Patent Publication Number: US-10317343-B2

Title: Method and system for sampling and analyzing organic material

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation patent application and claims priority benefit, with regard to all common subject matter, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/393,680, filed Dec. 29, 2016 (“the &#39;680 Application”), now U.S. Pat. No. 10,145,801. The &#39;680 Application is a continuation-in-part application and claims priority benefit, with regard to all common subject matter, of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/CA2015/050607, filed Jun. 29, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/018,874, filed Jun. 30, 2014. The above-referenced applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In the agriculture industry, agronomists often have to establish and follow an agro-environmental fertilization plan when cultivating a field. Such a plan determines the spreading limits for fertilizers for a given growing season. In order to best determine the fertilization needs of a particular area of land, it is often necessary to analyze soil samples in order to measure pH, and the concentration of several minerals, such as potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, aluminum and calcium, among others. 
     Current methods for analyzing samples involve four main steps: (1) collecting a soil sample; (2) transporting the sample to a laboratory and preparing it for analysis; (3) dissolving the sample chemically; and (4) analyzing the sample using methods such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). 
     These methods involve many different physical and chemical operations, both when preparing and analyzing samples. For example, many samples must be collected from several locations and prepared for transport to a lab. Next, the samples are subject to a laborious analyzing process involving drying, grinding, sieving, extracting and filtering. 
     Existing methods are both time consuming and expensive. For example, these methods require large individual samples (approximately 500 g) from various parts of a field which must each be transported to a lab. Once at the lab, analyzing the soil may require several different tests in order to analyze different characteristics of the soil. These tests can take a significant amount of time, making the turnaround time relatively slow. 
     In existing methods, there is also a significant risk that samples can become contaminated and/or confused. For example, identification information is often hand-written on sample containers, making identification difficult when the identification information contains mistakably similar characters, or when it is written with poor handwriting. What&#39;s more, in order to carry out a test, a portion of a soil sample must be transferred into a separate test container, creating an opportunity to introduce contaminants or lose track of a sample. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 8,286,857 describes a soil sample tracking system and method in which soil sample containers are provided with unique identifiers. The containers are used to temporarily store the soil samples until they are analyzed. The soil samples must thus be removed from their containers for analysis, and thus there is still a risk of mixing or contaminating the different soil samples. 
     These shortcomings have a significant impact on the use of such methods in practice. For example, due to the costs involved, many agronomists generally limit sampling to a single sample per field. This is not ideal, as it does not provide sufficiently fine-grained information about the soil characteristics of a field, and thus limits the effectiveness of an agro-environmental fertilization plan when it is based on that information. 
     Some improvements have already been made to the step of analyzing a sample in the laboratory. For example, soil can be analyzed using a method known as Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), such as the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,692,789. While this technology is an improvement in the lab, there is yet to be a practical method for using LIBS technology in the context of gathering several samples of soil from a field and managing data from the analysis of those samples. 
     There is therefore a need for an improved method and system which reduces costs and simplifies the overall process of sampling and analyzing soil by leveraging LIBS technology. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for improving the sampling and analysis of organic material, including the sampling and analysis of soil in the context of the agriculture industry. Organic material, or organic matter, encompasses soil, fertilizer, manure, leaves or any other carbon-based compounds found in natural, engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environment. 
     According to an aspect, a method for sampling and analyzing organic material is provided. The method includes the steps of: providing a sample container having porous sidewalls and a unique identifier; associating, on a database, a geographic position with the unique identifier, the geographic position corresponding to a location where an organic material sample was taken; receiving the sample container with the organic material sample contained therein; compacting the organic material sample while inside the sample container; analyzing the organic material sample while inside the sample container using a Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) system and generating analysis results; and associating the analysis results of the organic material sample with the unique identifier of the sample container. 
     In an embodiment, the organic material sample is dried while inside the sample container below a humidity level of approximately 10%. 
     In an embodiment, drying the organic material sample includes heating the organic material sample inside an oven at a temperature between approximately 30° C. and 45° C. for a period of between approximately 2 hours and 48 hours. 
     In an embodiment, compacting the organic material sample comprises hydraulically pressing the organic material sample with a weight of between approximately 15 tonnes and 30 tonnes. 
     In an embodiment, the organic material sample contained in the sample container is between approximately 5 grams and 150 grams. 
     In an embodiment, a plurality of organic material samples is analyzed sequentially in the LIBS system as part of a batch. 
     In an embodiment, analyzing the organic material sample is performed in less than 60 seconds. 
     In an embodiment, the batch includes at least one control sample for calibrating the LIBS system; between approximately 10% and 20% of the organic material samples in the batch can be control samples. In an alternate embodiment, the LIBS system can be pre-calibrated prior to analyzing the batch. 
     In an embodiment, the plurality of organic material samples is compacted sequentially as part of a batch. 
     In an embodiment, the method further includes a step of loading the plurality of organic material samples in a support tray, with at least one of the steps of drying, compacting, analyzing and archiving being performed while the soil samples are in the support tray. 
     In an embodiment, the unique identifier within the LIBS system is scanned prior to performing the analysis of the organic material sample. 
     In an embodiment, analyzing the organic material sample using the LIBS system includes shining a laser on a plurality of different areas on an exposed surface of the organic material sample. 
     In an embodiment, the method further includes the steps of receiving report preferences from a user and generating a report summarizing the analysis according to the report preferences. 
     In an embodiment, the method further includes the step of grouping a plurality of sample containers in a sample group box and mailing the sample group box via a postal service. 
     In an embodiment, the method further includes the step of providing the sample group box with a pre-paid postage label for returning the sample group box to a lab after the soil sample containers have been filled. 
     In an embodiment, the plurality of organic material samples is archived while inside the sample group box. 
