Patent Publication Number: US-11025644-B2

Title: Data verification via independent processors of a device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 15/256,959, filed Sep. 5, 2016, entitled “DATA VERIFICATION VIA INDEPENDENT PROCESSORS OF A DEVICE.” The disclosure of this application is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes. 
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for facilitating information security via verification of data, including to each of multiple processors of a device independently receiving and processing a different signal to facilitate display of a presentation at a processor-controlled display, where each signal represents one or more corresponding pieces of data. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The rise in digital advancements has been, unfortunately, accompanied by a proliferation in malware, spoofing, phishing and other cybersecurity threats. For example, link manipulation and/or website forgery can cause a user to believe that a given webpage is associated with a trusted source, while in reality, it can be hosted by another entity that is attempting to gain access to data associated with user. The webpage can include one or more fields that request input from a user. The fields can be associated with field descriptors and/or information that can falsely identify or imply how the data is to be used. Users can then be tricked into providing the other entity with access to sensitive data. Thus, techniques that facilitate determining whether presented descriptors and/or information are accurate can improve cybersecurity. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some embodiments, an electronic device is provided. The electronic device can include a first output component, e.g., a display configured to output visual stimuli and a second output component, e.g., a display configured to output visual stimuli. The electronic device can include one or more first processors coupled (communicatively) to the first output component and one or more second processors coupled (communicatively) to the second output component. The one or more second processors can be separate from the one or more first processors. The electronic device can include a first computer-readable storage medium containing first instructions, that, when executed by the one or more first processors, cause the one or more first processors to perform first actions. The first actions can include transmitting a content request communication from the electronic device to a web server and receiving a response communication from the web server, the response communication including content identifying a first value. The first actions can also include facilitating a first presentation of the content at the first output component, e.g., the first display. The electronic device can include a second computer-readable storage medium containing second instructions, that, when executed by the one or more second processors, cause the one or more second processors to perform second actions. The second actions can include receiving a communication from a remote server including data representing a second value. The communication can include one that has been generated at the remote server in response to receipt of first instructions or another communication from the web server. The second actions can also include generating a secure verification output including the second value. The second actions can further include facilitating a second presentation of the secure verification output at the second display such that the second presentation of the verification output overlaps in time with the first presentation of the content. The second display can be separate from the first display. 
     In some embodiments, methods can be provided for using multiple processors on a device to generate a verification output based on web server communications. A content request communication can be transmitted to a web server using a first processor of the device. A response communication can be received from the web server. The response communication can include content identifying a first value. A first presentation of the content on a first display of the device can be facilitated using the first processor. A communication can be received at a second processor of the device from a remote server, separate from the web server. The communication can include data representing a second value. The communication can include one generated at the remote server in response to receipt of another communication from the web server. The second processor can be separate from the first processor. A secure verification output comprising the second value can be generated using the second processor. A second presentation can be facilitated using the second processor. The second presentation can include the secure verification output and can be presented at the second display such that the second presentation of the verification output overlaps in time with the first presentation of the content. The second display can be separate from the first display. 
     In some embodiments, an electronic device is provided that can include a first display configured to output visual stimuli and a second display configured to output visual stimuli. The electronic device can also include one or more first processors coupled to the first output component and one or more second processors coupled to the second output component and separate from the one or more first processors. The electronic device can also include a first computer-readable storage medium containing first instructions, that, when executed by the one or more first processors, cause the one or more first processors to perform first actions. The first actions can include receiving, from a web server, a first communication that includes transaction data and facilitating a first presentation of the transaction information at the first display. The electronic device can further include a second computer-readable storage medium containing second instructions, that, when executed by the one or more second processors, cause the one or more second processors to perform second actions. The second actions can include receiving, from a validation server, a second communication that includes validation data and facilitating a second presentation at the second display that includes validation information that is based on the validation data. The validation information can be related to the transaction information. The presentation of the transaction information can overlap in time with the presentation of the validation information. 
     The following detailed description together with the accompanying drawings will provide a better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an example of an electronic device that includes multiple displays for presenting corresponding data. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example network including a device and multiple servers that facilitate transmission to the device. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example device. 
         FIGS. 4 and 5  are flow diagrams of example processes for presenting verification information. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In some embodiments, physical architecture can be configured such that a first (e.g., primary) operating system can be executed by a first processor of a device and a separate, secure operating system can be executed by a second processor of the device. The first processor can control output of first data to a first display of the device, and the second processor can control output of second data to a second display of the device. In some instances, the first display can be configured such that presentations at the first display cannot be controlled, initiated and/or modified by the second processor, and/or the second display can be configured such that presentations at the second display cannot be controlled, initiated and/or modified by the first processor. As such, in some implementations, a display, e.g., the second display, can be controlled solely by the corresponding processor, e.g., the second processor. The first data and the second data can pertain to and/or include same, similar, or related content. 
     Whether at least part of the first data matches and/or corresponds with at least part of the second data can then be used to determine whether a source (e.g., that can be hosting a webpage and/or requesting information) of the first data and/or second data is to be trusted and/or is authentic. In some instances, each of the first data and the second data can include information identifying any/all of a value (e.g., cost), a date, and/or a destination name (e.g., merchant) for a potential transaction to occur via a website. The integrity of the site or potential transaction can then be assessed based on whether the information presented at the first display matches, or is otherwise consistent with, information presented at the second display. 
     The first data can include and/or have been derived based on data received at the device from a web server (or other first source), the second data can include and/or have been derived based on data received at the device from a verification server (or other second source). Transmissions from the first and second sources can be coordinated, in that a communication from the web server to the verification server can trigger a transmission from the verification server to the device. Data received from the verification server can be signed, and the second processor can validate the signature prior to displaying the second data or using the second data to render displayable information. In some instances, what and/or whether data is displayed at the second display depends on whether the signature is validated (e.g., such that a warning indication is presented when the signature is not validated and at least part of the second data is presented, or used to generate presented information, when the signature is validated). Further or additional validation can be performed at the verification server before and/or after the device receives the second data from the verification server. 
