Patent Publication Number: US-2022235484-A1

Title: Systems and methods for electrochemical process

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/CN2020/114157 field on Sep. 9, 2020, which claims priority of Chinese Patent Application No. 201910935348.2, filed on Sep. 29, 2019, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure generally relates to electrochemical techniques, and more particularly, relates to systems and methods for electrochemical process. 
     BACKGROUND 
     At present, most challenging features of a printed circuit board are as follows: 1. a thickness of a board is equal to or greater than 10 cm; 2. a size of the board is equal to or greater than 120 cm×120 cm; 3. a depth-to-width ratio of a via on the board is 15:1, or higher than 20:1; 4. densely arranged via arrays and sparsely distributed vias coexist, and the vias have different depth-to-width ratios. The requirements or expectations in terms of the quality of PCBs by high-end PCB manufacturers and their clients may include: 1. a deposition thickness of copper in the via satisfies a required thickness, and the deposition thickness of copper on the surface is not too thick; 2. the deposition of copper in a through via achieves a shape of “X”, or the through via is filled with copper; 3. the deposition of copper on the surface is uniform. 
     Comparisons of various manufacturing techniques and processes in related arts: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Related 
                   
                   
               
               
                 technologies and 
                   
                 Problems that cannot be solved 
               
               
                 processes 
                 Problems that can be solved 
                 or existing problems 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Small current 
                 The deposition thickness of 
                 A. The deposition of copper 
               
               
                 density conformal 
                 copper in the via can satisfy a 
                 cannot fill the through via, a “slit” 
               
               
                 electroplating 
                 required thickness 
                 is usually exist in the through via; 
               
               
                 method 
                   
                 B. The deposition of copper on 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the surface is too thick; C. Time 
               
               
                   
                   
                 consuming and low yield. 
               
               
                 Electroplating 
                 Step one, using a conformal 
                 A. A certain degree of over- 
               
               
                 method for 
                 electroplating; 
                 electroplating still exists on the 
               
               
                 applying positive 
                 Step two, using a suitable 
                 surface; 
               
               
                 and negative 
                 positive and negative pulse to 
                 B. When there are both densely 
               
               
                 pulse power 
                 increase the thickness of the 
                 arranged via arrays and sparsely 
               
               
                 sources to a 
                 copper in the center of the via, 
                 distributed vias on the surface, 
               
               
                 Fe 2+ /Fe 3+   
                 and etching away the copper on 
                 and/or the vias have different 
               
               
                 electrolyte 
                 the surface exploiting the 
                 depth-to-width ratios, the 
               
               
                 system 
                 oxidizing property of Fe 3+  to 
                 uniformity and thickness 
               
               
                   
                 reduce the thickness of the 
                 requirements of the copper on the 
               
               
                   
                 copper on the surface. 
                 surface, and the thickness and 
               
               
                   
                 The deposition of copper in the 
                 shape requirements of the copper 
               
               
                   
                 through via with a moderate 
                 in the via cannot be achieved 
               
               
                   
                 depth-to-width ratio achieves a 
                 simultaneously. 
               
               
                   
                 shape of “X”, or the through via 
               
               
                   
