Patent Publication Number: US-8980941-B2

Title: Controlled Cannabis decarboxylation

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 61/401,824 Medicinal  Cannabis  in a Fatty Foodstuff filed Aug. 19, 2010 
    
    
     FEDERAL SUPPORT STATEMENT 
     Not Applicable 
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     Not Applicable 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Raw  cannabis  contains tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid (THC-COOH); this substance is also referred to as THC acid, Δ9-THC acid, THCA-A, or THCA. 
     The article that appears in the Journal of Chromatography “Innovative development and validation of an HPLC/DAD method for the qualitative determination of major cannabinoids in  cannabis  plant material” reference [1], see section 1.1; this article reports that THC-B is another form of THC acid that appears only in trace amounts in raw  cannabis . This article also reports other substances in raw  cannabis , including cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); a substance cannabinol (CBN) is also reported present in aged  cannabis.    
     THC acid may be converted into the psychoactive substance Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), also known as (Δ 9 -THC) through processes that decarboxylate the THC acid. Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that converts an acid to a phenol and releases carbon-dioxide (CO2); a carbon atom is removed from a carbon chain. 
     Reference [1] also discusses and shows the decarboxylation of THC acid into Δ 9 -THC, the decarboxylation of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) into cannibidiol (CBD), and the decarboxylation of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) into cannabigerol (CBG). Decarboxylation occurs when  cannabis  is exposed to heat, light, cofactors or solvents. 
     Historical and anecdotal reports of the medicinal use of  cannabis  date back for millennia, in recent decades the psychoactive ingredient Δ9-THC has been extracted through a verity of processes; to date processes that decarboxylate of THCA-A into psychoactive Δ 9 -THC in controlled ways use toxic solvents; frequently a distillation process such as fractal distillation is then used to separate the toxic solvents from the active ingredient after decarboxylation. 
     THCA-A decarboxylated into Δ 9 -THC in controlled ways using toxic solvents: 
     Related U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,365,416 B1 [2], 6,730,519 [3]; and patent publication US 2002/0039795 A1 [4] by Elsohly et. al. isolates Δ 9 -THC from  cannabis  base material using toxic non-polar organic solvents such as hexane, heptane, or iso-octane. U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,519 [3] was sponsored by a National Institute for Drug Abuse, Small Business Innovative Research grant; Related U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,365,416 [2] and 6,730,519 [3] in their Background of the Invention section provide excellent details regarding the medical use of Δ 9 -THC. the inventors conclude that extracting Δ 9 -THC from raw  cannabis  material is more cost effective than synthetically created FDA approved medicinal THC, and they reference prior art dating from 1942 through 1972 that relate to THC extraction or analysis of hashish and “red oil”; the processes referenced frequently use toxic elements such as carbon tetrachloride, benzene, N-dimethyl formamide/cyclohexane, or hexane. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,524,881 B2 [5], and 7,592,468 B2 [6] Goodwin et. Al. discloses processes that extract Δ 9 -THC from raw  cannabis ; this process converts THC acid into salt using non-polar solvents such as pentane, hexane, heptane, or octane; again toxic solvents are used. 
     GW pharmaceuticals of Great Britain has created a vaporized form of medicinal Δ 9 -THC called Savitex. 
     Savitex is administered with an inhaler, similar to an inhaler used to administer asthma medication. Information regarding the therapeutic use and mechanisms of action of Savitex can be found on GW pharmaceuticals website. Savitex is currently being studied for affectivity by patients with multiple sclerosis, cancer pain, and neuropathic pain. 
     GW pharmaceutical reports that the human body has receptors to frequently called CB1 and CB2 and that Δ9-THCbonds to CB1 receptors located in the human brain, where cannabinoids bond to CB2 receptors located in the human lymphatic system. The URLs below link to reports on GW Pharmaceuticals website, they describe that Savitex is being used medicinally and describe some of the mechanisms of action of medicinal  cannabis ; these reports have also been combined into reference [7]: 
     http://www.gwpharm.com/multiple-sclerosis.aspx 
     http://www.gwpharm.com/cancer-pain.aspx 
     http://www.gwpharm.com/neuropathic-pain.aspx 
     http://www.gwpharm.com/mechansims-action.aspx 
     The science related to how these various substances affects the human body is in its infancy, even so GW pharmaceuticals of Great Britain reports that the human body has receptors CB1 and CB2 to which Δ 9 -THC and CBD (cannabidiol) bond respectively. They also report that the human body has CB1 receptors predominately located in the human brain, and CB2 receptors located predominantly in the human lymphatic system. 
     Most reports indicate that psychoactive substance Δ 9 -THC is the primary active medicinal substance derived from  cannabis ; other substances contained within  cannabis  may however also have medicinal qualities. Some researchers suspect that cannabidiol (CBD) may mitigate pain; more scientific research is needed to understand how the various substances derived from  cannabis  affect the human body. GW Pharmaceuticals also state in their Mechanisms of Action “The combination of THC, CBD and essential oils in  cannabis -based medicinal extracts may produce a therapeutic preparation whose benefits are greater than the sum of its parts”. 
     Reference [8] “Effects of canabidiol on schizophrenia-like symptoms in people who use  cannabis ”; from The British Journal of Psychiatry (2008) reports that Δ 9 -THC tends to “elevate levels of anxiety and psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals. In contrast, cannabidiol (CBD), another major constituent of some strains of  cannabis , has been found to be anxiolytic and to have antipsychotic properties, and may be neuroprotective in humans”.
         A key finding of this study [8]: “The TCH only group showed higher levels of positive schizophrenia-like symptoms compared with the no cannabinoid and the TCH+CBD groups . . . . This provides evidence of the divergent properties of cannabinoids and has important implications for research into the link between  cannabis  use and psychosis”.       

