Patent Publication Number: US-10761833-B2

Title: Updating control software on a network-connected HVAC controller

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/539,398, filed on Nov. 12, 2014, entitled “UPDATING CONTROL SOFTWARE ON A NETWORK-CONNECTED HVAC CONTROLLER.” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/539,398 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/890,344, filed on May 9, 2013, entitled “UPDATING CONTROL SOFTWARE ON A NETWORK-CONNECTED HVAC CONTROLLER.” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/890,344 is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/632,133, filed on Sep. 30, 2012, entitled “UPDATING CONTROL SOFTWARE ON A NETWORK-CONNECTED HVAC CONTROLLER.” The above-identified patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for all purposes. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This patent specification relates to systems, methods, and related computer program products for performing software updates. More particularly, this patent specification relates to techniques for performing user-friendly software updates in potentially power-limited network-connected electronic devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Many, if not most, electronic devices in use today have installed thereon some type of software for facilitating operation of the electronic device. Such software may include operating systems, such as the Windows operating system by Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash. Such software typically also includes application software that executes over the operating system and provides additional device functionality, such as the Office software also by Microsoft Corp. Incremental changes to such software (the operation system and/or application software) are often made by the software developers to provide improvements, address deficiencies, or for other reasons. These changes are commonly propagated to the user of the software over wired or wireless networks so that the user may revise their software with the latest software upgrades provided by the developers. 
     While certain mechanisms for updating software on an electronic device are currently available, substantial disadvantages can arise for certain known methods in that they tend to be a one-size-fits-all approach that does not take into account the nature of the device that is being updated in terms of the problems, pitfalls, inconveniences, and even dangers that can arise for that particular type of device. For example, many such known software updating mechanisms are typically implemented in environments whereby the electronic device is either constantly connected to a reliable power source (e.g., a desktop computer connected to an AC power source) or may easily be connected to a reliable power source via minimal user interaction (e.g., a user may plug a portable electronic device such as a smartphone into an AC power source). Modern day techniques, however, have yet to consider much less address environments whereby the electronic device has limited access to power and users may be significantly hindered in providing reliable access to power. Even though electronic devices may exist in such environments, like their power-satisfied cousins such devices may similarly derive various benefits from reliably receiving and installing software updates. While one or more of the embodiments described hereinbelow have been found to be particularly advantageous in the context of a network-connected thermostat designed to control an HVAC system, it is to be appreciated that the scope of the present teachings is not so limited, and can advantageously be applied across a broad array of smart-home devices in which one or more similar issues may be faced. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various techniques for providing software updates are disclosed herein. While such techniques may be implemented in various electronic devices across a variety of computing environments, some techniques may be particularly well-suited for environments where one or more of the electronic devices have relatively low power capacity and limited access to power sources. By way of example and not by way of limitation, thermostats provided in structured environments may have limited amounts of power capacity (e.g., a rechargeable lithium-ion battery) that is replenished using power stealing techniques that ‘steal’ or otherwise acquire power from HVAC systems which the thermostats are coupled to control. While these power stealing may advantageously replenish power stores as it is consumed by the thermostat, in some cases thermostats may, to provide superior functionality and user experience, consume power at a higher rate than that replenished. Further, in the particular example of thermostats installed in structured environments, a user typically cannot obviate the power limitations by simply ‘plugging in’ the device to a power source. 
     Updating software on electronic devices may spread the spectrum of complexity from a trivial to daunting. At one end of the spectrum, a software update may comprise almost superficial changes to a single software application or process executing or executable on the electronic device. At the other end of the spectrum, a software update may comprise replacement of an entire operating system of the electronic device. Regardless of the situation, however, common elements to a reliable update process exist, including the electronic device downloading or otherwise acquiring the software update, and installing the software update. 
     Techniques for reliably downloading and installing software updates in power limited environments are described herein. In one particular embodiment, an intelligent network-connected thermostat for controlling the operation of an HVAC system in a smart home environment is disclosed. Thermostat includes a communications component for communicating with at least one server that is located remotely from the thermostat, HVAC control circuitry operable to actuate one or more elements of the HVAC system, a storage element for storing computer software operable to control one or more functions of the thermostat, and a processor. The processor is operable to perform a variety of operations. For example, the processor may be operable to receive a criticality indicator indicating whether a software update to the computer software stored in the storage element is critical or not, download the software update from a software update server via the communications component, determine whether the software update was downloaded during an initial installation of the thermostat in a physical structure, determine, based on the criticality indicator, whether the software update is critical, and delay installation of the software update when it is determined that the software update is not critical and the software update was downloaded during the initial installation of the thermostat in the physical structure. 
     In another particular embodiment, a thermostat includes a communications component for communicating with at least one server that is located remotely from the thermostat, HVAC control circuitry operable to actuate one or more elements of the HVAC system, a storage element for storing computer software operable to control one or more functions of the thermostat, and a processor operable to perform a variety of operations. For example, the processor may be operable to download a software update to the computer software stored in the storage element from a software update server via the communications component, determine whether the HVAC control circuitry has actuated one or more elements of the HVAC system to be in an active state, and when it is determined that one or more elements of the HVAC system are in an active state, delay installation of the software update until the one or more elements of the HVAC system are in an inactive state. 
     In yet another particular embodiment, a thermostat includes a communications component for communicating with at least one server that is located remotely from the thermostat, HVAC control circuitry operable to actuate one or more elements of the HVAC system, a storage element for storing computer software operable to control one or more functions of the thermostat, and a processor operable to perform a variety of operations. For example, the processor may be operable to download a software update to the computer software stored in the storage element from a software update server via the communications component, disable control of one or more elements of the HVAC system, install the software update, and enable control of one or more elements of the HVAC system after installing the software update. 
     For a more complete understanding of the nature and advantages of embodiments of the present invention, reference should be made to the ensuing detailed description and accompanying drawings. Other aspects, objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the drawings and detailed description that follows. However, the scope of the invention will be fully apparent from the recitations of the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates an example of general device components which can be included in an intelligent, network-connected device. 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates an intelligent, network-connected device having a replaceable module and a docking station according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a smart home environment within which one or more of the devices, methods, systems, services, and/or computer program products described further herein can be applicable. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a network-level view of an extensible devices and services platform with which a smart home environment can be integrated. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an abstracted functional view of the extensible devices and services platform of  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  depicts a system that implements techniques for updating software on a client device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a communication sequence of a process for performing software updates according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to perform software updating according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8A  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to satisfy pre-download conditions according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8B  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to satisfy pre-install conditions according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8C  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to install a software update according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9A  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to perform software updating of head units and back plates according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9B  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to determine whether a back plate needs an update according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a flowchart of a process for a remote server (e.g., a registration server  512 ) to perform software updating according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram of a special-purpose computer system according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As described further herein, one or more intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected devices can be used to promote user comfort, convenience, safety and/or cost savings.  FIG. 1A  illustrates an example of general device components which can be included in an intelligent, network-connected device  100  (i.e., “device”). Each of one, more or all devices  100  within a system of devices can include one or more sensors  102 , a user-interface component  104 , a power supply (e.g., including a power connection  106  and/or battery  108 ), a communications component  110 , a modularity unit (e.g., including a docking station  112  and replaceable module  114 ) and intelligence components  116 . Particular sensors  102 , user-interface components  104 , power-supply configurations, communications components  110 , modularity units and/or intelligence components  116  can be the same or similar across devices  100  or can vary depending on device type or model. 
     By way of example and not by way of limitation, one or more sensors  102  in a device  100  may be able to, e.g., detect acceleration, temperature, humidity, water, supplied power, proximity, external motion, device motion, sound signals, ultrasound signals, light signals, fire, smoke, carbon monoxide, global-positioning-satellite (GPS) signals, or radio-frequency (RF) or other electromagnetic signals or fields. Thus, for example, sensors  102  can include temperature sensor(s), humidity sensor(s), hazard-related sensor(s) or other environmental sensor(s), accelerometer(s), microphone(s), optical sensors up to and including camera(s) (e.g., charged-coupled-device or video cameras), active or passive radiation sensors, GPS receiver(s) or radio-frequency identification detector(s). While  FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment with a single sensor, many embodiments will include multiple sensors. In some instances, device  100  includes one or more primary sensors and one or more secondary sensors. The primary sensor(s) can sense data central to the core operation of the device (e.g., sensing a temperature in a thermostat or sensing smoke in a smoke detector). The secondary sensor(s) can sense other types of data (e.g., motion, light or sound), which can be used for energy-efficiency objectives or smart-operation objectives. In some instances, an average user may even be unaware of an existence of a secondary sensor. 
