Patent Publication Number: US-2022227797-A1

Title: Tungsten imido alkylidene o-bitet and o-binol complexes and use thereof in olefin metathesis reactions

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to tungsten imido alkylidene O-bitet complexes, wherein the term “O-bitet” as used within this disclosure means a ligand derived from 5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol which binds to tungsten in its olate-form via proton abstraction from the phenolic OH group. In another embodiment, the bitet ligand is used in its aromatic form, i.e. it is derived from a 1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol, herein termed as “O-binol”. The complexes may be used in various olefin metathesis reactions, preferably in ethenolysis and cross-metathesis such as cross-metathesis of unsaturated fatty acid esters, and in ring-dosing metathesis reactions. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Olefin metathesis reactions catalyzed by transition metal catalysts are among the most important reactions of organic synthetic chemistry. A valuable type of known catalysts is the group of metal imido alkylidene complexes. The efficacy thereof is depending on the type of metal, alkylidene group and ligands. However, until now, knowledge of respective structure-activity relationships between such catalysts and substrate to be metathesized is limited. Consequently, the selection, synthesis and use of a catalyst in a particular metathesis reaction generally requires a research program in order to find the optimum. 
     OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is the object of the invention to provide a group of tailor-made and closely related metal imido alkylidene compounds or groups of closely related metal imido alkylidene compounds which are designed such to be efficient in olefin metathesis reactions, and preferably efficient in ethenolysis and cross-metathesis such as cross-metathesis of unsaturated fatty acid esters, and in ring-closing metathesis reactions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This object has been achieved with particular tungsten imido alkylidene O-bitet and O-binol complexes and methods using the complexes as defined in the appended independent claims. Preferred embodiments are specified in the claims dependent thereon. 
     The alkylidene moiety of he tungsten alkylidene complexes is designed either to be based on 
     ═CH—C(CH 3 ) 2 —C 6 H 5  [herein denoted as compounds of formula (I)], or 
     ═CH—C(CH 3 ) 2 -phenyl wherein the phenyl ring bears (or comprises) in o-position a group selected from O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) and —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) [herein denoted as compounds of formula (II)], or 
     ═CH-phenyl, wherein the phenyl ring bears (or comprises) in o-position a group selected from O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) and —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) [herein denoted as compounds of formula (III)], or 
     ═C(phenyl) 2 , wherein at least one of the phenyl rings bears (or comprises) in o-position a group selected from O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) and —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), respectively [herein denoted as compounds of formula (IV)], or 
     ═CH—Ar, wherein Ar [herein denoted as compounds of formula (VI)] is selected from phenyl [herein denoted as compounds of formula VI-A], naphthyl [herein denoted as compounds of formula VI-B] and anthracenyl [herein denoted as compounds of formula VI-C]. Preferably, when Ar=phenyl, i.e. the tungsten alkylidene moiety is ═CH—C 6 H 5 , the phenyl residue is unsubstituted or may be substituted but does not bear (or does not comprise) in o-position a O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) group. 
     The imido residue preferably is a phenyl imido residue. 
     Preferably, said phenyl imido residue is substituted with electron-withdrawing groups such as halogen or trifluoromethyl, e.g. the phenyl residue being 2,6-dichlorophenyl, pentafluorophenyl or o-trifluoromethylphenyl. 
     The inventors discovered that such compounds may provide for excellent activity in various olefin metathesis reactions such as ethenolysis and cross-metathesis of unsaturated fatty acid esters, and in ring-closing metathesis reactions. 
     Without being bound by theory, the inventors assume that the combination of selected metal, i.e. tungsten, phenyl-containing alkylidene moieties, O-bitet ligand or O-binol ligand and imido ligand provide for a beneficial structure-activity relationship between the catalysts and substrate to be metathesized. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Compounds Comprising a ═CHC(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 CH 5  Moiety of formula (I) 
     According to a first aspect, the invention relates to a compound of formula (I) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     M=W; 
     R 1  is selected from phenyl substituted with one or more of halogen or CF 3 ;
 
R 2 is selected from pyrrol-1-yl or indol-1-yl, optionally substituted, respectively;
 
one of R 3  and R 4  is H, and the other is C(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 5 ;
 
     LO— is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from halogen, CF 3  and C 6 F 6 ; or
 
X 1 =X 2 =halogen, CF 3  or C 6 F 5 ;
 
