Patent Publication Number: US-2017360068-A1

Title: Method and device for treating foods and/or containers for holding foods

Description:
The invention relates to a method for treating foods and/or containers for holding foods and to a device for treating foods and/or containers for holding foods. In particular, the invention relates to a method and device for treating luxury foods, especially alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks. The foods, in particular the luxury foods, and the containers for holding the foods are treated with a process liquid in at least one treatment zone. According to the invention, during treatment at least some or all of the at least partially recirculated process liquid is used to form at least one stream of the process liquid and filtered using a membrane filtration system. 
     Various variations of methods and devices for treating products and/or containers are known from the prior art. Often the products, for example foodstuffs, and/or the containers are treated by a tempered process liquid, as is e.g. the case in pasteurisation of food products in so-called pasteurisers. In most cases, water or an aqueous solution is used as the process liquid and acts indirectly on the products or directly on the containers. 
     To avoid creating large quantities of liquid waste and waste water, the process liquid or process water is often at least partially circulated through the device or the treatment zone(s), i.e. the process liquid is re-used in a circulation procedure. However, this procedure entails a high potential for dirtying and contamination of the process liquid. Systems for treating products or containers are usually accessible, the conditions by no means consist of controlled air circulation or the like. There are other sources of dirt in addition to the ambient air, for example the operating staff or other people, conveying elements for the containers and products, any cooling equipment for the process liquid, especially air-conditioned cooling towers, or even the process liquid freshly introduced into the method or device itself. Furthermore, contaminants can enter through the treatment process itself, such as through damage to the containers and contaminants in the process liquid caused by the product or through the detaching of particles such as paint particles or the like from the outside of the containers. 
     In the past a number of methods have been suggested for removing contaminants from a process liquid. These consist of filtration measures for removal of relatively coarse or large particles, such as glass shards, sand, gravel, and the like. An example is EP 2 722 089 A1. EP 2 722 089 A1 describes a device for thermal treatment of products in containers. The containers are sprinkled or sprayed with a process liquid and the process liquid, e.g. water, is recirculated for at least partial re-use. A gravitational sedimentation device is used to clean the process liquid that can separate out coarse-grained or large particles like glass shards or sand. 
     The methods known from the prior art describe filtration methods for separating relatively large particles out of a process liquid using separating devices such as conventional mesh sieves, filter bands, or detachable sieves, or in fact sedimentation devices. 
     However, the measures known from the prior art are not suitable for removing in particular impurities with relatively small particle sizes from the process liquid. This especially affects particle contaminants that cannot be removed by conventional filter sieves and other separating devices, or e.g. do not or only very slowly precipitate out of a process water stream. 
     In particular, in devices for thermal treatment of products and containers with a process liquid or process water, micro-organisms can reproduce in the process water to a considerable extent over time. Such micro-organisms, for example bacteria, fungal spores, but also viruses, can be introduced into the device by fresh process water but also by operating staff or other persons. Ultimately the formation and growth of e.g. algae may follow. In thermal treatment, the process water often has temperatures in at least some zones that even favour the growth and reproduction of micro-organisms. In general, it cannot be wholly ruled out that e.g. bacterial cultures may get on the outside of the containers in the course of the treatment and at least partially remain there even after the treatment process. 
     Particularly problematic in regard to filtration by conventional sieves is the disadvantageous distribution of particle sizes in a typical process water. In particular, the use of chemicals like surfactants favours very small particle sizes that cannot be removed from the process liquid by conventional separating devices or only to an inadequate extent. For this reason, production and treatment in currently known methods for treating products and containers in which the process liquid is at least partially recirculated must be interrupted at relatively short intervals to clean and sterilise the treatment device. Such cleaning processes are typically very laborious and in particular lead to production losses and as a consequence to financial losses. 
     It is therefore the aim of the invention to develop an improved method and an improved device that can eliminate the deficits still existing in the prior art. In particular, in comparison to the prior art an improved method and improved device for treating products, especially food products, and/or containers is to be provided, in which method or device the process liquid can be at least partially recirculated for re-use in the method, but the disadvantages associated with this due to continuously increasing dirtying or contamination of the process liquid are avoided as much as possible. 
     The aim of the invention is achieved by providing a method for treating foods and containers for holding foods using a process liquid in at least one treatment zone, in which method at least one membrane filtration system is provided for continuous cleaning of some or all of the process liquid. 
     The foods and the containers are introduced into a treatment zone or conveyed through a treatment zone. At least one liquid stream of the process liquid is conducted into the treatment zone or treatment zones to act on the foods or containers, and discharged from the treatment zone again after completed treatment of the food products and containers, wherein the process liquid for treating the foods and containers is at least partially recirculated into the treatment zone or the treatment zones for the purpose of re-use in the method. 
     In particular, in the continuous, ongoing treatment, at least some or all of the process liquid out of the total process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones per time unit is used or taken in each time unit to form at least one stream of the process liquid, and the at least one resulting stream of the process liquid is filtered by at least one membrane filtration system in order to clean and sterilise the process liquid, especially to remove particles from the process liquid, and after the filtration process an irradiated and/or filtered stream is at least partially returned to an element holding or conducting the process liquid and/or to a treatment zone. 
     Here and below, an element holding or conducting the process liquid or a conduction element for the process liquid means any element that is designed to hold the process liquid or to conduct a liquid stream of the process liquid. These can be, for example, piping, ducts, and the like in which the process liquid is e.g. fed into a treatment zone or discharged from a treatment zone. The term “conduction element” further means, for example but not exclusively reservoirs, tanks, or collection devices for the process liquid arranged inside or outside the treatment zones or the like. 
     Here and below, a treatment zone means a zone in which the food is brought into contact with the process liquid, preferably indirectly, and/or the containers are brought into contact with the process liquid, preferably directly. The physical and/or chemical and/or other parameters of the process liquid can be adjusted specifically for the relevant treatment purpose. The process liquid can affect the food and the containers for holding food in various ways. For example, to generate the desired interaction the process liquid and a liquid foodstuff to be treated can be conducted in a materially separated manner in a counter current, direct current, or cross flow arrangement in adjacent conduction elements. The desired interaction can be achieved by heat transfer between the food and the process liquid in the sense of a heat exchanger, as for example is usual in the pasteurisation of milk for preservation. Another frequently used method is the pasteurisation of food products in which the food is already in a closed container and the process liquid acts on the outside of the containers. The process liquid can be poured on the outside of the containers or the containers can be sprinkled or sprayed with the process liquid. In another example, dipping methods are also possible in which containers holding food are dipped into the process liquid. Naturally, however, the invented method and invented device can also be used for treatment, e.g. rinsing/cleaning of empty containers. Finally, the term treatment zone means, at least in the broadest sense, also an element holding or conducting the process liquid or a conduction element for the process liquid. 
     Here and below, a liquid stream of the process liquid means any kind of conducted movement of the process liquid, regardless of how the liquid stream or its conduction are designed. This means that the term “liquid stream” comprises, for example, a stream of a moved process liquid in conduction elements like piping, ducts, reservoirs, tanks, etc. just as much as, for example, a sprinkling or spray stream of the process liquid free falling under ambient air pressure in a treatment zone or a stream of the process liquid in a retooling apparatus or the like. 
     Through the measures disclosed in claim  1 , a method can be prepared that is eminently suitable especially for the removal of impurities or contaminants with a very small particle size such as bacteria colonies from the process liquid and for sterilising the process liquid. This allows a significant improvement to be achieved compared to known methods, which are of only limited or even of no use in removing small particles as well as micro-organisms from an at least partially recirculated process liquid. In this way, contamination of the process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones can be effectively impeded. Advantageously, the microfiltration or ultrafiltration by the membrane filtration system(s) can be performed during ongoing operation and is comparatively efficient and energy-saving. 
     The exact number, type, and location of integration of the membrane filtration system(s) and the connection of a membrane filtration system to the conduction elements conducting the process liquid and/or treatment zone(s) can be determined or implemented in due consideration of structural features, process parameters, and the like. However, specific arrangement variations can offer advantages for the method for treating food and containers, which will be explained in more detail below. 
     For example, additional dirt traps or the like can be arranged in the conduction elements to filter out large-grained impurities in the process liquid. For example, a gravitational sedimentation device as described in the previously cited EP 2 722 089 A1 can be used to separate large or large-grained particles. 
     The measures disclosed in claim  1  also succeed in reducing as much as possible laborious and expensive interruptions in the production or treatment in order to clean and sterilise the treatment device or at least in significantly lengthening the time intervals between such cleaning processes. In addition, the membrane filtration can at least reduce the quantity of chemical stabilisers used to prepare the process liquid, especially the required quantities of surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, and/or disinfectants, and the use of cleaning chemicals can be at least largely avoided or minimised. 
     The continuous removal of contaminants, especially particles of micro-organisms such as bacteria colonies, can additionally at least strongly reduce the use of biocides. Therefore and in addition, a significant improvement in environmental stress can be achieved and the burden on a facility, such as a purification plant, placed after the method or device can be minimised. 
     The invented measures can also improve olfactory factors as the formation of undesirable or unpleasant smells can be hindered. Various micro-organisms, especially bacteria, are known for generating bad smells as products of their metabolism. The removal of these microorganisms from the process liquid can largely prevent unpleasant smells. 
     If bacterial cultures remain in a process liquid for a longer time under simultaneous use of biocides, bacterial strains can “get used to” the biocides being used or bacterial strains resistant to the biocides being used can be formed. This means that biocides can become ineffective at removing micro-organisms from the process liquid over time. Through continuous removal of the micro-organisms from the process liquid by microfiltration by at least one membrane filtration system, the formation of resistant germs can be hindered as much as possible and the use of biocides can be minimised overall as an efficient and effective means is provided to in general continuously remove micro-organisms of all kinds from the process liquid. Through filtration using at least one membrane filtration system, e.g. biocide-resistant and/or chlorine-resistant bacterial strains can be effectively removed from the process liquid. 
     Naturally other organic and inorganic small and micro-particles can also be removed from the process liquid by the at least one membrane filtration system. This simultaneously results in further improvement in regard to micro-organism growth and to the growth rate of microorganisms in the process liquid, as organic and inorganic small and micro-particles can often act as good nutritional bases or “breeding grounds,” e.g. for bacteria. The removal of unwanted particle contaminants using membrane filtration can significantly reduce the use of otherwise necessary chemicals for elimination of such contaminants, such as surfactants. 
     The invented measures can also remove dust-like impurities from the process liquid. Such impurities can, for example, be caused in the course of manufacturing the containers by shaping or cutting process steps like cutting, milling, drilling or the like. The manufacturing of containers can cause e.g. glass of metal dust, especially aluminium dust, which dust can be introduced into the method for treating foods and containers along with the containers. 
     Finally, the invented measures can effectively hinder dirtying of the outside of the containers as well as dirtying of the surfaces of the device for treating the foods and containers by the process liquid itself. This brings further advantages in regard to any secondary treatment or additional cleaning actions, whose extent can at least be reduced. Where appropriate, the invented measures can make secondary cleaning of the containers with washing chemicals and/or sterilisation of the containers superfluous. 
     The additional measure of filling the products or food to be treated into containers before the treatment, closing the containers, and applying the process liquid to the outside of the containers in such a way that the process liquid flows around the outside of the containers represents a particularly efficient measure for treating foods, since an already filled trade product can be put out after the treatment. In addition, this way the risk of recontamination of the foods during a filling step following the treatment can be ruled out. 
     By setting the temperature of the process liquid before treatment of the food and executing the treatment of the food through indirect heat transfer using the process liquid, direct contact between the food and heating and/or cooling means or the process liquid can be avoided. Furthermore, this characteristic of the method is an effective means for setting a treatment temperature for the food and the food can be treated particularly efficiently in this way 
     It can further be advisable to pasteurise the food in at least one treatment zone using heated process liquid. This can achieve a longer shelf life for the foods. 
     Setting the temperatures of the liquid streams of the process liquid separately in a controlled manner before feeding them into a treatment zone has the advantage that the overall procedure for treating the foods or containers is easier to control. In particular, this can prevent un-wanted damage to the foods and/or containers because of overly quick or high temperature changes. 
     It can be useful especially in regard to pasteurisation of food to successively heat up the foods being treated, especially luxury food products, in at least one treatment zone, to pasteurise them in at least one treatment zone, and to cool them in at least one treatment. On the one hand, slow heating in at least one heating zone can guarantee gentle heating of the foods. On the other hand, active cooling in at least one cooling zone after pasteurisation can effectively prevent so-called “over-pasteurisation” because of foods being at a high temperature for too long of a time. Such over-pasteurisation often caused unwanted changes in the food and can negatively influence the flavour and/or smell of the food. The disclosed process steps for sequential treatment of foodstuffs, especially luxury food products, allows well-controlled and gentle process guidance for the foodstuffs. For example, the temperature of the process liquid can be increased step by step from room temperature to, for example, 65° C. for multiple heating zones, in one or more zones the process liquid can be introduced at a pasteurising temperature such as 80 to 85° C. and then the process liquid can be introduced into multiple cooling zones for the foodstuffs or containers, again in the form of zones, with sequentially lower temperatures for cooling the foods or containers. 
     Alternatively to the stated temperature ranges, which are given as examples for the pasteurisation of food, other temperature ranges can of course also be advisable for other treatment processes. Another example given at this juncture is superheated steam sterilisation, in which the process liquid or process water reaches temperatures above 100° C. such that at least in the sterilisation zones process water acts on the containers in a gaseous state. 
     It has proven particularly practical if a liquid stream is fed into at least one treatment zone for heating the foods and/or the containers at a temperature between 40° C. and 50° C. This provides particularly gentle pre-heating of the food and allows large temperature differences or temperature jumps to be avoided in the course of pre-heating the food or the containers. 
     In regard to cleaning efficiency for the process liquid during continuous treatment, it can be advisable to select the process liquid quantities used to form at least one stream of the process liquid out of at least one element holding and/or conducting the process liquid during continuous treatment per time unit in such a way that the filtration of the stream or streams allow a removal rate for micro-organisms to be achieved that is larger than the growth rate of these Micro-organisms in the Process liquid in the same time interval. This in particular allows the total quantity of micro-organisms in the process liquid to be minimised as much as possible and an increase in the total quantity of micro-organisms in the process liquid during continuous treatment of the foods and/or containers to be effectively prevented. 
     Surprisingly, it has been shown that filtration of a relatively small partial quantity of the process liquid per time unit out of the total liquid streams of the process liquid conducted through the device or treatment zones per time unit is entirely sufficient to achieve an adequate filtration result and to obtain a process liquid with adequate purity. This way the size and/or the number of membrane filtration system(s) can be kept comparatively small without having to compromise on the purity of the process liquid. In addition, the amount of energy used to clean the process liquid can be further reduced. 
     It can also be useful to select or set the quantity of process liquid used to form at least one stream of the process liquid to be filtered out of at least one element containing or conducting the process liquid per time unit in such a way that—based on the total process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones per time unit—at least 1% and less than 25% per time unit is used to form at least one stream of the process liquid and this partial quantity of the process liquid formed per time unit is filtered by at least one membrane filtration system. This can ensure on the one hand that a sufficiently high number of impurities, especially small particles, are removed from the process liquid during ongoing treatment. On the other hand, this can also avoid overly laborious structural design of a membrane filtration system or the use of a large number of membrane filtration systems. Finally, this percentage range for filtered quantities of process liquid per time unit gives a range within which a reasonable adjustment of various process directions and process aims can be undertaken, especially the initial quality of the process liquid and the contamination rate existing in the treatment method itself. It is preferable to set the quantity of process liquid used to form at least one stream of the process liquid to be filtered out of at least one element containing or conducting the process liquid per time unit in such a way that—based on the total process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones per time unit—between 2% and 10%, and especially between 2.5% and 7% per time unit is used to form at least one stream of the process liquid and this partial quantity of the process liquid formed per time unit is filtered by at least one membrane filtration system. 
     It can also be useful if during continuous treatment the total volume of process liquid contained in the device for treating food or containers is conducted through one or more membrane filtration system(s) and filtered at least 1 time and preferably between 2 times and 10 times per day. This way it can again be ensured that depending on various process parameters, for example on the initial quality of the process liquid, on the contamination rate in the treatment method itself, and especially on the micro-organism growth rate in the process liquid, a sufficient quantity of the process liquid can be cleaned by forming at least one stream and filtering the formed stream or the formed streams using at least one membrane filtration system. 
     In principle, a membrane filtration system can be connected in series on the inlet side to an element holding or conducting the process liquid, such as piping. In this case, the entire liquid stream of the process liquid flowing through this conduction element or piping is conducted through the membrane filtration system and filtered. 
     Alternatively, a membrane filtration system can also be operatively connected parallel to a conduction element holding the process liquid so that a partial quantity of the process liquid out of the liquid stream of the process liquid can be used to form and filter the least one stream of the process liquid to be filtered per time unit. Here it can be advantageous if at least one adjustable splitting means or multiple co-operating splitting means are used to separate out a specifiable quantity of the process liquid from at least one element holding or conducting the process liquid in a controlled manner per time unit and to form at least one stream of the process liquid. In this way the partial quantity of process liquid separated out from a liquid stream of the process liquid per time unit can be specified and controlled in a precise manner. However, it is also advantageous here that the partial quantity of process liquid separated out per time unit can be adjusted to the current conditions and varied. In this way capacity bottlenecks can be avoided without having to accept significant compromises on quality or purity of the process liquid. 
     Regardless of the method of integration of a membrane filtration system into the device for treating foods and containers, it can be useful to use or remove the partial quantities of process liquid for forming at least one stream of the process liquid to be filtered at a process liquid temperature of less than 80° C. and especially less than 50° C. This can considerably lengthen the operability/service life of the membrane filtration system. Above all, in this way the long-term stability of the actual filter elements of a membrane filtration system and especially the long-term stability of the actual filter membranes can be markedly improved. This is above all the case if the filter elements or filter membranes are made of plastic. This way a costly replacement of filter membranes or filter membrane modules can be avoided or delayed for as long as possible. 
     If other materials are used for the filter elements or filter membranes, e.g. if ceramic materials are used, the process liquid can also have higher temperatures such as 100° C. or more. Such temperatures are typical in, for example, superheated steam sterilisation. 
     In a further development, however, it can also be provided that process liquid with a temperature between 40° C. and 50° C. be used to form at least one stream of the process liquid to be filtered. Particularly good filtration results can be achieved through membrane filtration or micro- and/or ultrafiltration at a process liquid temperature in this range. This is because, among other reasons, blockage of filter membranes due to lubricants such as paraffin or waxes can be avoided in this temperature range. Such lubricants are often used during manufacturing of containers, sometimes remain stuck to the containers after manufacturing, and can be introduced into the process liquid. Through membrane filtration of the process liquid in the stated temperature range, a process liquid with particularly low degree of contamination can be achieved. 
     Here it can also be provided that process liquid from a tempering-capable flow container be used to form at least one stream of the process liquid to be filtered. In this way the temperature of a stream of process liquid to be filtered can be purposefully set and the filtration efficiency maximised. 
     By recirculating a micro- or ultrafiltered stream of the process liquid at ambient pressure or in free fall back into at least one element holding or conducting the process liquid and/or into one treatment zone, the advantage is obtained that an additional conveying means for introducing or discharging a filtered stream into the process liquid is not needed. Micro- or ultrafiltration in a membrane filtration system necessarily leads to pressure loss across the filter system such that only low pressure exists in the outlet of the membrane filtration system. By conducting the filtered stream of the process liquid back in free fall, building additional pressure to force through a filtered stream can be omitted. This is also a variation that is structurally easy to realise. 
     It can be advisable here for a filtered stream of the process liquid to be at least partially fed into a liquid stream of the process liquid moved through a treatment zone after it acts on the foods or containers. This variation of feeding a filtered stream into a treatment zone is advantageous in particular if a liquid stream of the process liquid is introduced into the treatment zone under a certain pre-existing pressure. The pre-existing pressure may be needed, for example to atomise the process liquid in order to spray the containers as evenly as possible in the treatment zone. This variation on introducing a filtered stream is also advisable, for example, to avoid unwanted influence of the filtered stream on the foods and containers in the treatment zone. This may happen, for example, because of an unsuitable temperature level of the filtered stream of the process liquid. 
     However, it can also be advisable for filtered stream of the process liquid to be at least partially fed into a liquid stream of the process liquid moved through a treatment zone before it acts on the foods or containers. This in particular allows a process liquid with very high quality or purity and very low bacterial count to be provided for treating the foods and containers in a treatment zone. 
