Patent Publication Number: US-7720490-B2

Title: Location update operations for idle mode terminals with a plurality of wireless communication interfaces

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
   Embodiments of the present invention relate to the field of heterogeneous wireless networks, and more particularly, to location update operations for idle mode terminals with a plurality of wireless communication interfaces. 
   BACKGROUND 
   Mobile Stations (MS) are powered on a wireless network for significant time durations, but are not always in an active call session. To use the times they are not in an active call session as battery conserving opportunities, idle mode and paging operations are defined in many of the mobile wireless network standards including, but not limited to, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Alliance, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Forum, Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Per such defined operations, an MS enters a low-powered mode called idle mode and there are specified mechanisms in the various technologies to let the MS get back to active mode whenever required, e.g., when there is an incoming call for the MS, when the network needs to know the location of the MS, etc. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Embodiments of the present invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram representation of an example wireless communication system in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram representation of an example platform with multiple radios; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram representation of a location update operation in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram representation of a location update operation in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram representation of an example processor system that may be used to practice various aspects of the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
   In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof wherein like numerals designate like parts throughout, and in which is shown by way of illustration embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of embodiments in accordance with the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. 
   Various operations may be described as multiple discrete operations in turn, in a manner that may be helpful in understanding embodiments of the present invention; however, the order of description should not be construed to imply that these operations are order dependent. 
   The description may use perspective-based descriptions such as up/down, back/front, and top/bottom. Such descriptions are merely used to facilitate the discussion and are not intended to restrict the application of embodiments of the present invention. 
   For the purposes of the present invention, the phrase “A/B” means A or B. For the purposes of the present invention, the phrase “A and/or B” means “(A), (B), or (A and B)”. For the purposes of the present invention, the phrase “at least one of A, B, and C” means “(A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C)”. For the purposes of the present invention, the phrase “(A)B” means “(B) or (AB)” that is, A is an optional element. 
   The description may use the phrases “in an embodiment,” or “in embodiments,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments. Furthermore, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as used with respect to embodiments of the present invention, are synonymous. 
   Embodiments of the present invention provide location update operations for idle mode terminals with a plurality of wireless communication interfaces. 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , an example wireless communication system  100  may include one or more wireless communication networks, generally shown as  110 ,  120 , and  130 . In particular, the wireless communication system  100  may include a wireless personal area network (WPAN)  110 , a wireless local area network (WLAN)  120 , and a wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN)  130 . Although  FIG. 1  depicts three wireless communication networks, the wireless communication system  100  may include additional or fewer wireless communication networks. For example, the wireless communication system  100  may include additional WPANs, WLANs, and/or WMANs. The methods and apparatus described herein are not limited in this regard. 
   The wireless communication system  100  may also include one or more subscriber stations, generally shown as  140 ,  142 ,  144 ,  146 , and  148 . For example, the subscriber stations  140 ,  142 ,  144 ,  146 , and  148  may include wireless electronic devices such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet computer, a cellular telephone, a pager, an audio and/or video player (e.g., an MP3 player or a DVD player), a gaming device, a video camera, a digital camera, a navigation device (e.g., a GPS device), a wireless peripheral (e.g., a printer, a scanner, a headset, a keyboard, a mouse, etc.), a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), and/or other suitable fixed, portable, or mobile electronic devices. Although  FIG. 1  depicts five subscriber stations, the wireless communication system  100  may include more or less subscriber stations. 
   Each of the subscriber stations  140 ,  142 ,  144 ,  146 , and  148  may be authorized or allowed to access services provided by one or more of the wireless communication networks  110 ,  120 , and/or  130 . The subscriber stations  140 ,  142 ,  144 ,  146 , and  148  may use a variety of modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g., direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-division multiplexing (TDM) modulation, frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) modulation, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation (e.g., orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)), multi-carrier modulation (MDM), and/or other suitable modulation techniques to communicate via wireless links. In one example, the laptop computer  140  may operate in accordance with suitable wireless communication protocols that require very low power such as Bluetooth®, ultra-wide band (UWB), and/or radio frequency identification (RFID) to implement the WPAN  110 . In particular, the laptop computer  140  may communicate with devices associated with the WPAN  110  such as the video camera  142  and/or the printer  144  via wireless links. 
