Patent Publication Number: US-2021163546-A1

Title: Therapeutic bacteriocins

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The present invention provides methods and compositions to reduce growth of microbial colonies, including infections, and includes antimicrobial compositions, which may be therapeutic, methods for treatment of infections, and methods for identifying additional such compositions. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Bacteria are ubiquitous, ecologically diverse, and find unusual niches for survival. They are present throughout the environment, e.g., soil, dust, water, and on virtually all surfaces. Many are normal and beneficial strains, which provide a synergistic relationship with hosts. Others are harmful, or cause problems along with benefits. 
     Pathogenic bacteria can cause infectious diseases in humans, other animals, and plants. Some bacteria can only infect or cause problems for a particular host, while others have a broader host specificity, and can cause trouble in a number of hosts. Diseases caused by bacteria are almost as diverse as the bacteria themselves, e.g., food poisoning, tooth decay, anthrax, general infectious diseases, and even certain forms of cancer. 
     Certain bacteria are normally innocuous, but become pathogenic at the appropriate opportunity, or become problematic upon introduction to an abnormal site or situation. Persons lacking effective immune systems are most vulnerable, and certain bacteria use weakened hosts to proliferate and disperse throughout the population. 
     Statistically, infectious diseases are a major medical problem. See, e.g., Watstein and Jovanovic (2003)  Statistical Handbook on Infectious Diseases  Greenwood. In the U.S., some 40-70K deaths result from bloodstream nosocomial (hospital derived) infections each year. 
     Antibiotics have revolutionized clinical medicine over the last half century. Since the original discovery of antibiotic phenomenon, the mechanism of action and development of this class of remarkable therapeutic entities has made enormous progress. See, e.g., Therrien and Levesque (2000)  FEMS Microbiol Rev.  24:251-62; Durgess (1999)  Chest  115(3 Suppl):19S-23S; Medeiros (1997)  Clin. Infect. Pis.  24(Suppl 1):S19-45; Jones (1996)  Am. J. Med.  100(6A):3S-12S; Ford and Hait (1993)  Cvtotechnology  12(1-3):171-212; and Liu (1992)  Compr Ther.  18:35-42. Antibiotics had about $32B worldwide sales in 2002. 
     Yet the widespread appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has emphasized the vulnerability of current antimicrobial treatments to bacterial adaptation. See, e.g., Walsh (1992)  Antibiotics: Actions, Origins, Resistance Amer. Soc. Microbiol ., (1992);  Cunha  (1992)  Antibiotic Essentials  (Physicians Press); Amyes (2003)  Magic Bullets, Lost Horizons: The Rise and Fall of Antibiotics  (Taylor &amp; Francis); Axelsen (2001)  Essentials of Antimicrobial Pharmacology: A Guide to Fundamentals for Practice  (Humana Press); and Mainous and Pomeroy (eds. 2001)  Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance  (Humana Press). Recently, the discovery of a highly worrying multiple resistance plasmid NDM-1 has been reported (Kumarasamy et al. (2010)  Lancet Infectious Diseases  10: 597-602; and Walsh et al. (2011)  Lancet Infectious Diseases . Early Online Publication, 7 Apr. 2011, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70059-7). 
     Thus, improved methods for decreasing target bacterial growth or survival or limiting bacterial pathogenicity find great utility, especially for antibiotic resistant bacteria, which are most commonly Gram-negative. Antimicrobial effects are applicable to environmental, local, topical, and particularly in vivo colonization. The present invention addresses these and other significant issues. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is based, in part, upon the recognition that bacteriocins, which may be naturally found proteins, possess particular features and functions which can be used to target certain host bacteria under appropriate situations. Of particular interest are those that target host bacteria in the group of Gram-negative bacteria. 
     In certain embodiments of the invention, bacteriocins of natural sequence, e.g., bacteriocins or parts thereof, are identified which possess combinations of desired properties to be used to kill or label the target hosts. In other embodiments, certain chimeric bacteriocin constructs are prepared, in which heterologous domains are combined to provide the desired function and/or specificity. In these embodiments, components are substituted in the polypeptide which similarly can achieve or improve on these desired properties, e.g., replacing or substituting components found on bacteriocins. 
     Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall surrounded by an outer membrane, which is lacking in Gram-positive bacteria. The outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria serve as a permeability barrier which prevents externally applied peptides from accessing the periplasmic space and intracellular compartments of the cell. 
     The present invention provides means to use bacteriocins (which comprise naturally-occurring sequences) or chimeric bacteriocin constructs which selectively recognize and traverse the membrane barriers of target strains (referred to here as receptor-mediated translocation), to deliver appropriate cargo domains into desired cell compartments. Once there, the cargo domains can affect their intended activities, which may be detectable labeling or killing of cells. For example, a muralytic enzyme can digest the thin peptidoglycan layer of a Gram-negative cell, when typically the outer membrane prevents access of the muralytic activity from the outside medium. Linking an enzymatically active muralytic segment (fragment) to a translocation bacteriocin segment that provides for transfer of the muralytic segment across the outer membrane allows the enzymatic activity to contact the peptidoglycan layer, leading to degradation of the peptidoglycan layer. The failure of the peptidoglycan layer causes the cell to rupture due to the enormous osmotic pressure across the inner cell membrane. Alternatively, if the receptor-mediated translocation bacteriocin segment can translocate the cargo domain into the cell, many different mechanisms may be used to interfere with cell function. Nucleases, toxins, toxic conjugates, metabolic blocks, and other disruptive segments translocated into the cell cytoplasm can severely affect cell viability and health. Detectable labels may be introduced, e.g., to allow for detection of the cells to evaluate distribution within an organism. 
     In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a substantially isolated bacteriocin polypeptide (ie, a bacteriocin or chimeric bacteriocin construct) capable of killing target Gram-negative bacteria comprising: (a) a receptor-mediated translocation segment, optionally comprising at least 70% matching to a Translocation Segment (TS) of a bacteriocin and/or at least 70% matching to a Receptor Binding Segment (RBS) of a bacteriocin; and (b) a killing segment capable of killing said target bacteria when operably linked to said receptor-mediated translocation segment; wherein said bacteriocin polypeptide: (i) is capable of killing said target bacteria when contacted with said chimeric bacteriocin construct; and (ii) comprises sequence different from a natural S-type pyocin. In certain embodiments, the bacteriocin polypeptide is used in combination with another antimicrobial, antibiotic, or other therapeutic intervention. In other preferred embodiments, the bacteriocin polyeptide is one wherein the: 70% matching of one segment is at least 80%; TS and RBS both originate from a single bacteriocin; target is a mixed bacteria culture; target comprises bacteria of different species; target comprises bacteria of different genera; killing segment is derived from a bacteriocin; killing segment is derived from a homologous bacteriocin; killing segment derived from a heterologous bacteriocin; or different sequence comprises a purification tag. In particular preferred embodiments, the bacteriocin polypeptide is one as described wherein: the target bacteria include a susceptible  Klebsiella  target; the TS and/or RBS is from a klebicin; the killing segment is from a klebicin; all of the TS, RBS, and killing segment are from klebicins; all of the TS, RBS, and killing segment are from a single klebicin; or each of the TS, RBS, and killing segment are from different klebicins. The invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a described recombinant klebicin. In other particular embodiments, the bacteriocin polypeptide will be one, wherein: the target bacteria contain a susceptible  Pseudomonas  target; the TS and/or RBS is from an S-type pyocin; the killing segment is from an S-type pyocin; all of the TS, RBS, and killing segment are from S-type pyocins; all of the TS, RBS, and killing segment are from a single S-type pyocin; or each of the TS, RBS, and killing segment are from different S-type pyocins. Also provided are an isolated nucleic acid encoding a pyocin polypeptide, as described, e.g., in a high expression plasmid or vector. A further particular embodiment provides a described bacteriocin polypeptide wherein: the target bacteria contain a susceptible  Escherichia  target; the TS and/or RBS is from a  coli  pesticin; the killing segment is from a  coli  pesticin; all of the TS, RBS, and killing segment are from  coli  pesticins; all of the TS, RBS, and killing segment are from a single  coli  pesticin; or each of the TS, RBS, and killing segment are from different  coli  pesticins. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a described recombinant pesticin polypeptide is provided. 
     In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method of introducing bacteriocin sensitivity to a target bacterium, comprising a step of transferring a mobilizable element which introduces a bacteriocin receptor to said target which is expressed in the outer membrane of said target, thereby introducing the bacteriocin receptor to said target. Additionally, a method further comprising a step of contacting said receptor expressing target with a bacteriocin, as described, resulting in killing of the target bacterium. 
     An alternative embodiment encompasses a substantially isolated bacateriocin polypeptide capable of delivering a polypeptide segment across the outer membrane of a target Gram-negative bacteria comprising: (a) a Receptor Mediated Translocation Segment, typically comprising a segment at least 70% matching to a Translocation Segment (TS) of a bacteriocin; and/or a segment comprising at least 70% matching to a Receptor Binding Segment (RBS) of a bacteriocin; and (b) a cargo polypeptide segment for delivery to the target bacteria when operably linked to the Receptor Mediated Translocation Segment; wherein the isolated polypeptide is capable of delivering said cargo polypeptide across the outer membrane of the target bacteria when contacted with the polypeptide. Preferred embodiments include those isolated polypeptides wherein the: 70% matching of one segment is at least 80%; TS and RBS both originate from a single bacteriocin; target is a mixed bacteria culture; target comprises bacteria of different species; target comprises bacteria of different genera; cargo polypeptide is derived from a bacteriocin; cargo polypeptide is derived from a homologous bacteriocin; cargo polypeptide is derived from a heterologous bacteriocin; cargo polypeptide modulates viability or growth of target bacteria; or isolated polypeptide comprises a purification tag. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     I. Introduction 
     The present invention links a receptor-mediated translocation function (e.g., derived from a bacteriocin) to another functional cargo domain, e.g., a killing domain, as in a bacteriocin to achieve an entity which can attack the Gram-negative bacteria targets. The chimeric (and related) “bacteriocin” constructs described herein combine an bacteriocin-derived receptor-mediated translocation function linked to a labeling or killing function, which may be a peptidoglycan degrading enzyme activity. The bacteriocin-derived receptor-mediated translocation function is achieved with a protein segment which recognizes an outer membrane receptor on the bacteria, typically a protein, which assists in mediating the translocation. Generally, the receptor recognition function provides selectivity and specificity in target cell into which the translocation is effected. Thus, the translocation may be characterized as a “receptor-mediated” process. In many embodiments, the translocation involves two “functional” steps and domains within the bacteriocin, a binding step (involving receptor binding segment or RBS) and a translocation step (involving a translocation segment or TS), though the two steps may not necessarily be separable physically or temporally. The binding step often involves some specificity of binding of the bacteriocin to its cognate receptor, which then may take some conformational shape which allows the bacteriocin and the cargo domain to be transported or flipped across the lipid bilayer membrane. 
     In certain embodiments, the receptor-mediated translocation is only across the outer membrane, and the cargo domain is accessible to the periplasmic space of the bacterial host. The peptidoglycan (murein) sacculus is an essential structural component of the cell wall of most bacteria. Made of glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides, the sacculus forms a closed, bag-shaped structure surrounding the bacteria cytoplasmic membrane. The sacculus must withstand up to 25 atmospheres of osmotic pressure. The sacculus is flexible, allowing reversible expansion under pressure, which allows diffusion of even large protein molecules. See, e.g., Silhavy et al. (2010)  CSH Persp. Biol.,  2:a000414; Vollmer et al. (2008)  FEMS Microbio. Revs  32:149-167; Bos et al. (2007)  Ann. Rev. Microbiol.  61:191-214; and Costerton et al. (1974) Bact. Revs. 38:87-110. 
     Many antibiotics act on the peptidoglycan layer of a target bacteria species. This structure is thus a critical component in the survival of a bacterial target. Attack of the peptidoglycan is a rational strategy for killing target bacterial hosts. Although the peptidoglycan layer is typically about 1-3 layers thick, the outer membrane of a Gram-negative bacterium serves as a permeability barrier that prevents externally applied enzymes from reaching their substrate. 
     The receptor-mediated translocation domain or segment allows the protein, e.g., with muralytic activity, to be transferred across the bacterial outer membrane. For example, the receptor-mediated translocation segment itself may mediate a membrane transfer event, thereby moving the muralytic activity from outside of the bacterial outer membrane to the inside, and allowing contact between the enzyme and its peptidoglycan substrate. The receptor-mediated translocation segment may take advantage of an endogenous translocation system in the outer membrane by presenting earmark motifs which signal the system to import the molecule into the periplasmic space. In some embodiments, the receptor-mediated translocation segment directs the construct polypeptide to the receptor expressing outer leaflet of the outer membrane, and the muralytic polypeptide flips from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane to the inner leaflet, thereby delivering the muralytic segment to the peptidoglycan substrate. 
     II. Gram-Negative Bacteria 
     A. Outer Membrane 
     The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria consists of two membranes, the inner membrane (IM) and the outer membrane (OM), which are separated by the periplasm containing the peptidoglycan layer. The two membranes have an entirely different structure and composition. Whereas the IM is a phospholipid bilayer, the OM is an asymmetrical bilayer, consisting of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the inner and outer leaflet, respectively. Additionally, these membranes differ with respect to the structure of the integral membrane proteins. Whereas integral IM proteins typically span the membrane in the form of hydrophobic α-helices, integral OM proteins (OMPs) generally consist of antiparallel amphipathic β-strands that fold into cylindrical β-barrels with a hydrophilic interior and hydrophobic residues pointing outward to face the membrane lipids (Koebnik et al. (2000) “Structure and function of bacterial outer membrane proteins: barrels in a nutshell” Mol. Microbiol. 37:239-53). Both membranes also contain lipoproteins, which are anchored to the membranes via an N-terminal N-acyl-diacylglycerylcysteine, with the protein moiety usually facing the periplasm in the case of  Escherichia coli  (Pettersson et al. (1997) “Response of  Neisseria meningitidis  to iron limitation” Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71:129-36). The LPS molecule can be divided into three parts: lipid A, core polysaccharides, and O-antigen repeats. Lipid A represents the hydrophobic component of LPS which locates in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, while core polysaccharides and O-antigen repeats are displayed on the surface of the bacterial cells (Raetz et al. (2007) “Lipid A modification systems in Gram-negative bacteria” Annu Rev Biochem 76:295-329). The detailed structure of LPS varies from one bacterium to another, and this variation could affect the virulence of the bacterium. See, e.g., Galanos et al. (1985) “Synthetic and natural  Escherichia coli  free lipid A express identical endotoxic activities” Eur J Biochem 148:1-5; and Wilkinson (1996) “Bacterial lipopolysaccharides-themes and variations” Prog Lipid Res 35:283-343. 
     B. Peptidoglycan Layer 
     Peptidoglycan (murein) is an essential and specific component of the bacterial cell wall found on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane of almost all bacteria (Rogers et al., (1980); Park, (1996); Nanninga, (1998); Mengin-Lecreulx &amp; Lemaitre, (2005)). Its main function is to preserve cell integrity by withstanding the internal osmotic pressure. Any inhibition of its biosynthesis or its specific degradation during cell growth will result in cell lysis. Peptidoglycan also contributes to the maintenance of a defined cell shape and serves as a scaffold for anchoring other cell envelope components such as proteins (Dramsi et al., 2008) and teichoic acids (Neuhaus &amp; Baddiley, (2003)). The peptidoglycan structure of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria comprises repeating disaccharide backbones of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and β-(1-4)-Nacetylmuramic acid (NAM) that are cross-linked by peptide stem chains attached to the NAM residues. In gram-negative bacteria, the stem peptide attached to the carboxyl group of each muramic acid usually consists of L-Ala-_-D-Glu-(L)-meso-diaminopimelic acid (Dap)-D-Ala, although the stem peptide often lacks D-Ala or, more rarely, terminates in D-Ala-D-Ala. About one-half of the stem peptides are involved in cross-links between neighboring glycan strands (Rogers et al., (1980)). 
     Muralytic domains are known in the art. Among these are the class of lysozyme proteins. See, e.g., Salazar and Asenjo (2007)  Biotechnol. Lett.  29:985-94. Breakdown of the peptidoglycan structure occurs naturally in at least four contexts. One is biosynthesis of the structure itself; as the bacterial cell grows and divides, it must necessarily must break down the structure. See, e.g., Vollmer (2008)  FEMS Microbiol Rev.  32:287-306; Scheurwater et al. (2008)  Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.  40:586-91; Keep et al. (2006)  Trends Microbiol.  14:271-276; and Baba and Schneewind (1998) EMBO J. 17:4639-4646. There are additional situations when the cell itself must rearrange or modify structure which was synthesized earlier. Second, eukaryotic hosts degrade the structure upon clearing of an infection, e.g., using mutanolysin or lysozymes. See, e.g., Callewaert and Michiels (2010) J. Biosci. 35:127-60; Harder et al. (2007)  Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord Drug Targets  7:75-82; and Lichtman et al. (1992)  J. Clin. Invest.  90:1313-1322. A third area is in phage replication, where the phage typically employs an endolysin to release the replicated phages and lyse the bacterial host cell. See, e.g., Srividhya and Krishnaswamy (2007)  J. Biosci.  32:979-90; and Loessner (2005)  Curr. Opin. Microbiol.  8:480-487. This is a lysis of the peptidoglycan layer of cells from within. The fourth context is where phage infection requires that the peptidoglycan barrier be traversed, as described in Padmanabhan et al. WO2007/130655. This is degradation of the peptidoglycan layer from the exterior of the cell. 
     Each of these mechanisms involves some means to disassemble the peptidoglycan structure. Thus, muralytic activities are found in genomes of eukaryotic hosts for bacteria, in bacteria genomes themselves, and in phage (and related prophages) which target bacteria as hosts. Muralytic domains can be found by homology to any of these sources, and informatics can be used to identify candidate genes with their respective canonical motifs. While the muralytic activity is one class of killing domains encompassed by the invention, many of the examples are described using this example and the invention is not to be limited to these embodiments, but many other killing or toxic segments may be substituted. 
     Peptidoglycan “degrading activities” can be converted into highly effective bactericidal activities for use against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens under therapeutic conditions, and can include muraminidase, glucosaminidase, amidase, or endopeptidase activities. Exemplary muralytic domains can be identified, incorporated into chimeric constructs to be delivered to the peptidoglycan substrate, produced, purified, and confirmed to have bactericidal activity against bacterial hosts with an outer membrane. Recombinant constructs comprising such activities have significant advantageous properties as antimicrobial compositions and formulations. 
     An example of the linked polypeptides of the invention uses a muralytic fragment, e.g., comprising a lysozyme domain from  Pseudomonas  phage P134, which is closely related to phage phiKMV. The ORF36 in phage PI34 that corresponds to that in phiKMV lyses Gram-negative bacterial cells whose outer membrane has been removed. Contacting the construct to a variety of different Gram-negative bacteria after the outer membrane was removed resulted in the cells being broken down. These results demonstrate that the peptidoglycans from different Gram-negative bacteria species are susceptible to the muralytic activity. 
     Sequence homology searches identify various other similar domains which can be used as alternative sources for peptidoglycan degrading activities. The small size of the polypeptides exhibiting these activities affords efficient large scale production. Accessibility to relevant cell wall target components, e.g., peptidoglycans, at the bacterial target is provided, as are pharmacological distribution upon in vivo administration. 
     Relevant muralytic activities can be found within the lysozyme-like superfamily, lytic transglycosylase (LT), goose egg white lysozyme (GEWL); the Superfamily C100442 containing Lysozyme_like domain, which contains several members including the Soluble Lytic Transglycosylases (SLT), Goose Egg-White Lysozymes (GEWL), Hen Egg-White Lysozymes (HEWL), Chitinases, Bacteriophage lambda lysozymes, Endolysins, Autolysins, Chitosanases. All these members are involved in the hydrolysis of beta-1,4-linked polysaccharides. The Cysteine Histidine dependent Amidohydrolase/Peptidase (CHAP) domain is found in phage endolysins and bacterial autolysins. Most proteins containing a CHAP domain function as peptidoglycan hydrolases and are commonly associated with amidases. See Bateman and Rawlings (2003)  Trends Biochem. Sci.  5:234-237; and Pritchard et al. (2004)  Microbiology  150:2079-2087. See also the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes Database found at cazy.org. The CAZY database describes the families of structurally related catalytic and carbohydrate-binding modules (or functional domains) of enzymes that degrade, modify, or create glycosidic bonds. Another source for endopeptidases is the database from the website found at merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/clan_index?type=P. 
     Analogous strategies can be used to identify and use other killing domains from muralytic domains, based, e.g., on the killing functions described below. Certain functional killing domains may be identified, and analogous or homologous alternative substitutions may be constructed. 
     C. Cell Membrane 
     Lipases and other functional activities which degrade the lipid bilayer of the prokaryote host can kill the cell. Additional toxic or toxin segments which will kill the target Gram-negative cells might be substituted, as could smaller molecule toxins conjugated to a cargo peptide for translocation into the cell. Preferably activities which act only on prokaryotes and would have no effect on a eukaryote will be highly selective in effect, only acting on the target but having little or no effect on a host organism being infected by a Gram-negative bacteria. 
     I. Bacteriocin Polypeptides 
     A. Bacteriocins 
     Bacteriocins are a diverse family of protein antibiotics produced by bacteria, which are naturally used to kill members of the same or closely related species. Bacteriocins produced by  E. coli , called the colicins, were the first ones to be identified and are well studied and many of them are characterized. Almost all of the colicins characterized so far exhibit a three domain architecture with an N-terminal translocation domain, a receptor binding domain and a C-terminal killing domain. The killing domains are usually either nucleases or membrane damaging pore formers. The bacteriocin producing bacteria is protected from its own action by immunity protein that is produced by the bacteriocin expressing strain and functions by stochiometrically binding to the killing domain and inhibiting its activity. 
     Examples of bacteriocins polypeptides useful in the invention, along with their domain boundaries, are presented in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Domain boundaries of Bacteriocins 
               
