Patent Publication Number: US-11657241-B2

Title: Authentication systems and methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/106,206, filed Aug. 21, 2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/106,206 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/835,638, filed Dec. 8, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,410,024, issued Sep. 10, 2019; patent application Ser. No. 15/835,638 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/754,062, filed Jun. 29, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,870,496, issued Jan. 16, 2018; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/754,062 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/495,183, filed on Jun. 13, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,070,131, issued Jun. 30, 2015), which claims priority to U.S. Prov. Pat. Appl. No. 61/496,772 filed on Jun. 14, 2011; the entireties of each of these patent documents are herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF DISCLOSURE 
     The disclosed systems and methods relate to authentication. More particularly, the disclosed systems and methods relate to the authentication of objects using various parameter value sensors for discerning attributes of an object, and a data processing system and associated data storage, for comparing sensed parameters to stored criteria that are associated with authenticity. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Counterfeit goods are damaging to the owners of name brand products as well as damaging to unknowing purchasers of such goods. For example, brand name owners or manufacturers suffer as they lose out on revenue from the sale of counterfeit goods and such goods can also damage the reputation of the brand name owner if the goods are shoddily made. Consumers can be damaged by unknowingly over-paying for counterfeit goods that they believe are authentic. 
     SUMMARY 
     In some embodiments, a system includes a machine-readable storage medium, a processor in communication with the machine-readable storage medium, communication circuitry in communication with the processor; and a plurality of sensors in communication with the processor. Each of the plurality of sensors is configured to generate an electrical signal in response to receiving wave energy. The processor is configured to control data acquisition for authenticating an object using at least a subset of the plurality of sensors, calculate an authentication value based on signals received from the subset of the plurality of sensors, and cause the communication circuitry to transmit an authentication request including the authentication value to an authentication entity. 
     In some embodiments, an authentication method includes performing a plurality of data acquisition processes on an object using sensors configured to generate electrical signals in response to receiving wave energy, calculating an authentication value based on signals received from at least a subset of the sensors, and transmitting an authentication request including the authentication value to an authentication entity. 
     In some embodiments, a machine readable storage medium is encoded with program code, wherein when the program code is executed by a processor, the processor performs a method. The method includes performing a plurality of data acquisition processes on an object using sensors configured to generate electrical signals in response to receiving wave energy, calculating an authentication value based on signals received from at least a subset of the sensors, and transmitting an authentication request including the authentication value to an authentication entity. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of one example of an authentication system in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  are block diagrams of examples of immutable token readers in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates one example of a diagram key of an Authentic Real Thing in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates one example of a diagram key of an Added Indelible Marker in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  3 C  illustrates one example of a diagram key of an Authentic Real Thing including an Added Indelible Marker in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  are flow diagrams of examples of methods of authenticating an object in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  5 A- 5 F  illustrate examples of screen shots of an immutable token reader during a authentication process in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 B  are flow diagrams of examples of methods of authenticating an object in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates one example of a graphic displayed to a user identifying risk associated with a large assembly. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This description of the exemplary embodiments is intended to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings, which are to be considered part of the entire written description. 
     The disclosed systems and methods advantageously provide the ability to authenticate objects, referred to herein as authentic real things (“ART”), using mobile and stationary devices. The number and type of objects that can be authenticated are not limited, and examples of such objects include, but are not limited to, apparel, footwear, fashion accessories, consumer electronics, consumer appliances, collectibles (dolls, sport paraphernalia, etc.), pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and large assemblies like cars, trucks, and planes to list but only a few possibilities. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates one example of a World-Wide Validation Network (“WWVN”)  100  in accordance with some embodiments. WWVN  100  includes one or more World-Wide ART &amp; Artifact Libraries (“WAALs”)  102  that include a database  104  and a System Curator (“SC”)  106 , which may be implemented in one or more processors or central processing units (“CPU”) as will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The one or more WAALs  102  are in communication with one or more Immutable Token Readers (“ITRs”)  108 - 1 ,  108 - 2 , . . . ,  108 - n  (collectively “ITRs  108 ”) and with one or more Public and Private Libraries (“PPLs”)  110 - 1 ,  110 - 2 , . . . ,  110 - m  (collectively “PPLs  110 ”) via network  112 . 
     In some embodiments, WAAL(s)  102  are implemented using one or more computers or servers on which database  104  and SC  106  are implemented. Database  104  can be implemented as a relational database that stores data of ART  114  that are used to define True Artifacts (“TAs”)  116  that are described in greater detail below. Version history, information, lineage, and other details about an ART  114  and TA  116  for validation and tracking are also stored in database  104 . 
     SC  106  includes one or more processors and software and/or program(s) configured to manage the communication, indexing, activities and functions of the WAAL  102 . Examples of such functions include, but are not limited to, authentication calculations, registration and record management of TAs and their respective digital fingerprints, communications with ITRs  108  and PPLs  110 , and generating reports and analytics to users of local terminals  118 - 1  or remote terminals  118 - 2 . In some embodiments, SC  106  provides an application programming interface (“API”) for WAAL  102 . The API provides for access and bulk processing of a large number of requests from ITRs  108  and PPLs  110 . Online retailers, such as online retailer  119 , can access database  104  and have WAAL  102  authenticate goods via network  114  by communicating with WAAL  102  via the API. 
