Patent Publication Number: US-2023159039-A1

Title: Fuel efficiency optimization by predictive driving

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The main factors influencing fuel efficiency are driving behavior (e.g, driving at high speeds, speeding, rapid acceleration and braking), vehicle’s characteristics and its maintenance, weather conditions (e.g., cold weather) and other driving modes or habits such as running accessories like air conditioner, using 4-wheel drive, driving on mountainous terrain or on unpaved roads, prolonged idling etc. 
     There is a growing need to provide a solution which will improve the fuel efficiency and ensure the vehicle is operating at its top capacity by building an environmental model and predicting the optimized driving strategy accordingly. 
     SUMMARY 
     A method, system and non-transitory computer readable medium for Fuel efficiency optimization by predictive driving. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments of the disclosure will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1 A  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 B  illustrates an example of a signature; 
         FIG.  1 C  illustrates an example of a dimension expansion process; 
         FIG.  1 D  illustrates an example of a merge operation; 
         FIG.  1 E  illustrates an example of hybrid process; 
         FIG.  1 F  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 G  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 H  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 I  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 J  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 K  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 L  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 M  illustrates an example of a system; 
         FIG.  1 N  is a partly-pictorial, partly-block diagram illustration of an exemplary obstacle detection and mapping system, constructed and operative in accordance with embodiments described herein; 
         FIG.  1 O  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 P  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  1 Q  illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example of a method; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an example of a method; and 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example of an execution of a method. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     The specification and/or drawings may refer to an image. An image is an example of a media unit. Any reference to an image may be applied mutatis mutandis to a media unit. A media unit may be an example of sensed information. Any reference to a media unit may be applied mutatis mutandis to a natural signal such as but not limited to signal generated by nature, signal representing human behavior, signal representing operations related to the stock market, a medical signal, and the like. Any reference to a media unit may be applied mutatis mutandis to sensed information. The sensed information may be sensed by any type of sensors- such as a visual light camera, or a sensor that may sense infrared, radar imagery, ultrasound, electro-optics, radiography, LIDAR (light detection and ranging), etc. 
     The specification and/or drawings may refer to a processor. The processor may be a processing circuitry. The processing circuitry may be implemented as a central processing unit (CPU), and/or one or more other integrated circuits such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), full-custom integrated circuits, etc., or a combination of such integrated circuits. 
     Any combination of any steps of any method illustrated in the specification and/or drawings may be provided. 
     Any combination of any subject matter of any of claims may be provided. 
     Any combinations of systems, units, components, processors, sensors, illustrated in the specification and/or drawings may be provided. 
     There may be provide a system, a method and a non-transitory computer readable medium for fuel efficiency optimization by predictive driving. 
     A wide array of conventional and emerging vehicle technologies is available to increase fuel efficiency and reduce greenhouse gases such as improved combustion efficiency, transmission improvements, vehicle light-weighting, rolling resistance improvements, co-optimization of advanced engines and fuels, and vehicle hybridization and electrification. 
     However, the energy use in transport continues to grow despite the stated efficiency improvements (amongst other factors due to slowdown of sales of new, more efficient vehicles, consumers prefer larger cars, and typical vehicle occupancy rates have fallen). 
     There is a growing need to provide methods for fuel consumption that can reduce fuel consumption which are not solely based on mechanical improvements. There is a suggested a solution that is based on prediction of the vehicle movements, while taking into account environmental information. 
     The solution may take advantage of an environmental model that create a comprehensive view of the vehicle’s surroundings. 
     The solution may utilize data from various types of sensors (camera, radar, lidar) that data may be fused in order to represent dynamic and static driving environments for Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving systems. 
     The generation of the perception model may include detection and classification of stationary elements as well as recognition and tracking of dynamic elements ( e.g., driving lanes, traffic signs, vehicles, pedestrians, animals, buildings, obstacles). 
     The environmental model may be used to predict what is the optimal driving behavior and mode to the extent that will enable an improved fuel economy. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates method  200 . Method  200  may include steps  210 ,  220 ,  230  and  240 . 
     Step  210  may include collecting scenarios where change of speed is required by combining data from the telematics system (speed, using gas pedal/brakes, fuel consumption) and environmental model to visually match such indications. 
     Indications for deceleration may include red light, stop sign, yield sign, traffic jams, zebra crossing, speed bumps, pedestrian crossing, an animal runs into the road, roundabout, etc. 
     Indications for acceleration may include green light, free road, acceleration lane, overtaking. etc. 
     Step  210  may be followed by step  220  of calculating, for each scenario calculate the distance and speed of the ego vehicle and other dynamic elements that may affect the decision, e.g., the vehicles ahead or in adjacent lanes. 
     Step  220  may be followed by step  230  of identifying (rule based or unsupervised) an optimal acceleration / deceleration for best fuel consumption for various types of cars and types of roads (regardless of a specific scenario). 
     Referring to step  230  - it is assumed that a hard braking increases fuel efficiency. 
     Step  230  may include collecting cases where the vehicle decelerates before approaching a red light in a free junction. This may be followed by calculating the distance and the speed from the vehicle to the stopping line and measure how long the traffic light is red in order to predict when the light turns to green. For example - if the vehicle is predicted to arrive in a red light, calculate the optimal deceleration speed in accordance to the distance and if the vehicle is expected to arrive in green light calculate the optimal deceleration-acceleration, with as much gentle gas/brakes pressing as possible. 
     Yet for another example - is may be assumed that there is a need to avoid complete stopping and coasting to slow down conserve fuel. 
     Step  230  may include collect all cases where the vehicle decelerates before approaching a yield sign and where the intersecting road is free in a way that enables coasting. This may be followed by calculating the optimal change of speed in accordance to the distance, with minimal brakes usage. 
     It may be assumed that frequent acceleration and deceleration in a traffic jam entails high fuel consumption. 
     Step  230  may include collecting cases where the vehicle drives in a traffic jam, and calculating the average speed of the progressing vehicle ahead and then calculate the maximal speed the vehicle can drive and progress in the jam without pressing the brakes. 
     It may be assumed that the harder the acceleration is the more fuel usage. 
     Step  230  may include collecting scenarios where the vehicle accelerates for overtaking without cars coming from behind or in a long distance (more than x meters) from the ego vehicle, and calculating the optimal increase of speed so that it will be gentle, gradual for maximum fuel economy. 
     The collecting of cases or scenarios may include collecting all cases and/or scenarios or collecting only some. 
       FIG.  3    is an example of a method  240  for fuel efficiency optimization by predictive driving. 
     Method  240  may start by steps  250  and  260 . 
     Step  250  may include determining a current state of a vehicle and current state of an environment of the vehicle. 
     The one or more vehicle progress parameters may include vehicle speed. 
     The current state of the vehicle may include location and one or more kinematic parameter. 
     The current state of the environment may include locations and behaviors of road users, and one or more static environment parameters. 
     The current state of the environment may include weather conditions 
     Step  260  may include estimating a future state of the vehicle and a future state of the environment of the vehicle. Step  260  may be based on the current state if the vehicle and the environment. 
     A future state of each one of the vehicle and the environment is a state at a future point of time following a current point of time. The future point of time may exceed the current point of time by a one till sixty seconds, or more than one minute. 
     The future point of time should be distance enough to allow enough time to impact the progress of the vehicle. On the other hand - the prediction of a future state may be less accurate when the future point of time is to far in the future - and it is expected to be within the range of seconds till one or more minutes from the current point of time. 
     Steps  250  and  260  may be followed by step  270  of evaluating, whether the vehicle has to change one or more vehicle progress parameters between the current point of time and the future point of time. 
     Step  270  may be followed by step  280  of selecting a future driving behavior out of multiple future driving behaviors, that will implement the change of the one or more vehicle progress parameters, wherein the selecting is based on a fuel consumption associated with the change of the one or more future driving parameters. 
     Step  280  may be responsive to a mapping between vehicle behavior and fuel consumption associated with the vehicle behavior. 
     Step  280  may including prioritizing gradual changes of vehicle speed over abrupt changes of the vehicle speed. 
     Step  280  may include selecting a selected future driving behavior that exhibits a lowest fuel consumption out of the multiple future driving behaviors. 
     Step  280  may be followed by step  290  of generating at least one of a selected future driving behavior suggestion, a selected future driving behavior alert, and a selected future driving behavior command. 
     Steps  250  and  260  may include identifying a zebra crossing at a certain distance (X1) before the vehicle and at the estimated future path of the vehicle. The future state is reaching the zebra crossing. Step  270  may include calculating the fuel consumption according to the current speed of the vehicle and recommending a gradual decrease in speed (till stopping before the zebra crossing) and its timing - when to start the gradual decrease in speed. 
     Another example - driving along a predefined path that includes exiting a highway at a certain exit located at a certain distance from the vehicle and determining the future driving behavior out of multiple future driving behaviors, that will cause the vehicle to slow down and turn - thereby exiting the highway at a minimal fuel consumption. 
     Yet another example - using location information (for example - global positioning system (GPS) location) to get a driving route, visual/GPS identification of the driving area and an exit of highway x meters before arrival, calculating the fuel consumption according to the current speed and recommending on the gradual decrease in speed and its timing. This may include an identification of a bend and its curve angles in the dark before arrival and recommending the proper speed and the tilt of the steering wheel. This may include identification of an entrance to a free highway and recommending the optimal acceleration speed. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an example of an execution of method  200 . The state of the vehicle at current state  351  (at least a few meters before reaching roundabout  360 ) is determined, the state of the vehicle at a first future state  352  (when reaching the roundabout) and a second future state  353  (exiting the roundabout) is determined - and fuel consumptions associated with different driving behaviors to reach the second future state are calculated - in order to find a recommended behavior - fuel consumption wise. 
     Various example of generating signatures, processing sensed information and clustering are provided below. 
     Low Power Generation of Signatures 
     The analysis of content of a media unit may be executed by generating a signature of the media unit and by comparing the signature to reference signatures. The reference signatures may be arranged in one or more concept structures or may be arranged in any other manner. The signatures may be used for object detection or for any other use. 
     The signature may be generated by creating a multidimensional representation of the media unit. The multidimensional representation of the media unit may have a very large number of dimensions. The high number of dimensions may guarantee that the multidimensional representation of different media units that include different objects is sparse - and that object identifiers of different objects are distant from each other - thus improving the robustness of the signatures. 
     The generation of the signature is executed in an iterative manner that includes multiple iterations, each iteration may include an expansion operations that is followed by a merge operation. The expansion operation of an iteration is performed by spanning elements of that iteration. By determining, per iteration, which spanning elements (of that iteration) are relevant - and reducing the power consumption of irrelevant spanning elements - a significant amount of power may be saved. 
     In many cases, most of the spanning elements of an iteration are irrelevant - thus after determining (by the spanning elements) their relevancy - the spanning elements that are deemed to be irrelevant may be shut down a/or enter an idle mode. 
       FIG.  1 A  illustrates a method  5000  for generating a signature of a media unit. 
     Method  5000  may start by step  5010  of receiving or generating sensed information. 
     The sensed information may be a media unit of multiple objects. 
     Step  5010  may be followed by processing the media unit by performing multiple iterations, wherein at least some of the multiple iterations comprises applying, by spanning elements of the iteration, dimension expansion process that are followed by a merge operation. 
     The processing may include: 
     Step  5020  of performing a k’th iteration expansion process (k may be a variable that is used to track the number of iterations). 
     Step  5030  of performing a k’th iteration merge process. 
     Step  5040  of changing the value of k. 
     Step  5050  of checking if all required iterations were done - if so proceeding to step  5060  of completing the generation of the signature. Else - jumping to step  5020 . 
     The output of step  5020  is a k’th iteration expansion results  5120 . 
     The output of step  5030  is a k’th iteration merge results  5130 . 
     For each iteration (except the first iteration) - the merge result of the previous iteration is an input to the current iteration expansion process. 
     At least some of the K iterations involve selectively reducing the power consumption of some spanning elements (during step  5020 ) that are deemed to be irrelevant. 
       FIG.  1 B  is an example of an image signature  6027  of a media unit that is an image  6000  and of an outcome  6013  of the last (K’th) iteration. 
     The image  6001  is virtually segments to segments 6000(i,k). The segments may be of the same shape and size but this is not necessarily so. 
     Outcome  6013  may be a tensor that includes a vector of values per each segment of the media unit. One or more objects may appear in a certain segment. For each object - an object identifier (of the signature) points to locations of significant values, within a certain vector associated with the certain segment. 
     For example - a top left segment ( 6001 ( 1 , 1 )) of the image may be represented in the outcome  6013  by a vector V( 1 , 1 )  6017 ( 1 , 1 ) that has multiple values. The number of values per vector may exceed  100 ,  200 ,  500 ,  1000 , and the like. 
     The significant values (for example- more than 10, 20, 30, 40 values, and/or more than 0.1%, 0.2%. 0.5%, 1%, 5% of all values of the vector and the like) may be selected. The significant values may have the values- but may eb selected in any other manner. 
       FIG.  1 B  illustrates a set of significant responses  6015 ( 1 , 1 ) of vector V( 1 , 1 )  6017 ( 1 , 1 ). The set includes five significant values (such as first significant value SV1( 1 , 1 )  6013 ( 1 , 1 , 1 ), second significant value SV2( 1 , 1 ), third significant value SV3( 1 , 1 ), fourth significant value SV4( 1 , 1 ), and fifth significant value SV5( 1 , 1 )  6013 ( 1 , 1 , 5 ). 
     The image signature  6027  includes five indexes for the retrieval of the five significant values - first till fifth identifiers ID1 - ID5 are indexes for retrieving the first till fifth significant values. 
       FIG.  1 C  illustrates a k’th iteration expansion process. 
     The k’th iteration expansion process start by receiving the merge results  5060 ’ of a previous iteration. 
     The merge results of a previous iteration may include values are indicative of previous expansion processes - for example - may include values that are indicative of relevant spanning elements from a previous expansion operation, values indicative of relevant regions of interest in a multidimensional representation of the merge results of a previous iteration. 
     The merge results (of the previous iteration) are fed to spanning elements such as spanning elements  5061 ( 1 )-  5061 (J). 
     Each spanning element is associated with a unique set of values. The set may include one or more values. The spanning elements apply different functions that may be orthogonal to each other. Using non-orthogonal functions may increase the number of spanning elements - but this increment may be tolerable. 
     The spanning elements may apply functions that are decorrelated to each other - even if not orthogonal to each other. 
     The spanning elements may be associated with different combinations of object identifiers that may “cover” multiple possible media units. Candidates for combinations of object identifiers may be selected in various manners - for example based on their occurrence in various images (such as test images) randomly, pseudo randomly, according to some rules and the like. Out of these candidates the combinations may be selected to be decorrelated, to cover said multiple possible media units and/or in a manner that certain objects are mapped to the same spanning elements. 
     Each spanning element compares the values of the merge results to the unique set (associated with the spanning element) and if there is a match - then the spanning element is deemed to be relevant. If so - the spanning element completes the expansion operation. 
     If there is no match - the spanning element is deemed to be irrelevant and enters a low power mode. The low power mode may also be referred to as an idle mode, a standby mode, and the like. The low power mode is termed low power because the power consumption of an irrelevant spanning element is lower than the power consumption of a relevant spanning element. 
     In  FIG.  1 C  various spanning elements are relevant ( 5061 ( 1 )-  5061 ( 3 )) and one spanning element is irrelevant ( 5061 (J)). 
     Each relevant spanning element may perform a spanning operation that includes assigning an output value that is indicative of an identity of the relevant spanning elements of the iteration. The output value may also be indicative of identities of previous relevant spanning elements (from previous iterations). 
     For example- assuming that spanning element number fifty is relevant and is associated with a unique set of values of eight and four - then the output value may reflect the numbers fifty, four and eight - for example one thousand multiplied by (fifty + forty) plus forty. Any other mapping function may be applied. 
       FIG.  1 C  also illustrates the steps executed by each spanning element: 
     Checking if the merge results are relevant to the spanning element (step  5091 ). 
     If- so - completing the spanning operation (step  5093 ). 
     If not - entering an idle state (step  5092 ). 
       FIG.  1 D  is an example of various merge operations. 
     A merge operation may include finding regions of interest. The regions of interest are regions within a multidimensional representation of the sensed information. A region of interest may exhibit a more significant response (for example a stronger, higher intensity response). 
     The merge operation (executed during a k’th iteration merge operation) may include at least one of the following: 
     Step  5031  of searching for overlaps between regions of interest (of the k’th iteration expansion operation results) and define regions of interest that are related to the overlaps. 
     Step  5032  of determining to drop one or more region of interest, and dropping according to the determination. 
     Step  5033  of searching for relationships between regions of interest (of the k’th iteration expansion operation results) and define regions of interest that are related to the relationship. 
     Step  5034  of searching for proximate regions of interest (of the k’th iteration expansion operation results) and define regions of interest that are related to the proximity. Proximate may be a distance that is a certain fraction (for example less than 1%) of the multi-dimensional space, may be a certain fraction of at least one of the regions of interest that are tested for proximity. 
     Step  5035  of searching for relationships between regions of interest (of the k’th iteration expansion operation results) and define regions of interest that are related to the relationship. 
     Step  5036  of merging and/or dropping k’th iteration regions of interest based on shape information related to shape of the k’th iteration regions of interest. 
     The same merge operations may applied in different iterations. 
     Alternatively, different merge operations may be executed during different iterations. 
       FIG.  1 E  illustrates an example of a hybrid process and an input image  6001 . 
     The hybrid process is hybrid in the sense that some expansion and merge operations are executed by a convolutional neural network (CNN) and some expansion and merge operations (denoted additional iterations of expansion and merge) are not executed by the CNN- but rather by a process that may include determining a relevancy of spanning elements and entering irrelevant spanning elements to a low power mode. 
     In  FIG.  1 E  one or more initial iterations are executed by first and second CNN layers  6010 ( 1 ) and  6010 ( 2 ) that apply first and second functions  6015 ( 1 ) and  6015 ( 2 ). 
     The output of these layers provided information about image properties. The image properties may not amount to object detection. Image properties may include location of edges, properties of curves, and the like. 
     The CNN may include additional layers (for example third till N’th layer  6010 (N)) that may provide a CNN output  6018  that may include object detection information. It should be noted that the additional layers may not be included. 
     It should be noted that executing the entire signature generation process by a hardware CNN of fixed connectivity may have a higher power consumption - as the CNN will not be able to reduce the power consumption of irrelevant nodes. 
       FIG.  1 F  illustrates a method  7000  for low-power calculation of a signature. 
     Method  7000  starts by step  7010  of receiving or generating a media unit of multiple objects. 