P is C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or a silyl group; and
 
N is a neutral ligand bound to M,
 
wherein n is 1 or 2, when LO— is a O-bitet ligand, or
 
wherein n is 0, 1, or 2, when LO— is a O-binol ligand.
 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, pentafluorophenly, or o-CF 3 -C 6 H 4 . 
     If not otherwise stated, the term “pyrrol-1-yl or indol-1-yl, optionally substituted” as used throughout this disclosure of all aspects defined herein, means that respective substituents may be selected from one or more of C 1-4  alkyl, C 1-4  alkoxy, halogen, nitrile, and phenyl. 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 2  is selected from the group consisting of pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diphenyl-pyrrol-1-yl, and indol-1-yl. 
     In one embodiment, substituted indol-1-yl is 2-methyl-indol-1-yl. 
     It is known that LOH may exist in various optical forms, i.e. in racemic form and in the form of the enantiomers, i.e. in (R) and (S) form. The use of either the (R) or (S) enantiomer for forming the O-bitet ligand in the compound of formula (I) may be advantageous if the product resulting from the metathesis reaction is chiral. Then, the formation of an optically active form of the metathesis product may be possible, if desired. 
     If the formation of an optically active form is not desired, then the use of LOH in its racemic form for forming the bitet ligand in the compound of formula (I) is preferred. This is advantageous under economical aspects since racemic LOH typically is typically cheaper compared to its isolated enantiomers. 
     In one embodiment, LO— has (R) configuration. 
     In another embodiment, LO— has (S) configuration 
     In another embodiment, LO— is racemic. 
     The term “silyl” used in connection with P in the OP moiety may be any silyl group forming a covalent bond between silicon and oxygen. 
     Known groups are e.g. t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS, TBDMS), trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), and triphenylsily. 
     In a preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a nitrile. 
     Preferably, said nitrile is acetonitrile. 
     Nitrile binds via N to M. 
     In another preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a phosphine. 
     Preferably, said phosphine is selected from the group consisting of dimethylphenyl phosphine, methyldiphenyl phosphine and tris(cyclohexyl) phosphine. 
     Phosphine binds via P to M. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand is a pyridine. 
     Preferably, said pyridine is pyridine as such, or 2,2′-bipyridine, or 1,10-phenanthroline. 
     Said pyridine may be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1-4  alkyl, C 1-4  alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy and halogen. 
     Said pyridine binds via N to M, either as a monodentate ligand such as pyridine as such, or as a bidentate ligand such as 2,2′-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline. 
     Exemplified compounds of formula (I) are e.g. O-bitet complexes 1, 2, 3 and 17, 18 and 19: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compounds of formula (I) can be prepared from respective complexes not bearing a neutral ligand by subjecting same to said neutral ligand, respectively are made in presence of the ligand according to known methods. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     has been developed by XiMo AG/Hungary and is known from WO 2014/139679, where it is used for homo-metathesis of allyl benzene (compound 207 in Table 16 thereof). Herein, the bitet ligand LO— is provided as R-enantiomer. 
     The compound is further known from claim  26  of WO 2017/087710 (Provivi Inc). This reference discloses cross-metathesis between two internal olefins using compound 4 to produce pheromones. 
     Frequently, the complexes not bearing a neutral ligand such as compound 4 are present in non-crystallized form or in oily form after synthesis or even have to be prepared in situ when used in a metathesis reaction. Attempts to transfer oily forms into solid forms typically result in severe yield loss which is not acceptable under economic and industrial requirements. 
     However, complexed with a neutral ligand such as a nitrile such as acetonitrile, the complex may be provided in crystallized form. This is advantageous e.g. in view of the handling, efficacy of the compound in a metathesis reaction and commercial aspects. 
     Surprisingly, it has also been discovered that compound 4 provided with LO— as racemate crystallizes very well, contrary to the compound developed with R-LO. 
     In a further embodiment of the first aspect, an exemplified compound of formula (I) is O-binol compound 5: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In a further aspect regarding the compound of formula (I), R 3  may also be C 1-5  alkyl, wherein the other residues have the meaning as defined above with respect to said compound of formula (I). 
     Compounds Comprising a ═CHC(CH 3 ) 2 Phenyl Moiety wherein the Phenyl Residue Comprises in o-Position a Group Selected from O—(C 1-6  Alkyl) and —CH 2 —O—(C 1-6  Alkyl) 
     According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a compound of formula (II) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     M=W; 
     R 1  is selected from aryl, alkyl and cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
 
R 2  is selected from pyrrol-1-yl and indol -1-yl, optionally substituted, respectively;
 
one of R 3  and R 4  is H, and the other is C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl, wherein the phenyl group of the C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl-moiety is additionally substituted in o-position with a group selected from O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) and —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl);
 
     LO— is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from halogen, CF 3  and C 6 F 6 ; or
 
X 1 =X 2 =halogen, CF 3  or C 6 F 5 ;
 
P is C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or a silyl group; and
 
N is a neutral ligand bound to M, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2.
 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 6  alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), phenyl, halogen and CF 3 ; t-butyl, and 1-adamantyl. 
     In one embodiment, R 1  is selected from phenyl substituted with one or more of halogen or CF 3 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, pentafluorophenly or o-CF 3 -C 6 H 4 . 
     Preferably, R 2  is selected from pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diethyl-pyrrol-1-y,l2,5-diphenyl-pyrrol-1-yl, and indol-1-yl 
     In one embodiment, LO— has (R) configuration. 
     In another embodiment, LO— has (S) configuration 
     In another embodiment, LO— is racemic. 
     The use of racemic LO— may be advantageous under economical aspects since racemic LOH typically is typically cheaper compared to its enantiomers. 
     The term “silyl” used in connection with P in the OP moiety may be any silyl group forming a covalent bond between silicon and oxygen. 
     Known groups are e.g. t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS, TBDMS), trimethylsilyl(TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), and triphenylsily. 
     In a preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a nitrile. 
     Preferably, said nitrile is acetonitrile. 
     Nitrile binds via N to M. 
     In another preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a phosphine. 
     Preferably, said phosphine is selected from the group consisting of dimethylphenyl phosphine, methyldiphenyl phosphine and tris(cyclohexyl)phosphine. 
     Phosphine binds via P to M. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand is a pyridine. 
     Preferably, said pyridine is pyridine as such, or 2,2′-bipyridine, or 1,10-phenanthroline. 
     Said pyridine may be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1-4  alkyl, C 1-4  alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy and halogen. 
     Said pyridine binds via N to M, either as a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand. 
     Compounds Comprising a ═CHphenyl Moiety wherein the Phenyl Residue Comprises in o-Position a Group Selected from O—(C 1-6  Alkyl) and —CH 2 —O—(C 1-6  Alkyl) 
     According to a third aspect, the invention relates to a compound of formula (III) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     M is W; 
     R 1  is selected foam aryl, alkyl and cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
 
R 2  is pyrrol-1-yl or indol-1yl, optionally substituted, respectively;
 
R 3  is selected from H;
 
R 4  is selected from O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), and —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl);
 
R 5  is/are one or more residues independently selected from H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), phenyl, halogen, NO 2 , CN, and NHC(O)—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl);
 
     LO— is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein
 
X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from halogen, CF 3  and C 6 F 5 ; or
 
X 1 =X 2 =halogen, CF 3 or C 6 F 5 ;
 
P is C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or a silyl group; and
 
N is a neutral ligand bound to M, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2;
 