     Embodiments disclosed herein provide a variety of useful inter-device transaction coordination capabilities and advantages. For example, at least some embodiments disclosed herein can promote security of communications. Communications between a web server and remote server can identify data at least partly defining a proposed action (or transaction), such as an associated value and/or destination. A remote server, such as a verification server, can at least partly control whether the proposed action will be completed. Communications from a remote server to a user device that reflect such data can thus be trusted to reflect accurate indications as to one or more parameters of the proposed action. Thus, the three-way communication exchange between a remote server (e.g., a validation server) that at least partly controls whether the proposed action will be completed, a web server that least partly defines a proposed action, and a user device that controls whether to perform the proposed action can promote communication of accurate information to the user device. 
     Configuring a user device to include multiple processors (e.g., that execute different instances of one or more operating systems) can further promote device security. For example, traditionally, various user devices may be configured such that modified web content was displayed or such that communications were transmitted to a malicious destination. Various implementations disclosed herein can operate to reduce or inhibit these security risks. More specifically, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the data corresponding to a proposed action is transmitted (e.g., from multiple servers) to two separate processors of a device. Thus, even if one processor is compromised in a manner that alters presentations of parameters associated with a proposed action, another independent processor on the device may not be similarly affected. Thus, respective presentations controlled by the separate processors can be assessed to determine whether data presented on one display of the device can be verified by, or is otherwise consistent with, data presented on another display of the device. Presentations on separate displays of a device (e.g., a user device) can further enhance this type of verification security. 
     As one particular illustration, a first processor at a user computer device can send and receive HTTP communications to facilitate presentations of webpages (at a first primary display) at the user computer device. One such webpage can include data that indicates that Product A is being offered by Company B (that is also hosting the webpage) for purchase for Amount X. The webpage may include a button that corresponds to a request to electronically purchase Product A. When a user clicks on the button, the user computer device may transmit an indication that the button was selected to the web server. The web server may have been registered with a remote server that manages payment information for an account associated with the user computer device. The web server can then transmit transaction data that identifies Amount X and an account of Company B to the remote server. The remote server can generate image data that identifies Amount X and Company B and can transmit the image data to the user computer device. A second processor at the user computer device can detect the image data and cause an image identify Amount X and Company B to be presented at a second display corresponding to a digital function row. The image can be presented at a time during which the webpage is still displayed, so as to allow a user to determine whether the preliminary transaction data as identified in the image corresponds to (e.g., matches) that as identified in the webpage. In an instance where the data correspondence is not present, a security issue may be recognized by a user, such that a user may decide not to proceed with a potential transaction. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of a user device  100  that includes multiple displays for presenting corresponding data that can be indicative of a degree of information security. In the depicted instance, user device  100  is a laptop computer, but can be implemented as any device having multiple outputs, of which one is configured as a secure output. User device  100  includes multiple displays, including a first display  105  and a second display  110 . 
     First display  105  can be controlled (e.g., at least in part) by a first processor (not shown) of user device  100 . First display  105  can be configured (for example) to display content from one or more applications or programs being executed, at least in part, by the first processor. An exemplary application or program can include a web browser, such as Safari, Chrome, Firefox, or Explorer. An application can be configured to facilitate transmission and receipt of communications (e.g., to and from a web server) and to present content included in or generated based on received communications. 
     User device  100  can include one or more input components, such as a trackpad  115 , a keyboard  120 , a mouse, etc. that receive user input. Input received through one or more input components can be used, for example, by an application or program to identify interactions with content presented at first display  105  and/or to determine how such content is to be modified. For example, an application can use input to generate and trigger transmission of one or more requests to a web server. 
     Some communications from user device  100  can cause a web server to transmit data to a remote server (e.g., that at least partly controls whether, when and/or how an action is to occur, such as a charge or transfer action between accounts). The communications can include one or more parameters that define an action, such as a destination and/or value of a transfer. 
     A different application or program (or in some implementations the same application/program) on user device  100  can be configured to receive one or more communications from the remote server. The one or more communications from the remote server can include the one or more parameters and/or an indication as to whether the web server is authentic, identified in a white-list data store, is associated with white-listed characteristics (e.g., location, destination location, request frequency, etc.) and/or other such indications of trust. 
     User device  100  can generate information to be presented based at least in part on the communication(s) from the remote server. The information to be presented can include the one or more parameters (which can correspond to one or more parameters represented at first display  105 ) and/or any/all of an indication as to whether the data received from the web server and/or the web server has been authenticated, is verifiable, is of an approved format, and so on. Thus, in some instances, the information to be presented can include information that is to correspond to and/or at least partly match information presented at first display  105 . 
     The other information to be presented can be displayed on second display  110 , such that a user can concurrently view a first presentation of information on first display  105  generated based on a communication from a web server and a second presentation of information on second display  110  generated based on a communication from the remote (e.g., verification) server. The information presented on first display  105  and second display  110  can then be compared to determine whether it corresponds, matches, or is otherwise consistent. Thus, a user can understand that a particular validation indication, e.g., associated with information on the second display  110  pertains to the first presentation of information on the first display  105 . 
     Second display  110  can be controlled (e.g., at least in part) by a second processor (not shown) of user device  100 . Accordingly, control of second display  110  can be independent of the first processor of user device  100 , so that if the first processor (or information processed by or otherwise output therefrom) is manipulated or otherwise compromised, the presentation of information on second display  110  will remain unaffected. In some implementations, the second processor can be a secure processor. Second display  110  can be separate from first display  105 , e.g., located adjacent to a standard keyboard on the device. Second display  110  can include, for example, a virtual keyboard or digital function row that includes a touchscreen. Second display  110  can be configured to, at least some of the time, present one or more input options that can be selected via touch of an option. The one or more input options can include, for example, one or more functions (e.g., F 1 , F 2 , etc.) and/or screen input/output controls (e.g., brightness of a first display, volume of speakers, etc.). Second display  110  can be configured such that presentations at the display can change in time (e.g., in response to user input detected at the second display or other input component and/or in response to an instruction of an application being executed at the second processor). Thus, the dynamic function row display can present context-relevant information, including information associated with a transaction or other such action that is in process. 
     User device  100  also includes a touch identification (ID) reader  125 . In some implementations, Touch ID reader  125  can be implemented as a separate component. In other implementations, Touch ID reader  125  can be implemented as part of second display  110 , e.g., a dynamic function row display. Touch ID reader  125  can be configured to detect when a user is placing his or her finger over the reader. For example, a sensor can be configured to be activated when a capacitive signal (e.g., that is above a defined threshold) is detected (e.g., using multiple electrodes). As another example, a switch can be configured to detect a depression or force. Upon detecting a user&#39;s finger, touch ID reader  125  can capture an image of the user&#39;s finger. The image can then be aligned in accordance with one or more alignment techniques (e.g., to a standard axis based on curvature in fingerprint lines) and compared to each of one or more stored fingerprints of a user (or processed version thereof). Thus, it can be estimated whether a finger corresponds to a fingerprint of a particular user. 
