Patent Publication Number: US-4097576-A

Title: Reduction catalyst for removal of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to process of producing reduction catalysts for the removal of nitrogen oxides (referred to as NO x  hereinafter). 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     It has been proposed to remove nitrogen monoxide (referred to as NO hereinafter) contained in waste gas using a reduction catalyst which is obtained by grinding into powders naturally-occurring inorganic materials which are tuff consisting essentially of SiO 2 , Al 2  O 3  and H 2  O containing 1-10% by weight of alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides and having inherent X-ray diffraction pattern and heat-treating the powders (See U.S. application Ser. No. 467,085 filed May 6, 1974 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,013,588. According to this process, NO contained in dry waste gas is first oxidized by adding at least a small amount of oxygen to the dry waste gas to convert NO into nitrogen dioxide (often referred to as NO 2 ). After NO 2  in the waste gas is adsorbed onto the reduction catalyst the NO 2  adsorbed is removed by desorption upon heating, whereby the reduction catalyst is reactivated to be prepared for re-use. 
     However, difficulties are encountered in practicing the process when the water content of waste gas to be treated is high, for example, 10 to 15% by volume. Further, the process requires high temperature for desorption removal of NO 2  adsorbed. When the NO content in waste gas is low, the process is disadvantageous from an economnical standpoint because costs necessary to remove NO become relatively high. It is thus undesirable for removal of NO in waste gas exhausted from a boiler, while the process can be adopted to remove NO in waste gas exhausted from factories manufacturing nitric acid. 
     Processes for removing nitrogen oxides (referred to as NO x ) contained in waste gas after reducing NO x  have also been proposed see U.S. application Ser. No. 505,046 filed on Sept. 12, 1974 now abandoned and refiled in a divisional application on Jan. 26, 1976 as U.S. Ser. No. 652,064. In these processes, substances which are obtained by treating (preferably, immersing) naturally-occurring inorganic materials comprising tuff ground into particles of an adequate size as a carrier with a solution containing one or more metal ions selected from the group consisting of Ib Group metals (Cu, Ag and Au), IIb Group metals (Zn, Cd, etc.), VIII Group metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, etc.). Cr and Mn, or if necessary, followed by heat treatment at temperatures of 100° to 900° C are employed as a catalyst. 
     However, when these catalysts are utilized to selectively reduce NO x  in waste gas exhausted from boilers (especially from boilers using LNG), for example, referring to the case using a Fe-carried catalyst, reaction temperatures for reduction of NO x  require 320° to 380° C in order to obtain a denitration rate of more than 90% at a space velocity of 10,000 hr -1 . Further, the temperature range is merely a 60° range which is relatively narrow. 
     For the purpose of proper application of these known catalysts to such special operations it is desired to further lower the reaction temperatures for reduction of NO x  and to further broaden the temperature range. In addition, it is desired to further extend the life of the catalyst. 
     The present invention satisfies these requirements. After continuous investigations, the inventors have found that the aforementioned problem can be solved by performing multiple immersions of the tuff in metal ion-containing solutions. Each immersion is followed by calcination using a solution containing different kinds of one or more metal ions on each occasion the previous immersion. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of this invention is to provide a process of producing reduction catalysts suitable for removing NO x  contained in waste gas. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is characterized in that (1) a carrier comprising a naturally-occurring inorganic material which is mainly composed of tuff consisting essentially of SiO 2 , Al 2  O 3  and H 2  O containing 1-10% by weight of alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides, which has an X-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Table A or Table B hereinbelow is, if necessary, pre-treated either with a solution containing ammonium ions or a solution not exceeding 2N HCl and suitably a 1N to 2N HCl solution or a solution not exceeding 2N HCl and suitably a 1N to 2N HCl solution, and then treated with a solution containing one or more metal ions selected from the group consisting of Ib Group metals, IIb Group metals and VIII Group metals of Periodic Table, chromium, vanadium and manganese to carry metals thereon, which is followed by heat treatment, and (2) the treatment with a solution containing one or more metal ions followed by heat treatment is repeated once or more times using a solution(s) containing different metal ions on each occasion. 
     The naturally occurring inorganic materials which can be used in the present invention have an X-ray diffraction pattern shown in Table A or Table B below. 
     
