Patent Publication Number: US-8109035-B2

Title: Apparatus and method of mosquito control

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/643,230 filed Dec. 21, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,694,455 which claims the benefit of prior co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/754,065 filed Dec. 27, 2005, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     It is said that in the history of the world, mosquitoes and their diseases have killed more people than all wars. 
     The mosquito is of the family cullicidae, order diptera. Mosquitoes are the most adaptable and successful insect on earth. There are approximately 3,000 species world wide. Approximately 167 species of mosquitoes are found in the United States. A real problem is that virtually any natural or man-made collection of water can support mosquito production. Mosquitoes have been found on mountain peaks at 14,000 feet and in mines a mile below the earth&#39;s surface. Only a few of these species are important as carriers of disease, but many can be a nuisance. 
     No matter what the mosquito species, water is essential for breeding. The mosquito larvae prefer still water. All mosquitoes have four stages of development—egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larval and pupal stages are spent in water. This water is often stagnant and close to home. One should reduce the availability of water suitable for larval and pupal growth by always inspecting the following as a water source and eliminating the cause. The best way to keep mosquitoes away from your home is to clean up areas where they like to breed such as, flowerpot saucers, tires and tin cans, kid&#39;s toys, roof gutters, ornamental pools (stock with fish), bird baths , fountains, and containers for collecting rain water (should be covered with a screen). Mosquitoes require very small amounts of standing water to their lay eggs. 
     Mosquitoes have complete metamorphosis in their life cycle. The egg is elongated, about one millimeter long and is laid in batches of 50-300. One female may lay several batches. The female is the only mosquito that bites man or animal. The reason the female bites is for a blood meal, which provides proteins necessary for egg development. Eggs can hatch in one to three days if laid on warm water. Many species lay eggs that remain dormant in the soil for years before hatching, so even in unfavorable weather they can survive. The larva lives in water but breathes air through a siphon. The siphon penetrates the water surface. Mosquito larvae feed on microorganisms and organic particles. The larvae mouth parts are modified into brushes which draw food into the mouth. During the larval stage, four separate developmental periods occur, called instars. As the mosquito larva grows, it must cast off its exoskeleton and replace it with a larger one. A larva changes into a pupa in about a week. 
     The pupa stage lasts for one or two days. During this stage the mosquito changes its life form from a larva that lives in water to a flying adult that lives in a terrestrial environment. The male emerges from the pupa case first and rests near the breeding site. The male mosquito feeds on nectar from flowers. The female mosquito seeks a blood meal necessary for egg development following mating. Without blood, mosquito eggs could not be produced. Mosquitoes select specific hosts from which to blood feed. Some mosquitoes feed on mammals, others only on birds. In some parts of the world, mosquitoes feed only on humans. 
     One factor common to all mosquito species is that eggs are laid in association with free water or on a moist surface. Eggs are white when first deposited, darkening to a black or dark brown within 12-24 hours. Single eggs are about 1/50 inch (0.5 mm) long, and those of most species appear similar when seen by the naked eye (one exception is the  Anopheles  spp. whose eggs have floats attached to each side of the egg). Eggs are laid singly by some species, and other species lay eggs together to form rafts. The incubation period (time between when eggs are laid and when they hatch) may vary considerably among species. Eggs of permanent-water mosquitoes where eggs are deposited on the water surface may hatch in 1-3 days depending on temperature. Floodwater species deposit their eggs on moist soil or another wet substrate and have a wide variation in incubation periods. These eggs will not hatch until submerged by rising water caused by rainfall, melting snow in the spring, or other floodwater. Depending on the species and conditions these eggs may hatch the next time they are flooded, as soon as ten days, or may not hatch until they are flooded a year or more later. 
     The larvae (wigglers or wrigglers) of all mosquitoes live in water and have four developmental periods or instars. These are called 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars with each succeeding stage larger than the last. At the end of each instar, the larva sheds its skin by a process called molting. The larva is an active feeding stage. Larvae feed on particulate organic material in the water. The larvae of most species have a breathing tube and must occasionally come to the surface of the water to get oxygen. The total length of time that larvae spend in the larval stage depends on the species and the water temperature. Some can develop in as little as 5 or 6 days. Upon maturity the 4th instar larvae molts into the pupal stage. 
     Unlike most other insects, the mosquito pupa is very active, and, like the larva, lives in water. It differs greatly from the larva in shape and appearance. The pupa has a comma-shaped body divisible into two distinct regions. The front region consists of the head and thorax (cephalothorax) and is greatly enlarged. It bears a pair of respiratory trumpets on the upper surface. It must periodically come to the surface to get oxygen. The second region is the abdomen which has freely-movable segments with a pair of paddle-like appendages at the tip. Feeding does not take place during the pupal stage. The pupal stage only lasts for a few days and is the stage when all the larval tissues change into the adult tissues. The adult emerges directly from the pupal case on the surface of the water. 
     The adult mosquito is entirely terrestrial and is capable of flying long distances. Both females and males feed on nectars, which they use for energy. Males and females mate during the first 3 to 5 days after they have emerged. Females mate only once. Males generally live for only a week. Only the females feed on blood, which is what is occurring when they are biting. Females evidently gain little nourishment from blood meals but need them in order to develop eggs. Many mosquitoes feed on any warm-blooded bird or mammal. However, some prefer cold-blooded animals. Some species also prefer birds and seldom feed on mammals, which is the case with  Culex  spp. mosquitoes which are known to transmit the West Nile virus (WNV). Unfortunately many species feed on a wide range of warm-blooded mammals, and humans are often attacked. Once a female has completely engorged, she flies to a shaded environment until her eggs are completely developed, usually in 3 to 5 days. Once the eggs are developed the female is called a gravid female and she begins to search for a desirable place to lay her eggs. If a female survives her egg laying activities, she will very soon start searching for another blood meal after which she will lay another batch of eggs. She does not need to mate a second time. Generally a female will only live long enough to lay 1 to 3 batches of eggs. 
     Most mosquito species are actively searching for a blood meal in the evening hours from just before dark until 2 to 3 hours after dark. During the daytime the females normally rest in cooler vegetated areas where the humidity is higher and they are protected from drying out. Females will often bite in the daytime if humans or animals invade the wooded areas where they are resting. However,  Aedes albopictus  is an aggressive biter, which prefers to feed during the daylight hours and is often a nuisance in urban areas. 
     Mosquito Control 
     Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was the first modern pesticide. DDT was developed early in World War II by Paul Hermann Muller. Muller was awarded a Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1948 for his discovery of the highly effective DDT. DDT was used initially with great effect in combating mosquitoes spreading malaria, and typhus. 
     In 1962 an American activist, Rachel Carson published the book Silent Spring. Her book alleged that DDT caused cancer and also harmed bird reproduction. This book resulted in a public outcry; this eventually led to the pesticide being banned for use in the United States. There is still a great controversy regarding the environmental impact of DDT. 
     In some parts of the world there are efforts to bring back DDT; especially where the mosquito is the vector for malaria. For these reasons there is a need for a safe non-toxic, effective and simple way of controlling the mosquito population. 
     Here to fore efforts by individuals to control mosquitoes on their property rarely succeed. Control is a real problem because some mosquito species fly far from breeding sites. This has resulted in community wide efforts to treat breeding sites or apply insecticidal sprays to control the adult mosquito. 
     Repellants are used for personal protection from mosquitoes. These products contain DEET, in the form of lotions, aerosol spray, or cream, which display warning labels especially for children. Repeated use of these repellents over a short period of time is not recommended. Pregnant women and children should not use DEET containing products too often, if at all. There is also caution for using repellants on areas covered by clothing. One should not apply repellants to the hands of children for they can get the repellants into their eyes or mouth. Most of these products are also combustible. 
     A nonchemical control measure is the burning of candles containing oil of citronella. Oil of citronella products can help rid an area of mosquitoes, but it will not totally prevent bites and can become ineffective in windy conditions. Citronella plants can help fend off bugs, too, but only in enclosed spaces. Similarly, personal protection such as wristbands with citronella, lemon grass and other natural ingredients do ward off some mosquitoes, but do not completely prevent bites nor deter their life cycle. 
     One method of mosquito control known not to work is the “bug zappers”. A recent study at the University of Delaware concluded that less than ¼ of the 1% of the insects zapped in such devices were actually biting insects. The majority of insects killed in electrocution traps are actually beneficial in some form to the environment. 
     Outdoor foggers will only keep mosquitoes away for a few hours. When the chemical (which may be dangerous to children and perhaps adults) dissipates the mosquitoes return. 