     Touch ID reader  125  can act in cooperation with a processor. For example, a processor can perform the alignment and comparison actions. In some implementations, the processor associated with touch ID reader  125  can be the processor (e.g., secure processor) that controls second display  110  and/or a secure data store (e.g., in a secure element and/or with restricted access). In some instances, after one or more conditions are satisfied (e.g., a processor detects validation content from the remote server and a recognized fingerprint), the processor sends an instruction signal for transaction information (e.g., a Device Account Number; token specific to an account, user and/or device; credit or debit card number; or other account identifier) to be released from the secure data store and transmitted (e.g., to the web server or remote server). 
     While the depicted instance shows user device  100  as being a laptop computer, it will be appreciated that user device can include other types of electronic devices, such as a desktop computer, smart phone, tablet, wearable computer, set-top box, or any other such computing device. In some instances, a system of multiple devices (e.g., connected to each other via a wired or wireless connection) can be used. A system can include (for example) at least two devices. The system can include at least two presentation components (e.g., display, speakers or haptic component) and at least two processing components. For example, each of multiple devices can include a display and processor. As another example, a first device can include a first display, first processor, and either a second display or second processor, and a second device can include the other of the second display or second processor. As one illustration, a first device can include a tablet, laptop, or desktop computer, and a second device can include an electronic wearable device, accessory, or smart phone. 
     Further, it will be appreciated that the information to be presented on second display  110  can instead or additionally be presented using a different type of output component. For example, a type of audio stimulus can identify whether web content is from a known source, and/or an audio stimulus can include spoken word that identifies one or more parameters, e.g., a value, associated with a potential transaction. As another example, a haptic or force output can be presented when the remote server determines that a communication from a web server includes suspicious content or metadata, such as including a parameter, e.g., a value, that deviates from a defined threshold or expected value, such as identifying a destination that is outside of a country where user device  100  is located. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a network including a device and multiple servers that facilitate coordinated transmission to the device. The illustrated components can communicate over one or more networks. For example, two or more components can communicate over a wired or wireless (e.g., WiFi or cellular) network. 
     In the depicted instance, a user device  205  is in communication with a remote server  210  and a web server  215 . User device  205  can collect information that identifies an account. For example, alphanumeric inputs can be typed and/or a camera on user device  205  can capture an image that identifies a number and expiration date of a payment credential, such as a credit card. User device  205  can transmit the information, or a representation thereof, to remote server  210 . 
     Remote server  210  can then identify an identifier or token associated with the account. As one example, remote server  210  can generate the identifier or token (e.g., using a cryptographic, pseudo-random or other technique). Remote server  210  can transmit the identifier or token and at least part of the information to a user account management system  220  (e.g., a system of a bank associated with the user account). User account management system  220  can then identify an account associated with the at least part of the information and associate the account with the identifier or token. As another example, remote server  210  can transmit a request for the identifier or token to user account management system  220  that includes at least part of the information. User account management system  220  can then generate the identifier or token (e.g., using a cryptographic, pseudo-random or other technique), store an association between the identifier or token and the user account, and transmit the identifier or token to remote server  210 . 
     Remote server  210  can transmit the identifier or token for the account to user device  205 , which can store the identifier or token as secure information in a secure data store (e.g., secure element) of the device. In some instances, remote server  210  can encrypt the identifier or token prior to sending it to user device  205  and/or user device  205  can store the identifier or token in an encrypted format. 
     Remote server  210  can further communicate with processing system  225 , which can manage transactions associated with a web site hosted by web server  215 . Processing system  225  can send a request to remote server  210  for a certificate, key (e.g., private cryptographic key) or other data element. Remote server  210  can generate and sign the certificate, key, or data element. The certificate or data element can uniquely identify processing system  225  (or associated entity) from amongst other systems and/or entities. Remote server  210  can transmit a key and/or signed certificate or data element to processing system  225  in one or more communications. In some instances, generation of the signed certificate or data element and/or transmission of the key and/or signed certificate or data element can be conditioned, such as conditioned upon whether an IP address is of a trusted format, whether the request is associated with metadata of a trusted format, whether the request is associated with an established or new account, and so on. 
     User device  205  can transmit a request for web content (e.g., an http request) to web server  215 , and web server  215  can transmit web content (e.g., via transmission of an http response) to user device  205 . User device  205  can present the web content on a first display of user device  205 . 
     Web server  215  can detect that particular content corresponds to a potential transaction and transmit data corresponding to the potential transaction to remote server  210 . The data can include, for example, one or more parameters (e.g., a destination and value) associated with the potential transaction, such as a name or identifier of an entity to which a payment would be delivered (e.g., an identifier that is associated with a website and/or processing system  225 ), an amount of the payment, and/or an identifier of user device  205  (e.g., an IP address). As one example, the data can identify a bank and account to which a payment would be delivered if authorized and an amount of the potential payment. Alternatively, remote server  210  can obtain data corresponding to the potential transaction through other means, such as actively requesting the data from web server  215 . 
     Remote server  210  can generate a secure verification output based on the data. The secure verification output can, for example, indicate whether the destination matches or corresponds to any issued certificate or other data element. For example, a secure verification output can be generated only when such a match or correspondence is identified, or the secure verification output can be differentially generated such that one or more aspects of the output identify whether the match or correspondence is identified. The secure verification output can also or alternatively identify one or more parameters (e.g., a destination, time, and/or transaction value) identified in the data received from the web server, which can be used for verification/validation. 
     In some instances, remote server  210  first determines whether the destination matches or corresponds to any issued certificate or other data element. If no match or correspondence is identified, a rejection communication can be generated and transmitted to web server  215 . If a match or correspondence is identified, remote server  210  can generate and sign an image that includes an identification of the destination and the value. Additionally or alternatively, remote server  210  can generate and sign data representing one or more parameters associated with the transaction. Remote server  210  can transmit the signed image to user device  205 . User device  205  can present the signed image (and/or other transaction-related information) on a second display of user device  205 . The concurrent presentation of the web content and signed image can enable a user to determine that the proposed transaction is associated with a trusted merchant and to determine whether details presented in the web content about the proposed transaction match those represented in the signed image. 
