Patent Publication Number: US-11650584-B2

Title: Remote assistance for autonomous vehicles in predetermined situations

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present disclosure is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/270,271, filed on Feb. 7, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/618,768 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,241,508), filed on Jun. 9, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/195,682 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,720,410), filed on Mar. 3, 2014, and entitled “Remote Assistance for Autonomous Vehicles in Predetermined Situations,” the entire contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference as if fully set forth in this description. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     A vehicle could be any wheeled, powered vehicle and may include a car, truck, motorcycle, bus, etc. Vehicles can be utilized for various tasks such as transportation of people and goods, as well as many other uses. 
     Some vehicles may be partially or fully autonomous. For instance, when a vehicle is in an autonomous mode, some or all of the driving aspects of vehicle operation can be handled by a vehicle control system. In such cases, computing devices located onboard and/or in a server network could be operable to carry out functions such as planning a driving route, sensing aspects of the vehicle, sensing the environment of the vehicle, and controlling drive components such as steering, throttle, and brake. Thus, autonomous vehicles may reduce or eliminate the need for human interaction in various aspects of vehicle operation. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses that enable an autonomous vehicle to request assistance from a remote operator in certain predetermined situations. During the operation of an autonomous vehicle, the vehicle may identify a situation from a set of predetermined situations for which it will request assistance. The vehicle may then send a request for assistance to a remote assistor, identifying the situation as well as a sensor representation of its environment. The vehicle may then receive a response back from the remote assistor indicating how to proceed. 
     In one example, a method is provided that includes determining a representation of an environment of an autonomous vehicle based on sensor data of the environment. Based on the representation, the method may also include identifying a situation from a predetermined set of situations for which the autonomous vehicle will request remote assistance. The method may further include sending a request for assistance to a remote assistor, the request including the representation of the environment and the identified situation. The method may additionally include receiving a response from the remote assistor indicating an autonomous operation. The method may also include causing the autonomous vehicle to perform the autonomous operation. 
     In another example, an additional method is provided that includes receiving a request for assistance from an autonomous vehicle, the request including a representation of an environment of the autonomous vehicle and an identified situation from a predetermined set of situations. The method may additionally include receiving sensor data representative of the environment of the autonomous vehicle. Based on the representation of the environment and the sensor data, the method may also include determining an autonomous operation for the autonomous vehicle to perform in the identified situation. The method may additionally include sending a response to the request for assistance to the autonomous vehicle to perform the autonomous operation in the identified situation. 
     In a further example, an autonomous vehicle including a control system is disclosed. The control system may be configured to determine a representation of an environment of the autonomous vehicle based on sensor data of the environment. Based on the representation, the control system may also be configured to identify a situation from a predetermined set of situations for which the autonomous vehicle will request remote assistance. The control system may further be configured to send a request for assistance to a remote assistor, the request including the representation of the environment and the identified situation. The control system may additionally be configured to receive a response from the remote assistor indicating an autonomous operation. The control system may be further configured to cause the autonomous vehicle to perform the autonomous operation. 
     In yet another example, a system may include means for determining a representation of an environment of an autonomous vehicle based on sensor data of the environment. Based on the representation, the system may also include means for identifying a situation from a predetermined set of situations for which the autonomous vehicle will request remote assistance. The system may further include means for sending a request for assistance to a remote assistor, the request including the representation of the environment and the identified situation. The system may additionally include means for receiving a response from the remote assistor indicating an autonomous operation. The system may also include means for causing the autonomous vehicle to perform the autonomous operation. 
     In an additional example, a system may include means for receiving a request for assistance from an autonomous vehicle, the request including a representation of an environment of the autonomous vehicle and an identified situation from a predetermined set of situations. The system may also include means for receiving sensor data representative of the environment of the autonomous vehicle. Based on the representation of the environment and the sensor data, the system may also include means for determining an autonomous operation for the autonomous vehicle to perform in the identified situation. The system may further include means for sending a response to the request for assistance to the autonomous vehicle to perform the autonomous operation in the identified situation. 
     The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the figures and the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a functional block diagram illustrating a vehicle, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  2    shows a vehicle, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of a method, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates a top view of an autonomous vehicle operating scenario, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates a sensor representation of the scenario from  FIG.  4 A , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 C  illustrates a video feed taken from the vehicle in  FIG.  4 A , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 D  illustrates a user interface containing the sensor representation from  FIG.  4 B  and the video feed from  FIG.  4 C , according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 E  illustrates the user interface from  FIG.  4 D  including a control menu, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  4 F  illustrates a top view of the autonomous vehicle from  FIG.  4 A  after completing an operation, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a block diagram of another method, according to an example embodiment. 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic diagram of a computer program, according to an example embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Example methods and systems are described herein. Any example embodiment or feature described herein is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or features. The example embodiments described herein are not meant to be limiting. It will be readily understood that certain aspects of the disclosed systems and methods can be arranged and combined in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are contemplated herein. 
     Furthermore, the particular arrangements shown in the Figures should not be viewed as limiting. It should be understood that other embodiments might include more or less of each element shown in a given Figure. Further, some of the illustrated elements may be combined or omitted. Yet further, an example embodiment may include elements that are not illustrated in the Figures. 
     The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses that enable an autonomous vehicle to request assistance from a remote operator (e.g., a human guide or a remote computing system) when the vehicle encounters situations where such assistance may be useful or necessary. For example, an unprotected left turn may describe a scenario where an autonomous vehicle that is going to make a left turn has a solid green light but no green arrow, and there is a possibility of oncoming traffic that may interfere with the turn. In such a scenario, the vehicle may have a certain representation of its environment indicating that it can safely complete a left turn (e.g., that there is no oncoming traffic or other obstacles that might interfere with the turn). However, it may be useful in such a scenario to have a remote operator verify (e.g., based on a live video feed taken from within the car) that no traffic is coming from the other direction that might interfere with the turn. 
     A predetermined set of situations may be defined for which an autonomous vehicle will ask for assistance from a remote operator. For instance, the set may include situations for which the vehicle can (1) detect that it is in the situation, (2) ask a useful question to a remote assistor, and (3) automatically interpret an answer to the question from the remote assistor in order to proceed with operation. The set of situations where remote assistance is requested may be limited in order to minimize delays in operation of the vehicle and/or due to limits in bandwidth or available remote assistors. In addition to unprotected left turns, other example situations that may be included in the set include right turns on red, checking vehicle occupancy after pickup or dropoff, navigating lane blockages, or interpreting a temporary stop sign. 