     Insecticides are available for controlling larvae. The applications of insecticides in large bodies of water or small breeding sites can be expensive and difficult. Again these chemicals are not selective and harm beneficial insects. Most insecticides are toxic not only to mosquitoes but can also be toxic to humans and other forms of life in the environment. It is necessary for all persons responsible for the use of insecticides to recognize this and take precautions to insure that these chemicals not only do not cause illness or death but also do not unnecessarily contaminate the environment. 
     The use of pesticides may require registration with the EPA and undergo a rigorous pesticide review process before they can be used in the United States. With the use of pesticides safety for humans and the environment are always a consideration. The pesticide should always be used according to label directions and strict precautions. Pesticides are tested for adverse effects on humans, wildlife, fish, and plants. Other adverse effects can be the risk of contaminating surface water or ground water. Another consideration with pesticides is spray drift, there is no pesticide that is 100% safe, and there is always a condition “the weather permitting.” 
     There are mosquito trapping and vacuum systems. These systems use CO2, heat, octenol, vacuum, and light. These devices are expensive and may attract more mosquitoes than one would ordinarily deal with. These devices also eliminate beneficial insects. 
     One commercially available mosquito halo inhibitor system is described by its manufacturer as a dual system that has an apricot smelling scent and an ultrasonic speaker. This inhibitor claims to reduce mosquito landing count by an average of 50%-75%. This product is relatively inexpensive but it doesn&#39;t reduce the mosquito population, it is simply stated that it reduces landing count. 
     Another control effort is mosquito magnets. The magnet operates by mimicking human breath and emits a warm, moist carbon dioxide plume combined with an attractant. This method is expensive, requires a lot of maintenance and could possibly attract more mosquitoes than one would ordinarily encompass. This method also poses a hazard to beneficial insects. 
     There are larvicides made from extract of the chrysanthemum flower (permethrin). This can be mixed with mineral oil and sprayed but is proven to be a short term deterrent that requires multiple applications. 
     There is a garlic repellent for spraying on yards, garden, parks and grassy areas and also plant based products such as eucalyptus lotions that portray themselves as repellants. Many of these products contain warning labels and require continuous reapplication. These may perhaps be short term repellants or deterrents, but they do not address the reproduction and vicious lifecycle of the mosquito. 
     All of the above mentioned items may be costly, ineffective and/or dangerous. 
     SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     According to some embodiments of the current invention, methods and devices for controlling mosquitoes include a stagnant water container, e.g., placed in an area where mosquitoes are to be controlled. A platform is floated on the stagnant water in the container. The platform comprises a series of holes forming brooding cups in which stagnant water is exposed so that a female mosquito can lay eggs in the brooding cups. The brooding cups are sized and configured to provide access from the brooding cups to the stagnant water and to reduce or prevent escape of adult mosquitoes from the water. A flexible barrier member is attached to the platform and configured to extend between the platform and the container and to engage an interior surface of the container by slidably abutting the interior surface of the container as the flexible barrier floats and moves with the platform when the platform is positioned on top of water in the container so that the flexible barrier member reduces or prevents escape of the adult mosquitoes from the water. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a view of the mosquito control apparatus according to some embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a view of the weeping platform located in the container after removal of the cover shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a view of the weeping platform after removal from the container according to some embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a view of the bottom surface of the debris cover according to some embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a partial side view of the mosquito control apparatus according to some embodiments of the invention showing the gap between the debris cover and the container through which a female mosquito can gain access to the weeping platform to lay its eggs in the water in the brooding cups. 
         FIG. 6  is a view of the mosquito control apparatus as shown in  FIG. 1 , with the tower cover removed so that the container may be refilled with water. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic showing a typical water level in the container and showing an algae disc that can be inserted to provide nutrition to the trapped larvae according to some embodiments of the invention. 
         FIGS. 8A-8C  are schematic views of the weeping platform according to some embodiments of the invention.  FIG. 8A  is a side view of the circular weeping platform according to some embodiments of the invention.  FIG. 8B  is a view illustrating the brooding cups according to some embodiments of the invention, and  FIG. 8C  is a top view showing the brooding cups and the opening through which the tower extends according to some embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic showing the weeping platform floating on top of the water in the container according to some embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 10  is another schematic, similar to  FIG. 9 , but including the debris and tower covers according to some embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 11A  is a schematic view illustrating the size of the mosquito eggs, pupa and larvae relative to components of the mosquito control apparatus according to some embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 11B  is a schematic view of a single brood cup showing the water level within the countersunk section of the brood cup according to some embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional side view of a platform with a flexible barrier member positioned on top of water in a container according to some embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention now will be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. 
     Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. In the figures, the thickness of certain lines, layers, components, elements or features may be exaggerated for clarity. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used herein, phrases such as “between X and Y” and “between about X and Y” should be interpreted to include X and Y. As used herein, phrases such as “between about X and Y” mean “between about X and about Y.” As used herein, phrases such as “from about X to Y” mean “from about X to about Y.” 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity. 
     It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on,” “attached” to, “connected” to, “coupled” with, “contacting,” etc., another element, it can be directly on, attached to, connected to, coupled with or contacting the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being, for example, “directly on,” “directly attached” to, “directly connected” to, “directly coupled” with or “directly contacting” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature. 
     Spatially relative terms, such as “under,” “below,” “lower,” “over,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of “over” and “under.” The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly,” “downwardly,” “vertical,” “horizontal” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. Thus, a “first” element discussed below could also be termed a “second” element without departing from the teachings of the present invention. The sequence of operations (or steps) is not limited to the order presented in the claims or figures unless specifically indicated otherwise. 
     According to some embodiments of the invention, devices and methods are provided that are species selective and only eliminate the mosquito. It will likely not harm any beneficial insects, which is extremely important to our future environment. This mosquito apparatus is most environmental friendly, and may be used without toxins, sprays, or harm to the environment, people, pets, etc. 
     Some embodiments of the invention take advantage of the biology and life cycle of the mosquito. Stagnant water is the common denominator for the 3,000 species of mosquito. Stagnant water may be provided for the female mosquito to lay eggs on. In the small cups of water (brood cups) the eggs can develop into larva. In the larval stage the larva must descend into the depths of the stagnant water in order to feed. From the time the eggs are laid, the mosquito may be captive in this apparatus. 
     The mosquitoes may complete their entire life cycle in this apparatus, but cannot escape into the environment. When they reach the adult flying stage they cannot escape, but die and fall back into the pool of stagnant water. The dead mosquitoes then becomes food for the developing larva. 
     Accordingly, embodiments according to the invention may be considered a one way system, or a liquid check valve which takes advantage of the life cycle of the mosquito. Embodiments according to the invention may operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week with no threat to our environment or our children. Attracting, trapping and killing just one female mosquito at the start of mosquito season may prevent the birth of up to 25,000 more mosquitoes that season alone. 
     Embodiments according to the invention include a device or mosquito trap  1  for eradicating mosquitoes, without the use of insecticides or toxic chemicals, simply by taking advantage of the normal life cycle of the mosquito. Some embodiments according to the invention take advantage of the fact that the female mosquito lays her eggs in stagnant water and the initial development of the mosquito occurs in the water. The way the various components may be assembled to form the apparatus  1  is shown in  FIGS. 1-6 . Embodiments according to the invention can comprise an apparatus  1  having a container  25  filled with stagnant water. The container  25  and the other components of apparatus  1  can be sized according to its specific application. For example, a container sold over the counter for residential use can be relatively small, while a container that would be suited for use in a large outdoor area, such as a park, can be in the form of large tub. The apparatus  1  can either include a container  25  suited for a specific applications or other component, such as the weeping platform  5  and the debris cover  16  can be sized so that they can fit standard containers, buckets or tubs. 
       FIG. 1  is an exterior view of the mosquito control apparatus  1  showing the manner that a debris cover  16  can be mounted on the generally cylindrical container  25 . A tower  14  extends through a hole in the debris cover  16 , and a tower cover  17 , mounted on the debris cover  16  extends over the tower  14 . 
       FIG. 2  shows the device of  FIG. 1  with the debris cover  16  removed from the container  25  to reveal the weeping platform  5 , which will float on water in the container  25 . The tower  14  is mounted on the center of the weeping platform  5 , and comprises a hollow cylindrical member, which is preferably transparent. A mesh cover  12  is located on the top of the tower  12 . A mesh screen  6  extends around the weeping platform  5 , and screen  6  engages the interior surface of the container  25  to reduce or substantially prevent mosquitoes from escaping around the edge of the circular weeping platform  5 . The mesh screen  12  will reduce or prevent the escape of mosquitoes through the tower  12 . A series of brooding cups  9  are formed around the weeping platform  5 , and these brooding cups  9  comprise openings that extend through the weeping platform  5 . 
       FIG. 3  shows additional details of the weeping platform  5 . The breeding cups  9  each have a countersunk or tapered upper surface  10   a , which will provide adequate space for a female mosquito to lay her eggs. The outer mesh screen  6  is mounted on the periphery of the circular weeping platform  5  so that it extends completely around the exterior. The transparent tower  14  extends through an opening in the center of the weeping platform  5  so that the interior of the tower  14  will be exposed to water below the weeping platform  5 . 
       FIG. 4  shows the lower surface of the debris cover  16  through which a central opening  11  extends. The tower cover  17  is visible through this opening  11 . A pair of rails  18  extends along this bottom surface and slots  18   a  are provided so that the rails will fit on the top rim of a cylindrical container  25 .  FIG. 5  shows how these rails  18  mount the debris cover on the container  25  leaving a gap through which a mosquito can obtain access to the brooding cups  6  on the top of the weeping platform  5 . 
       FIG. 6  is similar to  FIG. 1 , but it shows how the tower cover  17  can be rotated so that the top of the tower  14  is accessible. Water may be poured through the screen  12  and the tower  14  to refill the water in the container  25  below the weeping platform  5 . 
       FIGS. 7-11  are schematics which show further details of the mosquito control apparatus shown in  FIGS. 1-6 , and demonstrate how the apparatus and its components function. 
       FIG. 7  is a view, partially in section, of a stagnant water container  25  including, stagnant water  30 , an algae disc  32 , a screened overflow hole  4   a , and a screen  4   b  covering the overflow hole  4   a.    
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 8A-8C , the weeping platform  5  includes a series of holes  9 , extending from the top to the bottom of the weeping platform  5 . In some embodiments, these holes  9  are countersunk so that the diameter at the top  10   a  is larger than the diameter at the bottom  10   b  as seen in  FIG. 8B . For example, the diameter at the top can be 5/16″, while the diameter at the bottom can be 1/16″. These holes  9  provide the only space where water is exposed to the environment, and the female mosquito would lay her eggs  19  in the larger diameter portion on the upper surface of the weeping platform  5 , as shown in  FIG. 11A . 
     The weeping platform  5  also includes a central hole or opening  11 , which will provide space for an observation tower  14 . The observation tower  14  and the hole are not essential for all embodiments, but they may permit viewing of the device  1  to determine if the device  1  is working effectively and/or to observe the life cycle of the mosquito if the device  1  is used for educational purposes. 
     Fiberglass mesh extensions  6  are provided around the periphery of the weeping platform  5  so that a working seal can be provided between the platform  5  and the inner surface of the container  25 , so that mosquitoes cannot escape from the container  25 . 
       FIG. 9  shows the weeping platform  5  positioned in the container  1  above the stagnant water  30 . The holes  9  fill with water to form brood cups as shown in  FIG. 11A . A shown in  FIG. 10 , an overflow hole  4   a  covered by a screen  4   b  is located near the top of the container  1 . The weeping platform  5  will then not escape the container  1  if too much water is added. 
       FIG. 9  shows a weeping platform  6  that is located in the container on top of the water  2  at least partially filling the container  1 . In some embodiments, the weeping platform  6  can be a paraffin layer, which will float on the top of the water  30 . It should be understood, however, that other suitable materials that will float can be substituted for the paraffin material. 
     The weeping platform  5  shown in  FIGS. 8A-8C  is made of paraffin, or other material that will float and two layers of fiberglass mesh  7   a  and  7   b  in the paraffin. Fiberglass extensions of the two layers can form an upper mosquito seal  7   a  and a lower seal  7   b . A 5/16″ inch counter sunk hole  10   a  in paraffin platform  5 . These countersinks  10   a  are the important brood cups  9 . A 1/16″ inch hole  10   b  extends through the weeping paraffin platform. The counter sink is approximately half way through the weeping platform, and a cut out in the weeping paraffin platform for attachment of the observation tower. 
