Patent Publication Number: US-7595734-B2

Title: Wetness monitoring systems with power management

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to a monitoring system for detecting the presence of an insult in an absorbent article while it is being worn by a wearer. More particularly, the present invention relates to wetness monitors and wetness monitoring systems that provide power management systems for conserving the power source. 
     Disposable absorbent articles find widespread use as personal care products such as diapers, children&#39;s toilet training pants and other infant and child care products, adult incontinence garments and other adult care products, sanitary napkins and other feminine care products, and the like, as well as surgical bandages and sponges and medical garments. These articles absorb and contain body waste and are intended to be discarded after a limited period of use; i.e., the articles are not intended to be laundered or otherwise restored for reuse. Conventional disposable absorbent articles comprise an absorbent body disposed between an inner layer adapted for contacting the wearer&#39;s skin and an outer layer for inhibiting liquid waste absorbed by the absorbent body from leaking out of the article. The inner layer of the absorbent article is typically liquid permeable to permit body waste to pass through for absorption by the absorbent body. 
     Disposable absorbent training pants, in particular, are useful in toilet training children. Typically, these disposable undergarments are similar to washable, cloth underwear in the manner in which they are put on and worn, yet provide an absorbent function similar to diapers to maintain skin health. Training pants provide a child undergoing toilet training with an undergarment that eases the transition from diapers to washable, cloth underwear as they become more confident in their ability to use the toilet independently. 
     Monitoring of a toilet-training child by a caregiver can be helpful in that when urination occurs it can be discussed by the child and caregiver to enhance and improve the learning experience. Therefore, it is beneficial to provide the caregiver with immediate notification and/or verification that urination has occurred so that it may be discussed with the child while the event is still fresh in the child&#39;s mind. 
     Likewise, caregivers tending to the hygienic needs of care recipients can benefit by monitoring the occurrences of urination in the care recipients so that the absorbent articles may be changed when necessary, but repeated inspection is not required. Therefore, it is beneficial to provide the caregiver with immediate notification that urination has occurred so that appropriate action may be taken. 
     One way of monitoring urination is by using a system that detects a change in an electrical property of the undergarment which electrical property is a function of the wetness of the undergarment. For example, the electrical property may be resistance, conductance, impedance, capacitance or any other parameter which varies as the wetness of the undergarment varies. For example, a pair of spaced apart parallel conductors may be situated within the absorbent material of the undergarment. These conductors are in electrical contact with the absorbent material of the undergarment and are connected to a monitor to complete a wetness circuit including a power source, such as a battery. For example, the circuit may comprise a voltage divider for detecting resistance between the conductors. The output of the circuit is an analog output voltage that corresponds to a resistance value. When the undergarment is dry, the resistance between the conductors is extremely high and relatively infinite, appearing as an open circuit. When the undergarment is wet, more particularly when the absorbent material of the undergarment between the conductors becomes wet, the resistance of the undergarment at that area drops to a relatively lower value because urine acts as a conductor. 
     Accordingly, in a conventional system the resistance between the conductors is monitored and compared to a predetermined and fixed threshold resistance value. If a resistance value is less than the threshold resistance value, then the wetness circuit sends a signal to an indicator, which notifies the caregiver and/or the wearer that the wearer has urinated. 
     Despite their usefulness, these conventional devices may be prone to unpredictable and/or inefficient consumption of the current source. Accordingly, there is a need for wetness monitoring systems that provide power management systems for controlling the consumption of power. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In response to the discussed need, the present invention provides a monitor for use with an absorbent article having a wetness sensor. The monitor includes a power management system. The power management system includes a power circuit. The power circuit includes a battery. 
     In various embodiments, the monitor may further include a microprocessor and an electric insulator. The electric insulator may be positioned in the power circuit between the battery and the microprocessor. 
     In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of providing a power management system for a wetness monitoring system. The method includes providing a monitor with a microprocessor and an electric insulator positioned in a power circuit between a battery and the microprocessor. The method further includes instructing a wearer or caregiver to remove the electric insulator. 
     In various embodiments, the power circuit may be a manually activated and deactivated power circuit. The manually activated and deactivated power circuit may include a switch associated with an external surface of the monitor. 
     In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of providing a power management system for a wetness monitoring system. The method includes providing a monitor with a manually activated and deactivated power circuit and a switch. The method further includes instructing a wearer or caregiver to manually close the switch to complete the power circuit and instructing the wearer or caregiver to manually open the switch to inactivate the power circuit. 
     In various embodiments, the power circuit may be an integrally activated and deactivated power circuit. The integrally activated and deactivated power circuit is open when the monitor is in an open condition and the integrally activated and deactivated power circuit is closed when the monitor is in a closed condition. 
     In various embodiments, a monitor having an integrally activated and deactivated power circuit may further include an attachment leg pivotally connected by a hinge to a housing. The integrally activated and deactivated power circuit may include a first contact associated with the hinge and a second contact associated with the housing. The first contact may be electrically connected with the second contact when the monitor is in a closed condition. The first contact may be electrically disconnected with the second contact when the monitor is in an open condition. 
     In various embodiments, a monitor with a power management system may further include an attachment circuit. The attachment circuit may include a first contact associated with a hinge and a second contact associated with a housing. The attachment circuit may be open when the monitor is in an open condition and the attachment circuit may be closed when the monitor is in a closed condition. 
     In various embodiments, a monitor having an integrally activated and deactivated power circuit may further include an attachment leg pivotally attached to a housing. The power circuit may include a first contact associated with the attachment leg and a first receptacle associated with the housing. The monitor may have an open condition wherein the first contact is electrically disconnected with the first receptacle and the power circuit is open. The monitor may have a closed condition wherein the first contact is electrically connected with the first receptacle and the power circuit is closed. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention provides a monitor for use with an absorbent article having a wetness sensor. The monitor includes a power management system. The power management system includes an integrally activated and deactivated power circuit. The power circuit includes a battery. The monitor has an open condition wherein the power circuit is open. The monitor has a closed condition wherein the power circuit is closed. 
     In various embodiments, the present invention provides a monitor having a power circuit and includes an attachment leg pivotally connected by a hinge to a housing. The power circuit may further include a first contact associated with the hinge and a second contact associated with the housing. The first contact may be electrically connected with the second contact to close the power circuit when the monitor is in the closed condition and the first contact may be electrically disconnected with the second contact when the monitor is in the open condition. The monitor may further include an attachment circuit. The attachment circuit may include the first contact and the second contact. The attachment circuit may be open when the monitor is in an open condition and the attachment circuit may be closed when the monitor is in a closed condition. 
     In various embodiments, the monitor may include a power circuit, an attachment leg and a housing. The power circuit may further include a first contact associated with the attachment leg and a first receptacle associated with the housing. The first contact may be electrically connected with the first receptacle when the monitor is in the closed condition. The first contact may be electrically disconnected with the first receptacle when the monitor is in the open condition. In various embodiments, the monitor may also include an attachment circuit. The attachment circuit may include the first contact and the first receptacle. The attachment circuit may be open when the monitor is in the open condition and the attachment circuit may be closed when the monitor is in the closed condition. In various embodiments, the monitor may also include a part of a continuity circuit. The continuity circuit may include the first contact and a second contact adapted to electrically connect with a first conductor associated with an absorbent article. 