     Reference [9] Therapeutic Potential of Non-Psychotropic Cannabidiol in Ischemic Stroke; Hayakawa, Mishima, &amp; Fujiwara; Dept. of Neuopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Published Jul. 8, 2010. Δ 9 -THC. This reference reviews various substances found within  cannabis , it states in its introduction that “ Cannabis  contains over 60 different terpeno-phenol compounds that have been identified so far but the role and importance of many of these has yet to be fully understood”.
         Reference [9] also states “cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidvarin (CBDV) are known as non-psychoactive components of  cannabis . These compounds have shown anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, analgesic, anxiolytic and anti-cancer effects”. This reference also discusses the neuroprotective abilities of CBD in stroke victims.       

     The above mentioned references [7]. [8], and [9] demonstrate that Δ 9 -THC is not the only substance contained within medicinal  cannabis  with therapeutic benefits to people. All of these references recommend additional study or mention that the effect of the substances contained within  cannabis  on humans is not fully understood. Variations of ratios of substances contained within medicinal  cannabis  are reported to have different effects; as in reference [8], adjusting the ratio Δ 9 -THC to CBD is shown to be critical in limiting anxiety and psychotic symptoms associated with the intake of high concentrations of Δ 9 -THC as compared to CBD. New substances and therapeutic uses of substances derived from  cannabis  are likely to be discovered as research in this field continues. 
     Reference [10] “Isolation of Δ 9 -THCA-A from hemp and analytical aspects concerning the determination of Δ 9 -THC in  cannabis  products”; Dussy, et al. Institute of Legal Medicine, Basel Switzerland, available online Aug. 18, 2004. This reference quantifies the amount of THC acid (THCA-A) that is converted into Δ 9 -THC when  cannabis  is smoked under various conditions: Section 2 reviews  cannabis  reduced into a concentrated THC acid (THCA-A) solution using solvents. Samples of the concentrate are then decarboxylated at various temperatures in a Gas Chromatography (GC) oven; some samples are then analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).  FIG. 3  in this disclosure shows:
         Partial decarboxylation of concentrated THCA-A in solution into Δ 9 -THC at 120 degrees C.   Significant decarboxylation of concentrated THCA-A in solution into Δ 9 -THC at 140 degrees C.   Nearly complete decarboxylation of concentrated THCA-A in solution into Δ 9 -THC at 160 degrees C. along with some degradation of Δ 9 -THC into cannabinol and dihydrocannabinol at 160 degrees C.   A significant percentage of Δ 9 -THC being degraded into cannabinol and dihydrocannabinol at 180 degrees C.       

