Patent Publication Number: US-2023162970-A1

Title: Cleaning liquid nozzle, cleaning apparatus, and method of manufacturing semiconductor device using the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This U.S. nonprovisional application is a Continuation of co-pending U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 17/650,710, filed on Feb. 11, 2022, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/201,654, filed on Nov. 27, 2018, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2018-0053886 filed on May 10, 2018 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to semiconductor device manufacturing and, more specifically, to a cleaning liquid nozzle, a cleaning apparatus, and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device using the same. 
     DISCUSSION OF THE RELATED ART 
     Modern semiconductor devices have a high degree of integration. As such, these devices have fine patterns, multi-layered circuits, and so forth. As semiconductor device fabrication may lead to contamination of the patterns by particles which are released during processing, various cleaning processes for removing these contaminating particles have been developed. These cleaning processes may include a wet cleaning process and/or a dry cleaning process. In particular, deionized water is often used to perform the wet cleaning process. 
     SUMMARY 
     A cleaning apparatus includes a gas supply line providing a gas. A cleaning liquid supply line provides a cleaning liquid. A nozzle is connected to both the gas supply line and the cleaning liquid supply line. The nozzle is configured to apply the cleaning liquid to a substrate. The nozzle includes a nozzle body. A gas entrance port is disposed at a top end of the nozzle body and is connected to the gas supply line. A first cleaning liquid entrance port is disposed on a first sidewall of the nozzle body and is connected to the cleaning liquid supply line. A fluid injection port is disposed at a bottom end of the nozzle body and is configured to discharge both the gas and the cleaning liquid. An internal passage is disposed within the nozzle body. The internal passage connects each of the gas entrance port and the first cleaning liquid entrance port to the fluid injection port. The fluid injection port has a diameter that is greater than a diameter of the first cleaning liquid entrance port. 
     A cleaning liquid nozzle includes a nozzle body. A gas entrance port is disposed at a top end of the nozzle body. The gas entrance port is connected to a gas supply line configured to provide a gas. A cleaning liquid entrance port is disposed on a sidewall of the nozzle body and is connected to a cleaning liquid supply line configured to provide a cleaning liquid. A fluid injection port is disposed at a bottom end of the nozzle body. The fluid injection port is configured to discharge the gas and the cleaning liquid. An internal passage is disposed in the nozzle body. The internal passage connects both the gas entrance port and the cleaning liquid entrance port to the fluid injection port. The fluid injection port has a diameter that is less than a diameter of the gas entrance port and greater than a diameter of the cleaning liquid entrance port. 
     A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes polishing a substrate. A gas is provided from a gas supply line to a nozzle via a gas entrance port of the nozzle. The gas entrance port is disposed at a top end of the nozzle. A cleaning liquid is provided to the polished substrate in the form of a spray emanating from a fluid injection port of the nozzle. The cleaning liquid is supplied from a cleaning liquid supply line and the cleaning liquid enters the nozzle via a cleaning liquid entrance port that is disposed on a sidewall of the nozzle. The fluid injection port is disposed at a bottom end of the nozzle. The gas is carried from the gas entrance port to the fluid injection port by an internal passage of the nozzle and the cleaning liquid is carried from the cleaning liquid entrance port to the fluid injection port by the internal passage of the nozzle. A diameter of the fluid injection port is greater than a diameter of the cleaning liquid entrance port. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the present disclosure and many of the attendant aspects thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    is a plan view illustrating a semiconductor device manufacturing facility according, to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept; 
         FIG.  2    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cleaning apparatus shown in  FIG.  1    according to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept; 
         FIG.  3    is a table illustrating an influence on particle removal efficiency based on cleaning liquid pressure and gas pressure; 
         FIG.  4    is a graph illustrating an influence on particle removal efficiency based on height of a nozzle relative to a substrate: 
         FIG.  5    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a nozzle shown in  FIG.  2    according to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept; 
         FIG.  6    is a graph illustrating an influence on particle removal efficiency based on a ratio of a third diameter of a fluid injection port to a second diameter of a first cleaning liquid entrance port; 
         FIG.  7    is a graph illustrating an influence on particle removal efficiency based on a ratio of a first diameter of a gas entrance port to a third diameter of a fluid injection port; 
         FIG.  8    is a graph illustrating an influence on particle removal efficiency based on a ratio of first and second lengths; 
         FIG.  9    is a graph illustrating an influence on particle removal efficiency based on a ratio of a third length to a second length; 
         FIG.  10    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a nozzle shown in  FIG.  2    according to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept; 
         FIG.  11    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a nozzle shown in  FIG.  2    according to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept; 
         FIGS.  12  and  13    are exploded and combined perspective views illustrating various elements of  FIG.  11    according to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept; and 
         FIG.  14    is a flow chart illustrating a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     In describing exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for sake of clarity. However, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner. 
