Patent Publication Number: US-2013238471-A1

Title: Systems and/or methods involving linked manufacturer serial numbers and unique identifiers applied to products

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/607,501 filed Mar. 6, 2012, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in this application. This application also incorporates by reference the entire contents of application Ser. No. 12/801,677 filed Jun. 21, 2010, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in this application. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The technology disclosed herein relates to electronic registration (ER) techniques. More particularly, the technology disclosed herein relates to ER techniques that involve linking and/or otherwise correlating location-specific unique identifiers and manufacturer-provided unique identifiers, the location-specific unique identifiers and the manufacturer-provided unique identifiers being different from one another and optionally created and/or maintained by different parties. 
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
     Federal law enforcement authorities estimate as much as $30 billion in merchandise is stolen annually by theft rings. According to the National Retail Federation, in 2006 retailers lost $9.6 billion due to fraudulent returns alone. The most popular store-return fraud, according to the National Retail Federation, is the return of stolen merchandise. Merchandise returned that was originally purchased with fraudulent or counterfeit tender ranks second, followed by returns using counterfeit receipts. The multibillion-dollar problem impacts not only retailers and corporations, but also everyday consumers. 
     Credit cards, checks, gift cards, etc., when stolen or counterfeited using identity theft techniques, are used soon after to buy merchandise or new gift cards before a person can report the theft. These purchases are then liquidated and converted to cash or store credit. Store credit can then be used to make “legitimate” purchases that, in effect, “launders” the criminally-acquired tender and conceals the original fraudulent activity from detection. 
     Some exemplary methods used to liquidate merchandise are on-line auction houses such as eBay, CraigsList and pawnshops. Merchandise is also sold privately, sold to unsuspecting or corrupt retailers/mom-and-pop shops, or is fraudulently returned back to a store (often the same store from which the merchandise was stolen) for cash refunds or in-store credit. 
     Currently, products obtained via fraudulent sales transactions and through theft cannot be traced to the original store transaction or to the fraudulent tender used in the sales transaction (unless checked using static techniques provided, for example, by the assignee of the instant invention in its current electronic registration (ER) systems). Thus, even if the product is recovered, it cannot be positively linked to a particular store and/or to a specific sales transaction. As a result, law enforcement agencies may be deterred from investigating or prosecuting cases when a specific victim(s) cannot be identified. 
     Retail/store inventory theft is a sizable and a growing problem in the U.S. Dishonest employees, customers, and criminal gangs steal many of these items for the purpose of returning them back to the store for cash or in-store credit. 
     Retailers/stores are faced with a challenging and expensive task and face tradeoffs with securing/protecting their assets while trying to openly display merchandise, which has proven to increase sales. Retailers resort to locking valuable items behind secured glass, attaching security source tags to the packaging, installing video surveillance equipment and employing other security devices, many of which are expensive and detract from sales and do not fully protect against employee theft. Although these security devices/steps do help deter theft, often they are circumvented by criminals who remove items from the packaging and/or grab several items and run through the store exit door, use duplicate/counterfeit receipts, or use found receipts to return them. Criminals have also been known to use legitimate receipts to steal items of a similar model or UPC to the one on the receipt and fool store greeters and/or security guards when the greeter/guard verifies purchases at the store exit, etc. 
     Items involving found receipts/counterfeit receipts may never even physically leave the store. Criminals simply remove a similar item from a store&#39;s shelf and take it directly to the store&#39;s customer service/returns desk for a cash refund or an in-store-credit. 
     Another challenge faced by retailers is proving to law enforcement that they have ownership of recovered stolen items. If items are stolen off of a truck before they ever make it to a retailer, the item may have no tag or other association with the retailer affixed thereto. If the item is subsequently recovered by the police, it is difficult, if not impossible, for a particular retailer to prove that the item belongs to them. 
     The exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementations provide an electronic registration system that enables individual product identification information to be gathered at the point of shipment and/or transaction. This information may be added to one or more transaction databases as a record associated with that transaction. For example, if a credit card, check card, gift card, etc., is stolen and a purchase transaction is determined, after-the-fact, to have been fraudulent based on the use of the stolen card, the record associated with the fraudulent sales transaction may be flagged in the central database. The central database may also be updated, for example, with the nature of the fraud committed and the contact information of the party reporting the fraud. According to this exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, credit-card companies, retailers, insurance companies, law enforcement, retail asset protection investigators, etc., can make use of this reporting aspect. 
     Methods and techniques for point-of-sale (POS) registration of goods are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,978,774, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In an exemplary environment, individual product identification information (such as a serial number or EPC/RFID, etc.) is stored in a local transaction database, along with additional information, such as the date of the transaction, transaction number, etc. A transaction receipt, such as a customer sales receipt, is created and may include the individual product identification information and the date of the transaction. Additionally, the individual product identification information and the transaction date may be communicated to a separate location for inclusion in a general transaction database. The local transaction database may include, for example, sales made by a particular store or sales made by several affiliated stores and is not necessarily co-located with the point-of-sale. 
     Where a serial number is used to identify the individual product, one or more check digits may also be used in conjunction with the serial number. In this way, the validity of the serial number may be verified and, if it is invalid, a system operator may be prompted to re-enter the serial number. The serial number may be scanned, entered with a keypad, or input with any other suitable technique. Other suitable methods for validating the serial number are also contemplated. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,947,941, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Prior to obtaining individual product identification information, the electronic registration system may identify the type of product by evaluating, for example, the product SKU number derived from a universal product code (UPC) or electronic product code (EPC), or the like. In one exemplary implementation, the individual product identification information is obtained only if the product is of a type for which electronic registration is desired. 
     The point of transaction information, including information such as the individual product identification information and the transaction date, transaction number, etc., may be communicated for use in a general database in a number of different ways. For instance, an electronic link to the location of the general database may be established or information may be recorded and physically transferred to that location. The communications may occur periodically, on an item-by-item basis, in batch, or otherwise. 
     In one exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, all of the information stored with any given ID is product, not customer related. That is, for any given purchase, while a unique item ID, date of purchase, price of purchase, place of purchase, etc., may be stored, all the information is product, not person, oriented. This ensures that a certain level of security and customer privacy is associated with the database of this exemplary implementation. If the database is hacked or otherwise wrongfully accessed, no customer information can be had. At the same time, one can identify a product within the database through one or more of the identifiers. 
     If, for example, a TV is stolen, and the customer knows when, where, the brand name, etc., of the purchase, and how much they paid for it, the unique ID can be retrieved and that item can be flagged as stolen, without the customer having to give any personal information up for storage in the database. Of course, personal information can be stored if desired, and if a product is stolen, a customer may request that some personal contact information (e.g., a non-descriptive email address such as xyz123@hotmail.com) be associated with that product in the event that it is recovered. 
