Patent Publication Number: US-2013252943-A1

Title: Bicyclic oxazole lactams as allosteric modulators of mglur5 receptors

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/604,852, filed on Feb. 29, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     This invention was made with government support under grant numbers MH73676, MH62646, and MH89870 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The United States government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Glutamate (L-glutamic acid) is the major excitatory transmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, exerting its effects through both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) belong to family C (also known as family 3) of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are characterized by a seven transmembrane (7TM) α-helical domain connected via a cysteine rich-region to a large bi-lobed extracellular amino-terminal domain ( FIG. 1 ). While the orthosteric binding site is contained in the amino-terminal domain, currently known allosteric binding sites reside in the 7TM domain. The mGluR family comprises eight known mGluRs receptor types (designated as mGluR1 through mGluR8). Several of the receptor types are expressed as specific splice variants, e.g. mGluR5a and mGluR5b or mGluR8a, mGluR8b and mGluR8c. The family has been classified into three groups based on their structure, preferred signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacology. Group I receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5) are coupled to Gαq, a process that results in stimulation of phospholipase C and an increase in intracellular calcium and inositol phosphate levels. Group II receptors (mGluR2 and mGluR3) and group III receptors (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, and mGluR8) are coupled to Gαi, which leads to decreases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. While the Group I receptors are predominately located postsynaptically and typically enhance postsynaptic signaling, the group II and III receptors are located presynaptically and typically have inhibitory effects on neurotransmitter release. 
     Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, metabotropic glutamate receptors, including mGluR5, have been implicated in a wide range of biological functions, indicating a potential role for the mGluR5 receptor in a variety of disease processes in mammals. Ligands of metabotropic glutamate receptors can be used for the treatment or prevention of acute and/or chronic neurological and/or psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction, such as psychosis, schizophrenia, age-related cognitive decline, and the like. Further, without wishing to be bound by theory, increasing evidence indicates mGluRs play an important role in lasting changes in synaptic transmission, and studies of synaptic plasticity in the FmrI knockout mouse have identified a connection between the fragile X phenotype and mGluR signaling. 
     The identification of small molecule mGluR agonists that bind at the orthosteric site has greatly increased the understanding of the roles played by these receptors and their corresponding relation to disease. Because the majority of these agonists were designed as analogs of glutamate, they typically lack the desired characteristics for drugs targeting mGluR such as oral bioavailability and/or distribution to the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, because of the highly conserved nature of the glutamate binding site, most orthosteric agonists lack selectivity among the various mGluRs. 
     Selective positive allosteric modulators (“PAMs”) are compounds that do not directly activate receptors by themselves, but binding of these compounds potentiates the response of the receptor to glutamate or other orthosteric agonists by increasing the affinity of an orthosteric agonist at the orthosteric binding site. PAMs are thus an attractive mechanism for enhancing appropriate physiological receptor activation. 
     Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of selective positive allosteric modulators for the mGluR5 receptor. Further, conventional mGluR5 receptor modulators typically lack satisfactory aqueous solubility and exhibit poor oral bioavailability. Therefore, there remains a need for methods and compositions that overcome these deficiencies and that effectively provide selective positive allosteric modulators for the mGluR5 receptor. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with the purpose(s) of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention, in one aspect, relates to compounds useful as positive allosteric modulators (i.e., potentiators) of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5), methods of making same, pharmaceutical compositions comprising same, and methods of treating neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction using same. 
     Disclosed are compounds having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1  is aryl or heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 2a  and R 2b  is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein each of R 3a  and R 3b  is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 3a  and R 3b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein each of R 4a  and R 4b  is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-, or R 4a  and R 4b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl)-; and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-, or R 5a  and R 5b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein R 6  is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 monohaloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, hydroxy(C1-C6 alkyl), (C1-C6 alkyloxy)-(C1-C6 alkyl)-, Cy 1 , and Cy 1 —(C1-C6 alkyl)-; and wherein Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1 , when present, is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof. 
     Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more disclosed compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     Also disclosed are methods for the treatment of a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of at least one disclosed compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof. 
     Also disclosed are methods for the treatment of a disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of at least one disclosed compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof. 
     Also disclosed are methods for enhancing cognition in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of at least one disclosed compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof. 
     Also disclosed are methods for modulating mGluR5 activity in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of at least one disclosed compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof. 
     Also disclosed are methods modulating mGluR5 activity in at least one cell, comprising the step of contacting the at least one cell with an effective amount of at least one disclosed compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or polymorph e thereof. 
     Also disclosed are kits comprising at least one disclosed compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, and one or more of: (a) at least one agent known to increase mGluR5 activity; (b) at least one agent known to decrease mGluR5 activity; (c) at least one agent known to treat a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder; (d) at least one agent known to treat a disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation; or (e) instructions for treating a disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction. 
     Additionally, the invention also relates to a product comprising a compound as described herein and an additional pharmaceutical agent, as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment or prevention of neurological and psychiatric disorders and diseases. 
     Also disclosed are methods for manufacturing a medicament comprising combining at least one disclosed compound, at least one disclosed product of a disclosed method of making, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Additionally, the invention relates to a compound as defined herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, for use as a medicament, and to a compound as defined herein for use in the treatment or in the prevention of neurological and psychiatric disorders and diseases. 
     Also disclosed are uses of a disclosed compound, a disclosed product of a disclosed method of making, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal. 
     While aspects of the present invention can be described and claimed in a particular statutory class, such as the system statutory class, this is for convenience only and one of skill in the art will understand that each aspect of the present invention can be described and claimed in any statutory class. Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method or aspect set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not specifically state in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is in no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow, plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, or the number or type of aspects described in the specification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic of the NMDA receptor. 
         FIG. 2  shows a schematic illustrating that activation of mGluR5 potentiates NMDA receptor function. 
         FIG. 3  shows a schematic illustrating structural features of mGluR5 and allosteric binding. 
     
    
    
     Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or can be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. 
     DESCRIPTION 
     The present invention can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the invention and the Examples included therein. 
     Before the present compounds, compositions, articles, systems, devices, and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that they are not limited to specific synthetic methods unless otherwise specified, or to particular reagents unless otherwise specified, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, example methods and materials are now described. 
     All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided herein can be different from the actual publication dates, which can require independent confirmation. 
     A. DEFINITIONS 
     As used herein, nomenclature for compounds, including organic compounds, can be given using common names, IUPAC, IUBMB, or CAS recommendations for nomenclature. When one or more stereochemical features are present, Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules for stereochemistry can be employed to designate stereochemical priority, E/Z specification, and the like. One of skill in the art can readily ascertain the structure of a compound if given a name, either by systemic reduction of the compound structure using naming conventions, or by commercially available software, such as CHEMDRAW™ (Cambridgesoft Corporation, U.S.A.). 
     As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a functional group,” “an alkyl,” or “a residue” includes mixtures of two or more such functional groups, alkyls, or residues, and the like. 
     Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. 
     References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound. 
     A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included. 
     As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or can not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. 
     As used herein, the term “allosteric site” refers to a ligand binding site that is topographically distinct from the orthosteric binding site. 
     As used herein, the term “modulator” refers to a molecular entity (e.g., but not limited to, a ligand and a disclosed compound) that modulates the activity of the target receptor protein. 
     As used herein, the term “ligand” refers to a natural or synthetic molecular entity that is capable of associating or binding to a receptor to form a complex and mediate, prevent or modify a biological effect. Thus, the term “ligand” encompasses allosteric modulators, inhibitors, activators, agonists, antagonists, natural substrates and analogs of natural substrates. 
     As used herein, the terms “natural ligand” and “endogenous ligand” are used interchangeably, and refer to a naturally occurring ligand, found in nature, which binds to a receptor. 
     As used herein, the term “orthosteric site” refers to the primary binding site on a receptor that is recognized by the endogenous ligand or agonist for that receptor. For example, the orthosteric site in the mGluR5 receptor is the site that glutamate binds. 
     As used herein, the term “mGluR5 receptor positive allosteric modulator” refers to any exogenously administered compound or agent that directly or indirectly augments the activity of the mGluR5 receptor in the presence or in the absence of glutamate in an animal, in particular a mammal, for example a human. In one aspect, a mGluR5 receptor positive allosteric modulator increases the activity of the mGluR5 receptor in a cell in the presence of extracellular glutamate. The cell can be human embryonic kidney cells transfected with human mGluR5. The cell can be human embryonic kidney cells transfected with rat mGluR5. The cell can be human embryonic kidney cells transfected with a mammalian mGluR5The term “mGluR5 receptor positive allosteric modulator” includes a compound that is a “mGluR5 receptor allosteric potentiator” or a “mGluR5 receptor allosteric agonist,” as well as a compound that has mixed activity comprising pharmacology of both an “mGluR5 receptor allosteric potentiator” and an “mGluR5 receptor allosteric agonist”. The term “mGluR5 receptor positive allosteric modulator also includes a compound that is a “mGluR5 receptor allosteric enhancer.” 
     As used herein, the term “mGluR5 receptor allosteric potentiator” refers to any exogenously administered compound or agent that directly or indirectly augments the response produced by the endogenous ligand (such as glutamate) when the endogenous ligand binds to the orthosteric site of the mGluR5 receptor in an animal, in particular a mammal, for example a human. The mGluR5 receptor allosteric potentiator binds to a site other than the orthosteric site, that is, an allosteric site, and positively augments the response of the receptor to an agonist or the endogenous ligand. In one aspect, an allosteric potentiator does not induce desensitization of the receptor, activity of a compound as an mGluR5 receptor allosteric potentiator provides advantages over the use of a pure mGluR5 receptor allosteric agonist. Such advantages can include, for example, increased safety margin, higher tolerability, diminished potential for abuse, and reduced toxicity. 
     As used herein, the term “mGluR5 receptor allosteric enhancer” refers to any exogenously administered compound or agent that directly or indirectly augments the response produced by the endogenous ligand in an animal, in particular a mammal, for example a human. In one aspect, the allosteric enhancer increases the affinity of the natural ligand or agonist for the orthosteric site. In another aspect, an allosteric enhancer increases the agonist efficacy. The mGluR5 receptor allosteric enhancer binds to a site other than the orthosteric site, that is, an allosteric site, and positively augments the response of the receptor to an agonist or the endogenous ligand. An allosteric enhancer has no effect on the receptor by itself and requires the presence of an agonist or the natural ligand to realize a receptor effect. 
     As used herein, the term “mGluR5 receptor allosteric agonist” refers to any exogenously administered compound or agent that directly activates the activity of the mGluR5 receptor in the absence of the endogenous ligand (such as glutamate) in an animal, in particular a mammal, for example a human. The mGluR5 receptor allosteric agonist binds to a site that is distinct from the orthosteric glutamate site of the mGluR5. Because it does not require the presence of the endogenous ligand, activity of a compound as an mGluR5 receptor allosteric agonist provides advantages over the use of a pure mGluR5 receptor allosteric potentiator, such as more rapid onset of action. 
     As used herein, the term “mGluR5 receptor neutral allosteric ligand” refers to any exogenously administered compound or agent that binds to an allosteric site without affecting the binding or function of agonists or the natural ligand at the orthosteric site in an animal, in particular a mammal, for example a human. However, a neutral allosteric ligand can block the action of other allosteric modulators that act via the same site. 
     As used herein, the term “subject” can be a vertebrate, such as a mammal, a fish, a bird, a reptile, or an amphibian. Thus, the subject of the herein disclosed methods can be a human, non-human primate, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent. The term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered. In one aspect, the subject is a mammal. A patient refers to a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder. The term “patient” includes human and veterinary subjects. In some aspects of the disclosed methods, the subject has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of one or more neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction prior to the administering step. In some aspects of the disclosed method, the subject has been diagnosed with a need for positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity prior to the administering step. In some aspects of the disclosed method, the subject has been diagnosed with a need for partial agonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity prior to the administering step. 
     As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to the medical management of a patient with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder. This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, and also includes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. In addition, this term includes palliative treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder; preventative treatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. In various aspects, the term covers any treatment of a subject, including a mammal (e.g., a human), and includes: (i) preventing the disease from occurring in a subject that can be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development; or (iii) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease. In one aspect, the subject is a mammal such as a primate, and, in a further aspect, the subject is a human. The term “subject” also includes domesticated animals (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), livestock (e.g., cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc.), and laboratory animals (e.g., mouse, rabbit, rat, guinea pig, fruit fly, etc.). 
     As used herein, the term “prevent” or “preventing” refers to precluding, averting, obviating, forestalling, stopping, or hindering something from happening, especially by advance action. It is understood that where reduce, inhibit or prevent are used herein, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the use of the other two words is also expressly disclosed. 
     As used herein, the term “diagnosed” means having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have a condition that can be diagnosed or treated by the compounds, compositions, or methods disclosed herein. For example, “diagnosed with a disorder treatable by modulation of mGluR5” means having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have a condition that can be diagnosed or treated by a compound or composition that can modulate mGluR5. As a further example, “diagnosed with a need for modulation of mGluR5” refers to having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have a condition characterized by mGluR5 activity. Such a diagnosis can be in reference to a disorder, such as a neurodegenerative disease, and the like, as discussed herein. For example, the term “diagnosed with a need for positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity” refers to having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have a condition that can be diagnosed or treated by positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity. For example, “diagnosed with a need for partial agonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity” means having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have a condition that can be diagnosed or treated by partial agonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity. For example, “diagnosed with a need for treatment of one or more neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction” means having been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have one or more neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction. 
     As used herein, the phrase “identified to be in need of treatment for a disorder,” or the like, refers to selection of a subject based upon need for treatment of the disorder. For example, a subject can be identified as having a need for treatment of a disorder (e.g., a disorder related to mGluR5 activity) based upon an earlier diagnosis by a person of skill and thereafter subjected to treatment for the disorder. It is contemplated that the identification can, in one aspect, be performed by a person different from the person making the diagnosis. It is also contemplated, in a further aspect, that the administration can be performed by one who subsequently performed the administration. 
     As used herein, the terms “administering” and “administration” refer to any method of providing a pharmaceutical preparation to a subject. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, oral administration, transdermal administration, administration by inhalation, nasal administration, topical administration, intravaginal administration, ophthalmic administration, intraaural administration, intracerebral administration, rectal administration, sublingual administration, buccal administration, and parenteral administration, including injectable such as intravenous administration, intra-arterial administration, intramuscular administration, and subcutaneous administration. Administration can be continuous or intermittent. In various aspects, a preparation can be administered therapeutically; that is, administered to treat an existing disease or condition. In further various aspects, a preparation can be administered prophylactically; that is, administered for prevention of a disease or condition. 
     The term “contacting” as used herein refers to bringing a disclosed compound and a cell, target metabotropic glutamate receptor, or other biological entity together in such a manner that the compound can affect the activity of the target (e.g., spliceosome, cell, etc.), either directly; i.e., by interacting with the target itself, or indirectly; i.e., by interacting with another molecule, co-factor, factor, or protein on which the activity of the target is dependent. 
     As used herein, the terms “effective amount” and “amount effective” refer to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired result or to have an effect on an undesired condition. For example, a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic result or to have an effect on undesired symptoms, but is generally insufficient to cause adverse side effects. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the route of administration; the rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed and like factors well known in the medical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art to start doses of a compound at levels lower than those required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. If desired, the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration. Consequently, single dose compositions can contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any contraindications. Dosage can vary, and can be administered in one or more dose administrations daily, for one or several days. Guidance can be found in the literature for appropriate dosages for given classes of pharmaceutical products. In further various aspects, a preparation can be administered in a “prophylactically effective amount”; that is, an amount effective for prevention of a disease or condition. 
     As used herein, “kit” means a collection of at least two components constituting the kit. Together, the components constitute a functional unit for a given purpose. Individual member components may be physically packaged together or separately. For example, a kit comprising an instruction for using the kit may or may not physically include the instruction with other individual member components. Instead, the instruction can be supplied as a separate member component, either in a paper form or an electronic form which may be supplied on computer readable memory device or downloaded from an internet website, or as recorded presentation. 
     As used herein, “instruction(s)” means documents describing relevant materials or methodologies pertaining to a kit. These materials may include any combination of the following: background information, list of components and their availability information (purchase information, etc.), brief or detailed protocols for using the kit, trouble-shooting, references, technical support, and any other related documents. Instructions can be supplied with the kit or as a separate member component, either as a paper form or an electronic form which may be supplied on computer readable memory device or downloaded from an internet website, or as recorded presentation. Instructions can comprise one or multiple documents, and are meant to include future updates. 
     As used herein, the terms “therapeutic agent” include any synthetic or naturally occurring biologically active compound or composition of matter which, when administered to an organism (human or nonhuman animal), induces a desired pharmacologic, immunogenic, and/or physiologic effect by local and/or systemic action. The term therefore encompasses those compounds or chemicals traditionally regarded as drugs, vaccines, and biopharmaceuticals including molecules such as proteins, peptides, hormones, nucleic acids, gene constructs and the like. Examples of therapeutic agents are described in well-known literature references such as the Merck Index (14 †h  edition), the Physicians&#39; Desk Reference (64 †h  edition), and The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12 †h  edition), and they include, without limitation, medicaments; vitamins; mineral supplements; substances used for the treatment, prevention, diagnosis, cure or mitigation of a disease or illness; substances that affect the structure or function of the body, or pro-drugs, which become biologically active or more active after they have been placed in a physiological environment. For example, the term “therapeutic agent” includes compounds or compositions for use in all of the major therapeutic areas including, but not limited to, adjuvants; anti-infectives such as antibiotics and antiviral agents; analgesics and analgesic combinations, anorexics, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-epileptics, local and general anesthetics, hypnotics, sedatives, antipsychotic agents, neuroleptic agents, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antagonists, neuron blocking agents, anticholinergic and cholinomimetic agents, antimuscarinic and muscarinic agents, antiadrenergics, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensive agents, hormones, and nutrients, antiarthritics, antiasthmatic agents, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, antinauseants, antineoplastics, antipruritics, antipyretics; antispasmodics, cardiovascular preparations (including calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, beta-agonists and antiarrythmics), antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators; central nervous system stimulants; cough and cold preparations; decongestants; diagnostics; hormones; bone growth stimulants and bone resorption inhibitors; immunosuppressives; muscle relaxants; psychostimulants; sedatives; tranquilizers; proteins, peptides, and fragments thereof (whether naturally occurring, chemically synthesized or recombinantly produced); and nucleic acid molecules (polymeric forms of two or more nucleotides, either ribonucleotides (RNA) or deoxyribonucleotides (DNA) including both double- and single-stranded molecules, gene constructs, expression vectors, antisense molecules and the like), small molecules (e.g., doxorubicin) and other biologically active macromolecules such as, for example, proteins and enzymes. The agent may be a biologically active agent used in medical, including veterinary, applications and in agriculture, such as with plants, as well as other areas. The term therapeutic agent also includes without limitation, medicaments; vitamins; mineral supplements; substances used for the treatment, prevention, diagnosis, cure or mitigation of disease or illness; or substances which affect the structure or function of the body; or pro-drugs, which become biologically active or more active after they have been placed in a predetermined physiological environment. 
     As used herein, “EC 50 ,” is intended to refer to the concentration of a substance (e.g., a compound or a drug) that is required for 50% activation or enhancement of a biological process, or component of a process. For example, EC 50  can refer to the concentration of agonist that provokes a response halfway between the baseline and maximum response in an in vitro assay. For example, an EC 50  for mGluR5 receptor can be determined in an in vitro or cell-based assay system. Such in vitro assay systems frequently utilize a cell line that either expresses endogenously a target of interest, or has been transfected with a suitable expression vector that directs expression of a recombinant form of the target such as mGluR5. For example, the EC 50  for mGluR5 can be determined using human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells transfected with human mGluR5. Alternatively, the EC 50  for mGluR5 can be determined using human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells transfected with rat mGluR5. In another example, the EC 50  for mGluR5 can be determined using human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells transfected with a mammalian mGluR5. 
     As used herein, “IC 50 ,” is intended to refer to the concentration of a substance (e.g., a compound or a drug) that is required for 50% inhibition of a biological process, or component of a process. For example, IC 50  refers to the half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance as determined in a suitable assay. For example, an IC 50  for mGluR5 receptor can be determined in an in vitro or cell-based assay system. Frequently, receptor assays, including suitable assays for mGluR5, make use of a suitable cell-line, e.g. a cell line that either expresses endogenously a target of interest, or has been transfected with a suitable expression vector that directs expression of a recombinant form of the target such as mGluR5. For example, the IC 50  for mGluR5 can be determined using human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells transfected with human mGluR5. Alternatively, the IC 50  for mGluR5 can be determined using human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells transfected with rat mGluR5. In another example, the IC 50  for mGluR5 can be determined using human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells transfected with a mammalian mGluR5. 
     The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” describes a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., without causing an unacceptable level of undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner. 
     As used herein, the term “derivative” refers to a compound having a structure derived from the structure of a parent compound (e.g., a compound disclosed herein) and whose structure is sufficiently similar to those disclosed herein and based upon that similarity, would be expected by one skilled in the art to exhibit the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds, or to induce, as a precursor, the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds. Exemplary derivatives include salts, esters, amides, salts of esters or amides, and N-oxides of a parent compound. 
     As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants. These compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents such as paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid and the like. It can also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin, which delay absorption. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide, poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues. The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable media just prior to use. Suitable inert carriers can include sugars such as lactose. Desirably, at least 95% by weight of the particles of the active ingredient have an effective particle size in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrometers. 
     A residue of a chemical species, as used in the specification and concluding claims, refers to the moiety that is the resulting product of the chemical species in a particular reaction scheme or subsequent formulation or chemical product, regardless of whether the moiety is actually obtained from the chemical species. Thus, an ethylene glycol residue in a polyester refers to one or more —OCH 2 CH 2 O— units in the polyester, regardless of whether ethylene glycol was used to prepare the polyester. Similarly, a sebacic acid residue in a polyester refers to one or more —CO(CH 2 ) 8 CO— moieties in the polyester, regardless of whether the residue is obtained by reacting sebacic acid or an ester thereof to obtain the polyester. 
     As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described below. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, can have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Also, the terms “substitution” or “substituted with” include the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. It is also contemplated that, in certain aspects, unless expressly indicated to the contrary, individual substituents can be further optionally substituted (i.e., further substituted or unsubstituted). 
     In defining various terms, “A 1 ,” “A 2 ,” “A 3 ,” and “A 4 ” are used herein as generic symbols to represent various specific substituents. These symbols can be any substituent, not limited to those disclosed herein, and when they are defined to be certain substituents in one instance, they can, in another instance, be defined as some other substituents. 
     The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group,” as used herein, denotes a hydrocarbon moiety that may be straight-chain (i.e., unbranched), branched, or cyclic (including fused, bridging, and spirofused polycyclic) and may be completely saturated or may contain one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-20 carbon atoms. Aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl. 
     The term “alkyl” as used herein is a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, s-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like. It is understand that the alkyl group is acyclic. The alkyl group can be branched or unbranched. The alkyl group can also be substituted or unsubstituted. For example, the alkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein. A “lower alkyl” group is an alkyl group containing from one to six (e.g., from one to four) carbon atoms. The term alkyl group can also be a C1 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C7 alkyl, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C9 alkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, and the like up to and including a C1-C24 alkyl. 
     Throughout the specification “alkyl” is generally used to refer to both unsubstituted alkyl groups and substituted alkyl groups; however, substituted alkyl groups are also specifically referred to herein by identifying the specific substituent(s) on the alkyl group. For example, the term “halogenated alkyl” or “haloalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halide, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Alternatively, the term “monohaloalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with a single halide, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The term “polyhaloalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is independently substituted with two or more halides, i.e. each halide substituent need not be the same halide as another halide substituent, nor do the multiple instances of a halide substituent need to be on the same carbon. The term “alkoxyalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more alkoxy groups, as described below. The term “aminoalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more amino groups. The term “hydroxyalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more hydroxy groups. When “alkyl” is used in one instance and a specific term such as “hydroxyalkyl” is used in another, it is not meant to imply that the term “alkyl” does not also refer to specific terms such as “hydroxyalkyl” and the like. 
     This practice is also used for other groups described herein. That is, while a term such as “cycloalkyl” refers to both unsubstituted and substituted cycloalkyl moieties, the substituted moieties can, in addition, be specifically identified herein; for example, a particular substituted cycloalkyl can be referred to as, e.g., an “alkylcycloalkyl.” Similarly, a substituted alkoxy can be specifically referred to as, e.g., a “halogenated alkoxy,” a particular substituted alkenyl can be, e.g., an “alkenylalcohol,” and the like. Again, the practice of using a general term, such as “cycloalkyl,” and a specific term, such as “alkylcycloalkyl,” is not meant to imply that the general term does not also include the specific term. 
     The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl, and the like. The cycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. 
     The term “polyalkylene group” as used herein is a group having two or more CH 2  groups linked to one another. The polyalkylene group can be represented by the formula (CH 2 ) a , where “a” is an integer of from 2 to 500. 
     The terms “alkoxy” and “alkoxyl” as used herein to refer to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group bonded through an ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group can be defined as OA 1  where A 1  is alkyl or cycloalkyl as defined above. “Alkoxy” also includes polymers of alkoxy groups as just described; that is, an alkoxy can be a polyether such as -OA 1 -OA 2  or -OA 1 -(OA 2 ) a -OA 3 , where “a” is an integer of from 1 to 200 and A 1 , A 2 , and A 3  are alkyl and/or cycloalkyl groups. 
     The term “alkenyl” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of from 2 to 24 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Asymmetric structures such as (A 1 A 2 )C═C(A 3 A 4 ) are intended to include both the E and Z isomers. This can be presumed in structural formulae herein wherein an asymmetric alkene is present, or it can be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol C═C. The alkenyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein. 
     The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bound, i.e., C═C. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, norbornenyl, and the like. The cycloalkenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkenyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. 
     The term “alkynyl” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The alkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein. 
     The term “cycloalkynyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least seven carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bound. Examples of cycloalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, cycloheptynyl, cyclooctynyl, cyclononynyl, and the like. The cycloalkynyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkynyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. 
     The term “aromatic group” as used herein refers to a ring structure having cyclic clouds of delocalized it electrons above and below the plane of the molecule, where the it clouds contain (4n+2) it electrons. A further discussion of aromaticity is found in Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, (5th Ed., 1987), Chapter 13, entitled “Aromaticity,” pages 477-497, incorporated herein by reference. The term “aromatic group” is inclusive of both aryl and heteroaryl groups. 
     The term “aryl” as used herein is a group that contains any carbon-based aromatic group including, but not limited to, benzene, naphthalene, phenyl, biphenyl, anthracene, and the like. The aryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The aryl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, —NH 2 , carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. The term “biaryl” is a specific type of aryl group and is included in the definition of “aryl.” In addition, the aryl group can be a single ring structure or comprise multiple ring structures that are either fused ring structures or attached via one or more bridging groups such as a carbon-carbon bond. For example, biaryl refers to two aryl groups that are bound together via a fused ring structure, as in naphthalene, or are attached via one or more carbon-carbon bonds, as in biphenyl. 
     The term “aldehyde” as used herein is represented by the formula —C(O)H. Throughout this specification “C(O)” is a short hand notation for a carbonyl group, i.e., C═O. 
     The terms “amine” or “amino” as used herein are represented by the formula —NA 1 A 2 , where A 1  and A 2  can be, independently, hydrogen or alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. A specific example of amino is —NH 2 . 
     The term “alkylamino” as used herein is represented by the formulas —NH(alkyl) and N(alkyl) 2 , and where alkyl is as described herein. The alkyl group can be a C1 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C7 alkyl, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C9 alkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, and the like, up to and including a C1-C24 alkyl. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylamino group, ethylamino group, propylamino group, isopropylamino group, butylamino group, isobutylamino group, (sec-butyl)amino group, (tert-butyl)amino group, pentylamino group, isopentylamino group, (tert-pentyl)amino group, hexylamino group, N-ethyl-N-methylamino group, N-methyl-N-propylamino group, and N-ethyl-N-propylamino group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino group, diethylamino group, dipropylamino group, diisopropylamino group, dibutylamino group, diisobutylamino group, di(sec-butyl)amino group, di(tert-butyl)amino group, dipentylamino group, diisopentylamino group, di(tert-pentyl)amino group, dihexylamino group, N-ethyl-N-methylamino group, N-methyl-N-propylamino group, N-ethyl-N-propylamino group, and the like. 
     The term “monoalkylamino” as used herein is represented by the formula —NH(alkyl), where alkyl is as described herein. The alkyl group can be a C1 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C7 alkyl, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C9 alkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, and the like, up to and including a C1-C24 alkyl. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylamino group, ethylamino group, propylamino group, isopropylamino group, butylamino group, isobutylamino group, (sec-butyl)amino group, (tert-butyl)amino group, pentylamino group, isopentylamino group, (tert-pentyl)amino group, hexylamino group, and the like. 
     The term “dialkylamino” as used herein is represented by the formula N(alkyl) 2 , where alkyl is as described herein. The alkyl group can be a C1 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C7 alkyl, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C9 alkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, and the like, up to and including a C1-C24 alkyl. It is understood that each alkyl group can be independently varied, e.g. as in the representative compounds such as N-ethyl-N-methylamino group, N-methyl-N-propylamino group, and N-ethyl-N-propylamino group. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino group, diethylamino group, dipropylamino group, diisopropylamino group, dibutylamino group, diisobutylamino group, di(sec-butyl)amino group, di(tert-butyl)amino group, dipentylamino group, diisopentylamino group, di(tert-pentyl)amino group, dihexylamino group, N-ethyl-N-methylamino group, N-methyl-N-propylamino group, N-ethyl-N-propylamino group, and the like. 
     The term “carboxylic acid” as used herein is represented by the formula C(O)OH. 
     The term “ester” as used herein is represented by the formula —OC(O)A 1  or C(O)OA 1 , where A 1  can be alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “polyester” as used herein is represented by the formula -(A 1 O(O)C-A 2 -C(O)O) a — or -(A 1 O(O)C-A 2 -OC(O)) a —, where A 1  and A 2  can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein and “a” is an integer from 1 to 500. “Polyester” is as the term used to describe a group that is produced by the reaction between a compound having at least two carboxylic acid groups with a compound having at least two hydroxyl groups. 
     The term “ether” as used herein is represented by the formula A 1 OA 2 , where A 1  and A 2  can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein. The term “polyether” as used herein is represented by the formula -(A 1 O-A 2 O) a —, where A 1  and A 2  can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein and “a” is an integer of from 1 to 500. Examples of polyether groups include polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and polybutylene oxide. 
