Patent Publication Number: US-2022219054-A1

Title: Golf club heads and methods to manufacture golf club heads

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 17/472,321, filed Sep. 10, 2021, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/940,806, filed Jul. 28, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,141,635, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/006,055, filed Jun. 12, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,737,153, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/518,715, filed Jun. 13, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/533,481, filed Jul. 17, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/536,266, filed Jul. 24, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/644,233, filed Mar. 16, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/659,060, filed Apr. 17, 2018. 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/940,806, filed Jul. 28, 2020, is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/987,731, filed May 23, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,821,341, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/518,715, filed Jun. 13, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/533,481, filed Jul. 17, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/536,266, filed Jul. 24, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/574,071, filed Oct. 18, 2017. 
     U.S. application Ser. No. 15/987,731 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/188,661, filed Jun. 21, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,441,858, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 14/812,212, filed Jul. 29, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,387,375, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/030,820, filed Jul. 30, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/146,114, filed Apr. 10, 2015. 
     U.S. application Ser. No. 15/987,731 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/489,366, filed Apr. 17, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,124,212, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 15/078,749, filed Mar. 23, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,649,540, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/138,925, filed Mar. 26, 2015, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/212,462, filed Aug. 31, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/213,933, filed Sep. 3, 2015. 
     U.S. application Ser. No. 15/987,731 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/831,151, filed Dec. 4, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,478,680, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/431,157, filed Dec. 7, 2016. 
     U.S. application Ser. No. 15/987,731 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/922,506, filed Mar. 15, 2018, now abandoned, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/480,338, filed Mar. 31, 2017. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 16/674,332, filed Nov. 5, 2019, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/275,883, filed Feb. 14, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,493,331, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/745,194, filed Oct. 12, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/755,241, filed Nov. 2, 2018. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 17/344,705, filed Jun. 10, 2021, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/751,500, filed Jan. 24, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,045,698, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/798,277, filed Jan. 29, 2019. 
     U.S. application Ser. No. 16/751,500 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 16/035,271, filed Jul. 13, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,576,339, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/533,481, filed Jul. 17, 2017. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 17/378,252, filed Jul. 16, 2021, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 17/232,401, filed Apr. 16, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,090,535, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/567,937, filed Sep. 11, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,981,038. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 17/123,325, filed Dec. 16, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/949,064, filed Dec. 17, 2019. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 17/133,260, filed Dec. 23, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/008,654, filed Apr. 10, 2020. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 17/474,925, filed Sep. 14, 2021, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/215,078, filed Jun. 25, 2021. 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 17/680,520, filed Feb. 25, 2022. 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/244,283, filed Sep. 15, 2021. 
     The disclosure of the referenced application is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     COPYRIGHT AUTHORIZATION 
     The present disclosure may be subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the present disclosure and its related documents, as they appear in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all applicable copyrights. 
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure generally relates to golf equipment, and more particularly, to golf club heads and methods to manufacturing golf club heads. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Proper alignment of a golf club head at an address position relative to a golf ball may improve the performance of an individual. Various alignment aids have been used on the golf club heads to improve the individual&#39;s visual alignment. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts a front and top perspective view of a golf club head according to an example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 2  depicts a front view of the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  depicts a rear view of the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  depicts a top view of the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  depicts a bottom view of the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  depicts a left view of the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 7  depicts a right view of the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 8  depicts a top view of a body portion of the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 9  depicts a bottom view of the example body portion of  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 10  depicts a top view of a weight portion associated with the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 11  depicts a side view of a weight portion associated with the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 12  depicts a side view of another weight portion associated with the example golf club head of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 13  depicts a bottom view of another example body portion of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 14  depicts a top view of a golf club head according to another example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 15  depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of a golf club head according to yet another example of the apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 16  depicts a schematic cross-sectional view of another example of the golf club head of  FIG. 15 . 
         FIG. 17  depicts a front view of a golf club head according to yet another example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 18  depicts a rear view of the golf club head of  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 19  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 17  at lines  19 - 19  of  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 20  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 17  at lines  20 - 20  of  FIG. 18 . 
         FIG. 21  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 17  at lines  21 - 21  of  FIG. 18 . 
         FIG. 22  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 17  at lines  22 - 22  of  FIG. 18 . 
         FIG. 23  depicts a front and top perspective view of a golf club head according to yet another example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 24  depicts a front and bottom perspective view of the golf club head of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 25  depicts a front view of the golf club head of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 26  depicts a rear view of the golf club head of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 27  depicts a top view of the golf club head of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 28  depicts a bottom view of the golf club head of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 29  depicts a left view of the golf club head of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 30  depicts a right view of the golf club head of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 31  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 23  taken at lines  31 - 31  of  FIG. 31 . 
         FIG. 32  depicts a front perspective view of a face portion of a golf club head according to an example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 33  depicts a side perspective view of the face portion of  FIG. 32 . 
         FIG. 34  depicts a perspective cross-sectional view of the face portion of  FIG. 32 . 
         FIG. 35  depicts an enlarged view of area  35  of the face portion of  FIG. 34 . 
         FIG. 36  depicts an enlarged view of area  36  of the face portion of  FIG. 32 . 
         FIG. 37  depicts an enlarged view of area  37  of the face portion of  FIG. 36 . 
         FIG. 38  depicts a perspective schematic view of a pyramidal frustum. 
         FIG. 39  depicts an enlarged view of area  39  of the face portion of  FIG. 32 . 
         FIG. 40  depicts an alternative face pattern for a face portion of a golf club. 
         FIG. 41  depicts another alternative face pattern for a face portion of a golf club. 
         FIG. 42  depicts a method of manufacturing a face portion according to an example of the apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 43  depicts another method of manufacturing a face portion according to an example of the apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 44  depicts a front view of a golf club head according to another example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 45  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 44  taken at lines  45 - 45  of  FIG. 44 . 
         FIG. 46  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 44  taken at lines  46 - 46  of  FIG. 44 . 
         FIG. 47  depicts a front view of a face insert of the golf club head of  FIG. 44  according to an example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 48  depicts a back view of the face insert of  FIG. 47 . 
         FIG. 49  depicts a bottom view of the face insert of  FIG. 47 . 
         FIG. 50  depicts a back view of a filler insert of the golf club head of  FIG. 44  according to an example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 51  depicts a front and top perspective view of a golf club head according to yet another example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 52  depicts a rear and bottom perspective view of the golf club head of  FIG. 51 . 
         FIG. 53  depicts a top view of a body portion of the golf club head of  FIG. 51 . 
         FIG. 54  depicts a plate portion capable of being assembled to the body portion of  FIG. 53 . 
         FIG. 55  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 51  taken at lines  55 - 55  of  FIG. 51 . 
         FIG. 56  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 51  taken at lines  56 - 56  of  FIG. 51 . 
         FIG. 57  depicts a number of interchangeable plate portions showing different line-type alignment aids. 
         FIG. 58  depicts a number of interchangeable plate portions showing different dot-type alignment aids. 
         FIG. 59  depicts a number of interchangeable plate portions showing different dot and line-type alignment aids. 
         FIG. 60  depicts a top perspective view of a golf club head according to yet another example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 61  depicts a bottom perspective view of the golf club head of  FIG. 60 . 
         FIG. 62  depicts a top view of a body portion of the golf club head of  FIG. 60 . 
         FIG. 63  depicts a right side cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 60  taken at section  63 - 63 . 
         FIG. 64  depicts a rear cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 60  taken at section  64 - 64 . 
         FIG. 65  depicts a top view of a plate portion capable of being assembled to the body portion of  FIG. 62 . 
         FIG. 66  depicts a bottom view of the plate portion of  FIG. 65 . 
         FIG. 67  depicts a side view of the plate portion of  FIG. 65 . 
         FIG. 68  depicts a front view of the plate portion of  FIG. 65 . 
         FIG. 69  depicts a front perspective view of a golf club head according to yet another example of the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein. 
         FIG. 70  depicts a bottom perspective view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69 . 
         FIG. 71  depicts a front view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69 . 
         FIG. 72  depicts a rear view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69 . 
         FIG. 73  depicts a top view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69 . 
         FIG. 74  depicts a bottom view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69 . 
         FIG. 75  depicts a heel side view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69 . 
         FIG. 76  depicts a toe side view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69 . 
         FIG. 77  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69  taken at section  77 - 77  of  FIG. 73 . 
         FIG. 78  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69  taken at section  78 - 78  of  FIG. 74 . 
         FIG. 79  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69  taken at section  79 - 79  of  FIG. 74 . 
         FIG. 80  depicts a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69  taken at section  80 - 80  of  FIG. 74 . 
         FIG. 81  depicts a rear view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69  with a plate portion removed. 
         FIG. 82  depicts a top view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69  with the plate portion removed. 
         FIG. 83  depicts a rear view of the golf club head of  FIG. 69  with the plate portion and associated fasteners removed. 
         FIG. 84  depicts a top view of the golf club head of  FIG. 67  with a plate portion and associated fasteners removed. 
         FIG. 85  depicts a top view of a plate portion capable of being assembled to the body portion of  FIG. 69 . 
         FIG. 86  depicts a bottom view of the plate portion of  FIG. 85 . 
         FIG. 87  depicts a front view of the plate portion of  FIG. 85 . 
         FIG. 88  depicts a rear view of the plate portion of  FIG. 85 . 
         FIG. 89  depicts a heel side view of the plate portion of  FIG. 85 . 
         FIG. 90  depicts a toe side view of the plate portion of  FIG. 85 . 
     
    
    
     For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figures illustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure. Additionally, elements in the drawing figures may not be depicted to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of examples of the present disclosure. 
     DESCRIPTION 
     The following U.S. patents, U.S. Patent Publications, and U.S. patent applications, which are collectively referred to herein as “the incorporated by reference patents,” are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety: U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,233,283, 9,387,375, 9,387,375, 9,387,375, 9,440,124, 9,440,124, 9,649,540, 9,649,540, 9,649,540, 10,124,212, 10,124,212, 10,124,212, 10,258,844, 10,258,845, 10,258,845, 10,315,080, 10,315,080, 10,441,858, 10,441,858, 10,441,858, 10,478,680, 10,478,680, 10,478,680, 10,493,331, 10,561,911, 10,576,339, 10,576,339, 10,646,758, 10,688,355, 10,688,355, 10,737,153, 10,821,341, 10,821,341, 10,960,271, 10,981,038, 11,045,698, 11,090,535, 11,141,635, and 11,173,361; and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 17/680,520, and 17/474,925. 
     In general, golf club heads and methods to manufacture golf club heads are described herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. In the example of  FIGS. 1-13 , a golf club head  100  may include a body portion  110  and a visual guide portion, which is generally shown as a first visual guide portion  122 , a second visual guide portion  124 , and a third visual guide portion  126 . The body portion  110  may include a toe portion  130 , a heel portion  140 , a front portion  150 , a rear portion  160 , a top portion  170 , and a sole portion  180 . The body portion  110  may also include a bore  185  to receive a shaft (not shown) with a grip (not shown). Alternatively, the body portion  110  may include a hosel (not shown) to receive the shaft. The golf club head  100  and the grip may be located on opposite ends of the shaft to form a golf club. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  110  may be partially or entirely made of a steel-based material (e.g., 17-4 PH stainless steel), a titanium-based material, an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of materials. Alternatively, the body portion  110  may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The golf club head  100  may be a putter-type golf club head (e.g., a blade-type putter, a mid-mallet-type putter, a mallet-type putter, etc.). Based on the type of putter as mentioned above, the body portion  110  may be at least 200 grams. For example, the body portion  110  may be in a range between 300 to 600 grams. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The toe and heel portions  130  and  140 , respectively, may be on opposite ends of the body portion  110  and may define a width of the body portion  110 . The front and rear portions  150  and  160 , respectively, may be on opposite ends of the body portion  110  and may define a length of the body portion  110 . The front portion  150  may include a face portion  155  (e.g., a strike face), which may be used to impact a golf ball (not shown). The face portion  155  may be an integral portion of the body portion  110 . Alternatively, the face portion  155  may be a separate piece or an insert coupled to the body portion  110  via various manufacturing and/or processes (e.g., a bonding process, a welding process, a brazing process, a mechanical locking method, a mechanical fastening method, any combination thereof, or other suitable types of manufacturing methods and/or processes). The face portion  155  may be associated with a loft plane that defines the loft angle of the golf club head  100 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , for example, the body portion  110  may include two or more weight ports, generally shown as a first set of weight ports  820  (e.g., shown as weight ports  821 ,  822 ,  823 ,  824 , and  825 ) to form the first visual guide portion  122  and a second set of weight ports  840  (e.g., shown as weight ports  841 ,  842 ,  843 ,  844 , and  845 ) to form the second visual guide portion  124 . The first and second sets of weight ports  820  and  840 , respectively, may be exterior weight ports configured to receive one or more weight portions (e.g., one shown as  1000  in  FIG. 10 ). In particular, the first and second sets of weight ports  820  and  840  may be located at or proximate to a periphery of the golf club head  100 . For example, the first and second sets of weight ports  820  and  840 , respectively, may be on or proximate to the top portion  170 . The first set of weight ports  820  may be at or proximate to the toe portion  130  whereas the second set of weight ports  840  may be at or proximate to the heel portion  140 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Each weight port of the first set of weight ports  820  may have a first port diameter (PD 1 )  850 . In particular, a uniform distance of less than the first port diameter  850  may separate any two adjacent weight ports of the first set of weight ports  820  (e.g., (i) weight ports  821  and  822 , (ii) weight ports  822  and  823 , (iii) weight ports  823  and  824 , or (iv) weight ports  824  and  825 ). In one example, the first port diameter  850  may be about 0.25 inch (6.35 millimeters) and any two adjacent weight ports of the first set of weight ports  820  may be separated by 0.1 inch (2.54 millimeters). In a similar manner, each weight port of the second set of weight ports  840  may have a second port diameter (PD 2 )  855 . A uniform distance of less than the second port diameter  855  may separate any two adjacent weight ports of the second set of weight ports  840  (e.g., (i) weight ports  841  and  842 , (ii) weight ports  842  and  843 , (iii) weight ports  843  and  844 , or (iv) weight ports  844  and  845 ). For example, the second port diameter  855  may be about 0.25 inch (6.35 millimeters) and any two adjacent weight ports of the second set of weight ports  840  may be separated by 0.1 inch (2.54 millimeters). The first and second port diameters  850  and  855  may be equal (i.e., PD 1 =PD 2 ). Alternatively, the first and second port diameters  850  and  855  may be different. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     As noted above, the visual guide portion may include the third visual guide portion  126 . Accordingly, the body portion  110  may include two or more weight ports, generally shown as a third set of weight ports  860  (e.g., shown as weight ports  861 ,  862 ,  863 ,  864 ,  865 ,  866 ,  867 , and  868 ) to form the third visual guide portion  126 . In particular, the third visual guide portion  126  may be substantially equidistant from the first and second visual guide portions  122  and  124 . For example, the third visual guide portion  126  may extend between the front and rear portions  150  and  160  located at or proximate to a center of the body portion  110 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Each weight port of the third set of weight ports  860  may have a third port diameter  870 . In one example, the third port diameter  870  may be equal to the first port diameter  850  and/or the second port diameter  855  (e.g., 850=855=870). In another example, the third port diameter  870  may be different from the first port diameter  850  and the second port diameter  855 . A uniform distance of less than the third port diameter  870  may separate any two adjacent weight ports of the third set of weight ports  860  (e.g., (i) weight ports  861  and  862 , (ii) weight ports  862  and  863 , (iii) weight ports  863  and  864 , (iv) weight ports  864  and  865 , (v) weight ports  865  and  866 , (vi) weight ports  866  and  867 , or (vii) weight ports  867  and  868 ). The body portion  110  may also include a U-shape recess portion  190 . The third visual guide portion  126  may be located in the U-shape recess portion  190 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG. 9 , the body portion  110  may include an interior cavity  900 . The interior cavity  900  may be partially or entirely filled with a polymer material, an elastic polymer or elastomer material, a thermoplastic elastomer material (TPE), a thermoplastic polyurethane material (TPU), and/or other suitable types of materials to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise. A plate portion  500  ( FIG. 5 ) may cover the interior cavity  900  from the sole portion  180 . The plate portion  500  may be partially or entirely made of a steel-based material (e.g., 17-4PH stainless steel), a titanium-based material, an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of materials. Alternatively, the plate portion  500  may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.) with one shown as  1300  in  FIG. 13 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the first and second visual guide portions  122  and  124 , respectively, may be located a distance from a first vertical plane  880  and a second vertical plane  885 , respectively. For example, the first visual guide portion  122  may be located less than one inch (25.4 millimeters) from the first vertical plane  880  and the second visual guide portion  124  may be located less than one inch (25.4 millimeters) from the second vertical plane  885 . Further, a distance  400  ( FIG. 4 ) may separate the first and second visual guide portions  122  and  124 , which may be greater than a diameter of a golf ball (e.g., 1.68 inches or 42.67 millimeters). In one example, the distance  400  may be greater than three inches (76.2 millimeters). In another example, the distance  400  may be about 3.75 inches (95.25 millimeters). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first and second visual guide portions  122  and  124  may be located relative to the periphery of the golf club head  100 . In one example, the first visual guide portion  122  may be located less than 0.5 inch (12.7 millimeters) from the periphery at or proximate to the toe portion  130  whereas the second visual guide portion  124  may be located less than 0.5 inch (12.7 millimeters) from the periphery at or proximate to the heel portion  140 . In one example, each of the first and second visual guide portions  122  and  124  may extend about a maximum length  405  between the front and rear portions  150  and  160 . In another example, each of the first and second visual guide portions  122  and  124  may extend less than 50% of the maximum length  405  between the front and rear portions  150  and  160 . In yet another example, each of the first and second visual guide portions  122  and  124  may extend between 50% and 100% of the maximum length  405  between the front and rear portions  150  and  160 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Each of the first and second visual guide portions  122  and  124 , respectively, may be dotted lines formed by two or more weight portions, generally shown as a first set of weight portions  420  (e.g., shown as weight portions  421 ,  422 ,  423 ,  424 , and  425 ) and a second set of weight portions  440  (e.g., shown as weight portions  441 ,  442 ,  443 ,  444 , and  445 ). In a similar manner, the third visual guide portion  126  may be a dotted line formed by two or more weight portions, generally shown as a third set of weight portions  460  (e.g., shown as weight portions  461 ,  462 ,  463 ,  464 ,  465 ,  466 ,  467 , and  468 ). The first, second, and third sets of weight portions  420 ,  440 , and  460 , respectively, may be partially or entirely made of a high-density material such as a tungsten-based material or suitable types of materials. Alternatively, the first, second, and third sets of weight portions  420 ,  440 , and  460 , respectively, may be partially or entirely made of any metal material or non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first, second, and third sets of weight portions  420 ,  440 , and  460 , respectively, may have similar or different physical properties (e.g., density, shape, mass, volume, size, color, etc.). In the illustrated example as shown in  FIGS. 10-12 , each of the weight portions of the first, second, and third sets of weight portions  420 ,  440 , and  460  may have a cylindrical shape (e.g., a circular cross section). Alternatively, each of the weight portions of the first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440  may have a first shape (e.g., a cylindrical shape) whereas each of the weight portions of the third set of weight portions  460  may have a second shape (e.g., a rectangular shape). Although the above examples may describe weight portions having a particular shape, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may include weight portions of other suitable shapes (e.g., a portion of or a whole sphere, cube, cone, cylinder, pyramid, cuboidal, prism, frustum, or other suitable geometric shape). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Further, each of the weight portions of the first, second, and third sets of weight portions  420 ,  440 , and  460 , respectively, may have a diameter  1010  ( FIG. 10 ) of about 0.25 inch (6.35 millimeters) but the first, second, and third sets of weight portions  420 ,  440 , and  460 , respectively, may be different in height. In particular, each of the weight portions of the first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440  may be associated with a first height  1100  ( FIG. 11 ), and each of the weight portions of the third set of weight portions  460  may be associated with a second height  1200  ( FIG. 12 ). The first height  1100  may be relatively longer than the second height  1200 . In one example, the first height  1100  may be about 0.3 inch (7.62 millimeters) whereas the second height  1200  may be about 0.16 inch (4.06 millimeters). Alternatively, the first height  1100  may be equal to or less than the second height  1200 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440 , respectively, may include threads to secure in the weight ports. For example, each weight portion of the first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440  may be a bolt or screw. The first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440 , respectively, may not be readily removable from the body portion  110  with or without a tool. Alternatively, the first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440 , respectively, may be readily removable (e.g., with a tool) so that a relatively heavier or lighter weight portion may replace one or more of the weight portions of the first and second sets  420  and  440 , respectively. In another example, the first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440 , respectively, may be secured in the weight ports of the body portion  110  with epoxy or adhesive so that the first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440 , respectively, may not be readily removable. In yet another example, the first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440 , respectively, may be secured in the weight ports of the body portion  110  with both epoxy and threads so that the first and second sets of weight portions  420  and  440 , respectively, may not be readily removable. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the golf club head  100  may also include a fourth set of weight portions  620  (e.g., shown as weight portions  621 ,  622 ,  623 , and  624 ) and a fifth set of weight portions  720  (e.g., shown as weight portions  721 ,  722 ,  723 , and  724 ). Although both the fourth and fifth sets of weight portions  620  and  720  may be located at or proximate to the rear portion  160 , the fourth set of weight portions  620  may be located at or proximate to the heel portion  140  whereas the fifth set of weight portions  720  may be at or proximate to the toe portion  130 . Each of the fourth and fifth sets of weight portions  620  and  720  may include at least three weight portions. Each weight portion of the fourth and fifth sets of weight portions  620  and  720  may be coupled (e.g., via threads) to a corresponding weight port (e.g., shown as weight ports  641 ,  642 ,  643 ,  644 ,  741 ,  742 ,  743 , and  744 ) on the periphery of the body portion  110 . The corresponding weight ports may be spaced apart and have port diameters similar or different to any one or more of the first, second, and third port diameters  850 ,  855 , and  870  associated with the first, second, and third sets of weight ports  820 ,  840 , and  860 . In one example, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the fourth and fifth sets of weight portions  620  and  720  and the corresponding weight ports may not be visible when the club head  100  is directly viewed from the top. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Although the above examples may describe a particular number of visual guide portions, weight ports, and weight portions, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may include more or less visual guide portions, weight ports, and/or weight portions. While the golf club head  100  illustrated in  FIGS. 1-9  may depict a particular type of putter club head (e.g., a mallet-type putter club head), the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other types of putters. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 14 , the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to a blade-type putter golf club head  1400 . The golf club head  1400  may include a body portion  1410 , and a visual guide portion, generally shown as a first visual guide portion  1422  and a second visual guide portion  1424 . The body portion  1410  may include a toe portion  1430 , a heel portion  1440 , a front portion  1450 , a rear portion  1460 , a sole portion (not shown), and a top portion  1470 . The body portion  1410  may also include a bore  1445  to receive a shaft (not shown). Alternatively, the body portion  1410  may include a hosel (not shown) to receive a shaft. The body portion  1410  may be partially or entirely made of a steel-based material (e.g., 17-4PH stainless steel), a titanium-based material, an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of materials. Alternatively, the body portion  1410  may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first and second visual guide portions  1422  and  1424 , respectively, may be located a particular distance from a first vertical plane  1415  and a second vertical plane  1425 , respectively. For example, the first visual guide portion  1422  may be located less than one inch (25.4 millimeters) from the first vertical plane  1415  and the visual guide portion  1424  may be located less than one inch (25.4 millimeters) from the second vertical plane  1425 . Further, a distance  1475  may separate the first and second visual guide portions  1422  and  1424 , which may be greater than a diameter of a golf ball. In one example, the distance  1475  may be greater than three inches (76.2 millimeters). In another example, the distance  1475  may be about 3.75 inches (95.25 millimeters). 
