Patent Publication Number: US-10781988-B2

Title: Vehicular lamp

Description:
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     The disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-041522 filed on Mar. 8, 2018 including the specification, drawings and abstract is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The disclosure relates to a vehicular lamp. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 9-104288 (JP 9-104288 A) describes a vehicular illuminating device in which light emitted by a light source is reflected by a reflecting direction turning device such that the light passes through a lens to form a desired light distribution pattern. In the reflecting direction turning device, a plurality of reflective elements are arranged in a matrix. In the vehicular illuminating device, some of a large number of the arranged reflective elements are controlled such that the light emitted by the light source is partially reflected in a direction that is not directed toward the lens. Thus, the light distribution patterns in a plurality of shapes can be formed. 
     SUMMARY 
     However, in the above-described vehicular illuminating device, the light, which should be originally reflected in the direction that is not directed toward the lens, may be reflected in a direction toward the lens and radiated ahead of a vehicle, due to operation failure of some of the reflective elements. In this case, a preceding vehicle or a pedestrian ahead of a host vehicle may be affected by glare. 
     The disclosure provides a vehicular lamp that can reduce an influence of glare. 
     A vehicular lamp according to an aspect of the disclosure includes a two-dimensional image forming device configured to form a contrast image from light emitted by a light source; and a projection optical system configured to project the contrast image forward. The two-dimensional image forming device includes an image-forming performance decreasing portion configured to decrease image-forming performance of forming a part of the projected contrast image. 
     According to the aspect, the part of the contrast image is not distinctly (clearly) formed. Thus, even in a situation where a person is affected by glare of a bright section of the projected contrast image, an influence of the glare on the person can be reduced. 
     The two-dimensional image forming device may be configured to selectively transmit the light emitted by the light source, toward the projection optical system; and the image-forming performance decreasing portion may be provided at a position offset from a focus of the projection optical system. Thus, the image-forming performance of forming the part of the projected contrast image can be decreased simply by disposing the image-forming performance decreasing portion in the above-described manner. 
     The two-dimensional image forming device may be configured to selectively transmit the light emitted by the light source, toward the projection optical system; and the image-forming performance decreasing portion may be a scattering element provided in an intermediate portion of an optical path from the two-dimensional image forming device to the projection optical system. Thus, the image-forming performance of forming the part of the projected contrast image can be decreased without changing the manner in which the image-forming performance decreasing portion is disposed. 
     The two-dimensional image forming device may include a reflection region that selectively reflects the light emitted by the light source, toward the projection optical system; and the image-forming performance decreasing portion may be a scattering element provided in an intermediate portion of an optical path from the reflection region to the projection optical system. Thus, the image-forming performance of forming the part of the projected contrast image can be decreased without changing the manner in which the image-forming performance decreasing portion is disposed. 
     The two-dimensional image forming device may include a reflection region that selectively reflects the light emitted by the light source, toward the projection optical system; and the image-forming performance decreasing portion may be provided at a position offset from a focus of the projection optical system. Thus, the image-forming performance of forming the part of the projected contrast image can be decreased simply by disposing the image-forming performance decreasing portion in the above-described manner. 
     The image-forming performance decreasing portion may be disposed in an optical path of the light forming a region of the contrast image, the region being projected above a horizontal line ahead of a vehicle. Thus, it is possible to reduce the influence of the glare on a person who is present above the horizontal line ahead of the vehicle. 
     Any combination of components described so far, and a method, a device, a system and the like, which are provided by changing the expression of the disclosure, are also effective as aspects of the disclosure. 
