Patent Publication Number: US-9894462-B2

Title: Integrated approach for visual dialing

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates generally to mobile devices, and in particular to techniques for using mobile devices to communicate in a visual manner. 
     Computers and other electronic devices can communicate with each other over networks such as local area networks, wide area networks, and the Internet. Mobile devices such as cell phones, including so-called smart phones, can communicate with each other wirelessly over a variety of wireless networks including 3G and 4G networks. Such mobile devices also can communicate over the Internet with remote servers using protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). 
     Mobile device users sometimes call customer support or technical support centers of businesses to obtain service or assistance or information regarding products that those users have obtained or are interested in obtaining from those businesses. Mobile device users sometimes call customer report representatives in order to inquire about billed amounts that are due, or to make a payment on a bill, or to set up or cancel a subscription. Often, before a caller actually reaches a live human being on the other end of the call, the caller finds himself listening to automated, simulated or recorded voices informing him of his options. These voices typically instruct the caller to say a word or push a number on his telephone or telephone application in order to proceed to the next set of options. The caller might need to navigate through multiple vocally read sets of options before the caller finally reaches his desired destination at the call center. 
     Unfortunately, because voice communication is a sequential type of presentation by nature, a caller is often forced to sit through the audible rehearsal of various options in which he is not interested before finally being audibly presented with an option in which he is interested. The caller usually has no control over the speed at which these options are audibly communicated to him through the speaker on his mobile device. Often, the caller will impatiently wait to hear all of the options vocally recited before trying to figure out which one of those options he ought to select. Because audible communications are transitory in nature and not fixed on any tangible medium, the caller might forget exactly what some of the previously recited options were by the time the last option has been spoken; he might be forced to request that the entire set of options be repeated. This repetition is wasteful of the caller&#39;s time and irritating to the caller. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, a business can register a finite state machine (FSM) with a server. This finite state machine can express a tree structure of menus, each menu including a set of selectable options. The finite state machine can specify the menus which are to be presented in response to the selections of various options in the tree structure, thus linking options to menus. In registering the finite state machine with the server, the business can indicate its telephone number to the server, so that the server can store a mapping between the business&#39;s telephone number and the business&#39;s registered finite state machine. Various different businesses can register their various different finite state machines with the server in this manner, and can have their telephone numbers mapped to their finite state machines. These mappings, stored on the server, can be made accessible over wireless networks to multiple mobile devices such as cell phones, including smart phones. 
     A mobile device can receive user input through a telephony application executing on that mobile device. The user input can manifest the intent to make a telephone call. For example, the user input can involve the depressing of digit buttons on a representation of a keypad in order to enter a telephone number; or the user input can involve the user&#39;s speaking, into a microphone of the mobile device, of the name of an entity to which the user wants to place a telephone call; or the user input can involve the user&#39;s selection, from a contact list stored on the mobile device, of a contact that has a telephone number that the user intends to call. In response to receiving the user input, the mobile device can determine that the telephone number that the user intends to call is mapped to a business&#39;s registered finite state machine. The mobile device can then cause menus of selectable options, indicated in the business&#39;s registered finite state machine, to be displayed to the user (e.g., on a touchscreen on the mobile device) in an interactive manner instead of placing the telephone call that the user intended to make. Thus, instead of listening to long-winded rehearsals of menu options, the mobile device user can quickly view those menu options on his mobile device and can speedily select the sequence of menu options that will lead him to his desired destination at the business. The desired destination can be a human being to which the mobile device user desired to speak, in which case the mobile device can automatically establish a vocal telephone call session between the mobile device user and the desired human contact. 
     The following detailed description together with the accompanying drawings will provide a better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a computer system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system through which businesses can register finite state machines with a server, and through which mobile devices can present visual menus instead of placing telephone calls to those businesses, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a signal flow diagram illustrating an example of a message exchange in which businesses can engage in order to register their finite state machines with a server, and to update those finite state machines, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a signal flow diagram illustrating an example of a message exchange in which mobile devices can engage in order to find registered finite state machines that are mapped to telephone numbers indicated by users of those mobile devices, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a telephone number-dialing user interface that a mobile device can modify in response to determining that an input telephone number matches a business that has registered a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a signal flow diagram illustrating an example of a message exchange in which mobile devices can engage in order to initiate an interactive visual data session with a business that is mapped to a specified telephone number, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a language selection user interface that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a main menu user interface that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a security authentication user interface that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram illustrating an example of an account balance user interface that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram illustrating an example of an additional services user interface that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a computing system  100  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Computing system  100  can be implemented as any of various computing devices, including, e.g., a desktop or laptop computer, tablet computer, smart phone, personal data assistant (PDA), or any other type of computing device, not limited to any particular form factor. Computing system  100  can include processing unit(s)  105 , storage subsystem  110 , input devices  120 , display  125 , network interface  135 , and bus  140 . Computing system  100  can be an iPhone or an iPad. 