     User device  205  can detect one or more inputs that authorize the proposed transaction. The detection can include, for example, detecting that touch input received by a touch ID reader of the device matches a fingerprint profile. User device  205  can then retrieve secure information from the secure data store and send the secure information to web server  215  (or other server associated with the transaction). Web server  215  can then use a key (e.g., a private key having been received from remote server  210 ) to decrypt the secure information. Web server  215  can then transmit the decrypted secure information to processing system  225 . 
     Processing system  225  can transmit the decrypted secure information to remote server  210  along with one or more transaction parameters (e.g., identifying a destination and/or value) and a certificate and/or other data element that uniquely identifies processing system  225  or associated entity. Processing system  225  can further include additional information that indicates that the communication corresponds to a same session as one for which the secure verification output was previously generated. For example, the additional information can include a web page or web site identifier or associated data (e.g., a domain name or a fully qualified domain name), session identifier, and/or user IP address. Remote server  210  can use the additional information to retrieve one or more parameters previously received in association with a same session. Remote server  210  can determine whether the retrieved one or more parameters match those provided with the currently provided one or more transaction parameters. If the parameters do not match, remote server  210  can send a communication to processing system  225  that rejects the transaction. 
     If a match is detected, remote server  210  can transmit one or more communications to user account management system  220 . The one or more communications can include at least part of the decrypted secure information or a processed version thereof and the one or more transaction parameters. User account management system  220  can then communicate with a merchant account management system to transfer the value identified in the one or more transaction parameters from the user account to an account identified as the destination (e.g., merchant account). User account management system  220  can transmit a communication to remote server  210  as to whether the transfer was successful, and remote server  210  can similarly provide such information to user device  205 , processing system  225  (which can then transmit the information to web server) and/or web server  215 , such that an indication can be presented (e.g., on a first and/or second display) at user device that indicates whether the transfer was completed. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example user device  300 . User device  300  includes a first processor  302  and a second processor  304 . Either or both of first processor  302  and second processor  304  can be, or can include, one or more of: a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), a general purpose processor (GPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), a secure processor, or combinations of such devices. Either or both of first processor  302  and second processor  304  can be or include a single-core or multi-core microprocessor. As described herein, the term “processor” is meant to encompass a single processor or processing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, or other suitably configured computing element or elements. In operation, each of first processor  302  and second processor  304  can control the operation of part of user device  300 . In various embodiments, first processor  302  and/or second processor  304  can execute a variety of programs in response to program code and can maintain multiple concurrently executing programs or processes. 
     First processor  302  can be separate from second processor  304 , which can correspond to (for example) being physically separate components, physically separated within the user device, not directly connected to each other, and/or not being functionally connected to each other such that an operation of one of the processors would not affect an operation of the other of the processors. 
     Data from a first storage subsystem  306  can be accessible to and used by first processor  302 , and data from a second storage subsystem  308  can be accessible to and used by second processor  304 . In some instances, each of first storage subsystem  306  and second storage subsystem  308  includes a separate (e.g., physically distinct) storage component. In some instances, each of first storage subsystem  306  and second storage subsystem  308  includes a different partition of a single storage component. Either or both of first storage subsystem  306  and second storage subsystem  308  can be implemented, e.g., using magnetic storage media, flash memory, other semiconductor memory (e.g., DRAM, SRAM), or any other non-transitory storage medium, or a combination of media, and can include volatile and/or non-volatile media. 
     Through suitable programming, first processor  302  and/or second processor  304  can provide various functionality for user device  300 . First processor  302  can execute a first operating system (OS)  310 , e.g., stored in first storage subsystem  306 , and second processor  304  can execute a second OS  312 , e.g., stored in second storage subsystem  308 . First OS  310  can be a same type or different type of OS than second OS  312 . 
     Further, first processor  302  can execute one or more applications  314 , such as a browser application, app, email application, messaging application, and/or word processor application. At least one application of one or more applications  314  can be configured to (when executed) at least partly control information presented at a first user interface (UI)  316  (e.g., a first display  318  at first UI  316 ). Second processor  304  can further execute one or more applications, which can include a validation app  320 . Validation app  320  can be configured to at least partly control information presented at a second UI  321  (e.g., a second display  322  at second UI  321 ). For example, validation app  320  can be configured to receive a signed image (or other such validation information) from a particular source (e.g., remote server), verify the signature and present the image at second display  322 . In some instances, at least one application that is configured for execution on one of first processor  302  and second processor  304  is not configured for execution on the other processor. For example, in some instances, first processor  302  may be configured to execute a browser application or one or more other user applications (apps) that a user can download, while second processor  304  may not be configured to execute such applications. Such differences may be effected due to (for example) second storage subsystem  308  lacking an initial application and/or having restricted or no access for allowing a user to download (or otherwise generate or store) applications to the storage subsystem. 
     One or more applications (e.g., app  314  and/or validation app  320 ) can operate to perform part of a technique described herein. For example, a browser application storage at first storage subsystem  306  and validation app  320  can be concurrently (or sequentially) operated so as to present first data with one or more transaction parameters on a webpage presented using a browser at first display  318  and to present second data at second display  322 . The second data can indicate whether the one or more transaction parameters presented on the webpage at first display  318  actually reflect those being identified to a remote server for a potential transaction. For example, any/all of a transaction amount, party, currency, etc. presented on the web page at first display  318  can be compared with the second data presented at second display  322  to determine whether there is consistency or discrepancy in the data. 
     User device  300  can include a security component  324  that controls access to secure information  326  stored at a secure storage subsystem  328 . Secure storage subsystem  328  can be implemented, e.g., using magnetic storage media, flash memory, other semiconductor memory (e.g., DRAM, SRAM), or any other non-transitory storage medium, or a combination of media, and can include volatile and/or non-volatile media. 
