Patent Publication Number: US-6658766-B2

Title: Shoe having an internal chassis

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 08/892,141, filed Jul. 14, 1997, now abandoned which is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/697,184 now, filed Aug. 20, 1996 U.S. Pat. No. 5,915,820. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to shoes, and more particularly to shoes wherein light weight and the ability to tailor the stiffness and flexure of the shoe is an important consideration. 
     Shoes encounter tremendous forces during running or sports. Over the years, efforts have been made to reduce the resultant stresses on the feet and legs. Once advance in this area has been the incorporation of cushioning material in the shoe sole to absorb the impact and cushion the foot as the shoe strikes the ground. This cushioning material is typically formed into a layer called the “midsole” which is interposed between the ground-engaging “outsole” and the shoe upper. The cushioning midsole, which should also flex with the foot, is typically made of ethyl-vinyl-acetate (EVA) or polyurethane (PU), although other resilient, cushioning materials could be used. 
     While the cushioning provided by a midsole is an advantage, its added weight hinders the performance of athletic shoes (particularly running shoes), which must be as light as possible. The problem of added weight from the midsole is recognized in U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,866 issued to Foley et al. Foley et al. attempts to solve the problem by substituting an arch support in place of the midsole and outsole underlying the arch area of the foot. 
     The use of a midsole between the outsole and the upper also positions the foot higher above the ground, creating a less stable platform for the foot. This problem is addressed to some degree in U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,598 issued to Misevich et al. The Misevich shoe includes a heel plate between two heel midsole layers to support and cushion the heel, and a forefoot board inside the upper over a forefoot midsole layer to support and cushion the forefoot. As in Foley, Misevich eliminates the midsole beneath the arch, thereby saving some weight. Unlike Foley, however, Misevich does not provide any additional structure to support the arch. 
     The negative effects of the impact to the feet and legs can be amplified if the shoes are not properly shaped and tuned to the particular sport, and to the individual&#39;s foot. Mass-produced athletic shoes come in standard sizes and shapes, and usually include an arch support designed to fit a “standard” foot. Prior art shoes, such as those typified by Foley and Misevich, include no provision for tailoring the shoe to fit an individual foot, except for the use of orthotics. Orthotics are well-known in the art, and are exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,747 issued to Brown. Orthotics, however useful, represent additional, undesirable weight, and also stiffen the shoe and otherwise compromise its performance. 
     A further disadvantage of the prior art shoes is that they cannot be readily “tuned” to meet the particular needs of the wearer. This is particularly important for athletes who demand maximum performance out of their shoes. What “tunability” is provided by the prior art requires a complex trade off between all of the elements of the shoe including the outsole, the midsole, and structural members that make-up the shoe, and must normally be done at the design stage, and cannot be varied by the customer. 
     Accordingly, a need remains for a light-weight shoe that minimizes the material in the sole, adequately supports the foot, and which can be readily customized for an individual&#39;s foot or for a particular activity. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide a shoe, in particular an athletic shoe, which can be customized to support the foot according to an individual&#39;s specific characteristics and the requirements of a particular sport or activity. 
     It is another object of the invention to eliminate the need for an outsole and midsole which span substantially the entire length of the shoe. 
     It is still another object of the invention to provide a shoe having a removeable support member within the upper, and which can be selected to provide optimum support for the wearer&#39;s foot, and which can also be selected to optimize the support and flexure characteristics of the shoe for a particular activity. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to provide a shoe having a lacing system which does not irritate the tendons and connective tissue in the foot. 
     A shoe according to the invention includes an upper, a removeable chassis, or support member, within the upper to support the foot, and one or more ground-engaging sole elements affixed to the bottom of the upper at discrete locations, and which leave portions of the upper unsupported by the sole elements. The weight of the shoe is thereby minimized because the full-length midsole and outsole have been replaced by the discrete sole elements. The structural chassis may be contoured to closely fit the underside of the foot, and may include an overlayed foam insole or sock liner, which may also be contoured to fit the underside of the foot. In one embodiment, the structural chassis has one or more notches or slots in locations selected to permit a desired flexure of the foot. The length and width of the notches can be varied to vary the shoe&#39;s flexibility. Alternatively, the structural chassis can be without flexure notches, and rely instead on differing thicknesses of materials to vary its flexibility in different areas of the shoe. 
     Because the structural chassis can be readily removed and another installed in its place, the shoe can be custom fitted to an individual&#39;s foot, or optimized for a specific activity by substituting a different structural chassis. 
