Patent Publication Number: US-2004041302-A1

Title: Pipe structure and method of manufacture

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] This invention relates to pipes made from polymeric material, and more particularly to pipes made as segments which are assembled into larger pipe systems during installation.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] During recent years, it has become more and more common for pipes for the transmission of fluids to be made from plastic materials.  
       [0003] Non-metal materials are made into various types of pipes by several methods. For instance, it is known to extrude PVC into various shaped pipes. Another more economical method is the corrugated pipe technique, which uses blow mold and vacuum mold techniques to produce a pipe which is formed as extruded tubes of a polymer such as HDPE (high density polyethylene). Systems for fabricating such corrugated pipes are sold by Corma, Inc. of Concord, Ontario. A system of this type is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,188, which is herein incorporated by reference.  
       [0004] Polymer material pipes are generally manufactured as continuous extrusions which are then cut into sections. Frequently, each section has a male end and a female end, and these sections are linked sequentially across the distance needed for the pipe to extend. The female end of the pipe, sometimes called a bell, receives the male end, sometimes called a spigot, of the next pipe therein.  
       [0005] One problem presented in such pipes derives from the fact that, during fabrication, the material from which the pipe is made is heated, and then cooled. As different portions of the pipe cool and shrink at different rates, stresses are created. If the pipe is then exposed to heat, even such as that of strong sunlight, it may cause enough warming to soften portions of the pipe.  
       [0006] The result of this is that portions of the bell are altered from the desired shape. As a result, the bell, which is optimally an open flared cone or skirt with a circular mouth, “flowers”, i.e., deforms into a roughly clover-leaf or flower cross-section. This flowered structure presents problems when the pipe sections are to be assembled, since the puckering of this shape may make the female end of the pipe too small to easily accommodate the male end of the next pipe section. This means that the construction crew must try to pry the flowered bell apart to insert the male portion. This is inefficient in terms of labor costs and time. Moreover, the flowering can render the pipe section completely unusable.  
       [0007] Similarly, stacking of the pipe section can create loads in the female end of the pipe section. If environmental factors such as heat created by sunlight or high ambient temperatures are present, this can soften the material to the degree that deformation occurs.  
       OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0008] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a pipe section having a female end with a strengthened periphery.  
       [0009] It is also an object of the invention to provide a pipe section with a female end resistant to deformation.  
       [0010] It is another object of the invention to provide a pipe section which is readily connected with another pipe section to form a pipe assembly.  
       [0011] It is still another object of the invention to provide a pipe assembly which is efficiently and cost-effectively fabricated in the field and is reliably sealed against leakage.  
       [0012] It is a further object of the invention to provide a method and apparatus for making the pipe section of the invention.  
       [0013] It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method of fabricating the pipe assembly of the invention.  
       [0014] Accordingly, in one aspect the invention is a pipe section which comprises a segment of polymeric material configured as a conduit having an end strengthened by a reinforcing structure formed integrally of said material around the periphery of said end.  
       [0015] In another aspect, the invention is a pipe assembly for accommodating fluid flow therethrough, which includes a first pipe section comprising a segment of polymeric material configured as a conduit and having a male end and a female end, said first pipe section&#39;s female end being flared and being strengthened by a reinforcing structure formed integrally of said material around the periphery of said female end, and a second pipe section comprising a segment of polymeric material configured as a conduit and having a male end and a female end, said male end of said second pipe section being in the female end of the first pipe section such that fluid may flow from one of said sections into the other.  
       [0016] In a further aspect, the invention is a method of forming a pipe section, which comprises subjecting an end of a segment of polymeric material configured as a conduit to conditions sufficient to render the material proximate such end plastic, and turning the plastic polymeric material at such end back away from the end to form an integral reinforcing structure.  
       [0017] In yet another aspect, the invention is method of fabricating a pipe assembly for accommodating fluid flow therethrough, said assembly including a first pipe section comprising a segment of polymeric material configured as a conduit and having a male end and a female end, said female end being flared and being strengthened by a reinforcing structure formed integrally of said material around the periphery of said female end, and a second pipe section comprising a segment of polymeric material configured as a conduit and having a male end and a female end, which method comprises bringing the female end of said first pipe section and the male end of said second pipe section into approximate registration by inserting the male end of the second pipe into the flared female end of the first pipe section, and connecting the male end of the second pipe section and the female end of the first pipe section when the two sections are in alignment, such that fluid may flow from one of said sections into the other.  
