Patent Publication Number: US-2022220503-A1

Title: A method to prevent the myelin abnormalites associated with arginase deficiency

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. Section 119(e) of co-pending and commonly-assigned U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No 62/844,964, filed on May 8, 2019 and entitled “A METHOD TO PREVENT THE MYELIN ABNORMALITES ASSOCIATED WITH ARGINASE DEFICIENCY” which application is incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 
     This invention was made with government support under Grant Number NS101682, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates to methods and materials useful in treating arginase deficiency. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Arginase deficiency is an inherited metabolic disease in which the body is unable to process arginine. Arginase deficiency belongs to a group of disorders known as urea cycle disorders. These occur when the body&#39;s process for removing ammonia is disrupted, which can cause ammonia levels in the blood to rise (hyperammonemia). In most cases, symptoms appear between the ages of one and three years. Symptoms may include feeding problems, vomiting, poor growth, seizures, and stiff muscles with increased reflexes (spasticity). People with arginase deficiency may also have developmental delay, loss of developmental milestones, and intellectual disability. 
     Arginase deficiency is typically caused by mutations in the ARG1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Conventional treatments are focused on lowering arginine levels and preventing hyperammonemia. While the elevated levels of ammonia are infrequent, they can be life-threatening. If untreated, developmental problems and seizures can happen. 
     In view of this, there is a need for new methods and materials useful to address arginase deficiency. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention disclosed herein provides methods and materials useful in gene therapy regimens designed to inhibit myelination abnormalities that occur in the urea cycle disorder arginase deficiency. The underlying cause of the progressive neurological dysfunction that occurs in this disorder has been previously unknown and conventional therapies, at best, only slow the onset of neurological dysfunction. This neurological dysfunction results at least in part from the dysmyelination that occurs in the central nervous system due to the lack of adequate hepatic expression of arginase 1. We have discovered an origin of this neurological dysfunction and, using this information, designed materials and associated methods of gene therapy. The methods and materials disclosed herein can be used to inhibit and essentially prevent neurological dysfunction in a murine model of arginase deficiency. 
     As disclosed herein, in a mouse model of arginase deficiency, intravenous administration of an adeno-associated viral vector designed to expresses arginase 1 using a liver-specific promoter shortly after birth can prevent dysmyelination, improve compaction of myelin in the central nervous system, and maintain a near normal dendritic arbor of layer V cortical neurons into adulthood. In addition, these mice appear and have behavior that is indistinguishable from control mice not having arginase deficiency. Moreover, publications in this field provide evidence that abnormalities in myelination similarly occur in humans having arginase deficiency (like mice having arginase deficiency). Consequently, this poorly treated disorder in human patients is amenable to treatment using the methods and materials disclosed herein. 
     Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small virus that infects humans which is useful as a vector to deliver genes to treat human genetic disorders. To illustrate the ability of AAVs to treat arginase deficiency, AAVs encoding a human codon optimized arginase 1 gene driven by a liver specific promoter were generated and tested in a mouse model for human arginase deficiency (see, Iyer et al., Mol Cell Biol. 2002 July;22(13):4491-8. PMID: 12052859). Expression of the endogenous gene takes place in the liver and a liver-specific promoter is used in the working embodiment of the invention in order to obtain liver restricted expression. When administered to mice having knocked out endogenous arginase expression, mice from this model demonstrate therapeutic phenomena including density of myelinated axons being restored following the administration of AAVs comprising arginase 1 polynucleotide sequences (which leads to the expression of the ARG1 protein in these mice). As there is no significantly effective therapy for human patients with the ARG1 deficiency disorder, this treatment is useful to address an unmet need for these patients. 
     The invention disclosed herein has a number of embodiments. For example, embodiments of the invention include methods of making pharmaceutical compositions useful in gene therapy. Such methods typically comprise comprising combining together in an aqueous formulation at least one adeno-associated viral vector comprising a codon optimized nucleotide sequence encoding an arginase 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) or arginase 2 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 3); and a pharmaceutical excipient selected from the group consisting of a preservative, a tonicity adjusting agent, a detergent, a viscosity adjusting agent, a sugar or a pH adjusting agent. Typically in these methods, the components of the pharmaceutical composition are selected so that when the adeno-associated viral vector(s) in the composition infect a human liver cell, arginase 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) or arginase 2 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 3) is expressed. Typically, the adeno-associated viral vector(s) also comprise additional polynucleotide sequences selected to facilitate the expression of the arginase I protein or arginase 2 protein in a target cell population such as one or more polynucleotide sequences comprising a terminal repeat, a promoter (e.g. a tissue specific promoter), an enhancer, a chimeric intron; a polynucleotide sequence comprising a polyA signal and the like. 