     SC  106  is configured to perform analytics on data stored in database  104  and/or on data received from ITRs  108  and/or PPLs  110  via network  112 . Such analytics involve determining whether attributes or combinations of attributes of objects, which attributes have been sensed or reported, qualify the objects as authentic real things (ART) or as true artifacts (TA). In addition to comparing sensed or reported attributes versus stored values that definitively distinguish objects (such as a unique identifying code), the analytics can involve plural attributes and can be implemented using one or more techniques including, but not limited to, pattern matching, artificial intelligence, optical recognition, key marking, fuzzy logic, chaos theory, entropic intelligence networks, Bayesian network(s), and quantum physics. 
     As described in greater detail below, data received at WAAL  102  and analyzed by SC  106  can be derived from an interrogation of one or more added indelible markers (“AIMs”) such as, for example, radio frequency identification (“RFID”) tag(s), product serial number(s), transponder identification numbers, doping agents, barcodes, quick response (“QR”) codes, invisible ink(s), software keys, certificates of authenticity codes, colors, sounds, and combinations thereof by ITRs  108 . Such data is combined to provide a unique identification for the ART referred to herein as an Immutable Token (“IT”) of the ART. In some embodiments, SC  106  performs weighting of AIMs of an ART to calculate the IT. 
     In some embodiments, the weighting of AIMs is based on the likelihood that the AIMs can be forged or counterfeited. For example, the physical appearance of an article of manufacture, e.g., a shirt, bag, pair of shoes, etc., can be somewhat easily copied or replicated whereas an RFID tag number and a manufacturer serial number are less likely to match an authentic RFID tag number and manufacturer serial number affixed to an object during manufacture. Consequently, the RFID tag number and manufacturer serial number can be more heavily weighted than the physical appearance of an object. As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, taking all available AIM values into account increases the certainty that an object is authentic. 
     Additionally, the physical appearance of authentic goods may vary due to the manufacturing process and the use of multiple AIMs also reduces the likelihood that an authentic item is falsely identified as being counterfeit. For example, colors and the location of certain features of articles of manufacture may vary due to slight variances in dyes used to create cloth for a shirt or the exact position of buttons and logos that are affixed by hand to a garment. Weighting such AIM values less than AIM values that provide a higher degree of certainty reduces the likelihood of a false negative authentication. 
     Data stored in WAAL  102  is amassed over time progressively improving the probability that calculations performed by WAAL  102  are accurate in determining or disproving the authenticity of an object, i.e., to determine accurately whether or not the object is an ART  114 . WAAL  102  is configured to perform token (e.g., IT) management and provide real-time communication with ITRs  108  and PPLs  110 , including validation and verification of the authenticity of an object, i.e., ART. 
     In some embodiments, WAAL  102  is configured to store attributes of known facsimile or counterfeit goods to improve the ability of WAAL  102  to identify fraudulent or counterfeit goods. For example, counterfeit goods may include differences in the physical appearance of the good that are known to a manufacturer or producer of the goods, but are not well-known by a prospective buyer. In some embodiments, these known physical differences are stored in WAAL  102  and used to identify an object as counterfeit. 
     For example, known counterfeit goods may include a tag in a location that is offset from the location in which the same or similar tag of an authentic item is to be located or the known counterfeit good may include differences in a collar or in the number of buttons. The attributes of known counterfeit goods are stored by the WAAL  102  and can be used during an authentication process by analyzing an image collected by an ITR to assess whether the object being authenticated is in fact authentic or counterfeit. In this manner, the knowledge base of the WAAL  102  is increased over a period of time as data on known counterfeit goods (and authentic goods) are collected and stored in WAAL  102 . 
     ITRs  108  includes devices configured to read, interrogate, and interpret one or more AIMs  118 , which are described in greater detail below, using one or more sensors configured to generate electrical signals in response to wave energy. Examples of such wave sensors includes receivers for receiving audio sounds, a camera or light-sensitive sensor for performing optical measurements, and magnetic-sensitive sensors, to list but only a few possibilities. 
     In some embodiments, ITRs  108  are implemented in a mobile form factor such as, for example, a fob, a smartphone, portable music player, tablet computer, laptop computer, personal digital assistant (“PDA”), or other portable electronic device with capacity for wireless data communication or at least intermittent coupling into a data network. In some embodiments, ITRs  108  are implemented in more stationary devices such as a desktop computer, kiosk, and/or point-of-sale terminals. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  2 A , ITR  108  is illustrated as a mobile module  120  configured to communicate with other mobile devices, such as mobile unit  140  illustrated in  FIG.  2 B , and/or other stationary devices such as a computer. ITR module  120  includes a wave reader  122  that is a multi-function sensor array configured to sense radio, optical, magnetic, audio, and other wave energy. Wave reader  122  is configured to receive waves emitted from an object such that a radio-audio-optical-electronic (“Raotronic”) fingerprint of the object can be calculated as described in greater detail below. 
     In some embodiments, ITR module  120  includes a display  124  configured to display images and text to a user. In some embodiments, display  124  is a touch screen display configured to display virtual icons or keys through which a user may input data. In some embodiments, module  120  is a fob without a display  124 , but that includes other circuitry and features illustrated in  FIG.  2 A . 