     In various embodiments, the present invention provides a monitor for use with an absorbent article having a wetness sensor. The monitor includes an attachment leg pivotally attached by a hinge to a housing. The monitor provides a power management system that includes an integrally activated and deactivated power circuit. The power circuit includes a first contact associated with the hinge and a second contact associated with the housing. The first contact being electrically connected with the second contact when the monitor is in a closed condition and the first contact being electrically disconnected with the second contact when the monitor is in an open condition. The monitor may further include an attachment circuit. The attachment circuit may include the first contact and the second contact. The attachment circuit is open when the monitor is in the open condition and the attachment circuit is closed when the monitor is in the closed condition. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a side perspective view of an exemplary article adapted to function as part of a wetness monitoring system; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of the pants of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of the pants similar to  FIG. 2  showing the housing of a monitoring system removed from the article; 
         FIG. 4  is a top plan view of the training pants of  FIG. 1  with the pants in an unfastened, unfolded and laid flat condition, with portions cut away to show underlying features; 
         FIG. 5  is cross-sectional view of the pants of  FIG. 4  taken along the line  5 - 5 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic illustration of the pants and one embodiment of a wetness monitoring system of the present invention, 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a wetness monitoring system, including an article and monitor, of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary wetness monitoring system and continuity monitoring system of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a wetness monitoring system, including an article and monitor, of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of the wetness monitoring system of  FIG. 9  taken along the line  10 - 10 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic illustration of exemplary continuity monitoring circuits; 
         FIG. 12  schematically illustrates microprocessor flow logic for a wetness monitoring system; 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-section view of an exemplary monitor; 
         FIG. 14  schematically illustrates an attachment circuit of the monitor of  FIG. 13 ; 
         FIG. 15  is a side view of an exemplary monitor; 
         FIG. 16  schematically illustrates a first and a second attachment circuit of the monitor of  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 17  schematically illustrates an exemplary power management circuit; 
         FIG. 18  is a side view of an exemplary monitor; 
         FIG. 19  schematically illustrates a power management circuit of the monitor of  FIG. 18 . 
         FIG. 20  is a side view of an exemplary monitor; 
         FIG. 21  schematically illustrates a power management circuit of the monitor of  FIG. 20 ; 
         FIG. 22  is a perspective view of a wetness monitoring system, including an article and a monitor, of the present invention; 
         FIG. 23  is a cross-sectional view of the wetness monitoring system of  FIG. 22  taken along the line  23 - 23 ; and 
         FIG. 24  is a schematic illustration of a wetness circuit, continuity monitoring circuits, attachment monitoring circuit, and power management circuit of the wetness monitoring system of  FIG. 22 . 
     
    
    
     Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The monitors and absorbent articles of the present invention are adapted to form all or part of a monitoring system for detecting the presence of an insult (e.g., urine, feces, menstrual fluid, blood, and the like). In general, one or more sensors are used to detect the insult. The system monitors an electrical property of the sensor (e.g., resistance, conductivity, and the like) and based on the changes in the electrical property, determines whether the absorbent article has been insulted. After detecting the presence of the insult, a caregiver and/or a wearer of the absorbent article is signaled as to the presence of the insult. The signal may be, for example, an auditory signal, such as a song; a tactile signal, such as temperature change, pressure, and/or vibration; and/or a visual signal, such as a blinking light, a visual message, or the like. It will be understood that other signals are within the scope of the present disclosure. It is also understood that the monitoring system may comprise a device for sending a wireless signal to a remote auditory, visual, tactile or other sensory alarm. 
     Referring now to the drawings and in particular to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary absorbent article of the present invention is representatively illustrated therein in the form of children&#39;s toilet training pants and is indicated in its entirety by the reference numeral  20 . The absorbent article  20  may or may not be disposable, which refers to articles that are intended to be discarded after a limited period of use instead of being laundered or otherwise conditioned for reuse. It is understood that the present invention is suitable for use with various other absorbent articles intended for personal wear, including but not limited to diapers, feminine hygiene products, incontinence products, medical garments, surgical pads and bandages, other personal care or health care garments, and the like, without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
     By way of illustration only, various materials and methods for constructing training pants are disclosed in PCT Patent Application WO 00/37009 published Jun. 29, 2000 by A. Fletcher et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,464 issued Jul. 10, 1990 to Van Gompel et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,389 issued Jun. 16, 1998 to Brandon et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,190 issued Nov. 11, 2003 to Olson et al. which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     The pair of training pants  20  is illustrated in  FIG. 1  in a partially fastened condition. The pants  20  define a longitudinal direction  48  of the pants and a lateral direction  49  thereof perpendicular to the longitudinal direction as shown in  FIG. 4 . The pants  20  further define a pair of longitudinal end regions, otherwise referred to herein as a front waist region, generally indicated at  22 , and a back waist region, generally indicated at  24 , and a center region, otherwise referred to herein as a crotch region, generally indicated at  26 , extending longitudinally between and interconnecting the front and back waist regions  22 ,  24 . The front and back waist regions  22 ,  24  comprise those portions of the pants  20 , which when worn, wholly or partially cover or encircle the waist or mid-lower torso of the wearer. The crotch region  26  generally is that portion of the pants  20  which, when worn, is positioned between the legs of the wearer and covers the lower torso and crotch of the wearer. The pants  20  also define an inner surface  28  that faces toward the wearer when the pants are being worn, and an outer surface  30  opposite the inner surface. With additional reference to  FIG. 4 , the pair of training pants  20  has a pair of laterally opposite side edges  36  and a pair of longitudinally opposite waist edges (broadly, longitudinal ends), respectively designated front waist edge  38  and back waist edge  39 . 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 1-4 , the training pants  20  comprise a generally rectangular central absorbent assembly, generally indicated at  32 , and side panels  34 A,  34 B formed separately from and secured to the central absorbent assembly. The side panels  34 A,  34 B are permanently bonded along seams to the central absorbent assembly  32  in the respective front and back waist regions  22  and  24  of the pants  20 . More particularly, the front side panels  34 A can be permanently bonded to and extend transversely outward beyond side margins  47  of the absorbent assembly  32  at the front waist region  22 , and the back side panels  34 B can be permanently bonded to and extend transversely outward beyond the side margins of the absorbent assembly at the back waist region  24 . The side panels  34 A and  34 B may be bonded to the absorbent assembly  32  using attachment means known to those skilled in the art such as adhesive, thermal or ultrasonic bonding. 
     The front and back side panels  34 A and  34 B, upon wearing of the pants  20 , thus comprise the portions of the training pants  20  which are positioned on the hips of the wearer. The front and back side panels  34 A and  34 B can be permanently bonded together to form the three-dimensional configuration of the pants  20 , or be releasably connected with one another such as by a fastening system  59  of the illustrated aspects. As is known in the art, the side panels  34 A,  34 B may comprise elastic material or stretchable but inelastic materials. 
     The absorbent assembly  32  is illustrated in  FIGS. 1-3  as having a rectangular shape. However, it is contemplated that the absorbent assembly  32  may have other shapes (e.g., hourglass, T-shaped, I-shaped, and the like) without departing from the scope of this invention. It is also understood that the side panels  34 A,  34 B may instead be formed integrally with the absorbent assembly  32  without departing from the scope of this invention. 
     As shown best in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the absorbent assembly  32  comprises an outer cover  40  and a bodyside liner  42  attached to the outer cover  40  in a superposed (opposed) relation therewith by adhesives, ultrasonic bonds, thermal bonds, pressure bonds, or other conventional techniques. The liner  42  is suitably joined to the outer cover  40  along at least a portion of the longitudinal ends of the pants  20 . In addition, the liner  42  is suitably joined to the outer cover  40 . The liner  42  is suitably adapted, i.e., positioned relative to the other components of the pants  20 , for contiguous relationship with the wearer&#39;s skin during wear of the pants. The absorbent assembly  32  also comprises an absorbent structure  44  disposed between the outer cover  40  and the bodyside liner  42  for absorbing liquid body exudates exuded by the wearer and a surge management layer  45  disposed between the absorbent structure and the bodyside liner. A pair of containment flaps  46  is secured to the bodyside liner  42  for inhibiting the lateral flow of body exudates. 