               
                 and Chimeric Bacteriocin Constructs 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Bacteriocin 
                   
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 Polypeptide 
                 Domain 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 2 
                 Klebicin CCL 
                 Translocation domain: 1-320 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Receptor binding domain: 322-457 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Killing domain: 475-559 
               
               
                 4 
                 Klebicin B 
                 Translocation domain: 1-490 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Receptor binding domain: 492-631 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Killing domain: 632-765 
               
               
                 6 
                 Klebicin C 
                 Translocation domain: 1-239 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Receptor binding domain: 376-517 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Killing domain: 533-616 
               
               
                 8 
                 Klebicin D 
                 Translocation domain: 1-315 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Receptor binding domain: 467-609 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Killing domain: 626-710 
               
               
                 12 
                 Klebicn CCL 
                 Klebicin CCL: 
               
               
                   
                 TD RD- 
                 Translocation domain: 1-320 
               
               
                   
                 Klebicin B KD 
                 Receptor binding domain: 321-473 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Klebicin B killing domain: 474-615 
               
               
                 14 
                 P623 S5 TD- 
                 S5 translocation domain: 1-150 
               
               
                   
                 RD-Linker- 
                 S5 receptor binding domain: 151-300 
               
               
                   
                 GP36 CD-his 
                 Linker: 301-306 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GP36 CD: 307-521 
               
               
                   
                   
                 XhoI site: 522-523 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6X his: 524-529 
               
               
                 16 
                 P624 S5 TD- 
                 S5 translocation domain: 1-150 
               
               
                   
                 RD-Linker- 
                 S5 receptor binding domain: 151-300 
               
               
                   
                 GP36 CD 
                 Linker: 301-306 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GP36 CD: 307-521 
               
               
                 18 
                 P625 S5 TD- 
                 S5 translocation domain: 1-150 
               
               
                   
                 RD-Linker- 
                 S5 receptor binding domain: 151-300 
               
               
                   
                 Phi29CD 
                 Linker: 301-306 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Phi29 CD: 307-454 
               
               
                 20 
                 P626 S5 TD- 
                 S5 translocation domain: 1-150 
               
               
                   
                 RD-Linker- 
                 S5 receptor binding domain: 151-300 
               
               
                   
                 BP7e 
                 Linker: 301-306 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BP7e: 307-467 
               
               
                 22 
                 P638 S5 Pyocin 
                 S5 translocation domain: 1-150 
               
               
                   
                 with 6X-His tag 
                 S5 receptor binding domain: 151-300 
               
               
                   
                   
                 S5 killing domain: 301-498 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6X his: 499-504 
               
               
                 24 
                 P652 S5 Pyocin 
                 S5 translocation domain: 1-150 
               
               
                   
                 without His tag 
                 S5 receptor binding domain: 151-300 
               
               
                   
                   
                 S5 killing domain: 301-498 
               
               
                 26 
                 Fyu A BD- T4 
                 Translocation domain- 1-25 
               
               
                   
                 lysozyme fusion 
                 Receptor binding domain- 1-67 
               
               
                   
                   
                 T4 lysozyme domain: 168-329 
               
               
                 28 
                 Fyu A BD - 
                 Translocation domain- 1-25 
               
               
                   
                 GP36 fusion 
                 Receptor binding domain- 1-167 
               
               
                   
                   
                 T4 lysozyme domain: 168-383 
               
               
                 30 
                 PelB-FyuA 
                 Pel B: 1 to 22 
               
               
                   
                 receptor 
                 FyuA receptor: 23 to 675 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Klebicins: 
     Bacteriocins produced by  Klebsiella  are called klebicins. Klebicins have similar domain architecture as that of the colicins isolated from  E. coli . Four different types of klebicins were reported and whose DNA sequence was described—Klebicin B, Klebicin C, Klebicin CCL and Klebicin D (Riley et al. (2001) and Chavan et al. (2005)) S-type Pyocins: 
     Soluble or S-type pyocins are protease- and heat-sensitive, chromosome-encoded bacteriocins from  P. aeruginosa  that are able to kill cells from the same species. These antibacterials are secreted a binary protein complexes consisting of large protein that harbors the killing function and a smaller immunity protein that remains tightly bound to the cytotoxic domain of the former. Several types of S-type pyocins have been described and characterized: pyocins S1, S2, AP41, S3, S4 and S5. Pyocin Sa turned out to be identical to pyocin S2. To kill a target cell, a S-type pyocin would first bind to a specific receptor located on the outer membrane of the bacterial cells and it would then be further translocated to exert its inhibitory function. Pesticin: 
     Pesticin from  Yersinia pestis  is a toxin that kills  Y. pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica , and certain  Escherichia coli  strains (Hu and Brubaker (1974)), which is encoded by a 9.5 kb plasmid, pYP (Kol&#39;tsova et al. (1973); Ferber and Brubaker, (1981)). Pesticin exhibits N-acetylglucosaminidase activity (Ferber and Brubaker (1979)). Pesticin can utilize the FyuA receptor that is responsible for the transport of the yersiniae iron chelator, yersiniabactin (Heesemann et al. (1993); Rakin et al. (1994); Fetherston et al. (1995)). The expression of pesticin is thought to be controlled by the SOS system (Hu et al. (1972)), and its transport through the outer membrane and interaction with the cognate FyuA receptor is TonB-dependent (Ferber et al. (1981)). 
     B. Cargo Domain 
     To prepare chimeric constructs of the invention, a bacteriocin-derived receptor-mediated translocation domain is linked to a heterologous cargo domain that provides a desired function (e.g., labelling or killing). For example, a killing segment will comprise a segment, which may be less than the complete “domain” and include variations which retain function but differ from a classically defined “domain”, which will kill the target cell. The domain may be a component of a protein, e.g., of a bacteriocin, which naturally operates to kill the target cell. That domain may be substituted or replaced with another domain which can kill the target cell, which may be a catalytic activity which can kill the cell, or may be some structural feature which functions to block or interfere with normal cell activity to effect killing. Yet another option is for actual toxic chemicals or structures to be conjugated or attached to carrier peptide or other chemical linkages which are operably linked to the receptor-mediated translocation domain. Examples may be toxic conjugates analogous to those used as targeted toxins in chemotherapies, which might be taken up into the target cells and released from the carrier inside the cell, with a stoichiometry which may interfere in many different copies of target enzyme or substrate. Examples of killing segments are provided in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Bacteriocin-derived Killing Segments 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 DNase 
                 Cytoplasm 
                 Pyocin S1, S2, S3, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Klebicin B 
               
               
                 2 
                 rRNase 
                 Cytoplasm 
                 Pyocin S6, Colicin E3, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 E4, E6, Klebicin C, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCL, Cloacin DF13 
               
               
                 3 
                 tRNase 
                 Cytoplasm 
                 Pyocin S4, Colicin E5, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Colicin D, Klebicin D 
               
               
                 4 
                 Pore formation (Cell 
                 Periplasm 
                 Pyocin S5, Colicin 1a 
               
               
                   
                 membrane damage) 
               
               
                 5 
                 Peptidoglycan degradation 
                 Periplasm 
                 Colicin M, Pesticin 
               
               
                   
                 (muraminidase) 
               
               
                 6 
                 Inhibitors of periplasmic 
                 Periplasm 
                 Pyocin PaeM 
               
               
                   
                 enzymes 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Large bacteriocins (&gt;60 kDa) are protein toxins that kill bacteria closely related to the producing organism by targeting either nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, and RNA, tRNA or rRNA) in the cytoplasm or cell membrane components of susceptible bacteria. Genes coding for bacteriocins are located either on plasmids or genomes of the producing organism and could be identified for the whole genome sequence using various bioinformatic tools. Whole genome information available from a database, e.g., the NCBI Genome database, can be mined to identify putative bacteriocins and multiple sequence alignment and sequence identity searches will help in narrowing down on the possible bacteriocins. For example, more than 3000 nuclease bacteriocins were identified using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) from 53 different bacterial species distributed across diverse ecological niches, including human, animals, plants, and the environment (Sharp et al. (2017) Diversity and distribution of nuclease bacteriocins in bacterial genomes revealed using Hidden Markov Models. PLoS Comput Biol 13(7): el005652). In addition to nucleases and pore forming activity, bacteriocins can also be lipases; decouplers of oxidation; activatable mutagens; blockers of transcription/translation; inducers of apoptosis; interference with critical cell functions such as cdc, energy metabolism, cell wall and membrane biogenesis and maintenance, etc. 
     In addition to killing domains derived from bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides derived from a number of sources can be used. Examples are provided in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) for fusion to bacteriocins 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Antimicrobial 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 peptide 
                 Amino acid Sequence 
                 Salient features 
                 Reference 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 WLBU2 
                 RRWVRRVRRWVRRV 
                 de novo design of modular 
                 Deslouches et al. (2005) 
               
               
                   
                 VRVVRRWVRR 
                 cationic amphipathic peptides 
                 Activity of the De Novo 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (CAPs) reported to be active 
                 Engineered Antimicrobial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in human serum 
                 Peptide WLBU2 against 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   Pseudomonas aeruginosa  in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Human Serum and Whole 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Blood: Implications for 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Systemic Applications 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   Antimicrobial Agents and 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   Chemother.  49:3208-3216 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cathelicidin 
                 GLLRKGGEKIGEKLKK 
                 Derived from mouse 
                 Mishra et al. (2015) Evaluation 
               
               
                 related 
                 IGQKIKNFFQKLVPQPE 
                 analogue of cathlelicidin 
                 of the antibacterial and 
               
               
                 antimicrobial 
                 Q 
                 antimicrobial peptide (CAP) 
                 antibiofilm activities of novel 
               
               
                 peptide 
                   
                   
                 CRAMP-vancomycin 
               
               
                 (CRAMP) 
                   
                   
                 conjugates with diverse linkers 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   Org. Biomol. Chem. 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 13(27):7477-86 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sushi 
                 HAEHKVKIGVEQKYG 
                 Corresponds to residues 268 
                 Li et al. (2004) Perturbation of 
               
               
                   
                 QFPQGTEVTYTCSGNY 
                 to 301 of the factor C Sushi 3 
                 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 
               
               
                   
                 FLM 
                 domain designated S3 
                 Micelles By Sushi 3 (S3) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Antimicrobial Peptide  J. Biol.   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   Chem.  279:50150-50156. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RI18 
                 RKKTRKRLKKIGKVLK 
                 Derived from Porcine 
                 Lyu et al. (2016) Antimicrobial 
               
               
                   
                 WI 
                 myeloid antimicrobial 
                 activity, improved cell 
               
               
                   
                   
                 peptide-36 (PMAP-36) 
                 selectivity and mode of action 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 of short PMAP-36-derived 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 peptides against bacteria and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   Candida  Scientific Reports, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 article number: 27258 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cecropin-bee 
                 KWKLFKKIGIGAVLKV 
                 Resistant to salt up to 300 
                 Friedrich et al. (1999) Salt- 
               
               
                 melittin hybrid 
                 LTTGLPALIS 
                 mM 
                 Resistant Alpha-Helical 
               
               
                 peptide 
                   
                   
                 Cationic Antimicrobial 
               
               
                 (CEME) 
                   
                   
                 Peptides  Antimicrobial Agents   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   and Chemotherapy  43:1542-1548 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Synthetic 
                 GRRRRSVQWCA 
                 Corresponds to the N- 
                 Brouwer et al. (2011) 
               
               
                 peptide hLF1- 
                   
                 terminal eleven residues of 
                 Discovery and development of 
               
               
                 11 
                   
                 human lactoferrin 
                 a synthetic peptide derived 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 from lactoferrin for clinical use 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   Peptides  32:1953-1963. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Magainin 
                 GIGKFLHSAKKFGKAF 
                 Isolated from  Xenopus  skin, 
                 Matsuzaki et al. (1997) 
               
               
                   
                 VGEIMNS 
                 have broad spectra of 
                 Interactions of an Antimicrobial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 antimicrobial activity and 
                 Peptide, Magainin 2, With 
               
               
                   
                   
                 low toxicities to normal 
                 Outer and Inner Membranes of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 eukaryotic cells 
                 Gram-Negative Bacteria 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   Biochim. Biophys. Acta 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1327:119-130 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Omiganan 
                 ILRWPWWPWRRK 
                 Isolated from the cytoplasmic 
                 Sader et al. (2004) Omiganan 
               
               
                   
                   
                 granules of bovine 
                 Pentahydrochloride (Mbi 226), 
               
               
                   
                   
                 neutrophils 
                 A Topical 12-Amino-Acid 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Cationic Peptide: Spectrum of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Antimicrobial Activity and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Measurements of Bactericidal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Activity  Antimicrob Agents   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   Chemother.  48(8):3112 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Arenicin-3 
                 GFCWYVCYRNGVRVC 
                 Isolated from the lugworm 
                 Andra et al. (2008) Structure 
               
               
                   
                 YRRCN 
                   Arenicola marina.  Exhibit 
                 and Mode of Action of the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 potent, rapid antimicrobial 
                 Antimicrobial Peptide Arenicin 
               
               
                   
                   
                 activity in vitro against a 
                   Biochem J.  410(1):113-22 
               
               
                   
                   
                 broad range of multi-resistant 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 pathogenic Gram-negative 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 bacteria 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LBP peptide 
                 SDSSIRVQGRWKVRAS 
                 Corresponds to the N 
                 Taylor et al. (1995) 
               
               
                   
                 FFKLQGSFDVSVKG 
                 terminal region of 
                 Lipopolysaccharides 
               
               
                   
                   
                 lipopolysaccharide binding 
                 Neutralizing Peptides Reveal a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 protein (LBP) that has high 
                 Lipid A Binding Site of LPS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 affinity to 
                 Binding Protein  J. Biol. Chem.   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 
                 270:17934-17938 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Protamine 
                 PRRRRSSSRPVRRRRRP 
                 A polycationic peptide found 
                 Aspedon et al. (1996) The 
               
               
                   