                       Table A                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Interplanar                                                               
          Relative   Interplanar  Relative                                
Spacing   Intensities                                                     
                     Spacing      Intensities                             
A         10 I/I     A            10 I/I                                  
______________________________________                                    
13.9 ± 0.1                                                             
          2          3.23 ± 0.03                                       
                                  6                                       
9.1 ± 0.1                                                              
          4          3.10 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 1                                   
6.6 ± 0.1                                                              
          4          2.90 ± 0.03                                       
                                  3                                       
6.5 ± 0.1                                                              
          2          2.85 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 2                                   
6.1 ± 0.1                                                              
          2          2.71 ± 0.03                                       
                                  1                                       
5.83 ± 0.05                                                            
          2          2.58 ± 0.03                                       
                                  1                                       
4.55 ± 0.05                                                            
          2          2.53 ± 0.03                                       
                                  2                                       
4.30 35  0.10                                                             
          0 - 5      2.49 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 4                                   
4.26 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 2      2.47 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 3                                   
4.08 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 4      2.45 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 2                                   
4.05 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 6      2.04 ± 0.03                                       
                                  2                                       
4.01 ± 0.05                                                            
          7          1.96 ± 0.03                                       
                                  1                                       
3.85 ± 0.03                                                            
          2          1.88 ± 0.02                                       
                                  1                                       
3.81 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 4      1.82 ± 0.02                                       
                                  1                                       
3.77 ± 10.05      1.82 ± 0.02                                       
                                  0 - 2                                   
3.48 ± 0.03                                                            
          10         1.79 ± 0.02                                       
                                  1                                       
3.40 ± 0.03                                                            
          5          1.53 ± 0.02                                       
                                  1                                       
3.35 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 8                                                           
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                       Table B                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Interplanar                                                               
          Relative   Interplanar  Relative                                
Spacing   Intensities                                                     
                     Spacing      Intensities                             
A         10 I/I     A            10 I/I                                  
______________________________________                                    
9.10 ± 0.1                                                             
          7          3.18 ± 0.03                                       
                                  4                                       
7.99 ± 0.1                                                             
          4          3.15 ± 0.03                                       
                                  4                                       
6.82 ± 0.1                                                             
          2          2.99 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 1                                   
5.85 ± 0.08                                                            
          5          2.98 ± 0.03                                       
                                  4                                       
5.29 ± 0.08                                                            
          2          2.89 ± 0.03                                       
                                  4                                       
5.12 ± 0.05                                                            
          3          2.85 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 2                                   
4.67 ± 0.05                                                            
          2          2.81 ± 0.03                                       
                                  3                                       
4.30 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 5      2.74 ± 0.03                                       
                                  1                                       
4.26 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 2      2.53 ± 0.02                                       
                                  2                                       
4.08 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 4      2.49 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 4                                   
4.05 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 6      2.47 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 3                                   
3.98 ± -.05                                                            
          10         2.46 ± 0.02                                       
                                  2                                       
3.85 ± 0.05                                                            
          2          2.45 ± 0.03                                       
                                  0 - 2                                   
3.81 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 4      2.02 ± 0.02                                       
                                  0.5                                     
3.77 ± 0.05                                                            
          2          1.95 ± 0.02                                       
                                   0.05                                   
3.47 ± 0.03                                                            
          7          1.87 ± 0.02                                       
                                  0.5                                     
3.34 ± 0.10                                                            
          0 - 8      1.81 ± 0.02                                       
                                  0 - 2                                   
3.35 ± 0.03                                                            
          5          1.72 ± 0.02                                       
                                  0.5                                     
3.22 ± 0.03                                                            
          4                                                               
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     X-ray diffraction patterns and the values of relative intensity 10 I/Io are somewhat varied depending upon test equipment, humidity, temperature to be tested and arrangement of crystals. In the tables above, a standard method was used. That is, radiation which was made by Kα-doublet of Cu was measured using a Geiger counter spectrometer equipped with a strip chart pen recorder. The maximum value and the position as 2θ (wherein θ represents a Bragg angle) were read by a spectrometer chart. Based on the values, the relative intensities represented by: 
     
