Patent Publication Number: US-9414353-B2

Title: Apparatus and method for antenna alignment

Description:
This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/381,319, filed May 15, 2012, which claims priority to PCT Application PCT/EP2009/004728 filed Jun. 30, 2009, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to the field of apparatus comprising first and second antennas, associated methods, computer programs and user interfaces. Certain disclosed aspects/embodiments relate to portable electronic devices, in particular, so-called hand-portable electronic devices which may be hand-held in use (although they may be placed in a cradle in use). Such hand-portable electronic devices include so-called Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). 
     The portable electronic devices/apparatus according to one or more disclosed aspects/embodiments may provide one or more audio/text/video communication functions (e.g., tele-communication, video-communication, and/or text transmission (Short Message Service (SMS)/Multimedia Message Service (MMS)/emailing) functions), interactive/non-interactive viewing functions (e.g. web-browsing, navigation, TV/program viewing functions), music recording/playing functions (e.g., MP3 or other format and/or (FM/AM) radio broadcast recording/playing), downloading/sending of data functions, image capture function (e.g. using a (e.g. in-built) digital camera), and gaming functions. 
     It will also be appreciated that certain disclosed aspects/embodiments relate to laptop computers, computer peripherals, and any other electronic devices that can exchange data with another electronic device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Recent technological and regulatory development has spurred strong interest in millimetre wave communication applications, for example in the range of 30 GHz to 90 GHz. As one example, large unlicensed frequency bands are being allocated globally for communications at about 60 GHz. The wide available bandwidth gives an opportunity to develop extremely high bit-rate radio communication systems with relatively simple modulation schemes. Data rates of up to 10 Gbps are possible. Atmospheric attenuation at 60 GHz can also reduce interference problems. 
     US 2007/0037528 (Doan et al) discloses a wireless communication device using adaptive beam forming. The device comprises a radio frequency transmitter having a digitally controlled phased array antenna coupled to and controlled by a processor to transmit content using adaptive beam forming. The device also has an interface to a wireless communication channel coupled to the processor to communicate antenna information relating to the use of the phased array antenna and to communicate information to facilitate playing the content at another location. 
     US 2007/0197229 (Kalliola et al) discloses a system for indicating the relative direction of a target object or location as determined from the current position of a wireless communication device. 
     The listing or discussion of a prior-published document or any background in this specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgement that the document or background is part of the state of the art or is common general knowledge. One or more aspects/embodiments of the present disclosure may or may not address one or more of the background issues. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     In a first aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: 
     a first antenna configured to receive alignment signalling from a first transmitter over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; 
     a second antenna configured to exchange data with a second transmitter over a second communication channel, the second communication channel having a second different set of characteristics; 
     a processor configured to:
         process the alignment signalling received from the first antenna and determine the location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus; and   generate control signalling representative of the determined location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus; and       

     a user interface configured to provide a user with an indication of the relative location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus in accordance with the control 
     signalling to allow for the second antenna to be aligned for data exchange with the second transmitter. 
     A user can manipulate the apparatus in accordance with the indication of the relative location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus in order to provide for the data exchange with the second transmitter. This can provide a convenient user interface for a user to be able to exchange data with the second transmitter, even if the second transmitter is not visible to a user. In such examples, it may not have been possible/convenient for a user to be able to align their device with the second transmitter using the prior art. The apparatus may be easy for a user to use and exchange data with a transmitter without requiring particular technical expertise. 
     The different characteristics of the first and second communication channels can be utilised to provide an efficient and economical apparatus. For example, communication channels and corresponding antennas/transmitters that have characteristics that are appropriate for their purpose, including the power consumed by the apparatus, can be used in order to improve performance of the apparatus. 
     It will be appreciated that exchanging data between the apparatus and the second transmitter may be unidirectional (in either one direction) or bidirectional. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any transmitter described herein could also be a transceiver, that is, the transmitter could also be operable as a receiver. 
     The user interface may comprise a display configured to provide a user with a graphical indication of the relative direction to the second transmitter from the apparatus. For example, the graphical indication may be a pointing arrow that can represent a direction in two or three dimensions. In other examples, different types of user interface can be used to provide a user with an indication of the relative direction, including an audible indication and/or an indicator that a user can feel/touch. 
     The first and second transmitters may have relative locations which are associated with one another. For example, the relative location between the first and second transmitters may be known, or may be derivable from the alignment signalling, and may be taken into account when determining the relative direction to the second transmitter based on alignment signalling received from the first transmitter. 
     The first set of characteristics of the first communication channel may be defined by one or more from the group comprising: 
     a low data rate communication channel, which may be lower than the data rate associated with the second communication channel; 
     a wide field of view/beamwidth, which may be wider than the field of view/beamwidth associated with the second communication channel; a low frequency RF signal, which may a be lower frequency than the frequency associated with the second communication channel; 
     a low power consumption, which may be lower than the power consumption associated with exchanging data over the second communication channel; 
     functionality to provide digital signal processing at carrier frequency; and high tolerance for losing line of sight between the first antenna and the first transmitter, the tolerance for losing line of sight over the first communication channel may be greater than the tolerance associated with the second communication channel. 