                 RVSRRRRRRGGRRRR 
                 in the nuclei of sperm of 
                 Antibacterial Action of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 different animal species 
                 Protamine: Evidence for 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Disruption of Cytoplasmic 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Membrane Energization in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   Salmonella Typhimurium 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   Microbiology  142:3389-3397 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Apidaecins 
                 GNNRPVYIPQPRPPHPR 
                 Proline-rich AMPs 
                 Czihal et al. (2009) Mapping of 
               
               
                   
                 L 
                 expressed in insects as part of 
                 Apidaecin Regions Relevant for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the innate immune system. 
                 Antimicrobial Activity and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 They are very active against 
                 Bacterial Internalization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Gram-negative bacteria, 
                 
                   Internatl J. Peptide Res. And 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
                 especially Enterobactericeae 
                   Therapeutics  15(2):57-164 
               
               
                   
                   
                 members 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sheep myeloid 
                 RGLRRLGRKIAHGVKK 
                 α-helical cathelicidin derived 
                 Skerlavaj et al. (1999) Smap- 
               
               
                 antimicrobial 
                 YGPTVLRIIRIAG 
                 peptide deduced from sheep 
                 29: A Potent Antibacterial and 
               
               
                 peptide 
                   
                 myeloid mRNA 
                 Antifungal Peptide from Sheep 
               
               
                 (SMAP29) 
                   
                   
                 Leukocytes  FEBS Letters   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 463:58-62 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sheep myeloid 
                 RGLRRLGRKIAHGVKK 
                 Synthetic α-helical 
                 Jacob B et.al. (2016) The 
               
               
                 antimicrobial 
                 YG 
                 cathelicidin derived peptide 
                 stereochemical effect of 
               
               
                 peptide -18 
                   
                 deduced from sheep myeloid 
                 SMAP-29 and SMAP-18 on 
               
               
                 (SMAP18) 
                   