     Debris covers  16  and  17  are mounted above the weeping platform  5  and the observation tower  14  as illustrated in  FIGS. 9 and 10  so that debris, such as leaves do not prevent access to the water in holes  9  by the mosquitoes. Supports  18  located at several positions raise the debris cover  16  above the weeping platform  5  so that female mosquitoes can lay their eggs in the water in holes  11 . However, it should be understood that the debris covers  16  and  17  may be omitted, or alternative debris cover configurations may be used. For example, a cover support may be configured to connect to the container  25  and support a top that covers the weeping platform  5 . In some embodiments, the cover support may be configured to permit adequate access of the mosquitoes to the platform  5 , such as a wire grid configuration. In some embodiments, the top of the cover may be formed of a mesh material or other material that permits airflow to the container  25  and the platform  5 . In some embodiments, the debris cover may be omitted, and/or the platform  5  may be positioned in a container  25  as illustrated in  FIG. 2  and placed under a covered area, such as a porch or car port, to permit access to the brooding cups  9 . 
       FIG. 9  shows a container, this providing a pool of stagnant water. Water is the common denominator for the 3,000 species of mosquitoes world-wide. Embodiments according to the present invention may be adapted to any size to meet the mosquito threat presented. The container should be of an opaque material and the stagnant water, even if the water used is fresh water, an algae disc can be placed into the water by the manufacture or the water can become stagnant on its own and this timeframe would depend on the temperature and season. This view also shows a screen for the upper extent of the observation tower, a clear plastic observation tower, and water filling the 5/16″ inch brood cups of the weeping paraffin platform. 
       FIG. 10  is similar to  FIG. 9 , but shows covers over both the weeping platform  5  and the observation tower  14 , such as that shown in  FIGS. 1 and 6 .  FIG. 10  is a side sectional view including an overflow hole, provided for ease of filling and refilling the container. The hole is very simple to fill when water is needed. The overflow hole  4   a  will ensure that the platform cannot be pushed out of the container with too much water. A screen  4   b  for the overflow hole  4   a  to prevent mosquitoes at any stage of development from escaping into the environment is also shown. This view also includes a paraffin weeping platform  5 , and an observation tower  14 , comprising a clear plastic tube, which transverses the weeping platform. This opening allows the developing mosquito to reach the surface of the water in order to breath. This opening allows the pupa to lie on the surface of the water and when it becomes an adult it can fly into the tower and be observed. Also shown is a debris cover  16  for preventing trash from filling the brood cups and the larval channels. This cover  16  has a center hole  11  for the observation tower  14 . Different water levels will allow the tower  14  to slide through the observation tower cutout. This cover may be made of opaque materials. Also shown is an observation tower cover  17 , which will be supported on the debris cover  16 , extending over the screened upper extent of the observation tower. This cover prevents trash from entering the device. Removal or rotation of the cover  17  allows for pouring water into the container. A debris cover support with four supports, which can be in the form of two rails  18  as shown in  FIG. 4  is a portal for the female mosquito to reach the water filled brood cups. These supports provide about a ½″ opening. 
       FIG. 11A  illustrates the life cycle of the mosquito in this mosquito control apparatus. Eggs  19  are laid in brood cups  9  formed by the countersunk holes. The developing larvae  20 , which of course are larger than the eggs, must descend through the smaller diameter portion  10   b  of the holes forming the brood cups  9  to find sufficient space to develop normally in the water. The next stage in the development of the mosquito is the pupa stage  21 , which is not captive in the water. The pupa stage  21  is too large to escape through the holes  10   b  in the weeping platform. The only point of escape from the water for the fully developed adult mosquito  22  is into the observation tower  14 , from which there is no escape. If there is no observation tower  14 , the mosquito cannot escape from the water. In the observation tower, the adult mosquito will die and never escape to the outside environment. The carcass of the dead mosquito will then drop into the water providing organic matter for development of the larva and pupa stages. This device therefore provides a trap for developing mosquitoes. Use of a device in accordance with this invention has demonstrated that the mosquito problem for the user of this device was significantly less than for neighbors. It is believed that mosquitoes do not normally travel far so that by providing a stagnant water trap, mosquitoes in a given area will congregate to this trap, especially if normal precautions are taken to minimize other standing water. 
     Additional details of the individual components are described in the following description. 
     A container  1  of stagnant water is offered to the egg laying female mosquito. Water is the essential element for the 3,000 species of mosquito. Embodiments according to the present invention may be made to any size and correspond to the mosquito threat ranging from a coffee-sized mug (e.g., for a home owner) to a much larger tub-sized apparatus (e.g., for parks, picnic areas, and playgrounds). Embodiments according to the invention may be especially important during times of drought because the mosquito will be attracted to this stagnant water source. 
     The weeping paraffin platform  5  is the functioning part of this apparatus. This platform  5  is made of paraffin. Paraffin was chosen for its physical and chemical properties. Paraffin will float and this floatation may be advantageous. Paraffin is insoluble in water and is odorless, tasteless and can be machined. The melting point of paraffin is 65 degrees Celsius, which is approximately to 150 degrees Fahrenheit. Even at the most extreme temperature recorded on earth the paraffin platform will function. The highest temperature ever recorded on earth was in El Azizia, Libya in 1922. This temperature was 136 degrees Fahrenheit. The choice of paraffin was also made because it is easy to mold. However, other material can be used to fabricate the weeping platform  5 . For example, polypropylene or other buoyant elastomers may be used. In some embodiments, the platform  5  is machined with apertures and/or brood cups  9 ; however, other techniques can be used, including injection molding. 
     A series of 1/16″ inch holes  10   b  are drilled around the circumference of the weeping platform; however other suitable sized holes may be used. The 1/16″ holes  10   b  have contact with the water in the container. A 5/16′ inch counter sink  10   a  is used to form a little cup of water  9  in the upper surface of the weeping platform. It should be understood that the particular dimensions discussed herein are for illustrative purposes, do not limit the invention, and any suitably dimensioned device may be used. The cups are called “brood cups.” The counter sink  10   a  is at one half the thickness of the weeping platform  5  in the preferred embodiment. The broad cups  9  are the watering hole for the egg laying female mosquito. The brood cup  9  is the Achilles heel for the mosquito. Mosquitoes are very prolific because they will lay eggs in a drop of water on a leaf. Some mosquitoes will even lay eggs on a dry surface in anticipation of the water level rising. In any of these events this apparatus has the mosquitoes confined. The eggs are laid into the small amounts of water afforded by the brood cups  9 . The eggs in the brood cups can develop to the early larval stage. During the early larval stage the mosquito can only survive by descending into the depths of the stagnant water container. The larval channel  10   b , here comprising a 1/16″ hole, has contact with the stagnant water. The eggs can only develop to a certain degree in the counter sink brood cup. The larval channel  10   b  allows the larva to enter the depth of the stagnant water. The larva has to penetrate the depths of the water in order to feed. At this point there is no escape. They descend through the 1/16″ inch hole  10   b  at the base of the brood cups  9 . The larva in order to feed has to wiggle through the stagnant water. The larva is a filter feeder; they do this by wiggling through the water feeding on microorganisms. The larva has to surface periodically to breathe at the waters surface through their siphon.  FIG. 11B  is the best view for showing the water level  30  in the brood cup. In  FIG. 11B , the water level is shown extending through the countersunk section  10   a  of the brood cup  9 , with the narrower section  10   b  completely full. Portions of the weeping platform  5  will be submerged as shown in  FIG. 11B . Of course the exact water level  30  will depend upon the buoyancy and size of the weeping platform  5 . The water depicted in other schematics is not intended to be an accurate depiction of the water level, but these other schematics are instead merely intended to represent water within the container  25 . 
     The tower  14  provides a breathing space. This invention allows the mosquitoes to complete their life cycle. Completion of their life cycle serves two purposes, first for educational purposes one can observe the mosquito thorough its life cycle by viewing it through the transparent tower  14 . Second the adult captive mosquito will die and fall into the stagnant water and become food for the developing generation. 
     This is a screened filling port  12  provided at the upper extent of the observation tower  14  will allow one to do is add water occasionally. 
     There are screened overflow holes  4   a  at the upper margin of the stagnant water container will inform one when the stagnant water container  25  is full. Another function of the overflow holes  4   a , over which a screen  4   b  extends, is to prevent the weeping paraffin platform  5  from floating out of the stagnant water container  25 . 
     The debris cover  16  extends beyond the outer circumference of the stagnant water container  25 . This cover  16  is to prevent trash, leaves from getting into the all important brood cups  9 . The debris cover supports or rails  18  allow a space (about ½″ inch) for the egg laying female to have access to the brood cups  9 , where the female mosquito will lay eggs  19  as shown in  FIG. 11A . The mosquito larva which  20  have descended through the 1/16″ inch hole at the base of the brood cups  9  to enter the stagnant water and seek food or nutrition. The pupa  21 , which develop from the larvae  22 , uses its siphon to break the surface of the water in order to breath. The adult (flying) mosquito  22  will be trapped in the observation tower  14 , which is optional but allows one to view the success of the product. 
     Although embodiments according to the present invention are described herein with respect to the container  1 , it should be understood that any suitable configuration may be used. For example as illustrated in  FIG. 12 , a device  100  includes a container  125  that is configured to hold stagnant water  130 , and a platform  105  having a flexible barrier member  106 , brooding cups  109  and an observation tower  114 . The platform  105  includes a top portion  105 A and a bottom portion  105 B that are connected by connectors  105 C. As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , the top and bottom portions  105 A,  105 B have a tapered side to facilitate placement and floatation in the container  125 . The configuration of the top and bottom portions  105 A,  105 B, which are spaced apart by the connectors  105 C, may provide additional floatation stability to the platform. In some embodiments, the connectors  105 C are formed by a glue or caulking material between the top and bottom portions  105 A,  105 B. The brooding cups  109  are included on the top portion  105 A of the platform  105 . 
     As illustrated, the flexible barrier member  106  extends and slideably abuts an interior surface of the container  125  to reduce or substantially prevent the escape of live mosquitoes from the water  130 . The flexible barrier member  106  may be formed of any suitable flexible material, such as fabric or wire mesh, and may also be configured to permit air circulation to the water  130 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , the flexible barrier member  106  extends over the brooding cups  109 . It is currently believed that covering the brooding cups  109  with a wire mesh, fabric or other textured or rough material may enhance the attraction of female mosquitoes to lay eggs in the brooding cups  109 . Such material may be provided by the flexible barrier member  106  or by other materials that are sized and positioned to cover the brooding cups  109 . Moreover, other suitable textured materials may be provided in at least a portion (e.g., a top portion) of the interior of the brooding cups to attract female mosquitoes and/or provide a region for the female mosquitoes to land and lay eggs. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , the tower  114  includes a top portion  114 A and side walls  114 B. The top portion  114 A may be formed of a flexible and/or breathable material that may permit air flow to the water  130  and to substantially prevent escape of the live mosquitoes. The top portion  114 A may be semi-transparent to permit visual assessment of the mosquitoes and/or larvae in the device  100 . The tower  114  may be connected to the platform  105  and/or flexible barrier member  106 . 
     The device  100 , including the platform  105 , flexible barrier member  106  and the tower  114  may be formed in a generally cylindrical shape as illustrated in  FIGS. 1-6 . However, other suitable shapes may be used, including those with oblong, oval, rectangular, or other shapes. 
     In some embodiments, the device  100  is formed of generally dark materials. It is currently believed that dark materials may attract mosquitoes. 
     In some embodiments, the platform  105  is formed of polypropylene or other suitable buoyant materials. The platform  105  is covered with the flexible barrier member  106 , which may include a black or dark colored fiberglass screen that covers the brood cups  109  and provides the mosquitoes with a rough surface on which to lay eggs. The barrier member  106  may also form a heat seal around the outer edge of the platform  105 . In some embodiments, the barrier member  106  may be formed of the same or a different material over the interior of the platform  105  as compared to the portion of the barrier member  106  that extends between the platform and to abut the surface of the container  125 . For example, the interior portion of the barrier member  106  extending over the platform  105  may be formed of a fiberglass screen, and the portion of the barrier member extending away from the platform and abutting the interior surface of the container  125  may be formed of a nylon mesh or tulle material. The barrier member  106  may be a single layer of mesh or screen material, or multiple layers of the same or different materials may be used. 
     In some embodiments, additional flotation members may be used to provide additional flotation stability to the platform  105 . For example, a foam material, such as a hollow foam tube or backer rod, may be affixed or adhered to the platform  105 , such as with a waterproof glue. 
     In some embodiments, a mosquito attractant may be added to the water  130 . For example, grass clippings or other plant material placed in water and allowed to ferment, e.g., by exposing the plant material to light and/or heat such as in a transparent container in the sun, may provide a simple and effective attractant. 
     The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the claims. Therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments, as well as other embodiments, are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.