     Security component  324  can be configured to, for example, execute a data security application  330  that determines whether a condition has been satisfied and only retrieves and provides for access (e.g., via decrypting the secure information and/or sending the information to another component of user device  300 , such as a communication subsystem  332 ) to part or all of secure information  326  (e.g., encrypted secure information, which can include an account identifier) when the condition is satisfied. For example, a condition can include having received an indication from second processor  304  that signed data has been received from a remote server and also detecting a particular type of user input corresponding to a request or instruction to release data. Detecting the particular type of user input can include (for example) detecting that a user is engaging (e.g., touching or placing a finger above or near) a touch identification reader  334  (e.g., which can include a pressure, capacitive, or resistive detecting component/switch and/or image sensor). The detection can further include determining that user input corresponds to a particular user (e.g., via determining that one or more fingerprint characteristics match a user profile or that a voice having provided a voice command has one or more voice characteristics that match a user profile). Security component  324 , in some instances, includes part or all of a chip and/or a secure element. In some implementations, security component  324  can be implemented by, integrated with, or otherwise disposed in second processor  304 . 
     User device  300  can send and receive communications via communication subsystem  332 , which can include a transmitter, receiver and/or transceiver. Communication subsystem  332  can include (for example) an antenna to wirelessly transmit and/or receive signals using a network such as a WiFi network. Communication subsystem  332  can further or alternatively be configured to support transmission and/or receipt of communications over a short-range network, such as a Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy or Near Field Communication network. 
     Communication subsystem  332  can include (for example) a radio frequency (RF) interface that can include RF transceiver components such as an antenna and supporting circuitry to enable data communication over a wireless medium, e.g., using Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family standards), Bluetooth® (a family of standards promulgated by Bluetooth SIG, Inc.), or other protocols for wireless data communication. In some embodiments, RF interface  408  can implement a Bluetooth LE (Low energy) proximity sensor that supports proximity detection through an estimation of signal strength and/or other protocols for determining proximity to another electronic device. The RF interface can be implemented using a combination of hardware (e.g., driver circuits, antennas, modulators/demodulators, encoders/decoders, and other analog and/or digital signal processing circuits) and software components. Multiple different wireless communication protocols and associated hardware can be incorporated into the RF interface. 
     Communication subsystem  332  can also or alternatively include a connector interface that can allow user device  300  to communicate with various devices (e.g., a server or coordinating device) via a wired communication path, e.g., using Universal Serial Bus (USB), universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART), or other protocols for wired data communication. 
     Each of first UI  316  and second UI  321  can monitor inputs received by user device  300  and/or can control outputs presented by user device  300 . For example, first UI  316  can include one or more input components to receive user input, including a keyboard  336  to receive alphanumeric input selections, a microphone  338  to receive vocal or audio inputs, a camera (or image sensor) to detect visual (e.g., gesture) inputs, a touch sensor  342  to receive touch inputs (e.g., included in a track pad and/or to map particular touches or touch movements to corresponding to points or movements on first display  318 ) and/or click detector  344  to detect clicks (e.g., on a mouse or track pad that correspond to particular points on first display). First UI  316  also can include other types of input components, such as pressure and/or motion sensors, e.g., accelerometer and/or gyroscope. As another example, second UI  321  can also include a touch sensor  346  and click detector  348 . Second UI  321  also can include other input mechanisms, including any/all of those disclosed with respect to first UI  316 . Each of one, more or all input components can convert a detected stimulus to an electrical signal, such as an electrical signal that corresponds to one or more letters, words, pixels, values, or instructions. 
     Touch sensor  342  and/or  346  can include, e.g., a resistive and/or capacitive sensor array with the ability to localize contacts to a particular point or region on the surface of the sensor and in some instances, the ability to distinguish multiple simultaneous contacts. In some embodiments, touch sensor  342  and/or  346  can be overlaid over a corresponding display  318  and/or  322  to provide a touchscreen interface, and a corresponding processor  302  and/or  304  can translate touch events (including taps and/or other gestures made with one or more contacts) into specific user inputs depending on what is currently displayed on the display. To illustrate, one or more touch sensors can determine a location of a touch on a display. The touch sensor can be self-capacitive in certain embodiments, mutual-capacitive in others, or a combination thereof. 
     Click detector  344  and/or  348  can detect a click and/or depression of a button. For example, a click can be detected when an element underneath a button contacts an underlying device component to complete a circuit or when the depression of the button causes a switch to be activated or deactivated. In some instances, click detector  344  and/or  348  can detect a click and/or depression for each of a plurality of buttons and can identify which one was clicked. 
     Camera  340  can include, e.g., a compact digital camera that includes an image sensor such as a CMOS sensor and optical components (e.g. lenses) arranged to focus an image onto the image sensor, along with control logic operable to use the imaging components to capture and store still and/or video images. Images can be stored, e.g., in first storage subsystem  306  and/or transmitted by user device  300  to other devices for storage. Depending on implementation, the optical components can provide fixed focal distance or variable focal distance; in the latter case, autofocus can be provided. 
     Microphone  338  can include any device that converts sound waves into electronic signals. In some embodiments, microphone  338  can be sufficiently sensitive to provide a representation of specific words spoken by a user; in other embodiments, microphone  338  can be usable to provide indications of general ambient sound levels without necessarily providing a high-quality electronic representation of specific sounds. 
     Each of first UI  316  and second UI  321  can also include one or more output components, such as a display (first display  318  or second display  322 ), speakers (e.g., speakers  350 ) or a haptic output (not shown). Each of one, more or all output components can convert an electrical stimulus to another type of stimulus, such as a visual, audio or haptic stimulus. 
     Each or both of first display  318  and second display  322  can be implemented using compact display technologies, e.g., LCD (liquid crystal display), LED (light-emitting diode), OLED (organic light-emitting diode), or the like. In some instances, first display  318  can be larger than second display  322  (e.g., in terms of area and/or along at least one dimension). For example, a height of first display  318  can be at least 2, at least 5, or at least 10 times bigger than a height of second display. In various instances, first display  318  and second display  322  are on different surfaces or a same surface of user device  300 . For example, second display  322  can be located on a first surface of a laptop device that can be configured to lay flat on a support (e.g., desk, lap, table, etc.), and first display  318  can be configured to be located on a second surface of the laptop device that can be hinged to first surface and can be configured to open to a position that is angularly separated from the first surface. 
     In some instances, two or more of the depicted components can be integrated into a single component. For example, a touch screen can include both a display and touch sensor. In some instances, each of first processor  302  and second processor  304  can receive inputs from at least one same input component and can be configured to transmit output instructions to at least one same output component. 