     According to the disclosure, it is possible to realize the vehicular lamp that can reduce the influence of the glare. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features, advantages, and technical and industrial significance of exemplary embodiments of the disclosure will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals denote like elements, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  is a side view that schematically shows a vehicular lamp according to a first embodiment; 
         FIG. 1B  is a side view that schematically shows arrangement of a two-dimensional image forming device according to the first embodiment; 
         FIG. 1C  is a front view of the two-dimensional image forming device according to the first embodiment; 
         FIG. 2A  is a schematic view of a high beam distribution pattern formed by the vehicular lamp according to the first embodiment; 
         FIG. 2B  is a schematic view of a partial high beam distribution pattern in which a non-radiating section is formed in a part of the high beam distribution pattern; 
         FIG. 2C  is a schematic view of a low beam distribution pattern; 
         FIG. 3A  is a view of a transmission state of each of liquid-crystal elements in the two-dimensional image forming device at the time of forming the high beam distribution pattern shown in  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 3B  is a view of a transmission state of each of the liquid-crystal elements in the two-dimensional image forming device at the time of forming the partial high beam distribution pattern shown in  FIG. 2B ; 
         FIG. 3C  is a view of a transmission state of each of the liquid-crystal elements in the two-dimensional image forming device at the time of forming the low beam distribution pattern shown in  FIG. 2C ; 
         FIG. 4A  is a view of a transmission state of each of the liquid-crystal elements in the case where operation failure has occurred in some of the liquid-crystal elements in the two-dimensional image forming device forming the low beam distribution pattern; 
         FIG. 4B  is a schematic view of the low beam distribution pattern formed by the two-dimensional image forming device shown in  FIG. 4A ; 
         FIG. 4C  is a schematic view of a state where image-forming performance of forming a part of a contrast image formed by the two-dimensional image forming device and projected by a projection lens is decreased; 
         FIG. 5A  is a side view that schematically shows a vehicular lamp according to a second embodiment; 
         FIG. 5B  is a side view that schematically shows a configuration of a two-dimensional image forming device according to the second embodiment; 
         FIG. 6A  is a side view that schematically shows a vehicular lamp according to a third embodiment; 
         FIG. 6B  is a side view that schematically shows arrangement of a two-dimensional image forming device according to the third embodiment; 
         FIG. 6C  is a front view of the two-dimensional image forming device according to the third embodiment; 
         FIG. 7A  is a side view that schematically shows a vehicular lamp according to a fourth embodiment, 
         FIG. 7B  is a side view that schematically shows a configuration of a two-dimensional image forming device according to the fourth embodiment; and 
         FIG. 8  is a front view that schematically shows a configuration of a two-dimensional image forming device according to a fifth embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     A detailed description will hereinafter be provided on embodiments of the disclosure with reference to the drawings. In the description of the drawings, the same components will be denoted by the same reference numerals and symbols, and a duplicate description thereon will be appropriately omitted. 
     A description will be provided on a first embodiment.  FIG. 1A  is a side view that schematically shows a vehicular lamp according to the first embodiment,  FIG. 1B  is a side view that schematically shows arrangement of a two-dimensional image forming device according to the first embodiment, and  FIG. 1C  is a front view of the two-dimensional image forming device according to the first embodiment. 
     A vehicular lamp  10  includes a light source  12 ; a two-dimensional image forming device  14  configured to form a contrast image (i.e., an image with bright-dark contrast) from light emitted by the light source  12  (i.e., with use of light emitted by the light source  12 ); and a projection lens  16  that is a projection optical system configured to project the contrast image forward. 
     As the light source  12 , any of various devices suited for the vehicular lamp can be used. Examples of the light source  12  are devices such as a light bulb, a discharge lamp, a light-emitting diode (LED), a laser diode (LD), and a neon tube. In addition, two or more of the devices may be combined according to an application purpose or required performance. Furthermore, depending on the device, brightness thereof may be controlled by turning on and off some elements or through pulse-width modulation (PWM) control. 
     The two-dimensional image forming device  14  is configured to selectively transmit the light emitted by the light source  12 , toward the projection lens  16 . The two-dimensional image forming device  14  can control the transmissivity of the light (i.e., the rate at which the light is transmitted). For example, the two-dimensional image forming device  14  may include a liquid-crystal panel or the like in which the elements are arranged in a matrix. The two-dimensional image forming device  14  according to the first embodiment includes two separate liquid-crystal panels  14   a ,  14   b . The liquid-crystal panel  14   a  is disposed such that a lower end thereof is located at or in the vicinity of a focus F of the projection lens  16 , and the liquid-crystal panel  14   b  is disposed at a position offset from the focus, that is, a position behind (rearward of) the focus F. The two liquid-crystal panels  14   a ,  14   b  are arranged such that the elements do not overlap each other in a front view seen from the projection lens  16 . The projection lens  16  projects the light, which has passed through the two-dimensional image forming device  14 , ahead of the vehicle in a specified light distribution pattern. For example, the vehicular lamp  10  shown in  FIG. 1A  is configured to form a high beam distribution pattern. 
