Patent Publication Number: US-6905356-B2

Title: Electrical connector including thermoplastic elastomer material and associated methods

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application is based upon prior filed copending provisional application Ser. No. 60/380,914 filed May. 16, 2002, the entire subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to electrical products, and more particularly, to electrical connectors for electrical systems and associated methods. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   An electrical distribution system typically includes distribution lines or feeders that extend out from a substation transformer. The substation transformer is typically connected to a generator via electrical transmission lines. 
   Along the path of a feeder, one or more distribution transformers may be provided to further step down the distribution voltage for a commercial or residential customer. The distribution voltage range may be from 5 through 46 kV, for example. Various connectors are used throughout the distribution system. In particular, the primary side of a distribution transformer typically includes a transformer bushing to which a bushing insert is connected. In turn, an elbow connector may be removably coupled to the bushing insert. The distribution feeder is also fixed to the other end of the elbow connector. Of course, other types of connectors are also used in a typical electrical power distribution system. For example, the connectors may be considered as including other types of removable connectors, as well as fixed splices and terminations. Large commercial users may also have a need for such high voltage connectors. 
   One particular difficulty with conventional elbow connectors, for example, is that they use curable materials. For example, such a connector may typically be manufactured by molding the inner semiconductive layer first, then the outer semiconductive jacket (or vise-versa). These two components are placed in a final insulation press and then insulation layer is injected between these two semiconductive layers. Accordingly, the manufacturing time is relatively long, as the materials need to be allowed to cure during manufacturing. In addition, the conventional EPDM materials used for such elbow connectors and their associated bushing inserts, may have other shortcomings as well. 
   One typically desired feature of an elbow connector is the ability to readily determine if the circuit in which the connector is coupled is energized. Accordingly, voltage test points have been provided on such connectors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,390,331 to Brown et al. discloses an elbow connector including an electrically conductive electrode embedded in the insulator in spaced relation from the interior conductor. The test point will rise to a voltage if the connector is energized. U.S. Pat. No. 3,736,505 to Sankey; U.S. Pat. No. 3,576,493 to Tachick et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,932 to Schweitzer, Jr.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,393 to Borgstrom et al. disclose similar test points for an elbow connector. Such voltage test points may be somewhat difficult to fabricate, and upon contamination and repeated use, they may become less accurate and less reliable. 
   An elbow connector typically includes a connector body having a passageway with a bend therein. A semiconductive EPDM material defines an inner layer at the bend in the passageway. An insulative Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) second layer surrounds the first layer, and a third semiconductive EPDM layer or outer shield surrounds the second insulative layer. A first end of the passageway is enlarged and carries an electrode or probe that is matingly received in the bushing insert. A second end of the passageway receives the end of the electrical conductor. The second connector end desirably seals tightly against the electrical conductor or feeder end. Accordingly, another potential shortcoming of such an elbow connector is the difficulty in manually pushing the electrical conductor into the second end of the connector body. 
   In an attempt to address the difficulty of inserting the electrical connector into the second connector end, U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,277 to Boettcher et al. discloses an elbow connector including a heat shrinkable tubing integral with an end for receiving an electrical conductor. Accordingly, the conductor end can be easily inserted into the expanded tube, and the tube heated to shrink and seal tightly against the conductor. U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,171 to Hey applies a heat shrink tube to the cable end prior to push-fitting the cable end into the body of the elbow connector. 
   U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,640 to Tardif discloses an elbow connector including a cold shrink core positioned in the end of an elbow connector comprising EPDM to permit the cable to be installed and thereafter sealed to the connector body when the core is removed. However, this connector may suffer from the noted drawbacks in terms of manufacturing speed and cost. U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,388 to Portas et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,740 to Vallauri et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,801,332 to Berger et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,170 to Chor et al. each discloses a similar cold shrink tube for a tubular electrical splice. 
   Another issue that may arise for an elbow connector is electrical stress that may damage the first or semiconductive layer. A number of patents disclose selecting geometries and/or material properties for an electrical connector to reduce electrical stress, such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,567 to Malia; U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,702 to Erikson et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,383,131 to Clabburn U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,318 to Boettcher et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,847,450 to Rupprecht, deceased; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,804,630 and 6,015,629 to Heyer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,549 to Kemp et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,794 to Wandmacher et al. 
   For a typical 200 Amp elbow connector, the elbow cuff or outer first end is designed to go over the shoulder of the mating bushing insert and is used for containment of the arc and/or gasses produced during a load-make or load-break operation. During the past few years, the industry has identified the cause of a flashover problem which has been reoccurring at 25 kV and 35 kV. The industry has found that a partial vacuum occurs at certain temperatures and circuit conditions. This partial vacuum decreases the dielectric strength of air and the interfaces flashover when the elbow is removed from the bushing insert. Various manufacturers have attempted to address this problem by venting the elbow cuff interface area, and at least one other manufacturer has insulated all of the conductive members inside the interfaces. 
   U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,799 and its continuation Application No. 2002/00055290 A1 to Jazowski et al., for example, discloses an anti-flashover ring carried by the bushing insert for a removable elbow connector. The ring includes a series of passageways thereon to prevent the partial vacuum from forming during removal of the elbow connector that could otherwise cause flashover. U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,712 to Stepniak and U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,447 to Stepniak et al. also each discloses a modification to the bushing insert to include passageways to reduce flashover. Another approach to address flashover is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,093 to Muench, Jr. et al. that provides a rigid member in the elbow connector so that it does not stretch upon removal from the bushing insert thereby creating a partial vacuum. U.S. Pat. No. 5,857,862 to Muench, Jr. et al. discloses an elbow connector including an insert that contains an additional volume of air to address the partial vacuum creation and resulting flashover. 
   Yet another potential shortcoming of a conventional elbow connector, for example, is being able to visually determine whether the connector is properly seated onto the bushing insert. U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,799 and its continuation Application No. 2002/00055290 A1 to Jazowski et al., mentioned above, each discloses that the anti-flashover ring on the bushing insert is colored and serves as a visual indicator that the elbow connector is seated when the ring is obscured. 
   U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,306 to Stepniak discloses a separable load-break elbow connector with a series of colored bands that are obscured when received within a mating connector part to indicate proper installation. Along these lines, but relating to the electrical bushing insert, U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,180 to Siebens discloses a separable load break connector and mating electrical bushing wherein the busing includes a colored band that is obscured when the elbow connector is mated to a bushing that surrounds the removable connector. 
   Accordingly, there exists several significant shortcomings in conventional electrical connectors, particularly for high voltage distribution applications. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In view of the foregoing background, it is therefore an object of the invention to provide an electrical connector that is useful particularly for relatively high voltage applications and that can be readily manufactured. 
   This and other objects, features and advantages in accordance with the invention are provided by an electrical connector comprising a connector body having a passageway therethrough and including a first layer adjacent the passageway, a second layer surrounding the first layer and comprising an insulative thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) material, and a third layer surrounding the second layer. The third layer preferably has a relatively low resistivity, and may also comprise a semiconductive TPE material. In some embodiments, the first layer may also comprise a semiconductive TPE material. The TPE material layers may be overmolded to thereby increase production speed and efficiency thereby lowering production costs. The TPE material may also provide excellent electrical performance and other advantages. 
   The passageway may have first and second ends and a medial portion extending therebetween. The first layer may be positioned along the medial portion of the passageway and spaced inwardly from respective ends of the passageway. For elbows and T-connectors, the medial portion of the passageway may have a bend therein. The first end of the passageway may also have an enlarged diameter to receive an electrical bushing insert for some embodiments. 
   For other embodiments, such as for an electrical bushing insert or some splices, the connector body may have a tubular shape defining the passageway. For an electrical bushing insert, the second layer may have an enlarged diameter adjacent the medial portion of the passageway. 
   In other embodiments, the connector body adjacent at least one of the first and second ends of the passageway may have a progressively increasing outer diameter. In still other embodiments, the connector body adjacent at least one of the first and second ends of the passageway body may alternately have a progressively decreasing outer diameter. 
   The first layer may have at least one predetermined property to reduce electrical stress. For example, the predetermined property may comprise a predetermined impedance profile. Alternately or additionally, the predetermined property may comprise a predetermined geometric configuration, such as one or more ribs adjacent the bend for connector embodiments including the bend. 
   The first layer may define an innermost layer, and the third layer may define an outermost layer. The connector may also include at least one pulling eye carried by the connector body. The connector body may be configured for at least 15 KV and 200 Amp operation. Each of the first and third layers may have a resistivity less than about 10 8  Ω·cm, and the second layer may have a resistivity greater than about 10 8  Ω·cm. 