                 mRNA 
                 bacterial selectivity, membrane 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 interaction and 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 anti-inflammatory activity. 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   Amino acids  DOI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10.1007/s00726-016-2170-y 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     C. Linkers, Other Components; Immunity Proteins 
     Many of the chimeric constructs of the invention will have linkers which attach the different components as a single polypeptide. Alternatively, the construct may comprise multiple polypeptides, often synthesized as a single polypeptide but may be cleaved and maintain structural integrity by secondary or tertiary structure. 
     Rates of transfer across the outer membrane can be measured by a number of methods. One method is to indirectly evaluate the results of transfer, e.g., the effects of a killing segment reaching its periplasmic substrate. The criteria of measurement can be release of measureable cell contents, substrate release, or cell lysis. Cell killing can also be a measure of peptidoglycan digestion. 
     A more direct method is to track the number of molecules transferred into the periplasmic space, e.g., using a detectable label. The efficiency of transfer of a particular transfer segment will often be evaluated by measuring an amount of passenger segment transferred. A detectable label can be used to differentiate between the periplasmic space conditions (more oxidizing than outside the OM) and the extracellular environment. See Rajarao et al. (2002) FEMS Microbiology Letters 215:267-272. 
     An efficient receptor-mediated translocation segment will effect at least a 3 fold increase in the level of killing of target host by the killing segment, or at least a 3-fold increase in the level of transfer, as compared to absence of the membrane transfer segment. In some embodiments, the receptor-mediated translocation segment will increase the level of killing or transfer by at least about 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 80, 100, 150, 250 or more fold compared to the absence of the membrane transfer segment. The assay is typically carried out under conditions which approximate the concentrations which might be used according to the application. The assay will typically measure transfer over a time period ranging from minutes, e.g., about 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 30 minutes, to an hour or two. 
     II. Definitions 
     “Receptor Mediated Translocation Domain” (RMTD) is the domain, typically derived from a bacteriocin or related protein, which functions to provide receptor specific translocation of the bacteriocins and chimeric constructs of the invention across the Gram-negative Outer Membrane. Generally domain structure considers secondary or tertiary protein structure in setting boundaries. The identified segments have been described above. Various forms of mutagenesis or means to test variability in the necessary matching of sequence can be empirically tested. Generally, the RMTD will exhibit at least about 60% matching when optimally aligned to a natural sequence, but will preferably have greater matching, e.g., about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, preferably 85%, 90%, 95%, or more over the region of alignment. Segments will typically be regions exhibiting particularly higher matching rates than over the entire domain, over regions which may be generally at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, preferably 80%, 85%, 90% or more of the length. The segment matching will be a selected higher matching number over a shorter segment of alignment. 
     In some embodiments, the receptor-mediated translocation domain (RMTD) can comprise two distinct segments. The first is a “Receptor Binding Segment” (RBS), typically derived from a bacteriocin or related protein, which confers selectivity or specificity of interaction of the chimeric construct with a cognate receptor. This interaction is important in the initial interaction between the construct and the target, and generally provides selectivity, which then allows the temporal steps of the translocation process to take place. The RBS will likely be testable for maintaining function as the sequence of the domain is modified, e.g., with substitutions or modification, to evade claim scope. The matching to natural sequence will typically be at least about, e.g., 65% of the natural, about 70%, 75%, 80%, preferably about 85%, 90%, 95%, or more over the region of alignment. Receptor Binding Segments will be regions of particularly high matching over shorter segments. The length of alignment may be generally at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, preferably 80%, 85%, 90% or more of the length of the domain, with any combination of the matching measures. The second segment is a “translocation segment,” (TS) also referred to as a TMD (transmembrane domain), translocating domain, transfer segment, and like terms, which can affect transfer of an operably linked cargo domain across the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. Such a domain may itself have the ability to translocate the associated segment across the membrane, or be recognized by an endogenous translocation system which will effect transport of the linked catalytic segment. The chimeric polypeptide can be transferred intact across the membrane, or be modified during translocation. The membrane transfer domain can itself further have the ability to compromise the inner membrane, thereby killing by this additional mechanism. 
     “Cargo Domain” will typically be a functional protein domain which will be translocated when operably linked to the RMTD. The “cargo” descriptor emphasizes that the domain, or segment, may be passive or active. In certain embodiments, the segment may have function, e.g., a killing domain or segment, which effects killing of the target cell upon translocation. The killing may be catalytic, e.g., enzymatic, as a nuclease, protease, muralytic enzyme, metabolic disruptor, structural disassembler, or any of many active functions which can effect toxicity or killing, whether directly or indirectly. The segment or domain may be passive, e.g., as a labelling segment, like GFP or carrier of various chemically attached entities. Thus, the cargo domain may be a polypeptide used as a carrier for toxic conjugates which are chemically transported to the cell compartment, and there released, which may act in a stoichiometric manner. Chemical attachment of antibiotics, antimicrobials, or the like may be delivered into the appropriate cell compartment by the translocation process and released at the appropriate site within the target cell. 
     “Operably linked” refers to functional linkage of elements. Thus two elements are opearably linked if the function of the first segment (e.g., translocation domain) operates to translocate a cargo domain, e.g., a muralytic or other functional (killing) segment or domain. 
     A “killing activity” may include an enzymatic activity that kills or decreases the viability or growth rate of the target bacteria. 
     An “environment” of a bacterium can include an in vitro or an in vivo environment. In vitro environments can include a reaction vessel, e.g., holding isolated or purified bacteria, a surface to be sterilized (e.g., in a public health facility), equipment, surfaces in animal quarters, or public health facilities such as water, septic, or sewer facilities. Other in vitro conditions can provide mixed species populations, e.g., including a number of symbiotically or interacting species in close proximity. An in vivo environment can be a host organism infected by a target bacterium. In vivo environments include organs, such as bladder, kidney, lung, skin, heart and blood vessels, stomach, fur, intestine, liver, brain or spinal cord, sensory organs, such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue, pancreas, spleen, thyroid, etc. In vivo environments include tissues, such as gums, nervous tissue, lymph tissue, glandular tissue, and biological fluids, e.g., blood, sputum, etc. Catheter, tubing, implant, and monitoring or treatment devices which are introduced into or attached to the body may be sources of infection under normal usage. Environments also include the surface of food, e.g., fish, meat, or plant materials. Meats include, e.g., beef, pork, chicken, turkey or other poultry. Plant materials include vegetable, fruits, or juices made from fruits and/or vegetables, or may include clothing or shelter. In some embodiments, surfaces that have come in contact with a bacterially-infected food product are treated with a protein of the invention, including a VAME construct or chimera. 
     “Introducing” a composition to an environment includes applying or administering a compound or composition, and such that a targeted bacteria is exposed to the compound or composition. Introducing said compound or composition can be effected by live or dead bacteria which may produce or release such. 
     A “cell wall degrading protein” is a protein that has detectable, e.g., substantial, degrading activity on an accessible cell wall or components thereof. “Muralytic” activity can be a result of the degrading activity. Cell wall degrading domains can be derived, e.g., from the tail plates of myoviridae phage or ends of tails from siphoviridae phage, and other phage virion muralytic polypeptides. 
     “GMP conditions” refers to good manufacturing practices, e.g., as defined by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States Government. Analogous practices and regulations exist in Europe, Japan, and most developed countries. 
     The term “substantially” in the above definitions of “substantially pure” generally means at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or more preferably at least about 90%, and still more preferably at least about 92%, 95%, 97%, or 99% pure, whether protein, nucleic acid, or other structural or other class of molecules. 
     The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analog refers to a compound that has the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, e.g., an a carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain a basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acid mimetic refers to a chemical compound that has a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid. 
     “Protein”, “polypeptide”, or “peptide” refers to a polymer in which most or all of the monomers are amino acids and are joined together through amide bonds, alternatively referred to as a polypeptide. When the amino acids are α-amino acids, either the  L -optical isomer or the  D -optical isomer can be used. Additionally, unnatural amino acids, e.g., β-alanine, phenylglycine, and homoarginine, are also included. Amino acids that are not gene-encoded may also be used in the present invention. Furthermore, amino acids that have been modified to include appropriate structure or reactive groups may also be used in the invention. The amino acids used in the present invention may be the  D - or  L -isomer, or mixtures thereof. The  L -isomers are generally preferred. In addition, other peptidomimetics are also useful in the present invention. For a general review, see, Spatola, A. F., in Weinstein et al. (eds. 1983) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 267. 
     The term “recombinant” when used with reference to a cell indicates that the cell replicates a heterologous nucleic acid, or expresses a peptide or protein encoded by a heterologous nucleic acid. Recombinant cells can contain genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell. Recombinant cells can also contain genes found in the native form of the cell wherein the genes are modified and re-introduced into the cell by artificial means. The term also encompasses cells that contain a nucleic acid endogenous to the cell that has been modified without removing the nucleic acid from the cell; such modifications include those obtained by gene replacement, site-specific mutation, and related techniques. In particular, fusions of sequence may be generated, e.g., incorporating an upstream secretion cassette upstream of desired sequence to generate secreted protein product. 
     A “fusion protein,” “chimeric protein,” “protein conjugate,” and like terms refer to a protein comprising amino acid sequences that are in addition to, in place of, less than, and/or different from the amino acid sequences encoding the original or native full-length protein or subsequences thereof. More than one additional domain can be added to a cell wall muralytic protein as described herein, e.g., an epitope tag or purification tag, or multiple epitope tags or purification tags. Additional domains may be attached, e.g., which may add additional killing activities (on the target or associated organisms of a mixed colony or biofilm), targeting functions, or which affect physiological processes, e.g., vascular permeability or integrity of biofilm. Alternatively, domains may be associated to result in physical affinity between different polypeptides to generate multichain polymer complexes. 
     The term “nucleic acid” refers to a deoxyribonucleotide, ribonucleotide, or mixed polymer in single- or double-stranded form, and, unless otherwise limited, encompasses known analogues of natural nucleotides that hybridize to nucleic acids in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated or by context, a particular nucleic acid sequence includes the complementary sequence thereof. 
     A “recombinant expression cassette” or simply an “expression cassette” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, with nucleic acid elements that are capable of affecting expression of a structural gene in hosts compatible with such sequences. Expression cassettes typically include at least promoters and/or transcription termination signals. Typically, the recombinant expression cassette includes a nucleic acid to be transcribed (e.g., a nucleic acid encoding a desired polypeptide), and a promoter. Additional factors for effecting expression can be included. In certain embodiments, an expression cassette can also include nucleotide sequences that encode a signal sequence that directs secretion of an expressed protein from the host cell. Transcription termination signals, enhancers, and other nucleic acid sequences that influence gene expression, can also be included in an expression cassette. In certain embodiments, a recombinant expression cassette encoding an amino acid sequence comprising a muralytic activity on a cell wall is expressed in a bacterial host cell. 
     A “heterologous sequence” or a “heterologous nucleic acid”, as used herein, is one that originates from a source foreign to the particular host cell, or, if from the same source, is modified from its original form. Modification of the heterologous sequence may occur, e.g., by treating the DNA with a restriction enzyme to generate a DNA fragment that is capable of being operably linked to the promoter. Techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis are also useful for modifying a heterologous sequence. 
     The term “isolated” refers to material that is substantially or essentially free from components which interfere with the activity of an enzyme. For a saccharide, protein, or nucleic acid of the invention, the term “isolated” refers to material that is substantially or essentially free from components which normally accompany the material as found in its native state. Typically, an isolated saccharide, protein, or nucleic acid of the invention is at least about 80% pure, usually at least about 90%, or at least about 95% pure as measured by band intensity on a silver stained gel or other method for determining purity. Purity or homogeneity can be indicated by a number of means well known in the art. For example, a protein or nucleic acid in a sample can be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and then the protein or nucleic acid can be visualized by staining. For certain purposes high resolution of the protein or nucleic acid may be desirable and, e.g., HPLC or mass spectroscopy or a similar means for purification may be utilized. 
     The terms “identical” or percent “identity,” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or protein sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection. In certain alignments of identity, no gaps are permitted, while in other algorithms, gaps are allowed with appropriate penalty measures. 
     The phrase “substantially identical,” in the context of two nucleic acids or proteins, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that have, over the appropriate segment, at least greater than about 60% nucleic acid or amino acid sequence identity, about 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, preferably about 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection. Preferably, the substantial identity exists over one or more region of the sequences that corresponds to at least about 13, 15, 17, 23, 27, 31, 35, 40, 50, or more amino acid residues in length, more preferably over a region of at least about 60, 70, 80, or 100 residues, and most preferably the sequences are substantially identical over at least about 150 residues, or over the entire length of the reference sequence. 
     For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters. 
     Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Nat&#39;l. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444, by computerized implementations of these and related algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection (see generally, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. (1995 and Supplements) (Ausubel)). 
     Examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 and Altschuel et al. (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402, respectively. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) or similar sources. 
     A further indication that two nucleic acid sequences or proteins are substantially identical is that the protein encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with the protein encoded by the second nucleic acid, as described below. Thus, a protein is typically substantially identical to a second protein, for example, where the two peptides differ only by conservative substitutions. Another indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions, as described below. 
     The phrases “specifically binds to a protein” or “specifically immunoreactive with”, when referring to an antibody refers to a binding reaction which is determinative of the presence of the protein in the presence of a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologies. Thus, under designated immunoassay conditions, the specified antibodies bind preferentially to a particular protein and do not bind in a significant amount to other proteins present in the sample. Specific binding to a protein under such conditions requires an antibody that is selected for its specificity for a particular protein. A variety of immunoassay formats may be used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein. For example, solid-phase ELISA immunoassays are routinely used to select monoclonal antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein. See Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York, for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity. 
     “Conservatively modified variations” of a particular polynucleotide sequence refers to those polynucleotides that encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the polynucleotide does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a large number of functionally identical nucleic acids encode any given protein. Lor instance, the codons CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG all encode the amino acid arginine. Thus, at each position where an arginine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to another of the corresponding codons described without altering the encoded protein. Such nucleic acid variations are “silent variations,” which are one species of “conservatively modified variations.” Each polynucleotide sequence described herein which encodes a protein also describes possible silent variations, except where otherwise noted. One of skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except AUG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine, and UGG which is ordinarily the only codon for tryptophan) can be modified to yield a functionally identical molecule by standard techniques. Accordingly, each “silent variation” of a nucleic acid which encodes a protein is typically implicit in each described sequence. 
     Those of skill recognize that many amino acids can be substituted for one another in a protein without affecting the function of the protein, e.g., a conservative substitution can be the basis of a conservatively modified variant of a protein such as the disclosed cell wall muralytic proteins. An incomplete list of conservative amino acid substitutions follows. The following eight groups each contain amino acids that are normally conservative substitutions for one another: 1) Alanine (A), Glycine (G); 2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E); 3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q); 4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K); 5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V), Alanine (A); 6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W); 7) Serine (S), Threonine (T), Cysteine (C); and 8) Cysteine (C), Methionine (M) (see, e.g., Creighton (1984) Proteins). 
     Furthermore, one of skill will recognize that individual substitutions, deletions, or additions which alter, add, or delete a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids (typically less than 5%, more typically less than 1%) in an encoded sequence are effectively “conservatively modified variations” where the alterations result in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. 
     One of skill will appreciate that many conservative variations of proteins, e.g., killing segments or cell wall muralytic proteins, and nucleic acids which encode proteins yield essentially identical products. For example, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, “silent substitutions” (e.g., substitutions of a nucleic acid sequence which do not result in an alteration in an encoded protein) are an implied feature of each nucleic acid sequence which encodes an amino acid. As described herein, sequences are preferably optimized for expression in a particular host cell used to produce the killing segment, e.g., cell wall muralytic proteins (e.g., yeast, human, and the like). Similarly, “conservative amino acid substitutions,” in one or a few amino acids in an amino acid sequence are substituted with different amino acids with highly similar properties, are also readily identified as being highly similar to a particular amino acid sequence, or to a particular nucleic acid sequence which encodes an amino acid. Such conservatively substituted variations of any particular sequence are a feature of the present invention. See also, Creighton (1984) Proteins, W.H. Freeman and Company. In addition, individual substitutions, deletions or additions which alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids in an encoded sequence generally are also “conservatively modified variations”. 
     The practice of this invention can involve the construction of recombinant nucleic acids and the expression of genes in host cells, preferably bacterial host cells. Optimized codon usage for a specific host will often be applicable. Molecular cloning techniques to achieve these ends are known in the art. A wide variety of cloning and in vitro amplification methods suitable for the construction of recombinant nucleic acids such as expression vectors are well known to persons of skill. Examples of these techniques and instructions sufficient to direct persons of skill through many cloning exercises are found in Berger and Kimmel, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Methods in Enzymology volume 152 Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. (Berger); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., (1999 Supplement) (Ausubel). Suitable host cells for expression of the recombinant polypeptides are known to those of skill in the art, and include, for example, prokaryotic cells, such as  E. coli , and eukaryotic cells including insect (baculovirus), mammalian (CHO cells), fungal cells (e.g., yeast,  Pichia, Aspergillus niger ), and bacteriophage expression systems. 
     Examples of protocols sufficient to direct persons of skill through in vitro amplification methods, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the ligase chain reaction (LCR), QP-replicase amplification and other RNA polymerase mediated techniques are found in Berger, Sambrook, and Ausubel, as well as Mullis et al. (1987) U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; PCR Protocols A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis et al. eds) Academic Press Inc. San Diego, Calif. (1990) (Innis); Arnheim &amp; Levinson (Oct. 1, 1990) C&amp;EN 36-47; The Journal Of NIH Research (1991) 3:81-94; (Kwoh et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 1173; Guatelli et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1874; Lomell et al. (1989) J. Clin. Chem. 35:1826; Landegren et al. (1988) Science 241:1077-1080; Van Brunt (1990) Biotechnology 8:291-294; Wu and Wallace (1989) Gene 4: 560; and Barringer et al. (1990) Gene 89: 117. Improved methods of cloning in vitro amplified nucleic acids are described in Wallace et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,426,039. 
     III. Commercial Applications 
     Various applications of the bacteriocin polypeptides described herein can be immediately recognized. The proteins can be used for antibacterial treatment of articles which may be contaminated in normal use. Locations, surfaces, equipment, or environments where target bacteria are public health hazards can be treated using the bacteriocin polypeptides described herein. Locations of interest include public health facilities where target bacteria containing materials exist. These materials may include waste products, e.g., liquid, solid, or air. Aqueous waste treatment plants may incorporate the described chimeric bacteriocin constructs to eliminate target bacteria from effluent, whether by treatment with the chimeric bacteriocin constructs or cells that express and release these polypeptides. Solid waste sites can introduce these polypeptides to minimize possibility of target host outbreaks. 
     Food preparation areas and equipment can be regularly treated using the described bacteriocin compositions, thereby providing means to effectively eliminate target bacteria. Medical and other public environments subject to contamination can use similar means to minimize growth and spread of target microorganisms. The present methods can be used in contexts where elimination of target bacteria is desired, including air filtration systems, e.g., for an intensive care unit. 
     The described bacteriocin polypeptides can be used as a protein stabilizer or a preservative, i.e., where the target bacteria are destabilizing agents. Such compositions can be used as part of the formulation for drugs, or preservative for meat or other food products. In some embodiments, these chimeric bacteriocin constructs can be used in aquatic food products, e.g., as a stabilizer or as a component of preservative formulations. Such applications are particularly useful for materials that must be kept antiseptic but cannot contain classical antibiotics. 
     Alternative applications include use in a veterinary or medical context. Means to determine the presence of particular bacteria, or to identify specific targets may utilize the effect of selective agents on the population or culture. Inclusion of bacteriostatic activities to cleaning agents, including washing of animals and pets, may be desired. 
     The bacteriocin polypeptides described herein can be used to treat bacterial infections of, e.g., humans, mammals, animals, and plants. These polypeptides can be administered to a subject prophylacticly or where the subject has a bacterial infection. In addition, the present methods can be applied to display (e.g., zoo or performing), companion (e.g., dogs, cats, other pets), racing (e.g., horses), or farm (e.g., dairy and beef cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, chicken, fish, shrimp, lobster, and the like) animals where the composition is applied to reduce the presence of bacteria. These chimeric bacteriocin constructs can be used to treat infections caused by bacteria that replicate slowly, as the killing mechanism does not depend upon host cell replication. Many current antibacterial agents, e.g., antibiotics, are most useful against replicating bacteria. For example, these bacteriocin polypeptides can be used to target bacteria that replicate with doubling times of about, e.g., 1-72 hours, 1-48 hours, 1-24 hours, 1-12 hours, 1-6 hours, 1-3 hours, or 1-2 hours. 
     Medically relevant Gram-negative cocci species include  Neisseria gonorrhoeae  and spirochaetes (causing a sexually transmitted disease);  Neisseria meningitides  (causing meningitis); and  Moraxella catarrhalis  (causing respiratory symptoms). Relevant Gram-negative bacilli species include Hemophilus  influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Burkholderia , and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  (respiratory problems);  Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae , and  Serratia marcescens  (urinary problems), and  Helicobacter pylori. Salmonella enteritidis. Salmonella typhi  (gastrointestinal problems), and spirochaetes (sexually transmitted disease). Gram-negative bacteria associated with nosocomial infections include  Acinetobacter baumannii , which cause bacteremia, secondary meningitis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia, e.g., in intensive-care units of hospital establishments. 
     Other relevant that can be targeted using the presently described bacteriocin polypeptides include Gram-negative species include  Stenotrophomonas, Bdellovibrio , acetic acid bacteria, and alpha-proteobacteria such as  Wolbachia , the cyanobacteria, spirochaetes, green sulfur and green non-sulfur bacteria. 
     Gram-variable organisms, which may have an outer membrane under certain conditions (display a Gram-variable pattern with Gram staining), can also be targeted using the present bacteriocin polypeptides. Gram-variable bacteria include e.g., the genera  Actinomyces, Arthobacter, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium , and  Propionibacterium , which have cell walls particularly sensitive to breakage during cell division, and display Gram-negative staining. In cultures of  Bacillus, Butyrivibrio , and  Clostridium , a decrease in peptidoglycan thickness during growth coincides with an increase in the number of cells that stain Gram-negative. In addition, the age of the bacterial culture can influence the results of the Gram stain. 
     IV. Administration 
     The route of administration and dosage of these bacteriocin polypeptides chimeric bacteriocin constructs described herein vary with the infecting bacteria strain(s), the site and extent of infection (e.g., local or systemic), and the subject being treated. The routes of administration include but are not limited to: oral, aerosol or other device for delivery to the lungs, nasal spray, intravenous (IV), intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraocular, vaginal, rectal, topical, lumbar puncture, intrathecal, and direct application to the brain and/or meninges. Excipients which can be used as a vehicle for the delivery of the therapeutic will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the muralytic polypeptide can be in lyophilized form and dissolved (resuspended) prior to administration (e.g., by IV injection). The dosage is contemplated to be in the range of about 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000, 3000, 10000 or more chimeric bacteriocin construct molecules per bacterium in the host infection. Depending upon the size of the protein, which may itself be tandemly associated, or in multiple subunit form (dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer, etc.) or in combination with one or more other entities, e.g., enzymes or fragments of different specificity, the dose may be about 1 million to about 10 trillion/per kg/per day, and preferably about 1 trillion/per kg/per day, and may be from about 10 6  killing units/kg/day to about 10 13  killing units/kg/day. 
     Methods to evaluate killing capacity may be similar to methods used by those of skill to evaluate intact replicating phage, e.g., plaque forming units or pfu, though killing units may be better evaluated by determining the number of surviving bacteria after titration of the killing units. Quantification of killing is distinct, since non-replicating phage will not form plaques on bacterial host lawns. Thus, serial dilution methods can be used to evaluate the quantity of “killing” units in place of standard pfu. Serial dilutions of bacterial cultures exposed to the killing compositions can be used to quantify killing units. Total bacterial counts can be compared with viable colony units can establish the viable fraction of bacteria and what fraction was susceptible to the killing constructs. Other means for evaluating stasis activity may include release of intracellular contents, whether natural or loaded, or enzymatic activity on defined or prepared substrates which correspond to natural cell wall structures. 
     The therapeutic(s) are typically administered until successful elimination of the pathogenic bacteria is achieved. The invention contemplates single dosage forms, as well as multiple dosage forms of the compositions of the invention, as well as methods for accomplishing sustained release means for delivery of such single and multi-dosages forms. Broad spectrum formulations can be used while specific diagnosis of the infecting strain is determined. 
     With respect to the aerosol administration to the lungs or other mucosal surfaces, the therapeutic composition is incorporated into an aerosol formulation specifically designed for administration. Many such aerosols are known in the art, and the present invention is not limited to any particular formulation. An example of such an aerosol is the Proventil™ inhaler manufactured by Schering-Plough, the propellant of which contains trichloromonofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, and oleic acid. Other embodiments include inhalers that are designed for administration to nasal and sinus passages of a subject or patient. The concentrations of the propellant ingredients and emulsifiers are adjusted if necessary based on the specific composition being used in the treatment. The number of enzyme killing units to be administered per aerosol treatment will typically be in the range of about 10 6  to 10 13  killing units, e.g., about 10 12  killing units. 
     Typically, the killing will decrease the host replication capacity by at least about 3 fold, e.g., 10, 30, 100, 300, etc., to many orders of magnitude. Slowing the rate of host replication without killing can also have significant therapeutic or commercial value. Genetic inactivation efficiencies may be about 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more log units. 
     V. Formulations 
     The invention further contemplates pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one bacteriocin polypeptide of the invention provided in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The formulations and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention thus contemplate formulations comprising an isolated bacteriocin polypeptide specific for a bacterial host; a mixture of two, three, five, ten, or twenty or more enzymes that affect the same or typical bacterial host; and a mixture of two, three, five, ten, or twenty or more enzymes that affect different bacterial hosts or different strains of the same bacterial host, e.g., a cocktail mixture of bacteriocin polypeptides that collectively inhibit the growth of multiple Gram-negative bacterial species. In this manner, the compositions of the invention can be tailored to the needs of the patient. The compounds or compositions can be sterile or near sterile. 
     A “therapeutically effective dose” is a dose that produces the effects, bacteriostatic (reducing bacterial growth) or bactericidal (killing bacteria), for which it is administered. The exact dose will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques. See, e.g., Ansel et al.,  Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery ; Lieberman (1992)  Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms  (vols. 1-3), Dekker; Lloyd (1999)  The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding ; and Pickar (1999)  Dosage Calculations . As is known in the art, adjustments for protein degradation, systemic versus localized delivery, as well as the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, drug interaction, and the severity of the condition may be necessary, and will be ascertainable by those skilled in the art. 
     Various pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are well known in the art. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes a material which, when combined with an active ingredient of a composition, allows the ingredient to retain biological activity and without causing disruptive reactions with the subject&#39;s immune system. Such excipients include stabilizers, preservatives, salt or sugar complexes or crystals, and the like. 
     Exemplary pharmaceutically carriers include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples include, but are not limited to, standard pharmaceutical excipients such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions such as oil/water emulsion, and various types of wetting agents. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer&#39;s dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer&#39;s or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer&#39;s dextrose), and the like. In other embodiments, the compositions will be incorporated into solid matrix, including slow release particles, glass beads, bandages, inserts on the eye, and topical forms. 
     Further included are formulations for liposomal delivery, and formulations comprising microencapsulated enzymes, including sugar crystals. Compositions comprising such excipients are formulated by well known conventional methods (see, e.g.,  Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chapter 43, 14th Ed., Mack Publishing Col). The proteins may be subjected to PEGylation to achieve advantages often deriving therefrom. See, e.g., Jevsevar et al. (2010)  Biotechnol. J.  5:113-128; Brocchini et al. (2008)  Adv. Drug Delivery Revs.  60:3-12; Jain and Jain (2008)  Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst.  25:403-47, PMID: 190626331; and Shaunak et al. (2006)  Nature Chemical Biology  2:312-313. Alternatives exist for achieving similar stabilizing results. See, e.g., Schellenberger et al. (2009)  Nature Biotechnology  27:1186-1192. 
     In general, pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in various forms, such as granules, tablets, pills, capsules (e.g., adapted for oral delivery), suppositories, microbeads, microspheres, liposomes, suspensions, salves, lotions and the like. Pharmaceutical grade organic or inorganic carriers and/or diluents suitable for oral and topical use can be used to make up compositions comprising the therapeutically-active compounds. Diluents known to the art include aqueous media, vegetable and animal oils and fats. Formulations may incorporate stabilizing agents, wetting and emulsifying agents, salts for varying the osmotic pressure or buffers for securing an adequate pH value. 
