Patent Publication Number: US-2016246119-A1

Title: Electro-optical device and electronic apparatus

Description:
The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/081,582 filed Nov. 15, 2013, which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-264023 filed Dec. 3, 2012, which are expressly incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates to, for example, an electro-optical device and an electronic apparatus. 
     2. Related Art 
     An electro-optical device is known which includes an electro-optical medium (for example, a liquid crystal or the like) between an element substrate and a counter substrate. Examples of the electro-optical device include, for example, a liquid crystal device used in a liquid crystal light valve of a projector. In such a liquid crystal device, there is demand for realizing a high optical utilization efficiency. 
     Thereby, for example, a configuration is known which collects light incident on a liquid crystal device by including a microlens array substrate on at least one of an element substrate and a counter substrate of the liquid crystal device and achieves a substantial improvement in the aperture ratio of the liquid crystal device. The microlens array substrate includes a substrate formed from quartz or the like with a plurality of concavities formed in the surface thereof and a lens layer having a refractive index different from the base material which is formed so as to be embedded in the concavities covering the substrate (for example, refer to JP-A-9-101401). 
     In the microlens array substrate disclosed in JP-A-9-101401, a mask layer (polycrystalline silicon film) is formed on a substrate formed from quartz or the like, and an opening is formed in the mask layer corresponding to a part on which the microlens (concavity) is to be formed. Then, a substantially spherical plane shaped concavity is formed by subjecting the substrate to wet etching via an opening in the mask layer. Because each opening in the mask layer is formed with a substantially uniform size, concavities with substantially the same shape are formed in the microlens array substrate. 
     SUMMARY 
     Incidentally, in a case using a liquid crystal device including such a microlens array substrate as a liquid crystal light valve in a projector, there is a problem in that an image projected on a screen is not formed with a uniform brightness and the outer edge sides become darker than the center portion. A case is considered in which the angle of incidence of light incident on the projection lens is different between the center portion and the outer edge sides and differences in vignetting in the projection lens occur because the angle of incidence of light incident on the liquid crystal light valve is different between the center portion and the outer edge sides as a cause. In addition, a case is considered in which differences in illuminance occur through position dependence of engulfing of the light on the projection lens passing through the liquid crystal light valve, even if the angle of incidence of light incident on the liquid crystal light valve is uniform between the center portion and the outer edge sides. Therefore, there is demand for a microlens array substrate able to make the illuminance of an image projected on a screen more uniform between the center portion and the outer edge sides. 
     The invention can realized in the following forms or application examples. 
     Application Example 1 
     According to this application example, there is provided a microlens array substrate on which a plurality of microlenses is arranged, in which the collection efficiency of a first microlens is lower than the collection efficiency of a second microlens positioned further to the outside edge side than the first microlens. 
     According to the configuration of the application example, the collection efficiency of the first microlens is lower than the collection efficiency of the second microlens positioned further to the outside edge of the first microlens. Here, the collection efficiency of the microlens being small signifies, for example, a small degree to which light is collected in the center portion of the microlens by light incident on the microlens being refracted, in a case of using a microlens array substrate in a liquid crystal light valve (liquid crystal display device) of a projector. Therefore, for example, in a case of using a microlens array substrate in a liquid crystal light valve of a projector, the amount of light collected with the first microlens and passing through without being blocked by the light blocking layer blocking light to a driving element, such as a TFT, is smaller than that of the second microlens. In so doing, since the amount of light passing through the inner side of the microlens array substrate is smaller than the amount of light passing through the outer edge side, it is possible to make the illuminance of an image projected on a screen more uniform between the inner side and the outer edge side, compared to a configuration of the related art with a higher illuminance in the inner side than the outer edge side. 
     Application Example 2 
     In the microlens array substrate according to the application example, it is preferable that the curvature of the first microlens be smaller than the curvature of the second microlens. 
     According to the configuration of the application example, the curvature of the first microlens is smaller than the curvature of the second microlens. That is, since the condition of curving of the concavity of the first microlens when viewed in cross-section is gentler than the degree of curving of the concavity of the second microlens, the collection efficiency of the first microlens positioned on the inner side is lower than the collection efficiency of the second microlens positioned to the outer edge side. 
     Application Example 3 
     In the microlens array substrate according to the application example, it is preferable that the diameter of the first microlens be smaller than the diameter of the second microlens. 
     According to the configuration of the application example, since the diameter of the first microlens is smaller than the diameter of the second microlens, the effective area with which the first microlens is able to collect light with respect to incident light incident on the same area on the microlens array substrate is smaller than the effective area with which the second microlens is able to collect light. Accordingly, the collection efficiency of the first microlens positioned to the inner side is lower than the collection efficiency of the second microlens positioned to the outer edge side. 
     Application Example 4 
     In a microlens array substrate according to the application example, it is preferable that the inclination angle with respect to the one surface of a peripheral edge portion of the first microlens be smaller than the inclination angle with respect to the one face of the peripheral edge portion of the second microlens. 
     According to the configuration of the application example, since the inclination angle with respect to one face of the peripheral edge portion of the first microlens is smaller than the inclination angle with respect to one face of the peripheral edge portion of the second microlens, light refracted by the peripheral edge portion of the first microlens is concentrated on a position further separated from the center portion of the microlens than the light refracted by the peripheral edge portion of the second microlens. Accordingly, the collection efficiency of the first microlens positioned to the inner side is lower than the collection efficiency of the second microlens positioned to the outer edge side. 
     Application Example 5 
     According to this application example, there is provided an electro-optical device including an element substrate having switching element and a light blocking layer blocking light to the switching element, a counter substrate arranged opposing the element substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the element substrate and the counter substrate, and includes the above microlens array substrate on at least one of the element substrate and the counter substrate. 
     According to the configuration of the application example, since the electro-optical device includes a microlens array substrate in which the amount of light passing through the inner side is lower than the amount of light passing through the outer edge side, it is possible to make the illuminance of an image projected on a screen more uniform between the inner side and the outer edge sides, in a case of being used as a liquid crystal light valve in a projector. 
     Application Example 6 
     In the electro-optical device according to the application example, it is preferable that the electro-optical device have a display region and a non-display region surrounding the display region, the microlens array substrate have a first microlens and a second microlens arranged corresponding to the display region, and a third microlens arranged corresponding to the non-display region, and the shape of the third microlens be the same as the shape of the second microlens. 
     According to the configuration of the application example, a third microlens is provided in the non-display region surrounding the periphery of the display region that contributes to display. Since the shape of the third microlens is the same as the shape of the second microlens positioned at the outer edge side of the display region, it is possible for the layer thickness of the liquid crystal layer for improving the flatness to be more uniform in the outer edge portion of the display region of the microlens array substrate and the periphery thereof, and since it is possible for the optical conditions such as the refraction of incident light to be the same, it is possible for the image quality of the electro-optical device to be improved. 
     Application Example 7 
     In the electro-optical device according to the application example, it is preferable that the electro-optical device include the microlens array substrate on the counter substrate, and include a microlens array substrate on which microlenses having the same collection efficiency as one another are arranged on the element substrate. 
     According to the configuration of the application example, since a microlens array substrate is included on the counter substrate, the collection efficiency in the inner side with respect to light incident from the counter substrate side is lower than the collection efficiency in the outer edge side. Therefore, since the degree of inclination of the optical axis smaller on the inner side compared to the outer edge sides among the light incident on the liquid crystal layer from the counter substrate, in a case in which the electro-optical device is used as a liquid crystal light valve of a projector, it is possible for the contrast of an image projected on a screen to be more uniform between the inner side and the outer edge sides. 
     Application Example 8 
     In the electro-optical device according to the application example, it is preferable that the electro-optical device include the microlens array substrate on the element substrate, and include a microlens array substrate on which microlenses having the same collection efficiency as one another are arranged on the counter substrate. 