   A method aspect of the invention is for making an electrical connector body having a passageway therethrough. The method may comprise providing a first layer to define at least a medial portion of the passageway; overmolding a second layer surrounding the first layer and comprising an insulative TPE material having a relatively high resistivity; and overmolding a third layer surrounding the second layer and comprising a material having a relatively low resistivity. The third layer may also comprise a semiconductive TPE material, and the first layer may comprise a semiconductive TPE material in some embodiments. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view of an elbow connector in accordance with the invention. 
       FIG. 2  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the elbow connector shown in FIG.  1 . 
       FIG. 3  is a side elevational view of an elbow connector including a split shield voltage test point in accordance with the invention. 
       FIG. 4  is a fragmentary side elevational view of an elbow connector including a cold shrink core in accordance with the invention. 
       FIG. 5  is a perspective view of an embodiment of a first layer for an elbow connector of the invention. 
       FIG. 6  is a perspective view of another embodiment of a first layer for an elbow connector of the invention. 
       FIG. 7  is a schematic side elevational view of a first end portion of an elbow connector mated onto an electrical bushing insert in accordance with the invention. 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic side elevational view of a first end portion of another embodiment of the elbow connector prior to mating with an electrical bushing insert in accordance with the invention. 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic side elevational view of the elbow connector shown in  FIG. 8  after mating with the electrical bushing insert. 
       FIG. 10  is a schematic top plan view of a portion of the elbow connector as shown in FIG.  9 . 
       FIG. 11  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an embodiment of electrical bushing insert in accordance with the invention. 
       FIG. 12  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a bushing insert in accordance with the invention. 
       FIG. 13  is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an electrical splice in accordance with the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the illustrated embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Prime and multiple prime notation are used in alternate embodiments to indicate similar elements. 
   Referring initially to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , an electrical elbow connector  20  is initially described. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the elbow connector  20  is but one example of an electrical connector, such as for high voltage power distribution applications, comprising a connector body having a passageway  22  therethrough. The passageway  22  illustratively includes a first end  22   a , a second end  22   b , and a medial portion  22   c  having a bend therein. For clarity of explanation, the connector body  21  of the connector  20  is shown without the associated electrically conductive hardware, including the electrode or probe that would be positioned within the enlarged first end  22   a  of the passageway  22 , as would be readily understood by those skilled in the art. 
   The connector body  21  includes a first layer  25  adjacent the passageway  22 , a second layer  26  surrounding the first layer, and a third layer  27  surrounding the second layer. In accordance with one important aspect of the connector  20 , at least the second layer may comprise an insulative thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) material. The first and third layers  25 ,  27  also preferably have a relatively low resistivity. In some embodiments, the third layer  27  may comprise a semiconductive TPE material. In addition, the first layer  25  may also comprise a semiconductive TPE material. In other embodiments, the first layer  25  may comprise another material, such as a conventional EPDM. 
   By using relatively new electrical grade TPE materials, such as thermoplastic olefin materials, thermoplastic polyolefin materials, thermoplastic vulcanites, and/or thermoplastic silicone materials, etc., molding can use new layer technology. This technology may include molding the first or inner semiconductive layer  25  first, then overmolding the second or insulation layer  26 , and then overmolding the third or outer semiconductive shield layer  27  over the insulation layer. Some of the suppliers for such materials are: A. Schulman—Akron, Ohio; AlphaGary Corp. 
   Leominster, Mass.; Equistar Chemicals—Houston, Tex.; M. A. Industries, Inc.—Peachtree City, Ga.; Montrell North America—Wilmington, Del.; Network Polymers, Inc. 
   Akron, Ohio Solutia, Inc.—St. Louis, Mo.; Solvay Engineering Polymers—Auburn Hills, MI; Teknor Aprex International—Pawtucket, R.I.; Vi-Chem Corp.—Grand Rapids, Mich.; and Dow Chemicals—Somerset, N.J. In other words, the TPE material layers may be overmolded to thereby increase production speed and efficiency thereby lowering production costs. The TPE material may also provide excellent electrical performance. 
   The use of a TPE material for the third layer  27  permits the entire outer portion of the connector  20  to be color coded, such as by the addition of colorants to the TPE material as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. For example, a proposed industry standard specifies red for 15 KV connectors, and blue for 25 KV connectors. Gray is another color that TPE materials may exhibit for color coding. Of course, other colors may also be used. 
   In the illustrated connector  20  embodiment, a first connector end  21   a  adjacent the first end  22   a  of the passageway  22  has a progressively increasing outer diameter. The second connector end  21   b  adjacent the second end  22   b  of the passageway  22  has a progressively decreasing outer diameter. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, other configurations of connectors ends  21   a ,  21   b  are also possible. 