     With the training pants  20  in the fastened position as partially illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the front and back waist regions are connected together by the fastening system  59  to define the three-dimensional pants configuration having a waist opening  50  and a pair of leg openings  52 . The front and back waist edges  38  and  39  (e.g., longitudinal ends) of the training pants  20  are configured to encircle the waist of the wearer to define the waist opening  50  ( FIG. 1 ) of the pants. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , a flap elastic member  53  can be operatively joined with each containment flap  46  in any suitable manner as is well known in the art. Suitable constructions and arrangements for the containment flaps  46  are generally well known to those skilled in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,116 issued Nov. 3, 1987 to Enloe, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     To further enhance containment and/or absorption of body exudates, the training pants  20  may comprise a front waist elastic member  54  ( FIG. 1 ), a rear waist elastic member  56 , and leg elastic members  58  ( FIGS. 2-4 ), as are known to those skilled in the art. The flap elastic members  53 , the waist elastic members  54  and  56 , and the leg elastic members  58  can be formed of any suitable elastic material that is well known to those skilled in the art. 
     The fastening system  59  of the illustrated embodiment comprises laterally opposite first fastening components  60  adapted for refastenable engagement to corresponding laterally opposite second fastening components  62 . In one embodiment, a front or outer surface of each of the fastening components  60 ,  62  comprises a plurality of engaging elements. The engaging elements of the first fastening components  60  are adapted to repeatedly engage and disengage corresponding engaging elements of the second fastening components  62  to releasably secure the pants  20  in its three-dimensional configuration. The fastening components  60 ,  62  can comprise any refastenable fasteners suitable for absorbent articles, such as adhesive fasteners, cohesive fasteners, mechanical fasteners, or the like. Suitable fastening systems are also disclosed in the previously incorporated PCT Patent Application WO 00/37009 published Jun. 29, 2000 by A. Fletcher et al. and the previously incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,190 issued Nov. 11, 2003 to Olson et al. 
     The outer cover  40  suitably comprises a material that is substantially liquid impermeable. The outer cover  40  may comprise a single layer of liquid impermeable material, or more suitably comprise a multi-layered laminate structure in which at least one of the layers is liquid impermeable. While it is not a necessity for the outer layer to be liquid permeable, it is suitable that it provides a relatively cloth-like texture to the wearer. Alternatively, the outer cover  40  may comprise a woven or nonwoven fibrous web layer that has been totally or partially constructed or treated to impart the desired levels of liquid impermeability to selected regions that are adjacent or proximate the absorbent structure. The outer cover  40  may also be stretchable, and in some embodiments it may be elastomeric. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,028, issued to Morman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,662 issued to Morman and U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,781 issued to Morman, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference, for additional information regarding suitable outer cover materials. 
     The bodyside liner  42  is suitably compliant, soft-feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer&#39;s skin. The bodyside liner  42  is also sufficiently liquid permeable to permit liquid body exudates to readily penetrate through its thickness to the absorbent structure  44 . The bodyside liner  42  may also be stretchable, and in some embodiments it may be elastomeric. Reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/563,417 filed on May 3, 2000 by Roessler et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/698,512 filed on Oct. 27, 2000 by Vukos et al., both of which are incorporated by reference herein, for additional information regarding bodyside liner material. 
     The absorbent structure  44  is disposed between the outer cover  40  and the bodyside liner  42 , which can be joined together by any suitable means such as adhesives, ultrasonic bonds, thermal bonds, or the like. While the illustrated absorbent structure  44  is shown and described herein as extending from the crotch region  26  into both the front and back waist regions  22  and  24 , it is contemplated that the absorbent structure may extend from the crotch region into only the front waist region, or only the back waist region, without departing from the scope of this invention. 
     The absorbent structure  44  is suitably compressible, conformable, non-irritating to a wearer&#39;s skin, and capable of absorbing and retaining liquids and certain body wastes. For example, the absorbent structure  44  may comprise cellulosic fibers (e.g., wood pulp fibers), other natural fibers, synthetic fibers, woven or nonwoven sheets, scrim netting or other stabilizing structures, superabsorbent material, binder materials, surfactants, selected hydrophobic materials, pigments, lotions, odor control agents, or the like, as well as combinations thereof. 
     The materials may be formed into an absorbent web structure by employing various conventional methods and techniques known in the art. For example, the absorbent structure  44  may be formed by a dry-forming technique, an air-forming technique, a wet-forming technique, a foam-forming technique, or the like, as well as combinations thereof. Methods and apparatus for carrying out such techniques are well known in the art. The absorbent structure  44  may alternatively comprise a coform material such as the material disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,324 to Anderson, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,703 to Everhart, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,624 to Georger, et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference. Optionally, a substantially liquid permeable wrapsheet (not shown) may surround the absorbent structure  44  to help maintain the integrity of the absorbent structure  44 . 
     Superabsorbent material is suitably present in the absorbent structure  44  in an amount of from about 0 to about 90 weight percent based on total weight of the absorbent structure. The absorbent structure  44  may suitably have a density within the range of about 0.10 to about 0.35 grams per cubic centimeter. Superabsorbent materials are well known in the art and can be selected from natural, synthetic, and modified natural polymers and materials. 
     In one embodiment, the absorbent structure  44  may be stretchable so as not to inhibit the stretchability of other components to which the absorbent structure may be adhered, such as the outer cover  40  and bodyside liner  42 . For example, the absorbent structure may comprise materials disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,964,743, 5,645,542, 6,231,557, 6,362,389, and international patent application WO 03/051254, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     The surge management layer  45  may be attached to various components of the article  20  such as the absorbent structure  44  and/or the bodyside liner  42  by methods known in the art, such as by adhesive, ultrasonic or thermal bonding. The surge management layer  45  helps to decelerate and diffuse surges or gushes of liquid that may be rapidly introduced into the absorbent structure  44  of the article  20 . Desirably, the surge management layer  45  can rapidly accept and temporarily hold the liquid prior to releasing the liquid into the storage or retention portions of the absorbent structure  44 . Examples of suitable surge management layers  45  are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,486,166; and 5,490,846. Other suitable surge management materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,973. The entire disclosures of these patents are incorporated by reference herein. 
     In general, the monitoring systems of the present invention comprise an insult circuit (also referred to herein as a wetness circuit). The insult circuit generally includes one or more conductors, a current source and a measuring device. The measuring device measures an electrical property of the insult circuit, e.g., resistance, conductance, voltage, etc., and sends a signal containing information regarding the electrical property to a microprocessor. The microprocessor analyzes the signal to determine if an insult has occurred. If an insult has occurred, an indicator is activated to signal a caregiver and/or wearer of the absorbent article of the presence of the insult. 
     In the illustrated embodiments, the training pants  20  of the present invention include a wetness monitoring system for detecting the presence of urine (broadly, an insult) within the pants  20 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 2-4 , an exemplary wetness monitoring system is generally indicated by reference numeral  70 . The monitoring system  70  includes a sensor  72  for detecting the electrical property (e.g., resistance R) of the article. The sensor  72  includes a pair of spaced apart generally parallel conductors  88 ,  90  disposed within the pants  20  that define a monitoring area  74  of the pants disposed between the conductors. The conductors  88 ,  90  may be constructed of any material that is generally electrically conductive. For example, the conductors may be constructed of metal strips (e.g., aluminum strips), metal films, coated films, conductive polymers, conductive inks, conductive threads, or the like, or combinations thereof. Other conductors are within the scope of this invention. As illustrated, the conductors  88 ,  90  extend longitudinally from the front waist region  22 , through the crotch region  26 , to the back waist region  24  of the pants  20 . As shown best in  FIG. 5 , the conductors  88 ,  90  are disposed within the absorbent assembly  32  between the absorbent structure  44  and the surge management layer  45 , although the conductors may be disposed at other locations without departing from the scope of this invention. 