       FIG.  1    is a plan view illustrating a semiconductor device manufacturing facility  100  according to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , the manufacturing facility  100  may include wet cleaning equipment or wet etching equipment. Alternatively, the manufacturing facility  100  may include chemical mechanical polishing equipment. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the manufacturing facility  100  may include an index apparatus  110 , a transfer apparatus  120 , a polishing apparatus  130 , and a cleaning apparatus  140 . 
     The index apparatus  110  may temporarily store a carrier  118 . The carrier  118  may load a substrate W. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept the index apparatus  110  may include a load port  112  and a transfer frame  114 , The load port  112  may accommodate the carrier  118 . The carrier  116  may include a front opening unified pod (FOUP). The transfer frame  114  may have an index arm  116 . The index arm  116  may retrieve the substrate W from the carrier  118  and deliver the substrate W to the transfer apparatus  120 . Alternatively, or additionally, the index arm  116  may bring the substrate W into the carrier  118 . 
     The transfer apparatus  120  may transfer the substrate W to the polishing apparatus  130  and the cleaning apparatus  140 . According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the transfer apparatus  120  may include a buffer chamber  122  and a transfer chamber  124 . The buffer chamber  122  may be disposed between the transfer frame  114  and the transfer chamber  124 . The buffer chamber  122  may include a buffer arm  123 , The buffer arm  123  may receive the substrate W from the index arm  116 , The transfer chamber  124  may be disposed between the polishing apparatus  130  and the cleaning apparatus  140 . The transfer chamber  124  may include a transfer arm  125 . The transfer arm  125  may provide the polishing apparatus  130  with the substrate W on the buffer arm  123 . The transfer arm  125  may transfer the substrate W from the polishing apparatus  130  to the cleaning apparatus  140 . The transfer arm  125  may also transfer the substrate W from the cleaning apparatus  140  to the buffer arm  123 . The buffer arm  123  may transfer the substrate W to the index arm  116 . 
     The polishing apparatus  130  may be disposed on one side of the transfer chamber  124 . The polishing apparatus  130  may polish the substrate W. For example, the polishing apparatus  130  may be a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) apparatus. Alternatively, the polishing apparatus  130  may be disposed on a distal end of the transfer chamber  124 , wherein the distal end faces the buffer chamber  122 . 
     The cleaning apparatus  140  may be disposed on another side of the transfer chamber  124 . The cleaning apparatus  140  may clean and/or etch the substrate W. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept the cleaning apparatus  140  may wet-clean the substrate W. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the cleaning apparatus  140  may dry-clean the substrate W. 
     A drying apparatus may be provided between the buffer chamber  122  and the polishing apparatus  130  or between the buffer chamber  122  and the cleaning apparatus  140 . The drying apparatus may dry the substrate W. For example, the drying apparatus may include a supercritical drying apparatus. Alternatively, the drying apparatus may include a baking and/or a heating device. 
       FIG.  2    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of the cleaning apparatus  140  shown in  FIG.  1   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , the cleaning apparatus  140  may include a chuck  410 , a bowl  420 , an arm  430 , a nozzle  440 , a cleaning liquid supply  450 , and a gas supply  460 . 
