Patent Publication Number: US-2022222441-A1

Title: Machine learning based named entity recognition for natural language processing

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/136,831, filed on Jan. 13, 2021, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of Art 
     The disclosure relates in general to machine learning based natural language processing, and more specifically to machine learning based named entity recognition for natural language processing. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Named entity recognition (NER) is a commonly used operation performed by many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Named entity recognition is used in NLP services such as conversational BOTs that allow users to interact with online systems using unstructured text, for example, natural language sentences. 
     Named entity recognition is performed using linguistic grammar-based techniques as well as machine learning based models such as neural networks. Machine learning based techniques for NER typically require a large amount of manually annotated training data. This requires significant resources in generating the training data. Furthermore, trained machine learning based models for performing named entity recognition have lower accuracy in production since they are trained using training data that is different from real conversations. For example, real conversations may include short utterances such as single word responses. Conventional techniques typically fail to perform accurate named entity recognition in such situations. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system environment illustrating use of an NER model in a conversation engine, according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the system architecture of an online system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  shows a flowchart illustrating the overall process of generating training data for training the NER model according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  shows a flowchart illustrating the process of generating context expressions according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  shows a flowchart illustrating the process of generating answer expressions according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  shows a flowchart illustrating the process of concatenating context and answer expressions to generate training data according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  shows a flowchart illustrating the process of training the NER model according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  shows a flowchart illustrating the overall process of using the NER model for processing sentences according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating a functional view of a typical computer system according to one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     The figures depict various embodiments for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles of the embodiments described herein. 
     The figures use like reference numerals to identify like elements. A letter after a reference numeral, such as “ 104 A,” indicates that the text refers specifically to the element having that particular reference numeral. A reference numeral in the text without a following letter, such as “ 104 ,” refers to any or all of the elements in the figures bearing that reference numeral. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Named entity recognition (NER) models are used for various natural language processing tasks, for example, in chatbots or conversation engines. Conversational engines or allow users to interact with web services through text or speech. During a conversation between the chatbot and a user, an NER model is invoked to help extract entity information and formalize free text to structured text. The structured text is further processed by the system, for example, to determine the user intent and to automatically generate a response for providing to the user. 
     Named entity recognition is also referred to as named entity identification or entity extraction. Named entity recognition includes locating and classifying named entities mentioned in unstructured text into pre-defined categories such as person names, organizations, locations, time expressions, quantities, monetary values, percentages, and so on. An example of unstructured text is an utterance referring to a sentence, a phrase, or a group thereof. 
     Existing techniques for NER perform fail to perform accurate named entity recognition in various situations. For example, when the chatbot asks the user: “what&#39;s your name?”, and the user replies: “April”. In this scenario, conventional NER models may fail to determine that “April” is a name of a person for various reasons. This is so, because most NER models are trained using public open datasets. These training datasets typically have full sentences. Conventional NER models typically learn from other words within the sentence to help identify the entity. However, in typical interactions with chatbots, user reply may have very short sentences, for example single word utterances. During the training phase, the NER model may never see such short answer data. A typical NER model may mis-classify the word “April” as a time expression or date since most training datasets typically include a Date entity “April.” However, in the above example, “April” is the name of a person. 