     The second set of characteristics of the second communication channel may be defined by one or more from the group comprising: 
     a high data rate communication channel, which may be higher than the data rate associated with the second communication channel; 
     a narrow field of view/beamwidth, which may be more narrow than the field of view/beamwidth associated with the second communication channel; a high frequency RF signal, which may be a higher frequency than the frequency associated with the second communication channel; and 
     a high power consumption, which may be higher than the power consumption associated with exchanging data over the second communication channel. 
     The first and second transmitters may be co-located. The processor may be configured to control the direction of the second directional antenna such that it is aligned with the determined relative direction to the first transmitter if it is within the field of view of the second antenna. That is, the relative direction from the apparatus to the first transmitter may be considered to be the same as the relative direction to the second transmitter, or considered as close enough that data can be exchanged between the apparatus and the transmitters. 
     The first and second transmitters may be configured to have different locations but have relative locations which can still be associated with one another. In such a case, the alignment signalling transmitted over the first communication channel may provide for determination of the relative location of the second transmitter by utilising data relating to the location of the second transmitter relative to the first transmitter. 
     The first and second antennas may be configured from the same antenna element or elements. 
     The first antenna may be a directional antenna and/or the second antenna may be a directional antenna. The second antenna may be configured to exchange data with the second transmitter automatically, for example by the processor being configured to control the directionality of the second antenna in accordance with the determined relative direction to the second transmitter from the apparatus. 
     The first antenna may comprise one or more phased array antennas. The number and/or type of phased antenna arrays that are used may be selected in accordance with a desired field of view of the first antenna, for example a 180 degree field of view may be desired. The desired field of view of the first antenna can represent the degree to which the apparatus is pointing towards the first transmitter in order that feedback can be provided to the user via the user interface to enable data exchange with the second transmitter. In some examples a first antenna having a 360 degree field of view may be provided so that the apparatus can always provide a user with feedback as to how to align the apparatus with the second transmitter in order to be able to exchange data. 
     The first communication channel may be selected from the group comprising: 
     a 2.4 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) channel; and 
     a Bluetooth channel. 
     The first antenna may comprise a plurality of omni-directional antennas, for example antennas associated with Bluetooth or WLAN applications. The first communication channel may take advantage of the properties of an antenna that is already present in a device associated with the apparatus. For example, an existing antenna can be used as part of the first antenna for receiving the alignment signalling. 
     The second communication channel may be selected from the group comprising: 
     a wireless local area network (WLAN) channel with a frequency in the range of about 30 GHz to about 90 GHz; and 
     a 60 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) channel. 
     It will be appreciated that the exact frequency of the communication channel is not an essential feature of the invention in some embodiments, and that the second communication channel can have any characteristics, including any frequency, that provides for adequate data exchange. 
     The second communication channel may enable a high rate of data exchange, for example to provide high-speed wireless internet access, or any other high-speed data downloads or uploads. 
     The second communication channel may be a narrow-beam communication channel. This may be advantageous as power may not be wasted by transmitting, or attempting to receive, data at a high frequency/data rate over a large field of view. This can improve the efficiency of devices with which the apparatus is associated. 
     The second communication channel may provide a unidirectional data link from the second transmitter to the second antenna, a unidirectional data link from the second antenna to the second transmitter, or a bidirectional data link between the second transmitter and the second antenna. 
     Similarly, the first communication channel may provide a unidirectional data link from the first transmitter to the first antenna, a unidirectional data link from the first antenna to the first transmitter, or a bidirectional data link between the first transmitter and the first antenna. 
     The alignment signalling may comprise one or more of: 
     transmitter identification data; 
     timing and/or synchronisation data; 
     connection initialisation data; and 
     an un-modulated waveform, including a sinusoidal waveform. 
     According to a further aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: 
     a first transmitter configured to transmit alignment signalling to a first antenna over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; and 
     a second transmitter configured to exchange data with a second antenna over a second communication channel, the second communication channel having a second different set of characteristics. 
     The first transmitter may be a Bluetooth low energy beacon that is configured to transmit a signal that conveys direction and the access points name. 
     There may be provided a device comprising any apparatus disclosed herein. 
     There may be provided a module for a device, the module comprising any apparatus disclosed herein. 
