Patent Publication Number: US-2023145218-A1

Title: Radar-based lane change safety system

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Designing a system to safely drive a vehicle autonomously without supervision is tremendously difficult. An autonomous vehicle should at least be capable of performing as a functional equivalent of an attentive driver—who draws upon a perception and action system that has an incredible ability to identify and react to moving and static obstacles in a complex environment—to avoid colliding with other objects or structures along the path of the vehicle. Thus, the ability to detect instances of moving or stationary actors (e.g., cars, pedestrians, etc.) is a critical component of autonomous driving perception systems. This capability has become increasingly important as the operational environment for the autonomous vehicle has begun to expand from highway environments to semi-urban and urban settings characterized by complex scenes with many occlusions and complex shapes. 
     Conventional perception methods rely heavily on the use of cameras or LIDAR sensors to detect and track obstacles in a scene. However, using these approaches alone has a number of drawbacks. For example, conventional detection techniques that rely solely on vision (camera) and LIDAR may be unreliable in scenes with heavy occlusions, and in inclement weather conditions, and underlying sensors—LIDAR in particular—are often prohibitively expensive. Moreover, because the output signal from these camera or LIDAR based systems requires heavy post-processing in order to extract accurate three-dimensional (3D) information, the run-time of these systems is generally high and requires additional computational and processing demands, thereby reducing the efficiency of these systems. 
     Radar-based lane change assist systems are typically used in non-autonomous vehicles and provide a warning for obstacles in a blind spot. The warning may be in the form of a light on a rear-view mirror, an audible sound, tactile feedback, etc. These systems are low-cost and low-complexity to provide additional awareness to a human driver. These lane change assist systems only trigger for radar detections approaching the vehicle in a blind spot. As such, they are unable to account for more than one type of situation that may be considered dangerous, stationary objects, objects outside a driver&#39;s blind spot, and/or the type of object that caused the radar detections. As such, traditional lane change assist systems lack many features desirable for autonomous applications. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a radar-based lane change safety system. Systems and methods are disclosed that identify and/or classify obstacles in adjacent lanes to a vehicle and assign a safety status to one or more of the adjacent lanes based upon accumulation of energy levels associated with the obstacles to take or prevent actions (such as a lane change) in response to the safety status. 
     In contrast to conventional approaches, disclosed approaches may be used to detect and track obstacles using radar (e.g., only radar) in fully autonomous and semi-autonomous applications (or non-autonomous applications in some embodiments). In some aspects of the disclosure, systems may filter radar detections using a set of criteria corresponding to one or more attributes of the radar detections, then accumulate radar detections that pass the filtering to form energy levels that correspond to locations of the radar detections in a zone(s) positioned relative to the vehicle. The systems may also determine one or more safety statuses associated with the zone based at least on magnitudes of the energy levels and use the safety statuses for controlling of the vehicle. By filtering and accumulating the radar detections, disclosed systems may use energy levels to distinguish between different types of radar detections over time, such as to use different standards for danger when considering objects outside a driver&#39;s blind spot versus those in the driver&#39;s blind spot, to trigger for nearby stationary in the zone, but not far away stationary objects, etc. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present systems and methods for radar-based lane change safety monitoring are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein: 
         FIG.  1 A  is a data flow diagram illustrating a process for determining zone information, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  1 B  is a flow diagram illustrating an example method performed by a lane change safety monitoring system, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is a diagram showing an example of an ego-vehicle and adjacent vehicles in various safety zones in adjacent lanes, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is an illustration of a first example projection of accumulated RADAR detections and corresponding safety zones, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is an illustration of a second example orthographic projection of accumulated RADAR detections and corresponding object detections, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 A  is a chart showing resultant safety statuses of the first set of example radar detections of  FIG.  3   ; 
         FIG.  5 B  is a chart showing resultant safety status of the second set of example radar detection of  FIG.  4   ; 
         FIG.  6    is a flow diagram showing a method for determining safety statuses using filter criteria, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    is a flow diagram showing a method for determining safety statuses using one or more machine learning models, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8 A  is an illustration of an example autonomous vehicle, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8 B  is an example of camera locations and fields of view for the example autonomous vehicle of  FIG.  8 A , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8 C  is a block diagram of an example system architecture for the example autonomous vehicle of  FIG.  8 A , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8 D  is a system diagram for communication between cloud-based server(s) and the example autonomous vehicle of  FIG.  8 A , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  9    is a block diagram of an example computing device suitable for use in implementing some embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  10    is a block diagram of an example data center suitable for use in implementing some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Systems and methods are disclosed related to radar-based lane change safety monitoring. Although the present disclosure may be described with respect to an example autonomous vehicle  800  (alternatively referred to herein as “vehicle  800 ” or “ego-vehicle  800 ,” an example of which is described with respect to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 D ), this is not intended to be limiting. For example, the systems and methods described herein may be used by, without limitation, non-autonomous vehicles, semi-autonomous vehicles (e.g., in one or more adaptive driver assistance systems (ADAS)), piloted and un-piloted robots or robotic platforms, warehouse vehicles, off-road vehicles, vehicles coupled to one or more trailers, flying vessels, boats, shuttles, emergency response vehicles, motorcycles, electric or motorized bicycles, aircraft, construction vehicles, underwater craft, drones, and/or other vehicle types. In addition, although the present disclosure may be described with respect to safety statuses for adjacent lanes for autonomous driving, this is not intended to be limiting, and the systems and methods described herein may be used in augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, robotics, security and surveillance, autonomous or semi-autonomous machine applications, and/or any other technology spaces where object tracking or lane safety monitoring may be used (or more generally occupancy detection). 
     In embodiments of the present disclosure, disclosed systems may evaluate one or more radar detections generated using at least one sensor of a vehicle. Multiple radar sensors may be disposed on the vehicle and oriented to detect objects around the vehicle. The radar sensors may generate radar detections in any of various forms. These radar detections may be indicative of obstacles in various zones relative to the vehicle. 
     Filter criteria may be used to determine if a radar detection has one or more characteristics indicative that further analysis and consideration of the various detections is warranted by accumulating the radar detection for a location(s) in a zone. For example, the filter criteria may be configured to allow for accumulation of a radar detection that is indicative of an object associated with that radar detection being a threat to the vehicle which should affect control of the vehicle. By way of example and not limitation, attributes of radar detections that the filter criteria may correspond to include any combination of velocity (e.g., Doppler velocity with respect to one or more sensor), distance (e.g., between a radar detection and one or more sensors), and/or time-to-collision (e.g., radial TTC between a radar detection and one or more sensors), etc. 
     For example, a first set of the filter criteria may allow for accumulation based on one or more attributes of the radar detections indicating one or more approaching objects, such as a Doppler velocity associated with the one or more radar detections being above a velocity threshold. A second set of the filter criteria may allow for accumulation based on one or more attributes of the radar detections indicating that the radar detections fall within a range relative to the vehicle, such as one or more distances to the one or more radar detections being above or below a distance threshold. A third set of the filter criteria may allow for accumulation based on one or more attributes of the radar detections indicating one or more times-to-collision being below a time threshold. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the filter criteria may define a first range of distances (or area) that has a different set of conditions on filtering the one or more radar detections from the accumulating than at least second range of distances (or area). 
     In embodiments of the present disclosure, the system may accumulate, based at least on evaluating the filter criteria, one or more radar detections to form one or energy levels that correspond to one or more locations of the one or more radar detections in a zone positioned relative to the vehicle. For a radar detection that passes the filter criteria, the radar detection may be indicative of an obstacle that may be relevant to control of the vehicle. As such, the radar detection may be accumulated to form the energy level for that location(s) in the zone. The energy level may also decay over time, such as before or after accumulating and/or determining energy levels for a set of temporally related radar detections. The decay may reduce the energy level based upon each successive set of radar data. This may allow the energy level to reduce over time, such as to account for an object moving to a new location. 
     In embodiments of the present disclosure, the system may determine one or more safety statuses associated with a zone based at least on one or more magnitudes of the one or more energy levels. A safety status may be determined for the zone as a whole and/or one or more individual locations or regions within the zone. A safety status may correspond to a certain threshold or other criteria involving a magnitude(s) of an energy level(s). In one or more embodiments, different thresholds may be used to account for different types of objects that may have caused the radar detections. For example, different features of one or more energy levels and/or locations may be used to determine which threshold to apply so that, for example, a motorcycle may be treated differently than a truck by using different thresholds. In one or more embodiments, the features and/or thresholds may be determined and/or applied using statistical techniques, such as a histogram. For example, the system may compare a set of energy levels to a histogram that corresponds to a type of object and use a threshold associated with the histogram when the energy levels are sufficiently similar to the histogram. 
     As the energy level(s) is accumulated, based upon new radar detections, and decayed, based upon the passage of time, the safety status may change. By way of example, determining one or more safety statuses may include classifying the one or more locations and/or the zone according to a binary classification of safe or unsafe using the one or more energy levels. The safety status may thus indicate whether the system determines that it is safe for the vehicle to perform a certain action involving the location(s) in the zone, such as changing lanes to a certain side of the vehicle that includes the zone. In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the zone is at least partially forward of the vehicle. Other zones may be at least partially beside and/or at least partially behind the vehicle on the respective sides (e.g., toward the left and/or the right) of the vehicle. Further, one or more of the zones may be partially overlapping with one another. Where multiple zones are employed, safety statuses may be determined for each of the zones separately (e.g., a separate safety status per zone). 
     In further aspects of the disclosure, in addition to or alternatively from filtering the radar detections using the filter criteria, disclosed systems may determine the one or more safety statuses associated with a zone based at least on applying the one or more energy levels to one or more machine learning models trained to assign one or more classes to at least a portion of the zone associated with the one or more locations. The MLM(s) may be trained to determine a class for an object associated with one or more particular locations, areas, grid cells, pixels, and/or zones. A class may be indicative of an object type, such as a car, truck, motorcycle, pedestrian, road barrier, etc. Additionally or alternatively, the MLM(s) may determine data indicative of the safety status associated with one or more particular locations, areas, grid cells, pixels, and/or zones zone (e.g., safe or unsafe, type of danger, etc.), such as one or more classes and/or scores. The system may apply the energy levels, or other information, such as the one or more attributes (and/or statistics derived from multiple radar detections), to a neural network or other MLM (in at least one embodiment based on accumulating using filter criteria, as described herein). For example, inputs to the MLM may comprise a grid of cells corresponding to the locations in the zone (e.g., each cell corresponding to a respective location in a 2D top-down representation of the world) and energy levels and/or attributes may be stored in one or more cells of a corresponding location. Outputs of the neural network may indicate a likelihood(s) of a spatial grid cell(s) that corresponds to a location(s) belonging to a class (e.g., associated with the one or more safety statuses), an associated safety status (e.g., a binary classification), and/or an associated score (e.g., safety level). 
     By training the MLM(s) to account for the type of object detected and/or the filter criteria when determining a safety status, the safety status may account for those differences to provide a safe, effective, and efficient lane change safety system. For example, during training, different object classes may be treated differently, which may impact the safety statuses. In at least one embodiment, the MLM may be trained to consider certain object classes obstacles (e.g., using an explicit obstacle class or implicitly through training), and thereby increase or decrease corresponding safety statuses for corresponding one or more locations, areas, grid cells, pixels, and/or zones to indicate increased danger or obstruction. Similarly, the MLM may be trained to consider certain object classes non-obstacles (e.g., using the explicit obstacle class or implicitly), and thereby increase or decrease corresponding safety statuses for corresponding one or more locations, areas, grid cells, pixels, and/or zones to indicate decreased danger or obstruction. By way of example, the MLM may be trained to output a 0 for obstacles and a 1 for non-obstacles. For example, a speed bump may be classified as a non-obstacle, whereas a car may be classified as an obstacle. However, more discrete values may be used, for example, based at least on the object class being trained on. By way of example, the MLM may be trained to output a non-zero value for a tree branch, which may be lower than that for another vehicle. 
     In further respects, during training, one or more accumulated radar detections, reflection characteristics, and/or other input attributes may impact the corresponding one or more safety statuses and/or object classes. For example, characteristic energy and/or attribute values and/or ranges of values of various objects may be determined using hysteresis and/or other statistical techniques from observations and used for training. By way of example, ground truth data for a pedestrian may include values for a set of corresponding grid cells, which may be based at least on (e.g., selected from the statistically derived values and/or ranges of values which may vary based on location with respect to the object such as center vs peripheral regions), as well as the safety statuses of 0 indicating obstruction or danger, and a pedestrian class value of 1 indicating a pedestrian class (or there may not be any explicit object classes as different object types may be accounted for by radar information patterns in training). 
     In embodiments of the present disclosure, the system may transmit data that causes control of the vehicle based at least on the one or more safety statuses. Causing control of the vehicle may prevent the vehicle from moving to a side of the vehicle associated with the zone (e.g., changing lanes), while the vehicle is operating in a fully autonomous or semi-autonomous mode. Thus, systems described herein may be capable of detecting and tracking obstacles using radar in fully autonomous and semi-autonomous applications (or non-autonomous applications in some embodiments). 
     Disclosed embodiments may be implemented in a control system for an autonomous or semi-autonomous machine, a perception system for an autonomous or semi-autonomous machine, a system for performing simulation operations, a system for performing deep learning operations, a system implemented using an edge device, a system implemented using a robot, a system incorporating one or more virtual machines (VMs), a system implemented at least partially in a data center, or a system implemented at least partially using cloud computing resources. 
     With reference to  FIG.  1 A ,  FIG.  1 A  is an example data flow diagram illustrating an example process for determining zone information  116 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood that this and other arrangements described herein are set forth only as examples. Other arrangements and elements (e.g., machines, interfaces, functions, orders, groupings of functions, etc.) may be used in addition to or instead of those shown, and some elements may be omitted altogether. Further, many of the elements described herein are functional entities that may be implemented as discrete or distributed components or in conjunction with other components, and in any suitable combination and location. Various functions described herein as being performed by entities may be carried out by hardware, firmware, and/or software. For instance, various functions may be carried out by a processor executing instructions stored in memory. 
     At a high level, the process  100  may include a safety status analyzer  107  that may be configured to analyze a safety status based at least in part on a set of sensor data  102  generated using at least a set of RADAR sensors  101 . In one or more embodiments, the safety status may also or instead be based upon detected objects (if any) captured by the sensor data  102 . The safety status analyzer  107  may use any of various algorithms, programs, thresholds, and other calculations to determine or be indicative of a safety status. For example, the safety status analyzer  107  may use one or more machine learning models (MLMs)  108  and/or one or more non-machine learning models  118  in one or more of the algorithms to derive data used to determine the zone information  116 . 