     The chuck  410  may load the substrate W. The chuck.  410  may rotate the substrate W. For example, the chuck  410  may rotate the substrate W at a rate within a range of about 10 rpm to about 6000 rpm. As the chuck  410  rotates the substrate W, centrifugal force may cause a cleaning liquid  452  to move along the substrate W. The cleaning liquid  452  may thereby clean the substrate W. 
     The bowl  420  may surround the substrate W. The cleaning liquid  452  may move from the substrate W toward the bowl  420 . The bowl  420  may catch the cleaning liquid  452  that is spun from the substrate W during rotation. The bowl  420  may then drain the cleaning liquid  452  below the chuck  410 , The bowl  420  may prevent contamination of the substrate W. 
     The arm  430  may be fixedly disposed outside of the bowl  420  and may extend onto the chuck  410 , The nozzle  440  may be connected to a tip of the arm  430 . The arm  430  may drive the nozzle  440  to move from a center of the substrate W toward an edge of the substrate W. 
     The nozzle  440  may use the cleaning liquid  452  to clean the substrate W. The cleaning liquid  452  may be provided onto the substrate W in the form of droplets or as a mist. For example, the nozzle  440  may produce a spray  442  of the cleaning liquid  452 , The spray  442  may be provided onto the substrate W. As the nozzle  440  sweeps over the substrate W, the spray  442  may remove particles  412  from the substrate W. 
     The cleaning liquid supply  450  may be connected to the nozzle  440 . The cleaning liquid supply  450  may provide the nozzle  440  with the cleaning liquid  452 , The cleaning liquid supply  450  may provide the cleaning liquid  452  at a pressure within a range of about 1 to 10 bars. The cleaning liquid  452  may include deionized water containing carbon dioxide ((CO 2 ). 
     The gas supply  460  may be connected to the nozzle  440 . The gas supply  460  may provide the nozzle  440  with a gas  462 . The gas  462  may include a nitrogen gas. Alternatively, the gas  462  may include an inert gas of argon. 
     The gas  462  and the cleaning liquid  452  may be delivered to the nozzle  440  under pressure. 
       FIG.  3    is a table illustrating how particle removal efficiency is influenced by the pressure of the cleaning liquid  452  and the pressure of the gas  462 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , when the pressure of the gas  462  is equal to or greater than about 3 bars, the particle removal efficiency (PRE) may be equal to or greater than about 80%. When the pressure of the gas  462  is equal to or less than about 2 bars, no particle removal efficiency may be obtained. This may indicate that, when the pressure of the gas  462  is equal to or less than about 2 bars, the cleaning liquid  452  might not be converted into the spray  442 , which may result in reduction in particle removal efficiency. A field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) may be used to determine the particle removal efficiency before and after a suspension of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is cleaned on the substrate W. For example, the particle removal efficiency may be expressed by a percentage of a cleaning area of the substrate W (e.g. a cleaned area from which the particles  412  are removed) to a whole area of the substrate W (e.g., a contaminated area by the particles  412 ). 
     According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, a threshold value of the particle removal efficiency may be set to about 98%. The threshold value of the particle removal efficiency may be used as a criterion for determining normality of a cleaning process. For example, when the pressure of the gas  462  is about 4 bars, and when the pressure of the cleaning liquid  452  is about 2 bars, the particle removal efficiency may be about 98.8% greater than the threshold value. The pressure of the cleaning liquid  452  may be proportional to a consumption amount of the cleaning liquid  452 . In addition, the pressure of the gas  462  may be proportional to a consumption amount of the gas  462 . When the pressure of the gas  462  is about 4 bars, and when the pressure of the cleaning liquid  452  is about 2 bars, the consumption amount of each of the cleaning liquid  452  and the gas  462  may be minimal, and productivity of a cleaning process may be maximized. When the pressure of the gas  462  is equal to or greater than about 5 bars, and when the pressure of the cleaning liquid  452  is equal to or greater than about 3 bars, the particle removal efficiency may be increased to about 98% or higher. However, the consumption amount of each of the cleaning liquid  452  and the gas  462  may become increased, and the productivity of a cleaning process may become reduced. 