under the proviso that a compound of formula
 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     is excluded. The excluded compound (termed as compound 6) was developed by and is available from XiMo Ag/Hungary. Herein, the aryloxy residue LO— is in the R-form. 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 6  alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), phenyl, halogen and CF 3 ; t-butyl, and 1-adamantyl. 
     In one embodiment, R 1  is selected from phenyl substituted with one or more of halogen or CF 3 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, pentafluorophenly or o-CF 3 -C 6 H 4 . 
     Preferably, R 2  is selected from pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diphenyl-pyrrol-1-yl, and indol-1-yl. 
     In one embodiment, LO— has (R) configuration. 
     In another embodiment, LO— has (S) configuration 
     In another embodiment, LO— is racemic. 
     The use of racemic LO— may be advantageous under economical aspects since racemic LOH typically is typically cheaper compared to its enantiomers. 
     The term “silyl” used in connection with P in the OP moiety may be any silyl group forming a covalent bond between silicon and oxygen. 
     Known groups are e.g. t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS, TBDMS), trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), and triphenylsilyl. 
     In a preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a nitrile. 
     Preferably, said nitrile is acetonitrile. 
     Nitrile binds via N to M. 
     In another preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a phosphine. 
     Preferably, said phosphine is selected from the group consisting of dimethylphenyl phosphine, methyldiphenyl phosphine and tris(cyclohexyl) phosphine. 
     Phosphine binds via P to M. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand is a pyridine. 
     Preferabyl, said pyridine is pyridine as such, or 2,2′-bipyridine, or 1,10-phenanthroline. 
     Said pyridine may be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1-4  alkyl, C 1-4  alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy and halogen. 
     Said pyridine binds via N to M, either as a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand. 
     The disclaimed compound (herein termed as compound 6) bearing a methoxy-substituted phenyl carbene is e.g. known from claim  27  of WO 2017/087710 (Provivi Inc). This reference discloses cross-metathesis between two internal olefins using the disclaimed compound to produce pheromones. 
     The new compounds of structure (III) can be made according to known methods, e.g. via alkylidene exchange as disclosed in WO 2015/155593 (XiMo AG). Prior to the carbene exchange, the O-bitet ligand may be introduced into the complex by reacting a bispyrrolide with e.g. a lithium salt LOLi according to known methods. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the compound of formula (III) is selected from a compound, wherein 
     M=W, R 1 =2,6-dichlorophenyl; R 2 =2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl; R 3 =H; R 4 =OCH 3 ; R 5 =H; X 1 =X 2 =F; P=TBS (compound 7): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     M=W, R 1 =2,6-dichlorophenyl; R 2 =2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl; R 3 =H; R 4 =OCH 3 ; R 5 =H; X 1 =X 2 =Cl; P=TBS (compound 8): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     M=W, R 1 =2,6-dichlorophenyl; R 2 =2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl; R 3 =H; R 4 =OCH 3 ; R5=R6=H; X 1 =X 2 =I; P=TBS (compound 9): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     M=W, R 1 =2,6-dichlorophenyl; R 2 =2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl; R 3 =H; R 4 =OCH 3 ; R 5 =H; X 1 =X 2 =CF 3 ; P=TBS (compound 10), 
     M=W, R 1 =2,6-dichlorophenyl; R 2 =2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl; R 3 =H; R 4 =OCH 3 ; R 5 =H; X 1 =X 2 =C 6 F 5 ; P=TBS (compound 11), and 
     M=W, R 1 =2,6-dichlorophenyl; R 2 =2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl; R 3 =H; R 4 =OCH 3 ; R 5 =H; X 1 =X 2 =Br; P=TBS; N=1,10-phenanthroline; n=1 (compound 12): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compound 12 (in which the LO— residue is provided as the R-enantiomer) is characterized by an improved air-stability. It is further characterized in that in solution the complex dissociates upon release of phenanthroline. The remaining alkylidene complex is active in olefin metathesis. This is advantageous in view of known alkylidene-phenanthroline complexes in which the removal of the neutral phenanthroline complex requires the addition of a Lewis acid such as zinc chloride. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     may also be provided in a form wherein LO— is the racemate (or wherein LO— is the S-enantiomer). 
     In a further aspect regarding the compound of formula (III), R 3  may also be C 1-5  alkyl, wherein the other residues have the meaning as defined above with respect to said compound of formula (III). 
     Compounds Comprising a ═C(phenyl) 2  Moiety wherein the Phenyl Residues Comprise in o-Position a Group Selected from O—(C 1-6  Alkyl) and —CH 2 —O—(C 1-6  Alkyl), Respectively 
     According to a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a compound of formula (IV) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     M is W; 
     R 1  is selected from aryl, alkyl and cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
 
R 2  is pyrrol-1-yl or indol-1-yl, optionally substituted, respectively;
 
     R 3  is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein * denotes the bond between R 3  and the alkylidene carbon;
 
R 4  is selected from O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), and —CH 2 —O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl);
 
     R 5  is/are one or more residues independently selected from H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), phenyl, halogen, NO 2 , CN, and NHC(O)—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl); 
     LO— is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein
 
X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from halogen, CF 3  and C 6 F 5 ; or
 
X 1 =X 2 =halogen, CF 3  or C 6 F 5 ;
 
P is C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or a silyl group; and
 
N is a neutral ligand bound to M, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2,
 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 6  alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), phenyl, halogen and CF 3 ; t-butyl, and 1-adamantyl. 
     In one embodiment, R 1  is selected from phenyl substituted with one or more of halogen or CF 3 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, pentafluorophenly or o-CF 3 -C 6 H 4 . 
     Preferably, R 2  is selected from pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diphenyl-pyrrol-1-yl, and indol-1-yl. 
     In one embodiment, LO— has (R) configuration. 
     In another embodiment, LO— has (S) configuration 
     In another embodiment, LO— is racemic. 
     The use of racemic LO— may be advantageous under economical aspects since racemic LOH is typically cheaper compared to its enantiomers. 
     The term “silyl” used in connection with P in the OP moiety may be any silyl group forming a covalent bond between silicon and oxygen. 
     Known groups are e.g. t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS, TBDMS), trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), and triphenylsilyl. 
     In a preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a nitrile. 
     Preferably, said nitrile is acetonitrile. 
     Nitrile binds via N to M. 
     In another preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a phosphine. 
     Preferably, said phosphine is selected from the group consisting of dimethylphenyl phosphine, methyldiphenyl phosphine and tris(cyclohexyl) phosphine. 
     Phosphine binds via P to M. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand is a pyridine. 
     Preferabyl, said pyridine is pyridine as such, or 2,2′-bipyridine, or 1,10-phenanthroline. 
     Said pyridine may be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1-4  alkyl, C 1-4  alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy and halogen. 
     Said pyridine binds via N to M, either as a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand. 
     Metathesis Reactions in the Presence of a Compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), or (IV) or (VI) 
     According to a fifth aspect, the invention relates to method of performing a metathesis reaction, the method comprising: 
     performing the metathesis reaction in the presence of a compound of formula (I), (II), (III), or (IV) or (VI) as defined in the first aspect, second aspect, third aspect or fourth aspect, or eighth aspect (defined below), or any embodiment thereof. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the metathesis reaction is selected from ethenolysis of an internal olefin, cross-metathesis of an olefin, and a ring-closing metathesis reaction. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the ethenolysis of an internal olefin is the reaction of ethylene with an unsaturated fatty acid ester. 
     In another preferred embodiment, a cross-metathesis reaction is homo-metathesis of an unsaturated fatty acid ester. 
     In one embodiment, said unsaturated fatty acid ester is a natural oil. 
     The term “natural oil” encompasses triglycerides such as vegetable oils, algae oils, fish oils, and animal fats. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the unsaturated fatty acid ester is the methyl ester (FAME), wherein FAME is selected from methyl oleate, methyl linolate, and methyl linolenoate and mixtures of two or three thereof. 
     In a particularly preferred embodiment, said unsaturated fatty acid ester is methyl oleate. 
     Ethenolysis reactions allow for the formation of terminal olefins from internal olefins via a cross-metathesis reaction with ethylene. Efficient ethenolysis of natural products comprising internal olefins such as natural oils or fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl oleate is attractive as a method of obtaining useful chemicals from biomass. 
     In a further embodiment of the fifth aspect, the metathesis reaction is a ring-dosing metathesis reaction. 
     Metathesis Reactions Using Unsaturated Fatty Acid Esters in the Presence of Compound of Formula (V) 
     According to a sixth aspect, the invention relates to a method of performing a metathesis reaction, wherein the metathesis reaction is ethenolysis of an unsaturated fatty acid ester, a home-metathesis of an unsaturated fatty acid ester, or a ring-dosing reaction, the method comprising: 
     performing the metathesis reaction in the presence of a compound of formula (V) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     M=W; 
     R 1  is selected from phenyl substituted with one or more of halogen or CF 3 ;
 