     The sensor data  102  may be pre-processed  104  into input data  106  with a format that the safety status analyzer  107  understands—such as a RADAR tensor data for embodiments where the MLM(s)  108  include a neural network(s). The input data  106  may be fed into the safety status analyzer  107  to determine the zone information  116  captured by the input data  106 . In at least one embodiment, the MLM(s)  108  of the safety status analyzer  107  predict object detection data  110  and safety status data  112 , which may be post-processed  114  into the zone information  116  comprising one or more zone statuses (e.g., safety statuses), object classes, or bounding boxes or shapes which may identify the locations, sizes, and/or orientations of detected objects in one or more zones. The zone information  116  may correspond to and/or be indicative of obstacles around an autonomous vehicle, and may be used by control component(s) of the autonomous vehicle (e.g., controller(s)  836 , ADAS system  838 , SOC(s)  804 , a software stack, and/or other components of the autonomous vehicle  800  of  FIGS.  8 A- 8 D ) to aid the autonomous vehicle in performing one or more operations (e.g., obstacle avoidance, path planning, mapping, etc.) within an environment. 
     In embodiments where the sensor data  102  includes RADAR data, the RADAR data may be captured with respect to a three dimensional (3D) space. For example, one or more RADAR sensors  101  of an ego-object or ego-actor—such as RADAR sensor(s)  860  of the autonomous vehicle  800  of  FIGS.  8 A- 8 D —may be used to generate RADAR detections of objects in an environment around the vehicle. Generally, a RADAR system may include a transmitter that emits radio waves. The radio waves reflect off of certain objects and materials, and a RADAR sensor(s)  101  may detect these reflections and reflection characteristics such as bearing, azimuth, elevation, range (e.g., time of beam flight), intensity, Doppler velocity, RADAR cross section (RCS), reflectivity, SNR, and/or the like. Reflections and reflection characteristics may depend on the objects in the environment, speeds, materials, sensor mounting position and orientation, etc. Firmware associated with the RADAR sensor(s)  101  may be used to control RADAR sensor(s)  101  to capture and/or process the sensor data  102 , such as reflection data from the sensor&#39;s field of view. Generally, the sensor data  102  may include raw sensor data, RADAR point cloud data, and/or reflection data processed into some other format. For example, reflection data may be combined with position and orientation data (e.g., from GNSS and IMU sensors) to form a point cloud representing detected reflections from the environment. Each detection in the point cloud may include a three dimensional location of the detection and metadata about the detection such as one or more of the reflection characteristics. 
     The sensor data  102  may be pre-processed  104  into a format that the safety status analyzer  107  understands. For example, in embodiments where the sensor data  102  includes RADAR detections, the RADAR detections may be accumulated, transformed to a single coordinate system (e.g., centered around the ego-actor/vehicle), ego-motion-compensated (e.g., to a latest known position of the ego-actor/vehicle), and/or orthographically projected to form a projection image (e.g., an overhead or top-down image) of a desired size (e.g., spatial dimension) and with a desired ground sampling distance. One or more portions of the projection image and/or other reflection data may be stored and/or encoded into a suitable representation, such as RADAR tensor data, which may serve as the input data  106  for the machine learning model(s)  108 . For example, in at least one embodiment, the input data  106  may correspond to locations of one or more zones, as described herein (e.g., an input of set of inputs per zone or a shared input for multiple zones and/or associated locations). 
     Examples of the pre-processing  104  of the sensor data  102  for the safety status analyzer  107  will now be discussed, in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. In at least one embodiment, the sensor data  102  may include RADAR detections, which may be accumulated (and which may include transformation to a single coordinate system), ego-motion-compensated, and/or encoded into a suitable representation by the pre-processing  104  such as a projection image of the RADAR detections, with multiple channels storing different reflection characteristics and/or other attributes described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, the (accumulated, ego-motion compensated) RADAR detections may be encoded into a suitable representation such as a projection image, which may include multiple channels storing different features such as reflection characteristics or other attributes. More specifically, accumulated, ego-motion compensated detections may be orthographically projected to form a projection image of a desired size (e.g., spatial dimension) and with a desired ground sampling distance. Any desired view of the environment may be selected for the projection image, such as a top-down view, a front view, a perspective view, and/or others. In some embodiments, multiple projection images with different views may be generated, with each projection image being input into a separate channel or input to the safety status analyzer  107  (e.g., a CNN). Where a projection image may be evaluated as an input to the machine learning model(s)  108 , there is generally a tradeoff between prediction accuracy and computational demand. As such, a desired spatial dimension and ground sampling distance (e.g., meters per pixel) for the projection image may be selected as a design choice. Example projection images are shown in  FIGS.  3  and  4   . 
     In some embodiments, a projection image may include multiple layers, with pixel values for the different layers storing different reflection characteristics or other attributes corresponding to one or more radar detections. In some embodiments, for each pixel on the projection image where one or more detections land, a set of features may be calculated, determined, or otherwise selected from the reflection characteristic(s) of the RADAR detection(s) (e.g., bearing, azimuth, elevation, range, intensity, Doppler velocity, RADAR cross section (RCS), reflectivity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), etc.). When there are multiple detections corresponding to on the same pixel, thereby forming a tower of points, a particular feature for that pixel may be calculated by aggregating a corresponding reflection characteristic for the multiple overlapping detections (e.g., using statistical values, such as standard deviation, average, etc.). Thus, any given pixel may have multiple associated features values, which may be stored in corresponding channels of the input data  106  (e.g., tensor data of a neural network). 
     An example implementation of the machine learning model(s)  108  will now be discussed, in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. At a high level, the machine learning model(s)  108  (e.g., a neural network) may accept the input data  106  to detect objects such as instances of obstacles (or obstructions) represented in the sensor data  102 . In a non-limiting example, the machine learning model(s)  108  may take as input a projection image of accumulated, ego-motion compensated, and orthographically projected RADAR detections, where various reflection characteristics of the RADAR detections for any given pixel may be stored in corresponding channels of an input tensor. In order to generate the zone information  116  from the input data  106 , the machine learning model(s)  108  may predict the object detection data  110  and/or the safety status data  112  for each class, location/pixel, and/or zone. The object detection data  110  and the safety status data  112  may be post-processed  114  to generate the zone information  116  comprising one or more zone statuses (e.g., safety statuses), object classes, or bounding boxes or shapes which may identify the locations, sizes, and/or orientations of detected objects in one or more zones. 
     In at least one embodiment, the machine learning model(s)  108  may be implemented using a DNN, such as a convolutional neural network (CNN). Although certain embodiments are described with the machine learning model(s)  108  being implemented using neural network(s), and specifically CNN(s), this is not intended to be limiting. For example, and without limitation, the machine learning model(s)  108  may include any type of machine learning model, such as one or more machine learning models using linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), Naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbor (Knn), K means clustering, random forest, dimensionality reduction algorithms, gradient boosting algorithms, neural networks (e.g., auto-encoders, convolutional, recurrent, perceptrons, Long/Short Term Memory (LSTM), Hopfield, Boltzmann, deep belief, deconvolutional, generative adversarial, liquid state machine, etc.), and/or other types of machine learning models. 
     The machine learning model(s)  108  may include a common trunk (or stream of layers) with several heads (or at least partially discrete streams of layers) for predicting different outputs based on the input data  106 . For example, the machine learning model(s)  108  may include, without limitation, a feature extractor including convolutional layers, pooling layers, and/or other layer types, where the output of the feature extractor is provided as input to one or more first heads for predicting the object detection data  110  and one or more second heads for predicting the safety status data  112 . The first head(s) and the second head(s) may receive parallel inputs, in some examples, and thus may produce different outputs from similar input data. 
     As such, the machine learning model(s)  108  may predict multi-channel classification data (e.g., of the object detection data  110 ) and/or multi-channel safety status data (e.g., of the safety status data  112 ) from a particular input (e.g., the input data  106 ) or inputs (e.g., in iterative and/or temporal embodiments). Some possible training techniques are described in more detail below. In operation, the outputs of machine learning model(s)  108  may be post-processed (e.g., decoded) to generate one or more zone statuses (e.g., safety statuses), object classes, or bounding boxes or shapes which may identify the locations, sizes, and/or orientations of detected objects in one or more zones, as explained in more detail below. Additionally or alternatively to the machine learning model(s)  108  using a common trunk with separate segmentation heads, separate DNN featurizers may be configured to evaluate projection images from different views of the environment. In one example, multiple projection images may be generated with different views, each projection image may be fed into separate side-by-size DNN featurizers, and the latent space tensors of the DNN featurizers may be combined and decoded into the zone information  116 . In another example, sequential DNN featurizers may be chained. In this example, a first projection image may be generated with a first view of the environment (e.g., a perspective view), the first projection image may be fed into a first DNN featurizer (e.g., that predicts classification data), the output of the first DNN featurizer may be transformed to a second view of the environment (e.g., a top down view), which may be fed into a second DNN featurizer (e.g., that the safety status data  112 ). These architectures are meant simply as examples, and other architectures (whether single-view or multi-view scenarios with separate DNN featurizers) are contemplated within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The outputs of the machine learning model(s)  108  may be post-processed  114  (e.g., decoded) to generate one or more zone statuses (e.g., safety statuses), object classes, or bounding boxes or shapes which may identify the locations, sizes, and/or orientations of detected objects in one or more zones. For example, when the input into the machine learning model(s)  108  includes a projection image or one or more portions thereof (e.g., of accumulated, ego-motion compensated, and orthographically projected RADAR detections), one or more zone statuses (e.g., safety statuses), object classes, or bounding boxes or shapes which may identify the locations, sizes, and/or orientations of detected objects in one or more zones may be identified and/or determined with respect to the projection image (e.g., in the image space of the projection image). In embodiments where the object detection data  110  includes object instance data, since object instance data may be noisy and/or may produce multiple candidates, bounding shapes may be generated using non-maximum suppression, density-based spatial clustering of application with noise (DBSCAN), and/or another function. 
     The post-processing process  114  for generating the zone information  116  in a lane change safety system will now be discussed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As described herein, the safety status data  112  may include one or more outputs for one or more particular locations, areas, grid cells, pixels, and/or zones indicating a corresponding predicted confidence value for one or more safety statuses and/or classes. In at least one embodiment, the post-processing  114  may assign a safety status and/or class to one or more particular locations, areas, grid cells, pixels, and/or zones based at least on a corresponding confidence value(s) exceeding a threshold value. Similarly, in embodiments that include the object detection data  110 , the object detection data  110  may include one or more outputs for one or more particular locations, areas, grid cells, pixels, and/or zones indicating a corresponding predicted confidence value for one or more object classes. 
     In at least one embodiment, a segmentation map(s) may be produced from one or more confidence maps comprising the confidence values. In at least one embodiment, the post-processing  114  may leverage an instance decoder and include operations such as filtering and/or clustering. Generally, the instance decoder may identify candidate bounding boxes (or other bounding shapes) (e.g., for each object class and/or safety status) based on one or more of the outputs from the safety status analyzer  107  from a confidence map(s) from a corresponding channel(s) of the data. This information may be used to identify candidate object detections and/or safety status areas or regions (e.g., candidates having a unique center point, height, width, orientation, and/or the like). The result may be a set of candidate bounding boxes (or other bounding shapes). In one or more embodiments, an entire zone may be assigned a safety status, along with generating bounding boxes or shapes for object detections and/or safety status regions, and/or segmentation maps if any. 
     While the MLM(s)  108  have primarily been described non-machine learning model(s)  118  may be used alternatively and/or additionally to the MLM(s)  108  discussed herein. The non-machine learning models  118  may utilize one or more thresholds related to one or more filter criteria and/or object or safety status classes as discussed herein. For example, the non-machine learning models  118  may be implemented using one or more hand crafted classifiers for object classes and/or safety statuses. In at least one embodiment, the one or more thresholds (e.g., applied to accumulated energy levels and/or reflection characteristics or attributes) used to determine object classes may be determined using statistics such as hysteresis, as described herein with respect to training. 
     Now referring to  FIG.  1 B ,  FIG.  1 B  is a flow diagram illustrating an example method  150  performed by a lane change safety monitoring system, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Each block of the method  150  and other methods, described herein, comprises a computing process that may be performed using any combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software. For instance, various functions may be carried out by a processor executing instructions stored in memory. The methods may also be embodied as computer-usable instructions stored on computer storage media. The methods may be provided by a standalone application, a service or hosted service (standalone or in combination with another hosted service), or a plug-in to another product, to name a few. In addition, the method  150  is described, by way of example, with respect to a system which may implement the process  100  of  FIG.  1 A . However, these methods may additionally or alternatively be executed by any one system, or any combination of systems, including, but not limited to, those described herein. 
     The method  150 , at block B 152 , includes receiving radar detections. In embodiments of the present disclosure, the system may receive and then evaluate one or more radar detections generated using at least one sensor of a vehicle. An example of the vehicle may be the vehicle  800  and the sensor may be the radar sensor  860 . The radar sensor may be disposed on the vehicle  800  and oriented to detect objects around the vehicle. An example scene  200  including a vehicle  202  being surrounded by multiple obstacles is shown in  FIG.  2    and described below. These radar detections may be indicative of obstacles in various zones relative to the vehicle  202 , such as a set of left safety zones  204 A-N and a set of right safety zones  206 A-N. As shown, one or more zones may be at least partially forward of the vehicle  202 . Also in embodiments of the present disclosure, one zone may overlap one or more other zones, such as is shown in  FIG.  2   . A first zone  204 A may at least partially overlap a second zone  204 B, which may include a half overlap, as shown in  FIG.  2    (e.g., such that every location within a zone is within another zone that is adjacent to the zone). In at least one embodiment, multiple rows of one or more zones may be included, as indicated by a zone  204 C or a zone  206 C. These zones may be similar to or different than the zones in closer lateral proximity to the vehicle  202 . 
     In the example scene  200 , a single large vehicle  208  is disposed in one or more left safety zones  204 A-N, and two standard vehicles  210 A-B are disposed in one or more right safety zones  206 A-N. The radar sensors of the vehicle  202  may generate radar detections in any of various forms that indicate obstacles (such as the large vehicle  208  and the standard vehicles  210 A-B of the examples scene  200 ). The obstacles may be considered based upon their presence in one or more zones, such as those shown in  FIG.  2   . In embodiments of the present disclosure, radar detections outside the zones may be discarded (e.g., by the pre-processing  104  and/or the post-processing  114 ). 
     The method  150 , at block B 154 , includes analyzing attributes of the radar detections. The attributes may identify one or more characteristics or values of an obstacle relative to the vehicle  800 . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the one or more attributes may be determined by analyzing the radar detections. Various examples of attributes have been described herein. A first example attribute may be a distance between a detected obstacle and the vehicle  800 . The distance may be a straight-line distance between the vehicle  800  and the obstacle (such as measured by the radar). The distance may additionally or alternatively be a measure forward or rearward along a direction of travel (e.g., a forward or rearward component of an overall distance). A second example attribute may be a velocity of the obstacle. The velocity may be measured relative to the ego-vehicle  800 , relative to the underlying surface, or relative to some other reference frame. The velocity may be a vector, including a magnitude and a direction. The direction may be measured relative to a direction of travel, a cardinal direction (such as true north, grid north, or magnetic north), or some other direction. A third example attribute is a time-to-collision (TTC) of the obstacle to the vehicle  800 . The TTC may be an amount of time estimated until a collision between the obstacle and the vehicle  800 , if any. The TTC may be an amount of time estimated until a collision if the vehicle  800  were to be in the same lane as the obstacle. 
