Patent Publication Number: US-11385609-B2

Title: Smart electricity monitor and energy management system including same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/968,595 filed May 1, 2018 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/500,254 filed May 2, 2017 and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/637,911 filed Mar. 2, 2018; this application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/771,349 filed Nov. 26, 2018. The contents of each of the aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present disclosure relates to managing building utilities and more particularly to a power strip configured to additionally provide real-time data useful for modeling occupancy as it relates to a building&#39;s floorplan. 
     Related Art 
     Programmable controllers, such as programmable home thermostats, are increasingly being replaced with ‘smart’ controllers that are Internet-ready and can therefore be adjusted from afar, such as through a smartphone application. Such smart controllers can also be made to respond to inputs from sensors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,510,255 issued in the name of Fadell et al., describes a system “for predicting and/or detecting occupancy of an enclosure, such as a dwelling or other building.” In their system, a model of an occupancy pattern is used to seed an occupancy prediction engine. The prediction engine then receives data from various occupancy sensors within the building to predict future occupancy. The prediction can then be used to control heating and cooling, for instance. A wide range of sensors are provided, including acoustic sensors, motion detectors, and cameras. Additionally, network connections such as wifi can be monitored, a radio sensor may be used to monitor changes in low emission radio waves, and “background noise on the main powerline can be monitored and filtered to detect the use of electronic devices, which indicates a likelihood of occupancy in the dwelling.” 
     Monitoring the main powerline is taught as employing “smart utility meters, such as Smart Meters, to monitor energy consumption reflecting the likely presence of occupants” where changes in activity imply changes in occupancy. In the reference, the term “Smart Meter” refers to any advanced utility meter that identifies consumption in greater detail than a conventional utility meter.” It should be apparent that monitoring background noise on the main powerline and other references to powerline monitoring in the patent are describing building level monitoring made at the building&#39;s utility meter. 
     SUMMARY 
     An exemplary method of the present invention optionally comprises configuring a building with a gateway device and smart thermostats and/or smart electricity meters and/or other sensors. Configuring the building in this way can include wirelessly connecting the gateway to the thermostats, electricity meters, and any other sensors, and also can include connecting the gateway to a web server running a cloud-based service. 
     Further steps of the exemplary method are performed, for example, by the cloud-based service. For example, the method can comprise a step of receiving power usage data from the plurality of electricity monitors within the building, where each electricity monitor includes a unique identifier. Here, the power usage data, as received, is associated with the unique identifiers of the electricity monitors that produced the data. The data can be in watts and reported every two minutes, in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the method additionally comprises receiving and aggregating data from a 3 rd  party source. 
     In another step of the exemplary method, for each unique identifier, the received power usage data is stored in a database in association with that unique identifier. In a further step, for each unique identifier, a determination is made as to whether the stored power usage data matches a pattern for occupancy. Here, some or all of the stored power usage data for the unique identifier can be compared to various power usage patterns, and if found to match a pattern for occupancy, that is, a pattern of power use that correlates well with use by a person residing in a seat or at a workstation, then the unique identifier can be classified as a seat. In some embodiments, a location of the electricity monitor within the building is stored in the database in association with the unique identifier for that electricity monitor. 
     In still another step, for each unique identifier classified as a seat, recent data within the stored power usage data is compared to a power usage threshold to determine whether the seat is presently occupied. Here, recent data can simply be the last datum, or power reading, or can be a set of readings over a limited period, such as the last 10 or 20 minutes of readings. 
     In a further step of the exemplary method, every unique identifier having power usage data matching the pattern for occupancy and having recent data within the power usage data exceeding the power usage threshold is counted in order to determine a number of occupied seats. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises, for each unique identifier, filling in missing values in the power usage data stored in the database. The method can also further comprise revising a power usage threshold for a unique identifier. In still other embodiments the method further comprises adjusting a setting of a thermostat within the building based on a change in the number of occupied seats. 
     In other embodiments, the method further comprises updating an occupancy model for the building based on a comparison of the occupied seats to seats predicted by the occupancy model. Various methods can further comprise categorizing each seat according to the amount of time that power is used. Still other methods comprise dynamically assigning unoccupied seats. 
