Patent Publication Number: US-2020296941-A1

Title: Materials and Methods for Producing Animals With Short Hair

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/054,169, filed Sep. 23, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     The Sequence Listing for this application is labeled SEQ-LIST-9-18-15-ST25.txt which was created on Sep. 18, 2015 and is 33 KB. The entire content of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In a variety of circumstances it is desirable for animals to have coats with short hair. This is particularly useful in relieving heat stress in some animals. There are also instances when short hair is preferred for cosmetic and/or allergenic reasons. 
     Heat tolerance is an important trait in large livestock, particularly cattle. Heat kills thousands of cattle per year in the United States, reduces performance of cattle and prevents the highest performance breeds from being used in hot climates. One method for reducing heat stress in cattle is to shorten hair. In cattle, a short-haired coat is referred to as a ‘slick’ coat, the associated gene is called the SLICK gene, and the phenotype of a short-haired coat is called “slick phenotype”. 
     Some cattle producers shave their cattle in the summer to improve heat tolerance; however, this method is extremely labor intensive, expensive and impractical for large herds. 
     The Slick phenotype is found naturally in some cattle breeds of West African extraction, including Senepol, Carora, and Romosinuano; however, these breeds otherwise have modest performance and carcass qualities that limit their utility in the cattle industry. 
     The genetic basis for slick phenotype was identified as a single gene dominant (Olson et al. (2003), J Anim Sci.; 81(1):80-90). Traditional linkage analysis located the responsible gene to a 5 million base-pair region of cattle chromosome 20 (Mariasegaram et al. (2007), Anim Genet.; 38(1):54-59). The region was further narrowed using a genome wide associational study (GWAS) study (Huson et al. (2014), Front Genet.; April 29, Vol. 5:101). However, the narrower region contained few genes, none of which contained a mutation. Therefore, the narrowing was probably an error. 
     The ability to maintain homeostasis under heat stress is particularly important for cattle in subtropical and tropical regions. Although variation in heat tolerance among breeds has been studied for many years, relatively few efforts have been directed toward elucidating the mode of inheritance involved in heat tolerance. Variation in body temperature under heat stress has been studied in Australia and has been shown to have a low to moderate heritability (Turner, 1982; 1984; Mackinnon et al., 1991; Burrow, 2001). Also, Senepol cattle have been reported to be equal in heat tolerance to Brahman cattle (Hammond and Olson, 1994; Hammond et al., 1996) and Senepol F1 crossbreds with temperate breeds show heat tolerance comparable to those of Brahman and Brahman crossbreds (Hammond and Olson, 1994; Hammond et al., 1996; 1998). 
     Until now it was not known what mutation was responsible for the slick coat phenotype. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention provides materials and methods for producing animals with short hair length. In a preferred embodiment, this is accomplished by altering in the animal the nucleotide sequence that encodes the prolactin receptor (PRLR) protein such that a truncated version of the protein is produced. Advantageously, and surprisingly, the truncated protein produced according to the subject invention retains lactogenic functionality, but causes the animal to have a short-hair coat. 
     In one embodiment, the subject invention provides polynucleotide sequences that encode truncated PRLR proteins. The polynucleotide sequences may be missing nucleotides for the truncated C-terminus or, if the nucleotides are present, they are out of the reading frame with the nucleotides that encode the N-terminus. 
     In a further embodiment, the current invention provides a method for producing an animal with short hair wherein the method comprises, expressing in an animal, a truncated PRLR protein, having an amino acid sequence that provides the lactogenic function but does not contain amino acids from the C-terminus of the wild type protein that are associated with a longer hair coat. 
     In a specific embodiment the subject invention provides genetically engineered cattle having, within their genome, a polynucleotide (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 3) that encodes a lactogenic fragment of the PRLR protein but which lacks nucleotides (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 6) that encodes the amino acids that result in a long coat, or at least lack a portion thereof. Also provided are genetically engineered cattle in which one or both copies of the PRLR genes are mutated, or truncated, such that the cattle express a truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein and exhibit the short hair coat phenotype. 
     Advantageously, the identification of the SLICK gene as affecting coat length and, thus, heat stress, in animals makes it possible to engineer this trait into temperate breeds thereby increasing productivity of cattle in warm climates. In accordance with the subject invention, the fertility of dairy cows through increased embryo survival and greater milk production during periods of heat stress can be achieved. Incorporation of slick hair into temperate bovid breeds allows them to be raised successfully under conditions with greater heat stress than was previously possible. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication, with color drawing(s), will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. 
         FIG. 1  shows the mutation that results in the truncation of prolactin receptor (PRLR) protein in cattle. Deletion of C (cytosine at position 1382 of SEQ ID NO: 2) from the wild type sequence causes the mutation of alanine 461 to valine and converts the following codon into a stop codon thereby producing PRLR of 461 amino acids. This mutation is represented as A461VfsX1, i.e., alanine (A) is the first amino acid changed, it is in position 461, it makes valine (V) instead, and the length of the shift frame is 1, including the stop codon (X). 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEQUENCES 