     According to the configuration of the application example, a microlens array substrate on which microlenses having the same collection efficiency as one another at both the center portion and the outer edge sides are arranged is included on the counter substrate. Therefore, if the collection efficiency with respect to light incident from the counter substrate side is similarly increased in both the inner side and the outer edge sides, it is possible to similarly reduce the amount of light blocked by the light blocking layer with respect to light incident on the element substrate by passing through the liquid crystal layer from the counter substrate for both the inner side and the outer edge sides. In so doing, since it is possible to reduce the amount of light absorbed by the light blocking layer between the inner side and the outer edge sides, it is possible to suppress the heat generated by the light blocking layer due to absorbing light. 
     Application Example 9 
     In the electro-optical device according to the application example, it is preferable that the electro-optical device include the microlens array substrate on and a microlens array substrate on which microlenses having the same collection efficiency as one another are arranged on the counter substrate. 
     According to the configuration of the application example, both microlens array substrates are included on the counter substrate, and a microlens array substrate is not included on the element substrate. In a case in which the configuration includes a microlens array substrate on the element substrate, there are cases in which the yield is lowered by cracks occurring in the microlens due to the microlens array substrate being exposed to high temperatures during a step forming a switching element on the microlens array substrate. In contrast, by including both microlens array substrates on the counter substrate, it is possible to suppress lowering of the yield due to the occurrence of cracks in such a microlens. 
     Application Example 10 
     According to this application example, there is provided electronic apparatus including the electro-optical device of the above application example. 
     According to the configuration of the present application example, it is possible to provide an electronic apparatus able to make the illuminance of an image projected on a screen more uniform between the center portion and the outer edge sides. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic plan view showing a configuration of a liquid crystal device according to a first embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is an equivalent circuit diagram showing an electrical configuration of a liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment. 
         FIGS. 4A to 4C  are schematic drawings describing the effects of a microlens array substrate according to the first embodiment. 
         FIGS. 5A to 5D  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a manufacturing method of a microlens array substrate according to the first embodiment. 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a manufacturing method of a microlens array substrate according to the first embodiment. 
         FIGS. 7A to 7C  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a manufacturing method of a microlens array substrate according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a liquid crystal device according to a second embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a liquid crystal device according to a third embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a projector as an electronic apparatus according to a fourth embodiment. 
         FIGS. 11A and 11B  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a configuration of a microlens array substrate according to a modification example. 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  are schematic crossplan views showing a configuration of a microlens array substrate according to a modification example. 
         FIGS. 13A to 13D  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a manufacturing method of a microlens array substrate according to a modification example. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Moreover, the drawings to be used are displayed after enlarging or reducing as appropriate in order that the portions to be described are recognizable. In addition, there are cases in which elements other than the constituent elements necessary to the description are not shown in the drawings. 
     Moreover, in the following forms, for example, a case where “on a substrate” is disclosed indicates a case where arrangement is performed so as to contact the top of the substrate, a case where arrangement is performed via another constituent component on top of the substrate, and a case where a part is arranged so as to contact the top of the substrate, and a part is arranged via another constituent component. 
     First Embodiment 
     Electro-Optical Device 
     Here, as the electro-optical device, an active matrix-type liquid crystal device including a thin film transistor (TFT) as a switching element of a pixel will be described as an example. The liquid crystal device is able to be suitably used as a light modulating element (liquid crystal light valve) of a projection-type display device (projector) described later. 
     Firstly, a liquid crystal device as an electro-optical device according to the first embodiment will be described with reference to  FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 .  FIG. 1  is a schematic plan view showing a configuration of a liquid crystal device according to a first embodiment.  FIG. 2  is an equivalent circuit diagram showing an electrical configuration of a liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment.  FIG. 3  is a schematic plan view showing a configuration of a liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment. More specifically,  FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ in  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1 and 3 , the liquid crystal device  1  according to the first embodiment has an element substrate  20  and a counter substrate  30  arranged opposing each other, and a liquid crystal layer  40  arranged between the element substrate  20  and the counter substrate  30 . As shown in  FIG. 1 , the element substrate  20  is slightly larger than the counter substrate  30 , and both substrates are bonded via a sealing material  42  arranged in a frame shape. 
     The liquid crystal layer  40  is sealed in a space surrounded by the element substrate  20 , the counter substrate  30 , and a sealing material  42 , and is configured from a liquid crystal having positive or negative dielectric anisotropy. The sealing material  42  is formed from, for example, an adhesive such as a thermosetting or ultraviolet curable epoxy resin. A spacer (not shown in the drawing) is mixed into the sealing material  42  for holding the gap to be fixed between the element substrate  20  and the counter substrate  30 . 
     A light blocking layer  22  ( 26 ,  32 ) having a frame-shaped peripheral edge portion is provided at the inner side of the sealing material  42 . The light blocking layer  22  ( 26 ,  32 ) is formed from, for example, a metal or metal oxide with light blocking properties. The inner side of the light blocking layer  22  ( 26 ,  32 ) forms a display region E in which a plurality of pixels P is arranged. The display region E is a region substantially contributing to display in a liquid crystal device  1 . The light blocking layer  22  ( 26 ,  32 ) is provided in, for example, in lattice pattern in the display region so as to planarly partition the plurality of pixels P. 
     The pixels P, for example, have a substantially rectangular shape and are arranged in a matrix pattern. Among the plurality of pixels P arranged in the display region E, a pixel P positioned in the center portion of the display region E is set as pixel P 1 . In addition, a pixel P positioned furthest to the outer edge side of the display region E in the direction of the line A-A′ is set as the pixel P 3 , and pixel P positioned between the pixel P 1  and the pixel P 3  in the direction of the line A-A′ is set as the pixel P 2 . 
     On the outside of the sealing material  42  of one side portion of the element substrate  20 , a data line driving circuit  51  and a plurality of external connection terminals  54  are provided along the one side portion. In addition, an inspection circuit  53  is provided on the inner side of the sealing material  42  along another side portion opposite the one side portion. Furthermore, a scanning line driving circuit  52  is provided on the inner side of the sealing material  42  along another two opposing side portions orthogonal to these two side portions. 
     A plurality of wirings  55  joining two scanning line driving circuits  52  is provided on the inner side of the sealing material  42  of the one side portion on which the inspection circuit  53 . The wirings joining the data line driving circuit  51  and the scanning line driving circuit  52  are connected to a plurality of external connection terminals  54 . In addition, a vertical conduction portion  56  for electrically conducting between the element substrate  20  and the counter substrate  30  is provided in the corner portion of the counter substrate  30 . Moreover, the arrangement of the inspection circuit  53  is not limited thereto, and may be provided at a position along the inner side of the sealing material  42  between the data line driving circuit  51  and the display region E. 
     In the description below, a direction along one side portion on which the data line driving circuit  51  is provided is set to the X direction as a first direction, and a direction along another two opposing side portions orthogonal to the first side portion is set to the Y direction as a second direction. The X direction is the direction along the line A-A′ in  FIG. 1 . In addition, the direction facing upwards in  FIG. 1  and orthogonal to the X direction and the Y direction is set to the Z direction. Moreover, in the present specification, viewing from the normal line direction (Z direction) of the surface  11   b  (refer to  FIG. 3 ) of the counter substrate  30  of the liquid crystal device  1  is referred to as “plan view”. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , in the display region E, scanning lines  2  and data line  3  are formed so as to intersect each other, and pixels P are provided corresponding to the intersections of the scanning lines  2  and the data lines  3 . Each of the pixels P is provided with a pixel electrode  28  and a thin film transistor  24  (TFT) as a switching element. 
     The source electrode (not shown) of the TFT  24  is electrically connected to the data line  3  extending from the data line driving circuit  51 . Image signals (data signals) S 1 , S 2 , . . . , Sn are provided in line sequence from the data line driving circuit  51  (refer to  FIG. 1 ) to the data lines  3 . The gate electrode (not shown) of the TFT  24  is a portion of the scanning line  2  extending from the scanning line driving circuit  52 . Scanning signals G 1 , G 2 , . . . , Gm are provided in line sequence from the scanning line driving circuit  52  to the scanning lines  2 . The drain electrode (not shown) of the TFT  24  is electrically connected to the pixel electrode  28 . 