     The terms “halo,” “halogen,” or “halide,” as used herein can be used interchangeably and refer to F, Cl, Br, or I. 
     The terms “pseudohalide,” “pseudohalogen” or “pseudohalo,” as used herein can be used interchangeably and refer to functional groups that behave substantially similar to halides. Such functional groups include, by way of example, cyano, thiocyanato, azido, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, perfluoroalkyl, and perfluoroalkoxy groups. 
     The term “heteroalkyl,” as used herein refers to an alkyl group containing at least one heteroatom. Suitable heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, O, N, Si, P and S, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom is optionally quaternized. Heteroalkyls can be substituted as defined above for alkyl groups. 
     The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein refers to an aromatic group that has at least one heteroatom incorporated within the ring of the aromatic group. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus, where N-oxides, sulfur oxides, and dioxides are permissible heteroatom substitutions. The heteroaryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted, and the heteroaryl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring. The heteroaryl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. It is understood that a heteroaryl group may be bound either through a heteroatom in the ring, where chemically possible, or one of carbons comprising the heteroaryl ring. 
     A variety of heteroaryl groups are known in the art and include, without limitation, oxygen-containing rings, nitrogen-containing rings, sulfur-containing rings, mixed heteroatom-containing rings, fused heteroatom containing rings, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl rings include furyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, azepinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, oxepinyl, thiepinyl, diazepinyl, benzofuranyl, thionapthyl, indolyl, benzazolyl, pyranopyrrolyl, isoindazolyl, indoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzodiazonyl, naphthyridinyl, benzothienyl, pyridopyridinyl, acridinyl, carbazolyl and purinyl rings. 
     The term “monocyclic heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to a monocyclic ring system which is aromatic and in which at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited, to the following exemplary groups: pyridine, pyrimidine, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, oxadiazole, including, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole, including, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, and 1,3,4-thiadiazole, triazole, including, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,3,4-triazole, tetrazole, including 1,2,3,4-tetrazole and 1,2,4,5-tetrazole, pyridazine, pyrazine, triazine, including 1,2,4-triazine and 1,3,5-triazine, tetrazine, including 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, and the like. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature. 
     The term “bicyclic heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to a ring system comprising a bicyclic ring system in which at least one of the two rings is aromatic and at least one of the two rings contains a heteroatom. Bicyclic heteroaryl encompasses ring systems wherein an aromatic ring is fused with another aromatic ring, or wherein an aromatic ring is fused with a non-aromatic ring. Bicyclic heteroaryl encompasses ring systems wherein a benzene ring is fused to a 5- or a 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms or wherein a pyridine ring is fused to a 5- or a 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms. Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include without limitation indolyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzofuryl, bexothiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazinyl, benzothiazolyl, purinyl, quinolizyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolizinyl, quinoxalyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridyl. Bicyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature. 
     The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to an aliphatic, partially unsaturated or fully saturated, 3- to 14-membered ring system, including single rings of 3 to 8 atoms and bi- and tricyclic ring systems where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. A heterocycloalkyl can include one to four heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein a nitrogen and sulfur heteroatom optionally can be oxidized and a nitrogen heteroatom optionally can be substituted. Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited, to the following exemplary groups: pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and tetrahydrofuryl. The term heterocycloalkyl group can also be a C2 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C3 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C4 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C8 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C9 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C10 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C11 heterocycloalkyl, and the like up to and including a C2-C14 heterocycloalkyl. For example, a C2 heterocycloalkyl comprises a group which has two carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, including, but not limited to, aziridinyl, diazetidinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, and the like. Alternatively, for example, a C5 heterocycloalkyl comprises a group which has five carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, including, but not limited to, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, diazepanyl, and the like. It is understood that a heterocycloalkyl group may be bound either through a heteroatom in the ring, where chemically possible, or one of carbons comprising the heterocycloalkyl ring. The heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. 
     The term “hydroxyl” or “hydroxy” as used herein is represented by the formula OH. 
     The term “ketone” as used herein is represented by the formula A 1 C(O)A 2 , where A 1  and A 2  can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. 
     The term “azide” or “azido” as used herein is represented by the formula —N 3 . 
     The term “nitro” as used herein is represented by the formula —NO 2 . 
     The term “nitrile” or “cyano” as used herein is represented by the formula —CN. 
     The term “silyl” as used herein is represented by the formula —SiA 1 A 2 A 3 , where A 1 , A 2 , and A 3  can be, independently, hydrogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. 
     The term “sulfo-oxo” as used herein is represented by the formulas S(O)A 1 , S(O) 2 A 1 , OS(O) 2 A 1 , or OS(O) 2 OA 1 , where A 1  can be hydrogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. Throughout this specification “S(O)” is a short hand notation for S═O. The term “sulfonyl” is used herein to refer to the sulfo-oxo group represented by the formula S(O) 2 A 1 , where A 1  can be hydrogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “sulfone” as used herein is represented by the formula A 1 S(O) 2 A 2 , where A 1  and A 2  can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “sulfoxide” as used herein is represented by the formula A 1 S(O)A 2 , where A 1  and A 2  can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. 
     The term “thiol” as used herein is represented by the formula —SH. 
     “R 1 ,” “R 2 ,” “R 3 ,” “R n ,” where n is an integer, as used herein can, independently, possess one or more of the groups listed above. For example, if R 1  is a straight chain alkyl group, one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group can optionally be substituted with a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl group, a halide, and the like. Depending upon the groups that are selected, a first group can be incorporated within second group or, alternatively, the first group can be pendant (i.e., attached) to the second group. For example, with the phrase “an alkyl group comprising an amino group,” the amino group can be incorporated within the backbone of the alkyl group. Alternatively, the amino group can be attached to the backbone of the alkyl group. The nature of the group(s) that is (are) selected will determine if the first group is embedded or attached to the second group. 
     As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. In is also contemplated that, in certain aspects, unless expressly indicated to the contrary, individual substituents can be further optionally substituted (i.e., further substituted or unsubstituted). 
     The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain aspects, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein. 
     Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 R ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 OR ∘ ; —O(CH 2 ) 0-4 R ∘ , —O(CH 2 ) 0-4 C(O)OR ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 ; —CH(OR ∘ ) 2 ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 SR ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 Ph, which may be substituted with R ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 O(CH 2 ) 0-1 Ph which may be substituted with R ∘ ; CH═CHPh, which may be substituted with R ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 O(CH 2 ) 0-1 -pyridyl which may be substituted with R ∘ ; NO 2 ; CN; N 3 ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 N(R ∘)   2 ; (CH 2 ) 0-4 N(R ∘ )C(O)R ∘ ; —N(R ∘ )C(S)R ∘ ; (CH 2 ) 0-4 N(R ∘ )C(O)NR ∘   2 ; —N(R ∘ )C(S)NR ∘   2 ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 N(R ∘ )C(O)OR ∘ ; —N(R ∘ )N(R ∘ )C(O)R ∘ ; —N(R ∘ )N(R ∘ )C(O)NR ∘   2 ; —N(R ∘ )N(R ∘ )C(O)OR ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 C(O)R ∘ ; C(S)R ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 C(O)OR ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 C(O)SR ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 C(O)OSiR ∘   3 ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 OC(O)R ∘ ; —OC(O)(CH 2 ) 0-4 SR—, —SC(S)SR ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 SC(O)R ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 C(O)NR ∘   2 ; —C(S)NR ∘   2 ; —C(S)SR ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 OC(O)NR ∘   2 ; —C(O)N(OR ∘ )R ∘ ; —C(O)C(O)R ∘ ; —C(O)CH 2 C(O)R ∘ ; —C(NOR ∘ )R ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 SSR ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 S(O) 2 R ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 S(O) 2 OR ∘ ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 OS(O) 2 R ∘ ; S(O) 2 NR ∘   2 ; —(CH 2 ) 0-4 S(O)R ∘ ; —N(R ∘ )S(O) 2 NR ∘   2 ; —N(R ∘ )S(O) 2 R ∘ ; —N(OR ∘ )R ∘ ; C(NH)NR ∘   2 ; P(O) 2 R ∘ ; —P(O)R ∘   2 ; —OP(O)R ∘   2 ; —OP(O)(OR ∘)   2 ; SiR ∘   3 ; —(C 1-4  straight or branched)alkylene)ON(R ∘   2 ; or (C1-4 straight or branched)alkylene)C(O)ON(R ∘   2 , wherein each R ∘  may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C 1-6  aliphatic, —CH 2 Ph, O(CH 2 ) 0-1 Ph, —CH 2 -(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R ∘ , taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3-12 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below. 
     Suitable monovalent substituents on R ∘  (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R ∘  together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen, —(CH 2 ) 0-2 R  , (haloR  ), —(CH 2 ) 0-2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 0-2 OR  , —(CH 2 ) 0-2 CH(OR  ) 2 ; —O(haloR  ), —CN, —N 3 , —(CH 2 ) 0-2 C(O)R  , —(CH 2 ) 0-2 C(O)OH, —(CH 2 ) 0-2 C(O)OR  , —(CH 2 ) 0-2 SR  , —(CH 2 ) 0-2 SH, —(CH 2 ) 0-2 NH 2 , —(CH 2 ) 0-2 NHR  , —(CH 2 ) 0-2 NR    2 , NO 2 , SiR    3 , —OSiR    3 , —C(O)SR  , (C 1-4  straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR  , or SSR   wherein each R  is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C 1-4  aliphatic, —CH 2 Ph, —O(CH 2 ) 0-1 Ph, or a 5-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R ∘  include ═O and ═S. 
     Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR* 2 , ═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O) 2 R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, O(C(R* 2 )) 2-3 O, or S(C(R* 2 )) 2-3 5, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6  aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: O(CR* 2 ) 2-3 O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6  aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 
     Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen, R  , -(haloR  ), —OH, —OR  , —O(haloR  ), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR  , —NH 2 , —NHR  , —NR    2 , or —NO 2 , wherein each R  is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C 1-4  aliphatic, —CH 2 Ph, O(CH 2 ) 0-1 Ph, or a 5-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 
     Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include R † , —NR †   2 , —C(O)R † , —C(O)OR † , —C(O)C(O)R † , —C(O)CH 2 C(O)R † , —S(O) 2 R † , —S(O) 2 NR †   2 , C(S)NR †   2 , C(NH)NR †   2 , or N(R † )S(O) 2 R † ; wherein each R † is independently hydrogen, C 1-6  aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R † , taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3-12 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 
     Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R † are independently halogen, R  , -(haloR  ), OH, OR  , —O(haloR  ), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR  , —NH 2 , —NHR  , —NR    2 , or —NO 2 , wherein each R  is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C 1-4  aliphatic, —CH 2 Ph, O(CH 2 ) 0-1 Ph, or a 5-6 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. 
     The term “leaving group” refers to an atom (or a group of atoms) with electron withdrawing ability that can be displaced as a stable species, taking with it the bonding electrons. Examples of suitable leaving groups include halides and sulfonate esters, including, but not limited to, triflate, mesylate, tosylate, and brosylate. 
     The terms “hydrolysable group” and “hydrolysable moiety” refer to a functional group capable of undergoing hydrolysis, e.g., under basic or acidic conditions. Examples of hydrolysable residues include, without limitation, acid halides, activated carboxylic acids, and various protecting groups known in the art (see, for example, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” T. W. Greene, P. G. M. Wuts, Wiley-Interscience, 1999). 
     The term “organic residue” defines a carbon containing residue, i.e., a residue comprising at least one carbon atom, and includes but is not limited to the carbon-containing groups, residues, or radicals defined hereinabove. Organic residues can contain various heteroatoms, or be bonded to another molecule through a heteroatom, including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or the like. Examples of organic residues include but are not limited alkyl or substituted alkyls, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy, mono or di-substituted amino, amide groups, etc. Organic residues can preferably comprise 1 to 18 carbon atoms, 1 to 15, carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In a further aspect, an organic residue can comprise 2 to 18 carbon atoms, 2 to 15, carbon atoms, 2 to 12 carbon atoms, 2 to 8 carbon atoms, 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or 2 to 4 carbon atoms. 
     A very close synonym of the term “residue” is the term “radical,” which as used in the specification and concluding claims, refers to a fragment, group, or substructure of a molecule described herein, regardless of how the molecule is prepared. For example, a 2,4-thiazolidinedione radical in a particular compound has the structure 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     regardless of whether thiazolidinedione is used to prepare the compound. In some embodiments the radical (for example an alkyl) can be further modified (i.e., substituted alkyl) by having bonded thereto one or more “substituent radicals.” The number of atoms in a given radical is not critical to the present invention unless it is indicated to the contrary elsewhere herein. 
     “Organic radicals,” as the term is defined and used herein, contain one or more carbon atoms. An organic radical can have, for example, 1-26 carbon atoms, 1-18 carbon atoms, 1-12 carbon atoms, 1-8 carbon atoms, 1-6 carbon atoms, or 1-4 carbon atoms. In a further aspect, an organic radical can have 2-26 carbon atoms, 2-18 carbon atoms, 2-12 carbon atoms, 2-8 carbon atoms, 2-6 carbon atoms, or 2-4 carbon atoms. Organic radicals often have hydrogen bound to at least some of the carbon atoms of the organic radical. One example, of an organic radical that comprises no inorganic atoms is a 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl radical. In some embodiments, an organic radical can contain 1-10 inorganic heteroatoms bound thereto or therein, including halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and the like. Examples of organic radicals include but are not limited to an alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, acyloxy, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic radicals, wherein the terms are defined elsewhere herein. A few non-limiting examples of organic radicals that include heteroatoms include alkoxy radicals, trifluoromethoxy radicals, acetoxy radicals, dimethylamino radicals and the like. 
     “Inorganic radicals,” as the term is defined and used herein, contain no carbon atoms and therefore comprise only atoms other than carbon. Inorganic radicals comprise bonded combinations of atoms selected from hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, which can be present individually or bonded together in their chemically stable combinations. Inorganic radicals have 10 or fewer, or preferably one to six or one to four inorganic atoms as listed above bonded together. Examples of inorganic radicals include, but not limited to, amino, hydroxy, halogens, nitro, thiol, sulfate, phosphate, and like commonly known inorganic radicals. The inorganic radicals do not have bonded therein the metallic elements of the periodic table (such as the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, lanthanide metals, or actinide metals), although such metal ions can sometimes serve as a pharmaceutically acceptable cation for anionic inorganic radicals such as a sulfate, phosphate, or like anionic inorganic radical. Inorganic radicals do not comprise metalloids elements such as boron, aluminum, gallium, germanium, arsenic, tin, lead, or tellurium, or the noble gas elements, unless otherwise specifically indicated elsewhere herein. 
     Compounds described herein can contain one or more double bonds and, thus, potentially give rise to cis/trans (E/Z) isomers, as well as other conformational isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible isomers, as well as mixtures of such isomers. 
     Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible isomer, e.g., each enantiomer and diastereomer, and a mixture of isomers, such as a racemic or scalemic mixture. Compounds described herein can contain one or more asymmetric centers and, thus, potentially give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, the present invention includes all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Mixtures of stereoisomers, as well as isolated specific stereoisomers, are also included. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers. 
     Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms having the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L or R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes d and l or (+) and (−) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound. For example, a compound prefixed with (−) or l meaning that the compound is levorotatory or a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these compounds, called stereoisomers, are identical except that they are non-superimposable mirror images of one another. A specific stereoisomer can also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture. Many of the compounds described herein can have one or more chiral centers and therefore can exist in different enantiomeric forms. If desired, a chiral carbon can be designated with an asterisk (*). When bonds to the chiral carbon are depicted as straight lines in the disclosed formulas, it is understood that both the (R) and (S) configurations of the chiral carbon, and hence both enantiomers and mixtures thereof, are embraced within the formula. As is used in the art, when it is desired to specify the absolute configuration about a chiral carbon, one of the bonds to the chiral carbon can be depicted as a wedge (bonds to atoms above the plane) and the other can be depicted as a series or wedge of short parallel lines is (bonds to atoms below the plane). The Cahn-Inglod-Prelog system can be used to assign the (R) or (S) configuration to a chiral carbon. 
     Compounds described herein comprise atoms in both their natural isotopic abundance and in non-natural abundance. The disclosed compounds can be isotopically-labeled or isotopically-substituted compounds identical to those described, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as  2 H,  3 H,  13 C,  14 C, 15 N,  18 O,  17 O,  35 S,  18 F and  36 Cl, respectively. Compounds further comprise prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds or of said prodrugs which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as  3 H and  14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e.,  3 H, and carbon-14, i.e.,  14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e.,  2 H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. 
     The compounds described in the invention can be present as a solvate. In some cases, the solvent used to prepare the solvate is an aqueous solution, and the solvate is then often referred to as a hydrate. The compounds can be present as a hydrate, which can be obtained, for example, by crystallization from a solvent or from aqueous solution. In this connection, one, two, three or any arbitrary number of solvent or water molecules can combine with the compounds according to the invention to form solvates and hydrates. Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible solvates. 
     The term “co-crystal” means a physical association of two or more molecules which owe their stability through non-covalent interaction. One or more components of this molecular complex provide a stable framework in the crystalline lattice. In certain instances, the guest molecules are incorporated in the crystalline lattice as anhydrates or solvates, see e.g. “Crystal Engineering of the Composition of Pharmaceutical Phases. Do Pharmaceutical Co-crystals Represent a New Path to Improved Medicines?” Almarasson, O., et. al., The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1889-1896, 2004. Examples of co-crystals include p-toluenesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid. 
     It is also appreciated that certain compounds described herein can be present as an equilibrium of tautomers. For example, ketones with an α-hydrogen can exist in an equilibrium of the keto form and the enol form. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Likewise, amides with an N-hydrogen can exist in an equilibrium of the amide form and the imidic acid form. As another example, pyridinones can exist in two tautomeric forms, as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible tautomers. 
     It is known that chemical substances form solids which are present in different states of order which are termed polymorphic forms or modifications. The different modifications of a polymorphic substance can differ greatly in their physical properties. The compounds according to the invention can be present in different polymorphic forms, with it being possible for particular modifications to be metastable. Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible polymorphic forms. 
     In some aspects, a structure of a compound can be represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     which is understood to be equivalent to a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein n is typically an integer. That is, R n  is understood to represent five independent substituents, R n(a) , R n(b) , R n(c) , R n(d) , R n(e ). By “independent substituents,” it is meant that each R substituent can be independently defined. For example, if in one instance R n(a)  is halogen, then R n(b)  is not necessarily halogen in that instance. 
     Certain materials, compounds, compositions, and components disclosed herein can be obtained commercially or readily synthesized using techniques generally known to those of skill in the art. For example, the starting materials and reagents used in preparing the disclosed compounds and compositions are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee, Wis.), Acros Organics (Morris Plains, N.J.), Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa.), or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser&#39;s Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd&#39;s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplemental volumes (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); March&#39;s Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition); and Larock&#39;s Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989). 
     The following abbreviations are used herein. “ACN” means acetonitrile, “EtOAc” means ethyl acetate, “DCE” means 1,2-dichloroethane “DCM” means dichloromethane, “DIPE” means diisopropylether, “DMF” means N,N-dimethylformamide, “EtOH” means ethanol, “HATU” means 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, “HPLC” means high-performance liquid chromatography, “LCMS” means liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, “MeOH” means methanol, “Ms” means methylsulfonyl, “NMR” means nuclear magnetic resonance, “RP” means reverse phase, “RT” means room temperature, “TEA” means triethylamine, and “THF” means tetrahydrofuran. 
     Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including: matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow; plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation; and the number or type of embodiments described in the specification. 
     Disclosed are the components to be used to prepare the compositions of the invention as well as the compositions themselves to be used within the methods disclosed herein. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds can not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a particular compound is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including the compounds are discussed, specifically contemplated is each and every combination and permutation of the compound and the modifications that are possible unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited each is individually and collectively contemplated meaning combinations, A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are considered disclosed. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E would be considered disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the compositions of the invention. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the methods of the invention. 
     It is understood that the compositions disclosed herein have certain functions. Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements for performing the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there are a variety of structures that can perform the same function that are related to the disclosed structures, and that these structures will typically achieve the same result. 
     B. COMPOUNDS 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds useful as positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5). More specifically, in one aspect, the present invention relates to compounds that allosterically modulate mGluR5 receptor activity, affecting the sensitivity of mGluR5 receptors to agonists without acting as orthosteric agonists themselves. The compounds can, in one aspect, exhibit subtype selectivity. 
     In one aspect, the compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction and other diseases in which metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved, as further described herein. 
     It is contemplated that each disclosed derivative can be optionally further substituted. It is also contemplated that any one or more derivative can be optionally omitted from the invention. It is understood that a disclosed compound can be provided by the disclosed methods. It is also understood that the disclosed compounds can be employed in the disclosed methods of using. 
     1. Structure 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1  is aryl or heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 2a  and R 2b  is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein each of R 3a  and R 3b  is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 3a  and R 3b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein each of R 4a  and R 4b  is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 4a  and R 4b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 5a  and R 5b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein R 6  is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 monohaloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, hydroxy(C1-C6 alkyl), (C1-C6 alkyloxy)-(C1-C6 alkyl)-, Cy 1 , and Cy 1 —(C1-C6 alkyl)-; and wherein Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1 , when present, is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1  is aryl or heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 2a  and R 2b  is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein each of R 3a  and R 3b  is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 3a  and R 3b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein each of R 4a  and R 4b  is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 4a  and R 4b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein R 6  is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 monohaloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, hydroxy(C1-C6 alkyl), (C1-C6 alkyloxy)-(C1-C6 alkyl)-, Cy 1 , and Cy 1 —(C1-C6 alkyl)-; and wherein Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1 , when present, is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 1  is aryl or heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R 2a  and R 2b  is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein each of R 3a  and R 3b  is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 3a  and R 3b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein each of R 4a  and R 4b  is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 4a  and R 4b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 5a  and R 5b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl; wherein R 6  is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 monohaloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, hydroxy(C1-C6 alkyl), (C1-C6 alkyloxy)-(C1-C6 alkyl)-, Cy 1 , and Cy 1 —(C1-C6 alkyl)-; and wherein Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1 , when present, is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and halo, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and halo, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen and halo, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and F, provided that no more than two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are F; and wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen and F, provided that no more than two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are —F; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 3a  and R 3b  are selected from hydrogen and methyl; wherein each of R 4a  and R 4b  are selected from hydrogen and methyl; wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and halo, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen and halo, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 3a  and R 3b  are selected from hydrogen and methyl; wherein each of R 4a  and R 4b  are selected from hydrogen and methyl; wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and —F, provided that no more than two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7e , R 7d , and R 7e  are —F; and wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen and —F, provided that no more than two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are —F; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least one of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least one of R 8a , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least one of R 8a , R 8b , R 8d , and R 8e  is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8e , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8b , R 8c , and R 8d , is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8c , and R 8d , is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least one of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least one of R 8a , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least one of R 8a , R 8b , R 8d , and R 8e  is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8c , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 ; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8b , R 8c , and R 8d , is independently selected from hydrogen, F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 ; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8c , and R 8d , is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 ; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and —F, provided that at least four of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least three of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and —F, provided that at least four of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and —F, provided that at least four of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and —F, provided that at least four of R 7a , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , op, R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and —F, provided that at least four of R 7a , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8c , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least one of R 8a , R 8c , and R 8e  is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and —F, provided that at least four of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8b , R 8c , and R 8d , is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least one of R 8b , R 8c , and R 8d , is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  is independently selected from hydrogen and —F, provided that at least four of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  are hydrogen; wherein each of R 8a , R 8c , and R 8d , is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least one of R 8a , R 8c , and R 8d , is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least three of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 8a , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8d , and R 8e  are hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 8a , R 8e , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least one of R 8a , R 8e , and R 8e  is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 8b , R 8c , and R 8d , is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least one of R 8b , R 8c , and R 8d , is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structure represented by a formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein each of R 8a , R 8e , and R 8d , is independently selected from hydrogen, F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 , provided that at least one of R 8a , R 8e , and R 8d , is hydrogen; and wherein all other variables are as defined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     a. R 1  Groups 