     Current from a current source  100  (illustrated schematically in  FIG. 6 ) runs through the conductors  88  and  90  of the sensor  72 . The current source  100  may be a direct current source such as a battery (as illustrated), or an alternating current source. The conductors  88  and  90  may be electrically connected to the current source by any suitable contacts. For example, the contacts of the current source may be electrically connected with the conductors  88 ,  90  through one or more orifices located in one or more materials of the absorbent article. Alternatively or additionally, the contacts of the current source may pierce through one or more materials of the absorbent article to electrically connect with the conductors  88 ,  90 . In the illustrated embodiment of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the conductors  88 ,  90  are electrically connected to the current source by way of electrically conductive snap fasteners  79 . However, any suitable means of electrically connecting the conductors to the current source are within the scope of this disclosure such as, for example, a clamp connector, conductive hook and loop fasteners, conductive adhesives (e.g., conductive tape), electrically conductive contacts, and the like, and combinations thereof. Suitable methods of electrically connecting the conductors to the current source are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/303,283 to Long et al., filed on Dec. 15, 2005, entitled “Garments With Easy-To-Use Signaling Device” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/303,222 to Mosbacher et al., filed on Dec. 15, 2005, entitled “Garments With Easy-To-Use Signaling Devices”, the entirety of each are incorporated herein by reference where not contradictory. 
     As used herein, the term “electrically connected” or “electric connection” or derivatives thereof describes two or more objects positioned and/or configured such that current may flow to or from one object to the second object. In other words, these terms refer to a first contact, conductor, circuitry, or the like, being positioned and/or configured such that current may flow to or from a second contact, conductor, circuitry, or the like. In some embodiments, an electrical connection may also be a physical connection, such as through snaps, hooks, or the like. In some embodiments, an electrical connection may include two or more contacts, conductors, circuitry, that are touching, and therefore allow current to flow, but are not physically connected together. 
     As will be apparent from the discussion herein, the components of the monitoring system (e.g., measuring device, current source, microprocessor, analog-to-digital converter, indicator, transmitter, and/or receiver, etc.) may be housed together or separately, and may be attached to the absorbent article or may be present at a remote location. For example, in one embodiment, the measuring device, microprocessor, current source, analog-to-digital converter, and/or transmitter are housed together and are attached to the absorbent article, while the receiver and/or indicator are housed together at a remote location. As used herein, “remote location” means the components are not attached to the absorbent article. For example, in one embodiment, the receiver and/or indicator may be housed in a transportable unit that may be kept with the caregiver. Examples of such a unit may include an alarm such as a bed side alarm, alarm clock, beeper, or pager, a lamp, a wall clock, and the like. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , each corresponding end of each conductor  88 ,  90  of the sensor  72  is electrically and physically connected to a first snap fastener member  79 A located in the front waist region  22  of the pants  20 . In some embodiments, the first snap fastener member may be located in the back waist region  24 , or other locations on the pants  20 . A housing  82  that houses a current source  100  has corresponding second snap fastener elements  79 B for engaging the first snap fasteners  79 A and securing the housing to the pants  20 . In addition to the current source  100 , the housing  82  of the present embodiment may also house the remaining components of the wetness monitoring system  70  that will be described hereinafter, although it is contemplated that the housing may include only some or none of the remaining components. In the illustrated embodiment, the housing  82  is releasably secured to the pants  20  by way of the snap fasteners  79 , although it is understood that the housing may be releasably secured to the pants  20  by other fasteners, such as for example, receptacles, adhesives, cohesives, magnets, hooks and loops, clips, clamps, snaps, pockets, straps, and the like, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the housing may be permanently secured to the pants by any suitable means without departing from the scope of this invention. 
     A measuring device  85  ( FIG. 6 ), electrically connected with the sensor  72 , measures an electrical property of the monitoring area  74  of the pants  20 . In one embodiment, the resistance, R, of the monitoring area  74  of the pants  20  is measured. Because the conductors  88 ,  90  are spaced apart, current from the current source  100  must pass through the monitoring area  74  to complete the circuit. As illustrated schematically in  FIG. 6 , the monitoring area  74  acts essentially as a resistor, as representatively indicated by reference character R. When the monitoring area  74  is dry (e.g., before the presence of an insult), the resistance of the monitoring area is relatively high, for example, some resistance above 200 kΩ. When the monitoring area  74  is wetted, for example by an insult, its resistance drops, for example, to some resistance less than 200 KΩ (kilo ohms) because of the electrically conductive nature of urine. 
     In various embodiments, the conductors  88  and  90  may be connected by any suitable resistor or resistors located in the monitoring area  74 , such as, for example, a chemiresistor to complete the circuit. Suitable chemiresistors are taught in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/314,438 to Dong et al., filed Dec. 21, 2005, entitled “Personal Care Products With Microchemical Sensors For Odor Detection”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference where not contradictory. 
     In another embodiment, the conductance of the monitoring area  74  of the pants  20  may be measured. As stated above, urine is electrically conductive and the article  20  generally is not electrically conductive. Therefore, when the monitoring area  74  of the pants  20  is wetted, its conductance is greater than when it is dry. Other electrical properties of the pants  20 , including impedance, may be measured without departing from the scope of this invention. 
     The measuring device  85  produces an analog output signal ( FIG. 6 ) indicative of the electrical property of the monitoring area  74  of the pants  20 . For example, the measuring device  85  can measure a voltage drop across the monitoring area  74 , and produce an analog output signal corresponding to the voltage drop. The output voltage signal can be used to determine other electrical properties, such as resistance or current, by performing suitable calculations known in the art or using a reference table. For example, as is well known in the art, the voltage drop is indicative of the resistance of the pants when the current is constant. Thus, the resistance of the pants  20  may be determined using the analog output signal of the measuring device  85 . In various embodiments, the measuring device may be integral with a microprocessor or may provide an output signal to a microprocessor. 
     In various embodiments, any suitable method may be used to determine the presence (or lack thereof) of an insult in the absorbent article. For example, suitable methods are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/215,937 to Long et al., filed on Aug. 31, 2005, entitled “Method Of Detecting The Presence Of An Insult In An Absorbent Article And Device For Detecting The Same”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/216,977 to Collins et al., filed on Aug. 31, 2005, entitled “Method Of Detecting The Presence Of Insults In An Absorbent Article”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/215,968 to Collins et al., filed on Aug. 31, 2005, entitled “Method Of Detecting The Presence Of An Insult In An Absorbent Article”, the entirety of each are incorporated herein by reference where not contradictory. 
     In various embodiments, the monitoring system of the present invention may include an operational notification system. For the monitoring system to be operational, there must be sufficient current to the microprocessor and there must be an electrical connection between the microprocessor and the sensor associated with the absorbent article. Whereas, the monitoring system alerts the caregiver and/or the wearer as to the presence of an insult, the operational notification system alerts the caregiver and/or the wearer as to the status of the monitoring system. In other words, the operational notification system provides an indication as to whether the monitoring system is operational or non-operational. This notification assures the wearer and/or caregiver that the wetness monitoring system is ready to function as designed. 
