Patent Publication Number: US-2021187897-A1

Title: Custom Manufactured Fit Pods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation-in-part application of Patent Cooperation Treaty Application Serial No. PCT/US2019/061157, entitled “MicroLattice Layers,” filed on Nov. 13, 2019, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/760,319, entitled “AirCrew Helmet System,” filed Nov. 13, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/898,443, entitled “Microlattice Layers,” filed Sep. 10, 2019, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
     This application further claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/960,827 entitled “Custom Manufactured Fit Pods,” filed Jan. 14, 2020, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to methods, devices, and systems for conformal body protection. More specifically, the invention relates to methods, devices, and systems for tailored micro-lattice layers and/or structures for custom and conformal body protection and its suitability for use in different applications. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Currently, different types of foam materials (e.g., EPS) are commonly used in sporting good implements, such as hockey sticks and baseball bats, because their strength-to-weight ratios provide a solid combination of light weight and performance. Foamed materials, however, have limitations. For example, foamed materials have homogeneous, isotropic properties, such that they generally have the same behavioral and/or mechanical characteristics in all directions. Further, not all foamed materials can be precisely controlled, and their properties are stochastic, or random, and not designed in any particular direction. And because of their porosity, foamed materials often compress or lose strength over time, as well as lack the ability to handle multifunctional and/or multi-cyclic applications. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     There exists a need to create an improved microlattice layer that provides a greater stiffness, and strength-to-weight ratio, comfort as well as providing excellent energy absorption for use in different applications. Furthermore, microlattice offers additional advantages compared to conventional lattices, resulting in improved capability of core ventilation and heat exchange, which eliminates the problem of moisture absorption and potential material properties degradation. The microlattice layer and/or structure comprises an interconnected network of a plurality of filaments (e.g., or struts) that can be tailored to specific applications by modifying the filament dimensions, filament materials, units cell shape and geometry, interior angles, filament configuration and/or any combination thereof. 
     The improved microlattice layer and/or structure has optimal mechanical properties for impact absorption because it allows for multiple, repeated compressions. The microlattice layer and/or structure is capable of hyper-elastic or elastic buckling, giving the microlattice layer and/or structure the resilience to recover their energy-absorbing shape and properties after impact. The microlattice layer and/or structure deforms 50% or greater from its original dimensions, which is most commonly referred to as the strain, and returns to its original configuration and/or dimensions. More specifically, the improved microlattice layer and/or structure can exceed strains (and/or deformations) of 50% or greater before it returns to its original configuration and/or dimensions. 
     The improved microlattice layer and/or structure may have optimal stress and/or strains when manufactured with conformal or custom surfaces that match or substantially match contours. When a structure is manufactured flat or planar, and it is bent to positioned within a helmet or a curved surfaces, the structure experiences higher stress and/or strain. The strain is the amount which a material deforms under stress or force and it is measured by the change in length divided by the original length. The stress is a measure of force applied on a structure over the area. Ultimately, for smaller strains, most structures may behave elastically and return to their original shape after the force is removed. However, the greater the strain that exceeds the elastic limit of the structure, the structure may permanently deform or eventually break. However, conformal or custom surfaces reduces or eliminates stress or strain that a structure may experience. Conformal or custom surfaces contains at least one surface matches at least one contour within a helmet or curved surface and bending is not required to be positioned within the helmet or a curved surface within a helmet or wearer&#39;s head. 
     The various improved microlattice structures and/or layers provided herein are depicted with respect to American football, but it should be understood that the various devices, methods and/or components may be suitable for use in protecting players in various other athletic sports, as well as other occupations that require personal protective equipment, such as law enforcement, military, construction and/or informal training session uses. For example, the embodiments of the present invention may be suitable for use by individuals engaged in athletic activities such as baseball, bowling, boxing, cricket, cycling, motorcycling, golf, hockey, lacrosse, soccer, rowing, rugby, running, skating, skateboarding, skiing, snowboarding, surfing, swimming, table tennis, tennis, or volleyball, or during training sessions related thereto. 
     In one embodiment, the microlattice layer may comprise at least one surface that conforms to an anatomical feature of a wearer. The microlattice layer at least one surface can generally match, match or substantially match the wearer&#39;s unique anatomical features, namely the topography and contours of the wearer&#39;s head and facial region, including the jaw region. Accordingly, the microlattice layer may comprise a first surface (or top surface) and a second surface (or a bottom surface), the first surface or second surface can generally match, match or substantially match at least one anatomical feature of a wearer and/or at least one contour of a wearer&#39;s head. Such custom surfaces provide an improved fit and comfort for the wearer, and interchangeability. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure comprises a plurality of filaments, the plurality of filaments having or sharing at least one interconnection or node to an adjacent plurality of filaments. The plurality of filaments having a longitudinal axis and/or the adjacent plurality of filaments having a longitudinal axis, the plurality of filaments longitudinal axis and the adjacent plurality of filaments longitudinal axis extending in different directions. The different directions may comprise lateral direction, perpendicular direction, non-perpendicular direction. The non-perpendicularity may comprise having an interior angle of 1 degree to 89 degrees. Alternatively, the non-perpendicularity may comprise an interior angle of 15 degrees to 75 degrees. The plurality of filaments and/or the adjacent plurality of filaments having a 3:1 or greater aspect ratio and having a cross-section, the cross-section is solid or hollow. The cross-section may further comprise a circle, a regular polygon or irregular polygon. The plurality of filaments and/or the adjacent plurality of filaments are spaced apart, and positioned parallel in a straight line, with repeating rows or non-repeating rows. Alternatively, the plurality of filaments and/or the adjacent plurality of filaments are positioned offset or staggered, repeating rows and/or non-repeating rows that are staggered, offset, and/or diagonal alignment from the adjacent or preceding row—the staggered, offset and/or diagonal alignment may be a 15 to 60 degree alignment. The microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise at least one material layer. Alternatively, the microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise a first material layer and a second material layer. The microlattice layer and/or structure may be a single structure and/or layer, and/or a plurality of layers or structures. The plurality of layers and/or structures may be stacked longitudinally, or positioned adjacent to preceding plurality of layers or structures. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure comprises a first plurality of filaments and a second plurality of filaments, the first plurality of filaments having or sharing at least one interconnection (or node) with the second plurality of filaments. The first plurality of filaments having a longitudinal axis and/or the second plurality of filaments having a longitudinal axis, the first plurality of filaments longitudinal axis and the second plurality of filaments longitudinal axis extending in different directions. The non-perpendicularity may comprise having an interior angle of 1 degree to 89 degrees. Alternatively, the non-perpendicularity may comprise an interior angle of 15 degrees to 75 degrees. The first plurality of filaments and/or the second plurality of filaments having a 3:1 or greater aspect ratio and having a cross-section, the cross-section is solid and/or hollow. The cross-section may further comprise a circle, a regular polygon or irregular polygon. The first plurality of filaments and/or the second plurality of filaments are spaced apart, and positioned parallel in a straight line, with repeating rows, non-repeating rows and/or random rows. Alternatively, the first plurality of filaments and/or the second plurality filaments are positioned offset or staggered, repeating rows, non-repeating rows and/or random rows that are staggered, offset, and/or diagonal alignment from the adjacent or preceding repeating row or non-repeating row—the staggered, offset and/or diagonal alignment may be a 15 to 60 degree alignment. The microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise at least one material layer. Alternatively, the microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise a first material layer and a second material layer. The microlattice layer and/or structure may be a single structure and/or layer, and/or a plurality of layers or structures. The plurality of layers and/or structures may be stacked longitudinally, or positioned adjacent to preceding plurality of layers or structures. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure comprises at least three filaments, at least one node and a plurality of interior angles. The at least three filaments having a longitudinal axis, the at least three filaments longitudinal axis extending in different directions from the at least one node. The at least three filaments connecting, coupling and/or fusing to the adjacent at least three filaments to create a matrix or microlattice. The plurality of interior angles disposed between each of the at least three filaments. The plurality of interior angles comprises perpendicular and/or non-perpendicular angles. The non-perpendicularity may comprise having an interior angle of 1 degree to 89 degrees. Alternatively, the non-perpendicularity may comprise an interior angle of 15 degrees to 75 degrees. The at least three filaments having a 3:1 or greater aspect ratio and having a cross-section, the cross-section is solid and/or hollow. The cross-section may further comprise a circle, a regular polygon or irregular polygon. The at least three filaments are spaced apart, and positioned parallel in a straight line, with repeating rows, non-repeating rows and/or random rows. Alternatively, the at least three filaments are positioned offset or staggered, repeating rows, non-repeating rows and/or random rows that are staggered, offset, and/or diagonal alignment from the adjacent or preceding row—the staggered, offset and/or diagonal alignment may be a 15 to 60 degree alignment. The microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise at least one material layer. Alternatively, the microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise a first material layer and a second material layer. The microlattice layer and/or structure may be a single structure and/or layer, and/or a plurality of layers or structures. The plurality of layers and/or structures may be stacked longitudinally, or positioned adjacent to preceding plurality of layers or structures. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure comprising a plurality of filament units. The plurality of filament units comprises a plurality of interconnected filaments arranged into an array of geometric shapes. The plurality of interconnected filaments having at least one node disposed at the intersections between the plurality of interconnected filaments. The geometric shapes may comprise regular or irregular polygons. The geometric shapes may comprise 2D or 3D shapes. The geometric shapes may further comprise a 2D or 3D triangular, cubic, star, octet, hexagonal, diamond, tetrahedron, kegome and/or any combination thereof. The plurality of filaments having a cross-sectional shape, the cross-sectional shape may be solid or hollow. The cross-sectional shape may be circular, oval, regular polygon and/or irregular polygon. the plurality of interconnected filaments extending from the at least one node. The microlattice layer and/or impact mitigation layer further comprising interior angles, the interior angles disposed between the plurality of interconnected filaments. The interior angle(s) comprising 1 degree to 89 degrees. Alternatively, the interior angle(s) angles comprising 15 degrees to 75 degrees. The plurality of interconnected filaments having a 3:1 or greater aspect ratio and having a cross-section, the cross-section is solid and/or hollow. The cross-section may further comprise a circle, a regular polygon or irregular polygon. The plurality of geometric filament units are spaced apart, and positioned parallel in a straight line, with repeating rows, non-repeating rows and/or random rows. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure comprises a plurality of nodes, a plurality of filaments and a plurality of interior angles. The plurality of filaments extends from each of the plurality of nodes. The plurality of interior angles disposed between the plurality of filaments. The plurality of interior angles comprises perpendicular or non-perpendicular angles. The plurality of interior angles comprises a range of 1 to 89 degrees. Alternatively, the interior angle(s) angles comprising 15 degrees to 75 degrees. The plurality of filaments having a 3:1 or greater aspect ratio and having a cross-section, the cross-section comprising a solid and/or hollow cross-section. The solid or hollow cross-section may further comprise a circle, a regular polygon or irregular polygon. The plurality of filaments and/or each of the plurality of filaments extending in the same direction and/or different directions from each of the plurality of nodes. Alternatively, the plurality of filaments and/or each of the plurality of filaments extending in the same plane and/or different planes. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure comprises a plurality of filaments, an additional plurality of filaments and a plurality of interior angles. The plurality of filaments or each of the plurality of filaments comprising a first end node and/or a second end node. The plurality of filaments or each of the plurality of filaments further comprising at least one mid node, the at least one mid node disposed anywhere along the length of the plurality of filaments or each of the plurality of filaments between the first and second end node. The additional plurality of filaments and/or each of the additional plurality of filaments extends from the first or second end node of the plurality of filaments or each of the first or second end node of the plurality of filaments. Accordingly, the additional plurality of filaments and/or each of the additional plurality of filaments extends from the first end and second end of the plurality of filaments or each of the first end and second end of the plurality of filaments. Furthermore, the additional plurality of filaments and/or each of the additional plurality of filaments extends from the first end node, second end node, and the at least one mid node of the plurality of filaments or each of the first end of the plurality of filaments. Alternatively, the additional plurality of filaments and/or each of the additional plurality of filaments extends from the first end node or second end node, and the at least one mid node of the plurality of filaments or each of the first end of the plurality of filaments. The plurality of interior angles disposed between the plurality of filaments and the additional plurality of filaments. The plurality of interior angles comprises perpendicular or non-perpendicular angles. The plurality of interior angles comprises a range of 1 to 89 degrees. Alternatively, the interior angle(s) angles comprising 15 degrees to 75 degrees. The plurality of filaments having a 3:1 or greater aspect ratio and having a cross-section, the cross-section comprising a solid and/or hollow cross-section. The solid or hollow cross-section may further comprise a circle, a regular polygon or irregular polygon. The plurality of filaments and/or each of the plurality of filaments extending in the same direction and/or different directions from each of the plurality of nodes. Alternatively, the additional plurality of filaments and/or each of the additional plurality of filaments extending in the same plane and/or different planes as the plurality of filaments or each of the plurality of filaments. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure comprises a plurality of filaments, a plurality of nodes and a plurality of interior angles. The plurality of filaments intersects creating the plurality of nodes at the intersection. The plurality of nodes comprising a first end node and/or a second end node. The first and second end node disposed on the top or bottom portion of the plurality of filaments. The plurality of nodes further comprising at least one mid node, the at least one mid node disposed anywhere along the length of the plurality of filaments or each of the plurality of filaments between the first and second end node. The plurality of nodes comprising 1 to 10 nodes. The plurality of filaments and/or each of the plurality of filaments extends from the plurality of nodes. In another embodiment, the plurality of filaments extends from the first end or second end node. In another embodiment, the plurality of filaments and/or each of the plurality of filaments extends non-perpendicular from the first end node, second end node, and the at least one mid node. Alternatively, the plurality of filaments and/or each of the plurality of filaments extends from the first end node or second end node, and the at least one mid node. The plurality of interior angles disposed between the plurality of filaments. The plurality of interior angles comprises perpendicular or non-perpendicular angles. The plurality of interior angles comprises a range of 1 to 89 degrees. Alternatively, the interior angle(s) angles comprising 15 degrees to 75 degrees. The plurality of filaments having a 3:1 or greater aspect ratio and having a cross-section, the cross-section comprising a solid and/or hollow cross-section. The solid or hollow cross-section may further comprise a circle, a regular polygon or irregular polygon. The plurality of filaments and/or each of the plurality of filaments extending in the same direction and/or different directions from each of the plurality of nodes. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer may comprise a plurality microlattice layers and/or structures that are stacked. The stacking may comprise a plurality of microlattice layers disposed or arranged on top of each other longitudinally. The plurality of microlattice layers and/or each of the plurality of microlattice layers having the same microlattice density, microlattice compressive strain, microlattice compressive strength, filament dimensions, filament units, interior angles, and/or the any combination thereof. Alternatively, the plurality of microlattice layers and/or each of the plurality of microlattice layers having the different microlattice densities, microlattice compressive strain, microlattice compressive strength, filament dimensions, filament units, interior angles, and/or the any combination thereof. The plurality of microlattice layers and/or each of the plurality of microlattice layers may be aligned or non-aligned (e.g. offset) with one or more nodes, and/or one or more filaments. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise at least one material layer. The at least one material layer may comprise a single, continuous structure and/or layer. The least one material layer extends laterally across at least a portion of the plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the additional plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments and/or the plurality of nodes. The plurality of filaments, the plurality of additional filaments, and/or the plurality of interconnected filaments having at least one end that is coupled, contacts, mates, abuts to the at least one material layer, and/or the second material layer. The plurality of nodes having at least a portion that is coupled, contacts, mates, abuts to the at least one material layer. The at least one material layer may comprise a material that is the same or different than the plurality of filaments, the plurality of additional filaments, and/or the plurality of interconnected filaments. Alternatively, the at least one material layer may comprise a plurality of segments. The plurality of segments extends laterally across at least a portion of the plurality of filaments, the plurality of additional filaments, the plurality of interconnected filaments and/or the plurality of nodes. The plurality of segments is spaced apart and positioned in a repeating rows, non-repeating rows, and/or random rows. Each of the repeating rows may be parallel to the preceding or adjacent repeating row or non-repeating row. The at least one material layer maybe disposed on top and/or bottom surface of the microlattice layer. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise a first material layer and a second material layer. The first and second material layer may be disposed on top surface and/or a bottom surface of a microlattice layer and/or structure. The first and/or second material layer extends laterally across at least a portion of the microlattice layer. At least a portion of the plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the additional plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments and/or at least a portion of the plurality of nodes couples, contacts, mates, abuts to the at least a portion of first material layer, and/or the second material layer. At least a portion of the plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the additional plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments extends substantially perpendicular or perpendicular from at least a portion of the first material layer and/or the second material layer. Alternatively, the at least a portion of the plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the additional plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments extends substantially non-perpendicular or non-perpendicular from at least a portion of the first material layer and/or the second material layer. The non-perpendicularity may comprise 1 degree to 89 degrees. The first and second material layer may comprise a material that is the same or different than the plurality of filaments, the additional plurality of filaments, the plurality of interconnected filaments. The first and/or second material layer may comprise a single, continuous layer. Alternatively, the first and/or second material layer may comprise a plurality of segments. The single, continuous layer and/or the plurality of segments extends laterally across at least a portion of the plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments, at least a portion of the additional plurality of filaments and/or the plurality of nodes. The single, continuous layer and/or the plurality of segments comprises a shape, the shape being a circle, oval, regular polygon or irregular polygon. The regular or irregular polygons comprises a triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, septagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon and/or any combination thereof. The plurality of segments are spaced apart, and positioned in a repeating rows, non-repeating rows and/or random, each of the repeating rows or non-repeating rows may be parallel to the preceding or adjacent repeating and/or non-repeating row. The first material layer may comprise the same material as the second material layer. Alternatively, the first material layer may comprise a different material than the second material layer. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise an intermediate material layer. The intermediate layer may be disposed between the plurality of microlattice layers. The intermediate material layer may comprise a single, continuous structure and/or layer. The intermediate material layer extends laterally across at least a portion of the plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the additional plurality of filaments, at least a portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments and/or the plurality of nodes. The plurality of filaments having at least one end that is coupled, contacts, mates, abuts to the intermediate material layer. The plurality of nodes having at least a portion that is coupled, contacts, mates, abuts to the at least one material layer. The intermediate material layer may comprise a material that is the same or different than the plurality of filaments, the first material layer, and/or second material layer. Alternatively, the intermediate material layer may comprise a plurality of segments. The plurality of segments extends laterally across at least a portion of the plurality of filaments and/or the plurality of nodes. The plurality of segments is spaced apart and positioned in a repeating row, a non-repeating row, and/or random. Each of the repeating rows or non-repeating rows may be parallel to the preceding or adjacent repeating row. The at least one material layer maybe disposed on at least one surface, a top and/or a bottom surface of the microlattice layer and/or structure. 
