Patent Publication Number: US-2012037421-A1

Title: Modular core orientation system

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to core sample orientation. More particularly, the invention relates to a core sample orientation system for providing an indication of the orientation of a core sample relative to the underground environment from which the core sample has been extracted, and also to a method of core sample orientation identification. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     The following discussion of the background art is intended to facilitate an understanding of the present invention only. The discussion is not an acknowledgement or admission that any of the material referred to is or was part of the common general knowledge as at the priority date of the application. 
     There is a need for core sampling in geological surveying operations. 
     Core samples are obtained through core drilling operations. Core drilling is typically conducted with a core drill comprising outer and inner tube assemblies. The inner tube assembly is known as a core tube. A cutting head is attached to the outer tube assembly so that rotational torque applied to the outer tube assembly is transmitted to the cutting head. A core is generated during the drilling operation, with the core progressively extending along the core tube as drilling progresses. When a core sample is required, the core within the core tube is fractured. The core tube and the fractured core sample contained therein are then retrieved from within the drill hole, typically by way of a retrieval cable lowered down the drill hole. Once the core tube has been brought to ground surface, the core sample can be removed and subjected to the necessary analysis. 
     Typically, the core drilling operation is performed at an angle to the vertical, and it is desirable for analysis purposes to have an indication of the orientation of the core sample relative to the underground environment from which it was extracted. It is therefore important that there be some means of identifying the orientation the core sample had within the underground environment prior to it having been brought to the surface. 
     Core orientation devices are used to provide an indication of the orientation of the core sample. Many of these devices are mechanical in nature. 
     The applicant&#39;s international application PCT/AU2005/001344 (WO 2006/024111) discloses a core orientation device which records orientation information electronically and processes the information to provide an indication of the orientation of the extracted core sample relative to the underground environment from which it was extracted. The device comprises a tool which is adapted to be coupled to the core tube. The tool incorporates means for determining and storing the orientation of the tool at predetermined time intervals relative to a reference time, means for inputting a selected time interval, means for relating the selected time interval to one of the predetermined time intervals and providing an indication of the orientation of the device at the selected time interval, means for comparing the orientation of the tool at the selected time interval to the orientation of the tool at any subsequent time and providing an indication of the direction in which the tool should be rotated in order to bring it into an orientation corresponding to the orientation of the tool at the selected time. Thus the core sample confined within the core tube is brought into an orientation corresponding to its original orientation in the underground environment. The core sample can then be marked prior to being withdrawn from within the core tube. 
     All componenty required for operation of the device, including sensors, microprocessor, memory, circuitry and associated circuit boards, power supply, keypad and visual display unit (LCD) are incorporated in the tool and so are deployed in the borehole with the tool. 
     It would be advantageous to isolate some of the componentry from the borehole so that it is not vulnerable to damage arising from the arduous conditions to which the tool is typically exposed while down the borehole. 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a core orientation system comprising a first portion adapted for cooperation with a core tube for recording data relating to the orientation of the core tube, and a second portion adapted to cooperate with the first portion to receive and process orientation data from the first portion and provide an indication of the orientation of a core sample within the core tube at a time prior to separation of the core sample from the underground environment from which it was obtained, the first and second portions being adapted for cooperation in a manner allowing selective rotation therebetween. 
     With such an arrangement, the first portion can be deployed underground with the core tube to record data corresponding to the orientation of the core tube (and any core sample contained therein). Once the core tube, along with the first portion attached thereto, has been retrieved from underground, the second portion can be brought into cooperation with the first portion to receive and process the orientation data received from the first portion. This arrangement is advantageous as it is not necessary for the second portion to travel underground and be exposed to the harsh conditions associated therewith. 
     Typically, the first portion adapted for cooperation with a core tube by being adapted for connection to the core tube for rotational movement in unison therewith. The first portion may be adapted for connection with the core tube, either directly or indirectly. The first portion may be directly connected to the core tube, typically (although not necessarily) through a threaded connection therebetween. The first portion may be indirectly connected to the core tube by being accommodated within a housing which is connected to the core tube, typically (although not necessarily) through a threaded connection. 
     Preferably, there is provided a coupling for releasably coupling the two portions together to provide the cooperation allowing selective rotation therebetween. Typically, the coupling is so configured that the second portion can dock onto the first portion. The coupling may comprise a combination of magnetic coupling and mechanical coupling. 
     In particular, the coupling is configured to allow selective rotation of the second portion relative to the first portion if desired to establish a desired orientation between the two portions. 
     The mechanical coupling may comprise a spigot formation associated with one of the two portions and a corresponding socket formation associated with the other of the two portions for providing alignment between the two portions when the spigot formation is received within the socket formation. 
     The magnetic coupling may comprise an attractive force between the two portions for biasing the spigot formation and the socket formation into engagement. 
     The spigot formation may be provided on the second portion and the corresponding socket formation may be associated with the first portion. In one arrangement, the corresponding socket formation may be provided in the first portion. In another arrangement, the corresponding socket formation may be provided in a member associated with the first portion. The member may comprise the housing in which the first portion is accommodated. 
     The housing may comprise at least two parts adapted for connection together and selectively separable to provide access to the first portion accommodated therein. 
     Preferably, orientation data is transmitted from the first portion to the second portion by wireless communication. The wireless communication may comprise infrared (IR) short-range communication. With this arrangement, the first and second portions are each provided with an IR interface to facilitate IR communication therebetween. 
     It should be appreciated that orientation data may be transmitted from the first portion to the second portion in any other appropriate way, including a physical transmission link established between the first and second portions when they are coupled together. 
     The first portion may comprise a downhole unit and the second portion may comprise a control unit. 
     According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a core orientation system comprising a first portion for recording orientation data and a second portion adapted to cooperate with the first portion to receive and process orientation data from the first portion, the first and second portions being adapted for cooperation in a manner allowing selective rotation therebetween. 
     According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a survey tool system comprising a housing and a core orientation system, wherein the core orientation system comprises a first portion for recording data relating to the orientation of a core sample, and a second portion adapted to cooperate with the first portion to receive and process orientation data from the first portion and provide an indication of the orientation of the core sample at a time prior to separation of the core sample from the underground environment from which it was obtained, the first portion being contained within the housing, the housing comprising at least two parts adapted for connection together and selectively separable to permit the second portion to access the first portion for cooperation therebetween. 
     According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a survey tool system comprising a housing, a downhole unit for recording data relating to the orientation of a core sample, and a control unit adapted to cooperate with the downhole unit to receive and process orientation data from the downhole unit and provide an indication of the orientation of the core sample at a time prior to separation of the core sample from the underground environment from which it was obtained, the downhole unit being contained within the housing, the housing comprising at least two parts adapted for connection together and selectively separable to permit the control unit to access the downhole for cooperation therebetween. 
     According to a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of providing an indication of the orientation of a core sample relative to a body of material from which the core sample has been extracted, the method being performed using an orientation system according to the first or second aspect of the invention. 
     According to a sixth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of providing an indication of the orientation of a core sample relative to a body of material from which the core sample has been extracted, the method being performed using an survey tool system according to the third or fourth aspect of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be better understood by reference to the following description of several specific embodiments thereof as shown in the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view of a downhole unit forming part of a core sample orientation system according to the first embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a control unit also forming part of the core sample orientation system 
         FIG. 3  is a fragmentary schematic view of the control unit in operative engagement with the downhole unit; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic elevational view of a removable chassis forming part of the control unit; 
         FIG. 5  is a side view of the chassis; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic view of a calibration unit for calibrating the downhole unit; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic view of a docking station for the control unit; 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating various components of the downhole unit; 
         FIG. 9  a block diagram illustrating various components of the control unit; 
         FIG. 10  is a sectional perspective view of a core sample orientation system according to the second embodiment, with the downhole unit shown accommodated in part of a housing therefor, and the control unit shown coupled to the downhole unit; 
         FIG. 11  a schematic view of an assembly in which the housing is accommodated and the control unit shown schematically in position in relation the housing; 
         FIG. 12  a schematic view of one part of the housing, with the other part having been separated therefrom to provide access to a downhole unit accommodated in the first part, and a control unit shown for cooperation with the downhole unit; 
         FIG. 13  is an end view of the control unit; 
         FIG. 14  is a side elevational view of the housing; 
         FIG. 15  is a side elevational view of the housing showing the two parts thereof in a separated condition; and; 
         FIG. 16  is a sectional elevational view of the housing. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 to 9 , there is shown a core sample orientation system  10  according to the first embodiment comprising a first portion  11  and a second portion  12 . The first portion  11  comprises a downhole unit adapted to be connected to a core tube (not shown) of a core drill of a type well known in the art. The second portion  12  comprises a control unit, as will be explained in more detail later. 
     The downhole unit  11  is configured for connection to the upper end of the core tube; specifically, by threaded engagement therewith. When so connected to the core tube, the downhole unit  11  is fixed for rotation with the core tube. 
     The downhole unit  11  comprises a cylindrical housing  15  having a first end  17 , a second end  18 , and a cylindrical side wall  19  extending between the two ends. 
     The side wall  19  has an outer periphery  21  configured and dimensioned to accord with the outer periphery of the core tube. 
     The first end  17  of the downhole unit incorporates a threaded section (not shown) for threaded engagement with a mating threaded section on the upper end of the core tube. 
     The downhole unit  11  is configured to cooperate with the control unit  12  to establish an operative connection therebetween, as will be explained in more detail later. More particularly, the downhole unit  11  and the control unit  12  are configured to provide a coupling  23  for releasably connecting them together in a manner allowing selective rotation therebetween. The coupling  23  comprises a combination of magnetic coupling and mechanical coupling, as will be explained. 
     The coupling  23  comprises a socket formation  25  on at the second end  18  of the downhole unit  11  and a corresponding spigot formation  27  on the control unit  12  for providing alignment therebetween when the spigot formation  27  is received within the socket formation  25 . The mechanical connection is established by engagement between the socket formation  25  and the spigot formation  27 . The magnetic coupling provides an attractive force between the downhole unit  11  and the control unit  12  for biasing the spigot formation  27  and the socket formation  25  into engagement. 
     The socket formation  25  has an inner face  31  with a radially outer section  33  which incorporates a magnetic element  35 . The spigot formation  27  has an outer face  37  with a radially outer section  41  which incorporates a further magnetic element  43 . The two magnetic elements  35 ,  43  cooperate to establish the magnetic attractive force between the two portions  11 ,  12  when the spigot formation  27  is received within the socket formation  25 . 
     The control unit  12  comprises a generally circular body  51  having an outer face  53 , an inner face  55  and a circular outer peripheral wall  57 . The spigot formation  27  is incorporated in the body  51  and projects axially from the inner face  55 . 
     The body  51  is configured so as to be of a shape and size that can be readily grasped and manipulated by hand, even when the operator is wearing protective gloves. 
     The body  51  has an interior region  61  accommodating a removable chassis  63  which carries a circuit board  65  and related componentry. With this arrangement, either the body  51  or the chassis  63  can be replaced as necessary in the event that any component thereof becomes defective. 
     The body  51  also accommodates a power supply  67  in the form of a lithium battery pack, and an IR interface  68  which is disposed within the spigot formation  27 . 
     The outer face  53  of the body  51  incorporates an input device  69  in the form of a keypad and a visual display device  71  in the form of a liquid crystal display unit. 
     The chassis  63  carries a processing means  73  in the form of low power microcontroller, a memory device  75  providing non-volatile memory, a timer  77  and a watchdog circuit  79 . 
     The housing  15  of the downhole unit  11  has an internal cavity  81  which accommodates a module  83  incorporating a triaxial accelerometer means  85 , an analogue-to-digital converter  87 , a processing means  89  in the form of low power microcontroller, a memory device  91  providing non-volatile memory, a power supply  92  in the form of a lithium battery pack and a watchdog circuit  93 . Further, the module  83  is provided with an IR interface  95 . With this arrangement, the downhole unit  11  can record data relating to its orientation (and thus the orientation of the core tube to which it is attached). When the downhole unit  11  is retrieved from the borehole (along with the core tube and a core sample therein), and the control unit  12  then coupled to the downhole unit  11  as previously described, orientation data recorded by the downhole unit  11  is transmitted wirelessly to the control unit  12  through operative cooperation between the two IR interfaces  68 ,  95 . The control unit  12  receives and processes orientation data from the downhole unit  11  and provides an indication of the orientation of a core sample within the core tube at a time prior to separation of the core sample from the underground environment from which it was obtained. 
     The orientation system  10  operates in a fashion similar to that described in aforementioned international application PCT/AU2005/001344 (WO 2006/024111), the contents of which are incorporated herein by way of reference. In particular, the triaxial accelerometer means  85  comprises three internal silicon accelerometers operating along orthogonal directions X, Y and Z. The three accelerometers measure components of the earth&#39;s gravitational field. Mathematically transforming the outputs from the three accelerometers allows the rotational orientation of the downhole unit  11  about its longitudinal axis to be determined. More particularly, the signals produced by the triaxial accelerometer means  85  are determinative of the change in orientation of the downhole unit and are transmitted to the analogue-to-digital converter  87  which in turn transmits signals or signal data to the microcontroller  89 . The microcontroller  89  processes signals from the arrangement over predetermined time intervals. 
     When the downhole unit  11  is operational, the relative orientation of the tool is determined at regular time intervals by the processing means  89 [. The processed data is stored in the memory of the memory device  91 . In this embodiment, the time intervals at which the orientation is determined and stored comprises intervals of one minute, although other intervals are of course possible. 
     The watchdog circuit  93  is provided for watching the system. In instances where the downhole unit  11  shuts down while in the borehole, it can be reset at the surface. Similarly, the control unit  12  has the watchdog circuit  79  for resetting as necessary. 
     A calibration unit  97  (as shown in  FIG. 6 ) is provided for calibrating the downhole unit  11  as required to maintain its accuracy. The calibration unit  97  is configured to incorporate a spigot formation  98  for engagement with the socket formation  25  of the downhole unit  11 . 
     A docking station  99  (as shown in  FIG. 7 ) is provided for supporting the control unit  12  when it is not in use and for charging the power supply  67  as necessary. The docking unit  99  incorporates a socket formation  101  for receiving the spigot formation  27  on the control unit  12 . 
     The following process occurs in the operation of the downhole unit  11  connected to the core tube. A first step comprises activating the downhole unit  11  and establishing a reference time. The core drill having the core tube is moved down the borehole to a drilling location at which it is operated to drill a core sample. While the core drill is moved to the drilling location, and also while it is operating, the downhole unit  11  generates acceleration signals associated with the rotational orientation of the downhole unit  11  and the core tube to which it is attached. The processing means  89  then processes the signals to provide processed data from which a measure of rotational orientation of the downhole unit  11  at the drilling location can be established. The processed data is stored in memory device  91  for later recall such that the measure of the rotational orientation of the downhole unit can be obtained therefrom. 
     During the drilling operation, a core sample is progressively generated within the core tube. When the core sample is to be extracted, the core drill operator refers to a timer and notes or records the duration of time since the downhole unit was activated at the commencement of operation. Specifically, the operator either notes the full minute that has previously elapsed or waits until the next full minute elapses, and then records that time (as it must be recalled later). The operator then initiates the procedure for breaking the core sample from the body of material, ensuring that no rotation of the core tube occurs. The core tube is retrieved from the drill hole in the conventional manner. 
     When the core tube and the downhole unit  11  is at the surface, the control unit  12  is coupled to the downhole unit  11  in the manner previously explained. The coupling  23  allows the control unit  12  to be selectively rotated with respect to the downhole unit  11  to establish the desired orientational relationship therebetween. This will, of course, require application of a rotational force between the downhole unit  11  and the control unit  12  sufficient to over-ride the magnetic attraction therebetween to permit the relative rotation to occur. 
     The orientation data collected by the downtool tool  11  is transmitted wirelessly to the control unit  12  through the IR interfaces for subsequent interrogation of the orientation data. The time reading recorded previously is entered into the control unit by way of the keyboard input device  69 . The orientation data is processed in relation to the time entry to determine the orientation of the downhole unit  11  (and hence the core tube and the core sample confined in the core tube) prior to breaking the core sample from the body of material. By using integration means and the prescribed time intervals the processed data is indicative of the change orientation of the downhole unit in the prescribed time intervals commencing from the reference time corresponding to the time at which the downhole unit was activated. 
     The control unit  12  processes the orientation data and provides a measure of the target orientation of the downhole unit  11  in relation to the current rotational orientation thereof. This allows for the downhole unit  11  to consequently be rotated to reflect the measure of the orientation of the core orientation device. The visual display device  71  displays a visual indication of the direction in which the downhole unit  11  and the core tube attached thereto should be rotated to attain the target orientation. Rotating the downhole unit  11  and the core tube attached thereto in the indicated direction causes the core sample contained within the core tube to move into the target orientation (corresponding to the orientation of the core sample at the time that the core sample was in the underground environment before extraction). 
     Once the required target orientation has been attained, the core sample within the core tube can be marked as necessary and then withdrawn from the core tube. 
     In this embodiment, the visual indication comprises a directional arrow arrangement showing the required rotational direction. Once the downhole unit is at the target orientation, the display may provide an image representing that condition. Other visual arrangements are, of course, possible. Further, the indication need not necessarily be a visual indication; for example, the indication may comprise any appropriate sensory indication including visual, audible, and tactile indications, as well as any combination thereof. Further, the nature of the indication may vary as the orientation of the rotating downhole unit approaches the target orientation. A visual indication may, for example, comprise a flashing signal which increases in frequency as the target orientation is approached. Similarly, an audible signal may comprise a series of discrete audible tones which increase in frequency as the target orientation is approached, or alternatively a continuous audible signal which varies in tone as the target orientation is approached. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 10 to 16 , there is shown a core sample orientation system  110  according to the second embodiment. The core sample orientation system  110  is similar in some respects to the core sample orientation system  10  according to the first embodiment and so corresponding reference numerals will be used to identify corresponding parts. The corresponding parts in the core sample orientation system  110  will not necessarily be described further. 
     In particular, the core sample orientation system  110  comprises downhole unit  11  and control unit  12  which feature coupling  23  therebetween. The coupling  23  comprises a combination of a magnetic connection and a mechanical connection. 
     The core sample orientation system  110  is designed for use in conjunction with a downhole assembly  111  comprising a core tube  113 , a back-end portion  115  and a housing  117  installed between the core tube  113  and the back-end portion  115 . The back-end portion  115  is of standard wire line construction and is normally connected directly to core tube  113 ; however, in this embodiment, the housing  117  is configured for installation between the core tube  113  and the back-end portion  115 . 
     The housing  117  may be of a construction as described in the applicant&#39;s Australian Provisional Patent Application 2009900590 and corresponding international application filed under the Patent Cooperation treaty, the contents of both of which are incorporated herein by way of reference. 
     In the arrangement shown, the housing  117  incorporates a compartment  119  configured to accommodate the downhole unit  11 . The downhole unit  11  is confined in the compartment  119  to move in unison with the housing  117 , both in translation and rotation. 
     The housing  117  has a bottom end  121  adapted for connection to the upper end of the core tube  113 , and an top end  123  adapted for connection to the back-end portion  115 . 
     In this way, the downhole unit  11  is also connected to the core tube  113  so that it record data relative to the orientation of the core tube and any core sample contained therein. 
     The housing  117  comprises two parts, being lower body part  125  and an upper cap part  127 . The two parts  125 ,  127  cooperate to define the compartment  119  for accommodating the downhole unit  11 . The parts  125 ,  127  are selectively separable to provide access to the compartment  119 . In the arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 15 , the two parts  125 ,  127  are shown in the separated condition. 
     The lower body part  125  has an end  131  configured as a spigot  133 , and the upper cap portion  127  has an adjacent end configured as a socket  137  in which the spigot  133  can be threadingly received to secure the two parts together. A sealing means  139  is provided to effect fluid-tight sealing engagement between the two parts  125 ,  127 . In the arrangement illustrated, the sealing means  139  comprises O-rings on the spigot  133 . 
     The housing  117  is configured to enable fluid to flow past the downhole assembly  111  as it descends within a borehole (or more particularly within the drill rods within the borehole). Preferably, the arrangement is such that the fluid can flow past the descending downhole assembly  111  at a rate sufficient to allow the assembly to descend rapidly. 
     The end  131  of the lower body part  125  configured as a spigot  133  is also configured as a socket formation  141  which performs a function similar to that of the socket formation  25  of the core sample orientation system  10  according to the first embodiment. Specifically, the socket formation  141  is adapted to receive the spigot formation  27  on the control unit  12 . The spigot formation  27  and the socket formation  141  cooperate to provide the mechanical connection established by the coupling  23 . 
     The end  143  of the downhole unit  11  adjacent the socket formation  141  presents an inner face  145  which incorporates a magnetic element  149 . The magnetic element  149  cooperates with the magnetic element  43  on the spigot formation  27  on the control unit  12  to establish the magnetic attractive force between the two portions  11 ,  12  when the spigots formation  27  is received within the socket formation  141 . This arrangement provides the magnetic connection established by the coupling  23 . 
     In  FIG. 10 , the control unit  12  is shown coupled to downhole unit  11  while the lower body part  125  is within a drill string. This is merely for illustrative purposes only to show that the housing  117  and the overall assembly  111  can be received within the drill string. Typically, the assembly  111  is withdrawn from the drill string before the two parts  125 ,  127  are separated and the control unit  12  is connected to the downhole unit  11 . 
     Operation of the downhole assembly  111  will now be described. The housing  117  is installed between the core tube  113  and the back-end portion  1115 , as previously described to provide the assembly  111 . 
     The two parts  125 ,  127  of the housing  117  are separated to allow installation of the downhole unit  11  into the compartment  119  and then coupled together to encase the downhole unit  11  within the compartment  119 . 
     The assembly  111  is then lowered down the drill rods within the borehole in conventional manner. As the assembly  111  descends, fluid within the drill rods flows upwardly (relative to the descending assembly  111 ). Fluid within the drill rods is able to flow past the housing  117  as it descends within the drill rods and so the presence of the housing does not restrict fluid flow to such an extent to inhibit relatively rapid descent of the assembly  111 . 
     At the completion of the core drilling operation, the core sample is retrieved in known manner. Once the assembly  111  is at ground level, the two parts  125 ,  127  of the housing  117  can be separated to provide access to the downhole unit  11  within the lower body part  125 . The control unit  12  can then be brought into cooperation with the downhole unit  11 , as shown in  FIG. 10 , to receive and process the orientation data received from the downhole unit  11 . Specifically, the socket formation  141  on the lower body part  125  receives the spigot formation  27  on the control unit  12 . The spigot formation  27  and the socket formation  141  cooperate to provide the mechanical connection established by the coupling  23 . Further, the magnetic element  149  on end  143  of the downhole unit  11  within the lower body part  125  cooperates with the magnetic element  43  on the spigot formation  27  on the control unit  12  to provide the magnetic connection established by the coupling  23 . 
     The coupling  23  allows the control unit  12  to be selectively rotated with respect to the downhole unit  11  to establish the desired orientational relationship therebetween, as was the case with the first embodiment. 
     Once the orientation of the core sample within the core tube  113  has been established and recorded, the core sample can be removed from the core tube. The two parts  125 ,  127  of the housing  117  can then be brought together again to encase the downhole unit  11  within the housing so that the next core sampling operation can be performed when required. 
     From the foregoing it is evident that the present embodiments each provides a modular core sample orientation system involving the downhole unit  11  and the control unit  12  as separate parts. Because the control unit  12  is separate from the downhole unit  11  and is not deployed in the borehole during the core sampling operation, it is isolated from the rigours to which the downhole unit  11  is exposed during deployment. Similarly, the control unit is isolated from the rigours to which unitary core orientation tools (such as the tool disclosed in aforementioned international application PCT/AU2005/001344) are exposed when in boreholes. 
     Modifications and improvements may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example in other embodiment the physical orientation need not comprise a rotational orientation but rather a measure of degrees above or below the horizontal plane. 
     Throughout the specification and claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.