     An exemplary system of the present invention is for use in a building including a number of distributed thermostats. The system comprises a plurality of electricity monitors, each including a unique identifier and each plugged into a different power outlet within the building, each configured to measure power usage and periodically transmit power usage, a gateway in communication with the number of thermostats and the plurality of electricity monitors, a database, and a server, such as a web server, in communication with the gateway and the database. In some embodiments, the electricity monitors communicate with the gateway by Zigbee. The system comprises the number of thermostats, in some embodiments. 
     The server also includes logic, where the logic is configured to receive, from the plurality of electricity monitors, power usage data associated with the unique identifier for each electricity monitor, determine a change in building occupancy based on the received power usage data, and vary a temperature setting of a thermostat of the number of thermostats based on the change in building occupancy. In various embodiments the logic is further configured to maintain an occupancy model for the building. The logic optionally is further configured to receive a weather forecast and to vary a temperature setting of a thermostat of the number of thermostats based on the weather forecast. In still other embodiments the logic is further configured to receive a report, to use natural language processing to interpret the report, and to vary a temperature setting of a thermostat of the number of thermostats based on an interpretation of the report. 
     Still further embodiments are directed to a smart electricity monitor. An exemplary smart electricity monitor of the present invention comprises a housing, power switch disposed on the housing, a power cord extending from the housing and terminating in a plug configured to engage with an AC outlet, the power cord electrically connected, within the housing, in parallel to the power switch and the AC/DC converter. The exemplary smart electricity monitor further comprises a plurality of AC outlets disposed on the housing and electrically connected to the power switch by a protection circuit and a relay circuit arranged in series between the plurality of AC outlets and the power switch, a heat sensor disposed on the housing, a motion sensor disposed on the housing, and a communication module disposed within the housing and configured to communicate wirelessly in an ad hoc network, the module being in electrical communication with the AC current sensor and the relay circuit, and wherein the heat sensor, the motion sensor, and the module are all electrically connected in parallel to the AC/DC converter to receive DC power therefrom. In various embodiments, the protection circuit comprises at least one of a surge protector, an overload protector, and a short circuit protector. Additional embodiments of the smart monitor comprise a current sensor disposed in series between the relay circuit and the protection circuit and in electrical communication with the communication module. 
     In various embodiments of the exemplary smart electricity monitor, the housing further comprises adhesive pads to secure the smart electricity monitor at a workstation. The plurality of AC power outlets and the power switch, in some embodiments, are disposed on a top surface of the housing while the motion sensor and heat sensor are disposed on another surface of the housing. In other embodiments the AC power outlets, the power switch, the motion sensor, and the heat sensor are all disposed on the same surface of the housing. The smart monitor further comprises, in some instances, an on/off switch to manually enable and disable the ability of the communication module to communicate wirelessly. 
     In various embodiments, the communication module includes a radio transceiver, and in some embodiments the communication module is identified by a unique MAC address that can also be used to identify the smart monitor. In some embodiments, the communication module is configured to communicate wirelessly using the Zigbee communication protocol. In further embodiments, the communication module is configured to wirelessly communicate data produced by one or more of the heat sensor, the motion sensor, and the current sensor to a server across the ad hoc network. The communication module can also be configured to wirelessly receive a control signal across the ad hoc network, and to control the relay circuit to electrically disconnect one of the plurality of AC power outlets from the protection circuit in response to the control signal. 
     The present invention is also directed to a system for monitoring a building for occupancy, power consumption, and optionally temperature regulation, where the system can control power outlets and optionally thermostats in response to the measurements of occupancy, power usage, and temperature. More specifically, the system comprises a controller, a gateway in communication with the controller over a secure connection, the gateway including a coordinator, and a network of power strips in wireless communication with the coordinator of the gateway. The secure connection is over the Internet and employs HTTPS in some embodiments. 
     In these systems, each power strip includes a power switch in electrical communication with a plurality of AC power outlets, a relay circuit in electrical communication between the power switch and the plurality of AC power outlets, the relay circuit being controllable to individually electrically connect and disconnect each of the AC power outlets from the power switch, and at least one of a heat sensor and a motion sensor. In these systems, each power strip further includes a communication module configured to wirelessly communicate with the server, across the network of power strips, to send data produced by the heat sensor and the motion sensor to the server and to receive from the server, and to receive a control signal from the server and to control the relay circuit to electrically disconnect one of the plurality of AC power outlets from the power switch in response to the control signal. In various embodiments the controller includes a server and a database, and can be cloud-based. 