     The first and second visual guide portions  1422  and  1424  may be located relative to a periphery of the golf club head  1400 . In one example, the first visual guide portion  1422  may be located less than 0.5 inch (12.7 millimeters) from the periphery at or proximate to the toe portion  1430  whereas the second visual guide portion  1424  may be located less than 0.5 inch (12.7 millimeters) from the periphery at or proximate to the heel portion  1440 . In one example, each of the first and second visual guide portions  1422  and  1424  may extend about a maximum length  1476  between the front and rear portions  1450  and  1460 . In another example, each of the first and second visual guide portions  1422  and  1424  may extend less than 50% of the maximum length  1476  between the front and rear portions  1450  and  1460 . In yet another example, each of the first and second visual guide portions  1422  and  1424  may extend between 50% and 100% of the maximum length  1476  between the front and rear portions  1450  and  1460 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Each of the first and second visual guide portions  1422  and  1424 , respectively, may be dotted lines formed by two or more weight portions, generally shown as a first set of weight portions  1480  (e.g., shown as weight portions  1481 ,  1482 ,  1483 ,  1484 , and  1485 ) and a second set of weight portions  1490  (e.g., shown as weight portions  1491 ,  1492 ,  1493 ,  1494 , and  1495 ). The first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may be partially or entirely made of a high-density material such as a tungsten-based material or suitable types of materials. Alternatively, the first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may have similar or different physical properties (e.g., density, shape, mass, volume, size, color, etc.). In the illustrated example as shown in  FIGS. 10-12 , each of the weight portions of the first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490  may have a cylindrical shape (e.g., a circular cross section). Although the above examples may describe weight portions having a particular shape, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may include weight portions of other suitable shapes (e.g., a portion of or a whole sphere, cube, cone, cylinder, pyramid, cuboidal, prism, frustum, or other suitable geometric shape). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may include threads to secure in the weight ports, which may also have corresponding threads. For example, each weight portion of the first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490  may be a bolt or screw. The first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may not be readily removable from the body portion  1410  with or without a tool. Alternatively, the first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may be readily removable (e.g., with a tool) so that a relatively heavier or lighter weight portion may replace one or more of the weight portions of the first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively. In another example, the first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may be secured in the weight ports of the body portion  1410  with epoxy or adhesive so that the first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may not be readily removable. In yet another example, the first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may be secured in the weight ports of the body portion  1410  with both epoxy and threads so that the first and second sets of weight portions  1480  and  1490 , respectively, may not be readily removable. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 15 and 16 , a golf club head  1500  may include a body portion  1510 . The body portion  1510  may include a toe portion (not shown), a heel portion (not shown), a front portion  1550 , a rear portion  1560 , a top portion  1570 , and a sole portion  1580 . The body portion  1510  may be manufactured via various manufacturing methods and/or processes (e.g., a casting process, a forging process, a milling process, a cutting process, a grinding process, a welding process, a combination thereof, etc.). The body portion  1510  may be partially or entirely made of an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a magnesium-based material, a stainless steel-based material, a titanium-based material, a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of materials. Alternatively, the body portion  1510  may be partially or entirely made of non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The golf club head  1500  may be a putter-type golf club head (e.g., a blade-type putter, a mid-mallet-type putter, a mallet-type putter, etc.). Based on the type of putter as mentioned above, the body portion  1510  may be at least 200 grams. For example, the body portion  1510  may be in a range between 300 to 600 grams. Although  FIGS. 15 and 16  may depict a particular type of golf club head, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other types of golf club heads (e.g., a driver-type golf club head, a fairway wood-type golf club head, a hybrid-type golf club head, an iron-type golf club head, etc.). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  1510  may include a hosel portion  1545  configured to receive a shaft (not shown) with a grip (not shown). The golf club head  1500  and the grip may be located on opposite ends of the shaft to form a golf club. The front and rear portions  1550  and  1560 , respectively, may be on opposite ends of the body portion  1510 . The front portion  1550  may include a face portion  1555  (e.g., a strike face). The face portion  1555  may be used to impact a golf ball. The face portion  1555  may be an integral portion of the body portion  1510 . Alternatively, the face portion  1555  may be a separate piece or an insert coupled to the body portion  1510  via various manufacturing methods and/or processes (e.g., a bonding process, a welding process, a brazing process, a mechanical locking method, a mechanical fastening method, any combination thereof, or other suitable types of manufacturing methods and/or processes). The face portion  1555  may be associated with a loft plane that defines the loft angle of the golf club head  1500 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  1510  may include one or more weight ports and one or more weight portions similar to any of the golf club heads described herein. For example, a weight port  1520  is shown in  FIG. 16 . For example, the body portion  1510  may include a first set of weight ports (not shown) similar to the first set of weight ports  820  of the golf club head  100  and a second set of weight ports (not shown) similar to the second set of weight ports  840  of the golf club head  100  that are configured to receive a plurality of weight portions. Accordingly, a detailed description of the weight ports and weight portions of the golf club head  1500  is not described. Alternatively, the body portion  1510  may not include any weight ports and/or weight portions. 
     The body portion  1510  may be a hollow body including an interior cavity  1582  extending between the front portion  1550  and the rear portion  1560 . Further, the interior cavity  1582  may extend between the top portion  1570  and the sole portion  1580 . A cavity wall portion  1584  may separate the interior cavity  1582  and the face portion  1555 . The interior cavity  1582  may be associated with a cavity height  1586  (H C ) and the body portion  1510  may be associated with a body height  1588  (H B ). While the cavity height  1586  and the body height  1588  may vary between the toe and heel portions, the cavity height  1586  may be at least 50% of the body height  1588  (H C &gt;0.5*H B ). For example, the cavity height  1586  may vary between 70% and 85% of the body height  1588 . With the cavity height  1586  of the interior cavity  1582  being greater than 50% of the body height  1588 , the golf club head  1500  may produce relatively more consistent feel, sound, and/or result when the golf club head  1500  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  1555  than a golf club head with a cavity height of less than 50% of the body height. However, the cavity height  1586  may be less than 50% of the body height  1588 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the interior cavity  1582  may be unfilled (i.e., empty space). Alternatively, the interior cavity  1582  may be partially or entirely filled with a filler material (e.g., generally shown as  1590 ). The filler material  1590  may be an elastic polymer or elastomer material (e.g., a viscoelastic urethane polymer material such as Sorbothane® material manufactured by Sorbothane, Inc., Kent, Ohio), a thermoplastic elastomer material (TPE), a thermoplastic polyurethane material (TPU), and/or other suitable types of materials to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise. For example, at least 50% of the interior cavity  1582  may be filled with a TPE material to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the golf club head  1500  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  1555 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In another example, the filler material  1590  may be a polymer material such as an ethylene copolymer material to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the golf club head  1500  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  1555 . In particular, at least 50% of the interior cavity  1582  may be filled with a high density ethylene copolymer ionomer, a fatty acid modified ethylene copolymer ionomer, a highly amorphous ethylene copolymer ionomer, an ionomer of ethylene acid acrylate terpolymer, an ethylene copolymer comprising a magnesium ionomer, an injection moldable ethylene copolymer that may be used in conventional injection molding equipment to create various shapes, an ethylene copolymer that can be used in conventional extrusion equipment to create various shapes, and/or an ethylene copolymer having high compression and low resilience similar to thermoset polybutadiene rubbers. For example, the ethylene copolymer may include any of the ethylene copolymers associated with DuPont™ High-Performance Resin (HPF) family of materials (e.g., DuPont™ HPF AD1172, DuPont™ HPF AD1035, DuPont® HPF 1000 and DuPont™ HPF 2000), which are manufactured by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del. The DuPont™ HPF family of ethylene copolymers are injection moldable and may be used with conventional injection molding equipment and molds, provide low compression, and provide high resilience. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The filler material  1590  may be injected into the interior cavity  1582  by an injection molding process via a port  1592  on the body portion  1510  as shown in  FIG. 15 . The port  1592  may have an opening  1594  on the body portion  1510  to allow injection of the filler material into the interior cavity  1582  through the port  1592 . The port  1592  may have a plug  1596 , by which the opening  1594  may be closed after injection of the filler material  1590  into the interior cavity  1582 . Alternatively, as shown in the example of  FIG. 16 , at least one of the weight ports (e.g.,  1520 ) on the body portion  1510  may be connected to the interior cavity  1582  through a connection port  1522  that may be similar to the port  1592 . Accordingly, the filler material may be injected into the interior cavity  1582  from the at least one weight port (e.g.,  1520 ) through the connection port  1522 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     For example, at least 50% of the interior cavity  1582  may be filled with a TPE material to absorb shock, isolate vibration, dampen noise, and/or provide structural support when the golf club head  1500  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  1555 . With the support of the cavity wall portion  1584  and filling at least a portion of the interior cavity  1582  with an elastic polymer material, the face portion  1555  may be relatively thin without degrading the structural integrity, sound, and/or feel of the golf club head  1500 . In one example, the face portion  1555  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.075 inch or 1.905 millimeters (e.g., the thickness of the cavity wall portion  1584 ). In another example, the face portion  1555  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.060 inch (1.524 millimeters). In yet another example, the face portion  1555  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.050 inch (1.270 millimeters). Further, the face portion  1555  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.030 inch (0.762 millimeters). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 17 and 18 , a golf club head  1700  may include a body portion  1710 . The body portion  1710  may include a toe portion  1730 , a heel portion  1740 , a front portion  1750 , a rear portion  1760 , a top portion  1770 , and a sole portion  1780 . The body portion  1710  may be manufactured via various manufacturing methods and/or processes (e.g., a casting process, a forging process, a milling process, a cutting process, a grinding process, a welding process, a combination thereof, etc.). The body portion  1710  may be partially or entirely made of an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a magnesium-based material, a stainless steel-based material, a titanium-based material, a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of materials. Alternatively, the body portion  1710  may be partially or entirely made of non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The golf club head  1700  may be a putter-type golf club head (e.g., a blade-type putter, a mid-mallet-type putter, a mallet-type putter, etc.). Based on the type of putter as mentioned above, the body portion  1710  may be at least 200 grams. For example, the body portion  1710  may be in a range between 300 to 600 grams. Although  FIGS. 17 and 18  may depict a particular type of golf club head, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other types of golf club heads (e.g., a driver-type golf club head, a fairway wood-type golf club head, a hybrid-type golf club head, an iron-type golf club head, etc.). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  1710  may include a hosel portion  1745  configured to receive a shaft (not shown) with a grip (not shown). The golf club head  1700  and the grip may be located on opposite ends of the shaft to form a golf club. The front and rear portions  1750  and  1760 , respectively, may be on opposite ends of the body portion  1710 . The front portion  1750  may include a face portion  1755  (e.g., a strike face). The face portion  1755  may be used to impact a golf ball. The face portion  1755  may be associated with a loft plane that defines the loft angle of the golf club head  1700 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  1710  may include one or more weight ports and one or more weight portions similar to any of the golf club heads described herein. For example, the body portion  1710  may include a first set of weight ports  1720  at or proximate the rear portion  1760 . In the examples of  FIGS. 17-22 , the rear portion  1760  may include a back wall portion  1762  having a first weight port  1722  of the first set of weight ports  1720  and a second weight port  1724  of the first set of weight ports  1720 . The first weight port  1722  may be closer to the toe portion  1730  than the second weight port  1724 . The second weight port  1724  may be closer to the heel portion  1740  than the first weight port  1722 . The first and second weight ports  1722  and  1724 , respectively, may be at any location on the back wall portion  1762  or the rear portion  1760 . Alternatively, the body portion  1710  may not include any weight ports on the back wall portion  1762 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 17-22 , the body portion  1710  may include a second set of weight ports  1840  as shown in  FIG. 20  proximate to the heel portion  1740  and extending between the toe portion  1730  and the heel portion  1740 . The second set of weight ports  1840  may include any number of weight ports, such as three weight ports as shown in  FIG. 20  as weight ports  1842 ,  1843 , and  1844 . The body portion  1710  may include a third set of weight ports  1860  that may be located near the toe portion  1730  and extend between the toe portion  1730  and the heel portion  1740 . The third set of weight ports  1860  may include any number of weight ports, such as three weight ports similar to the weight ports of the second set of weight ports  1840 . The second and third sets of weight ports  1840  and  1860 , respectively, may be similar to each other and symmetrically arranged relative to a midpoint of the body portion  1710 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The golf club head  1700  may include a plurality of weight portions. Each weight port of the first, second, and third sets of weight ports  1720 ,  1840 , and  1860  may be configured to receive a weight portion. For example, the first and second weight ports  1722  and  1724  of the first set of weight ports  1720  may receive weight portions  1732  and  1734 , respectively. The weight ports  1842 ,  1843 , and  1844  of the second set of weight ports  1840  may receive weight portions  1852 ,  1853 , and  1854 , respectively. The weight ports of the third set of weight ports  1860  may receive weight portions similar to the second set of weight ports  1840 . In the example of  FIG. 22 , a weight port  1862  of the third set of weight ports  1860  is shown to have received a weight portion  1872 . The configurations of the weight ports and the weight portions (e.g., inner diameter, outer diameter, size, shape, distance from an adjacent weight port or weight portion, etc.) of the golf club head  1700  may be similar in many respects to the weight ports and weight portions of any of the golf club heads descried herein. Accordingly, a detailed description of the weight ports and weight portions of the golf club head  1700  is not described. Alternatively, the body portion  1710  may not include any weight ports and/or weight portions. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 17-22 , the face portion  1755  may include a separate piece or an insert coupled to the body portion  1710 . The face portion  1755  may include a face insert  1756 , which may be attached to the front portion  1750  via any manufacturing methods and/or processes (e.g., a bonding process, a welding process, a brazing process, a mechanical locking method, a mechanical fastening method, any combination thereof, or other suitable types of manufacturing methods and/or processes). In one example shown in  FIGS. 17 and 19 , the face insert  1756  may include two fastener holes  1758  proximate to the toe portion and heel portion of the face insert  1756 . Each of the fastener holes  1758  may be configured to receive a fastener  1763  for attachment of the face insert  1756  to the body portion  1710 . The body portion  1710  may include two fastener ports  1768  (one fastener port  1768  shown in  FIG. 19 ) configured to receive the fasteners  1763 . Each fastener port  1768  may have internal threads that are configured to engage external threads on the fasteners  1763 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The face portion  1755  may include a peripheral recessed portion  1772  configured to receive the face insert  1756 . As shown by example in  FIGS. 19-22 , the depth of the peripheral recessed portion  1772  may be similar to the thickness of the face insert  1756  such that when the face insert  1756  is fastened to the body portion  1710 , the face insert  1756  is positioned flush or substantially flush with the face portion  1755 . Alternatively, the face insert  1756  may project from the face portion  1755 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The fasteners  1763  may have similar or different weights to balance and/or provide heel or toe weight bias for the golf club head  1700 . For example, the weight of the body portion  1710  may be increased or decreased by similarly increasing or decreasing, respectively, the weights of the fasteners  1763 . In one example, the golf club head  1700  may be provided with a toe-biased weight configuration by having the fastener  1763  that is closer to the toe portion  1730  be heavier than the fastener  1763  that is closer to the heel portion  1740 . Conversely, the golf club head  1700  may be provided with a heel-biased weight configuration by having the fastener  1763  that is closer to the heel portion  1740  be heavier than the fastener  1763  that is closer to the toe portion  1730 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     To attach the face insert  1756  to the body portion  1710 , the face insert  1756  may be inserted in the peripheral recessed portion  1772 , thereby generally aligning the fastener holes  1758  of the face insert  1756  and the fastener ports  1768  of the body portion  1710 . The fasteners  1763  can be inserted through the fastener holes  1758  and bolted or screwed into the fastener ports  1768  to securely attach the face insert  1756  to the body portion  1710 . The face insert  1756  may be constructed from any material such as metal, metal alloys, plastic, wood, composite materials or a combination thereof to provide a certain ball striking characteristic to the golf club head  1700 . The material from which the face insert  1756  is manufactured may affect ball speed and spin characteristics. Accordingly, the face insert  1756  may be selected to provide a certain ball speed and spin characteristics for an individual. Thus, the face insert  1756  may be interchangeable with other face inserts having different ball speed and spin characteristics. The face insert  1756  may be coupled to the body portion  1710  by other methods or devices, such as by bonding, welding, adhesive and/or other types of fastening devices and/or methods. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  1710  may include an interior cavity  1782  extending between the front portion  1750  and the rear portion  1760  and between the toe portion  1730  and the heel portion  1740 . In one example as shown in  FIGS. 20-22 , the interior cavity  1782  may be defined by a recess  1784  in the front portion  1750  that is covered by the face insert  1756 . The recess  1784  may extend from near the toe portion  1730  to near the heel portion  1740  and from near the top portion  1770  to near the sole portion  1780 . Alternatively, the recess  1784  may extend between the fastener ports  1768  of the body portion  1710 . In one example, the recess  1784  may be located in and/or near the regions of the face portion  1755  that generally strike a golf ball. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The interior cavity  1782  may be associated with a cavity height  1786  (H C ) and the body portion  1710  may be associated with a body height  1788  (H B ). While the cavity height  1786  and the body height  1788  may vary between the toe and heel portions  1730  and  1740 , the cavity height  1786  may be at least 50% of a body height  1788  (H C &gt;0.5*H B ). For example, the cavity height  1786  may vary between 70% and 85% of the body height  1788 . With the cavity height  1786  of the interior cavity  1782  being greater than 50% of the body height  1788 , the golf club head  1700  may produce relatively more consistent feel, sound, and/or result when the golf club head  1700  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  1755  than a golf club head with a cavity height of less than 50% of the body height. However, the cavity height  1786  may be less than 50% of the body height  1788 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the interior cavity  1782  may be unfilled (i.e., empty space). Alternatively, the interior cavity  1782  may be partially or entirely filled with a filler material  1792  to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the face portion  1755  strikes a golf ball. The filler material  1792  may be an elastic polymer or elastomer material (e.g., a viscoelastic urethane polymer material such as Sorbothane® material manufactured by Sorbothane, Inc., Kent, Ohio), a thermoplastic elastomer material (TPE), a thermoplastic polyurethane material (TPU), and/or other suitable types of materials to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise. For example, at least 50% of the interior cavity  1782  may be filled with a TPE material to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the golf club head  1700  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  1755 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In another example, the filler material  1792  may be a polymer material such as an ethylene copolymer material to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the golf club head  1700  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  1755 . In particular, at least 50% of the interior cavity  1782  may be filled with a high density ethylene copolymer ionomer, a fatty acid modified ethylene copolymer ionomer, a highly amorphous ethylene copolymer ionomer, an ionomer of ethylene acid acrylate terpolymer, an ethylene copolymer comprising a magnesium ionomer, an injection moldable ethylene copolymer that may be used in conventional injection molding equipment to create various shapes, an ethylene copolymer that can be used in conventional extrusion equipment to create various shapes, and/or an ethylene copolymer having high compression and low resilience similar to thermoset polybutadiene rubbers. For example, the ethylene copolymer may include any of the ethylene copolymers associated with DuPont™ High-Performance Resin (HPF) family of materials (e.g., DuPont™ HPF AD1172, DuPont™ HPF AD1035, DuPont® HPF 1000 and DuPont™ HPF 2000), which are manufactured by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del. The DuPont™ HPF family of ethylene copolymers are injection moldable and may be used with conventional injection molding equipment and molds, provide low compression, and provide high resilience. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The interior cavity  1782  may be partially or fully filled with the filler material  1792 . In one example, the recess  1784  may be filled with the filler material  1792  prior to attaching the face insert  1756  to the face portion  1755 . In one example, the interior cavity  1782  may be filled with the filler material  1792  via any one of the first and second weight ports  1722  or  1724  of the first set of weight ports  1720 . In one example as shown in  FIG. 20 , the second weight port  1724  may be connected to the interior cavity  1782  via an opening  1794 . Similarly, the first weight port  1722  may be connected to the interior cavity  1782  via an opening (not shown). The filler material  1792  may be injected in the interior cavity  1782  from the second weight port  1724  via the opening  1794 . As the filler material  1792  fills the interior cavity  1782 , the air inside the interior cavity  1782  that is displaced by the filler material  1792  may exit the interior cavity  1782  from the first weight port  1722  through the opening (not shown) that connects the first weight port  1722  to the interior cavity  1782 . Accordingly, the first weight port  1722  may function as an exit port for the displaced air inside the interior cavity  1782 . After the interior cavity  1782  is partially or fully filled with the filler material  1792 , the first and second weight ports  1722  and  1724  may be closed by inserting and securing weight portions  1732  and  1734 , respectively, therein as described in detail herein. Alternatively, the filler material  1792  may be injected in the interior cavity  1782  from the first weight port  1722  while the second weight port  1724  functions as an exit port for the displaced air inside the interior cavity  1782 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     For example, at least 50% of the interior cavity  1782  may be filled with the filler material  1792  to absorb shock, isolate vibration, dampen noise, and/or provide structural support when the golf club head  1700  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  1755 . With the support of the back wall portion  1762  and filling at least a portion of the interior cavity  1782  with the filler material  1792 , the face portion  1755  may be relatively thin without degrading the structural integrity, sound, and/or feel of the golf club head  1700 . In one example, the face portion  1755  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.075 inch (1.905 millimeters). In another example, the face portion  1755  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.060 inch (1.524 millimeters). In yet another example, the face portion  1755  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.050 inch (1.270 millimeters). Further, the face portion  1755  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.030 inch (0.762 millimeters). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the face portion  1755  may be in one-piece with the body portion  1710  or be an integral part of the body portion  1710  (not shown). The body portion  1710  may include an interior cavity near the face portion  1755  that may be similar in many respects to the interior cavity  1782 . However, unlike the interior cavity  1782  which may be partially defined by the face insert  1756 , an interior cavity of the body portion  1710  having a one-piece face portion  1755  may be an integral part of the body portion  1710 . The interior cavity may be partially or fully filled with a filler material  1792  via the first and second weight ports  1722  and/or  1724  as described in detail herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 23-31 , a golf club head  2300  may include a body portion  2310 . The body portion  2310  may include a toe portion  2330 , a heel portion  2340 , a front portion  2350 , a rear portion  2360 , a top portion  2370 , and a sole portion  2380 . The body portion  2310  may be manufactured via various manufacturing methods and/or processes (e.g., a casting process, a forging process, a milling process, a cutting process, a grinding process, a welding process, a combination thereof, etc.). The body portion  2310  may be partially or entirely made of an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a magnesium-based material, a stainless steel-based material, a titanium-based material, a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of materials. Alternatively, the body portion  2310  may be partially or entirely made of non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The golf club head  2300  may be a putter-type golf club head (e.g., a blade-type putter, a mid-mallet-type putter, a mallet-type putter, etc.). Based on the type of putter as mentioned above, the body portion  2310  may be at least 200 grams. For example, the body portion  2310  may be in a range between 300 to 600 grams. Although  FIGS. 23-31  may depict a particular type of golf club head, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other types of golf club heads (e.g., a driver-type golf club head, a fairway wood-type golf club head, a hybrid-type golf club head, an iron-type golf club head, etc.). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  2310  may include a hosel portion  2345  configured to receive a shaft (not shown) with a grip (not shown). The golf club head  2300  and the grip may be located on opposite ends of the shaft to form a golf club. Alternatively, the body portion  2310  may include a bore (not shown) for receiving the shaft (not shown). The front and rear portions  2350  and  2360 , respectively, may be on opposite ends of the body portion  2310 . The front portion  2350  may include a face portion  2355  (e.g., a strike face). The face portion  2355  may be used to impact a golf ball. The face portion  2355  may be associated with a loft plane that defines the loft angle of the golf club head  2300 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 23 and 27 , for example, the body portion  2310  may include two or more weight regions, generally shown as a first weight region  2412  and a second weight region  2512 . The first weight region  2412  may include a first weight platform portion  2414  having a first set of weight ports  2420  (e.g., shown as weight ports  2421 ,  2422 ,  2423 ,  2424 , and  2425 ). Each weight port of the first set of weight ports  2420  is configured to receive a weight portion of a first set of weight portions  2430  (e.g. shown as weight portions  2431 ,  2432 ,  2433 ,  2434  and  2435 ). The second weight region  2512  may include a second weight platform portion  2514  having a second set of weight ports  2520  (e.g., shown as weight ports  2521 ,  2522 ,  2523 ,  2524 , and  2525 ). Each weight port of the second set of weight ports  2520  is configured to receive a weight portion of a second set of weight portions  2530  (e.g. shown as weight portions  2531 ,  2532 ,  2533 ,  2534  and  2535 ). Each weight portion of the first set of weight portions  2430  may be interchangeable with each weight portion of the second set of weight portions  2530 . Accordingly, each weight port of the first set of weight ports  2420  and the second set of weight ports  2520  may be configured to interchangeably receive any of the weight portions of the first set of weight portions  2430  or the second set of weight portions  2530 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first weight platform portion  2414  and the second weight platform portion  2514  may have a weight platform portion length (L wp )  2715  that may be greater than about 40% of a body portion length (L B )  2895  ( FIG. 28 ). In one example, the weight platform portion length  2715  may be greater than 50% of the body portion length  2895 . In one example, the weight platform portion length  2715  may be greater than 60% of the body portion length  2895 . In one example, the weight platform portion length  2715  may be greater than 70% of the body portion length  2895 . Accordingly, the mass of each of the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  may be distributed along a substantial portion of the body portion length  2895 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The masses of the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  may be moved laterally outward on the body portion  2310 . The mass of each of the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  may be between 5% and 30% of the mass of the body portion  2310  including the mass of the first weight platform portion  2414  and the second weight platform portion  2514 . In one example, the mass of each of the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  may be between about 3% and about 13% of the mass of the body portion  2310  if the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  are made from relatively lighter metals such as metals including titanium or titanium alloys. In another example, the mass of each of the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  may be between about 8% and about 21% of the mass of the body portion  2310  if the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  are made from metals including steel. In yet another example, the mass of each of the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  may be between about 10% and about 30% of the mass of the body portion  2310  if the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  are made from relatively heavier metals such as metals including magnesium or magnesium alloys. Accordingly, between about 3% and about 30% of the mass of the body portion  2310  may be redistributed to the toe portion  2330  and the heel portion  2340  by the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  from other parts of the body portion  2310 . Further, the first weight platform portion  2414  may be located at or proximate to the periphery of the toe portion  2330  and the second weight platform portion  2514  may be located at or proximate to the periphery of the heel portion  2340 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Each weight port of the first set of weight ports  2420  may have a first port diameter (PD 1 ). In particular, a uniform distance of less than the first port diameter may separate any two adjacent weight ports of the first set of weight ports  2420  (e.g., (i) weight ports  2421  and  2422 , (ii) weight ports  2422  and  2423 , (iii) weight ports  2423  and  2424 , or (iv) weight ports  2424  and  2425 ). In one example, the first port diameter may be about 0.25 inch (6.35 millimeters) and any two adjacent weight ports of the first set of weight ports  2420  may be separated by 0.1 inch (2.54 millimeters). Each weight port of the second set of weight ports  2520  may have a second port diameter (PD 2 ). A uniform distance of less than the second port diameter may separate any two adjacent weight ports of the second set of weight ports  2520  (e.g., (i) weight ports  2521  and  2522 , (ii) weight ports  2522  and  2523 , (iii) weight ports  2523  and  2524 , or (iv) weight ports  2524  and  2525 ). For example, the second port diameter may be about 0.25 inch (6.35 millimeters) and any two adjacent weight ports of the second set of weight ports  2520  may be separated by 0.1 inch (2.54 millimeters). The first and second port diameters may be equal to each other (i.e., PD 1 =PD 2 ). Alternatively, the first and second port diameters may be different. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first weight platform portion  1414 , the first set of weight ports  2420  (weight ports  2421 ,  2422 ,  2423 ,  2424 , and  2425 ), and/or the first set of weight portions  2430  (weight portions  2431 ,  2432 ,  2433 ,  2434 , and  2435 ) may form a first visual guide portion  2442 . The second weight platform portion  2514 , the second set of weight ports  2520  (weight ports  2521 ,  2522 ,  2523 ,  2524 , and  2525 ), and/or the second set of weight portions  2530  (weight portions  2531 ,  2532 ,  2533 ,  2534 , and  2535 ) may form a second visual guide portion  2542 . The first weight region  2412  may be located at or proximate to a periphery of the toe portion  2330  of the golf club head  2300 . Accordingly, the first visual guide portion  2442  may be located at or proximate to the periphery of the toe portion  2330 . The second weight region  2512  may be located at or proximate to the periphery of the heel portion  2340  of the golf club head  2300 . Accordingly, the second visual guide portion  2542  may be located at or proximate to the periphery of the heel portion  2340 . The first weight platform portion  2414  and/or any of the weight portions of the first set of weight portions  2430  may have distinct colors, markings and/or other visual features so as to be visually distinguished from the surrounding portions of the body portion  2310 . Similarly, the second weight platform portion  2514  and/or any of the weight portions of the second set of weight portions  2530  may have distinct colors, markings and/or other visual features so as to be visually distinguished from the surrounding portions of the body portion  2310 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The golf club head  2300  may also include a third visual guide portion  2642 , which may be substantially equidistant from the first and second visual guide portions  2442  and  2542 . For example, the third visual guide portion  2642  may extend between the front and rear portions  2350  and  2360  located at or proximate to a center of the body portion  2310 . The third visual guide portion  2642  may be the same as or different from the first and/or second visual guide portions  2442  and  2542 , respectively. In one example, the third visual guide portion  2642  may be a recessed line portion having a certain color. In another example, the third visual guide portion  2642  may include a plurality of weight ports (not shown) with a plurality of weight portions (not shown) received therein. Alternatively, the third visual guide portion  2642  may be defined by a raised portion of the top portion  2370 . The third visual guide portion  2642  may be similar in many respects to any of the visual guide portions described herein. Therefore, a detailed description of the third visual guide portion  2642  is not provided. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first and second sets of weight portions  2430  and  2530 , respectively, may have similar or different physical properties (e.g., density, shape, mass, volume, size, color, etc.). The first and second sets of weight portions  2430  and  2530 , respectively, may include threads to secure in the weight ports of the first and second sets of weight ports  2420  and  2520 , respectively. The physical properties of the weight portions of the first and second sets of weight portions  2430  and  2530 , respectively, may be similar in many respects to any of the weight portions described herein. Therefore, a detailed description of the physical properties of the weight portions of the first and second sets of weight portions  2430  and  2530 , respectively, is not provided. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first weight platform portion  2414  may be attached to the body portion  2310  with any one or more weight portions of the first set of weight portions  2430  or the second set of weight portions  2530 . The body portion  2310  may include a plurality of toe side threaded bores (not shown) on the top portion  2370  at or proximate to the toe portion  2330 . When the first weight platform portion  2414  is placed on the top portion  2370  at or proximate to the periphery of the toe portion  2330  as shown in  FIGS. 23 and 27 , for example, the toe side threaded bores may generally align with the weight ports of the first set of weight ports  2420 . When a weight portion of the first set of weight portions  2430  or the second set of weight portions  2530  is inserted in a weight port of the first set of weight ports  2420 , the weight portion extends through a corresponding one of the toe side threaded bores of the body portion  2310  such that the threads on the weight portion engage the corresponding threads in the toe side threaded bore. The weight portion can then be bolted or screwed into the corresponding toe side threaded bore to fasten the first weight platform portion  2414  on the body portion  2310 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The second weight platform portion  2514  may be attached to the body portion  2310  with any one or more weight portions of the first set of weight portions  2430  or the second set of weight portions  2530 . The body portion  2310  may include a plurality of heel side threaded bores (not shown) on the top portion  2370  at or proximate to the heel portion  2340 . When the second weight platform portion  2514  is placed on the top portion  2370  at or proximate to the periphery of the heel portion  2340  as shown in  FIGS. 23 and 27 , for example, the heel side threaded bores generally align with the weight ports of the second set of weight ports  2520 . When a weight portion of the first set of weight portions  2430  or the second set of weight portions  2530  is inserted in a weight port of the second set of weight ports  2520 , the weight portion extends through a corresponding one of the heel side threaded bores of the body portion  2310  such that the threads on the weight portion engage the corresponding threads in the heel side threaded bore. The weight portion can then be bolted or screwed into the corresponding heel side threaded bore to fasten the second weight platform portion  2514  on the body portion  2310 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Each of the weight portions of the first and second sets of weight portions  2430  and  2530 , respectively, may have sufficient length to extend through a weight port and into a corresponding threaded bore of the body portion  2310  as described herein to fasten the first weight platform portion  2414  and the second weight platform portion  2514  to the body portion  2310 . One or more weight portions of the first set of weight portions  2430  and/or one or more weight portions of the second set of weight portions  2530  may function both as weights for configuring a weight distribution of the golf club head  2300  and as fasteners for fastening the first weight platform portion  2414  and/or the second weight platform portion  2514  on the body portion  2310 . Alternately, the first weight platform portion  2414  and/or the second weight platform portion  2514  may be fastened on the body portion  2310  by using other types of fastening mechanisms such that one or more weight portions of the first set of weight portions  2430  and/or one or more weight portions of the second set of weight portions  2530  may only function as weight portions. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Each of the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514 , respectively, may be partially or entirely made of an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a magnesium-based material, a stainless steel-based material, a titanium-based material, a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of materials. The first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514 , respectively, may have a similar mass or different masses to optimally affect the weight distribution, center or gravity location, and/or moment of inertia of the golf club head  2300 . Each of the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and  2514  may function as an added weight for the body portion  2310  and as a platform for receiving additional weights for the body portion  2310  in the form of the first and second sets of weight portions  2430  and  2530 . Thus, the physical properties and the materials of construction of the first and second weight platform portions  2414  and/or  2514  may be determined to optimally affect the weight, weight distribution, center of gravity, moment of inertia characteristics, structural integrity and/or or other static and/or dynamic characteristics of the golf club head  2300 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the face portion  2355  may be in one-piece with the body portion  2310  or be an integral part of the body portion  2310  (not shown). The face portion  2355  may include a separate piece or an insert coupled to the body portion  2310 . The face portion  2355  may include a face insert  2356 , which may be attached to the front portion  2350  via any manufacturing methods and/or processes (e.g., a bonding process, a welding process, a brazing process, a mechanical locking method, a mechanical fastening method, any combination thereof, or other suitable types of manufacturing methods and/or processes). In one example shown in  FIGS. 23-25 , the face insert  2356  may include two fastener holes  2358  proximate to the toe portion and heel portion of the face insert  2356 . Each of the fastener holes  2358  may be configured to receive a fastener  2362  for attachment of the face insert  2356  to the body portion  2310 . The body portion  2310  may include two fastener ports (not shown) configured to receive the fasteners  2362 . The fasteners  2362  may be similar or substantially similar to the weight portions of the first set of weight portions  2430  and/or the weight portions of the second set of weight portions  2530 . Accordingly, the fasteners  2362  may function both as weights for configuring a weight distribution of the golf club head  2300  and as fasteners for fastening the face insert  2356  to the face portion  2355 . Each fastener port may have internal threads that are configured to engage external threads on the fasteners  2362 . The fastener ports of the body portion  2310  may be similar in many respects to the fastener ports  1768  of the golf club head  1700  described herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The face portion  2355  may include a peripheral recessed portion  3172  (shown in  FIG. 31 ) configured to receive the face insert  2356 . As shown by example in  FIG. 31 , the depth of the peripheral recessed portion  3172  may be similar to the thickness of the face insert  2356  such that when the face insert  2356  is fastened to the body portion  2310 , the face insert  2356  is positioned flush or substantially flush with the face portion  2355 . Alternatively, the face insert  2356  may project from the face portion  2355 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     As described, the fasteners  2362  may be similar or substantially similar to the weight portions of the first set of weight portions  2430  and/or the weight portions of the second set of weight portions  2530  so that the fasteners  2362  may function to configure the weight distribution of the golf club head  2300 . Accordingly, the fasteners  2362  may have similar or different weights to balance and/or provide heel or toe weight bias for the golf club head  2300 . For example, the weight of the body portion  2310  may be increased or decreased by similarly increasing or decreasing, respectively, the weights of the fasteners  2362 . In one example, the golf club head  2300  may be provided with a toe-biased weight configuration by having the fastener  2362  that is closer to the toe portion  2330  be heavier than the fastener  2362  that is closer to the heel portion  2340 . Conversely, the golf club head  2300  may be provided with a heel-biased weight configuration by having the fastener  2362  that is closer to the heel portion  2340  be heavier than the fastener  2362  that is closer to the toe portion  2330 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     To attach the face insert  2356  to the body portion  2310 , the face insert  2356  may be inserted in the peripheral recessed portion  3172 , thereby generally aligning the fastener holes  2358  of the face insert  2356  and the fastener ports (not shown) of the body portion  2310 . The fasteners  2362  can be inserted through the fastener holes  2358  and bolted or screwed into the fastener ports of the body portion  2310  to securely attach the face insert  2356  to the body portion  2310 . The face insert  2356  may be constructed from any material such as metal, metal alloys, plastic, wood, composite materials or a combination thereof to provide a certain ball striking characteristic to the golf club head  2300 . The material from which the face insert  2356  is manufactured may affect ball speed and spin characteristics. Accordingly, the face insert  2356  may be selected to provide a certain ball speed and spin characteristics for an individual. Thus, the face insert  2356  may be interchangeable with other face inserts having different ball speed and spin characteristics. The face insert  2356  may be coupled to the body portion  2310  by other methods or devices, such as by bonding, welding, adhesive and/or other types of fastening devices and/or methods. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  2310  may include an interior cavity  3182  (shown in  FIG. 31 ) extending between the front portion  2350  and the rear portion  2360  and between the toe portion  2330  and the heel portion  2340 . The interior cavity  3182  may be open or accessible at the face portion  2355  and/or at the sole portion  2380 . Accordingly, the interior cavity  3182  may have a first opening  3176  at the face portion  2355  and/or a second opening  3178  at the sole portion  2380 . The interior cavity  3182  allows the mass of the body portion  2310  to be removed at or around the center portion of the body portion  2310  so that removed mass may be redistributed to the toe portion  2330  and the heel portion  2340  using the first weight platform portion  2414  and the second weight platform portion  2514  without affecting or substantially affecting the overall mass of the golf club head  2300 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example as shown in  FIGS. 28 and 31 , the interior cavity  3182  may be covered at the face portion  2355  by the face insert  2356  and at the sole portion  2380  by a cover or sole plate  3180 . In one example, the sole plate  3180  may have a mass between 7% and 17% of the mass of the golf club head  2300 . In one example, the sole plate  3180  may have a mass between 10% and 15% of the mass of the golf club head  2300 . As described herein, the interior cavity  3182  allows the mass of the body portion  2310  to be removed at or around the center portion of the body portion  2310 . The removed mass can be also redistributed to the sole portion  2380  using the sole plate  3180  to lower the center of gravity of the golf club head  2300  without affecting or substantially affecting the overall mass of the golf club head  2300 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The sole plate  3180  may be attached to the sole portion  2380  with one or more fasteners. In the example of  FIGS. 24 and 28-31 , the sole plate  3180  may be attached to the sole portion  2380  with fasteners  3081 ,  3082 , and  3083  to cover the second opening  3178  of the interior cavity  3182  at the sole portion  2380 . Each of the fasteners  3081 ,  3082 , and  3083  may have a threaded portion that is configured to engage a correspondingly threaded bore  3190  (shown in  FIG. 31 ) in the body portion  2310 . The fasteners  3081 ,  3082 , and/or  3083  may be similar or substantially similar to the weight portions of the first set of weight portions  2430  and/or the weight portions of the second set of weight portions  2530 . Accordingly, the fasteners  3081 ,  3082 , and/or  3083  may function both as weights for configuring a weight distribution of the golf club head  2300  and as fasteners for fastening the sole plate  3180  to the sole portion  2380 . The fasteners  3081 ,  3082 , and/or  3083  may also lower the center of gravity of the golf club head  2300  by adding more mass to the sole portion  2380  without affecting or substantially affecting the overall mass of the golf club head  2300  as described herein with respect to the sole plate  3180 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The sole plate  3180  may be partially or entirely made of an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a magnesium-based material, a stainless steel-based material, a titanium-based material, a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of materials. The physical properties and the materials of construction of the sole plate  3180  may be determined to optimally affect the weight, weight distribution, center of gravity, moment of inertia characteristics, structural integrity and/or or other static and/or dynamic characteristics of the golf club head  2300 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The interior cavity  3182  may extend from near the toe portion  2330  to near the heel portion  2340  and from near the top portion  2370  to near the sole portion  2380 . Alternatively, the interior cavity  3182  may extend between the front portion  2350  and the rear portion  2360  and include a portion of the body portion  2310  between the toe portion  2330  and near the heel portion  2340  and between the top portion  2370  and near the sole portion  2380 . In one example, a portion of the interior cavity  3182  may be located proximate to the regions of the face portion  2355  that generally strike a golf ball. In one example, the interior cavity  3182  may be only at the face portion  2355  similar to the interior cavity  1782  of the golf club head  1700  described herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The interior cavity  3182  proximate to the face portion  2355  may be associated with a cavity height  3186  (H C ), and the body portion  2310  proximate to the face portion  2355  may be associated with a body height  3188  (H B ). While the cavity height  3186  and the body height  3188  may vary between the toe and heel portions  2330  and  2340 , the front and rear portions  2350  and  2360 , and the top and sole portions  2370  and  2380 , the cavity height  3186  may be at least 50% of the body height  3188  (H C &gt;0.5*H B ) proximate to the face portion  2355  or an any location of the interior cavity  3182 . For example, the cavity height  3186  may vary between 70% and 85% of the body height  3188 . With the cavity height  3186  of the interior cavity  3182  being greater than 50% of the body height  3188 , the golf club head  2300  may produce relatively more consistent feel, sound, and/or result when the golf club head  2300  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  2355  than a golf club head with a cavity height of less than 50% of the body height. However, the cavity height  3186  may be less than 50% of the body height  3188 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the interior cavity  3182  may be unfilled (i.e., empty space). Alternatively, the interior cavity  3182  may be partially or entirely filled with a filler material (not shown) to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the face portion  2355  strikes a golf ball. The filler material may be an elastic polymer or elastomer material (e.g., a viscoelastic urethane polymer material such as Sorbothane® material manufactured by Sorbothane, Inc., Kent, Ohio), a thermoplastic elastomer material (TPE), a thermoplastic polyurethane material (TPU), and/or other suitable types of materials to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise. For example, at least 50% of the interior cavity  3182  may be filled with a TPE material to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the golf club head  2300  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  2355 . In one example, the mass of the filler material (e.g., TPE, TPU, etc.) may be between 3% and 13% of the mass of the golf club head  2300 . In one example, the mass of the filler material may be between 6% and 10% of the mass of the golf club head  2300 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In another example, the filler material may be a polymer material such as an ethylene copolymer material to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the golf club head  2300  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  2355 . In particular, at least 50% of the interior cavity  3182  may be filled with a high density ethylene copolymer ionomer, a fatty acid modified ethylene copolymer ionomer, a highly amorphous ethylene copolymer ionomer, an ionomer of ethylene acid acrylate terpolymer, an ethylene copolymer comprising a magnesium ionomer, an injection moldable ethylene copolymer that may be used in conventional injection molding equipment to create various shapes, an ethylene copolymer that can be used in conventional extrusion equipment to create various shapes, and/or an ethylene copolymer having high compression and low resilience similar to thermoset polybutadiene rubbers. For example, the ethylene copolymer may include any of the ethylene copolymers associated with DuPont™ High-Performance Resin (HPF) family of materials (e.g., DuPont™ HPF AD1172, DuPont™ HPF AD1035, DuPont® HPF 1000 and DuPont™ HPF 2000), which are manufactured by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del. The DuPont™ HPF family of ethylene copolymers are injection moldable and may be used with conventional injection molding equipment and molds, provide low compression, and provide high resilience. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The interior cavity  3182  may be partially or fully filled with the filler material. In one example, the interior cavity  3182  may be filled with the filler material from the first opening  3176  and/or the second opening  3178  prior to attaching the face insert  2356  and/or the sole plate  3180 , respectively, to the body portion  2310 . In one example, the interior cavity  3182  may be filled with the filler material after the face insert  2356  and the sole plate  3180  are attached to the body portion  2310  by injecting the filler material into the interior cavity  3182  through one or more ports (not shown) on the sole plate  3180 . The filler material may be injected into the interior cavity  3182  from one or more ports on the sole plate  3180  while the air inside the interior cavity  3182  that is displaced by the filler material may exit the interior cavity  3182  from one or more other ports on the sole plate  3180 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     For example, at least 50% of the interior cavity  3182  may be filled with the filler material to absorb shock, isolate vibration, dampen noise, and/or provide structural support when the golf club head  2300  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  2355 . With the filler material, the face portion  2355  may be relatively thin without degrading the structural integrity, sound, and/or feel of the golf club head  2300 . In one example, the face portion  2355  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.075 inch (1.905 millimeters). In another example, the face portion  2355  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.060 inch (1.524 millimeters). In yet another example, the face portion  2355  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.050 inch (1.270 millimeters). Further, the face portion  2355  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.030 inch (0.762 millimeters). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , a face portion  3200  of a golf club head may include a strike portion  3210 , a toe portion  3230  having a toe edge  3231 , a heel portion  3240  having a heel edge  3241 , a top portion  3270  having a top edge  3271 , a sole portion  3280  having a sole edge  3281 , and a central strike portion  3285 . The toe edge  3231 , the heel edge  3241 , the top edge  3271 , and the sole edge  3281  may define a periphery or perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . The central strike portion  3285  may be located inside the perimeter  3290  and may include a geometric center  3286  of the face portion  3200 . The face portion  3200  may be used with any golf club head including any of the golf club heads described herein. In one example, the face portion  3200  may be co-manufactured with a body portion (e.g., one shown as  2310 ) of a golf club head (e.g., one shown as  2300 ) to be an integral part of the body portion of the golf club head (e.g., milling and/or other techniques such as grinding, etching, laser milling, etc. to the body portion). In another example, the face portion  3200  may be a separate piece from a body portion of a golf club and attached to the body portion by welding, soldering, adhesive bonding, press fitting, and/or other suitable attachment methods. In yet another example, the face portion  3200  may be a separate piece from a body portion of a golf club head and attached to the body portion by one or more fasteners such as bolts and/or screws. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , the strike portion  3210  may include a plurality of projections  3330  (e.g., two projections generally shown in  FIGS. 32-36  as  3331  and  3332 ). In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , the entire strike portion  3210  of the face portion  3200  may include the plurality of projections  3330 . In another example, the strike portion  3210  of the face portion  3200  may partially include the plurality of projections  3330 . In one example, the face portion  3200  may be a separate piece and the strike portion  3210  may be located opposite a back portion  3220  ( FIG. 34 ) of the face portion  3200 . The back portion  3220  may be coupled to and/or in contact with a filler material that may at least partially structurally support the face portion  3200 , dampen noise, and/or reduce vibration when the face portion  3200  strikes a golf ball as described herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , each one of the plurality of projections  3330  may be separated from and linearly aligned with an adjacent projection by one of a plurality of grooves  3340  (e.g., one groove generally shown in  FIGS. 34-36  as  3341 ). The plurality of grooves  3340  may be arranged on the strike portion  3210  of the face portion  3200  in a grid pattern with each grid cell corresponding to one of the plurality of projections  3330  (e.g., one projection shown in  FIG. 38  as  3331 ). In other words, the plurality of projections  3330  may be configured on the strike portion  3210  of the face portion  3200  in an array defined by the plurality of grooves  3340 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , the plurality of grooves  3340  may include a first plurality of grooves  3740  ( FIG. 37 ) and a second plurality of grooves  3750  ( FIG. 37 ). The first plurality of grooves  3740  may include two or more grooves (e.g., generally shown in  FIG. 37  as grooves  3342  and  3343 ) extending across the strike portion  3210  in a first direction (e.g., as indicated in  FIG. 37  by direction arrows  3710  and  3715  associated with grooves  3342  and  3343 , respectively). The second plurality of grooves  3750  may include two or more grooves (e.g., generally shown in  FIG. 37  as grooves  3344  and  3345 ) extending across the strike portion  3210  in a second direction (e.g., as indicated in  FIG. 37  by direction arrows  3720  and  3725  associated with grooves  3344  and  3345 , respectively). The second direction may be different from the first direction. In one example, the second direction may be transverse to the first direction. Each one of the first plurality of grooves  3740  (e.g., groove  3342 ) may be linear and may be parallel or substantially parallel with each other one of the first plurality of grooves  3740  (e.g., groove  3343 ). Similarly, each one of the second plurality of grooves  3750  (e.g., groove  3344 ) may be linear and may be parallel or substantially parallel with each other one of the second plurality of grooves  3750  (e.g., groove  3345 ). In another example (not shown), each one of the first plurality of grooves  3740  (e.g., groove  3342 ) may be non-linear (e.g., s-shaped, arcuate, serpentine shape, etc.) and/or non-parallel with each other one of the first plurality of grooves  3740 . Similarly, each one of the second plurality of grooves  3750  (e.g., groove  3344 ) may be non-linear (e.g., s-shaped, arcuate, serpentine shape, etc.) and/or non-parallel with each other one of the second plurality of grooves  3750  (e.g., groove  3345 ). The first plurality of grooves  3740  may intersect with the second plurality of grooves  3750 . In one example, one or more grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  and one or more grooves of the second plurality of grooves  3750  may intersect a horizontal centerline axis  3288  ( FIG. 32 ) of the face portion  3200  at a 45 degree angle. In another example, one or more grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  and one or more grooves of the second plurality of grooves  3750  may intersect the horizontal centerline axis  3288  at a 60 degree angle. In yet another example, one or more grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  and one or more grooves of the second plurality of grooves  3750  may intersect the horizontal centerline axis  3288  at a 30 degree angle. In yet another example, one or more grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  and one or more grooves of the second plurality of grooves  3750  may intersect the horizontal centerline axis  3288  at any angle. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , and generally indicated in  FIG. 37  by direction arrows  3710  and  3715 , the first direction may include a first diagonal direction extending upwardly from left-to-right across the strike portion  3210 . Accordingly, the first plurality of grooves  3740  may include grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  extending in the first direction between the toe edge  3231  and the top edge  3271 , between the sole edge  3281  and the top edge  3271 , and between the sole edge  3281  and the heel edge  3241 . The second direction, as generally indicated in  FIG. 37  by direction arrows  3720  and  3725 , may include a second diagonal direction extending upwardly from right-to-left across the strike portion  3210  of the face portion  3200 . Accordingly, the second plurality of grooves  3750  may include grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  extending in the second direction between the heel edge  3241  and the top edge  3271 , between the sole edge  3281  and the top edge  3271 , and between the sole edge  3281  and the toe edge  3231 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, as shown in  FIG. 35 , a groove, generally shown as groove  3341 , may have a truncated V-shaped cross section, or said differently, an inverted trapezoidal cross section. The groove  3341  may have a depth  3441  and a variable width that transitions from a lowermost width  3442  to an uppermost width  3443 . In one example, the width of the groove  3341  linearly transitions from the lowermost width  3442  to the uppermost width  3443 . The depth  3441  may be greater than or equal to approximately 0.010 inch (0.254 millimeters) and less than or equal to approximately 0.020 inch (0.508 millimeters). The lowermost width  3442 , as measured between base portions (e.g., a base portion  3410  of projection  3331  is shown in  FIG. 38 ) of adjacent projections (e.g., projections  3331  and  3332 ) of the plurality of projections  3330 , may be greater than or equal to approximately 0.010 inch (0.254 millimeters) and less than or equal to approximately 0.012 inch (0.305 millimeters). The uppermost width  3443 , as measured between peak portions (e.g., a peak portion  3420  of projection  3331  is shown in  FIG. 38 ) of adjacent projections (e.g., projections  3331  and  3332 ), may be greater than or equal to approximately 0.021 inch (0.533 millimeters) and less than or equal to approximately 0.036 inch (0.914 millimeters). 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , each groove of the plurality of grooves  3340  may have a cross section similar to groove  3341 . As described herein, the plurality of projections  3330  may be defined by the arrangement of the plurality of grooves  3340 . In one example, the resulting geometric shape of each one of the plurality of projections  3330  may be a pyramidal frustum. The distance between adjacent projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may be defined by the width of a groove of the plurality of grooves  3340  extending therebetween. For example, the distance between adjacent projections  3331  and  3332  of the plurality of projections  3330  may be defined by the width of groove  3341  of the plurality of grooves  3340 . In one example, each groove of the plurality of grooves  3340  may have the same or substantially the same width, whether the width be constant or variable. Accordingly, distances between adjacent projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may be similar or substantially similar. In another example (not shown), some or all of the grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  may have different widths. Accordingly, the distance between adjacent projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may also be different. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     While not shown, the face portion  3200  may be configured such that one or more of the plurality of projections  3330  have other geometric shapes. For example, one or more of the plurality of projections  3330  may be a cube or cuboid. Accordingly, the corresponding grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  may be an intersecting array of grooves that define one or more cubic or cuboidal grid cells. In another example, one or more of the plurality of projections  3330  may be a triangular pyramidal frustum. Accordingly, the corresponding grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  may be an intersecting array of grooves that define one or more triangular grid cells. In yet another example, one or more of the plurality of projections  3330  may be a pentagonal pyramidal frustum. Accordingly, the corresponding grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  may be an intersecting array of grooves that define one or more pentagonal grid cells. In yet another example, one or more of the plurality of projections  3330  may be a hexagonal pyramidal frustum. Accordingly, the corresponding grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  may be an intersecting array of grooves that define one or more hexagonal grid cells. In yet another example, one or more of the plurality of projections  3330  may be any regular or irregular polygonal pyramidal frustum. In yet another example, one or more of the plurality of projections  3330  may be a conical frustum (e.g., having circular or elliptical base portion). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, as shown in  FIG. 38 , a projection, generally shown as projection  3331 , may be a square or rectangular pyramidal frustum having a base portion  3410  proximal to the face portion  3200 , a peak portion  3420  distal to the face portion  3200 , and a height  3430 . The base portion  3410  may include edges  3411 ,  3412 ,  3413 , and  3414 , and the peak portion  3420  may include edges  3421 ,  3422 ,  3423 , and  3424 . The length of edge  3411  or edge  3413  of the base portion  3410  may correspond to a distance (e.g., distance  3444  in  FIG. 37 ) separating two successive grooves of one of the first plurality of grooves  3740  and the second plurality of grooves  3750 . The length of edge  3412  or edge  3414  of the base portion  3410  may correspond to the distance separating two successive grooves of the other one of the first plurality of grooves  3740  and the second plurality of grooves  3750 . The base portion  3410  may be connected to the peak portion  3420  via at least one side wall generally shown as side walls  3425 ,  3426 ,  3427 , and  3428 . The peak portion  3420  may be flat or textured and may have a smaller area than the base portion  3410 . Accordingly, the projection  3331  may taper in a direction from the base portion  3410  to the peak portion  3420 . For example, each of the side walls  3425 ,  3426 ,  3427 , and  3428  may be trapezoidal and may extend inwardly from the base portion  3410  to the peak portion  3420 . Said differently, the area of the projection  3331  may gradually diminish when transitioning from the base portion  3410  to the peak portion  3420 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , each projection of the plurality of projections  3330  may be oriented on the face portion  3200  such that the diagonals of the corresponding base portion  3410  and peak portion  3420  generally point in horizontal and vertical directions along the face portion  3200  when directly viewing the strike portion  3210 . Accordingly, the projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may be linearly aligned in one or more diagonal directions across the strike portion  3210  of the face portion  3200 . Linearly aligned projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may extend diagonally from the toe portion  3230  to the top portion  3270 , from the toe portion  3230  to the sole portion  3280 , from the top portion  3270  to the sole portion  3280 , from the heel portion  3240  to the top portion  3270 , from the heel portion  3240  to the sole portion  3280 , or a combination thereof. As described herein, the grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  may also extend diagonally from the toe portion  3230  to the top portion  3270 , from the toe portion  3230  to the sole portion  3280 , from the top portion  3270  to the sole portion  3280 , from the heel portion  3240  to the top portion  3270 , from the heel portion  3240  to the sole portion  3280 , or a combination thereof. Additionally, or alternatively, the projections of the plurality of projections  3330  and the grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  may be vertically and/or horizontally configured on the strike portion  3210  of the face portion  3200 . For example, at least a portion of the projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may be substantially aligned in one or more horizontal and/or vertical directions across the strike portion  3210  of the face portion  3200 . In another example, the projections of the plurality of projections  3330  and the grooves of the plurality of grooves  3340  may have curved configurations on the strike portion  3210  of the face portion  3200 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , the sizes (e.g., volumes) of the plurality of projections  3330  may change in any direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . In one example, the areas of the peak portions  3420  of the plurality of projections  3330  may successively increase in any direction moving from the central portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . Additionally, or alternatively, the areas of the base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  may successively increase in any direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290 . Accordingly, a smallest one of the plurality of projections  3330  (e.g., projection  3331 ) may be located at the central strike portion  3285 , and more particularly, at or proximate the geometric center  3286  of the face portion  3200 , whereas a largest one of the plurality of projections  3330  may be located farthest from the central strike portion  3285 , typically at or proximate the toe edge  3231  and/or the heel edge  3241 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , at least two projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may have similar sizes if they are located on a line passing through the geometric center  3286  and are equidistant to the geometric center  3286 . For purposes of illustration,  FIG. 32  shows a vertical centerline axis  3287  extending between the top edge  3271  and the sole edge  3281  and passing through the geometric center  3286 .  