     The method  150 , at block B 156 , includes applying filter criteria. The filter criteria may be used to determine if a radar detection has one or more characteristics indicative that further analysis and consideration of the various detections is warranted by accumulating the radar detection for a location(s) in a zone. The applying may include evaluating one or more radar detections against a set of filter criteria, being based at least in part on one or more of the above-described attributes. Detections that pass the one or more filter criteria may be used in the analysis of whether to trigger preventing (directly or indirectly) the vehicle  800  from moving into the lane associated with that obstacle or otherwise control the vehicle. In one or more embodiments, detections that do not pass any of the filter criteria are not used for the analysis. 
     A first example criteria in the set of filter criteria may be based at least on a Doppler velocity associated with the one or more radar detections being above a velocity threshold. A second example criteria in the set of filter criteria may be configured to include the one or more radar detections in the accumulating based at least on one or more distances to the one or more radar detections being below a distance threshold. A third example criteria of the set of filter criteria is configured to include the one or more radar detections in the accumulating based at least on one or more times-to-collision associated with the one or more radar detections being below a time threshold. 
     It should be appreciated that the set of filter criteria may differ based upon any of various factors. As a first example, a first set of filter criteria may apply at a first range of distances that has a different set of conditions on filtering the one or more radar detections from the accumulating than a second range of distances. As a second example, a first set of filter criteria may apply at low speeds and another may apply at high speeds of the vehicle  800 . 
     As indicated in  FIG.  1 B  by a decision block B 158 , if a radar detection passes the application of the filter criteria at block B 156 , the radar detection may be accumulated in accordance with block B 160 A. However, if a radar detection does not pass the application of the filter criteria at block B 156 , the radar detection may not be accumulated in accordance with block B 160 B (i.e., it is filtered out). 
     As described herein an energy level to which a radar detection is accumulated may be associated with one or more locations of one or more zones relative to the vehicle  800 . The one or more zones or locations may carry forward the energy level between iterations. Based at least on the evaluating against the filter criteria, the one or more radar detections may be added or otherwise associated to one or more energy levels that correspond to one or more locations of the one or more radar detections. In embodiments, the set of filter criteria is configured to include the one or more radar detections in the accumulating based at least on the one or more radar detections indicating one or more approaching objects (or objects having some other attribute that results in it passing the filter criteria). 
     The method  150 , at block B 162 , includes classifying one or more locations based at least on the energy levels. For example, the safety status analyzer  107  and the post-processing  114  may be used to classify the locations, areas, grid cells, pixels, and/or zones. The classifying may determine a class or type of obstacle, object, and/or safety status that is associated with the one or more locations (e.g., a zone). The method may include applying or otherwise evaluating the one or more energy levels using one or more classifiers to assign one or more classes to at least a portion of the zone associated with the one or more locations. In embodiments of the present disclosure, the energy levels may be applied to a neural network or other classifier, such as described herein. By way of example and not limitation, one or more outputs of the neural network may indicate a likelihood of a spatial grid cell that corresponds to a location of the one or more locations belonging to a class associated with the one or more safety statuses. 
     As such, the method may include assigning a class, type, score, or other designation to the energy level, which may influence the control of the vehicle  800 . For example, if the obstacle is classified as a bicycle, the control of the vehicle  800  may be different than if the obstacle is classified as a large truck. The classifier may also determine if the single detected obstacle may relate to two or more distinct obstacles (such as two vehicles driving near each other), or if two or more distinct obstacle detections relate to a single large obstacle (such as a vehicle with a trailer). 
     A safety status or statuses associated with a zone may be based at least on one or more magnitudes of the one or more energy levels. The one or more safety statuses may be determined at least in part by classifying the one or more locations according to a binary classification of safe or unsafe using the one or more energy levels. The binary classification may be a “safe” or “unsafe” designation, a “1” or “0” designation, a “green” or “red” designation, an “allow lane change” or “disallow lane change” designation, or other designation. 
       FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  show example safety statuses, in accordance with one or more embodiments.  FIG.  5 A  shows associated safety statuses which may be determined for  FIG.  3   , and  FIG.  5 B  shows associated safety statuses which may be determined for  FIG.  4   .  FIG.  3    and  FIG.  4    both show examples of projection images having the vehicle and safety zones imposed thereon. Both  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  include a safety status for each side, both being safe for left and unsafe for right. In the example of  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B , the vehicle includes nine radar sensors distributed around the vehicle, with the steps discussed herein being performed for each individual radar sensor. If a zone within view of the respective radar sensor accumulates above the threshold, that radar sensor may report a “0” indicative of an unsafe designation. If any radar sensor reports that the side is unsafe, the entirety of the side may be designated as unsafe. For example, each safety status labeled “Leftsafe”  FIG.  5 A  may correspond to a same first zone and each safety status labeled “Rightsafe”  FIG.  5 A  may correspond to a same second zone. In various embodiments, early and/or late fusion of detections from radar sensors may be used to determine a final safety status for a zone. By way of example and not limitation, if any of safety statuses for a zone are unsafe, the final safety status for the zone may be an unsafe safety status. Similarly, all of safety statuses for a zone are safe, the final safety status for the zone may be a safe safety status. 
     The method  150 , at block B 164 , includes decaying the energy level (e.g., per location). Decaying the energy level reduces the energy level with time. If the energy accumulated is less than the energy decayed, the overall energy level of the zone may decrease. If the energy accumulated is greater than the energy decayed, the overall energy level of the zone may increase. As an obstacle leaves a zone, and is not replaced by another obstacle, the energy level of the zone may decay back to a default level. If an obstacle remains in the zone, the energy level may remain at the heightened level indicative of a potential threat to the vehicle  800  in that zone. The location of the block B 164  shows one suitable time to decay the energy levels, but the decay may be applied at any suitable time. 
     The method  150 , at block B 168 , includes controlling or instructing the vehicle based at least in part on the safety status(s). Causing control of the vehicle may prevent the vehicle from moving in the direction associated with the zone. For example, in  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B , the right sides are both designated as unsafe. As such, the control may prevent the vehicle from changing lanes to the right. The control may allow the vehicle to change lanes to the left, as the left has been designated as safe. In various embodiments, the control may act as a primary or secondary check or failsafe on other autonomous driving planners, such as those discussed herein. 
     Now referring to  FIGS.  6  and  7   , each block of methods  600  and  700 , described herein, comprises a computing process that may be performed using any combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software. For instance, various functions may be carried out by a processor executing instructions stored in memory. The methods may also be embodied as computer-usable instructions stored on computer storage media. The methods may be provided by a standalone application, a service or hosted service (standalone or in combination with another hosted service), or a plug-in to another product, to name a few. In addition, methods  600  and  700  are described, by way of example, with respect to the lane change safety system above. However, these methods may additionally or alternatively be executed by any one system, or any combination of systems, including, but not limited to, those described herein. 
       FIG.  6    is a flow diagram showing a method  600  for determining safety statuses using filter criteria, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method  600 , at block B 602 , includes evaluating one or more radar detections against a set of filter criteria. For example, the pre-processing  104  may include evaluating one or more radar detections against a set of filter criteria, the one or more radar detections generated using a radar sensor(s)  101  of the vehicle  202 . Various attributes of the radar detections may be identified and compared to the filter criteria. 
     The method  600 , as block B 604 , includes accumulating radar detections from block B 602  to form an energy level. For example, the pre-processing  104  may include accumulating, based at least on the evaluating, the one or more radar detections to form one or energy levels that correspond to one or more locations of the one or more radar detections in a zone (e.g., a zone  204 N) positioned relative to the vehicle  202 . The accumulating may add the energy levels to previous iterations. 
     The method  600 , at block B 606 , includes determining one or more safety statuses. For example, the safety status analyzer  107  and the post-processing  114  may be used to determine one or more safety statuses associated with the zone based at least on one or more magnitudes of the one or more energy levels. The safety status impact whether the system determines that the vehicle may move into that respective side or zone. 
     The method  600 , at block B 608 , includes transmitting data that causes control of the vehicle based at least on the one or more safety statuses. The transmitted data may cause the control the vehicle directly or indirectly, and may act as a secondary safety system for other autonomous control applications. 
       FIG.  7    is a flow diagram showing a method  700  for determining safety statuses using one or more machine learning models, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method  700 , at block B 702 , includes accumulating radar detections to form an energy level. For example, the pre-processing  104  may include accumulating one or more radar detections generated using at least one sensor of a vehicle to form one or energy levels that correspond to one or more locations of the one or more radar detections in a zone positioned relative to the vehicle. 
     The method  700 , at block B 704 , includes applying the energy level to an MLM to perform inferencing. For example, the safety status analyzer  107  may apply the one or more energy levels to one or more MLMs trained to assign one or more classes to at least a portion of the zone associated with the one or more locations. The classification may include a safety status and/or a type of obstacle detected, based upon the training of the MLM. 
     The method  700 , at block B 706 , includes determining a safety status based on the class. For example, the post-processing  114  may determine one or more safety statuses associated with the zone based at least on one or more outputs generated by one or more MLMs and associated with the one or more classes. 
     The method  700 , at block B 708 , includes transmitting data that causes control of the vehicle based at least on the one or more safety statuses. 
     Example Autonomous Vehicle 
       FIG.  8 A  is an illustration of an example autonomous vehicle  800 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The autonomous vehicle  800  (alternatively referred to herein as the “vehicle  800 ”) may include, without limitation, a passenger vehicle, such as a car, a truck, a bus, a first responder vehicle, a shuttle, an electric or motorized bicycle, a motorcycle, a fire truck, a police vehicle, an ambulance, a boat, a construction vehicle, an underwater craft, a drone, a vehicle coupled to a trailer, and/or another type of vehicle (e.g., that is unmanned and/or that accommodates one or more passengers). Autonomous vehicles are generally described in terms of automation levels, defined by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), a division of the US Department of Transportation, and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) “Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles” (Standard No. J3016-201806, published on Jun. 15, 2018, Standard No. J3016-201609, published on Sep. 30, 2016, and previous and future versions of this standard). The vehicle  800  may be capable of functionality in accordance with one or more of Level 1-Level 5 of the autonomous driving levels. For example, the vehicle  800  may be capable of driver assistance (Level 1), partial automation (Level 2), conditional automation (Level 3), high automation (Level 4), and/or full automation (Level 5), depending on the embodiment. The term “autonomous,” as used herein, may include any and/or all types of autonomy for the vehicle  800  or other machine, such as being fully autonomous, being highly autonomous, being conditionally autonomous, being partially autonomous, providing assistive autonomy, being semi-autonomous, being primarily autonomous, or other designation. 
     The vehicle  800  may include components such as a chassis, a vehicle body, wheels (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 18, etc.), tires, axles, and other components of a vehicle. The vehicle  800  may include a propulsion system  850 , such as an internal combustion engine, hybrid electric power plant, an all-electric engine, and/or another propulsion system type. The propulsion system  850  may be connected to a drive train of the vehicle  800 , which may include a transmission, to enable the propulsion of the vehicle  800 . The propulsion system  850  may be controlled in response to receiving signals from the throttle/accelerator  852 . 
     A steering system  854 , which may include a steering wheel, may be used to steer the vehicle  800  (e.g., along a desired path or route) when the propulsion system  850  is operating (e.g., when the vehicle is in motion). The steering system  854  may receive signals from a steering actuator  856 . The steering wheel may be optional for full automation (Level 5) functionality. 
     The brake sensor system  846  may be used to operate the vehicle brakes in response to receiving signals from the brake actuators  848  and/or brake sensors. 
     Controller(s)  836 , which may include one or more system on chips (SoCs)  804  ( FIG.  8 C ) and/or GPU(s), may provide signals (e.g., representative of commands) to one or more components and/or systems of the vehicle  800 . For example, the controller(s) may send signals to operate the vehicle brakes via one or more brake actuators  848 , to operate the steering system  854  via one or more steering actuators  856 , to operate the propulsion system  850  via one or more throttle/accelerators  852 . The controller(s)  836  may include one or more onboard (e.g., integrated) computing devices (e.g., supercomputers) that process sensor signals, and output operation commands (e.g., signals representing commands) to enable autonomous driving and/or to assist a human driver in driving the vehicle  800 . The controller(s)  836  may include a first controller  836  for autonomous driving functions, a second controller  836  for functional safety functions, a third controller  836  for artificial intelligence functionality (e.g., computer vision), a fourth controller  836  for infotainment functionality, a fifth controller  836  for redundancy in emergency conditions, and/or other controllers. In some examples, a single controller  836  may handle two or more of the above functionalities, two or more controllers  836  may handle a single functionality, and/or any combination thereof. 
     The controller(s)  836  may provide the signals for controlling one or more components and/or systems of the vehicle  800  in response to sensor data received from one or more sensors (e.g., sensor inputs). The sensor data may be received from, for example and without limitation, global navigation satellite systems sensor(s)  858  (e.g., Global Positioning System sensor(s)), RADAR sensor(s)  860 , ultrasonic sensor(s)  862 , LIDAR sensor(s)  864 , inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor(s)  866  (e.g., accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), magnetic compass(es), magnetometer(s), etc.), microphone(s)  896 , stereo camera(s)  868 , wide-view camera(s)  870  (e.g., fisheye cameras), infrared camera(s)  872 , surround camera(s)  874  (e.g., 360 degree cameras), long-range and/or mid-range camera(s)  898 , speed sensor(s)  844  (e.g., for measuring the speed of the vehicle  800 ), vibration sensor(s)  842 , steering sensor(s)  840 , brake sensor(s) (e.g., as part of the brake sensor system  846 ), and/or other sensor types. 
     One or more of the controller(s)  836  may receive inputs (e.g., represented by input data) from an instrument cluster  832  of the vehicle  800  and provide outputs (e.g., represented by output data, display data, etc.) via a human-machine interface (HMI) display  834 , an audible annunciator, a loudspeaker, and/or via other components of the vehicle  800 . The outputs may include information such as vehicle velocity, speed, time, map data (e.g., the HD map  822  of  FIG.  8 C ), location data (e.g., the vehicle&#39;s  800  location, such as on a map), direction, location of other vehicles (e.g., an occupancy grid), information about objects and status of objects as perceived by the controller(s)  836 , etc. For example, the HMI display  834  may display information about the presence of one or more objects (e.g., a street sign, caution sign, traffic light changing, etc.), and/or information about driving maneuvers the vehicle has made, is making, or will make (e.g., changing lanes now, taking exit  34 B in two miles, etc.). 
     The vehicle  800  further includes a network interface  824  which may use one or more wireless antenna(s)  826  and/or modem(s) to communicate over one or more networks. For example, the network interface  824  may be capable of communication over LTE, WCDMA, UMTS, GSM, CDMA2000, etc. The wireless antenna(s)  826  may also enable communication between objects in the environment (e.g., vehicles, mobile devices, etc.), using local area network(s), such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE, Z-Wave, ZigBee, etc., and/or low power wide-area network(s) (LPWANs), such as LoRaWAN, SigFox, etc. 
       FIG.  8 B  is an example of camera locations and fields of view for the example autonomous vehicle  800  of  FIG.  8 A , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The cameras and respective fields of view are one example embodiment and are not intended to be limiting. For example, additional and/or alternative cameras may be included and/or the cameras may be located at different locations on the vehicle  800 . 