     The pharmaceutical composition can comprise other components in addition to the bacteriocin polypeptide, e.g., more than one active ingredient, e.g., two or more, three or more, five or more, or ten or more different enzymes, where the different enzymes may be specific for the same, different, or accompanying bacteria. For example, the pharmaceutical composition can contain multiple (e.g., at least two or more) defined killing activities, wherein at least two of them in the composition have different bacterial host specificity or different specificity. In this manner, the therapeutic composition can be adapted for treating a mixed infection of different bacteria, or may be a composition selected to be effective against various types of infections found commonly in a particular institutional environment. A select combination may result, e.g., by selecting different groups of killing entities derived from various sources of differing specificity so as to target multiple strains present, or potentially present in the infection. As noted above, the killing activity can be administered in conjunction with other agents, such as a conventional antimicrobial agent or a reagent which provides for efficacy against biofilm or capsule forming cultures. Various materials are described, e.g., in Davies and Marques (2009) J. Bacteriology 191:393-403; Kimura and Itoh (2002) Appl. and Env. Microbiology 69:2491-2497; Kim and Geider (2000) Phytopathology 90:1263-1268; Hughes et al. (1998) J. Appl. Microbiology 85:583-590; and Bartell and Orr (1969) J. Virology 4:580-584. In some embodiments, an additive (e.g., fatty acid) or biofilm depolymerase may be added as an additional domain to the chimeric construct, as an additional component in a formulation, or administered in combination, simultaneously or sequentially, with the described bacteriocin killing activity. Combinations may improve or complement the killing activity selected. 
     VI. Methodology 
     Some aspects of practicing the present invention involve well-known methods general clinical microbiology, general methods for handling bacteriophage, and general fundamentals of biotechnology, principles and methods. References for such methods are listed below. 
     A. General Clinical Microbiology 
     General microbiology is the study of the microorganisms. See, e.g., Sonenshein et al. (ed. 2002)  Bacillus Subtilis and Its Closest Relatives: From Genes to Cells Amer. Soc . Microbiol.; Alexander and Strete (2001)  Microbiology: A Photographic Atlas for the Laboratory  Benjamin/Cummings; Cann (2001)  Principles of Molecular Virology  (3d ed.); Garrity (ed. 2005)  Bergey&#39;s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology  (2 vol. 2d ed.) Plenum; Salyers and Whitt (2001)  Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach  (2d ed.) Amer. Soc. Microbiol.; Tierno (2001)  The Secret Life of Germs: Observations and Lessons from a Microbe Hunter  Pocket Star; Block (ed. 2000)  Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation  (5th ed.) Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins Publ.; Cullimore (2000)  Practical Atlas for Bacterial Identification  Lewis Pub.; Madigan et al. (2000)  Brock Biology of Microorganisms  (9th ed.) Prentice Hall; Maier et al. (eds. 2000)  Environmental Microbiology  Academic Pr.; Tortora et al. (2000)  Microbiology: An Introduction  including Microbiology Place™ Website, Student Tutorial CD-ROM, and Bacteria ID CD-ROM (7th ed.), Benjamin/Cummings; Demain et al. (eds. 1999)  Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology  (2d ed.) Amer. Soc. Microbiol.; Flint et al. (eds. 1999)  Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control  Amer. Soc. Microbiol.; Murray et al. (ed. 1999)  Manual of Clinical Microbiology  (7th ed.) Amer. Soc. Microbiol.; Burlage et al. (eds. 1998)  Techniques in Microbial Ecology  Oxford Univ. Press; Forbes et al. (1998)  Bailey  &amp;  Scott&#39;s Diagnostic Microbiology  (10th ed.) Mosby; Schaechter et al. (ed. 1998)  Mechanisms of Microbial Disease  (3d ed.) Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins; Tomes (1998)  The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life  Harvard Univ. Pr.; Snyder and Champness (1997)  Molecular Genetics of Bacteria  Amer. Soc. Microbiol., ISBN: 1555811027; Karlen (1996) Touchstone Books; and Bergey (ed. 1994)  Bergey&#39;s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology  (9th ed.) Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins. More recent editions may be available. 
     B. General Methods for Handling Bacteriophage 
     General methods for handling bacteriophage are well known, see, e.g., Snustad and Dean (2002)  Genetics Experiments with Bacterial Viruses  Freeman; O&#39;Brien and Aitken (eds. 2002)  Antibody Phage Display: Methods and Protocols  Humana; Ring and Blair (eds. 2000)  Genetically Engineered Viruses  BIOS Sci. Pub.; Adolf (ed. 1995)  Methods in Molecular Genetics: Viral Gene Techniques  vol. 6, Elsevier; Adolf (ed. 1995)  Methods in Molecular Genetics: Viral Gene Techniques  vol. 7, Elsevier; and Hoban and Rott (eds. 1988)  Molec. Biol, of Bacterial Virus Systems  (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology No. 136) Springer-Verlag. 
     C. General Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Principles and Methods 
     General fundamentals of biotechnology, principles and methods are described, e.g., in Alberts et al. (2002)  Molecular Biology of the Cell  (4th ed.) Garland; Lodish et al. (1999)  Molecular Cell Biology  (4th ed.) Freeman; Janeway et al. (eds. 2001)  Immunobiology  (5th ed.) Garland; Flint et al. (eds. 1999)  Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control , Am. Soc. Microbiol.; Nelson et al. (2000)  Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry  (3d ed.) Worth; Freshney (2000)  Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique  (4th ed.) Wiley-Liss; Arias and Stewart (2002)  Molecular Principles of Animal Development . Oxford University Press; Griffiths et al. (2000)  An Introduction to Genetic Analysis  (7th ed.) Freeman; Kierszenbaum (2001)  Histology and Cell Biology , Mosby; Weaver (2001) Molecular Biology (2d ed.) McGraw-Hill; Barker (1998)  At the Bench: A Laboratory Navigator  CSH Laboratory; Branden and Tooze (1999)  Introduction to Protein Structure  (2d ed.), Garland Publishing; Sambrook and Russell (2001)  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual  (3 vol., 3d ed.), CSH Lab. Press; and Scopes (1994)  Protein Purification: Principles and Practice  (3d ed.) Springer Verlag. More recent editions may be available. 
     D. Mutagenesis; Site Specific, Random, Shuffling 
     Based upon the structural and functional descriptions provide herein, homologs and functional variants can be generated. Segments with penetration functions can be found by structural homology. These may also serve as the starting points to screen for variants of the structures, e.g., mutagenizing such structures and screening for those which have desired characteristics, e.g., broader substrate specificity. Standard methods of mutagenesis may be used, see, e.g., Johnson-Boaz et al. (1994) Mol. Microbiol. 13:495-504; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,506,602, 6,518,065, 6,521,453, 6,579,678. 
     E. Screening 
     Screening methods can be devised for evaluating mutants or new candidate killing segments. 
     Killing activity screens can use crude bacteria cultures, isolated substrate components, reactant preparations, synthetic substrates, or purified reagents to determine the affinity and number of substrate sites on target cells. Penetration assays can be incorporated to evaluate integrity of the outer membranes of target strains, lawn inhibition assays, viability tests of cultures, activity on target substrate preparations or other substrates, or release of components may be evaluated. For example, in a cell wall muralytic function assay, amidase activity may be measured by release of soluble N-acetyl hexose amines (e.g., modified Morgan-Elson reaction) or endopeptidase activity by assay for free amino groups (L-alanine for ala-gly endopeptidases, L-glycine for gly-gly endopeptidases) using a DNFB assay), all three of these assays based on Petit et al. (1966) Biochemistry 5:2764-76. Gly-gly endopeptidase activity can also be measured as the release of free amino groups from N-acetylated hexaglycine (acetyl-Gly6), see Kline et al. (1994) Anal. Biochem. 217:329-331. 
     Linkers can be tested to compare the effects on membrane transfer or degradation, or to compare the activities of various orientations of the active fragments. Panels of targets (e.g., Gram-negative, Gram-positive, mycobacteria and spores) can be screened using killing segments to determine which fragments are critical or efficient on a broader or narrower spectrum of targets. 
     One method to test for, e.g., a cell wall degrading activity is to treat phage with mild detergents or denaturants to release proteins associated with the virion. These proteins are further tested for wall degrading or muralytic activity on bacterial cells. Another method is to determine cell wall degradation activity or lysis from without (LO) on a phage resistant host. A third method to assess wall degrading or muralytic activity associated with phage structural component is to perform Zymogram assays, e.g., where a pure phage preparation is electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel incorporating autoclaved host cells. Proteins on the gels are allowed to renature in situ and then act upon the cell wall components giving rise to clear “muralytic” zones when the rest of the gel stains blue with methylene blue dye. See, e.g., Lepeuple et al, (1998)  Appl. Environ. Microbiol.  64:4142-428. The clear zones are visualized and the protein band from each zone is eluted. The protein can be identified, e.g., by N-terminal sequencing or by Mass spectrometry. The coding sequence for the degrading protein can then be isolated. 
     VII. Isolation of Nucleic Acids Encoding Bacteriocins; Component Domains 
     The invention further provides nucleic acids that encode the killing segment or membrane transfer proteins. Such polynucleotides may encode, e.g., bacteriocins described herein, and other killing domains as described above. 
     Nucleic acids that encode killing segment polypeptides are relevant to the nucleic acid embodiments of the invention. These nucleic acids (e.g., cDNA, genomic, or subsequences (probes)) can be cloned, or amplified by in vitro methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the ligase chain reaction (LCR), the transcription-based amplification system (TAS), or the self-sustained sequence replication system (SSR). Besides synthetic methodologies, a wide variety of cloning and in vitro amplification methodologies are well-known to persons of skill. Examples of these techniques and instructions sufficient to direct persons of skill through many cloning exercises are found in Berger and Kimmel, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Methods in Enzymology 152 Academic Press, Inc.; Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.) Vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Press; Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols (Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., 1994 Supplement); Cashion et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,478; and Carr, European Patent No. 0246864. 
     A DNA that encodes a cargo domain can be prepared by a suitable method described above, including, e.g., cloning and restriction of appropriate sequences with restriction enzymes. Nucleic acids encoding a desired killing segment can be isolated by routine cloning methods. An exemplary nucleotide sequence of, e.g., a cell wall degrading polypeptide, e.g., in Accession Number YP_024486, can be used to design probes that specifically hybridize to a gene; or to an mRNA, encoding a killing protein or segment, in a total nucleic acid sample (e.g., in a Southern or Northern blot). Once the target nucleic acid encoding the killing protein or segment is identified, it can be isolated according to standard methods known to those of skill in the art. Further, the isolated nucleic acids can be cleaved with restriction enzymes to create nucleic acids encoding the full-length killing polypeptide, or subsequences thereof, e.g., containing subsequences encoding at least a subsequence of a catalytic domain of a killing polypeptide. These restriction enzyme fragments, encoding a killing polypeptide or subsequences thereof, can then be ligated, for example, to produce a nucleic acid encoding a killing polypeptide. 
     Similar methods can be used to generate appropriate linkers between fragments. 
     A nucleic acid encoding an appropriate polypeptide, or a subsequence thereof, can be characterized by assaying for the expressed product. Assays based on the detection of the physical, chemical, or immunological properties of the expressed polypeptide can be used. For example, one can identify a killing segment polypeptide by the ability of a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid to kill target bacterial cells, e.g., as described herein 
     Also, a nucleic acid encoding a desired polypeptide, or a subsequence thereof, can be chemically synthesized. Suitable methods include the phosphotriester method of Narang et al. (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68: 90-99; the phosphodiester method of Brown et al. (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68: 109-151; the diethylphosphoramidite method of Beaucage et al. (1981) Tetra. Lett., 22: 1859-1862; and the solid support method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066. Chemical synthesis produces a single stranded oligonucleotide. This can be converted into double stranded DNA by hybridization with a complementary sequence, or by polymerization with a DNA polymerase using the single strand as a template. One of skill recognizes that while chemical synthesis of DNA is often limited to sequences of about 100 bases, longer sequences may be obtained by the ligation of shorter sequences. 
     Nucleic acids encoding a desired polypeptide, or subsequences thereof, can be cloned using DNA amplification methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thus, for example, the nucleic acid sequence or subsequence is PCR amplified, using a sense primer containing one restriction enzyme site (e.g., NdeI) and an antisense primer containing another restriction enzyme site (e.g., HindIII). This will produce a nucleic acid encoding the desired polypeptide or subsequence and having terminal restriction enzyme sites. This nucleic acid can then be easily ligated into a vector containing a nucleic acid encoding the second molecule and having the appropriate corresponding restriction enzyme sites. Suitable PCR primers can be determined by one of skill in the art using the sequence information provided in GenBank or other sources. Appropriate restriction enzyme sites can also be added to the nucleic acid encoding the cargo polypeptide or a polypeptide subsequence thereof by site-directed mutagenesis. The plasmid containing a cargo polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequence or subsequence is cleaved with the appropriate restriction endonuclease and then ligated into an appropriate vector for amplification and/or expression according to standard methods. Examples of techniques sufficient to direct persons of skill through in vitro amplification methods are found in Berger, Sambrook, and Ausubel, as well as Mullis et al. (1987) U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; PCR Protocols A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis et al., eds) Academic Press Inc. (1990); Arnheim &amp; Levinson (Oct. 1, 1990) C&amp;EN 36-47; The Journal Of NIH Research (1991) 3: 81-94; Kwoh et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 1173; Guatelli et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1874; Lomell et al. (1989) J. Clin. Chem., 35: 1826; Landegren et al., (1988) Science 241: 1077-1080; Van Brunt (1990) Biotechnology 8: 291-294; Wu and Wallace (1989) Gene 4: 560; and Barringer et al. (1990) Gene 89: 117. 
     Some nucleic acids encoding cargo polypeptides can be amplified using PCR primers based on the sequence of the identified polypeptides. 
     Other physical properties, e.g., of a recombinant cargo polypeptide expressed from a particular nucleic acid, can be compared to properties of known desired polypeptides to provide another method of identifying suitable sequences or domains, e.g., of the cargo proteins that are determinants of bacterial specificity, binding specificity, and/or catalytic activity. Alternatively, a cargo polypeptide encoding nucleic acid or recombinant cargo polypeptide gene can be mutated, and its role as a cargo polypeptide, or the role of particular sequences or domains established by detecting a variation in bacterial “function” normally enhanced by the unmutated, naturally-occurring, or control cargo polypeptide. Those of skill will recognize that mutation or modification of killing polypeptides of the invention can be facilitated by molecular biology techniques to manipulate the nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides, e.g., PCR. Other mutagenesis or gene shuffling techniques may be applied to the functional fragments described herein, including linker features compatible with chimeric constructs. 
     Functional domains of newly identified killing polypeptides can be identified by using standard methods for mutating or modifying the polypeptides and testing them for activities such as acceptor substrate activity and/or catalytic activity, as described herein. The sequences of functional domains of the various killing proteins can be used to construct nucleic acids encoding or combining functional domains of one or more killing polypeptides. These multiple activity polypeptide fusions can then be tested for a desired bacteriostatic or bacteriolytic activity. Particular examples of sources for killing polypeptides include prophage sequences, including incomplete remnants of functional phage genomes, or pyocin-like structures, including particles derived from phage-like genetic segments, e.g., deletion or mutated genetic remnants of phage remaining in the DNA of a bacterium. 
     Nucleic acids encoding killing polypeptides can be identified by alignment and comparison with known nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of killing polypeptides, e.g., to determine the amount of sequence identity between them. This information can be used to identify and select polypeptide domains that confer or modulate killing polypeptide activities, e.g., target bacterial or binding specificity and/or degrading activity based on the amount of sequence identity between the polypeptides of interest. For example, domains having sequence identity between the killing polypeptides of interest, and that are associated with a known activity, can be used to construct polypeptides containing that domain and other domains, and having the activity associated with that domain (e.g., bacterial or binding specificity and/or killing activity). Similar strategies may be applied to isolate appropriate domains or motifs, or to linkers for spacing between domains. 
     VIII. Expression of Desired Polypeptides in Host Cells 
     The proteins described herein can be expressed in a variety of host cells, including  E. coli , other bacterial hosts, and yeast. The host cells can be microorganisms, such as, for example, yeast cells, bacterial cells, or filamentous fungal cells. Examples of suitable host cells include, for example,  Azotobacter  sp. (e.g.,  A. vinelandii ),  Pseudomonas  sp.,  Rhizobium  sp.,  Erwinia  sp.,  Escherichia  sp. (e.g.,  E. coli ),  Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Rhizobia, Vitreoscilla, Paracoccus, Staphylococcus , and  Klebsiella  sp., among many others. The cells can be of any of several genera, including  Saccharomyces  (e.g.,  S. cerevisiae ),  Candida  (e.g.,  C. utilis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. versatilis, C. lipolytica, C. zeylanoides, C. guilliermondii, C. albicans , and  C. humicola ),  Pichia  (e.g.,  P. farinosa  and  P. ohmeri ),  Torulopsis  (e.g.,  T. Candida, T. sphaerica, T. xylinus, T. famata , and  T. versatilis ), Debaryomyces (e.g.,  D. subglobosus, D. cantarellii, D. globosus, D. hansenii , and  D. japonicus ),  Zygosaccharomyces  (e.g.,  Z. rouxii  and  Z. bailii ),  Kluyveromyces  (e.g.,  K. marxianus ), Flansenula (e.g.,  H. anomala  and  H. jadinii ), and Brettanomyces (e.g.,  B. lambicus  and  B. anomalus ). Examples of useful bacteria include, but are not limited to,  Escherichia, Enterobacter, Azotobacter, Erwinia, Klebsielia, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Proteus , and  Salmonella . Eukaryotic cells, e.g., CHO or yeast cells, can also be used for production. 
     Once expressed in a host cell, the chimeric bacteriocin constructs can be used to prevent growth or kill target bacteria. In some embodiments, the described bacteriocin construct is used to decrease growth of a Gram-negative bacterium. In some embodiments, the protein is used to decrease growth of a  Klebsiella, Pseudomonas , e.g.,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , or  Escherichia  bacterium. Fusion constructs combining such fragments can be generated, including fusion proteins comprising a plurality of killing activities. 
     Typically, a polynucleotide that encodes the bacteriocin or chimeric bacteriocin construct is placed under the control of a promoter that is functional in the desired host cell. An extremely wide variety of promoters is well known, and can be used in expression vectors of the invention, depending on the particular application. Ordinarily, the promoter selected depends upon the cell in which the promoter is to be active. Other expression control sequences such as ribosome binding sites, transcription termination sites, etc., can be included. Constructs that include one or more of these control sequences are termed “expression cassettes.” Accordingly, the invention provides expression cassettes into which the nucleic acids that encode fusion proteins, e.g., combining a killing fragment with an outer membrane translocating fragment, are incorporated for expression in a desired host cell. 
     Expression control sequences that are suitable for use in a particular host cell can be obtained by cloning a gene that is expressed in that cell. Commonly used prokaryotic control sequences, which are defined herein to include promoters for transcription initiation, optionally with an operator, along with ribosome binding site sequences, include such commonly used promoters as the beta-lactamase (penicillinase) and lactose (lac) promoter systems (Change et al., Nature (1977) 198: 1056), the tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al., Nucleic Acids Res. (1980) 8: 4057), the tac promoter (DeBoer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1983) 80:21-25); and the lambda-derived PL promoter and N-gene ribosome binding site (Shimatake et al., Nature (1981) 292: 128. 
     For expression of bacteriocins or chimeric bacteriocin constructs in prokaryotic cells other than  E. coli , a promoter that functions in the particular prokaryotic production species is used. Such promoters can be obtained from genes that have been cloned from the species, or heterologous promoters can be used. For example, the hybrid trp-lac promoter functions in  Bacillus  in addition to  E. coli.    
     A ribosome binding site (RBS) is conveniently included in the expression cassettes of the invention. An exemplary RBS in  E. coli  consists of a nucleotide sequence 3-9 nucleotides in length located 3-11 nucleotides upstream of the initiation codon (Shine and Dalgarno (1975) Nature 254:34; Steitz, In Biological regulation and development: Gene expression (ed. R. F. Goldberger), vol. 1, p. 349, 1979, Plenum Publishing, NY). 
     For expression of proteins in yeast, convenient promoters include GAL1-10 (Johnson and Davies (1984) Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1440-1448) ADH2 (Russell et al. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258:2674-2682), PH05 (EMBO J. (1982) 6:675-680), and MFa (Herskowitz and Oshima (1982) in The Molecular Biology of the Yeast  Saccharomyces  (eds. Strathern, Jones, and Broach) Cold Spring Harbor Lab., Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp. 181-209). Another suitable promoter for use in yeast is the ADH2/GAPDH hybrid promoter as described in Cousens et al., Gene 61:265-275 (1987). For filamentous fungi such as, for example, strains of the fungi  Aspergillus  (McKnight et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,349), examples of useful promoters include those derived from  Aspergillus nidulans  glycolytic genes, such as the ADH3 promoter (McKnight et al., EMBO J. 4: 2093 2099 (1985)) and the tpiA promoter. An example of a suitable terminator is the ADH3 terminator (McKnight et al.). 
     Either constitutive or regulated promoters can be used in the present invention. Regulated promoters can be advantageous because the host cells can be grown to high densities before expression of the fusion proteins is induced. High level expression of heterologous polypeptides slows cell growth in some situations. An inducible promoter is a promoter that directs expression of a gene where the level of expression is alterable by environmental or developmental factors such as, for example, temperature, pH, anaerobic or aerobic conditions, light, transcription factors and chemicals. Such promoters are referred to herein as “inducible” promoters, which allow one to control the timing of expression of the desired polypeptide. For  E. coli  and other bacterial host cells, inducible promoters are known to those of skill in the art. These include, for example, the lac promoter, the bacteriophage lambda PL promoter, the hybrid trp-lac promoter (Amann et al. (1983) Gene 25: 167; de Boer et al. (1983) Proc. Nat&#39;l. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 21), and the bacteriophage T7 promoter (Studier et al. (1986) J. Mol. Biol.; Tabor et al. (1985) Proc. Nat&#39;l. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1074-8). These promoters and their use are discussed in Sambrook et al., supra. 
     The construction of polynucleotide constructs generally requires the use of vectors able to replicate in bacteria. A plethora of kits are commercially available for the purification of plasmids from bacteria (see, e.g., EasyPrepJ, FlexiPrepJ, both from Pharmacia Biotech; StrataCleanJ, from Stratagene; and, QIAexpress Expression System, Qiagen). The isolated and purified plasmids can then be further manipulated to produce other plasmids, and used to transfect cells. Cloning in  Streptomyces  or  Bacillus  is also possible. 
     Selectable markers are often incorporated into the expression vectors used to express the polynucleotides of the invention. These genes can encode a gene product, such as a polypeptide, necessary for the survival or growth of transformed host cells grown in a selective culture medium. A number of selectable markers are known to those of skill in the art and are described for instance in Sambrook et al., supra. 
     Construction of suitable vectors containing one or more of the above listed components employs standard ligation techniques as described in the references cited above. Isolated plasmids or DNA fragments are cleaved, tailored, and re-ligated in the form desired to generate the plasmids required. To confirm correct sequences in plasmids constructed, the plasmids can be analyzed by standard techniques such as by restriction endonuclease digestion, and/or sequencing according to known methods. Molecular cloning techniques to achieve these ends are known in the art. A wide variety of cloning and in vitro amplification methods suitable for the construction of recombinant nucleic acids are well-known to persons of skill. 
     A variety of common vectors suitable for use as starting materials for constructing the expression vectors of the invention are well known in the art. For cloning in bacteria, common vectors include pBR322 derived vectors such as pBLUESCRIPT™, and λ-phage derived vectors. In yeast, vectors include Yeast Integrating plasmids (e.g., YIp5) and Yeast Replicating plasmids (the YRp series plasmids) and pGPD-2. Expression in mammalian cells can be achieved using a variety of commonly available plasmids, including pSV2, pBC12BI, and p91023, as well as lytic virus vectors (e.g., vaccinia virus, adeno virus, and baculovirus), episomal virus vectors (e.g., bovine papillomavirus), and retroviral vectors (e.g., murine retroviruses). 
     Expression vectors can be introduced into a chosen host cell using standard methods known to those of skilled in the art. For example, the expression vectors can be introduced into prokaryotic cells, including  E. coli , by calcium chloride transformation, and into eukaryotic cells by calcium phosphate treatment or electroporation. 
     Translational coupling can be used to enhance expression. The strategy uses a short upstream open reading frame derived from a highly expressed gene native to the translational system, which is placed downstream of the promoter, and a ribosome binding site followed after a few amino acid codons by a termination codon. Just prior to the termination codon is a second ribosome binding site, and following the termination codon is a start codon for the initiation of translation. The system dissolves secondary structure in the RNA, allowing for the efficient initiation of translation. See Squires, et al. (1988), J. Biol. Chem. 263: 16297-16302. 
     The various polypeptides of the invention can be expressed intracellularly, or can be secreted from the cell. Intracellular expression often results in high yields. If necessary, the amount of soluble, active fusion polypeptide may be increased by performing refolding procedures (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra.; Marston et al. (1984) Bio/Technology 2:800; Schoner et al. (1985) Bio/Technology 3:151). In embodiments in which the polypeptide is secreted, either into the periplasm or into the extracellular medium, the DNA sequence is often linked to a cleavable signal peptide sequence. The signal sequence directs translocation of the fusion polypeptide through the cell membrane. An example of a suitable vector for use in  E. coli  that contains a promoter-signal sequence unit is pTA1529, which has the  E. coli  phoA promoter and signal sequence (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra.; Oka et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7212; Talmadge et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3988; Takahara et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:2670). In another embodiment, the fusion polypeptides are fused to a subsequence of protein A or bovine serum albumin (BSA), for example, to facilitate purification, secretion, or stability. Affinity methods, e.g., using substrate for the catalytic fragment may be appropriate. 
     The bacteriocin polypeptides of the invention can also be further linked to other polypeptide segments, e.g., biofilm depolymerase segments. This approach often results in high yields, because normal prokaryotic control sequences direct transcription and translation. In  E. coli , lacZ fusions are often used to express heterologous proteins. Suitable vectors are readily available, such as the pUR, pEX, and pMR100 series. For certain applications, it may be desirable to cleave extraneous sequence from the fusion polypeptide after purification. This can be accomplished by any of several methods known in the art, including cleavage by cyanogen bromide, a protease, or by Factor X a  (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra.; Itakura et al. (1977) Science 198:1056; Goeddel et al. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:106; Nagai et al. (1984) Nature 309:810; Sung et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:561). Cleavage sites can be engineered into the gene for the fusion polypeptide at the desired point of cleavage. 
     More than one recombinant polypeptide may be expressed in a single host cell by placing multiple transcriptional cassettes in a single expression vector, or by utilizing different selectable markers for each of the expression vectors which are employed in the cloning strategy. 
     A suitable system for obtaining recombinant proteins from  E. coli  which maintains the integrity of their N-termini has been described by Miller et al (1989) Biotechnology 7:698-704. In this system, the gene of interest is produced as a C-terminal fusion to the first 76 residues of the yeast ubiquitin gene containing a peptidase cleavage site. Cleavage at the junction of the two moieties results in production of a protein having an intact authentic N-terminal reside. 
     IX. Purification of Desired Polypeptides 
     A crude cellular extract containing the expressed intracellular or secreted polypeptides described herein can be used in the methods of the present invention. 
     The bacteriocin polypeptides can also be purified according to standard procedures of the art, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity columns, column chromatography, gel electrophoresis and the like (see, generally, R. Scopes, Protein Purification, Springer-Verlag, N.Y. (1982), Deutscher, Methods in Enzymology Vol. 182: Guide to Protein Purification., Academic Press, Inc. N.Y. (1990)). Because the degrading segments, at least, derive from phage proteins selected for stability, purification can involve denaturation of contaminating materials. Substantially pure compositions are typically about 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 92, 95, 98 to 99% or higher homogeneous. The purified polypeptides can also be used, e.g., as immunogens for antibody production, which antibodies may be used in immunoselection purification methods. 
     To facilitate purification of the polypeptides of the invention, the nucleic acids that encode them can also include a coding sequence for an epitope or “tag” for which an affinity binding reagent is available, e.g., a purification tag. Examples of suitable epitopes include the myc and V-5 reporter genes; expression vectors useful for recombinant production of fusion polypeptides having these epitopes are commercially available (e.g., Invitrogen (Carlsbad Calif.) vectors pcDNA3.1/Myc-His and pcDNA3.1/V5-His are suitable for expression in mammalian cells). Additional expression vectors suitable for attaching a tag to the polypeptides of the invention, and corresponding detection systems are known to those of skill in the art, and several are commercially available (e.g., FLAG, Kodak, Rochester N.Y.). Another example of a suitable tag is a polyhistidine sequence, which is capable of binding to metal chelate affinity ligands. Typically, six adjacent histidines are used, although one can use more or fewer than six. Suitable metal chelate affinity ligands that can serve as the binding moiety for a polyhistidine tag include nitrilo-tri-acetic acid (NTA) (Hochuli (1990) Genetic Engineering: Principles and Methods, J. K. Setlow, Ed., Plenum Press, NY; commercially available from Qiagen (Santa Clarita, Calif.)). Purification tags also include maltose binding domains and starch binding domains. Purification of maltose binding domain proteins is known to those of skill in the art. 
     Other haptens that are suitable for use as tags are known to those of skill in the art and are described, for example, in the Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals (6th Ed., Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene Oreg.). For example, dinitrophenol (DNP), digoxigenin, barbiturates (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,085), and several types of fluorophores are useful as haptens, as are derivatives of these compounds. Kits are commercially available for linking haptens and other moieties to proteins and other molecules. For example, where the hapten includes a thiol, a heterobifunctional linker such as SMCC can be used to attach the tag to lysine residues present on the capture reagent. 
     One of skill would recognize that certain modifications can be made to the catalytic or functional domains of the bacteriocin polypeptides without diminishing their biological activity. Some modifications can be made to facilitate the cloning, expression, or incorporation of the catalytic domain into a fusion polypeptide. Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, the addition of codons at either terminus of the polynucleotide that encodes the catalytic domain, e.g., a methionine added at the amino terminus to provide an initiation site, or additional amino acids (e.g., poly His) placed on either terminus to create conveniently located restriction enzyme sites or termination codons or purification sequences. 
     The following discussion of the invention is for the purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to limit the invention to the form or forms disclosed herein. Although the description of the invention has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the invention, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. All publications, patents, patent applications, Genbank numbers, and websites cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. Later versions of textbooks may include more recent methodologies. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example I:  Klebsiella  Type Bacteriocins; Klebicins 
     Klebicins are high molecular weight (&gt;30 kDa) bacteriocins produced by  Klebsiella  spp. Like other bacteriocins, klebicins are also modular proteins having three domains. Although Klebicins such as Klebicin B, C, CCL, and D were sequenced and some of them were proposed to be used for epidemiological typing of  Klebsiella  strains, very little is known about their antibacterial properties. 
     P628 (Wild-Type Klebicin CCL): 
     Klebicin CCL is identical to bacteriocin Cloacin DF13, which is produced by  Enterobacter cloacae . Cloacin DF13 utilizes the Tol-ABQR pathway for translocation and employs LutA as a cell surface receptor. The receptor for the Klebicin is expected to be modulated by the presence of iron. The bacteria uses siderophores to scavenge iron from the environment and these siderophores enter the cell using the receptor expressed on the cell surface. 
     The near-identity of DF13 and klebicin CCL suggest that the Tol pathway and the LutA receptor are shared between these species. The klebicin CCL is expected to be a nuclease with specific degradation of rRNA. Since LutA is distributed as a cell suface receptor in many Enterobacteriacea, the klebicin CCL might have broad killing range. The receptor for the Klebicin is expected to be modulated by the presence of iron. The bacteria uses these receptors to scavenge iron from the environment by releasing siderophores and these siderophores enter the cell using the receptor expressed on the cell surface. 
     Based on the published DNA sequence (AF190857.1), we isolated Klebicin CCL from  Klebsiella  spp. in GangaGen bacterial collection and cloned into an  E. coli  expression vector along with its immunity gene for heterologous expression. 
     Screening of Klebcin CCL Immunity Gene in  Klebsiella  Strains: 
     Primers were designed to screen for the presence of klebicin CCL, using the sequence available form the database. Since the immunity gene is a small product and always associated with the klebicin, immunity gene PCR was done. Several clinical  Klebsiella  spp. isolates were screened by colony PCR. Out of the 19 isolates tested, 4 were positive for immunity gene and these four strains are expected to harbour the klebicin CCL gene. The results are shown in Table 4. Strain B2092 was used for isolating the CCL gene for cloning. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Klebicin CCL 
               