     Some predetermined situations may involve vehicle behaviors (e.g., unprotected left turns) that are known in advance such that an estimate may be made about when the situation may be encountered. In those instances, advanced notification may be supplied to a remote assistor about when assistance may be needed (e.g., to make sure a remote assistor is available to provide assistance when needed). In other scenarios, it may not be possible to provide advanced notification (e.g., when a temporary stop sign is detected). In some example systems, a certain number of remote assistors may always be available to handle these types of requests. 
     The vehicle may send sensor data of its environment (e.g., a live video feed) to the remote operator along with a request for assistance. The remote operator may then confirm that the vehicle&#39;s plan is correct based on the sensor data (e.g., verify that there is no oncoming traffic for an unprotected left turn). In some examples, the vehicle may hold position until it receives a “release” from the remote operator to proceed with the proposed operation. In other examples, the remote operator may be presented with a list of two or more possible vehicle operations to select from for a particular scenario (e.g., pass a stopped car on the left or on the right). In additional examples, the remote operator may also be able to suggest other courses of action for the vehicle as well or instead. 
     In some examples, the remote assistor may be a human operator presented with a user interface that may include information and data from the vehicle (e.g., a proposed course of action for a certain situation in addition to a live video feed taken from the vehicle). The interface may also indicate latency (e.g., how old the data on screen is). In other examples, the remote assistor could instead be a more powerful remote computing system, which may be capable of determining correct vehicle behavior in situations that cannot be easily processed by an autonomous vehicle&#39;s on-board computing systems. In further examples, the remote assistor may be a passenger in the vehicle, which may be useful for certain intuitive behaviors that are difficult to automate (e.g., asking a taxi to move forward a few feet before dropping off passengers). Requests for assistance may be sent to multiple remote guides simultaneously and/or to other types of remote guides in some examples as well. 
     Example systems within the scope of the present disclosure will now be described in greater detail. An example system may be implemented in or may take the form of an automobile. However, an example system may also be implemented in or take the form of other vehicles, such as cars, trucks, motorcycles, buses, boats, airplanes, helicopters, lawn mowers, earth movers, boats, snowmobiles, aircraft, recreational vehicles, amusement park vehicles, farm equipment, construction equipment, trams, golf carts, trains, and trolleys. Other vehicles are possible as well. 
       FIG.  1    is a functional block diagram illustrating a vehicle  100 , according to an example embodiment. The vehicle  100  could include various subsystems such as a propulsion system  102 , a sensor system  104 , a control system  106 , one or more peripherals  108 , as well as a power supply  110 , a computer system  112 , a data storage  114 , and a user interface  116 . The vehicle  100  may include more or fewer subsystems and each subsystem could include multiple elements. Further, each of the subsystems and elements of vehicle  100  could be interconnected. Thus, one or more of the described functions of the vehicle  100  may be divided up into additional functional or physical components, or combined into fewer functional or physical components. In some further examples, additional functional and/or physical components may be added to the examples illustrated by  FIG.  1   . 
     The propulsion system  102  may include components operable to provide powered motion for the vehicle  100 . Depending upon the embodiment, the propulsion system  102  could include an engine/motor  118 , an energy source  119 , a transmission  120 , and wheels/tires  121 . The engine/motor  118  could be any combination of an internal combustion engine, an electric motor, steam engine, Stirling engine. Other motors and/or engines are possible. In some embodiments, the engine/motor  118  may be configured to convert energy source  119  into mechanical energy. In some embodiments, the propulsion system  102  could include multiple types of engines and/or motors. For instance, a gas-electric hybrid car could include a gasoline engine and an electric motor. Other examples are possible. 
     The energy source  119  could represent a source of energy that may, in full or in part, power the engine/motor  118 . Examples of energy sources  119  contemplated within the scope of the present disclosure include gasoline, diesel, other petroleum-based fuels, propane, other compressed gas-based fuels, ethanol, solar panels, batteries, and other sources of electrical power. The energy source(s)  119  could additionally or alternatively include any combination of fuel tanks, batteries, capacitors, and/or flywheels. The energy source  118  could also provide energy for other systems of the vehicle  100 . 
     The transmission  120  could include elements that are operable to transmit mechanical power from the engine/motor  118  to the wheels/tires  121 . The transmission  120  could include a gearbox, a clutch, a differential, and a drive shaft. Other components of transmission  120  are possible. The drive shafts could include one or more axles that could be coupled to the one or more wheels/tires  121 . 
     The wheels/tires  121  of vehicle  100  could be configured in various formats, including a unicycle, bicycle/motorcycle, tricycle, or car/truck four-wheel format. Other wheel/tire geometries are possible, such as those including six or more wheels. Any combination of the wheels/tires  121  of vehicle  100  may be operable to rotate differentially with respect to other wheels/tires  121 . The wheels/tires  121  could represent at least one wheel that is fixedly attached to the transmission  120  and at least one tire coupled to a rim of the wheel that could make contact with the driving surface. The wheels/tires  121  could include any combination of metal and rubber. Other materials are possible. 
     The sensor system  104  may include several elements such as a Global Positioning System (GPS)  122 , an inertial measurement unit (IMU)  124 , a radar  126 , a laser rangefinder/LIDAR  128 , a camera  130 , a steering sensor  123 , and a throttle/brake sensor  125 . The sensor system  104  could also include other sensors, such as those that may monitor internal systems of the vehicle  100  (e.g., O 2  monitor, fuel gauge, engine oil temperature, brake wear). 
     The GPS  122  could include a transceiver operable to provide information regarding the position of the vehicle  100  with respect to the Earth. The IMU  124  could include a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes and could represent any number of systems that sense position and orientation changes of a body based on inertial acceleration. Additionally, the IMU  124  may be able to detect a pitch and yaw of the vehicle  100 . The pitch and yaw may be detected while the vehicle is stationary or in motion. 
     The radar  126  may represent a system that utilizes radio signals to sense objects, and in some cases their speed and heading, within the local environment of the vehicle  100 . Additionally, the radar  126  may have a plurality of antennas configured to transmit and receive radio signals. The laser rangefinder/LIDAR  128  could include one or more laser sources, a laser scanner, and one or more detectors, among other system components. The laser rangefinder/LIDAR  128  could be configured to operate in a coherent mode (e.g., using heterodyne detection) or in an incoherent detection mode. The camera  130  could include one or more devices configured to capture a plurality of images of the environment of the vehicle  100 . The camera  130  could be a still camera or a video camera. 