FIG. 32  also shows the horizontal centerline axis  3288  extending between the toe edge  3231  and the heel edge  3241  and passing through the geometric center  3286 . At least two projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may have similar sizes due to being located on the vertical centerline axis  3287  and equidistant to the geometric center  3286 . For example, the two projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may include a first projection  3333  on the vertical centerline axis  3287  at or proximate the top edge  3271  and a second projection  3334  on the vertical centerline axis  3287  at or proximate the sole edge  3281 , the first and second projections  3333  and  3334  being equidistant to the geometric center  3286 . Likewise, at least two projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may have similar sizes if they are located on the horizontal centerline axis  3288  and are equidistant to the geometric center  3286 . For example, the two projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may include a first projection  3335  on the horizontal centerline axis  3288  at or proximate the toe edge  3231  and a second projection  3336  on the horizontal centerline axis  3288  at or proximate the heel edge  3241 , the first and second projections  3335  and  3336  being equidistant to the geometric center  3286 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , each one of the plurality of projections  3330  may be a square or rectangular pyramidal frustum of similar height  3430 . The total areas of the base portions  3410  and peak portions  3420  of the plurality of projections  3330  may be approximately 2.15 square inches (1387.09 square millimeters) and 1.04 square inches (670.97 square millimeters), respectively. Accordingly, the total areas of the peak portions  3420  may be less than half the total areas of the base portions  3410 . Alternatively, the total areas of the peak portions  3420  may be equal to or greater than half the total areas of the base portions  3410 . As described herein, the smallest one of the plurality of projections  3330  (e.g., projection  3331 ) may be located at the central strike portion  3285  and may be located at or proximate the geometric center  3286  of the face portion  3200 . In one example, an area ratio between the base portion  3410  and the peak portion  3420  of the smallest one of the plurality of projections  3330  may be approximately 4.16 or more generally ranging from 4.0 to 5.0. However, area ratios outside the foregoing range are also possible. The largest one of the plurality of projections  3330  on the vertical centerline axis  3287  of the face portion  3200  may be located at or proximate the top edge  3271  and/or the sole edge  3281 . For example, the largest one of the plurality of projections  3330  on the vertical centerline axis  3287  may correspond to two projections (e.g., projections  3333  and  3334 ) equidistant to the geometric center  3286  of the face portion  3200  and oppositely located at or proximate the top edge  3271  and the sole edge  3281 , respectively. In one example, the area ratio between the base portion  3410  and the peak portion  3420  belonging to the largest one of the plurality of projections  3330  on the vertical centerline axis  3287  may be approximately 2.68 or more generally ranging from 2.0 to 3.0. However, area ratios outside the foregoing range are also possible. The largest one of the plurality of projections  3330  on the horizontal centerline axis  3288  of the face portion  3200  may be located at or proximate the toe edge  3231  and/or the heel edge  3241 . For example, the largest one of the plurality of projections  3330  located on the horizontal centerline axis  3288  may correspond to two projections (e.g., projections  3335  and  3336 ) equidistant to the geometric center  3286  of the face portion  3200  and oppositely located at or proximate the toe edge  3231  and the heel edge  3241 , respectively. In one example, the area ratio between the base portion  3410  and the peak portion  3420  belonging to the largest one of the plurality of projections  3330  on the horizontal centerline axis  3288  may be approximately 1.61 or more generally ranging from 1.0 to 2.0. However, area ratios outside the foregoing range are also possible. Accordingly, the area ratio between the base portion  3410  and the peak portion  3420  of a projection of the plurality of projections  3330  may be inversely related to the size of the projection. In other words, the larger a projection is, the smaller is the area ratio between the base portion  3410  and the peak portion  3420  of the projection. Said differently still, in examples where the base portions  3410  and the peak portions  3420  of the plurality of projections  3330  successively increase in any direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 , the corresponding area ratios between the base portions  3410  and the peak portions  3420  of the plurality of projections  3330  may successively decrease in any direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example shown in  FIGS. 32-39 , at least one of the plurality of projections  3330  may be a different size compared to at least one other projection of the plurality of projections  3330  positioned adjacently leftward, rightward, above, below, or at a diagonal with respect thereto. The difference in sizing between two adjacent projections of the plurality of projections  3330  (e.g., projections  3331  and  3332 ) may result from differences between the areas of their base portions  3410  and/or peak portions  3420 . Additionally, or alternatively, the difference in sizing between two adjacent projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may result from differences in height  3430 . A change in size between two or more projections of the plurality of projections  3330  successively aligned in a substantially horizontal, vertical, or diagonal direction across the face portion  3200  may be based on a relative proximity between each of the two or more projections of the plurality of projections  3330  and the central strike portion  3285 . In one example, the two or more successively aligned projections of the plurality of projections  3330  may successively increase in size in the substantially horizontal, vertical, or diagonal direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290 . In one example, Accordingly, the largest one of the plurality of projections  3330  may be located farthest from the central strike portion  3285 , generally at or about the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 , and more particularly, at or proximate the toe edge  3231  or the heel edge  3241  of the face portion  3200 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, two or more of the plurality of projections  3330  may be similar or substantially similar in height such that the peak portions  3420  associated therewith may each provide a ball striking surface. In another example, the plurality of projections  3330  may increase in height  3430  in one or more directions moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . In yet another example, the plurality of projections  3330  may decrease in height in one or more directions moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290 . In yet another example, the plurality of projections  3330  may increase, decrease, or otherwise vary in height in one or more directions on the face portion  3200 . Accordingly, the depths  3441  of the plurality of grooves  3340  may vary based on the heights  3430  of the plurality of projections  3330 , or vice versa. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , a rate of change of the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  may be similar in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the toe edge  3231  and in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the heel edge  3241 . In another example, the rate of change of the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  may be similar in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the top edge  3271  and in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the sole edge  3281 . In yet another example, the rate of change of the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality projections  3330  may be similar in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the toe edge  3231 , in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the heel edge  3241 , in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the top edge  3271 , and in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the sole edge  3281 . In yet another example, the rate of change of the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  may be similar and/or vary in any direction (e.g., horizontal, vertical, diagonal, etc.) moving from the central strike portion  3285  to any location on the perimeter  3290 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the change in areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  in one or more directions moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200  may be a function of a distance between the location of the plurality of projections  3330  on the face portion  3200  and the central strike portion  3285 . Accordingly, the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  may successively increase moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  according to a function based on the distance of the projections  3330  from the central strike portion  3285 . In one example, the change in areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  in one or more directions moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200  may be a linear function of a distance between the location of the plurality of projections  3330  on the face portion  3200  and the central strike portion  3285 . In another example, the change in areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  in one or more directions moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200  may be a polynomial function (e.g., a quadratic function or cubic function) of a distance between the location of the plurality of projections  3330  on the face portion  3200  and the central strike portion  3285 . The areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  may vary from the central strike portion  3285  to the toe portion  3230 , the heel portion  3240 , the top portion  3270 , and/or the sole portion  3280  according to any relationship based on any physical property of the face portion  3200  and/or any physical property of a portion of the face portion  3200  (e.g., a location on the face portion  3200 ) relative to the central strike portion  3285 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 32-39 , the change in areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  in one or more directions moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  may be defined by the change in a distance  3444  ( FIG. 37 ) between successive grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  extending in the first direction and between successive grooves of the second plurality of grooves  3750  extending in the second direction. In one example, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively increase in any direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . In other words, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively increase moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the toe edge  3231 , from the central strike portion  3285  to the heel edge  3241 , moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the top edge  3271 , and moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the sole edge  3281 . In one example, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may increase linearly from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . The distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may be a linear function of a distance between the location of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  on the face portion  3200  and the central strike portion  3285 . In another example, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may be a polynomial function (e.g., a quadratic function or cubic function) of a distance between the location of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  on the face portion  3200  and the central strike portion  3285 . In another example, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively increase in one or more directions moving from the central strike portion  3285  toward the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . In other words, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively increase in one or more of the following directions: from the central strike portion  3285  to the toe edge  3231 , from the central strike portion  3285  to the heel edge  3241 , from the central strike portion  3285  to the top edge  3271 , and from the central strike portion  3285  to the sole edge  3281 . In yet another example, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively increase at a similar or different rate in one or more directions moving from the central strike portion  3285  toward the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . Accordingly, the change in the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  located at or proximate to the toe portion  3230 , at or proximate to the heel portion  3240 , at or proximate to the top portion  3270 , and/or at or proximate to the sole portion  3280  may be similar or may vary. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIG. 39 , the center longitudinal axes of the first plurality of grooves  3740  are represented by broken lines, whereas the center longitudinal axes of the second plurality of grooves  3750  are represented by solid lines. As described herein, the first plurality of grooves  3740  and the second plurality of grooves  3750  may have the same width and/or depth. Additionally, the first plurality of grooves  3740  may be parallelly or substantially parallelly arranged with each other and may extend diagonally across the face portion  3200 . The second plurality of grooves  3750  may be parallelly arranged with each other and may extend diagonally across the face portion  3200  in a transverse direction to the first plurality of grooves  3740 . In other words, the first plurality of grooves  3740  and the second plurality of grooves  3750  may crisscross. The grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may each extend at a 45 degree angle or approximately 45 degree angle relative to both the vertical centerline axis  3287  and the horizontal centerline axis  3288 . The vertical centerline axis  3287  may bisect the face portion  3200  into a toe-ward zone  3802  and a heel-ward zone  3804 , while the horizontal centerline axis  3288  may bisect the face portion  3200  into a top-ward zone  3806  and a sole-ward zone  3808 . The vertical centerline axis  3287  may intersect the horizontal centerline axis  3288  at intersection point  3289 , which may coincide with the geometric center  3286  of the face portion  3200 . The intersection point  3289  may not coincide with the geometric center of the face portion  3200 . As defined herein, the toe-ward zone  3802  may encompass some or all of the area of the face portion  3200  between the vertical centerline axis  3287  and the toe edge  3231 , the heel-ward zone  3804  may encompass some or all of the area of the face portion  3200  between the vertical centerline axis  3287  and the heel edge  3241 , the top-ward zone  3806  may encompass some or all of the area of the face portion  3200  between the horizontal centerline axis  3288  and the top edge  3271 , and the sole-ward zone  3808  may encompass some or all of the area of the face portion  3200  between the horizontal centerline axis  3288  and the sole edge  3281 . Accordingly, the toe-ward, heel-ward, top-ward, and sole-ward zones  3802 ,  3804 ,  3806 , and  3808  may collectively define part of the face portion  3200  or an entirety thereof. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The first plurality of grooves  3740  may include two successive grooves  3810  and  3820  located equidistant from intersection point  3289 . Groove  3810  may intersect the vertical centerline axis  3287  in the top-ward zone  3806  and may intersect the horizontal centerline axis  3288  in the toe-ward zone  3802 . In contrast, groove  3820  may intersect the vertical centerline axis  3287  in the sole-ward zone  3808  and may intersect the horizontal centerline axis  3288  in the heel-ward zone  3804 . The second plurality of grooves  3750  may also include two successive grooves  3910  and  3920  located equidistant from intersection point  3289 . Groove  3910  may intersect the vertical centerline axis  3287  in the sole-ward zone  3808  and may intersect the horizontal centerline axis  3288  in the toe-ward zone  3802 . In contrast, groove  3920  may intersect the vertical centerline axis  3287  in the top-ward zone  3806  and may intersect the horizontal centerline axis  3288  in the heel-ward zone  3804 . In such an arrangement, successive grooves  3810  and  3820  of the first plurality of grooves  3740  may intersect successive grooves  3910  and  3920  of the second plurality of grooves  3750  to define a projection (e.g., projection  3331 ) centered at the intersection point  3289 . The size of projection  3331  may be based on a spacing D 0  (e.g., represented by bidirectional arrow  3830 ) between successive grooves  3810  and  3820  and a spacing d 0  (e.g., represented by bidirectional arrow  3930 ) between successive grooves  3910  and  3920 . The spacing D 0  between successive grooves  3810  and  3820  may be equal or substantially equal to the spacing d 0  between successive grooves  3910  and  3920 . Alternatively, the spacing D 0  between successive grooves  3810  and  3820  may be greater than or less than the spacing d 0  between successive grooves  3910  and  3920 . Accordingly, the individual sizes of the plurality of projections  3330  may be determined based on the spacings of the first plurality of grooves  3740  and the spacings of the second plurality of grooves  3750 . In one example, each of the plurality of projections  3330  may correspond to a raised structure enclosed by two successive grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  and two successive grooves of the second plurality of grooves  3750  intersecting therewith. As used herein, the term “spacing” may correspond to a distance between the center longitudinal axes of two successive grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  or the second plurality of grooves  3750 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIG. 39 , the first plurality of grooves  3740  may include a first toe-ward succession of grooves and a first heel-ward succession of grooves. The first toe-ward succession of grooves may include groove  3810  and a number of grooves (e.g., shown as grooves  3811 ,  3812 , and  3813 ) spaced between groove  3810  and the toe edge  3231  of the face portion  3200 . The first heel-ward succession of grooves may include groove  3820  and a number of grooves (e.g., shown as grooves  3821 ,  3822 , and  3823 ) spaced between groove  3820  and the heel edge  3241  of the face portion  3200 . Accordingly, the first toe-ward succession of grooves may include a number of the first plurality of grooves  3740  intersecting the horizontal centerline axis  3288  in the toe-ward zone  3802  whereas the first heel-ward succession of grooves may include a number of the first plurality of grooves  3740  intersecting the horizontal centerline axis  3288  in the heel-ward zone  3804 . The spacings of the first toe-ward succession of grooves and the first heel-ward succession of grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  may be provided by the following linear equation: 
         D   n   =A+nB   (1)
         Where:   D n  is the spacing between successive grooves n and n−1 of the first toe-ward succession of grooves and the first heel-ward succession of grooves;   A and B are predetermined values; and   n is an integer starting at 1 and designating a groove based on the groove&#39;s order relative to groove  3810  if the groove is in the first toe-ward succession of grooves, or relative groove  3820  if the groove is in the first heel-ward succession of grooves.
 
With respect to equation 1, the values of A and B may be selected based on a desired spacing between successive grooves of the first toe-ward succession of grooves and between successive grooves of the first heel-ward succession of grooves. Generally, smaller values of A and B will result in successive grooves being spaced closer together whereas larger values of A and B will result in successive grooves being spaced farther apart. The spacing D 0  between successive grooves  3810  and  3820  may be predetermined independently of equation 1. In the example of  FIG. 39 , A may be 0.042 inch (0.10668 centimeter) or approximately 0.042 inch and B may be 0.0025 inch or approximately 0.0025 inch (0.00635 centimeter). D 0  may be equal to or substantially equal to A. Alternatively, D 0  may be greater than or less than A. Accordingly, once D 0  has been selected, equation 1 may be iterated n number of times to determine the spacings for grooves n=1 and onward. In the present example, n=1 designates grooves  3811  and  3821  by virtue of grooves  3811  and  3821  being the first grooves moving away from grooves  3810  and  3820  toward the toe edge  3231  and the heel edge  3241 , respectively. In like manner, n=2 designates grooves  3812  and  3822 , n=3 designates grooves  3813  and  3823 , and so on for however many grooves are in the first toe-ward succession of grooves and the first heel-ward succession of grooves. Computing equation 1 for each value of n results in a spacing D 1  (e.g., represented by bidirectional arrow  3831 ) between successive grooves  3810  and  3811  and between successive grooves  3820  and  3821  of 0.0445 inch (0.11303 centimeter) or approximately 0.0445 inch, a spacing D 2  (e.g., represented by bidirectional arrow  3832 ) between successive grooves  3811  and  3812  and between successive grooves  3821  and  3822  of 0.047 inch (0.11938 centimeter) or approximately 0.047 inch, and a spacing D 3  (e.g., represented by bidirectional arrow  3833 ) between successive grooves  3812  and  3813  and between successive grooves  3822  and  3823  of 0.0495 inch (0.12573 centimeter) or approximately 0.0495 inch. Accordingly, the first toe-ward succession of grooves may be spaced apart at different distances and the first heel-ward succession of grooves may also be spaced apart at different distances. More specifically, the first toe-ward succession of grooves may be increasingly spaced apart moving from groove  3810  toward the toe edge  3231  and the first heel-ward succession of grooves may be increasingly spaced apart moving from groove  3820  toward the heel edge  3241 . As a result, the first toe-ward succession of grooves may be spaced closer together toward groove  3810  and spaced farther apart toward the toe edge  3231 , and the first heel-ward succession of grooves may be spaced closer together toward groove  3820  and spaced farther apart toward the heel edge  3241 . In the example of  FIG. 39 , the first toe-ward succession of grooves are increasingly spaced apart at a same rate or approximately the same rate as the first heel-ward succession of grooves. Specifically, the first toe-ward succession of grooves and the first heel-ward succession of grooves are increasingly spaced apart by a fixed value corresponding to the value of B (e.g., 0.0025 inch (0.00635 centimeter)) of equation 1, that is, D 0 +B=D 1 , D 1 +B=D 2 , D 2 +B=D 3 , D 3 +B=D 4 , and so on (i.e., D n +B=D n+1 ) with D 0  being equal to or substantially equal to A for the example of  FIG. 39 . In alternative examples, equation 1 may be used to first determine only the spacings of the first toe-ward succession of grooves and may be used again (e.g., with different values of A and/or B) to determine only the spacings of the first heel-ward succession of grooves. Doing so results in the first toe-ward succession of grooves becoming increasingly spaced apart at a different rate than the first heel-ward succession of grooves. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard.
       

     In the example of  FIG. 39 , the second plurality of grooves  3750  may include a second toe-ward succession of grooves and a second heel-ward succession of grooves. The second toe-ward succession of grooves may include groove  3910  and a number of grooves (e.g., shown as grooves  3911 ,  3912 , and  3913 ) spaced between groove  3910  and the toe edge  3231  of the face portion  3200 . The second heel-ward succession of grooves may include groove  3920  and a number of grooves (e.g., shown as  3921 ,  3922 , and  3923 ) spaced between groove  3920  and the heel edge  3241  of the face portion  3200 . Accordingly, the second toe-ward succession of grooves may include a number of the second plurality of grooves  3750  intersecting the horizontal centerline axis  3288  in the toe-ward zone  3802  whereas the second heel-ward succession of grooves may include a number of the second plurality of grooves  3750  intersecting the horizontal centerline axis  3288  in the heel-ward zone  3804 . The spacings of the second toe-ward succession of grooves and the second heel-ward succession of grooves of the second plurality of grooves  3750  may be provided by the following linear equation: 
         d   0   =C+nE   (2)
 
     Where:
         d n  is the spacing between successive grooves n and n−1 of the second toe-ward succession of grooves and the second heel-ward succession of grooves;   C and E are predetermined values; and   n is an integer starting at 1 and designating a groove based on the groove&#39;s order relative to groove  3910  if the groove is in the second toe-ward succession of grooves, or relative groove  3920  if the groove is in the second heel-ward succession of grooves.
