Patent Publication Number: US-2023153890-A1

Title: Retail store motion sensor systems and methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No, 14/579,226, filed Dec. 22, 2014, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to systems and methods for using sensors to provide feedback or recommendations about a piece of athletic equipment or apparel. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to systems and methods for using motion sensors to provide feedback or recommendations about a piece of athletic equipment or apparel in a retail environment. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Athletic activity is important to maintaining a healthy lifestyle and is a source of entertainment for many people. 
     Technology has resulted in the development of fitness monitoring devices that are capable of recording information about an individual’s performance during an athletic activity using sensors, and in some cases providing feedback about the individual’s performance. Some fitness monitoring devices employ sensors attached to the individual’s body, while other fitness monitoring devices rely on sensors attached to a piece of athletic equipment. Such sensors may be capable of measuring various physical and/or physiological parameters associated with the individual’s physical activity. 
     While some existing fitness monitoring devices are capable of making relatively simple performance determinations such as an individual’s current heart rate or total step count for an activity, more advanced determinations are often not possible or suffer from accuracy issues. Finally, the performance feedback provided by existing devices to individuals often fails to provide these individuals with quick, accurate, insightful information that would enable them to easily compare past performances, develop strategies for improving future performances, visualize performances, or select new training regimens or athletic equipment, such as articles of footwear in a retail environment. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention relate to a method for providing a recommendation to an individual about an article of footwear, including the steps of receiving data about the individual from a sensor module associated with the individual during a first athletic activity engaged in by the individual, determining a first characteristic about the individual’s gait based on the data related to the first athletic activity, providing a recommendation about a first article of footwear to the individual based on the first characteristic, receiving data about the individual from the sensor module associated with the individual during a second athletic activity engaged in by the individual, determining a second characteristic about the individual’s gait based on the data related to the second athletic activity, comparing the first characteristic with the second characteristic, and providing a recommendation about a second article of footwear to the individual based on the comparison. 
     Embodiments of the present invention also relate to a method for providing a recommendation to an individual for an article of footwear in a retail environment, including the steps of creating an account for the individual, obtaining personal information from the individual, receiving motion data related to the individual from a sensor module associated with the individual while the individual is engaged in an athletic activity, determining based on the data a characteristic about a gait of the individual, providing a recommendation about an article of footwear to the individual based on the characteristic and based on the personal information, storing the personal information, the characteristic, and the recommendation in association with the account for the individual. 
     Embodiments of the present invention further relate to a retail enhancement system, including a sensor module configured to obtain data relating to a physiological parameter of the individual during an athletic activity, and an electronic device separate from the sensor module and configured to associate the sensor module with the individual, wherein the sensor module is configured to be separately associated with a plurality of individuals in the retail environment. 
     Additional features of embodiments of the invention will be set forth in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
       The accompanying figures, which are incorporated herein, form part of the specification and illustrate embodiments of the present invention. Together with the description, the figures further serve to explain the principles of and to enable a person skilled in the relevant arts to make and use the invention. 
         FIG.  1    is an illustration of an individual and a retailer using a retail enhancement system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  2 A-B  are illustrations of selected articles of footwear utilizing sensor modules of a retail enhancement system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram of a sensor module interacting with one of a retail device, an electronic device, a network, and a server according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  4  and  5    are diagrams of how one function of the sensor module may operate according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  6 A-B  are diagrams of sensor modules according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  7 A-B  are diagrams of electronic devices according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  8 A-B  are diagrams of coordinate systems according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  9    is a flowchart illustrating a method for determining an activity metric, such as gait characteristic, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  10    is a flowchart illustrating a method for determining an activity metric, such as gait characteristic, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  11    is a flowchart illustrating a method for activating a sensor module, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  12    is a flowchart illustrating a method for identifying a matching athletic motion, such as running, according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  13    is a flowchart illustrating a method for communicating with a remote computer according to an embodiment of the present invention 
         FIG.  14    is a flowchart illustrating a method for correlating an activity metric, such as gait characteristic, with a location according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  15    is a flowchart illustrating a method for feedback of a recommendation of an article of footwear according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  16 A  is an illustration of a regression analysis plot according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  16 B  is an illustration of a regression tree according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  16 C  is an illustration of a characteristic table according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  17    is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  18    is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  19 A  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  19 B  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  19 C  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  20 A  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  20 B  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  20 C  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  21    is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  22 A  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  22 B  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  23 A  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  23 B  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  24 A  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  24 B  is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  25    is a graphical user interface for a retail enhancement system application according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  26    is a conceptual diagram of a retail enhancement system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, “some embodiments”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. 
     The term “invention” or “present invention” as used herein is a non-limiting term and is not intended to refer to any single embodiment of the particular invention but encompasses all possible embodiments as described in the application. 
     Various aspects of the present invention, or any parts or functions thereof, may be implemented using hardware, software, firmware, non-transitory tangible computer readable or computer usable storage media having instructions stored thereon, or a combination thereof, and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems. 
     In general, in some embodiments, a method is provided for providing a recommendation to an individual about an article of footwear. The method may include receiving data about the individual from a sensor module associated with the individual during a first athletic activity engaged in by the individual. After this, the method may include determining a first characteristic about the individual’s gait based on the data related to the first athletic activity. Once the first characteristic is determined, the method may provide a recommendation about a first article of footwear to the individual based on the first characteristic. The method may also include receiving data about the individual from the sensor module associated with the individual during a second athletic activity engaged in by the individual, and determining a second characteristic about the individual’s gait based on the data related to the second athletic activity. The method may also include comparing the first characteristic with the second characteristic; and providing a recommendation about a second article of footwear to the individual based on the comparison. The method may be carried out in a retail environment. 
     In some embodiments, the first and second characteristics may include physiological characteristics (e.g. gait characteristics). In some embodiments, the method may determine whether the second characteristic represents an improvement over the first characteristic. In some embodiments, the characteristics may include gait characteristics such as foot strike type (e.g. heel, midfoot, forefoot, etc.), rate of pronation or supination, and degree of pronation and supination. 
     In some embodiments, the method may include identifying whether a performance goal has been met. In some embodiments, the method may include receiving personal information about the individual prior to receiving the data about the individual. The personal information may include information such as their name, prior injury information, height, weight, gender, shoe size, an athletic goal, intended athletic environment or terrain, intended athletic activity duration, intended athletic activity frequency, intended athletic activity distance, quantitative or qualitative preferences about athletic equipment or footwear (such as level of cushion, preference of weight, materials and the like), and current athletic footwear. In some embodiments, one of the recommendation about the first article of footwear and the recommendation about the second article of footwear may be further based on the personal information 
     In some embodiments, the recommendation may be a recommendation to purchase an article of footwear, and may include one of a style of footwear and a size of footwear. 
     In other embodiments, the method may include creating an account for the individual. This account may include obtaining personal information from the individual. The method may include receiving motion data related to the individual from a sensor module associated with the individual while the individual is engaged in an athletic activity; determining based on the data a characteristic about a gait of the individual; providing a recommendation about an article of footwear to the individual based on the characteristic and based on the personal information. In some embodiments, the method may include storing the personal information, the characteristic, and the recommendation in association with the account for the individual. 
     The method may include in some embodiments that prior to providing the recommendation about an article of footwear to the individual, determining particular types of footwear that are in stock at the retail environment for purchase, and eliminating potential recommendations for types of footwear that are not in stock at the retail environment for purchase. In some embodiments, the retail environment may be a physical or virtual location. In some embodiments, the method of claim may include that access to the account of the individual is available at a later point in time. In some embodiments, the account is synced for providing access the account at multiple retail environments. 
     In some embodiments, the method may include receiving motion data via local wired or wireless connection, or via a wide area network. In some embodiments, the method may include identifying which shoes are in stock in other retail environments. 
     In some embodiments, the method may include recommending a first article of footwear if the first article of footwear is in stock at the retail environment; recommending a second article of footwear if the first article of footwear is not in stock at the retail environment. In other embodiments, the method may include recommending other accessories/apparel/equipment to go with the recommended footwear. 
     In some embodiments, the method may include monitoring the motion in real-time during the athletic activity. 
     In some embodiments, the method may include providing data or feedback from the retailer to a manufacturer of articles of footwear. 
     In some embodiments, a retail enhancement system is provided. In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system may include a sensor module configured to obtain data relating to a physiological parameter of the individual during an athletic activity; and an electronic device separate from the sensor module and configured to associate the sensor module with the individual, wherein the sensor module is configured to be separately associated with a plurality of discrete individuals in the retail environment. This system may be utilized with the above method. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device is configured to prompt a retailer to enter information about the individuals related to athletic activity. In other embodiments, the electronic device is configured to prompt the retailer to pair the sensor module to the mobile display, and subsequently attach the sensor module to the shoe of the individual. In other embodiments, the electronic device may be configured to prompt the retailer to attach the sensor module to the shoe of the individual, and subsequently pair the sensor module to the mobile display. The electronic device is configured to receive data from the paired sensor module after the individual engages in an athletic activity in some embodiments. Associating the sensor module may include wirelessly connecting the sensor module with the electronic device. The system may include a first sensor module, and a second sensor module. 
     The first sensor module may be configured to be removably attached to a first article of footwear to be worn by the individual during the athletic activity and the second sensor module is configured to be removably attached to a second article of footwear to be worn by the individual during the athletic activity. The individual may be a first individual and the athletic activity is a first athletic activity, wherein the first sensor module is configured to be removably attached to an article of footwear to be worn by the first individual during the first athletic activity, and wherein the second sensor module is configured to be removably attached to an article of footwear to be worn by a second individual during a second athletic activity. The system may perform a sales transaction at the electronic device including the article of footwear. 
     The methods and systems discussed above are further described below. The figures below apply to both the method and system embodiments of the invention. 
     In some embodiments, a sensor module is placed and/or built into an article of footwear to measure, for example, a runner’s running form and gait cycle (e.g., sensor is placed on, removably attached to, or built into the heel, midsole, or toe of the article of footwear). Additional sensors/motion monitors can also be placed on the runner’s knee and hip, for example, to obtain more information about the runner’s running form. The information collected by the sensors/motion monitors is analyzed and characterized with a retail enhancement system and method for providing a recommendation to an individual about an article of footwear of the present invention and used to provide feedback to the runner regarding how the runner can improve his or her running form and/or gait cycle. 
       FIG.  1    is an illustration of an individual  100  using a retail enhancement system  10  according to some embodiments of the present invention. The individual  100  may desire to obtain information about the motion of the individual’s  100  body or the motion of a piece of the individual’s  100  athletic equipment during the course of the athletic activity using retail enhancement system  10  according to the present invention.  FIG.  1    also illustrates a method of providing a recommendation to an individual regarding an article of footwear. Interface aspects of the interactive retail system or retail enhancement system software could be, for example, presented to an individual  100  via a screen on the individual’s  100  electronic device  306 . By using a retail enhancement system  10  including one or more sensor modules  102 , embodiments of the present invention described below may advantageously enable an individual (or a retailer  1000 ) to obtain this or other information about the motion of the individual’s body or the motion of a piece of the individual’s athletic equipment during the course of the athletic activity. Sensor modules  102  may comprise one or more sensors, such as motion sensors. 
     The retail enhancement system  10  and methods described above may be carried out at a physical retail environment, such as a sporting goods store, running store, department store and the like. The retailer  1000  may be an employee or clerk of the store in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the retailer  1000  may be a representative of a particular producer or manufacturer of athletic equipment. In some embodiments, the athletic equipment may include articles of footwear. In some embodiments, the retail environment may be a physical location, such as a store. In other embodiments, the retail environment may be a virtual location, where the individual  100  carries out the methods and systems of the present invention at another remote location, not at a store, such as an area around their home. 
     In some embodiments, the retailer  1000  may use the electronic device  306  to carry out the methods and systems of the present invention. In other embodiments, the individual  100  may use the electronic device  306  to carry out the methods and systems of the present invention. In some embodiments, a combination of both the retailer  1000  and individual  100  may use the electronic device  306  to carry out the methods and systems of the present invention. 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device  306  may be for example one of a tablet computer, a mobile phone, a desktop computer, a dedicated retail system general to a retail environment, a retail kiosk specific to particular athletic equipment brands, and the like. 
     In some embodiments, a producer, manufacturer, or retailer of athletic equipment (such as articles of footwear) may perform testing in advance of their products with the sensor modules  102  and retail enhancement system  10  with many individuals  100  prior to using the system in a retail environment. In this embodiment, the data gathered may aid in recommendations regarding articles of footwear to individuals (e.g. to the individuals as customers). In this embodiment, this may provide a baseline of data for which to compare to the eventual individual  100  (e.g. customer) using the systems and methods in a retail environment. 
     In an embodiment, electronic device  306  corresponds to a device such as, for example, at tablet computer, retail register kiosk, desktop computer, a PDA device, MP3 player, an electronic watch having a sports operating mode, a workstation, mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone, personal digital assistant, tablet computer, or laptop), computer, server, compute cluster, server farm, game console, set-top box, kiosk, embedded system, a gym machine, a retail system or retail enhancement system or other device having at least one processor and memory. In some embodiments, the individual  100  may have access to the electronic device  306  and at least one sensor module  102  in a location remote from the retail environment. In some embodiments, the individual  100  may then purchase items recommended from an online or virtual retail environment based on the feedback (i.e. they never have to go into the “brick and mortar” retail environment such as a store). 
     Retail enhancement system  10  according to embodiments of the present invention may be suitable for use by individuals  100  for individual athletic activities and for individuals  100  in a retail environment. For example, retail enhancement system  10  according to embodiments of the present invention may be suitable for use by individuals  100  engaged in athletic activities such running or walking, or retail scenarios related to such. 
     For example, in embodiments where the monitored object  104  is an article of footwear, certain determinations may be used by the retail enhancement system  10  to help the individual  100  improve their running form or gait characteristics in future athletic activities. Methods used to achieve improvements may be, for example, recommending a particular article of footwear or other piece of athletic equipment or apparel, providing cross-training workouts or drills to the individual  100 , providing gait type specific workouts or drills to the individual  100 , or prescribing a number of other training regimens. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the retail enhancement system  10  may also include or interact with retail enhancement system software. Interface aspects of the interactive retail system or retail enhancement system software could be, for example, presented to an individual  100  via a screen on the individual’s  100  electronic device  306 . The interactive retail system or retail enhancement system  10  could provide a platform for selecting and/or ordering products offered by the provider of the system. Based on the characteristic or specific athletic movement provided by the monitoring/retail enhancement system  10 , and/or based on any training or coaching provided, as described above, the interactive retail system or retail enhancement system  10  could suggest specific products or product lines that may be helpful to the individual  100  in improving their future performance. In some embodiments, personal data about the individual stored by the monitoring/retail enhancement system  10  may also be used in making the determination of suitable products or product lines. 