     In another aspect of the invention, a lace guide wraps under the shoe and upwardly around the sides about midway along the upper. The lace guide provides a plurality of beads through which a lace can be wrapped to secure the shoe to the user&#39;s foot. The lace guide is made of a flexible, translucent plastic in the preferred embodiment, and is sewn into the upper with the beads exposed. The lace guide also cooperates with the structural chassis by providing a recess that receives a corresponding protrusion in the structural chassis when it is inserted into the upper. The lace guide thereby aligns the structural chassis in the upper, and helps maintains it in position while in use. 
     A shoe according to the present invention utilizes a single structure for altering the support and flex of the shoe, thereby overcoming the disadvantage in the prior art that requires multiple elements to be modified to achieve the same result. 
     The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a right side elevational view of a shoe according to the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a left side elevational view of the shoe shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a bottom plan view of the shoe shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a human foot skeleton. 
     FIG. 5 is a top plan view of a first embodiment of a structural chassis for use with the shoe of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 5A is a cross sectional view of the structural chassis of FIG. 5 taken along lines A—A. 
     FIG. 6 is a top plan view of a second embodiment of a structural chassis for use with a left shoe according to the invention. 
     FIG. 7 is an elevational view of the lateral side of the structural chassis of FIG.  6 . 
     FIG. 8 is an elevational view of the medial side of the structural chassis of FIG.  6 . 
     FIG. 9 is a bottom plan view of a structural chassis comprised of a third embodiment of a structural chassis and a foam chassis for use with the shoe of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of the structural chassis of FIG. 9 taken about lines  10 — 10  therein. 
     FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of the shoe of FIG. 1 with the chassis of FIG. 9 taken along lines  11 — 11  in FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view of the shoe of FIG. 1 with the chassis of FIG. 9 taken along lines  12 — 12  in FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 13 is a bottom plan view of a first embodiment of a lace guide of the shoe shown in FIG. 1 according to another aspect of the invention. 
     FIG. 13A is a cross sectional view of the lace guide of FIG. 13 taken-about lines A—A therein. 
     FIG. 13B is a cross sectional view of the lace guide of FIG. 13 taken about lines B—B therein. 
     FIG. 13C is a cross sectional view of the lace guide of FIG. 13 taken about lines C—C therein. 
     FIG. 13D is a cross sectional view of the lace guide of FIG. 13 taken about lines D—D therein. 
     FIG. 14 is a bottom plan view of a second embodiment of a lace guide of the shoe shown in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 15 is a bottom plan view of a second embodiment of a shoe according to the invention. 
     FIG. 16 is a perspective view of onf-embodiment of the invention in which sole elements are filled with a fluid or with a visco-elastic material. 
     FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 16 along line  17 — 17 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A right shoe  10  according to the invention is shown in FIGS. 1-3. A corresponding left shoe is a mirror image of the right shoe and is therefore not described further. The shoe includes an upper  12  that is designed to receive a foot. The upper  12  can be made of any number of materials as is known in the art including mesh and/or leather. Affixed to the upper  12  is an exposed mesh tongue  14 . In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, the shoe uses a lace guide which will be described in greater detail below. In alternate embodiments (not shown) a conventional lacing system incorporating holes in the upper is used. The upper further includes a foam-filled ankle collar  16  surrounding the ankle opening of the shoe for added comfort. The description of the upper  12  is by way of illustration, and not for purposes of limitation, since numerous alternative uppers will work in combination with the structural chassis described further below. 
     The embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-3 includes three distinct sole elements  18 ,  20  and  22 , as shown most clearly in the bottom plan view of FIG.  3 . The invention is not limited to a particular number or configuration of sole elements. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art, more or fewer sole elements of different configurations may be used. Sole elements may be positioned to correspond to one or more ground-engaging anatomical structures of the unshod foot. Referring to FIG. 4, these points include, but are-not limited to, the calcaneus, the head of the first metatarsal, the head of the fifth metatarsal, the base of the fifth metatarsal, the head of the first distal phalange, and the head of the fifth distal phalange. 
