Patent Publication Number: US-2023150780-A1

Title: Automated glass article bundling and palletizing apparatuses and methods

Description:
This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/279,364, filed on Nov. 15, 2021, the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The present specification generally relates to methods and apparatuses for bundling and palletizing glass articles and, more particularly, to methods and apparatuses for bundling and palletizing glass tubes for pharmaceutical packages that eliminate glass-to-glass interactions between the glass tubes and human contact during the packaging process. 
     Technical Background 
     Historically, glass has been used as the preferred material for packaging pharmaceuticals because of its hermeticity, optical clarity, and excellent chemical durability relative to other materials. Specifically, the glass used in pharmaceutical packaging must have adequate chemical durability so as not to affect the stability of the pharmaceutical compositions contained therein. Glasses having suitable chemical durability include those glass compositions within the ASTM standard ‘Type 1B’ which have a proven history of chemical durability. 
     However, use of glass for such applications is limited by the mechanical performance of the glass. In the pharmaceutical industry, glass breakage is a concern, not just for product quality, but also for the end user. Even non-catastrophic breakage (i.e., when the glass cracks but does not break) may cause the contents to lose their sterility which, in turn, may result in costly product recalls. 
     Specifically, handling or bundling of glass articles throughout the pharmaceutical package producing process can result in significant glass-to-glass contact, which can create scratches and defects in the glass. This mechanical damage can significantly decrease the strength of the glass pharmaceutical package resulting in an increased likelihood that cracks will develop in the glass, potentially compromising the sterility of the pharmaceutical contained in the package or causing the complete failure of the package. Reducing or even eliminating glass-to-glass contact can result in significant improvements in physical properties of the pharmaceutical packages. 
     Accordingly, a need exists for methods and apparatuses for packaging glass articles, such as tubes for pharmaceutical packages that reduce or even eliminate glass-to-glass interactions during the packaging process. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one embodiment, an apparatus that forms bundles of glass articles includes a glass article infeed station including an infeed conveyor that continuously transports individual glass articles to a layer separating conveyor. The layer separating conveyor includes a conveyor belt that forms a layer of side-by-side glass articles. A robotic lift assembly is configured to place the layer of side-by-side glass articles together on a layer separation insert. The layer separation insert has side-by-side slots that each receive a single glass article of the layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     According to another embodiment, a method of handling glass articles to form bundles of the glass articles is provided. The method includes continuously transporting individual glass articles in the form of glass tubes or rods having a first outer diameter to a layer separating conveyor and forming a first layer of side-by-side glass articles on the layer separating conveyor. Using a robotic lift assembly, placing the first layer of side-by-side glass articles together on a layer separation insert, the layer separation insert having side-by-side slots that each receive a single glass article of the first layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     According to another embodiment, an apparatus that forms bundles of glass articles includes a layer separating conveyor comprising a conveyor belt that forms a layer of side-by-side glass articles. A robotic lift assembly is configured to place the layer of side-by-side glass articles in a first spaced-apart configuration together on a re-pitch station that comprises adjustable article retaining regions that adjust position automatically to decrease a distance between adjacent side-by-side glass articles to a second spaced-apart configuration. 
     Additional features and advantages of the glass articles and methods and processes for manufacturing the same will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the various embodiments, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate the various embodiments described herein, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operations of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective, partially exploded view of a palletized package formed of stacked bundles of glass articles, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  2 A  is a detail end view of a bundle for use in forming a palletized package without separation between adjacent glass articles; 
         FIG.  2 B  is a detail view of the palletized package of  FIG.  1    formed of multiple glass article layers illustrating separation between adjacent glass articles, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  3    is a perspective view of a layer separation insert for use in separating the glass articles of a bundle, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus for forming the multiple bundles that are stacked to form the palletized package of  FIG.  1   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  5    depicts a layer of glass articles having a predetermined pitch, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  6    is a perspective side view of a portion of the automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus of  FIG.  4   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  7    is a perspective side view of a portion of the automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus of  FIG.  4   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  8    is a perspective side view of a portion of the automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus of  FIG.  4   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  9    is a perspective side view of a portion of the automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus of  FIG.  4   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  10 A  diagrammatically illustrates a re-pitch operation, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein 
         FIG.  10 B  diagrammatically illustrates a re-pitch operation, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  11 A  diagrammatically illustrates a re-pitch operation, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  11 B  diagrammatically illustrates a re-pitch operation, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  12    is a perspective side view of a portion of the automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus of  FIG.  4   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  13    diagrammatically illustrates an end effector that is configured to lift glass article layers of glass article tubes of different diameters, according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  14    is a perspective side view of a portion of the automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus of  FIG.  4   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  15    is a perspective side view of a portion of the automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus of  FIG.  4   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; 
         FIG.  16    is a perspective side view of a portion of the automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus of  FIG.  4   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein; and 
         FIG.  17    is a perspective side view of a portion of the automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus of  FIG.  4   , according to one or more embodiments shown and described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of methods and apparatuses for packaging glass articles, such as tubes for pharmaceutical packages that reduce or even eliminate glass-to-glass interactions during the packaging process, examples of which are depicted in the figures. The glass articles may be further processed and, for example, used as glass containers suitable for use in various packaging applications including, without limitation, as pharmaceutical packages. These pharmaceutical packages may or may not contain a pharmaceutical composition. Various embodiments of the methods and apparatuses for packaging glass articles that reduce or even eliminate glass-to-glass interactions during the packaging process will be described in further detail herein with specific reference to the appended drawings. 
