167815, E.167969, E.167978, E.167987, E.167996, E.168014, E.168036, E.168066, 
               
               
                   
                 E.168071, E.168148, E.168298, E.168393, E.168575, E.168653, E.168746, E.168763, 
               
               
                   
                 E.168769, E.168803, E.168916, E.169087, E.169093, E.169122, E.169189, E.169213, 
               
               
                   
                 E.169242, E.169410, E.169418, E.169562, E.169592, E.169612, E.169710, E.169763, 
               
               
                   
                 E.169789, E.169807, E.169826, E.169957, E.170017, E.170027, E.170037, E.170088, 
               
               
                   
                 E.170144, E.170275, E.170310, E.170315, E.170348, E.170374, E.170381, E.170396, 
               
               
                   
                 E.170421, E.170430, E.170445, E.170549, E.170632, E.170703, E.170743, E.170837, 
               
               
                   
                 E.170854, E.170906, E.170927, E.170954, E.170959, E.171121, E.171155, E.171180, 
               
               
                   
                 E.171202, E.171262, E.171302, E.171345, E.171428, E.171488, E.171490, E.171492, 
               
               
                   
                 E.171540, E.171643, E.171680, E.171723, E.171793, E.171861, E.171953, E.172115, 
               
               
                   
                 E.172283, E.172345, E.172346, E.172466, E.172590, E.172594, E.172653, E.172717, 
               
               
                   
                 E.172725, E.172733, E.172831, E.172867, E.172893, E.172939, E.173039, E.173230, 
               
               
                   
                 E.173366, E.173473, E.173540, E.173585, E.173599, E.173714, E.173726, E.173805, 
               
               
                   
                 E.173809, E.173826, E.173889, E.173898, E.173905, E.174021, E.174100, E.174332, 
               
               
                   
                 E.174842, E.174996, E.175063, E.175110, E.175166, E.175175, E.175182, E.175198, 
               
               
                   
                 E.175203, E.175216, E.175220, E.175334, E.175416, E.175602, E.175866, E.175946, 
               
               
                   
                 E.176102, E.176105, E.176155, E.176171, E.176371, E.176515, E.176900, E.176971, 
               
               
                   
                 E.176978, E.176994, E.177156, E.177239, E.177354, E.177409, E.177425, E.177459, 
               
               
                   
                 E.177542, E.177548, E.177565, E.177595, E.177628, E.177674, E.177679, E.177694, 
               
               
                   
                 E.177697, E.177731, E.177752, E.177951, E.178026, E.178078, E.178104, E.178163, 
               
               
                   
                 E.178175, E.178187, E.178234, E.178381, E.178473, E.178741, E.178828, E.178950, 
               
               
                   
                 E.179091, E.179115, E.179119, E.179348, E.179388, E.179776, E.179796, E.179869, 
               
               
                   
                 E.179912, E.179981, E.180035, E.180198, E.180287, E.180318, E.180667, E.180869, 
               
               
                   
                 E.180979, E.180998, E.181072, E.181163, E.181222, E.181234, E.181513, E.181523, 
               
               
                   
                 E.181610, E.181773, E.181873, E.181885, E.181924, E.182013, E.182054, E.182217, 
               
               
                   
                 E.182271, E.182318, E.182319, E.182512, E.182732, E.182795, E.182872, E.182890, 
               
               
                   
                 E.182944, E.183048, E.183092, E.183098, E.183128, E.183207, E.183292, E.183431, 
               
               
                   
                 E.183520, E.183684, E.183723, E.183785, E.183831, E.183856, E.184007, E.184047, 
               
               
                   
                 E.184113, E.184156, E.184254, E.184363, E.184378, E.184470, E.184481, E.184508, 
               
               
                   
                 E.184634, E.184661, E.184697, E.184708, E.184735, E.184840, E.184916, E.185043, 
               
               
                   
                 E.185049, E.185122, E.185219, E.185359, E.185499, E.185554, E.185591, E.185619, 
               
               
                   
                 E.185736, E.185860, E.185896, E.185945, E.185972, E.186198, E.186205, E.186376, 
               
               
                   
                 E.186472, E.186575, E.186591, E.186660, E.186814, E.186834, E.186868, E.186889, 
               
               
                   
                 E.187097, E.187323, E.187492, E.187634, E.187764, E.187792, E.187823, E.187837, 
               
               
                   
                 E.187840, E.188021, E.188171, E.188186, E.188739, E.188771, E.188846, E.189060, 
               
               
                   
                 E.189091, E.189143, E.189144, E.189221, E.189283, E.196236, E.196419, E.196436, 
               
               
                   
                 E.196497, E.196504, E.196526, E.196591, E.196700, E.196743, E.196796, E.196812, 
               
               
                   
                 E.196872, E.196975, E.196993, E.197081, E.197157, E.197217, E.197223, E.197299, 
               
               
                   
                 E.197323, E.197353, E.197451, E.197479, E.197746, E.197779, E.197813, E.197837, 
               
               
                   
                 E.197857, E.197872, E.197969, E.197976, E.198001, E.198033, E.198040, E.198087, 
               
               
                   
                 E.198131, E.198156, E.198168, E.198205, E.198216, E.198231, E.198265, E.198366, 
               
               
                   
                 E.198431, E.198455, E.198563, E.198586, E.198589, E.198712, E.198721, E.198732, 
               
               
                   
                 E.198783, E.198793, E.198804, E.198807, E.198824, E.198841, E.198951, E.203301, 
               
               
                   
                 E.203795, E.203813, E.203837, E.203879, E.203908, E.204231, E.204316, E.204389, 
               
               
                   
                 E.204406, E.204560, E.204574 
               
               
                 Prostate Markers 
                 E.005893 (LAMP2), E.006756 (ARSD), E.010539 (ZNF200), E.014257 (ACPP), E.015133 
               
               
                 (Ensembl ENSG 
                 (CCDC88C), E.018699 (TTC27), E.044115 (CTNNA1), E.048828 (FAM120A), E.051620 
               
               
                 identifiers) 
                 (HEBP2), E.056097 (ZFR), E.060339 (CCAR1), E.063241 (ISOC2), E.064489 (MEF2BNB- 
               
               
                   
                 MEF2B), E.064886 (CHI3L2), E.066455 (GOLGA5), E.069535 (MAOB), E.072042 
               
               
                   
                 (RDH11), E.072071 (LPHN1), E.074047 (GLI2), E.076248 (UNO), E.076554 (TPD52), 
               
               
                   
                 E.077147 (TM9SF3), E.077312 (SNRPA), E.081842 (PCDHA6), E.086717 (PPEF1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.088888 (MAVS), E.088930 (XRN2), E.089902 (RCOR1), E.090612 (ZNF268), E.092199 
               
               
                   
                 (HNRNPC), E.095380 (NANS), E.099783 (HNRNPM), E.100191 (SLC5A4), E.100216 
               
               
                   
                 (TOMM22), E.100242 (SUN2), E.100284 (TOM1), E.100401 (RANGAP1), E.100412 
               
               
                   
                 (ACO2), E.100836 (PABPN1), E.102054 (RBBP7), E.102103 (PQBP1), E.103599 (IQCH), 
               
               
                   
                 E.103978 (TMEM87A), E.104177 (MYEF2), E.104228 (TRIM35), E.105428 (ZNRF4), 
               
               
                   
                 E.105518 (TMEM205), E.106603 (C7orf44; COA1), E.108405 (P2RX1), E.111057 
               
               
                   
                 (KRT18), E.111218 (PRMT8), E.112081 (SRSF3), E.112144 (ICK), E.113013 (HSPA9), 
               
               
                   
                 E.113368 (LMNB1), E.115221 (ITGB6), E.116096 (SPR), E.116754 (SRSF11), E.118197 
               
               
                   
                 (DDX59), E.118898 (PPL), E.119121 (TRPM6), E.119711 (ALDH6A1), E.120656 (TAF12), 
               
               
                   
                 E.121671 (CRY2), E.121774 (KHDRBS1), E.122126 (OCRL), E.122566 (HNRNPA2B1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.123901 (GPR83), E.124562 (SNRPC), E.124788 (ATXN1), E.124795 (DEK), E.125246 
               
               
                   
                 (CLYBL), E.126883 (NUP214), E.127616 (SMARCA4), E.127884 (ECHS1), E.128050 
               
               
                   
                 (PAICS), E.129351 (ILF3), E.129757 (CDKN1C), E.130338 (TULP4), E.130612 
               
               
                   
                 (CYP2G1P), E.131351 (HAUS8), E.131467 (PSME3), E.133315 (MACROD1), E.134452 
               
               
                   
                 (FBXO18), E.134851 (TMEM165), E.135940 (COX5B), E.136169 (SETDB2), E.136807 
               
               
                   
                 (CDK9), E.137727 (ARHGAP20), E.138031 (ADCY3), E.138050 (THUMPD2), E.138069 
               
               
                   
                 (RAB1A), E.138594 (TMOD3), E.138760 (SCARB2), E.138796 (HADH), E.139613 
               
               
                   
                 (SMARCC2), E.139684 (ESD), E.140263 (SORD), E.140350 (ANP32A), E.140632 
               
               
                   
                 (GLYR1), E.142765 (SYTL1), E.143621 (ILF2), E.143933 (CALM2), E.144410 (CPO), 
               
               
                   
                 E.147127 (RAB41), E.151304 (SRFBP1), E.151806 (GUF1), E.152207 (CYSLTR2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.152234 (ATP5A1), E.152291 (TGOLN2), E.154723 (ATP5J), E.156467 (UQCRB), 
               
               
                   
                 E.159387 (IRX6), E.159761 (C16orf86), E.161813 (LARP4), E.162613 (FUBP1), E.162694 
               
               
                   
                 (EXTL2), E.165264 (NDUFB6), E.167113 (COQ4), E.167513 (CDT1), E.167772 
               
               
                   
                 (ANGPTL4), E.167978 (SRRM2), E.168916 (ZNF608), E.169763 (PRYP3), E.169789 
               
               
                   
                 (PRY), E.169807 (PRY2), E.170017 (ALCAM), E.170144 (HNRNPA3), E.170310 (STX8), 
               
               
                   
                 E.170954 (ZNF415), E.170959 (DCDC5), E.171302 (CANT1), E.171643 (S100Z), E.172283 
               
               
                   
                 (PRYP4), E.172590 (MRPL52), E.172867 (KRT2), E.173366 (TLR9), E.173599 (PC), 
               
               
                   
                 E.177595 (PIDD), E.178473 (UCN3), E.179981 (TSHZ1), E.181163 (NPM1), E.182319 
               
               
                   
                 (Tyrosine-protein kinase SgK223), E.182795 (C1orf116), E.182944 (EWSR1), E.183092 
               
               
                   
                 (BEGAIN), E.183098 (GPC6), E.184254 (ALDH1A3), E.185619 (PCGF3), E.186889 
               
               
                   
                 (TMEM17), E.187837 (HIST1H1C), E.188771 (C11orf34), E.189060 (H1F0), E.196419 
               
               
                   
                 (XRCC6), E.196436 (NPIPL2), E.196504 (PRPF40A), E.196796, E.196993, E.197451 
               
               
                   
                 (HNRNPAB), E.197746 (PSAP), E.198131 (ZNF544), E.198156, E.198732 (SMOC1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.198793 (MTOR), E.039068 (CDH1), E.173230 (GOLGB1), E.124193 (SRSF6), E.140497 
               
               
                   
                 (SCAMP2), E.168393 (DTYMK), E.184708 (EIF4ENIF1), E.124164 (VAPB), E.125753 
               
               
                   
                 (VASP), E.118260 (CREB1), E.135052 (GOLM1), E.010244 (ZNF207), E.010278 (CD9), 
               
               
                   
                 E.047597 (XK), E.049246 (PER3), E.069849 (ATP1B3), E.072506 (HSD17B10), E.081138 
               
               
                   
                 (CDH7), E.099785 (MARCH2), E.104331 (IMPAD1), E.104812 (GYS1), E.120868 
               
               
                   
                 (APAF1), E.123908 (EIF2C2), E.125492 (BARHL1), E.127328 (RAB3IP), E.127329 
               
               
                   
                 (PTPRB), E.129514 (FOXA1), E.129657 (SEC14L1), E.129990 (SYT5), E.132881 (RSG1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.136521 (NDUFB5), E.138347 (MYPN), E.141429 (GALNT1), E.144566 (RAB5A), 
               
               
                   
                 E.151715 (TMEM45B), E.152582 (SPEF2), E.154957 (ZNF18), E.162385 (MAGOH), 
               
               
                   
                 E.165410 (CFL2), E.168298 (HIST1H1E), E.169418 (NPR1), E.178187 (ZNF454), 
               
               
                   
                 E.178741 (COX5A), E.179115 (FARSA), E.182732 (RGS6), E.183431 (SF3A3), E.185049 
               
               
                   
                 (WHSC2), E.196236 (XPNPEP3), E.197217 (ENTPD4), E.197813, E.203301, E.116833 
               
               
                   
                 (NR5A2), E.121057 (AKAP1), E.005471 (ABCB4), E.071859 (FAM50A), E.084234 
               
               
                   
                 (APLP2), E.101222 (SPEF1), E.103175 (WFDC1), E.103449 (SALL1), E.104805 (NUCB1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.105514 (RAB3D), E.107816 (LZTS2), E.108375 (RNF43), E.109790 (KLHL5), E.112039 
               
               
                   
                 (FANCE), E.112715 (VEGFA), E.121690 (DEPDC7), E.125352 (RNF113A), E.134548 
               
               
                   
                 (C12orG9), E.136152 (COG3), E.143816 (WNT9A), E.147130 (ZMYM3), E.148396 
               
               
                   
                 (SEC16A), E.151092 (NGLY1), E.151779 (NBAS), E.155508 (CNOT8), E.163755 (HPS3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.166526 (ZNF3), E.172733 (PURG), E.176371 (ZSCAN2), E.177674 (AGTRAP), 
               
               
                   
                 E.181773 (GPR3), E.183048 (SLC25A10; MRPL12 SLC25A10), E.186376 (ZNF75D), 
               
               
                   
                 E.187323 (DCC), E.198712 (MT-CO2), E.203908 (C6orf221; KHDC3L), E.001497 
               
               
                   
                 (LAS1L), E.009694 (ODZ1), E.080572 (CXorf41; PIH1D3), E.083093 (PALB2), E.089048 
               
               
                   
                 (ESF1), E.100065 (CARD10), E.100739 (BDKRB1), E.102904 (TSNAXIP1), E.104824 
               
               
                   
                 (HNRNPL), E.107404 (DVL1), E.110066 (SUV420H1), E.120328 (PCDHB12), E.121903 
               
               
                   
                 (ZSCAN20), E.122025 (FLT3), E.136930 (PSMB7), E.142025 (DMRTC2), E.144136 
               
               
                   
                 (SLC20A1), E.146535 (GNA12), E.147140 (NONO), E.153391 (INO80C), E.164919 
               
               
                   
                 (COX6C), E.171540 (OTP), E.177951 (BET1L), E.179796 (LRRC3B), E.197479 
               
               
                   
                 (PCDHB11), E.198804 (MT-CO1), E.086205 (FOLH1), E.100632 (ERH), E.100796 
               
               
                   
                 (SMEK1), E.104760 (FGL1), E.114302 (PRKAR2A), E.130299 (GTPBP3), E.133961 
               
               
                   
                 (NUMB), E.144485 (HES6), E.167085 (PHB), E.167635 (ZNF146), E.177239 (MAN1B1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.184481 (FOXO4), E.188171 (ZNF626), E.189221 (MAOA), E.157637 (SLC38A10), 
               
               
                   
                 E.100883 (SRP54), E.105618 (PRPF31), E.119421 (NDUFA8), E.170837 (GPR27), 
               
               
                   
                 E.168148 (HIST3H3), E.135525 (MAP7), E.174996 (KLC2), E.018189 (RUFY3), E.183520 
               
               
                   
                 (UTP11L), E.173905 (GOLIM4), E.165280 (VCP), E.022976 (ZNF839), E.059691 
               
               
                   
                 (PET112), E.063244 (U2AF2), E.075651 (PLD1), E.089177 (KIF16B), E.089280 (FUS), 
               
               
                   
                 E.094755 (GABRP), E.096060 (FKBP5), E.100023 (PPIL2), E.100359 (SGSM3), E.100612 
               
               
                   
                 (DHRS7), E.104131 (EIF3J), E.104419 (NDRG1), E.105409 (ATP1A3), E.107623 (GDF10), 
               
               
                   
                 E.111335 (OAS2), E.113522 (RAD50), E.115053 (NCL), E.120837 (NFYB), E.122733 
               
               
                   
                 (KIAA1045), E.123178 (SPRYD7), E.124181 (PLCG1), E.126858 (RHOT1), E.128609 
               
               
                   
                 (NDUFA5), E.128683 (GAD1), E.130255 (RPL36), E.133874 (RNF122), E.135387 
               
               
                   
                 (CAPRIN1), E.135999 (EPC2), E.136383 (ALPK3), E.139405 (C12orf52), E.141012 
               
               
                   
                 (GALNS), E.143924 (EML4), E.144671 (SLC22A14), E.145741 (BTF3), E.145907 
               
               
                   
                 (G3BP1), E.149311 (ATM), E.153113 (CAST), E.157538 (DSCR3), E.157992 (KRTCAP3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.158901 (WFDC8), E.165259 (HDX), E.169410 (PTPN9), E.170421 (KRT8), E.171155 
               
               
                   
                 (C1GALT1C1), E.172831 (CES2), E.173726 (TOMM20), E.176515, E.177565 (TBL1XR1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.177628 (GBA), E.179091 (CYC1), E.189091 (SF3B3), E.197299 (BLM), E.197872 
               
               
                   
                 (FAM49A), E.198205 (ZXDA), E.198455 (ZXDB), E.082212 (ME2), E.109956 (B3GAT1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.169710 (FASN), E.011304 (PTBP1), E.057252 (SOAT1), E.059378 (PARP12), E.082258 
               
               
                   
                 (CCNT2), E.087301 (TXNDC16), E.100575 (TIMM9), E.101152 (DNAJC5), E.101812 
               
               
                   
                 (H2BFM), E.102384 (CENPI), E.108641 (B9D1), E.119138 (KLF9), E.119820 (YIPF4), 
               
               
                   
                 E.125995 (ROMO1), E.132323 (ILKAP), E.134809 (TIMM10), E.134955 (SLC37A2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.135476 (ESPL1), E.136527 (TRA2B), E.137776 (SLTM), E.139211 (AMIGO2), E.139428 
               
               
                   
                 (MMAB), E.139874 (SSTR1), E.143321 (HDGF), E.164244 (PRRC1), E.164270 (HTR4), 
               
               
                   
                 E.165119 (HNRNPK), E.165637 (VDAC2), E.165661 (QSOX2), E.167258 (CDK12), 
               
               
                   
                 E.167815 (PRDX2), E.168014 (C2CD3), E.168653 (NDUFS5), E.168769 (TET2), E.169242 
               
               
                   
                 (EFNA1), E.175334 (BANF1), E.175416 (CLTB), E.177156 (TALDO1), E.180035 (ZNF48), 
               
               
                   
                 E.186591 (UBE2H), E.187097 (ENTPD5), E.188739 (RBM34), E.196497 (IPO4), E.197323 
               
               
                   
                 (TRIM33), E.197857 (ZNF44), E.197976 (AKAP17A), E.064201 (TSPAN32), E.088992 
               
               
                   
                 (TESC), E.092421 (SEMA6A), E.100601 (ALKBH1), E.101557 (USP14), E.103035 
               
               
                   
                 (PSMD7), E.106128 (GHRHR), E.115541 (HSPE1), E.121390 (PSPC1), E.124216 (SNAI1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.130713 (EXOSC2), E.132002 (DNAJB1), E.139697 (SBNO1), E.140481 (CCDC33), 
               
               
                   
                 E.143013 (LMO4), E.145020 (AMT), E.145990 (GFOD1), E.146070 (PLA2G7), E.164924 
               
               
                   
                 (YWHAZ), E.165807 (PPP1R36), E.167751 (KLK2), E.169213 (RAB3B), E.170906 
               
               
                   
                 (NDUFA3), E.172725 (CORO1B), E.174332 (GLIS1), E.181924 (CHCHD8), E.183128 
               
               
                   
                 (CALHM3), E.204560 (DHX16), E.204574 (ABCF1), E.146701 (MDH2), E.198366 
               
               
                   
                 (HIST1H3A), E.081181 (ARG2), E.185896 (LAMP1), E.077514 (POLD3), E.099800 
               
               
                   
                 (TIMM13), E.100299 (ARSA), E.105419 (MEIS3), E.108417 (KRT37), E.113739 (STC2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.125868 (DSTN), E.145908 (ZNF300), E.168575 (SLC20A2), E.182271 (TMIGD1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.197223 (C1D), E.186834 (HEXIM1), E.001561 (ENPP4), E.011451 (WIZ), E.053108 
               
               
                   
                 (FSTL4), E.064655 (EYA2), E.065308 (TRAM2), E.075131 (TIPIN), E.081087 (OSTM1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.092020 (PPP2R3C), E.096384 (HSP90AB1), E.100348 (TXN2), E.100577 (GSTZ1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.100802 (C14orf93), E.101365 (IDH3B), E.101654 (RNMT), E.103067 (ESRP2), E.104064 
               
               
                   
                 (GABPB1), E.104823 (ECH1), E.106565 (TMEM176B), E.108561 (C1QBP), E.115257 
               
               
                   
                 (PCSK4), E.116127 (ALMS1), E.117411 (B4GALT2), E.119335 (SET), E.120337 
               
               
                   
                 (TNFSF18), E.122033 (MTIF3), E.122507 (BBS9), E.122870 (BICC1), E.130177 (CDC16), 
               
               
                   
                 E.130193 (C8orf55; THEM6), E.130413 (STK33), E.130770 (ATPIF1), E.133687 (TMTC1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.136874 (STX17), E.137409 (MTCH1), E.139626 (ITGB7), E.141744 (PNMT), E.145888 
               
               
                   
                 (GLRA1), E.146067 (FAM193B), E.146433 (TMEM181), E.149480 (MTA2), E.152377 
               
               
                   
                 (SPOCK1), E.152763 (WDR78), E.156976 (EIF4A2), E.157827 (FMNL2), E.158485 
               
               
                   
                 (CD1B), E.158863 (FAM160B2), E.161202 (DVL3), E.161714 (PLCD3), E.163064 (EN1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.163468 (CCT3), E.164309 (CMYA5), E.164916 (FOXK1), E.165215 (CLDN3), E.167658 
               
               
                   
                 (EEF2), E.170549 (IRX1), E.171680 (PLEKHG5), E.178234 (GALNT11), E.179869 
               
               
                   
                 (ABCA13), E.179912 (R3HDM2), E.180869 (C1orf180), E.180979 (LRRC57), E.182872 
               
               
                   
                 (RBM10), E.183207 (RUVBL2), E.184113 (CLDN5), E.185972 (CCIN), E.189144 
               
               
                   
                 (ZNF573), E.197353 (LYPD2), E.197779 (ZNF81), E.198807 (PAX9), E.100442 (FKBP3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.111790 (FGFR1OP2), E.136044 (APPL2), E.061794 (MRPS35), E.065427 (KARS), 
               
               
                   
                 E.068885 (IFT80), E.104164 (PLDN; BLOC1S6), E.105127 (AKAP8), E.123066 
               
               
                   
                 (MED13L), E.124831 (LRRFIP1), E.125304 (TM9SF2), E.126934 (MAP2K2), E.130305 
               
               
                   
                 (NSUN5), E.135298 (BAI3), E.135900 (MRPL44), E.136371 (MTHFS), E.136574 
               
               
                   
                 (GATA4), E.140326 (CDAN1), E.141378 (PTRH2), E.141543 (EIF4A3), E.150961 
               
               
                   
                 (SEC24D), E.155368 (DBI), E.161649 (CD300LG), E.161692 (DBF4B), E.162437 
               
               
                   
                 (RAVER2), E.163257 (DCAF16), E.163576 (EFHB), E.163781 (TOPBP1), E.163913 
               
               
                   
                 (IFT122), E.164597 (COG5), E.165359 (DDX26B), E.165646 (SLC18A2), E.169592 
               
               
                   
                 (INO80E), E.169957 (ZNF768), E.171492 (LRRC8D), E.171793 (CTPS; CTPS1), E.171953 
               
               
                   
                 (ATPAF2), E.175182 (FAM131A), E.177354 (C10orf71), E.181610 (MRPS23), E.181873 
               
               
                   
                 (IBA57), E.187792 (ZNF70), E.187823 (ZCCHC16), E.196872 (C2orf55; KIAA1211L), 
               
               
                   
                 E.198168 (SVIP), E.160633 (SAFB), E.177697 (CD151), E.181072 (CHRM2), E.012779 
               
               
                   
                 (ALOX5), E.065054 (SLC9A3R2), E.074071 (MRPS34), E.100815 (TRIP11), E.102030 
               
               
                   
                 (NAA10), E.106153 (CHCHD2), E.126814 (TRMT5), E.126952 (NXF5), E.136450 
               
               
                   
                 (SRSF1), E.136710 (CCDC115), E.137124 (ALDH1B1), E.143353 (LYPLAL1), E.162490 
               
               
                   
                 (C1orf187; DRAXIN), E.167799 (NUDT8), E.171490 (RSL1D1), E.173826 (KCNH6), 
               
               
                   
                 E.173898 (SPTBN2), E.176900 (OR51T1), E.181513 (ACBD4), E.185554 (NXF2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.185945 (NXF2B), E.108848 (LUC7L3), E.029363 (BCLAF1), E.038002 (AGA), E.108312 
               
               
                   
                 (UBTF), E.166341 (DCHS1), E.054118 (THRAP3), E.135679 (MDM2), E.166860 
               
               
                   
                 (ZBTB39), E.183684 (THOC4; ALYREF), E.004838 (ZMYND10), E.007264 (MATK), 
               
               
                   
                 E.020922 (MRE11A), E.041353 (RAB27B), E.052795 (FNIP2), E.075711 (DLG1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.087087 (SRRT), E.090060 (PAPOLA), E.095139 (ARCN1), E.099715 (PCDH11Y), 
               
               
                   
                 E.100271 (TTLL1), E.101057 (MYBL2), E.101265 (RASSF2), E.101901 (ALG13), 
               
               
                   
                 E.102290 (PCDH11X), E.103194 (USP10), E.106554 (CHCHD3), E.107833 (NPM3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.110063 (DCPS), E.111540 (RAB5B), E.113448 (PDE4D), E.115339 (GALNT3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.116254 (CHD5), E.117425 (PTCH2), E.117614 (SYF2), E.118181 (RPS25), E.118292 
               
               
                   
                 (C1orf54), E.119318 (RAD23B), E.121022 (COPS5), E.121104 (FAM117A), E.123427 
               
               
                   
                 (METTL21B), E.125676 (THOC2), E.132275 (RRP8), E.137513 (NARS2), E.138028 
               
               
                   
                 (CGREF1), E.139517 (LNX2), E.143614 (GATAD2B), E.143889 (HNRPLL), E.145833 
               
               
                   
                 (DDX46), E.147403 (RPL10), E.148158 (SNX30), E.151690 (MFSD6), E.153904 (DDAH1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.154781 (C3orf19), E.156650 (KAT6B), E.158669 (AGPAT6), E.159363 (ATP13A2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.163530 (DPPA2), E.164749 (HNF4G), E.165496 (RPL10L), E.165688 (PMPCA), 
               
               
                   
                 E.165792 (METTL17), E.166598 (HSP90B1), E.168036 (CTNNB1), E.168746 (C20orf62), 
               
               
                   
                 E.170381 (SEMA3E), E.171180 (OR2M4), E.171202 (TMEM126A), E.172594 
               
               
                   
                 (SMPDL3A), E.172653 (C17orf66), E.173540 (GMPPB), E.173585 (CCR9), E.173809 
               
               
                   
                 (TDRD12), E.175166 (PSMD2), E.177694 (NAALADL2), E.178026 (FAM211B; 
               
               
                   
                 C22orf36), E.184363 (PKP3), E.187634 (SAMD11), E.203837 (PNLIPRP3), E.169122 
               
               
                   
                 (FAM110B), E.197969 (VPS13A), E.136068 (FLNB), E.075856 (SART3), E.081721 
               
               
                   
                 (DUSP12), E.102158 (MAGT1), E.102174 (PHEX), E.102316 (MAGED2), E.104723 
               
               
                   
                 (TUSC3), E.105939 (ZC3HAV1), E.108883 (EFTUD2), E.110328 (GALNTL4), E.111785 
               
               
                   
                 (RIC8B), E.113163 (COL4A3BP), E.115604 (IL18R1), E.117362 (APH1A), E.117480 
               
               
                   
                 (FAAH), E.124767 (GLO1), E.126267 (COX6B1), E.130175 (PRKCSH), E.135926 
               
               
                   
                 (TMBIM1), E.138674 (SEC31A), E.140451 (PIF1), E.143797 (MBOAT2), E.149646 
               
               
                   
                 (C20orf152), E.157064 (NMNAT2), E.160294 (MCM3AP), E.165084 (C8orf34), E.166946 
               
               
                   
                 (CCNDBP1), E.170348 (TMED10), E.170703 (TTLL6), E.175198 (PCCA), E.180287 
               
               
                   
                 (PLD5), E.183292 (MIR5096), E.187492 (CDHR4), E.188846 (RPL14), E.015479 
               
               
                   
                 (MATR3), E.100823 (APEX1), E.090615 (GOLGA3), E.086062 (B4GALT1), E.138385 
               
               
                   
                 (SSB), E.140265 (ZSCAN29), E.140932 (CMTM2), E.167969 (ECI1), E.135486 
               
               
                   
                 (HNRNPA1), E.137497 (NUMA1), E.181523 (SGSH), E.099956 (SMARCB1), E.049883 
               
               
                   
                 (PTCD2), E.082556 (OPRK1), E.090674 (MCOLN1), E.107164 (FUBP3), E.108582 (CPD), 
               
               
                   
                 E.109758 (HGFAC), E.111605 (CPSF6), E.115239 (ASB3), E.121892 (PDS5A), E.125844 
               
               
                   
                 (RRBP1), E.130826 (DKC1), E.132481 (TRIM47), E.135390 (ATP5G2), E.136875 (PRPF4), 
               
               
                   
                 E.138621 (PPCDC), E.145632 (PLK2), E.150051 (MKX), E.153140 (CETN3), E.154127 
               
               
                   
                 (UBASH3B), E.156194 (PPEF2), E.163825 (RTP3), E.164053 (ATRIP), E.164442 
               
               
                   
                 (CITED2), E.168066 (SF1), E.170430 (MGMT), E.175602 (CCDC85B), E.177752 (YIPF7), 
               
               
                   
                 E.182512 (GLRX5), E.188186 (C7orf59), E.198721 (ECI2), E.204389 (HSPA1A), E.010256 
               
               
                   
                 (UQCRC1), E.076043 (REXO2), E.102362 (SYTL4), E.161939 (C17orf49), E.173039 
               
               
                   
                 (RELA), E.014216 (CAPN1), E.054938 (CHRDL2), E.065526 (SPEN), E.070501 (POLB), 
               
               
                   
                 E.078808 (SDF4), E.083720 (OXCT1), E.100084 (HIRA), E.101246 (ARFRP1), E.102241 
               
               
                   
                 (HTATSF1), E.103591 (AAGAB), E.104626 (ERI1), E.105221 (AKT2), E.105402 (NAPA), 
               
               
                   
                 E.105705 (SUGP1), E.106346 (USP42), E.108639 (SYNGR2), E.110107 (PRPF19), 
               
               
                   
                 E.112473 (SLC39A7), E.113282 (CLINT1), E.115234 (SNX17), E.115561 (CHMP3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.119906 (FAM178A), E.120733 (KDM3B), E.125375 (ATP5S), E.125798 (FOXA2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.127415 (IDUA), E.129810 (SGOL1), E.132382 (MYBBP1A), E.133313 (CNDP2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.134077 (THUMPD3), E.134248 (HBXIP), E.135597 (REPS1), E.137814 (HAUS2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.138041 (SMEK2), E.140382 (HMG20A), E.143578 (CREB3L4), E.144224 (UBXN4), 
               
               
                   
                 E.144306 (SCRN3), E.144741 (SLC25A26), E.145919 (BOD1), E.146281 (PM20D2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.152359 (POC5), E.152409 (JMY), E.154889 (MPPE1), E.157551 (KCNJ15), E.157764 
               
               
                   
                 (BRAF), E.158987 (RAPGEF6), E.162069 (CCDC64B), E.162910 (MRPL55), E.163749 
               
               
                   
                 (CCDC158), E.164045 (CDC25A), E.164300 (SERINC5), E.165898 (ISCA2), E.167987 
               
               
                   
                 (VPS37C), E.168763 (CNNM3), E.170374 (SP7), E.171488 (LRRC8C), E.178381 
               
               
                   
                 (ZFAND2A), E.180998 (GPR137C), E.182318 (ZSCAN22), E.198040 (ZNF84), E.198216 
               
               
                   
                 (CACNA1E), E.198265 (HELZ), E.198586 (TLK1), E.203795 (FAM24A), E.204231 
               
               
                   
                 (RXRB), E.123992 (DNPEP), E.184634 (MED12), E.181885 (CLDN7), E.186660 (ZFP91), 
               
               
                   
                 E.126777 (KTN1), E.080823 (MOK), E.101811 (CSTF2), E.124570 (SERPINB6), E.148835 
               
               
                   
                 (TAF5), E.158715 (SLC45A3), E.110955 (ATP5B), E.127022 (CANX), E.142208 (AKT1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.128881 (TTBK2), E.147231 (CXorf57), E.006210 (CX3CL1), E.009830 (POMT2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.011114 (BTBD7), E.065057 (NTHL1), E.068724 (TTC7A), E.073584 (SMARCE1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.079785 (DDX1), E.084463 (WBP11), E.091140 (DLD), E.099821 (POLRMT), E.101126 
               
               
                   
                 (ADNP), E.104442 (ARMC1), E.105486 (LIG1), E.110921 (MVK), E.113441 (LNPEP), 
               
               
                   
                 E.115758 (ODC1), E.116726 (PRAMEF12), E.119681 (LTBP2), E.136933 (RABEPK), 
               
               
                   
                 E.137815 (RTF1), E.138095 (LRPPRC), E.138294 (MSMB), E.141873 (SLC39A3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.142698 (C1orf94), E.143390 (RFX5), E.148488 (ST8SIA6), E.148737 (TCF7L2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.151491 (EPS8), E.152422 (XRCC4), E.154832 (CXXC1), E.158321 (AUTS2), E.159147 
               
               
                   
                 (DONSON), E.160285 (LSS), E.160862 (AZGP1), E.160948 (VPS28), E.160972 
               
               
                   
                 (PPP1R16A), E.165934 (CPSF2), E.167604 (NFKBID), E.167766 (ZNF83), E.168803 
               
               
                   
                 (ADAL), E.169612 (FAM103A1), E.171262 (FAM98B), E.172893 (DHCR7), E.173889 
               
               
                   
                 (PHC3), E.176971 (FIBIN), E.177548 (RABEP2), E.179119 (SPTY2D1), E.184378 
               
               
                   
                 (ACTRT3), E.184508 (HDDC3), E.185043 (CIB1), E.186814 (ZSCAN30), E.186868 
               
               
                   
                 (MAPT), E.196812 (ZSCAN16), E.198563 (DDX39B), E.124529 (HIST1H4B), E.141002 
               
               
                   
                 (TCF25), E.174100 (MRPL45), E.109814 (UGDH), E.138756 (BMP2K), E.065457 
               
               
                   
                 (ADAT1), E.105948 (TTC26), E.109184 (DCUN1D4), E.125257 (ABCC4), E.126062 
               
               
                   
                 (TMEM115), E.142515 (KLK3), E.144381 (HSPD1), E.166710 (B2M), E.198824 
               
               
                   
                 (CHAMP1), E.078902 (TOLLIP), E.099331 (MYO9B), E.102710 (FAM48A), E.107485 
               
               
                   
                 (GATA3), E.120948 (TARDBP), E.187764 (SEMA4D), E.103855 (CD276), E.117751 
               
               
                   
                 (PPP1R8), E.173714 (WFIKKN2), E.172115 (CYCS), E.005882 (PDK2), E.007952 (NOX1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.008118 (CAMK1G), E.012061 (ERCC1), E.015171 (ZMYND11), E.036257 (CUL3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.057608 (GDI2), E.058729 (RIOK2), E.071246 (VASH1), E.073050 (XRCC1), E.073350 
               
               
                   
                 (LLGL2), E.079246 (XRCC5), E.085733 (CTTN), E.091542 (ALKBH5), E.091732 
               
               
                   
                 (ZC3HC1), E.092621 (PHGDH), E.099899 (TRMT2A), E.099917 (MED15), E.101439 
               
               
                   
                 (CST3), E.103479 (RBL2), E.104611 (SH2D4A), E.105281 (SLC1A5), E.106392 
               
               
                   
                 (C1GALT1), E.107104 (KANK1), E.107798 (LIPA), E.108296 (CWC25), E.109572 
               
               
                   
                 (CLCN3), E.112110 (MRPL18), E.113790 (EHHADH), E.115648 (MLPH), E.117308 
               
               
                   
                 (GALE), E.117335 (CD46), E.118513 (MYB), E.118640 (VAMP8), E.119321 (FKBP15), 
               
               
                   
                 E.122705 (CLTA), E.123983 (ACSL3), E.124232 (RBPJL), E.125901 (MRPS26), E.127399 
               
               
                   
                 (LRRC61), E.127554 (GFER), E.128708 (HAT1), E.129355 (CDKN2D), E.130340 (SNX9), 
               
               
                   
                 E.130935 (NOL11), E.131771 (PPP1R1B), E.133863 (TEX15), E.134207 (SYT6), E.136935 
               
               
                   
                 (GOLGA1), E.141425 (RPRD1A), E.143374 (TARS2), E.143771 (CNIH4), E.146966 
               
               
                   
                 (DENND2A), E.148672 (GLUD1), E.150593 (PDCD4), E.153936 (HS2ST1), E.154099 
               
               
                   
                 (DNAAF1), E.156006 (NAT2), E.156282 (CLDN17), E.158545 (ZC3H18), E.158604 
               
               
                   
                 (TMED4), E.158813 (EDA), E.159184 (HOXB13), E.161267 (BDH1), E.163492 
               
               
                   
                 (CCDC141), E.163629 (PTPN13), E.164163 (ABCE1), E.164520 (RAET1E), E.165138 
               
               
                   
                 (ANKS6), E.165923 (AGBL2), E.166484 (MAPK7), E.166747 (AP1G1), E.166971 
               
               
                   
                 (AKTIP), E.167744 (NTF4), E.168071 (CCDC88B), E.169087 (HSPBAP1), E.170396 
               
               
                   
                 (ZNF804A), E.170445 (HARS), E.170632 (ARMC10), E.170743 (SYT9), E.171428 
               
               
                   
                 (NAT1), E.172346 (CSDC2), E.173805 (HAP1), E.175175 (PPM1E), E.175203 (DCTN2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.177542 (SLC25A22), E.177679 (SRRM3), E.178828 (RNF186), E.182013 (PNMAL1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.182054 (IDH2), E.182890 (GLUD2), E.184156 (KCNQ3), E.184697 (CLDN6), E.184735 
               
               
                   
                 (DDX53), E.184840 (TMED9), E.185219 (ZNF445), E.186198 (SLC51B), E.186205 
               
               
                   
                 (MOSC1; MARC1), E.189 143 (CLDN4), E.196700 (ZNF512B), E.196743 (GM2A), 
               
               
                   
                 E.198087 (CD2AP), E.198951 (NAGA), E.204406 (MBD5), E.002330 (BAD), E.105404 
               
               
                   
                 (RABAC1), E.114127 (XRN1), E.117713 (ARID1A), E.123143 (PKN1), E.130764 
               
               
                   
                 (LRRC47), E.131773 (KHDRBS3), E.137806 (NDUFAF1), E.142864 (SERBP1), E.158747 
               
               
                   
                 (NBL1), E.175063 (UBE2C), E.178104 (PDE4DIP), E.186472 (PCLO), E.069956 (MAPK6), 
               
               
                   
                 E.112941 (PAPD7), E.116604 (MEF2D), E.142875 (PRKACB), E.147133 (TAF1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.157510 (AFAP1L1), E.006625 (GGCT), E.155980 (KIF5A), E.134444 (KIAA1468), 
               
               
                   
                 E.107968 (MAP3K8), E.117592 (PRDX6), E.123154 (WDR83), E.135297 (MTO1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.135829 (DHX9), E.149548 (CCDC15), E.152086 (TUBA3E), E.167553 (TUBA1C), 
               
               
                   
                 E.169826 (CSGALNACT2), E.171121 (KCNMB3), E.198033 (TUBA3C), E.147724 
               
               
                   
                 (FAM135B), E.170854 (MINA), E.006695 (COX10), E.067369 (TP53BP1), E.089248 
               
               
                   
                 (ERP29), E.112096 (SOD2), E.138073 (PREB), E.146856 (AGBL3), E.159423 (ALDH4A1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.171345 (KRT19), E.172345 (STARD5), E.111647 (UHRF1BP1L), E.117877 (CD3EAP), 
               
               
                   
                 E.155714 (PDZD9), E.156603 (MED19), E.075886 (TUBA3D), E.167699 (GLOD4), 
               
               
                   
                 E.121749 (TBC1D15), E.090861 (AARS), E.093010 (COMT), E.117676 (RPS6KA1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.157502 (MUM1L1), E.159921 (GNE), E.169562 (GJB1), E.179776 (CDH5), E.071626 
               
               
                   
                 (DAZAP1), E.085224 (ATRX), E.116478 (HDAC1), E.117298 (ECE1), E.176171 (BNIP3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.177425 (PAWR), E.179348 (GATA2), E.187840 (EIF4EBP1), E.033030 (ZCCHC8), 
               
               
                   
                 E.049239 (H6PD), E.060688 (SNRNP40), E.075239 (ACAT1), E.095627 (TDRD1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.109625 (CPZ), E.113719 (ERGIC1), E.126773 (C14orf135; PCNXL4), E.149218 
               
               
                   
                 (ENDOD1), E.162975 (KCNF1), E.183785 (TUBA8), E.198589 (LRBA), E.105379 (ETFB), 
               
               
                   
                 E.011052 (NME2), E.011143 (MKS1), E.048544 (MRPS10), E.062485 (CS), E.114054 
               
               
                   
                 (PCCB), E.138587 (MNS1), E.155959 (VBP1), E.181222 (POLR2A), E.183723 (CMTM4), 
               
               
                   
                 E.184661 (CDCA2), E.204316 (MRPL38), E.140694 (PARN), E.035141 (FAM136A), 
               
               
                   
                 E.095485 (CWF19L1), E.115540 (MOB4), E.123595 (RAB9A), E.140678 (ITGAX), 
               
               
                   
                 E.141258 (SGSM2), E.158941 (KIAA1967), E.169189 (NSMCE1), E.198431 (TXNRD1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.016402 (IL20RA), E.112234 (FBXL4), E.125445 (MRPS7), E.128342 (LIF), E.164051 
               
               
                   
                 (CCDC51), E.175866 (BAIAP2), E.102780 (DGKH), E.203813 (HIST1H3H), E.198231 
               
               
                   
                 (DDX42), E.030582 (GRN), E.106049 (HIBADH), E.130810 (PPAN), E.132475 (H3F3B), 
               
               
                   
                 E.158290 (CUL4B), E.166266 (CUL5), E.026559 (KCNG1), E.059122 (FLYWCH1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.107897 (ACBD5), E.121068 (TBX2), E.125944 (HNRNPR), E.134308 (YWHAQ), 
               
               
                   
                 E.137558 (PI15), E.137601 (NEK1), E.147548 (WHSC1L1), E.149182 (ARFGAP2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.159658 (KIAA0494), E.165699 (TSC1), E.170927 (PKHD1), E.186575 (NF2), E.188021 
               
               
                   
                 (UBQLN2), E.167552 (TUBA1A), E.003756 (RBM5), E.134138 (MEIS2), E.008196 
               
               
                   
                 (TFAP2B), E.079313 (REXO1), E.089127 (OAS1), E.106078 (COBL), E.113645 (WWC1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.116288 (PARK7), E.121940 (CLCC1), E.136280 (CCM2), E.141639 (MAPK4), E.147475 
               
               
                   
                 (ERLIN2), E.155660 (PDIA4), E.162298 (SYVN1), E.176978 (DPP7), E.176994 (SMCR8), 
               
               
                   
                 E.178175 (ZNF366), E.196591 (HDAC2), E.127824 (TUBA4A), E.163932 (PRKCD), 
               
               
                   
                 E.143375 (CGN), E.076864 (RAP1GAP), E.138772 (ANXA3), E.163041 (H3F3A), 
               
               
                   
                 E.165813 (C10orf118), E.166337 (TAF10), E.178078 (STAP2), E.184007 (PTP4A2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.167004 (PDIA3), E.039560 (RAI14), E.119636 (C14orf45), E.140374 (ETFA), E.143633 
               
               
                   
                 (C1orf131), E.144935 (TRPC1), E.156735 (BAG4), E.159348 (CYB5R1), E.170275 
               
               
                   
                 (CRTAP), E.172717 (FAM71D), E.172939 (OXSR1), E.176105 (YES1), E.078295 
               
               
                   
                 (ADCY2), E.119888 (EPCAM), E.141522 (ARHGDIA), E.184047 (DIABLO), E.109062 
               
               
                   
                 (SLC9A3R1), E.170037 (CNTROB), E.066557 (LRRC40), E.074964 (ARHGEF10L), 
               
               
                   
                 E.078269 (SYNJ2), E.090013 (BLVRB), E.100142 (POLR2F), E.100399 (CHADL), 
               
               
                   
                 E.104365 (IKBKB), E.111261 (MANSC1), E.111907 (TPD52L1), E.112578 (BYSL), 
               
               
                   
                 E.121957 (GPSM2), E.122884 (P4HA1), E.124693 (HIST1H3B), E.126653 (NSRP1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.130402 (ACTN4), E.138757 (G3BP2), E.150991 (UBC), E.164828 (SUN1), E.175216 
               
               
                   
                 (CKAP5), E.176155 (CCDC57), E.177459 (C8orf47), E.183856 (IQGAP3), E.185122 
               
               
                   
                 (HSF1), E.122952 (ZWINT), E.151093 (OXSM), E.067704 (IARS2), E.088899 (ProSAP- 
               
               
                   
                 interacting protein 1), E.091483 (FH), E.114388 (NPRL2), E.114861 (FOXP1), E.135914 
               
               
                   
                 (HTR2B), E.197837 (HIST4H4), E.127720 (C12orf26; METTL25), E.123416 (TUBA1B), 
               
               
                   
                 E.047410 (TPR), E.117748 (RPA2), E.133835 (HSD17B4), E.067248 (DHX29), E.121879 
               
               
                   
                 (PIK3CA), E.132589 (FLOT2), E.136750 (GAD2), E.160789 (LMNA), E.166329, E.170088 
               
               
                   
                 (TMEM192), E.175946 (KLHL38), E.178163 (ZNF518B), E.182217 (HIST2H4B), 
               
               
                   
                 E.184470 (TXNRD2), E.110321 (EIF4G2), E.171861 (RNMTL1), E.065978 (YBX1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.115738 (ID2), E.143294 (PRCC), E.158042 (MRPL17), E.169093 (ASMTL), E.090565 
               
               
                   
                 (RAB11FIP3), E.185591 (SP1), E.156304 (SCAF4), E.092978 (GPATCH2), E.100056 
               
               
                   
                 (DGCR14), E.100583 (SAMD15), E.105723 (GSK3A), E.107551 (RASSF4), E.107581 
               
               
                   
                 (EIF3A), E.107890 (ANKRD26), E.110104 (CCDC86), E.112584 (FAM120B), E.113580 
               
               
                   
                 (NR3C1), E.114491 (UMPS), E.137312 (FLOT1), E.137955 (RABGGTB), E.141994 
               
               
                   
                 (DUS3L), E.147044 (CASK), E.152818 (UTRN), E.180667 (YOD1), E.184916 (JAG2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.196526 (AFAP1), E.198783 (ZNF830), E.108465 (CDK5RAP3), E.156515 (HK1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.036448 (MYOM2), E.061918 (GUCY1B3), E.070785 (EIF2B3), E.116044 (NFE2L2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.128311 (TST), E.131473 (ACLY), E.132716 (DCAF8), E.138363 (ATIC), E.166596 
               
               
                   
                 (WDR16), E.170027 (YWHAG), E.174021 (GNG5), E.203879 (GDI1), E.160049 (DFFA), 
               
               
                   
                 E.010810 (FYN), E.051596 (THOC3), E.006453 (BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.126945 (HNRNPH2), E.165695 (AK8), E.069869 (NEDD4), E.111801 (BTN3A3), 
               
               
                   
                 E.112232 (KHDRBS2), E.128626 (MRPS12), E.129636 (ITFG1), E.137948 (BRDT), 
               
               
                   
                 E.147257 (GPC3), E.155380 (SLC16A1), E.159692 (CTBP1), E.166833 (NAV2), E.172466 
               
               
                   
                 (ZNF24), E.175110 (MRPS22), E.176102 (CSTF3), E.179388 (EGR3), E.185359 (HGS), 
               
               
                   
                 E.198001 (IRAK4), E.100603 (SNW1), E.162641 (AKNAD1), E.069712 (KIAA1107), 
               
               
                   
                 E.073756 (PTGS2), E.077522 (ACTN2), E.101639 (CEP192), E.106633 (GCK), E.115241 
               
               
                   
                 (PPM1G), E.116649 (SRM), E.120370 (GORAB), E.124143 (ARHGAP40), E.127948 
               
               
                   
                 (POR), E.129315 (CCNT1), E.132646 (PCNA), E.135740 (SLC9A5), E.151726 (ACSL1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.154380 (ENAH), E.157103 (SLC6A1), E.163930 (BAP1), E.164488 (DACT2), E.164754 
               
               
                   
                 (RAD21), E.175220 (ARHGAP1), E.180318 (ALX1), E.181234 (TMEM132C), E.197081 
               
               
                   
                 (IGF2R), E.092871 (RFFL), E.163644 (PPM1K), E.171723 (GPHN), E.108953 (YWHAE), 
               
               
                   
                 E.072110 (ACTN1), E.077097 (TOP2B), E.090889 (KIF4A), E.114331 (ACAP2), E.114867 
               
               
                   
                 (EIF4G1), E.117593 (DARS2), E.118523 (CTGF), E.120915 (EPHX2), E.134759 (ELP2), 
               
               
                   
                 E.138061 (CYP1B1), E.140743 (CDR2), E.151247 (EIF4E), E.152942 (RAD17), E.160685 
               
               
                   
                 (ZBTB7B), E.163923 (RPL39L), E.167642 (SPINT2), E.167996 (FTH1), E.185736 
               
               
                   
                 (ADARB2), E.198841 (KTI12), E.185860 (C1orf110), E.160226 (C21orf2), E.070814 
               
               
                   
                 (TCOF1), E.124749 (COL21A1), E.154639 (CXADR), E.065485 (PDIA5), E.023909 
               
               
                   
                 (GCLM), E.100714 (MTHFD1), E.108387 (SEPT4), E.160867 (FGFR4), E.134684 (YARS), 
               
               
                   
                 E.123080 (CDKN2C), E.065548 (ZC3H15), E.116455 (WDR77), E.117448 (AKR1A1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.100393 (EP300), E.138160 (KIF11), E.166263 (STXBP4), E.173473 (SMARCC1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.124942 (AHNAK), E.174842 (GLMN), E.180198 (RCC1), E.185499 (MUC1), E.143947 
               
               
                   
                 (RPS27A), E.170315 (UBB), E.003402 (CFLAR), E.137055 (PLAA), E.142606 (MMEL1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.147697 (GSDMC), E.163110 (PDLIM5), E.135842 (FAM129A), E.160691 (SHC1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.197157 (SND1), E.029725 (RABEP1), E.127946 (HIP1), E.001036 (FUCA2), E.109846 
               
               
                   
                 (CRYAB), E.183831 (ANKRD45), E.189283 (FHIT), E.092820 (EZR), E.104067 (TJP1), 
               
               
                   
                 E.120159 (C9orf82; CAAP1), E.154864 (PIEZO2), E.196975 (ANXA4), E.105220 (GPI), 
               
               
                   
                 E.127914 (AKAP9), E.135870 (RC3H1), E.026508 (CD44), E.089154 (GCN1L1), E.100311 
               
               
                   
                 (PDGFB), E.119383 (PPP2R4), E.075624 (ACTB), E.177409 (SAMD9L), E.177731 (FLII), 
               
               
                   
                 E.015676 (NUDCD3), E.146457 (WTAP), E.178950 (GAK), E.167110 (GOLGA2) 
               
               
                 Prostate vesicle 
                 LAMP2, ACPP, CTNNA1, HEBP2, ISOC2, HNRNPC, HNRNPM, TOMM22, TOM1, 
               
               
                   
                 ACO2, KRT18, HSPA9, LMNB1, SPR, PPL, ALDH6A1, HNRNPA2B1, ATXN1, 
               
               
                   
                 SMARCA4, ECHS1, PAICS, ILF3, PSME3, COX5B, RAB1A, SCARB2, HADH, ESD, 
               
               
                   
                 SORD, ILF2, CALM2, ATP5A1, TGOLN2, ANGPTL4, ALCAM, KRT2, PC, NPM1, 
               
               
                   
                 C1orf116, GPC6, ALDH1A3, HIST1H1C, XRCC6, HNRNPAB, PSAP, CDH1, SCAMP2, 
               
               
                   
                 VASP, CD9, ATP1B3, HSD17B10, APAF1, EIF2C2, RAB5A, CFL2, FARSA, XPNPEP3, 
               
               
                   
                 ENTPD4, APLP2, NUCB1, RAB3D, VEGFA, HPS3, TSNAXIP1, HNRNPL, PSMB7, 
               
               
                   
                 GNA12, NONO, FOLH1, PRKAR2A, PHB, HIST3H3, MAP7, VCP, U2AF2, FUS, FKBP5, 
               
               
                   
                 NDRG1, ATP1A3, NCL, RPL36, KRT8, C1GALT1C1, FASN, PTBP1, TXNDC16, 
               
               
                   
                 DNAJC5, SLC37A2, HNRNPK, VDAC2, PRDX2, TALDO1, USP14, PSMD7, HSPE1, 
               
               
                   
                 DNAJB1, YWHAZ, RAB3B, CORO1B, MDH2, HIST1H3A, LAMP1, STC2, DSTN, 
               
               
                   
                 SLC20A2, ENPP4, WIZ, HSP90AB1, IDH3B, ECH1, C1QBP, SET, TNFSF18, ITGB7, 
               
               
                   
                 SPOCK1, EIF4A2, CCT3, CLDN3, EEF2, LRRC57, RUVBL2, CLDN5, APPL2, TM9SF2, 
               
               
                   
                 EIF4A3, DBI, DBF4B, SVIP, CD151, ALOX5, SLC9A3R2, RAB27B, DLG1, ARCN1, 
               
               
                   
                 CHCHD3, RAB5B, RPS25, RPL10, DDAH1, HSP90B1, CTNNB1, PSMD2, PKP3, FLNB, 
               
               
                   
                 EFTUD2, GLO1, PRKCSH, TMBIM1, SEC31A, TMED10, RPL14, MATR3, APEX1, 
               
               
                   
                 B4GALT1, HNRNPA1, CPD, HSPA1A, CAPN1, CHRDL2, SPEN, SDF4, NAPA, 
               
               
                   
                 SYNGR2, CHMP3, CNDP2, CCDC64B, SERINC5, VPS37C, DNPEP, CLDN7, KTN1, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINB6, ATP5B, CANX, AKT1, TTBK2, DDX1, DLD, LNPEP, LTBP2, LRPPRC, 
               
               
                   
                 EPS8, AZGP1, VPS28, DHCR7, CIB1, DDX39B, HIST1H4B, UGDH, HSPD1, B2M, 
               
               
                   
                 TOLLIP, CD276, CYCS, CUL3, GDI2, LLGL2, XRCC5, CTTN, PHGDH, CST3, RBL2, 
               
               
                   
                 SLC1A5, CD46, VAMP8, CLTA, ACSL3, MRPS26, SNX9, GLUD1, TMED4, PTPN13, 
               
               
                   
                 AP1G1, SYT9, DCTN2, IDH2, GLUD2, TMED9, CLDN4, GM2A, CD2AP, MBD5, 
               
               
                   
                 SERBP1, NBL1, PRKACB, GGCT, PRDX6, DHX9, TUBA3E, TUBA1C, TUBA3C, 
               
               
                   
                 ERP29, SOD2, KRT19, TUBA3D, AARS, COMT, MUM1L1, CDH5, ECE1, ACAT1, 
               
               
                   
                 ENDOD1, TUBA8, ETFB, NME2, CS, VBP1, RAB9A, TXNRD1, LIF, BAIAP2, 
               
               
                   
                 HIST1H3H, GRN, HIBADH, H3F3B, CUL4B, HNRNPR, YWHAQ, PKHD1, TUBA1A, 
               
               
                   
                 PARK7, ERLIN2, PDIA4, TUBA4A, PRKCD, ANXA3, H3F3A, PTP4A2, PDIA3, ETFA, 
               
               
                   
                 CYB5R1, CRTAP, OXSR1, YES1, EPCAM, ARHGDIA, DIABLO, SLC9A3R1, BLVRB, 
               
               
                   
                 P4HA1, HIST1H3B, ACTN4, UBC, FH, HIST4H4, TUBA1B, HSD17B4, PIK3CA, FLOT2, 
               
               
                   
                 LMNA, TMEM192, HIST2H4B, YBX1, EIF3A, FLOT1, UTRN, HK1, ACLY, ATIC, 
               
               
                   
                 YWHAG, GNG5, GDI1, HNRNPH2, NEDD4, BTN3A3, SLC16A1, HGS, ACTN2, SRM, 
               
               
                   
                 PCNA, ACSL1, RAD21, ARHGAP1, IGF2R, YWHAE, ACTN1, EIF4G1, EPHX2, EIF4E, 
               
               
                   
                 FTH1, CXADR, MTHFD1, AKR1A1, STXBP4, AHNAK, MUC1, RPS27A, UBB, 
               
               
                   
                 PDLIM5, FAM129A, SND1, FUCA2, CRYAB, EZR, TJP1, ANXA4, GPI, AKAP9, CD44, 
               
               
                   
                 GCN1L1, ACTB, FLII, NUDCD3 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 EGFR, GLUD2, ANXA3, APLP2, BclG, Coiflin 2/cfL2, DCTN-50/DCTN2, DDAH1, 
               
               
                 vesicles 
                 ESD, FARSLA, GITRL, PRKCSH, SLC20A2, Synaptogyrin 2/SYNGR2, TM9SF2, 
               
               
                   
                 Calnexin, TOMM22, NDRG1, RPL10, RPL14, USP14, VDAC2, LLGL2, CD63, CD81, 
               
               
                   
                 uPAR/CD87, ADAM 9, BDKRB2, CCR5, CCT2 (TCP1-beta), PSMA, PSMA1, HSPB1, 
               
               
                   
                 VAMP8, Rab1A, B4GALT1, Aspartyl Aminopeptidase/Dnpep, ATPase Na+/K+ beta 
               
               
                   
                 3/ATP1B3, BDNF, ATPB, beta 2 Microglobulin, Calmodulin 2/CALM2, CD9, XRCC5/ 
               
               
                   
                 Ku80, SMARCA4, TOM1, Cytochrome C, Hsp10/HSPE1, COX2/PTGS2, Claudin 4/ 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN4, Cytokeratin 8, Cortactin/CTTN, DBF4B/DRF1, ECH1, ECHS1, GOLPH2, ETS1, 
               
               
                   
                 DIP13B/appl2, EZH2/KMT6, GSTP1, hK2/Kif2a, IQGAP1, KLK13, Lamp-2, GM2A, 
               
               
                   
                 Hsp40/DNAJB1, HADH/HADHSC, Hsp90B, Nucleophosmin, p130/RBL2, PHGDH, 
               
               
                   
                 RAB3B, ANXA1, PSMD7, PTBP1, Rab5a, SCARB2, Stanniocalcin 2/STC2, TGN46/ 
               
               
                   
                 TGOLN2, TSNAXIP1, ANXA2, CD46, KLK14, IL1alpha, hnRNP C1 + C2, hnRNP A1, 
               
               
                   
                 hnRNP A2B1, Claudin 5, CORO1B, Integrin beta 7, CD41, CD49d, CDH2, COX5b, IDH2, 
               
               
                   
                 ME1, PhIP, ALDOA, EDNRB/EDN3, MTA1, NKX3-1, TMPRSS2, CD10, CD24, CDH1, 
               
               
                   
                 ADAM10, B7H3, CD276, CHRDL2, SPOCK1, VEGFA, BCHE, CD151, CD166/ALCAM, 
               
               
                   
                 CSE1L, GPC6, CXCR3, GAL3, GDF15, IGFBP-2, HGF, KLK12, ITGAL, KLK7, KLK9, 
               
               
                   
                 MMP 2, MMP 25, MMP10, TNFR1, Notch 1, PAP - same as ACPP, PTPN13/PTPL1, 
               
               
                   
                 seprase/FAP, TNFRI, TWEAK, VEGFR2, E-Cadherin, Hsp60, CLDN3—Claudin3, KLK6, 
               
               
                   
                 KLK8, EDIL3 (del-1), APE1, MMP 1, MMP3, nAnS, PSP94/MSP/IGBF, PSAP, RPL19, 
               
               
                   
                 SET, TGFB, TGM2, TIMP-1, TNFRII, MDH2, PKP1, Cystatin C, Trop2/TACSTD2, CCR2/ 
               
               
                   
                 CD192, hnRNP M1-M4, CDKN1A, CGA, Cytokeratin 18, EpoR, GGPS1, FTL (light and 
               
               
                   
                 heavy), GM-CSF, HSP90AA1, IDH3B, MKI67/Ki67, LTBP2, KLK1, KLK4, KLK5, LDH- 
               
               
                   
                 A, Nav1.7/SCN9A, NRP1/CD304, PIP3/BPNT1, PKP3, CgA, PRDX2, SRVN, ATPase 
               
               
                   
                 Na+/K+ alpha 3/ATP1A3, SLC3A2/CD98, U2AF2, TLR4 (CD284), TMPRSS1, TNFα, 
               
               
                   
                 uPA, GloI, ALIX, PKM2, FABP5, CAV1, TLR9/CD289, ANXA4, PLEKHC1/Kindlin-2, 
               
               
                   
                 CD71/TRFR, MBD5, SPEN/RBM15, LGALS8, SLC9A3R2, ENTPD4, ANGPTL4, p97/ 
               
               
                   
                 VCP, TBX5, PTEN, Prohibitin, LSP1, HOXB13, DDX1, AKT1, ARF6, EZR, H3F3A, CIB1, 
               
               
                   
                 Ku70 (XRCC6), KLK11, TMBIM6, SYT9, APAF1, CLDN7, MATR3, CD90/THY1, Tollip, 
               
               
                   
                 NOTCH4, 14-3-3 zeta/beta, ATP5A1, DLG1, GRP94, FKBP5/FKBP51, LAMP1, 
               
               
                   
                 LGALS3BP, GDI2, HSPA1A, NCL, KLK15, Cytokeratin basic, EDN-3, AGR2, KLK10, 
               
               
                   
                 BRG1, FUS, Histone H4, hnRNP L, Catenin Alpha 1, hnRNP K (F45)*, MMP7*, DBI*, beta 
               
               
                   
                 catenin, CTH, CTNND2, Ataxin 1, Proteasome 20S beta 7, ADE2, EZH2, GSTP1, Lamin 
               
               
                   
                 B1, Coatomer Subunit Delta, ERAB, Mortalin, PKM2, IGFBP-3, CTNND1/delta 1-catenin/ 
               
               
                   
                 p120-catenin, PKA R2, NONO, Sorbitol Dehydrogenase, Aconitase 2, VASP, Lipoamide 
               
               
                   
                 Dehydrogenase, AP1G1, GOLPH2, ALDH6A1, AZGP1, Ago2, CNDP2, Nucleobindin-1, 
               
               
                   
                 SerpinB6, RUVBL2, Proteasome 19S 10B, SH3PX1, SPR, Destrin, MDM4, FLNB, FASN, 
               
               
                   
                 PSME 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 14-3-3 zeta/beta, Aconitase 2, ADAM 9, ADAM10, ADE2, AFM, Ago2, AGR2, AKT1, 
               
               
                 vesicles 
                 ALDH1A3, ALDH6A1, ALDOA, ALIX, ANGPTL4, ANXA1, ANXA2, ANXA3, ANXA3, 
               
               
                   
                 ANXA4, AP1G1, APAF1, APE1, APLP2, APLP2, ARF6, Aspartyl Aminopeptidase/Dnpep, 
               
               
                   
                 Ataxin 1, ATP5A1, ATPase Na+/K+ alpha 3/ATP1A3, ATPase Na+/K+ beta 3/ATP1B3, 
               
               
                   
                 ATPase Na+/K+ beta 3/ATP1B3, ATPB, AZGP1, B4GALT1, B7H3, BCHE, BclG, 
               
               
                   
                 BDKRB2, BDNF, BDNF, beta 2 Microglobulin, beta catenin, BRG1, CALM2, Calmodulin 2/ 
               
               
                   
                 CALM2, Calnexin, Calpain 1, Catenin Alpha 1, CAV1, CCR2/CD192, CCR5, CCT2 
               
               
                   
                 (TCP1-beta), CD10, CD151, CD166/ALCAM, CD24, CD276, CD41, CD46, CD49d, CD63, 
               
               
                   
                 CD71/TRFR, CD81, CD9, CD9, CD90/THY1, CDH1, CDH2, CDKN1A, CGA, CgA, 
               
               
                   
                 CHRDL2, CIB1, CIB1, Claudin 4/CLDN4, Claudin 5, CLDN3, CLDN3—Claudin3, CLDN4, 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN7, CNDP2, Coatomer Subunit Delta, Cofilin 2/cfL2, CORO1B, Cortactin/CTTN, 
               
               
                   
                 COX2/PTGS2, COX5b, CSE1L, CTH, CTNND1/delta 1-catenin/p120-catenin, 
               
               
                   
                 CTNND2, CXCR3, CYCS, Cystatin C, Cytochrome C, Cytokeratin 18, Cytokeratin 8, 
               
               
                   
                 Cytokeratin basic, DBF4B/DRF1, DBI*, DCTN-50/DCTN2, DDAH1, DDAH1, DDX1, 
               
               
                   
                 Destrin, DIP13B/appl2, DIP13B/appl2, DLG1, Dnpep, E-Cadherin, ECH1, ECHS1, 
               
               
                   
                 ECHS1, EDIL3 (del-1), EDN-3, EDNRB/EDN3, EGFR, EIF4A3, ENTPD4, EpoR, EpoR, 
               
               
                   
                 ERAB, ESD, ESD, ETS1, ETS1, ETS-2, EZH2, EZH2/KMT6, EZR, FABP5, FARSLA, 
               
               
                   
                 FASN, FKBP5/FKBP51, FLNB, FTL (light and heavy), FUS, GAL3, gamma-catenin, 
               
               
                   
                 GDF15, GDI2, GGPS1, GGPS1, GITRL, GloI, GLUD2, GM2A, GM-CSF, 
               
               
                   
                 GOLM1/GOLPH2 Mab; clone 3B10, GOLPH2, GOLPH2, GPC6, GRP94, GSTP1, GSTP1, 
               
               
                   
                 H3F3A, HADH/HADHSC, HGF, HIST1H3A, Histone H4, hK2/Kif2a, hnRNP A1, hnRNP 
               
               
                   
                 A2B1, hnRNP C1 + C2, hnRNP K (F45)*, hnRNP L, hnRNP M1-M4, HOXB13, Hsp10/ 
               
               
                   
                 HSPE1, Hsp40/DNAJB1, Hsp60, HSP90AA1, Hsp90B, HSPA1A, HSPB1, IDH2, IDH3B, 
               
               
                   
