Patent Publication Number: US-2010114649-A1

Title: Buffer Analysis Model For Asset Protection

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Communications and utility service providers (hereinafter referred to as “service providers”) often own or maintain substantial buried assets, such as communications cables, power service cables, water pipes, gas pipes, and the like. In many cases, those planning to dig into the ground are required, or at least encouraged, to first notify the service providers prior to digging. In order to facilitate communications between the digger (e.g., a contractor) and the service providers, utility location services, commonly referred to as “one-call” and “call before you dig”, have been created. For example, a contractor may call a utility location service and inform them of a planned dig. Upon receiving the call, the utility location service notifies the service providers with buried assets at or near the planned dig. The service providers may then inform the contractor, either directly or through the utility location service, whether any buried assets are present. The service providers may also send one or more technicians to the dig site to mark locations where buried assets are present and/or to monitor the actual dig. 
     Each time a caller contacts the utility location service, an operator at the utility location service typically creates a ticket. As used herein, a ticket generally refers to a record containing any suitable information about a planned dig. For example, a ticket may include an identification of the caller, a date that the call was received, a date for the planned dig, and a location of the planned dig. The location of the planned dig may be identified by address, corresponding latitude and longitude coordinates, and other suitable location identifiers. 
     Due to the immense volume of tickets transmitted from utility location services, service providers often resolve each ticket through an automated process. At least a portion of the automated process usually includes an operation for matching the location of the planned dig against a record of existing buried exists identified by a geographic information system (“GIS”) or other suitable technology. This approach, however, is inherently unreliable due to the possibility of human error as well as the imprecise nature of the technology involved. For example, street address data can be missing or incorrect, and the location of buried assets can be incorrect within a GIS application. Even when the street address is correct, the street address may not provide much guidance as to the specific location of a dig, particularly if the address identifies a large parcel of land (e.g., in a rural area). Further, a caller may relay an incorrect dig location to the operator, or the operator may input an incorrect dig location into a computer when creating the ticket. 
     The inaccuracy of conventional approaches for predicting the location of buried assets with respect to a planned dig can increase the risk of asset damage. In particular, if the automated process previously described inaccurately predicts that a planned dig does not interfere with existing buried assets, then a contractor performing the dig may damage the asset during the actual excavation. In order to account for the inaccuracy of the automated process, the automated process may be adjusted to liberally (i.e., increasingly) predict that the planned dig interferes with existing buried assets. However, an incorrect prediction that the planned dig interferes with existing buried assets can result in wasted labor resources since the service provider may dispatch technicians to the dig location to mark the buried assets and/or to monitor the planned dig. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the disclosure presented herein include methods, systems, and computer-readable media determining an optimum buffer width for an above-ground or buried asset. According to one aspect, a method for determining an optimum buffer width for an above-ground or buried asset is provided. According to the method, a restorability measurement and a revenue measurement for the asset are determined. The restorability measurement indicates an ability for a technician to restore the asset when the asset becomes damaged. The revenue measurement indicates a value of a service provided through the asset. The optimum buffer width is determined based on the restorability measurement and the revenue measurement. The optimum buffer width includes a width of a buffer indicating an approximate location of the asset. 
     According to another aspect, a system for determining an optimum buffer width for an above-ground or buried asset is provided. The system includes a memory and a processor functionally coupled to the memory. The memory stores a program containing code for determining an optimum buffer width for the asset asset. The processor is responsive to computer-executable instructions contained in the program and operative to determine a restorability measurement for the asset, determine a revenue measurement for the asset, and determine the optimum buffer width based on the restorability measurement and the revenue measurement. The restorability measurement indicates an ability for a technician to restore the asset when the asset becomes damaged. The revenue measurement indicates a value of a service provided through the asset. The optimum buffer width is determined based on the restorability measurement and the revenue measurement. The optimum buffer width includes a width of a buffer indicating an approximate location of the asset. 