     Other embodiments of the invention include pharmaceutical compositions comprising a at least one adeno-associated viral vector having a polynucleotide sequence comprising a codon optimized polynucleotide sequence encoding an arginase 1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 1) or an arginase 2 protein (SEQ ID NO: :3) in combination with a pharmaceutical excipient selected from the group consisting of a preservative, a tonicity adjusting agent, a detergent, a viscosity adjusting agent, a sugar or a pH adjusting agent. Typically, the adeno-associated viral vector(s) also comprise a terminal repeat, a polynucleotide sequence comprising a promoter, polynucleotide sequence comprising an enhancer, a polynucleotide sequence comprising a chimeric intron; and/or a polynucleotide sequence comprising a polyA signal. 
     Related embodiments of the invention include using the compositions disclosed herein in gene therapy methods to treat arginase 1 protein or arginase 2 deficiency. Such methods include, for example methods of delivering codon optimized polynucleotides encoding arginase 1 protein or arginase 2 protein into human cells comprising contacting a composition disclosed herein (e.g. a composition comprising a adeno-associated viral vector comprising a codon optimized polynucleotide sequence encoding arginase 1 or arginase 2) with human cells so that adeno-associated vector(s) infect the cells, thereby delivering the polynucleotides into the cells. In certain embodiments of the invention, the cells are in vivo liver cells, for example in vivo liver cells present in an individual diagnosed with arginase deficiency. Related embodiments of the invention include methods of treating a subject diagnosed with an arginase 1 protein or arginase 2 protein deficiency, comprising selecting a subject with an arginase I protein or arginase 2 deficiency and administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. 
     Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. It is to be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating some embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration and not limitation. Many changes and modifications within the scope of the present invention may be made without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cartoon schematic showing an illustrative Human Codon-Optimized Arginase 1 Expressing Adeno-Associated Viral (AAV) Vector. The single strand of DNA is packaged in an AAV capsid and serotype 2 inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). The expression of arginase I is controlled by a liver-specific promoter to limit expression to hepatocytes. Gene expression can be increased by the use of a 5′ intron. 
         FIG. 2  provides graphs of data showing Subcortical White Matter (top row) and Pyramidal Tract (bottom row). There is a drastic reduction in the density of myelinated axons in the subcortical white matter and pyramidal tract of A1 knockout (KO) mice (B, top &amp; bottom) compared to wild type (WT) mice (A, top &amp; bottom) at P15. In mice treated on P2 with AAV expressing A1 limited to hepatocytes (C, top &amp; bottom), the density of myelinated axons is restored when examined at P15. While there are some residual abnormalities of compaction of myelin in the neonatally-treated mice (D, top=magnified image), active myelin wrapping of axons (arrow) by oligodendrocyte processes is easily visible (E, bottom), While easily detected in the AAV-treated KO, active oligodendrocytes are not easily detected in the untreated KO. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the description of embodiments, reference may be made to the accompanying figures which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration a specific embodiment in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Many of the techniques and procedures described or referenced herein are well understood and commonly employed by those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise defined, all terms of art, notations and other scientific terms or terminology used herein are intended to have the meanings commonly understood by those of skill in the art to which this invention pertains. In some cases, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein for clarity and/or for ready reference, and the inclusion of such definitions herein should not necessarily be construed to represent a substantial difference over what is generally understood in the art. 
     All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe aspects, methods and/or materials in connection with the cited publications (e.g. U.S. Patent Application Publication Numbers 20060115869, 20080176259, 20090311719, 20100183704 and 20190017069, and Diez-Femandez C et al. Expert Opin Ther Targets, 2017 April ;21(4):391-399, doi: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1294685, Zhang (3 et al. J Clin Lab Anal. 2018 February;32(2), doi: 10.1002/jcla.22241, Choi R et al. Ann Lab Med. 2017 January;37(1):58-62, doi: 10.3343/alm.2017.37.1.58, Naso et al., BioDrugs (2017) 31:317-334, and Srinivasan et al., J Inherit Metab Dis. 2019 Mar. 6, doi: 10.1002/jimd.12067). 
     Conventional therapies for arginase deficiency involve dietary restrictions. Such therapies are not completely effective in controlling hyperargininemia and in fact are often poorly tolerated by patients. Patients have a progressive neurological deterioration due to (likely) arginine-related metabolites in their bloodstream that cause neuronal dysfunction or effect normal neuronal development. As rare disease gene therapy clinical trials are advancing, there is an opportunity to bring such a gene therapy approach forward for patients afflicted with this disorder. 