     There may be provided a system comprising: 
     a first apparatus and second apparatus, the first apparatus comprising: 
     a first antenna configured to receive alignment signalling from a first transmitter of the second apparatus over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; 
     a second antenna configured to exchange data with a second transmitter of the second apparatus over a second communication channel, the second communication channel having a second different set of characteristics; 
     a processor configured to:
         process the alignment signalling received from the first antenna and determine the location of the second transmitter relative to the first apparatus; and   generate control signalling representative of the determined location of the second transmitter relative to the first apparatus; and       

     a user interface configured to provide a user with an indication of the relative location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus in accordance with the control signalling to allow for the second antenna to be aligned for data exchange with the second transmitter; 
     the second apparatus comprising: 
     a first transmitter configured to transmit alignment signalling to the first antenna of the first apparatus over the first communication channel; and 
     a second transmitter configured to exchange data with the second antenna over the second communication channel. 
     According to a further aspect, there is provided a method of exchanging data between an apparatus and a transmitter/transceiver comprising: 
     receiving alignment signalling at the apparatus from a first transmitter of the transmitter/transceiver over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; 
     processing the alignment signalling and determining a location of a second transmitter of the transmitter/transceiver relative to the apparatus; 
     generating control signalling representative of the determined location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus; 
     providing a user with an indication of the location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus in accordance with the control signalling to allow for the second antenna to be aligned for data exchange with the second transmitter; and 
     exchanging data between the apparatus and the second transmitter of the transmitter/transceiver over a second communication channel. 
     The method may further comprise a user adjusting the physical orientation of the apparatus in accordance with the indication of the location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus. 
     According to a further aspect, there is provided a method of exchanging data between a transmitter and an apparatus comprising: 
     transmitting alignment signalling from the transmitter to a first antenna of the apparatus over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; and 
     exchanging data between the transmitter and a second antenna of the apparatus over a second communication channel, the second communication channel having a second different set of characteristics. 
     According to a further aspect, there is provided a computer program, recorded on a carrier, the computer program comprising computer code configured to provide any method disclosed herein; or configure any apparatus disclosed herein. 
     There may also be provided a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a data structure configured to provide any method disclosed herein; or configure any apparatus disclosed herein. 
     There may be provided a computer program product comprising a computer-readable medium bearing computer program code embodied therein for use with a computer, the computer program code comprising: 
     code for receiving alignment signalling at the apparatus from a first transmitter of the transmitter over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; 
     code for processing the alignment signalling and determining a location of a second transmitter of the transmitter relative to the apparatus 
     code for generating control signalling representative of the determined location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus; 
     code for providing a user with an indication of the location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus in accordance with the control signalling to allow for the second antenna to be aligned for data exchange with the second transmitter; and 
     code for exchanging data between the apparatus and the second transmitter of the transmitter over a second communication channel. 
     There may be provided a computer program product comprising a computer-readable medium bearing computer program code embodied therein for use with a computer, the computer program code comprising: 
     code for transmitting alignment signalling from the transmitter to a first antenna of the apparatus over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; and 
     code for exchanging data between the transmitter and a second antenna of the apparatus over a second communication channel, the second communication channel having a second different set of characteristics. 
     A computer-readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by a computer, perform: 
     receiving alignment signalling at an apparatus from a first transmitter of a transmitter over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; 
     processing the alignment signalling and determining a location of a second transmitter of the transmitter relative to the apparatus; 
     generating control signalling representative of the determined location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus; 
     providing a user with an indication of the location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus in accordance with the control signalling to allow for the second antenna to be aligned for data exchange with the second transmitter; and 
     exchanging data between the apparatus and the second transmitter of the transmitter over a second communication channel. 
     A computer-readable medium encoded with instructions that, when executed by a computer, perform: 
     transmitting alignment signalling from the transmitter to a first antenna of the apparatus over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; and 
     exchanging data between the transmitter and a second antenna of the apparatus over a second communication channel, the second communication channel having a second different set of characteristics. 
     There may be provided electronic distribution of any computer program or software disclosed herein. 
     There may be provided a method of assembling any apparatus or device disclosed herein. 
     There may be provided apparatus for a means for exchanging data between an apparatus and a transmitter/transceiver comprising: 
     means for receiving alignment signalling at the apparatus from a first transmitter of the transmitter/transceiver over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; 
     means for processing the alignment signalling and determining a location of a second transmitter of the transmitter/transceiver relative to the apparatus 
     means for generating control signalling representative of the determined location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus; 
     means for providing a user with an indication of the location of the second transmitter relative to the apparatus in accordance with the control signalling to allow for the second antenna to be aligned for data exchange with the second transmitter; and 
     means for exchanging data between the apparatus and the second transmitter of the transmitter/transceiver over a second communication channel. 
     There may be provided apparatus for a means for exchanging data between a transmitter/transceiver and an apparatus comprising: 
     means for transmitting alignment signalling from the transmitter/transceiver to a first antenna of the apparatus over a first communication channel, the first communication channel having a first set of characteristics; and 
     means for exchanging data between the transmitter/transceiver and a second antenna of the apparatus over a second communication channel the second communication channel having a second different set of characteristics. 