               
                   
                 Strains 
                 Immunity PCR 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 B2092 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 B2093 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 NDM KL1 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 NDM KL2 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 B2095 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 MTCC 109 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 B2091 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 B2107 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 NDM KL3 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 NDM KL5 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 B2063 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 B2062 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 B2023 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 B2058 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 B236 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 B2007 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 B2108 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 B2094 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                 NDM KL7 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cloning and Expression of Klebicin CCL: 
     The gene encoding the klebicin CCL along with its immunity gene was PCR amplified from  Klebsiella  strain B2092 and cloned into  E. coli  expression vector pET26b at NdeI-XhoI site, for expression in native form without any affinity tags.  E. coli  transformants were screened by PCR, plasmid DNA isolated from the positive clones and presence of the insert confirmed by restriction digestion analysis. 
     out of the 6 clones tested released the cloned insert of 1.9 kb. The clones were sequence confirmed and test protein expression was done. 
     Protein Expression: 
     Test protein expression was performed in  E. coli  ER2566 by inducing with ImM IPTG at 37° C. for 4 hours. The expected size of fusion protein is 60 kDa. After 4 hrs of IPTG induction, the cells were pelleted, resuspended in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7 and sonicated to lyse the cells. The soluble and insoluble fraction of the cells was separated by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant and pellets were analyzed on a 12% acrylamide gel. 
     Clones 1, 3, and 4 expressed the protein of interest and is exclusively present in the soluble form. Clone #1 was designated as pGDC 628. 
     Purification of P628: 
     Since the P628 was expressed without any affinity tag, it was purified by conventional ion-exchange chromatography. Briefly, the sonicated supernatant fration was passed through anion exchange chromatography matrix, UnoQ and the flowthrough was collected. The collected flowthough was then loaded onto a cation exchange chromatography matrix, UnoS. The protein bound matrix was washed and the protein was eluted with increasing concentration of NaCl containing buffer. A step gradient elution with 100 mM, 300 mM, 500 mM and 1M NaCl was done and the samples were analyzed on a 12% acrylamide gel. 
     P628 bound to the cation exchange matrix and the bound protein was eluted in 300 and 500 mM NaCl. These fractions were dialyzed against 20 mM SPB pH 7.0 separately overnight to remove NaCl. Protein concentration was estimated by Bradford assay, 1 mg/ml and 1.3 mg/ml. 
     Activity of Purified P628: 
     The antibacterial activity of the purified P628 was determined by three assays—a) lawn inhibition assay, b) CFU drop assay and c) MIC assay. 
     a) Lawn Inhibition Assay 
     Lawn inhibition assay is a simple qualitative assay to determine the antibacterial activity of a test protein. In this assay, a bacterial lawn using a test isolate is made on LB agar plate and a defined concentration of the test protein is placed on the lawn, air dried, and incubated at 37° C. for 16-18 hrs. A positive result would indicate a clear inhibition zone on the lawn. 
     Since the cell surface receptor LutA is present in Enterobacteriacea family, the P628 was tested on lawns of  Klebsiella  spp. isolates and  E. coli  isolates. P628 was tested on 69  Klebsiella  spp. clinical isolates and 41  E. coli  clinical isolates. 20 μL of 1 mg/mL (20 μg) P628 was placed on the lawns of the clinical isolates made on LB agar. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 16-18 hrs. 
     The P628 showed inhibition zone on 85  Klebsiella  isolates corresponding to 70% of the total tested isolates and 6  E. coli  isolates corresponding to 15% of the tested isolates. The lysis zone on lawns were variable with very clear lysis zones (rated 3+), moderate lysis zones (rated 2+) and turbid lysis zones (1+). The percentage is represented in table 5 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Total Klebsiella isolates tested - 102 
               
               
                   
                 Sensitive isolates - 78/102 (76%) 
               
               
                   
                   E. coli  isolates tested - 71 
               
               
                   
                 Sensitive isolates - 20/71 (28%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     P628 shows lysis on 76% of the tested  Klebsiella  spp., suggesting that this could be a potent protein. Although the LutA receptor is distributed in  E. coli  as well, only 28% of the tested  E. coli  strains are sensitive to P628. 
     b) CFU Drop Assay: 
     The antibacterial activity of P628 was tested against  Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate B 2094 in both LB media and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Briefly, ˜10 6  cells/mL of B2094 were resuspended in LB or FBS and treated with 100 and 200 μg/mL of P628 in 20 mM SPB pH 7.0 in a volume of 200 μL. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and the remaining number of viable cells were enumerated by dilution plating on LB plates and incubated at 37° C. for 18 hrs. 
     P628 killed  K. pneumoniae  in both LB and FBS. However, the activity was much better in FBS with 4 logs cell killing obtained in FBS and 1 log cell killing in LB media. The results are shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     P628 has potent antibacterial activity against clinical  K. pneumoniae  strain B2094 and it is active in serum. 
     c) CFU Drop Assay with Additional Strains: 
     CFU drop assay with additional strains were done in growth media and FBS. In this assay, antibacterial activity of P628 was tested on two additional clinicals isolates of  K. pneumoniae , B2064 and B2065. These strains were treated with 200 μg/mL of P628 in Cation adjusted Muller Hinton Broth (CA-MHB medium), 50% FBS and 75% FBS. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and the remaining number of viable cells were enumerated by dilution plating on LB plates and incubated at 37° C. for 18 hrs. 
     P628 is active in both CA-MHB and FBS on tested isolates with at least 2 logs cell killing obtained in both media ( FIGS. 2A and 2B ) 
     P628 demonstrates potent antibacterial activity against tested  K. pneumoniae  clinical isolates. 
     d) MIC: 
     Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using a modified Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution procedure on  K. pneumoniae  strain 2094 in CA-MHB, Casamino acids media (CAA) and FBS. A 10-point MIC was set up in microtitre plates in duplicates with two-fold dilutions starting at 875 μg/mL. Each well was inoculated with 5×10 5  cells of the test isolate. Microtiter plates were incubated at 35° C. for 18-20 hrs. The endpoint for this assay was complete inhibition of growth at the end of incubation as determined by colorless wells after addition of Iodonitro tetrazolium (INT) dye. 
     MIC was obtained at 100 μg/mL in CA-MHB, 14 μg/mL in CAA and 219 μg/mL in FBS on strain B2094. 
     Better MIC was obtained with CAA and FBS, indicating that P628 works better in iron replete conditions. 
     e) MIC on Additional Clinical Isolates: 
     16 additional clinical strains that are resistant to several antibiotics were tested for sensitivity to P628 by MIC in both CAMHB and FBS. The results are shown in Table 6 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 MIC at 6 h (μg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Isolates 
                 Antibiogram 
                 CAMHB 
                 50% FBS 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 B2135 
                 Amp 
                 2.7 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 B2437 
                 Amp, Amox, 
                 1.4 
                 &lt;0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Cefuroxime, Ceftriaozone, 
               
               
                   
                 Cefepime 
               
               
                 B2138 
                 Ampicillin, cefuroxime, 
                 5.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
                 Ceftriaozone 
               
               
                 B2139 
                 Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, 
                 1.4 
                 &lt;0.4 
               
               
                   
                 Cefuroxime, Ceftriaozone, 
               
               
                   
                 Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, 
               
               
                   
                 Trimithoprim 
               
               
                 B2143 
                 Ampicillin 
                 1.4 
                 &lt;0.4 
               
               
                 B2152 
                 Ampicillin, Trimithoprim 
                 5.5 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 B2153 
                 Ampicillin 
                 44 
                 2.7/1.4 
               
               
                 B2154 
                 Ampicillin 
                 22 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 B2157 
                 Ampicillin 
                 0.68 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 ATCC 
                 QC strain 
                 0.3 
                 &lt;0.02 
               
               
                 13883 
               
               
                 B2107 
                 Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, 
                 87.5 
                 44 
               
               
                   
                 Cefozitin, Cefilotine, Gentamicin, 
               
               
                   
                 cefixime, Trimithoprim, 
               
               
                   
                 Ticaricillin, Pipericillin, 
               
               
                   
                 ceftazidime, Ceftriaxome, 
               
               
                   
                 Ertapenem, Amikacin, 
               
               
                   
                 Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxaccin 
               
               
                 B2128 
                 Ampicillin 
                 350 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 B2129 
                 Ampicillin, Ticaricillin, cefalotin, 
                 11 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 Cefixime, Ceftrioxone, 
               
               
                   
                 Gentamicin, Nalidixic acid, 
               
               
                   
                 Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, 
               
               
                   
                 Trimethoprim 
               
               
                 B2162 
                 Not available 
                 0.7 
                 &lt;0.3 
               
               
                 B2105 
                 Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, 
                 175 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 Cefozitin, Cefilotine, Gentamicin, 
               
