Patent Publication Number: US-2021177985-A1

Title: Targeting tumor cells with chemotherapeutic agents conjugated to matriptase antibodies

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/535,191, filed on Aug. 8, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/829,173, filed Dec. 1, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,376,597, issued on Aug. 13, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/075,008, filed Mar. 18, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,849,192, issued on Dec. 26, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/510,801, filed May 18, 2012, now abandoned, which is a National Stage Entry of PCT/US10/57235, filed Nov. 18, 2010, which in turn claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/293,030, filed Jan. 7, 2010, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/262,373, filed Nov. 18, 2009. All of the foregoing references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to new immunoconjugates comprising an anticancer agent and a monoclonal antibody and use of such immunoconjugates for killing or inhibiting the growth of matriptase expressing cancer cells, including but not limited to those of multiple myeloma and breast cancers. Thus, the present invention also relates to new methods of treating matriptase expressing cancers. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease expressed by cells of epithelial origin, including breast and prostate tumor cells. Matriptase is characterized by an N-terminal transmembrane domain and multiple extracellular domains, in addition to the conserved extracellular domain (Lin C. Y., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274(26): 18237-18242.). Matriptase is a zymogen that needs to be activated by proteolytic cleavage to become a two-chain active enzyme. Under normal physiological conditions, there is excessive amount of endogenous inhibitor called HGF activator inhibitor-I (HAI-1) that binds to matriptase, tightly regulating the protease activity (Lin, C. Y., et al., J. Biol, Chem., 1999, 274: 18231 - 18236; Oberst, M.D., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278:26773-26779.). Besides exerting an inhibitory function, HAI-1 also plays a critical role in activation, proper expression and intracellular trafficking of matriptase (Oberst, M. D., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278: 26773- 26779; Oberst, M. D., et al., Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 2005, 289:C462-C470.). 
     Matriptase is known to proteolytically activate the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and protease-activated receptor in vitro (Lee, S. L., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275:36720-36725; Suzuki, M., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279:14899-14908.). Both HGF and uPA have been implicated for their roles in cellular invasion and metastasis and in cellular motility (Trusolino, L. and Comoglio, P. M., Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2002, 2:289-300; Sidenius, N. and Blasi, F., Cancer Metastasis Rev., 2003, 22:205-222.). The cognate receptor for HGF is Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase. Upon the binding of HGF, Met can trigger multiple signaling pathways, including Ras-MAPK, PI3K, Src and Stat3, which eventually leads to invasive growth. High levels of Met combined with overexpression of matriptase are associated with a poor outcome for patients with breast cancer. 
     Studies of matriptase levels in several solid epithelial-derived tumors including breast, prostate and ovarian carcinomas have been performed in the past few years (for a review, see Uhland, K., Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2007, 63(24):2968-78). A tissue microarray from patients with breast carcinoma showed that high-level expression of Met, matriptase and HAI-1 are associated with poor patient outcome (Kang, J. Y., et al., Cancer Res., 2003, 63: 1 101-1105.). In prostate tumors, increased levels of matriptase with decreased expression of HAI-1 were associated with increasing tumor grade (Saleem, M., et al., Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prey., 2006: 15, 217-227.). Overexpression of matriptase was also found in 82% of stage I II and in 55% stage III/VI of patients with ovarian cancer. 
     Given the significant roles of matriptase in tumor initiation, progression and metastases, several inhibitors for this protease have been investigated in animal models for their anticancer activity. Reduced tumor growth and metastasis formation by matriptase inhibitor, ecotin, has been shown in a PC-3 prostate carcinoma xenograft model (Takeuchi, N., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96, 11054-11061.). CVS-3983, another matriptase inhibitor, also reduced tumor size in a mouse model of androgen-independent prostate cancer (Galkin, A. V., et al., Prostate, 2004, 61, 228-235). 
     Monomethyl auristatin E (“MMAE”) is an FDA-approved synthetic antineoplastic agent that has shown promising use in chemotherapy based treatments. MMAE is a potent antimitotic compound but it exhibits high levels of cytotoxicity when administered alone, limiting its clinical value as a stand-alone compound. Monomethyl auristatin F (“MMAF”), also known as desmethyl-auristatin F, is an experimental synthetic anti-neoplastic agent that, like MMAE, is an antimitotic agent. Like MMAE, MMAF exhibits high levels of cytotoxicity when administered alone. Therefore, there is an urgent need for therapeutically effective antibody-based treatments that utilize MMAF and MMAE-bound immunoconjugates. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides new therapeutic agents for the treatment of hematologic cancers, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute monocytic leukemia (AMOL)), Hodgkin&#39;s lymphomas, Non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphomas, Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL), Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and multiple myeloma (MM), as well as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of various epithelial cancers, including prostate, breast, brain, kidney, lung, colon, bladder, skin, thyroid, and ovary tumors, and mesothelioma to meet the foregoing need. 
     Matriptase, a membrane-bound serine type II protease, is expressed in cell lines of multiple myeloma (MM) and other hematologic and epithelial cancer cells. The present invention provides a matriptase antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent, for example, the auristatins MMAE and MMAF, for selectively targeting matriptase expressing cells. Antibodies conjugated with potent anticancer drugs to target matriptase-expressing cancer cells have various advantages. For example, the selective delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent to tumor cells overexpressing matriptase results in less toxicity toward the normal tissues. Moreover, since levels of matriptase mRNA have been found in tumors in other organs, including kidney, lung, colon, bladder, pancreas, prostate, skin, breast, thyroid and ovary, these immunoconjugates are useful for treating these cancers. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate of a matriptase antibody and a cytotoxic agent. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is selected from doxorubicin (DOX), auristatin, including monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), calicheamicin, and ricin. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is MMAE. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is MMAF. In some embodiments the cytotoxic agent is covalently linked to the matriptase antibody. In some embodiments the matriptase antibody is M69. Therefore in some embodiments the immunoconjugate is MMAE covalently linked to M69. In other embodiments the immunoconjugate is MMAF covalently linked to M69. 
     Further, it has been discovered in accordance with the present invention that thalidomide, an immunomodulatory agent, markedly induces activation of matriptase in myeloma cells. Thus, the present invention provides for administration of immunoconjugates targeting active matriptase in combination with administration of immunomodulatory agents, including but not limited to thalidomide and its analogs, for the treatment of MM and other cancers. Thalidomide analogs are known in the art and include, for example, lenalidomide, CC-3052, CC-4047, CC-5103, IMiD3, EM12, and ENMD0995. 
     Thus, in one aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, comprising administering to a subject in need of such a treatment a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a matriptase antibody. In some embodiments, the matriptase antibody is M69. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy by administering to a subject in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing a matriptase antibody in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an immunomodulatory agent that activates matriptase. In some embodiments the matriptase antibody is M69. In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or its analogs. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which malignant cells express matriptase by administering to a subject in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing an immunoconjugate between a matriptase antibody and a cytotoxic agent. In some embodiments the cytotoxic agent is selected from doxorubicin (DOX), auristatin, including monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), and auristatin PE, calicheamicin, and ricin. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is MMAE. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is MMAF. In some embodiments the cytotoxic agent is covalently linked to the matriptase antibody. In some embodiments the matriptase antibody is M69. Therefore in some embodiments the immunoconjugate is MMAE covalently linked to M69. In other embodiments the immunoconjugate is MMAF covalently linked to M69. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which malignant cells express matriptase by administering to a subject in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing an immunoconjugate between a matriptase antibody and a cytotoxic agent in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an immunomodulatory agent that activates matriptase. In some embodiments the cytotoxic agent is selected from doxorubicin (DOX), auristatin, including monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), and auristatin PE, calicheamicin, and ricin. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is MMAE. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is MMAF In some embodiments the cytotoxic agent is covalently linked to the matriptase antibody. In some embodiments the matriptase antibody is M69. Therefore in some embodiments the immunoconjugate is MMAE covalently linked to M69. In other embodiments the immunoconjugate is MMAF covalently linked to M69. In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or its analogs. Therefore, in some embodiments, the method comprises administration of a therapeutically effective amount of M69-MMAE immunoconjugates in combination with thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. In other embodiments, the method comprises administration of a therapeutically effective amount of M69-MMAF immunoconjugates in combination with thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. In other embodiments, the method comprises administration of a therapeutically effective amount of M69-auristatin PE immunoconjugates in combination with thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, comprising a matriptase antibody and a cytotoxic agent. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a composition containing an immuno-conjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase according to any of the embodiments described above. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a method of diagnosing a hematological malignancy by contacting a test sample containing hematological cells from a mammal with a matriptase antibody and detecting the formation of a complex between the antibody and matriptase, wherein formation of a complex is indicative of a malignancy. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the growth of a hematopoietic cell that expresses matriptase by treating the hematopoietic cell with a matriptase antibody or an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides an assay kit for detecting expression of matriptase in mammalian tissues or cells, containing an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a kit for treatment of a malignancy in which malignant cells express matriptase, the kit comprising an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides use of an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above for treatment of a malignancy in which malignant cells express matriptase. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides use of an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above for manufacture of a medicament for treatment of a malignancy in which malignant cells express matriptase. 
     These and other aspects of the present invention will be better appreciated by reference to the following drawings and detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D  represent Western analyses of matriptase and HAI-1 in human lymphoma and myeloma cells. The cell lines in  FIG. 1A  include Hs 445 (lane 2), HuT 78 (lane 3), Farage (lane 4), Raji (lane 5), Daudi (lane 6), Namalwa (lane 7), Ramos (lane 8), ST486 (lane 9), SU-DHL-4 (lane 10), SU-DHL-6 (lane 11), OCI-LY-3 (lane 12), RPMI-8226 (lane 13). The cell lines in panel (B) include HL-60 (lane 2), Reh (lane 3), Jurkat (lane 4), SUP-T1 (lane 5), CCRF-CEM (lane 6), CCRF-HSB-2 (lane 7), MOLT-3 (lane 8), MOLT-4 (lane 9), CCRF-SB (lane 10), RS4-11 (lane 11), THP-1 (lane 12), U937 (lane 13). Panel (C) shows the assessment of levels of matriptase in three MM cell lines as indicated. GAPDH served as an internal control. Panel (D) shows the tissue sections of paraffin-embedded multiple myeloma stained with the matriptase mAb M24, the HAI-1mAb M19, and the activated matriptase M69, respectively as indicated. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates cytotoxic effects of M24-DOX on MM cells. MM cells (1×105/well) in 24-well plates were treated with or without M24-DOX at varying concentration for 48 hours. Cell number was counted by Vi-Cell counter (Beckman). Error bars represent SEM. Statistical comparisons: *, significantly lower than control, p&lt;0.036. Plotted values represent duplicates from three separate experiments. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  represent internalization of M24-DOX within cells. Following exposure of MM.1S cells to M24-DOX for varying periods of time, and the cells were fixed and stained. The immunoconjugate was visualized by fluorescent microscopy. DAPI was used for nuclear staining. 
         FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C  illustrate reduced cytotoxicity of M24-DOX to normal marrow mesenchymal cells. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (5×104/well, 24-well plates) were treated with M24-DOX or free DOX at varying concentrations for 4 days. Cell numbers were determined by Vi-Cell counter. (A) shows that M24-DOX lacks cytotoxicity to stromal cells; (B) shows reduced cytotoxicity to cardiomyocytes; and (C) shows comparison of M24-DOX with DOX and control. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates activation of matriptase in MM cells induced by thalidomide. MM cells (MM.1S) were treated with varying concentrations of thalidomide as indicated for 24 hours followed by Western analyses to detect the activation of matriptase using a specific monoclonal antibody (M69) to the active form of the enzyme. The latent form of the protease was also detected using a mAb (M24) to the inactive form enzyme. GAPDH served as control. 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate that thalidomide sensitizes MM cells to M69-DOX, but not M24-DOX: (A) comparison of treatment of MM cells by M69-DOX alone with the M69-DOX/thalidomide combination treatment; and (B) comparison of treatment of MM cells by M24-DOX alone with the M24-DOX/thalidomide combination treatment. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates activation of matriptase in MM cells induced by thalidomide. MM cells (MM.1S) were treated with varying concentrations of thalidomide as indicated for 24 hours followed by Western analyses to detect the activation of matriptase using a specific monoclonal antibody (M69) to the active form of the enzyme. The latent form of the protease was also detected using a mAb (M24) to the inactive form enzyme. GAPDH served as control. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates the M69-DOX conjugate targeting active matriptase inhibited breast tumor growth in vivo, comparing treatment by M69-DOX at 10 mg/Kg and 20 mg/Kg doses with treatment by DOX at 2 mg/Kg dose and the control. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates reduction of the tumor weight by M69-DOX at 10 mg/Kg and 20 mg/Kg doses in comparison with treatment by DOX at 2 mg/Kg dose and the control. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates the average weights of the mice during the treatment by M69-DOX at 20 mg/Kg and 2 mg/Kg doses or DOX at 2 mg/Kg dose in comparison with the control. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates the conjugation between MMAE and M69 utilizing lysine side chains with PEG 5 -DBCO. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an MALDI-TOF analysis of the immunoconjugate M69-MMAE after applying the chemical steps depicted in  FIG. 11 . 
         FIG. 13  illustrates how matriptase-MMAE conjugate inhibits growth of the TNBC MDA-MB-468 without causing weight loss or signs of toxicity. Mice were inoculated s.c. with 10 million tumor cells in the right flank. When the tumor was palpable (100-200 mm 3 ) mice were randomized into two groups (n=6) and treated at the times indicated by the arrows with the immunoconjguate administered i.p. 5 mg (M69-MMAE)/kg (square shapes, bottom line). Control mice received saline (diamond shapes, top line). 
         FIG. 14  illustrates IC50s of M69-MMAE immunoconjugates toward matriptase-positive and negative cells in prostate cancer cells and non-small cell lung (NSCL) cancer cells 
         FIG. 15A , 15B and 15C illustrates in vivo efficacy of M69-MMAE immunoconjugates toward triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-468) (A) non-small cell lung (NSCL) cancer cells (H322) (B), and prostate cancer cells (DU145) (C). Diamond shape represent control, square shaped line represent M69-MMAE at 5 mg/mL, and for (B) the triangle shaped line represents M69-MMAE at 1 mg/mL. Arrows indicate times treated with the immunoconjugate. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates that DU145 and PC3 cells were exposed to M69-MMAE at varying concentrations as indicated for 72 hours under pH7.4 (diamond shape) or pH6.5 (square shape), HCl-acidified, medium. Viability was measured as percentages of viability of cells in control wells with respective medium. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates that Taxotere-resistant and -sensitive prostate cancer cells, PC3R (diamond shaped) or PC3 (square shaped), were treated with M69-MMAE at varying concentra-tions as indicated. Viability was measured as percentages of viability of cells in control wells. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     While matriptase is mainly produced by normal epithelial and a variety of epithelial-derived carcinoma cells, it has been discovered in accordance with the present invention that this membrane-bound protease is also present in various cells of hematological malignancies. The present invention provides methods of treating hematological malignancies by administering antibodies to matriptase. The invention further provides immunoconjugates of a matriptase antibody and a cytotoxic agent, and methods of using the immunoconjugates for treatment of malignancies in which cells express matriptase. In one preferred embodiment of this invention, an auristatin, e.g. MMAE, MMAF, or auristatin PE is conjugated with a monoclonal antibody to matriptase for targeting myeloma cells. In some embodiments, the antibody is M69. Thus, in some embodiments, the immunoconjugate is M69-auristatin, e.g. M69-MMAE, M69-MMAF, and/or M69-auristatin PE. 
     Thus, in a first aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy by administering to a subject in need of such a treatment a composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of a matriptase antibody. 