     One or more user-interface components  104  in device  100  may be configured to present information to a user via a visual display (e.g., a thin-film-transistor display or organic light-emitting-diode display) and/or an audio speaker. User-interface component  104  can also include one or more user-input components to receive information from a user, such as a touchscreen, buttons, scroll component (e.g., a movable or virtual ring component), microphone or camera (e.g., to detect gestures). In one embodiment, user-input component  104  includes a click-and-rotate annular ring component, wherein a user can interact with the component by rotating the ring (e.g., to adjust a setting) and/or by clicking the ring inwards (e.g., to select an adjusted setting or to select an option). In another embodiment, user-input component  104  includes a camera, such that gestures can be detected (e.g., to indicate that a power or alarm state of a device is to be changed). 
     A power-supply component in device  100  may include a power connection  106  and/or local battery  108 . For example, power connection  106  can connect device  100  to a power source such as a line voltage source. In some instances, connection  106  to an AC power source can be used to repeatedly charge a (e.g., rechargeable) local battery  108 , such that battery  108  can later be used to supply power if needed in the event of an AC power disconnection or other power deficiency scenario. 
     A communications component  110  in device  100  can include a component that enables device  100  to communicate with a central server or a remote device, such as another device described herein or a portable user device. Communications component  110  can allow device  100  to communicate via, e.g., Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 3G/4G wireless, CAT6 wired Ethernet, HomePlug or other powerline communications method, telephone, or optical fiber, by way of non-limiting examples. Communications component  110  can include a wireless card, an Ethernet plug, or another transceiver connection. In some embodiments, the communications component  110  facilitates communication with a central server to synchronize information between device  100 , the central server, and in some cases additional devices. Techniques for synchronization data between such devices as further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/624,892, filed Sep. 22, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. In some embodiments, the communications component  110  also or alternatively facilitates communication with a software update server to acquire software updates for the device  100  as further described herein. 
     A modularity unit in device  100  can include a static physical connection, and a replaceable module  114 . Thus, the modularity unit can provide the capability to upgrade replaceable module  114  without completely reinstalling device  100  (e.g., to preserve wiring). The static physical connection can include a docking station  112  (which may also be termed an interface box) that can attach to a building structure. For example, docking station  112  could be mounted to a wall via screws or stuck onto a ceiling via adhesive. Docking station  112  can, in some instances, extend through part of the building structure. For example, docking station  112  can connect to wiring (e.g., to 120V line voltage wires) behind the wall via a hole made through a wall&#39;s sheetrock. Docking station  112  can include circuitry such as power-connection circuitry  106  and/or AC-to-DC powering circuitry and can prevent the user from being exposed to high-voltage wires. Docking station  112  may also or alternatively include control circuitry for actuating (i.e., turning on and off) elements of an HVAC system, such as a heating unit (for heating the building structure), an air-condition unit (for cooling the building structure), and/or a ventilation unit (for circulating air throughout the building structure). In some instances, docking stations  112  are specific to a type or model of device, such that, e.g., a thermostat device includes a different docking station than a smoke detector device. In some instances, docking stations  112  can be shared across multiple types and/or models of devices  100 . 
     Replaceable module  114  of the modularity unit can include some or all sensors  102 , processors, user-interface components  104 , batteries  108 , communications components  110 , intelligence components  116  and so forth of the device. Replaceable module  114  can be configured to attach to (e.g., plug into or connect to) docking station  112 . In some instances, a set of replaceable modules  114  are produced with the capabilities, hardware and/or software, varying across the replaceable modules  114 . Users can therefore easily upgrade or replace their replaceable module  114  without having to replace all device components or to completely reinstall device  100 . For example, a user can begin with an inexpensive device including a first replaceable module with limited intelligence and software capabilities. The user can then easily upgrade the device to include a more capable replaceable module. As another example, if a user has a Model #1 device in their basement, a Model #2 device in their living room, and upgrades their living-room device to include a Model #3 replaceable module, the user can move the Model #2 replaceable module into the basement to connect to the existing docking station. The Model #2 replaceable module may then, e.g., begin an initiation process in order to identify its new location (e.g., by requesting information from a user via a user interface). 
     Intelligence components  116  of the device can support one or more of a variety of different device functionalities. Intelligence components  116  generally include one or more processors configured and programmed to carry out and/or cause to be carried out one or more of the advantageous functionalities described herein. The intelligence components  116  can be implemented in the form of general-purpose processors carrying out computer code stored in local memory (e.g., flash memory, hard drive, random access memory), special-purpose processors or application-specific integrated circuits, combinations thereof, and/or using other types of hardware/firmware/software processing platforms. The intelligence components  116  can furthermore be implemented as localized versions or counterparts of algorithms carried out or governed remotely by central servers or cloud-based systems, such as by virtue of running a Java virtual machine (JVM) that executes instructions provided from a cloud server using Asynchronous Javascript and XML (AJAX) or similar protocols. By way of example, intelligence components  116  can be intelligence components  116  configured to detect when a location (e.g., a house or room) is occupied, up to and including whether it is occupied by a specific person or is occupied by a specific number of people (e.g., relative to one or more thresholds). Such detection can occur, e.g., by analyzing microphone signals, detecting user movements (e.g., in front of a device), detecting openings and closings of doors or garage doors, detecting wireless signals, detecting an IP address of a received signal, or detecting operation of one or more devices within a time window. Intelligence components  116  may include image-recognition technology to identify particular occupants or objects. 
     In some instances, intelligence components  116  can be configured to predict desirable settings and/or to implement those settings. For example, based on the presence detection, intelligence components  116  can adjust device settings to, e.g., conserve power when nobody is home or in a particular room or to accord with user preferences (e.g., general at-home preferences or user-specific preferences). As another example, based on the detection of a particular person, animal or object (e.g., a child, pet or lost object), intelligence components  116  can initiate an audio or visual indicator of where the person, animal or object is or can initiate an alarm or security feature if an unrecognized person is detected under certain conditions (e.g., at night or when lights are out). As yet another example, intelligence components  116  can detect hourly, weekly or even seasonal trends in user settings and adjust settings accordingly. For example, intelligence components  116  can detect that a particular device is turned on every week day at 6:30 am, or that a device setting is gradually adjusted from a high setting to lower settings over the last three hours. Intelligence components  116  can then predict that the device is to be turned on every week day at 6:30 am or that the setting should continue to gradually lower its setting over a longer time period. 
     In some instances, devices can interact with each other such that events detected by a first device influences actions of a second device. For example, a first device can detect that a user has pulled into a garage (e.g., by detecting motion in the garage, detecting a change in light in the garage or detecting opening of the garage door). The first device can transmit this information to a second device, such that the second device can, e.g., adjust a home temperature setting, a light setting, a music setting, and/or a security-alarm setting. As another example, a first device can detect a user approaching a front door (e.g., by detecting motion or sudden light-pattern changes). The first device can, e.g., cause a general audio or visual signal to be presented (e.g., such as sounding of a doorbell) or cause a location-specific audio or visual signal to be presented (e.g., to announce the visitor&#39;s presence within a room that a user is occupying). 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates an intelligent, network-connected device  100  having a replaceable module  114  (e.g., a head unit) and a docking station  112  (e.g., a back plate) for ease of installation, configuration, and upgrading according to some embodiments. As is described hereinabove, device  100  may be wall mounted, have a circular shape, and have an outer rotatable ring  120  (that may be, e.g., part of user interface  104 ) for receiving user input. Outer rotatable ring  120  allows the user to make adjustments, such as selecting a new target temperature. For example, by rotating outer ring  120  clockwise, a target setpoint temperature can be increased, and by rotating the outer ring  120  counter-clockwise, the target setpoint temperature can be decreased. 
     Device  100  has a cover  122  that includes a display  124  (that may be, e.g., part of user interface  104 ). Head unit  114  slides onto back plate  112 . Display  124  may display a variety of information depending on, e.g., a current operational state of the device  100 , direct user interaction with the device via ring  120 , sensed presence of the user via, e.g., a proximity sensor  102  (such as a passive infrared motion sensor), remote user interaction with the device via a remote access device, etc. For example, display  124  may display central numerals that are representative of a current setpoint temperature. 