         10 × I/Io 
    
     wherein Io is an intensity of the strongest line and/or an intensity of d(obs), the interplanar spacing in A corresponding to the record lines, was corrected. 
     The material having an X-ray diffraction pattern shown in Table A occurs mainly in the Tohoku and Chugoku districts in Japan. The material defined in Table B occurs mainly in the Tohoku and Kyushu districts in Japan. 
     To prepare the catalyst of this invention, the carrier is prepared by grindng into powders of greater than 50 mesh, preferbly 2 to 10 mesh, rocks which are the naturally-occurring inorganic material defined above. 
     In the treatment of a gaseous mixture containg dilute NO x  using the catalyst of this invention, it is sufficient to contact the gaseous mixture with the catalyst of this invention, whereby reduction of NO x  proceeds satisfactorily. However, if reducing agents such as H 2 , CH 3  OH (methanol), NH 3 , CO, paraffins, olefins, etc. are added to the gaseous mixture in a small amount, reduction rate of NO x  (i.e., rate of removing NO x ) and reaction rate thereof are extremely accelerated. The system is hardly influenced by H 2  O, CO 2  and O 2  which are generally contained in the gaseous mixture in a large amount. The catalyst of the invention has such an extremely high selectivity that only NO x  is reduced without influenced by O 2 . Further, reduction rate is not affected even if SO 2  of about 1000 ppm co-exists in the system. Even when the reducing agent is contained either in a far lower amount or, a larger amount than a stoichiometric amount of NO x , reducing rate is very high and NH 3  content in waste gas is small. Accordingly, it is unnecessary to vary the amount of reducing agent depending upon change of NO x  content in waste gas. 
     Immersion treatment in the present invention is advantageously performed at temperatures of from 10° to 100° C, preferably 60° to 100° C, more preferably 90° to 100° C, for 5 to 120 mins. 
     Heat treatment after immersion treatment can be advantageously performed at temperatures of from 100° to 700° C, preferrably 200° to 400° C. 
     Selective reduction rate of NO x  can further be improved when the aforementioned naturally-occurring inorganic material is used as a carrier after being subjected to pre-treatment with a solution containing ammonium ions, as for example, an aqueous ammonium chloride solution. Definite proof is lacking but the function is assumed to be based on that not only ammonium ions are substituted for metal ions originally present in the naturally occurring material but also the ammonium ions improve the affinity of metal-carried catalysts per se and therefore the effect of the metal is accelerated. 
     If the naturally occurring tuff is alternatively treated with hydrochloric acid similar to the pre-treatment with ammonium ions, the catalyst is particularly effective for removing NO x  from exhaust gas containing SO 2 . In more detail, the naturally occurring tuff in a powdery form is washed with 2N hydrochloric acid using a Soxhlet&#39;s extractor, preferably at 100° C for 30-92 hours. The HCl treated catalyst can satisfactorily prolong its life time even if exhaust gas to be treated contains substantial proportions of SO 2  gas therein. 
     In using the catalyst of the present invention, reaction temperatures for reducing NO x  can be in the range of 200° to 380° C in order to obtain a denitration rate of greater than 90% at a space velocity of 10,000 hr -1 . The temperature range is thus broadened to a 180° C difference. The temperature &#34;380° C&#34; refers to the temperature indicated by combustion waste gas from a boiler for generation of electricity. As compared to catalysts which have been proposed and are obtained by immersion treatment with the same kind of metal as previous treatment and repeating the same twice, the temperature range of the catalysts of this invention is broadened by a 90° C range towards the lower temperature side. Further, life cycle of catalysts can further be extended. 
     The results of life test indicate that a life period of the catalyst of this invention is very long. In addition, the catalyst is inexpensive. Therefore, the cost to remove NO x  can be reduced. The present invention provides excellent catalyst for removing NO x . 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A naturally-occurring inorganic material having an X-ray diffraction pattern shown in Table B hereinabove was ground into a powder of 6 to 8 mesh. The powder was immersed in a 1 mol/l aqueous copper nitrate solution at 100° C for 30 mins. and then heat-treated at 400° C in the air. Thereafter, the heat-treated powder was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 1 mol/l of iron nitrate and 0.2 mol/l of manganese nitrate at 100° C for 60 mins., which was followed by heat treatment in the air. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A naturally-occurring inorganic material having an X-ray diffraction pattern shown in Table A was ground into powder of 6 to 8 mesh. The powder was immersed in a 1 mol/l aqueous copper nitrate solution at 100° C. for 30 mins. and then heat-treated. The heat-treated powders was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 1 mol/l of iron nitrate and 0.2 mol/l of chromium nitrate at 100° C. for 60 mins., which was followed by heat treatment in the air. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     A naturally-occurring inorganic material having an X-ray diffraction pattern shown in Table A was ground into a powder of 6 to 8 mesh. After the powder was pretreated with 1 mol/l aqueous ammonium chloride solution at normal temperature for 30 mins., the pre-treated powder was immersed in a 1 mol/l aqueous copper nitrate solution at 100° C. for 30 min. followed by heat treatment in the air. The heat-treated powder was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 1 mol/l of iron nitrate and 0.2 mol/l of manganese nitrate at 100° C for 60 mins., followed by heat treatment in the air. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A naturally-occurring inorganic material having an X-ray diffraction pattern shown in Table A was ground into powder of 6 to 8 mesh. The powder was immersed in a 1 mol/l aqueous copper nitrate solution at 100° C for 30 mins. followed by heat treatment in the air. The heat-treated powders were immersed in an aqueous solution containing 1 mol/l of iron nitrate and 0.2 mol/l of manganese nitrate at 100° C for 60 mins, which was followed by heat treatment in the air. 
     TEST EXAMPLE 1 
     A packed column having a diameter of 28 mm. and a length of 100-150 mm. was employed as the equipment for the test. Using the catalysts obtained in Examples 1 through 4, reduction test of NO x  in a sample gas comprising 10% of CO 2 , 1% of O 2 , 10% of H 2  O and the remaining of N 2  and NO x  was performed to examine temperature characteristics of the catalysts. The space velocity was 10,000 hr -1 . The results are shown in Table 1. 
     