     Generally, the methods and apparatuses may utilize glass receiving inserts that are suitable for touching and supporting the glass articles. The layer separation inserts may include individual slots that are each sized and arranged to receive individual glass articles to form a layer of the glass articles. The layers of the glass articles can be stacked, one on top of the other with their layer separation inserts, which can then provide separation barriers between the layers of the glass articles and also between adjacent glass articles of the same layer. 
     Embodiments described herein include an apparatus that forms bundles of the glass articles. The bundles, in turn, can be stacked to form a palletized package of the glass articles along with their layer separation inserts. The apparatus includes a glass article infeed station that includes an infeed conveyor that continuously transports individual glass articles to a layer separating conveyor. The layer separating conveyor includes a conveyor belt that includes sectioned article retaining regions that are each sized and configured to receive a single glass article from the infeed station and retain the single glass article spaced from adjacent glass articles that forms a layer of side-by-side glass articles. In some embodiments, a re-pitch station includes adjustable article retaining regions that each receive a single one of the glass articles of the layer of side-by-side glass articles. The adjustable article retaining regions adjust position automatically to decrease a distance between adjacent side-by-side glass articles from a first spaced-apart configuration of greater pitch to a second spaced-apart configuration of lesser pitch. A robotic lift assembly may be provided that is configured to place the layer of side-by-side glass articles together on a plurality of layer separation inserts in the second configuration. The layer separation inserts have side-by-side slots that each receive a single one of the glass articles of the layer of side-by-side glass articles. The methods and apparatuses provide for automated packaging of the glass articles using the glass receiving inserts to reduce or even eliminate glass-to-glass contact and human handling of the glass articles during the packaging process. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , an example of a palletized package  10  of multiple glass articles  12  in the form of individual tubes is illustrated. The palletized package  10  is formed of multiple bundles  14  of the glass articles  12  stacked in both rows  16  and columns  18  on a pallet  20 . The palletized package  10  includes opposite ends  22  and  24  at which ends  26  and  28  of the glass articles  12  are arranged, opposite sides  30  and  32  that extend between the ends  26  and  28 , a top  34  and a bottom  36  that rests on the pallet  20 . In some embodiments, the palletized package  10  and/or the multiple bundles  14  may be wrapped in an outer wrap (represented by the dotted line  38 ), such as a plastic film (e.g., a shrink wrap, stretch wrap, etc.). Wrapping the palletized package  10  with the outer wrap  38  can increase rigidity and structural integrity to the overall palletized package  10  by securing the bundles together and inhibiting particles from entering the glass articles. 
     As shown by the exploded portion of  FIG.  1   , the bundles  14  are each formed by glass article layers  40  stacked one over another. Each glass article layer  40  may be formed of any suitable number of the glass articles  12 , such as four, six, eight, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20 glass articles and arranged side-by-side. The number of the glass articles  12  in each layer may depend on, for example, the properties of the glass articles, such as size, weight, etc. As an example, the glass articles  12  may have an outer diameter of between about 8.5 mm and 30 mm. The glass article layers  40  may be relatively long in length L (e.g., about one meter or more, such as about 1.5 meters or more) and relatively short in height H (e.g., a diameter of the glass article tubes). 
     Layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  are provided between each of the glass article layers. Layer separation inserts  42  and  46  may be end layer separation inserts and layer separation insert  44  may be a middle separation insert. While one middle layer separation insert  44  is illustrated, there may be multiple middle layer separation inserts. The end layer separation inserts  42  and  46  may be located near the opposite ends  26  and  28  with the middle layer separation insert  44  located therebetween. As can be seen, the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  may be shorter than the length L of the glass article layers  40  and may be separated from each other along the length L providing gaps  48  between adjacent glass article layers  40 . Such an arrangement can reduce material used to form the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  compared to longer layer separation inserts, while still supporting the glass article layers  40  from each other. 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates a detail end view of glass article layers stacked one over another in a known configuration where the glass articles contact. The glass article layers are stacked in an offset configuration (e.g., offset a half diameter in the side-to-side or widthwise direction) that form hexagonal patterns (highlighted by dotted lines  47 ) of the glass articles  12 . Such an arrangement results in significant glass-to-glass contact which can cause scratches and other mechanical damage to the glass articles. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2 B , the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  ( FIG.  1   ) separate the individual glass articles  12  from one another in both the height wise and widthwise directions. In other words, the glass articles  12  are separated from one another between both rows and within each glass article layer  40  by the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46 . As can be seen, gaps  51  are provided between adjacent glass articles  12  of the glass layers  40  and gaps  53  are provided between adjacent glass articles  12  of adjacent glass layers  40 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , the end layer separation insert  46  is illustrated. While the end layer separation insert  46  is shown, the layer separation insert  42  and  44  may include the same or similar features suitable for holding and separating the glass articles  12 . In some embodiments, the end layer separation inserts may have closed sides to cover ends of the glass articles  12 . The end layer separation insert  46  includes a row of article receiving slots  50  that are each sized to receive the ends  28  of the glass articles  12  therein. The slots  50  may have a shape (e.g., round) that is complementary with an outer shape of the glass articles  12  to allow the glass articles  12  to nest within the article receiving slots  50 . Each article receiving slot  50  includes a side wall  52  that extends along a length of the article receiving slot  50 . The side walls  52  extend outwardly from a base  56  that extends along each of the article receiving slots  50 . Height extension tabs  58  and  60  may extend outwardly from top edges  62  of the side walls  52 . The height extension tabs  58  and  60  may be provided to extend outwardly beyond the glass articles  12  when provided in the article receiving slots  50  and to contact a base  56  of an adjacent end layer separation insert  46  thereby supporting at least some downward load. Contact between the height extension tabs  58 ,  60  and the base  56  of an adjacent end separation insert  46  can provide the spacing between the adjacent glass layers  40 . The height extension tabs  58  may be offset from the height extension tabs  60  in the end-to-end or lengthwise direction, which can provide increased stability for the glass article layers  40  when stacked. Ends  62  of the article receiving slots  50  are open and unobstructed to allow the glass articles  12  to extend out of the article receiving slots  50  in a horizontal fashion. 
     The layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  may have the article receiving slots  50  that are sized and arranged to carry tubular glass articles  12  of different diameters. For example, the article receiving slots  50 ,  64  may be sized to hold tubular glass articles of between about 8.5 mm and 30 mm. Further, the height extension tabs  58 ,  60 ,  70 ,  72  may have heights that are sufficient to contact the bases  56  of an adjacent layer separation insert  42 ,  44 ,  46  for any of the tubular glass articles  12  of different diameters. The lengths of the tubes may be selected to also be substantially the same regardless of diameter. In this way, the overall width, length and height of the layers  40 , bundles  14  and palletized packages  10  can be substantially the same regardless of the diameter of the tubular glass articles  12 , which can reduce the complexity of the packaging, shipping and handling processes. If the heights of the height extension tabs  58 ,  60  (and/or side walls  52 ) are below a portion of the tubular glass articles  12 , the heights of the layers  40 , bundles  14  and palletized packages  10  may vary depending on the diameter of the tubular glass articles  12 , but the widths and lengths may be the same. 
     The layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  may be formed of any suitable material, such as amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET), silicone, etc. that can contact and protect the glass articles  12 , while providing the desired separation between the glass article layers  40  ( FIG.  2 B ). In some embodiments, the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  may be formed or a re-usable and/or recyclable material. Any suitable process may be used to form the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46 , such as molding. 
     The glass articles  12  may be formed from a variety of different glass compositions. The specific composition of the glass article may be selected according to the specific application such that the glass has a desired set of physical properties. 
     The glass articles  12  may be formed from a glass composition which has a coefficient of thermal expansion in the range from about 25×10 −7 /° C. to 80×10 −7 /° C. For example, in some embodiments described herein, the glass articles  12  are formed from alkali aluminosilicate glass compositions which are amenable to strengthening by ion exchange. Such compositions generally include a combination of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , at least one alkaline earth oxide, and one or more alkali oxides, such as Na 2 O and/or K 2 O. In some of these embodiments, the glass composition may be free from boron and compounds containing boron. In some other embodiments, the glass compositions may further comprise minor amounts of one or more additional oxides such as, for example, SnO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, TiO 2 , As 2 O 3 , or the like. These components may be added as fining agents and/or to further enhance the chemical durability of the glass composition. In another embodiment, the glass surface may comprise a metal oxide coating comprising SnO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, TiO 2 , As 2 O 3 , or the like 
     In one particularly exemplary embodiment, the glass articles  12  may be formed from an ion exchangeable glass composition described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/660,894 filed Oct. 25, 2012 and entitled “Glass Compositions with Improved Chemical and Mechanical Durability” assigned to Corning, Incorporated. 
