Patent Publication Number: US-2009223510-A1

Title: Optimized solar collector

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of application Ser. No. 11/986,417, filed Nov. 21, 2007, entitled ADJUSTABLE SOLAR COLLECTOR AND METHOD OF USE, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/860,623, entitled ADJUSTABLE SOLAR COLLECTOR AND METHOD OF USE, filed Nov. 22, 2006, both of which applications are hereby fully incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to solar energy collection devices and more, specifically, to parabolic trough solar collectors. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     With increases in the cost of fossil fuels and a rise in public awareness of the environmental consequences of current fuel consumption habits, the demand for alternative, renewable energy sources is growing. One such renewable energy source is solar energy. It is estimated that approximately 99.9% of harvestable renewable energy is solar-based, which includes resources such as wind, wave power, hydroelectricity, biomass, and solar power. 
     Solar energy can be most useful when converted into another form. In many instances, solar energy is ultimately converted into electricity. A number of devices and methods are known for converting solar energy into electricity. These technologies can generally be characterized as active or passive and as direct or indirect solar energy-conversion systems. Active systems typically rely upon electrical and mechanical components to capture short-wavelength radiation in the form of sunlight and convert it into a usable form. Passive systems rely upon non-mechanical techniques to control the capture of sunlight and convert this energy into a usable form. Passive techniques include referencing the position of a building to the sun to enhance energy capture, designing spaces that naturally circulate air to transfer energy, and selecting materials with favorable thermal properties to absorb and retain energy. Direct systems typically convert sunlight into a usable form of energy in a single step. Indirect systems typically convert sunlight into a usable form of energy through multiple steps. 
     One way to actively convert solar energy into a usable form of energy is through the use of Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) systems. Concentrating Solar Thermal systems generally rely upon a shaped reflective surface, known as a solar collector or solar concentrator, to concentrate sunlight. Solar concentrators receive solar radiation over a relatively large surface area and focus it on a relatively small surface. More specifically, solar concentrators use lenses or mirrors to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam or plane. Most CST systems also incorporate tracking systems that allow lenses or mirrors to follow the path of the sun. Four common types of CST systems are the solar power tower, the parabolic dish, the solar bowl, and the solar trough. 
     Many types of solar troughs are well-known in the art. Examples of solar troughs are described in the following issued patents and printed publications, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: U.S. Pat. No. 4,099,515 to Schertz; U.S. Pat. No. 4,243,019 to Severson; U.S. Pat. No. 4,296,737 to Silk; U.S. Pat. No. 4,313,422 to McEntee; U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,719 to Hutchinson; U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,313 to Eaton; U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,757 to Jakahi; U.S. Pat. No. 6,276,359 to Frazier; U.S. Pat. No. 6,832,608 to Barkai, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,886,339 to Carroll, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 7,055,519 to Litwin; U.S. Pub. No. 2007/0034207 to Niedermeyer; U.S. Pub. No. 2007/0223096 to O&#39;Connor, et al., and U.S. Publication No. 2007/0240704 to Prueitt. 
     Parabolic troughs generally have a long parabolic mirror with a tube, also known as a receiver, running the length at the focal point of the mirror. The receiver is filled with a fluid, such as, for example, water or oil. To maximize the reflectivity of the trough, the top surface of the mirror is usually provided with a silver coating or polished aluminum. Due to the parabolic shape of the mirror, the trough is able to concentrate reflected sunlight onto the receiver. The concentrated sunlight heats the fluid flowing through the receiver. Depending upon the type of fluid being used and the particular design of the trough, the temperature of the fluid can exceed 400° C. When the trough is incorporated as part of a CST system, the heated fluid is transferred to a power generation system and used to generate electricity. The process can be economical and can achieve thermal efficiency in the range of approximately sixty to eighty percent. 
     Parabolic troughs can occupy a fixed position or be adjustable. Since the amount of solar radiation reflected to the receiver largely depends on the angle of the sun in relation to the trough, the position of the trough in relation to the sun greatly affects the ability of the reflective surface to concentrate sunlight onto the receiver. When the sun is at a sharp angle in relation to the trough, such as in the early morning or late afternoon, the amount of insolation or incoming solar radiation that can be captured by a parabolic concentrator oriented to capture insolation when the sun is higher in the sky may be relatively low. Therefore, adjustable parabolic troughs are generally more effective and are preferred in the industry. Adjustable troughs can be designed to adjust their position with respect to the sun in various ways. For example, an adjustable trough can incorporate a sun-rotating mechanism that tracks the course of the sun. 
     Parabolic troughs that have the ability to track the sun are generally constructed so that their axis of rotation is parallel to the path of the sun as it moves across the sky. Current technology provides for continual automatic adjustment of the troughs that is coordinated with the sun&#39;s movement. Movement of the troughs in response to the changing position of the sun is generally accomplished through adjustments along an axis perpendicular to the axis of the troughs. Though east-west or north-south orientation of the collector axis is typically specified for year-round or summer-peaking sunlight collection, respectively, troughs can be oriented in any direction. The arrangement of troughs in parallel rows simplifies system design and field layout, and minimizes interconnecting piping. Parabolic troughs can also be mounted on the ground or on a roof. 
     Some solar collectors also have the ability to reflect short-wavelength solar radiation back into space. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,977 discloses a parabolic trough that can be defocused so that some of the short-wavelength radiation arriving at the mirrored surface of the collector is randomly directed back into space. A drawback of this feature, however, is the difficulty of interchanging between the configuration needed to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver and the configuration needed to redirect short-wavelength radiation back into space. In addition, there is a need to increase the efficiency of the redirection of short-wavelength radiation by parabolic troughs. 
     Since parabolic troughs depend upon a mirrored surface to concentrate reflected sunlight, environmental conditions that may reduce the reflectivity of the mirrored surface are of great concern. For example, inclement weather, dust, and wildlife can leave unwanted deposits on the inner surface of the trough that reduces the ability of the trough to reflect sunlight. To reduce the likelihood of damage to or dirtying of the reflective inner surface, some troughs can be rotated so as to achieve an inverted position. In the inverted position, the mirrored surface can be substantially shielded from hazards such as hail, dust, and other particulate matter. A drawback of these inversion capabilities, however, is that the parabolic shape of the trough requires the trough to be elevated high above the ground (or other mounting surface) so that edges of the parabolic structure will not strike the ground (or other mounting surface) when rotated or inverted. Specifically, building a support structure that is tall enough to accommodate inversion can substantially increase burdens associated with installing and placing solar concentrators to be elevated. Existing parabolic troughs also lack an effective and efficient way to clean deposited material or films from the mirrored surfaces. 