     The steering sensor  123  may represent a system that senses the steering angle of the vehicle  100 . In some embodiments, the steering sensor  123  may measure the angle of the steering wheel itself. In other embodiments, the steering sensor  123  may measure an electrical signal representative of the angle of the steering wheel. Still, in further embodiments, the steering sensor  123  may measure an angle of the wheels of the vehicle  100 . For instance, an angle of the wheels with respect to a forward axis of the vehicle  100  could be sensed. Additionally, in yet further embodiments, the steering sensor  123  may measure a combination (or a subset) of the angle of the steering wheel, electrical signal representing the angle of the steering wheel, and the angle of the wheels of vehicle  100 . 
     The throttle/brake sensor  125  may represent a system that senses the position of either the throttle position or brake position of the vehicle  100 . In some embodiments, separate sensors may measure the throttle position and brake position. In some embodiments, the throttle/brake sensor  125  may measure the angle of both the gas pedal (throttle) and brake pedal. In other embodiments, the throttle/brake sensor  125  may measure an electrical signal that could represent, for instance, an angle of a gas pedal (throttle) and/or an angle of a brake pedal. Still, in further embodiments, the throttle/brake sensor  125  may measure an angle of a throttle body of the vehicle  100 . The throttle body may include part of the physical mechanism that provides modulation of the energy source  119  to the engine/motor  118  (e.g., a butterfly valve or carburetor). Additionally, the throttle/brake sensor  125  may measure a pressure of one or more brake pads on a rotor of vehicle  100 . In yet further embodiments, the throttle/brake sensor  125  may measure a combination (or a subset) of the angle of the gas pedal (throttle) and brake pedal, electrical signal representing the angle of the gas pedal (throttle) and brake pedal, the angle of the throttle body, and the pressure that at least one brake pad is applying to a rotor of vehicle  100 . In other embodiments, the throttle/brake sensor  125  could be configured to measure a pressure applied to a pedal of the vehicle, such as a throttle or brake pedal. 
     The control system  106  could include various elements include steering unit  132 , throttle  134 , brake unit  136 , a sensor fusion algorithm  138 , a computer vision system  140 , a navigation/pathing system  142 , and an obstacle avoidance system  144 . The steering unit  132  could represent any combination of mechanisms that may be operable to adjust the heading of vehicle  100 . The throttle  134  could control, for instance, the operating speed of the engine/motor  118  and thus control the speed of the vehicle  100 . The brake unit  136  could be operable to decelerate the vehicle  100 . The brake unit  136  could use friction to slow the wheels/tires  121 . In other embodiments, the brake unit  136  could convert the kinetic energy of the wheels/tires  121  to electric current. 
     A sensor fusion algorithm  138  could include, for instance, a Kalman filter, Bayesian network, or other algorithm that may accept data from sensor system  104  as input. The sensor fusion algorithm  138  could provide various assessments based on the sensor data. Depending upon the embodiment, the assessments could include evaluations of individual objects and/or features, evaluation of a particular situation, and/or evaluate possible impacts based on the particular situation. Other assessments are possible. 
     The computer vision system  140  could include hardware and software operable to process and analyze images in an effort to determine objects, important environmental features (e.g., stop lights, road way boundaries, etc.), and obstacles. The computer vision system  140  could use object recognition, Structure From Motion (SFM), video tracking, and other algorithms used in computer vision, for instance, to recognize objects, map an environment, track objects, estimate the speed of objects, etc. 
     The navigation/pathing system  142  could be configured to determine a driving path for the vehicle  100 . The navigation/pathing system  142  may additionally update the driving path dynamically while the vehicle  100  is in operation. In some embodiments, the navigation/pathing system  142  could incorporate data from the sensor fusion algorithm  138 , the GPS  122 , and known maps so as to determine the driving path for vehicle  100 . 
     The obstacle avoidance system  144  could represent a control system configured to evaluate potential obstacles based on sensor data and control the vehicle  100  to avoid or otherwise negotiate the potential obstacles. 
     Various peripherals  108  could be included in vehicle  100 . For example, peripherals  108  could include a wireless communication system  146 , a touchscreen  148 , a microphone  150 , and/or a speaker  152 . The peripherals  108  could provide, for instance, means for a user of the vehicle  100  to interact with the user interface  116 . For example, the touchscreen  148  could provide information to a user of vehicle  100 . The user interface  116  could also be operable to accept input from the user via the touchscreen  148 . In other instances, the peripherals  108  may provide means for the vehicle  100  to communicate with devices within its environment. 
     In one example, the wireless communication system  146  could be configured to wirelessly communicate with one or more devices directly or via a communication network. For example, wireless communication system  146  could use 3G cellular communication, such as CDMA, EVDO, GSM/GPRS, or 4G cellular communication, such as WiMAX or LTE. Alternatively, wireless communication system  146  could communicate with a wireless local area network (WLAN), for example, using WiFi. In some embodiments, wireless communication system  146  could communicate directly with a device, for example, using an infrared link, Bluetooth, or ZigBee. Other wireless protocols, such as various vehicular communication systems, are possible within the context of the disclosure. For example, the wireless communication system  146  could include one or more dedicated short range communications (DSRC) devices that could include public and/or private data communications between vehicles and/or roadside stations. 
     The power supply  110  may provide power to various components of vehicle  100  and could represent, for example, a rechargeable lithium-ion or lead-acid battery. In an example embodiment, one or more banks of such batteries could be configured to provide electrical power. Other power supply materials and types are possible. Depending upon the embodiment, the power supply  110 , and energy source  119  could be integrated into a single energy source, such as in some all-electric cars. 
     Many or all of the functions of vehicle  100  could be controlled by computer system  112 . Computer system  112  may include at least one processor  113  (which could include at least one microprocessor) that executes instructions  115  stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium, such as the data storage  114 . The computer system  112  may also represent a plurality of computing devices that may serve to control individual components or subsystems of the vehicle  100  in a distributed fashion. 
     In some embodiments, data storage  114  may contain instructions  115  (e.g., program logic) executable by the processor  113  to execute various functions of vehicle  100 , including those described above in connection with  FIG.  1   . Data storage  114  may contain additional instructions as well, including instructions to transmit data to, receive data from, interact with, and/or control one or more of the propulsion system  102 , the sensor system  104 , the control system  106 , and the peripherals  108 . 
     In addition to the instructions  115 , the data storage  114  may store data such as roadway maps, path information, among other information. Such information may be used by vehicle  100  and computer system  112  during the operation of the vehicle  100  in the autonomous, semi-autonomous, and/or manual modes. 