     Processing unit(s)  105  can include a single processor, which can have one or more cores, or multiple processors. In some embodiments, processing unit(s)  105  can include a general-purpose primary processor as well as one or more special-purpose co-processors such as graphics processors, digital signal processors, or the like. In some embodiments, some or all processing units  105  can be implemented using customized circuits, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In some embodiments, such integrated circuits execute instructions that are stored on the circuit itself. In other embodiments, processing unit(s)  105  can execute instructions stored in storage subsystem  110 . 
     Storage subsystem  110  can include various memory units such as a system memory, a read-only memory (ROM), and a permanent storage device. The ROM can store static data and instructions that are needed by processing unit(s)  105  and other modules of computing system  100 . The permanent storage device can be a read-and-write memory device. This permanent storage device can be a non-volatile memory unit that stores instructions and data even when computing system  100  is powered down. Some embodiments of the invention can use a mass-storage device (such as a magnetic or optical disk or flash memory) as a permanent storage device. Other embodiments can use a removable storage device (e.g., a floppy disk, a flash drive) as a permanent storage device. The system memory can be a read-and-write memory device or a volatile read-and-write memory, such as dynamic random access memory. The system memory can store some or all of the instructions and data that the processor needs at runtime. 
     Storage subsystem  110  can include any combination of computer readable storage media including semiconductor memory chips of various types (DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, flash memory, programmable read-only memory) and so on. Magnetic and/or optical disks can also be used. In some embodiments, storage subsystem  110  can include removable storage media that can be readable and/or writeable; examples of such media include compact disc (CD), read-only digital versatile disc (e.g., DVD-ROM, dual-layer DVD-ROM), read-only and recordable Blu-Ray® disks, ultra density optical disks, flash memory cards (e.g., SD cards, mini-SD cards, micro-SD cards, etc.), magnetic “floppy” disks, and so on. The computer readable storage media do not include carrier waves and transitory electronic signals passing wirelessly or over wired connections. 
     In some embodiments, storage subsystem  110  can store one or more software programs to be executed by processing unit(s)  105 . “Software” refers generally to sequences of instructions that, when executed by processing unit(s)  105  cause computing system  100  to perform various operations, thus defining one or more specific machine implementations that execute and perform the operations of the software programs. The instructions can be stored as firmware residing in read-only memory and/or applications stored in magnetic storage that can be read into memory for processing by a processor. Software can be implemented as a single program or a collection of separate programs or program modules that interact as desired. Programs and/or data can be stored in non-volatile storage and copied in whole or in part to volatile working memory during program execution. From storage subsystem  110 , processing unit(s)  105  can retrieves program instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute various operations described herein. 
     A user interface can be provided by one or more user input devices  120 , display device  125 , and/or and one or more other user output devices (not shown). Input devices  120  can include any device via which a user can provide signals to computing system  100 ; computing system  100  can interpret the signals as indicative of particular user requests or information. In various embodiments, input devices  120  can include any or all of a keyboard, touch pad, touch screen, mouse or other pointing device, scroll wheel, click wheel, dial, button, switch, keypad, microphone, and so on. 
     Display  125  can display images generated by computing system  100  and can include various image generation technologies, e.g., a cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode (LED) including organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), projection system, or the like, together with supporting electronics (e.g., digital-to-analog or analog-to-digital converters, signal processors, or the like). Some embodiments can include a device such as a touchscreen that function as both input and output device. In some embodiments, other user output devices can be provided in addition to or instead of display  125 . Examples include indicator lights, speakers, tactile “display” devices, printers, and so on. 