     In some instances, execution of an app at first processor  302  can cause webpage presentations at first display  318  to change in response to detecting one or more types of inputs (e.g., one or more clicks corresponding to particular cursor positions, voice commands, or key entries). Such presentation changes can be a result of generating and transmitting webpage requests and receiving webpage data through communication subsystem  332 . Communications associated with various metadata aspects (e.g., identifying a source, processor characteristic or instruction type) can be selectively routed by communication subsystem  332  to one of first processor  302  and second processor  304 , or execution of particular apps or operating systems on one or both of first processor  302  and second processor  304  can cause the processor to selectively request or use communications associated with particular metadata aspects. For example, execution of validation app  320  at second processor  304  can cause second processor  304  to monitor for communications from a particular system or server and/or with metadata indicating that the communication corresponds to a validation technique. Upon detecting such a communication, the app execution can result in a signature in the communication to be verified and an image from the communication to be presented at second display. 
     Execution of data security app  330  at security component  324  can then monitor to determine whether touch identification reader  334  receives an input from a particular user corresponding to an instruction to transmit secure information to a source associated with the webpage. Upon detecting such input, security component  324  can retrieve part or all of secure information  326  and facilitate transmission of the part or all of the information. In some instances, secure information includes information corresponding to each of multiple accounts, and security component  324  selectively retrieves information for a single account. The single account can correspond to a default account or one identified (for example) based on user input detected by an input component at first UI  316  or second UI  321 . 
     User device  300  can include a power subsystem  352 , which can provide power and power management capabilities for user device  300 . For example, power subsystem  352  can include a battery (e.g., a rechargeable battery) and associated circuitry to distribute power from the battery to other components of user device  300  that require electrical power. In some embodiments, power subsystem  352  can also include circuitry operable to charge the battery, e.g., when power or charging cord is connected to a power source. In some embodiments, power subsystem  352  can include a “wireless” charger, such as an inductive charger, to charge the battery without relying on a power or charging cord. In some embodiments, power subsystem  352  can also include other power sources, such as a solar cell, in addition to or instead of a battery. 
     In some embodiments, control functions of power subsystem  352  can be implemented using programmable or controllable circuits operating in response to control signals generated by first processor  302  and/or second processor  304  in response to program code executing thereon, or as a separate microprocessor or microcontroller. In some embodiments, control functions of power subsystem  352  can be based on user interaction with the device (e.g., to power down components if a device has not been interacted with in a particular manner, such as via a touch, button press or network activity, for a defined period of time). 
     It will be appreciated that user device  300  is illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. For example, one or both of first UI  316  and second UI  321  can include fewer, different or additional input or output components, such as a haptic output. 
     Further, while user device  300  is described with reference to particular blocks, it is to be understood that these blocks are defined for convenience of description and are not intended to imply a particular physical arrangement of component parts. Further, the blocks need not (but can) correspond to physically distinct components. Blocks can be configured to perform various operations, e.g., by programming a processor or providing appropriate control circuitry, and various blocks might or might not be reconfigurable depending on how the initial configuration is obtained. Embodiments of the present invention can be realized in a variety of apparatus including electronic devices implemented using any combination of circuitry and software. It is also not required that every block in  FIG. 3  be implemented in a given embodiment of a user device. 
       FIG. 4  is a flow diagram of an example process  400  for facilitating assessments of data integrity. Part or all of process  400  can be performed by a user device, such as user device  100 ,  205  or  300 . 
     In process  400 , a content request communication can be transmitted ( 405 ) from a device to a web server using a first processor of the device. For example, the first processor can generate the content request communication (e.g., via execution of a browser application) and provide the communication to a communication subsystem of the device for transmission. The content request communication can include an identifier of (for example) a web page, domain name, link, app, fully qualified domain name, etc. The content request communication can include an http request. The web server can include a server hosting a web page that corresponds to an identifier of a web page, domain name, link, fully qualified domain name included in the request. 
     A response communication can be received ( 410 ) at the device from the web server. The response communication can include content that corresponds to an identified web page, domain name, link, fully qualified domain name, app, etc. The content can correspond to and/or at least partly define a potential transaction. For example, the content can identify (e.g., by name, identifying alphanumeric code, picture, video, description, or other data elements) a product or service that is available, a destination name or identifier (e.g., name or identifier of an entity from which it is available), and/or a first value (e.g., price). In some instances, the content can include one or more fields to accept user input that can correspond to an instruction to initiate and/or continue the transaction, including payment and/or payment authorization data, shipping information, etc. 
     A first presentation ( 415 ) of the content on a first display of the device can be facilitated using the first processor. For example, using an application being executed by first processor, the content can be presented in a browser window, app, or other such interface. In some instances, the first presentation ( 415 ) can include opening a new window and presenting the content in the new window. The first display can include a primary integrated display of the device. For example, a device can include two hinged surfaces, where a bottom surface can be configured to rest on a support (e.g., table, lap, etc.) and includes a keyboard and another surface can be configured to open from the bottom surface and to be non-parallel from the support while the device is in use. The first display can include one integrated into the other surface, e.g., on an interior surface. In some instances, the first display extends across at least 50, at least 75, or at least 90 percent of a face on the surface. 
     A communication can be received ( 420 ) at the second processor from a remote server. For example, a communication component can receive the communication and detect that the communication includes data or metadata that corresponds to or is otherwise intended for or associated with the second processor, or an application associated with the second processor, and can then route the communication to the second processor. 
     The communication can include information corresponding to or otherwise associated with information included in the first presentation. For example, the communication can include a second value that corresponds to the first value, and (in some instances) can include additional information (e.g., a destination name) that corresponds to data identified in the first presentation. The correspondence need not indicate that the values (or other data) match. For example, whether the first and second values match can indicate whether the content received from the web server, as reflected in the first presentation, is trusted and/or accurate. Alternatively or additionally, a discrepancy between the first and second values, or any other transaction-related information, can indicate a lack of data integrity or a potential security threat. The communication received at the second processor can have been generated at the remote server in response to receipt of another communication from the web server. 
     For example, the web server or associated system can have transmitted the other communication to the remote server, e.g., in response to receiving the content request from the device. The other communication can have included the second value and/or additional information that at least partly define a potential transaction. The remote server can store this data in association with identifying information, such as an identifier of a session, of the device, of the web server, of a webpage, and/or of a date and time to use for a later data comparison should the remote server receive a subsequent request from the web server or associated system to proceed with the transaction. If differences in the data are detected, the remote server can then reject the request. Thus, it can be advantageous for the web server to provide accurate data in the communication. 