                       Table 1                                                     
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                           Inlet                                          
                                Outlet                                    
                                      Reduction                           
        NH.sub.3                                                          
                Temperature                                               
                           NO   NO    Rate                                
Catalyst                                                                  
        (ppm)   (° C)                                              
                           (ppm)                                          
                                (ppm) (%)                                 
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Catalyst of                                                               
        130     285        103  2.2   97.9                                
Ex. 1   130     310        103  0.77  99.3                                
        130     350        103  0.43  99.6                                
        130     380        103  0.61  99.4                                
Catalyst of                                                               
        130     285        108  5.0   95.4                                
Ex. 2   130     305        108  2.5   97.7                                
        130     325        108  1.5   98.6                                
        130     355        108  1.7   98.4                                
Catalyst of                                                               
        130     250        115  14.9  87.0                                
Ex. 3   130     270        115  7.9   93.1                                
        130     290        115  4.6   96.0                                
        130     310        115  1.9   98.3                                
        130     330        115  0.9   99.2                                
        130     350        115  0.6   99.5                                
        130     370        115  0.4   99.6                                
Catalyst of                                                               
        130     240        107  11.2  89.5                                
Ex. 4   130     270        107  5.2   95.1                                
        130     285        107  3.0   97.2                                
        130     305        107  1.6   98.5                                
        130     325        107  0.9   99.2                                
        130     345        107  0.7   99.4                                
        130     365        107  0.8   99.3                                
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     TEST EXAMPLE 2 
     Using the catalysts obtained in Examples 1 and 2, life cycle of the catalysts was examined utilizing combustion waste gas of LNG under the conditions shown below. A reactor having an inner diameter of 55 mm. and a length of 150 mm. used. The catalyst in the reactor was in a thickness of 100 mm. 
     Space Velocity: 10,000 hr -1   
     Temperature: 320°-330° C 
     Inlet NO x  : 50-60 ppm 
     Nh 3  /no x  : 1.0-1.5 in a molar ratio 
     O 2  : 3-4% 
     the results are shown in Table 2. 
     