     In some embodiments, the user interface can provide a graphical user interface, in which visible image elements in certain areas of display  125  are defined as active elements or control elements that the user can select using user input devices  120 . For example, the user can manipulate a user input device to position an on-screen cursor or pointer over the control element, then click a button to indicate the selection. Alternatively, the user can touch the control element (e.g., with a finger or stylus) on a touchscreen device. In some embodiments, the user can speak one or more words associated with the control element (the word can be, e.g., a label on the element or a function associated with the element). In some embodiments, user gestures on a touch-sensitive device can be recognized and interpreted as input commands; these gestures can be but need not be associated with any particular array in display  125 . Other user interfaces can also be implemented. 
     Network interface  135  can provide voice and/or data communication capability for computing system  100 . In some embodiments, network interface  135  can include radio frequency (RF) transceiver components for accessing wireless voice and/or data networks (e.g., using cellular telephone technology, advanced data network technology such as 3G, 4G or EDGE, WiFi (IEEE 802.11 family standards, or other mobile communication technologies, or any combination thereof), GPS receiver components, and/or other components. In some embodiments, network interface  135  can provide wired network connectivity (e.g., Ethernet) in addition to or instead of a wireless interface. Network interface  135  can be implemented using a combination of hardware (e.g., antennas, modulators/demodulators, encoders/decoders, and other analog and/or digital signal processing circuits) and software components. 
     Bus  140  can include various system, peripheral, and chipset buses that communicatively connect the numerous internal devices of computing system  100 . For example, bus  140  can communicatively couple processing unit(s)  105  with storage subsystem  110 . Bus  140  also connects to input devices  120  and display  125 . Bus  140  also couples computing system  100  to a network through network interface  135 . In this manner, computing system  100  can be a part of a network of multiple computer systems (e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), an Intranet, or a network of networks, such as the Internet. Any or all components of computing system  100  can be used in conjunction with the invention. 
     A camera  145  also can be coupled to bus  140 . Camera  145  can be mounted on a side of computing system  100  that is on the opposite side of the mobile device as display  125 . Camera  145  can be mounted on the “back” of such computing system  100 . Thus, camera  145  can face in the opposite direction from display  125 . 
     Some embodiments include electronic components, such as microprocessors, storage and memory that store computer program instructions in a computer readable storage medium. Many of the features described in this specification can be implemented as processes that are specified as a set of program instructions encoded on a computer readable storage medium. When these program instructions are executed by one or more processing units, they cause the processing unit(s) to perform various operation indicated in the program instructions. Examples of program instructions or computer code include machine code, such as is produced by a compiler, and files including higher-level code that are executed by a computer, an electronic component, or a microprocessor using an interpreter. 
     Through suitable programming, processing unit(s)  105  can provide various functionality for computing system  100 . For example, processing unit(s)  105  can execute a visual dialing application. In some embodiments, the visual dialing application is a software-based process that can determine whether a telephone number is mapped to a registered finite state machine, and, if so, can present menus indicated by that finite state machine instead of placing a telephone call to the telephone number. 
     It will be appreciated that computing system  100  is illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. Computing system  100  can have other capabilities not specifically described here (e.g., mobile phone, global positioning system (GPS), power management, one or more cameras, various connection ports for connecting external devices or accessories, etc.). Further, while computing system  100  is described with reference to particular blocks, it is to be understood that these blocks are defined for convenience of description and are not intended to imply a particular physical arrangement of component parts. Further, the blocks need not correspond to physically distinct components. Blocks can be configured to perform various operations, e.g., by programming a processor or providing appropriate control circuitry, and various blocks might or might not be reconfigurable depending on how the initial configuration is obtained. Embodiments of the present invention can be realized in a variety of apparatus including electronic devices implemented using any combination of circuitry and software. 