     For example, a soccer player trying to improve her shots may receive a recommendation for a new pair of soccer cleats, while a basketball player trying to improve his jumping ability may receive a recommendation for a new pair of basketball shoes. These recommendations may ultimately be based on data derived from monitoring the individuals  100  body, and/or from monitoring the individual’s  100  athletic equipment. For example, a source of inadequate performance may be the individual’s  100  performance or it may be that the individual’s  100  current equipment has worn out. In some embodiments, the individual  100  may be provided with the option to purchase the new product at the time of receiving the any training or coaching provided. In some embodiments, the recommendation may be based in part upon previous injury data that may be related to the individual’s gait characteristics. 
     In some embodiments, retailer  1000  may stock many sensor modules  102  and use them interchangeably. As an example, a retailer  1000  may randomly select a pair of sensor modules  102  from a bin or charger containing perhaps dozens of sensor modules  102 . The retailer  1000  may then use the electronic device  306  to register the individual  100 , and pair the sensor modules  102  to the individual  100  utilizing the electronic device  306 . The sensor modules  102  may also automatically determine which foot they have been placed on through motion recognition according to the data captured. When the data is finished recording, the sensor modules  102  may transmit by any means described herein, the recorded data to be viewed on the electronic device  306 . In some embodiments, the electronic device  306  that receives the data from the sensor modules  102  may be different from the first electronic device  306  originally used to pair the sensor modules  102  to the individual  100 . In some embodiments, the electronic device  306  may be used as a conduit for the sensor modules  102  to connect to a network and a database and a display to present the results of the athletic characteristic analysis, e.g. the gait characteristic analysis. 
     Once the individual is finished with data collection on the athletic activity, the retail enhancement system  10  may notify the retailer  1000  that the data collection is finished. This may occur, for example, when the sensor module  102  is returned to a docking station. In other embodiments, this may happen each time a set of data is collected, regardless of whether the sensor modules  102  are docked. 
     In one embodiment, the characteristic or specific athletic movement data and/or any training or coaching provided may be used for the online customization of certain products. For example, this data can be used to customize an article of footwear, an article of compression clothing, a helmet, or other piece of clothing or athletic equipment to enable toe clothing or other equipment to help the individual  100  in improving their future performance. In some embodiments, customized products may have an individual styles, varied materials, or different accessories for the individual  100  to choose from. 
     By using a retail enhancement system  10  including one or more sensor modules  102 , embodiments of the present invention described below may advantageously enable an individual (or a retailer  1000 ) to obtain this or other information about the motion of the individual’s body or the motion of a piece of the individual’s athletic equipment during the course of the athletic activity. Data obtained by sensor modules  102  may be processed in a variety of ways to yield useful information about the motion of an object of interest during the activity. In some embodiments, sensor module  102  data may be processed to monitor changes in the spatial orientation (i.e., changes in the position and/or rotation, relative to a specific location on the Earth or other point of reference) of the individual’s body or a piece of the individual’s athletic equipment. In other embodiment, sensor module  102  data may be processed to by reference to a predetermined correlation between movement data and a characteristic stored in a data structure and provide a recommendation regarding an article of footwear or other athletic equipment. 
     Retail enhancement system  10  according to embodiments of the present invention may include a sensor module  102 . The sensor module  102  may include one or more sensors, and may be physically coupled to an object  104  during an athletic activity conducted by an individual  100 . As explained in further detail below, the sensor module  102  may be used to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual’s  100  body or a piece of the individual’s athletic equipment or article of footwear in some embodiments, while the sensor module  102  may be used in combination with predetermined correlation data stored in a data structure to determine a correlation between body or equipment or article of footwear movement data and a characteristic such as a gait characteristic in other embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG.  1   , the monitored object  104  may be the individual’s  100  body, and the sensor module  102  may be physically coupled to the individual’s  100  body. In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor module  102  is configured to be physically coupled to the portion of the individual’s  100  body known as the foot by way of an object  104  which may be an article of footwear. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be configured to be physically coupled to other portions of the individual’s  100  body such as, for example, the individual’s head, neck, shoulder, chest, back, arm, wrist, hand, finger, waist, hip, leg, ankle, foot, or toe. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be configured to be physically coupled to the portion of the individual’s  100  body with one or more layers of clothing, an article of footwear, or athletic protective equipment existing between the sensor module  102  and the individual’s  100  body. Regardless of whether intervening articles are present, the sensor module  102  may be physically coupled to the portion of the individual’s  100  body by a variety of releasable or non-releasable coupling means such as, for example, straps, adhesives, pockets, clips, or by being integrated into an article of clothing (e.g., shirt, pants, sock, glove, or hat), footwear, or athletic protective equipment worn by the individual  100 . 
     In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may be configured to be placed in a sensor module  102  retention element of a garment or article of footwear that is configured to retain the sensor module  102 . In some exemplary embodiments, retention element may be sized and shaped to correspond to the size and shape of the sensor module  102 , to be capable of nesting sensor module  102  therein and holding the sensor module  102  in place so as to minimize the effect of movement of a wearer of the garment or article of footwear on the sensor module  102 . Additional elements may be used to help minimize this effect, such as, for example, bands and spacer elements. The sensor module  102  retention element may be coupled to textile a layer of a garment or article of footwear by, for example, being integral therewith, being adhered, stitched, welded, tied, clipped, snapped, or mounted thereto, or any combination of these and other techniques. In some exemplary embodiments, sensor module  102  retention element is formed integrally with a textile layer of the garment or article of footwear. 
     In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be integrated within an existing piece of athletic activity monitoring equipment such as, for example, a heart rate monitoring device, a pedometer, and accelerometer-based monitoring device, positioning system receiver device (e.g. a GPS receiver), or other fitness monitoring device. 
       FIG.  2 A  is a diagram of an article of footwear  606  having sensor module  102  mounted on an external portion of article of footwear  606 . As shown in  FIG.  2 A , sensor module  102  may be mounted using a mounting device  608 . Mounting device  608  is held onto the top of article of footwear  606 , for example, using article of footwear laces. Mounting device  608  permits sensor module  102  to be removed and inserted into the mounting device without taking the mounting device off of article of footwear  606 . 
       FIG.  2 B  is a diagram of an article of footwear  600  having a sensor module  102  inserted into a recess in sole  604  of article of footwear  600  according to some embodiments of the present invention. The recess positions sensor module  102  in such a way that a surface of the sensor module’s  102  housing is parallel to and in the plane of the top of sole  604 . Placing sensor module  102  in the recess of sole  604  may be desirable because, in some embodiments, one of the acceleration sensor axis of sensor module  102  is parallel to the plane of the sensor module’s  102  housing surface, and placing the sensor module  102  in this orientation may provide greater accuracy than other orientations such as, for example, attaching sensor module  102  to an external surface of article of footwear  600 . In some embodiments, the recess in the sole that houses sensor module  102  is located in the mid-foot region of article of footwear  600  (e.g., where there is a minimum of flex of article of footwear  600 ). 
     In some embodiments, sensor module  102  is enclosed in a hard plastic protective housing. A surface of sensor module  102  includes a mark that is used to ensure proper orientation of sensor module  102 , for example, when it is inserted into an article of footwear. In some embodiments, mark should be oriented facing towards the toe portion of the article of footwear. In other embodiments, however, the sensor module  102  will work properly regardless of orientation. 
     A second surface of sensor module  102  includes a removable cap. In some embodiments, removable cap is removed by turning it less than a quarter turn in one direction. Removable cap provides access to a battery, which can be removed and replace with a fully charged battery, as needed. In some embodiments, battery is a button type battery. 
     In some embodiments, the movement of the bodies of a plurality of individuals engaged in an athletic activity (e.g., multiple individuals or customers) and/or the movement of a plurality of pieces of athletic equipment used by the individuals during the athletic activity may be monitored. In some embodiments, real-time monitoring and/or feedback may be provided, while in other embodiments post-activity feedback may be provided. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , communication may also occur between the sensor module  102 , an electronic device  306 , and/or a remote server  302  via a network  300 . In some embodiments, the network  300  is the Internet. The Internet is a worldwide collection of servers, routers, switches and transmission lines that employ the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to communicate data. The network  300  may also be employed for communication between any two or more of the sensor module  102 , the electronic device  306 , the server  302 , and a docking unit. In some embodiments of the present invention, information is directly communicated between the sensor module  102  and the server  302  via the network  300 , thus bypassing the electronic device  306 . 
     A variety of information may be communicated between any of the sensor module  102 , the electronic device  306 , the network  300 , the server  302 , or other electronic components such as, for example, another sensor module  102 , a mobile phone, a tablet computer, or other electronic devices, such as a retail device  910 . Such information may include, for example, performance parameter data, device settings (including sensor module  102  settings), software, and firmware. 
     Communication among the various elements of the present invention may occur after the athletic activity has been completed or in real-time during the athletic activity. In addition, the interaction between, for example, the sensor module  102  and the electronic device  306 , and the interaction between the electronic device  306  and the server  302  may occur at different times. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, an individual  100  using the retail enhancement system  10  may participate in the activity with the sensor module  102  physically coupled to a piece of athletic equipment  104 , but with no other electronic devices making up part of the retail enhancement system  10  in the individual’s  100  immediate vicinity. In such some embodiments, the sensor module  102  would monitor the athletic activity using its sensors. The sensor module  102  may also perform calculations necessary to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the piece of athletic equipment  104 , or perform calculations necessary to determine a correlation between equipment  104  movement data and a characteristic. 
     Alternatively, in this scenario, other components of the retail enhancement system  10  that are remotely located from the individual  100  during the activity could be relied upon to perform calculations necessary to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the piece of athletic equipment  104 , or perform calculations necessary to determine a correlation between equipment  104  movement data and a characteristic. This could occur, for example after wireless transmission of athletic performance information directly from the sensor module  102  to an electronic device  306  or a server  302  during or after the activity, or after a wired transmission of athletic performance information directly from the sensor module  102  to an electronic device  306  after the activity. 
     In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may communicate with an electronic device  306  of the retail enhancement system  10  that is also carried by the individual  100  during the athletic activity. In some embodiments, the electronic device  306  may be carried by another person besides the individual  100 , or not carried by any person. In some embodiments, the electronic device  306  may be a watch, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, or other electronic device. In one embodiment of the present invention, as described in further detail below, in particular with respect to  FIGS.  18 - 25   , the sensor module  102  may communicate with an electronic device  306  running a retail enhancement system  10  electronic device  306  software application. 
     The electronic device  306  may serve a variety of purposes including, for example, providing additional data processing, providing additional data storage, providing data visualization, providing additional sensor capabilities, relaying information to a network  300 , providing for the playback of music or videos, checking inventories, processing sales orders, processing sales transactions, inventory management, theft alert or the like. 
     In an embodiment providing theft alert capabilities, the electronic device  306  may alert the retailer  1000  if the individual  100  fails to return the sensor module  102  within an expected time, or if the individual  100  travels too far from the retail environment. In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system  10  may provide the personal information about the individual  100  to investigators. In some embodiments, the personal information may be known as “registration information.” This personal information may include other personal identification information such as driver’s license number, social security number, address, email, phone number, credit card information, and any other personal information used by the retail enhancement system  10 . This personal information may also be used for other portions of the retail enhancement system  10 , such as purchasing athletic equipment or articles of footwear that are recommended by the system, forwarding product information at a later date, using for marketing materials, and collecting information for the retailer  1000  or producer or manufacturer to use for engineering or business development purposes. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the electronic device  306  may be a dedicated electronic device  306 . The term “dedicated electronic device” indicates that the electronic device  306  is not capable of serving another purpose outside of the retail enhancement system  10  of the present invention. For example, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant, or a digital music file player (e.g., an MP3 player) may not be considered to be “dedicated electronic monitoring devices” as the term is used herein. In this manner, the dedicated electronic monitoring device  306  may in some embodiments provide a simpler and/or more efficient device. 
     The electronic device  306  illustrated in the figures may not be a dedicated electronic monitoring device; the electronic device  306  illustrated in the figures may be a tablet computer. In alternate embodiments, it may be possible for the sensor module  102  itself to be embodied by a mobile phone, or for the electronic device  306  to be a mobile phone. Including an electronic device  306  in the retail enhancement system  10 , such as a mobile phone, may be desirable as mobile phones are commonly carried by individuals  100 , even when engaging in athletic activities, and they are capable of providing significant additional computing and communication power at no additional cost to the individual  100 . 
     In view of the above discussion, it is apparent that various processing steps or other calculations recited herein may be capable of being performed by various embodiments of the retail enhancement system  10  disclosed herein, and are not necessarily limited to being performed by the sensor module  102 , depending on the configuration of a particular embodiment of the present invention. For example, any of the processing steps or other calculations recited herein may be performed, in various embodiments, by the sensor module  102 , by a server computer  302 , by an electronic device  306 , and/or any other network component, or by more than one component. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may involve the use of so-called “cloud computing.” Cloud computing may include the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility over a network (typically the Internet). Cloud computing may entrust services (typically centralized) with an individual’s  100  data, software and computation on a published application programming interface over a network. End users may access cloud-based applications through a web browser or a light weight desktop or mobile app while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. Cloud application providers often strive to give the same or better service and performance than if the software programs were installed locally on end-user computers. 
     Embodiments of the present invention may incorporate features of motion monitoring systems. Exemplary of motion monitoring systems are disclosed in commonly owned U.S. Pat. App. No. 13/077,494, filed Mar. 31, 2011 (which published as U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2012/0254934), the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto. 
     An overview of exemplary embodiments of components of the athletic equipment retail enhancement system  10  of the present invention, including exemplary sensor modules  102 , has been provided above 
       FIGS.  4  and  5    are diagrams that illustrate how the retail enhancement system  10  may determine performance data such as, for example, the speed, the pace, the stride rate, the stride length, and the total distance traveled by an individual in an embodiment of the present invention. In some embodiments, this data may be used in the recommendation of an article of footwear. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , an individual’s leg has a specific movement pattern during each stride relative to the direction in which the individual is traveling (e.g., direction X). At a time period  6420 , for example, the beginning of a stride, the foot of one leg of an individual is planted firmly on the ground and is not moving in the direction of travel. Since there is no movement of the foot, there is also no acceleration in the direction of travel. As the individual’s hips and upper body move forward in the direction of travel at a speed Sx, the upper portion of the individual’s leg begins to move forward at a time period  6422  relative to the direction in which the individual is traveling, while the lower portion of the individual’s leg begins to move backwards relative to the direction of travel. This generates a negative acceleration in the direction of travel that is detected by a first axis (e.g., the X axis) of acceleration sensor  6406 . 
     At a later point in time during the stride, time period  6424  in  FIG.  4   , the upper portion of the individual’s leg is still moving forward relative to the direction of travel when the lower portion of the individual’s leg begins to move forward relative to the direction of travel of the individual. This generates a positive acceleration in the direction of travel of the individual that is detected by the first axis of acceleration sensor  6406 . 
     At a time period  6426  during the stride, the upper portion of the individual’s leg has stopped moving forward relative to the direction of travel while the lower portion of the individual’s leg is continuing to move forward relative to the direction of travel of the individual. This stage of the stride also generates a positive acceleration in the direction of travel of the individual that is detected by the axis of acceleration sensor  6406 . 
     Finally, at the end of the stride, time period  6428  in  FIG.  4   , the individual’s foot is again firmly planted on the ground. There is no movement of the foot in the direction of travel at this time period, and the acceleration along the first axis is zero. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an idealized, filtered output of acceleration sensor of sensor module  102  corresponding to the stride of an individual (e.g., whether running or walking). As depicted, there is a period of negative acceleration having a minimum acceleration value and a period of positive acceleration having a maximum acceleration value during each stride. Using this information, the average speed of the individual in the direction of travel during the stride is given, for example, by equation 1 below: 
     