                 IDH3B, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IgG1, IgG2A, IgG2B, IL1alpha, IL1alpha, Integrin beta 7, 
               
               
                   
                 IQGAP1, ITGAL, KLHL12/C3IP1, KLK1, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, 
               
               
                   
                 KLK15, KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9, Ku70 (XRCC6), Lamin B1, LAMP1, 
               
               
                   
                 Lamp-2, LDH-A, LGALS3BP, LGALS8, Lipoamide Dehydrogenase, LLGL2, LSP1, LSP1, 
               
               
                   
                 LTBP2, MATR3, MBD5, MDH2, MDM4, ME1, MKI67/Ki67, MMP 1, MMP 2, MMP 25, 
               
               
                   
                 MMP10, MMP-14/MT1-MMP, MMP3, MMP7*, Mortalin, MTA1, nAnS, nAnS, 
               
               
                   
                 Nav1.7/SCN9A, NCL, NDRG1, NKX3-1, NONO, Notch1, NOTCH4, NRP1/CD304, 
               
               
                   
                 Nucleobindin-1, Nucleophosmin, p130/RBL2, p97/VCP, PAP - same as ACPP, PHGDH, 
               
               
                   
                 PhIP, PIP3/BPNT1, PKA R2, PKM2, PKM2, PKP1, PKP3, PLEKHC1/Kindlin-2, PRDX2, 
               
               
                   
                 PRKCSH, Prohibitin, Proteasome 19S 10B, Proteasome 20S beta 7, PSAP, PSMA, PSMA1, 
               
               
                   
                 PSMA1, PSMD7, PSMD7, PSME3, PSP94/MSP/IGBF, PTBP1, PTEN, PTPN13/PTPL1, 
               
               
                   
                 Rab1A, RAB3B, Rab5a, Rad51b, RPL10, RPL10, RPL14, RPL14, RPL19, RUVBL2, 
               
               
                   
                 SCARB2, seprase/FAP, SerpinB6, SET, SH3PX1, SLC20A2, SLC3A2/CD98, SLC9A3R2, 
               
               
                   
                 SMARCA4, Sorbitol Dehydrogenase, SPEN/RBM15, SPOCK1, SPR, SRVN, Stanniocalcin 
               
               
                   
                 2/STC2, STEAP1, Synaptogyrin 2/SYNGR2, Syndecan, SYNGR2, SYT9, TAF1B/ 
               
               
                   
                 GRHL1, TBX5, TGFB, TGM2, TGN46/TGOLN2, TIMP-1, TLR3, TLR4 (CD284), TLR9/ 
               
               
                   
                 CD289, TM9SF2, TMBIM6, TMPRSS1, TMPRSS2, TNFR1, TNFRI, TNFRII, TNFSF18/ 
               
               
                   
                 GITRL, TNFα, TNFα, Tollip, TOM1, TOMM22, Trop2/TACSTD2, TSNAXIP1, TWEAK, 
               
               
                   
                 U2AF2, uPA, uPAR/CD87, USP14, USP14, VAMP8, VASP, VDAC2, VEGFA, 
               
               
                   
                 VEGFR1/FLT1, VEGFR2, VPS28, XRCC5/Ku80, XRCC5/Ku80 
               
               
                 Prostate Vesicles/ 
                 EpCAM/TROP-1, HSA, Fibrinogen, GAPDH, Cholesterol Oxidase, MMP7, Complement 
               
               
                 General Vesicles 
                 Factor D/Adipsin, E-Cadherin, Transferrin Antibody, eNOS, IgM, CD9, Apolipoprotein B 
               
               
                   
                 (Apo B), Ep-CAM, TBG, Kallekerin 3, IgA, IgG, Annexin V, IgG, Pyruvate Carboxylase, 
               
               
                   
                 trypsin, AFP, TNF RI/TNFRSF1A, Aptamer CAR023, Aptamer CAR024, Aptamer CAR025, 
               
               
                   
                 Aptamer CAR026 
               
               
                 Ribonucleoprotein 
                 GW182, Ago2, miR-let-7a, miR-16, miR-22, miR-148a, miR-451, miR-92a, CD9, CD63, 
               
               
                 complexes &amp; 
                 CD81 
               
               
                 vesicles 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 PCSA, Muc2, Adam10 
               
               
                 vesicles 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), CD63, MyoD1, Neuron Specific Enolase, MAP1B, CNPase, 
               
               
                 vesicles 
                 Prohibitin, CD45RO, Heat Shock Protein 27, Collagen II, Laminin B1/b1, Gai1, CDw75, bcl- 
               
               
                   
                 XL, Laminin-s, Ferritin, CD21, ADP-ribosylation Factor (ARF-6) 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 CD56/NCAM-1, Heat Shock Protein 27/hsp27, CD45RO, MAP1B, MyoD1, 
               
               
                 vesicles 
                 CD45/T200/LCA, CD3zeta, Laminin-s, bcl-XL, Rad18, Gai1, Thymidylate Synthase, 
               
               
                   
                 Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), CD63, MMP-16/MT3-MMP, Cyclin C, Neuron Specific 
               
               
                   
                 Enolase, SIRP a1, Laminin B1/b1, Amyloid Beta (APP), SODD (Silencer of Death Domain), 
               
               
                   
                 CDC37, Gab-1, E2F-2, CD6, Mast Cell Chymase, Gamma Glutamylcysteine Synthetase 
               
               
                   
                 (GCS) 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 EpCAM, MMP7, PCSA, BCNP, ADAM10, KLK2, SPDEF, CD81, MFGE8, IL-8 
               
               
                 vesicles 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 EpCAM, KLK2, PBP, SPDEF, SSX2, SSX4 
               
               
                 vesicles 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 ADAM-10, BCNP, CD9, EGFR, EpCam, IL1B, KLK2, MMP7, p53, PBP, PCSA, 
               
               
                 vesicles 
                 SERPINB3, SPDEF, SSX2, SSX4 
               
               
                 Androgen Receptor 
                 GTF2F1, CTNNB1, PTEN, APPL1, GAPDH, CDC37, PNRC1, AES, UXT, RAN, PA2G4, 
               
               
                 (AR) pathway 
                 JUN, BAG1, UBE2I, HDAC1, COX5B, NCOR2, STUB1, HIPK3, PXN, NCOA4 
               
               
                 members in cMVs 
               
               
                 EGFR1 pathway 
                 RALBP1, SH3BGRL, RBBP7, REPS1, SNRPD2, CEBPB, APPL1, MAP3K3, EEF1A1, 
               
               
                 members in cMVs 
                 GRB2, RAC1, SNCA, MAP2K3, CEBPA, CDC42, SH3KBP1, CBL, PTPN6, YWHAB, 
               
               
                   
                 FOXO1, JAK1, KRT8, RALGDS, SMAD2, VAV1, NDUFA13, PRKCB1, MYC, JUN, 
               
               
                   
                 RFXANK, HDAC1, HIST3H3, PEBP1, PXN, TNIP1, PKN2 
               
               
                 TNF-alpha 
                 BCL3, SMARCE1, RPS11, CDC37, RPL6, RPL8, PAPOLA, PSMC1, CASP3, AKT2, 
               
               
                 pathway members 
                 MAP3K7IP2, POLR2L, TRADD, SMARCA4, HIST3H3, GNB2L1, PSMD1, PEBP1, 
               
               
                 in cMVs 
                 HSPB1, TNIP1, RPS13, ZFAND5, YWHAQ, COMMD1, COPS3, POLR1D, SMARCC2, 
               
               
                   
                 MAP3K3, BIRC3, UBE2D2, HDAC2, CASP8, MCM7, PSMD7, YWHAG, NFKBIA, 
               
               
                   
                 CAST, YWHAB, G3BP2, PSMD13, FBL, RELB, YWHAZ, SKP1, UBE2D3, PDCD2, 
               
               
                   
                 HSP90AA1, HDAC1, KPNA2, RPL30, GTF2I, PFDN2 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer 
                 CD9, EGFR, NGAL, CD81, STEAP, CD24, A33, CD66E, EPHA2, Ferritin, GPR30, 
               
               
                   
                 GPR110, MMP9, OPN, p53, TMEM211, TROP2, TGM2, TIMP, EGFR, DR3, UNC93A, 
               
               
                   
                 MUC17, EpCAM, MUC1, MUC2, TSG101, CD63, B7H3 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer 
                 DR3, STEAP, epha2, TMEM211, unc93A, A33, CD24, NGAL, EpCam, MUC17, TROP2, 
               
               
                   
                 TETS 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer 
                 A33, AFP, ALIX, ALX4, ANCA, APC, ASCA, AURKA, AURKB, B7H3, BANK1, BCNP, 
               
               
                   
                 BDNF, CA-19-9, CCSA-2, CCSA-3&amp;4, CD10, CD24, CD44, CD63, CD66 CEA, CD66e 
               
               
                   
                 CEA, CD81, CD9, CDA, C-Erb2, CRMP-2, CRP, CRTN, CXCL12, CYFRA21-1, DcR3, 
               
               
                   
                 DLL4, DR3, EGFR, Epcam, EphA2, FASL, FRT, GAL3, GDF15, GPCR (GPR110), GPR30, 
               
               
                   
                 GRO-1, HBD 1, HBD2, HNP1-3, IL-1B, IL8, IMP3, L1CAM, LAMN, MACC-1, 
               
               
                   
                 MGC20553, MCP-1, M-CSF, MIC1, MIF, MMP7, MMP9, MS4A1, MUC1, MUC17, 
               
               
                   
                 MUC2, Ncam, NGAL, NNMT, OPN, p53, PCSA, PDGFRB, PRL, PSMA, PSME3, Reg IV, 
               
               
                   
                 SCRN1, Sept-9, SPARC, SPON2, SPR, SRVN, TFF3, TGM2, TIMP-1, TMEM211, TNF- 
               
               
                   
                 alpha, TPA, TPS, Trail-R2, Trail-R4, TrKB, TROP2, Tsg 101, TWEAK, UNC93A, VEGFA 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer 
                 miR 92, miR 21, miR 9, miR 491 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer 
                 miR-127-3p, miR-92a, miR-486-3p, miR-378 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer 
                 TMEM211, MUC1, CD24 and/or GPR110 (GPCR 110) 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer 
                 hsa-miR-376c, hsa-miR-215, hsa-miR-652, hsa-miR-582-5p, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR- 
               
               
                   
                 1296, hsa-miR-28-5p, hsa-miR-190, hsa-miR-590-5p, hsa-miR-202, hsa-miR-195 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer 
                 A26C1A, A26C1B, A2M, ACAA2, ACE, ACOT7, ACP1, ACTA1, ACTA2, ACTB, 
               
               
                 vesicle markers 
                 ACTBL2, ACTBL3, ACTC1, ACTG1, ACTG2, ACTN1, ACTN2, ACTN4, ACTR3, 
               
               
                   
                 ADAM10, ADSL, AGR2, AGR3, AGRN, AHCY, AHNAK, AKR1B10, ALB, ALDH16A1, 
               
               
                   
                 ALDH1A1, ALDOA, ANXA1, ANXA11, ANXA2, ANXA2P2, ANXA4, ANXA5, ANXA6, 
               
               
                   
                 AP2A1, AP2A2, APOA1, ARF1, ARF3, ARF4, ARF5, ARF6, ARHGDIA, ARPC3, 
               
               
                   
                 ARPC5L, ARRDC1, ARVCF, ASCC3L1, ASNS, ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, ATP1B1, 
               
               
                   
                 ATP4A, ATP5A1, ATP5B, ATP5I, ATP5L, ATP5O, ATP6AP2, B2M, BAIAP2, 
               
               
                   
                 BAIAP2L1, BRI3BP, BSG, BUB3, C1orf58, C5orf32, CAD, CALM1, CALM2, CALM3, 
               
               
                   
                 CAND1, CANX, CAPZA1, CBR1, CBR3, CCT2, CCT3, CCT4, CCT5, CCT6A, CCT7, 
               
               
                   
                 CCT8, CD44, CD46, CD55, CD59, CD63, CD81, CD82, CD9, CDC42, CDH1, CDH17, 
               
               
                   
                 CEACAM5, CFL1, CFL2, CHMP1A, CHMP2A, CHMP4B, CKB, CLDN3, CLDN4, 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN7, CLIC1, CLIC4, CLSTN1, CLTC, CLTCL1, CLU, COL12A1, COPB1, COPB2, 
               
               
                   
                 CORO1C, COX4I1, COX5B, CRYZ, CSPG4, CSRP1, CST3, CTNNA1, CTNNB1, 
               
               
                   
                 CTNND1, CTTN, CYFIP1, DCD, DERA, DIP2A, DIP2B, DIP2C, DMBT1, DPEP1, DPP4, 
               
               
                   
                 DYNC1H1, EDIL3, EEF1A1, EEF1A2, EEF1AL3, EEF1G, EEF2, EFNB1, EGFR, EHD1, 
               
               
                   
                 EHD4, EIF3EIP, EIF3I, EIF4A1, EIF4A2, ENO1, ENO2, ENO3, EPHA2, EPHA5, EPHB1, 
               
               
                   
                 EPHB2, EPHB3, EPHB4, EPPK1, ESD, EZR, F11R, F5, F7, FAM125A, FAM125B, 
               
               
                   
                 FAM129B, FASLG, FASN, FAT, FCGBP, FER1L3, FKBP1A, FLNA, FLNB, FLOT1, 
               
               
                   
                 FLOT2, G6PD, GAPDH, GARS, GCN1L1, GDI2, GK, GMDS, GNA13, GNAI2, GNAI3, 
               
               
                   
                 GNAS, GNB1, GNB2, GNB2L1, GNB3, GNB4, GNG12, GOLGA7, GPA33, GPI, 
               
               
                   
                 GPRC5A, GSN, GSTP1, H2AFJ, HADHA, hCG_1757335, HEPH, HIST1H2AB, 
               
               
                   
                 HIST1H2AE, HIST1H2AJ, HIST1H2AK, HIST1H4A, HIST1H4B, HIST1H4C, HIST1H4D, 
               
               
                   
                 HIST1H4E, HIST1H4F, HIST1H4H, HIST1H4I, HIST1H4J, HIST1H4K, HIST1H4L, 
               
               
                   
                 HIST2H2AC, HIST2H4A, HIST2H4B, HIST3H2A, HIST4H4, HLA-A, HLA-A29.1, HLA- 
               
               
                   
                 B, HLA-C, HLA-E, HLA-H, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPH2, HPCAL1, HRAS, HSD17B4, 
               
               
                   
                 HSP90AA1, HSP90AA2, HSP90AA4P, HSP90AB1, HSP90AB2P, HSP90AB3P, HSP90B1, 
               
               
                   
                 HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA1L, HSPA2, HSPA4, HSPA5, HSPA6, HSPA7, HSPA8, HSPA9, 
               
               
                   
                 HSPD1, HSPE1, HSPG2, HYOU1, IDH1, IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3, IGH@, IGHG1, 
               
               
                   
                 IGHG2, IGHG3, IGHG4, IGHM, IGHV4-31, IGK@, IGKC, IGKV1-5, IGKV2-24, IGKV3- 
               
               
                   
                 20, IGSF3, IGSF8, IQGAP1, IQGAP2, ITGA2, ITGA3, ITGA6, ITGAV, ITGB1, ITGB4, 
               
               
                   
                 JUP, KIAA0174, KIAA1199, KPNB1, KRAS, KRT1, KRT10, KRT13, KRT14, KRT15, 
               
               
                   
                 KRT16, KRT17, KRT18, KRT19, KRT2, KRT20, KRT24, KRT25, KRT27, KRT28, KRT3, 
               
               
                   
                 KRT4, KRT5, KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C, KRT7, KRT75, KRT76, KRT77, KRT79, KRT8, 
               
               
                   
                 KRT9, LAMA5, LAMP1, LDHA, LDHB, LFNG, LGALS3, LGALS3BP, LGALS4, LIMA1, 
               
               
                   
                 LIN7A, LIN7C, LOC100128936, LOC100130553, LOC100133382, LOC100133739, 
               
               
                   
                 LOC284889, LOC388524, LOC388720, LOC442497, LOC653269, LRP4, LRPPRC, 
               
               
                   
                 LRSAM1, LSR, LYZ, MAN1A1, MAP4K4, MARCKS, MARCKSL1, METRNL, MFGE8, 
               
               
                   
                 MICA, MIF, MINK1, MITD1, MMP7, MOBKL1A, MSN, MTCH2, MUC13, MYADM, 
               
               
                   
                 MYH10, MYH11, MYH14, MYH9, MYL6, MYL6B, MYO1C, MYO1D, NARS, NCALD, 
               
               
                   
                 NCSTN, NEDD4, NEDD4L, NME1, NME2, NOTCH1, NQO1, NRAS, P4HB, PCBP1, 
               
               
                   
                 PCNA, PCSK9, PDCD6, PDCD6IP, PDIA3, PDXK, PEBP1, PFN1, PGK1, PHB, PHB2, 
               
               
                   
                 PKM2, PLEC1, PLEKHB2, PLSCR3, PLXNA1, PLXNB2, PPIA, PPIB, PPP2R1A, PRDX1, 
               
               
                   
                 PRDX2, PRDX3, PRDX5, PRDX6, PRKAR2A, PRKDC, PRSS23, PSMA2, PSMC6, 
               
               
                   
                 PSMD11, PSMD3, PSME3, PTGFRN, PTPRF, PYGB, QPCT, QSOX1, RAB10, RAB11A, 
               
               
                   
                 RAB11B, RAB13, RAB14, RAB15, RAB1A, RAB1B, RAB2A, RAB33B, RAB35, RAB43, 
               
               
                   
                 RAB4B, RAB5A, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAB6A, RAB6B, RAB7A, RAB8A, RAB8B, RAC1, 
               
               
                   
                 RAC3, RALA, RALB, RAN, RANP1, RAP1A, RAP1B, RAP2A, RAP2B, RAP2C, RDX, 
               
               
                   
                 REG4, RHOA, RHOC, RHOG, ROCK2, RP11-631M21.2, RPL10A, RPL12, RPL6, RPL8, 
               
               
                   
                 RPLP0, RPLP0-like, RPLP1, RPLP2, RPN1, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS18, 
               
               
                   
                 RPS20, RPS21, RPS27A, RPS3, RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2, RPS7, RPS8, RPSA, 
               
               
                   
                 RPSAP15, RRAS, RRAS2, RUVBL1, RUVBL2, S100A10, S100A11, S100A14, S100A16, 
               
               
                   
                 S100A6, S100P, SDC1, SDC4, SDCBP, SDCBP2, SERINC1, SERINC5, SERPINA1, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINF1, SETD4, SFN, SLC12A2, SLC12A7, SLC16A1, SLC1A5, SLC25A4, SLC25A5, 
               
               
                   
                 SLC25A6, SLC29A1, SLC2A1, SLC3A2, SLC44A1, SLC7A5, SLC9A3R1, SMPDL3B, 
               
               
                   
                 SNAP23, SND1, SOD1, SORT1, SPTAN1, SPTBN1, SSBP1, SSR4, TACSTD1, TAGLN2, 
               
               
                   
                 TBCA, TCEB1, TCP1, TF, TFRC, THBS1, TJP2, TKT, TMED2, TNFSF10, TNIK, 
               
               
                   
                 TNKS1BP1, TNPO3, TOLLIP, TOMM22, TPI1, TPM1, TRAP1, TSG101, TSPAN1, 
               
               
                   
                 TSPAN14, TSPAN15, TSPAN6, TSPAN8, TSTA3, TTYH3, TUBA1A, TUBA1B, 
               
               
                   
                 TUBA1C, TUBA3C, TUBA3D, TUBA3E, TUBA4A, TUBA4B, TUBAS, TUBE, TUBB2A, 
               
               
                   
                 TUBB2B, TUBB2C, TUBB3, TUBB4, TUBB4Q, TUBB6, TUFM, TXN, UBA1, UBA52, 
               
               
                   
                 UBB, UBC, UBE2N, UBE2V2, UGDH, UQCRC2, VAMP1, VAMP3, VAMP8, VCP, VIL1, 
               
               
                   
                 VPS25, VPS28, VPS35, VPS36, VPS37B, VPS37C, WDR1, YWHAB, YWHAE, YWHAG, 
               
               
                   
                 YWHAH, YWHAQ, YWHAZ 
               
               
                 Colorectal Cancer 
                 hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-25, hsa-miR-125b, hsa-miR-451, hsa-miR-200c, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa- 
               
               
                   
                 miR-658, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-1296, hsa-miR-636, hsa-miR-502-5p 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 miR-21, miR-155, miR-206, miR-122a, miR-210, miR-21, miR-155, miR-206, miR-122a, 
               
               
                   
                 miR-210, let-7, miR-10b, miR-125a, miR-125b, miR-145, miR-143, miR-145, miR-1b 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 GAS5 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 ER, PR, HER2, MUC1, EGFR, KRAS, B-Raf, CYP2D6, hsp70, MART-1, TRP, HER2, 
               
               
                   
                 hsp70, MART-1, TRP, HER2, ER, PR, Class III b-tubulin, VEGFA, ETV6-NTRK3, BCA- 
               
               
                   
                 225, hsp70, MART1, ER, VEGFA, Class III b-tubulin, HER2/neu (e.g., for Her2+ breast 
               
               
                   
                 cancer), GPR30, ErbB4 (JM) isoform, MPR8, MISIIR, CD9, EphA2, EGFR, B7H3, PSM, 
               
               
                   
                 PCSA, CD63, STEAP, CD81, ICAM1, A33, DR3, CD66e, MFG-E8, TROP-2, 
               
               
                   
                 Mammaglobin, Hepsin, NPGP/NPFF2, PSCA, 5T4, NGAL, EpCam, neurokinin receptor-1 
               
               
                   
                 (NK-1 or NK-1R), NK-2, Pai-1, CD45, CD10, HER2/ERBB2, AGTR1, NPY1R, MUC1, 
               
               
                   
                 ESA, CD133, GPR30, BCA225, CD24, CA15.3 (MUC1 secreted), CA27.29 (MUC1 
               
               
                   
                 secreted), NMDAR1, NMDAR2, MAGEA, CTAG1B, NY-ESO-1, SPB, SPC, NSE, PGP9.5, 
               
               
                   
                 progesterone receptor (PR) or its isoform (PR(A) or PR(B)), P2RX7, NDUFB7, NSE, GAL3, 
               
               
                   
                 osteopontin, CHI3L1, IC3b, mesothelin, SPA, AQP5, GPCR, hCEA-CAM, PTP IA-2, 
               
               
                   
                 CABYR, TMEM211, ADAM28, UNC93A, MUC17, MUC2, IL10R-beta, BCMA, 
               
               
                   
                 HVEM/TNFRSF14, Trappin-2, Elafin, ST2/IL1 R4, TNFRF14, CEACAM1, TPA1, LAMP, 
               
               
                   
                 WF, WH1000, PECAM, BSA, TNFR 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 CD9, MIS Rii, ER, CD63, MUC1, HER3, STAT3, VEGFA, BCA, CA125, CD24, EPCAM, 
               
               
                   
                 ERB B4 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 CD10, NPGP/NPFF2, HER2/ERBB2, AGTR1, NPY1R, neurokinin receptor-1 (NK-1 or NK- 
               
               
                   
                 1R), NK-2, MUC1, ESA, CD133, GPR30, BCA225, CD24, CA15.3 (MUC1 secreted), 
               
               
                   
                 CA27.29 (MUC1 secreted), NMDAR1, NMDAR2, MAGEA, CTAG1B, NY-ESO-1 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 SPB, SPC, NSE, PGP9.5, CD9, P2RX7, NDUFB7, NSE, GAL3, osteopontin, CHI3L1, 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR, B7H3, IC3b, MUC1, mesothelin, SPA, PCSA, CD63, STEAP, AQP5, CD81, DR3, 
               
               
                   
                 PSM, GPCR, EphA2, hCEA-CAM, PTP IA-2, CABYR, TMEM211, ADAM28, UNC93A, 
               
               
                   
                 A33, CD24, CD10, NGAL, EpCam, MUC17, TROP-2, MUC2, IL10R-beta, BCMA, 
               
               
                   
                 HVEM/TNFRSF14, Trappin-2 Elafin, ST2/IL1 R4, TNFRF14, CEACAM1, TPA1, LAMP, 
               
               
                   
                 WF, WH1000, PECAM, BSA, TNFR 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 BRCA, MUC-1, MUC 16, CD24, ErbB4, ErbB2 (HER2), ErbB3, HSP70, Mammaglobin, 
               
               
                   
                 PR, PR(B), VEGFA 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 CD9, HSP70, Gal3, MIS, EGFR, ER, ICB3, CD63, B7H4, MUC1, DLL4, CD81, ERB3, 
               
               
                   
                 VEGF, BCA225, BRCA, CA125, CD174, CD24, ERB2, NGAL, GPR30, CYFRA21, CD31, 
               
               
                   
                 cMET, MUC2, ERBB4 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 CD9, EphA2, EGFR, B7H3, PSMA, PCSA, CD63, STEAP, CD81, STEAP1, ICAM1 
               
               
                   
                 (CD54), PSMA, A33, DR3, CD66e, MFG-8e, TMEM211, TROP-2, EGFR, Mammoglobin, 
               
               
                   
                 Hepsin, NPGP/NPFF2, PSCA, 5T4, NGAL, NK-2, EpCam, NK-1R, PSMA, 5T4, PAI-1, 
               
               
                   
                 CD45 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 PGP9.5, CD9, HSP70, gal3-b2c10, EGFR, iC3b, PSMA, PCSA, CD63, MUC1, DLL4, 
               
               
                   
                 CD81, B7-H3, HER 3 (ErbB3), MART-1, PSA, VEGF A, TIMP-1, GPCR GPR110, EphA2, 
               
               
                   
                 MMP9, mmp7, TMEM211, UNC93a, BRCA, CA125 (MUC16), Mammaglobin, CD174 
               
               
                   
                 (Lewis y), CD66e CEA, CD24 c.sn3, C-erbB2, CD10, NGAL, epcam, CEA 
               
               
                   
                 (carcinoembryonic Antigen), GPR30, CYFRA21-1, OPN, MUC17, hVEGFR2, MUC2, 
               
               
                   
                 NCAM, ASPH, ErbB4, SPB, SPC, CD9, MS4A1, EphA2, MIS RII, HER2 (ErbB2), ER, PR 
               
               
                   
                 (B), MRP8, CD63, B7H4, TGM2, CD81, DR3, STAT 3, MACC-1, TrKB, IL 6 Unc, OPG - 
               
               
                   
                 13, IL6R, EZH2, SCRN1, TWEAK, SERPINB3, CDAC1, BCA-225, DR3, A33, 
               
               
                   
                 NPGP/NPFF2, TIMP1, BDNF, FRT, Ferritin heavy chain, seprase, p53, LDH, HSP, ost, p53, 
               
               
                   
                 CXCL12, HAP, CRP, Gro-alpha, Tsg 101, GDF15 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 CD9, HSP70, Gal3, MIS (RII), EGFR, ER, ICB3, CD63, B7H4, MUC1, CD81, ERB3, 
               
               
                   
                 MART1, STAT3, VEGF, BCA225, BRCA, CA125, CD174, CD24, ERB2, NGAL, GPR30, 
               
               
                   
                 CYFRA21, CD31, cMET, MUC2, ERB4, TMEM211 
               
               
                 Breast Cancer 
                 5T4 (trophoblast), ADAM10, AGER/RAGE, APC, APP (β-amyloid), ASPH (A-10), B7H3 
               
               
                   
                 (CD276), BACE1, BAI3, BRCA1, BDNF, BIRC2, C1GALT1, CA125 (MUC16), 
               
               
                   
                 Calmodulin 1, CCL2 (MCP-1), CD9, CD10, CD127 (IL7R), CD174, CD24, CD44, CD63, 
               
               
                   
                 CD81, CEA, CRMP-2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR6, CYFRA 21, derlin 1, DLL4, DPP6, E- 
               
               
                   
                 CAD, EpCaM, EphA2 (H-77), ER(1) ESR1 α, ER(2) ESR2 β, Erb B4, Erbb2, erb3 (Erb-B3), 
               
               
                   
                 PA2G4, FRT (FLT1), Gal3, GPR30 (G-coupled ER1), HAP1, HER3, HSP-27, HSP70, IC3b, 
               
               
                   
                 IL8, insig, junction plakoglobin, Keratin 15, KRAS, Mammaglobin, MART1, MCT2, 
               
               
                   
                 MFGE8, MMP9, MRP8, Muc1, MUC17, MUC2, NCAM, NG2 (CSPG4), Ngal, NHE-3, 
               
               
                   
                 NT5E (CD73), ODC1, OPG, OPN, p53, PARK7, PCSA, PGP9.5 (PARK5), PR(B), PSA, 
               
               
                   
                 PSMA, RAGE, STXBP4, Survivin, TFF3 (secreted), TIMP1, TIMP2, TMEM211, TRAF4 
               
               
                   
                 (scaffolding), TRAIL-R2 (death Receptor 5), TrkB, Tsg 101, UNC93a, VEGF A, VEGFR2, 
               
               
                   
                 YB-1, VEGFR1, GCDPF-15 (PIP), BigH3 (TGFb1-induced protein), 5HT2B (serotonin 
               
               
                   
                 receptor 2B), BRCA2, BACE 1, CDH1—cadherin 
               
               
                 Breast Cancer 
                 AK5.2, ATP6V1B1, CRABP1 
               
               
                 Breast Cancer 
                 DST.3, GATA3, KRT81 
               
               
                 Breast Cancer 
                 AK5.2, ATP6V1B1, CRABP1, DST.3, ELF5, GATA3, KRT81, LALBA, OXTR, RASL10A, 
               
               
                   
                 SERHL, TFAP2A.1, TFAP2A.3, TFAP2C, VTCN1 
               
               
                 Breast Cancer 
                 TRAP; Renal Cell Carcinoma; Filamin; 14.3.3, Pan; Prohibitin; c-fos; Ang-2; GSTmu; Ang- 
               
               
                   
                 1; FHIT; Rad51; Inhibin alpha; Cadherin-P; 14.3.3 gamma; p18INK4c; P504S; XRCC2; 
               
               
                   
                 Caspase 5; CREB-Binding Protein; Estrogen Receptor; IL17; Claudin 2; Keratin 8; GAPDH; 
               
               
                   
                 CD1; Keratin, LMW; Gamma Glutamylcysteine Synthetase(GCS)/Glutamate-cysteine 
               
               
                   
                 Ligase; a-B-Crystallin; Pax-5; MMP-19; APC; IL-3; Keratin 8 (phospho-specific Ser73); 
               
               
                   
                 TGF-beta 2; ITK; Oct-2/; DJ-1; B7-H2; Plasma Cell Marker; Rad18; Estriol; Chk1; Prolactin 
               
               
                   
                 Receptor; Laminin Receptor; Histone H1; CD45RO; GnRH Receptor; IP10/CRG2; Actin, 
               
               
                   
                 Muscle Specific; S100; Dystrophin; Tubulin-a; CD3zeta; CDC37; GABA a Receptor 1; 
               
               
                   
                 MMP-7 (Matrilysin); Heregulin; Caspase 3; CD56/NCAM-1; Gastrin 1; SREBP-1 (Sterol 
               
               
                   
                 Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1); MLH1; PGP9.5; Factor VIII Related Antigen; ADP- 
               
               
                   
                 ribosylation Factor (ARF-6); MHC II (HLA-DR) Ia; Survivin; CD23; G-CSF; CD2; 
               
               
                   
                 kDa Calretinin; Neuron Specific Enolase; CD165; Calponin; CD95/Fas; Urocortin; Heat Shock 
               
               
                   
                 Protein 27/hsp27; Topo II beta; Insulin Receptor; Keratin 5/8; sm; Actin, skeletal muscle; 
               
               
                   
                 CA19-9; GluR1; GRIP1; CD79a mb-1; TdT; HRP; CD94; CCK-8; Thymidine 
               
               
                   
                 Phosphorylase; CD57; Alkaline Phosphatase (AP); CD59/MACIF/MIRL/Protectin; 
               
               
                   
                 GLUT-1; alpha-1-antitrypsin; Presenillin; Mucin 3 (MUC3); pS2; 14-3-3 beta; MMP-13 
               
               
                   
                 (Collagenase-3); Fli-1; mGluRS; Mast Cell Chymase; Laminin B1/b1; Neurofilament 
               
               
                   
                 (160 kDa); CNPase; Amylin Peptide; Gai1; CD6; alpha-1-antichymotrypsin; E2F-2; MyoD1 
               
               
                 Ductal carcinoma 
                 Laminin B1/b1; E2F-2; TdT; Apolipoprotein D; Granulocyte; Alkaline Phosphatase (AP); 
               
               
                 in situ (DCIS) 
                 Heat Shock Protein 27/hsp27; CD95/Fas; pS2; Estriol; GLUT-1; Fibronectin; CD6; CCK-8; 
               
               
                   
                 sm; Factor VIII Related Antigen; CD57; Plasminogen; CD71/Transferrin Receptor; Keratin 
               
               
                   
                 5/8; Thymidine Phosphorylase; CD45/T200/LCA; Epithelial Specific Antigen; Macrophage; 
               
               
                   
                 CD10; MyoD1; Gai1; bcl-XL; hPL; Caspase 3; Actin, skeletal muscle; IP10/CRG2; GnRH 
               
               
                   
                 Receptor; p35nck5a; ADP-ribosylation Factor (ARF-6); Cdk4 ; alpha-1-antitrypsin; IL17; 
               
               
                   
                 Neuron Specific Enolase; CD56/NCAM-1; Prolactin Receptor; Cdk7; CD79a mb-1; Collagen 
               
               
                   
                 IV; CD94; Myeloid Specific Marker; Keratin 10; Pax-5; IgM (m-Heavy Chain); CD45RO; 
               
               
                   
                 CA19-9; Mucin 2; Glucagon; Mast Cell Chymase; MLH1; CD1; CNPase; Parkin; MHC II 
               
               
                   
                 (HLA-DR) Ia; B7-H2; Chk1; Lambda Light Chain; MHC II (HLA-DP and DR); Myogenin; 
               
               
                   
                 MMP-7 (Matrilysin); Topo II beta; CD53; Keratin 19; Rad18; Ret Oncoprotein; MHC II 
               
               
                   
                 (HLA-DP); E3-binding protein (ARM1); Progesterone Receptor; Keratin 8; IgG; IgA; 
               
               
                   
                 Tubulin; Insulin Receptor Substrate-1; Keratin 15; DR3; IL-3; Keratin 10/13; Cyclin D3; 
               
               
                   
                 MHC I (HLA25 and HLA-Aw32); Calmodulin; Neurofilament (160 kDa) 
               
               
                 Ductal carcinoma 
                 Macrophage; Fibronectin; Granulocyte; Keratin 19; Cyclin D3; CD45/T200/LCA; EGFR; 
               
               
                 in situ (DCIS) v. 
                 Thrombospondin; CD81/TAPA-1; Ruv C; Plasminogen; Collagen IV; Laminin B1/b1; CD10; 
               
               
                 other Breast cancer 
                 TdT; Filamin; bcl-XL; 14.3.3 gamma; 14.3.3, Pan; p170; Apolipoprotein D; CD71/ 
               
               
                   
                 Transferrin Receptor; FHIT 
               
               
                 Breast cancer 
                 5HT2B, 5T4 (trophoblast), ACO2, ACSL3, ACTN4, ADAM10, AGR2, AGR3, ALCAM, 
               
               
                   
                 ALDH6A1, ANGPTL4, ANO9, AP1G1, APC, APEX1, APLP2, APP (_-amyloid), ARCN1, 
               
               
                   
                 ARHGAP35, ARL3, ASAH1, ASPH (A-10), ATP1B1, ATP1B3, ATP5I, ATP5O, ATXN1, 
               
               
                   
                 B7H3, BACE1, BAI3, BAIAP2, BCA-200, BDNF, BigH3, BIRC2, BLVRB, BRCA, BST2, 
               
               
                   
                 C1GALT1, C1GALT1C1, C20orf3, CA125, CACYBP, Calmodulin, CAPN1, CAPNS1, 
               
               
                   
                 CCDC64B, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCT3, CD10(BD), CD127 (IL7R), CD174, CD24, CD44, 
               
               
                   
                 CD80, CD86, CDH1, CDH5, CEA, CFL2, CHCHD3, CHMP3, CHRDL2, CIB1, CKAP4, 
               
               
                   
                 COPA, COX5B, CRABP2, CRIP1, CRISPLD1, CRMP-2, CRTAP, CTLA4, CUL3, CXCR3, 
               
               
                   
                 CXCR4, CXCR6, CYB5B, CYB5R1, CYCS, CYFRA 21, DBI, DDX23, DDX39B, derlin 1, 
               
               
                   
                 DHCR7, DHX9, DLD, DLL4, DNAJB1, DPP6, DSTN, eCadherin, EEF1D, EEF2, EFTUD2, 
               
               
                   
                 EIF4A2, EIF4A3, EpCaM, EphA2, ER(1) ESR1_, ER(2) ESR2_, Erb B4, Erb2, erb3 (Erb- 
               
               
                   
                 B3?), ERLIN2, ESD, FARSA, FASN, FEN1, FKBP5, FLNB, FOXP3, FUS, Gal3, GCDPF- 
               
               
                   
                 15, GCNT2, GNA12, GNG5, GNPTG, GPC6, GPD2, GPER (GPR30), GSPT1, H3F3B, 
               
               
                   
                 H3F3C, HADH, HAP1, HER3, HIST1H1C, HIST1H2AB, HIST1H3A, HIST1H3C, 
               
               
                   
                 HIST1H3D, HIST1H3E, HIST1H3F, HIST1H3G, HIST1H3H, HIST1H3I, HIST1H3J, 
               
               
                   
                 HIST2H2BF, HIST2H3A, HIST2H3C, HIST2H3D, HIST3H3, HMGB1, HNRNPA2B1, 
               
               
                   
                 HNRNPAB, HNRNPC, HNRNPD, HNRNPH2, HNRNPK, HNRNPL, HNRNPM, 
               
               
                   
                 HNRNPU, HPS3, HSP-27, HSP70, HSP90B1, HSPA1A, HSPA2, HSPA9, HSPE1, IC3b, 
               
               
                   
                 IDE, IDH3B, IDO1, IFI30, IL1RL2, IL7, IL8, ILF2, ILF3, IQCG, ISOC2, IST1, ITGA7, 
               
               
                   
                 ITGB7, junction plakoglobin, Keratin 15, KRAS, KRT19, KRT2, KRT7, KRT8, KRT9, 
               
               
                   
                 KTN1, LAMP1, LMNA, LMNB1, LNPEP, LRPPRC, LRRC57, Mammaglobin, MAN1A1, 
               
               
                   
                 MAN1A2, MART1, MATR3, MBD5, MCT2, MDH2, MFGE8, MFGE8, MGP, MMP9, 
               
               
                   
                 MRP8, MUC1, MUC17, MUC2, MYO5B, MYOF, NAPA, NCAM, NCL, NG2 (CSPG4), 
               
               
                   
                 Ngal, NHE-3, NME2, NONO, NPM1, NQO1, NT5E (CD73), ODC1, OPG, OPN (SC), OS9, 
               
               
                   
                 p53, PACSIN3, PAICS, PARK7, PARVA, PC, PCNA, PCSA, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, 
               
               
                   
                 PGP9.5, PHB, PHB2, PIK3C2B, PKP3, PPL, PR(B)?, PRDX2, PRKCB, PRKCD, PRKDC, 
               
               
                   
                 PSA, PSAP, PSMA, PSMB7, PSMD2, PSME3, PYCARD, RAB1A, RAB3D, RAB7A, 
               
               
                   
                 RAGE, RBL2, RNPEP, RPL14, RPL27, RPL36, RPS25, RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2, 
               
               
                   
                 RUVBL2, SET, SHMT2, SLAIN1, SLC39A14, SLC9A3R2, SMARCA4, SNRPD2, 
               
               
                   
                 SNRPD3, SNX33, SNX9, SPEN, SPR, SQSTM1, SSBP1, ST3GAL1, STXBP4, SUB1, 
               
               
                   
                 SUCLG2, Survivin, SYT9, TFF3 (secreted), TGOLN2, THBS1, TIMP1, TIMP2, TMED10, 
               
               
                   
                 TMED4, TMED9, TMEM211, TOM1, TRAF4 (scaffolding), TRAIL-R2, TRAP1, TrkB, Tsg 
               
               
                   
                 101, TXNDC16, U2AF2, UEVLD, UFC1, UNC93a, USP14, VASP, VCP, VDAC1, VEGFA, 
               
               
                   
                 VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VPS37C, WIZ, XRCC5, XRCC6, YB-1, YWHAZ 
               
               
                 Lung cancer 
                 Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component l)/sigma-2 receptor, STEAP, EZH2 
               
               
                 Lung cancer 
                 Prohibitin, CD23, Amylin Peptide, HRP, Rad51, Pax-5, Oct-3/, GLUT-1, PSCA, 
               
               
                   
                 Thrombospondin, FHIT, a-B-Crystallin, LewisA, Vacular Endothelial Growth 
               
               
                   
                 Factor(VEGF), Hepatocyte Factor Homologue-4, Flt-4, GluR6/7, Prostate Apoptosis 
               
               
                   
                 Response Protein-4, GluR1, Fli-1, Urocortin, S100A4, 14-3-3 beta, P504S, HDAC1, PGP9.5, 
               
               
                   
                 DJ-1, COX2, MMP-19, Actin, skeletal muscle, Claudin 3, Cadherin-P, Collagen IX, 
               
               
                   
                 p27Kip1, Cathepsin D, CD30 (Reed-Sternberg Cell Marker), Ubiquitin, FSH-b, TrxR2, 
               
               
                   
                 CCK-8, Cyclin C, CD138, TGF-beta 2, Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, PPAR-gamma, Bcl- 
               
               
                   
                 6, GLUT-3, IGF-I, mRANKL, Fas-ligand, Filamin, Calretinin, O ct-1, Parathyroid Hormone, 
               
               
                   
                 Claudin 5, Claudin 4, Raf-1 (Phospho-specific), CDC14A Phosphatase, Mitochondria, APC, 
               
               
                   
                 Gastrin 1, Ku (p80), Gail, XPA, Maltose Binding Protein, Melanoma (gp100), 
               
               
                   
                 Phosphotyrosine, Amyloid A, CXCR4/Fusin, Hepatic Nuclear Factor-36, Caspase 1, HPV 
               
               
                   
                 16-E7, Axonal Growth Cones, Lck, Ornithine Decarboxylase, Gamma Glutamylcysteine 
               
               
                   
                 Synthetase(GCS)/Glutamate-cysteine Ligase, ERCC1, Calmodulin, Caspase 7 (Mch 3), 
               
               
                   
                 CD137 (4-1BB), Nitric Oxide Synthase, brain (bNOS), E2F-2, IL-10R, L-Plastin, CD18, 
               
               
                   
                 Vimentin, CD50/ICAM-3, Superoxide Dismutase, Adenovirus Type 5 E1A, PHAS-I, 
               
               
                   
                 Progesterone Receptor (phospho-specific) - Serine 294, MHC II (HLA-DQ), XPG, ER Ca + 2 
               
               
                   
                 ATPase2, Laminin-s, E3 -binding protein (ARM1), CD45RO, CD1, Cdk2, MMP-10 
               
               
                   
                 (Stromilysin-2), sm, Surfactant Protein B (Pro), Apolipoprotein D, CD46, Keratin 8 
               
               
                   
                 (phospho-specific Ser73), PCNA, FLAP, CD20, Syk, LH, Keratin 19, ADP-ribosylation 
               
               
                   
                 Factor (ARF-6), Int-2 Oncoprotein, Luciferase, AIF (Apoptosis Inducing Factor), Grb2, bcl- 
               
               
                   
                 X, CD16, Paxillin, MHC II (HLA-DP and DR), B-Cell, p21WAF1, MHC II (HLA-DR), 
               
               
                   
                 Tyrosinase, E2F-1, Pds1, Calponin, Notch, CD26/DPP IV, SV40 Large T Antigen, Ku 
               
               
                   
                 (p70/p80), Perform, XPF, SIM Ag (SIMA-4D3), Cdk1/p34cdc2, Neuron Specific Enolase, b- 
               
               
                   
                 2-Microglobulin, DNA Polymerase Beta, Thyroid Hormone Receptor, Human, Alkaline 
               
               
                   
                 Phosphatase (AP), Plasma Cell Marker, Heat Shock Protein 70/hsp70, TRP75/gp75, SRF 
               
               
                   
                 (Serum Response Factor), Laminin B1/b1, Mast Cell Chymase, Caldesmon, CEA/CD66e, 
               
               
                   
                 CD24, Retinoid X Receptor (hRXR), CD45/T200/LCA, Rabies Virus, Cytochrome c, DR3, 
               
               
                   
                 bcl-XL, Fascin, CD71/Transferrin Receptor 
               
               
                 Lung Cancer 
                 miR-497 
               
               
                 Lung Cancer 
                 Pgrmc1 
               
               
                 Ovarian Cancer 
                 CA-125, CA 19-9, c-reactive protein, CD95(also called Fas, Fas antigen, Fas receptor, FasR, 
               
               
                   
                 TNFRSF6, APT1 or APO-1), FAP-1, miR-200 microRNAs, EGFR, EGFRvIII, 
               
               
                   
                 apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein CIII, myoglobin, tenascin C, MSH6, claudin-3, claudin-4, 
               
               
                   
                 caveolin-1, coagulation factor III, CD9, CD36, CD37, CD53, CD63, CD81, CD136, CD147, 
               
               
                   
                 Hsp70, Hsp90, Rab13, Desmocollin-1, EMP-2, CK7, CK20, GCDF15, CD82, Rab-5b, 
               
               
                   
                 Annexin V, MFG-E8, HLA-DR. MiR-200 microRNAs (miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c), 
               
               
                   
                 miR-141, miR-429, JNK, Jun 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer v 
                 AQP2, BMP5, C16orf86, CXCL13, DST, ERCC1, GNAO1, KLHL5, MAP4K1, NELL2, 
               
               
                 normal 
                 PENK, PGF, POU3F1, PRSS21, SCML1, SEMG1, SMARCD3, SNAI2, TAF1C, TNNT3 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer v 
                 ADRB2, ARG2, C22orf32, CYorf14, EIF1AY, FEV, KLK2, KLK4, LRRC26, MAOA, 
               
               
                 Breast Cancer 
                 NLGN4Y, PNPLA7, PVRL3, SIM2, SLC30A4, SLC45A3, STX19, TRIM36, TRPM8 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer v 
                 ADRB2, BAIAP2L2, C19orf33, CDX1, CEACAM6, EEF1A2, ERN2, FAM110B, FOXA2, 
               
               
                 Colorectal Cancer 
                 KLK2, KLK4, LOC389816, LRRC26, MIPOL1, SLC45A3, SPDEF, TRIM31, TRIM36, 
               
               
                   
                 ZNF613 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer v 
                 ASTN2, CAB39L, CRIP1, FAM110B, FEV, GSTP1, KLK2, KLK4, LOC389816, LRRC26, 
               
               
                 Lung Cancer 
                 MUC1, PNPLA7, SIM2, SLC45A3, SPDEF, TRIM36, TRPV6, ZNF613 
               
               
                 Prostate Cancer 
                 miRs-26a + b, miR-15, miR-16, miR-195, miR-497, miR-424, miR-206, miR-342-5p, miR- 
               
               
                   
                 186, miR-1271, miR-600, miR-216b, miR-519 family, miR-203 
               
               
                 Integrins 
                 ITGA1 (CD49a, VLA1), ITGA2 (CD49b, VLA2), ITGA3 (CD49c, VLA3), ITGA4 (CD49d, 
               
               
                   
                 VLA4), ITGA5 (CD49e, VLA5), ITGA6 (CD49f, VLA6), ITGA7 (FLJ25220), ITGA8, 
               
               
                   
                 ITGA9 (RLC), ITGA10, ITGA11 (HsT18964), ITGAD (CD11D, FLJ39841), ITGAE 
               
               
                   
                 (CD103, HUMINAE), ITGAL (CD11a, LFA1A), ITGAM (CD11b, MAC-1), ITGAV 
               
               
                   
                 (CD51, VNRA, MSK8), ITGAW, ITGAX (CD11c), ITGB1 (CD29, FNRB, MSK12, 
               
               
                   
                 MDF20), ITGB2 (CD18, LFA-1, MAC-1, MFI7), ITGB3 (CD61, GP3A, GPIIIa), ITGB4 
               
               
                   
                 (CD104), ITGB5 (FLJ26658), ITGB6, ITGB7, ITGB8 
               
               
                 Glycoprotein 
                 GpIa-IIa, GpIIb-IIIa, GpIIIb, GpIb, GpIX 
               
               
                 Transcription 
                 STAT3, EZH2, p53, MACC1, SPDEF, RUNX2, YB-1 
               
               
                 factors 
               
               
                 Kinases 
                 AURKA, AURKB 
               
               
                 Disease Markers 
                 6Ckine, Adiponectin, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Agouti-Related Protein, Aldose 
               
               
                   
                 Reductase, Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Alpha-1-Microglobulin, Alpha- 
               
               
                   
                 2-Macroglobulin, Alpha-Fetoprotein, Amphiregulin, Angiogenin, Angiopoietin-2, 
               
               
                   
                 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, Angiotensinogen, Annexin A1, Apolipoprotein A-I, 
               
               
                   
                 Apolipoprotein A-II, Apolipoprotein A-IV, Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein C-I, 
               
               
                   
                 Apolipoprotein C-III, Apolipoprotein D, Apolipoprotein E, Apolipoprotein H, 
               
               
                   
                 Apolipoprotein(a), AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, B cell-activating Factor, B Lymphocyte 
               
               
                   
                 Chemoattractant, Bcl-2-like protein 2, Beta-2-Microglobulin, Betacellulin, Bone 
               
               
                   
                 Morphogenetic Protein 6, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Calbindin, Calcitonin, Cancer 
               
               
                   
                 Antigen 125, Cancer Antigen 15-3, Cancer Antigen 19-9, Cancer Antigen 72-4, 
               
               
                   
                 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Cathepsin D, CD 40 antigen, CD40 Ligand, CD5 Antigen-like, 
               
               
                   
                 Cellular Fibronectin, Chemokine CC-4, Chromogranin-A, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor, 
               
               
                   
                 Clusterin, Collagen IV, Complement C3, Complement Factor H, Connective Tissue Growth 
               
               
                   
                 Factor, Cortisol, C-Peptide, C-Reactive Protein, Creatine Kinase-MB, Cystatin-C, Endoglin, 
               
               
                   
                 Endostatin, Endothelin-1, EN-RAGE, Eotaxin-1, Eotaxin-2, Eotaxin-3, Epidermal Growth 
               
               
                   
                 Factor, Epiregulin, Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, Epithelial-Derived Neutrophil- 
               
               
                   
                 Activating Protein 78, Erythropoietin, E-Selectin, Ezrin, Factor VII, Fas Ligand, FASLG 
               
               
                   
                 Receptor, Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (adipocyte), Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (heart), Fatty 
               
               
                   
                 Acid-Binding Protein (liver), Ferritin, Fetuin-A, Fibrinogen, Fibroblast Growth Factor 4, 
               
               
                   
                 Fibroblast Growth Factor basic, Fibulin-1C, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Galectin-3, 
               
               
                   
                 Gelsolin, Glucagon, Glucagon-like Peptide 1, Glucose-6-phosphate Isomerase, Glutamate- 
               
               
                   
                 Cysteine Ligase Regulatory subunit, Glutathione S-Transferase alpha, Glutathione S- 
               
               
                   
                 Transferase Mu 1, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, Granulocyte-Macrophage 
               
               
                   
                 Colony-Stimulating Factor, Growth Hormone, Growth-Regulated alpha protein, Haptoglobin, 
               
               
                   
                 HE4, Heat Shock Protein 60, Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor, Hepatocyte Growth 
               
               
                   
                 Factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor, Hepsin, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin beta, 
               
               
                   
                 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin E, 
               
               
                   
                 Immunoglobulin M, Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factor I, Insulin-like Growth Factor- 
               
               
                   
                 Binding Protein 1, Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 2, Insulin-like Growth Factor- 
               
               
                   
                 Binding Protein 3, Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4, Insulin-like Growth Factor 
               
               
                   
                 Binding Protein 5, Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 6, Intercellular Adhesion 
               
               
                   
                 Molecule 1, Interferon gamma, Interferon gamma Induced Protein 10, Interferon-inducible T- 
               
               
                   
                 cell alpha chemoattractant, Interleukin-1 alpha, Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-1 Receptor 
               
               
                   
                 antagonist, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha, Interleukin-3, Interleukin-4, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-5, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-6 Receptor, Interleukin-6 Receptor subunit beta, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-7, Interleukin-8, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-11, Interleukin-12 Subunit p40, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-12 Subunit p70, Interleukin-13, Interleukin-15, Interleukin-16, Interleukin-25, 
               
               
                   
                 Kallikrein 5, Kallikrein-7, Kidney Injury Molecule-1, Lactoylglutathione lyase, Latency- 
               
               
                   
                 Associated Peptide of Transforming Growth Factor beta 1, Lectin-Like Oxidized LDL 
               
               
                   
                 Receptor 1, Leptin, Luteinizing Hormone, Lymphotactin, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating 
               
               
                   
                 Factor 1, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 
               
               
                   
                 beta, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 alpha, Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 beta, 
               
               
                   
                 Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, Macrophage-Derived Chemokine, Macrophage- 
               
               
                   
                 Stimulating Protein, Malondialdehyde-Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein, Maspin, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase- 1, Matrix Metalloproteinase-2, Matrix Metalloproteinase-3, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase-7, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase-10, Mesothelin, MHC class I chain-related protein A, Monocyte 
               
               
                   
                 Chemotactic Protein 1, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 2, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 3, 
               
               
                   
                 Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 4, Monokine Induced by Gamma Interferon, Myeloid 
               
               
                   
                 Progenitor Inhibitory Factor 1, Myeloperoxidase, Myoglobin, Nerve Growth Factor beta, 
               
               
                   
                 Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule, Neuron-Specific Enolase, Neuropilin-1, Neutrophil 
               
               
                   
                 Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, NT-proBNP, Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B, 
               
               
                   
                 Osteopontin, Osteoprotegerin, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Pepsinogen I, Peptide YY, 
               
               
                   
                 Peroxiredoxin-4, Phosphoserine Aminotransferase, Placenta Growth Factor, Plasminogen 
               
               
                   
                 Activator Inhibitor 1, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB, Pregnancy-Associated Plasma 
               
               
                   
                 Protein A, Progesterone, Proinsulin (inc. Total or Intact), Prolactin, Prostasin, Prostate- 
               
               
                   
                 Specific Antigen (inc. Free PSA), Prostatic Acid Phosphatase, Protein S100-A4, Protein 
               
               
                   
                 S100-A6, Pulmonary and Activation-Regulated Chemokine, Receptor for advanced 
               
               
                   
                 glycosylation end products, Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3, Resistin, S100 calcium- 
               
               
                   
                 binding protein B, Secretin, Serotransferrin, Serum Amyloid P-Component, Serum Glutamic 
               
               
                   
                 Oxaloacetic Transaminase, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Sortilin, Squamous Cell 
               
               
                   
                 Carcinoma Antigen-1, Stem Cell Factor, Stromal cell-derived Factor-1, Superoxide 
               
               
                   
                 Dismutase 1 (soluble), T Lymphocyte-Secreted Protein I-309, Tamm-Horsfall Urinary 
               
               
                   
                 Glycoprotein, T-Cell-Specific Protein RANTES, Tenascin-C, Testosterone, Tetranectin, 
               
               
                   
                 Thrombomodulin, Thrombopoietin, Thrombospondin-1, Thyroglobulin, Thyroid-Stimulating 
               
               
                   
                 Hormone, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin, Tissue Factor, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 
               
               
                   
                 1, Tissue type Plasminogen activator, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor 3, 
               
               
                   
                 Transforming Growth Factor alpha, Transforming Growth Factor beta-3, Transthyretin, 
               
               
                   
                 Trefoil Factor 3, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, Tumor Necrosis 
               
               
                   
                 Factor Receptor I, Tumor necrosis Factor Receptor 2, Tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF 
               
               
                   
                 homology domains 2, Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator, Urokinase-type plasminogen 
               
               
                   
                 activator Receptor, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, 
               
               
                   
                 Vascular endothelial growth Factor B, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C, Vascular 
               
               
                   
                 endothelial growth Factor D, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1, Vascular 
               
               
                   
                 Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2, Vascular endothelial growth Factor Receptor 3, 
               
               
                   
                 Vitamin K-Dependent Protein S, Vitronectin, von Willebrand Factor, YKL-40 
               
               
                 Disease Markers 
                 Adiponectin, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Agouti-Related Protein, Alpha-1- 
               
               
                   
                 Antichymotrypsin, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Alpha-1-Microglobulin, Alpha-2-Macroglobulin, 
               
               
                   
                 Alpha-Fetoprotein, Amphiregulin, Angiopoietin-2, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, 
               
               
                   
                 Angiotensinogen, Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein A-II, Apolipoprotein A-IV, 
               
               
                   
                 Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein C-I, Apolipoprotein C-III, Apolipoprotein D, 
               
               
                   
                 Apolipoprotein E, Apolipoprotein H, Apolipoprotein(a), AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, B 
               
               
                   
                 Lymphocyte Chemoattractant, Beta-2-Microglobulin, Betacellulin, Bone Morphogenetic 
               
               
                   
                 Protein 6, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Calbindin, Calcitonin, Cancer Antigen 125, 
               
               
                   
                 Cancer Antigen 19-9, Carcinoembryonic Antigen, CD 40 antigen, CD40 Ligand, CD5 
               
               
                   
                 Antigen-like, Chemokine CC-4, Chromogranin-A, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor, Clusterin, 
               
               
                   
                 Complement C3, Complement Factor H, Connective Tissue Growth Factor, Cortisol, C- 
               
               
                   
                 Peptide, C-Reactive Protein, Creatine Kinase-MB, Cystatin-C, Endothelin-1, EN-RAGE, 
               
               
                   
                 Eotaxin-1, Eotaxin-3, Epidermal Growth Factor, Epiregulin, Epithelial-Derived Neutrophil- 
               
               
                   
                 Activating Protein 78, Erythropoietin, E-Selectin, Factor VII, Fas Ligand, FASLG Receptor, 
               
               
                   
                 Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (heart), Ferritin, Fetuin-A, Fibrinogen, Fibroblast Growth Factor 
               
               
                   
                 4, Fibroblast Growth Factor basic, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Glucagon, Glucagon-like 
               
               
                   
                 Peptide 1, Glutathione S-Transferase alpha, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 
               
               
                   
                 Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Growth Hormone, Growth-Regulated 
               
               
                   
                 alpha protein, Haptoglobin, Heat Shock Protein 60, Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth 
               
               
                   
                 Factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin E, Immunoglobulin 
               
               
                   
                 M, Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factor I, Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 2, 
               
               
                   
                 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, Interferon gamma, Interferon gamma Induced Protein 10, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-1 alpha, Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-1 Receptor antagonist, Interleukin-2, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-3, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-5, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-6 Receptor, Interleukin- 
               
               
                   
                 7, Interleukin-8, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-11, Interleukin-12 Subunit p40, Interleukin-12 
               
               
                   
                 Subunit p70, Interleukin-13, Interleukin-15, Interleukin-16, Interleukin-25, Kidney Injury 
               
               
                   
                 Molecule-1, Lectin-Like Oxidized LDL Receptor 1, Leptin, Luteinizing Hormone, 
               
               
                   
                 Lymphotactin, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor 1, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein- 
               
               
                   
                 1 alpha, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 beta, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 
               
               
                   
                 alpha, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, Macrophage-Derived Chemokine, 
               
               
                   
                 Malondialdehyde-Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein, Matrix Metalloproteinase-1, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase-2, Matrix Metalloproteinase-3, Matrix Metalloproteinase-7, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase-9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-10, Monocyte 
               
               
                   
                 Chemotactic Protein 1, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 2, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 3, 
               
               
                   
                 Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 4, Monokine Induced by Gamma Interferon, Myeloid 
               
               
                   
                 Progenitor Inhibitory Factor 1, Myeloperoxidase, Myoglobin, Nerve Growth Factor beta, 
               
               
                   
                 Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule, Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, NT-proBNP, 
               
               
                   
                 Osteopontin, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Peptide YY, Placenta Growth Factor, Plasminogen 
               
               
                   
                 Activator Inhibitor 1, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB, Pregnancy-Associated Plasma 
               
               
                   
                 Protein A, Progesterone, Proinsulin (inc. Intact or Total), Prolactin, Prostate-Specific Antigen 
               
               
                   
                 (inc. Free PSA), Prostatic Acid Phosphatase, Pulmonary and Activation-Regulated 
               
               
                   
                 Chemokine, Receptor for advanced glycosylation end products, Resistin, S100 calcium- 
               
               
                   
                 binding protein B, Secretin, Serotransferrin, Serum Amyloid P-Component, Serum Glutamic 
               
               
                   
                 Oxaloacetic Transaminase, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Sortilin, Stem Cell Factor, 
               
               
                   
                 Superoxide Dismutase 1 (soluble), T Lymphocyte-Secreted Protein I-309, Tamm-Horsfall 
               
               
                   
                 Urinary Glycoprotein, T-Cell-Specific Protein RANTES, Tenascin-C, Testosterone, 
               
               
                   
                 Thrombomodulin, Thrombopoietin, Thrombospondin-1, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, 
               
               
                   
                 Thyroxine-Binding Globulin, Tissue Factor, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1, TNF- 
               
               
                   
                 Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor 3, Transforming Growth Factor alpha, 
               
               
                   
                 Transforming Growth Factor beta-3, Transthyretin, Trefoil Factor 3, Tumor Necrosis Factor 
               
               
                   
                 alpha, Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, Tumor necrosis Factor Receptor 2, Vascular Cell 
               
               
                   
                 Adhesion Molecule-1, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Vitamin K-Dependent Protein S, 
               
               
                   
                 Vitronectin, von Willebrand Factor 
               
               
                 Oncology 
                 6Ckine, Aldose Reductase, Alpha-Fetoprotein, Amphiregulin, Angiogenin, Annexin A1, B 
               
               
                   
                 cell-activating Factor, B Lymphocyte Chemoattractant, Bcl-2-like protein 2, Betacellulin, 
               
               
                   
                 Cancer Antigen 125, Cancer Antigen 15-3, Cancer Antigen 19-9, Cancer Antigen 72-4, 
               
               
                   
                 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Cathepsin D, Cellular Fibronectin, Collagen IV, Endoglin, 
               
               
                   
                 Endostatin, Eotaxin-2, Epidermal Growth Factor, Epiregulin, Epithelial cell adhesion 
               
               
                   
                 molecule, Ezrin, Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (adipocyte), Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (liver), 
               
               
                   
                 Fibroblast Growth Factor basic, Fibulin-1C, Galectin-3, Gelsolin, Glucose-6-phosphate 
               
               
                   
                 Isomerase, Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Regulatory subunit, Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 1, 
               
               
                   
                 HE4, Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Hepatocyte 
               
               
                   
                 Growth Factor Receptor, Hepsin, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin beta, Human Epidermal 
               
               
                   
                 Growth Factor Receptor 2, Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 1, Insulin-like Growth 
               
               
                   
                 Factor-Binding Protein 2, Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3, Insulin-like Growth 
               
               
                   
                 Factor Binding Protein 4, Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5, Insulin-like Growth 
               
               
                   
                 Factor Binding Protein 6, Interferon gamma Induced Protein 10, Interferon-inducible T-cell 
               
               
                   
                 alpha chemoattractant, Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-6 Receptor 
               
               
                   
                 subunit beta, Kallikrein 5, Kallikrein-7, Lactoylglutathione lyase, Latency-Associated Peptide 
               
               
                   
                 of Transforming Growth Factor beta 1, Leptin, Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 beta, 
               
               
                   
                 Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, Macrophage-Stimulating Protein, Maspin, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase-2, Mesothelin, MHC class I chain-related protein A, Monocyte 
               
               
                   
                 Chemotactic Protein 1, Monokine Induced by Gamma Interferon, Neuron-Specific Enolase, 
               
               
                   
                 Neuropilin-1, Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B, 
               
               
                   
                 Osteopontin, Osteoprotegerin, Pepsinogen I, Peroxiredoxin-4, Phosphoserine 
               
               
                   
                 Aminotransferase, Placenta Growth Factor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB, Prostasin, 
               
               
                   
                 Protein S100-A4, Protein S100-A6, Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3, Squamous Cell 
               
               
                   
                 Carcinoma Antigen-1, Stromal cell-derived Factor-1, Tenascin-C, Tetranectin, 
               
               
                   
                 Thyroglobulin, Tissue type Plasminogen activator, Transforming Growth Factor alpha, 
               
               
                   
                 Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I, Tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains 2, 
               
               
                   
                 Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator Receptor, 
               
               
                   
                 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Vascular endothelial growth Factor B, Vascular 
               
               
                   
                 Endothelial Growth Factor C, Vascular endothelial growth Factor D, Vascular Endothelial 
               
               
                   
                 Growth Factor Receptor 1, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2, Vascular 
               
               
                   
                 endothelial growth Factor Receptor 3, YKL-40 
               
               
                 Disease 
                 Adiponectin, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Alpha-2-Macroglobulin, Alpha-Fetoprotein, 
               
               
                   
                 Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein C-III, Apolipoprotein H, Apolipoprotein(a), Beta-2- 
               
               
                   
                 Microglobulin, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Calcitonin, Cancer Antigen 125, Cancer 
               
               
                   
                 Antigen 19-9, Carcinoembryonic Antigen, CD 40 antigen, CD40 Ligand, Complement C3, C- 
               
               
                   
                 Reactive Protein, Creatine Kinase-MB, Endothelin-1, EN-RAGE, Eotaxin-1, Epidermal 
               
               
                   
                 Growth Factor, Epithelial-Derived Neutrophil-Activating Protein 78, Erythropoietin, Factor 
               
               
                   
                 VII, Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (heart), Ferritin, Fibrinogen, Fibroblast Growth Factor basic, 
               
               
                   
                 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating 
               
               
                   
                 Factor, Growth Hormone, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin E, 
               
               
                   
                 Immunoglobulin M, Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factor I, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, 
               
               
                   
                 Interferon gamma, Interleukin-1 alpha, Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-1 Receptor antagonist, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-2, Interleukin-3, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-5, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-7, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-8, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-12 Subunit p40, Interleukin-12 Subunit p70, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-13, Interleukin-15, Interleukin-16, Leptin, Lymphotactin, Macrophage 
               
               
                   
                 Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 beta, Macrophage- 
               
               
                   
                 Derived Chemokine, Matrix Metalloproteinase-2, Matrix Metalloproteinase-3, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase-9, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1, Myeloperoxidase, Myoglobin, 
               
               
                   
                 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A, Prostate- 
               
               
                   
                 Specific Antigen (inc. Free PSA), Prostatic Acid Phosphatase, Serum Amyloid P-Component, 
               
               
                   
                 Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Stem Cell 
               
               
                   
                 Factor, T-Cell- Specific Protein RANTES, Thrombopoietin, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, 
               
               
                   
                 Thyroxine-Binding Globulin, Tissue Factor, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1, Tumor 
               
               
                   
                 Necrosis Factor alpha, Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2, 
               
               
                   
                 Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, von Willebrand 
               
               
                   
                 Factor 
               
               
                 Neurological 
                 Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein A-II, Apolipoprotein B, 
               
               
                   
                 Apolipoprotein C-I, Apolipoprotein H, Beta-2-Microglobulin, Betacellulin, Brain-Derived 
               
               
                   
                 Neurotrophic Factor, Calbindin, Cancer Antigen 125, Carcinoembryonic Antigen, CD5 
               
               
                   
                 Antigen-like, Complement C3, Connective Tissue Growth Factor, Cortisol, Endothelin-1, 
               
               
                   
                 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Ferritin, Fetuin-A, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, 
               
               
                   
                 Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin M, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-6 Receptor, Interleukin-7, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-11, Interleukin-17, Kidney 
               
               
                   
                 Injury Molecule-1, Luteinizing Hormone, Macrophage-Derived Chemokine, Macrophage 
               
               
                   
                 Migration Inhibitory Factor, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase-2, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 2, Peptide YY, Prolactin, Prostatic Acid 
               