     In one embodiment, an improved microlattice can be incorporated into a protective helmet. The protective helmet comprising an outer shell and an impact mitigation layer. The impact mitigation layer adjacent to an inner surface of the outer shell and/or is coupled to an inner surface of the outer shell. The impact mitigation layer comprises an impact mitigation layer, the plurality of impact mitigation layer comprises at least one microlattice structure and/or layer. The protective helmet may further comprise an inner shell. The impact mitigation layer disposed between the outer shell and inner shell. The microlattice structure and/or layer extends from the inner surface of the outer shell to an outer surface of the inner shell. Alternatively, at least a portion of the microlattice structure and/or layer does not fully extend from the inner surface of the outer shell to an outer surface of the inner shell. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A-1E  depicts a front view of one embodiment of microlattice layer and/or structure; 
         FIGS. 2A-2C  depicts various views of an alternate embodiment of microlattice layer and/or structure; 
         FIGS. 3A-3F  depicts various views of an alternate embodiment of microlattice layer and/or structure; 
         FIGS. 4A-4B  depicts various views of an alternate embodiment of microlattice layer and/or structure; 
         FIGS. 5A-5F  depicts various views of an alternate embodiment of microlattice layer and/or structure; 
         FIGS. 6A-6B  depicts magnified views of one embodiment of a microlattice layer having a plurality of interconnected filaments; 
         FIGS. 7A-7E  depicts various embodiments of filament units; 
         FIGS. 8A-8J  depicts various embodiments of filament cells; 
         FIGS. 9A-9B  depicts different views of the plurality of filaments; 
         FIGS. 10A-10B  depicts various isometric views of filleted filament units; 
         FIGS. 11A-11C  depicts various embodiment of a microlattice layer with one or more material layers; 
         FIGS. 12A-12G  depicts various embodiments of stacked microlattice layers; 
         FIG. 13  depicts one embodiment of a protective helmet assembly; 
         FIG. 14  depicts a cross-section view of one embodiment of a protective garment assembly; 
         FIG. 15  depicts a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a protective garment assembly; 
         FIG. 16A-16D  depicts cross-section views of one embodiment of a protective garment assembly comprising a plurality of filaments; 
         FIG. 17A-17C  depicts perspective views of one embodiment of impact mitigation structures comprising a plurality of laterally supported filament (LSF) structures; 
         FIG. 18A-18C  depicts perspective views of one embodiment of impact mitigation structures comprising a laterally supported filament (LSF) arrays; 
         FIG. 19A-19B  depicts a cross-section view of a protective garment assembly comprising a laterally supported filament (LSF) arrays; 
         FIG. 20A-20B  depicts a front and magnified view of one embodiment of impact mitigation structures comprising auxetic structures; 
         FIG. 21  depicts a perspective view one embodiment of impact mitigation structures comprising undulated structures; and 
         FIG. 22  depicts perspective views of one embodiment of a custom impact mitigation pad; 
         FIGS. 23A-23B  depicts isometric views of an alternate embodiment of a custom impact mitigation pad; 
         FIG. 24  depicts isometric views of an alternate embodiment of a custom impact mitigation pads; 
         FIGS. 25A-25B  depicts a cross-section view of a helmet system with custom impact mitigation pads; and 
         FIG. 26  depicts a bottom view of one embodiment of a protective helmet assembly. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure is directed to various embodiments of a 3D microlattice layer and/or structure having a plurality of interconnected filaments and/or and one or more material layers. The 3D microlattice layer provides many advantages because they can endure sequential impacts without complete failure, but also absorb energy equal to or improved to conventional impact absorbing materials. The microlattice structures of the present disclosure may be incorporated into any desired protective garment necessary for impact protection, vibration protection, comfort and/or acoustic damping. 
     The various improved microlattice structures provided herein are depicted with respect to American football, but it should be understood that the various devices, methods and/or components may be suitable for use in protecting players in various other athletic sports, and other occupations that require personal protective equipment, such as auto, aerospace, law enforcement, military, construction and/or informal training session uses. For example, the embodiments of the present invention may be suitable for use by individuals engaged in athletic activities such as baseball, bowling, boxing, cricket, cycling, motorcycling, golf, hockey, lacrosse, soccer, rowing, rugby, running, skating, skateboarding, skiing, snowboarding, surfing, swimming, table tennis, tennis, or volleyball, or during training sessions related thereto. 
     In one embodiment, the 3D microlattice layers may comprise one or more material layer(s) to improve the mechanical properties of the microlattice layer or structure. The one or more material layers may be configured to increase the compressive strength and stiffness of the microlattice structure. In one or more embodiments, the material layer transversely and rotationally constrains a plurality of nodes of the microlattice structure and thereby increases the overall compressive strength and stiffness of the microlattice structure. The one or more material layers may be fixed or removably coupled to the 3D microlattice layer. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structures can receive multiple impacts and recover to its original shape after impact. During the impact load, at least a portion of the microlattice layer and/or structure may experience a large deflection with global and/or local elastic buckling of the plurality of filaments and/or the one or more nodes where the plurality of filaments intersect. Once the impact load is removed, the microlattice layer recovers to its original shape and height after experiencing compressive strains in excess of 50% without plastic deformation. The buckling being a sudden lateral deflection away from the plurality interconnected filaments&#39; longitudinal axis. The buckling of the microlattice layer may comprise buckling in a single direction or in multiple directions. The buckling may be asymmetrical or symmetrical throughout the microlattice layer. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure can be optimized for uniform energy absorption. The filament dimensions, filament material, the filament units, interior angles, the connecting members, and the material layers can be tuned to design the appropriate buckling strength and buckling location, compression strength and shear strength depending on the application and loading conditions. For example, the compression and shear properties (modulus and strength) are highly dependent on the filament interior angles. Therefore, for the same material and density, the filament interior angle can be changed to either increase or decrease the buckling strength. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure can be optimized for specific impact absorption that requires non-uniform impact absorption in different regions. Different sports and occupations include differences in the type, severity and/or frequency of impacts that a wearer could experience. The microlattice layer and/or structure may comprise one or more segments and/or one or more regions that have specific impact absorption properties. For example, a single microlattice layer may comprise non-uniform mechanical properties and/or impact absorption properties. The non-uniform mechanical characteristics comprises two or more regions having different impact absorption properties. The impact absorption properties may be modified in each region by changing the filament dimensions, filament material, filament units, interior angles, compressive strength, compressive strain, and/or density of the microlattice. Alternatively, the microlattice layer may comprise a plurality of microlattice segments, the plurality of microlattice segments having different impact absorption and/or mechanical properties to the adjacent plurality of microlattice structures. Alternatively, at least one of the microlattice segments from the plurality of microlattice segments have different impact absorption and/or mechanical properties. The microlattice layer may comprise a uniform density or a non-uniform density. The microlattice layer may comprise a uniform compressive strain or a non-uniform compressive strain. The microlattice layer may comprise the same filament geometric units throughout the microlattice layer and/or different filament geometric units throughout the microlattice layer. 
     3D Microlattice Geometric Design 
     A 3D microlattice layer and/or structure may be designed by using a variety methods or techniques. Such methods include the optimization of the network or array of interconnecting filaments, the network or array of filament units and/or the network or array of filament geometric cells.  FIG. 6A  depicts a magnified view one embodiment of a microlattice layer and/or structure defined by the array of interconnecting filaments. The microlattice layer and/or structure comprises an array of a plurality of interconnected filaments  602  and a plurality of nodes  604 , the plurality of nodes  604  being the intersections between the plurality of interconnected filaments. Each of the plurality of interconnected filaments comprising a top portion  608  and a bottom portion  606 , the plurality of nodes disposed on the top portion  608  and/or the bottom portion  606  of the plurality of interconnected filaments  602 . Each of the plurality of interconnected filaments  602  further comprising a mid-portion  610 , the plurality of nodes  604  disposed on the center portion or mid portion  610 . The plurality of nodes  604  may comprise 1 to 10 nodes disposed on the plurality of interconnecting filaments  602  and/or each of the plurality of interconnecting filaments  602 . The plurality of interconnected filaments  602  may extend in different orientations and/or directions. The array of the plurality of interconnected filaments  602  may be spaced apart and arranged in parallel or offset to create repeating rows or non-repeating rows, or randomly arranged, the repeating rows or non-repeating rows are colinear or non-colinear to the preceding and/or adjacent row. The plurality of interconnected filaments  602  may be oriented at an angle  612  that is perpendicular to a surface or the plurality of nodes  604 . The plurality of interconnected filaments  602  may be oriented at an angle  612  that is non-perpendicular to a surface or the plurality of nodes  604 . The angle  612  that is perpendicular to a surface or the plurality of nodes  604  is 90 degrees. The angle  612  that is non-perpendicular to a surface or a plurality of nodes  604  being less than or greater than 90 degrees. In one embodiment, angle  612  is 1 degree to 89 degrees. In another embodiment, the angle  612  is 15 degrees to 75 degrees. In another embodiment, the angle  612  is 30 degrees to 60 degrees. The filament dimensions (e.g. filament width or diameter and filament length) and/or filament interior angles can be modified to provide optimal mechanical properties. 
       FIG. 6B  depicts a magnified an alternate embodiment of a microlattice layer and/or structure defined by the array of interconnecting filaments. The microlattice layer and/or structure comprises a first plurality of filaments  602  and a second plurality of filaments  614 , the first plurality of filaments  602  having a first orientation, the second plurality of filaments  614  having a second orientation, first plurality of filament orientation is different than the second plurality of filaments orientation. The first plurality of filaments  602  and the second plurality of filaments  614  intersect in one or more locations along a longitudinal axis of the first plurality of filaments  602  and/or second plurality of filaments  614  creating one or more nodes  604 . The one or more nodes disposed at a top portion  608 , a bottom portion  606  and/or a center portion  610  of the first plurality of filaments  602  and/or the second plurality of filaments  614 . The one or more nodes  604  may comprise 1 to 10 nodes. The first plurality of filaments orientation comprising a first angle relative to a surface or the one or more nodes  604  and a second plurality of filaments orientation comprising a second angle relative to a surface or the one or more nodes  604 . The first angle and the second angle are different. The first angle and the second angle is the same. The first and/or second angle comprises a perpendicular angle to a surface or node and/or non-perpendicular angle to a surface or a node. The first and/or second angle that is perpendicular to a surface or node being 90 degrees. The first and/or second angle that is non-perpendicular to a surface or node being less than or greater than 90 degrees. In one embodiment, first and/or second angle is 1 degree to 89 degrees. In another embodiment, the first and/or second angle is 15 degrees to 75 degrees. In another embodiment, the first and/or second angle is 30 degrees to 60 degrees. The filament dimensions (e.g. filament width or diameter and filament length) and/or filament interior angles can be modified to provide optimal mechanical properties. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure comprises at least three filaments, at least one node and a plurality of interior angles. The at least three filaments having a longitudinal axis, the at least three filaments longitudinal axis extending in different directions from the at least one node. The at least three filaments coupling and/or fusing to the adjacent at least three filaments to create a matrix. The plurality of interior angles disposed between each of the at least three filaments. The plurality of interior angles comprises perpendicular and/or non-perpendicular angles. The non-perpendicularity may comprise having an interior angle of 1 degree to 89 degrees. Alternatively, the non-perpendicularity may comprise an interior angle of 15 degrees to 75 degrees. The at least three filaments having a 3:1 or greater aspect ratio and having a cross-section, the cross-section is solid and/or hollow. The cross-section may further comprise a circle, a regular polygon or irregular polygon. The at least three filaments are spaced apart, and positioned parallel in a straight line, with repeating rows, non-repeating rows and/or random rows. Alternatively, the at least three filaments are positioned offset or staggered, repeating rows, non-repeating rows and/or random rows that are staggered, offset, and/or diagonal alignment from the adjacent or preceding row—the staggered, offset and/or diagonal alignment may be a 15 to 60 degree alignment. The microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise at least one material layer. Alternatively, the microlattice layer and/or structure may further comprise a first material layer and a second material layer. The microlattice layer and/or structure may be a single structure and/or layer, and/or a plurality of layers or structures. The plurality of layers and/or structures may be stacked longitudinally, or positioned adjacent to preceding plurality of layers or structures. 
       FIGS. 7A-7E  depicts alternate embodiments the microlattice layer and/or structure defined by the plurality of filament units. The plurality of filament units is the smallest repeatable 3D geometric unit that can be identified within the microlattice layer. The geometric unit structures comprise a body centered cubic or pyramidal square  702 , a body centered cubic or pyramidal square with central filament  704 , a pyramidal triangle  700 , a tetrahedral, a face centered cubic with z-direction reinforcement  706 , a face and body cantered cubic with z-direction reinforcement  708 , a 3D kagome, a diamond textile, a diamond colinear, a square. The plurality of filaments  710  are arranged in different configurations to create 3D geometric structure or geometric units or filament units  700 ,  702 ,  704 ,  706 ,  708 . In one embodiment, the microlattice layer comprises a plurality of filament units  700 ,  702 ,  704 ,  706 ,  708  coupled to the adjacent plurality of filament units  700 ,  702 ,  704 ,  706 ,  708  to create an array. The plurality of filament units  700 ,  702 ,  704 ,  706 ,  708  comprises a plurality of filaments  710 , one or more nodes  712 , and a plurality of interior angles  714 . The plurality of filaments  710  extend from each of the one or more nodes  712  and the plurality of interior angles  714  disposed between the plurality of filaments  710 . The one or more nodes  712  comprises 1 to 10 one or more nodes. The plurality of interior angles  714  comprise 1 to 89 degrees. Each of the plurality of filaments interior angles  714  may be the same and/or they may be different. The filament unit size, filament dimensions (e.g. filament width or diameter and filament length) and/or filament interior angles can be modified to provide optimal mechanical properties. Furthermore, the filament unit density and filament unit orientation (not shown) may also be varied to achieve the specific performance attributes. The filament unit orientation may be perpendicular to a surface and/or non-perpendicular to a surface. 