R 2  is selected from pyrrol-1-yl or indol-1-yl, optionally substituted, respectively; preferably pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diphenyl-pyrrol-1-yl, and indol-1-yl;
 
one of R 3  and R 4  is H, and the other is C(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 5 ;
 
     LO— is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from halogen, CF 3  and C 6 F 6 ; or
 
X 1 =X 2 =halogen, CF 3  or C 6 F 6 ;
 
P is C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or a silyl group; and
 
N is a neutral ligand bound to M, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2.
 
     In one embodiment of the sixth aspect, LO— has (R) or (S) configuration; or LO— is racemic. 
     P and N are defined as in the first aspect. 
     In a preferred embodiment, in the compound of formula (V) used in the method according to the sixth aspect, R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, pentafluorophenly or o-CF 3 -C 6 H 4 . 
     In one embodiment, in the compound of formula (V) used in the method of the sixth aspect 
     R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, R 2  is 2,5-dimethylpyrrol-1-yl, X 1 =X 2 =F; or
 
R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, R 2  is 2,5-dimethylpyrrol-1-yl, X 1 =X 2 =Cl; or
 
R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, R 2  is 2,5-dimethylpyrrol-1-yl, X 1 =X 2 =Br; or
 
R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, R 2  is 2,5-dimethylpyrrol-1-yl, X 1 =X 2 =I.
 
     In one embodiment, the compound of formula (V) is selected from the group consisting of compounds 13,14, 15 and 16: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one embodiment of the sixth aspect, said unsaturated fatty acid ester is a natural oil. 
     In a preferred embodiment, said unsaturated fatty add ester is a methyl ester (FAME). 
     In a still more preferred embodiment, the methyl ester is methyl oleate or methyl linolate or methyl linolenoate or a mixture of two or three thereof. 
     Preferably, the methyl ester is methyl oleate. 
     In a further embodiment of the sixth aspect, the metathesis reaction is a ring-closing metathesis reaction. 
     The compounds to be subjected to metathesis may be purified prior to metathesis according to methods known in the art. E.g., suitable methods are described in WO 2014/139679 (XiMo AG). 
     Specific ═CHC(Me) 2 C 6 H 5  Complexes 
     According to a seventh aspect, the invention relates to a compound of formula 14, 15,16 or 20: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds Comprising a ═CH(aryl) Moiety (Such as Benzylidene) of Formula (VI) 
     According to an eighth aspect, the invention relates to a compound of formula (VI) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     M is W; 
     Ar is selected from phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl, optionally substituted, respectively;
 
R 1  is selected from aryl, alkyl and cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
 
R 2  is pyrrol-1-yl or indol-1-yl, optionally substituted;
 
R 3  is selected from H;
 
     LO— is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein
 
X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from halogen, CF 3  and C 6 F 5 ; or
 
X 1 =X 2 =halogen, CF 3  or C 6 F 5 ;
 
P is C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or a silyl group; and
 
N is a neutral ligand bound to M, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2,
 
     The term “phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl, optionally substituted, respectively” as used herein means that the aryl residue may independently bear (or comprise) one or more of C 1 -C 6  alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), phenyl, halogen, NO 2 , CN and NHC(O)—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl). 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 6  alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), phenyl, halogen and CF 3 ; t-butyl, and 1-adamantyl. 
     In one embodiment, R 1  is selected from phenyl substituted with one or more of halogen or CF 3 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, pentafluorophenly or o-CF 3 -C 6 H 4 . 
     Preferably, R 2  is selected from pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diphenyl-pyrrol-1-yl, and indol-1-yl. 
     In one embodiment, LO— has (R) configuration. 
     In another embodiment, LO— has (S) configuration 
     In another embodiment, LO— is racemic. 
     The use of racemic LO— may be advantageous under economical aspects since racemic LOH typically is cheaper compared to its enantiomers. 
     The term “silyl” used in connection with P in the OP moiety may be any silyl group forming a covalent bond between silicon and oxygen. 
     Known groups are e.g. t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS, TBDMS), trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), and triphenylsilyl. 
     In a preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a nitrile. 
     Preferably, said nitrile is acetonitrile. 
     Nitrile binds via N to M. 
     In another preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a phosphine. 
     Preferably, said phosphine is selected from the group consisting of dimethylphenyl phosphine, methyldiphenyl phosphine and tris(cyclohexyl) phosphine. 
     Phosphine binds via P to M. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand is a pyridine. 
     Preferably, said pyridine is pyridine as such, or 2,2′-bipyridine, or 1,10-phenanthroline. 
     Said pyridine may be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1-4  alkyl, C 1-4  alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy and halogen. 
     Said pyridine binds via N to M, either as a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand. 
     In one embodiment of the eighth aspect, the invention relates to a compound of formula (VI-A) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     M is W; 
     R 1  is selected from aryl, alkyl and cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
 
R 2  is pyrrol-1-yl or indol-1-yl, optionally substituted;
 
R 3  is selected from H;
 
R 4  is R 5 ;
 
R 5  is/are one or more independently selected from H, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), phenyl, halogen, NO 2 , CN, and NHC(O)—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl); wherein O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl) is not in o-position;
 
     LO— is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein
 
X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from halogen, CF 3  and C 6 F 5 ; or
 
X 1 =X 2 =halogen, CF 3  or C 6 F 5 ;
 
P is C 1 -C 6  alkyl, or a silyl group; and
 
N is a neutral ligand bound to M, wherein n is 0, 1 or 2.
 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl substituted with one or more of C 1 -C 6  alkyl, O—(C 1 -C 6  alkyl), phenyl, halogen and CF 3 ; t-butyl, and 1-adamantyl. 
     In one embodiment, R 1  is selected from phenyl substituted with one or more of halogen or CF 3 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, R 1  is 2,6-dichlorophenyl, pentafluorophenly or o-CF 3 -C 6 H 4 . 
     Preferably, R 2  is selected from pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-diphenyl-pyrrol-1-yl, and indol-1-yl 
     In one embodiment, LO— has (R) configuration. 
     In another embodiment, LO— has (S) configuration 
     In another embodiment, LO— is racemic. 
     The use of racemic LO— may be advantageous under economical aspects since racemic LOH typically is cheaper compared to its enantiomers. 
     The term “silyl” used in connection with P in the OP moiety may be any silyl group forming a covalent bond between silicon and oxygen. 
     Known groups are e.g. t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS, TBDMS), trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDMS), and triphenylsilyl. 
     In a preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a nitrile. 
     Preferably, said nitrile is acetonitrile. 
     Nitrile binds via N to M. 
     In another preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand N is a phosphine. 
     Preferably, said phosphine is selected from the group consisting of dimethylphenyl phosphine, methyldiphenyl phosphine and tris(cyclohexyl) phosphine. 
     Phosphine binds via P to M. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, said neutral ligand is a pyridine. 
     Preferably, said pyridine is pyridine as such, or 2,2′-bipyridine, or 1,10-phenanthroline. 
     Said pyridine may be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C 1-4  alkyl, C 1-4  alkoxy, phenyl, phenoxy and halogen. 
     Said pyridine binds via N to M, either as a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound of formula (VI-B), wherein in the compound of formula (VI) Ar=naphthyl, optionally substituted. 
     In one embodiment, the compound is of formula (VI-Ba), wherein naphthyl is naphth-1-yl, optionally substituted. 
     In another embodiment, the compound is of form a (VI-Bb), wherein naphthyl is naphth-2-yl, optionally substituted. 
     In one embodiment, the compound is of formula (VI-C), wherein in the compound of formula (VI) Ar=anthracenyl, optionally substituted. 
     In one embodiment, the compound is of formula (VI-Ca), wherein anthracenyl is anthracen-9-yl, optionally substituted. 
     In another embodiment, the compound is of formula (VI-Cb), wherein anthracenyl is anthracen-1-yl, optionally substituted. 
     In another embodiment, the compound is of formula (VI-Cc), wherein anthracenyl is anthracen-2-yl, optionally substituted. 
     The compounds of formula (VI) may also be used in the metathesis reaction as defined in the fifth aspect. 
     In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a compound of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI) and an olefin to be metathesized, wherein the olefin to be metathesized has been subjected to a trialkyl aluminium compound prior to metathesis. 
     In a preferred embodiment, in the compound of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), LO— is racemic. 
     EXAMPLES 
     3,3′-disubstituted 1,1-binaphthyl-diol (binol) derivatives and 3,3′-disubstituted 5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-1,1-binaphthyl-diol (bitet) derivatives were synthesized according to known methods, e.g. as reported by E. S. Sattely et al., J. Am. Chem. 2009, 131, 943-953. 
     Example 1 (Comparative Example) 
     Synthesis of WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)((R)-Br-TBSOBitetO)(CH(Me) 2 Ph) (Compound 4) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Stock solutions (c=0.1 M, in benzene-d6) were prepared from both the bispyrrolide precursor (WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr) 2 (CHCMe 2 Ph)) and from (R)-3,3′-substituted-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-1,1′- binaphthyl-2-ol. 100 μl of the stock solutions was mixed and stirred overnight at rt. Then 500 μl benzene-d6 was added and the sample was measured by  1 H NMR 300 MHz. The solution was used in catalytic reactions without further transformation. 
     Major diastereomer, 1H-NMR (C 6 D 6  ref  1 H solvent=7.16 ppm): −0.06 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.93 (s, 3H), 1.25-1.60 (m br, 8H), 1.69 (s, H), 1.73 (s, H), 2.26 (br, 6H), 2.00-2.60 (m, 4H), 5.97 (br, 2H), 6.23 (t, 1H, 3JHH=8.1 Hz), 6.85 (d, 2H, 3JHH=8.1 Hz), 6.93 (m, 1H), 7.09 (m, 2H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.42 (m, 2H), 9.73 (s, 1H, 1JCH_syn=117.8 Hz, 2JWH=16.0 Hz) ppm. 
     Example 2 
     Synthesis of WNAr Cl (CHCMe 2 Ph)(Me 2 Pyr)((R)-Br-TBSBitet-O))(MeCN) (Compound 1) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The reaction was carried out in a N 2  filled glovebox. A round-bottomed flask was equipped with a magnetic stirring bar. The flask was charged with the starting W(NArCl)(CHCMe 2 Ph)(2,5-Me 2 Pyr) 2  complex (0.20 g, 0.30 mmol), then it was mixed with toluene (6 mL) resulting in a brownish yellow homogenous solution. Then the ligand (R)-3,3′-substituted-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5,5′,6,67,7′,8,8′-octahydro-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol, 0.17 g, 0.30 mmol) was added as a solid to the solution at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight; the progress of the reaction was monitored by NMR. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in n-pentane (3 mL) resulting in orange-red homogenous solution. To this solution MeCN (18.5 mg, 24 μL, 0.45 mmol) was added at rt. Upon addition of the MeCN yellowish precipitate crashed out of the solution. The mixture was placed into the glovebox&#39;s fridge for a day. The yellow precipitate was filtered out, washed with cold n-pentane (3 mL) and dried under reduced pressure yielding the product as yellow powder (m=217 mg, 62%). 
       1 H NMR (C 6 D 6 , 300 MHz): δ 9.85 ppm (s, 1H, CHCMe2Ph), 7.41 (d, 2H, aromatic), 7.25 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.16 (s, 1H, aromatic), 7.08 (t, 2H, aromatic), 6.92 (t, 1H, aromatic), 6.85 (d, 2H, aromatic), 6.22 (t, 1H, aromatic), 5.99 (br s, 2H, NC4H2), 2.27 (s, 6H, Me 2 NC 4 H 2 ), 2.15 (m, 8H, Bitet), 1.72 (s, 3H, PhCMe 2 ), 1.70 (s, 3H, PhCMe 2 ), 1.39 (m, 8H, Bitet), 0.93 (s, 9H, TBS), 0.59 (s, 3H, MeCN), 0.14 (s, 3H, TBS), −0.10 (s, 3H, TBS). 