               
                   
                 Phosphatase, Serotransferrin, Serum Amyloid P-Component, Sortilin, Testosterone, 
               
               
                   
                 Thrombopoietin, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1, 
               
               
                   
                 TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor 3, Tumor necrosis Factor Receptor 2, 
               
               
                   
                 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Vitronectin 
               
               
                 Cardiovascular 
                 Adiponectin, Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein C-III, Apolipoprotein D, 
               
               
                   
                 Apolipoprotein E, Apolipoprotein H, Apolipoprotein(a), Clusterin, C-Reactive Protein, 
               
               
                   
                 Cystatin-C, EN-RAGE, E-Selectin, Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (heart), Ferritin, Fibrinogen, 
               
               
                   
                 Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin M, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, Interleukin-6, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-8, Lectin-Like Oxidized LDL Receptor 1, Leptin, Macrophage Inflammatory 
               
               
                   
                 Protein-1 alpha, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 beta, Malondialdehyde-Modified Low- 
               
               
                   
                 Density Lipoprotein, Matrix Metalloproteinase-1, Matrix Metalloproteinase-10, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase-2, Matrix Metalloproteinase-3, Matrix Metalloproteinase-7, Matrix 
               
               
                   
                 Metalloproteinase-9, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1, Myeloperoxidase, Myoglobin, NT- 
               
               
                   
                 proBNP, Osteopontin, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, P-Selectin, Receptor for advanced 
               
               
                   
                 glycosylation end products, Serum Amyloid P-Component, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, 
               
               
                   
                 T-Cell-Specific Protein RANTES, Thrombomodulin, Thyroxine-Binding Globulin, Tissue 
               
               
                   
                 Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, Tumor necrosis Factor 
               
               
                   
                 Receptor 2, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, von Willebrand Factor 
               
               
                 Inflammatory 
                 Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Alpha-2-Macroglobulin, Beta-2-Microglobulin, Brain-Derived 
               
               
                   
                 Neurotrophic Factor, Complement C3, C-Reactive Protein, Eotaxin-1, Factor VII, Ferritin, 
               
               
                   
                 Fibrinogen, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Haptoglobin, Intercellular 
               
               
                   
                 Adhesion Molecule 1, Interferon gamma, Interleukin-1 alpha, Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin- 
               
               
                   
                 1 Receptor antagonist, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-3, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-5, Interleukin-6, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-7, Interleukin-8, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-12 Subunit p40, Interleukin-12 
               
               
                   
                 Subunit p70, Interleukin-15, Interleukin-17, Interleukin-23, Macrophage Inflammatory 
               
               
                   
                 Protein-1 alpha, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 beta, Matrix Metalloproteinase-2, 
               
               
                   
                 Matrix Metalloproteinase-3, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1, 
               
               
                   
                 Stem Cell Factor, T-Cell-Specific Protein RANTES, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1, 
               
               
                   
                 Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, Tumor necrosis Factor Receptor 
               
               
                   
                 2, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Vitamin D- 
               
               
                   
                 Binding Protein, von Willebrand Factor 
               
               
                 Metabolic 
                 Adiponectin, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, 
               
               
                   
                 Angiotensinogen, Complement C3 alpha des arg, Cortisol, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, 
               
               
                   
                 Galanin, Glucagon, Glucagon-like Peptide 1, Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factor I, Leptin, 
               
               
                   
                 Luteinizing Hormone, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Peptide YY, Progesterone, Prolactin, Resistin, 
               
               
                   
                 Secretin, Testosterone 
               
               
                 Kidney 
                 Alpha-1-Microglobulin, Beta-2-Microglobulin, Calbindin, Clusterin, Connective Tissue 
               
               
                   
                 Growth Factor, Creatinine, Cystatin-C, Glutathione S-Transferase alpha, Kidney Injury 
               
               
                   
                 Molecule-1, Microalbumin, Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, Osteopontin, 
               
               
                   
                 Tamm-Horsfall Urinary Glycoprotein, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1, Trefoil 
               
               
                   
                 Factor 3, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 
               
               
                 Cytokines 
                 Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Interferon gamma, Interleukin-2, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-3, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-5, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-7, Interleukin-8, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-10, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha, Macrophage Inflammatory 
               
               
                   
                 Protein-1 beta, Matrix Metalloproteinase-2, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1, Tumor 
               
               
                   
                 Necrosis Factor alpha, Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, 
               
               
                   
                 Eotaxin-1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1, Interleukin-1 alpha, Interleukin-1 beta, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-1 Receptor antagonist, Interleukin-12 Subunit p40, Interleukin-12 Subunit p70, 
               
               
                   
                 Interleukin-15, Interleukin-17, Interleukin-23, Matrix Metalloproteinase-3, Stem Cell Factor, 
               
               
                   
                 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 
               
               
                 Protein 
                 14.3.3 gamma, 14.3.3 (Pan), 14-3-3 beta, 6-Histidine, a-B-Crystallin, Acinus, Actin beta, 
               
               
                   
                 Actin (Muscle Specific), Actin (Pan), Actin (skeletal muscle), Activin Receptor Type II, 
               
               
                   
                 Adenovirus, Adenovirus Fiber, Adenovirus Type 2 E1A, Adenovirus Type 5 E1A, ADP- 
               
               
                   
                 ribosylation Factor (ARF-6), Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, AIF (Apoptosis Inducing 
               
               
                   
                 Factor), Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP), Alpha Lactalbumin, alpha-1- 
               
               
                   
                 antichymotrypsin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, Amphiregulin, Amylin Peptide, Amyloid A, Amyloid 
               
               
                   
                 A4 Protein Precursor, Amyloid Beta (APP), Androgen Receptor, Ang-1, Ang-2, APC, 
               
               
                   
                 APC11, APC2, Apolipoprotein D, A-Raf, ARC, Ask1/MAPKKK5, ATM, Axonal Growth 
               
               
                   
                 Cones, b Galactosidase, b-2-Microglobulin, B7-H2, BAG-1, Bak, Bax, B-Cell, B-cell Linker 
               
               
                   
                 Protein (BLNK), Bcl10/CIPER/CLAP/mE10, bcl-2a, Bcl-6, bcl-X, bcl-XL, Bim (BOD), 
               
               
                   
                 Biotin, Bonzo/STRL33/TYMSTR, Bovine Serum Albumin, BRCA2 (aa 1323-1346), 
               
               
                   
                 BrdU, Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), CA125, CA19-9, c-Abl, Cadherin (Pan), Cadherin-E, 
               
               
                   
                 Cadherin-P, Calcitonin, Calcium Pump ATPase, Caldesmon, Calmodulin, Calponin, 
               
               
                   
                 Calretinin, Casein, Caspase 1, Caspase 2, Caspase 3, Caspase 5, Caspase 6 (Mch 2), Caspase 
               
               
                   
                 7 (Mch 3), Caspase 8 (FLICE), Caspase 9, Catenin alpha, Catenin beta, Catenin gamma, 
               
               
                   
                 Cathepsin D, CCK-8, CD1, CD10, CD100/Leukocyte Semaphorin, CD105, CD106/VCAM, 
               
               
                   
                 CD115/c-fms/CSF-1R/M-CSFR, CD137 (4-1BB), CD138, CD14, CD15, CD155/PVR (Polio 
               
               
                   
                 Virus Receptor), CD16, CD165, CD18, CD1a, CD1b, CD2, CD20, CD21, CD23, CD231, 
               
               
                   
                 CD24, CD25/IL-2 Receptor a, CD26/DPP IV, CD29, CD30 (Reed-Sternberg Cell Marker), 
               
               
                   
                 CD32/Fcg Receptor II, CD35/CR1, CD36GPIIIb/GPIV, CD3zeta, CD4, CD40, CD42b, 
               
               
                   
                 CD43, CD45/T200/LCA, CD45RB, CD45RO, CD46, CD5, CD50/ICAM-3, CD53, 
               
               
                   
                 CD54/ICAM-1, CD56/NCAM-1, CD57, CD59/MACIF/MIRL/Protectin, CD6, CD61/ 
               
               
                   
                 Platelet Glycoprotein IIIA, CD63, CD68, CD71/Transferrin Receptor, CD79a mb-1, CD79b, 
               
               
                   
                 CD8, CD81/TAPA-1, CD84, CD9, CD94, CD95/Fas, CD98, CDC14A Phosphatase, 
               
               
                   
                 CDC25C, CDC34, CDC37, CDC47, CDC6, cdh1, Cdk1/p34cdc2, Cdk2, Cdk3, Cdk4, Cdk5, 
               
               
                   
                 Cdk7, Cdk8, CDw17, CDw60, CDw75, CDw78, CEA/CD66e, c-erbB-2/HER-2/neu Ab-1 
               
               
                   
                 (21N), c-erbB-4/HER-4, c-fos, Chk1, Chorionic Gonadotropin beta (hCG-beta), 
               
               
                   
                 Chromogranin A, CIDE-A, CIDE-B, CITED 1, c-jun, Clathrin, claudin 11, Claudin 2, Claudin 
               
               
                   
                 3, Claudin 4, Claudin 5, CLAUDIN 7, Claudin-1, CNPase, Collagen II, Collagen IV, 
               
               
                   
                 Collagen IX, Collagen VII, Connexin 43, COX2, CREB, CREB-Binding Protein, 
               
               
                   
                 Cryptococcus neoformans, c-Src, Cullin-1 (CUL-1), Cullin-2 (CUL-2), Cullin-3 (CUL-3), 
               
               
                   
                 CXCR4/Fusin, Cyclin B1, Cyclin C, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3, Cyclin E, Cyclin E2, Cystic 
               
               
                   
                 Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator, Cytochrome c, D4-GDI, Daxx, DcR1, DcR2/TRAIL- 
               
               
                   
                 R4/TRUNDD, Desmin, DFF40 (DNA Fragmentation Factor 40)/CAD, DFF45/ICAD, 
               
               
                   
                 DJ-1, DNA Ligase I, DNA Polymerase Beta, DNA Polymerase Gamma, DNA Primase (p49), 
               
               
                   
                 DNA Primase (p58), DNA-PKcs, DP-2, DR3, DR5, Dysferlin, Dystrophin, E2F-1, E2F-2, 
               
               
                   
                 E2F-3, E2F-4, E2F-5, E3-binding protein (ARM1), EGFR, EMA/CA15-3/MUC-1, 
               
               
                   
                 Endostatin, Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA/CA15-3/MUC-1), Epithelial Specific 
               
               
                   
                 Antigen, ER beta, ER Ca + 2 ATPase2, ERCC1, Erk1, ERK2, Estradiol, Estriol, Estrogen 
               
               
                   
                 Receptor, Exol, Ezrin/p81/80K/Cytovillin, F.VIII/VWF, Factor VIII Related Antigen, FADD 
               
               
                   
                 (FAS-Associated death domain-containing protein), Fascin, Fas-ligand, Ferritin, FGF-1, 
               
               
                   
                 FGF-2, FHIT, Fibrillin-1, Fibronectin, Filaggrin, Filamin, FITC, Fli-1, FLIP, Flk-1/KDR/ 
               
               
                   
                 VEGFR2, Flt-1/VEGFR1, Flt-4, Fra2, FSH, FSH-b, Fyn, Ga0, Gab-1, GABA a Receptor 1, 
               
               
                   
                 GAD65, Gai1, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (gGT), Gamma Glutamylcysteine 
               
               
                   
                 Synthetase(GCS)/Glutamate-cysteine Ligase, GAPDH, Gastrin 1, GCDFP-15, G-CSF, 
               
               
                   
                 GFAP, Glicentin, Glucagon, Glucose-Regulated Protein 94, GluR 2/3, GluR1, GluR4, 
               
               
                   
                 GluR6/7, GLUT-1, GLUT-3, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3b (GSK3b), Glycophorin A, GM- 
               
               
                   
                 CSF, GnRH Receptor, Golgi Complex, Granulocyte, Granzyme B, Grb2, Green Fluorescent 
               
               
                   
                 Protein (GFP), GRIP1, Growth Hormone (hGH), GSK-3, GST, GSTmu,  H. Pylori , HDAC1, 
               
               
                   
                 HDJ-2/DNAJ, Heat Shock Factor 1, Heat Shock Factor 2, Heat Shock Protein 27/hsp27, Heat 
               
               
                   
                 Shock Protein 60/hsp60, Heat Shock Protein 70/hsp70, Heat Shock Protein 75/hsp75, Heat 
               
               
                   
                 Shock Protein 90a/hsp86, Heat Shock Protein 90b/hsp84,  Helicobacter pylori , Heparan 
               
               
                   
                 Sulfate Proteoglycan, Hepatic Nuclear Factor-3B, Hepatocyte, Hepatocyte Factor 
               
               
                   
                 Homologue-4, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Heregulin, HIF-1a, Histone H1, hPL, HPV 16, 
               
               
                   
                 HPV 16-E7, HRP, Human Sodium Iodide Symporter (hNIS), I-FLICE/CASPER, IFN 
               
               
                   
                 gamma, IgA, IGF-1R, IGF-I, IgG, IgM (m-Heavy Chain), I-Kappa-B Kinase b (IKKb), IL-1 
               
               
                   
                 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-10, IL-10R, IL17, IL-2, IL-3, IL-30, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, Inhibin alpha, 
               
               
                   
                 Insulin, Insulin Receptor, Insulin Receptor Substrate-1, Int-2 Oncoprotein, Integrin beta5, 
               
               
                   
                 Interferon-a(II), Interferon-g, Involucrin, IP10/CRG2, IPO-38 Proliferation Marker, IRAK, 
               
               
                   
                 ITK, JNK Activating kinase (JKK1), Kappa Light Chain, Keratin 10, Keratin 10/13, Keratin 
               
               
                   
                 14, Keratin 15, Keratin 16, Keratin 18, Keratin 19, Keratin 20, Keratin 5/6/18, Keratin 5/8, 
               
               
                   
                 Keratin 8, Keratin 8 (phospho-specific Ser73), Keratin 8/18, Keratin (LMW), Keratin (Multi), 
               
               
                   
                 Keratin (Pan), Ki67, Ku (p70/p80), Ku (p80), L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule, Lambda Light 
               
               
                   
                 Chain, Laminin B1/b1, Laminin B2/gl, Laminin Receptor, Laminin-s, Lck, Lck (p56lck), 
               
               
                   
                 Leukotriene (C4, D4, E4), LewisA, LewisB, LH, L-Plastin, LRP/MVP, Luciferase, 
               
               
                   
                 Macrophage, MADD, MAGE-1, Maltose Binding Protein, MAP1B, MAP2a, b, MART- 
               
               
                   
                 1/Melan-A, Mast Cell Chymase, Mcl-1, MCM2, MCM5, MDM2, Medroxyprogesterone 
               
               
                   
                 Acetate (MPA), Mek1, Mek2, Mek6, Mekk-1, Melanoma (gp100), mGluR1, mGluR5, 
               
               
                   
                 MGMT, MHC I (HLA25 and HLA-Aw32), MHC I (HLA-A), MHC I (HLA-A, B, C), MHC I 
               
               
                   
                 (HLA-B), MHC II (HLA-DP and DR), MHC II (HLA-DP), MHC II (HLA-DQ), MHC II 
               
               
                   
                 (HLA-DR), MHC II (HLA-DR) Ia, Microphthalmia, Milk Fat Globule Membrane Protein, 
               
               
                   
                 Mitochondria, MLH1, MMP-1 (Collagenase-I), MMP-10 (Stromilysin-2), MMP-11 
               
               
                   
                 (Stromelysin-3), MMP-13 (Collagenase-3), MMP-14/MT1-MMP, MMP-15/MT2-MMP, 
               
               
                   
                 MMP-16/MT3-MMP, MMP-19, MMP-2 (72 kDa Collagenase IV), MMP-23, MMP-7 
               
               
                   
                 (Matrilysin), MMP-9 (92 kDa Collagenase IV), Moesin, mRANKL, Muc-1, Mucin 2, Mucin 3 
               
               
                   
                 (MUC3), Mucin 5AC, MyD88, Myelin/Oligodendrocyte, Myeloid Specific Marker, 
               
               
                   
                 Myeloperoxidase, MyoD1, Myogenin, Myoglobin, Myosin Smooth Muscle Heavy Chain, 
               
               
                   
                 Nck, Negative Control for Mouse IgG1, Negative Control for Mouse IgG2a, Negative 
               
               
                   
                 Control for Mouse IgG3, Negative Control for Mouse IgM, Negative Control for Rabbit IgG, 
               
               
                   
                 Neurofilament, Neurofilament (160 kDa), Neurofilament (200 kDa), Neurofilament (68 kDa), 
               
               
                   
                 Neuron Specific Enolase, Neutrophil Elastase, NF kappa B/p50, NF kappa B/p65 (Rel A), 
               
               
                   
                 NGF-Receptor (p75NGFR), brain Nitric Oxide Synthase (bNOS), endothelial Nitric Oxide 
               
               
                   
                 Synthase (eNOS), nm23, NOS-i, NOS-u, Notch, Nucleophosmin (NPM), NuMA, O ct-1, 
               
               
                   
                 Oct-2/, Oct-3/, Ornithine Decarboxylase, Osteopontin, p130, p130cas, p14ARF, p15INK4b, 
               
               
                   
                 p16INK4a, p170, p170/MDR-1, p18INK4c, p19ARF, p19Skp1, p21WAF1, p27Kip1, p300/ 
               
               
                   
                 CBP, p35nck5a, P504S, p53, p57Kip2 Ab-7, p63 (p53 Family Member), p73, p73a, p73a/b, 
               
               
                   
                 p95VAV, Parathyroid Hormone, Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Type 1, Parkin, PARP, 
               
               
                   
                 PARP (Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase), Pax-5, Paxillin, PCNA, PCTAIRE2, PDGF, PDGFR 
               
               
                   
                 alpha, PDGFR beta, Pds1, Perform, PGP9.5, PHAS-I, PHAS-II, Phospho-Ser/Thr/Tyr, 
               
               
                   
                 Phosphotyrosine, PLAP, Plasma Cell Marker, Plasminogen, PLC gamma 1, PMP-22, 
               
               
                   
                   Pneumocystis jiroveci , PPAR-gamma, PR3 (Proteinase 3), Presenillin, Progesterone, 
               
               
                   
                 Progesterone Receptor, Progesterone Receptor (phospho-specific) - Serine 190, Progesterone 
               
               
                   
                 Receptor (phospho-specific) - Serine 294, Prohibitin, Prolactin, Prolactin Receptor, Prostate 
               
               
                   
                 Apoptosis Response Protein-4, Prostate Specific Acid Phosphatase, Prostate Specific 
               
               
                   
                 Antigen, pS2, PSCA, Rabies Virus, RAD1, Rad51, Raf1, Raf-1 (Phospho-specific), RAIDD, 
               
               
                   
                 Ras, Rad18, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Ret Oncoprotein, Retinoblastoma, Retinoblastoma (Rb) 
               
               
                   
                 (Phospho-specific Serine608), Retinoic Acid Receptor (b), Retinoid X Receptor (hRXR), 
               
               
                   
                 Retinol Binding Protein, Rhodopsin (Opsin), ROC, RPA/p32, RPA/p70, Ruv A, Ruv B, Ruv 
               
               
                   
                 C, S100, S100A4, S100A6, SHP-1, SIM Ag (SIMA-4D3), SIRP a1, sm, SODD (Silencer of 
               
               
                   
                 Death Domain), Somatostatin Receptor-I, SRC1 (Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1) Ab-1, 
               
               
                   
                 SREBP-1 (Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1), SRF (Serum Response Factor), 
               
               
                   
                 Stat-1, Stat3, Stat5, Stat5a, Stat5b, Stat6, Streptavidin, Superoxide Dismutase, Surfactant 
               
               
                   
                 Protein A, Surfactant Protein B, Surfactant Protein B (Pro), Survivin, SV40 Large T Antigen, 
               
               
                   
                 Syk, Synaptophysin, Synuclein, Synuclein beta, Synuclein pan, TACE (TNF-alpha 
               
               
                   
                 converting enzyme)/ADAM17, TAG-72, tau, TdT, Tenascin, Testosterone, TGF beta 3, 
               
               
                   
                 TGF-beta 2, Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen, Thrombospondin, Thymidine Phosphorylase, 
               
               
                   
                 Thymidylate Synthase, Thymine Glycols, Thyroglobulin, Thyroid Hormone Receptor beta, 
               
               
                   
                 Thyroid Hormone Receptor, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), TID-1, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, 
               
               
                   
                 TNF alpha, TNFa, TNR-R2, Topo II beta, Topoisomerase IIa, Toxoplasma Gondii, TR2, 
               
               
                   
                 TRADD, Transforming Growth Factor a, Transglutaminase II, TRAP, Tropomyosin, TRP75/ 
               
               
                   
                 gp75, TrxR2, TTF-1, Tubulin, Tubulin-a, Tubulin-b, Tyrosinase, Ubiquitin, UCP3, uPA, 
               
               
                   
                 Urocortin, Vacular Endothelial Growth Factor(VEGF), Vimentin, Vinculin, Vitamin D 
               
               
                   
                 Receptor (VDR), von Hippel-Lindau Protein, Wnt-1, Xanthine Oxidase, XPA, XPF, XPG, 
               
               
                   
                 XRCC1, XRCC2, ZAP-70, Zip kinase 
               
               
                 Known Cancer 
                 ABL1, ABL2, ACSL3, AF15Q14, AF1Q, AF3p21, AF5q31, AKAP9, AKT1, AKT2, 
               
               
                 Genes 
                 ALDH2, ALK, ALO17, APC, ARHGEF12, ARHH, ARID1A, ARID2, ARNT, ASPSCR1, 
               
               
                   
                 ASXL1, ATF1, ATIC, ATM, ATRX, BAP1, BCL10, BCL11A, BCL11B, BCL2, BCL3, 
               
               
                   
                 BCL5, BCL6, BCL7A, BCL9, BCOR, BCR, BHD, BIRC3, BLM, BMPR1A, BRAF, 
               
               
                   
                 BRCA1, BRCA2, BRD3, BRD4, BRIP1, BTG1, BUB1B, C12orf9, C15orf21, C15orf55, 
               
               
                   
                 C16orf75, CANT1, CARD11, CARS, CBFA2T1, CBFA2T3, CBFB, CBL, CBLB, CBLC, 
               
               
                   
                 CCNB1IP1, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CCNE1, CD273, CD274, CD74, CD79A, CD79B, 
               
               
                   
                 CDH1, CDH11, CDK12, CDK4, CDK6, CDKN2A, CDKN2a(p14), CDKN2C, CDX2, 
               
               
                   
                 CEBPA, CEP1, CHCHD7, CHEK2, CHIC2, CHN1, CIC, CIITA, CLTC, CLTCL1, 
               
               
                   
                 CMKOR1, COL1A1, COPEB, COX6C, CREB1, CREB3L1, CREB3L2, CREBBP, CRLF2, 
               
               
                   
                 CRTC3, CTNNB1, CYLD, D10S170, DAXX, DDB2, DDIT3, DDX10, DDX5, DDX6, 
               
               
                   
                 DEK, DICER1, DNMT3A, DUX4, EBF1, EGFR, EIF4A2, ELF4, ELK4, ELKS, ELL, ELN, 
               
               
                   
                 EML4, EP300, EPS15, ERBB2, ERCC2, ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, ERG, ETV1, ETV4, 
               
               
                   
                 ETV5, ETV6, EVI1, EWSR1, EXT1, EXT2, EZH2, FACL6, FAM22A, FAM22B, FAM46C, 
               
               
                   
                 FANCA, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FBXO11, FBXW7, FCGR2B, 
               
               
                   
                 FEV, FGFR1, FGFR1OP, FGFR2, FGFR3, FH, FHIT, FIP1L1, FLI1, FLJ27352, FLT3, 
               
               
                   
                 FNBP1, FOXL2, FOXO1A, FOXO3A, FOXP1, FSTL3, FUBP1, FUS, FVT1, GAS7, 
               
               
                   
                 GATA1, GATA2, GATA3, GMPS, GNA11, GNAQ, GNAS, GOLGA5, GOPC, GPC3, 
               
               
                   
                 GPHN, GRAF, HCMOGT-1, HEAB, HERPUD1, HEY1, HIP1, HIST1H4I, HLF, HLXB9, 
               
               
                   
                 HMGA1, HMGA2, HNRNPA2B1, HOOK3, HOXA11, HOXA13, HOXA9, HOXC11, 
               
               
                   
                 HOXC13, HOXD11, HOXD13, HRAS, HRPT2, HSPCA, HSPCB, IDH1, IDH2, IGH@, 
               
               
                   
                 IGK@, IGL@, IKZF1, IL2, IL21R, IL6ST, IL7R, IRF4, IRTA1, ITK, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, 
               
               
                   
                 JAZF1, JUN, KDM5A, KDM5C, KDM6A, KDR, KIAA1549, KIT, KLK2, KRAS, KTN1, 
               
               
                   
                 LAF4, LASP1, LCK, LCP1, LCX, LHFP, LIFR, LMO1, LMO2, LPP, LYL1, MADH4, 
               
               
                   
                 MAF, MAFB, MALT1, MAML2, MAP2K4, MDM2, MDM4, MDS1, MDS2, MECT1, 
               
               
                   
                 MED12, MEN1, MET, MITF, MKL1, MLF1, MLH1, MLL, MLL2, MLL3, MLLT1, 
               
               
                   
                 MLLT10, MLLT2, MLLT3, MLLT4, MLLT6, MLLT7, MN1, MPL, MSF, MSH2, MSH6, 
               
               
                   
                 MSI2, MSN, MTCP1, MUC1, MUTYH, MYB, MYC, MYCL1, MYCN, MYD88, MYH11, 
               
               
                   
                 MYH9, MYST4, NACA, NBS1, NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA4, NDRG1, NF1, NF2, NFE2L2, 
               
               
                   
                 NFIB, NFKB2, NIN, NKX2-1, NONO, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NPM1, NR4A3, NRAS, 
               
               
                   
                 NSD1, NTRK1, NTRK3, NUMA1, NUP214, NUP98, OLIG2, OMD, P2RY8, PAFAH1B2, 
               
               
                   
                 PALB2, PAX3, PAX5, PAX7, PAX8, PBRM1, PBX1, PCM1, PCSK7, PDE4DIP, PDGFB, 
               
               
                   
                 PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PER1, PHOX2B, PICALM, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PIM1, PLAG1, PML, 
               
               
                   
                 PMS1, PMS2, PMX1, PNUTL1, POU2AF1, POU5F1, PPARG, PPP2R1A, PRCC, PRDM1, 
               
               
                   
                 PRDM16, PRF1, PRKAR1A, PRO1073, PSIP2, PTCH, PTEN, PTPN11, RAB5EP, 
               
               
                   
                 RAD51L1, RAF1, RALGDS, RANBP17, RAP1GDS1, RARA, RB1, RBM15, RECQL4, 
               
               
                   
                 REL, RET, ROS1, RPL22, RPN1, RUNDC2A, RUNX1, RUNXBP2, SBDS, SDH5, SDHB, 
               
               
                   
                 SDHC, SDHD, SEPT6, SET, SETD2, SF3B1, SFPQ, SFRS3, SH3GL1, SIL, SLC45A3, 
               
               
                   
                 SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMO, SOCS1, SOX2, SRGAP3, SRSF2, SS18, SS18L1, 
               
               
                   
                 SSH3BP1, SSX1, SSX2, SSX4, STK11, STL, SUFU, SUZ12, SYK, TAF15, TAL1, TAL2, 
               
               
                   
                 TCEA1, TCF1, TCF12, TCF3, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TCL6, TET2, TFE3, TFEB, TFG, TFPT, 
               
               
                   
                 TFRC, THRAP3, TIF1, TLX1, TLX3, TMPRSS2, TNFAIP3, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF17, 
               
               
                   
                 TNFRSF6, TOP1, TP53, TPM3, TPM4, TPR, TRA@, TRB@, TRD@, TRIM27, TRIM33, 
               
               
                   
                 TRIP11, TSC1, TSC2, TSHR, TTL, U2AF1, USP6, VHL, VTI1A, WAS, WHSC1, 
               
               
                   
                 WHSC1L1, WIF1, WRN, WT1, WTX, XPA, XPC, XPO1, YWHAE, ZNF145, ZNF198, 
               
               
                   
                 ZNF278, ZNF331, ZNF384, ZNF521, ZNF9, ZRSR2 
               
               
                 Known Cancer 
                 AR, androgen receptor; ARPC1A, actin-related protein complex 2/3 subunit A; AURKA, 
               
               
                 Genes 
                 Aurora kinase A; BAG4, BCl-2 associated anthogene 4; BCl2l2, BCl-2 like 2; BIRC2, 
               
               
                   
                 Baculovirus IAP repeat containing protein 2; CACNA1E, calcium channel voltage dependent 
               
               
                   
                 alpha-1E subunit; CCNE1, cyclin E1; CDK4, cyclin dependent kinase 4; CHD1L, 
               
               
                   
                 chromodomain helicase DNA binding domain 1-like; CKS1B, CDC28 protein kinase 1B; 
               
               
                   
                 COPS3, COP9 subunit 3; DCUN1D1, DCN1 domain containing protein 1; DYRK2, dual 
               
               
                   
                 specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 2; EEF1A2, eukaryotic elongation 
               
               
                   
                 transcription factor 1 alpha 2; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FADD, Fas- 
               
               
                   
                 associated via death domain; FGFR1, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, GATA6, GATA 
               
               
                   
                 binding protein 6; GPC5, glypican 5; GRB7, growth factor receptor bound protein 7; 
               
               
                   
                 MAP3K5, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5; MED29, mediator complex 
               
               
                   
                 subunit 5; MITF, microphthalmia associated transcription factor; MTDH, metadherin; 
               
               
                   
                 NCOA3, nuclear receptor coactivator 3; NKX2-1, NK2 homeobox 1; PAK1, 
               
               
                   
                 p21/CDC42/RAC1-activated kinase 1; PAX9, paired box gene 9; PIK3CA, 
               
               
                   
                 phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase catalytic a; PLA2G10, phopholipase A2, group X; PPM1D, 
               
               
                   
                 protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1D; PTK6, protein tyrosine kinase 6; PRKCI, 
               
               
                   
                 protein kinase C iota; RPS6KB1, ribosomal protein s6 kinase 70 kDa; SKP2, s-phase kinase 
               
               
                   
                 associated protein; SMURF1, sMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; SHH, sonic 
               
               
                   
                 hedgehog homologue; STARD3, sTAR-related lipid transfer domain containing protein 3; 
               
               
                   
                 YWHAQ, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta 
               
               
                   
                 isoform; ZNF217, zinc finger protein 217 
               
               
                 Mitotic Related 
                 Aurora kinase A (AURKA); Aurora kinase B (AURKB); Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 
               
               
                 Cancer Genes 
                 5, survivin (BIRC5); Budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog (BUB1); Budding 
               
               
                   
                 uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog beta, BUBR1 (BUB1B); Budding uninhibited by 
               
               
                   
                 benzimidazoles 3 homolog (BUB3); CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B (CKS1B); 
               
               
                   
                 CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 2 (CKS2); Cell division cycle 2 (CDC2)/CDK1 
               
               
                   
                 Cell division cycle 20 homolog (CDC20); Cell division cycle-associated 8, borealin 
               
               
                   
                 (CDCA8); Centromere protein F, mitosin (CENPF); Centrosomal protein 110 kDa (CEP110); 
               
               
                   
                 Checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger domains (CHFR); Cyclin B1 (CCNB1); Cyclin B2 
               
               
                   
                 (CCNB2); Cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 (CKAP5/ch-TOG); Microtubule-associated 
               
               
                   
                 protein RP/EB family member 1. End-binding protein 1, EB1 (MAPRE1); Epithelial cell 
               
               
                   
                 transforming sequence 2 oncogene (ECT2); Extra spindle poles like 1, separase (ESPL1); 
               
               
                   
                 Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1); H2A histone family, member X (H2AFX); Kinesin family 
               
               
                   
                 member 4A (KIF4A); Kinetochore-associated 1 (KNTC1/ROD); Kinetochore-associated 2; 
               
               
                   
                 highly expressed in cancer 1 (KNTC2/HEC1); Large tumor suppressor, homolog 1 (LATS1); 
               
               
                   
                 Large tumor suppressor, homolog 2 (LATS2); Mitotic arrest deficient-like 1; MAD1 
               
               
                   
                 (MAD1L1); Mitotic arrest deficient-like 2; MAD2 (MAD2L1); Mps1 protein kinase (TTK); 
               
               
                   
                 Never in mitosis gene a-related kinase 2 (NEK2); Ninein, GSKSb interacting protein (NIN); 
               
               
                   
                 Non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit D2 (NCAPD2/CNAP1); Non-SMC condensin I 
               
               
                   
                 complex, subunit H (NACPH/CAPH); Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (NUMA1); 
               
               
                   
                 Nucleophosmin (nucleolar phosphoprotein B23, numatrin); (NPM1); Nucleoporin (NUP98); 
               
               
                   
                 Pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1); Pituitary tumor-transforming 1, securin (PTTG1); Polo-like 
               
               
                   
                 kinase 1 (PLK1); Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4/SAK); Protein (peptidylprolyl cis/trans 
               
               
                   
                 isomerase) NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1); Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1); RAD21 
               
               
                   
                 homolog (RAD21); Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6); domain family 1 (RASSF1); Stromal 
               
               
                   
                 antigen 1 (STAG1); Synuclein-c, breast cancer-specific protein 1 (SNCG, BCSG1); 
               
               
                   
                 Targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2); Transforming, acidic coiled-coil containing protein 3 
               
               
                   
                 (TACC3); Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C (UBE2C); Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I 
               
               
                   
                 (UBE2I/UBC9); ZW10 interactor, (ZWINT); ZW10, kinetochore-associated homolog 
               
               
                   
                 (ZW10); Zwilch, kinetochore-associated homolog (ZWILCH) 
               
               
                 Ribonucleoprotein 
                 Argonaute family member, Ago1, Ago2, Ago3, Ago4, GW182 (TNRC6A), TNRC6B, 
               
               
                 complexes 
                 TNRC6C, HNRNPA2B1, HNRPAB, ILF2, NCL (Nucleolin), NPM1 (Nucleophosmin), 
               
               
                   
                 RPL10A, RPL5, RPLP1, RPS12, RPS19, SNRPG, TROVE2, apolipoprotein, apolipoprotein 
               
               
                   
                 A, apo A-I, apo A-II, apo A-IV, apo A-V, apolipoprotein B, apo B48, apo B100, 
               
               
                   
                 apolipoprotein C, apo C-I, apo C-II, apo C-III, apo C-IV, apolipoprotein D (ApoD), 
               
               
                   
                 apolipoprotein E (ApoE), apolipoprotein H (ApoH), apolipoprotein L, APOL1, APOL2, 
               
               
                   
                 APOL3, APOL4, APOL5, APOL6, APOLD1 
               
               
                 Cytokine Receptors 
                 4-1BB, ALCAM, B7-1, BCMA, CD14, CD30, CD40 Ligand, CEACAM-1, DR6, Dtk, 
               
               
                   
                 Endoglin, ErbB3, E-Selectin, Fas, Flt-3L, GITR, HVEM, ICAM-3, IL-1 R4, IL-1 RI, IL-10 
               
               
                   
                 Rbeta, IL-17R, IL-2Rgamma, IL-21R, LIMPII, Lipocalin-2, L-Selectin, LYVE-1, MICA, 
               
               
                   
                 MICB, NRG1-betal, PDGF Rbeta, PECAM-1, RAGE, TIM-1, TRAIL R3, Trappin-2, uPAR, 
               
               
                   
                 VCAM-1, XEDAR 
               
               
                 Prostate and 
                 ErbB3, RAGE, Trail R3 
               
               
                 colorectal cancer 
               
               
                 vesicles 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer 
                 IL-1 alpha, CA125, Filamin, Amyloid A 
               
               
                 vesicles 
               
               
                 Colorectal cancer v 
                 Involucrin, CD57, Prohibitin, Thrombospondin, Laminin B1/b1, Filamin, 14.3.3 gamma, 
               
               
                 adenoma vesicles 
                 14.3.3 Pan 
               
               
                 Colorectal 
                 Involucrin, Prohibitin, Laminin B1/b1, IL-3, Filamin, 14.3.3 gamma, 14.3.3 Pan, MMP-15/ 
               
               
                 adenoma vesicles 
                 MT2-MMP, hPL, Ubiquitin, and mRANKL 
               
               
                 Brain cancer 
                 Prohibitin, CD57, Filamin, CD18, b-2-Microglobulin, IL-2, IL-3, CD16, p170, Keratin 19, 
               
               
                 vesicles 
                 Pds1, Glicentin, SRF (Serum Response Factor), E3-binding protein (ARM1), Collagen II, 
               
               
                   
                 SRC1 (Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1) Ab-1, Caldesmon, GFAP, TRP75/gp75, alpha-1- 
               
               
                   
                 antichymotrypsin, Hepatic Nuclear Factor-3B, FLAP, Tyrosinase, NF kappa B/p50, 
               
               
                   
                 Melanoma (gp100), Cyclin E, 6-Histidine, Mucin 3 (MUC3), TdT, CD21, XPA, Superoxide 
               
               
                   
                 Dismutase, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3b (GSK3b), CD54/ICAM-1, Thrombospondin, Gai1, 
               
               
                   
                 CD79a mb-1, IL-1 beta, Cytochrome c, RAD1, bcl-X, CD50/ICAM-3, Neurofilament, 
               
               
                   
                 Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), ER Ca + 2 ATPase2, PCNA, F.VIII/VWF, SV40 Large T Antigen, 
               
               
                   
                 Paxillin, Fascin, CD165, GRIP1, Cdk8, Nucleophosmin (NPM), alpha-1-antitrypsin, 
               
               
                   
                 CD32/Fcg Receptor II, Keratin 8 (phospho-specific Ser73), DR5, CD46, TID-1, MHC II 
               
               
                   
                 (HLA-DQ), Plasma Cell Marker, DR3, Calmodulin, AIF (Apoptosis Inducing Factor), DNA 
               
               
                   
                 Polymerase Beta, Vitamin D Receptor (VDR), Bcl10/CIPER/CLAP/mE10, Neuron 
               
               
                   
                 Specific Enolase, CXCR4/Fusin, Neurofilament (68 kDa), PDGFR, beta, Growth Hormone 
               
               
                   
                 (hGH), Mast Cell Chymase, Ret Oncoprotein, and Phosphotyrosine 
               
               
                 Melanoma vesicles 
                 Caspase 5, Thrombospondin, Filamin, Ferritin, 14.3.3 gamma, 14.3.3 Pan, CD71/Transferrin 
               
               
                   
                 Receptor, and Prostate Apoptosis Response Protein-4 
               
               
                 Head and neck 
                 14.3.3 Pan, Filamin, 14.3.3 gamma, CD71/Transferrin Receptor, CD30, Cdk5, CD138, 
               
               
                 cancer vesicles 
                 Thymidine Phosphorylase, Ruv 5, Thrombospondin, CD1, Von Hippel-Lindau Protein, 
               
               
                   
                 CD46, Rad51, Ferritin, c-Abl, Actin, Muscle Specific, LewisB 
               
               
                 Membrane proteins 
                 carbonic anhydrase IX, B7, CCCL19, CCCL21, CSAp, HER-2/neu, BrE3, CD1, CD1a, CD2, 
               
               
                   
                 CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11A, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, 
               
               
                   
                 CD23, CD25, CD29, CD30, CD32b, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD40L, CD44, CD45, 
               
               
                   
                 CD46, CD52, CD54, CD55, CD59, CD64, CD67, CD70, CD74, CD79a, CD80, CD83, 
               
               
                   
                 CD95, CD126, CD133, CD138, CD147, CD154, CEACAM5, CEACAM-6, alpha-fetoprotein 
               
               
                   
                 (AFP), VEGF, ED-B fibronectin, EGP-1, EGP-2, EOF receptor (ErbB1), ErbB2, ErbB3, 
               
               
                   
                 Factor H, FHL-1, Flt-3, folate receptor, Ga 733,GROB, HMGB-1, hypoxia inducible factor 
               
               
                   
                 (HIF), HM1.24, HER-2/neu, insulin-like growth factor (ILGF), IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-β, IL-2R, 
               
               
                   
                 IL-4R, IL-6R, IL-13R, IL-15R, IL-17R, IL-18R, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, 
               
               
                   
                 IL-25, IP-10, IGF-1R, Ia, HM1.24, gangliosides, HCG, HLA-DR, CD66a-d, MAGE, mCRP, 
               
               
                   
                 MCP-1, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF), MUC1, MUC2, 
               
               
                   
                 MUC3, MUC4, MUC5, placental growth factor (P1GF), PSA (prostate-specific antigen), 
               
               
                   
                 PSMA, PSMA dimer, PAM4 antigen, NCA-95, NCA-90, A3, A33, Ep-CAM, KS-1, Le(y), 
               
               
                   
                 mesothelin, S100, tenascin, TAC, Tn antigen, Thomas-Friedenreich antigens, tumor necrosis 
               
               
                   
                 antigens, tumor angiogenesis antigens, TNF-α, TRAIL receptor (R1 and R2), VEGFR, 
               
               
                   
                 RANTES, T101, cancer stem cell antigens, complement factors C3, C3a, C3b, C5a, C5 
               
               
                 Cluster of 
                 CD1, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD7, CD8, CD9, CD10, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, 
               
               
                 Differentiation 
                 CD12w, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD16, CDwl7, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, 
               
               
                 (CD) proteins 
                 CD24, CD25, CD26, CD27, CD28, CD29, CD30, CD31, CD32, CD33, CD34, CD35, CD36, 
               
               
                   
                 CD37, CD38, CD39, CD40, CD41, CD42, CD43, CD44, CD45, CD46, CD47, CD48, 
               
               
                   
                 CD49a, CD49b, CD49c, CD49d, CD49e, CD49f, CD53, CD54, CD55, CD56, CD57, CD58, 
               
               
                   
                 CD59, CD61, CD62E, CD62L, CD62P, CD63, CD68, CD69, CD71, CD72, CD73, CD74, 
               
               
                   
                 CD80, CD81, CD82, CD83, CD86, CD87, CD88, CD89, CD90, CD91, CD95, CD96, 
               
               
                   
                 CD100, CD103, CD105, CD106, CD107, CD107a, CD107b, CD109, CD117, CD120, 
               
               
                   
                 CD127, CD133, CD134, CD135, CD138, CD141, CD142, CD143, CD144, CD147, CD151, 
               
               
                   
                 CD152, CD154, CD156, CD158, CD163, CD165, CD166, CD168, CD184, CDw186, 
               
               
                   
                 CD195, CD197, CD209, CD202a, CD220, CD221, CD235a, CD271, CD303, CD304, 
               
               
                   
                 CD309, CD326 
               
               
                 Interleukin (IL) 
                 IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8 or CXCL8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL- 
               
               
                 proteins 
                 14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-24, IL-25, IL-26, IL-27, 
               
               
                   
                 IL-28, IL-29, IL-30, IL-31, IL-32, IL-33, IL-35, IL-36 
               
               
                 IL receptors 
                 CD121a/IL1R1, CD121b/IL1R2, CD25/IL2RA, CD122/IL2RB, CD132/IL2RG, 
               
               
                   
                 CD123/IL3RA, CD131/IL3RB, CD124/IL4R, CD132/IL2RG, CD125/IL5RA, 
               
               
                   
                 CD131/IL3RB, CD126/IL6RA, CD130/IR6RB, CD127/IL7RA, CD132/IL2RG, 
               
               
                   
                 CXCR1/IL8RA, CXCR2/IL8RB/CD128, CD129/IL9R, CD210/IL10RA, 
               
               
                   
                 CDW210B/IL10RB, IL11RA, CD212/IL12RB1, IR12RB2, IL13R, IL15RA, CD4, 
               
               
                   
                 CDw217/IL17RA, IL17RB, CDw218a/IL18R1, IL20R, IL20R, IL21R, IL22R, IL23R, 
               
               
                   
                 IL20R, LY6E, IL20R1, IL27RA, IL28R, IL31RA 
               
               
                 Mucin (MUC) 
                 MUC1, MUC2, MUC3A, MUC3B, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, MUC7, MUC8, 
               
               
                 proteins 
                 MUC12, MUC13, MUC15, MUC16, MUC17, MUC19, and MUC20 
               
               
                 MUC1 isoforms 
                 mucin-1 isoform 2 precursor or mature form (NP_001018016.1), mucin-1 isoform 3 
               
               
                   
                 precursor or mature form (NP_001018017.1), mucin-1 isoform 5 precursor or mature form 
               
               
                   
                 (NP_001037855.1), mucin-1 isoform 6 precursor or mature form (NP_001037856.1), mucin- 
               
               
                   
                 1 isoform 7 precursor or mature form (NP_001037857.1), mucin-1 isoform 8 precursor or 
               
               
                   
                 mature form (NP_001037858.1), mucin-1 isoform 9 precursor or mature form 
               
               
                   
                 (NP_001191214.1), mucin-1 isoform 10 precursor or mature form (NP_001191215.1), 
               
               
                   
                 mucin-1 isoform 11 precursor or mature form (NP_001191216.1), mucin-1 isoform 12 
               
               
                   
                 precursor or mature form (NP_001191217.1), mucin-1 isoform 13 precursor or mature form 
               
               
                   
                 (NP_001191218.1), mucin-1 isoform 14 precursor or mature form (NP_001191219.1), 
               
               
                   
                 mucin-1 isoform 15 precursor or mature form (NP_001191220.1), mucin-1 isoform 16 
               
               
                   
                 precursor or mature form (NP_001191221.1), mucin-1 isoform 17 precursor or mature form 
               
               
                   
                 (NP_001191222.1), mucin-1 isoform 18 precursor or mature form (NP_001191223.1), 
               
               
                   
                 mucin-1 isoform 19 precursor or mature form (NP_001191224.1), mucin-1 isoform 20 
               
               
                   
                 precursor or mature form (NP_001191225.1), mucin-1 isoform 21 precursor or mature form 
               
               
                   
                 (NP_001191226.1), mucin-1 isoform 1 precursor or mature form (NP_002447.4), 
               
               
                   
                 ENSP00000357380, ENSP00000357377, ENSP00000389098, ENSP00000357374, 
               
               
                   
                 ENSP00000357381, ENSP00000339690, ENSP00000342814, ENSP00000357383, 
               
               
                   
                 ENSP00000357375, ENSP00000338983, ENSP00000343482, ENSP00000406633, 
               
               
                   
                 ENSP00000388172, ENSP00000357378, P15941-1, P15941-2, P15941-3, P15941-4, 
               
               
                   
                 P15941-5, P15941-6, P15941-7, P15941-8, P15941-9, P15941-10, secreted isoform, 
               
               
                   
                 membrane bound isoform, CA 27.29 (BR 27.29), CA 15-3, PAM4 reactive antigen, 
               
               
                   
                 underglycosylated isoform, unglycosylated isoform, CanAg antigen 
               
               
                 MUC1 interacting 
                 ABL1, SRC, CTNND1, ERBB2, GSK3B, JUP, PRKCD, APC, GALNT1, GALNT10, 
               
               
                 proteins 
                 GALNT12, JUN, LCK, OSGEP, ZAP70, CTNNB1, EGFR, SOS1, ERBB3, ERBB4, GRB2, 
               
               
                   
                 ESR1, GALNT2, GALNT4, LYN, TP53, C1GALT1, C1GALT1C1, GALNT3, GALNT6, 
               
               
                   
                 GCNT1, GCNT4, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15, MUC17, MUC19, MUC2, MUC20, MUC3A, 
               
               
                   
                 MUC4, MUC5B, MUC6, MUC7, MUCL1, ST3GAL1, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, 
               
               
                   
                 ST6GALNAC2, B3GNT2, B3GNT3, B3GNT4, B3GNT5, B3GNT7, B4GALT5, GALNT11, 
               
               
                   
                 GALNT13, GALNT14, GALNT5, GALNT8, GALNT9, ST3GAL2, ST6GAL1, 
               
               
                   
                 ST6GALNAC4, GALNT15, MYOD1, SIGLEC1, IKBKB, TNFRSF1A, IKBKG, MUC1 
               
               
                 Tumor markers 
                 Alphafetoprotein (AFP), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA-125, MUC-1, Epithelial 
               
               
                   
                 tumor antigen (ETA), Tyrosinase, Melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE), p53 
               
               
                 Tumor markers 
                 Alpha fetoprotein (AFP), CA15-3, CA27-29, CA19-9, CA-125, Calretinin, 
               
               
                   
                 Carcinoembryonic antigen, CD34, CD99, CD117, Chromogranin, Cytokeratin (various 
               
               
                   
                 types), Desmin, Epithelial membrane protein (EMA), Factor VIII, CD31 FL1, Glia1 fibrillary 
               
               
                   
                 acidic protein (GFAP), Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15), HMB-45, Human 
               
               
                   
                 chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), immunoglobulin, inhibin, keratin (various types), PTPRC 
               
               
                   
                 (CD45), lymphocyte marker (various types, MART-1 (Melan-A), Myo D1, muscle-specific 
               
               
                   
                 actin (MSA), neurofilament, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), placental alkaline phosphatase 
               
               
                   
                 (PLAP), prostate-specific antigen, S100 protein, smooth muscle actin (SMA), synaptophysin, 
               
               
                   
                 thyroglobulin, thyroid transcription factor-1, Tumor M2-PK, vimentin 
               
               
                 Cell adhesion 
                 Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs (IgSF CAMs), N-CAM (Myelin protein zero), ICAM (1, 
               
               
                 molecule (CAMs) 
                 5), VCAM-1, PE-CAM, L1-CAM, Nectin (PVRL1, PVRL2, PVRL3), Integrins, LFA-1 
               
               
                   
                 (CD11a + CD18), Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CD11c + CD18), Macrophage-1 antigen 
               
               
                   
                 (CD11b + CD18), VLA-4 (CD49d + CD29), Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (ITGA2B + ITGB3), 
               
               
                   
                 Cadherins, CDH1, CDH2, CDH3, Desmosomal, Desmoglein (DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, DSG4), 
               
               
                   
                 Desmocollin (DSC1, DSC2, DSC3), Protocadherin, PCDH1, T-cadherin, CDH4, CDH5, 
               
               
                   
                 CDH6, CDH8, CDH11, CDH12, CDH15, CDH16, CDH17, CDH9, CDH10, Selectins, E- 
               
               
                   
                 selectin, L-selectin, P-selectin, Lymphocyte homing receptor: CD44, L-selectin, integrin 
               
               
                   
                 (VLA-4, LFA-1), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD22, CD24, CD44, CD146, CD164 
               
               
                 Annexins 
                 ANXA1; ANXA10; ANXA11; ANXA13; ANXA2; ANXA3; ANXA4; ANXA5; ANXA6; 
               
               
                   
                 ANXA7; ANXA8; ANXA8L1; ANXA8L2; ANXA9 
               
               
                 Cadherins 
                 CDH1, CDH2, CDH12, CDH3, Deomoglein, DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, DSG4, Desmocollin, 
               
               
                 (“calcium- 
                 DSC1, DSC2, DSC3, Protocadherins, PCDH1, PCDH10, PCDH11x, PCDH11y, PCDH12, 
               
               
                 dependent 
                 FAT, FAT2, FAT4, PCDH15, PCDH17, PCDH18, PCDH19; PCDH20; PCDH7, PCDH8, 
               
               
                 adhesion”) 
                 PCDH9, PCDHA1, PCDHA10, PCDHA11, PCDHA12, PCDHA13, PCDHA2, PCDHA3, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHA4, PCDHA5, PCDHA6, PCDHA7, PCDHA8, PCDHA9, PCDHAC1, PCDHAC2, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHB1, PCDHB10, PCDHB11, PCDHB12, PCDHB13, PCDHB14, PCDHB15, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHB16, PCDHB17, PCDHB18, PCDHB2, PCDHB3, PCDHB4, PCDHB5, PCDHB6, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHB7, PCDHB8, PCDHB9, PCDHGA1, PCDHGA10, PCDHGA11, PCDHGA12, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHGA2; PCDHGA3, PCDHGA4, PCDHGA5, PCDHGA6, PCDHGA7, PCDHGA8, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHGA9, PCDHGB1, PCDHGB2, PCDHGB3, PCDHGB4, PCDHGB5, PCDHGB6, 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHGB7, PCDHGC3, PCDHGC4, PCDHGC5, CDH9 (cadherin 9, type 2 (T1-cadherin)), 
               
               
                   
                 CDH10 (cadherin 10, type 2 (T2-cadherin)), CDH5 (VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial)), 
               
               
                   
                 CDH6 (K-cadherin (kidney)), CDH7 (cadherin 7, type 2), CDH8 (cadherin 8, type 2), 
               
               
                   
                 CDH11 (OB-cadherin (osteoblast)), CDH13 (T-cadherin - H-cadherin (heart)), CDH15 (M- 
               
               
                   
                 cadherin (myotubule)), CDH16 (KSP-cadherin), CDH17 (LI cadherin (liver-intestine)), 
               
               
                   
                 CDH18 (cadherin 18, type 2), CDH19 (cadherin 19, type 2), CDH20 (cadherin 20, type 2), 
               
               
                   
                 CDH23 (cadherin 23, (neurosensory epithelium)), CDH10, CDH11, CDH13, CDH15, 
               
               
                   
                 CDH16, CDH17, CDH18, CDH19, CDH20, CDH22, CDH23, CDH24, CDH26, CDH28, 
               
               
                   
                 CDH4, CDH5, CDH6, CDH7, CDH8, CDH9, CELSR1, CELSR2, CELSR3, CLSTN1, 
               
               
                   
                 CLSTN2, CLSTN3, DCHS1, DCHS2, LOC389118, PCLKC, RESDA1, RET 
               
               
                 ECAD (CDH1) 
                 SNAI1/SNAIL, ZFHX1B/SIP1, SNAI2/SLUG, TWIST1, DeltaEF1 
               
               
                 downregulators 
               
               
                 ECAD 
                 AML1, p300, HNF3 
               
               
                 upregulators 
               
               
                 ECAD interacting 
                 ACADVL, ACTG1, ACTN1, ACTN4, ACTR3, ADAM10, ADAM9, AJAP1, ANAPC1, 
               
               
                 proteins 
                 ANAPC11, ANAPC4, ANAPC7, ANK2, ANP32B, APC2, ARHGAP32, ARPC2, ARVCF, 
               
               
                   
                 BOC, C1QBP, CA9, CASP3, CASP8, CAV1, CBLL1, CCNB1, CCND1, CCT6A, CDC16, 
               
               
                   
                 CDC23, CDC26, CDC27, CDC42, CDH2, CDH3, CDK5R1, CDON, CDR2, CFTR, 
               
               
                   
                 CREBBP, CSE1L, CSNK2A1, CTNNA1, CTNNB1, CTNND1, CTNND2, DNAJA1, DRG1, 
               
               
                   
                 EGFR, EP300, ERBB2, ERBB2IP, ERG, EZR, PER, FGFR1, FOXM1, FRMD5, FYN, 
               
               
                   
                 GBAS, GNA12, GNA13, GNB2L1, GSK3B, HDAC1, HDAC2, HSP90AA1, HSPA1A, 
               
               
                   
                 HSPA1B, HSPD1, IGHA1, IQGAP1, IRS1, ITGAE, ITGB7, JUP, KIFC3, KLRG1, KRT1, 
               
               
                   
                 KRT9, LIMA1, LMNA, MAD2L2, MAGI1, MAK, MDM2, MET, MYO6, MYO7A, 
               
               
                   
                 NDRG1, NEDD9, NIPSNAP1, NKD2, PHLPP1, PIP5K1C, PKD1, PKP4, PLEKHA7, 
               
               
                   
                 POLR2E, PPP1CA, PRKD1, PSEN1, PTPN1, PTPN14, PTPRF, PTPRM, PTPRQ, PTTG1, 
               
               
                   
                 PVR, PVRL1, RAB8B, RRM2, SCRIB, SET, SIX1, SKI, SKP2, SRC, TACC3, TAS2R13, 
               
               
                   
                 TGM2, TJP1, TK1, TNS3, TTK, UBC, USP9X, VCL, VEZT, XRCC5, YAP1, YES1, 
               
               
                   
                 ZC3HC1 
               
               
                 Epithelial- 
                 SERPINA3, ACTN1, AGR2, AKAP12, ALCAM, AP1M2, AXL, BSPRY, CCL2, CDH1, 
               
               
                 mesenchymal 
                 CDH2, CEP170, CLDN3, CLDN4, CNN3, CYP4X1, DNMT3A, DSG3, DSP, EFNB2, EHF, 
               
               
                 transition (EMT) 
                 ELF3, ELF5, ERBB3, ETV5, FLRT3, FOSB, FOSL1, FOXC1, FX YD 5, GPDIL, HMGA1, 
               
               
                   
                 HMGA2, HOPX, IFI16, IGFBP2, IHH, IKBIP, IL-11, IL-18, IL6, IL8, ITGA5, ITGB3, 
               
               
                   
                 LAMB1, LCN2, MAP7, MB, MMP7, MMP9, MPZL2, MSLN, MTA3, MTSS1, OCLN, 
               
               
                   
                 PCOLCE2, PECAM1, PLAUR, PLXNB1, PPL, PPP1R9A, RASSF8, SCNN1A, SERPINB2, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINE1, SFRP1, SH3YL1, SLC27A2, SMAD7, SNAI1, SNAI2, SPARC, SPDEF, SRPX, 
               
               
                   
                 STAT5A, TBX2, TJP3, TMEM125, TMEM45B, TWIST1, VCAN, VIM, VWF, XBP1, 
               
               
                   
                 YBX1, ZBTB10, ZEB1, ZEB2 
               
               
                 Vesicle Associated 
                 ALB, C3, A2M, TF, APOB, KRT1, KRT10, FGA, IGHG1, SERPINA1, FOB, KRT2, HP, 
               
               
                   
                 IGHG3, IGHA1, SERPINA3, C4A, IGKC, C4B, CP, IGHM, FGG, KRT9, IGHG2, FN1, 
               
               
                   
                 CFH, SERPINC1, C4A, APOA1, GC, Ig mu heavy chain disease protein, IGHG4, HPX, 
               
               
                   
                 IGHA2, IGLC2, ITIH1, KNG1, ITIH4, ITIH2, AGT, PLG, APOA4, KRT14, CFB, IGLC1, 
               
               
                   
                 ITIH4, ORM1, ITIH4, AHSG, A1BG, IGLL5, SERPING1, Ig kappa chain V-I region DEE, 
               
               
                   
                 APOE, Ig kappa chain V-I region OU, ORM2, AFM, Ig heavy chain V-III region BUT, 
               
               
                   
                 C4BPA, KRT6A, SERPINF1, APCS, APOH, CLU, KRT5, Ig heavy chain V-III region BRO, 
               
               
                   
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region GAL, HRG, Ig heavy chain V-III region CAM, VTN, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPIND1, TTR, PON1, Ig heavy chain V-III region TIL, C1QC, SERPINA7, Ig kappa 
               
               
                   
                 chain V-I region CAR, Ig kappa chain V-IV region Len, AMBP, KRT13, Ig kappa chain V- 
               
               
                   
                 III region SIE, SERPINF2, Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26, C5, F2, IGKV4-1, C7, Ig 
               
               
                   
                 kappa chain V-I region EU, Ig kappa chain V-III region NG9 (Fragment), GSN, LPA, LYZ, 
               
               
                   
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region HAH, Ig lambda chain V-III region LOI, SERPINA6, AZGP1, 
               
               
                   
                 C1S, CFHR1, C9, HRNR, APOL1, C1QB, Ig kappa chain V-I region Ni, Ig heavy chain V- 
               
               
                   
                 III region WEA, Ig kappa chain V-II region TEW, SERPINA4, DCD, LRG1, GSN, RBP4, 
               
               
                   
                 SMC3, PRSS3, IGJ, C6, SEPP1, HBA1, Ig kappa chain V-III region CLL, ABCF1, APOD, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINA5, PDE4D, C2, C8A, C1R, CD5L, CFHR2, FLG2, HBB, CFI, Ig kappa chain V-II 
               
               
                   
                 region MIL, Ig heavy chain V-II region NEWM, C8G, Ig lambda chain V-III region SH, 
               
               
                   
                 PGLYRP2, SBSN, Ig lambda chain V-I region WAH, Ig lambda chain V-IV region Hil, 
               
               
                   
                 SAA4, F10, MASP1, SHROOM3, F13A1, Ig lambda chain V region 4A, GIT2, KLKB1, 
               
               
                   
                 ATRN, Ig heavy chain V-I region HG3, ITIH3, CDK10, APOA2, Ig heavy chain V-II region 
               
               
                   
                 OU, Ig heavy chain V-I region V35, UTF1, MAP1B, PAPLN, Ig kappa chain V-I region Lay, 
               
               
                   
                 RNF207, VPS13D, CRYGN, HMCN1, SLC27A6, FN1, VWF, C8B, LGALS3BP, HP, 
               
               
                   
                 PROS1, ECM1, HPR, LBP, HABP2, FCN2, KRT77, APOM, Ig kappa chain V-I region 
               
               
                   
                 WEA, GC, PLA2G7, Ig kappa chain V-I region Scw, CFP, APOM, MASP1, IGKV1-5, F12, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINA1, F13B, FCN2, PCYOX1, C4BPB, LCAT, KRT73, Ig heavy chain V-III region 
               
               
                   
                 GA, Ig kappa chain V-III region VG (Fragment), MBL2, EEF2, MAP3K6, EPHA5, APOC4, 
               
               
                   
                 CAMP, SERPINA10, FCGBP, PCSK9, CPB2, CFHR5, SAFB2, C2CD4C, F5, NUP153, 
               
               
                   
                 XYLT1, EP300, BMP8A, N4BP2, KRT4, KRT16, Ig kappa chain V-III region B6, KRT86, 
               
               
                   
                 KRT85, ANXA1, KRT78, SPRR2E, CLU, CRNN, ARHGEF17, SPRR3, FN1, ARHGAP30, 
               
               
                   
                 ACTG2, SFTPA1, CDC5L, FN1, IGLC7, FLG, SERPINA1, Ig heavy chain V-III region 
               
               
                   
                 TUR, JUP, DSP, KNG1, KPRP, LCE1C, Ig heavy chain V-II region ARH-77, Ig kappa chain 
               
               
                   
                 V-III region POM, FBLN1, C1QA, FCN3, Ig lambda chain V-IV region Bau, Ig lambda 
               
               
                   
                 chain V-VI region WLT, UPF3A, SERPINF2, XIRP2, CFB, SERPINA3, DSG1, TTN, 
               
               
                   
                 LRRCC1, MYO15A, ANKRD28, Ig heavy chain V-III region HIL, KIT, DNMT1, PLXND1, 
               
               
                   
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Mev, IGHD, RCBTB1, BCO1, KRT6B, KRT13, Ig kappa chain V- 
               
               
                   
                 II region RPMI 6410, Ig kappa chain V-IV region B17, ACTB, FN1, SARDH, GK, EMC4, 
               
               
                   
                 MED30, PIGR, HSPB1, DSP, VEPH1, SNX27, LRRC53, SIGLEC16, F9, Ig heavy chain V- 
               
               
                   
                 III region TRO, APOC3, TOP2A, FLYWCH1, ACTL10 
               
               
                 Vesicle Associated 
                 KRT6A, DSP, KRT6B, ACTB, FLG, IVL, SFN, KRT77, LMNA, KRT15, LGALS7, 
               
               
                   
                 HSPA8, EPPK1, HSPA1A, DSG1, GSN, HIST1H2BK, EEF1A1, RPLP2, KRT74, YWHAB, 
               
               
                   
                 PKP1, JUP, HNRNPA1, HSP90AA1, HIST1H2AH, GAPDH, HIST1H1E, HSPB1, 
               
               
                   
                 CALML5, DCD, YWHAQ, VCP, AHNAK, SFPQ, PLEC, SERBP1, P4HB, PPL, Ig lambda 
               
               
                   
                 chain V-IV region Hil, EIF3B, HSPA5, C3, TUBB4A, IGHG1, RPS3A, PPIA, SPTBN2, 
               
               
                   
                 PDIA3, KRT80, DBNL, RPL29, RPL3, ANXA2P2, TPI1, RDX, H1F0, PGAM2, IGLC2, 
               
               
                   
                 EVPL, ENO1, HNRNPA2B1, RPL7A, MYL6, ANXA1, TRIM29, RPS19, POF1B, RPL6, 
               
               
                   
                 MORC2, RTN4, CA/CK E, LYZ, ZDBF2, IGKC, Ig heavy chain V-III region TIL, C4BPA, 
               
               
                   
                 ACTB, LCE1C, IGHG3, SHOX2, KRT17, KRT77, KRT80, PIGR, KNG1, DSG1, DSP, 
               
               
                   
                 SHROOM3, FGA, KPRP, DUSP27, LCE1C, SARDH, LYZ, SHISA5, HSP90AB1, EEF1A1, 
               
               
                   
                 FGB, SHROOM3, IGLC2, KRT85, BMP8A, LCE2B, KRT6A, IGKC, S100A9, EEF1A1, 
               
               
                   
                 C3, DCD, S100A8, LCE1C, ALB, IGLC2, S100A9, HSP90AB1, ACTB, KRT5, Ig kappa 
               
               
                   
                 chain V-II region MIL, HRNR, IGHG1, HIST1H4A, DEFA1, LYZ, C3, SHROOM3, Ig 
               
               
                   
                 kappa chain V-IV region STH (Fragment), Ig lambda chain V-I region HA, IGHA2, SARDH, 
               
               
                   
                 H3F3C, LTF, TF 
               
               
                 Vesicle Associated 
                 C3, A2M, APOB, IGKC, C4A, C4B, FGB, ALB, CFH, IGHG1, FGA, FN1, PLG, IGHM, 
               
               
                   
                 FGG, TF, C5, CP, IGHG2, IGLC2, Ig mu heavy chain disease protein, ITIH1, PZP, IGHG3, 
               
               
                   
                 IGLL5, HP, C4BPA, ITIH2, IGHA1, KRT1, KRT10, APOE, Ig kappa chain V-I region DEE, 
               
               
                   
                 AMBP, F2, C7, C6, ITIH4, CFB, IGHG4, APOH, APOA1, CD5L, C1R, HPR, Ig kappa 
               
               
                   
                 chain V-I region Scw, IGHA2, CFHR1, KRT2, Ig kappa chain V-III region SIE, HRG, Ig 
               
               
                   
                 heavy chain V-III region BRO, C1QB, GC, Ig heavy chain V-III region TIL, Ig kappa chain 
               
               
                   
                 V-III region NG9 (Fragment), Ig heavy chain V-III region BUT, Ig heavy chain V-III region 
               
               
                   
                 TUR, C9, SERPIND1, Ig kappa chain V-I region WEA, Ig kappa chain V-I region Ni, Ig 
               
               
                   
                 kappa chain V-IV region Len, Ig kappa chain V-I region EU, Ig kappa chain V-II region 
               
               
                   
                 TEW, Ig heavy chain V-III region GAL, KNG1, VTN, C8B, Ig lambda chain V-III region 
               
               
                   
                 LOI, Ig heavy chain V-II region NEWM, APCS, KLKB1, CFI, PROS1, LPA, KRT9, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINA1, Ig lambda chain V-III region SH, C8A, Ig kappa chain V-III region B6, Ig 
               
               
                   
                 lambda chain V-IV region Hil, Ig kappa chain V-III region CLL, C1S, FCN3, SERPINC1, Ig 
               
               
                   
                 kappa chain V-I region Mev, IGHD, C1QC, HPX, C8G, IGKV1-5, Ig kappa chain V-I region 
               
               
                   
                 Wes, Ig heavy chain V-III region WEA, A1BG, GSN, FBLN1, HBB, ITIH3, F12, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINA3, APOC3, Ig kappa chain V-I region BAN, Ig kappa chain V-III region VH 
               
               
                   
                 (Fragment), F13B, IGKV4-1, SERPINF2, CLU, HIST1H1D, PON1, IGJ, Ig kappa chain V- 
               
               
                   
                 III region POM, Ig heavy chain V-III region CAM, Ig heavy chain V-III region BUR, Ig 
               
               
                   
                 kappa chain V-III region VG (Fragment), APOD, Ig lambda chain V-IV region MOL, Ig 
               
               
                   
                 heavy chain V-III region GAR, FCGBP, APOM, F13A1, Ig heavy chain V-I region HG3, 
               
               
                   
                 C1QA, Ig lambda chain V-VI region WLT, C2, C4BPB, CFP, SERPINA4, SAA4, 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINF1, LGALS3BP, HABP2, RCBTB1, APOL1, KCNQ2, F9, Ig heavy chain V-III 
               
               
                   
                 region TRO, Ig heavy chain V-III region HIL, Ig heavy chain V-II region OU, APOA2, F11, 
               
               
                   
                 Ig lambda chain V-I region WAH, Ig lambda chain V region 4A, Ig kappa chain V-II region 
               
               
                   
                 RPMI 6410, Ig kappa chain V-III region IARC/BL41, KRT5, IGLL1, Ig heavy chain V-I 
               
               
                   
                 region V35, HBA1, ADIPOQ, PGLYRP2, UPF3A, BCO1, ARFGAP3, SARDH, SERPINA1, 
               
               
                   
                 KNG1, Ig kappa chain V-I region Kue, Ig kappa chain V-I region Lay, Ig kappa chain V-I 
               
               
                   
                 region OU, Ig kappa chain V-II region MIL, Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26, Ig heavy 
               
               
                   
                 chain V-III region GA, FN1, TTR, SERPING1, APOA4, PRSS1, ANXA6, CFTR, LBP, 
               
               
                   
                 FBLN1, SPAG17, PDLIM2, ARHGEF17, IGLC7, AGRN, AGT, RBP4, AHSG, Ig kappa 
               
               
                   
                 chain V-III region GOL, SERPINA5, GSN, Ig kappa chain V-III region HAH, CFHR2, 
               
               
                   
                 GIT2, INCENP 
               
               
                 Vesicle Associated 
                 MUC5B, FABP5, HPX, CP, SPRR2E, SPRR2D, PDE4D, GC, CPD, CD14, LAP3, 
               
               
                   
                 AFM, FCN2, DMBT1, LIFR, SNX27, LCN1, ARFIP1, APOH, KLKB1, XP32, 
               
               
                   
                 H2AFV, KRT75, KRT6C, KRT83, KRT76, KRT33B, KRT72, KRT31, KRT73, 
               
               
                   
                 DSG1, LCE1C, LCE1A, CFB, CFH, SERPINA1, Ig kappa chain V-I region EU, Ig 
               
               
                   
                 kappa chain V-II region MIL, Ig lambda chain V-IV region Bau, Ig heavy chain V- 
               
               
                   
                 III region GAL, IGLC6, ACTG2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples of additional biomarkers that can be incorporated into the methods and compositions of the invention include without limitation those disclosed in International Patent Application Nos. PCT/US2012/042519 (WO 2012/174282), filed Jun. 14, 2012 and PCT/US2012/050030 (WO 2013/022995), filed Aug. 8, 2012. 
     In various embodiments of the invention, the biomarkers or biosignature used to detect or assess any of the conditions or diseases disclosed herein can comprise one or more biomarkers in one of several different categories of markers, wherein the categories include without limitation one or more of: 1) disease specific biomarkers; 2) cell- or tissue-specific biomarkers; 3) vesicle-specific markers (e.g., general vesicle biomarkers); 4. angiogenesis-specific biomarkers; and 5) immunomodulatory biomarkers. Examples of all such markers are disclosed herein and known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, a biomarker known in the art that is characterized to have a role in a particular disease or condition can be adapted for use as a target in compositions and methods of the invention. In further embodiments, such biomarkers that are associated with vesicles can be all vesicle surface markers, or a combination of vesicle surface markers and vesicle payload markers (i.e., molecules enclosed by a vesicle). The biomarkers assessed can be from a combination of sources. For example, a disease or disorder may be detected or characterized by assessing a combination of proteins, nucleic acids, vesicles, circulating biomarkers, biomarkers from a tissue sample, and the like. In addition, as noted herein, the biological sample assessed can be any biological fluid, or can comprise individual components present within such biological fluid (e.g., vesicles, nucleic acids, proteins, or complexes thereof). 
     EpCAM is a pan-epithelial differentiation antigen that is expressed on many tumor cells. It is intricately linked with the Cadherin-Catenin pathway and hence the fundamental WNT pathway responsible for intracellular signalling and polarity. It has been used as an immunotherapeutic target in the treatment of gastrointestinal, urological and other carcinomas. (Chaudry M A, Sales K, Ruf P, Lindhofer H, Winslet M C (April 2007).  Br. J. Cancer  96 (7): 1013-9.). It is expressed in undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells. EpCAM is a member of a family that includes at least two type I membrane proteins and functions as a homotypic calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule. Mutations in this gene result in congenital tufting enteropathy. EpCAM has been observed on the surface of microvesicles derived from cancer cell of various lineages. EpCAM is used as an exemplary surface antigen in various examples herein. One of skill will appreciate that various embodiments and examples using EpCAM can be applied to other microvesicle surface antigens as well. 
     Therapeutics 
     As used herein “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a composition that relieves (to some extent, as judged by a skilled medical practitioner) one or more symptoms of the disease or condition in a mammal Additionally, by “therapeutically effective amount” of a composition is meant an amount that returns to normal, either partially or completely, physiological or biochemical parameters associated with or causative of a disease or condition. A clinician skilled in the art can determine the therapeutically effective amount of a composition in order to treat or prevent a particular disease condition, or disorder when it is administered, such as intravenously, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, orally, or through inhalation. The precise amount of the composition required to be therapeutically effective will depend upon numerous factors, e.g., such as the specific activity of the active agent, the delivery device employed, physical characteristics of the agent, purpose for the administration, in addition to many patient specific considerations. But a determination of a therapeutically effective amount is within the skill of an ordinarily skilled clinician upon the appreciation of the disclosure set forth herein. 
     The terms “treating,” “treatment,” “therapy,” and “therapeutic treatment” as used herein refer to curative therapy, prophylactic therapy, or preventative therapy. An example of “preventative therapy” is the prevention or lessening the chance of a targeted disease (e.g., cancer or other proliferative disease) or related condition thereto. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disease or condition as well as those prone to have the disease or condition to be prevented. The terms “treating,” “treatment,” “therapy,” and “therapeutic treatment” as used herein also describe the management and care of a mammal for the purpose of combating a disease, or related condition, and includes the administration of a composition to alleviate the symptoms, side effects, or other complications of the disease, condition. Therapeutic treatment for cancer includes, but is not limited to, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. 
     As used herein, the term “agent” or “drug” or “therapeutic agent” refers to a chemical compound, a mixture of chemical compounds, a biological macromolecule, or an extract made from biological materials such as bacteria, plants, fungi, or animal (particularly mammalian) cells or tissues that are suspected of having therapeutic properties. The agent or drug can be purified, substantially purified or partially purified. An “agent” according to the present invention, also includes a radiation therapy agent or a “chemotherapuetic agent.” 
     As used herein, the term “diagnostic agent” refers to any chemical used in the imaging of diseased tissue, such as, e.g., a tumor. 
     As used herein, the term “chemotherapuetic agent” refers to an agent with activity against cancer, neoplastic, and/or proliferative diseases, or that has ability to kill cancerous cells directly. 
     As used herein, “pharmaceutical formulations” include formulations for human and veterinary use with no significant adverse toxicological effect. “Pharmaceutically acceptable formulation” as used herein refers to a composition or formulation that allows for the effective distribution of the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention in the physical location most suitable for their desired activity. 
     As used herein the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. 
     Aptamer-Toxin Conjugates as a Cancer Therapeutic 
     Extensive previous work has developed the concept of antibody-toxin conjugates (“immunoconjugates”) as potential therapies for a range of indications, mostly directed at the treatment of cancer with a primary focus on hematological tumors. A variety of different payloads for targeted delivery have been tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies, including protein toxins, high potency small molecule cytotoxics, radioisotopes, and liposome-encapsulated drugs. While these efforts have successfully yielded three FDA-approved therapies for hematological tumors, immunoconjugates as a class (especially for solid tumors) have historically yielded disappointing results that have been attributable to multiple different properties of antibodies, including tendencies to develop neutralizing antibody responses to non-humanized antibodies, limited penetration in solid tumors, loss of target binding affinity as a result of toxin conjugation, and imbalances between antibody half-life and toxin conjugate half-life that limit the overall therapeutic index (reviewed by Reff and Heard, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 40 (2001):25-35). 
     Aptamers are functionally similar to antibodies, except their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (“ADME”) properties are intrinsically different and they generally lack many of the immune effector functions generally associated with antibodies (e.g., antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity). In comparing many of the properties of aptamers and antibodies previously described, several factors suggest that toxin-delivery via aptamers offers several concrete advantages over delivery with antibodies, ultimately affording them better potential as therapeutics. Several examples of the advantages of toxin-delivery via aptamers over antibodies are as follows: 
     1) Aptamer-toxin conjugates are entirely chemically synthesized. Chemical synthesis provides more control over the nature of the conjugate. For example, the stoichiometry (ratio of toxins per aptamer) and site of attachment can be precisely defined. Different linker chemistries can be readily tested. The reversibility of aptamer folding means that loss of activity during conjugation is unlikely and provides more flexibility in adjusting conjugation conditions to maximize yields. 
     2) Smaller size allows better tumor penetration. Poor penetration of antibodies into solid tumors is often cited as a factor limiting the efficacy of conjugate approaches. See Colcher, D., Goel, A., Pavlinkova, G., Beresford, G., Booth, B., Batra, S. K. (1999) “Effects of genetic engineering on the pharmacokinetics of antibodies,” Q. J. Nucl. Med., 43: 132-139. Studies comparing the properties of unPEGylated anti-tenascin C aptamers with corresponding antibodies demonstrate efficient uptake into tumors (as defined by the tumor:blood ratio) and evidence that aptamer localized to the tumor is unexpectedly long-lived (t 1/2 &gt;12 hours) (Hicke, B. J., Stephens, A. W., “Escort aptamers: a delivery service for diagnosis and therapy”, J. Clin. Invest., 106:923-928 (2000)). 
     3) Tunable PK. Aptamer half-life/metabolism can be easily tuned to match properties of payload, optimizing the ability to deliver toxin to the tumor while minimizing systemic exposure. Appropriate modifications to the aptamer backbone and addition of high molecular weight PEGs should make it possible to match the half-life of the aptamer to the intrinsic half-life of the conjugated toxin/linker, minimizing systemic exposure to non-functional toxin-bearing metabolites (expected if t 1/2 (aptamer)&lt;&lt;t 1/2 (toxin)) and reducing the likelihood that persisting unconjugated aptamer will functionally block uptake of conjugated aptamer (expected if t 1/2 (aptamer)&gt;&gt;t 1/2  (toxin)). 
     4) Relatively low material requirements. It is likely that dosing levels will be limited by toxicity intrinsic to the cytotoxic payload. As such, a single course of treatment will likely entail relatively small (&lt;100 mg) quantities of aptamer, reducing the likelihood that the cost of oligonucleotide synthesis will be a barrier for aptamer-based therapies. 
     5) Parenteral administration is preferred for this indication. There will be no special need to develop alternative formulations to drive patient/physician acceptance. 
     The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an aptamer provided by the invention or a salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the aptamer or a salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Relatedly, the invention provides a method of treating or ameliorating a disease or disorder, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof. Administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition to the subject may result in: (a) an enhancement of the delivery of the active agent to a disease site relative to delivery of the active agent alone; or (b) an enhancement of microvesicles clearance resulting in a decrease of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% in a blood level of microvesicles targeted by the aptamer; or (c) an decrease in biological activity of microvesicles targeted by the aptamer of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%. In an embodiment, the biological activity of microvesicles comprises immune suppression or transfer of genetic information. The disease or disorder can include without limitation those disclosed herein. For example, the disease or disorder may comprise a neoplastic, proliferative, or inflammatory, metabolic, cardiovascular, or neurological disease or disorder. See, e.g., section “Phenotypes.” 
     Aptamer Identification Methods 
     Nucleic acid sequences fold into secondary and tertiary motifs particular to their nucleotide sequence. These motifs position the positive and negative charges on the nucleic acid sequences in locations that enable the sequences to bind to specific locations on target molecules, e.g., proteins and other amino acid sequences. These binding sequences are known in the field as aptamers. Due to the trillions of possible unique nucleotide sequences in even a relatively short stretch of nucleotides (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 nucleotides), a large variety of motifs can be generated, resulting in aptamers for almost any desired protein or other target. 
     Aptamers are created by randomly generating oligonucleotides of a specific length, typically 20-80 base pairs long, e.g., 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 or 80 base pairs. These random oligonucleotides are then incubated with the protein target of interest. After several wash steps, the oligonucleotides that bind to the target are collected and amplified. The amplified aptamers are then added to the target and the process is repeated, often 15-20 times. A common version of this process known to those of skill in the art as the SELEX method. 
     The end result comprises one or more aptamer with high affinity to the target. The invention provides further processing of such resulting aptamers that can be use to provide desirable characteristics: 1) competitive binding assays to identify aptamers to a desired epitope; 2) motif analysis to identify high affinity binding aptamers in silico; and 3) microvesicle-based aptamer selection assays to identify aptamers that can be used to detect a particular disease. The methods are described in more detail below and further in the Examples. 
     The invention further contemplates aptamer sequences that are highly homologous to the sequences that are discovered by the methods of the invention. “High homology” typically refers to a homology of 40% or higher, preferably 60% or higher, more preferably 80% or higher, even more preferably 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher between a polynucleotide sequence sequence and a reference sequence. In an embodiment, the reference sequence comprises the sequence of one or more aptamer provided herein. Percent homologies (also referred to as percent identity) are typically carried out between two optimally aligned sequences. Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences and comparison can be conducted, e.g., using the algorithm in “Wilbur and Lipman, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 726-30 (1983)”. Homology calculations can also be performed using BLAST, which can be found on the NCBI server at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/(Altschul S F, et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25(17):3389-402; Altschul S F, et al, J Mol. Biol. 1990; 215(3):403-10). In the case of an isolated polynucleotide which is longer than or equivalent in length to the reference sequence, e.g., a sequence identified by the methods herein, the comparison is made with the full length of the reference sequence. Where the isolated polynucleotide is shorter than the reference sequence, e.g., shorter than a sequence identified by the methods herein, the comparison is made to a segment of the reference sequence of the same length (excluding any loop required by the homology calculation). 
     The invention further contemplates aptamer sequences that are functional fragments of the sequences that are discovered by the methods of the invention. In the context of an aptamer sequence, a “functional fragment” of the aptamer sequence may comprise a subsequence that binds to the same target as the full length sequence. In some instances, a candidate aptamer sequence is from a member of a library that contains a 5′ leader sequences and/or a 3′ tail sequence. Such leader sequences or tail sequences may serve to facilitate primer binding for amplification or capture, etc. In these embodiments, the functional fragment of the full length sequence may comprise the subsequence of the candidate aptamer sequence absent the leader and/or tail sequences. 
     Competitive Antibody Addition 
     Known aptamer production methods may involve eluting all bound aptamers from the target sequence. In some cases, this is not sufficient to identify the desired aptamer sequence. For example, when trying to replace an antibody in an assay, it may be desirable to only collect aptamers that bind to the specific epitope of the antibody being replaced. The invention provides a method comprising addition of an antibody that is to be replaced to the aptamer/target reaction in order to allow for the selective collection of aptamers which bind to the antibody epitope. In an embodiment, the method comprises incubating a reaction mixture comprising randomly generated oligonucleotides with a target of interest, removing unbound aptamers from the reaction mixture that do not bind the target, adding an antibody to the reaction mixture that binds to that epitope of interest, and collecting the aptamers that are displaced by the antibody. The target can be a protein. See, e.g.,  FIG. 1 , which illustrates the method for identifying an aptamer to a specific epitope of EpCam. 
     Motif Analysis 
     In most aptamer experiments, multiple aptamer sequences are identified that bind to the target. These aptamers will have various binding affinities. It can be time consuming and laborious to generate quantities of these many aptamers sufficient to assess the affinities of each. To identify large numbers of aptamers with the highest affinities without physically screening large subsets, the invention provides a method comprising the analysis of the two dimensional structure of one or more high affinity aptamers to the target of interest. In an embodiment, the method comprises screening the database for aptamers that have similar two-dimensional structures, or motifs, but not necessarily similar primary sequences. In an embodiment, the method comprises identifying a high affinity aptamer using traditional methods such as disclosed herein or known in the art (e.g. surface plasmon resonance binding assay, see  FIG. 5 ), approximating the two-dimensional structure of the high affinity aptamer, and identifying aptamers from a pool of sequences that are predicted to have a similar two-dimensional structure to the high affinity aptamer. The method thereby provides a pool of candidates that also bind the target of interest. The two-dimensional structure of an oligo can be predicting using methods known in the art, e.g., via free energy (ΔG) calculations performed using a commercially available software program such as Vienna or mFold, for example as described in Mathews, D., Sabina, J., Zucker, M. &amp; Turner, H. Expanded sequence dependence of thermodynamic parameters provides robust prediction of RNA secondary structure. J. Mol. Biol. 288, 911-940 (1999); Hofacker et al., Monatshefte f. Chemie 125: 167-188 (1994); and Hofacker, I. L. Vienna RNA secondary structure server. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3429-3431 (2003), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 3A-3B . The pool of sequences can be sequenced from a pool of randomly generated aptamer candidates using a high-throughput sequencing platform, such as the Ion Torrent platform from Life Technologies. Identifying aptamers from a pool of sequences that are predicted to have a similar two-dimensional structure to the high affinity aptamer may comprise loading the resulting sequences into the software program of choice to identify members of the pool of sequences with similar two-dimensional structures as the high affinity aptamer. The affinities of the pool of sequences can then be determined in situ, e.g., surface plasmon resonance binding assay or the like. 
     Aptamer Subtraction Methods 
     In order to develop an assay to detect a disease, for example, cancer, one typically screens a large population of known biomarkers from normal and diseased patients in order to identify markers that correlate with disease. This process only works if discriminating markers are already described. In order to address this problem, the invention provides a method comprising subtracting out non-discriminating aptamers from a large pool of aptamers by incubating them initially with non-target microvesicles or cells. The non-target cells can be normal cells or microvesicles shed therefrom. The aptamers that did not bind to the normal microvesicles or cells are then incubated with diseased microvesicles or cells. The aptamers that bind to the diseased microvesicles or cells but that did not bind to the normal cells are then possible candidates for an assay to detect the disease. This process is independent of knowing the existence of a particular marker in the diseased sample. 
     Subtraction methods can be used to identify aptamers that preferentially recognize a desired population of targets. In an embodiment, the subtraction method is used to identify aptamers that preferentially recognize target from a diseased target population over a control (e.g., normal or non-diseased) population. The diseased target population may be a population of vesicles from a diseased individual or individuals, whereas the control population comprises vesicles from a non-diseased individual or individuals. The disease can be a cancer or other disease disclosed herein or known in the art. Accordingly, the method provides aptamers that preferentially identify disease targets versus control targets. 
     Circulating microvesicles can be isolated from control samples, e.g., plasma from “normal” individuals that are absent a disease of interest, such as an absence of cancer. Vesicles in the sample are isolated using a method disclosed herein or as known in the art. For example, vesicles can be isolated from the plasma by one of the following methods: filtration, ultrafiltration, nanomembrane ultrafiltration, the ExoQuick reagent (System Biosciences, Inc., Mountain View, Calif.), centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, using a molecular crowding reagent (e.g., TEXIS from Life Technologies), polymer precipitation (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG)), affinity isolation, affinity selection, immunoprecipitation, chromatography, size exclusion, or a combination of any of these methods. The microvesicles isolated in each case will be a mixture of vesicle types and will be various sizes although ultracentrifugation methods may have more tendency to produce exosomal-sized vesicles. Randomly generated oligonucleotide libraries (e.g., produced as described in the Examples herein) are incubated with the isolated normal vesicles. The aptamers that do not bind to these vesicles are isolated, e.g., by spinning down the vesicles and collecting the supernatant containing the non-binding aptamers. These non-binding aptamers are then contacted with vesicles isolated from diseased patients (e.g., using the same methods as described above) to allow the aptamers to recognize the disease vesicles. Next, aptamers that are bound to the diseased vesicles are collected. In an embodiment, the vesicles are isolated then lysed using a chaotropic agent (e.g., SDS or a similar detergent), and the aptamers are then captured by running the lysis mixture over an affinity column. The affinity column may comprise streptavidin beads in the case of biotin conjugated aptamer pools. The isolated aptamers are the amplified. The process can then then repeated, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 or more times. 
     In one aspect of the invention, an aptamer profile is identified that can be used to characterize a biological sample of interest. In an embodiment, a pool of randomly generated oligonucleotides, e.g., at least 10, 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 , 10 11 , 10 12 , 10 13 , 10 14 , 10 15 , 10 16 , 10 17 , 10 18 , 10 19  or at least 10 20  oligonucleotides, is contacted with a biological component or target of interest from a control population. The oligonucleotides that do not bind the biological component or target of interest from the control population are isolated and then contacted with a biological component or target of interest from a test population. The oligonucleotides that bind the biological component or target of interest from the test population are retained. The retained oligonucleotides can be used to repeat the process by contacting the retained oligonucleotides with the biological component or target of interest from the control population, isolating the retained oligonucleotides that do not bind the the biological component or target of interest from the control population, and again contacting these isolated oligonucleotides with the biological component or target of interest from the test population and isolating the binding oligonucleotides. The “component” or “target” can be anything that is present in sample to which the oligonucleotides are capable of binding (e.g., polypeptides, peptide, nucleic acid molecules, carbodyhrates, lipids, etc.). The process can then then repeated, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 or more times. The resulting oligonucleotides comprise aptamers that can differentially detect the test population versus the control. These aptamers provide an aptamer profile, which comprises a biosignature that is determined using one or more aptamer, e.g., a biosignature comprising a presense or level of the component or target which is detected using the one or more aptamer. 
     An exemplary process is illustrated in  FIG. 4 , which demonstrates the method to identify aptamer that preferentially recognize cancer vesicles using vesicles from normal (non-cancer) individuals as a control. In the figure, exosomes are exemplified but one of skill will appreciate that other microvesicles can be used in the same manner. The resulting aptamers can provide a profile that can differentially detect the cancer vesicles from the normal vesicles. One of skill will appreciate that the same steps can be used to derive an aptamer profile to characterize any disease or condition of interest. 
     In an embodiment, the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide, or a fragment thereof, identified by the methods above. The invention further provides an isolated polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence that is at least 60% identical to the nucleotide sequence identified by the methods above. More preferably, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more, identical to the nucleotide sequence identified by the methods above. In the case of an isolated polynucleotide which is longer than or equivalent in length to the reference sequence, e.g., a sequence identified by the methods above, the comparison is made with the full length of the reference sequence. Where the isolated polynucleotide is shorter than the reference sequence, e.g., shorter than a sequence identified by the methods above, the comparison is made to a segment of the reference sequence of the same length (excluding any loop required by the homology calculation). 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a method of characterizing a biological phenotype using an aptamer profile. The aptamer profile can be determined using the method above. The aptamer profile can be determined for a test sample and compared to a control aptamer profile. The phenotype may be a disease or disorder such as a cancer. Characterizing the phenotype can include without limitation providing a diagnosis, prognosis, or theranosis. Thus, the aptamer profile can provide a diagnostic, prognostic and/or theranostic readout for the subject from whom the test sample is obtained. 
     In another embodiment, an aptamer profile is determined for a test sample by contacting a pool of aptamer molecules to the test sample, contacting the same pool of aptamers to a control sample, and identifying one or more aptamer molecules that differentially bind a component or target in the test sample but not in the control sample (or vice versa). A “component” or “target” as used in the context of the biological test sample or control sample can be anything that is present in sample to which the aptamers are capable of binding (e.g., polypeptides, peptide, nucleic acid molecules, carbodyhrates, lipids, etc.). For example, if a sample is a plasma or serum sample, the aptamer molecules may bind a polypeptide biomarker that is solely expressed or differentially expressed (over- or underexpressed) in a disease state as compared to a non-diseased subject. Comparison of the aptamer profile in the test sample as compared to the control sample may be based on qualitative and quantitative measure of aptamer binding (e.g., binding versus no binding, or level of binding in test sample versus different level of binding in the reference control sample). 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a method of identifying a target-specific aptamer profile, comprising contacting a biological test sample with a pool of aptamer molecules, contacting the pool to a control biological sample, identifying one or more aptamers that bind to a component in said test sample but not to the control sample, thereby identifying an aptamer profile for said biological test sample. In an embodiment, a pool of aptamers is selected against a disease sample and compared to a reference sample, the aptamers in a subset that bind to a component(s) in the disease sample but not in the reference sample can be sequenced using conventional sequencing techniques to identify the subset that bind, thereby identifying an aptamer profile for the particular disease sample. In this way, the aptamer profile provides an individualized platform for detecting disease in other samples that are screened. Furthermore, by selecting an appropriate reference or control sample, the aptamer profile can provide a diagnostic, prognostic and/or theranostic readout for the subject from whom the test sample is obtained. 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a method of selecting a pool of aptamers, comprising: (a) contacting a biological control sample with a pool of oligonucleotides; (b) isolating a first subset of the pool of oligonucleotides that do not bind the biological control sample; (c) contacting the biological test sample with the first subset of the pool of oligonucleotides; and (d) isolating a second subset of the pool of oligonucleotides that bind the biological test sample, thereby selecting the pool of aptamers. The pool of oligonucleotides may comprise any number of desired sequences, e.g., at least 10, 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 , 10 11 , 10 12 , 10 13 , 10 14 , 10 15 , 10 16 , 10 17 , 10 18 , 10 19  or at least 10 20  oligonucleotides may be present in the starting pool. Steps (a)-(d) may be repeated to further hone the pool of aptamers. In an embodiment, these steps are repeated at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or at least 20 times. 
     As described herein, the biological test sample and biological control sample may comprise microvesicles. In an embodiment, the biological test sample and optionally biological control sample comprise a bodily fluid. The bodily fluid may comprise without limitation peripheral blood, sera, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, Cowper&#39;s fluid, pre-ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, malignant fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates or other lavage fluids. The biological test sample and optionally biological control may also comprise a tumor sample, e.g., cells from a tumor or tumor tissue. In other embodiments, the biological test sample and optionally biological control sample comprise a cell culture medium. In embodiments, the biological test sample comprises a diseased sample and the biological control sample comprises a non-diseased sample. Accordingly, the pool of aptamers may be used to provide a diagnostic, prognostic and/or theranostic readout a disease. 
     As noted, the invention can be used to assess microvesicles. Microvesicles are powerful biomarkers because the vesicles provide one biological entity that comprises multiple pieces of information. For example as described, a vesicle can have multiple surface antigens, each of which provides complementary information. Consider a cancer marker and a tissue specific marker. If both markers are individually present in a sample, e.g., both are circulating proteins or nucleic acids, it may not be ascertainable whether the cancer marker and the tissue specific marker are derived from the same anatomical locale. However, if both the cancer marker and the tissue specific marker are surface antigens on a single microvesicle, the vesicle itself links the two markers and provides an indication of a disease (via the cancer marker) and origin of the disease (via the tissue specific marker). Furthermore, the vesicle can have any number of surface antigens and also payload that can be assessed. Accordingly, the invention provides a method for identifying binding agents comprising contacting a plurality of extracellular microvesicles with a randomly generated library of binding agents, identifying a subset of the library of binding agents that have an affinity to one or more components of the extracellular microvesicles. The binding agents may comprise aptamers, antibodies, and/or any other useful type of binding agent disclosed herein or known in the art. 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a method for identifying a plurality of target ligands comprising, (a) contacting a reference microvesicle population with a plurality of ligands that are capable of binding one or more microvesicle surface markers, (b) isolating a plurality of reference ligands, wherein the plurality of reference ligands comprise a subset of the plurality of ligands that do not have an affinity for the reference microvesicle population; (c) contacting one or more test microvesicle with the plurality of reference ligands; and (d) identifying a subset of ligands from the the plurality of reference ligands that form complexes with a surface marker on the one or more test microvesicle, thereby identifying the plurality of target ligands. The term “ligand” can refer a molecule, or a molecular group, that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex. Accordingly, a binding agent comprises a ligand. The plurality of ligands may comprise aptamers, antibodies and/or other useful binding agents described herein or known in the art. 
     The invention further provides kits comprising one or more reagent to carry out the methods above. In an embodiment, the one or more reagent comprises a library of potential binding agents that comprises one or more of an aptamer, antibody, and other useful binding agents described herein or known in the art. 
     Negative and Positive Aptamer Selection 
     Aptamers can be used in various biological assays, including numerous types of assays which rely on a binding agent. For example, aptamers can be used instead of or along side antibodies in immune-based assays. The invention provides an aptamer screening method that identifies aptamers that do not bind to any surfaces (substrates, tubes, filters, beads, other antigens, etc.) throughout the assay steps and bind specifically to an antigen of interest. The assay relies on negative selection to remove aptamers that bind non-target antigen components of the final assay. The negative selection is followed by positive selection to identify aptamers that bind the desired antigen. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a method of identifying an aptamer specific to a target of interest, comprising (a) contacting a pool of candidate aptamers with one or more assay components, wherein the assay components do not comprise the target of interest; (b) recovering the members of the pool of candidate aptamers that do not bind to the one or more assay components in (a); (c) contacting the members of the pool of candidate aptamers recovered in (b) with the target of interest in the presence of one or more confounding target; and (d) recovering a candidate aptamer that binds to the target of interest in step (c), thereby identifying the aptamer specific to the target of interest. In the method, steps (a) and (b) provide negative selection to remove aptamers that bind non-target entities. Conversely, steps (c) and (d) provide positive selection by identifying aptamers that bind the target of interest but not other confounding targets, e.g., other antigens that may be present in a biological sample which comprises the target of interest. The pool of candidate aptamers may comprise at least 10, 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 , 10 11 , 10 12 , 10 13 , 10 14 , 10 15 , 10 16 , 10 17 , 10 18 , 10 19  or at least 10 20  nucleic acid sequences. One illustrative approach for performing the method is provided in Example 7. 
     In some embodiments, steps (a)-(b) are optional. In other embodiments, steps (a)-(b) are repeated at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or at least 20 times before positive selection in step (c) is performed. The positive selection can also be performed in multiple rounds. Steps (c)-(d) can be repeated at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or at least 20 times before identifying the aptamer specific to the target of interest. Multiple rounds may provide improved stringency of selection. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more assay components contacted with the aptamer pool during negative selection comprise one or more of a substrate, a bead, a planar array, a column, a tube, a well, or a filter. One of skill will appreciate that the assay components can include any substance that may be part of a biological assay. 
     The target of interest can be any appropriate entity that can be detected when recognized by an aptamer. In an embodiment, the target of interest comprises a protein or polypeptide. As used herein, “protein,” “polypeptide” and “peptide” are used interchangeably unless stated otherwise. The target of interest can be a nucleic acid, including DNA, RNA, and various subspecies of any thereof as disclosed herein or known in the art. The target of interest can comprise a lipid. The target of interest can comprise a carbohydrate. The target of interest can also be a complex, e.g., a complex comprising protein, nucleic acids, lipids and/or carbohydrates. In some embodiments, the target of interest comprises a microvesicle. In such cases, the aptamer can be a binding agent to a microvesicle surface antigen, e.g., a protein. General microvesicle surface antigens include tetraspanin, CD9, CD63, CD81, CD63, CD9, CD81, CD82, CD37, CD53, Rab-5b, Annexin V, and MFG-E8. Additional general microvesicle surface antigens are provided in Table 3 herein. 
     The microvesicle surface antigen can also be a biomarker of a disease or disorder. In such cases, the aptamer may be used to provide a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of the disease or disorder. For example, the one or more protein may comprise one or more of PSMA, PCSA, B7H3, EpCam, ADAM-10, BCNP, EGFR, IL1B, KLK2, MMPI, p53, PBP, SERPINB3, SPDEF, SSX2, and SSX4. These markers can be used detect a prostate cancer. Additional microvesicle surface antigens are provided in Tables 3-4 herein. 
     The one or more confounding target can be an antigen other than the target of interest. For example, a confounding target can be another entity that may be present in a sample to be assayed. As a non-limiting example, consider that the sample to be assessed is a plasma sample from an individual. The target of interest may be a protein, e.g., a microvesicle surface antigen, which is present in the sample. In this case, a confounding target could be selected from any other antigen that is likely to be present in the plasma sample. Accordingly, the positive selection should provide candidate aptamers that recognize the target of interest but have minimal, if any, interactions with the confounding targets. In some embodiments, the target of interest and the one or more confounding target comprise the same type of biological entity, e.g., all protein, all nucleic acid, all carbohydrate, or all lipids. As a non-limiting example, the target of interest can be a protein selected from the group consisting of SSX4, SSX2, PBP, KLK2, SPDEF, and EpCAM, and the one or more confounding target comprises the other members of this group. In other embodiments, the target of interest and the one or more confounding target comprise different types of biological entities, e.g., any combination of protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, and lipids. The one or more confounding targets may also comprise different types of biological entities, e.g., any combination of protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, and lipids. 
     In an embodiment, the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide, or a fragment thereof, identified by the methods above. The invention further provides an isolated polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence that is at least 60% identical to the nucleotide sequence identified by the methods above. More preferably, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more, identical to the nucleotide sequence identified by the methods above. In the case of an isolated polynucleotide which is longer than or equivalent in length to the reference sequence, e.g., a sequence identified by the methods above, the comparison is made with the full length of the reference sequence. Where the isolated polynucleotide is shorter than the reference sequence, e.g., shorter than a sequence identified by the methods above, the comparison is made to a segment of the reference sequence of the same length (excluding any loop required by the homology calculation). 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a method of selecting a group of aptamers, comprising: (a) contacting a pool of aptamers to a population of microvesicles from a first sample; (b) enriching a subpool of aptamers that show affinity to the population of microvesicles from the first sample; (c) contacting the subpool to a second population of microvesicles from a second sample; and (d) depleting a second subpool of aptamers that show affinity to the second population of microvesicles from the second sample, thereby selecting the group of aptamers that have preferential affinity for the population of microvesicles from the first sample. 
     The first sample and/or second sample may comprise a biological fluid such as disclosed herein. For example, the biological fluid may include without limitation blood, a blood derivative, plasma, serum or urine. The first sample and/or second sample may also be derived from a cell culture. 
     In an embodiment, the first sample comprises a cancer sample and the second sample comprises a control sample, such as a non-cancer sample. The first sample and/or and the second sample may each comprise a pooled sample. For example, the first sample and/or second sample can comprise bodily fluid from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more than 100 individuals. In such cases, the members of a pool may be chosen to represent a desired phenotype. In a non-limiting example, the members of the first sample pool may be from patients with a cancer and the members of the second sample pool may be from non-cancer controls. 
     Steps (a)-(d) can be repeated a desired number of times in order to further enrich the pool in aptamers that have preferential affinity for the population of microvesicles from the first sample. For example, steps (a)-(d) can be repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more than 20 times. The output from step (d) can be used as the input to repeated step (a). In embodiment, the first sample and/or second sample are replaced with a different sample before repeating steps (a)-(d). In a non-limiting example, members of a first sample pool may be from patients with a cancer and members of a second sample pool may be from non-cancer controls. During subsequent repetitions of steps (a)-(d), the first sample pool may comprise samples from different cancer patients than in the prior round/s. Similarly, the second sample pool may comprise samples from different controls than in the prior round/s. 
     In still another related aspect, the invention provides a method of enriching a plurality of oligonucleotides, comprising: (a) contacting a first microvesicle population with the plurality of oligonucleotides; (b) fractionating the first microvesicle population contacted in step (a) and recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that fractionated with the first microvesicle population; (c) contacting the recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides from step (b) with a second microvesicle population; (d) fractionating the second microvesicle population contacted in step (c) and recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that did not fractionate with the second microvesicle population; (e) contacting the recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides from step (d) with a third microvesicle population; and (f) fractionating the third microvesicle population contacted in step (a) and recovering members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that fractionated with the third microvesicle population; thereby enriching the plurality of oligonucleotides. The first and third microvesicle populations may have a first phenotype while the second microvesicle population has a second phenotype. Thus, positive selection occurs for the microvesicle populations associated with the first phenotype and negative selection occurs for the microvesicle populations associated with the second phenotype. An example of such selection schemes is described in Example 27 herein, wherein the first phenotype comprises biopsy-positive breast cancer and the second phenotype comprises non-breast cancer (biopsy-negative or healthy). 
     In some embodiments, the first phenotype comprises a medical condition, disease or disorder and the second phenotype comprises a healthy state or a different state of the medical condition, disease or disorder. The first phenotype can be a healthy state and the second phenotype comprises a medical condition, disease or disorder. The medical condition, disease or disorder can be any detectable medical condition, disease or disorder, including without limitation a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, neurological disease or disorder, infectious disease or pain. Various types of such conditions are disclosed herein. See, e.g., Section “Phenotypes” herein. 
     Any useful method to isolate microvesicles in whole or in part can be used to fractionate the samples. See, e.g., Section “Microvesicle Isolation and Analysis” herein. In an embodiment, the fractionating comprises ultracentrifugation in step (b) and polymer precipitation in steps (d) and (f). The polymer can be polyethylene glycol (PEG). Any appropriate form of PEG may be used. For example, the PEG may be PEG 8000. The PEG may be used at any appropriate concentration. For example, the PEG can be used at a concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% to isolate the microvesicles. In some embodiments, the PEG is used at a concentration of 6%. 
     The contacting can be performed in the presence of a competitor, which may reduce non-specific binding events. Any useful competitor can be used. In an embodiment, the competitor comprises at least one of salmon sperm DNA, tRNA, dextran sulfate and carboxymethyl dextran. As desired, different competitors or competitor concentrations can be used at different contacting steps. 
     The method can be repeated to achieve a desired enrichment. In an embodiment, steps (a)-(f) are repeated at least once. These steps can be repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more than 20 times as desired. At the same time, each of the contacting steps can be repeated as desired. In some embodiments, the method further comprises: (i) repeating steps (a)-(b) at least once prior to step (c), wherein the recovered members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that fractionated with the first microvesicle population in step (b) are used as the input plurality of oligonucleotides for the repetition of step (a); (ii) repeating steps (c)-(d) at least once prior to step (e), wherein the recovered members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that did not fractionate with the second microvesicle population in step (d) are used as the input plurality of oligonucleotides for the repetition of step (c); and/or (iii) repeating steps (e)-(f) at least once, wherein the recovered members of the plurality of oligonucleotides that fractionated with the third microvesicle population in step (f) are used as the input plurality of oligonucleotides for the repetition of step (e). Repetitions (i)-(iii) can be repeated any desired number of times, e.g., (i)-(iii) can be repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more than 20 times. In an embodiment, (i)-(iii) each comprise three repetitions. 
     The method may further comprise identifying the members of the selected group of aptamers or oligonucleotides, e.g., by DNA sequencing. The sequencing may be performed by Next Generation sequencing as desired and after or before any desired step in the method. 
     The method may also comprise identifying the targets of the selected group of aptamers/oligonucleotides. Methods to identify such targets are disclosed herein. 
     Oligonucleotide Probe Target Identification 
     The methods and kits above can be used to identify binding agents that differentiate between two biomarker populations. The invention further provides methods of identifying the targets of binding agent. For example, the methods may further comprise identifying a surface marker of a target microvesicle that is recognized by the binding agent. 
     In an embodiment, the invention provides a method of identifying a target of a binding agent comprising: (a) contacting the binding agent with the target to bind the target with the binding agent, wherein the target comprises a surface antigen of a microvesicle; (b) disrupting the microvesicle under conditions which do not disrupt the binding of the target with the binding agent; (c) isolating the complex between the target and the binding agent; and (d) identifying the target bound by the binding agent. The binding agent can be a binding agent identified by the methods above, e.g., an aptamer, ligand, antibody, or other useful binding agent that can differentiate between two populations of biomarkers. 
     An illustrative schematic for carrying on the method is shown in  FIG. 9 . The figure shows a binding agent  902 , here an oligonucleotide probe or aptamer for purposes of illustration, tethered to a substrate  901 . The binding agent  902  can be covalently attached to substrate  901 . The binding agent  902  may also be non-covalently attached. For example, binding agent  902  can comprise a label which can be attracted to the substrate, such as a biotin group which can form a complex with an avidin/streptavidin molecule that is covalently attached to the substrate. This can allow a complex to be formed between the aptamer and the microvesicle while in solution, followed by capture of the aptamer using the biotin label. The binding agent  902  binds to a surface antigen  903  of microvesicle  904 . In the step signified by arrow (i), the microvesicle is disrupted while leaving the complex between the binding agent  902  and surface antigen  903  intact. Disrupted microvesicle  905  is removed, e.g., via washing or buffer exchange, in the step signified by arrow (ii). In the step signified by arrow (iii), the surface antigen  903  is released from the binding agent  902 . The surface antigen  903  can be analyzed to determine its identity using methods disclosed herein and/or known in the art. The target of the method can be any useful biological entity associated with a microvesicle. For example, the target may comprise a protein, nucleic acid, lipid or carbohydrate, or other biological entity disclosed herein or known in the art. 
     In some embodiments of the method, the target is cross-linked to the binding agent prior disrupting the microvesicle. Without being bound by theory, this step may assist in maintaining the complex between the binding agent and the target while the vesicle is disrupted. Any useful method of crosslinking disclosed herein or known in the art can be used. In embodiments, the cross-linking comprises photocrosslinking, an imidoester crosslinker, dimethyl suberimidate, an N-Hydroxysuccinimide-ester crosslinker, bissulfosuccinimidyl suberate (BS3), an aldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, a carbodiimide crosslinker, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DDC), N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC or EDAC), Succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC), a Sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC), a Sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-2-(6-[biotinamido]-2-(p-azido benzamido)-hexanoamido) ethyl-1,3′-dithioproprionate (Sulfo-SBED), 2-[N2-(4-Azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoyl)-N6-(6-biotin-amidocaproyl)-L-lysinyl]ethyl methanethiosulfonate (Mts-Atf-Biotin; available from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, Rockford IL.), 2-{N2-[N6-(4-Azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoyl-6-amino-caproyl)-N6-(6-biotinamidocaproyl)-L-lysinylamido]} ethyl methanethiosultonate (Mts-Atf-LC-Biotin; available from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc), a photoreactive amino acid (e.g., L-Photo-Leucine and L-Photo-Methionine, see, e.g., Suchanek, M., et al. (2005). Photo-leucine and photo-methionine allow identification of protein-protein interactions. Nat. Methods 2:261-267), an N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) crosslinker, an NHS-Azide reagent (e.g., NHS-Azide, NHS-PEG4-Azide, NHS-PEG12-Azide; each available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), an NHS-Phosphine reagent (e.g., NHS-Phosphine, Sulfo-NHS-Phosphine; each available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), or any combination or modification thereof. 
     A variety of methods can be used to disrupt the microvesicle. For example, the vesicle membrane can be disrupted using mechanical forces, chemical agents, or a combination thereof. In embodiments, disrupting the microvesicle comprises use of one or more of a detergent, a surfactant, a solvent, an enzyme, or any useful combination thereof. The enzyme may comprise one or more of lysozyme, lysostaphin, zymolase, cellulase, mutanolysin, a glycanase, a protease, and mannase. The detergent or surfactant may comprise one or more of a octylthioglucoside (OTG), octyl beta-glucoside (OG), a nonionic detergent, Triton X, Tween 20, a fatty alcohol, a cetyl alcohol, a stearyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, an oleyl alcohol, a polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ether (Brij), octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, a polyoxypropylene glycol alkyl ether, a glucoside alkyl ether, decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, octyl glucoside, a polyoxyethylene glycol octylphenol ethers, a polyoxyethylene glycol alkylphenol ether, nonoxynol-9, a glycerol alkyl ester, glyceryl laurate, a polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan alkyl esters, polysorbate, a sorbitan alkyl ester, cocamide MEA, cocamide DEA, dodecyldimethylamine oxide, a block copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, poloxamers, polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), a zwitterionic detergent, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a alkyl phenol ethoxylate (APE), cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, a betaine, cocamidopropyl betaine, lecithin, an ionic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), cetyl trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), octenidine dihydrochloride, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzethonium chloride (BZT), 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane, dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride, dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), sodium deoxycholate, nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol (Tergitol-type NP-40; NP-40), ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate (sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)), sodium myreth sulfate, an alkyl carboxylate, sodium stearate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, a carboxylate-based fluorosurfactant, perfluorononanoate, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA or PFO), and a biosurfactant. Mechanical methods of disruption that can be used comprise without limitation mechanical shear, bead milling, homogenation, microfluidization, sonication, French Press, impingement, a colloid mill, decompression, osmotic shock, thermolysis, freeze-thaw, desiccation, or any combination thereof. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the binding agent may be tethered to a substrate. The binding agent can be tethered before or after the complex between the binding agent and target is formed. The substrate can be any useful substrate such as disclosed herein or known in the art. In an embodiment, the substrate comprises a microsphere. In another embodiment, the substrate comprises a planar substrate. The binding agent can also be labeled. Isolating the complex between the target and the binding agent may comprise capturing the binding agent via the label. For example, the label can be a biotin label. In such cases, the binding agent can be attached to the substrate via a biotin-avidin binding event. 
     Methods of identifying the target after release from the binding agent will depend on the type of target of interest. For example, when the target comprises a protein, identifying the target may comprise use of mass spectrometry (MS), peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF; protein fingerprinting), sequencing, N-terminal amino acid analysis, C-terminal amino acid analysis, Edman degradation, chromatography, electrophoresis, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D gel), antibody array, and immunoassay. Nucleic acids can be identified by sequencing. 
     One of skill will appreciate that the method can be used to identify any appropriate target, including those not associated with a vesicle. For example, with respect to the  FIG. 9 , all steps except for the step signified by arrow (i) (i.e., disrupting the microvesicle), could be performed for a circulating target such as a protein, nucleic acid, lipid, carbohydrate, or combination thereof. The target can be any useful target, including without limitation a cell, an organelle, a protein complex, a lipoprotein, a carbohydrate, a microvesicle, a virus, a membrane fragment, a small molecule, a heavy metal, a toxin, a drug, a nucleic acid, mRNA, microRNA, a protein-nucleic acid complex, and various combinations, fragments and/or complexes of any of these. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a method of identifying at least one protein associated with at least one microvesicle in a biological sample, comprising: a) contacting the at least one microvesicle with an oligonucleotide probe library, b) isolating at least one protein bound by at least one member of the oligonucleotide probe library in step a); and c) identifying the at least one protein isolated in step b). The isolating can be performed using any useful method such as disclosed herein, e.g., by immunopreciption or capture to a substrate. Similarly, the identifying can be performed using any useful method such as disclosed herein, including without limitation use of mass spectrometry, 2-D gel electrophoresis or an antibody array. Examples of such methodology are presented herein in Examples 26-30. 
     The targets identified by the methods of the invention can be detected, e.g., using the oligonucleotide probes of the invention, for various purposes as desired. For example, an identified microvesicle surface antigen can then be used to detect a microvesicle. In an aspect, the invention provides a method of detecting at least one microvesicle in a biological sample comprising contacting the biological sample with at least one binding agent to at least one microvesicle surface antigen and detecting the at least one microvesicle recognized by the binding agent to the at least one protein. In an embodiment, the at least one microvesicle surface antigen is selected from Tables 3-4 herein. The at least one microvesicle surface antigen can be a protein in any of Tables 22-34. See Examples 26-30. The at least one binding agent may comprise any useful binding agent, including without limitation a nucleic acid, DNA molecule, RNA molecule, antibody, antibody fragment, aptamer, peptoid, zDNA, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA), lectin, peptide, dendrimer, membrane protein labeling agent, chemical compound, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one binding agent comprises at least one oligonucleotide, such as an oligonucleotide probe as provided herein. 
     The at least one binding agent can be used to capture and/or detect the at least one microvesicle. Methods of detecting biomarkers and microvesicle using binding agents are provided herein. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 2A-B , which figures describe sandwich assay formats. In some embodiments, the at least one binding agent used to capture the at least one microvesicle is bound to a substrate. Any useful substrate can be used, including without limitation a planar array, a column matrix, or a microbead. See, e.g.,  FIGS. 2A-B . In some embodiments, the at least one binding agent used to detect the at least one microvesicle is labeled. Various useful labels are provided herein or known in the art, including without limitation a magnetic label, a fluorescent moiety, an enzyme, a chemiluminescent probe, a metal particle, a non-metal colloidal particle, a polymeric dye particle, a pigment molecule, a pigment particle, an electrochemically active species, a semiconductor nanocrystal, a nanoparticle, a quantum dot, a gold particle, a fluorophore, or a radioactive label. 
     In an embodiment, the detecting is used to characterize a phenotype. The phenotype can be any appropriate phenotype of interest. In some embodiments, the phenotype is a disease or disorder. The characterizing may comprise providing diagnostic, prognostic and/or theranostic information for the disease or disorder. The characterizing may be performed by comparing a presence or level of the at least one microvesicle to a reference. The reference can be selected per the characterizing to be performed. For example, when the phenotype comprises a disease or disorder, the reference may comprise a presence or level of the at least one microvesicle in a sample from an individual or group of individuals without the disease or disorder. The comparing can be determining whether the presence or level of the microvesicle differs from that of the reference. In some embodiments, the detected at least one microvesicle is found at higher levels in a healthy sample as compared to a diseased sample. In another embodiment, the detected at least one microvesicle is found at higher levels in a diseased sample as compared to a healthy sample. When multiplex assays are performed, e.g., using a plurality of binding agents to different biomarkers, some microvesicle antigens may be observed at a higher level in the biological samples as compared to the reference whereas other microvesicle antigens may be observed at a lower level in the biological samples as compared to the reference. 
     The method can be used to detect the at least one microvesicle in any appropriate biological sample. For example, the biological sample may comprise a bodily fluid, tissue sample or cell culture. The bodily fluid or tissue sample can be from a subject having or suspected of having a medical condition, a disease or a disorder. Thus, the method can be used to provide a diagnostic, prognostic, or theranostic read out for the subject. Any appropriate bodily fluid can be used, including without limitation peripheral blood, sera, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper&#39;s fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, sweat, fecal matter, hair oil, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, or umbilical cord blood. 
     The method of the invention can be used to detect or characterize any appropriate disease or disorder of interest, including without limitation Breast Cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, bronchial asthma, Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, Giant cellular osteoblastoclastoma, Brain Tumor, Colorectal adenocarcinoma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, acute myocardial infarction (AMI)/acute heart failure, Chron&#39;s Disease, diabetes mellitus type II, Esophageal carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, Acute and chronic leukemia of the bone marrow, Lung carcinoma, Malignant lymphoma, Multiple Sclerosis, Ovarian carcinoma, Parkinson disease, Prostate adenocarcinoma, psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, Adenocarcinoma of the stomach, carcinoma of the thyroid gland, Testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, or Uterine adenocarcinoma. 
     In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, neurological disease or disorder, infectious disease or pain. The cancer can include without limitation one of acute lymphoblastic leukemia; acute myeloid leukemia; adrenocortical carcinoma; AIDS-related cancers; AIDS-related lymphoma; anal cancer; appendix cancer; astrocytomas; atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; basal cell carcinoma; bladder cancer; brain stem glioma; brain tumor (including brain stem glioma, central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, central nervous system embryonal tumors, astrocytomas, craniopharyngioma, ependymoblastoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastoma); breast cancer; bronchial tumors; Burkitt lymphoma; cancer of unknown primary site; carcinoid tumor; carcinoma of unknown primary site; central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; central nervous system embryonal tumors; cervical cancer; childhood cancers; chordoma; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia; chronic myeloproliferative disorders; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; craniopharyngioma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; endocrine pancreas islet cell tumors; endometrial cancer; ependymoblastoma; ependymoma; esophageal cancer; esthesioneuroblastoma; Ewing sarcoma; extracranial germ cell tumor; extragonadal germ cell tumor; extrahepatic bile duct cancer; gallbladder cancer; gastric (stomach) cancer; gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor; gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor; gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); gestational trophoblastic tumor; glioma; hairy cell leukemia; head and neck cancer; heart cancer; Hodgkin lymphoma; hypopharyngeal cancer; intraocular melanoma; islet cell tumors; Kaposi sarcoma; kidney cancer; Langerhans cell histiocytosis; laryngeal cancer; lip cancer; liver cancer; lung cancer; malignant fibrous histiocytoma bone cancer; medulloblastoma; medulloepithelioma; melanoma; Merkel cell carcinoma; Merkel cell skin carcinoma; mesothelioma; metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary; mouth cancer; multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes; multiple myeloma; multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm; mycosis fungoides; myelodysplastic syndromes; myeloproliferative neoplasms; nasal cavity cancer; nasopharyngeal cancer; neuroblastoma; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; nonmelanoma skin cancer; non-small cell lung cancer; oral cancer; oral cavity cancer; oropharyngeal cancer; osteosarcoma; other brain and spinal cord tumors; ovarian cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; ovarian germ cell tumor; ovarian low malignant potential tumor; pancreatic cancer; papillomatosis; paranasal sinus cancer; parathyroid cancer; pelvic cancer; penile cancer; pharyngeal cancer; pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation; pineoblastoma; pituitary tumor; plasma cell neoplasm/multiple myeloma; pleuropulmonary blastoma; primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; primary hepatocellular liver cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer; renal cancer; renal cell (kidney) cancer; renal cell cancer; respiratory tract cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; salivary gland cancer; Sézary syndrome; small cell lung cancer; small intestine cancer; soft tissue sarcoma; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous neck cancer; stomach (gastric) cancer; supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors; T-cell lymphoma; testicular cancer; throat cancer; thymic carcinoma; thymoma; thyroid cancer; transitional cell cancer; transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter; trophoblastic tumor; ureter cancer; urethral cancer; uterine cancer; uterine sarcoma; vaginal cancer; vulvar cancer; Waldenström macroglobulinemia; or Wilm&#39;s tumor. The premalignant condition can include without limitation Barrett&#39;s Esophagus. The autoimmune disease can include without limitation one of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn&#39;s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), pelvic inflammation, vasculitis, psoriasis, diabetes, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), Hashimoto&#39;s Thyroiditis, Grave&#39;s disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis Sjogrens Disease, CREST syndrome, Scleroderma, Rheumatic Disease, organ rejection, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, or sepsis. The cardiovascular disease can include without limitation one of atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, vulnerable plaque, stroke, ischemia, high blood pressure, stenosis, vessel occlusion or a thrombotic event. The neurological disease can include without limitation one of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, autism, Prion Disease, Pick&#39;s disease, dementia, Huntington disease (HD), Down&#39;s syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, Rasmussen&#39;s encephalitis, viral meningitis, neurospsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, ischemic reperfusion damage (e.g. stroke), brain trauma, microbial infection, or chronic fatigue syndrome. The pain can include without limitation one of fibromyalgia, chronic neuropathic pain, or peripheral neuropathic pain. The infectious disease can include without limitation one of a bacterial infection, viral infection, yeast infection, Whipple&#39;s Disease, Prion Disease, cirrhosis, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, HIV, HCV, hepatitis, syphilis, meningitis, malaria, tuberculosis, or influenza. One of skill will appreciate that oligonucleotide probes or plurality of oligonucleotides or methods of the invention can be used to assess any number of these or other related diseases and disorders. 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising a reagent for carrying out the methods herein. In still another related aspect, the invention provides for use of a reagent for carrying out the methods. The reagent may comprise at least one binding agent to the at least one protein. The binding agent may be an oligonucleotide probe as provided herein. 
     Sample Characterization 
     The aptamers of the invention can be used to characterize a biological sample. For example, an aptamer can be used to bind a biomarker in the sample. The presence or level of the bound biomarker can indicate a characteristic of the example, such as a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of a disease or disorder associated with the sample. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides an aptamer comprising a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 percent homologous of any of: a) SEQ ID NOs. 11-24 or Table 8; a) SEQ ID NOs. 25-44 or Table 11; b) SEQ ID NOs. 49-132 or Table 12; or c) a functional variation or fragment of any preceding sequence. A functional variation or fragment includes a sequence comprising modifications that is still capable of binding a target molecule, wherein the modifications comprise without limitation at least one of a deletion, insertion, point mutation, truncation or chemical modification. In a related aspect, the invention provides a method of characterizing a disease or disorder, comprising: (a) contacting a biological test sample with one or more aptamer of the invention, e.g., any of those in this paragraph or modifications thereof; (b) detecting a presence or level of a complex between the one or more aptamer and the target bound by the one or more aptamer in the biological test sample formed in step (a); (c) contacting a biological control sample with the one or more aptamer; (d) detecting a presence or level of a complex between the one or more aptamer and the target bound by the one or more aptamer in the biological control sample formed in step (c); and (e) comparing the presence or level detected in steps (b) and (d), thereby characterizing the disease or disorder. 
     The biological test sample and biological control sample can each comprise a tissue sample, a cell culture, or a biological fluid. In some embodiments, the biological test sample and biological control sample comprise the same sample type, e.g., both are tissue samples or both are fluid samples. In other embodiments, different sample types may be used for the test and control samples. For example, the control sample may comprise an engineered or otherwise artificial sample. 
     The biological fluid may comprise a bodily fluid. The bodily fluid may include without limitation one or more of peripheral blood, sera, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper&#39;s fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, or umbilical cord blood. In some embodiments, the bodily fluid comprises blood, serum or plasma. 
     The biological fluid may comprise microvesicles. For example, the biological fluid can be a tissue, cell culture, or bodily fluid which comprises microvesicles released from cells in the sample. The microvesicles can be circulating microvesicles. 
     The one or more aptamer can bind a target biomarker, e.g., a biomarker useful in characterizing the sample. The biomarker may comprise a polypeptide or fragment thereof, or other useful biomarker described herein or known in the art (lipid, carbohydrate, complex, nucleic acid, etc). In embodiments, the polypeptide or fragment thereof is soluble or membrane bound. Membrane bound polypeptides may comprise a cellular surface antigen or a microvesicle surface antigen. The biomarker can be a biomarker selected from Table 3 or Table 4. 
     The characterizing can comprises a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis of the disease or disorder. Various diseases and disorders can be characterized using the compositions and methods of the invention, including without limitation a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, a neurological disease or disorder, an infectious disease, and/or pain. See, e.g., section herein “Phenotypes” for further details. In embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a proliferative or neoplastic disease or disorder. For example, the disease or disorder can be a cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer comprises a breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, or brain cancer. 
       FIG. 19A  is a schematic  1900  showing an assay configuration that can be used to detect and/or quantify a target of interest using one or more aptamer of the invention. Capture aptamer  1902  is attached to substrate  1901 . The substrate can be a planar substrate, well, microbead, or other useful substrate as disclosed herein or known in the art. Target of interest  1903  is bound by capture aptamer  1902 . The target of interest can be any appropriate entity that can be detected when recognized by an aptamer or other binding agent. The target of interest may comprise a protein or polypeptide, a nucleic acid, including DNA, RNA, and various subspecies thereof, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a complex, e.g., a complex comprising protein, nucleic acids, lipids and/or carbohydrates. In some embodiments, the target of interest comprises a microvesicle. The target of interest can be a microvesicle surface antigen. The target of interest may be a biomarker, including a vesicle associated biomarker, in Tables 3 or 4. The microvesicle input can be isolated from a sample using various techniques as described herein, e.g., chromatography, filtration, centrifugation, flow cytometry, affinity capture (e.g., to a planar surface, column or bead), and/or using microfluidics. Detection aptamer  1904  is also bound to target of interest  1903 . Detection aptamer  1904  carries label  1905  which can be detected to identify target captured to substrate  1901  via capture aptamer  1902 . The label can be a fluorescent, radiolabel, enzyme, or other detectable label as disclosed herein. Either capture aptamer  1902  or detection aptamer  1904  can be substituted with another binding agent, e.g., an antibody. For example, the target may be captured with an antibody and detected with an aptamer, or vice versa. When the target of interest comprises a complex, the capture and detection agents (aptamer, antibody, etc) can recognize the same or different targets. For example, when the target is a microvesicle, the capture agent may recognize one microvesicle surface antigen while the detection agent recognizes another microvesicle surface antigen. Alternately, the capture and detection agents can recognize the same surface antigen. 
     The aptamers of the invention may be identified and/or used for various purposes in the form of DNA or RNA. Unless otherwise specified, one of skill in the art will appreciate that an aptamer may generally be synthesized in various forms of nucleic acid. The aptamers may also carry various chemical modifications and remain within the scope of the invention. 
     In some embodiments, an aptamer of the invention is modified to comprise at least one chemical modification. The modification may include without limitation a chemical substitution at a sugar position; a chemical substitution at a phosphate position; and a chemical substitution at a base position of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the modification is selected from the group consisting of: biotinylation, incorporation of a fluorescent label, incorporation of a modified nucleotide, a 2′-modified pyrimidine, 3′ capping, conjugation to an amine linker, conjugation to a high molecular weight, non-immunogenic compound, conjugation to a lipophilic compound, conjugation to a drug, conjugation to a cytotoxic moiety, and labeling with a radioisotope, or other modification as disclosed herein. The position of the modification can be varied as desired. For example, the biotinylation, fluorescent label, or cytotoxic moiety can be conjugated to the 5′ end of the aptamer. The biotinylation, fluorescent label, or cytotoxic moiety can also be conjugated to the 3′ end of the aptamer. 
     In some embodiments, the cytotoxic moiety is encapsulated in a nanoparticle. The nanoparticle can be selected from the group consisting of: liposomes, dendrimers, and comb polymers. In other embodiments, the cytotoxic moiety comprises a small molecule cytotoxic moiety. The small molecule cytotoxic moiety can include without limtation vinblastine hydrazide, calicheamicin, vinca alkaloid, a cryptophycin, a tubulysin, dolastatin-10, dolastatin-15, auristatin E, rhizoxin, epothilone B, epithilone D, taxoids, maytansinoids and any variants and derivatives thereof. In still other embodiments, the cytotoxic moiety comprises a protein toxin. For example, the protein toxin can be selected from the group consisting of diphtheria toxin, ricin, abrin, gelonin, and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Non-immunogenic, high molecular weight compounds for use with the invention include polyalkylene glycols, e.g., polyethylene glycol. Appropriate radioisotopes include yttrium-90, indium-111, iodine-131, lutetium-177, copper-67, rhenium-186, rhenium-188, bismuth-212, bismuth-213, astatine-211, and actinium-225. The aptamer may be labeled with a gamma-emitting radioisotope. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, an active agent is conjugated to the aptamer. For example, the active agent may be a therapeutic agent or a diagnostic agent. The therapeutic agent may be selected from the group consisting of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, biologically active agents, biological molecules, radionuclides, adriamycin, ansamycin antibiotics, asparaginase, bleomycin, busulphan, cisplatin, carboplatin, carmustine, capecotabine, chlorambucil, cytarabine, cyclophosphamide, camptothecin, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, epothilones, floxuridine, fludarabine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, lomustine, mechlorethamine, mercaptopurine, melphalan, methotrexate, rapamycin (sirolimus), mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nitrosurea, paclitaxel, pamidronate, pentostatin, plicamycin, procarbazine, rituximab, streptozocin, teniposide, thioguanine, thiotepa, taxanes, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, taxol, combretastatins, discodermolides, transplatinum, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor compounds (“anti-VEGFs”), anti-epidermal growth factor receptor compounds (“anti-EGFRs”), 5-fluorouracil and derivatives, radionuclides, polypeptide toxins, apoptosis inducers, therapy sensitizers, enzyme or active fragment thereof, and combinations thereof. 
     Oligonucleotide Pools to Characterize a Sample 
     The complexity and heterogeneity present in biology challenges the understanding of biological systems and disease. Diversity exists at various levels, e.g., within and between cells, tissues, individuals and disease states. See, e.g.,  FIG. 20A .  FIG. 20B  overviews various biological entities that can be assessed to characterize such samples. As shown in the Figure, as one moves from assessing DNA, to RNA, to protein, and finally to protein complexes, the amount of diversity and complexity increases dramatically. The oligonucleotide probe library method of the invention can be used characterize complex biological sources, e.g., tissue samples, cells, circulating tumor cells, microvesicles, and complexes such as protein and proteolipid complexes. 
     Current methods to characterize biological samples may not adequately address such complexity and diversity. As shown in  FIG. 20C , such current methods often have a trade off between measuring diversity and complexity. As an example, consider high throughput sequencing technology. Next generation approaches may query many 1000s of molecular targets in a single assay. However, such approaches only probe individual DNA and/or RNA molecules, and thus miss out on the great diversity of proteins and biological complexes. On the other hand, flow cytometry can probe biological complexes, but are limited to a small number of pre-defined ligands. For example, a single assay can probe a handful of differentially labeled antibodies to pre-defined targets. 
     The oligonucleotide probe library of the invention address the above challenges with current biological detection technologies. The size of the starting library can be adjusted to measure as many different entities as there are library members. In this Example, the initial untrained oligonucleotide library has the potential to measure 10 12  or more biological features. A larger and/or different library can be constructed as desired. The technology is adapted to find differences between samples without assumptions about what “should be different.” For example, the probe library may distinguish based on individual proteins, protein modifications, protein complexes, lipids, nucleic acids, different folds or conformations, or whatever is there that distinguishes a sample of interest. Thus, the method provides an unbiased approach to identify differences in biological samples that can be used to identify different populations of interest. 
     In the context herein, the use of the oligonucleotide library probe to assess a sample may be referred to as Adaptive Dynamic Artificial Poly-ligand Targeting, or ADAPT™ (previously referred to as Topological Oligonucleotide Profiling: TOP™). Although as noted the terms aptamer and oligonucleotides are typically used interchangeable herein, some differences between “classic” individual aptamers and ADAPT probes are as follows. Individual aptamers may comprise individual oligonucleotides selected to bind to a known specific target in an antibody-like “key-in-lock” binding mode. They may be evaluated individually based on specificity and binding affinity to the intended target. However, ADAPT probes may comprise a library of oligonucleotides intended to produce multi-probe signatures. The ADAPT probes comprise numerous potential binding modalities (electrostatic, hydrophobic, Watson-Crick, multi-oligo complexes, etc.). The ADAPT probe signatures have the potential to identify heterogeneous patient subpopulations. For example, a single ADAPT probe library can be assembled to differentiate multiple disease states, as demonstrated herein. Unlike classic single aptamers, the binding targets may or may not be isolated or identified. It will be understood that screening methods that identify individual aptamers, e.g., SELEX, can also be used to enrich a naive library of oligonucleotides to identify a ADAPT probe library. 
     The general method of the invention is outlined in  FIG. 20D . One input to the method comprises a randomized oligonucleotide library with the potential to measure 10 12  or more biological features. As outlined in the figure, the method identifies a desired number (e.g., ˜10 5 -10 6 ) that are different between two input sample types. The randomized oligonucleotide library is contacted with a first and a second sample type, and oligonucleotides that bind to each sample are identified. The bound oligonucleotide populations are compared and oligonucleotides that specifically bind to one or the other biological input sample are retained for the oligonucleotide probe library, whereas oligonucleotides that bind both biological input samples are discarded. This trained oligonucleotide probe library can then be contacted with a new test sample and the identities of oligonucleotides that bind the test sample are determined. The test sample is characterized based on the profile of oligonucleotides that bound. See, e.g.,  FIG. 20H . 
     Extracellular vesicles provide an attractive vehicle to profile the biological complexity and diversity driven by many inter-related sources. There can be a great deal of heterogeneity between patient-to-patient microvesicle populations, or even in microvesicle populations from a single patient under different conditions (e.g., stress, diet, exercise, rest, disease, etc). Diversity of molecular phenotypes within microvesicle populations in various disease states, even after microvesicle isolation and sorting by vesicle biomarkers, can present challenges identifying surface binding ligands. This situation is further complicated by vesicle surface-membrane protein complexes. The oligonucleotide probe library can be used to address such challenges and allow for characterization of biological phenotypes. The approach combines the power of diverse oligonucleotide libraries and high throuput (next-generation) sequencing technologies to probe the complexity of extracellular microvesicles. See  FIG. 20E . 
     ADAPT™ profiling may provide quantitative measurements of dynamic events in addition to detection of presence/absence of various biomarkers in a sample. For example, the binding probes may detect protein complexes or other post-translation modifications, allowing for differentiation of samples with the same proteins but in different biological configurations. Such configurations are illustrated in  FIGS. 20F-G . In  FIG. 20F , microvesicles with various surface markers are shown from an example microvesicle sample population: Sample Population A. The indicated Bound Probing Oligonucleotides  2001  are contacted to two surface markers  2002  and  2003  in a given special relationship. Here, probes unique to these functional complexes and spatial relationships may be retained. In contrast, in microvesicle Sample Population B shown in  FIG. 20F , the two surface markers  2002  and  2003  are found in disparate spacial relationship. Here, probes  2001  are not bound due to absence of the spatial relationship of the interacting components  2002  and  2003 . 
     An illustrative approach  2010  for using ADAPT profiling to assess a sample is shown in  FIG. 20H . The probing library  2011  is mixed with sample  2012 . The sample can be as described herein, e.g., a bodily fluid from a subject having or suspected of having a disease. The probes are allowed to bind the sample  2020  and the microvesicles are pelleted  2015 . The supernatant  2014  comprising unbound oligonucleotides is discarded. Oligonucleotide probes bound to the pellet  2015  are eluted  2016  and sequenced  2017 . The profile  2018  generated by the bound oligonucleotide probes as determined by the sequening  2017  is used to characterize the sample  2012 . For example, the profile  2018  can be compared to a reference, e.g., to determine if the profile is similar or different from a reference profile indicative of a disease or healthy state, or other phenotypic characterization of interest. The comparison may indicate the presence of a disease, provide a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis, or otherwise characterize a phenotype associated with the sample  2012 .  FIG. 20I  illustrates another schematic for using TOP™ profiling to characterize a phenotype. A patient sample such as a bodily fluid disclosed herein is collected  2021 . The sample is contacted with the TOP™ library pool  2022 . Microvesicles (MVs) are isolated from the contacted sample  2023 , e.g., using ultracentrifugation, filtration, polymer precipitation or other appropriate technique or combination of techniques disclosed herein. Oligonucleotides that bound the isolated microvesicles are collected and identity is determined  2024 . The identity of the bound oligonucleotides can be determined by any useful technique such as sequencing, high throughput sequencing (e.g., NGS), amplification including without limitation qPCR, or hybridization such as to a planar or particle based array. The identity of the bound oligonucleotides is used to characterize the sample, e.g., as containing disease related microvesicles. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a method of characterizing a sample by contacting the sample with a pool of different oligonucleotides (e.g., an aptamer pool), and determining the frequency at which various oligonucleotides in the pool bind the sample. For example, a pool of oligonucleotides is identified that preferentially bind to microvesicles from cancer patients as compared to non-cancer patients. A test sample, e.g., from a patient suspected of having the cancer, is collected and contacted with the pool of oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides that bind the test sample are eluted from the test sample, collected and identified, and the composition of the bound oligonucleotides is compared to those known to bind cancer samples. Various sequencing, amplification and hybridization techinques can be used to identify the eluted oligonucleotides. For example, when a large pool of oligonucleotides is used, oligonucleotide identification can be performed by high throughput methods such as next generation sequencing or via hybridization. If the test sample is bound by the oligonucleotide pool in a similar manner (e.g., as determined by bioinformatics classification methods) to the microvesicles from cancer patients, then the test sample is indicative of cancer as well. Using this method, a pool of oligonucleotides that bind one or more microvesicle antigen can be used to characterize the sample without necessarily knowing the precise target of each member of the pool of oligonucleotides. Examples 15, 16, 17, 20 and 27 herein illustrate embodiments of the invention. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a method for characterizing a condition for a test sample comprising: contacting a microvesicle sample with a plurality of oligonucleotide capable of binding one or more target(s) present in said microvesicle sample, identifying a set of oligonucleotides that form a complex with the sample wherein the set is predetermined to characterize a condition for the sample, thereby characterizing a condition for a sample. 
     In an related aspect, the invention provides a method for identifying a set of oligonucleotides associated with a test sample, comprising: (a) contacting a microvesicle sample with a plurality of oligonucleotides, isolating a set of oligonucleotides that form a complex with the microvesicle sample, (b) determining sequence and/or copy number for each of the oligonucleotides, thereby identifying a set of oligonucleotides associated with the test sample. 
     In still another related aspect, the invention provides a method of diagnosing a sample as cancerous or predisposed to be cancerous, comprising contacting a microvesicle sample with a plurality of oligonucleotides that are predetermined to preferentially form a complex with microvesicles from a cancer sample as compared to microvesicles from a non-cancer sample. 
     The oligonucleotides can be identified by sequencing, e.g., by dye termination (Sanger) sequencing or high throughput methods. High throughput methods can comprise techiques to rapidly sequence a large number of nucleic acids, including next generation techniques such as Massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS; Polony sequencing; 454 pyrosequencing; Illumina (Solexa) sequencing; SOLiD sequencing; Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing; DNA nanoball sequencing; Heliscope single molecule sequencing; Single molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing, or other methods such as Nanopore DNA sequencing; Tunnelling currents DNA sequencing; Sequencing by hybridization; Sequencing with mass spectrometry; Microfluidic Sanger sequencing; Microscopy-based techniques; RNAP sequencing; In vitro virus high-throughput sequencing. The oligonucleotides may also be identified by hybridization techniques. For example, a microarray having addressable locals to hybridize and thereby detect the various members of the pool can be used. Alternately, detection can be based on one or more differentially labelled oligonucleotides that hybridize with various members of the oligonucleotide pool. The detectable signal of the label can be associated with a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes with a stretch of nucleic acids present in various oligonucleotides. The stretch can be the same or different as to one or more oligonucleotides in a library. The detectable signal can comprise fluorescence agents, including color-coded barcodes which are known, such as in U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 20140371088, 2013017837, and 20120258870. Other detectable labels (metals, radioisotopes, etc) can be used as desired. 
     The plurality or pool of oligonucleotides can comprise any desired number of oligonucleotides to allow characterization of the sample. In various embodiments, the pool comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, or at least 10000 different oligonucleotide members. 
     The plurality of oligonucleotides can be pre-selected through one or more steps of positive or negative selection, wherein positive selection comprises selection of oligonucleotides against a sample having substantially similar characteristics compared to the test sample, and wherein negative selection comprises selection of oligonucleotides against a sample having substantially different characteristics compared to the test sample. Substantially similar characteristics mean that the samples used for positive selection are representative of the test sample in one or more characteristic of interest. For example, the samples used for positive selection can be from cancer patients or cell lines and the test sample can be a sample from a patient having or suspected to have a cancer. Substantially different characteristics mean that the samples used for negative selection differ from the test sample in one or more characteristic of interest. For example, the samples used for negative selection can be from individuals or cell lines that do not have cancer (e.g., “normal” or otherwise “control” samples) and the test sample can be a sample from a patient having or suspected to have a cancer. The cancer can be a breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, brain cancer, or other cancer. 
     By selecting samples representative of the desired phenotypes to detect and/or distinguish, the characterizing can comprise a diagnosis, prognosis or theranosis for any number of diseases or disorders. Various diseases and disorders can be characterized using the compositions and methods of the invention, including without limitation a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, a neurological disease or disorder, an infectious disease, and/or pain. See, e.g., section herein “Phenotypes” for further details. In embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a proliferative or neoplastic disease or disorder. For example, the disease or disorder can be a cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer comprises a breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma, or brain cancer. 
       FIG. 19B  is a schematic  1910  showing use of an oligonucleotide pool to characterize a phenotype of a sample, such as those listed above. A pool of oligonucleotides to a target of interst is provided  1911 . For example, the pool of oligonucleotides can be enriched to target one or more microvesicle. The members of the pool may bind different targets (e.g., a microvesicle surface antigen) or different epitopes of the same target present on the one or more microvesicle. The pool is contacted with a test sample to be characterized  1912 . For example, the test sample may be a biological sample from an individual having or suspected of having a given disease or disorder. The mixture is washed to remove unbound oligonucleotides. The remaining oligonucleotides are eluted or otherwise disassociated from the sample and collected  1913 . The collected oligonucleotides are identified, e.g., by sequencing or hybridization  1914 . The presence and/or copy number of the identified is used to characterize the phenotype  1915 . For example, the pool of oligonucleotides may be chosen as oligonucleotides that preferentially recognize microvesicles shed from cancer cells. The method can be employed to detect whether the sample retains oligonucleotides that bind the cancer-related microvesicles, thereby allowing the sample to be characterized as cancerous or not. 
       FIG. 19C  is a schematic  1920  showing an implementation of the method in  FIG. 19B . A pool of oligonucleotides identified as binding a microvesicle population is provided  1921 . The input sample comprises a test sample comprising microvesicles  1922 . For example, the test sample may be a biological sample from an individual having or suspected of having a given disease or disorder. The pool is contacted with the isolated microvesicles to be characterized  1923 . The microvesicle population can be isolated before or after the contacting  1923  from the sample using various techniques as described herein, e.g., chromatography, filtration, ultrafiltration, centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, affinity capture (e.g., to a planar surface, column or bead), polymer precipitation, and/or using microfluidics. The mixture is washed to remove unbound oligonucleotides and the remaining oligonucleotides are eluted or otherwise disassociated from the sample and collected  1924 . The collected oligonucleotides are identified  1925  and the presence and/or copy number of the retained oligonucleotides is used to characterize the phenotype  1926  as above. 
     As noted, in embodiment of  FIG. 19C , the pool of oligonucleotides  1920  is directly contacted with a biological sample that comprises or is expected to comprise microvesicles. Microvesicles are thereafter isolated from the sample and the mixture is washed to remove unbound oligonucleotides and the remaining oligonucleotides are disassociated and collected  1924 . The following steps are performed as above. As an example of this alternate configuration, a biological sample, e.g., a blood, serum or plasma sample, is directly contacted with the pool of oligonucleotides. Microvesicles are then isolated by various techniques disclosed herein, including without limitation ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, flow cytometry, affinity isolation, polymer precipitation, chromatography, various combinations thereof, or the like. Remaining oligonucleotides are then identified, e.g., by sequencing, hybridization or amplification. 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a composition of matter comprising a plurality of oligonucleotides that can be used to carry out the methods comprising use of an oligonucleotide pool to characterize a phenotype. The plurality of oligonucleotides can comprise any of those described herein. 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a method of performing high-throughput sequencing comprising: performing at least one (i) negative selection or (ii) one positive selection of a plurality of oligonucleotides with a microvesicle sample; obtaining a set of oliognucleotides to provide a negative binder subset or positive binder subset of the plurality of oligonucleotides, wherein the negative binder subset of the plurality of oligonucleotides does not bind the microvesicle sample and wherein the positive binder subset of the plurality of oligonucleotides does bind the microvesicle sample; contacting the negative binder subset or positive binder subset with a test sample; eluting oligonucleotides that bound to the test sample to provide a plurality of eluate oligonucleotides; and performing high-throughput sequencing of the plurality of eluate oligonucleotides to identify sequence and/or copy number of the members of the plurality of eluate oligonucleotides. Negative and positive selection of the plurality of oligonucleotides using microvesicle sample can be performed as disclosed herein. The oligonucleotide profile revealed by the sequence and/or copy number of the members of the plurality of eluate oligonucleotides can be used to characterize a phenotype of the test sample as described herein. 
     In a similar aspect, the invention provides a method for identifying oligonucleotides specific for a test sample. The method comprises: (a) enriching a plurality of oligonucleotides for a sample to provide a set of oligonucleotides predetermined to form a complex with a target sample; (b) contacting the plurality in (a) with a test sample to allow formation of complexes of oligonucleotides with test sample; (c) recovering oligonucleotides that formed complexes in (b) to provide a recovered subset of oligonucleotides; and (d) profiling the recovered subset of oligonucleotides by high-throughput sequencing or hybridization, thereby identifying oligonucleotides specific for a test sample. The test sample may comprise a plurality of microvesicles. The oligonucleotides may comprise RNA, DNA or both. In some embodiment, the method further comprises performing informatics analysis to identify a subset of oligonucleotides comprising sequence identity of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99% to the oligonucleotides predetermined to form a complex with the target sample. 
     One of skill will appreciate that the method can be used to identify any appropriate target, including those not associated with a microvesicle. The target can be any useful target, including without limitation a cell, an organelle, a protein complex, a lipoprotein, a carbohydrate, a microvesicle, a virus, a membrane fragment, a small molecule, a heavy metal, a toxin, a drug, a nucleic acid (including without limitation microRNA (miR) and messenger RNA (mRNA)), a protein-nucleic acid complex, and various combinations, fragments and/or complexes of any of these. The target can, e.g., comprise a mixture of microvesicles and non-microvesicle entities. 
     In an aspect, the invention also provides a method comprising contacting an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides with a sample and detecting the presence or level of binding of the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides to a target in the sample, wherein the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides can be those provided by the invention above. The sample may comprise a biological sample, an organic sample, an inorganic sample, a tissue, a cell culture, a bodily fluid, blood, serum, a cell, a microvesicle, a protein complex, a lipid complex, a carbohydrate, or any combination, fraction or variation thereof. The target may comprise a cell, an organelle, a protein complex, a lipoprotein, a carbohydrate, a microvesicle, a membrane fragment, a small molecule, a heavy metal, a toxin, or a drug. 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a method comprising: a) contacting a biological sample comprising microvesicles with an oligonucleotide probe library, wherein optionally the oligonucleotide probe library comprises an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides those provided by the invention above; b) identifying oligonucleotides bound to at least a portion of the microvesicles; and c) characterizing the sample based on a profile of the identified oligonucleotides. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a method comprising: a) contacting a sample with an oligonucleotide probe library comprising at least 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 , 10 11 , 10 12 , 10 13 , 10 14 , 10 15 , 10 16 , 10 17 , or at least 10 18  different oligonucleotide sequences oligonucleotides to form a mixture in solution, wherein the oligonucleotides are capable of binding a plurality of entities in the sample to form complexes, wherein optionally the oligonucleotide probe library comprises an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides as provided by the invention above; b) partitioning the complexes formed in step (a) from the mixture; and c) detecting oligonucleotides present in the complexes partitioned in step (b) to identify an oligonucleotide profile for the sample. In an embodiment, the detecting step comprises performing sequencing of all or some of the oligonucleotides in the complexes, amplification of all or some of the oligonucleotides in the complexes, and/or hybridization of all or some of the oligonucleotides in the complexes to an array. The array can be any useful array, such as a planar or particle-based array. 
     In still another aspect, the invention provides a method for generating an enriched oligonucleotide probe library comprising: a) contacting a first oligonucleotide library with a biological test sample and a biological control sample, wherein complexes are formed between biological entities present in the biological samples and a plurality of oligonucleotides present in the first oligonucleotide library; b) partitioning the complexes formed in step (a) and isolating the oligonucleotides in the complexes to produce a subset of oligonucleotides for each of the biological test sample and biological control sample; c) contacting the subsets of oligonucleotides in (b) with the biological test sample and biological control sample wherein complexes are formed between biological entities present in the biological samples and a second plurality of oligonucleotides present in the subsets of oligonucleotides to generate a second subset group of oligonucleotides; and d) optionally repeating steps b)-c), one, two, three or more times to produce a respective third, fourth, fifth or more subset group of oligonucleotides, thereby producing the enriched oligonucleotide probe library. In a related aspect, the invention provides a plurality of oligonucleotides comprising at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, or 500000 different oligonucleotide sequences, wherein the plurality results from the method in this paragraph, wherein the library is capable of distinguishing a first phenotype from a second phenotype. In some embodiments, the first phenotype comprises a disease or disorder and the second phenotype comprises a healthy state; or wherein the first phenotype comprises a disease or disorder and the second phenotype comprises a different disease or disorder; or wherein the first phenotype comprises a stage or progression of a disease or disorder and the second phenotype comprises a different stage or progression of the same disease or disorder; or wherein the first phenotype comprises a positive response to a therapy and the second phenotype comprises a negative response to the same therapy. 
     In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of characterizing a disease or disorder, comprising: a) contacting a biological test sample with the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides provided by the invention; b) detecting a presence or level of complexes formed in step (a) between the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides provided by the invention and a target in the biological test sample; and c) comparing the presence or level detected in step (b) to a reference level from a biological control sample, thereby characterizing the disease or disorder. The step of detecting may comprise performing sequencing of all or some of the oligonucleotides in the complexes, amplification of all or some of the oligonucleotides in the complexes, and/or hybridization of all or some of the oligonucleotides in the complexes to an array. The sequencing may be high-throughput or next generation sequencing. 
     In the methods of the invention, the biological test sample and biological control sample may each comprise a tissue sample, a cell culture, or a biological fluid. In some embodiments, the biological fluid comprises a bodily fluid. Useful bodily fluids within the method of the invention comprise peripheral blood, sera, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper&#39;s fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, sweat, fecal matter, hair, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, or umbilical cord blood. In some preferred embodiments, the bodily fluid comprises blood, serum or plasma. The biological fluid may comprise microvesicles. In such case, the complexes may be formed between the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides and at least one of the microvesicles. 
     The biological test sample and biological control sample may further comprise isolated microvesicles, wherein optionally the microvesicles are isolated using at least one of chromatography, filtration, ultrafiltration, centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, affinity capture (e.g., to a planar surface, column or bead), polymer precipitation, and using microfluidics. The vesicles can also be isolated after contact with the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides. 
     In various embodiments of the methods of the invention, the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides binds a polypeptide or fragment thereof. The polypeptide or fragment thereof can be soluble or membrane bound, wherein optionally the membrane comprises a microvesicle membrane. The membrane could also be from a cell or a fragment of a cell of vesicle. In some embodiments, the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a biomarker in Table 3, Table 4 or any one of Tables 22-34. For example, the polypeptide or fragment thereof could be a general vesicle marker such as in Table 3 or a tissue-related or disease-related marker such as in Table 4, or a vesicle associated biomarker provided in any one of Tables 22-34. The oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides may bind a microvesicle surface antigen in the biological sample. For example, the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides can be enriched from a naïve library against microvesicles. 
     As noted above, the microvesicles may be isolated in whole or in part using polymer precipitation. In an embodiment, the polymer comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG). Any appropriate form of PEG may be used. For example, the PEG may be PEG 8000. The PEG may be used at any appropriate concentration. For example, the PEG can be used at a concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% to isolate the microvesicles. In some embodiments, the PEG is used at a concentration of 6%. 
     The disease or disorder detected by the oligonucleotide, plurality of oligonucleotides, or methods provided here may comprise any appropriate disease or disorder of interest, including without limitation Breast Cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, bronchial asthma, Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, Giant cellular osteoblastoclastoma, Brain Tumor, Colorectal adenocarcinoma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, acute myocardial infarction (AMI)/acute heart failure, Chron&#39;s Disease, diabetes mellitus type II, Esophageal carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, Acute and chronic leukemia of the bone marrow, Lung carcinoma, Malignant lymphoma, Multiple Sclerosis, Ovarian carcinoma, Parkinson disease, Prostate adenocarcinoma, psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Renal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, Adenocarcinoma of the stomach, carcinoma of the thyroid gland, Testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, or Uterine adenocarcinoma. 
     In some embodiments, the disease or disorder comprises a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, neurological disease or disorder, infectious disease or pain. The cancer can include without limitation one of acute lymphoblastic leukemia; acute myeloid leukemia; adrenocortical carcinoma; AIDS-related cancers; AIDS-related lymphoma; anal cancer; appendix cancer; astrocytomas; atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; basal cell carcinoma; bladder cancer; brain stem glioma; brain tumor (including brain stem glioma, central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, central nervous system embryonal tumors, astrocytomas, craniopharyngioma, ependymoblastoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastoma); breast cancer; bronchial tumors; Burkitt lymphoma; cancer of unknown primary site; carcinoid tumor; carcinoma of unknown primary site; central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; central nervous system embryonal tumors; cervical cancer; childhood cancers; chordoma; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia; chronic myeloproliferative disorders; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; craniopharyngioma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; endocrine pancreas islet cell tumors; endometrial cancer; ependymoblastoma; ependymoma; esophageal cancer; esthesioneuroblastoma; Ewing sarcoma; extracranial germ cell tumor; extragonadal germ cell tumor; extrahepatic bile duct cancer; gallbladder cancer; gastric (stomach) cancer; gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor; gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor; gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); gestational trophoblastic tumor; glioma; hairy cell leukemia; head and neck cancer; heart cancer; Hodgkin lymphoma; hypopharyngeal cancer; intraocular melanoma; islet cell tumors; Kaposi sarcoma; kidney cancer; Langerhans cell histiocytosis; laryngeal cancer; lip cancer; liver cancer; lung cancer; malignant fibrous histiocytoma bone cancer; medulloblastoma; medulloepithelioma; melanoma; Merkel cell carcinoma; Merkel cell skin carcinoma; mesothelioma; metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary; mouth cancer; multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes; multiple myeloma; multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm; mycosis fungoides; myelodysplastic syndromes; myeloproliferative neoplasms; nasal cavity cancer; nasopharyngeal cancer; neuroblastoma; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; nonmelanoma skin cancer; non-small cell lung cancer; oral cancer; oral cavity cancer; oropharyngeal cancer; osteosarcoma; other brain and spinal cord tumors; ovarian cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; ovarian germ cell tumor; ovarian low malignant potential tumor; pancreatic cancer; papillomatosis; paranasal sinus cancer; parathyroid cancer; pelvic cancer; penile cancer; pharyngeal cancer; pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation; pineoblastoma; pituitary tumor; plasma cell neoplasm/multiple myeloma; pleuropulmonary blastoma; primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; primary hepatocellular liver cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer; renal cancer; renal cell (kidney) cancer; renal cell cancer; respiratory tract cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; salivary gland cancer; Sézary syndrome; small cell lung cancer; small intestine cancer; soft tissue sarcoma; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous neck cancer; stomach (gastric) cancer; supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors; T-cell lymphoma; testicular cancer; throat cancer; thymic carcinoma; thymoma; thyroid cancer; transitional cell cancer; transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter; trophoblastic tumor; ureter cancer; urethral cancer; uterine cancer; uterine sarcoma; vaginal cancer; vulvar cancer; Waldenström macroglobulinemia; or Wilm&#39;s tumor. The premalignant condition can include without limitation Barrett&#39;s Esophagus. The autoimmune disease can include without limitation one of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn&#39;s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), pelvic inflammation, vasculitis, psoriasis, diabetes, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), Hashimoto&#39;s Thyroiditis, Grave&#39;s disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis Sjogrens Disease, CREST syndrome, Scleroderma, Rheumatic Disease, organ rejection, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, or sepsis. The cardiovascular disease can include without limitation one of atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, vulnerable plaque, stroke, ischemia, high blood pressure, stenosis, vessel occlusion or a thrombotic event. The neurological disease can include without limitation one of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, autism, Prion Disease, Pick&#39;s disease, dementia, Huntington disease (HD), Down&#39;s syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, Rasmussen&#39;s encephalitis, viral meningitis, neurospsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, ischemic reperfusion damage (e.g. stroke), brain trauma, microbial infection, or chronic fatigue syndrome. The pain can include without limitation one of fibromyalgia, chronic neuropathic pain, or peripheral neuropathic pain. The infectious disease can include without limitation one of a bacterial infection, viral infection, yeast infection, Whipple&#39;s Disease, Prion Disease, cirrhosis, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, HIV, HCV, hepatitis, syphilis, meningitis, malaria, tuberculosis, or influenza. One of skill will appreciate that the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides or methods of the invention can be used to assess any number of these or other related diseases and disorders. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides and methods of use thereof are useful for characterizing certain diseases or disease states. As desired, a pool of oligonucleotides useful for characterizing various diseases is assembled to create a master pool that can be used to probe useful for characterizing the various diseases. One of skill will also appreciate that pools of oligonucleotides useful for characterizing specific diseases or disorders can be created as well. The sequences provided herein can also be modified as desired so long as the functional aspects are still maintained (e.g., binding to various targets or ability to characterize a phenotype). For example, the oligonucleotides may comprise DNA or RNA, incorporate various non-natural nucleotides, incorporate other chemical modifications, or comprise various deletions or insertions. Such modifications may facilitate synthesis, stability, delivery, labeling, etc, or may have little to no effect in practice. In some cases, some nucleotides in an oligonucleotide may be substituted while maintaining functional aspects of the oligonucleotide. Similarly, 5′ and 3′ flanking regions may be substituted. In still other cases, only a portion of an oligonucleotide may be determined to direct its functionality such that other portions can be deleted or substituted. Numerous techniques to synthesize and modify nucleotides and polynucleotides are disclosed herein or are known in the art. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising a reagent for carrying out the methods of the invention provided herein. In a similar aspect, the invention contemplates use of a reagent for carrying out the methods of the invention provided herein. In embodiments, the reagent comprises an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides can be those provided herein. The reagent may comprise various other useful components including without limitation microRNA (miR) and messenger RNA (mRNA)), a protein-nucleic acid complex, and various combinations, fragments and/or complexes of any of these. Theone or more of: a) a reagent configured to isolate a microvesicle, optionally wherein the at least one reagent configured to isolate a microvesicle comprises a binding agent to a microvesicle antigen, a column, a substrate, a filtration unit, a polymer, polyethylene glycol, PEG4000, PEG8000, a particle or a bead; b) at least one oligonucleotide configured to act as a primer or probe in order to amplify, sequence, hybridize or detect the oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides; and c) a reagent configured to remove one or more abundant protein from a sample, wherein optionally the one or more abundant protein comprises at least one of albumin, immunoglobulin, fibrinogen and fibrin. 
     Detecting Watson-Crick Base Pairing with an Oligonucleotide Probe 
     The oligonucleotide probes provided by the invention can bind via non-Watson Crick base pairing. However, in some cases, the oligonucleotide probes provided by the invention can bind via Watson Crick base pairing. The oligonucleotide probe libraries of the invention, e.g., as described above, can query both types of binding events simultaneously. For example, some oligonucleotide probes may bind the microvesicle protein antigens in the classical aptamer sense, whereas other oligonucleotide probes may bind microvesicles via nucleic acids associated with the microvesicles, e.g., nucleic acid (including without limitation microRNA and mRNA) on the surface of the microvesicles or as payload. Such surface bound nucleic acids can be associated with proteins. For example, they may comprise Argonaute-microRNA complexes. The argonaute protein can be Ago 1, Ago2, Ago3 and/or Ago4. 
     In addition to the oligonucleotide probe library approach described herein which relies on determining a sequence of the oligonucleotides (e.g., via sequencing, hybridization or amplification), assays can also be designed to detect Watson Crick base pairing. In some embodiments, these approaches rely on Ago2-mediated cleavage wherein an Ago2-microRNA complex can be used to detected using oligonucleotide probes. An outline of the method is shown in  FIG. 13  using Ago2 as an example. In an optional first step  1301 , Ago2/miR complexes are captured and isolated. For example, an antibody or aptamer to Ago2 can be used to capture the complexes. The complexes can be immunoprecipitated or captured to a substrate, such as a planar array, column or microbead. The Ago2/miR enzymatic reactions are performed in a single or multiplex fashion  1302 . In this step, the captured Ago2/miR complexes can be contacted with one or more anti-miR probe. In an alternate configuration, the input biological sample is directly assayed in step  1302 . For example, a sample source with many constituents such as blood may benefit from capture and/or isolation of the complexes  1301  prior to detecting enzymatic activity  1302 , whereas other sample sources may have less benefit of capture and/or isolation  1301  and can be directly contacted with the one or more anti-miR probe. The anti-miR probe can be configured such that cleavage of the probe can be detected  1303 . The Ago2 enzymatic cleavage activity can be quantified as desired. 
     Two approaches to detect the Ago2/miR complexes are described in Example 21 (“cariMir” approach) or Example 22 (molecular beacon approach). These approaches can use oligonucleotide probes to detect Ago2-microRNA complexes, which may or may not be associated with microvesicles. The detection can be used to characterize a phenotype as described herein. Such detection can be used along side the sequencing identification methods described herein (e.g., via sequencing, hybridization or amplification). Oligonucleotide probes can be designed for the cleavage assays against any known microRNA. See, e.g., Example 25 herein. The probes can contain a region that is complementary to the microRNA of interest. Binding of the probe to the Ago2-microRNA complex may lead to cleavage of the probe, which cleavage events can be detected, thereby detected the presence of the the Ago2-microRNA complex. Control probes can be designed that contain a mismatch at the Ago2 cleavage site in order to prevent Ago2-mediated cleavage. The assays can be designed for alternate protein-nucleic acid complexes as desired. 
     In an embodiment, the invention provides an oligonucleotide probe comprising an anti-miR complementary sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO. 2765-5352. The Sequence Listing notes the appropriate microRNA for each probe. The invention also provides an anti-miR mismatch sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO. 5353-7940. The Sequence Listing also notes the appropriate microRNA for each control probe. 
     The oligonucleotide probes can be surrounded by at least one flanking sequence. The flanking sequence can be chosen to provide various functionalities to a probe construct. For example, the flanking sequence may serve as a primer for amplification or sequencing, or for probe identification, capture, labeling and other detection schemes. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide probe comprises the sequence 5′-CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGT [ spacer] [anti-miR] CTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA-3′, wherein the spacer comprises at least one nucleotide and wherein the [anti-miR] sequence is complementary to a microRNA. If desired, the spacer can be varied in length according to the length of the anti-miR sequence such that all members of a mixture of oligonucleotide probes are of the same length. Such schemes are described in Table 20 or Table 21 and accompanying text. The spacer can also be included 3′ of the anti-miR, or spacers can be included around both sides of the anti-miR within the contruct. The anti-miR section can be designed to be complementary to any known microRNA of interest. For example, the anti-miR section can be complementary to a human microRNA, e.g., a human microRNA as shown herein in any one of SEQ ID NO. 177-2764. In some embodiments, the anti-miR sequence comprises an anti-miR complementary sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO. 2765-5352. Control probes can be constructed that are not cleaved by the protein. Such control probes may comprise an anti-miR mismatch sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO. 5353-7940. 
     In other embodiments, the oligonucleotide probe comprises the sequence 5′ GATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCT [anti-miR] TGTAGAACCATGTCGTCAGTGT 3′. The anti-miR section can be designed to be complementary to any known microRNA of interest. For example, the anti-miR section can be complementary to a human microRNA, e.g., a human microRNA as shown herein in any one of SEQ ID NO. 177-2764. In some embodiments, the anti-miR sequence comprises an anti-miR complementary sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NO. 2765-5352. Control probes can be constructed that are not cleaved by the protein. Such control probes may comprise an anti-miR mismatch sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO. 5353-7940. 
     The invention further provides an oligonucleotide that is at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 percent homologous to an oligonucleotide sequence described above. In some cases, mismatches in the anti-miR portions can allow promiscuity in the recognition of the probes by a protein-nucleic acid complex, such as an Ago2-microRNA complex. Thus, the anti-miR may contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more mismatches compared to the complementary microRNA sequence as desired, e.g., up to the point that base pairing and/or cleavage no longer occur. For partially complementary microRNAs to recognise their target nucleic acids, a section of the microRNA referred to as the “seed region,” e.g., nucleotides 2-7 of the miRNA may need to be perfectly complementary. However, pairing of the seed region alone may not offer enough pairing to induce cleavage of the microRNA targets such as mRNAs. See, e.g., Ellwanger D C, et al (2011). The sufficient minimal set of miRNA seed types. Bioinformatics 27:1346-50, which reference is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     The invention also provides a plurality of oligonucleotides comprising at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, or at least 10000 different oligonucleotide sequences as described above. For example, such mixtures can be designed to query the presence of all known microRNA, or of a subset directed to query certain microRNA complexes of interest. The plurality of oligonucleotides may comprise a nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof that is at least 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 percent homologous to the specific oligonucleotides directed above. 
     The oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides may comprise either DNA and/or RNA. Ago2 is able to cleave either DNA or RNA bound to the loaded microRNA. In some cases, DNA may be preferred. For example, DNA may be inherently more stable in biological samples which may comprise various RNAses. The oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides may also comprise various modifications as desired. For example, oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides may have at least one functional modification selected from the group consisting of biotinylation, a non-naturally occurring nucleotide, a deletion, an insertion, an addition, and a chemical modification. Other nucleic acid modification disclosed herein or known in the art may be used as desired. 
     In a related aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides as above. The composition can include various components, e.g., the composition may comprise a buffer and/or a stabilizing agent. 
     In an aspect, the invention provides a method of detecting at least one microRNA-protein complex in a sample comprising: a) contacting the sample with at least one oligonucleotide capable of binding a microRNA in a complex between the microRNA and a protein molecule; and b) identifying cleavage of the at least one oligonucleotide in the contacted sample, thereby detecting the at least one microRNA-protein complex in the sample. The at least one oligonucleotide can be an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides as described above. The at least one oligonucleotide may comprises a 5′ flanking region, a core region configured 5′ of the flanking region, and a 3′ flanking region configured 5′ of the core region, wherein the at least one oligonucleotide is configured to be cleaved within the core region by a protein component of the at least one microRNA-protein complex if the oligonucleotide is fully or partially complementary to the microRNA component of the at least one microRNA-protein complex. See, e.g.,  FIG. 14A . 
     The microRNA can be from any source of interest, including an animal or plant source. In an embodiment, the microRNA a human microRNA. For example, human microRNA can be as shown herein in any one of SEQ ID NO. 177-2764 or as described in the miRbase database (available at www.mirbase.org). In some embodiments, the microRNA comprises at least one of let-7a, miR-16, miR-21 or miR-92a. The protein within the at least one microRNA-protein complex can be a nucleic acid binding protein. In some embodiments, the protein comprises an Argonaute protein, Ago2, Ago1, Ago3 or Ago 4. The method of the invention may further comprise addition of a chelating agent prior to the contacting step and addition of magnesium after the contacting step. Addition of the chelating agent, e.g., EDTA, may inhibit cleavage events. Later addition of magnesium may then allow cleavage to proceed. Thus, this additional step can be used to control cleavage events as desired. 
     Cleavage of the at least one oligonucleotide can be identified by detecting cleaved and/or non-cleaved products of the at least one oligonucleotide. Any useful method of detecting such products can be used. For example, the cleaved and/or non-cleaved products can be detected by sequencing, amplification, hybridization, and/or via a detectable label. Detection by hybridization may comprise contacting the cleaved and/or non-cleaved products with at least one labeled probe that is configured to hybridize with at least one cleaved and/or non-cleaved product. The label can be any appropriate detectable label, e.g., as described elsewhere herein or known in the art. In some embodiments, the label comprises a fluorescent label. Useful systems include the nCounter nucleic acid detection system from NanoString Technologies, Inc. (Seattle, Wash.). The detection by hybridization can also include detecting hybridization to a planar array (e.g., a microarray) or particle array (e.g., a microbead array). 
     The cleaved and/or non-cleaved products can also be detected by size. Size can be determined using any useful technique. For example, the size can be determined via gel electrophoresis or chromatography. 
     The cleaved and/or non-cleaved products can be detected by sequencing. Sequencing can be performed using any useful technique. For example, the sequencing may be next generation sequencing, dye termination sequencing and/or pyrosequencing. 
     The cleaved and/or non-cleaved products can be detected using a label. Any useful labeling system can be used. One such system comprises a molecular beacon system, e.g., as shown in  FIG. 15A . In such a system, the 5′ end of the at least one oligonucleotide carries a fluorescent label and the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide carries a fluorescent quencher. Alternately, the 3′ end of the at least one oligonucleotide carries a fluorescent label and the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide carries a fluorescent quencher. As shown in  FIG. 15A , the fluorescent label is detectable upon cleavage of the at least one oligonucleotide by the protein component of the at least one microRNA-protein complex. A molecular beacon can be designed using structure prediction. See, e.g., Example 23. 
     In some embodiments of the method, the microRNA-protein complex is associated with a microvesicle in the sample. For example, the microRNA-protein complex may be payload within a microvesicle. In that case, the microvesicle can be lysed prior to the contacting step. Alternately, the microRNA-protein complex may be associated with the outer surface of the microvesicle. For example, the protein may be a surface antigen. 
     The method of the invention can be used to characterize a phenotype. The phenotype may be any detectable phenotype, e.g., a condition, disease or disorder. In such cases, the characterizing can include without limitation providing diagnostic, prognostic and/or theranostic information for the disease or disorder. In the methods of the invention, the characterizing may comprise comparing a presence or level of the detected at least one microRNA-protein complex to a reference level. The reference can be any useful level. In some embodiments, the reference comprises a presence or level of the at least one microRNA-protein complex in a sample from an individual without the disease or disorder. 
     The sample assessed according to the method can be a biological sample. For example, the biological sample may be a bodily fluid, tissue sample or cell culture. In some embodiments, the bodily fluid comprises peripheral blood, sera, plasma, ascites, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum, saliva, bone marrow, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, amniotic fluid, cerumen, breast milk, broncheoalveolar lavage fluid, semen, prostatic fluid, cowper&#39;s fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid, female ejaculate, sweat, fecal matter, hair oil, tears, cyst fluid, pleural and peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, chyme, chyle, bile, interstitial fluid, menses, pus, sebum, vomit, vaginal secretions, mucosal secretion, stool water, pancreatic juice, lavage fluids from sinus cavities, bronchopulmonary aspirates, blastocyl cavity fluid, or umbilical cord blood. Plasma and serum may be preferred for some applications. 
     The sample can be from a subject suspected of having or being predisposed to a disease or disorder. The disease or disorder can be any disease or disorder that can be assessed by the subject method. For example, the disease or disorder may be a cancer, a premalignant condition, an inflammatory disease, an immune disease, an autoimmune disease or disorder, a pregnancy related disorder, a cardiovascular disease or disorder, a neurological disease or disorder, an infectious disease or pain. In an embodiment, the cancer comprises an acute lymphoblastic leukemia; acute myeloid leukemia; adrenocortical carcinoma; AIDS-related cancers; AIDS-related lymphoma; anal cancer; appendix cancer; astrocytomas; atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; basal cell carcinoma; bladder cancer; brain stem glioma; brain tumor (including brain stem glioma, central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, central nervous system embryonal tumors, astrocytomas, craniopharyngioma, ependymoblastoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastoma); breast cancer; bronchial tumors; Burkitt lymphoma; cancer of unknown primary site; carcinoid tumor; carcinoma of unknown primary site; central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor; central nervous system embryonal tumors; cervical cancer; childhood cancers; chordoma; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia; chronic myeloproliferative disorders; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; craniopharyngioma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; endocrine pancreas islet cell tumors; endometrial cancer; ependymoblastoma; ependymoma; esophageal cancer; esthesioneuroblastoma; Ewing sarcoma; extracranial germ cell tumor; extragonadal germ cell tumor; extrahepatic bile duct cancer; gallbladder cancer; gastric (stomach) cancer; gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor; gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor; gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); gestational trophoblastic tumor; glioma; hairy cell leukemia; head and neck cancer; heart cancer; Hodgkin lymphoma; hypopharyngeal cancer; intraocular melanoma; islet cell tumors; Kaposi sarcoma; kidney cancer; Langerhans cell histiocytosis; laryngeal cancer; lip cancer; liver cancer; lung cancer; malignant fibrous histiocytoma bone cancer; medulloblastoma; medulloepithelioma; melanoma; Merkel cell carcinoma; Merkel cell skin carcinoma; mesothelioma; metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary; mouth cancer; multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes; multiple myeloma; multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm; mycosis fungoides; myelodysplastic syndromes; myeloproliferative neoplasms; nasal cavity cancer; nasopharyngeal cancer; neuroblastoma; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; nonmelanoma skin cancer; non-small cell lung cancer; oral cancer; oral cavity cancer; oropharyngeal cancer; osteosarcoma; other brain and spinal cord tumors; ovarian cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; ovarian germ cell tumor; ovarian low malignant potential tumor; pancreatic cancer; papillomatosis; paranasal sinus cancer; parathyroid cancer; pelvic cancer; penile cancer; pharyngeal cancer; pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation; pineoblastoma; pituitary tumor; plasma cell neoplasm/multiple myeloma; pleuropulmonary blastoma; primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; primary hepatocellular liver cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer; renal cancer; renal cell (kidney) cancer; renal cell cancer; respiratory tract cancer; retinoblastoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; salivary gland cancer; Sezary syndrome; small cell lung cancer; small intestine cancer; soft tissue sarcoma; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous neck cancer; stomach (gastric) cancer; supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors; T-cell lymphoma; testicular cancer; throat cancer; thymic carcinoma; thymoma; thyroid cancer; transitional cell cancer; transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter; trophoblastic tumor; ureter cancer; urethral cancer; uterine cancer; uterine sarcoma; vaginal cancer; vulvar cancer; Waldenström macroglobulinemia; or Wilm&#39;s tumor. The premalignant condition can be Barrett&#39;s Esophagus. The autoimmune disease can be inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn&#39;s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), pelvic inflammation, vasculitis, psoriasis, diabetes, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), Hashimoto&#39;s Thyroiditis, Grave&#39;s disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis Sjogrens Disease, CREST syndrome, Scleroderma, Rheumatic Disease, organ rejection, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, or sepsis. The cardiovascular disease can be atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, vulnerable plaque, stroke, ischemia, high blood pressure, stenosis, vessel occlusion or a thrombotic event. The neurological disease can be Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, autism, Prion Disease, Pick&#39;s disease, dementia, Huntington disease (HD), Down syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, Rasmussen&#39;s encephalitis, viral meningitis, neurospsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, ischemic reperfusion damage (e.g. stroke), brain trauma, microbial infection, or chronic fatigue syndrome. The pain can be fibromyalgia, chronic neuropathic pain, or peripheral neuropathic pain. The infectious disease can be a bacterial infection, viral infection, yeast infection, Whipple&#39;s Disease, Prion Disease, cirrhosis, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, HIV, HCV, hepatitis, syphilis, meningitis, malaria, tuberculosis, influenza. 
     As further described herein, the invention provides a kit comprising a reagent for carrying out the method. Similarly, the invention provides for the use of a reagent for carrying out the method. The reagent can be any useful reagent for carrying out the method. For example, the reagent can be an oligonucleotide or plurality of oligonucleotides and/or a composition as described above. 
     Kits 
     The invention also provides a kit comprising one or more reagent to carry out the methods of the invention. For example, the one or more reagent can be the one or more aptamer, a buffer, blocker, enzyme, or combination thereof. The one or more reagent may comprise any useful reagents for carrying out the subject methods, including without limitation aptamer libraries, substrates such as microbeads or planar arrays or wells, reagents for biomarker and/or microvesicle isolation (e.g., via chromatography, filtration, ultrafiltration, centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, affinity capture (e.g., to a planar surface, column or bead), polymer precipitation, and/or using microfluidics), aptamers directed to specific targets, aptamer pools that facilitate detection of a biomarker/microvesicle population, reagents such as primers for nucleic acid sequencing or amplification, arrays for nucleic acid hybridization, detectable labels, solvents or buffers and the like, various linkers, various assay components, blockers, and the like. The one or more reagent may also comprise various compositions provided by the invention. In an embodiment, the one or more reagent comprises one or more aptamer of the invention. The one or more reagent can comprise a substrate, such as a planar substate, column or bead. The kit can contain instructions to carry out various assays using the one or more reagent. 
     In an embodiment, the kit comprises an oligonucleotide probe or composition provided herein. The kit can be configured to carry out the methods provided herein. For example, the kit can include an aptamer of the invention, a substrate, or both an aptamer of the invention and a substrate. 
     In an embodiment, the kit is configured to carry out an assay. For example, the kit can contain one or more reagent and instructions for detecting the presence or level of a biological entity in a biological sample. In such cases, the kit can include one or more binding agent to a biological entity of interest. The one or more binding agent can be bound to a substrate. 
     In an embodiment, the kit comprises a set of oligonucleotides that provide a particular oligonucleotide profile for a biological sample. An oligonucleotide profile can include, without limitation, a profile that can be used to characterize a particular disease or disorder. For example, the disease or disorder can be a proliferative disease or disorder, including without limitation a cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer comprises a breast cancer. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Identification of DNA Oligonucleotides that Bind a Target 
     The target is affixed to a solid substrate, such as a glass slide or a magnetic bead. For a magnetic bead preparation, beads are incubated with a concentration of target protein ranging from 0.1 to 1 mg/ml. The target protein is conjugated to the beads according to a chemistry provided by the particular bead manufacturer. Typically, this involves coupling via an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) functional group process. Unoccupied NHS groups are rendered inactive following conjugation with the target. 
     Randomly generated oligonucleotides (oligos) of a certain length, such as 32 base pairs long, are added to a container holding the stabilized target. Each oligo contains 6 thymine nucleotides (a “thymine tail”) at either the 5 or 3 prime end, along with a single molecule of biotin conjugated to the thymine tail. Additional molecules of biotin could be added. Each oligo is also manufactured with a short stretch of nucleotides on each end (5-10 base pairs long) corresponding to amplification primers for PCR (“primer tails”). The sequences are shown absent the thymine tails or primer tails. 
     The oligonucleotides are incubated with the target at a specified temperature and time in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 degrees Celsius in 500 microliter reaction volume. 
     The target/oligo combination is washed 1-10 times with buffer to remove unbound oligo. The number of washes increases with each repetition of the process (as noted below). 
     The oligos bound to the target are eluted using a buffer containing a chaotropic agent such as 7 M urea or 1% SDS and collected using the biotin tag. The oligos are amplified using the polymerase chain reaction using primers specific to 5′ and 3′ sequences added to the randomized region of the oligos. The amplified oligos are added to the target again for another round of selection. This process is repeated as desired to observe binding enrichment. 
     Example 2 
     Competitive Assay 
     The process is performed as in Example 1 above, except that a known ligand to the target, such as an antibody, is used to elute the bound oligo species (as opposed to or in addition to the chaotropic agent). In this case, anti-EpCAM antibody from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. was used to elute the aptamers from the target EpCAM. 
     Example 3 
     Screening and Affinity Analysis 
     All aptamers generated from the binding assays described above are sequenced using a high-throughput sequencing platform, such as the Ion Torrent from Life Technologies: 
     Library Preparation—Aptamers were pooled after ligating barcodes and adapter sequences (Life Technologies) according to manufacturer protocols. In brief, equimolar pools of the aptamers were made using the following steps: Analyzed an aliquot of each library with a Bioanalyzer™ instrument and Agilent DNA 1000 Kit or Agilent High Sensitivity Kit, as appropriate for the final library concentration. The molar concentration (nmol/L) of each amplicon library was detetrmined using the commercially available software (Agilent). 
     An equimolar pool of the library was prepared at the highest possible concentration. 
     The combined concentration of the pooled library stock was calculated. 
     The template dilution factor of the library pool was determined using the following equation: 
       Template Dilution Factor=(Library pool concentration [pM])/26 pM). 
     Template Preparation—Using a freshly diluted library, the aptamer pool resulting from binding assays provided above were sequenced using conventional sequencing protocols. High throughput (NextGen) sequencing methods can be used as desired. 
     Twenty aptamers were selected based on direct or competitive assays assessing binding to EpCAM (as described above). 
     Affinity Measurements—These twenty aptamers were then tested for binding affinity using an in vitro binding platform. SPR can be used for this step, e.g., a Biacore SPR machine using the T200 control software, as follows: 
     Dilute the antigen to a concentration of 32 nM. 
     Prepare necessary dilutions for kinetics, starting at 32 nM prepare two-fold dilutions of antigen down to 0.5 nM. 
     The Biacore 200 control software is programmed with the following conditions: Solution: HBS-EP+ Buffer; Number of cycles: 3; Contact time: 120 s; Flow rate: 30 μl/min; Dissociation time: 300 s; Solution: Glycine-HCl pH 2.5; Contact time: 120 s; Flow rate: 20 μl/min; Stabilization period: 0 s. The binding affinities of these aptamers are then measured using the SPR assay above, or an alternate in vitro assay assessing the aptamer for a desired function. 
       FIG. 5  shows the SPR data for aptamer BTX176881 (SEQ ID NO: 3). The figure comprises an association and dissociation graph of 1:1 fitting model of the biotinylated aptamers to EpCAM protein at the indicated concentrations (nM). Table 5 shows the calculated K d  values from the SPR measurements that are illustrated in  FIG. 5 . In addition, Table 5 shows the SPR data and calculated K d  values for BTX187269 (SEQ ID NO: 6) and Aptamer 4 (SEQ ID NO. 1). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Calculated K D  values from SPR measurements 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Immobilized 
                   