       FIG.  4    is a graph illustrating how particle removal efficiency is influenced by a height H of the nozzle  440  relative to the substrate W. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , when the height H of the nozzle  440  is equal to or less than about 2 cm, the particle removal efficiency may be equal to or greater than about 98%. When the height H of the nozzle  440  is equal to or greater than about 2.5 cm, the particle removal efficiency may be reduced to about 96% or lower. 
       FIG.  5    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of the nozzle  440  shown in  FIG.  2   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , the nozzle  440  may include a two-fluid nozzle and/or an air atomizing nozzle. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the nozzle  440  may include a nozzle body  470 , a gas entrance port  480 , a first cleaning liquid entrance port  490 , a fluid injection port  500 , and an internal passage  510 . 
     The nozzle body  470  may be formed of a conductive material such as a metal or carbon nanotubes. The nozzle body  470  may be electrically grounded. The nozzle body  470  may have a length L ranging from about 70 mm to about 100 mm, A first cleaning liquid line fitting  454  and a gas line fitting  464  may be coupled to the nozzle body  470 . The first cleaning liquid line fitting  454  may be connected to the cleaning liquid supply  450  through a liquid line, and the gas line fitting  464  may be connected to the gas supply  460  through a gas line. 
     The gas entrance port  480  may be disposed at a top end of the nozzle body  470 . The gas entrance port  480  may be disposed in a second direction y. The gas line fitting  464  may be engaged within the gas entrance port  480 . The gas entrance port  480  may have a first diameter D 1  ranging from about 3 mm to about 8 mm. 
     The first cleaning liquid entrance port  490  may be disposed on one sidewall of the nozzle body  470 . The first cleaning liquid entrance port  490  may be disposed in a first direction x that is different from the second direction y. For example, the first direction x and the second direction y may be orthogonal. The first cleaning liquid line fitting  454  may be mounted on the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490 . The first cleaning liquid entrance port  490  may have a second diameter D 2  that is less than the first diameter D 1  of the gas entrance port  480 . For example, the second diameter D 2  of the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490  may fall within a range from about 2.5 mm to about 3 mm. When the second diameter D 2  of the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490  is greater than about 3 mm, the cleaning liquid  452  may be largely consumed. 
     The fluid injection port  500  may be disposed at a bottom end of the nozzle body  470 . The fluid injection port  500  may be disposed in the same direction in which the gas entrance port  480  is disposed. For example, the fluid injection port  500  may be disposed in the second direction y. The fluid injection port  500  may discharge or inject the gas  462  and the cleaning liquid  452 . According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the fluid injection port  500  may have a third diameter D 3  that is less than the first diameter D 1  of the gas entrance port  480  and greater than the second diameter D of the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490 . For example, the third diameter D 3  may fall within a range from about 3 mm to about 4.5 mm, which is about 1-2 to 1.5 times greater than the second diameter D 2 . 
       FIG.  6    is a graph illustrating how particle removal efficiency is influenced by a ratio of the third diameter D 3 , of the fluid injection port  500  to the second diameter D 2  of the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , when the ratio of the third diameter D; to the second diameter D 2  is in a range of about 1.0 to about 1.4 (e.g., 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4), the particle removal efficiency may fall within a range equal to or greater than the threshold value, which ranges from about 98% to about 99.9% (e.g., 99.9%, 98%, and 98% as designated by reference numerals  11 ,  12 , and  13 ). For example, the second diameter D 2  of the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490  may be in a range of about 2.5 mm to about 3.0 mm, and the third diameter D; of the fluid injection port  500  may be in a range of about 2.5 mm to about 4.2 mm. 
     When the ratio of the third diameter D 3  to the second diameter D 2  is about 1.5, the particle removal efficiency may be about 76%, as designated by a reference numeral  14 , which is less than the threshold value. For example, when the second diameter D 2  is about 2.5 mm, the third diameter D 3  may be about 3.75 mm. When the second diameter D 2  is about 3 nm, the third diameter D 3  may be about 4.5 mm. 
     When the ratio of the third diameter D to the second diameter D 2  is about 0.6, no particle removal efficiency may be obtained. When the second diameter D 2  is greater than the third diameter D 3 , the particle removal efficiency may become reduced due to the fact that the cleaning liquid  452  is not converted into the spray  442 . 
       FIG.  7    id a graph illustrating how particle removal efficiency is influenced by a ratio of the first diameter D 1  of the gas entrance port  480  to the third diameter D 3  of the fluid injection port  500 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  7   , when the ratio of the first diameter D 1  to the third diameter D 3  is about 2, the particle removal efficiency may be about 99.5%, as designated by a reference numeral  21 , which is greater than the threshold value. The third diameter D 3  may be about 0.5 times the first diameter D 1 . For example, when the third diameter D 3  is about 3 mm, the first diameter D 1  may be about 6 mm. The third diameter D may be about 4.2 mm, and the first diameter D 1  may be about 8.4 mm. When the ratio of the first diameter D 1  to the third diameter D 3  is about 1.7, the particle removal efficiency may be about 99.2%, as designated by a reference numeral  22 , which is greater than the threshold value. The third diameter D 3  may be about 0.4 tines the first diameter D 1 . For example, when the third diameter D 3  is about 3 mm, the first diameter D 1  may be about 5.1 mm. When the third diameter Da is about 4.2 mm, the first diameter D 1  may be about 7.14 mm. When the ratio of the first diameter D 1  to the third diameter D 3  is about 1, 1.3, and 2.3, the particle removal efficiency may be, as designated by reference numerals  23 ,  24 , and  25 , less than the threshold value. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  5   , the internal passage  510  may penetrate the nozzle body  470 . The internal passage  510  may connect both the gas entrance port  480  and the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490  to the fluid injection port  500 . The internal passage  510  may extend in the second direction y. For example, the internal passage  510  may include a fluid supply zone  520  and a fluid acceleration zone  530 . The fluid supply zone  520  may be a region into which the gas  462  and the cleaning liquid  452  are introduced. For example, the fluid supply zone  520  of the internal passage  510  may have a diameter that is the same as the first diameter D 1  of the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490 . For example, the fluid supply zone  520  may include a gas supply zone  522  and a fluid mixture zone  524 . The gas supply zone  522  may be disposed on the fluid mixture zone  524 . The gas supply zone  522  may have a first length L 1  from the gas entrance port  480  to a center of the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490 . The first length L 1  may be in a range of about 5 mm to about 15 mm. 
     The fluid mixture zone  524  may be disposed between the gas supply zone  522  and the fluid acceleration zone  530 . The fluid mixture zone  524  may have a second length L 2  from the center of the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490  to the fluid acceleration zone  530 . The second length L 2  may be in a range of about 5 mm to about 15 mm. 
       FIG.  8    is a graph illustrating how particle removal efficiency is influenced by a ratio of the first and second lengths L 1  and L 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , when the first length L 1  is about 5 mm and the second length L 2  is about 15 mm, the particle removal efficiency may be about 99.9%, as designated by a reference numeral  31 , which is greater than the threshold value. The second length L 2  may be about 3 times greater than the first length L 1 . When each of the first and second lengths L 1  and L 2  is about 15 mm, the particle removal efficiency may be about 99.5%, as designated by a reference numeral  32 , which is greater than the threshold value. When the first length L 1  is about 15 mm and the second length L 2  is about 5 mm, the particle removal efficiency may be about 95%, as designated by a reference numeral  33 , less than the threshold value. The second length Ly may be less than about one-third the first length L 1 . When each of the first and second lengths L 1  and L 2  is about 5 mm, the particle removal efficiency may be about 94% as designated by a reference numeral  34 . When the second length L 2  of the fluid mixture zone  524  less than about 15 mm, the fluid mixture zone  524  may reduce a mixing time for the gas  462  and the cleaning liquid  452 , which may result in decrease in production amount of the spray  442 . 