     In one aspect, R 1  is aryl or heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is aryl or heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from hydroxyl, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, R 1  is aryl or heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, R 1  is aryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, R 1  is phenyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, and C1-C4 monohaloalkyl and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, R 1  is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected halo substituents. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is six-membered monocyclic aryl or six-membered monocyclic heteroaryl. In various aspects, R 1  is aryl (e.g., phenyl), which can be substituted with, for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups, with 1-3 groups, with 1-2 groups, with 0-1 groups, or with 0 groups. In various further aspects, R 1  is heteroaryl (e.g., pyridinyl), which can be substituted with, for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups, with 1-3 groups, with 1-2 groups, with 0-1 groups, or with 0 groups. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl and pyridinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In an even further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is phenyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyrazinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In an even further aspect, R 1  is pyridazinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is selected from unsubstituted phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from unsubstituted phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is selected from unsubstituted phenyl and pyridinyl. In an even further aspect, R 1  is selected from unsubstituted phenyl and pyrimidinyl. 
     In a yet further aspect, R 1  is unsubstituted pyridinyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is unsubstituted pyrazinyl. In an even further aspect, R 1  is unsubstituted pyridazinyl. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is unsubstituted pyrimidinyl. 
     In various aspects, R 1  is phenyl optionally substituted with one, two or three substituents each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl and C1-C4 polyhalolkyl. In a further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 3,4-difluorophenyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is unsubstituted phenyl. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is phenyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is phenyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is phenyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is phenyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is phenyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is phenyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is phenyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is phenyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected halo substituents. In a still further aspect, R 1  is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected —F or —Cl substituents. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 —F substituents. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 —, —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected halo substituents. In a still further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected —F or —Cl substituents. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, or 3-F substituents. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected halo substituents. In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected —F or —Cl substituents. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 1, 2, or 3-F substituents. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected halo substituents. In a still further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected —F or —Cl substituents. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and substituted with 1, 2, or 3-F substituents. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected halo substituents. In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected —F or —Cl substituents. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is pyridinyl and substituted with 1, 2, or 3-F substituents. 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from cyano, —F, —Cl, hydroxyl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —OCH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 3 ). In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , and —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 . In an even further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected halo substituents. In a still further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected —F or —Cl substituents. In a yet further aspect, R 1  is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 1, 2, or 3-F substituents. 
     b. R 2a  and R 2b  Groups 
     In one aspect, each of R 2a  and R 2b  is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 2a  and R 2b  is hydrogen. In a still further aspect, each of R 2a  and R 2b  is methyl. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 2a  and R 2b  is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In an even further aspect, each of R 2a  and R 2b  is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In a yet further aspect, In an even further aspect, each of R 2a  and R 2b  is independently selected from hydrogen and methyl. 
     c. R 3a  and R 3b  Groups 
     In one aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 3a  and R 3b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, or R 3a  and R 3b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are each hydrogen. In a still further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are each C1-C4 alkyl. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —CI 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl). In a still further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, —CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 3 OH, —(CH 2 ) 4 OH, —(CHOH)CH 3 , —(CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —(CHOH)(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , and —(CHOH)CH(CH 3 ) 2 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, —CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, and —(CHOH)CH 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, and —CH 2 OH. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a yet further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 3a  and R 3b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, and trifluoromethyl. 
     In a further aspect, R 3a  and R 3b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise a 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 3a  and R 3b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise a substituted an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, R 3a  and R 3b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise a substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl, and the spirocycloalkyl is substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from methyl, ethyl, and propyl. 
     d. R 4a  and R 4b  Groups 
     In one aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 4a  and R 4b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, or R 4a  and R 4b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are each hydrogen. In a still further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are each C1-C4 alkyl. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl). In a still further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, —CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 3 OH, —(CH 2 ) 4 OH, —(CHOH)CH 3 , —(CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —(CHOH)(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , and —(CHOH)CH(CH 3 ) 2 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, —CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, and —(CHOH)CH 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, and —CH 2 OH. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a yet further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 4a  and R 4b  are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, and trifluoromethyl. 
     In a further aspect, R 4a  and R 4b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise a 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 4a  and R 4b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise a substituted an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, R 4a  and R 4b  are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise a substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl, and the spirocycloalkyl is substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from methyl, ethyl, and propyl. 
     e. R 5a  and R 5b  Groups 
     In one aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl), and (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-; or R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, or R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are each hydrogen. In a still further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are each C1-C4 alkyl. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b  is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and hydroxy(C1-C4 alkyl). In a still further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, —CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 3 OH, —(CH 2 ) 4 OH, —(CHOH)CH 3 , —(CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —(CHOH)(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , and —(CHOH)CH(CH 3 ) 2 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, —CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, and —(CHOH)CH 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, and —CH 2 OH. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a yet further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, and trifluoromethyl. 
     In a further aspect, R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise a 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. In a still further aspect, R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise a substituted an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, R 5a  and R 5b , when present, are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbon, comprise a substituted 3- to 7-membered spirocycloalkyl, and the spirocycloalkyl is substituted with 1 or 2 groups selected from methyl, ethyl, and propyl. 
     f. R 6  Groups 
     In one aspect, R 6  is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 monohaloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, hydroxy(C1-C6 alkyl), (C1-C6 alkyloxy)-(C1-C6 alkyl)-, Cy 1 , and Cy 1 —(C1-C6 alkyl)-. In a further aspect, R 6  is hydrogen. 
     In a further aspect, R 6  is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 monohaloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, hydroxy(C1-C6 alkyl), and (C1-C6 alkyloxy)-(C1-C6 alkyl)-. In a still further aspect, R 6  is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 , —CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 3 OH, —(CH 2 ) 4 OH, —(CH 2 ) 5 OH, —(CH 2 ) 6 OH, —(CHOH)CH 3 , —(CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —(CHOH)(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —(CHOH)(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 , —(CHOH)(CH 2 ) 4 —CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 3 (CHOH)CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 4 (CHOH)CH 3 , —(CHOH)CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —(CHOH)C(CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 OCH 3 , —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 —O—(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 OCH(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 (CH 3 ), —(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 OCH(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 (CH 3 ), —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )OCH 3 , —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )OCH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )OCH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )OCH(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 (CH 3 ). In a yet further aspect, R 6  is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 3 OH, —(CH 2 ) 4 OH, (CHOH)CH 3 , —(CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —(CHOH)(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , —CH 2 (CHOH)CH 2 CH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 (CHOH)CH 3 , —(CHOH)CH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 OCH 3 , —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 —O—(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 CH 3 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 . In an even further aspect, R 6  is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —C Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 OH, —(CH 2 ) 2 OH, —(CHOH)CH 3 , —CH 2 OCH 3 , —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 3 . In a still further aspect, R 6  is selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CH 2 OH, and —CH 2 OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, R 6  is selected from Cy 1 , and Cy 1 —(C1-C6 alkyl)-. In a still further aspect, R 6  is Cy 1 . In a yet further aspect, R 6  is Cy 1 —(C1-C6 alkyl)-. In an even further aspect, R 6  is selected from Cy 1 , Cy 1 —(CH 2 )—, Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 2 —, Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 3 —, Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 4 —, Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 5 —, and Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 6 —. In a still further aspect, R 6  is selected from Cy 1 —(CH 2 )—, Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 2 —, Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 3 —, Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 4 —, Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 5 —, and Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 6 —. In a yet further aspect, R 6  is Cy 1 —(CH 2 )—. In an even further aspect, R 6  is Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 2 —. In a still further aspect, R 6  is Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 3 —. In a yet further aspect, R 6  is Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 4 —. In an even further aspect, R 6  is Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 5 —. In a still further aspect, R 6  is Cy 1 —(CH 2 ) 6 —. 
     g. R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e  Groups 
     In one aspect, each of R 7a , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4-alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In an even further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are each hydrogen. It is understood that at least two of R 7a , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, must be hydrogen. 
     In a still further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —OCH 3 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —OCH 3 , —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a still further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a still further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 Cl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a yet further aspect, each of e, R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, and trifluoromethyl. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxyl, halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 Cl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxyl, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxyl, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, hydrogen, cyano, hydroxyl, In a still further aspect, each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , and R 7e , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, hydroxyl, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     h. R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  Groups 
     In one aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. It is understood that at least two of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and a K when present, must be hydrogen. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4-alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In an even further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are each hydrogen. 
     In a still further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F—(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —CI 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 -CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 Cl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and a R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and a R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —OCH 3 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl, —OCH 3 , —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a still further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and a R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 Cl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and a R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and a R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and a R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a still further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 CI 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , and —CCl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , and —CF 3 . 
     In a further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C4 alkyl. In a yet further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl. In a still further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, and trifluoromethyl. 
     In a further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 Br, —CH 2 I, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 Br, —CH 2 CH 2 I, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Br, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 I, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CHBr 2 , —CBr 3 , —CHI 2 , —Cl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHBr 2 , —CH 2 CBr 3 , —CH 2 CHI 2 , —CH 2 Cl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHBr 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CBr 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHI 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 Cl 3 . In a yet further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and a R 8e  when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 F, —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , —CH 2 CCl 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHF 2 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , —(CH 2 ) 2 CHCl 2 , and —(CH 2 ) 2 CCl 3 . In an even further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, are independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 F, —CH 2 Cl, —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CH 2 Cl, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CHCl 2 , —CCl 3 , —CH 2 CHF 2 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CH 2 CHCl 2 , and —CH 2 CCl 3 . In a still further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e , when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, cyano, —F, methyl, —CF 3 , and —OCH 3 . 
     In a further aspect, each of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e  is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, cyano, —NH 2 , methyl, —CF 3 , —OCH 3 . 
     i. Cy 1  Groups 
     In one aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1  is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl and C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl; and wherein Cy 1  is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1  is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from monocyclic heteroaryl and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1  is substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In one aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1  is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl and C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl; and wherein Cy 1  is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1  is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from monocyclic heteroaryl and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1  is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In one aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1  is monosubstituted with a group selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl and C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl; and wherein Cy 1  is monosubstituted with a group selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1  is monosubstituted with a group selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from monocyclic heteroaryl and bicyclic heteroaryl; and wherein Cy 1  is monosubstituted with a group selected halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In various aspects, Cy 1  is selected from C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, or bicyclic heteroaryl, which can be substituted with, for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups, with 1-3 groups, with 1-2 groups, with 0-1 groups, or with 0 groups. In a further aspect, Cy 1  is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, which can be substituted with, for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups, with 1-3 groups, with 1-2 groups, with 0-1 groups, or with 0 groups. In a still further aspect, Cy 1  is C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, which can be substituted with, for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups, with 1-3 groups, with 1-2 groups, with 0-1 groups, or with 0 groups. In a yet further aspect, Cy 1  is phenyl, which can be substituted with, for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups, with 1-3 groups, with 1-2 groups, with 0-1 groups, or with 0 groups. In an even further aspect, Cy 1  is monocyclic heteroaryl, which can be substituted with, for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups, with 1-3 groups, with 1-2 groups, with 0-1 groups, or with 0 groups. In a still further aspect, Cy 1  is bicyclic heteroaryl, which can be substituted with, for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups, with 1-3 groups, with 1-2 groups, with 0-1 groups, or with 0 groups. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is phenyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is phenyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I. In a yet further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is phenyl optionally substituted with one or two independently selected halo substituents. In an even further aspect, Cy 1  is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl and 3,5-difluorophenyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4-alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a yet further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from furanyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl (1,3-oxazolyl), oxazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridin-2(1H)-onyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidin-2-onyl(oxo-pyrrolidinyl), thienyl, thiazolyl, and 1,2,3-triazolyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is an unsubstituted group selected from furanyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl (1,3-oxazolyl), oxazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridin-2(1H)-onyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidin-2-only (oxo-pyrrolidinyl), thienyl, thiazolyl, and 1,2,3-triazolyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from furan-2-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, imidazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, oxazol-2-yl, 1,2-oxazol-4-yl(oxazol-4-yl), 1,2-oxazol-5-yl(oxazol-5-yl), 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, pyrazol-3-yl, pyrazol-4-yl, pyridazin-3-yl, pyridazin-4-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyridin-2(1H)-on-5-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-5-ylpyrrol-2-yl, pyrrolidin-2-on-5-yl, thien-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, 1,3-thiazol-4-yl(thiazol-4-yl), and 1,2,3-triazol-5-yl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from furan-2-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, imidazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, oxazol-2-yl, 1,2-oxazol-4-yl(oxazol-4-yl), 1,2-oxazol-5-yl(oxazol-5-yl), 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, pyrazol-3-yl, pyrazol-4-yl, pyridazin-3-yl, pyridazin-4-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyridin-2(1H)-on-5-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-5-ylpyrrol-2-yl, pyrrolidin-2-on-5-yl, thien-2-yl, thiazol-2-yl, 1,3-thiazol-4-yl(thiazol-4-yl), and 1,2,3-triazol-5-yl, wherein the heterocyclyl is unsubstituted. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from pyrrol-2-yl, pyrazolyl, pyrazin-2-yl, pyrazol-3-yl, pyrazol-4-yl, furan-2-yl, 1,2-oxazol-4-yl, 1,2-oxazol-5-yl, 1,3-oxazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, thien-2-yl, 1,3-thiazol-4-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-2-on-5-yl, and pyrimidin-5-yl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is an unsubstituted group selected from pyrrol-2-yl, pyrazolyl, pyrazin-2-yl, pyrazol-3-yl, pyrazol-4-yl, furan-2-yl, 1,2-oxazol-4-yl, 1,2-oxazol-5-yl, 1,3-oxazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, thien-2-yl, 1,3-thiazol-4-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-2-on-5-yl, and pyrimidin-5-yl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, C1-C4 alkyl, cyano, C1-C4 alkyloxy and C1-C4 monohaloalkyl and C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from pyrrolyl, furanyl, 1,2-oxazol-5-yl, and pyridinyl. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is oxo-pyrrolidinyl. 
     In one aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is bicyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is bicyclic heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. In a still further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is unsubstituted bicyclic heteroaryl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl (1,3-benzodioxolyl), benzo[b][1,4]dioxinyl (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxinyl), benzofuranyl, benzo[d]imidazolyl, chromanyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-chromenyl, indazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridinyl, and pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is an unsubstituted group selected from benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl (1,3-benzodioxolyl), benzo[b][1,4]dioxinyl (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxinyl), benzofuranyl, benzo[d]imidazolyl, chromanyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-chromenyl, indazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridinyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl, chroman-2-yl, indazol-3-yl, indol-2-yl, indol-3-yl, quinolin-2-yl, quinoxalin-2-yl, quinoxalin-6-yl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-3-yl, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl, pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-3-yl, and pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-3-yl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is an unsubstituted group selected from benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl, chroman-2-yl, indazol-3-yl, indol-2-yl, indol-3-yl, quinolin-2-yl, quinoxalin-2-yl, quinoxalin-6-yl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-3-yl, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl, pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridin-3-yl, and pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-3-yl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl (1,3-benzodioxolyl), benzo[b][1,4]dioxinyl (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxinyl), benzofuranyl, benzo[d]imidazolyl, chromanyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-chromenyl, indazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is an unsubstituted group selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is an unsubstituted group selected from morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, and piperazinyl. 
     In a further aspect, Cy 1 , when present, is selected from morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, and piperazinyl, and substituted with 0, 1, 2, or 3 groups each independently selected from halo, cyano, —NH 2 , mono(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, di(C1-C6 alkyl)amino, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyloxy, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4-alkyl)-, (C1-C4 alkyloxy)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, C1-C4 monohaloalkyl, C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl, (C1-C4 polyhaloalkyl)-(C1-C4 alkyloxy)-, and C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl. 
     j. Halogen (X) 
     In one aspect, halogen is fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. In a further aspect, halogen is fluoro, chloro, or bromo. In a yet further aspect, halogen is fluoro or chloro. In a further aspect, halogen is chloro or bromo. In a further aspect, halogen is fluoro. In an even further aspect, halogen is chloro. In a yet further aspect, halogen is iodo. In a still further aspect, halogen is bromo. 
     It is also contemplated that pseudohalogens (e.g. triflate, mesylate, brosylate, etc.) can be used as leaving groups in place of halogens in certain aspects. 
     2. Example Compounds 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     In one aspect, a compound can be present as: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a subgroup thereof. 
     Compounds are shown above are depicted having a basic group or acidic group and named as the free base acid. Depending on the reaction and purification conditions, various compounds having a basic group were isolated in either the free base form, or as a salt (e.g. HCl salt), or in both free base and salt forms. 
     It is contemplated that one or more compounds can optionally be omitted from the disclosed invention. 
     C. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activity 
     The utility of the disclosed compounds and products of disclosed methods of making, in accordance with the present invention as potentiators of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity, in particular mGluR5 activity, can be demonstrated by methodology known in the art. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells transfected with rat mGluR5 were plated in clear bottom assay plates for assay in a Functional Drug Screening System (FDSS). In the alternative assay, HEK cells transfected with human mGluR5 were plated for assay in the FDSS. In some cases the HEK cells transfected with human mGluR5 are the H10H cell line. Alternatively, the HEK cells transfected with human mGluR5 are the H12H cell line. Rat assay results were found to correlate well with human assay results. The cells were loaded with a Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent dye (e.g., Fluo-4), and the plates were washed and placed in the FDSS instrument. After establishment of a fluorescence baseline for about three seconds, the compounds of the present invention were added to the cells, and the response in cells was measured. Five minutes later, an mGluR5 agonist (e.g., glutamate, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine, or quisqualate) was added to the cells, and the response of the cells was measured. Potentiation of the agonist response of mGluR5 by the compounds in the present invention was observed as an increase in response to non-maximal concentrations of agonist (here, glutamate) in the presence of compound compared to the response to agonist in the absence of compound. 
     The above described assay can be operated in two modes. In the first mode, a range of concentrations of the present compounds were added to cells, followed by a single fixed concentration of agonist. If a compound acted as a potentiator, an EC 50  value for potentiation and a maximum extent of potentiation by the compound at this concentration of agonist was determined by non-linear curve fitting. In the second mode, several fixed concentrations of the present compounds were added to various wells on a plate, followed by a range of concentrations of agonist for each concentration of present compound; the EC 50  values for the agonist at each concentration of compound were determined by non-linear curve fitting. A decrease in the EC 50  value of the agonist with increasing concentrations of the present compounds (a leftward shift of the agonist concentration-response curve) is an indication of the degree of mGluR5 potentiation at a given concentration of the present compound. An increase in the EC 50  value of the agonist with increasing concentrations of the present compounds (a rightward shift of the agonist concentration-response curve) is an indication of the degree of mGluR5 antagonism at a given concentration of the present compound. The second mode also indicates whether the present compounds also affect the maximum response to mGluR5 to agonists. 
     In one aspect, the disclosed compounds and products of disclosed methods of making exhibit potentiation of mGluR5 response to glutamate as an increase in response to non-maximal concentrations of glutamate in human embryonic kidney cells transfected with a mammalian mGluR5 in the presence of the compound, compared to the response to glutamate in the absence of the compound. In a further aspect, the human embryonic kidney cells can be transfected with a mammalian GluR5. In a still further aspect, human embryonic kidney cells can be transfected with human mGluR5. In a yet further aspect, human embryonic kidney cells can be transfected with rat mGluR5. It is to be understood that “transfected with a mGluR5” (e.g. human mGluR5) refers to transfection of the indicated cells with an appropriate expression construct comprising the nucleic acid sequence coding for the indicated mGluR5. The nucleic acid sequence for an mGluR5 can be a cDNA sequence which is full-length or alternatively a partial cDNA sequence a subset of the full-length cDNA sequence. Appropriate expression constructs are available to one skilled in the art, as are methods for manipulation of the desired cDNA sequence. 
     In a further aspect, the disclosed compounds and products of disclosed methods of making are allosteric modulators of mGluR5, in particular, positive allosteric modulators of mGluR5. The disclosed compounds can potentiate glutamate responses by binding to an allosteric site other than the glutamate orthosteric binding site. The response of mGluR5 to a concentration of glutamate is increased when the disclosed compounds are present. In a further aspect, the disclosed compounds can have their effect substantially at mGluR5 by virtue of their ability to enhance the function of the receptor. 
     In particular, the disclosed compounds and products of disclosed methods of making exhibit activity in potentiating the mGluR5 receptor in the aforementioned assays, generally with an EC 50  for potentiation of less than about 10 μM. Preferred compounds within the present invention had activity in potentiating the mGluR5 receptor with an EC 50  for potentiation of less than about 500 nM. Preferred compounds further caused a leftward shift of the agonist EC 50  by greater than 3-fold. These compounds did not cause mGluR5 to respond in the absence of agonist, and they did not elicit a significant increase in the maximal response of mGluR5 to agonists. These compounds are selective positive allosteric modulators (potentiators) of human and rat mGluR5 compared to the other seven subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors. 
     In a further aspect, the disclosed compounds and products of disclosed methods of making can exhibit positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 in the cell-based assay methods described herein, i.e. the disclosed compounds and disclosed products of making can exhibit positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 response to glutamate as an increase in response to non-maximal concentrations of glutamate in human embryonic kidney cells transfected with a mGluR5 (e.g. a mammalian, a rat, or a human mGluR5) in the presence of the compound, compared to the response to glutamate in the absence of the compound. For example, the disclosed compounds and products of disclosed methods of making can exhibit positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 in a aforementioned cell-based assay with an EC 50  of less than about 10,000 nM, of less than about 5,000 nM, of less than about 1,000 nM, of less than about 500 nM, or of less than about 100 nM. In a further aspect, the disclosed compounds and products of disclosed methods of making can exhibit positive allosteric modulation of human mGluR5 in the H10H cell-line with an EC 50  of less than about 10,000 nM, of less than about 5,000 nM. of less than about 1,000 nM, of less than about 500 nM, or of less than about 100 nM. 
