Patent Publication Number: US-11652787-B2

Title: Discovering unused internet protocol version 4 address blocks

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The subject application relates to Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) address blocks, and related embodiments. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addressing is a widely used protocol used to assign addresses to devices on a network. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit values, corresponding to approximately 4.3 billion possible addresses, and thus are becoming depleted as Internet usage continues to expand. A more recent protocol is IPv6, which coexists with IPv4 on the Internet, and which was developed in part because of the depletion of IPv4 addresses. Notwithstanding the eventual superseding of IPv4 with IPv6, IPv4 addressing will remain in use for a relatively long time. 
     The shortage of available IPv4 addresses has made them a valuable asset, and indeed are traded and sold. Thus, efficiently managing and/or monetizing unused IPv4 addresses is beneficial to enterprises that own them. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the subject disclosure are described with reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified. 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagrams illustrating an example system that can locate and determine counts of unused nodes in a binary tree data structure, such as IPv4 address blocks, in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure. 
         FIGS.  2 - 8    are example representations of a binary tree data structure in various states as nodes are eliminated based on which nodes are in use, in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure. 
         FIGS.  9  and  10    are flow diagrams representing example operations for locating and counting unused IPv4 address blocks, in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates example operations related to finding node groups below an origin block based on a node in use, in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    illustrates example operations related to finding and eliminating node groups below an origin block based on node(s) in use to obtain counts of non-eliminated nodes, in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure. 
         FIG.  13    illustrates example operations related to identifying unused Internet Protocol version 4 address blocks to obtain count information, in accordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subject disclosure. 
         FIG.  14    illustrates an example block diagram of an example computer/machine system operable to engage in a system architecture that facilitates wireless communications according to one or more embodiments described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The technology described herein is generally directed towards an IPv4 address discovery technology that efficiently identifies, summarizes and reports unused IPv4 subnets (sub-blocks) that are hierarchically beneath pre-assigned IPv4 supernets (superblocks). To this end, the technology described herein takes IPv4&#39;s binary hierarchical structure nature into considerations and effectively discovers counts of the available free subnets that are otherwise hidden in a production system and arduous to locate. 
     Note that an internet service provider&#39;s IPv4 address blocks (assigned by the Internet Registry) can be referred to as origin blocks, which can be divided into smaller blocks used for a variety of services and infrastructures. Because of the binary, hierarchical nature of an IPv4 structure, the larger IPv4 address blocks are the supernets relative to the smaller IPv4 address subnets hierarchically below the referred supernets. A supernet has an IPv4 address prefix range that encompasses the IP address ranges of the subnets; (e.g., using classless inter-domain routing notation, a supernet with a prefix of “/13” has a subnet with a prefix of “/14” and so on). 
     As will be understood, the technology operates to locate available free subnets for any specified prefix range below a supernet level, e.g., from “/14” to “/19” and provide a count of available free subnets at each prefix level for any specified prefix range, e.g., from “/14” to “/19”; (as is understood, the upper prefix level in the range can correspond to the root level; e.g., “/14” is one level below the root level of “/13”, and need not be explicitly specified in some implementations). The technology also facilitates a different way to count available free subnets of the highest prefix level, namely a count without cross-prefix level over-counting. 
     One or more embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various embodiments. It is evident, however, that the various embodiments can be practiced without these specific details (and without applying to any particular networked environment or standard). 
     As used in this disclosure, in some embodiments, the terms “component,” “system” and the like are intended to refer to, or include, a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operational apparatus with one or more specific functionalities, wherein the entity can be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. As an example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, computer-executable instructions, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration and not limitation, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. 
     One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry, which is operated by a software application or firmware application executed by a processor, wherein the processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and executes at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, the electronic components can include a processor therein to execute software or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components. While various components have been illustrated as separate components, it will be appreciated that multiple components can be implemented as a single component, or a single component can be implemented as multiple components, without departing from example embodiments. 
     Further, the various embodiments can be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable (or machine-readable) device or computer-readable (or machine-readable) storage/communications media. For example, computer readable storage media can include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD)), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick, key drive). Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications can be made to this configuration without departing from the scope or spirit of the various embodiments. 