     According to yet another aspect, a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon for execution by a processor to perform a method for determining an optimum buffer width for an above-ground or buried asset is provided. According to the method, a restorability measurement and a revenue measurement for the asset are determined. The restorability measurement indicates an ability for a technician to restore the asset when the asset becomes damaged. The revenue measurement indicates a value of a service provided through the asset. The optimum buffer width is determined based on the restorability measurement and the revenue measurement. The optimum buffer width includes a width of a buffer indicating an approximate location of the asset. 
     Other systems, methods, and/or computer program products according to embodiments will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon review of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, and/or computer program products be included within this description, be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A ,  1 B, and  1 C are diagrams illustrating a buffer of varying widths with respect to a fixed dig location, in accordance with exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a ticket creation and processing data flow between a caller, a utility location service, and a service provider, in accordance with exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a flow diagram illustrating a method for determining an optimum buffer width for a buried asset, in accordance with exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a computer architecture diagram showing an illustrative computer hardware architecture for a computing system capable of implementing the embodiments presented herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description is directed to determining an optimal width of a buffer that approximates the location of an asset. The asset may be an above-ground asset or a buried asset. For example, gas pipelines may be deployed above-ground or below-ground. For the sake of simplicity, embodiments described herein primarily refer to determining the buffer width for the purpose of protecting buried assets. However, it should be appreciated that these and other embodiments may be similarly utilized for protecting above-ground assets that are also within the buffer area. 
     While the subject matter described herein is presented in the general context of program modules that execute in conjunction with the execution of an operating system and application programs on a computer system, those skilled in the art will recognize that other implementations may be performed in combination with other types of program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the subject matter described herein may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. 
     In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments or examples. Referring now to the drawings, in which like numerals represent like elements through the several figures, aspects of a computing system and methodology for determining an optimal width of a buffer that approximates a location of a buried asset will be described.  FIG. 1A  shows an illustrative implementation of a buffer  100 A with respect to a dig area  108 . The buffer  100 A represents an approximation of a location of a buried asset (not shown) underneath a parcel of land  102 , which includes a house  103 . The buffer  100 A has a first width  104 A. The dig area  108  represents a portion of the parcel of land  102  where a dig will be performed. The portion in which the dig area  108  overlaps with the buffer  100 A represents a restricted area  110 A. As illustrated in  FIG. 1A , the buffer  100 A includes first diagonal lines in one direction, and the dig area  108  includes second diagonal lines in another direction. The restricted area  110 A includes cross-hatching of the first and second diagonal lines representing where the buffer  100 A and the dig area  108  overlap. 
     The restricted area  110 A represents a portion of the parcel of land  102  where the dig can potentially damage the buried asset. As such, whenever a service provider is notified of the restricted area  110 A, the service provider may take additional steps in order to protect the buried asset. For example, the service provider may dispatch technicians, such as two technicians  106 A and  106 B, to the parcel of land  102  in order to mark the restricted area  110 A and/or to monitor the dig at the restricted area  110 A. As illustrated in  FIG. 1A , two technicians  106 A and  106 B are dispatched to the parcel of land  102  based on the size of the restricted area. As described in greater detail below with respect to  FIGS. 1B and 1C  below, additional technicians may be dispatched when the size of the restricted area is increased, and fewer technicians may be dispatched when the size of the restricted area is decreased. 
       FIG. 1B  shows an illustrative implementation of a buffer  100 B with respect to the dig area  108 . The buffer  100 B represents another approximation of the location of the buried asset underneath the parcel of land  102 . The buffer  100 B has a second width  104 B, which is wider than the first width  104 A. The larger width of the second width  104 B results in a larger size of the buffer  100 B as compared to the buffer  100 A. Since the buffer  100 B is larger than the buffer  100 A, a restricted area  110 B where the buffer  100 B and the dig area  108  overlap is larger than the restricted area  110 A. Due to the larger size of the restricted area  110 B in relation to the restricted area  110 A, the service provider may dispatch three technicians  106 A,  106 B, and  106 C to the parcel of land  102  in  FIG. 1B  instead of the two technicians  106 A and  106 B dispatched to the parcel of land  102  in  FIG. 1A . 