     According to some embodiments the connection of the head unit  114  to back plate  112  can be accomplished using magnets, bayonet, latches and catches, tabs or ribs with matching indentations, or simply friction on mating portions of the head unit  114  and back plate  112 . According to some embodiments, the head unit  114  includes battery  108 , communications component  110 , intelligence components  116 , and a display driver  126  (that may be, e.g., part of user interface  104 ). Battery  108  may be recharged using recharging circuitry (that may be, e.g., part of intelligence components  116  and/or may be included in the back plate  112 ) that uses power from the back plate  112  that is either obtained via power harvesting (also referred to as power stealing and/or power sharing) from the HVAC system control circuit(s) or from a common wire, if available, as described in further detail in commonly assigned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/034,674 and 13/034,678, both filed Feb. 24, 2011, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/267,871, filed Oct. 6, 2011, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes. According to some embodiments, battery  108  is a rechargeable single cell lithium-ion, or a lithium-polymer battery. 
     Back plate  112  includes electronics  130  and a temperature sensor  132  (that may be, e.g., one of sensors  102 ) in housing  134 , which are ventilated via vents  136 . Temperature sensor  132  allows the back plate  112  to operate as a fully functional thermostat even when not connected to the headunit  114 . Wire connectors  138  are provided to allow for connection to HVAC system wires, such as connection to wires for actuating components of the HVAC system, wires for receiving power from the HVAC system, etc. Connection terminal  140  is a male or female plug connector that provides electrical connections between the head unit  114  and back plate  112 . Various arrangements for connecting to and controlling an HVAC system are further described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/034,674 and 13/034,678, supra. 
     In some embodiments, the back plate electronics  130  includes an MCU processor, and driver circuitry for opening and closing the HVAC control circuits, thereby turning on and turning off the one or more HVAC functions such as heating and cooling. The electronics  130  also includes flash memory which is used to store a series of programmed settings that take effect at different times of the day, such that programmed setpoint (i.e., desired temperature) changes can be carried out even when the headunit  114  is not attached to the back plate  112 . According to some embodiments, the electronics  130  also includes power harvesting circuitry (that may be in addition or alternatively to that provided in headunit  114 ) to obtain power from the HVAC control circuit(s) even when an HVAC common power wire is not available. 
     Device  100  in certain embodiments is an intelligent, network-connected learning thermostat that includes various components such as a head unit, a back plate, a user interface, communications components, intelligent components, etc. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that devices that perform the various operations described herein could operate equally well with fewer or a greater number of components than are illustrated in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . Thus, the depiction of device  100  in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  should be taken as being illustrative in nature, and not limiting to the scope of the present teachings. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a smart home environment  200  within which one or more of the devices, methods, systems, services, and/or computer program products described further herein can be applicable. The depicted smart home environment includes a structure  250 , which can include, e.g., a house, office building, garage, or mobile home. It will be appreciated that devices can also be integrated into a smart home environment that does not include an entire structure  250 , such as an apartment, condominium, or office space. Further, the smart home environment can control and/or be coupled to devices outside of the actual structure  250 . Indeed, several devices in the smart home environment need not physically be within the structure  250  at all. For example, a device controlling a pool heater or irrigation system can be located outside of the structure  250 . 
     The depicted structure  250  includes a plurality of rooms  252 , separated at least partly from each other via walls  254 . The walls  254  can include interior walls or exterior walls. Each room can further include a floor  256  and a ceiling  258 . Devices can be mounted on, integrated with and/or supported by a wall  254 , floor or ceiling. 
     The smart home depicted in  FIG. 2  includes a plurality of devices, including intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected devices that can integrate seamlessly with each other and/or with cloud-based server systems to provide any of a variety of useful smart home objectives. One, more or each of the devices illustrated in the smart home environment can include one or more sensors, a user interface, a power supply, a communications component, a modularity unit and intelligent software as described with respect to  FIGS. 1A and 1B . Further, one, more or each of the devices illustrated in  FIG. 2  can acquire software updates from a software update server, such as a software update server included in or coupled to remote server  264 . 
     An intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected thermostat  202  can detect ambient climate characteristics (e.g., temperature and/or humidity) and control a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system  203 . One or more intelligent, network-connected, multi-sensing hazard detection units  204  can detect the presence of a hazardous substance and/or a hazardous condition in the home environment (e.g., smoke, fire, or carbon monoxide). One or more intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected entryway interface devices  206 , which can be termed a “smart doorbell”, can detect a person&#39;s approach to or departure from a location, control audible functionality, announce a person&#39;s approach or departure via audio or visual means, or control settings on a security system (e.g., to activate or deactivate the security system). 
     Each of a plurality of intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected wall light switches  208  can detect ambient lighting conditions, detect room-occupancy states and control a power and/or dim state of one or more lights. In some instances, light switches  208  can further or alternatively control a power state or speed of a fan, such as a ceiling fan. Each of a plurality of intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected wall plug interfaces  210  can detect occupancy of a room or enclosure and control supply of power to one or more wall plugs (e.g., such that power is not supplied to the plug if nobody is at home). The smart home may further include a plurality of intelligent, multi-sensing, network-connected appliances  212 , such as refrigerators, stoves and/or ovens, televisions, washers, dryers, lights (inside and/or outside the structure  250 ), stereos, intercom systems, garage-door openers, floor fans, ceiling fans, whole-house fans, wall air conditioners, pool heaters  214 , irrigation systems  216 , security systems, and so forth. While descriptions of  FIG. 2  can identify specific sensors and functionalities associated with specific devices, it will be appreciated that any of a variety of sensors and functionalities (such as those described throughout the specification) can be integrated into the device. 
     In addition to containing processing and sensing capabilities, each of the devices within the smart home environment  200  can be capable of data communications and information sharing with any other devices within the smart home environment  200 , as well as to any devices outside the smart home environment  240  such as the access device  266  and/or remote server  264 . 
     The devices can send and receive communications via any of a variety of custom or standard wireless protocols (Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, etc.) and/or any of a variety of custom or standard wired protocols (CAT6 Ethernet, HomePlug, etc.). The wall plug interfaces  210  can serve as wireless or wired repeaters, and/or can function as bridges between (i) devices plugged into AC outlets and communicating using Homeplug or other power line protocol, and (ii) devices that are not plugged into AC outlets. 
     For example, a first device can communicate with a second device via a wireless router  260 . A device can further communicate with remote devices via a connection to a network, such as the Internet  262 . Through the Internet  262 , the device can communicate with a central (i.e., remote) server or a cloud-computing system  264 . The remote server or cloud-computing system  264  can be associated with a manufacturer, support entity or service provider associated with the device. In one embodiment, a user may be able to contact customer support using a device itself rather than needing to use other communication means such as a telephone or Internet-connected computer. Further, software updates can be automatically sent from the remote server or cloud-computing system  264  to devices (e.g., when available, when purchased, or at routine intervals). 
     Devices&#39; network connections can further allow a user to interact with the device even if the user is not proximate to the device. For example, a user can communicate with a device (e.g., thermostat  202 ) using a computer (e.g., a desktop computer, laptop computer, or tablet) or other portable electronic device (e.g., a smartphone)  266 . A webpage or app can be configured to receive communications from the user and control the device based on the communications and/or to present information about the device&#39;s operation to the user. For example, the user can view a current setpoint temperature for a device and adjust it using a computer. The user can be in the structure during this remote communication or outside the structure. 
     The smart home environment  200  also can include a variety of non-communicating legacy appliances  240 , such as old conventional washer/dryers, refrigerators, and the like which can be controlled, albeit coarsely (ON/OFF), by virtue of the wall plug interfaces  210 . The smart home can further include a variety of partially communicating legacy appliances  242 , such as IR-controlled wall air conditioners or other IR-controlled devices, which can be controlled by IR signals provided by the hazard detection units  204  or the light switches  208 . 
     Smart home  200  in certain embodiments is an environment including a number of client devices and access devices all operable to communicate with one another and perform synchronization via a remote server. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that such an environment could operate equally well having fewer or a greater number of components than are illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Thus, the depiction of the smart home environment  200  in  FIG. 2  should be taken as being illustrative in nature, and not limiting to the scope of the present teachings. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a network-level view of an extensible devices and services platform with which the smart home of  FIGS. 1 and/or 2  can be integrated. Each of the intelligent, network-connected devices discussed with reference to  FIG. 2  can communicate with one or more remote servers or cloud computing systems  264 . The communication can be enabled by establishing connection to the Internet  262  either directly (for example, using 3G/4G connectivity to a wireless carrier), though a hubbed network (which can be a scheme ranging from a simple wireless router, for example, up to and including an intelligent, dedicated whole-home control node), or through any combination thereof. 