     As shown in the example system  100  of  FIG.  1   , a network snapshot  102  is obtained, such as in the form of a list of an internet service provider&#39;s address blocks in use (user blocks) under an origin block. In the example of  FIG.  1   , the origin block is thus the root  104  of the binary tree that includes the subnets below the origin block. As will be understood, the origin block is one suitable root, however the technology can locate blocks below any specified starting level, e.g., a supernet below an internet service provider&#39;s origin block. In in the example of  FIG.  1   , the root of the binary tree corresponds to the prefix level “/13”. 
     As described herein, given a specified range  106  of prefixes to process, address block discovery logic  108  generates a binary tree data structure  110 . A user or automated process can specify the range. The address block discovery logic  108  can be incorporated into an IP address management (IPAM) tool, or can be a standalone product. For example, if the specified range  106  is from “/14” to “/19”, such as shown in  FIG.  2   , then the tree root is “/13” and the lowest level in the binary tree is “/19”. The address block discovery logic  108  processes this binary tree data structure  110  as described herein in order to obtain counts 112 of the free blocks at each prefix level in the specified range  106 . Note that as set forth herein, there are two ways to count the free blocks. 
     The tree data structures shown in  FIGS.  2 - 8   , along with the logic described in the flow diagrams of  FIGS.  9  and  10    explain a suitable process as described herein for efficiently obtaining the count or counts 112. As can be seen, an IPv4 address structure corresponds to a binary tree, in which for each block, there are two subnets, e.g., for a given prefix level “/13” block, there are two subnets of “/14”; for each prefix level “/14” block, there are two subnets of prefix level “/15” and so on. Note that for purposes of space limitations, only partial tree data structures are shown in  FIGS.  2 - 8   . 
       FIG.  2    represents the binary tree data structure  110  of  FIG.  1    in an initial state  110 ( 1 ) as described herein, that is from the root (“/13”) level to the lowest specified level in the range (“/19” in this example). The creation of this binary tree data structure  110 ( 1 ) is represented by operation  902  of  FIG.  9   , and is based on the origin block  104  and the network snapshot  102  of the IPv4 address blocks in use, referred to in  FIGS.  9  and  10    as user blocks, (such as dedicated internet service blocks). 
     Operation  904  generates a hierarchical mapping between the origin block and the user blocks. The user blocks  330  and  332  in the binary tree data structure in this state  110 ( 2 ) are shown as shaded blocks (represented as circles/tree nodes) in  FIG.  3   , one at prefix level “/16” and one at prefix level “/17”. 
     Operations  906 ,  908 ,  910  and  912  identify the supernet, up to the origin block, for each user block  330  and  332 . To this end, the logic  108  ( FIG.  1   ) creates a mapping that fills the intermedium subnets between the supernets and their known subnets, which identifies where those user blocks are located at intermedium subnet prefix levels, e.g., “/16”, “/15”, and “/14”. The supernets/mapping is shown in the binary tree data structure (state  110 ( 3 )) in  FIG.  4    as the blocks with diagonal lines. Note that the blocks represented with diagonal lines may have some free subnet(s). For example, two prefix level “/15” blocks under a “/14” prefix level are free, as represented by the solid white blocks (circles/nodes)  440  and  442 . 
     Operation  914  then removes these supernets. This is shown in the binary tree data structure at state  110 ( 4 ) in  FIG.  5   . 
     Operations  916 ,  918 ,  920  and  922  identify the subnets for each user block  330  and  332  to the lowest specified prefix level (“/19” in this example). The subnets are shown in the binary tree data structure (state  110 ( 5 )) in  FIG.  6    as the blocks with crossed “X&#39;s.” In this example, there are two at level “/17”, two at level “/18” and so on; (again note that the entire tree is not depicted). 
     The process continues to operation  1002  of  FIG.  10   , which removes the user blocks (shaded) and their subnets (crossed). This is shown in  FIG.  7    as binary tree data structure state  110 ( 6 ). At this time, a first type of counting can be performed. More particularly, operation  1004  counts the free subnets at each prefix level, as shown in the data structure  1021  of  FIG.  10   . 
     Due to the binary hierarchical structure of IPv4 addresses, if a remaining block (e.g., of prefix level “/17”) is selected to be used, the subnets of that particular “/17” block need to be remarked or removed from the available subnet pool. Thus, a second count can be performed to maintain only the free subnets at their highest prefix level, that is, by removing cross level overlapping counts, which can be a more efficient and reliable count. 