     As noted above, embodiments of the invention include gene therapy methods that utilize adeno-associated virus (AAV). AAV is a non-enveloped virus that can be engineered to deliver DNA to target cells, which has attracted a significant amount of attention in the field, especially in clinical-stage experimental therapeutic strategies. The ability to generate recombinant AAV particles lacking any viral genes and containing DNA sequences of interest for various therapeutic applications has thus far proven to be one of the safest strategies for gene therapies. The review in Naso et al., BioDrugs (2017) 31:317-334 provides an overview of factors considered in the use of AAV as a vector for gene therapy. U.S. Patent Application Publication Numbers 20190017069 20180163227 20180104289 20170362670 20170348435 20170211095 20170304466 and 20170096682 disclose illustrative AAV methods and materials. 
     The invention disclosed herein has a number of embodiments. Embodiments of the invention include, for example, methods of making a pharmaceutical composition by combining together in an aqueous formulation a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4; and a pharmaceutical excipient selected from the group consisting of a preservative, a tonicity adjusting agent, a detergent, a viscosity adjusting agent, a sugar or a adjusting agent. In typical methods of making such pharmaceutical compositions, the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 is disposed in an adeno-associated viral vector such that when the adeno-associated viral vector infects a human liver cell, arginase I protein (SEQ ID NO: 1) or arginase 2 protein (SEQ ID NO: 3) is expressed. In certain embodiments of these methods, the adeno-associated viral vector comprises elements selected to facilitate arginase 1 or arginase 2 polypeptide expression in cells. Optionally for example, the adeno-associated viral vector comprises a polynucleotide comprising a terminal repeat sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, a polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; and a polynucleotide comprising a poly A tail sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments of the invention, the adeno-associated viral vector comprises a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments of the invention, the adeno-associated viral vector comprises a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4. 
     Embodiments of the invention include compositions of matter comprising a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2; or a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises an adeno-associated viral vector that includes such a polynucleotide sequence operatively linked to a promoter. In this context, a wide variety of promoters can be used with embodiments of the invention including constitutive promoters that are expressed in a wide variety of cell types, as well as cell lineage specific promoters such as the thyroxine binding globulin (TBG promoter) which is liver-specific. Certain illustrative promoters are described, for example in Damdindorj, et al. (2014) A Comparative Analysis of Constitutive Promoters Located in Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors. PLoS ONE 9(8): e106472; as well as Pacak et al., (2008) Tissue specific promoters improve specificity of AAV9 mediated transgene expression following intra-vascular gene delivery in neonatal mice, Genet Vaccines Ther. 2008; 6: 13. 
     Typically the compositions also includes a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4; and a polynucleotide sequence comprising a polyA tail signal; as well as a pharmaceutical excipient selected from the group consisting of a preservative, a tonicity adjusting agent, a detergent, a viscosity adjusting agent, a sugar or a pH adjusting agent. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an adeno-associated viral vector encoding the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 which, when transduced into a human liver cell expresses the arginase 1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 1). Illustrative working embodiments of this are shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     In other embodiments, the composition comprises an adeno-associated viral vector encoding the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 which, which, when transduced into a human liver cell expresses the arginase 2 protein (SEQ ID NO: 3). Optionally in these compositions the adeno-associated viral vector comprises a polynucleotide comprising a terminal repeat sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, a polynucleotide comprising a terminal repeat sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a polynucleotide comprising a chimeric intron sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, a polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, and/or a polynucleotide comprising a polyA tail sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. 
     Other embodiments of the invention include methods of delivering an arginase 1 polynucleotide or an arginase 2 polynucleotide into human cells, the methods comprising contacting an adeno-associated viral vector comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or an adeno-associated viral vector comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 with the human cells so that adeno associated vector(s) infect the human cells, thereby delivering the polynucleotides into the human cells. In illustrative embodiments, the human cells are in vivo liver cells, for example, those present in an individual diagnosed with an arginase 1 or 2 deficiency. In some embodiments, the adeno associated viral vector comprises the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 which, when transduced into the human liver cell expresses the arginase 1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 1). Illustrative working embodiments of this are shown in  FIG. 2 , In other embodiments, the adeno associated viral vector comprises the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 which, which, when transduced into the human liver cell expresses the arginase 2 protein (SEQ ID NO: 3). In certain embodiments of the invention, the adeno associated viral vector is delivered intravenously. 
