Patent Publication Number: US-8976952-B2

Title: Intelligent presence management in a communication routing system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a continuation and claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/069,083 filed Feb. 6, 2008 and entitled “Intelligent Presence Management in a Communication Routing System,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,098,810, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/827,314, filed Jul. 11, 2007 and entitled “System and Method for Centralized Presence Management of Local and Remote Users,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,693,659, which claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/906,024 filed Mar. 9, 2007, and entitled “Real-Time Call Management System,” all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/506,279, filed Aug. 17, 2006 and entitled “Mobile Use of a PBX System,” which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to presence management and more particularly to intelligent presence management in a communication routing system. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Often time, an availability of a user to receive a phone call is important during business hours. This may be especially important in a call center or customer service department where calls need to be queued up for a next available agent (i.e., user). 
     Conventionally, the user may forward their calls when they expect to be away from their desk phone. For example, the user may forward calls to their mobile phone. However, the process for forwarding calls is manual. That is, the user must know in advance that they will be away from their desk phone, and must spend time configuring their desk phone to perform the forwarding function. 
     Alternatively, if the user is not available to answer their desk phone, the call may be forwarded to an answering service or answering device. In these cases, the answering service or answering device will take a message for the user, which the user may retrieve at a later time. However, some instances of these call forwarding mechanisms may require the user to manually indicate that the calls should be forwarded to the answering service or answering device. Other instances require the desk phone be contacted first and after no answer, the call is forwarded to the answering service or device. 
     As a result of the above mention problems, there is a need for a system that can intelligently direct communications in an automated manner. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for intelligent presence management in a communication routing system. In exemplary embodiments, an inbound communication is received for a user. The inbound communication may comprise a phone call, e-mail, chat message, or any other type of communication that may be available for the user. 
     The user&#39;s presence status is then determined. In exemplary embodiments, the presence status may comprise presence information received from one or more presence detection modules. The presence information may comprise a presence indication signal which may include a unique identifier on a on a wireless network, Bluetooth, wimax, or any other unique identifier using a wireless protocol. A detection method could also include indication of keyboard and mouse movement or any other information which may indicate the presence or absence of a user within a user area (i.e., presence status). 
     Based on the detected presence status of the user, instructions may be generated to forward the inbound communication to an appropriate communication device. In exemplary embodiments, a user profile associated with the user is reviewed to determine communication routing rules based on the presence status. Appropriate instructions are then generated for forwarding the inbound communication accordingly. 
     In yet other embodiments, the user may be logged in or out with the communication routing system (e.g., logged in or out of their communication devices and/or a communication queue of a call center) based on the presence status. For example, if no presence is detected after a predetermined period of time, the user may be logged out of the communication queue of the call center. In other embodiments, prolonged absence of the user may trigger routing of inbound communications to an alternative person (e.g., another user at a call center or designated out-of-office contact). 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of an exemplary environment in which embodiments of the present invention may be practiced. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of exemplary user area. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of a HUD server, according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is an exemplary presence engine. 
         FIG. 5  is an exemplary flowchart of a method for presence detection at the user area. 
         FIG. 6  is an exemplary flowchart of a method for routing communication based on smart presence management; and 
         FIG. 7  is an exemplary flowchart of a method for automated login/logout of the user. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for intelligent presence management in a communication routing system. In accordance with one embodiment, the communication routing system is associated with a call center (e.g., a customer service center). In exemplary embodiments, a centralized server device receives presence information for a user. Inbound communications may be routed to a predetermined communication device associated with the user based on a user profile and the presence information. Alternatively or in addition, the user may be logged in and out with the communication routing system based on their presence information. 
       FIG. 1  shows an exemplary environment  100  in which embodiments of the present invention may be practiced. The exemplary environment  100  comprises a main office  102  and a remote user area  104  coupled in communication via a communication network  106 . The communication network  106  may comprise the Internet or any other wide area network. 