     The vehicle  100  may include a user interface  116  for providing information to or receiving input from a user of vehicle  100 . The user interface  116  could control or enable control of content and/or the layout of interactive images that could be displayed on the touchscreen  148 . Further, the user interface  116  could include one or more input/output devices within the set of peripherals  108 , such as the wireless communication system  146 , the touchscreen  148 , the microphone  150 , and the speaker  152 . 
     The computer system  112  may control the function of the vehicle  100  based on inputs received from various subsystems (e.g., propulsion system  102 , sensor system  104 , and control system  106 ), as well as from the user interface  116 . For example, the computer system  112  may utilize input from the sensor system  104  in order to estimate the output produced by the propulsion system  102  and the control system  106 . Depending upon the embodiment, the computer system  112  could be operable to monitor many aspects of the vehicle  100  and its subsystems. In some embodiments, the computer system  112  may disable some or all functions of the vehicle  100  based on signals received from sensor system  104 . 
     The components of vehicle  100  could be configured to work in an interconnected fashion with other components within or outside their respective systems. For instance, in an example embodiment, the camera  130  could capture a plurality of images that could represent information about a state of an environment of the vehicle  100  operating in an autonomous mode. The state of the environment could include parameters of the road on which the vehicle is operating. For example, the computer vision system  140  may be able to recognize the slope (grade) or other features based on the plurality of images of a roadway. Additionally, the combination of Global Positioning System  122  and the features recognized by the computer vision system  140  may be used with map data stored in the data storage  114  to determine specific road parameters. Further, the radar unit  126  may also provide information about the surroundings of the vehicle. 
     In other words, a combination of various sensors (which could be termed input-indication and output-indication sensors) and the computer system  112  could interact to provide an indication of an input provided to control a vehicle or an indication of the surroundings of a vehicle. 
     In some embodiments, the computer system  112  may make a determination about various objects based on data that is provided by systems other than the radio system. For example, the vehicle may have lasers or other optical sensors configured to sense objects in a field of view of the vehicle. The computer system  112  may use the outputs from the various sensors to determine information about objects in a field of view of the vehicle. The computer system  112  may determine distance and direction information to the various objects. The computer system  112  may also determine whether objects are desirable or undesirable based on the outputs from the various sensors. 
     Although  FIG.  1    shows various components of vehicle  100 , i.e., wireless communication system  146 , computer system  112 , data storage  114 , and user interface  116 , as being integrated into the vehicle  100 , one or more of these components could be mounted or associated separately from the vehicle  100 . For example, data storage  114  could, in part or in full, exist separate from the vehicle  100 . Thus, the vehicle  100  could be provided in the form of device elements that may be located separately or together. The device elements that make up vehicle  100  could be communicatively coupled together in a wired and/or wireless fashion. 
       FIG.  2    shows a vehicle  200  that could be similar or identical to vehicle  100  described in reference to  FIG.  1   . Depending on the embodiment, vehicle  200  could include a sensor unit  202 , a wireless communication system  204 , a radio unit  206 , a laser rangefinder  208 , and a camera  210 . The elements of vehicle  200  could include some or all of the elements described for  FIG.  1   . Although vehicle  200  is illustrated in  FIG.  2    as a car, other embodiments are possible. For instance, the vehicle  200  could represent a truck, a van, a semi-trailer truck, a motorcycle, a golf cart, an off-road vehicle, or a farm vehicle, among other examples. 
     The sensor unit  202  could include one or more different sensors configured to capture information about an environment of the vehicle  200 . For example, sensor unit  202  could include any combination of cameras, radars, LIDARs, range finders, radio devices (e.g., Bluetooth and/or 802.11), and acoustic sensors. Other types of sensors are possible. Depending on the embodiment, the sensor unit  202  could include one or more movable mounts that could be operable to adjust the orientation of one or more sensors in the sensor unit  202 . In one embodiment, the movable mount could include a rotating platform that could scan sensors so as to obtain information from each direction around the vehicle  200 . In another embodiment, the movable mount of the sensor unit  202  could be moveable in a scanning fashion within a particular range of angles and/or azimuths. The sensor unit  202  could be mounted atop the roof of a car, for instance, however other mounting locations are possible. Additionally, the sensors of sensor unit  202  could be distributed in different locations and need not be collocated in a single location. Some possible sensor types and mounting locations include radio unit  206  and laser range finder  208 . 
     The wireless communication system  204  could be located as depicted in  FIG.  2   . Alternatively, the wireless communication system  204  could be located, fully or in part, elsewhere. The wireless communication system  204  may include wireless transmitters and receivers that could be configured to communicate with devices external or internal to the vehicle  200 . Specifically, the wireless communication system  204  could include transceivers configured to communicate with other vehicles and/or computing devices, for instance, in a vehicular communication system or a roadway station. Examples of such vehicular communication systems include dedicated short range communications (DSRC), radio frequency identification (RFID), and other proposed communication standards directed towards intelligent transport systems. 
     The camera  210  could be mounted inside a front windshield of the vehicle  200 . The camera  210  could be configured to capture a plurality of images of the environment of the vehicle  200 . Specifically, as illustrated, the camera  210  could capture images from a forward-looking view with respect to the vehicle  200 . Other mounting locations and viewing angles of camera  210  are possible. The camera  210  could represent one or more visible light cameras. Alternatively or additionally, camera  210  could include infrared sensing capabilities. The camera  210  could have associated optics that could be operable to provide an adjustable field of view. Further, the camera  210  could be mounted to vehicle  200  with a movable mount that could be operable to vary a pointing angle of the camera  210 . 
     A method  300  is provided for enabling an autonomous vehicle to request assistance from a remote operator in certain predetermined situations. In some examples, method  300  may be carried out by a vehicle such as vehicle  100  and/or vehicle  200  as illustrated and described in reference to  FIGS.  1  and  2   , respectively. For example, the processes described herein may be carried out using a RADAR unit  126 , a laser rangefinder and/or LIDAR unit  128 , and/or a camera  130  mounted to an autonomous vehicle in communication with a control system  106 , a sensor fusion algorithm  138 , a computer vision system  140 , a navigation system  142 , and/or an obstacle avoidance system  144 . Additionally, method  300  may be carried out using sensor data from one or more sensors on an autonomous vehicle (e.g., vehicle  200 ) such as sensor unit  202  and/or camera  210  as shown in  FIG.  2   . 
     Furthermore, it is noted that the functionality described in connection with the flowcharts described herein can be implemented as special-function and/or configured general-function hardware modules, portions of program code executed by a processor (e.g., the processor  113  within computer system  112 ) for achieving specific logical functions, determinations, and/or steps described in connection with the flowcharts shown in  FIG.  3    or  FIG.  5   . Where used, program code can be stored on any type of computer-readable medium (e.g., computer-readable storage medium or non-transitory media, such as data storage  114  described above with respect to computer system  112  and/or a computer program product  600  described below), for example, such as a storage device including a disk or hard drive. 
     In addition, each block of the flowchart shown in  FIG.  3    may represent circuitry that is wired to perform the specific logical functions in the process. Unless specifically indicated, functions in the flowchart shown in  FIG.  3    may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrent execution of separately described functions, or even in reverse order in some examples, depending on the functionality involved, so long as the overall functionality of the described method is maintained. 
     As shown by block  302  of  FIG.  3   , method  300  may initially involve determining a representation of an environment of an autonomous vehicle based on sensor data of the environment.  FIG.  4 A  illustrates a top view of a scenario encountered by an autonomous vehicle, in accordance with an example embodiment. As shown, an autonomous vehicle  402  may be operating within an environment  400  containing other vehicles  406 ,  408 , and  410 . The autonomous vehicle  402  may be operating within a lane of travel approaching a traffic light  404 . In this example, the autonomous vehicle  402  may be planning to make a left turn across the intersection. 
       FIG.  4 B  illustrates a representation of the environment from  FIG.  4 A  based on sensor data collected by the vehicle, according to an example embodiment. An autonomous vehicle may receive data collected from environment in which the vehicle operates in a variety of ways. In particular the vehicle may be equipped with one or more sensor systems that provide data describing the surrounding environment. For example, a vehicle may have various sensors, including a camera, a radar unit, a laser range finder, a microphone, a radio unit, and other sensors. Each of these sensors may communicate data to a processor in the vehicle about information each respective sensor receives. 
     In one example, a camera may be configured to capture still images and/or video. In various embodiments, the vehicle may have more than one camera positioned in different orientations. Also, in some embodiments the camera may be able to move to capture images and/or video in different directions. The camera may be configured to store captured images and video to a memory for later processing by a processing system of the vehicle. The captured images and/or video may form a portion of the sensor data collected from the environment. 
     In another example, a radar unit may be configured to transmit an electromagnetic signal that will be reflected by various objects near the vehicle. The radar unit may be able to capture reflected electromagnetic signals. The captured reflected electromagnetic signals may enable the radar system (or processing system) to make various determinations about objects that reflected the electromagnetic signal. For example, the distance and position to various reflecting objects may be determined. In various embodiments, the vehicle may have more than one radar unit in different orientations. The radar system may be configured to store captured information to a memory for later processing by a processing system of the vehicle. The information captured by the radar system may form a portion of the sensor data collected from an environment. 
     In further examples, a laser range-finding system may be configured to transmit an electromagnetic signal (e.g., light, such as that from a gas or diode laser, or other possible light source) that will be reflected by target objects near the vehicle. The laser range-finding system may be able to capture the reflected electromagnetic (e.g., laser) signals. The captured reflected electromagnetic signals may enable the range-finding system (or processing system) to determine a range to various objects. The range-finding system may also be able to determine a velocity or speed of target objects and store it as data collected from an environment. 
     Additionally, in other examples, a microphone may be configured to capture audio data from the environment surrounding the vehicle. Sounds captured by the microphone may include sounds from vehicles or other aspects of the environment. For example, the microphone may capture the sound of the siren of an emergency vehicle. A processing system may be able to identify that the captured audio signal is indicative of an emergency vehicle. In another example, the microphone may capture the sound of an exhaust of another vehicle, such as that from a motorcycle. A processing system may be able to identify that the captured audio signal is indicative of a motorcycle. The data captured by the microphone may form a portion of the sensor data collected from the environment. 
     In additional examples, the radio unit may be configured to transmit an electromagnetic signal that may take the form of a Bluetooth signal, 802.11 signal, and/or other radio technology signal. The electromagnetic radiation signal may be transmitted via one or more antennas located in a radio unit. Further, the electromagnetic radiation signal may be transmitted with one of many different radio-signaling modes. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to transmit the electromagnetic radiation signal with a signaling mode that requests a response from devices located near the autonomous vehicle. The processing system may be able to detect nearby devices based on the responses communicated back to the radio unit and use this communicated information as a portion of the sensor data collected from the environment. 
     In some embodiments, the processing system may be able to combine information from some or all of the vehicle&#39;s sensors in order to make further determinations about the environment of the vehicle. For example, the processing system may combine both radar information and a captured image to determine if another vehicle or pedestrian is in front of the autonomous vehicle. In other embodiments, other combinations of sensor data may be used by the processing system to make determinations about the environment as well. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4 B , the autonomous vehicle  402  may create a representation of its environment  400  based on any combination of possible types of sensor data as described above. In some examples, the representation may not be a perfect copy of the environment. For instance, some of the sensors may be blocked in certain directions or some of the sensor data may be distorted. Additionally, some objects may be abstracted into geometric shapes, such as the representations of the vehicles  406 ,  408 , and  410  shown in the figure. The autonomous vehicle  402  may identify objects or other aspects of the environment with varying levels of precision. 
     The vehicle  402  may be operating in an autonomous mode in which the vehicle may use a computer system to control the operation of the vehicle with little-to-no human input. For example, a human operator may enter an address into an autonomous vehicle and the vehicle may then be able to drive, without further input from the human (e.g., the human does not have to steer or touch the brake/gas pedals), to the specified destination. 
     While the vehicle is operating autonomously, the sensor system may be receiving data representative of the environment of the vehicle, as discussed with respect to block  302 . The processing system of the vehicle may alter the control of the vehicle based on data received from the various sensors. In some examples, the autonomous vehicle may alter a velocity of the autonomous vehicle in response to data from the various sensors. For instance, the autonomous vehicle may change velocity in order to avoid obstacles, obey traffic laws, etc. When a processing system in the vehicle identifies obstacles or other situations encountered by the autonomous vehicle, the vehicle may be able to autonomously determine how to proceed (e.g., by altering velocity, changing trajectory to avoid an obstacle, and so on). 
     Block  304  includes identifying a situation from a predetermined set of situations for which the autonomous vehicle will request remote assistance. An autonomous vehicle may periodically encounter a situation in which remote assistance would be useful. For illustrative purposes, examples below describe requests for remote assistance from a remote human guide, but it should be generally understood that the request could also be sent to a passenger of the vehicle or to a remote computing system as well or instead. 