     In the method for treating foods and containers, at least partial feeding of a filtered stream of the process liquid into a treatment zone arranged at the end of the process to receive the products can be particularly advantageous in order to rinse or clean the outside of the closed containers filled with food product. Such a process step is typically performed near the end of a method for treating foods and containers, then a drying step or other secondary treatment step may potentially still follow. In such a process step for rinsing and washing containers, dirtying and/or contamination of the process liquid are particularly critical because under some circumstances dirt residues like bacteria or bacterial residues can remain on the surface of the container. This is why feeding a stream that has been filtered and cleaned by a membrane filtration system into such a treatment zone for rinsing containers is advantageous. 
     However, it can be just as practical if a filtered stream of the process liquid is at least partially fed into a treatment zone for cleaning and rinsing the inside and outside of unfilled containers placed at the inlet in the method for treating food and containers for holding food. Here, too, a process liquid with high purity can be used to treat the containers. 
     Another practical procedural step can be implemented if a stream of the process liquid is fed into a receiving container after filtration by the membrane filtration system and recirculated back into at least one element holding or conducting the process liquid and/or into a treatment zone via an outlet or equivalent element arranged on the receiving container. In this way a filtered reservoir of process liquid is collected or prepared that can be used for various purposes. 
     For example, a practical use for the process liquid filtrate collected in a receiving container can be achieved on one variation of an embodiment of the method by separating a membrane filtration system from the rest of the device for treating foods and/or containers at specifiable time intervals during ongoing operation to clean the filter membranes and by feeding the process liquid filtrate collected in the receiving container through a membrane filtration system by reversing the flow direction through the filter membranes in comparison to filtration, i.e. the membrane filtration system is also cleaned by backflushing the filtrate. During continuous filtration of partial streams of the process liquid, residues naturally form on the filter membranes and modules over time. Particularly small particles can also penetrate into a filter membrane or a pore channel of a filter membrane and remain there. If micro-organisms have penetrated, growth of e.g. bacterial colonies can also lead to contamination of a filter membrane. Such a process is generally called “fouling” or “bio-fouling.” Overall, residues on the membrane surface and/or particles or substances that have penetrated into and remained in a membrane lead to blockages on and in a membrane and therefore to shrinking flow capability and a reduction of the filtration performance of a filter membrane. The disclosed periodic cleaning of the filter membrane module by the collected process liquid filtrate achieved by reversing the flow direction can prevent blockages and closure of membrane pores as much as possible. Backflushing can be additionally assisted by inputting gas, for example by inputting compressed air into a filter membrane module. In addition, any potentially necessary sterilisations of a filter membrane, e.g. by chlorine, or even an expensive replacement of filter membranes or membrane modules can at least be postponed as long as possible. Finally, introducing antimicrobial silver nanoparticles into the filter membranes to prevent contamination of a filter membrane can be avoided or the use of silver nanoparticles can at least be considerably reduced. 
     Contaminated liquid waste is formed in the course of cleaning by reversing the flow direction through the filter membranes of the membrane filtration system. It can be useful to discharge this liquid waste directly from the device for treating foods and containers and replace it with a corresponding quantity of fresh process liquid. 
     It can further be advantageous to admix chemicals from one or more chemical sources using a dispensing device into a stream of the process liquid to be filtered or a filtered stream or filtrate of the process liquid if needed both in treatment and in filtration and in cleaning for the membrane filtration system. If the dispensing device is suitably arranged, for example in a diverting element for a filtered stream of the process liquid or a bypass or backflush piping linked to the diverting element, admixing from the same chemical sources can take place both in treatment and in cleaning for the membrane filtration system. The type of chemicals to be used depends on the particular need and the feeding of chemicals can be performed by an operator of the device or an automatic control device for the device as needed. Since the addition of chemicals is possible in both filtration and cleaning, a flexible, targeted dispensation of chemicals from the same chemical sources can be performed as needed. Examples of chemicals that are suitable for both cases are surfactants for general cleaning or chlorine for disinfection of the filter membranes or other elements of the device for treating foods and containers. Other typically used chemicals include, for example, organic acids for pH value stabilisation, chelating agents, corrosion inhibitors, and biocides. 
     It can further be practical to feed a filtered stream through an adsorption device after the membrane filtration in filtration mode in order to remove or separate dissolved, suspended, or dispersed substances. In particular, in this way unwanted, uncoagulated parts can be removed from the process liquid that cannot be removed by the membrane filtration system. 
     For the highest possible process security, it can be advantageous to continuously monitor the quality or purity of the process liquid using suitable sensors, at least in the feed lines and/or drains of a treatment zone and/or in a treatment zone. In particular, measurements of turbidity can be useful to determine the purity of the process liquid and the particle concentration in the process liquid. Alternatively and/or additionally, measurements on random samples of the process liquid are also useful, especially to record fluctuations in the content of bacterial cultures and determine micro-organism growth rates. 
     Another advantage arises in a design variation in which a stream of the process liquid to be filtered is formed as needed out of different conduction elements containing or conducting process liquid, is filtered by at least one membrane filtration system, and after the membrane filtration process a filtered stream is fed into at least one conduction element holding or conducting process liquid and/or at least one treatment zone. It can particularly be advantageous to integrate a membrane filtration system into the device for treating products and/or containers using mechanical switching and/or splitting means in such a way that a membrane filtration system can be assigned different and/or multiple different conduction elements for holding or conducting the process liquid and/or treatment zones. The possibility of inlet-side switching of a membrane filtration system to different sources of process liquid for forming a stream to be filtered allows quick and efficient reactions to zone-specific fluctuations in the quality and degree of contamination of the process liquid in a flexible manner, especially to fluctuations in the particle concentration. This way there exists a fundamental option of switching from one process liquid source to another process liquid source, i.e. of using different liquid streams in different conduction elements to form the stream to be filtered. If desired, however, multiple liquid streams of the process liquid can also be used simultaneously to form a stream of the process liquid to be filtered. In this case, the stream to be filtered is formed by mixing the used/removed partial quantities from the different liquid streams of the process liquid. 
     Also practical is a variation of the embodiment in which the stream of the process liquid is formed for filtration by a membrane filtration system by switching between or mixing of different liquid streams of the process liquid from different conduction elements depending on measured values obtained by in-line measurements and/or random sample measurements. It can also be advantageous to recirculate a filtered stream of the process liquid into different conduction elements or treatment zones, depending on measured values obtained by in-line measurements and/or random sample measurements, by feeding or distributing the filtered stream of the process liquid into different liquid streams of the process liquid. 
     Finally, a design variation can be practical in which a treatment zone is assigned more than one membrane filtration system and a certain quantity is removed from the liquid streams of the process liquid fed into a particular treatment zone as needed to form a stream of the process liquid to be filtered and a filtered stream is filtered by one or more membrane filtration system(s) assigned to a treatment zone. By this measure, filtration can be continued even if one of the membrane filtration systems must be separated from the device for treating products and/or containers for purposes of potentially necessary repair and/or maintenance. 
     However, the aim of the invention is also achieved by providing a device for treating foods and/or treating containers for holding foods using a process liquid in which at least one membrane filtration system is included. 
     The device comprises at least one treatment zone for treating the foods and/or the containers, a means of transport for transporting the foods and/or containers through the treatment zone(s), and conduction elements for feeding liquid streams of the process liquid into a treatment zone and conduction elements for discharging liquid streams of the process liquid out of a treatment zone. The device further comprises additional conduction elements for holding and/or conducting the process liquid in the device and at least one conveying means for conveying liquid streams of the process liquid in the conduction elements, wherein the conduction elements are designed and arranged such that the process liquid for treating the foodstuffs can be at least partially recirculated back into the treatment zone or into the treatment zones. 
     In particular, the device includes at least one membrane filtration system that is arranged in the device and operatively connected to the conduction elements and/or to the treatment zones such that at least some or all of the total process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones per time unit can be used to form at least one stream of the process liquid, the resulting stream or resulting streams are filtered by the at least one membrane filtration system and a filtered stream of the process liquid can be at least partially recirculated into one conduction element and/or one treatment zone. 
     Through these measures, a device can be prepared that is eminently suitable especially for the removal of impurities or contaminants with a very small particle size such as micro-organism colonies from the process liquid. This allows a significant improvement to be achieved compared to known devices, which are of only limited or even of no use in removing small particles from an at least partially recirculated process liquid. In addition, such a device can effectively impede contamination of the process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones. Advantageously, the micro- or ultrafiltration via the at least one membrane filtration system can be performed during ongoing operation and is comparatively efficient and energy-saving. 
     The further characteristic that at least one treatment zone is designed for application of the process liquid on the outside of closed containers, wherein the process liquid flows around the outside of a closed container, is a particularly efficient construction characteristic for treating foodstuffs, since an already finished and filled trade product can be put out after the treatment. In addition, in this way the risk of recontamination of the foodstuffs in a filling zone placed after the treatment zone(s) can be precluded and/or a filling zone placed after the treatment zones is made superfluous. 
     The process liquid can be heated by arranging or designing at least one heating means in the device. As a result of this, the heated process liquid can be used to purposefully heat the foods and containers. In addition, in this way the temperature of the process liquid can be set to a temperature level suitable for pasteurisation of the food at least for one or more treatment zones before feeding the process liquid into the relevant treatment zone. 
     The process liquid can be cooled by arranging or designing at least one cooling means in the device. As a result of this, the cooled process liquid can be used to purposefully cool the foods and containers. 
     In addition, it can be an advantage to arrange at least one treatment zone for heating the foods and/or containers, at least one treatment zone for pasteurising the foods, and at least one treatment zone for cooling the foods and/or containers in succession. This design can provide a device for treating foods and containers in which the food can be pasteurised particularly gently and damage to the pasteurised foods can be effectively prevented. 
     It can further be advisable to design the device in such a way that the number and filtration capacity of the membrane filtration system(s) are fixed such that the total process liquid quantity drawn out of at least one element containing and/or conducting the process liquid per time unit for forming at least one stream of the process liquid to be filtered during continuous treatment can be chosen such that the filtration of the stream or the streams can achieve a removal rate of micro-organisms that is greater than the growth rate of these micro-organisms in the process liquid in the same time interval. This characteristic creates a device in which the membrane filtration system(s) can keep the total quantity of micro-organisms in the process liquid as low as possible and an increase in the total quantity of micro-organisms in the process liquid during continuous treatment of the foods and/or containers is effectively prevented. 
     In addition, a design of the device can be useful in which the number and filtration capacity of the membrane filtration system(s) is fixed such that, based on the total quantity of process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones per time unit, at least 1% and less than 25% per time unit can be used to form at least one stream and this partial quantity of the process liquid formed per time unit can be filtered by the membrane filtration system(s). This can ensure on the one hand that a sufficiently high number of impurities, especially small particles, are removed from the process liquid during ongoing treatment. On the other hand, this can also avoid overly laborious structural design of a membrane filtration system or the use of a large number of membrane filtration system(s). It is preferable to set the number and total filtration capacity of the membrane filtration systems such that—based on the total process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones per time unit—between 2% and 10%, and especially between 2.5% and 7% per time unit is used to form at least one stream of the process liquid to be filtered and this partial quantity of the process liquid formed per time unit is filtered by at least one membrane filtration system. 
     It can additionally be useful to set the number and filtration capacity of the membrane filtration system(s) such that the total volume of process liquid in the device for treating foods and/or containers can be filtered at least 1 time and preferably between 2 times and 10 times per day using the membrane filtration system(s). This design of the device for treating foods and containers can ensure that depending on various process parameters, for example on the initial quality of the process liquid, the contamination rate existing in the treatment method itself, and especially the micro-organism growth rate in the process liquid, a sufficient quantity of the process liquid can be cleaned by the membrane filtration system(s). 
     A membrane filtration system can in principle be connected on the inlet side both in series and in parallel with an element holding or conducting the process liquid. It can be an advantage here to arrange at least one adjustable splitting means and/or multiple co-operating splitting means on the inlet side of a membrane filtration system for controlled removal of a specifiable process liquid quantity per time unit out of at least one conduction element holding or conducting the process liquid and for formation of a stream of process liquid to be filtered. This design feature allows the partial quantity removed from a liquid stream of the process liquid per time unit to be controlled very precisely and adjusted to the particular immediate conditions. 
     It can further be advantageous for forming a stream of the process liquid to be filtered to operatively connect the at least one membrane filtration system to places with conduction elements where the process liquid held or conducted in the conduction elements has a temperature of less than 80° C. and especially less than 50° C. This way the operability and service life of a membrane filtration system can be considerably extended, especially if the filter elements or filter membranes are made of plastic. If other materials are used for the filter elements or filter membranes, e.g. if ceramic materials are used, the process liquid can also have higher temperatures such as 100° C. or more. Such temperatures are typical in, for example, superheated steam sterilisation. 
     In a further development it can be provided that a feeding element of a membrane filtration system be connected to a tempering-capable flow container for the process liquid. This way the temperature of a stream of process liquid to be filtered can be purposefully set using the tempering-capable flow container and the filtration efficiency optimised. 
     Another design of the device that can be advantageous is one in which, to recirculate a filtered stream of the process liquid after completed filtration, draining elements out of at least one membrane filtration system are connected to at least one conduction element and/or at least one treatment zone in such a way that the at least one filtered stream of the process liquid can be fed into the conduction element(s) and/or the treatment zone(s) under the influence of gravity in free fall. This makes it possible for an additional conveying means for bringing in or away a filtered stream of the process liquid to be made superfluous, resulting in a structurally simple to realise variation and an efficient variation of the device. 
     For example, at least one membrane filtration system can be operatively connected on the inlet side to an opening in a treatment zone such that a filtered stream of the process liquid can flow off into the treatment zone. The opening in a treatment zone can be placed, for example, on an upper end of the treatment zone such that a filtered stream of the process liquid can be at least partially fed into a liquid stream of the process liquid that is moved through a treatment zone before it acts on the foods and containers. On the other hand, however, it can also be practical to place the opening at a lower end of the treatment zone to avoid unwanted, e.g. thermal influence of the filtered stream on the foods and containers in the treatment zone. 
     Another advantageous design of the device can be provided by designing at least one treatment zone for rinsing the outside of closed containers filled with foodstuffs, which at least one treatment zone is placed at the end of the treatment zone line in the transport direction of the containers through the treatment zones and which is connected to at least one draining element of a membrane filtration system in order to rinse the containers by feeding in a filtered stream of the process liquid. This provides a treatment zone for the final cleaning of the outside of the containers using a filtered stream of the process liquid in which the outside of the containers can be rinsed by a process liquid with very high purity and with low germ content. 
     It can, however, also be useful to arrange at least one treatment zone for cleaning the inside and outside of unfilled and open containers in the device for treating the foods and containers, which at least one treatment zone is placed at the start of the treatment zone line in the transport direction of the containers through the treatment zones and which is connected to at least one draining element of a membrane filtration system in order to clean the containers by feeding in a filtered stream of the process liquid. This design variation of the device creates a treatment zone in which the containers can be treated with a process liquid with high purity. 
     A variation of the design in which a receiving container with an overflow is arranged in a draining element of the at least one membrane filtration system can also be of advantage. This way a filtered reservoir of process liquid can be collected and provided to be used for various purposes. 
     For the purposes of cleaning a membrane filtration system, it can for example be advisable to place closures in the feeding elements and draining elements to operatively separate the at least one membrane filtration system from the rest of the device and to place at least one conveying means in the receiving container and/or backflush piping extending between the receiving container and the draining element of the membrane filtration system that is designed to transport the process liquid filtrate collected in the receiving container in the opposite direction—compared to the flow direction through the filter membranes during filtration—through the at least one membrane filtration system. In this way, a membrane filtration system can be cleaned through backflushing using the filtrate during ongoing treatment by the device for treating the foods and containers. This way e.g. blockages in a membrane or the closure of pores in a membrane can be prevented as much as possible without having to interrupt the treatment. 
     However, filtration can also be performed during backflushing/cleaning if multiple systems are operated at the same time/in parallel. 
     It can further be practical to discharge the liquid waste accrued in the course of cleaning by reversing the flow direction through the filter membranes of the membrane filtration system, to assign at least one closable liquid waste line to the membrane filtration system, and to place at least one closable feed device in the device to replace the discharged liquid waste with fresh process liquid. This makes it possible to discharge the liquid waste directly from the device for treating foods and containers and replace it with a corresponding quantity of fresh process liquid. 
     It can also be useful to place a dispensing device in a draining element and/or in the backflush piping of the at least one membrane filtration system through which the process liquid or a filtrate of the process liquid can be admixed with chemicals from one or more chemical sources both during filtration and when cleaning the membrane filtration system. By installing a dispensing device connected to the chemical source(s), chemicals like chloride, biocides, surfactants, and other active chemicals can be admixed with the process liquid as needed both during filtration and when cleaning a membrane filtration system. 
     Additionally, a design can be advantageous in which an adsorption device is placed in a drainage element for draining a filtered stream of process liquid out of a membrane filtration system. In this way unwanted, uncoagulated parts can be removed from the process liquid that cannot be removed by the membrane filtration system. For example, carbon compounds can be removed from the process liquid using activated charcoal in such an adsorption device. 
     For better process security, it can be useful to place sensors in conduction elements and/or in treatment zones for continuous monitoring of the degree of contamination, especially by measuring the turbidity of the process liquid. This way the degree of contamination of the process liquid can be recorded and continuously monitored at least in sections. 
     Another advantageous design can be formed by assigning at least one switching means to a feeding element of a membrane filtration system that is operatively connected to at least two different conduction elements holding the process liquid in such a way that the stream of process liquid to be filtered can be formed as desired either from one of the liquid streams or multiple liquid streams of the process liquid in the conduction elements or from multiple liquid streams of the process liquid. This allows the membrane filtration system to be switched on the inlet side to different sources of the process liquid to form a filtered stream. In this way, for example, quick and efficient reactions are possible to zone-specific fluctuations in quality and degree of contamination of the process liquid, especially to fluctuations in the particle concentration. 
     Another design that is of advantage can be formed by assigning at least one mixing means to a feeding element of a membrane filtration system that is operatively connected to at least two different conduction elements holding the process liquid in such a way that a stream of process liquid to be filtered can be formed as desired either from one of the liquid streams or multiple liquid streams of the process liquid in the conduction elements or a stream of the process liquid to be filtered by the membrane filtration system can be formed by removing and mixing specifiable partial quantities from multiple liquid streams of the process liquid. This allows simultaneous removal of partial quantities of process liquid from different conduction elements and the formation of a stream of the process liquid to be filtered by mixing the removed partial quantities of process liquid. 
     However, it can also be advisable to assign at least one switching means to a draining element of a membrane filtration system that is operatively connected to at least one conduction element holding process liquid and/or at least one treatment zone in such a way that feeding a filtered stream of the process liquid into the at least one conduction element and/or the at least one treatment zone can be controlled. In this way a filtered stream of the process liquid can be fed as needed into one or more conduction element(s) and/or one or more treatment zone(s). This can be practical, for example, to set specific temperatures in sections for the process liquid in the device for treating foods and containers. In general, this design can provide a device in which a filtered stream of the process liquid can be directed into different conduction elements or treatment zones as needed. 
     However, another design variation can be of advantage in which at least one splitting means is assigned to a draining element of a membrane filtration system which is operatively connected to at least one conduction element holding the process liquid and/or at least one treatment zone in such a way that feeding a filtered stream of the process liquid into the at least one conduction element and/or the at least one treatment zone can be controlled or specifiable quantities of the filtered stream of process liquid can be fed into the at least one conduction element and/or the at least one treatment zone. This characteristic can provide a device in which the purposeful feeding of specific partial quantities of a filtered stream of the process liquid into various conduction elements and/or treatment zones in a controlled manner is facilitated. 
     Finally, the aim of the invention is also achieved by using a membrane filtration system for continuous recycling of a process liquid in a device for treating foods and containers for holding foods using the process liquid. This way the process liquid in the device for treating foods and containers for holding foods can be continuously cleaned in a particularly efficient way. 
     To facilitate better understanding of the invention, it will be explained in detail using the figures below. 
    
    
     
       Extremely simplified, schematic depictions show the following: 
         FIG. 1  An example embodiment of a known device for treating foods and/or containers with treatment zones in an extremely simplified, schematic, and not-to-scale depiction: 
         FIG. 2  A sample, well-known P&amp;ID diagram of a device for treating foods and/or containers in an extremely simplified depiction; 
         FIG. 3  Excerpts of a partial diagram of a device with membrane filtration systems in an extremely simplified depiction; 
         FIG. 4  Excerpts of another partial diagram of a device with membrane filtration systems in an extremely simplified depiction; 
         FIG. 5  Excerpts of another partial diagram of a device with membrane filtration systems in an extremely simplified depiction; 
         FIG. 6  Excerpts of another partial diagram of a device with membrane filtration systems in an extremely simplified depiction; 
         FIG. 7  Excerpts of another partial diagram of a device with membrane filtration systems in an extremely simplified depiction; 
         FIG. 8  Excerpts of another partial diagram of a device with membrane filtration systems in an extremely simplified depiction; 
         FIG. 9  An design of a membrane filtration system, schematic and in an extremely simplified depiction; 
         FIG. 10  Excerpts of another partial diagram of a device with membrane filtration systems in an extremely simplified depiction; 
         FIG. 11  Excerpts of another partial diagram of a device with membrane filtration systems in an extremely simplified depiction. 
     
    
    