     In general, the operational notification system comprises at least one continuity monitoring circuit. The continuity monitoring circuit generally includes at least one conductor associated with an absorbent article and a measuring device associated with a monitor. In the illustrated embodiments, the absorbent articles include two conductors, however, any suitable number of conductors may be utilized. The measuring device measures an electrical property of the continuity circuit, e.g., resistance, conductance, voltage, etc., and sends a signal containing information regarding the electrical property to a microprocessor. The microprocessor analyzes the signal to determine if there is electrical connection between the conductors in the absorbent article and the monitor. If an electrical connection exists, an indicator is activated to signal (i.e., notify) the caregiver and/or wearer of the absorbent article that the monitoring system is operational. 
       FIG. 7  representatively illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a monitoring system including an operational notification system indicated generally at  106 . The operational notification system  106  includes a monitor housing  108  (referred to hereinafter as the monitor) a portion of a first continuity monitoring circuit  124 , a portion of a second continuity monitoring circuit  126 , and a portion of a wetness monitoring circuit  128  as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 8 . In the illustrated embodiment, the monitor  108  includes a current source  100 , a microprocessor  93 , and an indicator  122 . In the illustrated embodiment, a measuring device  85  is integral with the microprocessor  93 . The microprocessor  93  and measuring device  85  form part of the first continuity monitoring circuit  124 , part of the second continuity monitoring circuit  126 , and part of the wetness monitoring circuit  128 . 
     The monitor  108  is adapted to physically attach with a training pant  20  having a wetness sensor  72 . The monitor  108  is adapted to electrically connect with the wetness sensor  72 . The wetness sensor  72  may include a first conductor  88  and a second conductor  90 , as described herein, to form part of the wetness monitoring circuit  128 , as described herein. When an electrical connection is made between the measuring device  85  and the conductors  88  and  90 , the first and second continuity monitoring circuits  124  and  126  are completed and the operational notification system  106  provides a signal (i.e., notification) to the wearer and/or caregiver that the wetness monitoring system is operational. The signal may be visual, tactile, auditory, or combinations thereof as described herein. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the first conductor  88  is electrically connected to a first contact  110 A and a second contact  112 A. The second conductor  90  is electrically connected to a third contact  114 A and a fourth contact  116 A. The contacts  110 A,  112 A,  114 A, and  116 A are illustrated as snap fastener members but may be any suitable electrical contacts such as, for example, metal pads, conductive hook and loop fasteners, conductive adhesives (e.g., conductive tape), and the like, and combinations thereof. The contacts may be located in the front waist region  22  of the pants  20 , as illustrated, or any other suitable location. The monitor  108  has corresponding contacts  110 B,  112 B,  114 B, and  116 B for making an electrical connection at points  110 ,  112 ,  114 , and  116 . In the illustrated embodiment, the contacts also secure (i.e., physically attach) the monitor  108  to the training pant  20 , although it is contemplated that the monitor  108  may be releasably secured to the pant  20  by any suitable means such as for example, receptacles, adhesives, cohesives, magnets, hooks and loops, clips, clamps, snaps, pockets, straps, and the like, and combinations thereof. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the measuring device  85  of the microprocessor  93  measures an electrical property of the wetness monitoring circuit  128  (indicated by a dashed line) as previously discussed, an electrical property of the first continuity monitoring circuit  124  (indicated by a dotted line), and an electrical property of the second continuity monitoring circuit  126  (indicated by a dot-dash line). When an electrical connection is made between points  110  and  112  and the first conductor  88 , the first continuity circuit  124  is completed. When an electrical connection is made between points  114  and  116  and the second conductor  90 , the second continuity circuit  126  is completed. In various embodiments, the microprocessor  93  may activate the indicator  122  when the first continuity circuit  124  is complete, when the second continuity circuit  126  is complete, or when both the first and the second continuity circuits  124  and  126  are complete. In various embodiments, the microprocessor  93  may send a signal to a transmitter that in turn sends the signal to a receiver to activate an indicator. 122  when the first continuity circuit  124  is complete, when the second continuity circuit  126  is complete, or when both the first and the second continuity circuits  124  and  126  are complete. When activated, the indicator  122  may be any suitable device for notifying the wearer and/or caregiver that the system is operational, such as, for example, a speaker that makes a noise, such as a beep or a light that illuminates. In one embodiment, the microprocessor  93  may be programmed to activate the indicator  122  when both the first and the second continuity monitoring circuits  124  and  126  are complete. The indicator  122  may produce an auditory sound, such as a “beep”, for a relatively short period of time (1 second, for example) and the indicator  122  may illuminate a light continuously until one or both of the continuity monitoring circuits  124  and  126  are opened. 
       FIG. 9  representatively illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a monitoring system that includes an operational notification system  156  (schematically illustrated in  FIG. 11 ).  FIG. 10  representatively illustrates a cross-sectional view of  FIG. 9  taken along the line  10 - 10 . The operational notification system  156  of  FIGS. 9 ,  10 , and  11  is similar to the operational notification system  106  of  FIG. 7  in that a monitor  158  is adapted to physically attach and electrically connect to a training pant  20  having a wetness sensor  72  disposed therein to complete a wetness monitoring circuit  178 . The monitor  158  is adapted to attach to the training pant  20  to complete a first continuity monitoring circuit  174  and a second continuity monitoring circuit  176  as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 11 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , the monitor  158  is adapted to clip to the back waist region  24  of the absorbent article  20 . The monitor  158  includes a first attachment leg  170 , a second attachment leg  171 , a main housing  168 , and a hinge  180 . The first and second attachment legs  170  and  171  are pivotally attached via the hinge  180  with the main housing  168  such that the monitor  158  can be transitioned from an open condition to a closed condition and a wearer and/or care giver may releasably attach the monitor  158  to the absorbent article  20 . 
     The first attachment leg  170  includes a first contact  160  and a second contact  162  adapted to make an electrical connection with either the first conductor  88  or the second conductor  90 . In the illustrated embodiment, the first contact  160  and the second contact  162  are aligned with first conductor  88  and are adapted to penetrate through the bodyside liner  42  to make an electrical connection with the first conductor  88 . The second attachment leg  172  includes a third contact  164  and a fourth contact  166  adapted to make an electrical connection with the other conductor  88  or  90 . In the illustrated embodiment, the third contact  164  and the fourth contact  166  are aligned with the second conductor  90  and are adapted to penetrate through the bodyside liner  42  to make an electrical connection with the second conductor  90 . 
     In alternative embodiments, the bodyside liner  42  may have one or more openings located therein to allow access to the conductors  88  and/or  90  to facilitate making an electrical connection. In yet other embodiments, the outer cover  40  may be penetrated and/or may include openings located to facilitate an electrical connection between the contacts of the monitor and the conductors within the absorbent article. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , the monitor  158  includes a current source  100 , a microprocessor  193 , and an indicator  172 . In the illustrated embodiment, a measuring device  194  is integral with the microprocessor  193 . When an electrical connection is made between the measuring device  194  of the monitor  158  and the conductors  88  and  90  in the article, the operational notification system  156  provides a signal to the wearer and/or caregiver that the wetness monitoring system is operational. The signal may be visual, tactile, auditory, or combinations thereof. 
     The measuring device  194  of the microprocessor  193  measures an electrical property of the wetness monitoring circuit  178  (indicated by a dashed line), an electrical property of the first continuity monitoring circuit  174  (indicated by a dotted line), and an electrical property of the second continuity monitoring circuit  176  (indicated by a dot-dash line). When an electrical connection is made between the contacts  160  and  162  and the first conductor  88 , the first continuity monitoring circuit  174  is completed. When an electrical connection is made between the contacts  164  and  166  and the second conductor  90 , the second continuity monitoring circuit  176  is completed. In various embodiments, the microprocessor  193  may activate the indicator  172  when the first continuity circuit  174  is complete, when the second continuity circuit  176  is complete, or when both the first and the second continuity circuits  174  and  176  are complete. When activated, the indicator  172  may be any suitable device for notifying the wearer and/or caregiver that the system is operational, such as, for example, a speaker that makes a noise or a light that illuminates. 