       FIG. 1C  shows an illustrative implementation of a buffer  100 C with respect to the dig area  108 . The buffer  100 C represents yet another approximation of the location of the buried asset underneath the parcel of land  102 . The buffer  100 C has a third width  104 C, which is narrower than the first width  104 A. The narrower width of the third width  104 C results in a smaller size of the buffer  100 C as compared to the buffer  100 A. Since the buffer  100 C is smaller than the buffer  100 A, a restricted area  110 C where the buffer  100 C and the dig area  108  overlap is smaller than the restricted area  110 A. Due to the smaller size of the restricted area  110 C in relation to the restricted area  110 A, the service provider may dispatch one technician  106 A to the parcel land  102  in  FIG. 1C  instead of the two technicians  106 A and  106 B dispatched to the parcel of land  102  in  FIG. 1A . 
       FIGS. 1A ,  1 B, and  1 C illustrate the significance of predicting the proper size of the buffers  100 A,  100 B,  100 C (collectively referred to as buffers  100 ). In particular, a larger buffer size, such as the buffer  100 B, generally corresponds to an increased number of technicians, such as the technicians  106 A,  106 B, and  106 C, dispatched to the parcel of land  102  as compared with a smaller buffer size, such as the buffer  100 C, given the same dig area  108 . The service provider that owns or maintains the buried asset may incur significant expense for each additional technician dispatched to the parcel of land  102 . Therefore, the service provider may desire a smaller buffer size, which reduces the number of technicians dispatched. 
     However, a smaller buffer size may increase the risk that a dig will damage the buried asset as compared to a larger buffer size. Once the buried asset is damaged, the service provider may incur significant expenses repairing the buried asset and handling customer service complaints. As result, while the service provider may desire a smaller buffer size to reduce the number of technicians dispatched, the service provider may also desire a buffer size that adequately mitigates the potential for any damage to the buried asset. Embodiments described herein are directed to determining an optimal buffer width that reduces the buffer size while adequately mitigating the potential damage to the buried asset. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , an illustrative implementation of a width determination module  202  operative to determine an optimal buffer width, such as the widths  104 A,  104 B, and  104 C, with respect to a planned dig. The width determination module  202  may be implemented as computer hardware, software, firmware, or combinations thereof. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , a caller  206  contacts a utility location service, such as a call before you dig  208 , and provides information about a planned dig. The call before you dig  208  then generates a ticket  210  based on the information provided by the caller  206 . For example, the ticket  210  may include an identification of the caller, a date that the call was received, a date for the planned dig, and a location of the planned dig. Upon generating the ticket  210 , the call before you dig  208  sends the ticket  210  to each service provider, such as a utility  212 , that owns or maintains buried assets at or near the location of the planned dig. 
     Upon receiving the ticket  210 , the utility  212  may analyze the ticket  210  to determine whether the planned dig will affect any buried assets that the utility  212  owns or maintains. The utility  212  may then send a response  214  indicating whether the utility  212  will be involved in the planned dig. For example, the response  214  may indicate whether technicians, such as the technicians  106 A,  106 B, and  106 C, will be dispatched to the parcel of land  102 . The response  214  may be sent to the call before you dig  208 , which forwards the response  214  to the caller  206 . Alternatively, the response  214  may be sent directly to the caller  206  without the aid of the utility location service. 
     According to embodiments, the width determination module  202  determines an optimal buffer width based on the presence of a buried asset at the location of the planned dig specified on the ticket  210 . The utility  212  may determine the size of the buffer, such as the buffers  100 A,  100 B, and  100 C, based on the optimal buffer width. Upon determining the size of the buffer, the utility  212  may determine whether a restricted area, such as the restricted areas  110 A,  110 B, and  110 C, is present where the buffer overlaps with the location of the planned dig. If the restricted area is present, then the utility  212  may then determine the number of technicians to be dispatched to the parcel of land  102  according to the size of the restricted area. 