     SEQ ID NO: 1 is the full length mRNA sequence of cattle ( Bos taurus ) PRLR. 
     SEQ ID NO: 2 is the nucleotide sequence encoding full length/wild type  B. taurus  PRLR. 
     SEQ ID NO: 3 is a nucleotide sequence encoding a minimal 390 amino acid portion of the  B. taurus  PRLR protein that retains lactogenic activity and produces slick phenotype. SEQ ID NO: 4 is an example of a nucleotide sequence encoding mutant/truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein. Specifically, this is the sequence of the protein coding portion of the mutant mRNA of  Bos taurus  PRLR corresponding to the A461VfsX1 mutant. 
     SEQ ID NO: 5 is an example of the nucleotide sequence encoding a truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein. Specifically, this is the sequence of mRNA coding for a truncated  Bos taurus PRLR containing amino acids  1-461. 
     SEQ ID NO: 6 provides the polynucleotide sequence not present (in frame) in the nucleotide encoding the minimal mutant/truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein. This sequence, or a fragment thereof, can be present in the nucleotide encoding the mutant/truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein; however, this sequence or a fragment thereof is either not present in the protein reading frame with the nucleotide encoding the mutant/truncated  B. taurus  LRLR protein, or it encodes sufficiently few amino acids such that the slick coat phenotype occurs 
     SEQ ID NO: 7 is the amino acid sequence of the full length  B. taurus  PRLR. 
     SEQ ID NO: 8 is the sequence for a 390 amino acid minimal portion of  B. taurus  PRLR protein required for milk-production, and which provides slick phenotype. 
     SEQ ID NO: 9 is an amino acid sequence of an example of mutated/truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein. 
     SEQ ID NO: 10 is an amino acid sequence of an example of a truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein. 
     SEQ ID NO: 11 is an amino acid sequence of the portion of  B. taurus  PRLR protein not present in a truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein (amino acids 391 to 581 of the full length PRLR protein). 
     SEQ ID NO: 12 is the amino sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence not present (in frame) in a truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein. 
     SEQ ID NO: 13 is the mRNA sequence of the A461VfsX1 mutant of  B. taurus  PRLR. 
     DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     The subject invention provides materials and methods for producing animals with short hair length. In a preferred embodiment, this is accomplished by altering in the animal the nucleotide sequence that encodes the prolactin receptor (PRLR) protein such that a truncated version of the protein is produced. Advantageously, and surprisingly, the truncated protein produced according to the subject invention retains lactogenic functionality, but causes the animal to have a short-hair coat. 
     Thus, in one embodiment, the subject invention provides materials and methods to, for example, improve heat tolerance in an animal by conferring upon the animal a short haired (slick) coat. In preferred embodiments specifically exemplified herein, the animals are bovids. 
     Specifically exemplified herein are cattle that express a PRLR protein that confers milk producing capability on the cattle but also causes a short hair phenotype. In a preferred embodiment, the PRLR protein comprises the 390 N-terminus amino acids of the 581 amino acid wild-type protein. Amino acids in addition to the minimal 390 amino acid fragment can be present so long as the protein that is expressed is sufficiently truncated compared to the full length protein such that the short-hair phenotype is obtained. Preferably, the C-terminus of the full length 581 amino acid protein is truncated by at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, or 120 or more amino acids. 
     In a specific embodiment the polynucleotide comprises nucleotides that encode the 390 amino acid portion of the PRLR protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, and wherein the polynucleotide does not comprise the nucleotides that encode SEQ ID NO: 11 (amino acids 391-581). Alternatively, if all, or a portion of the nucleotides encoding SEQ ID NO: 11 is present, it is either not in the same protein reading frame as SEQ ID NO: 3 or the portion that is present and in the same reading frame as SEQ ID NO: 3 does not encode a sufficient number of amino acids to result in a normal (non-slick or non-short) coat. 
     The presence of the “slick coat” can be readily determined by those skilled in the art using, for example, the test set forth by Olson et al. in “Evidence of a Major Gene Influencing Hair Length and Heat Tolerance in  Bos Taurus  Cattle,” J. Anim. Sci. (2003) 81:80-90, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In preferred embodiments the hair of the short coat animal is less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or even 10% the length of the hair of the animal that does not exhibit the slick hair phenotype (referred to herein as “normal” or “long-haired”). 
     For the purpose of the current invention the term “cattle” refers to an animal belonging to  B. taurus, B. mutus , and other members of the Bos genus. The subject invention is exemplified herein with respect to cattle; however, a person skilled in the art can practice this invention with other animals that could benefit from a short hair coat in order to improve heat tolerance, aesthetics, allergenicity, and/or cleanliness. Preferably, the animal is a non-human animal. These other animals include, but are not limited to, other bovids (particularly bovines), pigs, horses, goats, cats, mice, rats, dogs, apes, chimpanzees, and orangutans. As would be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the exact point of truncation of the PRLR portion that is needed to preserve the lactogenic function may vary from species to species as might the extent of C-terminus truncation needed to achieve the short hair coat. However, the appropriate portion of the PRLR protein to have present for a given animal can be readily determined by the skilled artisan having the benefit of the current disclosure. 
     In accordance with the current invention, a mutation responsible for the slick phenotype has been identified. The mutation is the A461VfsX1 mutation in the  B. taurus  PRLR gene. The mutation results in a 120 amino acid deletion of the carboxy-terminal part of the PRLR protein. 
     The 120 amino acids that are deleted from the C-terminus of the PRLR protein are conserved across essentially all mammalian species. These amino acids are not essential for milk production, i.e., the PRLR missing these C-terminus amino acids can fulfill its role in the process of milk production. 
     SEQ ID NO: 2 is the nucleotide sequence encoding a full length  B. taurus  PRLR protein. SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 13 are nucleotide sequences encoding a mutant/truncated form of  B. taurus  PRLR protein. This specific truncated protein is encoded by the mutant PRLR gene carrying the A461VfsX1 mutation. The cattle carrying this mutation exhibit the slick phenotype. 
     Accordingly, the current invention provides a polynucleotide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, which encodes a truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein and wherein the polynucleotide does not contain the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (or a sufficiently large portion thereof to cause a long-hair coat) in the same protein reading frame as the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3. For the purposes of the current invention, such polynucleotide is called a “truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotide.” 
     For the purposes of the current invention, a first polynucleotide is in the same protein reading frame as a second polynucleotide if, when the two polynucleotides are joined (fused), the fused polynucleotide encodes a protein that contains the polypeptides independently encoded by the first and the second polynucleotides. Therefore, when the two polynucleotides are attached to each other with no intervening nucleotides, the protein reading frames of the two polynucleotides are maintained. The reading frame is not maintained between the two polynucleotides if a number of nucleotides that are not integral multiples of 3 (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, etc.) are inserted between the first and the second polynucleotides and/or a stop codon in the protein reading frame of the first polynucleotide is present. 
     Therefore, in certain specific embodiments, the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotide of the current invention encompasses a polynucleotide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, or 5 that is connected with a polynucleotide comprising all or a part of SEQ ID NO: 6, wherein a number of nucleotides inserted between the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, or 5 and the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 6 is not an integral multiple of 3 and/or a stop codon in the protein reading frame with the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, or 5 is introduced between the two polynucleotides. An example of such a polynucleotide is the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 13, which is the nucleotide sequence of the A461VfsX1 mutant of the  B. taurus  PRLR protein and contains one nucleotide between the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and part of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. Alternatively, all or part of SEQ ID NO: 6 may not be present at all, so long as, if part of the sequence is present, it is not enough to cause the long-hair coat. 
     Thus, a truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotide can contain the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a fragment thereof; however, the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or a fragment thereof, cannot encode a sufficient number of amino acids, in the protein reading frame with the sequence of the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 3), to cause a long hair-coat. 
     One truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotide of the current invention encodes a truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein, wherein the truncated protein comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and wherein the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein does not contain the sequence, or a fragment thereof sufficient to cause a long-hair coat, of SEQ ID NO: 11. 
     Accordingly, examples of truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins useful according to the current invention include fragments of a full length PRLR protein as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 7, wherein the truncated protein comprises the amino acid sequence of 1-390 to 1-461 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 7 and the fragment does not have the sequence, or a fragment thereof, of SEQ ID NO: 11. 
     Table 1 provides certain examples of truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides and truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins encoded by those polynucleotides. The sequence of all of the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides depicted in Table 1 begin at position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5 and the sequence of the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins depicted in Table 1 begin at position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 7. Various ending positions of the polynucleotides correspond to SEQ ID NO: 4 or 5 and various ending positions of amino acids correspond to SEQ ID NO: 7. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Size of truncated 
                   