     A long-range and/or cellular communication chip (“LRC”) or circuitry  126  provides module  120  with the ability to communication via a cellular network and/or a WIFI network. A cellular chip enables module  120  to communication with WAAL  102  and/or PPLs  110  via a wireless communication protocol such as, for example, CDMA, GSM, 3G, and 4G LTE, to list but only a few possibilities. As described in greater detail below, ITR module  120  (and more generally ITRs  108 ) exchange calculated IT data values, user profile data, reports, advertising, and/or other data with WAALs  102  and/or with PPLs  110  via network  112 , which may be accessed via the Internet, a cellular network, and/or other network. 
     In embodiments in which LRC  126  includes a WIFI adapter, LRC  126  is configured to be placed into a promiscuous mode such that one or more AIMs can be interrogated. One example of this is that LRC  126  is configured to read the media access control (“MAC”) or burned in/permanent address of a network card present in another device (e.g., a computer). As will be understood by one skilled in the art, a MAC address of a network card is a unique, non-duplicated code set by the manufacturer, equivalent in discussion to the fact that all transponding devices produced in accordance to internal agreement of manufacturers are unique. 
     In some embodiments, modules  120  also includes a short range communication chip (“SRC”)  128  such as, for example, a Bluetooth, Near-Field Communication (“NFC”), or other chip that enables module  120  to pair with (e.g., communicate data bidirectionally with) other devices. Although communication chips  126  and  128  are depicted as separate components, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that chips  126  and  128  may be implemented in a single package. In some embodiments, SRC chip  128  can be placed in a promiscuous mode in which SRC chip  128  performs data gathering. 
     A power supply  130 , such as a rechargeable or replaceable battery, is configured to provide power to each of the active devices of module  120 . In addition to the active devices described above, module  120  also includes one or more processors or CPUs  132 . Processor (s) is configured to execute an ART &amp; Artifact Validation Program (“AAVP”). The AAVP provides the instructions for module  120  to interrogate an object and calculate IT values to assess the authenticity of the object. When executing the AAVP, processor(s)  132  may cause display  124  to display information about the object(s) in question to a user. Examples of such information includes, but is not limited to, history, status, and/or location of the object. 
     Module  120  also includes a memory  134  such as a random access memory (“RAM”) and/or a read only memory (“ROM”). Memory  134  is a non-transitory machine readable storage medium configured to store the instructions for executing the AAVP. Memory  134  is also configured to store data obtained by module  120  from wave reader  122  and communication chips  126  and  128 . One or more keys  136  or other user input device can also be included in module  120 . 
     In some embodiments, module  120  includes means for conveying signals and notifications to a user beyond a display. For example, module  120  includes one or more light emitting diode(s) (“LED(s)”)  137  are configured to emit one or more colors of light based on an authentication response as described in greater detail below. An oscillator  138  is configured to vibrate or generate a tactile notification, and a speaker  139  is configured to generate an audible notification to a user. In some embodiments, the notifications emitted by one or more of LEDs  137 , oscillator  138 , and speaker  139  are to notify a user as to whether an object has been authenticated as described in greater detail below. 
     ITR module  120  can communicate with a mobile device  140  using a wireless, wired, or other communication channel. As shown in  FIG.  2 B , mobile device  140  includes one or more processors  142  in signal communication with a persistent memory  144  and a more volatile memory  146 . In some embodiments, memory  144  is configured to store the AAVP, and memory  146  is configured to store data acquired by mobile device  140 . A power supply  148  is configured to provide power for mobile device  140 , including power to processor(s)  142 . Power supply can be a replaceable and/or rechargeable battery as will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. 
     In some embodiments, mobile device  140  includes an attachment port  150 , such as a universal serial bus (“USB”) interface or a secure digital (“SD”) card slot, for transmitting and receiving data via a wired or otherwise mechanical connection (e.g., slot and card). 
     One or more LED  152  are provided for displaying status signals to a user. In some embodiments, LEDs  152  are used to make visible all or part of an ART. The use and control of LEDs  152 , or other illuminating device that produces waves in the visible or ultraviolet range, can be used to expose AIM or other characteristics of ART. 
     Mobile device  140  includes one or more sensor devices that comprise a wave reader. For example, mobile device  140  includes an ultra-high frequency (“UHF”) radio frequency identification (“RFID”) reader  154 , a high-frequency RFID reader  156 , a microphone  158 , and a camera  160 . Although shown as separate devices, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that RFID readers  154  and  156  can be implemented as a single device in some embodiments and are configured to interrogate RFID tags that may be embedded or coupled to objects as described in greater detail below. 
     Microphone  158  and camera  160  are configured to receive audio signals (waves) and light signals (waves), respectively, and generate and/or output electrical signals in response. Camera  160  can be a digital camera that includes photosensitive electronics, such as charge-coupled devices (“CCD”) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (“CMOS”) image sensors. The sensor array of camera  160  is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the Bayer filter arrangement such that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light. Camera  160  interpolates the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process called demosaicing to create a final image. 
