Patent Publication Number: US-11641906-B2

Title: Medially-located lateral footwear stabilizer

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/982,403 filed Feb. 27, 2020, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Articles of footwear generally include two primary elements, an upper and a sole structure. The upper may be formed from a variety of material elements (e.g., textiles, foam, leather, and synthetic leather) that are stitched or adhesively bonded together to form a void on the interior of the footwear for securely receiving a foot. An ankle opening through the material elements may provide access to the void, thereby facilitating entry and removal of the foot from the void. In addition, a lace or other closure may be utilized to modify the dimensions of the void and secure the foot within the void. 
     The sole structure may be located adjacent to a lower portion of the upper and may be generally positioned between the foot and the ground. In many articles of footwear, including athletic footwear, the sole structure generally incorporates an insole, a midsole, and an outsole. The insole, which may be located within the void and adjacent to a lower surface of the void, may be a thin compressible member that enhances footwear comfort. The midsole, which may be secured to a lower surface of the upper and extends downward from the upper, may form a middle layer of the sole structure. In addition to attenuating ground reaction forces (i.e., providing cushioning for the foot), the midsole may limit foot motions or impart stability, for example. The outsole, which may be secured to a lower surface of the midsole, may form the ground-contacting portion of the footwear and is usually fashioned from a durable and wear-resistant material that includes texturing to improve traction. 
     Generally, the midsole is the primary source of cushioning for the article of footwear, and it is primarily formed from a foamed polymer material, such as polyurethane or ethylvinylacetate, that extends throughout a length and width of the footwear. In some articles of footwear, the midsole may include a variety of additional footwear elements that enhance the comfort or performance of the footwear, including plates, moderators, fluid-filled chambers, lasting elements, or motion control members. In some configurations, any of these additional footwear elements may be located between the midsole and the upper, located between the midsole and the outsole, embedded within the midsole, or encapsulated by the foamed polymer material of the midsole, for example. Although many midsoles are primarily formed from a foamed polymer material, fluid-filled chambers or other non-foam structures may form a majority of some midsole configurations. 
     Midsoles tend to optimize support and cushioning comfort for a wearer when walking or running. The forces acting on the midsole during these activities tend to be directed vertically and in a forward and aft direction relative to the article of footwear. Midsoles are designed to return predictable and consistent cushioning comfort and support when encountering these forces. 
     Side-to-side or “banking” movement, particularly among athletes like football, basketball and tennis players, is common. Usually, it is desirable for athletes to quickly change his or her side-to-side direction when banking. An athlete&#39;s performance is negatively affected if the midsole and outsole of a shoe wraps around the foot during aggressive side-to-side movements. This shoe phenomenon is called “tube socking” or “toweling”. 
     SUMMARY 
     Substantially incompressible support structures, e.g. plates, may be added to sole structures of articles of footwear in order to modify various physical properties of the footwear. For example, a midsole may be formed of a soft polymer foam material, and a plate may be attached to, recessed in, or otherwise located on the underside of the midsole in the forefoot medial region. The plate may be formed of a material that is more rigid and/or less compressible than material forming the midsole. 
     Other systems, methods, features, and examples will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure may be better understood with reference to the following drawings and description. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale. Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views. 
         FIG.  1    is a lateral side elevational view of an article of footwear. 
         FIG.  2    is a medial side elevational view of the article of footwear. 
         FIG.  3    defines a generic footwear sole shape. 
         FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  identify regions and bones of the human foot. 
         FIG.  5    is a bottom view of a midsole of a sole structure of an article of footwear. 
         FIG.  5 A  is a perspective view of the plate in  FIG.  5   . 
         FIG.  6    is a bottom view of another example midsole of a sole structure of an article of footwear. 
         FIG.  6 A  is a perspective view of the plates in  FIG.  6   . 
         FIG.  7 A  is a perspective view of an example plate having a medial wrap. 
         FIG.  7 B  is a side view of an article of footwear having the plate of  FIG.  7 A  attached to an outsole. 
         FIG.  7 C  is a side view of an article of footwear having the plate of  FIG.  7 A  attached between a midsole and an outsole. 
         FIG.  7 D  is a bottom view of an article of footwear having the plate of  FIG.  7 A  attached between a midsole and an outsole as depicted in  FIG.  7 C . 
         FIG.  7 E  is a side view of an article of footwear having the plate of  FIG.  7 A  attached between the insole and the midsole. 
         FIG.  8 A  depicts the effect of “tube socking” on the angle of contact between a footwear midsole and the ground during banking. 