                                           Table 2                                 
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                  Immediately After                                       
Reaction Time     Initiation of                                           
(hr)              Reaction   200                                          
                                400                                       
                                   600                                    
                                      800                                 
                                         1000                             
                                            1200                          
                                               1400                       
                                                   1600                   
                                                       1800               
                                                           2000           
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         Catalyst                                                         
         of Ex. 1 99.0       98.7                                         
                                98.5                                      
                                   98.0                                   
                                      97.6                                
                                         97.5                             
                                            96.0                          
                                               95.8                       
                                                   95.2                   
                                                       94.6               
                                                           92.4           
Reduction                                                                 
Rate                                                                      
         Catalyst                                                         
         of Ex. 2 98.5       98.4                                         
                                98.0                                      
                                   97.3                                   
                                      96.2                                
                                         93.7                             
                                            90.5                          
                                               87.0                       
                                                   86.3                   
                                                       85.5               
                                                           83.1           
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     TEST EXAMPLES 3 AND 4 
     Using the catalysts obtained in Examples 3 and 4, life cycle of the catalysts was examined, respectively, with combustion waste gas of LNG under the conditions shown below. A reactor having an inner diameter of 200 mm. and a length of 300 mm. was employed, in which each of the catalysts was filled to a thickness of 100 mm. 
     Space Velocity: 10,000 hr -1   
     Temperature: Test Example 3, 320° - 325° C; Test Example 4, 310° - 330° C 
     Inlet NO x  : 100 -150 ppm 
     Nh 3  /no x  : Test Example 3, 0.8-1.0 in a molar ratio; Test Example 14, 1.0  in a molar ratio 
     O 2  : 1-4% 
     the results are shown in Table 3 below. 
     
                                           Table 3                                 
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             Immediately                                                  
      After                                                               
Relative                                                                  
      Initiation of                                                       
Time (hr)                                                                 
      Reaction                                                            
             200     250                                                  
                        400                                               
                           500                                            
                              600                                         
                                 750                                      
                                    800                                   
                                       1000                               
                                          1250                            
                                             1500                         
                                                1750                      
                                                   2000                   
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                                                   (contin.)              
Reduction                                                                 
      Test   99.7       99.8  99.6  99.4  99.3                            
                                             99.1                         
                                                98.7                      
                                                   98.4                   
                                                      98.2                
Rate  Example 3                                                           
      Test                                                                
      Example 4                                                           
             96.0    94.8  93.5  92.0  91.1                               
                                          90.5                            
                                             -- -- -- --                  
Relative                                                                  
Time (hr)               2500  3000  4000                                  
                                       5000  6000                         
                                                7000  8000                
Reduction                                                                 
     Test                                                                 
Rate Example 3          95.7  95.5  95.5                                  
                                       95.5  95.4                         
                                                95.2  95.4                
     Test                                                                 
     Example 4          --    --    -- --    -- --    --                  
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     The naturally occurring tuff powders were treated using different kinds of metal ions as indicated below. Unless otherwise indicated, the tuff having an X-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Table A and the following conditions were used in the examples hereinbelow: 
     Powder Size: 6 - 8 mesh 
     Amount of Metal Ion Solution: 200 ml. per 100 g. of tuff 
     Heat Treatment: 250° - 300° C. 
     Space Velocity: 15,000 hr -1   
     First Immersion in Metal Ion Solution: 100° C., 30 mins. 
     Second Immersion in Metal Ion Solution: 100° C., 1 hr. 
     Composition of Sample Gas: 
     No: 115 ppm 
     Nh 3  : 130 ppm 
     Co 2  : 10% 
     h 2  o: 10% 
     o 2  : 1% 
     n 2  : balance 
     Similar results were obtained even when the amount of inlet NO x  was varied from 50 to 200 ppm. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     The tuff powders were immersed in a 1 mol/l aqueous NH 4  Cl solution at normal temperature for 30 mins. The pretreated tuff was immersed in 1 mol/l Cu(NO 3 ) 2 . After heat treatment, the tuff was further immersed in a liquid mixture of 1 mol/l Fe(NO 3 ) 3  and 0.2 mol/l Mn(NO 3 ) 2 . The tuff thus treated was again subjected to heat treatment to give a catalyst. 
     Using the thus obtained catalyst, the reduction rate was examined. The results are shown in the Table 3 below. 
     