     The decarboxylation of concentrated THCA-A in solution into Δ 9 -THC, and the degradation of Δ 9 -THC into cannabinol and dihydrocannabinol are shown to vary with temperature. Temperature controls are therefore one mechanism for controlling ratios of certain substances in medicinal  cannabis.    
     Note: An embodiment of the invention described later in this document uses temperature and other mechanisms to control the decarboxylation of THCA-A in raw  cannabis.    
     Concentration ratios of THC acid (THCA-A) to cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) vary with the types  cannabis  selected; THCA-A decarboxylates into Δ 9 -THC, and CBDA decarboxylates into CBD. 
     Reference [11] is an example of  cannabis  related material available to the general public Wikipedia under “Cannabiniod” in August 2010. Many of the same substances discussed in previous references are also reviewed in reference [11]. 
     Reference [12]  Cannabis  and  Cannabis  Extracts: Greater Than the sum of Their Parts?, by John M. McPartland and Ethan B. Russo; 2001 The Haworth Press, Inc. this reference reports the boiling temperature of  cannabis  related substances, the boiling temperatures reported include: Δ9-THC 157 degrees C., cannabidiol (CBD) 160-180 degrees C., cannabinol (CBN) 185 degrees C., and Δ8-THC 175-178 degrees C. 
     Reference [13] U.S. Pat. No. 7,674,922 “Process for Production of Delta-9-Tetrandrocannabinol”, Burdick et al. Granted Mar. 9, 2010. This reference produces Δ9-THC using “ortanoaluminum-based Lewis acid catalyst”, a metallic based catalyst. 
     Reference [14] a drawing from www. Cannabis -Science.com showing chemical structures in  cannabis  related materials. The drawing is entitled “Cannabinoids”; the drawing shows an important aspect of cannabinoid science, Cannabidiol (CBD) can be converted into Δ9-THC. The chemical structures are very similar, they have the same molecular weight and the same chemical formula. Reference [15] patent application publication US 2008/0221339 by Webster et al. published Sep. 11, 2008 discusses the conversion of Cannabidiol (CBD) to Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC are discussed in; various toxic solvents are used in these processes; one  cannabis  related substance is converted another through a chemical process. 
     Reference [16] Hemp Husbandry, an excerpt from Chapter 6 Cannabinoid Chemistry: Robert A. Nelson, Copyright 2000; another excellent review of the chemistry of  cannabis    
     Uncontrolled Crude Processes: 
     Other processes have been used to extract Δ9-THC from raw  cannabis  in uncontrolled ways, some of these processes use toxic materials and others do not; frequently such processes attempt to produce a final product in a single uncontrolled crude step. 
     Examples of such processes include the use of butane, a toxic solvent, to make the  cannabis  “red oil” commonly called hash oil. A method found on the internet reference [17] “How To Make Hash Oil from Marijuana” reviews the use of butane, here raw  cannabis  is saturated in butane, the butane reduces the raw  cannabis  into an oil that is separated from the plant material, the butane evaporates continuously during the process of reduction; a paper filter is used to separate the oil from plant material. The author also recommends a secondary process of mixing the oil with isopropyl alcohol, then evaporating the isopropyl alcohol overnight by letting it sit. The author of this reference believes that the isopropyl alcohol reduces the photosensitivity of THC contained within the oil. The process disclosed has no scientific controls, and shows disregard for laws relating to treating  cannabis  as a controlled substance or preparation of food products. The disclosure is provided as an example of uncontrolled methods that are available to the public. 
     In contrast, uncontrolled crude processes that use no toxic chemicals include simply baking  cannabis  into cookies or bread, or making a tea by steeping  cannabis  in hot water.  Cannabis  infused dairy butter can be made by melting dairy butter in a pot, adding raw  cannabis  and cooking the mixture for a period of time, up to 24 hours. 
     Hashish may be made without the use of toxic chemicals, “How to Made Wicked Hash” by Lisa Scammel and Bianca Sind [17] reviews various methods for separating THC acid infused trichomes from  cannabis  plant materials, forming it into blocks that are then covered in paper, and then heated in fry pan until the blocks melt; the processes reviewed are uncontrolled, and have no scientific controls, they include: “Flat Screening”, “Drum Machines”, “the blender method”, and “ice-water filtration” methods are reviewed. This reference is also provided as another example of uncontrolled crude methods that are available to the public. This disclosure also shows some disdain for laws relating to  cannabis  as a controlled substance. 
     Smoking, in the form of a cigarette or pipe, is the most frequently used uncontrolled process for decarboxylating  cannabis.    
     The processes discussed above that rely on temperature simply use temperature yet do not control temperature; if the temperature is too low decarboxylation will be incomplete, if temperatures are too high decarboxylated substances within  cannabis  will be lost to evaporation. Temperature control is therefore characteristic of a process that relies on temperature to decarboxylate. This is why the “uncontrolled” processes reviewed above that rely on temperature are truly uncontrolled. 
     Processes discussed above that use toxic solvents in “uncontrolled” ways rely on saturating available  cannabis  with the toxic solvent then filtering oil from plant parts. 
     The process sprays a solvent through a tube filled with a volume of  cannabis  as described in reference [18] implies that more or less solvent will be required will be required to remove all of the trichombes from available  cannabis ; even small variables, such as how the  cannabis  is prepared will affect the efficiency of the solvent&#39;s ability to reduce the  cannabis  uniformly. 
     For example as the raw  cannabis  material density varies per unit length of the tube, the solvent&#39;s efficiency of reducing  cannabis  will vary because butane evaporates very quickly; the process simply is not capable of controlling how much solvent contacts a given volume of  cannabis  before it evaporates; thus the process is uncontrolled in at least this one way. 
     Reference [19] Patent Application Publication US 2008/0241339, “Hemp Food Product Base and Processes”, by Mitchell et al. Publication Date Oct. 2, 2008. The reference heats hemp seeds in water and then mills or grinds the seeds, the seeds are then added into soups, beverages, and foods; the seeds are reported to have no Δ 9 -THC or medicinal  cannabis.    
     Recently, with the legalization of medical  cannabis  in 14 states, various edible  cannabis  products have become available; such products include cookies, biscuits, cooking oil, and dairy butter. These products are made without scientific controls by small producers because pharmaceutical companies do not produce edible  cannabis  products. Products like cookies or biscuits are eaten as is; products like cooling oil or dairy butter are usually added or cooked into other foods. Each one of these individual edible products have limitations the most significant one is uncontrolled dosage, cookies or biscuits contain  cannabis  fiber that often makes them green in color, and dairy products such as dairy butter spoil at room temperature. 
     A process for the production of a food grade intermediate product containing a known amount of medicinal  cannabis  is in controlled ways is the focus of the invention disclosed below. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the controlled decarboxylation of raw  cannabis . First by mixing a proportional amount of a cofactor with pulverized dried raw  cannabis , a solvent (preferably a non-toxic solvent like ethanol) are mixed. Then edible oil is added to the mixture. Then solvent and water are boiled out of the mixture without vaporizing the medicinal  cannabis . The process provides controlled decarboxylation of raw  cannabis  into medicinal  cannabis , then bonds medicinal substances contained within  cannabis  to a lipid. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Provisional Patent Application No. 61/401,824 Medicinal  Cannabis  in a Fatty Foodstuff filed Aug. 19, 2010 is hereby incorporated by reference into the application. 
     The invention relates to the controlled decarboxylation of raw  cannabis . First by mixing a proportional amount of a cofactor with pulverized dried raw  cannabis , a solvent (preferably a non-toxic solvent like ethanol) are mixed. Then edible oil is added to the mixture. Then solvent and water are boiled out of the mixture without vaporizing the medicinal  cannabis.    
     The process provides controlled decarboxylation of raw  cannabis  into medicinal  cannabis , then bonds medicinal substances contained within  cannabis  to a lipid. The term “medicinal  cannabis ” will be used in this disclosure to refer to decarboxylated raw  cannabis  as a general term for Δ9-THC that may also contain related substances that include, yet are not limited to cannabinoids, cannabiniols, cannbidiols, and cannabigerol. Δ9-THC contained or used in products or processes consistent with this invention may also contain related substances that include, yet are not limited to cannabinoids, cannabiniols, cannbidiols, and cannabigerol. 
     Furthermore concentrations of Δ9-THC correlate the invention with other medicinal  cannabis  products; such products typically specify concentrations of Δ9-THC; where concentrations of related substances that include yet are not limited to cannabinoids, cannabiniols, cannbidiols, cannabigerol, and other substances are not usually specified in related art. 
     The Process from Raw  Cannabis:    
     A significant aspect of this invention is the transformation of a controlled amount of raw  cannabis  into medicinal  cannabis  consistent with this disclosure. The overall process also bonds the medicinal  cannabis  to a lipid; the lipid is then manufactured into a foodstuff base material containing a controlled amount of medicinal  cannabis  per unit volume of the foodstuff base material. 