                 Conc 
                   
                 K d   
                   
                   
               
               
                 aptamer 
                 Analyte 
                 (nM) 
                 Response 
                 (nM) 
                 Full R 2   
                 Full Chi 2   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 BTX176881 
                 EpCAM 
                 500 
                 0.2434 
                 8.40 
                 0.989322 
                 0.179008 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID 
                 protein 
                 250 
                 0.136 
                 8.40 
                 0.989322 
                 0.179008 
               
               
                 No: 3) 
                   
                 100 
                 0.0776 
                 8.40 
                 0.989322 
                 0.179008 
               
               
                 BTX187269 
                 EpCAM 
                 500 
                 0.2575 
                 7.12 
                 0.990323 
                 0.215697 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID 
                 protein 
                 250 
                 0.1584 
                 7.12 
                 0.990323 
                 0.215697 
               
               
                 NO: 6) 
                   
                 100 
                 0.0551 
                 7.12 
                 0.990323 
                 0.215697 
               
               
                 Aptamer 4 
                 EpCAM 
                 500 
                 0.2742 
                 10.10 
                 0.986276 
                 0.299279 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID 
                 protein 
                 250 
                 0.1618 
                 10.10 
                 0.986276 
                 0.299279 
               
               
                 NO: 1) 
                   
                 100 
                 0.0809 
                 10.10 
                 0.986276 
                 0.299279 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *K d , R 2  and Chi 2  values by Global fitting for single reference method. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     Motif Analysis 
     The process of Example 3 is followed to identity a high affinity aptamer to a target of interest. Once a high affinity aptamer is identified, its sequence is then analyzed using a software program to estimate its two-dimensional folding structure. Well-known sequence alignment programs and algorithms for motif identification can be used to identify sequence motifs and reduce the dimensionality of even large data sets of sequences. Further, software programs such as Vienna and mfold are well-known to those skilled in the art of aptamer selection and can be used to further group sequences based on secondary structure motifs (shared shapes). See  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B  for example structure predictions. Shared secondary structure of course, does not guarantee identical three-dimensional structure. Therefore “wet-lab” validation of aptamers is still useful as no one set of in silico tools has yet been able to fully predict the optimal aptamer among a set of aptamer candidates. 
     Example 5 
     Microvesicle-Based Aptamer Subtraction Assay 
     Circulating microvesicles are isolated from normal plasma (e.g., from individuals without cancer) using one of the following methods: 1) Isolation using the ExoQuick reagent according to manufacturer&#39;s protocol; 2) Ultracentrifugation comprising spin at 50,000 to 150,000g for 1 to 20 hours then resuspending the pellet in PBS; 3) Isolation using the TEXIS reagent from Life Technologies according to manufacturer&#39;s protocol; and 4) filtration methodology. The filtration method is described in more detail as follows: 
     Place syringe and filter (1.2 μm Acrodisc Syringe Filter Versapor Membrane Non-Pyrogenic Ref: 4190, Pall Life Sciences) on open 7 ml 150K MWCO column (Pierce concentrators, 150K MWCO (molecular weight cut off) 7 ml. Part number: 89922). Fill open end of syringe with 5.2 ml of filtered 1× PBS prepared in sterile molecular grade water. 
     Pipette patient plasma (900-1000 μl) into the PBS in the syringe, pipette mix twice 
     Filter the plasma into the 7 ml 150K MWCO column. 
     Centrifuge 7 ml 150K MWCO columns at 2000×g at 20° C. (16° C. to 24° C.) for 1 hour. 
     After 1 hour spin, pour the flow-through into 10% bleach to be discarded. 
     Visually inspect sample volume. If plasma concentrate is above the 8.5 ml graduation on the concentrator tube, continue to spin plasma sample at 10 minute increments at 2000×g at 20° C. (16° C. to 24° C.) checking volume after each spin until plasma concentrate is between 8.0 and 8.5 mls. 
     Pipette mix slowly on the column a minimum of 6 times and adjust pipette to determine plasma concentrate volume. If volume is between 100 μl and Target Volume, transfer plasma concentrate to previously labeled co-polymer 1.5 ml tube. If volume is still greater than Target Volume, repeat the above centrifugation step. 
     Pour ˜45 mls of filtered 1× PBS prepared in sterile molecular grade water into 50 ml conical tube for use in the next step. 
     Add the appropriate amount of filtered 1× PBS to reconstitute the sample to the Target Volume. 
     The microvesicles produced using any of the isolation methods will comprise a mixture of vesicle types and will be various sizes with the possible exception of the ultracentrifugation methods, which may favor isolating exosome size particles. 
     Randomly generated oligonucleotides (produced as described in Example 1 above) are incubated with the isolated normal vesicles in PBS overnight at room temperature or at 4 degrees Celsius. 
     The aptamers that do not bind to these vesicles are isolated by spinning down the vesicles at 50,000 to 150,000×g for 1 to 20 hours and collecting the supernatant. 
     The aptamer oligonucleotides are collected from the supernatant by running the mixture over a column containing streptavidin-coated beads. These aptamers are then added to vesicles isolated from diseased patients (using the same methods as above) and incubated overnight in PBS at room temperature or 4 degrees Celsius. 
     The vesicles are then spun at 50,000 to 150,000×g for 1 to 20 hours and the supernatant is discarded. The vesicles are resuspended in PBS and lysed using SDS or some similar detergent. 
     The aptamers are then captured by running the lysis mixture over a column of streptavidin-coated beads. The isolated aptamers are then subjected to a round of PCR to amplify the products. 
     The process is then repeated for a set number of times, e.g., 5 times. The remaining aptamer pool has been depleted of aptamers that recognize microvesicles found in “normal” plasma. Accordingly, this method can be used to enrich the pool in aptamers that recognize cancer vesicles. See  FIG. 4 . 
     Example 6 
     Detection of Microvesicles Using Anti-EpCAM Aptamers 
     Aptamers can be used as binding agents to detect a biomarker. In this Example, aptamers are used as binding agents to detect EpCAM protein associated with microvesicles. 
       FIGS. 6A-D  illustrate the use of an anti-EpCAM aptamer (Aptamer 4; SEQ ID NO. 1) to detect a microvesicle population in plasma samples. Plasma samples were obtained from three men with prostate cancer and three men without prostate cancer (referred to as controls or normals). Antibodies to the following microvesicle surface protein antigens of interest were conjugated to microbeads (Luminex Corp, Austin, Tex.):  FIG. 6A ) EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor);  FIG. 6B ) PBP (prostatic binding protein; also known as PEBP1 (phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1));  FIG. 6C ) EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule); and  FIG. 6D ) KLK2 (kallikrein-related peptidase 2). Microvesicles in the plasma samples were captured using the bead-conjugated antibodies. Fluorescently labeled Aptamer 4 was used as a detector in the microbead assay.  FIGS. 6A-D  show the average median fluorescence values (MFI values) detected for the bead-captured and Aptamer 4 detected microvesicles. Each plot individually shows the three cancer (C1-C3) and three normal samples (N1-N3). These data show that, on average, the prostate cancer samples have higher levels of microvesicles containing the target proteins than the normals. 
     Example 7 
     Negative and Positive Selection of Aptamers 
     Aptamers can be used in various biological assays, including numerous types of assays which rely on a binding agent. For example, aptamers can be used instead of antibodies in immune-based assays. This Example provides an aptamer screening method that identifies aptamers that do not bind to any surfaces (substrates, tubes, filters, beads, other antigens, etc.) throughout the assay steps and bind specifically to an antigen of interest. The assay relies on negative selection to remove aptamers that bind non-target antigen components of the final assay. The negative selection is followed by positive selection to identify aptamers that bind the desired antigen. 
     Preliminary experiments were done with five DNA aptamer libraries with 10 15  sequences each and variable lengths (60, 65, 70, 75, 80-mers) were pre-amplified and strand separated so that forward strand (non-biotinylated) serves as an aptamer. Multiple rounds of negative selection and positive selection were performed. Before each round, the recovered aptamer products were PCR amplified and strand separated using standard methodology. Selections were performed as follows: 
     Negative Selection 
     1. Prepare bead negative Selection Mix: Incubate 1200 non-magnetic beads with standard blocking agent for 20 min. 
     2. Add 50 μl of aptamer library (5 libraries total) to a PCR strip tube with 4.5 μl of each bead mixture. Incubate for 2 h at 37° C. with agitation at 550 rpm. 
     3. Pre-wet filter plate (1.2 μm, Millipore) with PBS-BN buffer. Add 150 μl PBS-BN. 
     4. Transfer samples from the PCR strip tubes to the filter plate, incubate for 1 h at room temperature with agitation at 550 rpm. 
     5. Collect flow-through from filter plate into a collection (NBS) plate using a vacuum manifold. 
     6. Concentrate and clean samples to remove excess materials as desired. 
     The negative selection process is repeated up to 6-7 times. 
     Positive Selection 
     Before starting, conjugate the protein biomarkers of interest (here, SSX4, SSX2, PBP, KLK2, SPDEF) to desired non-magnetic microbeads using conditions known in the art. The recombinant purified starting material included: SPDEF recombinant protein from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, Colo., USA), catalog number H00025803-P01; KLK2 recombinant protein from Novus, catalog number H00003817-P02; SSX2 recombinant protein from Novus, catalog number H00006757-P01; PBP recombinant protein from Fitzgerald Industries International (Action, Mass., USA), catalog number 30R-1382; SSX4 recombinant protein from GenWay Biotech, Inc. (San Diego, Calif., USA), catalog number GWB-E219AC. 
     1. Bead blocking: Incubate a desired number of each bead (8400×number of aptamer libraries (5) x an overage factor of (1.2)) with a starting block for 20 min. 
     2. Mix 50 μl of each aptamer library sample to PCR strip tubes add 2.3 μl of bead sample with particular antigen. Incubate for 2 h at 37° C. with agitation at 550 rpm. 
     3. Pre-wet filter plate (1.2 μm, Millipore) with PBS-BN buffer. Add 150 μl PBS-BN. 
     4. Transfer samples from the PCR strip tubes to the filter plate, incubate for 1 h at room temperature with agitation at 550 rpm. 
     5. Wash 3× with PBS-BN, add 50 μl of PBS and collect samples from the top of the filter to the 1.5 ml tubes. 
     The positive selection is repeated up to 16 times. Certain rounds of positive selection have additional steps to treat the recovered RNA (i.e., remaining aptamer candidates) as follows: 
     Round 8 of Positive Selection was Modified as Follows: 
     1. After the third wash (PBS-BN) 25 μl of sample were collected from the top of the filter into 1.5 ml tubes. 
     2. The filter plate was incubated at 45° C. for ˜10 min and washed immediately using vacuum. The plate was washed three more times with PBS-BN. 
     3. 50 μl of PBS were added to the plate and step 2 was repeated. 
     4. After the last wash, 25 μl of PBS was added to the wells. The samples were mixed well and collected from the top of the filter into 1.5 ml tubes. 
     Round 9 of positive selection was modified as follows: 
     1. After the final wash in step 5), 5 mg/ml Streptavidin-PE was added to the aptamer mixture and incubated for 30 min at room temperature with agitation at 550 rpm. 
     2. Samples on filter plate were washed 3× with PBS-BN (+additional 500 mM NaCl). 
     3. One additional wash with regular PBS-BN was performed. 
     4. 50 μl of PBS was added to the samples followed by collection as above into 1.5 ml tubes. 
     5. Samples stored at −20° C. 
     Round 14 of Positive Selection was Modified as Follows: 
     Before start this round, the antigens of interest (SSX4, SSX2, PBP, KLK2, SPDEF) were conjugated to carboxylated magnetic beads using methods known in the art. 
     1. Bead blocking: take desired number of each non-magnetic bead (3000× number of aptamer libraries (5) x an overage factor of 1.2), add starting block (3:1, blocking per 1200 beads), make 5 mixes of 4 antigens and supplement each with different target antigen conjugated to magnetic beads (see Table 6 below, wherein the antigens are conjugated to non-magnetic beads except as indicated), incubate 20 min. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Bead blocking mixtures 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Blocking 
                   
                 Magnetic bead 
               
               
                 Mix 
                 Non-magnetic bead antigens 
                 antigens 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 SSX4 + PBP + KLK2 + SPDEF 
                 SSX2 
               
               
                 2 
                 SSX2 + PBP + KLK2 + SPDEF 
                 SSX4 
               
               
                 3 
                 SSX2 + SSX4 + KLK2 + SPDEF 
                 PBP 
               
               
                 4 
                 SSX2 + SSX4 + PBP + SPDEF 
                 KLK2 
               
               
                 5 
                 SSX2 + SSX4 + PBP + KLK2 
                 SPDEF 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     2. Add 50 μl of aptamer libraries to PCR strip tubes, add bead mixtures with target antigen on magnetic beads to the tubes with pre-selected corresponding aptamer library and incubate for 2 h at 37° C. with agitation at 550 rpm. 
     3. Pre-wet filter plate with PBS-BN buffer, add 150 μl PBS-BN. 
     4. Transfer samples from PCR strip tubes to filter plate, incubate 1 h room temperature with agitation at 550 rpm. 
     5. After last (standard) wash, add 5 μg/ml Streptavidin-PE, incubate for 30 min room temperature with agitation at 550 rpm; 
     6. Wash 3× with PBS-BN (+ additional 500 mM NaCl). 
     7. Perform one additional wash with regular PBS-BN. 
     8. 50 μl of PBS was added to the samples followed by collection as above into 1.5 ml tubes. 
     9. Remove the magnetic beads using a magnetic stand, and replace with fresh PBS buffer. 
     10. Samples stored at −20° C. for subsequent DNA extraction and strand separation. 
     Optional steps implemented in the later round of positive selection are intended to increase stringency of aptamer binding (e.g., increased heat or salt concentration). 
     Example 8 
     Discovery and Characterization of Anti-EpCAM Aptamers 
     In this Example, an aptamer to EpCAM identified using the technique in the Example above is characterized. After selection for a pool of EpCAM binding aptamers as described above, the aptamer library was sequenced using the Ion Torrent standard protocol (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Lead candidates were selected as those having (a) high abundant motifs across all read sequences with full expected length product and (b) strong secondary structure ( FIG. 7B ). 
     Aptamers wre selected for EPCAM protein conjugated to MicroPlex beads in competition with SSX4, SSX2, PBP, KLK2, and SPDEF recombinant proteins. A portion of the aptamers was selected in initial rounds against EpCAM that was attached to an Fc tag, and after round 8 the selection was switched to EPCAM with a Histidine tag. Another portion of the aptamers was selected in initial rounds against EpCAM that was attached to a Histidine tag, and after round 8 the selection was switched to EPCAM with an Fc tag. Methods of using Fc and histidine tags for protein purification and capture are known to those of skill in the art. 
     Aptamer Characterization 
     CAR003 is an aptamer candidate identified using the above methodology. As an RNA aptamer, CAR003 with alternate tail sequence has the following RNA sequence (SEQ ID NO. 5): 
     5′-auccagagug acgcagcagu cuuuucugau ggacacgugg uggucuagua ucacuaagcc accgugucca-3′ 
     CAR003 was further characterized. EpCAM aptamer CAR003 is modified as desired by attachment of a biotin moiety on the 5′end or 3′ end. The biotin can be used to bind the aptamer using a streptavidin-biotin system, e.g., for labeling, capture and/or anchoring.  FIG. 7B  illustrates the optimal secondary structure of CAR003 with a minimum free energy (AG) of −30.00 kcal/mol. For purposes of illustration, the aptamer is shown as an RNA aptamer (SEQ ID NO. 5) corresponding to the CAR003 DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO. 4). 
     Synthesis and purification. The selected CAR003 aptamer was re-synthesized using AKTA OligoPilot 100 Synthesizer (GE Healthcare Life Sciences Corp., Piscataway, N.J.) with a 3′Biotin and final detritylation. The product was purified with anion exchange chromatography by FPLC. Several fractions after FPLC were combined as shown as the indicated Pools 1-3 in  FIG. 7C . The figure comprises an FPLC chromatogram with all product and fractions assigned in pools after checking quality on gel.  FIG. 7D  illustrates a SYBR GOLD stained gel with different FPLC fractions of CAR003 aptamer after synthesis. Different fractions were combined in pools based on amount of unfinished chains in order high to low (pool 1-pool 3). The pools 1-3 correspond to those indicated in  FIG. 7C . 
     CAR003 aptamer characterization. Purified CAR003 aptamer was tested for binding to recombinant EPCAM protein with a polyhistidine tag (“His tagged”) using the following internally developed assay. Anti-His tag conjugated beads were mixed with EPCAM-His tagged protein. The aptamer to be tested was labeled with streptavidin-phycoerythrin (SA-PE). The EpCAM-beads and SA-PE labeled aptamers were mixed. Binding was determined as median flourescent value in a bead assay as described herein. MFI values ( FIG. 7E-F ) increase with increased binding of the SA-PE labeled aptamer to the recombinant EpCAM.  FIG. 7E-F  illustrate binding of CAR003 to EPCAM protein in 25 mM HEPES with PBS-BN (PBS, 1% BSA, 0.05% Azide, pH 7.4) ( FIG. 7E ) or in 25 mM HEPES with 1 mM MgCl 2  ( FIG. 7F ). EPCAM aptamer Aptamer 4 (see above) was used for comparison. As shown in the figures, CAR003 pool 3 more efficiently binds its target in the presence of MgCl 2  ( FIG. 7F ) than in the presence of BSA ( FIG. 7E ). 
     To understand its performance further, CAR003 binding was tested in the presence of both BSA and MgCl 2  in various buffers.  FIG. 7G  illustrates CAR003 binding to EpCAM in the indicated salts with and without addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Again, CAR003 binding to EpCAM is more efficient when BSA is not present. Additionally, 150 mM NaCl was tested but did not appear to improve CAR003 performance over MgCl 2 . 
     Another factor which might influence performance of aptamer is denaturing with different salt compositions.  FIG. 7H  illustrates the effect of denaturing on CAR003 binding to EPCAM protein. As seen from the chart, denaturing of the aptamer has a postive effect on CAR003 binding to EpCAM similar as the effect on CAR003 from MgCl 2 . However, denaturing in the presence of MgCl 2 may not synergistically improve binding of CAR003 to EpCAM. Interestingly, CAR003 appeared more stable compared to control Aptamer 4 in the conditions tested. 
     CAR003 affinity to EpCAM in the bead assay environment was assessed in the same assay as above with aptamer titrated across a constant input of antigen.  FIG. 7I  illustrates titration of aptamers against EPCAM recombinant protein (constant input 5 μg). Under the conditions tested, Aptamer 4 had a higher affinity to EPCAM protein compared to CAR003 as suggested from saturation level starting at 5 μg of aptamer input. 
     In order to evaluate specificity of CAR003, it was tested using Western Blot against EPCAM recombinant protein, and controls comprising bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA).  FIG. 7J  illustrates a Western blot with CAR003 aptamer versus EPCAM his-tagged protein, BSA, and HSA (5 μg each). The gel was blocked 0.5% F127 and probed with ˜50 μg/ml CAR003 biotinylated aptamer, fraction 3. The blot was visualized with NeutrAvidin-HRP followed by SuperSignal West Femto Chemiluminescent Substrate. The Western blot probed with CAR003 aptamer showed a clear preference of the aptamer to EPCAM protein over the albumins. 
     CAR003 test with plasma samples. Plasma samples from five prostate cancer and five normal subjects were tested with CAR003 to detect microvesicles using bead-conjugated proteins to capture the microvesicles and SA-PE labeled aptamer to detect the vesicles. SA-PE labeled Aptamer 4 detector was used as control. Fold changes of Cancer over Normal are shown in Table 7. The fold changes are shown without normalization (“Raw”) or with normalization to a negative control. The vesicles were captured with bead conjugated antibodies to SSX4, PBP, SPDEF, EPCAM, KLK2 and SSX2 as indicated. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CAR003 to detect microvesicles 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SSX4 
                 PBP 
                 SPDEF 
                 EPCAM 
                 KLK2 
                 SSX2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Raw 
                 Standard protocol 
                 0.87 
                 0.39 
                 0.71 
                 0.63 
                 0.93 
                 0.87 
               