               
                   
                 Cefixime, Trimithoprim, 
               
               
                   
                 Ticaricillin, Pipericillin, 
               
               
                   
                 Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxome, 
               
               
                   
                 Ertapenem, Amikacin, 
               
               
                   
                 Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxaccin 
               
               
                 B2163 
                 Not available 
                 11 
                 44 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Drug-resistant clinical  K. pneumoniae  clinical isolates are sensitive to P628. 
     f) Dose Response of P628 on  K. pneumoniae:    
     The dose response of P628 in fetal calf serum (FCS) was evaluated with two  K. pneumoniae  strains using the CFU drop assay. Briefly, ˜10 6  cells in 50% FCS at varying concentrations of protein was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and remaining number of viable cells were enumerated by plating on LB plates. The experiment was setup in duplicates and the results plotted as average of duplicates. 
     A dose response was performed on a clinical isolate of  K. pneumoniae , B2094, isolated from a patient. P628 in the concentration range of 100 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml was used. The results are shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     While 1 μg/mL demonstrated a static effect, 3 log cell killing was obtained with 10 μg/mL of P628. With this strain, the killing seemed to be saturated at 10 μg/mL with similar killing obtained with 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL. 
       K. pneumoniae  ATCC 13883 is a quality control strain for testing antibiotics and is highly sensitive to P628. P628 concentration of 100 μg/ml to 0.25 μg/ml was used. The results are shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     A dose-depended killing was obtained on ATCC 13883 with 1 log cell killing obtained with 0.25 μg/ml. More than 5 log cell killing was obtained with 10 μg/ml of P628. 
     Example II: Evaluation of In Vivo Efficacy of P628 in Neutropenic Mouse Model of K.  Pneumoniae  Lung Infection 
     A standard neutropenic mouse model of  Klebsiella pneumoniae  lung infection model was used for this study (W. A. Craig and D. R. Andes. 2008. In Vivo Pharmacodynamics of Ceftobiprole against Multiple Bacterial Pathogens in Murine Thigh and Lung Infection Models. Antimicrob. Agents And Chemother. 52, [10] 3492-3496) 
     Six to eight weeks old female BALB/c mice were rendered neutropenic by administration of cyclophosphamide. These immunocompromised mice were challenged intranasally with 10 6  CFU of  Klebsiella pneumoniae  strain ATCC 13 883. At 2 hours post-infection, a group of animals were treated with P628 at 27 mg/kg via intravenous (IV) route, another group treated with 50 microliters of P628 at 0.27 mg via intranasal route and another group treated with ciprofloxacin at 10 mg/kg by oral route. In groups treated with IV P628 and ciprofloxacin, the treatment regimen was once in 12 hours for three days and the treatment regimen for group treated with intranasal P628 was once a day up to three days. All the animals in the infection control succumb to lung infection by 72 hours. While treatment of animals with intranasal administration of P628 completely protected the animals from lethal lung infection giving 100% protection, only one animal died in the group treated with IV P628 giving 83% protection. Treatment with oral ciprofloxacin also completely protected the mice from lethal infection. The results are presented in Table 7. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Survival (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 at 72 hours 
               
               
                 Group 
                 Dosage and route 
                 post-infection 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Infection Control [~10 6   
                 Vehicle: IV 
                 0 
               
               
                 CFU/animal, intranasal] 
               
               
                 Infection + Reference 
                 Ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg, 
                 100 
               
               
                 standard 
                 p.o.) 
               
               
                 P628 Only, IV 
                 5 ml/kg [~27 mg/kg], IV 
                 100 
               
               
                 Infection plus P628 [IV] 
                 5 ml/kg [~27 mg/kg], IV 
                 83 
               
               
                 Infection plus P628 
                 50 μl per dose [~270 μg], 
                 100 
               
               
                 [Intranasal] 
                 intranasal 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     P628 administered via both intranasal and intravenous routes protected the mice from  K. pneumoniae  induced lethal lung infection. P628 is efficacious in this animal model. 
     Example III: P636: Klebicin CCL TD RD-Klebicin B KD 
     Introduction: 
     Bacteriocins are a diverse family of protein antibiotics produced by bacteria, which kill members of the same or closely related species. There are few reports of bacteriocins (klebicins) from  Klebsiella  spp., none of them have been characterized and nothing is known about their antibacterial properties. Klebicins have been used for the purpose of typing  Klebsiella  spp for many decades, but have not been characterized in terms of their antibacterial properties in vitro or in vivo. 
     These proteins exert their antibacterial activity in a very specific manner by binding to a receptor and translocating into periplasm or cytoplasm where the killing domain of the klebicin exerts bactericidal effect by virtue of its DNAse/RNase activity. The domain organization in klebicins comprises of translocation domain, receptor binding domain and killing domain. The reason behind lack of killing in certain strains is due to either absence of a receptor or presence of an immunity protein. Hence, it should be possible to extend the host range by replacing the killing domain of the klebicin by a similar domain which cannot be neutralized by the immunity protein. 
     Klebicin CCL has RNase activity and is produced by  Klebsiella  spp. It has greater than 99% sequence homology with a bacteriocin, cloacin DF13 from  Enterobacter cloacae . Klebicin B has DNase activity and is produced by  Klebsiella  spp. The strategy was to replace the killing domain of Klebicin CCL with a killing domain of Klebicin B to overcome the immunity problem thus increasing the antibacterial host range with this chimeric molecule. 
     Generating Klebicin CCL (Translocating Domain-Receptor Binding Domain)—Klebicin B (Killing Domain): Cloning Strategy: 
     The klebicin CCL translocating domain (TD)-receptor binding domain (RBD) was PCR amplified and fused to the PCR amplified product of Klebicin B killing domain (KD) along with the klebicin B immunity protein (The immunity protein is only transcriptionally fused and is essential for the expression of the fusion protein) by overlap extension PCR. The resulting PCR product was cloned into pET26b as NdeI-XhoI. 
     The clones were sequence confirmed and labelled as pGDC 636, Klebicin CCL (translocating domain-receptor binding domain)—Klebicin B (Killing domain) 
     Protein Expression Studies: 
     Protein expression was done in  E. coli  ER2566 by inducing with ImM IPTG at 37° C. at 0.8 OD 600  for 4 hours and checked on SDS-PAGE. 
     To determine if the protein was soluble, the cell pellet was sonicated, the supernatant and pellet separated by centrifugation and loaded on SDS-PAGE. The protein was observed in the supernatant fraction 
     Induced protein cell pellet was resuspended in buffer, sonicated to lyse the cells, separated supernatant and pellet by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm. Protein purification was done from soluble fraction by anion exchange chromatography (unoQ) with Sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7) to retain the contaminating proteins on the matrix and allowing the protein of interest to flow through followed by cation Exchangechromatography (unoS) Sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7) with elution with sodium chloride. The protein purified to ˜90% homogeneity 
     Bactericidal Activity of P636 on  K. pneumoniae  2094: 
     The antibacterial activity of P636 was tested using the CFU drop assay. 10 6  cells in Cas amino acid (CAA) broth and 50% FCS at 200 μg/ml, was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and remaining number of viable cells were enumerated. The experiment was setup in duplicates and the results tabulated as average of duplicates. The results are shown in  FIG. 5 . P636 was active in CAA and showed 4 logs drop, however in 50% it did not show any significant drop in cfu. 
     Cell Binding Activity of P636: 
     Cell binding assays were carried out to determine the binding potential of P636 to  K. pneumoniae  cells. Cells of  Klebsiella pneumoniae  B2094 (10 8  cells) in 10 mM SPB containing 150 mM saline were incubated with protein P636 at 10 μg and incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes, vials were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm to pellet cells and the cell pellet was washed with buffer. The supernatant and pellet were loaded on SDS-PAGE. Protein alone without cells were maintained as controls. P636 was observed in the supernatant indicating that the protein was soluble in the assay buffer. In addition, P636 observed in the supernatant indicating that the protein did not bind to cells under the conditions tested. 
     Example IV S5 Pyocin—Lysozyme Chimeric Fusions 
     Introduction: 
     Bacteriocins are proteinaceous molecules produced by bacteria to kill closely related bacteria. Several bacteriocins are known, e.g.: Colicins, pyocins, pesticins, etc. Pyocins are bacteriocins produced by more than 70% of  Pseudomonas  spp. The high molecular weight pyocins are the R-type and F-type pyocins and the small molecular weight pyocins are the S-type pyocins. The specificity for the entry of S-type pyocins is determined by a receptor present on the cell surface. These receptors are utilized by the cell for the uptake of iron and referred to as iron-siderophore receptors. The domain organization of S-type pyocins are receptor binding domain (RD), translocation domain (TD), and killing domain (KD). 
     Cloning of S-Type Pyocins and S-Type Pyocin—Lysozyme Chimeric Fusions: 
     S-type pyocins and fusions of S-type pyocin translocation domain and binding domain with lysozyme domains (peptidoglycan degrading domains) were achieved by cloning into pET26b plasmid and sequence confirmed. The source of lysozyme domains were from: 
     a. GP36 CD from  P. aeruginosa  phage PI34
 
b. Phi29 lysozyme from  B. subtilis  phage Phi29
 
c. BP7e lysozyme from  E. coli  phage BP7
 
     Physical map of constructs is presented in  FIG. 6   
     Protein Purification: 
     Protein expression was done in  E. coli  ER2566 by inducing at 37° C. with 1 mM IPTG at OD 600  of 0.8 for 4 hours. Induced cell pellet was resuspended in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, sonicated to lyse the cells, separated supernatant and pellet by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm. Proteins P624, P625, P626, and P652 were purified from the soluble fraction using two-step ion exchange chromatography. Briefly, the clarified cell lysate was passed through an anion exchange chromatography using unosphere Q matrix (Biorad) and the flow through that contained the protein of interest was collected. The flow through was then passed through a cation exchange chromatography using unosphere S matrix (Biorad) and the bound protein was eluted with a step gradient of NaCl. The protein of interest was eluted in 300 mM NaCl for P624, P625, P626, and P652. The proteins were dialysed against 20 mM SPB, pH 7.0+150 mM NaCl for P624, P626, and P652, and with 20 mM SPB, pH 7.0 for P625. 
     His tagged proteins P623 and P638 were purified by Ni-NTA chromatography, eluted in 300 mM Imidazole and dialysed against 20 mM SPB, pH 7.0+150 mM NaCl for P638 and 20 mM SPB, pH 7.0 for P623. All proteins were purified to ˜80% homogeneity. 
     OD Fall Assay: 
     The catalytic activity of all lysozyme domains—GP36 CD, Phi29 lysozyme, and BP7e lysozyme were determined by a turbidity reduction OD fall assay using chloroform treated  P. aeruginosa  PA01 cells as a substrate. 50 μg/ml of purified proteins were used in this assay. An active protein by OD fall assay will also suggest the correct folding of the lysozyme domain in the fusion proteins. All the three lysozyme domains were catalytically active. The results are shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Lawn Inhibition Assay: 
       P. aeruginosa  KGN 1665 lawn was prepared by growing colonies in LB broth to an OD 600  of 0.8 and a lawn was prepared on an LB agar plate. The fusion proteins were spotted at the below mentioned concentrations. P626 was spotted on CAA agar on  P. aeruginosa  PAO1, and P652 on LB agar on  P. aeruginosa  DSMZ 50071. P623: 20 μg; P624: 38 μg; P625: 32 μg; P626: 60 μg; P638: 12 μg; P652: 30 μg. Inhibition zone was observed with all the tested proteins except P625 
     Bactericidal Activity: 
     The antibacterial activity of S5 pyocin and chimeric fusions P623, P624, P625, P626, P638, and P652 were tested against  P. aeruginosa  PAO1, using the CFU drop assay. Briefly, 10 6  cells in CAA broth and 50% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 200 μg/ml were incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and enumerated remaining number of viable cells by plating appropriate dilutions on LB agar plates. The experiment was set up in duplicates and the results tabulated as average of duplicates. The respective lysozymes (P200, P198, and P501) were used as negative controls. The results are shown in  FIG. 8A-8C . P623 and P624 (S5 pyocin-GP36 fusion) were showing bactericidal activity on PAO1 in CAA None of the proteins were bactericidal on PAO1 in 50% FCS. 
     Example V Using Klebicin and Pyocin to Target Mixed Infections ( K. Pneumoniae  and  P. Aeruginosa ) 
     Introduction: 
       Klebsiella pneumoniae  and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  are two biofilm-forming organisms that can coexist during infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, and burn wounds and associated with foreign bodies (Childers et al. (2013)). 
     Bacteriocins are proteinaceous molecules naturally produced by bacteria to kill closely related bacteria. Several bacteriocins are known, e.g., Klebicins, pyocins, colicins, pesticins, etc. 
     Klebicins have been used for the purpose of typing  Klebsiella  spp for many decades, but have not been characterized in terms of their antibacterial properties in vitro or in vivo. 
     Pyocins are bacteriocins produced by more than 70% of  Pseudomonas  spp. The high molecular weight pyocins are the R-type and F-type pyocins and the small molecular weight pyocins are the S-type pyocins. The specificity for the entry of S-type pyocins is determined by a receptor present on the cell surface. 
     Cloning of Klebicin CCL and S5 Pyocin 
     Klebicin CCL gene was PCR amplified from the genome of  K. pneumoniae , with its immunity gene, and cloned into pET26b plasmid, expressed in  E. coli  ER2566, and purified by conventional chromatography (anion and cation exchange chromatography). The construct was sequence confirmed and labeled (designated) pGDC 628. 
     S5 type pyocin was PCR amplified from the genome of  P. aeruginosa  and cloned into pET26b plasmid, expressed in  E. coli  ER2566, and purified by conventional chromatography (anion and cation exchange chromatography). The construct was sequence confirmed and designated pGDC 652. 
     Lawn Inhibition Assay: 
     A lawn of  K. pneumoniae  B2094 and  P. aeruginosa  KGN 1665 was prepared on an LB agar plate. Both proteins at 25 μg concentration were spotted on a CAA agar plate. The combination of P628 and P652 showed lawn inhibition in mixed cultures. 
     Bactericidal Activity of P628 and P652 on  P. aeruginosa  KGN 1665 and  K. pneumoniae  B2094 
     The antibacterial activity of P628 and P652 were tested using the CFU drop assay. ˜10 6  cells of  P. aeruginosa  KGN 1665 (˜1×10 6 ) and  K. pneumoniae  B2094 (˜1×10 6 ) were mixed in CAA broth at 200 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL, was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and remaining number of viable cells were enumerated. The experiment was set up in duplicates and the results tabulated as average of duplicates. The results are shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . The combination of P628 and P652 exhibit bactericidal activity in mixed cultures at 400 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml 
     A dose-dependent study with mixed cultures was done to determine the minimum amount of P628 and P652 required to kill the cells by at least 3 orders of magnitude. The results are shown in  FIG. 10A . Combination of P628 and P652 exhibit bactericidal activity in mixed cultures even at 10 μg/ml in both CAA and FCS. 
     Bactericidal Activity of P628 and P652 on  P. aeruginosa  KGN 1665 and  E. coli  B563 
     The antibacterial activity of P628 and P652 was tested using the CFU drop assay. ˜10 6  cells of  P. aeruginosa  KGN 1665 (˜1×10 6 ) and  E. coli  B563 (˜1×10 6 ) were mixed in CAA broth and proteins added individually and in combination at 10 μg/ml, was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and remaining number of viable cells were enumerated. The experiment was setup in duplicates and the results tabulated as average of duplicates. The results are shown in  FIG. 10B . The Combination of P628 and P652 exhibit bactericidal activity in mixed cultures at 10 μg/ml. 
     Example VI Fyu a Binding Domain—Lysozyme Domain Fusions 
     Introduction: 
     Bacteria utilize Iron through receptors on the cell surface for the uptake of iron. The uptake is mediated by molecules called siderophores wherein the siderophore binds to free iron and enters through the receptors following which the iron is released from the siderophore and utilized. 
     Pesticins are bacteriocins produced by  Yersinia pestis  and the receptor for pesticin uptake is the iron uptake receptor FyuA present in  Yersinia pseudotuberculosis  and certain pathogenic strains of  E. coli . Pesticin contains a Fyu A binding domain (FyuA BD) and a peptidoglycan degrading domain (PGD). Lukacik et al. (2012) “Structural engineering of a phage lysin that targets Gram-negative pathogens” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 109:9857-62. The authors demonstrated that replacing the PGD domain with a heterologous lysozyme domain from the T4 lysozyme that is structurally similar to its native lysozyme domain was able to enter and kill bacterial cells. 
     Generating Fyu a Binding Domain—T4 Lysozyme and Fyu a Binding Domain— P. aeruginosa  Phage P134 Virion Associated Lysozyme GP36 (Cloning Strategy) 
     Fyu A binding domain was fused with T4 lysozyme as NdeI-XhoI site in pET26b as synthetic construct. Fyu A binding domain was fused to the  P. aeruginosa  phage PI34 virion associated lysozyme GP36 in the  E. coli  expression vector pET26b into the cloning sites NdeI-XhoI. The clones were sequence confirmed and designated as pGDC 558 (Fyu A BD-T4 lysozyme fusion) and pGDC 567 (Fyu A BD-GP36 fusion) 
     Protein Expression Studies: 
     Test protein expression was performed in  E. coli  ER2566 by inducing with ImM IPTG at 37° C. for 4 hours induced at OD 600  of 0.8. Induced cells were pelleted, resuspended in 20 mM Sodium phosphate buffer and sonicated to lyse the cells. The lysate was then pelleted by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes and the supernatants and pellets were collected separately and analyzed on an SDS-PAGE gel. Protein expression was observed at ˜37 kDa for P558 and 42 kDa for P567 on acrylamide gel in soluble fraction of the cells. 
     Purification of Proteins: 
     Protein expression was done in  E. coli  ER2566 by inducing with 1 mM IPTG at 37° C. at 0.8 OD 600  for 4 hours. Induced cell pellet was resuspended in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, sonicated to lyse the cells, separated supernatant and pellet by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm. Protein was purified from the soluble fraction using two-step ion exchange chromatography. Briefly, the clarified cell lysate was passed through an anion exchange chromatography using unosphere Q matrix (Biorad) and the flow through that contained the protein of interest was collected. The flow through was then passed through a cation exchange chromatography using unosphere S matrix (Biorad) and the bound protein was eluted with a step gradient of NaCl. The protein of interest was eluted in 500 mM NaCl. The proteins were dialysed against 20 mM SPB, pH 7.0+300 mM NaCl. 
     OD Fall Assay 
     The catalytic activity of T4 lysozyme and GP36 lysozyme in the fusion proteins were determined by a turbidity reduction OD fall assay using chloroform treated  P. aeruginosa  PA01 cells as substrate. 50 μg/ml of purified proteins were used in this assay. An active protein by OD fall assay will also suggest the correct refolding of the lysozyme domain in the fusion proteins. The results are shown in  FIG. 11 . The purified proteins P558 and P567 were catalytically active. 
     Cloning and Expression of FyuA Receptor in  E. coli  ER2566 
     The FyuA BD fusions utilize FyuA receptor for entry into bacteria. Lab strains of  E. coli  do not harbor this receptor and hence are not sensitive to these proteins. However, if the receptor could be expressed heterologously from a plasmid in lab  E. coli , the strain may become sensitive to the fusion proteins. To this end, the FyuA receptor was isolated from an  E. coli  clinical isolate and cloned into pET26b as NcoI-XhoI for expression as a PelB signal sequence fusion tag for periplasmic localization of the receptor. 
     Protein Expression Studies 
     Test protein expression was performed in  E. coli  ER2566 by inducing with 1 mM IPTG at 37° C. for 4 hours induced at OD 600  of 0.8. Protein of expected size was observed in the induced cells. The clones were sequence confirmed and designated as pGDC 571. 
     Testing of P558 and P567 on FyuA Expressing ER2566/pGDC571 
     pGDC571 and pET26b were transformed into  E. coli  ER2566 and the resulting colonies were grown to an OD 600  of 0.8 and a lawn prepared on an LB plate. 50 μg of P558 and P567 were spotted on ER2566/pGDC 571+ and ER2566 pET26b (control). Lawn inhibition observed with P558 and P567 indicating that these proteins were active on a FyuA expressing  E. coli  strain. 
     Effect of P558 and P567 on FyuA Expressing  E. coli    
     The antibacterial activities of P558 and P567 were tested against FyuA expressing  E. coli  using the CFU drop assay. 10 7  cells of ER2566/pGDC 571 in LB broth were treated with 30 μg/ml and 300 μg/ml of P558 and with 300 μg/ml of P567, incubated at 37° C. for 2 and for 4 hours and enumerated remaining number of viable cells. The experiment was set up in duplicates and the results tabulated as average of duplicates. The results are shown in  FIG. 12 . A static effect observed with P558 at 300 μg/ml until 4 hours. 
     Viability of the cells at respective time points were determined by plating appropriate dilutions on LB plates and incubated these plates at 37° C., for 16-18 hrs. The results are shown in  FIG. 13 . A bacteriostatic effect was observed with P558 (300 μg/ml, with the cell numbers remaining constant even after 4 hours. 
     The effect of P558 and P567 on FyuA expressing  E. coli  as described above was carried out at protein concentrations of 300 μg/ml and 1350 μg/ml for P558 and 1250 μg/ml for P567. As a control, the ER2566 with the vector control (ER2566/pET26b) also was treated with P558 and P567 at the same concentrations. The results are shown in  FIG. 14 . P558 inhibited growth of ER2566 cells expressing FyuA receptor and no growth inhibition observed with control (ER2566/pET26b). 
     Activity of P558 on  E. coli  ER2566/FyuA+ 
     The antibacterial activity of P558 was tested against FyuA expressing  E. coli  using the CFU drop assay. Briefly, 10 7  cells of ER2566/FyuA in 50% LB broth and 50% fetal calf serum (FCS) were treated with P558 at 300 μg/ml, incubated at 37° C. for 2 and 4 hours and the cell killing was determined by enumerating the remaining number of viable cells. The experiment was set up in duplicates and the results tabulated as average of duplicates. The results are shown in  FIGS. 15A and 15B . 
     Activity of P558 on  Yersinia pseudotuberculosis:    
     The antibacterial activity of P558 was tested against  Yersinia pseudotuberculosis  using the CFU drop assay. Briefly, 10 7  cells of  Y. pseudotuberculosis  in 50% LB broth and 50% fetal calf serum (FCS) were treated with P558 at 300 μg/ml, incubated at 37° C. for 2 and 4 hours and the cell killing was determined by enumerating the remaining number of viable cells. The experiment was set up in duplicates and the results tabulated as average of duplicates. The results are shown in  FIG. 16 . P558 showed static effect on  Y. pseudotuberculosis  in both 50% LB medium and 50% FCS. 
     Activity of P558 on  E. coli  SLC-6 
     The antibacterial activity of P558 was tested against  E. coli  SLC-6, a urinary tract infection isolate using the CFU drop assay. UTI isolates are known to harbor FyuA gene and express the receptor in the urinary tract that would aid the bacteria to colonize and survive. Briefly, 10 7  cells in 50% LB broth and 50% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 300 μg/ml, incubated at 37° C. for 2 and 4 hours and enumerated remaining number of viable cells. The experiment was setup in duplicates and the results tabulated as average of duplicates. The results are shown in  FIG. 17 . P558 showed static effect on  E. coli  SLC-6 in both 50% LB medium and 50% FCS. 
     Activity of P558 on  E. coli  UTI Isolates Positive for fyuA Gene PCR 
     Clinical  E. coli  strains isolated from urine was screened for the presence of fyuA gene by PCR. Few of the positive ones were taken as test strains for determining the activity of P558. Assay Conditions: 50% LB broth and 50% Fetal calf serum (FCS), Reaction volume: 2 ml. Duration: 2 and 4 hours at 37° C., 200 rpm. Strains tested:  E. coli  ER2566/FyuA, B5031, B5113 ( E. coli  UTI isolate). The results are shown in  FIGS. 18A and 18B . P558 showed static effect on  E. coli  B5031 in 50% LB and 50% FCS 
     Activity of P558 on  Klebsiella  Clinical Isolates Positive for fyuA Gene PCR: (FyuA+) 
     Clinical  Klebsiella  strains isolated from urine were screened for the presence of fyuA gene by PCR. Few of the positive ones were taken as test strains for determining the activity of P558. Assay Conditions: 50% LB broth and 50% Fetal calf serum (FCS), Reaction volume: 2 ml. Duration: 2 and 4 hours at 37° C., 200 rpm. Strains tested:  E. coli  ER2566/FyuA,  Klebsiella  spp B2103 , Klebsiella  spp B2096 ( Klebsiella  PCR positive for FyuA + ). The results are shown in  FIG. 19 . P558 showed static effect on  E. coli  B2103 in 50% LB. 
     MIC of P558 in LB (50%) and FCS (50%) 
     MIC assay was done with P558 in 50% LB and 50% FCS by the CLSI method on  E. coli  ER2566/FyuA,  E. coli  ER2566/pET26b,  Y. pseudotuberculosis  and  E. coli  SLC-6. MIC was observed at both 6 hours and 18 hours. The results are shown in Tables 8 and 9. P558 showed very low MIC on  E. coli  ER2566 (FyuA) only at 6 h, however no MIC observed on other strains tested. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 P558 MIC in μg/mL at 6 h 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sl. No 
                 Isolates 
                 50% MHB 
                 50% FCS 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                   E. coli  ER2566/FyuA 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 2 
                   E. coli  ER2566/pET26b 
                 &gt;925 
                 &gt;925 
               