     To this end, operation  1006  removes the subnets, except for those without supernets. This is shown in  FIG.  8    as state  110 ( 7 ). Operation  1008  represents counting the free subnets at their highest prefix level, resulting in the counts shown in the data structure  1022 . 
     Operation  1010  outputs the counts, e.g., to a display screen, a file, a printout and/or the like. As can be readily appreciated, a user may elect to only output the first count, in which event operations  1006  and  1008  can be bypassed, or can elect to only output the second count, in which event operation  1004  can be bypassed. 
     To summarize, the technology described herein locates available free subnets for any specified prefix range, e.g., from “/14” to “/19”, can count available free subnets at each prefix level for any specified prefix range, e.g., from “/14” to “/19” and can count available free subnets of the highest prefix level without cross prefix level over-counting. The technology described herein can answer questions such as which largest unused IPv4 subnets are available under which supernets, or for a given IPv4 address prefix range such as from “/14” to “/19”, which subnets are free of use. 
     One or more aspects are represented in  FIG.  11   , and can comprise example operations, such as of a processor and a memory that stores executable instructions or components, that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of the example operations. Operation  1102  represents creating a hierarchical structure of nodes from a specified origin block to a specified lower level that is lower than a level associated with the specified origin block. Operation  1104  represents identifying a first node group in the hierarchical structure, the first node group comprising a node in use hierarchically below the specified origin block. Operation  1106  represents determining a second node group in the hierarchical structure, comprising identifying any intermediate subnets of the origin block that are hierarchically between the first node of the first node group and the specified origin block. Operation  1108  represents identifying a third node group in the hierarchical structure, comprising identifying any subnets hierarchically below the first node of the first node group. Operation  1110  represents obtaining unused node count information based on nodes of a fourth node group identified below the specified origin node that are not in the first node group, the second node group, or the third node group. 
     Obtaining the unused node count information can comprise obtaining, for respective hierarchical levels of the hierarchical structure of nodes, respective counts of any unused nodes per hierarchical level of the respective hierarchical levels. 
     Obtaining the unused node count information can comprise obtaining, for respective hierarchical levels of the hierarchical structure of nodes, respective counts of any unused nodes per hierarchical level of the respective hierarchical levels that are not, hierarchically, a descendant of an unused node of the unused nodes. 
     Obtaining the unused node count information based on the remaining nodes can comprise obtaining first unused node count information, which can comprise obtaining, for respective hierarchical levels of the hierarchical structure of nodes, respective counts of any unused nodes per hierarchical level of the respective hierarchical levels, and obtaining second unused node count information, which can comprise obtaining, for the respective hierarchical levels of the hierarchical structure of nodes, respective counts of any of the unused nodes that are not, hierarchically, a descendant of an unused node of the unused nodes. 
     Identifying the first node group can comprise obtaining a snapshot of current network data that identifies the node in use. 
     Further operations can comprise receiving specified prefix range data comprising a first specified prefix corresponding to the specified origin block and a second specified prefix corresponding to the specified lower level. 
     The nodes can represent Internet Protocol version 4 address blocks. Further operations can comprise receiving specified prefix range data comprising a first specified Internet Protocol version 4 prefix corresponding to the specified origin block and a second specified Internet Protocol version 4 prefix corresponding to the specified lower level. 
     One or more aspects are represented in  FIG.  12   , and can comprise example operations, such as of a method. Operation  1202  represents creating, by a system comprising a processor, a binary tree data structure representing a hierarchy of nodes from an origin block node to a specified lower level lower than a level associated with the origin block node. Operation  1203  represents determining, by the system, a group of nodes in use. Operation  1206  represents, for respective nodes in the group, eliminating, by the system from the binary tree data structure, any ancestor nodes of the respective nodes in use up to and comprising the level associated with the origin block node. Operation  1208  represents, for the respective nodes in the group, eliminating, by the system from the binary tree data structure, the respective nodes in use and any descendant nodes of the respective nodes in use down to the specified lower level. Operation  1210  represents obtaining, by the system, unused node count information based on non-eliminated nodes in the binary tree data structure, wherein the non-eliminated nodes comprise ones of the respective nodes in the group that have not been eliminated by the eliminating of any ancestor nodes and the eliminating of the respective nodes in use. 
     Determining the respective group of nodes in use can comprise obtaining a snapshot of current network data. 