     Other embodiments of the invention include kits such as a kit comprising a composition that includes a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 disposed in one or more containers. In certain embodiments of the invention, the kit comprises an adeno-associated viral vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence having a constellation of elements designed to facilitate arginase 1 protein or arginase 2 protein expression in human cells, for example a sequence comprising a terminal repeat sequence, a polynucleotide sequence comprising a liver specific promoter, a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, a polynucleotide sequence comprising a polyA tail signal. The one or more containers can further comprise a pharmaceutical excipient selected from the group consisting of a preservative, a tonicity adjusting agent, a detergent, a viscosity adjusting agent, a sugar or a pH adjusting agent. Optionally, the adeno-associated viral vector comprises a polynucleotide comprising a terminal repeat sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, a polynucleotide comprising a terminal repeat sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, a polynucleotide comprising a chimeric intron sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, a polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, and/or a polynucleotide comprising a polyA tail sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In certain kit embodiments, the composition comprises an adeno-associated viral vector encoding the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 which, when transduced into a human liver cell expresses the arginase 1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 1). In other kit embodiments, the composition comprises an adeno-associated viral vector encoding the polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 which, which, when transduced into a human liver cell expresses the arginase 2 protein (SEQ ID NO: 3). Additional aspects of the invention are discussed below. 
     Compositions comprising AAV constructs (e.g. the AAV constructs disclosed herein) of the invention can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions in a variety of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration. The compounds of the invention are typically administered in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle such as an inert diluent. For compositions suitable for administration to humans, the term “excipient” is meant to include, but is not limited to, those ingredients described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 21st ed. (2006) the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     The compounds may also be administered in a variety of ways, for example intravenously. Solutions of the compounds can be prepared in water, optionally mixed with a nontoxic surfactant. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations can contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. 
     The pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or infusion can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions or sterile powders comprising the compounds which are adapted for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or infusible solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the ultimate dosage form should be sterile, fluid and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The liquid carrier or vehicle can be a solvent or liquid dispersion medium comprising, for example, water, ethanol, a polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glyceryl esters, and suitable mixtures thereof. 
     Useful liquid carriers include water, alcohols or glycols or water/alcohol/glycol blends, in which the compounds can be dissolved or dispersed at effective levels, optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants. Adjuvants such as additional antimicrobial agents can be added to optimize the properties for a given use. 
     Effective dosages and routes of administration of agents of the invention are conventional. The exact amount (effective dose) of the agent will vary from subject to subject, depending on, for example, the species, age, weight and general or clinical condition of the subject, the severity or mechanism of any disorder being treated, the particular agent or vehicle used, the method and scheduling of administration, and the like. A therapeutically effective dose can be determined empirically, by conventional procedures known to those of skill in the art. See e.g., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Goodman and Gilman, eds., Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. For example, an effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in suitable animal models. The animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration ranges and routes of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans. A therapeutic dose can also be selected by analogy to dosages for comparable therapeutic agents. 
     The particular mode of administration and the dosage regimen will be selected by the attending clinician, taking into account the particulars of the case (e.g., the subject, the disease, the disease state involved, and Whether the treatment is prophylactic). Treatment may involve daily or multi-daily doses of compound(s) over a period of a few days to months. 
     In certain embodiments of the invention, AAV constructs disclosed herein may be used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of disease. Such disease may comprise a disease treatable by gene therapy, including arginase 1 and arginase 2 deficiency. The term “pharmaceutical composition”, as used herein, refers to a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of active agents of the present invention and at least one non-naturally occurring pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Embodiments of the invention relate to pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more AAV constructs disclosed herein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 
     The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient”, or “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” “pharmaceutically acceptable diluent,”, or “pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle,” used interchangeably herein, refer to a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any conventional type. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is essentially non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to water, dextrose, glycerol, saline, ethanol, and combinations thereof. The carrier can contain additional agents such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, or adjuvants which enhance the effectiveness of the formulation. 
     The person skilled in the art will appreciate that the nature of the excipient in the pharmaceutical composition of the invention will depend to a great extent on the administration route. In the case of the pharmaceutical compositions formulated for use in gene therapy regimens, a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention normally contains the pharmaceutical composition of the invention mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. These excipients can be, for example, inert fillers or diluents, such as sucrose, sorbitol, sugar, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, starches, including potato starch, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, lactose, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate or sodium phosphate; crumbling agents and disintegrants, for example cellulose derivatives, including microcrystalline cellulose, starches, including potato starch, sodium croscarmellose, alginates or alginic acid and chitosans; binding agents, for example sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, acacia, alginic acid, sodium alginate, gelatin, starch, pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum magnesium silicate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate or polyethylene glycol, and chitosans; lubricating agents, including glidants and antiadhesive agents, for example magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, silicas, hydrogenated vegetable oils or talc. 
     The present invention further provides methods associated with gene therapy regimens such as methods of delivering a nucleic acid encoding a codon optimized arginase 1 or arginase 2 sequence into a cell so that the cell expresses arginase 1 or arginase 2 protein. In such methods, the virus may be administered to the cell by standard viral transduction methods, as are known in the art. Preferably, the virus particles are added to the cells at the appropriate multiplicity of infection according to standard transduction methods appropriate for the particular target cells. Titers of virus to administer can vary, depending upon the target cell type and the particular virus vector, and may be determined by those of skill in the art without undue experimentation. Alternatively, administration of an AAV vector(s) of the present invention (e.g. the AAV constructs disclosed herein) can be accomplished by any other means known in the art. 
     Recombinant AAV virus vectors are preferably administered to the cell in a biologically-effective amount. A “biologically-effective” amount of the virus vector is an amount that is sufficient to result in infection (or transduction) and expression of the heterologous nucleic acid sequence in the cell. If the virus is administered to a cell in vivo (e.g., the virus is administered to a subject as described below), a “biologically-effective” amount of the virus vector is an amount that is sufficient to result in transduction and expression of the heterologous nucleic acid sequence in a target cell. The cell to be administered the inventive virus vector may be of any type, including but not limited to hepatic cells. 
     A “therapeutically-effective” amount as used herein is an amount that is sufficient to alleviate (e.g., mitigate, decrease, reduce) at least one of the symptoms associated with a disease state (e.g. one caused by arginase 1 deficiency) Alternatively stated, a “therapeutically-effective” amount is an amount that is sufficient to provide some improvement in the condition of the subject. Data from an illustrative working embodiments of this is shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     A further aspect of the invention is a method of treating subjects in vivo with the inventive viral constructs. Administration of the AAV constructs of the present invention to a human subject or an animal in need thereof can be by any means known in the art for administering virus vectors. 
     Exemplary modes of administration include oral, rectal, transmucosal, topical, transdermal, inhalation, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, and intraarticular) administration, and the like, as well as direct tissue or organ injection, alternatively, intrathecal, direct intramuscular, intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspensions in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. Alternatively, one may administer the virus in a local rather than systemic manner, for example in a depot or sustained-release formulation. 
     In particularly preformed embodiments of the invention, the nucleotide sequence(s) of interest is/are delivered to the liver of the subject. Administration to the liver may be achieved by any method known in art, including, but not limited to intravenous administration, intraportal administration, intrabilary administration, intra-arterial administration, and direct injection into the liver parenchyma. 
     The following table shows the polypeptide and polynucleotide sequences useful in embodiments of the invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 POLYNUCLEOTIDE AND POLYPEPTIDE SEQUENCES 
               
               
                 Embodiments of the invention include adeno- 
               
               
                 associated viral vectors selected to have a 
               
               
                 number of elements that facilitate arginase 
               
               
                 1 or arginase 2 protein expression in human 
               
               
                 cells (e.g. liver cells) such as terminal 
               
               
                 repeat sequences (e.g. ITRs). introns, 
               
               
                 promoters (e.g a liver specific promoters), 
               
               
                 codon optimized sequences. poly A signal 
               
               
                 sequences and the like. Illustrative but 
               
               
                 nonlimiting sequences from the working 
               
               
                 embodiments of the intention disclosed 
               
               
                 herein are protided below. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 ARG1: arginase 1 Protein 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCESSION P05089 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REFERENCE: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Haraguchi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U.S.A. 84 (2), 412-415 (1987). 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MSAKSRTIGIIGAPFSKGQPRGGVEEGPTVLRKAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LLEKLKEQECDVKDYGDLPFADIPNDSPFQIVKNP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RSVGKASEQLAGKVAEVKKNGRISLVLGGDHSLAI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GSISGHARVHPDLGVIWVDAHTDINTPLTTTSGNL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HGQPVSFLLKELKGKIPDVPGFSWVTPCISAKDIV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 YIGLRDVDPGEHYILKTLGIKYFSMTEVDRLGIGK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VMEETLSYLLGRKKRPIHLSFDVDGLDPSFTPATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TPVVGGLTYRSGLYITEEIYKTGLLSGLDIMEVNP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SLGKTPEEVTRTVNTAVAITLACFGLAREGNHKPI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DYLNPPK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ARG2: arginase 2 Protein 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_001163.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REFERENCE: McGovern et. al., Nature 546 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (7660), 662-666 (2017) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MSLRGSLSRLLQTRVHSILKKSVESVAVIGAPFSQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GQKRKGVEHGPAAIREAGLMKRLSSLGCHLKDFGD 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LSFTPVPKDDLYNNLIVNPRSVGLANQELAEVVSR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AVSDGYSCVTLGGDKSLAIGTISGHARHCPDLCVV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 WVDAEADINTPLTTSSGNLHGQPVSFLLRELQDKV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PQLPGFSWIKPCISSASIVYIGLRDVDPPEHFILK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NYDIQYFSMRDIDRLGIQKVMERTFDLLIGKRQRP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 IKLSFDIDAFDPTLAPATGTPVVGGLTYREGMYIA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EEIHNTGLLSALDLVEVNPQLATSEEEAKTTANLA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VDVIASSFGQTREGGHIVYDQLPTPSSPDESENQA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RVRI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Full-length sequence of the codon 
               
               
                   
                   
                 optimized human ARG1 sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Full-leneth hcoARG1: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGAGCGCAAAGTCTCGAACAATTGGCATAATTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCTCCGTTCAGCAAAGGTCAGCCAAGGGGCGGCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGAGGAAGGACCCACAGTGCTGAGAAAAGCCGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTGCTGGAGAAACTGAAGGAACAGGAATGTGACGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAGGACTATGGGGATCTGCCTTTTGCCGATATAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGAATGATTCACCCTTCCAAATTGTGAAAAATCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGATCCGTGGGCAAAGCAAGTGAACAGTTGGCCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAGGTGGCAGAGGTTAAAAAAAATGGAAGGATCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCTCGTACTGGGTGGCGATCACTCTCTTGCAATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGAAGTATTTCAGGCCATGCCCGCGTTCATCCCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTCGGCGTGATCTGGGTTGATGCTCATACAGATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCAATACCCCTCTGACGACAACATCTGGGAACCTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CATGGACAACCTGTATCATTTCTGTTGAAGGAACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAAGGCAAAATACCCGACGTGCCTGGATTTTCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGTGACCCCCTGCATCTCTGCTAAAGACATAGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TACATAGGTCTGCGCGACGTTGATCCTGGAGAACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTACATTCTCAAGACACTCGGAATTAAATATTTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTATGACAGAAGTGGACCGCCTCGGGATTGGCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTAATGGAGGAGACTCTTTCATACCTGCTGGGACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAAAAAACGACCGATTCACCTCAGCTTTGACGTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGGACTTGACCCATCTTTTACACCAGCTACTGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACACCAGTTGTAGGAGGTCTTACTTACCGCGAAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTGTATATAACTGAAGAGATTTATAAGACTGGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCTCAGTGGACTTGATATTATGGAAGTGAACCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCCTGGGAAAAACACCAGAAGAAGTCACACGCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGTCAATACCGCCGTGGCTATCACCCTGGCTTGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCGGCTTGGCACGCGAAGGGAATCATAAACCTATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GACTACCTGAATCCCCCAAAGTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 2) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Full-length sequence of the codon- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 optimized human ARG2 sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Full-length hcoARG2: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGGTCCACAGCGTTGCCGTCATTGGTGCACCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTCACAAGGCCAGAAAAGAAAGGGCGTGGAACATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCCTGCTGCAATAAGAGAGGCCGGACTGATGAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGACTGTCTTCCCTTGGCTGCCATCTTAAAGACTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGGTGATCTCAGCTTCACTCCTGTTCCGAAAGACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCTCTACAACAACCTTATCGTAAATCCTAGATCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTAGGTCTTGCTAATCAAGAATTGGCTGAGGTGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCCCGAGCAGTTTCCGACGGATATAGCTGCGTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCCTCGGCGGTGACCATTCGCTGGCAATTGGTACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATTAGCGGACACGCAAGACATTGCCCTGATCTCTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGTGGTATGGGTTGACGCGCATGCTGATATAAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGCCTCTCACCACCTCCTCTGGCAATCTGCACGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGCCCGTGTCCTTTCTCCTCCGCGAACTCCAGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAAGGTGCCACAACTCCCCGGGTTCTCTTGGATCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCCCTGCATTTCATCCGCTAGTATAGTGTACATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGCCTTAGAGACGTCGACCCACCAGAGCATTTCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCAAAAATTATGACATTCAGTACTTTAGTATGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCGACATTGACAGGCTGGGTATTCAGAAAGTGATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAAGGACGTTCGACCTGTTGATCGGCAAAAGACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAGACCAATTCACCTCAGCTTTGATATTGATGCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCGATCCTACGCTCGCTCCGGCAACAGGGACACCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGGTAGGAGGCCTGACTTATAGAGAAGGTATGTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CATAGCCGAAGAAATACACAACACTGGACTGCTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCGCGCTTGACCTTGTTGAAGTTAATCCCCAGCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCACGTCCGAGGAAGAGGCCAAGACCACAGCTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTCGCAGTTGATGTAATAGCATCTAGTTTTGGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGACCCGAGAAGGAGGGCACATCGTGTATGACCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTCCCTACACCGAGTTCACCTGATGAGTCAGAAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCAAGCCCGGGTCCGCATTTAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Illustrative 5′ ITR sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGCCCGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAGCCCGGGCGTCGGGCGACCTTTGGTCGCCCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGAGGGAGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCAACTCCATCACTAGGGGTTCCt 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Illustrative promoter sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Thyroxine Biriding Globulin (TBG) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 promoter 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGCTGGAAGCTACCTTTGACATCATTTCCTCTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAATGCATGTATAATTTCTACAGAACCTATTAGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGATCACCCAGCCTCTGCTTTTGTACAACTTTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTTAAAAAACTGCCAATTCCACTGCTGTTTGGCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AATAGTGAGAACTTTTTCCTGCTGCCTCTTGGTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTTGCCTATGGCCCCTATTCTGCCTGCTGAAGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACTCTTGCCAGCATGGACTTAAACCCCTCCAGCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGACAATCCTCTTTCTCTTTTGTTTTACATGAAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTCTGGCAGCCAAAGCAATCACTCAAAGTTCAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTTATCATTTTTTGCTTTGTTCCTCTTGGCCTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTTGTACATCAGCTTTGAAAATACCATCCCAGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTAATGCTGGGGTTAATTTATAACTAAGAGTGCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAGTTTTGCAATACAGGACATGCTATAAAAATGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 6) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Illustrative Chimeric Intron sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTAAGTATCAAGGTTACAAGACAGGTTTAAGGAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCAATAGAAACTGGGCTTGTCGAGACAGAGAAGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTTGCGTTTCTGATAGGCACCTATTGGTCTTACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GACATCCACTTTGCCTTTCTCTCCACAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 7) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Illustrative polyA signal sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATCTTTTTCCCTCTGCCAAAAATTATGGGGACAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CATGAAGCCCCTTGAGCATCTGACTTCTGGCTAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAGGAAATTTATTTTCATTGCAATAGTGTGTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AATTTTTTGTGTCTCTCACTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 8) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Illustrative 3′ 1TR sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGAACCCCTAGTGATGGAGTTGGCCACTCCCTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO. 9) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     CONCLUSION 
     This concludes the description of embodiments of the present invention. The foregoing description of one or more embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.