     In one embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the hematological malignancy is a cancer comprising cells that express matriptase. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the hematological malignancy is selected from leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the hematological malignancy is selected from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute monocytic leukemia (AMOL)), Hodgkin&#39;s lymphomas, Non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphomas, Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL), Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and multiple myeloma. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the hematological malignancy is multiple myeloma. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the hematological malignancy is a cancer in which the malignant cells express matriptase. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the matriptase antibody is a monoclonal antibody (mAb). In some embodiments, the monoclonal antibody is M69. In further embodiments, the matriptase antibody is covalently linked to a cytotoxic compound. In yet further embodiments, a cytotoxic compound is auristatin, including MMAE, MMAF, and/or auristatin PE. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a matriptase antibody conjugated to MMAE, MMAF, and/or auristatin PE, and in further embodiments the matriptase antibody is M69. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the matriptase antibody is selected from chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the composition further includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     In a second aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy by administering to a subject in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition containing a matriptase antibody in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an immunomodulatory agent that activates matriptase. In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. 
     In one embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the malignancy is multiple myeloma. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the matriptase antibody is an antibody specific for activated matriptase. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the matriptase antibody is a mAb M69. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the matriptase antibody is an antigen-binding fragment. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the matriptase antibody is selected from the group consisting of chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the matriptase antibody is a monoclonal antibody, and the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the immunomodulatory agent is administered to the subject for a sufficient amount of time so that matriptase is activated prior to administration of the composition comprising the matriptase antibody. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     In a third aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an immunoconjugate between a matriptase antibody and a cytotoxic agent. 
     In one embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the hematological malignancy is a cancer comprising cells that express matriptase. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is a cancer. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is a matriptase-positive malignant B cell lymphoma or an epithelial carcinoma. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is a matriptase-positive malignant B cell lymphoma selected from the group consisting of Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma (BL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL). 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is an epithelial carcinoma selected from the group consisting of prostate, breast, brain, kidney, lung, colon, bladder, and ovary as well as other tumor types, including thyroid tumor, skin tumor, and mesothelioma. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is selected from the group consisting of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute monocytic leukemia (AMOL), Hodgkin&#39;s lymphomas, Non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphomas, Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and multiple myeloma. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is multiple myeloma. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is a monoclonal antibody (mAb). In some embodiments, the monoclonal antibody is M69. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is an antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment is an antigen binding fragment of M69. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is selected from the group consisting of chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the cytotoxic agent is selected from toxins, antibiotics, and compounds comprising radioactive isotopes. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the cytotoxic agent is selected from doxorubicin (DOX), auristatin, including MMAE, MMAF, and auristatin PE, calicheamicin, and ricin. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, wherein the cytotoxic agent is doxorubicin (DOX). 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the cytotoxic agent is auristatin. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the cytotoxic agent is MMAE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the cytotoxic agent is MMAF. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the cytotoxic agent is auristatin PE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is a cancer refractory to the treatment of doxorubicin. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is a cancer refractory to the treatment of auristatin. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is a cancer refractory to the treatment of MMAE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is a cancer refractory to the treatment of MMAF. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is a cancer refractory to the treatment of auristatin PE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the immunoconjugate is M24-DOX or M69-DOX. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the immunoconjugate is M24-auristatin or M69-auristatin. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the immunoconjugate is M24-MMAE or M69-MMAE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the immunoconjugate is M24-MMAF or M69-MMAF. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the immunoconjugate is M24-auristatin PE or M69-auristatin PE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the cytotoxic agent is coupled to the matriptase antibody through a covalent bond. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the subject is a mammalian patient. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the subject is a human. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     In a fourth aspect the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such a treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an immunoconjugate between a matriptase antibody and a cytotoxic agent in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an immunomodulatory agent that activates matriptase. 
     In one embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the malignancy is multiple myeloma. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is an antibody specific for activated matriptase. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is a monoclonal antibody (mAb). In some embodiments, the monoclonal antibody is M69. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is an antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment is an antigen binding fragment of M69. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is selected from the group consisting of chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is mAb M69, and the cytotoxic agent is doxorubicin (DOX). 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is mAb M69, and the cytotoxic agent is auristatin. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is mAb M69, and the cytotoxic agent is MMAE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is mAb M69, and the cytotoxic agent is MMAF. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is mAb M69, and the cytotoxic agent is auristatin PE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a malignancy in which the malignant cells express matriptase, wherein the immunomodulatory agent is administered to the subject for a sufficient amount of time so that matriptase is activated prior to administration of the composition comprising the immunoconjugate. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein: (a) the malignancy is multiple myeloma; (b) the immunoconjugate comprises a matriptase antibody and DOX; and (c) the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein (a) the immunoconjugate comprises a matriptase antibody and auristatin; and (b) the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein (a) the immunoconjugate comprises a matriptase antibody and MMAE; and (b) the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein (a) the immunoconjugate comprises a matriptase antibody and MMAF; and (b) the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy, wherein (a) the immunoconjugate comprises a matriptase antibody and auristatin PE; and (b) the immunomodulatory agent is thalidomide or a thalidomide analog. 
     In a fifth aspect the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, comprising a matriptase antibody and a cytotoxic agent. 
     In one embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody recognizes an antigen expressed on the surface of the cancer cells. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is a monoclonal antibody (mAb). In some embodiments, the monoclonal antibody is M69. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is an antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment is an antigen binding fragment of M69. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is selected from the group consisting of chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein the matriptase antibody is a monoclonal antibody, and the cytotoxic agent is selected from the group consisting of doxorubicin (DOX), auristatin, including MMAE, MMAF, and auristatin PE, calicheamicin, and ricin. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein the conjugate is formed through a covalent bond between the matriptase antibody and the DOX moiety. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein one molecule of the matriptase antibody is coupled with up to 15 molecules of DOX. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein one molecule of the matriptase antibody is coupled with about 5-10 molecules of DOX. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein one molecule of the matriptase antibody is coupled about 7 molecules of DOX. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein the conjugate is formed through a covalent bond between the matriptase antibody and an auristatin moiety. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein one molecule of the matriptase antibody is coupled with up to 10 molecules of auristatin, including MMAE, MMAF, and/or auristatin PE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein one molecule of the matriptase antibody is coupled with about 5-10 molecules of auristatin, including MMAE, MMAF, and/or auristatin PE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein one molecule of the matriptase antibody is coupled about 3-5 molecules of auristatin, including MMAE, MMAF, and/or auristatin PE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein one molecule of the matriptase antibody is coupled about 3 molecules of auristatin, including MMAE, MMAF, and/or auristatin PE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, wherein one molecule of the matriptase antibody is coupled about 1-3 molecules of auristatin, including MMAE, MMAF, and/or auristatin PE. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, the immunoconjugate having reduced or no cardiotoxicity in comparison with the cytotoxic agent when administered in the absence of the matriptase antibody. 
     In another embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, the immunoconjugate having minimized or no adverse effects on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells which do not express matriptase. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a composition comprising an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase according to any of the embodiments described above in the fifth aspect. 
     In one embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides an immunoconjugate selectively targeting cancer cells that express matriptase, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a method of diagnosing a hematological malignancy comprising contacting a test sample containing hematological cells from a mammal with a matriptase antibody and detecting the formation of a complex between the antibody and matriptase, wherein formation of a complex is indicative of a malignancy. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the growth of a hematopoietic cell that expresses matriptase, the method comprising treating the hematopoietic cell with a matriptase antibody or an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides an assay kit for detecting expression of matriptase in mammalian tissues or cells, comprising an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides a kit for treatment of a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase, the kit comprising an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides use of an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above for treatment of a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase. 
     In another aspect the present invention provides use of an immunoconjugate according to any of the embodiments described above for manufacture of a medicament for treatment of a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase. 
     Definitions 
     As used herein, the term “biological sample” refers to a specimen comprising body fluids, cells or tissue from a subject, preferably a human subject. The sample can also be body fluid that has come into contact, either naturally or by artificial methods (e.g. surgical means), with a malignant cell or cells of a pre-malignant lesion. 
     As used herein, the term “expression of matriptase,” or the like, refers to any biological sample comprising one or more cells which express a form or forms of matriptase. 
     As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal, preferably mammalian, and most preferably human. 
     As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to complete, intact antibodies, and Fab fragments and F(ab), fragments thereof. Complete, intact antibodies include monoclonal antibodies such as murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb), chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. 
     An “antibody fragment” can be prepared by known methods, for example, as disclosed by Goldenberg, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,036,945 and 4,331,647 and references contained therein. Another form of an antibody fragment is a peptide coding for a single complementarity-determining region (CDR). A CDR is a segment of the variable region of an antibody that is complementary in structure to the epitope to which the antibody binds and is more variable than the rest of the variable region. CDR peptides can be obtained by constructing genes encoding the CDR of an antibody of interest. Such genes are prepared, for example, by using the polymerase chain reaction to synthesize the variable region from RNA of antibody-producing cells. 
     As used herein, the term “immunoconjugate” refers to a conjugate of an antibody component with a molecule or a therapeutic or diagnostic agent. The therapeutic or diagnostic agent can comprise a radioactive or non-radioactive label. The antibodies that used to prepare immunoconjugates include, but is not limited to, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. Here a preferred immunoconjugate is a conjugate between a matriptase monoclonal antibody and a cytotoxic agent, and a more preferred immunoconjugate is one comprising a matriptase monoclonal antibody and a FDA-approved anticancer agent, including but not limited to doxorubicin (DOX), auristatin, calicheamicin, or ricin. 
     As used herein, the term “cytotoxic agent” refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells. The term is intended to include chemotherapeutic agents, such as methotrexate, adriamicin, vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide), doxorubicin, melphalan, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, daunorubicin or other intercalating agents, enzymes and fragments thereof such as nucleolytic enzymes, antibiotics, and toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof, and the various antitumor or anticancer agents disclosed below. The term also encompasses compounds comprising one or more radioactive isotopes (e.g., At211, I131, I125, Y90, Re186, Re188, Sm153, Bi212, P32, as well as radioactive isotopes of Lu). 
     As used herein, the term “doxorubicin” (or “DOX”) refers to an anthracycline antibiotic with a systematic (IUPAC) chemical name of (8S,10S)-10-(4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-6, 8, 11-trihydroxy-8-(2- hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrotetracene-5,12-dione. 
     As used herein, the term “auristatin” includes, but is not limited to, the antimitotic agents monomethyl auristatin E (“MMAE”). monomethyl auristatin F (“MMAF”), also known as desmethyl-auristatin F. and auristatin PE. MMAE has a systematic (IUPAC) chemical name of (S)-N-((3R,4S,5S)-1-((S)-2-((1R,2R)-3-(((1S,2R)-1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-yl)amino)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3 -oxopropyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxy-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl)-N,3 -dimethyl-2-((S)-3 -methyl-2-(methylamino)butanamido)butanamide. MMAF has a systematic (IUPAC) chemical name of (S)-2-((2R,3R)-3-((S)-1-((3R,4S,5S)-4-((S)-N,3-dimethyl-2-((S)-3-methyl-2- (methylamino)butanamido)butanamido)-3-methoxy-5-methylheptanoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-3-methoxy-2-methylpropanamido)-3-phenylpropanoic acid. Auristatin PE has a systematic (IUPAC) chemical name of 2-[[(2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-N-[(3R,4S,5S)-3-methoxy-1-[(2S)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(2-phenylethylamino)propyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-5-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]-N, 3 -dimethylbutanamide. 
     As used herein, the term “carrier” refers to a molecule or higher-ordered structure that is capable of associating with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent to facilitate delivery of the agent to a targeted cell. Carriers may include molecules such as lipids or polymers, such as amphiphilic lipids or carbohydrates, or higher-ordered structures, such as micelles, liposomes, and nanoparticles. 
     The immunoconjugates or compositions disclosed herein can be formulated according to known methods and may include one or more pharmaceutically suitable excipients, one or more additional ingredients, or combinations thereof. 
     The immunoconjugates or compositions disclosed herein can be formulated for intravenous administration via, for example, bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection can be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions can take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient can be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. 
     The immunoconjugate or compositions may also be administered to a mammal subcutaneously or even by other parenteral routes. Moreover, the administration may be by continuous infusion or by single or multiple boluses. In general, the dosage of an administered immunoconjugate will vary depending upon such factors as the patient&#39;s age, weight, height, sex, general medical condition and previous medical history. 
     Additional pharmaceutical methods may be employed to control the duration of action of the therapeutic or diagnostic conjugate or naked antibody. Control release preparations can be prepared through the use of polymers to complex or adsorb the immunoconjugate or naked antibody. 
     An antibody preparation is said to be administered in a “therapeutically effective amount” if the amount administered is physiologically significant. An agent is physiologically significant if its presence results in a detectable change in the physiology of a recipient mammal, including a reduction in the number of cancer cells, a reduction in the size of a tumor, or an inhibition in the growth of a tumor. In particular, an antibody preparation is physiologically significant if its presence invokes an antitumor response or mitigates the signs and symptoms of an autoimmune disease state. A physiologically significant effect could also be the evocation of a humoral and/or cellular immune response in the recipient mammal 
     It will be appreciated that actual preferred amounts of a pharmaceutical composition used in a given therapy will vary depending upon the particular form being utilized, the particular compositions formulated, the mode of application the particular site of administration, the patient&#39;s weight, general health, sex, etc., the particular indication being treated, etc. and other such factors that are recognized by those skilled in the art including the attendant physician or veterinarian. Optimal administration rates for a given protocol of administration can be readily determined by those skilled in the art using conventional dosage determination tests. 
     Preparation of Immunoconjugates 