     Finite State Machine Registration System 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system  200  through which businesses can register finite state machines (FSMs) with a server, and through which mobile devices can present visual menus instead of placing telephone calls to those businesses, according to an embodiment of the invention. System  200  can include businesses  202 A-N, the Internet  204 , a server  206 , and smart phones  214 A-N. Server  206  can store mappings  208 , which can include mappings between telephone numbers  210 A-N and finite state machines (FSMs)  212 A-N. Although the discussion below refers to businesses  202 A-N for sake of simplicity, in various embodiments of the invention, businesses  202 A-N can include organizations of any kind, regardless of profit motive. Furthermore, although the discussion below refers to smart phones  214 A-N for sake of simplicity, in various embodiments of the invention, smart phones  214 A-N can include mobile devices of any kind. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a particular one of businesses  202 A-N (e.g., business  202 A) can register its own finite state machine (e.g., FSM  212 A) with server  206  through Internet  204 . In response to this registration, server  206  can store a mapping between the business&#39;s telephone number (e.g., telephone number  210 A) and the finite state machine (e.g., FSM  212 A). Later, after this registration has been accomplished and the mapping has been stored, a particular one of smart phones  214 A-N (e.g., smart phone  214 A) can receive, from its user, input indicating an intent to place a telephone call to a particular one of businesses  202 A-N (e.g., business  202 A). In response to receiving the input, the particular smart phone (e.g., smart phone  214 A) can communicate with server  206  via Internet  204  to determine whether the telephone number for the particular business is mapped to any finite state machine. Assuming that the user of smart phone  214 A attempted to place a telephone call to business  202 A, server  206  can respond to smart phone  214 A over Internet  204  with FSM  212 A, which is mapped to the telephone number (i.e., telephone number  210 A) of business  202 A in mappings  208 . Due to receiving FSM  212 A, smart phone  214 A can responsively display a visual menu instead of placing a telephone call to business  202 A. In an embodiment of the invention, the options indicated in the visual menu can be the same options that would have been audibly rehearsed to smart phone  214 A if smart phone  214 A had placed a telephone call to business  202 A. In an embodiment of the invention, the navigation of the visual menus displayed by smart phone  214 A can be similar, decision path-wise, to the navigation of the audible menus that otherwise would have been rehearsed to smart phone  214 A if smart phone  214 A had placed a telephone call to business  202 A. Managers of business  202 A can format FSM  212 A in a manner that can cause this similarity to occur. 
     In an embodiment of the invention, businesses  202 A-N can register for cloud-based services with server  206  by submitting their finite state machines  212 A-N over Internet  204 . Finite state machines  212 A-N can be incorporated with interactive content using public service application programming interfaces (APIs). In an embodiment of the invention, finite state machines  212 A-N can be Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents. Finite state machines  212 A-N can express specifications of states that guide users of smart phones  214 A-N through menus containing options. These states can cause smart phones  214 A-N to prompt the users of smart phones  214 A-N for user input (e.g., menu option selection) until the interactive visual sessions are terminated by those users. In an embodiment of the invention, any of businesses  202 A-N can update their finite state machines  212 A-N stored on server  206  at any time. This update can be made via Internet  204 , for example. Updates made in this manner to any of finite state machines  212 A-N can cause server  206  to propagate the resulting changes thereto to smart phones  214 A-N immediately in response to the changes being made. 
     Finite State Machine Registration and Update Technique 
       FIG. 3  is a signal flow diagram illustrating an example of a message exchange  300  in which businesses can engage in order to register their finite state machines with a server, and to update those finite state machines, according to an embodiment of the invention. The participants in message exchange  300  can involve a business  302  and a server  304 . Business  302  can be any of businesses  202 A-N from  FIG. 2 , for example. Server  304  can be server  206  from  FIG. 2 , for example. In an embodiment of the invention, server  304  can be a cloud server, and the services that server  304  provides can be cloud-based services. 
     Messages  306  and  308  can be exchanged as a part of a new service registration. Business  302  can send message  306  to server  304  in order to register for visual voice services. In an embodiment of the invention, this registration is accomplished using public server APIs. Message  306  can take the form: registerServices(int orgID, XmlDoc *fsm). In this method invocation, orgID can be an integer that uniquely identifies business  302 , and *fsm can be a pointer to an XML document that specifies the finite state machine of business  302 . In response to receiving message  306 , server  304  can store the finite state machine and a mapping between the orgID and the finite state machine. Once completed, server  304  can respond to business  302  with message  308 , which confirms to business  302  that the registration has completed. 