     In vivo efficacy for disclosed compounds and products of disclosed methods of making can be measured in a number of preclinical rat behavioral model where known, clinically useful antipsychotics display similar positive responses. For example, disclosed compounds can reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in male Sprague-Dawley rats at doses ranging from 1 to 100 mg/kg p.o. 
     D. Methods of Making the Compounds 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to methods of making compounds useful as positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5), which can be useful in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction and other diseases in which metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved. 
     The compounds of this invention can be prepared by employing reactions as shown in the following schemes, in addition to other standard manipulations that are known in the literature, exemplified in the experimental sections or clear to one skilled in the art. For clarity, examples having a single substituent are shown where multiple substituents are allowed under the definitions disclosed herein. 
     Reactions used to generate the compounds of this invention are prepared by employing reactions as shown in the following Reaction Schemes, in addition to other standard manipulations known in the literature or to one skilled in the art. The following examples are provided so that the invention might be more fully understood, are illustrative only, and should not be construed as limiting. 
     In one aspect, the disclosed compounds comprise the products of the synthetic methods described herein. In a further aspect, the disclosed compounds comprise a compound produced by a synthetic method described herein. In a still further aspect, the invention comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the product of the disclosed methods and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a still further aspect, the invention comprises a method for manufacturing a medicament comprising combining at least one compound of any of disclosed compounds or at least one product of the disclosed methods with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     The compounds according to the invention can generally be prepared by a succession of steps, each of which is known to the skilled person. In particular, the compounds can be prepared according to the following synthesis methods. It is also contemplated that pseudohalogens (e.g. triflate, mesylate, brosylate, etc.) can be used as leaving groups in place of halogens in certain aspects. 
     The disclosed compounds may be synthesized in the form of racemic mixtures of enantiomers which can be separated from one another following art-known resolution procedures. The racemic compounds of disclosed compounds may be converted into the corresponding diastereomeric salt forms by reaction with a suitable chiral acid. Said diastereomeric salt forms are subsequently separated, for example, by selective or fractional crystallization and the enantiomers are liberated therefrom by alkali. An alternative manner of separating the enantiomeric forms of the compounds of disclosed compounds involves liquid chromatography using a chiral stationary phase. Said pure stereochemically isomeric forms may also be derived from the corresponding pure stereochemically isomeric forms of the appropriate starting materials, provided that the reaction occurs stereospecifically. 
     1. Route 1 
     In one aspect, substituted bicyclic oxazole lactam analogs of the present invention can be prepared as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted in compound descriptions elsewhere herein. A more specific example is set forth below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Thus, in one aspect, a compound of Formula (Ia) or (Ib) can be prepared by a coupling reaction of a compound of Formula (IIa) or (IIb), respectively, with an appropriate aryl or heteroaryl halide of Formula (III) where X is a halogen, with a suitable coupling reagent such as copper (I) iodide or palladium (II) acetate, in the presence of a ligand such as N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (“DMEDA”) or 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl, in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate or potassium phosphate, in a suitable inert solvent, such as toluene or 1,4-dioxane, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 80° C. and 140° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     Alternatively, a compound of Formula (Ia) or (Ib) can be prepared by reacting a compound of Formula (IIa) or (IIb), respectively, with an alkylating reagent of Formula (III) where X is a halogen and R 2  is alkyl, in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydride, in a suitable inert solvent, such as, N,N-dimethylformamide, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 0° C. to 40° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. A compound of Formula (III) can be obtained commercially. 
     2. Route II 
     In one aspect, substituted bicyclic oxazole lactam analogs of the present invention can be prepared as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted in compound descriptions elsewhere herein. A more specific example is set forth below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Thus, in one aspect, an intermediate of Formula (IIa) can be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of Formula (IV) with a suitable base, such as potassium carbonate, in a suitable inert solvent, such as 1,4-dioxane, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 0° C. and 40° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     An intermediate of Formula (IV) can be prepared by a deprotection reaction of an intermediate of Formula (V) with hydrogen, in the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as palladium on charcoal, in a suitable inert solvent, such as ethanol under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 0° C. and 40° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     3. Route III 
     In one aspect, substituted bicyclic oxazole lactam analogs of the present invention can be prepared as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted in compound descriptions elsewhere herein. A more specific example is set forth below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Thus, in one aspect, an intermediate of Formula (IIb) can be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of Formula (VI) with hydrazine, in a suitable inert solvent, such as ethanol, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 60° C. and 100° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     4. Route IV 
     In one aspect, substituted bicyclic oxazole lactam analogs of the present invention can be prepared as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted in compound descriptions elsewhere herein. A more specific example is set forth below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Thus, in one aspect, intermediates of Formula (V) and Formula (VI) can be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of Formula (VII), where PG is a protecting group of amines such as benzyloxycarbonyl or phtalimido, with acetamide and boron trifluoride diethyl etherate or with ammonium acetate, in a suitable inert solvent, such as toluene or acetic acid, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 100° C. and 170° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     An intermediate of Formula (VII) can be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of Formula (VIII) with an appropriate acid derivative of Formula (IX), in the presence of a suitable base, such as triethylamine, in a suitable inert solvent, such as acetonitrile, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 0° C. and 40° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. An intermediate of Formula (IX) can be obtained commercially. 
     An intermediate of Formula (VIII) can be prepared by a chlorination reaction of an intermediate of Formula (X) with an appropriate chlorinating reagent, such as sulfuryl chloride, in a suitable inert solvent, such as dichloromethane, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 0° C. and 40° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     An intermediate of Formula (X) can be prepared by heating an intermediate of Formula (XI) in a suitable inert solvent, such as ethanol, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 60° C. and 100° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     An intermediate of Formula (XI) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate of Formula (XII) with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (Meldrum&#39;s acid) and a suitable coupling reagent such as [3-(dimethylamino)propyl]ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (“EDC”), in the presence of a suitable base such as 4-dimethylaminopyridine, in a suitable inert solvent, such as dichloromethane, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 0° C. and 40° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     5. Route V 
     In one aspect, substituted bicyclic oxazole lactam analogs of the present invention can be prepared as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted in compound descriptions elsewhere herein. A more specific example is set forth below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Thus, in one aspect, a compound of Formula (Ia) can be prepared by cyclization of an intermediate of Formula (XIII) with a coupling reagent, such as 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), in a suitable inert solvent, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 0° C. and 40° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     An intermediate of Formula (XIII) can be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of Formula (XIV) with an appropriate base, such as sodium carbonate, in the presence of a suitable mixture of inert solvents, such as a mixture of 1,4-dioxane, acetone and water, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 60° C. and 100° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     An intermediate of Formula (XIV) can be prepared by an alkylation reaction of an intermediate of Formula (XV) with an appropriate amine of Formula (XVI), where R 6  is an alkyl chain, in a suitable inert solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 60° C. and 100° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. An intermediate of Formula (XVI) can be obtained commercially. 
     An intermediate of Formula (XV) can be prepared by reaction of methanesulfonyl chloride with an intermediate of Formula (XVII) in the presence of a suitable base, such as triethylamine, in a suitable inert solvent, such as dichloromethane, under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 0° C. and 40° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     An intermediate of Formula (XVII) can be prepared by a deprotection reaction of an intermediate of Formula (XVIII) with hydrogen, in the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as palladium on charcoal, in a suitable inert solvent, such as methanol under suitable reaction conditions, such as at a convenient temperature, typically ranging between 0° C. and 40° C., for a period of time to ensure the completion of the reaction. 
     An intermediate of Formula (XVIII) can be prepared following the reaction conditions shown above in Route IV. 
     It is contemplated that each disclosed methods can further comprise additional steps, manipulations, and/or components. It is also contemplated that any one or more step, manipulation, and/or component can be optionally omitted from the invention. It is understood that a disclosed methods can be used to provide the disclosed compounds. It is also understood that the products of the disclosed methods can be employed in the disclosed methods of using. 
     E. Pharmaceutical Compositions 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the disclosed compounds. That is, a pharmaceutical composition can be provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of a disclosed method and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     In certain aspects, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions comprise the disclosed compounds (including pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and, optionally, other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants. The instant compositions include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered. The pharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. 
     In various aspects, the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and, as active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound, a product of a disclosed method of making, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, a polymorph thereof, or a stereochemically isomeric form thereof. In a further aspect, a disclosed compound, a product of a disclosed method of making, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, a polymorph thereof, or a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, or any subgroup or combination thereof may be formulated into various pharmaceutical forms for administration purposes. 
     As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids. When the compound of the present invention is acidic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases, including inorganic bases and organic bases. Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper (-ic and -ous), ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganese (-ic and -ous), potassium, sodium, zinc and the like salts. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such as naturally occurring and synthesized substituted amines. Other pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases from which salts can be formed include ion exchange resins such as, for example, arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like. 
     As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids”, includes inorganic acids, organic acids, and salts prepared therefrom, for example, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like. Preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and tartaric acids. 
     For therapeutic use, salts of the disclosed compounds are those wherein the counter ion is pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts of acids and bases which are non-pharmaceutically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a pharmaceutically acceptable compound. All salts, whether pharmaceutically acceptable or not, are included within the ambit of the present invention. 
     The pharmaceutically acceptable acid and base addition salts as mentioned hereinabove or hereinafter are meant to comprise the therapeutically active non-toxic acid and base addition salt forms which the disclosed compounds are able to form. The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can conveniently be obtained by treating the base form with such appropriate acid. Appropriate acids comprise, for example, inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acids, e.g. hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric and the like acids; or organic acids such as, for example, acetic, propanoic, hydroxyacetic, lactic, pyruvic, oxalic (i.e. ethanedioic), malonic, succinic (i.e. butanedioic acid), maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclamic, salicylic, p-aminosalicylic, pamoic and the like acids. Conversely said salt forms can be converted by treatment with an appropriate base into the free base form. 
     The disclosed compounds containing an acidic proton may also be converted into their non-toxic metal or amine addition salt forms by treatment with appropriate organic and inorganic bases. Appropriate base salt forms comprise, for example, the ammonium salts, the alkali and earth alkaline metal salts, e.g. the lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium salts and the like, salts with organic bases, e.g. primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic and aromatic amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, the four butylamine isomers, dimethylamine, diethylamine, diethanolamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-butylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, quinuclidine, pyridine, quinoline and isoquinoline; the benzathine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, hydrabamine salts, and salts with amino acids such as, for example, arginine, lysine and the like. Conversely the salt form can be converted by treatment with acid into the free acid form. 
     In practice, the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of this invention can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. The carrier can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous). Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. Further, the compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as an oil-in-water emulsion or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. In addition to the common dosage forms set out above, the compounds of the invention, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, can also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices. The compositions can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, such methods include a step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier that constitutes one or more necessary ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. The product can then be conveniently shaped into the desired presentation. 
     It is especially advantageous to formulate the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Unit dosage form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. Examples of such unit dosage forms are tablets (including scored or coated tablets), capsules, pills, powder packets, wafers, suppositories, injectable solutions or suspensions and the like, and segregated multiples thereof. 
     Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of the invention. The compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds. 
     The pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas. Examples of solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid. Examples of liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water. Examples of gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen. 
     In order to enhance the solubility and/or the stability of the compounds of Formula (I) in pharmaceutical compositions, it can be advantageous to employ α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrins or their derivatives, in particular hydroxyalkyl substituted cyclodextrins, e.g. 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin. Also co-solvents such as alcohols may improve the solubility and/or the stability of the compounds according to the invention in pharmaceutical compositions. 
     Because of the ease in administration, oral administration is preferred, and tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit forms in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any convenient pharmaceutical media can be employed. For example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like can be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions; while carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like can be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. Optionally, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques 
     A tablet containing the composition of this invention can be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. 
     The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of the invention (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally one or more additional therapeutic agents or adjuvants. The instant compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered. The pharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration can be prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water. A suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions. Furthermore, the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability. The pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof. 
     Injectable solutions, for example, may be prepared in which the carrier comprises saline solution, glucose solution or a mixture of saline and glucose solution. Injectable suspensions may also be prepared in which case appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be employed. Also included are solid form preparations that are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, mouth washes, gargles, and the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations can be prepared, utilizing a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by mixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency. 
     In the compositions suitable for percutaneous administration, the carrier optionally comprises a penetration enhancing agent and/or a suitable wetting agent, optionally combined with suitable additives of any nature in minor proportions, which additives do not introduce a significant deleterious effect on the skin. Said additives may facilitate the administration to the skin and/or may be helpful for preparing the desired compositions. These compositions may be administered in various ways, e.g., as a transdermal patch, as a spot-on, as an ointment. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It is preferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. The suppositories can be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in moulds. 
     In addition to the aforementioned carrier ingredients, the pharmaceutical formulations described above can include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like. Furthermore, other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Compositions containing a compound of the invention, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be prepared in powder or liquid concentrate form. 
     The exact dosage and frequency of administration depends on the particular disclosed compound, a product of a disclosed method of making, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, a polymorph thereof, or a stereochemically isomeric form thereof; the particular condition being treated and the severity of the condition being treated; various factors specific to the medical history of the subject to whom the dosage is administered such as the age; weight, sex, extent of disorder and general physical condition of the particular subject, as well as other medication the individual may be taking; as is well known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, it is evident that said effective daily amount may be lowered or increased depending on the response of the treated subject and/or depending on the evaluation of the physician prescribing the compounds of the instant invention. 
     Depending on the mode of administration, the pharmaceutical composition will comprise from 0.05 to 99% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 70% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 50% by weight of the active ingredient, and, from 1 to 99.95% by weight, preferably from 30 to 99.9% by weight, more preferably from 50 to 99.9% by weight of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, all percentages being based on the total weight of the composition. 
     In the treatment conditions which require positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity an appropriate dosage level will generally be about 0.01 to 1000 mg per kg patient body weight per day and can be administered in single or multiple doses. In various aspects, the dosage level will be about 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg per day, about 0.1 to 250 mg/kg per day, or about 0.5 to 100 mg/kg per day. A suitable dosage level can be about 0.01 to 1000 mg/kg per day, about 0.01 to 500 mg/kg per day, about 0.01 to 250 mg/kg per day, about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg per day, or about 0.1 to 50 mg/kg per day. Within this range the dosage can be 0.05 to 0.5, 0.5 to 5.0 or 5.0 to 50 mg/kg per day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the from of tablets containing 1.0 to 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient, particularly 1.0, 5.0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 750, 800, 900 and 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage of the patient to be treated. The compound can be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day, preferably once or twice per day. This dosing regimen can be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response. 
     Such unit doses as described hereinabove and hereinafter can be administered more than once a day, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times a day. In various aspects, such unit doses can be administered 1 or 2 times per day, so that the total dosage for a 70 kg adult is in the range of 0.001 to about 15 mg per kg weight of subject per administration. In a further aspect, dosage is 0.01 to about 1.5 mg per kg weight of subject per administration, and such therapy can extend for a number of weeks or months, and in some cases, years. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the individual being treated; the time and route of administration; the rate of excretion; other drugs that have previously been administered; and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy, as is well understood by those of skill in the area. 
     A typical dosage can be one 1 mg to about 100 mg tablet or 1 mg to about 300 mg taken once a day, or, multiple times per day, or one time-release capsule or tablet taken once a day and containing a proportionally higher content of active ingredient. The time-release effect can be obtained by capsule materials that dissolve at different pH values, by capsules that release slowly by osmotic pressure, or by any other known means of controlled release. 
     It can be necessary to use dosages outside these ranges in some cases as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Further, it is noted that the clinician or treating physician will know how and when to start, interrupt, adjust, or terminate therapy in conjunction with individual patient response. 
     The present invention is further directed to a method for the manufacture of a medicament for modulating glutamate receptor activity (e.g., treatment of one or more neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction) in mammals (e.g., humans) comprising combining one or more disclosed compounds, products, or compositions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Thus, in one aspect, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a medicament comprising combining at least one disclosed compound or at least one disclosed product with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions can further comprise other therapeutically active compounds, which are usually applied in the treatment of the above mentioned pathological conditions. 
     It is understood that the disclosed compositions can be prepared from the disclosed compounds. It is also understood that the disclosed compositions can be employed in the disclosed methods of using. 
     As already mentioned, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound, a product of a disclosed method of making, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, a polymorph thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Additionally, the invention relates to a process for preparing such a pharmaceutical composition, characterized in that a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intimately mixed with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the invention. 
     As already mentioned, the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a disclosed compound, a product of a disclosed method of making, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, a polymorph thereof, and one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of diseases or conditions for a disclosed compound or the other drugs may have utility as well as to the use of such a composition for the manufacture of a medicament. 
     The present invention also relates to a combination of disclosed compound, a product of a disclosed method of making, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, a polymorph thereof, and a mGluR5 orthosteric agonist. The present invention also relates to such a combination for use as a medicine. The present invention also relates to a product comprising (a) disclosed compound, a product of a disclosed method of making, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, a polymorph thereof, and (b) a mGluR5 orthosteric agonist, as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment or prevention of a condition in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of mGluR5 allosteric modulators, in particular positive mGluR5 allosteric modulators. The different drugs of such a combination or product may be combined in a single preparation together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents, or they may each be present in a separate preparation together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents. 
     F. Methods of Using the Compounds and Compositions 
     The amino acid L-glutamate (referred to herein simply as glutamate) is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Within the CNS, glutamate plays a key role in synaptic plasticity (e.g., long term potentiation (the basis of learning and memory)), motor control and sensory perception. It is now well understood that a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including, but not limited to, schizophrenia general psychosis and cognitive deficits, are associated with dysfunctions in the glutamatergic system. Thus, modulation of the glutamatergic system is an important therapeutic goal. Glutamate acts through two distinct receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The first class, the ionotropic glutamate receptors, is comprised of multi-subunit ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory post-synaptic currents. Three subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors have been identified, and despite glutamate serving as agonist for all three receptor subtypes, selective ligands have been discovered that activate each subtype. The ionotropic glutamate receptors are named after their respective selective ligands: kainite receptors, AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors. 
     The second class of glutamate receptor, termed metabotropic glutamate receptors, (mGluRs), are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modulate neurotransmitter release or the strength of synaptic transmission, based on their location (pre-or post-synaptic). The mGluRs are family C GPCR, characterized by a large (˜560 amino acid) “Venus fly trap” agonist binding domain in the amino-terminal domain of the receptor. This unique agonist binding domain distinguishes family C GPCRs from family A and B GPCRs wherein the agonist binding domains are located within the 7-strand transmembrane spanning (7TM) region or within the extracellular loops that connect the strands to this region. To date, eight distinct mGluRs have been identified, cloned and sequenced. Based on structural similarity, primary coupling to intracellular signaling pathways and pharmacology, the mGluRs have been assigned to three groups: Group I (mGluR1 and mGluR5), Group II (mGluR2 and mGluR3) and Group III (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7 and mGluR8). Group I mGluRs are coupled through Gαq/11 to increase inositol phosphate and metabolism and resultant increases in intracellular calcium. Group I mGluRs are primarily located post-synaptically and have a modulatory effect on ion channel activity and neuronal excitability. Group II (mGluR2 and mGluR3) and Group III (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7 and mGluR8) mGluRs are primarily located pre-synaptically where they regulate the release of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate. Group II and Group III mGluRs are coupled to Gαi and its associated effectors such as adenylate cyclase. 
     Post-synaptic mGluRs are known to functionally interact with post-synaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor. For example, activation of mGluR5 by a selective agonist has been shown to increase post-synaptic NMDA currents (Mannaioni et. al. J. Neurosci. 21:5925-5934 (2001)). Therefore, modulation of mGluRs is an approach to modulating glutamatergic transmission. Numerous reports indicate that mGluR5 plays a role in a number of disease states including anxiety (Spooren et. al. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 295:1267-1275 (2000), Tatarczynska et al. Br. J. Pharmaol. 132:1423-1430 (2001)), schizophrenia (reviewed in Chavez-Noriega et al. Curr. Drug Targets: CNS &amp; Neurological Disorders 1:261-281 (2002), Kinney, G. G. et al. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 313:199-206 (2005)), addiction to cocaine (Chiamulera et al. Nature Neurosci. 4:873-874 (2001), Parkinson&#39;s disease (Awad et al. J. Neurosci. 20:7871-7879 (2000), Ossowska et al. Neuropharmacol. 41: 413-420 (2001), and pain (Salt and Binns Neurosci. 100:375-380 (2001). 
     Phencyclidine (PCP) and other NMDA receptor antagonists induce a psychotic state in humans similar to schizophrenia. In schizophrenia patients, PCP and ketamine exacerbate/precipitate preexisting positive and negative symptoms in stable patients. Treatment with NMDA receptor co-agonists can improve positive and negative symptoms. A schematic of the NMDA receptor is shown in  FIG. 1 . Activation of mGluR5 potentiates NMDA receptor function as shown in  FIG. 2 . Orthosteric ligands lack subtype selectivity and can cause unwanted side effects. Allosteric modulators (see  FIG. 3 ) that can target transmembrane domains offer a pharmacologically attractive alternative. In one aspect, transmembrane domains can be significantly less conserved than extracellular loop regions. 
     The compounds disclosed herein are allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors, in particular they are positive allosteric modulators of mGluR5. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the compounds disclosed herein are allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors, in particular they are positive allosteric modulators of mGluR5. Again, without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the compounds disclosed herein do not appear to bind to the glutamate recognition site, the orthosteric ligand site, but instead to an allosteric site. In the presence of glutamate or an agonist of mGluR5, the compounds of this invention increase the mGluR5 response. The compounds disclosed herein are expected to have their effect at mGluR5 by virtue of their ability to increase the response of such receptors to glutamate or mGluR5 agonists, enhancing the response of the receptor. 
     Hence, the present invention relates compounds disclosed herein for use as a medicament, as well as to the use of a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament, including, for example, the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing, in particular treating, a condition in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of allosteric modulators of mGluR5, e.g. positive allosteric modulators thereof. The present invention also relates to a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for use in the treatment or prevention of a condition in a subject such as a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of allosteric modulators of mGluR5, e.g. positive allosteric modulators thereof. 
     1. Treatment Methods 
     The compounds disclosed herein are useful for treating, preventing, ameliorating, controlling or reducing the risk of a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction, in a subject such as a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of allosteric modulators of mGluR5, e.g. particular positive allosteric modulators thereof. The present invention also relates to the use of a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing, ameliorating, controlling or reducing the risk of various neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction in a subject such as a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of allosteric modulators of mGluR5, e.g. positive allosteric modulators thereof. 