         FIG.  8 B  depicts the effect of adding a plate to the midsole of  FIG.  8 A  on the angle of contact between a footwear midsole and the ground during banking. 
         FIG.  9    is a bottom view of another example midsole of a sole structure of an article of footwear. 
         FIG.  9 A  is a perspective view of the plate having rails in  FIG.  9   . 
         FIG.  10 A  is a perspective view of an example plate having extended rails with even spacing between rails, 
         FIG.  10 B  is a perspective view of an example plate having extended rails with uneven spacing between rails. 
         FIG.  10 C  is a perspective view of an example plate having two extended rails and a separate plate with one extended rail. 
         FIG.  11    is a bottom view of another example midsole of a sole structure of an article of footwear. 
         FIG.  11 A  is a perspective view of narrow plates having rails in  FIG.  10   . 
         FIG.  12 A  is a perspective view of an example plate having extended rails of different widths. 
         FIG.  12 B  is a perspective view of an example plate having extended rails of different lengths. 
         FIGS.  13 A-I  depict exemplary rail shapes. 
         FIG.  14    depict layered structure of pressed 3-D printed inserts. 
         FIGS.  15 A- 15 B  depict tensile coupons and  FIGS.  15 C-D  depict flex coupons. 
         FIGS.  16 A- 16 D  depict flex results of pressed and unpressed coupons. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following discussion and accompanying figures disclose various configurations of sole structures. Concepts associated with the sole structures may be applied to a wide range of athletic footwear styles, including basketball shoes, cross-training shoes, football shoes, golf shoes, hiking shoes and boots, ski and snowboarding boots, soccer shoes, tennis shoes, and walking shoes, for example. Concepts associated with the sole structures may also be utilized with footwear styles that are generally considered to be non-athletic, including dress shoes, loafers, and sandals. 
     General Footwear Structure 
     An article of footwear  110  is depicted in  FIGS.  1  and  2    as including an upper  120  and a sole structure  130 . For reference purposes, footwear  110  may be divided into three general regions: a forefoot region  111 , a midfoot region  112 , and a heel region  113 , as shown in  FIG.  1   . Footwear  110  also includes a lateral side  114  and a medial side  115 . Forefoot region  111  generally includes portions of footwear  110  corresponding with the toes and the joints connecting the metatarsals with the phalanges. Midfoot region  112  generally includes portions of footwear  110  corresponding with the arch area of the foot. Heel region  113  generally includes portions of footwear  110  corresponding with rear portions of the foot, including the calcaneus bone. Lateral side  114  and medial side  115  extend through each of regions  111 - 113  and correspond with opposite sides of footwear  110 . 
     Regions  111 - 113  and sides  114 - 115  are not intended to demarcate precise areas of footwear  110 . Rather, regions  111 - 113  and sides  114 - 115  are intended to represent general areas of footwear  110  to aid in the following discussion. In addition to footwear  110 , regions  111 - 113  and sides  114 - 115  may also be discussed with respect to the individual elements thereof, such as upper  120  and sole structure  130 , and to the foot itself. 
     Upper  120  is depicted as having a substantially conventional configuration incorporating a variety of material elements (e.g., textile, foam, leather, and synthetic leather) that are stitched or adhesively bonded together to form an interior void for securely and comfortably receiving a foot. The material elements may be selected and located with respect to upper  120  in order to selectively impart properties of durability, air-permeability, wear-resistance, flexibility, and comfort, for example. An ankle opening  121  in heel region  113  provides access to the interior void. In addition, upper  120  may include a lace  122  that is utilized in a conventional manner to modify the dimensions of the interior void, thereby securing the foot within the interior void and facilitating entry and removal of the foot from the interior void. Lace  122  may extend through apertures in upper  120 , and a tongue portion of upper  120  may extend between the interior void and lace  122 . 
     Given that various aspects of the present application primarily relate to sole structure  130 , upper  120  may exhibit the general configuration discussed above or the general configuration of practically any other conventional or nonconventional upper. Accordingly, the overall structure of upper  120  may vary significantly. 
     Sole structure  130  is secured to upper  120  and has a configuration that extends between upper  120  and the ground. In effect, therefore, sole structure  130  is located to extend between the foot and the ground. In addition to attenuating ground reaction forces (i.e., providing cushioning for the foot), sole structure  130  may provide traction, impart stability, and limit various foot motions, such as pronation. 
     The primary elements of sole structure  130  are a midsole  131  and an outsole  132 . Midsole  131  may include a fluid-filled chamber. In addition, midsole  131  may incorporate one or more additional footwear elements that enhance the comfort, performance, or ground reaction force attenuation properties of footwear  110 , including a polymer foam material, such as polyurethane or ethylvinylacetate, plates, moderators, lasting elements, or motion control members. Outsole  132 , which may be absent in some configurations of footwear  110 , is secured to a lower surface of midsole  131  and may be formed from a rubber material that provides a durable and wear-resistant surface for engaging the ground. In addition, outsole  132  may also be textured to enhance the traction (i.e., friction) properties between footwear  110  and the ground. 