     The immunoconjugates described herein can be prepared by known methods of linking antibodies with lipids, carbohydrates, protein, or other molecules. For example, the binding molecules described herein can be conjugated with one or more of the carriers described herein (e.g., lipids, polymers, liposomes, micelles, or nanoparticles) to form an immunoconjugate, and the immunoconjugate can incorporate a therapeutic or diagnostic agent either covalently, non-covalently, or otherwise. Further, any of the binding molecules described herein can be further conjugated with one or more therapeutic or diagnostic agents described herein, or additional carriers. Generally, one therapeutic or diagnostic agent may be attached to each binding molecule but more than one therapeutic agent or diagnostic agent can be attached to the same binding molecule. Further, the therapeutic agents do not need to be the same but can be different therapeutic agents. 
     For example, to synthesize an immunoconjugate of an antibody and DOX, DOX may be first reacted with succinimidyl 4[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC), and the antibody against matriptase may be reacted with N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), followed by coupling of these two intermediates. 
     Methods of Treatment 
     The present invention encompasses use of the matriptase antibodies or immunoconjugates or compositions comprising the matriptase antibodies or immunoconjugates as the primary composition for treatment of a malignancy comprising cells that express matriptase. The malignancy includes, but is not limited to, solid tumor, non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, a B-cell malignancy and/or a T-cell malignancy. The solid tumor is selected from the group consisting of a melanoma, carcinoma and sarcoma and the carcinoma is selected from the group consisting of a renal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, intestinal carcinoma, stomach carcinoma and melanoma. The B-cell malignancy is selected from the group consisting of indolent forms of B-cell lymphomas, aggressive forms of B-cell lymphomas, chronic lymphatic leukemias, acute lymphatic leukemias, and multiple myeloma, B-cell disorders and other diseases. In particular, the compositions described herein are particularly useful for treatment of various autoimmune as well as indolent forms of B-cell lymphomas, aggressive forms of B-cell lymphomas, chronic lymphatic leukemias, acute lymphatic leukemias, multiple myeloma, and Waldenstrom&#39;s macroglobulinemia. The methods of treatment comprise administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the antibody or immunoconjugate. 
     Antibodies 
     Antibodies against matriptase can be made by methods known in the art and disclosed, for example, by Lin C. Y., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274 (26):18237-18242. Antibodies against matriptase include antibodies that are specific for latent matriptase, antibodies that are specific for activated matriptase, and antibodies that recognize both latent and activated matriptase. 
     The antibodies and immunogenic portions thereof of this invention are administered at a concentration that is therapeutically effective to prevent or treat any of the aforementioned disease states. To accomplish this goal, the antibodies may be formulated using a variety of acceptable excipients known in the art. Typically, the antibodies are preferably administered by injection, either intravenously or intraperitoneally. Methods to accomplish this administration are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The compositions may also be topically or orally administered, or be capable of transmission across mucous membranes. 
     Before administration to patients, formulants may be added to the antibodies. A liquid formulation is preferred. For example, these formulants may include oils, polymers, vitamins, carbohydrates, amino acids, salts, buffers, albumin, surfactants, or bulking agents. Preferably carbohydrates include sugar or sugar alcohols, such as mono-, di- or polysaccharides, or water soluble glucans. The saccharides or glucans can include fructose, dextrose, lactose, glucose, mannose, sorbose, xylose, maltose, sucrose, dextran, pullulan, dextrain, alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin, soluble starch, hydroxyethyl starch and carboxymethylcellulose, or mixtures thereof. 
     Additionally, antibodies can be chemically modified by covalent conjugation to a polymer to increase their circulating half-life. Preferred polymers, and methods to attach them to peptides, are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,766,106; 4,179,337; 4,495,285; and 4,609,546. Preferred polymers are polyoxyethylated polyols and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Water soluble polyoxyethylated polyols are also useful in the present invention. They include polyoxyethylated sorbitol, polyoxyethylated glucose, polyoxyethylated glycerol (POG), etc. 
     Another drug delivery system for increasing circulatory half-life is the liposome. Methods of preparing liposome delivery systems are discussed in Gabizon et al., Cancer Res. 42: 4734-9 (1982); Szoka et al., Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9: 467-508 (1980); Szoka et al., Meth. Enzymol. 149: 143-7 (1987); and Langne et al., Pol. J. Pharmacol. 51: 211-22 (1999). Other drug delivery systems are known in the art. 
     Auristatins, MMAE, MMAF 
     Auristatins, including MMAE, represent a class of very potent cytotoxic agents. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that auristatins like MMAE inhibit cell division by blocking the polymerization of tubulin, which is critical for proper cell division. Thus, compounds such as MMAE, MMAF, and auristatin PE are classified as “antimitotic agents” for inhibiting mitosis. The potency of such cytotoxic agents is significant. MMAE, for example, is 100 to 1000 times more potent than DOX, although DOX is suitable for use in this invention. Because of this potent toxicity, MMAE is not suitable for administration as a drug by itself. However, when coupled to an antibody such as matriptase antibodies, e.g. M69, the cytotoxic payload is capable of being directed to specific malignant cells. 
     As stated above, the antibodies and compositions of this invention are used preferably to treat human patients to prevent or treat any of the above-defined disease states. The preferred route of administration is parenteral. In parenteral administration, the compositions of this invention will be formulated in a unit dosage injectable form such as a solution, suspension or emulsion, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle. Such vehicles are inherently nontoxic and non-therapeutic. Examples of such vehicles are saline, Ringer&#39;s solution, dextrose solution, and Hanks&#39; solution. Non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils and ethyl oleate may also be used. 
     The matriptase conjugates disclosed herein, including mAb-auristatin and mAb-Dox conjugates represent examples for developing anticancer agents specifically targeting cancer cells. Matriptase mAbs can be linked to other types of cytotoxic agent such as anti-tubulin compounds that would work better with certain types of tumors, or can be coupled to lyposomal or nanoparticles for targeted delivery of any types of agents, including peptides, shRNA/siRNA and very toxic compounds of little potential in cancer treatment due to severe side effects. 
     The following non-limiting examples further illustrate certain aspects of the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Expression of Matriptase in Multiple Myeloma and B-Cell Lymphoma Cells 
     A panel of 24 cell lines of human hematopoietic malignancies was analyzed by Western blotting for matriptase as well as its endogenous inhibitor HGF activator inhibitor-1 or HAI-1 ( FIG. 1 ). Cell lysates were prepared from 24 hematopoietic cancer cells (lanes 2-14) and T-47D breast cancer cells (lane 1). Equal amounts of proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE. Levels of matriptase and HAI-1 were assessed by immunoblot analysesusing an anti-matriptase mAb and anti-HAI-1 mAb as indicated ( FIGS. 1A and 1B ). 
     Matriptase was expressed in the majority of the B-cell lymphomas as well as in multiple myeloma cells, indicating that the protease is an important marker for these cancers. In contrast, HAI-1 levels in lymphoma and myeloma appear to be much lower than those in carcinomas, and HAI-1 expression is often lost in highly aggressive lymphomas (Table 1). 
     To further verify the expression of matriptase in multiple myeloma cells, six cases of paraffin-embedded MM specimens were examined. Matriptase was positive in four cases, among which two were HAI-1 positive and the other two were negative ( FIG. 1D ). 
     The levels of matriptase in cell lines of multiple myeloma were assessed ( FIG. 1C ). All three MM cells produced the protease. 
     Example 2 
     Preparation of DOX-Immunoconjugate 
     Monoclonal antibodies against matriptase (M24 or M69, obtained from CY Lin, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md.; Lin C. Y., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274 (26):18237-18242; Chen, Y. W., et al. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, 285 (41):31755-31762) was conjugated to DOX (Sigma) by using Protein-Protein Coupling kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacture&#39;s instruction with some minor modification. Briefly, DOX was reacted with crosslinker SMCC (succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) at a molar ratio (MR) between 1:3 and 1:1.5 (DOX:SMCC) for 1 hour at room temperature with constant stiffing. About 200 mg M24 mAb was reacted with SPDP (Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate) for 1 hour at room temperature followed by exchange of phosphate buffer using Centrifugal Filter Device (Ultrafree, Millipore). Alternatively, the mAb can be separated from free SPDP by gel filtration with Sephadex G50. DOX maleimide derivative was then conjugated to thiolated M24 or M69 mAb for 3 hours at room temperature followed by dialysis in the phosphate buffer to remove the free DOX. Gel filtration with Sephadex G50 can also be used to remove the uncoupled DOX if the scale of preparation is larger than one (1) gram of proteins. The molar ratio of protein to DOX is determined through measuring DOX by fluorescence and protein concentration. 
     Since DOX emits fluorescence by UV excitation, the coupling of DOX to the antibody was measured, based on the fluorescence generated by the immunoconjugate. M24-DOX at 1 μg/ml approximately has the same intensity of fluorescence as that of DOX at 25 nM. Hence, 1 molecule of the mAB is coupled with nearly 7 molecules of DOX. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of matriptase and HAI-1 expression 
               