     The present disclosure includes one or more corresponding aspects, embodiments or features in isolation or in various combinations whether or not specifically stated (including claimed) in that combination or in isolation. Corresponding means for performing one or more of the discussed functions are also within the present disclosure. 
     Corresponding computer programs for implementing one or more of the methods disclosed are also within the present disclosure and encompassed by one or more of the described embodiments. 
     The above summary is intended to be merely exemplary and non-limiting. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A description is now given, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate schematically an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates schematically an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention in use; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates schematically a method according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates schematically a method according to another embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 5  illustrates schematically a method according to a further embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 6  illustrates schematically a computer readable media providing a program according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One or more embodiments described herein relate to an apparatus having a first antenna and a second antenna for exchanging data with respective transmitters over different communication channels. The first communication channel may be suitable for exchanging alignment signalling so that a user of the apparatus can identify a relative direction to a transmitter with which the apparatus can exchange data over the second communication channel. Examples of data that can be exchanged over the second communication channel include high definition video content, information downloaded from the internet, or any other data that is typically exchanged over a wireless local area network (WLAN). 
     The user interface may provide an indication of the location of the transmitter relative to the apparatus such that a user can manually align the apparatus for data exchange with the second transmitter over the second communication channel. The relative location can be determined in accordance with the alignment signal received over the first communication channel. 
     In some examples, the characteristics of the first communication channel that make it suitable for exchange alignment signalling can include a wide beamwidth/field of view, a low frequency, and a low bit-rate, amongst others. Characteristics of the second communication channel that make it suitable for exchanging data can include a high frequency, for example in the range of 30 GHz to 90-GHz, and in one example of the order of 60 GHz, a high bit-rate, and a narrow beamwidth/field of view, amongst others. 
     It will be appreciated that utilising the different communication channels for the different exchanges of data can provide an efficient and economical apparatus as excessive, unnecessary power consumption for establishing the communication path over the second communication channel can be reduced and/or avoided, and specific characteristics of each of the communication channels can be tailored for the type of data/information that is to be exchanged over that channel. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates a first data processing apparatus  100  according to an embodiment of the invention. The data processing apparatus  100  may be provided as part of an electronic device (not shown) such as a hand-portable electronic device including a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a laptop computer. 
       FIG. 1A  also illustrates a second data processing apparatus  114 . In this example, the second data processing apparatus  114  will be referred to as a beacon as it can be configured to transmit data. The use of the word “beacon” should not be construed as limiting the functionality of the second data processing apparatus  114 . The beacon  114  may relate to a simple transmitter that is only used for direction finding. In other embodiments, the second data processing apparatus  114  may be a base station, or a handheld portable electronic device, for example. In some examples, the first and second apparatus  100 ,  114  may be of the same type and may provide for peer-to-peer data exchange. 
     It will be appreciated that either data processing apparatus  100 ,  114  independently, or both data processing apparatus  100 ,  114 , together may comprise embodiments of the invention. 
     The first apparatus  100  comprises a first antenna  102 , a second antenna  104  and a user interface  108 . The first and second antennas  102 ,  104  and user interface  108  are in electronic communication with a processor  106 . 
     The first antenna  102 , which in this example is a plurality of omni-directional antennas, which can communicate with a first transmitter  116  of the beacon  114 , or simply receive data from the first transmitter  116  of the beacon  114 , over a first communication channel  110 . The omni-directional antennas may comprise antennas that are already present on the apparatus/device such as Bluetooth or WLAN antennas, as well as a set of supplementary antennas that can be switched to measure signal properties and resolve the direction of signals that they receive. Examples of suitable omni-directional antennas can include helicoil antennas and tracked antennas that are provide by tracks on the surface of a printed circuit board (PCB) to define but two examples of many possible options. 
     The second antenna  104  is configured to exchange data with a second transmitter  118  of the beacon  114  over a second communication channel  112 . 
     In other embodiments, the first antenna  102  may be a directional antenna such as a phased array antenna. 
     The first and second antennas  102 ,  104  may form part of associated transceivers of the first apparatus. Similarly, the first and second transmitters  116 ,  118  may form part of associated transceivers of the beacon  114 . As described below, at least the second communication channel  112  may be unidirectional, although any configuration of transmitters/receivers/transceivers may be provided in order to perform the data exchange that is required for embodiments of the invention. 
     The first transmitter  116  of the beacon  114  transmits alignment signalling over the first communication channel  110  such that the alignment signalling can be received by the first antenna  102 . The alignment signalling may be an unmodulated signal, such as a sinusoidal waveform, or may be modulated with data such as transmitter identification data, synchronisation data, connection initialisation data, etc. The purpose of the alignment signalling is so that the apparatus  100  can identify a relative location from the apparatus  100  to the second transmitter  118 , and therefore any waveform that can perform this function can be used as the alignment signalling. 