     However, it should be understood that the articles  12  described herein may be formed from other glass compositions including, without limitation, ion-exchangeable glass compositions and non-ion exchangeable glass compositions. For example, in some embodiments the glass container may be formed from Type 1B glass compositions such as, for example, Schott Type 1B or other borosilicate or aluminosilicate glass compositions suitable for use in pharmaceutical packaging. 
     In some embodiments described herein, the glass articles  12  may be formed from a glass composition which meets the criteria for pharmaceutical glasses described by regulatory agencies such as the USP (United States Pharmacopoeia), the EP (European Pharmacopeia), and the JP (Japanese Pharmacopeia) based on their hydrolytic resistance. Per USP 660 and EP 7, glasses meet the Type I criteria are routinely used for parenteral packaging. Examples of borosilicate glass include, but not limited to Corning® Pyrex® 7740, 7800 and Wheaton 180, 200, and 400, Schott Duran, Schott Fiolax, KIMAX® N-51A, Gerrescheimer GX-51 Flint and others. Soda-lime glass meets the Type III criteria and is acceptable in packaging of dry powders which are subsequently dissolved to make solutions or buffers. Type III glasses are also suitable for packaging liquid formulations that prove to be insensitive to alkali. Examples of Type III soda lime glass include Wheaton 800 and 900. De-alkalized soda-lime glasses have higher levels of sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide and meet the Type II criteria. These glasses are less resistant to leaching than Type I glasses but more resistant than Type III glasses. Type II glasses can be used for products that remain below a pH of 7 for their shelf life. Examples include ammonium sulfate treated soda lime glasses. These pharmaceutical glasses have varied chemical compositions and have a coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) in the range of 20-85×10 −7 ° C. −1 . Another glass composition that meets Type criteria for hydrolytic resistance and chemical durability is Corning Valor® glass. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , an automated glass article bundling and palletizing method and apparatus  100  is illustrated for forming the multiple bundles  14  that are stacked to form the palletized package  10  of  FIG.  1   . The bundling and palletizing apparatus  100  includes a glass article infeed station  102  where individual glass articles  12  are provided to a layer separating station  104  (e.g., using a conveyor). The layer separating station  104  can utilize a conveyor that separates a preselected number of the individual glass articles  12  from other incoming glass articles  12  to form layers of the glass articles  12  having a first spaced-apart configuration of a pre-selected pitch. As used herein, the term “pitch” refers to the distance between corresponding points on adjacent glass articles  12  of a glass article layer. Referring briefly to  FIG.  5   , a glass article layer  106  includes glass articles  12  having a pitch P between lengthwise centerlines C 1  and C 2 , as an example. The pitch of a glass article layer is substantially constant (e.g., ±10 millimeters) for that glass article layer. For example, a pitch P of the first spaced-apart configuration may be no more than about 100 mm, such as no more than about 75 mm, such as no more than about 50 mm, such as no more than about 40 mm, such as no more than about 30 mm, such as no more than about 20 mm, such as no more than about 15 mm. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  4   , after the glass article layer is formed and separated with its predetermined number of glass articles  12 , it is provided to a re-pitch station  108 . For example, a robotic lift assembly  110  may carry the entire glass article layer in the first spaced-apart configuration from the layer separating station  104  to the re-pitch station  108 . The re-pitch station  108  receives the entire glass article layer in the first-spaced-apart configuration and reduces the pitch to a second spaced-apart configuration of reduced pitch. For example, a pitch of the second spaced-apart configuration may be no more than about 50 mm, such as no more than about 30 mm, such as no more than about 15 mm, such as no more than about 10 mm. The pitch of the second spaced-apart configuration may be selected to correspond to a pitch of the article receiving slots  50  ( FIG.  3   ). 