     The image signals S 1 , S 2 , . . . Sn are written to the pixel electrode  28  via the data lines  3  at a predetermined timing by setting the TFT  24  to the on state for a fixed time only. The predetermined level image signal written in this way to the liquid crystal layer  40  via the pixel electrode  28  is held for a fixed time by a liquid crystal layer capacitor formed between shared electrodes  34  (refer to  FIG. 3 ) provided on the counter substrate  30 . 
     Moreover, storage capacitors  5  are formed between the capacitance lines  4  and the pixel electrodes  28  formed along the scanning lines  2  and arranged in parallel to a liquid crystal capacitor in order to prevent leaking of the held image signals S 1 , S 2 , . . . , Sn. In this way, if a voltage signal is applied to the liquid crystal of each pixel P, the alignment state of the liquid crystal changes according to the voltage level applied. In so doing, gradient display by modulating light incident on the liquid crystal layer  40  (refer to  FIG. 3 ) is possible. 
     The liquid crystal configuring the liquid crystal layer  40  modulates light by changing the alignment or order of the molecular association according to the voltage level applied, and enables gradient display. For example, in the case of normally white mode, the transmissivity with respect to incident light according to the voltage applied by each unit of the pixels P reduces. In the case of normally black mode, the transmissivity with respect to incident light according to the voltage applied by each unit of the pixels P increases, and light having contrast according to the image signal is emitted from the liquid crystal device  1  as a whole. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the element substrate  20  includes a substrate  21 , a light blocking layer  22 , an insulating layer  23 , a TFT  24 , an insulating layer  25 , a light blocking layer  26 , an insulating layer  27 , a pixel electrode  28  and an alignment film  29 . The substrate  21  is formed from a material having optical transparency, such as, for example, glass or quartz. 
     The light blocking layer  22  is formed in a lattice pattern so as to overlap the upper layer of the light blocking layer  26  in plan view (refer to  FIG. 3 ). The light blocking layers  22 ,  26  are configured by a material having light blocking properties, such as, for example, Mo (molybdenum), W (tungsten), Ti (titanium), TiN (titanium nitride) or Cr (chromium). 
     The light blocking layer  22  and the light blocking layer  26  are arranged so as to interpose the TFT  24  therebetween in the thickness direction (Z direction) of the element substrate  20 . The incidence of light to the TFT  24  is suppressed by the light blocking layer  22  and the light blocking layer  26  begin provided. The region (inside opening portions  22   a ,  26   a ) surrounded by the light blocking layers  22  and  26  is a region light passes through. 
     The insulating layer  23  is provided so as to cover the substrate  21  and the light blocking layer  22 . The insulating layer  23 , for example, is formed from an inorganic material such as SiO 2 . The TFT  24  is provided on the insulating layer  23 . The TFT  24  is a switching element driving the pixel electrode  28 . Although not shown in the drawings, the TFT  24  is configured from a semiconductor layer, a gate electrode, source electrode and a drain electrode. 
     The gate electrode is formed via a portion (gate insulating film) of the insulating layer  25  in the region overlapping the channel region of the semiconductor layer in the element substrate  20  in plan view. Although not shown in the drawings, the gate electrode is electrically connected to the scanning line  2  (refer to  FIG. 2 ) arranged on the lower layer side via a contact hole, and the TFT  24  is controlled to be on or off by a scanning signal being applied. 
     The insulating layer  25  is provided so as to cover the insulating layer  23  and the TFT  24 . The insulating layer  25 , for example, is formed from an inorganic material such as SiO 2 . The insulating layer  25  includes a gate insulating film insulating between the semiconductor layer of the TFT  24  and the gate electrode. The concavities and convexities of the surface arising due to the TFT  24  are moderated due to the insulating layer  25 . The light blocking layer  26  is provided on the insulating layer  25 . Then, an insulating layer  27  formed from an inorganic material is provided so as to cover the insulating layer  25  and the light blocking layer  26 . 
     A pixel electrode  28  is provided on the insulating layer  27  corresponding to the pixel P. The pixel electrode  28  is arranged in a region overlapping the opening portion  22   a  of the light blocking layer  22  and the opening portion  26   a  of the light blocking layer  26  in plan view. The pixel electrode  28  is formed from a transparent conductive film, such as, for example, ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) or IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide). The alignment film  29  is provided so as to cover the pixel electrode  28 . 
     Moreover, the TFT  24 , the electrodes supplying electrical signals to the TFT  24 , or the wirings (not shown) of the scanning lines  2  and data lines  3  or the like are provided in the region overlapping the light blocking layer  22  and the light blocking layer  26  in plan view. TFTs  24 , for example, are provided, for example, at the intersection points of the lattice of the light blocking layer  22  and the light blocking layer  26 , that is, the four corners of the pixels P. Moreover, the electrodes or wirings and the like may have a configuration doubling as the light blocking layer  22  and the light blocking layer  26 . 
     The counter substrate  30  includes a microlens array substrate  10 , a pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  31 , a light blocking layer  32 , a protective layer  33 , a common electrode  34 , and an alignment film  35 . The microlens array substrate  10  is arranged such that the opening portion side of the concavity  12  (concavities  12   a ,  12   b ,  12   c ) opposes the element substrate  20 . The microlens array substrate  10  includes a substrate  11  and a lens layer  13 . The substrate  11  is formed from a material having optical transparency, such as, for example, glass or quartz. 
     The substrate  11  has a plurality of concavities  12  (concavities  12   a ,  12   b ,  12   c ) formed on one face  11   a  of the liquid crystal layer  40  side. The concavity  12   a  positioned to the inner side (center portion) in the direction of the line A-A′ of the one face  11   a  of the substrate  11  is provided corresponding to the pixel P 1 . In addition, the concavity  12   c  positioned furthest to the outer edge side is provided corresponding to the pixel P 3 , and the concavity  12   b  positioned between the concavity  12   a  and the concavity  12   c  is provided corresponding to the pixel P 2 . 
     Moreover, although concavities  12  other than the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  are not shown in the drawing in  FIG. 3 , concavities  12  are provided in the substrate  11  corresponding to each of the pixels P shown in  FIG. 1 . Below, descriptions common to the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   b  are simply denoted as concavity  12 . 
     The concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  are formed with a curved plane shape tapering towards the bottom portion thereof; however, the concavities do not have a spherical plane shape (hemispherical shape), and are not a similar shape to one another. However, it is possible for the shape of the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  to approximate a semi-circular shape in cross-sectional view as shown in  FIG. 3 . The radius of curvature when the shape of the concavity  12   a  approximates a semi-circular shape is greater than the radius of curvature when the shape of the concavity  12   b  approximates a semi-circular shape. In addition, the radius of curvature when the shape of the concavity  12   b  approximates a semi-circular shape is greater than the radius of curvature when the shape of the concavity  12   c  approximates a semi-circular shape. 
     Accordingly the curvature of the concavity  12   a  is smaller than the curvature of the concavity  12   b , and the curvature of the concavity  12   b  is smaller than the curvature of the concavity  12   c . That is, the bending condition of the curved surface of the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  when approximating a semi-circular shape is shallowest for concavity  12   a  and becomes steeper in the order of concavity  12   b  and concavity  12   c . Moreover, the formation method of such concavities  12  will be described with the manufacturing method of the microlens array substrate described later. 
     The lens layer  13  is formed so as to embed the concavities  12  on the one face  11   a  side of the substrate  11 . The lens layer  13  has optical transparency and is formed from material having a different refractive index than the substrate  11 . More specifically, the lens layer  13  is formed from an inorganic material with a higher optical refractive index than the substrate  11 . Examples of such an inorganic material include, for example, SiON and Al 2 O 3 . 
     By embedding the concavities  12  with the lens layer  13 , convex-shaped microlenses ML are configured. A microlens ML 1  is configured as a first microlens corresponding to the concavity  12   a , a microlens ML 3  is configured as a second microlens corresponding to the concavity  12   c  and a microlens ML 2  is configured corresponding to the concavity  12   b.    
     The microlenses ML 1 , ML 2 , and ML 3  correspond to the pixels P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  respectively. The microlens array MLA is configured through the plurality of microlenses ML. Moreover, below, descriptions common to the microlenses ML 1 , ML 2 , and ML 3  are simply denoted by microlens ML. 