     The main office  102  comprises one or more user areas  108 . Each user areas  108  may be coupled, via a computing device, to a heads-up display (HUD) server  110 , a PBX server  112 , and/or an e-mail server  114 . In an alternative embodiment, the HUD server  110 , PBX server  112 , and e-mail server  114  may be comprised within more or few server devices. For example, the HUD server  110 , PBX server  112 , and e-mail server  114  may be embodied within a single communication server device. Furthermore, other communication server devices may be provided for management and/or monitoring of other forms of communications. 
     Each user area  108  may be associated with a user (e.g., employee). The user area  108  may comprise one or more communication devices of the user that are configured to operate in connection with the various communication server devices (e.g., servers  110 - 114 ). The user area  108  will be discussed in more detail in connection with  FIG. 2  below. 
     In accordance with one embodiment, the HUD server  110  comprises the presence and communication management system of the present invention. The HUD server  110  will be discussed in more detail in connection with  FIG. 3  below. It should be noted that the presence and communication management system can be embodied on a separate, distinct server (e.g., a presence management server) apart from the HUD server  110 . 
     The PBX server  112  is configured to manage telephone calls in and out of the main office  102 . For example, when the external user  118  (also referred to elsewhere herein as external user device  118 ) places a telephone call to the main office  102 , the telephone call is routed through the PSTN  116  to the PBX server  112 . From there, the telephone call may be routed to a proper user associated with the main office  102 . Additionally, the PBX server  112  may monitor and/or manage calls of the remote user area  104  according to one embodiment. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the communication network  106  also couples the main office  102  to external user devices  118 . These external user devices  118  may be associated with clients or customers of the main office  102  attempting to communicate with one or more users associated with the main office  102 . In accordance with one embodiment, the external users are customers accessing a customer service center (e.g., call center) associated with the main office  102 . 
     The exemplary e-mail server  114  may manage e-mail communications received and sent from the main office  102 . Furthermore, the e-mail server  114 , in accordance with one embodiment, may monitor and/or manage e-mails of the remote user area  104  (also referred to elsewhere herein as remote user  104 ). 
     The optional remote user area  104  comprises a location of any individual (e.g., employee) associated with the main office  102  which is accessing the main office  102  externally. For example, the remote user area  104  may represent a home office. The remote user  104  may comprise one or more communication devices. In some embodiments, the remote communication devices may access the main office  102  via a remote router (not shown). It should be noted that “remote” as used herein refers to any environment external to a physical location of the main office  102 . Accordingly in some embodiments, inbound communications to a user may be directed to the remote user area  104  when the user is not physically in the main office  102  based on the user&#39;s profile settings. 
     It should be noted that the embodiment of  FIG. 1  is exemplary. Alternative embodiments may comprise any number of main offices  102 , remote user areas  104 , communication server devices  110 - 114 , and external users  118  coupled in communication. In some embodiments, the presence management system may only be utilized within the main office  102  environment (i.e., no remote user area  104 ). To simplify discussion, the following detailed description will focus on embodiments in which the users are located within the main office  102 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , the exemplary user area  108 , which may also be applicable to the remote user area  104 , is shown in more details. According to one embodiment, the user area  108  may represent a cubicle or office of the user. Alternatively, the user area  108  may be a desk or any other distinct space associated with the user. 
     In some embodiments, each user area  108  may be associated with a particular user. In other embodiments, the user area  108  may be used by more than one user. In both embodiments, the user area  108  may comprise or be associated with one or more communication devices  202 . The communication devices  202  may comprise any devices that are enabled for communication, such as a desktop computer, a laptop, an analog phone, a mobile phone, or an IP phone. To simplify discussion, the following detailed description will focus on embodiments in which the communication devices  202  are computers and telephones. It should be noted that any number of communication devices  202  may be located within a user area  108 . 
     In exemplary embodiments, the communication device  202  may include one or more input devices  204 . In some embodiments, the communication device  202  may also comprise a presence detection module  206 . The input devices  204  may comprise a keyboard and a mouse of a computing device according to one embodiment. In some embodiments, the presence detection module  206  may be configured to detect the presence of the user on the communication device  202  based on movement of the coupled input device(s)  204 . For example, if the coupled mouse and keyboard has no activities for more than 15 minutes, then the presence detection module  206  may register the user as being away from their desk (e.g., user area  108 ), and thus may be unavailable to receive inbound communications at their desk. 