     In this example, the first antenna  102  has a wide field of view in order to be able to receive the alignment signalling from the first transmitter  116  even if the first antenna  102  is not exactly aligned with the first transmitter  116 . The field of view of the first antenna  102  is shown in  FIG. 1A  as reference  120 . The first antenna  102  in this example is configured to receive a low frequency, low bit-rate signal over the first communication channel  110  such as using a 2.4 GHz WLAN or Bluetooth protocol. It will be appreciated that the amount of data that needs to be transferred over the first communication channel  110  is relatively small, and therefore a low bit-rate communication channel may be considered as suitable. In addition, low frequency communication channels often have a larger field of view than high frequency communication channels and therefore may be considered as more suitable for the first communication channel  110 . 
     It will be appreciated that the first antenna  102  may comprise a plurality of phased array antennas in order to provide a required field of view. The phased array antennas may be aligned in one dimension, two dimensions, or three dimensions depending upon the expected use of the apparatus  100 , the desired overall field of view and the level of power consumption used by the phased array antennas that is considered acceptable. As an example, the phased array antennas may be provided around one or more sides of the periphery of a device with which the apparatus is associated. 
     The second antenna  104  can exchange data with the second transmitter  118  over a high frequency, high bit-rate communication channel  112 . Typically, such high frequency communication channels have a narrow field of view/beamwidth, and therefore it can be difficult to efficiently align the second antenna  104  with the second transmitter  118 . The field of view of the second antenna  104  is shown in  FIG. 1A  as reference  122 . That is, if the second antenna  104  is not accurately pointing towards the second transmitter  118 , then may not be possible to exchange data over the second communications channel  112 . 
     In this example, the processor  106  can process the alignment signalling received at the first antenna  102  in order to determine the location of the second transmitter  118  relative to the apparatus  100 . This can allow for the second antenna  104  to be aligned with the second transmitter  118  for data exchange over the second communications channel  112 . 
     In this example, the first transmitter  116  and the second transmitter  118  are co-located within the same beacon  114 . Therefore, the processor  106  can determine the relative location of the first transmitter  116  relative to the apparatus  100  from the alignment signalling, and use the relative location for the first transmitter  116  as the relative location of the second transmitter  118 . 
     In other embodiments, the first and second transmitters  116 ,  118  may have relative locations with respect to each other that are known, or can be determined from the alignment signalling. In this way, the processor  116  can determine the relative location of the second transmitter  118  from the apparatus  100  in accordance with a determined relative location of the first transmitter  116 . 
     It will be appreciated to the skilled person that antennas that determine the location of the source of a received signal, such as the alignment signalling received from the first transmitter  116 , are well known in the art. For example, a direction-of-arrival calculation can be performed, and an example of a system that can be used to calculate a direction of arrival is shown as  FIG. 1B . 
     The system of  FIG. 1B  comprises two antennas  152 ,  154  that each receives a signal from the same transmitter. The signals received from the transmitter (not shown) are given reference numbers  156   a  and  156   b  in  FIG. 1B . The phase difference between the signals  156   a,    156   b  received at the two antennas  152 ,  154  can be calculated by comparing the signals received at the antennas  152 ,  154 . This may be particularly advantageous for band-limited signals. The time difference associated with the calculated phase difference can be multiplied by the speed of light to determine the difference in path length from the transmitter to the two antennas  152 ,  154 . The difference in path length is labelled as x in  FIG. 1B . Also, the distance d between the two antennas  152 ,  154  is known. The angle a from which the signals  156   a,    156   b  were received can then be calculated using mathematics, and in this example,  8  can be calculated using the equation:
 
θ=arc sin( x/d )
 
     It will be appreciated that more than two antennas  152 ,  154  at different locations can be used to calculate the angle of incidence of the received signals  156   a,    156   b.  The phase difference signalling need only be determined to sufficient accuracy for the second antenna  104  to be able to exchange data with the second transmitter  118 . The apparatus  100  may be able to process signals received from the second transmitter to provide further information for determining the location of the second transmitter  118 . For example, received signal strength analysis received from the second transmitter  118  may be used to more accurately determine the location of the second transmitter  118 . 
     Use of the first communication channel  110  may be considered as providing coarse direction finding in order for the second antenna  104  and second transmitter  118  to be sufficiently aligned to exchange data over the second communication channel  112 . Optionally, the second communication channel  112  may also provide for more accurate direction finding in order for the quality of data exchange to be improved. One or more embodiments of the invention can provide a high quality, in some embodiments optimal, connection for data exchange over the second communication channel. 
     Other examples of determining the relative direction from which a signal is received that can be used with embodiments of the invention are described in US 2007/0197229 (Kalliola et al). 
     In some examples, the direction-of-arrival of a radio signal can also be measured in an analogue manner using the radiation pattern of a single receiver antenna, for example by rotating an antenna with a sharp null in the pattern. 