               
                 in human lymphoma and leukemia cells 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cell line 
                 Cell Type 
                 Disease/Source 
                 Viruses* 
                 Matriptase 
                 HAI-1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HL-60 
                 Promyeloblast 
                 AML 
                 — 
                 − 
                 +/− 
               
               
                 Reh 
                 Lymphoblast 
                 ALL 
                 — 
                 − 
                 + + + 
               
               
                 Jurkat 
                 T-Lymphoblast 
                 ALL 
                 — 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 SUP-T1 
                 T-Lymphoblast 
                 LL 
                 — 
                 + + + 
                 − 
               
               
                 CCRF-CEM 
                 T-Lymphoblast 
                 ALL 
                 — 
                 − 
                 +/− 
               
               
                 CCRF-HSB-2 
                 T-Lymphoblast 
                 ALL 
                 — 
                 − 
                 + + 
               
               
                 MOLT-3 
                 T-Lymphoblast 
                 ALL 
                 — 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 MOLT-4 
                 T-Lymphoblast 
                 ALL 
                 — 
                   
                 − 
               
               
                 CCRF-SB 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 ALL 
                 EBV+ 
                 − 
                 +/− 
               
               
                 RS4; 11 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 ALL 
                 — 
                 − 
                 +/− 
               
               
                 THP-1 
                 Monocyte 
                 Acute 
                 — 
                 + + 
                 +/− 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Monocytic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Leukemia 
               
               
                 U-937 
                 Monocyte 
                 Histiocytic 
                 — 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Lymphoma 
               
               
                 Hs 445 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 HL 
                 EBV+ 
                 − 
                 +/− 
               
               
                 HuT 78 
                 Cutaneous T 
                 Sezary 
                 — 
                 − 
                 + + 
               
               
                   
                 lymphocyte 
                 Syndrome 
               
               
                 Farage 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 EBV- 
                 EBV+ 
                 +/− 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                   
                 transformed B 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cell lymphoma 
               
               
                 RPMI 8266 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 MM 
                 — 
                 + + + + 
                 + 
               
               
                 Daudi 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 BL 
                 EBV+ 
                 + + + + 
                 − 
               
               
                 Namalwa 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 BL 
                 EBV+, SMRV+ 
                 + + + + 
                 − 
               
               
                 Raji 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 BL 
                 EBV+ 
                 + + 
                 − 
               
               
                 Ramos 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 BL 
                 — 
                 + + + + 
                 − 
               
               
                 ST486 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 BL 
                 — 
                 + + + + 
                 − 
               
               
                 SU-DHL-4 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 DLBL 
                 — 
                 + + + + 
                 +/− 
               
               
                 SU-DHL-6 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 DLBL 
                 — 
                 + + + + 
                 +/− 
               