     Once the pitch of the glass article layer is adjusted (e.g., reduced) at the re-pitch station  108 , it is provided to a bundle build station  112 . For example, another robotic lift assembly  114  may carry the entire glass article layer in the second spaced-apart configuration from the re-pitch station  108  to the bundle build station  112 . Waiting for the glass article layer are the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  ( FIG.  3   ). The robotic lift assembly  114  is configured to place the glass articles of the entire glass article layer into their respective individual article receiving slots  50  simultaneously. Then, additional layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  are fed from an insert feed station  116  (e.g., using a conveyor) and placed on the glass article layer to receive another re-pitched glass article layer. The additional layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  may be placed on the glass article layer using another robotic lift assembly  118 . 
     The process continues until a bundle is built at the bundle build station  112 . Then, the bundle is transported to a bundle packaging system  120  (e.g., using a conveyor). A band  122  ( FIG.  1   ) can be placed around an end of the bundle to constrain movement of the glass articles relative to each other. Multiple bands may be placed around the bundle at different locations, such as at both ends and any location in-between. Use of bands can also reduce contamination and eliminate a need for cardboard boxes, reducing needed storage space and processing. The banded bundles are then stacked at a pallet build station  123  using a robotic lift assembly  125  to form a pallet ( FIG.  1   ). 
     Referring still to  FIG.  4   , a control system  124  is provided that can be used to control automated aspects of the bundling and palletizing apparatus  100 . The control system  124  may be formed of at least one or multiple computing devices for controlling the automated aspects including the conveyors, re-pitch station and robotic lift assemblies. The control system  124  may also monitor progress of the glass articles and layer separation inserts at one, some or all of the stations  102 ,  108 ,  112 ,  116 ,  120  and  123 . For example, sensors  126 , such as cameras, proximity, etc., may be located so that the control system  124  can identify (e.g., using a vision system and image data) if a glass article and/or layer separation insert is missing at one some or any of the stations  102 ,  108 ,  112 ,  116 ,  120  and  123 . Further, the control system  124  can identify a glass type, such as aluminosilicate and borosilicate. 
     Occasionally, glass articles may “jump” from one article retaining region to another, crossing over another glass article in its article retaining region. The control system  124  can automatically detect, track and reject both of the glass articles having glass-to-glass contact to a reject station  128 . Then, those article retaining regions having rejected glass articles can be re-filled and the packaging process continued. In some embodiments, the control system  124  can track individual glass articles, layers, bundles and pallets through the bundling and palletizing method and apparatus  100 . Glass articles can be inspected by the control system  124  and individual or multiple glass articles can be removed based on a command from an operator and/or automatically should a defect be detected. 
       FIGS.  6 - 17    diagrammatically illustrate the stations  102 ,  108 ,  112 ,  116 ,  120  and  123  and robotic lift assemblies  110 ,  114 ,  118  and  125  in greater detail and in operation. Referring first to  FIG.  6   , the bundling and palletizing apparatus  100  includes the infeed station  102  that includes a conveyor  130 . The conveyor  130  includes separators  132  in the form of pegs on opposite sides of the conveyor  130  that are spaced-apart from adjacent separators in the conveying direction to provide article retaining regions  134  that each hold a single glass article tube  136 . The separators  132  are each mounted to a conveyor belt  138  that moves the separators  132  in the conveying direction and delivers the glass article tubes  136  to the layer separating station  104  in a continuous fashion. As used herein with reference to conveyor motion, “continuous” refers to a smooth conveying motion that does not slow or stop. The term “indexing” refers to slowing or stopping for a relatively short period of time and then moving with precision at a higher speed for another period of time and distance quickly. The term “intermittent” refers to stopping or slowing for a longer period of time, usually so that a process can be performed while slowed or stopped, before moving at a higher speed for another period of time and distance. 