       
         
           
             S 
             x 
             = 
             
               K 
               1 
             
             
               
                 f 
                 
                   x 
                   1 
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       A 
                       
                         max 
                       
                     
                     , 
                       
                     
                       T 
                       3 
                     
                     − 
                     
                       T 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             + 
             
               K 
               2 
             
           
         
       
     
      where Sx is the average speed for the stride, K 1  is a proportionality constant, fx 1  is a function involving A max  (the maximum acceleration value generated during the stride processed through a low pass filter) and T 3  - T 2  (the period of positive acceleration), and K 2  is an adjustment constant. The values K 1  and K 2  are empirical values that are determined experimentally, and in an embodiment they are different for different ranges of speed (e.g., one set of values is used if an individual is walking and another set of values is used if the individual is running). The function fx 1  is determined experimentally, and in embodiments can be a higher order (e.g., a second order or a third order) equation. 
     In one embodiment, the value(s) for K 1  and/or K 2  are initially determined, for example, based on an input length for a user’s leg (e.g., measured from the knee to the heel) or an input height for the user (e.g., using an assumption that the length of the leg is some fraction of the height). 
     In an embodiment, the value(s) for K 1  and/or K 2  are determined and/or updated by having the user run a known distance and using this known distance to determine and/or update the value(s) for K 1  and/or K 2 . 
     As noted herein, it is possible to determine the average speed for the stride using the minimum acceleration value. This is done, for example, using equation 2 below: 
     
       
         
           
             S 
             x 
             = 
             
               K 
               3 
             
             
               
                 f 
                 
                   x 
                   2 
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       A 
                       
                         min 
                       
                     
                     , 
                       
                     
                       T 
                       2 
                     
                     − 
                     
                       T 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             + 
             
               K 
               4 
             
           
         
       
     
      where Sxis the average speed for the stride, K 3  is a proportionality constant, fx 2  is a function involving Amin (the minimum acceleration value generated during the stride processed through a low pass filter) and T 2  - T 1  (the period of negative acceleration), and K 4  is an adjustment constant. The values K 3  and K 4  and the function fx 2  are determined experimentally. In embodiments, the function fx 2 can be a higher order (e.g., a second order or a third order) equation. 
     In one embodiment, the average speed is calculated by combining equations 1 and 2 and forming a third equation for the average speed during a stride. This third equation is: 
     
       
         
           
             S 
             x 
             = 
             
               K 
               1 
             
             
               
                 f 
                 
                   x 
                   1 
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       A 
                       
                         max 
                       
                     
                     , 
                       
                     
                       T 
                       3 
                     
                     − 
                     
                       T 
                       2 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             − 
             
               K 
               3 
             
             
               
                 f 
                 
                   x 
                   2 
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       A 
                       
                         min 
                       
                     
                     , 
                       
                     
                       T 
                       2 
                     
                     − 
                     
                       T 
                       1 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             + 
             
               K 
               
                 2 
                 + 
                 4 
               
             
           
         
       
     
      where S x  is the average speed for the stride, K 1  and K 2  are proportionality constants, fx 1  is a function involving A max  (the maximum acceleration value generated during the stride processed through a low pass filter) and T 3 -T 2  (the period of positive acceleration), fx 2  is a function involving Amin (the minimum acceleration value generated during the stride processed through a low pass filter) and T 2 -T 1  (the period of negative acceleration), and K 2 + 4  is an adjustment constant. The values K 1 , K 3  and K 2+4  and the functions fx 1  and fx 2  are determined experimentally. In embodiments, the functions fx 1  and fx 2 can be higher order (e.g., second order or third order) equations. 
     Using the information provided herein, it is possible to develop other algorithms for determining the average speed during a stride. For example, the output of more than one axes of acceleration sensor  6406  can be used, in which the output values would be combined using, for example, a square root of the sum of the squares approach. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to using just the algorithms described herein. 
     Once the average speed for each stride is calculated, calculating other performance parameters is possible. For example, the distance traveled during each stride (e.g., stride length) is given by equation 4 below: 
     
       
         
           
             D 
             x 
             = 
             S 
             x 
             
               
                 
