Patent Publication Number: US-9422739-B2

Title: High altitude structures and related methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/788,389, entitled HIGH ALTITUDE STRUCTURES AND RELATED METHODS, naming ALISTAIR K. CHAN, RODERICK A. HYDE, NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, CLARENCE T. TEGREENE, and LOWELL L. WOOD, JR. as inventors, filed 18 Apr. 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,166,710, which is currently co-pending or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
     The present application is related to and claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the “Related Applications”) (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC §119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Related Application(s)). 
     1. For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation in part of currently co-pending U.S. patent application entitled HIGH ALTITUDE ATMOSPHERIC ALTERATION SYSTEM AND METHOD, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Lowell L. Wood, Jr., and Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, U.S. Ser. No. 11/788,383, filed contemporaneously herewith. 
     2. For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation in part of currently co-pending U.S. patent application entitled HIGH ALTITUDE STRUCTURES CONTROL SYSTEM AND RELATED METHODS, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Lowell L. Wood, Jr., and Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, U.S. Ser. No. 11/788,372, filed contemporaneously herewith. 
     3. For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation in part of currently co-pending U.S. patent application entitled HIGH ALTITUDE PAYLOAD STRUCTURES AND RELATED METHODS, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Nathan P. Myhrvold, Lowell L. Wood, Jr., and Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, U.S. Ser. No. 11/788,394, filed contemporaneously herewith. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The description herein generally relates to the field of high altitude conduits and high altitude structures capable of many applications as well as methods of making and using the same. 
     Conventionally, there is a need for high altitude structures for high altitude applications, such as but not limited to communications, weather monitoring, atmospheric management, venting, surveillance, entertainment, etc. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, a method of providing a high altitude conduit includes generating a signal to start an introducer. The method also includes providing gas, by the introducer, into an interior space of an elongated inflatable element in response to the signal. The method also includes causing the elongated inflatable element to be in a substantially upright orientation extending to a substantially high altitude in response to the gas being provided by the introducer. Further, the method includes forming a conduit for material flow in response to the uprighted orientation of the elongated inflatable element. 
     In addition to the foregoing, other method aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In one or more various aspects, related systems include but are not limited to circuitry and/or programming for effecting the herein-referenced method aspects; the circuitry and/or programming can be virtually any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to effect the herein-referenced method aspects depending upon the design choices of the system designer. 
     In one aspect, a system includes a high altitude conduit. The conduit includes a first material layer forming an elongated duct. The system also includes a second material layer outside the first material layer. The second material layer defines a space between the second material layer and the first material layer. Further, the conduit includes a gas having a density that is less dense than that of the atmosphere outside of the second material layer. The gas is disposed in the space between the first and the second layer. An introducer is configured to provide the gas into the space between the first material layer and the second material layer. The gas causes the conduit to extend. 
     In another aspect, a high altitude conduit includes a first material layer that forms an elongated space. A second material layer is outside the first material layer. The second material layer defines an annular space between the second material layer and the first material layer. The space acts as a conduit extending from a bottom to a top. A gas, having a density that is less dense than that of the atmosphere outside of the second material layer, is disposed in the space between the first and the second layer. An introducer is configured to provide the gas into the elongated space between the first material layer and the second material layer. The gas causes the conduit to extend in an approximately upright orientation. 
     In yet another aspect, a high altitude conduit includes an elongated duct formed of a first material. The elongated duct also includes a carrier coupled to the elongated duct and supporting the elongated duct in a substantially upright orientation. 
     In still yet another aspect, a high altitude conduit includes an elongated duct formed of a first material having a substantially fixed base. The high altitude conduit includes a gas provided to the elongated duct and supporting the elongated duct in a substantially upright orientation. The elongated duct extends at least one kilometer above the base. Furthermore, the elongated duct is configured to release a second material stream. 
     In yet still another aspect, a high altitude structure includes a base and an elongated duct coupled to the base. The structure also includes an orbital anchor in orbit about the earth and a tether coupled to the high altitude structure and to the base, the tether at least partially supporting the high altitude structure. 
     In still yet a further aspect, a high altitude structure includes a first material layer forming one or more conduits, the conduits extending at least partially along the structure, the one or more conduits configured to vent a material stream to the atmosphere. The high altitude structure also includes a second material layer forming one or more voids in the structure, at least some of the voids containing a gas and providing a buoyancy force on the high altitude structure. 
     In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In addition to the foregoing, various other method and/or system and/or program product aspects are set forth and described in the teachings such as text (e.g., claims and/or detailed description) and/or drawings of the present disclosure. 
     The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is NOT intended to be in any way limiting. Other aspects, features, and advantages of the devices and/or processes and/or other subject matter described herein will become apparent in the teachings set forth herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description, of which: 
         FIG. 1  is an exemplary diagram of a generalized high altitude conduit. 
         FIG. 2  is an exemplary diagram of a cross sectional configuration of a high-altitude conduit. 
         FIG. 3  is an exemplary diagram of a cross sectional configuration of a high-altitude conduit showing supporting elements. 
         FIG. 4  is an exemplary diagram of an alternative configuration of a high altitude conduit. 
         FIG. 5  is an exemplary diagram of a high altitude conduit depicting potential height thereof. 
         FIG. 6  is an exemplary block diagram of a cross section of a high altitude conduit having an inner capped region. 
         FIG. 7  is an exemplary diagram of a high altitude conduit using carriers. 
         FIG. 8  is an exemplary process diagram of process to use a high altitude conduit. 
         FIG. 9  is an exemplary diagram of a high altitude structure being supported by an orbital anchor. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. Those having skill in the art will recognize that the state of the art has progressed to the point where there is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software can become significant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs. Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles by which the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies described herein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to the other in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon the context in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any of which may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that optical aspects of implementations will typically employ optically-oriented hardware, software, and or firmware. 
     The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , a high-altitude structure  100  is depicted. High altitude structure  100  includes but is not limited to any of a variety of materials which may be relatively lightweight, strong, and be capable of standing aloft in a variety of atmospheric, weather-related, and heating conditions. Further, structure  100  may be capable of being applied in a variety of environments and for a variety of applications. Structure  100  may be used in a variety of ways including as a supporting structure for equipment, such as but not limited to antenna  110 , as a vent for exhaust gases  120 , or as a particulate or gas introducer, or the like. In the exemplary embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1 , structure  100  is an approximately cylindrical shape forming an elongated cannula having an exterior wall  130  surrounding an interior wall  140 . In a particular exemplary embodiment a void  150  may be formed between exterior wall  130  and interior wall  140 . The structure may be supported by introducing a gas into void  150  which may be lighter than the ambient air surrounding the structure. Gas introduced into void  150  may come from any of a variety of sources. In a particular exemplary embodiment, gas may come from a manufacturing facility  160  where gas may be manufactured for the purpose of supporting conduit  150  or the gas may be exhaust gasses from a manufacturing process at facility  160 . In accordance with alternative embodiments, the structure of the voids and conduits may vary and may include any number of and combination of voids and conduits. Also, material flow in the voids and conduits may be controlled. In an alternative embodiment, there may be interconnections between the voids and conduits such that material flow may be created between the voids and conduits and/or between voids and/or between conduits. Although specific shapes, cross sections, and relative dimensions of the voids and conduits are depicted, the embodiments are not limited but may be made in any of a variety of shapes, cross sections, and relative dimensions. Further, the shapes, sizes, materials, relative dimensions, etc., may vary by location on the structure or alternatively may be varied in time. In an exemplary embodiment, the material flow may come from any of a variety of sources, including but not limited to a reservoir, a storage container, the atmosphere, an exhaust or waste material flow, etc. 
     High altitude conduit  100  is a conduit which may exceed the height of chimneys and like structures which are built from conventional building materials like concrete, steel, glass, wood, etc. which carry considerable weight. In one exemplary embodiment conduit  100  may reach higher than one kilometer above its base. In other exemplary embodiments the conduit may be formed to reach much greater heights. For example, referring to  FIG. 5 , a conduit  500  is depicted. Conduit  500  extends to high altitudes. In an exemplary embodiment, conduit  500  extends into the stratosphere (approximately 15 km to 50 km above sea level). In other exemplary embodiments conduit  500  may extend to other altitudes above or below the stratosphere. In exemplary embodiments, high altitude conduit  100  may be coupled at its base end to the surface of the earth or other planet. The surface may include but is not limited to the ground, on the water, above the ground on a supporting structure, underground, underwater; and the like. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a cross section of an exemplary high altitude conduit  200  is depicted high altitude conduit  200  includes a first outer material layer  210  and a second interior material layer  220 . The two material layers form a space  230  or void between the two layers. In one exemplary embodiment, space  230  may be filled with a gas that is lighter than the surrounding atmospheric air. The gas may provide buoyancy to the conduit. The gas in space  230  may also be provided under pressure such that it helps to maintain the shape of conduit  200 . Gas in space  230  may be vented in a variety of manners including but not limited to through seams, vents, and holes, etc. The gas may be provided to conduit  200  by an introducer which may be in any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to an exhaust outlet from a manufacturing facility or other industrial business, an outlet from a gas tank or other gas producing device, etc. In an exemplary embodiment interior material layer  220  forms an elongated tube or cannula having an interior lumen  240 . Interior lumen  240  may be used for a variety of purposes including but not limited to providing gasses and/or particulate to the atmosphere at a given altitude, providing an outlet for exhaust gasses at a given altitude. Thus, conduit  200  may be used as a high atmospheric chimney for a manufacturing plant. Alternatively conduit  200  may be used to provide gasses and particulate into the atmosphere in an attempt to influence global warming or global cooling. It has been shown that certain gasses and/or particulate in the air may reflect incoming sunlight thereby reducing the amount of heat absorbed by the earth. Also, it has been shown that certain other gasses and/or particulate in the air may tend to trap heat close to the Earth&#39;s surface, thereby increasing the amount of heat absorbed by the Earth. By controlling the amount and type of gasses and/or particulate placed into the atmosphere, it may be possible to control to some extent the heating of the Earth. Delivery of such gasses and/or particulate may be provided by the use of high altitude conduit systems, such as are described here. 
     In accordance with other exemplary embodiments, the gas used to support conduit  100  of  FIG. 1  may be any of a large variety of gasses including but not limited to hydrogen gas, helium gas, heated gas, exhaust gasses, etc. The introducer of the gas into the void for supporting conduit  100  may function to not only provide the gas but may also be used to pressurize the gas. Referring to  FIG. 2 , in one exemplary embodiment void  230  may be closed at the top of the conduit by a cap or sheet of material which substantially couples material layer  210  to material layer  220 . In one exemplary form, the cap or sheet of material may include one or more holes that act as vents for the void  230 . It should however be noted that any of a large variety of methods and structures may be used to support conduit  100  and further that conduit  100  which is depicted in  FIG. 1  as a conduit may be representative of any of a variety of high altitude structures not limited to conduits. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a cross section of a conduit  300  is depicted. Conduit  330  includes an outer material layer  310 , and an inner material layer  320 . Inner material layer  320  forms an annular or other closed shape to form a lumen  330 . In an exemplary embodiment, a void  340  is defined by outer layer  310  and inner layer  320 . In an exemplary embodiment, because conduit  300  may be of a very elongated shape and may be formed from lightweight materials, a reinforcement or support structure may be needed to give conduit  300  at least one of shape and strength. In one exemplary embodiment, the reinforcement structure may include supporting elements coupled to at least one of outer layer  310  or inner layer  320 . For example,  FIG. 3  depicts exemplary supporting structures  350  and  360 . Supporting elements  350  may be cross braces formed of a lightweight material including but not limited to metals and metal alloys, composites, and plastics. In one exemplary embodiment, the materials used for the supporting rib structures may be the same as those used for the conduit albeit in different shape and form. Structure  350  is depicted having cross braces  352  that extend between and are coupled to the inner and outer layers  310  and  320 . In another exemplary embodiment the support structure  360  may comprise radially extending braces  362 . Further other supporting configurations may be used, such as but not limited to annular ring structures coupled to at least one of outer layer  310  and inner layer  320 , lengthwise rib structures, helical rib structures, etc. Any of a variety of support structures may be used to help maintain a substantially upright orientation of structure  300  and further to support payloads which may be coupled thereto. 
     Conduit  100  and like conduits may be formed of any of a variety of relatively strong and lightweight materials, including but not limited to Mylar, ripstop nylon, Zylon, nanomaterials, latex, Chloroprene, plastic film, polyester fiber, etc. Other materials may similarly be used. Further materials may be combined in various combinations in order to achieve the performance characteristics required and desired. Conduit  100  may be formed of multiple layers of material and may include thermal insulation and the like. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , an exemplary embodiment of a conduit  400  is depicted. Conduit  400  comprises an outer wall  410  and an inner wall  420 , the inner wall  420  forming a lumen  430 . Conduit  400  has a top region  440  which is volumetrically larger per vertical foot than a bottom region  450 . The shape of the conduit is not limited to that shown but may generally have a larger top portion than bottom portion. This use of a non uniform cross section as you proceed vertically along the length of the conduit may provide increased buoyancy to help maintain conduit  400  in an upright position. Also, the larger top region may be used to accommodate the expanding gasses which help to maintain conduit  400  aloft due to the reduced pressure seen at high altitudes. In an alternative embodiment, the bottom portion may be large to provide stability with a narrowed middle portion and an expanded top portion. Further, it may be desirable only to provide an expanded bottom portion to provide stability. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a high altitude conduit  500  is depicted. Conduit  500  is depicted as extending into the stratosphere. Typically, the tropopause which transitions the atmosphere to the stratosphere occurs at approximately 15 kilometers above sea level. The stratopause, which defines the upper boundary of the stratosphere, occurs at approximately 50 kilometers above sea level. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, as shown conduit  500  extends into the stratosphere. Although facility may be provided by having conduit  500  extending into the stratosphere, other heights of conduit  500  may be useful as well. For example, it may be desirable to have a conduit extend at almost any height within the troposphere. It may also be useful to have conduits which extend beyond the stratosphere. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , an exemplary cross section of a top portion  600  of a conduit is depicted. Exemplary top portion  600  has an outer wall  610  and an inner wall  620 . In an exemplary embodiment the space between outer wall  610  and inner wall  620  forms an annular shaped lumen through which gasses and/or particulate may flow to be exhausted to the atmosphere for climate control or for other purposes. An inner volume  630  is defined by inner wall  620  and a top  640 . Inner volume  630  may be used to hold lighter than air gasses and provide buoyancy for the conduit. In an exemplary embodiment, top  640  may include a vent  650  or holes to provide an outlet for gasses in volume  630 . In one exemplary embodiment, the opening size of vent  650  may be controllable to control the height of the conduit. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , another exemplary embodiment of a conduit  700  is depicted. Conduit  700  may comprise an outer wall layer  710  which defines an elongated lumen  720 . Conduit  700  may be held aloft by one or more balloons  730  or other devices used to maintain conduit  700  in an upright position. Other such devices may include but are not limited to airfoils, parafoils, and kites or other aerodynamic lifting surfaces; propellers, rockets, and jets or other thrust providing devices. Yet other structures for keeping conduit  700  aloft include momentum coupling to a vertically moving mass stream, such as but not limited to electric or magnetic coupling to moving projectiles or drag or thrust coupling to gas or liquid flows. Further, conduit  700  may be a double walled conduit as discussed earlier which provides additional buoyancy in combination with balloons or other lifting devices. 