               
                 OCI-LY-3 
                 B-Lymphoblast 
                 DLBL 
                 — 
                 + + + + 
                 +/− 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Abbreviation: AML, acute myelocytic leukemia; ALL, acute lymphocytic leukemia; BL, Burkitt&#39;s lymphoma; DLBL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; HL, Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma; LL, lymphoblastic leukemia; MM, multiple myeloma; SMRV, squirrel monkey retrovirus. 
     Example 3 
     Cytotoxicity of M24-DOX Toward Multiple Myeloma Cells 
     To assess the cytotoxic effect of the immunoconjugate, MM cells were treated with the conjugated DOX at various concentrations for 48 hours. The immunoconjugate inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The EC50 of the immunoconjugate was 5 μg/ml (protein). This cytotoxic effect was also observed with treatment of free DOX at 200 nM. As the concentration of M24-DOX at 5 μg/ml is equivalent to 250 nM of free DOX based on the intensity of fluorescence, the potency of the conjugated DOX is therefore similar to the free drug. Exposure of the cells to unmodified antibody had no effect on cell growth, demonstrating that the M24-DOX induced cytotoxic effect is mediated through DOX activity. Two other MM cell lines including OPM-2 and RPMI-8226 were also tested for the cytotoxic activity of M24-DOX as shown in  FIG. 2  where MM cells (1×10 5 /well) in 24-well plates were treated with or without M24-DOX at varying concentrations for 48 hours. Cell number was counted by Vi-Cell counter (Beckman). 
     Both types of cells also responded to the drug in a similar fashion as MM.1S did. 
     Example 4 
     Nuclear Localization of M24-DOX. 
     To demonstrate internalization of the immunoconjugate of DOX in MM.1S cells, fluorescent microscopy was used to trace the subcellular localization of M24-DOX after exposure of the cells to the drug for various periods of time. Following exposure of MM.1S cells to M24-DOX for varying periods of time, the cells were fixed and stained. The immunoconjugate was visualized by fluorescent microscopy. DAPI was used for nuclear staining. 
     Trace amounts of nuclear fluorescence were detected in a small number of cells after 3 min exposure of the M24-DOX. Both the number of fluorescence stained cells and intensity of signal localizing in the nuclei were significantly increased with incubation times longer than 30 min ( FIG. 3A ). The pictures with higher magnification revealed swelling of nuclei of cells exposed to the drug for 60 min or longer, indicative of typical DOX-induced apoptosis ( FIG. 3B ). These data indicate that following binding to the antigen, the immunoconjugate was rapidly internalized and significant nuclear localization of DOX was observed after 10 min of treatment. 
     Example 5 
     Tolerance of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Toward M24-DOX. 
     Human bone marrow-derived MSCs, which lack matriptase expression, were used as a control to determine the cytotoxic selectivity of M24-DOX as shown in  FIG. 4  where bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (5×10 4 /well, 24-well plates) were treated with M24-DOX or free DOX at varying concentrations for 4 days. Cell numbers were determined by Vi-Cell counter. 
     The MSCs were insensitive to the immunoconjugate at a concentration as high as 20 μg/ml, whereas free DOX was able to significantly inhibit cell proliferation at 5 nM. Expression of matriptase is mainly restricted to epithelial cells in normal tissues. Absence of this protease in cardiomyocytes indicates that M24-DOX will exhibit significantly reduced cardiotoxicity. 
     Example 6 
     Targeting Active Matriptase 
     DOX was also conjugated with another matriptase mAb (M69) that specifically binds to the active two-chains of the enzyme. While active matriptase levels were found in most breast tumors, the active form of the protease is barely detectable in the normal tissues of the mammary gland ( FIG. 5 ). These data indicate that the DOX-conjugate with M69, referred to as M69-DOX, offers additional selectivity in targeting tumors expressing activated matriiptase with regard to toxicity toward normal tissues. As epithelial tissues express matriptase, the toxicity of M24-DOX toward the healthy tissues is a concern. For instance, a previous DOX-conjugate called BR96 targeting Lewis-Y antigen in carcinoma cells failed in the phase II trial due to considerable gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity (Tolcher, A. W., et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 1999, 17: 478-484) In contrast to the expression of latent form of matriptase in epithelial tissues, the level of the active form of this protease is hardly detectable by immunohistochemistry. Hence, M69-DOX is less toxic to epithelia. 
     Example 7 
     Enhanced Cytotoxic Effects of M69-DOX by Thalidomide 
     Thalidomide is a therapeutic for multiple myeloma treatment, and the combination of thalidomide and dexamethasone is one of the most common regimens for treatment of patients with multiple myeloma, with an response rate of up to 60-70% (Denz, U., Eur. J. Cancer., 2006, 42:1591-1600; Gieseler, F., et al., Thromb. Haemost., 2008, 99: 1001-1007). The efficacy of both DOX-conjugates in combination with current MM therapeutics such as thalidomide was tested. M69-DOX by itself alone was less potent than M24-DOX. Surprisingly, inhibition of cell proliferation by M69-DOX treatment was significantly augmented by thalidomide, whereas the inhibitory activity of M24-DOX was not altered ( FIGS. 6A-B ). This enhanced inhibition by M69-DOX combined with thalidomide appeared to be synergistic, as thalidomide alone had no effect on MM cell proliferation ( FIG. 6A ). Therefore these studies show that thalidomide resulted in enhanced inhibition of proliferation. 
     Example 8 
     Matriptase Activation Induced by Thalidomide in MM Cells 
     To examine the increase in cytotoxicity that resulted with the thalidomide and M69-DOX conjugate we measured the effect of thalidomide on expression of activated matriptase. Activation of matriptase in MM cells was markedly enhanced after 24-hour treatment with 50 μM thalidomide ( FIG. 8 ) Thalidomide is known to exert antiangeiogenic activity by interfering with the interaction between MM and bone marrow stromal cells, at least in part, through inhibition of VGEF production. While thalidomide appears to have little effect on the cell proliferation of MM cells ( FIGS. 7A-B ), its ability to activate matriptase is an important novel finding, suggesting a novel approach to exploit the response of MM cells to thalidomide treatment by targeting active matriptase-positive myeloma cells with the M69-DOX conjugate. 
     Example 9 
     Inhibition of Breast Tumor Growth by M69-DOX Targeting Active Matriptase In Vivo 
     To assess the efficacy of M69-DOX to suppress tumor growth in vivo, a human breast xenograft tumor model was used. NOD/SCID mice bearing breast tumors (MDA-MB468) were treated twice weekly with M69-DOX at either 20 or 10 mg/kg, as well as treated with DOX at 2 mg/kg. While the tumor sizes of the mice in the untreated control group were markedly increased at the third week, tumor growth in the mice treated with M69-DOX at either dose and treated with DOX was significantly abolished during the entire treatment course ( FIG. 8 ). As a single mAb was attached with 7 molecules of DOX, a dose at 10 mg/kg of M69-DOX is equivalent to 0.035 mg/kg of DOX administered. These results demonstrate strong potency and efficacy of DOX conjugate targeting activated matriptase to treat breast tumors in vivo. 
     Reduced Weights of Tumor Masses in Mice Treated with M69-DOX. At the end of the treatment course, the tumor masses were collected from the experimental mice, and were weighed. The average weights of tumors from the groups treated with M69-DOX at either dose as well as treated with DOX were reduced to about 50% of the one from the untreated control group ( FIG. 9 ). Significant reduction in tumor weights by M69-DOX further confirms the efficacy of site-directed delivery of DOX to tumor cells expressing activated matriptase. 
     Minimal Toxicity by M69-DOX Treatment 
     The average weights of mice treated with either M69-DOX or DOX were not markedly reduced (less than 15% loss) compared to those from untreated control group, indicating that the M69-DOX at such doses was well tolerated ( FIG. 10 ). The dosage at 20 mg/kg of M69-DOX did not lead to noticeable toxicity, indicating that the drug dose can be escalated to reach the maximum tolerant dose. 
     Example 10 
     Coupling of MMAE via a Releasable Linker to a M69 mAb to Form a Conjugate: M69-MMAE. 
     MMAE was coupled to M69 to form an immunoconjugate as described here. The releasable linker technology was based on Seattle Genetics&#39; Valine-Citrulline-PABA linker that is cleavable by cathepsine B in the lysosomes, while showing stability in circulation. The present design improved this linker platform using copper-free click chemistry, enabling the performance of crucial drug loading steps in a stoichiometrically controlled manner under very mild conditions. Lysine side chains were utilized to conjugate the linker-drug ligand onto the surface of the antibodies instead of using temporarily reduced sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues ( FIG. 11 ). Since this approach does not affect disulfide brides between cysteines, the matriptase antibodies remain structurally intact during the conjugation procedure, eliminating the problem with loss of activity by misfolded/dissociated antibody chains. Appropriate analytical procedures (HR-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) demonstrated that recent batches of immunoconjugates meeting industrial standards ( FIG. 11 ). A further advancement was achieved by PEGylating the drug-linker part of the conjugate on both precursors of the click chemistry that facilitates the use of even very hydrophobic drug molecules. The cytotoxic compound selected was monomethyl auristatin E, or MMAE. The conjugation reactions were monitored by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showing 7000 Da increase of the average MW that corresponds to 3.5 drugs linked to each mAb molecule. 
     To demonstrate the cytotoxic potency of M69-MMAE, the in vitro cytotoxic efficacy of the immunoconjugates toward a triple negative breast cancer, MDA-MB468, was assessed. The breast cancer cells were sensitive to the MMAE-linked immunoconjugate with an IC50 of 3.4 μg/ml. As each M69 molecule contained an average of 3.5 molecules of MMAE ( FIG. 11 ), the sensitivity to MMAE in the conjugate was 1.6 nM. This experiment also demonstrated that the immunoconjugate is internalized and toxin released intracellularly. 
     Example 11 
     In vitro Cytotoxicity of M69-MMAE 
     To evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of M69-MMAE, tumor cells such as TNBC (MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231 and BT549), prostate (DU145 and PC3), pancreas (PANC1 and MiaPacal), NSCL (H322 and H1299), Ovary (OVCARS), stomach (AGS), and Mantle cells lymphoma (Mino, Jeko, Mayer and Z138) cancers were exposed to M69-MMAE immuno-conjugates with various concentrations as indicated. After 72 hours of continuous exposure to the immunoconjugate, cytotoxicity was assessed by MTS (Promega) assay as follows: MTS colorimetric assay (CellTiter 96 from Promega) was performed according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocols. Cancer cells were plated in 96-well plates at 8000 cells/well, and were exposed to a graded titration of M69-MMAE for 72 hours at 37° C. The percentage viability, relative to untreated control wells, was plotted versus immunoconjugate concentration. Results of each study are the average of quintuplicate determinations. The values of IC50 of M69-MMAE against these cells were summarized in Table 2 below. IC50s of M69-MMAE toward the indicated tumor cells were determined by a MTS colorimetric method with 96-well plates as described. The IC50 values were presented as means (μg/mL) ±SD of the ADC as well as equivalent nM of MMAE concentration considering that the ADC has a stoichiometric ration of 3.5 MMAE/mAb. 
     These cancer cells were sensitive to the immunoconjugate with IC50s ranging from low single digit to tens μg/ml of the conjugate. While gastric cancer cells, AGS, were very sensitive to the MMAE conjugate with IC50 as low as 1.5 μg/mL, Mantle cell lymphoma cells, Mayer, required a higher concentration (30 μg/mL) of the conjugate to reach IC50. As about three molecules of MMAE are attached to each mAb, the IC50 values were also presented as carried MMAE concentration as indicated. IC50s of mariptase-negative cells such BT549 and H1299 were also obtained to demonstrate selective cytotoxicity of the conjugate ( FIG. 14 ). The ratios of IC50s of matriptase-positive and −negative cells were quite significant ranging from 18 to 48 (H1299 vs H322, and BT549 vs MDA-MB231), suggesting that the degree of selectivity of M69-MMAE should offer benefit of minimized side effects. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 IC50s of M69-MMAE toward various cancer cells 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 IC50s (μg/mL), 
                 IC50s (nM), 
               