     Each power strip, in some systems, further comprises an AC current sensor disposed in series between the power switch and the relay circuit and in electrical communication with the communication module, and the communication module is configured to receive data from the current sensor and to wirelessly communicate that data to the controller across the network. 
     The network of power strips is an ad hoc network, in various embodiments. In some of these embodiments a communication module of one of the power strips of the network of power strips is in wireless communication with the coordinator of the gateway, and the communication module of the one of the power strips is in further wireless communication with a communication module of one other of the power strips of the network of power strips. Also, in some embodiments where the network is an ad hoc network the communication modules of the plurality of power strips are configured to wirelessly communicate over the ad hoc network using the Zigbee communication protocol. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic illustration of a building including a control system according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows a schematic illustration of exemplary logic for implementing various methods of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  shows a top left-side view of an exemplary smart electricity monitor according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary smart electricity monitor according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  shows a hardware block diagram of circuitry for an exemplary smart electricity monitor according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  shows a schematic diagram of a system including a wireless ad hoc network in communication with a controller through a gateway according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention is directed to control systems and methods for use in conjunction with buildings, especially larger facilities including multi-level structures. According to the present invention, a building is equipped with at least a heating system, and preferably both heating and cooling, which is controlled by smart thermostats. The building receives electric power, such as from the public utility grid, and distributes the power throughout the building according to conventional wiring terminating in a plurality of conventional power outlets. Smart electricity monitors placed at these power outlets and then electric devices are plugged into the electricity monitors. Power usage at each monitored power outlet is one of several inputs used to determine proper settings for the smart thermostats. More particularly, power consumption at individual outlets is used to revise a predictive occupancy model, and the model is then used to determine the proper settings. Other systems, such as ventilation systems, home automation systems, enterprise energy management systems, work station plug load management systems, home security, battery charging systems, building monitoring systems, hot water systems, security and emergency response systems, workplace management systems (ordering supplies, arranging workstation assignments, etc.), and lighting systems can be similarly controlled through a predictive model that is revised based on such measures of occupancy. The predictive occupancy model can also find use in contextual models for defining user activities. 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic illustration of a building  100  including a control system according to various embodiments of the present invention. The building  100  has multiple floors, though the present invention can be applied to single-story structures as well. Power for the building  100  is supplied, in this example, from the public power grid through a utility meter  110  which can be a smart utility meter such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,510,255. Electricity is distributed throughout the building  100  according to conventional wiring (not shown) terminating in a plurality of conventional power outlets  120 . The building  100  further includes an HVAC system  130  controlled by one or more smart thermostats  140 , preferably several on each floor of the building  100 . In various embodiments, suitable smart thermostats  140  are devices that are either wirelessly or hard-wired to control the HVAC system  130  and are further enabled to be adjusted wirelessly, such as through an application (app) running on a smart phone or personal computer. Suitable smart thermostats  140  also sense temperature and report the measured temperature wirelessly to the app. 
     According to various embodiments, systems of the present invention include a plurality of smart electricity monitors  150 , one for each power outlet  120 , or one for most every power outlet  120 , where the electricity monitor  150  plugs into the power outlet  120  and one or more electric devices  160  plug into the electricity monitor  150 . While a computer is pictured, other exemplary electric devices  150  include space heaters, refrigerators, coffee makers, phone systems, and so forth. Each electricity monitor  150  stores a unique identifier by which it is identified within networks. In some embodiments, suitable electricity monitors  150  are wireless devices that measure power consumption (in watts, for example) and communicate readings of consumed power when queried, or reports measurements in real-time, or periodically, such as every two minutes. Electricity monitors  150  are Zigbee compliant, in some embodiments. 
     For simplicity, only temperature monitoring at the sites of the smart thermostats  140  and power consumption monitoring at the sites of the smart electricity monitors  150  have been noted, however, the present invention also can incorporate other sources of sensory data. Examples include radiation monitors on windows, door monitors to indicate when doors are open or closed, additional temperature sensors within the building  100  and/or on the exterior, motion detectors, acoustic detectors, and so forth. These sources of sensory data share in common that they are able to report data wirelessly and digitally. 