     Examples of disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction include: autism, acute and chronic neurological and psychiatric disorders such as cerebral deficits subsequent to cardiac bypass surgery and grafting, stroke, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord trauma, head trauma, perinatal hypoxia, cardiac arrest, hypoglycemic neuronal damage, dementia (including AIDS-induced dementia), Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Huntington&#39;s Chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ocular damage, retinopathy, cognitive disorders, idiopathic and drug-induced Parkinson&#39;s disease, muscular spasms and disorders associated with muscular spasticity including tremors, epilepsy, convulsions, migraine (including migraine headache), urinary incontinence, substance tolerance, addictive behavior, including addiction to substances (including opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.), withdrawal from such addictive substances (including substances such as opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.), obesity, psychosis, schizophrenia, anxiety (including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder), mood disorders (including depression, mania, bipolar disorders), trigeminal neuralgia, hearing loss, tinnitus, macular degeneration of the eye, emesis, brain edema, pain (including acute and chronic pain states, severe pain, intractable pain, neuropathic pain, and post-traumatic pain), tardive dyskinesia, sleep disorders (including narcolepsy), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. 
     Epilepsy can be treated or prevented by the compositions disclosed herein, including absence epilepsy. In various aspects, the compositions disclosed herein can have a protective role for spike and wave discharges associated with absence seizures. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors positioned at synapses of the cortico-thalamo-cortical circuitry that generates spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) associated with absence seizures. Thus, without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, mGluR receptors are therapeutic targets for the treatment of absence epilepsy (e.g. see Epilepsia, 52(7):1211-1222, 2011; Neuropharmacology 60 (2011) 1281e1291; and abstract from 7th International conference on metabotropic glutamate receptors, Oct. 2-6, 2011 Taormina, Italy, “Pharmacological activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype reduces Spike and Wave Discharges in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy,” I. Santolini, V. D&#39;Amore, C. M. van Rijn, A. Simonyi, A, Prete, P. J. Conn, C. Lindsley, S. Zhou, P. N. Vinson, A. L. Rodriguez, C. K. Jones, S. R. Stauffer, F. Nicoletti, G. van Luijtelaar and R. T. Ngomba). 
     Anxiety disorders that can be treated or prevented by the compositions disclosed herein include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Addictive behaviors include addiction to substances (including opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.), withdrawal from such addictive substances (including substances such as opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.) and substance tolerance. 
     Thus, in some aspects of the disclosed method, the disorder is dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders, age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, including positive and negative symptoms thereof and cognitive dysfunction related to schizophrenia, psychosis, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, substance-related disorder, movement disorders, epilepsy, chorea, pain, migraine, diabetes, dystonia, obesity, eating disorders, brain edema, sleep disorder, narcolepsy, anxiety, affective disorder, panic attacks, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression. 
     Thus, provided is a method for treating or preventing schizophrenia, comprising: administering to a subject at least one disclosed compound; at least one disclosed pharmaceutical composition; and/or at least one disclosed product in a dosage and amount effective to treat the disorder in the subject. At present, the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (1994, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.), provides a diagnostic tool including schizophrenia and related disorders. 
     Also provided is a method for treating or prevention anxiety, comprising: administering to a subject at least one disclosed compound; at least one disclosed pharmaceutical composition; and/or at least one disclosed product in a dosage and amount effective to treat the disorder in the subject. At present, the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (1994, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.), provides a diagnostic tool including anxiety and related disorders. These include: panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, substance-induced anxiety disorder and anxiety disorder not otherwise specified. 
     In various aspects, the condition or disease is a central nervous system disorder selected from the group of anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, personality disorders, substance-related disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, migraine, epilepsy or convulsive disorders, childhood disorders, cognitive disorders, neurodegeneration, neurotoxicity and ischemia. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is an anxiety disorder, selected from the group of agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social phobia and other phobias. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is a psychotic disorder selected from the group of schizophrenia, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder and substance-induced psychotic disorder. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is a personality disorder selected from the group of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and schizoid, schizotypal disorder. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is a substance-related disorder selected from the group of alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal, alcohol withdrawal delirium, alcohol-induced psychotic disorder, amphetamine dependence, amphetamine withdrawal, cocaine dependence, cocaine withdrawal, nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal, opioid dependence and opioid withdrawal. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is an eating disorder selected from the group of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is a mood disorder selected from the group of bipolar disorders (I &amp; II), cyclothymic disorder, depression, dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder and substance-induced mood disorder. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is migraine. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is epilepsy or a convulsive disorder selected from the group of generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy, generalized convulsive epilepsy, petit mal status epilepticus, grand mal status epilepticus, partial epilepsy with or without impairment of consciousness, infantile spasms, epilepsy partialis continua, and other forms of epilepsy. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 
     In a further aspect, the central nervous system disorder is a cognitive disorder selected from the group of delirium, substance-induced persisting delirium, dementia, dementia due to HIV disease, dementia due to Huntington&#39;s disease, dementia due to Parkinson&#39;s disease, dementia of the Alzheimer&#39;s type, substance-induced persisting dementia and mild cognitive impairment. 
     At present, the fourth edition of the Diagnostic &amp; Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association provides a diagnostic tool for the identification of the disorders described herein. The person skilled in the art will recognize that alternative nomenclatures, nosologies, and classification systems for neurological and psychiatric disorders described herein exist, and that these evolve with medical and scientific progresses. 
     Therefore, the invention also relates to a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof, for use in the treatment of any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore. 
     In a further aspect, the invention also relates to a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof, for the treatment or prevention, in particular treatment, of any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to relates to a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of any one of the disease conditions mentioned hereinbefore. 
     In a further aspect, the invention also relates to the use of relates to a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any one of the disease conditions mentioned hereinbefore. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof, administered to mammals, e.g. humans, for the treatment or prevention of any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore. 
     In a further aspect, relates to a method of treating warm-blooded animals, such as mammals including humans, suffering from any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore, and a method of preventing in warm-blooded animals, such as mammals including humans, any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore by administering a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof. Said methods comprise the administration, i.e. the systemic or topical administration, preferably oral administration, of a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof, to warm-blooded animals, such as mammals including humans. 
     In various aspects, the invention also relates to a method for the prevention and/or treatment of any one of the diseases mentioned hereinbefore comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof, to a patient in need thereof. 
     In various aspects, a disclosed compound is a positive allosteric modulators of mGluR5, and can enhance the response of mGluR5 to glutamate, thus it is an advantage that the present methods utilize endogenous glutamate. In a further aspect, positive allosteric modulators of mGluR5, such as the disclosed compounds, enhance the response of mGluR5 to agonists, it is understood that the present invention extends to the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction by administering an effective amount of a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof, in combination with an mGluR5 agonist. 
     The compounds of the present invention may be utilized in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of diseases or conditions for which a disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts, hydrate, solvate, polymorphy, or stereoisomeric form thereof, or the other drugs may have utility, where the combination of the drugs together are safer or more effective than either drug alone. 
     The disclosed compounds can be used as single agents or in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration or reduction of risk of the aforementioned diseases, disorders and conditions for which compounds of formula I or the other drugs have utility, where the combination of drugs together are safer or more effective than either drug alone. The other drug(s) can be administered by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore, contemporaneously or sequentially with a disclosed compound. When a disclosed compound is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form containing such drugs and the disclosed compound is preferred. However, the combination therapy can also be administered on overlapping schedules. It is also envisioned that the combination of one or more active ingredients and a disclosed compound will be more efficacious than either as a single agent. 
     In one aspect, the subject compounds can be coadministered with anti-Alzheimer&#39;s agents, beta-secretase inhibitors, gamma-secretase inhibitors, muscarinic agonists, muscarinic potentiators, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, NSAIDs and anti-amyloid antibodies. 
     In another aspect, the subject compounds can be administered in combination with sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 5-HT2 antagonists, GlyT1 inhibitors and the like such as, but not limited to: risperidone, clozapine, haloperidol, fluoxetine, prazepam, xanomeline, lithium, phenobarbitol, and salts thereof and combinations thereof. 
     In another aspect, the subject compound can be used in combination with levodopa (with or without a selective extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor), anticholinergics such as biperiden, COMT inhibitors such as entacapone, A2a adenosine antagonists, cholinergic agonists, NMDA receptor antagonists and dopamine agonists. 
     The pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention can further comprise other therapeutically active compounds as noted herein which are usually applied in the treatment of the above mentioned pathological conditions. 
     a. Treatment of a Neurological and/or Psychiatric Disorder Associated with Glutamate Dysfunction 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for the treatment of a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of at least one compound; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof; wherein the compound is a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making a compound. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for the treatment of a disorder associated with mGluR5 activity in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal at least one disclosed compound or at least one disclosed product in a dosage and amount effective to treat the disorder in the mammal. 
     In a further aspect, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In a still further aspect, an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In a yet further aspect, treatment is symptom amelioration or prevention, and wherein an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. 
     In a further aspect, the compound administered exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 10,000 nM. In a still further aspect, the compound exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 5,000 nM. In an even further aspect, the compound exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 1,000 nM. In a further aspect, the compound exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 500 nM. In a yet further aspect, the compound exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 100 nM. 
     In one aspect, the mammal that the compound is administered to is a human. In a further aspect, the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of the disorder prior to the administering step. In a further aspect, the method further comprises the step of identifying a mammal in need of treatment of the disorder. 
     In a further aspect, the disorder is a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with mGluR5 dysfunction. In a further aspect, the disorder is selected from autism, dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders, age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, including the positive and negative symptoms thereof and cognitive dysfunction related to schizophrenia, psychosis, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, substance-related disorder, movement disorders, epilepsy, chorea, pain, migraine, diabetes, dystonia, obesity, eating disorders, brain edema, sleep disorder, narcolepsy, anxiety, affective disorder, panic attacks, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression. In a yet further aspect, the disorder is selected from dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders, age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, psychosis, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, substance-related disorder, movement disorders, epilepsy, including absence epilepsy, chorea, pain, migraine, diabetes, dystonia, obesity, eating disorders, brain edema, sleep disorder, narcolepsy, anxiety, affective disorder, panic attacks, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, autism, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, and substance-induced anxiety disorder. In an even further aspect, the disorder is absence epilepsy. In a still further aspect, the disorder is selected from cognitive disorders, age-related cognition decline, learning deficit, intellectual impairment disorders, cognition impairment in schizophrenia, cognition impairment in Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and mild cognitive impairment. 
     b. Treatment of a Disorder of Uncontrolled Cellular Proliferation 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for the treatment of a disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of at least one compound; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof; wherein the compound is a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making a compound. 
     In a further aspect, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In a still further aspect, an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In a yet further aspect, treatment is symptom amelioration or prevention, and wherein an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. 
     In one aspect, the mammal is human. In a further aspect, the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of a disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation prior to the administering step. In a still further aspect, the method further comprises the step of identifying a mammal in need of treatment of a disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In a yet further aspect, the disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation is associated with mGluR5 dysfunction. 
     In a further aspect, the disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation is cancer. In a still further aspect, the cancer is selected from breast cancer, renal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. In a yet further aspect, the disorder is selected from lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic system cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and malignant melanoma. In an even further aspect, the disorder is selected from breast cancer, renal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic system cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung, pancreatic cancer, and malignant melanoma. 
     c. Enhancing Cognition 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for enhancing cognition in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of at least one compound; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof; wherein the compound is a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making a compound. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for enhancing cognition in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal at least one disclosed compound or at least one disclosed product in a dosage and amount effective for enhancing cognition in the mammal either in the presence or absence of the endogenous ligand. In a further aspect, the method relates to a method for enhancing cognition in a mammal by contacting at least one cell in a mammal, comprising the step of contacting the at least one cell with at least one disclosed compound or at least one disclosed product in an amount effective enhance cognition in the mammal. 
     In a further aspect, the compound administered exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 10,000 nM. In a still further aspect, the compound exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 5,000 nM. In an even further aspect, the compound exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 1,000 nM. In a further aspect, the compound exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 500 nM. In a yet further aspect, the compound exhibits positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 100 nM. 
     In one aspect, the mammal is a human. In one aspect, the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for cognition enhancement prior to the administering step. In a still further aspect, the method further comprises the step of identifying a mammal in need of cognition enhancement prior to the administering step. In a further aspect, the cognition enhancement is a statistically significant increase in Novel Object Recognition. In a further aspect, the cognition enhancement is a statistically significant increase in performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. In a further aspect, the method further comprises the step of identifying a mammal in need of increasing mGluR5 activity. 
     d. Potentiation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activity 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal at least one compound; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof; wherein the compound is a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making a compound 
     In various aspects, the invention relates to a method for potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal at least one disclosed compound or at least one disclosed product in a dosage and amount effective to increase metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in the mammal either in the presence or absence of the endogenous ligand. 
     In a further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity is potentiation of mGluR5 activity. In a still further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity increases metabotropic glutamate receptor activity. In a yet further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity is partial agonism of the metabotropic glutamate receptor. In an even further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity is positive allosteric modulation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor. 
     In a further aspect, the mammal is a human. In a still further aspect, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In a yet further aspect, an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In an even further aspect, treatment is symptom amelioration or prevention, and wherein an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. 
     In a further aspect, the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for potentiating metabotropic glutamate receptor activity prior to the administering step. In a further aspect, the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of a disorder related to metabotropic glutamate receptor activity prior to the administering step. In a further aspect, the method further comprises the step of identifying a mammal in need of potentiating metabotropic glutamate receptor activity. 
     In a further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 10,000 nM. In a still further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 5,000 nM. In an even further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 1,000 nM. In a further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 500 nM. In a yet further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 100 nM. 
     In a further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of between about 10,000 nM to about 1 nM. In a still further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of between about 1,000 nM to about 1 nM. In a yet further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of between about 100 nM to about 1 nM. In an even further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of between about 10 nM to about 1 nM. In a still further aspect, potentiation of mGluR5 activity is positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 activity. 
     In a further aspect, the mammal is a human. In a still further aspect, the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity prior to the administering step. In a yet further aspect, the method further comprises comprising the step of identifying a mammal in need for potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity. In an even further aspect, the metabotropic glutamate receptor is mGluR5. In a still further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity treats a disorder associated with metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in a mammal. 
     In a further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in a mammal is associated with the treatment of a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with mGluR5 dysfunction. In a further aspect, the disorder is selected from autism, dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders, age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, including the positive and negative symptoms thereof and cognitive dysfunction related to schizophrenia, psychosis, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, substance-related disorder, movement disorders, epilepsy, chorea, pain, migraine, diabetes, dystonia, obesity, eating disorders, brain edema, sleep disorder, narcolepsy, anxiety, affective disorder, panic attacks, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression. In a yet further aspect, the disorder is selected from dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders, age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, psychosis, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, substance-related disorder, movement disorders, epilepsy, including absence epilepsy, chorea, pain, migraine, diabetes, dystonia, obesity, eating disorders, brain edema, sleep disorder, narcolepsy, anxiety, affective disorder, panic attacks, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, autism, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, and substance-induced anxiety disorder. In an even further aspect, the disorder is absence epilepsy. In a still further aspect, the disorder is selected from cognitive disorders, age-related cognition decline, learning deficit, intellectual impairment disorders, cognition impairment in schizophrenia, cognition impairment in Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and mild cognitive impairment. 
     In a further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in a mammal is associated with the treatment of a disorder associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In a further aspect, the disorder associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation is cancer. In a still further aspect, the cancer is selected from breast cancer, renal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. In a yet further aspect, the disorder is selected from lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic system cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and malignant melanoma. In an even further aspect, the disorder is selected from breast cancer, renal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic system cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung, pancreatic cancer, and malignant melanoma. 
     e. Potentiating mGluR5 Activity in Cells 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for potentiating mGluR5 activity in at least one cell, comprising the step of contacting the at least one cell with an effective amount of at least one compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof; wherein the compound is a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making a compound. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in a mammal by contacting at least one cell in a mammal, comprising the step of contacting the at least one cell with at least one disclosed compound or at least one disclosed product in an amount effective to potentiate mGluR5 activity in the at least one cell. 
     In a further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity is potentiation of mGluR5 activity. In a still further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity increases metabotropic glutamate receptor activity. In a yet further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity is partial agonism of the metabotropic glutamate receptor. In an even further aspect, potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity is positive allosteric modulation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor. 
     In a further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 10,000 nM. In a still further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 5,000 nM. In an even further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 1,000 nM. In a further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 500 nM. In a yet further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of less than about 100 nM. 
     In a further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of between about 10,000 nM to about 1 nM. In a still further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of between about 1,000 nM to about 1 nM. In a yet further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of between about 100 nM to about 1 nM. In an even further aspect, the compound exhibits potentiation of mGluR5 with an EC 50  of between about 10 nM to about 1 nM. In a still further aspect, potentiation of mGluR5 activity is positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 activity. 
     In one aspect, modulating is increasing. In a further aspect, modulating is potentiation. In a further aspect, modulating is partial agonism. 
     In one aspect, the cell is mammalian. In a further aspect, the cell is human. In a further aspect, the cell has been isolated from a mammal prior to the contacting step. 
     In a further aspect, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In a yet further aspect, an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In an even further aspect, treatment is symptom amelioration or prevention, and wherein an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. 
     In a further aspect, contacting is via administration to a mammal. In a further aspect, the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for modulating mGluR5 activity prior to the administering step. In a further aspect, the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of a disorder related to mGluR5 activity prior to the administering step. 
     In one aspect, modulating mGluR5 activity in at least one cell treats a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder. In a further aspect, the disorder is selected from autism, dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders, age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, including the positive and negative symptoms thereof and cognitive dysfunction related to schizophrenia, psychosis, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, substance-related disorder, movement disorders, epilepsy, chorea, pain, migraine, diabetes, dystonia, obesity, eating disorders, brain edema, sleep disorder, narcolepsy, anxiety, affective disorder, panic attacks, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression. In a yet further aspect, the disorder is selected from dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders, age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, psychosis, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, substance-related disorder, movement disorders, epilepsy, including absence epilepsy, chorea, pain, migraine, diabetes, dystonia, obesity, eating disorders, brain edema, sleep disorder, narcolepsy, anxiety, affective disorder, panic attacks, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, autism, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition, and substance-induced anxiety disorder. In an even further aspect, the disorder is absence epilepsy. In a still further aspect, the disorder is selected from cognitive disorders, age-related cognition decline, learning deficit, intellectual impairment disorders, cognition impairment in schizophrenia, cognition impairment in Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and mild cognitive impairment. 
     In a further aspect, modulating mGluR5 activity in at least one cell treats a disorder associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In a further aspect, the disorder associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation is cancer. In a still further aspect, the cancer is selected from breast cancer, renal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. In a yet further aspect, the disorder is selected from lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic system cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and malignant melanoma. In an even further aspect, the disorder is selected from breast cancer, renal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic system cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung, pancreatic cancer, and malignant melanoma. 
     2. Cotherapeutic Methods 
     The present invention is further directed to administration of a mGluR5 potentiator for improving treatment outcomes in the context of cognitive or behavioral therapy. That is, in one aspect, the invention relates to a cotherapeutic method comprising the step of administering to a mammal an effective amount of at least one disclosed compound; at least one product of a disclosed method of making; or a pharmaceutically effective salt, hydrate, solvate, or polymorph thereof. 
     In a further aspect, the mammal is a human. In a still further aspect, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In a yet further aspect, an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In an even further aspect, treatment is symptom amelioration or prevention, and wherein an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. 
     In a further aspect, administration improves treatment outcomes in the context of cognitive or behavioral therapy. Administration in connection with cognitive or behavioral therapy can be continuous or intermittent. Administration need not be simultaneous with therapy and can be before, during, and/or after therapy. For example, cognitive or behavioral therapy can be provided within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days before or after administration of the compound. As a further example, cognitive or behavioral therapy can be provided within 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks before or after administration of the compound. As a still further example, cognitive or behavioral therapy can be provided before or after administration within a period of time of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 half-lives of the administered compound. It is understood that the disclosed cotherapeutic methods can be used in connection with the disclosed compounds, compositions, kits, and uses. 
     3. Manufacture of a Medicament 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for the manufacture of a medicament for potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in a mammal comprising combining a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound or product of a disclosed method with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 
     In various aspect, the invention relates methods for the manufacture of a medicament for modulating the activity mGluR5 (e.g., treatment of one or more neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with mGluR5 dysfunction) in mammals (e.g., humans) comprising combining one or more disclosed compounds, products, or compositions or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or polymorph thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. It is understood that the disclosed methods can be performed with the disclosed compounds, products, and pharmaceutical compositions. It is also understood that the disclosed methods can be employed in connection with the disclosed methods of using. 
     4. Use of Compounds 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to the use of a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making. In a further aspect, the use relates to the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal. In a further aspect, the disorder is a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder. In a further aspect, the disorder is a disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In a further aspect, a use relates to treatment of a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal. 
     In a further aspect, a use relates to potentiation of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in a mammal. In a further aspect, a use relates to partial agonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor activity in a mammal. In a further aspect, a use relates to enhancing cognition in a mammal. In a further aspect, a use relates to modulating mGluR5 activity in a mammal. In a further aspect, a use relates to modulating mGluR5 activity in a cell. 
     In one aspect, a use is treatment of a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder associated with mGluR5 dysfunction. In a further aspect, the disorder is selected from dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders, age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, substance-related disorder, movement disorders, epilepsy, chorea, pain, migraine, diabetes, dystonia, obesity, eating disorders, brain edema, sleep disorder, narcolepsy, anxiety, affective disorder, panic attacks, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression. 
     In one aspect, a use is associated with the treatment of a disorder associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In a further aspect, the disorder is cancer. In a still further aspect, the cancer is selected from breast cancer, renal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. In a further aspect, the disorder is selected from lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic system cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and malignant melanoma. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to the use of a disclosed compound or a disclosed product in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal. In a further aspect, the disorder is a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder. In a further aspect, the disorder is a disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to the use of a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating or preventing a central nervous system disorder selected from the group of psychotic disorders and conditions; anxiety disorders; movement disorders; drug abuse; mood disorders; neurodegenerative disorders; disorders or conditions comprising as a symptom a deficiency in attention and/or cognition; pain and diseases of uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In a further aspect, the invention relates to the use of a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition for use wherein the psychotic disorders and conditions are selected from the group of schizophrenia; schizophreniform disorder; schizoaffective disorder; delusional disorder; substance-induced psychotic disorder; personality disorders of the paranoid type; and personality disorder of the schizoid type; the anxiety disorders are selected from the group of panic disorder; agoraphobia; specific phobia; social phobia; obsessive-compulsive disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder; acute stress disorder; and generalized anxiety disorder; the movement disorders are selected from the group of Huntington&#39;s disease; dyskinesia; Parkinson&#39;s disease; restless leg syndrome and essential tremor; Tourette&#39;s syndrome and other tic disorders; the substance-related disorders are selected from the group of alcohol abuse; alcohol dependence; alcohol withdrawal; alcohol withdrawal delirium; alcohol-induced psychotic disorder; amphetamine dependence; amphetamine withdrawal; cocaine dependence; cocaine withdrawal; nicotine dependence; nicotine withdrawal; opioid dependence and opioid withdrawal; the mood disorders are selected from depression, mania and bipolar disorder of types I and II; cyclothymic disorder; depression; dysthymic disorder; major depressive disorder and substance-induced mood disorder; the neurodegenerative disorders are selected from the group of Parkinson&#39;s disease; Huntington&#39;s disease; dementia such as for example Alzheimer&#39;s disease; multi-infarct dementia; AIDS-related dementia or frontotemporal dementia; the disorders or conditions comprising as a symptom a deficiency in attention and/or cognition are selected from the group of dementia, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease; multi-infarct dementia; dementia due to Lewy body disease; alcoholic dementia or substance-induced persisting dementia; dementia associated with intracranial tumors or cerebral trauma; dementia associated with Huntington&#39;s disease; dementia associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease; AIDS-related dementia; dementia due to Pick&#39;s disease; dementia due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; delirium; amnestic disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder; stroke; progressive supranuclear palsy; mental retardation; a learning disorder; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); mild cognitive disorder; Asperger&#39;s syndrome; and age-related cognitive impairment; pain includes acute and chronic states, severe pain, intractable pain, neuropathic pain and post-traumatic pain, cancer pain, non-cancer pain, pain disorder associated with psychological factors, pain disorder associated with a general medical condition or pain disorder associated with both psychological factors and a general medical condition; the diseases of uncontrolled cellular proliferation are selected from lymphoma, cancers of the brain, genitourinary tract cancer, lymphatic cancer, stomach cancer, larynx cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and malignant melanoma. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to the use of a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition, in combination with an additional pharmaceutical agent for use in the treatment or prevention of a central nervous system disorder selected from the group of psychotic disorders and conditions; anxiety disorders; movement disorders; drug abuse; mood disorders; neurodegenerative disorders; disorders or conditions comprising as a symptom a deficiency in attention and/or cognition; pain and diseases of uncontrolled cellular proliferation. 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, characterized in that a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intimately mixed with a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or the product of a disclosed method of making. 
     In a further aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, for use as a medicament. 
     5. Kits 
     In one aspect, the invention relates to a kit comprising at least one compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, wherein the compound is a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making a compound; and one or more of: (a) at least one agent known to increase mGluR5 activity; (b) at least one agent known to decrease mGluR5 activity; (c) at least one agent known to treat a neurological and/or psychiatric disorder; (d) at least one agent known to treat a disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation; or (e) instructions for treating a disorder associated with glutamate dysfunction; wherein the compound is a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making a compound. 
     In a further aspect, the at least one compound or the at least one product and the at least one agent are co-formulated. 
     In a further aspect, the at least one compound or the at least one product and the at least one agent are co-packaged. 
     The kits can also comprise compounds and/or products co-packaged, co-formulated, and/or co-delivered with other components. For example, a drug manufacturer, a drug reseller, a physician, a compounding shop, or a pharmacist can provide a kit comprising a disclosed compound and/or product and another component for delivery to a patient. 
     It is contemplated that the disclosed kits can be used in connection with the disclosed methods of making, the disclosed methods of using, and/or the disclosed compositions. 
     6. Non-Medical Uses 
     Also provided are the uses of the disclosed compounds and products as pharmacological tools in the development and standardization of in vitro and in vivo test systems for the evaluation of the effects of potentiators of mGluR related activity in laboratory animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, monkeys, rats and mice, as part of the search for new therapeutic agents of mGluR. In a further aspect, the invention relates to the use of a disclosed compound or a disclosed product as pharmacological tools in the development and standardization of in vitro and in vivo test systems for the evaluation of the effects of potentiators of mGluR5 related activity in laboratory animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, monkeys, rats and mice, as part of the search for new therapeutic agents of mGluR5. 
     G. EXPERIMENTAL 
     The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. 
     Several methods for preparing the compounds of this invention are illustrated in the following Examples. Starting materials and the requisite intermediates are in some cases commercially available, or can be prepared according to literature procedures or as illustrated herein. 
     The following exemplary compounds of the invention were synthesized. The Examples are provided herein to illustrate the invention, and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. The Examples are typically depicted in free base form, according to the IUPAC naming convention. However, some of the Examples were obtained or isolated in salt form. 
     As indicated, some of the Examples were obtained as racemic mixtures of one or more enantiomers or diastereomers. The compounds may be separated by one skilled in the art to isolate individual enantiomers. Separation can be carried out by the coupling of a racemic mixture of compounds to an enantiomerically pure compound to form a diastereomeric mixture, followed by separation of the individual diastereomers by standard methods, such as fractional crystallization or chromatography. A racemic or diastereomeric mixture of the compounds can also be separated directly by chromatographic methods using chiral stationary phases. 
     1. General Methods 
       1 H NMR spectra were recorded either on a Bruker DPX-400 or on a Bruker AV-500 spectrometer with standard pulse sequences, operating at 400 MHz and 500 MHz respectively. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in parts per million (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS), which was used as internal standard. 
     Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on silica gel 60 F254 plates (Merck) using reagent grade solvents. Open column chromatography was performed on silica gel, particle size 60 {acute over (Å)}, mesh=230-400 (Merck) under standard techniques. Flash column chromatography was performed using ready-to-connect cartridges from Merck, on irregular silica gel, particle size 15-40 μm (normal layer disposable flash columns) on an SPOT or LAFLASH system from Armen Instrument. 
     Melting point values are peak values, and are obtained with experimental uncertainties that are commonly associated with this analytical method. For a number of compounds, melting points were determined in open capillary tubes either on a Mettler FP62 or on a Mettler FP81HT-FP90 apparatus. Melting points were measured with a temperature gradient of 10° C./min. Maximum temperature was 300° C. The melting point was read from a digital display. 
     2. LC-MS Methods 
     a. General Procedure A 
     LC-MS analytical procedures and methods: [M+H], means the protonated mass of the free base of the compound and where indicated room temperature means retention time (in minutes). The UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) measurement was performed using an Acquity UPLC (Waters) system comprising a sampler organizer, a binary pump with degasser, a four column&#39;s oven, a diode-array detector (DAD) and a column as specified in the respective methods below. Column flow was used without split to the MS detector. The MS detector was configured with an electrospray ionization source. Low-resolution mass spectra were acquired on a single quadrupole SQD detector by scanning from 100 to 1000 in 0.1 second using an inter-channel delay of 0.08 second. The capillary needle voltage was 3.0 kV. The cone voltage was 25 V for positive ionization mode and 30 V for negative ionization mode. The source temperature was maintained at 140° C. Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer gas. Data acquisition was performed with MassLynx-Openlynx software. 
     b. General Procedure B 
     The HPLC measurement was performed using an HP 1100 (Agilent Technologies) system comprising a binary pump with degasser, an autosampler, a column oven, a diode-array detector (DAD) and a column as specified in the respective methods below. Column flow was used without split to the MS detector. The MS detector was configured with an electrospray ionization source. Low-resolution mass spectra were acquired on a single quadrupole SQD detector by scanning from 100 to 1000 in 0.1 second using an inter-channel delay of 0.08 second. The capillary needle voltage was 3.0 kV. The cone voltage was 20 V for positive ionization mode and 30 V for negative ionization mode. The source temperature was maintained at 140° C. Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer gas. Data acquisition was performed with MassLynx-Openlynx software. 
     c. General Procedure C 
     The HPLC measurement was performed using an Agilent 1100 module comprising a pump, a diode-array detector (DAD) (wavelength used 220 nm), a column heater and a column as specified in the respective methods below. Flow from the column was split to a Agilent MSD Series G1946C and G1956A. MS detector was configured with API-ES (atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization). Mass spectra were acquired by scanning from 100 to 1000. The capillary needle voltage was 2500 V for positive ionization mode and 3000 V for negative ionization mode. Fragmentation voltage was 50 V. Drying gas temperature was maintained at 350° C. at a flow of 10 L/min. 
     d. LC-MS Method 1 
     LC-MS Method 1 utilized the general procedures as described above for General Method A with the following specific method parameters as described herein. Reversed phase UPLC was carried out on a BEH-C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1×50 mm) from Waters, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, at 50° C. without split to the MS detector; the gradient conditions used were as follows: 95% A (6.5 mM ammonium acetate in H 2 O/acetonitrile 95/5), 5% B (acetonitrile), to 40% A, 60% B in 3.8 min, to 5% A, 95% B in 4.6 min, kept till 5.0 min; and injection volume was 2.0 μL. 
     e. LC-MS Method 2 
     LC-MS Method 2 utilized the general procedures as described above for General Method A with the following specific method parameters as described herein. The same gradient was used as described above for LC-MS Method 1; the column used was RRHD Eclipse Plus-C18 (1.8 μm, 2.1×50 mm) from Agilent; and injection volume was 2.0 μL. 
     f. LC-MS Method 3 
     LC-MS Method 3 utilized the general procedures as described above for General Method A with the following specific method parameters as described herein. Reversed phase UPLC was carried out on a RRHD Eclipse Plus-C18 (1.8 μm, 2.1×50 mm) from Agilent, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, at 50° C. without split to the MS detector; the gradient conditions used were as follows: 95% A (6.5 mM ammonium acetate in H 2 O/acetonitrile 95/5), 5% B (acetonitrile), to 5% A, 95% B in 4.6 min, kept till 5.0 min; and injection volume was 2.0 μL. 
     g. LC-MS Method 4 
     LC-MS Method 4 utilized the general procedures as described above for General Method B with the following specific method parameters as described herein. Reversed phase HPLC was carried out on an Eclipse Plus-C18 column (3.5 μm, 2.1×30 mm) from Agilent, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, at 60° C. without split to the MS detector; the gradient conditions used were as follows: 95% A (6.5 mM ammonium acetate in H 2 O/acetonitrile 95/5), 5% B (mixture of acetonitrile/methanol, 1/1), to 100% B in 5.0 min, kept till 5.15 min and equilibrated to initial conditions at 5.30 minutes until 7.0 min; and injection volume 2.0 μL. 
     h. LC-MS Method 5 
     LC-MS Method 5 utilized the general procedures as described above for General Method C with the following specific method parameters as described herein. Reversed phase UHPLC was carried out on a Phenomenex Synergi™, 30×2.0 mm 2.5 μm column with a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. A gradient with two mobile phases (A: water with 0.1% TFA; B: ACN with 0.05% TFA) was used to run a gradient condition from 90% A and 10% B to 20% A and 80% B in 0.9, then to 0% A and 100% B up to 1.5 min and equilibrated to initial conditions at 1.55 min until 2.0 min. Typical injection volumes of 0.5 μL were used. Oven temperature was 60° C., (MS polarity: positive). 
     3. Preparation of [3-(2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-[1,3]dioxan-5-yl)-3-oxo-propyl]-carbamic acid benzyl ester (Example A1) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     [3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (6.18 g, 32.25 mmol) was added to a suspension of N-benzyloxcarbonyl-β-alanine (6.0 g, 26.87 mmol), 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (4.26 g, 29.56 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4.92 g, 40.32 mmol) in DCM (168 mL) under nitrogen at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The mixture was washed with a 5% solution of KHSO 4 . The organic layer was separated, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (10.08 g, 100% yield) that was used in the next step without further purification. 
     4. Preparation of 5-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-oxo-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (Example A2) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     [3-(2,2-Dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-[1,3]dioxan-5-yl)-3-oxo-propyl]-carb amic acid benzyl ester (9.85 g, 28.20 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (265 mL) and stirred at 80° C. for 4 h. Then the solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the crude product was purified by open column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in DCM 0/100 to 80/20). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The product was re-purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in DCM 0/100 to 80/20). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (3.13 g, 38% yield) as a colorless oil. 
     5. Preparation of 5-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-CHLORO-3-oxo-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (Example A3) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Sulfuryl chloride (0.95 mL, 11.74 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-oxo-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (3.13 g, 10.67 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, then neutralized with a saturated solution of NaHCO 3  and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (3.28 g, 56% yield, 60% pure) as a colorless oil that was used in the next step without further purification. 
     6. Preparation of 5-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-oxo-2-(2-phenoxy-acetoxy)-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (Example A4) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-chloro-3-oxo-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (3.28 g, 10.0 mmol) was added to a solution of phenoxyacetic acid (1.52 g, 10.0 mmol) and TEA (2.08 mL, 15.0 mmol) in ACN (53 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h and then the solvent evaporated in vacuo, diluted with EtOAc and washed with water. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in heptane 0/100 to 60/40). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (1.92 g, 30% yield, 70% pure) as a yellow oil. 
     7. Preparation of (rac)-5-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-oxo-2-(2-phenoxy-acetoxy)-hexanoic acid ethyl ester (Example A5) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The title compound was prepared according to similar synthetic procedures described in examples A1-A4 using (rac)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-butyric acid. 
     8. Preparation of (rac)-5-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-methyl-3-oxo-2-(2-phenoxy-acetoxy)-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (Example A6). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The title compound was prepared according to similar synthetic procedures described in examples A1-A4 using (rac)-3-benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-methyl-propionic acid. 
     9. Preparation of 4-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A7) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.29 mL, 2.34 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of 5-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-oxo-2-(2-phenoxy-acetoxy)-pentanoic acid ethyl ester (1.92 g, 2.60 mmol) and acetamide (0.77 g, 12.99 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at 150° C. for 48 h, diluted with cold water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in DCM 0/100 to 50/50). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.98 g, 71% yield) as a yellow oil. 
     10. Preparation of 4-[3-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-propyl]-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A8) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The title compound was prepared according to similar synthetic procedures described in examples A1-A4 and A7 using 4-(phthalimid-1-yl)butanoic acid. 
     11. Preparation of 4-(2-benzyloxy-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A9) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The title compound was prepared according to similar synthetic procedures described in examples A1-A4 and A7 using 3-benzyloxy-propionic acid. 
     12. Preparation of (rac)-4-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-propyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A10) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Ammonium acetate (2.53 g, 32.82 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of (rac)-5-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-oxo-2-(2-phenoxy-acetoxy)-hexanoic acid ethyl ester (5.0 g, 10.94 mmol) in acetic acid (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 3 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in petroleum ether 0/100 to 10/100). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (3.0 g, 64% yield). 
     13. Preparation of (rac)-4-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-methyl-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A11) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The title compound was prepared according to similar synthetic procedures described in example A10 using (r ac)-5-benzyloxy carbonylamino-4-methyl-3-oxo-2-(2-phenoxy-acetoxy)-pentanoic acid ethyl ester. 
     14. Preparation of 4-(2-amino-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A12) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     10% Palladium on charcoal (0.093 g) was added to a solution of 4-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.93 g, 1.53 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL). The mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure and room temperature for 7 h, then filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth and washed with additional EtOH and MeOH. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.58 g, 92% yield) as a pale yellow oil that was used in the next step without further purification. 
     15. Preparation of (rac)-4-(2-amino-propyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A13) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     10% Palladium on charcoal (1.0 g) was added to a solution of (rac)-4-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-propyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (3.4 g, 7.76 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL). The mixture was hydrogenated at 40 psi for 16 h and then filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (2.3 g, 78% yield) as an oil. 
     16. Preparation of (rac)-4-(2-amino-1-methyl-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A14) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The title compound was prepared according to similar synthetic procedures described in example A13 using (rac)-4-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-methyl-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. 
     17. Preparation of 4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A15) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     10% Palladium on charcoal (0.2 g) was added to a solution of 4-(2-benzyloxy-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (1.8 g, 4.7 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL). The mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure and room temperature for 18 h and then filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.5 g, 37% yield) as an oil that was used in the next step without further purification. 
     18. Preparation of 4-(2-methanesulfonyloxy-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A16) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Methanesulfonyl chloride (0.13 g, 1.1 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.3 g, 1 mmol) and TEA (0.2 g, 2 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.3 g, 79% yield) that was used in the next step without further purification. 
     19. Preparation of (R)-2-phenoxymethyl-4-[2-(1,2,2-trimethyl-propylamino)-ethyl]-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Example A17) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (R)-3,3-dimethyl-2-aminobutane (0.16 g, 1.62 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-(2-methanesulfonyloxy-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.3 g, 0.81 mmol) in THF (4 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 18 h. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in petroleum ether 0/100 to 50/50). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.16 g, 52% yield). 
     20. Preparation of (R)-2-phenoxymethyl-4-[2-(1,2,2-trimethyl-propylamino)-ethyl]-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid (Example A18) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Na 2 CO 3  (0.09 g, 0.86 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of (R)-2-phenoxymethyl-4-[2-(1,2,2-trimethyl-propylamino)-ethyl]-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.16 g, 0.43 mmol) in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane (1 mL), acetone (1 mL) and water (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 18 h and the solvents were evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.15 g, 100% yield) that was used in the next step without further purification. 
     21. Preparation of 5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one (Example B1) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Copper (I) iodide (94 mg, 0.49 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one (0.3 g, 1.23 mmol), 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene (0.33 mL, 3.07 mmol), N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (0.11 mL, 0.98 mmol) and K 2 CO 3  (0.42 g, 3.07 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (15 mL) under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at 150° C. for 2 days and then the solvent was evaporated in vacuo, the residue dissolved in DCM and washed with water. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in DCM 0/100 to 50/50). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.23 g, 54% yield) as a white solid. C 19 H 15 FN 2 O 3 .  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ ppm 3.09 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 6.99-7.05 (m, 3H), 7.07-7.14 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.36 (m, 4H). 
     22. Preparation of 5-(5-fluoro-4-methoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one (Example B22) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Palladium (II) acetate (2.78 mg, 0.012 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one (0.1 g, 0.41 mmol), 2-chloro-5-fluoro-4-methoxy-pyrimidine (0.13 g, 0.82 mmol), cesium carbonate (0.187 g, 0.57 mmol) and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (0.018 g, 0.037 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) in a sealed tube and under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 18 h. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in DCM 0/100 to 80/20). The desired fractions were collected, the solvents evaporated in vacuo and triturated with diethyl ether to yield the title compound (0.109 g, 72% yield) as a white solid. C 18 H 15 FN 4 O 4 .  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ ppm 3.07 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 4.36 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 6.98-7.06 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.36 (m, 2H), 8.26 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H). 
     23. Preparation of (rac)-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-6-methyl-2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-ONE (Example B27) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Copper (I) iodide (0.329 g, 1.73 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of (rac)-6-methyl-2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one (2.7 g, 10.45 mmol), 1-iodo-4-fluorobenzene (5.78 g, 26.04 mmol), N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (0.304 g, 3.45 mmol) and K 3 PO 4  (5.78 g, 27.41 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (60 mL) under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 16 h and then the solvent was evaporated in vacuo, the residue dissolved in DCM and washed with water. The organic layer was separated, washed with a saturated solution of NaCl, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in petroleum ether 0/100 to 10/100). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by RP-18 HPLC (mobile phase: gradient MeOH/H 2 O from 2/98 to 40/60 with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) to yield the title compound (0.84 g, 28% yield). C 20 H 17 FN 2 O 3 .  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ ppm 1.34 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 2.88 (dd, J=16.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=16.9, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (quind, J=6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 6.7, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (s, 2H), 7.02-7.08 (m, 3H), 7.11-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.39 (m, 4H). 
     24. Preparation of 2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one (Example B29) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     K 2 CO 3  (74 g, 700 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-(2-amino-ethyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (80 g, 276 mmol) in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane (400 mL) and water (300 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes and then at room temperature for 3 h. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo, the residue dissolved in DCM and washed with water. The organic layer was separated, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was triturated with EtOAc to yield the title compound (20.12 g, 29%) as a white solid that was used in the next step without further purification. C 13 H 12 N 2 O 3 .  1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ ppm 2.96 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (td, J=7.2, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 5.81 (br. s., 1H), 6.97-7.05 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.35 (m, 2H). 
     25. Preparation of 5-methyl-2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one (Example B33) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     2-Phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one (0.3 g, 1.23 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 60% dispersion of sodium hydride in mineral oils (0.075 g, 1.97 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then iodomethane (0.14 mL, 2.21 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then at room temperature for 40 min, diluted with a saturated solution of NH 4 Cl and extracted with EtOAc and DCM. The combined organic layers were separated, dried (NaSO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in DCM 0/100 to 80/20). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.14 g, 44% yield) as a white solid. C 14 H 14 N 2 O 3 .  1 HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ ppm 2.97 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 3.66 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 6.98-7.03 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.33 (m, 2H). 
     26. Preparation of (R)-2-phenoxymethyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethyl-propyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one (Example B35) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     2-(7-Aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (0.16 g, 0.43 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of (R)-2-phenoxymethyl-4-[2-(1,2,2-trimethyl-propylamino)-ethyl]-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid (0.15 g, 0.43 mmol) in DMF (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in petroleum ether 0/100 to 50/50). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (9.4 mg, 7% yield). C 19 H 24 N 2 O 3 .  1 HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ ppm 0.96 (s, 9H), 1.18 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 2.77-2.98 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.68 (m, 2H), 4.66 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 6.96-7.08 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.36 (m, 2H). 
     27. Preparation of 2-phenoxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3-oxa-1,5-diaza-azulen-4-one (Example B37) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Hydrazine hydrate (0.32 mL, 4.17 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 4-[3-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-propyl]-2-phenoxymethyl-oxazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.49 g, 1.13 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL). The mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 16 h and at room temperature for 2 days. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with DCM and EtOAc. The organic layers were separated and combined, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvents evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; 7 M solution of ammonia in MeOH in DCM 0/100 to 3/97). The desired fractions were collected and the solvents evaporated in vacuo to yield the title compound (0.066 g, 19% yield) as a white solid. C 14 H 14 N 2 O 3 .  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ ppm 2.08-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.95 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 3.42 (dd, J=9.4, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 6.67 (br. s., 1H), 6.97-7.04 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.34 (m, 2H). 
     28. Physico-Chemical Characterization of Exemplary Compounds 
     Compounds were synthesized represented by the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein the substituent groups are as described in Table I below, and unless otherwise indicated, the substituent group is hydrogen. The synthetic methods used to prepare the indicated compound were as described in the preceding examples with a synthetic example method as noted in the table. The requisite starting materials were prepared as described herein, commercially available, described in the literature, or readily synthesized by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. 
     Compounds were synthesized represented by the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein the substituent groups are as described in Table II below, and unless otherwise indicated, the substituent group is hydrogen. The synthetic methods used to prepare the indicated compound were as described in the preceding examples with a synthetic example method as noted in the table. The requisite starting materials were prepared as described herein, commercially available, described in the literature, or readily synthesized by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. 
     Analytical data for the numbered compound in Table III corresponds to the compound number given in the first column of Tables I and II. In Table III, it should be noted that LCMS: [M+H]+ means the protonated mass of the free base of the compound; room temperature means retention time (in minutes); and “Method” refers to the LC-MS method used and as described above. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Synthetic 
               