     The pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  31  is provided so as to cover the microlens array substrate  10 . The pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  31 , for example, is formed from an inorganic material having approximately the same refractive index as the substrate  11 . The pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  31  has a function of matching the focal distance of the microlens ML to a desired value, along with planarizing the surface of the microlens array substrate  10 . Accordingly, the layer thickness of the pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  31  is appropriately set based on the optical conditions, such as the focal distance, of the microlens ML according to the wavelength of light. 
     The light blocking layer  32  is formed in a lattice pattern so as to overlap the light blocking layer  22  and the light blocking layer  26  of the element substrate  20  in plan view. The light blocking layer  32  is configured by the same material as the light blocking layers  22  and  26 . The region (inside opening portions  32   a ) surrounded by the light blocking layer  32  is a region light passes through. The protective layer  33  is provided so as to cover the pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  31  and the light blocking layer  32 . 
     The common electrode  34  is formed so as to cover the protective layer  33 . The common electrode  34  is formed straddling a plurality of pixels P. The common electrode  34  is formed from a transparent conductive film, such as, for example, ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) or IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide). The alignment film  35  is provided so as to cover the common electrode  34 . The liquid crystal layer  40  is sealed between the alignment film  29  on the element substrate  20  side and the alignment film  35  on the counter substrate  30  side. 
     Moreover, the protective layer  33  covers the light blocking layer  32  such that the surface of the common electrode  34  facing the liquid crystal layer  40  becomes flat, and is not a necessary constituent element. The common electrode  34  may be formed to directly contact and cover the conductive light blocking layer  32 . The liquid crystal layer  40  is sealed between the alignment film  29  on the element substrate  20  side and the alignment film  35  on the counter substrate  30  side. 
     In the liquid crystal device  1  according to the first embodiment, light is incident from the counter substrate  30  (substrate  11 ) side including the microlens array substrate  10 , and light is collected by the microlens ML. For example, among the light incident on the convex microlens ML 2  from the substrate  11  side, incident light L 1  incident along the optical axis passing through a planar center of the pixel P 2  proceeds directly to microlens ML 2  as is, and is emitted to the element substrate  20  side by passing through the liquid crystal layer  40 . 
     Incident light L 2  incident on the peripheral edge portion of the microlens ML 2  from the region overlapping the light blocking layer  32  in plan view further to the outside than the incident light L 1 , in a case of temporarily proceeding directly as is, is blocked by the light blocking layer  32  as shown by the dashed line; however, the light refracts to the planar center side of the pixel P 2  due to differences in the optical refractive index between the substrate  11  and the lens layer  13 . In the liquid crystal device  1 , incident light L 2  blocked by the liquid blocking layer  32  in a case proceeding directly in this way is also able to pass through the liquid crystal layer  40  by being incident inside the opening portion  32   a  of the light blocking layer  32  due to the light collecting action of each microlens ML. As a result, since the amount of light emitted from the element substrate  20  side is able to increase, it is possible to increase the utilization efficiency of light. 
     As described above, since the curvature of the concavities  12  when approximating a semi-circular shape becomes smaller towards the center portion from the outer edge side in the order of concavity  12   c , concavity  12   b  and concavity  12   a , the degree of curve of the curved surface becomes shallower in the order of concavity  12   c , concavity  12   b  and concavity  12   a . Accordingly, the collection efficiency of the microlens ML becomes lower towards the center portion from the outer edge side in the direction of the line A-A′ in the order of microlens ML 3 , microlens ML 2 , and microlens ML 1 . 
     Here, the effects obtained in a case where the liquid crystal device  1  including the microlens array substrate  10  having such a configuration is used as a liquid crystal light valve of a projector  100  (refer to  FIG. 10 ) described below will be described with reference to  FIGS. 4A to 4C .  FIGS. 4A to 4C  are schematic drawings describing the effects of a microlens array substrate according to the first embodiment. 
       FIG. 4A  is a drawing schematically showing the relationship between the curvature of a microlens and brightness of an image when projected on a screen  130  from a projector  100  as shown in  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 4B  is a drawing viewed from the front of a screen  130  on which an image is projected from the projector  100 .  FIG. 4C  is a drawing schematically showing an illuminance distribution in the direction of line B-B′ of the screen  130  shown in  FIG. 4B . Moreover, the direction of the line B-B′ of the screen  130  corresponds to the direction of the line A-A′ of the liquid crystal device  1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4A , the microlens ML 1  has a smaller curvature and lower collection efficiency than the microlens ML 3 . The collection efficiency of the microlens ML being small (or large) signifies that the degree to which light incident on the microlens ML is collected in the center portion of the microlens ML by being refracted is small (or large). 
     For example, the microlens ML 3  with a large curvature and a large collection efficiency is able to collect more light in the central portion of the microlens ML 3  by incident light L 2  incident on the peripheral edge portion of the microlens ML 3  being more greatly refracted than the microlens ML 1  with a small curvature and a small collection efficiency. 
     Therefore, in  FIG. 3 , the greater the collection efficiency of the microlens ML, the greater the degree to which the amount of light emitted to the element substrate  20  side by passing though the liquid crystal layer  40  without being blocked by the light blocking layers  22 ,  26 , and  32  blocking light to the TFT  24  increases with respect to the amount of light incident on the microlens ML. As a result, as shown in  FIG. 4A , an image when projected on a screen  130  becomes brighter with the microlens ML 3  with a large curvature and a large collection efficiency than with the microlens ML 1  with a small curvature and a small collection efficiency. 
     In the microlens array substrate  10 , since the collection efficiency becomes greater from the center portion towards the outer edge side in the order of the microlenses ML 1 , ML 2 , and ML 3 , the brightness of the pixels P becomes brighter from the center portion toward the outer edge side in the order of pixels P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 . In other words, in the microlens array substrate  10 , the collection efficiency becomes lower from the outer edge side towards the center portion in the order of the microlenses ML 3 , ML 2 , and ML 1  and the pixels P 3 , P 2 , and P 1  become darker in this order. 
     Moreover, on the microlens array substrate  10 , microlenses ML are provided corresponding to each pixel P shown in  FIG. 1 . The collection efficiency of each microlens ML on the microlens array substrate  10  is set so as to become sequentially greater from the microlens ML 1  corresponding to the pixel P 1  positioned in the center of the display region E in the liquid crystal device  1  towards the pixel P 3  positioned furthest to the outer edge side in the direction of the line (X direction) A-A′. That is, in the microlens array substrate  10 , the shapes of the microlenses ML (concavities  12 ) differ such that the curvature of each microlens ML (concavity  12 ) becomes continuously increases from the central portion towards the outer edge side. 
     In addition, the collection efficiency of each microlens ML on the microlens array substrate  10  is set so as to become continuously greater in the Y direction, in a diagonal direction intersecting the X direction and the Y direction and towards the pixel P positioned furthest towards the outer edge side in each direction from the pixel P 1  positioned in the center portion. In other words, the collection efficiency of each microlens ML on the microlens array substrate  10  becomes continuously lower from the outer edge side towards the center portion in the X direction, Y direction and a diagonal direction of each direction. 
     In  FIG. 4B , the direction of the line B-B′ passing through the center portion in the perpendicular direction (vertical direction in  FIG. 4B ) of the screen  130  and along the horizontal direction (left and right direction in  FIG. 4B ) of the screen  130  corresponds to the direction of the line A-A′ in the liquid crystal device  1  (refer to  FIG. 1 ). 
     In  FIG. 4C , S 4  is an illuminance distribution in a case of projecting with a projector  100  using the liquid crystal device  1  as a liquid crystal light valve including the microlens array substrate  10  according to the first embodiment. S 5  is an illuminance distribution in a case of projecting with a projector in which a liquid crystal device including a microlens array substrate of the related art is used as a liquid crystal light valve. The microlens array substrate of the related art as stated here, for example, indicates that the collection efficiency of each microlens ML is uniform and the same as the collection efficiency of the microlens ML 3  of the microlens array substrate  10 . 