     In addition to the mirrored surfaces of parabolic troughs, the structure of the parabolic trough as a whole can be susceptible to damage by environmental forces such as high winds. Current construction techniques for building solar concentrators generally utilize materials having a high stiffness and that are rigidly joined together to form an uninterrupted parabolic trough. While this type of construction contributes to an efficient collection of sunlight, it can also lead to catastrophic damage or fatigue that ultimately results in failure. Specifically, the parabolic face of the trough acts as a wind barrier that places tremendous strain on the solar concentrator structure during periods of high wind. A procedure for reducing wind strain on the structure is to invert the parabolic shape of the solar collector. As with protecting the solar collector from deposits on the mirrored surface, a disadvantage of inverting the parabolic shape is that the trough must be sufficiently elevated above the ground (or other mounting surface) so that edges of the parabolic structure will not strike the ground (or other mounting surface) when rotated or inverted. Even when the parabolic shape of the solar collector is inverted, pressure differentials created by the movement of air over the inverted solar collector can produce structural strain that can reduce the life expectancy of the structure. In addition, while an elevated support structure may accommodate an inverted position, the increased height further destabilizes the structure. 
     Due to a variety of factors, parabolic solar collectors are commonly found in arid climates where water is scarce. In particular, it can be advantageous to construct a number of solar collectors in a single location. This may require large, open areas of flat land that are located far from population centers and may not otherwise provide opportunities for economically viable activities. It can also be advantageous to construct solar collectors in locations that dependably receive large amounts of direct sunlight and experience relatively constant lengths of days throughout the year. Since desert locations commonly meet these criteria and can be relatively inexpensive to purchase, solar collectors are often constructed in dry, drought-prone clients. 
     As a result of this tendency, a lack of available water can be a major concern. For example, it is often necessary to clean off the mirrored surfaces of the parabolic solar collectors in order to increase their reflective capabilities, thereby also enhancing their ability to generate electricity. Without sufficient water, therefore, the performance of parabolic solar collectors can be severely diminished. 
     Parabolic solar collectors can also be constructed in regions where water is more plentiful or rainfall is concentrated during certain times of year. In such areas and instances, it may be beneficial to collect such water. The water can then be diverted for specific uses, such as agriculture, or stored for later use when water is less plentiful. 
     A further drawback of parabolic collectors is providing energy for use during periods of indirect sunlight or non-daylight hours. During such times, a lack of solar radiation limits the ability of parabolic solar collectors to create mechanical or thermal energy. As a result, the electrical energy that can be supplied solar collectors is often asymmetrical and sporadic. This limits the use of parabolic solar collectors as a primary source for fulfilling electricity needs. Based on the demands for power consumption, there is a need for a parabolic solar collector that can provide a source for the generation of electricity during periods in which direct solar radiation may not be available. 
     Therefore, there remain opportunities to further improve upon current designs. What is needed in the industry is a parabolic solar collector that improves upon the aforementioned drawbacks. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The concerns described above are overcome in substantial part by the present invention. A parabolic collector is formed from a plurality of sections flexibly connected through a hinge arrangement attached on a line tangent with what is effectively the trough axis. This allows the reflective surfaces to be positioned so that they form a continuous parabolic surface in a first position, while also being positionable in other positions. For example, a “clamshell” structure may be achieved by folding the sections together. When closed, the structure may be aligned in various orientations. In a second position, the folded structure is oriented generally perpendicular to the mounting surface. In a third position, the folded structure is oriented generally parallel to mounting surface. Because of the parabolic shape of the sections, the folded structure may be oriented to present a plurality of aerodynamic surfaces. When oriented generally parallel to a wind force, the structure presents an upper curved surface that tends to provide an upward lift while the structure&#39;s lower curved surface tends to provide a downward force. The generally horizontal net wind load thus applies a force on the reduced horizontal profile presented by the folded structure. Moreover, the vertical wind forces on the upper and lower curved surfaces of the structure tend to offset each other. 
     In an embodiment, a solar collector for concentrating solar radiation comprises a substantially parabolic reflector, a pivot housing, a first conduit, a second conduit, a control valve, a reservoir system, and a reservoir valve. The substantially parabolic reflector defines a focus line spaced apart from the reflector and has a first mirrored surface adapted to reflect the solar radiation to the focus line. The pivot housing is operably coupled to the substantially parabolic reflector and defines a substantially enclosed sealable interior channel and an axis of rotation. The pivot housing is positioned substantially proximal the vertex of the substantially parabolic reflector. The solar collector is shiftable about the axis of rotation. The first conduit is positioned substantially along the focus line of the substantially parabolic reflector. The second conduit is positioned within the pivot housing. The conduit valve operably couples the first fluid conduit and the second fluid conduit such that the first fluid conduit and the second fluid conduit are in interruptable fluid communication. The reservoir system is adapted to contain a fluid that can be sealed within the interior channel of the pivot housing. The reservoir valve operably couples the interior channel of the pivot housing and the reservoir system such that the interior channel and the reservoir system are in interruptable fluid communication. 
     In further embodiments, the substantially parabolic reflector may include articulated first and second reflective panels operably shiftably coupled to the pivot housing. The first and second reflective panels may be reversibly shiftable between a folded position and an open position. The first and second reflective panels may form a substantially parabolic shape intermediate the folded position and the open position. The reservoir system may include a storage section, a delivery section, and an actuatable coupling valve for selectively coupling the storage section to the delivery section. The storage section may be in fluid communication with the delivery section when the actuatable coupling valve is actuated. The pivot housing may be freely rotatable when the actuable coupling valve is not actuated. The solar collector may further include a pump for creating an increase in fluid pressure in the storage section of the reservoir system. The increase in fluid pressure may cause the actuatable coupling valve to couple the storage section with the delivery section. The interior channel of the pivot housing may define a substantially sealed environment when the reservoir valve is closed. The second conduit may include a coiled region. 
     In an embodiment, a solar collector for concentrating solar radiation includes a substantially parabolic reflector, a pivot housing, a cleaning system, a reservoir system, and a drainage system. The substantially parabolic reflector defines a focus line and a vertex. The substantially parabolic reflector presenting a first mirrored surface for reflecting the solar radiation to the focus line. The pivot housing is operably coupled to the substantially parabolic reflector and defines a substantially enclosed sealable interior channel and an axis of rotation. The pivot housing is positioned substantially proximal the vertex of the substantially parabolic reflector. The solar collector is shiftable about the axis of rotation. The cleaning system applies a fluid to the first mirrored surface. The reservoir system is adapted to communicate the fluid to the cleaning system. The drainage system communicates fluid collected by the first reflective panel to the reservoir system. 
     In further embodiments, the substantially parabolic reflector may include articulated first and second reflective panels operably shiftably coupled to the pivot housing. The first and second reflective panels may be reversibly shiftable between a folded position and an open position. The first and second reflective panels may form a substantially parabolic shape intermediate the folded position and the open position. The reservoir system may comprise a storage section, a delivery section, and an actuatable coupling valve for selectively coupling the storage section to the delivery section. The storage section may be in fluid communication with the delivery section when the actuatable coupling valve is actuated. The pivot housing may be freely rotatable when the actuable coupling valve is not actuated. The solar collector may further include a plurality of nozzles adapted to spray the fluid onto the first mirrored surface of the reflector when the first and second reflective panels are shifted into a closed positioned. The first mirrored surface of the substantially parabolic reflector, the cleaning system, the reservoir system, and the drainage system may define a substantially closed system such that the fluid can be applied to the first mirrored surface and circulated through the cleaning, reservoir, and drainage systems in multiple cycles. The substantially parabolic reflector may define a second surface. The second surface may be coated with a substantially hydrophilic material for facilitating condensation of moisture on the second surface. The first and second reflective panels may be shiftable such that the moisture is gravitationally communicated to the drainage system. The solar collector may further include a pump for creating an increase in fluid pressure in the storage section of the reservoir system. The increase in fluid pressure may cause the actuatable coupling valve to couple the storage section with the delivery section. 
     In an embodiment, a method of collecting solar radiation from a solar collector includes communicating a first fluid from a reservoir system to the interior channel of a pivot housing, substantially sealing the fluid within the interior channel of the pivot system, reflecting solar radiation with a first reflective panel toward a focus line, receiving the solar radiation with a first conduit positioned at the focus line, communicating a second fluid from the first conduit to a second conduit positioned within an interior channel of a pivot housing, and transferring heat from the second fluid to the first fluid. The solar collector includes the substantially parabolic reflector, a pivot housing, and a reservoir system. The substantially parabolic reflector defines a focus line spaced apart from the reflector and has a first mirrored surface adapted to reflect the solar radiation to the focus line. The pivot housing defines an interior channel. The reservoir system is adapted to communicate fluid to the interior channel of the pivot housing. 
     In further embodiments, the method may include evacuating the second fluid from the second conduit, re-communicating the second fluid into the second conduit, transferring heat from the first fluid to the second fluid, and converting the heat into electricity in the absence of reflection of the solar radiation by the substantially parabolic reflector. The method may also include evacuating the interior channel of the pivot housing of the first fluid. 
     In an embodiment, a method of cleaning a solar collector includes communicating a fluid from a first mirrored surface of a substantially parabolic reflector to a fluid drainage system, communicating the fluid from the fluid drainage system to a reservoir system, communicating the fluid from the reservoir system to a cleaning system, and applying the fluid to the reflective surface of the first mirrored surface of the substantially parabolic reflector. The solar collector includes the substantially parabolic reflector, the pivot housing, the drainage system, the reservoir system. The substantially parabolic reflector defines a focus line spaced apart from the reflector and has a first mirrored surface adapted to reflect the solar radiation to the focus line. The pivot housing defines an interior channel. 
     In further embodiments, communicating the fluid from the first mirrored surface of the substantially parabolic reflector to the fluid drainage system includes collecting the fluid in a drainage trough. The fluid may be rainwater. The substantially parabolic reflector may include a second surface coated with a substantially hydrophilic material for facilitating condensation of moisture on the second surface. The method may further include facilitating the condensation of water on the second surface of substantially parabolic reflector and communicating the water from the second surface of the substantially parabolic panel to the drainage system. The method may also include converting a portion of the fluid within the interior channel of the pivot housing into steam and pressurizing the first fluid within the interior channel of the pivot housing. Pressurizing the first fluid may include increasing a pressure within the interior channel of the pivot housing to approximately 1,000 psi. The method may additionally include releasing the first fluid from the interior channel through explosive actuation. The method may include neutralizing pressure depressions caused by severe weather conditions. The method may include stabilizing pressure increases due to fuel deflagrations. 
     In an embodiment, a solar collector for concentrating solar radiation includes a substantially parabolic reflector, a pivot housing, a first conduit, a second conduit, a conduit valve, a reservoir system, a cleaning system, a reservoir system, a drainage system, and a reservoir valve. The substantially parabolic reflector may define a focus line spaced apart from the reflector and have a first mirrored surface adapted to reflect the solar radiation to the focus line. The pivot housing may be operably coupled to the substantially parabolic reflector. The pivot housing may define a substantially enclosed sealable interior channel and an axis of rotation. The pivot housing is further positioned substantially proximal the vertex of the substantially parabolic reflector. The solar collector is shiftable about the axis of rotation. The first conduit is positioned substantially along the focus line of the substantially parabolic reflector. The second conduit is positioned within the pivot tube. The conduit valve operably couples the first fluid conduit and the second fluid conduit such that the first fluid conduit and the second fluid conduit are in interruptable fluid communication. The reservoir system is adapted to contain a fluid that can be sealed within the interior channel of the pivot housing. The cleaning system applies a second fluid to the first mirrored surface of the substantially parabolic reflector. The reservoir system is adapted to communicate the second fluid to the cleaning system. The drainage system communicates fluid collected by the substantially parabolic reflector to the reservoir system. The reservoir valve operably couples the interior channel of the pivot housing and the reservoir system such that the interior channel and the reservoir system are in interruptable fluid communication. 
     In further embodiments, the substantially parabolic reflector may include articulated first and second reflective panels operably shiftably coupled to the pivot housing. The first and second reflective panels may be reversibly shiftable between a folded position and an open position. The first and second reflective panels may form a substantially parabolic shape intermediate the folded position and the open position. 
     Exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in greater detail below. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments of the present invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a solar collector according to a known embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a plurality of solar collectors according to a known embodiment; 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a solar collector according to a known embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic illustration of a CST system integrated into a power grid; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  is perspective view of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view of rotating and folding mechanisms of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a perspective view of a rotating mechanism of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  is a perspective illustration of a parabolic trough formed by a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15A  is a cross-sectional illustration of a parabolic trough formed by a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15B  is a cross-sectional illustration of a parabolic trough formed by a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional illustration of a parabolic trough according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a cross-sectional illustration of a parabolic trough according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 18  is cross-sectional illustration of a parabolic trough according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 19  is a partial cross-sectional view of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 20  is a partial cross-section view of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention showing elected cut-away sections; 
         FIG. 21  is a cross-sectional view of a heat reservoir system of a solar collection system according to an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic view of a fluid delivery system of a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     While the present invention is amendable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the present invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A solar collector is depicted generally in  FIG. 1  with reference numeral  100 . As with other solar collectors known in the existing art, solar collector  100  comprises parabolic mirror  102 , tube  104 , rotating mechanism  106 , and support structure  107 , as depicted generally in  FIGS. 1-3 . Referring to  FIG. 5 , solar collector  100  also generally comprises folding mechanism  108  and self-cleaning mechanism  110 . A plurality of solar collectors  100  can be operably combined to form part of CST System  112 , as depicted in  FIG. 4 . Solar collector  100  can generally reflect short-wavelength radiation λ toward tube  104 , as depicted in  FIG. 3 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5-6 , parabolic mirror  102  comprises curved panels  114 ,  116  and hinge mechanism  118 . In the embodiment of solar collector  100  shown in  FIGS. 5-6 , solar collector  100  has two panels  114 ,  116  forming a trough characterized by a rigid, substantially parabolic form. Any number of panels, however, could be used to form a solar collector  100  without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. The number of panels used may depend in part on the degree to which independent movement of the panels is desired by a designer or user of system  112 . 