     Aspects can comprise receiving, by the system, specified prefix range data, which can comprise a first specified prefix corresponding to the origin node level and a second prefix corresponding to the specified lower level. 
     Obtaining the unused node count information based on the remaining nodes comprises determining, for respective hierarchical levels of the binary tree data structure, respective per-level counts of any unused nodes. 
     Obtaining the unused node count information based on the remaining nodes can comprise eliminating descendant nodes of the non-eliminated nodes, and determining, for respective hierarchical levels of the binary tree data structure, respective per-level counts of any unused nodes. 
     Obtaining the unused node count information based on the remaining nodes can comprise obtaining first unused node count information, which can comprise determining, for respective hierarchical levels of the binary tree data structure, respective per-level counts of any unused nodes, obtaining second unused node count information, comprising eliminating descendant nodes of the non-eliminated nodes, and determining, for the respective hierarchical levels of the binary tree data structure, respective per-level counts of any unused nodes. 
     The nodes can represent Internet Protocol version 4 address blocks; aspects can comprise receiving, by the system, specified prefix range data, which can comprise a first specified Internet Protocol version 4 prefix corresponding to the origin block node and a second specified Internet Protocol version 4 prefix corresponding to the specified lower level. 
     One or more aspects are represented in  FIG.  13   , and can comprise a machine-readable medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of example operations. Operation  1302  represents creating a binary tree data structure of nodes representing Internet Protocol version 4 address blocks, the binary tree data structure comprising hierarchical levels from a level associated with an origin block corresponding to a first specified prefix to a lower level than the level corresponding to a second specified prefix. Operation  1304  represents obtaining information that identifies Internet Protocol version 4 address blocks in use between the level and the lower level, and identifying a first group of nodes that represent the Internet Protocol version 4 address blocks in use. Operation  1306  represents identifying a second group of nodes comprising any supernets of the first group of nodes. Operation  1308  represents identifying a third group of nodes comprising any subnets of the first group of nodes. Operation  1310  represents obtaining unused node count information based on nodes below the origin node that are not in the first node group, not in the second node group, and not in the third node group. 
     Obtaining the unused node count information can comprise obtaining, for respective hierarchical levels, respective counts of any unused nodes per level of the respective hierarchical levels. 
     Obtaining the unused node count information can comprise determining a fourth node group comprising descendant nodes of the unused nodes, and counting nodes below the origin node that are not in the first node group, not in the second node group, not in the third node group and not in the fourth node group. 
     Counting the nodes below the origin node that are not in the first node group, not in the second node group, not in the third node group and not in the fourth node group can comprise obtaining respective per-level counts of the nodes below the origin node that are not in the first node group, not in the second node group, not in the third node group and not in the fourth node group. 
     Further operations can comprise obtaining the first specified prefix and the second specified prefix as range data received via a user interface. 
     As can be seen, the technology described herein for IPv4 address discovery solution is based on mapping and eliminating procedures. The technology takes IPv4&#39;s binary hierarchical structure nature into consideration to effectively discover the available free subnets that are otherwise hidden in production system and arduous to locate. As IPv4 addresses are a valuable asset for internet service providers, it is highly advantageous to know how many free IPv4 address blocks are between a given range, e.g. between “/14” and “/19” in the examples herein. 
     In order to provide additional context for various embodiments described herein,  FIG.  14    and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment  1400  in which the various embodiments of the embodiment described herein can be implemented. While the embodiments have been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions that can run on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments can be also implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as a combination of hardware and software. 
     Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, distributed computing systems, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices. 
     The illustrated embodiments of the embodiments herein can be also practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which can include computer-readable storage media, machine-readable storage media, and/or communications media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows. Computer-readable storage media or machine-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media or machine-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable or machine-readable instructions, program modules, structured data or unstructured data. 
     Computer-readable storage media can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc (BD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, solid state drives or other solid state storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to store desired information. In this regard, the terms “tangible” or “non-transitory” herein as applied to storage, memory or computer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude only propagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not relinquish rights to all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media that are not only propagating transitory signals per se. 
     Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium. 
     Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media include wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. 
     With reference again to  FIG.  14   , the example environment  1400  for implementing various embodiments of the aspects described herein includes a computer  1402 , the computer  1402  including a processing unit  1404 , a system memory  1406  and a system bus  1408 . The system bus  1408  couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory  1406  to the processing unit  1404 . The processing unit  1404  can be any of various commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures can also be employed as the processing unit  1404 . 