     The making of “medicinal  cannabis ” where the controlled decarboxylation of raw  cannabis  transforms THC acid (THCA-A) into Δ9-THC (Δ 9 -THC), as mentioned above, other decarboxylated substances from raw  cannabis  that include cannabinoids, cannabiniols, cannbidiols, and cannabigerol will also be transformed from their acidic counterparts. Since the amount of THC acid that is converted into Δ 9 -THC is a primary reference point for comparisons to related art, some discussions will specifically address this transformation, in other discussions the term medicinal  cannabis  will be used. 
     This is a controlled unique process unique to this invention: 
     The process begins with the controlled decarboxylation of raw  cannabis  plant material, the plant material is dried at a temperature of 220° F. (104° C.) for 20 minutes. 
     Once the raw plant material has been dried it is “pulverized” into small pieces it is placed into a pan or container; for sake of this disclosure the term pulverized raw  cannabis  may refer to processes such as crushing, smashing, grinding, or equivalent process. 
     A specific amount of a cofactor, a consumable hydrocarbon such as Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), or Limonene and a mild polar solvent such as a high proof alcohol, preferably ethanol are mixed with the crushed plant material and heated, at an appropriate time a measured volume of edible oil such as hemp oil, or other compatible oil is added to the mixture. Note: alcohol infused vanilla extract may be used as an alcohol with flavor. 
     The mild polar solvent, preferably ethyl alcohol and water are then evaporated out of the mixture. At sea level alcohol evaporates at a temperature of 173° F. (78.33° C.), and water evaporates at a temperature of 212° F. (100° C.). As heated the mixture will first reach a temperature near 173° F. (78.33° C.) and dwell there until the alcohol is evaporated, the temperature of the mixture will then increase to near 212° F. (100° C.) and dwell there as water the water is evaporated out of the mixture. During this part of the process a specific amount of cofactor (Vitamin B6, Limonene, or other appropriate cofactor) causes the various acidic substances contained within raw  cannabis  plant material to be converted to medicinal  cannabis.    
     The mild polar solvent wets the raw crushed  cannabis  and cofactor material allowing them to come into close proximity with each other, the amount of cofactor present controls the chemical activity. The amount of decarboxylation is proportional to the molar mass of cofactor used. 
     Reduce the amount of cofactor and less decarboxylation will occur in the reaction. Increase the amount of cofactor and more decarboxylation will occur in the reaction until all available THC acid, and other associated acidic compounds are converted into medicinal  cannabis . Thus a controlled amount of THCA-A will be converted into Δ9-THC for a given amount of cofactor; adding more cofactor to the mixture will cause more of the THCA-A to be converted into Δ9-THC. The cofactor acts as a normalizing agent for the decarboxylation reaction; it controls the amount of Δ9-THC formed by the decarboxylation reaction. The preferred mild polar solvent is ethyl alcohol. 
     THCA-A content variations of 5% to 25% by volume are typical in raw  cannabis  and variations from 10% to 20% are common. A specific amount of cofactor combined with a specific amount of raw  cannabis  will cause a specific amount of THCA-A to be converted into Δ9-THC. This is true despite the percentage of THCA-A found originally in the raw  cannabis  material; given an input of 100 grams of raw  cannabis  the same amount of Δ9-THC will be formed by this decarboxylation process when 25% THCA-A  cannabis  is used or when 15% THCA-A  cannabis  is used; the amount of cofactor present limits or truncates the reaction. The amount of reaction is related to the molecular mass of the cofactor, even when additional THCA-A is available for reaction without additional cofactor the reaction will not transform all of the available THCA-A into Δ9-THC. In this instance some of the THCA-A contained within the raw  cannabis  will simply not be converted to Δ9-THC; the advantage of this approach is that the process will produce essentially the same output even when the THCA-A content of the raw  cannabis  material input into the process varies; later food production processes could proceed and yield repeatable results with little of no testing of Δ9-THC concentrations. 
     Other associated substances including yet not limited to cannabinoids, cannabiniols, and cannbidiols may also be transferred in this way. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Part 1 The Controlled Decarboxylation of Raw  Cannabis    
     Given 100 grams of raw  cannabis , it is first dried at a temperature of 250° F. (121.11° C.) for 20 minutes. The dried raw  cannabis  is then pulverized into small pieces. 
     The pulverized raw  cannabis  is placed in a container and mixed with the cofactor Vitamin B6 and solvent ethyl alcohol. The amount of cofactor used depends on the amount of decarboxylation desired. Y, the amount of available THCA-A, depends upon the amount of raw  cannabis  and its potency (% THCA-A). X, the amount of cofactor required, depends on the THCA-A potency, the molar mass of cofactor (169.2 for vitamin B6) and the molar mass of Δ 9 -THC (358.47):
 