                       Table 3                                                     
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Temperature (° C)                                                  
            250    270    290  310  330  350  370                         
Reduction Rate (%)                                                        
            87.0   93.1   96.0 98.3 99.2 99.5 99.6                        
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     EXAMPLE 6 
     The catalyst was obtained in a manner similar to Example 5 except that the pre-treatment with ammonium chloride was omitted and a liquid mixture of 1 mol/l Mn(NO 3 ) 3  and Fe(NO 3 ) 3  was used at the second immersion. The results are shown in Table 4. 
     
                       Table 4                                                     
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Temperature (° C)                                                  
              285      310      330    350                                
Reduction Rate (%)                                                        
              95.1     97.7     98.2   95.4                               
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     EXAMPLE 7 
     The catalyst was obtained in a manner similar to Example 5 except that the pre-treatment with ammonium chloride was omitted and a liquid mixture of 1 mol/l Mn(NO 3 ) 3  and Fe(NO 3 ) 3  was used at the second immersion. The results are shown in Table 5. 
     
                       Table 5                                                     
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Temperature (° C)                                                  
             285     310     330   350   360                              
Reduction Rate (%)                                                        
             95.8    97.5    98.3  98.2  97.3                             
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     EXAMPLE 8 
     The catalyst was obtained in a manner similar to Example 5 except that the pre-treatment with ammonium chloride was omitted and a liquid mixture of 1 mol/l Mn(NO 3 ) 3  and Ni(NO 3 ) 3  was used at the second immersion. 
     Using the catalyst the reduction rate was examined. The results are shown in Table 6. 
     
                       Table 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Temperature (° C)                                                  
             285     305     335   355   375                              
Reduction Rate (%)                                                        
             95.9    98.1    99.2  99.3  98.7                             
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     EXAMPLE 9 
     The catalyst was obtained in a manner similar to Example 5 except that the pre-treatment with ammonium chloride was omitted and 1 mol/l Fe(NO 3 ) 3  was used at the second immersion. 
     Using the catalyst, the reduction rate was examined. The results are shown in Table 7. 
     
                       Table 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Temperature 245    265    285  305  345  365  385                         
(° C)                                                              
Reduction                                                                 
Rate (%)    90.0   94.9   97.5 99.0 99.4 99.4 97.5                        
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     EXAMPLE 10 
     The catalyst was obtained in a manner similar to Example 5 except that the pretreatment with ammonium chloride was omitted and a liquid mixture of 1 mol/l Ni(NO 3 ) 3  and 1 mol/l Cu(NO 3 ) 3  was used at the second immersion. 
     Using the catalyst the reduction rate was examined. The results are shown in Table 8. 
     
                       Table 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Temperature (° C)                                                  
             280      300      320    340                                 
Reduction Rate (%)                                                        
             80.2     86.1     88.8   84.9                                
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     EXAMPLE 11 
     The tuff powders were immersed in a liquid mixture of 1 mol/l Cr(NO 3 ) 3  and 1 mol/l Fe(NO.sub. 3) 3 . Thereafter, the tuff was subjected to heat treatment to give a catalyst. 
     Using the thus obtained catalyst, the reduction rate was examined. The results are shown in Table 9. 
     