     The system bus  1408  can be any of several types of bus structure that can further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory  1406  includes ROM  1410  and RAM  1412 . A basic input/output system (BIOS) can be stored in a non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  1402 , such as during startup. The RAM  1412  can also include a high-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data. 
     The computer  1402  further includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD)  1414  (e.g., EIDE, SATA), one or more external storage devices  1416  (e.g., a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD)  1416 , a memory stick or flash drive reader, a memory card reader, etc.) and an optical disk drive  1420  (e.g., which can read or write from a CD-ROM disc, a DVD, a BD, etc.). While the internal HDD  1414  is illustrated as located within the computer  1402 , the internal HDD  1414  can also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown). Additionally, while not shown in environment  1400 , a solid state drive (SSD), non-volatile memory and other storage technology could be used in addition to, or in place of, an HDD  1414 , and can be internal or external. The HDD  1414 , external storage device(s)  1416  and optical disk drive  1420  can be connected to the system bus  1408  by an HDD interface  1424 , an external storage interface  1426  and an optical drive interface  1428 , respectively. The interface  1424  for external drive implementations can include at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1294 interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies are within contemplation of the embodiments described herein. 
     The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For the computer  1402 , the drives and storage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the description of computer-readable storage media above refers to respective types of storage devices, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of storage media which are readable by a computer, whether presently existing or developed in the future, could also be used in the example operating environment, and further, that any such storage media can contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods described herein. 
     A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM  1412 , including an operating system  1430 , one or more application programs  1432 , other program modules  1434  and program data  1436 . All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also be cached in the RAM  1412 . The systems and methods described herein can be implemented utilizing various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     Computer  1402  can optionally include emulation technologies. For example, a hypervisor (not shown) or other intermediary can emulate a hardware environment for operating system  1430 , and the emulated hardware can optionally be different from the hardware illustrated in  FIG.  14   . In such an embodiment, operating system  1430  can include one virtual machine (VM) of multiple VMs hosted at computer  1402 . Furthermore, operating system  1430  can provide runtime environments, such as the Java runtime environment or the .NET framework, for applications  1432 . Runtime environments are consistent execution environments that allow applications  1432  to run on any operating system that includes the runtime environment. Similarly, operating system  1430  can support containers, and applications  1432  can be in the form of containers, which are lightweight, standalone, executable packages of software that include, e.g., code, runtime, system tools, system libraries and settings for an application. 
     Further, computer  1402  can be enabled with a security module, such as a trusted processing module (TPM). For instance with a TPM, boot components hash next in time boot components, and wait for a match of results to secured values, before loading a next boot component. This process can take place at any layer in the code execution stack of computer  1402 , e.g., applied at the application execution level or at the operating system (OS) kernel level, thereby enabling security at any level of code execution. 
     A user can enter commands and information into the computer  1402  through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard  1438 , a touch screen  1440 , and a pointing device, such as a mouse  1442 . Other input devices (not shown) can include a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a radio frequency (RF) remote control, or other remote control, a joystick, a virtual reality controller and/or virtual reality headset, a game pad, a stylus pen, an image input device, e.g., camera(s), a gesture sensor input device, a vision movement sensor input device, an emotion or facial detection device, a biometric input device, e.g., fingerprint or iris scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  1404  through an input device interface  1444  that can be coupled to the system bus  1408 , but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1294 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, a BLUETOOTH® interface, etc. 
     A monitor  1446  or other type of display device can be also connected to the system bus  1408  via an interface, such as a video adapter  1448 . In addition to the monitor  1446 , a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc. 
     The computer  1402  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer(s)  1450 . The remote computer(s)  1450  can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer  1402 , although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device  1452  is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN)  1454  and/or larger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN)  1456 . Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which can connect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet. 
     When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  1402  can be connected to the local network  1454  through a wired and/or wireless communication network interface or adapter  1458 . The adapter  1458  can facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN  1454 , which can also include a wireless access point (AP) disposed thereon for communicating with the adapter  1458  in a wireless mode. 
     When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer  1402  can include a modem  1460  or can be connected to a communications server on the WAN  1456  via other means for establishing communications over the WAN  1456 , such as by way of the Internet. The modem  1460 , which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, can be connected to the system bus  1408  via the input device interface  1444 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  1402  or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device  1452 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are example and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. 
     When used in either a LAN or WAN networking environment, the computer  1402  can access cloud storage systems or other network-based storage systems in addition to, or in place of, external storage devices  1416  as described above. Generally, a connection between the computer  1402  and a cloud storage system can be established over a LAN  1454  or WAN  1456  e.g., by the adapter  1458  or modem  1460 , respectively. Upon connecting the computer  1402  to an associated cloud storage system, the external storage interface  1426  can, with the aid of the adapter  1458  and/or modem  1460 , manage storage provided by the cloud storage system as it would other types of external storage. For instance, the external storage interface  1426  can be configured to provide access to cloud storage sources as if those sources were physically connected to the computer  1402 . 
     The computer  1402  can be operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand, store shelf, etc.), and telephone. This can include Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices. 
     The computer is operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand, restroom), and telephone. This includes at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth™ wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices. 
     Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE802.11 (a, b, g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 8 GHz radio bands, at an 14 Mbps (802.11b) or 84 Mbps (802.11a) data rate, for example, or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can provide real-world performance similar to the basic “10BaseT” wired Ethernet networks used in many offices. 
     As it employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” can refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited to comprising, single-core processors; single-processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Processors can exploit nano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor also can be implemented as a combination of computing processing units. 
     In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “data store,” “data storage,” “database,” “repository,” “queue”, and substantially any other information storage component relevant to operation and functionality of a component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. In addition, memory components or memory elements can be removable or stationary. Moreover, memory can be internal or external to a device or component, or removable or stationary. Memory can include various types of media that are readable by a computer, such as hard-disc drives, zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards or other types of memory cards, cartridges, or the like. 
     By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methods herein are intended to include, without being limited, these and any other suitable types of memory. 
     In particular and in regard to the various functions performed by the above described components, devices, circuits, systems and the like, the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., a functional equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure, which performs the function in the herein illustrated example aspects of the embodiments. In this regard, it will also be recognized that the embodiments include a system as well as a computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the acts and/or events of the various methods. 
     Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which can include computer-readable storage media and/or communications media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows. Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data. 
     Computer-readable storage media can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, solid state drive (SSD) or other solid-state storage technology, compact disk read only memory (CD ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices or other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to store desired information. 
     In this regard, the terms “tangible” or “non-transitory” herein as applied to storage, memory or computer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude only propagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not relinquish rights to all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media that are not only propagating transitory signals per se. Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium. 
     On the other hand, communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communications media include wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. 
     Further, terms like “user equipment,” “user device,” “mobile device,” “mobile,” “station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” and similar terminology, generally refer to a wireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a wireless communication network or service to receive or convey data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. The foregoing terms are utilized interchangeably in the subject specification and related drawings. Likewise, the terms “access point,” “node B,” “base station,” “evolved Node B,” “cell,” “cell site,” and the like, can be utilized interchangeably in the subject application, and refer to a wireless network component or appliance that serves and receives data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream from a set of subscriber stations. Data and signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows. It is noted that in the subject specification and drawings, context or explicit distinction provides differentiation with respect to access points or base stations that serve and receive data from a mobile device in an outdoor environment, and access points or base stations that operate in a confined, primarily indoor environment overlaid in an outdoor coverage area. Data and signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows. 
     Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer,” and the like are employed interchangeably throughout the subject specification, unless context warrants particular distinction(s) among the terms. It should be appreciated that such terms can refer to human entities, associated devices, or automated components supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., a capacity to make inference based on complex mathematical formalisms) which can provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth. In addition, the terms “wireless network” and “network” are used interchangeable in the subject application, when context wherein the term is utilized warrants distinction for clarity purposes such distinction is made explicit. 
     Moreover, the word “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. 
     In addition, while a particular feature may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes” and “including” and variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, these terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.” 
     The above descriptions of various embodiments of the subject disclosure and corresponding figures and what is described in the Abstract, are described herein for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It is to be understood that one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that other embodiments having modifications, permutations, combinations, and additions can be implemented for performing the same, similar, alternative, or substitute functions of the disclosed subject matter, and are therefore considered within the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, the disclosed subject matter should not be limited to any single embodiment described herein, but rather should be construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the claims below.