     In introduction, let it be noted that in the variously described embodiments, identical parts are provided with identical reference signs or identical part names, and that the disclosures contained in the description as a whole can be carried over analogously to identical parts with identical reference signs or identical part names. Likewise, positional information selected in the description, e.g. above, below, on the side, etc. refer to the directly described and depicted figure and if the position is changed, this positional information carries over analogously to the new position. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of an arrangement of treatment zones of a device  1  for treating foods and/or treating containers  2  for holding foods in a schematic and extremely simplified depiction. The foods and containers  2  are treated by a process liquid  3  in at least one treatment zone  4 . In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 1  the foodstuffs to be treated are located in closed containers  2  and are treated using a process liquid  3  by having a liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  flow around the outside  6  of the containers  2 . In the example embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1 , the liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  through a treatment zone  4  is generated by the process liquid  3  being split by splitting devices such as spray nozzles  7  on the top of the treatment zone  4  and the liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  traversing the treatment zones  4  from top to bottom. A liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  is fed into a treatment zone  4  using structurally suitable conduction elements  8  like piping connected to the spray nozzles  7 . In an analogous manner, after passing through a treatment zone  4  a liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  is removed from a treatment zone  4  again by means of other conduction elements  8  assigned to the bottom of a treatment zone  4 . The conduction elements  8  provided to drain a liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  out of a treatment zone  4  can be formed by, for example, collecting tubs  9  that collect the liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  sprinkling through a treatment zone  4  at the bottom of the treatment zone  4 . The process liquid  3  caught by the collecting tubs  8 ,  9  can then be discharged out of a treatment zone  4  by conduction elements  8  or piping  8  connected to the collecting tubs  8 ,  9 , as shown schematically in  FIG. 1 . 
     The containers  2  can be transported through the treatment zones  4  using suitable means of transport  10  such as conveying means belts or the like, e.g. on two levels from left to right as shown in  FIG. 1  by the arrows  26 . 
     Alternately to the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , a treatment zone for treating the foods using a process liquid can naturally be created in other ways as well. For example, a treatment zone for treating a liquid foodstuff can be designed as a heat exchanger in which the liquid foodstuff and the process liquid are conducted past each other while materially separated, as is for example typical when pasteurising milk. The description of the invented device  1  using the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1  is continued below, though it is noted at this juncture that the invention is not limited to the example embodiments specifically depicted below but also comprises alternative designs. 
     In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , the two treatment zones  4  depicted on the left side in  FIG. 1  can be used e.g. for successive heating of the containers  2  or the foods found in the containers. The treatment zone  4  depicted in the middle of  FIG. 1  can be used e.g. for pasteurising foods and the two treatment zones  4  depicted on the right side in  FIG. 1  can be used for sequential cooling of the foods and containers. The corresponding treatment steps for heating, pasteurising, and cooling can be executed by feeding a suitably tempered liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  in the relevant treatment zone  4 . It can be practical for a liquid stream  5  to be fed into at least one treatment zone  4  for heating the foods and/or containers at a temperature between 40° C. and 50° C. 
     To feed a liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  into the relevant treatment zone  4 , conveying means  11  can be assigned to the treatment zones  4  as can be seen in the flow diagram depicted in  FIG. 2 . To avoid unnecessary repetition, the same reference symbols and part names will be used for the same parts in  FIG. 2  as in the preceding  FIG. 1 , with only three treatment zones  4  being depicted in  FIG. 2  for greater clarity. The treatment zone  4  depicted in  FIG. 2  left can again be used, for example, for heating the containers or foods, while the treatment zone  4  drawn in  FIG. 2  middle can be provided for pasteurisation and the treatment zone  4  drawn in  FIG. 2  right can be provided for cooling the containers and foods. 
     The example embodiment of a flow diagram of a device  1  shown in  FIG. 2  comprises a heating means  12  for heating the process liquid  3  and a cooling means  13  for cooling the process liquid  3 . In the case of the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the process liquid  3  is fed into and/or conducted through the heating means  12  by an additional conveying means  11  out of a conduction element  8  in the form of a liquid tank  14  via conduction elements  8  in the form of piping or the like. The process liquid  3  in the heating means  12  can be heated in a great variety of ways, for example by heat transfer to the process liquid through a heating medium, for example saturated steam. In principle, any source of heat can be used to heat the process liquid  3 , though it can be practical for pasteurising food for the heating means  12  for heating the process liquid  3  to be set to a temperature of at least 80° C. After running through the heating means  12 , the liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  heated in this way can be fed into the treatment zones  4  through conduction elements  8 , e.g. piping. 
     Other methods for treating the foods and containers are also conceivable alternately or additionally to the example embodiments shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . For example, a process liquid, especially process water for treating foods and/or containers can also be heated above the boiling point of the process water, so to a temperature above 100° C., and fed into a treatment zone as superheated steam. This may be practical for purposes of e.g. sterilisation. In another example, dipping methods are also possible in which containers holding food are dipped into the process liquid. 
     To cool the process liquid  3 , the process liquid  3  can be fed into the cooling means  13  as shown in  FIG. 2 , for example out of a liquid tank  15 . In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the cooling means  13  is connected to the liquid tank, for example a cold water tank  15 , by conduction elements  8  in such a way that a liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  can be removed by a conveying means  11  from the liquid tank  15  and returned to the liquid tank  15  after completed cooling of the liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3 . The cooling means  13  can, for example, be executed as a cooling tower or heat exchanger in which the process liquid  3  is cooled by air or another cooling medium flowing in the opposite direction. 
     As can further be seen from  FIG. 2 , the conduction elements  8  for holding and conducting the process liquid  3  or the liquid streams  5  of the process liquid  3  in the device  1  are designed or arranged such that the process liquid  3  can be at least partially recirculated into the treatment zones  4  again. For better clarity, the flow directions for the liquid streams  5  of the process liquid  3  for the treatment mode of device  1  are indicated in  FIG. 2  by arrows. Closable emptying devices  16  are provided to discharge a partial quantity of the process liquid  3  and at least one closable conduction element  8  designed as a feeding device  17  is arranged to feed in fresh process liquid  3 . In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , flow regulator apparatuses  18  are provided in the conduction elements  8  placed on an inlet side of the treatment zones  4 , by which flow regulator apparatuses  18  the liquid streams  5  of the process liquid  3  can be mixed at different temperature levels in a controlled manner. This makes it possible to purposefully set the temperature of the liquid streams  5  of the process liquid  3  separately for each treatment zone  4 . In place of the depicted flow regulator apparatuses  18 , three-way mixing valves or other suitable means can be provided for controlled mixing and setting of the temperature of a liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3 . 
     Of course, the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  only shows one design of a device  1  for treating products and containers. For example, for some embodiments of devices for treating foods and/or containers it is typical to feed a liquid stream directly into another treatment zone after it is drained from one treatment zone. This is useful, for example, if a liquid stream of the process liquid drained out of a treatment zone has a temperature level suitable for treating the foods and/or containers in another treatment zone. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the device  1  includes at least one membrane filtration system  19 , wherein the at least one membrane filtration system  19  is arranged in the device  1  and operatively connected to the conduction elements  8  and/or to the treatment zones  4  such that at least some or all of the total process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones  4  per time unit can be used and/or removed to form at least one stream  20  of the process liquid, the resulting stream  20  or resulting streams  20  are filtered by the at least one membrane filtration system  19  and a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid can be at least partially recirculated into one conduction element  8  and/or one treatment zone  4 .  FIG. 3  uses the same reference signs and part names for the same parts as were used in the preceding  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . To avoid unnecessary repetition, please refer to the detailed description in the above  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
     In principle, any given liquid stream  5  of the process liquid can be used to form a stream  20  of the process liquid to be filtered and/or partial quantities of the process liquid can be taken from any liquid stream  5  to form a stream  20  to be filtered. Likewise, a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid can in principle be returned to any conduction element  8  for the process liquid and/or to any treatment zone  4 . However, certain variations of incorporating one or more membrane filtration system(s)  19  offer advantages that are explained in more detail below using additional example embodiments depicted in the figures. 
     It is preferable for the number and filtration capacity of the membrane filtration system(s)  19  in the device  1  to be fixed or designed such that the total process liquid quantity drawn out of at least one element  8  holding and/or conducting the process liquid per time unit for forming at least one stream  20  of the process liquid  3  during continuous treatment can be chosen such that the filtration of the stream  20  or the streams  20  can achieve a removal rate of microorganisms that is greater than the growth rate of these micro-organisms in the process liquid  3  in the same interval. 
     The number and the filtration capacity of the membrane filtration system(s)  19  can also be chosen or fixed such that, based on the total quantity of process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones  4  per time unit, at least 1% and less than 25% per time unit can be used to form at least one stream  20  to be filtered and this partial quantity of the process liquid formed per time unit can be filtered by the membrane filtration system(s)  19 . A particularly advantageous design is one where, based on the total process liquid conducted through all existing treatment zones per time unit, between 2% and 10%, and especially between 2.5% and 7% per time unit is used to form at least one stream  20  of the process liquid and this partial quantity of the process liquid formed per time unit is filtered by at least one membrane filtration system  19 . 
     Additionally, it is preferable to set the number and filtration capacity of the membrane filtration system(s)  19  such that the total volume of process liquid in the device  1  for treating foods and/or containers can be filtered at least 1 time and preferably between 2 times and 10 times per day using the membrane filtration system(s)  19 . 
     One option for forming and filtering a stream  20  of the process liquid is shown in  FIG. 3 , in which  FIG. 3  e.g. two membrane filtration systems  19  are placed in a device  1  for treating foods and/or containers of which excerpts are shown.  FIG. 3  uses the same reference symbols and part names for the same parts as were used in the preceding  FIGS. 1 and 2 . To avoid unnecessary repetition, please refer to the detailed description in the above  FIG. 1, 2 . 
     In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the two membrane filtration systems  19  depicted are placed bypass-like between a conduction element  8  conducting a liquid stream  5  and a treatment zone  4  (left in  FIG. 3 ) or another conduction element  8  (right in  FIG. 3 ). In the example embodiment shown, suitable splitting means  21  are used to remove a partial quantity of a liquid stream  5  of the process liquid per time unit to form a stream  19  to be filtered and to filter it using a membrane filtration system  19 . In doing so, feeding element  22  of the membrane filtration system  19  can be operatively connected to a conduction element  9  for the process liquid or also to a treatment zone. 
     For controlled removal of a partial quantity out of the liquid stream  5  to form a stream  20 , something like a splitting means  21  in the form of a flow regulator apparatus  18  can be placed in a feeding element  22  into a membrane filtration system  19 , as shown on the left in  FIG. 3 . Alternately, as shown for example on the right in  FIG. 3 , a three-way splitting valve  23  can also be used as a splitting means  21 . A splitting means  21  in the form of a conveying means  11  or pump can also be arranged to work together with a valve  18 ,  23  in order to allow controlled removal of a partial quantity of the process liquid out of the conduction element  8 . In principle, a splitting means  21  designed as a conveying means  11  can also be used by itself. Preferably, however, the placement of an additional conveying means  11  in a feeding element  22  of a membrane filtration system  19  is omitted and, as shown on the left in  FIG. 3 , the removal of a partial quantity of the process liquid is accomplished using a conveying means  11  placed in a conduction element  8  of the device  1 . 
     After completed filtration, a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid is recirculated into a treatment zone  4  like in the example shown on the left in  FIG. 3  and/or into a conduction element  8  as in the example shown on the right in  FIG. 3 . A draining element  24  of a membrane filtration system  19  can again be operatively connected to a treatment zone  4  or to a conduction element  8  for the process liquid. 
     The treatment zone  4  shown on the left in  FIG. 3  can again, for example, be designed as a heating zone for the foods or containers, the treatment zone  4  shown in the middle of  FIG. 3  can be for pasteurising the food, and the treatment zone  4  shown on the right in  FIG. 3  can be for cooling the foods or containers. Accordingly, during ongoing treatment mode of the device  1  the pasteurisation zone  4  placed in the middle is fed a liquid stream  5  of a high-temperature process liquid, while the treatment zones  4  for heating and cooling the foods and containers are fed liquid streams  5  at comparably low temperatures. 
     As indicated in  FIG. 3 , in order especially to spare the membrane filtration system  19  a liquid stream  5  at a relatively low temperature can preferably be used to form a stream  20  of the process liquid to be filtered. In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the feeding elements  22  of the depicted membrane filtration systems  19  are operatively connected to the conduction elements  8  leading to the heating and cooling treatment zones, i.e. the treatment zones  4  depicted on the left and right, respectively, in  FIG. 3 . The two conduction elements  8  to which the feeding elements  22  are connected each contain one liquid stream  5  with a relatively low temperature process liquid. It is preferable for forming a stream  20  of the process liquid to be filtered for the at least one membrane filtration system  19  to be operatively connected to conduction elements  8  at places where the process liquid held or conducted in the conduction elements  8  has a temperature of less than 80° C. and especially less than 50° C. It is preferable for the at least one membrane filtration system for forming a stream  20  of the process liquid to be filtered to be operatively connected to locations with conduction elements  8  of the device  1  in such a way as to ensure that process liquids with a temperature between 40° C. and 50° C. are used to form at least one stream  20  to be filtered. As has been shown, membrane filtration and the filtration performance of a stream  20  of process liquid is particularly efficient in this temperature range. 
     As is further shown in  FIG. 3 , it can further be provided that a feeding element  22  of a membrane filtration system  19  be connected to a tempering-capable flow container  47  for the process liquid. Such a flow container  47  can, for example, be designed as a buffer with integrated heat exchanger or as a buffer with integrated electric heating or the like. In this way a stream  20  to be filtered can be formed by using the process liquid from the flow container  47 . 
     Alternatively to the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , an entire liquid stream  5  of the process liquid can be used to form a stream  20  of the process liquid to be filtered, as is shown schematically in  FIG. 4 . In the example shown in  FIG. 4 , the membrane filtration system  19  is placed in series in a conduction element  8  leading to a treatment zone and/or its feeding element  22  and draining element are each connected to a conduction element  8  leading to a treatment zone  4 . This way the entire liquid stream  5  of the process liquid  3  conducted through the conduction element  8  is directed through the membrane filtration system  19  and in the example shown in  FIG. 4  fed into a treatment zone  4  after completed membrane filtration. In such an arrangement of a membrane filtration system  19 , providing an additional conveying means  11  to bring the process liquid  3  into a treatment zone  4  after completed micro- and ultrafiltration can be necessary because of the loss of pressure over the membrane filtration system  19 . 
     Advantageously, feeding a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid into a treatment zone  4  after completed filtration can be accomplished without a conveying means  11 . For this purpose, it can be useful for the draining elements  24  of a membrane filtration system  19  to be connected e.g. to a treatment zone  4  in such a way that at least one filtered stream  46  of the process liquid can be fed into the treatment zone  4  under the influence of gravity, in free fall. Such an example embodiment is shown in  FIG. 5 ; to avoid unnecessary repetitions,  FIG. 5  once again uses the same reference signs and part names for the same parts as are used in the preceding  FIGS. 1 and 4 .  FIG. 5  depicts an example embodiment of a technical connection of a membrane filtration system  19  to a treatment zone  4  in which a draining element  24  leading from the membrane filtration system  19  to the treatment zone  4  is arranged in such a way that a constant gradient from top to bottom in the direction from the membrane filtration system  19  to the treatment zone  4  is formed, as a result of which the stream  46  of the process liquid  3  conducted away from the membrane filtration system  19  to the treatment zone  4  and filtered can flow under the influence of gravity. To introduce the filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  into the treatment zone  4 , one or more opening(s)  25  in the treatment zone  4  can or could easily be designed in the treatment zone  4  or connected to the draining elements  24  so that the filtered stream  46  can flow into the treatment zone  4 . 
       FIG. 6  depicts excerpts of another, potentially independent embodiment of the device  1 , where once again the same reference signs and part names are used for the same parts as have been used in the preceding  FIGS. 1 to 5 . To avoid unnecessary repetition, please refer to the detailed description in the above  FIGS. 1 to 5 .  FIG. 6  shows, in the example embodiment depicted in  FIG. 5 , an arrangement for feeding a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  into a conduction element  8  for the process liquid  3 , for example a liquid tank  15 . The draining elements  24  again extend from top to bottom in a constant gradient from the membrane filtration system  19  down to the liquid tank  8 ,  15  so that the filtered stream  46  can flow through the opening(s)  25  in the liquid tank  8 ,  15 . 
       FIG. 7  depicts excerpts of another, potentially independent embodiment of the device  1 , where once again the same reference signs and part names are used for the same parts as have been used in the preceding  FIGS. 1 to 6 . To avoid unnecessary repetition, please refer to the detailed description in the above  FIGS. 1 to 6 . In  FIG. 7 , a treatment zone  4  is arranged for rinsing the outside  6  of the closed containers  2  filled with food, which at least one treatment zone  4  is arranged at the end of the treatment zone line in the transport direction  26  of the containers  2  through the treatment zones  4 . A filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  is fed into the treatment zone  4  to clean the containers  2 . The treatment zone  4  is again operatively connected to a draining element  24  of a membrane filtration system  19  for this purpose. In addition, the treatment zone  4  can be assigned e.g. a fan  27  for drying the containers  2  with drying air or another drying device. 
       FIG. 8  depicts excerpts of another, potentially independent embodiment of the device  1 , where once again the same reference signs and part names are used for the same parts as have been used in the preceding  FIGS. 1 to 7 . To avoid unnecessary repetition, please refer to the detailed description in the above  FIGS. 1 to 7 .  FIG. 8  depicts a treatment zone  4  for rinsing or cleaning the inside  28  and the outside  6  of unfilled and open containers  2 , wherein the depicted treatment zone  4  is arranged at the start of the treatment zone line in the transport direction  26  of the containers  2  through the treatment zones  4 . A filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  is again fed into the treatment zone  4  to clean the open containers  2 . The treatment zone  4  is again operatively connected to a draining element  24  of a membrane filtration system  19  for this purpose. 
       FIG. 9  depicts an example′embodiment of a design of a membrane filtration system  19 . To avoid unnecessary repetitions, please refer again to the detailed description in the preceding  FIGS. 1 to 8 , where the same reference signs and part names are used for the same parts as in the preceding  FIGS. 1 to 8 . As already explained in detail, during filtration the membrane filtration system  19  is fed a stream  20  of the process liquid to be filtered  3  through the feeding elements  22 , wherein a partial quantity fed in per time unit can be specified e.g. using a flow regulator apparatus  18 . The stream  20  of the process liquid  3  to be filtered can, for example, be directed by a three-way valve  29  into a pressure vessel  30  in which filter membrane modules  31  are arranged to filter the process liquid  3 . 
     The filter membrane modules  31  shown in  FIG. 9  can consist of a great variety of membranes. The construction of the membranes can be homogeneous or inhomogeneous and can exhibit different symmetries in cross-section. In particular, porous membranes in capillary or hollow fibre form and/or flat membranes can be used. The membranes can be made out of various materials. Examples of suitable membrane materials are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyether sulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EDPM), polyurethane, or cellulose acetate. It is preferable to use membrane materials that are hydrophilic. Alternately and/or additionally to plastic membranes, ceramic materials can also be used to form the membranes of the filter membrane modules  31 . Particularly suitable are chlorine-resistant membrane materials that can withstand a chlorine exposure of more than 200,000 ppm*h and preferably more than 2,000,000 ppm*h. 
     The depicted example embodiments show operation of the device  1  and the membrane filtration system(s)  19  under high pressure. Alternately or additionally, low pressure zones can also be arranged in at least sections of the device  1 ; running a membrane filtration system  19  at low pressure is particularly conceivable. For example, suction devices (not shown) can be placed in the draining elements  24 , by which a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  can be suctioned from a filter membrane module  31 . For this reason, the filter membranes of the filter membrane modules  31  are preferably designed to withstand high and low pressure and suited for trans-membrane pressures and pressure differences of at least 1,000 mbar without permanent blocking of the membranes during ongoing operation of the membrane filtration system  19 . Where needed, membranes suitable for pressures of e.g. 2,000 mbar and up to 5,000 mbar over the particular membrane can also be used. During filtration, the transmembrane pressure difference should preferably be less than 5 bar, especially less than 2 bar, and particularly preferably 1 bar or less. It is preferable to use porous membranes, with the effective pore diameter of a particular membrane lying in a range between 0.01 □m and 1 □m, membranes with effective pore diameters between 0.05 □m and 0.5 □m are particularly suitable for the filter membrane modules  31  of the membrane filtration system(s)  19 . 
     The example embodiment shown in  FIG. 9  depicts what is called the “outside-in” mode of the membrane filtration system  19 , in which the stream  20  of the process liquid  3  to be filtered enters the filter membrane modules  31  from outside during filtration, filters through the filter membranes of the filter membrane modules  31 , and a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  is drained out of the inside of the filter membrane modules  31  using draining elements  24 . Alternately to the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 9 , there is also what is called “inside-out” operation in which a stream  20  of the process liquid  3  to be filtered is fed into the inside of the filter membrane modules  31  during filtration and a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  exits on the outside of the filter membrane modules  31 . In addition, both a so-called “cross-flow” mode and a cyclical “dead-end” interconnection are possible when it comes to the flow of the stream  20  of the process liquid  3  into a filter membrane module  31 . Finally, submerged membrane configurations in which a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  is suctioned off by low pressure are also possible. When a membrane filtration system  19  is in a submerged configuration, a cyclical or acyclical air bubble rinse or air turbulence can be provided or executed to counter the formation of a layer on the membrane surfaces. 
     In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 9 , after the process liquid  3  passes through the filter membrane modules  31  and filtration is completed, the filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  is drained out of the membrane filtration system  19  through the draining elements  24  again. As shown in  FIG. 9 , it can be advisable here to place a receiving container with an overflow  32  in the drain  24 , which depending on its dimensions is designed for temporary storage of a certain volume of the filtered process liquid  3  or a filtrate  33 . In particular, this filtrate  33  of the process liquid  3  can be used to clean via flushing by reversing the flow direction through the filter membrane modules  31 . 
     To run a cleaning mode for the filter membrane modules  31 , closures  34  are placed in the feeding elements  22  and the draining elements  24  that permit mechanical separation of the membrane filtration system  19  from the other structural elements of the device for treating foods and containers. In addition, at least one conveying means  11  is placed in the receiving container  32  and/or a backflush line  35  extending between the receiving container  32  and the draining elements  24  of the membrane filtration system  19 . This way appropriate switching of the three-way valves  29  can reverse the flow direction in the membrane filtration system  19  such that the process liquid  3  flows through the filter membrane modules  31  in the reverse direction  36  than in filtration mode. To drain the liquid waste accrued in the course of cleaning by reversing the flow direction through the filter membranes of the membrane filter system  19 , the member filter system  19  is assigned at least one closable liquid waste line  37 . A quantity of fresh process liquid  3  equal to the drained quantity of liquid waste can, for example, be provided by the feeding device  17  for fresh process liquid  3  shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     As further shown in  FIG. 9 , a dispensing device  38  can be placed in a draining element  24  and/or in the backflush piping  35  of the one membrane filtration system  19  through which the process liquid  3  or the filtrate  33  of the process liquid  3  can be admixed with chemicals from one or more chemical sources  39  both during filtration and when cleaning the membrane filtration system  19 . Chemicals can be admixed during filtration through the three-way valve  29  arranged in the drain  24 . In addition, an adsorption device  40  can be placed in the drain  24  of the membrane filtration system  19  that allows removal or separation of substances dissolved, suspended, or dispersed in a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3 . 
       FIG. 10  depicts excerpts of another, potentially independent embodiment of the device  1 , where once again the same reference signs and part names are used for the same parts as have been used in the preceding  FIGS. 1 to 9 . To avoid unnecessary repetition, please refer to the detailed description in the above  FIGS. 1 to 9 .  FIG. 10  depicts sensors  41  that are designed for continuous monitoring of the degree of contamination, especially by measuring the turbidity of the process liquid. The sensors  41  can be placed in the conduction elements  8  and/or in the treatment zones  4  of the device  1 . 
     The measured values of the sensors  41  can, for example, be used to assign a membrane filtration system  19  to different treatment zones  4  or conduction elements  8  for liquid streams of the process liquid via switching means and directing elements. Switching between conduction elements  8  and/or treatment zones  4  can naturally also be done based on measurements using random samples taken from the device  1 . 
     For example, it can be provided that a stream  20  of the process liquid  3  is formed for filtration by a membrane filtration system  19  by switching between or mixing of different liquid streams  5  of the process liquid  3  from different conduction elements  8  depending on measured values obtained by in-line measurements and/or random sample measurements. It can further be provided that a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  be recirculated into different conduction elements  8  and/or treatment zones  4  by introducing and/or splitting the filtered stream  46  into different liquid streams  5  depending on measured values obtained by inline measurements and/or random sample measurements. 
     To switch a membrane filtration system  19  to different conduction elements  8 , the feeding elements  22  of a membrane filtration system  19  can, for example, be assigned two switching means  42 ,  42 , as shown in  FIG. 10 . The two depicted switching means  42 ,  42  are operatively connected to two different conduction elements  8 ,  8  holding the process liquid in such a way that a stream  20  of the process liquid can be formed for filtration either out of one of the two liquid streams  5 ,  5  of the process liquid in the conduction elements  8 ,  8  or out of both liquid streams  5 ,  5 . For this purpose the two switching means  42 ,  42  can be designed as so-called “open-shut valves” so that each of the two switching means  42 ,  42  can operatively open or close the supply of process liquid into the membrane filtration system  19 . 
     A suitable alternative to the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 10  would naturally also be a single switching means  42  designed as a 3-way switching means (not shown in  FIG. 10 ) for switching the feeding elements  22  of the membrane filtration system  19  to one of the two conduction elements  8 . The switching means  42  designed as 3-way switching means  42  would again be assigned the feeding elements  22  of the membrane filtration system  19  on the one hand and connected to two different conduction elements  8 ,  8  on the other hand. 
     In  FIG. 10  and below, the depiction and description using 2-way valves is maintained for better understanding, with it being noted at this juncture that the design and placement of a switchable membrane filtration system  19  can be arranged in numerous ways and is not limited to the example embodiments portrayed in  FIG. 10  and below. 
     Instead of switching means  42 , a feeding element  22  of a membrane filtration system  19  can also be assigned two mixing means  43 ,  43  as indicated in  FIG. 10 . The mixing means  43 ,  43  are again operatively connected to two different conduction elements  8 ,  8  holding the process liquid in such a way that the stream  20  of the process liquid can be formed for filtration again either out of one of the two liquid streams  5 ,  5  of the process liquid or out of both liquid streams  5 ,  5  in the conduction elements  8 ,  8  or by removing and mixing specifiable partial quantities from the two liquid streams  5 ,  5  of the process liquid. For this purpose, the mixing means  43 ,  43  can for example be designed as flow regulator valves. 
     Of course, a membrane filtration system  19  can also be assigned more than two switching means  42  and/or mixing means  43 , which can accordingly be connected to more than two conduction elements  8 . 
       FIG. 11  depicts excerpts of another, potentially independent embodiment of the device  1 , where once again the same reference signs and part names are used for the same parts as have been used in the preceding  FIGS. 1 to 10 . To avoid unnecessary repetition, please refer to the detailed description in the above  FIGS. 1 to 10 . In the example embodiment depicted in  FIG. 11 , a drain  24  of a membrane filtration system  19  is assigned two switching means  44 ,  44 . A switching means is operatively connected to a conduction element  8  in the form of a liquid tank  15 . The other switching means  44  is operatively connected to a treatment zone  4 . This design can feed a filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  either into the conduction element  8  in the form of a liquid tank  15  or the treatment zone  4  or into both the conduction element  8  and the treatment zone  4 . 
     For this purpose, the two switching means  44 ,  44  in  FIG. 11  can again be designed as so-called “open/shut valves” so that each of the two switching means  44 ,  44  can operatively open or close the discharge of a filtered stream  46  out of the membrane filtration system  19  into the treatment zone  4  and/or the at least one conduction element  8 . 
     Instead of switching means  44 , a draining element  24  of a membrane filtration system  19  can also be assigned two splitting means  45 ,  45  as indicated in  FIG. 11 . A splitting means  45  is again operatively connected to a conduction element  8  in the form of a liquid tank  15 . The other splitting means  45  is operatively connected to a treatment zone  4 . Because of this design, the filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3  can again be fed either into the conduction element  8  designed as a liquid tank  15  or the treatment zone  4 . Alternately, the liquid tank  15  and the treatment zone  4  can each be fed specifiable partial quantities of the filtered stream  46  of the process liquid  3 . For this purpose, the splitting means  45 ,  45  can for example again be designed as flow regulator valves. 
     Again, a membrane filtration system  19  can also be assigned more than two switching means  44  and/or splitting means  45 , which can accordingly be connected to multiple conduction elements  8  and/or multiple treatment zones  4 . 
     The example embodiments show possible variations of the method and the device for treating foods and/or containers; let it be noted at this juncture that the invention is not limited to the specially portrayed variations of embodiments themselves, but that diverse combinations of the individual variations of embodiments are possible and that this possibility of variation falls within the competence of a person active in this technical field based on the teaching regarding technical action provided by this invention. 
     Furthermore, individual characteristics or combinations of characteristics from the depicted and described various example embodiments can constitute independent inventive or invented solutions. 
     The aim underlying the independent invented solutions can be taken from the description. 
     All information regarding ranges of values in this description should be understood to mean that these include any and all partial ranges, e.g. the statement  1  to  10  should be understood to mean that all partial ranges starting from the lower threshold  1  and the upper threshold  10  are included, i.e. all partial ranges begin with a lower threshold of 1 or larger and with an upper threshold of 10 or less, e.g. 1 to 1.7 or 3.2 to 8.1 or 5.5 to 10. 
     Above all, the individual embodiments shown in  FIGS. 1 to 11  can form the subject of independent invented solutions. The relevant aims according to the invention and solutions can be found in the detailed descriptions of these figures. 
     As a matter of form, let it be noted that, to facilitate a better understanding of the design of the device for treating foods and/or containers, these and their components have in places been portrayed not to scale and/or enlarged and/or scaled-down. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 List of reference signs 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Device 
               
               
                 2 
                 Container 
               
               
                 3 
                 Process liquid 
               
               
                 4 
                 Treatment zone 
               
               
                 5 
                 Liquid stream 
               
               
                 6 
                 Outside 
               
               
                 7 
                 Spray nozzle 
               
               
                 8 
                 Conduction element 
               
               
                 9 
                 Collecting tub 
               
               
                 10 
                 Means of transport 
               
               
                 11 
                 Conveying means 
               
               
                 12 
                 Heating means 
               
               
                 13 
                 Cooling means 
               
               
                 14 
                 Liquid tank 
               
               
                 15 
                 Liquid tank 
               
               
                 16 
                 Emptying device 
               
               
                 17 
                 Feeding device 
               
               
                 18 
                 Flow regulator apparatus 
               
               
                 19 
                 Membrane filtration system 
               
               
                 20 
                 Stream 
               
               
                 21 
                 Splitting means 
               
               
                 22 
                 Feeding element 
               
               
                 23 
                 Three-way splitting valve 
               
               
                 24 
                 Draining element 
               
               
                 25 
                 Opening 
               
               
                 26 
                 Direction of transport 
               
               
                 27 
                 Fan 
               
               
                 28 
                 Inside 
               
               
                 29 
                 Three-way valve 
               
               
                 30 
                 Pressure vessel 
               
               
                 31 
                 Filter membrane module 
               
               
                 32 
                 Receiving container 
               
               
                 33 
                 Filtrate 
               
               
                 34 
                 Closure 
               
               
                 35 
                 Backflush piping 
               
               
                 36 
                 Direction 
               
               
                 37 
                 Liquid waste line 
               
               
                 38 
                 Dispensing device 
               
               
                 39 
                 Chemical source 
               
               
                 40 
                 Adsorption device 
               
               
                 41 
                 Sensor 
               
               
                 42 
                 Switching means 
               
               
                 43 
                 Mixing means 
               
               
                 44 
                 Switching means 
               
               
                 45 
                 Splitting means 
               
               
                 46 
                 Stream 
               
               
                 47 
                 Flow container