     The remote server or cloud-computing system  264  can collect operation data  302  from the smart home devices. For example, the devices can routinely transmit operation data or can transmit operation data in specific instances (e.g., when requesting customer support). The remote server or cloud-computing architecture  264  can further provide one or more services  304 . The services  304  can include, e.g., software update, customer support, sensor data collection/logging, remote access, remote or distributed control, or use suggestions (e.g., based on collected operation data  304  to improve performance, reduce utility cost, etc.). Data associated with the services  304  can be stored at the remote server or cloud-computing system  264  and the remote server or cloud-computing system  264  can retrieve and transmit the data at an appropriate time (e.g., at regular intervals, upon receiving request from a user, etc.). 
     One salient feature of the described extensible devices and services platform, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , is a processing engine  306 , which can be concentrated at a single data processing server  307  (which may be included in or separate from remote server  264 ) or distributed among several different computing entities without limitation. Processing engine  306  can include engines configured to receive data from a set of devices (e.g., via the Internet or a hubbed network), to index the data, to analyze the data and/or to generate statistics based on the analysis or as part of the analysis. The analyzed data can be stored as derived data  308 . Results of the analysis or statistics can thereafter be transmitted back to a device providing ops data used to derive the results, to other devices, to a server providing a webpage to a user of the device, or to other non-device entities. For example, use statistics, use statistics relative to use of other devices, use patterns, and/or statistics summarizing sensor readings can be transmitted. The results or statistics can be provided via the Internet  262 . In this manner, processing engine  306  can be configured and programmed to derive a variety of useful information from the operational data obtained from the smart home. A single server can include one or more engines. 
     The derived data can be highly beneficial at a variety of different granularities for a variety of useful purposes, ranging from explicit programmed control of the devices on a per-home, per-neighborhood, or per-region basis (for example, demand-response programs for electrical utilities), to the generation of inferential abstractions that can assist on a per-home basis (for example, an inference can be drawn that the homeowner has left for vacation and so security detection equipment can be put on heightened sensitivity), to the generation of statistics and associated inferential abstractions that can be used for government or charitable purposes. For example, the processing engine  306  can generate statistics about device usage across a population of devices and send the statistics to device users, service providers or other entities (e.g., that have requested or may have provided monetary compensation for the statistics). As specific illustrations, statistics can be transmitted to charities  322 , governmental entities  324  (e.g., the Food and Drug Administration or the Environmental Protection Agency), academic institutions  326  (e.g., university researchers), businesses  328  (e.g., providing device warranties or service to related equipment), or utility companies  330 . These entities can use the data to form programs to reduce energy usage, to preemptively service faulty equipment, to prepare for high service demands, to track past service performance, etc., or to perform any of a variety of beneficial functions or tasks now known or hereinafter developed. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an abstracted functional view of the extensible devices and services platform of  FIG. 3 , with particular reference to the processing engine  306  as well as the devices of the smart home. Even though the devices situated in the smart home will have an endless variety of different individual capabilities and limitations, they can all be thought of as sharing common characteristics in that each of them is a data consumer  402  (DC), a data source  404  (DS), a services consumer  406  (SC), and a services source  408  (SS). Advantageously, in addition to providing the essential control information needed for the devices to achieve their local and immediate objectives, the extensible devices and services platform can also be configured to harness the large amount of data that is flowing out of these devices. In addition to enhancing or optimizing the actual operation of the devices themselves with respect to their immediate functions, the extensible devices and services platform can also be directed to “repurposing” that data in a variety of automated, extensible, flexible, and/or scalable ways to achieve a variety of useful objectives. These objectives may be predefined or adaptively identified based on, e.g., usage patterns, device efficiency, and/or user input (e.g., requesting specific functionality). 
     For example,  FIG. 4  shows processing engine  306  as including a number of paradigms  410 . Processing engine  306  can include a managed services paradigm  410   a  that monitors and manages primary or secondary device functions. The device functions can include ensuring proper operation of a device given user inputs, estimating that (e.g., and responding to) an intruder is or is attempting to be in a dwelling, detecting a failure of equipment coupled to the device (e.g., a light bulb having burned out), implementing or otherwise responding to energy demand response events, or alerting a user of a current or predicted future event or characteristic. Processing engine  306  can further include an advertising/communication paradigm  410   b  that estimates characteristics (e.g., demographic information), desires and/or products of interest of a user based on device usage. Services, promotions, products or upgrades can then be offered or automatically provided to the user. Processing engine  306  can further include a social paradigm  410   c  that uses information from a social network, provides information to a social network (for example, based on device usage), and/or processes data associated with user and/or device interactions with the social network platform. For example, a user&#39;s status as reported to their trusted contacts on the social network could be updated to indicate when they are home based on light detection, security system inactivation or device usage detectors. As another example, a user may be able to share device-usage statistics with other users. Processing engine  306  can include a challenges/rules/compliance/rewards paradigm  410   d  that informs a user of challenges, rules, compliance regulations and/or rewards and/or that uses operation data to determine whether a challenge has been met, a rule or regulation has been complied with and/or a reward has been earned. The challenges, rules or regulations can relate to efforts to conserve energy, to live safely (e.g., reducing exposure to toxins or carcinogens), to conserve money and/or equipment life, to improve health, etc. 
     Processing engine  306  can integrate or otherwise utilize extrinsic information  416  from extrinsic sources to improve the functioning of one or more processing paradigms. Extrinsic information  416  can be used to interpret operational data received from a device, to determine a characteristic of the environment near the device (e.g., outside a structure that the device is enclosed in), to determine services or products available to the user, to identify a social network or social-network information, to determine contact information of entities (e.g., public-service entities such as an emergency-response team, the police or a hospital) near the device, etc., to identify statistical or environmental conditions, trends or other information associated with a home or neighborhood, and so forth. 
     An extraordinary range and variety of benefits can be brought about by, and fit within the scope of, the described extensible devices and services platform, ranging from the ordinary to the profound. Thus, in one “ordinary” example, each bedroom of the smart home can be provided with a smoke/fire/CO alarm that includes an occupancy sensor, wherein the occupancy sensor is also capable of inferring (e.g., by virtue of motion detection, facial recognition, audible sound patterns, etc.) whether the occupant is asleep or awake. If a serious fire event is sensed, the remote security/monitoring service or fire department is advised of how many occupants there are in each bedroom, and whether those occupants are still asleep (or immobile) or whether they have properly evacuated the bedroom. While this is, of course, a very advantageous capability accommodated by the described extensible devices and services platform, there can be substantially more “profound” examples that can truly illustrate the potential of a larger “intelligence” that can be made available. By way of perhaps a more “profound” example, the same data bedroom occupancy data that is being used for fire safety can also be “repurposed” by the processing engine  306  in the context of a social paradigm of neighborhood child development and education. Thus, for example, the same bedroom occupancy and motion data discussed in the “ordinary” example can be collected and made available for processing (properly anonymized) in which the sleep patterns of schoolchildren in a particular ZIP code can be identified and tracked. Localized variations in the sleeping patterns of the schoolchildren may be identified and correlated, for example, to different nutrition programs in local schools. 
       FIG. 5  depicts a system  500  that implements techniques for updating software on a client device according to an embodiment. System  500  includes a remote server  510  that is remote from and communicatively coupled to one or more client devices  520  via a network  530 . 
     Client devices  520  include a variety of electronic devices including upgradeable computer software operable to control one or more functions of the device. In some embodiments, client device  520  may take the form of one or more of a variety of electronic devices described herein, such as device  100  ( FIGS. 1A and 1B ), thermostat  202  ( FIG. 2 ), hazard detection unit  204  ( FIG. 2 ), entryway interface device  206  ( FIG. 2 ), light switch  208  ( FIG. 2 ), wall plug interface  210  ( FIG. 2 ), appliance  212 , etc. 
     Remote server  510  is a single or distributed computing entity in communication with the client devices  520  over network  530 . The remote server  510  may be operable to perform any one or more of a variety of operations, such as providing software updates to client devices  520 , synchronizing data between elements of the remote server  510  and the client device  520 , synchronization data between multiple client devices  520 , etc. In some particular embodiments, remote server  520  may take the form of one or more of the remote servers described herein, such as remote server  264  ( FIGS. 2 and 3 ). 
     The remote server  510  according to certain embodiments includes a registration server  512 , one or more synchronization servers  514 A through  514 N, a storage element  516 , and a software update server  518 . In some embodiments the software update server  518  may not be included in the remote server  510  but rather may, e.g., be located remotely from the remote server  510 . 
     The registration server  512  may act as a first point of contact for the client devices  520 . For example, a client device  520  may have a location identifier (e.g., a URL) of the registration server  512  hardcoded therein, so that on initialization or reconnect, the client device  520  may always contact registration server  512 . Among other things, the registration server  512  may identify one of the synchronization servers  514 A through  514 N which is responsible for synchronizing information at the client device  520  with information at the storage element  516 , and provide the identity of the selected synchronization server to the client device  520 . The client devices may then subsequently connect to the identified synchronization server which will subsequently synchronize the states of the client device  520  with each other and with the storage element  516 . 