     Camera  160  is configured to receive information across a broad spectrum of visible and invisible wavelengths and to detect small objects (e.g. objects on a scale of a few millimeters down to micrometer or microscopic in size). In some embodiments, camera  160  is configured to enable device  140  to perform macro examination of larger images and/or to support dimensional analysis, the collection of pattern information and other “visible” data to analyze ART. Other physical characteristics like size, weight, range of movement, special movement, mass, scale and others may be calculated or measured with camera  160 . Camera  160  may also collect a range of observations or observable points to calculate pattern or patterns for use in validation and authentication. 
     In some embodiments, camera  160  is used in connection with LEDs  152  or other illuminating device that produces waves in the visible or ultraviolet range. For example, the one or more LEDs  152  are controlled by processor  142  to emit specific wavelength or color combinations to expose patterns specifically sensitive, or that become “visible” to either the device, human or other sensor when exposed to the special light range produced by the LEDs  152  (the classic “invisible ink” technique is a metaphoric example, whereby the writing on an object is only exposed to a certain wavelength of light shined on it. Then the observer can collect the information and provide it to the AAVP). Camera  160  is used to record the resulting image. 
     Mobile device  140  also includes one or more units for providing communications with other devices. For example, mobile device  140  includes an NFC chip  162 , a WIFI or other wireless networking chip  164 , a short-range (e.g., a Bluetooth) chip  166 , and a cellular chip  168 . Communication chips or units  162 ,  164 ,  166 , and  168  may be separate units or combined into a single package. 
     Display  170  can be a touchscreen display configured to display information to a user in the form graphics and text. Examples of such information includes, but is not limited to, history, status, and/or location of an object being interrogated for authenticity. One or more keys  172  or other user input device can also be included in mobile device  140  such that a user can input data and control device  140 . 
     In some embodiments, mobile device  140  also includes a speaker  174  and an oscillator  176 . LEDs  152 , speaker  174 , and oscillator  176  are configured to provide notifications to a user. For example, LEDs  152  and display  170  may generate a visual notification to a user, speaker  174  is configured to generate an audible notification to a user, and oscillator  176  is configured to generate a tactile notification to a user. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that more stationary devices, such as computers, kiosks, and point-of-sale or checkout devices or registers, to list but only a few possibilities, can be configured as an ITR  108  and include some or all of the features described above with respect to module  120  and mobile device  140 . 
     PPLs  110  can be public or private libraries of ART. For example, a company or manufacturer of goods can develop its own library or database of the signatures of the products the company sells or produces. In some embodiments, PPLs  110  are implemented in one or more servers that are in signal communication with WAAL  102  and one or more ITRs  108  via network  112 . PPLs  110  store AIMs as embedded codes in digital media, software or electronic medium. At some level AIMs are associated to ART in a database residing in PPLs  110 . 
     As mentioned above, ITRs  108  are configured to interrogate objects to determine their authenticity.  FIG.  3 A  illustrates one example of a diagram key of ART  114 . ART  114  is used to describe a physical object that is authentic. 
       FIG.  3 B  illustrates one example of a diagram key of an AIM  115 . In some embodiments, AIMs  115  are applied to ART  114  during the manufacturing process by a manufacturer. Examples of AIMs  115  include, but are not limited to, RFID tags, product serial numbers, transponder identification numbers, doping agents, barcodes, invisible ink(s), software keys, certificates of authenticity codes, and combinations thereof. 
     In some embodiments, one or more AIMs  115  include tamper-proof RFID (electric or magnetic field sensitive) tags. As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, such tamper-resistant tags include trip mechanisms, which are sewn or otherwise permanently or semi-permanently affixed to an object. In some embodiments, the tamper-resistant tags are chemically or electronically linked to the ART. 
     If the AIM  115  is equipped or designed with a trip mechanism, then removal or separation of the AIM  115  beyond a certain distance from the ART causes a detectable change in state of the AIM  115 . Non-limiting examples of trip mechanisms include physical or electronic switches, a relay, or other closed circuit that is fastened to the object. Removal or tampering is detected by the AIM  115  emitting a signal or changing its response to an interrogation signal due to being in the tampered state. 
     Another example of a trip mechanism of RFID tags is an antenna wire or conductor that once attached to the object, can only be removed by breaking or destroying the antenna, thus indicating that the AIM  115  has been tampered with an may indicate a suspect piece of ART. The AIM  115  may either cease to function, or otherwise change to indicate to the interrogator that it has been tampered with. This AIM connections can be chemical adhesive to the ART, or an electronic contact switch that triggers a change to the aim when moved equivalent to a mechanical relay, an electronic, voltaic or photovoltaic bridge that once broken, cannot be reversed or even a chemically stable bond when attached, and the AIM changes due to an irreversible chemical reaction when removed from the ART. 
       FIG.  3 C  illustrates one example of a diagram key of a TA  116 . A TA  116  is an ART that includes a number, i, of AIMs  115 . An immutable token (“IT”) is a calculated sum of all AIMs  115  of a TA  116  and forms a Roatronic fingerprint of the TA  116 . The IT of an TA  116  is calculated and assigned by a manufacturer, assembly, and/or a supplier. The IT value is stored in a database  102  of WAAL and/or in a non-transitory machine readable storage medium of a PPL  110 . As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the IT value may be used to authenticate the ART  114  and to track the movement of the ART through a supply chain. 