     Referring also to  FIG.  7   , the conveyor  130  feeds the glass article tubes  136  to the layer separating station  104 . The layer separating station  104  includes another conveyor  140  that includes opposite sides  142  and  144 , where each side  142 ,  144  includes conveyor belts  146 ,  148 . In the illustrated example, two conveyor belts  146  and  148  are being used at each side  142  and  144 , however, only one or more than two conveyor belts may be used. Using multiple conveyor belts  146  and  148  allows the conveyor  130  to cycle layer separation regions  150  and  152  of separators  154  to the infeed station  102  for receiving glass article tubes  136 . In the instance of  FIG.  6   , for example, the separation region  150  receives a preselected number (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 15, etc.) of glass article tubes  136 , each glass article tube  136  located in its own article retaining region  156 . The conveyor belts  146  of the conveyor  140  then move the layer separation region  150  away from the infeed station  102  in the conveying direction at a relatively high rate of speed while the layer separation region  152  is presented to the infeed station  102  and indexed so that each article retaining region  156  receives an individual glass article tube  136 . Then, the conveyor belts  146  move the layer separation region  152  away from the infeed station  102  in the conveying direction at a relatively high rate of speed while the layer separation region  150  is presented to the infeed station  102  and indexed so that each retaining region  156  receives and individual glass article tube  136 . As can be appreciated, such conveying motion of both indexing and continuous movement of the conveyor belts  146 ,  148  separates the glass article tubes  136  into glass article layers  158  of side-by-side glass article tubes having a first spaced-apart configuration. The conveying motion can also accommodate for missing glass articles due to being rejected and/or jumping, as discussed above. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , once glass article layer  158   a  is separated from an upstream glass article layer  158   b  being formed, the robotic lift assembly  110  engages the glass article tubes  136  and carries the entire glass article layer  158   a  to the re-pitch station  108 . The robotic lift assembly  110  includes robotic arms  160 ,  162  that include end-effectors  164 ,  166  that can be used to simultaneously engage each one of the glass article tubes  136  of the glass article layer  158   a,  maintaining the pitch between the glass article tubes  136 . For example, the end-effectors  164 ,  166  may include a rows of projections  168  ( FIG.  7   ) that can be inserted into the end of the glass article tubes  136  and used to lift and carry the glass article tubes  136  simultaneously. As another example, the end effectors  164 ,  166  may include a material of increased friction that can be used to engage the ends of the glass article tubes  136 . Any suitable method of engaging the glass article tubes  136  of the glass article layer  158   a  may be utilized with the robotic lift assembly  110 . It should be noted that the end effectors  164  and  166  are configured to engage glass article tubes of different diameters (e.g., between 8.5 mm and 30 mm) and carry an entire glass article layer to the re-pitch station  108 . The end effectors  164  may be formed of a relatively soft material that does not damage the glass. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , the robotic lift assembly  110  carries the glass article layer  158   a  in the first spaced-apart configuration to the re-pitch station  108 . The re-pitch station  108  includes moveable separators  170  that can be moved to provide adjustable article retaining regions  172 .  FIGS.  10 A,  10 B and  11 A,  11 B  diagrammatically illustrate the action of the moveable separators  170 . Referring first to  FIG.  10 A and  11 A , the re-pitch station includes a first re-pitch apparatus  174  and a second re-pitch apparatus  176  spaced-apart from the first re-pitch apparatus  174  in the cross-conveying direction. While two re-pitch apparatuses are shown, there may be one or more than two re-pitch apparatuses. Each re-pitch apparatus includes an outer set  178  of the moveable separators  170  and an inner set  180  of the moveable separators  170 . The outer set  178  of moveable separators  170  includes moveable separators  170   a,    170   b,    170   c  and  170   d  and the inner set  180  includes moveable separators  170   e  and  170   f  A stationary separator  182  is provided between center glass article tubes  136   a  and  136   b.  Referring particularly to  FIG.  11 A , the separators  170   e,    170   f  and  182  are ramp-shaped (e.g., triangular) and are sized to allow the glass article tubes  136  to rest on their ramp-shaped side surfaces  184  and  186  in the first spaced-apart configuration. During a re-pitch operation, the moveable separators  170   a,    170   b  and  170   e  move linearly in the conveying direction toward the stationary separator  182  and the moveable separators  170   c.    170   d  and  170   f  move linearly in the opposite direction toward the stationary separator  180 , as represented by arrows  188  and  190 . This movement of the moveable separators  170  toward the stationary separator  182  reduces the pitch of the glass article layer  158   a  to a second spaced-apart configuration, as shown by  FIGS.  10 B and  11 B . The ramp-shape of the separators  170 ,  182  allow the glass article tubes  136  to ride up the ramp-shape side surfaces  184  and  186 , closer to one another as the moveable separators  170  move toward each other where the glass article tubes  136  can be held in the second spaced-apart configuration using the separators  170   a - 170   d  ( FIG.  10 B ). 
     Referring to  FIG.  12   , the robotic lift assembly  114  includes an end effector  194  that can be used to engage the entire glass article layer  158   a  of the glass article tubes  136  in the second spaced-apart configuration and carry the glass article layer  158   a  to the bundle build station  112 . At the bundle build station  112 , layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  are waiting for the glass article layer  158   a.  The robotic lift assembly  114  includes a robotic arm  196  that places all glass article tubes  136  of the glass article layer  158   a  within individual article receiving slots  50  ( FIG.  3   ) using the end effector  194 . In the illustrated instance, the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  are placed on a partially built bundle  196 . 