   In another example, the laptop computer  140  may use direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation and/or frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) modulation to implement the WLAN  120  (e.g., the 802.11 family of standards developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and/or variations and evolutions of these standards). For example, the laptop computer  140  may communicate with devices associated with the WLAN  120  such as the printer  144 , the handheld computer  146  and/or the smart phone  148  via wireless links. The laptop computer  140  may also communicate with an access point (AP)  150  via a wireless link. The AP  150  may be operatively coupled to a router  152  as described in further detail below. Alternatively, the AP  150  and the router  152  may be integrated into a single device (e.g., a wireless router). 
   The laptop computer  140  may use OFDM modulation to transmit large amounts of digital data by splitting a radio frequency signal into multiple small sub-signals, which in turn, are transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies. In particular, the laptop computer  140  may use OFDM modulation to implement the WMAN  130 . For example, the laptop computer  140  may operate in accordance with the 802.16 family of standards developed by IEEE to provide for fixed, portable, and/or mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) networks (e.g., the IEEE std. 802.16-2004 (published Sep. 18, 2004), the IEEE std. 802.16e (published Feb. 28, 2006), the IEEE std. 802.16f (published Dec. 1, 2005), etc.) to communicate with base stations, generally shown as  160 ,  162 , and  164 , via wireless link(s). 
   Although some of the above examples are described above with respect to standards developed by IEEE, the methods and apparatus disclosed herein are readily applicable to many specifications and/or standards developed by other special interest groups and/or standard development organizations (e.g., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Alliance, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Forum, Infrared Data Association (IrDA), Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), etc.). The methods and apparatus described herein are not limited in this regard. 
   The WLAN  120  and WMAN  130  may be operatively coupled to a common public or private network  170  such as the Internet, a telephone network (e.g., public switched telephone network (PSTN)), a local area network (LAN), a cable network, and/or another wireless network via connection to an Ethernet, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, a coaxial cable, and/or any wireless connection, etc. In one example, the WLAN  120  may be operatively coupled to the common public or private network  170  via the AP  150  and/or the router  152 . In another example, the WMAN  130  may be operatively coupled to the common public or private network  170  via the base station(s)  160 ,  162 , and/or  164 . 
   The wireless communication system  100  may include other suitable wireless communication networks. For example, the wireless communication system  100  may include a wireless wide area network (WWAN) (not shown). The laptop computer  140  may operate in accordance with other wireless communication protocols to support a WWAN. In particular, these wireless communication protocols may be based on analog, digital, and/or dual-mode communication system technologies such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology, General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) technology, Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) technology, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) technology, 3GPP technology, standards based on these technologies, variations and evolutions of these standards, and/or other suitable wireless communication standards. Although  FIG. 1  depicts a WPAN, a WLAN, and a WMAN, the wireless communication system  100  may include other combinations of WPANs, WLANs, WMANs, and/or WWANs. The methods and apparatus described herein are not limited in this regard. 
   The wireless communication system  100  may include other WPAN, WLAN, WMAN, and/or WWAN devices (not shown) such as network interface devices and peripherals (e.g., network interface cards (NICs)), access points (APs), redistribution points, end points, gateways, bridges, hubs, etc. to implement a cellular telephone system, a satellite system, a personal communication system (PCS), a two-way radio system, a one-way pager system, a two-way pager system, a personal computer (PC) system, a personal data assistant (PDA) system, a personal computing accessory (PCA) system, and/or any other suitable communication system. Although certain examples have been described above, the scope of coverage of this disclosure is not limited thereto. 
   In the example of  FIG. 2 , a platform  200  may include a plurality of wireless communication devices or radios  205 , generally shown as  210 ,  220 , and  230 . The platform  200  may be a part of and/or integrated into one of the wireless electronic devices mentioned above in connection with  FIG. 1  or any combination thereof. For example, the platform  200  may also include a message generator  250 , a device selector  260 , a controller  270 , and a memory  280 . The plurality of radios  205 , the device selector  250 , the message generator  260 , the controller  270 , and the memory  280  may be operatively coupled to each other via a bus  290 . While  FIG. 2  depicts components of the platform  200  coupling to each other via the bus  290 , these components may be operatively coupled to each other via other suitable direct or indirect connections (e.g., a point-to-point connection or a point-to-multiple point connection). Further, although  FIG. 2  depicts three radios, the platform  200  may include more or less radios. 