     One example of a method of authenticating an ART  114  using an ITR  108  is described with reference to  FIGS.  4 A- 5 F . Referring first to  FIG.  4 A , method  400  begins at block  402  when the AAVP program is initialized on an ITR  108 .  FIG.  5 A  illustrates one example of a home screen of the AAVP displayed to a user of an ITR  108 , which takes the form of a tablet or smart phone  140 . In some embodiments, the AAVP is executed by a processor of a stationary ITR  108  such as a computer or kiosk. As understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, processor  142  executes the AAVP and causes a home screen graphical user interface (“GUI”) to be displayed to a user on display  170 . A plurality of virtual icons  180  are presented to a user on display  170 . In some embodiments, icons  180  provide a user with various options such as, for example, perform a check (“Check”), access a report (“Report”), win items (“Win”), review authenticated items (“My Stuff”), go to website (“Website”), access social network interface “Social Networks”), help (“Help”), adjust settings (“Settings”), access information or alerts (“Info/Alerts”), and close the program (“Close”). 
     If a user selects the Check icon, then the AAVP prompts the user to perform one or more data acquisition processes at block  404 . For example and referring to  FIG.  5 B , a message is displayed to a user on display  170  requesting the user to perform a first data acquisition process, such as scan an RFID tag of a TA  114 . 
     At block  406 , the first data acquisition process is performed. In some embodiments, one data acquisition process is performed in response to a user input, such as a user contacting a graphical icon  182  that triggers ITR  108  to perform the first data acquisition process. In embodiments in which the first data acquisition process is an RFID scan, an RFID reader  154 ,  156  of ITR  108  emits a trigger signal to interrogate an RFID tag affixed to the ART. In some embodiments, the trigger signal is a high frequency signal, e.g., 3-30 MHz, and/or an ultra-high frequency signal, e.g., 300 MHz-3 GHz. In response to the trigger signal, RFID reader(s)  154 ,  156  receive a signal from an RFID tag, which includes the tag ID (“TID”) of the tag. The TID is stored in a memory  144 ,  146  such that the TID is associated with a data file of the ART being authenticated. 
       FIGS.  5 C and  5 D  illustrate another example of a data acquisition process that may be performed at blocks  404  and  406 . Referring first to  FIG.  5 C , a GUI is displayed on display  170  prompting a user to scan a barcode. A user tap the “Scan” button, which engages the camera  160 . As shown in  FIG.  5 D , display  170  shows projects the image acquired by the camera  160  such that the user can line up the barcode, which is then scanned by ITR  108 . 
     Each data acquisition process is used to create a profile for the object to confirm that the object is ART. As illustrated in  FIG.  5 E , display  170  presents a GUI to a user that includes a checklist of possible data acquisition processes that can be formed to collect data for authenticating an object. Examples of such data acquisition processes include, but are not limited to, taking a photograph of the object, taking a photograph of identifying indicia of the object, e.g., a logo or trademark, a barcode scan, and reading an RFID tag, to list but only a few possibilities.  FIG.  5 F  illustrates the checklist having been updated to include a photograph of the object along with the barcode. 
     In some embodiments, multiple photographs are acquired of various aspects of an object to authenticate an object. For example, if the object being authenticated is apparel, the objects profile stored by WAAL  102  may include numerous parameters that are to be checked for authenticity. Taking a shirt as an example, an authentic version of the shirt may include an RFID tag, a hangtag including a barcode that is looped through a particular buttonhole of the shirt, a company logo or emblem, and a particular type of collar. Consequently, a user of the ITR  108  may be prompted to acquire an image of each of these particular features for comparison by the AAVP and WAAL  102 . 
     In some embodiments, multiple RFID or other scans are used to authenticate an item. For example, a consumer electronics product or OEM assembly for a government entity (e.g., the Department of Defense (“DOD”)) typically includes multiple OEM components that can each be interrogated. If the electronic device includes a wireless access chip and a Bluetooth chip, ITR  108  can pair with the electronic device to acquire the Bluetooth ID and a MAC address of the wireless access chip can be acquired by the ITR  108 . The Bluetooth ID and MAC address of the wireless access chip are used by the AAVP and WAAL  102  for authentication as described in greater detail below. 
     In some embodiments, a combination of scans and photographs are used for authenticating an item. For example, a pharmaceutical package may be secured with a tamper-proof (resistant) RFID tag and including a content label comprising a barcode. The content label may include a logo, lot number, expiration date, and/or a manufacturer&#39;s list of compounds or ingredients. In some embodiments, the container, which may be a plastic bottle or other suitable pharmaceutical container, is also embossed with a lot number. 
     ITR  108  interrogates the RFID tag using an RFID reader (e.g., wave reader  122  or RFID readers  154 ,  156 ) and acquires one or more images of the label and pharmaceutical package using camera  160 . In some embodiments, the AAVP includes an optical character recognition (“OCR”) program for extracting data from the one or more images acquired by camera  160 . For example, the lot number, expiration date, and/or list of compounds or ingredients can be recognized from the one or more images acquired by camera  160  of ITR  108 . 