     Each sole element provides traction, abrasion resistance and cushioning. These functions can be satisfied in many different ways. Referring to FIG. 11 for example, sole element  18  has an outer, abrasion-resistant layer made from a material such as a durable rubber. The outer layer  19  encases a cushioning material  96  such as EVA or PU. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-3, sole elements  20  and  22  also include an outer abrasion-resistant layer encasing a cushioning material. Other embodiments of the sole elements are described further below. Each sole element is affixed to the bottom of the upper using conventional techniques such as gluing and/or stitching. Sole element  18  is affixed to the heel portion of the upper where it provides traction, and cushions impacts to the calcaneus or heel bone of the foot. Element  20  is affixed to the upper in the region underlying the “ball of the foot”, and provides traction and cushioning for three critical load-bearing points on the foot: the first metatarsal head, the fifth metatarsal head, and the base of the fifth metatarsal in the lateral midtarsal portion of the foot. Sole element  22  is affixed to the upper below the toe region of the upper, and extends forward and upwardly around the front end of the upper  12 . Any number of different surface ornamentations can be applied to these portions, limited only by the creativity and ingenuity of the shoe designer. 
     The sole elements  18 ,  20  and  22  in the preferred embodiment include rounded edges as shown at  18 S in FIG.  11  and at  20 S in FIG. 12, which extend upwardly around the medial and lateral sides of the sole, and follow the natural contour of the foot so as to provide maximum lateral stability. This is in contrast to the abrupt edges of the prior art, which can cause excessive ankle strain due to a lever arm effect, which is explained in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,819 to Ellis, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     In another embodiment, the sole elements are filled with gas, such as air, or a visco-elastic material. A yet further embodiment of the sole elements is shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. In those figures an individual sole element  160  is shown, which is preferably mounted on the-shoe underneath the calcaneus bone, i.e., the heel. As in the embodiment described earlier, other similar sole elements can be placed in other load bearing points on the shoe corresponding to one or more ground-engaging anatomical structures of the unshod foot, including, but not limited to the calcaneus, the head of the first metatarsal, the head of the fifth metatarsal, the base of the fifth metatarsal, the head of the first distal phalange, and the head of the fifth distal phalange. 
     Sole element  160  includes a plurality of air or visco-elastic filled deformation elements  162 ,  164 ,  166  and  168 . These deformation elements are mounted on a base layer  170 . The deformation elements are preferably elongate, channels extending generally, radially outward from a common origin  176 . The channels are formed by sidewalls  172  extending vertically upward from the base layer to a top, ground-contacting surface  174  and sealed by end-walls to form sealed interior channels  178 . These channels  178  are then filled with a gas, such as air, or a visco-elastic material. A plurality of hollow, intermediate ribs  180  can be mounted on the base plate between adjacent deformation elements. The deformation elements allow the base plate to shift horizontally relative to the ground-contacting surface as a result of impact. This shifting reduces the impact by increasing the amount of time the load is dissipated over. Other embodiments of these deformation elements are described in commonly-assigned, copending patent application Ser. No. 08/327,461 filed Aug. 16, 1995 entitled “Anisotropic Deformation pad for Footwear,” incorporated herein by reference. The shoe according to the invention can work with any of the embodiments shown therein. 
     As can be seen in FIG. 3, the sole is not a contiguous outsole, but instead has one or more gaps between the sole elements, which expose the bottom side of the upper. In the preferred embodiment, two gaps are created by the design and placement of the sole elements, but the invention is not limited thereto. First medial gap  24  extends between the heel sole element and the forefoot sole element. This medial gap in general underlies the arch of the foot and extends across the entire width thereof. In the absence of any further structural support, the shoe is collapsible about this medial gap since the upper lacks much structural support. An X-shaped gap, referred to as a flex groove portion  26 , is defined between the forefoot portion  20  and the toe portion  22 . The flex groove portion  26  exposes a similarly shaped portion of the upper about which the shoe flexes. Axes F 1  and F 2  correspond generally to the natural forward and lateral “push-off” flexure axes, which are defined by the metatarsal phalangeal (MTP) joints, and which are described further below. In the preferred embodiment, axes F 1  and F 2  are set back about 10-15 mm from, and are parallel to, the respective forward and lateral push-off axes. 
     Structural support for the foot is provided by a structural chassis according to the invention. The design of the structural chassis is based on the structure and bio-mechanics of the human foot. A top plan view of a right human foot skeleton is shown in FIG.  4 . The foot is-attached to the leg (not shown) by the talus or anklebone  28 . Positioned below and rearwardly of the talus  28  is the calcaneus  30  (i.e., the heel bone). The navicular  32  and the cuboid  34  are positioned below and forward of the talus  28 . Three cuneiform bones  36  (labeled 1, 2 and 3) extend forwardly from the navicular  32 . Extending forwardly from the cuneiform bones  36  and from the cuboid  34  are the five metatarsals  38 , which are numbered 1 through 5 from left to right in FIG. 4 (i.e., from big toe to little toe). Forwardly of each metatarsal bone is a respective phalange  40  that forms the toe. 