     In the microlens array substrate of the related art shown in S 5 , the illuminance is greatest at the center portion in the direction of the line B-B′, and the illuminance becomes gradually lower from the center portion towards the outer edge sides of the screen  130  (both the left and right sides). That is, even if the collection efficiency of the microlenses ML is uniform, the illuminance of an image projected on the screen  130  does not become uniform and becomes gradually darker from the center portion towards the outer edge sides. Although not shown in the drawings, a similar tendency to become gradually darker from the center portion towards the outer edge sides is seen also in the perpendicular direction of the screen  130 , although not to the extent of the horizontal direction. 
     A case is considered in which the angle of incidence of light incident on the projection lens is different between the center portion and the outer edge sides and differences in vignetting in the projection lens occur because the angle of incidence of light incident on the liquid crystal light valve is different between the center portion and the outer edge sides as a cause. 
     In addition, a case is considered in which differences in illuminance occur through position dependence of engulfing of the light on the projection lens passing through the liquid crystal light valve, even if the angle of incidence of light incident on the liquid crystal light valve is uniform between the center portion and the outer edge sides. As a result, in a liquid crystal light valve including the microlens array substrate of the related art, unevenness occurs in the illuminance by an image projected on the screen  130  becoming lighter in the center portion and darker at the outer edge sides, and there is a problem in that the image quality lowers. 
     In addition, S 6  is an illuminance distribution in a case of a microlens array substrate ML 1  with the smallest collection efficiency in the microlens array substrate  10  being applied to each microlens ML, as the microlens array substrate of the related art. As shown in S 6 , when the collection efficiency of all of the microlenses ML becomes small, the illuminance becomes lower overall from the central portion to the outer edge side portions, and an image projected on the screen  130  becomes darker overall, compared to a case shown in S 5 . 
     In contrast, in the microlens array substrate  10  according to the first embodiment shown in S 4 , because the collection efficiency of the microlenses ML become lower from the outer edge sides towards the center portion, the brightness of the pixel P 1  at the center portion is suppressed compared to the pixel P 3  at the outer edge side. Accordingly, the illuminance due to the microlens array substrate  10  according to the first embodiment shown in S 4  is the same at the outer edge sides but lower at the center portion compared to the microlens array substrate in the related art shown in S 5 . In so doing, it is possible to suppress unevenness in the illuminance between the outer edge sides and the center portion. 
     In the microlens array substrate  10  according to the first embodiment, the illuminance at the center portion is lower than the microlens array substrate of the related art not only in the X direction, but also in the Y direction and the diagonal direction intersecting the X direction and the Y direction. Accordingly, a more uniform illuminance distribution without the illuminance of the outer edge sides being lowers is obtained in the microlens array substrate  10  according to the first embodiment, compared to the microlens array substrate of the related art. As a result, since unevenness in the illuminance between the center portion and the outer edge sides is eased, it is possible for the quality of an image projected on the screen  130  to be improved. 
     Moreover, since the collection efficiency of each microlens ML becomes continuously lower from the outer side edges towards the center portion, it possible to make the difference in illuminance causing a difference in collection efficiency between adjacent microlenses ML difficult to discern in an image projected on the screen  130 . 
     However, as described above, the degree to which light is collected at the center portion of the microlens ML by light incidence on the microlens ML being refracted becomes smaller as the collection efficiency of the microlens ML becomes lower. Accordingly, the inclination of the optical axis of light in which the incident light is refracted by the microlens ML with respect to the normal direction of the surface  11   b  (refer to  FIG. 3 ) of the substrate  11  becomes smaller from the outer edge sides towards the center portion in the order of microlenses ML 3 , ML 2 , and ML 1 . 
     Since the liquid crystal molecules are arranged evenly in substantially the same direction in the liquid crystal layer  40 , the contrast improves as the deviation of the optical axis of light passing through the liquid crystal layer  40  becomes smaller. In the microlens array substrate  10 , since the degree of inclination of the optical axis of refracted light becomes smaller from the outer edge sides towards the center portion in the order of microlenses ML 3 , ML 2 , and ML 1 , the contrast in the liquid crystal device  1  improves from the outer edge sides towards the center portion. As a result, in an image projected on the screen  130 , it is possible to improve the contrast in the center portion. 
     Moreover, in the liquid crystal device  1  according to the first embodiment, a configuration in which the counter substrate  30  includes the microlens array substrate  10  is assumed has been described, however, the configuration may be one in which the element substrate  20  includes the microlens array substrate  10 . 
     Manufacturing Method of Microlens Array Substrate 
     Next, a manufacturing method of the microlens array substrate  10  according to the first embodiment will be described with reference to  FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 .  FIGS. 5, 6 , and  7  are a schematic cross-sectional views showing a manufacturing method of a microlens array substrate according to the first embodiment. More specifically, each drawing of  FIGS. 5, 6, and 7  is taken along the line A-A′ in  FIG. 1 . Moreover, below, the direction along line A-A′ (X direction) is referred to as the width direction. 
     Moreover, although not shown, in the manufacturing steps of the microlens array substrate  10 , a large-sized substrate (mother substrate) from which a plurality of microlens array substrates  10  may be taken is works, and, by separating the mother substrate into individual pieces, a plurality of microlens array substrates  10  is finally obtained. Accordingly, in each step described below, work is performed in a state of the mother substrate before division into individual pieces, here working with respect to individual microlens array substrates  10  in the mother substrate will be described. 
     First, as shown in  FIG. 5A , a control film  71  is formed on one face  11   a  of the substrate  11  having optical transparency formed from quartz or the like. The control film  71 , for example, is formed from an oxide film such as SiO 2 . The control film  71  is for controlling the degree of etching in the width direction (X direction) such that a desired shape as the sharp of the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  formed on the substrate  11  is obtained. 
     The control film  71  is formed so as to further increase the etching rate of the substrate  11  in isotropic etching. First, annealing is performed at a predetermined temperature after an oxide film that becomes the control film  71  is formed on the one face  11   a  of the substrate  11 . The etching rate of the control film  71  is changes according to the temperature during annealing. Accordingly, it is possible to adjust the etching rate of the control film  71  by appropriately setting the temperature during annealing. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 5B , a mask layer  72  is formed by being laminated on the control film  71 . Then, the mask layer  72  is patterned, and opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c  are formed in the mask layer  72 . Here, the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c  are provided opposing the positions at which the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  (microlenses ML 1 , ML 2 , and ML 3 ) are formed. The planar shape of the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c  is, for example, a circular shape. 
     The opening portion  72   a  is provided at the center portion in the direction along the line A-A′, the opening portion  72   c  is provided furthest to the outer edge side, and the opening portion  72   b  is provided between the opening portion  72   a  and the opening portion  72   c . For the opening diameter of the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c , the opening portion  72   a  is the largest, and the diameters become smaller in the order of opening portions  72   b  and  72   c.    
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 5C , the control film  71  is subjected to dry etching via the mask layer  72 . In so doing, opening portions  71   a ,  71   b ,  71   c  are formed in the control film  71  corresponding to the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c . Then, one face  11   a  of the substrate  11  is exposed in the opening portions  71   a ,  71   b , and  71   c . The opening diameter of the opening portions  71   a ,  71   b , and  71   c  is the same as the opening diameter of the respective opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c.    
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 5D , the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  are formed in the substrate  11  performing isotropic etching via the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c  of the mask layer  72 . Wet etching using an etching liquid, for example, a hydrofluoric acid solution or the like, such that the etching rate of the control film  71  becomes greater than the etching rate of the substrate  11  is used as the isotropic etching process. 
     Through the etching process, the substrate  11  is etched from the one face  11   a  side with the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c  as a center, along with etching the control film  71  with the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c  as a center. In so doing, the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  are formed on the substrate  11  in concentric circles with the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c  as a center in plan view. 