                   T 
                   3 
                 
                 − 
                 
                   T 
                   1 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
      where Dxis the stride length, Sxis the average speed during the stride, and T 3  - T 1  is the time of a single stride. Stride rate is determined by dividing 1 minute by T 3  - T 1  to determine the number of strides per minute. The total distance traveled by the individual is the sum of all stride lengths. Pace is calculated, for example, by inverting the average speed value and adjusting the unit to obtain a desired time per distance value (e.g., minutes per kilometer, minute per mile, et cetera). 
     It is to be noted that while the values for K 1  and K 2  can be determined and selected based on information provided by a user (e.g., by asking a user to provide the length of his or her leg or his or her height), it is desirable to have the individual walk or run a particular known distance and use this information to adjust the values for K 1  and K 2  (i.e., to calibrate sensor module  102  for the particular user). Doing this leads to improved accuracy. Additionally, it may also be beneficial to have one set of K values that are used in an algorithm when a user is walking and another set of K values that are used when the user is running. Whether the user is walking or running can be determined, for example, using a threshold acceleration value. For example, if the maximum acceleration value detected is below a certain threshold, it is assumed that the user is walking. Otherwise, it is assumed the user is running. 
     In an embodiment, calibration of sensor module  102  is performed using, for example, received GPS signals. The received GPS signals can be used, for example, to determine a distance that a user runs or walks during a workout. 
     In one embodiment, sensor modules  102  according to the present invention are used to detect changes in an individual’s direction of motion. Sensor modules  102   according to the present invention can also be worn by individuals and used to detect and/or track other motions such as, for example, motions associated with push-ups, pull-ups, weightlifting, diving, gymnastics, et cetera. 
     Turning to  FIG.  6 A , a block diagram of components of a sensor module  102  according to some embodiments of the present invention is shown. In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor module  102  includes a processor  110 , a power source  112 , a memory  114 , an acceleration sensor  116 , a magnetic field sensor  118 , and a transceiver  122  operatively connected to one another to carry out the functionality of the sensor module  102 . In other embodiments, one or more of these sensor module  102  components may be omitted, or one or more additional components may be added. 
     The processor  110  may be adapted to implement application programs stored in the memory  114  of the sensor module  102 . The processor  110  may also be capable of implementing analog or digital signal processing algorithms such as raw data reduction and filtering. For example, processor  110  may be configured to receive raw data from sensors and process such data at the sensor module  102 . The processor  110  is operatively connected to the power source  112 , the memory  114 , the acceleration sensor  116 , the magnetic field sensor  118 , and the transceiver  122 . 
     The power source  112  may be adapted to provide power to the sensor module  102 . In one embodiment, the power source  112  may be a battery. The power source may be built into the sensor module  102  or removable from the sensor module  102 , and may be rechargeable or non-rechargeable. In some embodiments, the power source  112  may be recharged by a cable attached to a charging source, such as a universal serial bus (“USB”) FireWire, Ethernet, Thunderbolt, or headphone cable, attached to a personal computer. In another embodiment, the power source  112  may be recharged by inductive charging, wherein an electromagnetic field is used to transfer energy from an inductive charger to the power source  112  when the two are brought in close proximity, but need not be plugged into one another via a cable. In some embodiment, a docking station may be used to facilitate charging. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be repowered by replacing one power source  112  with another power source  112 . 
     The memory  114  may be adapted to store application program instructions and to store athletic activity data. In some embodiments, the memory  114  may store application programs used to implement aspects of the functionality of the retail enhancement system  10  described herein. In one embodiment, the memory  114  may store raw data, recorded data, and/or calculated data. In some embodiments, as explained in further detail below, the memory  114  may act as a data storage buffer. The memory  114  may include both read only memory and random access memory, and may further include memory cards or other removable storage devices. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the memory  114  may store raw data, recorded data, and/or calculated data permanently, while in other embodiments the memory  114  may only store all or some data temporarily, such as in a buffer. In one embodiment of the present invention, the memory  114 , and/or a buffer related thereto, may store data in memory locations of predetermined size such that only a certain quantity of data may be saved for a particular application of the present invention. 
     The acceleration sensor  116  may be adapted to measure the acceleration of the sensor module  102 . Accordingly, when the sensor module  102  is physically coupled to an object  104  (such as an individual’s  100  body or a piece of athletic equipment, or article of footwear described above), the acceleration sensor  116  may be capable of measuring the acceleration of the object  104 , including the acceleration due to the earth’s gravitational field. In one embodiment, the acceleration sensor  116  may include a tri-axial accelerometer that is capable of measuring acceleration in three orthogonal directions. In other embodiments one, two, three, or more separate accelerometers may be used. 
     The magnetic field sensor  118  may be adapted to measure the strength and direction of magnetic fields in the vicinity of the sensor module  102 . Accordingly, when the sensor module  102  is physically coupled to an object  104  (such as an individual’s  100  body or a piece of athletic equipment, or article of footwear described above), the magnetic field sensor  118  may be capable of measuring the strength and direction of magnetic fields in the vicinity of the object  104 , including the earth’s magnetic field. In one embodiment, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be a vector magnetometer. In other embodiments, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be a tri-axial magnetometer that is capable of measuring the magnitude and direction of a resultant magnetic vector for the total local magnetic field in three dimensions. In other embodiments one, two, three, or more separate magnetometers may be used. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118  may be contained within a single accelerometer-magnetometer module bearing model number LSM303DLHC made by STMicroelectronics of Geneva, Switzerland. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may include only one of the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118 , and may omit the other if desired. 
     The transceiver  122  depicted in  FIG.  6 A  may enable the sensor module  102  to wirelessly communicate with other components of the retail enhancement system  10 , such as those described in further detail below. In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  and the other local components of the retail enhancement system  10  may communicate over a personal area network or local area network using, for example, one or more of the following protocols: ANT, ANT+ by Dynastream Innovations, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy Technology, BlueRobin, or suitable wireless personal or local area network protocols. Other known communication protocols suitable for a retail enhancement system  10  may also be used. 
     In one embodiment, the transceiver  122  is a low-power transceiver. In some embodiments, the transceiver  122  may be a two-way communication transceiver  122 , while in other embodiments the transceiver  122  may be a one-way transmitter or a one-way receiver. Wireless communication between the sensor module  102  and other components of the retail enhancement system  10  is described in further detail below. In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be in wired communication with other components of the retail enhancement system  10  that does not rely on transceiver  122 . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, a sensor module  102  having components such as those depicted in  FIG.  6 A  may be physically coupled to an object  104  during an athletic activity conducted by an individual  100  to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual’s  100  body or a piece of the individual’s athletic equipment or article of footwear, or to determine a correlation between body or equipment movement data and a characteristic such as gait characteristic. In these embodiments, the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118  may be responsible for collecting the data necessary to carry out the various monitoring calculations. 
     In some other embodiments, however, it may be desirable to have additional sensors included within the sensor module  102 , or to have additional sensors in communication with the sensor module  102 . In further embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be integrated within an existing piece of athletic activity monitoring equipment possibly having additional or different sensors such as, for example, a heart rate monitoring device, a pedometer, and accelerometer-based monitoring device, or other fitness monitoring device. 
     In addition to the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118 , other sensors that may be part of the sensor module  102  or separate from but in communication with the sensor module  102  may include sensors capable of measuring a variety of athletic performance parameters. The term “performance parameters” may include physical parameters and/or physiological parameters associated with the individual’s  100  athletic activity. Physical parameters measured may include, but are not limited to, time, distance, speed, pace, pedal count, wheel rotation count, rotation generally, stride count, stride length, airtime, stride rate, altitude, strain, impact force, jump force, force generally, and jump height. Physiological parameters measured may include, but are not limited to, heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygen level, blood lactate level, blood flow, hydration level, calories burned, or body temperature. 
       FIG.  6 B  is a block diagram of components of a sensor module  102  according to another embodiment of the present invention that may incorporate some of the additional sensors mentioned above, as well as other additional components. In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor module  102  includes a processor  110 , a power source  112 , a memory  114 , an acceleration sensor  116 , a magnetic field sensor  118 , a user interface  120 , and a transceiver  122 , an angular momentum sensor  124 , a heart rate sensor  126 , a temperature sensor  128 , a position receiver  130 , a data port  132 , and a timer  134  operatively connected to one another to carry out the functionality of the sensor module  102 . In other embodiments, one or more of these sensor module  102  components may be omitted, or one or more additional components may be added. 
     The processor  110 , the power source  112 , the memory  114 , the acceleration sensor  116 , the magnetic field sensor  118 , and the transceiver  122  of the embodiment of  FIG.  6 B  may have structures and functions similar to those described above with respect to analogous components in  FIG.  6 A . In some embodiments, the transceiver  122  may be a two-way communication transceiver  122 , while in other embodiments the transceiver  122  may be a one-way transmitter or a one-way receiver. 
     The user interface  120  of the sensor module  102  may be used by the individual  100  to interact with the sensor module  102 . In some embodiments, the user interface  120  may include one or more input buttons, switches, or keys, including virtual buttons, switches, or keys of a graphical user interface touch screen surface. The function of each of these buttons, switches, or keys may be determined based on an operating mode of the sensor module  102 . In one embodiment, the user interface  120  may include a touch pad, scroll pad and/or touch screen. In another embodiment, the user interface  120  may include capacitance switches. In a further embodiment, the user interface  120  may include voice-activated controls. 
     In some embodiments, however, the sensor module  102  may not include a user interface  120 . In these embodiments, the sensor module  102  may be capable of communicating with other components of the retail enhancement system  10  which may themselves include user interfaces. 
     The angular momentum sensor  124 , which may be, for example, a gyroscope, may be adapted to measure the angular momentum or orientation of the sensor module  102 . Accordingly, when the sensor module  102  is physically coupled to an object  104  (such as an individual’s  100  body or athletic equipment), the angular momentum sensor  124  may be capable of measuring the angular momentum or orientation of the object  104 . In one embodiment, the angular momentum sensor  124  may be a tri-axial gyroscope that is capable of measuring angular rotation about three orthogonal axis. In other embodiments one, two, three, or more separate gyroscopes may be used. In some embodiments, the angular momentum sensor  124  may be used to calibrate measurements made by one or more of the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118 . 
     The heart rate sensor  126  may be adapted to measure an individual’s heart rate. The heart rate sensor  126  may be placed in contact with the individual’s  100  skin, such as the skin of the individual’s chest, and secured with a strap. The heart rate sensor  126  may be capable of reading the electrical activity the individual’s  100  heart. 
     The temperature sensor  128  may be, for example, a thermometer, a thermistor, or a thermocouple that measures changes in the temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature sensor  128  may primarily be used for calibration of other sensors of the retail enhancement system  10 , such as, for example, the acceleration sensor  116  and the magnetic field sensor  118 . 
     In one embodiment, the position receiver  130  may be an electronic satellite position receiver that is capable of determining its location (i.e., longitude, latitude, and altitude) using time signals transmitted along a line-of-sight by radio from satellite position system satellites. Known satellite position systems include the GPS system, the Galileo system, the BeiDou system, and the GLONASS system. In another embodiment, the position receiver  130  may be an antennae that is capable of communicating with local or remote base stations or radio transmission transceivers such that the location of the sensor module  102  may be determined using radio signal triangulation or other similar principles. In some embodiments, position receiver  130  data may allow the sensor module  102  to detect information that may be used to measure and/or calculate position waypoints, time, location, distance traveled, speed, pace, or altitude. 
     The data port  132  may facilitate information transfer to and from the sensor module  102  and may be, for example, a USB port. In some exemplary embodiments, data port  132  can additionally or alternatively facilitate power transfer to power source  112 , in order to charge power source  112 . 
     The timer  134  may be a clock that is capable of tracking absolute time and/or determining elapsed time. In some embodiments, the timer  134  may be used to timestamp certain data records, such that the time that certain data was measured or recorded may be determined and various timestamps of various pieces of data may be correlated with one another. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, a sensor module  102  having components such as those depicted in  FIG.  6 B  may be physically coupled to an object  104  during an athletic activity conducted by an individual  100  to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual’s  100  body or a piece of the individual’s athletic equipment or article of footwear, or to determine a correlation between body or equipment movement data and a characteristic such as gait characteristic. In these embodiments, the acceleration sensor  116 , the magnetic field sensor  118 , and/or other included sensors may be responsible for collecting the data necessary to carry out the various monitoring calculations. In some other embodiments, however, it may be desirable to have additional sensors included within the sensor module  102 , to have additional sensors in communication with the sensor module  102 , or to have fewer sensors with the sensor module  102 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  6 A , in one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may include a housing  136 . The housing  136  may contain and protect the various electronic components of the exemplary sensor modules  102  described above with reference to  FIG.  6 A  or  FIG.  6 B . The housing may take on any suitable size and shape that is able to accommodate the necessary components of the sensor module  102  and to physically couple to the desired part of the individual’s  100  body. In one embodiment, the housing may be made of plastic, such as, for example, TPU, or other suitably durable material. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  may also include a button and/or a display. The button may serve as the user interface of the sensor module  102 . The button may be capable of turning the sensor module  102  on and off, toggling through various display options, or serving a variety of other functions. Alternatively, multiple buttons or no buttons may be provided. In one embodiment, the display may be a relatively simple LED display that is capable of conveying the status or battery life of the sensor module  102  to an individual  100  with different color combinations or flashing patterns, for example. In another embodiment, the display may be a more advanced display that is capable of displaying performance parameter information, feedback, or other information to the individual  100 , such as a seven-segment LCD display. Alternatively, no button or display may be provided, as illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  and  FIG.  2 B . 
     In other embodiments, the sensor module  102  may include audio controls such as a speaker and/or microphone for audio communication with an individual  100 . These components may serve as the user interface of the sensor module  102 . These audio controls may be capable of turning the sensor module  102  on and off, toggling through various display options, or serving a variety of other functions. In one embodiment, the audio controls may be capable of conveying the status or battery life of the sensor module  102  to an individual  100 . In another embodiment, the audio controls may be capable of outputting or receiving performance parameter information, feedback, or other information to and from the individual  100 . In one embodiment, the audio controls may be capable of accepting voice commands form the individual  100 . In another embodiment, the sensor module  102  may be capable of relaying audio information to a user wirelessly via another device, such as a pair of headphones. Alternatively, audio controls may be provided. 
     Data obtained by the sensor module  102  may be processed in a variety of ways to yield useful information about the motion of an object  104  of interest during the activity. In some embodiments, sensor module  102  data may be processed to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual’s  100  body or a piece of the individual’s  100  athletic equipment. In other embodiment, sensor module  102  data may be processed to by reference to a predetermined correlation between movement data and a characteristic stored in a data structure. 
       FIG.  7 A  is a more detailed diagram of a first example electronic device  306  according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment, electronic device  306  corresponds to a tablet computer. Alternatively, the electronic device may be a retail register, desktop computer, mobile computing device, mobile phone, and the like. As shown in  FIG.  7 A , electronic device  306  may include a processor  2302 , memory  2304 , a user input control  1306 , a display  308 , an audio unit  310 , a transceiver  312 , a cellular transceiver  316 , an optional satellite-based positioning system receiver  305 , a camera  309 , and a battery  320 . 
     Processor  2302  is a conventional processor capable of implementing application programs stored in memory  2304 . Processor  2302  is also capable of implementing digital signal processing algorithms. Processor  2302  is coupled to memory  2304 , user input control  1306 , display  308 , audio unit  310 , transceiver  312 , and may include a cellular transceiver  316 . 
     Memory  2304  is used to store application program instructions and data. In an embodiment, memory  2304  stores programs, for example, used to implement all of the functionality of a typical tablet computer. In an embodiment, memory  2304  includes both read only memory and random access memory. 
     User input control  1306  is used by an individual to interact with electronic device  306 . In an embodiment, user input control  1306  includes a variety of input buttons and/or keys. The function of each of these buttons and/or keys is typically determined based on an operating mode of electronic device  306 . In one embodiment, user input control  1306  includes a touch pad or scroll pad and/or touch screen buttons. 
     Display  308  is used to display information to a user. In an embodiment, display  308  is a liquid crystal display. 
     Camera  309  is a small digital camera used to take digital photos or video. In one embodiment, camera  309  is a CCD camera. In another embodiment, camera  309  is a CMOS camera. 
     Audio unit  310  is used to process audio signals. In an embodiment, voice signals picked up using a microphone are converted to digital signals so that they can be operated upon, for example, by processor  2302 . Audio unit  310  also converts, for example, digital audio signals into amplified analog audio signals that can be used to drive one or more speakers. In an embodiment, audio unit  310  implements signal processing algorithms such as those available from Dolby Laboratories, Inc., which enhance the quality of music. 
     Transceiver  312  is a low-power transceiver used to communicate with other components of retail enhancement system  10 . In an embodiment, transceiver  312  operates in an unlicensed frequency band such as 2.4 GHz. Transceiver  312  is coupled to an antenna  314 . As used herein, the term transceiver means a combination of a transmitter and a receiver. In an embodiment, the transmitter and the receiver are integrated and form, for example, a part of an intergraded circuit. 
     Cellular transceiver  316  may be used to send and receive, for example, voice cellular telephone signals. Transceiver  316  can also be used to exchange information with a computer network such as, for example, the Internet. Cellular transceiver  316  is coupled to an antenna  318 . As used herein, the term cellular transceiver means a combination of a cellular transmitter and a cellular receiver. In an embodiment, the transmitter and the receiver are integrated together into a single device. 
     In one embodiment, cellular transceiver  316  is used to send data described herein to a location where it is analyzed, for example, by a professional trainer. The professional trainer can call or text message the individual and provide the individual real-time feedback based on the data. If the individuals wants to call the professional trainer, for example, during a workout, the individual can place a call to the professional trainer, for example, by tapping electronic device  306  to place a call to a stored telephone number. In one embodiment, tapping electronic device  306  sends a text message to the professional trainer requesting that the professional trainer call the individual. 