     The camera types for the cameras may include, but are not limited to, digital cameras that may be adapted for use with the components and/or systems of the vehicle  800 . The camera(s) may operate at automotive safety integrity level (ASIL) B and/or at another ASIL. The camera types may be capable of any image capture rate, such as 60 frames per second (fps), 120 fps, 240 fps, etc., depending on the embodiment. The cameras may be capable of using rolling shutters, global shutters, another type of shutter, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the color filter array may include a red clear clear clear (RCCC) color filter array, a red clear clear blue (RCCB) color filter array, a red blue green clear (RBGC) color filter array, a Foveon X3 color filter array, a Bayer sensors (RGGB) color filter array, a monochrome sensor color filter array, and/or another type of color filter array. In some embodiments, clear pixel cameras, such as cameras with an RCCC, an RCCB, and/or an RBGC color filter array, may be used in an effort to increase light sensitivity. 
     In some examples, one or more of the camera(s) may be used to perform advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) functions (e.g., as part of a redundant or fail-safe design). For example, a Multi-Function Mono Camera may be installed to provide functions including lane departure warning, traffic sign assist and intelligent headlamp control. One or more of the camera(s) (e.g., all of the cameras) may record and provide image data (e.g., video) simultaneously. 
     One or more of the cameras may be mounted in a mounting assembly, such as a custom designed (3-D printed) assembly, in order to cut out stray light and reflections from within the car (e.g., reflections from the dashboard reflected in the windshield mirrors) which may interfere with the camera&#39;s image data capture abilities. With reference to wing-mirror mounting assemblies, the wing-mirror assemblies may be custom 3-D printed so that the camera mounting plate matches the shape of the wing-mirror. In some examples, the camera(s) may be integrated into the wing-mirror. For side-view cameras, the camera(s) may also be integrated within the four pillars at each corner of the cabin. 
     Cameras with a field of view that include portions of the environment in front of the vehicle  800  (e.g., front-facing cameras) may be used for surround view, to help identify forward facing paths and obstacles, as well aid in, with the help of one or more controllers  836  and/or control SoCs, providing information critical to generating an occupancy grid and/or determining the preferred vehicle paths. Front-facing cameras may be used to perform many of the same ADAS functions as LIDAR, including emergency braking, pedestrian detection, and collision avoidance. Front-facing cameras may also be used for ADAS functions and systems including Lane Departure Warnings (LDW), Autonomous Cruise Control (ACC), and/or other functions such as traffic sign recognition. 
     A variety of cameras may be used in a front-facing configuration, including, for example, a monocular camera platform that includes a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) color imager. Another example may be a wide-view camera(s)  870  that may be used to perceive objects coming into view from the periphery (e.g., pedestrians, crossing traffic or bicycles). Although only one wide-view camera is illustrated in  FIG.  8 B , there may any number of wide-view cameras  870  on the vehicle  800 . In addition, long-range camera(s)  898  (e.g., a long-view stereo camera pair) may be used for depth-based object detection, especially for objects for which a neural network has not yet been trained. The long-range camera(s)  898  may also be used for object detection and classification, as well as basic object tracking. 
     One or more stereo cameras  868  may also be included in a front-facing configuration. The stereo camera(s)  868  may include an integrated control unit comprising a scalable processing unit, which may provide a programmable logic (FPGA) and a multi-core micro-processor with an integrated CAN or Ethernet interface on a single chip. Such a unit may be used to generate a 3-D map of the vehicle&#39;s environment, including a distance estimate for all the points in the image. An alternative stereo camera(s)  868  may include a compact stereo vision sensor(s) that may include two camera lenses (one each on the left and right) and an image processing chip that may measure the distance from the vehicle to the target object and use the generated information (e.g., metadata) to activate the autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warning functions. Other types of stereo camera(s)  868  may be used in addition to, or alternatively from, those described herein. 
     Cameras with a field of view that include portions of the environment to the side of the vehicle  800  (e.g., side-view cameras) may be used for surround view, providing information used to create and update the occupancy grid, as well as to generate side impact collision warnings. For example, surround camera(s)  874  (e.g., four surround cameras  874  as illustrated in  FIG.  8 B ) may be positioned to on the vehicle  800 . The surround camera(s)  874  may include wide-view camera(s)  870 , fisheye camera(s), 360 degree camera(s), and/or the like. Four example, four fisheye cameras may be positioned on the vehicle&#39;s front, rear, and sides. In an alternative arrangement, the vehicle may use three surround camera(s)  874  (e.g., left, right, and rear), and may leverage one or more other camera(s) (e.g., a forward-facing camera) as a fourth surround view camera. 
     Cameras with a field of view that include portions of the environment to the rear of the vehicle  800  (e.g., rear-view cameras) may be used for park assistance, surround view, rear collision warnings, and creating and updating the occupancy grid. A wide variety of cameras may be used including, but not limited to, cameras that are also suitable as a front-facing camera(s) (e.g., long-range and/or mid-range camera(s)  898 , stereo camera(s)  868 ), infrared camera(s)  872 , etc.), as described herein. 
       FIG.  8 C  is a block diagram of an example system architecture for the example autonomous vehicle  800  of  FIG.  8 A , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood that this and other arrangements described herein are set forth only as examples. Other arrangements and elements (e.g., machines, interfaces, functions, orders, groupings of functions, etc.) may be used in addition to or instead of those shown, and some elements may be omitted altogether. Further, many of the elements described herein are functional entities that may be implemented as discrete or distributed components or in conjunction with other components, and in any suitable combination and location. Various functions described herein as being performed by entities may be carried out by hardware, firmware, and/or software. For instance, various functions may be carried out by a processor executing instructions stored in memory. 
     Each of the components, features, and systems of the vehicle  800  in  FIG.  8 C  are illustrated as being connected via bus  802 . The bus  802  may include a Controller Area Network (CAN) data interface (alternatively referred to herein as a “CAN bus”). A CAN may be a network inside the vehicle  800  used to aid in control of various features and functionality of the vehicle  800 , such as actuation of brakes, acceleration, braking, steering, windshield wipers, etc. A CAN bus may be configured to have dozens or even hundreds of nodes, each with its own unique identifier (e.g., a CAN ID). The CAN bus may be read to find steering wheel angle, ground speed, engine revolutions per minute (RPMs), button positions, and/or other vehicle status indicators. The CAN bus may be ASIL B compliant. 
     Although the bus  802  is described herein as being a CAN bus, this is not intended to be limiting. For example, in addition to, or alternatively from, the CAN bus, FlexRay and/or Ethernet may be used. Additionally, although a single line is used to represent the bus  802 , this is not intended to be limiting. For example, there may be any number of busses  802 , which may include one or more CAN busses, one or more FlexRay busses, one or more Ethernet busses, and/or one or more other types of busses using a different protocol. In some examples, two or more busses  802  may be used to perform different functions, and/or may be used for redundancy. For example, a first bus  802  may be used for collision avoidance functionality and a second bus  802  may be used for actuation control. In any example, each bus  802  may communicate with any of the components of the vehicle  800 , and two or more busses  802  may communicate with the same components. In some examples, each SoC  804 , each controller  836 , and/or each computer within the vehicle may have access to the same input data (e.g., inputs from sensors of the vehicle  800 ), and may be connected to a common bus, such the CAN bus. 
     The vehicle  800  may include one or more controller(s)  836 , such as those described herein with respect to  FIG.  8 A . The controller(s)  836  may be used for a variety of functions. The controller(s)  836  may be coupled to any of the various other components and systems of the vehicle  800 , and may be used for control of the vehicle  800 , artificial intelligence of the vehicle  800 , infotainment for the vehicle  800 , and/or the like. 
     The vehicle  800  may include a system(s) on a chip (SoC)  804 . The SoC  804  may include CPU(s)  806 , GPU(s)  808 , processor(s)  810 , cache(s)  812 , accelerator(s)  814 , data store(s)  816 , and/or other components and features not illustrated. The SoC(s)  804  may be used to control the vehicle  800  in a variety of platforms and systems. For example, the SoC(s)  804  may be combined in a system (e.g., the system of the vehicle  800 ) with an HD map  822  which may obtain map refreshes and/or updates via a network interface  824  from one or more servers (e.g., server(s)  878  of  FIG.  8 D ). 
     The CPU(s)  806  may include a CPU cluster or CPU complex (alternatively referred to herein as a “CCPLEX”). The CPU(s)  806  may include multiple cores and/or L2 caches. For example, in some embodiments, the CPU(s)  806  may include eight cores in a coherent multi-processor configuration. In some embodiments, the CPU(s)  806  may include four dual-core clusters where each cluster has a dedicated L2 cache (e.g., a 2 MB L2 cache). The CPU(s)  806  (e.g., the CCPLEX) may be configured to support simultaneous cluster operation enabling any combination of the clusters of the CPU(s)  806  to be active at any given time. 
     The CPU(s)  806  may implement power management capabilities that include one or more of the following features: individual hardware blocks may be clock-gated automatically when idle to save dynamic power; each core clock may be gated when the core is not actively executing instructions due to execution of WFI/WFE instructions; each core may be independently power-gated; each core cluster may be independently clock-gated when all cores are clock-gated or power-gated; and/or each core cluster may be independently power-gated when all cores are power-gated. The CPU(s)  806  may further implement an enhanced algorithm for managing power states, where allowed power states and expected wakeup times are specified, and the hardware/microcode determines the best power state to enter for the core, cluster, and CCPLEX. The processing cores may support simplified power state entry sequences in software with the work offloaded to microcode. 
     The GPU(s)  808  may include an integrated GPU (alternatively referred to herein as an “iGPU”). The GPU(s)  808  may be programmable and may be efficient for parallel workloads. The GPU(s)  808 , in some examples, may use an enhanced tensor instruction set. The GPU(s)  808  may include one or more streaming microprocessors, where each streaming microprocessor may include an L1 cache (e.g., an L1 cache with at least 96 KB storage capacity), and two or more of the streaming microprocessors may share an L2 cache (e.g., an L2 cache with a 512 KB storage capacity). In some embodiments, the GPU(s)  808  may include at least eight streaming microprocessors. The GPU(s)  808  may use compute application programming interface(s) (API(s)). In addition, the GPU(s)  808  may use one or more parallel computing platforms and/or programming models (e.g., NVIDIA&#39;s CUDA). 
     The GPU(s)  808  may be power-optimized for best performance in automotive and embedded use cases. For example, the GPU(s)  808  may be fabricated on a Fin field-effect transistor (FinFET). However, this is not intended to be limiting and the GPU(s)  808  may be fabricated using other semiconductor manufacturing processes. Each streaming microprocessor may incorporate a number of mixed-precision processing cores partitioned into multiple blocks. For example, and without limitation, 64 PF32 cores and 32 PF64 cores may be partitioned into four processing blocks. In such an example, each processing block may be allocated 16 FP32 cores, 8 FP64 cores, 16 INT32 cores, two mixed-precision NVIDIA TENSOR COREs for deep learning matrix arithmetic, an L0 instruction cache, a warp scheduler, a dispatch unit, and/or a 64 KB register file. In addition, the streaming microprocessors may include independent parallel integer and floating-point data paths to provide for efficient execution of workloads with a mix of computation and addressing calculations. The streaming microprocessors may include independent thread scheduling capability to enable finer-grain synchronization and cooperation between parallel threads. The streaming microprocessors may include a combined L1 data cache and shared memory unit in order to improve performance while simplifying programming. 
     The GPU(s)  808  may include a high bandwidth memory (HBM) and/or a 16 GB HBM2 memory subsystem to provide, in some examples, about 900 GB/second peak memory bandwidth. In some examples, in addition to, or alternatively from, the HBM memory, a synchronous graphics random-access memory (SGRAM) may be used, such as a graphics double data rate type five synchronous random-access memory (GDDR5). 
     The GPU(s)  808  may include unified memory technology including access counters to allow for more accurate migration of memory pages to the processor that accesses them most frequently, thereby improving efficiency for memory ranges shared between processors. In some examples, address translation services (ATS) support may be used to allow the GPU(s)  808  to access the CPU(s)  806  page tables directly. In such examples, when the GPU(s)  808  memory management unit (MMU) experiences a miss, an address translation request may be transmitted to the CPU(s)  806 . In response, the CPU(s)  806  may look in its page tables for the virtual-to-physical mapping for the address and transmits the translation back to the GPU(s)  808 . As such, unified memory technology may allow a single unified virtual address space for memory of both the CPU(s)  806  and the GPU(s)  808 , thereby simplifying the GPU(s)  808  programming and porting of applications to the GPU(s)  808 . 
     In addition, the GPU(s)  808  may include an access counter that may keep track of the frequency of access of the GPU(s)  808  to memory of other processors. The access counter may help ensure that memory pages are moved to the physical memory of the processor that is accessing the pages most frequently. 
     The SoC(s)  804  may include any number of cache(s)  812 , including those described herein. For example, the cache(s)  812  may include an L3 cache that is available to both the CPU(s)  806  and the GPU(s)  808  (e.g., that is connected both the CPU(s)  806  and the GPU(s)  808 ). The cache(s)  812  may include a write-back cache that may keep track of states of lines, such as by using a cache coherence protocol (e.g., MEI, MESI, MSI, etc.). The L3 cache may include 4 MB or more, depending on the embodiment, although smaller cache sizes may be used. 
     The SoC(s)  804  may include an arithmetic logic unit(s) (ALU(s)) which may be leveraged in performing processing with respect to any of the variety of tasks or operations of the vehicle  800 —such as processing DNNs. In addition, the SoC(s)  804  may include a floating point unit(s) (FPU(s))—or other math coprocessor or numeric coprocessor types—for performing mathematical operations within the system. For example, the SoC(s)  104  may include one or more FPUs integrated as execution units within a CPU(s)  806  and/or GPU(s)  808 . 
     The SoC(s)  804  may include one or more accelerators  814  (e.g., hardware accelerators, software accelerators, or a combination thereof). For example, the SoC(s)  804  may include a hardware acceleration cluster that may include optimized hardware accelerators and/or large on-chip memory. The large on-chip memory (e.g., 4 MB of SRAM), may enable the hardware acceleration cluster to accelerate neural networks and other calculations. The hardware acceleration cluster may be used to complement the GPU(s)  808  and to off-load some of the tasks of the GPU(s)  808  (e.g., to free up more cycles of the GPU(s)  808  for performing other tasks). As an example, the accelerator(s)  814  may be used for targeted workloads (e.g., perception, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), etc.) that are stable enough to be amenable to acceleration. The term “CNN,” as used herein, may include all types of CNNs, including region-based or regional convolutional neural networks (RCNNs) and Fast RCNNs (e.g., as used for object detection). 
     The accelerator(s)  814  (e.g., the hardware acceleration cluster) may include a deep learning accelerator(s) (DLA). The DLA(s) may include one or more Tensor processing units (TPUs) that may be configured to provide an additional ten trillion operations per second for deep learning applications and inferencing. The TPUs may be accelerators configured to, and optimized for, performing image processing functions (e.g., for CNNs, RCNNs, etc.). The DLA(s) may further be optimized for a specific set of neural network types and floating point operations, as well as inferencing. The design of the DLA(s) may provide more performance per millimeter than a general-purpose GPU, and vastly exceeds the performance of a CPU. The TPU(s) may perform several functions, including a single-instance convolution function, supporting, for example, INT8, INT16, and FP16 data types for both features and weights, as well as post-processor functions. 