     Between each metatarsal and its respective phalange is a metatarsal phalangeal (MTP) joint. Thus, there are five MTP joints in all: a first MTP joint  42 , a second MTP joint  44 , a third MTP joint  46 , a fourth MTP joint  48 , and a fifth MTP joint  50 . These MTP joints can be used to define two axes about which the foot pushes off during certain push-off movements. A first axis A 1  is formed by a line generally through the first and second MTP joints  42  and  44 , respectively. This first axis is used for push-off while running straight ahead and is thus referred to as the forward push-off axis. The forward push-off axis is located at approximately 69% of the distance L from heel to toe. The forward push-off axis is generally perpendicular to a longitudinal axis Y running through a midpoint of the talus  28  and the first MTP joint  42 . 
     A lateral push-off axis A 2  is defined by a line running generally through the third ( 46 ), fourth ( 48 ), and fifth ( 50 ) MTP joints. The lateral push-off axis is used for push-offs towards the lateral side. The lateral push-off axis A 2  intersects the forward push-off axis A 1 , at an acute angle Ø. The distance from the rear of the calcaneus bone to the intersection of lateral push-off axis and the fifth MTP joint is approximately 62% of length L. 
     Turning now to FIG. 5, structural chassis  52  is designed to accommodate the natural flexing of the foot about the above-defined push-off axes. In general, chassis  52  supports the foot along its entire length, and at the same time accommodates the foot&#39;s natural flexion. Chassis  52  is generally shaped in plan view to match the outline of the foot, and extends the entire length thereof. Chassis  52  is preferably made of a relatively stiff, resilient material, such as vinyl or plastic, and provides the structural support for the shoe in those areas without any outsole or midsole material. The chassis can be custom-made to fit the user&#39;s foot as well as customized according to the requirements of the user&#39;s body and the shoe&#39;s intended application. The chassis  52  is inserted into the upper along with a foam insole or sock liner (not shown) which is interposed between the user&#39;s foot and the chassis. A combined chassis and foam insert assembly is shown and described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10. 
     The chassis  52  includes an arch support flange  54  that underlies the arch of the foot and provides structural support therefor. The size and shape of the flange  54  can be modified according to the amount of support required. Two notches  56  and  58  are cut into the chassis at the base of the flange to allow the chassis to twist about its longitudinal axis. The length and/or width of these notches  56  and  58  determines the torsional flexibility of the chassis about its longitudinal axis. 
     Adjacent the arch support flange  54  is a downwardly projecting protrusion  60  which serves to align and retain the chassis in place within the shoe. Since the chassis extends the full length of the footbed, however, the protrusion  60  is not essential to the operation of the chassis since the chassis will remain substantially in place in any case. 
     A transverse notch  62  is formed in the forefoot portion of the chassis and determines the flexibility of the chassis (and therefore the shoe) along axis A 1 ′. The notch  62  is formed along a forward axis A 1 ′ that is designed to generally underlie the forward push-off axis of the foot (A 1 ). Axis A 1 ′ is positioned approximately 10-15 mm forward of and parallel to axis F 1  when the chassis is inserted into the shoe. The length and width of notch  62  can be selected to provide a desired degree of stiffness and/or flexibility along line A 1 . 
     Notches  64  and  66  are formed on opposite sides of the chassis along axis A 2 . Axis A 2 ′ underlays the lateral push-off axis (A 2 ) of the foot. Axis A 2 ′, as with axis A 1 ′, is positioned forward of (by approximately 10-15 mm) and parallel to axis F 2  of the flex groove portion  26 . This separation ensures that the ground-engaging portion of the sole element remains in contact with the ground as the shoe flexes. As with notch  62 , the length and/or width of these two notches can be adapted individually to produce the desired stiffness and/or flexibility of the shoe about the lateral axis A 2 ′. The forward and lateral axes A 1 ′ and A 2 ′ intersect one another at an angle Ø′, which corresponds generally to the angle of intersection of the forward and lateral push-off axes of the foot shown and described above. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the angles Ø and Ø′ are 37 degrees, although other angles could be selected. 
     Chassis  52  may further include three notches  68  in the toe portion that permit the shoe to flex in that area. Each notch  68  begins at a point on the outer perimeter of the chassis between two adjacent toes allowing the chassis to flex individually in between the toes. The length and/or width of these notches can be adjusted to adapt the flexibility of the chassis (and therefore, the shoe) about the toe portion according to the requirements of the user. 
     Two arcuate slots  70  and  72  are formed in the heel portion of the chassis to provide flexibility in this region. Additional slots can be formed within these two slots  70  and  72  if additional flexibility is required in this region and, as with the other notches described above, the length and/or width can be modified. 
     A second embodiment of a structural chassis for a left foot is shown in FIGS. 6-8. The chassis  152  shown therein is similar to that shown in FIG. 5, and common elements retain common reference numerals. There are, however, several differences between the two chassis. The first is that the lateral edge portion S L  along the lateral side of the chassis  152  is straight. Another is that a toe portion of chassis  152  is offset by an angle relative to a longitudinal axis Y 1  bisecting the midfoot and heel portions of the chassis. This angle is approximately 10-20 degrees in the preferred embodiment. Yet another difference is that the axis running through the slot  62  is approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal axis Y 1 . The angle Ø, however, remains the same as in chassis  52 . The arch support flange  54  and heel portion  153  of the chassis  152  are also reinforced to provide additional structural support relative to the rest of the chassis. In the preferred embodiment of this chassis, arch support flange  54  and heel portion  153  have a thickness of approximately 3 mm while the remainder of the chassis is approximately 2.5 mm. 
     Referring now to FIG. 9, a bottom plan view of a third embodiment of the invention, shown at  74 , comprises a chassis  76  integrally bonded to a foam insert or sock liner  78 . The sock liner  78  forms the outer perimeter of the chassis since the chassis  76  has a slightly smaller footprint. Thus a small space exists between the sock liner  78  and the chassis  76  around the perimeter of insert  74 , as shown in FIG.  9 . 
     Chassis  76  includes a slot  80  which is offset relative to the forward push-off axis of the foot (not shown) by an acute angle. Opposing tear-shaped notches  82  and  84  are also included on chassis  76 , to allow the chassis to flex about a lateral axis formed therethrough. Chassis  152  further includes a protrusion or bubble  86  that aligns the chassis in the upper, as well as an arch support flange  88  extending upwardly away therefrom. Opposed notches  90  and  92  adjacent flange  88  provide flexibility about longitudinal axis Y′. A slight depression  94  forms a downwardly deflectable portion in the heel portion of chassis  152 . 
     FIG. 10, a cross sectional view of chassis  152  taken about line  10 — 10  in FIG. 9, shows that the chassis and the foam inlay or sock liner are contoured to the underside of the foot. The exception to this is the protrusion  86  on the chassis that extends downwardly away from the foam inlay and which is occupied thereby. As will be described further below, this protrusion or bubble  86  fits within a hole formed in the bottom side of the upper to align the chassis within the footbed of the shoe and keep the chassis from slipping. The bubble, however, is not essential to the main object of the invention. 
     Two cross sectional views of the assembled shoe shown in FIGS. 1-3 are shown in FIGS. 11-12. The cross sectional view shown in FIG. 11 is taken about lines  11 — 11  in FIG. 3 while that shown in FIG. 12 is taken about lines  12 — 12  therein. Referring now to FIG. 11, chassis  76  is shown in the footbed of upper  12 , and overlaid by the foam insole or sock liner  78  is placed in direct contact with the foot while the structural chassis  76  is interposed between the foam inlay or sock liner  78  and the upper  12 . Affixed to the bottom side of the upper is the heel sole element  18  is filled with a cushioning midsole material  96  such as ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA). 
     Referring now to FIGS.  3  and  12 - 13 , a lace guide  98  is generally shown. Lace guide  98  is a flexible plastic piece that is sewn into the upper through which a shoe lace is guided to secure the shoe to the foot. The lace guide includes a bubble  100  that forms a receptacle that receives the protrusion  86  of the structural chassis. In the preferred embodiment, the outer surface of protrusion  86  is placed in an abutting relationship with an inner surface of the bubble  100 . Although the bubble  100  shown and described herein is oval in shape, it is not limited thereto. Rather, any shape that acts to align the structural chassis in the footbed can be used so long as it is shaped to be received therein. In addition, also affixed to the bottom side of the upper is sole element  20  which is filled with a cushioning material  102 , such as EVA or PU. 
     A plan view of lace guide  98  is shown in FIG.  13 . Lace guide  98  wraps around the underside of the shoe and extends up along both sides. Bubble  100  is received in an opening  116  in upper  12  (FIG. 3) to align the lace guide with the upper. In one embodiment, lace guide  98  is made of a translucent material so that the chassis is visible through the bubble on the underside of the shoe. The lace guide is made of a flexible, lightweight material so that the lace guide does not significantly contribute to the weight of the shoe nor inhibit the flexibility of the shoe. The lace guide is not essential to the main object of the invention and therefore could be replaced by a conventional shoelace system along the tongue of the shoe. In that case, a separate bubble or receptacle could be mounted on the opening  116  in the upper to provide a receptacle for the chassis protrusion. Alternatively, the receptacle could be completely eliminated since the structural chassis will be effectively aligned in the upper by virtue of the fact that it occupies essentially the entire footbed. Lace guide  98  includes a base portion  99  that is sewn into the bottom side of the upper and two opposing arms  101  and  103 . The arms extend upwardly along opposite sides of upper  12 , and are sewn thereto. In one embodiment arm  101  is thinner than arm  103 , and extends along the inner or medial side of the upper, i.e., the side of the shoe having the arch, while arm  103  extends up along an outer or lateral side thereof. Lace guide  98  includes a plurality of beads  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110 ,  112  and  114  mounted along one side thereof. Extending between each adjacent bead is a lip such as lip  118  (FIG. 13B) between beads  112  and  114  behind which the lace runs. The orientation of the lower three beads is the same as the upper three beads, which is shown in cross sectional views FIG. 13A, FIG.  13 C and FIG.  13 D. For example, bead  110  points inwardly (FIG.  13 D), i.e., toward the toe, while bead  112  points outwardly (FIG.  13 C), opposite the direction of bead  110 , so that a lace  124  wraps around opposite sides of beads  110  and  112 . The distal beads  114  and  104  each include two holes such as holes  120  and  122  for bead  114 . The lace  124  threads through these two holes and out one side of the bead. The lace can then be tightened by pulling the lace through these two holes (and around the other beads), but the holes prevent the lace from slipping back out after the tightening force has been removed. Thus, the holes allow the lace to be first cinched and then tied without having to apply constant force to the lace to keep the lace tightened. Alternatively, a single hole can be used, in place of the two holes, so that the lace does not have to return through the second hole. 
     A second embodiment of the lace guide  130  is shown in FIG.  14 . In this embodiment, the beads  106 ,  108 ,  110  and  112  are formed separately from the main body of the guide including bubble  100  and arms  101  and  103 . Bead  106  is mounted on piece  136 , beads  108  and  110  on C-shaped piece  134 , and bead  112  on piece  132 . Each piece is sewn into the shoe upper opposite a respective notch in the lace guide (e.g., notch  138 ) that receives the bead. The lace is then laced around the beads as described above. This design address as a potential problem with the lace guide of FIG. 13 caused by the pressure applied by the lace to the arms  101  and  103  of the guide when the lace is cinched up. This pressure can cause the lace to work its way under the lips of the guide. By mounting the beads on separate pieces the pressure is exerted against these separate pieces rather than the remaining body of the lace guide. Those separate pieces (i.e.,  132 - 136 ) can then be more securely fastened than the guide body. 
     The advantage of the lacing system shown and described herein is that the lace does not pass over and irritate and restrict connective tissue as can occur with the conventional lacing system. 
     Having described and illustrated the principles of the invention in a preferred embodiment thereof, it should be apparent that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. For example, the design of the sole elements can be modified so that different portions of the upper are exposed than those shown above. An example of such an alternative design is shown in FIG.  15 . In that design the sole elements include a toe element  140 , a forefoot element  146 , and a heel element  148 . Two additional forefoot elements  142  and  144  are disposed between the toe portion and the forefoot portion. The lateral element  144  is integrally formed with the main forefoot portion  146  while the medial forefoot element  142  is a separately formed element. These elements are arranged so as to create a flex-groove therebetween as described further above. The heel portion  148  also includes a heel flex groove  150 . Unlike the forefoot flex groove, however, the heel flex groove  150  does not necessarily expose the upper. Instead the sole element is grooved in this area so as to provide a desired amount of stiffness and/or flexibility in heel area. 
     In a related embodiment, the chassis is attached to the external bottom surface of the upper, and the sole elements are attached directly to the chassis. Another modification coming within the scope of the applicants&#39; invention is the use of a “flex zone” made in the structural chassis as compared with discrete notches or cuts therein. These “flex zones” can be made by varying the thickness or composition of the material used in the structural chassis to achieve the desired level of flexibility and/or stiffness. We claim all modifications and variation coming within the spirit and scope of the following claims.