     Battery  320  is used to provide power to operate the various components of electronic device  306 . In an embodiment, battery  320  is recharged periodically using a power adapter that plugs into a typical household power outlet. Battery  320  can also be a non-rechargeable battery. 
     In an embodiment, electronic device  306  also includes an optional satellite-based positioning system (e.g., global positioning system (GPS) or Galileo system) receiver  305 . This enables the electronic device to determine its location anywhere on the earth. The satellite-based positioning system (e.g., GPS) receiver  305  is coupled to an antenna  307 . 
     In an embodiment, GPS receiver  305  enables the electronic device  306 , for example, to provide navigational instructions to a runner using the device. The directions for a running route can be downloaded to the electronic device prior to a run and stored in memory  2304 . In addition to navigational instructions, attributes about the running route such as, for example, whether the route has sidewalks, is on a trail, is located within a safe neighborhood, et cetera, can also be downloaded and viewed. 
     GPS receiver  305  can be used, in an embodiment, to track a route run by a runner. The route can be saved in memory  2304  and viewed by the runner after the run. The route can also be shared with other runners, for example, by posting the route on a computer/web server for down-loading by other runners. 
     In an embodiment, GPS receiver  305  and information stored in the memory of electronic device  306 (or information received, e.g., from the internet using cellular transceiver  316 ) are used to provide navigational instructions, for example, to a runner. In an embodiment, the runner can enter into electronic device  306  that he or she would like to run five kilometers, for example, and the electronic device will automatically select/map-out an appropriate route and provide navigation instructions to the runner during the run. In an embodiment, the runner can specify both a start point and a stop point for the run. In an embodiment, only one point is specified, which serves as both the start point and the stop point. In an embodiment, the start and stop points are the point at which the runner is standing (e.g., as determined by GPS receiver  305 ) when the runner enters, for example, that he or she would like to run five kilometers. 
     In an embodiment, electronic device  306  includes a radio. The radio can be an AM only radio, an FM only radio, or both an AM and FM radio. In an embodiment, the radio is controlled using soft keys presented to a user on display  308 . 
     In one embodiment, electronic device  306  includes optional sensors (not shown) for detecting selected weather related data such as, for example, temperature, humidity, ultra-violet radiation and/or barometric pressure. This data can be used, for example, to determine how an individual’s performance is effected by environmental factors. 
     In one embodiment, an electronic device according to the present invention does not include a display. In this embodiment, information such as, for example, performance and/or feedback information is provided to a user audibly during a workout. The information can be display to the user, for example, after the workout using a computer display once the information has been transferred to the computer. In an embodiment, the information can be transferred to a second processing device such as, for example, a sports watch during the workout and displayed to the user during the workout on the display of the second processing device. 
       FIG.  7 B  is a diagram of an example electronic device  306  according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment, electronic device  306  corresponds to a device such as, for example, at tablet computer, retail register kiosk, desktop computer, a PDA device, MP3 player, or an electronic watch having a sports operating mode. As shown in  FIG.  7 B , electronic device  306  includes a processor  352 , memory  354 , a user input control  356 , a display  358 , an audio unit  360 , a transceiver  362 , and a battery  366 . 
     Processor  352  is a conventional processor capable of implementing application programs stored in memory  354 . Processor  352  is also capable of implementing digital signal processing algorithms. Processor  352  is coupled to memory  354 , user input control  356 , display  358 , audio unit  360 , and transceiver  362 . 
     Memory  354  is used to store application program instructions and data. In an embodiment, memory  354  stores programs, for example, used to implement all of the functionality of a typical PDA, MP3 player, or electronic watch and one or more programs used to implement aspects of the functionality of retail enhancement system  10  described herein. In an embodiment, memory  354  includes both read only memory and random access memory. 
     User input control  356  is used by an individual to interact with electronic device  306 . In an embodiment, user input control  356  includes a variety of input buttons and/or keys. The function of each of these buttons and/or keys is typically determined based on an operating mode of electronic device  306 . In one embodiment, user input control  356  includes a touch pad or scroll pad and/or touch screen buttons. 
     Display  358  is used to display information to a user. In an embodiment, display  358  is a liquid crystal display. 
     Audio unit  360  is used to process audio signals. In an embodiment, audio unit  360  converts, for example, digital audio signals into amplified analog audio signals that can be used to drive one or more speakers. In an embodiment, audio unit  360  implements signal processing algorithms such as those available from Dolby Laboratories, Inc., which enhance the quality of music. 
     Transceiver  362  is a low-power transceiver used to communicate with other components of retail enhancement system  10 . In an embodiment, transceiver  362  operates in an unlicensed frequency band such as 2.4 GHz. Transceiver  362  is coupled to an antenna  364 . 
     Battery  366  is used to provide power to operate the various components of electronic device  306 . In an embodiment, battery  366  is recharged periodically using a power adapter that plugs into a typical household power outlet. Battery  366  can also be a non-rechargeable battery. 
     In embodiments, an electronic device according to the present invention can be formed, for example, by attaching a dongle (e.g., a small hardware device that protects software) to a conventional phone, a music file player, a personal digital assistant, et cetera. The dongle includes, for example, downloadable software that implements some or all of the sport functions described herein. In an embodiment, the software includes a sport user interface written in the Java programming language. In an embodiment, the software includes drivers, for example, that enable the software to be used with any ultra-low power Bluetooth communications protocol compatible device. Other embodiments are compatible with other communications protocol compatible devices. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, an electronic device according to the present invention is a dedicated device (rather than a device such as, for example, a phone, a music file player, or a personal digital assistant) that implements the sports electronic retail enhancement functions as detailed herein. 
     A coordinate axis system is a useful analytical tool for monitoring changes in the spatial orientation of an object  104 .  FIG.  8 A  illustrates an exemplary three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate axis system  350 . This system  350  defines six degrees of freedom for a rigid body, such as the object  104 . Six degrees of freedom refers to motion of a rigid body in three-dimensional space, namely the ability to move forward/backward, up/down, left/right (translation in three perpendicular axes) combined with rotation about three perpendicular axes (pitch, yaw, roll), as illustrated in the figure. 
       FIG.  8 B  illustrates another exemplary three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate axis system  300  having three axes - an X axis, a Y axis, and a Z axis. Two vectors, “G” and “B,” are superimposed on the coordinate axis system  300  illustrated in  FIG.  8 B . The G-vector  1302  pointing in the -Y direction represents a gravity vector. The B-vector  1304  represents a resultant magnetic field vector. 
     Regardless of whether the retail enhancement system  10  and the sensor module  102  are being used to monitor the individual’s  100  body or a piece of the individual’s  100  athletic equipment, in embodiments of the present invention where there is a desire to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of the individual’s  100  body or the piece of the individual’s  100  athletic equipment, a common analytical framework may be used to carry out the monitoring. This analytical framework is illustrated by  FIG.  9   . 
     With reference to  FIG.  9   , in such some embodiments, the individual  100  may use the sensor module  102  in the retail enhancement system  10  to determine a change in spatial orientation of the object  104  according to spatial orientation process  400  as follows. As discussed above, the object in some embodiments may be an article of footwear, and the motion may include running, walking, jogging, and the like. In some embodiments the spatial orientation change detected may be utilized for correlating gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like. 
     First, at step  402 , the sensor module  102  may detect movement of the object  104 . In one embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on acceleration data captured by the acceleration sensor  116  of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on magnetic field data captured by the magnetic field sensor  118  of the sensor module  102 . In yet another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on both acceleration data and magnetic field data. 
     In one embodiment, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be adapted to measure the strength and direction of magnetic fields in the vicinity of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be adapted to measure the strength and direction of the earth’s magnetic field in the vicinity of the sensor module  102 . In some embodiments, the magnetic field sensor  118  may be capable of measuring the magnitude and direction of a resultant magnetic vector for the total local magnetic field and/or for the local earth’s magnetic field. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  may then determine that the movement of the object  104  indicates the occurrence of a movement to track. In one embodiment, the determination that the movement of the object  104  indicates the occurrence of a movement to track occurs when a threshold data value is met for a predetermined period of time. For example, the sensor module  102  may determine that a movement of the object  104  has resulted in a threshold acceleration and/or magnetic field change occurring for a predetermined period of time. 
     In some embodiments, the determination of the occurrence of a movement to track is an indication that the movement to track had already begun prior to the determination. In this case, it is still possible to capture all of the relevant data relating to the movement as the sensor module  102  may temporarily record a stream of data in a buffer in the event that data that had recently been recorded may need to be examined or more permanently recorded in response to a determination that an occurrence of a movement to track is found. In other embodiments, the determination of the occurrence of a movement to track is an indication that the movement to track is about to begin in the near future. In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  is adapted to store data permanently or temporarily, and may further be adapted to store data for predefined periods of time in certain circumstances, such as when populating a data buffer. 
     Next, as step  406 , in response to the determination of the occurrence of a movement to track, an initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be determined. In some embodiments, the determination of an initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be made by reference to a coordinate axis system. 
     Returning to the discussion of step  406 , in one embodiment, the determination of the initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be made with respect to a gravity vector  1302 , such as that illustrated in  FIG.  8 B . In another embodiment, the determination of the initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be made with respect to an earth magnetic field vector  1304 , such as that illustrated in  FIG.  8 B . In other embodiments, the determination of the initial spatial orientation of the object  104  may be made with respect to characterizations of the way that the object translated and rotated in three-dimensional space with six degrees of freedom, as explained with reference to  FIG.  8 B . 
     At step  408 , after the determination of the initial orientation of the object  104  at a first time has been made, a change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  may be determined. In some embodiments, the determination of the change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  at step  408  may be made similarly to the determination of the initial orientation of the object  104  at step  406 , except that additional information about changes in the orientation of the gravity vector  1302  and/or the magnetic field vector  1304  as the object moves may be additionally factored in. 
     At step  410 , a characteristic is determined based on the change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  determined in step  408 . The nature of the characteristic may change based on the athletic activity that the individual  100  is participating in, as well as particular object  104  that is being monitored. In one embodiment, the characteristic may relate to, for example, a speed, a jump height, a jump force, a jump distance, a jump trajectory, an athletic activity force, an athletic activity distance, an impact force, a characterization of a specific type of athletic movement, or a reaction time measurement. In other embodiments, the characteristic may be, for example, the rate of rotation, the plane of rotation, the jump force, force profile (force acting upon the body of the athlete or the ground or the object), or gait characteristics. Again, as discussed above, the object in some embodiments may be an article of footwear, and the motion may include running, walking, jogging, and the like. In some embodiments the spatial orientation change detected may be utilized for correlating gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like. 
     Finally, at step  412 , an output is provided that conveys the characteristic to the individual  100 , a retailer  1000 , or any other interested person. In one embodiment, the output may be an audible, visual, and/or haptic output. In some embodiments the spatial orientation change detected may be utilized for correlating gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, instead of a desire to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of an object  104  of interest, there may be a desire to correlate movements of objects  104 , such as the individual’s  100  body or the piece of the individual’s  100  athletic equipment, to characteristics based on a predetermined correlation stored in a data structure. A common analytical framework may be used to carry out such correlations. This analytical framework is illustrated by  FIG.  10   . As discussed above, the object in some embodiments may be an article of footwear, and the motion may include running, walking, jogging, and the like. In some embodiments the spatial orientation change detected may be utilized for correlating gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like. 
     With reference to  FIG.  10   , in such some embodiments, the individual  100  may use the sensor module  102  in the retail enhancement system  10  to determine such correlations to object  104  movement according to movement correlation process  420  as follows. 
     First, at step  422 , the sensor module  102  may detect movement of the object  104 . This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  402  of the spatial orientation process  400 , as described above. 
     In some embodiments, the sensor module  102  may then determine that the movement of the object  104  indicates the occurrence of a movement to track. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  404  of the spatial orientation process  400 , as described above. 
     Next, at step  426 , the sensor module  102  may record movement data in response to identifying a movement to track. In one embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on acceleration data captured by the acceleration sensor  116  of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on magnetic field data captured by the magnetic field sensor  118  of the sensor module  102 . In yet another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on both acceleration data and magnetic field data. 
     Next, at step  428 , the sensor module  102  may determine a correlation between the recorded movement data and a characteristic. In one embodiment, this determination may be based on correlation information stored in a data structure, such as a lookup table. 
     A lookup table is a data structure, usually an array or associative array, often used to replace a runtime computation with a simpler array indexing operation. The savings in terms of processing time can be significant, since retrieving a value from memory is often faster than undergoing relatively processing-expensive computation or input/output operation. Lookup table figures may be pre-calculated and stored in static program storage or pre-fetched as part of a program initialization phase. 
     The nature of the correlation may depend on the particular application and algorithms used to establish the correlation. Also, the nature of the characteristic may change based on the athletic activity that the individual  100  is participating in, as well as particular object  104  that is being monitored. In one embodiment, the characteristic may relate to, for example, a speed, a jump height, a jump force, a jump distance, a jump trajectory, an athletic activity force, an athletic activity distance, an impact force, a characterization of a specific type of athletic movement, or a reaction time measurement. In other embodiments, the characteristic may be, for example, the rate of rotation, the plane of rotation, the jump force, force profile (force acting upon the body of the athlete or the ground or the object), or gait characteristics. As discussed above, the object in some embodiments may be an article of footwear, and the motion may include running, walking, jogging, and the like. In some embodiments the spatial orientation change detected may be utilized for correlating gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like. 
       FIG.  16 C  discloses an example of a characteristic table. In some embodiments, the recommendation may include utilization of a graphical display that classifies characteristics of the individual  100  into different categories, such as by using a classification table such as those shown in  FIG.  16 C . For example, a Heel Striker may be classified as such if the relevant angle measurement is greater than or about 5 degrees, a Midfoot Striker may be classified as such if the angle measurement is about -5 degrees to about 5 degrees, and a Forefoot Striker may be classified as such if the relevant angle measurement is less than or about 5 degrees. As an example of pronation classification, a Pronator may be classified as such if the relevant angle measurement is greater than or about 12 degrees, a Mild Pronator may be classified as such if the relevant angle measurement is about 5 degrees to about 12 degrees, a Neutral individual may be classified as such if the relevant angle measurement is between about -5 degrees to about 5 degrees, and a Supinator may be classified as such if the relevant angle measured is less than or about -5 degrees. In some embodiments, measured Pronation Rate may be a relevant third variable used in the classification table that may include individuals with high pronation rates, average pronation rates, or low pronation rates. In some embodiments, there may be no graphical display of the characteristic table. 
     In some embodiments, the described table may map the classification system to a shoe classification system. The shoe classification system may be a general classification system applied to multiple footwear brands, or may be proprietary in nature and specific to a particular brand of footwear. Depending on the classification of Foot Strike type, Pronation Angle, and Pronation Rate, the retail enhancement system may output a recommendation of a particular type of footwear such as stable, neutral, natural, fast, or the like. 
     In some embodiments, the function underlying the relationship between gait characteristic acceleration data and gait characteristics may be based on empirical data for the specific article of footwear. 
     Finally, at step  430 , an output is provided that conveys the characteristic to the individual  100 , a retailer  1000 , or any other interested person. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  412  of the spatial orientation process  400 , as described above. 
     The analytical frameworks outlined with respect to  FIG.  9    and  FIG.  10    detailing the basic spatial orientation process  400  and the basic movement correlation process  420 , respectively may be used in embodiments of the present invention to monitor the individual’s  100  body or a piece of the individual’s  100  athletic equipment using a sensor module  102 . However, in some embodiments of the present invention, these basic analytical frameworks may include additional steps that may provide improved capabilities, thus offering the individual  100  engaged in athletic activities better tools to assess their activities. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates an active state process  440  that may be used to augment the basic spatial orientation process  400  or the basic movement correlation process  420  outlined above. The active state process  440  may enable a sensor module  102  to run in a plurality of states, one of which may be considered an active state. In one embodiment, the active state may be characterized by the sensor module  102  consuming more power during the active state than prior to the active state. In another embodiment, the active state may be characterized by the sensor module  102  sampling data from the acceleration sensor  116  at a higher rate during the active state than prior to the active state. In yet another embodiment, the active state may be characterized by the sensor module  102  permanently saving data in the active state, as opposed to only temporarily recorded data prior to the active state. In this way, enabling various states may allow the sensor module  102  to operate with reduced battery power, reduced processing power, or otherwise be more efficient. 
     With reference to  FIG.  11   , the active state process  440  begins as step  442 . In one embodiment, the steps of the active state process  440  may occur just prior to the steps of the basic spatial orientation process  400  or the basic movement correlation process  420  so that these processes may be carried out with more efficient sensor module  102  function. 
     At step  442 , the sensor module  102  may detect movement of the object  104  at a first time. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  402  of the spatial orientation process  400  or step  422  of the movement correlation process  420 , as described above. 
     Next, at step  444 , the sensor module  102  may determine that the movement of the object  104  corresponds to a predetermined activation movement. In some embodiments, the predetermined activation movement may include a series of discrete movements such as, for example, the individual  100  jumping up and down three times in series, or a movement that results in the acceleration of the sensor module  102  exceeding and/or falling below a predetermined threshold in absolute terms or for a predetermined period of time. In one embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on acceleration data captured by the acceleration sensor  116  of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on magnetic field data captured by the magnetic field sensor  118  of the sensor module  102 . In yet another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is detected based on both acceleration data and magnetic field data. In some embodiments the predetermined activation movement may include a certain number of steps taken, strides taken, jumps, leg lifts, toe taps, or other lower body movement. 