               
               
                 Ending nucleotide 
                   B. taurus  PRLR 
                 Amino acid 
               
               
                 position of the 
                 protein encoded by the 
                 sequence of the 
               
               
                 truncated  B. taurus   
                 polynucleotide 
                 truncated  B. taurus   
               
               
                 PRLR polynucleotide 
                 (number of amino acids) 
                 PRLR protein 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1170 
                 390 
                 1-390 
               
               
                 1173 
                 391 
                 1-391 
               
               
                 1176 
                 392 
                 1-392 
               
               
                 1179 
                 393 
                 1-393 
               
               
                 1182 
                 394 
                 1-394 
               
               
                 1185 
                 395 
                 1-395 
               
               
                 1188 
                 396 
                 1-396 
               
               
                 1191 
                 397 
                 1-397 
               
               
                 1194 
                 398 
                 1-398 
               
               
                 1197 
                 399 
                 1-399 
               
               
                 1200 
                 400 
                 1-400 
               
               
                 1203 
                 401 
                 1-401 
               
               
                 1206 
                 402 
                 1-402 
               
               
                 1209 
                 403 
                 1-403 
               
               
                 1212 
                 404 
                 1-404 
               
               
                 1215 
                 405 
                 1-405 
               
               
                 1218 
                 406 
                 1-406 
               
               
                 1221 
                 407 
                 1-407 
               
               
                 1224 
                 408 
                 1-408 
               
               
                 1227 
                 409 
                 1-409 
               
               
                 1230 
                 410 
                 1-410 
               
               
                 1233 
                 411 
                 1-411 
               
               
                 1236 
                 412 
                 1-412 
               
               
                 1239 
                 413 
                 1-413 
               
               
                 1242 
                 414 
                 1-414 
               
               
                 1245 
                 415 
                 1-415 
               
               
                 1248 
                 416 
                 1-416 
               
               
                 1251 
                 417 
                 1-417 
               
               
                 1254 
                 418 
                 1-418 
               
               
                 1257 
                 419 
                 1-419 
               
               
                 1260 
                 420 
                 1-420 
               
               
                 1263 
                 421 
                 1-421 
               
               
                 1266 
                 422 
                 1-422 
               
               
                 1269 
                 423 
                 1-423 
               
               
                 1272 
                 424 
                 1-424 
               
               
                 1275 
                 425 
                 1-425 
               
               
                 1278 
                 426 
                 1-426 
               
               
                 1281 
                 427 
                 1-427 
               
               
                 1284 
                 428 
                 1-428 
               
               
                 1287 
                 429 
                 1-429 
               
               
                 1290 
                 430 
                 1-430 
               
               
                 1293 
                 431 
                 1-431 
               
               
                 1296 
                 432 
                 1-432 
               
               
                 1299 
                 433 
                 1-433 
               
               
                 1302 
                 434 
                 1-434 
               
               
                 1305 
                 435 
                 1-435 
               
               
                 1308 
                 436 
                 1-436 
               
               
                 1311 
                 437 
                 1-437 
               
               
                 1314 
                 438 
                 1-438 
               
               
                 1317 
                 439 
                 1-439 
               
               
                 1320 
                 440 
                 1-440 
               
               
                 1323 
                 441 
                 1-441 
               
               
                 1326 
                 442 
                 1-442 
               
               
                 1329 
                 443 
                 1-443 
               
               
                 1332 
                 444 
                 1-444 
               
               
                 1335 
                 445 
                 1-445 
               
               
                 1338 
                 446 
                 1-446 
               
               
                 1341 
                 447 
                 1-447 
               
               
                 1344 
                 448 
                 1-448 
               
               
                 1347 
                 449 
                 1-449 
               
               
                 1350 
                 450 
                 1-450 
               
               
                 1353 
                 451 
                 1-451 
               
               
                 1356 
                 452 
                 1-452 
               
               
                 1359 
                 453 
                 1-453 
               
               
                 1362 
                 454 