     The shape of the concavity  12   c  formed via the opening portion  72   c  is shown in  FIG. 6A , and the shape of the concavity  12   a  formed via the opening portion  72   a  is shown in  FIG. 6B . As shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the concavity  12   c  is formed in the substrate  11  with the opening  72   c  as a center, and the concavity  12   a  is formed in the substrate  11  with the opening portion  72   a  as a center. The shape of the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  formed by isotropic etching is shown by a two-dot chain line in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , in a case in which the control film  71  is not provided. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6A  by the two-dot chain line, in a case in which the control film  71  is not provided, the shape of the concavity  12   c  ideally becomes a hemispherical shape (a semicircular shape in cross-sectional view). Here, in the present embodiment, the control film  71  with a greater etching rate in isotropic etching than the substrate  11  is provided in the space between the one face  11   a  of the substrate  11  and the mask layer  72 . Therefore, the etching amount per unit time of the control film  71  becomes greater than the etching amount per unit time of the substrate  11 . 
     Accordingly, the expansion amount of the opening portion  71   c  of the control film  71  etched via the opening portion  72   c  of the mask layer  72  is becomes greater than the expansion amount in the depth direction of the concavity  12   c . Therefore, the width direction (X direction) of the concavity  12   c  also expands accompanying expansion of the opening portion  71   c , and the opening portion of the concavity  12   c  becomes larger than the opening portion of the concavity  12   c  formed in a case in which the control film  71  shown by the two-dot chain line is not provided. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6B , since the opening diameter of the opening portion  72   a  of the mask layer  72  is greater than that of the opening portion  72   c , even in a case in which the control film  71  shown by the two-dot chain line is not provided, the etching amount in the width direction (X direction) is further increased compared to the case shown in  FIG. 6A . Accordingly, the opening portion of the concavity  12   a  is larger than the opening portion of the concavity  12   c.    
     Furthermore, because the opening diameter of the opening portion  72   a  of the mask layer  72  is large, since the control film  71  is further etched compared to the case shown in  FIG. 6A , the amount of increase in the opening portion of the concavity  12   a  with respect to a case in which the control film  71  is not provided is increased. As a result, the radius of curvature when the shape of the concavity  12   a  approximates a semi-circular shape becomes greater than the radius of curvature when the shape of the concavity  12   c  approximates a semi-circular shape. 
     Moreover, although not shown in the drawings, the opening diameter of the concavity  12   b  formed via the opening portion  72   b  of the mask layer  72  is smaller than the opening diameter of the concavity  12   b , and larger than the opening diameter of the concavity  12   c . Accordingly, the radius of curvature when the shape of the concavity  12   b  approximates a semi-circular shape becomes smaller than the radius of curvature when the shape of the concavity  12   a  approximates a semi-circular shape, and becomes greater than the radius of curvature when the shape of the concavity  12   c  approximates a semi-circular shape. 
     In addition, although the control film  71  is shown on both sides of the opening portion of the concavity  12   a  in  FIG. 6B , if etching is performed until the concavity  12   a  and the adjacent concavity  12   b  contact one another, the control film  71  is removed between the concavity  12   a  and the concavity  12   b.    
     As described above, since it is possible to adjust the etching rate of the control film  71  by setting the temperature during annealing, it is possible to adjust the radius of curvature of the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  formed by appropriately setting the opening diameter of the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c  of the mask layer  72  and the etching rate of the control film  71 . 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 7A , the control film  71  and the mask layer  72  are removed from the one face  11   a  side of the substrate  11 . Subsequently, as shown in  FIG. 7B , the lens layer  13  formed from an inorganic material having optical transparency and having a higher refractive index than the substrate  11  is formed so as to embed the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  formed on the substrate  11 . 
     The lens layer  13  may be formed using, for example, a Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method. In so doing, the microlenses ML 1 , ML 2 , and ML 3  are configured corresponding to the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c . A step difference is reflected by the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  in the surface of the lens layer  13 . 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 7C , for example, a planarizing process is performed on the surface of the lens layer  13  using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process or the like. The remaining thickness of the lens layer  13  after the planarization process, that is, the layer thickness of the lens layer  13  is appropriately set based on the optical conditions, such as the focal distance, of the microlens ML formed. In so doing, the microlens array substrate  10  including the microlens array MLA is completed. 
     Second Embodiment 
     Liquid Crystal Device 
     The liquid crystal device according to the second embodiment differs with respect to the liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment on the point of including a microlens array substrate on both of the element substrate and the counter substrate; however, the other configurations are substantially the same. Here, constituent elements in common with the first embodiment are given the same reference numerals and will not be described. 
     A configuration of a liquid crystal device according to a second embodiment will be described.  FIG. 8  is a schematic plan view showing a configuration of a liquid crystal device according to the second embodiment. More specifically,  FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ (X direction) in  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , the liquid crystal device  1 A according to the second embodiment includes and microlens array substrate  10  on the counter substrate  30  similarly to the liquid crystal device  1  according to the first embodiment and also includes a further microlens array substrate  60  on the element substrate  20 . 
     The element substrate  20  includes a microlens array substrate  60 , a pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  64 , a light blocking layer  22 , an insulating layer  23 , a TFT  24 , an insulating layer  25 , a light blocking layer  26 , an insulating layer  27 , a pixel electrode  28  and an alignment film  29 . The pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  64  has the same configuration as the pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  31  on the counter substrate  30  side. 
     The microlens array substrate  60  includes a substrate  61  and a lens layer  63 . The substrate  61  is configured by the same material as the substrate  11 , and the lens layer  63  is configured by the same material as the lens layer  13 . A concavity  62  with the same shape with respect to any of the pixels P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  is provided on the substrate  61 . That is, the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  60  has the same curvature and same collection efficiency as any of the pixels P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 . 
     The counter substrate  30  is configured including a microlens array substrate  10 , a pass layer (optical path length-adjusting layer)  31 , a light blocking layer  32 , a protective layer  33 , a common electrode  34 , and an alignment film  35 , similarly to the liquid crystal device  1  according to the first embodiment. 
     Since the liquid crystal device  1 A according to the second embodiment includes the microlens array substrate  10  on the counter substrate  30 , unevenness in the illuminance between the center portion and the outer edge sides is eased, and it is possible for the quality of an image projected on the screen  130  to be improved. 
     Furthermore, since the microlens array substrate  60  is also included on the element substrate  20  in the liquid crystal device  1 A according to the second embodiment, light incident from the counter substrate  30  and refracted by the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  10  is refracted again by the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  60 . In so doing, it is possible to emit light to the projection lens  117  (refer to  FIG. 10 ) side by aligning the optical axis of light collected by the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  10  with the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  60 . 
     Moreover, in the liquid crystal device  1 A according to the second embodiment, a configuration in which the counter substrate  30  includes the microlens array substrate  10  is assumed has been described; however, the configuration may be one in which the element substrate  20  includes the microlens array substrate  10 , and the counter substrate  30  includes the microlens array substrate  60 . 
     According to such a configuration, the light incident from the counter substrate  30  side is uniformly collected at the center portion of the microlens ML through each microlens from the center portion to the outer edge sides. Accordingly if the microlens array substrate  60  includes the microlens ML with a high collection efficiency, since the incident light is collected at the center portion of the microlens ML in any of the pixels P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 , the amount of light absorbed by the light blocking layers  22 ,  26 , and  32  is small. In so doing, it is possible to suppress heat emitted by the light blocking layers  22 ,  26 , and  32  absorbing light. 
     In addition, in the liquid crystal device  1 A according to the second embodiment, the configuration may include a microlens array substrate  10  on both of the element substrate  20  and the counter substrate  30 . 
     Third Embodiment 
     Liquid Crystal Device 
     The liquid crystal device according to the third embodiment differs with respect to the liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment on the point of including two microlens array substrates the counter substrate; however, the other configurations are substantially the same. Here, constituent elements in common with the first embodiment are given the same reference numerals and will not be described. 
     In the liquid crystal device according to the third embodiment, with respect to the liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment, two microlens array substrates are included on the counter substrate, and the configuration of counter substrates is different. Here, the configuration of the counter substrates according to the third embodiment will be principally described.  FIG. 9  is a schematic plan view showing a configuration of a liquid crystal device according to the third embodiment.  FIG. 9  corresponds to a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ (X direction) in  FIG. 1 ; however, the element substrate is not shown in the drawing. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the liquid crystal device  1 B according to the third embodiment includes a counter substrate  30 A. The counter substrate  30 A includes a microlens array substrate  10  according to the first embodiment, a microlens array substrate  80 , a light blocking layer  32 , a protective layer  33 , a common electrode  34 , and an alignment film  35 . 
     The microlens array substrate  80  includes a substrate  81  and a lens layer  13 . The substrate  81  is configured by the same material as the substrate  11 . A concavity  82  with the same shape with respect to any of the pixels P 1 , P 2 , and P 3  is provided on the substrate  81 . Accordingly, the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  80  has the same collection efficiency as any of the pixels P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 . 
     The lens layer  13  is interposed between the substrate  11  and the substrate  81 , and is provided so as to embed the concavity  82  provided in the substrate  81 . In the counter substrate  30 A, the lens layer  13  has a part  14  embedded in the concavity  12  of the substrate  11 , a part  15  embedded in the concavity  82  of the substrate  81 , and a part  16  interposed between the part  14  and the part  15 . 
     Among the lens layer  13 , the part  14  functions as a microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  10 , and the part  15  functions as the microlens array ML of the microlens array substrate  80 . Then, the part  16  has a function of adjusting the optical path length between two opposing microlens arrays ML. 
     In the liquid crystal device  1 B, light incident from the surface  11   b  side of the counter substrate  30  (substrate  11 ) and refracted by the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  10  is again refracted by the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  80 . In so doing, it is possible for light to be incident on the liquid crystal layer  40  by aligning the optical axis of light collected by the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  10  with the microlens ML of the microlens array substrate  80 . 
     In addition, although the liquid crystal device  1 B according to the third embodiment is the same with respect to the liquid crystal device  1 A according to the second embodiment on the point of including two microlens array substrates including the microlens array substrate  10  according to the first embodiment, the liquid crystal device  1 B differs on the point of not including a microlens array substrate on the element substrate  20 . 
     In the case of a configuration including the microlens array substrate  60  on the element substrate  20 , as in the liquid crystal device  1 A according to the second embodiment, in the manufacturing steps of the liquid crystal device, the TFT  24 , wirings, and the like are formed on the microlens array substrate  60 , and in the forming steps thereof, the microlens array substrate  60  is exposed to high temperatures and temperature changes. Therefore, there are cases of stress applied to the lens layer  63  and cracks occurring caused by differences in the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate  61  and the lens layer  63 , changes in the constitution of the lens layer  63  or the like. 
     In contrast, since the microlens array substrate is not provided on the element substrate  20  in the liquid crystal device  1 B according to the third embodiment, in the manufacturing steps of the liquid crystal device, it is possible to avoid the risk of cracks occurring in the lens layer in the steps of forming the TFT  24 , the wirings or the like. 
     Moreover, in the liquid crystal device  1 B according to the third embodiment, the configuration includes the microlens array substrate  10  and the microlens array substrate  80  in order from the light incident side in the counter substrate  30 ; however, the configuration may have the microlens array substrate  10  and the microlens array substrate  80  in the opposite positional relationship to the above. In addition, the configuration may include another microlens array substrate  10  instead of the microlens array substrate  80 . 
     Fourth Embodiment 
     Electronic Apparatus 
     Next, an electronic apparatus according to a fourth embodiment will be described with reference to  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 10  is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a projector as an electronic apparatus according to the fourth embodiment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , the projection (projection-type display device)  100  as the electronic apparatus according to the fourth embodiment includes a polarized illumination device  110 , two dichroic mirrors  104  and  105  as light separation elements, three reflection mirrors  106 ,  107 , and  108 ,  5  relay lenses  111 ,  112 ,  113 ,  114 , and  115 , three liquid crystal light valves  121 ,  122 , and  123 , a cross dichroic prism  116  as a light synthesizing element, and a projection lens  117 . 
     The polarized illumination device  110 , for example, includes a lamp unit  101  as a light source formed from a white light source, such as an ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp or a halogen lamp, an integrator lens  102 , and a polarization conversion element  103 . The lamp unit  101 , the integrator lens  102 , and the polarization conversion element  103  are arranged along the system optical axis L. 
     The dichroic mirror  104  causes red light (R) to reflect, and allows green light (G) and blue light (B) to pass through from the polarized luminous fluxes emitted from the polarized illumination device  110 . Another dichroic mirror  105  causes green light (G) passing through the dichroic mirror  104  to reflect and allows blue light (B) to pass through. 
     The red light (R) reflected by the dichroic mirror  104  is incident on the liquid crystal light valve  121  through the relay lens  115  after being reflected by the reflection mirror  106 . The green light (G) reflected by the dichroic mirror  105  is incident on the liquid crystal light valve  122  through the relay lens  114 . The blue light (B) passing through the dichroic mirror  105  is incident on the liquid crystal valve  123  through a light guiding system configured by three relay lenses  111 ,  112 , and  113  and two reflection mirrors  107  and  108 . 
     The transmissive-type liquid crystal light valves  121 ,  122 , and  123  as light modulating elements are arranged opposite one another with respect to the incident face for each color of light of the cross dichroic prism  116 . The colored light incident on the liquid crystal light valves  121 ,  122 , and  123  is modulated based on video information (video signal) and emitted towards the cross dichroic prism  116 . 
     The cross dichroic prism  116  is formed by bonding four right-angle prisms, and a cross-shape is formed by a dielectric multilayer reflecting red light and a dielectric multilayer reflecting blue light on the inner surface thereof. Three colors of light are synthesized by these dielectric multilayer films, and light representing a color image is synthesized. The synthesized light is projected on a screen  130  by a projection lens  117  that is a projection optical system, and the image is displayed by being enlarged. 
     The liquid crystal light valve  121  is applied to the liquid crystal devices  1 ,  1 A, and  1 B having the microlens array substrate  10  of each embodiment described above. The liquid crystal light valve  121  is arranged by being placed in the gap between a pair of polarization elements arranged in a cross Nicol arrangement in the colored light of the incident side and the emission side. The same applies to other liquid crystal light valves  122  and  123 . 
     According to the configuration of the projector  100  according to the fourth embodiment, even if a plurality of pixels P are arranged with high precision, since the liquid crystal devices  1 ,  1 A, and  1 B having a microlens array substrate  10  in which a more uniform illuminance distribution is obtained from the center of an image projected on the screen  130  to the outer edge sides is included, it is possible to provide a bright projector  100  with high quality. 
     The above-described embodiments thoroughly show one form of the invention, and arbitrary modifications and applications are possible within the scope of the invention. As a modification example, for example, the following may be considered. 
     Modification Example 1 
     The microlens array substrate  10  according to the above embodiments has a configuration in which the collection efficiency of the microlenses ML 1 , ML 2 , and ML  3  are different by the curvature of the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  of the lens layer  13  being different; however, the present invention is not limited to this form.  FIGS. 11A and 11B  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a configuration of a microlens array substrate according to a modification example. The configuration may have different collection efficiency for the microlenses ML 1 , ML 2 , and ML 3  by the diameters of the microlenses ML (opening diameters of the concavities  12 ) being different, as in the microlens array substrate  10 A according to the modification example 1 shown in  FIG. 11A . 
     As shown in  FIG. 11A , in the microlens array substrate  10 A according to modification example 1, the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  has similar shapes to one another by being formed in a substantially spherical plane shape (substantially hemispherical shape). When the diameter of the microlens ML 1  is D 1 , the diameter of the microlens ML 2  is D 2 , and the microlens ML 3  is D 3 , diameter D 1 &lt;diameter D 2 &lt;diameter D 3  is satisfied. 
     Accordingly, the effective surface with which the microlens ML is able to collect light with respect to incident light incident on the same surface on the microlens array substrate  10 A becomes smaller from the outer edge sides towards the center portion in the order of microlenses ML 3 , ML 2 , and ML 1 . Accordingly, the collection efficiency of the microlenses ML becomes lower from the outer edge sides towards the center portion in the order of microlenses ML 3 , ML 2 , and ML 1 . 