     The step of determining that the movement of the object corresponds to a predetermined activation movement may include comparing acceleration data associated with the predetermined activation movement to acceleration data detected in association with the movement of the object. Alternatively, the step of determining that the movement of the object corresponds to a predetermined activation movement may include comparing timing data associated with the predetermined activation movement to timing data detected in association with the movement of the object. 
     In some embodiments, the monitored object  104  can be considered stationary when the sensor module  102  of the monitored object  104  senses resultant acceleration of about 1G (i.e., resultant acceleration within a threshold tolerance of 1G, for example, within 5% of 1G). In some embodiments the monitored object  104  can be considered stationary at times while the individual is standing still. 
     Next, at step  446 , after determining that an activation movement has occurred, the sensor module  102  may enter the active state. As previously described, the active state may be characterized, for example, by the sensor module  102  consuming more power or sampling data at a higher rate during the active state than prior to the active state. 
     Finally, at step  448 , upon the sensor module  102  entering the active state, detection of movement of the object at a second time, as detailed at step  402  of the basic spatial orientation process  400  or at step  422  of the basic movement correlation process  420 . In this way, enabling various states may allow the sensor module  102  to operate with reduced battery power, reduced processing power, or otherwise be more efficient. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates a reference motion process  450  that may be used to augment the basic movement correlation process  420  outlined above. The reference motion process  450  may enable a sensor module  102  to identify a matching athletic motion from a plurality of reference motions by comparing movement data, where the plurality of reference motions may be diverse in nature. In this way, the athletic motion identification capabilities of the movement correlation process  420  may be enhanced by enabling identification and tracking of diverse types of motions executed during an activity. As discussed above, the object in some embodiments may be an article of footwear, and the motion may include running, walking, jogging, and the like. In some embodiments the spatial orientation change detected may be utilized for correlating gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like. 
     With reference to  FIG.  12   , the reference motion process  450  begins as step  452 . In one embodiment, the steps of the reference motion process  450  may effectively be substituted for step  426 ,  428 , and  430  of the basic movement correlation process  420  outlined above so that the correlation and identification capabilities are enhanced. 
     At step  452 , the sensor module  102  may record movement data (possibly in response to identifying a movement to track in a previous step, as outlined above). In one embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on acceleration data captured by the acceleration sensor  116  of the sensor module  102 . In another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on magnetic field data captured by the magnetic field sensor  118  of the sensor module  102 . In yet another embodiment, movement of the object  104  is recorded based on both acceleration data and magnetic field data. 
     Next, at step  454 , the sensor module  102  may identify a matching athletic motion from a plurality of reference motions by comparing the movement data to data associated with the plurality of reference motions. In one embodiment, as with step  428  of the basic movement correlation process  420 , the identification may be made at least in part based on correlation information stored in a data structure, such as a lookup table. 
     Particular to step  428 , identification of the matching athletic motion may be by reference to a plurality of reference motions. In other words, at step  428 , the system is not limited to looking for a motion that matches a single motion (e.g., raising one foot and then the other). In some embodiments, the system is not limited to looking for a motion that matches a single class of motions (e.g., running as opposed to walking). In other embodiments, the system is not limited to looking for a motion that matches motions in a single sport (e.g., sprinting). 
     In one embodiment, one or more of the reference motions may include a series of discrete movements. In some embodiments, data associated with the plurality of reference motions may include acceleration data, magnetic field data, and/or timing data. Of course, the nature of the identifying matching athletic motion may depend on the particular application and algorithms used to establish the match. Also, the nature of the matching athletic motion may change based on the athletic activity that the individual  100  is participating in, as well as particular object  104  that is being monitored. 
     Finally, at step  456 , an output is provided that conveys the matching athletic motion to the individual  100 , a retailer  1000 , or any other interested person. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  430  of the movement correlation process  420 , as described above. In this way, the athletic motion identification capabilities of the movement correlation process  420  may be enhanced by enabling identification and tracking of diverse types of motions executed during an activity. 
       FIG.  13    illustrates a remote spatial processing process  460  that may be used to augment the basic spatial orientation process  400  outlined above. The remote spatial processing process  460  may enable a sensor module  102  to wirelessly transmit spatial orientation data to a remote computer for processing. Wireless communication with other elements of the retail enhancement system  10  is generally described above. In this way, the spatial processing capabilities or movement correlation capabilities of the retail enhancement system  10  may be enhanced by shifting certain processing and analytical tasks to a remotely located computer, such as a server computer, with greater computational abilities and, in some embodiments, access to additional data or other resources. 
     With reference to  FIG.  13   , the remote spatial processing or correlation process  460  begins as step  462 . In one embodiment, the steps of the remote spatial processing or correlation process  460  may effectively be substituted for step  410  of the basic spatial orientation process  400 , or step  426  of the basic movement correlation process  420 , outlined above so that characteristic determination may occur remotely. 
     At step  462 , a change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  may be determined or movement data may be recorded. In some embodiments, the determination of the change in the spatial orientation of the object  104  or the recordation of movement data at step  462  may be made similarly to the determination of the change in spatial orientation of the object  104  at step  408  of the basic spatial orientation process  400  outlined above or to the recording of movement data at step  426  of the basic movement correlation process  420 . 
     Next, at step  464 , the sensor module  102  may wirelessly transmit data relating to the change in spatial orientation, or to movement, to a computer, wherein the computer is remotely located from the user during the athletic activity. For example, the remote computer may be server  202 . In one embodiment, the data relating to the change in spatial orientation, or to movement, may be transmitted to the remote computer during the athletic activity. In another embodiment, the data relating to the change in spatial orientation, or to movement, may be transmitted to the remote computer after the athletic activity has been completed. 
     Next, at step  466 , the sensor module  102  may wirelessly receive characteristic data from the remote computer, wherein the characteristic data is based on the transmitted data relating to the change in spatial orientation, or to movement. Accordingly, the determination of the characteristic, as outlined, for example, at step  410  of the basic spatial orientation process  400 , the determination of the characteristic based on correlation data, possibly with reference to a lookup table, as outlined, for example, at step  428  of the basic movement correlation process  420 , may be handled by the remote computer. In one embodiment, the characteristic data may be received from the remote computer during the athletic activity. In another embodiment, the characteristic data may be received from the remote computer after the athletic activity has been completed. As discussed above, the object in some embodiments may be an article of footwear, and the motion may include running, walking, jogging, and the like. In some embodiments the spatial orientation change detected may be utilized for correlating gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like. 
     In addition, in certain embodiments, because of the greater processing capabilities and resources of the remote computer, the remote computer may be capable of providing additional information to the sensor module  102 . In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may receive training recommendation data from the remote computer in addition to the characteristic data. In another embodiment, the sensor module  102  may receive motivational content data from the remote computer in addition to the characteristic data. 
     In some embodiments, the characteristic data received from the remote computer may include a comparison between data associated with the user for the present athletic activity and data associated with the user from a previous athletic activity. In another embodiment, the characteristic data received from the remote computer may include a comparison between data associated with the user for the present athletic activity and data associated with a different individual’s athletic activity. 
     Finally, at step  468 , an output is provided that conveys the characteristic to the individual  100 , a retailer  1000 , or any other interested person. This step may be carried out in a similar fashion to step  412  of the spatial orientation process  400 , or to step  430  of the movement correlation process  420 , as described above. In this way, the spatial processing or movement determining capabilities of the retail enhancement system  10  may be enhanced by shifting certain processing and analytical tasks to a remotely located computer, such as a server computer, with greater computational abilities and, in some embodiments, access to additional data or other resources. 
       FIG.  14    illustrates a location process  480  that may be used to augment the basic spatial orientation process  400  or the basic movement correlation process  420  outlined above. The location process  480  may enable an individual to determine the precise geographic location that various monitored athletic motions occurred during the course of an athletic activity. In this way, the location process  480  may provide the individual, a retailer  1000 , or any other interested person with additional information that may be correlated with the movement-based characteristic information itself. 
     With reference to  FIG.  14   , the location process  480  begins as step  482 . In one embodiment, the steps of the location process  480  may occur after the steps of the basic spatial orientation process  400  or the basic movement correlation process  420 , or just prior to the output steps of these processes. 
     At step  482 , the characteristic may be determined based on a change in the spatial orientation of the object  104 , as described at step  410  of the spatial orientation process  400 , or based on the correlation described at step  428  of the movement correlation process  420 . 
     Next, at step  484 , the location of the object  104  during the athletic activity may be determined. In one embodiment, the location of the object  104  during the athletic activity is determined using a satellite positioning system receiver, such as a GPS, Galileo, BeiDou, or GLONASS receiver. In another embodiment, the location of the object  104  during the athletic activity is determined using a beacon signal or radio signal triangulation. 
     In embodiments where the individual’s  100  physical activity includes traversing a specific route (e.g., running or walking), the sensor module  102  may capable of recording an individual’s  100  geographic way points along the route traversed. 
     Finally, at step  486 , a determined athletic characteristic may be correlated with the location associated with the athletic characteristic. Accordingly, for example, the sensor module  102  may be capable of recording where an individual  100  traversed particular environment or terrain (e.g. pavement, grass, incline, decline, sloped). This may be factored into the recommendation regarding an article of footwear. 
       FIG.  15    shows a flowchart for a method for feedback of a recommendation of an article of footwear according to an embodiment of the present invention. In some embodiments, the method may begin with providing the sensor module  102  (e.g. motion sensor). Next, the sensor module  102  (e.g. motion sensor) may be attached to the individual  100 . After that, data may be recorded during a first athletic activity. The data may then be received to the system, analyzed, and characteristics (such as gait characteristics may be determined. The individual then may be provided with a recommendation and confirm a previously determined characteristic. There may then be a decision step, where the system or method may ask whether a confirmation athletic activity (e.g. confirmation run) is desired. If yes, the system and method may go back to the step where the sensor module  102  (e.g. motion sensor) is attached to the individual  100  and run through the method and system a second time. If no confirmation run is desired, the system and method for providing feedback of a recommendation of an article of footwear may end. 
     By using the retail enhancement system  10  including the sensor module  102  described above, embodiments of the present invention may advantageously enable the individual  100  (or their coach, teammate, a spectator, or retailer  1000 ) to obtain this or other information about the motion of the individual’s  100  body or the motion of a piece of the individual’s  100  athletic equipment during or after the course of the athletic activity. 
     While various embodiments of the present invention are described in the context of the running, the present invention is not so limited and may be applied in a variety of different sports or athletic activities including, for example, sports of soccer (i.e., football), basketball baseball, bowling, boxing, cricket, cycling, football (i.e., American football), golf, hockey, lacrosse, rowing, rugby, running, skateboarding, skiing, surfing, swimming, table tennis, tennis, or volleyball, or during training sessions related thereto. In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system may make recommendations regarding articles of apparel or other sports equipment in addition to, or in substitution of articles of footwear. 
     As a non-limiting example, in an embodiment, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, retailer  1000 , or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a tennis player’s motion. For example, a sensor module  102  may be attached to a tennis racquet to measure characteristics of the swinging racket. Based on these measurements and other personal information regarding the individual, the retail enhancement system  10  may make a recommendation regarding a specific racquet. 
     For running, sensor module  102  embodiments such as those described above may enable an individual  100 , coach, teammate, retailer  1000 , or a spectator to determine, for example, characteristics of a runner’s motion. For example, a sensor module  102  could be used to determine the speed, pace, distance traversed, locations traversed, or to discriminate between different surfaces (e.g., grass, street, or trail) and inclinations (e.g., uphill, flat, or downhill). In some embodiments the sensor module  102  may be mounted, for example, on a runner’s torso, arm, hand, leg, foot, or head, or on or in their article of footwear. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensor module  102  may be capable of compensating for inherent deficiencies that may be present for various types of sensor contained within or in communication with the sensor module  102 . Most real world sensors have limitations. For example, accelerometers, magnetometers, and gyroscopes may have accuracy issues, particularly when used at speeds of motion of the object  104  or under other conditions that differ from their initial calibration conditions. 
     In some systems, if sensor data, such as acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118  data, is temporarily lost or otherwise unavailable, the data from the unavailable sensor is not used in subsequent processing or calculations. In other systems, lost data may be estimated by “straight line” methods where, for example, it is assumed that the data stays constant or changes at a constant rate. However, in some embodiments of the present invention sensor data, such as one of acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118  data may be used to compensate for and/or estimate the changes in the other of acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118  data based on known, derived, or estimate correlations between the two types of data, or data extrapolation. 
     By combining the data produced by, for example, acceleration sensor  116  and a magnetic field sensor  118 , systems and methods according to embodiments of the present invention are able to more accurately determine absolute data values or characteristics even when data from one of the acceleration sensor  116  or the magnetic field sensor  118  is lost for any reason. Using the data that is not missing, the system can continue to provide data values or characteristics to fill in the “holes” until the missing data is regained or otherwise again sampled. 
     In other embodiments of the present invention, angular momentum sensor  124  data, such as gyroscope data, may be used in combination with one or more of acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118  data for data calibration and/or extrapolation. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, calibration and/or generation of correction factor data for an acceleration sensor  116  or magnetic field sensor  118 -based sensor modules  102  may be performed under a variety of different use conditions, e.g., calibration data or correction factors may be generated for use at different movement speeds, for use with an individual’s  100  body, with a piece of athletic equipment, for use in different sports, for use under different wind conditions, for use under different court or field conditions, etc. Moreover, this variety of correction factors and/or calibration data may be collected, in the background, over time, as the individual  100  continues using the system. In this manner, a “lookup table” or other “universe” or library of calibration data or correction factors may be built up and stored in the monitoring/retail enhancement system (optionally in the portion of the system), such that an appropriate correction factor could be generated and applied for a full range of individual  100  or athletic equipment speeds and/or other use conditions. 
     A microprocessor provided with the retail enhancement system  10  (optionally in the portion of the system, in the personal computer, electronic device  306 , sensor module  102 , etc.) may be programmed to interpolate between and/or extrapolate from known calibration or correction factors to arrive at the most appropriate calibration or correction factor for use at any speed or other use condition(s). Also, in this manner, different calibration or correction factors may be applied at different times during a single athletic performance, e.g., based on the speed or other use conditions determined at a given time during the performance, to further help improve the overall accuracy of the speed and distance monitor. By having a variety of correction or calibration factors available under different performance conditions, the sensor module  102  will tend to become more accurate, particularly over time and with increased use, because of the increased number of calibration and correction factors generated with increased use. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the sensor module  102  may be affected by perturbations in local magnetic fields, such as the earth’s magnetic field. Perturbation can be caused, for example, by objects with ferromagnetic structures. In some embodiments, the local magnetic field may be more variable at certain distances near the surface of the earth than at other distances further away from the earth. For example, the local magnetic field may be more variable or perturbed within approximately six feet of the surface of the earth than at more than approximately six feet away from the surface of the earth. Accordingly, in some embodiments, magnetic field sensor  118  data obtained from an object  104  when the object  104  is more than approximately six feet away from the surface of the earth may be used to extrapolate or otherwise estimate proper or likely magnetic field sensor  118  data from when the object  104  was within approximately six feet of the surface of the earth, if the magnetic field sensor  118  data from when the object  104  was within approximately six feet of the surface of the earth is otherwise deemed to be unreliable due to the relatively high variability in local magnetic fields, such as the earth’s magnetic field, near the surface of the earth. 
     In some embodiments, a magnetic field sensor  118  may obtain data about the movement of the object  104  at a first time when the magnetic field sensor  118  is significantly influenced by a perturbed magnetic field. Then obtain data about the movement of the object  104  at a second time when the magnetic field sensor  118  is not significantly influenced by a perturbed magnetic field. After this data is captured, the sensor module  102  may determine that the data about the movement of the object  104  at the first time is not acceptable, and may estimate data about the movement of the object  104  at the first time based on the data about the movement of the object at the second time. 
     In various embodiments of the present invention described above, an individual  100  (or another interested person such as a retailer  1000 , coach, teammate, or spectator) may obtain information about the motion of the individual’s  100  body or the motion of a piece of the individual’s  100  athletic equipment during the course of the athletic activity. Once a characteristic or specific athletic movement has been identified by the retail enhancement system  10 , to the extent that the characteristic or specific athletic movement was not entirely optimal/correct, the retail enhancement system  10  may further be employed to train or coach the user to improve their characteristic or specific athletic movement in the future. Determinations of what characteristic value or specific athletic movement characteristic is optimal/correct may be made automatically by the retail enhancement system  10  based on predetermined values, algorithms, or other data stored in a database, look-up table, or the like, or the determination may be made by a live trainer, coach, the individual  100  themselves, or another interested person with access to the characteristic value or specific athletic movement data such as a retailer  1000 . 
     It is possible to use sensor modules  102  such as those described above to obtain gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like using such methods. Based on these experimental data obtained by these methods, given a suitably large and representative sample and suitably precise measurement techniques, and assuming particulars regarding the energy transfer between the components, it is also possible to undertake a multi-variable regression analysis to link gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like to one another and with a recommendation to provide to an individual regarding an article of footwear. In other embodiments, other methods such as high speed video analysis can be used as well to obtain information regarding gait characteristics, and this information can be used to define the variables for a multi-variable regression analysis. 