     The DLA(s) may quickly and efficiently execute neural networks, especially CNNs, on processed or unprocessed data for any of a variety of functions, including, for example and without limitation: a CNN for object identification and detection using data from camera sensors; a CNN for distance estimation using data from camera sensors; a CNN for emergency vehicle detection and identification and detection using data from microphones; a CNN for facial recognition and vehicle owner identification using data from camera sensors; and/or a CNN for security and/or safety related events. 
     The DLA(s) may perform any function of the GPU(s)  808 , and by using an inference accelerator, for example, a designer may target either the DLA(s) or the GPU(s)  808  for any function. For example, the designer may focus processing of CNNs and floating point operations on the DLA(s) and leave other functions to the GPU(s)  808  and/or other accelerator(s)  814 . 
     The accelerator(s)  814  (e.g., the hardware acceleration cluster) may include a programmable vision accelerator(s) (PVA), which may alternatively be referred to herein as a computer vision accelerator. The PVA(s) may be designed and configured to accelerate computer vision algorithms for the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), autonomous driving, and/or augmented reality (AR) and/or virtual reality (VR) applications. The PVA(s) may provide a balance between performance and flexibility. For example, each PVA(s) may include, for example and without limitation, any number of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) cores, direct memory access (DMA), and/or any number of vector processors. 
     The RISC cores may interact with image sensors (e.g., the image sensors of any of the cameras described herein), image signal processor(s), and/or the like. Each of the RISC cores may include any amount of memory. The RISC cores may use any of a number of protocols, depending on the embodiment. In some examples, the RISC cores may execute a real-time operating system (RTOS). The RISC cores may be implemented using one or more integrated circuit devices, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/or memory devices. For example, the RISC cores may include an instruction cache and/or a tightly coupled RAM. 
     The DMA may enable components of the PVA(s) to access the system memory independently of the CPU(s)  806 . The DMA may support any number of features used to provide optimization to the PVA including, but not limited to, supporting multi-dimensional addressing and/or circular addressing. In some examples, the DMA may support up to six or more dimensions of addressing, which may include block width, block height, block depth, horizontal block stepping, vertical block stepping, and/or depth stepping. 
     The vector processors may be programmable processors that may be designed to efficiently and flexibly execute programming for computer vision algorithms and provide signal processing capabilities. In some examples, the PVA may include a PVA core and two vector processing subsystem partitions. The PVA core may include a processor subsystem, DMA engine(s) (e.g., two DMA engines), and/or other peripherals. The vector processing subsystem may operate as the primary processing engine of the PVA, and may include a vector processing unit (VPU), an instruction cache, and/or vector memory (e.g., VMEM). A VPU core may include a digital signal processor such as, for example, a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD), very long instruction word (VLIW) digital signal processor. The combination of the SIMD and VLIW may enhance throughput and speed. 
     Each of the vector processors may include an instruction cache and may be coupled to dedicated memory. As a result, in some examples, each of the vector processors may be configured to execute independently of the other vector processors. In other examples, the vector processors that are included in a particular PVA may be configured to employ data parallelism. For example, in some embodiments, the plurality of vector processors included in a single PVA may execute the same computer vision algorithm, but on different regions of an image. In other examples, the vector processors included in a particular PVA may simultaneously execute different computer vision algorithms, on the same image, or even execute different algorithms on sequential images or portions of an image. Among other things, any number of PVAs may be included in the hardware acceleration cluster and any number of vector processors may be included in each of the PVAs. In addition, the PVA(s) may include additional error correcting code (ECC) memory, to enhance overall system safety. 
     The accelerator(s)  814  (e.g., the hardware acceleration cluster) may include a computer vision network on-chip and SRAM, for providing a high-bandwidth, low latency SRAM for the accelerator(s)  814 . In some examples, the on-chip memory may include at least 4 MB SRAM, consisting of, for example and without limitation, eight field-configurable memory blocks, that may be accessible by both the PVA and the DLA. Each pair of memory blocks may include an advanced peripheral bus (APB) interface, configuration circuitry, a controller, and a multiplexer. Any type of memory may be used. The PVA and DLA may access the memory via a backbone that provides the PVA and DLA with high-speed access to memory. The backbone may include a computer vision network on-chip that interconnects the PVA and the DLA to the memory (e.g., using the APB). 
     The computer vision network on-chip may include an interface that determines, before transmission of any control signal/address/data, that both the PVA and the DLA provide ready and valid signals. Such an interface may provide for separate phases and separate channels for transmitting control signals/addresses/data, as well as burst-type communications for continuous data transfer. This type of interface may comply with ISO 26262 or IEC 61508 standards, although other standards and protocols may be used. 
     In some examples, the SoC(s)  804  may include a real-time ray-tracing hardware accelerator, such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/101,232, filed on Aug. 10, 2018. The real-time ray-tracing hardware accelerator may be used to quickly and efficiently determine the positions and extents of objects (e.g., within a world model), to generate real-time visualization simulations, for RADAR signal interpretation, for sound propagation synthesis and/or analysis, for simulation of SONAR systems, for general wave propagation simulation, for comparison to LIDAR data for purposes of localization and/or other functions, and/or for other uses. In some embodiments, one or more tree traversal units (TTUs) may be used for executing one or more ray-tracing related operations. 
     The accelerator(s)  814  (e.g., the hardware accelerator cluster) have a wide array of uses for autonomous driving. The PVA may be a programmable vision accelerator that may be used for key processing stages in ADAS and autonomous vehicles. The PVA&#39;s capabilities are a good match for algorithmic domains needing predictable processing, at low power and low latency. In other words, the PVA performs well on semi-dense or dense regular computation, even on small data sets, which need predictable run-times with low latency and low power. Thus, in the context of platforms for autonomous vehicles, the PVAs are designed to run classic computer vision algorithms, as they are efficient at object detection and operating on integer math. 
     For example, according to one embodiment of the technology, the PVA is used to perform computer stereo vision. A semi-global matching-based algorithm may be used in some examples, although this is not intended to be limiting. Many applications for Level 3-5 autonomous driving require motion estimation/stereo matching on-the-fly (e.g., structure from motion, pedestrian recognition, lane detection, etc.). The PVA may perform computer stereo vision function on inputs from two monocular cameras. 
     In some examples, the PVA may be used to perform dense optical flow. According to process raw RADAR data (e.g., using a 4D Fast Fourier Transform) to provide Processed RADAR. In other examples, the PVA is used for time of flight depth processing, by processing raw time of flight data to provide processed time of flight data, for example. 
     The DLA may be used to run any type of network to enhance control and driving safety, including for example, a neural network that outputs a measure of confidence for each object detection. Such a confidence value may be interpreted as a probability, or as providing a relative “weight” of each detection compared to other detections. This confidence value enables the system to make further decisions regarding which detections should be considered as true positive detections rather than false positive detections. For example, the system may set a threshold value for the confidence and consider only the detections exceeding the threshold value as true positive detections. In an automatic emergency braking (AEB) system, false positive detections would cause the vehicle to automatically perform emergency braking, which is obviously undesirable. Therefore, only the most confident detections should be considered as triggers for AEB. The DLA may run a neural network for regressing the confidence value. The neural network may take as its input at least some subset of parameters, such as bounding box dimensions, ground plane estimate obtained (e.g. from another subsystem), inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor  866  output that correlates with the vehicle  800  orientation, distance, 3D location estimates of the object obtained from the neural network and/or other sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensor(s)  864  or RADAR sensor(s)  860 ), among others. 
     The SoC(s)  804  may include data store(s)  816  (e.g., memory). The data store(s)  816  may be on-chip memory of the SoC(s)  804 , which may store neural networks to be executed on the GPU and/or the DLA. In some examples, the data store(s)  816  may be large enough in capacity to store multiple instances of neural networks for redundancy and safety. The data store(s)  812  may comprise L2 or L3 cache(s)  812 . Reference to the data store(s)  816  may include reference to the memory associated with the PVA, DLA, and/or other accelerator(s)  814 , as described herein. 
     The SoC(s)  804  may include one or more processor(s)  810  (e.g., embedded processors). The processor(s)  810  may include a boot and power management processor that may be a dedicated processor and subsystem to handle boot power and management functions and related security enforcement. The boot and power management processor may be a part of the SoC(s)  804  boot sequence and may provide runtime power management services. The boot power and management processor may provide clock and voltage programming, assistance in system low power state transitions, management of SoC(s)  804  thermals and temperature sensors, and/or management of the SoC(s)  804  power states. Each temperature sensor may be implemented as a ring-oscillator whose output frequency is proportional to temperature, and the SoC(s)  804  may use the ring-oscillators to detect temperatures of the CPU(s)  806 , GPU(s)  808 , and/or accelerator(s)  814 . If temperatures are determined to exceed a threshold, the boot and power management processor may enter a temperature fault routine and put the SoC(s)  804  into a lower power state and/or put the vehicle  800  into a chauffeur to safe stop mode (e.g., bring the vehicle  800  to a safe stop). 
     The processor(s)  810  may further include a set of embedded processors that may serve as an audio processing engine. The audio processing engine may be an audio subsystem that enables full hardware support for multi-channel audio over multiple interfaces, and a broad and flexible range of audio I/O interfaces. In some examples, the audio processing engine is a dedicated processor core with a digital signal processor with dedicated RAM. 
     The processor(s)  810  may further include an always on processor engine that may provide necessary hardware features to support low power sensor management and wake use cases. The always on processor engine may include a processor core, a tightly coupled RAM, supporting peripherals (e.g., timers and interrupt controllers), various I/O controller peripherals, and routing logic. 
     The processor(s)  810  may further include a safety cluster engine that includes a dedicated processor subsystem to handle safety management for automotive applications. The safety cluster engine may include two or more processor cores, a tightly coupled RAM, support peripherals (e.g., timers, an interrupt controller, etc.), and/or routing logic. In a safety mode, the two or more cores may operate in a lockstep mode and function as a single core with comparison logic to detect any differences between their operations. 
     The processor(s)  810  may further include a real-time camera engine that may include a dedicated processor subsystem for handling real-time camera management. 
     The processor(s)  810  may further include a high-dynamic range signal processor that may include an image signal processor that is a hardware engine that is part of the camera processing pipeline. 
     The processor(s)  810  may include a video image compositor that may be a processing block (e.g., implemented on a microprocessor) that implements video post-processing functions needed by a video playback application to produce the final image for the player window. The video image compositor may perform lens distortion correction on wide-view camera(s)  870 , surround camera(s)  874 , and/or on in-cabin monitoring camera sensors. In-cabin monitoring camera sensor is preferably monitored by a neural network running on another instance of the Advanced SoC, configured to identify in cabin events and respond accordingly. An in-cabin system may perform lip reading to activate cellular service and place a phone call, dictate emails, change the vehicle&#39;s destination, activate or change the vehicle&#39;s infotainment system and settings, or provide voice-activated web surfing. Certain functions are available to the driver only when the vehicle is operating in an autonomous mode, and are disabled otherwise. 
     The video image compositor may include enhanced temporal noise reduction for both spatial and temporal noise reduction. For example, where motion occurs in a video, the noise reduction weights spatial information appropriately, decreasing the weight of information provided by adjacent frames. Where an image or portion of an image does not include motion, the temporal noise reduction performed by the video image compositor may use information from the previous image to reduce noise in the current image. 
     The video image compositor may also be configured to perform stereo rectification on input stereo lens frames. The video image compositor may further be used for user interface composition when the operating system desktop is in use, and the GPU(s)  808  is not required to continuously render new surfaces. Even when the GPU(s)  808  is powered on and active doing 3D rendering, the video image compositor may be used to offload the GPU(s)  808  to improve performance and responsiveness. 
     The SoC(s)  804  may further include a mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) camera serial interface for receiving video and input from cameras, a high-speed interface, and/or a video input block that may be used for camera and related pixel input functions. The SoC(s)  804  may further include an input/output controller(s) that may be controlled by software and may be used for receiving I/O signals that are uncommitted to a specific role. 
     The SoC(s)  804  may further include a broad range of peripheral interfaces to enable communication with peripherals, audio codecs, power management, and/or other devices. The SoC(s)  804  may be used to process data from cameras (e.g., connected over Gigabit Multimedia Serial Link and Ethernet), sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensor(s)  864 , RADAR sensor(s)  860 , etc. that may be connected over Ethernet), data from bus  802  (e.g., speed of vehicle  800 , steering wheel position, etc.), data from GNSS sensor(s)  858  (e.g., connected over Ethernet or CAN bus). The SoC(s)  804  may further include dedicated high-performance mass storage controllers that may include their own DMA engines, and that may be used to free the CPU(s)  806  from routine data management tasks. 
     The SoC(s)  804  may be an end-to-end platform with a flexible architecture that spans automation levels 3-5, thereby providing a comprehensive functional safety architecture that leverages and makes efficient use of computer vision and ADAS techniques for diversity and redundancy, provides a platform for a flexible, reliable driving software stack, along with deep learning tools. The SoC(s)  804  may be faster, more reliable, and even more energy-efficient and space-efficient than conventional systems. For example, the accelerator(s)  814 , when combined with the CPU(s)  806 , the GPU(s)  808 , and the data store(s)  816 , may provide for a fast, efficient platform for level 3-5 autonomous vehicles. 
     The technology thus provides capabilities and functionality that cannot be achieved by conventional systems. For example, computer vision algorithms may be executed on CPUs, which may be configured using high-level programming language, such as the C programming language, to execute a wide variety of processing algorithms across a wide variety of visual data. However, CPUs are oftentimes unable to meet the performance requirements of many computer vision applications, such as those related to execution time and power consumption, for example. In particular, many CPUs are unable to execute complex object detection algorithms in real-time, which is a requirement of in-vehicle ADAS applications, and a requirement for practical Level 3-5 autonomous vehicles. 
     In contrast to conventional systems, by providing a CPU complex, GPU complex, and a hardware acceleration cluster, the technology described herein allows for multiple neural networks to be performed simultaneously and/or sequentially, and for the results to be combined together to enable Level 3-5 autonomous driving functionality. For example, a CNN executing on the DLA or dGPU (e.g., the GPU(s)  820 ) may include a text and word recognition, allowing the supercomputer to read and understand traffic signs, including signs for which the neural network has not been specifically trained. The DLA may further include a neural network that is able to identify, interpret, and provides semantic understanding of the sign, and to pass that semantic understanding to the path planning modules running on the CPU Complex. 
     As another example, multiple neural networks may be run simultaneously, as is required for Level 3, 4, or 5 driving. For example, a warning sign consisting of “Caution: flashing lights indicate icy conditions,” along with an electric light, may be independently or collectively interpreted by several neural networks. The sign itself may be identified as a traffic sign by a first deployed neural network (e.g., a neural network that has been trained), the text “Flashing lights indicate icy conditions” may be interpreted by a second deployed neural network, which informs the vehicle&#39;s path planning software (preferably executing on the CPU Complex) that when flashing lights are detected, icy conditions exist. The flashing light may be identified by operating a third deployed neural network over multiple frames, informing the vehicle&#39;s path-planning software of the presence (or absence) of flashing lights. All three neural networks may run simultaneously, such as within the DLA and/or on the GPU(s)  808 . 
     In some examples, a CNN for facial recognition and vehicle owner identification may use data from camera sensors to identify the presence of an authorized driver and/or owner of the vehicle  800 . The always on sensor processing engine may be used to unlock the vehicle when the owner approaches the driver door and turn on the lights, and, in security mode, to disable the vehicle when the owner leaves the vehicle. In this way, the SoC(s)  804  provide for security against theft and/or carjacking. 
     In another example, a CNN for emergency vehicle detection and identification may use data from microphones  896  to detect and identify emergency vehicle sirens. In contrast to conventional systems, that use general classifiers to detect sirens and manually extract features, the SoC(s)  804  use the CNN for classifying environmental and urban sounds, as well as classifying visual data. In a preferred embodiment, the CNN running on the DLA is trained to identify the relative closing speed of the emergency vehicle (e.g., by using the Doppler Effect). The CNN may also be trained to identify emergency vehicles specific to the local area in which the vehicle is operating, as identified by GNSS sensor(s)  858 . Thus, for example, when operating in Europe the CNN will seek to detect European sirens, and when in the United States the CNN will seek to identify only North American sirens. Once an emergency vehicle is detected, a control program may be used to execute an emergency vehicle safety routine, slowing the vehicle, pulling over to the side of the road, parking the vehicle, and/or idling the vehicle, with the assistance of ultrasonic sensors  862 , until the emergency vehicle(s) passes. 
     The vehicle may include a CPU(s)  818  (e.g., discrete CPU(s), or dCPU(s)), that may be coupled to the SoC(s)  804  via a high-speed interconnect (e.g., PCIe). The CPU(s)  818  may include an X86 processor, for example. The CPU(s)  818  may be used to perform any of a variety of functions, including arbitrating potentially inconsistent results between ADAS sensors and the SoC(s)  804 , and/or monitoring the status and health of the controller(s)  836  and/or infotainment SoC  830 , for example. 
     The vehicle  800  may include a GPU(s)  820  (e.g., discrete GPU(s), or dGPU(s)), that may be coupled to the SoC(s)  804  via a high-speed interconnect (e.g., NVIDIA&#39;s NVLINK). The GPU(s)  820  may provide additional artificial intelligence functionality, such as by executing redundant and/or different neural networks, and may be used to train and/or update neural networks based on input (e.g., sensor data) from sensors of the vehicle  800 . 
     The vehicle  800  may further include the network interface  824  which may include one or more wireless antennas  826  (e.g., one or more wireless antennas for different communication protocols, such as a cellular antenna, a Bluetooth antenna, etc.). The network interface  824  may be used to enable wireless connectivity over the Internet with the cloud (e.g., with the server(s)  878  and/or other network devices), with other vehicles, and/or with computing devices (e.g., client devices of passengers). To communicate with other vehicles, a direct link may be established between the two vehicles and/or an indirect link may be established (e.g., across networks and over the Internet). Direct links may be provided using a vehicle-to-vehicle communication link. The vehicle-to-vehicle communication link may provide the vehicle  800  information about vehicles in proximity to the vehicle  800  (e.g., vehicles in front of, on the side of, and/or behind the vehicle  800 ). This functionality may be part of a cooperative adaptive cruise control functionality of the vehicle  800 . 
     The network interface  824  may include a SoC that provides modulation and demodulation functionality and enables the controller(s)  836  to communicate over wireless networks. The network interface  824  may include a radio frequency front-end for up-conversion from baseband to radio frequency, and down conversion from radio frequency to baseband. The frequency conversions may be performed through well-known processes, and/or may be performed using super-heterodyne processes. In some examples, the radio frequency front end functionality may be provided by a separate chip. The network interface may include wireless functionality for communicating over LTE, WCDMA, UMTS, GSM, CDMA2000, Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE, Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, and/or other wireless protocols. 
     The vehicle  800  may further include data store(s)  828  which may include off-chip (e.g., off the SoC(s)  804 ) storage. The data store(s)  828  may include one or more storage elements including RAM, SRAM, DRAM, VRAM, Flash, hard disks, and/or other components and/or devices that may store at least one bit of data. 
     The vehicle  800  may further include GNSS sensor(s)  858 . The GNSS sensor(s)  858  (e.g., GPS, assisted GPS sensors, differential GPS (DGPS) sensors, etc.), to assist in mapping, perception, occupancy grid generation, and/or path planning functions. Any number of GNSS sensor(s)  858  may be used, including, for example and without limitation, a GPS using a USB connector with an Ethernet to Serial (RS-232) bridge. 
     The vehicle  800  may further include RADAR sensor(s)  860 . The RADAR sensor(s)  860  may be used by the vehicle  800  for long-range vehicle detection, even in darkness and/or severe weather conditions. RADAR functional safety levels may be ASIL B. The RADAR sensor(s)  860  may use the CAN and/or the bus  802  (e.g., to transmit data generated by the RADAR sensor(s)  860 ) for control and to access object tracking data, with access to Ethernet to access raw data in some examples. A wide variety of RADAR sensor types may be used. For example, and without limitation, the RADAR sensor(s)  860  may be suitable for front, rear, and side RADAR use. In some example, Pulse Doppler RADAR sensor(s) are used. 
     The RADAR sensor(s)  860  may include different configurations, such as long range with narrow field of view, short range with wide field of view, short range side coverage, etc. In some examples, long-range RADAR may be used for adaptive cruise control functionality. The long-range RADAR systems may provide a broad field of view realized by two or more independent scans, such as within a 250 m range. The RADAR sensor(s)  860  may help in distinguishing between static and moving objects, and may be used by ADAS systems for emergency brake assist and forward collision warning. Long-range RADAR sensors may include monostatic multimodal RADAR with multiple (e.g., six or more) fixed RADAR antennae and a high-speed CAN and FlexRay interface. In an example with six antennae, the central four antennae may create a focused beam pattern, designed to record the vehicle&#39;s  800  surroundings at higher speeds with minimal interference from traffic in adjacent lanes. The other two antennae may expand the field of view, making it possible to quickly detect vehicles entering or leaving the vehicle&#39;s  800  lane. 
     Mid-range RADAR systems may include, as an example, a range of up to 860 m (front) or 80 m (rear), and a field of view of up to 42 degrees (front) or 850 degrees (rear). Short-range RADAR systems may include, without limitation, RADAR sensors designed to be installed at both ends of the rear bumper. When installed at both ends of the rear bumper, such a RADAR sensor systems may create two beams that constantly monitor the blind spot in the rear and next to the vehicle. 
     Short-range RADAR systems may be used in an ADAS system for blind spot detection and/or lane change assist. 
     The vehicle  800  may further include ultrasonic sensor(s)  862 . The ultrasonic sensor(s)  862 , which may be positioned at the front, back, and/or the sides of the vehicle  800 , may be used for park assist and/or to create and update an occupancy grid. A wide variety of ultrasonic sensor(s)  862  may be used, and different ultrasonic sensor(s)  862  may be used for different ranges of detection (e.g., 2.5 m, 4 m). The ultrasonic sensor(s)  862  may operate at functional safety levels of ASIL B. 
     The vehicle  800  may include LIDAR sensor(s)  864 . The LIDAR sensor(s)  864  may be used for object and pedestrian detection, emergency braking, collision avoidance, and/or other functions. The LIDAR sensor(s)  864  may be functional safety level ASIL B. In some examples, the vehicle  800  may include multiple LIDAR sensors  864  (e.g., two, four, six, etc.) that may use Ethernet (e.g., to provide data to a Gigabit Ethernet switch). 
     In some examples, the LIDAR sensor(s)  864  may be capable of providing a list of objects and their distances for a 360-degree field of view. Commercially available LIDAR sensor(s)  864  may have an advertised range of approximately 800 m, with an accuracy of 2 cm-3 cm, and with support for a 800 Mbps Ethernet connection, for example. In some examples, one or more non-protruding LIDAR sensors  864  may be used. In such examples, the LIDAR sensor(s)  864  may be implemented as a small device that may be embedded into the front, rear, sides, and/or corners of the vehicle  800 . The LIDAR sensor(s)  864 , in such examples, may provide up to a 120-degree horizontal and 35-degree vertical field-of-view, with a 200 m range even for low-reflectivity objects. Front-mounted LIDAR sensor(s)  864  may be configured for a horizontal field of view between 45 degrees and 135 degrees. 
     In some examples, LIDAR technologies, such as 3D flash LIDAR, may also be used. 3D Flash LIDAR uses a flash of a laser as a transmission source, to illuminate vehicle surroundings up to approximately 200 m. A flash LIDAR unit includes a receptor, which records the laser pulse transit time and the reflected light on each pixel, which in turn corresponds to the range from the vehicle to the objects. Flash LIDAR may allow for highly accurate and distortion-free images of the surroundings to be generated with every laser flash. In some examples, four flash LIDAR sensors may be deployed, one at each side of the vehicle  800 . Available 3D flash LIDAR systems include a solid-state 3D staring array LIDAR camera with no moving parts other than a fan (e.g., a non-scanning LIDAR device). The flash LIDAR device may use a 5 nanosecond class I (eye-safe) laser pulse per frame and may capture the reflected laser light in the form of 3D range point clouds and co-registered intensity data. By using flash LIDAR, and because flash LIDAR is a solid-state device with no moving parts, the LIDAR sensor(s)  864  may be less susceptible to motion blur, vibration, and/or shock. 
     The vehicle may further include IMU sensor(s)  866 . The IMU sensor(s)  866  may be located at a center of the rear axle of the vehicle  800 , in some examples. The IMU sensor(s)  866  may include, for example and without limitation, an accelerometer(s), a magnetometer(s), a gyroscope(s), a magnetic compass(es), and/or other sensor types. In some examples, such as in six-axis applications, the IMU sensor(s)  866  may include accelerometers and gyroscopes, while in nine-axis applications, the IMU sensor(s)  866  may include accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. 
     In some embodiments, the IMU sensor(s)  866  may be implemented as a miniature, high performance GPS-Aided Inertial Navigation System (GPS/INS) that combines micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors, a high-sensitivity GPS receiver, and advanced Kalman filtering algorithms to provide estimates of position, velocity, and attitude. As such, in some examples, the IMU sensor(s)  866  may enable the vehicle  800  to estimate heading without requiring input from a magnetic sensor by directly observing and correlating the changes in velocity from GPS to the IMU sensor(s)  866 . In some examples, the IMU sensor(s)  866  and the GNSS sensor(s)  858  may be combined in a single integrated unit. 
     The vehicle may include microphone(s)  896  placed in and/or around the vehicle  800 . The microphone(s)  896  may be used for emergency vehicle detection and identification, among other things. 
     The vehicle may further include any number of camera types, including stereo camera(s)  868 , wide-view camera(s)  870 , infrared camera(s)  872 , surround camera(s)  874 , long-range and/or mid-range camera(s)  898 , and/or other camera types. The cameras may be used to capture image data around an entire periphery of the vehicle  800 . The types of cameras used depends on the embodiments and requirements for the vehicle  800 , and any combination of camera types may be used to provide the necessary coverage around the vehicle  800 . In addition, the number of cameras may differ depending on the embodiment. For example, the vehicle may include six cameras, seven cameras, ten cameras, twelve cameras, and/or another number of cameras. The cameras may support, as an example and without limitation, Gigabit Multimedia Serial Link (GMSL) and/or Gigabit Ethernet. Each of the camera(s) is described with more detail herein with respect to  FIG.  8 A  and  FIG.  8 B . 
     The vehicle  800  may further include vibration sensor(s)  842 . The vibration sensor(s)  842  may measure vibrations of components of the vehicle, such as the axle(s). For example, changes in vibrations may indicate a change in road surfaces. In another example, when two or more vibration sensors  842  are used, the differences between the vibrations may be used to determine friction or slippage of the road surface (e.g., when the difference in vibration is between a power-driven axle and a freely rotating axle). 
     The vehicle  800  may include an ADAS system  838 . The ADAS system  838  may include a SoC, in some examples. The ADAS system  838  may include autonomous/adaptive/automatic cruise control (ACC), cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), forward crash warning (FCW), automatic emergency braking (AEB), lane departure warnings (LDW), lane keep assist (LKA), blind spot warning (BSW), rear cross-traffic warning (RCTW), collision warning systems (CWS), lane centering (LC), and/or other features and functionality. 
     The ACC systems may use RADAR sensor(s)  860 , LIDAR sensor(s)  864 , and/or a camera(s). The ACC systems may include longitudinal ACC and/or lateral ACC. Longitudinal ACC monitors and controls the distance to the vehicle immediately ahead of the vehicle  800  and automatically adjust the vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead. Lateral ACC performs distance keeping, and advises the vehicle  800  to change lanes when necessary. Lateral ACC is related to other ADAS applications such as LCA and CWS. 
     CACC uses information from other vehicles that may be received via the network interface  824  and/or the wireless antenna(s)  826  from other vehicles via a wireless link, or indirectly, over a network connection (e.g., over the Internet). Direct links may be provided by a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication link, while indirect links may be infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication link. In general, the V2V communication concept provides information about the immediately preceding vehicles (e.g., vehicles immediately ahead of and in the same lane as the vehicle  800 ), while the I2V communication concept provides information about traffic further ahead. CACC systems may include either or both I2V and V2V information sources. Given the information of the vehicles ahead of the vehicle  800 , CACC may be more reliable and it has potential to improve traffic flow smoothness and reduce congestion on the road. 
     FCW systems are designed to alert the driver to a hazard, so that the driver may take corrective action. FCW systems use a front-facing camera and/or RADAR sensor(s)  860 , coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component. FCW systems may provide a warning, such as in the form of a sound, visual warning, vibration and/or a quick brake pulse. 
     AEB systems detect an impending forward collision with another vehicle or other object, and may automatically apply the brakes if the driver does not take corrective action within a specified time or distance parameter. AEB systems may use front-facing camera(s) and/or RADAR sensor(s)  860 , coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC. When the AEB system detects a hazard, it typically first alerts the driver to take corrective action to avoid the collision and, if the driver does not take corrective action, the AEB system may automatically apply the brakes in an effort to prevent, or at least mitigate, the impact of the predicted collision. AEB systems, may include techniques such as dynamic brake support and/or crash imminent braking. 
     LDW systems provide visual, audible, and/or tactile warnings, such as steering wheel or seat vibrations, to alert the driver when the vehicle  800  crosses lane markings. A LDW system does not activate when the driver indicates an intentional lane departure, by activating a turn signal. LDW systems may use front-side facing cameras, coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component. 
     LKA systems are a variation of LDW systems. LKA systems provide steering input or braking to correct the vehicle  800  if the vehicle  800  starts to exit the lane. 
     BSW systems detects and warn the driver of vehicles in an automobile&#39;s blind spot. BSW systems may provide a visual, audible, and/or tactile alert to indicate that merging or changing lanes is unsafe. The system may provide an additional warning when the driver uses a turn signal. BSW systems may use rear-side facing camera(s) and/or RADAR sensor(s)  860 , coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component. 
     RCTW systems may provide visual, audible, and/or tactile notification when an object is detected outside the rear-camera range when the vehicle  800  is backing up. Some RCTW systems include AEB to ensure that the vehicle brakes are applied to avoid a crash. RCTW systems may use one or more rear-facing RADAR sensor(s)  860 , coupled to a dedicated processor, DSP, FPGA, and/or ASIC, that is electrically coupled to driver feedback, such as a display, speaker, and/or vibrating component. 
     Conventional ADAS systems may be prone to false positive results which may be annoying and distracting to a driver, but typically are not catastrophic, because the ADAS systems alert the driver and allow the driver to decide whether a safety condition truly exists and act accordingly. However, in an autonomous vehicle  800 , the vehicle  800  itself must, in the case of conflicting results, decide whether to heed the result from a primary computer or a secondary computer (e.g., a first controller  836  or a second controller  836 ). For example, in some embodiments, the ADAS system  838  may be a backup and/or secondary computer for providing perception information to a backup computer rationality module. The backup computer rationality monitor may run a redundant diverse software on hardware components to detect faults in perception and dynamic driving tasks. Outputs from the ADAS system  838  may be provided to a supervisory MCU. If outputs from the primary computer and the secondary computer conflict, the supervisory MCU must determine how to reconcile the conflict to ensure safe operation. 
     In some examples, the primary computer may be configured to provide the supervisory MCU with a confidence score, indicating the primary computer&#39;s confidence in the chosen result. If the confidence score exceeds a threshold, the supervisory MCU may follow the primary computer&#39;s direction, regardless of whether the secondary computer provides a conflicting or inconsistent result. Where the confidence score does not meet the threshold, and where the primary and secondary computer indicate different results (e.g., the conflict), the supervisory MCU may arbitrate between the computers to determine the appropriate outcome. 
     The supervisory MCU may be configured to run a neural network(s) that is trained and configured to determine, based on outputs from the primary computer and the secondary computer, conditions under which the secondary computer provides false alarms. Thus, the neural network(s) in the supervisory MCU may learn when the secondary computer&#39;s output may be trusted, and when it cannot. For example, when the secondary computer is a RADAR-based FCW system, a neural network(s) in the supervisory MCU may learn when the FCW system is identifying metallic objects that are not, in fact, hazards, such as a drainage grate or manhole cover that triggers an alarm. Similarly, when the secondary computer is a camera-based LDW system, a neural network in the supervisory MCU may learn to override the LDW when bicyclists or pedestrians are present and a lane departure is, in fact, the safest maneuver. In embodiments that include a neural network(s) running on the supervisory MCU, the supervisory MCU may include at least one of a DLA or GPU suitable for running the neural network(s) with associated memory. In preferred embodiments, the supervisory MCU may comprise and/or be included as a component of the SoC(s)  804 . 
     In other examples, ADAS system  838  may include a secondary computer that performs ADAS functionality using traditional rules of computer vision. As such, the secondary computer may use classic computer vision rules (if-then), and the presence of a neural network(s) in the supervisory MCU may improve reliability, safety and performance. For example, the diverse implementation and intentional non-identity makes the overall system more fault-tolerant, especially to faults caused by software (or software-hardware interface) functionality. For example, if there is a software bug or error in the software running on the primary computer, and the non-identical software code running on the secondary computer provides the same overall result, the supervisory MCU may have greater confidence that the overall result is correct, and the bug in software or hardware on primary computer is not causing material error. 
     In some examples, the output of the ADAS system  838  may be fed into the primary computer&#39;s perception block and/or the primary computer&#39;s dynamic driving task block. For example, if the ADAS system  838  indicates a forward crash warning due to an object immediately ahead, the perception block may use this information when identifying objects. In other examples, the secondary computer may have its own neural network which is trained and thus reduces the risk of false positives, as described herein. 
     The vehicle  800  may further include the infotainment SoC  830  (e.g., an in-vehicle infotainment system (IVI)). Although illustrated and described as a SoC, the infotainment system may not be a SoC, and may include two or more discrete components. The infotainment SoC  830  may include a combination of hardware and software that may be used to provide audio (e.g., music, a personal digital assistant, navigational instructions, news, radio, etc.), video (e.g., TV, movies, streaming, etc.), phone (e.g., hands-free calling), network connectivity (e.g., LTE, Wi-Fi, etc.), and/or information services (e.g., navigation systems, rear-parking assistance, a radio data system, vehicle related information such as fuel level, total distance covered, brake fuel level, oil level, door open/close, air filter information, etc.) to the vehicle  800 . For example, the infotainment SoC  830  may radios, disk players, navigation systems, video players, USB and Bluetooth connectivity, carputers, in-car entertainment, Wi-Fi, steering wheel audio controls, hands free voice control, a heads-up display (HUD), an HMI display  834 , a telematics device, a control panel (e.g., for controlling and/or interacting with various components, features, and/or systems), and/or other components. The infotainment SoC  830  may further be used to provide information (e.g., visual and/or audible) to a user(s) of the vehicle, such as information from the ADAS system  838 , autonomous driving information such as planned vehicle maneuvers, trajectories, surrounding environment information (e.g., intersection information, vehicle information, road information, etc.), and/or other information. 
     The infotainment SoC  830  may include GPU functionality. The infotainment SoC  830  may communicate over the bus  802  (e.g., CAN bus, Ethernet, etc.) with other devices, systems, and/or components of the vehicle  800 . In some examples, the infotainment SoC  830  may be coupled to a supervisory MCU such that the GPU of the infotainment system may perform some self-driving functions in the event that the primary controller(s)  836  (e.g., the primary and/or backup computers of the vehicle  800 ) fail. In such an example, the infotainment SoC  830  may put the vehicle  800  into a chauffeur to safe stop mode, as described herein. 
     The vehicle  800  may further include an instrument cluster  832  (e.g., a digital dash, an electronic instrument cluster, a digital instrument panel, etc.). The instrument cluster  832  may include a controller and/or supercomputer (e.g., a discrete controller or supercomputer). The instrument cluster  832  may include a set of instrumentation such as a speedometer, fuel level, oil pressure, tachometer, odometer, turn indicators, gearshift position indicator, seat belt warning light(s), parking-brake warning light(s), engine-malfunction light(s), airbag (SRS) system information, lighting controls, safety system controls, navigation information, etc. In some examples, information may be displayed and/or shared among the infotainment SoC  830  and the instrument cluster  832 . In other words, the instrument cluster  832  may be included as part of the infotainment SoC  830 , or vice versa. 
       FIG.  8 D  is a system diagram for communication between cloud-based server(s) and the example autonomous vehicle  800  of  FIG.  8 A , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The system  876  may include server(s)  878 , network(s)  890 , and vehicles, including the vehicle  800 . The server(s)  878  may include a plurality of GPUs  884 (A)- 884 (H) (collectively referred to herein as GPUs  884 ), PCIe switches  882 (A)- 882 (H) (collectively referred to herein as PCIe switches  882 ), and/or CPUs  880 (A)- 880 (B) (collectively referred to herein as CPUs  880 ). The GPUs  884 , the CPUs  880 , and the PCIe switches may be interconnected with high-speed interconnects such as, for example and without limitation, NVLink interfaces  888  developed by NVIDIA and/or PCIe connections  886 . In some examples, the GPUs  884  are connected via NVLink and/or NVSwitch SoC and the GPUs  884  and the PCIe switches  882  are connected via PCIe interconnects. Although eight GPUs  884 , two CPUs  880 , and two PCIe switches are illustrated, this is not intended to be limiting. Depending on the embodiment, each of the server(s)  878  may include any number of GPUs  884 , CPUs  880 , and/or PCIe switches. For example, the server(s)  878  may each include eight, sixteen, thirty-two, and/or more GPUs  884 . 
     The server(s)  878  may receive, over the network(s)  890  and from the vehicles, image data representative of images showing unexpected or changed road conditions, such as recently commenced road-work. The server(s)  878  may transmit, over the network(s)  890  and to the vehicles, neural networks  892 , updated neural networks  892 , and/or map information  894 , including information regarding traffic and road conditions. The updates to the map information  894  may include updates for the HD map  822 , such as information regarding construction sites, potholes, detours, flooding, and/or other obstructions. In some examples, the neural networks  892 , the updated neural networks  892 , and/or the map information  894  may have resulted from new training and/or experiences represented in data received from any number of vehicles in the environment, and/or based on training performed at a datacenter (e.g., using the server(s)  878  and/or other servers). 
     The server(s)  878  may be used to train machine learning models (e.g., neural networks) based on training data. The training data may be generated by the vehicles, and/or may be generated in a simulation (e.g., using a game engine). In some examples, the training data is tagged (e.g., where the neural network benefits from supervised learning) and/or undergoes other pre-processing, while in other examples the training data is not tagged and/or pre-processed (e.g., where the neural network does not require supervised learning). Training may be executed according to any one or more classes of machine learning techniques, including, without limitation, classes such as: supervised training, semi-supervised training, unsupervised training, self-learning, reinforcement learning, federated learning, transfer learning, feature learning (including principal component and cluster analyses), multi-linear subspace learning, manifold learning, representation learning (including spare dictionary learning), rule-based machine learning, anomaly detection, and any variants or combinations therefor. Once the machine learning models are trained, the machine learning models may be used by the vehicles (e.g., transmitted to the vehicles over the network(s)  890 , and/or the machine learning models may be used by the server(s)  878  to remotely monitor the vehicles. 
     In some examples, the server(s)  878  may receive data from the vehicles and apply the data to up-to-date real-time neural networks for real-time intelligent inferencing. The server(s)  878  may include deep-learning supercomputers and/or dedicated AI computers powered by GPU(s)  884 , such as a DGX and DGX Station machines developed by NVIDIA. However, in some examples, the server(s)  878  may include deep learning infrastructure that use only CPU-powered datacenters. 
     The deep-learning infrastructure of the server(s)  878  may be capable of fast, real-time inferencing, and may use that capability to evaluate and verify the health of the processors, software, and/or associated hardware in the vehicle  800 . For example, the deep-learning infrastructure may receive periodic updates from the vehicle  800 , such as a sequence of images and/or objects that the vehicle  800  has located in that sequence of images (e.g., via computer vision and/or other machine learning object classification techniques). The deep-learning infrastructure may run its own neural network to identify the objects and compare them with the objects identified by the vehicle  800  and, if the results do not match and the infrastructure concludes that the AI in the vehicle  800  is malfunctioning, the server(s)  878  may transmit a signal to the vehicle  800  instructing a fail-safe computer of the vehicle  800  to assume control, notify the passengers, and complete a safe parking maneuver. 
     For inferencing, the server(s)  878  may include the GPU(s)  884  and one or more programmable inference accelerators (e.g., NVIDIA&#39;s TensorRT). The combination of GPU-powered servers and inference acceleration may make real-time responsiveness possible. In other examples, such as where performance is less critical, servers powered by CPUs, FPGAs, and other processors may be used for inferencing. 
     Example Computing Device 
       FIG.  9    is a block diagram of an example computing device(s)  900  suitable for use in implementing some embodiments of the present disclosure. Computing device  900  may include an interconnect system  902  that directly or indirectly couples the following devices: memory  904 , one or more central processing units (CPUs)  906 , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs)  908 , a communication interface  910 , input/output (I/O) ports  912 , input/output components  914 , a power supply  916 , one or more presentation components  918  (e.g., display(s)), and one or more logic units  920 . In at least one embodiment, the computing device(s)  900  may comprise one or more virtual machines (VMs), and/or any of the components thereof may comprise virtual components (e.g., virtual hardware components). For non-limiting examples, one or more of the GPUs  908  may comprise one or more vGPUs, one or more of the CPUs  906  may comprise one or more vCPUs, and/or one or more of the logic units  920  may comprise one or more virtual logic units. As such, a computing device(s)  900  may include discrete components (e.g., a full GPU dedicated to the computing device  900 ), virtual components (e.g., a portion of a GPU dedicated to the computing device  900 ), or a combination thereof. 
     Although the various blocks of  FIG.  9    are shown as connected via the interconnect system  902  with lines, this is not intended to be limiting and is for clarity only. For example, in some embodiments, a presentation component  918 , such as a display device, may be considered an I/O component  914  (e.g., if the display is a touch screen). As another example, the CPUs  906  and/or GPUs  908  may include memory (e.g., the memory  904  may be representative of a storage device in addition to the memory of the GPUs  908 , the CPUs  906 , and/or other components). In other words, the computing device of  FIG.  9    is merely illustrative. Distinction is not made between such categories as “workstation,” “server,” “laptop,” “desktop,” “tablet,” “client device,” “mobile device,” “hand-held device,” “game console,” “electronic control unit (ECU),” “virtual reality system,” and/or other device or system types, as all are contemplated within the scope of the computing device of  FIG.  9   . 
     The interconnect system  902  may represent one or more links or busses, such as an address bus, a data bus, a control bus, or a combination thereof. The interconnect system  902  may include one or more bus or link types, such as an industry standard architecture (ISA) bus, an extended industry standard architecture (EISA) bus, a video electronics standards association (VESA) bus, a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus, a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) bus, and/or another type of bus or link. In some embodiments, there are direct connections between components. As an example, the CPU  906  may be directly connected to the memory  904 . Further, the CPU  906  may be directly connected to the GPU  908 . Where there is direct, or point-to-point connection between components, the interconnect system  902  may include a PCIe link to carry out the connection. In these examples, a PCI bus need not be included in the computing device  900 . 
     The memory  904  may include any of a variety of computer-readable media. The computer-readable media may be any available media that may be accessed by the computing device  900 . The computer-readable media may include both volatile and nonvolatile media, and removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, the computer-readable media may comprise computer-storage media and communication media. 
     The computer-storage media may include both volatile and nonvolatile media and/or removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and/or other data types. For example, the memory  904  may store computer-readable instructions (e.g., that represent a program(s) and/or a program element(s), such as an operating system. Computer-storage media may include, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which may be used to store the desired information and which may be accessed by computing device  900 . As used herein, computer storage media does not comprise signals per se. 
     The computer storage media may embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and/or other data types in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” may refer to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, the computer storage media may include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     The CPU(s)  906  may be configured to execute at least some of the computer-readable instructions to control one or more components of the computing device  900  to perform one or more of the methods and/or processes described herein. The CPU(s)  906  may each include one or more cores (e.g., one, two, four, eight, twenty-eight, seventy-two, etc.) that are capable of handling a multitude of software threads simultaneously. The CPU(s)  906  may include any type of processor, and may include different types of processors depending on the type of computing device  900  implemented (e.g., processors with fewer cores for mobile devices and processors with more cores for servers). For example, depending on the type of computing device  900 , the processor may be an Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) processor implemented using Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) or an x86 processor implemented using Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC). The computing device  900  may include one or more CPUs  906  in addition to one or more microprocessors or supplementary co-processors, such as math co-processors. 
     In addition to or alternatively from the CPU(s)  906 , the GPU(s)  908  may be configured to execute at least some of the computer-readable instructions to control one or more components of the computing device  900  to perform one or more of the methods and/or processes described herein. One or more of the GPU(s)  908  may be an integrated GPU (e.g., with one or more of the CPU(s)  906  and/or one or more of the GPU(s)  908  may be a discrete GPU. In embodiments, one or more of the GPU(s)  908  may be a coprocessor of one or more of the CPU(s)  906 . The GPU(s)  908  may be used by the computing device  900  to render graphics (e.g., 3D graphics) or perform general purpose computations. For example, the GPU(s)  908  may be used for General-Purpose computing on GPUs (GPGPU). The GPU(s)  908  may include hundreds or thousands of cores that are capable of handling hundreds or thousands of software threads simultaneously. The GPU(s)  908  may generate pixel data for output images in response to rendering commands (e.g., rendering commands from the CPU(s)  906  received via a host interface). The GPU(s)  908  may include graphics memory, such as display memory, for storing pixel data or any other suitable data, such as GPGPU data. The display memory may be included as part of the memory  904 . The GPU(s)  908  may include two or more GPUs operating in parallel (e.g., via a link). The link may directly connect the GPUs (e.g., using NVLINK) or may connect the GPUs through a switch (e.g., using NVSwitch). When combined together, each GPU  908  may generate pixel data or GPGPU data for different portions of an output or for different outputs (e.g., a first GPU for a first image and a second GPU for a second image). Each GPU may include its own memory, or may share memory with other GPUs. 
     In addition to or alternatively from the CPU(s)  906  and/or the GPU(s)  908 , the logic unit(s)  920  may be configured to execute at least some of the computer-readable instructions to control one or more components of the computing device  900  to perform one or more of the methods and/or processes described herein. In embodiments, the CPU(s)  906 , the GPU(s)  908 , and/or the logic unit(s)  920  may discretely or jointly perform any combination of the methods, processes and/or portions thereof. One or more of the logic units  920  may be part of and/or integrated in one or more of the CPU(s)  906  and/or the GPU(s)  908  and/or one or more of the logic units  920  may be discrete components or otherwise external to the CPU(s)  906  and/or the GPU(s)  908 . In embodiments, one or more of the logic units  920  may be a coprocessor of one or more of the CPU(s)  906  and/or one or more of the GPU(s)  908 . 
     Examples of the logic unit(s)  920  include one or more processing cores and/or components thereof, such as Data Processing Units (DPUs), Tensor Cores (TCs), Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), Pixel Visual Cores (PVCs), Vision Processing Units (VPUs), Graphics Processing Clusters (GPCs), Texture Processing Clusters (TPCs), Streaming Multiprocessors (SMs), Tree Traversal Units (TTUs), Artificial Intelligence Accelerators (AIAs), Deep Learning Accelerators (DLAs), Arithmetic-Logic Units (ALUs), Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Floating Point Units (FPUs), input/output (I/O) elements, peripheral component interconnect (PCI) or peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) elements, and/or the like. 
     The communication interface  910  may include one or more receivers, transmitters, and/or transceivers that enable the computing device  900  to communicate with other computing devices via an electronic communication network, included wired and/or wireless communications. The communication interface  910  may include components and functionality to enable communication over any of a number of different networks, such as wireless networks (e.g., Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE, ZigBee, etc.), wired networks (e.g., communicating over Ethernet or InfiniBand), low-power wide-area networks (e.g., LoRaWAN, SigFox, etc.), and/or the Internet. In one or more embodiments, logic unit(s)  920  and/or communication interface  910  may include one or more data processing units (DPUs) to transmit data received over a network and/or through interconnect system  902  directly to (e.g., a memory of) one or more GPU(s)  908 . 
     The I/O ports  912  may enable the computing device  900  to be logically coupled to other devices including the I/O components  914 , the presentation component(s)  918 , and/or other components, some of which may be built in to (e.g., integrated in) the computing device  900 . Illustrative I/O components  914  include a microphone, mouse, keyboard, joystick, game pad, game controller, satellite dish, scanner, printer, wireless device, etc. The I/O components  914  may provide a natural user interface (NUI) that processes air gestures, voice, or other physiological inputs generated by a user. In some instances, inputs may be transmitted to an appropriate network element for further processing. An NUI may implement any combination of speech recognition, stylus recognition, facial recognition, biometric recognition, gesture recognition both on screen and adjacent to the screen, air gestures, head and eye tracking, and touch recognition (as described in more detail below) associated with a display of the computing device  900 . The computing device  900  may be include depth cameras, such as stereoscopic camera systems, infrared camera systems, RGB camera systems, touchscreen technology, and combinations of these, for gesture detection and recognition. Additionally, the computing device  900  may include accelerometers or gyroscopes (e.g., as part of an inertia measurement unit (IMU)) that enable detection of motion. In some examples, the output of the accelerometers or gyroscopes may be used by the computing device  900  to render immersive augmented reality or virtual reality. 
     The power supply  916  may include a hard-wired power supply, a battery power supply, or a combination thereof. The power supply  916  may provide power to the computing device  900  to enable the components of the computing device  900  to operate. 
     The presentation component(s)  918  may include a display (e.g., a monitor, a touch screen, a television screen, a heads-up-display (HUD), other display types, or a combination thereof), speakers, and/or other presentation components. The presentation component(s)  918  may receive data from other components (e.g., the GPU(s)  908 , the CPU(s)  906 , DPUs, etc.), and output the data (e.g., as an image, video, sound, etc.). 
     Example Data Center 
       FIG.  10    illustrates an example data center  1000  that may be used in at least one embodiments of the present disclosure. The data center  1000  may include a data center infrastructure layer  1010 , a framework layer  1020 , a software layer  1030 , and/or an application layer  1040 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  10   , the data center infrastructure layer  1010  may include a resource orchestrator  1012 , grouped computing resources  1014 , and node computing resources (“node C.R.s”)  1016 ( 1 )- 1016 (N), where “N” represents any whole, positive integer. In at least one embodiment, node C.R.s  1016 ( 1 )- 1016 (N) may include, but are not limited to, any number of central processing units (CPUs) or other processors (including DPUs, accelerators, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), graphics processors or graphics processing units (GPUs), etc.), memory devices (e.g., dynamic read-only memory), storage devices (e.g., solid state or disk drives), network input/output (NW I/O) devices, network switches, virtual machines (VMs), power modules, and/or cooling modules, etc. In some embodiments, one or more node C.R.s from among node C.R.s  1016 ( 1 )- 1016 (N) may correspond to a server having one or more of the above-mentioned computing resources. In addition, in some embodiments, the node C.R.s  1016 ( 1 )- 10161 (N) may include one or more virtual components, such as vGPUs, vCPUs, and/or the like, and/or one or more of the node C.R.s  1016 ( 1 )- 1016 (N) may correspond to a virtual machine (VM). 
     In at least one embodiment, grouped computing resources  1014  may include separate groupings of node C.R.s  1016  housed within one or more racks (not shown), or many racks housed in data centers at various geographical locations (also not shown). Separate groupings of node C.R.s  1016  within grouped computing resources  1014  may include grouped compute, network, memory or storage resources that may be configured or allocated to support one or more workloads. In at least one embodiment, several node C.R.s  1016  including CPUs, GPUs, DPUs, and/or other processors may be grouped within one or more racks to provide compute resources to support one or more workloads. The one or more racks may also include any number of power modules, cooling modules, and/or network switches, in any combination. 
     The resource orchestrator  1012  may configure or otherwise control one or more node C.R.s  1016 ( 1 )- 1016 (N) and/or grouped computing resources  1014 . In at least one embodiment, resource orchestrator  1012  may include a software design infrastructure (SDI) management entity for the data center  1000 . The resource orchestrator  1012  may include hardware, software, or some combination thereof. 
     In at least one embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  10   , framework layer  1020  may include a job scheduler  1033 , a configuration manager  1034 , a resource manager  1036 , and/or a distributed file system  1038 . The framework layer  1020  may include a framework to support software  1032  of software layer  1030  and/or one or more application(s)  1042  of application layer  1040 . The software  1032  or application(s)  1042  may respectively include web-based service software or applications, such as those provided by Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure. The framework layer  1020  may be, but is not limited to, a type of free and open-source software web application framework such as Apache Spark™ (hereinafter “Spark”) that may utilize distributed file system  1038  for large-scale data processing (e.g., “big data”). In at least one embodiment, job scheduler  1033  may include a Spark driver to facilitate scheduling of workloads supported by various layers of data center  1000 . The configuration manager  1034  may be capable of configuring different layers such as software layer  1030  and framework layer  1020  including Spark and distributed file system  1038  for supporting large-scale data processing. The resource manager  1036  may be capable of managing clustered or grouped computing resources mapped to or allocated for support of distributed file system  1038  and job scheduler  1033 . In at least one embodiment, clustered or grouped computing resources may include grouped computing resource  1014  at data center infrastructure layer  1010 . The resource manager  1036  may coordinate with resource orchestrator  1012  to manage these mapped or allocated computing resources. 
     In at least one embodiment, software  1032  included in software layer  1030  may include software used by at least portions of node C.R.s  1016 ( 1 )- 1016 (N), grouped computing resources  1014 , and/or distributed file system  1038  of framework layer  1020 . One or more types of software may include, but are not limited to, Internet web page search software, e-mail virus scan software, database software, and streaming video content software. 
     In at least one embodiment, application(s)  1042  included in application layer  1040  may include one or more types of applications used by at least portions of node C.R.s  1016 ( 1 )- 1016 (N), grouped computing resources  1014 , and/or distributed file system  1038  of framework layer  1020 . One or more types of applications may include, but are not limited to, any number of a genomics application, a cognitive compute, and a machine learning application, including training or inferencing software, machine learning framework software (e.g., PyTorch, TensorFlow, Caffe, etc.), and/or other machine learning applications used in conjunction with one or more embodiments. 
     In at least one embodiment, any of configuration manager  1034 , resource manager  1036 , and resource orchestrator  1012  may implement any number and type of self-modifying actions based on any amount and type of data acquired in any technically feasible fashion. Self-modifying actions may relieve a data center operator of data center  1000  from making possibly bad configuration decisions and possibly avoiding underutilized and/or poor performing portions of a data center. 
     The data center  1000  may include tools, services, software or other resources to train one or more machine learning models or predict or infer information using one or more machine learning models according to one or more embodiments described herein. For example, a machine learning model(s) may be trained by calculating weight parameters according to a neural network architecture using software and/or computing resources described above with respect to the data center  1000 . In at least one embodiment, trained or deployed machine learning models corresponding to one or more neural networks may be used to infer or predict information using resources described above with respect to the data center  1000  by using weight parameters calculated through one or more training techniques, such as but not limited to those described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, the data center  1000  may use CPUs, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), GPUs, FPGAs, and/or other hardware (or virtual compute resources corresponding thereto) to perform training and/or inferencing using above-described resources. Moreover, one or more software and/or hardware resources described above may be configured as a service to allow users to train or performing inferencing of information, such as image recognition, speech recognition, or other artificial intelligence services. 
     Example Network Environments 
     Network environments suitable for use in implementing embodiments of the disclosure may include one or more client devices, servers, network attached storage (NAS), other backend devices, and/or other device types. The client devices, servers, and/or other device types (e.g., each device) may be implemented on one or more instances of the computing device(s)  900  of  FIG.  9   —e.g., each device may include similar components, features, and/or functionality of the computing device(s)  900 . In addition, where backend devices (e.g., servers, NAS, etc.) are implemented, the backend devices may be included as part of a data center  1000 , an example of which is described in more detail herein with respect to  FIG.  10   . 
     Components of a network environment may communicate with each other via a network(s), which may be wired, wireless, or both. The network may include multiple networks, or a network of networks. By way of example, the network may include one or more Wide Area Networks (WANs), one or more Local Area Networks (LANs), one or more public networks such as the Internet and/or a public switched telephone network (PSTN), and/or one or more private networks. Where the network includes a wireless telecommunications network, components such as a base station, a communications tower, or even access points (as well as other components) may provide wireless connectivity. 
     Compatible network environments may include one or more peer-to-peer network environments—in which case a server may not be included in a network environment—and one or more client-server network environments—in which case one or more servers may be included in a network environment. In peer-to-peer network environments, functionality described herein with respect to a server(s) may be implemented on any number of client devices. 
     In at least one embodiment, a network environment may include one or more cloud-based network environments, a distributed computing environment, a combination thereof, etc. A cloud-based network environment may include a framework layer, a job scheduler, a resource manager, and a distributed file system implemented on one or more of servers, which may include one or more core network servers and/or edge servers. A framework layer may include a framework to support software of a software layer and/or one or more application(s) of an application layer. The software or application(s) may respectively include web-based service software or applications. In embodiments, one or more of the client devices may use the web-based service software or applications (e.g., by accessing the service software and/or applications via one or more application programming interfaces (APIs)). The framework layer may be, but is not limited to, a type of free and open-source software web application framework such as that may use a distributed file system for large-scale data processing (e.g., “big data”). 
     A cloud-based network environment may provide cloud computing and/or cloud storage that carries out any combination of computing and/or data storage functions described herein (or one or more portions thereof). Any of these various functions may be distributed over multiple locations from central or core servers (e.g., of one or more data centers that may be distributed across a state, a region, a country, the globe, etc.). If a connection to a user (e.g., a client device) is relatively close to an edge server(s), a core server(s) may designate at least a portion of the functionality to the edge server(s). A cloud-based network environment may be private (e.g., limited to a single organization), may be public (e.g., available to many organizations), and/or a combination thereof (e.g., a hybrid cloud environment). 
     The client device(s) may include at least some of the components, features, and functionality of the example computing device(s)  900  described herein with respect to  FIG.  9   . By way of example and not limitation, a client device may be embodied as a Personal Computer (PC), a laptop computer, a mobile device, a smartphone, a tablet computer, a smart watch, a wearable computer, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), an MP3 player, a virtual reality headset, a Global Positioning System (GPS) or device, a video player, a video camera, a surveillance device or system, a vehicle, a boat, a flying vessel, a virtual machine, a drone, a robot, a handheld communications device, a hospital device, a gaming device or system, an entertainment system, a vehicle computer system, an embedded system controller, a remote control, an appliance, a consumer electronic device, a workstation, an edge device, any combination of these delineated devices, or any other suitable device. 
     The disclosure may be described in the general context of computer code or machine-useable instructions, including computer-executable instructions such as program modules, being executed by a computer or other machine, such as a personal data assistant or other handheld device. Generally, program modules including routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., refer to code that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The disclosure may be practiced in a variety of system configurations, including hand-held devices, consumer electronics, general-purpose computers, more specialty computing devices, etc. The disclosure may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote-processing devices that are linked through a communications network. 
     As used herein, a recitation of “and/or” with respect to two or more elements should be interpreted to mean only one element, or a combination of elements. For example, “element A, element B, and/or element C” may include only element A, only element B, only element C, element A and element B, element A and element C, element B and element C, or elements A, B, and C. In addition, “at least one of element A or element B” may include at least one of element A, at least one of element B, or at least one of element A and at least one of element B. Further, “at least one of element A and element B” may include at least one of element A, at least one of element B, or at least one of element A and at least one of element B. 
     The subject matter of the present disclosure is described with specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the claimed subject matter might also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover, although the terms “step” and/or “block” may be used herein to connote different elements of methods employed, the terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individual steps is explicitly described.