Patent Publication Number: US-2010129518-A1

Title: Method of oil purification, and uses thereof for food and feed

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
     The current invention describes a new process of purifying oils. In particular, the present invention relates to a method which combines treatment with ad- or absorbing agents (AAs) and a membrane-based process for separating the oil from the contaminated AAs. Further, the present invention relates to the use of ad- or absorbing agent and membrane filtration for purifying oil and the use of purified oil per se or as an ingredient in medicine, food, feed and surfactant. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Persistant Bioaccumulating Toxins (PBTs) like PCBs and dioxins must be removed before utilizing oils for medical, dietetic, food, feed or surfactant purposes. In the near future, regulations regarding other PBTs are also expected. Some examples of such PBTs are brominated flame retardants, phtalates and organochloride pesticides. 
     Oils for dietetic or food application and animal feed must have a certain quality. It must not contain oxidation components (peroxide, free fatty acids), it must be clear at room temperature, have an acceptable taste and odour and conform to regulations with respect to PBTs. 
     PBTs in Fish Oils 
     The content of PBTs in fish oils depends on the concentrations of the relevant toxins in the living environment of the fish, the type of fish and the age of the fish when they are captured and/or harvested. 
     Regulations exist or are expected in the near future for the two PBT classes dioxins (including furans) and dioxin-like PCBs. Before purification, fish oils typically contain 2-20 pg/g of dioxins and furans (dioxins) and about twice that amount of dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs). 
     Current EU limits for dioxins in oil for feed and food applications are 6 and 2 pg/g, respectively (Directive 2002/32/EC and 2003/100/EC). 
     EU commission Directive (2006/13/EC) sets new maximums levels for the SUM of dioxins and dl-PCBs in feed and food and will apply from 4 Nov. 2006.
         Fish oil for feed: Sum: 24 ng/kg Dioxins and furans: 6 ng/kg Dioxin-like PCBs: 18 ng/kg   Fish oil for food: Sum: 10 ng/kg Dioxins and furans: 2 ng/kg Dioxin-like PCBs: 8 ng/kg       