     When the two-dimensional image forming device  14  is brought to a state where some of the elements arranged in the matrix do not transmit the light, a non-radiating section (a dark section) can be formed in a part of the light distribution pattern. In this way, good visibility can be obtained in a large area ahead of the vehicle while a person (a vehicle occupant or a pedestrian) who is present in the non-radiating section is not affected by glare. 
       FIG. 2A  is a schematic view of the high beam distribution pattern made by the vehicular lamp  10  according to the first embodiment,  FIG. 2B  is a schematic view of a partial high beam distribution pattern in which the non-radiating section is formed in a part of the high beam distribution pattern, and  FIG. 2C  is a schematic view of a low beam distribution pattern.  FIG. 3A  is a view of a transmission state of each liquid-crystal element in the two-dimensional image forming device at the time of forming the high beam distribution pattern shown in  FIG. 2A ,  FIG. 3B  is a view of a transmission state of each of the liquid-crystal elements in the two-dimensional image forming device at the time of forming the partial high beam distribution pattern shown in  FIG. 2B , and  FIG. 3C  is a view of a transmission state of each of the liquid-crystal elements in the two-dimensional image forming device at the time of forming the low beam distribution pattern shown in  FIG. 2C . Each liquid-crystal element  15   a  shown in  FIG. 3A  to  FIG. 3C  is in a state of transmitting the light emitted by the light source  12 . Each liquid-crystal element  15   b  shown in  FIG. 3A  to  FIG. 3C  is in a state of not transmitting the light emitted by the light source  12 . 
     A bright section of the two-dimensional image forming device  14  shown in each of  FIG. 3A  to  FIG. 3C  is formed in the state where the liquid-crystal elements  15   a  transmit the light emitted by the light source  12 . A dark section of the two-dimensional image forming device  14  shown in each of  FIG. 3B  and  FIG. 3C  is formed in the state where the liquid-crystal elements  15   b  do not transmit the light emitted by the light source  12 . In addition, the image that is formed by the two-dimensional image forming device  14  shown in each of  FIG. 3A  to  FIG. 3C  is reversed by the projection lens  16  and projected ahead of the vehicle in the light distribution pattern shown in each of  FIG. 2A  to  FIG. 2C . 
     As described above, in the case where the two-dimensional image forming device  14  is of a transmissive type and at least some of the liquid-crystal elements should be ideally in the state of not transmitting the light forward, the light may be transmitted through the liquid-crystal elements due to slight light leakage from the liquid-crystal elements or operation failure (light-shielding failure) of the liquid-crystal elements. 
       FIG. 4A  is a view of the transmission state of each of the liquid-crystal elements in the case where the operation failure has occurred in some of the liquid-crystal elements in the two-dimensional image forming device  14  forming the low beam distribution pattern,  FIG. 4B  is a schematic view of the low beam distribution pattern formed by the two-dimensional image forming device  14  shown in  FIG. 4A , and  FIG. 4C  is a schematic view of a state where image-forming performance of forming a part of the contrast image formed by the two-dimensional image forming device  14  and projected by the projection lens  16  is decreased. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4A , the liquid-crystal panel  14   b  of the two-dimensional image forming device  14  controls the transmission of the light mainly radiated to a region RH above a horizontal line H in the light distribution pattern. However, in the case where the liquid-crystal element, which should be originally in the state of not transmitting the light, is brought to the state of transmitting the light due to the operation failure, as shown by a liquid-crystal element  15   c  in  FIG. 4A , the light is radiated to a region R 1  that is a part of the region RH shown in  FIG. 4B . As a result, in the case where a preceding vehicle or a pedestrian is present in the region R 1 , an occupant of the preceding vehicle or the pedestrian is affected by the glare. 
     In view of the above, the two-dimensional image forming device  14  of the vehicular lamp  10  according to the first embodiment includes an image-forming performance decreasing portion that decreases the image-forming performance of forming a part of the projected contrast image. Specifically, the image-forming performance decreasing portion is the liquid-crystal panel  14   b  that is provided at the position behind (rearward of) the focus F of the projection lens  16 . The liquid-crystal panel  14   b  may be provided at a position ahead of (in front of) the focus F of the projection lens  16 . In the case where the liquid-crystal panel  14   b  is offset from the focus F as described above, the part of the contrast image formed by the liquid-crystal panel  14   b  is not formed distinctly (clearly) (see a region R 1 ′ in  FIG. 4C ) when the contrast image (the light transmitted through the liquid-crystal element  15   c ) is projected ahead of the vehicle. 
     Thus, the vehicular lamp  10  can blur a contour of the contrast image in the region RH that includes the region R 1 ′ and is located above the horizontal line H, and thus can form the partial high beam distribution pattern that does not cause a driver of a host vehicle to feel a sense of discomfort. Even in a situation where a person is affected by the glare of the bright section of the projected contrast image due to the operation failure of some of the liquid-crystal elements, an influence of the glare on the person can be reduced. 
     The liquid-crystal panel  14   b  is disposed in an optical path of the light forming the region of the contrast image, which is projected above the horizontal line H ahead of the vehicle. Thus, it is possible to reduce the influence of the glare on a person who is present above the horizontal line H ahead of the vehicle. 
     As described above, the vehicular lamp  10  according to the first embodiment can decrease the image-forming performance of forming the part of the contrast image simply by disposing the liquid-crystal panel  14   b  in the above-described manner. Here, the image-forming performance can be expressed as a modulation transfer function (MTF) characteristic, resolving power, contrast, residual aberration, or the like. 
     A description will be provided on a second embodiment.  FIG. 5A  is a side view that schematically shows a vehicular lamp according to the second embodiment, and  FIG. 5B  is a side view that schematically shows a configuration of a two-dimensional image forming device according to the second embodiment. The same description as that of the first embodiment will be appropriately omitted. 
     A vehicular lamp  20  according to the second embodiment differs from the vehicular lamp  10  according to the first embodiment in a configuration of a two-dimensional image forming device  18 . Specifically, the two-dimensional image forming device  18  includes a liquid-crystal panel  18   a  configured to selectively transmit the light emitted by the light source  12  toward the projection lens  16 , similarly to the two-dimensional image forming device  14 . A lower half of the liquid-crystal panel  18   a , that is, a liquid-crystal panel portion  18   b  controls the transmission of the light mainly radiated to the region RH ( FIG. 4B ) above the horizontal line H in the light distribution pattern, and constitutes a part of the image-forming performance decreasing portion. A scattering element  18   c  configured to scatter the light is provided on a surface of the liquid-crystal panel portion  18   b . In this way, the image-forming performance of forming the part of the projected contrast image can be decreased without changing the manner in which the liquid-crystal panel  18   a  is disposed. 
     The scattering element  18   c  may be provided in an intermediate portion of an optical path from the two-dimensional image forming device  18  to the projection lens  16 . The scattering element  18   c  may be provided on a surface of the liquid-crystal panel  18   a , the surface facing the light source  12 . The scattering element  18   c  may be provided at a specified position that is ahead of, and away from the liquid-crystal panel  18   a . Examples of the scattering element are a microlens, a microprism, and the like. 
     In the vehicular lamp  20  with the configuration, the liquid-crystal element, which should be originally in the state of not transmitting the light, may be brought to the state of transmitting the light due to the operation failure, as shown by the liquid-crystal element  15   c  in  FIG. 4A . In this case, even when an occupant of a preceding vehicle or a pedestrian is present in the region R 1 ′ (see  FIG. 4C ), it is possible to reduce the influence of the glare on the occupant of the preceding vehicle or the pedestrian, as in the case of the vehicular lamp  10  according to the first embodiment. 
     A description will be provided on a third embodiment.  FIG. 6A  is a side view that schematically shows a vehicular lamp according to the third embodiment,  FIG. 6B  is a side view that schematically shows the arrangement of a two-dimensional image forming device according to the third embodiment, and  FIG. 6C  is a front view of the two-dimensional image forming device according to the third embodiment. A vehicular lamp  30  includes the light source  12 ; a reflector  32  configured to reflect the light emitted by the light source  12  to condense (concentrate) the light; a two-dimensional image forming device  34  configured to form the contrast image from the light reflected by the reflector  32 ; and the projection lens  16  configured to project the contrast image forward. 
     A main difference between the two-dimensional image forming device  34  according to the third embodiment and the two-dimensional image forming device  14  according to each of the first embodiment and the second embodiment is as follows. While the two-dimensional image forming device  14  according to each of the first embodiment and the second embodiment is of the transmissive type, the two-dimensional image forming device  34  according to the third embodiment is of a reflective type. However, effects of the vehicular lamp  30  are substantially the same as those of the vehicular lamp  10  and the vehicular lamp  20 . Thus, a description will be provided mainly on the difference in the configuration. 
     The two-dimensional image forming device  34  includes a reflection region that selectively reflects the light emitted by the light source  12 , toward the projection lens  16 . The two-dimensional image forming device  34  can control a direction in which the light is reflected. For example, the two-dimensional image forming device  34  may include a reflective liquid-crystal panel in which liquid-crystal elements are arranged in a matrix, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) in which micromirrors are arranged in a matrix, or the like. A transparent cover may be disposed on a reflective surface of the two-dimensional image forming device  34 , so as to protect liquid crystals or the micromirrors from the external environment. 
     The two-dimensional image forming device  34  according to the third embodiment includes two separate MEMS panels  34   a ,  34   b . The MEMS panel  34   a  is disposed such that a lower end thereof is located at or in the vicinity of the focus F of the projection lens  16 , and the MEMS panel  34   b  is disposed at the position offset from the focus F, that is, the position behind (rearward of) the focus F. The two MEMS panels  34   a ,  34   b  are arranged such that elements do not overlap each other in the front view seen from the projection lens  16 . The projection lens  16  projects the light, which has been reflected by the two-dimensional image forming device  34 , ahead of the vehicle in a specified light distribution pattern. For example, the vehicular lamp  30  shown in  FIG. 6A  is configured to form the high beam distribution pattern. 
     When some of the micromirror elements arranged in the matrix are brought to a state of not reflecting the light, the non-radiating section (the dark section) can be formed in the part of the light distribution pattern. In this way, good visibility can be obtained in a large area ahead of the vehicle while a person (a vehicle occupant or a pedestrian) who is present in the non-radiating section is not affected by the glare. 
     Similarly to the vehicular lamp  10  according to the first embodiment, in the vehicular lamp  30  according to the third embodiment, even when at least some of the micromirror elements should be ideally in a state of not reflecting the light toward the projection lens  16 , the micromirror elements may not move from reflective positions at which the light is radiated toward the projection lens  16  due to operation failure of the micromirror elements. In this case, as shown in  FIG. 4B , the light is radiated to the region R 1  that is the part of the region RH. As a result, in the case where a preceding vehicle or a pedestrian is present in the region R 1 , an occupant of the preceding vehicle or the pedestrian is affected by the glare. 
     In view of the above, the two-dimensional image forming device  34  according to the third embodiment includes the image-forming performance decreasing portion that decreases the image-forming performance of forming the part of the projected contrast image. Specifically, the image-forming performance decreasing portion is the MEMS panel  34   b  that is provided at the position behind the focus F of the projection lens  16 . The MEMS panel  34   b  may be provided at the position ahead of the focus F of the projection lens  16 . In the case where the MEMS panel  34   b  is offset from the focus F as described above, the part of the contrast image formed by the MEMS panel  34   b  is not formed distinctly (clearly) (see the region R 1 ′ in  FIG. 4C ) when the contrast image (the light reflected by a micromirror element  35   c ) is projected ahead of the vehicle. Thus, even in a situation where a person is affected by the glare of the bright section of the projected contrast image due to the operation failure of some of the micromirror elements, the influence of the glare on the person can be reduced. 
     As described above, the vehicular lamp  30  according to the third embodiment can decrease the image-forming performance of forming the part of the projected contrast image simply by disposing the MEMS panel  34   b  in the above-described manner. 
     A description will be provided on a fourth embodiment.  FIG. 7A  is a side view that schematically shows a vehicular lamp according to the fourth embodiment, and  FIG. 7B  is a side view that schematically shows a configuration of a two-dimensional image forming device according to the fourth embodiment. The same description as that of the third embodiment will be appropriately omitted. 
     A vehicular lamp  40  according to the fourth embodiment differs from the vehicular lamp  30  according to the third embodiment in a configuration of a two-dimensional image forming device  36 . Specifically, similarly to the two-dimensional image forming device  34 , the two-dimensional image forming device  36  includes a MEMS panel  36   a  configured to selectively reflect the light emitted by the light source  12  toward the projection lens  16  (i.e., the projection optical system). A lower half of the MEMS panel  36   a , that is, a MEMS panel portion  36   b  controls a reflection state of the light mainly radiated to the region RH ( FIG. 4B ) above the horizontal line H in the light distribution pattern, and constitutes a part of the image-forming performance decreasing portion. A scattering element  36   c  is provided on a surface of the MEMS panel portion  36   b . In this way, the image-forming performance of forming the part of the projected contrast image can be decreased without changing the manner in which the MEMS panel  36   a  is disposed. 
     The scattering element  36   c  may be provided in an intermediate portion of an optical path from the two-dimensional image forming device  36  to the projection lens  16 . The scattering element  36   c  may be provided at a specified position that is ahead of, and away from the MEMS panel  36   a . In the vehicular lamp  40  with the configuration, the micromirror element, which should be originally in a control state of not reflecting the light toward the projection lens  16 , may not move from the reflective position at which the light is reflected toward the projection lens  16  due to the operation failure, as shown by the micromirror element  35   c  in  FIG. 6C . In this case, even when a preceding vehicle or a pedestrian is present in the region R 1 ′ (see  FIG. 4C ), it is possible to reduce the influence of the glare on an occupant of the preceding vehicle or the pedestrian, as in the case of the vehicular lamp  30  according to the third embodiment. 
     A description will be provided on a fifth embodiment. With regard to the scattering elements provided on the surfaces of the two-dimensional image forming device  18  according to the second embodiment and the two-dimensional image forming device  36  according to the fourth embodiment, a degree of scattering is uniform in an entire lower half of each of the two-dimensional image forming devices. In contrast, in a two-dimensional image forming device according to the fifth embodiment, the degree of scattering caused by a scattering element provided on a surface thereof differs according to the position.  FIG. 8  is a front view that schematically shows a configuration of the two-dimensional image forming device according to the fifth embodiment. 
     In a two-dimensional image forming device  42  shown in  FIG. 8 , a scattering element  44  is provided on a surface of a lower half of the transmissive liquid-crystal panel  18   a . The scattering element  44  includes a high scattering section  44   a  having a relatively high scattering degree, and a low scattering section  44   b  having a relatively low scattering degree. The high scattering section  44   a  is provided in an upper central region of the liquid-crystal panel portion  18   b  that controls the transmission of the light radiated to the region RH ( FIG. 4B ) above the horizontal line H. The low scattering section  44   b  is provided around the high scattering section  44   a . A difference in the scattering degree indicates a difference in light expansion due to presence or absence of the scattering element. In this way, it is possible to further decrease the image-forming performance of forming a central section where intensity of the light is particularly high in the high beam distribution pattern. Thus, it is possible to further reduce the influence of the glare on a person who is present at the central section. 
     Each of the vehicular lamps including the two-dimensional image forming devices as described above is particularly suited for a fog lamp or a low-beam headlamp. In addition, each of the above-described vehicular lamps has the configuration that is suited when adaptive driving beam (ADB) including a MEMS mirror array is used for the low-beam lamp or the fog lamp, for example. 
     The vehicular lamp according to each of the above-described embodiments includes a sensor that detects a traffic user such as a preceding vehicle and a pedestrian. Thus, the vehicular lamp forms the appropriate light distribution pattern based on ADB control and thus can secure good visibility ahead of the vehicle while reducing, as much as possible, the possibility that the traffic user is affected by the glare. 
     The description has been provided so far on the disclosure with reference to each of the above-described embodiments. The disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments and includes various modes in which the configurations of two or more of the embodiments are appropriately combined, and/or the configuration(s) of the embodiment(s) is/are appropriately replaced. It is possible to appropriately change the combination of components or a processing order in each embodiment, or to make various design changes in each embodiment, on the basis of knowledge of a person skilled in the art. Embodiments to which such modifications are added can be also included in the scope of the disclosure.