 
With respect to equation 2, the values of C and E may be selected based on a desired spacing between successive grooves of the second toe-ward succession of grooves and between successive grooves of the second heel-ward succession of grooves. Generally, smaller values of C and E will result in successive grooves being spaced closer together whereas larger values of C and E will result in successive grooves being spaced further apart. The spacing d 0  between successive grooves  3910  and  3920  may be predetermined independently of equation 2. In the example of  FIG. 39 , C may be the same value as A (e.g., 0.042 inch (0.10668 centimeter)) and E may be the same value as B (0.0025 inch (0.00635 centimeter)). Like D 0 , the spacing d 0  between successive grooves  3910  and  3920  may be predetermined independently of equation 1. In the present example, the spacing d 0  between successive grooves  3910  and  3920  may be selected to mirror the spacing D 0  between successive grooves  3810  and  3820  of the first plurality of grooves  3740 . Accordingly, in the example of  FIG. 39 , d 0 =D 0 =A=C. The selected values of D 0  and d 0  will determine the size of projection  3331  relative to the other projections of the plurality of projections  3330 . Accordingly, projection  3331  may be the single smallest projection, one of a number of smallest projections, or larger than one or more projections of the plurality of projections  3330 . Once d 0  has been selected, equation 2 may be iterated n number of times to determine the spacings for groove numbers of n=1 and onward. In the present example, n=1 designates grooves  3911  and  3921  by virtue of grooves  3911  and  3921  being the first grooves moving away from grooves  3910  and  3920  toward the toe edge  3231  and the heel edge  3241 , respectively. In like manner, n=2 designates grooves  3912  and  3922 , n=3 designates grooves  3913  and  3923 , and so on for however many grooves are in the second toe-ward succession of grooves and the second heel-ward succession of grooves. Computing equation 2 for each value of n results in a spacing d 1  (e.g., represented by bidirectional arrow  3931 ) between successive grooves  3910  and  3911  and between successive grooves  3920  and  3921  of 0.0445 inch (0.11303 centimeter) or approximately 0.0445 inch, a spacing d 2  (e.g., represented by bidirectional arrow  3932 ) between successive grooves  3911  and  3912  and between successive grooves  3921  and  3922  of 0.047 inch (0.11938 centimeter) or approximately 0.047 inch, and a spacing d 3  (e.g., represented by bidirectional arrow  3933 ) between successive grooves  3912  and  3913  and between successive grooves  3922  and  3923  of 0.0495 inch (0.12573 centimeter) or approximately 0.0495 inch. Accordingly, the second toe-ward succession of grooves may be spaced apart at different distances and the second heel-ward succession of grooves may also be spaced apart at different distances. More specifically, the second toe-ward succession of grooves may be increasingly spaced apart moving from groove  3910  toward the toe edge  3231  and the second heel-ward succession of grooves may be increasingly spaced apart moving from groove  3920  toward the heel edge  3241 . As a result, the second toe-ward succession of grooves may be spaced closer together toward groove  3910  and spaced farther apart toward the toe edge  3231 , and the second heel-ward succession of grooves may be spaced closer together toward groove  3920  and spaced farther apart toward the heel edge  3241 . In the example of  FIG. 39 , the second toe-ward succession of grooves are increasingly spaced apart at a same rate or approximately the same rate as the second heel-ward succession of grooves. Specifically, the second toe-ward succession of grooves and the second heel-ward succession of grooves are increasingly spaced apart by a fixed value corresponding to the value of E (e.g., 0.0025 inch (0.00635 centimeter)) of equation 2, that is, d 0 +B=d 1 , d 1 +E=d 2 , d 2 +E=d 3 , d 3 +E=d 4 , and so on (i.e., d n +E=d n+1 ) with d 0  being equal to or substantially equal to C for the example of  FIG. 39 . In alternative examples, equation 2 may be used to first determine only the spacings of the second toe-ward succession of grooves and may be used again (e.g., with different values of C and/or E) to determine only the spacings of the second heel-ward succession of grooves. Doing so results in the second toe-ward succession of grooves becoming increasingly spaced apart at a different rate than the second heel-ward succession of grooves. In the present example, the rate of change in the spacings of the second plurality of grooves  3750  may mirror the rate of change in the spacings of the first plurality of grooves  3740 . In alternative examples, the rate of change in the spacings of the second plurality of grooves  3750  may be different than the rate of change in the spacings of the first plurality of grooves  3740 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard.
       

     In the example of  FIG. 39 , the spacings of the first plurality of grooves  3740  in conjunction with the spacings of the second plurality of grooves  3750  may result in the plurality of projections  3330  becoming increasingly larger in size moving outwardly away from projection  3331  in any and all radial directions toward the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . Said differently, the plurality of projections  3330  may become increasingly larger in size pursuant to a circular ripple pattern spreading outwardly away from projection  3331  toward the toe edge  3231 , the heel edge  3241 , the top edge  3271 , and the sole edge  3281  of the face portion  3200 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     While equations 1 and 2 are described as linear equations, one or both of equations 1 and 2 may be alternatively expressed as a polynomial equation. Additionally, or alternatively, one or both of equations 1 and 2 may be rewritten as a subtraction operation instead of an addition operation. In this manner, the first toe-ward succession of grooves and the first heel-ward succession of grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  and/or the second toe-ward succession of grooves and the second heel-ward succession of grooves of the second plurality of grooves  3750  may be decreasingly spaced apart moving outwardly away from central strike portion  3285  toward the toe edge  3231  and the heel edge  3241  of the face portion  3200 . As a result, the plurality of projections  3330  may become decreasingly smaller spreading outwardly away from projection  3331  toward the toe edge  3231 , the heel edge  3241 , the top edge  3271 , and the sole edge  3281  of the face portion  3200 . However, it is generally preferable to space the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  such that the plurality of projections  3331  become increasingly larger spreading outwardly away from projection  3331 . Additionally, it is generally preferable to configure the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  with the same width so that the plurality of projections  3330  are evenly spaced apart while becoming increasingly larger moving outwardly away from projection  3331 . Accordingly, the face portion  3200  or strike face may have a gradual increase in surface area away from the central strike portion  3285  toward the toe edge  3231 , the heel edge  3241 , the top edge  3271 , and the sole edge  3281 . Advantageously, the increasingly larger surface areas of the plurality of projections  3330  toward the perimeter  3290  may reduce energy loss caused by the gearing effect when a golf ball is mishit (e.g., struck away from the central strike portion  3285 ). Meanwhile, the relatively smaller surface areas of the plurality of projections  3330  at the central strike portion  3285  limit contact with a golf ball, which may enhance sound, feel, and responsiveness when a golf ball is struck at the center strike portion  3285 . Collectively, the smaller projections at the central strike portion  3285  and the increasingly larger projections toward the perimeter  3290  may normalize ball speed across the face portion  3200  such that a more consistent roll (e.g., distance and speed) may be achieved regardless of where a golf ball is struck on the face portion  3200 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     While the example of the face portion  3200  shown in  FIGS. 32-39  generally includes a plurality of projections  3330  increasing in size in any direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 , other examples (not shown) of the face portion  3200  may feature the plurality of projections  3330  decreasing in size in any direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . For instance, the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  may successively decrease in any direction moving from the central portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . Accordingly, a largest one of the plurality of projections  3330  may be located at the central strike portion  3285 , and more particularly, at or proximate the geometric center  3286  of the face portion  3200 , whereas a smallest one of the plurality of projections  3330  may be located at or proximate the toe edge  3231  and/or the heel edge  3241 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     A rate of change of the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  may be similar in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the toe edge  3231  and in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the heel edge  3241 . In another example, the rate of change of the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  may be similar in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the top edge  3271  and in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the sole edge  3281 . In yet another example, the rate of change of the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  may be similar in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the toe edge  3231 , in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the heel edge  3241 , in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the top edge  3271 , and in a direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the sole edge  3281 . In yet another example, the rate of change of the areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  may be similar and/or vary in any direction (i.e., horizontal, vertical, diagonal, etc.) moving from the central strike portion  3285  to any location on the perimeter  3290 . The change in areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200  may be a linear or polynomial function (e.g., a quadratic function or cubic function) of a distance between the location of the plurality of projections  3330  on the face portion  3200  and the central strike portion  3285 . Additionally, or alternatively, the plurality of projections  3330  may decrease in height  3430  at a fixed or variable rate from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The change in areas of the peak portions  3420  and/or base portions  3410  of the plurality of projections  3330  from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  may be defined by the change in the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first plurality of grooves  3740  extending in the first direction and between successive grooves of the second plurality of grooves  3750  extending in the second direction. In one example, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively decrease in any direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . In other words, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively decrease moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the toe edge  3231 , moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the heel edge  3241 , moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the top edge  3271 , and moving from the central strike portion  3285  to the sole edge  3281 . The distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may be a linear or polynomial function (e.g., a quadratic function or cubic function) of a distance between the location of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  on the face portion  3200  and the central strike portion  3285 . In another example, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively decrease in any direction moving from the central strike portion  3285  toward the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . In other words, the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively decrease in one or more of the following directions: from the central strike portion  3285  to the toe edge  3231 , from the central strike portion  3285  to the heel edge  3241 , from the central strike portion  3285  to the top edge  3271 , and from the central strike portion  3285  to the sole edge  3281 . The distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  may successively decrease at a similar or different rate in one or more directions moving from the central strike portion  3285  toward the perimeter  3290  of the face portion  3200 . Accordingly, the decrease in the distance  3444  between successive grooves of the first and second plurality of grooves  3740  and  3750  located at or proximate to the toe portion  3230 , at or proximate to the heel portion  3240 , at or proximate to the top portion  3270 , and/or at or proximate to the sole portion  3280  may be similar or vary. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the examples of  FIGS. 40-41 , alternative face patterns are shown. The face pattern of  FIG. 40  may be similar to the example of  FIG. 39  with the exception of one or more horizontal grooves  4010  bisecting one or more of the plurality of projections  3330 . Additionally, or alternatively, the face pattern may include one or more vertical grooves  4020  bisecting one or more of the plurality of projections  3330 . In this configuration, one or more of the plurality of projections  3330  may be divided in half or in quarters. In the example of  FIG. 41 , the face pattern may be similar to the example of  FIG. 39  except rotated 45 degrees counterclockwise. The face pattern may also include one or more diagonal grooves  4130  extending upwardly from left-to-right across the face portion  3200  and bisecting one or more of the plurality of projections  3330 . Additionally, or alternatively, the face pattern may include one or more diagonal grooves  4140  extending upwardly from right-to-left across the face portion  3200  and bisecting one or more of the plurality of projections  3330 . In this configuration, one or more of the plurality of projections  3330  may be divided in half or in quarters. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, as shown in  FIG. 42 , a process  4200  of manufacturing the face portion  3200  may include providing a face portion (block  4202 ) having a planar strike portion (i.e., without any grooves). In one example, the face portion  3200  may be an integral part of a golf club head. In another example, the face portion  3200  may be a separate face insert that may be coupled to a front portion of a golf club head by using adhesive, tape, welding, soldering, fasteners and/or other suitable methods and devices. The process  4200  may include forming a plurality of grooves on the strike portion of the face portion (block  4204 ) with distances between successive grooves of the plurality of grooves changing (e.g., increasing or decreasing) in any direction moving from a central strike portion to a perimeter of the face portion. For example, the grooves may be spaced apart according to equations 1 and 2 described herein with respect to the example of  FIGS. 32-39 . Alternatively, in another example, as shown in  FIG. 43 , a process  4300  of manufacturing the face portion  3200  may include providing a face portion (block  4302 ) having a planar strike portion (i.e., without any grooves), and forming a plurality projections on the strike portion of the face portion (block  4304 ) with the size of the plurality of projections changing (e.g., increasing or decreasing) in any direction from a central strike portion to a perimeter of the face portion. As described herein, each one of the plurality of projections may include a peak portion separated from a base portion by a height. In one example, two or more of the plurality of projections may be pyramidal frustums. The change in size may include a change to the areas of the peak portions of the plurality of projections, a change to the areas of the base portions of the plurality of projections, and/or a change in height of the plurality of projections. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the plurality of grooves may be manufactured by milling the face portion. Accordingly, the portions of the face portion that are not milled may form the plurality of projections (e.g., residual portion(s)). In another example, the plurality of grooves may be stamped onto the face portion. In yet another example, the face portion including the plurality of projections and/or the plurality of grooves may be manufactured by forging. In yet another example, the face portion including the plurality of projections and/or the plurality of grooves may be manufactured by casting. In yet another example, the plurality of projections and/or the plurality of grooves may be manufactured by press forming. In yet another example, the plurality of projections and/or the plurality of grooves may be manufactured by laser and/or thermal etching or eroding of the face material. In yet another example, the plurality of projections and/or the plurality of grooves may be manufactured by chemically eroding the face material using photo masks. In yet another example, the plurality of projections and/or the plurality of grooves may be manufactured by electro/chemically eroding the face material using a chemical mask such as wax or a petrochemical substance. In yet another example, the plurality of projections and/or the plurality of grooves may be manufactured by abrading the face material using air or water as the carry medium of the abrasion material such as sand. Any one or a combination of the methods discussed above can be used to manufacture one or more of the plurality of projections and/or the plurality of grooves on the face portion. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 44-50 , a golf club head  4400  may include a body portion  4410  having a toe portion  4430 , a heel portion  4440 , a front portion  4450 , a rear portion  4460  having a back wall portion  4484  (shown in  FIG. 46 ), a top portion  4470 , and a sole portion  4480 . The body portion  4410  may include a hosel portion  4445  configured to receive a shaft (not shown) with a grip (not shown). The golf club head  4400  and the grip may be located on opposite ends of the shaft to form a golf club. The front and rear portions  4450  and  4460 , respectively, may be on opposite ends of the body portion  4410 . The front portion  4450  may include a face portion  4455  (e.g., a strike face). The face portion  4455  may be used to impact a golf ball and may be similar in configuration to any face portion described herein including face portion  3200 . The face portion  4455  may be associated with a loft plane that defines the loft angle of the golf club head  4400 . The golf club head  4400  may be manufactured by any of the methods described herein and from any one or more of the materials described herein or associated with any of the golf club heads described herein. Although  FIGS. 44-46  may depict a particular type of golf club head, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other types of golf club heads (e.g., a driver-type golf club head, a fairway wood-type golf club head, a hybrid-type golf club head, an iron-type golf club head, etc.). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  4410  may include one or more weight ports and one or more weight portions. In the example of  FIGS. 44-50 , the body portion  4410  may include a first set of weight ports  4540  (shown in  FIG. 46  as weight ports  4542 ,  4543 , and  4544 ) proximate to the toe portion  4430  and extending between the toe portion  4430  and the heel portion  4440  and configured to receive weight portions  4552 ,  4553 , and  4554 . The body portion  4410  may also include a second set of weight ports  4560  (one weight port  4562  is shown in  FIG. 45 ) proximate to the heel portion  4440  and extending between the toe portion  4430  and the heel portion  4440  and configured to receive weight portions (one weight portion  4572  is shown in  FIG. 45 ). The golf club head  4400  may include any number of weight ports and weight portions at any location on the body portion  4410 . The configurations of the weight ports and the weight portions (e.g., inner diameter, outer diameter, size, shape, distance from an adjacent weight port or weight portion, etc.) of the golf club head  4400  may be similar in many respects to the weight ports and weight portions of any of the golf club heads described herein. Alternatively, the body portion  4410  may not include any weight ports and/or weight portions. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 44-50 , the face portion  4455  may include a face insert  4456 , which may be attached to the front portion  4450  via any manufacturing methods and/or processes (e.g., a bonding process, a welding process, a brazing process, a mechanical locking method, a mechanical fastening method, any combination thereof, or other suitable types of manufacturing methods and/or processes). In the example of  FIGS. 44-50 , the face insert  4456  may include two fastener holes  4458  proximate to the toe portion and heel portion of the face insert  4456 . Each of the fastener holes  4458  may be configured to receive a fastener  4462  for attachment of the face insert  4456  to the body portion  4410 . The fasteners  4462  may have similar or different weights to balance and/or provide heel or toe weight bias for the golf club head  4400 . The body portion  4410  may include two fastener ports  4468  (one fastener port  4468  shown in  FIG. 45 ) configured to receive the fasteners  4462 . Each fastener port  4468  may have internal threads that are configured to engage external threads on the fasteners  4462 . As described herein, the face portion  4455  may include a peripheral recessed portion (not shown) configured to receive the face insert  4456  so that the face insert  4456  is positioned flush or substantially flush with the face portion  4455 . The face insert  4456  may be attached to the face portion  4455  by any of the methods described herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  4410  may include an interior cavity  4482  extending between the front portion  4450  and the rear portion  4460  and between the toe portion  4430  and the heel portion  4440 . In the example of  FIGS. 44-50 , the interior cavity  4482  may be defined by a recess in the front portion  4450  that is covered by the face insert  4456 . The interior cavity  4482  may extend from near the toe portion  4430  to near the heel portion  4440  and from near the top portion  4470  to near the sole portion  4480 . Alternatively, the interior cavity  4482  may extend between the fastener ports  4468  of the body portion  4410 . In one example, the interior cavity  4482  may be located at and/or near the regions of the face portion  4455  that generally strike a golf ball. The physical characteristics of the interior cavity  4482  such as interior cavity height relative to the physical characteristics of the body portion  4410  such as the height of the body portion  4410  may be similar in many respects to any of the golf club heads described herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the interior cavity  4482  may be unfilled (i.e., empty space). Alternatively, the interior cavity  4482  may be partially or entirely filled with a filler material  4492  to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the face portion  4455  strikes a golf ball. The filler material  4492  may be an elastic polymer or elastomer material similar to any of the filler materials described herein. For example, at least 50% of the interior cavity  4482  may be filled with a TPE material to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the golf club head  4400  strikes a golf ball via the face portion  4455 . In one example, the filler material  4492  may be injected into the interior cavity  4482  by any of the methods described herein (e.g., from one or more of the weight ports). In another example, the filler material  4492  may be in the form of an insert having a shape that is similar to the shape of the interior cavity  4482 . The insert, exemplarily shown in  FIG. 50  as filler insert  5092 , may be placed in the interior cavity  4482  prior to the face insert  4456  being fastened to the face portion  4455 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the body portion  4410  may include a bonding portion  4610 . The bonding portion  4610  may provide connection, attachment, and/or bonding of the filler material  4492  or filler insert  5092  to the face insert  4456 . The bonding portion  4610  may be a bonding agent, a combination of bonding agents, one or more bonding structures or attachment devices, a combination of bonding structures and/or attachment devices, and/or a combination of one or more bonding agents, one or more bonding structures, and/or one or more attachment devices. For example, the golf club head  4400  may include a bonding agent to improve adhesion and/or mitigate delamination between the face insert  4456  and any filler material or filler insert to fill the interior cavity  4482  of the golf club head  4400 . In one example, the filler material  4492  or filler insert  5092  may include bonding or adhesive properties to bond or adhere to the body portion  4410 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the bonding portion  4610  may include a bonding agent having a low-viscosity, organic, solvent-based solutions and/or dispersions of polymers and other reactive chemicals such as MEGUM™, ROBOND™, and/or THIXON™ materials manufactured by the Dow Chemical Company, Auburn Hills, Mich. In another example, the bonding portion  4610  may include a bonding agent having LOCTITE® materials manufactured by Henkel Corporation, Rocky Hill, Conn. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, as shown in  FIGS. 48 and 49 , the bonding portion  4610  may include a bonding structure  4612  on a back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  and/or on a front side  4493  (shown in  FIG. 46 ) of the filler material  4492 , which may include filler insert  5092 . In one example, as shown in  FIGS. 48 and 49 , the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  may include a plurality of projections  4810  defining a plurality of channels  4812  between the projections  4810 . The projections  4810  may have any shape, size, height, configuration, arrangement, spacing, or other features. In the example of  FIGS. 48 and 49 , the projections  4810  may have a generally rectangular shape or square shape that may be arranged in a rectangular array (i.e., rows and columns) on the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456 . Accordingly, the channels  4812  may extend in a direction from the toe portion  4430  to the heel portion  4440  and in a direction from the top portion  4470  to the sole portion  4480 . The channels  4812  may have any orientation, size, shape, configuration, arrangement, spacing, and/or other features that may depend on the physical properties of the projections  4810  and the arrangement of the projections  4810  on the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, when the filler material  4492  is an elastic polymer or an elastomer material, the filler material  4492  may be injection molded in the interior cavity  4482 . When the filler material  4492  is injection molded in the interior cavity  4482 , the filler material  4492  may surround the projections  4810  and may fill the channels  4812  to increase the bonding area between the filler material  4492  and the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456 . Accordingly, the bonding structure  4612  may provide a stronger bond between the filler material  4492  and the face insert  4456 . In one example, a bonding agent (not shown), such as any of the bonding agents described herein, may be applied to the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  before injection molding the filler material  4492  in the interior cavity  4482  to provide further bonding strength between the filler material  4492  and the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456 . The bonding process may include single or multiple stage time and/or temperature curing of the bonding agent. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, as shown in  FIG. 50 , the filler material  4492 , which may be constructed from an elastic polymer material or an elastomer material, may be in the form of the filler insert  5092 , which may be molded or formed outside of the interior cavity  4482  and placed in the interior cavity  4482  prior to attachment of the face insert  4456  to the face portion  4455 . The back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  or the front side  4493  of the filler insert  5092  (i.e., the side facing the face insert  4456 ) may include the bonding structure (not shown for the filler insert  5092  of  FIG. 50 ) as described herein to increase the bonding strength between the face insert  4456  and the filler insert  5092  after a bonding agent is applied to the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  and/or the front side  4493  of the filler insert  5092 . In one example (not shown), both the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  and the front side  4493  of the filler insert  5092  may include one or more bonding structures similar to any of the bonding structures described herein. For example, the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  may include the bonding structure  4612  as described herein and the front side  4493  of the filler insert  5092  may include a mating and/or a complementary structure to the bonding structure  4612 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the face insert  4456  may be bonded to the elastic polymer or elastomer filler insert  5092  before being attached to the body portion  4410  of the golf club head  4400 . A bonding agent, such as any of the bonding agents described herein may be applied to the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  and/or the front side  4493  of the filler insert  5092 . The face insert  4456  may then be attached and bonded to the filler insert  5092 . The bonding process may include single or multiple stage time and/or temperature curing of the bonding agent. The attached face insert  4456  and the filler insert  5092  may then be attached to the body portion  4410  as described herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the face insert  4456  may be constructed from one or more metals or metal alloys such as steel, aluminum, titanium, tungsten or alloys thereof. Accordingly, the filler material  4492  or the filler insert  5092  may be constructed from an elastic polymer material or an elastomer material as described herein to absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the face portion  4455  strikes a golf ball. The face insert  4456  may be constructed from a non-metallic material such as a composite material, plastic material, or a polymer material. In one example, the face insert  4456  may be constructed from a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material (hereinafter referred to for this example as the TPU face insert  4456 ). The filler insert  5092  may be constructed from metal or metal alloys such as steel, aluminum, titanium, tungsten or alloys thereof. In one example, the filler insert  5092  may be constructed form aluminum or an aluminum alloy (hereinafter referred to for this example as the aluminum filler insert  5092 ). The TPU face insert  4456  may absorb shock, isolate vibration, and/or dampen noise when the face portion  4455  strikes a golf ball. The aluminum filler insert  5092  may limit the deflection of the TPU face insert  4456  and provide structural support for the TPU face insert  4456  when the TPU face insert  4456  strikes a golf ball. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The back side  4457  of the TPU face insert  4456  or the front side  4493  of the aluminum filler insert  5092  may include the bonding structure  4612  as described herein and shown in  FIGS. 48 and 49 . In another example, both the back side  4457  of the TPU face insert  4456  and the front side  4493  of the aluminum filler insert  5092  may include the bonding structure  4612  as described herein. In one example, only the back side  4457  of the TPU face insert  4456  may include the bonding structure  4612  while the front side  4493  of the aluminum filler insert  5092  may not include a bonding structure. The bonding structure  4612  may provide increased bonding strength when the TPU face insert  4456  is attached to the aluminum filler insert  5092  with a bonding agent as described herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, the TPU face insert  4456  may be bonded to the aluminum filler insert  5092  before being attached to the body portion  4410  of the golf club head  4400 . A bonding agent, such as any of the bonding agents described herein may be applied to the back side  4457  of the TPU face insert  4456  and/or the front side  4493  of the aluminum filler insert  5092 . The TPU face insert  4456  may then be attached and bonded to the aluminum filler insert  5092 . The bonding process may include single or multiple stage time and/or temperature curing of the bonding agent. The attached TPU face insert  4456  and the aluminum filler insert  5092  may then be attached to the body portion  4410  as described herein. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     As described herein, the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  or the front side  4493  of the filler insert  5092  (i.e., the side facing the face insert  4456 ) may include the bonding structure  4612  to increase the bonding strength between the face insert  4456  and the filler insert  5092  after a bonding agent is applied to the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  and/or the front side  4493  of the filler insert  5092 . In one example, both the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  and the front side  4493  of the filler insert  5092  may include one or more bonding structures similar to any of the bonding structures described herein. For example, the back side  4457  of the face insert  4456  may include the bonding structure  4612  as described herein and the front side  4493  of the filler insert  5092  may include a mating and/or a complementary structure to the bonding structure  4612 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In one example, a back side  5095  (shown in  FIG. 50 ) of the filler insert  5092  may also include a bonding structure (not shown), such as any of the bonding structures described herein, to attach the filler insert  5092  to the walls of the interior cavity  4482 . For example, a bonding agent such as any of the bonding agents described herein may be applied to one or more walls of the interior cavity  4482  and/or the bonding structure on the back side  5095  of the filler insert  5092 . The filler insert  5092  may then be bonded to the walls of the interior cavity  4482 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     With the support of the back wall portion  4484  (shown in  FIG. 46 ) of the body portion  4410  and the filler material  5092 , the face insert  4456  may be relatively thin without degrading the structural integrity, sound, and/or feel of the golf club head  4400 . In one example, the face insert  4456  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.075 inch (1.905 millimeters). In another example, the face insert  4456  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.060 inch (1.524 millimeters). In yet another example, the face insert  4456  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.050 inch (1.270 millimeters). Further, the face insert  4456  may have a thickness of less than or equal to 0.030 inch (0.762 millimeters). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 51-56 , a golf club head  5000  may include a body portion  5010  having a toe portion  5030 , a heel portion  5040 , a front portion  5050  with a face portion  5055  (e.g., a strike face), a rear portion  5060 , a top portion  5070 , and a sole portion  5080 . The body portion  5010  may also include a bore  5075  to receive a shaft (not shown) with a grip (not shown). Alternatively, the body portion  5010  may include a hosel (not shown) to receive the shaft. The golf club head  5000  and the grip may be attached to opposite ends of the shaft to form a golf club. The body portion  5010  may be partially or entirely made of a steel-based material (e.g., 17-4 PH stainless steel), a titanium-based material, an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of metal materials. Alternatively, the body portion  5010  may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The configuration of the body portion  5010 , various properties of the body portion  5010 , the materials of construction of the body portion  5010 , and/or the configuration of the face portion  5055 , such as one or more groove patterns on the face portion  5055 , may be similar in many respects to any of the golf club heads described herein or in any of the incorporated by reference patents. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The golf club head  5000  may include a plurality of weight portions  5110  (e.g., weight portions  5111 ,  5112 ,  5113 , and  5114 ) coupled to a plurality of weight ports  5120  (e.g., weight ports  5121 ,  5122 ,  5123 , and  5124 ) located at the sole portion  5080 . The plurality of weight portions  5110  and the plurality of weight ports  5120  may be at any location on the body portion  5010 . In one example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 51-56 , weight ports  5121  and  5122 , and corresponding weight portions  5111  and  5112 , may be located at or proximate to opposite front corners of the sole portion  5080 , and weight ports  5123  and  5124 , and corresponding weight portions  5113  and  5114 , may be located at or proximate to the rear portion  5060 . In another example, weight port  5121  and the corresponding weight portion  5111  may be at or proximate to the toe portion  5030 , and weight port  5122  and the corresponding weight portion  5112  may be located at or proximate to the heel portion  5040 . The configuration of any weight ports and weight portions, and/or locations of any weight ports and weight portions on the body portion  5010  may be similar in many respects to any of the golf club heads described herein or in any of the incorporated by reference patents. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the illustrated example of  FIGS. 51-56 , weight ports  5123  and  5124 , and corresponding weight portions  5113  and  5114 , may be located at a rear insert portion  5130  removably coupled to the body portion  5010  via a mechanical fastener  5131  (e.g., a bolt or screw). The rear insert portion  5130  may define a portion of the sole portion  5080  and a portion of the rear portion  5060 . In one example, the rear insert portion  5130  may be partially or entirely made of a steel-based material, a titanium-based material, an aluminum-based material, a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of metal materials. In another example, the rear insert portion  5130  may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). In another example, the rear insert portion  5130  may be made of a material (e.g., a tungsten-based material) having a greater density than a material (e.g., an aluminum-based material) of the body portion  5010  to increase a moment of inertia (MOI) of the golf club head  5000  and move a center of gravity (CG) of the golf club head  5000  rearward. In yet another example, the rear insert portion  5130  may have a different texture and/or color to be visually distinguishable from the body portion  5010 . The texture and/or color of the rear insert portion  5130  may be indicative of the overall mass and/or the material of construction of the rear insert portion  5130 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The golf club head  5000  may include an upper portion  5140  that may be removably coupled to the body portion  5010  by any suitable coupling means. The upper portion  5140  may include an outer surface that may define a portion of the top portion  5070  and be visible to an individual at an address position. The upper portion  5140  may have any shape, contour, curvature, or geometric properties. The upper portion  5140  may be attached to the top surface of the top portion  5070  or inside a correspondingly shaped recess in the top portion  5070 . In one example, the upper portion  5140  may be dome shaped. In another example, the upper portion  5140  may define a depression in the top portion  5070 . In another example, the upper portion may have one or more portions that may protrude from the top portion  5070 . In yet another example, the upper portion  5140  may have one or more portions that may be recessed relative to the top portion  5070 . In the illustrated example of  FIGS. 51-56 , the upper portion  5140  may be plate shaped, which may be also referred to herein as the plate portion  5140  and may be removably coupled to the body portion  5010  via a mechanical fastener  5150  (e.g., a bolt or screw). In another example, the plate portion  5140  may be removably coupled to the body portion  5010  via a magnet. In another example, the plate portion  5140  may be removably coupled to the body portion  5010  via a hook and loop fastener. In another example, the plate portion  5140  may be removably coupled to the body portion  5010  via an interference fit. In another example, the plate portion  5140  may be removably coupled to the body portion  5010  via a snap fit or other suitable interlocking assembly feature. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The plate portion  5140  may be made from any material(s) described herein with respect to the body portion  5010 . In the illustrated example of  FIGS. 51-56 , the plate portion  5140  may include a flat portion  5141  and a boss portion  5142  extending downward from an underside portion  5143  of the flat portion  5141 . The boss portion  5142  may have a cylindrical shape. The boss portion  5142  may include a central threaded port  5144  located at a bottom portion  5145  of the boss portion  5142 . In another example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 60-68 , the boss portion  5142  may have a shape similar to a cuboid. In another example, the boss portion  5142  may have a shape similar to a cube. In another example, the boss portion  5142  may have a frustopyramidal shape. In another example, the boss portion  5142  may have a frustoconical shape. In yet another example, the boss portion  5142  may have any other geometric shape. The flat portion  5141  may be configured to fit flush or substantially flush with a recess  5160  at the top portion  5070 . The recess  5160  may include a pocket  5162  located at a lower depth inside the recess  5160  and configured to receive the boss portion  5142 . The pocket  5162  may have an opening having a shape (e.g., cylindrical) that complements the shape of the boss portion  5142 . The pocket  5162  may include an upper portion  5163  that decreases in diameter in a downward direction toward a base portion  5165  of the pocket and a lower portion  5164  that extends in the downward direction toward the base portion  5165  at a fixed diameter. The boss portion  5142  may fit flush or substantially flush inside the pocket  5162 . In an alternative example, the boss portion  5142  may fit inside the pocket  5162  with room to spare. Once received inside the pocket  5162 , the bottom portion  5145  of the boss portion  5142  may abut the base portion  5165  of the pocket  5162 . As illustrated in  FIG. 54  for example, a first foam pad  5146  may be coupled (e.g., adhered) to the underside portion  5143  of the flat portion  5141  and may have a cutout  5147  with sufficient clearance for the boss portion  5142 . A second foam pad  5148  may be coupled (e.g., adhered) to the bottom portion  5145  of the boss portion  5142  and may have a cutout  5149  allowing access to the central threaded port  5144 . When the fastener  5131  is tightened, the first foam pad  5146  may be compressed between the plate portion  5140  and the body portion  5010 . Similarly, when the fastener  5131  is tightened, the second foam pad  5148  may be compressed between the plate portion  5140  and the body portion  5010 . Collectively, the first foam pad  4146  and the second foam pad  5148  may function to dampen or eliminate vibration or rattling occurring between the plate portion  5140  and the body portion  5010  when the golf club head  5000  strikes a golf ball. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 51-56 , the pocket  5162  may communicate with a through-port  5170  that extends downwardly from the base portion  5165  of the pocket  5162  and through to the sole portion  5080 . The through-port  5170  may be aligned with the central threaded port  5144  of the boss portion  5142  and may be configured to receive the mechanical fastener  5150  through a sole-end  5180  of the through-port  5170 . The through-port  5170  may include an upper chamber  5171  proximate the base portion  5165  of the pocket  5162 , a lower chamber  5172  proximate the sole portion  5080 , and an intermediate chamber  5173  between the upper chamber  5171  and the lower chamber  5172 . The upper chamber  5171 , the lower chamber  5172 , and the intermediate chamber  5173  may have similar or different diameters. In the illustrated example of  FIGS. 51-56 , the mechanical fastener  5150  may be a captive fastener that remains attached to the body portion  5010  even when fully untreaded from the plate portion  5140 . The captive fastener may extend through a retaining washer  5190 . The upper chamber  5171  may have a larger diameter than a diameter of the lower chamber  5172  to accommodate the retaining washer  5190 . The lower chamber  5172  may have a larger diameter than a diameter of the intermediate chamber  5173  to accommodate a head portion  5151  of the mechanical fastener  5150 . In assembly, the mechanical fastener  5150  may extend through the sole-end  5180  of the through-port  5170  and threadingly engage the central threaded port  5144  of the boss portion  5142 , thereby securing the plate portion  5140  to the body portion  5010 . The relative diameters of the lower chamber  5172  and the intermediate chamber  5173  of the through-port  5170  may be configured to limit upward travel of the mechanical fastener  5150 . For example, the diameter of the through-port  5170  may narrow from the lower chamber  5172  to the intermediate chamber  5173  and thereby limit upward travel of the mechanical fastener  5150  by preventing axial advancement of a head portion  5151  of the mechanical fastener  5150  beyond the lower chamber  5172 . In the illustrated example of  FIGS. 51-56 , the retaining washer  5190  may be provided in the upper chamber  5171 . The relative diameters of the upper chamber  5171  and the intermediate chamber  5173  of the through-port  5170  may be configured to limit downward travel of the mechanical fastener  5150 . For example, the diameter of the through-port  5170  may narrow from the upper chamber  5171  to the intermediate chamber  5173  and thereby limit downward travel of the captive fastener by preventing axial movement of a threaded portion of the mechanical fastener beyond the retaining washer  5190 . The retaining washer  5190  may retain the mechanical fastener  5150  in an attached relationship to the body portion  5010 , even when the fastener is fully unthreaded from the top plate  5140 , and thereby prevent the mechanical fastener  5150  from being lost (e.g., when interchanging top plates). In one example, the retaining washer  5190  may be made of a metal material. In another example, the retaining washer  5190  may be made of a polymer material. The retaining washer  5190  may be a washer that is threaded onto the mechanical fastener  5150  and located at a reduced diameter shank portion between the threaded portion and the head portion  5151 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The plate portion  5140  may be selected from a plurality of interchangeable plate portions exemplarily shown in  FIGS. 57-59  as plate portions  5710 ,  5720 ,  5730 ,  5810 ,  5820 ,  5830 ,  5840 ,  5910 , and  5920 . Each of the plurality of interchangeable plate portions may be configured similarly to plate portion  5140  and may be similarly assembled to the body portion  5010 . While the plate portion  5140  shown in the example of  FIGS. 51-56  does not include an alignment aid on the flat portion  5141 , each of the plurality of interchangeable plate portions shown in  FIGS. 57-59  may include an alignment aid on a top portion of the flat portion  5141 . In the illustrated examples of  FIG. 57 , plate portions  5710 ,  5720 , and  5730  may each include an alignment aid having one or more lines. In the illustrated examples of  FIG. 58 , plate portions  5810 ,  5820 ,  5830 , and  5840  may each include an alignment aid having one or more dots (e.g., recesses, protrusions, or openings). In the illustrated examples of  FIG. 59 , plate portions  5910  and  5920  may each include an alignment aid having one or more lines and one or more dots. In another example (not shown), interchangeable plate portions may include various configurations and arrangements of arrows on the flat portion  5141  with each arrow pointing toward the front portion  5050 . In another example (not shown), interchangeable plate portions may include various configurations and arrangements of triangles on the flat portion  5141  with a vertex of each triangle pointing toward the front portion  5050 . In another example (not shown), interchangeable plate portions may include various configurations and arrangements of other geometric shapes and/or non-geometric shapes on the flat portion  5141  that collectively assist an individual with aligning the golf club head  5000 . In another example (not shown), interchangeable plate portions may include various configurations and arrangement of non-parallel lines on the flat portion  5141  that converge to or toward the front portion  5050  (e.g., converge at a location in front of the front portion  5050 ). In yet another example, interchangeable plate portions may include any of the alignment aids described and shown in any of the incorporated by reference patents, and any of the alignment aids described and shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/680,520, filed Feb. 25, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. The alignment aid may vary in size, shape, and/or color to match individual preference. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The alignment aid can be provided by any suitable means of manufacturing. In one example, the alignment aid can be painted on the flat portion  5141 . In another example, the alignment aid can be machined (e.g., milled or drilled) into the flat portion  5141 . In another example, the alignment aid can be etched (e.g., laser or chemical) into the flat portion  5141 . In another example, the alignment aid can be engraved into the flat portion  5141 . In another example, the alignment aid can be a decal or badge that is adhered to the flat portion. In another example, the alignment aid can be pressed into the flat portion  5141 . In another example, the alignment aid can be a textured surface (e.g., polished or sandblasted) on the flat portion  5141 . In another example, the alignment aid can be applied through dye sublimation. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The golf club head  5100  may include one or more contrasting colors to enhance visibility of the alignment aid. In one example, the alignment aid may be a first color and the flat portion  5141  may be a second color that is dissimilar from the first color (e.g., a red alignment aid and a silver flat portion). In another example, the alignment aid may be a first color, and the body portion  5010  may be a second color that is dissimilar from the first color (e.g., a white alignment aid and a black body portion). In another example, the alignment aid may be a first color, the flat portion  5141  may be a second color, the body portion  5010  may be a third color, and the first color may be dissimilar from the second color and dissimilar from the third color (e.g., a red alignment aid, a white flat portion, and a black body portion). In another example, the alignment aid may be a first color, the flat portion  5141  and the body portion  5010  may be a second color, and the first color may be dissimilar from the second color (e.g., a white alignment aid, a black flat portion, and a black body portion). The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The plate portion  5140  may be selected to have a preferred alignment aid or may be selected without an alignment aid as illustrated in  FIG. 51 . The plate portion may be easily assembled to the body portion  5010  and may be easily disassembled from the body portion  5010  in favor of a different plate portion. A plurality of plate portions may be provided as part of a kit that allows an individual to interchange plate portions based on personal preference. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     A kit may include a golf club head and a plurality of interchangeable alignment aid portions. The golf club head may be similar to any of the golf club heads described herein or in any of the incorporated by reference patents and may be part of a golf club. Each interchangeable alignment aid portion may be an interchangeable plate portion with an alignment aid visible on an exterior surface of the plate portion. The plurality of interchangeable plate portions may include at least two plate portions (e.g., 2, 3, or 4). In one example, the plurality of plate portions may be provided as a preselected set of interchangeable plate portions. In another example, an individual may select the plurality of plate portions from a larger assortment of plate portions based on personal preference. The kit may include a mechanical fastener to removably attach one of the plurality of interchangeable plate portions to the body portion. The fastener may be a captive fastener. The kit may include a tool (not shown) for operating (e.g., tightening or loosening) the fastener. In one example, the tool may be a generic tool, such as a hex key or a screwdriver. In another example, the tool may be a proprietary tool configured to engage a proprietary head portion of the fastener. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 60-68 , a golf club head  6000  may include a body portion  6010  having a toe portion  6030 , a heel portion  6040 , a front portion  6050  with a face portion  6055  (e.g., a strike face), a rear portion  6060 , a top portion  6070 , and a sole portion  6080 . The body portion  6010  may also include a bore  6075  to receive a shaft (not shown) with a grip (not shown). Alternatively, the body portion  6010  may include a hosel (not shown) to receive the shaft. The golf club head  6000  and the grip may be attached to opposite ends of the shaft to form a golf club. The body portion  6010  may be partially or entirely made of a steel-based material (e.g., 17-4PH stainless steel), a titanium-based material, an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of metal materials. Alternatively, the body portion  6010  may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The configuration of the body portion  6010 , various properties of the body portion  6010 , the materials of construction of the body portion  6010 , and/or the configuration of the face portion  6055  such as one or more groove patterns on the face portion  6055  may be similar in many respects to any of the golf club heads described herein or in any of the incorporated by reference patents. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The golf club head  6000  may include a plurality of weight portions  6110  (e.g., weight portions  6111 ,  6112 ,  6113 , and  6114 ) coupled to a plurality of weight ports  6120  (e.g., weight ports  6121 ,  6122 ,  6123 , and  6124 ) located at the sole portion  6080 . The plurality of weight portions  6110  and the plurality of weight ports  6120  may be at any location on the body portion  6010 . In one example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 60-68 , weight ports  6121  and  6122 , and corresponding weight portions  6111  and  6112 , may be located at or proximate to opposite front corners of the sole portion  6080 , and weight ports  6123  and  6124 , and corresponding weight portions  6113  and  6114 , may be located at or proximate to the rear portion  6060 . In another example, weight port  6121  and the corresponding weight portion  6111  may be at or proximate to the toe portion  6030 , and weight port  6122  and the corresponding weight portion  6112  may be located at or proximate to the heel portion  6040 . The configuration of any weight ports and weight portions, and/or locations of any weight ports and weight portions on the body portion  6010  may be similar in many respects to any of the golf club heads described herein or in any of the incorporated by reference patents. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the illustrated example of  FIGS. 60-68 , weight ports  6123  and  6124 , and corresponding weight portions  6113  and  6114 , may be located at a rear insert portion  6130  removably coupled to the body portion  6010  via a mechanical fastener  6150  (e.g., a bolt or screw). The rear insert portion  6130  may define a portion of the sole portion  6080  and a portion of the rear portion  6060 . In one example, the rear insert portion  6130  may be partially or entirely made of a steel-based material, a titanium-based material, an aluminum-based material, a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of metal materials. In another example, the rear insert portion  6130  may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). In another example, the rear insert portion  6130  may be made of a material (e.g., a tungsten-based material) having a greater density than a material (e.g., an aluminum-based material) of the body portion  6010  to increase a moment of inertia (MOI) of the golf club head  6000  and move a center of gravity (CG) of the golf club head  6000  rearward. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The golf club head  6000  may include a plate portion  6140  (i.e., an upper portion as described herein) removably coupled to the body portion  6010  by any suitable coupling means. The plate portion  6140  and the coupling of the plate portion  6140  to the body portion  6010  may be similar in many respects to any of the plate portions and body portions described herein. In one example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 60-68 , the plate portion  6140  may be removably coupled to the body portion via a mechanical fastener  6150  (e.g., a bolt or screw). In another example, the plate portion  6140  may be removably coupled to the body portion  6010  via a magnet. In another example, the plate portion  6140  may be removably coupled to the body portion  6010  via a hook and loop fastener. In another example, the plate portion  6140  may be removably coupled to the body portion  6010  via an interference fit. In another example, the plate portion  6140  may be removably coupled to the body portion  6010  via a snap fit or other suitable interlocking assembly feature. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The plate portion  6140  may be made from any material(s) described herein with respect to the body portion  6010 . The plate portion  6140  may include a flat portion  6141  and a boss portion  6142  extending downward from an underside portion  6143  of the flat portion  6141 . The boss portion  6142  may have a rectangular shape. The boss portion  6142  may include a threaded port  6144  located at a bottom portion  6145  of the boss portion  6142 . The flat portion  6141  may be configured to fit flush or substantially flush inside a recess  6160  at the top portion  6070 . The recess  6160  may include a pocket  6162  located at a lower depth inside the recess  6160  and configured to receive the boss portion  6142 . The pocket  6162  may have an opening having a shape (e.g., rectangular with rounded corners) that complements the shape of the boss portion  6142 . The pocket  6162  may include an upper portion  6163  that decreases in width in a downward direction toward a base portion  6165  of the pocket  6162  and a lower portion  6164  that extends in the downward direction toward the base portion  6165  at a fixed width. The boss portion  6142  may fit flush or substantially flush inside the pocket  6162 . In an alternative example, the boss portion  6142  may fit inside the pocket  6162  with room to spare. Once received inside the pocket  6162 , the bottom portion  6145  of the boss portion  6142  may abut the base portion  6165  of the pocket  6162 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 66-68  for example, a foam pad  6146  may be coupled (e.g., adhered) to the underside portion  6143  of the flat portion  6141  and may have a cutout  6147  with sufficient clearance for the boss portion  6142 . The foam pad  6146  may function to dampen vibration between the plate portion  6140  and the body portion  6010  when the golf club head  6000  strikes a golf ball. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 60-68 , the pocket  6162  may communicate with a through-port  6170  that extends downwardly from the base portion  6165  and through to the sole portion  6080 . The through-port  6170  may be aligned with the threaded port  6144  of the boss portion  6142  and may be configured to receive the mechanical fastener  6150  through a sole-end  6180  of the through-port  6170 . The through-port  6170  may include an upper chamber  6171  proximate the base portion  6165  of the pocket  6162 , a lower chamber  6172  proximate the sole portion  6080 , and an intermediate chamber  6173  between the upper chamber  6171  and the lower chamber  6172 . The upper chamber  6171 , the lower chamber  6172 , and the intermediate chamber  6173  may have similar or different diameters. In one example, the upper chamber  6171  may have a larger diameter than a diameter of the lower chamber  6172 , and the lower chamber  6172  may have a larger diameter than a diameter of the intermediate chamber  6173 . In assembly, the mechanical fastener  6150  may be inserted through the sole-end  6180  of the through-port  6170  and may threadingly engage the threaded port  6144  of the boss portion  6142 , thereby securing the plate portion  6140  to the body portion  6010 . The lower chamber  6172  and the intermediate chamber  6173  of the through-port  6170  may be configured to limit the travel of the mechanical fastener  6150 . For example, the narrowing in diameter between lower chamber  6172  and the intermediate chamber may prevent further travel of the mechanical fastener  6150  by blocking further entry of a head portion  6151  of the mechanical fastener  6150 . In one example, a washer  6190  may be provided in the upper chamber  6171  to help retain the mechanical fastener  6150 . The washer  6190  may be made of a metal-based or polymer material. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The plate portion  6140  may be selected from a plurality of interchangeable plate portions. Each of the plurality of interchangeable plate portions may be configured similarly to plate portion  6140  and may be similarly assembled to the body portion  6010 . While the plate portion  6140  shown in the example of  FIGS. 60-68  does not include an alignment aid, each of the plurality of interchangeable plate portions may include a unique alignment aid located on a top portion of the flat portion  6141 . The alignment aids may include, for example, one or more lines, one or more dots, or one or more lines and one or more dots, similar to the examples shown in  FIGS. 57-59 . The plate portion  6140  may be selected from the plurality of interchangeable plate portions based on a preferred alignment aid. The plate portion  6140  may be easily assembled to the body portion  6010  and may be easily disassembled from the body portion  6010  in favor of a different plate portion. The alignment aid that may be provided on the plate portion  6140  may be similar in many respects to any of the alignment aids described herein, described in any of the incorporated by reference patents, and described and shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/680,520, filed Feb. 25, 2022. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     In the example of  FIGS. 69-90 , a golf club head  6900  may include a body portion  6910  having a toe portion  6930 , a heel portion  6940 , a front portion  6950  with a face portion  6955  (e.g., a strike face), a rear portion  6960 , a top portion  6970 , and a sole portion  6980 . The body portion  6910  may also include a bore  6975  to receive a shaft (not shown) with a grip (not shown). Alternatively, the body portion  6910  may include a hosel (not shown) to receive the shaft. The golf club head  6900  and the grip may be attached to opposite ends of the shaft to form a golf club. The body portion  6910  may be partially or entirely made of a steel-based material (e.g., 17-4PH stainless steel), a titanium-based material, an aluminum-based material (e.g., a high-strength aluminum alloy or a composite aluminum alloy coated with a high-strength alloy), a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable types of metal materials. Alternatively, the body portion  6910  may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). The configuration of the body portion  6910 , various properties of the body portion  6910 , the materials of construction of the body portion  6910 , and/or the configuration of the face portion  6955  such as one or more groove patterns on the face portion  6955  may be similar in many respects to any of the golf club heads described herein or in any of the incorporated by reference patents. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The golf club head  6900  may include a plurality of weight portions (e.g., weight portions  7011 ,  7012 ) coupled to a plurality of weight ports (e.g., weight ports  7021 ,  7022 ) located at the sole portion  6980 . Weight ports  7021  and  7022 , and corresponding weight portions  7011  and  7012 , may be located at opposite sides of the sole portion  5080 . Weight port  7021  and corresponding weight portion  7011  may be located at a first rear insert portion  7030  that may be removably coupled to the body portion  6910  via a mechanical fastener  7031  (e.g., a bolt or screw). The first rear insert portion  7030  may define a portion of the sole portion  6980  and a portion of the rear portion  6960 . Weight port  7022  and corresponding weight portion  7012  may be located at a second rear insert portion  7032  that may be removably coupled to the body portion  6910  via a mechanical fastener  7033  (e.g., a bolt or screw). The second rear insert portion  7032  may define a portion of the sole portion  6980  and a portion of the rear portion  6960 . The first rear insert portion  7030  may be located on a toe-side of the golf club head  6900 . The second rear insert portion  7032  may be located on a heel side of the golf club head  6900 . In one example, the first and second rear insert portions  7030  and  7032  may be partially or entirely made of a steel-based material, a titanium-based material, an aluminum-based material, a tungsten-based material, any combination thereof, and/or other suitable type of metal materials. In another example, the first and second rear insert portions  7030  and  7032  may be partially or entirely made of a non-metal material (e.g., composite, plastic, etc.). In yet another example, the first and second rear insert portions  7030  and  7032  may be made of a material (e.g., a tungsten-based material) having a greater density than a material (e.g., an aluminum-based material) of the body portion  6910  to increase a moment of inertia (MOI) of the golf club head  6900  and move a center of gravity (CG) of the golf club head  6900  rearward. The configuration of any weight ports and weight portions, and/or locations of any weight ports and weight portions on the body portion  6910  may be similar in many respects to any of the golf club heads described herein or in any of the incorporated by reference patents. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The golf club head  6900  may include a plate portion  6990  (i.e., an upper portion as described herein) removably coupled to the body portion  6910  by any suitable coupling means. The plate portion  6990  and the coupling of the plate portion  6990  to the body portion  6910  may be similar in many respects to any of the plate portions and body portions described herein. In one example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 69-90 , the plate portion  6140  may be removably coupled to the body portion  6910  via a first mechanical fastener  7035  (e.g., a bolt or screw) and a second mechanical fastener  7037 . In another example, the plate portion  6990  may be removably coupled to the body portion  6910  via a magnet. In another example, the plate portion  6990  may be removably coupled to the body portion  6910  via a hook and loop fastener. In another example, the plate portion  6990  may be removably coupled to the body portion  6910  via an interference fit. In another example, the plate portion  6990  may be removably coupled to the body portion  6910  via a snap fit or other suitable interlocking assembly feature. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The plate portion  6990  may include a front portion  8550 , rear portion  8560 , toe side portion  8530 , heel side portion  8540 , top portion  8570 , and bottom portion  8580 . The plate portion  6990  may include an alignment aid  6991  extending in a front-to-rear direction. The plate portion  6990  may be made from any material(s) described herein with respect to the body portion  6910 . The plate portion  6990  may include a bottom recess  8610  on the bottom portion  8580 , as shown in the example of  FIG. 86 . The plate portion  6990  may include a front recess  8710  on the front portion  8550 , as shown in the example of  FIG. 87 . The golf club head  6900  may have a horizontal protrusion  8310  extending rearward from an outer surface of the body portion  6910 , as shown in the example of  FIG. 83 . The golf club head  6900  may have a vertical protrusion  8210  extending upward from an outer surface of the body portion  6910  as shown in the example of  FIGS. 82 and 83 . The horizontal protrusion  8310  may extend in a direction that is substantially orthogonal to a direction in which the vertical protrusion  8210  extends. In one example, the horizontal protrusion  8310  may be an integral part of the body portion  6910 . In another example, the horizontal protrusion  8310  may be a first foam pad that is coupled (e.g., adhered) to the body portion  6910  and may function to dampen vibration between the plate portion  6990  and the body portion when the golf club head strikes a golf ball. In one example, the vertical protrusion  8210  may be an integral part of the body portion  6910 . In another example, the vertical protrusion  8210  may be a second foam pad that is coupled (e.g., adhered) to the body portion  6910  and may function to dampen vibration between the plate portion and the body portion when the golf club head strikes a golf ball. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The body portion  6910  may include a first through-port  7034  on a toe side of the sole portion  6980  and a second through-port  7036  on a heel side of the sole portion  6980 . The plate portion  6990  may have a first threaded hole  8620  between the bottom recess  8610  and the toe side portion  8530  and a second threaded hole  8621  between the bottom recess  8610  and the heel side portion  8540 . In assembly, the horizontal protrusion  8310  may occupy the front recess  8710  in the plate portion  6990 , the vertical protrusion  8210  may occupy the bottom recess  8610  in the plate portion  6990 , the first threaded hole  8620  may axially align with the first through-port  7034 , and the second threaded hole  8621  may axially align with the second through-port  7036 . To fasten the plate portion  6990  to the body portion  6910 , the first mechanical fastener  7035  may be inserted through a sole-end of a first through-port  7034  and may threadingly engage the first threaded hole  8620  of the plate portion  6990 , and the second mechanical fastener  7037  may be inserted through a sole-end of a second through-port  7036  and may threadingly engage the second threaded hole  8621  of the plate portion  6990 . The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     The plate portion  6990  may be selected from a plurality of interchangeable plate portions. Each of the plurality of interchangeable plate portions may be configured similarly to plate portion  6990  and may be similarly assembled to the body portion  6910 . The plate portion  6990  shown in the example of  FIG. 85  has an alignment aid  6991  having one line. Each of the plurality of interchangeable plate portions may include a unique alignment aid. The alignment aids may include, for example, one or more lines, one or more dots, or one or more lines and one or more dots, similar to the examples shown in  FIGS. 57-59 . The plate portion may be selected from the plurality of interchangeable plate portions based on a preferred alignment aid. The alignment aid that may be provided on the plate portion  6990  may be similar in many respects to any of the alignment aids described herein, described in any of the incorporated by reference patents, and described and shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/680,520, filed Feb. 25, 2022. The plate portion  6990  may be easily assembled to the body portion  6910  and may be easily disassembled from the body portion  6910  in favor of a different plate portion. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     While each of the above examples may describe a certain type of golf club head, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other types of golf club heads (e.g., a driver-type golf club head, a fairway wood-type golf club head, a hybrid-type golf club head, an iron-type golf club head, a putter-type golf club head, etc.). 
     Procedures defined by golf standard organizations and/or governing bodies such as the United States Golf Association (USGA) and/or the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews (R&amp;A) may be used for measuring the club head volume of any of the golf club heads described herein. For example, a club head volume may be determined by using the weighted water displacement method (i.e., Archimedes Principle). Although the figures may depict particular types of club heads (e.g., a driver-type club head or iron-type golf club head), the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other types of club head (e.g., a fairway wood-type club head, a hybrid-type club head, a putter-type club head, etc.). Accordingly, any golf club head as described herein may have a volume that is within a volume range corresponding to certain type of golf club head as defined by golf governing bodies. A driver-type golf club head may have a club head volume of greater than or equal to 300 cubic centimeters (cm3 or cc). In another example, a driver-type golf club head may have a club head volume of 460 cc. A fairway wood golf club head may have a club head volume of between 100 cc and 300 cc. In one example, a fairway wood golf club head may have a club head volume of 180 cc. An iron-type golf club head may have a club head volume of between 25 cc and 100 cc. In one example, an iron-type golf club head may have a volume of 50 cc. Any of the golf clubs described herein may have the physical characteristics of a certain type of golf club (i.e., driver, fairway wood, iron, etc.), but have a volume that may fall outside of the above-described ranges. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Any of the golf club heads and/or golf clubs described herein may include one or more sensors (e.g., accelerometers, strain gauges, etc.) for sensing linear motion (e.g., acceleration) and/or forces in all three axes of motion and/or rotational motion (e.g., angular acceleration) and rotational forces about all three axes of motion. In one example, the one or more sensors may be internal sensors that may be located inside the golf club head, the hosel, the shaft, and/or the grip. In another example, the one or more sensors may be external sensors that may be located on the grip, on the shaft, on the hosel, and/or on the golf club head. In yet another example, the one or more sensors may be external sensors that may be attached by an individual to the grip, to the shaft, to the hosel, and/or to the golf club head. In one example, data collected from the sensors may be used to determine any one or more design parameters for any of the golf club heads and/or golf clubs described herein to provide certain performance or optimum performance characteristics. In another example, data from the sensors may be collected during play to assess the performance of an individual. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Any of the apparatus, methods, or articles of manufacture described herein may include one or more visual identifiers such as alphanumeric characters, colors, images, symbols, logos, and/or geometric shapes. For example, one or more visual identifiers may be manufactured with one or more portions of a golf club such as the golf club head (e.g., casted or molded with the golf club head), painted on the golf club head, etched on the golf club (e.g., laser etching), embossed on the golf club head, machined onto the golf club head, attached as a separate badge or a sticker on the golf club head (e.g., adhesive, welding, brazing, mechanical lock(s), any combination thereof, etc.), or any combination thereof. The visual identifier may be made from the same material as the golf club head or a different material than the golf club head (e.g., a plastic badge attached to the golf club head with an adhesive). Further, the visual identifier may be associated with manufacturing and/or brand information of the golf club head, the type of golf club head, one or more physical characteristics of the golf club head, or any combination thereof. In particular, a visual identifier may include a brand identifier associated with a manufacturer of the golf club (e.g., trademark, trade name, logo, etc.) or other information regarding the manufacturer. In addition, or alternatively, the visual identifier may include a location (e.g., country of origin), a date of manufacture of the golf club or golf club head, or both. 
     The visual identifier may include a serial number of the golf club or golf club head, which may be used to check the authenticity to determine whether or not the golf club or golf club head is a counterfeit product. The serial number may also include other information about the golf club that may be encoded with alphanumeric characters (e.g., country of origin, date of manufacture of the golf club, or both). In another example, the visual identifier may include the category or type of the golf club head (e.g., 5-iron, 7-iron, pitching wedge, etc.). In yet another example, the visual identifier may indicate one or more physical characteristics of the golf club head, such as one or more materials of manufacture (e.g., visual identifier of “Titanium” indicating the use of titanium in the golf club head), loft angle, face portion characteristics, mass portion characteristics (e.g., visual identifier of “Tungsten” indicating the use of tungsten mass portions in the golf club head), interior cavity and filler material characteristics (e.g., one or more abbreviations, phrases, or words indicating that the interior cavity is filled with a polymer material), any other information that may visually indicate any physical or play characteristic of the golf club head, or any combination thereof. Further, one or more visual identifiers may provide an ornamental design or contribute to the appearance of the golf club, or the golf club head. 
     Any of the golf club heads described herein may be manufactured by casting from metal such as steel. However, other techniques for manufacturing a golf club head as described herein may be used such as  3 D printing or molding a golf club head from metal or non-metal materials such as ceramics. 
     All methods described herein may be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. Although a particular order of actions may be described herein with respect to one or more processes, these actions may be performed in other temporal sequences. Further, two or more actions in any of the processes described herein may be performed sequentially, concurrently, or simultaneously. 
     The terms “and” and “or” may have both conjunctive and disjunctive meanings. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless this disclosure indicates otherwise. The term “coupled,” and any variation thereof, refers to directly or indirectly connecting two or more elements chemically, mechanically, and/or otherwise. The phrase “removably connected” is defined such that two elements that are “removably connected” may be separated from each other without breaking or destroying the utility of either element. 
     The term “substantially” when used to describe a characteristic, parameter, property, or value of an element may represent deviations or variations that do not diminish the characteristic, parameter, property, or value that the element may be intended to provide. Deviations or variations in a characteristic, parameter, property, or value of an element may be based on, for example, tolerances, measurement errors, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors. The term “proximate” is synonymous with terms such as “adjacent,” “close,” “immediate,” “nearby,” “neighboring,” etc., and such terms may be used interchangeably as appearing in this disclosure. 
     Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. A numerical range defined using the word “between” includes numerical values at both end points of the numerical range. A spatial range defined using the word “between” includes any point within the spatial range and the boundaries of the spatial range. A location expressed relative to two spaced apart or overlapping elements using the word “between” includes (i) any space between the elements, (ii) a portion of each element, and/or (iii) the boundaries of each element. 
     The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely for clarification and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of any embodiments discussed herein. 
     Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements disclosed herein. One or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims. 
     While different features or aspects of an embodiment may be described with respect to one or more features, a singular feature may comprise multiple elements, and multiple features may be combined into one element without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Further, although methods may be disclosed as comprising one or more operations, a single operation may comprise multiple steps, and multiple operations may be combined into one step without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be implemented in a variety of embodiments, and the foregoing description of some of these embodiments does not necessarily represent a complete description of all possible embodiments. Instead, the description of the drawings, and the drawings themselves, disclose at least one embodiment, and may disclosure alternative embodiments. 
     As the rules of golf may change from time to time (e.g., new regulations may be adopted or old rules may be eliminated or modified by golf standard organizations and/or governing bodies such as the USGA, the R&amp;A, etc.), golf equipment related to the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be conforming or non-conforming to the rules of golf at any particular time. Accordingly, golf equipment related to the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be advertised, offered for sale, and/or sold as conforming or non-conforming golf equipment. The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard. 
     Further, while the above examples may be described with respect to golf clubs, the apparatus, methods and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other suitable types of sports equipment such as a fishing pole, a hockey stick, a ski pole, a tennis racket, etc. 
     Although certain example apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture have been described herein, the scope of coverage of this disclosure is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this disclosure covers all apparatus, methods, and articles of articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the appended claims either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents.