Patent Publication Number: US-9421342-B2

Title: Randomly interrupted breathing device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is related to our co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/845,916, entitled PORTABLE BREATHING DEVICE, which was filed on Aug. 28, 2007, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,360,061 on Jan. 29, 2013 and which is assigned to the same assignee as the present application. 
     BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a portable breathing device for providing resistance and intra-trachea bronchial percussion on breathing in and breathing out to increase pulmonary efficiency while improving cilial movement which assists mobilisation of intrabronchial mucous or secretions within the lung. It can be used for increasing breathing efficiency and for training athletes and also in the treatment of medical conditions related to weak breathing. 
     Patent Application WO 03/077823 discloses a breathing device having an air flow interruption means connected to the breathing means, which causes a regular periodic interruption to air flowing through the interruption means to the user. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,141 discloses a breathing device which incorporates a pair of rotating cylinders which interrupt the flow of air to a user of the device. 
     In these breathing devices there is a mouthpiece which can fit over the mouth and/or nose of a user so that a user breathes through the mouthpiece. This mouthpiece is preferably connected to the interruption means, e.g. by a conduit, or is directly attached to the interruption means. The interruption means is normally a valve and produces regular periodic interruptions to the flow of air reaching the mouthpiece being breathed by a user. 
     In these devices the frequency of opening and closing the valve is set when the device is turned on and, although the frequency can be varied each time it is used, there is no means of varying the frequency of the opening and closing of the valve whilst the device is being operated. 
     For training athletes and animals, we have found users can become accustomed to regular interruption of their breathing which can prevent further improvement. 
     We have now devised an improved method of improving breathing performance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the invention there is provided a breathing device which comprises: 
     an air inlet; 
     an air outlet through which a user breathes; 
     a conduit connecting the air inlet and outlet; 
     an air flow interruption means positioned in the conduit so that air entering through the inlet and inhaled by the user can be interrupted by the interruption means; and in which device there are means to vary the frequency of interruption of the flow of air through the conduit. 
     The device can be used for training purposes such as for an athlete or sportsperson or anyone who wants to improve their breathing. It is well known that improving the breathing of a person can increase their lung capacity and the rate of oxygenation of their muscles, which will result in improved performance. This applies similarly to animals including, of course, racehorses and racing dogs. 
     The invention also provides a method of training by controlling the breathing by interrupting the inhalation and exhalation of the person or animal being trained at a frequency which varies preferably during use. 
     Preferably the frequency can be varied randomly. 
     The interruption means may be a valve mechanism, such as a reed or other oscillating valve system, with the air passing through the valve mechanism being interrupted by a mechanically or electrically controlled valve mechanism. 
     The frequency of the interruptions to the flow of air is preferably in the range of 5 to 100 Hz, for example 10 to 50 Hz, typically 20 Hz. This means that the flow of air through the interruption means is interrupted at this frequency. It has been discovered that the muscles involved in different regions of the respiratory system are strengthened by different interruption frequencies. Typically the diaphragm may be strengthened the more by an interruption cycle of the order of 5 Hz while for upper respiratory areas 20 Hz to 30 Hz may be the more appropriate. Variability in the interruption rate may accordingly be desirable. This can be obtained by interchangeability of the valves or variability of the speed of operation. Random variation can enhance the strengthening of any of the muscles in the respiratory system. 
     The air outlet can incorporate a mouthpiece which can fit over the mouth and/or nose of a user so that a user breathes through the mouthpiece and this mouthpiece is connected to the valve in the conduit. The mouthpiece may be detachable so that the user may use different forms thereof, or to suit different users, or for cleaning or maintenance (replacement) purposes. 
     A preferred valve is a motor driven rotary valve and the frequency of the interruptions to the airflow is controlled by the speed of rotation of the motor. There is preferably a control system which randomly changes the speed of rotation of the motor; such systems are commercially available. 
     A suitable valve is a rotary valve comprising: 
     a housing containing a fluid flow path with a central axis; 
     a plug having a sealing face cooperating with a valve seat in said housing in the closed position to block the fluid flow path; and 
     a support shaft arranged to carry said plug and being rotatable on an axis which is normal to and spaced from the axis of said valve seat and located outside of the flow path so that rotation of the said shaft moves said plug relative to said housing. 
     The axis of the plug need not be outside the flow path, but preferably the bearings and shape of the port do not occlude the fluid path. The plug axis may located at an offset which may also be arranged to be adjusted for different effects. 
     The distance between the axis of the support shaft of the plug means and axis of the fluid flow path is herein called “the offset”. 
     In one arrangement, when the closed or sealing face of the plug is presented in the bore, flow is totally occluded whilst a 180 degrees rotation of the rotary valve will present a completely open aperture allowing full flow through the valve assembly without obstruction, due to the operating mechanism of the valve. The plug preferably has a plane face and, in the open position, this plane is contiguous with the side of the fluid flow path for smooth flow down the fluid flow path. 
     The plug means is preferably substantially cylindrical or spherical and has a radius larger than the diameter of the flow path; however the cross-section of the plug may deviate from strict circularity. 
     If the offset and plug diameter are increased while the width of the sealing face of the plug is maintained as equivalent to the bore diameter, a shorter angular opening period is provided for any given rotational speed, which can prove useful if a specific mechanical timing/angular relationship is desired between the valve assembly and the drive mechanism rotating the plug to operate the valve. 
     A further increase in the plug diameter and its locating bore can provide a closure seat in the flow-bore for even better sealing characteristics due to the overlap of position with a small overlap at the edges of the plug and the housing to ensure good sealing in this position. 
     By introducing variations in the relationship between the width of the sealing face of the plug, port diameter and valve offset, a variety of different conditions may be created to suit the specific application requirement. 
     The valve offset, diameter and position provide for good sealing when closed, zero flow occlusion when open, and the ability to use a motor-gearbox speed reduction that is half that which is otherwise required with an on-axis rotary valve. 
     By presenting the sealing face of the plug in the flow path once in each revolution, motor speeds are doubled for any given flow pulse rate when compared to conventional on-axis designs which close the valve twice in each revolution; this causes less low-speed motor torque problems. 
     Another type of valve comprises a solenoid driven diaphragm placed in the air flow path driven by an electronic pulse the frequency of which can be varied randomly by use of a software or firmware program or electronic hardware circuit to provide a method of opening and closure of the diaphragm and thus provide a constantly changing or set of periodically changing occlusions. In this instance, as in others described herein, the facility of variable frequency may be a feature additional to the provision of non-variability. 
     Another type of valve is a diaphragm or mechanical port which may be opened and closed by action of a piezo actuator device which is driven by an electronic pulse which frequency can be varied randomly by use of a software or firmware program or electronic hardware circuit to provide a method of opening and closure of the diaphragm and thus provide a constantly changing or set of periodically changing occlusions. 
     Another way of accomplishing varying valve operation is to employ two or more motors, each driving its own valve. These may be in series or parallel. One valve may be at a constant speed and the other varying or both may vary at different rates. Holding one frequency constant, by for example using a fixed DC drive voltage, and sweeping a second motor control voltage gives a pulse sequence with a huge range of harmonics. 
     By randomly varying the frequency of the air interruption, improved training results are obtained. 
     In yet another way of accomplishing varying breathing interruption is to employ a valve comprising two discs, at least one of which can be rotated relative to the other, with one of the discs having at least one void therethrough and the other having a plurality of voids therethough, the discs being positioned in the air flow so that, as at least one of the discs rotates relative to the other disc; the voids in the two discs are periodically coincident so as to form a continuous air flow passage. Interchangeability of at least one of the discs can enable both non-variability and different variabilities in the device. 
     In addition to a rotating, oscillating or other pulse inducing valve, the main fluid bore diameter may be selected to provide a small background resistance level conducive to the described training effects and upon which the pulsed resistance is superimposed. 
     The level of background resistance may be varied by a variety of valve arrangements, including a rotary cut-off valve, a disc valve with different selectable apertures, a variable position diaphragm valve, a needle valve, or fixed smaller-bore (relative to main fluid flow bore size) inserted plug. This plug may be manufactured from an elastomeric material dimensioned such that a deformable outer profile can grip the internal walls of the main fluid flow. So that it may be easily inserted and retained, the small bore plug may be supplied with a variety of different internal bore sizes to set different background resistance values as required. 
     The device can be used for training of athletes for which purpose the device may be adapted to be worn or otherwise carried on the person whilst exercising, e.g. on a treadmill, rowing machine or other machine or running on an athletics track. It can be quite compact, having dimensions of the order of 10 cm by 8 cm by 4 cm. 
     Usually the motor means is a rotary motor powered by a battery, which may be a rechargeable battery. Mains power may alternatively be used. The motor means may in another embodiment be a hand driven clockwork motor, or a hand drive may be incorporated to charge a battery for a battery driven motor. In yet another embodiment the motor means is a breath driven rotary vane, the vane carrying a magnet which, in co-operation with a static magnet mounted in the device, provides the valve by virtue of the user breathing alternately with and against the magnetic attraction of the two magnets. Any of these three devices may be constructed as integral units, that is to say without a detachable head. 
     In addition, the device can provide diaphragm muscle toning and enhancement induced by working the muscles such as those used for inspiration and exhalation against both the fixed resistance and superimposed pulsed occlusion provided by the valve and fitted nose restrictor and chosen bore diameter. 
     Taking deep breaths while performing little physical movement causes a superfluous amount of oxygen to be made available. Because the large muscular tissue is not consuming the oxygen, an increased oxygen supply is made available for many other body systems, such as the brain and the heart. 
     Forcible and prolonged inspiration and expiration causes a greater expansion and collapse of the air vesicles (alveoli), especially those deep in the lung tissue. By providing resistance to inspiration and expiration, pulmonary muscles are strengthened and developed, thereby allowing a freer and greater exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Persons suffering from lung ailments, healthy persons, and athletes can all improve their pulmonary efficiency through forcible and prolonged inspiration and expiration against resistance. 
     Randomly varying the frequency of the resistance to inspiration and expiration enhances these effects. 
     The device may incorporate means for providing the user and or his trainer with performance information, the means perhaps including data gathering sensors, storage and data processing devices and a display monitor. 
     Studies have demonstrated that vibration stimulation and breathing maneuvers can give a five-fold increase in generalised neuroendocrine response (Djarova et al 1986 and Bosco et al 2000). Devices in accordance with the present invention will cause a change in the release of hormones cortisol and growth hormone and accordingly result performance gains in strength, sprint and power. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A randomly interrupted breathing device in accordance with the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows the arrangement of a valve within a conduit with inlet and outlet; 
         FIG. 2  shows a vertical cross section of a rotary valve configuration; 
         FIG. 3  shows a detachable head device incorporating a rotary valve configuration; 
         FIG. 4  shows an exploded view of a diaphragm solenoid valve controlled random vibration handset; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic part view of a double motor device with valves in series; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic part view of a double motor device with valves in parallel; 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram of a basic monitoring sensor facility; 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram of a monitoring sensor facility incorporating feedback; 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram of a complete monitoring facility; 
         FIGS. 10 a , 10 b , 10 c    illustrate valve plugs with differing chords; 
         FIG. 11  is a graph of the effects of varying the form of the face of the valve plug; 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic side section of an alternative head; 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic plan section of the alternative head illustrated in  FIG. 12 ; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates manually operable device; 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a clockwork device; and 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic diagram of a device employing magnets. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to  FIG. 1  there is a fluid flow conduit  10  provided at an inlet  11  end thereof with a restrictor  12  to provide a background breathing resistance when in use and having a mouthpiece end  13 . A valve  14  is placed in series in the conduit  10  to provide a pulsed resistance. A control circuit device, not shown, controls the frequency of operation of the valve and is capable of randomly changing the timing of the valve closure. Vibration frequencies between 5 Hz and 100 Hz have been found to provide best results in terms of beneficial lung and diaphragm development to improve oxygen uptake and waste gas removal in human subjects. 
     The valve  14  is shown in greater detail in  FIG. 2  which depicts the valve in a detachable head device, the complete device being illustrated in  FIG. 3  and described in co-pending UK patent application 0617349.6 (corresponding to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/845,916,entitled PORTABLE BREATHING DEVICE, filed on even date), the specification of which is incorporated by reference herein. In particular,  FIG. 3  illustrates a mouthpiece  17  and an inlet  18 , linked by a conduit  21 , through which a user can breathe. Flexible flaps  19  carry lugs  20  for a snap fit. Also shown is a drive shaft  25 . There is a valve body with a closed face  14   a  and a relieved face  14   b  supported on a shaft  14   c  and offset and normal to the conduit axis by a distance (xii). 
     The alternative embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 4  comprises a handset consisting of two body halves  30   a ,  30   b  which retain a solenoid diaphragm valve  31 . The valve is connected to a mouthpiece  32  via a short tube  33  and a push-fit union  34 . Two screws clamp the body halves  30   a ,  30   b  together. Control and power cables (not shown) exit from the solenoid valve through an aperture  35  in the lower sections of the body halves which are strain relieved by clamps secured by fasteners  36 . An external power source provides a series of random pulses to the solenoid valve which opens and closes an internal diaphragm superposed in the fluid flow path. A user breathing through the mouthpiece may inhale or exhale and through the action of the small tube  33  experience a resistance to breathing. In addition to this fixed resistance, the random opening and closing of the valve provides a further pulsed restriction in fluid flow that provides a random addition load during the inhale/exhale breathing cycle. 
     The alternative embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 5  has a mouthpiece  117  and an inlet  118  linked by a conduit  121 . Across the conduit are two rotary valves  130 ,  140  in series. The valves are driven by motors  131 ,  141  respectively. The motor  131  is arranged to operate at constant speed while the motor  141  is arranged to operate at a constantly varying speed. The valves  131 ,  141  are constructed to occlude airflow for a very small arc of their rotation to arrive at an acceptable base flow occlusion. By this arrangement a considerable variation of occlusion rate is obtained. 
     The alternative embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6  has a mouthpiece  217  with two associated inlets  218 ,  218   a  linked by parallel conduits  221 ,  221   a . Across each conduit  221 ,  221   a  is a valve  230 ,  240  driven by motors  231 ,  241  respectively. The motor  231  is arranged to operate at constant speed while the motor  241  is arranged to operate at a constantly varying speed. 
     The motors  131 ,  141 ,  231 ,  241  are conventional DC brush motors and gearboxes permit the valves to rotate at speeds considerably lower than the motors. Stepper motors could be employed instead. 
     The device incorporates means for monitoring and analysing a user&#39;s performance. A simple such means is illustrated in  FIG. 7  which shows a conduit  100  having an inlet  101 , a mouthpiece  102  and a valve  107 . These correspond to the conduit  10 , inlet  11 , mouthpiece  13  and valve  14  described above with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 6 . Exterior to the conduit is an ambient sensor  103  of temperature and pressure. Inside the conduit  100 , inboard of the mouthpiece  102 , is a “user side” sensor  104  of temperature and pressure. Inside the conduit  100 , just inboard of the inlet  101 , is an inlet sensor  105  of temperature and pressure. The three sensors are connected to a data processor  106 . The sensors  103 ,  104 ,  105  may also detect relative humidity. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates means such as that described above with reference to  FIG. 7  but incorporating a feedback facility  108 . 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a number of different ways in which output from the data processor  106  can be utilised. An on-board display or warning device  109  provides real time performance information to the user, his medical adviser or his trainer. An on-board data storage device  110  stores performance data for recordal and subsequent analysis. A remote data storage, processing, viewing management and control system  111  is associated with the data processor  106  either via cable  112  or wireless (radio, infra-red, blue tooth) link  113 . 
       FIGS. 10 a , 10 b , 10 c    illustrate schematically valve plugs with different degrees of “cut-away”. In  FIG. 10 a   , most of the valve is “cut away” and the axis of rotation of the plug  300  lies within the boundaries of the conduit  301 . This construction is produced by having a base to the plug, not shown, disposed beneath the conduit and associated with a drive shaft. Its effect is to produce a large valve opening time in relation to closed time, per revolution. In  FIG. 10 b    the plug axis is tangential to the conduit boundary, approximately half the cylinder forming the valve is “cut away” and valve open and closed times per revolution are approximately equal. In  FIG. 10 c    the plug axis is outside the conduit and less than half the cylinder forming the valve is “cut away”. In this case during each revolution the valve is closed for longer than it is open. 
     Of course the face of the valve does not have to be planar and some modification of the airflow waveform can be obtained by varying it.  FIG. 11  compares the effects of a face which is somewhat concave or somewhat convex compared to one which is planar. The planar face valve defines a flow variation which is substantially sinusoidal. A concave face generates a shallower rate of area presentation while a concave face will cause an earlier start to the cut-off and a gentler rate of opening near to maximum. 
     Another embodiment of the device, a disc valve version, is illustrated in  FIGS. 12 and 13 . The head  400  defines a conduit in two parts  401   a ,  401   b  having an inlet  402  and a mouthpiece  403 . The axes of the two parts of the conduit are offset and parallel. Between them is sited a disc valve  404  mounted on a drive shaft  405  and a co-operating valve base plate  406 . As shown the valve  404  and the base plate  406  are irregularly foraminous. A variety of forms of perforation of the valve  404  and the plate  406  are possible. Different shapes of the cut away and the holes (or slots) will vary the airflow wave form. Thus an interchangeable set of discs may be provided with one apparatus, including a disc in which the perforations are regularly spaced or even one having the one perforation. In this way the device can progressively strengthen muscles throughout the respiratory system. 
     Alternative embodiments of the invention incorporate an adjustable speed control. In one of these this adjustment is arranged for control by the user; in another, once initiated it is arranged for periodic speed variation and in another for random speed variation. These facilities are particularly valuable in training athletes and animals used in sport. 
     Normally in the hand-held device envisaged the power to drive the motor is from a battery incorporated in the base of the device, which may be rechargeable. Mains power may alternatively be employed. In another alternative a power storage unit is employed whence the electricity is derived by turning a handle manually. 
     The device illustrated in  FIG. 14  comprises a housing  500  incorporating a mouthpiece  501  to a conduit  502  and an inlet  503 . A hand squeeze lever  504  is associated with a one-way drive mechanism plus flywheel and gearing (not shown). The lever  504  has radial gear teeth near a pivot end thereof, which teeth engage with a gear on a shaft through a pawl and ratchet or other one-way drive mechanism. A roughly 30 degree angular movement caused by squeezing the lever  504  rotates the shaft about four times. Via the gearing the flywheel is rotated ten times for each shaft rotation and this gives a reasonably steady speed. The flywheel is associated with a disc valve having irregularly spaced voids. 
     The device illustrated in  FIG. 15  comprises a housing  600  to a conduit having an inlet  601  and a mouthpiece  602 . There is shown a stowable wind-up handle  603  and an on-off button  604 . Inside the housing and not shown is a wind-up spring, a speed governor in the form of a sprung bob weight and a gear mechanism. The gear mechanism in turn operates a disc valve having irregularly spaced voids. The gear mechanism operates to reduce the valve opening and closing cycle to the order of 20 Hz. The device is openable to enable discs of different perforation pattern to be exchanged therein. 
     Shown in  FIG. 16  is a rotary vane  700  in a housing  701 , the housing having an inlet  702  and a mouthpiece  703 . Set around the vane in an irregular array are a plurality of magnets  704  in the form of ferromagnetic discs while in the housing  701  is mounted a co-operating static magnet  705 . In this case the co-operation of the rotating magnets  704  on the one hand and the static magnet  705  on the other provides the intermittent resistance to the flow of air in the conduit. This device may be electric motor driven in which case the housing  701  is preferably a head unit detachable from the power unit. Alternatively it may be clockwork or manual lever driven as per the devices herein described with reference to  FIGS. 12 and 13 . 
     An important feature of the device illustrated in  FIG. 16  however is that it can actually be driven by the respiratory act itself. 
     The embodiments above described can be compact, with a height of 10 cm, a breadth of 7.5 cm and a thickness of 3.5 cm. They are also robust without being cumbersome so that they are particularly portable and suitable for use by athletes during training.