       [0018] In still another aspect, the invention is an apparatus for forming a reinforcing structure on an open end of a polymeric pipe section, which has a mandrel having a wall for contacting said pipe section. The mandrel includes a first portion wherein the wall is configured to be received in the open end of the pipe section, and another portion in which the wall extends outwardly of the first portion in arcuate fashion such that an annular pocket is formed. The apparatus has means for holding the pipe section in an orientation such that it and the mandrel can be brought into contact, with the mandrel&#39;s first portion being first received in the opening at the end of the pipe section. The apparatus also has means for causing movement of the mandrel and the pipe section holding means relative to one another such that the mandrel and the pipe section come together with the mandrel&#39;s first portion being received by the opening at the end of the pipe section, and thereafter the annular pocket of the third portion coming into contact with and deforming the end of the pipe section to form a reinforcing structure.  
       [0019] Of course, it will be understood that the invention pertains not only to straight-line pipe sections but also to all other configurations, such as elbow-shaped or T-shaped fittings.  
       [0020] Substantial benefits are conferred by practice of the invention. The provision of a reinforcing structure integral with the subject pipe section, proximate the periphery of the female end, effectively strengthens the structure so that it maintains its desired shape, resists deformation during storage before use, and can withstand rough handling during connection of other piping to it. The pipe assembly incorporating such pipe section is cost effectively fabricated in the field and has increased strength at the point of interface during the connection operation, with the result that such operation is made easier and more efficient. And, the method and apparatus for making the pipe section, as well as the method for making the aforementioned pipe assembly, of the invention are correspondingly convenient and cost effective.  
       [0021] Other objects and benefits of the invention will become apparent from the present specification, and the invention will be set forth in the claims. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0022]FIG. 1 is a partly cut away elevational view of a pipe section of the invention.  
     [0023]FIG. 2 is a partially cut away elevational view of the connection between the male and female connection portions of two adjacent pipe sections according to the invention.  
     [0024]FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view taken through the centerline of the female connection portion of a pipe section according to the invention.  
     [0025]FIG. 4 shows an enlarged partial view of FIG. 3.  
     [0026] FIGS.  5  to  10  are enlarged views similar to that of FIG. 4, showing alternate embodiments of the invention herein.  
     [0027]FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a pipe section of the invention during manufacture.  
     [0028]FIG. 12 shows the initial fabricated female connection portion and a mandrel used to form it into the final desired structure of the invention.  
     [0029]FIG. 13 shows an apparatus for forming the reinforced rim structure in a pipe section.  
     [0030] FIGS.  14 - 16  are detailed sectional views of mandrels for forming rim structures of alternate embodiments. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION  
     [0031] A central feature of our invention is formation of the integral reinforcing member on the female end of a subject pipe section. This member reinforces the female end&#39;s peripheral edge so that it can withstand rough contact, jostling and the like when a male end of another pipe section is inserted and moved around to secure alignment pursuant to connection of the pipe sections. Typically, practice of the present invention results in attainment of a hoop strength at the reinforced female end of at least 10, and preferably at least 15, pounds (e.g. for 4-inch diameter conduit) and in some cases 50, and preferably at least 80, pounds (e.g., for 12-inch diameter conduit), hoop strength being defined as the amount of force needed to laterally compress a pipe by 5% of its diameter. Moreover, the reinforcing member strengthens the female end of a subject pipe section, especially when flared, against deformation resulting from flowering by providing a skeletal frame which holds the end in its desired shape. Also, the reinforcing member provides extra support while the pipe section is being stored, for example, stacked in contact with other pipe sections. In the event ambient conditions such as heat, sunlight or the like cause a softening of the pipe section&#39;s constituent material the reinforcing member contributes added structural integrity so that degradation which might otherwise occur can be prevented or at least decreased substantially.  
     [0032] While useful with a range of materials, the invention is especially applicable to piping made of polymeric materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene and PVC (in certain good embodiments, especially with polypropylene and PVC for instance, filler is also incorporated to reduce cost). Over and above such materials&#39; intrinsic value in piping applications, they are particularly useful for producing piping in a variety of shapes and styles, especially piping having a corrugated wall, which structure confers a relatively greater strength to weight ratio vis-a-vis non-corrugated piping. This is a consequence of the fact that the solidified polymeric materials of which conduit is made characteristically are formed from precursors (such as the polymeric material at elevated temperature, e.g., hot polyethylene, or a reaction mixture subjected eventually to curing conditions) which have rheological properties permitting material flow until setting. Since such precursors are highly formable, the polymeric materials are particularly useful in extrusion processes, and other processes which similarly require a high degree of formability, for making the corrugated pipe sections on other shapes and styles contemplated in connection with the present invention.  
     [0033] It follows that a preferred embodiment of the invention is a method of forming a pipe section, which comprises subjecting an end of a length of polymeric material configured as a conduit with a corrugated wall to conditions sufficient to render the material proximate said end plastic; shaping the plastic polymeric material proximate said end into a flared portion; turning the plastic material at the end of said flared portion back away from the end to form an integral reinforcing structure.  
     [0034] The characteristics of the inventive pipe section as herein described lead to a highly advantageous pipe assembly comprising at least two pipe sections aligned and connected utilizing the invention. As brought out in more depth below, the present invention is very effective in maintaining the shape of a subject pipe section&#39;s female end so that a good fit between it and the male end of another pipe section can reliably be achieved, without the necessity for mechanical working of such female end in order to return it to its initial configuration conforming to and accommodating the shape of the male end. Moreover, when the female end of a subject pipe section is flared, the reinforcing member has the further effects of dimensionally stabilizing the flared end (again for the purpose of reliably accommodating the other pipe section&#39;s male end), and strengthening the edge of the flared portion so that movement therein of the other pipe section&#39;s end to achieve the desired alignment can be carried out with decreased danger of deformation of the flared portion through rough contact, etc.  
     [0035] It can, therefore, be seen that another preferred embodiment of the invention is that it involves a method of fabricating a pipe assembly as aforesaid. In this method the pipe section is formed from a polymeric material, and it has a first tubular conduit. A female connection on the end of the conduit has a generally cylindrical or conical structure which extends from the end of the conduit.  
     [0036] The terminal portion of the end structure is then heated to make the material plastic. The terminal portion of the female connection and a mandrel are then pressed together. The mandrel has a pocket structure which causes the heated end of the female connection to bend backwards to form a reinforcing rim structure. The heated end is then allowed to set. The cooled material of the rim structure reinforces the female connection so that the flowering and other deformation problems of the prior art are not encountered.  
     [0037] To provide an integrated treatment of various structural aspects of the invention, we consider a pipe assembly formed of at least first and second pipe sections. The first pipe section comprises a tubular conduit with a female connection on the end. The second pipe section has a tubular conduit with a male connection on its end. The female connection receives the male connection so that the interior of the first pipe section communicates with the interior of the second pipe section, and water or other fluid can flow through the pipe assembly.  
     [0038] The female connection is formed of a polymeric material. It has a first connection portion which is connected to the end of the conduit and extends longitudinally away from it. The female connection also has an annular terminal edge which defines an opening at the end of the pipe section. The terminal edge has a reinforcement structure which rigidifies the end of the female connection and prevents the flowering and other deformation problems of the prior art.  
     [0039] The reinforcement structure preferably includes a first annular portion formed integral with the first connection portion, a second annular portion formed integral with this portion and extending radially inwardly or outwardly of the first annular portion, and a third annular portion which is formed integral with the second annular portion and extends longitudinally inwardly of the first pipe section.  
     [0040] In a preferred embodiment, the first pipe section has a corrugated outer structure of the same polymeric material as the female connection affixed to the outer surface of the conduit. Preferably, the corrugated outer surface is formed integral with the female connection portion and is of material which is substantially the same thickness as in the female connection.  
     [0041] The female connection is also provided with a widening flared opening to aid assembly of the pipes in, for instance, a trench, where it is difficult to perfectly align the pipe sections for assembly. This is a valuable feature, since it is often fairly difficult to align the pipes precisely before pressing them together; provision of a flared portion which helps guide another pipe section&#39;s end toward the female connection site expedites attaining alignment. In such connection, it should be noted that as used herein: the term “approximate registration” refers to the condition in which two pipe sections are oriented vis-a-vis one another that the male end of one can be or is inserted into the flared female end of the other; and the term “alignment” refers to the condition of such section. The flare also enhances the structural strength of the end of the pipe section.  
     [0042] The rigidity of the female connection also may be enhanced by the use of several crimped or creased portions of the end portion which additionally reinforce the structure of the female connection.  
     [0043] Now, with reference to the figures of drawing, as best seen in FIG. 1, a pipe section, generally indicated at  3 , extends longitudinally between a male end or spigot, generally indicated at  5 , and a female end or bell, generally indicated at  7 .  
     [0044] Intermediate these two ends is a middle length of the pipe section generally indicated at  9 , which is shown in contracted cut-away in FIG. 1. The usual length of the pipe sections of this type is about 20 feet, although there may be variations in this depending on the application and environment for which the use is desired. Inner diameters of the pipes may vary widely, but in the preferred embodiment range from about 10 inches to about 37 inches.  
     [0045] The pipe section  3  has an outer structure  11  which is preferably formed of a continuous extrusion of polymer material, most preferably a thermoplastic such as high density polyethylene (HDPE). The outer structure  11  has a number of ring-shaped corrugations  13  each extending around the pipe. Alternatively, the outer structure may have a different pattern, such as spiral corrugations.  
     [0046] The inside of the pipe section  3  is a tubular or cylindrical conduit  15  which extends between the male and female ends  5  and  7  and which is bonded to the corrugated structure  11  during fabrication of the pipe section. The conduit is preferably also formed as a continuous extrusion of polymer material, most preferably HDPE. This inner cylindrical conduit  15  defines a passage generally indicated  17  going through the pipe section from the male end  5  to the female end  7 .  
     [0047] During assembly of the pipe sections, as best shown in FIG. 2, the male end  5  is inserted into the female connection  7 . The female connection provides a inwardly facing conical engagement surface  19  against which abuts a resilient sealing member  21 , which is a gasket, preferably an extruded rubber profile, supported in a radially outwardly facing recess on the last corrugation  23  of the male end  5  of the pipe section  3 . Alternatively, a gasket may be held in the valley  24  between the first and second corrugations at the male end  5 , which gasket is radially wide enough to sealingly engage surface  19 . This engagement between the sealing member  21  and the engagement surface  19  effectively seals the joint so that fluids passing through the pipe sections do not leak out in appreciable amounts. The engagement surface  19  flares outwardly at an angle of 1°to 10°, and most preferably about 5°, to the centerline axis of cylindrical conduit  15 .  
     [0048]FIG. 3 shows an enlarged cross-section of the female connection  7 . It will be understood that the cross section of the pipe section will be the same for all cross-sections through the centerline of the pipe because the form of the preferred embodiment is a shape of rotation with circular cross-sections. It will be understood that non-circular cross-section pipes, e.g., oval cross-sections, may also benefit from the present invention.  
     [0049] After the last corrugation  13 , the female connection end  7  comprises a bell structure  27  with an opening generally indicated at  25 , into which the male end  5  can be inserted. The bell structure  27  comprises a generally conical flare portion  29  which tapers longitudinally outward and radially outward from the end  31  of the cylindrical conduit  15 . This taper extends to the wall portion  33  which provides the inwardly facing engagement surface  19  against which the sealing member  21  of the male end  5  engages. Wall portion  33  tapers outward at an angle of about 1° to 10°, and most preferably about 5°, as indicated above.  
     [0050] Longitudinally outward of engagement surface  19 , the wall portion  33  includes a further flared second flare section  35 . This flare section  35  flares outward at a flare of about 15° to 30°, and most preferably about 20° from the centerline of the conduit  15  and preferably has a longitudinal length of about 1 to 2 inches, and most preferably 1.5 inches.  
     [0051] To rigidify the end opening  25  of female connection  7 , the flare portion  35  is also provided with a plurality of small corrugations or crimps  37  which provide a ribbed annular portion which extends around the circumference of the conical flare section  35 . In the preferred embodiment there are three crimps  37 , but it will be understood that depending on the thickness of wall used and the length of this flare section  35 , more or fewer crimps may be used.  
     [0052] Flare portion  35  is flared out at an angle of about 20°, which allows for insertion of the male end  5  into the female connection  7  with some degree of angular play. In common installation of such pipe sections, a trench is dug and the pipe section of 20 feet in length is lowered by the use of machinery such as a back hoe. As the pipe is lowered into the trench it may be fairly difficult to ensure that the axis of the second pipe section aligns with the axis of the first pipe section perfectly. The angulation of flare portion  35  allows for some play or tolerance in the alignment, in certain good embodiments up to as much as 20 or even 30° as the male end  5  is settled into the female connection  7 .  
     [0053] The wall portion  33  extends to a longitudinal terminal end indicated at  39 . This longitudinal terminal end  39  is provided with a reinforcing rim structure which keeps the shape of the mouth  25  of the female connection  7  circular.  
     [0054] As best seen in FIG. 4, the reinforcing structure comprises a first portion  41  formed integral with the distal end of the second flare portion  35 . This first portion  41  extends longitudinally outward of the pipe section  3 . Formed integral with the first section is a second section  43  which curves to extend radially outward from first portion  41 . The third portion  45  is formed integral with second portion  43  and this extends backwards in a longitudinal direction towards the longitudinal center of the pipe section  3 , spaced from the first portion  41 . Third portion  45  has a terminal end portion  47  which is spaced from the first portion  41 .  
     [0055] These annular structures combine to form an annular reinforcing structure which is roughly a U-shaped channel.  
     [0056] The U-shaped channel has a curved cross-section taken through the centerline of the pipe section. The radius of curvature of this channel is preferably about 1.25 times the thickness of the material of the flare portion, although the radius may be as large as 4 times the thickness of the material.  
     [0057] When the bell  7  is formed by extrusion it has a substantially uniform thickness throughout. The preferred thickness varies with the size of the pipe. A 12-inch diameter pipe will preferably have a thickness of about 0.110 to 0.112 inches. A 30-inch inside diameter pipe will preferably have thicker material, about 185 inches, and a 60-inch inside diameter pipe will preferably be of material about 0.25 inches thick.  
     [0058] The combination of the reinforcing structure and the 20° flare is remarkably sturdy, structure, as much as about five times stronger than the same pipe without the flare or reinforcement. A deformation test comparing two 12″ pipes, one with a flare and reinforced rim as described herein, and the other identical, but with no rim or flare, yielded striking results. A 5% deformation of the unflared and unreinforced pipe required a compressive lateral load of 26 pounds. To achieve the same 5% deformation in the reinforced and flared pipe required a load of 122.5 pounds.  
     [0059] The curving structure of this reinforcing ring formed by the portions  41 ,  43  and  45  also provides an additional benefit in that no corners project either in a longitudinal direction or radially. During assembly of the female connection  7  with the male end  5 , the roundness of all corners prevents the end portion  39  from catching the resilient sealing member  21  and dislodging it from its position on the first corrugation  23  in the male portion  5  and also significantly reduces the insertion force.  
     [0060]FIGS. 5 through 10 show alternate embodiments that can also be used to reinforce the end of the female connection  7 . The same reference numbers are used for similar parts in these embodiments.  
     [0061]FIG. 5 shows an alternate embodiment in which the third annular portion  45  is curved so that the terminal end  47  thereof contacts the outer side of flare portion  35 . The result is that the reinforcing structure defined by the three elements of portions  41 ,  43  and  45  is a tubular structure reinforcing the rim of female connection portion  7 .  
     [0062] In FIG. 6, a further alternate embodiment is shown wherein the third portion  45  is pressed inward so that the third portion  45  lies adjacent to and engaging the first portion  41  on its radial outside surface.  
     [0063] Referring to FIG. 7, a further alternate embodiment is shown wherein the curvature of the reinforcing structure at the end of the female connection  7  does not have a curvature as pronounced as that in the embodiment of FIG. 5. Instead of having the curvature of approximately a complete semicircle, the embodiment of FIG. 87 has a cross-section which is less than a semicircle and wherein the tangent to the terminal end portion  47  of the third portion  45  is at an angle α from the perpendicular passing through the longitudinal axis of the pipe section. This angle α is preferably less than 90° and more than about 10°, to produce some sort of channel structure in the rim. In the embodiment shown, the angle α is about 60°.  
     [0064] Referring to FIG. 8, an embodiment is shown wherein the third portion  45  of the reinforcing structure is connected to a further outwardly disposed portion  49  which engages and overlies the radially outer surface of third portion  45  so as to provide a generally S-shaped reinforcing structure at the mouth of female connection  7 .  
     [0065] A further alternate embodiment is disclosed in FIG. 9, wherein an annular bead  51  is formed around the outside of terminal end  53 . This bead  51  is annular and reinforces outer rim  53  against deformation out of a desired shape in a fashion similar to the reinforcing structures of FIGS. 4 through 8.  
     [0066] This bead  51  may be formed by reforming the end of the extruded bell of female connection  7  without any additional material. An alternate possibility is that the bead  51 , which is of the same material as used for the extrusion, which is preferentially high density polyethylene, is additional material applied around the longitudinal terminal end  53  of the formed flare portion  35 . The application of this bead  51  is under conditions sufficient to cause it to fuse with the material of the flare portion  35  and structurally unite with that member. This bead may be applied as a string of polyethylene or other suitable material wrapped around the flare portion  35 , or as a loop of polyethylene material which is shrunk around the flare portion  35 .  
     [0067] It will be understood that reinforcement structures such as the bead need not be at the terminal end of the female connection, but may provide beneficial structural reinforcement when spaced slightly inward from the end, so long as the reinforcement is in the end region of the pipe to prevent deformation of the end.  
     [0068] It will also be understood that these embodiments are exemplary of reinforcement structures, and that other cross-sectional structures may be readily devised by those of skill in the art.  
     [0069]FIG. 10 shows another alternative embodiment which can be applied not only to the rim structure indicated in FIG. 4 but to the reinforcing rim structures of FIGS. 5 through 9, as well. As seen in FIG. 10, the curvature of the reinforcing structure may be reversed so that it extends radially inwardly of the flared portion  35 . In FIG. 10, the reinforcing structure consists of a first portion  53  extending longitudinally outwardly, a second portion  55  extending radially inwardly and a third portion  57  which extends back longitudinally towards the longitudinal center of the pipe section  3 . The inward terminal end  59  of this inward reinforcement structure is spaced inwardly from the first portion  53 .  
     [0070] The configuration of this reinforcing structure may be varied so it can have a cross-section similar to that of the embodiment of FIG. 6 (a tube structure), FIG. 7 (a folded structure), FIG. 8 (a less than semicircular arch), or FIG. 9 (an S-shaped, folded structure). It will also be understood that the same concept can be applied to the structure of FIG. 10, wherein the bead  51  would be mounted on the radial inside of the lip  53  of the mouth of the female connection.  
     [0071] The preferred method of manufacture of the pipe sections of the invention is by extrusion of polymer material. Particularly preferred is the corrugated pipe extrusion method discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,188, and/or embodied in the Corma, Inc., system sold under the model designation “3020”.  
     [0072] Such a system produces, a generally continuous corrugated tube which is cut into separate pipe sections.  
     [0073]FIG. 11 shows a segment of the continuous tube which is cut to form the male and female ends  5  and  7 . The corrugated tube comprises two tubular parisons or sheets of extruded material, preferably of a thermoplastic nature, such as HDPE, which parisons have a substantially constant thickness over the length of the pipe. The outer parison  50  comprises the bell  7 , including crimps  37 , and the pipe structure  11  with the corrugations  13 . The inner parison  60  is a generally cylindrical tube which constitutes the conduits  15  of the pipe sections  3 . Both parisons are of the same material and are bonded together at annular regions  62  during the extrusion process.  
     [0074] The first step of processing after extrusion is that the pipe sections are cut to separate them from each other. This is done by cutting completely through the extrusion at plane A of FIG. 11.  
     [0075] The next step of processing involves cutting through each of the parisons  50  and  60  with a skiving tool, which is usually a router held in place to cut through one of the extruded parisons while the pipe section is rotated. Two cuts are made, inner parison  60  being skived at plane B and outer parison  50  at plane C. This frees a portion, referred to as “top-hat”  64 , which is recycled.  
     [0076] The resulting female end  7  has a cross-section as shown in FIG. 12.  
     [0077] As an alternative to this arrangement which requires skiving out the “top-hat” is that in the area of the bell the inner parison  60  may be pressed outward to form a double-walled bell shape. Such a structure would only require a single cut, to separate the pipe sections. The interior shape would be correct without further skiving needed.  
     [0078] At this point, the pipe wall portion  33  has a longitudinal end  61  which extends generally along the line of the generally conical surface  19  of wall  33 . It is this end  61  that is formed into the rim structure.  
     [0079] In order to introduce the rim structure, the female connection  7  and a mandrel  63  are pressed together so the mandrel enters into the opening  25  of the female connection  7 .  
     [0080] As best seen in FIG. 12, the mandrel  63  comprises a central body portion  65  which is generally circular about the central axis of the pipe section  3 . This may be solid, or it may be toroidal, with a hole in the middle and a similar radially outward configuration. The central portion  65  fits into the opening  25  at the end of the pipe section, and this first portion of the mandrel has a generally cylindrical outer wall  67 . The cylindrical outer wall  67  blends into a flaring frustoconical wall  69 , which flares outwardly at approximately 20° to impart a flare to the end structure  61  of the female connection  7 .  
     [0081] The frustoconical surface  69  extends flaringly outward to pocket structure  71 , which includes a curving surface  73  which curves from the outer end of the frustoconical section upwardly and then back in a longitudinal direction towards the end section of the pipe structure, forming an annular pocket or trough generally indicated at  75 .  
     [0082] In this stage of fabrication, the thermoplastic material is either heated by a secondary source or the mandrel itself may be heated to soften this material and make it pliable to form the reinforcing structure. The softened end of the pipe is then pressed into the mandrel, by movement of either the pipe or the mandrel, or both together.  
     [0083] The engagement of the pipe with the mandrel is at specified temperature, pressure and duration. For a 12 inch inner diameter pipe with a 0.112 inch wall thickness, the end of the pipe is heated to about 350° F., and the mandrel and pipe are pressed together with a force of about 400 pounds. The engagement is maintained for about 15 to 20 seconds, which imparts the proper shape to the pipe. These parameters, it will be understood, vary with the size of pipe, and may be varied even with the same size pipe.  
     [0084] An apparatus particularly preferred for finishing the female end  7  of the pipe section  3  is shown in FIG. 13. The female end  7  of the pipe is held in a rotary station indicated at  77  between rollers  79  and  81  that rotate the pipe  3  in place.  
     [0085] First, skiving device  83 , which has two routing devices  85  and  87  mounted on a moving carriage, moves laterally to place the skiving device in operative position at the end  7  of the pipe  3 . As the pipe is rotated, the top-hat (not shown in FIG. 13) is cut out. The skiving device  83  is then retracted to the position shown in FIG. 13.  
     [0086] Mandrel device  89  then descends on vertical track  91  to line up with the end  7  of pipe  3 . Heating device  93 , preferably a gas torch or a quartz radiant heater, is then activated to heat and soften the material at the end of pipe  3 . The mandrel  63  is supported on pneumatic cylinder structure  95 , which, when activated, presses the mandrel  63  into engagement with the end  7  of the pipe  3 , forming the reinforcement structure on the pipe.  
     [0087] The mandrel  63  is then retracted and the mandrel device  89  moves up to its starting position shown in FIG. 13.  
     [0088] The pipe is then cooled and allowed to set. Cooling may be assisted with an air mister.  
     [0089] Other systems for pressing the engagement of the pipe end with the mandrel can readily be assembled by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, a yoke that grips the end of the pipe may be attached to a pneumatic press with the mandrel thereon which, when activated, presses the mandrel against the end of the pipe.  
     [0090] Different mandrel designs can be used to obtain the rim structures of alternate embodiments shown in FIGS.  5  to  10 .  
     [0091] For example the embodiment of FIG. 8 is preferably obtained by the mandrel arrangement as seen in FIG. 14. Mandrel  97  has a sloping conical surface  99  which terminates at an abutment surface  101 . A spot heating element  105  applies heat to a middle third of the annular end portion  103  while the mandrel  97  and pipe  3  are being rotated relative thereto. As the end portion  103  is pushed against the abutment surface  101 , the softened middle portion folds to form the S-shaped reinforcement.  
     [0092] The radially inwardly disposed reinforcement structure shown in FIG. 10 is preferably formed by a mandrel  107  as seen in FIG. 9.  
     [0093]FIG. 16 shows a preferred embodiment for formation of a bead  51  as seen in FIG. 9. The mandrel  109  is rotated adjacent a rotating roller  111 , which co-acts therewith to shape the bead  51  at the end of pipe  3 .  
     [0094] The terms used herein are intended to be terms of description rather than limitation, as those knowledgeable in the art with this specification in hand will be able to make modifications therein without departing from the spirit of the invention.