               
                   
                 Incubation in 
                 0.77 
                 0.39 
                 0.69 
                 0.6 
                 0.91 
                 0.81 
               
               
                   
                 presence of 1 mM 
               
               
                   
                 MgCl2 and absence 
               
               
                   
                 of PBS-BN 
               
               
                   
                 Aptamer 4 control 
                 0.78 
                 0.67 
                 0.81 
                 0.72 
                 1.19 
                 0.79 
               
               
                   
                 (standard protocol) 
               
               
                 Normalized 
                 Standard protocol 
                 1.49 
                 0.84 
                 1.13 
                 1.17 
                 1.5 
                 1.38 
               
               
                 to 
                 Incubation in 
                 1.27 
                 0.83 
                 1.08 
                 1.1 
                 1.46 
                 1.29 
               
               
                 Negative 
                 presence of 1 mM 
               
               
                 control 
                 MgCl2 and absence 
               
               
                   
                 of PBS-BN 
               
               
                   
                 Aptamer 4 control 
                 1.18 
                 0.96 
                 1.11 
                 1.04 
                 1.82 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
                 (standard protocol) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Under the conditions tested, the samples detected with CAR003 had lower MFI values as compared to detection with Aptamer 4, whereas CAR003 had a better signal-to-noise ratio and showed better separation between cancer and normal samples with SSX4, SPDEF, EPCAM and SSX2 capturing markers. 
     Control Aptamer 
     The characteristics of the aptamers (size, stability, binding affinity and specificity, etc) can be compared against control aptamers specific to EpCAM or other targets. For example, the aptamers are compared to the anti-VEGF aptamer 5′ biotin-CA ATT GGG CCC GTC CGT ATG GTG GGT (SEQ ID NO. 7) as described in Kaur and Yung, 2012. 
     REFERENCES 
     1. Müller, J., et al. “Selection of high affinity DNA-aptamer for activated protein C using capillary electrophoresis.”  Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences  7.5 (2012.): S987. 
     2. Cerchia, L., and V. de Franciscis. “Nucleic Acid Aptamers Against Protein Kinases.”  Current medicinal chemistry  18.27 (2011): 4152-4158. 
     3. Wu, Jie, et al. “Identification, Characterization and Application of a G-Quadruplex Structured DNA Aptamer against Cancer Biomarker Protein Anterior Gradient Homolog 2. ” PloS ONE  7.9 (2012): e46393 
     4. Mitkevich, Olga V., et al. “DNA aptamers detecting generic amyloid epitopes.”  Prion  6.4 (2012): 400-406. 
     5. Kaur H, Yung L-Y L (2012) Probing High Affinity Sequences of DNA Aptamer against VEGF 165 . PLoS ONE 7(2): e31196, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031196. 
     Example 9 
     Aptamer Target Identification 
     In this Example, aptamers conjugated to microspheres are used to assist in determining the target of two aptamers identified by library screening methods as described above. The general approach is shown in  FIG. 9 . The approach is used to verify the targets of CAR003, an aptamer identified by library screening to recognize EpCAM. See decription above for CAR003. In this approach, the sequence of CAR003 is randomly rearranged before linkage to the microspheres. The microspheres are used as controls to bind to targets that are similar but not identical to the intended target molecule. 
     The protocol used is as follows: 
     1) The candidate aptamers (here, CAR003) and negative control aptamers (here, randomly arranged CAR003) are synthesized with modifications to allow capture (here, the aptamers are biotinylated) and crosslinking (here, using the Sulfo-SBED Biotin Label Transfer Reagent and Kit, Catalog Number 33073 from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rockford, Ill., to allow photocrosslinking). 
     2) Each of the aptamers is individually mixed with microvesicles having the target of interest (here, BrCa cell line microvesicles). 
     3) After incubation to allow the aptamers to bind target, ultraviolet light is applied to the mixtures to trigger crosslinking of the aptamers with the microvesicle targets. 
     4) The microvesicles are lysed, thereby releasing the crosslinked aptamer-target complex into solution. 
     5) The crosslinked aptamer-target complexes are captured from solution using a streptavidin coated substrate. 
     6) The crosslinked aptamer-target complexes for each aptamer are run individually on SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The captured protein targets are visualized with Coomasie Blue staining. 
     7) The crosslinking and binding steps may be promiscuous so that multiple bands including the intended target but also random proteins will appear on each of the gels. The intended target will be found in a band that appears on the gel with the candidate aptamer (here, CAR003) but not the related negative control aptamers (here, randomly arranged CAR003). The bands corresponding to the target are excised from the gel. 
     8) Mass spectrometry (MS) is used to identify the aptamer target from the excised bands. 
     Example 10 
     Aptamers to Breast Cancer (BrCa) Derived Microvesicles 
     In this Example, an aptamer library is screened to identify aptamers that distinguish between microvesicles circulating in the blood of breast cancer patients and microvesicles circulating in the blood of healthy, control individuals (i.e., without breast cancer). 
     Microvesicles were isolated from plasma of a pool of 60 breast cancer patients (BrCa+). Microvesicles were also isolated from pool of 60 non-cancer samples (BrCa−). Microvesicles were isolated from the plasma using ultracentrifugation (120,000×g). Microvesicles were in the pellet from the ultracentrifugation. The supernatant from the ultracentrifugation was saved to use as a control. The microvesicles from both sample types were conjugated to MagPlex beads (Luminex Corp, Austin Tex.). Optionally, the isolated microvesicles are incubated with anti-HSA/IgG/Fibrinogen beads to remove these highly abundant blood proteins. However, the conjugation step can be optimized to favor conjugation of the microvesicles such that removal of highly abundant proteins may be less of an issue. 
     The aptamer library used consisted of a 2′F SUL1 RNA aptamer library. The sequence is 5′-GGGAGGACGAUGCGG-N40-CAGACGACUCGCUGAGGAUCCGAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 8). The aptamer library consists of three sections: Forward primer—15 nucleotides, variable region—40 nucleotides; reverse primer—25 nucleotides. All pyrimidines (C and U) were 2′Fluoro modified. 
     The aptamer library was incubated with either the cancer or control microvesicle-conjugated beads. Thirteen rounds of positive selection for aptamers that bind the microvesicles were performed in parallel for both types of samples. See Example 11 below for detailed protocol of the positive selection steps. Negative selection was not performed. 
     The aptamers that were retained from the above positive selection were sequenced using Next Generation sequencing technology consisting of Ion Torrent NGS (Life Technologies, Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.). The MiSeq system may be used also (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). The sequences are compared to identify aptamers that are found in the cancer samples and not the control samples, and vice versa. Such aptamers provide candidates that can be used to distinguish between BrCa and non-BrCa samples. 
     A number of representative sequences obtained from these procedures are shown in Table 8. The sequences in the table were identified in the aptamer pools from selection against BrCa microvesicles but were not in the aptamer pools selected against non-cancer samples. In Table 8, the sequences are shown 5′ to 3′ from left to right, wherein each complete sequence consists of a 5′ leader sequence 5′-GGGAGGACGAUGCGG (SEQ ID NO. 9) followed by the indicated Variable Sequence followed by the 3′ tail sequence 5′-CAGACGACUCGCUGAGGAUCCGAGA (SEQ ID NO. 10). Each sequence is derived from a library having a leader and tail (see description above) with a variable sequence between. It is understood that the nucleotide sequences that are disclosed in Table 8 can also be modified to the extent that resulting modifications result in an aptamer having about 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 99 percent homology to the disclosed sequence and retain the functionality of binding to microvesicle antigens or functional fragments thereof. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 BrCa microvesicle aptamer candidate sequences 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ID 
                   
               
               
                 ID 
                 NO. 
                 Variable Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BRCA_APT1_RNA 
                 11 
                 CGCGUCUUCCCCGCAUUGCCGCAAUUGCCAUACAUUAAUA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BRCA_APT2_RNA 
                 13 
                 GUCCGGAACGCCUCGAUCCUCGCAUAAUAUGAUACGUCUG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BRCA_APT3_RNA 
                 15 
                 GUCCAUGGUACGCCUCGAUUCCGCCCAUACAUGCAUGUAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BRCA_APT4_RNA 
                 17 
                 CACUAUCCGUUUGUCCGUCCUCUUGUGGUAUUGCGCAUGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BRCA_APT5_RNA 
                 19 
                 UCUUCCAUCUGGUCGCGAUACAGAAUACGAUUAACAUAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BRCA_APT6_RNA 
                 21 
                 GAUCACGCUGCCCUUUGUUUAAGGCCUUUAUACAAACGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BRCA_APT7_RNA 
                 23 
                 UAUUCGCCAGUCACAUCAACUAUGAUGACGCUUGACUGGA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Each sequence in Table 8 is synthesized in two variants for further investigation: 5′ biotinylated and 3′ biotinylated. This provides aptamer variants that can be captured at the 5′ end or the 3′ end as desired. The aptamers are further synthesized with each pyrimidine (C and U) 2′Fluoro modified. 
     The DNA sequence corresponding to each RNA sequence in Table 8 is provided in the sequence listing, where the DNA sequence directly follows its corresponding RNA sequence. For example SEQ ID NO. 12 is the DNA sequence corresponding to RNA sequence SEQ ID NO. 11, etc. The DNA forms of the aptamers are synthesized for further characterization as well. 
     The aptamers above were identified using positive selection for aptamers which recognize BrCa and non-BrCa microvesicles conjugated to microspheres. 
     Example 11 
     Aptamer Library Selection Protocol 
     This Example provides the protocol for SUL1 RNA library selection performed in the Example above. The protocol can be followed for other aptamer libraries and sample input as desired. 
     Preparation 
     The working space is cleaned with 80% EtOH before working. 
     Beads are MagPlex beads (Luminex Corp., Austin, Tex.). Other beads can be substituted as desired. 
     Buffers/Reagents to Prepare: 
     MilliQ water 
     100 mM MgCl 2    
     5× Transcription Buffer (200 mM Tris pH 7.9) 
     1× PBS 
     1× PBS with 3 mM MgCl 2    
     10× PBS 
     Selection buffer (1× PBS with 0.1% BSA and 3 mM MgCl 2 ) 
     Before starting with selection, remove the bead storage buffer, and wash beads with 1× PBS w/3 mM MgCl 2  1 times (200 uL total in all 4 tubes). 200,000 beads per selection are used. 
     Binding 2′F SUL1 RNA Pool to Microvesicle Coated Magnetic Beads 
     Abbreviations: TK—Transcription; NTC—No template control. 
     Steps:
         1. 1 st  Round: Mix 1 nmol purified 2′F SUL1 RNA with 20 μl of resuspended beads (conjugated with microvesicle). 10 uL of 10× PBS+1% BSA, 3 μl 100 mM MgCl 2 , and 47 uL H 2 O. This gives a final concentration of 1× PBS, 0.1% BSA, 3 mM MgCl 2 .
           1.1 The addition of MgCl 2 in this step gives a concentration of 3 mM MgCl 2 . This is the binding concentration for the entire process.   1.2 Following Rounds: Mix 20 μl of transcription product (15 mM MgCl 2  inside) with 20 μl of washed microvesicle coated beads, plus 9 uL 10× PBS with 1% BSA, 51 uL H 2 O. No additional MgCl 2  is needed because the MgCl 2 in the diluted transcription product (TK) provides a final concentration of 3 mM MgCl 2 .   
           2. Incubate for 30 min at 37° C., shake at 1000 rpm, and pipet mix every 10 minutes.   3. Wash the beads:
           3.1 One washing cycle comprises:
               3.1.1 Remove the beads from the magnet   3.1.2 Resuspend beads in 100 μl 1× PBS+3 mM MgCl 2  off the magnet.   3.1.3 Incubate sample for 30 seconds off of the magnet.   3.1.4 Place the sample back onto the magnet, and wait until the beads are on the side.   3.1.5 Remove and discard the supernatant.   3.1.6 Resuspend in 100 μl 1× PBS+3 mM MgCl 2 +0.1% BSA off of the magnet.   3.1.7 Incubate sample for 3 minutes off of the magnet.   3.1.8 Place the sample back onto the magnet, and wait until the beads are on the side.   3.1.9 Remove and discard the supernatant   
               3.2 1 st  Round: Place bead mixture on a magnet and remove the supernatant. Wash once with 100 μl 1× PBS+3 mM MgCl 2 +0.1% BSA (by pipette mixing the beads), and discard buffer.   3.3 Following Rounds: Increase the washing steps every second round by one more washing step up to 3 washing steps.   
           4. Add 55 μl MilliQ water to the bead sample.   5. Elute the RNA by incubating the bead sample for 5 min at 80° C.
           5.1 Check if there is 50 μl, if not spin the sample down to spin down the condensed water off the top.   5.2 Transfer the supernatant to a new vial. Work quickly to avoid the strands rebinding the beads.
               5.2.1 Use 50 μl eluate for the following RT-PCR and store the rest at −20° C.   
               
               

     RT-PCR of Recovered Aptamer Candidates 
     Tips 
     The rest of the RT-PCR sample and the TK-PCR sample is stored at −20° C. 
     RNA can be stored at 4° C. for ˜1 h 
     RT-PCR product can be stored overnight at 4° C. 
     Proceed to the next selection cycle for optimal RNA quality immediately after transcription. 
     Avoid vortexing RNA 
     Mix on ice 
     Use 0.5 ml PCR tubes 
     Every RT-PCR should have a no-template control (NTC) with water instead of template 
     Do not freeze-thaw DTT more than one time
         6. Prepare a Master Mix before the first round per Table 9, check it with 0.5 pmol RNA and store aliquots of 48 μl at −20° C. until usage.       

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 RT-PCR master mix 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Volume (μl)/ 
                 Final 
               
               
                   
                 Reagent 
                 reaction 
                 concentration 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5x Colorless GoTaq Flexi 
                 20 
                 1x  
               
               
                   
                 Buffer Promega cat# M890A 
               
               
                   
                 5 x first strand buffer 
                 4 
                 0.2 x 
               
               
                   
                 (Invitrogen) lot# 1300427 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 100 mM DTT 
                 2 
                 2 
                 mM 
               
               
                   
                 100 μM SUL1 F primer 
                 1 
                 1 
                 μM 
               
               
                   
                 100 μM SUL1 R primer 
                 1 
                 1 
                 μM 
               
               
                   
                 100 mM MgCl 2   
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 mM 
               
               
                   
                 25 mM (each) dNTPs 
                 1.2 
                 300 
                 μM 
               
               
                   
                 MilliQ water 
                 17.3 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 48 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             7. Add 50 μl MilliQ water as negative control (NTC) (pipette this first) or 50 μl selection eluate. Pipet mix. 
             8. Incubate at 65° C. for 5 min. 
             9. After cooling to 4° C., add:
           9.1 1 μl Superscript II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, cat#18064) (200 U/μl)   9.2 1 μI GoTaqFlexi DNA polymerase (5 units/μ) Promega cat#M8305.   
         
           
         
       
    
     PCR—Program (SARTPCR) 
     
         
         
           
             a) 10 min 54° C. (This step is only for reverse transcriptase, should more rounds be needed, do not repeat step A.) 
             b) 1 min 95° C. 
             c) 1 min 60° C. 
             d) 1 min 72° C. 
             10. Cycle steps b-d for
           10.1 1 st  round b-d 4 cycles. Run 5 μL PCR products on a 4% agarose gel.
               10.1.1 Subsequent rounds: The amount of RNA is decreased after the first round, leading to an increase in required PCR-cycles. To determine the number of cycles needed each time, check the band intensity from the agarose gel from the previous round of selection. Use that number of cycles to start the next round of RT-PCR. Note: Always check results on an agarose gel.
                   10.1.1.1 Agarose gel results: product band should be seen at the target length. The band intensity should be about the same as the 50 bp ladder band (if not a little less intense). If the band is not intense enough (barely visible), cycle an appropriate amount more and re-check on an agarose gel.   
                   
               
         
           
         
       
    
     Transcription 
     All mixing performed on ice. Prepare transcription Master Mix per Table 10 and store aliquots of 85.7 μl at −20° C. until use.
         11. Verify pH of stock 200 mM Tris pH 7.9 before use. A change in pH over time may cause problems with the transcription.       

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Transcription (TK) Master Mix for SUL1 library 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Volume (μl) for 
                 Volume (μl) for 
                 Final 
               
               
                 Reagent 
                 one reaction 
                 20 reactions 
                 concentration 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5x Transcription buffer 
                 20 
                 400 
                 1x 
               
               
                 (200 mMTris, pH 7.9) 
               
               
                 100 mM DTT 
                 5 
                 100 
                 5 mM 
               
               
                 100 mM ATP 
                 1 
                 20 
                 1 mM 
               
               
                 100 mM GTP 
                 1 
                 20 
                 1 mM 
               
               
                 100 mM 2′ F-dUTP 
                 3 
                 60 
                 3 mM 
               
               
                 100 mM 2′ F-dCTP 
                 3 
                 60 
                 3 mM 
               
               
                 100 mM MgCl 2   
                 15 
                 300 
                 15 mM   
               
               
                 MilliQ water 
                 37 
                 740 
               
               
                 Total volume 
                 85 
                 1700 μl 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             12. Add 10 μl RT-PCR product to the mastermix. 
             13. Add 1 μl RNasin (40 units/μ)
           13.1 Promega Recombinant RNasin Ribonuclease Inhibitor cat#N2515/N2511   
         
             14. Add 4 μl T7 Y639F mutant polymerase (25U/μl use: 100U total per reaction) 
             15. Perform the reaction for 30 min at 37° C. 
             16. Use the transcription-product directly for the next selection round. If the next step is not feasible, freeze transcription product at −20 C. 
           
         
       
    
     Subsequent Rounds 
     Repeat the bead incubation, the RT-PCR and transcription as often as needed. Try to have similar band intensity of the RT-PCR product for the sample in all rounds as noted above. 
     Binding Assay 
     A binding assay is performed after desired rounds of selection to determine to assess non-specific binding of cancer selected aptamers to control beads (conjugated to supernatant from plasma ultracentrifugation, see above) and likewise for non-cancer control samples. Binding assays can also be performed to assess binding of selected aptamers against the intended target microvesicles. 
     Cherenkov protocol: Performed using  32 P radioactively labeled aptamer library. 
     Final concentration of selection buffer: 1× PBS+1 mM MgCl 2 +0.01% BSA pH 7.4 
     Wash buffer: 1× PBS+3 mM MgCl 2  pH 7.4
         1. Remove microvesicle samples from −80° C. freezer and thaw.   2. Place beads on magnet (200,000 per sample experiment), remove bead storage buffer.   3. Wash 1×200 μL for 1 minute each with 1× PBS, 3 mM MgCl 2  buffer. Pool beads to make 200,000 in one tube.   4. Resuspend beads in 70 μL of the selection buffer. (10 μl of 10× PBS, 1% BSA+3 μL 100 mM MgCl 2 +57 μL H 2 O per sample).   5. Add 30 μL radioactively labeled RNA aptamer library to their respective sample.   6. Incubate shaking at 1000 rpm at 37° C. for 30 min.   7. Place samples on a magnet.   8. Remove and save supernatant.   9. Wash beads with 200 μL wash buffer 1× PBS 3 mM MgC1 2  pH 7.4, incubating off the magnet for 3 minute.   10. Place samples on the magnet, remove and save wash solution.   11. Repeat steps 9, 10.   12. Add 100 μL water to the sample, pipette mix.   13. Heat at 80° C. for 5 minutes.   14. Place samples on a magnet, remove supernatant, and save.   15. Resuspend beads in 100 μL water.   16. Measure radioactivity of every fraction using scintillation counter.   17. Analyze amount of background binding present.       

     Negative Selection 
     As desired, a negative selection step is added prior to incubating the aptamer library with the beads conjugated to the target microvesicles (i.e., procedure “Binding 2′F SUL1 RNA pool to microvesicle coated magnetic beads” above). The negative selection can be performed using beads conjugated to the supernatant or the input samples (e.g., plasma) after microvesicles are filtered or sedimented from the sample (referred to as “no microvesicle coated beads,” “microvesicle depleted samples,” or similar). The steps are: 
     1) Start with aptamer library product from the desired round after transcription as described above. Wash the beads before start: remove storage buffer, wash beads with 200 μL wash buffer, then replace buffer as stated below: 
     2) Negative selection step: Add and pipet mix 20 μl of transcription product (15 mM MgCl 2 ) with freshly washed ‘no microvesicle’ coated beads with 10 μL 10× PBS with 1% BSA, 70 μL H 2 O. No additional MgCl 2  is needed because the MgCl 2  in the diluted transcription product (TK) provides a final concentration of 3 mM MgCl 2 . 
     3) Incubate for 30 min at 37° C., shake at 1000 rpm. 
     4) Remove supernatant and add it to the positive selection beads (directly), which are washed microvesicle coated beads. 
     Continue with positive selection incubation. See Binding 2′F SUL1 RNA pool to microvesicle coated magnetic beads above, starting at step 2. Additional steps through transcription are as detailed above. 
     Example 12 
     Additional Aptamers to Breast Cancer (BrCa) Derived Microvesicles 
     In this Example, an aptamer library is screened to identify aptamers that distinguish between microvesicles circulating in the blood of breast cancer patients and microvesicles circulating in the blood of healthy, control individuals (i.e., without breast cancer). The procedure used the same samples and aptamer library as in Example 10 above. The procedure in this Example differs in that negative selection was performed before each positive selection starting after the third round of positive selection. 
     Negative selection serves to remove aptamers that bind soluble/abundant/non-informative and common proteins for cancer and non-cancer proteins. Negative selection include performing negative selection on the aptamer candidates selected against BrCa+ microvesicles as follows: (i) using microbeads conjugated to the supernatant from the BrCa+ plasma ultracentrifugation step (which should not contain microvesicles); (ii) using microbeads conjugated to the supernatant from the BrCa− plasma ultracentrifugation step (which should not contain microvesicles); (iii) using microbeads conjugated to BrCa− microvesicles. Negative selection can also be performed on the aptamer candidates selected against BrCa− microvesicles as follows: (i) using microbeads conjugated to the supernatant from the BrCa+ plasma ultracentrifugation step (which should not contain microvesicles); (ii) using microbeads conjugated to the supernatant from the BrCa− plasma ultracentrifugation step (which should not contain microvesicles); (iii) using microbeads conjugated to BrCa+ microvesicles. Negative selection rounds are performed between rounds of positive selection as described herein. 
     Microvesicles were isolated from plasma of a pool of 60 breast cancer patients (BrCa+). Microvesicles were also isolated from pool of 60 non-cancer samples (BrCa−). Microvesicles were isolated from the plasma using ultracentrifugation (120,000×g). Microvesicles were in the pellet from the ultracentrifugation. The supernatant from the ultracentrifugation was saved to use as a control. The microvesicles from both sample types were conjugated to MagPlex beads (Luminex Corp, Austin Tex.). 
     The aptamer library used consisted of a 2′F SUL1 RNA aptamer library. The sequence is 5′-GGGAGGACGAUGCGG-N40-CAGACGACUCGCUGAGGAUCCGAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO. 8). The aptamer library consists of three sections: Forward primer—15 nucleotides, variable region—40 nucleotides; reverse primer—25 nucleotides. All pyrimidines (C and U) were 2′Fluoro modified. 
     The aptamer library was incubated with either the cancer or control microvesicle-conjugated beads. Nine rounds of positive selection for aptamers that bind the microvesicles were performed in parallel for both types of samples. Negative selection against beads conjugated to the input plasma supernatant after ultracentrifugation before positive selection in rounds 4-9. See Example 11 above for detailed protocol of the positive selection and negative selection steps. 
     The aptamers that were retained from the above positive selection were sequenced using Next Generation sequencing technology consisting of Ion Torrent NGS (Life Technologies, Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.). The MiSeq system may be used also (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). The sequences are compared to identify aptamers that are found in the cancer samples and not the control samples, and vice versa. Such aptamers provide candidates that can be used to distinguish between BrCa and non-BrCa samples. 
     The sequencing data was analyzed according to the following procedure: 
     Step 1: Sequences were ranked according to frequencies in entire aptamer pool recovered in round 9 after negative selection against beads conjugated to microvesicle-depleted cancer plasma followed by positive selection against beads conjugated to cancer microvesicles. 
     Step 2: Fold changes were calculated between noted sample in Step 1 and: (i) same sample after additional negative selection against microvesicle depleted cancer plasma; (ii) same sample after additional negative selection against non-cancer microvesicles; (iii) same sample after additional negative selection against microvesicles depleted non-cancer plasma. 
     Step 3: Sequences were ranked based on fold changes calculated in Step 2 to identify sequences which are abundant or deficient in aptamer pool selected for breast cancer derived microvesicles. 
     Step 4: Possible mutant sequences (e.g., due to PCR or other errors) were removed based on results of consolidation analysis. 
     Step 5: Sequences were identified with fold changes greater than 3 and minimum frequency 50 in all three variants (i, ii and iii in step 2). 
     The same selection schemes as in steps 1-5 were performed for aptamers selected against beads conjugated to non-cancer microvesicles. 
     A number of representative sequences obtained from these procedures are shown in Table 11. The sequences in the table were identified in the aptamer pools from selection against BrCa microvesicles but were not in the aptamer pools selected against non-cancer samples. In Table 11, the sequences are shown 5′ to 3′ from left to right, wherein each complete sequence consists of a 5′ leader sequence 5′-GGGAGGACGAUGCGG (SEQ ID NO. 9) followed by the indicated Variable Sequence followed by the 3′ tail sequence 5′-CAGACGACUCGCUGAGGAUCCGAGA (SEQ ID NO. 10). Each sequence is derived from a library having a leader and tail (see description above) with a variable sequence between. It is understood that the nucleotide sequences that are disclosed in Table 11 can also be modified to the extent that resulting modifications result in an aptamer having about 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 99 percent homology to the disclosed sequence and retain the functionality of binding to microvesicle antigens or functional fragments thereof. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 BrCa microvesicle aptamer candidate sequences 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 ID 
                 SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                 (FIG.) 
                 NO. 
                 Variable Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE8 
                 25 
                 UACCGCCUCAUCAUCGGACACGACGUGUAUCAGUUGGCUG 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Ai) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE9 
                 26 
                 GUUCUCGCCUCUGUCCUCAUGGUUCGAACCGGUAUGCAUG 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Aii) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE10 
                 27 
                 GCGGUUUCUUCUCCUGACUACAUGAGAUUAAUAAACGCGC 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Aiii) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE11 
                 28 
                 CCGCCUCGAACACUGACGUCGUGGAACCUUCGAUUGCUAG 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Aiv) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE12 
                 29 
                 AAUCACAGUAAUUCUGCCCCUCUGAUGAAACCGGUUACUU 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Av) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE13 
                 30 
                 CUUAGUGAUUUCGCCGCCCCUCUGUUUAGUGGCCAUUGGA 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Avi) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE14 
                 31 
                 ACACUAUUCCGGUAAGUCAUCGUUUAACCGUUUGUUGCAA 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Avii) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE15 
                 32 
                 UGCGCAACGCCUUGAUUCACUCCUACAGUGUGUCUAUAGA 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Aviii) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE16 
                 33 
                 AAUGUUAAGCUUACAUACGCCUGGGUCACUCUUUGUUCUG 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Aix) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE17 
                 34 
                 GUAAAUAUUCACGUUGAAUCGCCUUGCUCCUCUUAGUCUG 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Bi) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE18 
                 35 
                 CCGCCUCGGAUCGUUCCCAAUGGUGGUACCCCUAUUAAUG 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Bii) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE19 
                 36 
                 UGUAGAUCGUUCUUAUCCGCCUCGGUCUUCCCCAGGUUAA 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Biii) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE20 
                 37 
                 AUCGUCGGGCCCCUUUUAUGAAACUUACAUGAAAGCGCAC 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Biv) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE21 
                 38 
                 UAAGAGUGCACAGUACUGCCUCGAUCCUCCAUGGCUUAAG 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Bv) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE22 
                 39 
                 GAAUUAGUACUGACGGCCGCCUUGAUCCUCCGUUAGUCUG 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Bvi) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE23 
                 40 
                 GCCCGCCUCCGAAGCCCUCCUAAGUGCACUUUAAACCGCG 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Bvii) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE24 
                 41 
                 CCGCCUGGGAUCACUCUCUACGCGUAUAAAUGCUCUGUCA 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Bviii) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE25 
                 42 
                 AGUCUGACCCUGUUAUGGACUACCAUAUCAGAAAGGUACU 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Bix) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE26 
                 43 
                 GGUGAUCCUCCCCCCCGCCUCGAAGAUUUGUGCACAUAUC 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Ci) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BCE27 
                 44 
                 GCUACCAUCGUCUAGUGAGUCACCCUUAGUUCAUCAAGGC 
               
               
                 (FIG. 10Cii) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Each sequence in Table 11 is synthesized in two variants for further investigation: 5′ biotinylated and 3′ biotinylated. This provides aptamer variants that can be captured at the 5′ end or the 3′ end as desired. The aptamers are further synthesized with each pyrimidine (C and U) 2′Fluoro modified. The aptamers may also be synthesized as the DNA sequence corresponding to each RNA sequence in Table 11. The aptamer libraries can also be filtered based on predicted secondary sequence, free energy, and other parameters as described herein. 
       FIGS. 10A-C  show binding of the aptamers in Table 11 against microbeads conjugated to various input samples. The aptamer is indicated above each plot and the plot for each aptamer is indicated in the ID column in Table 11. The input sample is indicated on the X axis from left to right as follows: 1) Cancer Exosome: aptamer binding to microbeads conjugated to microvesicles isolated from plasma samples from breast cancer patients; 2) Cancer Non-exosome: aptamer binding to microbeads conjugated to plasma samples from breast cancer patients after removal of microvesicles by ultracentrifugation; 3) Non-Cancer Exosome: aptamer binding to microbeads conjugated to microvesicles isolated from plasma samples from normal (i.e., non-breast cancer) patients; 4) Non-Cancer Non-Exosome: aptamer binding to microbeads conjugated to plasma samples from breast cancer patients after removal of microvesicles by ultracentrifugation. As shown in  FIGS. 10A-C , the aptamers were each able to distinguish between the cancer microvesicle samples versus the supernatant control samples and the non-cancer microvesicles. Further, all sequences in Table 11 were observed as binding more abundantly to cancer derived microvesicles as compared to non-cancer derived microvesicles with the exception of BCE10 and BCE14, which were observed as binding more abundantly to non-cancer derived microvesicles as compared to cancer derived microvesicles. 
     Based on the comparisons performed in this Example, aptamers that bind different starting input are obtained, including: 1) aptamers that preferentially bind cancer-derived microvesicles over non-cancer derived microvesicles; 2) aptamers that preferentially bind non-cancer-derived microvesicles over cancer derived microvesicles; 3) aptamers that bind both non-cancer-derived microvesicles and cancer derived microvesicles (e.g., “universal” binders); and 4) aptamers that bind plasma components that have been depleted of microvesicles. 
     The aptamer libraries in this Example are further subjected to four rounds of additional negative and positive selection. The positive selection is performed as described in this Example. The negative selection rounds are performed using the beads conjugated to non-cancer microvesicles as negative selection for aptamers obtained by positive selection against beads conjugated to cancer microvesicles. Similarly, the negative selection rounds are performed using the beads conjugated to cancer microvesicles as negative selection for aptamers obtained by positive selection against beads conjugated to non-cancer microvesicles. 
     Example 13 
     Disease Diagnosis 
     This example illustrates the use of the aptamers of the present invention to diagnose a proliferative disease. 
     A suitable quantity of an aptamer that binds a BrCa-derived microvesicle such as identified in Example 10 or Example 12 is synthesized via chemical means known in the art. The aptamers are conjugated to a diagnostic agent suitable for detection, such as a fluorescent moiety, using a conjugation method known in the art. 
     The composition is applied to microvesicles isolated from blood samples taken from a test cohort of patients suffering from a proliferative disease associated with the overexpression of microvesicles, e.g. breast cancer. The composition is likewise applied to microvesicles isolated from blood samples taken from a negative control cohort, not suffering from a proliferative disease. 
     The use of appropriate detection techniques (e.g., microbead assay or flow cytometry) on the test cohort samples indicates the presence of disease, while the same techniques applied to the control cohort samples indicate the absence of disease. 
     The results show that the aptamers of the present invention are useful in diagnosing proliferative diseases. 
     Example 14 
     Therapeutic Aptamers 
     This example illustrates the use of the aptamers of the present invention to treat a proliferative disease in a mouse. 
     A suitable quantity of an aptamer that binds a BrCa-derived microvesicle such as identified in Example 10 or Example 12 is synthesized via chemical means known in the art. The aptamers are conjugated to a chemotherapeutic agent, such as Doxil, using a conjugation method known in the art. The conjugate is formulated in an aqueous composition. 
     The composition is administered intravenously, in one or more doses, to a test cohort of mice suffering from a proliferative disease associated with the overexpression of the microvesicles, e.g. a breast cancer model. A control cohort, not suffering from a proliferative disease is administered the identical composition intravenously, according to a corresponding dosage regimen. 
     Pathological analysis of tumor samples and/or mouse survival indicates that mortality and/or morbidity are improved in the test cohort over the control cohort. 
     The results show that the aptamers of the present invention are useful in treating proliferative diseases. 
     Useful aptamers can be used to treat breast cancer in other organisms, e.g., a human. 
     Example 15 
     Oligonucleotide—Sequencing Detection Method 
     This example illustrates the use of an oligonucleotide pool to detect microvesicles that are indicative of a phenotype of interest. The method makes use of a pool of oligonucleotides that have been enriched against a target of interest that is indicative of a phenotype of interest. The method in this Example allows efficient use of a library of oligonucleotides to preferentially recognize a target entity. 
     For purposes of illustration, the method is described in the Example with a microvesicle target from a bodily fluid sample. One of skill will appreciate that the method can be extended to other types of target entity (e.g., cells, proteins, various other biological complexes), sample (e.g., tissue, cell culture, biopsy, other bodily fluids) and other phenotypes (other cancers, other diseases, etc) by enriching an aptamer library against the desired input samples. 
     General Workflow: 
     1) Obtain sample (plasma, serum, urine or any other biological sample) of patients with unknown medical etymology and pre-treating them accordingly to ensure availability of the target of interest (see below). Where the target of interest is a microvesicle population, the microvesicles can be isolated and optionally tethered to a solid support such as a microbead. 
     2) Expose pre-treated sample to an oligonucleotide pool carrying certain specificity against target of interest. As described herein, an oligonucleotide pool carrying certain specificity against the target of interest can be enriched using various selection schemes, e.g., using non-cancer microvesicles for negative selection and cancer microvesicles for positive selection as described above. DNA or RNA oligonucleotides can be used as desired. 
     3) Contact oligonucleotide library with the sample. 
     4) Elute any oligonucleotides bound to the target. 
     5) Sequence the eluted oligonucleotides. Next generation sequencing methods can be used. 
     6) Analyze oligonucleotide profile from the sequencing. A profile of oligonucleotides known to bind the target of interest indicates the presence of the target within the input sample. The profile can be used to characterize the sample, e.g., as cancer or non-cancer. 
     Protocol Variations: 
     Various configurations of the assay can be performed. Four exemplary protocols are presented for the purposes of the oligonucleotide-sequencing assay. Samples can be any appropriate biological sample. The protocols can be modified as desired. For example, the microvesicles can be isolated using alternate techniques instead or or in addition to ultracentrifugation. Such techniques can be disclosed herein, e.g., polymer precipitation (e.g., PEG), column chromatography, and/or affinity isolation. 
     Protocol 1: 
     Ultracentrifugation of 1-5 ml bodily fluid samples (e.g., plasma/serum/urine) (120K×g, no sucrose) with two washes of the precipitate to isolate microvesicles. 
     Measure total protein concentration of recovered sample containing the isolated microvesicles. 
     Conjugate the isolated microvesicles to magnetic beads (for example MagPlex beads (Luminex Corp. Austin Tex.)). 
     Incubate conjugated microvesicles with oligonucleotide pool of interest. 
     Wash unbound oligonucleotides by retaining beads using magnet. 
     Elute oligonucleotides bound to the microvesicles. 
     Amplify and purify the eluted oligonucleotides. 
     Oligonucleotide sequencing (for example, Next generation methods; Ion Torrent: fusion PCR, emulsion PCR, sequencing). 
     Assess oligonucleotide profile. 
     Protocol 2: 
     This alternate protocol does not include a microvesicle isolation step, microvesicles conjugation to the beads, or separate partitioning step. This may present non-specific binding of the oligonucleotides against the input sample. 
     Remove cells/debris from bodily fluid sample and dilute sample with PBS containing MgCl 2  (2 mM). 
     Pre-mix sample prepared above with oligonucleotide library. 
     Ultracentrifugation of oligonucleotide/sample mixture (120K×g, no sucrose). Wash precipitated microvesicles. 
     Recover precipitate and elute oligonucleotides bound to microvesicles. 
     Amplify and purify the eluted oligonucleotides. 
     Oligonucleotide sequencing (for example, Next generation methods; Ion Torrent: fusion PCR, emulsion PCR, sequencing). 
     Assess oligonucleotide profile. 
     Protocol 3: 
     This protocol uses filtration instead of ultracentrifugation and should require less time and sample volume. 
     Remove cells/debris from bodily fluid sample and dilute it with PBS containing MgCl 2  (2 mM). 
     Pre-mix sample prepared above with oligonucleotide library. 
     Load sample into filter (i.e., 150K or 300K MWCO filter or any other that can eliminate unbound or unwanted oligonucleotides). Centrifuge sample to concentrate. Concentrated sample should contain microvesicles. 
     Wash concentrate. Variant 1: Dilute concentrate with buffer specified above to the original volume and repeat centrifugation. Variant 2: Dilute concentrate with buffer specified above to the original volume and transfer concentrate to new filter unit and centrifuge. Repeat twice. 
     Recover concentrate and elute oligonucleotides bound to microvesicles. 
     Amplify and purify the eluted oligonucleotides. 
     Oligonucleotide sequencing (for example, Next generation methods; Ion Torrent: fusion PCR, emulsion PCR, sequencing). 
     Assess oligonucleotide profile. 
     Protocol 4: 
     Ultracentrifugation of 1-5 ml bodily fluid sample (120K×g, no sucrose) with 2 washes of the precipitate to isolate microvesicles. 
     Pre-mix microvesicles with oligonucleotide pool. 
     Load sample into 300K MWCO filter unite and centrifuge (2000×g). Concentration rate is ˜3×. 
     Wash concentrate. Variant 1: Dilute concentrate with buffer specified above to the original volume and centrifuge. Repeat twice. Variant 2: Dilute concentrate with buffer specified above to the original volume and transfer concentrate to new filter unit and centrifuge. Repeat twice 
     Recover concentrate and elute oligonucleotides bound to microvesicles. 
     Amplify and purify the eluted oligonucleotides. 
     Oligonucleotide sequencing (for example, Next generation methods; Ion Torrent: fusion PCR, emulsion PCR, sequencing). 
     Assess oligonucleotide profile. 
     In alterations of the above protocols, polymer precipitation is used to isolate microvesicles from the patient samples. For example, the oligonucleotides are added to the sample and then PEG4000 or PEG8000 at 4% or 8% concentration is used to precipitate and thereby isolate microvesicles. Elution, recovery and sequence analysis continues as above. 
     Example 16 
     Plasma/Serum Probing with Oligonucleotide Probe Library 
     The following protocol is used to probe a plasma or serum sample using an oligonucleotide probe library. 
     Input Oligonucleotide Library: 
     Use 2 ng input of oligonucleotide library per sample. 
     Input oligonucleotide library is a mixture of two libraries, cancer and non-cancer enriched, concentration is 16.3 ng/ul. 
     Dilute to 0.2 ng/ul working stock using Aptamer Buffer (3 mM MgCl 2  in 1× PBS) 
     Add 10 ul from working stock (equal to 2 ng library) to each optiseal tube 
     Materials: 
     PBS, Hyclone SH30256.01, LN: AYG165629, bottle#8237, exp. June 2015 
     Round Bottom Centrifuge Tubes, Beckman 326820, LN:P91207 
     OptiSeal Centrifuge tubes and plugs, polyallomer Konical, Beckman 361621, lot#Z10804SCA 
     Ultracentrifuge rotor: 50.4 TI 
     Ultracentrifuge rotor: 50.4 TI, Beckman Caris ID#0478 
     Protocol: 
     1 Pre-chill tabletop centrifuge, ultracentrifuge, buckets, and rotor at 4° C. 
     2 Thaw plasma or serum samples 
     3 Dilute 1 ml of samples with 1:2 with Aptamer Buffer (3 mM MgCl 2  in 1× PBS) 
     4 Spin at 2000×g, 30 min, 4° C. to remove debris (tabletop centrifuge) 
     5 Transfer supernatants for all samples to a round bottom conical 
     6 Spin at 12,000×g, 45 min, 4° C. in ultracentrifuge to remove additional debris. 
     7 Transfer supernatant about 1.8 ml for all samples into new OptiSeal bell top tubes (uniquely marked). 
     8 Add 2 ng (in 10 ul) of DNA Probing library to each optiseal tube 
     9 QS to 4.5 ml with Aptamer Buffer 
     10 Fix caps onto the OptiSeal bell top tubes 
     11 Apply Parafilm around caps to prevent leakage 
     12 Incubate plasma and oligonucleotide probe library for 1 hour at room temperature with rotation 
     13 Remove parafilm (but not caps) 
     14 Place correct spacer on top of each plugged tube 
     15 Mark pellet area on the tubes, insure this marking is facing outwards from center. 
     16 Spin tubes at 120,000×g, 2 hr, 4° C. (inner row, 33,400 rpm) to pellet microvesicles. 
     17 Check marking is still pointed away from center. 
     18 Completely remove supernatant from pellet, by collecting liquid from opposite side of pellet marker and using a 10 ml syringe barrel and 21G2 needle 
     19 Discard supernatant in appropriate biohazard waste container 
     20 Add 1 ml of 3 mM MgCl2 diluted with 1× PBS 
     21 Gentle vortex, 1600 rpm for 5 sec and incubate 5 min at RT. 
     22 QS to ˜4.5 mL with 3 mM Mg Cl2 diluted with 1× PBS 
     23 Fix caps onto the OptiSeal bell top tubes. 
     24 Place correct spacer on top of each plugged tube. 
     25 Mark pellet area on the tubes, insure this marking is facing outwards from center. 
     26 Spin tubes at 120,000×g, 70 min, 4° C. (inner row 33,400 rpm) to pellet microvesicles 
     27 Check marking in still pointed away from center. 
     28 Completely remove supernatant from pellet, by collecting liquid from opposite side of pellet marker and using a 10 ml syringe barrel and 21G2 needle 
     29 Discard supernatant in appropriate biohazard waste container 
     30 Add 1 ml of 3 mM MgCl2 diluted with 1× PBS 
     31 Gentle vortex, 1600 rpm for 5 sec and incubate 5 min at RT. 
     32 QS to ˜4.5 mL with 3 mM Mg Cl2 diluted with 1× PBS 
     33 Fix caps onto the OptiSeal bell top tubes. 
     34 Place correct spacer on top of each plugged tube. 
     35 Mark pellet area on the tubes, insure this marking is facing outwards from center. 
     36 Spin tubes at 120,000×g, 70 min, 4° C. (inner row 33,400 rpm) to pellet microvesicles 
     37 Check marking is still pointed away from center. 
     38 Save an aliquot of the supernatant (100 ul into a 1.5 ml tube) 
     39 Completely remove supernatant from pellet, by collecting liquid from opposite side of pellet marker and using a 10 ml syringe barrel and 21G2 needle 
     40 Add 50 ul of Rnase-free water to the side of the pellet 
     41 Leave for 15 min incubation on bench top 
     42 Cut top off tubes using clean scissors. 
     43 Resuspend pellet, pipette up and down on the pellet side 
     44 Measure the volume, make a note on the volume in order to normalize all samples 
     45 Transfer the measured resuspended eluted microvesicles with bound oligonucleotides to a Rnase free 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube 
     46 Normalize all samples to 100 μl to keep it even across samples and between experiments. 
     Next Generation Sequencing Sample Preparation: 
     I) Use 50 ul of sample from above, resuspended in 100 ul H2O and containing microvesicle/oligo complexes, as template in Transposon PCR, 14 cycles. 
     II) AMPure transposon PCR product, use entire recovery for indexing PCR, 10 cycles. 
     III) Check indexing PCR product on gel, proceed with AMPure if band is visible. Add 3 cylces if band is invisible, check on gel. After purification quantify product with QuBit and proceed with denaturing and dilting for loading on HiSeq flow cell (Illumina Inc., San Diego, Calif.). 
     IV) 5 samples will be multiplexed per one flow cell. 10 samples per HiSeq. 
     Example 17 
     Enrichment of Oligonucleotides to Breast Cancer (BrCa) and Non-BrCa Derived Microvesicles 
     In this Example, an aptamer library is screened to enrich aptamers that identify microvesicles circulating in the blood of breast cancer patients and microvesicles circulating in the blood of healthy, control individuals (i.e., without breast cancer). The procedure was similar to that in Examples 10 and 12 above. The procedure in this Example used the 9-round selection scheme shown in  FIG. 11A . 
     In  FIGS. 11A-11B , the following abreviations are used: CE—Cancer exosome samples; NCE—Non-cancer exosome samples; CNE—Cancer no exosome samples; NCNE—Non-cancer no exosome samples; MFI—Median Fluorescence Intensity; GC—GC content group analysis; Heat—heat elution; NaOH—sodium hydroxide elution. The terms exosome and microvesicle are used interchangeably. 
     As indicated in  FIG. 11A , 0.1 mg/mL salmon sperm DNA was added as a competitor in selection rounds 7-9.  FIG. 11B  shows the enrichment of aptamers that bind to microvesicles (CE and NCE). Binding was determined by fluorescently labeling aptamer candidates and detecting binding to bead-capture microvesicles using a microbead assay format. At the end of round 9, only aptamers having GC content between ˜30% and 70% were selected to generate panels to diffentiate cancer and non-cancer samples. In addition, several groups of aptamers were selected using the following criteria: 1) 12 most commonly observed; 2) 12 most commonly observed having &gt;2-fold change in binding observed between cancer and normal samples; 3) 30 most commonly observed having &gt;2-fold change in binding observed between cancer and normal samples, &gt;10 read counts in the library determined by high throughput sequencing, heat elution after selection round 9; and 4) 30 most commonly observed having &gt;2-fold change in binding observed between cancer and normal samples, &gt;10 read counts in the library determined by high throughput sequencing, NaOH elution after selection round 9. 
     Retained sequences are shown in Table 12 with selection criteria 1-4 indicated. In Table 12, the sequences are shown 5′ to 3′ from left to right, wherein each complete sequence consists of a 5′ leader sequence 5′-GCTGTGTGACTCCTGCAA (SEQ ID NO. 47) followed by the indicated Variable Sequence followed by the 3′ tail sequence 5′-GCAGCTGTATCTTGTCTCC (SEQ ID NO. 48). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 BrCa microvesicle aptamer sequences 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 Selection 
                   
               
               
                 NO. 
                 Criteria 
                 Variable Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  49 
                 3 
                 GTCCGCTTGGGGGTGGGTATCGAAAATTCGCGTTCTGGGGCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  50 
                 3 
                 CTTCGCTCGTTTCAATGTTCAGTTCTGGTCTTTAGGTCTTTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  51 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGGTGCATCGGCCTGACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  52 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGGCTGAAAACTTGCTTCTTCCCGGTGCAGTTATAACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  53 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGATGCATGGGCCCGACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  54 
                 3 
                 TGCGTTTTCCTTGGGGTTCAGGGTAGGATGGGGGTGGAGGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  55 
                 3 
                 GGGGGGCGGGTGGGCTGGTAAAAGGTGATGCGGGGGTATTGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  56 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGGTGCATCGGCCCAACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  57 
                 3 
                 CCAATCTCGGAAGGTTTAAATAAGGTGGTCTTTAGGTCTTTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  58 
                 3 
                 TACGTTAAGTGGGTCGGGAGGGGGGAATAGGGGGTTTGGTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  59 
                 3 
                 GTGAGGTCGGTGGGGCGGGGGATGGTGGGGGGTCGTTTACATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  60 
                 3 
                 CGATATTGGGGGGGGGTTGGCGGGCTATTTTCCGGGTGGGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  61 
                 3 
                 TCGGTTCCTGTTAATTCGCTGGTGGTTGGTGGGGTGGCGGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  62 
                 3 
                 GCGGGGAGGTGGGGGTGGGTGGAGGGTTGGTTACTCTCTACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  63 
                 3 
                 CGGGAATGGGAGGGTGGGGGTGGTGGCCGGGTCGTGTTATACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  64 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGGTGCATCGGTCCGACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  65 
                 3 
                 TATAGTTGGGCGTAGGCGGGGGGGGGTGGTTGGGAGGTCCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  66 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGGTGCATCGGCCCGACCTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  67 
                 3 
                 TCGATCGTCCTCAGGATCTCGTGGTTCAAATCATAAAGATTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  68 
                 3 
                 TGCTGTCTGGGCGGGGGCGGTCTTGTGGTTTCTTTGGGGGGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  69 
                 3 
                 GCGAGACAGGAGGGTGGTCTTATACGTGGGGGGGGGTGGTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  70 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGGCTGAAGACTTGCTTCTTCCCGGTGCAGTTATAACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  71 
                 3 
                 CGTGTGGGGGGTGGGTTGGGCTCGGGTTGTTATCAGTTCCATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  72 
                 3 
                 CGATATTGGGGGGGGGGTTGGCGGGCTATTTTCCGGGTGGGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  73 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGGTGCATCGGCCCGACTTTCCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  74 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGGTGCATCGGCTCGACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  75 
                 3 
                 CTTCGCTCGTTTCAATGTTTAGTTCTGGTCTTTAGGTCTTTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  76 
                 3 
                 GGACATGGGTTGGGTCGGGAGGGGGTGGTCGGTTGGGCAGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  77 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATACGATGCATCGGCCCGACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  78 
                 3 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCAGATGCATCGGCCCGACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  79 
                 4 
                 TGGATGTATGGGGTCTCGGGGTGGGAGGGTTCAACTTATCTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  80 
                 4 
                 GTCCGCTTGGGGGTGGGTATCGAAAATTCGCGTTCTGGGGCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  81 
                 4 
                 TCTTGTACAAATAGGAGGGAAGGGGGTTTTGGGAGGTGGGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  82 
                 4 
                 CTTCGCTCGTTTCAATGTTCAGTTCTGGTCTTTAGGTCTTTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  83 
                 4 
                 CTGATGTTAGTAGGTCGGGGTCCGGTTGGGGGTTGGGTTGAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  84 
                 4 
                 TGGCTCGTGGACGTGGTGGTGGCGGGTCGTGGGGGTGGGTAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  85 
                 4 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGATGCATCGGCACGACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  86 
                 4 
                 CGGGGAGGGGGGGTCGGGGTATTTATTGTGTATGTTTTTTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  87 
                 4 
                 TGACTGTATCTTGGGGCGGGTTCTGGGGGGGGTGTATTGTTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  88 
                 4 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGATGCATCGGCCCGACTTTCACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  89 
                 4 
                 TCATGTCTAGGGGGGGGAAGTCGGTTTGGGTGGGTACTCTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  90 
                 4 
                 CTTGTTTCGCTTTGGGTTTGGGCGGGTGGGTCAATTCCTGTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  91 
                 4 
                 GGTGGGGGCCCTCGGTACTGTGGCGGGGTGGGTGGGTTTAGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  92 
                 4 
                 TGCGTTTTCCTTGGGGTTCAGGGTAGGATGGGGGTGGAGGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  93 
                 4 
                 TGGTGGGGTGGGTCTGTGGGGTGGTTTTGTTCTTATCGGGGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  94 
                 4 
                 TGGGTGGGTTACGGGTGGGTGTTGTTATCGCGCTGATCTGGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  95 
                 4 
                 CGTGACGGTTTTAATCAGGGGGGGGACTCTAACATTTGGGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  96 
                 4 
                 TGCTCATATCGTGGGGGGATGGGGTTGCTAGTGGATGGGGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  97 
                 4 
                 GGGGGGCGGGTGGGCTGGTAAAAGGTGATGCGGGGGTATTGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  98 
                 4 
                 TGATGTGGGGGGTGGGGTATAATACTTATGTTTGGGGTTTGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  99 
                 4 
                 TTGGGTGGGTGGGAATGGGTATTTTTTCTTCGGGCGATGTTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 4 
                 TAGTTGGATACTGGATTTGGGAGGGATGGGGGGAGGAGGGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 4 
                 CTGGAAGGTTGGGTGTGGGGCGGGGGGGAGGTCTCTCTATGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                 4 
                 TACGTTAAGTGGGTCGGGAGGGGGGAATAGGGGGTTTGGTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 103 
                 4 
                 TGCCGTGGGCCGGGGAGGGTGGGTTGGCGTCTCTGTTTCGATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 104 
                 4 
                 GGGGGGGCGGCCGGGGTGGACTGTGGCCCGTCTTCGTATTGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 105 
                 4 
                 TGGTGGTGGCTGGGGGACGGGTATCCTGGAATTAGGGGTGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 106 
                 4 
                 TCGGTTCATGTTGGGTGGGATCGGGGCGGGGTTTCTTCTCCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 107 
                 4 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATACGATGCATCGGCCCGACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 108 
                 4 
                 TCGTGGGTGTGTTCTGGGGGGCGTGGACGGGGGTTAATGGGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 109 
                 1 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGATGCATCGGCCCGACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 110 
                 1 
                 TAAGAGTCTTAGGATGACGTCATTCGTCCGTCACGGTGCGGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 111 
                 1 
                 GCCTGGCCAGATAGCAGTTACCTTACGGGATCTATATTCACCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                 1 
                 TGGCTCGTGGACGTGGTGGTGGCGGGTCGTGGGGGTGGGTAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 113 
                 1 
                 TTCGTGTTCATCTGTTTATTGTTATTCACAATCCGTCTTTTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 114 
                 1 
                 CGAATCCGTCGACCGCCCTCGTAACCATCCAACCCAGTCTCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 115 
                 1 
                 CAGGAAAGTTACTTATCTTTTAGACGGTTATGTTCTCATTACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 116 
                 1 
                 ATCTGCTCGATACGTAGATAGTCTGCTCGATACAAAAGGGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 117 
                 1 
                 CGATGAGCGGGCTCCGATATTGTGTCGGCGTGACTACCTTGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 118 
                 1 
                 GGTCGGCCTATTTATTGCGGCACGTTGTTTCTTGATGTCGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 119 
                 1 
                 TCGAATTCAGTTCTACATGTGTATTTCTTGCTCCGTTTCAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 120 
                 1 
                 TCGGTCCGGCAACAAACCCCACGCGCCTTCGATATGCCTGTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 2 
                 CCAATCTCGGAAGGTTTAAATAAGGTGGTCTTTAGGTCTTTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 122 
                 2 
                 CGATATTGGGGGGGGGGTTGGCGGGCTATTTTCCGGGTGGGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                 2 
                 CGGGAATGGGAGGGTGGGGGTGGTGGCCGGGTCGTGTTATACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 124 
                 2 
                 CGTGGTGGGTTCTTGGGTGGGGGGGGAGGGTTGGCGTAGTATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 125 
                 2 
                 GTGAGGTCGGTGGGGCGGGGGATGGTGGGGGGTCGTTTACATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 126 
                 2 
                 TACGTTAAGTGGGTCGGGAGGGGGGAATAGGGGGTTTGGTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127 
                 2 
                 TAGGAGGATAATATGTATCCGGTGCATCGGCCCAACTTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                 2 
                 TAGGAGGGCTGAAAACTTGCTTCTTCCCGGTGCAGTTATAACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 129 
                 2 
                 TCGGTTCCTGTTAATTCGCTGGTGGTTGGTGGGGTGGCGGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                 2 
                 TGCTGTCTGGGCGGGGGCGGTCTTGTGGTTTCTTTGGGGGGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 131 
                 2 
                 AACATGGGGTTCTGATAAACCTGTGCCAAATACATTGTTGAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 132 
                 2 
                 ATTCCTCCTTTGTAAGGGATGATATCCAACTCCTCTGCGTTCG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Individual aptamer candidates in Table 12 are synthesized. The aptamers are labeled with a fluorescent label and used to detect binding to bead-capture microvesicles using a microbead assay format. The microbead results are used to identify aptamers and panels of aptamers that differentiate cancer and non-cancer plasma samples. 
     Example 18 
     Aptamer Based Precipitation of Microvesicles in Plasma 
     Aptamers can specifically recognize target proteins with nanomolar affinity and have some potential advantages compared to antibodies due to their chemical stability, ease of synthesis and overall reproducibility. Microvesicles were isolated from a rat glioma cell line model that expresses or does not express the human EGFR protein in order to optimize aptamer-microvesicle complex formation and isolation in plasma. Microvesicles spiked into human plasma were precipitated with the positive EGFR DNA or RNA aptamer but not with a reverse complement control sequence. There was no observed binding of the positive or negative aptamer to microvesicles that do not express EGFR. Binding of aptamers to microvesicles was confirmed with aptamer based ELISAs, EMSA assays, and flow cytometry. These results demonstrate aptamer-based precipitation of microvesicles from a complex biological sample. 
     Example 19 
     Quantitative Proteomics of EGFR, EGFRviii, and EGFR Negative Microvesicles from a Rat Glioma Cell Line 
     In this Example, we performed quantitative proteomics on microvesicles isolated from a rat glioma cell line F98 (parental line), F98(EGFR) and F98(EGFRviii). Different lots of microvesicles purified from each cell line type were considered biological replicates and each biological replicate was analyzed in four technical replicates by tandem mass tag 6-plex (TMT) peptide labeling and LC-MS/MS. The general microvesicle markers CD81, CD9, CD63, Tsg101, and Alix were identified in all technical replicates. Multiple proteins were found to be up or down-regulated including a 7.5-fold increase in EGFR and a 2.6-fold increase in the EGFR binding partner HMCN2 in the F98[EGFR] compared with the parental line. These results indicate that expression of a single biomarker may affect global proteomic changes in microvesicles. 
     Example 20 
     Oligonucleotide Probe Library 
     This Example presents further development of the oligonucleotide probe library to detect biological entities such as described in Example 16 above. In this Example, steps were taken to reduce the presence of double stranded oligonucleotides (dsDNA) when probing the patient samples. The data were also generated comparing the effects of 8% and 6% PEG used to precipitate microvesicles (and potentially other biological entities) from the patient samples. 
     Protocol: 
     1) Pre-chill tabletop centrifuge at 4° C. 
     2) Protease inhibition: dissolve 2 tablets of “cOmplete ULTRA MINI EDTA-free EASYpack” protease inhibitor in 1100 ul of H 2 O (20× stock of protease inhibitor). 
     3) Add 50 ul of protease inhibitor to the sample (on top of frozen plasma) and start thawing: 1 ml total ea. 
     4) To remove cells/debris, spin samples at 10,000×g, 20 min, 4° C. Collect 1 ml supernatant (SN). 
     5) Mix 1 ml supernatant from step 4 with 1 ml of 2× PBS 6 mM MgCl 3 , collect 400 ul into 3 tubes (replicates A, B, C) and use it in step 6. 
     6) Add competitor per Table 13: make dilutions in 1× PBS, 3 mM MgCl 2 , mix well, pour into trough, pipet using multichannel. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Competitors 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Volume 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 from stock to 
                 Buffer to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Intermediate 
                 Number 
                 make 
                 make 
                 Final 
               
               
                   
                 Type of 
                 Stock 
                 stock 
                 of 
                 intermediate 
                 intermediate 
                 Volume, 
                 Final 
               
               
                 units 
                 Competitor 
                 Concentration 
                 concentration 
                 samples 
                 stock, ul 
                 stock 
                 ul 
                 Concentration 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ng/ul 
                 Salmon 
                 — 
                 40 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 425.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 DNA 
               
               
                 ng/ul 
                 tRNA 
                 — 
                 40 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 425.5 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 x 
                 S1 
                 20 
                 0.5 
                 280 
                 65.5 
                 2555.6 
                 425.5 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     7) Incubate for 10 min, RT, end-over-end rotation 
     Pool of 6-3S and 8-3S oligonucleotide probing libraries is ready: 2.76 ng/ul (˜185 ng). Save pool stock and dilutions. New pool can be made by mixing 171.2 ul (500 mg) of library 6-3S (2.92 ng/ul) with 190.8 ul (500 ng) of library 8-3S (2.62 ng/ul). Aliquot pooled library into 30 ul and store at −80 C. 
     Add ssDNA oligonucleotide probing library to the final concentration 2.5 pg/ul for binding. Make dilutions in 1× PBS, 3 mM MgCl 2 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Probe library calculations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ul from 
                   
                   
                   
                 Volume 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Required 
                 original 
                 ul of 
                   
                   
                 per sample 
               
               
                 Original 
                   
                 working 
                 stock to 
                 buffer to 
                 Final 
                   
                 from 
                 Final 
               
               
                 stock, 
                   
                 stock 
                 make 
                 make 
                 volume, 
                 Number of 
                 working 
                 concentration 
               
               
                 ng/ul 
                 Lib Name 
                 (ng/ul) 
                 working 
                 working 
                 ul 
                 samples 
                 stock 
                 (pg/ul) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2.76 
                 Pooled 
                 0.1 
                 26.1 
                 694.1 
                 720.2 
                 60 
                 10.9 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 library 
               
               
                   
                 6-3S/8-3S 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     8) Binding: Incubate for 1 h at RT with rotation. 
     9) Prepare polymer solution: 20% PEG8000 in 1× PBS 3 mM MgCl2 (dilute 40% PEG8000 with 2× PBS with 6 mM MgCl2). Add 20% PEG8000 to sample to the final concentration 6%. Invert few times to mix, incubate for 15 min at 4 C 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 PEG calculations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sample 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Volume of 
                 volume 
               
               
                   
                 PEG 
                 Final 
                 Final 
                 Volume 
                 buffer to 
                 before 
                   
                 Total 20% 
               
               
                 PEG 
                 stock, 
                 conc., 
                 volume, 
                 20% PEG 
                 adjust final 
                 adding 
                 Total 
                 PEG 
               
               
                 MW 
                 % 
                 % 
                 ul 
                 to add, ul 
                 volume, ul 
                 PEG 
                 samples 
                 needed, ml 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8000 
                 20 
                 6 
                 622.8 
                 186.9 
                 −0.4 
                 436.4 
                 60 
                 11.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     10) Spin at 10,000×g for 5 min, RT. 
     11) Remove SN, add 1 ml 1× PBS, 3 mM MgCl2 and wash pellet by gentle invertion with 1 ml aptamer buffer. 
     12) Remove buffer, Re-suspend pellets in 100 ul H2O: incubate at RT for 10 min on mixmate 900 rpm to re-suspend. 
     13) Make sure each sample is re-suspended by pipeting after step 13. Make notes on hardly re-suspendable samples. 
     14) 50 ul of re-suspended sample to indexing PCR→next generation sequencing (NGS). 
     15) Keep leftover at 4 C 
     Technical Validation: 
     The current protocol was tested versus a protocol using 8% PEG8000 to precipitate microvesicles. The current protocol further comprises steps to reduce dsDNA in the oligonucleotide probing libraries. 
       FIG. 12A  shows the within sample variance (black) between binding replicates and the between sample variance (grey). Black is on top of grey, thus any observable grey oligo is informative about differences in the biology of two paitent samples. This evaluation of Sources of Variance shows that the technical variances is significantly smaller than the biological variance. 
       FIG. 12B  shows the impact of using a higher proportion of single stranded DNA and PEG 6% isolation (white bars) compared to when there is a higher amount of double stranded DNA and 8% PEG (grey). This data indicates that the protocol in this Example improves biological separation between patients. 
     The plots in  FIG. 12C  show the difference between the old protocol (PEG 8% with increased dsDNA) and the new protocol (PEG 6% no dsDNA). The black is the scatter between replicates (independent binding events) and the grey is the difference between patients. This data shows that the signal to noise increased significantly using the newer protocol. 
     Patient Testing: 
     The protocol above was used to test patient samples having the characteristics in Table 16: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Patient characteristics 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Sample Type 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Mixed type carcinoma; Malignant; 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Invasive, predominant intraductal component (8500/3) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Fibrocystic Changes; Invasive lobular carcinoma - 8520/3; Lobular carcinoma in 
               
               
                   
                 situ - 8520/2; Benign; In situ and grade 3 intraepith; Malignant; Fat necrosis, 
               
               
                   
                 periductal inflammation, malignant cellsFat necrosis; Inflammation; Benign; 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Invasive, predominant intraductal component (8500/3) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma (8480/3) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Invasive lobular carcinoma - 8520/3; Microcalcifications; Benign; Malignant; 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Otherfibrocystic changeInvasive, NOS (8500/3) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) - 8500/3; Malignant; 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) - 8500/3; Malignant; 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Intraductal carcinoma, non-infiltrating, NOS (in situ) (8500/2) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Atypical lobular hyperplasia 
               
               
                   
                 Otherfibrocystic changes, inter and intralobular fibrosis, apocrine metaplasia, 
               
               
                   
                 columnar cell change, microcalcificationsInvasive, NOS (8500/3) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 FibroadenomaInvasive, NOS (8500/3) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Ductal carcinoma in situ - 8500/2; Invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise 
               
               
                   
                 specified (NOS) - 8500/3; Microcalcifications; Benign; In situ and grade 3 
               
               
                   
                 intraepith; Malignant; 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Ductal carcinoma in situ - 8500/2; Invasive lobular carcinoma - 8520/3; Lobular 
               
               
                   
                 carcinoma in situ - 8520/2; In situ and grade 3 intraepith; Malignant; 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Ductal carcinoma in situ - 8500/2; Invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise 
               
               
                   
                 specified (NOS) - 8500/3; Microcalcifications; Benign; In situ and grade 3 
               
               
                   
                 intraepith; Malignant; Focal Micropapillary Features, invasive ductal carcinoma 
               
               
                   
                 with micropapillary features, invasive ductal carcinoma with mucinous and 
               
               
                   
                 micropapillary featInvasive ductal carcinoma with micropapillary and mucinous 
               
               
                   
                 features; Invasive micropapillary carcinoma - 8507/3; Malignant; 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Invasive, predominant intraductal component (8500/3) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) - 8500/3; Malignant; 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Invasive, NOS (8500/3) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Infiltrating duct and lobular carcinoma (8522/3) 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 Invasive, predominant in situ component (8520/3) 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherusual ductal hyperplasia, apocrine metaplasia, microcysts, elastosis 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherstromal fibrosis, fibrous cyst wall 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherfibrocystic change, stromal fibrosis, cyst formation, microcalcifications, 
               
               
                   
                 apocrine metaplasia, sclerosing adenosis, usual ductal hyperplasia 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherfibrocystic changes, apocrine metaplasia, cystic change, usual ductal 
               
               
                   
                 hyperplasia 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherfibrocystic change, microcalcifications 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Fibroadenoma 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherintraductal papilloma, sclerosis, microcalcifications, stromal fibrosis 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Fibroadenoma 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherfat necrosis 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherstromal fibrosis, microcalcifications 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherfibrocystic change, microcystic change, focal secretory features 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherstromal fibrosis 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Fibroadenoma Otheradenosis, columnar cell change/hyperplasia, usual ductal 
               
               
                   
                 hyperplasia 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 OtherFNA - insufficient material for diagnosis 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherintraductal papilloma 
               
               
                 Non-Cancer 
                 Otherfibrocystic changes, duct ectasia, usual ductal hyperplasia, apocrine 
               
               
                   
                 metaplasia, microcalcifications 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Microvesicles (and potentially other biological entities) were precipitated in blood (plasma) samples from the above patients using polymer precipitation with PEG as indicated above. The protocol was used to probe the samples with the oligonucleotide probe libraries. Sequences that bound the PEG precipitated samples were identified using next generation sequencing (NGS). 
       FIG. 12D  shows scatter plots of a selection of results from testing the 40 patients listed previously. The spread in the data indicates that large numbers of oligos were detected that differed between samples. The number of significant oligos found is much greater than would be expected randomly as shown in Table 17. The table shows the number of oligonucleotides sorted by copy number detected and p-value. The d-# indicates the number copies of a sequence observed for the data in the rows. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Expected versus observed sequences 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total Number 
                 P-0.1 
                 P-0.05 
                 P-0.01 
                 P-0.05 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 d-50 
                 83,632 
                 47,020 
                 30,843 
                 5,934 
                 2,471 
               