     In an exemplary embodiment the carrier such as balloons  730  contain Hydrogen gas, Helium gas, heated gas, an exhaust gas, or other lighter than atmospheric air gas. In an exemplary embodiment an introducer pressurizes the gas into a space in the one or more carrier. This pressurized gas may be carried from ground level through a tube or the like. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , a process  800  of providing a high altitude conduit is depicted. The method includes generating a signal to start an introducer (process  810 ). The signal may be any of a variety of control signals which start a pressurizing process in which gas is provided to an interior space of an elongated inflatable element (process  820 ). The elongated inflatable element is caused to be in a substantially upright orientation by the inflation process (process  830 ). Once the element is in the substantially upright position, a conduit having a lumen is formed (process  840 ). Once the lumen is formed a second fluid may be flowed into the conduit to be expelled from the conduit at the top of the conduit (process  850 ). In another exemplary embodiment, supporting electronics are coupled to the upstanding conduit such that they may be supported in the atmosphere at an altitude. Such electronics may include but are not limited to communications equipment, sensors, weather forecasting equipment, testing and sampling equipment, surveillance equipment, etc. In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, control equipment may be coupled to one or more positions along the conduit. Such control equipment may be used to keep and/or place the conduit at a desired position and/or move the conduit to a desired position. Further, control equipment may also be used to control of the second fluid or any other fluid or mass flows. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a high altitude structure  900  is depicted. High altitude structure  900  is formed of a material  910  that extends in a substantially upward direction. An orbital anchor (satellite or other orbiting body) supports material  910  by a tether  930  coupled between material  910  and orbital anchor  920 . In an exemplary embodiment, anchor  920  is, while anchored via tether  930  to material  910 , in a geosynchronous orbit (powered or unpowered and controlled or uncontrolled) about the earth or other planetary body. The geosynchronous orbit would be outside of the majority of earth&#39;s atmosphere represented by line  950 . In an exemplary embodiment, a payload  940  (such as communication gear or any of a variety of payloads) is supported by the high altitude structure. Tether  930  may be formed of any of a variety of materials having a high strength to weight ratio including but not limited to carbon nanotube fibers. A base  960  of structure  900  may be supported on the ground, underground, underwater, in the air or, as depicted floating on a body of water  970 . Allowing the base  960  to move may make it easier to control the top of the structure  900  as variance of tension of the tether  930  may occur. Also having the ability to have the base movable may be advantageous in allowing less stress on the structure itself. 
     In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various embodiments described herein can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by various types of electro-mechanical systems having a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof; and a wide range of components that may impart mechanical force or motion such as rigid bodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, and electro-magnetically actuated devices, or virtually any combination thereof. Consequently, as used herein “electro-mechanical system” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, etc.), electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment), and any non-electrical analog thereto, such as optical or other analogs. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that examples of electro-mechanical systems include but are not limited to a variety of consumer electronics systems, as well as other systems such as motorized transport systems, factory automation systems, security systems, and communication/computing systems. Those skilled in the art will recognize that electro-mechanical as used herein is not necessarily limited to a system that has both electrical and mechanical actuation except as context may dictate otherwise. 
     In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various aspects described herein which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to implement devices and/or processes and/or systems in the fashion(s) set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering and/or business practices to integrate such implemented devices and/or processes and/or systems into more comprehensive devices and/or processes and/or systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes and/or systems described herein can be integrated into other devices and/or processes and/or systems via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that examples of such other devices and/or processes and/or systems might include—as appropriate to context and application—all or part of devices and/or processes and/or systems of (a) an air conveyance (e.g., an airplane, rocket, hovercraft, helicopter, etc.) (b) a ground conveyance (e.g., a car, truck, locomotive, tank, armored personnel carrier, etc.), (c) a building (e.g., a home, warehouse, office, etc.), (d) an appliance (e.g., a refrigerator, a washing machine, a dryer, etc.), (e) a communications system (e.g., a networked system, a telephone system, a Voice over IP system, etc.), (f) a business entity (e.g., an Internet Service Provider (ISP) entity such as Comcast Cable, Quest, Southwestern Bell, etc), or (g) a wired/wireless services entity such as Sprint, Cingular, Nextel, etc.), etc. 
     One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., steps), devices, and objects and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are within the skill of those in the art. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar herein is also intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of such specific components (e.g., steps), devices, and objects herein should not be taken as indicating that limitation is desired. 
     With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. 
     The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components. 
     While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is defined by the appended claims. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.