     In synchronizing states, the selected synchronization server may propagate state changes made at the client device  520  to the storage element  516 , or similarly may propagate state changes made at the client device  520  to the storage element  516 . For example, state changes made at a thermostat  202  may be propagated to the storage element  516 . In some embodiments, client devices  520  may include may include monitoring devices (e.g., thermostat  202 ) that generate data (e.g., data indicative of temperature, humidity, motion, etc.). Client devices  520  may also include access devices (e.g., portable electronic device  266 ) that provide access to data generated by associated (e.g., paired) monitoring devices and, in some embodiments, control of such monitoring devices. The synchronization server may thus propagate state changes between the monitoring devices and the access devices so that all paired devices (e.g., devices associated with a common user account) eventually have the same state of information. Some specific techniques for synchronizing device states are described U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/624,892, supra. Further, some specific techniques for pairing devices are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/275,311, filed Oct. 17, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     In at least one embodiment, the software update server  518  includes packages of computer software for updating the software executing on the client devices  520 . The packages of computer software may entirely replace the software executing on the client devices  520  or, in some embodiments, may provide incremental updates to the software executing on the client devices  520 . Accordingly, the packages may include operation systems, software applications, etc. The software update server  518  may include packages of computer software for different client devices  520  or, in some embodiments, multiple software update servers  518  may be provided where one or more update server  518  includes computer software packages for one or more types of client devices  520 . 
     Network  530  is any suitable network for enabling communications between various entities, such as between client devices  520  and remote server  510 . Such a network may include, for example, a local area network, a wide-area network, a virtual private network, the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network, an infrared network, a wireless network, a wireless data network, a cellular network, or any other such network or combination thereof. The network may, furthermore, incorporate any suitable network topology. Network  530  may utilize any suitable protocol, and communication over the network  530  may be enabled by wired or wireless connections, and combinations thereof. 
     System  500  in certain embodiments is a distributed computing environment with a remote server  510  including various components communicatively coupled to one or more client devices  520 . However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that such a system could operate equally well with fewer or a greater number of components than are illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Thus, the depiction of system  500  in  FIG. 5  should be taken as being illustrative in nature, and not limiting to the scope of the present teachings. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a communication sequence  600  of a process for performing software updates according to an embodiment. To facilitate understanding, the process  600  is described with reference to  FIG. 1  through  FIG. 5 , although it should be understood that embodiments of the process  600  are not limited to the exemplary systems and apparatus described with reference to  FIG. 1  through  FIG. 5 . 
     In operation  602 , a client device (e.g., device  520 ) contacts a registration server (e.g., registration server  512 ). The client device  520  may contact the registration server  512  at a variety of times and in response to a variety of situations. For example, the client device  520  may contact the registration server  512  periodically (e.g., once every 12 hours, once every 24 hours, once every 36 hours, once every time period less than 12 hours, in a range from 12 hours to 36 hours, or more than 36 hours) to, e.g., determine whether the client device  520  should continue to synchronize with a previously identified synchronization server  514  or a newly identified synchronization server  514 . For another example, the client device  520  may contact the registration server  512  in the event the client device  520  does not have the credentials (i.e., authorization requirements) to communicate with other elements (e.g., a synchronization server  514 ) of the remote server  510 . For yet another example, the client device  520  may contact the registration server  512  upon initial setup/installation of the client device  520  to, e.g., acquire credentials for communicating with other elements of remote server  510 , acquire target locations of other elements of remote server  510 , etc. As part of its communications with the registration server  512 , the client device  520  may communicate a device identifier that uniquely identifies the client device  520 . Details of these and other situations in which a client device contacts a registration server are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/624,892, supra. 
     In operation  604 , the registration server  512  may provide information indicating an appropriate software version to the client device  520 . Information indicating the appropriate software version may indicate a version of software that the registration server desires the client device to execute. The registration server  512  may determine the appropriate software version for the client device based, e.g., on the device identifier communicated from the client device  520 . Using the device identifier, the registration server  512  may determine what type of device the client device  520  is (e.g., a thermostat, an entryway interface device, a wall light switch, a wall plug interface, etc.), and based on the type of device determine the appropriate software version. 
     In operation  606 , the registration server  512  may provide a target location (e.g., a URI) of a software update server or system (e.g., software update server  518 ) where the client device  520  may acquire the software update. The registration server  512  may determine the target location based, e.g., on the appropriate software version. 
     In operation  608 , the registration server  512  provides an indicator (e.g., a flag, a message, etc.) indicating whether the software update is a critical or non-critical update. A critical update may be one which should be installed by the client device  520  regardless of whether the software update is acquired during an initial setup of the client device  520  or during subsequent (i.e., post-setup) operation of the client device  520 . Accordingly, a client device  520  should install a critical update even if doing so interrupts the initial setup of the client device  520 . In contrast, a client device  520  should install a non-critical update only if doing so does not interrupt the initial setup of the client device  520 . 
     In operation  610 , after determining that it should download a software update, the client device  520  sends a request for the software update to the software update server  518 . The request is sent to the software update server  518  identified in the communication of operation  606 . In response and in operation  612 , the client device  520  receives the software update from the software update server  518 . The client device  520  may then, at a suitable time, install the downloaded software update. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 6  provide a particular process for performing software updates according to various embodiments. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 6  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart of a process  700  for a client device to perform software updating according to an embodiment. In operation  702 , the client device (e.g., client device  520 ) receives information indicating an appropriate software version, which indicates a version of software that the registration server  512  desires the client device to execute. The client device  520  may receive such information from a registration server (e.g., registration server  512 ) in response to contacting the registration server. 
     In operation  704 , the client device  520  receives a target location (e.g., a URI) of a software update server or system (e.g., software update server  518 ) where the client device  520  may acquire the software update. The client device  520  may receive such information from registration server  512  in response to contacting the registration server. 
     In operation  706 , the client device  520  receives a criticality indicator (e.g., a flag, a message, etc.) indicating whether the software update is a critical or non-critical update. The client device  520  may receive the criticality indicator from the registration server  512  in response to contacting the registration server. 
     In operation  708 , the client device  520  ensures that one or more pre-download conditions are satisfied. Pre-download conditions are conditions (e.g., states of the client device  520 , elements of the system  500  in which client device  520  exists, and/or of the environment in which the client device  520  is located) that must be satisfied prior to the client device  520  downloading or otherwise acquiring the software update. For example, pre-download conditions may include ensuring that the client device  520  has a battery charge sufficient to fully download the software update. Various pre-download conditions are further described with reference to  FIG. 8A . Once the pre-download conditions are satisfied, processing continues to operation  710 . 
     In operation  710 , the client device  520  downloads the software update. In one embodiment, the client device  520  may send a request for the software update to the software update server identified in operation  704 . In response to sending such a request, the client device  520  may receive the software update from the identified software update server. 
     After the software update is downloaded, processing continues to operation  712  where the client device  520  determines whether the download occurred as a result of or during a process of installing the device. For example, a user may purchase a thermostat  202  from a retail outlet and, upon acquiring the thermostat  202 , install the thermostat  202  into structure  250  either themselves or with the assistance of a professional installer. Installation of the device may include one or more of a variety of aspects, such as hardware installation (e.g., mechanically connecting the device to a wall of the structure  250 , electrically coupling the device to other elements associated with structure  250  such as HVAC  203 , etc.) and/or software configuration (e.g., configuring the device to connect to a local wireless network, indicating to the device characteristics of an HVAC  203  the device is coupled to, testing the electrical coupling of the device to the HVAC  203 , naming the device, pairing the device to a user account, etc.). Some specific techniques for installing a device are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/038,191 filed Mar. 1, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     If it is determined that the download occurred as a result of or during a process of installing the device, processing continues to operation  714  where the device determines whether the software update is critical or non-critical. To make such a determination the device may, e.g., read the criticality indicator received in operation  706 . 
     If the software update is not critical, then processing continues to operation  716  where the device waits before installing the software update. The device  520  waits a suitable amount of time to reduce the likelihood that installation of the software update will interfere with installation of the device  520 . For example, installation of a device may require on average between 10 and 15 minutes. In such cases, the device  520  may wait 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, an amount of time less than 20 minutes, greater than 40 minutes, or in a range from 20 to 40 minutes. For another example, installation of a device may require 30 minutes on average. In such cases, the device  520  may wait 35 minutes, 45 minutes, 55 minutes, an amount of time less than 35 minutes, greater than 55 minutes, or in a range from 35 to 45 minutes. Accordingly, in at least one embodiment, the device may wait a certain amount of time greater than the expected installation time. In some cases, the device may wait on the order of hours, days, or even weeks, rather than minutes. 