     In a further embodiment, one or more of the communication devices  202  may be coupled via a local network  208  to an optional, stand-alone presence detection module  210  (e.g., embodied within a separate unit). In some embodiments, the local network  208  may be a wireless network (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMax, infrared, etc.). Alternatively, the stand-alone presence detection module  210  may be connected (e.g., wired) to one or more communication devices  202 . 
     According to exemplary embodiments, a receiver  212  of the presence detection module  210  or  206  (not shown) may periodically (e.g., every ten seconds) or constantly search for a presence indication signal from the communication device  202 . In one example, the presence indication signal comprises a certain frequency (e.g., Bluetooth from a mobile phone) emitted by the communication device  202 . When the communication device  202  is within a certain range of the receiver  212 , the receiver  212  will detect the presence indication signal. Once received, the presence detection module  210  or  206  may send presence information (e.g., presence indication signal) to the HUD server  110  via, for example, a communication interface  214  of the stand-alone presence detection module  210  or via a communication interface of the communication device  202 , itself. 
     According to another embodiment, the communication device  202  may comprise a desk phone coupled to the presence detection module  206  or  210 . In this embodiment, the presence detection module  206  or  210  will detect when the desk phone is in use or not in use. 
     In a further embodiment, the user may carry a user presence device  216  on his/her person which will emit a presence indication signal or frequency that the presence detection module  206  or  210  detects. The user presence device  216  may comprise, for example, a key card or an employee ID card. When the user presence device  216  enters a certain proximity of the receiver  212  of the presence detection module  210  or  206 , the presence indication signal emitted from the user presence device  216  is detected by the presence detection module  210 . 
     In yet a further embodiment, the presence of the user may be determined via GPS. For example, the user may carry a communication device  202  or other user presence device  216 . The presence detection module (e.g., embodied within a satellite) may then determine user location based on the location of the communication device  202  or the user presence device  216 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , the exemplary HUD server  110  is shown in more details. The HUD server  110  may comprise a processor  302 , a communication interface  304 , and a storage device  306 . The HUD server  110  may comprise other components not essential to the discussion of the intelligent presence management system. The communication interface  304  is configured to allow the HUD server  110  to communication with the communication network  106 . 
     The storage device  306  may comprise a presence engine  308 , a profile setup module  310 , and a plurality of databases  312 . These databases  312  may comprise a profile database  314  for storing profiles for each user and a presence database  316  for storing presence status of the users. The storage device  306  may, in accordance with some embodiments, comprise a chat engine  318 . The exemplary chat engine  318  is enabled to provide chat functionality (e.g., forward chat messages from one user to one or more other users regardless of whether the users are local, remote, or external users) and may determine chat status. Alternative embodiments may comprise more, less, or functionally equivalent engines and modules. 
     The exemplary presence engine  308  is configured to perform the operations of embodiments of the intelligent presence system. As such, the presence engine  308  may determine the presence of users, and based on profiles and rules stored in the profile database  314 , perform one or more actions accordingly. In some embodiments, the presence engine  308  may send instructions to log the user in or out of the communication routing system. In other embodiments, the presence engine  308  sends instructions to route inbound communications to a proper communication device of the user based on the user&#39;s profile or to an alternative user. The presence engine  308  will be discussed in more detail in connection with  FIG. 4  below. 
     The profile setup module  310  is configured to establish a profile for each user. The profile may comprise a set of rules which indicate one or more actions to be performed based on the presence status of the user. In some embodiments, the profile may also indicate whether to log the users in or out of communication devices or communications servers, or log the user in or out with the communication routing system (e.g., a call queue of a call center) after a certain period of inactivity (e.g., lack of presence or activity). Furthermore, the rules may provide different routing and login options based on an amount of time the user is present/not present. For example, if the user is not present for 15 minutes, an inbound communication may be directed to the user&#39;s mobile device. However, if the user is not present for more than an hour, the user may be logged out of the communication system and/or the inbound communication may be sent to the user&#39;s home phone. Therefore, the profiles provide guidance based on the user&#39;s presence status within the communication routing system. 
