Patent Publication Number: US-9839035-B2

Title: System and method for providing uplink inter cell interference coordination in a network environment

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation (and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120) of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/686,598, filed Apr. 14, 2015, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING UPLINK INTER CELL INTERFERENCE COORDINATION IN A NETWORK ENVIRONMENT,” Inventors Ritesh K. Madan, et al. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of (and is incorporated in its entirety by reference in) the disclosure of this application. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates in general to the field of communications and, more particularly, to a system and method for providing uplink (UL) inter cell interference coordination (ICIC) in a network environment. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Networking architectures have grown increasingly complex in communications environments, particularly mobile wireless environments. Mobile communication networks have grown substantially in subscriber base as end users become increasingly connected to mobile wireless environments. As the number of mobile subscribers increases, efficient management of communication resources becomes more critical. In some instances, resources are allocated for uplink transmission by user equipment served by a particular cell radio. Uplink transmissions are typically scheduled for user equipment served by the particular cell radio. As the number of user equipment (e.g., the number of subscribers) increases, the possibility of inter cell interference also increases, which can lead to inefficient performance of the user equipment and for the network. Accordingly, there are significant challenges in providing uplink ICIC for mobile communication networks, particularly with respect to small cell networks, which often include multiple small cell radios provided in close proximity to each other. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       To provide a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and features and advantages thereof, reference is made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a simplified block diagram illustrating a communication system to facilitate providing uplink ICIC in a network environment according to one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 1B  is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating example details associated with an example resource block that can be associated with uplink transmissions in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 1C  is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating example details associated with an example frequency spectrum that can be associated with the communication system in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 2  is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example use case of cell radios associated with the communication system in accordance with one potential embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with providing uplink ICIC in a network environment in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 4  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with determining user equipment specific feedback for uplink ICIC in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 5  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with determining cell specific feedback for uplink ICIC in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  are simplified flow diagrams illustrating example operations associated with setting interference power spectral density (PSD) levels for interference mitigation in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 7  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with determining one or more uplink ICIC parameters that can be used to provide uplink ICIC in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 8  is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating other example details associated with an example frequency spectrum that can be associated with the communication system in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 9  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations associated with providing resource adaptation for interference mitigation in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram illustrating other example operations associated with providing resource adaptation for interference mitigation in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; 
         FIG. 11  is a flow diagram illustrating yet other example operations associated with providing resource adaptation for interference mitigation in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system; and 
         FIGS. 12A-12C  are simplified block diagrams illustrating additional details associated with various potential embodiments of the communication system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     Overview 
     A method is provided in one example embodiment and may include determining by a central management entity one or more uplink inter cell interference coordination (ICIC) parameters for a plurality of cells based, at least in part, on feedback information associated with the plurality of cells, wherein the feedback information is associated, at least in part, with signal strength information associated with the plurality of cells and wherein the uplink ICIC parameters include, at least in part, a low interference power spectral density (PSD) level and a medium interference PSD level; communicating the uplink ICIC parameters to each of the plurality of cells; exchanging interference information between neighboring cells of the plurality of cells wherein the interference information includes, at least in part, interference guarantees for certain transmissions between each neighboring cell of the plurality of cells based on the low interference PSD level and the medium interference PSD level; and scheduling uplink transmissions for user equipment served by the neighboring cells based, at least in part, on the uplink ICIC parameters and the interference information exchanged between neighboring cells. In some instances, the uplink transmissions can be scheduled in at least one of a re-use one portion and a fractional frequency re-use (FFR) portion of a frequency spectrum available for the uplink transmissions. 
     In some instances, determining the one or more uplink ICIC parameters can further include setting the low interference PSD level, wherein the low interference PSD level is set to allow a certain percentage of cell edge user equipment served by each of the neighboring cells to achieve a Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio of approximately 7 decibels (dB). In other instances, determining the one or more uplink ICIC parameters can additionally include setting the medium interference PSD level, wherein the medium interference PSD level is based on an average interference level determined for the plurality of cells for all user equipment served by each of the plurality of cells. 
     In yet other instances, determining the one or more uplink ICIC parameters can additionally include determining a number of neighboring cells for each of the plurality of cells based, at least in part, on the signal strength information, wherein one or more cells are determined to be neighboring another cell if their signal strength is above a certain threshold; determining a number of resources for uplink transmissions for the FFR portion of the frequency spectrum, wherein the number of resources for the uplink transmissions for the FFR portion of the frequency spectrum is inversely proportional to the number of neighboring cells for each of the plurality of cells; and determining fractions of total resources for uplink transmissions for resource block regions of the re-use one portion and the FFR portion of the frequency spectrum. 
     In some cases, exchanging interference information between neighboring cells can include distributing High Interference Information (HII) messages over X2 interfaces between neighboring cells to coordinate high interference resource block (RB) guarantees and low interference RB guarantees for the FFR portion of the frequency spectrum based, at least in part, on the number of resources determined for uplink transmission for the FFR portion, the fractions of total resources for uplink transmissions, the low interference PSD level and the medium interference PSD level. 
     In some cases, the signal strength information can include Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) information and the method can include receiving by a particular cell of the plurality of cells RSRP information from each of a plurality of user equipment (UE) served by the particular cell, wherein the RSRP information received from each UE includes, at least in part, a serving cell RSRP value for the particular cell and one or more neighboring cell RSRP values for one or more neighboring cells of the particular cell. In some instances, the method can further include determining a number of UEs connected to the particular cell; determining a number of UEs for which one or more neighboring cell RSRP values are above an RSRP threshold; and including in the feedback information: the number of UEs connected to the particular cell; the number of UEs having one or more neighboring cell RSRP values above the RSRP threshold; the serving cell RSRP value for each of the number of UEs having one or more neighboring cell RSRP values above the RSRP threshold; and a cell identifier and a corresponding RSRP value for each of the one or neighboring cell RSRP values above the RSRP threshold. In other instances, the method can include determining one or more relative interference values for each of one or more neighboring cells of the particular cell for each of one or more UEs connected to the particular cell, wherein the each relative interference value is based on the serving cell RSRP value and a neighboring cell RSRP value for each of the one or more neighboring cells as received from each of the one or more UEs; determining whether each relative interference value is above a relative interference threshold; ordering each relative interference value that is above the relative interference threshold in a predetermined order; determining a highest relative interference value for each of the one or more neighboring cells that is above the relative interference threshold; and including in the feedback information the highest relative interference value and a cell identifier for each of the one or more neighboring cells that is above the relative interference threshold according to the predetermined order. 
     Another method is provided in another example embodiment and may include determining a ratio relating a first portion of a frequency spectrum in which fractional frequency re-use (FFR) resources are to be assigned to a second portion of the frequency spectrum in which re-use one resources are to be assigned, wherein the FFR resources and the re-use one resources are associated with uplink transmissions for a plurality of user equipment across a plurality of cells in a communication system; and updating the ratio relating the first portion and the second portion of the frequency spectrum to optimize throughput rates for the plurality of user equipment across the plurality of cells. In some cases, at least one of determining the ratio or updating the ratio can include maximizing a total sum of utilities of throughput rates for the user equipment across the plurality of cells for a utility function to determine an optimum value for the ratio based, at least in part, on one or more interference power spectral density (PSD) levels associated with neighboring cells of the plurality of cells and wherein the total sum of utilities of throughput rates for the user equipment can vary based, at least in part, a plurality of temporary values of the ratio. In various instances, the utility function can be associated with a total sum of a logarithmic function (LOG) of average throughput rates for the user equipment; a total sum of a weighted exponential function of average throughput rates for the user equipment; or a total sum of average throughput rates for the user equipment. 
     In some instances, maximizing the total sum of utilities as a function of throughput rates for the user equipment can further include: calculating, by each cell of the plurality of cells, a per cell total sum of utilities for achievable throughput rates for a plurality of user equipment served by each cell for each the plurality of temporary values of the ratio; communicating, by each cell of the plurality of cells, the per cell total sum of utilities for achievable throughput rates to a central management system for each of the plurality of temporary values of the ratio; calculating a total sum of utilities across the plurality of cells based on the per cell total sum of utilities for each of the plurality of temporary values of the ratio; determining, by the central management system, a maximum total sum of utilities and a particular temporary value of the ratio associated with the maximum total sum of utilities; and setting the ratio equal to the particular temporary value of the ratio associated with the maximum total sum of utilities. 
     In some instances, calculating the per cell total sum of utilities for achievable throughput rates for the plurality of user equipment served by a particular cell can further include: calculating a weighted sum of throughput rates achievable for each user equipment served by the particular cell in relation to a number of resource blocks that can be allocated in a plurality of resource block regions of the frequency spectrum and wherein the number of resource blocks that can be allocated in one or more of the resource block regions is varied according to each of the plurality of temporary values of the ratio; and accumulating weighted sums of throughput rates achievable for all user equipment served by the particular cell according to each of the plurality of temporary values of the ratio to determine a total sum of utility of throughput rates for all user equipment served by the cell for each of the plurality of temporary values of the ratio. 
     In some cases, updating the ratio can further include: determining, by each cell of the plurality of cells, a first modulation and coding scheme (MSC) for each of a plurality of user equipment served by each cell in a first resource block region of the frequency spectrum. In some cases, the updating can further include determining, by each cell of the plurality of cells, a first number of resource blocks in the first resource block region assigned to user equipment that have a corresponding first MCS below a predetermined MCS threshold; and determining, by each cell of the plurality of cells, a second number of resource blocks in a second resource block region assigned to user equipment that have a corresponding first MCS above the predetermined MCS threshold. In still other cases, updating the ratio can additionally include communicating, by each cell of the plurality of cells, the first number of resource blocks and the second number of resource blocks to a central management system; increasing the ratio if a low percentile of the first number of resource blocks communicated by each of the plurality of cells is below a first predetermined resource block threshold; and reducing the ratio if a high percentile of the second number of resource blocks communicated by each of the plurality of cells is above a second predetermined resource block threshold. In some instances, the predetermined MCS threshold is associated with a predetermined signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) associated with interference between neighboring cells of the plurality of cells in the communication system. 
     EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     Turning to  FIG. 1A ,  FIG. 1A  is a simplified block diagram illustrating a communication system  100  to facilitate providing uplink (UL) inter cell interference coordination (ICIC) in a network environment according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. This particular configuration may be tied to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Evolved Packet System (EPS) architecture, also sometimes referred to as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) EPS architecture. Alternatively, the depicted architecture may be applicable to other environments equally. The example architecture of  FIG. 1A  can include users operating user equipment (UE)  112   a - 112   d , one or more cell radio(s)  114   a - 114   b , a radio access network (RAN)  120 , a central management system  122  and a service provider network  130 . As shown in  FIG. 1A , each respective cell radio  114   a ,  114   b  can include a respective resource scheduler  140   a ,  140   b  and central management system  122  can include an interference management module  150 .  FIGS. 1B-1C  are schematic diagrams illustrating various example details that can be associated with communication system  100  and will be discussed in conjunction with  FIG. 1A . 
     Each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  can be associated with a corresponding coverage area, as indicated by the dashed-line circle surrounding each cell radio  114   a - 114   b . It should be understood that the coverage areas shown in  FIG. 1A  are provided for illustrative purposes only, and are not meant to limit the broad scope of the teachings of the present disclosure. Any other coverage areas can be provided for cell radios within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In various embodiments, UE  112   a - 112   d  can be associated with users, employees, clients, customers, etc. wishing to initiate a flow in communication system  100  via some network. The terms ‘user equipment’, ‘mobile node’, ‘end user’, ‘user’, and ‘subscriber’ are inclusive of devices used to initiate a communication, such as a computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or electronic notebook, a cellular telephone, an i-Phone™, iPad™, a Google Droid™ phone, an IP phone, or any other device, component, element, or object capable of initiating voice, audio, video, media, or data exchanges within communication system  100 . UE  112   a - 112   d  may also be inclusive of a suitable interface to a human user such as a microphone, a display, a keyboard, or other terminal equipment. 
     UE  112   a - 112   d  may also be any device that seeks to initiate a communication on behalf of another entity or element such as a program, a database, or any other component, device, element, or object capable of initiating an exchange within communication system  100 . Data, as used herein in this document, refers to any type of numeric, voice, video, media, or script data, or any type of source or object code, or any other suitable information in any appropriate format that may be communicated from one point to another. In certain embodiments, UE  112   a - 112   d  may have a bundled subscription for network access and application services (e.g., voice), etc. Once the access session is established, the user can register for application services as well, without additional authentication requirements. UE IP addresses can be assigned using dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP), Stateless Address Auto-configuration, default bearer activation, etc., or any suitable variation thereof. In various embodiments, each UE  112   a - 112   d  can include one or transmitters and/or receivers (e.g., transceivers) and one or more antenna(s) to facilitate over the air communications with one or more cell radios  114   a - 114   b.    
     For  FIG. 1A , cell radios  114   a - 114   b  are logically connected to service provider network  130  and can also be logically connected to adjacent cell radios via an X2 interface, as defined in 3GPP standards. In various embodiments, interfaces (e.g., the X2 interface) and/or a series of interfaces can be provided in communication system  100 , which can offer mobility, policy control, interference mitigation functions, etc. for various elements of communication system  100 . For example, interfaces can be used to exchange point of attachment, location, and/or access data for one or more end users, for example, users operating UE  112   a - 112   d . In various embodiments, resource information, accounting information, location information, access network information, network address translation (NAT) control, etc. can be exchanged using a remote authentication dial in user service (RADIUS) protocol or any other suitable protocol where appropriate. Other protocols that can be used in communication system  100  can include DIAMETER protocol, service gateway interface (SGi), terminal access controller access-control system (TACACS), TACACS+, etc. to facilitate communications. 
     In various embodiments, cell radios  114   a - 114   b  can be deployed as evolved Node Bs (eNodeBs), which can provide cellular/mobile coverage for a macro cell network, or can be deployed as home eNodeBs (HeNBs), which can provide cellular/mobile coverage for a small cell network. In various embodiments, for example, in a macro cell network deployment, cell radios  114   a - 114   b  can be responsible for selecting a Mobility Management Entity (MME) within service provider network  130  for session establishment for each UE  112   a - 112   d  served by a corresponding cell radio, for managing radio resources for each UE  112   a - 112   d , and making handover decisions for UEs, for example, handover to other cell radios (e.g., eNodeBs and/or HeNBs). In certain embodiments, for example, in a small cell network deployment, cell radios  114   a - 114   b  (e.g., deployed as HeNBs) can interface with service provider network  130  via one or more small cell gateways (not shown), which can be used to aggregate and/or manage sessions for UE connected to the small cell network as well as managing configurations of cell radios  114   a - 114   b . In various embodiments, each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  can include one or transmitters and/or receivers (e.g., transceivers) and one or more antenna(s) to facilitate over the air communications with one or more UE  112   a - 112   d.    
     In various embodiments, each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  may manage scheduling for uplink radio resources for uplink transmissions for each corresponding UE  112   a - 112   d  that the cell radios respectively serve via each respective resource scheduler  140   a - 140   b . Uplink radio resources can be distinguished from downlink resources, as uplink resources may be those resources transmitted by over an air interface a particular UE (e.g., using one or more combinations of transmitters and/or antenna(s)) to be received by its serving cell radio (e.g., using one or more combinations of receivers and/or antenna(s)) whereas downlink resources may be those resources transmitted over an air interface by the serving cell radio (e.g., using one or more combinations of transmitters and/or antenna(s)) to be received by the particular UE (e.g., using one or more combinations of receivers and/or antenna(s)). For example, in certain embodiments, assuming UE  112   a - 112   b  are connected to and currently served by cell radio  114   a , cell radio  114   a , via resource scheduler  140   a  can schedule uplink resources for uplink transmissions that can be performed by UE  112   a - 112   b . In turn, UE  112   a - 112   b  can perform uplink transmissions as scheduled by cell radio  114   a . Typically, uplink transmissions are scheduled via uplink grants that can be communicated by a serving cell radio to a corresponding UE. Similar uplink transmissions can be scheduled for UE  112   c - 112   d  by cell radio  114   b  via resource scheduler  140   b , assuming UE  112   c - 112   d  are connected to and served by cell radio  114   b . Note the terms ‘cell radio’ and ‘cell’ can be used interchangeably herein in this Specification. 
     UEs  112   a - 112   d  are illustrated in  FIG. 1A  as being located in relative proximities within the coverage areas of their respective serving cells. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1A , UE  112   a  can be considered an interior UE within the coverage area of cell radio  114   a  and UE  112   b  can be considered a cell edge UE within the coverage area of cell radio  114   a . Similarly, UE  112   d  can be considered an interior UE within the coverage area of cell radio  114   b  and UE  112   c  can be considered a cell edge UE within the coverage area of cell radio  114   b . The characterization of UEs  112   a - 112   d  is provided for illustrative purposes only and is not meant to limit the broad scope of the present disclosure. It should be understood that UEs can be distributed anywhere within the coverage areas of cell radios within the scope of the teachings of the present disclosure. 
     In various embodiments, determination of whether a given UE is a cell edge UE or a cell interior UE can be performed by the cell radio using, for example, the channel quality indicator (CQI) for the UE in the downlink, via the reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for the UE or by determining the received power for an uplink signal from the UE divided by the interference in the cell. In certain embodiments, a UE can be characterized as a cell edge UE if its CQI, RSRQ and/or uplink signal divided by interference is less than a predetermined threshold. 
     In certain embodiments, LTE architectures can support multi-user access using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), which is a multi-user version of the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. Multiple accesses are achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users. OFDMA allows for simultaneous transmissions from several users served by a particular cell radio. In certain embodiments, LTE architectures can also support multi-user access using Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), which is similar to OFDMA, but includes additional precoding. 
     As a general notion, in LTE architectures, a given serving cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a ) can schedule uplink transmissions for a given UE (e.g., UE  112   a ) by scheduling physical resource blocks, generally referred to as resource blocks (RBs), that are to be transmitted by the UE according to one or more uplink grants, as noted above. For example, using one or more uplink grants, cell radio  114   a  can signal to the UE, when it can transmit uplink RBs or resources toward cell radio  114   a . Uplink grants are typically communicated to the UE via a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) maintained between the UE and the serving cell radio. Typically, the PDCCH can be used to communicate information related to information downlink (DL) grant(s), uplink (UL) grant(s), power control, system configuration, random access, paging, etc. for UE, as defined in 3GPP standards. 
     An RB, as defined in 3GPP technical specification (TS) 36.211, is typically represented by a number of resource elements, each of which can be allocated within a symbol, for each of a particular subcarrier (e.g., frequency) that can be associated with a particular UE. An RB can generally be referred to as a ‘slot’ spanning 0.5 milliseconds (msec) of a 1 msec subframe. Thus, there are typically two RBs in each 1 msec subframe. The smallest unit of an RB is a resource element, which represents one subcarrier by one symbol. Thus, a RB can be schematically represented as spanning a portion of frequencies of system bandwidth (e.g., depending on the number of subcarriers in the RB) across a span of time (e.g., 0.5 msec) for each symbol included in the RB. For 4G/LTE, the number of subcarriers for an RB is 12, each spanning a 15 kilohertz (15 KHz subcarrier bandwidth), thus each RB represents a 180 KHz portion of system bandwidth. As system bandwidth can vary, such as, for example, between 1.25 megahertz (MHz) and 20 MHz, the number of available RBs that can be scheduled or allocated across UEs can vary, respectively between 6 and 100. Typically, a 10 MHz bandwidth corresponds to 50 available RBs that can be allocated to UEs served by a particular cell. It should be understood that RBs can be uplink RBs or downlink RBs, depending on the device transmitting the RBs. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1B ,  FIG. 1B  is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating an example uplink RB  160  that can be used for uplink transmissions in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system. Uplink RB  160  can represents a 0.5 msec slot  164  of a 1 millisecond (msec) transmission time interval (TTI) for a number of symbols  168  spread across a number of subcarriers  166 . In various embodiments, the number of subcarriers  166  is typically 12. In various embodiments, the number of symbols  168  can depend on the cyclic prefix type for uplink transmissions (e.g., 12 symbols for normal cyclic prefix or 14 for symbols for extended cyclic prefix). As noted, the smallest unit of a RB is a resource element, shown in  FIG. 1B  as resource element  170 , which represents one subcarrier  166  by one symbol  168 . 
     Returning to  FIG. 1A , each resource element for each symbol of an RB can be represented using a number of bits, which can vary depending on modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selected for uplink transmissions for a given UE. In various embodiments, the MCS selected for uplink transmissions can be adjusted based on the uplink Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) for a given UE. For example, a higher SINR for a UE can result in a higher MCS being selected for the UE, which, in turn can provide for a higher throughput rate for the UE. As provided by 3GPP standards (e.g., TS 36.111), MCS for uplink transmissions can include Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) including 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM with modulation order increasing from QPSK to 256QAM. 
     In various embodiments, SINR for a given UE (e.g., any of UE  112   a - 112   d ) can be determined based on Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) as measured by the UE for the Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), the channel quality indicator (CQI) reported by the UE, relative Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and/or the received signal strength for an uplink transmission divided by the total interference in the cell. Typically, E-UTRA is described in reference to the air-interface for LTE radio access. As defined in 3GPP TS 36.214, RSRP is the linear average over the power contributions of resource elements (e.g., within RBs) that carry cell-specific reference signals (CRS) within a considered measurement frequency bandwidth. RSRQ is defined as the ratio of the number (N) of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement bandwidth (e.g., system bandwidth) multiplied by the RSRP divided by the RSSI, generally expressed as ‘N*RSRP/RSSI’. In general, UE can measure signal strength information such as, for example, RSRP and/or RSRQ for a serving cell and/or non-serving cells (e.g., neighboring cells), if enabled. In certain embodiments, RSRP and/or RSRQ measurements for neighboring cells be enabled for UE  112   a - 112   d . As used herein the terms ‘relative RSRP’ and ‘relative interference’ can be used interchangeable and can refer to a serving cell RSRP as measured by a given UE subtracted from a neighboring cell RSRP as measured by the UE. 
     It should be noted that any UE signal strength information can be used within the scope of the present disclosure. In at least one embodiment, for example, for a 3G deployment, signal strength information can include Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) energy per chip to total PSD at the UE antenna (Ec/Io) and/or CPICH Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) as defined in 3GPP standards. In another embodiment, for example, for a WiFi deployment, signal strength information can include Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Received Channel Power Indicator (RCPT), combinations thereof, or other similar signal strength information. Accordingly, although many of the example embodiments discussed herein are described with reference to RSRP and/or RSRQ signal strength information, it should be understood that signal strength information as discussed for the various embodiments described herein can cover a multitude of access network types including both 3GPP and non-3GPP access networks. 
     In certain embodiments, channel quality indicator (CQI) reported by a UE can be used to determine downlink SINR by using the CQI reported for a given UE as a proxy for determining the downlink SINR. Generally, the CQI reported by a UE is essentially the MCS at which the cell radio to which the UE is connected needs to transmit packets to the UE such that the UE will receive packets at a 10% Block Error Rate (BLER). If an Average White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is assumed for the UE, an SINR can be determined that will lead to a 10% BLER based on the MCS chosen by the cell radio for downlink transmissions to the UE via the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), which carries data transport blocks to the UE. Generally, each MCS from which the cell radio can choose for downlink transmissions can be mapped to one or more SINR values or a range of SINR values, thereby enabling SINR determinations using the MCS chosen for downlink transmissions. Although UE manufacturers often implement different receivers, etc. for their equipment, which can lead to non-one-to-one MCS to SINR mappings, CQI can be used to determine an approximate SINR for a given UE based on the assumption that, as SINR increases for a UE, CQI can also increase because the UE can decode higher order modulation schemes while staying within the 10% BLER threshold. It should be understood that, under an assumption of uplink and downlink symmetry for a given UE, uplink or downlink SINR can be used for various embodiments described herein. 
     Returning to  FIG. 1A , central management system  122  can further include interference management module  150 , which can, in various embodiments, aid in coordinating uplink resource scheduling between cell radios  114   a - 114   b  for UE  112   a - 112   d . In various embodiments, central management system  122  can be deployed as any central management entity, such as, for example, an Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) entity, a Radio Management System (RMS), a Radio Resource Manager (RRM), a Self-Organizing Network (SON) management system, combinations thereof or the like. In certain embodiments, an RMS can be used in conjunction with small cell deployments, for example, to configure cell radios  114   a - 114   b  according to a particular communications protocol (e.g., technical report (TR) 069) and data model (e.g., TR-196 version 2). In certain embodiments, a SON management system can have visibility of one or more parallel networks such as, for example, a macro cell network, a small cell network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) and can be used to coordinate radio resource for different UE among co-deployed parallel networks (e.g., having overlapping or neighboring coverage areas for different technologies). In essence, a SON management system may provide a system-wide view of communication system  100  and can therefore intelligently provision resources among different communication networks in the communication system. Accordingly, central management system  122  can be configured to interface with any element or node of communication system  100  via one or more logical interfaces. In various embodiments, central management system  122  can be deployed within service provider network  130 , within cloud-based service (e.g., in a centralized SON (cSON) architecture) and/or can be deployed in a service network for a particular deployment, such as, for example, in an enterprise small cell deployment. 
     RAN  120  is a communications interface between UE  112   a - 112   d  and service provider network  130 . In various embodiments, depending on deployment, one or more cell radio(s)  114   a - 114   b  can be deployed in RAN  120  to provide macro and/or small cell mobile/cellular coverage for UE  112   a - 112   d . In general, small cell networks are comprised of multiple small cell radios, which can provide proximate coverage to users in an environment in which macro network coverage may be limited or interfered (e.g., within a building, structure, facility, etc.). Typically, small cell radios operate at lower radio power levels as compared to macro cell radios. Small cell radios can be connected using a standard broadband digital subscriber line (DSL), internet or cable service into service provider network  130  via one or more small cell gateways. Calls can be made and received, where the signals are sent (potentially encrypted) from a given small cell radio via the broadband Internet protocol (IP) network to one of the service provider&#39;s main switching centers. 
     Thus, RAN  120  may provide one or more coverage areas for servicing multiple end users and for managing their associated connectivity. The communications interface provided by RAN  120  may allow data to be exchanged between an end user and any number of selected elements within communication system  100 . For example, RAN  120  may facilitate the delivery of a request packet (e.g., request for service(s)) generated by a given UE (e.g., UE  112   a ) and the reception of information sought by an end user. In various embodiments, RAN  120  may include 3GPP access networks such as, for example, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Radio Access Network (GERAN), generally referred to as 2G, and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), generally referred to as 3G, and/or evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), generally referred to as 4G, Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). In various embodiments, RAN  120  may include non-3GPP IP access networks such as digital subscriber line (DSL), Cable, WLAN (e.g., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)) or the Internet. RAN  120  is only one example of a communications interface between an end user and service provider network  130 . Other suitable types of communications interfaces may be used for any appropriate network design and, further, be based on specific communications architectures in accordance with particular needs. 
     Service provider network  130  represents a series of points or nodes of interconnected communication paths for receiving and transmitting packets of information that propagate through communication system  100 . In various embodiments, service provider network  130  can be configured according to 3GPP standards to include one or more elements of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in order to provide services (e.g., voice, data, multimedia, etc.) and interconnectivity to UE  112   a - 112   d  to one or more packet data networks (e.g., the Internet). Service provider network  130  may offer communicative interfaces between UE  112   a - 112   d  and selected nodes or elements in the network, and may be any local area network (LAN), wireless local area network (WLAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), virtual private network (VPN), Intranet, extranet, or any other appropriate architecture or system that facilitates communications in a network environment. Communication system  100  may implement a user datagram protocol (UDP)/Internet protocol (UDP/IP) connection and use a transmission control protocol (TCP/IP) communication language protocol in particular embodiments of the present disclosure. However, communication network may alternatively implement any other suitable communication protocol for transmitting and receiving data packets within communication system  100 . 
     Before detailing some of the operational aspects of  FIG. 1A , it is important to understand common characteristics of uplink interference that can occur in mobile communications networks. The following foundation is offered earnestly for teaching purposes only and, therefore should not be construed in any way to limit the broad teachings of the present disclosure. 
     Uplink RBs can be transmitted by a given UE (e.g., UE  112   a ) using a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or a Physical Random Access Chanel (PRACH). Uplink transmissions by UE can cause interference, typically referred to as power spectral density (PSD) interference or interference PSD, to a particular serving cell radio and/or to one or more neighboring cell radios. Interference, typically, represented using the symbol ‘I’, can be expressed as interference over thermal noise (loT), which is the ratio of interference PSD to thermal noise PSD. Thermal noise PSD, as defined in 3GPP TS 26.214, is the white noise PSD on the uplink carrier frequency multiplied by the uplink system bandwidth. 
     The transmission of uplink RBs by a given UE can cause interference PSD to its particular serving cell and/or to one or more neighboring cells. For LTE, Release 9 of 3GPP specifications define different interference mitigation schemes such as, for example, interference reduction and inter cell interference coordination (ICIC). Interference reduction is typically associated with optimizing coverage and capacity for a network. ICIC is typically associated with the management of radio resources to mitigate inter cell interference. In the frequency domain, ICIC is used to manage the allocation of RBs between cells in order to coordinate the use of frequency domain resources. 
     In particular, frequency domain ICIC can be used to mitigate inter cell interference with neighboring cells for UEs located at the edge of a coverage area of a given serving cell (e.g., cell edge UEs) that may have resources allocated thereto, which can interfere with the neighboring cells. Solutions for ICIC often involve interference mitigation through either orthogonal transmissions, which are typically associated with fractional frequency re-use (FFR), or Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) schemes, which are typically dependent on number of antennas configured for a UE. 
     Typically, semi-orthogonal transmissions associated with FFR can provide interference mitigation by partitioning the frequency spectrum (e.g., system bandwidth) available to each cell radio such that each cell uses a spectrum of frequency which does not overlap with a neighboring cell or such that RBs allocated to cell edge UEs for a particular serving cell do not overlap with RBs allocated to cell edge UEs for any neighboring cells. The term ‘semi-orthogonal’ indicates that on one RB, one cell lowers interference to a neighboring cell while the neighboring cell uses higher power. This differs from orthogonal transmissions, which can be a special case in which the first cell makes an interference of zero (e.g., does not use the RB at all). 
     Semi-orthogonal schemes typically involve a static partitioning of the frequency spectrum for FFR, which can be highly inefficient because there may be a large number of UEs on a cell edge but not enough resources are set aside for FFR where neighboring cells&#39; cell edge UEs are scheduled on non-overlapping portions of the spectrum or in cases where no or a minimal number of cell edge UEs may be served by a given cell radio (e.g., in cases where the spectrum is partitioned for cell edge UEs). The spectrum allocated to FFR might be wasted or there may not be enough spectrum for FFR, which can lead to poor utilization of resources when cell edge UEs are served. In other cases, the number of interfering neighbors may change, which could also lead to inefficient use of system bandwidth for systems having static FFR configurations. FFR frequency allocation schemes can be distinguished from re-use one frequency allocation schemes in which the entire frequency spectrum can re-used by each cell for allocating resources to all UEs, which are served as the same transmit power per RB (e.g., having equivalently the same power spectral density). However, in deployments that rely only on re-use one schemes, interference is typically high at the edges of neighboring cells. 
     In accordance with various embodiments described herein, communication system  100  is configured to provide a system and method to facilitate interference mitigation for uplink ICIC in a network environment through the use of information exchanges between each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  and a central management entity (e.g., central management system  122 ) and between each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  via the X2 interface. The information exchanges may provide for adaptive resource allocation between neighboring cell radios in order to schedule uplink UE transmissions to mitigate interference between neighboring cells. In general, communication system  100  can provide a method to define and capture interference constraints using both centralized and distributed ICIC approaches that enable re-use one and FFR options for scheduling UE transmissions. In addition, in certain embodiments, communication system  100  can provide a method to enable resource adaptation for frequency domain uplink ICIC that enables dynamic allocation and re-allocation of system spectrum between re-use one and FFR frequencies for each cell radio in the system to optimize the sum of total utilities, as a function of UE throughput rates, across all cells in the system or in a given cluster. 
     In certain embodiments, the frequency spectrum for each cell can be divided into four types of RBs. Each RB division can be represented by a two-tuple representation indicating a maximum loT caused by a neighboring cell to a given and a maximum loT caused to a neighboring cell by the given cell. The division of frequency spectrum is best understood by a schematic diagram illustrating the two-tuple representation, which has been provided by  FIG. 1B . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1C ,  FIG. 1C  is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating example details associated with an example frequency spectrum  180  that can be associated with communication system  100  in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system. Frequency spectrum  180  can represent the spectrum of frequencies across the system bandwidth. As shown, frequency spectrum  180  can be divided into four types of RBs represented by two-tuples (L,L), (M,M), (H,L) and (L,H), each of which can be referred to herein as divisions or regions of the frequency spectrum. In various embodiments, a fraction of the total resources (e.g., RBs) available for scheduling (e.g., based on system bandwidth) can be distributed among the RB divisions. A fraction of total resources that can be scheduled in the (L,L) region can be represented as ‘ρ LL ’; a fraction of total resources that can be scheduled in the (M,M) region can be represented as ‘ρ MM ’; a fraction of total resources that can be scheduled in the (H,L) region can be represented as ‘ρ HL ’; and a fraction of total resources that can be scheduled in the (L,H) region can be represented as ‘ρ LH ’. 
     It should be noted that the size and lay-out of the two-tuple divisions illustrated in  FIG. 1C  are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not meant to limit the broad scope of the present disclosure. It should be understood that the frequency spectrum of any cell radio can be divided into different RB regions, of varying size and/or order, depending on the deployment environment of a cell radio and/or any neighboring cell radio. More specifically and as discussed in further detail herein, the allocation and/or re-allocation of spectrum for one or more cell radios for scheduling RBs can be dynamically adjusted in certain embodiments to optimize network UE throughput across all cells in the network or in a given cluster. 
     The first indication in each two-tuple can represent the maximum loT (generally, interference) caused by one or more neighboring cell radio(s) toward the given serving cell radio (e.g., interference caused by cell radio  114   b  toward cell radio  114   a ) and the second indication in each two-tuple can represent the maximum loT caused by the given serving cell radio toward the one or more neighboring cell radio(s). It should be noted that the interference ‘caused by’ and ‘caused to’ between neighboring cells is typically the interference PSD caused by uplink transmissions of UEs, in particular cell edge UEs, intended for a given serving cell radio, which can cause interference between neighboring cells. For example, uplink transmissions of cell edge UE  112   b  intended for cell radio  114   a  can cause interference towards neighboring cell radio  114   b  and uplink transmissions of cell edge UE  112   c  intended for cell radio  114   b  can cause interference towards neighboring cell radio  114   a.    
     Two-tuple (L,L) indicates a low interference caused by neighboring cell(s) for UEs (e.g., RBs for UEs) scheduled within the (L,L) region and also a low interference caused to neighboring cell(s). The low interference can be associated with a low interference PSD guarantee (I LOW ), which may be considered an interference guarantee per RB that may be provided between neighboring cells by central management system  122  such that each neighboring cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a - 114   b ) can schedule UE transmissions based, at least in part, on the low interference PSD guarantee (I LOW ). Thus, as referred to herein, I LOW  can be used as an interference PSD constraint that should be met by a given serving cell when scheduling UE transmissions such that, for any RB scheduled in various RB regions, the interference PSD toward any neighboring cell(s) caused by a UE transmitting the associated RB should not exceed the low interference PSD guarantee I LOW  as applicable for RBs having their own interference guarantees that are to be scheduled by any neighboring cell(s). In various embodiments, each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  may seek to schedule cell edge UEs (e.g., RBs associated with cell edge UEs) that don&#39;t cause much interference PSD to one or more neighboring cell(s) in the (L,L) region. 
     In certain embodiments, interference PSD caused to one or more neighboring cell(s) by transmissions for a given UE can be determined by a given serving cell based on the number of uplink RBs assigned to the UE, the UE power control policy and the channel gain from the UE to one or more neighboring cell(s). In certain embodiments, channel gain to one or more neighboring cells can be estimated using RSRP measurements of neighboring cell(s) reported by a given UE to its serving cell. Under an assumption of approximate uplink and downlink symmetry for transmissions and under an assumption that the cell-specific reference signal (CRS) power for each of one or more neighboring cell(s) is known by the serving cell, RSRP measurements can, in certain embodiments, be used to determine interference PSDs caused by UEs at neighboring cells 
     Accordingly, in various embodiments, UE  112   a - 112   d  can be configured to report signal strength information, such as, for example, RSRP and/or RSRQ measurements for neighboring cells to a corresponding serving cell, which can be used to determine interference PSDs for each UE  112   a - 112   d  based on the number of RBs assigned to the UEs. It is assumed, in certain embodiments, that central management system  122  can be configured to distribute the CRS for each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  among the cell radios to be used in determining interference PSDs for each UE  112   a - 112   d.    
     Moreover, under an assumption of uplink and downlink symmetry, the number of cell edge UEs for a particular serving cell that may be scheduled in the (L,L) can be determined using neighboring cell RSRP values reported by cell edge UEs for the serving cell. A further discussion of determining the number of cell edge UEs that can be scheduled in the (L,L) region is provided below with reference to discussions related to determining fractions of resources for each region. 
     Two-tuple (M,M) indicates a medium interference caused by one or more neighboring cell(s) for UEs scheduled within the (M,M) region and a medium interference caused to one or more neighboring cell(s). The medium interference can be associated with a medium interference PSD guarantee (I MED ). In certain embodiments the medium interference PSD level (I MED ), can also be used as a constraint that should be met by a given serving cell when scheduling UE transmissions such that, for any RB scheduled in various RB regions, the interference PSD toward any neighboring cell(s) caused by a UE transmitting an associated RB should not exceed the medium interference PSD I MED  as applicable for RBs with interference guarantees that are to be scheduled by the neighboring cell(s). In certain embodiments, each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  may seek to schedule most UEs (e.g., the RBs associated with the UEs) in the (M,M) region. 
     Two-tuple (H,L) indicates a high interference caused by one or more neighboring cell(s) for UEs scheduled within the (H,L) region and a low interference caused to one or more neighboring cell(s). The high interference can by associated with a high interference PSD (I HIGH ). In certain embodiments, each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  may seek to schedule UEs that are close to it (e.g., interior UE  112   a  associated with serving cell radio  114   a  and interior UE  112   d  associated with serving cell radio  114   b ) in the (H,L) region. 
     Two-tuple (L,H) indicates a low interference caused by one or more neighboring cell(s) for UEs scheduled within the (L,H) region and a high interference caused to one or more neighboring cell(s). In certain embodiments, each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  may seek to schedule cell edge UEs (e.g., UE  112   b  and/or  112   c ) that may cause high interference to one or more neighboring cell(s) in the (L,H) region. 
     In various embodiments, the (L,L) and (M,M) regions can be associated with re-use one frequencies of the frequency spectrum and the re-use one frequencies can be re-used among neighboring cell radios for scheduling uplink UE transmissions. In various embodiments, the (H,L) and (L,H) regions can be associated with FFR frequencies of the frequency spectrum, and the FFR frequencies can be distributed between neighboring cells for scheduling uplink UE transmissions according to the various interference PSD constraints I LOW  and I MED  associated with between neighboring cells such that interference guarantees for uplink RB transmissions that are scheduled between neighboring cells do not violate the I LOW  and I MED  PSD levels as provided by central management system  122 . 
     In certain embodiments, distributed coloring for scheduling FFR resources between neighboring cells can be accomplished via High Interference Indicator (HII) messages as defined in 3GPP standards, which can be exchanged between neighboring cells via the X2 interface to indicate which resources a given cell radio has scheduled or is seeking to schedule across certain frequencies. In various embodiments, HII messages can be associated with a bitmap having coloring indicative of the RB guarantees provided between neighboring cells. For the HII messages, in certain embodiments, only bits for RBs that are included in the set of resources to be scheduled in the FFR region are coordinated through HII, where bits for non-FFR RBs are ignored. 
     For example, in at least one embodiment, a convention can be adopted in which, if during operation a particular cell lowers its power and guarantees low interference on certain uplink RBs to be transmitted by UEs served by the particular cell, those RBs can be marked as ‘0’ while others are marked as ‘1’. Then, if a cell gets a message from a neighboring cell where both have high power and high interference caused to neighbors, but expect lower interference on the same RBs (e.g., for uplink RBs in the (L,H) region), then both neighboring cells can select a new set of RBs with such characteristics from all sets of available RBs, which have not been selected by each of their neighbors in the past (e.g., standard coloring) and determine uplink transmissions which meet the I LOW  and I MED  guarantees in order to coordinate high interference resource block (RB) guarantees and low interference RB guarantees for the FFR portion of the frequency spectrum. 
     In various embodiments, transmission power for UE  112   a - 112   d  for RB divisions can be determined according to a power control algorithm that can be configured for cell radio  114   a - 114   b . While the present disclosure addresses scheduling of resources and allocation of resources for the frequency spectrum of each of one or more neighboring cells, UE power control is not outside its broad and expansive scope. It is anticipated that this disclosure would indeed be applicable to determining UE transmission power and a myriad of other alternatives, which may be associated with mitigating interference between one or more neighboring cell(s), including macro cells and small cells, of a given communication system. 
     As noted previously, communication system  100  is configured to provide a system and method to facilitate uplink ICIC in a network environment through the use of information exchanges between each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  and a central management entity (e.g., central management system  122 ) and between each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  via the X2 interface. Thus, the system and method provided by communication system  100  can provide a framework of interference management in which coordination is partly centralized (e.g., via central management system  122 ) to determine a fraction of resources in the FFR region and interference PSD levels (e.g., interference guarantees I LOW  and I MED ) and is partly distributed such that FFR patterns are determined in a distributed manner between neighboring cells (e.g., via X2 exchanges) to coordinate high interference RB guarantees and low interference RB guarantees for the FFR portion of the frequency spectrum. Accordingly, communication system  100  provides a hybrid framework for centralized and distributed interference mitigation coordination. 
     During operation, in various embodiments, each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  can provide feedback information to central management system  122  that can include UE specific feedback and/or cell specific feedback related to path loss and/or interference at each UE served by each particular cell radio. Based, at least in part, on the feedback information received from each cell radio  114   a - 114   b , central management system  122  can optimize one or more ICIC parameters to facilitate interference mitigation between neighboring cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100  and can distribute the one or more ICIC parameters to cell radios within the communication system. Upon receipt of the one or more ICIC parameters, each neighboring cell radio  114   a - 114   b  can schedule for uplink UE transmissions (e.g., can schedule RBs for UEs  112   a - 112   d ) for the re-use one portion of the spectrum based on the ICIC parameters and can exchange HII messages via the X2 interface to schedule uplink UE transmissions for the FFR portion of the spectrum also based on the ICIC parameters to provide uplink ICIC for communication system  100 . Additional details related to the feedback information received from cell radios and the optimized uplink ICIC parameters provided to cell radios are provided in further detail below. 
     To begin, it should be noted that central management system  122  can optimize the one or more uplink ICIC parameters based on receiving any of: UE specific feedback alone from cell radios  114   a - 114   b ; cell specific feedback alone from the cell radios  114   a - 114   b ; or any combination of UE specific feedback and cell specific feedback from cell radios  114   a - 114   b . In certain embodiments, a flag can be included in any feedback messages communicated to central management system  122  indicating whether the feedback information is formatted as UE specific feedback or cell specific feedback or both. 
     In various embodiments, UE specific feedback communicated to the central management system  122  from a given cell radio serving one or more UEs can include one or more of the following: the total number of UEs connected to the serving cell radio and the total number of UEs connected to the serving cell radio which have reported a neighboring cell radio signal strength (e.g., RSRP) above a particular threshold (e.g., a RSRP threshold); this number of UEs can generally identify the number of cell edge UEs for the serving cell radio. In at least one embodiment, the threshold can be set based on the RSRP at the edge of coverage of cells and the minimum SINR that a network operator or service provider desires to serve UEs. For example, the threshold could be set based on a formula such as ‘RSRP_threshold=min_RSRP_at_coverage_edge−min_SINR’. For the set of UEs reporting neighboring cell signal strengths above the threshold, the serving cell can communicate to central management system  122  the signal strength for the serving cell and a cell identifier (ID) and corresponding signal strength for each neighboring cell determined to be above the signal strength threshold. In certain embodiments, the cell ID can be an evolved cell global identifier (ECGI) or a cell global identifier (CGI) as defined by 3GPP standards or can be a local cell ID. 
     During operation, central management system  122  can use the UE specific feedback to determine interference received by and caused to each of one or more cells neighboring each other and to determine a number of neighbors for each cell for purposes of determining uplink ICIC parameters that can be used in scheduling uplink UE transmissions between neighboring cells for FFR portions of the system bandwidth. [Note, although the example operations discussed below are described with respect to RSRP, it should be understood that any signal strength information could be used in a similar manner.] In general, the number of neighbors that are determined for each cell will impact the fraction of FFR resources for the (L,H) region for scheduling cell edge UE(s) for each cell such that the fraction of resources for this region may be inversely proportional to the number of neighbors that are considered to be interferers for each cell. In various embodiments, cells can schedule transmissions for the re-use one portion of the system bandwidth without interference coordination among neighboring cells. 
     While UE specific feedback can be used to determine uplink ICIC parameters, cell specific feedback can also be used, as described below. In certain embodiments, UE specific feedback may result in less operations being performed at each cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a - 114   b ), for example, performing comparisons to a predetermined signal strength threshold and including certain information in the UE specific feedback where other operations can be offloaded to central management system. Embodiments where UE specific feedback is provided may decrease the computational impact on cell radios in communication system  100 . However, if cell specific feedback may be used for the feedback information, some of the processing for providing uplink ICIC can be absorbed by the cell radios thereby freeing up more resources for central management system  122  to perform other operations. In addition, using cell specific feedback can reduce the load on the communication link between cell radios and the central management system. 
     In various embodiments, cell specific feedback communicated to the central management system  122  from a given cell radio serving one or more UEs can include one or more ordered relative RSRP values (or other similar relative signal strength/interference values, determined in a similar manner as relative RSRP values) for one or more neighboring cell radios of the serving cell radio. As noted previously relative RSRP or relative interference can be determined by subtracting the serving cell RSRP as measured by a given UE a neighboring cell RSRP as measured by the UE. Relative RSRP values or relative interference values, as referred to interchangeably herein, can be used to determine neighboring cell radios for purposes of providing uplink ICIC for FFR portions of the system bandwidth. In certain embodiments, the one or more ordered relative interference values (or, equally, ordered relative RSRP values) included cell specific feedback can be ordered in a descending order according to a highest relative interference value determined for each of one or more neighbors of the serving cell radio that is above a predetermined relative interference threshold, referred to herein as ‘relativeInterf’. 
     Before describing operations associated with determining cell specific feedback, it should be noted that although cell radios  114   a - 114   b  are illustrated in  FIG. 1A  as neighboring each other, it should be understood that any number of cell radios can be deployed in communication system  100 . As the number of cell radios could vary from tens to hundreds to thousands, it is highly possible that not all cell radios would be considered neighbors of each other and resource allocation between non-neighboring cells could be handled accordingly. In certain embodiments, a given cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a ) can determine whether one or more neighbors exist for the cell radio for the purpose of mitigating interference between neighboring cells using RSRP and RSRQ measurements as reported by UEs served by the cell radio. For cell neighbors that are determined to have a relative interference above the relativeInterf threshold, interference can be mitigated between the neighboring cells through coordinated scheduling of FFR portions of the system bandwidth using the uplink ICIC parameters provided by central management system  122  and through FFR exchanges (e.g., HII messaging between neighboring cells to schedule uplink transmissions for the FFR portion of the system bandwidth). 
     Generally, operations for determining and communicating ordered relative interference or relative RSRP values (or other similar interference/signal strength information) for one or more neighboring cells can include: 1) at each of a given UE connected to a given serving cell radio, determining the RSRP for the serving cell and the RSRP for each of one or more neighboring cells; 2) for each UE connected to the serving cell radio, calculating a relative interference value for each reported neighbor, where the relative interference value (R) can generally be expressed as: R=neighboring cell RSRP—serving cell RSRP; 4) determining which of the relative interference values for each neighbor are above a predetermined relative interference threshold, referred to herein as ‘relativeInterf’; 5) ordering the relative interference values above the relative interference threshold in a descending order from a largest relative interference value; 5) determining a highest relative interference value for each cell neighbor above the threshold (e.g., removing lower strength “duplicates” of cell neighbors) and 6) including ordered relative interference values for each highest cell neighbor value in cell specific feedback communicated to central management system  122 . 
     In various embodiments, the ordered relative interference values can be communicated as one or more ordered two-tuple pairs of (cell ID, relative interference) to central management system  122 . In various embodiments, the predetermined threshold relativeInterf can be set such that a cell can be determined as a neighboring cell for purposes of facilitating uplink ICIC between neighboring cells if it has an RSRP value that is at least equal to the serving cell RSRP plus some minimum relative interference value (e.g., the relativeInterf threshold), say, for example, −5 dB. Additional details related to the cell specific feedback and determining ordered sets of relative interference values for a given serving cell can be best understood through an example use case, which is provided below by  FIG. 2 . 
     As noted above, for the overall operation of communication system  100 , central management system  122  can optimize one or more uplink ICIC parameters to facilitate interference mitigation between neighboring cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100  based, at least in part, on the feedback information (e.g., UE specific feedback information or cell specific feedback information) received from each cell radio  114   a - 114   b , and can distribute the one or more ICIC parameters to cell radios within the communication system. In various embodiments, the one or more ICIC parameters can be used by each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  as inputs for scheduling operations, link adaptation operations and/or measurement reporting operations in order to provide uplink ICIC for communication system  100  such that neighboring cell radios  114   a - 114   b  provide interference guarantees for certain uplink RBs for cell edge UEs served by each cell radio in order to meet the low interference PSD level (I LOW ) and the medium interference PSD level (I MED ) as set by central management system  122  for the FFR RB regions (H,L) and (L,H). 
     In various embodiments, the one or more ICIC parameters optimized by central management system  122  can include one or more of the following: the number of resources (e.g., RBs) that are to be scheduled in the FFR region of the frequency spectrum for neighboring cell radios; what fraction of resources that a cell radio can expect cause higher interference to and receive lower interference from neighboring cell(s) (e.g., fraction of resources ρ LH  for scheduling cell edge UE(s); what fraction of resources Σ LL , ρ MM , ρ HL  can be scheduled in the (L,L), (M,M) and (H,L) regions; a value for the low interference PSD level (I LOW ); and/or a value for the medium interference PSD level (I MED ). 
     In various embodiments, central management system  122  can determine the number of resources that are to be scheduled in the FFR region and the corresponding fraction of resources for each RB region by solving a system of equations. As noted, cell edge UEs which don&#39;t cause much interference PSD to neighboring cells can be scheduled in the (L,L) region. In certain embodiments, the fraction of resources ρ LL  to be scheduled in the (L,L) region can be determined from power control parameters ‘ρ 0 ’ and ‘α’, as defined in 3GPP TS 36.214, as well as the number of users that need to be supported such that they cause interference PSD less than I LOW −3 dB or less at any neighboring cell but are required to be scheduled with low interference PSD in order to transmit voice packets on 3 RBs. More generally, in at least one embodiment, the fraction of resources ρ LL  to be scheduled in the (L,L) region can be calculated by determining for each cell edge UE, the interference that the cell edge UE can tolerate on the uplink, and if this is less than I LOW  then the UE is considered to be scheduled in the (L,L) region. The fraction of resources ρ LL  to be scheduled in the (L,L) region can then be set based the number of cell edge UEs that can tolerate fit this characteristic and dividing by the total number of UEs in the system. 
     In at least one embodiment, a first equation (Equation 1, shown below) can be used to relate the fraction of resources in ρ MM , ρ HL , and Σ LH  to the sum of the factions (e.g., 1, for the system bandwidth) and ρ LL , such that:
 