     Returning to  FIG. 1   a,  the processor  106  generates control signalling for the user interface  108 , wherein the control signalling causes the user interface to provide a user with an indication of the relative direction to the second transmitter  118  from the apparatus  100 . In one example, the user interface  108  may be a graphical display, and a pointing arrow can be displayed to the user indicative of the relative direction to the second transmitter  118 . It will be appreciated that the first and second antennas  102 ,  104  may have fixed relationships with regard to the apparatus  100  such that the determined relative direction to the second transmitter  118  from the first or second antenna  102 ,  104  will have the same, or a consistent, relative direction with respect to the user interface  108 . 
     In embodiments where the second antenna  104  is a directional antenna the user interface  108  may be used so that the alignment between the second antenna  104  and the second transmitter  118  is close enough so that the directionality of the antenna  104  can be controlled to allow data exchange. This is because the directionality of the second antenna  104  can be automatically controlled by the processor  106  in order to facilitate the data exchange. In other embodiments, where the second antenna is not directional, or is not directional enough to establish the communication link  112  with the second transmitter, physical manipulation of the apparatus  100  may be required by the user in order for the second antenna  104  and second transmitter  118  to be able to exchange data. For example, the user can move/rotate the apparatus  100  such that the second antenna is pointing in the same direction as the pointing arrow on the display  108 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates schematically an apparatus  202  and a base station  204  according to an embodiment of the invention. The apparatus  202  and base station  204  may be referred to as terminals. The two terminals are setup with high-gain (for example, narrow beam) antennas. In the exemplary implementation both terminals are equipped with an ISM band (2.4 GHz WLAN or Bluetooth) radio. When the need for high speed data transfer at millimeter waves is detected (for example, by detecting the start of a large file download or high-definition uncompressed video streaming), a connection is first established using this 2.4 GHz band radio. Basic data including the mm-wave link type, availability, frequency, device addresses, timing etc. are exchanged. For the initial mobile antenna alignment the base station  204  transmits a 2.4 GHz beacon signal. The mobile user then points his device  202  (or only his antenna) towards the base station  204  using the information from the radio directioning receiver shown on the display  206  of the device  202 . The base station  204  then transmits a wide-beam mm-wave signal and the mobile terminal  202  automatically adjusts its narrow mm-wave beam towards the terminal by scanning the field-of-view and determining the direction of the strongest signal. This procedure is then reversed to align the base station antenna beam towards the mobile  202 . The 2.4 GHz link can remain active the whole time and be used for controlling the alignment procedure. Once the antenna beams are aligned the data transfer with the mm-wave link can start. A flow diagram of the procedure is shown in  FIG. 5 , and it will be appreciated that electrically controlled beam forming principles using a planar antenna array are well known in the art. 
     If the low-frequency direction finding system is accurate enough, the mm-wave antenna beams can be adjusted by using this information only. In such an example, the part of the system using wide mm-wave beams can be omitted. This would simplify the system significantly. Entirely manual antenna pointing could also be possible. 
     A principle for implementation of the radio direction finding is based on receiving a known signal with an array of receivers. By detecting the phase difference of the signals received at different locations, the angle of incidence can be deduced. The accuracy of the handset implementation can depend on the environment (distance, angle etc.) but is normally in the order of 5-10 degrees. This should be enough for the coarse adjustment of the millimeter-wave antenna. Instead of using an established 2.4 GHz system, dedicated radios and/or other frequencies can be used for the connection assistance. 
     It will also be appreciated that the concept is not limited to base station—mobile station arrangement, but can be used in cases where the user(s) would like to establish high-rate connection between two mobile devices in case of a direct device-to-device connection. In case of peer-to-peer communications the manual alignment procedure may be performed at both ends whereas in the case of a fixed base station, the antenna field-of-view can cover the required space or several antennas can be used. Furthermore, in some examples the lower frequency link can be used as a fall-back mode for exchanging data that would otherwise be transmitted over the higher frequency link, in case of misalignment of the antennas or shadowing of the devices. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates schematically a process flow for exchanging data according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     The process begins at step  302  by receiving alignment signalling from a first transmitter. The alignment signalling is received over a first communication channel having a first set of characteristics. Examples of the characteristics of the first communication channel include a low frequency, a low bit-rate, lower power consumption, and a narrow beamwidth, for example. 
     The method continues at step  304  by determining the relative location of a second transmitter in accordance with the received alignment signalling. Any fixed relationship between the first and second transmitter in terms of location can be taken into account when determining the relative location of the second transmitter. 
     At step  306 , the method comprises generating control signalling representative of the determined location of the transmitter relative to the apparatus. The control signalling being suitable for a user interface. 