     Referring briefly to  FIG.  13   , the end effector  194  may be configured to engage glass article tubes  136  of different diameters (e.g., between 8.5 mm and 30 mm). As an example, the end effector  194  may include glass pick-up devices  198  that are configured to engage and hold the glass article tubes  136 . The glass pick-up devices  198  may include suction nozzles  200  that are arranged along an article engaging side  202  of the end effector  194 . The suction nozzles  200  are in communication with a vacuum source to supply a negative pressure through the suction nozzle  200  that is used to engage the glass article tubes  136 . The end effector  194  may also include end engagement fingers  202  and  204  that can be used to engage opposite ends of the glass article tubes  136 . 
     Referring again to  FIG.  9   , the robotic lift assembly  118  may be used to pick empty layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  and place them atop the partially built bundle  196 . The robotic lift assembly  118  includes a robotic arm  206  that includes an end effector  208  that is configured to grasp the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  simultaneously from an insert infeed conveyor  210  and place them simultaneously on the partially built bundle  196 . Referring to  FIG.  14   , the insert feed station  116  includes robotic pick assemblies  212  that are configured to pick the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  from insert feed mechanisms  214 . The insert feed mechanisms  214  index the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  to the robotic pick assemblies  212 . In some embodiments, there may be three robotic pick assemblies  212  and insert feed mechanisms  214 , one for each of the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46 . The insert infeed conveyor  210  conveys the layer separation inserts  42 ,  44  and  46  to the bundle build station  112 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , once the bundle is fully built, the bundle is conveyed toward the bundle packaging system  120  using a bundle conveyor  218 . Referring now to  FIG.  15   , the bundle packaging system  120  includes a banding apparatus  220  that is used to place a band  222  around ends of a bundle  224 . The bundle  224  is then conveyed to an inspection station  236  where the control system  124  ( FIG.  4   ), inspects the bundle  224  and bundle  224  is either moved to the pallet building station  123  ( FIG.  17   ) or rejected. Referring to  FIG.  16   , the bundle  224  may be moved by the robotic lifting assembly  125  that includes a robotic arm  228  and an end effector  230  that is configured to engage ends of the bundle  224 . The bundle  224  is then moved to a partially built pallet  232  at the pallet building station  123  ( FIG.  17   ). 
     The above-described apparatuses and methods can be used to handle and package relatively large numbers of glass articles, while minimizing or even eliminating glass-to-glass contact or human contact with the glass articles. Such an arrangement can reduce potential glass article fracture sites (scratches, defects, chips, etc.), which can, in turn, improve strength of the glass articles and improve cleanliness by eliminating human contact. A vision system may be used to track the glass articles determine whether or not the layers, bundles and pallets are being built according to specifications. 
     Embodiments can be described with reference to the following numbered clauses, with preferred features laid out in the dependent clauses: 
     Clause 1: An apparatus that forms bundles of glass articles, the apparatus comprising: a glass article infeed station comprising an infeed conveyor that continuously transports individual glass articles to a layer separating conveyor, the layer separating conveyor comprising a conveyor belt that forms a layer of side-by-side glass articles; and a robotic lift assembly configured to place the layer of side-by-side glass articles together on a layer separation insert, the layer separation insert having side-by-side slots that each receive a single glass article of the layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 2: The apparatus of clause 1, wherein the robotic lift assembly comprises an end of arm tool that includes glass pick-up devices that are arranged and configured to engage glass articles having different diameters. 
     Clause 3: The apparatus of clause 2, wherein the glass pick-up devices comprise suction nozzles. 
     Clause 4: The apparatus of clause 1 or 2, wherein the layer separating conveyor comprises the conveyor belt configured to intermittently separate layers of side-by-side glass articles from adjacent layers of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 5: The apparatus of clause 4, wherein the robotic lift assembly is configured to stack the layers of side-by-side glass articles forming part of a bundle. 
     Clause 6: The apparatus of clause 5 further comprising a controller that uses a sensor to automatically detect an absence of a glass article from the layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 7: The apparatus of any of clauses 1-6, wherein the layer separating conveyor comprises sectioned article retaining regions that are each sized and configured to retain a single glass article spaced from adjacent glass articles. 
     Clause 8: The apparatus of clause 7 further comprising a controller that uses a sensor to automatically detect multiple glass articles in a single article retaining region. 
     Clause 9: The apparatus of any of clauses 1-8 further comprising a controller that uses a sensor to automatically identify a preselected number of glass articles in the layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 10: The apparatus of any of clauses 1-9 further comprising a re-pitch station comprising adjustable article retaining regions that adjust position automatically to decrease a distance between adjacent side-by-side glass articles of the layer before the robotic lift assembly places the layer of side-by-side articles together on the layer separation insert. 
     Clause 11: The apparatus of clause 10, wherein the robotic lift assembly is a first robotic lift assembly, the apparatus comprising a second robotic lift assembly that moves the layer of side-by-side glass articles together from the layer separating conveyor to the re-pitch station. 
     Clause 12: The apparatus of clause 11 further comprising a third robotic lift assembly that places another layer separation insert on the layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 13: A method of handling glass articles to form bundles of the glass articles, the method comprising: continuously transporting individual glass articles in the form of glass tubes or rods having a first outer diameter to a layer separating conveyor and forming a first layer of side-by-side glass articles on the layer separating conveyor; and using a robotic lift assembly, placing the first layer of side-by-side glass articles together on a layer separation insert, the layer separation insert having side-by-side slots that each receive a single glass article of the first layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 14: The method of clause 13 further comprising: continuously transporting individual glass articles in the form of tubes or rods having a second outer diameter different from the first diameter to the layer separating conveyor and forming a second layer of side-by-side glass articles on the layer separating conveyor; and using the robotic lift assembly, placing the second layer of side-by-side glass articles together on another layer separation insert, the another layer separation insert having side-by-side slots that each receive a single glass article of the second layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 15: The method of clause 14 further comprising: stacking the first layer of side-by-side glass articles having the first outer diameter on another layer of side-by-side glass articles having the first outer diameter and forming a first bundle; and stacking the second layer of side-by-side glass articles having the second outer diameter on another layer of side-by-side glass articles having the second outer diameter forming a second bundle; wherein the first bundle and second bundle have at least one or more of a same width, length and height. 
     Clause 16: The method of clause 14 or 15, wherein the robotic lift assembly comprises an end of arm tool that includes glass pick-up devices that are arranged and configured to engage the glass articles of the first layer and to move the first layer of side-by-side glass articles when forming a first bundle, the glass pick-up devices arranged and configured to engage glass articles of the second layer and move the second layer of side-by-side articles when forming a second bundle. 
     Clause 17: The method of clause 16, wherein the glass pick-up devices comprise suction nozzles. 
     Clause 18: The method of any of clauses 13-17 further comprising the layer separating conveyor separating the first layer of side-by-side glass articles from an adjacent layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 19: The method of clause 18 further comprising the robotic lift assembly stacking the another layer and first layer of side-by-side glass articles and forming part of a bundle. 
     Clause 20: The method of clause 19 further comprising wrapping a band around the bundle at a bundle wrapping station. 
     Clause 21: The method of any of clauses 13-20 further comprising using a sensor, a controller automatically detecting an absence of a glass article from the first layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 22: The method of any of clauses 13-21, wherein the layer separating conveyor comprises sectioned article retaining regions that are each sized and configured to retain a single glass article spaced from adjacent glass articles. 
     Clause 23: The method of clause 22 further comprising, using a sensor, a controller automatically detecting multiple glass articles in a single article retaining region. 
     Clause 24: The method of clause 23, wherein the layer separating conveyor rejecting the multiple glass articles in the single retaining region. 
     Clause 25: The method of any of clauses 13-24 further comprising, using a sensor, a controller automatically identifying a preselected number of glass articles in the first layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 26: The method of any of clauses 13-26 further comprising automatically decreasing a distance between adjacent side-by-side glass articles of the first layer at a re-pitch station before the step of placing the first layer of side-by-side articles together on the layer separation insert. 
     Clause 27: An apparatus that forms bundles of glass articles, the apparatus comprising: a layer separating conveyor comprising a conveyor belt that forms a layer of side-by-side glass articles; and a robotic lift assembly configured to place the layer of side-by-side glass articles in a first spaced-apart configuration together on a re-pitch station that comprises adjustable article retaining regions that adjust position automatically to decrease a distance between adjacent side-by-side glass articles to a second spaced-apart configuration. 
     Clause 28: The apparatus of clause 27, wherein the robotic lift assembly is a first robotic lift assembly, the apparatus further comprising a second robotic lift assembly configured to place the layer of side-by-side glass articles in the second spaced-apart configuration on a layer separation insert, the layer separation insert having side-by-side slots that each receive a single glass article of the layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     Clause 29: The apparatus of clause 28, wherein the second robotic lift assembly comprises an end of arm tool that includes glass pick-up devices that are arranged and configured to engage glass articles having different diameters. 
     Clause 30: The apparatus of clause 29, wherein the glass pick-up devices comprise suction nozzles. 
     Clause 31: The apparatus of any of clauses 27-30, wherein the layer separating conveyor comprises a conveyor belt configured to separate the layer of side-by-side glass articles from an adjacent layer of side-by-side glass articles. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Thus it is intended that the specification cover the modifications and variations of the various embodiments described herein provided such modification and variations come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.