     Referring again to  FIG.  4 A , processor  142  executes AAVP and calculates an IT value for the ART at block  408  based on the AIM values collected during the data acquisition. In some embodiments, the IT calculation includes applying weights to data values. For example, an image may be weighted less than a weight of an RFID tag or barcode value since a counterfeit object may have a similar if not identical appearance to an authentic object. The Raotronic fingerprint, i.e., calculated IT value, is calculated based on several factors including, but not limited to, the number of AIMs  115 , types of AIMs  115 , accuracy of AIMs, number of records, and number weighting factors. Increasing the number of factors that are taken into consideration increases the strength of the authentication while preventing false negatives as described above. 
     The following provides one example of an authentication calculation for a shirt, which has a profile identifying a total of 370 possible points, with 200 points provided for a match of a TID of an RFID tag, a barcode match providing 50 points, a color match providing 25 points, a size match providing 20 points, and a lot and cut match providing 75 points. If data acquisition processes are performed on a shirt such that 300 of the possible 370 points are identified (e.g., 200 points for the TID matching, 25 points for the color match, and 75 points for the lot and cut match), then the IT value is 300 or 0.811 percent of a match. 
     Referring again to the pharmaceutical container example described above, the IT calculation is based on the expiration data, the RFID tag ID, which is weighted five times as much that the expiration data, the lot number bar code, which is weighted twice as much as the expiration data. The visual (e.g., optical) comparison of the company logo may be given a weight of twice that of the expiration data. Out of a possible 100 percent match, the data acquisition processes may identify a 90 percent of the possible values based on a horizontal confidence. Based on a population of several thousands of bottles in the lot, the value is strengthened by five percent to 95 percent. If a manufacturer had been alerted that the lot number had been compromised, then the value may be lowered to 85 percent. 
     At block  410 , the IT value calculated by ITR  108  (and other data in some embodiments) is transmitted to a WAAL  102  and/or to a PPL  110 . The calculated IT value can be transmitted to WAAL  102  and/or to one or more PPLs  110  via network  112 . In some embodiments, the message transmitting the calculated IT value is encrypted prior to transmission. 
     The process performed by WAAL  102  in response to receiving the message and the calculated IT value from ITR  108  is described with reference to  FIG.  4 B , which is a flow diagram of one example of an authentication method  430  performed by WAAL  102 . At block  432 , WAAL  102  receives the message including the calculated IT value. In some embodiments, the message including the calculated IT value is received directly from ITR  108  via network  114 , and, in some embodiments, WAAL  102  receives the calculated IT value from a PPL  110 , which forwards the calculated IT value in the event PPL  110  was not able to confirm the authenticity of the object based on the calculated IT value as described in greater detail below with respect to  FIG.  4 C . 
     At block  434 , the calculated ITR value (and other data, if applicable) is extracted from the message and compared to IT values stored in database  104 . In some embodiments, WAAL  102  hashes the ITR value and compares the hash key to a hashing table to determine if the calculated IT value resides in memory. In some embodiments, WAAL  102  performs a straight comparison of the calculated value to the stored IT values. 
     At block  436 , WAAL  102  transmits a message to ITR  108  that confirms the authentication of the object as being an ART  114 , identifies the object as not being ART  114 , requests additional information, and/or identifies a probability that the item is authentic or counterfeit. In some embodiments, the message transmitted directly from WAAL  102  to ITR  108  via network  114 . In some embodiments, such as embodiments in which WAAL  102  receives the message from ITR  108  via a PPL  110 , WAAL  102  transmits a message destined for ITR  108  to PPL  110  with instructions to forward the message to ITR  108 . 
     If the calculated IT value received from ITR  108  matches a value stored in database  104  or varies from a value stored within database  104  within a first predetermined error range, then WAAL  102  transmits a message identifying that the object interrogated by ITR  108  is ART  114 . If the IT value does not match an IT value in database  104  and is outside the first predetermined range, but within a second predetermined range, then the message transmitted from WAAL  102  requests ITR  108  provide additional data and/or recalculate the IT value before WAAL  102  will authenticate the object as ART  114 . If the calculated IT value received from ITR  108  does not match an IT value in database  104  and is outside of the second predetermined range, then the message transmitted from WAAL  102  to ITR  108  identifies the object as not being ART  114 . As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the greater the number and strength of AIMs  115 , and depending on the closeness of the match to the WAAL database  104 , the higher the probability is that the object is ART  114 . 
     Turning now to  FIG.  4 C , which is a flow diagram of an authentication method  450  performed by a PPL  110 , PPL  110  receives a message including the calculated IT value from ITR  108  via network  114  at block  452 . 
     At block  454 , PPL  110  extracts the calculated IT value from the message and compares the extracted IT value to values stored in a database controlled by and local to PPL  110 . In some embodiments, PPL  110  hashes the ITR value received from ITR  108  and compares the hash key to a hashing table to determine if the calculated IT value resides in memory. In some embodiments, PPL  110  performs a straight comparison of the calculated IT value received from ITR  108  to stored IT values. 
     At decision block  456 , PPL  110  determines if the calculated IT value received from ITR  108  matches an IT value within the local database or is within a first or second predetermined range of one of the stored IT values. 
