Patent Publication Number: US-2022233287-A1

Title: Dental restoration assessment using virtual model

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates generally to the field of dental imaging and more particularly relates to methods and apparatus for using imaging and visualization for preparing a dental restoration, such as a crown or other prosthetic device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Conventionally, dental crowns are custom-fabricated according to an impression from the patient, obtained by the dental practitioner. Traditionally, all-ceramic restorations are fabricated off site in a dental laboratory, such as using feldspathic porcelains, pressed ceramics, or other suitable materials. This indirect method of fabrication can yield quite satisfactory results where there is good communication between the laboratory and the dentist. Increasingly, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology is being used to fabricate crowns, using a milling machine directed by computer software to shape the crown out of a suitable material, such as metal or ceramic; the crown may subsequently be coated with porcelain to achieve the desired color and finish. 
     The preparation of crowns and related dental prostheses can be time consuming, costly, and frustrating for the patient as well as for the practitioner. Multiple visits to the dental practitioner are required for obtaining the needed impression, preparing the tooth surface and, in some cases, the mounting post, and installing a provisional or temporary crown, checking the fit and appearance of the final crown, and its installation. In an appreciable percentage of cases, the crown initially prepared by the laboratory is not acceptable, either for fit or appearance, and needs to be sent back to the lab for rework or fabrication of another crown. 
     Thus, it can be appreciated that improvements are needed to help to reduce the need for rework of crowns and related prosthetics and, where possible, to eliminate the need for return visits to the dental practitioner for final checks of crown aesthetics and fit. 
     SUMMARY 
     Exemplary embodiments of the application address the need for improved preparation and visualization of crowns and other dental restorations. An object of the application is to describe methods and/or apparatus that use imaging tools to obtain and display video or volume images of the patient&#39;s mouth along with image content that shows the overall appearance of the dental restoration. The patient preferably controls viewing of a virtual dental restoration in the patient&#39;s mouth. An advantage of this approach is the potential reduction of expensive and time-consuming rework for preparation and approval of the dental restoration prior to its mounting within the patient&#39;s mouth. In certain exemplary embodiments, an ability to approve the dental restoration is in a live video of the dental restoration site controlled by the patient while a candidate virtual dental restoration is registered to the dental restoration site. 
     Another aspect of this application is to address, in whole or in part, at least the foregoing and other deficiencies in the related art. 
     It is another aspect of this application to provide, in whole or in part, at least the advantages described herein. 
     These objects are given only by way of illustrative example, and such objects may be exemplary of one or more embodiments of the invention. Other desirable objectives and advantages inherently achieved by the may occur or become apparent to those skilled in the art. The invention is defined by the appended claims. 
     According to one aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method for fabricating a dental restoration for a tooth site in dentition that can include obtaining a 3D model of at least a portion of dentition including at least one selected tooth, designing at least one restoration element for the at least one selected tooth of the dentition using the 3D model based on CAD/CAM techniques, displaying real-time video of the dentition including the at least one selected tooth, real-time modifying the displayed real-time video of the dentition including the at least one selected tooth to show the at least one restoration element registered to physical teeth in the real-time video of dentition to replace the at least one selected tooth in the modified displayed real-time video of the dentition, evaluating an appearance of the at least one restoration element registered to physical teeth in the modified displayed real-time video of the dentition, and fabricating the displayed dental restoration according to generated program instructions for machine fabrication when the evaluation is positive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of the embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. 
         FIG. 1  is a logic flow diagram that shows steps for conventional crown preparation. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram that shows an apparatus for preparation and fitting of a dental restoration according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a logic flow diagram showing crown preparation using volume image data and manipulation according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  shows a display screen that provides an operator interface for viewing and manipulating a restoration using virtual images. 
         FIG. 5A  shows a perspective view of a milling machine according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5B  shows a partially exploded view of the milling machine. 
         FIG. 6  is a logic flow diagram showing assessment of a dental restoration according to another exemplary embodiment of the application. 
         FIG. 7  is diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a device allowing patient controlled assessment of a dental restoration using augmented reality according to the application. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     The following is a detailed description of exemplary embodiments, reference being made to the drawings in which the same reference numerals identify the same elements of structure in each of the several figures. 
     Where they are used, the terms “first”, “second”, “third”, and so on, do not necessarily denote any ordinal or priority relation, but may be used for more clearly distinguishing one element or time interval from another. 
     The term “exemplary” indicates that the description is used as an example, rather than implying that it is an ideal. The terms “subject” and “object” may be used interchangeably to identify the object of an optical apparatus or the subject of an image. 
     The term “in signal communication” as used in the application means that two or more devices and/or components are capable of communicating with each other via signals that travel over some type of signal path. Signal communication may be wired or wireless. The signals may be communication, power, data, or energy signals which may communicate information, power, and/or energy from a first device and/or component to a second device and/or component along a signal path between the first device and/or component and second device and/or component. The signal paths may include physical, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, optical, wired, and/or wireless connections between the first device and/or component and second device and/or component. The signal paths may also include additional devices and/or components between the first device and/or component and second device and/or component. 
     In the context of the present disclosure, the terms “pixel” and “voxel” may be used interchangeably to describe an individual digital image data element, that is, a single value representing a measured image signal intensity. Conventionally an individual digital image data element is referred to as a voxel for 3-dimensional or volume images and a pixel for 2-dimensional (2-D) images. For the purposes of the description herein, the terms voxel and pixel can generally be considered equivalent, describing an image elemental datum that is capable of having a range of numerical values. Voxels and pixels have attributes of both spatial location and image data code value. 
     In the context of the present disclosure, the terms “viewer”, “operator”, and “user” are considered to be equivalent and refer to the viewing practitioner or other person who views and manipulates an image, such as a dental image, on a display monitor. An “operator instruction”, “practitioner instruction”, or “viewer instruction” is obtained from explicit commands entered by the viewer, such as using a computer mouse or touch screen or keyboard entry. 
     In the context of the present disclosure, the terms “virtual view” and “virtual image” are used to connote computer-generated or computer-processed images that are displayed to the viewer. The virtual image that is generated can be formed, for example, by an optical system using a number of well-known techniques and this virtual image can be formed by the display optics using convergence or divergence of light. A magnifying glass, as a simple example, provides a virtual image of its object. A virtual image is not formed on a display surface but the virtual image gives the appearance of an actual object at a position in the field of view; the object is not actually at that position. With a virtual image, the apparent image size is independent of the size or location of a display surface. In contrast to systems that project a real image on a screen or display surface, a realistic viewing experience still can be provided by forming a virtual image (e.g., by augmented reality). The virtual image can appear to be some distance away and appears, to be superimposed onto or against real-world objects in the field of view (FOV) of the image or video. 
     In the context of the present disclosure, an image is considered to be “in register” with a subject that is in the field of view when the image and subject are visually aligned from the perspective of the sensor, camera or observer. As the term “registered” is used in the current disclosure, a registered feature of a computer-generated or virtual image is sized, positioned, and oriented on the display so that its appearance represents the planned or intended size, position, and orientation for the corresponding object, correlated to the field of view. Registration is in three dimensions, so that, from the field of view perspective of a dental practitioner/observer, the registered feature is rendered at the position and angular orientation that is appropriate and within the visual field of the observing practitioner. The relative opacity of superimposed content and/or registered virtual content can be modulated to allow ease of visibility of both the real-world view and the virtual image content that is superimposed thereon. In addition, because the virtual image content can be digitally generated, the superimposed content and/or registered content can be removed or its appearance changed in order to provide improved visibility of the real-world scene in the field of view or in order to provide various types of information to the practitioner. For example, the real-world view can be intermittently displayed with superimposed content and/or registered virtual content thereon. 
     In the context of the present disclosure, the term “real-time image” refers to an image that is actively acquired from the patient or displayed during a procedure in such a way that the image reflects the actual status of the procedure with no more than a few seconds&#39; lag time, with imaging system response time as the primary factor in determining lag time. 
     Exemplary method and/or apparatus embodiments of the application address the need for improved crown preparation for a tooth site, particularly with respect to improved ways for assessing fit and appearance, e.g., by the patient, prior to crown fabrication. In order to more fully understand innovative aspects of the application, it is instructive to review the overall sequence for crown preparation and positioning, as outlined in the flow diagram of  FIG. 1 . In an impression and preparation step S 100 , the dental practitioner obtains an impression that includes at least the tooth site for the affected tooth and its neighboring teeth. The practitioner also performs the needed procedures to clean and prepare the tooth site so that it is capable of accepting and supporting the crown. As part of this initial process, a temporary or provisional crown is generally provided, formed at the site using curable resins and related materials. The impression is provided to an outside lab as the guide to preparation of the crown. 
     From several days to a few weeks later, a preliminary fitting step S 110  is executed. In this step, the dental practitioner removes the provisional crown and seats the lab-fabricated crown or permanent crown in its place at the tooth site. In a checking step S 120 , the practitioner checks the fit of the fabricated crown for function and aesthetics. Factors such as taper, margin, ferrule effect, and seal are considered. Aesthetics, both for color and overall shape, are particularly important for teeth that are more generally visible, such as canines, incisors, and first molars. Thus, for these teeth, the practitioner is generally more concerned with patient appearance and approval of the crown. Generally, for rear teeth, such as wisdom teeth for example, color and overall appearance are less of a concern. 
     Where the fabricated crown is acceptable to dentist and patient, the practitioner installs the crown at the tooth site in an installation step S 130 . Where the crown is not acceptable, due to either or both functional and aesthetic considerations, a correction step S 140  executes, in which the practitioner requests rework from the outside lab. The process then repeats through steps S 110  and S 120  until the patient and practitioner are satisfied with results. Unfortunately, the repeated portion of this process can be required multiple times, particularly for teeth that are highly visible. This can be time-consuming, costly, and frustrating for the patient, the practitioner, and the lab as well. 
     In an alternative conventional overall sequence for crown preparation and positioning, CAD/CAM crown generation can shorten the cycle time considerably, since the crown is fabricated on site, preferably while the patient waits. This conventional sequence can eliminate a second trip by the patient to the practitioner and/or reduce the time between step S 100  and step S 110 . However, proper fabrication with CAD/CAM equipment requires that the practitioner provide the precise information needed; otherwise, time and money are wasted with fabrication of unacceptable prostheses. 
     The schematic block diagram of  FIG. 2  shows apparatus for dental restoration preparation and assessment according to an exemplary embodiment of the application. An imaging apparatus  20  has an intra-oral camera  22  for obtaining images of the patient&#39;s mouth. Advantageously, the image data that is accessed includes both volume image content, such as from contour imaging, and color shade information. A host processor  30  stores and processes the obtained image data. A display monitor  32  is in signal communication with processor  30  for display of processed image data and for providing an interface for operator commands. Processor  30  is also in signal communication with a milling machine  40 , a device that is used to form the crown or other prosthesis according to information from imaging apparatus  20  and from practitioner instructions. Milling machine  40  operates according to numerical control (NC) instructions generated from processor  30  according to practitioner instructions for reshaping and adjusting tooth shape and positioning. 
     The logic flow diagram of  FIG. 3  shows a method used for preparation and assessment of a dental restoration according to an exemplary embodiment of the application. In a preparation step S 200 , the dental practitioner performs the needed tasks for preparation for the restoration site. An imaging step S 210  then obtains the multiple images needed in order to generate volume data for the patient&#39;s mouth. In this step, the dental practitioner can use an intra-oral camera  22  ( FIG. 2 ) to scan the affected area of the patient&#39;s mouth and obtain surface contour and color information for the affected tooth site and neighboring teeth. Volume image data collection and generation is known in the dental imaging arts and can be performed in a number of ways. Contour imaging using projected light patterns for obtaining surface structure information can be performed in a number of ways. Once the 3-D information is obtained, a model selection step S 220  then enables the selection of an appropriate model for the affected tooth. A set of model teeth is available to the practitioner for each affected tooth, according to variable factors such as tooth number, size, overall shape and appearance, dimensional information, and other data. 
     Continuing with the logic flow of  FIG. 3 , steps S 230 , S 240 , and S 250  allow the practitioner and the patient to visualize and adjust the appearance of the dental restoration as it would appear at the tooth site on display monitor  32 . These steps can be repeated, as needed, any number of times in order to achieve a suitable representation of the dental restoration that is to be fabricated. In display step S 230 , a volume image is represented on display monitor  32 , with the selected model tooth shown in place as a “virtual” tooth for practitioner and patient viewing. A shape adjustment step S 240  then allows interactive adjustment of tooth angle, positioning, and shape. For executing this step, the dental practitioner is provided with various on-line tools for interaction to adjust the shape and spatial characteristics of the virtual tooth. This includes automated utilities that reshape the virtual tooth using factors such as relative size of neighboring teeth, boundary dimensions guidelines, tooth height calculations, shaping and position along the mandibular or maxillary arch, axes of rotation, and other factors. Still other utilities enable the dental practitioner to adjust one or more spatial coordinates, such as to achieve an appearance that better suits the shape and structure of the patient&#39;s mouth. Once the shape appears to be satisfactory, color adjustment step S 250  is executed. For this step, display monitor  32  shows the virtual tooth with its approximate color, along with the color of neighboring teeth. Color data from neighboring teeth is used to provide a starting color for the tooth. Color shade controls are provided to allow the practitioner to adjust the display and show the patient how the teeth would appear with adjustments to its color treatment. 
     Following patient and practitioner approval, an instructions generation step S 260  is executed, generating the numerical control (NC) instructions that are used by milling machine  40  to machine the tooth. In a machining step S 270 , the crown or other restoration is machined on machine  40 . The fit of the restoration is checked by the practitioner in a preliminary fitting step S 280 . If the fit is not satisfactory, rework is performed, which may include repeating one or more of steps S 230 , S 240 , S 250 , S 260 , and S 270 . Color is also checked. For aesthetic teeth, the fabricated crown may then be matched with a glaze for final preparation by a dental lab. The crown is then installed in the patient&#39;s mouth in an installation step S 290 . 
     The machined crown is typically formed of a machinable ceramic material. Alternately, the crown can be formed from a metallic material that is coated with a glaze for final appearance. 
       FIG. 4  shows a display screen  34  that provides an operator interface for viewing and manipulating a restoration using virtual images. Top and front views  36  and  38  show a crown as it would appear in position, along with neighboring teeth. A virtual crown  44  is shown in an enlarged view, which can be rotated and shown at any suitable perspective for practitioner inspection and manipulation. A set of controls  46  is provided for practitioner entry of various instructions for altering the positioning, shape and/or color of the displayed crown  44 . Controls  46  can include a scale control for adjusting size along any coordinate axis, a flattening tool for incrementally adjusting surface curvature or protrusion of the tooth or crown, a removal tool for removing material from the shape of the tooth or crown, tools for building up surface area, and tools for movement or rotation along a selected axis, for example. 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  show perspective and partially exploded views of milling machine  40  according to an embodiment of the present invention. Beneath a protective cover  50 , a tool  48  fashions the workpiece that is held in a holder  42 . A tray  52  captures spent material from the tooling process. 
     Embodiments of the present invention take advantage of capabilities of advanced intraoral cameras that are capable of capturing not only color information, but also contour patterning. To support these different functions, camera  22  ( FIG. 2 ) provides illumination of multiple types during image capture. Color information is obtained using white light illumination, or using some combination with multiple colored illuminations sources, such as red, green, and blue light sources, for example. Pattern projection is performed using some type of light modulator with appropriate illumination for obtaining tooth contour information for processing. Processor  30  obtains, stores, and processes the different types of information necessary for generation of volume or 3-D intraoral images. The virtual image that is provided for the crown or other restoration is then generated to be compatible with image content for neighboring teeth of the patient. 
     The logic flow diagram of  FIG. 6  shows a method used for preparation and/or assessment of a dental restoration according to another exemplary embodiment of the application. An imaging step S 610  can obtain the multiple images needed in order to generate volume data for the patient&#39;s mouth. Volume image data collection and generation is known in the dental imaging arts and can be performed in a number of ways by an intra-oral camera or the like. Thus, in step S 610  for example, the dental practitioner can use an intra-oral camera  22  ( FIG. 2 ) to scan the affected area of the patient&#39;s mouth and obtain surface contour and color information for the affected tooth site and neighboring teeth. In a preparation step S 620 , the dental practitioner performs the needed tasks for preparation for the restoration site. In one exemplary embodiment, more than one restoration site can be prepared. An imaging step S 630  then obtains the multiple images needed in order to generate volume data for at least the restoration site in the patient&#39;s mouth. In this step, again the dental practitioner can use an intra-oral camera  22  ( FIG. 2 ) or other conventional volume imaging techniques. Alternatively, steps S 610  and S 630  can be performed using conventional physical impressions. 
     Continuing with the logic flow of  FIG. 6 , in step S 640 , the practitioner or a laboratory can design the restoration using both (e.g., the differences) between the initial volume image (e.g., 3D surface model) of the dentition and the restoration site volume image, known restoration requirements (e.g., thickness, minimum dimensions, etc.), and known anatomical requirements (e.g., tooth angles, minimum clearances, etc.). Additional factors can be considered when designing the dental restoration. A proposed dental restoration can provided to the practitioner in standard data formats for virtual modeling and later fabrication. In certain exemplary embodiments, the proposed dental restoration can also include color or shade information. 
     An optional step, S 645 , can allow the practitioner interactive adjustment of tooth angle, positioning, shape and/or color of the proposed dental restoration. For executing this step, the dental practitioner can be provided with various on-line tools for interaction to adjust the shape, spatial and/or color characteristics of the proposed dental restoration (e.g., virtual tooth). This includes automated utilities that reshape the virtual tooth using factors such as relative size of neighboring teeth, boundary dimensions guidelines, tooth height calculations, shaping and position along the mandibular or maxillary arch, axes of rotation, and other factors. Still other utilities enable the dental practitioner to adjust one or more spatial coordinates, such as to achieve an appearance that better suits the shape and structure of the patient&#39;s mouth. Still other utilities enable the dental practitioner to adjust color of the restoration. 
     Once the proposed dental restoration appears to be satisfactory, the patient&#39;s dentition can be shown to the patient in step S 650 . Preferably, a handheld device  710  can be used to display a video or the like. Exemplary apparatus for displaying the live video of the patient&#39;s dentition can include but are not limited to portable computers, smart monitor, handheld camera, smart phones, tablets, smartpads or modified video devices.  FIG. 7  is diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a device allowing patient controlled assessment of a dental restoration using augmented reality according to the application. 
     In step S 660 , at least one control of operator controls  720  allows a patient  705  to select virtual video of the patient&#39;s dentition with a virtual proposed dental restoration  730  registered to the restoration preparation site. Thus, in step S 660 , the device  710  can provide real-time modification of the displayed real-time video of the dentition including the prepared restoration site to show the virtual proposed dental restoration  730  registered to physical teeth  740  in the real-time video of dentition to replace the prepared restoration site in the modified displayed real-time video of the dentition  750  displayed in a display surface  760  of the device  710 . Registration of the virtual proposed dental restoration to the real time video of the dentition can include providing the virtual proposed dental restoration at an actual tooth surface as seen from the camera&#39;s field of view and displayed in the camera&#39;s field of view at the position, size and orientation of the actual tooth surface. Preferably, in step S 670  the virtual video  750  including the proposed dental restoration is in the control of the patient  705  and is updated in real time as the patient moves and/or re-orients the device  710  showing the video relative to the patient&#39;s dentition/prepared restoration site. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the video displaying device can be fixed but allow the patient  705  to move (e.g., under patient control) within a Field of View of the device  710  while provide real-time modification of the displayed real-time video of the dentition to display the proposed restoration registered to the displayed physical teeth from the changing orientation of the video displaying device  710 . 
     Continuing with the logic flow of  FIG. 6 , in steps S 680 , the patient can approve or disapprove the proposed dental restoration (e.g., based on step S 660  or based on real time video evaluation of the proposed dental restoration virtually presented in the patient&#39;s mouth). If the decision in step S 680  is positive, in step S 690  a by milling machine or the like can prepare the proposed dental restoration. In one exemplary embodiment, the milling machine or the like can prepare a proposed shade-matched dental restoration. If the decision in step S 680  is negative, control can return to step S 640 . As disclosed herein, these steps can be repeated, as needed, any number of times in order to achieve a suitable representation of the dental restoration that is to be fabricated and installed. 
     According to some exemplary embodiments, combination of the virtual dental restoration 3D image with the image content (e.g., video or still) for a given FOV can include a process of:
         (i) Reconstructing the camera  770  volume image data to provide a 3-D view.   (ii) Determining the FOV of the 3-D view based on camera information from the device  710 . Then, determining whether or not a treatment region lies within the FOV. If not, augmented reality is not performed until the FOV includes the treatment region. If yes,   (iii) Modifying the camera reconstruction according to virtual dental restoration data replacing the treatment region.   (iv) Displaying results in a display. In certain cases, this can include, for example, modifying registered virtual dental restoration data voxels, such as intermittently showing the virtual dental restoration in the camera reconstruction       

     In one exemplary embodiment, real-time modifying the displayed real-time video of the dentition can include placing a virtual model of the at least one dental restoration in the displayed real-time video of the dentition using an augmented reality CAD/CAM algorithm. Registration with the field of view can be performed in a number of conventional ways. Methods for registration of a computer-generated image to its real-world counterpart known to those skilled in the arts, include for example, the use of object and shape recognition for teeth or other features. In certain exemplary embodiments, for augmented reality video display; one, two, or more cameras (e.g., first and second camera  770 ) in signal communication to the device  710  can form a combined 3D (e.g., stereoscopic) virtual image, images or video to be displayed to the patient/practitioner, for example; generated from the field of view of the device  710 . Again, the virtual model of the at least one dental restoration in the displayed real-time video of the dentition can replace the dental restoration site in the augmented reality video. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, an intra-oral camera with video capability and augmented reality capability can provide the augmented reality by real-time modification of the displayed real-time video of the dentition including the prepared restoration site to show the virtual proposed dental restoration  730  registered to physical teeth  740  to replace the prepared restoration site in the modified displayed real-time video of the dentition  750 . 
     Certain conventional augmented reality CAD/CAM systems and related techniques for combined image content can provide registration with the field of view using fiducial markers of some type, positioned on the patient&#39;s skin or attached to adjacent teeth, a restoration site or nearby structures. Fiducial markers are then used as guides for updating the volume image content. There are drawbacks with this type of approach, however, including obstruction or poor visibility, added time and materials needed for mounting the fiducial markers or patient discomfort, and other difficulties. Other conventional augmented reality techniques that can implement embodiments herein include HMD devices and related wearable devices that have cameras, sensors, and other integrated components are known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,546 to Spitzer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 8,582,209 to Amirparviz; U.S. Pat. No. 8,576,276 to Bar-Zeev et al.; and in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2013/0038510 to Brin et al. HMD devices are capable of superimposing image content onto the field of view of the wearer, so that virtual or computer-generated image content appears to the viewer along with the real-world object that lies in the field of view, such as a tooth or other anatomy. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the device  710  can allow color or shade modification of the virtual proposed dental restoration while the modified displayed real-time video of the dentition  750  including the virtual proposed dental restoration is being displayed to the patient  705 . Such real-time color modification can be performed by the practitioner, the patient or other operator. 
     According to exemplary embodiments of the application, a computer program has stored instructions that process image data accessed from an electronic memory in accordance with method and/or apparatus embodiments described. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the image processing arts, a computer program of an embodiment of the application can be utilized by a suitable, general-purpose computer system, such as a personal computer or workstation. However, many other types of computer systems can be used to execute the computer program of the present invention, including networked processors. The computer program for performing embodiments of the application may be stored in a computer readable storage medium. This medium may comprise, for example; magnetic storage media such as a magnetic disk (such as a hard drive) or magnetic tape; optical storage media such as an optical disc, optical tape, or machine readable bar code; solid state electronic storage devices such as random access memory (RAM), or read only memory (ROM); or any other physical device or medium employed to store a computer program. The computer program for performing embodiments of the application may also be stored on computer readable storage medium that is connected to the image processor by way of the internet or other communication medium. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the equivalent of such a computer program product may also be constructed in hardware. 
     It will be understood that the computer program product of the application may make use of various image manipulation algorithms and processes that are well known. It will be further understood that the computer program product embodiment of the application may embody algorithms and processes not specifically shown or described herein that are useful for implementation. Such algorithms and processes may include conventional utilities that are within the ordinary skill of the image processing arts. Additional aspects of such algorithms and systems, and hardware and/or software for producing and otherwise processing the images or co-operating with the computer program product of the application, are not specifically shown or described herein and may be selected from such algorithms, systems, hardware, components and elements known in the art. 
     Certain exemplary method and/or apparatus embodiments according to the application can provide the patient (themselves) looking at themselves on live video with a virtual model of a restoration (e.g., crown, bridge) being virtually placed in the live video to replace an actual prepared surface/tooth to make an augmented reality live video for evaluation and/or approval of the restoration by the patient before fabrication of the restoration by the dentist. Exemplary embodiments according to the application can include various features described herein (individually or in combination). 
     While the invention has been illustrated with respect to one or more implementations, alterations and/or modifications can be made to the illustrated examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention can have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations/embodiments, such feature can be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations/embodiments as can be desired and advantageous for any given or particular function. The term “at least one of” is used to mean one or more of the listed items can be selected. The term “about” indicates that the value listed can be somewhat altered, as long as the alteration does not result in nonconformance of the process or structure to the illustrated embodiment. Finally, “exemplary” indicates the description is used as an example, rather than implying that it is an ideal. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by at least the following claims.