ρ MM +ρ HL +ρ LH =1−ρ LL   Equation 1
 
     In a similar manner, the number of resources per RB region can be related to the total number of RBs available based on the system bandwidth. The number of RBs for the (L,L), (M,M), (L,H) and (H,L) regions, respectively, can be expressed as N RB   LL , N RB   MM , N RB   LH , and N RB   HL , respectively, with the total number of RBs available for allocation being expressed as N RB   TOT . The relationship for number of RBs per region to the total number of RBs based on system bandwidth can be expressed similar to Equation 1 and is shown in Equation 2, below such that:
 
 N   RB   MM   +N   RB   LH   +N   RB   HL   =N   RB   TOT   −N   RB   LL   Equation 2
 
     In at least one embodiment, a second equation (Equation 3, shown below) can be used to relate ρ LH  and ρ HL  according to the number of neighbors for each cell radio such that:
 
ρ LH /(ρ HL +ρ LH )=1/(1+90 th _percentile_num_neigh)  Equation 3
 
     For equation 3, the ‘90th_percentile_num_neigh’ can be set to a value corresponding to approximately the 90th percentile of the number of neighbors reported for each cell radio in communication system  100 . In at least one embodiment, the 90th percentile of a set reflects a value such that 90 percent of the elements in the set are less than this value. For example, say a first cell reports eight (8) neighbors, a second cell reports six (6) neighbors, a third cell reports five (5) neighbors and a fourth cell reports (9) neighbors. In this example, the 90th percentile number of neighbors would be between the third highest value (75th percentile) and the fourth highest value (100th percentile). As noted, the fraction of resources FFR resources for the (L,H) FFR region may be inversely proportional to the number of neighbors considered as interferers for each cell. 
     In various embodiments, the number of neighbors for a given cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a ) can be determined using UE specific feedback and/or cell specific feedback. For example, in certain embodiments in which UE specific feedback is provided to central management system  122 , the neighboring cell IDs and RSRPs reported by UEs above the neighboring cell RSRP threshold can be used to determine the number of neighbors for the cell radio. In certain embodiments in which cell specific feedback is provided to central management system  122 , the number of neighbors reported for a given cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a ) can be determined using the ordered relative RSRP values determined by the cell radio via RSRP and/or RSRQ values (or other signal strength/interference values) reported by each UE served by the cell radio (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   b  served by cell radio  114   a ). In general, cell radios can be considered neighbors of each other if at least one UE&#39;s transmit PSD on one RB exceeds the low interference PSD guarantee I LOW . 
     In at least one embodiment, a fourth equation (Equation 4, shown below) can be used to relate the FFR fraction of resources (e.g., ρ HL  for the (H,L) region(s)+ρ LH  for the (L,H) region(s)) to the fraction of resource ρ MM  in the (M,M) re-use one region as a ratio of resources kappa ‘κ’ such that:
 