     As provided, the profile may include a plurality of routing rules for when the user is present or away from their desk (e.g., user area  108 ). Thus, for example, a phone call may be routed to the user&#39;s desk phone when they are present at their user area  108 , to the user&#39;s mobile phone during business hours when the user is not at their user area  108 , and to the user&#39;s home phone in the evening. In a further example, the profile may indicate that e-mail and chat messages be forwarded to the user&#39;s mobile phone if the user is not at his desk for more than 15 minutes, or to Google Talk at home if the user is not at his desk for more than three hours. In accordance with exemplary embodiments, each profile may be individually customized such that each user may have a different set of routing and login rules. 
     In some embodiments, the profile setup module  310  may apply default rules for the user profile unless the user or their administrator changes the rules. For example, the default profile rules may include forwarding all inbound phone calls to a user&#39;s mobile phone when they are away from their user area  108  for more than ten minutes. 
     In accordance with one embodiment, the profile setup module  310  may be coupled in communication to the HUD server  110  as a web-based interface. As such, an individual (e.g., the user or the administrator) may access the profile setup module  310  from any location that provides web access. For example, the individual may make changes to existing profiles or set up new profiles from home. The profiles and rules may then be saved to a centralized database and/or be copied to the profile database  314  on the HUD server  110 . In exemplary embodiments, the profiles are updated to the HUD server  110  in real-time. In yet a further embodiment, the profile setup module  310  may be embodied within the presence engine  308 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a block diagram of the exemplary presence engine  308  is shown. The presence engine  308  is configured to determine the presence of users and based on profiles and rules stored in the profile database  314  perform actions associated with each user. These actions may comprise logging the user into or out of the communication routing system and/or routing inbound communications to the user based on their presence and profile rules. In exemplary embodiments, the presence engine  308  may comprise a presence status module  402  (also referred to elsewhere herein as presence detection module  402 ), a profile lookup module  404 , a login communication module  406 , and a communication routing module  408  (also referred to elsewhere herein as routing communication module  408 ). In some embodiments, the presence engine  308  may further comprise a chat presence module  410  and a telephony presence module  412 . Alternatively, the chat and telephony presence modules  410  and  412  may be embodied within the presence status module  402 , elsewhere in the HUD server  110 , or not be present in the HUD server  110 . 
     The presence status module  402  may be configured to receive presence information from the presence detection modules (e.g.,  206  and/or  210 ). The presence information may be received in real time or periodically (e.g., every 10 seconds). In some embodiments, the presence status module  402  pings the various presence detection modules  206  and  210  for the presence information. In other embodiments, the presence detection modules  206  and  210  sends the presence information whenever a change in presence information is detected or at a predetermined time interval. The presence information may then be stored in the presence database  316 . 
     If there is a change in presence information associated with one or more users or if an event occurs, the presence status module  402  may trigger the profile lookup module  404  to review the associated profile of the user to determine if any actions need to be performed. In some embodiments, the event may comprise receipt of an inbound communication or expiration of a predetermined time period. For example, the profile lookup module  404  may review the profile associated with a particular user that is currently receiving an inbound communication. In another embodiment, the profile lookup module  404  may review the profile if the user has not been present for more than a certain period of time to determine if the user should be logged off the communication routing system (e.g., logged out of a communication queue of a call center). Based on the rules found in the associated profile, the profile lookup module  404  may trigger the login communication module  406  or the routing communication module  408  to perform an action. 
     The login communication module  406  may be configured to send login instructions to the proper communication server based on the user&#39;s presence status. For example, suppose the profile indicates that if the user has been away from their user area  108  for more than an hour, then the user is to be logged off with the communication routing system (e.g., the main office  102  communication routing system) or logged off from receiving a queue call of a call center. In this situation, the login communication module  406  may generate and send instructions to appropriate communication servers to log the user out. Thus, for example, if the user is logged in to receive e-mails and phone calls, then the login communication module  406  may forward instructions to the e-mail server  114  and the PBX server  112  to log the user out. 