                 is filled with copper. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In summary, the challenge in preparing a PCB includes that the related techniques cannot simultaneously satisfy following performance requirements: 1. the deposition thickness of copper in the via satisfies a required thickness; 2. the deposition thickness of copper on the surface is not too thick; 3. the deposition of copper in the through via achieves a shape of “X”, or the through via is filled with copper; and the deposition of copper on the surface is uniform. 
     SUMMARY 
     The embodiments of present disclosure provide an electroplating anode and an electroplating method using the electroplating anode, to achieve a uniform electroplating on the surface of the cathode, or a local electroplating enhancement on the surface of the cathode. 
     According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, the embodiments of the present disclosure may provide an electroplating anode. The electroplating anode and a cathode to be electroplated may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on a surface of the cathode. A morphology of the cathode may be uneven. The electroplating anode may include an electrically conducting plate. A morphology of the electrically conducting plate may be in conformity with the morphology of the cathode. A protruding portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a recessing portion of the cathode, and a recessing portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a protruding portion of the cathode. 
     According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, the embodiments of the present disclosure may provide an electroplating anode. The electroplating anode and a cathode to be electroplated may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on a surface of the cathode. A morphology of the cathode may be uneven. The electroplating anode may include an electrically insulating backplate and a plurality of electrically conducting units. Each of the plurality of electrically conducting units may include a needle rod and a needle head that is configured at an end of the needle rod. The end of the needle rod with the needle head may be configured as an electroplating end of the electrically conducting unit. The electrically conducting unit may be fixed on the electrically insulating backplate by the needle rod. The plurality of electrically conducting units may be arranged in an array. Any two of the plurality of electrically conducting units may be electrically insulated from each other. 
     According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, the embodiments of the present disclosure may provide an electroplating method using the electroplating anode of the first aspect of the present disclosure. The electroplating anode and a cathode to be electroplated may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on a surface of the cathode. A morphology of the cathode may be uneven. The electroplating anode may include an electrically conducting plate. A morphology of the electrically conducting plate may be in conformity with the morphology of the cathode. A protruding portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a recessing portion of the cathode, and a recessing portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a protruding portion of the cathode. The electroplating method may include: obtaining a morphology of the anode based on a target morphology of the cathode; preparing a mold substrate based on the morphology of the anode, wherein a morphology of a side of the mold substrate may be in conformity with the morphology of the cathode, a protruding portion on the side of the mold substrate may correspond to the recessing portion of the cathode, and a recessing portion on the side of the mold substrate may correspond to the protruding portion in the cathode; preparing the electroplating anode based on the mold substrate; and applying an electroplating signal (also referred to as a processing signal) to the electroplating anode. 
     According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, the embodiments of the present disclosure may provide an electroplating method using the electroplating anode of the second aspect of the present disclosure. The electroplating anode and a cathode to be electroplated may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on a surface of the cathode. The morphology of the cathode may be uneven. The electroplating anode may include an electrically insulating backplate and a plurality of electrically conducting units. Each of the plurality of electrically conducting units may include a needle rod and a needle head that is configured at an end of the needle rod. The end of the needle rod with the needle head may be configured as an electroplating end of the electrically conducting unit. The electrically conducting unit may be fixed on the electrically insulating backplate by the needle rod. The plurality of electrically conducting units may be arranged in an array. Any two of the plurality of electrically conducting units may be electrically insulated from each other. The electroplating method may include: obtaining a morphology of the anode and a surface current distribution of the anode based on a morphology of the cathode; controlling a distance between each needle head of a plurality of needle heads and the electrically insulating backplate based on the morphology of the anode, and controlling an electroplating signal applied to the each electrically conducting unit of the plurality of electrically conducting units based on the surface current distribution of the anode; or controlling each needle head of a plurality of needle heads and the electrically insulating backplate such that the distance between the each needle head of the plurality of needle heads and the electrically insulating backplate is the same, and controlling an electroplating signal applied to the each electrically conducting unit based on the surface current distribution of the anode; or controlling a distance between each needle head of a plurality of needle heads and the electrically insulating backplate based on the morphology of the anode, and applying a same electroplating signal to the plurality of electrically conducting units. 
     According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, the present disclosure may provide an electroplating device including a first electroplating anode, a second electroplating anode and a cathode. The first electroplating anode and the second electroplating anode may include an electroplating anode. The cathode may include a first surface and a second surface. A morphology of the first electroplating anode may be in conformity with a morphology of the first surface of the cathode. A morphology of the second electroplating anode may be in conformity with a morphology of the second surface of the cathode. The first electroplating anode may oppose the first surface of the cathode. The first electroplating anode and the cathode may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on the first surface of the cathode. The second electroplating anode may oppose the second surface of the cathode. The second electroplating anode and the cathode may form another electric field to deposit another electroplating layer on the second surface of the cathode. 
     According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, the present disclosure may provide a system for electrochemical process. The system may include a first electrode, a second electrode, an electric field distribution simulation optimizer, an electric field distribution controller, and a signal controller. A morphology of the second electrode may be uneven. The first electrode may include an electrically conducting plate. A morphology of the electrically conducting plate may be in conformity with the morphology of the second electrode. A protruding portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a recessing portion of the second electrode. A recessing portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a protruding portion of the second electrode. The electric field distribution controller may be electrically connected to the signal controller and the electric field distribution simulation optimizer, respectively. The signal controller may be electrically connected to the electrically conducting plate. The signal controller may be configured to apply a processing signal to the electrically conducting plate. 
     According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, the present disclosure may provide a system for electrochemical process. The system may include a first electrode and a second electrode. A morphology of the second electrode may be uneven. The first electrode may include an electrically insulating backplate and a plurality of electrically conducting units. Each of the plurality of electrically conducting units may include a needle rod and a needle head that is configured at an end of the needle rod. The end of the needle rod with the needle head may be configured as a functioning end of the electrically conducting unit. The electrically conducting unit may be supported by the electrically insulating backplate via the needle rod. The plurality of electrically conducting units may be arranged in an array. Any two of the plurality of electrically conducting units are electrically insulated from each other. 
     According to an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, the present disclosure may provide a method for electrochemical process using an electrochemical device. The electrochemical device may include a first electrode and a second electrode. A morphology of the second electrode may be even. The first electrode may include an electrically conducting plate. A morphology of the electrically conducting plate may be in conformity with the morphology of the second electrode. A protruding portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a recessing portion of the second electrode. A recessing portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a protruding portion of the second electrode. The method may include obtaining a morphology of the first electrode based on a target morphology of the second electrode. The target morphology of the second electrode may be an optimization target. The method may include preparing a mold substrate based on the morphology of the first electrode. A morphology of a side of the mold substrate may be in conformity with the morphology of the second electrode. A protruding portion on the side of the mold substrate may correspond to the recessing portion of the second electrode. A recessing portion on the side of the mold substrate may correspond to the protruding portion in the second electrode. The method may include preparing the first electrode based on the mold substrate. The method may include applying a processing signal to the first electrode. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 1B  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 1C  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a top view structural schematic diagram illustrating the electroplating anode in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  is a top view structural diagram illustrating a part of the electroplating anode in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 16  is a flowchart diagram illustrating an electroplating method using an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic diagram illustrating a fabrication of an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 18  is a flowchart diagram illustrating detailed operations in operation S 130  of  FIG. 16 ; 
         FIG. 19  is a schematic diagram illustrating a fabrication of an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 20  is a flowchart diagram illustrating an electroplating method using an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 21  is a flowchart diagram illustrating an electroplating method using an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 22  is a flowchart diagram illustrating an electroplating method using an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 23  is a flowchart diagram illustrating a fabrication of an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 24  is a schematic diagram illustrating a fabrication of an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 25  is a structural schematic illustrating an electroplating device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In some embodiments, an electrochemical system (or an electrochemical device) may include a first electrode and a second electrode. In some embodiments, the first electrode may be an anode, and the second electrode may be a cathode to be electroplated. The anode and the cathode to be electroplated may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on a surface of the cathode. In some embodiments, the first electrode may be a cathode, and the second electrode may be an anode to be etched. The cathode and the anode to be etched may form an electric field to etch a surface of the anode. For illustration purposes, the following description is provided to help better understanding an electroplating process. It is understood that this is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the descriptions with reference to an electroplating anode in an electroplating process in the present disclosure may be applicable to a cathode in an electrochemical etching process, and/or the descriptions with reference to a cathode in an electroplating process in the present disclosure may be applicable to an anode in an electrochemical etching process. 
     Electroplating (i.e., electrochemical deposition of metals) is a critical operation in advanced packaging. The core technology of the packaging technology (e.g., 3D packaging technology, 2.5D packaging technology, fan-out wafer level packaging technology, fan-out panel-level packaging technology, flip chip technology) is the horizontal and vertical electrical connection of functional modules stacked with high spatial density. The horizontal electrical connection methods may include a redistribution layer (RDL) method. The vertical electrical connection method may include a copper pillars method and a through via filling with copper method. The electrical connections may be achieved by an electroplating process. The integration of the functional modules becomes higher, the line width and line spacing of the functional modules become smaller, the via diameter of the functional modules becomes smaller, and the via depth of the functional modules becomes deeper, which poses a great challenge to the electroplating technology. 
     Researchers have found that, in related arts, a flat plate-shaped or mesh-shaped electroplating anode is usually used to form an electric field with a cathode to be electroplated to deposit metal on a surface of the cathode. Since a morphology of the cathode is uneven, an electric field formed by a protruding portion of the cathode and the electroplating anode may be different from an electric field formed by a recessing portion of the cathode and the electroplating anode, resulting in an ununiform electroplating layer on the surface of the cathode. In some embodiments, the cathode to be electroplated may be, for example, a printed circuit board. The morphology of the cathode may be, for example, the surface morphology of one side of the printed circuit board, or two sides of the printed circuit board. In some embodiments, the cathode to be electroplated may be a wafer (or a hardware). The morphology of the cathode may be the surface morphology of one side of the wafer, or two sides of the wafer. In some embodiments, the cathode to be electroplated may be a hardware. The morphology of the cathode may be the surface morphology of at least one side of the hardware. 
     In order to avoid the above situations, the present disclosure proposes a plurality of embodiments under a general application idea. The general application idea may be that changing the morphology of the anode and/or electroplating signals corresponding to a plurality of portions of the electroplating anode based on the morphology of the cathode, such that the surface of the cathode can be electroplated uniformly, or the local electroplating of the surface of the cathode can be strengthened. 
     It should be noted that, in the present disclosure, the morphology of the anode (the morphology of the electroplating anode) may be the morphology of the electrically conducting plate, or the morphology represented by needle heads of a plurality of electrically conducting units. Similarly, a surface current distribution of the anode (a surface current distribution of the electroplating anode) may be a surface current distribution of the electrically conducting plate, or an effective surface current distribution represented by surface current distributions of the needle heads of the plurality of electrically conducting units. 
       FIG. 1A  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 1A , an electroplating anode  1  and a cathode  2  to be electroplated may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on a surface of the cathode  2  (in  FIG. 1A , take an uneven surface of the cathode  2  as an example for illustration). A morphology of the cathode  2  may be uneven. The electroplating anode  1  may include an electrically conducting plate. A morphology of the electrically conducting plate may be in conformity with or approximately in conformity with the morphology of the cathode  2 . A protruding portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a recessing portion of the cathode  2 . A recessing portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to a protruding portion of the cathode  2 . In  FIG. 1A , for example, the morphology of the electrically conducting plate may be presented by a broken line. In practical applications, the morphology of the electrically conducting plate may be configured according to an actual production need reasonably, which is not limited herein. 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 1B , the electroplating anode  1  may further include a surface morphology detector  17 , an electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , an electric field distribution controller  15 , and a signal controller  13 . An input end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the surface morphology detector  17 . An output end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13 . The signal controller  13  may be electrically connected to the electrically conducting plate. The signal controller  13  may be configured to apply an electroplating signal (also referred to as a processing signal) to the electrically conducting plate. 
     Before an electroplating process starts, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to obtain initial morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2 , and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode  2  based on the initial morphological information of the cathode, initial morphological information of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine the morphology of the electroplating anode  1  (i.e., the morphology of the electrically conducting plate in  FIG. 1A , the morphology of the electrically conducting plate cannot be changed once the morphology of the electrically conducting plate is formed) and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control the electroplating signal that is output by signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. 
     During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to (1) obtain real-time morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; (2) simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  and the deposition of the electroplating substance on the cathode  2  based on the real-time morphological information of the cathode, the morphology of the electrically conducting plate, and a current surface current distribution of the anode; (3) determine a further optimized surface current distribution of the anode according to the optimization target using the optimization algorithm; and (4) transmit information of the further optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (5) control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat the operations (1)-(5) until the morphology of the cathode  2  satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode  2  and the optimization target reaches a preset value. 
     It should be noted that, in the present disclosure, the surface morphology detector  17  may scan the morphological information of the cathode  2  via a non-contact method, such as X-rays, y-rays, ultrasound, light, electromagnetic waves, or the like, to obtain a 3D image of the cathode  2 . 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 1C , the electroplating anode  1  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , the electric field distribution controller  15 , and the signal controller  13 . 
     The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13  and the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , respectively. The signal controller  13  may be electrically connected to the electrically conducting plate. The signal controller  13  may be configured to apply an electroplating signal to the electrically conducting plate. 
     Before an electroplating process starts, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode  2  based on input initial morphological information of the cathode, an initial morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine, using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode  2 , the morphology of the electroplating anode  1  (i.e., the morphology of the electrically conducting plate in  FIG. 1A , the morphology of the electrically conducting plate cannot be changed once the morphology of the electrically conducting plate is formed) and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 1C , the electroplating anode  1  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , the electric field distribution controller  15 , and the signal controller  13 . 
     The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13  and the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , respectively. The signal controller  13  may be electrically connected to the electrically conducting plate. The signal controller  13  may be configured to apply an electroplating signal to the electrically conducting plate. 
     Before an electroplating process starts, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2 , and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode  2  based on input initial morphological information of the cathode, initial morphological information of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine the morphology of the electroplating anode  1  (i.e., the morphology of the electrically conducting plate in  FIG. 1A , the morphology of the electrically conducting plate cannot be changed once the morphology of the electrically conducting plate is formed) and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode  2 ; and obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to (1) simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2 , and the deposition of the electroplating substance on the cathode  2  based on the morphology of the cathode after a previous optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target, the morphology of the electrically conducting plate, and the current surface current distribution of the anode; (2) determine a further optimized surface current distribution of the anode according to the optimization target and using the optimization algorithm; (3) obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and (4) transmit the information of the further optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (5) control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat the operations (1)-(5) until the morphology of the cathode  2  satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode  2  and the optimization target reaches a preset value. 
     In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the morphology of the anode may be changed according to the morphology of the cathode, such that the morphology of the electroplating anode is in conformity with or approximately in conformity with the morphology of the cathode. That is, the protruding portion of the electroplating anode may correspond to the recessing portion of the cathode, and the recessing portion of the electroplating anode may correspond to the protruding portion of the cathode. Therefore, the electric field formed by each portion of the cathode and the electroplating anode may be the same or approximately the same, the surface of the cathode may be electroplated uniformly, or the local electroplating of the surface of the cathode may be strengthened. 
       FIG. 2  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 3  is a top view structural schematic diagram illustrating the electroplating anode in  FIG. 2 . Referring to  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3 , the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  to be electroplated may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on the surface of cathode  2 . The morphology of cathode  2  may be uneven. The electroplating anode  1  may include an electrically insulating backplate  12  and a plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . Each electrically conducting unit of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11  may include a needle rod  111  and a needle head  112  configured at one end of the needle rod  111 . The end of the needle rod  111  with the needle head  112  may be configured as an electroplating end of the electrically conducting unit  11 . The needle head  112  of the electrically conducting unit  11  and the cathode  2  may form an electric field to deposit metal ions in the electroplating solution on the surface of the cathode, such that the cathode  2  is electroplated. For example, a copper layer may be electroplated on a printed circuit board. The electrically conducting unit  11  may be supported by the electrically insulating backplate  12  via the needle rod  111 . The plurality of electrically conducting units  11  may be arranged in an array. Any two of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11  may be electrically insulated from each other. 
     In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electroplating anode may be discretized into a plurality of electrically conducting units that are not in contact with each other. That is, a continuous large surface may be discretized into a plurality of small surfaces, such that the morphology of the anode can be changed by changing a distance between the needle head and the cathode. The electroplating signal of each “small surface” of the electroplating anode may be changed by changing an intensity or a pattern of the electroplating signal applied to the electrically conducting unit. The morphology of the anode and/or the electroplating signal of each “small surface” of the electroplating anode may be changed based on the morphology of the cathode. Therefore, the surface of the cathode may be electroplated uniformly, or the local electroplating of the surface of the cathode may be strengthened. The electroplating signal may include a current, a voltage, a power, a direct current, or a pulse current. 
     The embodiments of the present disclosure may at least achieve following beneficial effects: 1. in a via with a depth-to-width ratio of 15:1 or greater than 20:1, an electric field distribution in the via or a current distribution on a surface of an inner wall of the via can be precisely controlled, a thickness of an electroplating substance on the surface of the inner wall of the via can be controlled, and the via can be filled with the electroplating substance (e.g., copper); 2. a size of the electroplating anode is 120 cm×120 cm, a surface electric field distribution or a surface current distribution of the electroplating anode can be accurately controlled, the electroplating substance can be distributed on the surface of the cathode uniformly, and the thickness of the electroplating substance on the surface of the cathode can be controlled; 3. the time for electroplating is relatively short. 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 3 , a shape of a vertical projection of the needle head  112  on the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be a regular hexagon. The plurality of needle heads  112  may be arranged in an array. The plurality of needle heads  112  may be sequentially arranged in a row, and the needle heads  112  in two adjacent rows may be arranged in a staggered manner. In some embodiments, the shape of the vertical projection of the needle head  112  on the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be a square, a rectangle, a circle, or an ellipse, which is not limited herein. 
       FIG. 4  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 4 , the electroplating anode  1  may include two electrically insulating backplates  12 . The needle rod  111  may penetrate the two insulating backplates  12 . By using the two insulating backplates  12 , the firmness between the insulating backplates  12  and the needle rod  111  may be increased, the needle rod  111  may not be easy to shake, the position of the needle head  112  and the electric field between the needle head  112  and the cathode  2  may be controlled accurately, which may improve the electroplating effect of the cathode  2 . 
       FIG. 5  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 5 , a surface of the needle head  112  facing away from the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be a convex surface that bulges toward a direction away from the electrically insulating backplate  12 . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, by using the needle head  112  with the convex surface, a surface area of the electroplating anode may be increased. In some embodiments, the surface of the needle head  112  facing away from the electrically insulating backplate  12  may have any other shapes. 
       FIG. 6  is a top view structural diagram illustrating a part of the electroplating anode in  FIG. 5 . Referring to  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6 , the electroplating anode  1  may include an electrically insulating thread  114  and an electrically insulating nut  113 . The electrically insulating nut  113  may be fixed on the electrically insulating backplate  12 . The insulating thread  114  may be disposed on the needle rod  111 . The electrically insulating thread  114  may be engaged with the electrically insulating nut  113 . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the distance between each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12 , and the distance between the each needle head  112  and the cathode  2  may be controlled by rotating the electrically insulating thread  114  in the electrically insulating nut  113 . 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 5 , the electroplating anode  1  may include a wiring terminal  115 . The wiring terminal  115  may be configured at an end of the needle rod  111  away from the needle head  112 . The needle rod  111  of the electrically conducting unit  11  and the needle head  112  may be electrically connected with the feeder via the wiring terminal  115  electrically connected with the needle rod  111 . 
       FIG. 7  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 7 , a surface of the needle head  112  facing away from the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be a flat surface. Since the surface of the needle head  112  is flat, the needle head  112  and the cathode  2  may form a uniform local electric field, the difficulty of the installation of the electrically conducting unit  11  may be reduced and the cost may also be reduced. 
       FIG. 8  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 8 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the signal controller  13  and a plurality of feeders  132 . Each of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13  via one of the plurality of feeders  132 . The signal controller may be configured to apply an electroplating signal to the electrically conducting unit  11 . 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the electroplating anode  1  may include a driver controller  14  and a plurality of drivers  141 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the driver controller  14 . The drive controller  14  may be electrically connected to the plurality of drivers  141 . Each of the plurality of drivers  141  may be connected to an end of the corresponding needle rod  111  that is away from the needle head  112 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control a driving signal that is output by the controller  14  to the driver  141 . Each of the plurality of drivers  141  may be configured to control the distance between the needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12 , thereby adjusting the morphology of the electroplating anode, and controlling the distance between needle head  112  and the cathode  2 . 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 8 , the electroplating anode  1  may include two electrically insulating backplates  12 . The needle rod  111  may penetrate the two electrically insulating backplates  12 . The needle rod  111  may move in a direction perpendicular to the electrically insulating backplate  12 , but cannot move in other directions. An electrical connection between the feeder  132  and the electrically conducting unit  11  may be located between the two electrically insulating backplates  12 . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, on the one hand, the electrical connection between the feeder  132  and the electrically conducting unit  11  may be located between the two electrically insulating backplates  12 , and the two electrically insulating backplates  12  can be used to protect the feeder  132 . On the other hand, the electrical connection between the feeder  132  and the electrically conducting unit  11  may be located between the two electrically insulating backplates  12 , the electrical connection between the feeder  132  and the electrically conducting unit  11  can utilize the space between the two electrically insulating backplates  12 , and does not occupy the space other than the two electrically insulating backplates  12 , the space utilization rate may be increased, and the integration of the components of the electroplating anode  1  may be improved. 
     In some embodiments, the electroplating anode  1  may include only one electrically insulating backplate  12 . The needle rod  111  may penetrate the electrically insulating backplate  12 . The needle rod  111  may move in a direction perpendicular to the electrically insulating backplate  12 , but cannot move in other directions. 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 8 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the surface morphology detector  17 , the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , and the electric field distribution controller  15 . The input end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the surface morphology detector  17 . The output end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the driver controller  14 . At an initial stage of an electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to obtain initial morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; simulate an electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode based on the initial morphology information of the cathode, an initial morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine an optimized morphology of the anode and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target (a target morphology of the cathode) including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode; and transmit information of the optimized morphology of the anode and the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control an electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to each of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control the driver controller  14  to transmit, to each of the plurality of drivers  141 , different control signals each of which specifies an extension distance or a retraction distance of one needle rod  111  for adjusting the morphology of the anode. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to (1) obtain real-time morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; (2) simulate an electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and the deposition of the electroplating substance on the cathode based on the real-time morphological information of the cathode, a current morphology of the anode, and a current surface current distribution of the anode; (3) determine a further optimized morphology of the anode and a further optimized surface current distribution of the anode according to the optimization target using the optimizing algorithm; and (4) transmit information of the further optimized morphology of the anode and the further optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (5) control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to each of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (6) control the drive controller  14  to transmit, to each of the plurality of drivers  141 , different control signals each of which specifies an extension distance or a retraction distance of one needle rod  111  for adjusting the morphology of the anode. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat operations (1)-(6) until the morphology of the cathode satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode and the optimization target reaches a preset value. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an optimized morphology of the anode, an intensity, a pattern, and a distribution of the feed current may be determined based on the real-time obtained thickness and distribution of the electroplating substance on the cathode using the electroplating simulation software, and the morphology of the anode, the intensity, the pattern, and the distribution of the feed current may be adjusted in real time. A system that works in this way can be called as an “intelligent adaptive adjustable anode.” 
       FIG. 9  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 9 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , the electric field distribution controller  15 , and the signal controller  13 . The electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the driver controller  14 . At an initial stage of an electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to simulate an electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode based on input initial morphological information of the cathode  2 , an initial morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine an optimized morphology of the anode and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target (a target morphology of the cathode) including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode; and transmit information of the optimized morphology of the anode and the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control an electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to each of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control the driver controller  14  to transmit, to each of the plurality of drivers  141 , different control signals each of which specifies an extension distance or a retraction distance of one needle rod  111  for adjusting the morphology of the anode. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to (1) simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and the deposition of the electroplating substance on the cathode based on the morphology of the cathode after a previous optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target, a current morphology of the anode, and a current surface current distribution of the anode; (2) determine a further optimized morphology of the anode and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode according to the optimization target using the optimization algorithm; (3) obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and (4) transmit information of the optimized morphology of the anode and the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (5) control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to each of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (6) control the drive controller  14  to transmit, to each of the plurality of drivers  141 , different control signals each of which specifies an extension distance or a retraction distance of one needle rod  111  for adjusting the morphology of the anode. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat operations (1)-(6) until the morphology of the cathode satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode and the optimization target reaches a preset value. 
     In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an optimized morphology of the anode, an intensity, a pattern, and a distribution of the feed current may be determined based on the initial morphology of the cathode using the electroplating simulation software, and the morphology of the anode, the intensity, the pattern, and the distribution of the feed current may be adjusted. A system that works in this way can be called as an “intelligent adaptive adjustable anode. 
     For example, referring to  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the needle rod  111  and the needle head  112  of the electrically conducting unit  11  may be made of titanium alloy, or may be made of titanium alloy coated with an electrically conducting layer. The needle rod  111  may be vertically inserted into a via of the electrically insulating backplate  12 , to form an array. All the needle heads  112  may be located on the same side of the electrically insulating backplate  12 . On the other side of the electrically insulating backplate  12 , each needle rod  111  may be connected to one driver  141 . The driver  141  may drive the needle rod  111  to move linearly, thereby determining the relative distance between the needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12 . All drivers  141  may be controlled by one driver controller  14 . The driver controller  14  may transmit, to each of the plurality of drivers  141 , different control signals each of which specifies an extension distance or a retraction distance of one needle rod  111 . Each needle head  112  may feed the electroplating signal via the needle rod  111  and the feeder  132 . All the feeders  132  may be connected to the signal controller  13 . The signal controller  13  may determine the electroplating signal fed by the each needle head  112 . The driver controller  14  and the signal controller  13  may be controlled by the electric field distribution controller  15 . 
       FIG. 10  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 10 , the distance between each needle head  112  of the plurality of needle heads  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be the same. The electroplating anode  1  may include the signal controller  13  and the plurality of feeders  132 . One electrically conducting unit  11  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13  via one feeder  132 . The signal controller  13  may be configured to apply an electroplating signal to the electrically conducting unit  11 . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the distance between each needle head  112  of the plurality of needle heads  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be the same, that is, the end surfaces of all needle heads  112  may form a large plane, and the electroplating signal (e.g., a surface current density) of the each needle head  112  of the plurality of needle heads  112  may be different. 
     For example, referring to  FIG. 10 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the surface morphology detector  17 , the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , and the electric field distribution controller  15 . The input end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the surface morphology detector  17 . The output end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13 . 
     At an initial stage of an electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to obtain initial morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; simulate an electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode based on the initial morphology information of the cathode, a morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine an optimized surface current distribution of the anode using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control an electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to each of the plurality of electrically conducting unit  11  s. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to (1) obtain real-time morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; (2) simulate an electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and the deposition of the electroplating substance on the cathode based on the real-time morphological information of the cathode, the morphology of the anode, and a current surface current distribution of the anode; (3) determine a further optimized surface current distribution of the anode according to the optimization target using the optimizing algorithm; and (4) transmit information of the further optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (5) control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to each of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat operations (1)-(5) until the morphology of the cathode satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode and the optimization target reaches a preset value. 
       FIG. 11  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The distances between each needle head  112  of the plurality of needle heads  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be the same. Referring to  FIG. 11 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , the electric field distribution controller  15 , and the signal controller  13 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13  and the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , respectively. At an initial stage of an electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to simulate an electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode based on input initial morphological information of the cathode  2 , the morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine an optimized surface current distribution of the anode using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode; obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control an electroplating signal that is output by signal controller  13  to each of the plurality of electrically conducting unit  11 . During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to (1) simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and the deposition of the electroplating substance on the cathode based on the morphology of the cathode after a previous optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target, the morphology of the anode, and the current surface current distribution of the anode; (2) determine a further optimized surface current distribution of the anode according to the optimization target using the optimization algorithm; (3) obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; (4) transmit information of the further optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (5) control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to each of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat operations (1)-(5) until the morphology of the cathode satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode and the optimization target reaches a preset value. 
       FIG. 12  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 12 , the electrically conducting unit  11  may be embedded in the electrically insulating backplate  12 . 
     For example, referring to  FIG. 12 , a side of the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be configured with a groove. The needle heads  112  of all the electrically conducting units  11  may be fixed in the groove. The distance between the needle head  112  of each electrically conducting unit  11  of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11  and the electrically insulating backplate may be the same. One end of the needle rod  111  of the electrically conducting unit  11  may be electrically connected to the needle head  112 , and the other end of the needle rod  111  of the electrically conducting unit  11  may be exposed to the outside from the other side of the electrically insulating backplate  12 . It should be noted that in some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electroplating anode may further include the signal controller  13 , the electric field distribution controller  15 , the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , or the surface morphology detector  17 , which is not limited herein. 
       FIG. 13  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 13 , the electroplating anode  1  may include a plurality of drivers  141 . Each of the plurality of drivers  141  may be connected to an end of a corresponding needle rod  111  that is away from the needle head  112 . Each of the plurality of drivers  141  may be configured to control a distance between the needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12 , and a distance between the needle head  112  and the cathode  2 . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the distance between each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be different, and the electroplating signal (e.g., a surface current density) on the end surface of the each needle head  112  may be the same. 
     For example, referring to  FIG. 13 , the electroplating anode  1  may include a feeder plate  191 . All the electrically conducting units  11  may be electrically connected to the feeder plate  191 . A same electroplating signal may be provided for all the needle heads  112  via the feeder plate  191 , such that the electroplating signals (e.g., surface current densities) on the end surfaces of all the needle heads  112  are the same. 
     For example, referring to  FIG. 13 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the surface morphology detector  17 , the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , and the electric field distribution controller  15 . The input end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the surface morphology detector  17 . The output end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the driver controller  14 . At an initial stage of an electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to obtain initial morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; determine, using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of an electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode, an optimized morphology of the anode based on the initial morphological information of the cathode, the initial morphology of the anode, and a surface current distribution of the anode; and transmit information of the optimized morphology of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control the driver controller  14  to transmit, to the plurality of drivers  14 , different control signals each of which specifies an extension distance or a retraction distance of one needle rod  111 . During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to (1) obtain real-time morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; (2) determine, using the optimization algorithm and according to the optimization target, a further optimized morphology of the anode based on the real-time morphological information of the cathode, the surface current distribution of the anode, and a current morphology of the anode; and (3) transmit information of the further optimized morphology of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (4) control the driver controller  14  to transmit, to the plurality of drivers  141 , different control signals each of which specifies an extension distance or a retraction distance of one needle rod  111 . During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat operations (1)-(4) to adjust the morphology of the anode until the morphology of the cathode satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode and the optimization target reaches a preset value. 
       FIG. 14  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The electroplating anode in  FIG. 14  may be similar to the electroplating anode described in  FIG. 13 , and the descriptions are not repeated here. Referring to  FIG. 14 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the driver controller  14 . 
     The electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to determine an optimized morphology of the anode based on the initial morphological information of the cathode  2 , the surface current distribution of the anode, and the initial morphology of the anode, using the optimization algorithm and according to the optimization target including the distribution and the thickness of the electroplating substance on the surface of the cathode; obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and transmit information of the optimized morphology of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller may control the driver controller  14  to transmit, to the plurality of drivers  141 , different control signals each of which specifies an extension distance or a retraction distance of one needle rod  111 . During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to (1) determine, using the optimization algorithm and according to the optimization target, a further optimized morphology of the anode based on the morphology of the cathode after a previous optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target, the surface current distribution of the anode, and a current morphology of the anode; (2) obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and (3) transmit information of the further optimized morphology of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (4) control the driver controller to transmit, to the plurality of drivers  141 , different control signals each of which specifies an extension distance or a retraction distance of one needle rod  111 . During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat operations (1)-(4) to adjust the morphology of the anode in real-time until the morphology of the cathode satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode and the optimization target reaches a preset value. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the distance between each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be different, and the electroplating signal (e.g., a surface current density) on the end surface of each needle head  112  may be the same. 
       FIG. 15  is a structural schematic diagram illustrating an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 15 , the electroplating anode  1  may include a mold substrate  192 , a bonding layer  193 , and a feeder plate  191 . The bonding layer  193  may be located between the mold substrate  192  and the electrically insulating backplate  12 . A morphology of the mold substrate  192  facing the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be in conformity with the morphology of the cathode  2 . A protruding portion of the mold substrate  192  may correspond to a recessing portion of the cathode  2 . A recessing portion of the mold substrate  192  may correspond to a protruding portion of the cathode  2 . For example, the mold substrate  192  may be a polymer mold. The feeder plate  191  may be in contact with and electrically connected to the plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the distance between each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be different, and the electroplating signal (e.g., a surface current density) on the end surface of each needle head  112  may be the same. The bonding layer  193  may be a polymer binder or a curing agent, and configured to fix the electrically conducting unit  11 . The polymer binder or the curing agent may be insoluble in an electrolyte solvent, but soluble in a non-electrolyte solvent. The mold substrate  192  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be insoluble in the non-electrolyte solvent. Therefore, the electrically insulating backplate  12  and the electrically conducting unit  11  may be separated using the non-electrolyte solvent, and the electrically insulating backplate  12  and the electrically conducting unit  11  may be reused. 
     In some embodiment, referring to  FIG. 15 , the electroplating anode  1  may include two electrically insulating backplates  12 . The needle rod  111  may penetrate the two electrically insulating backplates  12  via an end of the needle rod  111  away from the needle head. The feeder plate  191  may be located between the two electrically insulating backplates  12 . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, on the one hand, the feeder plate  191  may be located between the two electrically insulating backplates  12 , and the two electrically insulating backplates  12  can be used to protect the feeder plate  191 . On the other hand, the feeder plate  191  may be located between the two electrically insulating backplates  12 , the feeder plate  191  can utilize the space between the two electrically insulating backplates  12 , and does not occupy the space other than the two electrically insulating backplates  12 , the space utilization rate may be increased, and the integration of the components in the electroplating anode  1  may be improved. 
     Since the electroplating anode  1  described in  FIG. 15  includes the mold substrate  192 , the bonding layer  193 , and the feeder plate  191 , after the morphology of the electroplating anode  1  is formed, the morphology of the electroplating anode  1  cannot be changed. The feeder plate  191  may provide the same electroplating signal to all the needle heads  112 , such that the electroplating signals (e.g., surface current densities) on the end surfaces of all the needle heads  112  are the same at a same time point. 
     In some embodiments, the electroplating anode described in  FIG. 15  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer, the electric field distribution controller, and the signal controller. The electric field distribution controller may be electrically connected to the signal controller and the electric field distribution simulation optimizer, respectively. The signal controller may be electrically connected to the plurality of electrically conducting units. The signal controller may be configured to apply an electroplating signal to the plurality of electrically conducting units. 
     Before an electroplating process starts, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer may be configured to simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode, and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode based on input initial morphological information of the cathode, an initial morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine, using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode, a morphology of the mold substrate (a morphology of the electroplating anode) and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller. The electric field distribution controller may control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller to the plurality of electrically conducting units. 
     In some embodiment, the electroplating anode described in  FIG. 15  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer, the electric field distribution controller, and the signal controller. 
     The electric field distribution controller may be electrically connected to the signal controller and the electric field distribution simulation optimizer, respectively. The signal controller may be electrically connected to the plurality of electrically conducting units. The signal controller may be configured to apply an electroplating signal to the electrically conducting unit. 
     Before an electroplating process starts, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer may be configured to simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode based on input initial morphological information of the cathode, an initial morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine, using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode, a morphology of the mold substrate (a morphology of the electroplating anode) and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode; obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller. The electric field distribution controller may control an electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller to the plurality of electrically conducting units. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer may be configured to (1) simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode and the cathode and the deposition of the electroplating substance on the cathode based on the morphology of the cathode after a previous optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target, the morphology of the anode, and the current surface current distribution of the anode; (2) determine a further optimized surface current distribution of the anode according to the optimization target using the optimization algorithm; (3) obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and (4) transmit information of the further optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller. The electric field distribution controller may (5) control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller to the plurality of electrically conducting units. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer and the electric field distribution controller may repeat operations (1)-(5) until the morphology of the cathode satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode and the optimization target reaches a preset value. 
       FIG. 16  is a flowchart diagram illustrating an electroplating method using an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Based on the electroplating anode shown in  FIG. 1A , referring to  FIG. 16  and  FIG. 1A , the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  to be electroplated may form the electric field to deposit the electroplating layer on the surface of the cathode  2 . The morphology of the cathode  2  may be uneven. The electroplating anode  1  may include an electrically conducting plate or an electrically conducting mesh. The morphology of the electrically conducting plate may be in conformity with or approximately in conformity with the morphology of the cathode  2 . The protruding portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to the recessing portion of the cathode  2 . The recessing portion of the electrically conducting plate may correspond to the protruding portion of the cathode  2 . The electroplating method may include operation S 110  to operation S 140 . 
     In operation S 110 , the morphology of the anode  1  may be obtained based on a target morphology of the cathode  2 . 
     For example, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer may determine an optimized morphology of the electroplating anode based on initial morphological information of the cathode, an initial morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode, using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target (the target morphology) including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode. 
     In operation S 120 , a mold substrate  192  may be prepared based on the morphology of the anode  1 . 
     A morphology of a side of the mold substrate  192  may be in conformity with or approximately in conformity with the morphology of the cathode  2 . A protruding portion on the side of the mold substrate  1920  may correspond to the recessing portion of the cathode  2 . A recessing portion on the side of the mold substrate  192  may correspond to the protruding portion of the cathode  2 . 
     In operation S 130 , the electroplating anode  1  may be prepared based on the mold substrate  192 . 
     In operation S 140 , an electroplating signal may be applied to the electroplating anode  1 . 
     Some embodiments of the present disclosure may provide the electroplating method using the electroplating anode, which is used to form the electroplating anode shown in  FIG. 1A , and the electroplating of the cathode may be achieved using the electroplating anode. 
     It should be noted that, in operation S 140 , the electroplating signal applied to the electroplating anode  1  may be constant or variable, the following descriptions may be provided with reference to the electroplating anodes shown in  FIGS. 1B and 1C . 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 1  B, the electroplating anode  1  may include the surface morphology detector  17 , the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , the electric field distribution controller  15 , and the signal controller  13 . The input end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the surface morphology detector  17 . The output end of the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be electrically connected to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13 . The signal controller  13  may be electrically connected to the electrically conducting plate. The signal controller  13  may be configured to apply an electroplating signal to the electrically conducting plate. 
     The obtaining the morphology of the anode based on the target morphology of the cathode (corresponding to operation S 110 ) and the obtaining the electroplating signal (corresponding to operation S 140 ) may include: before an electroplating process starts, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may obtain initial morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; simulate an electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode based on the initial morphological information of the cathode, an initial morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine, using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode  2 , a morphology of the electroplating anode  1  (i.e., a morphology of the electrically conducting plate shown in  FIG. 1A , the morphology of the electrically conducting plate cannot be changed once the morphology of the electrically conducting plate is formed) and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may be configured to (1) obtain real-time morphological information of the cathode from the surface morphology detector  17 ; (2) simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  and the deposition of the electroplating substance on the cathode  2  based on the real-time morphological information of the cathode, the morphology of the electrically conducting plate, and a current surface current distribution of the anode; (3) determine a further optimized surface current distribution of the anode according to the optimization target using the optimizing algorithm; and transmit information of the further optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (4) control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat operations (1)-(4) until the morphology of the cathode  2  satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode and the optimization target reaches a preset value. In some embodiments, during the electroplating process, the electroplating signal may be optimized in real time. 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 1C , the electroplating anode  1  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , the electric field distribution controller  15 , and the signal controller  13 . 
     The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13  and the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , respectively. The signal controller  13  may be electrically connected to the electrically conducting plate. The signal controller  13  may be configured to apply an electroplating signal to the electrically conducting plate. 
     The obtaining the morphology of the anode based on the target morphology of the cathode (corresponding to operation S 110 ) and the obtaining the electroplating signal (corresponding to operation S 140 ) may include: before an electroplating process starts, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may simulate an electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode  2  based on input target morphological information of the cathode, an initial morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine, using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode  2 , a morphology of the electroplating anode  1  (i.e., a morphology of the electrically conducting plate shown in  FIG. 1A , and the morphology of the electrically conducting plate cannot be changed once the morphology of the electrically conducting plate is formed in this embodiment) and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. In some embodiments, the optimization may be performed only once before the electroplating process starts to obtain the optimized electroplating signal, and during the electroplating process, the optimized electroplating signal may be unchanged. 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 1C , the electroplating anode  1  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , the electric field distribution controller  15 , and the signal controller  13 . 
     The electric field distribution controller  15  may be electrically connected to the signal controller  13  and the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 , respectively. The signal controller  13  may be electrically connected to the electrically conducting plate. The signal controller  13  may be configured to apply an electroplating signal to the electrically conducting plate. 
     The obtaining the morphology of the anode based on the target morphology of the cathode (corresponding to operation S 110 ) and the obtaining the electroplating signal (corresponding to operation S 140 ) may include: before an electroplating process starts, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may simulate an electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  and a deposition of an electroplating substance on the cathode  2  based on input initial morphological information of the cathode, an initial morphology of the anode, and an initial surface current distribution of the anode; determine, using an optimization algorithm and according to an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode  2 , a morphology of the electroplating anode  1  (i.e., a morphology of the electrically conducting plate shown in  FIG. 1A , and the morphology of the electrically conducting plate cannot be changed once the morphology of the electrically conducting plate is formed in this embodiment) and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode; obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and transmit information of the optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. 
     During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  may (1) simulate the electric field between the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  and the deposition of the electroplating substance on the cathode  2  based on the morphology of the cathode after a previous optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target, the morphology of the electroplating anode  1  (i.e., the morphology of the electrically conducting plate), and a current surface current distribution of the anode; determine a further optimized surface current distribution of the anode according to the optimization target using the optimization algorithm; (2) obtain the morphology of the cathode after a current optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target; and (3) transmit information of the further optimized surface current distribution of the anode to the electric field distribution controller  15 . The electric field distribution controller  15  may (4) control the electroplating signal that is output by the signal controller  13  to the electrically conducting plate. During the electroplating process, the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  and the electric field distribution controller  15  may repeat operations (1)-(4) until the morphology of the cathode satisfies the optimization target, or a difference between the morphology of the cathode and the optimization target reaches a preset value. In some embodiments, during the electroplating process, the electroplating signal may be optimized in real time. 
       FIG. 17  is a schematic diagram illustrating a fabrication of an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 17 , the preparing the electroplating anode  1  based on the mold substrate  192  (i.e., operation S 130 ) may include forming the electroplating anode  1  by coating or depositing an electrically conducting layer on the mold substrate  192 . 
     For example, an optimized morphology of the anode may be obtained by the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 . The mold substrate  192  may be prepared based on the optimized morphology of the anode. For example, the mold substrate  192  may be a polymer mold. The electroplating anode may be formed by coating or depositing an insoluble electrically conducting layer or a soluble electrically conducting layer on the polymer mold. 
       FIG. 18  is a flowchart diagram illustrating detailed operations in operation S 130  of  FIG. 16 .  FIG. 19  is a schematic diagram illustrating a fabrication of an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 18  and  FIG. 19 , the preparing the electroplating anode  1  based on the mold substrate  192  (i.e., operation S 130 ) may include operations S 1321  to S 1322 . 
     In operation S 1321 , a planar electrically conducting plate  102  may be provided. 
     The planar electrically conducting plate  102  may be a plate or a mesh. 
     In operation S 1322 , the planar electrically conducting plate  102  may be deformed by pressing the planar electrically conducting plate  102  using the side of the mold substrate  192  that is in conformity with the morphology of the cathode  2 , such that a morphology of a deformed electrically conducting plate  102  is in conformity with the morphology of the cathode  2 , and the electroplating anode  2  may be formed by removing the mold substrate  192 . For example, the mold substrate  192  may be a rigid mold. 
       FIG. 20  is a flowchart diagram illustrating an electroplating method using an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Based on the electroplating anode shown in  FIG. 2 - FIG. 15 , referring to  FIG. 20 ,  FIG. 2 - FIG. 15 , the electroplating anode  1  and the cathode  2  to be electroplated may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on the surface of cathode  2 . The morphology of cathode  2  may be uneven. The electroplating anode  1  may include the electrically insulating backplate  12  and the plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . Each of the electrically conducting units  11  may include the needle rod  111  and the needle head  112  configured at one end of the needle rod  111 . The end of needle rod  111  with the needle head  112  may be configured as the electroplating end of the electrically conducting unit  11 . The electrically conducting unit  11  may be supported by the electrically insulating backplate  12  via the needle rod  111 . The plurality of electrically conducting units  11  may be arranged in an array. Any two of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11  may be electrically insulated from each other. The electroplating method may include operations S 210  to S 220 . 
     In operation S 210 , a morphology of the anode and a surface current distribution of the anode may be obtained based on a target morphology of the cathode  2 . 
     In operation S 220 , a distance between each needle head  112  of the plurality of needle heads  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be controlled based on the morphology of the anode, and an electroplating signal applied to the each electrically conducting unit  11  of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11  may be controlled based on the surface current distribution of the anode. Alternatively, each needle head  112  of the plurality of needle heads  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be controlled such that the distance between the each needle head  112  of the plurality of needle heads  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  is the same, and an electroplating signal applied to the each electrically conducting unit  11  may be controlled based on the surface current distribution of the anode. Alternatively, a distance between each needle head  112  of the plurality of needle heads  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be controlled based on the morphology of the anode, and a same electroplating signal may be applied to the plurality of electrically conducting units  11 . 
     The morphology of the anode and the surface current distribution of the anode may be obtained from the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 . 
     For example, referring to  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the distance between each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be controlled based on the morphology of the anode, and the electroplating signal applied to each electrically conducting unit  11  may be controlled based on the surface current distribution of the anode. 
     As another example, referring to  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be controlled such that the distance between the each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  is the same, and the electroplating signal applied to each electrically conducting unit  11  may be controlled based on the surface current distribution of the anode. 
     As another example, referring to  FIG. 13 ,  FIG. 14 , and  FIG. 15 , the distance between each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  may be controlled based on the morphology of the anode, and a same electroplating signal may be applied to the plurality of electrically conducting units  11  based on the surface current distribution of the anode. 
     Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide the electroplating method using the electroplating anode, which is used to form the electroplating anodes shown in  FIGS. 2-15 , and the electroplating of the cathode may be achieved using the electroplating anodes. 
       FIG. 21  is a flowchart diagram illustrating an electroplating method using an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 10 ,  FIG. 13 ,  FIG. 20 , and  FIG. 21 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the surface morphology detector  17  and the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 . The obtaining the morphology of the anode and the surface current distribution of the anode based on the target morphology of the cathode  2  (i.e., an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode) (i.e., operation S 210 ) may include operations S 2111 -S 2112 . 
     In operation S 2111 , real-time morphological information of the cathode  2  may be detected by the surface morphology detector  17 . 
     In operation S 2112 , a real-time optimized morphology of the anode and a real-time optimized surface current distribution of the anode may be obtained by the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  based on the real-time morphological information of the cathode, a current morphology of the anode, a current surface current distribution of the anode, and the target morphology of the cathode  2 . 
       FIG. 22  is a flowchart diagram illustrating an electroplating method using an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 11 ,  FIG. 14 ,  FIG. 20  and  FIG. 22 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16 . The obtaining the morphology of the anode and the surface current distribution of the anode based on the target morphology of the cathode  2  (i.e., an optimization target including a distribution and a thickness of the electroplating substance on a surface of the cathode) (i.e., operation S 210 ) may include operation S 2121 . 
     In operation S 2121 , an optimized morphology of the anode and an optimized surface current distribution of the anode may be obtained by the electric field distribution simulation optimizer  16  based on the morphology of the cathode after a previous optimization operation that is closer to the optimization target or an initial morphology of the cathode, a current morphology of the anode, a current surface current distribution of the anode, and the target morphology of the cathode  2 . 
     In some embodiments, referring to  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 13 ,  FIG. 14  and  FIG. 20 , the electroplating anode  1  may include the plurality of drivers  141 . Each driver  141  may be connected to the end of the corresponding needle rod  111  away from the needle head  112 . Each driver  141  may be configured to control the distance between the needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12 . 
     In operation S 220 , the controlling a distance between the each needle head  112  of the plurality of needle heads  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  based on the morphology of the anode may include: controlling the distance between each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  by controlling, based on the morphology of the anode, each driver  141  to drive the electrically conducting unit  11  connected to the driver  141  to move. 
     In some embodiment, referring to  FIG. 5 ,  FIG. 7 , and  FIG. 20 , the electroplating anode  1  may further include an electrically insulating thread  114  and an electrically insulating nut  113 . The insulating nut  113  may be fixed on the electrically insulating backplate  12 . The electrically insulating thread  114  may be disposed on the needle rod  111 . The electrically insulating thread  114  may be engaged with the electrically insulating nut  113 . 
     In operation S 220 , the controlling the distance between the each needle head  112  and the insulating back plate  12  based on the morphology of the anode may include: controlling the distance between the each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  by rotating, based on the morphology of the anode, the electrically insulating thread  114  in the electrically insulating nut  113 . 
       FIG. 23  is a flowchart diagram illustrating a fabrication of an electroplating anode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 24  is a schematic diagram illustrating a fabrication of an electroplating anode (e.g., the electroplating anode shown in  FIG. 15 ) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG. 23 , in operation S 220 , the controlling a distance between the each needle head  112  and the electrically insulating backplate  12  based on the morphology of the anode may include operations S 2261 -S 2263 . 
     In operation S 2261 , a mold substrate  192  may be prepared based on the morphology of the anode. 
     In operation S 2262 , ends of the plurality of needle rods  111  that are opposite to the needle heads  112  may be pressed using the mold substrate  192 , such that the plurality of needle heads  112  of the plurality of electrically conducting units  11  present the morphology of the anode. 
     In operation S 2263 , a binder or a curing agent may be filled between the mold substrate  192  and the electrically insulating backplate  12 , and a bonding layer  193  may be formed by curing the binder or the curing agent. 
     The electroplating anode may be manufactured according to operations S 2261 -S 2263 , and the descriptions of the electroplating process using the electroplating anode may be found in  FIG. 15  and descriptions thereof, which is not repeated here. 
       FIG. 25  is a structural schematic illustrating an electroplating device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 25 , the electroplating device may include two electroplating anodes  1  and the cathode  2 . The cathode  2  may include a first surface  21  and a second surface  22 . The two electroplating anodes  1  may include a first electroplating anode D 1  and a second electroplating anode D 2 . The first electroplating anode D 1  may oppose the first surface  21  of the cathode  2 . A morphology of the first electroplating anode D 1  may be in conformity with or approximately in conformity with a morphology the first surface  21  of the cathode  2 . The first electroplating anode D 1  and the cathode  2  may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on the first surface  21  of the cathode  2 . The second electroplating anode D 2  may oppose the second surface  22  of the cathode  2 . A morphology of the second electroplating anode D 2  may be in conformity with or approximately in conformity with a morphology the second surface  22  of the cathode  2 . The second electroplating anode D 2  and the cathode  2  may form an electric field to deposit an electroplating layer on the second surface  22  of the cathode  2 . 
     The first surface  21  and the second surface  22  of the cathode  2  to be electroplated may be electroplated simultaneously using the first electroplating anode D 1  and the second electroplating anode D 2 . As another example, the first surface  21  of the cathode  2  may be electroplated using the first electroplating anode D 1  first, and then the second surface  22  of the cathode  2  may be electroplated using the second electroplating anode D 2 . As another example, the second surface  22  of the cathode  2  may be electroplated using the second electroplating anode D 2  first, and then the first surface  21  of the cathode  2  may be electroplated using the first electroplating anode D 1 . 
     The electroplating anode  1  (including the first electroplating anode D 1  and the second electroplating anode D 2 ) may include the electroplating anode described in any embodiments of the present disclosure. The electroplating method using the electroplating anode  1  may include the electroplating method described in any embodiments of the present disclosure.