κ=(ρ HL +ρ LH )/ρ MM   Equation 4
 
     As described in further detail below, κ may depend on UE path loss (PL) to its serving cell and one or more interfering cells and can be optimized to maximize a total some of utilities for UE throughput rates for certain interference PSD levels (e.g., constraints) I LOW , I MED  and a high interference PSD level (I HIGH ). The high interference PSD level (I HIGH ) is discussed in further detail below in reference to optimization operations for κ. For purposes of the present discussion, κ can be assumed to be set to an initial nominal value based on the deployment scenario of the cell radios for which UL ICIC is sought. For example, for a macro cell deployment, κ can be initially set to be in a range of approximately 0.15-0.2, which would mean less resources (e.g., UEs) would be scheduled in the FFR region as there may likely be less cell edge UEs for neighboring macro cells, and for a small cell deployment, κ can be initially set to be approximately 0.70, which would mean more resources (e.g., UEs) would be scheduled in the FFR region as there may likely be more cell edge UEs for neighboring small cells. 
     Based on the determination of κ, the equations shown above, including any combination of Equations 1-4, manipulations, estimations, derivations and/or generalizations which can be deduced therefrom and the number of neighbors per cell radio, including any estimations, derivations and/or generalizations thereof (e.g., percentiles) can be used to determine the number of resources to be scheduled in the FFR region of system bandwidth as well as the fraction of resources to be scheduled in each RB region. 
     Turning to the interference PSD levels I LOW  and I MED , in various embodiments, central management system  122  can set the value for the low interference PSD level (I LOW ) to a highest value such that a high percentage of UEs (e.g., approximately 90% or so) at cell edges can achieve an SINR in a range of approximately 5-7 dB when each UE transmits over a predetermined number of RBs, for example one or two RBs, using the power control parameters assigned to the corresponding UE. In some embodiments, I LOW  can be set at a level 5-10 dB lower than the downlink SINRs of cell edge UEs. In some embodiments, SINRs for cell edge UEs can be determined via relative RSRP values, either as reported in cell specific feedback to central management system or as determined by central management system  122  via UE specific feedback, which can be used to set I LOW  such that a high percentage of cell edge UEs can achieve an SINR of approximately 5-7 dB for uplink transmissions. 
     In various embodiments, central management system  122  can set the medium interference PSD level (I MED ) to be the interference averaged over all cell radios for all UEs connected thereto transmitting on one (or some other low number) of RBs using their assigned power control. For example, the interference for all cell radios and all UEs served by the cell radios can be determined based on the relative RSRP values determined via UE specific or cell specific feedback. In certain embodiments, the high interference PSD level I HIGH  can be set to be equal to the high interference averaged over the FFR region (e.g., (H,L) and (L,H)) for all cells for all UEs transmitting on one (or some other low number) of RBs using their assigned power control. 
     As noted above, upon receipt of the one or more ICIC parameters, each neighboring cell radio  114   a - 114   b  can begin to schedule uplink UE transmissions (e.g., can schedule RBs for UEs  112   a - 112   d ) for the re-use one and FFR regions of the system bandwidth (e.g., frequency spectrum) based, at least in part, on the ICIC parameters received from central management system  122  and/or through exchanges between neighboring cells (e.g., for FFR regions). In particular, in certain embodiments, neighboring cell radios can set higher or lower interference PSDs for RBs in order to meet the guarantees (e.g., the low interference PSD level I LOW  and medium interference PSD level I MED ) as applicable for RBs with interference guarantees that are to be scheduled between neighboring cell radios. 
     In various embodiments, neighboring cell radios  114   a - 114   b  can exchange HII messages via the X2 interface to determine the specific resources that each cell radio may schedule at one or more corresponding FFR frequencies according to the ICIC parameters where only bits for RBs that are to be scheduled in the FFR region are coordinated via the HII messages with other bits being ignored. In general, the HII exchanges may facilitate coordination of FFR resources for the FFR region (e.g., (L,H) and (H,L)) such that each cell radio determined to be neighbors of each other for uplink ICIC purposes (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) may use the interference guarantees for I LOW  and I MED  to set interference levels on certain RBs, communicate the guarantees for these certain RBs to neighboring cells, and receive similar guarantees for other RBs scheduled by neighboring cells in order for each neighboring cell to schedule resources for UE served by each corresponding cell. 
     In essence, the system and method provided by communication system  100  provides a hybrid combination of centralized and distributed interference mitigation techniques using centralized exchanges between each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  and central management system  122  and distributed exchanges between neighboring cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) to provide uplink ICIC for the communication system. Accordingly, the system and method provided by communication system  100  may provide one or more advantages, including but not limited to: providing a computationally simple method for providing interference mitigation for uplink ICIC; requiring minimal overhead in informational exchanges between cell radios and a central management system; providing a solution that is implementable in 3GPP Release 9 deployments; and/or providing a solution to define and capture interference constraints to provide for both re-use one and FFR options for scheduling UE transmissions. 
     Additional features related to determining neighboring cells for a particular serving cell based on relative interference or relative RSRP values for purposes of mitigating interference between neighboring cells can best be understood through an example use case that includes multiple cell radios associated with communication system  100 , which is provided below by  FIG. 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 2  is a simplified block diagram illustrating an example use case  200  for cell radios associated with communication system  100  in accordance with one potential embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG. 2  includes central management system  122 , a number of cell radios  210 - 213 , a number of UEs (UE1-UE3). Cell radios  210 - 213  can be logically interconnected to each other via one or more corresponding X2 interfaces, which can be used to facilitate exchanges between neighboring cells to determine scheduling for specific resources in the FFR region of the system bandwidth. For example use case  200 , cell radio  210  is assumed to be serving and in communication with each of UE1-UE3 via one or more sessions and UE1-UE3 are assumed to be configured to report signal strength information, such as, for example, RSRP measurements for any serving or neighboring cells. Thus, cell radio  210  can be referred to interchangeably using the terms ‘serving cell radio’ or ‘serving cell’ for UE1-UE3 for purposes of describing features associated with use case  200 . Further, each cell radio  211 - 213  are assumed to be neighboring cell radios of serving cell radio  210  in a geographical sense for purposes of  FIG. 2 . However, as discussed below for  FIG. 2 , determination of a neighboring cell radio for purposes of uplink ICIC in order to mitigate interference between neighboring cells can be determined in at least one embodiment using cell specific feedback that includes ordered relative interference values based on various UE measurements. Note, although the example operations for example use case  200  are described with respect to RSRP, it should be understood that any signal strength/interference information could be used in a similar manner. 
     For purposes of example use case  200 , assume UE1, UE2 and UE3 can be referred to using the notation u 1 , u 2  and u 3 , respectively, and each neighboring cell  211 - 213  can be referred to using the notation c 1 , c 2  and c 3 , respectively. To begin, serving cell  210  may receive serving cell RSRP values from each of UE1, UE2 and UE3 via measurement reporting from each UE. The serving cell RSRP for UE1, UE2 and UE3, respectively, can be referred to using the notation Su 1 , Su 2  and Su 3 , respectively. 
     Serving cell  210  may also receive neighboring cell RSRP values from each of UE1, UE2 and UE3 via measurement reporting from each UE. Neighboring cell RSRP values can be referred to using the notation Iu 1 c 1 , for example, to indicate the neighboring cell RSRP as measured by UE1 from neighboring cell c 1 . Accordingly, serving cell  210  may receive neighboring cell RSRP values: Iu 1 c 1 , Iu 1 c 2 , Iu 1 c 3 , Iu 2 c 1 , Iu 2 c 2 , Iu 2 c 3 , Iu 3 c 1 , Iu 3 c 2 , and Iu 3 c 3  for each UE1-UE3 for each neighboring cell RSRP measurement value. 
     For each serving cell RSRP and each neighboring cell RSRP, serving cell  210  can compute relative interference values Ru i c j =Iu i c j −Su i  for each UE u i , where i=1, 2, 3 and each neighboring cell c j , where j=1, 2, 3. Thus, in at least one embodiment, relative interference values can be thought of as UE-neighbor cell pairs, e.g., a neighbor cell strength relative to serving cell strength as measured by a given UE served by the serving cell. 
     Upon computing relative interference values for each UE-neighbor cell pair, serving cell  210  can compare the calculated relative interference values against a relative interference threshold (e.g., relativeInterf, as noted above) of say, for example, −5 dB. For all relative interference values above the threshold, serving cell  210  can order the relative interference values in descending order to determine the highest relative interference values for each cell neighboring the serving cell. Say, for purposes of the present example, that following the threshold comparison and the ordering that serving cell  210  determines that Ru 3 c 2 &gt;Ru 2 c 2 &gt;Ru 2 c 1 &gt;Ru 2 c 2 &gt;−5 dB. 
     From the ordering, serving cell  210  can determine that c 2  (cell radio  212 ) is the strongest cell among all UE-neighbor cell pairs and its signal strength is strongest at UE3 followed by UE2. Serving cell  210  can further determine that c 1  (cell radio  211 ) is the cell with the next strongest cell among the UE-neighbor cell pairs and its signal strength is strongest at UE2 followed by UE1. Serving cell  210  can further determine that all other relative interference values fall below the −5 dB threshold for the remaining UE-neighbor cell pairs (e.g., the relative interference for cell radio  213  falls below the threshold). 
     For each neighbor having a relative interference value above the relativeInterf threshold, serving cell  210  can communicate cell specific information to management system  122  including, but not limited to, the RSRP for serving cell  210  ordered relative interference information for each neighboring cell above the threshold. In certain embodiments, the reporting of ordered relative interference information can include communicating only the highest relative interference value as determined for each cell neighbor. For example, serving cell  210  may only communicate Ru 3 c 2  for cell radio  212  followed by Ru 2 c 1  for cell radio  211 . In various embodiments, serving cell  210  can communicate the relative interference information as an ordered pair, including an identity of a cell and its highest relative interference value. For example, serving cell  210  can communicate (cell ID 2 , Ru 3 c 2 ) followed by (cell ID  1 , Ru 2 c 1 ) where cell ID 2  and cell ID 1  each identify neighboring cell radios  212  and  211 , respectively. 
     Thus, as shown in the present example, although cell radio  213  may neighbor cell radio  210 , it may not be considered a neighboring cell for the purposes of uplink ICIC for scheduling uplink transmissions for UE1-UE3. However, cell radio could still be considered a neighboring cell for uplink ICIC purposes for any UEs that may be served by cell radios  211  or  212 . 
     Upon receiving the cell specific information, central management system  122  can determine uplink ICIC parameters such as, for example, number of resources in FFR, I LOW , I MED , and fractions including one or more of ρ LL , ρ MM , ρ LH , and/or ρ HL , and can communicate the uplink ICIC parameters among all cell radios in the system. Each cell radio can schedule UEs (e.g., resources) according the parameters for both re-use one and FFR portions of the system bandwidth. For FFR scheduling, FFR exchanges (dash-dot lines) between neighboring cell radios  210 ,  211  and  212  (e.g., neighboring for the purposes of mitigating uplink interference) can occur using one or more HII messages exchanged via the X2 interface to determine which UEs will be allocated to which frequencies using the uplink ICIC parameters received from central management system  122 . The FFR exchanges may facilitate coordination of FFR resources for the FFR region (e.g., (L,H) and (H,L)) such that each cell radio determined to be neighbors of each other for uplink ICIC purposes (e.g., cell radios  210 - 212 ) may use the interference guarantees for I LOW  and I MED  to set interference levels on certain RBs, communicate the guarantees for these certain RBs to neighboring cells, and receive similar guarantees for other RBs scheduled by neighboring cells in order to schedule RBs for UE served by each corresponding cell in a manner that the interference guarantees promised for RBs, in particular for cell edge UE transmissions, are not violated between neighboring cells. 
     Although no FFR exchanges may occur for cell radio  213  with regard to UE1-UE3 in the present example, FFR exchanges could occur for cell radio  213  for any other UEs that could be served by any other cell radios that may cause interference to or receive interference from neighboring cell(s). However, even though cell radio  213  may not be involved in the FFR exchanges with regard to UE1-UE3, cell radio  213  would still provide scheduling to any UEs that it may serve according to the uplink ICIC parameters, particularly I LOW  and I MED , in order to not violate any RB guarantees that may be provided for any RBs for UE1-UE3. 
     Accordingly, as illustrated in example use case  200  that embodiments of the present disclosure can provide for a hybrid combination of centralized and distributed interference mitigation techniques using centralized exchanges between each cell radio and a central management entity, which can determine fractions of FFR resources and interference level guarantees for neighboring cell radios, and distributed exchanges between neighboring cell radios to provide uplink interference mitigation for the communication system. It should be noted that the order of operations with regard to comparisons against the relativeInterf threshold and ordering of relative interference values can be performed in any order. For example, in one embodiment the comparison could be performed first, followed by the ordering. In another embodiment, for example, the ordering could be performed first followed by the comparison. Thus, it should be understood that any order of operations for any operations described herein could be performed in any order within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Turning to  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 3  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations  300  associated with providing uplink ICIC in a network environment in accordance with one potential embodiment of communication system  100 . In various embodiments, the operations can be performed via a plurality of cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) and central management system  122 . 
     At any time, uplink transmissions can be scheduled for user equipment connected among one or more neighboring cells (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100 . Accordingly, the operations can begin at  302  in which one or more uplink ICIC parameters for multiple cells of the communication system can be determined by central management system based, at least in part, on feedback information associated with the cells. In certain embodiments, the feedback information for the cells can be associated with signal strength information (e.g., RSRP, CPICH Ec/Io, etc.) associated with the cells. In various embodiments, the RSRP information can include RSRP measurements for a serving cell and for one or more neighboring cells received by the serving cell from each of one or more UE connected to the serving cell. In various embodiments, the uplink ICIC parameters can include one or more of: a low interference PSD level (I LOW ), a medium interference PSD level (I MED ), a number of resources to be scheduled in FFR portions of the system bandwidth (e.g., frequency spectrum) available to the plurality of cells, and a fraction of total resources associated with each of one or more resource block portions of the system bandwidth. 
     At  304 , the operations can include communicating the uplink ICIC parameters to each of the cells by central management system  122 . At  306 , the operations can include exchanging interference information between neighboring cells of the plurality of cells including, at least in part, interference guarantees for uplink transmissions to be scheduled between each neighboring cell according to a low interference PSD level (I LOW ) and a medium interference PSD level (I MED ) included in the uplink ICIC parameters. In certain embodiments, neighboring cells for each of the plurality of cells can be determined from signal strength information included in the feedback information by comparing the signal strength information to a predetermined threshold (e.g., a relative interference threshold, a RSRP threshold, etc.). In certain embodiments, the interference information can include HII messages exchanged between neighboring cells for scheduling uplink transmissions of user equipment for FFR portions of the system bandwidth available to the plurality of cells for scheduling uplink UE transmissions. 
     At  308 , the operations can include scheduling uplink transmissions (e.g., scheduling RBs to be transmitted) for UE served by the neighboring cells based, at least in part, on the uplink ICIC parameters and the interference information exchanged between neighboring cells. In certain embodiments the uplink transmissions can be scheduled in both re-use one and FFR portions of the system bandwidth. In various embodiments, the operations can include communicating the scheduled uplink transmissions for the one or more UE (e.g.,  112   a - 112   d ) served by each cell radio to one or more UE via one or more uplink grants communicated to the UE. Accordingly, communication system  100  can provides a hybrid combination of centralized and distributed interference mitigation techniques using exchanges between each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  and central management system  122  and exchanges between neighboring cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) to provide uplink interference mitigation for the communication system. 
     Turning to  FIG. 4 ,  FIG. 4  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations  400  associated with determining UE specific feedback for a particular serving cell (e.g., cell radio  114   a  serving UE  112   a - 112   b  and/or cell radio  114   b  serving UE  112   c - 112   d ), which can be used for uplink ICIC in accordance with one potential embodiment of communication system  100 . In various embodiments, operations  400  can be performed by a given cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a , cell radio  114   b ) serving one or more UE (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   d ). 
     Prior to performing operations for determining UE specific feedback, the operations can include enabling neighboring cell signal strength measurement reporting (e.g., RSRP measurement reporting, RSRQ measurement reporting, CPICH Ec/Io measurement reporting, etc.) at  402  for UE(s) in communication system  100 . At any time, uplink transmissions can be scheduled for user equipment connected among one or more cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100 . Accordingly, at  404  the operations for determining UE specific feedback can include determining at a given serving cell (e.g., cell radio  114   a ) a number of UE(s) connected to the serving cell. At  406 , the operations can include determining a number of UE(s) connected to the serving cell that have reported one or more neighboring cell signal strength value(s) (e.g., RSRP, CPICH Ec/Io, etc.) above a predetermined threshold. 
     At  408 , the operations can include determining if no neighboring cell signal strength value(s) are above the threshold, for example, determining whether the number of UE(s) determined at  406  is equal to zero. If the number is equal to zero (e.g., there are no neighboring cell signal strength values above the threshold), the operations can continue to  410  in which the operations can involve including in UE specific feedback information for the cell: the number of UE(s) connected to the cell and an indication that no UE(s) reported neighboring cell signal strength value(s) above the threshold and the operations may end. In certain embodiments, such an indication could indicate to the serving cell and/or central management system  122  that no FFR interference coordination may be needed for the UEs served by the serving cell. Instead, uplink transmission(s) for the UE(s) may be scheduled in the re-use one portion according the uplink ICIC parameters, in particular, to satisfy I LOW  and I MED  so as not to violate any RB guarantees provided to any neighboring cells. 
     If at  408 , the operations determine that the number of UE(s) reporting one or more neighboring cell signal strength value(s) is not equal to zero, the operations can continue to  412 . At  412 , the operations can involve including in UE specific feedback information for the serving cell one or more of: (1) the number of UE(s) connected to the serving cell; (2) the number of UE(s) reporting one or more neighboring cell signal strength value(s) above the threshold; and, (3) for each UE reporting one or more neighboring cell signal strength value(s) above the threshold, (a) the serving cell signal strength as reported by each UE can be included in the UE specific feedback along with (b) each of the one or more neighboring cell signal strength value(s) above the threshold as reported by each UE and a corresponding cell ID associated with each corresponding neighboring cell signal value included in the UE specific feedback. In various embodiments, the UE specific feedback can be communicated to central management system  122  to determine one or more uplink ICIC parameters, as discussed herein. 
     Turning to  FIG. 5 ,  FIG. 5  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations  500  associated with determining cell specific feedback for a particular serving cell (e.g., cell radio  114   a  serving UE  112   a - 112   b  and/or cell radio  114   b  serving UE  112   c - 112   d ), which can be used for uplink ICIC in accordance with one potential embodiment of communication system  100 . In various embodiments, operations  500  can be performed by a given cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a  and/or cell radio  114   b ) serving one or more UE (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   d ). 
     Prior to performing operations for determining cell specific feedback, the operations can include enabling neighboring cell signal strength measurement reporting (e.g., RSRP measurement reporting, RSRQ measurement reporting, CPICH Ec/Io measurement reporting, etc.) at  502  for UE(s) in communication system  100 . At any time, uplink transmissions can be scheduled for user equipment connected among one or more cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100 . Accordingly, at  504  the operations for determining UE specific feedback can include determining relative interference value(s) for each of one or more neighboring cell(s) of a given serving cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a ) for each of one or more UE(s) connected to the serving cell. In certain embodiments, the operations at  504  assume a minimum of one UE connected to the serving sell in order to determine the relative interference value(s) for one or more neighbor cell(s). In various embodiments, each relative interference value can be determined by subtracting the signal strength (e.g., RSRP, etc.) measured for the serving cell by a particular UE from a signal strength (e.g., RSRP, etc.) measured for a neighbor cell by the particular UE. Thus, each relative interference value can represent relative interference as determined for a UE-neighbor cell pair. 