     The exemplary communication routing module  408  may be configured to send communication routing instruction(s) to the proper communication server(s) based on user&#39;s presence status. For example, suppose the profile indicates that if the user is away from their user area  108  for more than ten minutes, chat messages and e-mails should be routed to the user&#39;s mobile phone and phone calls routed to an alternative user. In this situation, the routing communication module  408  will generate and send instructions to the respective communication servers (e.g., the PBX server  112  for the phone call and the e-mail server  114  for e-mails) to route the inbound communication to the proper person/device. The communication routing module  408  may, in another example, generate instructions to route the inbound communication to a primary communication device  202  (e.g., a device at the user area  108 ) when the user is present in their user area  108 . 
     It should be noted that in alternative embodiments, the login communication module  406  and/or the routing communication module  408  may be located outside of the presence engine  308  but within the storage device  306  of the HUD server  110 . 
     Because chat messages pass through the chat engine  318  of the HUD server  110 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the chat presence module  410  will be able to easily detect the chat status of users that are chatting. Thus, the chat presence module  410  may determine which users are chatting based on chat messages being routed through the chat engine  318 . If the user is chatting, then the user may be considered present according to an alternative embodiment. 
     The exemplary telephony presence module  412  may be configured to maintain the telephony status of local and remote users in accordance with another alternative embodiment. Since all telephony calls are directed through the PBX server  112 , the PBX server  112  will know the status of users on calls. In this embodiment, the PBX server  112  may forward telephony status to the telephony presence module  412 . The status may be forwarded periodically (e.g., every 2 minutes), as soon as a change is detected (e.g., a user picks up a line of the telephony device), or continuously in real-time. Alternatively, the telephony presence module  412  may pull the telephony status from the PBX server  112  periodically or continuously. 
     As previously noted, embodiments of the present invention may not embody the chat and telephony presence modules  410  and  412  or embody the functions within the presence status module  402 . In some of these embodiments, the presence status module  402  may receive presence information from the communication servers or engines that manage inbound communications to determine presence status of users. In other embodiments, only presence status as determined by the presence detection module  206  or  210  are used. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , a flowchart  500  of an exemplary method for presence detection at the user area  108  is shown. In step  502 , the presence or absence of the user is detected. In some embodiments, the presence detection module  206  or  210  will detect or not detect a frequency or signal (e.g., presence indication signal) from one or more communication devices  202  or the user presence device  216 . For example, the presence detection module  206  or  210  may detect a Bluetooth signal from a Bluetooth enabled device (e.g., mobile phone). In other embodiments, the presence detection module  206  detects the movement or lack of movement of input devices (e.g., keyboard and/or mouse). In yet other embodiments, the presence detection module  206  may be embodied within a GPS system. The presence detection module  210  may be a stand-alone unit coupled to one or more communication devices  202  in accordance with some embodiments. It should be noted that any one or more of these presence detection methods may be utilized at any one time in exemplary embodiments of the present invention. 
     In step  504 , a determination is made as to whether a presence is detected. If no presence is detected, the indication of absence may be sent to the presence engine  308  in step  506 . Alternatively, the presence detection module  206  or  210  may perform no action in the absence of presence. It should be noted that steps  504  and  506  may be optional or removed in accordance with alternative embodiments. For example, the presence information may be sent to the presence engine  308  regardless of whether presence is detected. 
     If presence is detected in step  504 , then in accordance with one embodiment, a user/device identification may be received from the communication device  202  in optional step  508 . In some embodiments, user may share a user area  108  or users may wander between user areas  108  but still want to be reachable. In these embodiments, the presence detection module  206  or  210  may need to identify the user within a particular user area  108 . Thus, the communication device  202  or user presence device  216  being carried by the user may provide a unique identifier (e.g., a serial number, MAC address, mobile phone number, etc.) that will indicate the device  202  or  216  and/or the user associated with the device  202  or  216 . In some embodiments, a record of these unique identifiers may be stored in, or associated with, a user&#39;s profile. 
     In step  510 , the presence information is sent to the presence engine  308 . In some embodiments, the presence information may comprise an indication that the user in the user area  108  is present or not present. In other embodiments, the presence information may include the unique identifier associated with the communication device  202  or user presence device  216 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a flowchart  600  of a method for communication routing in a communication routing system is provided. In exemplary embodiments, the communication routing may occur in real-time. In step  602 , an inbound communication is received for the user. For example, an e-mail may be received by the e-mail server  114  addressed to the user, or a phone call for the user is received by the PBX server  112 . 