     Each panel  114 ,  116  have inside surface  120  and outside surface  122 . In an example embodiment, inside surface  120  reflects sunlight, while outside surface  122  primarily provides structural support. Although inside and outside surfaces  120 ,  122  may be made from the same material, inside and outside surfaces  120 ,  122  are generally made from different materials. Inside surface  120  may, for example, be made from silver foil, coated silver, or polished aluminum, while outside surface may be made from steel. Outer surface  122  may be coated with a hydrophilic material, according to an embodiment of the present invention 
     Panels  114 ,  116  may be any number of shapes and sizes. In an example embodiment, panels  114 ,  116  are shaped so as to be able to form a parabolic trough, as depicted in  FIGS. 5-6  and  13 . Panel  114  is generally constructed so to be substantially the same shape and size as panel  116 . Therefore, panels  114 ,  116  are substantially mirror images of each other. 
     Panels  114 ,  116  are operably connected to hinge mechanism  118 . In an example embodiment, hinge mechanism  118  is attached to outside surfaces  122  of panels  114 ,  116 . Hinge mechanism  118  is adapted to permit panels  114 ,  116  be folded into a closed position, as depicted in  FIGS. 7-9  and  16 - 17 . Hinge mechanism  118  also permits panels  114 ,  116  to be unfolded into open position, as depicted in  FIGS. 10 and 18 . Hinge mechanism  118  can also hold panels  114 ,  116  together so that panels  114 ,  116  substantially form a continuous, substantially parabolic surface. To provide rotational clearance for the inner edges of panels  114 ,  116  during folding and unfolding, hinge mechanism  118  provides for gap  124  between panels  114 ,  116 . Gap  124  ensures that panels  114 ,  116  do not interfere with each other while solar collector  100  is opened and closed. 
     Substantially covering gap  124  is self-cleaning system  110 . Self-cleaning system  110  is depicted generally in  FIGS. 5-6 . Self-cleaning system  110  generally comprises reflective plate  126 , nozzles  128 , and collection mechanism (not shown). Reflective plate  126  houses nozzles  128  and reflects short-wavelength radiation λ. The reflective surface of reflective plate  126  is generally made from the same or similar materials as the reflective inner surfaces  120  of panels  114 ,  116 , such as, for example, silver foil, coated silver, or polished aluminum. Although reflective plate  116  may be any number of shapes and sizes, the reflective plate  126  generally parabolically corresponds with panels  114 ,  116 . In an example, embodiment, with reflective panel  126  over gap  124 , panels  114 ,  116  can be positioned so that panels  114 ,  126  and reflective panel  126  substantially form a parabolic trough, as depicted in  FIGS. 5-6 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5-6 , nozzles  128  are generally positioned at systematic intervals and are adapted to spray a cleaning fluid. Nozzles  128  may exhibit any number of spray patterns. In an example embodiment, nozzles  128  generally exhibit a spray pattern capable of cleaning the inner surfaces  120  of panels  114 ,  116  when panels  114 ,  116  are folded into a closed position, as depicted in  FIGS. 7-9 . A collection mechanism (not shown) can be located underneath gap  124 . The collection mechanism receives cleaning fluid falling through gap  124  and can redirect the cleaning fluid to nozzles  128 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5-10 , solar collector  100  has tube  104 . Tube  104  is generally positioned above reflective plate  126 , as depicted in  FIG. 5-10 , and is adapted to accommodate the flow of fluid. In an example embodiment, tube  104  is positioned along focal line  136  of the parabolic trough that can be formed by panels  114 ,  116 . In an example embodiment, tube  104  is made from or coated with a material that facilitates the absorption of short-wavelength radiation λ. For example, tube  104  may be painted black or coated with black chrome. Referring to  FIG. 3 , a plurality of tubes  104  can be interconnected to form part of CST system  112 . 
     As previously described, panels  114 ,  116  and reflective plate  126  can be positioned so that solar collector  100  forms a parabolic trough. Referring to  FIG. 13 , panels  114 ,  116  and reflective plate  126  can form parabola  130  in cross section. Parabola is characterized by focal point  132  and vertex  134 . Referring to the perspective view of parabolic solar collector  100  depicted in  FIG. 13 , solar collector  100  has focal line  136  running the length of panels  114 ,  116 . In an example embodiment, tube  104  is located at and substantially follows focal line  136 . 
     Solar collector  100  has folding mechanism  108 , as depicted in  FIGS. 8-9  and  11 . Folding mechanism  108  may be any number of mechanisms that allow panels  114 ,  116  to be folded and unfolded between closed and open positions. In an example embodiment, folding mechanism  118  comprises torque tube  138 , drive train  140 , lift arm  142 , and motor  144 . Torque tube  138  is attached to hinge mechanism  128 . Torque tube  138  supports panels  114 ,  116  in a desired position, such as, for example, in a parabolic position. Referring to  FIG. 11 , drive train  140  is operably connected to lift arm  142  and motor  144 . Drive train  140  generally has driveshaft  146 , gears  148 , and flexible linking member  150 . Lift arm  142  has cam  152  and lifting bar  154 . Lifting bar  154  is operably connected to the outside surface  122  of panel  114  or  116 . Motor  144  may be any number of motors providing sufficient power to fold and unfold panels  114 ,  116  between the closed and open positions. 
     Solar collector  100  also has rotating mechanism  106 , as depicted in  FIG. 12 . Rotating mechanism  106  may be any number of mechanisms that allow solar collector  100  to be rotated. In an example embodiment, rotating mechanism  106  comprises driveshaft  156 , spiral gear  158 , and a motor (not shown). Spiral gear  158  is operably connected to driveshaft  156  and the motor. The motor may be any number of motors providing sufficient power to rotate trough on support structure  107 . Rotating mechanism  106  may also be operably connected to a control circuit or other device adapted to automatically track the sun. Although rotating mechanism  106  is preferably motorized and operably connected to a control circuit or device, rotating mechanism  106  could also be controlled manually by a user. 
     In operation, solar collector  100  and panels  114 ,  116  of solar collector  100  can be oriented in any number of positions in any number of ways by actuating folding mechanism  108  or rotating mechanism  106 . Generally, folding mechanism  108  individually or simultaneously positions panels  114 ,  116  between open and closed positions, including into a parabolic position. Referring to  FIG. 5-6 , panels  114 ,  116  are oriented in a parabolic position. Referring to  FIGS. 7-9 , panels are oriented in a closed position. Referring to  FIG. 10 , panels  114 ,  116  are oriented in an open position. Generally, rotating mechanism  106  rotates solar collector  100  so that panels  114 ,  116  simultaneously travel along the same path. For example, rotating mechanism  106  can rotate solar collector  100  with panels  114 ,  116  in a parabolic position to track the sun. With panels  114 ,  116  in a closed position, rotating mechanism  106  can rotate solar collector between an upright position, as depicted in  FIG. 7 , and sideways positions, as depicted in  FIGS. 8-9 . 
     Rotating mechanism  106  can rely upon any number of methods or devices known in the art to rotate solar collector  100 . In an example embodiment, actuation of a motor (not shown) rotates driveshaft  156 . Rotation of driveshaft  156  causes spiral gear  158  to effectuate rotation of torque tube  138 . Since panels  114 ,  116  are rigidly attached to torque tube  138 , rotation of torque tube  138  cause panels  114 ,  116  to rotate along the same path. 
     One skilled in the art will recognize that rotating mechanism  106  can be operated either manually or automatically without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. In an embodiment, rotating mechanism  106  incorporates a control system to time the adjustment of solar collector  100  in relation to movement of the sun. In an embodiment, the control system has a sensor that is responsive to the presence or absence of visible light. The sensor is operably connected to the control system and may be programmable. The control system, in turn, is operably connected to rotating mechanism  106  so that the control system can direct the position of panels  114 ,  116 . For example, the sensor may be active during periods programmed into the control system, such as those times of day when collectable short-wavelength radiation λ can be expected. 
     In an embodiment, the control system is controlled by a microprocessor and is communicatively connected to a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) device. The control system receives information from the GPS device. This information may include the position of the sun, the time of day, and/or the time of year. Other sensors may also be included in the control system to obtain and/or relay information regarding weather patterns, local sunrise and sunset, geographical location, environmental conditions, and/or historical use of solar collector  100 . In an embodiment, the control system is programmed with an algorithm predictive of the sun&#39;s position based upon some or all of this information. Solar collector  100  can thereby be adjusted so as to be oriented toward the sun at different times of day or during different types of environmental conditions. 
     The control system can be pre-programmed with the desired algorithm, or can be programmed based upon the preferences of a user. In an embodiment, the control system can be controlled remotely, such as by a computer, mobile phone, PDA, or other handheld device. Operation of the remote controller may be by a physical connection (such as a cable or wire) or a wireless connection, such as, for example, by way of an antenna (not shown) communicatively connected to the control system. 
     Folding mechanism  108  can rely upon any number of methods or devices known in the art to position panels  114 ,  116 . In an example embodiment, actuation of a motor  144  rotates driveshaft  146 . Rotation of drive shaft  146  causes rotation of gear  148   a  to be rotated. Rotation of gear  148   a  drives flexible linking member  150 . Flexible linking member  150  may be any number of components, such as, for example, a chain or a belt. As flexible linking member  150  is engaged, gears  148   b ,  148   c  are rotated. Rotation of gear  148   b  actuates cam  152 . Actuation of cam  152  axially drives lift arm  154 . Since lift arm  154  is attached to panel  116 , axial movement of lift arm  154  causes panel  116  to move. Since the rotational direction of driveshaft  146  is reversible by motor  144 , lift arm  154  can be operated so as to reversibly open or close panel  116 . 
     Although not shown, folding mechanism  108  can also be adapted to actuate panel  114 . For example, gear  148   c  could be operably connected to a second cam that axially drives a second lift arm  154  attached to panel  114 . The outer edges of panels  114 ,  116  can thereby be brought together in a manner similar to the closing of a clamshell. Alternatively, motor  144  could actuate a second driveshaft, and a second folding mechanism could be operably connected to panel  114  so that panel  114  can be opened and closed independently of panel  116 . Motor  144  of folding mechanism  108  may be the same or different than the motor of rotating mechanism (not shown). In an example embodiment, folding mechanism  108  and rotating mechanism  106  use separate motors. 
     One skilled in the art will recognize that folding mechanism  108 , like rotating mechanism  106 , can be operated either manually or automatically without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. In an embodiment, rotating mechanism  106  incorporates a programmable control system that allows rotating mechanism to be automatically and manually actuated. In this manner, panels  114 ,  116  of solar collector  100  can be positioned in a closed, or storage, position when not in use and positioned so as to minimize damage the mirrored inner surface  120  of panels  114 ,  116  or to the overall structure of solar collector  100 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5-6 , panels  114 ,  116  of solar collector  100  are positioned in a parabolic position. In the parabolic position, panels  114 ,  116  and reflective plate  126  substantially form a parabolic trough such that tube  104  runs substantially along focal line  136 . Referring to  FIG. 15 , in the parabolic position, solar collector  100  is able to concentrate short-wavelength radiation λ, such as sunlight, onto tube  104 . Specifically, incoming short-wavelength radiation λ 1  strikes inside surface  120  of parabolic mirror  102 . Due to the parabolic shape of mirror  102 , incoming short-wavelength radiation λ 1  is redirected to tube  104  as reflected short-wavelength radiation λ 2 . Even though short-wavelength radiation λ may approach solar collector  100  from different angles, the parabolic position of panels  114 ,  116  allows solar collector  100  to concentrate short-wavelength radiation λ onto tube  104 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , panels  114 ,  116  of solar collector  100  are positioned in an open position. In the open position, panels  114 ,  116  lie in a plane that is generally perpendicular to the incidence of short-wavelength radiation λ. Referring to  FIG. 18 , in the open position, panels  114 ,  116  can reflect short-wavelength radiation λ. Specifically, incoming short-wavelength radiation λ 1  strikes inside surface  120  of parabolic mirror  102 . Due to the orientation of panels  114 ,  116  in the open position, short-wavelength radiation λ is redirected back into space as reflected short-wavelength radiation λ 2 . In the open position, up to approximately ninety-eight percent of incoming short-wavelength radiation λ 1  can be redirected into space as reflected short-wavelength radiation λ 2 . 
     By redirecting incoming short-wavelength radiation λ 1  into space as reflected short-wavelength radiation λ 2 , solar collector  100  can prevent reflected short-wavelength radiation λ 2  from being absorbed by the local environment and converted to long-wavelength or blackbody radiation. Generally, incoming short-wavelength radiation λ 1  that has reached the reflective surfaces of panels  114 ,  116  comprises wavelengths that have not been absorbed by the atmosphere (such as, for example, by “greenhouse” gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane), and will thus not be absorbed by the atmosphere if immediately redirected through the atmosphere back to outer space as reflected short-wavelength radiation λ 2 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7-9 , panels  114 ,  116  of solar collector  100  are positioned in a closed position. In the closed position, panels  114 ,  116  substantially surround tube  104 . With panels  114 ,  116  positioned in the closed position, solar collector  100  can be positioned in an upright position, as depicted in  FIG. 7 , or in a sideways position, as depicted in  FIGS. 8-9 . Although not shown, solar collector  100  can be positioned in any number of positions between the upright and sideways positions when panels  114 ,  116  are in the closed position. 