     Sole structure  130  may also incorporate an insole or sockliner that is located within the void in upper  120  and adjacent (i.e., located nearby or close to, although not necessarily in contact with) a plantar surface or lower surface of the foot to enhance the comfort of footwear  110 . A plate may be operably received within or below the midsole to improve support. 
     In general, a footwear sole structure shape may have a heel region, a midfoot region, and a forefoot region, a heel end at a rear-most part of the heel region, a toe end at a forward-most part of the forefoot region, a medial side, and a lateral side. The heel region may be narrower than a central portion of the forefoot region. A path from the heel end to the toe that remains generally equidistant from the medial and lateral sides may have a gentle curve toward the medial side. The forefoot region may have a rounded taper toward the toe end. Optionally the shape may be pinched inward on the medial and/or lateral sides in the midfoot region. A non-limiting example of a generic footwear sole shape is shown in  FIG.  3   . 
     In accordance with aspects of the invention described in more detail below, the sole structure may further contain a substantially incompressible support structure such as a plate to stiffen the medial side of the shoe&#39;s forefoot about the long axis. The support structure may be positioned or wedged between the outsole  132  and the midsole  131 , the midsole  131  and an insole, or the outsole  132  and the insole if no midsole is present. 
     Shoe elements can be described based on regions and/or anatomical structures of a human foot wearing that shoe, and by assuming that the interior of the shoe generally conforms to and is otherwise properly sized for the wearing foot.  FIG.  4 A  shows outlines of bones in a human right foot  1  from a dorsal, or top, view. Those bones are the first distal phalanx  2 , the first proximal phalanx  3 , the first metatarsal  4 , the second distal phalanx  5 , the second middle phalanx  6 , the second proximal phalanx  7 , the second metatarsal  8 , the third distal phalanx  9 , the third middle phalanx  10 , the third proximal phalanx  11 , the third metatarsal  12 , the fourth distal phalanx  13 , the fourth middle phalanx  14 , the fourth proximal phalanx  15 , the fourth metatarsal  16 , the fifth distal phalanx  17 , the fifth middle phalanx  18 , the fifth proximal phalanx  19 , the fifth metatarsal  20 , the medial cuneiform  21 , the intermediate cuneiform  22 , the lateral cuneiform  23 , the navicular  24 , the cuboid  25 , the talus  26 , and the calcaneus  27 .  FIG.  4 B  is a medial side view of bones in foot  1 . Also shown in  FIG.  4 B  are portions of the two lower leg bones: the tibia  28  and the fibula  29 . These lower leg bones are movably attached to the talus  26 . The exact shape and size of the bones in a foot will vary from individual to individual, and  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  are merely intended as convenient general references. 
     A forefoot region of a foot includes the heads and bodies of the metatarsals  4 ,  8 ,  12 ,  16 , and  20 , as well as the phalanges  2 ,  3 ,  5 - 7 ,  9 - 11 ,  13 - 15 , and  17 - 19 . A forefoot element of a shoe is an element having one or more portions located under, over, to the lateral and/or medial side of, and/or in front of a wearer&#39;s forefoot (or portion thereof) when the shoe is worn. A midfoot region of a foot includes the cuboid  25 , navicular  24 , and cuneiforms  21 - 23 , as well as the bases of the metatarsals  4 ,  8 ,  12 ,  16 , and  20 . A midfoot element of a shoe is an element having one or more portions located under, over, and/or to the lateral and/or medial side of a wearer&#39;s midfoot (or portion thereof) when the shoe is worn. A hindfoot region of a foot includes the talus  26  and calcaneus  27 . A hindfoot element of a shoe is an element having one or more portions located under, to the lateral and/or medial side of, and/or behind a wearer&#39;s hindfoot (or portion thereof) when the shoe is worn. The forefoot region may overlap with the midfoot region, as may the midfoot and hindfoot regions. 
     Unless indicated otherwise, a longitudinal axis refers to a horizontal heel-toe axis along the center of the foot that is roughly parallel to a line along the second metatarsal and second phalanges. A transverse axis refers to a horizontal axis across the foot that is generally perpendicular to a longitudinal axis. A longitudinal direction is generally parallel to a longitudinal axis. A transverse direction is generally parallel to a transverse axis. 
     The metatarsophalangeal joints of a human foot are the joints between the metatarsal heads and the proximal phalanges. A first metatarsophalangeal joint  31  connects the first proximal phalanx  3  and the head of first metatarsal  4 . A second metatarsophalangeal joint  32  connects the second proximal phalanx  7  and the head of second metatarsal  8 . A third metatarsophalangeal joint  33  connects the third proximal phalanx  11  and the head of third metatarsal  12 . A fourth metatarsophalangeal joint  34  connects the fourth proximal phalanx  15  and the head of fourth metatarsal  16 . A fifth metatarsophalangeal joint  35  connects the fifth proximal phalanx  19  and the head of fifth metatarsal  20 . 
     Support Structure Configuration 