     After waiting in operation  716 , after determining that the software update is critical in operation  714 , or after determining that the software download did not occur as a result of or during a process of installing the device in operation  712 , processing may continue to operation  718 . In operation  718  the client device  520  ensures that one or more pre-install conditions are satisfied. Pre-install conditions are conditions (e.g., states of the client device  520 , elements of the system  500  in which client device  520  exists, and/or of the environment in which the client device  520  is located) that must be satisfied prior to the client device  520  installing the software update. For example, pre-install conditions may include ensuring that the client device  520  has a battery charge sufficient to install the software update. Various pre-install conditions are further described with reference to  FIG. 8B . Once the pre-install conditions are satisfied, processing continues to operation  720 , where the client device  520  installs the software update. Various techniques for installing the software update are further described with reference to  FIG. 8C . 
     During the various operations described with reference to  FIG. 7 , various information (e.g., text, graphics, audio, etc.) may be communicated to the user for a variety of reasons, such as to provide a status of the download/update process, solicit feedback or action by the user, etc. For example, the user may be prompted to perform some task (such as connecting the device to a power source or waiting for the battery level of the device to reach a desired level) while the device satisfies the pre-download conditions and/or the pre-install conditions. For another example, the user may be provided information indicating a status of the download and/or install. In one particular embodiment, the information provided to the user may be determined based on whether the update is critical or not. For example, the status of a download and/or install (e.g., 20% complete, 50% complete, 70% complete, etc.) may be displayed to the user for critical updates, but may be suppressed for non-critical updates. For another example, information concerning satisfying the pre-download conditions (e.g., instructing the user to connect the head unit to the back plate) may be displayed during a critical update, but suppressed during a non-critical update. Accordingly, in a variety of embodiments the determination of whether the update is critical may thus be performed prior to actually downloading the software update and/or prior to satisfying the pre-download conditions. 
     It should also be recognized that user controllability of the client device may be impacted based on whether the software update is critical or noncritical. In some embodiments, the user may effectively lose control of the client device when critical updates are required. For example, the client device may ignore or otherwise be unresponsive to requests by the user (e.g., requests to change the setpoint, access menu options, etc.). Rather, the client device may instruct the user to perform certain tasks (e.g., charge the battery, wait for install, etc.) so as to ensure that the software updates are downloaded. In contrast, for non-critical updates, the user may retain control of the device and, in some cases, may be entirely unaware of the software update download and/or install since information concerning the download and/or install may be suppressed from the user. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 7  provide a particular process for performing software updates according to various embodiments. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 7  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIG. 8A  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to satisfy pre-download conditions according to an embodiment. The process may be implemented, for example, as operation  708  described with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
     In operation  708 A, the client device (e.g., client device  520 ) determines whether the device is in an ‘awake’ mode (i.e., state of operation). In some embodiments, the client device  520  may operate in a plurality of different modes of operation, such as an awake mode, a sleep mode, etc. Different modes of operation illustrate different (e.g., scaled) operational characteristics of the client device  520 . When operating in an awake mode, the client device may operate with full functionality. For example, the processor(s) of the client device may be active and operating at their maximum level of activity, user display(s) may be active, wireless communications may be enabled and operable to communicate at their maximum capacity, sensor(s) may be active and sampling at their highest sampling rate, etc. In contrast, when in a non-awake mode of operation, such as a sleep mode, the client device may operate at reduced functionality as compared to the awake mode. For example, the processor(s) of the client device may be active (or some even inactive) and operating at a low or medium level of activity, user display(s) may be inactive, wireless communications may be enabled (or even disabled) and operable to communicate at a low or medium capacity, sensor(s) may be active (or even inactive) and sampling at a low or medium sampling rate, etc. Some specific examples of varying modes of operation and their characteristics are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/267,877, filed Oct. 6, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for purposes. 
     It should be recognized that a variety of events may cause the client device to transition from a non-awake mode to an awake mode. For example, the client device may enter into an awake mode if one or more proximity infrared sensors detect an approaching user, a user physically engages the client device (e.g., a user rotates, pushes, or otherwise actuates ring  120 ), a remote server  510  communicates an awake instruction to the client device  520 , etc. Some specific examples of causing client devices to change operating states are described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/267,877, supra. 
     If it is determined that the client device is not in an awake mode, then processing may continue to operation  708 B where the client device waits until it is operating in an awake mode. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  708 C. 
     In operation  708 C, the client device determines whether a power connection is available. In one embodiment, the client device  520  may determine whether a direct connection to a power source such as a line voltage source is available. For example, connection to an HVAC C-wire via power connection  106 . For another example, connection to a power source such as a computing device or AC/DC converter via a USB cable, power cable, or other power transmission medium. In another embodiment, the client device  520  may determine whether an indirect connection to a power source is available (e.g., power stealing from the HVAC system via power connection  106 ). In yet another embodiment, the client device  520  may determine whether any of the aforementioned direct or indirect connections are available. The connections may be connections from the docking station  112  (e.g., the C-wire and/or power stealing connections) and/or from the replaceable module  114  (e.g., the USB connection). If no power connection is available, then processing may continue to operation  708 D where the client device waits for a power connection to become available. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  708 E. 
     In some embodiments, determining whether a power connection is available may include determining an amount of energy available from a power source (e.g., max voltage, max current, max power, etc.), determining an amount of energy required downloading the software update (e.g., required voltage, current, power, etc. for a period of time), and determining whether the amount of energy available is equal to or greater than that required to download the software update. In one embodiment, a power connection will be deemed available if is determined that the amount of energy available is equal to or greater than that required to download the software, and in another embodiment a power connection will be deemed available if is determined that the amount of energy available is greater than that required to download the software. 
     As mentioned with reference to  FIG. 7 , various information may be communicated to the user during the download and/or install process. For example, if it is determined that there is no power connection available, then information requesting such a power connection may be communicated to the user via, e.g., the display  124 . In some embodiments, such information may be communicated to the user only for critical updates and suppressed for non-critical updates. In other embodiments, such information may always be communicated to the user. Such information may be communicated when it is desired to cause the user to perform some sort of action (such as by connecting a power source). For example, such information may be communicated during the wait operation  708 D. 
     In operation  708 E, the client device determines whether it has sufficient battery charge to download the software update. In one particular embodiment, the client device  520  may determine whether the voltage of battery  108  is equal to or greater than a minimum voltage. If it is, then the client device may determine that it has sufficient battery charge, otherwise, it may determine that its battery charge in insufficient. The minimum voltage may be, e.g., 3.5V, 3.7V, 3.9V, in a range from 3.5V to 3.9V, less than 3.5V, or greater than 3.9V. If it is determined that the battery charge is insufficient, processing may continue to operation  708 F where the client device waits until it has acquired a sufficient battery charge. In some embodiments, the client device  520  may charge its battery using power transfer or power stealing techniques as previously described. Otherwise, if it is determined that the battery charge is sufficient, then at this stage the pre-download conditions may be deemed satisfied. 
     As mentioned, various information may be communicated to the user during the download and/or install process. For example, if it is determined that there is insufficient battery charge, then information indicating that a sufficient battery charge must be acquired prior to downloading the software update may be communicated to the user via, e.g., the display  124 . In some embodiments, such information may be communicated to the user only for critical updates and suppressed for non-critical updates. In other embodiments, such information may always be communicated to the user. Such information may be communicated when it is desired to cause the user to perform some sort of action (such as by not interfering with the device so as to allow the device to acquire a sufficient battery charge). For example, such information may be communicated during the wait operation  708 F. 
     In at least one embodiment, operations  708 E and  708 F may be omitted. For example, when determining whether a power connection is available includes determining whether an amount of energy available is greater than (or equal to) that required to download the software, operations  708 E and  708 F may be omitted if it is determined that the amount of energy available is greater than (or equal to) that required to download the software since, in such cases, a battery may similarly be omitted or used only for backup or post-download purposes. 
       FIG. 8B  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to satisfy pre-install conditions according to an embodiment. The process may be implemented, for example, as operation  708  described with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
     In operation  718 A, the client device (e.g., client device  520 ) determines whether the device is in an ‘awake’ mode (i.e., state of operation). This may be similar to operation  708 A, thus further description is omitted. If it is determined that the client device is not in an awake mode, then processing may continue to operation  718 B where the client device waits until it enters into an awake mode of operation. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  718 C. 