               
                 No. 
                 R 1   
                 R 6   
                 Other 
                 Example* 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 B1  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B2  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B3  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B4  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B5  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B6  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B7  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B8  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B9  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B10 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B11 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B12 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B13 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B14 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B15 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B16 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B17 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B18 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B19 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B20 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B21 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1  
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B22 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B23 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B24 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B25 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B26 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B27 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 R 4a  = Me 
                 B27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B28 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 R 3a  = Me 
                 B27 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B29 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                   
                 B29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B30 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                   
                 B29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B31 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 R 4a  = Me 
                 B29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B32 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                 R 3a  = Me 
                 B29 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B33 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Me 
                   
                 B33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B34 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B35 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B35 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B36 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Synthetic Example B1 is 5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c] 
               
               
                 pyridin-4-one; 
               
               
                 Synthetic Example B22 is 5-(5-fluoro-4-methoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro- 
               
               
                 5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one; 
               
               
                 Synthetic Example B27 is (rac)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H- 
               
               
                 oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one; 
               
               
                 Synthetic Example B29 is 2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one; 
               
               
                 Synthetic Example B33 is 5-methyl-2-phenoxymethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin- 
               
               
                 4-one; 
               
               
                 Synthetic Example B35 is (R)-2-phenoxymethyl-5-(1,2,2-trimethyl-propyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H- 
               
               
                 oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-4-one; and 
               
               
                 Synthetic Example B37 is 2-phenoxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3-oxa-1,5-diaza-azulen-4-one. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Synthetic 
               
               
                 No. 
                 R 1   
                 R 2   
                 Other 
                 Example* 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 B37 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 H 
                   
                 B37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B38 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B39 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Me 
                   
                 B33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B40 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                   
                 B33 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Synthetic Examples as indicated for Table I. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE III 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                 [M + H] +   
                 R t   
                 Method  
                 M.p. (° C.)* 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 B1 
                 339 
                 2.44 
                 1 
                 135.8 
               
               
                 B2 
                 339 
                 2.44 
                 1 
                 116.1 
               
               
                 B3 
                 339 
                 2.54 
                 1 
                 132.5 
               
               
                 B4 
                 357 
                 2.60 
                 1 
                 137.2 
               
               
                 B5 
                 357 
                 2.57 
                 1 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B6 
                 357 
                 2.64 
                 1 
                 151.7 
               
               
                 B7 
                 357 
                 2.74 
                 1 
                 150.7 
               
               
                 B8 
                 322 
                 2.05 
                 1 
                 123.3 
               
               
                 B9 
                 322 
                 1.78 
                 2 
                 188.7 
               
               
                 B10 
                 322 
                 1.70 
                 1 
                 130.9 
               
               
                 B11 
                 340 
                 2.32 
                 1 
                 131.9 
               
               
                 B12 
                 340 
                 1.94 
                 1 
                 133.1 
               
               
                 B13 
                 321 
                 2.37 
                 1 
                 131.7 
               
               
                 B14 
                 336 
                 2.36 
                 1 
                 116.3 
               
               
                 B15 
                 336 
                 2.33 
                 1 
                 132.4 
               
               
                 B16 
                 336 
                 2.30 
                 1 
                 &gt;300 
               
               
                 B17 
                 336 
                 1.96 
                 1 
                 138.8 
               
               
                 B18 
                 357 
                 2.55 
                 1 
                 174.0 
               
               
                 B19 
                 389 
                 3.28 
                 2 
                 &gt;300 
               
               
                 B20 
                 351 
                 2.62 
                 2 
                 139.4 
               
               
                 B21 
                 354 
                 3.36 
                 4 
                 125.7 
               
               
                 B22 
                 371 
                 1.93 
                 3 
                 216.7 
               
               
                 B23 
                 353 
                 1.96 
                 3 
                 142.0 
               
               
                 B24 
                 337 
                 1.85 
                 3 
                 138.8 
               
               
                 B25 
                 353 
                 1.74 
                 3 
                 131.1 
               
               
                 B26 
                 253 
                 3.18 
                 4 
                 153.3 
               
               
                 B27 
                 353 
                 4.84 
                 5 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B28 
                 353 
                 5.86 
                 5 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B29 
                 245 
                 1.16 
                 1 
                 148.5 
               
               
                 B30 
                 263 
                 4.30 
                 5 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B31 
                 n.d. 
                 n.d. 
                 — 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B32 
                 n.d. 
                 n.d. 
                 — 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B33 
                 259 
                 1.39 
                 1 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B34 
                 299 
                 2.19 
                 1 
                 119.2 
               
               
                 B35 
                 329 
                 5.55 
                 5 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B36 
                 335 
                 2.77 
                 2 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B37 
                 259 
                 1.19 
                 1 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B38 
                 353 
                 2.36 
                 1 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B39 
                 273 
                 1.40 
                 1 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 B40 
                 349 
                 2.57 
                 1 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *“n.d.” indicates that the parameter was “not determined” for the indicated compound. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     29. Generation of Human mGluR5 Stable Cell Line 
     Human mGluR5a cDNA in pCMV6-XL6 mammalian expression plasmid was purchased from OriGene Technologies, Inc. (catalogue number SC326357) and subcloned into pcDNA3.1(−). Human embryonic kidney (HEK)293A cells were then transfected with human mGluR5a pcDNA3.1(−) using LipofectAmine-2000 (Invitrogen) and monoclones were selected and tested for functional response using a Ca 2+  mobilization assay. Monoclones were named for the species (“H” for human) plus the location on the plate (e.g. “10H”). 
     30. Cell-Based Functional Assay 
     HEK cells transfected with the human mGluR5a receptor (H10H or H12H cell line) were plated at 15,000 cells/well in clear-bottomed poly-D-lysinecoated assay plates (BD Falcon) in glutamate-glutamine-free growth medium and incubated overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 . Cell-lines used were either the H10H or H12H cell-lines expressing the human mGluR5 receptor. The following day, the growth medium was removed and the cells were washed with assay buffer containing 1× Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), 20 mM HEPES, 2.5 mM probenecid, pH 7.4 and left with 20 μL of this reagent. Following this step, the cells were loaded with calcium indicator dye, fluo-4 AM, to a final concentration of 2 μM and incubated for 40-45 min at 37° C. The dye solution was removed and replaced with assay buffer. Cell plates were held for 10-15 min at room temperature and were then loaded into the Functional Drug Screening System 6000 (FDSS 6000, Hamamatsu, Japan). 
     After establishment of a fluorescence baseline for about 3 seconds, the compounds of the present invention were added to the cells, and the response in cells was measured. 2.3 minutes later an EC 20  concentration of the mGluR5 receptor agonist glutamate was added to the cells, and the response of the cells was measured for about 1.7 minutes. All test compounds were dissolved and diluted to a concentration of 10 mM in 100% DMSO and then serially diluted into assay buffer for a 2× stock solution in 0.6% DMSO; stock compounds were then added to the assay for a final DMSO concentration of 0.3% after the first addition to the assay well. Calcium fluorescence measures were recorded as fold over basal fluorescence; raw data was then normalized to the maximal response to glutamate. Potentiation of the agonist response of the mGluR5 receptor in the present invention was observed as an increase in response to submaximal concentrations of glutamate in the presence of compound compared to the response to glutamate in the absence of compound. 
     31. Data Analysis 
     The concentration-response curves of compounds of the present invention, obtained in the presence of EC 20  of mGluR5 receptor agonist glutamate to determine positive allosteric modulation, were generated using Microsoft Excel with IDBS XLFit add-ins. The raw data file containing all time points was used as the data source in the analysis template. This was saved by the FDSS as a tab-delimited text file. Data were normalized using a static ratio function (F/F 0 ) for each measurement of the total 350 values per well divided by each well&#39;s initial value. Data was then reduced as to peak amplitudes (Max—Initial Min) using a time range that starts approximately 1 second after the glutamate EC 20  addition and continues for approximately 40 seconds. This is sufficient time to capture the peak amplitude of the cellular Calcium response. Individual amplitudes were expressed as % E Max  by multiplying each amplitude by 100 and then dividing the product by the mean of the amplitudes derived from the glutamate EC Max -treated wells. pEC 50  values for test compounds were generated by fitting the normalized values versus the log of the test compound concentration (in mol/L) using a 4 parameter logistic equation where none of the parameters were fixed. Each of the three values collected at each concentration of test compound were weighted evenly. Individual values falling outside the 95% prediction limits of the curve fit were automatically excluded from the fit. A compound was designated as a positive allosteric modulator if the compound showed a concentration-dependent increase in the glutamate EC 20  addition. % E Max  for compounds may be estimated using the resulting corresponding parameter value determined using the curve fit or by taking an average of the overall maximum response at a single concentration. These two methods are in good agreement for curves with a clear plateau at the high concentration range. For data that show an increase in the EC 20  response, but, do not hit a plateau, the average of the maximum response at a single concentration is preferred. For consistency purposes across the range of potencies observed, all E Max  values reported in this application are calculated using the maximum average response at a single concentration. The % E Max  value for each compound reported in this application is defined as the maximum % effect obtained in a concentration-response curve of that compound expressed as a percent of the response of a maximally effect concentration of glutamate. Table I above shows the pharmacological data obtained for a selected set of compounds. 
     For compounds showing a lower potency (e.g. as indicated by a lack of a plateau in the concentration response curve), but with a greater than a 20% increase in glutamate response, a potency of &gt;10 μM (pEC 50 &lt;5) was estimated. 
     32. Activity of Compounds in Cell-Based Assays 
     Table III below lists specific compounds as well as experimentally determined mGluR5 activity determined in a cell-based. The mGluR5 activity was determined using the metabotropic glutamate receptor activity assays in human embryonic kidney cells as described herein, wherein the human embryonic kidney cells were transfected with human mGluR5. The data in Table III were obtained using the H10H cell-line which expresses recombinant human mGluR5. The compounds in Table III were synthesized with methods identical or analogous to those described herein. The compound number corresponds to the compound numbers used in Tables I and II. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE IV 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 E max   
                   
               
               
                   
                 No. 
                 (%) 
                 pEC 50   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 B1 
                 83 
                 6.35 
               
               
                   
                 B2 
                 74 
                 5.96 
               
               
                   
                 B3 
                 71 
                 5.88 
               
               
                   
                 B4 
                 75 
                 6.19 
               
               
                   
                 B5 
                 73 
                 6.05 
               
               
                   
                 B6 
                 77 
                 6.30 
               
               
                   
                 B7 
                 63 
                 5.82 
               
               
                   
                 B8 
                 32 
                 &lt;4.52 
               
               
                   
                 B9 
                 38 
                 &lt;4.52 
               
               
                   
                 B10 
                 49 
                 &lt;5 
               
               
                   
                 B11 
                 62 
                 5.67 
               
               
                   
                 B12 
                 27 
                 &lt;4.52 
               
               
                   
                 B13 
                 76 
                 5.95 
               
               
                   
                 B14 
                 53 
                 &lt;5 
               
               
                   
                 B15 
                 61 
                 &lt;5 
               
               
                   
                 B16 
                 38 
                 &lt;5 
               
               
                   
                 B17 
                 43 
                 &lt;5 
               
               
                   
                 B18 
                 74 
                 6.37 
               
               
                   
                 B19 
                 n.t. 
                 n.t. 
               
               
                   
                 B20 
                 n.t. 
                 n.t. 
               
               
                   
                 B21 
                 56 
                 &lt;5 
               
               
                   
                 B22 
                 65 
                 5.89 
               
               
                   
                 B23 
                 53 
                 5.51 
               
               
                   
                 B24 
                 44 
                 &lt;5 
               
               
                   
                 B25 
                 47 
                 &lt;5 
               
               
                   
                 B26 
                 55 
                 5.89 
               
               
                   
                 B27 
                 64 
                 6.24 
               
               
                   
                 B28 
                 79 
                 6.19 
               
               
                   
                 B29 
                 21 
                 &lt;4.52 
               
               
                   
                 B30 
                 n.t. 
                 n.t. 
               
               
                   
                 B31 
                 n.t. 
                 n.t. 
               
               
                   
                 B32 
                 n.t. 
                 n.t. 
               
               
                   
                 B33 
                 35 
                 &lt;4.52 
               
               
                   
                 B34 
                 68 
                 5.46 
               
               
                   
                 B35 
                 54 
                 6.01 
               
               
                   
                 B36 
                 59 
                 6.05 
               
               
                   
                 B37 
                 21 
                 &lt;4.52 
               
               
                   
                 B38 
                 76 
                 5.76 
               
               
                   
                 B39 
                 25 
                 &lt;4.52 
               
               
                   
                 B40 
                 n.t. 
                 n.t. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *“n.t.” indicates that the indicated compound was not tested in the assay. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     33. Prospective In Vitro Effects 
     The compounds provided in the present invention are allosteric modulators of mGluR5, e.g. positive allosteric modulators of mGluR5. These compounds can potentiate glutamate responses by binding to an allosteric site other than the glutamate binding site. The response of mGluR5 to a concentration of glutamate is increased when compounds of the formula given below are present. These compounds are expected to have their effect substantially at mGluR5 by virtue of their ability to enhance the function of the receptor. The behavior of mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators can be tested using the intracellular Ca 2+  mobilization assay method described above which is suitable for the identification of such compounds. For example, disclosed compounds as described hereinbefore, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, are expected to show such in vitro effects. Moreover, compounds prepared using the disclosed synthetic methods are also expected to show such in vitro effects. 
     34. Prospective In Vivo Effects 
     Generally clinically relevant antipsychotic agents (both typical and atypical) display efficacy in preclinical behavior challenge models. The compounds described in the preceding examples are expected to show in vivo effects in various animal behavioural challenge models known to the skilled person, such as amphetamine-induced or phencyclidine (PCP)-induced hyperlocomotion, and other models, such as NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801-induced locomotor activity conducted in rodent, such as rat or mouse, but may be conducted in other animal species as is convenient to the study goals. Compounds, products, and compositions disclosed herein are expected to show in vivo effects in various animal behavioral challenge models known to the skilled person, such as amphetamine-induced or phencyclidine (PCP)-induced hyperlocomotion in rodent, and other models, such as NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801-induced locomotor activity. These models are typically conducted in rodent, such as rat or mouse, but may be conducted in other animal species as is convenient to the study goals. 
     A suitable assay for determination of the in vivo effects of the disclosed compounds is the induced hyperlocomotion animal model. Briefly, locomotor activity can be assessed as mean distance traveled (cm) in standard 16×16 photocell testing chambers measuring 43.2 cm (Length)×43.2 cm (Width)×30.5 cm (Height) (Med Associates, St. Albans, Vt.). Animals are habituated to individual activity chambers for at least 30 min prior to drug administration. Following administration of drug or vehicle, activity is recorded for a 90 minute time period. Data are expressed as the mean (±SEM) distance traveled recorded in 5 min intervals over the test period. The data are analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc testing using Dunnett&#39;s test, when appropriate. A difference is considered significant when p≦13.05. 
     Amphetamine sulfate can be obtained from Sigma (Cat#A5880-1G; St. Louis, Mo.) and 10 mg is dissolved in 10 ml of water. The test compound, i.e. a suitable disclosed compound, a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, is formulated in a volume of about 10 ml with an amount of drug appropriate to the dosage desired in the assay. For example, the appropriate amount of test compound can be mixed into a 20% (w/v) 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin aqueous solution. The solution is formulated so that animals are injected with a volume equal to about 10× body weight. The mixture is then ultrahomogenized on ice for about 2-3 minutes using a device such as the Dismembrator (Fisher Scientific Model 150T). Then the pH is checked using 0-14 EMD strips and adjusted to a pH of 6-7 if necessary. The mixture is then vortexed and stored in a warm sonication bath until time to be injected. In a typical experiment, animals are administered samples of the following: (a) amphetamine sulfate, 1 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously; and, (b) test compound is administered at the appropriate doses, e.g. about 5, about 10, about 20, about 50, and/or about 100 mg/kg, by oral gavage. Test compound can be administered by oral gavage, intraperitoneally, or intramuscular as deemed appropriate by the physical characteristics, in vitro activity, and/or pharmacokinetic behavior of the test compound, and as would be reasonably ascertained by one skilled in the art. 
     The study is carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 225 g-275 g, between about 2-3 months old (Harlan, Inc., Indianapolis, Ind.), were used. They are kept in the animal care facility certified by the American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AALAC) under a 12-hour light/dark cycle (lights on: 6 a.m.; lights off: 6 p.m.) and have free access to food and water. 
     The animals are habituated in Smart Open Field locomotor activity test chambers (Hamilton-Kinder, San Diego, Calif.) with 16×16 photobeams to automatically record locomotor activity for 30 min and then are dosed with vehicle or test compound as described above. The rats are then placed into cages. At 60 min, all rats are injected subcutaneously with 1 mg/kg amphetamine or vehicle and then monitored for an additional 60 min. Animals are monitored for a total of 120 minutes. Data are expressed as changes in ambulation defined as total number of beam breaks per 5 min periods. 
     The data for the dose-response studies are analyzed by a between-group analysis of variance. If there is a main effect of dose, then each dose group is compared with the BCD vehicle/amphetamine group. The calculations are performed using JMP IN 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.) statistical software and graphed using SigmaPlot9 (Saugua, Mass.). 
     Compounds of the present invention are expected as a class to show in vivo efficacy in a preclinical rat behavioral model, where known, clinically useful antipsychotics display similar positive responses. For example, disclosed compounds as described hereinbefore, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, are expected to show such in vivo effects. Moreover, compounds prepared using the disclosed synthetic methods are also expected to show such in vivo effects. 
     35. Prophetic Pharmaceutical Composition Examples 
     “Active ingredient” as used throughout these examples relates to one or more disclosed compounds, a product of a disclosed method of making, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, hydrate or stereochemically isomeric form thereof. The following examples of the formulation of the compounds of the present invention in tablets, suspension, injectables and ointments are prophetic. Typical examples of recipes for the formulation of the invention are as given below. 
     a. Tablets 
     A tablet can be prepared as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Active ingredient 
                 5 to 50  
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Di-calcium phosphate  
                 20 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 30  
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Talcum 
                 10  
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Magnesium stearate 
                 5 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Potato starch 
                 add to make total 
               
               
                   
                   
                 weight 200 mg 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this Example, active ingredient can be replaced with the same amount of any of the compounds according to the present invention, in particular by the same amount of any of the exemplified compounds. 
     b. Suspension 
     An aqueous suspension is prepared for oral administration so that each 1 milliliter contains 1 to 5 mg of one of the active compounds, 50 mg of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 1 mg of sodium benzoate, 500 mg of sorbitol and water ad 1 ml. 
     c. Injectable 
     A parenteral composition is prepared by stirring 1.5% by weight of active ingredient of the invention in 10% by volume propylene glycol in water. 
     d. Ointment 
     An ointment can be prepared as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Active ingredient  
                 5 to 1000 
                 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Stearyl alcohol 
                 3  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Lanoline 
                 5  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 White petroleum 
                 15 
                 g 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Water 
                 add to make total 
               
               
                   
                   
                 weight 100 g 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this Example, active ingredient can be replaced with the same amount of any of the compounds according to the present invention, in particular by the same amount of any of the exemplified compounds. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.