     In various embodiments, the wetness sensor and the monitors are adapted to electrically connect in any suitable way. For example, as representatively illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the wetness sensor  72  may include a first conductor  88  and a second conductor  90  extending generally in a longitudinal direction  48 . The first conductor  88  and second conductor  90  may be spaced apart in a lateral direction  49  by a distance, D. The monitor  158  may include a first contact  160  and a second contact  162  aligned generally in the longitudinal direction  48 . The monitor  158  may include a third contact  164  and a fourth contact  166  aligned generally in the longitudinal direction  48 . The first contact  160  and the second contact  162  may be spaced apart from the third contact  162  and the fourth contact  164  by a distance of about, D, as measured in the lateral direction  49  such that an electrical connection may be made with the first and second conductors  88  and  90 . 
     The illustrated embodiments include two contacts per conductor wherein one or more contacts form part of more than one circuit. It is contemplated that, in various embodiments, one or more additional contacts may be utilized such that some or all of the contacts form part of only one circuit. For example, each conductor may be in electrical connection with three contacts wherein one of the contacts forms part of a wetness circuit but not part of a continuity circuit and two of the contacts form part of a continuity circuit but neither form part of the wetness circuit. In other words, each contact may be part of only one circuit. 
     In another exemplary embodiment of a monitoring system including an operational notification system, a monitor may be adapted to notify the wearer and/or caregiver when an electrical connection is made between the monitor and an absorbent article to which the monitor is attached. The notification may include one or more visual signals, tactile signals, auditory signals, or combinations thereof. 
     In this embodiment, a monitor includes a current source, a microprocessor, and a measuring device, such as, for example, those described herein. The monitor is adapted to function with any suitable absorbent article having any suitable sensor therein to complete any suitable wetness circuit, such as, for example, those described herein. For example, referring again to a wetness monitoring system like that illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the housing  82  may include a measuring device that is integral with a microprocessor. The microprocessor may be adapted to signal a wearer and/or a caregiver of one or more conditions, such as, for example, a non-operational condition, an operational condition and/or a wet condition, and the like. 
       FIG. 12  schematically illustrates the microprocessor flow logic for a wetness monitoring system  183  that includes an operational notification system. The measuring device  185  is programmed to periodically or continuously measure an electrical property, such as resistance, in a wetness circuit  187  as described herein. The microprocessor may further be programmed to provide a first indication when the electrical property is above a first value. For example, a resistance measurement, R, above some threshold, such as 10 MΩ may be interpreted by the microprocessor  184  as the wetness monitoring system  183  being in a non-operational condition, i.e., the monitor is not attached to the absorbent article and/or the monitor is not in electrical contact with the conductors. In various embodiments, the microprocessor  184  may activate any suitable indicator  186  to provide the first indication. The first indication may provide notification to the wearer and/or care giver that the wetness monitoring system  183  is “non-operational.” 
     The microprocessor may further be programmed to provide a second indication when the electrical property is below the first value and above a second value. For example, a resistance measurement, R, above a suitable threshold, such as, for example, 1 MΩ but below about 10 MΩ, may be interpreted by the microprocessor  186  as the wetness monitoring system  183  being in an operational condition, i.e., the monitor is in electrical contact with the conductors disposed within the absorbent article. In various embodiments, the microprocessor  186  may activate any suitable indicator  122  to provide the second indication. The second indication may provide notification to the wearer and/or care giver that the wetness monitoring system  183  is “operational.” 
     The microprocessor may further be programmed to provide a third indication when the electrical property is below the second value. For example, a resistance measurement, R, below a suitable threshold, such as, for example, 60 kΩ, may be interpreted by the microprocessor  186  as the wetness monitoring system  183  being in a wet condition, i.e., an insult has been detected. In various embodiments, the microprocessor  186  may activate any suitable indicator  186  to provide the third notification. The third indication may provide notification to the wearer and/or caregiver that the wetness monitoring system  183  is “wet.” As will be evident to those of skill in the art, after the microprocessor has interpreted the resistance measurements, and activated any suitable indicator, the microprocessor may continue to measure the electrical property of the wetness monitoring system. 
     The first, second, and/or third indications may be audio, visual, tactile, or the like. The first, second, and/or third indications may be the same or may be different. For example, the first indication may be a red light, the second indication may be a green light, and the third indication may be an audible alarm. 
     The circuits described and illustrated herein involve electrical connections. However, any of the circuits described herein, may also include one or more additional signaling “links” to the circuit as desired. For example, one or more optical sensors could be included in the circuits such that when placed over a foil conductor, an LED could produce light and the optical sensor could monitor for a reflection. Whether the reflected light is sensed or not, the monitor could produce a notification accordingly. Alternatively or additionally, when placed over a specific color, an LED that produced light could reflect that color to the optical sensor for proper alignment. Whether the reflected light is sensed or not, the monitor could produce an indication accordingly. Similarly, any of the circuits described herein may further include any other suitable signaling means, including magnetism, pressure, temperature, acceleration, strain, and the like, and combinations thereof. 
     In various embodiments, the microprocessors may be programmed to activate one or more indicators at various times, for various durations, via various means as will be evident to one skilled in the art. For example, in any suitable embodiment, the microprocessor may be programmed to provide a notification to the wearer and/or caregiver when the wetness monitoring system first becomes operational. In some embodiments, the microprocessor may be adapted to notify the wearer and/or caregiver that the wetness monitoring system is operational at any suitable interval by activating one or more indicators. In some embodiments, the microprocessor may be programmed to provide notification to the wearer and/or caregiver when the wetness monitoring system becomes non-operational by activating one or more indicators. For example, the monitor may beep when continuity is detected, beep periodically while continuity is detected and beep when continuity is broken. 
     As will be evident to those skilled in the art, various indications may be produced through the same device or devices (i.e., indicators). For example, a single speaker may produce one or more “indications.” The speaker may beep (first indication) when the continuity monitoring circuit is complete, the speaker may beep periodically (second indication) as the continuity monitoring circuit remains closed, and the speaker may sound an alarm (third indication) when wetness is detected. 
     In various embodiments, the monitoring system of the present invention may include an attachment notification system. The attachment notification system is adapted to alert the caregiver and/or the wearer as to whether the removable components of the monitoring system, e.g., a monitor housing, are securely attached to the absorbent article. For example, a monitor may be attached to an absorbent article having a wetness sensor such that an electrical connection is made between the monitor and the sensor but improper or incomplete physical attachment of the monitor to the absorbent article could jeopardize the likelihood of continued electrical connection. This is particularly important in executions involving training pants worn by active children wherein the monitor may become detached during use thereby rendering the wetness monitoring system non-functional. This too may be desirable in executions wherein the absorbent article includes lofty and/or thick materials and engagement of the monitor involves penetrating the article or clipping to the article. In these embodiments, the contacts may come into electrical connection with the conductors, but the clip may not be fully closed or the contacts may not be fully penetrated. 
     Therefore, the attachment notification system may be added to, any embodiment described herein as a “second line of defense” beyond the operational notification system or may be utilized without an operational notification system. As the monitors may be attached to the absorbent articles in various suitable ways, the attachment notification system may also take various forms. In general, the attachment notification system includes one or more attachment monitoring circuits. 