     Step  7010  may be followed by step  7012  of processing the media unit by performing multiple iterations, wherein at least some of the multiple iterations comprises applying, by spanning elements of the iteration, dimension expansion process that are followed by a merge operation. 
     The applying of the dimension expansion process of an iteration may include (a) determining a relevancy of the spanning elements of the iteration; and (b) completing the dimension expansion process by relevant spanning elements of the iteration and reducing a power consumption of irrelevant spanning elements until, at least, a completion of the applying of the dimension expansion process. 
     The identifiers may be retrieval information for retrieving the significant portions. 
     The at least some of the multiple iterations may be a majority of the multiple iterations. 
     The output of the multiple iteration may include multiple property attributes for each segment out of multiple segments of the media unit; and wherein the significant portions of an output of the multiple iterations may include more impactful property attributes. 
     The first iteration of the multiple iteration may include applying the dimension expansion process by applying different filters on the media unit. 
     The at least some of the multiple iteration exclude at least a first iteration of the multiple iterations. See, for example,  FIG.  1 E . 
     The determining the relevancy of the spanning elements of the iteration may be based on at least some identities of relevant spanning elements of at least one previous iteration. 
     The determining the relevancy of the spanning elements of the iteration may be based on at least some identities of relevant spanning elements of at least one previous iteration that preceded the iteration. 
     The determining the relevancy of the spanning elements of the iteration may be based on properties of the media unit. 
     The determining the relevancy of the spanning elements of the iteration may be performed by the spanning elements of the iteration. 
     Method  7000  may include a neural network processing operation that may be executed by one or more layers of a neural network and does not belong to the at least some of the multiple iterations. See, for example,  FIG.  1 E . 
     The at least one iteration may be executed without reducing power consumption of irrelevant neurons of the one or more layers. 
     The one or more layers may output information about properties of the media unit, wherein the information differs from a recognition of the multiple objects. 
     The applying, by spanning elements of an iteration that differs from the first iteration, the dimension expansion process may include assigning output values that may be indicative of an identity of the relevant spanning elements of the iteration. See, for example,  FIG.  1 C . 
     The applying, by spanning elements of an iteration that differs from the first iteration, the dimension expansion process may include assigning output values that may be indicative a history of dimension expansion processes until the iteration that differs from the first iteration. 
     The each spanning element may be associated with a subset of reference identifiers. The determining of the relevancy of each spanning elements of the iteration may be based a relationship between the subset of the reference identifiers of the spanning element and an output of a last merge operation before the iteration. 
     The output of a dimension expansion process of an iteration may be a multidimensional representation of the media unit that may include media unit regions of interest that may be associated with one or more expansion processes that generated the regions of interest. 
     The merge operation of the iteration may include selecting a subgroup of media unit regions of interest based on a spatial relationship between the subgroup of multidimensional regions of interest. 
     Method  7000  may include applying a merge function on the subgroup of multidimensional regions of interest. See, for example,  FIG.  1 C . 
     Method  7000  may include applying an intersection function on the subgroup of multidimensional regions of interest. See, for example,  FIG.  1 C . 
     The merge operation of the iteration may be based on an actual size of one or more multidimensional regions of interest. 
     The merge operation of the iteration may be based on relationship between sizes of the multidimensional regions of interest. For example- larger multidimensional regions of interest may be maintained while smaller multidimensional regions of interest may be ignored of. 
     The merge operation of the iteration may be based on changes of the media unit regions of interest during at least the iteration and one or more previous iteration. 
     Step  7012  may be followed by step  7014  of determining identifiers that are associated with significant portions of an output of the multiple iterations. 
     Step  7014  may be followed by step  7016  of providing a signature that comprises the identifiers and represents the multiple objects. 
     Localization and Segmentation 
     Any of the mentioned above signature generation method provides a signature that does not explicitly includes accurate shape information. This adds to the robustness of the signature to shape related inaccuracies or to other shape related parameters. 
     The signature includes identifiers for identifying media regions of interest. 
     Each media region of interest may represent an object (for example a vehicle, a pedestrian, a road element, a human made structure, wearables, shoes, a natural element such as a tree, the sky, the sun, and the like) or a part of an object (for example - in the case of the pedestrian - a neck, a head, an arm, a leg, a thigh, a hip, a foot, an upper arm, a forearm, a wrist, and a hand). It should be noted that for object detection purposes a part of an object may be regarded as an object. 
     The exact shape of the object may be of interest. 
       FIG.  1 G  illustrates method  7002  of generating a hybrid representation of a media unit. 
     Method  7002  may include a sequence of steps  7020 ,  7022 ,  7024  and  7026 . 
     Step  7020  may include receiving or generating the media unit. 
     Step  7022  may include processing the media unit by performing multiple iterations, wherein at least some of the multiple iterations comprises applying, by spanning elements of the iteration, dimension expansion process that are followed by a merge operation. 
     Step  7024  may include selecting, based on an output of the multiple iterations, media unit regions of interest that contributed to the output of the multiple iterations. 
     Step  7026  may include providing a hybrid representation, wherein the hybrid representation may include (a) shape information regarding shapes of the media unit regions of interest, and (b) a media unit signature that includes identifiers that identify the media unit regions of interest. 
     Step  7024  may include selecting the media regions of interest per segment out of multiple segments of the media unit. See, for example,  FIG.  2   . 
     Step  7026  may include step  7027  of generating the shape information. 
     The shape information may include polygons that represent shapes that substantially bound the media unit regions of interest. These polygons may be of a high degree. 
     In order to save storage space, the method may include step  7028  of compressing the shape information of the media unit to provide compressed shape information of the media unit. 
       FIG.  1 H  illustrates method  5002  for generating a hybrid representation of a media unit. 
     Method  5002  may start by step  5011  of receiving or generating a media unit. 
     Step  5011  may be followed by processing the media unit by performing multiple iterations, wherein at least some of the multiple iterations comprises applying, by spanning elements of the iteration, dimension expansion process that are followed by a merge operation. 
     The processing may be followed by steps  5060  and  5062 . 
     The processing may include steps  5020 ,  5030 ,  5040  and  5050 . 
     Step  5020  may include performing a k’th iteration expansion process (k may be a variable that is used to track the number of iterations). 
     Step  5030  may include performing a k’th iteration merge process. 
     Step  5040  may include changing the value of k. 
     Step  5050  may include checking if all required iterations were done - if so proceeding to steps  5060  and  5062 . Else - jumping to step  5020 . 
     The output of step  5020  is a k’th iteration expansion result. 
     The output of step  5030  is a k’th iteration merge result. 
     For each iteration (except the first iteration) - the merge result of the previous iteration is an input to the current iteration expansion process. 
     Step  5060  may include completing the generation of the signature. 
     Step  5062  may include generating shape information regarding shapes of media unit regions of interest. The signature and the shape information provide a hybrid representation of the media unit. 
     The combination of steps  5060  and  5062  amounts to a providing a hybrid representation, wherein the hybrid representation may include (a) shape information regarding shapes of the media unit regions of interest, and (b) a media unit signature that includes identifiers that identify the media unit regions of interest. 
     Object detection using compressed shape information. 
     Object detection may include comparing a signature of an input image to signatures of one or more cluster structures in order to find one or more cluster structures that include one or more matching signatures that match the signature of the input image. 
     The number of input images that are compared to the cluster structures may well exceed the number of signatures of the cluster structures. For example - thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands (and even more) of input signature may be compared to much less cluster structure signatures. The ratio between the number of input images to the aggregate number of signatures of all the cluster structures may exceed ten, one hundred, one thousand, and the like. 
     In order to save computational resources, the shape information of the input images may be compressed. 
     On the other hand- the shape information of signatures that belong to the cluster structures may be uncompressed - and of higher accuracy than those of the compressed shape information. 
     When the higher quality is not required - the shape information of the cluster signature may also be compressed. 
     Compression of the shape information of cluster signatures may be based on a priority of the cluster signature, a popularity of matches to the cluster signatures, and the like. 
     The shape information related to an input image that matches one or more of the cluster structures may be calculated based on shape information related to matching signatures. 
     For example - a shape information regarding a certain identifier within the signature of the input image may be determined based on shape information related to the certain identifiers within the matching signatures. 
     Any operation on the shape information related to the certain identifiers within the matching signatures may be applied in order to determine the (higher accuracy) shape information of a region of interest of the input image identified by the certain identifier. 
     For example- the shapes may be virtually overlaid on each other and the population per pixel may define the shape. 
     For example - only pixels that appear in at least a majority of the overlaid shaped should be regarded as belonging to the region of interest. 
     Other operations may include smoothing the overlaid shapes, selecting pixels that appear in all overlaid shapes. 
     The compressed shape information may be ignored of or be taken into account. 
       FIG.  1 I  illustrates a matching process and a generation of a higher accuracy shape information. 
     It is assumed that there are multiple (M) cluster structures  4974 ( 1 )-  4974 (M). Each cluster structure includes cluster signatures, metadata regarding the cluster signatures, and shape information regarding the regions of interest identified by identifiers of the cluster signatures. 
     For example - first cluster structure  4974 ( 1 ) includes multiple (N1) signatures (referred to as cluster signatures CS) CS( 1 , 1 ) - CS( 1 ,N 1 )  4975 ( 1 , 1 ) -  4975 ( 1 ,N 1 ), metadata  4976 ( 1 ), and shape information (Shapeinfo  4977 ( 1 )) regarding shapes of regions of interest associated with identifiers of the CSs. 
     Yet for another example - M’th cluster structure  4974 (M) includes multiple (N 2 ) signatures (referred to as cluster signatures CS) CS(M, 1 ) - CS(M,N 2 )  4975 (M, 1 ) -  4975 (M,N 2 ), metadata  4976 (M), and shape information (Shapeinfo  4977 (M)) regarding shapes of regions of interest associated with identifiers of the CSs. 
     The number of signatures per concept structure may change over time - for example due to cluster reduction attempts during which a CS is removed from the structure to provide a reduced cluster structure, the reduced structure is checked to determine that the reduced cluster signature may still identify objects that were associated with the (non-reduced) cluster signature -and if so the signature may be reduced from the cluster signature. 
     The signatures of each cluster structures are associated to each other, wherein the association may be based on similarity of signatures and/or based on association between metadata of the signatures. 
     Assuming that each cluster structure is associated with a unique object - then objects of a media unit may be identified by finding cluster structures that are associated with said objects. The finding of the matching cluster structures may include comparing a signature of the media unit to signatures of the cluster structures- and searching for one or more matching signature out of the cluster signatures. 
     In  FIG.  1 I -  a    media unit having a hybrid representation undergoes object detection. The hybrid representation includes media unit signature  4972  and compressed shape information  4973 . 
     The media unit signature  4972  is compared to the signatures of the M cluster structures - from CS( 1 , 1 )  4975 ( 1 , 1 ) till CS(M,N 2 )  4975 (M,N 2 ). 
     We assume that one or more cluster structures are matching cluster structures. 
     Once the matching cluster structures are found the method proceeds by generating shape information that is of higher accuracy then the compressed shape information. 
     The generation of the shape information is done per identifier. 
     For each j that ranges between  1  and J (J is the number of identifiers per the media unit signature  4972 ) the method may perform the steps of: 
     Find (step  4978 ( j )) the shape information of the j’th identifier of each matching signature- or of each signature of the matching cluster structure. 
     Generate (step  4979 ( j )) a higher accuracy shape information of the j’th identifier. 
     For example - assuming that the matching signatures include CS( 1 , 1 )  2975 ( 1 , 1 ), CS( 2 , 5 )  2975 ( 2 , 5 ), CS( 7 , 3 )  2975 ( 7 , 3 ) and CS( 15 , 2 )  2975 ( 15 , 2 ), and that the j’th identifier is included in CS( 1 , 1 )  2975 ( 1 , 1 ),CS( 7 , 3 )  2975 ( 7 , 3 ) and CS( 15 , 2 )  2975 ( 15 , 2 ) - then the shape information of the j’th identifier of the media unit is determined based on the shape information associated with CS( 1 , 1 )  2975 ( 1 , 1 ),CS( 7 , 3 )  2975 ( 7 , 3 ) and CS( 15 , 2 )  2975 ( 15 , 2 ). 
       FIG.  1 P  illustrates an image  8000  that includes four regions of interest  8001 ,  8002 ,  8003  and  8004 . The signature  8010  of image  8000  includes various identifiers including ID1  8011 , ID2  8012 , ID3  8013  and ID4  8014  that identify the four regions of interest  8001 ,  8002 ,  8003  and  8004 . 
     The shapes of the four regions of interest  8001 ,  8002 ,  8003  and  8004  are four polygons. Accurate shape information regarding the shapes of these regions of interest may be generated during the generation of signature  8010 . 
       FIG.  1 J  illustrates method  8030  for object detection. 
     Method  8030  may include the steps of method  8020  or may be preceded by steps  8022 ,  8024  and  8026 . 
     Method  8030  may include a sequence of steps  8032 ,  8034 ,  8036  and  8038 . 
     Step  8032  may include receiving or generating an input image. 
     Step  8034  may include generating a signature of the input image. 
     Step  8036  may include comparing the signature of the input image to signatures of a certain concept structure. The certain concept structure may be generated by method  8020 . 
     Step  8038  may include determining that the input image comprises the object when at least one of the signatures of the certain concept structure matches the signature of the input image. 
       FIG.  2 D  illustrates method  8040  for object detection. 
     Method  8040  may include the steps of method  8020  or may be preceded by steps  8022 ,  8024  and  8026 . 
     Method  8040  may include a sequence of steps  8041 ,  8043 ,  8045 ,  8047  and  8049 . 
     Step  8041  may include receiving or generating an input image. 
     Step  8043  may include generating a signature of the input image, the signature of the input image comprises only some of the certain second image identifiers; wherein the input image of the second scale. 
     Step  8045  may include changing a scale of the input image to the first scale to a provide an amended input image. 
     Step  8047  may include generating a signature of the amended input image. 
     Step  8049  may include verifying that the input image comprises the object when the signature of the amended input image comprises the at least one certain first image identifier. 
     Object detection that is robust to angle of acquisition. 
     Object detection may benefit from being robust to the angle of acquisition - to the angle between the optical axis of an image sensor and a certain part of the object. This allows the detection process to be more reliable, use fewer different clusters (may not require multiple clusters for identifying the same object from different images). 
       FIG.  1 K  illustrates method  8120  that includes the following steps: 
     Step  8122  of receiving or generating images of objects taken from different angles. 
     Step  8124  of finding images of objects taken from different angles that are close to each other. Close enough may be less than 1,5,10,15 and 20 degrees - but the closeness may be better reflected by the reception of substantially the same signature. 
     Step  8126  of linking between the images of similar signatures. This may include searching for local similarities. The similarities are local in the sense that they are calculated per a subset of signatures. For example- assuming that the similarity is determined per two images - then a first signature may be linked to a second signature that is similar to the first image. A third signature may be linked to the second image based on the similarity between the second and third signatures- and even regardless of the relationship between the first and third signatures. 
     Step  8126  may include generating a concept data structure that includes the similar signatures. 
     This so-called local or sliding window approach, in addition to the acquisition of enough images (that will statistically provide a large angular coverage) will enable to generate a concept structure that include signatures of an object taken at multiple directions. 
     Signature Tailored Matching Threshold. 
     Object detection may be implemented by (a) receiving or generating concept structures that include signatures of media units and related metadata, (b) receiving a new media unit, generating a new media unit signature, and (c) comparing the new media unit signature to the concept signatures of the concept structures. 
     The comparison may include comparing new media unit signature identifiers (identifiers of objects that appear in the new media unit) to concept signature identifiers and determining, based on a signature matching criteria whether the new media unit signature matches a concept signature. If such a match is found then the new media unit is regarded as including the object associated with that concept structure. 
     It was found that by applying an adjustable signature matching criteria, the matching process may be highly effective and may adapt itself to the statistics of appearance of identifiers in different scenarios. For example - a match may be obtained when a relatively rear but highly distinguishing identifier appears in the new media unit signature and in a cluster signature, but a mismatch may be declared when multiple common and slightly distinguishing identifiers appear in the new media unit signature and in a cluster signature. 
       FIG.  1 L  illustrates method  8200  for object detection. 
     Method  8200  may include: 
     Step  8210  of receiving an input image. 
     Step  8212  of generating a signature of the input image. 
     Step  8214  of comparing the signature of the input image to signatures of a concept structure. 
     Step  8216  of determining whether the signature of the input image matches any of the signatures of the concept structure based on signature matching criteria, wherein each signature of the concept structure is associated within a signature matching criterion that is determined based on an object detection parameter of the signature. 
     Step  8218  of concluding that the input image comprises an object associated with the concept structure based on an outcome of the determining. 
     The signature matching criteria may be a minimal number of matching identifiers that indicate of a match. For example- assuming a signature that include few tens of identifiers, the minimal number may vary between a single identifier to all of the identifiers of the signature. 
     It should be noted that an input image may include multiple objects and that a signature of the input image may match multiple cluster structures. Method  8200  is applicable to all of the matching processes- and that the signature matching criteria may be set for each signature of each cluster structure. 
     Step  8210  may be preceded by step  8202  of determining each signature matching criterion by evaluating object detection capabilities of the signature under different signature matching criteria. 
     Step  8202  may include: 
     Step  8203  of receiving or generating signatures of a group of test images. 
     Step  8204  of calculating the object detection capability of the signature, for each signature matching criterion of the different signature matching criteria. 
     Step  8206  of selecting the signature matching criterion based on the object detection capabilities of the signature under the different signature matching criteria. 
     The object detection capability may reflect a percent of signatures of the group of test images that match the signature. 
     The selecting of the signature matching criterion comprises selecting the signature matching criterion that once applied results in a percent of signatures of the group of test images that match the signature that is closets to a predefined desired percent of signatures of the group of test images that match the signature. 
     The object detection capability may reflect a significant change in the percent of signatures of the group of test images that match the signature. For example- assuming, that the signature matching criteria is a minimal number of matching identifiers and that changing the value of the minimal numbers may change the percentage of matching test images. A substantial change in the percentage (for example a change of more than 10, 20, 30, 40 percent) may be indicative of the desired value. The desired value may be set before the substantial change, proximate to the substantial change, and the like. 
     For example, referring to  FIG.  1 I , cluster signatures CS( 1 , 1 ), CS( 2 , 5 ), CS( 7 , 3 ) and CS( 15 , 2 ) match unit signature  4972 . Each of these matches may apply a unique signature matching criterion. 
     Examples of Systems 
       FIG.  1 M  illustrates an example of a system capable of executing one or more of the mentioned above methods. 
     The system include various components, elements and/or units. 
     A component element and/or unit may be a processing circuitry may be implemented as a central processing unit (CPU), and/or one or more other integrated circuits such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), full-custom integrated circuits, etc., or a combination of such integrated circuits. 
     Alternatively, each component element and/or unit may implemented in hardware, firmware, or software that may be executed by a processing circuitry. 
     System  4900  may include sensing unit  4902 , communication unit  4904 , input  4911 , one or more processors - such as processor  4950 , and output  4919 . The communication unit  4904  may include the input and/or the output. The communication unit  4904  may communicate with any entity - within the vehicle (for example driver device, passenger device, multimedia device), outside the vehicle (another vehicle, another computerized system - such as out-of-vehicle computerized system  4820  of  FIG.  1 N , another road user, another human outside the vehicle), and the like. 
     Input and/or output may be any suitable communications component such as a network interface card, universal serial bus (USB) port, disk reader, modem or transceiver that may be operative to use protocols such as are known in the art to communicate either directly, or indirectly, with other elements of the system. 
     Processor  4950  may include at least some out of (and thus may not include at least one out of):
     Multiple spanning elements  4951 (q).   Multiple merge elements  4952 (r).   Object detector  4953 .   Cluster manager  4954 .   Controller  4955 .   Selection unit  4956 .   Object detection determination unit  4957 .   Signature generator  4958 .   Movement information unit  4959 .   Identifier unit  4960 .   

     While system  4900  includes a sensing unit  4902  - is should be noted that it may receive sensed information from other sensors and/or that the sensing unit does not belong to the system. The system may receive information from one or more sensors located in the vehicle, associated with the vehicle, and/or located outside the vehicle. 
     Any method illustrated in the specification may be fully or partially executed by system  4900 , and/or may be fully or partially executed by one or more other computerized system, and/or by one or more computerized systems - for example by task allocations between computerized systems, by a cooperation (for example - exchange of information, exchange of decisions, any allocation of resources, collaborative decision, and the like) between multiple computerized systems. 
     The one or more other computerized systems may be, for example, out-of-vehicle computerized system  4820  of  FIG.  1 N , any other out-of-vehicle computerized system, one or more other in-vehicle systems, a computerized device of a person within the vehicle, any computerized system outside the vehicle - including for example a computerized system of another vehicle. 
     An example of an other in-vehicle system is denoted  4830  in  FIG.  1 N  and is located within vehicle  4800  that drives along road  4820 . 
     System  4900  may obtain sensed information from any type of sensors - a camera, one or more sensors implemented using any suitable imaging technology instead of, or in addition to, a conventional camera, an infrared sensor, a radar, an ultrasound sensor, any electro-optic sensor, a radiography sensor, a LIDAR (light detection and ranging), telemetry ECU sensor, shock sensor, etc. 
     System  4900  and/or other in-vehicle system is denoted  4830  may use supervised and/or unsupervised learning to perform any method executed by them. 
     The other in-vehicle system  4830  may be an autonomous driving system, an advance driver assistance system, or may differ from an autonomous driving system and from an advance driver assistance system. 
     The other in-vehicle system  4830  may include processing circuitry  210 , input/output (I/O) module  220 , one or more sensors  233 , and database  270 . The processing circuitry  210  may execute any task is it assigned or programmed to perform in relation to any of the methods illustrate din the application. Alternatively - the other in-vehicle system  4830  may include another module for executing (alone or with the processing circuit) any such task. For example - the processing circuitry may execute instructions to provide an autonomous driving manager functionality. Alternatively -another circuit or module of the in-vehicle system  4830  may provide the autonomous driving manager functionality. 
       FIG.  1 O  illustrates method  7002  of generating a hybrid representation of a media unit. 
     Method  7002  may include a sequence of steps  7020 ,  7022 ,  7024  and  7026 . 
     Step  7020  may include receiving or generating the media unit. 
     Step  7022  may include processing the media unit by performing multiple iterations, wherein at least some of the multiple iterations comprises applying, by spanning elements of the iteration, dimension expansion process that are followed by a merge operation. 
     Step  7024  may include selecting, based on an output of the multiple iterations, media unit regions of interest that contributed to the output of the multiple iterations. 
     Step  7026  may include providing a hybrid representation, wherein the hybrid representation may include (a) shape information regarding shapes of the media unit regions of interest, and (b) a media unit signature that includes identifiers that identify the media unit regions of interest. 
     Step  7024  may include selecting the media regions of interest per segment out of multiple segments of the media unit. See, for example,  FIG.  2   . 
     Step  7026  may include step  7027  of generating the shape information. 
     The shape information may include polygons that represent shapes that substantially bound the media unit regions of interest. These polygons may be of a high degree. 
     In order to save storage space, the method may include step  7028  of compressing the shape information of the media unit to provide compressed shape information of the media unit. 
       FIG.  1 P  illustrates method  8020  for scale invariant object detection. 
     Method  8020  may include a first sequence of steps that may include step  8022 ,  8024 ,  8026  and  8028 . 
     Step  8022  may include receiving or generating a first image in which an object appears in a first scale and a second image in which the object appears in a second scale that differs from the first scale. 
     Step  8024  may include generating a first image signature and a second image signature. 
     The first image signature includes a first group of at least one certain first image identifier that identifies at least a part of the object. 
     The second image signature includes a second group of certain second image identifiers that identify different parts of the object. 
     The second group is larger than first group - as the second group has more members than the first group. 
     Step  8026  may include linking between the at least one certain first image identifier and the certain second image identifiers. 
     Step  8026  may include linking between the first image signature, the second image signature and the object. 
     Step  8026  may include adding the first signature and the second signature to a certain concept structure that is associated with the object. 
     Step  8028  may include determining whether an input image includes the object based, at least in part, on the linking. The input image differs from the first and second images. 
     The determining may include determining that the input image includes the object when a signature of the input image includes the at least one certain first image identifier or the certain second image identifiers. 
     The determining may include determining that the input image includes the object when the signature of the input image includes only a part of the at least one certain first image identifier or only a part of the certain second image identifiers. 
     The linking may be performed for more than two images in which the object appears in more than two scales. 
       FIG.  1 Q  illustrates method  8200  for object detection. 
     Method  8200  may include: 
     Step  8210  of receiving an input image. 
     Step  8212  of generating a signature of the input image. 
     Step  8214  of comparing the signature of the input image to signatures of a concept structure. 
     Step  8216  of determining whether the signature of the input image matches any of the signatures of the concept structure based on signature matching criteria, wherein each signature of the concept structure is associated within a signature matching criterion that is determined based on an object detection parameter of the signature. 
     Step  8218  of concluding that the input image comprises an object associated with the concept structure based on an outcome of the determining. 
     The signature matching criteria may be a minimal number of matching identifiers that indicate of a match. For example- assuming a signature that include few tens of identifiers, the minimal number may vary between a single identifier to all of the identifiers of the signature. 
     It should be noted that an input image may include multiple objects and that a signature of the input image may match multiple cluster structures. Method  8200  is applicable to all of the matching processes- and that the signature matching criteria may be set for each signature of each cluster structure. 
     Step  8210  may be preceded by step  8202  of determining each signature matching criterion by evaluating object detection capabilities of the signature under different signature matching criteria. 
     Step  8202  may include: 
     Step  8203  of receiving or generating signatures of a group of test images. 
     Step  8204  of calculating the object detection capability of the signature, for each signature matching criterion of the different signature matching criteria. 
     Step  8206  of selecting the signature matching criterion based on the object detection capabilities of the signature under the different signature matching criteria. 
     The object detection capability may reflect a percent of signatures of the group of test images that match the signature. 
     The selecting of the signature matching criterion comprises selecting the signature matching criterion that once applied results in a percent of signatures of the group of test images that match the signature that is closets to a predefined desired percent of signatures of the group of test images that match the signature. 
     The object detection capability may reflect a significant change in the percent of signatures of the group of test images that match the signature. For example- assuming, that the signature matching criteria is a minimal number of matching identifiers and that changing the value of the minimal numbers may change the percentage of matching test images. A substantial change in the percentage (for example a change of more than 10, 20, 30, 40 percent) may be indicative of the desired value. The desired value may be set before the substantial change, proximate to the substantial change, and the like. 
     Any reference in the specification to a method should be applied mutatis mutandis to a system capable of executing the method and should be applied mutatis mutandis to a non-transitory computer readable medium that stores instructions that once executed by a computer result in the execution of the method. 
     Any reference in the specification to a system and any other component should be applied mutatis mutandis to a method that may be executed by a system and should be applied mutatis mutandis to a non-transitory computer readable medium that stores instructions that may be executed by the system. 
     Any reference in the specification to a non-transitory computer readable medium should be applied mutatis mutandis to a system capable of executing the instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable medium and should be applied mutatis mutandis to method that may be executed by a computer that reads the instructions stored in the non-transitory computer readable medium. 
     Any combination of any module or unit listed in any of the figures, any part of the specification and/or any claims may be provided. Especially any combination of any claimed feature may be provided. 
     Any reference to the term “comprising” or “having” should be interpreted also as referring to “consisting” of “essentially consisting of”. For example - a method that comprises certain steps can include additional steps, can be limited to the certain steps or may include additional steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the method - respectively. 
     The invention may also be implemented in a computer program for running on a computer system, at least including code portions for performing steps of a method according to the invention when run on a programmable apparatus, such as a computer system or enabling a programmable apparatus to perform functions of a device or system according to the invention. The computer program may cause the storage system to allocate disk drives to disk drive groups. 
     A computer program is a list of instructions such as a particular application program and/or an operating system. The computer program may for instance include one or more of: a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library/dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. 
     The computer program may be stored internally on a computer program product such as non-transitory computer readable medium. All or some of the computer program may be provided on non-transitory computer readable media permanently, removably or remotely coupled to an information processing system. The non-transitory computer readable media may include, for example and without limitation, any number of the following: magnetic storage media including disk and tape storage media; optical storage media such as compact disk media (e.g., CD-ROM, CD-R, etc.) and digital video disk storage media; nonvolatile memory storage media including semiconductor-based memory units such as FLASH memory, EEPROM, EPROM, ROM; ferromagnetic digital memories; MRAM; volatile storage media including registers, buffers or caches, main memory, RAM, etc. A computer process typically includes an executing (running) program or portion of a program, current program values and state information, and the resources used by the operating system to manage the execution of the process. An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. The computer system may for instance include at least one processing unit, associated memory and a number of input/output (I/O) devices. When executing the computer program, the computer system processes information according to the computer program and produces resultant output information via I/O devices. 
     In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific examples of embodiments of the invention. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made therein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. 
     Moreover, the terms “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “over,” “under” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing permanent relative positions. It is understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the invention described herein are, for example, capable of operation in other orientations than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that the boundaries between logic blocks are merely illustrative and that alternative embodiments may merge logic blocks or circuit elements or impose an alternate decomposition of functionality upon various logic blocks or circuit elements. Thus, it is to be understood that the architectures depicted herein are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. 
     Any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality may be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. 
     Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that boundaries between the above described operations merely illustrative. The multiple operations may be combined into a single operation, a single operation may be distributed in additional operations and operations may be executed at least partially overlapping in time. Moreover, alternative embodiments may include multiple instances of a particular operation, and the order of operations may be altered in various other embodiments. Also for example, in one embodiment, the illustrated examples may be implemented as circuitry located on a single integrated circuit or within a same device. Alternatively, the examples may be implemented as any number of separate integrated circuits or separate devices interconnected with each other in a suitable manner. 
     Also for example, the examples, or portions thereof, may implemented as soft or code representations of physical circuitry or of logical representations convertible into physical circuitry, such as in a hardware description language of any appropriate type. 
     Also, the invention is not limited to physical devices or units implemented in non-programmable hardware but can also be applied in programmable devices or units able to perform the desired device functions by operating in accordance with suitable program code, such as mainframes, minicomputers, servers, workstations, personal computers, notepads, personal digital assistants, electronic games, automotive and other embedded systems, cell phones and various other wireless devices, commonly denoted in this application as ‘computer systems’. 
     However, other modifications, variations and alternatives are also possible. The specifications and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than in a restrictive sense. 
     In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word ‘comprising’ does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps then those listed in a claim. Furthermore, the terms “a” or “an,” as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. Also, the use of introductory phrases such as “at least one” and “one or more” in the claims should not be construed to imply that the introduction of another claim element by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim element to inventions containing only one such element, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an.” The same holds true for the use of definite articles. Unless stated otherwise, terms such as “first” and “second” are used to arbitrarily distinguish between the elements such terms describe. Thus, these terms are not necessarily intended to indicate temporal or other prioritization of such elements. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. 
     While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.