     With panels  114 ,  116  positioned in the closed position, outer surfaces  122  generally aid in the protection of inner surfaces  120 , which may be lined with a delicate reflective material or finish such silver foil, coated silver, or polished aluminum. For example, in the absence of direct sunlight, such as at night or under prolonged cloud cover, solar collector  100  may not be able to concentrate sufficient short-wavelength radiation λ onto tube  104  to generate electricity. In such instances, it may be desirable to store solar collector  100  for an extended period of time. During this time, outer surfaces  122  of panels  114 ,  116  can substantially protect inner surfaces  120  of panels  114 ,  116  from unwanted deposits such as hail, dust, and animal droppings. 
     In the upright position with panels  114 ,  116  closed, the cleaning efficiency of self-cleaning mechanism  110  can also be enhanced. Generally, self-cleaning mechanism  110  delivers cleaning fluid, such as water or a diluted solvent, to nozzle  128 . Since the area of the exit opening of nozzle  128  is generally less than the cross-sectional area of the vessel delivering the cleaning fluid to nozzle  128 , the pressure of the cleaning fluid will be increased as it exits nozzle  128 . This increased pressure helps in removing unwanted deposits on inner surface  120  of mirror  102 . In an example embodiment, solar collector  100  can be oriented in the upright position with panels  114 ,  116  being closed during cleaning. Inner surfaces  120  of panels  114 ,  116  are thereby brought into closer proximity to nozzles  128 . With solar collector  100  in the upright position, gravity is also able to assist the cleaning process. Specifically, residual cleaning fluid can drip down inner surfaces  120  of panels  114 ,  116 , thereby further removing unwanted deposits. In addition, residual cleaning fluid can pass through gap  124  and be recycled through self-cleaning mechanism  110  for repeated application to inner surfaces  120 . 
     In certain instances, it may be desirable to have panels  114 ,  116  in a closed position but not have solar collector  100  in an upright position, such as during extreme weather. During high winds, for example, particulate matter may travel at sufficiently high velocities to cause significant damage to inner surfaces  120  of mirror  102 . Positioning panels  114 ,  116  of solar collector  100  in an upright position for protective purposes, however, exposes a large surface area upon which wind ω can exert a force, as depicted in  FIG. 16 . This force, in turn, can damage solar collector by causing collapse or structural fatigue. 
     In an example embodiment, solar collector  100  can be oriented in a sideways position with panels  114 ,  116  closed to decrease potential damage due to adverse environment conditions. Specifically, solar collector  100  can be oriented such that panels  114 ,  116  are substantially parallel with the direct of wind ω, as depicted in  FIG. 17 . By rotating solar collector  100  from the upright position to a sideways position, the shape of panels  114 ,  116  can more effectively deflect wind ω. With solar collector  100  oriented in a sideways position parallel to the direction of wind ω, panels  114 ,  116  can also create a cancelling pressure differential. Specifically, outer surfaces  122  of panels  114 ,  116  are configured so as to act as air foils. As high winds pass over the outer surfaces  122 , resulting areas of low pressure create “negative lift” forces Φ 1 , Φ 2  that tend to offset each other. By creating opposing forces Φ 1 , Φ 2  that substantially cancel each other out, the sideways position can thereby stabilize solar collector  100  in high winds. 
     It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that panels  114 ,  116  and solar collector  100  can be positioned into any number of positions other than those shown without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. For example, an orientation between the upright and sideways positions may be useful when incident winds c or airborne contaminants and particulates are moving in directions intermediate horizontal or vertical directions. Alternatively, panels  114 ,  116  can be positioned independently as desired. For example, panel  114  can be positioned in a parabolic position so to redirect incoming short-wavelength radiation λ 1  to tube  104  as reflected short-wavelength radiation λ 2 , while panel  116  can be oriented into an open position so as to redirect incoming short-wavelength radiation λ 1  into space as reflected short-wavelength radiation λ 2 , or vice versa. Other reasons for alternative positioning include cleaning, maintenance, and the avoidance of local obstructions, whether temporarily or for an extended period of time. 
     In an embodiment, solar collector  200  may include heat reservoir system  202 , reflector system  204 , and fluid delivery system  206 . Heat reservoir system  202  includes torque tube  210 , torque tube connector  212 , and recycling fluid management system  214 . Torque tube  210  defines tube channel  216  and axis of rotation R. Torque tube connector  216  may define connector channel  218 . Torque tube connector  216  may operably connect two torque tubes  210 . In an embodiment, torque tube  210  includes wall  219 . Wall  219  generally divides tube channel  216  of torque tube connector  212  from connector channel  218  of torque tube connector  216  such that tube channel  216  and connector channel  218  are not in fluid communication. In another embodiment, interior channel  216  of a first torque tube  210  is in fluid communication with interior channel  216  of a second torque  210  through interior channel  218  of torque tube connector  216 . Recycling fluid management system  214  generally includes storage basin  220 , fluid-routing matrix  224 , spray nozzles  226 , drainage trough  228 , and pump  229 . Recycling fluid management system  214  may include a plurality of pumps  229 . 
     Fluid-routing matrix  224  includes first nozzle conduit  230 , second nozzle conduit  232 , and nozzle conduit connector  234 . In an embodiment, spray nozzles  226  are in fluid communication with second nozzle conduit  232  and storage basin  220  is in fluid communication with first nozzle conduit  230  and nozzle conduit connector  234 . In a further embodiment, nozzle conduit connector  230  can be selectively coupled to second nozzle conduit  232  such that storage basin  220 , first nozzle conduit  230 , nozzle conduit connector  234 , second nozzle conduit  232 , and spray nozzles  226  are all in fluid communication. 
     Fluid-routing matrix  224  further includes first torque tube conduit  240 , second torque tube conduit  242 , torque tube conduit connector  244 , and valve  246 . In an embodiment, first torque tube conduit  240  is in fluid communication with storage basin  220  and torque tube conduit connector  244 . Second torque tube conduit  244  is in fluid communication with valve  246 . In a further embodiment, torque tube conduit connector  244  can be selectively coupled to second torque tube conduit connector  242  such that storage basin  220 , first torque tube conduit  240 , torque tube conduit connector  244 , second torque tube conduit  242 , and valve  246  are in fluid communication. Valve  246  is generally selectively actuated into and intermediate an open position and a closed position. When valve  246  is open, storage basin  220 , first torque tube conduit  240 , torque tube conduit connector  244 , second torque tube conduit  242 , and valve  246  are also in fluid communication with torque tube channel  216 . 
     In an embodiment, fluid-routing matrix  224  may also include a filter (not shown). Filter generally removes debris or other particulate matter from fluid circulating through fluid-routing matrix  224 . Filter is generally located between drainage trough  228  and storage basin  220 . In this manner, the longevity of components such as spray nozzles  226 , pump  229  and valve  246  can be extended. 