                 1-454 
               
               
                 1365 
                 455 
                 1-455 
               
               
                 1368 
                 456 
                 1-456 
               
               
                 1371 
                 457 
                 1-457 
               
               
                 1374 
                 458 
                 1-458 
               
               
                 1377 
                 459 
                 1-459 
               
               
                 1380 
                 460 
                 1-460 
               
               
                 1383 
                 461 
                 1-461 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Fragments larger than 461 amino acids are also within the scope of the invention, so long as they are not large enough to result in the non-slick phenotype. 
     The current invention also provides homologs of the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides and truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins. 
     For the purposes of the present invention, the term “homolog” refers to a sequence having a percentage identity with the reference sequence of between at least 70% to about 99% (inclusive). The aforementioned range of percent identity is to be taken as including, and providing written description support for, any fractional percentage, in intervals of 1%, from 70% to 99%. For example, homologous sequences can exhibit a percent identity of 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent with the reference sequences. 
     Typically, the percent identity is calculated over the entirety of the reference sequence. The terms “identical” or percent “identity,” in the context of two or more sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of residues that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by manual alignment and visual inspection. 
     The current invention also provides homologs of the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides and truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins having at least 70% to about 99% (inclusive) sequence identity with the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides and proteins. 
     Certain examples of homologs of the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides include polynucleotides having a sequence identity of about 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent with the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, or 5. The homologs of the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides also do not contain the sequence, or a fragment thereof, sufficient to result in a long coat, of SEQ ID NO: 6 in frame with the protein reading region of the homologs. 
     Certain examples of homologs of the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins include proteins having a sequence identity of about 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent with the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, or 10. The homologs of the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins also do not contain the sequence, or a fragment thereof, sufficient to result in a long coat, of SEQ ID NO: 11. 
     Nucleic acid sequences useful according to the subject invention include variants of the exemplified nucleotide sequences wherein the variants encode amino acid sequences that are identical to the sequences encoded by the exemplified polynucleotide sequences. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, multiple nucleic acid sequences encode any given protein. For instance, the codons GCA, GCC, GCG and GCU all encode the amino acid alanine. Thus, at every position where an alanine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to any of the corresponding codons described without altering the encoded polypeptide. Such nucleic acid variations are called silent mutations. One of ordinary skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except AUG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine); can be modified yet still encode the same amino acid sequence. Such variant sequences having silent mutants, which encode a polypeptide of the present invention, are within the purview of the claimed invention. 
     Nucleic acid sequence homologies can be identified using any of the variety of sequence comparison algorithms and programs known in the art. Such algorithms and programs include, but are not limited to, TBLASTN, BLASTP, FASTA, TFASTA, and CLUSTALW (Pearson and Lipman, 1988 , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  85(8):2444-2448; Altschul et al., 1990 , J Mol. Biol.  215(3):403-410; Thompson et al., 1994 , Nucleic Acids Res.  22(2):4673-4680; Higgins et al., 1996 , Methods Enzymol.  266:383-402; Altschul et al., 1990 , J. Mol. Biol.  215(3):403-410; Altschul et al., 1993 , Nature Genetics  3:266-272). Sequence comparisons are, typically, conducted using default parameters provided by the vendor or using those parameters set forth in the above-identified references, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     The term “about” is used in this patent application to describe some quantitative aspects of the invention, for example, concentration of an inducer or percent identity between nucleotide sequences. It should be understood that absolute accuracy is not required with respect to those aspects for the invention to operate. When the term “about” is used to describe a quantitative aspect of the invention the relevant aspect may be varied by ±10%. 
     A “complementary” polynucleotide sequence, as used herein, generally refers to a sequence arising from the hydrogen bonding between a particular purine and a particular pyrimidine in double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, or RNA-RNA). The major specific pairings are guanine with cytosine and adenine with thymine or uracil. A “complementary” polynucleotide sequence can also be referred to as an “antisense” polynucleotide sequence or an “antisense sequence”. In various aspects of the invention, sequences are “fully complementary” to a reference sequence, which refers to sequences containing no mismatches in their base pairing. 
     As used herein, “vector” refers to a DNA molecule such as a plasmid, cosmid, or bacterial phage for introducing a nucleotide construct, for example, a DNA construct, into a host cell. Cloning vectors typically contain one or a small number of restriction endonuclease recognition sites at which foreign DNA sequences can be inserted in a determinable fashion without loss of essential biological function of the vector, as well as a marker gene that is suitable for use in the identification and selection of cells transformed with the cloning vector. Marker genes typically include genes that provide antibiotic resistance. Non-limiting examples of selection antibiotics that can be used in practicing the current invention include Geneticin (G-418), mycophenolic acid, and zeocin. Additional examples of antibiotics suitable for use in the current invention are known to a skilled artisan and such embodiments are within the purview of the current invention. 
     The subject invention also provides detection probes (e.g., fragments of the  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides) for hybridization with a target sequence or an amplicon generated from the target sequence. Such a detection probe will comprise a contiguous/consecutive span of at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 or more nucleotides of any of the  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides (e.g. polynucleotides described in Table 1, SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, and 5). 
     Labeled probes or primers are labeled with a radioactive compound or with another type of label, e.g., 1) radioactive labels, 2) enzyme labels, 3) chemiluminescent labels, 4) fluorescent labels, or 5) magnetic labels). Alternatively, non-labeled nucleotide sequences can be used directly as probes or primers; however, the sequences are generally labeled with a radioactive element ( 32 P,  35 S,  3 H,  125 I) or with a molecule such as biotin, acetylaminofluorene, digoxigenin, 5-bromo-deoxyuridine, or fluorescein to provide probes that can be used in numerous applications. 
     The  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotides disclosed herein are useful in methods of expressing truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins in cells or in animals, for example, cattle and other bovids. This can be accomplished by transforming a cell of interest with a DNA construct comprising the  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotide (a transgenic gene construct) and generating a transformed cell expressing truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein. 
     In additional embodiments, the present invention relates to transfection vectors, expression vectors, host cells, and transgenic animals comprising the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR polynucleotide encoding a truncated PRLR protein. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention relates to isolated truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins, as well as fusion polypeptides comprising such isolated truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins. 
     Various methods disclosed herein include introducing a nucleotide (DNA) construct into a cell. The term “introducing” is used herein to mean presenting to the cell the nucleotide construct in such a manner that the construct gains access to the interior of the cell These methods do not depend on a particular method for introducing a nucleotide construct to a cell, only that the nucleotide construct gains access to the interior of the cell. Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into cells are known in the art including, but not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods. 
     The current invention also provides a method of using the truncated PRLR polynucleotides to genetically modify animals that do not naturally exhibit the slick phenotype to produce animals exhibiting the slick phenotype. To add slick phenotype to any breed, any mutation that causes the expression of the truncated PRLR protein can be used. 
     Accordingly, in one embodiment the current invention provides a method of producing a non-human mammal having a short-haired phenotype, wherein the mammal expresses a truncated PRLR protein comprising at least 1-390 amino acids of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 and does not contain all of the amino acids 391-581 of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. The method of the current invention comprises: 
     a) obtaining a cell capable of being developed in to a non-human mammal, and 
     b) introducing a polynucleotide encoding the truncated PRLR protein into the cell or manipulating the genomic DNA of the cell so that the genomic DNA comprises the polynucleotide encoding the truncated PRLR protein, and 
     c) producing the non-human mammal cell from the cell. 
     The polynucleotide encoding the truncated PRLR protein can comprise a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or a homolog thereof having at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and the polynucleotide does not contain the full nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or does not contain the full nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 in the protein reading frame of the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 3. Examples of a polynucleotide that can be used in the methods of the current invention are polynucleotides comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, or 13. An example of the truncated PRLR protein which provides the short hair phenotype to the non-human mammal is a protein having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. 
     In one embodiment, the cell capable of being developed in to the non-human mammal is a totipotent cell. A totipotent cell has the ability to develop into a complete organism or differentiating into any of its cells or tissues. Non-limiting examples of totipotent cells that can be used in the methods of the current invention are stem cells, embryonic stem cells, fertilized oocytes and zygotes. Additional examples of totipotent cells that can be used according to the current invention are well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art and such embodiments are within the purview of the current invention. 
     In certain embodiments the non-human mammal is a bovid, cattle, pig, horse, goat, cat, mouse, sheep, rat, dog, ape, chimpanzee, or orangutan. Non-limiting examples of PRLR proteins that can be used according to the subject invention are proteins having UniProt accession numbers Q28172, Q08501, P14787, O46561, P05710, Q58DZ7, Q6JTA8, C7T4Z0, Q3HNA7, D0VFV2, C7T4V8, C7T4W1, C7T4W4, C7T4X8, Q2PBP0, B3GDH0, C7T4X9, E7BKJ5, G3UVW6, Q58DZ7, E7CHC7, E5KXH8, D3ZV73, D0VFV3, F2XX66, I7FI71, E9MW50, Q28172, F1N4H8, Q2PBN9, C7F8W7, G1DE70, S5TFK4, Q28235, O46561, Q08501, Q99JZ1, U6CXL9, P05710, F1M137, P14787, F7HIV1, Q865V4, Q6JTA8, D9IWB8, Q9XS92, and K7GKV2. 
     The genetically engineered animals can be produced by methodologies known in the art for making genetically engineered animals, particularly, mammals. Non-limiting examples of such technologies include producing transgenic cattle expressing the truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein, homologous recombination to replace wild type protein in a cattle strain with the truncated protein, deletion of relevant bases in the genome of a cattle strain which would result in the production of truncated protein, or any other methodology for genome editing. Additional examples include methods involving recombinant retroviruses, pronuclear injection, sperm-mediated DNA transfer, germ cell transplantation, and nuclear transfer cloning. Even further methods of producing genetically modified mammals according to the methods of the current invention are well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art and such methods are within the purview of the claimed invention. 
     The term “genetically engineered cattle” as used herein encompasses transgenic cattle and cattle carrying mutations in one or both copies of PRLR gene wherein the mutation results in the expression of truncated PRLR protein. 
     Transgenic cattle refers to cattle expressing truncated PRLR protein via one or more copies of a truncated PRLR polynucleotide incorporated into the cattle&#39;s genome. Cattle carrying a mutation or truncation in one copy of PRLR gene wherein the mutation or truncation results in the expression of truncated PRLR protein is called homozygous cattle; whereas, cattle carrying mutations, or truncations, in both copies of PRLR gene wherein the mutation results in the expression of truncated PRLR protein is called heterozygous cattle. 
     A transgenic, homozygous or heterozygous cattle expressing truncated PRLR protein can exhibit the slick phenotype. 
     In one embodiment, transcription activator-like effector nucleases-mediated (TALEN-mediated) homologous recombination is used to produce the homozygous or heterozygous cattle exhibiting the slick phenotype. Examples of producing TALEN-mediated genetically engineered organisms are provided by Zu et al. (2013), TALEN-mediated precise genome modification by homologous recombination in zebrafish, Nature Methods, 10:329-331; Katsuyama et al. (2013), An efficient strategy for TALEN-mediated genome engineering in  Drosophila , Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 41, No. 17, e163; and Liu et al. (2014), TALEN-Mediated Gene Mutagenesis in Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys, Cell Stem Cell, Vol. 14, Issue 3, pp. 323-328. 
     Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRIPS-associated genes (CAS) system (CRISPR/CAS system) can also be used to produce the homozygous or heterozygous cattle exhibiting the slick phenotype. Examples of the use of CRISPR/CAS system to produce genetically engineered organisms, particularly mammals, are provided by Cong et al. (2013), Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems, Science, Vol. 339 no. 6121 pp. 819-823 and in U.S. Pat. No. 8,795,965. 
     Additional techniques of generating homozygous or heterozygous bovids and other animals are well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art and such embodiments are within the purview of the current invention. 
     Methods for generating transgenic animals are well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Transgenic gene constructs can be introduced into the germ line of cattle to make transgenic cattle. For example, one or several copies of the construct may be incorporated into the genome of a mammalian embryo by standard transgenic techniques. 
     Transgenic cattle can be produced by introducing transgenes encoding a truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein into the germline of the cattle. Embryonal target cells at various developmental stages can be used to introduce transgenes. Different methods are used depending on the stage of development of the embryonal target cell. The specific line(s) of any animal used are selected for general good health, good embryo yields, good pronuclear visibility in the embryo, and good reproductive fitness. 
     Introduction of the transgene into the embryo can be accomplished by any means known in the art, for example, microinjection, electroporation, or lipofection. For example, but not by way of limitation, a truncated PRLR protein transgene can be introduced into an animal by microinjection of the construct into the pronuclei of the fertilized cattle egg(s), causing one or more copies of the construct to be retained in the cells of the developing cattle. Following introduction of the transgene construct into the fertilized egg, the egg may be incubated in vitro for varying amounts of time, or re-implanted into the surrogate host, or both. In vitro incubation to maturity is included. A common method is to incubate the embryos in vitro for about 1-7 days and re-implant them into the surrogate host. 
     The progeny of the transgenically manipulated embryos can be tested for the presence of the construct by various methods designed to identify the presence of the truncated PRLR polynucleotides. If one or more copies of the exogenous cloned construct remain stably integrated into the genome of such transgenic embryos, it is possible to establish permanent transgenic lines carrying the transgenically added construct. 
     Litters of transgenically altered animals can be assayed after birth for the incorporation of the construct into the genome of the offspring. Preferably, this assay is accomplished by hybridizing a probe corresponding to the DNA sequence coding for the desired truncated PRLR protein onto chromosomal material from the progeny. Those progeny found to contain at least one copy of the construct in their genome are grown to maturity. 
     The term zygote as used herein refers to a diploid cell that is capable of developing into a complete organism. Generally, the zygote will be comprised of an egg containing a nucleus formed, either naturally or artificially, by the fusion of two haploid nuclei from one or more gametes. Thus, the gamete nuclei must be ones that are naturally compatible, i.e., ones that result in a viable zygote capable of undergoing differentiation and developing into a functioning organism. Generally, a euploid zygote is preferred. If an aneuploid zygote is obtained, then the number of chromosomes should not vary by more than one with respect to the euploid number of the organism from which either gamete originated. 
     The number of copies of the transgene constructs that are added to the zygote is dependent upon the total amount of exogenous genetic material added and will be the amount that enables the genetic transformation to occur. Theoretically only one copy is required; however, generally, numerous copies are utilized, for example, 1,000-20,000 copies of the transgene construct are generated to ensure that one copy is functional. There will often be an advantage to having more than one functioning copy of each of the inserted exogenous DNA sequences to enhance the phenotypic expression of the exogenous DNA sequences. 
     Any technique which allows for the addition of the exogenous genetic material into nucleic genetic material can be utilized so long as it is not destructive to the cell, nuclear membrane or other existing cellular or genetic structures. The exogenous genetic material is preferentially inserted into the nucleic genetic material by microinjection. Microinjection of cells and cellular structures is known and used in the art. 
     Re-implantation is accomplished using standard methods. Usually, the surrogate host is anesthetized, and the embryos are inserted into the oviduct. 
     Transgenic offspring of the surrogate host may be screened for the presence and/or expression of the transgene by any suitable method. Screening can be accomplished by Southern blot or Northern blot analysis, using a probe that is complementary to at least a portion of the transgene. Typically, DNA is prepared from tissue and analyzed by Southern analysis or PCR for the transgene. Alternatively, the tissues or cells believed to express the transgene at the highest levels are tested for the presence and/or expression of truncated  B. taurus  PRLR proteins, although any tissues or cell types may be used for this analysis. 
     Progeny of the transgenic animals may be obtained by mating the transgenic animal with a suitable partner, or by in vitro fertilization of eggs and/or sperm obtained from the transgenic animal. Where mating with a partner is to be performed, the partner may or may not be transgenic and/or a knockout. Where it is transgenic, it may contain the same or a different transgene, or both. Alternatively, the partner may be a parental line. When in vitro fertilization is used, the fertilized embryo may be implanted into a surrogate host or incubated in vitro, or both. Using these methods, the progeny may be evaluated for the presence of the transgene using appropriate methods. 
     The transgenic animals produced in accordance with the present description will include exogenous genetic material. As set out above, the exogenous genetic material will, in certain embodiments, be a DNA sequence that results in the production of truncated PRLR protein. Further, in such embodiments the sequence will be attached to a transcriptional control element, e.g., a promoter, which preferably allows the expression of the transgene product in a specific type of cell which produces a transgenic animal expressing truncated PRLR protein in a tissue specific manner. 
     Blastocytes offer a second type of target cell for transgene introduction into cattle (and other animals). When developing transgenic cattle, a cattle embryo, is cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage, it can be targeted for retroviral infection. Efficient infection of the blastomeres is obtained by enzymatic treatment to remove the zona pellucida (Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, Hogan eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1986). The viral vector system used to introduce the transgene is typically a replication-defective retrovirus carrying the transgene. Transfection is easily and efficiently obtained by culturing the blastomeres on a monolayer of virus-producing cells. 
     Alternatively, infection can be performed at a later stage. Virus or virus-producing cells can be injected into the blastocoele. Most of the founders will be mosaic for the transgene since incorporation occurs only in a subset of the cells that formed the transgenic cattle. Further, the founder may contain various retroviral insertions of the transgene at different positions in the genome which generally will segregate in the offspring. In addition, it is also possible to introduce transgenes into the germ line by intrauterine retroviral infection of the midgestation embryo. 
     A third type of target cell for transgene introduction is the embryonal stem cell (ES). ES cells are obtained from pre-implantation embryos cultured in vitro and fused with embryos. Transgenes can be efficiently introduced into the ES cells by DNA transfection or by retrovirus-mediated transduction. Such transformed ES cells can thereafter be combined with blastocysts from cattle. The ES cells thereafter colonize the embryo and contribute to the germ line of the resulting chimeric animal. 
     Also provided are transgenic bovids, and other animals, where the transgenic animal is characterized by slick phenotype. Alterations to the gene can include, deletions, mutations, or truncations that result in the production of truncated PRLR protein; or the introduction of an exogenous gene, such as one having a truncated PRLR polynucleotide; or a combination of the foregoing. 
     A further embodiment of the current invention provides a method of identifying whether a particular animal carries the mutant PRLR gene encoding the truncated PRLR protein. A test to identify the presence of PRLR mutation and the copy number of the mutant PRLR gene can also improve selection of embryos to be transferred in the methods of producing genetically engineered cattle (and other animals). 
     Examples of non-limiting molecular biology techniques that can be used to identify PRLR truncation mutant include:
         (A) Mutation-specific PCR from DNA or RNA. DNA or RNA (converted to cDNA) can be isolated from the animals to be tested. Primers specific to the mutant or normal allele can be designed such that the PCR is indicative of whether the mutation exists. Based on the nucleotide sequences provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art can design appropriate primers for the mutation specific PCR from DNA or RNA and such embodiments are within the purview of the current invention.   (B) Restriction site. The mutation A461VfsX1 creates a new palindrome sequence in the genomic DNA—ACATGT. This palindromic sequence is not present in the native/non-mutated genome. A PCR product produced with primers that amplify the region of the genomic DNA that spans the mutation site can be cut with a restriction enzyme specific to this sequence (e.g., restriction endonuclease PciI). Ability to be cut by an endonuclease that acts on the palindromic sequence TGTACA is indicative of presence of the mutation.   (C) Direct sequencing. The region of the mutation can be PCR amplified from mRNA (which can be optionally converted to cDNA) or genomic DNA. The PCR product can be sequenced to identify the presence of the PRLR mutant gene. Based on the nucleotide sequences provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art can design appropriate primers sequencing DNA or RNA and such embodiments are within the purview of the current invention.   (D) Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and heteroduplex analysis tests can be designed to identify the point mutation in the DNA.   (E) Western blot using antibodies specific to the carboxy terminus of PRLR protein. Absence of a band on western blot which corresponds to the full length PRLR protein indicates the presence of the mutation and expression of truncated PRLR protein.       

     The current invention also provides antibodies that can be used for detection of mutants in cattle that express truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein. These antibodies are directed to C-terminal amino regions or epitopes located in the C-terminal region of the full PRLR protein. Accordingly, the current invention provides a polypeptide consisting of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 or fragments thereof. These polypeptides can be used to raise antibodies that can be used to detect mutants in cattle that express truncated  B. taurus  PRLR protein. 
     All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification. 
     It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.