Patent Publication Number: US-2020283741-A1

Title: Glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant and method for measurement

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention concerns glycated hemoglobin oxidase exerting activity on a plurality of types of glycated hemoglobin and a method for measurement of glycated hemoglobin using the same. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Glycated proteins are generated by non-enzymatic covalent bonding between aldehyde groups in aldoses, such as glucose (monosaccharides potentially containing aldehyde groups and derivatives thereof), and amino groups in proteins, followed by Amadori rearrangement. 
     In particular, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has drawn attention as a glycemic control marker. HbA1c is a protein comprising glucose bound to the α-amino group at the N-terminal (amino-terminal) valine (Val) residue of the hemoglobin “β chain.” The blood HbA1c level reflects the average blood glucose level for a given period of time in the past, and the measured value of HbA1c serves as an important indicator for diagnosis and control of diabetes conditions. 
     Several types of enzymatic methods involving the use of amadoriases have been known as methods for rapidly and simply measuring HbA1c. 
     Amadoriase is a collective term for enzymes that oxidize iminodiacetic acid or a derivative thereof (also referred to as an “amadori compound”) in the presence of oxygen to catalyze a reaction to generate glyoxylic acid or α-ketoaldehyde, amino acid or peptide, and hydrogen peroxide. Amadoriases are known to be useful for measuring HbA1c by enzymatic methods. An example of a substrate that is known to be oxidized by amadoriases is α-fructosyl-valyl-histidine (hereafter referred to as “αFVH”). 
     Amadoriases have been found in bacteria, yeast, and fungi. For example, amadoriases derived from the genera  Coniochaeta, Eupenicillium, Pyrenochaeta, Arthrinium, Curvularia, Neocosmospora, Cryptococcus, Phaeosphaeria, Aspergillus, Emericella, Ulocladium, Penicillium, Fusarium, Achaetomiella, Achaetomium, Thielavia, Chaetomium, Gelasinospora, Microascus, Leptosphaeria, Ophiobolus, Pleospora, Coniochaetidium, Pichia, Debaryomyces, Corynebacterium, Agrobacterium , and  Arthrobacter  have been reported (e.g., Patent Documents 1 and 6 to 15 and Non-Patent Documents 1 to 9). These genera may be referred to as the genera  Coniochaeta  etc. in this description. In some of the documents mentioned above, an amadoriase may also be referred to as, for example, ketoamine oxidase, fructosyl amino acid oxidase, fructosyl peptide oxidase, or fructosyl amine oxidase and the like. 
     Methods for rapidly and readily measuring HbA1c with the use of various types of amadoriases as described above include a method in which HbA1c is degraded with a cleavage enzyme such as a protease or peptidase (hereafter referred to as “protease(s) or the like”), and a particular target substance released from the β chain amino terminus of HbA1c is quantified with the use of amadoriases as described above is known (e.g., Patent Documents 1 to 7). 
     Specifically, a method is known in which HbA1c is degraded with a particular protease or the like, αFVH is released from the β chain amino terminus thereof, and the released αFVH is quantified. 
     According to a further method, HbA1c is digested using a protease, α-fructosyl hexapeptide (α-fructosyl-valyl-histidyl-leucyl-threonyl-prolyl-glutamic acid, hereafter referred to as “aF6P”) is released, and the released aF6P is then quantified (e.g., Patent Documents 16 to 18). This method is an enzymatic method for measurement of HbA1c in line with the HbA1c measurement method defined by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) (Non-Patent Document 10). 
     In addition, an amadoriase that directly oxidizes the β chain of HbA1 to generate hydrogen peroxide without the need of pretreatment with a protease as well as a method for measurement of HbA1c using the same have been reported (Patent Documents 20, 21, and 22). Such amadoriase can be referred to as “A1c oxidase (A1cOX).” 
     PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS 
     Patent Documents 
     
         
         Patent Document 1: WO 2004/104203 
         Patent Document 2: WO 2005/49857 
         Patent Document 3: JP 2001-95598 A 
         Patent Document 4: JP H05-33997 B (1993) 
         Patent Document 5: JP H11-127895 A (1999) 
         Patent Document 6: WO 97/13872 
         Patent Document 7: JP 2011-229526 A 
         Patent Document 8: JP 2003-235585 A 
         Patent Document 9: JP 2004-275013 A 
         Patent Document 10: JP 2004-275063 A 
         Patent Document 11: JP 2010-35469 A 
         Patent Document 12: JP 2010-57474 A 
         Patent Document 13: WO 2010/41715 
         Patent Document 14: WO 2010/41419 
         Patent Document 15: WO 2011/15325 
         Patent Document 16: WO 2004/38034 
         Patent Document 17: WO 2008/108385 
         Patent Document 18: WO 2013/162035 
         Patent Document 19: WO 2015/005257 
         Patent Document 20: WO 2015/060429 
         Patent Document 21: WO 2016/159384 
         Patent Document 22: WO 2015/005257 
         Patent Document 23: WO 2012/018094 
       
    
     Non-Patent Documents 
     
         
         Non-Patent Document 1: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 311, 104-11, 2003 
         Non-Patent Document 2: Biotechnol. Bioeng. 106, 358-66, 2010 
         Non-Patent Document 3: J. Biosci. Bioeng. 102, 241-3, 2006 
         Non-Patent Document 4: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74, 813-9, 2007 
         Non-Patent Document 5: Eur. J. Biochem. 242, 499-505, 1996 
         Non-Patent Document 6: March Biotechnol. 6, 625-32, 2004 
         Non-Patent Document 7: Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 66, 1256-61, 2002 
         Non-Patent Document 8: Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 66, 2323-29, 2002 
         Non-Patent Document 9: Biotechnol. Letters 27, 27-32, 2005 
         Non-Patent Document 10: Jeppsson J O, et al, Approved IFCC reference method for the measurement of HbA1c in human blood, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 40, 78-89, 2002 
         Non-Patent Document 11: J. Biol. Chem., 283, 27007-27016, 2008 
         Non-Patent Document 12: Proteins, 84, 744-758, 2016 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Objects to Be Attained by the Invention 
     The present inventor reported a method for measurement of HbA1c using an amadoriase that directly oxidizes the β chain of HbA1c to generate hydrogen peroxide without the need of pretreatment with a protease; i.e., A1cOX (Patent Documents 20 and 21). The present inventor conducted various tests using such enzyme and obtained findings showing that relative activity of A1cOX on hemoglobin C in which the α-amino group of Val at the N terminus of the β chain has been glycated (referred to as “HbC1c” herein) or on hemoglobin S in which the α-amino group of Val at the N terminus of the β chain is glycated (referred to as “HbS1c” herein) would be unexpectedly lower than activity on HbA1c. 
     That is, three types of α-fructosyl octapeptides (αF8P) indicated below were prepared as model substrates: 
     α-fru-V-H-L-T-P-E-E-K (referred to as “HbA1c-type αF8P” herein);
 
α-fru-V-H-L-T-P-V-E-K (referred to as “HbS1c-type αF8P” herein); and
 
α-fru-V-H-L-T-P-K-E-K (referred to as “HbC1c-type αF8P” herein).
 
     The term “HbA1c-type αF8P” refers to α-fructosyl-valyl-histidyl-leucyl-threonyl-prolyl-glutamyl-glutamyl-lysine, which is a glycated substrate corresponding to N-terminal 8 amino acids of HbA1c. In HbA1c-type αF8P, position 6 is glutamic acid (E6). In HbS1c-type αF8P, position 6 is valine (E6V mutation). In HbC1c-type αF8P, position 6 is lysine (E6K mutation). That is, in HbS1c-type αF8P and HbC1c-type αF8P, a mutation has occurred at position 6, and each mutation corresponds to HbS1c and HbC1c, respectively. 
     Relative activity of A1cOX on these substrates described above (10 μM) was compared and it was found that when activity on HbA1c-type αF8P is designated 100%, activity on HbS1c-type αF8P was 39%, and activity on HbC1c-type αF8P was 11%. 
     Hemoglobin S (HbS) is an inherited variant of hemoglobin A observed in some populations, and glutamic acid at the 6th position from the N terminus of the β chain of hemoglobin A (i.e., position 6 when valine at the N terminus is designated to be the position 1) is substituted with valine (E6V mutation). Further, hemoglobin C (HbC) is an inherited variant of hemoglobin A observed in some populations, and glutamic acid at the 6th position from the N terminus of the β chain of hemoglobin A (i.e., position 6 when valine at the N terminus is designated to be the position 1) is been substituted with lysine (E6K mutation). When glycated hemoglobin is measured using A1cOX with regard to subject having the HbS or HbC genotype, in view of the finding that relative activity of the αF8P substrate corresponding to the inherited hemoglobin is low, the measured value may be different from the true value. 
     Under such circumstances, the present inventor discovered a novel object, namely that it is necessary to provide a glycated hemoglobin oxidase that can react not only with HbA1c but also with the genotypes such as HbS1c or HbC1c. That is, it is an object of the present invention to provide a glycated hemoglobin oxidase that can act not only on HbA1c but also on HbS1c and/or HbC1c, and a method for measurement using the same. 
     Means for Attaining the Object 
     The present inventor carried out concentrated studies in order to attain the above objects. As a result, the present inventor found that by introducing a particular amino acid substitution into A1cOX, a modified amadoriase exhibiting improved relative activity on HbS1c and/or HbC1c, compared with activity on HbA1c could be obtained, thereby completing the present invention. 
     Specifically, the present invention encompasses the following. 
     [1] A method for measurement of HbS1c or HbC1c in a sample comprising a step of allowing glycated hemoglobin oxidase to act on a sample that can contain HbS1c or HbC1c.
 
[2] The method according to [1], wherein the amount of a reduced compound generated by the action of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is measured.
 
[3] The method according to [2], wherein the reduced compound to be measured is hydrogen peroxide.
 
[4] The method according to any of [1] to [3], wherein the glycated hemoglobin oxidase has properties (a) and/or (b):
 
(a) the ratio of activity on HbS1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c), is 0.45 or more; and
 
(b) the ratio of activity on HbC1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c), is 0.15 or more.
 
[5] The method according to any of [1] to [4], wherein the glycated hemoglobin oxidase has an optimal pH range of 6 to 8, an operative pH range of 5 to 9, an optimal temperature range of 25° C. to 40° C., and a molecular weight of about 45 to 55 KDa on SDS-PAGE.
 
[6] The method according to any of [1] to [5], wherein the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is a glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant selected from the group consisting of (i) to (viii) below:
 
(i) a glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant, wherein, when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 113 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(ii) a glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant, wherein, when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 109 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(iii) a glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant, wherein, when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 106 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(iv) a glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant, wherein, when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 102 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(v) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant as defined in (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) comprising an amino acid sequence having a substitution, deletion, or addition of 1 or several amino acids at positions other than those corresponding to positions 113, 109, 106, and 102 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1;
 
(vi) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant as defined in (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) comprising an amino acid sequence having 70% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length, wherein the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 239 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 282 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamic acid, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 376 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 418 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is arginine, and the amino acid sequence of the positions corresponding to positions 15 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Gly-Xaa-Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly, wherein Xaa indicates any amino acid;
 
(vii) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant as defined in (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) comprising an amino acid sequence having 70% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length and having 90% or higher sequence identity between the amino acid sequence of the homologous region of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 and the amino acid sequence of the homologous region of the corresponding positions of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase; and
 
(viii) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant as defined in (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) comprising an amino acid sequence having 50% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length and having 70% or higher sequence identity between the amino acid sequence of a homologous region of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 and the amino acid sequence of a homologous region of the corresponding positions of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase, wherein the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 239 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 282 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamic acid, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 376 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 418 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is arginine, and the amino acid sequence of the positions corresponding to positions 15 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Gly-Xaa-Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly, wherein Xaa indicates any amino acid.
 
[7] Glycated hemoglobin oxidase for measurement of HbS1c or HbC1c in a sample.
 
[8] The glycated hemoglobin oxidase according to [7], which is allowed to act on HbS1c or HbC1c and used to measure the amount of the reduced compound generated.
 
[9] The glycated hemoglobin oxidase according to [8], wherein the reduced compound generated is hydrogen peroxide.
 
[10] The glycated hemoglobin oxidase according to any of [7] to [9], which has properties (a) and/or (b):
 
(a) the ratio of activity on HbS1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c), is 0.45 or more; and
 
(b) the ratio of activity on HbC1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c), is 0.15 or more.
 
[11] The glycated hemoglobin oxidase according to any of [7] to [10], which has an optimal pH range of 6 to 8, an operative pH range of 5 to 9, an optimal temperature range of 25° C. to 40° C., and a molecular weight of about 45 to 55 KDa on SDS-PAGE.
 
[12] The glycated hemoglobin oxidase according to any of [7] to [11], which is selected from the group consisting of (i) to (viii) below:
 
(i) a glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant, wherein, when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 113 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(ii) a glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant, wherein, when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 109 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(iii) a glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant, wherein, when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 106 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(iv) a glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant, wherein, when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 102 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(v) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant as defined in (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) comprising an amino acid sequence having a substitution, deletion, or addition of 1 or several amino acids at positions other than those corresponding to positions 113, 109, 106, and 102 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1;
 
(vi) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant as defined in (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) comprising an amino acid sequence having 70% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length, wherein the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 239 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 282 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamic acid, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 376 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 418 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is arginine, and the amino acid sequence of the positions corresponding to positions 15 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Gly-Xaa-Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly, wherein Xaa indicates any amino acid;
 
(vii) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant as defined in (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) comprising an amino acid sequence having 70% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length and having 90% or higher sequence identity between the amino acid sequence of the homologous region of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 and the amino acid sequence of the homologous region of the corresponding positions of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase; and
 
(viii) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant as defined in (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) comprising an amino acid sequence having 50% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length and having 70% or higher sequence identity between the amino acid sequence of a homologous region of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 45 and the amino acid sequence of a homologous region of the corresponding positions of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase, wherein the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 239 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 282 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamic acid, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 376 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 418 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is arginine, and the amino acid sequence of the positions corresponding to positions 15 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Gly-Xaa-Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly, wherein Xaa indicates any amino acid.
 
[13] The glycated hemoglobin oxidase according to any of [7] to [12], based on an amadoriase of the genus  Coniochaeta, Eupenicillium, Pyrenochaeta, Arthrinium, Curvularia, Neocosmospora, Cryptococcus, Phaeosphaeria, Aspergillus, Emericella, Ulocladium , or  Penicillium.  
 
[14] The glycated hemoglobin oxidase according to [13], wherein the amadoriase is derived from  Coniochaeta  sp.,  Eupenicillium terrenum, Pyrenochaeta  sp.,  Arthrinium  sp.,  Curvularia clavata, Neocosmospora vasinfecta, Cryptococcus neoformans, Phaeosphaeria nodorum, Aspergillus nidulans, Emericella nidulans, Ulocladium  sp.,  Penicillium  janthinelum, or  Penicillium chrysogenum.  
 
[15] A reagent composition for measurement of HbS1c or HbC1c comprising the glycated hemoglobin oxidase according to any of [7] to [14].
 
[16] A gene encoding the glycated hemoglobin oxidase according to any of [7] to [14].
 
[17] A vector comprising the gene according to [16].
 
[18] A host cell comprising the vector according to [17].
 
[19] A method for producing glycated hemoglobin oxidase comprising the following steps:
 
(i) culturing the host cell according to [18] under conditions where the glycated hemoglobin oxidase can be expressed; and
 
(ii) isolating the glycated hemoglobin oxidase from a culture product or culture solution.
 
[20] A method for producing glycated hemoglobin oxidase by modifying an amadoriase or A1c oxidase comprising the following steps:
 
(i) obtaining an amadoriase gene or A1c oxidase gene;
 
(ii) integrating the amadoriase gene or A1c oxidase gene into a vector, transforming a host cell, expressing the amadoriase or A1c oxidase, and isolating the expressed product;
 
(iii) measuring the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or the relative activity (HbClc/HbA1c) of the expressed product;
 
(iv) modifying the amadoriase gene or A1c oxidase gene such that, when the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase or A1c oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 113, 109, 106, or 102 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(v) integrating the modified gene into a vector, transforming a host cell, expressing the modified amadoriase or A1c oxidase, and isolating the expressed product;
 
(vi) measuring the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of the expressed product of the modified amadoriase or A1c oxidase and comparing the measured values with the values measured in step (iii);
 
(vii) when the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) of the modified amadoriase or A1c oxidase is 1.1 times or greater than the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) of the amadoriase or A1c oxidase before modification and/or the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of the modified amadoriase or A1c oxidase is 1.1 times or greater than the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of the amadoriase or A1c oxidase before modification, designating the modified amadoriase or A1c oxidase as the glycated hemoglobin oxidase; and
 
(viii) repeating steps (iv) to (vi) on the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of step (vii), according to need.
 
     The present specification encompasses the contents described in the description and/or drawings of Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-167890, which is a priority document of the present application. 
     Effects of the Invention 
     The present invention provides a glycated hemoglobin oxidase that recognizes not only HbA1c but also glycated hemoglobins of genotypes such as HbS1c and HbC1c. Such enzyme can be used for a reagent for measurement of glycated hemoglobin that can be applied to various genotypes. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1-1  is a first diagram showing amino acid sequence identity among various known amadoriases. In addition to Co ( Coniochaeta  sp.), Et ( Eupenicillium terrenum ), Py ( Pyrenochaeta  sp.), Ar ( Arthrinium  sp.), Cc ( Curvularia clavata ), and Nv ( Neocosmospora vasinfecta ), Cn ( Cryptococcus neoformans ), Pn ( Phaeosphaeria nodorum ), An ( Aspergillus nidulans ), En ( Emericella nidulans ), Ul ( Ulocladium  sp.), and Pj ( Penicillium janthinelum ) are aligned. 
         FIG. 1-2  is continued from  FIG. 1-1 . 
         FIG. 1-3  is continued from  FIG. 1-2 . 
         FIG. 1-4  is continued from  FIG. 1-3 . 
         FIG. 1-5  is continued from  FIG. 1-4 . 
         FIG. 2-1  is a diagram showing amino acid sequence identity and similar amino acids among various known amadoriases. In addition to the amadoriases shown in  FIG. 1 , Ao2, Af2, At, Fo, Ao1, Af1, Pi, and Dh were aligned. 
         FIG. 2-2  is continued from  FIG. 2-1 . 
         FIG. 2-3  is continued from  FIG. 2-2 . 
         FIG. 2-4  is continued from  FIG. 2-3 . 
         FIG. 2-5  is continued from  FIG. 2-4 . 
         FIG. 2-6  is continued from  FIG. 2-5 . 
         FIG. 2-7  is continued from  FIG. 2-6 . 
         FIG. 2-8  is continued from  FIG. 2-7 . 
         FIG. 2-9  is continued from  FIG. 2-8 . 
         FIG. 2-10  is continued from  FIG. 2-9 . 
     
    
    
     EMBODIMENTS FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is described in detail as follows. 
     (Glycated Hemoglobin, Hemoglobin A1c, Glycated HbS, and Glycated HbC) 
     Examples of hemoglobin include, hemoglobin A (HbA) as normal hemoglobin, as well as abnormal hemoglobin, such as hemoglobin S (HbS) and hemoglobin C (HbC). The term “glycated hemoglobin” used herein refers to non-enzymatically glycated hemoglobin. The term “glycated hemoglobin” used herein encompasses not only glycated HbA but also glycated abnormal hemoglobin, such as glycated HbS and glycated HbC. Glycated hemoglobin is present in, for example, the blood in vivo. Among various types of glycated hemoglobin, in particular, glycated hemoglobin in which valine at the N-terminus of the HbA β chain is glycated is referred to as “hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).” Various types of glycated HbS or HbC may be present depending on a type of sugar bound to the β chain. For the convenience of description, the term “glycated HbS” used herein refers to glycated HbS in which valine at the amino terminus of the HbS β chain is glycated (which may also be referred to as “HbS1c”), unless otherwise specified. Further, the term “glycated HbC” used herein refers to glycated HbC in which valine at the amino terminus of the HbC β chain is glycated (which may also be referred to as “HbC1c”), unless otherwise specified. 
     (Glycated Peptide and Fructosyl Peptide) 
     The term “glycated peptide” used herein refers to a non-enzymatically-glycated peptide derived from a glycated protein and this includes peptides that are directly and non-enzymatically glycated, products of degradation of glycated proteins by a protease or the like, and products of glycation of (poly)peptides constituting glycated proteins are included in glycated peptides. A “glycated peptide” may also be referred to as a “fructosyl peptide.” Regarding glycated proteins, examples of amino groups in the glycated peptide side chain include an amino terminal α-amino group and a ε-amino group in the lysine side chain within a peptide. In the present invention, however, the glycated peptide is, more specifically, an α-glycated peptide in which an α-amino group is glycated (α-fructosyl peptide). 
     (Substrate Specificity) 
     The glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention acts directly on HbA1c and more specifically, on the β chain of HbA1c. The phrase glycated hemoglobin oxidase acts directly means an amadoriase acts on the fructosyl group at the N-terminus of the β chain of the glycated hemoglobin in the presence of oxygen, and 2-keto-D-glucose, hydrogen peroxide, and hemoglobin β chain are generated. In addition, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention acts on HbA1c-type αF8P. More significantly, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention acts not only on HbA1c-type αF8P but also on HbS1c-type αF8P and/or HbC1c-type αF8P. Since it is known that amadoriase that acts on HbA1c-type αF8P also acts on HbA1c (Patent Document 21), it is rationally considered that the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention acts not only on HbA1c but also on glycated HbS and/or glycated HbC. That is, in one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention acts not only on HbA1c but also on glycated HbS and/or Glycated HbC. 
     (Relative activity of glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant) 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention has improved relative activity on HbS1c-type αF8P, compared with the A1c oxidase before modification. The term “relative activity on HbS1c-type αF8P” refers to the ratio of activity on HbS1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P (normal αF8P), that is, activity on HbS1c-type αF8P/activity on HbA1c-type αF8P, when the enzyme amount and reaction conditions are maintained constant. For the convenience of description, activity on HbS1c-type αF8P/activity on HbA1c-type αF8P may be referred to herein as relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c). 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention has improved relative activity on HbC1c-type αF8P, compared with the A1c oxidase before modification. The term “relative activity on HbC1c-type αF8P” refers to the ratio of activity on HbC1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P, that is, activity on HbC1c-type αF8P/activity on HbA1c-type αF8P, when the enzyme amount and the reaction conditions are maintained constant. For the convenience of description, activity on HbC1c-type αF8P/activity on HbA1c-type αF8P may be referred to herein as relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c). 
     That is, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention has enhanced relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c), compared with the A1c oxidase before modification. Incidentally, while the relative activity is defined herein with reference to the model substrate αF8P, this is merely for the convenience of description and it is rationally considered that such feature is applicable to relative activity on various types of glycated hemoglobins as well. 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention may have the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) that is, for example, 1.1 times, 1.2 times, 1.3 times, 1.4 times, 1.5 times, 2.0 times, 2.5 times, or for example 2.6 times or greater than the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) of the amadoriase before modification. For example, when the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) of A1cOX before modification is 0.39 and the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase after modification is 0.77, then the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) after modification is about 1.97 times greater than that before modification. 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention may have the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) that is, for example, 1.1 times, 1.2 times, 1.3 times, 1.4 times, 1.5 times, 2.0 times, 2.5 times, 3.0 times, 4.0 times, 5.0 times, 6.0 times, 7.0 times, 8.0 times, or for example 8.3 times or greater than the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of the amadoriase before modification. For example, when the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of A1cOX before modification is 0.11 and the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase after modification is 0.91, then the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) after modification is about 8.3 times greater than that before modification. 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention may have the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) that is, for example, 0.4 or greater, 0.41 or greater, 0.42 or greater, 0.43 or greater, 0.44 or greater, 0.45 or greater, 0.5 or greater, 0.55 or greater, 0.6 or greater, 0.65 or greater, 0.7 or greater, 0.75 or greater, 0.8 or greater, 0.85 or greater, 0.9 or greater, or for example 0.95 or greater. In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention may have the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) that is, for example, 0.10 or greater, 0.11 or greater, 0.12 or greater, 0.13 or greater, 0.14 or greater, 0.15 or greater, 0.16 or greater, 0.17 or greater, 0.18 or greater, 0.19 or greater, 0.2 or greater, 0.25 or greater, 0.3 or greater, 0.35 or greater, 0.4 or greater, 0.5 or greater, 0.6 or greater, 0.7 or greater, 0.8 or greater, or for example 0.9 or greater. 
     The glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention not only acts on HbA1c but also has enhanced relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) and, therefore, can be used for measurement of a sample containing glycated HbS or glycated HbC, and the problem of deviation occurring between the measured value and the true value can be avoided. 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention is capable of accurately measuring glycated hemoglobin in a sample, and does not cause a deviation (discrepancy) between the measured value and the true value. In one embodiment, the phrase no deviation (discrepancy) between the measured value and the true value refers to the measured value not being less than 90 (an arbitrary unit) or over 110 when the level of glycated hemoglobin that is actually contained in the sample is 100 (an arbitrary unit). 
     (Amadoriase) 
     An amadoriase is also referred to as ketoamine oxidase, fructosyl amino acid oxidase, fructosyl peptide oxidase, or fructosyl amine oxidase, and is an enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction that oxidizes iminodiacetic acid or a derivative thereof (Amadori compound) in the presence of oxygen to generate glyoxylic acid or α-ketoaldehyde, an amino acid or peptide, and hydrogen peroxide. Amadoriases are widely distributed in nature and can be obtained by searching for enzymes from sources of microorganisms, animals, or plants. With regard to microorganisms, amadoriases can be obtained from, for example, filamentous fungi, yeast, or bacteria. 
     An amadoriase can be obtained from microorganisms of the genera, for example,  Coniochaeta, Eupenicillium, Pyrenochaeta, Arthrinium, Curvularia, Neocosmospora, Cryptococcus, Phaeosphaeria, Aspergillus, Emericella, Ulocladium, Penicillium, Fusarium, Achaetomiella, Achaetomium, Thielavia, Chaetomium, Gelasinospora, Microascus, Leptosphaeria, Ophiobolus, Pleospora, Coniochaetidium, Pichia, Corynebacterium, Agrobacterium , or  Arthrobacter.    
     (Obtaining a Gene Encoding an Amadoriase) 
     In order to obtain a gene encoding an amadoriase (hereinafter, also referred to simply as “amadoriase gene”), common gene cloning methods can be employed. For example, chromosomal DNA or mRNA can be extracted from a microorganism fungus body or various cells having an ability to produce an amadoriase by a conventional technique, such as a method described in “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (WILEY Interscience, 1989). In addition, cDNA can be synthesized using mRNA as the template. A chromosomal DNA or cDNA library can be made using the chromosomal DNA or cDNA obtained in such a manner. 
     Subsequently, DNA including the entire sequence of a target amadoriase gene can be obtained by a method of synthesizing an appropriate probe DNA based on the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase mentioned above and selecting an amadoriase gene from a chromosomal DNA or cDNA library using the probe DNA. Alternatively, an appropriate primer DNA may be produced based on the amino acid sequence mentioned above, a DNA including the target gene fragment encoding the amadoriase may be amplified by using an appropriate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, such as the 5′ RACE or 3′ RACE method, and the resulting DNA fragments may then be linked. 
     An example of an amadoriase gene is an amadoriase gene derived from the genus  Coniochaeta  (JP 2003-235585 A). Other examples include amadoriase genes derived from the genus  Phaeosphaeria , amadoriase genes derived from the genus  Neocosmospora , amadoriase genes derived from the genus  Aspergillus , amadoriase genes derived from the genus  Cryptococcus , amadoriase genes derived from the genus  Curvularia , and amadoriase genes derived from the genus  Eupenicillium.    
     An amadoriase gene may be linked to a vector. Any vector, such as a plasmid, bacteriophage, or cosmid vector can be used, and an example thereof is pBluescriptll SK+(manufactured by Stratagene Corporation). The amadoriase gene derived from the strain  Coniochaeta  sp. NISL 9330 and the plasmid comprising the same are disclosed in WO 2007/125779. The amadoriase gene derived from the strain  Eupenicillium  terrenum ATCC 18547 and the plasmid comprising the same are disclosed in WO 2007/125779. The amadoriase gene derived from the strain  Aspergillus nidulans  FGSC A26 and the plasmid comprising the same are disclosed in WO 2012/018094. The amadoriase gene derived from a strain of  Cryptococcus neoformans  and the plasmid comprising the same are disclosed in WO 2012/018094. The amadoriase gene derived from a strain of  Neocosmospora vasinfecta  and the plasmid comprising the same are disclosed in WO 2012/018094. A plasmid may be obtained in accordance with conventional techniques. For example, a plasmid comprising an amadoriase gene can be extracted and purified with the use of the GenElute Plasmid Miniprep Kit (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich). For example, the obtained amadoriase gene may be subjected to engineering to prepare an A1cOX gene or a purified enzyme can be obtained therefrom with reference to the teaching of Patent Documents 20 to 22. 
     (Mutation Treatment of Amadoriase Gene) 
     Mutation treatment of an amadoriase gene can be performed by any known method depending on the intended form of mutation. More specifically, a method of bringing a chemical mutagen into contact with and allowing to act on an amadoriase gene or recombinant DNA comprising such gene integrated therein, an ultraviolet irradiation method, a genetic engineering technique, a method of making full use of a protein engineering technique, or various other methods can be extensively used. 
     Examples of chemical mutagens used in the mutation mentioned above include hydroxylamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, nitrous acid, sulfurous acid, hydrazine, formic acid, and 5-bromouracil. 
     Various conditions for the contact/reactions may be employed depending on the type of a drug to be used, and such conditions are not particularly limited where a desired mutation can be actually induced in an amadoriase gene. In general, the desired mutation can be induced by contact/reactions performed at 20° C. to 80° C. for 10 minutes or longer, and preferably 10 to 180 minutes, with the use of the drug mentioned above at the concentration of 0.5 M to 12 M. The ultraviolet irradiation may be also performed according to a conventional technique as described above (Gendai Kagaku, pp. 24-30, June, 1989). 
     As a method making extensive use of protein engineering techniques, in general, a technique known as site-specific mutagenesis can be used. Examples include the Kramer method (Nucleic Acids Res., 12, 9441, 1984; Methods Enzymol., 154, 350, 1987; Gene, 37, 73, 1985), the Eckstein method (Nucleic Acids Res., 13, 8749, 1985; Nucleic Acids Res., 13, 8765, 1985; Nucleic Acids Res, 14, 9679, 1986), and the Kunkel method (Proc. Natl. Acid. Sci. U.S.A., 82, 488, 1985; Methods Enzymol., 154, 367, 1987). 
     A general PCR technique can also be used (Technique, 1, 11, 1989). In addition to the conventional genetic mutation technique, the modified amadoriase genes of interest or the glycated hemoglobin oxidase gene can be directly synthesized by an organic synthesis method or an enzyme synthesis method. 
     The nucleotide sequences of the amadoriase genes may be verified by, for example, using a multi-capillary DNA analysis system or Applied Biosystems 3130x Genetic Analyzer (Life Technologies). 
     (Transformation/Transduction) 
     The amadoriase gene can be integrated into a vector such as a bacteriophage vector, a cosmid vector, or a plasmid vector used in transformation of a procaryotic or eucaryotic cell by conventional techniques. With the use thereof, a host corresponding to each vector can be transformed or transduced by conventional techniques. Examples of hosts of  E. coli  include, but are not limited to, various strains of  E. coli , such as a K-12 strain, a JM109 strain (Takara Bio Inc.), and an DH5a strain (Takara Bio Inc.). 
     (A1cOX) 
     Among amadoriases, those that act directly on HbA1c may be referred to as “A1c oxidase (A1cOX).” An A1cOX gene can be prepared from the amadoriase gene described above based on the teaching of Patent Documents 20 to 22. Genes equivalent thereto can also be utilized in the present invention. 
     For example, Patent Documents 20 and 21 disclose A1cOX based on the amadoriase derived from  Coniochaeta  sp. NISL 9330 (SEQ ID NO: 1). Patent Document 21 discloses A1cOX having high specific activity on αF8P. The descriptions thereof are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The table below shows the mutations that A1cOX can have and the positions thereof. In the table, the amino acid (one letter code) at the left of the indicated position is the wild-type amino acid and the amino acid at the right is the amino acid after substitution. When a plurality of amino acids are disclosed as amino acids after substitution, candidates are separated by commas. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 WO 2015/060429 
                 WO 2016/159384 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A1cOX (CFP-T7 variants) 
                 A1cOX (CFP-T7 variants) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   Coniochaeta  sp. 
                   Coniochaeta  sp. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 aa position 
                 SEQ 1 
                 SEQ 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 62 
                 R62(A, N, D, Q, E, G, V, 
                 R62(A, N, D, Q, E, G, V, 
               
               
                   
                 L, I, C, S, T, P) 
                 L, I, C, S, M, T, P) 
               
               
                 63 
                 L63(H, A) 
                 L63(H, A, G) 
               
               
                 102 
                 E102(K) 
                 E102(K) 
               
               
                 106 
                 D106(A, K, R) 
                 D106(A, K, R) 
               
               
                 110 
                 Q110(L, Y) 
                 Q110(L, Y, F, H) 
               
               
                 113 
                 A113(K, R) 
                 A113(K, R) 
               
               
                 355 
                 A355(S) 
                 A355(S) 
               
               
                 419 
                 A419(K) 
                 A419(K) 
               
               
                 68 
                 D68(N) 
                 D68(N) 
               
               
                 356 
                 A356(T) 
                 A356(T) 
               
               
                 64 
                   
                 R64(G, S, M, L, T, V, I) 
               
               
                 99 
                   
                 H99(S) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Positions in the sequences of amadoriases of other origins that correspond to positions 62, 63, 102, 106, 110, 113, 355, 419, 68, 356, 64, and 99 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are as shown in the table below. Corresponding positions will be explained elswhere. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CFP-T7 
                 EFP-T5 
                 PyFX 
                 ArFX 
                 CcFX 
                 NvFX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   Coniochaeta 
                 
                 
                   E. 
                 
                 
                   Pyrenochaeta 
                 
                 
                   Arthrinium 
                 
                 
                   C. 
                 
                 
                   N. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 sp. 
                 
                   terrenum 
                 
                 sp. 
                 sp. 
                 
                   clavata 
                 
                 
                   vasinfecta 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 1 
                 SEQ 3 
                 SEQ 4 
                 SEQ 5 
                 SEQ 6 
                 SEQ 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
               
               
                 63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
               
               
                 102 
                 E102 
                 E102 
                 K102 
                 K102 
                 E102 
                 E102 
               
               
                 106 
                 D106 
                 N106 
                 D106 
                 A106 
                 D106 
                 G106 
               
               
                 110 
                 Q110 
                 K110 
                 A110 
                 Q110 
                 A110 
                 E110 
               
               
                 113 
                 A113 
                 T113 
                 T113 
                 T113 
                 A113 
                 K113 
               
               
                 355 
                 A355 
                 A355 
                 A353 
                 A356 
                 A353 
                 S355 
               
               
                 419 
                 A419 
                 G419 
                 A418 
                 A421 
                 A418 
                 A420 
               
               
                 68 
                 D68 
                 D68 
                 D68 
                 D68 
                 D68 
                 D68 
               
               
                 356 
                 A356 
                 N356 
                 A354 
                 A357 
                 A354 
                 A356 
               
               
                 64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
               
               
                 99 
                 H99 
                 S99 
                 H99 
                 G99 
                 H99 
                 S99 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CnFX 
                 PnFX 
                 AnFX 
                 EnFX 
                 UlFX 
                 PjFX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   C. 
                 
                 
                   P. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   E. 
                 
                 
                   Ulocladium 
                 
                 
                   P. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   neoformans 
                 
                 
                   nodorum 
                 
                 
                   nidulans 
                 
                 
                   nidulans 
                 
                 sp. 
                 
                   janthinellum 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 8 
                 SEQ 9 
                 SEQ 10 
                 SEQ 11 
                 SEQ 12 
                 SEQ 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 R62 
                 S62 
                 R61 
                 R61 
                 R62 
                 R62 
               
               
                 63 
                 I63 
                 L63 
                 L62 
                 L62 
                 L63 
                 L63 
               
               
                 102 
                 E102 
                 K102 
                 E101 
                 E101 
                 K102 
                 E102 
               
               
                 106 
                 S106 
                 D106 
                 G105 
                 K105 
                 D106 
                 S106 
               
               
                 110 
                 S110 
                 G110 
                 K109 
                 R109 
                 A110 
                 K110 
               
               
                 113 
                 A113 
                 A113 
                 S112 
                 S112 
                 A113 
                 D113 
               
               
                 355 
                 A355 
                 A351 
                 A355 
                 A355 
                 A353 
                 A355 
               
               
                 419 
                 A420 
                 S416 
                 A420 
                 A420 
                 A418 
                 S419 
               
               
                 68 
                 D68 
                 D68 
                 D67 
                 D67 
                 D68 
                 D68 
               
               
                 356 
                 N356 
                 A352 
                 N356 
                 N356 
                 A354 
                 N356 
               
               
                 64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R63 
                 R63 
                 R64 
                 R64 
               
               
                 99 
                 H99 
                 H99 
                 S98 
                 S98 
                 H99 
                 S99 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CFP-T7 
                 Ao2 
                 Af2 
                 At 
                 Fo 
                 Ao1 
                 Af1 
                 Pi 
                 Dh 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   Coniochaeta 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   F. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   Pichia 
                 
                 
                   D. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 sp. 
                 
                   oryzae 
                 
                 
                   fumigatus 
                 
                 
                   terreus 
                 
                 
                   oxysporum 
                 
                 
                   oryzae 
                 
                 
                   fumigatus 
                 
                 sp. 
                 
                   hansenii 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 1 
                 SEQ 14 
                 SEQ 15 
                 SEQ 16 
                 SEQ 17 
                 SEQ 18 
                 SEQ 19 
                 SEQ 20 
                 SEQ 21 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 62 
                 R62 
                 G58 
                 G58 
                 G58 
                 L59 
                 R61 
                 S61 
                 D53 
                 T56 
               
               
                 63 
                 L63 
                 Q59 
                 Q59 
                 Q59 
                 S60 
                 E62 
                 E62 
                 Y54 
                 S57 
               
               
                 102 
                 E102 
                 A104 
                 E104 
                 E104 
                 K107 
                 S109 
                 A109 
                 A98 
                 E96 
               
               
                 106 
                 D106 
                 R108 
                 R108 
                 R108 
                 Q111 
                 H113 
                 H113 
                 H102 
                 S100 
               
               
                 110 
                 Q110 
                 R112 
                 R112 
                 R112 
                 D115 
                 H117 
                 D117 
                 Y106 
                 R104 
               
               
                 113 
                 A113 
                 P115 
                 P115 
                 P115 
                 G118 
                 D120 
                 E120 
                 E109 
                 Y107 
               
               
                 355 
                 A355 
                 R341 
                 R343 
                 R342 
                 R347 
                 R350 
                 R350 
                 M332 
                 R332 
               
               
                 419 
                 A419 
                 F410 
                 F412 
                 F411 
                 F416 
                 F419 
                 F419 
                 W400 
                 Y404 
               
               
                 68 
                 D68 
                 K64 
                 K64 
                 K64 
                 K65 
                 E67 
                 S67 
                 A59 
                 — 
               
               
                 356 
                 A356 
                 E342 
                 E344 
                 E343 
                 M348 
                 A351 
                 A351 
                 Q333 
                 H333 
               
               
                 64 
                 R64 
                 Y60 
                 Y60 
                 Y60 
                 T61 
                 V63 
                 L63 
                 V55 
                 D58 
               
               
                 99 
                 H99 
                 C101 
                 C101 
                 T101 
                 S104 
                 H106 
                 H106 
                 S95 
                 T93 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Further, Patent Document 22 discloses a variant based on the amadoriase derived from  Emericella nidulans  (FPDX). The descriptions thereof are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The table below shows the mutations that the FPDX variant can have and the positions thereof. In the table, the positions shown in the left column indicate the positions corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1 herein, and the positions shown in the right column indicate the corresponding positions of the amadoriase. In the table, the amino acid at the left of the indicated position is the wild-type amino acid and the amino acid at the right is the amino acid after substitution. When a plurality of amino acids are disclosed as amino acids after substitution, candidates are separated by commas. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 WO 2015/005257 
               
               
                   
                 Name 
               
               
                   
                 FPOX variants 
               
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
               
                   
                 
                   Emericella nidulans 
                 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
               
                 aa position 
                 SEQ 11 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 62 
                 R61(S) 
               
               
                 63 
                 L62(G) 
               
               
                 64 
                 R63(A) 
               
               
                 72 
                 Y71(S) 
               
               
                 109 
                 M108(K, R) 
               
               
                 116 
                 D115(R) 
               
               
                 76 
                 L75(A, F) 
               
               
                 67 
                 P66(H) 
               
               
                 96 
                 D95(E) 
               
               
                 106 
                 K105(R) 
               
               
                 355 
                 A355(S) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Positions in the sequences of amadoriases of other origins that correspond to positions 62, 63, 64, 72, 109, 116, 76, 67, 96, 106, and 355 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are as shown in the table below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CFP-T7 
                 EFP-T5 
                 PyFX 
                 ArFX 
                 CcFX 
                 NvFX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   Coniochaeta 
                 
                 
                   E. 
                 
                 
                   Pyrenochaeta 
                 
                 
                   Arthrinium 
                 
                 
                   C. 
                 
                 
                   N. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 sp. 
                 
                   terrenum 
                 
                 sp. 
                 sp. 
                 
                   clavata 
                 
                 
                   vasinfecta 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 1 
                 SEQ 3 
                 SEQ 4 
                 SEQ 5 
                 SEQ 6 
                 SEQ 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
                 R62 
               
               
                 63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
                 L63 
               
               
                 64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
               
               
                 72 
                 S72 
                 S72 
                 S72 
                 S72 
                 S72 
                 S72 
               
               
                 109 
                 K109 
                 R109 
                 Q109 
                 Q109 
                 Q109 
                 R109 
               
               
                 116 
                 D116 
                 D116 
                 D116 
                 D116 
                 D116 
                 E116 
               
               
                 76 
                 R76 
                 L76 
                 R76 
                 Q76 
                 R76 
                 R76 
               
               
                 67 
                 V67 
                 P67 
                 V67 
                 V67 
                 V67 
                 V67 
               
               
                 96 
                 096 
                 D96 
                 D96 
                 D96 
                 D96 
                 D96 
               
               
                 106 
                 D106 
                 N106 
                 D106 
                 A106 
                 D106 
                 G106 
               
               
                 355 
                 A355 
                 A355 
                 A353 
                 A356 
                 A353 
                 S355 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CnFX 
                 PnFX 
                 AnFX 
                 EnFX 
                 UlFX 
                 PjFX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   C. 
                 
                 
                   P. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   E. 
                 
                 
                   Ulocladium 
                 
                 
                   P. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   neoformans 
                 
                 
                   nodorum 
                 
                 
                   nidulans 
                 
                 
                   nidulans 
                 
                 sp. 
                 
                   janthinellum 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 8 
                 SEQ 9 
                 SEQ 10 
                 SEQ 11 
                 SEQ 12 
                 SEQ 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 R62 
                 S62 
                 R61 
                 R61 
                 RS2 
                 R62 
               
               
                 63 
                 I63 
                 L63 
                 L62 
                 L62 
                 L63 
                 L63 
               
               
                 64 
                 R64 
                 R64 
                 R63 
                 R63 
                 R64 
                 R64 
               
               
                 72 
                 S72 
                 A72 
                 S71 
                 Y71 
                 S72 
                 S72 
               
               
                 109 
                 K109 
                 S109 
                 K108 
                 M108 
                 Q109 
                 R109 
               
               
                 116 
                 K116 
                 D116 
                 D115 
                 D115 
                 D116 
                 D116 
               
               
                 76 
                 R76 
                 R76 
                 L75 
                 L75 
                 R76 
                 L76 
               
               
                 67 
                 V67 
                 V67 
                 P66 
                 P66 
                 V67 
                 P67 
               
               
                 96 
                 D96 
                 D96 
                 D95 
                 D95 
                 D96 
                 D96 
               
               
                 106 
                 S106 
                 D106 
                 G105 
                 K105 
                 D106 
                 S106 
               
               
                 355 
                 A355 
                 A351 
                 A355 
                 A355 
                 A353 
                 A355 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CFP-T7 
                 Ao2 
                 Af2 
                 At 
                 Fo 
                 Ao1 
                 Af1 
                 Pi 
                 Dh 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   Coniochaeta 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   F. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   Pichia 
                 
                 
                   D. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 sp. 
                 
                   oryzae 
                 
                 
                   fumigatus 
                 
                 
                   terreus 
                 
                 
                   oxysporum 
                 
                 
                   oryzae 
                 
                 
                   fumigatus 
                 
                 sp. 
                 
                   hansenii 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 1 
                 SEQ 14 
                 SEQ 15 
                 SEQ 16 
                 SEQ 17 
                 SEQ 18 
                 SEQ 19 
                 SEQ 20 
                 SEQ 21 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 62 
                 R62 
                 G58 
                 G58 
                 G58 
                 L59 
                 R61 
                 S61 
                 D53 
                 T56 
               
               
                 63 
                 L63 
                 Q59 
                 Q59 
                 Q59 
                 S60 
                 E62 
                 E62 
                 Y54 
                 S57 
               
               
                 64 
                 R64 
                 Y60 
                 Y60 
                 Y60 
                 T61 
                 V63 
                 L63 
                 V55 
                 D58 
               
               
                 72 
                 S72 
                 A74 
                 A74 
                 A74 
                 S77 
                 T79 
                 T79 
                 S68 
                 A66 
               
               
                 109 
                 K109 
                 I111 
                 V111 
                 V111 
                 E114 
                 E116 
                 K116 
                 E105 
                 Y103 
               
               
                 118 
                 D116 
                 E118 
                 D118 
                 E118 
                 I121 
                 D123 
                 E123 
                 K112 
                 G110 
               
               
                 76 
                 R76 
                 F78 
                 F78 
                 F78 
                 A81 
                 L83 
                 L83 
                 L72 
                 L70 
               
               
                 67 
                 V67 
                 K63 
                 N63 
                 K63 
                 S64 
                 S66 
                 G66 
                 L58 
                 — 
               
               
                 96 
                 D96 
                 M98 
                 M98 
                 M98 
                 V101 
                 V103 
                 I103 
                 L92 
                 Y90 
               
               
                 106 
                 D106 
                 R108 
                 R108 
                 R108 
                 Q111 
                 H113 
                 H113 
                 H102 
                 S100 
               
               
                 355 
                 A355 
                 R341 
                 R343 
                 R342 
                 R347 
                 R350 
                 R350 
                 M332 
                 R332 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A1cOX may comprise the mutation(s) indicated above. A person skilled in the art can produce an A1cOX gene with reference to Patent Documents 20 to 22 and the description provided above. In one embodiment, for example, A1cOX may comprise, at the position corresponding to position 62 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acid substitution with an amino acid other than arginine, such as the amino acid indicated in the table above, and further, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, or other amino acid. In addition, A1cOX may comprise substitution of 1 or more or 2 or more amino acids, such as 3 amino acids at positions selected from the group consisting of the position corresponding to position 63, the position corresponding to position 355, and the position corresponding to position 419 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Substituted amino acids (amino acids post substitution) may be any of those shown in the table above. Alternatively, A1cOX may comprise substitution of 1 or more, 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, or 8 or more amino acids, such as 9 amino acids at positions selected from the group consisting of the position corresponding to position 63, the position corresponding to position 64, the position corresponding to position 72, the position corresponding to position 109, the position corresponding to position 116, the position corresponding to position 76, the position corresponding to position 67, the position corresponding to position 96, and the position corresponding to position 355 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Substituted amino acids (amino acids post substitution) may be any of those shown in the table above. Optionally, A1cOX may comprise substitution of 1 or more, 2 or more, or 3 or more amino acids, such as 4 amino acids at positions selected from the group consisting of the position corresponding to position 68, the position corresponding to position 356, the position corresponding to position 64, and the position corresponding to position 99 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Substituted amino acids (amino acids post substitution) may be any of those shown in the table above. 
     (A1cOX Variant) 
     An A1cOX variant may be produced by introducing the mutation of the present invention into the A1cOX gene, and glycated hemoglobin oxidase having enhanced relative activity on glycated HbS or glycated HbC can be produced. 
     (Mutations of the Present Invention) 
     The glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention may comprise mutation(s) at the position(s) corresponding to position 113, 109, 106, and/or 102 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Corresponding positions are explained below. In one embodiment, one or a plurality of amino acid substitutions may be introduced at the positions indicated below into A1cOX based on the amadoriase derived from  Coniochaeta  sp. NISL 9330 (SEQ ID NO: 1) or the amadoriase (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 45) based on the amadoriase derived from  Emericella nidulans  (SEQ ID NO: 11): 
     (a) the position corresponding to position 113 of SEQ ID NO: 1;
 
(a′) the position corresponding to position 109 of SEQ ID NO: 1;
 
(b) the position corresponding to position 106 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or
 
(c) the position corresponding to position 102 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
 
     With regard to the positions indicated above, the amino acid(s) at the position(s) corresponding to position(s) (a) 113, (a′) 109, (b) 106, and/or (c) 102 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be substituted with amino acid(s) other than positively-charged amino acids (lysine, histidine, and arginine), such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, for example glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, leucine, valine, glutamine, or asparagine, and for example with glutamic acid, aspartic acid, or alanine. 
     In some limited embodiments, reverse mutations (back mutations) from the amino acid after substitution to the amino acid in the sequence of the naturally-occurring amadoriase (i.e., the naturally-occurring amino acid) are excluded. In other embodiments, the amino acid after substitution at the position corresponding to position 102, 106, 109, or 113 of SEQ ID NO: 1 can be identical to the amino acid at the position in the sequence of the naturally-occurring amadoriase (i.e., the naturally-occurring amino acid). Such substitution may appear as a reverse mutation (back mutation). However, when the naturally-occurring amino acid is substituted with another amino acid when preparing an A1c oxidase from the naturally-occurring amadoriase, such substitution is understood as a preferable or necessary constitution for the A1c oxidase. Under such circumstance, in order to obtain a glycated hemoglobin oxidase that acts not only on HbA1c but also on glycated HbS or glycated HbC, from said A1c oxidase, an amino acid substitution that modifies the configuration considered to be preferable or configuration considered to be necessary can be understood not as a reverse mutation to the naturally-occurring amadoriase but rather as a substrate-specificity-modifying-amino-acid-substitution in order to achieve the object of the present invention. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention, substitution that may appear to be a reverse mutation into a naturally-occurring amino acid is within the scope of an amino acid substitution that is capable of achieving the object of the present invention. 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention may have specific activity on 10 μM HbS1c-type αF8P that is, for example, 20 mU/mg or greater, 30 mU/mg or greater, 40 mU/mg or greater, 50 mU/mg or greater, 60 mU/mg or greater, 70 mU/mg or greater, 80 mU/mg or greater, 90 mU/mg or greater, 100 mU/mg or greater, 110 mU/mg or greater, 120 mU/mg or greater, 130 mU/mg or greater, 140 mU/mg or greater, 150 mU/mg or greater, 160 mU/mg or greater, 170 mU/mg or greater, or for example, 180 mU/mg or greater. In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention may have specific activity on 10 μM HbC1c-type αF8P that is, for example, 20 mU/mg or greater, 30 mU/mg or greater, 40 mU/mg or greater, 50 mU/mg or greater, 60 mU/mg or greater, 70 mU/mg or greater, 80 mU/mg or greater, 90 mU/mg or greater, 100 mU/mg or greater, 110 mU/mg or greater, 120 mU/mg or greater, 130 mU/mg or greater, 140 mU/mg or greater, 150 mU/mg or greater, 160 mU/mg or greater, 170 mU/mg or greater, or for example, 180 mU/mg or greater. In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention may have the specific activity on 10 μM HbA1c-type αF8P that is, for example, 20 mU/mg or greater, 30 mU/mg or greater, 40 mU/mg or greater, 50 mU/mg or greater, 60 mU/mg or greater, 70 mU/mg or greater, 80 mU/mg or greater, 90 mU/mg or greater, 100 mU/mg or greater, 110 mU/mg or greater, 120 mU/mg or greater, 130 mU/mg or greater, 140 mU/mg or greater, 150 mU/mg or greater, 160 mU/mg or greater, 170 mU/mg or greater, or for example, 180 mU/mg or greater. 
     (Corresponding Position) 
     When a particular position in the reference amino acid sequence corresponds to a particular position in another amino acid sequence similar thereto, such position is referred to as a “corresponding position” in the present specification. Further, an amino acid at a corresponding position is referred to as a “corresponding amino acid.” For the convenience of description, a corresponding position is described with reference to the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus  Coniochaeta  of SEQ ID NO: 1. In such a case, a “corresponding position” in an amino acid sequence is a position in the amino acid sequence of an amadoriase derived from another organism species that corresponds to the particular position in the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase derived from the genus  Coniochaeta  of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     A method of identifying a “corresponding position” of an amino acid sequence can be performed by, for example, comparing amino acid sequences using a known algorithm such as the Lipman-Pearson method to assign maximum identity to conserved amino acid residues present in the amino acid sequence of each amadoriase. By aligning the amino acid sequences of the amadoriases by such method, the positions of the homologous amino acid residues in each of the amadoriase sequences can be determined, regardless of insertion or deletion of amino acid residues in the amino acid sequences. Corresponding positions (homologous positions) are considered to exist at the same positions in the three-dimensional structures, and amino acid residues at such homologous positions are expected to exert similar effects in terms of specific function of the amadoriase of interest. 
     (Corresponding Position of Mutation) 
     The term “the position corresponding to position 113 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1” used herein refers to the position corresponding to position 113 of SEQ ID NO: 1, when the amino acid sequence of the target amadoriase is compared with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The corresponding position can be identified based on FIG.  1  or  2  showing the amino acid sequences aligned by the method described above. The same applies to the position corresponding to position 109, the position corresponding to position 106, and the position corresponding to position 102 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     In various amadoriase sequences, the positions corresponding to positions 102, 106, 109, and 113 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are as shown in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CFP-T7 
                 EFP-T5 
                 PyFX 
                 ArFX 
                 CcFX 
                 NvFX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   Coniochaeta 
                 
                 
                   E. 
                 
                 
                   Pyrenochaeta 
                 
                 
                   Arthrinium 
                 
                 
                   C. 
                 
                 
                   N. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 sp. 
                 
                   terrenum 
                 
                 sp. 
                 sp. 
                 
                   clavata 
                 
                 
                   vasinfecta 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 1 
                 SEQ 3 
                 SEQ 4 
                 SEQ 5 
                 SEQ 6 
                 SEQ 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                 E102 
                 E102 
                 K102 
                 K102 
                 E102 
                 E102 
               
               
                 106 
                 D106 
                 N106 
                 D106 
                 A106 
                 D106 
                 G106 
               
               
                 109 
                 K109 
                 R109 
                 Q109 
                 Q109 
                 Q109 
                 R109 
               
               
                 113 
                 A113 
                 T113 
                 T113 
                 T113 
                 A113 
                 K113 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CnFX 
                 PnFX 
                 AnFX 
                 EnFX 
                 UlFX 
                 PjFX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   C. 
                 
                 
                   P. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   E. 
                 
                 
                   Ulocladium 
                 
                 
                   P. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   neoformans 
                 
                 
                   nodorum 
                 
                 
                   nidulans 
                 
                 
                   nidulans 
                 
                 sp. 
                 
                   janthinellum 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 8 
                 SEQ 9 
                 SEQ 10 
                 SEQ 11 
                 SEQ 12 
                 SEQ 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                 E102 
                 K102 
                 E101 
                 E101 
                 K102 
                 E102 
               
               
                 106 
                 S106 
                 D106 
                 G105 
                 K105 
                 D106 
                 S106 
               
               
                 109 
                 K109 
                 S109 
                 K108 
                 M108 
                 Q109 
                 R109 
               
               
                 113 
                 A113 
                 A113 
                 S112 
                 S112 
                 A113 
                 D113 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition, the positions in various amadoriase sequences corresponding to positions 102, 106, 109, and 113 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are as shown in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CFP-T7 
                 Ao2 
                 Af2 
                 At 
                 Fo 
                 Ao1 
                 Af1 
                 Pi 
                 Dh 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   Coniochaeta 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   F. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   Pichia 
                 
                 
                   D. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 sp. 
                 
                   oryzae 
                 
                 
                   fumigatus 
                 
                 
                   terreus 
                 
                 
                   oxysporum 
                 
                 
                   oryzae 
                 
                 
                   fumigates 
                 
                 sp. 
                 
                   hansenii 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 1 
                 SEQ 14 
                 SEQ 15 
                 SEQ 16 
                 SEQ 17 
                 SEQ 18 
                 SEQ 19 
                 SEQ 20 
                 SEQ 21 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 102 
                 E102 
                 A104 
                 E104 
                 E104 
                 K107 
                 S109 
                 A109 
                 A98 
                 E96 
               
               
                 106 
                 D106 
                 R108 
                 R108 
                 R108 
                 Q111 
                 H113 
                 H113 
                 H102 
                 S100 
               
               
                 109 
                 K109 
                 I111 
                 V111 
                 V111 
                 E114 
                 E116 
                 K116 
                 E105 
                 Y103 
               
               
                 113 
                 A113 
                 P115 
                 P115 
                 P115 
                 G118 
                 D120 
                 E120 
                 E109 
                 Y107 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     (Amino Acid Sequence Homology, Identity, or Similarity) 
     The amino acid sequence homology, identity, or similarity can be calculated by a program such as maximum matching or search homology of GENETYX (manufactured by GENETYX), a program such as maximum matching or multiple alignment of DNASIS Pro (manufactured by Hitachi Solutions, Ltd.), or a program such as multiple alignment of CLUSTALW. In order to calculate amino acid sequence identity, two or more amadoriases may be aligned, and the positions of identical amino acids in such two or more amadoriases may be determined. The identical regions in amino acid sequences can be determined based on such information. The percent identity of two or more amino acid sequences is determined by subjecting two or more amino acid sequences to alignment using the algorithm such as Blosum62 by designating the total number of amino acids in the aligned region as the denominator and the number of identical amino acids relative to the total number as the numerator. As such, if no identity is found in parts of the two or more amino acid sequences, for example, an amino acid sequence comprises at its C terminus an additional sequence in which no identity is observed, in general, such regions cannot be aligned and, therefore, such regions are not used for calculation of the percent identity. 
     Further, positions of similar amino acids in two or more amadoriases can be inspected. For example, a plurality of amino acid sequences can be subjected to alignment with the use of CLUSTALW. In such a case, Blosum62 is used as the algorithm and a plurality of amino acid sequences are subjected to alignment. Amino acids determined to be similar as a result of alignment may be referred to as “similar amino acids.” In the variant of the present invention, amino acid substitution can be carried out between such similar amino acids. Through such alignment, amino acid sequences composed of the identical amino acids or similar amino acids among a plurality of amino acid sequences can be investigated. Based on such information, the homologous region (conserved region) in the amino acid sequences can be determined. 
     (Homologous Region) 
     The term “homologous region(s)” used herein refers to region(s) consisting of identical or similar amino acids at corresponding positions of the reference amadoriase and in the amadoriase being compared, when two or more amadoriases are aligned, wherein the region(s) consist(s) of 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, 9 or more, or 10 or more continuous amino acids. For example,  FIG. 1  shows the alignment of amino acid sequences of amadoriases having 74% or higher sequence identity to the amadoriase sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 over the full length. In such sequences, the region of positions 10 to 32 with reference to the sequence of the amadoriase derived from  Coniochaeta  sp. as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 consists of identical or similar amino acids, and such region is considered to be (falls under) a homologous region. Similarly, regions of positions 10 to 32, 36 to 41, 49 to 52, 54 to 58, 63 to 65, 73 to 75, 84 to 86, 88 to 90, 120 to 122, 145 to 150, 156 to 162, 164 to 170, 180 to 182, 202 to 205, 207 to 211, 214 to 224, 227 to 230, 236 to 241, 243 to 248, 258 to 261, 266 to 268, 270 to 273, 275 to 287, 295 to 297, 306 to 308, 310 to 316, 324 to 329, 332 to 334, 341 to 344, 346 to 355, 357 to 363, 370 to 383, 385 to 387, 389 to 394, 405 to 410, and 423 to 431 with reference to the sequence of the amadoriase derived from  Coniochaeta  sp. as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 can be homologous regions. In one embodiment, the homologous region of an amadoriase consists of the positions mentioned above. When another amadoriase is the reference, positions corresponding to positions of SEQ ID NO: 1 can constitute homologous regions. For example, likewise, with reference to the amadoriase derived from  Emericella nidulans  of SEQ ID NO: 45, positions 9 to 31, 35 to 40, 48 to 51, 53 to 57, 62 to 64, 72 to 74, 83 to 85, 87 to 89, 119 to 121, 144 to 149, 155 to 161, 163 to 169, 179 to 181, 202 to 205, 207 to 211, 214 to 224, 227 to 230, 236 to 241, 243 to 248, 258 to 261, 266 to 268, 270 to 273, 275 to 287, 295 to 297, 306 to 308, 310 to 316, 324 to 329, 332 to 334, 341 to 344, 346 to 355, 357 to 363, 370 to 383, 385 to 387, 389 to 394, 405 to 410, and 424 to 432 of SEQ ID NO: 45 can constitute homologous regions. In one embodiment, the homologous region of an amadoriase consists of the positions mentioned above. The same applies to SEQ ID NO: 11 from which SEQ ID NO: 45 is derived. 
     In one embodiment, the homologous region of an amadoriase consists of amino acid sequences of positions 11 to 32, 36 to 41, 50 to 52, 54 to 58, 84 to 86, 88 to 90, 145 to 150, 157 to 168, 202 to 205, 207 to 212, 215 to 225, 236 to 248, 258 to 261, 266 to 268, 270 to 273, 275 to 287, 347 to 354, 357 to 363, 370 to 383, 385 to 387, and 405 to 410 with reference to the sequence of the amadoriase derived from  Coniochaeta  sp. of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the homologous region of an amadoriase consists of amino acid sequences of positions 10 to 31, 35 to 40, 49 to 51, 53 to 57, 83 to 85, 87 to 89, 144 to 149, 156 to 167, 202 to 205, 207 to 212, 215 to 225, 236 to 248, 258 to 261, 266 to 268, 270 to 273, 275 to 287, 347 to 354, 357 to 363, 370 to 383, 385 to 387, and 405 to 410 with reference to the sequence of the amadoriase derived from  Emericella nidulans  of SEQ ID NO: 45. The same applies to SEQ ID NO: 11 from which SEQ ID NO: 45 is derived. 
     In one embodiment, the homologous region of an amadoriase consists of amino acid sequences of positions 11 to 18, 20 to 32, 50 to 52, 54 to 58, 266 to 268, 270 to 273, 277 to 286, and 370 to 383 with reference to the sequence of the amadoriase derived from  Coniochaeta  sp. of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the homologous region of an amadoriase consists of amino acid sequences of positions 10 to 17, 19 to 31, 49 to 51, 53 to 57, 266 to 268, 270 to 273, 277 to 286, and 370 to 383 with reference to the sequence of the amadoriase derived from  Emericella nidulans  of SEQ ID NO: 45. The same applies to SEQ ID NO: 11 from which SEQ ID NO: 45 is derived. 
     (Highly Conserved Amino Acid Residue) 
     Particular amino acid residues of amadoriases are known to interact with a the sugar portion (e.g., a fructosyl group) of the substrate. Such amino acid residues are highly conserved in various amadoriases. In an amadoriase of one embodiment, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 239 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 282 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamic acid, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 376 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, and the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 418 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is arginine. Such amino acid residues are known to recognize the sugar portion (e.g., a fructosyl group) of the substrate (J. Biol. Chem., 283, 27007-27016, 2008; Proteins, 84, 744-758, 2016). 
     An amadoriase is known to bind to a coenzyme through a particular amino acid sequence motif. In the case of a FAD-binding amadoriase, a motif sequence binding to the coenzyme FAD is Gly-Xaa-Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly, wherein Xaa indicates any amino acid (Eur. J. Biochem., 242, 499-505, 1996), and this sequence is highly conserved among various FAD-binding amadoriases. This motif sequence is observed in the amino acid sequence of the positions corresponding to positions 15 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment, accordingly, the amadoriase comprises the amino acid sequence of the positions corresponding to positions 15 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 1: Gly-Xaa-Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly, wherein Xaa indicates any amino acid. 
     In one embodiment, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is preferably glycine, so that the amadoriase can recognize a glycated peptide as a substrate, in addition to a glycated amino acid (WO 2012/018094). In one embodiment, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 of the amadoriase is not serine, glutamic acid, histidine, or glutamine. 
     The positions corresponding to positions 239, 282, 376, 418, 15, 17, 20, and 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 in various amadoriase sequences are as shown in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CFP-T7 
                 EFP-T5 
                 PyFX 
                 ArFX 
                 CcFX 
                 NvFX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   Coniochaeta 
                 
                 E. 
                 
                   Pyrenochaeta 
                 
                 
                   Arthrinium 
                 
                 
                   C. 
                 
                 
                   N. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 sp. 
                 
                   terrenum 
                 
                 sp. 
                 sp. 
                 
                   clavata 
                 
                 
                   vasinfecta 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 1 
                 SEQ 3 
                 SEQ 4 
                 SEQ 5 
                 SEQ 6 
                 SEQ 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 239 
                 W239 
                 W239 
                 W237 
                 W239 
                 W237 
                 W239 
               
               
                 282 
                 E282 
                 E282 
                 E280 
                 E282 
                 E280 
                 E282 
               
               
                 376 
                 G376 
                 G376 
                 G374 
                 G377 
                 G374 
                 G378 
               
               
                 418 
                 R418 
                 R418 
                 R417 
                 R420 
                 R417 
                 R419 
               
               
                 15 
                 G15 
                 G15 
                 G15 
                 G15 
                 G15 
                 G15 
               
               
                 17 
                 G17 
                 G17 
                 G17 
                 G17 
                 G17 
                 G17 
               
               
                 20 
                 G20 
                 G20 
                 G20 
                 G20 
                 G20 
                 G20 
               
               
                 60 
                 G60 
                 G60 
                 G60 
                 G60 
                 G60 
                 G60 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CnFX 
                 PnFX 
                 AnFX 
                 EnFX 
                 UlFX 
                 PjFX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   C. 
                 
                 
                   P. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   E. 
                 
                 
                   Ulocladium 
                 
                 
                   P. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   neoformans 
                 
                 
                   nodorum 
                 
                 
                   nidulans 
                 
                 
                   nidulans 
                 
                 sp. 
                 
                   janthinellum 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 8 
                 SEQ 9 
                 SEQ 10 
                 SEQ 11 
                 SEQ 12 
                 SEQ 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 239 
                 W239 
                 W235 
                 W239 
                 W239 
                 W237 
                 W239 
               
               
                 282 
                 E282 
                 E278 
                 E282 
                 E282 
                 E280 
                 E282 
               
               
                 376 
                 G376 
                 G372 
                 G376 
                 G376 
                 G374 
                 G376 
               
               
                 418 
                 R419 
                 R415 
                 R419 
                 R419 
                 R417 
                 R418 
               
               
                 15 
                 G15 
                 G15 
                 G14 
                 G14 
                 G15 
                 G15 
               
               
                 17 
                 G17 
                 G17 
                 616 
                 G16 
                 G17 
                 G17 
               
               
                 20 
                 G20 
                 G20 
                 G19 
                 G19 
                 G20 
                 G20 
               
               
                 60 
                 G60 
                 G60 
                 S59 
                 G59 
                 G60 
                 S60 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition, the positions in various amadoriase sequences corresponding to positions 239, 282, 376, 418, 15, 17, 20, and 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are as shown in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Name 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CFP-T7 
                 Ao2 
                 Af2 
                 At 
                 Fo 
                 Ao1 
                 Af1 
                 Pi 
                 Dh 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Origin 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   Coniochaeta 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   E. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   A. 
                 
                 
                   Pichia 
                 
                 
                   D. 
                 
               
               
                   
                 sp. 
                 
                   oryzae 
                 
                 
                   fumigatus 
                 
                 
                   terreus 
                 
                 
                   oxysporum 
                 
                 
                   oryzae 
                 
                 
                   fumigatus 
                 
                 sp. 
                 
                   hansenii 
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 aa 
                 SEQ ID NO 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 position 
                 SEQ 1 
                 SEQ 14 
                 SEQ 15 
                 SEQ 16 
                 SEQ 17 
                 SEQ 18 
                 SEQ 19 
                 SEQ 20 
                 SEQ 21 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 239 
                 W239 
                 W234 
                 W236 
                 W235 
                 W239 
                 W241 
                 W241 
                 F230 
                 Y231 
               
               
                 282 
                 E282 
                 E278 
                 E280 
                 E279 
                 E283 
                 E285 
                 E285 
                 E273 
                 E274 
               
               
                 376 
                 G376 
                 G362 
                 G364 
                 G363 
                 G368 
                 G371 
                 G371 
                 G353 
                 G353 
               
               
                 418 
                 R418 
                 R409 
                 R411 
                 R410 
                 R415 
                 R418 
                 R418 
                 R399 
                 R403 
               
               
                 15 
                 G15 
                 G13 
                 G13 
                 G13 
                 G14 
                 G16 
                 G16 
                 G8 
                 G11 
               
               
                 17 
                 G17 
                 G15 
                 G15 
                 G1S 
                 G16 
                 G18 
                 G18 
                 G10 
                 G13 
               
               
                 20 
                 G20 
                 G18 
                 G18 
                 G18 
                 G19 
                 G21 
                 G21 
                 G13 
                 G16 
               
               
                 60 
                 G60 
                 S56 
                 S56 
                 S56 
                 G57 
                 E59 
                 E59 
                 H51 
                 Q54 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention has, for example, 50% or higher, 55% or higher, 60% or higher, 61% or higher, 62% or higher, 63% or higher, 64% or higher, 65% or higher, 66% or higher, 67% or higher, 68% or higher, 69% or higher, 70% or higher, 71% or higher, 72% or higher, 73% or higher, 74% or higher, 75% or higher, 76% or higher, 77% or higher, 78% or higher, 79% or higher, 80% or higher, 81% or higher, 82% or higher, 83% or higher, 84% or higher, 85% or higher, 86% or higher, 87% or higher, 88% or higher, 89% or higher, 90% or higher, 91% or higher, 92% or higher, 93% or higher, 94% or higher, 95% or higher, 96% or higher, 97% or higher, 98% or higher, or 99% or higher amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase of SEQ ID NO: 1 over the full length, when the amino acid sequence thereof is aligned with the amadoriase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, and has enhanced relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or relative activity (HbC1c/A1cOX), compared with those of the A1cOX before modification. In addition, the amino acid sequence of the homologous region of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention can exhibit, for example, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or for example, 99% or higher sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the homologous region of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention comprises an amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 by modification or mutation or deletion, substitution, addition, and/or insertion of 1 or several amino acids at positions other than the positions corresponding to 113, 109, 106, and 102 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and has enhanced relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or relative activity (HbClc/HbA1c), compared with the A1cOX before modification. The term “1 or several amino acids” used herein refers to, for example, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 7, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, or for example 1 or 2 amino acids. 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention is selected from the following: 
     (i) a glycated hemoglobin oxidase, wherein, when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid(s) at the position(s) corresponding to position(s) 113, 109, 106, and/or 102 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is(are) modified into an amino acid (or amino acids) selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(ii) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase as defined in (i) comprising an amino acid sequence having a substitution, deletion, or addition of 1 or several amino acids at positions other than those corresponding to positions 113, 109, 106, and 102 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1;
 
(iii) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase as defined in (i) or (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence having, for example, 70% or higher, 71% or higher, 72% or higher, 73% or higher, 74% or higher, 75% or higher, 76% or higher, 77% or higher, 78% or higher, 79% or higher, 80% or higher, 81% or higher, 82% or higher, 83% or higher, 84% or higher, 85% or higher, 86% or higher, 87% or higher, 88% or higher, 89% or higher, 90% or higher, or 95% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 11, or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length;
 
(iv) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase as defined in (i) or (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence having, for example, 70% or higher, 71% or higher, 72% or higher, 73% or higher, 74% or higher, 75% or higher, 76% or higher, 77% or higher, 78% or higher, 79% or higher, 80% or higher, 81% or higher, 82% or higher, 83% or higher, 84% or higher, 85% or higher, 90% or higher, or 95% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 11, or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length, wherein the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 239 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 282 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamic acid, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 376 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 418 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is arginine, and the amino acid sequence of the positions corresponding to positions 15 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Gly-Xaa-Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly, wherein Xaa indicates any amino acid;
 
(v) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase as defined in (i), (ii), or (iii) comprising an amino acid sequence having 70% or higher, 71% or higher, 72% or higher, 73% or higher, 74% or higher, 75% or higher, 80% or higher, 85% or higher, or 90% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 11, or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length and 80% or higher, 85% or higher, 90%, 95% or higher, 98% or higher, or 99% or higher sequence identity between amino acid sequences of the homologous region consisting of amino acids at positions 10 to 32, 36 to 41, 49 to 52, 54 to 58, 73 to 75, 84 to 86, 88 to 90, 120 to 122, 145 to 150, 156 to 162, 164 to 170, 180 to 182, 202 to 205, 207 to 211, 214 to 224, 227 to 230, 236 to 241, 243 to 248, 258 to 261, 266 to 268, 270 to 273, 275 to 287, 295 to 297, 306 to 308, 310 to 316, 324 to 329, 332 to 334, 341 to 344, 346 to 355, 357 to 363, 370 to 383, 385 to 387, 389 to 394, 405 to 410, and 423 to 431 of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 22, or SEQ ID NO: 24 and the amino acid sequence of the homologous region of the corresponding positions of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase; and
 
(vi) the glycated hemoglobin oxidase as defined in (i) or (ii) comprising an amino acid sequence having, 50% or higher, 55% or higher, 60% or higher, 61% or higher, 62% or higher, 63% or higher, 64% or higher, 65% or higher, 66% or higher, 67% or higher, 68% or higher, 69% or higher, 70% or higher, 71% or higher, 72% or higher, 73% or higher, 74% or higher, 75% or higher, 76% or higher, 77% or higher, 78% or higher, 79% or higher, 80% or higher, 85% or higher, or for example 90% or higher sequence identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 11, or SEQ ID NO: 45 over the full length and 65% or higher, 66% or higher, 67% or higher, 68% or higher, 69% or higher, 70% or higher, 71% or higher, 72% or higher, 73% or higher, 74% or higher, 75% or higher, 76% or higher, 77% or higher, 78% or higher, 79% or higher, 80% or higher, 81% or higher, 82% or higher, 83% or higher, 84% or higher, 85% or higher, 86% or higher, 87% or higher, 88% or higher, 89% or higher, or for example 90% or higher sequence identity between the amino acid sequence of the homologous region consisting of amino acids at positions 10 to 32, 36 to 41, 49 to 52, 54 to 58, 63 to 65, 73 to 75, 84 to 86, 88 to 90, 120 to 122, 145 to 150, 156 to 162, 164 to 170, 180 to 182, 202 to 205, 207 to 211, 214 to 224, 227 to 230, 236 to 241, 243 to 248, 258 to 261, 266 to 268, 270 to 273, 275 to 287, 295 to 297, 306 to 308, 310 to 316, 324 to 329, 332 to 334, 341 to 344, 346 to 355, 357 to 363, 370 to 383, 385 to 387, 389 to 394, 405 to 410, and 423 to 431 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the amino acid sequence of the homologous region of the corresponding positions of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase, wherein the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 239 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 282 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glutamic acid, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 376 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is glycine, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 418 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is arginine, and the amino acid sequence of the positions corresponding to positions 15 to 20 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Gly-Xaa-Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly, wherein Xaa indicates any amino acid. This glycated hemoglobin oxidase has the following features:
 
(a) the ratio of activity on HbS1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c), is enhanced, compared with the A1c oxidase before modification;
 
(b) the ratio of activity on HbC1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c), is enhanced, compared with the A1c oxidase before modification;
 
(c) the ratio of activity on HbS1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c), is, for example, 0.45 or more, 0.5 or more, 0.6 or more, 0.7 or more, 0.8 or more, or 0.9 or more, compared with the A1c oxidase before modification; and/or
 
(d) the ratio of activity on HbC1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c), is, for example, 0.15 or more, 0.2 or more, 0.3 or more, 0.4 or more, 0.5 or more, 0.6 or more, 0.7 or more, 0.8 or more, or 0.9 or more.
 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention has the following features: 
     (i) when the amino acid sequence of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 1, 2, or 3 amino acid(s) at the position(s) corresponding to position(s) 113, 109, 106, and/or 102 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is(are) modified into an amino acid (or amino acids) (or amino acids) selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; and
 
(a) the ratio of activity on HbS1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c), is 0.45 or more, and/or
 
(b) the ratio of activity on HbC1c-type αF8P to activity on HbA1c-type αF8P; i.e., the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c), is 0.15 or more, such as 0.2 or more.
 
     The present inventor found that the glycated hemoglobin oxidase resulting from substitution of an amino acid at the position corresponding to position 102, 106, 109, or 113 of SEQ ID NO: 1 with an amino acid other than a positively-charged amino acid has enhanced relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c), compared with the enzyme before modification. Based on such finding, a person skilled in the art will appreciate that other AlcOxs having substitution of an amino acid(s) at the position(s) corresponding to position 102, 106, 109, or 113 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 with an amino acid other than a positively-charged amino acid will also have the enhanced relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c), will act on glycated hemoglobin of various genotypes, and can used for the measurement thereof 
     (Production of Glycated Hemoglobin Oxidase) 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for producing glycated hemoglobin oxidase comprising a step of culturing a strain capable of producing glycated hemoglobin oxidase under conditions where the glycated hemoglobin oxidase can be expressed and a step of isolating glycated hemoglobin oxidase from a culture product or culture solution. In such method, a host cell transformed with a vector comprising a gene encoding the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention integrated therein can be used. The phrase conditions where the glycated hemoglobin oxidase can be expressed refers to conditions where a glycated hemoglobin oxidase gene is transcribed and translated, and a polypeptide encoded by such gene is produced. 
     Further, examples of media to culture the strains mentioned above include media prepared by adding 1 or more inorganic salts selected from among, for example, sodium chloride, monopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, and manganese sulfate to 1 or more nitrogen sources, such as a yeast extract, tryptone, peptone, a meat extract, a corn steep liquor, and a leaching solution of soybean or wheat bran, and adequately adding saccharine materials (sugar sources), vitamins, and the like thereto, where necessary. 
     Further, a substrate with which the glycated hemoglobin oxidase can react or a compound similar thereto, such as a glycated protein, including a glycated amino acid, a glycated peptide, a degradation product of a glycated protein, glycated hemoglobin, or glycated albumin, may be added to the media, so as to increase the amount of the target enzyme to be produced. 
     It is appropriate to adjust the initial pH of the media to 7 to 9. Culture is preferably performed at 20° C. to 42° C., and more preferably at about 25° C. to 37° C. for 4 to 24 hours, and further preferably at about 25° C. to 37° C. for 8 to 16 hours, by, for example, aeration spinner submerged culture, shake culture, or stationary culture. 
     Following the completion of culture, glycated hemoglobin oxidase may be collected from the culture products with conventional enzyme collecting means. For example, a strain may be subjected to ultrasonic disintegration treatment or grinding treatment by a conventional method, the enzyme may be extracted using a lytic enzyme such as lysozyme, or bacteriolysis may be performed via shaking or still standing in the presence of toluene to excrete the enzyme from the microorganism body. The solution is filtered or centrifuged to remove solid content, and a nucleic acid is removed with the aid of streptomycin sulfate, protamine sulfate, or manganese sulfate, according to need. Thereafter, ammonium sulfate, alcohol, acetone, or the like is added thereto, so as to fractionate the solution, and sediments are then collected to obtain the crude enzymes. 
     The purified enzyme preparation can be obtained from the crude enzyme by a method appropriately selected from: gel filtration methods using Sephadex, Superdex, or Ultrogel; adsorption-elution methods using ion exchange carriers, hydrophobic carriers, or hydroxyapatite; electrophoretic methods using polyacrylamide gels, etc.; sedimentation methods such as sucrose density-gradient centrifugation; affinity chromatographic methods; and fractionation methods using a molecular sieve membrane, a hollow-fiber membrane, etc. Alternatively, the methods mentioned above can be performed in adequately combination. The purified glycated hemoglobin oxidase preparation can be thus obtained. 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention preferably: 
     recognizes HbA1c, and recognizes glycated HbS and/or glycated HbC as a substrate;
 
oxidizes the β chain of glycated hemoglobin to generate hydrogen peroxide;
 
has an optimal pH range of 6 to 8;
 
has an operative pH range of 5 to 9;
 
has an optimal temperature range of 25° C. to 40° C.; and
 
has a molecular weight of about 45 to 55 KDa, such as about 48 to 50 KDa, on SDS-PAGE.
 
     In one embodiment, the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention is subjected to heat treatment at 30° C. to 40° C., such as 35° C., for 30 minutes, and retains, for example, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, or 80% or more activity thereafter. 
     Amadoriases exerting no activity on glycated hemoglobin are excluded from the glycated hemoglobin oxidase variant of the present invention. 
     (Composition, Reagent, and Kit) 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a reagent composition for measurement of glycated hemoglobin or a reagent or kit used for measurement comprising glycated hemoglobin oxidase. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a reagent composition for measurement of HbS1c or HbC1c or a reagent or kit used for measurement comprising glycated hemoglobin oxidase. The composition, reagent, or kit may comprise a reagent for measurement of a reduced compound, a reagent for measurement of hydrogen peroxide, a buffer, a surfactant, a salt, a preservative, or the like. The composition, reagent, or kit may be supplemented with, for example, a solubilizer, a stabilizer, a reaction-improving agent, a glycated hemoglobin denaturation agent, a reducing agent, bovine serum albumin, or a saccharide (e.g., glycerin, lactose, or sucrose). The composition, reagent, or kit may be supplemented with other known stabilizers, or systems that delete contaminants, and the like, according to need. Techniques that are employed for various conventional reagents or kits for the purpose of measuring a glycated peptide by enzymatic methods using a protease or the like capable of reacting with glycated hemoglobin may be adequately modified, and such modified technique(s) can be employed for the composition, reagent, or kit of the present invention. The composition, reagent, or kit of the present invention may comprise a protease or need not comprise a protease. 
     Examples of surfactants include nonionic surfactants and ionic surfactants, such as cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants. 
     Examples of nonionic surfactants include polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, sorbitan fatty acid ester, alkyl polyglucoside, fatty acid diethanol amide, and alkyl monoglyceryl ether. 
     Examples of cationic surfactants include alkyltrimethylammonium salt, dialkyldimethylammonium salt, alkylbenzyldimethylammonium salt, pyridinium salt, such as alkylpyridinium salt, phosphonium salt, such as alkylphosphonium salt, imidazolium salt, such as alkylimidazolium salt, and isoquinolinium salt, such as alkylisoquinolinium salt. 
     A reagent for measurement of hydrogen peroxide may comprise peroxidase and/or a color substrate. Examples of color substrates include, in addition to 4-aminoantipyrine, ADOS (N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-m-anisidine), ALOS (N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)aniline), TOOS (N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-m-toluidine sodium), DA-67 (10-(carboxymethylaminocarbonyl)-3,7-bis(dimethylamino)-phenothiazine), and DA-64 (N-(carboxymethylaminocarbonyl)-4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-diphenyl amine). 
     (Method for Measurement of Glycated Hemoglobin) 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for measurement of glycated hemoglobin. The method for measurement of glycated hemoglobin may be a qualitative or quantitative method. The quantitative method comprises a step of bringing a glycated hemoglobin-containing sample into contact with the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of the present invention and a step of measuring the amount of substances produced or consumed by the reaction. The glycated hemoglobin may be in a naturally occurring or denatured state. The term “contact” used in accordance with the quantifying method encompasses any aspect (form) of physical contact between the glycated hemoglobin oxidase and a sample, such that the glycated hemoglobin oxidase can catalyze the oxidation reaction of the glycated hemoglobin. For example, not only cases in which a free enzyme is mixed with glycated hemoglobin in a solution, but also cases in which a liquid sample comprising glycated hemoglobin can be added or dropped (added dropwise) to the enzyme immobilized on a solid support. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for measurement of HbS1c or HbC1c. This method comprises a step of allowing glycated hemoglobin oxidase to act on a sample that may contain HbS1c or HbC1c. In one embodiment, the amount of a reduced compound generated by the action of glycated hemoglobin oxidase is measured. In one embodiment, the reduced compound to be measured is hydrogen peroxide. 
     A sample used for measurement can be any type of biological sample that can contain glycated hemoglobin, such as a sample derived from blood, body fluid, or lymph. A sample can appropriately be a processed sample. 
     In order to improve the reaction efficiency between the glycated hemoglobin oxidase and glycated hemoglobin, denatured glycated hemoglobin may be used. Examples of denaturing treatment include surfactant treatment, heat treatment, denaturing treatment with the aid of an acid or alkali, and combination of any thereof. 
     When the amount of the enzyme used and the duration of the reaction are maintained at constant levels and the amount of glycated hemoglobin to be added is altered, the range of glycated hemoglobin concentration in which the absorbance of the detected luminescent substrate proportionally decreases as the amount of added glycated hemoglobin decreases can be investigated in order to determine the lowest glycated hemoglobin concentration that can be detected (detection limit concentration) using the amadoriase. It is possible to configure the amount of enzyme and duration of reaction, so as to adjust the detection limit of glycated hemoglobin to a level lower than the glycated hemoglobin level in the sample or in the blood. 
     According to the quantitative method of measurement, a calibration curve can be prepared in advance by performing regression analysis such as the method of least squares based on the measured absorbance of the control sample comprising glycated hemoglobin at a known concentration. The measured value of the sample containing glycated hemoglobin at an unknown concentration may be plotted on the prepared calibration curve, to quantify the glycated hemoglobin level in the sample. 
     The time glycated hemoglobin oxidase is allowed to act on a sample containing glycated hemoglobin may be 5 seconds or longer, 10 seconds or longer, 20 seconds or longer, 30 seconds or longer, or 1 minute or longer to less than 60 minutes, less than 30 minutes, less than 10 minutes, or less than 5 minutes, for example, 0.5 minutes or more to less than 60 minutes, 1 minute or more to less than 30 minutes, 1 minute or more to less than 20 minutes, 1 minute or more to less than 10 minutes, or 1 minute or more to less than 5 minutes. While the reaction temperature may vary depending on the optimal temperature of the enzyme being used, the reaction temperature is, for example, from 20° C. to 45° C., and a temperature that is generally employed for an enzymatic reaction can adequately be selected. 
     While the amount of the glycated hemoglobin oxidase to be used varies depending on the amount of the substrate contained in the sample solution, the enzyme can be added to the solution to a final concentration of, for example, 0.1 to 50 U/ml or for example 0.2 to 10 U/ml. A pH level at the time of reaction can be adjusted using a buffer by taking a pH level at which an amadoriase can act, for example the optimal pH level, into consideration. The reaction pH level is, for example, 3 to 11, 5 to 9, or 6 to 8. 
     Measurement of hydrogen peroxide can be carried out simultaneously during the step of hydrogen peroxide generation, and measurement can be allowed to proceed simultaneously with the reaction with an amadoriase. A substance consumed by the reaction may be subjected to measurement instead of the reaction product. An example of the substance consumed by the reaction to be measured is dissolved oxygen, and the amount of dissolved oxygen in the reaction solution can be measured with the use of a dissolved oxygen meter or the like. 
     (Method for Measurement of Amadoriase Activity) 
     Hereinbelow, while an example of a method for measurement of amadoriase activity involving the use of, HbA1c-type αF8P, HbS1c-type αF8P, or HbC1c-type αF8P as a model substrate, is provided, the method for measurement is not limited thereto. Such substrates can be synthetic substrates (manufactured by Peptide Institute, Inc.). In the present specification, regarding the enzyme titer, unless otherwise specified, the amount of the enzyme that generates 1 μmol of hydrogen peroxide per minute, when carrying out measurement using HbA1c-type αF8P as the substrate, is defined as 1 U. 
     When evaluation using another substrate is necessary, a glycated peptide, such as aFL or αFVH, synthesized and purified based on the method of, for example, Sakaue et al. can be used (see JP 2001-95598 A). aF6P is obtained by treating HbA1c with endoproteinase Glu-C(Clin. Chem., 43, 1994-1951, 1997). aF6P provided as a synthetic substrate (manufactured by Peptide Institute, Inc.) can also be used. 
     A: Reagents for Measurement of Activity 
     (Reagent 1): 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 5 U/ml peroxidase (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) and 0.49 mM 4-aminoantipyrine (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
 
(Reagent 2): 15 mM TOOS (N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-m-toluidine sodium, manufactured by Dojindo Laboratories) solution
 
     500 mg of TOOS is dissolved in ion-exchange water and the volume of the solution is fixed to 100 ml. 
     (Reagent 3): 300 μM HbA1c-type, HbC1c-type, or HbS1c-type αF8P (manufactured by Peptide Institute, Inc.) solution (final concentration: 10 μM) 
     B: Method for Measurement of Activity 
     2.7 ml of Reagent 1, 100 μl of Reagent 2, and 100 μl of the enzyme solution are mixed, and the mixture is preliminarily heated at 37° C. for 5 minutes. Subsequently, 100 μl of Reagent 3 is added, the resultant is thoroughly mixed, and the absorbance at 555 nm with the elapse of time is then measured at 37° C. using a spectrophotometer (U-3900, manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science Corporation) to determine the change in absorbance per minute (AAs) at 555 nm. Incidentally, a control solution is prepared in the same manner described above, with the exception that 100 μl of ion-exchange water is added instead of 100 μl of Reagent 3, and the change in absorbance per minute (AAO) at 555 nm thereof is determined. The number of micromoles of hydrogen peroxide generated at 37° C. per minute is defined as an activity unit (U) in the enzyme solution and calculated in accordance with the equation shown below. 
       Activity (U/ml)={(Δ As−ΔA 0)×3.0× df }÷(39.2×0.5×0.1)
 
     ΔAs: the change in absorbance of the reaction solution per minute 
     ΔA 0 : the change in absorbance of the control solution per minute 
     39.2: the millimolar extinction coefficient of quinoneimine dye generated by the reaction (mM − ·cm −1 ) 
     0.5: the mole number of quinoneimine dye generated by 1 mol of hydrogen peroxide 
     df: the dilution factor 
     (Method for Preparing Further Glycated Hemoglobin Oxidase) 
     The present inventor found a novel object (problem), namely that glycated hemoglobin oxidase capable of reacting not only with HbA1c but also with HbS1c or HbC1c is necessary and further solved the object (problem) by introducing a particular amino acid substitution into A1cOX and producing glycated hemoglobin oxidase. Mutations of the present invention can appropriately be combined. Moreover, further modified variatnts can be prepared based on the finding of the present invention. In one embodiment, accordingly, the present invention provides a method of modifying an amadoriase or A1c oxidase to prepare glycated hemoglobin oxidase that comprises the following steps: 
     (i) obtaining an amadoriase gene or A1c oxidase gene;
 
(ii) integrating the amadoriase gene or A1c oxidase gene into a vector, transforming a host cell, expressing the amadoriase or A1c oxidase, and isolating the expressed product;
 
(iii) measuring the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of the expressed product;
 
(iv) modifying the amadoriase gene or A1c oxidase gene such that, when the amino acid sequence of the amadoriase or A1c oxidase is aligned with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid at the position corresponding to position 113, 109, 106, or 102 of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is modified into an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan;
 
(v) integrating the modified gene into a vector, transforming a host cell, expressing the modified variant, and isolating the expressed product;
 
(vi) measuring the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and/or the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of the expressed product of the modified variant and comparing the measured values with the values measured in step (iii);
 
(vii) when the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) of the modified variant is 1.1 times or greater than the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) of the amadoriase or A1c oxidase before modification or the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of the modified variant is 1.1 times or greater than the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) of the amadoriase or A1c oxidase before modification, designating the modified variant as a glycated hemoglobin oxidase; and
 
(viii) repeating steps (iv) to (vi) on the glycated hemoglobin oxidase of step (vii), according to need.
 
In the steps (iii) or (vi) above, while αF8P can be used as the evaluation substrate for convenience, other fructosyl substrates comprising 6 or more amino acids, or HbA1c, HbS1c, or HbC1c may also be used.
 
     EXAMPLES 
     Hereafter, the present invention is described in greater detail with reference to the examples. However, the technical scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples. 
     1. Preparation of Recombinant Plasmid Encoding an Amadoriase Derived from the Genus  Coniochaeta    
     A strain of  E. coli  JM109 (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H38-GY) having the recombinant plasmid of an amadoriase gene derived from the genus  Coniochaeta  (SEQ ID NO: 23) (WO 2016/159384) was inoculated into 3 ml of LB-amp media (1% (w/v) bactotrypton, 0.5% (w/v) peptone, 0.5% (w/v) NaCl, and 50 μg/ml ampicillin) and shake culture was conducted at 37° C. for 16 hours to obtain a culture product. 
     The culture product was centrifuged at 10,000×g for 1 minute to collect strains. A recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H38-GY was extracted and purified therefrom using the GenElute Plasmid Mini-Prep Kit (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Corporation), and 2.5 μl of the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H38-GY was obtained. 
     2. Site-Directed Modification Operation of Recombinant Plasmid Encoding an Amadoriase Derived from the Genus  Coniochaeta    
     PCR was carried out under the conditions described below using the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H38-GY as the template, synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 26, and KOD-Plus-Neo (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.). 
     That is, 5 μl of 10×PCR buffer for KOD-Plus-Neo, 5 μl of a dNTPs mixture in which each dNTP was adjusted at 2 mM, 3 μl of a 25 mM MgSO 4  solution, 50 ng of plasmid DNA as the template, 15 pmol each of the synthetic oligonucleotides, and 1 unit of KOD-Plus-Neo were mixed, and sterilized water was added thereto in order to bring the total amount of the solution to 50 μl. The prepared reaction solution was subjected to incubation using a thermal cycler (manufactured by Eppendorf Co.) at 94° C. for 2 minutes, and a cycle of 94° C. for 15 seconds, 50° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 3 minutes was then repeated 15 times. 
     The DNAs obtained were treated with a restriction enzyme Dpnl (manufactured by New England Biolabs), the remaining template DNAs were cleaved, strains of  E. coli  JM109 were transformed, and the transformants were then spread on LB-amp agar media. The grown colonies were inoculated into LB-amp media and shake-cultured therein, and plasmid DNAs were isolated in accordance with a conventional technique. The nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in the plasmids were determined using a multi-capillary DNA analysis system (Applied Biosystems 3130x1 Genetic Analyzer; manufactured by Life Technologies), and introduction of the mutation was confirmed. Thus, the recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from introduction of the mutation of interest was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H39-1M). 
     PCR was carried out under the conditions described below using the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H39-M as the template, synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 28, and KOD-Plus-Neo (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.). 
     That is, 5 μl of 10×PCR buffer for KOD-Plus-Neo, 5 μl of a dNTPs mixture in which each dNTP was adjusted at 2 mM, 3 μl of a 25 mM MgSO 4  solution, 50 ng of plasmid DNA as the template, 15 pmol each of the synthetic oligonucleotides, and 1 unit of KOD-Plus-Neo were mixed, and sterilized water was added thereto in order to bring the total amount of the solution to 50 μl. The prepared reaction solution was subjected to incubation using a thermal cycler (manufactured by Eppendorf Co.) at 94° C. for 2 minutes, and a cycle of 94° C. for 15 seconds and 68° C. for 3 minutes was then repeated 7 times. 
     The DNAs obtained were treated with a restriction enzyme Dpnl (manufactured by New England Biolabs), and the remaining template DNAs were cleaved. The reaction solution after the treatment with Dpnl (2 μl), 5 μl of Ligation high Ver.2 (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.), and 5 units of T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) were mixed, sterilized water was added thereto in order to bring the total amount of the solution to 15 μl, and the resulting solution was subjected to ligation at 16° C. for 1 hour. The strains of  E. coli  JM109 were transformed using the resulting cyclic DNAs, and the transformants were then spread on LB-amp agar media. The grown colonies were inoculated into LB-amp media and shake-cultured therein, and plasmid DNAs were isolated in accordance with a conventional technique. The nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in the plasmids were determined using a multi-capillary DNA analysis system (Applied Biosystems 3130x1 Genetic Analyzer; manufactured by Life Technologies), and introduction of the mutation was confirmed. Thus, the recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from introduction of the mutation of interest was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H39-3M). 
     PCR was carried out under the conditions described below using the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H39-3M as the template, synthetic oligonucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30, and KOD-Plus-Neo (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.). 
     That is, 5 μl of 10×PCR buffer for KOD-Plus-Neo, 5 μl of a dNTPs mixture in which each dNTP was adjusted at 2 mM, 3 μl of a 25 mM MgSO 4  solution, 50 ng of plasmid DNA as the template, 15 pmol each of the synthetic oligonucleotides, and 1 unit of KOD-Plus-Neo were mixed, and sterilized water was added thereto in order to bring the total amount of the solution to 50 μl. The prepared reaction solution was subjected to incubation using a thermal cycler (manufactured by Eppendorf Co.) at 94° C. for 2 minutes, and a cycle of 94° C. for 15 seconds, 50° C. for 30 seconds, and 68° C. for 3 minutes was then repeated 15 times. 
     The DNAs obtained were treated with a restriction enzyme Dpnl (manufactured by New England Biolabs), and the remaining template DNAs were cleaved. Thereafter, strains of  E. coli  JM109 were transformed, and the transformants were then spread on LB-amp agar media. The grown colonies were inoculated into LB-amp media and shake-cultured therein, and plasmid DNAs were isolated in accordance with a conventional technique. The nucleotide sequences of DNAs encoding amadoriases in the plasmids were determined using a multi-capillary DNA analysis system (Applied Biosystems 3130x1 Genetic Analyzer; manufactured by Life Technologies), and introduction of the mutation was confirmed. Thus, the recombinant plasmid encoding the modified amadoriase resulting from introduction of the mutation of interest was obtained (pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H40-3M). 
     3. Production and Purification of Amadoriase Derived from the Genus  Coniochaeta    
     The transformed  E. coli  strains (JM109) producing amadoriases obtained in the manner described above were inoculated into 100 ml of LB-amp media supplemented with IPTG to a final concentration of 0.1 mM therein and cultured at 25° C. for 16 hours. The resulting cultured strains were washed with a 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the washed strains were suspended in the same buffer, the resulting suspension was ultrasonically disintegrated, and the resultant was centrifuged at 20,000×g for 10 minutes to prepare 40 ml of a crude enzyme solution. 
     The HiScreen Capto Q column (manufactured by GE Healthcare) was equilibrated with a 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), and the crude enzyme solutions each containing a modified amadoriase was applied thereto, so as to allow amadoriases to bind to anion-exchange resin. Then, a 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) was applied in an amount equivalent to 20 column volumes, so as to elute contaminating proteins, the proteins bound to the resin were eluted while linearly increasing the NaCl concentration from 0 mM to 250 mM in the 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), and fractions exhibiting amadoriase activity were then collected. 
     Each of the obtained fractions exhibiting amadoriase activity was concentrated using Amicon Ultra Ultracel-30K (manufactured by Millipore) and purified using HiLoad 26/60 Superdex 200. Resin equilibration and elution were carried out using a 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 150 mM NaCl. Purity of the eluted fractions was evaluated via SDS-PAGE, and fractions containing no contaminating proteins were collected, and the collected fractions were designated to be the purified amadoriase preparations. Substrate specificity of H40 was found to be equivalent to that of H40-3M. 
     4. Measurement of Activity of Amadoriase Derived from the Genus  Coniochaeta    
     Using the purified CFP-T7-H40-3M preparation, activity when 10 μM HbA1c-type αF8P, HbS1c-type αF8P, and HbC1c-type αF8P were used as the substrates was measured. As a result, when activity of CFP-T7-H40-3M on HbA1c-type αF8P was designated as 100%, activity thereof on HbS1c-type αF8P was 39%, and activity thereof on HbC1c-type αF8P was found to be 11%. 
     5. Preparation of Modified Amadoriase Derived from the Genus  Coniochaeta    
     Based on CFP-T7-H40-3M (A1cOX) described above, the mutations described below were introduced using pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H40-3M as the template and the primers shown below. Preparation of plasmids, confirmation of the sequences into which the mutations had been introduced, preparation of purified enzymes, and other operations were carried out in the manner described above. The composition of the reaction solutions and the reactions conditions for PCR at the time of mutation introduction were the same as those employed when preparing the recombinant plasmid pKK223-3-CFP-T7-H39-1M, except for the use of the primers indicated below. 
     SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32: mutation introduced: K102A
 
SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 33: mutation introduced: K102E
 
SEQ ID NOs: 34 and 35: mutation introduced: K106A
 
SEQ ID NOs: 34 and 36: mutation introduced: K106D
 
SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 38: mutation introduced: K113A
 
SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 39: mutation introduced: K113E
 
SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 40: mutation introduced: K113S
 
SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 41: mutation introduced: K113T
 
SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 42: mutation introduced: K113N
 
SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 43: mutation introduced: K113Q
 
SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 44: mutation introduced: K113D
 
6. Evaluation of Modified Amadoriase Derived from the Genus  Coniochaeta  
 
     Using the various purified enzyme preparations, activity when HbA1c-type αF8P and HbS1c-type αF8P were used as the substrates was measured. Results are shown in the table below. Relative activity of each enzyme on HbS1c-type αF8P when activity of each enzyme on HbA1c-type αF8P is designated as 100% is shown. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Substrate 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 α-fru-VHLTPEEK 
                 α-fru-VHLTPVEK 
               
               
                   
                 Enzyme 
                 (HbA1c-type αF8P) 
                 (HbS1c-type αF8P) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 H40-3M(A1cOX) 
                 100 
                 39 
               
               
                   
                 K102A 
                 100 
                 77 
               
               
                   
                 K102E 
                 100 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in the table above, the mutations K102A and K102E improved relative activity of amadoriases on the HbS1c-type substrate. The relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) of the K102A mutant was about 1.97 times greater than that prior to modification and that of the K102E mutant was about 1.74 times greater than that prior to modification. 
     Other mutants were tested using 3 types of substrates. With the use of the various purified enzyme preparations, activity when HbA1c-type αF8P, HbS1c-type αF8P, and HbC1c-type αF8P were used as the substrates was measured. Results are shown in the table below. Relative activity of each enzyme on HbS1c-type αF8P and HbC1c-type αF8P when activity of each enzyme on HbA1c-type αF8P is designated as 100% is shown. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 α-fru- 
                 α-fru- 
                 α-fru- 
               
               
                   
                 VHLTPEEK 
                 VHLTPVEK 
                 VHLTPKEK 
               
               
                   
                 (HbA1c-type 
                 (HbS1c-type 
                 (HbC1c-type 
               
               
                 Enzyme 
                 αF8P) 
                 αF8P) 
                 αF8P) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H40-3M(A1cOX) 
                 100 
                 39 
                 11 
               
               
                 K106A 
                 100 
                 81 
                 31 
               
               
                 K106D 
                 100 
                 83 
                 48 
               
               
                 K113A 
                 100 
                 104 
                 38 
               
               
                 K113E 
                 100 
                 97 
                 91 
               
               
                 K113S 
                 100 
                 130 
                 103 
               
               
                 K113T 
                 100 
                 104 
                 40 
               
               
                 K113N 
                 100 
                 95 
                 42 
               
               
                 K113Q 
                 100 
                 106 
                 50 
               
               
                 K113D 
                 100 
                 93 
                 39 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in the table above, the mutations K106A, K106D, K113A, K113E K113S, K113T, K113N, K113Q, K113D, and K113H improved relative activity of amadoriases on the HbS1c-type and HbC1c-type substrates. As a result of modification, the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) was improved by about 2.1 to 3.3 times, and the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) was improved by about 2.8 to 9.4 times. The specific activity of all the mutants on the substrates was found to be at least 20 mU/mg. From the results indicated above, relative activity is also expected to be improved by mutation at the positions K113, K106, and K102 into amino acids other than positively-charged amino acids (K, H, and R), such as D, E, S, T, N, Q, C, G, P, A, V, I, L, M, F, Y, or W. For example, relative activity is also expected to be improved by mutation at the position K113 into C, G, P, V, I, L, M, F, Y, or W. For example, relative activity is also expected to be improved by mutation at the position K106 into E, S, T, N, Q, C, G, P, V, I, L, M, F, Y, or W. For example, relative activity is also expected to be improved by mutation into D, S, T, N, Q, C, G, P, V, I, L, M, F, Y, or W. 
     7. Site of Recombinant Plasmid Encoding Amadoriase Derived from the Genus  Emericella    
     SEQ ID NO: 45 shows the amino acid sequence of glycated hexapeptide oxidase derived from  Emericella nidulans  (FPDX-42, referred to as “En42FX” herein), which is disclosed in WO 2015/005258, and this sequence is encoded by the gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 46. pET22b-En42FX resulting from subcloning of the En42FX gene into the pET22b plasmid vector (the method of preparation is described in WO 2016/063984) was used as the template, and the primers indicated below were used, so as to introduce the mutations indicated below. Preparation of plasmids was carried out in the same manner as described in “1. Preparation of recombinant plasmid encoding amadoriase derived from the genus  Coniochaeta ” and “2. Site-directed modification operation of recombinant plasmid encoding amadoriase derived from the genus  Coniochaeta .” PCR at the time of mutation introduction was carried out in accordance with the method described in “2. Site-directed modification operation of recombinant plasmid encoding amadoriase derived from the genus  Coniochaeta ” using pET22b-En42FX as the template and the primers indicated below. The reactions conditions for PCR, confirmation of the sequences into which the mutations had been introduced, and other operations were carried out in the same manner as described in “2. Site-directed modification operation of recombinant plasmid encoding amadoriase derived from the genus  Coniochaeta.”   
     SEQ ID NOs: 47 and 48: mutation introduced: R105A
 
SEQ ID NOs: 47 and 49: mutation introduced: R105S
 
SEQ ID NOs: 47 and 50: mutation introduced: R105L
 
SEQ ID NOs: 47 and 52: mutation introduced: R105N
 
SEQ ID NOs: 47 and 53: mutation introduced: R105Q
 
SEQ ID NOs: 47 and 54: mutation introduced: R105D
 
SEQ ID NOs: 47 and 55: mutation introduced: R105E
 
SEQ ID NOs: 56 and 57: mutation introduced: R108A
 
SEQ ID NOs: 56 and 58: mutation introduced: R108S
 
SEQ ID NOs: 56 and 59: mutation introduced: R108L
 
SEQ ID NOs: 56 and 61: mutation introduced: R108Q
 
SEQ ID NOs: 56 and 62: mutation introduced: R108D
 
SEQ ID NOs: 56 and 63: mutation introduced: R108E
 
SEQ ID NOs: 64 and 65: mutation introduced: S112D
 
SEQ ID NOs: 64 and 66: mutation introduced: S112E
 
     The plasmids into which the mutations of interest were introduced were confirmed and then transduced into strains of  E. coli  BL21 (DE3), and various types of modified En42FX-producing strains were obtained. 
     8. Production of Amadoriase Derived from the Genus  Emericella    
     Various types of modified En42FX-producing strains were cultured in 50 ml of LB-amp media supplemented with 0.1 mM IPTG at 25° C. for 16 hours. The resulting cultured strains were then washed with a 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), ultrasonically disintegrated, and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 minutes to prepare 4.0 ml each of the various crude enzyme solutions. Each of the crude enzyme solutions was concentrated to the volume of about 1.0 ml using Amicon Ultra Ultracel-30K (manufactured by Millipore) and then subjected to activity measurement. 
     9. Evaluation of Modified Amadoriase Derived from the Genus  Emericella    
     Using the various purified enzyme preparations, activity when HbA1c-type αF8P and HbS1c-type αF8P were used as the substrates was measured. Results are shown in the table below. Relative activity of each enzyme on HbS1c-type αF8P when activity of each enzyme on HbA1c-type αF8P is designated as 100% is shown. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Substrate 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 α-fru- 
                 α-fru- 
                 α-fru- 
               
               
                   
                 VHLTPEEK 
                 VHLTPVEK 
                 VHLTPKEK 
               
               
                   
                 (HbA1c-type 
                 (HbS1c-type 
                 (HbC1c-type 
               
               
                 Enzyme 
                 αF8P) 
                 αF8P) 
                 αF8P) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 En42FX 
                 100 
                 41 
                 8 
               
               
                 R105A 
                 100 
                 70 
                 33 
               
               
                 R105S 
                 100 
                 56 
                 13 
               
               
                 R105L 
                 100 
                 64 
                 9 
               
               
                 R105N 
                 100 
                 95 
                 11 
               
               
                 R105Q 
                 100 
                 70 
                 25 
               
               
                 R105D 
                 100 
                 114 
                 86 
               
               
                 R105E 
                 100 
                 69 
                 31 
               
               
                 R108A 
                 100 
                 70 
                 57 
               
               
                 R108S 
                 100 
                 61 
                 10 
               
               
                 R108L 
                 100 
                 150 
                 13 
               
               
                 R108Q 
                 100 
                 67 
                 15 
               
               
                 R108D 
                 100 
                 95 
                 23 
               
               
                 R108E 
                 100 
                 100 
                 31 
               
               
                 S112D 
                 100 
                 63 
                 16 
               
               
                 S112E 
                 100 
                 82 
                 41 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in the table above, the mutations R105A, R105S, R105L, R105N, R105Q, R105D, R105E, R108A, R108S, R108L, R108Q, R108D, R108E, S112D, and S112E of En42FX improved relative activity of amadoriases on the HbS1c-type and HbC1c-type substrates. As a result of modification, the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) was improved by about 1.4 to 3.7 times, and the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) was improved by about 1.1 to 10.8 times. From the results indicated above, the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c) are also expected to be improved by mutation at the positions R105 and R108 into amino acids other than positively-charged amino acids (K, H, and R), such as D, E, S, T, N, Q, C, G, P, A, V, I, L, M, F, Y, or W. Mutation of S112 into a negatively-charged amino acid (D or E) is expected to be improved the relative activity (HbS1c/HbA1c) and the relative activity (HbC1c/HbA1c). 
     A1c oxidase into which a mutation that improves relative activity on HbS1c-type and/or HbC1c-type αF8P was introduced, as found by the present invention, is considered to have improved relative activity not only on HbA1c but also on glycated HbS and/or glycated HbC. Such enzyme can be used for measurement of subjects having glycated hemoglobin of various genotypes, and is expected to be industrially useful. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEQUENCE LISTING 
     SEQ ID NO: 1: the amadoriase derived from the genus  Coniochaeta  (CFP-T7)
 
SEQ ID NO: 2: the gene sequence of CFP-T7
 
SEQ ID NO: 3: the amadoriase derived from  Eupenicillium terrenum  
 
SEQ ID NO: 4: the ketoamine oxidase derived from  Pyrenochaeta  sp.
 
SEQ ID NO: 5: the ketoamine oxidase derived from  Arthrinium  sp.
 
SEQ ID NO: 6: the ketoamine oxidase derived from  Curvularia clavata  
 
SEQ ID NO: 7: the ketoamine oxidase derived from  Neocosmospora vasinfecta  
 
SEQ ID NO: 8: the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from  Cryptococcus neoformans  
 
SEQ ID NO: 9: the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from  Phaeosphaeria nodorum  
 
SEQ ID NO: 10: the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from  Aspergillus nidulans  
 
SEQ ID NO: 11: the fructosyl peptide oxidase derived from  Emericella nidulans  
 
SEQ ID NO: 12: the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from  Ulocladium  sp.
 
SEQ ID NO: 13: the fructosyl amino acid oxidase derived from  Penicillium janthinellum  
 
SEQ ID NO: 14: Ao2 (the amadoriase derived from  Aspergillus oryzae ; also designated FaoAo2)
 
SEQ ID NO: 15: Af2 (the amadoriase derived from  Aspergillus fumigatus ; also designated Amadoriase II)
 
SEQ ID NO: 16: At (the amadoriase derived from  Aspergillus terreus ; also designated FAOD-A)
 
SEQ ID NO: 17: Fo (the amadoriase derived from  Fusarium oxysporum )
 
SEQ ID NO: 18: Ao1 (the amadoriase derived from  Aspergillus oryzae ; also designated FaoAo 1)
 
SEQ ID NO: 19: Af1 (the amadoriase derived from  Aspergillus fumigatus ; also designated Amadoriase I)
 
SEQ ID NO: 20: Pi (the amadoriase derived from  Pichia  sp.)
 
SEQ ID NO: 21: Dh (the amadoriase derived from Debaryomyces  hansenii )
 
SEQ ID NO: 22: the amino acid sequence of CFP-T7-H38-GY
 
SEQ ID NO: 23: the gene sequence of CFP-T7-H38-GY
 
SEQ ID NO: 24: the amino acid sequence of CFP-T7-H40-3M
 
SEQ ID NOs: 25 to 44: the primers
 
SEQ ID NO: 45: the amino acid sequence of En42FX
 
SEQ ID NO: 46: the gene sequence of En42FX
 
SEQ ID NOs: 47 to 66: primers
 
     All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In the event of any conflict between the present description and other documents, the present description shall prevail.