 Y= (mass of raw  cannabis *raw  cannabis  potency)
 
 X=Y *(cofactor molar mass/Δ 9 -THC molar mass)
 
     For example, 100 g of raw  cannabis  with potency of 20% THCA-A could provide up to 20 g of Δ 9 -THC by reacting with 9.4 g of cofactor B6.
 
 Y= (100 g raw  cannabis *20% raw  cannabis  THCA-A potency)=20 g THCA-A
 
 X= (20 g THCA-A)*(169.2 B6 cofactor molar mass/358.47 THCA-A molar mass)=9.4 g of B6 cofactor
 
     A 7 g mass of cofactor B6 would partially decarboxylate the THCA-A into 15 g of Δ 9 -THC. The 7 g of B6 cofactor limits the reaction and could decarboxylate only 75% of the available THCA-A. 
     Alternatively, the same 7 g mass of cofactor B6 could fully decarboxylate raw  cannabis  with a potency of 15%. In fact, the 7 g of cofactor B6, when reacted with 100 g raw  cannabis  having a potency of greater than 15%, will limit decarboxylation to exactly 15 g of Δ 9 -THC. 
     The mixture is then heated evaporating alcohol and water from the mixture, using the controlled process described above; evaporation takes about 10 minutes. An edible oil is added to the mixture the prior to continued heating of the mixture. The oil may be added prior to evaporation of alcohol an water from the mixture. The oil may also be pre-treated, heated to evaporate water from the oil sometime before being added to the mixture. 
     In the instance where enough cofactor to convert all, or most of the available THCA-A contained in the raw  cannabis  material into Δ9-THC the amount of Δ9-THC in the sample will be measured and noted after the decarboxylation reaction has occurred. Subsequent processes can be adjusted to produce more food product when a strong batch (higher percentage THCA-A) of raw  cannabis  is used and the amount of food product would be reduced when a weaker batch (lower percentage of THCA-A) of raw  cannabis  is used. The advantage of this approach is that more THCA-A will be converted into Δ9-THC per unit measure of input material, increased efficiency, yet comes with the cost of testing of the potency for each batch, and the adjustment of subsequent food production processes to yield a consistent concentration of Δ9-THC per unit measure in the foodstuffs produced. 
     Bonding Δ9-THC Δ 9 -THC and/or associated compounds to a lipid: 
     The mixture including an edible oil is then heated to a temperature near the boiling temperature of the Δ 9 -THC (314.6° F. at 1 atmosphere, 157° C.), yet below the vaporization temperature of the Δ 9 -THC. At 350° F. (176.67° C.) at 1 atmosphere Δ 9 -THC will vaporize and be lost in an open or ventilated environment. 
     Vegetable oils break down at various temperatures, for example; hemp seed oil begins to break down at 330° F. (165.56° C.), coconut oil at 350° F., and olive oil at 375° F. 
     The optimal temperature range for bonding the Δ 9 -THC and associated substances to hemp seed oil in an open environment is near the near the boiling temperature of the Δ 9 -THC; temperatures used may be adjusted to change the ratio of Δ 9 -THC to cannabinol or other  cannabis  related substances. 
     An essential concept is to heat  cannabis  related materials near their boiling point in the presence of an oil bonding the substances together. Controlling loss by vaporization and conversion into other  cannabis  related substances by controlling temperature is also an aspect of the invention. 
     The boiling of both the Δ 9 -THC in the hot oil provides an environment where the Δ 9 -THC and edible oil are free to associate; the substances chemically bond to each other readily in this environment; this process bonds the Δ 9 -THC to a lipid forming “Δ9-THC-lipid” in a controlled way, this is a unique aspect of the invention. The process not only incorporates Δ 9 -THC, it also incorporates associated substances, including, yet not limited to cannabinoids, cannabiniols, and cannbidiols in controlled ways. 
     Applicant notes that boiling points, and vaporization temperatures of materials used in this invention vary with ambient pressure and that specific temperatures referenced may vary upon ambient pressure; critical temperatures may therefore vary based on environmental pressures that can vary based on elevation, pressurized environments or even contaminants. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Part 2: Forming a Δ9-THC-Lipid 
     Add 500 mL of hemp seed oil to the mixture and heat following the constraints described above for 15 minutes. 