     Messages  310  and  312  can be exchanges as a part of a service update. Business  302  can send message  310  to server  304  in order to update existing visual voice services. In an embodiment of the invention, this updating is accomplished using public server APIs. Message  310  can take the form: updateServices(int orgID, XmlDoc *fsm). In this method invocation, orgID can be an integer that uniquely identifies business  302 , and *fsm can be a pointer to an XML document. This XML document can specify the updated finite state machine of business  302  or this XML document can specify updates to be made to the existing finite state machine of business  302 . In response to receiving message  310 , server  304  can update the finite state machine that is mapped to the orgID based on the XML document. Once completed, server  304  can respond to business  302  with message  312 , which confirms to business  302  that the update has completed. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, business  302  can use a finite state machine builder tool that enables business  302  to build its finite state machine in a visual manner. Such a tool can be implemented as an online tool that is hosted by server  304  and accessible over networks. Alternatively, such a tool can be implemented as an application that business  302  can execute on its own computing devices. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, business  302  can register multiple different finite state machines with server  304 . In such an embodiment, each such finite state machine can be mapped, on server  304 , to a different set of dates and/or times-of-day. For example, in one embodiment of the invention, business  302  can register a default finite state machine, a holiday finite state machine that is mapped to certain dates that are holidays, and an after-hours business finite state machine that is mapped to times-of-day that occur outside of business hours. In such an embodiment, the choice of finite state machine that server  304  serves to a mobile device can depend on the date and time that the mobile device attempts to place a telephone call to business  302 . In an alternative embodiment of the invention, instead of business  302  registering multiple different finite state machines with server  304 , business  302  can register a single combined finite state machine that contains all of the content that otherwise would have been contained in such multiple separate finite state machines. In such a single combined finite state machine, conditions can be specified for executing different parts of that finite state machine. For example, a first part of the finite state machine might be executed after business hours, while a second part of the finite state machine might be executed instead by default. In yet another alternative embodiment of the invention, business  302  can register, with server  304 , multiple separate server finite state machines that contain links to each other, such that a service or part of a service in one finite state machine can be “jumped to” from a service or part of a service in another finite state machine. 
     Telephone Number-to-Finite State Machine Matching Technique 
       FIG. 4  is a signal flow diagram illustrating an example of a message exchange  400  in which mobile devices can engage in order to find registered finite state machines that are mapped to telephone numbers indicated by users of those mobile devices, according to an embodiment of the invention. The participants in message exchange  400  can involve a smart phone  402  and a server  404 . Smart phone  402  can be any of smart phones  214 A-N from  FIG. 2 , for example. Server  404  can be server  206  from  FIG. 2 , for example. In an embodiment of the invention, server  404  can be a cloud server, and the services that server  404  provides can be cloud-based services. 
     Smart phone  402  can send message  406  to server  404  as a user of smart phone  402  begins to select (or “dial”) digits on the telephone keypad displayed by smart phone  402 . Message  406  can be sent via a data channel using protocols such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), for example. Message  406  can indicate the string of digits that the user of smart phone  402  has currently input. Thus, the user continues to enter digits, smart phone  402  can send new versions of message  406  to server  404  expressing a more complete string. In response to receiving message  406 , server  404  can examine its stored mappings between telephone numbers and finite state machines in order to determine whether any business having a telephone number that at least partially matches the string has registered a finite state machine. If the string at least partially matches such a telephone number, then server  404  can return message  408  to smart phone  402 , indicating that a match was found. Alternatively, if the string does not match any such a telephone number, then server  404  can return message  408  to smart phone  402 , indicating that no match was found. Additionally, if the string at least partially matches such a telephone number, then server  404  can return message  410  to smart phone  402 , identifying the business having the best matching telephone number. In one embodiment of the invention, server  404  can return message  410  to smart phone  402  as a Javascript Object Notation (JSON) element using an asynchronous Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request. In one embodiment of the invention, if the string does not match any telephone number then message exchange  400  can be repeated with each additional digit input (or deleted) by the user of smart phone  402 . 
     In one embodiment of the invention, in response to receiving message  410  that indicates that a matching business was located, smart phone  402  can modify an element of its telephony application user interface in order to indicate, to the user of smart phone  402 , that instead of placing a regular voice telephone call, smart phone  402  will initiate an interactive visual data session with the matching business. For example, smart phone  402  can modify a color of a “call” button displayed within the user interface so that the button is blue rather than the normal green. Even though a data session initially can be initiated instead of a regular voice telephone call, it is possible for a regular voice telephone call to be initiated at some point during the interactive visual data session. The data session can involve the interchange of TCP/IP data packets containing textual payloads, for example. In an embodiment of the invention, in response to receiving message  410  that indicates that a matching business was located, smart phone  402  can additionally or alternatively indicate, within its telephony application user interface, the identity of the matching business. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, in response to receiving message  410  that indicates that a matching business was located, smart phone  402  can determine, using built-in sensors such as a gyroscope, whether smart phone  402  is currently being held in a position (i.e., up to the ear) that suggests that the user of smart phone  402  is attempting to place a voice telephone call. In response to determining that the user of smart phone  402  is attempting to place a voice telephone call, smart phone  402  can automatically disable the initiation of an interactive visual data session of the kind discussed above, and can proceed to place a regular voice telephone call instead. 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a telephone number-dialing user interface  500  that a mobile device can modify in response to determining that an input telephone number matches a business that has registered a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. Interface  500  includes depicted digit-bearing user interface elements (i.e., buttons) that the user of the mobile device can select in order to cause corresponding digits to appear in a string of digits shown within interface  500 . The string of digits (in this example, “1(800)555-555”) indicates the telephone number to which the user intends to place a telephone call. In response to receiving an indication that a business matches this string (as discussed above in connection with  FIG. 4 ), the mobile device can cause a color of call button  502  to change (e.g., from green to blue), and can cause an identity of the matching business  504  (in this example, “Elephant Jeans For Her, Co.”) to be displayed below the entered telephone number string. 
     The discussion above contemplates an embodiment in which the mobile device user manifests his intent to make a telephone call by beginning to select digits in a telephone number-dialing user interface. However, in alternative embodiments of the invention, different kinds of user input can manifest such intent to make a telephone call in other ways. For example the user input can involve the user&#39;s speaking, into a microphone of the mobile device, of the name of an entity to which the user wants to place a telephone call; or the user input can involve the user&#39;s selection, from a contact list stored on the mobile device, of a contact that has a telephone number that the user intends to call. The receipt of any of these or other forms of telephone-call-intent-manifesting user input can trigger the business-to-telephone number matching technique described above. 
     Visual Call Initiation Technique 
       FIG. 6  is a signal flow diagram illustrating an example of a message exchange  600  in which mobile devices can engage in order to initiate an interactive visual data session with a business that is mapped to a specified telephone number, according to an embodiment of the invention. The participants in message exchange  600  can involve a smart phone  602  and a server  604 . Smart phone  602  can be any of smart phones  214 A-N from  FIG. 2 , for example. Server  604  can be server  206  from  FIG. 2 , for example. In an embodiment of the invention, server  604  can be a cloud server, and the services that server  604  provides can be cloud-based services. 
     Smart phone  602  can send message  606  to server  604  in order to request a finite state machine that is mapped to the matching business discussed above in connection with  FIG. 4 . In an embodiment of the invention, this request is made using public server APIs. Message  606  can take the form: retrieveSrvcFSM(int orgID). In this method invocation, orgID can be an integer that uniquely identifies the matching business. In response to receiving message  606 , server  604  can consult its set of stored mappings (e.g., mappings  208  of  FIG. 2 ) and locate the finite state machine that is mapped to the orgID. Once the appropriate finite state machine has been located, server  604  can respond to smart phone  602  with message  608 , which, in one embodiment of the invention, can include the entire finite state machine in an encrypted XML format. In one embodiment of the invention, smart phone  602  can locally store the finite state machine in its memory in response to receiving the finite state machine from server  604 . 
     In one embodiment of the invention, smart phone  602  can delete the finite state machine from its memory in response to the termination of the interactive visual data session. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, smart phone  602  can continue to store the finite state machine in its memory even after the termination of the interactive visual data session. In such an alternative embodiment of the invention, before and potentially instead of performing the techniques discussed above in connection with  FIGS. 3 and 4 , smart phone  602  can first determine whether a finite state machine for the user-inputted telephone number already is stored in the smart phone&#39;s memory. In response to determining that such a finite state machine is already stored in the smart phone&#39;s memory, smart phone  602  can use that locally stored finite state machine to initiate the interactive visual data session instead of requesting and receiving a finite state machine from server  604 . However, in one embodiment of the invention, the version of the locally stored finite state machine is compared with the version of the finite state machine stored on server  604 , and, if the version of the finite state machine stored on server  604  is a newer version of the finite state machine, then smart phone  602  can responsively request from server  604 , receive from server  604 , and locally store in memory the newer version of the finite state machine. 
     Displaying Visual Call Options to Smart Phone Users 
     According to an embodiment of the invention, after a smart phone has retrieved the appropriate matching finite state machine from the server as discussed above in connection with  FIG. 6 , the smart phone can display, to its user, a first menu of options that are specified by the finite state machine—potentially as XML elements in an XML document. The user selection of any of these options (e.g., through a touchscreen of the smart phone) can cause the smart phone to display further menus of options that are specified by the finite state machine. The finite state machine can indicate, for each option, a subsequent menu that is to be displayed in response to the user selection of that option. The business that registered the finite state machine with the server can design the finite state machine&#39;s menus and structure in such a way that the visual menus can contain the same or similar options to those that otherwise would have been audibly rehearsed to the smart phone user if a regular voice telephone call to the business&#39;s telephone number had been made instead. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the finite state machine additionally indicates user interface controls, images, sounds, etc., that can be presented in addition to the specified menu options in order to enhance the experience of the smart phone&#39;s user during the interactive visual data session. Some of the content presented in the session can be static in nature, while some of the content presented in the session can be dynamic in nature. Static content can include, for example, the times of day during which the business is open, the address of the business&#39;s stores, and other general information that tends not to change very often if at all. Dynamic content, in contrast, can include, for example, information related to the business account of the particular smart phone user (which will vary depending on the user&#39;s identity and the current state of his account), personalized options that the smart phone user has set, and information indicating the smart phone user&#39;s payment history (e.g., through an Apple iTunes account). In one embodiment of the invention, the finite state machine can include user authentication features that operate to ensure that the user can supply correct credentials for his account before proceeding further. 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a language selection user interface  700  that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. In user interface  700 , options for selecting either English or Spanish language are shown. The portions of the finite state machine that are later followed in generating further menus can depend on the user&#39;s selection from user interface  700 . In on embodiment of the invention, language selection by the user is not required because the smart phone obtains the user&#39;s language preference automatically from the smart phone&#39;s locally stored settings and preferences. After a language has been selected, in one embodiment, the smart phone can responsively display a main menu user interface such as that shown by way of example in  FIG. 8 . 
       FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a main menu user interface  800  that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. Each of the displayed menu options can be indicated as a separate XML element within the finite state machine. In response to a user&#39;s selection of the “account balance” option from user interface  800 , the smart phone can responsively display a security authentication user interface such as that shown by way of example in  FIG. 9 . 
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a security authentication user interface  900  that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. User interface  900  contains fields in which the smart phone user can supply his username and password. After the smart phone user has entered this information into these fields and selected the “log on” button, the smart phone can send this information to the business&#39;s own account server (separate from the cloud server that maintains the finite state machines for multiple organizations). The finite state machine can indicate, within metadata, the uniform resource locator (URL) or other network address of the business&#39;s server to which the smart phone is to send the information. The business&#39;s own account server can confirm that this information is correct and reply to the smart phone with a message indication confirmation. In response to this message, the smart phone can then proceed to display an account balance user interface such as that shown by way of example in  FIG. 10 . 
       FIG. 10  is a block diagram illustrating an example of an account balance user interface  1000  that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. The finite state machine can indicate that the smart phone is to request the account balance information from the business&#39;s own account server for display within the specified account balance field. This is an example of dynamic content. User interface  1000  also contains a “main menu” button which, when selected, causes the smart phone to once again present the main menu user interface shown by way of example in  FIG. 8 . The interactive and random-access nature of the navigation in the visual data session helps the smart phone&#39;s user to feel more in control of the interaction that he otherwise would during a regular voice telephone call. After returning to the main menu of  FIG. 8 , the smart phone&#39;s user might select the “additional services” option, which can cause the smart phone to display an additional services user interface such as that shown by way of example in  FIG. 11 . 
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram illustrating an example of an additional services user interface  1100  that a mobile device can present during an interactive visual data session as specified by a part of a finite state machine, according to an embodiment of the invention. The smart phone user&#39;s selection of the “report fraud or stolen card” can cause the smart phone to present the security authentication user interface of  FIG. 9  if the user has not already supplied his credentials during the current session. Following authentication, the finite state machine can specify a telephone number (and potentially an extension) to which the smart phone is to place a regular voice telephone call so that the smart phone user can speak to a human being about his issues. The telephone number in this case could be a direct number to the business&#39;s fraud or stolen card department. The telephone call can be made using voice over IP (VoIP) or more traditional voice calling services. After the smart phone automatically places the voice telephone call in response to the user&#39;s selection of the menu option, the interactive visual data session can end, and the smart phone can carry on the voice telephone call in the usual manner. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the smart phone user can select a user interface element to “bookmark” or save the current state of the interactive visual data session. In such an embodiment, the user can select this bookmark from a list of bookmarks in order to cause the smart phone to return directly to the bookmarked state in that or another, separate interactive visual data session. The smart phone can therefore return directly to this state without forcing the user to navigate through any previous states indicated in the finite state machine. 
     Company Profiles 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a business desiring to use the visual dialing technique discussed above can create a customer service profile. This customer service profile can specify basic information about the business, such as the business&#39;s e-mail address, the business&#39;s fax number, the business&#39;s voice mail address, etc. In one embodiment of the invention, the visual dialing techniques simplify communication between businesses and their smart phone-using customers by making this customer service profile information available in an interactive visual data session in response to user selection of a particular menu option. Thus, even if a user only knows the business&#39;s telephone number, the user can employ the customer service profile information in order to send an e-mail message, a fax, or a voice mail for the business. In an embodiment of the invention, such customer service profile information is stored in mappings  208  on server  206  of  FIG. 2 , along with the business&#39;s identity. In one embodiment of the invention, such customer service profile information can be displayed along with, or instead of, the identity of the matching business that is displayed in the interface of  FIG. 5  in response to the finding of a business that is mapped to the telephone number within mappings  208 . This makes the business&#39;s contact information highly accessible. Various services on the user&#39;s smart phone, such as automated intelligent voice-recognizing agents (e.g., Apple Siri) can use such contact information in order to fulfill a user&#39;s require made using those services. Such contact information can also be made susceptible to bookmarking for future use. 
     Payments and Single Sign-On 
     In an embodiment of the invention, businesses that provide services (e.g., internet service providers, cable companies, restaurants, etc.) can make use of another company&#39;s (e.g., Apple, Inc.&#39;s) existing payment services (e.g., via Apple iTunes). In an embodiment of the invention, an authentication finite state machine can call for the username (e.g., Apple ID) and password known to the payment service. The other service-providing businesses can trust this authoritative authentication so that they do not need to ask the user for his credentials separately relative to their own businesses, thus providing a “single sign-on” mechanism. Thereafter, the smart phone can allow the user to conduct transactions and make purchases relative to the other service-providing businesses using the payment service. 
     Security 
     In an embodiment of the invention, a finite state machine can specify a potentially different level of security for each state described therein. In such an embodiment, the smart phone can enforce the indicated security level before permitting the user interface corresponding to the machine state to be displayed or accessed. For example, in one embodiment of the invention, each machine state can be associated with one of three levels of security: (1) public, or insecure level, which provides no security at all; (2) visual dialing service level, which requires entry of credentials that are known to the server that maintains the finite state machine (e.g., server  206  of  FIG. 2 ); or (3) business level, which requires entry of credentials that are known to the particular business that registered the finite state machine with the server. 
     Statistical Reporting 
     In an embodiment of the invention, the smart phone tracks the states of the finite state machine that the smart phone&#39;s user traverses during the interactive visual data session. In such an embodiment, the smart phone can report various statistics to the server for aggregation and compilation and reporting back to the business that registered that finite state machine. The business can then use these reported statistics in order to improve and update its finite state machine. In an embodiment of the invention, these statistics can include: (a) a quantity of times that each menu option was selected, (b) questions that were frequently asked in the sessions, (c) an identity of menu options that are unused, (d) a ratio of sessions that ended without resulting in the placement of a voice telephone call, (e) an indication by smart phone user of the kinds of menu options that they wish were present in the session, and/or (f) direct customer feedback. 
     Embodiments of the present invention can be realized using any combination of dedicated components and/or programmable processors and/or other programmable devices. The various processes described herein can be implemented on the same processor or different processors in any combination. Where components are described as being configured to perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, e.g., by designing electronic circuits to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (such as microprocessors) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof. Further, while the embodiments described above can make reference to specific hardware and software components, those skilled in the art will appreciate that different combinations of hardware and/or software components can also be used and that particular operations described as being implemented in hardware might also be implemented in software or vice versa. 
     Computer programs incorporating various features of the present invention can be encoded and stored on various computer readable storage media; suitable media include magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as compact disk (CD) or DVD (digital versatile disk), flash memory, and other non-transitory media. Computer readable media encoded with the program code can be packaged with a compatible electronic device, or the program code can be provided separately from electronic devices (e.g., via Internet download or as a separately packaged computer-readable storage medium). 
     Thus, although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that the invention is intended to cover all modifications and equivalents within the scope of the following claims.