     Example 3 
     Synthesis of W(NAr Cl )(CHCMe 2 Ph)(Me 2 Pyr)((R)-Br-TBSOBitet-O)(Py) (Compound 3) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The reaction was carried out in a N 2  filled glovebox. A round-bottomed flask was equipped with a magnetic stirring bar. The flask was charged with the starting W(NAr Cl )(CHCMe 2 Ph)(Me 2 Pyr) 2  complex (0.20 g, 0.30 mmol), then it was mixed with toluene (6 mL) resulting in a brownish yellow homogenous solution. Then the ligand (R)-3,3′-substituted-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol, 0.17 g, 0.30 mmol) was added as a solid to the solution at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, the progress of the reaction was monitored by NMR. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in n-pentane (3 mL) resulting in orange-red homogenous solution. To this solution few drops of pyridine was added at rt. Upon addition of the pyridine yellowish precipitate crashed out of the solution. The mixture was placed into the glovebox&#39;s fridge for a day. The yellow precipitate was filtered out, washed with cold n-pentane (3 mL) and dried under reduced pressure yielding the product as yellow powder (m=227 mg, 62%). 
       1 H NMR (toluene-d 8 , 300 MHz, 70° C.): δ 9.63 ppm (s, 1H, CHCMe 2 Ph), 8.45 (d, 2H, aromatic), 7.34 (d, 2H, aromatic), 7.15 (s, 2H, aromatic), 7.06-6.86 (m, aromatic), 6.69 (m, 2H, aromatic), 6.32 (t, 1H, aromatic), 5.81 (br s, 2H, NC 4 H 2 ), 2.36 (m, 8H, Bitet), 2.16 (s, 6H, Me2NC 4 H 2 ), 1.68 (s, 3H, PhCMe 2 ), 1.65 (s, 3H, PhCMe 2 ), 1.42 (m, 8H, Bitet), 0.84 (s, 9H, TBS), 0.03 (s, 3H, TBS), −0.06 (s, 3H, TBS). 
     Example 4 
     Synthesis of WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)(R)-TBSBinol)(CHCMe 2 Ph) (Compound 5) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Bispyrrolide precursor, WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)2(CHCMe 2 Ph) (0.035 mmol, 23.3 mg) was dissolved in benzene-d6 (0.35 mL). ((R)-3,3′-Dibromo-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol (0.035 mmol, 19.5 mg) was dissolved in benzene-d6 (0.35 mL) and added to the bispyrrolide precursor at r.t. The mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. After  1 H NMR measurement to confirm structure the catalyst solution was used without further transformation, 
     Example 5 
     Synthesis of WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)((R)-I-TBSOBitetO)(CH(2-MeO-C 6 H 4 )) (Compound 9) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)((R)-I-BITET-O)(CHCMe 2 Ph), (0.15 mmol, 191 mg) was dissolved in toluene (2 mL) and 2-MeO-styrene (0.165 mmol, 22.1 mg) was added to it. The mixture was stirred for 1 day at r.t. Additional amount of 2-MeO-styrene 0.1 mmol (14 mg) was added, and the mixture was further stirred at r.t. Then the mixture was evaporated to dry, triturated with pentane (4 mL), then with acetonitrile and cooled to −40° C. overnight. The solid was isolated by filtration and washed with acetonitrile. Isolated yield: 16 mg, 8.7%. 
       1 H NMR (C 6 D 6 , δ ref 1H solvent =7.16 ppm, 25° C., 300 MHz): 11.28 ppm, characteristic alkylidene signal. 
     Example 6 
     Synthesis of WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)((R)-F-Bitet-O)(CHCMe 2 Ph) (Compound 7) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Bispyrrolide precursor, WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr) 2 (CHCMe 2 Ph) (0.5 mmol, 332 mg) was dissolved in toluene (1 mL), (R)-3,3′-fluoro-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol (0.5 mmol, 222 mg) was dissolved in toluene (2 mL) and added to the bispyrrolide precursor at r.t. The mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight then evaporated to dry, triturated with acetonitrile (3 mL) and cooled to −40° C. overnight. The solid was filtered off and washed with acetonitrile. Then dissolved in benzene and evaporated to dry to remove acetonitrile. isolated yield: 229 mg, 45%. 
       1 H-NMR (C 6 D 6 , δ ref 1H solvent =7.16 ppm, 25° C., 300 MHz): 9.53 ppm; characteristic alkylidene signals. 
       19 F-NMR (C 6 D 6 , δ ref 1H solvent =7.16 ppm, 25° C., 282.4 MHz): −134.8 (s, 1F), −133.2 (s, 1F). 
     Example 7Synthesis of WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)(CHMe 2 Ph)(Cl-(R)-TBSOBitet-O) (Compound 14) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Bispyrrolide precursor, WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr) 2 (CHCMe 2 Ph) (0.5 mmol, 332 mg) was dissolved in toluene (1 mL). (R)-3,3′-chloro-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol (0.5 mmol, 239 mg) was dissolved in toluene (2 mL) and added to the bispyrrolide precursor at r.t. The mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight then evaporated to dry, triturated with acetonitrile (2 mL) and cooled to −40° C. overnight. The solid was filtered off and washed with acetonitrile. Isolated yield: 287 mg, 54.8%. 
       1 H-NMR (C 6 D 6 , δ ref 1H solvent =7.16 ppm, 25° C., 300 MHz) 9.83 ppm, characteristic alkylidene signals. 
     Example 8 
     The compounds according to the invention were tested in a homo-metathesis reaction of methyl 9-decenoate (9-DAME): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The substrate was purified by an adsorption method or triethylaluminum (TEAl) treatment according to methods known from WO2014/139679 (XiMo). Reactions in which the substrate was purified by an adsorptive method were terminated after 24 hours, and reactions in which the substrate was purified by means of triethylaluminum were terminated after 4 hours (rt=room temperature) 
     Conversion and formed E- and Z-isomers were determined via chromatography. The results are shown in Table 1: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Purification 
                 Loading 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 of 
                 [ppm/mole 
                 T 
                 Conversion  
                 E/Z 
               
               
                 Compound 
                 9-DAME 
                 9-DAME] 
                 [° C.] 
                 [%[ 
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 6 
                 adsorptive 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 76 
                 3/97 
               
               
                 7 
                 adsorptive 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 76 
                 17/83  
               
               
                 8 
                 adsorptive 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 45 
                 3/97 
               
               
                 6 
                 adsorptive 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 76 
                 3/97 
               
               
                 9 
                 adsorptive 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 14 
                 1/99 
               
               
                 6 
                 adsorptive 
                 50 
                 rt 
                 77 
                 21/79  
               
               
                 12 
                 adsorptive 
                 50 
                 50 
                 77 
                 9/91 
               
               
                 6 
                 adsorptive 
                 50 
                 rt 
                 90 
                 9/91 
               
               
                 4 
                 adsorptive 
                 50 
                 rt 
                 89 
                 7/93 
               
               
                 1 
                 adsorptive 
                 50 
                 rt 
                 88 
                 6/94 
               
               
                 6 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 78 
                 4/96 
               
               
                 4 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 84 
                 3/97 
               
               
                 1 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 82 
                 4/96 
               
               
                 3 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 26 
                 2/98 
               
               
                 12 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 77 
                 4/96 
               
               
                 15 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 72 
                 3/97 
               
               
                 14 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 73 
                 4/96 
               
               
                 2 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 70 
                 2/98 
               
               
                 16 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 54 
                 2/98 
               
               
                 7 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 60 
                 14/86  
               
               
                 8 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 58 
                 3/97 
               
               
                 9 
                 TEAI 
                 25 
                 rt 
                 70 
                 2/98 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 9 
     The compounds according to the invention were tested in a ring-closing metathesis reaction: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Under the atmosphere of the glovebox in an oven-dried 4 mL vial, the substrate was added by an automatic pipette and its weight was precisely measured. It was dissolved in 1 mL toluene, then the catalyst stock was added to it. The vial was closed by a perforated cap and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 4 h. Then 1 mL MeOH was added to the sample to quench the catalyst. A 20 mL plastic syringe was filled with 0.5 mL silica layer and 1 mL of the reaction mixture was filtered through it and washed with 20 mL ethyl acetate. The sample was analysed by GCMS to determine conversion. Enantiomer ratio of the product was determined by chiral HPLC (Agilent 1200 Plus HPLC, with diode array detector at 256 nm. Column: Kromasil 5-AmyCoat 4.6×150 mm, using H 2 O-MeOH gradient elution). 
     The results are shown in Table 2: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Product 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Loading 
                   
                 reaction 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 catalyst 
                 Conversion 
                 mixture 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 [pppmmole] 
                 [%] 
                 [%] 
                 S:R 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4 
                 2000 
                 100 
                 96.2 
                 5:95 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 2000 
                 100 
                 96.2 
                 3:97 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 2000 
                 100 
                 97.1 
                 7:93 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 10 
     Compounds according to the invention were tested in ethenolysis of methyl oleate. 
     The substrate was purified using triethylaluminum (TEAl) according to methods known from WO 2014/139679 (XiMo). Methyl oleate was mixed with 700 ppmwt TEAl and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. 
     In a nitrogen gas filled glovebox, fatty acid methyl ester was measured into 30 mL glass vials and mixed with the stock solution of triethylaluminum (23% wt in toluene). The optimal triethylaluminum amount was determined previously and was found to be 700 ppm. Mixtures were stirred at r.t. for 1 hour. Catalysts were added as a stock solution (0.01 M in benzene) The vial was placed into a stainless steel autoclave equipped with an alublock and was stirred at 50° C. under 10 atm of ethylene gas overpressure for 18 hours. Ave reactions were performed in the same autoclave with common gas space. The excess of ethylene was let out. From the reaction mixture 2.0 μl was taken out and diluted to 1.5 ml with n-pentane and analyzed by GCMS-FID, (Shimadzu 2010 Plus, column: Zebron ZB-35HT INFERNO, 30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm. 
     *reaction with 12-rac was prepared in 250 mL scale as the catalyst was portioned to it as a powder due to its insolubilityQuantification of the liquid phase by GC indicated the conversion given in Table 3 below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Molar  
                   
                 9- 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Com- 
                   
                   
                 ratio 
                 Total 
                 DAME 
                   
                   
               
               
                 pound 
                 ppm 
                 ppm 
                 Substrate/ 
                 conversion 
                 yield 
                 9-DAME 
                   
               
               
                 No 
                 wt 
                 mole 
                 catalyst 
                 [%] 
                 [%] 
                 selectivity 
                 TON 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  1 
                 100 
                 25 
                 40116 
                 90 
                 78 
                 0.9 
                 31130 
               
               
                  1 
                  50 
                 12 
                 80232 
                 76 
                 64 
                 0.8 
                 51188 
               
               
                  6 
                  50 
                 13 
                 76610 
                 80 
                 68 
                 0.8 
                 51712 
               
               
                  6-rac  1   
                  50 
                 13 
                 76610 
                 78 
                 66 
                 0.8 
                 50409 
               
               
                 6-et 2 py  2   
                 100 
                 25 
                 39262 
                 91 
                 78 
                 0.9 
                 30585 
               
               
                 6-et 2 py      
                  50 
                 13 
                 78523 
                 75 
                 61 
                 0.8 
                 47899 
               
               
                 12 
                 100 
                 22 
                 44449 
                 87 
                 76 
                 0.9 
                 33603 
               
               
                 12 
                  50 
                 11 
                 88898 
                 76 
                 63 
                 0.8 
                 56273 
               
               
                  4 
                 100 
                 26 
                 38716 
                 74 
                 61 
                 0.8 
                 23655 
               
               
                 12-rac  3   
                  50 
                 11 
                 88898 
                 70 
                 58 
                 0.8 
                 51650 
               
               
                  4 
                  50 
                 13 
                 77431 
                 55 
                 43 
                 0.8 
                 33528 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1  Compound 6 wherein LO is racemic 
               
               
                   2  Compound 6 wherein 2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl has been replaced by 2,5-diethyl-pyrrol-1-yl 
               