   As illustrated, the first layer  25  defines an innermost layer, and the third layer  27  defines the outermost layer. The connector  20  also illustratively includes a pulling eye  28  carried by the connector body  21 . The pulling eye  28  may have a conventional construction and needs no further discussion herein. 
   The connector body  21  may be configured for at least 15 KV and 200 Amp operation, although other operating parameters will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. In addition, each of the first and third layers  25 ,  27  may have a resistivity less than about 10 8  Ω·cm, and the second layer  26  may have a resistivity greater than about 10 8  Ω·cm. Accordingly, the term semiconductive, as used herein, is also meant to include materials with resistivities so low, they could also be considered conductors. 
   Those of skill in the art will appreciate that although an elbow connector  20  is shown and described above, the features and advantages can also be incorporated into T-shaped connectors that are included within the class of removable connectors having a bend therein. This concept of overlay technology may also be used for molding a generation of insulated separable connectors, splices and terminations that may be used in the underground electrical distribution market, for example. Some of these other types of electrical connectors are described in greater detail below. 
   Referring now additionally to  FIG. 3 , another aspect of an electrical elbow connector  20 ′ is now described. Presently, an approach for providing a feedback voltage of a connector is derived from an elbow test point as described in the above background of the invention. As also described, sometimes such a test point can be unreliable if contaminated or wet, and the voltage can be easily saturated. The connector  20 ′ of the invention illustratively includes a split shield  27 ′. In other words, the third layer  27 ′ is arranged in three spaced apart portions with first and third portions  27   a ,  27   c  to be connected to a reference voltage so that the second portion  27   b  floats at a monitor voltage for the electrical connector  20 ′. In the illustrated embodiment, the second portion  27   b  of the third layer  27 ′ has a band shape surrounding the passageway  22 ′. Those other elements of the connector  20 ′ are indicated with prime notation and are similar to those elements described above with reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
   A monitor point  30  is illustratively connected to the second portion  27   b  of the third layer  27 ′. In addition, a cover  31  may be provided to electrically connect the first and third portions  27   a ,  27   c  of the third layer  27 ′ yet permit access to the monitor point  30  as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. For example, the cover  31  may have a hinged lid, not shown, to permit access to the monitor point  30 , although other configurations are also contemplated. 
   By splitting or separating adjacent portions of the third layer  27 ′ or outer conductive shield, a reliable voltage source can be provided that can be used to monitor equipment problems, detect energized or non-energized circuits, and/or used by fault monitoring equipment, etc. as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. By splitting and isolating the shield at various lengths and sizes, different voltages can provide feedback to monitoring equipment. The TPE materials facilitate this split shield feature, and this feature can be used on many types of electrical connectors in addition to the illustrated elbow connector  20 ′. 
   Turning now additionally to the illustrated elbow connector  20 ″ shown in  FIG. 4 , another advantageous feature is now explained. As shown, a cold shrink core  34  is positioned within the second end  22   b ″ of the passageway  22 ″. Of course, in other embodiments, the cold shrink core  34  may be positioned within at least a portion of the passageway  22 ″. The cold shrink core  34  illustratively comprises a carrier  36  and a release member  35  connected thereto so that the carrier maintains adjacent connector portions in an expanded state, such as to permit insertion of an electrical conductor, not shown. The release member  35  can then be activated, such as pulling, to remove the cold shrink core  34  so that the second connector end  21   b ″ closes upon the electrical conductor. 
   The TPE materials facilitate molded-in cold shrink technology for separable elbow connectors  20 ″, such as 200 and 600 Amp products, for example. Since the elbows  20 ″ are typically mated onto 200 or 600 Amp bushing inserts, the bushing side or first end  21   a ″ of the elbow need not be changed and a certain hardness/durometer and modulus can be maintained for the bushing side. But on the cable side or second end  21   b ″ of the connector body  21 ″ of the elbow connector  20 ″, the TPE materials will allow use of cold shrink technology to initially expand the cable entrance. 