               
                 d-100 
                 52,647 
                 29,106 
                 19,446 
                 3,893 
                 1,615 
               
               
                 d-200 
                 28,753 
                 14,681 
                 9,880 
                 2,189 
                 914 
               
               
                 d-500 
                 10,155 
                 4,342 
                 2,927 
                 725 
                 315 
               
               
                 d-50 
                 100.00% 
                 56.2% 
                 36.9% 
                 7.1% 
                 3.0% 
               
               
                 d-100 
                 100.00% 
                 55.3% 
                 36.9% 
                 7.4% 
                 3.1% 
               
               
                 d-200 
                 100.00% 
                 51.1% 
                 34.4% 
                 7.6% 
                 3.2% 
               
               
                 d-500 
                 100.00% 
                 42.8% 
                 28.8% 
                 7.1% 
                 3.1% 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Maximum expected 
                 10.0% 
                 5.0% 
                 1.0% 
                 0.5% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As a control, the cancer and non-cancer samples were randomly divided into two groups. Such randomization of the samples significantly reduced the number of oligos found that differentiate between sample groups. Indeed, there was a 50-fold increase in informative oligos between the cancer/non-cancer grouping versus random grouping.  FIG. 12E  shows data as in Table 17 and indicates the number of observed informative oligos between the indicated sample groups. 
       FIG. 12F  shows distinct groups of oligos that differentiate between cancer and non-cancer samples. The figure shows a heatmap of the 40 samples tested with oligos selected that had more than 500 copies and p-value less than 0.005. There are clear subpopulations emerging with a distinct non-cancer cohort at the top. The non-cancer samples have boxes around them on the left axis.  FIG. 12G  is similar and shows results with an additional 20 cancer and 20 non-cancer samples. As shown, analysis with the 80 samples provides the emergence of more distinct and larger clusters. 
     The data for the additional 80 samples was also used to compare the consistency of informative oligos identified in different screening experiments. Of the 315 informative oligos identified using the first set of 40 patients, 86% of them showed fold-change in a consistent manner when tested on the independent set of 40 patients. 
     Example 21 
     Probing Oligonucleotide Probe Library “cariMir” Interactions with Nucleic Acids 
     This Example presents a method of determining if oligonucleotides in probe libraries (which may be referred to as “TOP libraries” or “ADAPT libraries”) bind to nucleic acids, e.g., miRNAs and/or miRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes, via Watson-Crick base pairing (“WC”). Such WC binding oligonucleotide probes may be referred to as “cariMirs,” or alternately “aptimirs” or “miramers.” The method comprises assessing endonucleolytic cleavage of cariMirs catalyzed by Ago2-miR complexes. In this Example, cleavage events are determined using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (“EMSA”). 
       FIG. 14A  shows an assay design to detect Ago2-miR-catalyzed cariMir cleavage. A cariMir  1401  is provided comprising an anti-miR sequence 1403 (dashed line) flanked by sequences  1402 ,  1404  (solid lines) which may comprise primer sequences, tags, labels or the like. The cariMir is contacted  1406  with an Ago2 ( 1407 )-miR ( 1408 ; double line) complex to form a tripartite complex  1409  via hybridization of the cariMir to the Ago-bound miR guide  1408 . The miR guide  1408  may be labeled, e.g., using a fluorescent label. If the cariMir is complementary to the Ago-bound miR guide, the cariMir will be subjected to specific endonucleolytic cleavage by Ago2  1410  at a predicted cleavage site  1412 . The cleaved cariMir fragments  1411  can be detected, e.g., by electrophoresis or other nucleic acid detection method. 
     Protocol for cariMir Cleavage Assays 
     Fluorescent miR guide and complementary DNA cariMir target were synthesized by IDT. miR guide (5′-TAGAGGTACGTGCTGAGGCTT-3′; SEQ ID NO. 133) was 5′-phosphorylated and labeled internally with a fluorescein-conjugated dT (bold). CariMir target (5′-CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGTCACTGCAG GCCTCAGCACGTACCTCTA TAACCGCCCTGTCTCTTATACACA TCTGACGCTGCCGACGA-3′; SEQ ID NO. 134) comprised a 35 nucleotide variable region containing sequence complementary to the miR guide (underlined), flanked by PCR primer sequences (italics). 
     Recombinant hAgo2 (Creative Biomart) was preloaded with synthetic miR guide in cleavage buffer (150 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 2.5% glycerol, 0.05% Tween-20, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) for 10-20 min at room temperature, followed by addition of target cariMir. Reactions were stopped by addition of gel loading buffer and immediately resolved by non-denaturing PAGE using 10% TBE gels (Life Technologies). Gels were stained with SYBR Green I and imaged with a PXi gel imager (Syngene). Gel densitometric analysis was performed using Image J and data were plotted in Prism 6 (GraphPad). 
     Results 
     When cariMirs were mixed with recombinant Ago2 pre-loaded with synthetic miRs, cariMirs were cleaved producing the expected 5′ and 3′ cleavage products (see  FIG. 14B ), consistent with miR-guided Ago2 endonucleolytic action subsequent to specific hybridization of cariMir and miR within Ago2.  FIG. 14B  shows results of an electromobility shift assay performed using the above method. Various components of the method are shown in the lanes of the gel as indicated above the gel. In the rightmost lane on the gel image (labeled “miR+Ago2+cariMir”), all components are added to allow potential Ago-mediated cleavage of the cariMir to occur (see  FIG. 14A ). The amounts of the various components in the reaction mixture are indicated to the left of the gel. The figure shows that FAM-labeled miR forms duplexes with both its RNA target (bottom two arrows labeled “FAM-miR/RNA target” and “FAM-miR”) and a DNA cariMir containing the target sequence (arrow labeled “FAM-miR/cariMir duplex”). In the presence of recombinant hAgo2-miR complexes, the cariMir is sliced to produce 3′ and 5′ cleavage products (arrows labeled “cariMir cleavage products”) of sizes corresponding to specific endonucleolytic cleavage by Ago2. Further evidence of cariMir hybridization with Ago2-miR complexes was provided by electrophoretic mobility shift assays showing co-migration of single-stranded DNA cariMir with Ago2, indicated in  FIG. 14B  as the band labeled “cariMir bound to Ago2.” 
     Time course studies showed specific cleavage products accumulated over time, while cariMir was consumed, confirming the enzymatic activity of Ago2-miR complexes.  FIG. 14C  shows such time course of cariMir cleavage by Ago2-miR complexes. The entire reaction was used in the gel lanes to the left of the DNA Ladder. In these lanes, increasing levels of specific 3′ and 5′ cariMir cleavage products (arrows labeled “cariMir cleavage products,” lanes 2-5) are generated over the course of 60 minutes in the presence of recombinant hAgo2 complexed with a synthetic miR with full complementarity to sequence in the target cariMir, as demonstrated by the formation of miR/cariMir duplexes (arrow labeled “miR/cariMir duplex”). In the control lanes to the right of the DNA Ladder, the Ago2 and cariMir were added but without the Ago-bound guide miR. Here, in the presence of Ago2, but absent synthetic miR, spurious cleavage products are produced by Ago2 complexed with endogenous sf9 insect miRs that co-purify with the recombinant protein (lanes 7-10).  FIG. 14D  illustrates densitometric quantitation of gel bands from  FIG. 14C  further illustrating the accumulation of specific 3′ and 5′ cariMir cleavage products, and concomitant decrease of cariMir/miR duplexes, over time as cariMirs are enzymatically cleaved by Ago2-miR complexes. 
     Catalytic cariMir cleavage was demonstrated to be Mg 2− -dependent as expected for Ago2 catalysis. See  FIG. 14E . In the absence of Mg2+, cariMir is not cleaved by Ago2-miR (lane 2). The rate of cariMir cleavage increases with increasing Mg2+ concentration (lanes 3-6), as demonstrated by increased levels of specific cariMir cleavage products (green and blue arrows), and decreased levels of full-length cariMir and miR/cariMir duplexes (orange arrow), after 60 min incubation with Ago2-miR. 
     EMSA data established that a DNA “cariMir” binds specifically to guide miRNA complexed with Ago2 via Watson-Crick base pairing and is enzymatically cleaved by Ago2 at the predicted cleavage site. Adaptive Dynamic Artificial Poly-ligand Targeting (ADAPT) probing libraries may contain a subpopulation of oligos, termed cariMirs, that hybridize with miRs complexed with argonaute proteins. Without being bound by theory, the data in this Example suggest that enrichment of cariMirs from ADAPT libraries may depend on whether binding conditions favor interactions with Ago-miR complexes, which complexes are present (Ago2 versus other non-enzymatic argonautes), whether Ago2 complexes are active—and if binding conditions inhibit or enhance Ago2 enzymatic cleavage activity—and finally, whether recovery of bound oligos favors recovery of Ago-miR complexes. The cleavage products can also be detected via sequencing, e.g., using next generation approaches as described herein. Such high throughput approaches may be preferred when assessing olionucleotide probe libraries. In addition to sequencing of the olionucleotide probe libraries that bind various targets, the detection of miR cleavage events, e.g., using the method in this Example, can also be used to detect olionucleotide interactions with targets of interest. 
     Example 22 
     Probing Ago2-miR Cleavage Activity Using Molecular Beacons 
     Genes that control miR biogenesis and translational silencing activity, e.g., the gene encoding Argonaute 2 (Ago2), have shown incidence of genetic alterations across cancer types. In addition to relative levels of abundance, miR activity—in the form of circulating Ago2-miR enzyme complexes—can be used for detection purposes. Such detection may be used to characterize a phenotype, e.g., to provide diagnostic, prognostic or theranostic information for a disease or disorder. This Example presents a strategy to identify and quantify miRs complexed with argonaunte proteins in biological fluids using anti-miR molecular beacons to quantify Ago2-miR enzymatic activity. 
       FIG. 15A  illustrates a schematic of anti-miR molecular beacon assay. Closed molecular beacon  1504  comprises a nucleotide sequence having a quenched fluorescent probe on the 5′ and 3′ ends. See  FIG. 15B  for a detailed illustration of the molecular beacon  1504 . In step  1501  of  FIG. 15A , the molecular beacon  1504  is contacted with an Ago2 protein complexed with a miR guide. In step  1502 , the molecular beacon  1504  is cleaved by Ago2 enzymatic activity if the molecular beacon sequence is complementary to that of the miR guide. In such case, the closed molecular beacon  1504  is split such that the quencher is disassociated from the fluorescent entity (e.g., FAM)  1503 . The fluorescent activity can then be detected and quantified as desired. 
     Protocol for Molecular Beacon Assays 
     Anti-miR molecular beacon probes were designed adopt a stem-loop secondary structure, with the loop containing the majority of the anti-miR sequence and a stem comprised of 4-6 GC base pairs; beacons were conjugated with FAM and BHQ1 at the 5′- and 3′-end, respectively (see Example 23 below). Anti-miR molecular beacons and corresponding 5′-phosphorylated miRs (Let-7a, miR-16, miR-21 and miR-92a) were synthesized by IDT. 
     Recombinant hAgo2 was preloaded with synthetic miR guide in cleavage buffer (150 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 2.5% glycerol, 0.05% Tween-20, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) for 20-60 min at room temperature, followed by addition of anti-miR beacon probes. For experiments with purified exosomes (±lysis, 30 min on ice in cleavage buffer supplemented with 0.35% Triton X-100), beacon probes were added directly to exosomes diluted in cleavage buffer. Reactions were stopped by addition of gel loading buffer and immediately resolved by denaturing or non-denaturing PAGE. To assess beacon cleavage in real time, reactions were monitored spectrofluorimetrically (excitation: 485/20 nm, emission: 528/20) at 47 second intervals using a Synergy 2 plate reader (BioTek). Data were analyzed and plotted in Prism 6. 
     Results 
     To demonstrate the efficacy of these probes, anti-miR molecular beacons were mixed with recombinant hAgo2 pre-loaded with synthetic miRs, and beacon cleavage was assessed by PAGE. After 2 hours, beacon cleavage products are generated in the presence, but not the absence, of recombinant hAgo2. See  FIG. 15C-D . The appearance of cleavage products in reactions containing Ago2, but no exogenous synthetic miR, is due to the presence of endogenous insect miRs that co-purify with recombinant hAgo2 expressed in sf9 cells.  FIG. 15C  illustrates a gel showing that Ago2-Let-7a miR complexes cleave an anti-Let-7a molecular beacon. The various components of the method are shown in the lanes of the gel as indicated above the gel. In the rightmost lane on the gel image (labeled “Let-7a mol beacon +Let-7a miR +Ago2”), all components are added to allow potential Ago-mediated cleavage of the molecular beacon to occur (see  FIG. 15A ).  FIG. 15C , lane 1, demonstrates that non-denaturing PAGE maintains beacons in the closed stem-loop conformation, thus quenching FAM reporter fluorescence. Beacons hybridized with complementary miR adopt an open conformation as demonstrated by the upward mobility shift of the miR/beacon duplex and increased fluorescence due to unquenching of the FAM reporter (lane 3). In the presence of Ago2-miR, fluorescent beacon products are generated and full-length beacon levels are decreased, indicating endonucleolytic cleavage activity by Ago2 (lane 4). 
     Similar to  FIG. 15C ,  FIG. 15D  shows that Ago2-miR complexes cleave anti-miR-16 and anti-miR-21 molecular beacons. Denaturing PAGE forces beacons to migrate in the open conformation, thus beacon bands are brightly fluorescent. When mixed with recombinant hAgo2, beacon cleavage products are detected by FAM fluorescence in both the presence (lanes 4 and 8) and absence (lanes 2 and 6) of exogenous miR, indicating that endogenous sf9 insect miR-16 and miR-21 co-purify with recombinant hAgo2 in complexes that are enzymatically active (lanes 2 and 6). 
     To quantify the kinetics of beacon cleavage, the accumulation of fluorescent cleavage products was followed over time using a spectrofluorimeter. Consistent with beacon cleavage, and concordant with PAGE analyses, fluorescent signals increased over time when anti-miR beacons were mixed with recombinant hAgo2 ( FIG. 15E ), and the rate of cleavage was Ago2 concentration-dependent ( FIG. 15F ).  FIG. 15E  shows spectrofluorimetric measurement of anti-miR beacon cleavage kinetics. Anti-miR molecular beacons were mixed with recombinant hAgo2 and accumulation of fluorescent beacon cleavage products was monitored over time. Curves represent beacon cleavage catalyzed by hAgo2 containing endogenous sf9 insect miRs. Kinetic data are baseline-corrected and control values (beacon only) were subtracted from experimental values.  FIG. 15F  shows spectrofluorimetric analysis of the concentration dependence of Ago2 on cleavage of anti-Let-7a beacon. Increasing concentrations of recombinant hAgo2 were mixed with a saturating concentration (500 nM) of beacon substrate. Cleavage of beacon was strongly dependent on Ago2 concentration, as expected for a catalytic enzyme. At 1 nM Ago2, cleavage activity was not detectable above background (beacon only). At higher concentrations, Ago2 catalyzed beacon cleavage; linear regression curve-fitting revealed a 20-fold increase in the initial rate of cleavage at 100 nM relative to 10 nM Ago2. 
     To test whether beacon probes are able to detect endogenous Ago2-miR complexes in a biological context, cleavage reactions were performed using purified microvesicles isolated from a human prostate cancer cell line (VCaP) known to contain both Ago2 and Let-7a miR. See Example 24 below for protocols. When reaction substrate comprised the contents derived from lysed VCaP microvesicles, anti-Let-7a beacon cleavage products were detected both by PAGE and spectrofluorometric measurements, consistent with the presence of Ago2-Let-7a complexes within the lumen of microvesicles.  FIG. 15G  shows PAGE analysis of anti-Let-7a beacon cleavage catalyzed by VCaP microvesicles. Microvesicle input was based on total protein content. Prior to mixing with beacon, purified microvesicles (1 or 10 μg input) were either lysed in buffer containing 0.35% Triton X-100 or left intact. Beacons were mixed with microvesicles±lysis and reactions were analyzed by PAGE after 2 and 20 hour incubation times. Beacon cleavage products were detectable (by FAM fluorescence) after 2 hours in reactions containing both lysed and intact microvesicles, and the amount of cleavage product increased significantly after 20 hours. Similar levels of cleavage product were generated by both lysed and intact microvesicles, suggesting that catalytic cleavage activity results predominantly from Ago2 associated with the outside surfaces of intact microvesicles. Note that the cleavage product profile generated by microvesicles after 20 hours correlates with the product profile generated by 505 nM recombinant hAgo2 after 2 hours, suggesting that cleavage catalyzed by microvesicles is specific. 
     Unexpectedly, Ago2-Let-7a cleavage activity was also detected when intact microvesicles served as substrate. In addition, the cleavage had nearly identical kinetics as seen with lysed microvesicles.  FIG. 15H  shows spectrofluorimetric analysis of anti-Let-7a beacon cleavage catalyzed by VCaP microvesicles. Prior to mixing with beacon, purified microvesicles (10 μg total protein input) were either lysed in buffer containing 0.35% Triton X-100 or left intact. Beacons were mixed with microvesicles±lysis and the kinetics of beacon cleavage were measured in a spectrofluorimeter. Linear regression analysis (not shown) indicated that lysed and intact microvesicles catalyze beacon cleavage at identical rates, substantiating the claim that the vast majority of active Ago2-Let-7a complexes reside on the outside surface of VCaP microvesicles. Furthermore, the concentration of microvesicle Ago2 in cleavage reactions was ˜1 nM (estimated by semi-quantitative western blot analysis; data not shown), suggesting that surface-associated microvesicle hAgo2 is more active relative to purified recombinant hAgo2 (see  FIG. 15F ) and may be found in a complex that increases enzyme turnover. Kinetic data are baseline-corrected and control values (beacon only) were subtracted from experimental values; data are plotted±SEM. These data are consistent with the idea that functional Ago2-miR complexes are found on the outside surface of microvesicles. 
     As detection of Ago2-miR complexes on the outside of microvesicles is an unprecedented finding, additional studies were performed to test the hypothesis that Ago2-miR complexes reside on the exterior surfaces of microvesicles. Lysed and intact microvesicles, purified from VCaP and LNCaP cell lines, were subjected to immunoprecipitation using antibodies directed against CD81 (a tetraspanin prevalent in vesicular membranes), Ago2 or control IgG; subsequently, the amount of co-immunoprecipitated Let-7a miR was quantified by qRT-PCR. Following anti-CD81 immunoprecipitation, qRT-PCR revealed high levels of Let-7a only when microvesicles remained intact; conversely, the amount of Let-7a that co-immunoprecipitated with Ago2 was higher when microvesicles were lysed. See  FIGS. 15I-J .  FIGS. 15I-J  show quantitation of Let-7a miR co-immunoprecipitated with Ago2 derived from prostate cancer cell exosomes. Data are plotted±SD. Prior to immunoprecipitation, purified exosomes were either lysed in buffer containing 0.35% Triton X-100 or left intact. After immunoprecipitation, RNA was extracted and Let-7a copy number was quantified by qRT-PCR. CD81 positive controls showed that high levels of Let-7a were co-immunoprecipitated with CD81 if exosomes were intact, indicating that VCaP and LNCaP exosomes carry Let-7a as cargo. The high levels of Let-7a co-immunoprecipitated with Ago2 following exosome lysis indicate that the bulk of Let-7a cargo is complexed with Ago2 inside exosomes. However, Let-7a was also recovered from intact exosomes immunoprecipitated with Ago2, which suggests that a sub-population of VCaP and LNCaP exosomes carry Ago2 on their outer surface; and kinetic data demonstrate that the exterior-localized Ago2 is more catalytic with respect to Let-7a-guided cleavage activity. See  FIG. 15G-H . 
     The data revealed in  FIGS. 15I-J  are consistent with the expected presence of luminal Ago2-Let-7a complexes. However, lower but not insignificant levels (relative to IgG controls) of Let-7a were also detected following anti-Ago2 immunoprecipitation of the intact microvesicles, suggesting that Ago2 associates with a fraction of microvesicle surfaces. Similar results were obtained with miR-16, miR-21 and miR-92a (data not shown). Without being bound by theory, these data, in conjunction with kinetic data from beacon assays showing equivalent cleavage activity with both intact and lysed microvesicles ( FIG. 15H ), surprisingly suggest that although VCaP microvesicles envelop a significant number of luminal Ago2-Let-7a complexes, it may be that the complexes associated with the exterior surfaces of a sub-population of microvesicles are enzymatically active, whereas luminal complexes are, to a large extent, silenced. Moreover, the data in this Example suggest that the surface-bound complexes are enzymatically active. 
     The beacon assays of the invention may provide diagnostic information from the fraction of enzymatically active Ago2-miR complexes associated with microvesicle surfaces, relative to the total population of circulating Ago2-miR complexes. Functional Ago2-miR complexes on microvesicle surfaces may be attractive candidates for ADAPT assay biomarkers. For example, recovery of hybridizing cariMirs may depend on Ago2-miR enzymatic activity and cariMir sequence complementarity to miRs. Thus, the presence of catalytically active Ago2-miR complexes will favor cariMirs with base pair mismatches at the cleavage site, whereas inactive complexes will favor cariMirs with full sequence complementarity to miRs. 
     Example 23 
     Anti-miR Molecular Beacon Design and Mfold Analysis 
     This Example provides the anti-miR molecular beacon design from Example 22 above. Anti-miR molecular beacon probes were designed adopt a stem-loop secondary structure, with the loop containing the majority of the anti-miR sequence and a stem comprised of 4-6 GC base pairs; beacons were conjugated with FAM and BHQ1 at the 5′- and 3′-end, respectively. Anti-miR molecular beacons and corresponding 5′-phosphorylated miRs were synthesized corresponding to Let-7a, miR-16, miR-21 and miR-92a. 
       FIG. 16A  shows the molecular beacon design for hsa-Let-7a-5p. From upper to lower sequence, the figure shows the sequence of the beacon (SEQ ID NO. 135), the miR (SEQ ID NO. 136) with aligned beacon (SEQ ID NO. 137) below, and the expected 5′ product after Ago2 enzymatic cleavage (SEQ ID NO. 138).  FIGS. 16B-C  shows two stem loop structures predicted for the molecular beacon using mfold. Parameters for mfold included: linear DNA with oligo correction; 150 mM Na + , 5 mM Mg ++ , 25° C., all other setting as default. Identical design and folding analysis was performed for miR-16 ( FIG. 16D ), miR-21 ( FIG. 16E ) and miR-92a ( FIG. 16F ). 
     Example 24 
     Protocols Used for Microvesicle Purification and Analysis 
     This Example provides protocols for microvesicle purification and analysis as used in Examples 22 and 23. 
     Microvesicle Purification 
     VCaP (ATCC #CRL-2876) and LNCaP cells were cultured as monolayers at 37° C., 5% CO2 in DMEM containing 10% vesicle-depleted FBS, 1 mM L-glutamine, lx pen/strep. After 3-4 days of growth, culture supernatants were collected and centrifuged at 400×g for 10 min at 4° C.; supernatants were collected and centrifuged at 2000×g for 20 min at 4° C. to remove cell debris. Clarified culture supernatants were concentrated to &lt;15 mL by repeated centrifugation at 1000×g through 100,000 NMWL Centricon Plus filters (Millipore), washed once with PBS, and concentrated to a final volume ≦12 mL. Concentrated supernatants were layered atop 30% sucrose cushions and centrifuged at 100,000×g for 75 min at 4° C. The cushion interface (˜4 mL) was collected, diluted in PBS, and centrifuged at 100,000×g for 70 min at 4° C. to pellet microvesicles. Microvesicle pellets were resuspended in 200 μL PBS overnight at 4° C. Total protein content of purified microvesicles was determined by BCA assay (Thermo Scientific Pierce), with typical yields of 2-4 μg/μL. 
     Microvesicle Immunoprecipitation and qRT-PCR Analysis 
     Magnabind magnetic beads (Pierce) were pre-bound with capture antibodies (mouse monoclonal anti-CD81, BD Biosciences; mouse monoclonal anti-Ago2, Abcam; mouse IgG, Santa Cruz) in binding buffer (1% BSA, PBS) for 1 hour at 4° C., washed once with binding buffer, then blocked with 0.5% F-127 in PBS for 1 hour at 4° C. Prior to immunoprecipitation, purified VCaP and LNCaP microvesicles (1 μg total protein) were incubated for 60 min on ice in either PBS or lysis buffer (0.35% Triton X-100, 10 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 500 mM sucrose, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM DTT, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.9) containing protease inhibitors (Roche). Antibody-conjugated beads (50 μL) were added to samples (diluted in 1 mL binding buffer) and reactions were incubated with rotation for 1 hour at room temperature. Beads were isolated magnetically, washed twice with either binding buffer (for intact microvesicle samples) or stringent wash buffer (for lysed microvesicle samples; 600 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 1% BSA, 2 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5), resuspended in 100 μL binding buffer, then immediately homogenized by addition of 750 μL TRIzol LS (Life Technologies). MicroRNA was extracted using miRNeasy kits (Qiagen), reverse transcribed, and pre-amplified by PCR. Human Let-7a miR was detected by qRT-PCR TaqMan assays (Life Technologies) in a 7900 (Applied Biosystems). A standard curve was used to convert C T  values to relative copy number. Data were analyzed and plotted in Prism 6. 
     Example 25 
     CariMir Library Design 
     This Example provides an approach to rationally design aptamiR probing libraries comprising 1) fully complementary anti-miR sequences cleavable by argonaute proteins and 2) anti-miR sequences with mismatched target nucleotides to prevent cleavage by argonaute proteins. The libraries in this Example are targeted to Ago2 mediated miR cleavage. 
     Recovery of hybridized aptamiRs from binding reactions can depend on aptamiR sequence complementarity to Ago2-bound miRs and Ago2-miR enzymatic activity. The presence of catalytically active Ago2-miR complexes can favor recovery of aptamiRs with base pair mismatches at the cleavage site, whereas inactive complexes can favor recovery of aptamiRs with full sequence complementarity to miRs. 
     The site of target cleavage by Ago2 is set by the miR guide, which occurs between target nucleotides opposite positions 10 and 11 of the guide relative to its 5′ end. See  FIG. 17A . MicroRNA Let-7a is shown at the top of the figure (SEQ ID NO. 136). As indicated below the sequence, the miR comprises various regions (from 5′ to 3′): an anchor region from nucleotides 2-8 flanked by uracils, a central region comprising nucleotides 9-12, a supplementary region from nucleotides 13-16, and a tail from nucleotide 17 onwards. As indicated, Ago2 cleavage occurs in the central region between nucleotides 10 and 11. Beneath, the let-7a microRNA sequence is shown aligned to a cariMir, which comprises a complementary sequence to the miR with flanking regions (SEQ ID NO. 151). Cleavage requires full sequence complementarity between miR and target sequence. Mismatched base-pairing in the central region prevents cleavage. Specifically, mismatched base-pairs at guide positions 10 and 11 inhibit cleavage but have little effect on target binding (Wee 2012 Cell; Martinez 2004 Genes Dev). Therefore, non-cleavable cariMirs are configured to comprise base-pair mismatches at sites corresponding to miR guide positions 10 and 11. 
     As shown in  FIG. 17A  and described above, cariMirs can comprise a region complementary to a target miR flanked by primer sequences. The primer sequences facilitate any desired functionality, including without limitation amplification, sequencing, labeling, synthesis, diversity and other traits. Two designs are presented for the anti-miR sequences flanked by 5′ and 3′ sequences as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 1) F-Trin-B design:  
               
               
                 5′ CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGT[neo spacer][anti-miR] 
               
               
                 CTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA 3′ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2) FLin-Neo design:  
               
               
                 5′ GATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCT[anti-miR] 
               
               
                 TGTAGAACCATGTCGTCAGTGT 3′ 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As seen, the F-Trin-B design comprises flanking sequences 5′-CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGT (SEQ ID NO. 152) and 5′-CTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA (SEQ ID NO. 153). The FLin-Neo design comprises flanking sequences 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCT (SEQ ID NO. 154) and 5′-TGTAGAACCATGTCGTCAGTGT (SEQ ID NO. 155). F-Trin-B design cariMirs comprise, in addition to the anti-miR sequence, a variable number of spacer nucleotides (derived from either the left or right side of the Neo primer sequence) that expand the total length of the insert to 35 nt, which can be configured to match the length of the variable region (e.g., 35 nucleotides) of the oligonucleotide probe libraries of the application (also referred to as ADAPT libraries). Based on a 35 nucleotide variable region, the F-Trin-B cariMirs are 88 nucleotides in total length. Such design makes F-Trin-B cariMirs compatible with oligonucleotide probing libraries for purposes of amplification, sequencing and the like (e.g., PCR and NGS sequencing). Furthermore, inclusion of the left side of the Neo primer sequence in the spacer region makes it possible, after probing, to separate cariMirs from ADAPT aptamers by using a B-Neo hybrid PCR primer to selectively amplifiy cariMirs (see NGS scheme below). On the other hand, the FLin-Neo design cariMirs do not contain spacers and can be variable in length (e.g., 58-70 nucleotides) due to the variable length of anti-miR sequence inserts (e.g., 16-28 nucleotides). As these cariMirs are not necessarily compatible with oligonucleotide probing libraries (e.g., F-Trin-B), they are more intended to be used as miR-specific assays. Characteristics of cariMirs are shown in Table 18. All lengths in the table are in nucleotides. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 CariMir statistics 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 miR length distribution 
                 Neo spacer length 
                 CariMir length 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Length 
                 Number 
                 Percentage 
                 (F-Trin-B only) 
                 F-Trin-B 
                 FLin-Neo 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 16 
                 8 
                 0.31% 
                 19 
                 88 
                 58 
               
               
                 17 
                 60 
                 2.32% 
                 18 
                 88 
                 59 
               
               
                 18 
                 77 
                 2.98% 
                 17 
                 88 
                 60 
               
               
                 19 
                 97 
                 3.75% 
                 16 
                 88 
                 61 
               
               
                 20 
                 164 
                 6.34% 
                 15 
                 88 
                 62 
               
               
                 21 
                 513 
                 19.82% 
                 14 
                 88 
                 63 
               
               
                 22 
                 1150 
                 44.44% 
                 13 
                 88 
                 64 
               
               
                 23 
                 378 
                 14.61% 
                 12 
                 88 
                 65 
               
               
                 24 
                 96 
                 3.71% 
                 11 
                 88 
                 66 
               
               
                 25 
                 33 
                 1.28% 
                 10 
                 88 
                 67 
               
               
                 26 
                 8 
                 0.31% 
                 9 
                 88 
                 68 
               
               
                 27 
                 3 
                 0.12% 
                 8 
                 88 
                 69 
               
               
                 28 
                 1 
                 0.04% 
                 7 
                 88 
                 70 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As noted above, Ago2 cleavable cariMirs comprise full-length anti-miR sequences (˜22 nt) with complete complementarity to the target miR, whereas non-cleavable cariMirs comprise full-length anti-miR sequences (˜22 nt) with adjacent mismatches at sites corresponding to miR positions 10 and 11, using the following rules for cariMir nucleotide substitutions shown in Table 19. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mismatch substitution rules 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 miR 
                 CariMir 
                 CariMir 
               
               
                 nucleotide 
                 complement 
                 substitution 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A 
                 T 
                 C 
               
               
                 U 
                 A 
                 T 
               
               
                 G 
                 C 
                 T 
               
               
                 C 
                 G 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     These cariMir substitutions are intended to avoid non-Watson-Crick base-pairing, specifically G•U and G•A wobble pairs, that might lead to partial, rather than complete, mismatches at the cleavage site. Examplary sequences comprising perfect match and mismatch are shown in  FIG. 17B . In the figure, the upper sequence is miR Let-7a and the sequences beneath are complementary cariMir sequences that are Ago2 cleavable or non-cleavable as indicated. The non-cleavable sequence comprises mismatch at positions 10-11 according to the rules in Table 19. 
     Based on the above guidelines, cariMir libraries were constructed. The cariMir libraries comprise anti-miR sequences corresponding to all human, mature microRNA sequences derived from miRBase 21 (2588 total miR sequences) (available at www.mirbase.org). These microRNA sequences are provided herewith in SEQ ID NO. 177-2764. The microRNA in the Sequence Listing have an identifier such as “hsa-miR-[name] MIMAT[number]” wherein, according to convention, the name is “hsa-miR-” for “ Homo Sapiens  microRNA” followed by a name comprising numbers and letters, and the “MIMAT[number]” designators are mirBase accession numbers. As an example, SEQ ID NO. 181 is denoted as “hsa-miR-576-3p MIMAT0004796,” which indicates Homo Sapiens miR-576-3p. 
     Four separate cariMirs are constructed for each miR sequence following the F-Trin-B design shown above. The full “Neo Spacer” sequence is 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCT (SEQ ID NO. 154). The amount of spacer inserted into each cariMir is adjusted to account for the length of the miR, such that all F-Trin-B sequences maintain the same length (as described above). These four categories of cariMirs comprise: 
     F-Trin-B Category 1) Fully complementary anti-miR sequences (i.e. cleavable) flanked by F-Trin-B primers (i.e., 5′-CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGT (SEQ ID NO. 152) and 5′-CTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA (SEQ ID NO. 153)) and a left Neo spacer. The full construct is as shown in the “F-Trin-B design” design indicated above. These anti-miR sequences are provided herewith in SEQ ID NO. 2765-5352. The anti-miR in the Sequence Listing have an identifier such as “Full comp hsa-miR-[name] MIMAT[number],” to indicate that these are fully complementary sequences to the denoted microRNA. The length of the left Neo Spacer for each construct is adjusted depending on the length of the miR sequence as shown in Table 20. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Left Neo Spacer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 microRNA 
                 Left Neo 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                 length (nt) 
                 Spacer Sequence 
                 NO. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGT 
                 157 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGTC 
                 158 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGTCA 
                 159 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGTCAT 
                 160 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATC 
                 161 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATCT 
                 162 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATCTC 
                 163 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATCTCA 
                 164 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATCTCAA 
                 165 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATCTCAAC  
                 166 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     F-Trin-B Category 2) Fully complementary anti-miR sequences (i.e. cleavable) flanked by F-Trin-B primers (see above) and a right Neo spacer. The full construct is as shown in the “F-Trin-B design” design indicated above. As with Category 1), these anti-miR sequences are provided herewith in SEQ ID NO. 2765-5352. The anti-miR in the Sequence Listing have an identifier such as “Full comp hsa-miR-[name] MIMAT[number],” to indicate the these are fully complementary sequences to the denoted microRNA. The length of the right Neo Spacer is adjusted depending on the length of the miR sequence as shown in Table 21. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Left Neo Spacer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 microRNA 
                 Right Neo 
                 SEQ ID 
               
               
                 length (nt) 
                 Spacer Sequence 
                 NO. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 5′-CATCTCACCT 
                 167 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 5′-TCATCTCACCT 
                 168 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 5′-GTCATCTCACCT 
                 169 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 5′-TGTCATCTCACCT 
                 170 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 5′-CTGTCATCTCACCT 
                 171 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 5′-CCTGTCATCTCACCT 
                 172 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 5′-TCCTGTCATCTCACCT 
                 173 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 5′-CTCCTGTCATCTCACCT 
                 174 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 5′-TCTCCTGTCATCTCACCT 
                 175 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 5′-ATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCT 
                 176 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     F-Trin-B Category 3) Mismatched anti-miR sequences (i.e. non-cleavable) with a left Neo spacer. These are similar to Category 1 except that the anti-miR sequences are designed to be non-cleavable. The full construct is as shown in the “F-Trin-B design” design indicated above. These anti-miR sequences are provided herewith in SEQ ID NO. 5353-7940. The anti-miR in the Sequence Listing have an identifier such as “Mismatch hsa-miR-[name] MIMAT[number],” to indicate these are mismatched sequences as compared to the indicated microRNA. The length of the left Neo Spacer for each construct is adjusted depending on the length of the miR sequence as shown in Table 20 above. 
     F-Trin-B Category 4) Mismatched anti-miR sequences (i.e. non-cleavable) with a right Neo spacer. These are similar to Category 2 except that the anti-miR sequences are designed to be non-cleavable. The full construct is as shown in the “F-Trin-B design” design indicated above. These anti-miR sequences are provided herewith in SEQ ID NO. 5353-7940. The anti-miR in the Sequence Listing have an identifier such as “Mismatch hsa-miR-[name] MIMAT[number],” to indicate these are mismatched sequences as compared to the indicated microRNA. The length of the right Neo Spacer for each construct is adjusted depending on the length of the miR sequence as shown in Table 21 above. 
     Exemplary full sequences for each of the four categories based on microRNA hsa-miR-576-3p (SEQ ID NO. 181) are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 F-Trin-B Category 1)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 7941) 
               
               
                 5′ CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGTGATCTCCTGTCATGATTCCAATTTTTC 
               
               
                 CACATCTTCTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 F-Trin-B Category 2)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 7942) 
               
               
                 5′ CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGTGATCTCCTGTCATGATTCCAATTTCCC 
               
               
                 CACATCTTCTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 F-Trin-B Category 3)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 7943) 
               
               
                 5′ CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGTTGTCATCTCACCTGATTCCAATTTTTC 
               
               
                 CACATCTTCTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 F-Trin-B Category 4)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 7944) 
               
               
                 5′ CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGTTGTCATCTCACCTGATTCCAATTTCCC 
               
               
                 CACATCTTCTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Two separate cariMirs are constructed for each miR sequence following the FLin-Neo design presented above. The FLin-Neo design comprises the anti-miR sequence sandwiched between flanking sequences 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCT (SEQ ID NO. 154) and 5′-TGTAGAACCATGTCGTCAGTGT (SEQ ID NO. 155). 
     FLin-Neo Category 1) Fully complementary anti-miR sequences (i.e. cleavable) flanked by FLin-Neo primers 5′-GATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCT (SEQ ID NO. 154) and 5′-TGTAGAACCATGTCGTCAGTGT (SEQ ID NO. 155). The full construct is as shown in the “FLin-Neo design” design indicated above. The anti-miR sequences are provided herewith as every third sequence in SEQ ID NO. 182-7939. The anti-miR in the Sequence Listing have an identifier such as “Full comp hsa-miR-[name] MIMAT[number],” to indicate these are fully complementary sequences to the corresponding microRNA. 
     FLin-Neo Category 2) Mismatched anti-miR sequences (i.e. non-cleavable) flanked by the FLin-Neo primers. The full construct is as shown in the “FLin-Neo design” design indicated above. The anti-miR sequences are provided herewith as every third sequence in SEQ ID NO. 183-7940. The anti-miR in the Sequence Listing have an identifier such as “Mismatch hsa-miR-[name] MIMAT[number],” to indicate these are mismatched sequences as compared to the indicated microRNA. 
     Exemplary sequences for each based on hsa-miR-576-3p (SEQ ID NO. 181) are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 FLin-Neo Category 1)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 7945) 
               
               
                 5′ GATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCTGATTCCAATTTTTCCACATCTTTGTAG 
               
               
                 AACCATGTCGTCAGTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FLin-Neo Category 2)  
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO. 7946) 
               
               
                 5′ GATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCTGATTCCAATTTCCCCACATCTTTGTAG 
               
               
                 AACCATGTCGTCAGTGT 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The flanking primers in the designs above can be modified as desired to facilitate steps such as amplification, sequencing, capture and the like. The balanced primer approach described in Example 23 of Int&#39;l Patent Publication WO/2015/031694 (Appl. No. PCT/US2014/053306, filed Aug. 28, 2014) can be used. 
     To demonstrate the ability of the anti-miRs to form a complex with Ago2-microRNA complexes, anti-Let-7a oligonucleotide probes were used to detect and capture Ago2-Let-7a complexes present in human plasma samples.  FIG. 17C  shows results obtained using anti-Ago monoclonal antibodies bound to beads to capture Ago2 from human plasma. After capture, the mixtures were incubated with FAM-labeled anti-Let-7a oligonucleotide probes designed as above. The bead-bound Ago2 complexes were resolved by TBE-urea PAGE to directly detect FAM-labeled anti-Let-7a oligonucleotide probes (gel labeled “In-gel flour detection”) and SDS-PAGE followed by anti-Ago2 immunoblot (gel labeled “Anti-Ago2 immunoblot”) to detect Ago2 (gel lanes labeled “Ago2 IP”). The experiments were also performed using bead-conjugated anti-IgG antibodies (gel lanes labeled “IgG IP”) or unconjugated beads (gel lanes labeled “Bead only”) as negative controls. As seen in  FIG. 17C , the FAM-labeled anti-Let-7a oligonucleotide probes were detected in the band in the position corresponding to Ago2, thus confirming that the anti-miR construct binds Ago2-Let-7a complexes. In a related set of experiments, microbead-conjugated anti-Mir was used to capture Ago2-miR complexes from human plasma. For the gel shown in  FIG. 17D , bead-bound anti-Let-7a oligonucleotide probes complementary to the 5′ microRNA seed sequence, 5′ microRNA seed+3′ microRNA sequence, or the full miR sequence were used to capture Ago2 from human plasma. Captured material was resolved by SDS-PAGE followed by anti-Ago2 immunoblot to detect Ago2. The results indicate that beads conjugated to anti-Let-7a oligonucleotide probes were able to pull down (immunoprecipitate) Ago2-Let-7a complexes from the plasma samples. Cleavage of the probes such as described in the Examples 22 and 23 can be used the complexes. 
     Example 26 
     Vesicle Fraction Protein Recovery 
     In this Example, the protein content of whole plasma and microvesicle fractions were compared. Microvesicle precipitates were obtained by fractionation of healthy (non-cancer) human blood plasma samples using polyethylene glycol (PEG) or by ultracentrifugation (UC). Proteins within the precipitates were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as in Example 27 below. Briefly, 5 μg of each sample type were separated by SDS-PAGE, excised gel bands were digested with trypsin and extracted peptides detected by LC-MS/MS. 
     Table 22 lists proteins that were identified in the microvesicle fractions. Accession numbers in the table are from the UniProt database (www.uniprot.org). “GN=” is followed by the gene name. The columns Whole Plasma, PEG ppt (PEG precipitate) and UC pellet show the number of peptide spectrum matches (PSM) for proteins in whole plasma, PEG precipitated fraction, and ultracentrifugation (UC), respectively. The number of PSMs is the total number of identified peptide spectra matched for the protein. The proteins with no counts in Table 22 were detected with low frequency in the supernatant of the UC pellet after overnight centrifugation. PEG precipitation recovers the microvesicle content in addition to other soluble molecular components but was found to significantly reduce at least 11 abundant plasma proteins (e.g., albumin, Alpha-1-antitrypsin, etc), and, in part, likely also other soluble molecular contents. Compare PSMs in Table 22. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Proteins Found in Plasma and Microvesicle Fractions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                 Whole 
                 PEG 
                 UC 
               
               
                 number 
                 Name 
                 Plasma 
                 ppt 
                 pellet 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 P02768 
                 Serum albumin GN = ALB 
                 442 
                 92 
                 87 
               
               
                 P01024 
                 Complement C3 GN = C3 
                 142 
                 287 
                 139 
               
               
                 P01023 
                 Alpha-2-macroglobulin GN = A2M 
                 136 
                 139 
                 84 
               
               
                 P02787 
                 Serotransferrin GN = TF 
                 106 
                 11 
                 28 
               
               
                 P04114 
                 Apolipoprotein B-100 GN = APOB 
                 84 
                 187 
                 172 
               
               
                 P04264 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 GN = KRT1 
                 65 
                 59 
                 60 
               
               
                 P13645 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10 GN = KRT10 
                 62 
                 56 
                 54 
               
               
                 P02671 
                 Fibrinogen alpha chain GN = FGA 
                 52 
                 153 
                 110 
               
               
                 P01857 
                 Ig gamma-1 chain C region GN = IGHG1 
                 41 
                 52 
                 25 
               
               
                 P01009 
                 Alpha-1-antitrypsin GN = SERPINA1 
                 41 
                 5 
                 16 
               
               
                 P02675 
                 Fibrinogen beta chain GN = FGB 
                 38 
                 133 
                 108 
               
               
                 P35908 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal GN = KRT2 
                 38 
                 36 
                 36 
               
               
                 P00738 
                 Haptoglobin GN = HP 
                 36 
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 P01860 
                 Ig gamma-3 chain C region GN = IGHG3 
                 32 
                 41 
                 23 
               
               
                 P01876 
                 Ig alpha-1 chain C region GN = IGHA1 
                 31 
                 23 
                 20 
               
               
                 P01011 
                 Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin GN = SERPINA3 
                 31 
                 5 
                 7 
               
               
                 P0C0L4 
                 Complement C4-A GN = C4A 
                 31 
                 70 
                 33 
               
               
                 P01834 
                 Ig kappa chain C region GN = IGKC 
                 30 
                 33 
                 31 
               
               
                 P0C0L5 
                 Complement C4-B GN = C4B 
                 30 
                 73 
                 68 
               
               
                 P00450 
                 Ceruloplasmin GN = CP 
                 28 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01871 
                 Ig mu chain C region GN = IGHM 
                 27 
                 55 
                 84 
               
               
                 P02679 
                 Fibrinogen gamma chain GN = FGG 
                 26 
                 87 
                 76 
               
               
                 P35527 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9 GN = KRT9 
                 25 
                 35 
                 33 
               
               
                 P01859 
                 Ig gamma-2 chain C region GN = IGHG2 
                 24 
                 22 
                 8 
               
               
                 P02751 
                 Fibronectin GN = FN1 
                 24 
                 80 
               
               
                 P08603 
                 Complement factor H GN = CFH 
                 22 
                 38 
                 33 
               
               
                 P01008 
                 Antithrombin-III GN = SERPINC1 
                 21 
                 1 
                 8 
               
               
                 P0C0L4 
                 Complement C4-A GN = C4A 
                 20 
               
               
                 P02647 
                 Apolipoprotein A-I GN = APOA1 
                 19 
                 8 
                 10 
               
               
                 P02774 
                 Vitamin D-binding protein GN = GC 
                 19 
               
               
                 P04220 
                 Ig mu heavy chain disease protein 
                 19 
                 36 
                 78 
               
               
                 P01861 
                 Ig gamma-4 chain C region GN = IGHG4 
                 18 
                 19 
                 16 
               
               
                 P02790 
                 Hemopexin GN = HPX 
                 18 
                 1 
                 4 
               
               
                 P01877 
                 Ig alpha-2 chain C region GN = IGHA2 
                 17 
                 12 
                 14 
               
               
                 P0CG05 
                 Ig lambda-2 chain C regions GN = IGLC2 
                 16 
                 17 
                 17 
               
               
                 P19827 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 GN = ITIH1 
                 15 
                 15 
                 6 
               
               
                 P01042 
                 Kininogen-1 GN = KNG1 
                 15 
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 Q14624 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 GN = ITIH4 
                 15 
               
               
                 P19823 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 GN = ITIH2 
                 14 
                 17 
                 7 
               
               
                 P01019 
                 Angiotensinogen GN = AGT 
                 14 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 P00747 
                 Plasminogen GN = PLG 
                 14 
                 16 
                 9 
               
               
                 P06727 
                 Apolipoprotein A-IV GN = APOA4 
                 13 
                 2 
                 10 
               
               
                 P02533 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14 GN = KRT14 
                 13 
                 10 
                 8 
               
               
                 P00751 
                 Complement factor B GN = CFB 
                 13 
                 4 
                 6 
               
               
                 P0CG04 
                 Ig lambda-1 chain C regions GN = IGLC1 
                 12 
               
               
                 Q14624 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 GN = ITIH4 
                 12 
                   
                 11 
               
               
                 P02763 
                 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 GN = ORM1 
                 12 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q14624 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 GN = ITIH4 
                 11 
                 5 
                 7 
               
               
                 P02765 
                 Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein GN = AHSG 
                 10 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 P04217 
                 Alpha-1B-glycoprotein GN = A1BG 
                 10 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 B9A064 
                 Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 5 GN = IGLL5 
                 10 
                 15 
                 11 
               
               
                 P05155 
                 Plasma protease C1 inhibitor GN = SERPING1 
                 9 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01597 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region DEE 
                 9 
                 9 
                 6 
               
               
                 P02649 
                 Apolipoprotein E GN = APOE 
                 8 
                 10 
                 13 
               
               
                 P01606 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region OU 
                 8 
               
               
                 P19652 
                 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2 GN = ORM2 
                 8 
               
               
                 P43652 
                 Afamin GN = AFM 
                 8 
               
               
                 P01767 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region BUT 
                 7 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 P04003 
                 C4b-binding protein alpha chain GN = C4BPA 
                 7 
                 28 
                 43 
               
               
                 P02538 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A GN = KRT6A 
                 7 
                 13 
                 10 
               
               
                 P36955 
                 Pigment epithelium-derived factor GN = SERPINF1 
                 6 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 P02743 
                 Serum amyloid P-component GN = APCS 
                 6 
                 4 
                 2 
               
               
                 P02749 
                 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 GN = APOH 
                 6 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                 P10909 
                 Clusterin GN = CLU 
                 6 
                 5 
                 7 
               
               
                 P13647 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 GN = KRT5 
                 5 
                 7 
                 6 
               
               
                 P01766 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region BRO 
                 5 
                 7 
                 8 
               
               
                 P01781 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region GAL 
                 5 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 P04196 
                 Histidine-rich glycoprotein GN = HRG 
                 5 
                 8 
                 3 
               
               
                 P01768 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region CAM 
                 5 
               
               
                 P04004 
                 Vitronectin GN = VTN 
                 5 
                 8 
                 23 
               
               
                 P05546 
                 Heparin cofactor 2 GN = SERPIND1 
                 5 
                 4 
                 7 
               
               
                 P02766 
                 Transthyretin GN = TTR 
                 5 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 P27169 
                 Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 GN = PON1 
                 4 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 P01765 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region TIL 
                 4 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 P02747 
                 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C GN = C1QC 
                 4 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 P05543 
                 Thyroxine-binding globulin GN = SERPINA7 
                 4 
               
               
                 P01596 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region CAR 
                 4 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 P01625 
                 Ig kappa chain V-FV region Len 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 P02760 
                 Protein AMBP GN = AMBP 
                 4 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 P13646 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 13 GN = KRT13 
                 4 
               
               
                 P01620 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region SIE 
                 4 
                 8 
                 5 
               
               
                 P08697 
                 Alpha-2-antiplasmin GN = SERPINF2 
                 4 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 P01764 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26 
                 4 
                 7 
                 6 
               
               
                 P01031 
                 Complement C5 GN = C5 
                 3 
                 36 
                 28 
               
               
                 P00734 
                 Prothrombin GN = F2 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 P06312 
                 Ig kappa chain V-IV region (Fragment) GN = IGKV4-1 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 P10643 
                 Complement component C7 GN = C7 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 P01598 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region EU 
                 3 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 P01621 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region NG9 (Fragment) 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 P06396 
                 Gelsolin GN = GSN 
                 3 
               
               
                 P08519 
                 Apolipoprotein(a) GN = LPA 
                 3 
                 8 
                 13 
               
               
                 P00698 
                 Lysozyme C OS =  Gallus gallus  GN = LYZ 
                 3 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 P18135 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region HAH 
                 3 
                 7 
                 5 
               
               
                 P80748 
                 Ig lambda chain V-III region LOI 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 P08185 
                 Corticosteroid-binding globulin GN = SERPINA6 
                 2 
               
               
                 P25311 
                 Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein GN = AZGP1 
                 2 
               
               
                 P09871 
                 Complement C1s subcomponent GN = C1S 
                 2 
                 4 
                 6 
               
               
                 Q03591 
                 Complement factor H-related protein 1 GN = CFHR1 
                 2 
                 6 
                 5 
               
               
                 P02748 
                 Complement component C9 GN = C9 
                 2 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Q86YZ3 
                 Hornerin GN = HRNR 
                 2 
                 14 
                 2 
               
               
                 O14791 
                 Apolipoprotein L1 GN = APOL1 
                 2 
                 2 
                 4 
               
               
                 P02746 
                 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B GN = C1QB 
                 2 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                 P01613 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Ni 
                 2 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 P01763 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region WEA 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 P01617 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region TEW 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 P29622 
                 Kallistatin GN = SERPINA4 
                 2 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 P81605 
                 Dermcidin GN = DCD 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 P02750 
                 Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein GN = LRG1 
                 2 
               
               
                 P06396 
                 Gelsolin GN = GSN 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 P02753 
                 Retinol-binding protein 4 GN = RBP4 
                 2 
               
               
                 Q9UQE7 
                 Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3 GN = SMC3 
                 2 
               
               
                 P35030 
                 Trypsin-3 GN = PRSS3 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 P01591 
                 Immunoglobulin J chain GN = IGJ 
                 2 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 P13671 
                 Complement component C6 GN = C6 
                 2 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 P49908 
                 Selenoprotein P GN = SEPP1 
                 2 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P69905 
                 Hemoglobin subunit alpha GN = HBA1 
                 2 
               
               
                 P04207 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region CLL 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q8NE71 
                 ATP-binding cassette sub-family F member 1 GN = ABCF1 
                 2 
               
               
                 P05090 
                 Apolipoprotein D GN = APOD 
                 1 
                 2 
                 5 
               
               
                 P05154 
                 Plasma serine protease inhibitor GN = SERPINA5 
                 1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q08499 
                 cAMP-specific 3′,5′cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D GN = PDE4D 
                 1 
               
               
                 P06681 
                 Complement C2 GN = C2 
                 1 
               
               
                 P07357 
                 Complement component C8 alpha chain GN = C8A 
                 1 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 P00736 
                 Complement C1r subcomponent GN = C1R 
                 1 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 O43866 
                 CD5 antigen-like GN = CD5L 
                 1 
                 5 
                 9 
               
               
                 P36980 
                 Complement factor H-related protein 2 GN = CFHR2 
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 Q5D862 
                 Filaggrin-2 GN = FLG2 
                 1 
                 9 
                 1 
               
               
                 P68871 
                 Hemoglobin subunit beta GN = HBB 
                 1 
               
               
                 P05156 
                 Complement factor I GN = CFI 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01616 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region MIL 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01825 
                 Ig heavy chain V-II region NEWM 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P07360 
                 Complement component C8 gamma chain GN = C8G 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01714 
                 Ig lambda chain V-III region SH 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q96PD5 
                 N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase GN = PGLYRP2 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q6UWP8 
                 Suprabasin GN = SBSN 
                 1 
                 4 
               
               
                 P04208 
                 Ig lambda chain V-I region WAH 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01717 
                 Ig lambda chain V-IV region Hil 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P35542 
                 Serum amyloid A-4 protein GN = SAA4 
                 1 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 P00742 
                 Coagulation factor X GN = F10 
                 1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P48740 
                 Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 GN = MASP1 
                 1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q8TF72 
                 Protein Shroom3 GN = SHROOM3 
                 1 
               
               
                 P00488 
                 Coagulation factor XIII A chain GN = F13A1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 2 
               
               
                 P04211 
                 Ig lambda chain V region 4A 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q14161 
                 ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT2 GN = GIT2 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P03952 
                 Plasma kallikrein GN = KLKB1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 O75882 
                 Attractin GN = ATRN 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01743 
                 Ig heavy chain V-I region HG3 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q06033 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 GN = ITIH3 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q15131 
                 Cyclin-dependent kinase 10 GN = CDK10 
                 1 
               
               
                 P02652 
                 Apolipoprotein A-II GN = APOA2 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01814 
                 Ig heavy chain V-II region OU 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P23083 
                 Ig heavy chain V-I region V35 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q5T230 
                 Undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 GN = UTF1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P46821 
                 Microtubule-associated protein 1B GN = MAP1B 
                 1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 O95428 
                 Papilin GN = PAPLN 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01605 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Lay 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q6ZRF8 
                 RING finger protein 207 GN = RNF207 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q5THJ4 
                 Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13D GN = VPS13D 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q8WXF5 
                 Gamma-crystallin N GN = CRYGN 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q96RW7 
                 Hemicentin-1 GN = HMCN1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q9Y2P4 
                 Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 6 GN = SLC27A6 
                 1 
               
               
                 P02751 
                 Fibronectin GN = FN1 
                   
                 113 
                 264 
               
               
                 P04275 
                 von Willebrand factor GN = VWF 
                   
                 2 
                 99 
               
               
                 P07358 
                 Complement component C8 beta chain GN = C8B 
                   
                 14 
                 14 
               
               
                 Q08380 
                 Galectin-3-binding protein GN = LGALS3BP 
                   
                 2 
                 14 
               
               
                 P00738 
                 Haptoglobin GN = HP 
                   
                 8 
                 7 
               
               
                 P07225 
                 Vitamin K-dependent protein S GN = PROS1 
                   
                 7 
                 9 
               
               
                 Q16610 
                 Extracellular matrix protein 1 GN = ECM1 
                   
                 2 
                 15 
               
               
                 P00739 
                 Haptoglobin-related protein GN = HPR 
                   
                 6 
                 9 
               
               
                 P18428 
                 Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein GN = LBP 
                   
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Q14520 
                 Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 GN = HABP2 
                   
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 Q15485 
                 Ficolin-2 GN = FCN2 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 Q7Z794 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1b GN = KRT77 
               
               
                 O95445 
                 Apolipoprotein M GN = APOM 
                   
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 P01610 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region WEA 
               
               
                 P02774 
                 Vitamin D-binding protein GN = GC 
                   
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 Q13093 
                 Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase GN = PLA2G7 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 P01609 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Scw 
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 P27918 
                 Properdin GN = CFP 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 O95445 
                 Apolipoprotein M GN = APOM 
               
               
                 P48740 
                 Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 GN = MASP1 
               
               
                 P01602 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region HK102 (Fragment) GN = IGKV1-5 
                   
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 P00748 
                 Coagulation factor XII GN = F12 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 P01009 
                 Alpha-1-antitrypsin GN = SERPINA1 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P05160 
                 Coagulation factor XIII B chain GN = F13B 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q15485 
                 Ficolin-2 GN = FCN2 
               
               
                 Q9UHG3 
                 Prenylcysteine oxidase 1 GN = PCYOX1 
               
               
                 P20851 
                 C4b-binding protein beta chain GN = C4BPB 
                   
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 P04180 
                 Phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase GN = LCAT 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q86Y46 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 73 GN = KRT73 
               
               
                 P01769 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region GA 
                   
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 P04433 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region VG (Fragment) 
                   
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 P11226 
                 Mannose-binding protein C GN = MBL2 
                   
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 P13639 
                 Elongation factor 2 GN = EEF2 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 O95382 
                 Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 6 GN = MAP3K6 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P54756 
                 Ephrin type-A receptor 5 GN = EPHA5 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P55056 
                 Apolipoprotein C-IV GN = APOC4 
                   
                   
                 7 
               
               
                 P49913 
                 Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide GN = CAMP 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Q9UK55 
                 Protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor GN = SERPINA10 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Q9Y6R7 
                 IgGFc-binding protein GN = FCGBP 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q8NBP7 
                 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 GN = PCSK9 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q96IY4 
                 Carboxypeptidase B2 GN = CPB2 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q9BXR6 
                 Complement factor H-related protein 5 GN = CFHR5 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q14151 
                 Scaffold attachment factor B2 GN = SAFB2 
               
               
                 Q8TF44 
                 C2 calcium-dependent domain-containing protein 4C GN = C2CD4C 
               
               
                 P12259 
                 Coagulation factor V GN = F5 
               
               
                 P49790 
                 Nuclear pore complex protein Nup153 GN = NUP153 
               
               
                 Q86Y38 
                 Xylosyltransferase 1 GN = XYLT1 
               
               
                 Q09472 
                 Histone acetyltransferase p300 GN = EP300 
               
               
                 Q7Z5Y6 
                 Bone morphogenetic protein 8A GN = BMP8A 
               
               
                 Q86UW6 
                 NEDD4-binding protein 2 GN = N4BP2 
               
               
                 P19013 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 4 GN = KRT4 
                   
                 3 
                 6 
               
               
                 P08779 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 16 GN = KRT16 
                   
                   
                 9 
               
               
                 P01619 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region B6 
                   
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 O43790 
                 Keratin, type II cuticular Hb6 GN = KRT86 
               
               
                 P78386 
                 Keratin, type II cuticular Hb5 GN = KRT85 
               
               
                 P04083 
                 Annexin A1 GN = ANXA1 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q8N1N4 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 78 GN = KRT78 
               
               
                 P22531 
                 Small proline-rich protein 2E GN = SPRR2E 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 P10909 
                 Clusterin GN = CLU 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Q9UBG3 
                 Cornulin GN = CRNN 
                   
                 1 
                 5 
               
               
                 Q96PE2 
                 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 17 GN = ARHGEF17 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q9UBC9 
                 Small proline-rich protein 3 GN = SPRR3 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P02751 
                 Fibronectin GN = FN1 
               
               
                 Q7Z6I6 
                 Rho GTPase-activating protein 30 GN = ARHGAP30 
               
               
                 P63267 
                 Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle GN = ACTG2 
               
               
                 Q8IWL2 
                 Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A1 GN = SFTPA1 
               
               
                 Q99459 
                 Cell division cycle 5-like protein GN = CDC5L 
               
               
                 P02751 
                 Fibronectin GN = FN1 
                   
                 119 
               
               
                 A0M8Q6 
                 Ig lambda-7 chain C region GN = IGLC7 
                   
                 8 
                 7 
               
               
                 P20930 
                 Filaggrin GN = FLG 
                   
                 5 
                 11 
               
               
                 P01009 
                 Alpha-1-antitrypsin GN = SERPINA1 
                   
                 5 
                 3 
               
               
                 P01779 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region TUR 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 P14923 
                 Junction plakoglobin GN = JUP 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 P15924 
                 Desmoplakin GN = DSP 
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 P01042 
                 Kininogen-1 GN = KNG1 
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 Q5T749 
                 Keratinocyte proline-rich protein GN = KPRP 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Q5T751 
                 Late cornified envelope protein 1C GN = LCE1C 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 P06331 
                 Ig heavy chain V-II region ARH-77 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 P01624 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region POM 
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 P23142 
                 Fibulin-1 GN = FBLN1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P02745 
                 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit A GN = C1QA 
                   
                 1 
                 2 
               
               
                 O75636 
                 Ficolin-3 GN = FCN3 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P01715 
                 Ig lambda chain V-IV region Bau 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P06318 
                 Ig lambda chain V-VI region WLT 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Q9H1J1 
                 Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3A GN = UPF3A 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 P08697 
                 Alpha-2-antiplasmin GN = SERPINF2 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 A4UGR9 
                 Xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2 GN = XIRP2 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P00751 
                 Complement factor B GN = CFB 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P01011 
                 Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin GN = SERPINA3 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q02413 
                 Desmoglein-1 GN = DSG1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q8WZ42 
                 Titin GN = TTN 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q9C099 
                 Leucine-rich repeat and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 GN = LRRCC1 
               
               
                 Q9UKN7 
                 Unconventional myosin-XV GN = MYO15A 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 O15084 
                 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 regulatory ankyrin repeat subunit 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 A GN = ANKRD28 
               
               
                 P01771 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region HIL 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P10721 
                 Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit GN = KIT 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P26358 
                 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 GN = DNMT1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q9Y4D7 
                 Plexin-D1 GN = PLXND1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P01612 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Mev 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P01880 
                 Ig delta chain C region GN = IGHD 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q8NDN9 
                 RCC1 and BTB domain-containing protein 1 GN = RCBTB1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q9HAY6 
                 Beta,beta-carotene 15,15′monooxygenase GN = BCO1 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P04259 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6B GN = KRT6B 
                   
                   
                 10 
               
               
                 P13646 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 13 GN = KRT13 
                   
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 P06310 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region RPMI 6410 
                   
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 P06314 
                 Ig kappa chain V-IV region B17 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 P60709 
                 Actin, cytoplasmic 1 GN = ACTB 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 P02751 
                 Fibronectin GN = FN1 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 Q9UL12 
                 Sarcosine dehydrogenase, mitochondrial GN = SARDH 
                   
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 P32189 
                 Glycerol kinase GN = GK 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q5J8M3 
                 ER membrane protein complex subunit 4 GN = EMC4 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q96HR3 
                 Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 30 GN = MED30 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P01833 
                 Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor GN = PIGR 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P04792 
                 Heat shock protein beta-1 GN = HSPB1 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P15924 
                 Desmoplakin GN = DSP 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q14D04 
                 Ventricular zone-expressed PH domain-containing protein homolog 1 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 GN = VEPH1 
               
               
                 Q96L92 
                 Sorting nexin-27 GN = SNX27 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 A6NM62 
                 Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 53 GN = LRRC53 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 A6NMB1 
                 Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 16 GN = SIGLEC16 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P00740 
                 Coagulation factor IX GN = F9 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P01762 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region TRO 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P02656 
                 Apolipoprotein C-III GN = APOC3 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 P11388 
                 DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha GN = TOP2A 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q4VC44 
                 FLYWCH-type zinc finger-containing protein 1 GN = FLYWCH1 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Q5JWF8 
                 Actin-like protein 10 GN = ACTL10 
                   
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 27 
     Enrichment of Oligonucleotide Probes to Breast Cancer (BrCa) and Non-BrCa Derived Microvesicles Using a Balanced Library Design 
     In this Example, a naïve ADAPT oligonucleotide library was screened to enrich oligonucleotides that identify microvesicles circulating in the blood of breast cancer patients and microvesicles circulating in the blood of healthy, control individuals (i.e., without breast cancer). The input library was the naïve F-TRin-35n-B 8-3s library, which comprises a 5′ region (5′ CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGT (SEQ ID NO. 152)) followed by the random naïve aptamer sequences of 35 nucleotides and a 3′ region (5′ CTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA (SEQ ID NO. 153)). The “balanced” design is described in Example 23 of Int&#39;l Patent Publication WO/2015/031694 (Appl. No. PCT/US2014/053306, filed Aug. 28, 2014). The working library comprised approximately 2×10 13  synthetic oligonucleotide sequences. The naïve library may be referred to as the “LO Library” herein. 
     The LO Library was enriched against fractionated plasma samples from breast cancer patients and from healthy (non-breast cancer) controls using the protocol shown in  FIG. 21A . In Step 1, an aliquot of approximately 10 11  sequences of PCR-amplified LO was incubated with pooled blood-plasma from 59 breast cancer patients with positive biopsy (represented by “Source A” in  FIG. 21A ). In parallel, another aliquot of 10 11  sequences was incubated with pooled blood-plasma from 30 patients with suspected breast cancer who proved negative on biopsy and 30 self declared healthy women (represented by “Source B” in  FIG. 21A ). In Step 2, microvesicles (extracellular vesicles, “EV”) were precipitated using ultracentrifugation (UC) from both LO-samples. The EV-associated oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were recovered from the respective pellets. In Step 3, a counter-selection step (Step 3) was carried out by incubation of each enriched library with plasma from the different cohorts to drive the selection pressure towards enrichment of ODNs specifically associated with each sample cohort. In this step, sequences contained in the EV pellets were discarded. In Step 4, a second positive selection was performed. In this step, the sequences contained in the respective supernatants (sn) from Step 3 were mixed with plasma from another aliquot of each positive control sample-population, and EVs were again isolated. EV-associated ODNs were recovered, representing two single-round libraries called library L1 for positive enrichment of cancer (positive biopsy) patients, and library L2 for the positive enrichment against control patients. In a final step, L1 and L2 were amplified by PCR, reverted to single stranded DNA (ssDNA), and mixed to yield library L3. 
     This enrichment scheme was iterated two times more using L3 as the input to further reduce the complexity of the profiling library to approximately 10 6  different sequences. In Step 2, UC was used for partitioning of microvesicles, which may increase the specificity for the EV fraction. In Steps 3 and 4, partitioning was performed using PEG-precipitation. This procedure enriches for ODNs specific for each biological source. Library L3 contains those ODNs that are associated with targets characteristic for EV-populations from both sources, i.e. ODNs acting as aptamers that bind to molecules preferentially expressed in each source. A total of biopsy-positive (n=59), biopsy-negative (n=30), and self-declared normal (n=30) were used in the first round of L3 enrichment, while only the cancer and non-cancer samples were used in the subsequent rounds. 
     The enriched libraries were characterized using next-generation-sequencing (NGS) to measure copy numbers of sequences contained in each profiling library. NGS of L0 shows that the vast majority of sequences existed in low copy numbers, whereas libraries L1 and L2 showed significantly higher average counts per sequence ( FIG. 21B ) and a reduced amount of different sequences, with unaltered total valid reads, ( FIG. 21C ) consistent with an enrichment process. 
     Example 28 
     Analysis of ADAPT-Identified Biomarkers 
     As described herein, e.g., in the section entitled “Aptamer Target Identification,” an unknown target recognized by an aptamer can be identified. In this Example, an oligonucleotide probe library (also referred to as Adaptive Dynamic Artificial Poly-ligand Targeting (ADAPT) libraries or Topographical Oligonucleotide Probe “TOP” libraries) was developed as described here and targets of the screened oligonucleotides were determined. This Example used a ADAPT library generated by enriching microvesicles collected from the blood of breast cancer patients and normal controls (i.e., non-cancer individuals). The enrichment protocols are described above in Example 27. 
     Materials &amp; Methods 
     SBED Library Conjugation 
     A naïve F-TRin-35n-B 8-3s library was enriched against microvesicles from normal female plasma. The naïve unenriched library comprised a 5′ region (5′ CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGT (SEQ ID NO. 152)) followed by the random naïve aptamer sequences of 35 nucleotides and a 3′ region (5′ CTGTCTCTTATACACATCTGACGCTGCCGACGA (SEQ ID NO. 153)). The naïve library may be referred to as the “L0 Library” herein and the enriched library referred to as the “L2 library.” See Example 27. The screened library was PCR amplified with a C6-amine sense primer (C6 Amine-5′ CTAGCATGACTGCAGTACGT 3′ (SEQ ID NO. 152)) and a 5′ phosphorylated anti-sense primer (5′ Phos TCGTCGGCAGCGTCA (SEQ ID NO. 7947)), the purified product was strand separated and conjugated with sulfo-SBED (Thermo Scientific) according to Vinkenborg et al. (Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012, 51:9176-80) with the following modifications: The reaction was scaled down to 5 μg C6-amine DNA library (8.6 μM) in 25 mM HEPES-KOH, 0.1M NaCl, pH 8.3 and incubated with either 100-fold molar excess of sulfo-SBED or DMSO in a 21 μL volume for 30 min at room temp in the dark. The SBED-conjugated library was immediately separated from the unconjugated library and free sulfo-SBED by injection onto a Waters X-Bridge™ OST C-18 column (4.6 mm×50 mm) and fractionated by HPLC (Agilent 1260 Infinity) with a linear gradient Buffer A: 100 mM TEAA, pH7.0, 0% ACN to 100 mM TEAA, pH7.0, 25% ACN at 0.2 ml/min, 65° C. There SBED-conjugated fractions were desalted into water with Glen Gel-Pak™ Cartridges and concentrated by speed-vac. SBED conjugation was confirmed by LC-MS and/or a dot blot with streptavidin-HRP detection. 
     Binding Reaction and Cross-Linking 
     SBED library functionalization was tested by performing the ADAPT assay with SBED vs DMSO mock conjugated control C6-amine library and sequenced on a HiSeq 2500™ (Illumina) as described herein. See, e.g., Example 20. The aptamer precipitation was performed with forty-eight ADAPT reactions incubated for lhr with end-over-end rotation at room temp with a 5ng input of SBED conjugated library per 200 μL of plasma (pre-spun to remove cellular debris at 10,000×g for 20 min, 4° C.) in 1× PBS, 3 mM MgCl 2 , 0.01 mM dextran sulfate, 40 ng/μl salmon sperm DNA and 40 ng/μl yeast transfer RNA, and cOmplete ULTRA Mini EDTA-free™ protease inhibitors (Roche) equivalent to ˜240 ng library and 9.6 mls plasma. A duplicate set of 48 reactions was prepared with the DMSO control C6-amine library. Aptamer library-protein complexes were precipitated with incubation in 6% PEG8000 for 15 min at 4° C. then centrifuged at 10,000×g for 5 min. Pellets were washed with 1 ml 1× PBS, 3 mM MgCl2 by gentle inversion to remove unbound aptamers. The washed pellets were resuspended in 100 μL of water and subjected to photo-cross-linking at 365 nm with a hand-held 3UV (254 NM/302 NM/365 NM) lamp, 115 volts (Thermo Scientific) for 10 min on ice with 1-2 cm between the 96-well plate and lamp. 
     Oligonucleotide Precipitation 
     Cross-linked reactions were subsequently pooled (˜4.8 ml) per library or 4.8 ml of 1× PBS (AP bead only control) and incubated with 10 μL of Prepared Dynabeads® MyOne™ Streptavidin C1 (10 mg/ml) (Life Technologies) (pre-washed with 1× PBS, 0.01% Triton X-100) shaking for 1 hr at room temp. Beads were transferred to an eppendorf tube and lysed for 20 min with lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 200 mM NaCl, 0.5% Triton X-100, 5% glycerol, pH 7.5) on ice, washed 3 times with wash buffer 1 (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 2M NaCl, 1% Triton X-100), followed by 2 times with wash buffer 2 (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 2M NaCl, 0.01% Triton X-100) as described by Vinkenborg et al. (Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012, 51:9176-80). Cross-linked proteins were eluted by boiling 15 min in 1× LDS sample buffer with reducing agent added (Life Technologies) and loaded on a 4-12% SDS-PAGE gradient gel (Life Technology). Proteins and DNA were detected with double staining with Imperial Blue Protein Stain (Thermo Scientific) followed by Prot-SIL2™ silver stain kit (Sigma) used according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions in order to enhance sensitivity and reduce background. 
     Protein Identification 
     Protein bands that appeared to differ between the cancer and normal were excised from the gradient gels and subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). 
     Results 
       FIG. 18A  shows the identification of ADAPT protein targets on a silver stained SDS-PAGE gel. Aptamer-SBED protein complexes (lane 3) or Aptamer-DMSO protein complexes (control-lane 4) were precipitated with 6% PEG8000, subjected to UV photo-cross-linking, and pulled-down with Streptavidin coated beads. Eluate was analyzed under reducing conditions by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Aptamer library alone (5 ng) (lane 1) was loaded as a control for migration of the library (second to bottom arrows) and an equal volume of eluate from a bead only sample (lane 4) was loaded as a streptavidin control to control for potential leaching of the streptavidin monomer (bottom arrow) under the harsh elution conditions. Upper arrows (“Targets”) indicate specific or more predominant bands identified with the SBED-conjugated library vs. the mock DMSO treated control C6-amine library. Indicated target protein bands were cut out and sent for LC-MS/MS protein identification or indicated DNA library bands were eluted, reamplified and sequenced. The identified proteins are those that appeared as upregulated in the normal samples. 
     Tables 23-30 list human proteins that were identified in 8 bands excised from the gel in  FIG. 18A . In all tables the proteins are those identified in the oligo-SBED protein complexes (lane 3) with proteins identified in the corresponding control lane 4 removed. The band numbers in the tables are indicated in  FIG. 18A . Accession numbers in the table are from the UniProt database (www.uniprot.org). “GN=” is followed by the gene name. Various protein classifications indicated in the Tables 23-30 include Nucleic Acid Binding Proteins (NAB), Tumor suppressors (TS), cell adhesion/cytoskeletal (CA/CK) and abundant plasma proteins (ABP). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Band 3 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
               
               
                 number 
                 Class 
                 Protein name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P02538 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A GN = KRT6A 
               
               
                 P15924 
                 CA/CK 
                 Desmoplakin GN = DSP 
               
               
                 P04259 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6B GN = KRT6B 
               
               
                 P60709 
                 CA/CK 
                 Actin, cytoplasmic 1 GN = ACTB 
               
               
                 P20930 
                 CA/CK 
                 Filaggrin GN = FLG 
               
               
                 P07476 
                 CA/CK 
                 Involucrin GN = IVL 
               
               
                 P31947 
                 TS 
                 14-3-3 protein sigma GN = SFN 
               
               
                 Q7Z794 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1b GN = KRT77 
               
               
                 P02545 
                 NAB 
                 Prelamin-A/C GN = LMNA 
               
               
                 P19012 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 15 GN = KRT15 
               
               
                 P47929 
                 CA/CK 
                 Galectin-7 GN = LGALS7 
               
               
                   
                 &amp; TS 
               
               
                 P11142 
                   
                 Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein GN = HSPA8 
               
               
                 P58107 
                 NAB 
                 Epiplakin GN = EPPK1 
               
               
                 P08107 
                   
                 Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A/1B GN = HSPA1A 
               
               
                 Q02413 
                 CA/CK 
                 Desmoglein-1 GN = DSG1 
               
               
                 P06396 
                 CA/CK 
                 Gelsolin GN = GSN 
               
               
                 O60814 
                 NAB 
                 Histone H2B type 1-K GN = HIST1H2BK 
               
               
                 P68104 
                 NAB 
                 Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 GN = EEF1A1 
               
               
                 P05387 
                 NAB 
                 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 GN = RPLP2 
               
               
                 Q7RTS7 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 74 GN = KRT74 
               
               
                 P31946 
                 TS 
                 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha GN = YWHAB 
               
               
                 Q13835 
                 CA/CK 
                 Plakophilin-1 GN = PKP1 
               
               
                 P14923 
                 CA/CK 
                 Junction plakoglobin GN = JUP 
               
               
                 P09651 
                 NAB 
                 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 GN = HNRNPA1 
               
               
                 P07900 
                   
                 Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha GN = HSP90AA1 
               
               
                 Q96KK5 
                 NAB 
                 Histone H2A type 1-H GN = HIST1H2AH 
               
               
                 P04406- 
                 CA/CK 
                 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GN = GAPDH 
               
               
                 P10412 
                 NAB 
                 Histone H1.4 GN = HIST1H1E 
               
               
                 P04792 
                   
                 Heat shock protein beta-1 GN = HSPB1 
               
               
                 Q9NZT1 
                   
                 Calmodulin-like protein 5 GN = CALML5 
               
               
                 P81605 
                   
                 Dermcidin GN = DCD 
               
               
                 P27348 
                 TS 
                 14-3-3 protein theta GN = YWHAQ 
               
               
                 P55072 
                 NAB 
                 Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase GN = VCP 
               
               
                 Q09666 
                 NAB 
                 Neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK GN = AHNAK 
               
               
                 P23246 
                 NAB 
                 Splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich GN = SFPQ 
               
               
                 Q15149 
                 CA/CK 
                 Plectin GN = PLEC 
               
               
                 Q8NC51 
                 NAB 
                 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein GN = SERBP1 
               
               
                 P07237 
                   
                 Protein disulfide-isomerase GN = P4HB 
               
               
                 O60437 
                 CA/CK 
                 Periplakin GN = PPL 
               
               
                 P01717 
                 ABP 
                 Ig lambda chain V-IV region Hil 
               
               
                 P55884 
                 NAB 
                 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit B GN = EIF3B 
               
               
                 P11021 
                   
                 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein GN = HSPA5 
               
               
                 P01024 
                   
                 Complement C3 GN = C3 
               
               
                 P04350 
                 CA/CK 
                 Tubulin beta-4A chain GN = TUBB4A 
               
               
                 P01857 
                 ABP 
                 Ig gamma-1 chain C region GN = IGHG1 
               
               
                 P61247 
                 NAB 
                 40S ribosomal protein S3a GN = RPS3A 
               
               
                 P62937 
                   
                 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A GN = PPIA 
               
               
                 O15020 
                 CA/CK 
                 Spectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 2 GN = SPTBN2 
               
               
                 P30101 
                   
                 Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 GN = PDIA3 
               
               
                 Q6KB66 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 80 GN = KRT80 
               
               
                 Q9UJU6 
                 CA/CK 
                 Drebrin-like protein GN = DBNL 
               
               
                 P47914 
                 NAB 
                 60S ribosomal protein L29 GN = RPL29 
               
               
                 P39023 
                 NAB 
                 60S ribosomal protein L3 GN = RPL3 
               
               
                 A6NMY6 
                 CA/CK 
                 Putative annexin A2-like protein GN = ANXA2P2 
               
               
                 P60174 
                 CA/CK 
                 Triosephosphate isomerase GN = TPI1 
               
               
                 P35241 
                 CA/CK 
                 Radixin GN = RDX 
               
               
                 P07305 
                 NAB 
                 Histone H1.0 GN = H1F0 
               
               
                 P15259 
                 CA/CK 
                 Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 GN = PGAM2 
               
               
                 P0CG05 
                 ABP 
                 Ig lambda-2 chain C regions GN = IGLC2 
               
               
                 Q92817 
                 CA/CK 
                 Envoplakin GN = EVPL 
               
               
                 P06733 
                 NAB 
                 MBP-1 of Alpha-enolase GN = ENO1 
               
               
                 P22626 
                 NAB 
                 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 GN = HNRNPA2B1 
               
               
                 P62424 
                 NAB 
                 60S ribosomal protein L7a GN = RPL7A 
               
               
                 P60660 
                 CA/CK 
                 Myosin light polypeptide 6 GN = MYL6 
               
               
                 P04083 
                 NAB 
                 Annexin A1 GN = ANXA1 
               
               
                 Q14134 
                 NAB 
                 Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 GN = TRIM29 
               
               
                 P39019 
                 NAB 
                 40S ribosomal protein S19 GN = RPS19 
               
               
                 Q8WVV4 
                 CA/CK 
                 Protein POF1B GN = POF1B 
               
               
                 Q02878 
                 NAB 
                 60S ribosomal protein L6 GN = RPL6 
               
               
                 Q9Y6X9 
                 NAB 
                 MORC family CW-type zinc finger protein 2 GN = MORC2 
               
               
                 Q9NQC3 
                 NAB 
                 Reticulon-4 GN = RTN4 
               
               
                 Q5T753 
                 CA/CK 
                 Late cornified envelope protein 1E GN = CA/CK E 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Band 9 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
               
               
                 number 
                 Class 
                 Protein name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P61626 
                   
                 Lysozyme C GN = LYZ 
               
               
                 Q9HCK1 
                 NAB 
                 DBF4-type zinc finger-containing protein 2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GN = ZDBF2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Band 1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
               
               
                 number 
                 Class 
                 Protein name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P01834 
                 ABP 
                 Ig kappa chain C region GN = IGKC 
               
               
                 P01765 
                 ABP 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region TIL 
               
               
                 P04003 
                 NAB 
                 C4b-binding protein alpha chain GN = C4BPA 
               
               
                 P60709 
                 CA/CK 
                 Actin, cytoplasmic 1 GN = ACTB 
               
               
                 Q5T751 
                 CA/CK 
                 Late cornified envelope protein 1C GN = LCE1C 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Band 5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
               
               
                 number 
                 Class 
                 Protein name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P01860 
                 ABP 
                 Ig gamma-3 chain C region GN = IGHG3 
               
               
                 O60902 
                 NAB 
                 Short stature homeobox protein 2 GN = SHOX2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Band 7 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
               
               
                 number 
                 Class 
                 Protein name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Q04695 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 17 GN = KRT17 
               
               
                 Q7Z794 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1b GN = KRT77 
               
               
                 Q6KB66 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 80 GN = KRT80 
               
               
                 P01833 
                   
                 Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor GN = PIGR 
               
               
                 P01042 
                   
                 Kininogen-1 GN = KNG1 
               
               
                 Q02413 
                 CA/CK 
                 Desmoglein-1 GN = DSG1 
               
               
                 P15924 
                 CA/CK 
                 Desmoplakin GN = DSP 
               
               
                 Q8TF72 
                   
                 Protein Shroom3 GN = SHROOM3 
               
               
                 P02671 
                 ABP 
                 Fibrinogen alpha chain GN = FGA 
               
               
                 Q5T749 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratinocyte proline-rich protein GN = KPRP 
               
               
                 Q5VZP5 
                   
                 Inactive dual specificity phosphatase 27 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GN = DUSP27 
               
               
                 Q5T751 
                 CA/CK 
                 Late cornified envelope protein 1C GN = LCE1C 
               
               
                 Q9UL12 
                   
                 Sarcosine dehydrogenase, mitochondrial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GN = SARDH 
               
               
                 P00698 
                   
                 Lysozyme C OS =  Gallus gallus  GN = LYZ 
               
               
                 Q8N114 
                   
                 Protein shisa-5 GN = SHISA5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 28 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Band 15 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
               
               
                 number 
                 Class 
                 Protein name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P08238 
                   
                 Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta GN = HSP90AB1 
               
               
                 P68104 
                 NAB 
                 Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 GN = EEF1A1 
               
               
                 P02675 
                 ABP 
                 Fibrinogen beta chain GN = FGB 
               
               
                 Q8TF72 
                   
                 Protein Shroom3 GN = SHROOM3 
               
               
                 P0CG05 
                 ABP 
                 Ig lambda-2 chain C regions GN = IGLC2 
               
               
                 P78386 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cuticular Hb5 GN = KRT85 
               
               
                 Q7Z5Y6 
                   
                 Bone morphogenetic protein 8A GN = BMP8A 
               
               
                 O14633 
                 CA/CK 
                 Late cornified envelope protein 2B GN = LCE2B 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 29 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Band 17 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
               
               
                 number 
                 Class 
                 Protein name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P02538 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A GN = KRT6A 
               
               
                 P01834 
                 ABP 
                 Ig kappa chain C region GN = IGKC 
               
               
                 P06702 
                   
                 Protein S100-A9 GN = S100A9 
               
               
                 P68104 
                 NAB 
                 Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 GN = EEF1A1 
               
               
                 P01024 
                   
                 Complement C3 GN = C3 
               
               
                 P81605 
                   
                 Dermcidin GN = DCD 
               
               
                 P05109 
                   
                 Protein S100-A8 GN = S100A8 
               
               
                 Q5T751 
                 CA/CK 
                 Late cornified envelope protein 1C GN = LCE1C 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 30 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Band 19 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                   
                   
               
               
                 number 
                 Class 
                 Protein name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P02768 
                 NAB 
                 Serum albumin GN = ALB 
               
               
                 P0CG05 
                 ABP 
                 Ig lambda-2 chain C regions GN = IGLC2 
               
               
                 P06702 
                   
                 Protein S100-A9 GN = S100A9 
               
               
                 P08238 
                   
                 Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta GN = HSP90AB1 
               
               
                 P60709 
                 CA/CK 
                 Actin, cytoplasmic 1 GN = ACTB 
               
               
                 P13647 
                 CA/CK 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 GN = KRT5 
               
               
                 P01616 
                 ABP 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region MIL 
               
               
                 Q86YZ3 
                 CA/CK 
                 Hornerin GN = HRNR 
               
               
                 P01857 
                 ABP 
                 Ig gamma-1 chain C region GN = IGHG1 
               
               
                 P62805 
                 NAB 
                 Histone H4 GN = HIST1H4A 
               
               
                 P59665 
                   
                 Neutrophil defensin 1 GN = DEFA1 
               
               
                 P61626 
                   
                 Lysozyme C GN = LYZ 
               
               
                 P01024 
                 ABP 
                 Complement C3 GN = C3 
               
               
                 Q8TF72 
                   
                 Protein Shroom3 GN = SHROOM3 
               
               
                 P83593 
                 ABP 
                 Ig kappa chain V-IV region STH (Fragment) 
               
               
                 P01700 
                 ABP 
                 Ig lambda chain V-I region HA 
               
               
                 P01877 
                 ABP 
                 Ig alpha-2 chain C region GN = IGHA2 
               
               
                 Q9UL12 
                   
                 Sarcosine dehydrogenase, mitochondrial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GN = SARDH 
               
               
                 Q6NXT2 
                 NAB 
                 Histone H3.3C GN = H3F3C 
               
               
                 P02788 
                 NAB 
                 Lactotransferrin GN = LTF 
               
               
                 P02787 
                 ABP 
                 Serotransferrin GN = TF 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Certain proteins were identified in multiple bands. For example, IGLC2 was identified in bands 3, 15 and 19 and SHROOM3 was identified in bands 7, 15, 19. This may be due to degradation products, isoforms or the like. These experiments identified 108 proteins (plus 2 lysozyme controls), comprising among others 34 Nucleic Acid Binding Proteins (NAB) where 7 of the 34 are putative tumor suppressors/repressors; 37 cell adhesion/cytoskeletal (CA/CK); and 14 abundant plasma proteins (ABP). All of the tumor suppressors/repressors are DNA/RNA binding proteins. Other proteins comprise chaperones, signaling molecules etc. 
     For comparison to the above pull-down results with the enriched L2 library, mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins in whole plasma samples (“neat plasma”) (Table 31), in PEG enriched plasma fractions (comprising a microvesicle-containing fraction) (Table 32), and in L0 library pull-down (Table 33) using the same healthy (non-breast cancer) plasma samples as described above. Accession numbers in the tables are from the UniProt database (www.uniprot.org). “GN=” is followed by the gene name. Tables 31 and 32 are similar to columns “Whole Plasma” and “PEG ppt” in Table 22, respectively, with the exception that the input healthy sample pools were derived from a different patient cohort. 81 proteins were pulled down by L2 (Tables 23-30) that were not detectable in the PEG-precipitated and neat plasma, indicating that these proteins became enriched due to their interaction with L2 oligonucleotide probes. The overlap in proteins in the L0 and L2 pull-down experiments is shown in  FIG. 18B . The subset of proteins associated with L0 and L2, respectively, was then analyzed by gene ontology (GO) cellular component enrichment (geneontology.org).  FIG. 18C  only shows classifications of identified proteins by L2 and L0 pull-down that have a p-value smaller than 6×10 −12 . L2 was able to bind and pull-down specific proteins, indicating that the oligonucleotide enriched in this library exhibit specific binding to target proteins. Moreover, GO categories “Molecular Function” ( FIG. 18E ) and “Biological Process” ( FIG. 18D ) identified proteins enriched for specific GO terms in L2 pull-down samples not detectable in the L0 pull-down. For example, L2 specifically enriched for nucleic acid binding proteins. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 31 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Proteins identified in neat plasma 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P02768 
                 Serum albumin GN = ALB 
               
               
                 P01024 
                 Complement C3 GN = C3 
               
               
                 P04114 
                 Apolipoprotein B-100 GN = APOB 
               
               
                 P02787 
                 Serotransferrin GN = TF 
               
               
                 P01023 
                 Alpha-2-macroglobulin GN = A2M 
               
               
                 P0C0L5 
                 Complement C4-B GN = C4B 
               
               
                 P0C0L4 
                 Complement C4-A GN = C4A 
               
               
                 P02671 
                 Fibrinogen alpha chain GN = FGA 
               
               
                 P02675 
                 Fibrinogen beta chain GN = FGB 
               
               
                 P00450 
                 Ceruloplasmin GN = CP 
               
               
                 P01834 
                 Ig kappa chain C region GN = IGKC 
               
               
                 P01857 
                 Ig gamma-1 chain C region GN = IGHG1 
               
               
                 P00738 
                 Haptoglobin GN = HP 
               
               
                 P02679 
                 Fibrinogen gamma chain GN = FGG 
               
               
                 P01860 
                 Ig gamma-3 chain C region GN = IGHG3 
               
               
                 P08603 
                 Complement factor H GN = CFH 
               
               
                 P02774 
                 Vitamin D-binding protein GN = GC 
               
               
                 P01859 
                 Ig gamma-2 chain C region GN = IGHG2 
               
               
                 P01009 
                 Alpha-1-antitrypsin GN = SERPINA1 
               
               
                 Q14624 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 GN = ITIH4 
               
               
                 P01008 
                 Antithrombin-III GN = SERPINC1 
               
               
                 P01871 
                 Ig mu chain C region GN = IGHM 
               
               
                 P00739 
                 Haptoglobin-related protein GN = HPR 
               
               
                 P00751 
                 Complement factor B GN = CFB 
               
               
                 P02647 
                 Apolipoprotein A-I GN = APOA1 
               
               
                 P02751 
                 Fibronectin GN = FN1 
               
               
                 B9A064 
                 Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 5 GN = IGLL5 
               
               
                 P00747 
                 Plasminogen GN = PLG 
               
               
                 P04217 
                 Alpha-1B-glycoprotein GN = A1BG 
               
               
                 P19823 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 GN = ITIH2 
               
               
                 P01011 
                 Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin GN = SERPINA3 
               
               
                 P01042 
                 Kininogen-1 GN = KNG1 
               
               
                 P01861 
                 Ig gamma-4 chain C region GN = IGHG4 
               
               
                 P06727 
                 Apolipoprotein A-IV GN = APOA4 
               
               
                 P00734 
                 Prothrombin GN = F2 
               
               
                 P02790 
                 Hemopexin GN = HPX 
               
               
                 P04003 
                 C4b-binding protein alpha chain GN = C4BPA 
               
               
                 P04220 
                 Ig mu heavy chain disease protein 
               
               
                 P19827 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 GN = ITIH1 
               
               
                 P01876 
                 Ig alpha-1 chain C region GN = IGHA1 
               
               
                 P0CG05 
                 Ig lambda-2 chain C regions GN = IGLC2 
               
               
                 P05155 
                 Plasma protease C1 inhibitor GN = SERPING1 
               
               
                 P06396 
                 Gelsolin GN = GSN 
               
               
                 P01598 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region EU 
               
               
                 P01597 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region DEE 
               
               
                 P27169 
                 Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 GN = PON1 
               
               
                 P01019 
                 Angiotensinogen GN = AGT 
               
               
                 P01613 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Ni 
               
               
                 P02749 
                 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 GN = APOH 
               
               
                 P04196 
                 Histidine-rich glycoprotein GN = HRG 
               
               
                 P02743 
                 Serum amyloid P-component GN = APCS 
               
               
                 P43652 
                 Afamin GN = AFM 
               
               
                 P01877 
                 Ig alpha-2 chain C region GN = IGHA2 
               
               
                 P02649 
                 Apolipoprotein E GN = APOE 
               
               
                 P02765 
                 Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein GN = AHSG 
               
               
                 P05546 
                 Heparin cofactor 2 GN = SERPIND1 
               
               
                 P01031 
                 Complement C5 GN = C5 
               
               
                 P01611 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Wes 
               
               
                 P02760 
                 Protein AMBP GN = AMBP 
               
               
                 P02763 
                 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 GN = ORM1 
               
               
                 P01766 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region BRO 
               
               
                 P25311 
                 Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein GN = AZGP1 
               
               
                 P01764 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26 
               
               
                 P04264 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 GN = KRT1 
               
               
                 P05156 
                 Complement factor I GN = CFI 
               
               
                 P01619 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region B6 
               
               
                 P18135 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region HAH 
               
               
                 P68871 
                 Hemoglobin subunit beta GN = HBB 
               
               
                 O43866 
                 CD5 antigen-like GN = CD5L 
               
               
                 P02748 
                 Complement component C9 GN = C9 
               
               
                 P02753 
                 Retinol-binding protein 4 GN = RBP4 
               
               
                 P04004 
                 Vitronectin GN = VTN 
               
               
                 P08185 
                 Corticosteroid-binding globulin GN = SERPINA6 
               
               
                 P08697 
                 Alpha-2-antiplasmin GN = SERPINF2 
               
               
                 P10909 
                 Clusterin GN = CLU 
               
               
                 P35908 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal GN = KRT2 
               
               
                 P02747 
                 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C GN = C1QC 
               
               
                 P02766 
                 Transthyretin GN = TTR 
               
               
                 P01617 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region TEW 
               
               
                 P01767 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region BUT 
               
               
                 P01779 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region TUR 
               
               
                 P02652 
                 Apolipoprotein A-II GN = APOA2 
               
               
                 P19652 
                 Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2 GN = ORM2 
               
               
                 Q03591 
                 Complement factor H-related protein 1 GN = CFHR1 
               
               
                 Q96PD5 
                 N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase GN = PGLYRP2 
               
               
                 P00698 
                 Lysozyme C OS =  Gallus gallus  GN = LYZ 
               
               
                 P01625 
                 Ig kappa chain V-IV region Len 
               
               
                 P01781 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region GAL 
               
               
                 P01880 
                 Ig delta chain C region GN = IGHD 
               
               
                 P02746 
                 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B GN = C1QB 
               
               
                 P07357 
                 Complement component C8 alpha chain GN = C8A 
               
               
                 P07360 
                 Complement component C8 gamma chain GN = C8G 
               
               
                 P13645 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10 GN = KRT10 
               
               
                 O14791 
                 Apolipoprotein L1 GN = APOL1 
               
               
                 P01591 
                 Immunoglobulin J chain GN = IGJ 
               
               
                 P03952 
                 Plasma kallikrein GN = KLKB1 
               
               
                 P04211 
                 Ig lambda chain V region 4A 
               
               
                 P04433 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region VG (Fragment) 
               
               
                 P69905 
                 Hemoglobin subunit alpha GN = HBA1 
               
               
                 O95445 
                 Apolipoprotein M GN = APOM 
               
               
                 P00736 
                 Complement C1r subcomponent GN = C1R 
               
               
                 P00748 
                 Coagulation factor XII GN = F12 
               
               
                 P01714 
                 Ig lambda chain V-III region SH 
               
               
                 P01717 
                 Ig lambda chain V-IV region Hil 
               
               
                 P01763 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region WEA 
               
               
                 P01825 
                 Ig heavy chain V-II region NEWM 
               
               
                 P02750 
                 Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein GN = LRG1 
               
               
                 P04208 
                 Ig lambda chain V-I region WAH 
               
               
                 P06310 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region RPMI 6410 
               
               
                 P06312 
                 Ig kappa chain V-IV region (Fragment) GN = IGKV4-1 
               
               
                 P07225 
                 Vitamin K-dependent protein S GN = PROS1 
               
               
                 P07477 
                 Trypsin-1 GN = PRSS1 
               
               
                 P10643 
                 Complement component C7 GN = C7 
               
               
                 P13671 
                 Complement component C6 GN = C6 
               
               
                 P22792 
                 Carboxypeptidase N subunit 2 GN = CPN2 
               
               
                 P36955 
                 Pigment epithelium-derived factor GN = SERPINF1 
               
               
                 P80748 
                 Ig lambda chain V-III region LOI 
               
               
                 Q8NE71 
                 ATP-binding cassette sub-family F member 1 GN = ABCF1 
               
               
                 O75636 
                 Ficolin-3 GN = FCN3 
               
               
                 P00742 
                 Coagulation factor X GN = F10 
               
               
                 P01743 
                 Ig heavy chain V-I region HG3 
               
               
                 P01771 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region HIL 
               
               
                 P01814 
                 Ig heavy chain V-II region OU 
               
               
                 P04430 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region BAN 
               
               
                 P05090 
                 Apolipoprotein D GN = APOD 
               
               
                 P06681 
                 Complement C2 GN = C2 
               
               
                 P07358 
                 Complement component C8 beta chain GN = C8B 
               
               
                 P08519 
                 Apolipoprotein(a) GN = LPA 
               
               
                 P09871 
                 Complement C1s subcomponent GN = C1S 
               
               
                 P16402 
                 Histone H1.3 GN = HIST1H1D 
               
               
                 P23083 
                 Ig heavy chain V-I region V35 
               
               
                 Q08380 
                 Galectin-3-binding protein GN = LGALS3BP 
               
               
                 Q6VMQ6 
                 Activating transcription factor 7-interacting protein 1 GN = ATF7IP 
               
               
                 Q6ZTQ3 
                 Ras association domain-containing protein 6 GN = RASSF6 
               
               
                 Q8NCE2 
                 Myotubularin-related protein 14 GN = MTMR14 
               
               
                 Q96JQ0 
                 Protocadherin-16 GN = DCHS1 
               
               
                 Q96KK5 
                 Histone H2A type 1-H GN = HIST1H2AH 
               
               
                 Q96RW7 
                 Hemicentin-1 GN = HMCN1 
               
               
                 Q9H1J1 
                 Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3A GN = UPF3A 
               
               
                 A0M8Q6 
                 Ig lambda-7 chain C region GN = IGLC7 
               
               
                 O14795 
                 Protein unc-13 homolog B GN = UNC13B 
               
               
                 O96018 
                 Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family A member 3 GN = APBA3 
               
               
                 P01620 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region SIE 
               
               
                 P01768 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region CAM 
               
               
                 P06331 
                 Ig heavy chain V-II region ARH-77 
               
               
                 P06396 
                 Gelsolin GN = GSN 
               
               
                 P0C0L4 
                 Complement C4-A GN = C4A 
               
               
                 P20742 
                 Pregnancy zone protein GN = PZP 
               
               
                 P29622 
                 Kallistatin GN = SERPINA4 
               
               
                 P34897 
                 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial GN = SHMT2 
               
               
                 P35527 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9 GN = KRT9 
               
               
                 P49908 
                 Selenoprotein P GN = SEPP1 
               
               
                 P83436 
                 Conserved oligomeric Golgi complex subunit 7 GN = COG7 
               
               
                 Q06033 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 GN = ITIH3 
               
               
                 Q66K66 
                 Transmembrane protein 198 GN = TMEM198 
               
               
                 P00488 
                 Coagulation factor XIII A chain GN = F13A1 
               
               
                 P01605 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Lay 
               
               
                 P06703 
                 Protein S100-A6 GN = S100A6 
               
               
                 P13647 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 GN = KRT5 
               
               
                 P19022 
                 Cadherin-2 GN = CDH2 
               
               
                 P35542 
                 Serum amyloid A-4 protein GN = SAA4 
               
               
                 P48443 
                 Retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma GN = RXRG 
               
               
                 Q5TH69 
                 Brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 3 GN = ARFGEF3 
               
               
                 Q6IPM2 
                 IQ domain-containing protein E GN = IQCE 
               
               
                 Q86XI8 
                 Uncharacterized protein C19orf68 GN = C19orf68 
               
               
                 Q9NYQ7 
                 Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3 GN = CELSR3 
               
               
                 Q9NZP8 
                 Complement C1r subcomponent-like protein GN = C1RL 
               
               
                 Q9UL12 
                 Sarcosine dehydrogenase, mitochondrial GN = SARDH 
               
               
                 Q9Y623 
                 Myosin-4 GN = MYH4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 32 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Proteins identified in PEG precipitate from plasma 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P01024 
                 Complement C3 GN = C3 
               
               
                 P01023 
                 Alpha-2-macroglobulin GN = A2M 
               
               
                 P04114 
                 Apolipoprotein B-100 GN = APOB 
               
               
                 P01834 
                 Ig kappa chain C region GN = IGKC 
               
               
                 P0C0L4 
                 Complement C4-A GN = C4A 
               
               
                 P0C0L5 
                 Complement C4-B GN = C4B 
               
               
                 P02675 
                 Fibrinogen beta chain GN = FGB 
               
               
                 P02768 
                 Serum albumin GN = ALB 
               
               
                 P08603 
                 Complement factor H GN = CFH 
               
               
                 P01857 
                 Ig gamma-1 chain C region GN = IGHG1 
               
               
                 P02671 
                 Fibrinogen alpha chain GN = FGA 
               
               
                 P02751 
                 Fibronectin GN = FN1 
               
               
                 P00747 
                 Plasminogen GN = PLG 
               
               
                 P01871 
                 Ig mu chain C region GN = IGHM 
               
               
                 P02679 
                 Fibrinogen gamma chain GN = FGG 
               
               
                 P02787 
                 Serotransferrin GN = TF 
               
               
                 P01031 
                 Complement C5 GN = C5 
               
               
                 P00450 
                 Ceruloplasmin GN = CP 
               
               
                 P01859 
                 Ig gamma-2 chain C region GN = IGHG2 
               
               
                 P0CG05 
                 Ig lambda-2 chain C regions GN = IGLC2 
               
               
                 P04220 
                 Ig mu heavy chain disease protein 
               
               
                 P19827 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1 GN = ITIH1 
               
               
                 P20742 
                 Pregnancy zone protein GN = PZP 
               
               
                 P01860 
                 Ig gamma-3 chain C region GN = IGHG3 
               
               
                 B9A064 
                 Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 5 GN = IGLL5 
               
               
                 P00738 
                 Haptoglobin GN = HP 
               
               
                 P04003 
                 C4b-binding protein alpha chain GN = C4BPA 
               
               
                 P19823 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 GN = ITIH2 
               
               
                 P01876 
                 Ig alpha-1 chain C region GN = IGHA1 
               
               
                 P04264 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 GN = KRT1 
               
               
                 P13645 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10 GN = KRT10 
               
               
                 P02649 
                 Apolipoprotein E GN = APOE 
               
               
                 P01597 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region DEE 
               
               
                 P02760 
                 Protein AMBP GN = AMBP 
               
               
                 P00734 
                 Prothrombin GN = F2 
               
               
                 P10643 
                 Complement component C7 GN = C7 
               
               
                 P13671 
                 Complement component C6 GN = C6 
               
               
                 Q14624 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 GN = ITIH4 
               
               
                 P00751 
                 Complement factor B GN = CFB 
               
               
                 P01861 
                 Ig gamma-4 chain C region GN = IGHG4 
               
               
                 P02749 
                 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 GN = APOH 
               
               
                 P02647 
                 Apolipoprotein A-I GN = APOA1 
               
               
                 O43866 
                 CD5 antigen-like GN = CD5L 
               
               
                 P00736 
                 Complement C1r subcomponent GN = C1R 
               
               
                 P00739 
                 Haptoglobin-related protein GN = HPR 
               
               
                 P01609 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Scw 
               
               
                 P01877 
                 Ig alpha-2 chain C region GN = IGHA2 
               
               
                 Q03591 
                 Complement factor H-related protein 1 GN = CFHR1 
               
               
                 P35908 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal GN = KRT2 
               
               
                 P01620 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region SIE 
               
               
                 P04196 
                 Histidine-rich glycoprotein GN = HRG 
               
               
                 P01766 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region BRO 
               
               
                 P02746 
                 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B GN = C1QB 
               
               
                 P02774 
                 Vitamin D-binding protein GN = GC 
               
               
                 P01765 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region TIL 
               
               
                 P01621 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region NG9 (Fragment) 
               
               
                 P01767 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region BUT 
               
               
                 P01779 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region TUR 
               
               
                 P02748 
                 Complement component C9 GN = C9 
               
               
                 P05546 
                 Heparin cofactor 2 GN = SERPIND1 
               
               
                 P01610 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region WEA 
               
               
                 P01613 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Ni 
               
               
                 P01625 
                 Ig kappa chain V-IV region Len 
               
               
                 P01598 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region EU 
               
               
                 P01617 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region TEW 
               
               
                 P01781 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region GAL 
               
               
                 P01042 
                 Kininogen-1 GN = KNG1 
               
               
                 P04004 
                 Vitronectin GN = VTN 
               
               
                 P07358 
                 Complement component C8 beta chain GN = C8B 
               
               
                 P80748 
                 Ig lambda chain V-III region LOI 
               
               
                 P01825 
                 Ig heavy chain V-II region NEWM 
               
               
                 P02743 
                 Serum amyloid P-component GN = APCS 
               
               
                 P03952 
                 Plasma kallikrein GN = KLKB1 
               
               
                 P05156 
                 Complement factor I GN = CFI 
               
               
                 P07225 
                 Vitamin K-dependent protein S GN = PROS1 
               
               
                 P08519 
                 Apolipoprotein(a) GN = LPA 
               
               
                 P35527 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9 GN = KRT9 
               
               
                 P01009 
                 Alpha-1-antitrypsin GN = SERPINA1 
               
               
                 P01714 
                 Ig lambda chain V-III region SH 
               
               
                 P07357 
                 Complement component C8 alpha chain GN = C8A 
               
               
                 P01619 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region B6 
               
               
                 P01717 
                 Ig lambda chain V-IV region Hil 
               
               
                 P04207 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region CLL 
               
               
                 P09871 
                 Complement C1s subcomponent GN = C1S 
               
               
                 O75636 
                 Ficolin-3 GN = FCN3 
               
               
                 P01008 
                 Antithrombin-III GN = SERPINC1 
               
               
                 P01612 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Mev 
               
               
                 P01880 
                 Ig delta chain C region GN = IGHD 
               
               
                 P02747 
                 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C GN = C1QC 
               
               
                 P02790 
                 Hemopexin GN = HPX 
               
               
                 P07360 
                 Complement component C8 gamma chain GN = C8G 
               
               
                 P01602 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region HK102 (Fragment) GN = IGKV1-5 
               
               
                 P01611 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Wes 
               
               
                 P01763 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region WEA 
               
               
                 P04217 
                 Alpha-1B-glycoprotein GN = A1BG 
               
               
                 P06396 
                 Gelsolin GN = GSN 
               
               
                 P23142 
                 Fibulin-1 GN = FBLN1 
               
               
                 P68871 
                 Hemoglobin subunit beta GN = HBB 
               
               
                 Q06033 
                 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 GN = ITIH3 
               
               
                 P00748 
                 Coagulation factor XII GN = F12 
               
               
                 P01011 
                 Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin GN = SERPINA3 
               
               
                 P02656 
                 Apolipoprotein C-III GN = APOC3 
               
               
                 P04430 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region BAN 
               
               
                 P04434 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region VH (Fragment) 
               
               
                 P05160 
                 Coagulation factor XIII B chain GN = F13B 
               
               
                 P06312 
                 Ig kappa chain V-IV region (Fragment) GN = IGKV4-1 
               
               
                 P08697 
                 Alpha-2-antiplasmin GN = SERPINF2 
               
               
                 P10909 
                 Clusterin GN = CLU 
               
               
                 P16402 
                 Histone H1.3 GN = HIST1H1D 
               
               
                 P27169 
                 Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 GN = PON1 
               
               
                 P01591 
                 Immunoglobulin J chain GN = IGJ 
               
               
                 P01624 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region POM 
               
               
                 P01768 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region CAM 
               
               
                 P01773 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region BUR 
               
               
                 P04433 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region VG (Fragment) 
               
               
                 P05090 
                 Apolipoprotein D GN = APOD 
               
               
                 P06889 
                 Ig lambda chain V-IV region MOL 
               
               
                 P80419 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region GAR 
               
               
                 Q9Y6R7 
                 IgGFc-binding protein GN = FCGBP 
               
               
                 O95445 
                 Apolipoprotein M GN = APOM 
               
               
                 P00488 
                 Coagulation factor XIII A chain GN = F13A1 
               
               
                 P01743 
                 Ig heavy chain V-I region HG3 
               
               
                 P02745 
                 Complement C1q subcomponent subunit A GN = C1QA 
               
               
                 P06318 
                 Ig lambda chain V-VI region WLT 
               
               
                 P06681 
                 Complement C2 GN = C2 
               
               
                 P20851 
                 C4b-binding protein beta chain GN = C4BPB 
               
               
                 P27918 
                 Properdin GN = CFP 
               
               
                 P29622 
                 Kallistatin GN = SERPINA4 
               
               
                 P35542 
                 Serum amyloid A-4 protein GN = SAA4 
               
               
                 P36955 
                 Pigment epithelium-derived factor GN = SERPINF1 
               
               
                 Q08380 
                 Galectin-3-binding protein GN = LGALS3BP 
               
               
                 Q14520 
                 Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 GN = HABP2 
               
               
                 Q8NDN9 
                 RCC1 and BTB domain-containing protein 1 GN = RCBTB1 
               
               
                 O14791 
                 Apolipoprotein L1 GN = APOL1 
               
               
                 O43526 
                 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 GN = KCNQ2 
               
               
                 P00740 
                 Coagulation factor IX GN = F9 
               
               
                 P01762 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region TRO 
               
               
                 P01771 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region HIL 
               
               
                 P01814 
                 Ig heavy chain V-II region OU 
               
               
                 P02652 
                 Apolipoprotein A-II GN = APOA2 
               
               
                 P03951 
                 Coagulation factor XI GN = F11 
               
               
                 P04208 
                 Ig lambda chain V-I region WAH 
               
               
                 P04211 
                 Ig lambda chain V region 4A 
               
               
                 P06310 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region RPMI 6410 
               
               
                 P06311 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region IARC/BL41 
               
               
                 P13647 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 GN = KRT5 
               
               
                 P15814 
                 Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 GN = IGLL1 
               
               
                 P23083 
                 Ig heavy chain V-I region V35 
               
               
                 P69905 
                 Hemoglobin subunit alpha GN = HBA1 
               
               
                 Q15848 
                 Adiponectin GN = ADIPOQ 
               
               
                 Q96PD5 
                 N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase GN = PGLYRP2 
               
               
                 Q9H1J1 
                 Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3A GN = UPF3A 
               
               
                 Q9HAY6 
                 Beta,beta-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase GN = BCO1 
               
               
                 Q9NP61 
                 ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3 GN = ARFGAP3 
               
               
                 Q9UL12 
                 Sarcosine dehydrogenase, mitochondrial GN = SARDH 
               
               
                 P01009 
                 Alpha-1-antitrypsin GN = SERPINA1 
               
               
                 P01042 
                 Kininogen-1 GN = KNG1 
               
               
                 P01604 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Kue 
               
               
                 P01605 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region Lay 
               
               
                 P01606 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region OU 
               
               
                 P01616 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region MIL 
               
               
                 P01764 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26 
               
               
                 P01769 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region GA 
               
               
                 P027510 
                 Fibronectin GN = FN1 
               
               
                 P02766 
                 Transthyretin GN = TTR 
               
               
                 P05155 
                 Plasma protease C1 inhibitor GN = SERPING1 
               
               
                 P06727 
                 Apolipoprotein A-IV GN = APOA4 
               
               
                 P07477 
                 Trypsin-1 GN = PRSS1 
               
               
                 P08133 
                 Annexin A6 GN = ANXA6 
               
               
                 P13569 
                 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator GN = CFTR 
               
               
                 P18428 
                 Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein GN = LBP 
               
               
                 P23142 
                 Fibulin-1 GN = FBLN1 
               
               
                 Q6Q759 
                 Sperm-associated antigen 17 GN = SPAG17 
               
               
                 Q96JY6 
                 PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 GN = PDLIM2 
               
               
                 Q96PE2 
                 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 17 GN = ARHGEF17 
               
               
                 A0M8Q6 
                 Ig lambda-7 chain C region GN = IGLC7 
               
               
                 O00468 
                 Agrin GN = AGRN 
               
               
                 P01019 
                 Angiotensinogen GN = AGT 
               
               
                 P02753 
                 Retinol-binding protein 4 GN = RBP4 
               
               
                 P02765 
                 Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein GN = AHSG 
               
               
                 P04206 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region GOL 
               
               
                 P05154 
                 Plasma serine protease inhibitor GN = SERPINA5 
               
               
                 P06396 
                 Gelsolin GN = GSN 
               
               
                 P18135 
                 Ig kappa chain V-III region HAH 
               
               
                 P36980 
                 Complement factor H-related protein 2 GN = CFHR2 
               
               
                 Q141611 
                 ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT2 GN = GIT2 
               
               
                 Q9NQS7 
                 Inner centromere protein GN = INCENP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 33 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Proteins identified with unenriched library L0 pull-down 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 P00698 
                 Lysozyme C OS =  Gallus gallus  GN = LYZ 
               
               
                 P01857 
                 Ig gamma-1 chain C region GN = IGHG1 
               
               
                 P02533 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14 GN = KRT14 
               
               
                 P02538 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A GN = KRT6A 
               
               
                 P02647 
                 Apolipoprotein A-I GN = APOA1 
               
               
                 P02671 
                 Fibrinogen alpha chain GN = FGA 
               
               
                 P02768 
                 Serum albumin GN = ALB 
               
               
                 P04792 
                 Heat shock protein beta-1 GN = HSPB1 
               
               
                 P08123 
                 Collagen alpha-2(I) chain GN = COL1A2 
               
               
                 P08779 
                 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 16 GN = KRT16 
               
               
                 P0CF74 
                 Ig lambda-6 chain C region GN = IGLC6 
               
               
                 P13647 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5 GN = KRT5 
               
               
                 P15924 
                 Desmoplakin GN = DSP 
               
               
                 P15924 
                 Desmoplakin GN = DSP 
               
               
                 P47929 
                 Galectin-7 GN = LGALS7 
               
               
                 P63267 
                 Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle GN = ACTG2 
               
               
                 P81605 
                 Dermcidin GN = DCD 
               
               
                 Q02413 
                 Desmoglein-1 GN = DSG1 
               
               
                 Q5D862 
                 Filaggrin-2 GN = FLG2 
               
               
                 Q6UWP8 
                 Suprabasin GN = SBSN 
               
               
                 Q86Y46 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 73 GN = KRT73 
               
               
                 Q86YZ3 
                 Hornerin GN = HRNR 
               
               
                 Q8N1N4 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 78 GN = KRT78 
               
               
                 Q8TF72 
                 Protein Shroom3 GN = SHROOM3 
               
               
                 Q9BQ50 
                 Three prime repair exonuclease 2 GN = TREX2 
               
               
                 Q9P0W8 
                 Spermatogenesis-associated protein 7 GN = SPATA7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The methods above were further repeated to identify proteins that were identified in cancer samples using pull-down with the L1 library. Table 34 lists proteins that were identified in these experiments. Accession numbers in the table are from the UniProt database (www.uniprot.org). “GN=” is followed by the gene name. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 34 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Proteins identified in cancer samples 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Accession 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Q9HC84 
                 Mucin-5B GN = MUC5B 
               
               
                 Q01469 
                 Fatty acid-binding protein, epidermal GN = FABP5 
               
               
                 P02790 
                 Hemopexin GN = HPX 
               
               
                 P00450 
                 Ceruloplasmin GN = CP 
               
               
                 P22531 
                 Small proline-rich protein 2E GN = SPRR2E 
               
               
                 P22532 
                 Small proline-rich protein 2D GN = SPRR2D 
               
               
                 Q08499-7 
                 cAMP-specific 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D 
               
               
                   
                 GN = PDE4D 
               
               
                 P02774-2 
                 Vitamin D-binding protein GN = GC 
               
               
                 O75976 
                 Carboxypeptidase D GN = CPD 
               
               
                 P08571 
                 Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 GN = CD14 
               
               
                 P28838-2 
                 Cytosol aminopeptidase GN = LAP3 
               
               
                 P43652 
                 Afamin GN = AFM 
               
               
                 Q15485-2 
                 Ficolin-2 GN = FCN2 
               
               
                 Q9UGM3-9 
                 Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein GN = DMBT1 
               
               
                 P42702 
                 Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor GN = LIFR 
               
               
                 Q96L92-3 
                 Sorting nexin-27 GN = SNX27 
               
               
                 P31025 
                 Lipocalin-1 GN = LCN1 
               
               
                 P53367-2 
                 Arfaptin-1 GN = ARFIP1 
               
               
                 P02749 
                 Beta-2-glycoprotein 1 GN = APOH 
               
               
                 P03952 
                 Plasma kallikrein GN = KLKB1 
               
               
                 Q5T750 
                 Skin-specific protein 32 GN = XP32 
               
               
                 Q71UI9-5 
                 Histone H2A.V GN = H2AFV 
               
               
                 O95678 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 75 GN = KRT75 
               
               
                 P48668 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6C GN = KRT6C 
               
               
                 P78385 
                 Keratin, type II cuticular Hb3 GN = KRT83 
               
               
                 Q01546 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 oral GN = KRT76 
               
               
                 Q14525 
                 Keratin, type I cuticular Ha3-II GN = KRT33B 
               
               
                 Q14CN4-3 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 72 GN = KRT72 
               
               
                 Q15323 
                 Keratin, type I cuticular Ha1 GN = KRT31 
               
               
                 Q86Y46-2 
                 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 73 GN = KRT73 
               
               
                 Q02413-2 
                 Desmoglein-1 GN = DSG1 
               
               
                 Q5T751 
                 Late cornified envelope protein 1C GN = LCE1C 
               
               
                 Q5T7P2 
                 Late cornified envelope protein 1A GN = LCE1A 
               
               
                 P00751 
                 Complement factor B GN = CFB 
               
               
                 P08603 
                 Complement factor H GN = CFH 
               
               
                 P01009-2 
                 Alpha-1-antitrypsin GN = SERPINA1 
               
               
                 P01598 
                 Ig kappa chain V-I region EU 
               
               
                 P01616 
                 Ig kappa chain V-II region MIL 
               
               
                 P01715 
                 Ig lambda chain V-IV region Bau 
               
               
                 P01781 
                 Ig heavy chain V-III region GAL 
               
               
                 P0CF74 
                 Ig lambda-6 chain C region GN = IGLC6 
               
               
                 P63267-2 
                 Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle GN = ACTG2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 29 
     Identification of Biomarkers through Affinity Enrichment with an Enriched Oligonucleotide Library and Mass Spectrometry 
     This Example continues upon the Example above. Identification of protein-protein and nucleic acid-protein complexes by affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) can be hampered in samples comprising complex mixtures of biological components (e.g., bodily fluids including without limitation blood and derivatives thereof). For example, it may be desireable to detect low abundance protein and nucleic acid-protein complexes in a complex milieu comprising various components that may interact promiscuously with specific binding sites such as high abundance proteins that interact non-specifically with the affinity resin. AP-MS has been used previously to enrich for pre-identified targets of interest using individual DNA or RNA aptamers or specific nucleic acid binding domains. In this Example, an enriched oligonucleotide probing library was used as the affinity reagent. This approach combined with mass spectrometry enables the identification of differentially expressed biomarker from different disease states or cellular perturbations without relying on a priori knowledge of the targets of interest. Such biomarker may comprise proteins, nucleic acids, miRNA, mRNA, carbohydrates, lipid targets, combinations thereof, or other components in a biological system. 
     The method comprises identification of an enriched oligonucleotide probe library according to the methods of the invention followed by target identification with affinity purification of the bound probing library and mass spectrometry. The members of the enriched oligonucleotide probing library comprise an affinity tag. A biological sample is probed with the oligonucleotide probe library, affinity purification of the oligonucleotide probe library via the affinity tag is performed which will accordingly purify biological entities in complex with various members of the probe library, and read-out of targets that purified with the members of the probe library is performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for proteins or oligonucleotide targets (e.g., miRNA or mRNA) with next generation sequencing (NGS). Confirmation of protein targets is performed using quantitative mass spectrometry (MS), e.g., using MRM/SRM or SWATH based methods. 
     The method of the Example lends itself to various options. For example, any appropriate affinity tags can be used for affinity pull-down, including without limitation anti-sense oligonucleotides, biotin, polyhistidine, FLAG octapeptide (i.e., N-DYKDDDDK-C (SEQ ID NO. 7948)), where N stands for Amino-terminus and C stands for Carboxy terminus), 3× FLAG, Human influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-tag (i.e., N-YPYDVPDYA-C (SEQ ID NO. 7949)), myc-tag (N-EQKLISEEDL-C (SEQ ID NO. 7950)), other such as known in the art, and combinations thereof. Similarly, any appropriate enrichment support can be used in addition to the magnetic streptavidin beads exemplified herein, including without limitation other bead systems, agarose beads, planar arrays or column chromatography supports. It follows that the various supports can be coupled with the various affinity reagents appropriate for the oligonucleotide library, including without limitation streptavidin, avidin, anti-His tag antibodies, nickel, and the like. The different affinity tags and supports can be combined as desired. This Example used cross-linking but in certain cases such cross-linking is not necessary and may even be undesirable, e.g., to favor identification of high affinity complex formation. When cross-linking is desired, any appropriate cross-linkers can be used to carry out the invention, including BS2G, DSS, formaldehyde, and the like. Other appropriate cross-linkers and methods are described herein. See, e.g., Section “Aptamer Target Identification.” Lysis buffers and wash stringencies can be varied, e.g, depending on whether complexes are cross-linked or not. Less stringent lysis/wash conditions may produce a wider array of potential protein complexes of interest whereas more stringent lysis/wash conditions may favor higher affinity oligo-target complexes and/or targets comprising specific proteins (e.g., by disassociating larger complexes bound to the oligos). One of skill will further appreciate that qualitative and/or quantitative LC-MS/MS may be used for target detection and verification. Similarly, metabolic labeling and label-free approaches may be used for quantitative MS, including without limitation spectral counting, SILAC, dimethyl labeling, TMT labeling, Targeted MS with SRM/MRM or SWATH, and the like. 
     References: 
     Vickenborg et al. “Aptamer based affinity labeling of proteins”, Angew Chem Int. 51(36):9176-80 (2012). 
     Tacheny, M, Arnould, T., Renard, A. “Mass spectrometry-based identification of proteins interacting with nucleic acids” Journal of Proteomics 94; 89-109 (2013). 
     Faoro C and Ataide S F. “Ribonomic approaches to study the RNA-binding proteome.” FEBS Lett. 588(20):3649-64 (2014). 
     Budayeva H G, Cristea, I M, “A mass spectrometry view of stable and transient protein inteeractions.” Adv Exp Med Biol. 806:263-82 (2014). 
     Example 30 
     Protocol for Affinity Capture Using Oligonucleotide Probing Library 
     This Example presents a detailed protocol for the method of affinity capture using an oligonucleotide probing library presented in the Example above. 
     Protocol: 
     The oligonucleotide probe library comprises F-TRin-35n-B-8-3s described herein either desthiobiotin labeled or unlabeled library and binding to normal (i.e., non-cancer) female plasma. The oligonucleotide probe library is enriched against the plasma samples as described elsewhere (e.g., Example 27). The plasma samples are processed separately against the desthiobiotin labeled or unlabeled oligonucleotide libraries. General parameters included the following: 
     48 normal plasma samples are pooled for enrichment of each oligonucleotide library (Desthiobiotin or Unlabeled) 
     200 μl input plasma per sample 
     Ultracentrifugation (UC) is used to pre-clear the samples 
     5 ng of each aptamer library is added to each sample 
     Binding competitors for all library samples include 0.01×51 (dextran sulfate), 340 ng for tRNA and 340 ng Salmon sperm DNA as described elsewhere herein. 
     6% PEG 8000 is used for precipitation of microvesicles within the samples 
     Affinity purification is performed with C1 Streptavidin beads (MyOne Strptavidin Beads C1-65001, lot 2 ml (10 mg/ml)) 
     Buffers: 
     Plasma dilution: 6 mM MgCl2 in 2× PBS 
     Pellet Wash Buffer: 1× PBS, 3 mM MgCl2 
     PEG Ppt Buffer: 20% Peg8000 in 1× PBS, 3 mM MgCl2 
     Bead Prep Buffer: 1× PBS containing 0.01% Triton X-100 
     Lysis Buffer: prepare a 2× stock solution consisting of 100 mM Tris-HCl, 20 mM MgCl2, 400 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol, pH 7.5. Diluted to 1× with water 1:1 prior to using. 
     AP Wash buffer 1: 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 2M NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, pH 7.5 
     AP wash buffer 2: 10 mM Tris-HCL, 1 mM EDTA, 2M NaCl, 0.01% Triton X-100, pH 7.5 
     Biotin Elution buffer 1: 5 mM Biotin, 20 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, pH 7.5 
     1× LDS, 1× Reducing buffer 2 
     Reagent/Instrument Prep: 
     Pre-chill Ultracentrifuge to 4° C. 
     Protease inhibition: dissolve 2 tablets of “cOmplete ULTRA MINI EDTA-free EASYpack” protease inhibitor in 1100 μl of H2O (20× stock of protease inhibitor). 
     Plasma Preparation (for Each of Desthiobiotin or Unlabeled Oligonucleotide Libraries): 
     1. Add 50 μl of protease inhibitor to each ml of sample (on top of frozen plasma) in a room temperature (RT) water bath. Will use 22 mls of pooled plasma, so 1100 μl inhibitor. 
     2. To remove cell/debris, spin samples at 7500×g 20 min, 4° C. in the Ultracentrifuge. 
     3. Collect the supernatant, pool and measure volume &amp; record. 
     4. Add an equal volume of 2× PBS, 6 mM MgCl 2  to the plasma. 
     5. Label low-retention eppendorf tubes 1-96. 
     6. Transfer 400 μl of each sample to eppendorf tubes based on appropriate tube map 
     7. Using an electronic P200, add competitors: 8.6 μl of 40 ng/μl Salmon sperm DNA; 8.6 μl of 40 ng/μl tRNA; 8.6 μl of 0.5×S1. 
     8. Incubate at RT with end over end rotation for 10 min. 
     9. Add 10 μL of appropriate oligo library, mix well. Save any leftover diluted library for gel control (see below). 
     10. Incubate 1 hr at RT with end over end rotation. 
     11. Using an electronic repeat P100, add 187 μl of 20% PEG 8000 to sample for a final 6% concentration to the 435.5 μl of sample/oligo library. Invert a few times to mix and incubate for 15 min at 4° C. 
     12. Spin each sample in table top centrifuge at 10,000×g for 5 min. 
     13. Remove supernatant and discard, add 1 ml 1× PBS, 3mM MgCl 2  to pellet. 
     14. Wash pellet by gentle inversion 
     15. Remove buffer, re-suspend pellets in 100 μl 1× PBS, 3mM MgCl 2 : incubate at RT for 10 min on mixmate @900 rpm to re-suspend. Make sure each sample is well re-suspended by pipetting. 
     16. Pool all desthiobiotin library samples into one 50 ml falcon tube, and the unlabeled library into another, total volume for each should be 4800 μl. 
     17. Take 10 μL aliquot for the input into AP sample for gel (add 10 μL of 2× LDS buffer w/2× reducing agent. 
     Affinity Purification: 
     18. Prepare 10 μL of MyOne Strep-coated Magnetic beads per each condition into a 1.5 ml eppendorf tube and place on a magnetic bead rack. Have a Bead only control as well (n=3) 
     19. Remove supernatant and wash 1×500 μl with Bead buffer. 
     20. Discard supernatant 
     21. Resuspend beads in an equal volume of 1× PBS, 3 mM MgCl 2  (equal vol to what was taken out originally=10 μl) 
     22. Add the 10 μl of beads directly to the 4780 μL from step 19. To Bead only control add PBS. 
     23. Incubate samples with streptavidin beads 1 hr RT on plate shaker (taped). 
     24. Place on the large magnetic stand for 1 min and remove supernatant 
     25. Add 1.5 mL of 1× lysis buffer to the samples (do 3×500 μl with a good rinse of the 50 mL falcon tube for each to collect all the beads) and transfer to a new set of eppendorf tubes. 
     26. Incubate for 20 min on ice. 
     27. Place tubes in magnetic bead rack, let equilibrate 1 min and remove the supernatant. 
     28. Wash the beads with wash buffer #1 via vortexing. Resuspend well. 
     29. Place tubes on magnetic bead rack, let equilibrate 1 min and remove the supernatant 
     30. Wash 2 additional times as with wash buffer #1 steps 27-29 (total 3 washes with wash buffer #1) 
     31. Repeat steps 27-29 (2) additional times with wash buffer #2 
     32. During the last wash transfer beads to a new eppendorf tube. (to reduce non-specific binding) 
     33. Do one dry spin to make sure all residual wash buffer is removed. 
     34. Add 10 μl of Biotin Elution buffer 1 to beads 
     35. Incubate for 15 minutes at 37° C. 
     36. Place on magnetic stand for 1 min, collect sup and transfer to a new tube, add 10 μL of 2× LDS, 2× Reducing agent to eluted sample. Save as Elution #1. 
     37. Add 10 μl of 1× LDS Sample Buffer, 1× Reducing buffer to magnetic beads. 
     38. Boil the samples for 15 min at 90° C. The boiling time is 15 minutes to essure the streptavidin on the beads unfolds and releases the biotinylated aptapmer-protein complex. 
     39. Place samples on magnetic stand on ice and collect the eluted sample. This is Elution #2. Discard the beads. 
     40. Gel 1 layout: 
     Lane 1: 5 ng Desthiobiotin library 
     Lane 2: 1× LDS 
     Lane 3: Marker 
     Lane 4: Desthiobiotin Elution #1 
     Lane 5: Unlabeled Elution #1 
     Lane 6: Bead only Elution #1 
     Lane 7: Desthiobiotin Elution #2 
     Lane 8: Unlabeled Elution #2 
     Lane 9: Bead only Elution #2 
     Lane 10: Input for AP (saved from step 17) 
     Running Reducing SDS Gel: 
     Prepare 1× MOPS SDS Running Buffer from 20× MOPS SDS Buffer 
     Use 10 or 12 well 4-12% Bis Tris gel 
     Peel off tape seal and place in the gel box. Insert spacer for second gel cassette if needed 
     Fill the inside/upper chamber with running buffer MOPS (1×) and 500 ul Antioxidant 
     Remove the comb carefully, not disturbing the wells 
     Rinse the wells with the running buffer to remove the storage buffer which can interfere with sample running 
     Slowly load samples to each well carefully using L-20 tip 
     Fill the outer/lower chamber with approximately 600 ml of running buffer MOPS (1×) 
     Place top portion of unit and secure correct electrodes 
     Run the gel to migrate proteins 
     100 V constant for samples to move through stack (until all samples line up) for 15 min 
     Increase to 150 V constant for running (until visible sample buffer comes to bottom) for ˜1 hr 
     At the end of the run, stop the power supply and remove the gel cassettes from cell 
     Disassemble the gel cassette by with gel knife. 
     Remove one side of cassette case. Trim off the gel foot and wells (avoid drying gel). 
     Transfer gel into container filled with Mili Q water and perform a quick wash. 
     Silver Staining: 
     Materials: 
     ProteoSilver™ Silver Stain Kit, Sigma Catalog No. PROT-SIL1, Lot No. SLBJ0252V 
     Ethanol, Fisher Scientific Catalog No. BP2818-4, Lot No. 142224 
     Acetic acid, Acros organics Catalog No. 14893-0025, Lot No. B0520036 
     Water, Sigma Catalog No. W4502, Lot No. RNBD1581 
     Preparation: 
     1. Fixing solution. Add 50 ml of ethanol and 10 ml of acetic acid to 40 ml of ultrapure water. 
     2. 30% Ethanol solution. Add 30 ml of ethanol to 70 ml of ultrapure water. 
     3. Sensitizer solution. Add 1 ml of ProteoSilver Sensitizer to 99 ml of ultrapure water. The prepared solution should be used within 2 hours. A precipitate may form in the ProteoSilver Sensitizer. This precipitate will not affect the performance of the solution. Simply allow the precipitate to settle and remove 1 ml of the supernatant. 
     4. Silver solution. Add 1 ml of ProteoSilver Silver Solution to 99 ml of ultrapure water. The prepared solution should be used within 2 hours. 
     5. Developer solution. Add 5 ml ProteoSilver Developer 1 and 0.1 ml ProteoSilver Developer 2 to 95 ml of ultrapure water. The developer solution should be prepared immediately (&lt;20 minutes) before use. 
     6. All steps should be carried out in the hood and waste needs to be collected in toxic designated container. 
     Procedure 
     A. Direct Silver Staining 
     All steps are carried out at room temperature on an orbital shaker at 60 to 70 rpm. 
     1. Fixing—After electrophoresis of the proteins in the mini polyacrylamide gel, place the gel into a clean tray with 100 ml of the Fixing solution overnight in the hood. Cover tightly. 
     2. Ethanol wash—Decant the Fixing solution and wash the gel for 10 minutes with 100 ml of the 30% Ethanol solution. 
     3. Water wash—Decant the 30% Ethanol solution and wash the gel for 10 minutes with 200 ml of ultrapure water. 
     4. Sensitization—Decant the water and incubate the gel for 10 minutes with 100 ml of the Sensitizer solution. 
     5. Water wash—Decant the Sensitizer solution and wash the gel twice, each time for 10 minutes with 200 ml of ultrapure water. 
     7. Silver equilibration—Decant the water and equilibrate the gel for 10 minutes with 100 ml of the Silver solution. 
     8. Water wash—Decant the Silver solution and wash the gel for 1 to 1.5 minutes with 200 ml of ultrapure water. 
     9. Gel development—Decant the water and develop the gel with 100 ml of the Developer solution. Development times of 3 to 7 minutes are sufficient to produce the desired staining intensity for most gels. Development times as long as 10 to 12 minutes may be required to detect bands or spots with very low protein concentrations (0.1 ng/mm2) 
     10. Stop—Add 5 ml of the ProteoSilver Stop Solution to the developer solution to stop the developing reaction and incubate for 5 minutes. Bubbles of CO 2  gas will form in the mixture. 
     11. Storage—Decant the Developer/Stop solution and wash the gel for 15 minutes with 200 ml of ultrapure water. Store the gel in fresh, ultrapure water and take picture for documentation. 
     Protein Identification 
     Protein bands of interest were excised from the gradient gels and subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as above. 
     Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.