     Modification Example 2 
     In addition, the configuration may have a different collection efficiency for the microlenses ML 1 , ML 2  and ML 3  by the inclination angle of the peripheral edge portion of the microlenses ML with respect to one face  11   a  of the substrate  11  being different, such as in the microlens array substrate  10 B according to the modification example 2 shown in  FIG. 11B . 
     The concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  are formed in a substantially V-shape in cross-sectional view in the microlens array substrate  10 B according to the modification example 2, as shown in  FIG. 11B . When the inclination angle of the peripheral edge portion of the microlens ML 1  (concavity  12   a ) with respect to one face  11   a  of the substrate  11  is θ 1 , the inclination angle of the peripheral edge portion of the microlens ML 2  (concavity  12   b ) is θ 2 , and the inclination angle of the peripheral edge portion of the microlens ML 3  (concavity  12   c ) is θ 3 , θ 1 &lt;θ 2 &lt;θ 3  is satisfied. 
     Light refracted by the peripheral edge portion of the microlens ML is collected at a position closer to the center portion of the microlens ML as the inclination angle θ of the peripheral edge portion increases, and is collected at positions further from the central portion of the microlens ML as the inclination angle θ of the peripheral edge portion decreases. Accordingly, the collection efficiency with respect to incident light incident from the same direction becomes lower from the outer edge sides towards the central portion in the order of the microlenses ML 3 , ML 2  and ML 1 . 
     Modification Example 3 
     In addition, the configuration may have a non-display region F surrounding the periphery of the display region E, and include a microlens MLF as a third microlens arranged in the non-display region F, as in the microlens array substrate  10 C according to the modification example 3 shown in  FIG. 12A .  FIGS. 12A and 12B  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a configuration of a microlens array substrate according to a modification example. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12A , the microlens array substrate  10 C according to the modification example 3 has a non-display region F surrounding the periphery of the display region E. The non-display region F is a region not substantially contributing to display in a liquid crystal device, and having a dummy pixel electrode driven similarly to the pixel electrode  28  in the display region E. Such a dummy pixel electrode, for example, is provided for suppressing lowering of the image quality due to disturbance or the like of the driving waveform in the outer edge portion in the display region E. For example, an image signal displaying a black solid image is applied to a dummy pixel electrode, and light leakage from the peripheral edge of the display region E is suppressed by edging the periphery of the display region E in black. There are cases of an electrically floating state being set by insulating the dummy pixel electrode from the TFT. 
     In the microlens array substrate  10 C according to the modification example 3, a microlens MLF (dummy microlens) is included as a third microlens in such a non-display region F. The shape of the microlens MLF is the same as the shape of the microlens ML 3  positioned to the outer edges side of the display region E. That is, the shape of the concavity (not shown in the drawings) configuring the microlens MLF is the same as the shape of the concavity  12   c  configuring the microlens ML 3 . In so doing, it is possible for the layer thickness of the liquid crystal layer  40  for improving the flatness to be more uniform in the outer edge portion of the display region E of the microlens array substrate  10 C and the periphery thereof, and since it is possible for the optical conditions, such as refraction of the incident light to be the same, it is possible for the image quality of the liquid crystal device  1  to be improved. 
     Modification Example 4 
     Although the microlens array substrate  10  according to the above embodiments has a configuration in which the collection efficiency of each microlens ML is set so as to become continuously larger from the microlens ML 1  corresponding to the pixel P 1  positioned at the center portion of the display region E in the liquid crystal device  1  towards the pixel P positioned furthest to the outer edge side in the each of the X direction, the Y direction, and a diagonal direction to the X direction and the Y direction, the present invention is not limited to such forms. The configuration may have the display region E partitioned into a plurality of regions from the center portion towards the outer edge sides as in the microlens array substrate  10 D according to the modification example 4 shown in  FIG. 12B , and the collection efficiency for each region be different. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12B , the microlens array substrate  10 D according to the modification example 4 has a region R 1  positioned at the center portion in the display region E, a region R 2  surrounding the periphery of the region R 1  and a region R 3  positioned furthered to the outer edge side in the display region E surrounding the periphery of the region R 2 . Then, a plurality of microlenses ML 1  is arranged in the region R 1 , a plurality of microlenses ML 2  is arranged in the region R 2 , and a plurality of microlenses ML 3  is arranged in the region R 3 . 
     The collection efficiency of each microlens ML on the microlens array substrate  10 D according to the modification example 4 becomes lower in a stepwise manner for each region R 1 , R 2  and R 3  from the outer edge side towards the center portion in each direction of the X direction, the Y direction and the diagonal direction. Accordingly, even in the microlens array substrate  10 D according to the modification example 4, it is possible for unevenness in the illuminance between the center portion and the outer edge sides to be alleviated compared to the microlens array substrate of the related art. 
     Moreover, in  FIG. 12B , as regions with the same collection efficiency for the microlenses ML, the three regions of regions R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are partitioned from the center portion towards the outer edge sides; however, partitioning into four or more regions may be performed, and it is preferable to perform partitioning into even greater numbers of regions. As the number of regions partitioned becomes greater, it is possible for the differences in illuminance causing differences in the collection efficiency of the microlenses ML between neighboring regions to become more difficult to discern. 
     Modification Example 5 
     Although the manufacturing method of the microlens array substrate according to the above embodiments has a configuration forming the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  by isotropically etching the control film  71  and the substrate  11  via the opening portions  72   a ,  72   b , and  72   c  of the mask layer  72 , as shown in  FIG. 5D , the present invention is not limited to these forms. The manufacturing method of the microlens array substrate may have a configuration forming concavities in the substrate  11  by transferring concavities formed on a resist film to the substrate  11 , as shown in  FIGS. 13A to 13D . 
       FIGS. 13A to 13D  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a manufacturing method of a microlens array substrate according to a modification example. In the manufacturing method of the microlens array substrate according to the modification example 5, the resist layer  73  is formed on the substrate  11 , as shown in  FIG. 13A . Subsequently, as shown in  FIG. 13B , the resist layer  73  is exposed using a mask  74  in which the transmissivity to light is changed by corresponding to the shape of the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  formed in the resist layer  73  on the substrate  11 . 
     The mask  74 , for example, is a grayscale mask, such as a HEBS mask, and gradation is obtained in each of the light transparent regions  74   a ,  74   b , and  74   c  by making the transmissivity to light different in the shape of substantially concentric circles from the planar center position towards the outer circumference. In addition, the size of substantially concentric circular regions with the same transmissivity to light is the largest at the light transparent region  74   a  positioned at the center portion of the mask  74 , and becomes smaller towards the outer edge side in the order of the light transparent regions  74   b  and  74   c . By performing irradiation of laser light L via such a mask  74 , exposure regions  73   a ,  73   b , and  73   c  are formed in the resist layer  73  corresponding to the light transparent regions  74   a ,  74   b , and  74   c  of the mask  74 . 
     Moreover, in the exposure of the resist layer  73 , a multi-step exposure using a plurality of masks may be used in which the areas of the light transparent regions are made different in a stepwise manner corresponding to the shape of the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c . In addition, an area gradation mask may be used having a fine opening area distributing corresponding to the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  in a chromium mask. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 13C , through removing the exposure regions  73   a ,  73   b , and  73   c  by subjecting the resist layer  73  to a development process, the concavities  75   a ,  75   b , and  75   c  that are a base for the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  are formed in the resist layer  73 . 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 13D , anisotropic etching, such as dry etching, for example, is performed from the resist layer  73  to the substrate  11  in which the concavities  75   a ,  75   b , and  75   c  are formed. In so doing, the concavities  75   a ,  75   b , and  75   c  formed in the resist layer  73  are transferred to the substrate  11 , and the concavities  12   a ,  12   b , and  12   c  are formed in the substrate  11 . 
     Modification Example 6 
     The electro-optical device including the microlens array substrate according to the above embodiments is not limited to the liquid crystal device  1 . It is possible to suitably use the microlens array substrate according to the above embodiments, for example, in an image sensor, an integral lens or the like. In addition, it is also possible to suitably use the microlens array substrate according to the above embodiments, in digital light processing (DLP) including a digital mirror device (DMD).