     In an embodiment, archiving the plurality of organic material sample includes storing the plurality of organic material samples within their respective sample containers in a climate controlled environment for a period of at least 6 months. 
     In an embodiment, the plurality of organic material samples is archived while inside the organic material sample containers. 
     In an embodiment, the organic material sample comprises a soil sample. In other embodiments, the organic material comprises manure, fertilizer and/or leaves. 
     According to an aspect, a system for sampling and analyzing organic material is provided. The system includes: a plurality sample containers, each sample container including porous sidewalls and having a unique identifier associated therewith; a database associating, for each of the sample containers, a geographic position with the unique identifier, the geographic position corresponding to a location where an organic material sample was taken; a press for compacting organic material samples inside the sample containers, the press including at least one automated piston sized and shaped for fitting within an open-end of the sample containers; a LIBS system and a server. The LIBS system includes: a scanning device to scan the unique identifier associated with each of the plurality of sample containers; a laser head assembly and a spectrograph to analyze the organic material samples while inside the sample containers; and to generate analysis results; a processor and a memory, the memory having stored therein instructions executable by the processor to control the scanning device, the laser head assembly and spectrograph. The server includes a processor and a memory. The server is in communication with the LIBS system and the database, with the memory having stored thereon instructions executable by the processor to receive the analysis results from the LIBS system and associate the analysis results with the unique identifiers in the database. 
     In an embodiment, each of the plurality of sample containers includes: a body including a base and the porous sidewalls, the porous sidewalls extending peripherally from the base and defining, together with the base, a cavity with an open end for containing an organic material sample; and a removable lid covering the open end, the unique identifier being provided in at least one of the body and the lid. 
     In an embodiment, a thickness of the base is selected such that the base can support a weight of between approximately 15 tonnes and 30 tonnes. 
     In an embodiment, the system includes an oven for drying the organic material samples while inside the soil sample containers. 
     In an embodiment, the press is shaped and configured to receive several of said sample containers at a time. 
     In an embodiment, the system includes a support tray for supporting the plurality of sample containers, the tray including cavities sized and shaped for receiving the sample containers therein. 
     In an embodiment, the support tray includes: a base having a top side and a bottom side, the top side being provided with the cavities arranged peripherally around a central axis; and lid supports extending from the top side of the base adjacent each cavity for supporting the removable lids of the soil sample containers peripherally around the central axis, the lid supports including support arms for retaining the lids of the soil sample containers in an upright position. 
     In an embodiment, the tray further includes a locking mechanism for retaining the sample containers in the base of the tray. 
     In an embodiment, the system includes a client device in communication with the server, the client device including a processor, memory, a scanning mechanism and a geographic position sensor, the memory having stored therein instructions executable by the processor to cause the client device to scan the unique identifiers of the sample containers using the scanning mechanism, capture geographic position coordinates corresponding to a location from which an organic material sample in a corresponding sample container was taken using the geographic position sensor, and transmit the geographic position coordinates associated with corresponding unique identifiers for storage in the database. 
     In an embodiment, the system includes a reusable sample group box for transporting groups of sample containers to and from a lab, and for archiving groups of sample containers, the box including a plurality of slots for receiving the group of sample containers and a lid for enclosing the group of sample containers within the box. 
     According to an aspect, a method is provided for sampling and analyzing organic material. The method includes the steps of: (1) collecting samples of organic material; (2) tagging the samples; (3) grouping a collection of samples; (4) sending the samples to a laboratory; (5) receiving a collection of samples at a laboratory and identifying the collection; (6) drying the samples; (7) compacting the samples; (8) analyzing the samples using LIBS, or other such technology; (9) generating a report from the analyzed data; and (10) archiving the samples. 
     In an embodiment, the tagging of samples is done using a unique identifier, such as QR codes. Each tagged sample is further associated with indicia of source, such as the GPS coordinates of where the sample originates, or a timestamp indicating when the sample was taken. 
     According to an aspect, a system for containing and transporting samples is provided. The system includes porous cups for containing individual samples. 
     The cups can have a label affixed to the exterior displaying a unique identifier, such as a QR code or other tagging method for identifying the cup. The system also includes a shippable cardboard box adapted to receive a plurality of cups, such as twelve or twenty-four of the porous cups. The cardboard box can be further identified by a unique tag for classification and archiving. 
     According to an aspect, a computerized system for managing samples and manipulating analyzed data is provided. The system includes at least a server and a client device. The client device is adapted to read a tagged sample, via the unique identifier for example, and transmit to the server information to be associated with the sample. Such information may include, for example, GPS coordinates, a timestamp, or both, or the results of LIBS analysis. The server is adapted to gather data collected from the client, store it in a database, and present it in the form of a report, which can be accessible via a web browser, for example. 
     In an embodiment, one client device may be a mobile phone, the mobile phone being equipped with a camera, GPS receiver and mobile data connection. A user scans the QR code of a sample at the very location it was taken, while the mobile phone registers the current GPS location and sends this data to the server. A second client device may be the machine carrying out the sample analysis. The machine automatically scans a QR code and stores the analysis information in the server database along with the GPS data. Information collected by both clients can be combined to generate a report. 
     According to yet another aspect, a system for preparing the organic material samples for the LIBS analysis is provided. The system includes a unit for drying the samples, and a unit for compacting the samples. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A to 1C  contain a flow chart schematically illustrating the steps in a method for sampling and analyzing organic material, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2A  is a perspective view of a sample container for use in the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2B  is a perspective view of a container lid for sealing and identifying the sample container of  FIG. 2A . 
         FIGS. 2C and 2D  are perspective views of the sample container and lid of  FIGS. 2A and 2B  assembled together. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating a computer system for identifying and tracking organic material samples for use in the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4A  is a perspective view of a sample group box for use in the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C , according to an embodiment, shown in an assembled and a disassembled configuration. 