     Referring again to  FIG.  5   , the fluid acceleration zone  530  may be disposed between the fluid mixture zone  524  and the fluid injection port  500 . The fluid acceleration zone  530  may have a third length L 3 . The third length L may be in a range of about 50 mm to about 100 mm. The fluid acceleration zone  530  may accelerate the flow of the gas  462  and the cleaning liquid  452 . 
       FIG.  9    is a graph illustrating how particle removal efficiency is influenced by a ratio of the third length L 3  to the second length L 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , when the ratio of the third length L 3  to the second length L 2  is about 3, the particle removal efficiency may be about 99%, as designated by a reference numeral  41 , which is greater than the threshold value. The third length L 3  may be about 3 times greater than the second length L 2 . For example, when the second length L 2  is about 15 mm, the third length L 3  may fall within a range from about 40 mm to about 50 mm. When the first length L 1  is about 5 mm, the second length La is about 15 mm, and the third length L 3  is in a range of about 40 mm to about 50 mm, a ratio of the sum L 1 +L 2  of the first and second lengths L 1  and L 2  to the third length L 3  may fall within a range from about 2 to about 2.5. 
     When the ratio of the third length La to the second length L 2  is about 0.3, 1, 5, and 6.7, the particle removal efficiency may be about 95% or less, as designated by reference numerals  42 ,  43 ,  44 , and  45 , which is less than the threshold value. When the ratio of the third length L 3  to the second length L 2  is greater than about 3.3, the particle removal, efficiency may become decreased, as designated by reference numerals  44  and  45 , due to reduction in the fluid velocity of the gas  462  and the cleaning liquid  452 . When the ratio of the third length L 3  to the second length L 2  is less than about 3, the particle removal efficiency may become decreased, as designated by reference numerals  42  and  43 , due to reduction in directionality of the spray  442 . 
     Referring back again to  FIG.  5   , the fluid acceleration zone  530  of the internal passage  510  may have a diameter that is the same as the third diameter D 3  of the fluid injection port  500 . For example, the fluid acceleration zone  530  of the internal passage  510  may have a diameter of about 3 mm to about 4.5 mm. 
       FIG.  10    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of the nozzle  440  shown in  FIG.  2   . 
     As stated above, the first cleaning liquid, entrance port  490  may be disposed on one sidewall of the nozzle body  470 . Referring to  FIG.  10   , the nozzle  440  may further include a second cleaning liquid entrance port  492  on another sidewall of the nozzle body  470 . The second cleaning liquid entrance port  492  may be disposed in the same direction in which the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490  is disposed. For example, the first and second cleaning liquid entrance ports  490  and  492  may be disposed in the first direction x. A second cleaning liquid line fitting  456  may be mounted on the second cleaning liquid entrance port  492 . The cleaning liquid  452  may be provided into the internal passage  510  through the second cleaning liquid line pitting  456  and the second cleaning liquid entrance port  492 . The second cleaning liquid entrance port  492  may have a diameter that is the same as the second diameter D 2  of the first cleaning liquid entrance port  490 . For example, the second diameter D 2  of each of the first and second cleaning liquid entrance ports  490  and  492  may fall within a range from about 1.8 mm to about 2.5 mm. The third diameter D 3  of the fluid injection port  500  may be about 1.2 to 1.7 times greater than the second diameter D When the second diameter D 2  is about 1.8 mm, the third diameter D 3  may be about 3 mm. When the second diameter D 2  is about 2.5 mm, the third diameter D 3  may be about 4.25 mm. 
     The gas line fitting  464 , the first cleaning liquid line fitting  454 , the nozzle body  470 , the gas entrance port  480 , the fluid injection port  500 , and the internal passage  510  may be configured identically to those discussed above with reference to  FIG.  5   . 
       FIG.  11    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of the nozzle  440  shown in  FIG.  2   .  FIGS.  12  and  13    are exploded and combined perspective views of  FIG.  11   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  to  13   , the nozzle  440  may include a gas supply block  472  engaged with the nozzle body  470 . According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the gas supply block  472  may have a gas supply tube  482 . The gas supply tube  482  may be provided in or inserted into the fluid supply zone  520  of the internal passage  510 , The gas  462  of  FIG.  2    may be provided through the gas line fitting  464  into the gas supply tube  482 . 