     If the calculated IT value received from ITR  108  does not match and is not within one of the predetermined error ranges, then method  450  proceeds to block  458 . At block  458 , PPL  110  transmits a message including the calculated IT value received from ITR  108  to WAAL  102 , which performs the authentication check method  430  described above with respect to  FIG.  4 B . PPL transmits the message to WAAL  102  such that WAAL  102  can perform a secondary check of the calculated IT value using WAAL&#39;s database  104 , which is larger than a database retained by PPL  110 . 
     At block  460 , PPL  110  receives message from WAAL  102 . In some embodiments, the message received from WAAL  102  includes a copy of an IT value and the associated data of ART  114  if WAAL  102  was able to identify a match (or a suitable match within a predetermined error range) to the calculated IT value received from ITR  108 . PPL  110  extracts the data included in the message from WAAL  102  and updates its associated database. In some embodiments, the message received from WAAL  102  identifies that WAAL  102  was not able to identify an identical or suitable match (i.e., a match within a predetermined range). 
     At block  462 , PPL  110  transmits a message to ITR  108  via network  114 . If the calculated IT value received from ITR  108  matched or was a suitable match (i.e., is within a first predetermined range of an IT value) as determined by PPL  110  or by WAAL  102 , then PPL  110  transmits a message to ITR  108  identifying that the interrogated object is an ART  114 . If the calculated IT value received from ITR  108  does not match an IT value and is not within the first predetermined range, but is within a second predetermined range as determined by PPL  110  or WAAL  102 , then PPL  110  transmits a message to ITR  108  requesting additional data and/or requesting ITR  108  to recalculate the IT value. If the calculated IT value received from ITR  108  does not match an IT value and is outside of the second predetermined range as determined by PPL  110  or WAAL  102 , then the message transmitted from PPL  110  to ITR  108  identifies the object as not being ART  114 . 
     Referring again to  FIG.  4 A , ITR  108  receives a message from WAAL  102  or PPL  110  and determines if additional data acquisition is needed at decision block  414 . ITR  108  determines if additional data acquisitions processes should be performed based on the message received from WAAL  102  or PPL  110 . If additional data acquisition is needed, then ITR  108  proceeds to block  404  where a user is prompted to performed one or more data acquisition processes. As described above, additional data acquisition may be needed if WAAL  102  and/or PPL  110  cannot definitively determine if the calculated IT value corresponds to a stored IT value. For example, if the calculated value does not exactly or suitably match a stored IT value, but is with the second predetermined range of values, then additional data acquisition processes should be performed. 
     A notification that additional data acquisition is required to authenticate the object can be provided to the user. For example, display  170  can generate a message requesting additional data acquisition. In some embodiments, LEDs  152  can generate a predetermined color, e.g., a yellow light, which indicates that additional data acquisition is needed before the object can be authenticated. Speaker  174  and/or oscillator  176  can also generate notifications to a user. For example, speaker  174  may emit multiple beeps or tones or play a message requesting additional data acquisition steps be performed. Oscillator  176  may provide a series of short or long pulses, which indicates that additional data steps are needed before the object can be authenticated as ART/TA. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the notifications are not exclusive of one another and each can be simultaneously generated. In some embodiments, the AAVP enables a user to customize the types of notifications he/her would like to receive, e.g., audible, tactile, and/or visual. 
     If additional data acquisition is not needed, then ITR  108  moves to decision block  416  to determine if the interrogated object is ART  114 . In some embodiments, the decision at block  416  is based on the message received from WAAL  102  or PPL  110 . If the object is determined to be ART  114 , then ITR  108  moves to block  418  and generates one or more notifications to a user on display  170  identifying that the object is ART. For example, display  170  can generate a message identifying the object as ART/TA. In some embodiments, LED(s)  152  emit a light, such as a green light, signifying that the object is ART/TA. Speaker  174  can emit a sound indicating the object is ART/TA and/or oscillator  176  can generate a series of pulses signifying that the object is authentic. 
     If the object is determined to not be ART  114 , then ITR  108  moves to block  420  and generates one or more notifications to a user on display  170  identifying that the object is not ART. Visual, audible, and/or tactile notifications can be generated by one or more of LED(s)  152 , display  170 , speaker  174 , and/or oscillator  176 . For example, LED(s)  152  can be configured to generate a red light and display can be configured to generate a message conveying that the object is not authentic. Speaker  174  can be configured to emit a noise or message, and oscillator  176  can be configured to provide one or more pulses that identify the object as not being authentic. 
     WAAL  102  can also be used to authenticate goods purchased via an online retailer or reseller. One example of such an authentication method is described with reference to  FIGS.  6 A- 6 B , which are flow diagrams of one example of such a method. Referring first to  FIG.  6 A , an online marketer  119 , such as a distributer or auction house, receives a request from a purchaser for the marketed object to be authenticated at block  602 . 
     At block  604 , online marketer  119  transmits a message to the seller requesting the AIM values or other authentication credentials. The message transmitted to seller can request various AIMs including, but not limited, the serial number and product number, which may be obtained from one or more barcodes, the location from which the object was procured, where the object currently resides, the NFC data if the object includes an NFC tag, and one or more multi-dimension photos or videos of the object, to provide only a few non-limiting examples. 
     At block  606 , online marketer  119  receives one or more AIMs from the seller in response to the transmitted request. In some embodiments, online marketer  119  calculates an IT value for the object based on the AIMs received from seller. In some embodiments, online marketer  119  stores the AIM values received from seller without calculating an IT value. 
     At block  608 , online marketer  119  transmits an authentication request to WAAL  102  or to PPL  110 . In some embodiments, the authentication request message transmitted to WAAL  102  includes an IT value calculated by online retailer  119 , and in some embodiments, the authentication request message transmitted to WAAL  102  includes the AIM values received from the seller. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  6 B , which is a flow diagram of one example of an authentication method performed by WAAL  102 , WAAL  102  receives the authentication request message at block  632 . In some embodiments, the authentication request message received from online marketer  119  is received via network  114  in accordance with the API of WAAL  102 . 
     At decision block  634 , WAAL  102  parses the received message and determines if the message includes a calculated IT value. If the message does not include an IT value, then method  630  moves to block  636  where WAAL  102  calculates an IT value from the AIM values provided in the message received from online retailer  119 . 
     At block  638 , with an IT value having been calculated either by online retailer  119  or by WAAL  102 , WAAL  102  compares the calculated IT value to IT values stored in database  104 . In some embodiments, the comparison at block  638  includes hashing the calculated IT value and comparing the hash key to a hash table stored in database  104 . In some embodiments, WAAL  102  performs a straight comparison of the calculated IT value to the stored IT values. 
     At block  640 , WAAL  102  transmits a message to online retailer  119  that confirms the authentication of the object as an ART  114 , identifies the object as not being ART  114 , or requests additional information. For example, if the calculated IT value matches a value stored in database  104  or is within a suitable range of values stored as an authenticity defining criterion (i.e., is within a first predetermined range), then WAAL  102  transmits a message identifying that the object is ART  114 . If the calculated IT value does not match an IT value in database  104  and is outside the first predetermined range, but within a second predetermined range, then the message transmitted from WAAL  102  to online retailer  119  requests additional data. If the calculated IT value does not match an IT value in database  104  and is outside of the second predetermined range, then the message transmitted from WAAL  102  to online retailer identifies the object as not being ART  114 . 
     Turning back to  FIG.  6 A , online retailer  119  receives the authentication message from WAAL  102  at block  610 . As described above, the authentication message received from WAAL  102  includes a determination of whether the object is ART  114 , the object is not ART  114 , or additional information is needed by WAAL  102  before WAAL  102  can authenticate the object. 
     At decision block  612 , online retailer  119  determines whether additional information is needed before the object can be authenticated. If the message received from WAAL  102  identifies that additional information is needed (i.e., the calculated IT value was outside of the first predetermined range, but within the second predetermined range), then method  600  moves to block  604  and requests the seller to provide additional information about the object. 
     If the message received from WAAL  102  identifies that additional information is not needed (i.e., the calculated IT value was within the first predetermined range or outside the second predetermined range), then method  600  moves to decision block  614  to determine if the object has been authenticated, i.e., if the object is ART  114 . 
     If the message received from WAAL  102  identifies the object as being ART  114 , then online retailer  119  transmits a message to the prospective buyer at block  616  that notifies the buyer that the object cannot be authenticated and is ART. In some embodiments, the message transmitted to the prospective buyer at block  616  includes a certificate of authentication that includes embedded links to a website or portal maintained by WAAL  102  that enables the prospective buyer to access the profile of the object that has been identified as ART  114 . The ART profile can include AIM data including, but not limited to, the name of the vendor, date of certification, certification product details and a description of the product. 
     If the message received from WAAL  102  identifies the object as not being ART  114 , then online retailer  119  transmits a message to the prospective buyer at block  618  that notifies the buyer that the object can be authenticated, but that it is not ART. 
     The systems and methods described above can also be used to assess risk for large assemblies in which authentication is critical such as assemblies for national defense (e.g., cars, trucks, drones, fighter planes, self-guided munitions, etc.). For example and referring to  FIG.  7   , the AAVP can be configured to present graphics to a user on a display  124 ,  170  that identifies the likelihood of authentication and the associated risk. The amount of risk associated with a certain authenticity percentage may be configured by a particular entity, e.g., government, defense contractor, etc. 
     The AAVP generates the graphics illustrated in  FIG.  7    after performing numerous data acquisition processes on one or more components of the assembly. Interrogating the components in a supply chain or a finished assembly provides an increased assurance that the goods are authentic and have not been tampered. 
     The systems and methods described above advantageously enable objects to be identified using various data. The WAAL, a central repository of authentication information, is able to be accessed via networks such that individual users and organizations can access the database. By providing data that can be used for authentication, brand name owners and manufacturers can track goods through supply chains as well as ensure that the ultimate purchasers are receiving authentic goods. 
     The present invention can be embodied in the form of methods and apparatus for practicing those methods. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of program code embodied in tangible media, such as secure digital (“SD”) cards, USB flash drives, diskettes, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, Blu-ray disks, hard drives, or any other non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a machine, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose processor, the program code segments combine with the processor to provide a unique device that operates analogously to specific logic circuits. 
     Although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto. Rather, the appended claims should be construed broadly, to include other variants and embodiments of the invention, which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and range of equivalents of the invention.