               
                 Cancer Type 
                 Cell Line 
                 M69-MMAE conc. 
                 MMAE conc. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Breast 
                 MDA-MB231 
                 2.6 ± 0.09 
                 59.2 
               
               
                   
                 MDA-MB468 
                 3.4 ± 0.30 
                 77.5 
               
               
                   
                 BT549 
                 125.0 ± 10.25  
                 2847.5 
               
               
                 Prostate 
                 DU145 
                 8.0 ± 3.4  
                 182.2 
               
               
                   
                 PC3 
                 6.8 ± 0.65 
                 154.9 
               
               
                 Non-small 
                 H322 
                 6.3 ± 0.20 
                 143.5 
               
               
                 cell Lung 
                 H1299 
                 113 ± 5.20  
                 2574.1 
               
               
                 Ovary 
                 Ovcar5 
                 16.0 ± 0.4  
                 364.5 
               
               
                 Pancreatic 
                 PANC1 
                 12.0 ± 0.06  
                 273.4 
               
               
                   
                 MiaPacal 
                 8.0 ± 0.83 
                 182.2 
               
               
                 Stomach 
                 AGS 
                 1.5 ± 0.03 
                 34.2 
               
               
                 Mantle Cell 
                 Mino 
                 6.2 ± 0.18 
                 141.2 
               
               
                 Lymphoma 
                 JeKo-1 
                 13.9 ± 3.9  
                 316.6 
               
               
                   
                 Z138 
                 19.0 ± 1.9  
                 432.8 
               
               
                   
                 Maver 
                 30.0 ± 2.8  
                 683.4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 12 
     In vivo Xenograph Studies involving M69-MMAE immunoconjugates 
     A pilot xenograft study was conducted using the M69-MMAE conjugate. A toxicity study in nude mice with the mouse conjugate (N=6), administered i.p. weekly x3, at 10 mg/kg was conducted prior to testing the chimeric M69-MMAE conjugate. There was no weight loss or signs of toxicity, indicating that the construct was stable and did not target normal tissues. Based on this information, mice bearing the human triple negative breast tumor MDA-MB-468 were treated with M69-MMAE immunoconjugates.  FIG. 13  shows that the conjugate has potent anticancer activity against this triple negative breast cancer, importantly; there was no weight loss or other evidence of toxicity in the animals, indicating that no significant free drug was released into the circulation from the conjugate. As this is a mouse antibody in the mouse, an antibody response to matriptase would not be expected.  FIG. 14  shows the results of median tumor volume (in mm 3 ) for the control mice and those mice treated with M69-MMAE immunoconjugates; a significant increase in tumor size was observed in the control group relative to those treated with M69-MMAE. 
     Based on these results, further in vivo xenograft studies were warranted. These additional xenograft studies were performed to assess the in vivo efficacy of M69-MMAE toward various types of cancer. TNBC (MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231), prostate cancer cells (DU145), and NSCL cancer cells (H322) were harvested in the exponential growth phase with trypsin solution and washed with PBS. Viable cells (7×10 6 ) in 100 μl of PBS suspension were mixed with 100 μl of Matrigel (BD Biosciences) and injected subcutaneously at right flank of the animals. Once the tumors were palpable, the mice were randomized into treatment groups of six mice each. The animal received intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg M69-MMAE or 1 mg/kg M69-MMAE twice weekly. Tumor size was measured with digital calipers and was calculated using the formula 4/37c×length×width. The results showed effective regression of the triple-negative breast tumors (MDA-MB468 and MDA-MB-231) by the treatment of M69-MMAE ( FIG. 15A ). Tumor growth of both NSCL and prostate cancer mice was also greatly abated compared the one of the vehicle controls ( FIGS. 15B ,C). The antitumor activity of M69-MMAE remains effective at the dose as low as 1 mg/kg ( FIG. 15B ). Surprisingly, there was no weight loss or other evidence of toxicity in the animals, indicating that no significant free drug was released into the circulation from the conjugate ( FIG. 15A ). 
     Example 13 
     Prostate Cancer Cells are More Sensitive to M69-MMAE Under Acidic Extracellular pH 
     Activation of matriptase is induced by acidosis. Thus, cancer cells expressing activated matriptase are more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of M69-MMAE under acidic condition due to increased antigen levels. This was proven by an experiment wherein both DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells become more sensitive to the immunoconjugate with HCl-acidified medium at a pH 6.5. The IC50s were significantly reduced from 8 to 1m/ml, and from 6.8 to less than 2 μg/mL for DU145 and PC3 cells respectively ( FIG. 16 ). The exposures to acidic condition were only maintained about 30 min, as the carbonate buffering of the medium gradually brought up the pH after 1 hour in CO2 incubator. 
     Tumor microenviroments are characterized by acidic extracellular pH (pHe) due to accumulation of lactic acid resulted from high glycolic activity of cancer cells regardless of oxygenation condition, a phenomena also called “Warburg effect”. Accumulating evidence show that high lactate levels is a main driving force for invasive and metastatic progression of tumor as well as tumor recurrences. Thus, M69-MMAE allow selective delivery of a potent toxin to cancer cells, such as prostate cancer cells, that express activated matriptase in an acidic environment. 
     Taxatere-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells (PC3R) are Sensitive to M69-MMAE 
     To determine in vitro efficacy of M69-MMAE to chemo-resistant cancer cells, taxtere-resistant cells were treated with the conjugate. Despite the resistance to mitotic inhibition, PC3R cells were as sensitive as the parental PC cells to MMAE conjugate ( FIG. 17 ). This highlights how M69-MMAE is an effective treatment for patients with chemo-resistant prostate cancer. 
     It will be understood by those of skill in the art that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Therefore, it should be understood that various embodiments of the invention described herein are illustrative only and not intended to limit the scope of the invention. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.