         FIG. 4B  is a perspective view of the sample group box of  FIG. 4A  in an open configuration, showing sample containers supported by a removable group tray. 
         FIG. 4C  is a perspective view of the sample group box of  FIG. 4A  in a closed configuration, showing a configuration of shipping and identification labels affixed thereto. 
         FIG. 4D  is a perspective view of a sample group box for use in the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C , according to an alternate embodiment where the sample group box accommodates two removable group trays. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are schematic illustrations of a drying device useful during the drying step in the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6A  is a partially transparent front view of a pressing device useful during the pressing step in the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6B  is a partially transparent perspective view of the pressing device of  FIG. 6A , showing a sample container support tray supported therein. 
         FIGS. 6C and 6D  are detail views of a pressing unit, according to an embodiment where the pressing unit is provided with an ejection piston. 
         FIG. 6E  is a schematic view of a pressing device according to an embodiment where the pressing device comprises a plurality of pressing heads. 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  are top and bottom perspective views of a capsule support tray for use in the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7C  is an exploded view of the capsule support tray of  FIGS. 7A and 7C . 
         FIG. 7D  is a schematic of a capsule support tray according to an alternate embodiment which supports the capsules while inside a group tray. 
         FIG. 8A  is a partially transparent front view of a LIBS system for use in the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8B  is a partially transparent side view of the LIBS system of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIG. 8C  is a cross-sectional view of the LIBS system of  FIG. 8B  taken along line  8 C- 8 C. 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating a computerized system for identifying and analyzing organic material samples for use in the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic illustrating a sample report generated during the method of  FIGS. 1A to 1C . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, the term “client device” refers to any electronic device capable of executing computer code and communicating with a server via a communication channel. Examples of a client device may include, but are not limited to: a laptop or desktop computer, a tablet, or a smartphone device. The term “server” refers to a computing device capable responding to requests from a client device, by means of a communication channel. As will be evident in the remainder of the description, the server carries out a variety of functions. These functions need not be done on the same physical device, and thus the definition of a server may also refer to a collection or cluster of computing devices networked in some fashion. 
     What follows describes a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and provides examples for possible implementations. These are but one of many ways to implement the invention. For example, although the system and method are described in the context of soil analysis, it is appreciated that the system and method can apply to the analysis of other types of organic material. As such, the examples provided should not be taken as to limit the scope of the invention in any way. In the figures, the same numerical references refer to similar elements. Furthermore, for the sake of simplicity and clarity, namely so as to not unduly burden the figures with several references numbers, not all figures contain references to all the components and features, and references to some components and features may be found in only one figure, and components and features of the present disclosure which are illustrated in other figures can be easily inferred therefrom. 
     A. Method 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1A-1C , a diagram illustrating the main steps in the method of the present invention is shown, according to an embodiment. It should be understood that different steps in the method can occur in different locations. For example, some steps can occur on-site where the organic material samples are collected, and some steps can occur at a lab where the organic material samples are analyzed. It should be understood that the word “lab” is use herein to lighten the text. A “lab” can include any location on site or off site which has the necessary equipment to perform the analysis of the soil samples. 
     The first step comprises sampling. In this step, an agronomist, or other operator, collects samples of organic material from strategic locations across an area of land, and places them in containers which were received from a lab or other entity. In the present embodiment, the organic material samples comprise soil samples. Typically, the soil samples are collected manually, for example with a shovel or a coring tool, or with the help of a machine adapted to collect samples. In the presently described embodiment, the samples are stored in containers referred to hereinafter as “soil sample containers”, as their function in this particular embodiment is to contain soil samples. However, it is appreciated that the same or similar containers can be used to contain other types of organic material, such as leave for example, and can therefore also be referred to as simply “containers” or “sample containers”. In the presently described embodiment, the containers are porous sample containers. However, it is appreciated that other types of containers can also be used, such as a sealable plastic bag for example. The size of the samples can be relatively small. For example, each soil sample container can contain between 5 grams and 150 grams of soil sample. Once inside the containers, the samples are tagged according to a predetermined tagging scheme, preferably indicating where the samples originated. This step of tagging allows associating soil samples with specific geographic locations or positions on an area of land from where they were taken. This can be accomplished, for example, with the help of a client device and a QR code affixed to the soil sample container. Preferably, prior to or after filling a soil sample container, a client device is used to scan a QR code on the container and capture GPS coordinates, the GPS coordinates corresponding to where the sample was taken. The QR code and corresponding coordinate information is wirelessly transmitted and received on a server where they can be associated in a database. Once tagged, several samples are grouped together and prepared for shipping. The individual samples are packed together into a sample group box, i.e. a larger container suitable for holding a group of multiple samples, and being adapted for shipping the samples safely. The group box can also be adapted such that they identify from where the samples originate, for example by providing a label with client information. Once prepared, the group box is shipped to a lab for processing. 
     The second step comprises receiving the samples at the lab. The sample group box is received, and is identified according to its origin, for example using an identifier such as a QR code and/or a customer information label. This step is optional since it is possible to include customer information in the QR code on each sampling container. Tracking the sample group box when it arrives in the lab allows tracking the time between receiving a sample group box and analyzing the samples of the sample group box. When the group box is identified, the samples contained therein can be associated with a particular group, for example using the identifier or customer information. For example, a single group box can correspond to samples taken at various locations in a single field. The samples can therefore be associated to a group which corresponds to the field. The association of individual samples to a particular group can, for example, be stored in a database on a server. It should be noted that, in an embodiment, this association can be made prior to receiving the samples at the lab. For example, the lab can prepare a group box with several empty soil sample containers therein, and associate the soil sample containers with a group prior to mailing the empty soil sample containers to a client to be filled. 