     In one embodiment, each of the plurality filament units  700 ,  702 ,  704 ,  706 ,  708  comprises a three or more filaments  710 , one or more nodes  712 , and a plurality of interior angles  714 . The three or more filaments  710  extend from each of the one or more nodes  712  and the plurality of interior angles  714  disposed between each of the three or more filaments  710 . At least three nodes of the one or more nodes  712  is coupled to each of the plurality of material segments. The plurality of interior angles  714  comprise 1 to 89 degrees. The plurality of interior angles  714  comprise 15 to 75 degrees. The plurality of interior angles  714  comprise 45 to 85 degrees. Each of the plurality of filaments interior angles  714  may be the same and/or they may be different. The filament unit size, filament dimensions (e.g. filament width or diameter and filament length) and/or filament interior angles can be modified to provide optimal mechanical properties. Furthermore, the filament unit density and filament unit orientation (not shown) may also be varied to achieve the specific performance attributes. The filament unit orientation may be perpendicular to a surface and/or non-perpendicular to a surface 
       FIGS. 8A-8C  depicts alternate embodiments of the microlattice layer and/or structure defined by a plurality of filament cells  800 . The plurality of filament cells  800  is also a repeatable 2D geometric structure that can be identified within the microlattice layer. The geometric cell structures  800  comprise a circle, an oval, a triangle, a square, a pentagon, a hexagon, and/or any regular polygon or irregular polygon. Such plurality of filament cells may be analyzed via standard truss analysis to determine the forces in each filament and node resulting in optimization of the microlattice layer. As a result, factors such as filament cell height (H)  806 , filament cell width (W)  818 , filament lengths (L1 and L2)  814 ,  816 , filament width/diameter (not shown), connecting member(s)  826 , and/or the plurality of interior angles (θ1, θ2 and θ3)  808 ,  820 ,  822  may be varied to enhance or optimize the microlattice layer. The 3D microlattice layer comprising a plurality of filament cells  800  may further comprise at least one material layer  810 . A 3D microlattice layer can be created by having a plurality of filament cells  800  being coupled to the adjacent plurality of filament cells in repeating or non-repeating rows. The plurality of interior angles  808 ,  820 ,  822  comprise 1 to 89 degrees. The plurality of interior angles  808 ,  820 ,  822  may be disposed between the plurality of filaments  802 , adjacent to a node  824 , and/or between the plurality of filaments  802  and a surface  810 . Each of the plurality of interior angles  808 ,  820 ,  822  may comprise the same angles or it comprises different angles. The filament angles  820 ,  822  may be the same angle as the surface-to-filament angle  808  or it may be a different angle. 
     Furthermore,  FIGS. 8D-8G  illustrate filament cell structures with non-equiaxed geometry by modifying the factors disclosed herein, including filament cell height (H)  806 , filament cell width (W)  818 , filament lengths (L1 and L2)  814 ,  816 , filament width/diameter (not shown), connecting member(s)  826 , and/or the plurality of interior angles (θ1, θ2 and θ 3 )  808 ,  820 ,  822  may be varied to enhance or optimize the microlattice layer. Also,  FIGS. 8H-8J  illustrate alternate embodiments of filament cell structures with non-equiaxed geometry and equiaxed geometry that comprises connecting members  826 . The connecting members extend laterally and/or longitudinally within the plurality of filament cells. 
     Filament Optimization 
     Besides the possibility of adjusting the mechanical properties through the microlattice geometry, it&#39;s also possible to adjust the filaments&#39; material properties, dimensions and interior angles to optimize the mechanical properties as shown in  FIG. 9A . “Filaments”  900  may be used interchangeably to mean a plurality of filaments, an additional plurality of filaments, the adjacent filaments, and/or the plurality of interconnected filaments. In one embodiment, the filament unit height (H)  906 , filament unit cell height (H), filaments dimensions within the microlattice layer and/or structure may be varied. The filament unit height (H)  906 , filament unit cell height (H), filaments dimensions within the microlattice layer and/or structure may be the same throughout the microlattice layer for uniformity. Alternatively, the filament unit height (H), filament unit cell height (H), filaments dimensions within the microlattice layer and/or structure may be different in at least a portion of the microlattice layer and/or structure. 
     The filaments  900  having a longitudinal axis  922 , a width and/or diameter (W/D)  902  and a length (L)  904 . The width and/or diameter  902  of the filaments comprises a range between 0.1 mm to 5 mm. The filaments length may be 0.3 mm to 15 mm, and/or 15 mm or greater. The filaments  900  may further comprise an aspect ratio, the aspect ratio may be 3:1 or greater. The length of the filaments may be uniform and/or non-uniform along its longitudinal axis  922 . The filaments  900  comprising the same width and/or length. At least two of the filaments  900  having the same width and/or length. At least two the plurality of filaments  900  having different width and/or length. Furthermore,  FIG. 9B  illustrate filaments  900  having a shape, the shape comprises a straight filament  916 , pre-bent filament  918  and/or kinked filament  920 . The filaments straight shape is straight along the entire longitudinal length. The pre-bent filament  918  may comprise a curved or radiused portion, the curved or radiused portion may be disposed in any position along the length of the longitudinal axis  922 . In one embodiment, the curved or radiused portion is disposed in the center of the longitudinal axis. Alternatively, the plurality of filaments, the additional plurality of filaments and/or the plurality of interconnected filaments  900  may comprise a pre-bent shape  918 , and/or arched shape, where the pre-bent shape or arched shape is bent along the longitudinal length and/or substantially along the longitudinal length. Accordingly, the kinked plurality of filaments, the additional plurality of filaments and/or the plurality of interconnected filaments  920  may have one or more kinks along the filaments&#39; longitudinal axis. 
     In another embodiment, the filaments  900  comprise a cross-section within the microlattice layer and/or structure and the cross-section may be varied. The filaments  900  may comprise a cross-section, the cross-section being solid or hollow. The solid or hollow cross-section may be uniform or substantially uniform along the longitudinal axis  922 . Alternatively, the solid or hollow cross-section may be non-uniform or substantially non-uniform along the longitudinal axis  922 . The cross-section comprises a circle, an oval, a regular polygon and/or an irregular polygon. The polygons comprise a triangle, a square, a rectangle, a pentagon, a hexagon, a septagon, an octagon, a nonagon, a decagon, and/or any combination thereof. The filaments  900  having a uniform and/or a non-uniform cross-section along the longitudinal axis. The non-uniform cross-section comprises a frustum or tapered cross-section, and/or undulated cross-section. The cross-section may further comprise a cross-sectional area, the cross-sectional area is 0.01 mm 2  or greater, 1 mm 2  or greater, 10 mm 2  or greater, 20 mm 2  or greater. Accordingly, the cross-sectional area is between 0.01 to 1 mm 2 , or between 1 to 10 mm 2 , or between 10 to 20 mm 2  or between 0.01 to 20 mm 2 . 
     In another embodiment, the filaments  900  comprises a material within the microlattice layer and the material may be varied. The filaments  900  may comprise a material, the material including thermoplastic elastomers, thermoset elastomers, thermosets, and/or thermoplastics. The filaments  900  may comprise a material, the material being a foam. The foam can include polymeric foams, quantum foam, polyethylene foam, polyurethane foam (PU foam rubber), XPS foam, polystyrene, phenolic, memory foam (traditional, open cell, or gel), impact absorbing foam, compression foam, latex rubber foam, convoluted foam (“egg create foam”), EVA foam, VN 600 foam, Evlon foam, Ariaprene or Ariaprene-like material, PORON XRD, impact hardening foam, and/or any combination thereof. The at least one foam layer may have an open-cell structure or closed-cell structure. The foam layer can be further tailored to obtain specific characteristics, such as anti-static, breathable, conductive, hydrophilic, high-tensile, high-tear, controlled elongation, and/or any combination thereof. The material may be uniform throughout the microlattice layer, and/or non-uniform throughout the microlattice layer. Furthermore, the filament material may comprise a material able to resist a strain deformation of a minimum 100%. Also, the filament material may comprise a material able to resist a strain deformation of a minimum 100% without permanent plastic deformation. 
     In some embodiments, the Young&#39;s modulus of the material used to fabricate the filaments  900  can be at least 1 MPa, at least 10 MPa, at least 100 MPa, at least 1000 MPa, and/or at least 10,000 MPa. In other embodiments, the Young&#39;s modulus comprises between 1 MPa and 100 MPa, between about 1 MPa and 1000 MPa, between 1 MPa and 10,000 MPa, between 10 MPa and 1000 MPa, between 10 MPa and 10,000 MPa, and/or any combination thereof. Also, the Young&#39;s modulus can be between 100 MPa to 1000 MPa and 1000 MPa to 10,000 MPa. In some instances, the ratio of the Young&#39;s modulus of the material used to fabricate the filaments  900  can be at least about 0.001:1, at least about 0.01:1, at least about 0.1:1, at least about 1:1, at least about 10:1, at least about 100:1, at least about 1000:1 and/or less than about 10,000:1, less than about 1000:1, less than about 100:1, less than about 10:1, less than about 1:1, less than about 0.1:1, or less than about 0.01:1. 
     In another embodiment, the filaments comprise interior angles (θ1 and θ2)  908 ,  910  within the microlattice layer and the interior angles  908 ,  910  may the same throughout the entire microlattice layer, and/or different interior angles  908 ,  910  throughout at least a portion of the microlattice layer. The interior angles  908 ,  910  are disposed between the filaments adjacent to one or more nodes  912  and/or disposed between the filaments and a surface  914 . The interior angles  908 , 910  may comprise an angle that is perpendicular to one or more nodes  912  and/or non-perpendicular to a surface  914  or one or more nodes  912 . The interior angle  908 ,  910  that is perpendicular to a surface  914  or one or more nodes is 90 degrees. The interior angle  908 , 910  that is non-perpendicular to a surface  914  or one or more nodes  912  being less than or greater than 90 degrees. In one embodiment, the interior angle  908 ,  910  is 1 degree to 89 degrees. In another embodiment, the interior angle  908 ,  910  is 15 degrees to 75 degrees. In another embodiment, the interior angle  908 , 910  is 30 degrees to 60 degrees. The interior angle  908 , 910  on the first microlattice layer and/or structure may comprise the same interior angle on the intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure and/or the second microlattice layer and/or structure. Alternatively, the interior angle  908 ,  910  on the first microlattice layer and/or structure may comprise a different angle than the on the intermediate and/or second microlattice layer and/or structure. 
     Accordingly, the number of filaments  900  extending from each node  912  may also be varied. In one embodiment, a plurality of filaments  900  may extend from each node  912 . The plurality of filaments  900  extending in different directions from each node  912 . A plurality of interior angles  908 ,  910  disposed between each of the plurality of filaments  900 . The plurality of filaments  900  coupling and/or fusing to the adjacent plurality of filaments to create an array. Alternatively, a three or more filaments  900  may extend from each node  912 , the three or more filaments  900  extending in different directions from each node  912 . A plurality of interior angles  908 ,  910  disposed between each of the three or more plurality of filaments  900 . At least one of the three or more plurality of filaments  900  and/or a plurality of nodes  912  coupling and/or fusing to the at least one adjacent three or more plurality of filaments to create an array. At least three nodes of the one or more nodes  912  is coupled to each of the plurality of material segments. Furthermore, four or more filaments  900  may extend from each node  912 , the four or more filaments  900  extending in different directions. A plurality of interior angles  908 ,  910  disposed between each of the four or more plurality of filaments  900 . At least one of the four or more plurality of filaments  900  coupling and/or fusing to the at least one adjacent four or more plurality of filaments to create an array. In an embodiment, five or more filaments  900  may extend from each node  912 , the five or more filaments  900  extending in different directions from each node  912 . A plurality of interior angles  908 ,  912  disposed between each of the five or more plurality of filaments  900 . At least one of the five or more plurality of filaments  900  coupling and/or fusing to the at least one adjacent five or more plurality of filaments  900  to create an array. 
       FIGS. 10A-10B  depict various views of one embodiment of a filament units and/or filaments  1000  comprising fillets  1002 , the fillets  1002  may be incorporated into any of the microlattice structures disclosed herein. The fillets  1002  distribute the stress over a broader surface area and effectively make the filament unit and/or filaments  1000  more durable and capable of bearing larger loads. The addition of fillets  1002  may be used in combination with the one or more material layers to enhance impact absorption. The filament unit and/or filaments  1000  comprises at least one node  1004 , one or more central filaments and a plurality of filaments. The plurality of filaments  1000  extends laterally from the at least one node  1004 . The plurality of filaments  1000  extends in different directions from each node  1004 . The plurality of filaments  1000  having a plurality of interior angles, the plurality of interior angles positioned between the plurality of filaments  1000  and/or between the plurality of filaments and a surface. The plurality of interior angles may be 1 degree to 90 degrees. The one or more central filaments extends longitudinally from the at least one node, the one or more central filaments are positioned perpendicular to the at least one node. A second interior angle is positioned between the one or more central filaments and the plurality of filaments. Second interior angle may be 1 degree to 90 degrees. In another embodiment, the filament units may comprise one or more fillets. The fillets  1002  may be positioned between the plurality of filaments  1000 . The one or more fillets  1002  may be positioned between the plurality of filaments  1000  and the one or more central filaments. The one or more fillets  1002  may comprise the same size and/or a different size between the plurality of filaments and/or the one or more central filaments  1000 . The fillets  1002  may comprise the same size and shape in a plurality of filament units and/or the same size and shape throughout the microlattice layer. The fillets  1002  may comprise a different size and shape in a plurality of filament units and/or the different size and shape throughout the microlattice layer. 
     Material Layer Optimization 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure  1104  may further comprise one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  as shown in  FIGS. 11A-11C . Adding such one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  to the microlattice structure  1104  can transversely and rotationally constrain the one or more nodes and/or filaments and thereby increasing the overall compressive strength and stiffness of the microlattice layer  1104  compared to a microlattice layer  1104  without one or more material layers. In other words, the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may eliminate or reduce the translational and/or rotational movement of the one or more nodes and/or filaments when the microlattice layer is subject to a compressive load. In one embodiment, the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  is configured to transversely and rotationally constrain the one or more nodes and/or filaments and thereby increasing compressive strength and stiffness. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may extend parallel to a lateral or horizontal axis of the microlattice layer and/or structure  1104 . The one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may be disposed on at least one surface of the microlattice layer, a top surface of the microlattice layer (see  FIG. 11A ), a bottom surface of the microlattice layer, a top surface and a bottom surface of the microlattice layer (see  FIG. 11B ) and/or an intermediate surface (not shown) of the microlattice layer. The intermediate surface of the microlattice layer is defined as any lateral surface between the top surface and the bottom surface. Alternatively, the intermediate layer may be disposed in any suitable position along the height of the microlattice layer, and/or any suitable position between the top surface and/or bottom surface. The one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may be interconnected, coupled and/or fused with one or more nodes, and/or one or more filaments. Accordingly, at least three nodes of the one or more nodes is coupled to each of the plurality of material segments. The interconnection and/or coupling being any coupling methods known in the art, including adhesive, welding, Velcro, etc. The fusing being any photopolymerization, bonding, depositing and/or binding as expected from additive manufacturing methods. Alternatively, the one or more material layers extends laterally and/or perpendicular to the entire microlattice layer and/or structure. The one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  extends laterally and/or perpendicular to at least a portion of the microlattice layer and/or structure  1104 . The one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may connect, mate, abut, and/or couple to one or more filaments and/or one or more nodes. Such words as attach, couple, interconnect, and/or fuse may be used interchangeably as a method to attach the material layer to the microlattice structure itself. 
     The one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise any suitable shape depending on the intended application and desired compressive strength and stiffness of the microlattice structure. The shape of the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise a circle, an oval, a regular polygon and/or an irregular polygon. The one or more material layers comprises a cross-section, the cross-section is hollow or solid. The cross-section is non-uniform and/or uniform. The one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  having a thickness, the thickness being a range of 1 mm to 5 mm. 
     The one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise any suitable material that is compatible with the filaments. For instance, one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise polymer materials (e.g., thermosets or thermoplastics), metal (e.g., aluminum or stainless steel), composites (e.g., carbon fiber, glass fiber reinforced polymer, fiberglass, or ceramic fibers), organic materials (e.g., wood, paper, or card board), ceramic cloth, natural cloth, polymeric cloth, metallic cloth, rubber, plastic, or any combination thereof. Additionally, in one embodiment, the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise the same or similar material as the filaments. Alternatively, the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise a different material as the filaments. 
     In one embodiment, the microlattice layer  1104  may comprise at least one material layer  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110 , the at least one material layer  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  disposed on a top surface or a bottom surface of the microlattice layer as shown in  FIG. 11A . In one embodiment, the microlattice layer  1104  may comprise a first material layer  1102  and a second material layer  1106  as shown in  FIG. 11B . The first material layer  1102  may be disposed on a top surface of the microlattice layer  1104 , the second material layer  1106  may be disposed on a bottom surface of the microlattice layer  1104 . In another embodiment, the microlattice layer  1104  may comprise a first material layer  1102 , a second material layer  1106 , and an intermediate layer or third material layer (not shown). The first material layer  1102  and the second material layer  1106  may be the same material, and/or the first material layer  1102  and the second material layer  1106  may be a different material. The intermediate layer (not shown) may be the same material as the first and/or second material layer. Alternatively, the intermediate layer may be a different material as the first and/or second material layer. 
     In another embodiment, the one or material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may have any suitable configuration for the intended application and/or the desired performance characteristics. In one embodiment, the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise continuous, flat, planar plates or sheet(s) that extends laterally across the entire microlattice layer and/or a portion of the microlattice layer. The continuous, flat, planar sheet having a cross-section, the cross-section being solid or hollow. 
     Alternatively, the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise a plurality of material segments as shown in  FIG. 11C . The plurality of material segments extends laterally across the microlattice layer  1104  and/or perpendicular to the microlattice layer  1104 . The plurality of material segments having a cross-section, the cross-section being circular, oval, and/or a polygon, the polygon may comprise a regular polygon and/or an irregular polygon. The cross-section may further comprise a solid and/or hollow structure. The plurality of material segments and/or the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise connecting members or filaments. The plurality of material segments may mate, abut, couple and/or interconnect to one or more nodes and/or one or more filaments, the plurality of additional filaments, and/or the plurality of interconnecting filaments. Accordingly, at least three nodes of the one or more nodes is coupled to each of the plurality of material segments. The plurality of filaments, the plurality of additional filaments, and/or the plurality of interconnecting filaments may extend perpendicular or non-perpendicular from at least a portion from the continuous, flat planar sheets, the plurality of material segments and/or each of the plurality of material segments. The plurality of material segments may be disposed on a top surface, a bottom surface, and/or an intermediate surface of a microlattice layer. The plurality of material segments may be spaced apart and arranged into a plurality of repeating rows, non-repeating rows and randomly, the plurality of repeating rows or non-repeating rows may be positioned in parallel or offset to the preceding and/or adjacent preceding repeating row or non-repeating row. 
     In another embodiment, the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  may comprise one or more perforations and/or holes (as shown in  FIGS. 12E-12F ). Furthermore, the one or more material layers  1102 ,  1106 ,  1110  comprising one or more material segments, the one or more perforations disposed on the one or more material segments. The one or more perforations having a size, shape and a spacing. The one or more material layers having a top surface and a bottom surface. The one or more perforations may be disposed on the top surface and/or the bottom surface. The one or more perforations may be disposed on the top surface and extend towards a portion to the bottom surface. Alternatively, the one or more perforations may be disposed on the bottom surface and extend towards a portion to the top surface. The one or more perforations may extend fully from the top surface to the bottom surface. The one or more perforations having a shape, the shape may comprise an oval, a circle, a regular polygon and/or an irregular polygon. The one or more perforations having a uniform spacing, sizing, orientation and/or shape. Alternatively, the one or more perforations having a non-uniform spacing, sizing, orientation and/or shape. The one or more perforations being spaced apart, and positioned in a plurality of repeating rows, non-repeating rows and/or randomly, the plurality of repeating rows or non-repeating rows may be positioned in parallel or offset to the preceding and/or adjacent plurality of repeating rows or non-repeating rows. 
     In one embodiment, the microlattice layer may comprise at least one material layer including at least one surface that conforms to an anatomical feature of a wearer. The at least one material layer including at least one surface can generally match, match or substantially match the wearer&#39;s unique anatomical features, namely the topography and contours of the wearer&#39;s head and facial region, including the jaw region. Accordingly, the at least one material layer may comprise a first surface (or top surface) and a second surface (or a bottom surface), the first surface or second surface can generally match, match or substantially match the wearer&#39;s anatomical features and/or the contours of a wearer&#39;s head. Such custom surfaces provide an improved fit and comfort for the wearer, and interchangeability. 
     Microlattice Layer Stacking 
     The stacked microlattice layer and/or structure  1200 ,  1208 ,  1212 ,  1216  comprising one or more microlattice layers and/or structures  1202 ,  1204  stacked on top of each other as shown in  FIGS. 12A-12D . The stacking of the one or more microlattice layers  1202 ,  1204  may be colinear and/or offset with the preceding or adjacent one or more microlattice layers  1202 ,  1204 . Accordingly, the stacked microlattice layers  1200 ,  1208 ,  1212 ,  1216  may comprise one or more microlattice structures  1202 ,  1204 . In one embodiment, the stacked microlattice layer  1200 ,  1208 ,  1212 ,  1216  may comprise a first microlattice layer  1202  and a second microlattice layer  1204 , the first microlattice layer  1202  and second microlattice layer  1204  are stacked on top of each other. The first microlattice layer  1202  may be coupled or fused to the second microlattice layer  1204 . The interconnection and/or coupling being any coupling methods known in the art, including adhesive, welding, Velcro, etc. The fusing being any photopolymerization, bonding, depositing and/or binding as expected from additive manufacturing methods. The second microlattice layer  1204  may be further aligned and/or offset with the one or more nodes and/or one or more filaments of the first microlattice layer  1202 . Such words as attach, couple, interconnect, and/or fuse may be used interchangeably as a method to attach the material layer to the microlattice structure itself. 
     Each of the first microlattice layer  1202  and second microlattice layer and/or structure  1204  may comprise the same compressive strength and stiffness. Alternatively, each of the first microlattice layer  1202  and second microlattice layers and/or structures  1204  may comprise a different compressive strength and stiffness. Each of the first microlattice layer  1202  and second microlattice layer and/or structure  1204  may comprise the same microlattice density. Alternatively, each of the first microlattice layer  1202  and second microlattice layer  1202  and/or structure may comprise a different microlattice density. Each of the first microlattice layer  1202  and second microlattice layer and/or structure  1204  comprises the same microlattice compressive strain. Alternatively, each of the first microlattice layer  1202  and second layer and/or structure  1204  may comprise a different microlattice compressive strain. 
     In another embodiment, the stacked microlattice layer comprises a first microlattice layer, an intermediate microlattice layer, and a second microlattice layer. The first microlattice layer and/or structure may be coupled, mated, abutted, interconnected and/or fused to the intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure, and/or the intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure coupled and/or fused to the second microlattice layer and/or structure. The interconnection and/or coupling being any coupling methods known in the art, including adhesive, welding, Velcro, etc. The fusing being any photopolymerization, bonding, depositing and/or binding as expected from additive manufacturing methods. The first and second microlattice layer and/or structure plurality of nodes may be aligned colinear, non-colinear, and/or a 3D array with at least a portion of the one or more nodes of the intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure. Alternatively, the first and second microlattice layer and or structure plurality of nodes may be aligned offset with at least a portion of the one or more nodes of the intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure. Each of the first, second and intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure may comprise the same strength and stiffness. Alternatively, each of the first, second and intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure may comprise a different strength and stiffness. Each of the first, second and intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure may comprise the same microlattice density. Alternatively, each of the first, second and intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure may comprise a different microlattice density. Each of the first, second and intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure comprises the same microlattice compressive strain. Alternatively, each of the first, second and intermediate microlattice layer and/or structure may comprise a different microlattice compressive strain. 
     In another embodiment, the stacked microlattice layer  1200 ,  1208 ,  1212 ,  1216  comprises a first microlattice layer  1202  and a second microlattice layer  1204 , and one or more material layers  1206 ,  1210 ,  1214 . For example, the stacked microlattice layer  1200 ,  1208 ,  1212 ,  1216  comprises a first microlattice layer  1202 , a second microlattice layer, a first material layer  1206 , and a second material layer  1214 . The first material layer  1206  disposed on a top surface of the first microlattice layer  1202 , and a second material layer  1214  disposed on a bottom surface of a second microlattice layer  1204 . The first material layer  1206  and/or the second material layer  1214  comprises a continuous, flat planar sheet that extends laterally across at least a portion of the first microlattice layer  1202  and/or second microlattice layer  1204 . Alternatively, the first material layer  1206  and/or the second material layer  1214  comprises a plurality of material segments that extends laterally across at least a portion of the first microlattice layer  1202  and/or second microlattice layer  1204 . The stacked microlattice layer  1200 ,  1208 ,  1212 ,  1216  may further comprise an intermediate material layer  1210 . The intermediate material layer  1210  may be disposed between the first microlattice layer  1202  and the second microlattice layer  1204 . The intermediate material layer  1210  may be disposed between a top surface and bottom surface of the first microlattice layer  1202 . Alternatively, the intermediate material layer  1210  may be disposed between a top surface and bottom surface of the second material layer  1204 . The intermediate material layer  1210  may be coupled, mated, abutted and/or fused to the first microlattice layer  1202  and/or second microlattice layers  1204 . The first material layer  12026  may be coupled, mated, abutted and/or fused to the first microlattice layer  1202 , and the second material layer  1214  may be coupled, mated, abutted and/or fused to the second microlattice layer  1204 . The interconnection and/or coupling being any coupling methods known in the art, including adhesive, welding, Velcro, etc. The fusing being any photopolymerization, bonding, depositing and/or binding as expected from additive manufacturing methods. 
       FIGS. 12E-12G  depicts various views of an alternate embodiment of a stacked microlattice layer  1218 . The stacked microlattice layer  1218  comprises at least one impact mitigation layer  1224 , at least one microlattice layer  1222  and at least one first material layer  1226 . The at least one impact mitigation layer  1224  comprises a plurality of impact mitigation structures, the plurality of impact mitigation structures comprises a plurality of filaments, a plurality of laterally supported filaments (LSF), auxetic structures, undulating structures, and/or any combination thereof. The at least one first material layer  1226  may be disposed, coupled and/or fused onto a bottom surface of the at least one impact mitigation layer  1224 . The at least one microlattice layer  1222  may include a second material layer  1220 , the second material layer  1220  comprises a plurality of material layer segments. The second material layer  1220  is disposed laterally on a top surface of the at least one microlattice layer  1222 . At least two or more nodes are fused to each of the plurality of material layer segments. The stacked microlattice layer may further comprise an intermediate material layer  1228 . The intermediate layer  1228  may be disposed, coupled and/or fused between the at least one microlattice layer  1222  and the at least one impact mitigation layer  1226 . Alternatively, the intermediate layer  1228  may be disposed along a longitudinal axis of the stacked microlattice layer  1218 . The first material layer  1226 , the second material layer  1220  and the intermediate layer  1228  may comprise a plurality of holes or perforations  1230 . The first material layer  1226 , the second material layer  1220  or the intermediate layer  1228  may comprise a plurality of holes or perforations  1230 . 
     The at least one microlattice layer  1224  comprise a plurality of nodes, a plurality of filaments and a plurality of interior angles. The plurality of filaments extending in different orientations and/or directions from each node. The plurality of interior angles disposed between each plurality of filaments, adjacent to each of the plurality of nodes and/or disposed between the plurality of filaments a surface of the first material layer  1226 , second material layer  1220  or the intermediate material layer  1228 . The plurality of interior angles being 1 degree to 89 degrees. The at least one microlattice layer  1224  comprises a second material layer  1220 . The second material layer  1220  being coupled or fused to the plurality of nodes. The second material layer  1220  comprising a plurality of segments, the plurality of segments disposed laterally across the at least one microlattice layer  1224  top surface, and/or disposed parallel to the at least one microlattice layer  1224  top surface. The plurality of segments comprises a polygonal shape, an oval shape, a circle and/or any combination thereof. 
     The at least one impact mitigation layer  1224  comprises a plurality of impact mitigation structures. The plurality of impact mitigation structures deforms elastically upon impact, and returns to its original configuration after impact. The plurality of impact mitigation structures comprises a plurality of filaments  1232 . The plurality of filaments having a longitudinal length, a diameter and a shape. The shape comprising a circle, an oval, a polygonal shape, and/or any combination thereof. The shape being solid or hollow. The shape being uniform along the length of its longitudinal axis, or the shape being non-uniform along its longitudinal axis. Each of the plurality of filaments are spaced apart from the adjacent plurality of filaments to provide room or space for buckling, the buckling being a sudden instability of the plurality of filaments leading to a lateral displacement along its longitudinal axis. 
     Microlattice Layer Customization 
     The one or more microlattice layers and/or structures may further comprise a continuous, one-piece microlattice layer. The continuous, one-piece microlattice layer may be shaped and configured to any anatomical feature of the body. The continuous, one-piece microlattice layer may match or substantially match any anatomical feature of the body. In one embodiment, the microlattice layer comprises a continuous, one-piece microlattice layer that may be shaped and configured to a head of a wearer. The continuous, one-piece microlattice layer may match or substantially match the bones of the skull to maximize protection. Such regions comprise parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, nasal, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, and/or any combination thereof. The continuous, one-piece microlattice layer may comprise a uniform and/or non-uniform compressive strength and stiffness. The continuous, one-piece microlattice layer may comprise a uniform and/or non-uniform microlattice density. The continuous, one-piece microlattice layer comprises a uniform microlattice compressive strain. Alternatively, the plurality of microlattice segments or each of the plurality of microlattice segments may comprise a different microlattice compressive strain. The continuous, one-piece microlattice layer may be coupled to a surface of a protective garment. 
     The one or more microlattice layers and/or structures may further comprise a plurality of microlattice segments (not shown). The plurality of microlattice segments may be shaped and configured to any anatomical feature of the body. The plurality of microlattice segments or each of the plurality of microlattice segments may match or substantially match any anatomical feature of the body and/or at least one anatomical feature of the body. In one embodiment, the microlattice layer comprises a plurality of microlattice segments, the plurality of microlattice segments may be shaped and configured to a head of a wearer. The plurality of segments may match or substantially match the bones of the skull to maximize protection. Such regions comprise parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, nasal, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, and/or any combination thereof. The plurality of microlattice segments or each of the plurality of microlattice segments may comprise the same microlattice layer compressive strength and stiffness. Alternatively, plurality of microlattice segments or each of the plurality of microlattice segments may comprise a different compressive strength and stiffness. The plurality of microlattice segments or each of the plurality of microlattice segments may comprise the same microlattice density. Alternatively, the plurality of microlattice segments or each of the plurality of microlattice segments may comprise a different microlattice density. The plurality of microlattice segments or each of the plurality of microlattice segments comprises the same microlattice compressive strain. Alternatively, the plurality of microlattice segments or each of the plurality of microlattice segments may comprise a different microlattice compressive strain. The plurality of microlattice segments may be coupled to a surface of a protective garment. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layer may comprise microlattice pads or microlattice pad assemblies (not shown). The microlattice pad assemblies may comprise at least one microlattice layer and/or structure and at least one base layer. Alternatively, the microlattice pads may comprise a first base layer, a second base layer and a microlattice layer and/or structure. The microlattice pads or pad assemblies may further comprise one or more foam layers. Alternatively, the microlattice pads may comprise a microlattice layer and/or structure and one or more foam layers, the one or more foam layers coupled to a surface of the microlattice layer. The microlattice pads may further comprise one or more material layers. The one or more foam layers may be coupled to the microlattice layer and/or structure, and/or the one or more foam layers positioned between the first base layer and the second base layer. Accordingly, the one or more foam layers may be coupled to a surface of the at least one base layer, the first base layer, or the second base layer. In one embodiment, the microlattice layer and/or structure, one or more impact mitigation layers and/or one or more foam layers is disposed between the first base layer and the second base layer. The first base layer may be coupled to the second base layer to fully enclose the microlattice layer and/or structure, the microlattice layer and/or structure, one or more impact mitigation layers and/or one or more foam layers. The first base layer and the second base layer may comprise the same materials or different materials. The coupling may comprise adhesive, Velcro, melting, welding, thermoforming, and/or any combination thereof. 
     The at least one base layer, the first base layer and/or the second base layer may comprise a foam material, Velcro material, a 2-way stretch, a 4-way stretch, a polymer, and/or any combination thereof. The foam layer may comprise a foam material, the foam material comprising polymeric foams, quantum foam, polyethylene foam, polyurethane foam (PU foam rubber), XPS foam, polystyrene, phenolic, memory foam (traditional, open cell, or gel), impact absorbing foam, compression foam, latex rubber foam, convoluted foam (“egg create foam”), EVA foam, VN 600 foam, Evlon foam, Ariaprene or Ariaprene-like material, PORON XRD, impact hardening foam, and/or any combination thereof. The at least one foam layer may have an open-cell structure or closed-cell structure. The foam layer can be further tailored to obtain specific characteristics, such as anti-static, breathable, conductive, hydrophilic, high-tensile, high-tear, controlled elongation, and/or any combination thereof. The foam material may be uniform throughout the microlattice layer, and/or non-uniform throughout the microlattice layer. The one or more foam layers may comprise a single, continuous piece, and/or a plurality of foam segments. The polymer may comprise polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ABS, polyurethane (PU) and/or any combination thereof. 
     Microlattice Manufacturing 
     In one embodiment, the microlattice layer may be manufactured from standard manufacturing methods. Such standard manufacturing methods may include investment casting, deformation forming, woven textile, non-woven textile, and/or any combination thereof. Other conventional manufacturing methods may include casting, injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, rotational molding, extrusion molding, matrix molding, reaction injection molding and/or any combination thereof. Each of these methods offers unique features and benefits for fabricating custom manufactured fit pod assemblies. 
     Investment casting is one of the conventional methods to create microlattice structures. Castings of the microlattice structures can be created from an original pattern from wax, clay, plastic and/or other material. Then the desired investment materials are applied and cured. Finally, the final microlattice structure can complete the finishing process. 
     Deformation forming approach is another conventional method of producing microlattice structures by press forming operation. Using the forming and subsequent assembly process, cell sizes of millimeter to several centimeters can be obtained. It utilizes sheet perforation and shaping techniques. Perforated sheets with hexagonal or diamond shaped holes can be deformed at the nodes to produce sheets of tetrahedrons or pyramidal structure. The processed material requires annealing treatment in order to soften the strain-hardened struts. 
     Woven metal textile approach is a simple conventional method of weaving, braiding and sewing of thin beams of material into a microlattice structure. The orientation of the thin beams of material is possible to be arranged in any angle. The thin beams of material may be bonded together. Alternatively, the non-woven textile approach produces microlattices by layering thin beams of material on top of each other and the layered thin beams of material are subsequently joined together. 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice layers may be manufactured from additive manufacturing methods (AM). Such AM methods include VAT photopolymerization, material jetting, binder jetting, material extrusion or fuse deposition modelling (FDM), power bed fusion (e.g., direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), electron beam melting (EBM), selective heat sintering (SHS), selective laser melting (SLM), selective laser melting (SLS), sheet lamination, and/or directed energy disposition (DED), multi-jet fusion, digital light synthesis, and/or any combination thereof. 
     VAT polymerization method uses a vat of liquid photopolymer resin, out of which the microlattice structure can be constructed layer by layer. An ultraviolet (UV) light is used to cure or harden the resin where required, while a platform moves the microlattice structure being made downwards after each new layer is cured. 
     Material jetting approach can create a microlattice layer similar to using a two-dimensional ink jet printer. Material is jetted onto a build platform using either a continuous or Drop on Demand (DOD) approach. Material is jetted onto the build surface or platform, where it solidifies and the microlattice is built layer by layer. Material is deposited from a nozzle which moves horizontally across the build platform. The material layers are then cured or hardened using ultraviolet (UV) light. 
     The binder jetting approach uses two materials; a powder-based material and a binder. The binder acts as an adhesive between powder layers. The binder is usually in liquid form and the build material in powder form. A print head moves horizontally along the x and y axes of the machine and deposits alternating layers of the build material and the binding material. After each layer, the microlattice being printed is lowered on its build platform. 
     Fuse deposition modelling (FDM) is a common material extrusion process and is a technique used in domestic or hobby 3D printers. Material is drawn through a nozzle while under continuous pressure, where it is heated and is then deposited layer by layer into the desired cross-sectional area. The nozzle can move horizontally, and a platform moves up and down vertically after each new layer is deposited. Then the layers are fused together upon deposition as the material is in its melted state. 
     Powder bed fusion (PBF) methods use either a laser or electron beam to melt and fuse material powder together. All PBF processes involve the spreading of the powder material over previous layers into desired cross-sections. The powders are sintered, layer by layer. The platform lowers the microlattice to add additional layers, accordingly. 
     Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is a complex printing process commonly used to repair or add additional material to existing components. A typical DED machine consists of a nozzle mounted on a multi axis arm, which deposits melted material onto the specified surface and cross-section, where it solidifies. The process is similar in principle to material extrusion, but the nozzle can move in multiple directions and is not fixed to a specific axis. The material, which can be deposited from any angle due to 4 and 5 axis machines, is melted upon deposition with a laser or electron beam. The process can be used with polymers, ceramics but is typically used with metals, in the form of either powder or wire. Both conventional and additive manufacturing methods may be used together to create the desired microlattice layer, microlattice pads, and/or any combination thereof. 
     The microlattice structure may be manufactured with standard methods known in the art. Desirably, the microlattice structure may be fabricated by an additive manufacturing process to print a 3D matrix composite part utilizing a nanofuncationalization process created by HRL Laboratories. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,663,539, entitled “Process of Making a Three-Dimensional Micro-Truss Structure,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, discloses a method that forms micro-trusses by using a fixed light input (collimated UV) light to cure (polymerize) polymer optical waveguides, which can self-propagate in a 3D pattern—the propagated polymer optical waveguides form the micro-truss. Furthermore, the microlattice structure may comprise at least a portion of materials such as a metal, polymer, foam and/or any combination thereof. More specifically, it may be a metal, such as magnesium, aluminum, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and/or an alloy. The polymeric material may include polycarbone, aramid, high impact polysterene, nylon, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, poly (p-xylene), and/or any combination of such materials. 
     Protective Garments 
     In one embodiment, a protective garment assembly comprises a microlattice layer. The protective garment assembly may further comprise an impact mitigation layer. The microlattice layer may be optimized to enhance the performance and/or protection of any protective garment assembly. For example, the microlattice layer may be used to optimize the comfort, strength, stiffness, weight, and/or the density of a protective garment assembly. In one embodiment, the protective garment assembly may comprise a first garment layer, a second garment layer, and a microlattice layer. The microlattice layer disposed between the first garment layer and the second garment layer. The microlattice layer may comprise a single, continuous layer. Alternatively, the microlattice layer comprises a plurality of microlattice segments. The microlattice layer may be configured as a flat, planar matrix that easily conforms to any anatomical feature of a wearer. The microlattice layer may comprise at least one surface that conforms to any anatomical feature of a wearer. 
       FIG. 13  depicts a side view of one embodiment of a protective helmet assembly  800  with a microlattice layer and/or structure. The protective helmet assembly  1300  comprises a facemask  1302 , a helmet  1304 , and a chinstrap  1306 . The helmet  1304  comprises an outer shell  1308  and a microlattice layer  1312 . The helmet  1304  further comprises an inner shell  1310 . The outer shell  1308  having an external surface and an internal surface. The microlattice layer  1312  coupled to the inner surface of the outer shell  1308 . Furthermore, the microlattice layer  1312  may be disposed between the outer shell  1308  and the inner shell  1310 . The microlattice layer  1312  may extend from an external surface of the inner shell  1310  to an internal surface of the outer shell  1308 . Alternatively, the microlattice layer  1312  may extend from an external surface of the inner shell  1310  to a portion of the internal surface of the outer shell  1308 . Also, the microlattice layer  1312  may extend from the internal surface of the outer shell to at least a portion towards the external surface of the inner shell  1310 . The helmet  1304  may comprise the assembly of the different helmet components, which the helmet components are manufactured in individual pieces and assembled together. 
     In another embodiment, the helmet  1304  comprises an outer shell  1308  and a microlattice layer  1312 . The helmet  1304  further comprises an inner shell  1310 . The outer shell  1308  having an external surface and an internal surface. The microlattice layer  1312  coupled to the inner surface of the outer shell  1308 . Furthermore, the microlattice layer  1312  may be disposed between the outer shell  1308  and the inner shell  1310 . The microlattice layer  1312  may extend from an external surface of the inner shell  1310  to an internal surface of the outer shell  1308 . Alternatively, the microlattice layer  1312  may extend from an external surface of the inner shell  1310  to a portion of the internal surface of the outer shell  1308 . Also, the microlattice layer  1312  may extend from the internal surface of the outer shell to at least a portion towards the external surface of the inner shell  1310 . 
     In another embodiment, the helmet  1304  may be manufactured into a single, unit. Such ability to manufacture the helmet  1304  in a single unit may require the use of additive manufacturing methods known in the art. Such a manufacturing technique allows the use of 3D modeling software and the specific layering material for each component of the helmet. The helmet  804  comprises an outer shell  1308  and a microlattice layer  1312 . The helmet  804  further comprises an inner shell  1310 . The outer shell  808  having an external surface and an internal surface. The microlattice layer  1312  coupled to the inner surface of the outer shell  808 . Furthermore, the microlattice layer  1312  may be disposed between the outer shell  1308  and the inner shell  1310 . The microlattice layer  1312  may extend from an external surface of the inner shell  810  to an internal surface of the outer shell  1308 . Alternatively, the microlattice layer  1312  may extend from an external surface of the inner shell  1310  to a portion of the internal surface of the outer shell  1308 . Also, the microlattice layer  812  may extend from the internal surface of the outer shell to at least a portion towards the external surface of the inner shell  1310 . 
     The outer shell  1308  may be initially programmed for additive manufacturing to be the base layer of the helmet  804  with a first material and first material properties. From the outer shell  1308  the microlattice layer  1312  may be a second layer with a second material and/or second material properties. Should an inner shell  1310  be required, the inner shell will be a third layer with a third material and/or a third material properties. Furthermore, should a comfort liner (not shown) be introduced, it can be a fourth layer with a fourth material and/or a fourth material properties. The layering would continue until the single, unit helmet  1304  is complete. The single, unit helmet  1304  may comprise at least one surface that conforms to a head of a wearer. 
       FIG. 14  depicts a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of a protective garment assembly  1400 . The protective garment assembly  1400  desirably accommodates an air crew protective helmet assembly. The protective garment assembly  1400  comprises an outer shell  1402 , an impact mitigation layer  1404 , an inner frame  1406 . The impact mitigation layer  1404  disposed between an inner surface of the outer shell  1402 , and an outer surface of the inner frame  1406 . The impact mitigation layer  1404  comprises a plurality of impact mitigation structures, the plurality of impact mitigation structures includes at least one or more of a plurality of filaments, a plurality of laterally supported filaments, a plurality of auxetic structures, a plurality of undulated structures, microlattice structures and/or any combination thereof. However, the protect garment assembly  1400  can accommodate and/or be optimized for any sport and/or occupation that requires protection from impacts. Accordingly, air crew protective helmets require protection to the airmen&#39;s head from blunt impact traumas or high velocity impacts in the case of an ejection from their planes or jets. Current air crew protective helmets do not have embed impact mitigation structures for mitigating such impacts. Additionally, air crew protective helmets do not alleviate discomfort when large temperature increases are observed within the cockpit during the first twenty minutes of flight leading to excessive perspiration and dehydration—the excessive perspiration and dehydrations is known to reduce an airmen&#39;s tolerance to G-forces. 
     Thus, the need exists to create an impact absorbing, lightweight, comfortable, breathable impact mitigation layer that can be tuned to respond optimally for appropriate impact velocities or blunt force traumas. The impact mitigation layer may be a single, continuous layer, and/or a plurality of impact mitigation layer modular segments. The impact mitigation layer may comprise uniform and/or non-uniform thicknesses, composition, and impact absorption properties, and/or the impact. The impact mitigation layer may comprise an active or passive cooling system for thermal management—allowing evaporation of sweat through the active or passive cooling system. The impact mitigation layer may match or substantially match the contours of the wearer&#39;s head. 
     In one embodiment, the protective garment assembly  1400  comprises an outer shell  1402 , an impact mitigation layer  1404 , an inner frame  1406 . The protective garment assembly  1400  further comprises a comfort layer or comfort liner (not shown). The impact mitigation layer  1404  disposed between an inner surface of the outer shell  1402 , and an outer surface of the inner frame  1406 . The impact mitigation layer  1404  comprises a plurality of impact mitigation structures, the plurality of impact mitigation structures includes at least one or more of a plurality of filaments, a plurality of laterally supported filaments, a plurality of auxetic structures, a plurality of undulated structures, microlattice structures and/or any combination thereof. The impact mitigation layer  1404  may further comprise a comfort layer and/or comfort liner. The comfort layer and/or comfort liner may be coupled and/or fused to an outer surface and/or inner surface of the impact mitigation layer  1404 . Alternatively, the comfort layer and/or comfort liner may be coupled or fused to an inner surface of the inner frame  1406 . The comfort layer and/or comfort liner may comprise a single, continuous layer, and/or a plurality of modular comfort layer or liner segments. The comfort layer may comprise at least one microlattice layer. The comfort layer may further comprise at least one foam layer and/or at least one polymer layer. The polymer layer and/or the outer shell  1402  comprising polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), ABS, polyurethane (PU) and/or any combination thereof. 
     The inner frame  1406  comprising a tensioning mechanism and retention mechanism  1408 . The inner frame  1406  being coupled to the outer shell  1402 , impact mitigation layer  1404 , and/or the outer shell  1402  and the impact mitigation layer  1404 . The inner frame  1406  comprising a plurality of frame segments. The plurality of frame segments or each of the plurality of frame segments are spaced apart. The tensioning mechanism being movable from a relaxed, untensioned state to a tensioned state for optimal fitting around the wearer&#39;s head. The tensioning mechanism. The tensioning mechanism comprising at least one dial  1412  and elastomeric bands  1410 . At least a portion of the tensioning mechanism is coupled to each of the plurality of frame segments, the tensioning mechanism moves each of the plurality of frame segments towards each other by closing the space between the segments to create a tighter fit. The dial  1412  may have tuned rotational increments that correlate to linear distance. Each turn of the dial moves the plurality of frame segments together by ⅛″ or greater. Alternatively, it can be a linear distance comprising 1/16″ or greater. 
     The retention mechanism  1408  may comprise a plurality of impact mitigation structures. The plurality of impact mitigation structures of the retention mechanism  1408  may be the same or different impact structures as the impact mitigation layer  1404 . The plurality of impact mitigation structures including laterally supported filament structures (LSF). The laterally supported filament structures comprising a plurality of filaments arranged into a polygonal shape, a plurality of walls between each of the plurality of filaments. The laterally supported filament structures deforming elastically upon impact and returning to its original configuration once the impact force is removed. The laterally supported filament structures may further comprise a top plate, the top plate is disposed on at least one end of the laterally supported filament structures. The top plate having a through-hole. The through-hole is sized and configured to receive a screw, bolt, rivet, and/or any other mechanical fastener known in the art. The retention mechanism  1408  may comprise a screw, bolt, rivet and/or any other mechanical fastener known in the art. 
     In another embodiment, the protective garment assembly  1400  may further comprise a balancing system (not shown). The balancing system would facilitate proper weight balancing to a wearer&#39;s head when multiple head-mounted accessories are coupled to the protective garment. The multiple head-mounted accessories add significant weight to a wearers head, and if the weight is misaligned, it can generate tremendous neck fatigue. The balancing system would provide a counter balancing mechanism that counterbalances the weight added to the head with multiple-head mounted accessories by adjusting the protective garment assembly&#39;s center of gravity, as well as providing a “quick-release” feature for the head mounted accessories. Such balancing system would help mitigate any future chronic neck and/or back problems. 
       FIG. 15  depicts a side view of one embodiment of a protective helmet assembly  1500  with an impact mitigation layer. The protective helmet assembly  1500  comprises a facemask  1504 , a helmet, and a chinstrap  1506 . The helmet comprises an outer shell  1502  and an impact mitigation layer  1508 . The helmet further comprises an inner shell or a force distribution layer  1510 . The outer shell  1502  having an external surface and an internal surface. The impact mitigation layer  1508  coupled to the inner surface of the outer shell  1502 . Furthermore, the impact mitigation layer  1508  may be disposed between the outer shell  1502  and the inner shell  1510 . The impact mitigation layer  1510  may extend from an external surface of the inner shell  1510  to an internal surface of the outer shell  1502 . Alternatively, the impact mitigation layer  1312  may extend from an external surface of the inner shell  1510  to a portion of the internal surface of the outer shell  1308 . Also, the impact mitigation layer  15082  may extend from the internal surface of the outer shell  1502  to at least a portion towards the external surface of the inner shell  1510 . The helmet may further comprise a foam layer  1514 , a comfort liner  1514  and/or a microlattice layer (not shown). 
     The outer shell  1308 ,  1402 ,  1502  and/or the inner shell/force distribution layer/inner frame  1310 ,  1406 ,  1510  may comprise a rigid or a relatively rigid material, such as polyethylene, high density polyethylene, nylon, polycarbonate, polyurethane, acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), polyester resin with fiberglass, thermosetting plastics, and/or any other rigid thermoplastic materials. Alternately, the outer shell  1308 ,  1402 ,  1502  and/or the inner shell/force distribution layer/inner frame  1310 ,  1406 ,  1510  may comprise a relatively deformable material, such as polycarbonate, polyurethane and/or high-density polyethylene, where such material allows local deformation upon impact. The outer shell  1502  and/or the inner shell/force distribution layer  1310 ,  1510  may comprise a single, continuous shell. Alternatively, the outer shell  1502  and/or the inner shell/force distribution layer may comprise a plurality of shell segments. 
     The impact mitigation layer  1404 ,  1508  comprises a plurality of impact mitigation structures. Each of the plurality of impact mitigation structures may be spaced apart from the adjacent plurality of impact mitigation structures. The plurality of impact mitigation structures may comprise a plurality of filaments, a plurality of laterally supported filaments, a plurality of auxetic structures, a plurality of undulated structures, a microlattice structure or layer, and/or any combination thereof. Alternatively, the impact mitigation layer  1404 ,  1508  may comprise a continuous, single piece layer that is coupled to the outer shell  1502  and/or the inner surface of the outer shell  1502 . The impact mitigation layer  1404 ,  1508  may further comprise a top layer and a bottom layer, the impact mitigation structure and/or the plurality of impact mitigation structures are disposed between the top and bottom layer. The top and bottom layers are thin, flexible layers to facilitate coupling to the helmet. 
       FIG. 25A  depicts a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a protective helmet assembly  2500 . The protective helmet assembly  2500  comprises an outer shell  2502 , and inner shell  2506  and an impact mitigation layer  2504 . The impact mitigation layer  2504  is disposed between the outer shell  2502  and the inner shell  2506 . The protective helmet assembly  2500  further comprises a custom pad liner  2510 , the custom pad liner includes a plurality of pad assemblies. The protective helmet assembly  2500  may further comprise a chinstrap (not shown) and a facemask (not shown). The custom pad liner  2510  may be disposed onto an inner surface of the inner shell  2506 . The custom pad liner  2510 , the plurality of pad assemblies and/or each of the plurality of pad assemblies comprises a first pad layer  2510 , the first pad layer  2512  comprises a microlattice structure, the microlattice structure includes a first surface and a second surface. At least a portion of the first surface matches or substantially matches the contours of the inner surface of the inner shell  2506 . At least a portion of the second surface matches or substantially matches the wearer&#39;s anatomical features, namely the wearer&#39;s head. The plurality of pad assemblies and/or each of the plurality of pad assemblies. Alternatively, the microlattice structure comprises at least one surface that matches or substantially matches the contours of a wearers head. 
       FIG. 25B  depicts a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a protective helmet assembly  2500 . The protective helmet assembly  2500  comprises an outer shell  2502 , and inner shell  2506  and an impact mitigation layer  2504 . The impact mitigation layer  2504  is disposed between the outer shell  2502  and the inner shell  2506 . The protective helmet assembly  2500  further comprises a custom pad liner  2510 , the custom pad liner includes a plurality of pad assemblies. The protective helmet assembly  2500  may further comprise a chinstrap (not shown) and a facemask (not shown). The custom pad liner  2510  may be disposed onto an inner surface of the inner shell  2506 . The custom pad liner  2510 , the plurality of pad assemblies and/or each of the plurality of pad assemblies comprises a first pad layer  2512  and a second layer  2514 . The first pad layer  2512  includes a microlattice structure, the microlattice structure includes a first surface and a second surface. At least a portion of the first surface matches or substantially matches the contours of the inner surface of the inner shell  2506 . At least a portion of the second surface matches or substantially matches the wearer&#39;s anatomical features, namely the wearer&#39;s head. The plurality of pad assemblies and/or each of the plurality of pad assemblies. Alternatively, the microlattice structure comprises at least one surface that matches or substantially matches the contours of a wearers head. 
     The second pad layer  2512  is disposed or coupled onto a surface of the first pad layer  2510 . The second pad layer  2512  may comprise one or more foam layers. The one or more foam layers of the second pad layer  2512  may comprise a comfort foam layer and an impact layer. The second pad layer may further comprise a top layer and a bottom layer that encloses the one or more foam layers. The one or more foam layers are disposed between the top and bottom layer. Each of the one or more foam layers may comprise the same foam material or different foam materials. The top layer and the bottom layer may comprise the same foam material or different foam materials. The top layer and the bottom layer may comprise the same foam materials or different foam materials compared to the one or more foam layers. The second pad layer  2512  may be manufactured from custom manufacturing methods, such as additive manufacturing or it may be a separate piece that is coupled to the first foam layer. 
       FIG. 26  depicts a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a protective helmet assembly  2600 . The protective helmet assembly  2600  comprises an outer shell  2602 , and inner shell  2606  and an impact mitigation layer  2604 . The impact mitigation layer  2604  is disposed between the outer shell  2602  and the inner shell  2606 . The protective helmet assembly  2600  further comprises a custom pad liner  2608 , the custom pad liner  2608  includes a plurality of pad assemblies. The protective helmet assembly  2600  may further comprise a chinstrap (not shown) and a facemask (not shown). The custom pad liner  2608 , the plurality of pad assemblies and/or each of the plurality of pad assemblies comprises a first pad layer  2610  and a second layer  2612 . The first pad layer  2610  includes a microlattice structure, the microlattice structure includes a first surface and a second surface. The first pad layer  2610  further comprising a portion of the first surface that matches or substantially matches the interior surface of the inner shell  2606  and/or a portion of the second surface that matches or substantially matches at least one contour of a wearer&#39;s anatomical features, or namely the wearer&#39;s head. The second pad layer  2612  disposed or coupled onto the second surface of the first pad layer  2610  or at least a portion of the second surface. The second pad layer  2612  may comprise at least one surface that matches or substantially matches at least one contour of a wearer&#39;s anatomical features, or namely the wearer&#39;s head. 
     The first pad layer  2610  may further comprise a bottom material layer or a first material layer  2616  and a second material layer or a top material layer  2618 . The bottom material layer  2616  and/or the second material layer  2618  may extend laterally across the first and/or second surface of the microlattice structure. The bottom material layer  2616  and/or the second material layer  2618  may extend laterally across the first and/or second surface of the microlattice structure to match or substantially align with the perimeter of the first pad layer  2510 . 
     Impact Mitigation Structures 
     In one embodiment, the impact mitigating structures can comprise a plurality of filaments  1602 .  FIGS. 16A-16D  depicts that the plurality of filaments may be thin, longitudinally extending members or be shaped and configured to deform non-linearly in response to an impact force. The non-linear deformation behavior is expected to provide improved protection against high-impact forces, and/or oblique forces. The non-linear deformation behavior is described by at least a portion of the filaments stress-strain profile. The non-linear stress-strain profile illustrates that there can be an initial rapid increase in force (region I) followed by a change in slope that may be flat, decreasing or increasing slope (region II), followed by a third region with a different slope (region III). 
     In another embodiment, the at least a portion of the plurality of filaments and/or the plurality of filaments may comprise filaments that buckle in response to an incident force, where buckling may be characterized by a localized, sudden failure of the filament structure subjected to high compressive stress, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stress that the material is capable of withstanding. Furthermore, the plurality of filaments may be configured to deform elastically, allowing the at least a portion of the filaments to substantially return to their initial configuration once the external force is removed. The at least a portion of filaments may extend between two surfaces, the at least a portion of filaments having at least one end coupled to the outer layer and/or the inner layer. 
     In another embodiment, the plurality of filaments having a cross-section and a longitudinal axis. The cross-section of the plurality of filaments being solid or hollow, the solid or hollow cross-section being uniform throughout the entire length of the longitudinal axis. Accordingly, the solid or hollow cross-section being uniform at least a portion of the length of the longitudinal axis. The cross-section may further comprise a shape. The shape including an oval, a circle, a polygon, and/or a combination thereof. The polygon shape comprises a triangle, a square, a rectangle, a heptagon, a hexagon, a heptagon, an octagon, a nonagon, a decagon, and/or any combination thereof. The plurality of filaments having an aspect ratio, the aspect ratio being at least 3:1 or greater. 
     In another embodiment, the protective garment assembly may experience local deformation  1604  as shown in  FIG. 16C-16D . The helmet and/or the impact mitigation layer deforms non-linearly in response to the impact force incident. The deformation can be elastic, such that after impact the outer shell  1606  and/or the impact mitigation layer return to their original configurations. In some embodiments, the helmet can be configured such that upon application of between about 100 and 500 static pounds of force, the outer shell and/or the impact mitigation layer deform between about 0.75 to 2.25 inches. The deformability distance can be tuned by varying the composition, number, and configuration of the filaments, and by varying the composition and configuration of the outer shell and/or impact mitigation layer. 
     In another embodiment, the impact mitigating structures can comprise laterally supported filaments (LSF)  1700 . Laterally supported filaments comprise a plurality of filaments  1702  that are interconnected by laterally positioned walls or sheets  1704  in a polygonal configuration.  FIGS. 17A-17C  illustrate LSF structures  1700 , where the filaments  1702  are arranged in a hexagonal pattern interconnected by laterally positioned walls  1704 . Alternatively, other regular or irregular polygonal structures and/or configurations known in the art may be contemplated, such as triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, septagonal, octagonal, and/or any combination thereof. A plurality of sheets or lateral walls  1704  can be secured between adjacent pairs of filaments  1702  with each filament having a pair of lateral walls  1704  attached thereto. Alternatively, each of the plurality of filaments  1702  may comprise a lateral wall  1704  extending outwardly therefrom to at least one adjacent filament. In the disclosed embodiment, the lateral walls  1704  can be oriented approximately 120 degrees apart about the filament axis, with each lateral wall  1704  extending substantially along the longitudinal length of the filament  1702 . Accordingly, the orientation of the lateral walls  1704  may be asymmetric, which at least one lateral wall  1704  may be oriented approximately 75 to 135 degrees apart about the filament axis. The shape, wall thickness or diameter, height, and configuration of the lateral walls  1704  and/or filaments  1702  may vary as shown in  FIGS. 17A-17C  to “tune” or “tailor” the structures to a desired performance. For example, one embodiment of a hexagonal structure may have a tapered or frustum configuration as shown in  FIG. 17A . The frustum or tapered hexagonal and/or polygonal LSF structure can have a top surface and a bottom surface, with the bottom surface perimeter (and/or bottom surface thickness/diameter of the individual elements) that may be larger than the corresponding top surface perimeter (and/or individual element thickness/diameter). In another example, the hexagonal and/or polygonal LSF structure can have an upper ridge  1706  as shown in  FIG. 17C . The upper ridge  1706  can also facilitate connection to another structure, such as an inner surface and/or external surface of a helmet, an item of protective clothing, and/or a mechanical connection (e.g., a grommet or plug having an enlarged tip that is desirably slightly larger than the opening in the upper ridge of the hexagonal and/or polygonal LSF element). 
     Furthermore, the polygonal or hexagonal LSF structures may be manufactured as individual structures or in a patterned array  1800  (see  FIGS. 18A-18C ). The individual LSF structures  1802  can be manufactured using an extrusion, investment casting or injection molding process. Also, the patterned array  1800  may comprise LSF structures  1804  may have the same shape and configuration with repeating symmetrical arrangement or asymmetrical arrangement (offset). Alternatively, the patterned array  1802  may comprise different LSF structures  1804 ,  1806 ,  1808  shape and configurations with repeating symmetrical arrangement or asymmetrical arrangement (offset). Each of the polygonal and/or hexagonal LSF structures  1802  may be spaced apart from the adjacent polygonal and/or hexagonal LSF structures to allow buckling to occur. 
     Conversely, the patterned array  1810  may comprise polygonal or hexagonal LSF structures  1812  and at least one base membrane  1814 . At least a portion of the polygonal or hexagonal LSF structures  1812  may be affixed to at least one base membrane or base layer  1814 . The base membrane  1814  may be manufactured with a polymeric or foam material. The polymeric or foam material may be flexible and/or elastic to allows it to be easily bent, twisted or flexed to conform to complex surfaces. Alternatively, the polymeric and/or foam material may be substantially rigid. The base layer or base membrane  1814  may comprise a plurality of holes and/or perforations to allow ventilation. Affixing each polygonal or hexagonal structures  1812  to at least one base membrane  1814  may be arranged in single, continuous array or plurality of segmented, modular arrays.  FIGS. 19A-19B  illustrate a side view and perspective view of a plurality of LSF patterned arrays  1904  affixed to different regions within a shell  1902 . The shell  1902  having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the plurality of LSF patterned arrays  1904  affixed to different regions on the inner surface of the shell  1902 . The different regions may comprise one frontal region (or front), an occipital region (or lower-back), a mid-back region, a parietal region (or midline), and a temporal region (right and/or left sides), the orbit region, the mandible (front, right and/or left side) region, the maxilla region, the nasal region, zygomatic region, the ethmoid region, the lacrimal region, the sphenoid region and/or any combination thereof. 
     In another embodiment, the impact mitigation structure may comprise auxetic structures  2000  as shown in  FIGS. 20A-20B . The auxetic structure  2000  may comprise a single, continuous layer, and/or a plurality of auxetic structures. The auxetic structures  2000  may include a plurality of interconnected members  2002  forming an array of reentrant shapes. The auxetic structures  2000  may be affixed to a base membrane  2004  or directly onto an outer shell and/or a shell. The term “auxetic” generally refers to a material or structure that has a negative Poisson ratio, when stretched, auxetic materials or structures become thicker (as opposed to thinner) in a direction perpendicular to the applied force. Such auxetic structures can result in high energy absorption and/or fracture resistance. In particular, when a force is applied to the auxetic material or structure, the impact can cause it to expand (or contract) in one direction, resulting in associated expansion (or contraction) in a perpendicular direction. It should be recognized that those skilled in the art could utilize auxetic structures  2000  to include differently shaped reentrant shapes or interconnected members  2002  or other structural members and different shaped voids. For example,  FIG. 20B  illustrates an amplified view of one embodiment of an auxetic structure that is “bone” or “ribbon” shaped with radiused or arced re-entrant shapes. 
     In another embodiment, the impact mitigation structures may comprise undulated structures  2100 . The undulated structures  2100  may comprise chevron pattern, herringbone pattern, and/or zig zag pattern. Such undulated structures  2100  allow large elastic deformations by releasing strain—a structural deformation, then returning to its original configuration after the impact is removed. 
     In another embodiment, the impact mitigation layer, the first material layer and/or the second material layer may further comprise at least one foam layer, a plurality of foam layers and/or a foam material. The at least one foam layer can include polymeric foams, quantum foam, polyethylene foam, polyurethane foam (foam rubber), XPS foam, polystyrene, phenolic, memory foam (traditional, open cell, or gel), impact absorbing foam (e.g., VN600),), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate foam (EVA), Ariaprene foam, latex rubber foam, convoluted foam (“egg create foam”), Evlon foam, impact hardening foam, 4.0 Custula comfort foam (open cell low density foam) and/or any combination thereof. The at least one foam layer may have an open-cell structure or closed-cell structure. The at least one foam layer can be further tailored to obtain specific characteristics, such as anti-static, breathable, conductive, hydrophilic, high-tensile, high-tear, controlled elongation, and/or any combination thereof. The foam layer and/or material may be positioned on the crown of the wearer&#39;s head and conform to the curvature of the wearer&#39;s head. The portion of a foam layer may have a depth, length and a height. The depth may vary at a range between 0.5 inches to 2 inches. The length and/or height may vary from 2 inches to 12 inches. 
     Custom Pad Assemblies 
     The custom manufactured pad assemblies (e.g., an internal padding system) can be fabricated via 3D printing and/or conventional manufacturing methods and coupled to a standard helmet design to create a personalized helmet system for a wearer. The custom manufactured pad assemblies may be configured to match or substantially correspond to the wearer&#39;s unique anatomical features, which provides significantly improved fit and comfort for the wearer. More specifically, the custom pad assembly is fabricated to either match or substantially correspond to the wearer&#39;s anatomical features, namely the topography and contours of the wearer&#39;s head and facial region, including the jaw region. However, other anatomical features may be considered that require protection of the body. For example, protective equipment worn by football players for production of anatomical features of the body during the course of a football game may require protection for the neck, shoulders, hip, arm, elbow, tailbone, thighs, back, knees, ribs, groin and/or any combination thereof. 
     Accordingly, the custom manufactured fit pod assembly (defined as one or more individual custom manufactured fit pods) that corresponds to the correct location or region within the standard helmet and/or wearer&#39;s specific anatomical region to maximize comfort, fit and/or safety. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the one or more individual custom manufactured fit pod assemblies may be coupled to an inner surface of a helmet in any configuration within. In one embodiment, the pad assemblies may be positioned around the circumference of the wearer&#39;s anatomical features, namely the wearer&#39;s head. The one or more custom pad assemblies&#39; may positioned in one or more of the following regions of a wearer&#39;s head: a frontal assembly (or front), a crown assembly, an occipital assembly (or lower-back), a mid-back assembly, a parietal assembly (or midline), and a temporal assembly (right and/or left sides), and/or any combination(s) thereof. The standard helmet may comprise an outer layer. The standard helmet may further comprise an inner layer, and/or an impact mitigation layer, the impact mitigation layer being disposed between the outer layer and inner layer. 
     The custom pad assemblies can comprise a generally triangular shaped body with rounded corners (an isosceles triangle, for example), although a variety of other shapes, including ovals, triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, septagons and/or octagon shapes, could be utilized in a variety of embodiments. In a similar manner, alternative shapes having rounded and/or sharp corners and/or edges may be utilized, as well as irregular and/or re-entrant shaped bodies, if desired. 
     The one or more custom manufactured fit pod assemblies can be provided in a series of sizes and/or thicknesses. The one or more custom manufactured fit pod assemblies may have a range of thickness between ¼″ Thickness Progressively Up to 1.25″ or Greater thickness (preferably, 0.25 inches or greater). Desirably, the different thickness custom manufactured fit pod assemblies can be provided with similar external dimensions (i.e., height and/or width), with only the thickness differing to any substantial degree, allowing different thickness fit pods to be “mixed and matched” for use with a single helmet liner or other component, and/or other item of protective clothing. 
     In another embodiment, the impact mitigation layer and/or liners may comprise one or more impact mitigation pads assemblies  2200 .  FIG. 22  depicts one embodiment of an impact mitigation pad or pad assembly  2200 . The one or more impact mitigation pads  2200  may comprise a first material layer  2208  and a second material layer  2210 . The one or more impact mitigation pads  2200  may further comprise a microlattice layer or an impact mitigation layer and/or a microlattice layer and an impact mitigation layer. The microlattice layer and/or the impact mitigation layer disposed between the first material layer  2208  and the second material layer  2210 . The one or more impact mitigation pads may further comprise a microlattice layer, a force distribution layer  2204  and/or a foam layer  2206 . The first material layer  2208  and/or the second material layer  2210  may comprise a 2-way stretch material, a 4-way stretch material, and/or a foam material or layer. Additionally, the first material layer  2208  and/or the second material layer  2210  may further comprise a polymeric material, such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, nylon, PVC, PTFE, and/or any combination thereof. The first material layer  2208  may be the same material or a different material to the second material layer  2210 . Furthermore, the first material  2208  and/or the second material layer  2210  may be breathable and wick away moisture easily from the skin while carrying out various sporting and athletic activities. For example, the first material  2208  and/or the second material layer  2210  may completely or continually cover an entire array of impact mitigating structures (not shown). Conversely, the first material  2208  and/or the second material layer  2210  may cover at least a portion of an entire array of impact mitigating structures. Furthermore, the covering may cover segmented arrays of impact mitigating structures or individual impact mitigating structures (not shown). The plurality of impact mitigation structures may comprise a plurality of filaments, one or more laterally supported filaments (LSF) structures, one or more auxetic structures, one or more undulated structures, a microlattice structure or layer, and/or any combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 23A-23B  depicts isometric views of an alternate embodiment of a pad assembly  2300 . A pad assembly  2300  comprising: a first pad layer  2302 , the first pad layer  2302  comprises one or more microlattice structures  2306 , the one or more microlattice structures  2306  comprising a plurality of interconnected filament units, each of the plurality of interconnected filament units comprises a node, at least three filaments, and at least three interior angles, the at least three filaments extending in different directions from the node, the at least three interior angles disposed between each of the at least three filaments, the one or more microlattice structures  2306  including a top surface and a bottom surface; and a connection mechanism  2310 , at least a portion of the connection mechanism  2310  disposed onto a portion of the bottom surface of the one or more microlattice structures  2306 . The at least a portion of the top surface matches at least one contour of a wearer&#39;s anatomical feature. The at least portion of the bottom surface matches at least one contour of an interior surface of a helmet and/or an interior surface of an inner shell. The at least three filaments or the plurality of interconnected filament units having a cross-section, the cross-section having a surface area, the surface area is between 0.01-20 mm 2 . The at least three filaments or the plurality of interconnected filament units comprising a material, the material including a thermoset elastomer or a thermoplastic elastomer. The material comprising a Young&#39;s modulus range of 1 to 10,000 MPa. The at least three interior angles comprises a range of 30 degrees to 75 degrees. The cross-section is uniform or non-uniform along a longitudinal axis of the plurality of filaments. The cross-section is solid or hollow. 
     The first pad layer  2302  further comprises first material layer and a second material layer, the one or more microlattice structures  2306  disposed between the first material layer and the second material layer. The at least a portion of the first material layer matches at least one contour of a wearer&#39;s anatomical feature. The at least portion of the second material layer matches at least one contour of an interior surface of a helmet and/or an interior surface of the inner shell. The first material layer or the second material layer comprises a one or more foam layers and/or foam materials. The first material layer and the second material layer comprises one or more foam layers and/or foam materials. The first material layer or second material layer may extend laterally across a top surface or bottom surface of the first pad layer. The first material layer or second material layer may comprise a plurality of plates  2308 , the plurality of plates  2308  are spaced apart and arranged symmetrically. Alternatively, the plurality of plates  2308  are spaced apart and arranged asymmetrically. 
     The connection mechanism  2310  may comprise a mechanical attachment. The connection mechanism  2310  comprises a base  2312  and a post  2314 . The post  2314  extends upwardly away from the base  2312 . The post  2314  comprises a shape, the shape includes a triangle. The shape may also further include an oval, a polygon and/or irregular polygon. The shape is sized and configured to be disposed within an aperture located on an interior surface of a helmet and/or an aperture located on an interior surface of an inner shell. 
       FIG. 24  depicts an isometric view of an alternate embodiment of a pad assembly  2400 . The pad assembly comprising a first pad layer  2404 , the first pad layer  2404  comprises a first material layer  2406 , a second material layer  2408  and at least one microlattice structure  2410 , the at least one microlattice structure  2410  comprises a plurality of nodes, a plurality of filaments and a plurality of interior angles, the plurality of filaments intersecting creating the plurality of nodes, the plurality of filaments extending in different orientations, the plurality of interior angles disposed between the plurality of filaments, the at least one microlattice structure disposed between the first material layer  2406  and the second material layer  2408 ; a second pad layer  2402 , the second pad layer  2402  disposed onto a least a first material layer  2406  of the first pad layer  2404 ; and a connection mechanism  2412 , at least a portion of the connection mechanism  2412  disposed onto a portion of the second material layer  2408 . Alternatively, the connection mechanism  2412  may be disposed onto the first material layer  2406  and/or the first material layer  2406  and the second material layer  2408  of the first pad layer  2404 . The at least a portion of the first material layer  2406  matches at least one contour of a wearer&#39;s anatomical feature. The at least portion of the second material layer  2408  matches at least one contour of an interior surface of a helmet. The plurality of filaments having a cross-section, the cross-section having a surface area, the surface area is between 0.01-20 mm 2 . The plurality of filaments comprising a material, the material including a thermoset elastomer or a thermoplastic elastomer. The material comprising a Young&#39;s modulus range of 1 to 10,000 MPa. The cross-section is solid or hollow. The at least a portion of the second pad layer comprises at least one surface that matches at least one contour of a wearer&#39;s anatomical feature. The second pad layer comprises a plurality of plates that are spaced apart. 
     The connection mechanism  2412  may comprise Velcro. The connection mechanism may be disposed onto a portion of the first material layer  2406 , the second material layer  2408 , and/or the first material layer  2406  and the second material layer  2408  of the first pad layer  2404 . The connection mechanism  2412  may a single piece that extends across an entire first material layer  2406  and/or the second material layer  2408  and/or a least a portion of the first material layer  2406  or the second material layer  2408 . The connection mechanism  2412  may be a plurality of connection mechanisms  2412  or pieces that are spaced apart and positioned onto a first material layer  2406  and/or the second material layer. 
     Microlattice Embodiments 
       FIGS. 1A-1E  depicts side views of different embodiments of a microlattice impact mitigation layers and/or structures. The microlattice layer and/or structure  100  comprises an array of a plurality of interconnected filaments  102 , 104  and a plurality of nodes  106 , the plurality of nodes  106  being defined as the intersections between the plurality of interconnected filaments  102 , 104 . The array of the plurality of interconnected filaments  102 , 104  may be spaced apart and arranged in parallel or offset to create repeating rows, the repeating rows are colinear or non-colinear to the preceding and/or adjacent row. The plurality of interconnected filaments  102 ,  104  may be oriented at an angle  108  that is perpendicular to a surface or node  106  and/or non-perpendicular to a surface or node  106 . The angle  108  that is perpendicular to a surface or node  106  being 90 degrees. The angle  108  that is non-perpendicular to a surface or node  106  being less than or greater than 90 degrees. In one embodiment, angle  108  is 1 degree to 89 degrees. In another embodiment, the angle  108  is 15 degrees to 75 degrees. In another embodiment, the angle is 30 degrees to 60 degrees. 
     In another embodiment, microlattice layer and/or structure  100  comprises a first plurality of filaments  102  and a second plurality of filaments  104 , the first plurality of filaments  102  and the second plurality filaments having at least two nodes  106 , the at least two nodes  106  being defined as the intersection between the first plurality of filaments  102  and the second plurality of filaments  104 . The first plurality of filaments  102  and the second plurality of filaments  104  having a longitudinal axis. The first plurality of filaments  102  oriented in a first angle relative to a surface or a node  106  and a second plurality of filaments  104  oriented in a second angle relative to a surface or a node  106 . The first angle and the second angle are different. The first angle and the second angle is the same. The first and/or second angle comprises a perpendicular angle to a surface or node and/or non-perpendicular angle to a surface or a node. The first and/or second angle  108  that is perpendicular to a surface or node  106  being 90 degrees. The first and/or second angle  108  that is non-perpendicular to a surface or node  106  being less than or greater than 90 degrees. In one embodiment, first and/or second angle  108  is 1 degree to 89 degrees. In another embodiment, the first and/or second angle  108  is 15 degrees to 75 degrees. In another embodiment, the first and/or second angle is 30 degrees to 60 degrees. 
       FIGS. 1D-1E  depicts another embodiment of a stacked microlattice layer and/or structure  118  comprising two or more microlattice layers and/or structures  120 , 122  stacked on top of each other. Accordingly, the microlattice structure and/or layer  118  comprises a first microlattice layer and/or structure  120  and a second microlattice layer and/or structure  122 . The stacked microlattice layers may further comprise at least material layer  110 . The stacked microlattice layers may further comprise a first material layer  110 , and intermediate material layer  124  and/or a second material layer  116 , and/or any combination thereof. A plurality of microlattice layers  120 , 122  may be included. In one embodiment, each of the first and second microlattice structure and/or layers  120 , 122  may be the same or similar to the microlattice structure  100  described above with reference to  FIGS. 1A-1C . The first microlattice layer and/or structure  120  may be coupled to the second microlattice layer and/or structure  122 . The second microlattice layer and or structure  122  plurality of nodes  126  may be aligned colinear with at least a portion of the one or more nodes  106  of the first microlattice layer and/or structure  120 . Alternatively, the second microlattice layer and or structure  122  plurality of nodes  126  may be aligned offset with at least a portion of the one or more nodes  106  of the first microlattice layer and/or structure  120 . The first microlattice layer and/or structure  120  may comprise the same strength and stiffness as the second microlattice layer and/or structure  122 . Alternatively, the first microlattice layer and/or structure  120  may comprise a different strength and stiffness as the second microlattice layer and/or structure  122 . The first microlattice layer and/or structure  120  may comprise the same microlattice density as the second microlattice layer and/or structure  122 . Alternatively, the first microlattice layer and/or structure  120  may have a different microlattice density as the second microlattice layer and/or structure  122 . The first microlattice layer and/or structure  120  may comprise the compressive strain as the second microlattice layer and/or structure  122 . Alternatively, the first microlattice layer and/or structure  120  may comprise a different compressive strain as the second microlattice layer and/or structure  122 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the first and second microlattice layers  120 , 122  comprises an array of a plurality of interconnected filaments  128 , 130  and a plurality of nodes  126 , the plurality of nodes  126  being defined as the intersections between the plurality of interconnected filaments  128 , 130 . The array of the plurality of interconnected filaments  128 , 130  may be spaced apart and arranged in parallel or offset to create repeating rows, the repeating rows are colinear to the preceding and/or adjacent row. The plurality of interconnected filaments  128 , 130  may be oriented at an interior angle  132  that is perpendicular to a surface or node  126  and/or non-perpendicular to a surface or node  126 . The interior angle  132  that is perpendicular to a surface or node  126  being 90 degrees. The interior angle  132  that is non-perpendicular to a surface or node  126  being less than or greater than 90 degrees. In one embodiment, angle  132  is 1 degree to 89 degrees. In another embodiment, the interior angle  108  is 15 degrees to 75 degrees. In another embodiment, the interior angle  132  is 30 degrees to 60 degrees. The interior angle  132  on the second microlattice layer and/or structure  122  may be the same angle  106  on the first microlattice layer and/or structure. Alternatively, the angle  132  on the second microlattice layer and/or structure  122  may be a different angle  106  on the first microlattice layer and/or structure. 
       FIGS. 2A-2B  depicts an isometric view and magnified view of an alternate embodiment of a microlattice layer and/or structure  200 . The microlattice layers and/or structures  200  may comprise a plurality of interconnected filaments  202 , 204 , a plurality of nodes  208  and a plurality of connecting members  210 . The microlattice layer and/or structures  200  may further comprise at least one material layer (not shown). The microlattice layer and/or structures  200  may further comprise a second material layer (not shown) and/or an intermediate material layer (not shown). The plurality of nodes  208  comprising intersections between the plurality of interconnected filaments  202 , 204 , the plurality of nodes formed at the points of convergence of between the plurality of interconnected filaments  202 , 204 . The plurality of interconnected filaments  202 , 204  may extend in two or more different directions. Alternatively, the plurality of interconnected filaments  202 , 204  may extend in three or more different directions. The plurality of connecting members  210  connect and/or couple between the plurality of interconnected filaments  202 , 204 , between the plurality of nodes  208 , and/or between the plurality of nodes  208  and the plurality of interconnected filaments  202 , 204 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may further connect between the plurality of interconnected filaments  202 ,  204  and the adjacent plurality of interconnected filaments  202 ,  204 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may extend laterally and/or substantially laterally between the plurality of interconnected filaments  202 , 204  and/or the adjacent plurality of interconnected filaments  202 , 204 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may further connect laterally and/or substantially laterally between the plurality of interconnected filaments  202 ,  204  and the adjacent plurality of interconnected filaments  202 ,  204 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may be disposed on at least a top surface and/or at least a bottom surface of the microlattice layer  200 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may be disposed a top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  202 , 204 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may be disposed on an intermediate portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  202 , 204 , the intermediate portion being any position between the top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  202 , 204 . 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice impact mitigation layer and/or structure  200  comprises a plurality of filament units  218  as shown in  FIG. 2C . The microlattice layer and/or structure  200  may further comprise at least one material layer or a first material layer (not shown). Accordingly, the microlattice layer and/or structure  200  may further comprise a second material layer and/or an intermediate material layer. The plurality of filament units  218  comprise a variety of geometric shapes. The geometric shapes comprise 3D array (pyramidal square, pyramidal triangle, tetrahedral, kagome) and/or a 3D colinear array (diamond textile, diamond, hexagon, and square). The collinearity is being defined as having the plurality of filament units arranged in repeating rows, the repeating rows may be parallel or offset to the adjacent and/or preceding row. The plurality of filament units comprises a plurality of nodes  208 , a plurality of filaments  202 , 204  and a plurality of interior angles  206 , and a plurality of connecting members. The plurality of filaments  202 , 204  extend from each of the plurality of nodes  208 . The plurality of interior angles disposed between the plurality of filaments, and the plurality of interior angles comprise 1 to 89 degrees. The filament unit size 212, filament dimensions (e.g. filament width or diameter  214  and filament length  216 ) and/or filament interior angles  206 . Furthermore, the filament unit density and filament unit orientation (not shown) may be varied to achieve the specific performance attributes. The filament units having a longitudinal axis, the filament units being rotated 1 to 89 degrees from its longitudinal axis. The plurality of connecting members  210  may extend laterally and/or substantially laterally between the plurality of filaments  202 , 204  and/or the adjacent plurality of filaments  202 , 204 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may further connect laterally and/or substantially laterally between the plurality of i filaments  202 ,  204  and the adjacent plurality of filaments  202 ,  204 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may be disposed on at least a top surface and/or at least a bottom surface of the microlattice layer  200 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may be disposed a top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  202 , 204 . The plurality of connecting members  210  may be disposed on an intermediate portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  202 , 204 , the intermediate portion being any position between the top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  202 , 204 . 
       FIGS. 3A-3F  and  FIGS. 4A-4B  depict various isometric views of an alternate embodiment of a microlattice layer and/or structure  300 . The microlattice layers and/or structures  300  may comprise a plurality of interconnected filaments  302 , 304 , a plurality of nodes  308  and a plurality of connecting members  310 . The microlattice layer and/or structures  300  may further comprise at least one material layer (not shown). The microlattice layer and/or structures  300  may further comprise a second material layer (not shown) and/or an intermediate material layer (not shown). The plurality of nodes  308  comprising intersections between the plurality of interconnected filaments  302 , 304 , the plurality of nodes  308  formed at the points of convergence of between the plurality of interconnected filaments  302 , 304 . The plurality of interconnected filaments  302 , 304  may extend in two or more different directions. Alternatively, the plurality of interconnected filaments  302 , 304  may extend in three or more different directions. The plurality of connecting members  310  connect and/or couple between the plurality of interconnected filaments  302 , 304 , between the plurality of nodes  308 , and/or between the plurality of nodes  308  and the plurality of interconnected filaments  302 , 304 . The plurality of connecting members  310  may further connect between the plurality of interconnected filaments  302 ,  304  and the adjacent plurality of interconnected filaments  302 ,  304 . The plurality of connecting members  310  may extend laterally and/or substantially laterally between the plurality of interconnected filaments  302 , 304 . The plurality of connecting members  310  may further connect laterally and/or substantially laterally between the plurality of interconnected filaments  302 , 304  and the adjacent plurality of interconnected filaments  302 ,  304 . The plurality of connecting members  310  may be disposed on at least a top surface and/or at least a bottom surface of the microlattice layer  300 . The plurality of connecting members  310  may be disposed a top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  302 , 304 . The plurality of connecting members  310  may be disposed on an intermediate portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  302 , 304 , the intermediate portion being any position between the top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  302 , 304 . 
     In another embodiment, the microlattice impact mitigation layer and/or structure  300  comprises a plurality of filament units  318  as shown in  FIG. 3F . The microlattice layer and/or structures  300  may further comprise at least one material layer (not shown). The microlattice layer and/or structures  300  may further comprise a second material layer (not shown) and/or an intermediate material layer (not shown). The plurality of filament units  318  comprise a variety of geometric shapes. The geometric shapes comprise 3D array (pyramidal square, pyramidal triangle, tetrahedral, kagome) and/or a 3D colinear array (diamond textile, diamond, hexagon, and square). The collinearity is being defined as having the plurality of filament units  316  arranged in repeating rows, the repeating rows may be parallel or offset to the adjacent and/or preceding row. The plurality of filament units  318  comprise a plurality of nodes  308 , a plurality of filaments  302 , 304  a plurality of interior angles  306 . The microlattice impact mitigation layer and/or structure  300  may further comprise a plurality of connecting members  310 . The plurality of filaments  302 , 304  extend from each of the plurality of nodes  308 . The plurality of interior angles  306  disposed between the plurality of filaments  302 , 304 , and the plurality of interior angles  306  comprise 1 to 89 degrees. The filament unit size 312, filament dimensions (e.g. filament width or diameter  314  and filament length  316 ) and/or filament interior angles  306 . Furthermore, the filament unit density and filament unit orientation (not shown) may be varied to achieve the specific performance attributes. The filament units  318  having a longitudinal axis, the filament units  318  being rotated 1 to 89 degrees from its longitudinal axis. The plurality of filament units  318  are coupled and/or fused to the adjacent plurality of filament units to create an array. Alternatively, the each of the plurality of filament units  318  are coupled or fused to the adjacent each of the plurality of filament units  318  to create an array. The plurality of connecting members  310  may further connect laterally and/or substantially laterally between the plurality of filaments  302 , 304  and the adjacent plurality of filaments  302 ,  304 . The plurality of connecting members  310  may be disposed on at least a top surface and/or at least a bottom surface of the microlattice layer  300 . The plurality of connecting members  310  may be disposed a top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  302 , 304 . The plurality of connecting members  310  may be disposed on an intermediate portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  302 , 304 , the intermediate portion being any position between the top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments  302 , 304 . 
       FIGS. 5A-5E  depicts various views of an alternate embodiment of a microlattice layer or structure  500 . The microlattice layers and/or structures  500  may comprise a plurality of interconnected filaments  502 , 504 , a plurality of nodes  508 , and/or one or more material layers  510 . The microlattice layers and/or structures  500  may further comprise a plurality of connecting members (not shown). The plurality of nodes  508  comprising intersections between the plurality of interconnected filaments  502 , 504 , the plurality of nodes  508  formed at the points of convergence of between the plurality of interconnected filaments  502 , 504 . The plurality of interconnected filaments  502 , 504  may extend in two or more different directions. Alternatively, the plurality of interconnected filaments  502 , 504  may extend in three or more different directions. The one or more material layers  510  disposed on the top and/or bottom surface of the microlattice layer or structure  500 . The one or more material layers  510  comprising a plurality of material segments. The plurality of material segments may be arranged in repeating rows, the repeating rows being positioned in parallel/colinear and/or offset to the preceding or adjacent repeating rows. The one or more material layers  510  and/or the plurality of material segments mates, abuts, connects and/or couples to a plurality of interconnected filaments  502 , 504 , to a plurality of nodes  508 , and/or the plurality of nodes  508  and the plurality of interconnected filaments  502 , 504 . The one or more material layers  510  and/or the plurality of material segments may further connect between the plurality of interconnected filaments  502 ,  504  and the adjacent plurality of interconnected filaments. The one or more material layers  510  and/or the plurality of material segments may extend laterally and/or substantially laterally over the plurality of interconnected filaments  502 , 504 . The one or more material layers  510  may further connect laterally and/or substantially laterally between the plurality of interconnected filaments  502 , 504  and the adjacent plurality of interconnected filaments. The plurality of connecting members (not shown) may be disposed on at least a top surface and/or at least a bottom surface of the microlattice layer. The plurality of connecting members may be disposed a top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments. The plurality of connecting members may be disposed on an intermediate portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments, the intermediate portion being any position between the top portion and/or bottom portion of the plurality of interconnected filaments or the plurality of filaments. 
     Example Embodiments 
     Claim  1 . The micro-lattice layer or structure comprising: a first plurality of filaments and a second plurality of filaments, the first plurality of filaments having a first end and a second end, the second plurality of filaments intersects with the first plurality of filaments creating at least two intersection points or nodes at the first end and second end, the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality of filaments having a longitudinal axis, the second plurality of filaments extending non-perpendicularly in different directions from the first plurality of filaments; and a plurality of interior angles, the plurality of interior angles disposed adjacent to the at least two nodes; 
     The micro-lattice layer of claim  1 , wherein the first plurality of filaments further comprises a mid-end, the mid end disposed anywhere along the longitudinal axis between the first and second end. 
     Claim  2 . The micro-lattice layer or structure comprising: a first plurality of filaments and a second plurality of filaments, the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality filaments intersect creating at least two intersection points or nodes, the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality of filaments having a longitudinal axis, a first end, and a second end, the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality of filaments extending in different directions; the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality of filaments arranged in repeating rows to create an array; and a plurality of interior angles, the plurality of interior angles disposed adjacent to the nodes; 
     Claim  3 . The micro-lattice layer or structure comprising: a first plurality of filaments and a second plurality of filaments, the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality filaments intersect creating one or more nodes, the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality of filaments having a longitudinal axis, the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality of filaments extending in different directions; the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality of filaments arranged in repeating rows to create an array; and a plurality of interior angles, the plurality of interior angles disposed adjacent to the nodes; 
     The microlattice of claim  1 ,  2 , or  3  wherein the at least two nodes and/or one or more nodes are disposed on a top portion of the first plurality of filaments and a bottom portion of the first plurality of filaments. 
     The microlattice of claim  1 ,  2 , or  3  wherein the at least two nodes and/or one or more nodes are disposed on a top portion of the second plurality of filaments and a bottom portion of the second plurality of filaments. 
     The microlattice of claim  4  or preceding claim, wherein the at least two nodes and/or one or more nodes are disposed on an intermediate portion, the intermediate portion being disposed between the top portion and the bottom portion of the first or second plurality of filaments. 
     Claim  5 . The microlattice layer or structure comprising: a plurality of interconnected filaments, the plurality of interconnected filaments extending along at least three directions; a plurality of nodes, the plurality of nodes being defined as the intersections between the plurality of interconnected filaments; and a plurality of interior angles, the interior angles disposed between the plurality of interconnected filaments. 
     Claim  6 . The microlattice layer or structure comprising: a plurality of nodes; a plurality of filaments, the plurality of filaments extending from each of the plurality of nodes; and a plurality of interior angles, the interior angles disposed between the plurality of filaments. 
     Claim  7 . The microlattice layer or structure comprising: a plurality of nodes; at least three or more filaments extending from the plurality of nodes; and a plurality of interior angles, the interior angles disposed between the at least three or more filaments. 
     Claim  8 . The microlattice layer or structure comprising: a plurality of geometric filament units, each of the plurality of geometric filament units having a plurality of filaments and a node, the plurality of filaments extending from the node in different directions, the plurality of geometric filament units coupled to an adjacent geometric filament unit to create an array; and a plurality of interior angles, the plurality of interior angles disposed between the plurality of filaments. 
     Claim  9 . The microlattice layer or structure comprising: a first material layer; a second material layer; and at least one microlattice layer, the microlattice layer disposed between the first material and the second material, the at least one microlattice layer comprises a first plurality of filaments and a second plurality of filaments, the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality filaments having at least one intersection point, the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality of filaments having a longitudinal axis. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments comprises a first end and second end, the second end is coupled to the second material layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments comprises a first end and second end, the first end is coupled to the first material layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments comprises a first end and second end, the first end is coupled to the first material layer and the second end is coupled to the second material layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the second plurality of filaments comprises a first end and second end, the second end is coupled to the second material layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the second plurality of filaments comprises a first end and second end, the first end is coupled to the first material layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the second plurality of filaments comprises a first end and second end, the first end is coupled to the first material layer and the second end is coupled to the second material layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the first and/or second material layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the second plurality of longitudinal axis is non-perpendicular to the first and/or second material layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments longitudinal axis is non-perpendicular to the first and/or second material layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the second plurality of longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the first and/or second material layer. 
     Any preceding claims, wherein the non-perpendicularity comprises an angle of 1 to 89 degrees. 
     Any preceding claims, wherein the non-perpendicularity comprises an angle of 30 to 75 degrees. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments are spaced apart and parallel to the adjacent first plurality of filaments. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the second plurality of filaments are spaced apart and parallel to the adjacent second plurality of filaments. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments or the second plurality of filaments are at least a 3:1 aspect ratio. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments and the second plurality of filaments are at least a 3:1 aspect ratio. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments and/or the second plurality of filaments comprises a cross-sectional shape, the cross-section shape being a circle, a regular polygon or irregular polygon. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments and/or the second plurality of filaments comprises a material having an initial modulus of 1 to 10,000 MPa. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first plurality of filaments and/or the second plurality of filaments comprises a material having a stress at 50% and a strain of 0.5 to 5,000 MPa. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first material and/or the second material comprises a uniform, one-piece layer. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of claim  9  or any preceding claim, wherein the first and/or second material comprises a plurality of segmented pieces, the plurality of segmented pieces are placed in repeating rows, each of the repeating rows are parallel or offset to the adjacent repeating row and/or each of the repeating rows are offset from the adjacent or repeating row. 
     The micro-lattice microlattice layer and/or structure of any preceding claim, wherein the cross-sectional shape is a solid, uniform shape. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of any preceding claim, wherein the cross-sectional shape is uniform along the longitudinal axis of the first plurality of filaments and/or the second plurality of filaments. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of or any preceding claim, wherein the cross-sectional shape is non-uniform along the longitudinal axis of the first plurality of filaments and/or the second plurality of filaments. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of or any preceding claim, wherein the cross-sectional shape having a width/diameter, the width/diameter being a range between 0.1 mm to 5 mm. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of or any preceding claim, wherein the first and/or second plurality of filaments material comprises foams, thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoset elastomers and/or any combination thereof. 
     The microlattice layer and/or structure of or any preceding claim, wherein the first and/or second material comprises polycarbonate, polyurethane, fiber glass, composite fiber, carbon fibre, expanded polystyrene (EPS), thermoplastics, fabrics, and/or any combination thereof. 
     Claim  10 . An engineered material or a three dimensional network comprising: a plurality of filaments, each of the plurality of filaments intersects with at least two other filaments on their end creating an end node, and each end node is connected to at least one other end node with a connecting member; where the plurality of filaments may have at least one other intersection point with other filaments that are not ends nodes (mid nodes), where each mid node constitutes an intersection of at least 3 filaments; and where each filament forms an angle between 30 and 89 degrees with the nodal plane. 
     The engineered material of any preceding claim, wherein the filaments cross-section area is between 0.01-20 square mm. 
     The engineered material of any preceding claim, wherein the filaments are made of a material with an initial modulus of 1-10,000 MPa, or a stress at 50% strain of 0.5-10,000 MPa. 
     The engineered material of any preceding claim, wherein the filaments are built with a material able to resist a strain deformation of a minimum 100% without permanent plastic deformation. 
     The engineered material of any preceding claim, wherein the filaments are built with a material able to resist a strain deformation of a minimum 100%. 
     The engineered material of any preceding claim, wherein the connecting member between the end nodes is another part of the product that is bonded to the engineered material. 
     The engineered material of any preceding claim, wherein the connecting members are between mid-nodes instead of end-nodes.