     In operation  718 C, the client device determines whether it has sufficient battery charge to install the software update. This operation is similar to operation  708 D, except in this case the determination is as to whether the battery charge is sufficient to install rather than download the software update. Thus, further description is omitted. If it is determined that the battery charge is insufficient, then processing may continue to operation  718 D where the client device waits until it has obtained a battery charge sufficient to install the software update. Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  718 E. 
     In operation  718 E, the client device determines whether it is connected to a back plate. In some embodiments, the client device may be a modular device including a head unit  114  and a back plate  112 . In such cases, the device may determine whether the head unit  114  is connected to the back plate  112 . Connection to the back plate  112  may increase the likelihood that the battery  108  is charged throughout the installation process, that a power connection  106  is maintained, that a wireless connection to a local area network provided in smart home environment  200  (and thus remote server  510 ) is maintained, etc. If it is determined that the head unit  114  is disconnected from the back plate  112 , then processing may continue to operation  718 F where the client device  520  waits until the head unit  114  is connected to the back plate  112 . Otherwise, processing may continue to operation  718 G. 
     As mentioned with reference to  FIG. 7 , various information may be communicated to the user during the download and/or install process. For example, if it is determined that the head unit is not connected to the back plate, then information requesting the user to connect the head unit to the back plate may be communicated to the user via, e.g., the display  124 . In some embodiments, such information may be communicated to the user only for critical updates and suppressed for non-critical updates. In other embodiments, such information may always be communicated to the user. Such information may be communicated when it is desired to cause the user to perform some sort of action (such as by connecting a power source). For example, such information may be communicated during the wait operation  718 F. 
     In operation  718 G, the client device determines whether its display is active. In some embodiments, the client device  520  may include a display element  124 . The display element  124  may be active, in which case it displays information to a user, or inactive, in which case it does not display information to a user. If the display element  124  is active, processing may continue to operation  718 H where the client device waits until the display becomes inactive. In this fashion, the software update installation process may be hidden from the user of the device. In contrast, if the display element  124  is inactive, then processing may continue to operation  718 I. 
     In operation  718 I, the client device determines whether it is controlling an HVAC system coupled thereto to be active. For example, as previously described electronics  130  may activate heating systems, ventilation systems, air conditions systems, etc. via wire connectors  138 . If one or more of these systems are active, then processing may continue to operation  718 J where the client device waits until the systems become inactive. In this fashion, installation of the software update does not interrupt operation of the HVAC system. Otherwise, if it is determined that the VHAC system is not active, then the client device may determine that all pre-installation conditions are satisfied. 
     In some embodiments, the client device may determine that all pre-installation conditions are satisfied even if the HVAC system is active. For example, the client device may check to see how long the HVAC system has been active. If the HVAC system has been continuously active for at least a certain period of time (e.g., 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, an amount of time in the range of 6 hours to 24 hours, less than 6 hours, or greater than 24 hours), then the client device may stop waiting and determine that the HVAC system activity pre-installation condition is satisfied. This may be particularly beneficial in situations where an HVAC system is in continuous use, e.g., in extreme conditions (e.g., extreme heat or extreme cold), where a relatively short HVAC inoperability (e.g., 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, etc.) resulting from installation of the software update may have a minimal impact on overall user comfort or experience. 
       FIG. 8C  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to install a software update according to an embodiment. The process may be implemented, for example, as operation  720  described with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
     In operation  720 A, the client device disables HVAC control. For example, as previously described electronics  130  may activate heating systems, ventilation systems, air conditions systems, etc. via wire connectors  138 . In operation  720 A the client device may deactivate or otherwise disable such systems. For example, the electronic circuitry  130  may cause such systems to enter into an OFF state. In some cases, the systems may not be controlled to enter into an OFF state, but rather the electronic circuitry  130  may be temporarily disabled so as to preclude user control of the HVAC system. In such cases, prior to being disabled, the HVAC system could be controlled to enter into a particular state (e.g., an ON state or an OFF state), or may be set to maintain its state of operation existent prior to disabling of electronic circuitry  130 . For example, if the HVAC system is in an ON state prior to installing the software update, then the HVAC system may be maintained in the ON state during installation of the software update. 
     In operation  720 B, the software update is copied to a secondary partition. In some embodiments, the client device  520  (e.g., intelligence components  116 ) may include one or more storage elements having a plurality of storage partitions. An operating system and software for controlling the client device may be installed on a primary partition from which the device operates during typical operation (e.g., during installation and subsequent operation). A secondary partition may be used to facilitate software updating as described herein. That is, while the device is operating via software installed on its primary partition, the device may copy the software update downloaded in, e.g., operation  710 , to its secondary partition. 
     Once the software update has been copied to the secondary partition, in operation  720 C the client device may reboot from the secondary partition. In this particular embodiment, the software update includes an operating system (which may have been updated) and may also include additional operational software (which may also or alternatively been updated). In other embodiments, the secondary partition may already have an operating system (and possibly software applications) installed thereon, and the software update may be an incremental update to the operating system and/or software applications. 
     In operation  720 D the client device determines whether the reboot is successful. In being successful, the operating system at the secondary partition is successfully initialized (e.g., successfully reaches steady state). If the reboot is successful, then processing may continue to operation  720 E. 
     In operation  720 E, the client device copies the software update to the primary partition. In some embodiments, this may include copying some or all of the contents of the secondary partition to the primary partition. In other embodiments, this may include installing the downloaded software update on the primary partition. Once the software update is installed on the primary partition, processing may continue to operation  720 F. 
     In operation  720 F, the client device is rebooted from the primary partition. In this particular case, that is, where the software update was copied to the primary partition, then rebooting from the primary partition will result in rebooting the client device such that the client device is operable with the software update. Processing may then continue to operation  720 G, where the client device enables HVAC control (which may be, e.g., the opposite of operation  720 A). 
     Returning to operation  720 D, if it is determined that reboot is unsuccessful, then processing may continue to operation  720 H. In operation  720 H the client device may output an error message to the user indicating that the software update did not successfully install. Processing may then continue to operation  720 F, where the client device reboots from the primary partition. Since in this case the software update was not copied to nor installed on the primary partition, the device reboots using the pre-update operating system and/or software application(s). 
     In accordance with some embodiments, even though HVAC control is may be temporarily disabled during installation of a software update the client device  520  may still be operable to communicate (e.g., receive instructions from, provide information to, etc.) with other elements of system  500 . For example, while the client device  520  is copying software updates to different partitions, it may receive (and in some cases, buffer) instructions from other associated client devices (e.g., access devices) via a synchronization server  514 . In at least one embodiment, however, all communications between client device  520  and other elements of system  500  may be disabled for one or more periods during installation of the software update. For example, communications may be disabled during rebooting of the device (e.g., in operations  720 C and/or  720 F). In such cases, the client device is effectively in a ‘black out’ mode of operation, where the device may not be remotely controlled and, in many cases, may not be locally (i.e., directly) controlled by a user (e.g., by a user attempting to physically manipulate or interact with the device). 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIGS. 8A to 8C  provide particular processes for satisfying pre-download conditions, satisfying pre-install conditions, and installing software updates, according to various embodiments. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIGS. 8A to 8C  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIG. 9A  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to perform software updating of head units and back plates according to an embodiment. In operation  902  a client device (e.g., device  100 ) downloads a software update to its head unit (e.g., replaceable module  114 ) and, in operation  904 , installs the software update to its head unit. The download and install may be performed in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein. It should be recognized, however, that the software update may include components that update software executing on the head unit as well as components that update different software executing on the back plate. Accordingly, in operation  904 , the client device may install the software components that update the software executing or executable on the head unit. 
     In operation  906 , the client device  100  determines whether the head unit  114  is connected to the back plate  112 . For example, the head unit software and/or circuitry may determine whether the head unit  114  is coupled to the connection terminal  140 . If it is determined that the head unit is not connected to the back plate, then processing may continue to operation  908  where the client device waits until the head unit is connected to the back plate. In some embodiments, during operation  908  the client device may communicate information to the user requesting the user to connect the head unit to the back plate. Once the head unit is connected to the back plate, processing continues to operation  910 . 
     In operation  910 , the client device determines whether the back plate needs to be updated. For example, software and/or circuitry executable in the head unit  114  may determine whether the software executing on the back plate needs to be updated in accordance with the downloaded update. If so, then processing continues to operation  912  where the software update is installed to the back plate. Otherwise, processing continues to operation  914  where the software update is not installed to the back plate. 
       FIG. 9B  is a flowchart of a process for a client device to determine whether a back plate needs an update according to an embodiment. In some embodiments, the process may be implemented, for example, as operation  910 . In other embodiments, the process may be a stand-alone process. For example, the process may be implemented at various times, such as upon connecting a head unit to a back plate, upon powering on the device, periodically, etc. 
     In operation  910 A, the client device determines the software version of the back plate. The software version may be stored in the back plate, head unit, or other suitable storage location. In one particular embodiment, the head unit may determine the software version of the back plate by reading the stored version information. 
     In operation  910 B, the client device determines whether the software version of the back plate is as expected. In some embodiments, the software update download may include information indicating the version of the back plate software that is the predecessor to the software update. The software running on the back plate may not be the expected version if that software is newer or older than the that indicated in the software update download. If the software version of the back plate is not as expected, then processing continues to operation  910 C where it is determined that the back plate needs to be updated. In many cases, this leads to the client device updating the back plate software. Otherwise, processing continues to operation  910 D where it is determined that the back plate does not need to be updated. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  provide particular processes for performing software updates according to various embodiments. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. For example, the head unit software may not be updated until the head unit is connected to the back plate. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in FIGS.  9 A and  9 B may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIG. 10  is a flowchart of a process  1000  for a remote server (e.g., a registration server  512 ) to perform software updating according to an embodiment. In operation  1002 , the registration server  512  receives a device identifier for the client device  520 . Processing continues to operation  1004  where the appropriate software version of the client device  520  is determined. For example, the registration server  512  may compare the received device identifier to a device identifier/software version map (that maps device identifiers to software versions) to identify the appropriate software version for the client device  520 . In operation  1006 , the registration server  512  determines a target location of the software update server, which may be stored at the registration server  512 , included in the device identifier/software version map, or otherwise accessed by the registration server  512 . The registration server  512  may then, in operation  1008 , communicate the information indicating the appropriate software version to the client device, and in operation  1010  communicate the target location of the software update server to the client device. In operation  1010 , the registration server  512  determines whether the software update is critical. For example, the registration server  512  may compare the software version of the update to a software version/criticality map (that maps software versions to indicators indicating whether the software versions are critical or non-critical) to determine whether the software update is critical. The registration server  512  may then, in operation  1012 , communicate, to the client device, an indication indicating whether the software update is critical. 
     It should be appreciated that the specific operations illustrated in  FIG. 10  provide a particular process for a remote server to perform software updating according to various embodiments. Other sequences of operations may also be performed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the operations outlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual operations illustrated in  FIG. 10  may include multiple sub-operations that may be performed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual operations. Furthermore, additional operations may be added or existing operations removed depending on the particular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize and appreciate many variations, modifications, and alternatives. 
       FIG. 11  is a block diagram of a special-purpose computer system  1100  according to an embodiment. For example, one or more of client device  100 , elements of smart home environment  200 , remote server  264 , data processing server  307 , client device  520 , elements of remote server  510 , or other electronic components described herein may implemented as a special-purpose computer system  1100 . The above methods may be implemented by computer-program products that direct a computer system to perform the actions of the above-described methods and components. Each such computer-program product may comprise sets of instructions (codes) embodied on a computer-readable medium that directs the processor of a computer system to perform corresponding actions. The instructions may be configured to run in sequential order, or in parallel (such as under different processing threads), or in a combination thereof. 
     Special-purpose computer system  1100  comprises a computer  1102 , a monitor  1104  coupled to computer  1102 , one or more additional user output devices  1106  (optional) coupled to computer  1102 , one or more user input devices  1108  (e.g., keyboard, mouse, track ball, touch screen) coupled to computer  1102 , an optional communications interface  1110  coupled to computer  1102 , and a computer-program product  1112  stored in a tangible computer-readable memory in computer  1102 . Computer-program product  1112  directs system  1100  to perform the above-described methods. Computer  1102  may include one or more processors  1114  that communicate with a number of peripheral devices via a bus subsystem  1116 . These peripheral devices may include user output device(s)  1106 , user input device(s)  1108 , communications interface  1110 , and a storage subsystem, such as random access memory (RAM)  1118  and non-volatile storage drive  1120  (e.g., disk drive, optical drive, solid state drive), which are forms of tangible computer-readable memory. 
     Computer-program product  1112  may be stored in non-volatile storage drive  1120  or another computer-readable medium accessible to computer  1102  and loaded into memory  1118 . Each processor  1114  may comprise a microprocessor, such as a microprocessor from Intel® or Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.®, or the like. To support computer-program product  1112 , the computer  1102  runs an operating system that handles the communications of product  1112  with the above-noted components, as well as the communications between the above-noted components in support of the computer-program product  1112 . Exemplary operating systems include Windows® or the like from Microsoft Corporation, Solaris® from Sun Microsystems, LINUX, UNIX, and the like. 
     User input devices  1108  include all possible types of devices and mechanisms to input information to computer system  1102 . These may include a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a scanner, a digital drawing pad, a touch screen incorporated into the display, audio input devices such as voice recognition systems, microphones, and other types of input devices. In various embodiments, user input devices  1108  are typically embodied as a computer mouse, a trackball, a track pad, a joystick, wireless remote, a drawing tablet, a voice command system. User input devices  1108  typically allow a user to select objects, icons, text and the like that appear on the monitor  1104  via a command such as a click of a button or the like. User output devices  1106  include all possible types of devices and mechanisms to output information from computer  1102 . These may include a display (e.g., monitor  1104 ), printers, non-visual displays such as audio output devices, etc. 
     Communications interface  1122  provides an interface to other communication networks and devices and may serve as an interface to receive data from and transmit data to other systems, WANs and/or the Internet. Embodiments of communications interface  1122  typically include an Ethernet card, a modem (telephone, satellite, cable, ISDN), a (asynchronous) digital subscriber line (DSL) unit, a FireWire® interface, a USB® interface, a wireless network adapter, and the like. For example, communications interface  1110  may be coupled to a computer network, to a FireWire® bus, or the like. In other embodiments, communications interface  1110  may be physically integrated on the motherboard of computer  1102 , and/or may be a software program, or the like. 
     RAM  1118  and non-volatile storage drive  1120  are examples of tangible computer-readable media configured to store data such as computer-program product embodiments of the present invention, including executable computer code, human-readable code, or the like. Other types of tangible computer-readable media include floppy disks, removable hard disks, optical storage media such as CD-ROMs, DVDs, bar codes, semiconductor memories such as flash memories, read-only-memories (ROMs), battery-backed volatile memories, networked storage devices, and the like. RAM  1118  and non-volatile storage drive  1120  may be configured to store the basic programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of various embodiments of the present invention, as described above. 
     Software instruction sets that provide the functionality of the present invention may be stored in RAM  1118  and non-volatile storage drive  1120 . These instruction sets or code may be executed by the processor(s)  1114 . RAM  1118  and non-volatile storage drive  1120  may also provide a repository to store data and data structures used in accordance with the present invention. RAM  1118  and non-volatile storage drive  1280  may include a number of memories including a main random access memory (RAM) to store of instructions and data during program execution and a read-only memory (ROM) in which fixed instructions are stored. RAM  1118  and non-volatile storage drive  1120  may include a file storage subsystem providing persistent (non-volatile) storage of program and/or data files. RAM  1118  and non-volatile storage drive  1120  may also include removable storage systems, such as removable flash memory. 
     Bus subsystem  1116  provides a mechanism to allow the various components and subsystems of computer  1102  communicate with each other as intended. Although bus subsystem  1116  is shown schematically as a single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilize multiple busses or communication paths within the computer  1102 . 
     For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. Any machine-readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software codes may be stored in a memory. Memory may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor. As used herein the term “memory” refers to any type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other storage medium and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored. 
     Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” may represent one or more memories for storing data, including read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/or other machine readable mediums for storing information. The term “machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels, and/or various other storage mediums capable of storing that contain or carry instruction(s) and/or data. 
     Specific details are given in the above description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it is understood that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits may be shown in block diagrams in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. 
     Implementation of the techniques, blocks, steps and means described above may be done in various ways. For example, these techniques, blocks, steps and means may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described above, and/or a combination thereof. 
     Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function. 
     Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software, scripting languages, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, and/or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, scripting language, and/or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium such as a storage medium. A code segment or machine-executable instruction may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a script, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, and/or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, and/or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
     The subject matter of this patent specification relates to the subject matter of the following commonly assigned applications, each of which is incorporated by reference herein: U.S. Ser. No. 13/269,501 filed Oct. 7, 2011; and U.S. Ser. No. 13/466,815 filed May 8, 2012. 
     While the principles of the present teachings have been described above in connection with specific apparatuses and methods, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as limitation on the scope of the present teachings.