     The gas entrance port  480  may have a fourth diameter D 4 , and the gas supply tube  482  may have an inner diameter that is the same as the fourth diameter D 4 . The inner diameter D 4  of the gas supply tube  482  may be greater than the second diameter D 2  of each of the first and second cleaning liquid entrance ports  490  and  492 . The inner diameter D 1  of the gas supply tube  482  may be less than the third diameter D 3  of the fluid injection port  500 . For example, the inner diameter D 4  of the gas supply tube  482  may be about 1.2 to 1.4 times greater than the second diameter D 2  and about 60% to 80% of the size of the third diameter D 3 . When the inner diameter D 4  of the gas supply tube  482  is in a range of about 2.5 mm to about 3 mm, the second diameter D 2  may fall within a range from about 1.8 mm to about 2.5 mm, and the third diameter D 3  may fall within a range from about 3 mm to about 4.5 mm. 
     The gas supply tube  482  may have an outer diameter that is less than the first diameter D 1  of the fluid supply zone  520 , When the first diameter D 1  of the fluid supply zone  520  is in a range of about 3 mm to about 8 mm, the outer diameter of the gas supply tube  482  may fall within a range from about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm. 
     The gas supply tube  482  may extend downwardly over the first and second cleaning liquid entrance ports  490  and  492 , According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the gas supply tube  482  may have a fourth length L 4 . The fourth length L 4  may be greater than a first length L 1  from the gas entrance port  480  to a center of each of the first and second cleaning liquid entrance ports  490  and  492 . For example, the fourth length L 4  may be about 2 to 3 times greater than the first length L F When the first length L 1  is about 5 mm, the fourth length L 4  may fall within a range from about 10 mm to about 15 mm. 
     The fluid mixture zone  524  of the internal passage  510  may be defined between the gas supply tube  482  and the fluid acceleration zone  530 , The fluid mixture zone  524  may have a second length L 2 . The second length L 2  may be in a range of about 5 mm to about 10 mm. In such a configuration, the cleaning liquid  452  in the first and second cleaning liquid entrance ports  490  and  492  may flow along an outer surface of the gas supply tube  482  and an inner wall of the internal passage  510 , and may thus be introduced into the fluid mixture zone  524 . 
     The fluid acceleration zone  530  of the internal passage  510  and the first and second cleaning liquid line fittings  454  and  456  may be configured identically to those discussed above with reference to  FIGS.  5  and  10   . 
     A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device using the semiconductor device manufacturing facility  100  of  FIG.  1    is described in detail below. 
       FIG.  14    shows a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 ,  2 , and  14   , a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device may include polishing the substrate W (S 10 ) and cleaning the substrate W (S 20 ). 
     First, the polishing apparatus  130  may polish the substrate W (S 10 ). The polishing apparatus  130  may use a slurry to chemically and mechanically polish the substrate W. The transfer arm  125  may transfer the substrate W to the cleaning apparatus  140 . 
     Next, the cleaning apparatus  140  may clean the substrate W (S 20 ). The cleaning apparatus  140  may use the spray  442  of the cleaning liquid  452  to wet clean the substrate W. The nozzle  440  may receive the cleaning liquid  452  at a pressure of about 2 bars, and also receive the gas  462  at a pressure of about 4 bars. The nozzle  440  may clean the substrate W with an efficiency equal to or greater than the threshold value of the particle removal efficiency. The cleaning apparatus  140  may use a brush to clean the substrate W. The transfer arm  125  may transfer the substrate W to a drying apparatus. The drying apparatus may dry the substrate W. Thereafter, the index arm  116  may bring the substrate W into the carrier  118 . 
     According to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept, a cleaning liquid nozzle may use a fluid injection port whose diameter is less than that of a gas entrance port and greater than that of a cleaning liquid entrance port, and thus particle removal efficiency may be increased to about 98% or higher. 
     Although exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described herein in connection with the accompanying drawings, it will be understood to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the technical spirit and features of the present disclosure.