     Once identified, the next steps involve preparing the sample for analysis. Preferably, the preparation and analysis of the sample is done in the same container in which the sample was shipped, for example to reduce the materials used and to avoid having an extra step of transferring portions of the samples to different containers. The preparation and analysis can be done with the sample inside the soil sample container in which it was shipped or, in some cases, with the sample inside the group box or the group tray in which it was shipped. In some embodiments, the soil sample containers can be transferred to a support tray which supports the samples throughout the preparation and analysis steps. 
     The third step comprises an optional step of drying the samples in order to prepare the samples for analysis. This can be done, for example, over the course of 12 to 18 hours at a temperature of about 37° C. in a drying chamber, such as an oven or incubator for example. The time and temperature can vary according to the sample and/or testing conditions. For example, the drying period can be anywhere between approximately 2 hours and 48 hours, and the drying temperature can be anywhere between 30° C. and 45° C. Drying is done in order to remove humidity from the samples to avoid leaching of nutrients, or water seepage in subsequent steps in which the samples are compacted and analyzed. Such effects can be avoided if, for example, the samples are dried to a humidity level of about 10% or less. In some embodiments, the drying step can be accomplished outside of the lab. For example, the samples can be dried during transport, either on their own in an ambient environment, or in a climate controlled area of a transport vehicle. In some embodiments, the soil samples can be sufficiently dried prior to arriving at the lab, and need not be dried in the oven or incubator. 
     The fourth step comprises pressing or compacting the samples, for example with the help of a pressing system. In this step, each sample is compressed under a weight of about 23 tonnes for several seconds. The soil is compacted to account for the fact that each sample may contain material with different characteristics. In order to get a consistent reading from each sample, they must all have a uniform surface. Compacting the soil assures that each sample is uniform. The weight applied to the samples can vary, for example according to the composition of the soil. In typical embodiments, the soil samples are pressed with a weight of between approximately 15 tonnes and 30 tonnes. Preferably, the soil samples are compacted while inside their sample containers. This provides the advantage of avoiding transferring or manipulating the soil samples. In an embodiment, each sample in a group of samples can be compacted one at a time. In an alternate embodiment, two or more samples of a group can be compacted simultaneously. Preferably, compacting a group of samples is automated. For example, the press can be configured to compact a first sample or a first set of samples, and then move the samples or the pressing head in order to continue compacting the remaining samples without manual human intervention. To aid in this task, the soil sample containers can be loaded in a support tray which allows the compacting system to more easily manipulate and reposition the soil sample containers. 
     Once compacted, the fifth step comprises analyzing the samples using a LIBS system. The samples can be analyzed using known LIBS analysis methods, for example the one disclosed in the international PCT application no WO 2015/077867. Preferably, the analysis is done on the samples while they are still inside their corresponding soil sample containers, and can involve shining a laser on a plurality of different areas on an exposed surface of the soil sample (i.e. the uniform surface created during the pressing step). Preferably, prior to analyzing the sample using the laser, the unique identifier of the soil sample container is scanned by the LIBS system. In this fashion, data acquired by the analysis can be associated with the sample by means of the unique identifier, for example by transmitting the analysis data to a server for storage in a database. Preferably, the analysis of a group of samples is automated. For example, the LIBS system can be configured to analyze a first sample, and then reposition the samples or the laser head in order to analyze subsequent samples without manual human intervention. To aid in this task, the soil sample containers can be loaded in a support tray which allows the LIBS system to more easily manipulate and reposition the soil sample containers. Preferably, each sample in the group is analyzed in this fashion in 60 seconds or less. 
     Preferably, the support tray can be provided with control samples for calibrating the LIBS system. For example, between approximately 10% and 20% of the samples being scanned can be controls. The control samples can be identified by the LIBS system by unique identifiers on their corresponding soil sample containers. In an embodiment where a group of sample comprises 12 containers, the support tray can be configured to hold 14 soil sample containers, 2 of which contain control samples. 
     Once the samples are analyzed, a sixth step comprises generating a report. The report can serve to present the analysis results. For example, the reports can be that from a single point of sampling, from all the sampling points, or a summary for a whole field. Preferably, the report is generated by a server connected to a database which contains the analysis results and other data associated with a sample. Preferably, the report can be accessed over the internet, for example through a web portal by a client or operator. Preferably, the report cannot be tampered with. In an embodiment, an agronomic report can be generated where recommendations are made. In such a report the client can specify report preferences which can include types of data to include in the report, and the report can be generated according to the report preferences. The recommendations can be compiled in a file readable by a fertilization device, the file providing the fertilization device with instructions to automatically distribute nutrients in a field according to the analysis results of the samples and their associated geographic locations. 
     A seventh step, can comprise archiving the samples. The samples can be archived inside the group box so that they can be recovered or re-analyzed at a later date. The group box can be provided with a label on a front surface, for example, so that it can be easily identified when stacked vertically, thus helping to save space. Preferably, the samples are stored for a period of at least 6 months following their analysis, according to ISO 17025 standards. The samples can be archived in a climate controlled environment, for example to avoid deterioration. 
     As can be appreciated, following receipt of the analysis results and/or recommendations, a fertilization plan can be developed, and this plan can be executed in order to spread the appropriate fertilizers to maintain the desired soil profile depending on the types of crops which are being grown. In an embodiment, the sampling and analysis described above can be used in the context of providing a feedback loop in the execution of a fertilization plan, and can allow for the plan to be adjusted as necessary. For example, in an embodiment, following the spreading of fertilizers, the soil can be re-sampled at similar or different locations, and the samples can be analyzed using the LIBS system in order to determine if the soil has been properly fertilized. If the soil still does not have an optimal profile, the fertilization plan can be adjusted in order to attain the desired results. 