     Solving the problem by dilution with pure oils will not be allowed. 
     Consideration will be given by 31 Dec. 2008 to significantly reduce the maximum levels for the SUM of dioxins and dl-PCBs and to dispense with the maximum levels for dioxin. 
     Investigations have shown that there will be a need to treat most of the Northern Hemisphere incl. European fish oil, both for feed and food use. The new regulation will therefore increase the market demand for efficient rinsing technologies for removing dl-PCBs and dioxins from oils for food and feed applications. It is expected that other PBTs, like brominated flame retardants, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), phtalates and organochloride pesticides will be subject to regulations in the more distant future. 
     Dioxins are currently removed along with colour, taste and odorous compounds by using active carbon (AC) in a press filtration process. With a standard process of press filtration, the flow decreases very quickly due to the plugging of the filter supports. Most of the time, press filtration requires some filtering aid (precipitated silicas or kieselgur) to be added to the feed solution in addition to the AC. At the end of the filtration cycle a large amount of press cake composed of AC, filtering aid, filter and a substantial amount of oil is produced and must be discharged in an adapted dump. The process thus utilizes large amounts of AC and filtering aids, involves substantial product losses, and is both costly and time-consuming. New and improved processes which avoid the use of filtering aids, increase the amount of oil treated by each kg of AC and reduce the product (oil) losses are therefore sought. 
     Processes for dl-PCB removal are currently not fully implemented on an industrial scale. One emerging technology is molecular distillation, which may be used for both dl-PCB and dioxin removal from oils. During the process, the oil is heated to high temperatures. This might be detrimental to the quality of the oil. Another drawback is that the process requires large investments and large processing volumes. Centralised plants treating oils from many small producers are therefore envisaged. There is therefore a demand for smaller, cost-efficient processes, which may be installed for on-site oil treatment. A low-temperature process is also sought, as this will preserve the sensitive bioactive components such as vitamins, antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids and avoid formation of unhealthy trans fatty acids. 
     Microfiltration of Oils 
     Microfiltration is a very well-known process for purifing and separating different components in aqueous solutions like milk or protein extracts from fish, soya or fruits. Bibliography shows that this technology has not been used much for oils, especially not for fish oils. The state-of-the-art mentions some patents and scientific publications on purification, refining and clarification of vegetable oils (Process for the purification of crude glyceride oil compositions: Iwama et al 1983, U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,157, Process for refining crude glyceride oils by membrane filtration: Achintuya Kumar Sen Gupta1977 U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,882 and Refining: Achintuya Kumar Sen Gupta 1985 U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,501, Soft purification of lampante olive oil by microfiltration: Abdellatif Hafidi, Daniel Pioch, Hamid Ajana. Food Chemistry 92 (2005) 17-22). 
     One patent describes a method for the separation of hydrophobic liquid phase with high melting compounds from butter. Michel Parmentier, Salina Bornaz, Bernard Journet: 1993 patent No FR2713656. 
     Treatment of Oils With Ad- or Absorbing Agents (AAs) 
     Use of AC for removal of dioxins, taste, colour and odorous compounds from edible oils is a well-known technology. Use of AC to remove dioxins and PCBs has also been reported (Removal of dioxins and PCB from fish oil by AC and its influence on the nutritional quality of the oil: J. Maes et al. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 82 (2005) 593-7). Use of AC has previously been combined with press filtration and steam distillation for removal of free fatty acids, as well as odorous and colour compounds (Process for purifying oils and fats; British Patent No GB707454 (1954) and Process for refining oils and fats; British Patent No GB707455 (1954)). To our knowledge, combined processes where AC or other AAs are used together with membrane filtration for oil purification have not previously been reported. One reason for this may be that polymer membranes are normally used for filtration of non-polar media like oils. Polymer membranes are quite susceptible to damage by abrasion. This precludes particulate AA circulation at turbulent flow, which is required to avoid rapid fouling of the membranes. Furthermore, removing oil and residues from plugged membranes requires higher temperatures and more aggressive chemicals than polymer membranes typically withstand. These problems can be avoided by using inorganic (ceramic) membranes, which can resist abrasion in turbulent flow, as well as the temperatures and chemicals required for cleaning the membranes. 
     Thus, there is a need for a new method of purifying oils, combining treatment with AA and membrane filtration, resulting in a total process with a better oil yield and lower cost than the classical technology using filter press. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION   
     The present invention provides a new method of purifying oils wherein
         a) persistant bioaccumulating toxins (PBTs) such as PCB, dioxin-like PCB and dioxins are minimized,   b) important nutritional components such as vitamins, antioxidants and omega-3-fatty acids are preserved,   c) the content of high-melting, odour and colouring compounds is reduced,   d) the waste of oil is minimized leaving an efficient, cost-effective process, and   e) the equipment is modular, thus securing ease of on-site use for a wide range of processing volumes, as well as simple on-demand adjustment of processing capacity       

     Thus, the present invention provides a new method of purifying oils by combining the steps of ad- or absorbing agents (AAs) and membrane filtration. The AA is mixed with oil and circulated. Depending on oil properties and the absorbing process, heating or cooling may be applied. Membrane filtration is used to separate the purified oil from the contaminated AA. 
     An additional benefit is that some of the high-melting, odour and colouring compounds are removed and clear oils with less unwanted smell and colour are obtained at room temperature. 
     Compared to the current press filtration process, the benefits of our invention include: a) no use or loss of filter aid, b) less AA is used to rinse the same volume of oil, c) less product loss, d) removal of high-melting, smell and colouring compounds, e) longer duration of the filtration cycle before plugging occurs, and f) the residual AA can be recovered for regeneration or destruction, depending of the granulometry, by a simple decantation in a tank, by concentration in a horizontal decanter, by centrifugation, or by filtration on a filter press; the residual volume of AA/fish oil to final filtration will be less than 10% of the initial volume. 
     Compared to molecular distillation, the benefits of our invention are: a) lower energy costs, b) lower investment cost, c) modular plants that can be adjusted in smaller steps to the processing volumes at each production site, and d) lower processing temperature and thus better oil quality. 
     The present invention relates to a method of purifying oils, wherein the method comprises the steps of
         i) bringing the oil in contact with ad- or absorbing agents (AAs), and   ii) membrane filtration.       

     In its most simple setup, oil and ad-or absorbing agents (AA) is filled into the tank, a pump is use to circulate and pressurise the oil with AA through tubing to a membrane where the purified oil permeate is separated from the retentate, which is recycled to the feeding tank. 
     The operating principle is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Cooling and/or heating may be applied. The system and any variation thereof may have one or more membranes in series or parallel. The system can be open or closed. The oil may be covered with protective gas. AA may be added either together with the oil or separately. The process may be run either as a batch, semi-continuous or continuous process. 
     The temperature of the oil, with or without AA is adjusted to a level in the range from −20 to +150° C. before and during processing. The actual temperature and preheating time after adding AA and before starting the separation process depends on oil viscosity and PBT absorption rate. Preheating time may be from 0 to 120 minutes, preferably between 20 and 60 min, with temperature preferably between 20° and 50° C. 
     The pumping speed must be adjusted so that the speed of oil along the membrane is within the range 1-20 m/s, preferable between 3 and 6 m/s. Permeate flows in the range 10 to 3500 l/h/m 2  have been achieved, most typically in the range 10 to 160 l/h/m 2  depending of type of oil, oil temperature, type and particle size of AA, state of the membrane, viscosity, recirculation speed and pressure. In one aspect of the process, intermittent back flushing or pulsing is applied. 
     The term ad- or absorbing agent (AA) as used herein is meant to include any solid substance that ab- or adsorbs unwanted compounds, such as by way of non-limiting example active carbon, bleaching clay, silica and zeolites. The AA used according to the present invention may be powdered or granulated. The quantity of AA depends of the type and particle size. If active carbon (AC) is used, the amount is preferably between 0.05 and 10 wt %, and more preferably in the range from 0.25 to 2 wt % of the initial mass of oil. 
     The membranes used in the present invention can be configured in accordance with any of the designs known to those skilled in the art, such as spiral wound, plate and frame, shell and tube, and derivative designs thereof. The membranes may be of cylindrical or planar geometry. 
     The membranes applicable in the present invention may be formed from any polymeric or ceramic material that allows oil to pass through, while retaining the AA. The membrane may be made of a material selected from polymeric materials suitable for fabricating microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membranes, including, but not limited to polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polyethersulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polyimides including polyimides crosslinked using mono-, di-, tri- or polyamine species, cellulose acetate, and mixtures thereof. The membranes can be made by any technique known to the art, including sintering, stretching, track etching, template leaching, interfacial polymerisation or phase inversion. Yet preferably the membrane is prepared from one or several inorganic materials such as by way of non-limiting example aluminium oxide, silicon carbide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or zeolites, using any technique known to those skilled in the art, such as sintering, leaching or sol-gel processes. 
     The membrane filtration process may be a microfiltration, ultrafiltration or nanofiltration process, or a combination of any of said membrane filtrations processes, performed in any order. The membranes are preferably tubular ceramic membranes, with cut-off smaller than the particle size of the AA particles, and preferably between 0.01 and 50 μm. In one aspect of the invention the tubular membranes are having a pore size between 0.10 and 0.50 μm 
     The present invention provides a method of purifying oils. As such, any unwanted material contaminating the oil could be removed. Examples of contaminants are persistant bioaccumulating toxins such as PCB and dioxin. 
     Persistant Bioaccumulating Toxins (PBTs) are chemical substances that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. They persist in the environment, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, and have the potential for significant impacts on human health and the environment. Some examples of PBTs are: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxine-like PCBs, dioxins, and toxaphene, carcinogenic PAHs, heavy metal ions, and certain brominated flame-retardants, as well as some organometallic compounds such as tributyltin (TBT). 
     The term dioxin is used for a family of halogenated organic compounds, comprised of two benzene rings joined by either a single (furan) or a double oxygen bridge (dioxin). The most common dioxins are polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs). The toxicity of PCDD/Fs is dependent on the number and position of the chlorine atoms. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is the most toxic of the congeners. By convention, it is assigned a toxicity rating or toxic equivalence factor (TEF) of 1.0 with the remaining PCDD/Fs being assigned lower relative values. 
     Structure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of organic compounds with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl and a genera chemical formula of C 12 H 10-x Cl x . 
     General Structure of PCBs 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Dioxine-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) refer to PCBs with similar properties to those of dioxins. Some of them have TEFs as high as 0.1. 
     Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds that consist of fused aromatic rings and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents. Some of them are known or suspected carcinogens. 
     Brominated flame-retardants comprise 70 synthetically produced variants with very varying chemical properties. There are several groups: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and brominated cyclohydrocarbons. Some are considered PBTs, but their effects are largely unknown and maximum levels are not yet decided. 
     Thus according to one aspect of the invention, the content of persistant bioaccumulating toxins (PBTs) are significantly reduced compared to the levels in the untreated oils. The content may be significantly reduced, by 20-100%, compared to the levels in the untreated oils. In one aspect of the present invention the PBTs to be reduced are PCBs, dl-PCBs and/or dioxins. In another aspect, the PBTs to be reduced are arsenic, PAHs and/or brominated flame retardants. In yet another aspect, the content of high melting compounds (HMCs), odour or colour components are present in the oil are significantly reduced to yield a clear and/or low smell oil at room temperature. 
     The oil to be purified according to the present invention may be any mineral or natural oil that contains unwanted amounts of PBTs. Examples of natural oils include, but are not limited to, those extracted from a wide variety of vegetables, animals, fish, marine organisms and micro organisms or any combination thereof. 
     Suitable vegetable oils include, but are not limited to, palm, soybean, sunflower, olive, peanut, sesame, rice bran, cashew, castor bean, flax, grape, hemp, mustard, poppy, rapeseed, canola, safflower, sesame seed, sunflower, almond, algal, apricot, argan, avocado, hazelnut, neem, peanut, pumpkin, and walnut oil, or any combination thereof. 
     Suitable animal oils include, but are not limited to, seal and whale oils or any combination thereof. 
     Suitable marine fish oils include, but are not limited to, anchovies, baikal oilfish, bloater, cacha, carp, cod, eel, eulachon, herring, hilsa, jack fish, katla, kipper, mackerel, orange roughy, pangas, pilchards, saithe, salmon, sardines, shark, sprats, swordfish, trout, tuna, whale, whitebait, krill and shellfish oil or any combination thereof. 
     Suitable freshwater fish oils, include, but are not limited to, tilapia, catfish, lake herring, black bass, carp, lake trout, salmon and whitefish oil or any combination thereof. 
     The marine and fresh water fish may be wild or cultured. 
     Suitable oils also include natural oils derived from micro organisms, including, but not limited to prokaryotic and eukaryotic single celled organisms. 
     Further, the present invention relates to the use of ad- or absorbing agent (AA) and membrane filtration for purifying oil and the use of the oil per se or as an ingredient in medicine, food, feed and surfactant. 
     The present invention will now be further described with reference to the following non-limiting examples. 
     Embodiments 
     Example 1  
     Removal of PCBs and Dioxins from Fatty Fish Oil Using AC and Ceramic Membrane with Pore Size 0.45 μm 
     Experimental Setup: 
     14.7 kg of Fatty fish oil with 1000 ppm tocopherol from CTPP (Coopérative de Traitement des Produits de la Pêche) was mixed with 147 g Norit AC (particle size D50=36 μm) and circulated through the system consisting of tank, pump, membrane and cooler. The membrane was a Kerasep membrane with pore size 0.45 μm, outer diameter 10 mm and length 400 mm. The flow was adjusted to 200 l/h. The pressure at the membrane inlet and outlet were 3.8 and 3.55 bars, respectively. The temperature in the tank was 28.5° C. and the temperature at the pump and in the membrane was ≧40° C. After circulating for 1 hour, the permeate valve was opened and the permeate collected during 14 hours, distributed over a three-day period. (The equipment was stopped during the night.) Backflushing was applied every 70 s, with a duration of 5 s, utilising 4 bar pressurised air to drive a piston that transferred pressure to the permeate oil. 
     Results: 
     An average flow of about 130 l/h/m 2  was achieved. 14 l of oil was collected. 
     No AC passed through the membrane. The permeate oil was more clear than the untreated oil, i.e. some high-melting compounds had been removed. The dioxin and PCB content was 0.36 and 12 pg/g, respectively. Thus, the levels have been significantly reduced compared to those of the untreated oil (9.5 and 23 pg/g for dioxin and PCB, respectively). For dioxin, the level is well below the current EU regulation for food (2 pg/g). For PCB, the level after treatment is lower than that of the new regulation for feed (18 pg/g). 
     After 23 months of storage, the oleic acidity of untreated oil was 4.76%, while that of permeate was 3.75%. Thus, AC+ membrane filtration stabilizes the oil by removing destabilizing compounds, (possibly enzymes) that produce free fatty acids (FFAs). 
     Example 2  
     Removal of PCBs and Dioxins from Crude Fish Oil Using AC and Ceramic Membrane with Pore Size 0.20 μm 
     Experimental Setup: 
     65 kg of Fatty fish oil (extracted from a mix of different fatty fish) with 1000 ppm tocopherol from CTPP (Coopérative de Traitement des Produits de la Pêche) was mixed with 300 g of CECA AC (particle size D50=29 μm) and circulated through the system consisting of tank, pump, membrane. The pilot is equipped with a Kerasep ceramic membrane with pore size 0.20 μm and surface area 0.150 m 2 . The pressure at the membrane inlet and outlet were 4.2 and 2.7 bars, respectively. The temperature in the tank was 30° C. and the temperature at the pump and in the membrane was ≧40° C. After circulating for 15 min, the permeate valve was opened and the permeate collected during 6 hours. 
     Results: 
     An average flow of about 17 l/h/m 2  was achieved. 16 l of oil was collected. 
     No AC passed through the membrane. The permeate oil was more clear than the untreated oil, i.e. high-melting compounds had been removed. The dioxin and PCB content was 0.4 pg/g and 7.5 pg/g, respectively. Thus, the levels have been significantly reduced compared to those of the untreated oil (10 and 22 pg/g for dioxin and PCB, respectively). For dioxin, the level is well below the current EU regulation for food (2 pg/g). For PCB, the level after treatment is lower than the new regulation both for feed (18 pg/g) and food (8 pg/g) applications. 
     Further examples 3, 4, 5 were performed as outlined in the above experiments. The specific conditions and results are listed in table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of purification results for various tests, using different AC and membrane 
               
               
                 combinations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Medium 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Amount 
                 Permeate 
                 Duration 
                 Start 
                 End 
                 Start 
                 End 
               
               
                 Ex. 
                 Type of 
                 Type of 
                 and type 
                 Flow 
                 of 
                 PCB 
                 PCB 
                 dioxin 
                 dioxin 
               
               
                 No. 
                 membrane 
                 oil 
                 of AC 
                 l/h/m 2   
                 filtration 
                 pg/g 
                 pg/g 
                 pg/g 
                 pg/g 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Kerasep 
                 Fatty fish 
                 0.5 wt % 
                 130 
                 14 h  
                 23 
                 12 
                 9.5 
                 0.36 
               
               
                   
                 0.45 μm 
                 oil 
                 Norit 
               
               
                 2 
                 Kerasep 
                 Fatty fish 
                 0.5 wt % 
                 17 
                 6 h 
                 22 
                 7.5 
                 10 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 0.20 μm 
                 oil 
                 Ceca 
               
               
                 3 
                 Kerasep 
                 Fatty fish 
                 0.5 wt % 
                 22 
                 4 h 
                 26 
                 7.5 
                 9.5 
                 0.39 
               
               
                   
                 0.45 μm 
                 oil 
                 Ceca 
               
               
                 4 
                 Kerasep 
                 Fatty fish 
                 0.5 wt % 
                 17 
                 Average 
                 26 
                 8.6 
                 N.A. 
                 N.A. 
               
               
                   
                 0.20 μm 
                 oil 
                 Ceca 
                   
                 sample 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 gathered 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 during 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hours 
               
               
                 5 
                 Kerasep 
                 Fatty fish 
                 0.5 wt % 
                 32 
                 2 h 
                 26 
                 8.3 
                 9.5 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 0.20 μm 
                 oil 
                 Norit 
                   
                 4 h 
                 26 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 6 
                 Kerasep 
                 Fatty fish 
                 1.0 wt % 
                 10 
                 4 h 
                 30 
                 14.9 
                 12.5 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 0.20 μm 
                 oil 
                 Ceca 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N.A. Data not available 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In example no.6, the contents of other pollutants were also measured and decreased values found as follows: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Compound 
                 Start 
                 End 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Arsenic 
                  5.5 mg/kg 
                   4 ppm 
               
               
                 PAH: Chrysen/Tryphenylen 
                  1.8 μg/kg 
                  0.5 μg/kg 
               
               
                 PAH: Benzo-(a)-anthracene 
                  0.7 μg/kg 
                 &lt;0.5 μg/kg 
               
               
                 PAH: Benzo-(b)-fluoranthene 
                  0.7 μg/kg 
                 &lt;0.5 μg/kg 
               
               
                 PAH: Benzo(ghi)-perylene 
                  0.6 μg/kg 
                 &lt;0.5 μg/kg 
               
               
                 Flame retardant: Tetrabrominated diphenyl 
                 22.4 μg/kg 
                 20.9 μg/kg 
               
               
                 ethers (total) 
               
               
                 Flame retardant: Pentabrominated diphenyl 
                 6.19 μg/kg 
                 5.38 μg/kg 
               
               
                 ethers (total) 
               
               
                 Flame retardant: Hexabrominated diphenyl 
                 2.73 μg/kg 
                 2.44 μg/kg 
               
               
                 ethers (total) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For mercury, cadmium, lead, cyclopenta(cd)pyrene, and benzo(k/j)fluoranthene, the values were below the detection limits of the analytical method and no conclusions could be reached. For brominated biphenyls (BBs), values were either unchanged (total hexa BB) or below the detection limits (6 other BB groups). For 9 other brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), the values are either unchanged (3) or below the detection limit (6). For 8 other PAHs, the values were below the detection limits. 
     Example 7  
     Removal of PCBs and Dioxins from Seal Oil Using AC and Ceramic Membrane with Pore Size 0.20 μm 
     Experimental Setup: 
     75 kg of Seal oil was mixed with 1 wt % CECA AC and circulated through the system consisting of tank, pump, membrane. The processing unit is equipped with a one housing with seven Membralox SCT membranes with pore size 0.20 μm and total surface area 1.4 m 2 . The pressure at the membrane inlet and outlet were 3.6 and 3.2 bars, respectively. The temperature was 60° C. After circulating for 60 min, the permeate valve was opened and the permeate collected during 5 hours. 
     Results: 
     An flow of 2.2 to 5 l/h/m 2  was achieved. 50 l of oil was collected. 
     No AC passed through the membrane. The dioxin content was reduced from 0.844 pg/g to 0.206 pg/g and the PCB content from 6.51 pg/g to 2.45 pg/g. Thus, the levels have been significantly reduced to levels well below the new EU regulations for food. 
     Example 8  
     Removal of Colour Compounds from Salmon Oil Using Bleaching Clay and Ceramic Membrane with Pore Size 0.20 μm 
     Experimental Setup: 
     75 kg of crude salmon oil from CTPP (Coopérative de Traitement des Produits de la Pêche) was mixed with 3 volume % TONSIL bleaching clay and circulated through the system consisting of tank, pump, membrane. The processing unit is equipped with a one housing with seven Membralox SCT membranes with pore size 0.20 μm total surface area 1.4 m 2 . The pressure at the membrane inlet and outlet were 1.5 and 0.5 bars, respectively. The temperature was 60° C. After circulating for 90 min, the permeate valve was opened and the permeate collected during 3 hours. 
     Results: 
     An average flow of 26 l/h/m 2  was achieved. 50 l of oil was collected. 
     No bleaching clay passed through the membrane. The colour of the salmon oil changed from dark orange to yellow (See  FIG. 2 ) after treatment and membrane filtration, i.e. colour compounds had been removed. 
     As apparent from the above examples, a significant amount of unwanted compounds are removed from the oils of interest by the present invention, i.e. by combining the use of ad- or absorbing agents (AAs) with membrane filtration.