     The various sensors, such as the electricity monitors  150  and thermostats  140 , wirelessly communicate with a management gateway device  170  such as through a wifi system (not shown). Management gateway  170  includes an API, such as a service or microservice API, for each type of sensor that it communicates with. It should be noted that in some embodiments the various thermostats  140 , monitors  150 , and other sensors can be arranged as one or more meshes or neural networks. For instance, all such sensors on each floor can form a mesh, or all such sensors within a portion of the building  100 . Thus, meshes can be shared across floors, and each floor can include more than one mesh. Meshes can be organized using the Service Location Protocol (SLP), in some embodiments. 
     The management gateway  170  also communicates by Ethernet or wifi (not shown), for instance, to a network connection (not shown) like a modem and over a network such as the Internet (not shown) with a cloud-based service  180  running on one or more web servers that makes determinations based on received data in order to, among other things, adjust the temperature settings of the various thermostats  140 . In additional to the automated data sources discussed above, the management gateway  170  can also receive, in some embodiments, service requests and work orders (not shown) submitted by people within the building  100  to report facilities problems and to request localized changes in temperature. Natural Language Processing (NLP) can be employed, in some embodiments, to interpret these reports before storing them or otherwise acting upon them. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments the management gateway  170  and cloud-based service  180  can be replaced by a server situated within the building  100  that receives the same data inputs and executes the same routines as the cloud-based service  180 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the cloud-based service  180  receives data from sources other than the building  100 . Various 3 rd  party data sources  190  can also be utilized by the cloud-based service  180 . For example, historical power consumption records can be acquired for the building  100  from the public utility website. Weather data, both current and forecast, for the vicinity of the building  100  can be obtained through public and/or private weather monitoring websites. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic representation of exemplary logic  200  for implementing various methods of the present invention. Logic  200  can be implemented in a cloud-based service  180  or a network server, in various embodiments. Logic  200  includes a database  205  such as a cloud-based database like MongoDB. The database  205  is continuously updated with data received from input data sources such as sensors in the building  100 , people in the building  100 , and 3 rd  party sources  190 . The database  205  is also accessed and updated by a plurality of sub-logics such as an Utilities Process  210 , an Occupancy Process  215 , and a Thermostat Process  220  that also returns control signals for the thermostats  140 . 
     In various embodiments, the database  205  is schema less, such as a MongoDB database hosted on Amazon Web Services platform via mLab. MongoDB is a document database in which one collection holds different documents. Number of fields, content and size of the document can differ from one document to another. 
     The Utilities Process  210  makes use of historical utilities usage and billing records. An example of a 3 rd  party data source  190  that provides such data is Cass Utility Information Systems, Inc. In some embodiments, the 3 rd  party data source  190  pushes the data, such as monthly, which is received through an API and stored in the database  205 . The Utilities Process  210  includes an aggregation module  225  that aggregates the raw data from one or more 3 rd  party data sources  190  where the raw data can include one or more of electric, gas, water, steam and so forth. Aggregation module  225  organizes the data, such as by the month, and uploads that data to a resource such as Energy Star  230  (portfoliomanager.energystar.gov) in order to obtain a score (1-100) for the building  100 . That score is then stored to the database  205 . More particularly, aggregation module  225  preprocesses the utility information for the building  100  to remove errors such as double counting and then transmits that information to the Energy Star  230  portfolio manager via its API. The portfolio manager assigns a rating to the building  100  based on energy use. Buildings with ratings above 75 are deemed energy efficient and hence eligible for certification. These ratings can also be used to identify buildings that are least energy efficient among several properties as possible candidates for energy efficiency projects. 
     The Occupancy Process  215  employs machine learning/artificial intelligence to model occupancy within the building  100  on the level of individual seats, or workstations, based on information stored in the database  205 . Revised occupancy models and occupancy determinations for the seats of the building  100  that are made by the Occupancy Process  215  are stored in the database  205 . Every electricity monitor  150  is identified by a unique identifier, and over time the Occupancy Process  215  can learn which unique identifiers are associated with electric devices  160  such as appliances that do not correlate well with occupancy, and which unique identifiers are associated with electric devices  160  such as a personal computer that, when in use, indicate a person is present. For example, over time, the accumulated power usage data associated with some unique identifiers will match a pattern representative of a refrigerator, or a security camera. Accumulated power usage data associated with other unique identifiers will match a pattern representative of occupancy, that is, a pattern that correlates to use by a person at a seat or workstation, like a pattern of daily use of a personal computer over certain spans of the day. 
     Unique identifiers that are found to match a pattern of occupancy are considered to be “seats” that may be modeled for predictive purposes as being occupied at certain times of the day and unoccupied otherwise. Predictive models may be updated based on actual data for seats received from electricity monitors  150 . Unique identifiers that correspond to seats are stored in the database  205  and the set can be revised as outlets are repurposed. Along with the unique identifiers, other information can be stored for each seat, including location within the building, such as by floor and zone, whether it is used by one person or several, and so forth. 
     Occupancy Process  215  includes a number of modules, and in the illustrated embodiment, includes a prediction model  235 , a seat utilization module  240 , an occupancy patterns model  245 , an occupancy detection module  250 , and a threshold correction module  255 . Prediction model  235  runs on a periodic basis, such as daily, to predict the occupancy and pattern of each seat for the next day, for example, the next 12 working hours, the span of 06:00 AM-06:00 PM. Prediction model  235  employs an occupancy model for the building to make the predictions. The prediction model  235  can revise the occupancy model according to new seat occupancy information made available by the occupancy detection module  250 , discussed below. 
     Seat utilization module  240  also runs on a periodic basis, such as hourly, to analyze the utilization of each seat according to the amount of time that power is used and categorize the seat into one of several categories, such as 0-2 hrs, 2-4 hrs, 4-6 hrs, 6-8 hrs and over 8 hrs. Occupancy patterns model  245  also runs on a periodic basis, such as hourly, to analyze the occupancy patterns and classify the seats into categories according to the amount of power used for each seat. Occupancy patterns model  245  employs pattern recognition algorithms, in various embodiments. An exemplary scheme of three classifications can comprise patterns such as arrives around 10:00 AM and leaves around 4:00 PM, arrives around 8:30 AM and leaves around 6:00 PM, and arrives around 9:30 AM and leaves around 5:00 PM. Each of these modules can make their determinations from data received from electricity monitors  150  that are recognized as seats. 
     Occupancy detection module  250  can run in real time, or at short intervals, such as every two minutes, to detect the occupancy of each seat. Occupancy detection module  250  can make the determination of occupancy from data received from electricity monitors  150  recognized as seats, as well as other sensors, if present. In some embodiments, recent data within the stored power usage data for the seat is compared to a power usage threshold for that seat to determine whether the seat is occupied. Recent data can simply be the most recent datum received for that unique identifier, such as within the last two minutes. Recent data can also encompass a time average over spans such as 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, or 20 minutes so that a momentary dip below the threshold does not mark the seat as unoccupied. 
     In some embodiments, Occupancy Process  215  fills in gaps in historical data using the prediction model  235  and writes the filled data to the database  205 , to be used in further analytics and visualizations. The need to fill in such gaps can arise, for instance, in real time environments when a sensor node connection becomes disconnected or crashes or otherwise fails to transmit a reading. One simple algorithm that can be implemented is to fill any missing value with the last recorded value. It is a reasonable assumption that the state did not change in consecutive readings for a sampling period of 2 minutes. 
     Threshold correction module  255  runs on a periodic basis, such as twice weekly, to reevaluate the appropriate threshold to use for determining the occupancy state of each seat based on power use at each seat. This can be achieved, for example through statistical control and models that consider the prior several weeks of usage for a seat, filters out vampire loads, detects and removes outliers, and sets a baseline threshold. Outliers, usages of short duration, can be caused by eddy currents, for example. Threshold values are then used to determine the occupancy at each seat by the occupancy detection module  250 . In some embodiments, where input data sources include people in the building  100 , the threshold correction module  255  can optionally receive manual inputs of occupancy, such as when a person logs into their workstation or a supervisor uploads a headcount. In these instances, the module  255  can correlate power use to actual occupancy to determine a threshold for a given seat. 
     Thermostat Process  220  provides the thermostat control and acquires from the database such inputs as weather, both current and forecast, as well as an occupancy model produced by the Occupancy Process  215 , and any reports of building conditions from users. Thermostat Process  220  employs machine learning/artificial intelligence, in various embodiments. In the illustrated embodiments, Thermostat Process  220  includes a predictive model  260 , an optimization module  265 , and a weather module  270 . These three modules feed into a control system  275  that runs, for instance, on an hourly basis to set optimal heat and cool ranges for each thermostat  140 . In various embodiments, Thermostat Process  220  allows users to set thermostats  140  in automatic mode (temperature setting determined by the Thermostat Process  220 ) or manual (temperature set by the user). 
     The predictive model  260  includes the occupancy model from the Occupancy Process  215  and provides both current occupancy, the distribution of occupants through the building  100 , and a prediction of future occupancy, such as for the next hour. Optimization module  265  takes into account user-generated reports of being too hot or cold as well as analytics of building conditions that may impact heating/cooling of the building, for example, if heat isolation is poor, like when a window is open, malfunctioning thermostats  140 , snow covering windows, etc. The weather module  270  takes into account present and forecast conditions including temperature, wind, humidity, and up to about 30 other factors. 
     The logic  200  also includes a back-end  280  and a front-end  285 . Back-end  280  provides API endpoints for visualization by months, weeks, days, hours, floors, regions within the building, etc. to the front-end  285 . In some embodiments, back-end  280  employs Django, a high-level Python Web framework. The front-end  285  uses Angular, in some embodiments, a TypeScript-based open-source front-end web application platform. Front-end  285  aggregates, slices and dices data to allow for visualization (i.e. occupation by week day, by hour, etc.). In some embodiments, a person can view building occupancy at the level of individual seats through such visualization, and can manually input corrections, such as when a seat is incorrectly determined to be occupied. This input can be used by the threshold correction module  255 , for example. 
     Logic  200  can also include a space utilization process. Like the illustrated processes, the space utilization process uses stored data accessible in the database  205  including predictive models, together with occupancy readings, to recommend in real-time the optimum seats to occupy. The space utilization process employs operational rules to determine workstation utilization and dynamically assign seats to optimize occupancy levels, such as by floor or zone. 
       FIG. 3  shows a top left-side view of an exemplary smart electricity monitor  300  of the present invention, while  FIG. 4  shows a schematic representation of another exemplary smart electricity monitor  400  of the present invention. As can be seen by  FIGS. 3 and 4 , both electricity monitors  300 ,  400  comprise a power strip including a housing  305 ,  405 , one or more AC power outlets  310 ,  410 , and a power cord  315 ,  415  for supplying power to the smart monitor  300 ,  400  and the respective power outlets  310 ,  410 . The power cord  315 ,  415  terminates in a power plug that can engage with an AC power outlet connected to the public power grid. 
     Each smart monitor  300 ,  400  further comprises a power switch  320 ,  420  and an On/Off button  325 ,  425 , optional device status LEDs  330  (not shown in  FIG. 4 ), and an optional AC power LED indicator  335  (not shown in  FIG. 4 ). Each of the smart monitors  300 ,  400  further comprises a heat sensor  340 ,  440 , and a motion sensor  345 ,  445 . Each of the smart monitors  300 ,  400  further comprises circuitry disposed within the housing  305 ,  405  and discussed further below with reference to  FIG. 5 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , various embodiments can include one or more adhesive pads  450  on the exterior of the housing  305 ,  405 . 
     While the drawings show three AC power outlets  310 ,  410  for both smart electricity monitors  300 ,  400 , embodiments of the present invention can employ any other number of power outlets  310 ,  410  including one, two, four, five, six and more. The power switch  320 ,  420  enables and disables the power outlets  310 ,  410 . When on, the power outlets  310 ,  410  are energized and the AC power LED indicator  335  is illuminated. A total of 15 Amps can be supplied through the several AC power outlets  310 ,  410 , in some embodiments. The On/Off button  325 ,  425  is a switch used to manually enable or disable the wireless functionality of the smart electricity monitors  300 ,  400 , as shown by the device status LEDs  330 . The wireless functionality, discussed further below, permits the smart monitors  300 ,  400  to send power usage and other data and to receive, in response, control inputs to remotely control the AC power outlets  310 ,  410 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the AC power outlets  310 ,  410 , power switch  320 ,  420 , On/Off button  325 ,  425  device status LEDs  330 , and AC power LED indicator  335  are disposed on a top surface  360 ,  460  of the housing  305 ,  405 . In some embodiments, the adhesive pads  450  are disposed on a surface  465  that is other than top surface  360 ,  460 . In the example of  FIG. 4 , the surface  465  is adjoining the top surface  460 , while in the embodiment of  FIG. 3  the surface with the adhesive pads is opposite the top surface  360  and not shown. The heat sensor  340  and motion sensor  345  are disposed on a front facing surface  370  in  FIG. 3 , while in the embodiment of  FIG. 4  the heat sensor  440  and motion sensor  445  are also disposed on the top surface  460 . In operation, the adhesive pads  450  secure the electricity monitor  300 ,  400  at a workstation such that the items on the top surface  360 ,  460  are easily accessible and such that the heat sensor  340  and motion sensor  345  face a person using the workstation. Adhesive pads  450 , brackets (not shown), or other means can alternately be used to secure the smart monitor  300 ,  400  to a floor, a wall, or a desk of the workstation. 
     Although not illustrated by either of the embodiments in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , smart electricity monitors can further optionally comprise one or more USB ports disposed on a surface of the housing  305 ,  405 . Towards the goal of establishing whether a workstation is occupied, a device is plugged into a USB port of the electricity monitor can be an indication that the workstation is occupied. A device is plugged into the USB port together with no heat or motion detected can indicate that the workstation is in use, but the user may be elsewhere in the building. 
       FIG. 5  is a hardware block diagram of circuitry  500  for an exemplary smart electricity monitor of the present invention that can be used in conjunction with monitors  300 ,  400 , for example. The circuitry  500  comprises power lines  505  for either AC or DC and data transmission lines  510 . The circuitry  500  receives input power  515  through a power cord (not shown) when engaged with an AC power outlet providing, for instance, 110-240V AC. The input power  515  is supplied in parallel to both a power switch  520  and an AC/DC converter  525 . The power switch  520  controls one or more parallel AC power outlets  530 . In series between the power switch  520  and the AC power outlets  530  are a surge protector  535 , an overload and short circuit protector  540 , an AC current sensor  545 , and a relay control circuit  550 . The surge protector  535  and the overload and short circuit protector  540  are examples of protection circuits that can be employed in series between the power switch  520  and the AC power outlets  530 , and in some embodiments a protection circuit comprises both integrated together. 
     The AC/DC converter  525  supplies DC power in parallel to a heat sensor  555 , a motion sensor  560 , and a wireless communication module, for instance a microprocessor  565  integrated with or otherwise connected to a low-power digital radio transceiver. The communication module is configured to communicate wirelessly with other such nearby smart monitors to form an ad hoc network that operates at low-power and a low data rate. An example of a suitable wireless communication protocol for implementing such personal area networks is Zigbee. The radio transceiver can have a unique MAC address and that MAC address can also be used as a unique identifier to identify the smart electricity monitor. An On/Off button  570  switches the radio transceiver on and off to manually add the smart monitor  300 ,  400  to an ad hoc network or to remove the smart monitor  300 ,  400  from the network. All of the circuitry  500  is disposed within the housing of the smart electricity monitor except for the power switch  520 , the On/Off button  570 , and the AC power outlets  530  which are disposed on the housing in order to be accessible to users. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the heat sensor  555  and the motion sensor  560  supply data to the microprocessor  565 . Likewise, the AC current sensor  545  measures the current consumption of loads attached to the AC power outlets  530 , to monitor the energy usage of a user, such as at a workstation, and provides this data to the microprocessor  565 . In turn, the microprocessor  565  controls the relay control circuit  550 , for example, if wasteful power usage or an overload is determined. The microprocessor  565  also can communicate via a wireless protocol, such as Zigbee, through a mesh of other smart electricity monitors to a cloud-based service  180  ( FIG. 1 ). 
     The surge protector  535  and the overload and short circuit protector  540  are considered primary and secondary levels of protection, respectively. The surge protector  535  serves to protect the smart monitor from voltage spikes such as lightning, while the overload and short circuit protector  540  serve to protect the smart monitor from overloads and short circuits. The relay control circuit  550  is used to control on and off the AC power supplied at the AC outlets  530 . Motion sensor  560  and/or heat sensor  555  can be used to detect the presence of a user proximate to the smart electricity monitor. In embodiments that include one or more USB ports, the USB ports receive power from the AC/DC converter  525 , in parallel with the heat and motion sensors  555 ,  560 , and is in electrical communication with the microprocessor  565 . The microprocessor  565  can communicate data received from any of the AC current sensor  545 , the heat sensor  555 , the motion sensor  560 , and USB ports to wirelessly communicate across the ad hoc network to a server as further discussed below with reference to  FIG. 6 . 
     To illustrate the value of the USB ports, a false vacant seat occurs in modelling building occupancy whenever a person occupies the workstation but their presence is not detected. One way occupancy is determined, as noted previously, is when power consumption is sensed by the AC current sensor  545 , but a person using a laptop that is not plugged into an AC power outlet  530  will not be sensed in this way. The heat and motion sensors  555 ,  560  can often indicate the presence of the person, but either or both can also fail to register the person. The USB port offers another way to sense power being consumed, further improving the opportunity to recognize a filled seat and avoid the false vacant seat. 
       FIG. 6  shows a schematic diagram of a system  600  including a wireless ad hoc network  610  including a plurality of smart electricity monitors  620 , a gateway  630 , and a controller  640 . One of the smart electricity monitors  620  serves as a network router  650  to communicate wirelessly with the gateway  630 , while the other smart monitors  620  are endpoints (nodes). An exemplary gateway  630  comprises a network coordinator  660 , such as a Zigbee coordinator (e.g. a Zigbee dongle), a microcontroller  670  such as an Android device, and a wireless connection device  680  to connected to the Internet or a cellular network, such as a router, chipset, module, or modem. The network coordinator  660  is a slave while the microcontroller  670  is a master, and the two be connected to the microcontroller  670  by way of a COM port, in some embodiments. The network coordinator  660  initiates and manages the ad hoc network  610 . 
     The network coordinator  660  also receives data from the network  610 , and the microcontroller  670  communicates that data over a secure connection, such as by using HTTPS over the Internet, to the controller  640 . The controller  640  includes a server  690  and a database  695 . In various embodiments, the controller  640  is a cloud-based service and the server  690  and database  695  are cloud servers and cloud databases, respectively. The server  690  receives data from the individual smart monitors  620 , including one or more of power usage data such as from a current sensor, thermal information data such as from a heat sensor, and motion detection data such as from a motion sensor. The server  690  stores such data to the database  695 . The server  690  also is configured to send control signals to the individual smart monitors  620  according to their MAC addresses. Such control signals allow the server  690  to remotely switch off and on individual AC power outlets by way of the relay circuit. 
     The server  690  receives data from the multiple smart electricity monitors and periodically records in the database  695  occupancy information using a timestamp for each record. This can be accomplished, for example, by occupancy detection module  250 , described above. In various embodiments, the determination that a person is present at the site of the smart monitor, based on power consumption from either AC power outlets  530  or USB ports, is recorded using a 1 for present and 0 for not present. Presence of a person based on the heat sensor  555  and the motion sensor  560  can also be registered as 1 for present and 0 for not present. In various embodiments, occupancy is determined primarily according to power consumption, with heat and occupancy sensors used to avoid false results. In an exemplary embodiment, each smart monitor periodically sends a packet including its address, a Boolean to represent either motion detected or no motion detected, the ambient temperature, the object temperature, and voltage, current, and power. A typical period for sending a data packet is every minute. 
     Several embodiments are specifically illustrated and/or described herein. However, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations are covered by the above teachings and within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope thereof. The embodiments discussed herein are illustrative of the present invention. As these embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to illustrations, various modifications or adaptations of the methods and or specific structures described may become apparent to those skilled in the art. All such modifications, adaptations, or variations that rely upon the teachings of the present invention, and through which these teachings have advanced the art, are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Hence, these descriptions and drawings should not be considered in a limiting sense, as it is understood that the present invention is in no way limited to only the embodiments illustrated. 
     The term “logic” as used herein is limited to hardware, firmware and/or software stored on a non-transient computer readable medium in combination with a processor configured to implement the instructions. As used herein, a non-transient computer readable medium expressly excludes paper. The use of the term “means” within a claim of this application is intended to invoke 112(f) only as to the limitation to which the term attaches and not to the whole claim, while the absence of the term “means” from any claim should be understood as excluding that claim from being interpreted under 112(f). As used in the claims of this application, “configured to” and “configured for” are not intended to invoke 112(f).