     Embodiments use context information in named entity recognition. Embodiments include the context of a sentence during NER model training and execution. The system according to various embodiments generates high quality contextual data for training NER models. The system utilizes labeled and unlabeled contextual data for training NER models. The NER models are provided for execution in production environments. The system uses heuristics to determine whether to use a context-based NER model or a simple NER model that does not use context information. 
     Context information helps the system determine the intent of an utterance and boosts the performance for named entity recognition. Accordingly, the accuracy of the context-based NER model is higher than conventional NER models, thereby allowing the online system  120  to determine the named entities in a sentence of phrase more accurately. 
     Although applications of NER are described in connection with conversational engines, the techniques disclosed are not limited to conversational engines but can be applied to other domains. For example, analysis of documents that processes an unstructured document and annotates it with additional information describing various keywords that occur within the document. 
     System Environment 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system environment illustrating use of an NER model in a conversation engine, according to one embodiment. The system environment  100  includes an online system  120  that communicates with users via client devices  115 . The online system  120  includes a conversation engine  130 , a named entity recognition model  140 , and a data store  160 . The online system  120  may include other components not shown in  FIG. 1 , for example, various applications, other types of data stores, and so on. The system environment  100  may include other elements not shown in  FIG. 1 , for example, a network. 
     The conversation engine  130  stores the instructions that allow the online system  120  to perform natural language conversations with users  110 . A conversation engine may also be referred to as a chatbot, a dialog system, virtual assistant, or artificial intelligence (AI) assistant. The conversation engine  130  receives a natural language request from a user and determines the action that the user requested via the natural language request. The conversation engine  130  uses the named entity recognition model  140  for performing NER tasks for use in analyzing user utterances to determine how to respond to user utterances. During a conversation between the conversation engine  130  and user, the conversation engine  130  invokes NER model  140  to perform NER for extracting key information from user utterances and to formalize free text in user utterances to structured text. 
     The conversation engine  130  determines a context based on the current conversation with a user. The context of a conversation is represented by a sequence of recent utterances that may have been provided by the user or automatically generated by the online system  120 . The conversation engine  130  analyzes a natural language text by combining the text with the context to obtain a combined string  135 . The combined string  135  is provided as input to the named entity recognition model  140 . The named entity recognition model  140  provides an output text  145  annotated with entity information. The named entity recognition model  140  may remove the context from the combined string  135 . The output text  145  annotated with entity information is used by the conversation engine  130  for further processing. For example, if the input text was an utterance from a user, the conversation engine  130  may use the entity information to accurately determine an intent of the user. Accordingly, the conversation engine  130  may analyze the utterance based on the entity information to determine a type of information that the user may be requesting. The conversation engine  130  may perform processing to determine the information and provide to the user as a generated response. 
     In some embodiments, the online system  120  is a multi-tenant system that stores data of multiple tenants. Chatbots are often used by multi-tenant systems to allow tenants of the multi-tenant systems to configure chatbots for specific purposes. Each tenant may be an enterprise. For example, a tenant may be a company that employs people that use the multi-tenant system to manage their processes. A multi-tenant system may store data for multiple tenants in the same physical database but enforce a logical separation of data across tenants. As a result, one tenant does not have access to another tenant&#39;s data, unless such data is expressly shared. 
     The online system  120  stores data in data store  160  that may be processed in order to respond to requests from users. For example, a permitted action may update data stored in data store  160 , search for data stored in data store  160 , and so on. The data store  160  stores data for users of the multi-tenant system. In an embodiment, the data store  160  stores information describing entities represented in the multi-tenant system. Each entity has an entity type. Each entity stores values in fields or data fields. Examples of entity types include account, case, opportunity, and so on. An entity representing an account stores information describing a user or an enterprise; an entity representing an opportunity represents a potential customer and stores fields representing information identifying the potential customer, a status of the opportunity, the last interaction with the potential customer; an entity representing a case stores information describing an interaction between an enterprise and a customer and stores fields comprising the date of the interaction, the type of the interaction, and other details of the interaction. 
     The data store  160  may be implemented as a relational database storing one or more tables. Each table contains one or more data categories logically arranged as columns or fields. Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields. For example, a data store  160  may include a table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. 
     In an embodiment, multi-tenant system implements a web-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, the multi-tenant system may include application servers configured to implement and execute CRM software applications as well as provide related data, code, forms, webpages and other information to and from client devices  115  and to store to, and retrieve from, a database system related data, objects, and webpage content. 
     The online system  120  and client devices  115  shown in  FIG. 1  represent computing devices. A computing device can be a conventional computer system executing, for example, a Microsoft™ Windows™-compatible operating system (OS), Apple™ OS X, and/or a Linux OS. A computing device can also be a device such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), mobile telephone, video game system, etc. 
     The client devices  115  may interact with the online system  120  via a network (not shown in  FIG. 1 ). The network uses a networking protocol such as the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), the user datagram protocol (UDP), internet control message protocol (ICMP), etc. The data exchanged over the network can be represented using technologies and/or formats including the hypertext markup language (HTML), the extensible markup language (XML), etc. 
     System Architecture 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram of the system architecture of an online system, according to an embodiment. The online system  120  includes the conversation engine  150 , the named entity recognition model  140 , a training data generation module  210 , a training module  220 , and a training data store  230 . Other embodiments can have different and/or other components than the ones described here, and that the functionalities can be distributed among the components in a different manner. 
     The training data generation module  210  generates training data for training the named entity recognition model  140 . For example, a tenant of a multi-tenant system may not have sufficient data to train the named entity recognition model  140 . The training data generation module  210  can take a small amount of training data and generates additional training data for training the training data generation module  210 . The training data is stored in the training data store  230 . The training module  220  trains the named entity recognition model  140  using the training data. The various modules of the online system  120  execute the various processes further described herein. 
     Generation of Training Dataset Including Contextual Data 
       FIG. 3  shows a flowchart illustrating the overall process of generating training data for training the NER model according to an embodiment. Other embodiments can perform the operations of  FIG. 3  in different orders. Other embodiments can include different and/or additional steps than the ones described herein. 
     The training data generation module  210  generates data by performing the steps  310 ,  315 , and  320 . The training data generation module  210  generates  310  context expressions. The training data generation module  210  generates  315  answer expressions. The training data generation module  210  concatenates  320  the generated context expressions and the generated answer expressions to generate training data that is stored in the training data store  230 . The training module  220  uses the generated training data to train  325  the named entity recognition model  140 . The details of these steps are further described herein. 
     Context Generation 
       FIG. 4  shows a flowchart illustrating the process of generating  310  context expressions according to an embodiment. Other embodiments can perform the operations of  FIG. 4  in different orders. Other embodiments can include different and/or additional steps than the ones described herein. 
     The training data generation module  210  uses context information for contextual data generation. Accordingly, the training data generation module  210  uses high quality context data that: (1) conveys the information relevant for understanding the user&#39;s answer, and (2) covers as many expressions as possible for comprehensive training and evaluation. The use of high quality data improves NER performance. 
     The process illustrated in  FIG. 4  is a two phase context generation method. In the first stage, the training data generation module  210  generates a high quality context seed list. For this stage, the training data generation module  210  receives manually generated commonly used context expressions based on domain knowledge. For example, to improve for PERSON entity detection performance, the training data generation module  210  starts with common expressions that ask for a person&#39;s name, such as, “what&#39;s your name?”, “May I know your name”, and so on. For most domains, in this stage, the training data generation module  210  may use 10 to 30 common expressions. 
     In the second stage, the training data generation module  210  diversifies context expressions. For this stage, the training data generation module  210  diversifies the context expressions with data augmentation techniques. After this stage with more context expressions, the training data generation module  210  trains a better generalized NER model and evaluates the model more fairly. 
     According to various embodiments, the data augmentation methods used by the system include: (1) Casing Optimization: the training data generation module  210  converts the first letter of multiple words to uppercase, not just the first word of the sentence, e.g. transforming “What&#39;s your name”=&gt;[“what&#39;s your name”, “What&#39;s Your Name”]. This helps NER model to focus on the context semantics rather than casing. (2) Question Mark: the training data generation module  210  randomly removes question marks from context questions, e.g. transforming “what&#39;s your name?”=&gt;[“what&#39;s your name”]. This helps the NER model avoid overfitting on question mark. (3) Word switching: The training data generation module  210  switches certain words with other words that could occur in that context, whether or not they are equivalent words “May I know your first name?”=&gt;[“May I know your last name?”, “Can I know your first name?”]. (4) Phrase re-generation: the training data generation module  210  generates an alternative statement that carries the same meaning but with different words. The system may use a store of equivalent words and phrases to convert a sentence to alternative sentences. 
     After the first stage, the training data generation module  210  gets high quality context data as it is based on manual generation. However, the number of the expressions may be limited. During the second stage, the training data generation module  210  extends the number of expressions while not losing its information. After the second stage, the training data generation module  210  may get a few hundred meaningful context expressions. 
     Answer Generation 
       FIG. 5  shows a flowchart illustrating the process of generating answer expressions according to an embodiment. In addition to generating context, the training data generation module  210  builds a pipeline to generate answers. The training data generation module  210  receives  510  a training dataset comprising utterances. The training data generation module  210  extracts  515  entities from the training dataset. The training data generation module  210  generates  520  answers based on the extracted entities. 
     For user answers, the training data generation module  210  uses (1) positive answers, which contains a potential entity, and (2) negative answers, which are common user responses but do not contain any entities. Negative data is used during data generation, to prevent the model from overfitting and avoiding learning that any user answer after context contains an entity. 
     For positive data generation, the training data generation module  210  may start from open public NER datasets. From the open dataset, the training data generation module  210  extracts entities based on the label for specific domains. The extracted entities (e.g., names like “John Doe”) could either be used directly as single/short word utterance or combined with simple utterance prefixes, for example, “my name is”, “I am”, to build a full sentence containing entities. 
     For negative data generation, the training data generation module  210  executes a process similar to that discussed above for context generation. For first stage, the training data generation module  210  manually generates common negative expressions not containing any entities, e.g. “Ok, sure”, “Why?”. For second stage, the training data generation module  210  extends the number of negative expressions via data augmentation. 
     The context may include text that occurs before a term as well as text that occurs after the term. For example, for processing a document the system may look at context after answers. 
     Context Answer Concatenation 
     After the system generates context and user answers, the system concatenates context and answer.  FIG. 6  shows a flowchart illustrating the process of concatenating context and answer expressions to generate training data according to an embodiment. The training data generation module  210  receives  610  a list of contexts and answers. The training data generation module  210  assigns each context in the list to different answers and concatenates  630  the respective contexts and answer pairs. 
     In some embodiments, the NER model is transformer based and the training data generation module  210  puts a separator ([SEP]) token between context and answer. For example, a NER model input is “[CLS] context [SEP] answer [SEP]”. Besides [SEP] token, the training data generation module  210  may add additional token or tokens to distinguish between context and answer, for example, “[CLS] [CTX] context [SEP] [ASW] answer [SEP]”. The additional tokens help the model to focus on the answer for named entity recognition and simplify post-processing. In some embodiments, the training data generation module  210  directly concatenates the context and the answer via &lt;space&gt; or another white space character, for example, “context &lt;space&gt; answer”, and lets the NER model learn to detect the entity. 
     The training data generation module  210  may use various methods for assigning context to user answer. In an embodiment, the training data generation module  210  performs random assignment. If a system has enough context and answer data, the training data generation module  210  randomly chooses a context to assign to an answer. In an embodiment, the training data generation module  210  performs cross product assignment. If the system has less than a threshold amount of context and answer data, the system iteratively assigns each context to each answer. The generated context answer pair is a cross product of the set of contexts and the set of answers. 
     As an example, if the training data generation module  210  has two contexts: [“what&#39;s your name?”, “may I know your name?”] and two answers: [“John”, “Jim”], the above methods will generate corresponding results. Random Assignment may generate two inputs “[CLS] what&#39;s your name [SEP] Jim” and “[CLS] may I know your name? [SEP] John”. Cross Product Assignment generates four inputs: “[CLS] what&#39;s your name [SEP] John”, “[CLS] may I know your name? [SEP] Jim”, “[CLS] what&#39;s your name [SEP] John”, and “[CLS] may I know your name? [SEP] Jim”. 
     Contextual Model Training 
     The training module  220  implements an end-to-end model training pipeline based on deep learning NLP (natural language processing) techniques.  FIG. 7  shows a flowchart illustrating the process of training the NER model according to an embodiment. The training module  220  performs an upstream pre-training  710  of the NER model using unlabeled data. The training module  220  further performs downstream training  720  that results in fine-tuning of NER model for specific tasks. The training module  220  provides  730  the trained model for execution for various NLP tasks. 
     Upstream Pre-Training with Unlabeled Data 
     Upstream pre-training  710  is used to train a task agnostic base NER model which can be used for multiple downstream tasks. Since the pre-training is task agnostic, the model training uses (1) language model type of loss to train the model to understand the text, and (2) next sentence prediction and contrastive loss type of loss to train the model to understand the relationship between two sentences. An upstream base model pre-trained with such losses generalizes well on multiple different downstream tasks. 
     Besides improved downstream performances, another advantage of upstream pre-training is that it does not require task specific labels. As the pre-training step  710  uses language model and next sentence prediction or contrastive loss, the training module  220  may use unlabeled contextual data directly. For example, the training module  220  starts with open public conversational datasets. 
     Downstream Fine-Tuning with Labeled Data 
     With the pre-trained upstream NER model and labeled data for specific downstream task, the system fine-tunes the NER model for specific downstream task. The labeled data may be generated via the above described methods performed for contextual data generation by the training data generation module  210 . For model downstream training for fine-tuning, labeled data is used as an additional dataset. 
     The system may use an NLP model, for example, a transformer based deep learning model. For the described contextual NER task, the model encodes the input in the format of “[CLS] context [SEP] answer [SEP]”. The encoded input is processed by the model and for each token of the encoded input, the model generates an output embedding. The output embedding is used as input for another softmax layer to help decide the entity type tag for each token. The number of the softmax layer outputs corresponds to the label space, the number of the entity types. In an embodiment, the NER model architecture is a stacked model of multiple transformer encoder layers. 
     The system uses unlabeled data for pre-training of a raw model to obtain a base model that is trained to process conversation and context. The system fine-tunes the base NER model to obtain the final context based NER model. During training the model uses both unlabeled data as well as labeled data. 
     Contextual Model Serving 
     To use context as part of the service for performing entity recognition, the system performs following steps (described in further details below): (1) Passing context as part of the request to the NER service; (2) Making decision whether to use context; (3) Passing context along with input text to the model; (4) Preparing the final response. 
     Passing Context as Part of the Request to the Service 
     An API (application programming interface) supports an optional parameter that has the context and is passed to the service from the client along with the actual text/utterance being processed. An example request body is as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 { 
               
               
                   
                  “modelId”: “ENTITIES”, 
               
               
                   
                  // additional optional parameter - context list 
               
               
                   
                  “context”: [“May I have the name of your company to locate your 
               
               
                   
                  account?”], “utterance”: “MyCompany” 
               
               
                   
                 } 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Decision to Use Context 
     The system may use the different heuristics to determine whether or not to pass the context to the model. The system may use one or more of (1) utterance length or (2) context intent to determine whether to use the context or not. 
     According to one embodiment, the system uses the length of the utterance to determine if the system should pass context to the model. Short utterances may not contain enough information to enable the model to predict entities. In some cases, for example, the conversational use case, the short utterance may include only one keyword corresponding to the entity. There is no and no other text surrounding it. To overcome this, the system adds context to utterances that are short in length (typically less than 3 words but the threshold is configurable). The advantage to this approach is that it is simple and easy to implement. 
     According to another embodiment, the system examines the context and determines whether the information present in the context is required by the model to make a correct prediction for the actual utterance. For each prediction request, the system first uses an ML (machine learning) model to predict whether the context is important for that particular prediction request. The system trains a relatively lightweight binary intent model such as a neural network based model on a curated dataset of contexts for this purpose. For example, the system may use a simple convolutional neural network based model, or even logistic regression. One of the use cases for this is conversational texts. For example, “What is your name?” is a context that has relevant information for the model to make a correct prediction on an utterance, “John Doe”. The advantage of this approach is that it is a more sophisticated heuristic, and it helps ensure that the system only adds context when necessary. This helps reduce overall NER model prediction times by supplying shorter utterances. 
     These two techniques may be used together or separately, depending on an empirical evaluation. 
     Passing Context Along with Input Text to the Model 
     The conversation engine  150  or any NLP task performed by a system that executes the NER model executes pre-processing phase to prepare the input to the NER model. If the system decides to use context, the system combines the context and the input text together and passes the combined text to the NER model for prediction. The process used for combining the context and input text depends on the process used for training the NER model. For example, if the NER model was trained using training data that was combined as “[CLS] context [SEP] text [SEP]” the system combines the context and answer using the same approach during execution of the NER model. 
     Since the NER model is trained to receive context, the system uses the context as supplemental information to predict the entities present in the combined text. 
     Apart from preparing the input, the system may store the length of the context that is being prepended to the utterance. The system uses the length information as explained in the section below to extract the processed input text from the output. 
     Preparing the Final Response 
     The system executes a post-processing step that involves removing the entities present in the context from the output response generated using the NER model. 
     After the NER model makes the prediction on the combined text that also includes context, the generated response includes the tags/entities present in context as well. Since the requester, for example, the user that invokes the service is interested in the entities present in the input text, the system removes the tags predicted by the model for the context (and any special tokens that were also passed). 
     To achieve this, the system maintains the length of the context as described in connection with the pre-processing step. The system uses the length to strip off the predictions comprising the tags included in the context portion of the response generated using the NER. Remaining tags/entities represent the tags/entities in the input text/utterance and are provided to the requestor as the final response. 
     Following is an example illustrating output scores for various terms that occur in a sentence. The B-name score for the term John is high indicating that this term is a B-name named entity. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Score indicating 
                 Score indicating 
                 Score indicating 
               
               
                   
                 keyword is 
                 keyword is 
                 keyword is 
               
               
                 Keywords 
                 Not entity 
                 B-Name 
                 I-name. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 what. 
                 0.99 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 is 
                 0.99 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 your 
                 0.99 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 name 
                 0.99 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 John 
                 0.05 
                 0.99 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Technical Improvements 
     The system according to various embodiments improves upon the accuracy of conventional systems. A conventional NER model that does not use the context information to determine the entity information failed on utterances that were short, for example, for a conversation in which the agent asked a question ‘what is your name? and the user responded ‘A1’ or a conversation in which the agent asked a question ‘Which company do you work for?’ and the user responded salesforce. The conventional NER model failed to detect that the user utterance “A1” in the first example was a person and the user utterance “salesforce’ in the second example was an organization. In contrast, the NER model according to embodiments disclosed was able to determine the correct entity with the help of context information. However, the model that uses the context information may be computationally intensive. As a result, the ability of embodiments to determine whether to use the context or use the utterance without the context for performing named entity recognition ensures that the computational expense of using the context is incurred only when necessary, thereby improving the computational efficiency of the process along with the accuracy. 
     The accuracy of the NER models was measured in terms of F1 score that is determined as a combination of precision and recall for the model. The F1 score is calculated as F1=2*precision*recall/(precision+recall). A conventional NER model was compared with a base NER model that was re-trained with input starting with token “[CLS]” and an ending with token “[SEP]”. No contextual data was used for the base model. As shown in the table I, the base NER model performed better than conventional NER model for detecting person entities showing an improvement of 0.33 in F1 score for person entities. The model showed improvement for organization entities also, but not as noticeable. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 F1 score of 
                 F1 score 
                   
               
               
                 Single Word 
                 # of 
                 conventional 
                 of base 
                 F1 score 
               
               
                 Entity 
                 entities 
                 NER model 
                 NER model 
                 improvement 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PERSON 
                 1000 
                 0.54 
                 0.87 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 ORGANIZATION 
                 1000 
                 0.35 
                 0.45 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Further performance was measured of the base NER model with NER model trained to use contextual data (referred to as the contextual NER model). As shown in table II significant increase (over 30%) in F1 score was found by using contextual NER model compared to base NER model. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 F1 score of 
                 F1 score of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 # of 
                 Base NER 
                 Contextual NER 
                 Absolute F1 
               
               
                 Language 
                 entities 
                 Model 
                 Model 
                 Increase 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 English 
                 2031 
                 0.69 
                 0.99 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 French 
                 2164 
                 0.76 
                 0.97 
                 0.21 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The techniques disclosed that selectively use the contextual model based on the input utterance or the context improve the execution efficiency of the process. Since use of contextual NER is computationally expensive, the computational efficiency is improved as a result of techniques that avoid invoking the contextual model if equivalent accuracy can be achieved by conventional NER model. 
     Computer Architecture 
       FIG. 9  is a high-level block diagram illustrating a functional view of a typical computer system for use as one of the entities illustrated in the environment  100  of  FIG. 1  according to an embodiment. Illustrated are at least one processor  902  coupled to a chipset  904 . Also coupled to the chipset  904  are a memory  906 , a storage device  908 , a keyboard  910 , a graphics adapter  912 , a pointing device  914 , and a network adapter  916 . A display  918  is coupled to the graphics adapter  912 . In one embodiment, the functionality of the chipset  904  is provided by a memory controller hub  920  and an I/O controller hub  922 . In another embodiment, the memory  906  is coupled directly to the processor  902  instead of the chipset  904 . 
     The storage device  908  is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, such as a hard drive, compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), DVD, or a solid-state memory device. The memory  906  holds instructions and data used by the processor  902 . The pointing device  914  may be a mouse, track ball, or other type of pointing device, and is used in combination with the keyboard  910  to input data into the computer system  900 . The graphics adapter  912  displays images and other information on the display  918 . The network adapter  916  couples the computer system  900  to a network. 
     As is known in the art, a computer  900  can have different and/or other components than those shown in  FIG. 9 . In addition, the computer  900  can lack certain illustrated components. For example, a computer system  900  acting as a multi-tenant system  120  may lack a keyboard  910  and a pointing device  914 . Moreover, the storage device  908  can be local and/or remote from the computer  900  (such as embodied within a storage area network (SAN)). 
     The computer  900  is adapted to execute computer modules for providing the functionality described herein. As used herein, the term “module” refers to computer program instruction and other logic for providing a specified functionality. A module can be implemented in hardware, firmware, and/or software. A module can include one or more processes, and/or be provided by only part of a process. A module is typically stored on the storage device  908 , loaded into the memory  906 , and executed by the processor  902 . 
     The types of computer systems  900  used by the entities of  FIG. 1  can vary depending upon the embodiment and the processing power used by the entity. For example, a client device  115  may be a mobile phone with limited processing power, a small display  918 , and may lack a pointing device  914 . The multi-tenant system  120 , in contrast, may comprise multiple blade servers working together to provide the functionality described herein. 
     Alternative Embodiments 
     It is to be understood that the Figures and descriptions of the present invention have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention, while eliminating, for the purpose of clarity, many other elements found in a typical distributed system. Those of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that other elements and/or steps are desirable and/or required in implementing the embodiments. However, because such elements and steps are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments, a discussion of such elements and steps is not provided herein. The disclosure herein is directed to all such variations and modifications to such elements and methods known to those skilled in the art. 
     Some portions of the above description describe the embodiments in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on information. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are commonly used by those skilled in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work effectively to others skilled in the art. These operations, while described functionally, computationally, or logically, are understood to be implemented by computer programs or equivalent electrical circuits, microcode, or the like. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient at times, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules, without loss of generality. The described operations and their associated modules may be embodied in software, firmware, hardware, or any combinations thereof. 
     As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. 
     Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some embodiments may be described using the term “connected” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. In another example, some embodiments may be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. The embodiments are not limited in this context. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). 
     In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise. 
     Upon reading this disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciate still additional alternative structural and functional designs for a system and a process for displaying charts using a distortion region through the disclosed principles herein. Thus, while particular embodiments and applications have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes and variations, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art, may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the method and apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope defined in the appended claims.