     From the data collected, such as acceleration and magnetic field data, the retail enhancement system  10  may determine rolling plane of foot. The retail enhancement system  10  may also detect gait phases, such as rolling through a stance phase into a takeoff phase in a particular plane. 
     The retail enhancement system  10  may detect the orientation of the gravity vector at two different phases—at one point in time, the only force acting is gravity. Because of this, the gravity vector will appear as moving in the plane, with respect to the sensor module. This is a very short period of the gait cycle, and at other times, other forces perturb the gravity vector. The retail enhancement system  10  may calculate the cross product of the vector defining the plane, which will be perpendicular to the plane of motion and thus defining the plane of motion. At the same time the magnetometer may measure the magnetic field. Built into the calculation is the assumption is that the magnetic field in the location is constant, and does not change during this time period. The retail enhancement system  10  may then project the magnetometer vector on the accelerometer planes, and the result will include that any changes in magnetometer data will be due to movement of the foot in the article of footwear. 
     Similar calculations can be made to various axes of the sensor module’s data, such as calculating pronation angle, and pronation rate, for example. 
     Once this data is captured and calculated the retail enhancement system  10  may classify the runners based on their running style, utilizing data analysis such as an anterior-posterior plot angle vs. time; medial-lateral plot angle vs. time; and the like. The retail enhancement system  10  may include calculations of these characteristic angles for many runners that may fall into different categories, such as heel strike, midfoot, forefoot, neutral, pronation, supinate, or some combination of characteristics. This angle data may be organized into a function that may match up to various categories. The function may include data analysis of gait characteristic maximums, inflection points, etc. 
     The gait analysis function may in some embodiments use a principle component analysis (PCA). A PCA transforms into a set that pulls out principle features that are important to the analysis. The gait analysis function may in some embodiments use other analyses, such as binary or multivariate classification; regression analysis; brute force methods using basic biomechanics science; or some combination of analyses. 
     The gait analysis function may in some embodiments utilize personal information of individuals such as gender, shoe size, height, weight, running habits, prior injuries, etc. 
     This information may be stored in the sensor module  102 , the electronic device  306 , or a server. Storing the information in the sensor module  102  may be advantageous because in a busy retail environment it may reduce the opportunity for data paired to sensor modules  102  assigned to particular individuals to become mismatched. 
     Regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. Regression analysis can be used to fit a predictive model to an observed data set of values. After developing such a model, if additional values of one or more variables (e.g. gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like) can be determined, the fitted model can be used to make a prediction of the values of unknown variables, such as categories of articles of footwear that may be recommended. When building a suitable model, given variables that may be related, regression analysis can be applied to, for example, quantify the strength of the relationships between the various variables, to assess which variables may have no relationship at all, or to identify which subsets of the variables contain redundant information. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, a linear regression analysis can be employed to predict the relationship between gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like. In linear regression, data are modeled using linear predictor functions, and unknown model parameters are estimated from the data, such as categories of articles of footwear that may be recommended. Exemplary results of a linear regression analysis correlating points of impact obtained empirically to points of impact determine from applying a linear regression function to sensor module  102  data are illustrated in  FIG.  16 A . 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, the regression analysis can alternatively rely on a tool known as a regression tree. A regression tree is a predictive model that maps observations about an item to conclusions about the item’s target value. The goal is to create a model that predicts the value of a target variable based on several input variables. A tree can be derived by splitting the source set into subsets based on an attribute value test. This process is repeated on each derived subset in a recursive manner called recursive partitioning. The recursion is completed when the subset at a node has all the same value of the target variable, or when splitting no longer adds value to the predictions. A portion of an exemplary regression tree for correlating gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like is shown in  FIG.  16 B . In this figure, each x(n) variable represents one of the foot motion variables, while the leafs of the regression tree represent an outcome variable after applying the regression conditions for a given branch. 
     Once a regression analysis results in a model that establishes a relationship between gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like, measured or calculated values of some variables can be used to determine others that are unknown, such as categories of articles of footwear that may be recommended. In one embodiment of the present invention, data from a sensor module  102  may be used to determine gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like, for a given individual, and this data may be used to provide to an individual a recommendation regarding an article of footwear. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, a regression analysis can be used to determine gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like based on acceleration data obtained from the sensor module  102 . The acceleration data may be obtained from a sensor module  102 , or from another source. In other embodiments, the regression analysis can be used to determine gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like based on other data such as magnetometer data, angular momentum sensor data, or multiple types of data. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the analysis can include other user-input information such as prior injury information, an athletic goal, intended athletic environment, intended athletic duration, and current athletic footwear. Other personal information may be used, such as height, weight, shoe size, and gender. 
     Each parameter determining steps may be conducted in accordance with the discussion provided above regarding obtaining these parameters. Finally, the regression analysis may determine the recommendation given to an individual about an article of footwear. 
     As noted above, the regression analysis may rely on a regression tree. A regression tree may be used when linear regression techniques do not yield suitable predictive results. The regression tree is a model that can predict determine gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like, for a given individual, and this data may be used to provide to an individual a recommendation regarding an article of footwear derived, in one embodiment, from acceleration data. In some embodiments, the regression tree can provide local data correlations that are not valid globally. The key is fitting a given set of input data into a particular portion of the regression tree where a good fit among the data can be found. For example, one branch of the regression tree may be a good fit for a gait with low pronation angle, high pronation rate, while another branch of the regression tree may be a good fit for a gait with high pronation rate and low pronation angle. Additional variables can be added to the analysis in various branches of the tree. But at some point, adding new variables requires significantly more data analysis while giving little added accuracy. In other words, at some point continuing to split new branches of the tree no longer adds value to the predictions. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the sensor module  102  may communicate with other components of the retail enhancement system  10  via wired or wireless technologies. Communication between the sensor module  102  and other components of the retail enhancement system  10  may be desirable for a variety of reasons. For example, to the extent that the sensor module  102  records and stores athletic activity information, it may be useful to transmit this information to another electronic device for additional data processing, data visualization, sharing with others, comparison to previously recorded athletic activity information, or a variety of other purposes. As a further example, to the extent that the sensor module  102  has insufficient processing power, wide area network transmission capabilities, sensor capabilities, or other capabilities, these capabilities can be provided by other components of the retail enhancement system  10 . With this in mind, possible communications means are described briefly below. 
     Wired communication between the sensor module  102  and an electronic device  306  may be achieved, for example, by placing the sensor module  102 —or a piece of athletic equipment  104  including the sensor module  102 —in a docking unit that is attached to the electronic device  306  using a communications wire plugged into a communications port of the electronic device  306 . In another embodiment, wired communication between the sensor module  102  and the electronic device  306  may be achieved, for example, by connecting a cable between the sensor module  102 —or a piece of athletic equipment  104  including the sensor module  102 —and the electronic device  306 . The data port  132  of the sensor module  102  and a communications port of the electronic device  306  may include USB ports. The cable connecting the sensor module  102  and the electronic device  306  may be a USB cable with suitable USB plugs including, but not limited to, USB-A or USB-B regular, mini, or micro plugs, or other suitable cable such as, for example, a FireWire, Ethernet or Thunderbolt cable. As previously explained above, in some embodiments, such cables could be used to facilitate power transfer to a power source  112  of the sensor module  102 , in order to charge the power source  112 . Alternatively, the power source  112  may be recharged by inductive charging, or by using a docking station with a charging base  200 . 
     Wired connection to an electronic device  306  may be useful, for example, to upload athletic activity information from the sensor module  102  to the electronic device  306 , or to download application software updates or settings from the electronic device  306  to the sensor module  102 . 
     Wireless communication between the sensor module  102 —or a piece of athletic equipment  104  including the sensor module  102 —and the electronic device  306  may be achieved, for example, by way of a wireless wide area network (such as, for example, the Internet), a wireless local area network, or a wireless personal area network. As is well known to those skilled in the art, there are a number of known standard and proprietary protocols that are suitable for implementing wireless area networks (e.g., TCP/IP, IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy, ANT, ANT+ by Dynastream Innovations, or BlueRobin). Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to using any particular protocol to communicate between the sensor module  102  and the various elements of the retail enhancement system  10  of the present invention. 
     In one embodiment, the sensor module  102 —or a piece of athletic equipment  104  including the sensor module  102 —may communicate with a wireless wide area network communications system such as that employed by mobile telephones. For example, a wireless wide area network communication system may include a plurality of geographically distributed communication towers and base station systems. Communication towers may include one or more antennae supporting long-range two-way radio frequency communication wireless devices, such as sensor module  102 . The radio frequency communication between antennae and the sensor module  102  may utilize radio frequency signals conforming to any known or future developed wireless protocol, for example, CDMA, GSM, EDGE, 3G, 4G, IEEE 802.x (e.g., IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)), etc. The information transmitted over-the-air by the base station systems and the cellular communication towers to the sensor module  102  may be further transmitted to or received from one or more additional circuit-switched or packet-switched communication networks, including, for example, the Internet. 
     As previously noted, in some embodiments of the present invention, a having a sensor module  102  may communicate with an electronic device  306  of the retail enhancement system  10 , such as a smart phone, that is also carried by the individual  100  during the athletic activity. As illustrated by  FIGS.  17 - 25    various software modules of a motion monitoring electronic device  306  software of the present invention may support graphical user interfaces (GUIs) through which an individual  100  can interact with the retail enhancement system  10 . 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the electronic device  306  may take the form of a mobile phone and may include at least a processor, a memory, user input controls, a positioning system receiver, a wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceiver, a visual display, and an audio unit. A visual display in the form of a LCD screen, and user input controls in the form of a physical keyboard and a scroll ball may be present. 
     The memory of the electronic device  306  may be adapted to store application programs used to implement aspects of the functionality of the retail enhancement system  10  described herein, such as a retail enhancement system  10  electronic device  306  software application. Thus, the application software may be stored, for example, in the memory of the electronic device  306 . Alternatively, those of skill in the art will understand that all or part of the software may be stored on the server  302  and accessed over the network  300  and run remotely as a mobile web application. 
     This retail enhancement system electronic device  306  software application includes a number of different software modules capable of providing motion monitoring services to individuals  100  using articles of footwear or other pieces of athletic equipment equipped with sensor modules  102 . In one embodiment of the present invention, these modules include an athletic activity it module, a get better module, a challenges module, and a record book module. Each module may support one or more GUIs capable of being presented to an individual  100  using the retail enhancement system  10 . 
     A GUI may offer, for example, graphical elements, visual indicators, and/or text to represent information and actions available to the individual  100 . The individual  100  may use a physical input device, such as keyboard or scroll ball to interact with the GUI of the electronic device  306 . Alternatively, the individual  100  may use a touch screen to interact directly with what is displayed. Various touch screens such as, for example, resistive or capacitive touch screens, may be employed. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that alternative or additional software modules and sub-modules may be implemented in order to provide or extend the described or additional functionalities to the individual  100  using the electronic device  306 . For example, the software configuration of software stored on an electronic device  306  may include a device operating system, which may be one of the commercially available mobile phone operating systems such as, for example, BlackBerry OS, iPhone OS, Windows Mobile, Symbian, LINUX, WebOS, or Android. The device operating system may also have an associated application programming interface through which middleware and application programs may access the services of the operating system. 
     The various modules of the retail enhancement system  10  of the present invention may support GUIs through which an individual  100  can interact with the retail enhancement system  10  using the electronic device  306  just prior to and/or during an activity. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, in one embodiment the GUIs may be supported by a mobile device application being run on the electronic device  306 . In another embodiment, the GUIs may appear as web pages provided by the server  302  via a website that may be accessible to the individual  100  over the network  300  using a web browser on their electronic device  306 . The GUIs may be considered to be part of the methods or systems of the present invention. 
     In order to access the features of embodiments of the present invention just prior to or during a physical activity, the individual  100  using the electronic device  306  may power on their electronic device  306  if it is not already in a powered up state. In some embodiments, it may be necessary for the individual  100  to manipulate user input controls to enter retail enhancement system  10  mode to access the application software. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  17   , an embodiment a module of a GUI may enable the retail enhancement system  10  may support multiple individuals  100  such as multiple runners in different parts or phases of a sales cycle. For example, one runner may be registering and inputting personal information into the electronic device  306 , while another runner is out for a data collection run. In an embodiment, the parts or phases may include pre run, out running, completed run, and analysis. Other phases may be included as sub-phases, or phases not specific to running. Certain embodiments may include other athletic activity phases. As an example, in an embodiment a pre run phase may include individuals  100  that are currently in the store and have not paired any sensor modules  102  yet. An out running phase may include individuals that have paired sensor modules  102 . In some embodiments, this out running phase may only be shown on the electronic device  306  where the personal information was collected or input by the individual  100  or retailer  1000 . A completed run phase may include individuals  100  that have returned from a run and that the sensor modules  102  are ready for data collection and download from the sensor modules  102 . In some embodiments, this completed run phase may only be shown on the electronic device  306  where the personal information was collected. An analysis phase may include individuals  100  whose data has been downloaded from the sensor modules  102 . In some embodiments, this analysis phase may only be shown on the electronic device  306  where the personal information was collected. Having subsequent phases only shown on the electronic device  306  where the specific individual’s  100  personal information was collected may be advantageous because it will allow for continuity in the retail experience by pairing a particular retailer  1000  with a particular individual  100  and make it less likely in a busy retail environment to have data become lost, misplaced, or loaded onto a different electronic device  306 . In some embodiments, the home screen of the electronic device  306  may be divided into different areas depending on what stage a particular individual is in the process. In some embodiments, phases may be added as they are needed, and empty phases may not be shown on the electronic device  306 . 
     In some embodiments, individuals may be identified by customer icons, which may include a gender icon, or a photo of the individual. The customer icon may also include customer specific info such as how long an individual has been running, name, and the like. In some embodiments, individuals may be able to be deleted from the electronic device  306  from the phase screen. 
     In some embodiments, there may be an introduction animation for first time use of the retail enhancement system  10 . There may also be a setup and tutorial for first time use by the retailer  1000  or individual  100 . Additionally there may be a walkthrough section that may include step-by-step instructions explaining the process of the retail enhancement system. In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system  10  may automatically select the language and localization of the retail environment based on the electronic device  306  characteristics, IP address, GPS location, or the like. The retail enhancement system  10  may also allow for default language preferences to be changed in a settings menu. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  18   , the first time the retail enhancement system application is launched, a start module  3100  may prompt the individual  100  or retailer  1000  to, for example, select a preferred language, enter a password to proceed, link their electronic device  306  to a web account previously set up via the server  302 . The individual  100  may also be prompted to enter information such as, for example, preferred unit preferences, personal information such as the individual’s  100  age, height, weight, and sex, and/or the individual’s  100  desired voice training options. The start module  3100  may have a new user icon which users may select to enter their information, or retailers may enter information about the retail environment. Additionally, the GUI may have sensor indicators  3004  that are used to indicate sensor status (e.g. on/off, low battery, collecting data, charging, paired to system, etc.).The start module  3100  may present a menu  3101 , as illustrated in the illustration of the style module  3200  shown in  FIG.  19 A . During subsequent launches of the software application, the menu  3101  may be presented to the individual  100  immediately upon launch. The menu  3101  may include several icons or indicia corresponding to the style, run, learn, and article of footwear, as well as icons or indicia corresponding to settings or help features, as illustrated in subsequent figures. After launching the application software, the individual  100  may cause different GUI pages to be provided by different modules by selecting their corresponding icons using user input controls. Additional icons corresponding to sub-modules or program wizards associated with a particular module may pop up or otherwise be displayed to the individual  100  if the individual  100  selects, swipes, or hovers over a module icon with a cursor. 
     In some embodiments there may be an educational section. In some embodiments this may include information general to health and fitness, or more specialized information, such as information about running or a particular athletic activity. 
     In some embodiments, there may be a footwear gallery section, where an individual  100  or retailer  1000  may search through a catalog of articles of footwear without use of the sensor modules  104 , or collecting of any data. In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system may retrieve returning customers’ information (individuals  100 ). In some embodiments, the system may archive customer information in an acceptable way to allow for more storage room on the electronic device  306  or sensor module  102 . Archival may include hard drive storage on site, cloud based storage, server storage, or any other acceptable storage medium. 
       FIG.  19 A  is an exemplary GUI window that may be provided by the style module  3200 . This GUI window may display a type of athletic activity icon set that may be used to convey various pieces of information to the individual  100 , and from which the individual  100  can select types of activity the articles of footwear will be used for (e.g. for enjoyment, for training for a race, to stay healthy, to lose weight, and training for sports). Another section of the style module  3200  may include selection icons for the types of surfaces that the article of footwear will be used on (e.g. road/sidewalk, treadmill, trail, and everywhere). In either case, individuals may be able to select multiple icons to denote intended environment and use. Another section of the style module  3200  may include selection icons for duration of activity (e.g. less than thirty minutes, thirty minutes to an hour, and more than one hour). 