     At step  308 , the method comprises providing a user with an indication of the location of the transmitter relative to the apparatus in accordance with the control signalling. This can allow for the second antenna to be aligned for data exchange with the transmitter; 
     At step  310 , the process continues by exchanging data with the second transmitter in accordance with the determined relative location of the second transmitter. This can be performed by automatically controlling/adjusting the directionality of the second antenna and/or by having the physical orientation of the second antenna controlled/adjusted by a user such that the required communication channel is provided for the exchange of data. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a process flow according to a further embodiment of the invention, and begins at step  402  by transmitting alignment signalling from a first transmitter. The alignment signalling may be transmitted for receipt by a first antenna of a different data processing apparatus such that the different data processing apparatus can be aligned in accordance with the alignment signalling for data exchange with a second transmitter. 
     After the second transmitter and an antenna of the different apparatus have been aligned in accordance with the alignment signalling, the process continues by exchanging data between the second transmitter and the antenna of the different apparatus at step  404 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates schematically a computer/processor readable media  600  providing a program according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this example, the computer/processor readable media is a disc such as a digital versatile disc (DVD) or a compact disc (CD). In other embodiments, the computer readable media may be any media that has been programmed in such a way as to carry out an inventive function. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention are related to radio technology and in particular to high-speed communications using millimeter wave frequency range. A solution is proposed to assist in the initial alignment of millimeter wave narrow-beam antennas to enable the setup of a high-speed communication link and in the control of that link. 
     Embodiments of the invention can address any issues related to providing line-of-sight propagation combined with a limited link budget, and can address problems with the prior art that require the use of directive antennas to attain reasonable wireless communication distances. Directive antennas may limit the mobility and general usability of the planned systems. Several standards in the 60 GHz frequency range are under development (IEEE 802.15.3c, WGA, ECMA-387, WirelessHD). 
     It will be appreciated that any electronic device can be used as the second apparatus  114  in  FIG. 1A , or the base station  204  in  FIG. 2 . The apparatus that is used to transmit data may be considered as a “very high speed connection/access point”. Under the ECMA standards, the second apparatus  114  of  FIG. 1A  maybe referred to as a “device” for a PAL personal area network, and it could be a local connection device. In some examples, apparatus according to embodiments of the invention may be referred to by the terms “relay” and “destination” depending on the data traffic flow. 
     It will also be appreciated that two or more apparatus that each have similar functionality to both the first and second apparatus  100 ,  114  of  FIG. 1A  may provide an embodiment of the invention. That is, each apparatus may have both transmit and receive functionality. The two apparatus may be handheld and may provide for peer-to-peer data exchange. 
     In some examples narrow-beam antennas must be carefully aligned towards each other in order to establish high-speed millimeter wave radio link between two terminals. To ensure a certain level of mobility and usability in the system, one or both of the antennas can be equipped with a steerable beam. For the alignment of one of the beams, it can be helpful to use a wider radiation pattern in the other antenna during this process and then switch to the narrow beam for the high-speed data transfer when better link budget is required. In this way, the narrow-beam antenna can be pointed in the direction of the strongest signal. If narrow beams were used at both ends, it would be very difficult to find the best alignment, and in theory no signal would be received until the two beams would point directly at each other. In a worst case scenario, an exhaustive search with all the possible combinations of beam directions would have to be carried out, consuming a significant amount of time and energy. 
     In some embodiments, a control link using omni-directional antennas, for example, is first established to synchronize this procedure. Nevertheless, in that case the transmission power needs to be higher to achieve a similar range compared to the case with narrow antenna beams, resulting in higher power consumption and more demanding designs capable of delivering the required power. Even in the omni-directional antenna case, the initial alignment may be done manually to ensure that the terminals are in each other&#39;s field of vision, that is, in the range of the steering angle of the narrow beam antennas. This may not always be obvious if the terminals are not easily visible or if there are several terminals and a possibility of confusion. A practical limit for the steering angle of a mm-wave planar phased array antenna, which is one method of implementing a steerable beam, can be ±45 degrees. 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, a lower frequency system/communication channel is used to assist in the establishing of the primary/higher frequency communication link. At least one or more of the following advantages/features may be provided: 
     1. Using radio direction finding to locate the other terminal. For example, the lower frequency radio does not only provide Layer 1-3 parameters for the high-frequency radio to set up the link, but also the direction of the device with which the high-frequency link should be established.
         a. This direction can be then shown to the user for better device alignment; or   b. It can be used automatically to steer the antenna beams without user intervention; or   c. A combination of a. and b. A certain degree of manual device alignment is likely to be required even with automatically steerable beam, as only a portion of 360° may be covered by automatic beam steering.       

     2. Low-data rate signaling to control and synchronise the terminals. 
     3. To provide only the other link direction (i.e., uplink or downlink) in case of asymmetric data transfer requirement. 
     In some examples, the lower frequency radio may be an existing system such as Wireless LAN, although it can also be a dedicated system. Radio direction finding systems using 2.4 GHz WLAN or Bluetooth signals that are suitable for use with embodiments of the invention are known, for example in US 2007/0197229. 