     At  506 , the operations can include comparing each relative interference value to a predetermined relative interference threshold (e.g., relativeInterf) to determine whether any relative interference value(s) that may be above the threshold. In certain embodiments, the relative interference threshold can be set to approximately −5 dB. At  508 , the operations can include determining if there are any relative interference value(s) above the threshold. If there are no relative interference values above the threshold, the operations can continue to  510  in which the operations can involve including in the cell specific feedback for the serving cell an indication that no relative interference value for any neighboring cell is above the threshold and the operations may end. In certain embodiments, such an indication could indicate to the serving cell and/or central management system  122  that no FFR interference coordination may be needed for the UEs served by the serving cell. Instead, uplink transmission(s) for the UE(s) may be scheduled in the re-use one portion according the uplink ICIC parameters, in particular, to satisfy I LOW  and I MED  so as not to violate any RB guarantees provided to any neighboring cells. 
     If, however, the operations at  508  determine that there are any relative interference value(s) above the threshold, the operations can continue to  512  in which the operations can include ordering each of relative interference value above the threshold in a predetermined order. In certain embodiments, the predetermined order can be a descending order from the greatest relative interference to the lowest relative interference above the predetermined threshold. At  514 , the operations can include determining a highest relative interference value for each neighboring cell above the threshold. At  516 , the operations can involve including in the cell specific feedback information the highest relative interference value for each neighboring cell above the threshold and the corresponding cell ID for the neighboring cell according to the predetermined order. In various embodiments, the cell specific feedback can be communicated to central management system  122  to determine one or more uplink ICIC parameters, as discussed herein. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 6A-6C ,  FIGS. 6A-6C  are simplified flow diagrams illustrating example operations associated with setting interference power spectral density (PSD) levels, which can be used to mitigate interference between cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) in accordance with one potential embodiment of communication system  100 .  FIG. 6A  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations  600 A associated with setting a low interference PSD level I LOW  in accordance with one embodiment of communication system  100 .  FIG. 6B  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations  600 B associated with setting a medium interference PSD level I MED  in accordance with one embodiment of communication system  100 .  FIG. 6C  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations  600 C associated with setting a high interference PSD level I HIGH  in accordance with one potential embodiment of communication system  100 . 
     As discussed for the various embodiments described herein, the low interference PSD level I LOW  and the medium interference PSD level I MED  can be used as constraints for scheduling uplink transmissions for UE in both re-use one and FFR portions of the system bandwidth for cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) which can be deployed in communication system  100 . A high interference PSD level, while not typically used as a constraint for scheduling uplink transmissions, can in various embodiments, be used in operations involved optimizing the fraction of resources that are to be scheduled in re-use one and FFR portions of the system bandwidth, which are described in further detail below with respect to discussions of kappa ‘κ’. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6A  for operations  600 A associated with setting a low interference PSD level I LOW , the operations can include determining at  610  SINR(s) for cell edge UE(s) served by cell radios in communication system (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ). In various embodiments, the determination of cell edge UEs and SINRs of the cell edge UEs can be determined from the feedback information received from the cells. For example, RSRP values or other similar signal strength values, which can included in UE specific feedback can be used to determine relative RSRP values based on serving cell RSRP values included in the UE specific feedback. The relative RSRP values can be then used to determine the SINRs of cell edge UEs. In another example, relative RSRP values or other similar signal strength values, which can be included in cell specific feedback can also be used to determine the SINRs of cell edge UEs. 
     At  612 , the operations can include setting the low interference PSD level I LOW  to a highest value such that a high percentage of cell edge UEs can achieve a predetermined SINR when transmitting over a predetermined number of RB(s) using the power control parameters assigned to the UEs. In certain embodiments, the high percentage can be set to approximately 90% or more. In certain embodiments, the predetermined number of RBs can be 1 or 2 RBs. In certain embodiments, the predetermined SINR for which the cell edge UEs are desired to achieve can be set within a range of approximately 5-7 dB and can be configured by a network operator and/or service provider. At  614 , the operations can involve including the low interference PSD level in uplink ICIC parameters, which can be communicated to the cell radios in the system and the operations may end. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6B  for operations  600 B associated with setting a medium interference PSD level I MED , in certain embodiments, the operations assume that RSRP values (e.g., UE specific feedback) and/or relative interference values (referred to interchangeable as relative RSRP) values (e.g., cell specific feedback) have been communicated to central management system  122  by all cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) in communication system  100 . 
     Accordingly, at  630 , the operations can include determining an average interference for each cell in the system based on signal strength and/or relative signal strength values received from each cell in the system (e.g., RSRP and/or relative RSRP). At  632 , the operations can include calculating an average of the average interference for all cell radios in the system. At  634 , the operations can include setting the medium interference PSD level equal to the average as calculated for all cell radios in the system. At  634 , the operations can involve including the medium interference PSD level in uplink ICIC parameters, which can be communicated back to the cell radios in the system. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6C  for operations  600 C associated with setting a high interference PSD level I HIGH , in certain embodiments, the operations assume that RSRP values (e.g., UE specific feedback) and/or relative interference values (referred to interchangeable as relative RSRP) values (e.g., cell specific feedback) have been communicated to central management system  122  by all cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) in communication system  100 . 
     Accordingly, at  650  the operations can include determining the highest interference values reported by each cell based on UE specific feedback and/or cell specific feedback received from each cell radio in the system. In certain embodiments, the highest interference values for each cell can include signal strength values that have been determined to be above a predetermined signal strength threshold based on comparisons performed by each cell and/or relative signal strength values that have been determined to be above a relative signal strength threshold based on comparisons performed by each cell. As the reported signal strength or relative signal strength values are used to identify a number of neighbors for each cell, these values can also generally be related with the FFR region of the system bandwidth in which coordinated interference mitigation can be provided for between neighboring cells. Accordingly, at  652  the operations can include calculating an average of the highest interference vales for all cells in the system. At  654 , the operations can include setting the high interference PSD level to the calculated average and the operations may end. In certain embodiments, such as, for example, embodiments in which resource adaptation can be provided by communication system  100 , the operations can involve including the high interference PSD level in uplink ICIC parameters at  656  to be communicated to the cells. 
     Turning to  FIG. 7 ,  FIG. 7  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations  700  associated with determining one or more uplink ICIC parameters including a number of resources to be scheduled in the FFR region of the frequency spectrum and determining fractions of resources that are to be scheduled in various RB regions of the frequency spectrum for providing uplink ICIC in accordance with one potential embodiment of communication system  100 . In various embodiments, the operations can be performed via central management system  122  based on feedback information received from one or more cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100 . 
     At any time, uplink transmissions can be scheduled for user equipment connected among one or more neighboring cells (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100 . Accordingly, the operations can begin at  702  in which a number of neighbors for each cell in the system can be determined based on feedback information received from the cells in which the feedback information can include signal strength information associated with the cells in communication system  100 . In various embodiments, the feedback information can include UE specific feedback information and/or cell specific feedback information, as described herein. 
     At  704 , the operations can include determining a high percentile of the number of neighbors for the cells. In various embodiments, the high percentile can be a 90th percentile or more. At  706 , the operations can include determining a number of resource blocks to be scheduled in the (H,L) and (L,H) regions combined (e.g., the FFR portion of the spectrum) and the fraction of resource blocks to be scheduled for the (H,L) region (ρ HL ), the fraction of resource blocks to be scheduled for the (L,H) region (ρ LH ), the fraction of resource blocks to be scheduled for the (M,M) region (ρ MM ) and the fraction of resource blocks to be scheduled for the (L,L) region (ρ LL ) using a system of equations relating the resource fractions, the system bandwidth and the high percentile number of neighbors for the cells. In various embodiments, the system of equations can be any combination of Equations 1-4, discussed above, including any manipulations, estimations, derivations and/or generalizations thereof to determine the number of RBs for the (H,L) and (L,H) regions (e.g., the FFR region) and the fraction of resource blocks to be scheduled for each region. At  708 , the operations can involve including the number of RBs for the FFR region and one or more of the fraction of RBs to be scheduled in each RB region in the uplink ICIC parameters, which can be communicated to the cell radios in the system. In various embodiments as discussed herein, the low and medium interference PSD levels can also be included in the uplink ICIC parameters. 
     Accordingly, as illustrated in  FIGS. 6A, 6B and 7  and as further discussed through various embodiments described herein, uplink ICIC parameters can be provided to cell radios in communication system such that resource blocks can be scheduled between neighboring cell radios in both re-use one portions and FFR portions of system bandwidth in order to mitigate interference between neighboring cells. As noted previously, communication system  100  can also provide a method to enable resource adaptation for frequency domain uplink ICIC to provide for the dynamic allocation and re-allocation of system bandwidth between re-use one and FFR frequencies for scheduling resources for each cell radio in the system in order to optimize the sum of total utilities, as a function of UE throughput rates, across all cells in the system or in a given cluster of cells. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 ,  FIG. 8  is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating other example details associated with another example frequency spectrum  800  that can be associated with communication system  100  in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system. Similar to example frequency spectrum  180  as shown in  FIG. 1C , example frequency spectrum  800  can represent the spectrum of frequencies across the system bandwidth including four, two-tuple RB regions (L,L), (M,M), (H,L) and (L,H) with each region being associated with a fraction of resources ρ LL , ρ MM , ρ HL , and ρ LH , respectively. Example frequency spectrum  800  shown in  FIG. 8  is similar in all respects to example frequency spectrum  180  shown in  FIG. 1C , except that additional features related to resource adaptation, which can be provided by communication system  100  in various embodiments, are also illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
     For example,  FIG. 8  illustrates that the portions of frequency spectrum  800  allocated between re-use one frequencies and FFR frequencies can be adapted to maximize the sum of utilities for UE rates for all UEs (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   d ) served by cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) in communication system  100 . In various embodiments, resource adaptation between the re-use one frequencies and FFR frequencies can be provided by adapting the number of RBs that are to be scheduled in the (M,M) RB region and the number of resources that are to be scheduled in the (L,H) RB region. 
     In various embodiments, communication system  100  can provide techniques to maximize UE throughput rates for all UEs served by cell radios in communication system  100  by adapting the fraction of resources that are to be scheduled in the (M,M) and (L,H) regions. Generally, the resource adaptation techniques can include determining an optimal value of which maximizes UE throughput rates across all cell radios in the communication system for both interior UEs and cell edge UEs served by the cell radios. 
     In various embodiments, determining an optimized value of κ can include one or both of: (1) solving, by each cell radio, a low complexity optimization problem for different values of κ based on a selected utility function for UE throughput rates to determine an optimum value of κ that maximizes total network performance across all cell radios according to the selected utility function; and/or (2) determining, by each cell radio for each UE served by the cell radio, a number of RBs assigned to UEs in each of the (M,M) and (L,H) regions in association with an expected MCS determined for each UE for the (M,M) region compared to a minimum MCS threshold and adapting the value of κ towards an optimum value to maximize total network performance for UE throughput rates across all cell radios in the system. 
     As noted, the optimization problem can be associated with a selected utility function. In various embodiments, a utility function for UE rates can be expressed as U(r i ), where ‘i’ represents a UE index and ‘r i ’ is an average throughput rate for the associated UE. In various embodiments, the optimization may be solved to determine a maximum total sum of utilities for UE rates U(r i ), which can be expresses as ‘max. Σ i U(r i )’ for all UE in the system. In various embodiments, the choice of utility function for the optimization problem can be selected by a network operator or service provider according to a desired outcome representing a tradeoff between fairness and system capacity. 
     In at least one embodiment, a total sum of a logarithmic function (LOG) of average UE throughput rates, which can be expressed as ‘Σ i  LOG(r i )’ for all UE in the system can be selected for the utility function if the desire is to maximize fairness of average UE throughput rates versus system capacity. This utility function is typically referred to as a proportional fair metric. In another embodiment, a total sum of average UE throughput rates, which can be expressed as ‘Σ i (r i )’ can be selected for the utility function if the desire is to maximize average UE throughput rates. In another embodiment, a total sum of weighted exponentials of average UE throughput rates, which can be expressed as Σ i (1/r i ) m , can be selected if maximizing fairness of average UE throughput rates is most important. For the weighted exponentials utility function, increasing the value of ‘m’ can provide for more fair (e.g., more equal) UE throughput rates. In at least one embodiment, the utility function selected for optimizing κ can include maximizing the total sum of utilities for UE rates (e.g., max. Σ i U(r i )) across all UEs for all cell radios in the system to provide a tradeoff between fairness and capacity of total network performance. Thus, it should be understood that choice of utility function can be varied based on the desires of a network operator and/or service provider based on network fairness, capacity, throughput rates, combinations thereof or the like. 
     Accordingly, in certain embodiments, each cell radio can compute a solution to the optimization problem as represented as max. Σ i U(r i ) using different values of κ for a selected utility function, e.g., Σ i U(r i )=Σ i  LOG(r i ), Σ i U(r i )=Σ i (1/r i ) n , Σ i U(r i )=Σ i (r i ) or other similar utility function. The different values of κ for which utility for achievable UE rates can be evaluated by each cell radio can be referred to herein as temporary values of κ. Generally during operation in at least one embodiment, each of a given cell radio of communication system  100  can compute a total sum of achievable UE rates for all UEs served by the cell radio using a weighted sum of each UEs rates for a corresponding temporary value of κ. For example, a given cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a ) can calculate, in an iterative manner, a sum of total utility of UE rates for different temporary values of κ for all UEs (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   b ) served by the cell radio. As κ effects the number of RBs in the (M,M), (L,H) and (H,L) regions as illustrated by the relationship shown in Equation 4, the utility of achievable UE throughput rates for each UE served by the cell radio can vary depending on the number of RBs allocated to each RB region. 
     For example, consider a certain temporary value of κ, which causes UEs served by one particular cell radio to be starved for resources. This could result in a low total sum of utility of UE throughput rates for the cell radio for the corresponding temporary value of κ. In contrast, consider an example in which a particular temporary value of κ results in UEs served by the cell radio to achieve average UE throughput rates. This could result in an increased total sum utility of UE throughput rates for the cell radio for the corresponding temporary value of κ. In this manner, each cell radio in communication system  100  can calculate a total sum of utility of UE throughput rates for different temporary values of κ in various embodiments. 
     In at least one embodiment, upon calculating a sum of total utility for achievable UE rates across all the temporary values of κ, each cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a - 114   b ) can determine a maximum total sum of utility of UE throughput rates and an associated temporary value of κ associated thereto. In effect, each cell determines an optimal feasible UE throughput rate for an optimal total sum of utility as a function of κ. Note, as used herein in this Specification, the terms ‘effective’, ‘feasible’ and ‘achievable’ can be used interchangeably in reference to ‘UE rates’ or ‘UE throughput rates’, which can also be used interchangeably. 
     In certain embodiments, each cell radio can communicate the maximum total sum of utility and corresponding temporary value of κ to central management system  122 . In certain embodiments, central management system can search maximum total sum of utilities for each cell radio and each corresponding temporary value of κ to determine the optimal utility or optimal effective throughput rate for all UEs across all cell radios in order to maximize total network performance. Upon determining the optimal utility/optimal effective throughput rate for all UEs across all cell radios, central management system  122  can use the associated temporary value of κ to set the ratio of (ρ HL +ρ LH )/ρ MM  in order to determine corresponding uplink ICIC parameters that can then be communicated to the cell radios so that they can schedule uplink transmissions according to the uplink ICIC parameters. In various embodiments, maximizing total network performance may, in effect, provide a technique to balance the allocation of the number of RBs for each RB region such that no UEs receive all the resources for a cell or are starved for resources, thereby maximizing the total sum of utilities of UE throughput for communication system  100 . 
     As an extension of the optimization operations discussed above, in certain embodiments, central management system  122  can determine various temporary values of κ (e.g., using UE specific feedback, cell specific feedback, deployment information, etc.) and can distribute each temporary value of κ to cell radios  114   a - 114   b  to compute a total sum of utility of achievable or effective UE rates for the temporary value of κ that can then be returned to central management system  122 , which can update the value of κ accordingly based on a total sum of utilities received from the cell radios and can distribute a new temporary value of κ to each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  to compute an updated total sum of utility of achievable or effective throughput rates. Operations can continue in this manner until an optimal value of κ is found. 
     Illustrated below is a system of equations, Equations 5-12, which can be used to solve the optimization problem, in certain embodiments, to maximize the total sum of utilities of UE throughput rates for communication system  100 . Before detailing the equations, a brief discussion of various notations is provided. For example, neighboring cells are expressed as c 1 , c 1 , . . . , c M  for M neighboring cells; a fraction of resources assigned to each UE i in each RB region are expressed as α LL (i), α MM  (i), α LH (i) and α HL (i) [note that these are represented as averages over multiple 1 msec intervals since, over a given subframe, the set of assigned RBs is contiguous]; path loss (in dB), which can be based on signal strength values (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) from a UE i to a neighboring cell c i  as PL neigh (i, j); a function expressed as ‘ρ’, which maps SINR to spectral efficiency in bits/sec/Hz; open-loop power control parameters P 0  and α, as defined in 3GPP TS 36.213, which are assumed to be the same for all UEs i for notational convenience [note the transmit PSD for each UE=i is P 0 +αPL serv (i), assuming the UE has a small enough RB grant such that it is not power limited]; and the number of RBs in each RB region can be expressed, as noted above, as N RB   LL , N RB   MM , N RB   LH , and N RB   HL , which can be determined based on κ and the maximum number of neighbors per cell (or a percentile of the maximum number of neighbors per cell) using one or more combinations of Equations 1-4, as discussed above. 
     In various embodiments, each cell radio (e.g., cell radio  114   a - 114   b ) can compute a solution the optimization problem of maximizing the total the sum utilities for achievable UE rates as characterized by the utility function, max. Σ i U(r i ), for each UE served by the cell over α LL (i), α MM (i), α LH (i), α HL (i), ∀i based on the interface PSDs I LOW , I HIGH  and I MED  which can be communicated to each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  from central management system  122  for solving the optimization problem. 
     In certain embodiments, a first set of equations for the optimization problem, Equations 5-8, shown below, can relate α LL (i), α MM (i), α LH (i), α HL (i), such that the total sum of fractions in each RB region is equal to one across all UEs served by a particular cell radio.
 
Σ i α LL ( i )=1  Equation 5
 
Σ i α MM ( i )=1  Equation 6
 
Σ i α LH ( i )=1  Equation 7
 
Σ i α HL ( i )=1  Equation 8
 
     In certain embodiments, a second set of equations for the optimization problem, Equations 9-11, shown below, provide constraints on the average interference PSD to each neighboring cell radio of a particular cell radio, where guarantees are made between neighboring cells to keep interference below I LOW , I MED  or I HIGH . Recall, each UE index is represented by i and each neighboring cell radio index is represented as j.
 
Σ i α LL ( i )( P   0   +αPL   serv ( i )− PL   neigh ( i,j )≦ I   L   ,∀j   Equation 9
 
Σ i α MM ( i )( P   0   +αPL   serv ( i )− PL   neigh ( i,j )≦ I   M   ,∀j   Equation 10
 
Σ i α HL ( i )( P   0   +αPL   serv ( i )− PL   neigh ( i,j )≦ I   L   ,∀j   Equation 11
 
     In certain embodiments, another equation for the optimization problem, Equation 12, shown below can represent the feasible UE throughput for each UE expressed as a weighted sum of throughput achievable by the UE in each RB region type (e.g., (L,L), (M,M), (L,H) and (H,L)) where the number of resource blocks that can be assigned to UEs in each region (M,M), (L,H) and (H,L) are effected by different temporary values of κ, as characterized by κ=(ρ HL +ρ LH )/ρ MM  and additional relationships as can be determined and/or deduced from Equations 1-4, above. Accordingly, for each UE i, an effective rate can be determined from Equation 12.
 
 r   i   ≦[N   RB   LL α LL ( i )ρ( P   0   +αPL   serv ( i )− I   L )+ N   RB   MM α MM ( i )ρ( P   0   +αPL   serv ( i )− I   M )+ N   RB   LH α LH ( i )ρ( P   0   +αPL   serv ( i )− I   H )+ N   RB   HL α LL ( i )ρ( P   0   +αPL   serv ( i )− I   L )],∀ i   Equation 12
 
     In certain embodiments, the optimal utility for each cell radio as a function of κ can be expressed as U* c     n   (κ) for each cell radio ‘n’ with the total effective UE rate for the cell radio being expressed as R* c     j   =U −1 (U* c     n   (κ)). 
     As noted above, an adaption of κ can also be provided by communication system  100  in various embodiments, in which the value of κ can be increased or decreased based on determining, by each cell radio for each UE served by the cell radio, a number of RBs assigned to UEs in each of the (M,M) and (L,H) regions in association with an expected MCS determined for each UE for the (M,M) region compared to a minimum MCS threshold and adapting the value of κ towards an optimum value to maximize total network performance for UE throughput rates across all cell radios in the system. 
     Before detailing various operations associated with the adaptation of κ, consider a discussion of various use cases, which can exemplify various reasons for adapting the value of κ. For example, consider a case in which there are lots of cell edge UEs served by cell radios  114   a - 114   b  of the communication system. In such a case, if the value of κ is increased, then each cell radio would likely indicate an increase in the sum of utilities as increasing κ would allow for more RBs to be allocated in the FFR region (e.g., (H,L) and (L,H) through which interference for the cell edge UEs could be mitigated between neighboring cells via FFR exchanges for schedule UE uplink transmissions. However, consider another case in which there are few cell edge UEs served by cell radios  114   a - 114   b . In this case, increasing the value of κ could result an increase in the sum of utilities to a certain point and then it would begin to fall as more interior UEs, which may achieve higher throughput in the (M,M) region, would be unnecessarily scheduled in the FFR region as the number of RBs that could be scheduled in the (M,M) region decreases with increasing values of κ. 
     Generally, the adaptation of κ, as facilitated by communication system  100 , can provide a technique to relate modulation and coding scheme (MCS) with SINR and UE throughput rate, as higher orders of MCS, which can be achieved at higher SINRs, can provide for higher UE throughput rates. In various embodiments, operations for adapting the value of κ can include each cell radio, for a current value of κ: (a) determining an expected MCS for each UE in the (M,M) region when assigned a nominal number of RBs expressed as, N RB   nom , say for example, 10, in order to obtain a predetermined BLER for a first transmission, (b)(i) determining a first number of RBs, denoted as N RB   low-MCS , which represents the number of RBs that would be assigned to UEs in the (M,M) region having an expected MCS below a minimum MCS threshold, MCS MIN , averaged over a certain time period and (b)(ii) determining a second number of RBs, denoted as N RB   high-MCS , which represents the number of RBs assigned to UEs in the (L,H) region having an expected MCS above MCS&#39; averaged over a certain period of time. In various embodiments, the period of time for averaging can range within a few (e.g., 1-3) seconds. In various embodiments, MCS MIN  can be associated with an MCS that might be selected by UEs having an SINR of approximately 5-10 dB. In various embodiments, the predetermined BLER can be set to approximately 10%. 
     Each cell radio  114   a - 114   b  can feed back their corresponding values of N RB   low-MCS  and N RB   high-MCS  to central management system  122 . In various embodiments, central management system  122  can determine a high percentile number of N RB   low-MCS  RBs as reported in the cell radio feedback and can compare the high percentile to a first threshold. If the high percentile number of N RB   low-MCS  RBs is higher than the first threshold (e.g., indicating too many resources are being allocated to the (L,H) region), the current value of κ can be reduced. By reducing the current value of κ, UEs currently being scheduled in the (L,H) region, which may actually be interior UEs not needing coordinated interference mitigation (e.g., because not enough resources are being allocated to the (M,M) region) and which might result in these UEs having little to no increase in SINR or possibly even a decrease in SINR by being scheduled in the (L,H) region, can be moved to the (M,M) region to help maximize the sum of total utilities of UE throughput for communication system  100 . In at least one embodiment, the high percentile can be approximately the 90th percentile. In at least one embodiment, the first (high) threshold can be set to the minimum SINR that a network operator or service provider desires to serve UEs plus a few (e.g., 1-2) dB, which can be expressed as ‘high_threshold=min_SINR+few dB’. 
     Central management system  122  can also determine a low percentile number of N RB   high-MCS  RBs as reported in the cell radio feedback and can compare the high percentile to a second threshold. If the low percentile number of N RB   high-MCS  RBs is lower than the second threshold (e.g., indicating too few resources are being allocated to the (L,H) region), the current value of κ can be increased. By increasing the current value of κ, UEs currently being scheduled in the (M,M) region, which may actually be cell edge UEs needing coordinated interference mitigation (e.g., because not enough resources are being allocated to the (L,H) region) and which might result in these UEs having a degraded SINR by being scheduled in the (M,M) region, can be moved to the (L,H) region to help maximize the sum of total utilities of UE throughput for communication system  100 . In at least one embodiment, the second (low) threshold can be set to the minimum SINR that a network operator or service provider desires to serve UEs minus a few (e.g., 1-2) dB, which can be expressed as ‘low_threshold=min_SINR−few dB’. 
     Accordingly, communication system  100  can provide a method to determine a value of κ and update the value of κ by solving a low complexity optimization problem and/or providing an adaptation of the value of κ. Any combination of determining and/or updating the value of κ can be provided within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, in at least one embodiment the optimization problem can be solved to set the value of κ, which can thereafter be updated according to the adaptation operations according to one or more predetermined time intervals or at one or more predetermined times. For example, the adaptation operations could be triggered every hour, could be triggered at certain times of the day (e.g., to coincide with peak/minimal load periods), combinations thereof or the like. 
     In another example, in at least one embodiment a nominal value of κ can be set (e.g., depending on deployment scenario such as macro cell or small cell), which can thereafter be updated according to the adaptation operations according to one or more predetermined time intervals or at one or more predetermined times. In another example, in at least one embodiments, the optimization problem solved to determine an initial value of κ, which can thereafter be updated by re-solving the optimization problem according to one or more predetermined time intervals or at one or more predetermined times. Thus, it should be understood that any combination of determining or updating a value for κ based on a determined nominal value, a value determined by solving the optimization problem and/or a value determined through adaptation operations can be provided within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Turning to  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 9  is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations  900  associated with providing resource adaptation for interference mitigation in accordance with one potential embodiment of the communication system. In various embodiments, the operations can be performed via central management system  122  and one or more cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ). 
     At any time, uplink transmissions can be scheduled for user equipment (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   d ) connected among one or more cells (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100 . Accordingly, the operations can begin at  902  in which a ratio (e.g., κ) can be determined relating a first portion of a frequency spectrum in which FFR resources are to be assigned to a second portion of the frequency spectrum in which re-use one resources are to be assigned for one or more user equipment (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   b ) served by the cells. In certain embodiments, the first portion of the frequency spectrum can be associated with (L,H) and (H,L) RB regions of the spectrum and the second portion can be associated with the (M,M) region of the spectrum. In various embodiments, determining the ratio can include setting a value for the ratio to a nominal value based on a deployment characteristic of the cell radios, solving the optimization problem by each of the cell radios and determining a value of κ that maximizes a total sum of utilities of UE throughput rates. 
     At  904 , the operations can include updating the ratio relating the first portion and the second portion of the frequency spectrum to optimize throughput rates for the user equipment across the plurality of cells and the operations may end. In various embodiments, updating the ratio can include solving the optimization problem by each of the cell radios and determining a value of κ that maximizes a total sum of utilities of UE throughput rates and/or adapting the value of κ through various adaptation operations to increase or decrease the value of κ based on various RB and/or MCS relationships, as discussed herein. 
     In certain embodiments, the operations can include waiting one or more predetermined time intervals, one or more predetermined times, combinations thereof or the like at  906  and can repeat the updating (return to  904 ). In various embodiments, total network performance can be maximized be determining and updating the ratio of resources to be allocated between the re-use one portions and FFR portions of the frequency spectrum. 
     Turning to  FIG. 10 ,  FIG. 10  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations  1000  associated with providing resource adaptation for interference mitigation by solving an optimization problem to maximize a total sum of utilities of UE throughput rates across all cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100  in accordance with one potential embodiment of communication system  100 . In various embodiments, the operations can be performed via central management system  122  and one or more cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ). 
     At any time, uplink transmissions can be scheduled for user equipment (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   d ) connected among one or more cells (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100 . Accordingly, the operations can begin at  1002  in which each cell radio of the communication system can calculate a total sum of utilities of achievable throughput rates for each UE served by the cell radio for each of one or more values of κ for a utility function, e.g., Σ i U(r i )=Σ i  LOG(r i ),Σ i U(r i )=Σ 1 (1/r i ) n , or Σ i U(r i )=Σ i (r i ). In various embodiments, the calculation can be based on the optimization problem as described above via Equations 5-12. In various embodiments, a given utility function can be selected based on the desires of a network operator and/or service provider, e.g., using a proportional fair metric, maximizing fairness, maximizing average throughput rate, combinations thereof or the like. With regard to the optimization problem, the one or more values of κ can be referred to as temporary values of κ. 
     At  1004 , the operations can include communicating, by each cell radio, the total sum of utilities of achievable throughput for each value of κ to central management system  122 . In various embodiments, the results of the calculations can be communicated at the end of each calculation for each value of κ or following the calculations for all values of κ. At  1006 , the operations can include calculating, by central management system  122 , a total sum of utilities of achievable throughput by accumulating the values as reported by each cell radio for each value of κ. At  1008 , the operations can include determining a maximum total sum of utilities for a corresponding value of κ from the values reported to and accumulated by central management system. At  1010 , the operations can include setting the value κ that is to be used in determining uplink ICIC parameters (e.g., according to Equations 1-4, setting I LOW , I MED , etc. as discussed herein) to the corresponding value of κ associated with the maximized or optimum total sum of utilities for all cell radios and the operations may end. 
     Accordingly, communication system  100  can provide a method for setting and/or updating the value of κ by solving an optimization problem by each cell radio and determining a maximum total sum of utilities of achievable throughput across all cell radios in the communication system. 
     Turning to  FIG. 11 ,  FIG. 11  is a flow diagram illustrating example operations  1100  associated with providing resource adaptation for interference mitigation through an adaptation of κ to maximize UE throughput rates across all cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100  in accordance with one potential embodiment of communication system  100 . In various embodiments, the operations can be performed via central management system  122  and one or more cell radios (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ). 
     At any time, uplink transmissions can be scheduled for user equipment (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   d ) connected among one or more cells (e.g., cell radios  114   a - 114   b ) of communication system  100 . Accordingly, the operations can begin at  1102  in which each cell radio may determine an expected MCS for each user equipment served by the cell radio when assigned a nominal number of RBs in order to obtain a predetermined BLER for a first transmission by each UE served by the cell. In various embodiments, the nominal number of RBs can be approximately 10 and the predetermined BLER can be approximately 10%. However, it should be understood that these values can be adjusted accordingly within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     At  1104 , the operations can include each cell determining a number of RBs in the (M,M) region of the frequency spectrum (e.g., system bandwidth) assigned to user equipment having an expected MCS below a minimum MCS threshold. In various embodiments, the determination of the number of RBs in the (M,M) region having an expected MCS below the minimum MCS threshold can be performed after scheduling uplink UE transmissions according to uplink ICIC parameters received from central management system  122 . In various embodiments, the determination of the number of RBs in various regions (e.g., M,M) can be adapted in a time-scale of minutes, for example, ranging from approximately 1-60 minutes. In various embodiments, the minimum MCS threshold can be set to the MCS that is feasible at 5-10 dB. 
     At  1106 , the operations can include each cell determining a number of RBs in the (L,H) region of the frequency spectrum assigned to user equipment having an expected MCS above the minimum MCS threshold. In various embodiments, the determination can be averaged over a similar time frame as discussed for the operations at  1104 . At  1108 , the operations can include reporting the number of RBs below/above the minimum MCS threshold for the (M,M) and (L,H) regions to central management system  122 . 
     It should be noted that operations  1110 ,  1114 ,  1118  and  1122  and operations  1112 ,  1116 ,  1120  and  1124  described for the remainder of  FIG. 11  can be performed in parallel with each other. At  1110 , the operations can include determining a low percentile number of RBs below the MCS threshold as reported by the cell radios for the (M,M) region. In various embodiments, the low percentile number of RBs can correspond to approximately the bottom 10th percentile of the number of RBs below the minimum MCS threshold as reported by the cell radios for the (M,M) region. At  1112 , the operations can include determining a high percentile number of RBs above the minimum MCS threshold as reported by the cell radios for the (L,H) region. In various embodiments, the high percentile number of RBs can correspond to approximately the top 90th percentile of the number of RBs above the minimum MCS threshold as reported by the cell radios for the (L,H) region. 
     At  1114 , the operations can include comparing the low RB percentile number to a low RB number threshold to determine at  1118  whether the low percentile number determined at  1110  is less than a low RB threshold number of RBs. If so, the operations can continue to  1122  in which the value of κ can be increased and the operations can end. If not, the operations can continue to  1126  in which no κ value changes are carried out. At  1116 , the operations can include comparing the high RB percentile number of RBs to a high RB number threshold to determine at  1120  whether the high RB percentile number of RBs is greater than the high RB number threshold. If so, the operations can include reducing the value of κ at  1124  and the operations may end. If not, the operations can continue to  1126  in which no κ value changes are carried out. 
     Accordingly, communication system  100  can provide a method for updating the value of κ by performing an adaptation of κ using RB assignment and MCS comparison information reported by each cell radio in order to maximize UE throughput across all cell radios by adjusting the ratio of RBs that can be allocated between the re-use one and FFR regions of the frequency spectrum. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 12A-12C ,  FIGS. 12A-12C  are simplified block diagrams illustrating example details of various elements that can be associated with communication system  100  in accordance with one or more embodiments.  FIG. 12A  is a simplified block diagram illustrating example details that can be associated with central management system  122  in accordance with one embodiment of communication system  100 .  FIG. 12B  is a simplified block diagram illustrating example details that can be associated with cell radio  114   a  in accordance with one embodiment of communication system  100 .  FIG. 12C  is a simplified block diagram illustrating example details that can be associated with UE  112   a  in accordance with one embodiment of communication system  100 . Although  FIG. 12B  describes features related to cell radio  114   a , it should be understood that the features as described for cell radio  114   a  can also be provided with respect to cell radio  114   b . Similarly, although  FIG. 12C  describes features related to UE  112   a , it should be understood that the features as described for UE  112   a  can also be provided with respect to UE  112   b - 112   d.    
     As shown in  FIG. 12A , central management system  122  can include interference management module  150 , a resource adaptation module  1202 , a central management storage  1204 , a processor  1212  and a memory element  1214 . In at least one embodiment, processor  1212  is a hardware processor configured to execute various tasks, operations and/or functions of central management system  122  as described herein and memory element  1214  is configured to store data associated with central management system  122 . In at least one embodiment interference management module  150  is configured to implement various interference mitigation operations as described herein for central management system  122 , such as, for example, determining uplink ICIC parameters for cell radios  114   a - 114   b . In various embodiments, resource adaptation module  1202  is configured to implement various resource adaptation operations as described herein for central management system  122 , such as, for example, setting and/or updating a value for κ according to the optimization problem operations and/or updating a value of κ according the adaptation operations as described herein. In various embodiments, central management storage  1204  can be configured to store information associated with various interference mitigation and/or resource adaptation operations as described herein including, but not limited to, CRS power of cell radios in communication system  100 , UE specific feedback received from cell radios, cell specific feedback received from cell radios, uplink ICIC parameters for cell radios, combinations thereof or the like. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12B , cell radio  114   a  can include resource scheduler  140   a , a transmitter  1240 , a receiver  1242 , one or more antenna(s)  1244 , an interference mitigation module  1246 , a cell radio storage  1248 , a resource adaptation module  1250 , a processor  1252  and a memory element  1254 . In at least one embodiment, processor  1252  is a hardware processor configured to execute various tasks, operations and/or functions of cell radio  114   a  as described herein and memory element  1254  is configured to store data associated with cell radio  114   a . In at least one embodiment, resource scheduler  140   a  and interference mitigation module  1246  are configured to implement various resource scheduling operations as described herein such as, for example, scheduling uplink transmissions for one or more UE (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   b ) in accordance with various interference mitigation operations, including, but not limited to, FFR exchanges via the X2 interface to coordinate uplink transmissions for the FFR region of the frequency spectrum and/or scheduling re-use one resources in the re-use one region of the frequency spectrum. In various embodiments, resource scheduler  140   a  can also be configured to schedule downlink resources for transmitting downlink resources to one or more UE. In at least one embodiment, resource adaptation module  1250  is configured to implement various resource adaptation operations as described herein for cell radio  114   a , such as, for example, solving an optimization problem, as described herein, to determine a total sum of maximized utilities of throughput rates for one or more UE (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   b ) served by cell radio  114   a  for a selected utility function across various temporary values of κ, communicating the maximized utilities to central management system  122  and/or providing RB information associated with various MCS information, which can be communicated to central management system  122 . In various embodiments, cell radio storage  1248  can be configured to store information associated with various resource scheduling, interference mitigation and/or resource adaptation operations including, but not limited to, CRS power of neighboring cell radios, UE specific and/or cell specific feedback for communicating to central management system  122 , uplink ICIC parameters received from central management system  122 , interference mitigation FFR scheduling information obtained via HII messages exchanged with neighboring cell radios, combinations thereof or the like. In various embodiments, transmitter  1240  and receiver  1242  can be connected to one or more antennas  1244  to facilitate the transmission and/or reception of cellular data and/or information to/from one or more UE (e.g., UE  112   a - 112   b ) served by cell radio  114   a  using one or more over-the-air control channels, data channels, combinations thereof or the like as prescribed by 3GPP standards. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12C , UE  112   a  can include a user equipment scheduler  1268 , a transmitter  1260 , a receiver  1262 , one or more antenna(s)  1264 , a user equipment storage  1270 , a processor  1272  and a memory element  1274 . In at least one embodiment, processor  1272  is a hardware processor configured to execute various tasks, operations and/or functions of UE  112   a  as described herein and memory element  1274  is configured to store data associated with UE  112   a . In at least one embodiment, user equipment scheduler  1268  is configured to implement various operations as described herein such as, for example, preparing uplink transmissions according to uplink grant(s) received from cell radio  114   a  for scheduled uplink transmissions that can provide interference mitigation between one or more neighboring cell radios. In various embodiments, user equipment storage  1270  can be configured to store information associated with UE  112   a  for the operation of UE  112   a . In various embodiments, transmitter  1260  and receiver  1262  can be connected to one or more antennas  1264  to facilitate the transmission and/or reception of cellular data and/or information to/from one or more cell radios (e.g., cell radio  114   a ) using one or more over-the-air control channels, data channels, combinations thereof or the like as prescribed by 3GPP standards. 
     In regards to the internal structure associated with communication system  100 , each of UE  112   b - 112   d  and cell radio  114   b  may each also include a respective processor and a respective memory element. Cell radio  114   b  can additionally include one or more transmitters, receivers and/or antennas to facilitate over-the-air communications. Hence, appropriate software, hardware and/or algorithms are being provisioned in UEs  112   a - 112   d , cell radios  114   a - 114   b  and central management system  122  in order to facilitate interference mitigation and/or resource adaptation across cell radios  114   a - 114   b  of communication system  100  using a hybrid of centralized and distributed interference mitigation techniques for uplink UE transmissions. Note that in certain examples, certain databases (e.g., for storing information associated with interference control and/or management for communication system  100 ) can be consolidated with memory elements (or vice versa), or the storage can overlap/exist in any other suitable manner. 
     In one example implementation, UE  112   a - 112   d , cell radio  114   a - 114   b  and central management system  122  are network elements, which are meant to encompass network appliances, servers, routers, switches, gateways, bridges, loadbalancers, firewalls, processors, modules, or any other suitable device, component, element, or object operable to exchange information that facilitates or otherwise helps coordinate interference mitigation operations and/or resource adaptation operations (e.g., for networks such as those illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 ). In other embodiments, these operations and/or features may be provided external to these elements, or included in some other network device to achieve this intended functionality. Alternatively, one or more of these elements can include software (or reciprocating software) that can coordinate in order to achieve the operations and/or features, as outlined herein. In still other embodiments, one or more of these devices may include any suitable algorithms, hardware, software, components, modules, interfaces, or objects that facilitate the operations thereof. This may be inclusive of appropriate algorithms and communication protocols that allow for the effective exchange of data or information. 
     In various embodiments, UE  112   a - 112   d , cell radios  114   a - 114   b  and central management system  122  may keep information in any suitable memory element [e.g., random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.], software, hardware, or in any other suitable component, device, element, or object where appropriate and based on particular needs. Any of the memory items discussed herein should be construed as being encompassed within the broad term ‘memory element’. The information being tracked or sent to UE  112   a - 112   d , cell radio  114   a - 114   b  and central management system  122  could be provided in any database, register, control list, cache, or storage structure: all of which can be referenced at any suitable timeframe. Any such storage options may be included within the broad term ‘memory element’ as used herein. Similarly, any of the potential processing elements, modules, and machines described herein should be construed as being encompassed within the broad term ‘processor’. Each of the network elements and user equipment can also include suitable interfaces for receiving, transmitting, and/or otherwise communicating data or information in a network environment. It should be noted that each cell radio  210 - 213 , as shown in  FIG. 2 , can be configured similarly to each cell radio  114   a - 114   b , as shown in  FIG. 1 , in all respects with regard to the operations, tasks and/or or functions described herein as well as including a respective processor, a respective memory element, a respective cell radio storage, a respective resource scheduler, a respective resource adaptation module, a respective transmitter, a respective receiver and one or more respective antenna(s) as described herein. 
     Note that in certain example implementations, the interference mitigation functions and/or resource adaptation functions as outlined herein (e.g., for providing for uplink ICIC) may be implemented by logic encoded in one or more tangible media, which may be inclusive of non-transitory media (e.g., embedded logic provided in an ASIC, in digital signal processing (DSP) instructions, software [potentially inclusive of object code and source code] to be executed by a processor, or other similar machine, etc.). In some of these instances, memory elements [as shown in  FIGS. 12A-12C ] can store data used for the operations described herein. This includes the memory elements being able to store software, logic, code, or processor instructions that are executed to carry out the activities described herein. A processor can execute any type of instructions associated with the data to achieve the operations detailed herein. In one example, the processors [as shown in  FIGS. 12A-12C ] could transform an element or an article (e.g., data, information) from one state or thing to another state or thing. In another example, the activities outlined herein may be implemented with fixed logic or programmable logic (e.g., software/computer instructions executed by a processor) and the elements identified herein could be some type of a programmable processor, programmable digital logic (e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a DSP processor, an EPROM, an electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM) or an ASIC that includes digital logic, software, code, electronic instructions, or any suitable combination thereof. 
     Note that in this Specification, references to various features (e.g., elements, structures, modules, components, steps, operations, characteristics, etc.) included in ‘one embodiment’, ‘example embodiment’, ‘an embodiment’, ‘another embodiment’, ‘certain embodiments’, ‘some embodiments’, ‘various embodiments’, ‘other embodiments’, ‘alternative embodiment’, and the like are intended to mean that any such features are included in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, but may or may not necessarily be combined in the same embodiments. Note also that a module as used herein this Specification, can be inclusive of an executable file comprising instructions that can be understood and processed on a computer, and may further include library modules loaded during execution, object files, system files, hardware logic, software logic, or any other executable modules. 
     It is also important to note that the operations and steps described with reference to the preceding FIGURES illustrate only some of the possible scenarios that may be executed by, or within, the system. Some of these operations may be deleted or removed where appropriate, or these steps may be modified or changed considerably without departing from the scope of the discussed concepts. In addition, the timing of these operations may be altered considerably and still achieve the results taught in this disclosure. The preceding operational flows have been offered for purposes of example and discussion. Substantial flexibility is provided by the system in that any suitable arrangements, chronologies, configurations, and timing mechanisms may be provided without departing from the teachings of the discussed concepts. 
     Note that with the examples provided above, as well as numerous other examples provided herein, interaction may be described in terms of one, two, three, or four network elements. However, this has been done for purposes of clarity and example only. In certain cases, it may be easier to describe one or more of the functionalities by only referencing a limited number of network elements. It should be appreciated that communication system  100  (and its teachings) are readily scalable and can accommodate a large number of components, as well as more complicated/sophisticated arrangements and configurations. Accordingly, the examples provided should not limit the scope or inhibit the broad teachings of communication system  100  as potentially applied to a myriad of other architectures. 
     Although the present disclosure has been described in detail with reference to particular arrangements and configurations, these example configurations and arrangements may be changed significantly without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, although the present disclosure has been described with reference to particular communication exchanges involving certain network access and protocols, communication system  100  may be applicable to other exchanges or routing protocols. Moreover, although communication system  100  has been illustrated with reference to particular elements and operations that facilitate the communication process, these elements, and operations may be replaced by any suitable architecture or process that achieves the intended functionality of communication system  100 . 
     Numerous other changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications may be ascertained to one skilled in the art and it is intended that the present disclosure encompass all such changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications as falling within the scope of the appended claims. In order to assist the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and, additionally, any readers of any patent issued on this application in interpreting the claims appended hereto, Applicant wishes to note that the Applicant: (a) does not intend any of the appended claims to invoke paragraph six (6) of 35 U.S.C. section 112 as it exists on the date of the filing hereof unless the words “means for” or “step for” are specifically used in the particular claims; and (b) does not intend, by any statement in the specification, to limit this disclosure in any way that is not otherwise reflected in the appended claims.