     Reflector system  204  includes panels  250 , jack  252 , and stepper motor  253 . Each panel generally has interior surface  254  and an exterior surface. In an embodiment, interior surface  254  is made from a reflective material. In a further embodiment, exterior surface of panels is coated with a substantially hydrophobic material. Stepper motor  253  is generally operably connector to torque tube  210  such that, when actuated, torque tube  210  can be rotated about axis of rotation R. 
     Solar collector  200  generally includes two solar panels operably coupled to jack  252 . Although panels  250  and jack  252  may be configured in any number of ways, panels  250  and  252  are generally configured as heretofore described with respect to panels  114 ,  116  and folding mechanism  108 . Accordingly, panels  250  can be positioned into any number of position, including a parabolic position, an open position, and a closed position. In the parabolic position, panels  250  generally form a parabola. In the open position, panels are generally oriented in the same direction. In the closed position, a first panel  250  is positioned generally opposite second panel  250  such that the reflective interior surfaces  254  of each of panels  250  substantially confront each other. 
     In an embodiment, stepper motor  253  is operably connector to heat reservoir system  202 , such as, for example, to torque tube  210  or torque tube bellows  212 . When actuated, stepper motor provides for rotation of torque tube  210  about axis of rotation R such that panels  250  can be simultaneously positioned. For example, with panels  250  in a closed position, stepper motor  253  can be actuated such that panels can be further positioned into an upright or a sideways position. 
     Fluid delivery system  206  includes focal conduit  260 , spacer conduit  262 , coiled conduit  264 , control valve  266 , and delivery conduit connector  268 . In an embodiment, focal conduit  206  is positioned substantially within the focal plane of panels  250  that have been positioned in a parabolic position. Control valve  266  is generally selectively actuated into and intermediate an open position and a closed position. Focal conduit  260  is in fluid communication with spacer conduit. When control valve  246  is open, coiled conduit  264  is in fluid communication with focal conduit and spacer conduit  262 . Delivery conduit connector  268  operably connects a first fluid delivery system  206  to a second fluid delivery system  206 . 
     In operation, solar collector  100  may be employed as part of a system or method to help maintain an approximate balance between solar radiation received by the earth and solar radiation redirected to space. An imbalance will cause the total amount of radiation retained to either increase or decrease. When an imbalance results from excessive conversion of incident shortwave radiation to long-wavelength radiation, the localized temperature, and ultimately the temperature of the earth, will increase progressively. Because short-wavelength radiation λ from the sun is converted to long-wavelength blackbody radiation after absorption by the earth, solar collector  100  can be used to stop some amount of short-wavelength radiation λ from being converted and thus play a role in reducing undesirable localized heating. 
     When configured to assume an open position for redirecting short-wavelength radiation λ to space, solar collector can thereby be used as part of a system or method for reducing local temperatures, and thus the need for cooling equipment, with a concomitant reduction in consumption of energy. Moreover, redirection of short-wavelength radiation λ by way of solar collector  100  does not add carbon dioxide, methane, or other contaminants into the earth&#39;s atmosphere. 
       FIG. 15A  is a cross-sectional illustration of a parabolic trough formed by a solar collector according to an embodiment of the present invention water vapor to the atmosphere, all of which are known to block transmission of long wavelength radiation back to space. Therefore, solar collector  100  can be used as part of a system or method to reduce imbalances between absorption and redirection of solar energy on both a local and global scale. 
     In further embodiments, solar collector  200  can be used to store and recover heat and is especially well-adapted for the optimization of water handling. Although the following describes the use of embodiments of solar collectors  200  adapted to store and recover heat through the use of water as a heat exchanger, alternative embodiments of solar collectors may be adapted utilize the steam. In general, such embodiments can be used to provide a thermal source that can be routed for the production of electricity. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 19-22 , an embodiment of solar collector  200  can utilize stored fluid, such as, for example, water, for a plurality of purposes. Moreover, solar collector recycles the fluid so that repeated use of the same fluid can be achieved. Solar collector  200  can also collect water from the surrounding environment from to use for these various purposes. As a result, solar collector can be a self-contained system with respect to water use. Solar collector  200  can thereby be used in substantially arid climates, such as, for example, in the desert, without the need to integrate an external system for purposes of supplying fluid. Once skilled in the art will recognize, however, that such an external system for supplying fluid may nonetheless be integrated into solar collector  200 . 
     A feature and advantage of the present invention is an ability to control water connections between components in relative motion. As torque tube  210  is rotated as a result of actuation by stepper motor  229 , second nozzle conduit  232  is displaced relative to first nozzle conduit  230  and first torque tube conduit  240  is displaced from second torque tube conduit  242 . Nozzle conduit connector  234  generally permits second nozzle conduit  232  to be selectively positionable into fluid communication with first nozzle conduit  230 . Similarly, torque tube conduit connector  244  generally permits second torque tube conduit  242  to be selectively positionable into fluid communication with first torque tube connector  240 . 
     In an embodiment, nozzle conduit connector  234  and torque tube conduit connectors  244  comprise inflatable bellows and a corresponding tip. The corresponding tip may, for example, be a pin extension adapted to mate with the inflatable bellows through a valve closure. Access to spray nozzles  226  is through second nozzle conduit  232 , which rotates with nozzle conduit connector  234  when torque tube  210  is rotated. Stepper motor  259  can be actuated such that first and second nozzle conduits  230 ,  232  are substantially aligned and so that the first and second torque tube conduits  240 ,  242  are substantially aligned. 
     In an embodiment, pump  229  can be actuated such that fluid from storage basin  220  fills bellows of nozzle conduit connector  234 . If pump  229  is actuated when first and second nozzle conduits  230 ,  232  are substantially aligned, the bellows expand such that the tip, which is coupled to second conduit connector  232 , penetrates the valve closure of the bellows, thereby bring first and second nozzle conduits  230 ,  232  into fluid communication. Fluid can thereby flow from storage basin  220 , through first and second nozzle conduits  230 ,  232  and nozzle conduit connector  234 , and into spray nozzles  226 . One skilled in the art will readily recognize that the opening spray nozzles  226  can be adapted to produce any number of spray patterns Although jack  252  can be actuated to circulate fluid through fluid-routing matrix  224  with panels  250  oriented in any number of positions, jack  252  is generally actuated such that panels  250  occupy a substantially closed position. 
     At the discretion of a user or based upon computer system programmed with a selected algorithm, actuation of pump  229  can be terminated. With pump  229  turned on, fluid pressure within the bellows of nozzle conduit connector  234  decreases. As a result of the decrease in fluid pressure, the bellows can retract from the connector tip. Retraction of the bellows thereby provides sufficient clearance such that torque tube  210  can be rotated without interference between first and second nozzle conduits  230 ,  232 . 