     The second processor can be configured to operate independently from the first processor, such that an action performed by one of the first and second processors does not influence operation of the other of the first and second processors. The first and second processors can execute different operating systems and/or different iterations of an operating system. This independence can inhibit or prevent one of the processors from being affected by a security threat (e.g., virus) as a result of the other processor being affected by the security threat. For example, the first processor can be a general purpose processor executing an unsecure OS, while the second processor can be a secure processor executing a secure OS. As discussed below, in the event a transaction detail in the information presented on a display controlled by the first processor is manipulated, e.g., to reflect a lower price, the corresponding information presented on a separate display controlled by the secure processor can show a different value (e.g., the actual value) for the transaction detail—thereby indicating a potential risk through the discrepancy. 
     A secure verification output that includes a representation of the second value can be generated ( 425 ) (e.g., using the second processor). Generating the secure verification output can include extracting data from the communication received from the remote server and/or generating a new data object (e.g., image, audio stimulus and/or text presentation) based on the data in the communication received from the remote server. For example, the communication can include a signed image object, and generating the secure verification output ( 425 ) can include identifying the part of the communication corresponding to the image object. As another example, the communication can identify the second value (e.g., a second destination name), and the second processor can generate a signed image, audio signal and/or visual presentation (e.g., including text) that includes the second value (e.g., and second destination name). 
     In some instances, the second processor can be involved in validating a signature included in the communication from the remote server. In some instances, performance of generating the secure verification output ( 425 ) can be conditioned upon whether the signature is validated. 
     Validating the signature can include, for example, determining whether the signature is consistent with a stored key or algorithm, determining whether a format of the signature matches or corresponds with a stored defined type of format, and/or determining whether part or all of the signature matches or accords with a defined or stored format or value. 
     A second presentation ( 430 ) of the verification output at the device can be facilitated using the second processor. The second presentation can include one to be concurrently, at least for a period of time, presented with the first presentation of the content. For example, at least some of the second presentation can coincide with (or overlap) at least some of the first presentation. The second presentation can be presented on a second display separate from the first display. In some implementations, the second display can be implemented as, for example, a dynamic function row of the device or other such secondary display. In some implementations, the second display can be positioned, for example, near, adjacent to, or on a same surface as a keyboard. Further, in some implementations, the second display can be controlled independently of the first display. In some instances, the second display includes a display that is only controlled by instructions from the second processor, such as a secure processor. 
     Thus, process  400  can facilitate presentation of transaction-related information on multiple displays, each of which can include at least a value and/or other transaction-related information. The coincident presentation on separate displays can enable a user to compare values and/or other information between the presentations. Matching values and/or matching other information can indicate that content associated with the transaction, e.g., from the web server, is trustworthy and/or that a proposed transaction is secure. In some embodiments, a device can include multiple components (e.g., processors, operating systems and/or displays) that are actually, effectively and/or functionally isolated, such that individual security threats affecting part of the device are unlikely to, or cannot, compromise another aspect of the device. For example, manipulation of a processor or other aspect of a device to result in the presentation of one or more items of incorrect transaction information (e.g., a price) on one display may not be able to similarly impact an independent secure processor that controls the presentation of corresponding transaction-related information on a separate second display, thereby allowing a discrepancy in at least one transaction-related parameter to be identified before a transaction is confirmed or otherwise completed. 
     The device can be configured to receive an input subsequent to at least part of the coincident presentations that indicates that a transaction is authorized and requests that secure information be transmitted to a destination. For example, the input can include a touch on a touch ID reader from a user with one or more fingerprint characteristics that match a profile. Secure information (e.g., that includes an identifier of an account) can then be retrieved from a secure data store (e.g., from a secure element), optionally decrypted, and transmitted to the remote server and/or web server. In some instances, other information, such as the first value can also be transmitted to the remote server and/or web server. 
       FIG. 5  is a flow diagram of an example process  500  for facilitating an assessment of data integrity. Process  500  includes communication exchanges between various devices and device components. A user device can include, among other elements, each of the first processor, first display, second processor, second display and secure data store. In some implementations, the second processor can be a secure processor incorporating or otherwise associated with a secure element and the secure data store. Further, in some implementations, the second processor can control the second display, at least during certain periods, such that content can be securely rendered to the second display independently of the first processor. 
     A first action can include sending a content request from a user device, using a first processor, to a web server or other such device. In some implementations, the content request can include an http content request and/or a request for web data. A second action can include transmitting, e.g., from the web server to the user device, a response that includes the requested content (to be handled by the first processor). The content can include one or more parameters associated with a potential transaction, such as a value and/or a destination. 
     A third action can include the first processor sending the content to a first display (e.g., an integrated first display) for presentation. For example, the first processor and/or one or more associated components can format the content for output to a display. A fourth action can include the first display displaying the content. For example, the content can be presented as a web page, pop-up window, payment sheet, etc. in a browser or in another such window or application. The content can be displayed for a period of time. The period of time can include one defined by an end time corresponding to, for example, a time at which a navigation input is received, e.g., at an interface of the device (e.g., corresponding to a new content request), a time at which new content (e.g., of a particular type, such as content corresponding to a new webpage, is received from the web server or another device) and/or a time at which user input corresponds to a request to exit from or close an application. 
     A fifth action can include the first processor detecting an input that corresponds to a request to initiate a transaction process. The input can include, for example, a click, tap, touch, or other such input/gesture/command (e.g., on a mouse, track pad or touchscreen) corresponding to an option in the displayed content that signals intent to initiate a transaction. For example, the input can include clicking, touching, or tapping on a part of the displayed content that corresponds to a link identified as one that initiates the transaction process (e.g., a “buy” button). The input also can include entry of one or more keystrokes identifying the request or a vocal command received at a microphone. In some instances, the request input may cause the content that was displayed at the fourth action to be changed or updated. For example, the content may be updated to identify fields for accepting transaction information, to identify transaction information, or to identify an option to confirm completion of a transaction. 
     A sixth action can include the first processor facilitating sending a transaction instruction to the web server. The instruction can include, for example, information corresponding to the input (e.g., which link was selected), information corresponding to a user device (e.g., device identifier and/or IP address), and/or information corresponding to a communication exchange (e.g., session identifier). 
     A seventh action includes the web server sending a communication that includes a transaction indication to a remote server, such as a remote server that controls release of user account information or processing of a payment transaction. The indication can include at least one of the one or more parameters included in the content and/or defining a potential transaction associated with the content. For example, the indication can include a value (e.g., price) and destination (e.g., merchant name or identifier) of an item presented as being for sale in the content. The indication can also include information about the user device (e.g., unique device identifier, IP address, operating system, and/or browser being used) and/or present communication exchange (e.g., webpage, domain name, or other identifier of the content being displayed and/or a session identifier). 
     An eighth action can include the remote server generating signed data based on the communication from the web server. In some instances, the signed data represents each of one, multiple, or all parameters identified in the communication. For example, the signed data can include one or more numbers identifying the value associated with a transaction and/or the name of a destination. In some implementations, the signed data can be generated as an image object that can be rendered to a display. In some other implementations, the signed data can include an audio file that represents the value and/or destination name in a manner that can be output as an audio signal, such as through one or more speakers. The signed data also can be represented in text or any other data format or formats that can be interpreted by the user device. 
     The generation can include generating a signature based on an object (e.g., image object) and one or more keys. For example, the signature can include a hash value generated based on the object and a hashing algorithm that is encrypted using a private key. The encryption can be performed such that a receiving device can use a public key (e.g., provided in a certificate issued to the receiving device) to decrypt the hash value. The receiving device can use the hash value to ensure that the accompanying object has not been compromised. The signed data can further identify (for example) a hashing algorithm. 
     At a ninth action, the remote server sends the signed data to a second processor at the user device. The second processor can control (e.g., detecting inputs and identifying outputs) a second display of the user device. The second display can be implemented as or otherwise include, for example, a virtual keyboard or digital function row. Further, the second display can include a touchscreen. The second display can be configured to, at least some of the time, present one or more input options that can be selected, e.g., via touch of an associated area. The one or more input options can include, for example, one or more functions (e.g., F 1 , F 2 , etc.) and/or screen input/output controls (e.g., brightness of a first display, volume of speakers, etc.). The second display can be configured such that presentations at the display can change in time (e.g., in response to user input detected at the second display or other input component and/or in response to an instruction of an application being executed at the second processor). 
     The second processor can be independent of, physically distinct from, and/or not connected (e.g., via electronic circuitry) to the first processor. In some instances, one or more rules indicate which types of communications are to be routed to which of the first and second processors, and/or which types of communications and/or functions each of the first and second processors are to process respectively. 
     At a tenth action, the second processor validates a signature associated with the signed data. The validation can include, for example, decrypting the signature using a stored public key (e.g., previously received from the remote server) and/or determining whether the signature and/or decrypted signature corresponds with particular data. In some instances, the determination includes determining whether a hash value identified in the decrypted signature matches a hash value that the second processor generates using, e.g., the received image, and a hashing algorithm (e.g., which can be predefined or identified in the decrypted signature). 
     At an eleventh action, the second processor sends the validation content received from the remote server, such as the image, or other renderable content, to the second display (e.g., an integrated second display of the device), and a twelfth action can include the second display presenting the content. For example, the content can be presented across all or part of a dynamic function row, virtual keyboard, or other such integrated display. The image can be presented for a period of time (e.g., a predefined period of time or until an event occurs). The display (e.g., of the image) on the second display can at least partially overlap in time with the display of the content on the first display. 
     The period of time for which the image is displayed can include one defined by an end time corresponding to, for example, a predefined time period, a time at which an input of one or more defined types is received, or a combination thereof (e.g., an earlier of the two). The input can include one received at a user interface controlled by and/or accessible to the first processor, a user interface controlled by and/or accessible to the second processor, or another user interface. The input can include one that corresponds to an authorization, or a rejection, of a transaction. For example, the input can include touching one of multiple defined portions of a dynamic function row, virtual keyboard, or other such integrated display at which an actionable control is displayed. 
     A thirteenth action can include the second processor detecting an input that corresponds to an authorization to conduct a transaction corresponding to the content and/or image, e.g., presented on the second display. In some instances, the input includes a biometric authentication, such as a touch at a touch ID reader with one or more fingerprint characteristics matching that of a profile. In some other instances, the input can include, for example, a click, tap, touch, or other such input on the second display or an input/output component communicatively coupled with either or both of the first processor and/or the second processor. In some other instances, detecting an authorization input includes detecting that each of multiple types of inputs (e.g., received at one or more user interfaces) was received within a defined period of time. Whether a user input component (e.g., touch ID reader) is powered on or configured to accept inputs and/or whether an input is recognized as an authorization input can depend on a context. For example, in some implementations, the second processor can only recognize a biometric authentication (or other such authentication), e.g., a touch ID, as a transaction authorization if the biometric authentication is detected while the transaction related information is presented on the second display, within a predetermined period of time of presenting the transaction related information on the second display, or other such qualifying event. 
     At a fourteenth action, in response to detecting the authorization input, secure information (e.g., including an account identifier) can be retrieved from a secure data store. In some instances, a secure element hosts the secure data store and can control data access. The secure information can also be locally processed to, e.g., decrypt the information, encrypt the information, and/or transform the information to include more, less or different information. A fifteenth action includes sending the secure information (or processed version thereof) to the remote server or other server, e.g., to continue processing the transaction. 
     Embodiments, e.g., in methods, apparatus, computer-readable media and the like, can be realized using any combination of dedicated components and/or programmable processors and/or other programmable devices. The various processes described herein can be implemented on the same processor or different processors in any combination. Where components are described as being configured to perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, e.g., by designing electronic circuits to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (such as microprocessors) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof. Further, while the embodiments described above can make reference to specific hardware and software components, those skilled in the art will appreciate that different combinations of hardware and/or software components can also be used and that particular operations described as being implemented in hardware might also be implemented in software or vice versa. 
     Computer programs incorporating various disclosed features can be encoded and stored on various computer readable storage media; suitable media include magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as compact disk (CD) or DVD (digital versatile disk), flash memory, and other non-transitory media. Computer readable media encoded with the program code can be packaged with a compatible electronic device, or the program code can be provided separately from electronic devices (e.g., via Internet download or as a separately packaged computer-readable storage medium). 
     Thus, although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that the invention is intended to cover all modifications and equivalents within the scope of the following claims.