       FIG. 13  representatively illustrates an exemplary monitor  206  having an attachment notification system. The monitor  206  has an attachment leg  210  that is pivotally connected by a hinge  208  to a main housing  212 . The hinge  208  has a first contact  214  and the main housing has a second contact  216 . When the monitor  206  is in an open condition, as illustrated, the first contact  214  and the second contact  216  are not electrically connected. When the attachment leg  210  is pivoted shut via the hinge  208 , the first contact  214  is brought into electrical connection with the second contact  216  thereby completing an attachment monitoring circuit  218  as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 14 . The attachment monitoring circuit  218  includes a microprocessor  222  with an integral measuring device  224  and a current source  100 . When contacts  214  and  216  are brought into electrical connection, the attachment circuit  218  is completed and the microprocessor  222  may be programmed to activate an indicator  220  to notify the wearer and/or care giver that the monitor is securely attached to the absorbent article. 
       FIG. 15  representatively illustrates another exemplary monitor  230  having an attachment notification system. The monitor  230  has an attachment leg  232  that is pivotally connected by a hinge  234  to a main housing  236 . The attachment leg  232  has a first contact  238  and a second contact  240 . The main housing has a first receptacle  242  adapted to receive the first contact  238  in electrical connection and a second receptacle  244  adapted to receive the second contact  240  in electrical connection. 
     When the monitor  230  is in an open condition, as illustrated, the first contact  238  is not electrically connected with the first receptacle  242 . Similarly, the second contact  240  is not electrically connected with the second receptacle  244 . When the attachment leg  232  is pivoted shut via the hinge  234 , the first contact  238  penetrates the bodyside liner  42 , the conductor  246  and the outercover  40  to make an electrical connection with the first receptacle  242  thereby completing a first attachment circuit  248  as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 16 . Similarly, when the attachment leg  232  is pivoted shut via the hinge  234 , the second contact  240  penetrates the bodyside liner  42 , the conductor  246  and the outercover  40  to make an electrical connection with the second receptacle  244  thereby completing a second attachment circuit  250  as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 16 . The first and second contacts  238  and  240  may also be adapted to make an electrical connection with the conductor  246  located between a bodyside liner  42  and an outer cover  40  to form part of a continuity monitoring circuit similar to that illustrated in  FIGS. 9 ,  10 , and  11 . The first and second contacts  238  and  240  may also be adapted to make an electrical connection with the conductor  246  located between a bodyside liner  42  and an outer cover  40  to form part of a wetness monitoring circuit similar to that illustrated in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . These circuits have been omitted from  FIG. 16  for clarity. 
     In various embodiments, the first contact  238  and/or the second contact  240  may not penetrate the intervening materials and physically touch the receptacles to make an electrical connection. In some embodiments, the intervening materials may be pushed into the receptacles such that the contacts are in sufficient proximity to make an electrical connection. 
     The first and second attachment monitoring circuits  248  and  250  include a microprocessor  252  which may include an integral measuring device  254  and a current source  100 . When contacts  238  and  240  are brought into electrical connection with receptacles  242  and  244 , the attachment circuits  248  and  250  are completed and the microprocessor  252  may be programmed to activate an indicator  256  to notify the wearer and/or care giver that the monitor  230  is completely closed and therefore securely attached to the absorbent article. 
     In various embodiments, the microprocessor  252  may programmed to activate the indicator  256  when the first attachment circuit  248  is complete, when the second attachment circuit  250  is complete, or when both the first and the second attachment circuits  248  and  250  are complete. When activated, the indicator  256  may be any suitable device for notifying the wearer and/or caregiver that the system is operational, such as, for example, a speaker that makes a sound or a light that illuminates. 
     In various embodiments, the microprocessor may be programmed with various instructions to allow continuous or intermittent monitoring and notification of the relevant circuits. For example, a microprocessor may be programmed to continuously and/or periodically monitor one or more circuits and provide one or more indications when the one or more circuits are opened and/or closed. The notification may be provided in some embodiments after a set period of time has elapsed. In other words, a circuit may have to be opened and/or closed for a certain length of time before the microprocessor activates an indicator. For example, a microprocessor may be programmed to monitor a continuity circuit and activate an indicator immediately upon detection of a completed circuit or may be programmed to activate an indicator after five seconds of detecting a completed circuit. 
     Wetness monitoring systems have traditionally had to balance the power needs of the system with the cost and life expectancy of the current source, e.g., a battery. Therefore, it is desirable to control the use of the battery by the various systems. For example, battery consumption is not controlled if a monitor is shipped from the manufacturer with the battery active. Uncontrolled battery consumption results in unpredictable shelf life and is further complicated by distribution timing, inventory management, and other factors often outside the control of the manufacturer. Therefore, in various embodiments, the current source may be part of a power management system. The power management systems may take various forms and generally include one or more power circuits. 
     As used herein, the term power management system describes a monitor having a current source and at least two different current flow conditions. Therefore, when the battery is dead there is no current source and therefore does not constitute a flow condition. For example, a monitor having a power management system may have a current source and an “off” condition wherein little or no current is flowing and an “on” condition wherein some greater amount of current is flowing. In some embodiments, the power management system may include additional conditions, such as, for example, a “power save” condition wherein some current is flowing but not as much as in the “on” condition. 
     An exemplary power management system may include a power circuit that includes an electrically insulated strip interrupting the power circuit. With the strip in place, little or no current is flowing and, therefore, the power management system is in the off condition. The insulating strip may be adapted to be removed by the wearer or caregiver prior to the first use. Removal of the insulating strip transitions the monitor from the off condition to the on condition by allowing current to flow throughout the power circuit from the current source. This power management system minimizes the impact of shipping, storage, and inventory control, but once the monitor is activated, the current continues to flow until the battery is exhausted. 
     In various embodiments, the present invention may also include a method of providing a power management system by providing a monitor with an electrically insulated strip interrupting the power circuit and instructing the wearer and/or user to remove the insulating strip from the power circuit to transition the monitor from the off condition to the on condition. 
     Another exemplary power management system includes a manually activated and deactivated power circuit. In this embodiment, the monitor may be adapted such that a wearer and/or caregiver may activate and deactivate the power circuit, i.e., transition the monitor from the off condition to the on condition (activate) or transition the monitor from the on condition to the off condition (deactivate). For example, the wearer may activate and deactivate the power circuit by manipulating a switch associated with the monitor housing. In some embodiments, the switch may be located on an external surface of the monitor for easy access. Any suitable type of switch may be utilized to transition the power circuit from opened to closed and from closed to opened. 
       FIG. 17  representatively illustrates a manually activated and deactivated power circuit  270  that includes a switch  272  and a current source, such as, for example, a battery  274 . The manually activated and deactivated power circuit  270  may be utilized with any suitable monitor  276  and any suitable wetness monitoring system  278 , such as, for example, those disclosed herein among others. When the wearer and/or caregiver manually closes the switch  272  and completes the power circuit  270 , current flows to the monitor  276  and the monitoring system  278 . In other words, the wearer and/or caregiver transitions the monitor from the off condition to the on condition. Similarly, when the wearer and/or caregiver opens the switch  272 , the manually activated and deactivated power circuit  270  is deactivated and the current stops flowing and the battery  274  is conserved. In other words, the wearer and/or caregiver transitions the monitor from the on condition to the off condition. 
     In various embodiments, the switch  272  may be positioned at any suitable location on the monitor. For example, the switch  272  may be positioned on an external surface of the monitor such that the wearer and/or caregiver may access the switch  272  as desired to conserve the battery  274 . 
     In various embodiments, the present invention may further include providing a monitor having a manually activated and deactivated power management system, providing instructions to manually close the switch to complete the power circuit and transition the monitor to the on condition, and providing instructions to manually open the switch to disconnect the power circuit and transition the monitor to the off condition. 