               
                   3  Compound 12 wherein LO is racemic 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Under comparable conditions, the ethenolysis of methyl oleate using the Mo analog of compound 4 resulted in a yield of 9-DAME of around 30% and a total conversion of around 40%. 
     Example 11 
     WNAr Cl (CHCMe 2 Ph)(Me 2 Pyr)((S)-Br-TBSBitet-O))(MeCN) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To bispyrrolide W(NAr-2,6-diCl)(CHAr-o-OMe)(2,5-Me 2 Pyr) 2  (1000 mg, 1.51 mmol) dissolved in toluene (30 mL), ((S)-3,3′-Dibromo-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol (853 mg, 1.51 mmol) was added as a solid slowly, portion-wise, at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Complete conversion into the 14-electron MAP complex was confirmed by NMR analysis prior to the work-up. The solvent was evaporated in vacuum. The residue was triturated in CH 3 CN, yielding the title compound as a yellow powder. Yield: 360 mg (20%). 
       1 H NMR (C6D6, 300 MHz): δ 9.89 ppm (s, 1H, CHCMe2Ph) characteristic alkylidene signal. 
     Example 12 
     WNAr Cl (CHCMe 2 Ph)(Me 2 Pyr)((rac)-Br-TBSBitet-O))(MeCN) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The reaction was carried out in a N 2  filled glovebox. A 100 mL flask was charged with the starting W(NAr-2,6-diCl)(CHCMe 2 Ph)(2,5-Me 2 Pyr) 2  complex (1.00 g, 1.51 mmol), then it was mixed with toluene (30 mL) resulting in a brownish yellow homogenous solution. Then the ligand ((Rac)-3,3′-Dibromo-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol, 0.853 g, 1.51 mmol) was added as a solid to the solution at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, the progress of the reaction was monitored by NMR. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated in acetonitrile resulting in a yellow precipitate. The yellow precipitate was filtered out, washed with cold n-pentane (10 mL) and dried under reduced pressure yielding the product as yellow powder (m=1102 mg, 62%). 
       1 H NMR (C 6 D 6 , 300 MHz): δ 9.92 ppm (s, 1H, CHCMe 2 Ph) characteristic alkylidene signal. 
     Example 13 
     Synthesis of WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)((R)-Br-TBSOBitet-O)(CH(2-MeOC 6 H 4 )) (Compound 6) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     2-Methoxystyrene (1.19 g, 8.85 mmol) was dissolved in toluene and to a previously in-situ prepared solution of W(NAr Cl )(Me 2 Pyrr)((R)-Br-TBSOBitetO)(CH(Me) 2 Ph) (7.63 mmol as a sol in toluene 0.1 mol/L) the mixture was stirred for a weekend at r.t. The completion of the reaction was monitored by  1 H NMR. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to dry. The deep red brown residue was mixed with pentane (20 mL) and red precipitate crashed out of the solution. The precipitate was filtered out, washed with pentane and dried. Isolated yield: 5624 mg, 65%. 
       1 H-NMR (C 6 D 6 ; δ ref 1H solvent =7.16 ppm): −0.24 (s, 3H, CH 3  TBS), 0.24 (s, 3H, CH 3  TBS), 0.88 (s, 3H, C(CH 3 ) 3  TBS), 1.28-1.53 (m br, 8H, C6-H 2 , C6′-H 2 , C7-H 2 , C7′-H 2  BITET), 1,76 (br, 3H, CH 3  diMe-pyrrol), 1.86-2.40 (m, 4H, C8-H 2 , C8′-H 2  BITET), 2.06, 2.11 (m, 2H, C5-H 2  BITET), 2.47 (br, 2H, C5′-H 2  BITET), 3.16 (br, 3H, CH 3  diMe-pyrrol), 3.67 (s, 3H, MeObenzylidene CH 3 ), 6.15 (br, 2H, C ar H diMe-pyrrol), 6.20 (t, 1H,  3 J HH =8.1, Hz N—Ar C para -H) 6.23 (dd, 1H, J=7.4, 1.2 Hz, MeObenzylidene C6-H), 6.48 (ddd, 1H, J=8.1,7.4, 1.2 Hz, MeObenzylidene C4-H), 6.64 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, MeObenzylidene C3-H), 6.68 (s, 1H, C3-H BITET), 6.84 (td, 1H, J=7.4, 1 Hz, MeObenzylidene C5-H), 6.84 (d, 2H,  3 J HH =8.1 Hz, N—Ar C meta -H), 7.28 (s, 1H, C3′-H BITET), 11.28 (s, 1H, W═CH,  1 J CH_anti =155 Hz,  2 J WH =7.2 Hz) ppm. 
     Synthesis of WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)((S)-Br-TBSOBitet-O)(CH(2-MeOC 6 H 4 )) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Bispyrrolide precursor, W(NAr Cl )(Me 2 Pyr) 2 (CHCMe 2 Ph) (1 mmol, 664 mg) was dissolved in benzene (2 mL). (S)-3,3′-dibromo-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol (1 mmol, 566 mg) was dissolved in benzene (2 mL) and added to the bispyrrolide precursor at rt. The reaction was monitored by  1 H NMR. The mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight then evaporated to dry. The residue was redissolved in 4 mL benzene and 2-MeO-styrene (1.5 mmol, 201 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at r.t. Then the mixture was evaporated to dry, triturated with n-pentane (5 mL) and cooled to −40° C. overnight. The solid was isolated by filtration and washed with n-pentane (3 mL). Red-brown solid (500 mg, yield 44%) was obtained. 
       1 H NMR (C 6 D 6 , 300 MHz): δ 11.28 ppm (s, 1H, CHCMe 2 Ph) characteristic alkylidene signal. 
     Synthesis of WNAr Cl (Me 2 Pyrr)((rac)-Br-TBSOBitet-O)(CH(2-MeOC 6 H 4 )) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The reaction was carried out in a N 2  filled glovebox. A round-bottomed flask was equipped with a magnetic stirring bar. The flask was charged with the starting W(NAr-2,6-diCl)(CHCMe 2 Ph)(2,5-Me 2 Pyr) 2  complex (359 mg, 0.54 mmol), then it was mixed with toluene (10.5 mL) resulting in a brownish yellow homogenous solution. Then the ligand ((Rac)-3,3′-Dibromo-2′-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1,1″-binaphthyl-2-ol, 0.296 g, 0.524 mmol) was added as a solid to the solution at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, the progress of the reaction was monitored by NMR. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in n-pentane (4 mL), the solids were removed by filtration, the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in toluene (6 mL) and 2-methoxy styrene (0.594 mmol, 80 mg) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness. The deep red residue was taken up in dry n-pentane (ca. 5 mL), and the resulting red crystalline solid was isolated by filtration, washed with n-pentane and dried in vacuum. (m=299 mg, 49%). 
       1 H NMR (C 6 D 6 , 300 MHz): δ 9.92 ppm (s, 1H, CHCMe 2 Ph) characteristic alkylidene signal.