Patent Publication Number: US-2023160608-A1

Title: Systems and Methods for Shielding Falling Particles within a Solar Thermal Falling Particle Receiver

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application No. Ser. 15/981,363, filed on May 16, 2018, entitled “Systems and Methods for Shielding Falling Particles within a Solar Thermal Falling Particle Receiver,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/508,201, filed on May 18, 2017, entitled “Systems and Methods for Shielding Falling Particles within A Solar Thermal Falling Particle Receiver,” both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST 
     The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-NA0003525 between the United State Department of Energy and National Technology &amp; Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, for the operation of the Sandia National Laboratories. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure is generally directed to concentrating solar power receivers, and more particularly to solar receivers including shielding members for particle receivers to mitigate the negative impacts of external wind and internal convection on particle and heat losses through the aperture of the cavity receiver. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A popular design of concentrating solar power (CSP) systems use mirrors to concentrate and direct sunlight to the top of a tower where a CSP receiver collects energy by heating a heat transfer fluid, such as a molten salt or water/steam. The fluid may be used to drive an engine connected to an electrical power generator or store energy for later use. Within the field of CSP, there is interest in using falling solid particles as the heat transfer medium, as opposed to steam or molten salt, because high melting point (MP) particles, such as those with MPs greater than 1000° C. may be used. Recent testing has shown that a significant amount of particles can be lost through the solar receiver&#39;s aperture (the aperture is the opening in the receiver where the concentrated sunlight is focused) due to wind currents, air entrainment, and convection within the receiver. 
     A need remains for methods and systems that can shield the falling particles of a falling particle receiver from wind and reduce particle and heat losses through the aperture. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods that shield falling particles within a falling particle receiver from wind and reduce particle and heat losses through the aperture. 
     According to embodiments of the disclosure, a falling particle receiver is disclosed that includes a housing comprising an aperture having a border surrounding the aperture, the aperture for receiving concentrated solar energy into an interior space of the housing and one or more structures attached to and protruding from the housing proximate to the aperture. 
     In other embodiments of the disclosure, a falling particle receiver is disclosed that includes a housing comprising an aperture having a border surrounding the aperture, the aperture for receiving concentrated solar energy, and one or more structures across the aperture. 
     In other embodiments of the disclosure, a falling particle receiver is disclosed that includes a housing comprising an aperture having a border surrounding the aperture, the aperture for receiving concentrated solar energy into an interior space of the housing, and one or more baffles attached to corresponding one or more interior surfaces of the housing. 
     One advantage of this disclosure is providing a falling particle receiver that improves heat transfer to the falling particles by reducing convective and radiative heat losses via the use of the wind deflectors. 
     Another advantage of this disclosure is the mitigation of wind effects on particle flow through the cavity receiver to enable a more stable particle flow to reduce particle dispersion and increase the opacity of the particle curtain. 
     Another advantage of this disclosure is the mitigation of particle loss through the aperture. 
     Another advantage of this disclosure is the mitigation of heat loss through the aperture. 
     Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are hereby incorporated into the specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for illustrating one or more preferred embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings: 
         FIG.  1 A  illustrates a falling particle receiver according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  1 B  is a side cut-away view of the falling particle receiver of  FIG.  1 A . 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a falling particle receiver according to another embodiment of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods to mitigate the effects of wind on particle and heat loss through the aperture. In various embodiments, the systems include devices that include one or more structures including wind deflectors attached to the outside of the receiver, panels covering or partially covering the receiver aperture, which will hereafter simply be referred to as “aperture,” and panels or baffles attached inside the receiver. In an embodiment, imagers and/or sensors may be used to adjust deflectors and panels in real-time to compensate for different wind directions and speeds. Structures may be opaque, transparent or reflective. As used herein, the term “reflective” is defined as having a solar reflectance greater than 50% of the incident radiation. In an embodiment, the surface may be a mirrored surface. As used herein, the term “transparent” is defined as having a solar transmittance of greater than 80% of the incident radiation. 
     The systems and methods mitigate wind effects on the particle flow through the cavity receiver. Previous studies have shown that external wind can disrupt the falling particle curtain and decrease the opacity and solar absorption of the particle curtain. The systems and methods further reduce the loss of particles through the aperture. Previous studies have shown that external wind can cause particles to be sucked or blown out the aperture. The systems and methods also mitigate heat loss through the aperture. By reducing external wind flow into and out of the aperture, convective heat loss can be reduced. In addition, the use of transparent coverings over the aperture using quartz windows or segmented tubes will reduce the thermal (infrared) radiation loss. For example, by using a quartz covering over the aperture, quartz having a transmission cutoff at around 3 microns, thermal radiation loss can be reduced. 
     In an embodiment, deflectors attached around and proximate to the aperture to mitigate the effects of wind on particle and heat loss through the aperture. In an embodiment, one or more deflectors may be used. In an embodiment, the deflectors may include a reflective surface to reflect solar spillage (light that would miss the aperture) back toward the aperture. As such, the wind deflectors can act as a secondary concentrator to further heat the particles falling through the cavity. 
     In an embodiment, an aperture cover may be placed over or partially over the aperture to mitigate particle and/or heat loss. The cover may be transparent and formed of a high temperature material, such as, but not limited to quartz glass or silicon carbide. In an embodiment, the cover may include two or more segments that partially cover the aperture. In an embodiment, the segments may be flat, curved (concave or convex), wavy or of another shape that is wind blocking and/or light transparent or focusing. In an embodiment, the segments may be a plurality of transparent, half-segmented, concave tubes placed across the aperture. 