     Further advantages can include: 
     The initial alignment of the mobile terminal antenna can be done without prior knowledge of the location of the other antenna. This may be especially useful if the other antenna is obscured from view, for example in a ceiling cavity. 
     The low-frequency link can provide a control channel to synchronize the procedure of fine adjustment of the antenna beams and initializing the connection. 
     In case of asymmetric data transfer requirements, millimeter wave link is needed only in one direction if the additional low-frequency radio is used as the return link. 
     Direction finding processing using 2.4 GHz radios may be a standard feature in mobile devices to provide direction finding applications to the users as there are plans to embed the functionality to all Bluetooth chips. Therefore, the same radio can be used for both direction finding for those particular applications as well as finding both devices and their antenna field of views in case of mm-wave links. 
     If the lower frequency link is used as a fall-back mode, the reliability of the data transfer is improved. The low frequency mode may provide information that enables the user to resume data transfer (e.g., in case of large data file) even if the mm-wave link breaks down. 
     Embodiments of the invention may require algorithmic support from a radio chip associated with the apparatus, as well as a multi-antenna element with switching capabilities in some examples. 
     Other embodiments depicted in the figures have been provided with reference numerals that correspond to similar features of earlier described embodiments. For example, feature number 1 can also correspond to numbers 101, 201, 301 etc. These numbered features may appear in the figures but may not have been directly referred to within the description of these particular embodiments. These have still been provided in the figures to aid understanding of the further embodiments, particularly in relation to the features of similar earlier described embodiments. 
     It will be appreciated to the skilled reader that any mentioned apparatus/device/server and/or other features of particular mentioned apparatus/device/server may be provided by apparatus arranged such that they become configured to carry out the desired operations only when enabled, e.g., switched on, or the like. In such cases, they may not necessarily have the appropriate software loaded into the active memory in the non-enabled (e.g., switched off state) and only load the appropriate software in the enabled (e.g., on state). The apparatus may comprise hardware circuitry and/or firmware. The apparatus may comprise software loaded onto memory. Such software/computer programs may be recorded on the same memory/processor/functional units and/or on one or more memories/processors/functional units. 
     In some embodiments, a particular mentioned apparatus/device/server may be preprogrammed with the appropriate software to carry out desired operations, and wherein the appropriate software can be enabled for use by a user downloading a “key”, for example, to unlock/enable the software and its associated functionality. Advantages associated with such embodiments can include a reduced requirement to download data when further functionality is required for a device, and this can be useful in examples where a device is perceived to have sufficient capacity to store such pre-programmed software for functionality that may not be enabled by a user. 
     It will be appreciated that the any mentioned apparatus/circuitry/elements/processor may have other functions in addition to the mentioned functions, and that these functions may be performed by the same apparatus/circuitry/elements/processor. One or more disclosed aspects may encompass the electronic distribution of associated computer programs and computer programs (which may be source/transport encoded) recorded on an appropriate carrier (e.g., memory, signal). 
     It will be appreciated that any “computer” described herein can comprise a collection of one or more individual processors/processing elements that may or may not be located on the same circuit board, or the same region/position of a circuit board or even the same device. In some embodiments one or more of any mentioned processors may be distributed over a plurality of devices. The same or different processor/processing elements may perform one or more functions described herein. 
     It will be appreciated that the term “signalling” may refer to one or more signals transmitted as a series of transmitted and/or received signals. The series of signals may comprise one, two, three, four or even more individual signal components or distinct signals to make up said signalling. Some or all of these individual signals may be transmitted/received simultaneously, in sequence, and/or such that they temporally overlap one another. 
     With reference to any discussion of any mentioned computer and/or processor and memory (e.g., including ROM, CD-ROM etc), these may comprise a computer processor, Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and/or other hardware components that have been programmed in such a way to carry out the inventive function. 
     The applicant hereby discloses in isolation each individual feature described herein and any combination of two or more such features, to the extent that such features or combinations are capable of being carried out based on the present specification as a whole, in the light of the common general knowledge of a person skilled in the art irrespective of whether such features or combinations of features solve any problems disclosed herein, and without limitation to the scope of the claims. The applicant indicates that the disclosed aspects/embodiments may consist of any such individual feature or combination of features. In view of the foregoing description it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that various modifications may be made within the scope of the disclosure. 
     While there have been shown and described and pointed out fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the devices and methods described may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements and/or method steps which perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention. Moreover, it should be recognized that structures and/or elements and/or method steps shown and/or described in connection with any disclosed form or embodiment of the invention may be incorporated in any other disclosed or described or suggested form or embodiment as a general matter of design choice. Furthermore, in the claims means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures. Thus although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures.