Patent Publication Number: US-2004057643-A1

Title: Plain bearings

Description:
[0001] The present invention relates to plain bearings and particularly to plain bearings which are generally cylindrical in form and wrapped from sheet or strip material.  
       [0002] Wrapped bearings or “bushes” as they are frequently termed in the bearing art are often used in the hinges of vehicle doors for example. Such bearings are not exposed to high rotational speeds or frequencies but they are subject to high loads imposed by a leverage effect due to the weight of a vehicle door hanging on the hinge when the door is open and otherwise unsupported.  
       [0003] One type of bearing material commonly used for this type of application comprises a strong backing material of steel for example having a lining of a plastics bearing material thereon. Depending upon the type of plastics material there is also frequently a layer of a porous material on the steel into which the plastics material is impregnated in order to promote bonding of the plastics material to the backing. A well known bonding material is a layer of porous bronze powder sintered to the steel backing into which the plastics material is impregnated. The surface of the bonding layer may itself contribute to the bearing properties of the material such as in the known “DU” (Registered Trade Mark) type material which comprises a plastics material of PTFE containing lead impregnated into the bronze, particles of which occur in the bearing running surface. Alternatively, the bonding layer may only constitute a means of adhering the plastics material to the backing and which layer plays no part in the bearing surface properties per se.  
       [0004] In the case of door hinges referred to above, the bearings are operated with no clearance between the bearing bore and the associated hinge pin, i.e. the bearing surface continuously contacts the hinge pin material to form a “zero-clearance” bearing system. This is in order to prevent drooping of the door when opened.  
       [0005] Bearings of the type described must be economic to produce. For this reason, dimensional tolerances on the bushes produced by a bearing manufacturer tend to be quite large and also the tolerances on the bush housing and on the hinge pin which are generally manufactured either by the vehicle builder or another, different supplier, also tend to be quite large, of the order of 60 to 100 μm.  
       [0006] In order to accommodate such large tolerances, especially when some combinations of bush, housing and pin tolerances may conspire to provide either an excessively loose fit or an excessively tight fit, it is common practice to push a sizing tool through the bush when it is fitted in the housing to produce a more acceptable reduced tolerance range. This sizing process is commonly known in the art as “burnishing”. When the door with hinge pin are fitted to the vehicle, the clearance between the bush and pin must still be zero so, in some circumstances a range of pin diameters must be available to ensure zero clearance. The burnishing operation causes some plastic flow in the lining and bonding layer and this can result in permanent damage to the bush and a shortened life.  
       [0007] To further complicate matters, it is common for the vehicle manufacturer to specify a maximum door hinge opening torque below which the hinge must operate, and therefore, excessively tight hinges cannot be tolerated.  
       [0008] In view of the above problems, manufacturers have sought ways to provide some compliance or resilience to the bearing bushes so that large manufacturing tolerances can be accommodated and so maintain economic manufacture.  
       [0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,421 provides compliance or resilience to the bush by making the bush of non-round cross section when viewed in the axial direction. The bush described is of slightly triangular form, the sides being curved so that the outer surface of the bush backing essentially contacts the round housing bore at three positions. Similarly, the hinge pin also only contacts the bore of the inserted bush at three positions which are rotationally angularly offset from the positions of contact of the bush outer diameter and housing bore. Thus, The bearing wall portions opposite the lines of contact with the hinge pin are able to deform elastically in response to side loads. However, it is believed that this design may allow too much drooping of an open door although the bearing is nominally acting as a zero clearance bearing. A further disadvantage of this type of bush is that contact between the hinge pin and bearing surface is only at three line contacts thus, bearing wear of the plastic lining material may be more rapid than desired.  
       [0010] Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide a zero clearance bearing without the disadvantages of the prior art bearings.  
       [0011] According to the present invention, there is provided a bearing, the bearing being of generally cylindrical form and being formed from a material comprising a strong backing material having thereon a lining of a bearing material, wherein the wall thickness has corrugations provided therein.  
       [0012] The corrugations may be formed by plastic deformation of a flat sheet or strip of the backed bearing material, the corrugations extending through the wall thickness. The overall wall thickness is thus greater than the thickness of the strip from which the corrugated material is formed.  
       [0013] As noted above, the corrugations may be formed in the flat strip from which bearing blanks are cut prior to forming into a bearing. Alternatively, the corrugations may be formed in the steel backed material during the processing into bearings, i.e. the corrugations may be incorporated into a bearing blank during the bearing bush forming operation.  
       [0014] The corrugations, which appear visually as grooves and ridges on both outer surfaces of the flat strip material, may extend in a direction substantially parallel to the bearing axis and/or transversely thereto and/or obliquely thereto. Thus, a bearing according to the present invention may have corrugations extending in more than one direction.  
       [0015] One important advantage of the bearing according to the present invention is that the conventional technique of burnishing the bearing may be omitted. As explained above, burnishing is a technique for producing an accurate bore size in the bearing and is effected by pushing a tool having a rounded shaped portion, the rounded portion being of a greater diameter than that of the bearing bore when fitted in its housing, through the bore of the bearing. The burnishing step causes deformation in the bearing material structure and in extreme cases can weaken the bond between the bearing lining and the backing material. Burnishing is an expensive additional step in bearing production and which may be avoided with bearings according to the present invention.  
       [0016] In the present invention because of the greater ability of the bearing wall thickness to accommodate a greater degree of deformation, the burnishing step may be omitted and the correct zero-clearance fit achieved by merely inserting a hinge pin of suitable size. The diameter of the hinge pin is chosen so as to effect the necessary sizing of the bearing bore. However, the correct size for the hinge pin encompasses a relatively wide tolerance range within which the diameter of the hinge pin would normally fall as result of conventional pin manufacturing techniques. Plastic deformation of the bush achieved by insertion of the hinge pin may be of the order of 20%. 
     
    
    
     [0017] In order that the present invention may be more fully understood, examples will now be described by way of illustration only with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:  
     [0018]FIG. 1 shows a perspective end view of a bearing according to a first embodiment of the present invention;  
     [0019]FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross section through a hinge assembly of a vehicle door;  
     [0020]FIG. 3 shows a cross section through a piece of corrugated strip prior to bearing formation and giving typical dimensions for the structural features thereof;  
     [0021]FIG. 4 shows a cross section through tools for forming sheet prior to forming bearings according to the present invention;  
     [0022]FIG. 5 shows a schematic perspective view of flat sheet or strip formed into corrugated sheet or strip by the tools of FIG. 4;  
     [0023]FIG. 6 shows a cross section of part of the housing, bearing and hinge pin on the line  6 - 6  of FIG. 2; and  
     [0024]FIG. 7 which shows an axially directed cross section through a second embodiment of a bearing according to the present invention wherein the corrugations are in the circumferential direction. 
    
    
     [0025] Referring now to the drawings and where the same features are denoted by common reference numerals.  
     [0026]FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a bearing bush  10  according to the present invention. The bush is made from flat strip material (not shown) having a steel backing  12  and a plastics lining material  14  bonded to one side thereof. The flat strip material is passed between rolls  20 ,  22  (see FIG. 4) to form corrugated material  40  (see FIGS. 5 and 6). The rolls  20 ,  22  rotate about axes  24 ,  26  respectively and have co-operating grooves  28 ,  30  and projecting ridges  32 ,  34 , the projecting ridges of one roll being able to be accommodated within the grooves of the other roll. As the rollers are brought closer together, input flat strip is deformed so as to receive corrugations  36  which extend through the wall thickness thereof. Thus, the corrugated strip  40  comprises raised ridges  42  having the lining  14  thereon, each ridge  42  being separated from the next by grooves  44 . The back of the corrugated material  40  comprises raised steel ridges  46 , each ridge  46  being separated from the next by a groove  48 . Consequently, the bearing  10  wrapped from the corrugated strip  40  also has corresponding raised ridges  42 ,  46  and grooves  44 ,  48 .  
     [0027] The bearing  10  shown in FIG. 1 has been formed from a blank which has been cut from the corrugated strip  40  having the corrugations extending in a direction parallel to the axis of the bearing to be formed from the blank. However, the blank may be cut at right angles so that the corrugations in the wrapped bearing bush extend in a direction around the circumference of the bearing  10 , i.e. extend circumferentially with respect to the bearing axis as shown with reference to FIG. 7 which shows a flanged bush according to the present invention with the flange only partially shown. In another embodiment the blank may be cut such that the corrugations extend helically along the axial length of the wrapped bearing bush.  
     [0028] The door hinge assembly shown in FIG. 2 comprises a bearing housing portion  50  fixed to a vehicle door (not shown), the housing receiving and supporting a bearing  10  which, in this case, has a flange  52  initially at one end and has a second flange  54  formed after fitting to the housing portion  50 . A hinge pin  56  support portion  58  is provided and which is fixed to the vehicle body (not shown). After the bearing  10  is fitted to the housing portion  50  the hinge pin  56  is pushed into the bore of the bearing  10  so as to create a uniform bore size in all of the bearings fitted to a plurality of vehicle doors. The hinge pin  56  is of sufficient diameter to cause plastic deformation of the bearing bush  10  and to cause the ridges  46  on the bearing back to contact the housing bore and also to ensure that the outer diameter of the hinge pin  56  is supported by the lining material  14  on the internal ridges  42 .  
     [0029] The effect of pushing the hinge pin  56  into the bearing bore  62  is to deform the wall of the bearing and to cause the outer surfaces of the ridges  46  to contact the bore  70  of the housing portion  50 . Due to the natural spring-back of the bearing material a zero-clearance bearing is formed. The bearing  10  because of the corrugated structure of the wall thickness is able to accommodate the whole tolerance range of hinge pins to produce a zero-clearance bearing assembly without either causing excessive deformation at one end of the tolerance spectrum nor a loose fit at the other end of the tolerance spectrum. It is the grooves  44  and  48  which are important in providing a degree of resiliency in allowing flexure of the bearing ridges  42  when the hinge pin  56  is inserted into the bore  62 . Thus, the voids  80  formed between the grooves  48  and housing bore  70  permit some movement of the bearing surface without the torque required to open a door hinge from becoming excessive.  
     [0030] It is important to note that the both the surfaces of the ridge  46  on the back of the bearing and the surfaces of the ridges  42  in the bore of the bearing describe arcs of circles with which the running surface of the hinge pin  56  contacts. Thus, although the bearing of the present invention does not have bearing rubbing contact over 360°, it does have considerably more bearing surface contact area than the prior art bearings and thus bearing wear rate may be significantly lower.  
     [0031] The pitch, depth and length of the ridges  42 ,  46  and grooves  44 ,  48  may be changed by use of suitably formed tools  20 ,  22  to form corrugated sheet for the manufacture of bearings having desired degrees of resilience and ease or otherwise of deformation.  
     [0032] Referring to FIG. 3 where a section through the corrugated flat strip  40  prior to forming of a bearing is shown, typical dimensions for a bearing as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 and  7  may be:  
     [0033] Total thickness A about 1 mm  
     [0034] Thickness of pre-corrugated flat strip B about 0.75 mm  
     [0035] Depth of grooves C, D about 0.25 mm  
     [0036] Width of grooves E ( 44 , 48 ) between about 0.4 and 2 mm  
     [0037] Width of ridges F ( 42 , 46 ) between about 0.8 and 2.5 mm  
     [0038] Tests have shown a slight variation of rotational torque over a wide range of component tolerances and the resistance of the bush to prevent drooping of a car door has proved to be acceptable.  
     [0039] The hinge assembly of FIG. 2 may alternatively comprise two bearings  10  each being flanged and inserted from opposite ends of the bore in the hinge member  50 .  
     [0040] Although the present invention has been described with reference to vehicle door hinge bearings, bearings according to the present invention are not limited to such applications and may be used in many applications where zero clearance bearings are required.  
     [0041] A further advantage of the present invention is that the grooves of the corrugations in the bearing bore provide reservoirs which may be filled with lubricant such as grease if desired so as to further extend bearing life.