                       Table 9                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Temperature (° C)                                                  
             280     300     320   340   360                              
Reduction Rate (%)                                                        
             67.0    79.8    84.6  86.8  81.4                             
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     EXAMPLE 12 
     The tuff powders were first immersed in 1 mol/l Cu(NO 3 ) 3  at 100° C. for 1 hr., which was followed by heat treatment. The tuff was secondly immersed in 1 mol/l Fe(NO 3 ) 3  at 100° C. for 1 hr., which was followed by heat treatment. Finally, the tuff was immersed in 1 mol/l Mn(NO 3 ) 2  at 100° C. for 1 hr. which was again followed by heat treatment to give a catalyst. 
     Using the thus obtained catalyst, the reduction rate was examined. The results are shown in Table 10. 
     
                       Table 10                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Temperature (° C)                                                  
            260    280    300  320  340  360  380                         
Reduction Rate (%)                                                        
            82.1   88.5   94.8 97.8 98.8 99.1 98.8                        
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     EXAMPLE 13 
     The tuff powders were immersed in 1 mol/l NH 4  VO 3  at 100° C. for 1 hr., which was followed by heat treatment. The tuff was again immersed in 1 mol/l Fe(NO 3 ) 3  at 100° C. for 1 hr., which was followed by heat treatment to give a catalyst. Using the catalyst the reduction rate was examined. Sample gas further contained 500 ppm of SO 2 . The results are shown in Table 11. 
     
                       Table 11                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Temperature (° C)                                                  
             250      290      330    370                                 
Reduction Rate (%)                                                        
             50.5     92.7     99.7   99.8                                
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     EXAMPLE 14 
     The tuff powders were washed with 2N HCl at 100° C for 30 hours using a Soxhlet&#39;s extractor and then washed with water. The tuff was immersed in NH 4  VO 3  at 100° C for 1 hour, which was followed by heat treatment. The tuff was then immersed in 1 mol/l Fe(NO 3 ) 3  at 100° C for 1 hour. The tuff was subjected to heat treatment to give a catalyst. 
     Usng the thus obtained tuff, the reduction rate was examined. The sample gas having the same composition as in Example 13 was used. The results are shown in Table 12. 
     
                       Table 12                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Temperature (° C)                                                  
             285      325      365    405                                 
Reduction rate (%)                                                        
             94.3     99.4     99.8   99.8                                
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     EXAMPLE 15 
     The tuff powders having an X-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Table B, of 8-12 mesh, were treated in a manner similar to Example 13 to give a catalyst. 
     Using the thus obtained catalyst, the reduction rate was examined. The composition of sample gas was as follows: 
     So 2  : 500 ppm 
     Co 2  : 10% 
     h 2  o: 10% 
     o 2  : 1% 
     no: 100 ppm 
     Nh 3  : 130 ppm 
     N 2  : balance 
     The space velocity was 10,000 H -1 . The results are shown in Table 13. 
     
                       Table 13                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Temperature                                                               
(° C)  225    265    285  305  325  345                            
Reduction                                                                 
Rate (%)      47.6   82.8   91.4 97.2 99.0 99.7                           
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     EXAMPLE 16 
     Using the catalyst obtained in Example 14, the reduction rate in A heavy oil combustion exhaust gas (which contained 400 ppm of SO 2  and 110-150 ppm of NO x ) while modifying operation time was examined. The following conditions were used: 
     Space Velocity: 10,000 hr -1   
     Temperature: 360° - 390° C. 
     Nh 3  /no x  : 1-2 in a molar ratio 
     The results are shown in Table 14. 
     
                       Table 14                                                    
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Operation Time (hr.)                                                      
                0         300       600                                   
Reduction Rate (%)                                                        
                98.8      94.5      96.1                                  
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     As can be seen from the results above, deterioration of the catalyst was minimal.