   Referring now again to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , and additionally to  FIGS. 5 and 6 , yet another aspect of the connectors relates to electrical stress that may be created at the first layer  25 . As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the first layer  25  may have at least one predetermined property to reduce electrical stress. For example, the predetermined property may comprise a predetermined impedance profile. This impedance profile may be achieved during molding of the first layer  25  as facilitated by the use of a TPE material with additives or dopants, such as, zinc oxide, for example, that can tailor the impedance profile for electrical stress. Alternately or additionally, the predetermined property may comprise a predetermined geometric configuration as will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
   To address the electrical stress in those connector embodiments including at least one bend, the first layer  40  may be molded or otherwise shaped to have the appearance of the embodiment shown in FIG.  5 . In particular, the first layer  40  illustratively includes first and second ends  41 ,  42  with a bend at the medial portion  43 . To reduce electrical stress at the bend, a series of spaced apart ribs  44  are provided to extend between the adjacent connector portions at the right or inner angle of the bend. Of course, the first layer  40  may be provided by molding a semiconductive TPE material as described above, but in other embodiments, this first layer  40  may be formed from other materials having the desired mechanical and electrical properties. 
   A second embodiment of a first layer  40 ′ is explained with particular reference to FIG.  6 . In this embodiment, the first layer  40 ′ includes slightly differently shaped first and second ends  41 ′,  42 ′. In addition, only a single rib  44 ′ is provided at the right angle portion of the bend to reduce electrical stress thereat. The configuration of the ribs  44  or single rib  44 ′, as well as the configuration of the other connector body portions will be dependent on the desired operating voltage and current, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
   Of course, these stress control techniques can be used with any of the different electrical connector embodiments described herein. Typical 200 and 600 Amp elbow connectors, for example, may benefit from such stress control techniques as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
   Referring now additionally to  FIGS. 7-10  an anti-flashover feature of an elbow connector  50  is now described. A conventional elbow connector is subject to potential flashover as the connector is removed from the bushing insert and a partial vacuum is created as the end or cuff of the connector slides over the shoulder of the bushing insert. The prior art has attempted various approaches to address this partial vacuum/flashover shortcoming. 
   In accordance with the illustrated connectors  50 ,  50 ′, this shortcoming is addressed by the connector body  51 ,  51 ′ having an outer end portion  51   a ,  51   a ′ adjacent the first end  52   a ,  52   a ′ of the passageway  52 ,  52 ′ with a flared shape, such as when abutting the shoulder  55 ,  55 ′ of an electrical bushing insert  54 ,  54 ′. In other words, the outer end  53 ,  53 ′ may abut the shoulder  55 ,  55 ′ without the sliding contact that would otherwise cause the partial vacuum. 
   In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 7 , the outer end  53  of the connector body  51  may be initially formed to have the flared shape, even when separated from the shoulder  55  of the bushing insert  54 , such as when initially manufactured. Of course, in other embodiments, the outer end  53  may be sized so that it is in spaced relation from the shoulder  55  even when fully seated, as an upper end of the bushing insert may engage and lock into a corresponding recess in the passageway  22  as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
   As illustrated in the embodiment of  FIGS. 8-10 , the outer end  53 ′ initially includes a slight radius of curvature ( FIG. 8 ) so the outer end flares outwardly upon abutting the shoulder  55 ′ (FIGS.  9  and  10 ). Of course, those of skill in the art will appreciate other similar configurations as contemplated by the invention. 
   As also shown in the embodiment of the connector  50 ′ of  FIGS. 8-10 , a series of longitudinally extending slits  56  may be provided to both facilitate the outward flaring and/or also provide at least a degree of air venting as the connector  50 ′ is removed from the busing insert  54 ′. Accordingly, the likelihood of flashover is significantly reduced or eliminated. Moreover, for those embodiments using TPE materials, the outer end can be formed to be relatively thin to facilitate the flaring as described herein and as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
   Another advantageous feature of the electrical connector  50 ′ is now explained. As noted in the above background, in many instances it is desirable to visually indicate whether the connector is properly and fully seated onto the electrical bushing insert  54 ′. The illustrated embodiment of the connector  50 ′ includes a colored band  57  serving as indicia to visually indicate to a technician that the connector has moved from the unseated position ( FIG. 8 ) to the fully seated position (FIGS.  9  and  10 ). In other words, when the colored band  57  becomes fully visible to the technician viewing the connector  50 ′ along an axis of the bushing insert  54 ′ and first connector end  51   a ′ (FIG.  10 ), the connector is fully seated. Conversely, in some embodiments, the outer end  53 ′ could be configured so that, if viewed from the side, the colored band  57  would no longer be visible when properly seated. Those of skill in the art will appreciate other indicia configurations carried by the outer end of the connector  50 ′ are contemplated by the present invention. 