     A substantially incompressible support structure may be used in the footwear to stiffen the medial side of the shoe&#39;s forefoot about the long axis. Substantially incompressible is defined herein as wherein the material resists compression when a force is applied during expected use of the footwear. The support structure may be positioned or wedged between the outsole and the midsole, the midsole and the insole, or the outsole and the insole if no midsole is present. The midsole or insole may have a cavity or recess therein in which the support structure may be placed so as to be flush with the surface of the midsole or insole. Further, the support structure may be embedded within the midsole, for example, within a pocket formed within the midsole. For ease of discussion, the application will be discussed in terms of the support structure being attached to or recessed in the midsole. 
     The substantially incompressible support structure minimizes the ability of the medial forefoot region of the midsole to bend, thus holding the midsole flat in such region. The support structure may extend from a medial edge of the midsole to at least a longitudinal center line of the midsole, for example, the support structure may extend across at least sixty percent, at least seventy percent, at least eighty percent, at least ninety percent, and up to one hundred percent of the distance from the medial edge of the midsole toward the lateral edge of the midsole. In some examples, a support structure generally does not extend more than ninety percent of the distance from the medial edge of the midsole toward the lateral edge of the midsole. 
     In footwear, referencing the foot, the support structure may be positioned in the footwear so as to be under at least portions of the first proximal phalanx  3 , the first metatarsal  4  including the first metatarsophalangeal joint  31 , the second metatarsal  8 , and the third metatarsal  12 . The support structure may be further positioned under at least a portion of the fourth metatarsal  16 , and/or at least portions of the second metatarsophalangeal joint  32 , second proximal phalanx  7 , the third metatarsophalangeal joint  33 , the third proximal phalanx  11 , the fourth metatarsophalangeal joint  34 , and/or the fourth proximal phalanx  15 . 
     It is believe that such support structure keeps a soft foam midsole flatter during side-to-side or lateral movements such as banking and reduce the “tube sock” effect. Such support structure provides larger average lateral forces and shorter ground contact times during lateral movements. This method of keeping the midsole flat may allow for the use of softer foams while maintaining stability and containment, may improve the containment of the upper, and may improve traction by increasing the contact area between the outsole and ground. 
     The support structure may be adhered to or otherwise anchored to the midsole. Suitable adhesives include, but are not limited to glues, cements, epoxies, pastes. Other means to anchor to the midsole include, but are not limited to, fasteners such as, rivets. An outsole may be attached to the midsole, covering all or any part of exposed support structure. 
     The substantially incompressible support structure may be a plate or multiple plates, for example at least two plates or at least three plates. The plate(s) is/are attached to a top or bottom surface of a midsole foam, recessed into the top or bottom surface of the midsole foam, or embedded within the midsole foam. 
       FIG.  5    is a bottom view of an example midsole  531  of an article of footwear incorporating a plate  540  in the forefoot region  111 . The plate  540  has a first side  542  and a second side  544 . As depicted, first side  542  is positioned on medial side  515  of footwear  510  and second side  544  is positioned on lateral side  514  of footwear  510 . In one aspect, first side  542  of plate  540  is positioned adjacent to a medial peripheral edge  536  of midsole  531  and second side  544  is positioned inward from lateral peripheral edge  537  of midsole  531 . Plate  540  may be attached to the surface of, or recessed within, the midsole  531 .  FIG.  5 A  is a perspective view of plate  540 . Plate  540  may be attached to the upper or lower surface of the midsole (where the midsole upper surface could be attached to Strobel or other lasting element, or may form interior bottom surface of shoe (e.g., if upper attached only at edges of midsole.) 
     Plate  540  may be a single piece support structure having at least one, at least two, or at least three sipes or slits. Such sipes extend from a point at or near the medial side of the plate to the lateral side of the plate. For example, as shown in  FIG.  5 A , plate  540  has sipes  546 . The sipes allow for fore-to-rear foot flexibility while remaining stiff laterally. The sipes are depicted as lines, but may be waves or undulations or the like. 
     The length and width of the plate depends on the size of the shoe. As a non-limiting example, a U.S. size 10 adult male shoe may have a plate that is approximately 2 inches long and approximately 2 to 3 inches wide. 
       FIG.  6    is a bottom view of an example midsole  631  of an article of footwear incorporating a plate  640  in the forefoot region  111 . Plates  640  each have a first side  642  and a second side  644 . As depicted, first sides  642  are positioned on medial side  615  of footwear  610  and second sides  644  are positioned on the lateral side  614  of footwear  610 . In one aspect, first sides  642  of plates  640  are positioned adjacent to a medial peripheral edge  636  of midsole  631  and second sides  644  are positioned inward from lateral peripheral edge  637  of midsole  631 . Plates  640  may be attached to the surface of, or recessed within, midsole  631 .  FIG.  6 A  is a perspective view of plates  640 . 
     Additionally, while plates  540  and  640  are depicted in  FIGS.  5 - 6    as layer(s) of uniformly thick material, plates  540  and  640  may in some configurations have a non-uniform thickness, i.e., a thickness of a plates  540  and  640  may vary between portions of plates  540  and  640 . For example, in various configurations, first sides  542  and  642 , second sides  544  and  644 , or both may taper to their respective edges. 
       FIGS.  5 - 6    depict plate  540  and collectively plates  640  as having overall substantially trapezoidal configurations. However other overall configurations may be suitable such as rectangles. 
     Plates  540  and  640  may be formed from or may otherwise include any of a variety of materials that are generally more rigid than the polymer foam material of the midsole including metal, plastic, or composite. For example, plates  540  and  640  may be formed from a polyester material such as a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Other materials that may also be used for plates  540  and  640  include: an injection-molding-grade thermoplastic or thermoset polymer material; a composite material, such as a fiber-reinforced polymer material, or carbon fiber material; an engineered textile with a fused adhesive skin; or a multi-material laminate structure. The material and thickness of plates  540  and  640  may accordingly allow the support and cushioning to be optimized for a particular activity, or type of athlete. Generally, the plate may be as thin as possible while still providing the desired rigid support, e.g., less than 10 mm. For example, thickness may range from 1 mm to 8 mm, from 1 mm to 6 mm, from 1 to 5 mm, or 1 to 4 mm. 
     Plates  540  and  640  do not interfere with normal cushioning and support offered by the polymer foam of midsoles  531  and  631  respectively, thereby allowing substantially symmetric medio-lateral support and cushioning during such activities as standing, walking, or running. 
     Although midsoles  531  and  631  are depicted in  FIGS.  5 - 6    as only including a polymer foam material and plates  540  and  640 , midsole  131  may include other features, such as other types of plates, moderators, fluid-filled chambers, lasting elements, or motion control members. 
       FIG.  7 A  is a view of plate  740 . Similar to plate  540 , plate  740  has sipes  746  on the lateral side  744  which allow for fore-to-rear foot flexibility. In this aspect, medial side  742  extends upward to wrap upward the medial side of the midsole.  FIG.  7 B  shows a medial side view of footwear having an midsole  731  (which also serves as an outsole in this aspect) showing the medial side of plate  740  extending to wrap upward the medial side of the midsole. The medial side  742  may wrap up a portion of, or the entirety of, the medial side of the outsole or wrap further up over part of the upper. Plate  740  may be formed and configured as described above for plates  540 . 
       FIG.  7 C  shows a medial side view of footwear having an outsole  750 , a midsole  731 , and an upper  760 , and a plate  740  positioned between outsole  750  and midsole  731 . The medial side of plate  740  extending to wrap upward the medial side of the midsole  731 . The medial side  742  may wrap up a portion of, or the entirety of, the medial side of the midsole or wrap further up over part of the upper  760 . Plate  740  may be formed and configured as described above for plates  540 .  FIG.  7 D  depicts the bottom view of the footwear of  FIG.  7 C  having an outsole  731  with the plate  740  positioned between outsole  750  and midsole  731 . 
       FIG.  7 E  shows a medial side view of footwear having an outsole  750 , a midsole  731 , and an upper  760 , and a plate  740  positioned between midsole  731  and upper  760 . The medial side of plate  740  extending to wrap upward the medial side of the upper  760 . 
       FIG.  8 A  illustrates the effect of “tube socking” on the angle of contact α between a footwear midsole and the ground during banking e.g., pushing off to the side from a medial of the foot.  FIG.  8 B  illustrates the effect of adding a plate to the midsole of  FIG.  8 A  on the angle of contact β between a footwear midsole and the ground during banking. Angle β is a smaller angle of contact than angle α. A banking force may have both a downward or vertical component as well as a lateral or side-to-side component. Midsoles  531 ,  631 ,  731  and plates  540 ,  640 ,  740  positioned as described provide unique support properties during banking to prevent or reduce the effect of “tube socking”.  FIG.  8 A  and  FIG.  8 B  are shown without an outsole for illustration purposes. The described support properties afforded by the plates occur with an outsole in place. 
       FIG.  9    depicts an aspect of footwear  910  incorporating a plate  940  in the forefoot region  111  of midsole  931 . The plate  940  has a first side  942  and a second side  944 . As depicted, first side  942  is positioned on medial side  915  of footwear  910  and second side  944  is positioned on lateral side  914  of footwear  910 . In one aspect, first side  942  of plate  940  is positioned adjacent to a medial peripheral edge  936  of midsole  931  and positioned inward from lateral peripheral edge  937  of midsole  931 . Plate  940  may be attached to the surface of, or recessed within, the midsole  931 .  FIG.  9 A  is a perspective view of plate  940 . Plate  940  may be attached to the upper or lower surface of the midsole (where the upper surface is attached to an inner and a lower surface is attached to an outsole.) Plate  940  may be formed and configured as described above for plates  540 . 
     The plate  940  may be a single piece support structure having at least one, at least two, or at least three rails. Such rails extend from a point at or near the medial side of the plate to the lateral side of the plate. For example, as shown in  FIG.  9 A , plate  940  has rails  946 . Fore-to-rear foot flexibility is permitted between the rails while allowing the footwear to remain stiff laterally. The rails may be spaced apart in an evenly or unevenly and may be parallel to each other or at an angle to each other. The rails may be the same length and width or may be of different lengths and/or widths. 