     A predetermined set of situations may be defined for which remote input may be requested by the vehicle. Within examples, the set of predetermined situations may include scenarios for which the autonomous vehicle can autonomously identify that it is in the scenario, ask a useful question to a human operator, and interpret a response from the human operator in order to proceed with autonomous operation. In some examples, the set may vary depending on the type or version of the vehicle, the geographical location of the vehicle, the current time or weather conditions, etc. A control system on a vehicle may identify that the vehicle is in one of the predetermined situations based on sensor data collected about the environment as described above. 
       FIGS.  4 A- 4 F  collectively describe one scenario that may be included within the predetermined set of scenarios, an unprotected left turn. An unprotected left turn may be defined as a scenario where the vehicle is approaching or stopped at a solid green light (but without a green arrow) waiting to make a left turn at an intersection where there is a possibility of oncoming traffic in the opposite lane that might interfere with the turn. In such a scenario, it may be useful to have a human guide verify that no car is approaching (e.g., by verifying that the autonomous vehicle&#39;s representation of the environment is accurate) before the vehicle completes the turn. In such a scenario, it may be difficult for the vehicle to ascertain whether it can safely complete the turn with high confidence, but a human guide viewing a video feed from the autonomous vehicle may be able to easily make the determination, much like a typical human driver might. 
     For instance, referring to  FIG.  4 B , the autonomous vehicle  402  may be planning to make a left turn on the green light  404 . Because the autonomous vehicle  402  does not have a green arrow, the autonomous vehicle  402  may be required to yield to oncoming traffic. In this example, the autonomous vehicle  402  may determine based on sensor data that a car  406  coming in the opposite direction is pulled over to the side of the road and will not interfere with a left turn. However, because the car  406  has the right-of-way, the autonomous vehicle  402  may request assistance in order to verify that it can safely complete the left turn. 
     In another example embodiment, the set of predetermined situations may also include a scenario in which an autonomous vehicle is attempting to make a right turn at an intersection with a red light. A human guide may be used to verify a right turn would not interfere with cross traffic and/or that no pedestrians may be crossing or about to cross the intersection, for example. Other scenarios involving autonomous decisions that must be made by an autonomous vehicle at an intersection may be included within the set of predetermined situations in some examples as well, including other types of intersections (e.g., railroad crossings). In other examples, scenarios involving a malfunctioning traffic light or a failure to detect a traffic light at an intersection may be included. 
     In further examples, a request for assistance may be sent to a human guide in scenarios where it may be necessary for the autonomous vehicle to check the occupancy of the vehicle. For instance, the vehicle may need to verify that the vehicle is empty after dropping off passengers or that the correct number of people have gotten into the vehicle after passengers have been picked up. Another example scenario may involve checking that passengers have all fastened their seat belts or that all car doors have been closed shortly after boarding the vehicle. A further example scenario may involve checking that passengers have taken all of their belongings with them after being dropped off. Other scenarios in the context of dropping off or picking up passengers may be included with the set of predetermined situations in some examples as well or instead. 
     In additional examples, the set of predetermined situations may include scenarios where a vehicle (e.g., a stopped or parked car) or other obstacle (e.g., a bicycle) is blocking a lane within a road. For example, an autonomous vehicle may request assistance to determine whether to wait for the blockage to clear, pass on the left, pass on the right, turn around, and so on. In further examples, situations where a vehicle (e.g., a parked moving van or double-parked car) must be passed by moving into a lane of oncoming traffic may be included. In other examples, the set of predetermined situations may include blockages within a parking lot, such as partial blockages (e.g., by a stopped delivery truck), a car slowly backing out, or shopping carts or other moving or stationary obstacles in the path or vicinity of an autonomous vehicle. 
     In further examples, the set of predetermined scenarios may include situations where the vehicle encounters a temporary stop sign (e.g., a stop sign that is not present on a permanent map used by the vehicle for navigation). In such a scenario, a human assistor may be used to determine whether the identified sign is in fact a temporary stop (e.g., a posted sign in a construction zone or a sign being held up by a road worker or other human), a permanent stop sign that should be added to the map, or something else (e.g., a different kind of sign or some other object misidentified as a stop sign). In some examples, the human assistor may also give instructions to the vehicle how to proceed based on identification of the sign as well. For instance, the human assistor may confirm that the sign is a stop sign (either temporary or permanent) and instruct the vehicle to come to a stop. In other examples, situations where a temporary traffic light or different type of temporary traffic signal or sign is encountered may also be included. Other example scenarios may include encountering a construction site or construction zone, encountering an accident site, detecting flares or cones, or detecting a person (e.g., a worker, policeman, or bystander) directing traffic. 
     In yet further examples, scenarios where a particular type of vehicle is detected may be included with the set of scenarios, such as a police car, an ambulance, a fire truck, a school bus, a municipal bus, a garbage truck, a mail vehicle, or a different type of special vehicle. In other examples, certain types of identifiable environments may be included as well, such as travelling through a neighborhood, entering a freeway, or navigating a boulevard. In additional examples, certain types of audio signals, such as sirens or honking horns may be scenarios included within the set. In another example, any scenario with ill-defined precedence for the vehicle to follow may be included as well. 
     It should be understood that the above examples are not meant to be limiting nor are they meant to be required. An example vehicle may request assistance for a set of scenarios that includes any combination of the above scenarios and/or other examples not specifically listed as well. 
     Block  306  of method  300  includes sending a request for assistance to a remote assistor. The request may include the vehicle&#39;s current representation of its environment (e.g., such as depicted in  FIG.  4 B ) as well as the identified situation from the set of predetermined situations, as discussed above with respect to block  304 . In some examples, the request may additionally include at least a subset of the sensor data collected by the vehicle from its surrounding environment. For example, a live video stream from one or more video cameras and/or still photos may be transmitted along with the request for assistance. 
       FIG.  4 C  shows a video stream of the environment  400  of autonomous vehicle  402  from the point-of-view of the autonomous vehicle  402 . For example, the autonomous vehicle  402  may be equipped with one or more video cameras which capture video streams of a portion of the environment  400 . This data may be transmitted along with the request with assistance for use by the remote operator. In this example, the portion of the environment  400  captured in the video stream includes cars  406  and  410  as well as traffic light  404 . In some examples, the cameras may be moveable (and possibly may be controlled directly or indirectly by a remote operator) in order to capture video of additional portions of the environment  400  in order to resolve certain scenarios. 