   This indicator feature can be used, for example, for all elbows including 15, 25, 35 Kv 200 Amp devices, as well as many 600 Amp devices. Seating indicators exist in some prior art connectors, but these seating indicators are generally placed on the bushing insert. Accordingly, it may be difficult to see the indicator when the technician is positioning the elbow directly in front of the transformer. The seating indicators currently used typically employ a yellow band on the bushing that is covered up by the elbow cuff when the two portions are fully mated. After the products are mated together, the operator must view the side of the product to see if all of the yellow band is covered. In accordance with the indicator feature of the connector  50 ′, the elbow cuff or outer end  53  will flip up or flare when fully mated so that it can be viewed when directly in front of the technician. Thus, the technician need not approach the energized equipment to view the fully latched connector. 
   Referring now additionally to  FIGS. 11-13  other types of connectors including the advantageous features described herein are now described. An electrical bushing insert  60  is shown in FIG.  11  and includes a connector body  61  having a tubular shape defining the passageway  62  having opposing ends  62   a ,  62   b  and a medial portion  62   c  therebetween. The connector body  61  illustratively includes a first layer  65  comprising metal, a second layer  66  comprising an insulative material and surrounding the first layer, and a third layer comprising, for example, a semiconductive material and surrounding the second layer at a medial portion of the connector body that is adjacent the medial portion of the passageway. Another metallic insert  68  is also provided in the illustrated embodiment within the passageway  62 , although those of skill in the art will recognize that other materials and configurations for the conducting internal components of the bushing insert  60  are also possible. 
   The second and/or third layers  66 ,  67  may comprise TPE materials for the advantages as noted above. For example, the second layer  66  may comprise an insulative TPE material, and the third layer may comprise a semiconductive TPE material. As also shown in the illustrated embodiment, the second layer  66  may have an enlarged diameter adjacent the medial portion  62   c  of the passageway  62 . Indeed this enlarged diameter medial portion may be formed by multiple layering of the insulative TPE material as indicated by the dashed lines  70 ,  70 ′, or by using other filler materials, for example, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. It may often be desirable to form successive relatively thin layers of the insulative TPE for the desired overall thickness and shape of the second layer  66 . The first and third layers  65 ,  67 , may also be formed of successive thinner layers in this connector embodiment, as well as the others described herein, and as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
   A second embodiment of a bushing insert  60 ′ is shown in FIG.  12  and now described in greater detail. In this embodiment, the first layer  65 ′ is provided by a plastic material, such as a TPE material, for example. For example, the plastic material may be an insulative or semiconductive material. Those other elements of the bushing insert  60 ′ are indicated by prime notation and are similar to those discussed above with reference to FIG.  11 . 
   The rib feature described above to reduce electrical stress may also be applied to the embodiments of the bushing inserts  60 .  60 ′. In addition, a plurality of bushing inserts  60 ,  60 ′ may also be joined to a common bus bar, for example, to produce an electrical connector in the form typically called a junction as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. 
   Referring now more particularly to  FIG. 13 , yet another electrical connector in the form of an inline splice  80  is now explained. The splice  80  illustratively includes a tubular connector body  81  defining a passageway  82  having first and second ends  82   a ,  82   b  with a medial portion  83   c  therebetween. The connector body  81  includes a first layer  85  adjacent and/or defining the medial portion  82   c  of the passageway  82 , a second layer  86  surrounding the first layer, and a third layer  87  surrounding the second layer. The first and/or third layers  85 ,  87  may comprise semiconductive TPE material, and the second layer  86  may comprise insulative TPE material. Accordingly, this splice  80  also enjoys the advantages and benefits provided by using TPE materials as described herein. 
   Other features and advantages of the present invention may be found in copending patent applications filed concurrently herewith and assigned to the assignee of the present invention and are entitled ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR WITH VISUAL SEATING INDICATOR AND ASSOCIATED METHODS, Ser. No. 10/438,764; ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR INCLUDING SPLIT SHIELD MONITOR POINT AND ASSOCIATED METHODS, Ser. No. 10/438,766; ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR INCLUDING COLD SHRINK CORE AND THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER MATERIAL AND ASSOCIATED METHODS, Ser. No. 10/438,777, ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR WITH ANTI-FLASHOVER CONFIGURATION AND ASSOCIATED METHODS, Ser. No. 10/438,777, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. In addition, many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Accordingly, it is understood that the invention is not to be limited to the illustrated embodiments disclosed, and that other modifications and embodiments are intended to be included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.