     Another feature and advantage of the present invention is the ability to operably connect a plurality of solar connectors  200  while maintaining the ability to independently rotate torque tube  210  of each solar collector  200  without affecting the integrity of each fluid delivery system  206 . In particular, as torque tube  210  is rotated about axis or rotation R, the components of fluid delivery system  206  are correspondingly rotated. Respective fluid delivery systems  206  are operably coupled at delivery conduit connector  268 . Delivery conduit connector  268  generally provides for relative rotational movement of respective coiled conduits  264 . In an embodiment, delivery conduit connector  268  is a bellows. 
     A further feature and advantage of the present invention is the ability to store the heat generated through the collection of solar radiation. As a result, solar collector  200  can deliver thermal energy for the production of electricity during periods of time when solar radiation may be impaired or absent, such as, for example, during cloudy days or at night. In an embodiment, when valve  246  is closed, tube channel  216  of torque tube  210  is a substantially sealed environment such that fluid cannot escape from tube  216 . 
     In an embodiment, valve  246  can be opened and pump  229  can be actuated such that tube channel  216  is filled with fluid. With tube channel  216  filled, valve  246  can be closed and pump  229  can be shut off. Referring to  FIGS. 19-22 , coiled conduit  264  is located within, but not in fluid communication with, tube channel  216 . Fluid in focal conduit  260  can be heated due to the reflection of solar radiation by panels  250 . As previously and described with respect to tube  104  of solar collector  100 , the heated fluid can be circulated through fluid delivery system  206 . Since the temperature of the heated fluid within fluid delivery system  206  generally exceeds the temperature of the fluid within tube channel  216  of torque tube  210 , heat can be transferred from the fluid within fluid delivery system  206  to the fluid within torque tube  210 . In this manner, heat can be extracted from the heated fluid circulating through fluid delivery system  206 . 
     Solar collector can be adapted such that the heated fluid within torque tube  210  substantially retains heat. In particular, control valve  266  can be closed such that coiled conduit  264  is substantially evacuated of fluid, thereby reducing heat transfer out of tube channel  216 . Torque tube  210  may also be coated with, or otherwise encapsulated by, an insulative material. In addition, the interior surface of torque  210  can be smoothed so as to reduce conductive surface area. 
     Heat stored by the fluid within tube channel  210  can then be recovered by re-opening control valve  266  and activating fluid delivery system  206 . Fluid thereby begins circulating through coiled conduit  264 . Due to potential temperature differences, heat can thereby be transferred from the fluid within torque tube  210  to the fluid within torque tube  210 . 
     In an embodiment, the fluid introduced into torque tube  210  and surrounding coiled conduit  264  is generally at or around atmospheric pressure, or 1 ATM at sea level. When valve  246  is sealed, the fluid can be heated to temperatures proportions to the temperature of the fluid within coiled conduit  264  of fluid delivery system  206 . If the working temperature of the fluid within torque tube exceeds normal atmospheric boiling point (e.g., 100° C. for water), steam will form within torque tube  210 . As a result of the formation of steam, the pressure within tube channel  216  of torque tube  210  increases, thereby increasing the boiling point of the fluid therein. For example, a working temperature of 285° C. for the fluid within coiled conduit  264  may increase the pressure of the fluid confined within the torque tube  210  by almost 50 bar, or 100 psi. 
     With the temperature of the fluid within torque tube  210  sufficiently elevated, valve  246  can be opened such that the fluid flashes to steam upon experiencing a sudden reduction in boiling point. Such flashing generally occurs provided that valve  246  remains open and until the internal pressure of torque tube  210  falls below atmospheric pressure. In an embodiment, the availability of steam can be further utilized to generate electricity. If desired or required for operation of equipment for processing equipment, the availability of steam can be extended through the periodic addition of fluid and the application of heat generated by electric or fossil fuel sources. Such fluid could be supplied, for example, from storage basin  220  through an arrangement of conduit fittings similar to the arrangement of spray nozzles  226 . 
     It should be noted that the release of water from pressurized confinement may explosively actuated. In particular, the ejected water-turned-to-steam may momentarily cause an ambient surge of water droplets at the outlet of valve  246 , thereby creating a vapor cloud having pressure initially about equal to that of the superheated fluid (1,000 psi), and then declining to atmospheric pressure wherein a vapor cloud would form in ambient surroundings. Both of these modes—pressure surge and vapor cloud—have utility in connection with solar collector installations. 
     In an embodiment, the pressure surge can achieve neutralization of significant pressure depressions, as may be due to severe weather conditions, such as, for example, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. On the other hand, a pressure surge of water droplets can control large positive pressure spikes such as might occur due to fuel deflagrations. Vapor clouds may naturally follow an initial pressure surge, and can capture and/or neutralize particulate matter with which the clouds come in contact. 
     To facilitate this capability, in an embodiment, solar collector  200  may be fitted with pressure release nozzles along the length of each torque tube  200  carrying water under pressure, and may incorporate pressure sensors capable of response to either negative or positive pressure deviations. Such solar collectors  200  may also include the ability to measure temperature, wind velocity, and optical density of ambient air. Such capabilities could be use to detect and facilitate responses to wild fires and/or deflagrations occurring close to collector installations, severe dust or particulate storms that could damage solar collector  200 , and pressure depressions typical of severe atmospheric conditions. An active response agent in each of these cases may include pressurized water droplets. 
     Yet another feature and advantage of the present invention is water utilization. In an embodiment, solar collector  200  can be adapted for use without an external water source or to provide a source of potable water. When oriented in an open or parabolic position, panels  250  can capture rainfall. In particular, water droplets can contact the reflective surface  254  of panel  250 . The parabolic shape and relatively smooth reflective surface of panels  250  facilitates the effect of gravity in urging the droplets to toward the bottom solar collector  200 . Drainage trough  228  can then route the collection of water droplet to storage basin  220  for storage. In an embodiment, the outer surface of panels  250  can be coated with a hydrophilic material to facilitate the condensation of water vapor from the air on the surface of panels  250 . As this condensation accumulates, water droplets may form of sufficient size such that they can be collected within storage basin. 
     A device, method, or system incorporating features described herein may be used for collecting solar energy and for rejecting short-wavelength radiation λ back to space by positioning panels  114 ,  116  in various configurations. For example, one or more solar collectors  100  could be installed on large buildings to gather heat during cold weather, but also made capable of rejecting short-wavelength radiation λ to reduce the consumption of energy by air conditioners during warm weather. 
     Deployment of solar collector  100 , whether in single units, units spaced in close proximity to each other, or units spaced apart, may also be part of a large-scale system or method to offset the effects of climate change. If large amounts of short-wavelength radiation λ from the sun are sent back into space before heating the structures or the earth proximate solar collector  100 , localized buildup of heat from solar insolation can be reduced, thus effectively cooling buildings or other localized zones proximal solar collector  100  and also tending to reduce the ability of increasing “greenhouse” gases in the atmosphere to contribute to climate change.