     Other examples of athletic goals may include training for a race, or other sporting event, improving individual fitness, simply enjoy running, or the like. Frequency intervals may include for example about 1-2 times per week, about 3-4 times per week, about 5-7 times per week, or the individual doesn’t know. Length intervals may include for example about less than about 5 miles per week, about 5-10 miles per week, about 10-20 miles per week, greater than about 20 miles per week, or the individual doesn’t know. Examples of intended athletic terrain environments may include roads, track, treadmill, trail, gym, or particular athletic fields designed for a specific sport. Examples of athletic equipment preferences may include for example more cushioning, less weight, better fit, strength, durability, intended athletic activity range, balance, weight balance, more color choices, and the like. 
       FIG.  19 B  is an exemplary GUI window that may be provided by the style module  3200  as a sub-module. All modules may have one or more sub-modules which may be navigated to and from by clicking, swiping, etc. The style sub-module shown in  FIG.  19 B  may allow the individual  100  to select a brand, type, and line of article of footwear that the individual would like to replace. 
       FIG.  19 C  is an exemplary GUI window that may be provided by the style module  3200  as a sub-module. The style sub-module illustrated in  FIG.  19 C  may allow the individual  100  to select a location of any prior injuries within a certain period of time. The style sub-module may have selection icons corresponding to particular body parts. In some embodiments, the style sub-module may display a graphical representation of an individual or avatar, and allow the individual  100  to directly select the particular area with a previous injury on the graphical representation. In some embodiments, the system may allow the individual  100  or retailer  1000  to one of upload photos, videos, medical records, and the like for incorporation into the retail enhancement system and methods. 
     Before the individual  100  can begin to use the retail enhancement system  10 , they must successfully pair the electronic device  306  to a sensor module  102 . Pairing is a process used in computer networking that helps set up an initial linkage between computing devices to allow communications between them. Pairing may occur wirelessly via a personal area network or local area network using, for example, the Bluetooth wireless protocols. The GUI may prompt the individual  100  or retailer  1000  to pair their electronic device  306  to a sensor module  102  as shown in  FIGS.  20 A- 20 C , and may display updates to the individual  100  or retailer  1000  as to the status of the pairing. 
     Sensor modules may have a generic registration name in the system that identifies the sensor module as part of the system. Once paired, sensor modules may be identified by the name of the individual using that sensor module. For example a sensor might be registered as RSS0005 as a generic identification name, and the broadcast signal would include this name. Once paired that sensor module may change the broadcast signal to include a name corresponding to the particular individual using that sensor module, such as RICH01 or RICH02. In this way, retailers  1000  will know which individual  100  by name is in certain phases of using the retail enhancement system  10 . 
     Once the sensor modules  102  are paired, the registration data and personal information collected from the individual  100  may be loaded onto the sensor modules. In an embodiment, when the individual  100  returns to the retail environment, the sensor modules  102  may broadcast his or her name i.e. RICH01 and any available retailer  1000  or clerk will see this on the electronic device  306  and be able to help complete the other phases of the retail enhancement system  10 . In an embodiment, this may trigger the registration and personal information to be transferred to the electronic device  306 . Additionally, the analysis data captured by the sensor module  102  may be transferred to the electronic device at this time. The data may be transferred either with or without prompting of the individual  100  or retailer  1000 . In other words, the data transfer may be either manual or automatic. 
     Updates may include notifying the individual  100  or retailer  1000  that the electronic device  306  is attempting to connect to the sensor module  102 , that a connection has been made, or that a connection cannot be made. In one embodiment, these prompts or notifications may appear in the GUI window as shown in  FIG.  20 A . In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  may indicate that the sensor module  102  is ready to match, matched and ready for a run, that a run has been completed and is ready for upload, that the upload is in progress, and that there is low battery, and there may be a GUI window that explains this to the individual  100  or retailer  1000 , such as illustrated in  FIG.  20 C . 
     Once the sensor module  102  is paired, the individual  100  may begin to use the retail enhancement system  10  by engaging in an athletic activity such as walking or running. In one embodiment, the sensor module  102  or the electronic device may indicate to the individual that they have engaged in sufficient athletic activity to analyze the data being captured by the sensor module  102 . Once the individual has completed the athletic activity, the data captured by the sensor module  102  may be transferred to the electronic device by any of the ways described above. In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system  10  may notify the individual through either the electronic device  306  or sensor module  102  that enough data has been collected for the system to analyze and output a recommendation. This may be in the form of a visual display, flashing lights, text output, audio output, and may be in the form of notification on the electronic device  306 , sensor module  102 , or even another device carried by the individual, such as a personal mobile phone, smart watch, or other mobile electronic device. In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system  10  may notify the individual  100  to come back to the retail environment for data upload via an email, text message, voice message, or the like that may be transmitted and received by the individuals personal mobile phone, smart watch, or other mobile device. 
     During the data transfer, the GUI transfer module may display the status of data loading and calculations as shown in  FIG.  21   . The GUI window may indicate that it is measuring coordinates of gait characteristics such as rate of pronation, degree of pronation, foot strike type, and the like. In one embodiment, there may be a measurement visualization window that may display certain graphical information regarding the gait characteristics. In one embodiment, this graphical information may include scientific information regarding these gait characteristics. In another embodiment, this graphical information may include displays of the individual’s body mechanics overlayed onto an avatar to visualize particular gait characteristics in an animation. 
       FIG.  22 A  shows a GUI embodiment of a gait analysis result module. The gait analysis result module may include a portion dedicated to the left side of the individual  100  and a portion dedicated to the right side of the individual  100 . The gait analysis result module may include information regarding the foot strike type, pronation angle, and pronation rate of each side of the individual. The gait analysis result module may include information regarding a categorical type of gait determined using various gait characteristics. One embodiment may include recommended article of footwear class based on gait characteristics, such as stability, neutral, cushion, and the like. 
       FIG.  22 B  shows a sub-module of a gait analysis result module, which may show a motion video of a representation of the runner’s foot. In some embodiments, this representation may include the bone structure within the foot. In some embodiments, there may be visual overlays or visual guides to illustrate key points in the motion sequence, such as when the foot strikes the ground. In some embodiments, the user may be able to select different views, such as front, side, and rear. In other embodiments, the user may be able to zoom, pan, rotate, and drag within the window to view the representation from different angles. In some embodiments, the window will include playback controls, where the user may view a video representation, stop a video representation, move forward or backward in a video representation of the data analyzed. In some embodiments, there may be running data points showing instantaneous measurements and how they change throughout the gait cycle, such as pronation angle, pronation rate, and location of foot strike. 
     In some embodiments, modules and sub-modules may be available to the individual in real-time during completion of the athletic activity. The modules and sub-modules may be displayed in real-time so that for example the individual  100  may view the gait analysis while they are running on a treadmill and view the data update in real-time. In another embodiment, the real-time system may be used for demonstration purposes so that a store clerk or retailer  1000  could explain the system to individuals  100  while manipulating the sensor modules ( 102 ) and showing the resulting motion on the display. 
       FIG.  23 A  shows a GUI embodiment of an article of footwear finding module. In some embodiments the article of footwear finding module may organize recommended article of footwear by types of article of footwear such as stability, neutral, and cushion. In some embodiments, the article of footwear may be organized by other categories, such as brand, price point, etc. In some embodiments, the organization may be filtered such that it only displays article of footwear currently in-stock at that location for purchase. This may be accomplished through manual entry, or digital connection to a point-of-sale system, or inventory system. 
       FIG.  23 B  shows another GUI embodiment of an article of footwear finding module. This GUI embodiment may be complimentary to the article of footwear finding module shown in  FIG.  23 A  or may be stand-alone. In some embodiments, the article of footwear finding module may explain why an individual’s biomechanics point toward a category of article of footwear. In this regard, this system may serve as an educational tool. In other embodiments, there may be links on the article of footwear finding module for the individual to select that explains information such as the anatomy of an article of footwear, brand specific technology, and how to properly fit an article of footwear. 
       FIG.  24 A  shows a GUI embodiment of a feedback module. This module may show a user different article of footwear recommendations after a series of athletic activities. The recommendations may be made with the cumulative data gathered, or may be made after each set of data has been analyzed independently. 
       FIG.  24 B  shows another GUI embodiment of a feedback module. In these embodiments, the module may display confirmation that the recommended article of footwear created the anticipated result with respect to the individual’s gait characteristics. If the article of footwear did not create the desired effect, the feedback module may display a message that the article of footwear did not have the anticipated result. In some embodiments, the individual may engage in an athletic activity with the same article of footwear again, and compare the two results again. In other embodiments, the individual may engage in an athletic activity with different article of footwear after a new recommendation is made. 
       FIG.  25    shows a GUI embodiment of a sale/post-sale module. In some embodiments, this module may have a communication section where the individual may have their data saved to a profile or sent to an email address for later review. In some embodiments, this module may have a summary section where summary information may be displayed about the individuals gait characteristics and recommendations. In other embodiments, this module may have a purchase section. The purchase section may include selecting whether an article of footwear has been purchased, or selecting an article of footwear to be purchased. The purchase section may include selections to scan a barcode, choose from a chart, or the like. The purchase section may include selection of the size of article of footwear. 
       FIG.  26    shows a conceptual diagram of a retail enhancement system according to an embodiment of the present invention. In some embodiments, the interface to the retail enhancement system  10  may be accessed remotely by individuals  100  such that they may complete their personal information entry and registration information entry online on an internet website, or app similar to that used on the electronic device  306 . The app or website may be a limited version of the retail enhancement system  10  and may have certain limitations, such as it would show the personal information entry section, and a filter for articles of footwear. The individual’s information may then be available for access at a retail environment through an electronic device  306 , where data may be obtained with previously obtained information and filtered articles of footwear choices. Similarly, the individual may elect to purchase through the app or website without visiting a physical retail environment, and utilize a virtual retail environment. 
     In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system  10  may send an SMS link with analysis results, or email the analysis results to the individual  100  or other interested party. The links may similarly include marketing or promotional material, such as special coupons to purchase online (e.g. 10% discount, free expedited shipping, or the like). 
     In some embodiments, the GUI modules may provide a visual display to the individual  100  giving them feedback about the gait characteristics during their athletic activity. The GUI may include a statistical display bar that may provide, for example, information on the maximum impact, rates of pronation, and pronation angles, or other gait characteristics. 
     The GUIs may include a video element. The video element shown is an animation that represents the individual’s gait in three dimension. In some embodiments the animation may start automatically, while in other embodiments the individual  100  must provide an input to the electronic device  306  to request that the video play. In one embodiment, the perspective of the animation may change such that the individual’s  100  perspective may appear to rotate around the animation to provide a better perspective on the gait characteristics. In another embodiment the individual  100  may be presented with a selection icon allowing the individual  100  to choose different animated views of the animation such as, for example, a front view, an angled view, or a side view. 
     Other visual displays giving feedback about the gait characteristics of the individual during their athletic activity may also be provided to the individual  100 . In one embodiment, a swipe element may indicate to the individual  100  that swiping their finger across the display screen may lead to other pages that display additional feedback. In other embodiments, buttons, switches, links, or other elements may be substituted for a swipe element. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the retail enhancement system  10  may also include or interact with an interactive retail system or inventory system. The interactive retail system or inventory system could be, for example, presented to an individual  100  via a screen on the individual’s  100  electronic device  306 . The interactive retail system or inventory system could provide a platform for selecting and/or ordering products offered by the provider of the system. Based on the characteristic or specific athletic movement provided by the retail enhancement system  10 , and/or based on any training or coaching provided, as described above, the interactive retail system or inventory system could suggest specific products or product lines that may be helpful to the individual  100  in improving their future performance. The retail enhancement system  10  or inventory system may also ensure that the products are available in the retailer’s inventory. In some embodiments, personal data about the individual  100  stored by the retail enhancement system  10  may also be used in making the determination of suitable products or product lines. 
     In one embodiment, the characteristic or specific athletic movement data and/or any training or coaching provided may be used for the online customization of certain products. For example, this data can be used to customize an article of footwear, an article of compression clothing, a helmet, or other piece of clothing or athletic equipment to enable clothing or other equipment to help the individual  100  in improving their future performance. In some embodiments, customized products may have unique styles, varied materials, or different accessories for the individual  100  to choose from. In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system  10  may recommend an article of footwear based upon the more severe characteristic. In this way, the gait characteristic that is potentially most harmful to the individual’s performance or health may be addressed. 
     In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system  10  may be sold as a package, including a tablet computer, multiple sensor modules  102  for multiple individuals  100  (e.g. runners), and a charger. 
     In some embodiments, the recommendation may only include a single manufacturer’s products. In other embodiments, it may include multiple manufacturer’s products. 
     This retail enhancement system  10  may recognize and record repeat usage of the retail enhancement system  10  over time, number of times various individuals store their data into a profile and update that data, records of sales and whether this retail enhancement system  10  leads to increased sales. The retail enhancement system  10  may also be able to integrate with various social media platforms, allowing individuals to share with their social network data regarding their gait characteristics, their usage of the retail enhancement system  10 , or articles of footwear or other athletic equipment they purchase after use. 
     In some embodiments, the retail enhancement system  10  may integrate to a consumer experience platform that may include educational information about footwear, athletic content, e-commerce, store locators, and advanced research and development efforts on the part of manufacturers. Additionally, in some embodiments, the data may be aggregated and analyzed into usable forms for either the retailer  1000 , manufacturer, engineering team may be able to use to improve their function. For example, a retailer  1000  may be able to track which models of footwear sell well at the location, and may order categories according to that data. A manufacturer or engineering team may be able to track injuries and performance metrics related to gait characteristics and improve upon existing products according to the data collected. 
     Various aspects of the present invention, or any parts or functions thereof, may be implemented using hardware, software, firmware, tangible non-transitory computer readable or computer usable storage media having instructions stored thereon, or a combination thereof and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems. 
     Program products, methods, and systems for providing retail enhancement services of the present invention can include any software application executed by one or more electronic devices  306 . An electronic device  306  can be any type of computing device having one or more processors. For example, the electronic device  306  can be a workstation, mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone, personal digital assistant, tablet computer, or laptop), computer, server, compute cluster, server farm, game console, set-top box, kiosk, embedded system, a gym machine, a retail system or retail enhancement system or other device having at least one processor and memory. Embodiments of the present invention may be software executed by a processor, firmware, hardware or any combination thereof in a computing device. 
     In this document, terms such as “computer program medium” and “computer-usable medium” may be used to generally refer to media such as a removable storage unit or a hard disk installed in hard disk drive. Computer program medium and computer-usable medium may also refer to memories, such as a main memory or a secondary memory, which can be memory semiconductors (e.g., DRAMs, etc.). These computer program products provide software to computer systems of the present invention. 
     Computer programs (also called computer control logic) may be stored on main memory and/or secondary memory. Computer programs may also be received via a communications interface. Such computer programs, when executed, may enable computer systems of the present invention to implement embodiments described herein. Where embodiments are implemented using software, the software can be stored on a computer program product and loaded into a computer system using, for example, a removable storage drive, an interface, a hard drive, and/or communications interface. 
     Based on the description herein, a person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the computer programs, when executed, can enable one or more processors to implement processes described above, such as the steps in the methods illustrated by the figures. In some embodiments, the one or more processors can be part of a computing device incorporated in a clustered computing environment or server farm. Further, in some embodiments, the computing process performed by the clustered computing environment may be carried out across multiple processors located at the same or different locations. 
     Software of the present invention may be stored on any computer-usable medium. Such software, when executed in one or more data processing device, causes the data processing device to operate as described herein. Embodiments of the invention employ any computer-usable or -readable medium, known now or in the future. Examples of computer-usable mediums include, but are not limited to, primary storage devices (e.g., any type of random access or read only memory), secondary storage devices (e.g., hard drives, floppy disks, CD ROMS, ZIP disks, tapes, magnetic storage devices, optical storage devices, MEMS, nanotechnological storage devices, memory cards or other removable storage devices, etc.), and communication mediums (e.g., wired and wireless communications networks, local area networks, wide area networks, intranets, etc.). 
     Embodiments have been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. 
     The foregoing description of the specific embodiments of the retail enhancement system described with reference to the figures will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. 
     While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It should be apparent that adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It therefore will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail can be made to the embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The elements of the embodiments presented above are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but may be interchanged to meet various needs as would be appreciated by one of skill in the art. 
     It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 
     It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Summary and Abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the present invention and the appended claims in any way. 
     The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. 
     The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance. 
     The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 
     The claims in the instant application are different than those of the parent application or other related applications. The Applicant therefore rescinds any disclaimer of claim scope made in the parent application or any predecessor application in relation to the instant application. The Examiner is therefore advised that any such previous disclaimer and the cited references that it was made to avoid, may need to be revisited. Further, the Examiner is also reminded that any disclaimer made in the instant application should not be read into or against the parent application.