     The material is then cooled to a temperature where it can be rendered into a fatty foodstuff base material. The material may be filtered or strained at this point in the process. 
     The controlled decarboxylation of raw  cannabis  is a unique aspect of this invention. Other unique aspects are the combinations of materials and temperatures used. No toxic substances are used in the best mode of this invention: preferred materials include raw  cannabis , Vitamin B6, ethyl alcohol, and hemp seed oil; even so other similar materials and slight modifications to processes described above that are obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art are considered an embodiment of the invention described herein. 
     One instance of such a process is were a intermediate products is bonded to a lipid using some of the same steps described above; here the intermediate product is mixed with an oil, preferably hemp oil, and heated to a temperature above the boiling temperature of the Δ 9 -THC (314.6° F. or 157° C. at sea level), at or above the boiling temperature of the oil used in the mixture, yet below the vaporization temperature of the Δ 9 -THC (350° F. or 176.67° C. at sea level) and below the vaporization temperature of the oil. The mixture may then be added to a foodstuff. In this instance the purity and quantity of the medicinal intermediate product used will typically be known, testing and measuring the sample may be used as control mechanism. Alternatively the final product itself may be tested and measured to determine the medicinal content per unit volume of the product. 
     Medicinal foodstuff base materials consistent with this invention may be processed into other various final products through standard processes for making chocolate, suppositories, rubs, salves, or other final products as long as processing temperatures do not exceed the vaporization and boiling temperature of Δ 9 -THC. Chocolate chip cookies, for example may be made using chocolate chips made from medicinal foodstuff base materials and be baked into cookies in a oven operating at temperatures below the boiling temperature of medicinal  cannabis , 315 degrees F. boiling temperature is preferred, these processes must be kept below the vaporization temperature of 350° F. (176.67° C.) at sea level. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  shows Basic Cannabinoid Structures:
         THCA-A (THC acid), Decarboxylation is the loss of CO 2  from a molecular structure; when THCA-A decarboxylates the psychoactive substance Δ 9 -THC is formed; Δ 9 -THC is depicted in  FIG. 1 .   CBN (cannabiniol) is also depicted; CBN is formed by degeneration of Δ 9 -THC.   CBDA (cannabidiolic acid) and CBD (cannabidiol) are also depicted in  FIG. 1 . When CBDA is decarboxylated CBD is formed.   Since CBD may be transformed into Δ 9 -THC,  FIG. 1  also depicts that this Transformation relates to a small change in chemical structure.   Notes regarding the chemical formula and molecular weight of depicted cannabinoid structures:
           CBD and Δ 9 -THC have the identical Chemical Formula C 21  H 30  O 2 ; &amp; Molecular Weight 314.5.   CBDA has a Chemical Formula C 22  H 30  O 4 ; Molecular Weight 358.5.   CBN has a Chemical Formula C 21  H 26  O 2 ; Molecular Weight 310.4.   
               

       FIG. 2 : shows The Controlled Decarboxylation Process:
           FIG. 2  shows a series of steps of the controlled decarboxylation process. First raw  cannabis  is dried, the second step is to pulverize then the dry raw  cannabis , the third step shown is to mix pulverized dried raw  cannabis  with cofactor and solvent. This third step decarboxylates the medicinal  cannabis  in a controlled way through a chemical reaction proportional to the amount of cofactor used.   The fourth step in  FIG. 2  is adding an oil (lipid in liquid state) to the mixture. In the fifth step, the mixture is heated while observing critical temperatures. The sixth step is evaporating the solvent (ethyl alcohol evaporates at 174 degrees F.). The seventh step evaporating any water from the mixture (water evaporates at 212 degrees F.). The eighth step bond medicinal  cannabis  to a lipid is where the mixture is heated near the boiling temperature of medicinal  cannabis  314.6 degrees F. forming a Medicinal  Cannabis  Lipid. The ninth step is cooling the mixture. The tenth step straining out the particulates. The final step shown in  FIG. 2  is placing the mixture in a container.       
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