       FIG.  10 A  depicts rails spaced in an even manner whereas  FIG.  10 B  depicts rails spaced in an uneven manner. Further  FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  show that the rails may extend off the plate such that the rails  1046  may wrap upward around the footwear.  FIG.  10 C  depicts two rails on one plate and one rail on a narrower plate. Any excess rail portions may be cut off. 
       FIG.  11    depicts another aspect footwear  1110  as incorporating multiple narrow plates with rails  1140  that are positioned adjacent each other in forefoot region  111 . The plates  1140  each have a first side  1142  and a second side  1144 . As depicted, first sides  1142  are positioned on medial side  1115  of footwear  1110  and second sides  1144  are positioned on the lateral side  1114  of footwear  1110 . Plates  1140  are adjacent to a medial peripheral edge  1136  of midsole  1131  and spaced inward from lateral peripheral edge  1137  of midsole  1131 . Plates  1140  may be attached to the surface of, or recessed within, midsole  1031 .  FIG.  11 A  is a perspective view of plates  1140 . Plate  1140  may be formed and configured as described above for plates  640 . 
     The rails may be any suitable, shape, length and width. The rails may be of the same shape, length and width or the rails may differ by one or more of shape, length and width.  FIG.  12 A  shows two wide rails with a narrower rail positioned between the wider rails.  FIG.  12    B depicts rails of various lengths. 
     Likewise the rails may be of any suitable shape such as, but not limited to, the rails depicted in  FIGS.  13 A-I . 
     The rails and plates may be prepared with carbon fiber or substantially incompressible plastics wrapped with carbon fiber. If rails have a length that extend up a side of the footwear, all or part of the portion of the rails that extend upwardly may be made of plastic without the carbon fiber. For example, only a portion of the rails that are attached to a plate may be wrapped with carbon fiber. The rails may be flexible to accommodate flexing of the midsole. The rails may be of any suitable thickness. They may taper at one or more ends. 
     The rails may be made in any suitable manner such as by 3D printing and then shaped by heating. The heating step may provide a gluing effect. 
     The examples which follow are intended as an illustration of certain preferred embodiments of the invention, and no limitation of the invention is implied. 
     Example 1 
     Athletes tested and compared a control shoe having a midsole and a shoe having a plated midsole. See illustrated comparison of results using non-plated midsole of  FIG.  8 A  and plated midsole of  FIG.  8 B . Stiffening the medial ⅔ of the shoe&#39;s forefoot about the long axis appeared to keep a soft foam midsole flatter during lateral movements and reduced the “tube sock” effect (i.e. how much a shoe wraps around the foot). 
     Both midsoles were made of the same soft foam. The plated midsole shoe had the addition of a carbon fiber insert on the medial ⅔ of the forefoot. The carbon fiber forefoot insert was very stiff when bent about the long axis of the shoe (in the frontal plane), but was cut to reduce stiffness about the medial-lateral axis (in the sagittal plane). The plate extended ⅔ of the distance from the medial to lateral side to allow the foot to hold the plate down without increasing pressured under the 5th metatarsal. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B , the plated midsole with the carbon fiber insert remained flatter relative to the ground during a “high-effort” shuttle cut than the control shoe. The medial forefoot portion of the control shoe lifted higher from the glass force platform during the shuttle cut, particularly during the large decelerations and accelerations of the body. The foot did not protrude as far over the lateral portion of the midsole in the control shoe, possibly due to the midsole deformation (i.e. the shoe wrapped around the foot more). With the carbon fiber insert, the upper appeared to have larger upper deformations and the foot slid further over the lateral side of the midsole. In addition, data collected during the shuttle cuts indicated that these athletes may have cut faster in the plated shoe than in the control while entering and exiting at comparable speeds. 
     Example 2 
     Flat 3D printed inserts containing plastic and carbon layers were made using a 3D printer 3D printing material. Carbon layers were sandwiched between the plastic layers. The inserts were then molded to form a 90° edge similar to  FIG.  7 A . Microscopy analysis was performed pre and post molding. Processing temperatures were select based on melt temperature of the plastic material (˜180° C.). The quality of the carbon fiber layers improved upon post molding as can be seen in  FIG.  14   . Forming the insert at temperatures (210° C.) above the melt temperature (180° C.) greatly reduced the amount of porosity and voids present in the parts. The right figure shows the cut sample with fibers end on, and the left figure shows the length of the fibers. 
     Example 3 
     To quantify the impact of quality improvement, tensile and flex coupons were printed per ASTM D3039 and D790 respectively. The coupon layups are shown in the tables below and dimensions and fiber direction details are shown in  FIGS.  15 A- 15 D . Prior to testing, half the coupons were pressed at 210° C. and 2 tons of pressure. 
     Coupon 1: 0° Tensile Coupons—per ASTM D3039 type A. See  FIG.  15 A . 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 0° Tensile Coupons - Layup 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Layer 
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
               
               
                 Layer # 
                 Material 
                 (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 16 
                 plastic 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 15 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 14 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 13 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 12 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 11 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 10 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 9 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 8 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 7 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 6 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 5 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 4 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 3 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 2 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 1 
                 plastic 
                 0.127 
               
               
                   
                 total thickness 
                 2.032 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Coupon 2: 90° Tensile Coupons—per ASTM D3039 type B. See  FIG.  15 B . 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 90° Tensile Coupons - Layup 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Layer 
               
               
                 Layer 
                   
                 thickness 
               
               
                 # 
                 Material 
                 (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 plastic 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 7 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 6 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 5 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 4 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 3 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 2 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 1 
                 plastic 
                 0.127 
               
               
                   
                 total thickness 
                 1.016 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Coupons 3 and 4: Dimensions of 0° and 90° Tensile Coupons—per ASTM D790 See  FIG.  15 C  and  FIG.  15 D . 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 0° and 90° Flex Coupons - Layup 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Layer 
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
               
               
                 Layer # 
                 Material 
                 (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 16 
                 plastic 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 15 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 14 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 13 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 12 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 11 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 10 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 9 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 8 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 7 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 6 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 5 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 4 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 3 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 2 
                 carbon 
                 0.127 
               
               
                 1 
                 plastic 
                 0.127 
               
               
                   
                 total thickness 
                 2.032 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Flex Results per ASTM D790 are shown in  FIGS.  16 A-D . There was an approximately 200% increase in 0° flex properties when pressed and greater than 150% increase in 90° flex properties when pressed. The pressed coupons were thinner, so improvement in properties is likely due to improved quality and reduced cross-sectional area. 
     In one aspect, the present invention includes a sole structure for an article of footwear including:
         a midsole having forefoot, midfoot, and heel regions, the midsole having a front edge in the forefoot region;   a support plate located on an underside of the midsole on a medial forefoot side of the midsole and extending from a medial edge of the midsole to at least a longitudinal center line of the midsole, wherein a lateral edge of the support plate is located medially of the lateral edge of the midsole;   wherein the support plate contains at least one sipe or groove extending laterally across the midsole to provide flexibility in a forefoot-to-heel direction of the midsole; and   wherein the support plate is substantially incompressible;   wherein a front edge of the support plate is located rearward of the front edge of the midsole in a toe region; and a rear edge of the support plate is located forward of the midfoot region.       

     Further aspects may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: The support plate may contain at least two sipes or grooves extending laterally across the midsole to provide flexibility in a forefoot-to-heel direction of the midsole. The support plate may be positioned adjacent the medial edge of the midsole. The support plate may wrap around the medial edge and upward on an outside medial wall of the midsole. The support plate may be recessed into the midsole. The support plate may extend across at least sixty percent or at least seventy percent of a distance from the medial edge of the midsole toward the lateral edge of the midsole. The support plate further has a tapered edge located proximal to the lateral edge of the midsole. The support plate may have a thickness of less than 10 mm. The support plate may be adhered to the midsole. 
     In another aspect, the present invention includes a sole structure for an article of footwear including:
         a midsole having forefoot, midfoot, and heel regions, the midsole having a front edge in the forefoot region;   at least two support plates located on an underside of the midsole on a medial forefoot side of the midsole and extending from a medial edge of the midsole to at least a longitudinal center line of the midsole, wherein a lateral edge of each plate is located medially of the lateral edge of the midsole;   wherein the at least two support plates are positioned such that adjacent sides extend laterally across the midsole to provide flexibility in a forefoot-to-heel direction of the midsole; and   wherein the at least two support plates are substantially incompressible;   wherein a front edge of a first plate is located rearward of the front edge of the midsole in a toe region; and a rear edge of a second plate is located forward of the midfoot region.       

     Further aspects may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: The at least two support plates may have three support plates positioned such that adjacent sides extend laterally across the midsole to provide flexibility in a forefoot-to-heel direction of the midsole, wherein a third plate is positioned between the first plate and second plate. The at least two support plates may be positioned adjacent the medial edge of the midsole. At least one of the at least two support plates may wrap around the medial edge and upward on an outside medial wall of the midsole. At least two support plates may be recessed into the midsole. At least one of the at least two support plates may extend across at least sixty percent or at least seventy percent of a distance from the medial edge of the midsole toward the lateral edge of the midsole. At least one of the at least two support plates may further have a tapered edge located proximal to the lateral edge of the midsole. The at least two support plates may have a thickness of less than 10 mm. The at least two support plates may be adhered to the midsole. 
     In another aspect, the present invention includes a sole structure for an article of footwear including:
         a midsole having forefoot, midfoot, and heel regions, the midsole having a front edge in the forefoot region;   at least one support plate having an upper surface and a lower surface and located on an underside of the midsole on a medial forefoot side of the midsole and a length of the support plate extending from a medial edge of the midsole to at least a longitudinal center line of the midsole, wherein a lateral edge of the support plate is located medially of the lateral edge of the midsole;   wherein the lower surface of the support comprises at least one rail having a length extending at least from a point at or near the medial edge of the support plate to the lateral edge of the support plate, wherein the at least one rail has a width narrower than a corresponding width of the support plate;   wherein the support plate is substantially incompressible;   wherein a front edge of the support plate is located rearward of the front edge of the midsole in a toe region; and a rear edge of the support plate is located forward of the midfoot region.       

     Further aspects may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: The lower surface of the at least one support plate includes at least two rails, each having a length extending at least from a point at or near the medial edge of the support plate to the lateral edge of the support plate, wherein each rail has a width narrower than a corresponding width of the support plate; the at least two rails having the same width or different widths and the same length or different lengths. The lower surface of the at least one support plate includes at least three rails, each having a length extending at least from a point at or near the medial edge of the support plate to the lateral edge of the support plate, wherein each rail has a width narrower than a corresponding width of the support plate; the at least three rails having the same width or different widths and the same length or different lengths, the rails spaced apart from each other evenly or unevenly. 
     The at least one plate may include at least first and second support plates located on an underside of the midsole on a medial forefoot side of the midsole and extending from a medial edge of the midsole to at least a longitudinal center line of the midsole, wherein a lateral edge of each plate is located medially of the lateral edge of the midsole; wherein the first and second support plates are positioned such that adjacent sides extend laterally across the midsole to provide flexibility in a forefoot-to-heel direction of the midsole. The first support plate may include at least a first rail extending from a point at or near the medial edge of the first support plate to the lateral edge of the first support plate, wherein the second support plate comprises at least a second rail extending from a point at or near the medial edge of the second support plate to the lateral edge of the second support plate. The first support plate may include at least two rails extending from a point at or near the medial edge of the first support plate to the lateral edge of the first support plate, the at least two rails having the same width or different widths and the same length or different lengths. 
     The at least one rail may wrap around the medial edge and upward on an outside medial wall of the midsole. The at least one support plate may be recessed into the midsole. The at least one support plate may extend across at least sixty percent or at least seventy percent of a distance from the medial edge of the midsole toward the lateral edge of the midsole. The at least one support plate may have a tapered edge located proximal to the lateral edge of the midsole. 
     The at least one support plate has a thickness of less than 10 mm. The at least one support plate may be adhered to the midsole. The at least one rail may be adhered to the support plate. 
     Any of the sole structures defined herein may have a ground-engaging outsole attached to a bottom of the midsole wherein the support plate(s) is/are between the midsole and the outsole. Any of the aspects may be part of an article of footwear having an upper forming an interior void; and a sole structure as defined herein attached to the upper. 
     The foregoing has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit embodiments to the precise forms described above, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. The examples discussed herein were chosen and described in order to explain the principles and the nature of various embodiments and their practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the present disclosure in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Any and all combinations, subcombinations and permutations of features from herein-described embodiments are the within the scope of the disclosure. In the claims, a reference to a potential or intended wearer or a user of a component does not require actual wearing or using of the component or the presence of the wearer or user as part of the claim.