     In further examples, the request for assistance may additionally include one or more suggested autonomous operations for the vehicle to take in the identified situation. For example, referring back to the scenario described with respect to  FIG.  4   , the vehicle may transmit options that may include holding position or completing the left turn. In one example, the vehicle may send a single suggested operation in order to receive verification of its proposed course of action, and may hold position until a response is received. In other examples, the vehicle may send a set of two or more proposed options for the remote assistor to select from. In some examples, the human guide may be able to provide a different operation for the vehicle to take as well or instead. 
     In some examples, the human operator may be located in a remote location that has a wireless connection with a communication system of the vehicle. For example, a remote human operator may be located at a remote computer terminal with a user interface that provides information from the autonomous vehicle in order for the human operator to answer the request. For instance,  FIG.  4 D  shows one example user interface that may be presented to a human operator. The user interface  412  may include separate sub-windows  414  and  416 . The first sub-window  414  may include the vehicle&#39;s representation of its environment, such as described above with respect to  FIG.  4 B . The second sub-window  416  may include a video stream of a portion of the environment, such as described above with respect to  FIG.  4 C . Accordingly, the human operator may be able to compare the vehicle&#39;s understanding of its environment with the video stream to verify the vehicle&#39;s representation of its environment and/or to verify a planned course of action of the vehicle. In some examples, the vehicle&#39;s representation of its environment may also be overlayed on top of the video stream within the user interface. For instance, rather than showing the vehicle&#39;s representation in sub-window  414  and the video stream in sub-window  416  as separate windows within a user interface as shown in  FIG.  4 C , a user interface may contain a single viewing window with both the video stream and the vehicle&#39;s representation aligned. Overlaying the vehicle&#39;s representation may make it easier for an operator to understand how detected objects in the vehicle&#39;s representation may correspond to visual objects within the video stream. 
     In other example embodiments, the request for assistance may be sent to a human assistor located within the autonomous vehicle, such as a passenger in the passenger seat or a person sitting in the driver&#39;s seat. Some operations which require a certain amount of human intuition may be difficult to automate with an autonomous vehicle. For instance, determining an exact drop-off location (e.g., where the passenger has room to comfortably exit the vehicle) may be more easily completed with the assistance of the passenger. Other types of scenarios may also benefit from assistance from a passenger of the vehicle. In some examples, a different set of scenarios may lead to a request being sent to a remote guide than the set of scenarios for which a request is sent to a passenger of the vehicle. 
     In additional embodiments, the request may be sent to a more powerful computer than exists within the autonomous vehicle, such as a remote computer server. The more powerful computer may have more computational power than the computing system in the autonomous vehicle and/or more stored data about the environment, and therefore may able to more accurately determine how to proceed within a given scenario. In some embodiments, the autonomous vehicle may wirelessly communicate a subset of the sensor data collected about the environment to the remote computing device as well. 
     In further embodiments, the more powerful computer may also not be able to determine a proper course of action to the identified scenario. When this happens, the system may fall back to a human operator to try to resolve the scenario in some example systems. Additionally, in some embodiments, the more powerful computer and the human operator may both receive a request for assistance. Therefore, either the more powerful computer or the human operator (and possibly both) may be able to determine a proper course of action for the vehicle. By transmitting data to both the more powerful computer and the human operator at approximately the same time, there may be some redundancy benefit in case one or the other fails to respond fast enough. The request for assistance may additionally contain a timeout amount indicating an amount of time in which a response to the request is needed. 
     Block  308  of method  300  includes receiving a response from the remote assistor indicating an autonomous operation. The response may indicate to the autonomous vehicle how to proceed within the identified scenario. In some examples, the vehicle may have sent a single proposed operation to the remote assistor. In that case, the response may indicate that the vehicle is free to proceed with the proposed operation, and the vehicle may hold position until receiving the response. In other examples, the vehicle may have sent two or more proposed operations to the remote assistor, in which case the response may indicate which of the proposed operations the vehicle should take. The remote assistor may be able to propose different alternative operations for the vehicle to take as well or instead. 
     The remote assistor may be presented with a user interface that contains a control menu that enables a remote assistor to send a response to an autonomous vehicle indicating how the vehicle should proceed in a given scenario. For example,  FIG.  4 E  shows an example user interface that contains a first sub-window showing the vehicle&#39;s representation of its environment and a second sub-window showing a video of a portion of the vehicle&#39;s environment, such as described above with respect to  FIG.  4 D .  FIG.  4 E  additionally contains a control menu  418  that allows a human operator to select an autonomous operation for the vehicle. In this example, the human guide has selected Proceed  420  in order to indicate that the autonomous vehicle should proceed with the left turn. The control menu  418  may additionally contain a latency bar  422  indicating how old the received sensor data is, which may affect the human guide&#39;s response. 
     The response to the request for assistance may be received in a number of different ways. In cases where the request for assistance was sent to a remote assistor (or a remote computing system) not located within the vehicle, the response may be received wirelessly through a communication system located within the autonomous vehicle. In other embodiments, such as those where the request for assistance was sent to a passenger located with the vehicle, the response may be received when the passenger enters an autonomous operation into a user interface of a computer system located within the vehicle. A passenger may be able to instruct the vehicle in other ways as well, such as through voice commands or through a handheld mobile device. Other modes of transmitting and/or receiving the request for assistance and/or the response to the request may also be used. 
     Block  310  of method  300  includes performing the autonomous operation. When the vehicle receives the response to the request for assistance, the response may indicate that the vehicle is free to proceed with a proposed operation or suggest a different operation for the vehicle to use. Based on the response, the vehicle may proceed with the autonomous operation, which may be to turn, start, stop, pass on the left or right, change speed and/or direction, pull over, back up, or any number of other possible operations. In some examples, the vehicle may do additional processing before proceeding with the autonomous operation. For example, if the latency associated with the received instruction is too high to be trusted, the vehicle may send another request for assistance before proceeding. In another example, the vehicle may override an operator&#39;s response based on recently detected sensor data (e.g., a car making an unprotected left turn may suddenly detect oncoming traffic and override a remote operator&#39;s instruction to proceed). 
       FIG.  4 F  shows the autonomous vehicle  402  completing the left turn. For example, a remote operator may have viewed a video stream of the environment and verified that the vehicle  406  in the opposite lane is pulled over and stopped such that the vehicle is unlikely to interfere with a left turn by the autonomous vehicle  402 . Accordingly, the vehicle may have received a response from the remote operator indicating that the vehicle may safely proceed with the left turn as shown in the figure. 
       FIG.  5    is a block diagram of another method, according to an example embodiment. Method  500  as shown in  FIG.  5    may be executed to respond to a request for assistance from an autonomous vehicle, such as a request sent by a vehicle as described above with respect to method  300 . Method  500  may be executed by a remote computing system, such as a computing system with a user interface that receives input from a remote human operator. Method  500  may also be executed by a more powerful computing system than exists on an autonomous vehicle, such as a computing system configured to answer requests from autonomous vehicles. Method  500  may be executed by a computing system of an autonomous vehicle as well, such as when the autonomous vehicle requests assistance from a passenger of the vehicle. 
     In addition, each block of the flowchart shown in  FIG.  5    may represent circuitry that is wired to perform the specific logical functions in the process. Unless specifically indicated, functions in the flowchart shown in  FIG.  5    may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrent execution of separately described functions, or even in reverse order in some examples, depending on the functionality involved, so long as the overall functionality of the described method is maintained. 
     Block  502  of method  500  includes receiving a request for assistance from an autonomous vehicle, including a representation of an environment of the vehicle and an identified situation from a predetermined set of situations. The request may include any of the aspects of a request described above with respect to method  300 . In particular, the request may include a representation of the environment built from sensor data collected by the vehicle, such as shown in  FIG.  4 B . Additionally, the request may indicate an identified situation from a predetermined set of situations for which the vehicle may request remote assistance. The set may include any of the scenarios described above with respect to method  300 . 
     Block  504  of method  500  includes receiving sensor data representative of the environment of the autonomous vehicle. The sensor data may include any of the types of sensor data described above with respect to method  300 . In particular, the sensor data may include one or more video streams of portions of the environment of the vehicle, such as shown in  FIG.  4 C . Other types of sensor data may also be received, including still images, radar or laser range finder data indicating distance to and/or location of nearby objects, or audio data captured by one or more microphones. 
     Block  506  of method  500  includes determining an autonomous operation for the identified situation. In some examples, the vehicle may have sent a request for assistance along with a proposed operation. In those examples, determining the autonomous operation may involve determining whether (or when) the vehicle should perform the proposed operation. In other examples, the vehicle may have sent two or more different possible proposed operations along with its request for assistance. In those examples, determining the autonomous operation may involve selecting from the possible proposed options. In further examples, the autonomous operation may be separately determined instead of or in addition to receiving proposed operations from the vehicle. 
     In some example, method  500  may involve the use of a remote human assistor, such as a human guide who accesses a user interface, such as the one depicted in  FIGS.  4 D and  4 E . The human guide may be presented with the vehicle&#39;s own representation of its environment and/or additional sensor data such as a live video feed. The human guide may also be presented with the identified scenario that prompted the requested for assistance. In some examples, the human guide may verify that the vehicle&#39;s representation of its environment and/or a proposed operation of the vehicle is correct by looking at the video feed. Then, the human guide may input an autonomous operation into the user interface (e.g., by selecting from a list of possible options or manually inputting a different operation). In some examples, a human guide may be presented with a list of preset options that they can always send to the vehicle (e.g., “Stop immediately,” “Pull over soon,” etc.). In other examples, each scenario within the predetermined set of scenarios for which an autonomous vehicle requests assistance may have its own preset options for the human guide to choose from. 
     In further examples, method  500  may involve receiving help from a passenger of the autonomous vehicle in order to determine an autonomous operation for the vehicle. The passenger may be asked for assistance through a user interface in the car, through a remote device (e.g., cellphone), or through a verbal request, for example. The passenger may then respond by selecting an autonomous operation for the vehicle (e.g., by selecting an option on a user interface or by giving a vocal command to the vehicle). 
     In additional examples, method  500  may involve receiving help from a more powerful remote computing system in order to determine an autonomous operation for the vehicle. For instance, the remote computing system may be sent information about the vehicle including the current scenario the vehicle has identified as well as sensor data. The remote computing system may then use the sensor data to verify the vehicle&#39;s situation and determine a proposed operation for the vehicle, much like a human guide. In some examples, requests for assistance may be sent to multiple sources (e.g., a human guide and a remote computing system) for independent verification or redundancy benefits as well. In those examples, determining the autonomous operation may involve combining received input from multiple sources. 
     Block  508  of method  500  involves sending a response to the autonomous vehicle to perform the autonomous operation. The autonomous operation may be any of the autonomous operations described above, such as to turn, start, stop, pass on the left or right, change speed and/or direction, pull over, back up, or any number of other possible operations. In cases where method  500  is carried out by a remote computing system, the response may be sent wirelessly to a communication system of the autonomously vehicle. In other examples (such as when the autonomous operation is determined by interfacing with a passenger of the vehicle), the response may be sent through a direct hardware connection within the autonomous vehicle. The response may be transmitted to a control system of the autonomous vehicle indirectly through other systems and/or in other ways in some examples as well. 
     In some embodiments, the disclosed methods may be implemented as computer program instructions encoded on a non-transitory computer-readable storage media in a machine-readable format, or on other non-transitory media or articles of manufacture.  FIG.  6    is a schematic illustrating a conceptual partial view of an example computer program product that includes a computer program for executing a computer process on a computing device, arranged according to at least some embodiments presented herein. 
     In one embodiment, the example computer program product  600  is provided using a signal bearing medium  602 . The signal bearing medium  602  may include one or more programming instructions  604  that, when executed by one or more processors may provide functionality or portions of the functionality described above with respect to  FIGS.  1 - 5   . In some examples, the signal bearing medium  602  may encompass a non-transitory computer-readable medium  606 , such as, but not limited to, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, memory, etc. In some implementations, the signal bearing medium  602  may encompass a computer recordable medium  608 , such as, but not limited to, memory, read/write (R/W) CDs, R/W DVDs, etc. In some implementations, the signal bearing medium  602  may encompass a communications medium  610 , such as, but not limited to, a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.). Thus, for example, the signal bearing medium  602  may be conveyed by a wireless form of the communications medium  610 . 
     The one or more programming instructions  604  may be, for example, computer executable and/or logic implemented instructions. In some examples, a computing device such as the computer system  112  of  FIG.  1    may be configured to provide various operations, functions, or actions in response to the programming instructions  604  conveyed to the computer system  112  by one or more of the computer readable medium  606 , the computer recordable medium  608 , and/or the communications medium  610 . 
     The non-transitory computer readable medium could also be distributed among multiple data storage elements, which could be remotely located from each other. The computing device that executes some or all of the stored instructions could be a vehicle, such as the vehicle  200  illustrated in  FIG.  2   . Alternatively, the computing device that executes some or all of the stored instructions could be another computing device, such as a server. 
     The above detailed description describes various features and functions of the disclosed systems, devices, and methods with reference to the accompanying figures. While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope being indicated by the following claims.