     As can be further appreciated, although the method was described above in the context of soil analysis, it is understood that other types of organic material can also be analyzed. In some embodiments, fertilizer or manure can be analyzed in order to determine their authenticity. In some embodiments, the above-described system can be used in the context of foliar analysis. In such an embodiment, foliar samples can be gathered from plants and placed into sample containers. As described above, the sample containers can comprise an identifier, and the container can be associated with GPS coordinates corresponding to the location where the sample was taken. The samples can be sent to a lab where a LIBS system can analyze the composition of the foliar samples. As can be appreciated, such an analysis provides an indication of the nutrients which were actually absorbed by plants at the locations where the foliar samples were taken. An excess and/or deficiency of certain nutrients can be identified, and a fertilization plan can be developed and executed in order to correct for the excess and/or surplus. In such an embodiment, foliar analysis can be used as a feedback loop for fertilization. This can be useful, for example, in the context of agriculture or horticulture. 
     In some embodiments, the above-described foliar analysis can be used in combination with the above-described soil analysis. For example, the soil can be analyzed to develop a fertilization plan in preparation for cultivating a crop. After the soil is fertilized and the crops are planted, foliar samples can be taken from the crops after a determined period of time when the crops have grown. The foliar samples can thus allow verifying whether nutrients were properly absorbed by the crops. If any nutrients are missing, the soil can be re-fertilized accordingly. 
     As can be appreciated, different sample containers may be used depending on the type of organic material being sampled. In some embodiments, for example where it may be necessary to preserve the moisture content of the sample, a non-porous and liquid and/or airtight container may be used. In some embodiments, the container can be a bag, such as a re-sealable plastic bag, or a vessel which can be configured to contain a sample comprising fluid. It is preferred, however, that the containers each have a unique identifier which can be used to identify the samples and associate it with GPS coordinates using a mobile device, regardless of the type of container. Preferably, the containers are configured such that the samples can be prepared and analyzed using the LIBS while inside their respective container, however in some embodiments, the samples can be transferred to another container for performing the LIBS analysis. 
     As can be further appreciated, depending on the type of organic material being analyzed, additional or alternative steps can be used to prepare the organic material for analysis using the LIBS system. As explained above in the context of soil analysis, soil can be dried and compacted in the sample container prior to analysis using the LIBS system. However, depending on the nature of the samples of organic material, other preparatory steps may be necessary. For example, when the sampled organic material is coarse, the organic material can be crushed, ground, scrambled, blended, pulverized and/or mixed, for example to transform the sample into a more fine-grained and substantially homogeneous mixture. In some embodiments, the organic material can be dried prior to mixing and/or blending, while in other embodiments, moisture can be introduced to the sample to facilitate the blending of the sample, and the sample can be dried after the mixing and/or blending. In some embodiments, the sample may be sufficiently dense and uniform and it may not be necessary to compact the sample prior to analysis. Compacting the sample can be omitted in some further embodiments, for example if the sample has a high level of moisture or is substantially aqueous. Preferably, all the preparatory steps, including any mixing and/or blending, are performed in the sample container. However, it is appreciated that in some embodiments, some preparatory steps can involve transferring the sample to another container, for example to simplify certain preparatory steps. 
     Some of the preparatory steps described above can, for example, apply in the context of foliar analysis. As can be appreciated, in such a context, the samples of organic material can comprise pieces of leaves. These leaves are substantially large pieces and may not be suitable for analyzing directly using the LIBS system. Therefore, in an embodiment, after receiving foliar samples at a lab, the samples can be dried in a similar fashion as described above in the context of soil analysis. Next, the foliar samples can be reduced to a finer granularity, for example they can be crushed, blended, scrambled and/or mixed, thereby transforming the sample into a more fine-grained composition which can be substantially homogeneous. In some embodiments, the fine-grained sample can then be compacted using a pressing system, and analyzed using the LIBS system as usual. 
     B. System 
     i. Soil Sample Container 
     With reference to  FIGS. 2A to 2D , a soil sample container  200  is provided for use in the above-described method. In the illustrated embodiment, the soil sample container  200  is a sampling cup, but other shapes are also possible. The soil sample container  200  is provided with a base  204  and sidewalls  202  defining a substantially round outer contour and an inner cavity  208 . The inner cavity is sized and shaped for receiving between 5 grams and 150 grams of a sample of soil  210 . The upper portion of the cup is provided with a lip  206 , which can serve to receive a lid, or to provide an abutment to allow the soil sample container to rest inside a support with a round cavity. Preferably, at least the sidewalls  202  or the base  204  comprise a porous material  203 . The porous material  203  can be a porous plastic which allows moisture to exit the container, such as polyethylene for example with pore size diameters ranging from 7 to 150 micrometers. Preferably still, the base  204  and sidewalls  202  are sized and shaped so that they can support between at least 15 tonnes and 30 tonnes. In this configuration, the soil sample container  200  can be used to contain the sample  210  during the entire process, including the steps of drying, compacting and analyzing the sample. This eliminates the need to transfer the sample to other containers during the analysis steps, and thus reduces the steps in the overall collection/analysis process. Of course, other types of materials are also possible according to varying needs. For example, the cup could also be made out of a recyclable material. Preferably, the base  204  and sidewalls  202  are made from the same material, but in possible embodiments, the base  204  can be made of a different material which can support a higoorher load. 