               
                 3 
                 
                   Y. pseudotuberculosis 
                 
                 &gt;925 
                 &gt;925 
               
               
                 4 
                   E. coli  SLC-6 
                 &gt;925 
                 &gt;925 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 P558 MIC in μg/mL at 18 h 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sl. No 
                 Isolates 
                 50% MHB 
                 50% FCS 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                   E. coli  ER2566/FyuA 
                 &gt;950 
                 &gt;950 
               
               
                 2 
                   E. coli  ER2566/pET26b 
                 &gt;950 
                 &gt;950 
               
               
                 3 
                 
                   Y. pseudotuberculosis 
                 
                 &gt;950 
                 &gt;950 
               
               
                 4 
                   E. coli  SLC-6 
                 &gt;950 
                 &gt;950 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Other FyuABD Fusions: 
     Fusions of FyuA binding domain and peptidoglycan degrading domains were generated by cloning into pET26b plasmid and sequence confirmed. 
     a. FyuA BD—Phi29 lysozyme from  B. subtilis  phage Phi29
 
b. FyuA BD—BP7e lysozyme from  E. coli  phage BP7
 
c. FyuA BD—Phi6 P5 lytic enzyme from  P. syringiae  phage Phi6
 
d. FyuA BD—GS linker—GP36 CD
 
     The proteins were purified by ion exchange chromatography to 90% homogeneity. 
     OD Fall Assay: 
     The catalytic activity of the FyuA fusions were determined by OD fall assay using chloroform treated  P. aeruginosa  cells as substrate. 50 μg/ml of purified proteins were used in this assay. An active protein by OD fall assay will also suggest the correct refolding of the lysozymes. The results are shown in  FIG. 20 . The purified proteins P581, P583, and P580 were catalytically active as observed by the OD fall obtained. P578 was not active indicating that the catalytic domain was non functional. 
     Effect of FyuA BD Fusions on FyuA Expressing  E. coli:    
     The antibacterial activity of the fusion proteins were tested against FyuA expressing  E. coli  using the CFU drop assay. Briefly, ˜10 7  cells of ER2566/FyuA in 50% LB broth were treated with P558 at 300 μg/ml, incubated at 37° C. for 2 and 4 hours and the cell killing was determined by enumerating the remaining number of viable cells. The experiment was set up in duplicates and the results tabulated as average of duplicates. The results are shown in  FIG. 21 . P558 and P581 inhibited growth of ER2566 cells expressing FyuA receptor. No inhibition was observed with other proteins. 
     Viability of the cells at respective time points were determined by plating appropriate dilutions on LB plates and incubated these plates at 37° C., for 16-18 hrs. The results are shown in  FIG. 22 . P558 showed 1 log drop and P581 2 logs drop in 50% LB medium 
     Lawn Inhibition Assay: 
     The fyuA construct pGDC571 was transformed into  E. coli  ER2566 and the resulting colonies were grown in LB broth to an OD 600  of 0.8 and a lawn was prepared on an LB agar plate. The fusion proteins were spotted on ER2566/pGDC 571 and  Y. pseudotuberculosis . Clear inhibition zone observed with P581 on LyuA expressing ER2566 and  Y. pseudotuberculosis.    
     Activity of P581 on Clinical UTI Strains (LyuA+) in LB and ECS 
       Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, E. coli  B5501, B5503, and B5504. Assay Conditions: 50% LB broth and 50% Letal calf serum (ECS). Reaction volume: 2 ml. Duration: 2 and 4 hours at 37° C., 200 rpm. Cells: 10 5  CLU/mL. Protein: 300 μg/mL. Incubation: 37° C., 200 rpm, 2 h, 4 h. The results are shown in Ligure 23. P581 was active on  Y. pseudotuberculosis  in both LB and ECS. 
     Example VII Transfer of a Selected Bacteriocin Receptor to a Target  Escherichia  Bacteria 
     The gene encoding the FyuA receptor is PCR amplified from  Yersinia pseudotuberculosis  genome (Accession: Z35107.1) using primers containing  E. coli  signal sequence (e.g., pelB). A broad host range conjugative plasmid (e.g., pLM2) is isolated from  Salmonella typhimurium  LT2 and the above PCR product is cloned at a suitable restriction site, transformed by electroporation into  E. coli  lab strain and screened by PCR for recombinant clones. The colony containing the gene of interest is the “donor” bacteria. 5 ml of donor and recipient cells ( E. coli  in which the FyuA receptor has to be expressed) are grown to OD 600  of 0.5-0.7. 100 microliters of donor and recipient cultures are mixed (Controls: 100 microliters of donor and recipient cells alone), centrifuged to wash cells with 0.85% saline twice. The pellet is resuspended in 20 microliters of saline, and spotted on a well-dried LB agar petri plate. The plate is allowed to dry and incubated overnight at degrees centigrade following which the culture is scraped into 500 microliters saline and vortexed to disrupt mating pairs. The suspension is plated at various appropriate dilutions on respective selection plates, e.g., dual antibiotic plates. Appropriate colonies are typically confirmed for conjugation by PCR for the presence of conjugative plasmid. The transconjugant colony is grown in LB broth to an OD 600  of 0.8. The culture is diluted to OD 600  of 0.2 and spread plated on LB agar plate and allowed to dry. Protein P558 (FyuA binding domain—T4 lysozyme) fusion is spotted (10 μg) on the lawn and plate incubated at 37° C. for 17 hours. A zone of inhibition seen as clearance indicates the susceptibility of the bacteria due to the expression of the FyuA receptor. A control culture of the recipient bacteria is also spotted with P558. 
     Example VIII Construction of Bacteriocins Fused with Amps 
     The genes encoding bacteriocins are cloned into  E. coli  expression vectors such as pET plasmids and the expression of the recombinant bacteriocins are confirmed. DNA sequences encoding the AMPs are cloned either at the 5′ or 3′ end of the bacteriocins by PCR based methods to obtain a fusion gene. Different AMP sequences as listed in the table above are fused to various bacteriocins. These fusion genes are cloned into bacterial expression vectors and DNA sequence are confirmed. Alternatively, the DNA sequence encoding the AMPs is synthesized as oligos with appropriate restriction enzyme recognition sites to clone into plasmids that already harbor bacteriocin genes. 
     Protein Expression, Purification and Refolding: 
     All DNA sequence confirmed chimeric bacteriocins are expressed in appropriate laboratory  E. coli . For example,  E. coli  ER2566 carrying the plasmids are grown, e.g., at 37° C. till OD 600  reached 0.8 to 1.0 and the protein expression is induced by addition of IPTG to a final concentration of 1 mM and the induction is done, e.g., at 37° C. for 4 hours. After 4 hours of IPTG induction, the cells are harvested and protein expression checked on an acrylamide gel. Once the expression of the test recombinant chimeric bacteriocin is confirmed, it is purified, e.g., by affinity chromatography. Proteins that are expressed in the soluble fraction of the cells are purified, e.g., using native purification conditions and proteins expressed as inclusion bodies (IBs) are purified under denaturing conditions, using either urea or guanidine hydrochloride to denature the IBs. Refolding of the denatured proteins is done, e.g., by removal of the denaturant, e.g., by dialyzing against appropriate buffer at 4° C. for 16-18 hrs. After refolding the homogeneity of the purified, refolded proteins is analyzed on an acrylamide gel and the protein concentration determined by Bradford&#39;s assay. 
     Bactericidal Assays: 
     a) CFU Drop Assay in Buffer and Buffered Saline: 
     Gram-negative cells grown, e.g., in LB medium, until mid-log phase (OD 600  of 0.6) are diluted 100-fold in appropriate buffer such as 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0 or 20 mM SPB pH 7.0 with and without 150 mM NaCl to a final density of 10 6  CFU/ml. 100 μL of cells are treated with different concentrations (e.g., 50-200 μg/mL) of purified test proteins. The final volume of the reaction mixture is adjusted, e.g., to 200 μL with appropriate buffers. The reaction mixture is incubated, e.g., at 37° C. for 2 hours and enumerated remaining number of viable cells by plating of appropriate dilutions on LB plate followed by overnight incubation at 37° C. The antibacterial activity is calculated by dividing initial number of untreated cells with number of residual cells in log units and plotting the data as bar graph. 
     b) CFU Drop Assay in Growth Media: 
     Gram-negative cells grown, e.g., in LB medium, until mid-log phase (OD 600  of ˜0.6) are diluted 100-fold in either LB or CA-MHB media to a final density of ˜10 6  CFU/ml. 100 μL of cells are treated with different concentrations (e.g., 50-200 μg/mL) of purified test proteins. The final volume of the reaction mixture is adjusted, e.g., to 200 μL with appropriate buffers. The reaction mixture is incubated, e.g., at 37° C. for 2 hours, and enumerated remaining number of viable cells by plating of appropriate dilutions on LB plate followed by overnight incubation at 37° C. The antibacterial activity is calculated by dividing initial number of untreated cells with number of residual cells in log units and plotting the data as bar graph. 
     c) CFU Drop Assay in Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS): 
     Gram-negative cells grown, e.g., in LB medium until mid-log phase (OD 600  of 0.6) are diluted 100-fold in FBS to a final density of ˜10 6  CFU/ml. 100 μL of cells are treated with different concentrations (e.g., 100-400 μg/mL) of purified test proteins. The final volume of the reaction mixture is adjusted, e.g., to 200 μL with CA-MHB media. The reaction mixture is incubated, e.g., at 37° C. for 2 hours and enumerated remaining number of viable cells by plating of appropriate dilutions on LB plate followed by overnight incubation at 37° C. The antibacterial activity is calculated by dividing initial number of untreated cells with number of residual cells in log units and plotting the data as bar graph. 
     Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Determination: 
     MIC is determined, e.g., using a modified Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution procedure on Garm-negative cells in Cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton Broth (CA-MHB media) or in 50% FBS. A 10-point MIC is set up in microtitre plates in duplicates with two fold dilutions. Wells of 96-well polystyrene plated are coated, e.g., with 0.5% BSA for 1 hour at 37° C. and each well is inoculated, e.g., with 5×10 5  cells/mL Gram-negative bacteria. A positive control for growth which is devoid of test proteins is included in the assay. The microtiter plates are incubated, e.g., at 35° C. for 18-20 hrs. The MIC is defined as the minimum concentration that completely inhibits bacterial growth at the end of incubation, e.g., as determined by colorless wells after addition of Iodonitro tetrazolium (INT) dye.