   Each of the plurality of radios  205  may include a receiver (RX), generally shown as  214 ,  224 , and  234 , and a transmitter (TX), generally shown as  216 ,  226 , and  236 . Accordingly, each of the plurality of radios  205  may receive and/or transmit data via the receivers  214 ,  224 , and  234  and the transmitters  216 ,  226 , and  236 , respectively. Each of the plurality of radios  205  may also include an antenna, generally shown as  218 ,  228 , and  238 . Each of the antennas  218 ,  228 , and  238  may include one or more directional or omni-directional antennas such as dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, and/or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of radio frequency (RF) signals. Although  FIG. 2  depicts a single antenna associated with each of the plurality of radios  205 , each of the plurality of radios  205  may include additional antennas. For example, each of the plurality of radios  205  may include a plurality of antennas to implement a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system. 
   Each of the plurality of radios  205  may be associated with a wireless communication network such as, for example, a WPAN, a WLAN, a WMAN, a WWAN, or a wireless mesh network. As noted above in connection with  FIG. 1 , each type of wireless communication network may operate based on a particular wireless communication technology. To illustrate the application of the plurality of radios  205  with heterogeneous wireless communication networks, the radio  210  may operate based on Wi-Fi technology, the radio  220  may operate based on WiMAX technology, and the radio  230  may operate based on Third Generation (3G) technology. Each of the plurality of radios  205  may be used to perform various applications based on a variety of factors such as quality of service (QoS), cost per bit, coverage area, mobility, etc. In one example, the radio  210  may be used for transmission control protocol (TCP) and/or web browsing, the radio  220  may be used for video streaming, and the radio  230  may be used for voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). Although the plurality of radios  205  is described above to operate in a particular manner, the plurality of radios  205  may be used to perform various applications. 
   Briefly, Wi-Fi technology may provide high-speed wireless connectivity within a range of a wireless access point (e.g., a hotspot) in different locations including homes, offices, cafes, hotels, airports, etc. In particular, Wi-Fi technology may allow a wireless device to connect to a local area network without physically plugging the wireless device into the network when the wireless device is within a range of a wireless access point (e.g., within 150 feet indoor or 300 feet outdoors). In one example, Wi-Fi technology may offer high-speed Internet access and/or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service connection to wireless devices. The 802.11 family of standards was developed by IEEE to provide for WLANs (e.g., the IEEE std. 802.11a published 1999, the IEEE std. 802.11b published 1999, the IEEE std. 802.11 g published 2003, variations, and/or evolutions of these standards). The Wi-Fi Alliance facilitates the deployment of WLANs based on the 802.11 standards. In particular, the Wi-Fi Alliance ensures the compatibility and inter-operability of WLAN equipment. For convenience, the terms “802.11” and “Wi-Fi” may be used interchangeably throughout this disclosure to refer to the IEEE 802.11 suite of air interface standards. 
   WiMAX technology may provide last-mile broadband connectivity in a larger geographical area (e.g., hot zones than other wireless technology such as Wi-Fi technology. In particular, WiMAX technology may provide broadband or high-speed data connection to various geographical locations where wired transmission may be too costly, inconvenient, and/or unavailable. In one example, WiMAX technology may offer greater range and bandwidth to enable T1-type service to businesses and/or cable/digital subscriber line (DSL)-equivalent access to homes. The 802.16 family of standards was developed by IEEE to provide for fixed, portable, and/or mobile broadband wireless access networks (e.g., the IEEE std. 802.16-2004 published 2004, the IEEE std. 802.16e published 2006, the IEEE std. 802.16f published 2005, variations, and/or evolutions of these standards). The WiMAX Forum facilitates the deployment of broadband wireless access networks based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. In particular, the WiMAX Forum ensures the compatibility and inter-operability of broadband wireless equipment. For convenience, the terms “802.16” and “WiMAX” may be used interchangeably throughout this disclosure to refer to the IEEE 802.16 suite of air interface standards. 
   Third Generation technology may provide broad-range coverage for voice communications, data access, and/or Internet connectivity across wide geographic areas. In particular, 3G technology may provide great mobility for devices whose primary function is voice services with additional data applications as a complement to those services. For example, such devices may include cellular telephones that may also provide interactive video conferencing, or a handheld computers (or PDAs) that may provide full-playback DVD services. To provide such high-speed wireless communication services, the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT-2000) family of standards was developed by the International Telecommunications Unit (e.g., W-CDMA, CDMA2000, etc.). 
   Although the above examples are described with respect to particular wireless communication technologies, the plurality of radios  205  may operate based on other suitable types of wireless communication technology. For example, one of the plurality of radios  205  may operate based on UWB technology instead or the plurality of radios  205  may include an additional radio that may operate based on UWB technology. 
   To reduce power consumption, bandwidth usage, processing resources, etc., one or more of the plurality of radios  205  may operate in idle mode. In particular, each of the plurality of radios  205  may be inactive but readily available to operate in active mode if necessary. Each of the plurality of radios  205  may monitor for a paging message from a corresponding node (e.g., an access point or a base station) via a paging channel. For example, the paging message may be indicative of an incoming communication such as a voice call, a text message, streaming media, etc. In response to receipt of the paging message, one or more of the plurality of radios  205  may receive the incoming communication. In addition or alternatively, an individual may manually select one or more of the plurality of radios  205  to operate in active mode instead of idle mode. 
   Instead of each of the plurality of radios  205  performing or executing separate processes to either enter into or exit from idle mode, the platform  200  may coordinate and process a single request for at least one of the plurality of radios  205  to either enter into or exit from idle mode as described in detail below. In particular, the message generator  250  may generate an idle mode message. For example, the idle mode message may include information associated with the plurality of radios  205  such as identification, idle duration, recent communication, and/or other suitable information of each of the plurality of radios  205 . The idle mode message may be an idle mode entry request or an idle mode exit request. In particular, the message generator  250  may generate an idle mode entry request to initiate idle mode for at least one radio of the plurality of radio  205 . The message generator  250  may generate an idle mode exit request for at least one radio of the plurality of communication devices  205  to exit from idle mode. 
   The device selector  260  may select one of the plurality of radios  205  to operate as a proxy to transmit the idle mode message from the message generator  250 . In one example, the device selector  260  may select the radio that uses the lowest transmit power to transmit the idle mode message(s). In another example, the device selector  260  may also select the radio that is currently in active mode or the last radio to transmit. In yet another example, each of the plurality of radios  205  may take turns to transmit idle mode message(s) for a predefined time period in a round-robin manner. Alternatively, an individual may designate one of the plurality of radios  205  to transmit the idle mode message. 
   The controller  270  may operate at least one of the plurality of radios  205  in idle mode based on paging information of an idle mode entry response. In particular, the paging information may include paging cycle and/or paging offset for at least one of the plurality of radios  205 . For example, the radio  220  may be awake for ten milliseconds (ms) every second to monitor for a paging message. The controller  270  may also establish a direct wireless communication link between one of the plurality of radios  205  and a corresponding node. 
   The memory  280  may store the idle mode information and/or the paging information associated with each of the plurality of radios  205 . For example, the idle mode information may include information provided by the platform  200  such as identification information of each of the plurality of radios  205 , and which one of the plurality of radios  205  was selected to transmit the idle mode message (i.e., proxy device). The idle mode information may also include a length of time that each of the plurality of radios  205  may have been operating in idle mode (i.e., idle duration). The paging information may include information from at least one paging controller for at least one of the plurality of radios  205  to operate in idle mode. As noted above, for example, the paging information may include information associated with paging cycle, paging offset, and/or other suitable information. 
   Although the components shown in  FIG. 2  are depicted as separate blocks within the platform  200 , the functions performed by some of these blocks may be integrated within a single semiconductor circuit or may be implemented using two or more separate integrated circuits. In one example, although the receiver  214  and the transmitter  216  are depicted as separate blocks within the radio  210 , the receiver  214  may be integrated into the transmitter  216  (e.g., a transceiver). In another example, the message generator  250 , device selector  260 , and/or the controller  270  may integrated into a single component (e.g., a processor). The methods and apparatus described herein are not limited in this regard. 
   Since there are numerous types of wireless networks, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, as noted above, many mobile stations include multiple radios, for example, a WIFI-WIMAX combo, a WIFI-3G combo, a WIMAX-3G combo, etc. and each technology generally has its own paging specification for the air interface and the access network. 
   Instead of tracking the exact location of an idle mode MS at all times, the wireless technologies generally provide procedures to keep track of its approximate location, often designated by a Paging Group (PG), also, known as a tracking area or a location area. Typically, a PG comprises a cluster of one or more base stations and/or access points that are administered by a paging controller. The network only maintains the current PG of an idle mode MS. When in idle mode, if the MS moves away from its current PG and enters a new PG, its location information is updated. This procedure is also referred to as a location update. In this manner, the network keeps track of the location information of the idle mode MSs to the accuracy of a last known Paging Group. The network uses the approximate location information of an idle mode MS to locate and set up new connections with it. Whenever required, the MS is precisely tracked to its associated base station by sending a broadcast message within all base stations that comprise the MSs current PG. 
   Referring to  FIG. 3 , an MS, in various embodiments, has n number of radios, specifically, r_ 1 , r_n. Additionally, each radio has its own set of applications that will invoke it. Thus, radio r_i will be invoked by a set of applications denoted by s_i. With respect to each radio, the MS may be in a connected or in an idle mode. 
   As may be seen in  FIG. 3 , a radio, specifically, r_i, is in a connected mode and, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, may be used to perform a location update on behalf of an idle radio, for example, r_k. A response from the network may also come on the connected radio r_i. Such an arrangement allows for minimizing signaling overhead. Such an arrangement also prevents network access and contentions from occurring on the network to which radio r_k is connected. 
   In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, a procedure as illustrated in  FIG. 3  allows for the location update for MSs. As may be seen in  FIG. 3 , a radio, for example, r_i, is connected and is used to perform a location update on behalf of an idle radio, for example, r_k. A response from the network may also come on the connected radio r_i. Such an arrangement allows for minimizing signaling overhead. Thus, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, an arrangement as illustrated in  FIG. 3  allows for the location update for MSs to be performed over a connected radio for radios that are in an idle mode. As may be seen, a location update message  300  is sent by the MS on radio r_i on behalf of radio r_k by forwarding the location update message to a current base station or access point of radio r_i. The MS may choose radio r_i based upon a number of factors such as, for example, whether the radio is available and currently in an active mode, the cost of sending a message on this radio, the quality of service offered by the wireless network through which the radio communicates, etc. The message is forwarded on to the paging controller of radio r_i, which forwards the location update message to the paging controller of radio r_k. In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, the paging controller of radio r_k processes the location update request message and a location update response message  302  for the mobile station may be forwarded from the paging controller of radio r_k to paging controller of radio r_i, which forwards the location update response message to the base station/access point of radio r_i, which forwards the location update response to the mobile station itself. 
   With reference to  FIG. 4 , in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, a radio may be selected for handling location update messages and location update response messages for multiple radios, whether or not the radio is in a connected or in an idle mode. Once again, for example, radio r_i is used for handling the location update messages and location update response messages. Thus, as may be seen in  FIG. 4 , there are, as an example, three radios. More specifically, radio r_i, radio r_j, and radio r_k. The mobile station may choose radio r_i for sending the aggregated location updates on radios r_i, r_j and r_k based upon a number of factors like whether the radio is currently available, the cost of sending a message on a particular radio, the quality of service offered by the wireless network through which a particular communicates, etc. One location update message  400  for all three radios is sent by the MS to the base station/access point of radio r_i, which forwards the location update message to the paging controller of radio r_i. The paging controller of radio r_i forwards the location update message  400   j ,  400   k  to the paging controllers of radio r_j and radio r_k, respectively, and may also process the location update message locally. In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, one or both of paging controller of radio r_j and radio r_k may process the location update request and forward a location update response message  402   j ,  402   k , respectively, to the paging controller of radio r_i. The paging controller of radio r_i forwards a location update response  402  (either separate or combined) to the base station or access point of radio r_i, which forwards the location update response message to the mobile station. 
   Multiple base stations and/or access points may be utilized in transmitting and forwarding the various messages. 
     FIG. 5  is a block diagram of an example processor system  2000  adapted to implement the methods and apparatus disclosed herein, in accordance with various embodiments. The processor system  2000  may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet computer, a PDA, a server, an Internet appliance, and/or any other type of computing device. The processor system  2000  may be used as a STA, a base station, an AP, or a server hosting the paging controller function. 
   The processor system  2000  illustrated in  FIG. 5  may include a chipset  2010 , which includes a memory controller  2012  and an input/output (I/O) controller  2014 . The chipset  2010  may provide memory and I/O management functions as well as a plurality of general purpose and/or special purpose registers, timers, etc. that are accessible or used by a processor  2020 . The chipset  2010  may be implemented using one or more Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) components, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) components, Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) components, Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) components, and/or other suitable networking components. In particular, in various embodiments designed to be a STA or a paging service, the chipset  2010  may be endowed with the teachings of the present invention, implementing selected aspects of the above described paging mechanism. The processor  2020  may be implemented using one or more processors, e.g. those of the Intel® Core™ technology, Intel® Pentium® technology, the Intel® Itanium® technology, the Intel® Centrino™ technology, the Intel® Core™ Duo technology, the Intel® Xeon™ technology, and/or the Intel® XScale® technology. In the alternative, other processing technology may be used to implement the processor  2020 . The processor  2020  may include a cache  2022 , which may be implemented using a first-level unified cache (L1), a second-level unified cache (L2), a third-level unified cache (L3), and/or any other suitable structures to store data. 
   The memory controller  2012  may perform functions that enable the processor  2020  to access and communicate with a main memory  2030  including a volatile memory  2032  and a non-volatile memory  2034  via a bus  2040 . The volatile memory  2032  may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM), and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory  2034  may be implemented using flash memory, Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), and/or any other desired type of memory device. In various embodiments designed to be used as a server, suitable for hosting the above described paging service function, main memory  2030  may include (a non-persistent copy of the) instructions implementing all or portions of the above described paging controller function. 
   The processor system  2000  may also include an interface circuit  2050  that is coupled to the bus  2040 . The interface circuit  2050  may be implemented using any type of interface standard such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), a third generation input/output (3GIO) interface, a WiFi interface, a WiMAX interface, and/or any other suitable type of interface. In various embodiments designed to be a STA or AP, selected aspects of the above described paging mechanism may be implemented in interface circuit  2050 , in addition to or in lieu of the endowment in chipset  2010 . 
   One or more input devices  2060  may be connected to the interface circuit  2050 . The input device(s)  2060  permit an individual to enter data and commands into the processor  2020 . For example, the input device(s)  2060  may be implemented by a keyboard, a mouse, a touch-sensitive display, a track pad, a track ball, an isopoint, and/or a voice recognition system. 
   One or more output devices  2070  may also be connected to the interface circuit  2050 . For example, the output device(s)  2070  may be implemented by display devices (e.g., a light emitting display (LED), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, a printer and/or speakers). The interface circuit  2050  may include, among other things, a graphics driver card. 
   The processor system  2000  may also include one or more mass storage devices  2080  to store software and data. Examples of such mass storage device(s)  2080  include floppy disks and drives, hard disk drives, compact disks and drives, and digital versatile disks (DVD) and drives. In various embodiments designed to be used as a server, suitable for hosting the above described paging service function, mass storage device(s) may include (a non-persistent copy of the) instructions implementing all or portions of the above described paging controller function. 
   The interface circuit  2050  may also include a communication device such as a modem or a network interface card to facilitate exchange of data with external computers via a network. The communication link between the processor system  2000  and the network may be any type of network connection such as an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, a cellular telephone system, a coaxial cable, etc. 
   Access to the input device(s)  2060 , the output device(s)  2070 , the mass storage device(s)  2080  and/or the network may be controlled by the I/O controller  2014 . In particular, the I/O controller  2014  may perform functions that enable the processor  2020  to communicate with the input device(s)  2060 , the output device(s)  2070 , the mass storage device(s)  2080  and/or the network via the bus  2040  and the interface circuit  2050 . 
   While the components shown in  FIG. 5  are depicted as separate blocks within the processor system  2000 , the functions performed by some of these blocks may be integrated within a single semiconductor circuit or may be implemented using two or more separate integrated circuits. For example, although the memory controller  2012  and the I/O controller  2014  are depicted as separate blocks within the chipset  2010 , the memory controller  2012  and the I/O controller  2014  may be integrated within a single semiconductor circuit. 
   Although certain embodiments have been illustrated and described herein for purposes of description of the preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of alternate and/or equivalent embodiments or implementations calculated to achieve the same purposes may be substituted for the embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. Those with skill in the art will readily appreciate that embodiments in accordance with the present invention may be implemented in a very wide variety of ways. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended that embodiments in accordance with the present invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.