     The soil sample container  200  can further be provided with a removable lid  220 . The lid  220  comprises a cover portion which can be provided with a tag or identifier  222 , such as a QR code or a barcode, for example, on an outer surface thereof. According to different possible embodiments, the lid  220  can be configured to fit inside the inner cavity  208 , or can be provided with a rim  224  so that it fits around the lip  206  of the soil sample container  200 . The lid serves to contain the sample  210  inside the container  200 , and can also be used to identify the sample using the unique identifier  222 . In the illustrated embodiment, the lid is secured to a hoop  226  via a flexible joint  225 . The hoop  226  comprises a hole  227  sized to fit the container therein. In this fashion, the lid assembly can be secured to the container, while allowing the lid  220  to close by folding the cover over the flexible joint  225  and towards the hoop  226 . The lib can also consist of a laminated membrane which is removably glued to the top edges of the sidewall of the container. The lid  220  may further be provided with identification information  228  on the under-side of the cover. In other embodiments, a unique identifier can be provided elsewhere in the container or in the cover. For example, a RFID chip can be affixed to the container or the cover, or embedded therein. 
     ii. Computer System for Identifying and Tracking Organic Material Samples 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a computer system  300  is shown for identifying samples during the sampling step of the above-described method, and tracking the samples throughout the remaining steps. The system  300  includes a client device  302  and a server  320  which communicate via a communication channel  312 . The client device  302  is preferably a mobile device  302 ′ equipped at least with a processor  304 , memory, a scanner  306  and a geolocation sensor such as GPS  308 . The server  320  is equipped with at least a processor  322  and a database  324 . The server can be a single computer  320 ′ or several interconnected computers among which the processor and database are distributed. 
     The client device&#39;s scanner  306  can be any type of sensor which allows the client device  302  to read a unique identifier  222  associated with a sample container. For example, if the identifier  222  is a QR code, the scanner  306  can be an optical sensor or camera. If the identifier  222  is an RFID chip, the scanner  306  could be a near field communication (NFC) reader. The memory contains instructions executable by the processor  304  which allow the identifier  222  on a sample container to be scanned by the client device  302  using the scanner  306 . The unique identifier  222 , along with any other information relating to the sample in the sample container, such as GPS coordinates, can be transmitted to the server. The information is transmitted to the server by means of a communication channel  312 , for example over the internet by a wireless data connection. It should be noted that this information need not be transmitted immediately. In some cases, for example if an internet connection is not available when the sample is scanned, the information gathered by the client device  302  can be stored on a database local to the client device  302 . The client device  302  can transmit the information to the server  320  and/or synchronize information with the server  320  at a later time, for example when an internet connection  312  becomes available. 
     The server  320 , being provided at least with a processor  322  and a database  324 , can process the data received from the client  302 , and store it for later access. Preferably, the server  320  can be configured to associate a unique identifier  222  with a sample and the GPS coordinates. Preferably, this association is stored within the database  324 . It should be understood that, although in the illustrated figures the client device  302  only collects GPS information, other information collected by any other sensors on the client device can also be transmitted to the server and associated with the unique identifier  222  of a sample. For example, when scanning the sample, the client device  302  can also measure the current ambient temperature and record the current date and time. 
     Such a system can provide a simplified mechanism which allows managing large volumes of samples, and retaining information about the geographic origin of each sample. It can also simplify the sampling process by automating the gathering of information about a sample, such as its GPS coordinates for example. Of course, during the scanning step, the client  302  can transmit other information for storing on the server, such as information relating to the owner of the sample, the operator performing the sampling, or the field from which the sample was taken. The client device  302  can also generate an order form to request the analysis of the sample. 
     iii. Sample Group Box 
     With reference now to  FIGS. 4A to 4C , a sample group box  400  (or sample aggregation box) is shown. The sample group box  400  can serve to collect several sample containers  200  into a single container for easier transport and storage. The sample group box  400  can therefore be useful in the sampling and reception steps of the above-described method, when the samples are mailed to a lab. It can also be useful in the archiving step of the above-described method, so that the samples can be stored in a space-efficient manner for future access. 
     The illustrated sample group box  400  comprises a closeable lid  402  and slots  410  configured to receive sample containers  200 . The group box  400  can comprise two separable components: a shell  404  and a group tray  408 . The shell  404  comprises the lid  402  and a cavity  406  adapted for receiving the tray component  408  therein. As is best illustrated in  FIG. 4A , the box can be assembled from flat pieces of material, such as cardboard. Of course, in other embodiments, other materials are also possible. 
     The closeable lid  402  allows the box  400  to be sealed, and can thus allow the group box  400  to serve as a container for shipping a group of samples. The box  400  can further be provided with labels  412 ,  413  to simplify the transport and identification of the box  400 . For example, the box  400  can be provided with a shipping label  413  on a top surface thereof for mailing the box  400  using a parcel delivery service. The box  400  can also be provided with an identification label  412  on a side surface thereof, allowing the box  400  to be easily identified when stacked vertically among other boxes. The identification label  412  could include a unique identification number, a unique code such as a QR or barcode, or any other identification means. 
     An operator collecting samples can, for example, pre-pay for a group box  400 . Once prepaid, the operator can receive the box  400  with the necessary labels  412 ,  413  affixed thereto, and with empty sample containers  200  stored therein. The operator can thus proceed with sample collection, and ship the box  400  with the samples contained therein immediately once the sampling is complete. Once the box  400  has arrived at its destination, which is typically the laboratory, the tray component  408  can be removed. Subsequent steps can be performed with the sample containers in the group tray  408 , or by transferring the sample containers to another support. During the archiving step, the tray  408  can be returned to the shell  404  with the sample containers  200  stored therein. The box  300  can then be sealed for storage. The box  400  thus serves as a single container which can be used throughout the collection, analysis and archiving steps, effectively reducing the need to transfer samples and simplifying the overall process, all the while keeping groups of samples together to avoiding contamination or confusion. 
     In the illustrated embodiment of  FIGS. 4A to 4C , the box  400  is adapted to fit  12  sampling containers  200  of a single group. However, this can vary according to other embodiments. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 4D , the box  400  can be configured to accommodate 24 or more samples by layering two or more trays  408  on top of one another. This can allow, for example, for a single box  400  to store sample containers  200  from more than one group, or store sample containers  200  for a single larger group. Additionally, according to other embodiments, the box  400  can be configured differently to satisfy varying needs. For example, the trays  408  and the shell  404  can be a single unit. 
     iv. Drying Unit 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 5A and 5B , a drying unit  500  is shown for drying the samples during the drying step of the above-described method. In the present embodiment, the drying unit  500  is an incubator, but in other embodiments, other types of drying units are also possible, such as an oven for example. Preferably, the drying unit  500  comprises a temperature control, allowing the temperature to be maintained between approximately 30° C. and 45° C. for a period of between approximately 2 hours and 48 hours. In an embodiment, the drying unit  500  can be set at a temperature of 37° C. for 12 to 18 hours. 
     Preferably, the drying unit  500  is provided with supports, such as racks or shelves, for supporting sample containers which are to be dried. During the drying step, the sample containers can be placed inside the drying unit  500  while inside a support tray  700 , a group tray  408 , or even a group box  400 . The drying unit  500  can be adapted to hold up to 120 or more trays at a time, and can be adapted to function on 208V 3-phase power. 
     v. Pressing System 
     With reference now to  FIGS. 6A and 6B , a pressing system  600  is shown for use in the pressing step of the above-described method. In the present embodiment, the pressing system  600  is provided with two pressing units  602  for simultaneously compacting samples in two different sample containers  200 . It should be understood that in other embodiments, the pressing system  600  can be provided with one or a plurality of pressing units  602 . Each pressing unit  602  comprises an automated piston which can, for example, be driven hydraulically using a motor  606 . Each pressing unit is provided with a pressing head  603  sized and shaped to fit inside a sampling container and compress a sample contained therein. 
     Preferably, the pressing system  600  is configured to automatically compact each sample in a group of samples. In other words, the pressing system  600  can process the samples as part of a batch. In the present embodiment, the pressing system  600  is provided with a rotatable stage  608 . The stage  608  can be configured to accommodate a support tray  700  which contains a plurality of sample containers. In operation, the two pressing units  602  are operated to simultaneously compact samples in two sample containers  200  opposite one another in the support tray  700 . Once the first two samples have been compacted, the stage  608  is rotated, for example automatically using a motor, to position two subsequent sample containers  200  under the pressing units  602 . This process is repeated sequentially until all the samples in the support tray  700  have been compacted. It should be understood that this process can vary according to the configuration of the pressing system  600 . For example, if the system  600  comprises a single pressing unit  602 , the samples can be compacted one at a time. In another embodiment, such as the one illustrated in  FIG. 6E , a pressing unit  602  can be provided with enough pressing heads  603  to press all of the sample containers  200  at once. 
     Preferably, the press is configured to apply 23 tonnes of weight for 15 seconds, but this can vary according to the sample composition, tolerances of the sample containers, or preparation requirements. Typically, between 15 tonnes and 30 tonnes are applied to compress a sample. Additionally, the surface area being pressed may vary according to other embodiments. For example, the entire surface of the sample could be pressed, or only a portion of it. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 6C and 6D , in an embodiment, each pressing unit  602  is further provided with an ejection piston  604 . Such a piston is situated below the sampling containers such that after the contents of the sampling containers have been compressed, the containers can be ejected from the pressing unit  602  by engaging the piston  604 . Of course, in other embodiments, other types of ejection devices are also possible in lieu of ejection pistons  604 . For example, this can be done with a burst of air through the extremities of the pressing units  602 . According to other embodiments, the ejection piston may be located inside the pressing head  603 . 
     vi. Support Tray 
     With reference now to  FIG. 7A to 7C , a support tray  700  is shown for supporting a plurality of sample containers  200 . The support tray  700  can simplify the above-described method by providing a means to more easily manipulate and manage a plurality of samples in several of the described steps. During the preparation step, each of the sample containers in a group can be transferred into a support tray  700 . The samples can be dried, compacted and analyzed while the sample containers  200  are inside the support tray  700 . In this fashion, when moving from machine-to-machine in the various steps in the method, all of the samples can be moved at once while inside the same support tray  700 , effectively eliminating the need to transfer each of the sample containers  200  individually. What&#39;s more, the support tray  700  can act as an interface to aid in automating the steps of drying, compacting and analyzing. For example, the support tray  700  can be configured to be mounted to a stage within the devices used in the drying, compacting and analyzing steps, allowing those devices to more easily manipulate the sample containers without the need for human intervention. 
     The support tray  700  comprises cavities  706  sized and shaped for receiving sample containers therein. In the illustrated embodiment, the support tray  700  comprises a base  702  having a top side  702   a  and a bottom side  702   b . The top side of the base  702   a  is provided with the cavities  706  arranged peripherally around a central axis  716 . Lid supports  708  comprising lid support arms extend from the top side  702   a  adjacent each cavity  706 . The support arms define a lid slot  710  for receiving and supporting the removable lids  220  in an upright position peripherally around the central axis  716 . Preferably, the lid supports  708  are configured to support the lids  220  such that an identifier  222  on the lid  220  faces peripherally outward. 
     Preferably, the support tray  700  comprises a locking mechanism  704  for retaining the sample containers  200  in the base  702 . In the illustrated embodiment, the locking mechanism  704  comprises a plate removably affixed to the base  702 . The plate fits over the sample containers while inside the cavities  706  in the base  702 , securing the containers  200  therein. The plate includes cavities which align with the cavities  706  in the base  702 , allowing access to the open end of the sample containers  200  from above. A spacer  718  can be provided between the plate and the base  702   
     In an embodiment, the base  702  can provide additional support to the base of the sample containers  200 . For example, the base can include a plate on which the base of the sample containers  200  rest. In this fashion, when the sample containers  200  are compressed, the weight can be supported by the plate. The base  702  can also be provided with feet  712  for supporting the support tray  700  at an elevation. 
     As can be appreciated, the described embodiment of the support tray  700  allows simplifying the manipulation and displacement of the sample containers  200  while inside the various devices used in the steps of the above-described method. For example, the support tray  700  can be removably mounted to a stage which allows the support tray  700  to be rotated or displaced within the devices, allowing the devices to position samples as required without the need for human intervention. 
     In an embodiment, the sample containers  200  can be placed in the support tray without leaving the group tray in which they were shipped. Referring to  FIG. 7D , an alternate embodiment of a support tray  750  is shown. The support tray  750  comprises a sleeve  752  and a handle  754 . The sleeve  752  is adapted to receive a single group tray  408 , and is provided with holes  756  aligned above each sample container  200  in the tray  408 , such that the samples are accessible from above. In the present embodiment, the sleeve  752  is comprised of metal; however, the material may vary according to other embodiments. The handle  754  encloses the tray  408  in the sleeve  752 , such that the ensemble forms a drawer which can fit inside a LIBS system or a pressing system, and can be moved as needed along X and Y axes. 
     vii. LIBS System 
     Referring to  FIGS. 8A to 8C , a LIBS system is shown  800  for use during the analysis step of the above-described method. The LIBS system  800  comprises a laser head assembly and spectrograph  802  to analyze samples while inside their sample containers  200 , a scanning device  808  to scan the unique identifier associated with each sample, and a computing system  801  comprising at least a processor and memory. The LIBS system  800  also comprises a stage  804  for accommodating a support tray  700 . The support tray  700  can be rotated or displaced using a motor  806  or actuator, for example. 
     In operation, the LIBS system  800  is controlled by the computing system  801  to identify an individual sample  810  by reading the unique identifier (i.e. barcode, QR code, etc.) on the sample container  200  using the scanning device  808 . The scanning device  808  can comprise any type of sensor capable of reading the unique identifier. For example, if the unique identifier is a QR code, the scanning device can comprise an optical sensor or a camera. Once the identifier is scanned, the system  801  can direct the laser head assembly and spectrograph  802  to perform an analysis on the sample  810  in the container and generate analysis results. Preferably, analyzing the sample and generating the analysis results is performed in 60 seconds or less. Once the analysis of a sample is complete, the system  801  can operate the stage  804  to move another sample container  200  into position for analysis. This can be repeated until each of the samples has been analyzed, thus allowing all the samples to be analyzed sequentially without manual human intervention. In other words, the LIBS system  800  can process the samples as part of a batch. The system  801  can be configured to only read an identifier if a sampling cup is present in the slot to be analyzed. If a sample is missing from a particular slot, or if the sample is up-side down, the system  801  can skip the analysis for that slot. 
     viii. Computer System for Analyzing Samples, Storing Results and Generating Reports 
     With reference now to  FIG. 9 , an overview of a computer system  900  for analyzing samples, storing analysis results, and generating reports is shown. The system  900  comprises the analysis device  800  (i.e. the LIBS system) and the server  320  in communication via a communication channel  902 . In operation, the processor  801  in the LIBS system  800  transmits to the server  320  the results from an analysis of a sample, along with the sample&#39;s identification information (read via the scanner  808 ). The data can be transmitted to the server via a communication channel  902 , such as over the internet, wide area network or local area network, depending on where the server  320  is physically located relative to the LIBS system  800 . The server  320  can then store the analysis information and associate it with the identified sample in the database  324 , along with the information collected about the sample during the sampling step in the above-described method (such as the GPS location information). 
     The analysis results, tagging/identification information, and any other information stored in the server&#39;s database  324  can be used to generate a report. A sample of such a report is shown in  FIG. 10 . The report may include details about the analysis of a single sample, or may collect data from several samples to help in developing an agro-environmental fertilization plan. This report can be accessed, for example, by communicating with the server over the internet. In such a fashion, an operator who ordered the analysis of samples will be able to consult the analysis report by visiting a web-page on the internet, immediately after the analysis has been completed. The operator could also specify report preferences, and the server can use these preferences in order to generate a report which displays certain information according to the preferences. Information in the report may include the pH level of the sample, and the concentration of various minerals such as potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, aluminum and calcium, among others. Such information can be presented, for example, by using tables or graphs. The report can also include indications to identify the report, in addition to indications to identify the sample, by using a QR code for example. The report can further include information for identifying the operator who ordered the report, information to identify the person who carried out the analysis, and information relating to how the analysis was performed. 
     As is evident from the present disclosure, the method and systems described herein provide a streamlined process for gathering and analyzing soil samples and/or samples of other types of organic materials. A single container is used to collect, ship, and analyze samples, eliminating the need to transfer the samples to different containers several times during the process, as is the case in the prior art. Additionally, the present invention provides a solution for using LIBS technology, or the like, in the context of analyzing soil from many samples, possibly across several fields, and provides a method to easily manage and access information relating to the analysis. It further allows analyzing soil in a fashion which does not destroy the samples, thus permitting repeated analyses if necessary. Finally, the method and system provide a simplified means for ordering soil analysis by an operator. The operator need only order a pre-paid box, tag samples, and ship the box. Once the analysis is complete, the operator can immediately consult a report over the internet. This removes a significant amount of paper from the process, and automates the organization and management of analysis data.