       FIG. 3  is a flow diagram illustrating a method  300  for determining an optimal buffer width, such as the widths  104 A,  104 B, and  104 C, in accordance with exemplary embodiments. According to the method  300 , the width determination module  202  determines (at  302 ) a restorability measurement for a buried asset. According to embodiments, the restorability measurement is a measure identifying an ability of a service provider, such as the utility  212 , to restore a given service when an associated buried asset becomes damaged. In one embodiment, the restorability measurement is represented in terms of the service (e.g., data, water, gas, etc.) that be diverted around a damaged buried asset. For example, the restorability measurement may indicate the ability of a telephone company to reroute calls around the loss of a telephone line. If the restorability measurement indicates that the telephone line is 100% restorable, then all of the service passing through the buried asset can be rerouted around the buried asset. In contrast, if the restorability measurement indicates that the telephone line is 0% restorable, then none of the service passing through the buried asset can be rerouted around the buried asset. 
     In a further embodiment, the restorability measurement is represented in terms of the relative amount of revenue lost as a result of the buried asset being damaged. For example, if a given buried asset is 100% restorable, then the buried asset can be damaged without any loss in revenue to the utility  212 . In contrast, if the buried asset is 0% restorable, then all revenue from the service provided through the buried asset is lost when the buried asset is damaged. It should be appreciated that the use of percentages to describe the restorability measurement is merely illustrative and that other suitable ways to represent the restorability measurement may be similarly utilized. 
     In addition to determining the restorability measurement, the width determination module  202  also determines (at  304 ) a revenue measurement for the buried asset. According to embodiments, the revenue measurement is a measure identifying a value (e.g., a monetary value) of the service provided through a given buried asset. For example, the revenue measurement may indicate the value of the data (e.g., cable television, cable Internet, Internet Protocol Television (“IPTV”), etc.) carried through a cable line. The value of the service provided through the buried asset may provide a measure of the potential revenue lost when the buried asset becomes damaged. If the revenue measurement indicates that the value of the service provided through a given buried asset is relatively lower, then the risk of losing the buried asset is also relatively lower. If the revenue measurement indicates that the value of the service provided through the buried asset is relatively higher, then the risk of losing the buried asset is also relatively higher. 
     The restorability measurement may also include suitable expenses that result from damage to the buried asset and that further increase the potential revenue lost. Such expenses may include, but are not limited to, lost short-term revenue (e.g., a customer cannot make a long-distance call, a customer cannot purchase a pay-per-view event, etc.), lost long-term revenue (e.g., a customer decides to terminate services from the utility  212 ), and expenses incurred to fix the damaged buried asset. 
     It should be appreciated that other logical characteristics of the buried asset for determining the risk of losing the buried asset may be similarly utilized in lieu of or in addition to the revenue measurement and the restorability measurement as previously described. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the width determination module  202  determines (at  306 ) a goodwill measurement for the buried asset. According to embodiments, the goodwill measurement for the buried asset indicates the amount of customer confidence that is lost when a service cannot be provided as a result of a damaged buried asset. If the goodwill measurement indicates that an insignificant amount of customer confidence is lost as a result of a damaged buried asset, then the risk of losing the buried asset is also relatively lower. If the goodwill measurement indicates that a significant amount of customer confidence is lost as a result of the damaged buried asset, then the risk of losing the buried asset is also relatively higher. 
     Upon determining the logical characteristics, such as the restorability measurement, the revenue measurement, and the goodwill measurement, of the buried asset, the width determination module  202  determines (at  308 ) a false negative cost for the buried asset based on the risk measurements. According to embodiments, the false negative cost refers to the cost resulting from the occurrence of a false negative. As used herein, a false negative refers to a ticket, such as the ticket  210 , that is improperly judged as not risking damage to buried asset. That is, a false negative refers to a situation where a dig actually damages the buried asset after a service provider, such as the utility  212 , determined that the ticket  210  would not affect the buried asset. The occurrence of a false negative may result in, among other costs, the costs to restore the damaged buried asset, a loss of revenue/profit due to the loss of service, and a loss of revenue/profit due to the loss of customer confidence. 
     In one embodiment, the false negative cost is determined based on the restorability measurement, the revenue measurement, and/or the goodwill measurement. For example, if a restorability measurement indicates that alternate routes are not available when a given buried asset becomes damaged, then the false negative cost may increase. If the restorability measurement indicates that alternate routes are available when the buried asset becomes damaged, then the false negative cost may decrease. If a revenue measurement indicates that a value of the service provided by the buried asset is relatively higher, then the false negative cost may also be relatively higher. If the revenue measurement indicates that the value of the service provided by the buried asset is relatively lower, then the false negative cost may also be relatively lower. If the goodwill measurement indicates that a significant amount of customer confidence is lost when a service cannot be provided as a result of a damaged buried asset, then the false negative cost may be relatively higher. If the goodwill measurement indicates that an insignificant amount of customer confidence is lost when the service cannot be provided as a result of the damaged buried asset, then the false negative cost may be relatively lower. 
     In addition to determining the false negative cost of the buried asset, the width determination module  202  also determines (at  310 ) a false positive cost of the buried asset. According to embodiments, the false positive cost refers to the cost resulting from the occurrence of a false positive. As used herein, a false positive refers to a ticket, such as the ticket  210 , that is improperly judged as risking damage to the buried asset. That is, a false positive refers to a situation where a dig does not damage the buried asset after a service provider, such as the utility  212 , determined that the ticket  210  would affect the buried asset. The occurrence of a false negative may result in, among other costs, the costs to dispatch technicians to the parcel of land  102  in order to mark the location of the buried asset and/or to monitor the dig at or near the location of the buried asset. 
     False negative costs may be determined based on a suitable maintenance cost function. For example, the maintenance cost function may account for maintenance costs incurred based on the restorability measurement, the revenue measurement, and/or the goodwill measurement. The maintenance cost function may place greater emphasis (e.g., a weight) on certain measurements that incur greater costs over other measurements that incur lower costs. False positive costs may be determined based on a suitable loss expectation function. For example, the loss expectation function may account for financial costs incurred as a result of dispatching technicians to the parcel land  102  and performing other unnecessary tasks as a result of the false positive. 
     Upon determining the false negative costs and the false positive costs, the width determination module  202  determines (at  312 ) the optimal buffer width based on the false negative costs and the false positive costs. According to embodiments, the maintenance cost function (also referred to herein as P 1 ) and the loss expectation function (also referred to herein as P 2 ) are continuous functions of the optimal buffer width (also referred to herein as w). For example, a wider buffer width can result in fewer false negatives and a greater number of false positives due to the increased number of technicians dispatched to the parcel of land  102 . In contrast, a narrower buffer width can result in a great number of false negatives and fewer false positives due to the decreased number of technicians dispatched to the parcel of land  102 . As a result, an optimal buffer width may refer to a buffer width that results in the lowest total cost resulting from the maintenance cost function and the loss expectation function. 
     Since the maintenance cost function and the loss expectation function are continuous functions of the optimal buffer width, the expressions can be minimized by conventional calculus techniques for finding a root of the first derivative with respect to the buffer width. In one embodiment, the optimal buffer width may be expressed as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                  
                 
                    
                   w 
                 
               
                
               
                 [ 
                 
                   
                     P 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     1 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       w 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   - 
                   
                     P 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     2 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       w 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
                 ] 
               
             
             = 
             0 
           
         
       
     
     The root of the first derivative expressed above may be determined by suitable analytical or numerical means. The root yields a value for the width, w, that is optimal for a given buried asset by balancing the maintenance cost function and the loss expectation function. The width is optimal because a wider buffer would increase maintenance costs at a rate faster than the financial costs would decrease. Further, a narrower buffer would increase financial losses at a rate faster than the maintenance costs would decrease. 
     The optimal buffer width may be re-determined on a regular basis (e.g., nightly, weekly, etc.) so that the optimal buffer width can reflect any changes to the logical characteristics of the buried assets. By regularly re-determining the buffer width, a dynamically optimal buffer can be utilized by the utility  212  in order to resolve tickets, such as the ticket  210 , resulting in significant cost savings with respect to the buried asset over a period of time. 