     Another exemplary power management system includes the use of an integrally activated and deactivated power circuit. The integrally activated and deactivated power circuit is similar to the manually activated and deactivated power described above in that a power circuit is opened or closed by a switch. However, in the integrally activated and deactivated power circuit, the wearer and/or caregiver activates the power circuit “automatically” when attaching the monitor to the absorbent article. Likewise, in the integrally activated and deactivated power circuit, the wearer and/or caregiver deactivates the power circuit “automatically” when detaching the monitor from the absorbent article. Therefore, the battery is preserved when not in use and the wearer and/or caregiver does not need to perform an additional step and cannot forget to activate or deactivate the power circuit. 
       FIG. 18  representatively illustrates an exemplary monitor  290  having an integrally activated and deactivated power circuit. The monitor  290  has an attachment leg  294  that is pivotally connected by a hinge  296  to a main housing  298 . The hinge  296  has a first contact  300  and the main housing has a second contact  302 . When the monitor  290  is in an open condition, as illustrated, the first contact  300  and the second contact  302  are not electrically connected. When the attachment leg  294  is pivoted shut via the hinge  296 , the first contact  300  is brought into electrical connection with the second contact  302  thereby completing the integrally activated and deactivated power circuit  292  as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 19 . The integrally activated and deactivated power circuit  292  includes a current source, such as, for example, a battery  304 , a microprocessor  306  and a monitoring system  308 . When contacts  300  and  302  are brought into electrical connection, the integrally activated and deactivated power circuit  292  is completed and the current from the battery  304  can flow to the microprocessor  306  and the monitoring system  308 . 
       FIG. 20  representatively illustrates another exemplary monitor  316  having an integrally activated and deactivated power circuit. The monitor  316  has an attachment leg  318  that is pivotally connected by a hinge  320  to a main housing  322 . The attachment leg  318  has a first contact  324  and a second contact  326 . The main housing has a first receptacle  328  adapted to receive the first contact  324  in electrical connection and a second receptacle  330  adapted to receive the second contact  326  in electrical connection. 
     When the monitor  316  is in an open condition, as illustrated in  FIG. 20 , the first contact  324  is not electrically connected with the first receptacle  328 . Similarly, the second contact  326  is not electrically connected with the second receptacle  330 . When the attachment leg  318  is pivoted shut via the hinge  320 , the first contact  324  makes an electrical connection with the first receptacle  328  thereby completing an integrally activated and deactivated power circuit  334  as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 21 . The integrally activated and deactivated power circuit  334  includes a current source, such as, for example, a battery  336 , a microprocessor  338  and a monitoring system  340 . When the first contact  324  and the first receptacle  328  are brought into electrical connection, the integrally activated and deactivated power circuit  334  is completed and the current from the battery  336  can flow to the microprocessor  338  and the monitoring system  340 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the integrally activated and deactivated power circuit could alternatively include the second contact  326  and the second receptacle  330 . 
     The various systems described herein may be utilized in any suitable combination with any suitable monitoring system. For example, a monitor may include any suitable power management system, any suitable attachment notification system, and any suitable operational notification system in conjunction with any suitable wetness monitoring system, such as, for example, the various systems described herein. 
     For example,  FIG. 22  representatively illustrated an exemplary embodiment of a monitoring system  342  that includes an operational notification system  344 , an attachment notification system  346 , and a power management system  348 . The monitoring system  342  includes a monitor  352  adapted to attach to a training pant  20  having a wetness sensor  72  disposed therein to complete a wetness monitoring circuit  354 . The wetness sensor  72  includes a first conductor  88  and a second conductor  90 . 
     The monitor  352 , as illustrated, is adapted to clip to the back waist region  24  of the absorbent article  20 . The monitor  352  includes a first attachment leg  356 , a second attachment leg  358 , a main housing  360 , and a hinge  362 . The first attachment leg  356  and the second attachment leg  358  are pivotally connected, via the hinge  362 , with the main housing  360  such that the wearer and/or care giver may releasably attach the monitor  352  to the absorbent article  20 . The monitor  352  is adapted to attach to the training pant  20  to complete a first continuity circuit  364 , a second continuity circuit  366 , an attachment circuit  368  and a power circuit  370  as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 24 . 
       FIG. 23  representatively illustrates a cross-sectional view of the monitoring system of  FIG. 22  taken along the line  23 - 23 . Referring to  FIGS. 22 and 23 , the first attachment leg  356  includes a first contact  372  and a second contact  374  adapted to make an electrical connection with either the first conductor  88  or the second conductor  90 . In the illustrated embodiment, the first contact  372  and the second contact  374  are aligned with first conductor  88  and are adapted to penetrate through the bodyside liner  42  to make an electrical connection with the first conductor  88 . The second attachment leg  358  includes a third contact  376  and a fourth contact  378  adapted to make an electrical connection with the other conductor  88  or  90 . In the illustrated embodiment, the third contact  376  and the fourth contact  377  are aligned with the second conductor  90  and are adapted to penetrate through the bodyside liner  42  to make an electrical connection with the second conductor  90 . The hinge  362  includes a fifth contact  378  and the main housing  360  includes a sixth contact  379 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 24 , the monitor  352  includes a current source  380 , a microprocessor  382 , and an indicator  384 . In the illustrated embodiment, a measuring device  386  is integral with the microprocessor  382 . When the attachment legs are pivoted shut via the hinge  362 , the fifth contact  378  is brought into electrical connection with the sixth contact  379  thereby completing the integrally activated and deactivated power circuit  370  and allowing the current to flow from the battery  380  to the various circuits  354 ,  364 ,  366 , and  368 . Also when the fifth contact  378  is brought into electrical connection with the sixth contact  379  the attachment monitoring circuit  368  is completed and the microprocessor  382  may be programmed to activate the indicator  384  to provide a notification to the wearer and/or care giver that the monitor  352  is securely attached to the absorbent article. 
     When the first contact  372  and the second contact  374  penetrate the liner  42  and contact the first conductor  88 , the first continuity monitoring circuit  364  is completed. When the third contact  376  and the fourth contact  377  penetrate the liner  42  and contact the second conductor  90 , the second continuity monitoring circuit  366  is completed. The wetness monitoring circuit  354  is completed when the first contact  372  electrically connects with the first conductor  88  and the third contact  376  electrically connects with the second conductor  90 . 
     In various embodiments, the microprocessor  382  may be programmed to activate the indicator  384  or any other additional indicators to provide one or more indications when the wetness circuit  354  is complete, when the first continuity circuit  364  is complete, when the second continuity circuit  366  is complete, when the attachment circuit  368  is complete, or combinations thereof. When activated, the indicator  384  or indicators may be any suitable devices for providing notification of wetness, continuity, attachment, or combinations thereof, to the wearer and/or caregiver. 
     In various embodiments, the microprocessor may be programmed to activate the indicators to provide different indications when different circuits are completed and/or opened such that wearers and/or caregivers can determine what indication is being provided. For example, in some embodiments, the microprocessor may be programmed to activate an indicator to provide a first notification, such as a short “beep,” when the continuity circuits are complete and may be programmed to activate an indicator to provide a second notification, such as a prolonged “alarm,” when the wetness circuit detects an insult. In some embodiments, the microprocessor may be programmed to activate more than one indicator to provide different indications. For example, in some embodiments, the microprocessor may be programmed to activate a first indicator to provide a first notification, such as illuminating a light, when the continuity circuits are complete and may be programmed to activate a second indicator to provide a second notification, such as a vibration, when the microprocessor detects an insult in the wetness circuit. 
     While the invention has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining understanding of the foregoing, will readily appreciate alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to these embodiments. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should be assessed as that of the appended claims and any equivalents thereto.