     The user&#39;s presence status is reviewed in step  604  to determine if the inbound communication may be forwarded to the user and/or to determine to which communication device the inbound communication should be routed. In exemplary embodiments, the presence status module  402  determines the status by reviewing the presence database  316 . Alternatively, the presence status module  402  may request, in real-time, the presence status from one or more presence detection modules  206 . 
     In step  606 , the profile lookup module  404  looks up the associated user profile stored in the profile database  314  to determine communication routing and/or login/logout rules for the user. For example, if the user is not at their desk, the profile rules may instruct that an e-mail be forwarded to a mobile device associated with the user. Alternatively, if the user is at the user&#39;s desk (e.g., present in their user area  108 ), the profile rule may instruct that the e-mail be forwarded to the user&#39;s computing device at their desk. 
     It should be noted that more than one rule or action may be provided for a specific situation in the profile. For example, if the user is not present, the profile rule may provide that the user be logged out of a call queue and that inbound communications be routed to another user. 
     Once the profile is reviewed, appropriate instructions are generated and sent to perform the proper action as provided by the profile in step  608 . In exemplary embodiments, the routing communication module  408  generates routing instructions to direct routing to the appropriate device(s). In other embodiments, the login communication module  406  may generate login instructions to direct one or more communication device(s) or communication server device(s) to log the user in or out. The instructions are then sent to the appropriate device(s). 
     In step  610 , the device(s) performs the instructions received from the HUD server  110 . Thus, for example, the PBX server  112  may route a phone call to a user&#39;s desk phone or mobile phone as instructed. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , a flowchart  700  of an alternative process for intelligent presence management in a communication routing system is shown. In accordance with some embodiments, the communication routing system may log a user in or out or direct communications accordingly based on the user&#39;s presence status regardless of inbound communications being directed to the user. 
     In step  702 , the presence information is received from the presence detection module  206 . In some instances, the presence information may identify the user via a key card or an employee identifier obtained from the communication device. Alternatively, the presence status module  402  may receive presence information for the user and identify the user based on the associated presence detection module  206  that is sending the presence status. In exemplary embodiments, the presence information may be received continuously, periodically, based on an event (e.g., when the presence detection module  206  detects no movement after a predetermined period of time), or any other time. In some embodiments, the presence status/information is updated in the presence database  316  in step  704 . In an alternative embodiment, the presence status may be determined in real-time and not stored. 
     The profile lookup module  404  accesses the profile database  314  to determine, based on the presence status, what actions should be performed. In the present embodiment, a determination is made as to whether the user should be logged into or out of a user device or work environment in step  706 . For example, if the user is logged in to receive e-mails but their keyboard and mouse has not move in over 30 minutes, the user&#39;s profile may comprise a rule to log the user out with the e-mail server  114 . Alternatively, if the user walks into their user area  108  and their user presence device  216  is detected, a rule may indicate that the user should be logged in to receive inbound communications (e.g., log the user into the call center communication queue). 
     Instructions to log the user in or out are generated and sent in step  708 . In exemplary embodiments, the login communication module  406  will generate and send the instructions to the appropriate communication devices or communication server device(s) to log the user in or out. In an alternative embodiment, instructions may be sent to the user&#39;s communication device, itself, to log the user in or out. Alternatively, the routing communication module  408  may generate and send instructions to one or more communication servers to route an inbound communication according to the settings of the profile. The device(s) then perform the instructions to log the user in or out accordingly. 
     The above-described components and functions can be comprised of instructions that are stored on a computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium. The instructions can be retrieved and executed by a processor. Some examples of instructions are software, program code, and firmware. Some examples of storage medium are memory devices, tape, disks, integrated circuits, and servers. The instructions are operational when executed by the processor to direct the processor to operate in accord with the invention. Those skilled in the art are familiar with instructions, processor(s), and storage medium. 
     The present invention has been described above with reference to exemplary embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made and other embodiments can be used without departing from the broader scope of the invention. Therefore, these and other variations upon the exemplary embodiments are intended to be covered by the present invention.