       FIG. 4  and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment in which embodiments may be implemented. While embodiments will be described in the general context of program modules that execute in conjunction with an application program that runs on an operating system on a computer system, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments may also be implemented in combination with other program modules. 
     Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that embodiments may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The embodiments may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating the system  400  operative to determine an optimum buffer width for a buried asset, in accordance with exemplary embodiments. The system  400  includes a processing unit  402 , a memory  404 , one or more user interface devices  406 , one or more input/output (“I/O”) devices  408 , and one or more network devices  410 , each of which is operatively connected to a system bus  412 . The bus  412  enables bi-directional communication between the processing unit  402 , the memory  404 , the user interface devices  406 , the I/O devices  408 , and the network devices  410 . Examples of the system  400  include, but are not limited to, computers, servers, personal digital assistants, cellular phones, or any suitable computing devices. 
     The processing unit  402  may be a standard central processor that performs arithmetic and logical operations, a more specific purpose programmable logic controller (“PLC”), a programmable gate array, or other type of processor known to those skilled in the art and suitable for controlling the operation of the server computer. Processing units are well-known in the art, and therefore not described in further detail herein. 
     The memory  404  communicates with the processing unit  402  via the system bus  412 . In one embodiment, the memory  404  is operatively connected to a memory controller (not shown) that enables communication with the processing unit  402  via the system bus  412 . The memory  404  includes an operating system  414 , one or more databases  415 , and one or more program modules  416 , according to exemplary embodiments. An example of the database may be a GIS-based system storing address data. A database may also be used to store tickets, such as the tickets  210 , created by a utility location service, such as the call before you dig  208 , and responses, such as the response  214 , created by a service provider, such as the utility  212 . An example of the program modules  416  may be the width determination module  202 . Examples of operating systems, such as the operating system  414 , include, but are not limited to, WINDOWS and WINDOWS MOBILE operating systems from MICROSOFT CORPORATION, MAC OS operating system from APPLE CORPORATION, LINUX operating system, SYMBIAN OS from SYMBIAN SOFTWARE LIMITED, BREW from QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, and FREEBSD operating system. 
     By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, Erasable Programmable ROM (“EPROM”), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (“EEPROM”), flash memory or other solid state memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (“DVD”), or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the system  400 . 
     The user interface devices  406  may include one or more devices with which a user accesses the system  400 . The user interface devices  406  may include, but are not limited to, computers, servers, personal digital assistants, cellular phones, or any suitable computing devices. In one embodiment, the I/O devices  408  are operatively connected to an I/O controller (not shown) that enables communication with the processing unit  402  via the system bus  412 . The I/O devices  408  may include one or more input devices, such as, but not limited to, a keyboard, a mouse, or an electronic stylus. Further, the I/O devices  408  may include one or more output devices, such as, but not limited to, a display screen or a printer. 
     The network devices  410  enable the system  400  to communicate with other networks or remote systems via a network. Examples of network devices  410  may include, but are not limited to, a modem, a radio frequency (“RF”) or infrared (“IR”) transceiver, a telephonic interface, a bridge, a router, or a network card. The network  418  may include a wireless network such as, but not limited to, a Wireless Local Area Network (“WLAN”) such as a WI-FI network, a Wireless Wide Area Network (“WWAN”), a Wireless Personal Area Network (“WPAN”) such as BLUETOOTH, a Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (“WMAN”) such a WiMAX network, or a cellular network. Alternatively, the network  418  may be a wired network such as, but not limited to, a Wide Area Network (“WAN”) such as the Internet, a Local Area Network (“LAN”) such as the Ethernet, a wired Personal Area Network (“PAN”), or a wired Metropolitan Area Network (“MAN”). 
     Although the subject matter presented herein has been described in conjunction with one or more particular embodiments and implementations, it is to be understood that the embodiments defined in the appended claims are not necessarily limited to the specific structure, configuration, or functionality described herein. Rather, the specific structure, configuration, and functionality are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. 
     The subject matter described above is provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting. Various modifications and changes may be made to the subject matter described herein without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the embodiments, which is set forth in the following claims.