     In another embodiment, internal baffles and/or deflectors may be disposed within the cavity of the receiver to reduce particle and heat losses. In an embodiment, the baffles and/or deflectors may be positioned and oriented to mitigate particle loss and convective heat loss out the aperture. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a high temperature, concentrating solar falling particle receiver (receiver)  100  according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As can be seen in  FIG.  1   , the receiver  100  includes a housing  102  having an opening or inlet  104  in the top  102 A for receiving a fluid, such as, but not limited to fluidized particles. The particles are received in the inlet  104  and flow downward through the receiver  100  to an outlet (not shown) proximate the bottom  102 B, where the particles are discharged. 
     The receiver  100  further includes an opening or aperture  106 . The aperture  106  provides access to the internal or interior space  102 C of the receiver  102 . Concentrated solar light can be focused on the aperture  106  to illuminate particles falling through the interior  102 C of the receiver  102 . The concentrated solar light may be provided by a plurality of mirrors or heliostats (not shown), or by other light concentrating devices. 
     Panels  110  are attached to the housing  102  around and proximate the aperture  106 . In this exemplary embodiment, proximate is adjacent the aperture  106 . In other words, the panels are adjacent to the edges of the housing (not shown, but covered by the panels  110 ) that define the aperture  106 . In other embodiments, proximate may be within a distance to mitigate wind passing near to or entering the aperture  106 . In an embodiment, proximate may be within one meter of the aperture. 
     The panels  110  have a reflective surface  110 A that is the surface on the side of the panel leading towards the aperture. In this exemplary embodiment, the surface  110 A is formed of a reflective material of silver. In another embodiment, the surface  110 A may be a reflective material or coating to reflect incident light that strikes the panels (spillage) back toward the aperture. 
     In this exemplary embodiment, there are four panels that surround the aperture, however, in other embodiments, there may be one or more panels that surround or partially surround the aperture. In this exemplary embodiment, the panels have a generally square shape, in other embodiments, the panels may have other shapes including, but not limited to square, rectangular, triangular, hexagonal, or wedge. 
     As can further be seen in  FIG.  1   , the panels  110  extend into the interior space  102 C. For example, panel  111  has a first portion  111 A that is external to the receiver  102  and a second portion  111 B that is internal to the receiver  102 . The opposite panel extends similarly into the interior space  102 C. In another example, panel  115  includes a first portion  115 A external to the receiver and a second portion  115 B that is internal to the receiver  102 . To describe the configuration, the first portion  115 A leads into the aperture  106 , and the second portion  115 B then bends or leads away from the aperture  106 . The opposing panel has a mirror configuration to panel  115 . 
     The second portions of the panels internal to the receiver  102  reduce the radiative and convective heat loss from within the cavity receiver. As can be seen in  FIG.  1 B , the receiver  102  includes internal baffles  120 . The internal baffles  120  include front internal baffles  120 A on the front wall  102 E of the receiver  102  and rear internal baffles  120 B on the rear wall  102 F of the receiver  102 . In this exemplary embodiment, the receiver  100  includes three internal baffles above and below the aperture  106  on both the front and rear walls  102 E,  102 F. In other embodiments, the receiver  100  may include one or more baffles on the front and/or rear walls. The receiver also includes side internal baffles  120 C, that angle downward similar to front and rear internal baffles  120 A,  120 B. In this exemplary embodiment, the receiver  100  includes one internal side baffle above and one internal side baffle below the aperture  106 . The extending of the deflectors  110  into the internal space  102 C can be more clearly seen in  FIG.  1 B , as for example, deflector  115  is shown with an external portion  115 A and an internal portion  115 B, as can external  111 A and internal  111 B portions of deflectors  111  in general. In this exemplary embodiment, the internal baffles have a panel or louvered shape and are directed downward and in the direction of the falling particles. In other embodiments, the internal baffles may have panel, sheet, rod, tubing or other flow directing shape. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a high temperature, concentrating solar falling particle receiver (receiver)  200  according to another embodiment of the disclosure. As can be seen in  FIG.  2   , the receiver  200  includes a housing  202  having an opening  204  for receiving a fluid, such as, but not limited to particles, which flow downward through the receiver  200  to an outlet (not shown) where the particles are discharged. The particles are illuminated through an opening or aperture  206  by concentrated sunlight from one or more mirrors or heliostats (not shown). 
     In this exemplary embodiment, the housing  202  includes structures  210  spanning across the aperture  206 . In this exemplary embodiment, the structures  210  are a plurality of troughs, lenses or split tubing members  210 . Gaps  212  separate the split tubing members  210 . In this exemplary embodiment, the concave surface  210 A of the split tubing  210  faces outward toward irradiance. In other embodiments, other structures, such as flat windows, rods, tubing, or panels may be attached across some or all of the aperture  206 . In this exemplary embodiment, the structures are transparent to sunlight, in other embodiments, the structures may be semi-transparent or reflective to redirect the incident light toward the interior of the cavity receiver. 
     In other embodiments, the structures may be internal to the housing. For example, the structures may be baffles, tubes, rods, or panels that redirect the light toward the falling particles and/or that mitigate wind currents from entering or leaving the aperture. The internal structures are oriented and positioned to reduce particle and heat loss through the aperture. The internal structures may have similar structure to the internal baffles shown in  FIG.  1 B . 
     The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications, as would be obvious to one skilled in the art, are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto. The entire disclosures of all references, applications, patents and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure.