Patent Publication Number: US-11049390-B2

Title: Method, apparatus, and system for combining discontinuous road closures detected in a road network

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Providing data on traffic incidents (e.g., abnormalities in traffic that can affect traffic flow such as accidents, lane closures, road closures, etc.) is an important function for map service providers. In particular, while most traffic incidents can have at least some negative impact on traffic, road closures can be the most severe because no cars can go through the affected roadway. The lack of knowledge about a road closure can have enormous negative impact on trip planning, routing, and estimated time of arrival. Therefore, traffic service providers face significant technical challenge to reporting road closures accurately. For example, road closure reports generally are reported with respect to individual road segments or links or a road network. This can create inconsistencies where road closures may be reported or detected as discontinuous segments when they should be combined to more accurately actual closure states. 
     SOME EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     Therefore, there is a need for combining discontinuous road closure detected in a road network. 
     According to one embodiment, a computer-implemented method comprises retrieving a roadway graph including one or more open segments and at least two closed segments. The at least two closed segments are discontinuous. The method also comprises computing an importance weight for a plurality of road links of the one or more open segments and the at least two closed segments. The importance weight is based on one or more attributes of the plurality of road links. The method further comprises computing a closure confidence score for the one or more open segments, the at least two closed segments, or a combination thereof based on the importance weight and a link closure confidence score for each of the plurality of links. The method further comprises changing or not changing a road closure state of the one or more open segments, the at least two closed segments, or combination thereof based on the closure confidence score and a minimum distance threshold between the at least two closed segments. 
     According to another embodiment, an apparatus comprises at least one processor, and at least one memory including computer program code for one or more computer programs, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause, at least in part, the apparatus to retrieve a roadway graph including one or more open segments and at least two closed segments. The at least two closed segments are discontinuous. The apparatus is also caused to compute an importance weight for a plurality of road links of the one or more open segments and the at least two closed segments. The importance weight is based on one or more attributes of the plurality of road links. The apparatus is further caused to compute a closure confidence score for the one or more open segments, the at least two closed segments, or a combination thereof based on the importance weight and a link closure confidence score for each of the plurality of links. The apparatus is further caused to change or not change a road closure state of the one or more open segments, the at least two closed segments, or combination thereof based on the closure confidence score and a minimum distance threshold between the at least two closed segments. 
     According to another embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium carries one or more sequences of one or more instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause, at least in part, an apparatus to retrieve a roadway graph including one or more open segments and at least two closed segments. The at least two closed segments are discontinuous. The apparatus is also caused to compute an importance weight for a plurality of road links of the one or more open segments and the at least two closed segments. The importance weight is based on one or more attributes of the plurality of road links. The apparatus is further caused to compute a closure confidence score for the one or more open segments, the at least two closed segments, or a combination thereof based on the importance weight and a link closure confidence score for each of the plurality of links. The apparatus is further caused to change or not change a road closure state of the one or more open segments, the at least two closed segments, or combination thereof based on the closure confidence score and a minimum distance threshold between the at least two closed segments. 
     According to another embodiment, an apparatus comprises means for retrieving a roadway graph including one or more open segments and at least two closed segments. The at least two closed segments are discontinuous. The apparatus also comprises means for computing an importance weight for a plurality of road links of the one or more open segments and the at least two closed segments. The importance weight is based on one or more attributes of the plurality of road links. The apparatus further comprises means for computing a closure confidence score for the one or more open segments, the at least two closed segments, or a combination thereof based on the importance weight and a link closure confidence score for each of the plurality of links. The apparatus further comprises means for changing or not changing a road closure state of the one or more open segments, the at least two closed segments, or combination thereof based on the closure confidence score and a minimum distance threshold between the at least two closed segments. 
     In addition, for various example embodiments of the invention, the following is applicable: a method comprising facilitating a processing of and/or processing (1) data and/or (2) information and/or (3) at least one signal, the (1) data and/or (2) information and/or (3) at least one signal based, at least in part, on (or derived at least in part from) any one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention. 
     For various example embodiments of the invention, the following is also applicable: a method comprising facilitating access to at least one interface configured to allow access to at least one service, the at least one service configured to perform any one or any combination of network or service provider methods (or processes) disclosed in this application. 
     For various example embodiments of the invention, the following is also applicable: a method comprising facilitating creating and/or facilitating modifying (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality, the (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality based, at least in part, on data and/or information resulting from one or any combination of methods or processes disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention, and/or at least one signal resulting from one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention. 
     For various example embodiments of the invention, the following is also applicable: a method comprising creating and/or modifying (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality, the (1) at least one device user interface element and/or (2) at least one device user interface functionality based at least in part on data and/or information resulting from one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention, and/or at least one signal resulting from one or any combination of methods (or processes) disclosed in this application as relevant to any embodiment of the invention. 
     In various example embodiments, the methods (or processes) can be accomplished on the service provider side or on the mobile device side or in any shared way between service provider and mobile device with actions being performed on both sides. 
     For various example embodiments, the following is applicable: An apparatus comprising means for performing a method of the claims. 
     Still other aspects, features, and advantages of the invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description, simply by illustrating a number of particular embodiments and implementations, including the best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention. The invention is also capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details can be modified in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of a system capable of combining discontinuous road closure segments, according to one embodiment; 
         FIGS. 2A-2E  are diagrams illustrating problematic road closure scenarios caused by discontinuous closure segments, according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of the components of a mapping platform capable of combining discontinuous road closure segments, according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart of a process for combining discontinuous road closures detected in a road network, according to one embodiment; 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are diagrams illustrating an example of constructing a roadway graph, according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of a simplified road segment graph that combines consecutive open or closed segments, according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example of a general case of a road segment with discontinuous road closures, according to one embodiment; 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are diagrams illustrating examples of partitioning a roadway graph into subgraphs based on an interclosure distance threshold, according to one embodiment; 
         FIGS. 9-17  are diagrams of example base cases for combining discontinuous road closures, according to one embodiment; 
         FIGS. 18A and 18B  are diagram illustrating examples of combining road closures over a more complex road closure area using a sliding window, according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 19  is a diagram of a geographic database, according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 20  is a diagram of hardware that can be used to implement an embodiment; 
         FIG. 21  is a diagram of a chip set that can be used to implement an embodiment; and 
         FIG. 22  is a diagram of a mobile terminal (e.g., handset or vehicle or part thereof) that can be used to implement an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS 
     Examples of a method, apparatus, and computer program for combining discontinuous road closures are disclosed. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention. It is apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details or with an equivalent arrangement. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the embodiments of the invention. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of a system capable of combining discontinuous road closure segments, according to one embodiment. As noted above, information on road closures occurring in a road network can be important for providing services such as trip planning, navigation routing or guidance, estimating time of arrival, and/or the like. Generally, traffic incidents such as road closures (e.g., road closure reports  101 ) are published by government/municipality agencies, local police, and/or third-party official/semi-official sources (e.g., a services platform  103 , one or more services  105   a - 105   n , one or more content providers  107   a - 107   m , etc.). By way of example, the published road closure reports  101  can specify the roadway (e.g., by name or matched to specific road link records of digital map data such as a geographic database  109 ) that has been closed or partially closed to traffic (e.g., vehicular and/or non-vehicular traffic). Closure refers, for instance, to restricting traffic flow on a particular roadway such that no vehicle or a reduced number of vehicle (e.g., reduced with respect to an average free flow traffic volume on the roadway) is permitted or able to travel on the roadway. 
     In one embodiment, a traffic provider (e.g., via a mapping platform  111 ) monitors the feeds of the road closures reports  101 , extracts the affected roadways (e.g., road segments or links), and provides traffic data and/or other functions based on the road closure reports  101  (e.g., displays the location of reported closures on the map, generates navigation routes to avoid reported road closures, etc.). Then, traditional traffic service providers wait for another message or road closure report  101  indicating that the road has opened to provide updated data and/or functions. In one embodiment, this type of incident reporting is referred to as “journalistic reporting.” 
     In one embodiment, journalistic incident reports can be coupled with other information (e.g., GPS probe information collected from vehicles  113   a - 113   k , also collectively referred to as vehicles  113 ) and verified automatically. This process involves monitoring (e.g., by the mapping platform  111 ) the reported road segment for the duration of the report and determining the closure state (e.g., whether the road segment is closed or open) periodically or based on events as they occur (e.g., vehicle activity). This is called, for instance, an “automatic road closure verification” methodology. 
     Furthermore, independent of journalistic reports, the system  100  (e.g., via the mapping platform  111 ) can monitor a set of roadways and detect road closures in the absence of journalistic reports based, for instance, on vehicle probe data, road sensors, or equivalent. This methodology is referred to as “automatic road closure detection.” In one embodiment, the automatic closure verification and detection mechanisms of the mapping platform  111  can calculate a closure likelihood score for a road segment and based on this score. Based on the road closure score, the mapping platform  111  can classify the closure states of monitor road segments to close roads that are open, to open roads that are closed, and/or to take no action. 
     However, journalistic closure reports as well as automatic closure detection systems can sometimes report multiple discontinuous closed segments which are close to each other. This scenario is observed much more often with automatic closure verification/detection systems, which decide on a road segment&#39;s closure status by calculating a score or a probability. For example, when an automatic road closure verification system processes a set of road links, it calculates first a closure likelihood score for each of these links. Then, it uses this score to determine the closure state for that link, as either closed or open. This process can produce multiple closed but non-consecutive links (i.e., discontinuous road closures), as shown  FIG. 2A . The example road segment  201  includes a sequence of road links (e.g., indicated by line segments denoted by arrows indicating the direction of travel of the road link) that include multiple closed and non-consecutive or discontinuous links. 
     Depending on the length of open segments (e.g., links that are classified as open to traffic), alternating closures (e.g., links that are classified as closed to traffic) can be a sign of incorrect closure evaluation. For example, the road segment in question could be entirely closed with open segments being falsely evaluated or reported.  FIGS. 2B and 2C  illustrate two extreme cases for this scenario.  FIG. 2B  illustrates a road segment  211  that includes one very short open segment between longer stretches of closed segments, and  FIG. 2C  illustrates a road segment  221  that includes multiple very short open segments in between longer stretches of closed segments. 
     In another scenario, the road segment in question could be entirely open, with closed segments being falsely marked as closures. This scenario, which is the reciprocate of the scenario of  FIGS. 2B and 2C , is shown in  FIGS. 2D and 2E .  FIG. 2D  illustrates a road segment  231  that includes a very short closed segment between longer stretches of open segments, and  FIG. 2E  illustrates a road segment  241  that includes multiple very short closed segments in between longer stretches of open segments. Some of the closed or open segments could be legitimate or accurate, while some others might need correction. 
     Based on the above illustrated problematic scenarios among others, map services providers face significant technical challenges to automatically determining which open and/or closed segments of road segments with discontinuous road closures are likely to be correctly determined. 
     To address these problems, the system  100  introduces a technical solution with a capability to analyze an arbitrary road segment which contains multiple non-continuous closure segments. Depending on the analysis, the system  100  decides whether some or all of the closed segments are part of the same closure or whether there are multiple discontinuous closures. In one embodiment, it is assumed that a road closure has been either reported journalistically or automatically (e.g., via an automatic closure detection/verification system). In the case of journalistic reports, the closure can go through an automatic road closure verification system where the system builds a connected roadway network around the closure, referred as roadway graph (a mathematical graph) henceforth and evaluates each road segment in the reported closure. The result is a closure likelihood score associated with each road segment and a closure state (closed or open). In the case of automatically detected road closures (as opposed to journalistic reports), again a closure likelihood is calculated per road segment. Alternatively, in the next step, certain select road segments (e.g., those with high closure likelihood) can be passed through an automatic verification system above. 
     Whichever path is followed, it is assumed that the system  100  creates a roadway graph which comprises a set of road segments with respective closure likelihood scores. This graph with the closure likelihood scores or equivalent is the input to the various embodiments described herein for combining discontinuous road closures. In one embodiment, the system  100  processes the input roadway graph, evaluates road segments which could potentially be closures, and determines how many disconnected closure segments are in the roadway graph. After that, the system  100  either combines discontinuous closure segments as one closure, keeps them separate, or removes some of the potential closures. 
     In one embodiment, an open segment separating two closed segments of a roadway graph could be too long, such that it should not be treated as part of one segment with mixed closures. For instance, if the open segment between two closed segments is 20 kilometers long, the system  100  may not perform closure combining and/or correction on the entire stretch of road. Instead, the two closed segments on either side of the open segment can be evaluated and/or monitored on as separate subgraphs on their own. 
     By way of example, the embodiments describe herein provide at least the following advantages over conventional approaches:
         The embodiments described herein provide an approach to go over discontinuous road closures which are close to each other and to decide whether the discontinuous road closures should be combined into one larger closure. In this way, the system  100  improves road closure accuracy.   The search space of the algorithm is limited to reported and/or detected road closures. Therefore, the complexity of combining road closures is reduced because the complexity grows with number of closed road segments (as opposed to all road segments in the world).   The system  100  allows automatic road closure verification and detection systems to operate in a simpler way because the system  100  takes care of clustering the closures in post-processing.   Journalistic reports may also report discontinuous closures which are actually part of one big closure. The system  100  also combines and/or corrects road closures provided in such reports.       

     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the mapping platform  111  of the system  100  includes one or more components for combining discontinuous road closures according to the various embodiments described herein. It is contemplated that the functions of these components may be combined or performed by other components of equivalent functionality. As shown, in one embodiment, the mapping platform  111  includes a roadway graph module  301 , scoring module  303 , classification module  305 , and state correction module  307 . The above presented modules and components of the mapping platform  111  can be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. Though depicted as a separate entity in  FIG. 1 , it is contemplated that the mapping platform  111  may be implemented as a module of any of the components of the system  100  (e.g., a component of the vehicle  113 , services platform  103 , services  105   a - 105   n  (also collectively referred to as services  105 ), etc.). In another embodiment, one or more of the modules  301 - 307  may be implemented as a cloud-based service, local service, native application, or combination thereof. The functions of the mapping platform  111  and modules  301 - 307  are discussed with respect to  FIGS. 4-17  below. 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart of a process for combining discontinuous road closures detected in a road network, according to one embodiment. In various embodiments, the mapping platform  111  and/or any of the modules  301 - 307  may perform one or more portions of the process  400  and may be implemented in, for instance, a chip set including a processor and a memory as shown in  FIG. 21 . As such, the mapping platform  111  and/or any of the modules  301 - 307  can provide means for accomplishing various parts of the process  400 , as well as means for accomplishing embodiments of other processes described herein in conjunction with other components of the system  100 . Although the process  400  is illustrated and described as a sequence of steps, it is contemplated that various embodiments of the process  400  may be performed in any order or combination and need not include all of the illustrated steps. 
     In one embodiment, the process  400  provides for combining discontinuous according to rules and criteria including but not limited to:
         (1) Multiple discontinuous closed segments are not allowed within a distance shorter than a minimum multiple closure length (THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH). An example is, no more than one continuous closed segment is allowed within 50 meters.   (2) If two consecutive discontinuous closures are more than a maximum interclosure distance (THRESH_MAX_INTERCLOSURE_DISTANCE) apart, they cannot be combined. This means, the open superlinks between the closed superlinks remain open.   (3) Closed and/or open segments below minimum segment length (THRESH_MIN_SEGMENT_LENGTH) are ignored and their closure states are flipped to match their neighbors; hence removing discontinuous states. As an example, consider an open superlink between two closed superlinks and THRESH_MIN_SEGMENT_LENGTH=5 meters. If the open superlink in the middle is 4 meters long, its closure status is flipped from open to closed. This will result in one continuous closure over three superlinks.       

     To initiate the process  400 , in step  401 , the roadway graph module  301 , retrieves a roadway graph including one or more open segments and at least two closed segments, wherein the at least two closed segments are discontinuous. In one embodiment, the roadway graph is constructed from discontinuous road closures (e.g., at least two road closures separated by an open road segment). The road closures can be reported journalistically or automatically, and/or determined using any equivalent means. The road closures can be stored as one or more road closure reports  101 . It is contemplated that the road closure report  101  can be generated and/or transmitted in any data format and includes data indicating a location or roadway affected by a road closure. The data can include a direct indication of the affected link (e.g., by specifying the link IDs corresponding to the roadway or segments affected by the reported road closure), or an indirect indication (e.g., address or offset location that can then be map-matched or translated to corresponding links of the geographic database  109 ). In some embodiments, the road closure report  101  can optionally include other contextual data such as type of closure, duration of closure, timestamp information, and/or the like. For journalistic reports, the roadway graph module  301  monitors reports received from one or more entities (e.g., government/municipality agencies, police agency, and/or any other third-party source of road closure data). For automatic verification and/or detection, the roadway graph module  301  can perform or initiate monitoring of vehicle probe data from road segments of interest to classify or score a likelihood of a closure occurring on the road segments (e.g., based on probe volume, speed, location, heading, etc. meeting thresholds for classifying road segment as open or closed). 
     In one embodiment, if a roadway graph has not been generated as part of the road closure verification or detection process, the roadway graph module  301  can process map data (e.g., stored in the geographic database  109 ) to generate a roadway graph representing a spatial relationship between road segments affected by the reported road closure or within a proximity threshold of the reported road closure (e.g., spatial relationship between a first road segment with a reported road closure and then a second road segment flowing into or from the first road segment). In other words, the roadway graph module  301  builds a roadway graph or closure link graph comprising a connected set of road segments or links including the road links indicated in the road closure report  101 . In one embodiment, a road link or segment is the unit representation of a roadway in a digital map such as the geographic database  109 . As road segment can also be a combination of unit links. Generally, a roadway between two consecutive intersections can be represented by one or more links. However, a single link does not span more than the distance between two intersections. 
     In one embodiment, the roadway or closure link graph (i.e., used synonymously herein) is used to seal or designate the reported closure area and monitor traffic around and through the closure within the area represented by the closure link graph. As described above, a closure incident is reported on a stretch of roadway (e.g., via a road closure report  101 ). This closure report  101  is then converted into a set of links. As shown in  FIG. 5A , these links (e.g., links  501   a - 501   f , also collectively referred to as links  501 ) can be and unordered set  503  (e.g., unordered with respect to a spatial arrangement). 
     If the links  501  are unordered, the roadway graph module  301  initiates the building of the closure link graph around these links  501  by ordering the links  501  so that the end of one link is arranged to match the beginning of the next closest link based on the respective locations of their beginning and end nodes. The ordered set  505  of the links  501  is also illustrated in  FIG. 5A . The ordered set  505  of the links  501  corresponds to the abstract representation of the physical structure road segments making up the roadway indicated in the road closure report  101 . 
     Next, the roadway graph module  301  adds links upstream to and downstream from the reported closures to construct the closure link graph  507 . Since these links (e.g., links  509   a - 509   o , also collectively referred to as links  509 ) are not among the original links  501  identified in the road closure report  101 , the links  509  are assumed to be open and not closed to traffic. The resulting the roadway or closure link graph  507  then includes the reportedly closed links  501  buffered by links  509  that are open for travel. In other words, with the addition of open upstream and downstream links  509 , the closure (e.g., on links  501 ) is now isolated. For example, given the closure links  501 , all traffic going into and out of the closure region can be monitored using the traffic flowing in the open links  509 . 
     In one embodiment, the flow of traffic is determined by collecting probe data from vehicles. For example, the roadway graph module  301  retrieves probe data collected from vehicles traveling on the roadways corresponding to the closure link graph  507 . In one embodiment, probe data includes raw GPS probes (e.g., probe points) sent from vehicles indicating their respective locations by, for instance, a latitude and longitude pair. Then, each probe point is placed onto a most probable link on the map using a map matching process. On example map-matching process works as described in the following section. A map is defined by a set of links and their geographic coordinates. Because GPS (or other similar location positioning technology) is not 100% accurate, the coordinates of a vehicle GPS probe most of the time do not fall onto a link perfectly. To account for this error, map matching algorithms take the coordinate of a GPS probe, and find the neighboring links whose coordinates are close to the probe. Then, the map matching process places the vehicle probe onto the most probable link based on pre-defined criteria of the specific map matching process or algorithm being used. 
     In one embodiment, to better control for map matching error, the roadway graph module  301  described herein works with vehicle paths instead of map matched vehicle probes. The reason is that map matched vehicle probes can be more are susceptible to map matching errors than vehicle paths. By way of example, a vehicle path or trajectory is derived from two consecutive map matched vehicle probes. The path can then be increased by adding new probe points on top of the previously calculated vehicle path as new probe points are collected. 
     In one embodiment, the roadway graph module  301  can process the probe data to calculate vehicle paths traversing the monitored closure link graph  407  according to the example process described below. Firstly, for a specific vehicle, the roadway graph module  301  takes the first and second probe points received, e.g., denoted as probe1 and probe2. If the time difference between these probes is more than a specified threshold, the roadway graph module  301  discards the initial probe1, and the sets probe1=probe2. The roadway graph module  301  then retrieves the next probe point to set as probe 2 to iteratively evaluate the time difference. 
     If the time difference is less than the specified threshold, the roadway graph module  301  builds a vehicle path from probe1 to probe2. It is contemplated that the roadway graph module  301  can use any path building process or algorithm such as but not limited to A* pathfinding or equivalent. The roadway graph module  301  then records the new path for the vehicle, discards probe1, sets probe1=probe2, and retrieves the next probe point to act as probe2 until all probe points collected for the specific vehicle have been processed. 
     In one embodiment, every vehicle can send its probe points (e.g., GPS probes) at a different frequency; this frequency can vary from 1 second to a few minutes. Therefore, as a vehicle drives through multiple links, there is no guarantee that it will send a probe from every link. For instance, if a vehicle drives at fast speeds over short links while sending a probe every 2 minutes, it would almost be certain that its two consecutive probes will arrive from non-neighboring links. This sporadic or sparse probe reporting can make it more technically challenging to build accurate vehicle paths. 
     To address this technical challenge, in one embodiment, as part of its link graph building process, the roadway graph module  301  can aggregate links and their probes where it makes sense into superlinks. In one embodiment, a superlink consists of ordered links such that if a vehicle travels through one of its links, it is guaranteed to travel through the other links of the same superlink as well. An example of a superlink is a section of a highway stretching between two entrance/exit ramps. When on this stretch a vehicle must go through all the links part when driving this stretch. Another example is a roadway between two intersections in a city road. Because a superlink comprises one or more links, superlinks are often longer than normal links of the geographic database  109 , thereby increasing the probability that a probe point of a vehicle path would fall on the superlink than on a normal link. In addition, the superlinks can decrease the overall complexity of the closure link graph  507  without affecting the quality of the closure evaluation results, thereby reducing computing resources (e.g., processing resources, memory resources, bandwidth resources, etc.) associated with automatic evaluation of road closure reports according to the various embodiments described herein. 
       FIG. 5B  is diagram of an example of aggregating road links of the closure link graph  507  into superlinks, according to one embodiment.  FIG. 5B  continues the example closure link graph  507  of  FIG. 5A  and illustrates a first superlink graph  511  that is a version of the closure link graph  507  in which the reportedly closed links  501  are aggregated into respective superlinks. In this example, links  501   a  and  501   b  can form a superlink  513   a  because a vehicle on link  501   a  must also travel through link  501   b . Similarly, links  501   c  and  501   d  can be aggregated as superlink  513   b , and links  501   e  and  501   f  can be aggregated into superlink  513   c.    
     In one embodiment, the upstream and downstream links  509  can be aggregated into superlinks in addition to the links  501  to construct superlink graph  515 . For example, links  509   a  and  509   b  can be aggregated into superlink  517   a , links  509   c - 509   e  can be aggregated into superlink  517   b , links  509   f  and  509   g  can be aggregated into superlink  517   c , links  509   h  and  509   i  can be aggregated into superlink  517   d , links  509   j - 509   l  can be aggregated into superlink  517   e , and links  509   m  and  509   o  can be aggregated into superlink  517   g . Referring for instance to the example of  FIGS. 5A and 5B , if a vehicle has probe points on link  501   a ,  501   c , and  501   f , the roadway graph module  301  can calculate the vehicle path to include links all links  501   a - 501   f  based on the superlinks  513   a - 513   c . In one embodiment, links and superlinks can be used interchangeably in the various embodiments described herein. Therefore, where links are described without reference superlinks, it is contemplated that superlinks can be used in addition to or as alternate to links, and vice versa. 
     In one embodiment, consecutive closed links/superlinks and consecutive open links/superlinks can be further combined into larger segments. For example, consecutive closed links can be combined into one closed segment, and consecutive open links can be combined into one open segment. Returning to the example of  FIG. 2A , the roadway graph module  301  can process the consecutive closed and open links of the road segment  201  to create a simplified road segment graph  601  of  FIG. 6  that combines each of the consecutive open and closed segments into respective larger open or closed segments. 
     As used herein, it is assumed that a “closed” or “open” segment can consist of one or multiple links/superlinks including combined consecutive links.  FIG. 7  illustrates an example of the most general case of a road segment  701  with mixed or discontinuous closures and open roads. As shown, the road segment  701  includes alternating closed and open segments such that any two discontinuous closed segments are separated by an open segment. 
     Accordingly, the result of step  401  of the process  400  is that the roadway graph module  301  obtains a roadway graph (a.k.a., a road closure link graph) that is to be processed according to the embodiments described herein to combine and/or correct closed or open segments of the graph. The roadway graph identifies the road segment of interests and provides the closure confidence scores indicating the likelihood that a correspond link or road segment is closed. 
     In one embodiment, the scoring module  303  can further classified the open or closed states of segments of the roadway graph into one or more classifications based on the closure scores. By way of example, the classifications can include but is not limited to any one of the following:
         Strongly Closed: Closed links/superlinks with closure scores (closure_score) greater than or equal to a strong closure threshold (THRESH_CLOSED_STRONG) are considered as strongly closed:
           Superlink status=closed AND closure_score&gt;=THRESH_CLOSED_STRONG   
           Weakly Closed: Closed links/superlinks with closure scores less than THRESH_CLOSED_STRONG and greater than or equal to a weak closed threshold (THRESH_CLOSED_WEAK) are considered as weakly closed:
           Superlink status=closed AND   THRESH_CLOSED_WEAK&lt;=closure_score&lt;THRESH_CLOSED_STRONG   
           Semi-Weakly Closed: This is a sub-category under weakly closed, such that:
           Superlink status=closed AND   THRESH_CLOSED_SEMI_WEAK&lt;=closure_score&lt;THRESH_CLOSED_STRONG,   where   THRESH_CLOSED_WEAK&lt;=THRESH_CLOSED_SEMI_WEAK   
           Strongly Open: Open superlinks with closure scores less than THRESH_OPEN_STRONG are considered as strongly open:
           Superlink status=open AND closure_score&lt;=THRESH_OPEN_STRONG   
           Weakly Open: Open superlinks with closure scores greater than THRESH_OPEN_STRONG and less than or equal to THRESH_OPEN_WEAK:
           Superlink status=open AND   THRESH_OPEN_STRONG&lt;closure_score&lt;=THRESH_OPEN_WEAK   
           Semi-Weakly Open: This is a sub-category under weakly open, such that:
           Superlink status=open AND THRESH_OPEN_STRONG&lt;closure_score&lt;=THRESH_OPEN_SEMI_WEAK,   where   THRESH_OPEN_SEMI_WEAK&lt;=THRESH_OPEN_WEAK   
               

     In other words, the scoring module  303  can optionally perform a classification the one or more open segments, the one or more closed segments, or a combination thereof of the roadway graph as strongly closed, weakly closed, semi-weakly closed, strongly open, weakly open, semi-weakly open, or a combination thereof based on the closure confidence score. Although the specification refers to the closure scores of the segments using the classifications described above, it is contemplated that the raw closure scores can be used instead in combination with the corresponding threshold values. 
     As discussed above, in one embodiment, it is assumed that the starting point of the process  400  is a connected superlink graph where each superlink has a closure probability score and based on this score an assigned closure state, e.g., either closed or open. The superlink graph can cover an arbitrarily large area, e.g., a small road network of a couple of blocks in a neighborhood, road network of an entire city, country, or even the world. 
     In one embodiment, prior to combining discontinuous road closures, the roadway graph module  301  can go through the roadway graph of interest and break down this graph into subgraphs such that these subgraphs do not contain an open road segment between two closures which is greater than THRESH_MAX_INTERCLOSURE_DISTANCE.  FIG. 8A  illustrates an example of a large graph  801  with a very long open superlink  803  in the middle. As shown in  FIG. 8B , the large graph  801  can be split at the long superlink  803  into smaller subgraphs  805   a  and  805   b . In one embodiment, the subgraphs  805   a  and  805   b  can be further split until the resulting subgraphs meet the maximum interclosure distance threshold. In other words, each of the subgraphs  805   a  and  805   b  are split so that the subgraphs  805   a  and  805   b  do not contain an open road segment that is greater in length than a maximum interclosure distance. 
     Returning to the process  400 , in steps  403  and  405 , the scoring module  303  calculates a closure confidence score is calculated for each closed and open segment. As described above, a closure/open segment can consist of one or more superlinks. Therefore, closure confidence score for a closed/open segment can be calculated as follows:
         (1) In step  403 , for each superlink i of the segment, the scoring module  303  calculates an importance weight w SLi , using one or more attributes of the superlink. Examples of some of these attributes are provided below.   (2) In step  405 , the scoring module  303  computes the closure confidence score for the whole segment by taking a weighted average of superlink probabilities over each superlink of the segment using the weights w SLi .       

     In one embodiment, the importance weight of a superlink can be determined from one or more attributes of that superlink. Some examples of these attributes include but is not limited to:
         Length of the superlink.   Expected volume on that superlink in a given time interval (e.g., historically 7 unique vehicles were expected to pass through the superlink in the past 5 minutes).   Functional class (FC) importance: an importance class assigned to roads which takes values between 1 (most important) and 5 or more (least important). Since lower values indicate more important roads, the importance value due to functional class can be computed as follows:
           FC importance=maxFC+1−FC, where maxFC is the maximum FC.   For instance, if FC has a range between 1 and 5, and FC of a superlink is 2, then the FC importance value=5+1−2=4. If FC is 3, then the corresponding FC importance value=5+1−3=3 and is lower than the importance value of the superlink with FC=2.   
           Closure status duration: for how long the superlink has been marked as closed or open.       

     In one embodiment, the scoring module  303  can normalize these attributes for each superlink over the entire segment as follows:
         Normalized length (Length_norm)=superlink_length/sum(superlink_length) over all superlinks of the segment;   Normalized expected volume (Volume_norm)=expected_volume/sum(expected_volume) over all superlinks of the segment);   Normalized FC (FC_norm)=functional_class_importance/(maxFC+1)   Normalized closure status duration (Duration norm)=closure_duration/sum(closure_duration) over all superlinks of the segment.       

     Then, the importance weight of the superlink for the segment it belongs to can be computed as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
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     For the rest of the process  400  for combining or correcting road closures, the closure confidence score for each segment in the roadway graph is assumed to be calculated. For example, in step  405 , the state correction module  307  can determine to change or not change a road closure state of the one or more open segments, the at least two closed segments, or combination thereof based on the closure confidence score and/or a minimum distance threshold between the at least two closed segments. In one embodiment, the state correction module  307  makes this determination by evaluating various base cases of the discontinuous road closures contained the roadway graph. For example, the general base case  901  comprise two closure segments (e.g., segments  1  and  3 ) with an open segment (e.g., segment  2 ) in between, as shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     The state correction module  307  analyzes segments  1 - 3  of based case  901 , to determine if the closure state of the road segments  1 - 3  should be changed. In one embodiment, this decision is driven by how confidently closed or open these three segments are (e.g., based on their closure confidence scores and/or corresponding classifications). In other words, the determination of whether to change or combine road closures depends on these segments being strongly/weakly closed/open. This results, for instance, in eight different scenarios to consider. In all of these scenarios, L is the entire combined length of the segments being evaluated; i.e.:
 
 L =Length(Segment 1−Segment 3)
 
     These eight base cases are illustrated in  FIGS. 10-17  and discussed below.  FIG. 10  illustrates a base case  1001  in which all of the segments  1 - 3  are either strongly closed or strongly open. To process base case  1001 , the state correction module  307  evaluates the segments to modify the status of either Segment  1  or Segment  3  according to the following:
         If L&gt;=THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH (i.e., a minimum multiple closure length threshold), the state correction module  307  does not change the state of any of the Segments  1  or  3 .   Otherwise, the state correction module  307  can impose Rule 1 discussed above, which states that there cannot be two disjoint closure segments within the minimum multiple closure length threshold of each other. Accordingly, the state correction module  307  finds which of the closed segments (Segment  1  or Segment  3 ) has lower score and open that road segment. In case of Segment  1  and Segment  3  having same scores, pick one of them randomly and open it.       

     In other words, for base case  1001 , the state correction module  307  determines that a unit of the roadway graph includes at least a first segment classified as strongly closed, a second segment classified as strongly open, and a third segment classified as strongly closed. The state correction module  307  then performs at least one of: (1) initiating no change of the road closure state of the unit based on determining that a total link length of the unit is greater than or equal to the minimum distance threshold; and (2) initiating a change of the road closure state of either the first segment or the third segment based on determining that the total link length of the unit is less than the minimum distance threshold and based on the respective closure confidence score of the first segment and the third segment. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a base case  1101  comprising one strongly closed, one strongly open and one weakly closed segment. To process base case  1101 , the state correction module  307  evaluates whether to modify the status of Segment  3  according to the following:
         If L&lt;THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH, keep Segment  1  closed and open Segment  3 . This is due to Rule 1 which states that there cannot be two discontinuous closure segments within the minimum multiple closure length threshold of each other.   If L&gt;=THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH, then:
           If Segment  3  is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  marks Segment  3  as closed.   Otherwise, the state correction module  307  opens Segment  3 .   
               

     In other words, for base case  1101 , the state correction module  307  determines that a unit of the roadway graph includes at least a first segment classified as strongly closed, a second segment classified as strongly open, and a third segment classified as weakly closed. The state correction module  307  then performs at least one of: (1) initiating a change of the road closure state of the third segment to open based on determining that the total link length of the unit is less than the minimum distance threshold; and (2) initiating a change of the road closure state of the third segment to open based on determining that a total link length of the unit is greater than or equal to the minimum distance threshold and based on determining that the third segment is further classified as semi-weakly closed. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a base case  1201  comprising one weakly open segment surrounded by two strongly closed segments. To process base case  1201 , the state correction module  307  evaluates whether to modify only the status of Segment  2  according to the following:
         If L&lt;THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH, the state correction module  307  closes Segment  2 .   If L&gt;=THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH, then:
           If Segment  2  is weakly open, the state correction module  307  keeps Segment  2  open.   Otherwise, the state correction module  307  closes Segment  2 .   
               

     In other words, for base case  1201 , the state correction module  307  determines that a unit of the roadway graph includes at least a first segment is classified as strongly closed, a second segment classified as weakly open, and a third segment classified as strongly closed. The state correction module  307  then performs at least one of: (1) initiating a change of the road closure state of the second segment to closed based on determining that the total link length of the unit is less than the minimum distance threshold; and (2) initiating a change of the road closure state of the second segment to closed based on determining that a total link length of the unit is greater than or equal to the minimum distance threshold and based on determining that the second segment is further classified as semi-weakly open. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a base case  1301  comprising one strongly and one weakly closed segment with a weakly open segment in the middle. To process base case  1301 , the state correction module  307  evaluates the following:
         If L&lt;THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH, then:
           If Segment  3  is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  closes Segment  2 .   Otherwise, the state correction module  307  opens Segment  3 .   
           If L&gt;=THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH, then:
           If Segment  3  is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  keeps Segment  3  closed.   Otherwise, the state correction module  307  marks Segment  3  open.   
               

     In other words, for base case  1301 , the state correction module  307  determines that a unit of the roadway graph includes at least a first segment is classified as strongly closed, a second segment classified as weakly open, and a third segment classified as weakly closed. The state correction module  307  then performs at least one of: (1) initiating a change of the road closure state of the second segment to closed based on determining that the total link length of the unit is less than the minimum distance threshold and based on determining that the third segment is further classified as semi-weakly closed; (2) initiating a change of the road closure state of the third segment to open based on determining that the total link length of the unit is less than the minimum distance threshold and based on determining that the segment is not further classified as semi-weakly closed; and (3) initiating a change of the road closure state of the third segment to open based on determining that a total link length of the unit is greater than or equal to the minimum distance threshold and based on determining that the third segment is not further classified as semi-weakly closed. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a base case  1401  that is a mirror-image of base case  1101  of  FIG. 11  above. To process based case  1401 , different than based case  1101 , the state correction module  307  evaluates whether to modify the status of Segment  1  as follows:
         If L&lt;THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH, the state correction module  307  keeps Segment  3  closed and opens Segment  1 .   If L&gt;=THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH, then:
           If Segment  1  is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  marks Segment  1  as closed.   Otherwise, the state correction module  307  opens Segment  1 .   
               

     In other words, for base case  1401 , the state correction module  307  determines that a unit of the roadway graph includes at least a first segment is classified as weakly closed, a second segment classified as strongly open, and a third segment classified as strongly closed. The state correction module  307  then performs at least one of: (1) initiating a change of the road closure state of the first segment to open based on determining that the total link length of the unit is less than the minimum distance threshold; and (2) initiating a change of the road closure state of the first segment to open based on determining that a total link length of the unit is greater than or equal to the minimum distance threshold and based on determining that the first segment is not further classified as semi-weakly closed. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a base case  1501  comprising two weakly closed segments surrounding a strongly open segment. To process base case  150 , the state correction module  307  evaluates the following:
         If both Segment  1  and Segment  3  are semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  keeps the one with higher score closed and opens the other segment. In case of equal scores, the state correction module  307  break ties randomly (e.g., randomly selects to open either Segment  1  or Segment  3 ).   If only one segment is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  keeps that segment closed and opens the other segment.   If neither segment is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  opens both segments.       

     In other words, for base case  1501 , the state correction module  307  determines that a unit of the roadway graph includes at least a first segment is classified as weakly closed, a second segment classified as strongly open, and a third segment classified as weakly closed. The state correction module  307  then performs at least one of: (1) initiating a change of the road closure state of the first segment to open based on determining that the first segment and the third segment are further classified as semi-weakly closed and based on determining that the closure confidence score of the third segment is higher than the first segment; (2) initiating a change of the road closure state of the third segment to open based on determining that the first segment and the third segment are further classified as semi-weakly closed and based on determining that the closure confidence score of the first segment is higher than the third segment; (3) randomly initiating a change of the road closure state of either the first segment or the third segment to open based on determining that the first segment and the third segment are further classified as semi-weakly closed and based on determining that the closure confidence score of the first segment is equal to the third segment; (4) initiating a change of the road closure state of the first segment to open based on determining that the third segment is further classified as semi-weakly closed; (5) initiating a change of the road closure state of the third segment to open based on determining that the first segment is further classified as semi-weakly closed; and (6) initiating a change of the road closure state of both the first segment and the third segment to open based on determining neither the first segment or the third segment is further classified as semi-weakly closed. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a base case  1601  that is the mirror scenario of base case  1401  of  FIG. 14 . To process base case  1601 , the state correction module  307  evaluates the following:
         If L&lt;THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH,
           If Segment  1  is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  closes Segment  2 .   Otherwise, the state correction module  307  opens Segment  1 .   
           If L&gt;=THRESH_MIN_MULTI_CLOSURE_LENGTH,
           If Segment  1  is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  keeps Segment  1  closed.   Otherwise, the state correction module  307  marks Segment  1  open.   
               

     In other words, for base case  1501 , the state correction module  307  determines that a unit of the roadway graph includes at least a first segment is classified as weakly closed, a second segment classified as weakly open, and a third segment classified as strongly closed. The state correction module  307  then performs at least one of: (1) initiating a change of the road closure state of the second segment to closed based on determining that the total link length of the unit is less than the minimum distance threshold and based on determining that the first segment is further classified as semi-weakly closed; (2) initiating a change of the road closure state of the first segment to open based on determining that the total link length of the unit is less than the minimum distance threshold and based on determining that the first segment is not further classified as semi-weakly closed; and (3) initiating a change of the road closure state of the first segment to open based on determining that a total link length of the unit is greater than or equal to the minimum distance threshold and based on determining that the first segment is not further classified as semi-weakly closed. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a base case  1701  comprising two weakly closed segments surrounding a weakly opened segment. To process base case  1701 , the state correction module  307  can perform a similar evaluation as for base case  1501  of  FIG. 15  as follows:
         If both Segment  1  and Segment  3  are semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  keeps the one with higher score closed and opens the other segment. In case of equal scores, the state correction module  307  break ties randomly (e.g., randomly selects to open either Segment  1  or Segment  3 ).   If only one segment is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  keeps that segment closed and opens the other segment.   If neither segment is semi-weakly closed, the state correction module  307  opens both segments.       

     The base cases of  FIGS. 10-17  above are described with respect to a smallest unit or sequence of segments of a roadway graph that can form a discontinuous road closure (e.g., two closed segments separated by an open segment). In case of more complex setups with multiple closed and open segments, a sliding window of three road segments can be applied to the complex road, where the content of the window matches one of the base cases  1001 - 1701 . In one embodiment, the first window covers the first closed segment, followed by the first open segment and then the second closed segment. The state correction module  307  then makes a decision on road closure states of the segments within the bounds of the window by following the evaluation processes described in the matching base case above. 
     Then, the window slides such that its starting point is the second closure. The new window covers the second and third closures with the second open segment in between. The state correction module  307  again applies the evaluation processes specified by the matching base case for this window. As illustrated in the sliding example  1801  of  FIG. 18A , the window slides iteratively over each three-segment unit of the roadway graph from a specified beginning segment to an end segment. In one embodiment, as the sliding window moves in the direction of traffic, the state correction module  307  evaluates road segments and records their new states. However, in one embodiment, these states do not become effective until the window reaches the final or specified end closure segment. Once the window fully passes through the entire closure area, the states of the road segments are updated based on the outcome of the base cases evaluated in each window. Finally, a closure confidence score for each of the new segments is recalculated using the superlinks that belong to each road segment. 
     It should be noted that two consecutive windows will have a common road segment, e.g., the last segment in window w is the same as the segment in window w+1 (e.g., as shown in the window example  1811  of  FIG. 18B . The common road segment, S 3 , is evaluated in two different windows. Because of this, there is a possibility that two consecutive windows can decide on a different status on a common segment. In one embodiment, to resolve any potential inconsistency in state determination, if only one window decides the road segment shall be open, the segment is marked as open; or alternatively, if only one window decides the road segment shall be closed, the segment is marked as closed. 
     This process above is repeated, where a window slides from the beginning of the closure area until the end, evaluating each road segment using the new closure confidence scores. In one embodiment, the state correction module  307  stops either after a maximum number of iterations or once the road segments between two iterations have the same closure state. 
     An embodiment of the sliding window process is summarized below:
         (1) The state correction module  307  applies a sliding window over three consecutive road segments, such that the first and last segments are closures, with the middle segment being open.   (2) The state correction module  307  evaluates the road segments in each window, matching them to one of the 8 possible base cases. Record the decision for each road segment within the window.   (3) The state correction module  307  repeats steps 1-2 until the end of the closure region is reached.   (4) The state correction module  307  updates the closure status of each segment based on step 2. For road segments with two different closure decisions, the state correction module  307  marks the segment open if at least one of the decisions is open. In one embodiment, the state correction module  307  marks the road closed if both decisions state closure.   (5) The state correction module  307  recalculates closure confidence scores for all segments whose status have flipped (e.g., from closure to open or vice versa).   (6) The state correction module  307  repeats steps 1-5 until a maximum number of iterations are reached or until the closure status of road segments do not change between two iterations.       

     In one embodiment, after performing inconsistency resolution on road closure data, the mapping platform  111  can output the processed data to the road closure data layer  119  of the geographic database  109  or equivalent data. The mapping platform  111  can then provide access to the closure data layer  119  to providing mapping services, navigation services, location-based services, user interfaces, and/or any other service using the resolved road closure data. 
     Returning to  FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, the mapping platform  111  has connectivity over a communication network  117  to other components of the system  100  including but not limited to road closure reports  101 , services platform  103 , services  105 , content providers  107 , geographic database  109 , and/or vehicles  113  (e.g., probes). By way of example, the services  105  may also be other third-party services and include traffic incident services (e.g., to report road closures), mapping services, navigation services, travel planning services, notification services, social networking services, content (e.g., audio, video, images, etc.) provisioning services, application services, storage services, contextual information determination services, location-based services, information-based services (e.g., weather, news, etc.), etc. In one embodiment, the services platform  103  uses the output (e.g. physical divider predictions) of the mapping platform  111  to provide services such as navigation, mapping, other location-based services, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the mapping platform  111  may be a platform with multiple interconnected components. The mapping platform  111  may include multiple servers, intelligent networking devices, computing devices, components and corresponding software for providing parametric representations of lane lines. In addition, it is noted that the mapping platform  111  may be a separate entity of the system  100 , a part of the one or more services  105 , a part of the services platform  103 , or included within the vehicle  113 . 
     In one embodiment, content providers  107   a - 107   m  (collectively referred to as content providers  107 ) may provide content or data (e.g., including geographic data, parametric representations of mapped features, etc.) to the geographic database  109 , the mapping platform  111 , the services platform  103 , the services  105 , and the vehicle  113 . The content provided may be any type of content, such as traffic incident content (e.g., road closure reports), map content, textual content, audio content, video content, image content, etc. In one embodiment, the content providers  107  may provide content that may aid in the detecting and classifying of road closures or other traffic incidents. In one embodiment, the content providers  107  may also store content associated with the geographic database  109 , mapping platform  111 , services platform  103 , services  105 , and/or vehicle  113 . In another embodiment, the content providers  107  may manage access to a central repository of data, and offer a consistent, standard interface to data, such as a repository of the geographic database  109 . 
     In one embodiment, the vehicles  113 , for instance, are part of a probe-based system for collecting probe data for detecting traffic incidents and/or measuring traffic conditions in a road network. In one embodiment, each vehicle  113  is configured to report probe data as probe points, which are individual data records collected at a point in time that records telemetry data for that point in time. In one embodiment, the probe ID can be permanent or valid for a certain period of time. In one embodiment, the probe ID is cycled, particularly for consumer-sourced data, to protect the privacy of the source. 
     In one embodiment, a probe point can include attributes such as: (1) probe ID, (2) longitude, (3) latitude, (4) heading, (5) speed, and (6) time. The list of attributes is provided by way of illustration and not limitation. Accordingly, it is contemplated that any combination of these attributes or other attributes may be recorded as a probe point. For example, attributes such as altitude (e.g., for flight capable vehicles or for tracking non-flight vehicles in the altitude domain), tilt, steering angle, wiper activation, etc. can be included and reported for a probe point. In one embodiment, the vehicles  113  may include sensors  115  for reporting measuring and/or reporting attributes. The attributes can also be any attribute normally collected by an on-board diagnostic (OBD) system of the vehicle, and available through an interface to the OBD system (e.g., OBD II interface or other similar interface). In one embodiment, this data allows the system  100  to calculate or construct vehicle paths of a vehicle  113  over a stretch of road (e.g., over a closure link graph). 
     The probe points can be reported from the vehicles  113  in real-time, in batches, continuously, or at any other frequency requested by the system  100  over, for instance, the communication network  117  for processing by the mapping platform  111 . The probe points also can be mapped to specific road links stored in the geographic database  109 . In one embodiment, the system  100  can generate probe traces (e.g., vehicle paths or trajectories) from the probe points for an individual probe so that the probe traces represent a travel trajectory or vehicle path of the probe through the road network. 
     In one embodiment, the vehicle  113  is configured with various sensors  115  for generating or collecting vehicular sensor data, related geographic/map data, etc. In one embodiment, the sensed data represent sensor data associated with a geographic location or coordinates at which the sensor data was collected. In this way, the sensor data can act as observation data that can be separated into location-aware training and evaluation datasets according to their data collection locations as well as used for evaluating road closure reports according to the embodiments described herein. By way of example, the sensors may include a radar system, a LiDAR system, a global positioning sensor for gathering location data (e.g., GPS), a network detection sensor for detecting wireless signals or receivers for different short-range communications (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Li-Fi, near field communication (NFC) etc.), temporal information sensors, a camera/imaging sensor for gathering image data, an audio recorder for gathering audio data, velocity sensors mounted on steering wheels of the vehicles, switch sensors for determining whether one or more vehicle switches are engaged, and the like. 
     Other examples of sensors of the vehicle  113  may include light sensors, orientation sensors augmented with height sensors and acceleration sensor (e.g., an accelerometer can measure acceleration and can be used to determine orientation of the vehicle), tilt sensors to detect the degree of incline or decline of the vehicle along a path of travel, moisture sensors, pressure sensors, etc. In a further example embodiment, sensors about the perimeter of the vehicle  113  may detect the relative distance of the vehicle from a physical divider, a lane or roadway, the presence of other vehicles, pedestrians, traffic lights, potholes and any other objects, or a combination thereof. In one scenario, the sensors may detect weather data, traffic information, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the vehicle  113  may include GPS or other satellite-based receivers to obtain geographic coordinates from satellites for determining current location and time. Further, the location can be determined by visual odometry, triangulation systems such as A-GPS, Cell of Origin, or other location extrapolation technologies. In yet another embodiment, the sensors can determine the status of various control elements of the car, such as activation of wipers, use of a brake pedal, use of an acceleration pedal, angle of the steering wheel, activation of hazard lights, activation of head lights, etc. 
     In one embodiment, the communication network  117  of system  100  includes one or more networks such as a data network, a wireless network, a telephony network, or any combination thereof. It is contemplated that the data network may be any local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), a public data network (e.g., the Internet), short range wireless network, or any other suitable packet-switched network, such as a commercially owned, proprietary packet-switched network, e.g., a proprietary cable or fiber-optic network, and the like, or any combination thereof. In addition, the wireless network may be, for example, a cellular network and may employ various technologies including enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), wireless LAN (WLAN), Bluetooth®, Internet Protocol (IP) data casting, satellite, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), and the like, or any combination thereof. 
     By way of example, the mapping platform  111 , services platform  103 , services  105 , vehicle  113 , and/or content providers  107  communicate with each other and other components of the system  100  using well known, new or still developing protocols. In this context, a protocol includes a set of rules defining how the network nodes within the communication network  117  interact with each other based on information sent over the communication links. The protocols are effective at different layers of operation within each node, from generating and receiving physical signals of various types, to selecting a link for transferring those signals, to the format of information indicated by those signals, to identifying which software application executing on a computer system sends or receives the information. The conceptually different layers of protocols for exchanging information over a network are described in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. 
     Communications between the network nodes are typically effected by exchanging discrete packets of data. Each packet typically comprises (1) header information associated with a particular protocol, and (2) payload information that follows the header information and contains information that may be processed independently of that particular protocol. In some protocols, the packet includes (3) trailer information following the payload and indicating the end of the payload information. The header includes information such as the source of the packet, its destination, the length of the payload, and other properties used by the protocol. Often, the data in the payload for the particular protocol includes a header and payload for a different protocol associated with a different, higher layer of the OSI Reference Model. The header for a particular protocol typically indicates a type for the next protocol contained in its payload. The higher layer protocol is said to be encapsulated in the lower layer protocol. The headers included in a packet traversing multiple heterogeneous networks, such as the Internet, typically include a physical (layer 1) header, a data-link (layer 2) header, an internetwork (layer 3) header and a transport (layer 4) header, and various application (layer 5, layer 6 and layer 7) headers as defined by the OSI Reference Model. 
       FIG. 19  is a diagram of a geographic database, according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, the geographic database  109  includes geographic data  1901  used for (or configured to be compiled to be used for) mapping and/or navigation-related services. In one embodiment, geographic features (e.g., two-dimensional or three-dimensional features) are represented using polygons (e.g., two-dimensional features) or polygon extrusions (e.g., three-dimensional features). For example, the edges of the polygons correspond to the boundaries or edges of the respective geographic feature. In the case of a building, a two-dimensional polygon can be used to represent a footprint of the building, and a three-dimensional polygon extrusion can be used to represent the three-dimensional surfaces of the building. It is contemplated that although various embodiments are discussed with respect to two-dimensional polygons, it is contemplated that the embodiments are also applicable to three-dimensional polygon extrusions. Accordingly, the terms polygons and polygon extrusions as used herein can be used interchangeably. 
     In one embodiment, the following terminology applies to the representation of geographic features in the geographic database  109 . 
     “Node”—A point that terminates a link. 
     “Line segment”—A straight line connecting two points. 
     “Link” (or “edge”)—A contiguous, non-branching string of one or more line segments terminating in a node at each end. 
     “Shape point”—A point along a link between two nodes (e.g., used to alter a shape of the link without defining new nodes). 
     “Oriented link”—A link that has a starting node (referred to as the “reference node”) and an ending node (referred to as the “non reference node”). 
     “Simple polygon”—An interior area of an outer boundary formed by a string of oriented links that begins and ends in one node. In one embodiment, a simple polygon does not cross itself. 
     “Polygon”—An area bounded by an outer boundary and none or at least one interior boundary (e.g., a hole or island). In one embodiment, a polygon is constructed from one outer simple polygon and none or at least one inner simple polygon. A polygon is simple if it just consists of one simple polygon, or complex if it has at least one inner simple polygon. 
     In one embodiment, the geographic database  109  follows certain conventions. For example, links do not cross themselves and do not cross each other except at a node. Also, there are no duplicated shape points, nodes, or links. Two links that connect each other have a common node. In the geographic database  109 , overlapping geographic features are represented by overlapping polygons. When polygons overlap, the boundary of one polygon crosses the boundary of the other polygon. In the geographic database  109 , the location at which the boundary of one polygon intersects they boundary of another polygon is represented by a node. In one embodiment, a node may be used to represent other locations along the boundary of a polygon than a location at which the boundary of the polygon intersects the boundary of another polygon. In one embodiment, a shape point is not used to represent a point at which the boundary of a polygon intersects the boundary of another polygon. 
     As shown, the geographic database  109  includes node data records  1903 , road segment or link data records  1905 , POI data records  1907 , road closure data records  1909 , other records  1911 , and indexes  1913 , for example. More, fewer or different data records can be provided. In one embodiment, additional data records (not shown) can include cartographic (“carto”) data records, routing data, and maneuver data. In one embodiment, the indexes  1913  may improve the speed of data retrieval operations in the geographic database  109 . In one embodiment, the indexes  1913  may be used to quickly locate data without having to search every row in the geographic database  109  every time it is accessed. For example, in one embodiment, the indexes  1913  can be a spatial index of the polygon points associated with stored feature polygons. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the road segment data records  1905  are links or segments representing roads, streets, or paths, as can be used in the calculated route or recorded route information for determination of one or more personalized routes. The node data records  1903  are end points corresponding to the respective links or segments of the road segment data records  1905 . The road link data records  1905  and the node data records  1903  represent a road network, such as used by vehicles, cars, and/or other entities. Alternatively, the geographic database  109  can contain path segment and node data records or other data that represent pedestrian paths or areas in addition to or instead of the vehicle road record data, for example. 
     The road/link segments and nodes can be associated with attributes, such as geographic coordinates, street names, address ranges, speed limits, turn restrictions at intersections, and other navigation related attributes, as well as POIs, such as gasoline stations, hotels, restaurants, museums, stadiums, offices, automobile dealerships, auto repair shops, buildings, stores, parks, etc. The geographic database  109  can include data about the POIs and their respective locations in the POI data records  1907 . The geographic database  109  can also include data about places, such as cities, towns, or other communities, and other geographic features, such as bodies of water, mountain ranges, etc. Such place or feature data can be part of the POI data records  1907  or can be associated with POIs or POI data records  1907  (such as a data point used for displaying or representing a position of a city). 
     In one embodiment, the geographic database  109  includes the road closure data records  1909  for storing inconsistency-resolved road closure data, predicted road closure reports, road closure evaluations, road closure link graphs, associated probe data/vehicle paths, extracted features derived from the probe data, and/or any other related data. The road closure data records  1909  comprise of the road closure data layer  119  that store the automatically generated road closure classifications generated according to the various embodiments described herein. The road closure data layer  119  can be provided to other system components or end users to provided related mapping, navigation, and/or other location-based services. In one embodiment, the road closure data records  1909  can be associated with segments of a road link (as opposed to an entire link). It is noted that the segmentation of the road for the purposes of physical divider prediction can be different than the road link structure of the geographic database  109 . In other words, the segments can further subdivide the links of the geographic database  109  into smaller segments (e.g., of uniform lengths such as 5-meters). In this way, road closures or other traffic incidents can be predicted and represented at a level of granularity that is independent of the granularity or at which the actual road or road network is represented in the geographic database  109 . In one embodiment, the road closure data records  1909  can be associated with one or more of the node records  1903 , road segment or link records  1905 , and/or POI data records  1907 ; or portions thereof (e.g., smaller or different segments than indicated in the road segment records  1905 ) to provide situational awareness to drivers and provide for safer autonomous operation of vehicles. 
     In one embodiment, the geographic database  109  can be maintained by the content provider  107  in association with the services platform  103  (e.g., a map developer). The map developer can collect geographic data to generate and enhance the geographic database  109 . There can be different ways used by the map developer to collect data. These ways can include obtaining data from other sources, such as municipalities or respective geographic authorities. In addition, the map developer can employ field personnel to travel by vehicle along roads throughout the geographic region to observe features (e.g., road closures or other traffic incidents, etc.) and/or record information about them, for example. Also, remote sensing, such as aerial or satellite photography, can be used. 
     In one embodiment, the geographic database  109  include high resolution or high definition (HD) mapping data that provide centimeter-level or better accuracy of map features. For example, the geographic database  109  can be based on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) or equivalent technology to collect billions of 3D points and model road surfaces and other map features down to the number lanes and their widths. In one embodiment, the HD mapping data capture and store details such as the slope and curvature of the road, lane markings, roadside objects such as sign posts, including what the signage denotes. By way of example, the HD mapping data enable highly automated vehicles to precisely localize themselves on the road, and to determine road attributes (e.g., learned speed limit values) to at high accuracy levels. 
     In one embodiment, the geographic database  109  is stored as a hierarchical or multilevel tile-based projection or structure. More specifically, in one embodiment, the geographic database  109  may be defined according to a normalized Mercator projection. Other projections may be used. By way of example, the map tile grid of a Mercator or similar projection is a multilevel grid. Each cell or tile in a level of the map tile grid is divisible into the same number of tiles of that same level of grid. In other words, the initial level of the map tile grid (e.g., a level at the lowest zoom level) is divisible into four cells or rectangles. Each of those cells are in turn divisible into four cells, and so on until the highest zoom or resolution level of the projection is reached. 
     In one embodiment, the map tile grid may be numbered in a systematic fashion to define a tile identifier (tile ID). For example, the top left tile may be numbered 00, the top right tile may be numbered 01, the bottom left tile may be numbered 10, and the bottom right tile may be numbered 11. In one embodiment, each cell is divided into four rectangles and numbered by concatenating the parent tile ID and the new tile position. A variety of numbering schemes also is possible. Any number of levels with increasingly smaller geographic areas may represent the map tile grid. Any level (n) of the map tile grid has 2(n+1) cells. Accordingly, any tile of the level (n) has a geographic area of A/2(n+1) where A is the total geographic area of the world or the total area of the map tile grid 10. Because of the numbering system, the exact position of any tile in any level of the map tile grid or projection may be uniquely determined from the tile ID. 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  may identify a tile by a quadkey determined based on the tile ID of a tile of the map tile grid. The quadkey, for example, is a one-dimensional array including numerical values. In one embodiment, the quadkey may be calculated or determined by interleaving the bits of the row and column coordinates of a tile in the grid at a specific level. The interleaved bits may be converted to a predetermined base number (e.g., base 10, base 4, hexadecimal). In one example, leading zeroes are inserted or retained regardless of the level of the map tile grid in order to maintain a constant length for the one-dimensional array of the quadkey. In another example, the length of the one-dimensional array of the quadkey may indicate the corresponding level within the map tile grid 10. In one embodiment, the quadkey is an example of the hash or encoding scheme of the respective geographical coordinates of a geographical data point that can be used to identify a tile in which the geographical data point is located. 
     The geographic database  109  can be a master geographic database stored in a format that facilitates updating, maintenance, and development. For example, the master geographic database or data in the master geographic database can be in an Oracle spatial format or other spatial format, such as for development or production purposes. The Oracle spatial format or development/production database can be compiled into a delivery format, such as a geographic data files (GDF) format. The data in the production and/or delivery formats can be compiled or further compiled to form geographic database products or databases, which can be used in end user navigation devices or systems. 
     For example, geographic data is compiled (such as into a platform specification format (PSF) format) to organize and/or configure the data for performing navigation-related functions and/or services, such as route calculation, route guidance, map display, speed calculation, distance and travel time functions, and other functions, by a navigation device, such as by the vehicle  113 , for example. The navigation-related functions can correspond to vehicle navigation, pedestrian navigation, or other types of navigation. The compilation to produce the end user databases can be performed by a party or entity separate from the map developer. For example, a customer of the map developer, such as a navigation device developer or other end user device developer, can perform compilation on a received geographic database in a delivery format to produce one or more compiled navigation databases. 
     The processes described herein for combining discontinuous road closures detected in a network may be advantageously implemented via software, hardware (e.g., general processor, Digital Signal Processing (DSP) chip, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), etc.), firmware or a combination thereof. Such exemplary hardware for performing the described functions is detailed below. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a computer system  2000  upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Computer system  2000  is programmed (e.g., via computer program code or instructions) to combine discontinuous road closures detected in a network as described herein and includes a communication mechanism such as a bus  2010  for passing information between other internal and external components of the computer system  2000 . Information (also called data) is represented as a physical expression of a measurable phenomenon, typically electric voltages, but including, in other embodiments, such phenomena as magnetic, electromagnetic, pressure, chemical, biological, molecular, atomic, sub-atomic and quantum interactions. For example, north and south magnetic fields, or a zero and non-zero electric voltage, represent two states (0, 1) of a binary digit (bit). Other phenomena can represent digits of a higher base. A superposition of multiple simultaneous quantum states before measurement represents a quantum bit (qubit). A sequence of one or more digits constitutes digital data that is used to represent a number or code for a character. In some embodiments, information called analog data is represented by a near continuum of measurable values within a particular range. 
     A bus  2010  includes one or more parallel conductors of information so that information is transferred quickly among devices coupled to the bus  2010 . One or more processors  2002  for processing information are coupled with the bus  2010 . 
     A processor  2002  performs a set of operations on information as specified by computer program code related to combine discontinuous road closures detected in a network. The computer program code is a set of instructions or statements providing instructions for the operation of the processor and/or the computer system to perform specified functions. The code, for example, may be written in a computer programming language that is compiled into a native instruction set of the processor. The code may also be written directly using the native instruction set (e.g., machine language). The set of operations include bringing information in from the bus  2010  and placing information on the bus  2010 . The set of operations also typically include comparing two or more units of information, shifting positions of units of information, and combining two or more units of information, such as by addition or multiplication or logical operations like OR, exclusive OR (XOR), and AND. Each operation of the set of operations that can be performed by the processor is represented to the processor by information called instructions, such as an operation code of one or more digits. A sequence of operations to be executed by the processor  2002 , such as a sequence of operation codes, constitute processor instructions, also called computer system instructions or, simply, computer instructions. Processors may be implemented as mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical or quantum components, among others, alone or in combination. 
     Computer system  2000  also includes a memory  2004  coupled to bus  2010 . The memory  2004 , such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, stores information including processor instructions for combining discontinuous road closures detected in a network. Dynamic memory allows information stored therein to be changed by the computer system  2000 . RAM allows a unit of information stored at a location called a memory address to be stored and retrieved independently of information at neighboring addresses. The memory  2004  is also used by the processor  2002  to store temporary values during execution of processor instructions. The computer system  2000  also includes a read only memory (ROM)  2006  or other static storage device coupled to the bus  2010  for storing static information, including instructions, that is not changed by the computer system  2000 . Some memory is composed of volatile storage that loses the information stored thereon when power is lost. Also coupled to bus  2010  is a non-volatile (persistent) storage device  2008 , such as a magnetic disk, optical disk or flash card, for storing information, including instructions, that persists even when the computer system  2000  is turned off or otherwise loses power. 
     Information, including instructions for combining discontinuous road closures detected in a network, is provided to the bus  2010  for use by the processor from an external input device  2012 , such as a keyboard containing alphanumeric keys operated by a human user, or a sensor. A sensor detects conditions in its vicinity and transforms those detections into physical expression compatible with the measurable phenomenon used to represent information in computer system  2000 . Other external devices coupled to bus  2010 , used primarily for interacting with humans, include a display device  2014 , such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD), or plasma screen or printer for presenting text or images, and a pointing device  2016 , such as a mouse or a trackball or cursor direction keys, or motion sensor, for controlling a position of a small cursor image presented on the display  2014  and issuing commands associated with graphical elements presented on the display  2014 . In some embodiments, for example, in embodiments in which the computer system  2000  performs all functions automatically without human input, one or more of external input device  2012 , display device  2014  and pointing device  2016  is omitted. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, special purpose hardware, such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)  2020 , is coupled to bus  2010 . The special purpose hardware is configured to perform operations not performed by processor  2002  quickly enough for special purposes. Examples of application specific ICs include graphics accelerator cards for generating images for display  2014 , cryptographic boards for encrypting and decrypting messages sent over a network, speech recognition, and interfaces to special external devices, such as robotic arms and medical scanning equipment that repeatedly perform some complex sequence of operations that are more efficiently implemented in hardware. 
     Computer system  2000  also includes one or more instances of a communications interface  2070  coupled to bus  2010 . Communication interface  2070  provides a one-way or two-way communication coupling to a variety of external devices that operate with their own processors, such as printers, scanners and external disks. In general the coupling is with a network link  2078  that is connected to a local network  2080  to which a variety of external devices with their own processors are connected. For example, communication interface  2070  may be a parallel port or a serial port or a universal serial bus (USB) port on a personal computer. In some embodiments, communications interface  2070  is an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a digital subscriber line (DSL) card or a telephone modem that provides an information communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. In some embodiments, a communication interface  2070  is a cable modem that converts signals on bus  2010  into signals for a communication connection over a coaxial cable or into optical signals for a communication connection over a fiber optic cable. As another example, communications interface  2070  may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN, such as Ethernet. Wireless links may also be implemented. For wireless links, the communications interface  2070  sends or receives or both sends and receives electrical, acoustic or electromagnetic signals, including infrared and optical signals, that carry information streams, such as digital data. For example, in wireless handheld devices, such as mobile telephones like cell phones, the communications interface  2070  includes a radio band electromagnetic transmitter and receiver called a radio transceiver. In certain embodiments, the communications interface  2070  enables connection to the communication network  117  for combining discontinuous road closures detected in a network. 
     The term computer-readable medium is used herein to refer to any medium that participates in providing information to processor  2002 , including instructions for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device  2008 . Volatile media include, for example, dynamic memory  2004 . Transmission media include, for example, coaxial cables, copper wire, fiber optic cables, and carrier waves that travel through space without wires or cables, such as acoustic waves and electromagnetic waves, including radio, optical and infrared waves. Signals include man-made transient variations in amplitude, frequency, phase, polarization or other physical properties transmitted through the transmission media. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, CDRW, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, optical mark sheets, any other physical medium with patterns of holes or other optically recognizable indicia, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a chip set  2100  upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Chip set  2100  is programmed to combine discontinuous road closures detected in a network as described herein and includes, for instance, the processor and memory components described with respect to  FIG. 20  incorporated in one or more physical packages (e.g., chips). By way of example, a physical package includes an arrangement of one or more materials, components, and/or wires on a structural assembly (e.g., a baseboard) to provide one or more characteristics such as physical strength, conservation of size, and/or limitation of electrical interaction. It is contemplated that in certain embodiments the chip set can be implemented in a single chip. 
     In one embodiment, the chip set  2100  includes a communication mechanism such as a bus  2101  for passing information among the components of the chip set  2100 . A processor  2103  has connectivity to the bus  2101  to execute instructions and process information stored in, for example, a memory  2105 . The processor  2103  may include one or more processing cores with each core configured to perform independently. A multi-core processor enables multiprocessing within a single physical package. Examples of a multi-core processor include two, four, eight, or greater numbers of processing cores. Alternatively or in addition, the processor  2103  may include one or more microprocessors configured in tandem via the bus  2101  to enable independent execution of instructions, pipelining, and multithreading. The processor  2103  may also be accompanied with one or more specialized components to perform certain processing functions and tasks such as one or more digital signal processors (DSP)  2107 , or one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC)  2109 . A DSP  2107  typically is configured to process real-world signals (e.g., sound) in real time independently of the processor  2103 . Similarly, an ASIC  2109  can be configured to performed specialized functions not easily performed by a general purposed processor. Other specialized components to aid in performing the inventive functions described herein include one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) (not shown), one or more controllers (not shown), or one or more other special-purpose computer chips. 
     The processor  2103  and accompanying components have connectivity to the memory  2105  via the bus  2101 . The memory  2105  includes both dynamic memory (e.g., RAM, magnetic disk, writable optical disk, etc.) and static memory (e.g., ROM, CD-ROM, etc.) for storing executable instructions that when executed perform the inventive steps described herein to combine discontinuous road closures detected in a network. The memory  2105  also stores the data associated with or generated by the execution of the inventive steps. 
       FIG. 22  is a diagram of exemplary components of a mobile terminal (e.g., handset) capable of operating in the system of  FIG. 1 , according to one embodiment. Generally, a radio receiver is often defined in terms of front-end and back-end characteristics. The front-end of the receiver encompasses all of the Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry whereas the back-end encompasses all of the base-band processing circuitry. Pertinent internal components of the telephone include a Main Control Unit (MCU)  2203 , a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)  2205 , and a receiver/transmitter unit including a microphone gain control unit and a speaker gain control unit. A main display unit  2207  provides a display to the user in support of various applications and mobile station functions that offer automatic contact matching. An audio function circuitry  2209  includes a microphone  2211  and microphone amplifier that amplifies the speech signal output from the microphone  2211 . The amplified speech signal output from the microphone  2211  is fed to a coder/decoder (CODEC)  2213 . 
     A radio section  2215  amplifies power and converts frequency in order to communicate with a base station, which is included in a mobile communication system, via antenna  2217 . The power amplifier (PA)  2219  and the transmitter/modulation circuitry are operationally responsive to the MCU  2203 , with an output from the PA  2219  coupled to the duplexer  2221  or circulator or antenna switch, as known in the art. The PA  2219  also couples to a battery interface and power control unit  2220 . 
     In use, a user of mobile station  2201  speaks into the microphone  2211  and his or her voice along with any detected background noise is converted into an analog voltage. The analog voltage is then converted into a digital signal through the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)  2223 . 
     The control unit  2203  routes the digital signal into the DSP  2205  for processing therein, such as speech encoding, channel encoding, encrypting, and interleaving. In one embodiment, the processed voice signals are encoded, by units not separately shown, using a cellular transmission protocol such as global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wireless fidelity (WiFi), satellite, and the like. 
     The encoded signals are then routed to an equalizer  2225  for compensation of any frequency-dependent impairments that occur during transmission though the air such as phase and amplitude distortion. After equalizing the bit stream, the modulator  2227  combines the signal with a RF signal generated in the RF interface  2229 . The modulator  2227  generates a sine wave by way of frequency or phase modulation. In order to prepare the signal for transmission, an up-converter  2231  combines the sine wave output from the modulator  2227  with another sine wave generated by a synthesizer  2233  to achieve the desired frequency of transmission. The signal is then sent through a PA  2219  to increase the signal to an appropriate power level. In practical systems, the PA  2219  acts as a variable gain amplifier whose gain is controlled by the DSP  2205  from information received from a network base station. The signal is then filtered within the duplexer  2221  and optionally sent to an antenna coupler  2235  to match impedances to provide maximum power transfer. Finally, the signal is transmitted via antenna  2217  to a local base station. An automatic gain control (AGC) can be supplied to control the gain of the final stages of the receiver. The signals may be forwarded from there to a remote telephone which may be another cellular telephone, other mobile phone or a land-line connected to a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), or other telephony networks. 
     Voice signals transmitted to the mobile station  2201  are received via antenna  2217  and immediately amplified by a low noise amplifier (LNA)  2237 . A down-converter  2239  lowers the carrier frequency while the demodulator  2241  strips away the RF leaving only a digital bit stream. The signal then goes through the equalizer  2225  and is processed by the DSP  2205 . A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)  2243  converts the signal and the resulting output is transmitted to the user through the speaker  2245 , all under control of a Main Control Unit (MCU)  2203 —which can be implemented as a Central Processing Unit (CPU) (not shown). 
     The MCU  2203  receives various signals including input signals from the keyboard  2247 . The keyboard  2247  and/or the MCU  2203  in combination with other user input components (e.g., the microphone  2211 ) comprise a user interface circuitry for managing user input. The MCU  2203  runs a user interface software to facilitate user control of at least some functions of the mobile station  2201  to combine discontinuous road closures detected in a network. The MCU  2203  also delivers a display command and a switch command to the display  2207  and to the speech output switching controller, respectively. Further, the MCU  2203  exchanges information with the DSP  2205  and can access an optionally incorporated SIM card  2249  and a memory  2251 . In addition, the MCU  2203  executes various control functions required of the station. The DSP  2205  may, depending upon the implementation, perform any of a variety of conventional digital processing functions on the voice signals. Additionally, DSP  2205  determines the background noise level of the local environment from the signals detected by microphone  2211  and sets the gain of microphone  2211  to a level selected to compensate for the natural tendency of the user of the mobile station  2201 . 
     The CODEC  2213  includes the ADC  2223  and DAC  2243 . The memory  2251  stores various data including call incoming tone data and is capable of storing other data including music data received via, e.g., the global Internet. The software module could reside in RAM memory, flash memory, registers, or any other form of writable computer-readable storage medium known in the art including non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. For example, the memory device  2251  may be, but not limited to, a single memory, CD, DVD, ROM, RAM, EEPROM, optical storage, or any other non-volatile or non-transitory storage medium capable of storing digital data. 
     An optionally incorporated SIM card  2249  carries, for instance, important information, such as the cellular phone number, the carrier supplying service, subscription details, and security information. The SIM card  2249  serves primarily to identify the mobile station  2201  on a radio network. The card  2249  also contains a memory for storing a personal telephone number registry, text messages, and user specific mobile station settings. 
     While the invention has been described in connection with a number of embodiments and implementations, the invention is not so limited but covers various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements, which fall within the purview of the appended claims. Although features of the invention are expressed in certain combinations among the claims, it is contemplated that these features can be arranged in any combination and order.