     According to another exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, in order to track what merchandise should be on the shelves at a given time, items may be registered with a database upon shipment to a retailer, receipt by a retailer, or at some other suitable time. If those items are again subsequently registered when sold, then it can easily be determined if an item that is being returned is one that was sold legitimately, sold in connection with a fraudulent transaction, or not sold at all. 
     In this exemplary implementation, if the serial number of the product is scanned when returned, the retailer can quickly see the record associated with that unique registration number and determine whether a refund/credit should be given or whether the authorities should be contacted. Such a determination can even be done automatically. Since the database may be referenced at the point of the transaction, as opposed to a later time, the store security could be contacted as soon as the fraud was discovered. Of course, these suspect transactions may be accessed in batch and investigated later. 
     In a further exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, if an open empty package is discovered in a store, the package&#39;s unique serial number matching the product serial number is scanned and the item is identified and/or flagged as lost/stolen. If later the item is found (e.g., in the store), re-packaged, and legitimately sold, then the item registration at point-of-sale overrides the lost/stolen status. Alternatively, if someone tries to return the item, the database will show that this item was never purchased and/or stolen. This can be useful in preventing people from opening a package in a store and attempting to return without the packaging while still inside the store, which is a common practice used to circumvent the security source tag (oftentimes provided by Sensormatic, Checkpoint, or another company) usually affixed to the packaging and not the product itself. 
     According to yet another exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, consumers can also utilize the database to register personal items. If those items are lost or stolen, then registrations, based on, for example, serial numbers, can be accessed and a flag of “lost” or “stolen” can be added. If the goods are recovered or turn up, say, in a pawnshop, law enforcement officials or the pawnshop owner can check the database to determine the status of the goods and to whom they belong, and/or contact the rightful owner, e.g., via a previously provided anonymous email address (e.g., xyz123@hotmail.com). 
     Numerous parties will find such a fraud prevention/recovery system useful. A non-exhaustive exemplary list includes: retailers, law enforcement, courts, pawnshops, online auction houses, individuals, etc. In one exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, anyone with a pre-approved pass-code can access the database. Access can be had using, for example, the Internet, a computerized register, a telephone, wireless devices operable to connect to the database, etc. 
     Another exemplary illustrative non-limiting application of the crime prevention database (CPD) to verify that a particular product belongs to a particular retailer. Since retailers generally receive products in blocks with serial numbers in numeric order, the CPD can be used to verify which surrounding serial numbers were purchased/sold by a retailer. If it can be proven that all serial numbers surrounding the serial number of a recovered item correspond to a certain retailer, it is likely that the stolen item belongs to that particular retailer and further investigation can ensue. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments a fraud reduction and product recovery system is provided. A database includes a plurality of product entries, with each product entry having at least a status field associated therewith. A first interface to the database is configured to enable a first authorized user to add product entries and/or change the status identifiers of the product entries. A second interface to the database is configured to enable a second authorized user to input information regarding a product to be checked against the database to determine whether it was legitimately acquired. Product checking programmed logic circuitry is configured to determine whether the product to be checked was legitimately acquired. The second interface is further configured to provide an indication to the second authorized user whether the product was legitimately acquired. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, in a fraud reduction and product recovery system, a method is provided. A database including a plurality of product entries is maintained, with each product entry having at least a status field associated therewith. A first interface to the database is configured to enable a first authorized user to add product entries and/or change the status identifiers of the product entries. A second interface to the database is configured to enable a second authorized user to input information regarding a product to be checked against the database to determine whether it was legitimately acquired. It is determined whether the product to be checked was legitimately acquired. The second interface is further configured to provide an indication to the second authorized user whether the product was legitimately acquired. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium tangibly storing instructions for causing a computer to implement a fraud reduction and product recovery method is provided. A database including a plurality of product entries is maintained, with each product entry having at least a status field associated therewith. A first interface to the database is configured to enable a first authorized user to add product entries and/or change the status identifiers of the product entries. A second interface to the database is configured to enable a second authorized user to input information regarding a product to be checked against the database to determine whether it was legitimately acquired. It is determined whether the product to be checked was legitimately acquired. The second interface is further configured to provide an indication to the second authorized user whether the product was legitimately acquired. 
     One aspect of certain exemplary embodiments relates to a central repository for item-level data related to stolen, missing, counterfeit, or other items. The item-level data may be stored as a function of EPC/RFID and/or serial number information in certain exemplary embodiments of this invention. 
     Another aspect of certain exemplary embodiments relates to active notification and/or subscription systems that may be used to search for missing, stolen, or other items throughout the various “touchpoints” in the sales universe. This searching may be performed among and between, and/or on behalf of, interested parties including, for example, retailers, manufacturers, pawnshops, online auction houses, etc., in certain exemplary embodiments of this invention. 
     Still another aspect of certain exemplary embodiments relates to these and/or other parties being notified when an unexpected activity is encountered and/or when an item is flagged as lost or stolen, with the dissemination of the notifications being based on subscriptions made by the entities and/or on predefined rules, specifying who is to receive what notifications and when the notifications are to be provided. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments of this invention, a computer-implemented method for identifying the movement of suspect items is provided. Item-level data for a plurality of items is received at a centralized electronic registration (ER) database connected to a network. The item-level data in the centralized ER database is updated as items in said plurality of items progress through respective product lifecycles. Stakeholders are notified upon each occurrence of an unexpected event being detected by the ER database and upon each time a particular item in the plurality of items is flagged as being lost or stolen. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments of this invention, an electronic registration system is provided. A centralized electronic registration (ER) database is connected to a network, with the ER database being configured to receive item-level data for a plurality of items from a plurality of touchpoints in a global sales system and being configured to update the item-level data as items in said plurality of items progress through respective product lifecycles. Detection programmed logic circuitry is configured to detect any (a) occurrences of unexpected events pertaining to the items in the ER database, and (b) flagging of items in the ER database as being lost or stolen. Notification programmed logic circuitry is configured to notify stakeholders in dependence on output from the detection programmed logic circuitry. 
     According to certain exemplary embodiments, item-level data may be received from manufacturers, retailers, logistics providers, and/or the like. In this regard, the item-level data may be received from EPC/RFID readers, barcode readers, manual key entry systems, etc., which may be connected to respective computer systems of these and/or other parties. 
     According to certain exemplary embodiments, the updating may be performed each time an item is transferred from a manufacturer to a logistics provider, a logistics provider to a retailer, and a retailer to a consumer. According to certain exemplary embodiments, the updating also may be performed each time a consumer initiates a warranty or return request for an item. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, the unexpected event may be any one or more of the following events: a sold item being presented for sale after an original sale date associated with the item, an item marked as lost or stolen being presented for sale, and an item marked as lost or stolen being presented for return. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, subscription requests may be received from stakeholders, with each said subscription request identifying an item or group of items to be monitored for a specified unexpected event. Notifications may be sent in dependence on the received subscription requests and/or the predefined rules. In certain exemplary embodiments, predefined rules may be provided for specifying, for example, that an entity that provided the item-level data for the item is to be notified and/or that a last entity and a next entity in the chain-of-custody is to be notified, when the unexpected event is detected and when the particular item is flagged. 
     Certain exemplary embodiments relate to fraud reduction and product recovery systems and/or methods. A database includes a plurality of product entries, with each product entry having at least a status field associated therewith. A first interface to the database is configured to enable a first authorized user to add product entries and change the status identifiers of the product entries, with the first interface being further configured to automatically update product entries, including the associated status fields, as individual products are processed through plural points in the supply chain. A second interface to the database is configured to enable a second authorized user to input information regarding a product to be checked against the database to determine whether it was legitimately acquired. A product checking program module is configured to determine whether the product to be checked was legitimately acquired upon an inquiry from an authorized user and automatically when and as the product to be checked is passed to a different point in the supply chain. The second interface is further configured to provide an indication to the second authorized user whether the product was legitimately acquired. 
     One aspect of certain exemplary embodiments relates to an ER system, including at least one processor and an ER database configured to store records linking and/or otherwise correlating location-specific unique identifiers and manufacturer-provided unique identifiers, the location-specific unique identifiers and the manufacturer-provided unique identifiers being different from one another and optionally created and/or maintained by different parties. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, there is provided an ER system comprising processing resources including at least one processor. An ER database is configured to store records for a plurality of products, as well as data correlating location-specific unique identifiers and manufacturer-provided unique identifiers that are separately applied to and/or associated with the products. A look-up module, in cooperation with the processing resources, (a) for a given location-specific unique identifier returns the correlated manufacturer-provided unique identifier, and (b) for a given manufacturer-provided unique identifier returns the correlated location-specific unique identifier. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, there is provided a method of operating an ER system including processing resources including at least one processor and an ER database configured to store records for a plurality of products. Data correlating location-specific unique identifiers and manufacturer-provided unique identifiers that are separately applied to and/or associated with the products is stored to the ER database. An electronic request for information from the ER database is received. When the request specifies a given location-specific unique identifier, the processing resources help in searching through the ER database and returning the correlated manufacturer-provided unique identifier. When the request specifies a given manufacturer-provided unique identifier, the processing resources help in searching through the ER database and returning the correlated location-specific unique identifier. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, there is provided a method of operating an ER system including processing resources including at least one processor and an ER database configured to store records for a plurality of products. Data associating location-specific unique identifiers and manufacturer-provided unique identifiers that are separately applied to and/or associated with the products is stored to the ER database, with the location-specific unique identifiers and the manufacturer-provided unique identifiers being different from one another for at least some of the products, and also being created and/or maintained by different parties for at least some of the products. An electronic request for information from the ER database is received. When the request specifies a given location-specific unique identifier, the processing resources help in searching through the ER database and returning the associated manufacturer-provided unique identifier. When the request specifies a given manufacturer-provided unique identifier, the processing resources help in searching through the ER database and returning the associated location-specific unique identifier in cooperation with the processing resources. Transactions are registered with the ER database of the ER system based on associated manufacturer-provided unique identifiers, and/or location touchpoint interactions are registered with the ER database of the ER system based on associated location-specific unique identifiers. 
     According to certain exemplary embodiments, records are maintained in the ER database for return and/or warranty transactions made in connection with associated products, with the records indicating whether an item of value was provided in connection with the return and/or warranty transactions and, in each such situation, storing information about the product(s) associated with the respective transaction. Optionally, when a given item of value that was provided in connection with a prior return and/or warranty transaction is presented in connection with a further transaction, it is determined whether that given item of value and/or the product(s) associated with the prior return and/or warranty transaction is associated with an actual and/or suspected fraudulent activity. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, an ER system is provided and includes processing resources including at least one processor, as well as an ER database configured to store records for a plurality of products, with each said product having a unique identifier associated therewith. A program module, in cooperation with the processing resources: (a) receives a product identifier from a remote in-location security system and a touchpoint identifier of the security system, (b) determines an expected status of a product associated with the received product identifier based on transaction and/or touchpoint information stored in the ER database, and (c) sends an alert message to the security system if there is an inconsistency between the determined expected status and information gleaned from the touchpoint identifier. 
     Alternatively, or in addition, in certain exemplary embodiments, the program module may simply determine an expected status of a product associated with a received product identifier and pass this information to the security system or some other computer system (e.g., at the location) in order to compare the expected status information with actual status information in determining whether an alert should be generated. In such cases, the ER system may or may not receive touchpoint identifier information as a part of an expected status inquiry. 
     According to certain exemplary embodiments, product identifiers receivable from the remote in-location security system are EPCs obtained from an RFID reader. In addition, or in the alternative, according to certain exemplary embodiments, product identifiers receivable from the remote in-location security system are packaging identifiers, and wherein the program module is further configured to translate packaging identifiers into identifiers by which the products in the ER database are indexed prior to or as a part of (b) and (c). 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable storage medium tangibly storing instructions that, when execute by at least one processor, effect the methods set forth herein. 
     Programmed logic circuitry may include, for example, any suitable combination of hardware, software, firmware, and/or the like. This may include processing resources such as, for example, at least one processor, a memory, non-transitory computer readable storage media, etc. A computer-readable storage medium may include, for example, a disk, CD-ROM, hard drive, and/or the like. Instructions may be stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium that, when executed (e.g., by a processor of one or more computers or computer systems), perform the methods described herein. 
     The exemplary embodiments, aspect, and advantages described herein may be used in any suitable combination or sub-combination such that it is possible to obtain yet further embodiments of the instant invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Aspects and characteristics of the exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementations will become apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary implementations, when read in view of the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is an exemplary schematic block diagram illustrating an example of an overall exemplary electronic registration system; 
         FIG. 2  is an exemplary flowchart illustrating a series of steps that may be performed at a point-of-sale for registering a product transaction; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary transaction receipt which reflects a product serial number and a transaction date; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary flowchart for an electronic data interface between a product retailer and a product manufacturer; 
         FIG. 5  is an exemplary block diagram of an exemplary database system; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary flowchart for product registration before the product is placed into commerce; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary flowchart for a product status update when a product is stolen, sold, discovered missing, etc.; 
         FIG. 8A  illustrates an exemplary flowchart for a product check; 
         FIG. 8B  shows an exemplary process for notifying asset protection under the exemplary system shown in  FIG. 8A ; 
         FIG. 9  shows an exemplary process for verifying ownership of a recovered item based on serial number clustering; 
         FIG. 10  is an exemplary schematic diagram providing an overview of the active notification techniques of certain exemplary embodiments; 
         FIG. 11  is an illustrative schematic view of how system components may be oriented with respect to a centralized ER database in accordance with an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 12  is another illustrative schematic view of how system components may be oriented with respect to a centralized ER database in accordance with an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  is an illustrative schematic view showing how certain components may access and/or retrieve data from a centralized ER database in accordance with an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 14  is an exemplary flowchart for maintaining a centralized ER database and sending out notifications; 
         FIG. 15  is an exemplary flowchart for leveraging linked manufacturers&#39; serial numbers and location-specific unique identifiers, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments; and 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic view of a sales location communicating with an ER system using linked manufacturers&#39; serial numbers and location-specific unique identifiers, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It will be recognized by those of ordinary skill that modification, extensions and changes to the disclosed exemplary implementations may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. In short, the present invention is not limited to the particular example forms disclosed herein. 
     An example of an electronic registration system is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Briefly, the example system may include a point-of-sale register  2  and an associated bar code scanner  4 . The register  2  may be connected with a local computer system  6  in a suitable manner. For example, the register  2  may be “hard-wired” to the local computer system  6 . Alternatively, the register  2  and the local computer system  6  may communicate, for example, through modems and telephone lines, or over radio communication channels. Any appropriate communication channel may be used. 
     In certain situations (e.g., single store retailers), the local computer system  6  may be located in proximity to the register  2 . For large chain stores, however, the local retailer computer  6  may be situated at a central location with links to the registers  2  at individual stores. The particular arrangement will depend on the preferences and circumstances of the specific retailer. 
     The local retailer computer system may include an associated local database  8  for storing registration information. Additionally, a local printer  10  and an operator terminal  12  may be provided. The operator terminal may be used, for example, by a store clerk upon return of merchandise to locate pertinent sales information in the local database  8 . The printer  10  may be used to produce hard copies of end-of-day sales reports and the like. 
     In one exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, a communication channel  12  is provided between the retailer computer system  6  and a central computer system  14 . The central computer system may, for example, be a manufacturer computer system. Alternatively, the central system could, for example, be a regional computer system for a large chain of stores, a distributor computer system, or the like. It should be appreciated that the term communication channel is used herein in its broadest sense, and includes any suitable technique for passing electronic information between systems. Such suitable techniques include, for example, electronic links via modem, radio links, wireless communication, or even communications established by physically transporting a recording medium, such as a magnetic disk, magnetic tape, or optical disk, from one system to the other. 
     A general database  16  may be associated with the central computer system  14  for storing transaction information from a plurality of retailer computer systems  6 . Additionally, a printer  18  and an operator terminal  20  may be included with the central computer system  14 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the central computer system  14  may have a number of additional communications links  12 ′,  12 ″, etc., for receiving information from other local computer systems. Thus, for example, a manufacturer may receive information from a number of different retailers. Additionally, the local computer system  6  may include a number of additional communication channels  13 ,  13 ′,  13 ″, etc., for connecting with other central computer systems. Accordingly, an individual retailer can electronically register products from a number of different manufacturers. 
     For convenience, the multiple communication channels in  FIG. 1  are illustrated with separate lines. It should be noted, however, that separate lines are not necessary. For example, the local computer system  6  may have a single communications line, and connection with the particular central computer system  14  may be made through a modem by dialing the appropriate telephone number. 
     An example of the operation of the system illustrated in  FIG. 1  is described in connection with  FIGS. 2-4 . Referring now to  FIG. 2 , the electronic registration process begins when a customer brings merchandise to the register for check out. The sales clerk enters the SKU number which identifies the type of product involved in the transaction (e.g., Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, Virtual Boy, Nintendo N64, Nintendo DS, Nintendo Wii, 3DS, Wii U, etc.) by, for example, scanning a UPC product code included on the product packaging ( 100 ). Of course, key entry, transmission of EPC, or another technique for entering the SKU number may be used. 
     Electronic registration might not be necessary for a substantial number of small commodity products (e.g., batteries, candy, diapers, etc.) that are commonly sold by retailers. Accordingly, a check may be made, based on the type of product as identified by the UPC code, to determine whether this is a product for which electronic registration is desired ( 102 ). If so, the store associate is prompted to enter the serial number, or some other unique identifier, of the individual item ( 104 ). Possible unique identifiers include, but are not limited to, a combination of a UPC (EAN, JAN) number and/or Brand Name and/or Model number, plus a serial number, or an Electronic Product Code (EPC) provided from a Radio Frequency ID (RFID), etc. 
     The serial number, or some other unique identifier, may be entered ( 106 ), for example, by scanning a serial number printed on the packaging. Alternatively, the serial number as it appears on the product may be scanned through a window in the packaging. This alternative ensures that the individual product is identified even if it is mispackaged. Also, repackaging of returned merchandise would be simplified. Other techniques, such as key entry, may also be used. Because the serial number is unique to each individual product, it acts as one exemplary form of individual production identification information. 
     Once the serial number is entered, a check may be made to ensure that the serial number is valid ( 108 ). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,947,941. If not, control returns to  104 , and the store associate is again prompted to enter the serial number. This is repeated until a valid serial number is obtained. It may be desirable to provide store managers with the ability to override the requirement to enter a serial number in a limited number of situations. If such an ability is given, however, the overrides may be monitored to ensure the ability is not abused. This may be done, for example, by generating a periodic report listing all overrides by individual managers, or a real-time (or substantially real-time), immediate notification based on designated business rules (with transmission to a PDA, cell phone, smart device, etc.). 
     Several different techniques may be used to evaluate and verify the validity of the serial number. In one technique, a check digit is added to the serial number. Such a technique may utilize a predetermined mathematical algorithm performed on the digits of the serial number. If the result of the predetermined mathematical algorithm is equal to the check digit, the validity of the serial number is verified. 
     An example of a check digit technique will be described in connection with an eight-digit serial number. A predetermined mathematical algorithm associated with the check digit may be to multiply the sum of the first four digits of the serial number of by two ( 2 ), multiply the sum of the last four digits by three ( 3 ), and sum the resulting products. This may be expressed in equation form as: 
       2(N 1 +N 2 +N 3 +N 4 )+3(N 5 +N 6 +N 7 +N 8 ) 
     where N 1  is the first digit of the serial number, N 2  is the second digit of the serial number, and so on. The check digit may then be taken as the least significant digit of the result. Thus, for a serial number 22312313, the result of the predetermined mathematical algorithm is 2*(2+2+3+1)+3*(2+3+1+3)=16+27=43. The check digit is the least significant digit; that is the check digit is 3. Accordingly, the number appearing on the product would be 223123133, wherein the last digit is the check digit. For serial number 10532641, the check digit is 7[2*(1+0+5+3)+3*(2+6+4+1)=18+39=57], and the number appearing on the product would be 105326417. 
     The particular mathematical algorithm used in connection with the check digit is not critical. Any predetermined mathematical algorithm may be used to obtain the check digit. Indeed, for added security, it is possible to utilize more than one check digit, wherein each check digit potentially is calculated by a different mathematical algorithm. Whatever mathematical algorithm is used, however, it may be desirable to minimize the number of individuals with knowledge of the specific operation to reduce the risk of false serial numbers being generated. 
     Once the serial number is verified ( 108 ), a local database may be updated with the serial number information and any other necessary or desired information ( 110 ). This information might include the price paid, the store associate responsible for the sale, the date of the transaction, transaction number, and the like. 
     The serial number of the individual product may be printed ( 112 ) as part of a written customer transaction receipt. As shown in the sample sales receipt  30  of  FIG. 3 , the serial number may be printed adjacent the description and SKU number of the registered product. Thus, it will be a simple matter to correlate serial numbers with associated products, particularly when several registered products appear on a single customer sales receipt. Of course, additional information may be printed as well. 
     The date of the transaction may appear anywhere on the receipt. In the example operation illustrated in  FIG. 2  and the sample sales receipt of  FIG. 3 , the date is printed at the end of the sales receipt  30  ( 116 ). For ease of viewing, the serial number and date on the sample receipt  30  are indicated by boxes. If desired, an actual printed receipt may also have such information highlighted, for example, by a different color ink. 
     Turning back to the example operation illustrated in  FIG. 2 , after the serial number is printed, a check is made to determine whether sales are complete ( 114 ). Ordinarily, this will be based on the store associate hitting a TOTAL button on the cash register. If sales are not complete, control returns to  100  for entry of a SKU number for the next product. Otherwise, sales totals are calculated and printed on the receipt along with the current date ( 116 ). Thereafter, the central computer system may be contacted and the general database may be updated. 
     It should be emphasized that the operation illustrated in  FIG. 2  is merely exemplary, and that the steps need not be performed in the particular order shown. For example, all print operations and database updates can take place after sales are completed. Additionally, it is not necessary to update the databases on an item-by-item basis. Indeed, efficiency and speed in updating the general database may be increased by batching transactions in groups of, for example, fifteen transactions. 
     An example technique for interfacing the local computer system  6  to the central computer system  14  is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Product serial numbers are scanned or keyed in by a store associate ( 200 ) and stored with associated information in the local database ( 202 ) using an operation such as discussed in connection with  FIG. 2 . Thereafter, the local computer system  6  extracts the serial number information from the database ( 204 ) and batches the information in blocks of fifteen ( 206 ). It will be appreciated, however, that batches may be provided in different sizes in different exemplary embodiments, and/or that transmissions may be made on an individual item-by-item basis. The operations represented by  204  and  206  may be performed periodically, for example, daily. 
     Once the serial number information is captured and/or properly batched ( 206 ), the local computer system  6 , in this case a retailer system, may connect with the general computer system  14 , in this case a manufacturer&#39;s computer system, to make an electronic link to an electronic mailbox set up for that particular retailer ( 208 ). A separate electronic mailbox may be set up for each manufacturer account. The connection is tested ( 210 ) and, if the connection is not properly established, the retailer computer system  6  may reconnect (e.g., redial) ( 212 ) until a proper connection is established. At that point, data is transmitted ( 214 ) to the electronic mailbox. Batching the information increases transmission speed and, therefore, reduces data transmission times. 
     Data communications between the retailer system and the manufacturer system may use a conventional communications format. For example, the computer systems may be equipped with an EDI Translator capable of using the Standard 140 file format established by the EIA. The Standard 140 file format is specifically designed to extract product registration information. A typical transmission would begin with a Transaction Set Header to indicate the start of a transaction and to assign a control number. This would be followed by a Beginning Segment for Product Registration which indicates the beginning of a product registration transaction set and transmits identifying numbers, dates and times. The identifying numbers may include a Purpose Code to identify the type of registration (e.g., original sale or return to stock) and a Reference Number assigned by the user for the particular transaction. Next, a Name segment is transmitted to identify the user by type of organization, name and identifier code. The identifier code may indicate an organizational entity, a physical location, or an individual. 
     If desired, additional identifying segments such as an Address Information segment and a Geographic Location segment may be transmitted. The address information might include, for example, a street number and name for the individual store. The geographic location information might include the city name, a state or province code as defined by an appropriate government agency, a postal code (e.g., a zip code in the United States), and a country code. 
     Following any desired additional identifying segments, specific item identification information (e.g., serial numbers) may be transmitted along with a textual description of the product if desired. Information identifying the individual store that sold the particular item may be associated with the information for that item. Appropriate dividers would be provided to separate the information for the respective individual items. After the individual item information has been transmitted completely, a Transaction Set Trailer segment may be transmitted to indicate the end of the transaction set and provide the count of transmitted segments. It will be appreciated that a serial number may be printed prior to or after the conclusion of the transaction depending, for example, on the capabilities of the system. 
     Returning now to  FIG. 4 , the manufacturer computer system  14  decodes the serial number information received from the retailer ( 216 ). The decoded serial number information may initially be stored in a temporary database ( 218 ) and, in this exemplary implementation, the serial number information is encoded with the retailer&#39;s name, the registration date, the sale date, the last date on which returns will be accepted, and the last date for warranty repairs ( 220 ). The individual serial numbers may then be validated using the check digit technique discussed above, and the data is transferred to the manufacturer&#39;s general database ( 222 ). 
     Following validation of the serial numbers, an on-line summary report may be generated which lists all accepted and rejected serial numbers ( 224 ). The valid data may then be stored in the manufacturer&#39;s national serial number database. 
     The summary report provided in  224  may provide one tool for the manufacturer to locate trouble spots caused, for instance, by malfunctioning retailer systems or attempted fraud. Additional monitoring reports may also be generated as desired. For example, the serial number pass/fail ratio for all returns by a particular retailer over a given time period may be reported, duplicate serial numbers may be located and listed, previously registered serial numbers may be flagged, and cross-references may be made between the registration date and the date the product was returned to the manufacturer. Such reports can be used by the manufacturer to monitor retailer returns for possible problems or abuse. 
       FIG. 5  shows an exemplary illustrative block diagram of a crime prevention database system in which the registration system is employed. The database ( 500 ) contains a comprehensive list of all the relevant stored information. Initially, to fill the database ( 500 ), multiple sources, such as OEMs, Port Authorities, Distributors, Store Receiving Systems, POS Registration Systems, etc., ( 502 ) and all are capable of registering the products to the database. For example, if a manufacturer registers the product, the product may, at that point, be flagged as having been shipped from manufacturing. Then, the registration may be updated by a distributor, so the product is now flagged as being at that distributor. The same product registration may be updated again upon arrival in the store. With such a comprehensive monitoring system, it is easy to track a product all the way from manufacture to point-of-sale. This helps aid in inventory loss prevention, and can be useful in other situations, to prove, for example, a chain of possession from manufacturer to retailer. Then, if the product is legitimately sold, its registration can once again be updated in the system and flagged as sold. 
     If a product is purchased through fraud, such as using a fake or stolen credit card, gift card, debit card, etc., fraud victim(s) ( 504 ) can report the product as “stolen,” “fraud,” or flag the product with some other appropriate identifier. Stores can use this to track missing inventory, and they can then quickly determine if a return is legitimate, or if someone is trying to return stolen goods. Online auction sellers could also use similar asset protection. If someone purchased a good from another, the shipper could register the good before shipment. If the payment never arrived, the shipper could flag the registered good as “stolen” and at least have a means of keep some tabs on the good. 
     Individuals might also have other uses for the system. If someone lost an expensive cell-phone, watch, PDA, etc., and had pre-registered the device, then they could easily update the status of that product as missing/stolen/lost. If the product later turned up (e.g., someone tried to activate the phone, or sell the watch in a pawnshop), the proper owner or appropriate investigative agency could be informed. 
     Other parties which may wish to register and update registries of goods include, but are not limited to, police, FBI, DHS, U.S. Customs, insurance companies, other private businesses, etc. 
     In addition to registering products and changing the registration status, parties ( 506 ) could also be interested in running queries on a database to check the status of particular goods. This has an apparent usefulness for law enforcement. If the police raid a suspected criminal&#39;s house and find nine TVs, they can quickly query the database to see if any retailers or consumers have reported those serial numbers as stolen. They can also flag the registrations for the TVs with some indicia that the TVs are in police custody, so that if someone later reports one as having been stolen, the person knows where to retrieve the TV. 
     Stores can also report inventory as stolen, fraudulently purchased, etc. If someone brings a product back for a return, and it is flagged as being associated with fraud or theft, an authorized store representative can make a decision as to whether or not to contact security or law enforcement. Also, if the product is still flagged as being on the shelf, the store can quickly know that someone has simply taken a product from the shelf and is trying to return it. In an implementation where the system is capable of being accessed at the point of return, there is little delay in which a criminal may escape or a busy sales associate may inadvertently accept a bad return. 
     Customs and Port Authorities could scan high price goods to check that those goods were not registered as stolen. This scan could also update the status of the goods so that they showed as having entered the country at a certain location. Pawnshops could check products before purchasing, to ensure they are not buying stolen goods. Insurance companies could require registration of expensive goods, and then check to make sure those goods had not transferred to another owner if the goods were reported as destroyed or stolen. Insurance companies could also use the system to attempt to recover any goods that were reported as stolen. 
     Additionally, access for reporting, updating and checking the database may be limited to authorized users, to ensure that records are not compromised. Security for various levels can depend on the needs of the particular system and the class of user allowed to access a facet of the system. Further, it may be desirable to allow people checking the system for the information associated with a particular ID to peruse the entire system, since they may not know which section/manufacturer/retailer/etc. under which the item is located. On the other hand, if a manufacturer, such as Nintendo, wishes to register products, it may only be able to register, update and modify entries for Nintendo. Their access to other manufacturer&#39;s sections may be precluded. It may also be desirable to prescreen entities before giving access to any/all sections. 
     Numerous other entities and uses exist for this system, those listed herein are given as examples only. 
       FIG. 6  shows an exemplary registration process for initial registration of the good. According to this exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, at some point from manufacture to retail, the database is first contacted ( 602 ). After the entity contacting the database has established that they are authorized for a registration transaction ( 603 ), they enter a unique ID code associated with the particular produce ( 604 ). This can be a serial number, or a combination of some more generic number like a UPC plus another unique identifier. Any code/combination that will uniquely identify the product will suffice. This code can be scanned in, hand-entered, or input or received through any suitable means. 
     The entity is then given the option to enter additional information ( 606 ). For example, if the manufacturer did the initial registration, then the additional information might consist of a manufacturer&#39;s name, location, and, if known, the distributor/retailer to which the product was headed. Similar and/or additional information can be added at a distributor, retail, or any other level at which the product is registered. 
     Then, a series of transfers/updates may or may not occur ( 608 ) before the product is placed onto a shelf for sale ( 610 ). For example, the product status may be updated at a distributor and when it arrives at a retailer. These updates might comprise or consist of each possessor between the manufacturer and the retailer performing steps  602 ,  603 ,  604 , and/or  606 . Additional suitable actions could also be taken. 
     With status that is updated at each step, it is easy for a product&#39;s last known whereabouts to be identified if the product ends up missing. If the product passed, for example, through two distribution centers and a regional headquarters (HQ) without being updated before arriving at the store, and was later determined to be missing, then it might be hard to track down. A distribution chain that regularly records product status updates at each step would show exactly where an update last did not occur, and thus narrow down the area of loss to a particular transfer or location. 
       FIG. 7  shows an exemplary access flow for a product database if the status of a product is entered or changed. Again, the reporting entity may first contact the database ( 702 ) and gain authorization to access the record updates ( 703 ). The entity may then input some sort of product identifier ( 704 ). Since a product may be lost or stolen, this may not always be the same base identifier stored with the product. For example, if the product was stolen, then the store may provide information such as date of delivery, UPC codes of similar products, last known date in inventory, etc. If the database system searched UPC codes and found ten entries, three of which correlated to legitimately sold goods, and seven which were supposed to still be in inventory, then the store could determine the serial numbers of the stolen product(s) based on the numbers remaining. If only five were left on the shelves, then the two serial numbers not correlating to one of the five remaining products could be flagged as stolen. Other indicia could be used as well to narrow down the ID of a missing product, such as color or other identifying characteristics of the product (e.g., if the store originally had three blue recliners, and now only has two blue recliners). 
     Or, for example, if a fraudulent purchase was discovered, then the serial number associated with that purchase (initially flagged as a legitimate purchase) could be switched to indicate a fraudulent purchase. If a box is discovered as open and empty, the store may use the UPC and serial number on the packaging that matches with the product serial number or some other identifying method to flag the product as lost or missing. If the product is later discovered, repackaged and sold, then the lost or missing status may be updated at the point-of-sale to reflect a legitimate sale of that item. 
     Once the product has been identified in some fashion, the entity reports whether the product was stolen ( 706 ), lost ( 708 ), fraudulently purchased ( 710 ), legitimately purchased ( 712 ) or some other ( 714 ) status update. The product status is then updated ( 716 ). It may be desirable to allow the most recent update to overwrite any previous “present status” indicator for a product. The database can keep a list of all phases of status for a product, but if a quick check is needed then the present status should probably correspond to the most recent update. For example, a product seemingly legitimately purchased may only later be discovered as a fraudulent purchase, and it would be desirable to have the fraudulent purchase flag be the presently associated status. Or a missing item flagged as such may be discovered and sold, then the presently associated status should be that of a legitimate purchase. Additionally, if consumers as well as retailers used the database, then a consumer reporting a good as stolen would want that to be the status, as opposed to the legitimate sale status provided when the consumer first purchased the good. As long as reasonable security measures are taken, criminals should not be able to mislabel the present status of goods in order to aid in perpetration of a crime. It may also, however, be desirable to maintain a record of all status flags associated with a particular item, so that backgrounds of items and possession histories of items can be established if need be. 
     The steps presented in this and other examples do not necessarily need to be performed in the order presented herein, but are merely shown in such form for exemplary purposes. Nor are all steps necessary, nor is the list of steps exhaustive. This and other flowcharts merely show one exemplary procedure for performing the described process. 
       FIG. 8A  shows an example of a database access made by an entity checking the present status of goods. As before, the checking entity must first contact the database ( 802 ) and establish a right to access the contents ( 803 ). Then, the checking entity enters a unique ID code associated with the product ( 804 ). Presumably, in this instance, the checking entity would know the ID code because in the checking situations the product would typically be on-hand. For example, this could be police checking some allegedly stolen goods, a pawnshop checking to see if goods were stolen before purchase, or a store checking the status of a return. 
     Even though the above examples of checking entities involve retail/government, it will be appreciated that there is consumer application for the checking, as well. If a product was for sale on, for example, an online auction site, then a seller could post a picture of the serial number. Possible buyers could then access the database to determine that the product was not stolen. The website might even require registration to cut down on customer dissatisfaction and/or incidences of stolen goods changing hands. For example, a website may require a seller to key in an identifier before listing a good. The website can then check the database, and as long as the good is legally possessed, allow the good to be listed. 
     Certain states also require pawnshops to register goods. Pawnshops could use the database as an easy way to register and check the status of all goods which they handle. 
     Even courts could benefit from the database. If a defendant claims to own an item alleged to be stolen, the court could compare purchase evidence presented by the defendant with the actual information stored in the database. 
     All these examples of potential uses are merely exemplary, and are not intended to limit the invention in any way. 
     Once the checking entity has identified the product to be checked, the system checks if the product was legitimately purchased ( 808 ), reported stolen, lost, fraudulently procured, etc. ( 810 ), or has any other associated status ( 812 ). The present status of the product is then reported back to the checking entity ( 814 ). In this exemplary implementation, if the status of lost/stolen/fraudulently procured comes up, then a check is made to see if some form of asset protection should be contacted ( 811 ). If so, then the proper authorities are contacted ( 813 ) and the checker is notified of the product status. It will be appreciated that the process may effectively start when a person contacts the authorities ( 813 ), who may then notify asset protection ( 811 ) to report a product lost, stolen, the subject of attempted or suspected fraud ( 810 ), etc. 
       FIG. 8B  shows an exemplary process for notifying asset protection under the exemplary system shown in  FIG. 8A . It may be desirable to base a notification policy on the particular entity checking the database. For example, stores may want security called, pawnshops may want (or be required) to have the police called, and the police may not want anyone called. In this exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementation, the system checks to see if the accessor is a store ( 820 ), a pawnshop ( 822 ), the police ( 824 ), or an individual ( 826 ). Such a check can be performed based on the accessor&#39;s ID or any other suitable criteria. 
     If the accessor was a store, then there may be an additional check to see if the store automatically calls security ( 828 ). For example, some stores may wish to implement a backup system, or re-scan an item, before having security come forward and arrest the individual. Other stores may want security called instantly ( 832 ). 
     If the accessor was a pawnshop, the system similarly checks to see if police should be immediately contacted ( 836 ). A state might perhaps require immediate contact of the police if a stolen item was scanned by a pawnshop. This can also potentially be a safe way for a pawnshop owner to contact the police without any overt action to notify a criminal. If the police need to be contacted, the system can contact them ( 834 ). 
     On the other hand, if police are the ones accessing the system, then they do not necessarily need to have the system place another call to the police, as they already know about the particular item for which they have called. 
     Individuals may be given an option to contact the police ( 830 ). For example, if someone buys an item from another person online and attempts to register it and finds out it was stolen, they may be asked if they wish to contact the authorities ( 830 ). If they select yes, then the system can contact the police ( 834 ). 
       FIG. 9  shows another exemplary illustrative non-limiting use for the CPD. In the exemplary process of  FIG. 9 , the CPD is used to check the serial numbers surrounding a number corresponding to an item recovered by the police. 
     As before, the accessor contacts the CPD ( 902 ) and enters some verification information to login ( 904 ). Next, the accessor enters a unique product ID associated with the item in question ( 906 ). In the example associated with this exemplary process, the police would possibly be the police. They could access the database, and input the serial number associated with a product which they had just recovered from a thief. 
     Next, the database will check for a product corresponding to the entered ID ( 908 ). Depending on when or if a particular product was registered, it may or may not have some status associated with it. For example, if the manufacturer registered the products, then the database may have that registration, even if the store seeking to recover the product never registered the product. 
     The exemplary process then branches based on whether or not a product ID was found ( 912 ). If there is a corresponding ID, then the status associated with the particular product is reported back ( 910 ). If there is not a corresponding ID, then the accessor is asked to provide a range to check ( 916 ). In this exemplary implementation, the range is a number of products on either side of the stored serial number. Other criteria could also be used for the search and, in certain exemplary embodiments, entries around the specified range may also be checked. 
     Even if there is an associated status with the input serial number or other unique ID, the accessor still may want to perform a range check. Consequently, the system, after reporting any found associated status ( 910 ), asks if the accessor would like to do a range check ( 914 ). If not, the program may exit ( 918 ). 
     One example of a situation in which a range check may still be desired, even if there is an associated status, is as follows: If a manufacturer such as, for example, Nintendo, registered all products at point-of-sale to distributors, then there might be an associated status corresponding to the fact that Nintendo sold the product. But, it may not indicate to whom the product was sold. In this case, a check would still be desired to try and determine to whom the particular product was sold. 
     After the accessor inputs a check range ( 916 ), the database reports back all serial numbers in that range and an associated status ( 920 ). For example, if a Nintendo DS were recovered and had a serial number of aa12300011, then a range of three might produce the following exemplary results: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 aa12300008 
                 Store X 
               
               
                   
                 aa12300009 
                 Store X 
               
               
                   
                 aa12300010 
                 Store X 
               
               
                   
                 aa12300011 
                 not found 
               
               
                   
                 aa12300012 
                 Store X 
               
               
                   
                 aa12300013 
                 Store X 
               
               
                   
                 aa12300014 
                 Store X 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This would show, with a high degree of probability, that the recovered product belonged to Store X. 
     If a larger range report is desired, the accessor can answer “yes” to the check larger range inquiry ( 922 ). At that point, the range entry ( 916 ) and reporting ( 920 ) steps would be repeated. If there was no desire to check a larger range, the process could exit ( 918 ). 
     The exemplary CPD can sort based on product type and then organize the serial numbers in order, making it able to recover a range of recorded serial numbers on either side of the product. Further, since many manufacturers palletize their products as they come off of the line, the serial numbers on a shipped palette are usually in numeric order. Thus, if a merchant buys a palette of goods, they will typically take possession of a set of sequentially numbered products. 
     The CPD of certain exemplary embodiments allows a product to be linked to a specific event. It will be appreciated that the event may be a crime, a person misplacing or losing the product, a product not being delivered or being misdelivered to a person or retailer, etc. This illustrative feature of the CPD advantageously enables a closed-loop system to be created, wherein the users are protected and one end, and law enforcement or other authorized personnel have visibility at the other end. It will be appreciated that users of the CPD may include, for example, manufacturers, retailers, customers, credit-card companies, insurance companies, law enforcement personnel, retail asset protection investigators, etc. 
     More particularly, in a first example implementation, a user can tag an item as stolen or missing in the CPD. If the user later finds the product (e.g., in the event that the product simply was misplaced and subsequently found by or otherwise returned to the user), the user can then “unflag” the product in the CPD. If, however, the item is flagged as stolen or missing and it is later discovered at a place where it should not be (e.g., in the event that it is found, confiscated, or otherwise obtained by the police, given to a pawnbroker, etc.), and the CPD can identify the product as having been lost or stolen and sometimes may even provide a lead to the rightful owner. 
     In a second example implementation, the CPD may help to detect that a product is missing before a retailer even recognizes it as missing, e.g., from a shipment from a manufacturer, from its shelves, etc. In the event that the product is misdelivered or stolen such that it never makes it into the retailer&#39;s store, or in the event that the product goes missing from the retailer without the retailer noticing, the product may be “found” before a protected user even knows to be on the lookout for the missing product. This functionality may be accomplished in certain exemplary embodiments by adding products to the CPD when they are shipped from the manufacturer to the retailer. For example, the CPD may be cross-referenced to determine if the product was ever “originally sold” from the retailer prior to a “resale,” e.g., at a pawnshop, auction house, or other location (which may even include another retail shop). 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, a fraud reduction and product recovery system is provided. A database includes a plurality of product entries, with each product entry having at least a status field associated therewith. A first interface to the database is configured to enable a first authorized user to add product entries and/or change the status identifiers of the product entries. A second interface to the database is configured to enable a second authorized user to input information regarding a product to be checked against the database to determine whether it was legitimately acquired. Product checking programmed logic circuitry is configured to determine whether the product to be checked was legitimately acquired. The second interface is further configured to provide an indication to the second authorized user whether the product was legitimately acquired. 
     Each status identifier may indicate, for example, at least whether the associated product has been lost or stolen. Additionally or alternatively, each product entry may further include for example, first sale date, anticipated first sale location, actual first sale location, and/or other like fields. Additionally or alternatively, each product entry may further include an owner contact field that includes contact information for an owner of the product. 
     The first authorized user may be, for example, a manufacturer, retailer, customer, etc., whereas the second authorized user may be, for example, a person charged with law enforcement, a retail asset protection investigator, an auction house employee, a pawnshop employee, etc. The first interface may be accessible the first authorized user at a location remote from the database such as, for example, at a point-of-sale or via a home computer. 
     The checking programmed logic circuitry may be further configured to indicate whether the product to be checked was legitimately acquired by determining whether the first sale date field is prior to a date of an attempted purchase, by comparing the actual first sale location field to the anticipated first sale location field, etc. 
     Notifying programmed logic circuitry may be configured to notify law enforcement personnel when the checking programmed logic circuitry indicates that the product to be checked was not, or may not have been, legitimately acquired. Additionally or alternatively, notifying programmed logic circuitry may be configured to contact the owner of the product to be checked when the checking programmed logic circuitry indicates that the product to be checked was not, or may not have been, legitimately acquired. 
     The interfaces to the database may be, for example, computer-implemented user interfaces. In certain exemplary embodiments, the user interfaces may be provided through custom applications running locally on a computer with a suitable network connection, webpages accessible over a network (e.g., such as the Internet), etc. In certain exemplary embodiments, the interfaces may be at least partially automatically accessed. That is, in certain exemplary embodiments, the first interface may be automatically accessed and the database may be updated, e.g., when a customer purchases a product at a point-of-sale location or online. In such cases, information about the product (e.g., brand name, UPC or EPC, date or purchase, place of purchase, etc.), as well as information about the purchaser (e.g., name, contact information, etc.), may be gathered and stored to the database, e.g., by reading information about the product from a register and information about the purchaser from credit card information, from online forms, etc. In certain exemplary embodiments, the second interface may be automatically accessed, e.g., when a product is loaded for sale or actually sold by an online auction house, received or sold at a pawnshop, etc. Notifications or alerts may be generated to interrupt (e.g., place a temporary hold on or completely stop) a prospective sale. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, in a fraud reduction and product recovery system, a method is provided. A database including a plurality of product entries is maintained, with each product entry having at least a status field associated therewith. A first interface to the database is configured to enable a first authorized user to add product entries and/or change the status identifiers of the product entries. A second interface to the database is configured to enable a second authorized user to input information regarding a product to be checked against the database to determine whether it was legitimately acquired. It is determined whether the product to be checked was legitimately acquired. The second interface is further configured to provide an indication to the second authorized user whether the product was legitimately acquired. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, a computer-readable storage medium tangibly storing instructions for causing a computer to implement a fraud reduction and product recovery method is provided. A database including a plurality of product entries is maintained, with each product entry having at least a status field associated therewith. A first interface to the database is configured to enable a first authorized user to add product entries and/or change the status identifiers of the product entries. A second interface to the database is configured to enable a second authorized user to input information regarding a product to be checked against the database to determine whether it was legitimately acquired. It is determined whether the product to be checked was legitimately acquired. The second interface is further configured to provide an indication to the second authorized user whether the product was legitimately acquired. 
     As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, it would be desirable to provide a single, centralized database resource for retailers, product manufacturers, and law enforcement personnel to research and locate information related to stolen goods. It would be desirable to provide a centralized database that houses this information and that can be used by multiple interest groups. Typically, each party maintains its own system to be used for its own purposes. For example, most retailers have their own databases. However, these retailer databases rarely include specifics down to the item-level and almost never include information regarding serial numbers. In any event, because there are so many different systems in use by so many different parties for so many different purposes, there is no real common set of inputs and no real vehicle to notify common stakeholders of common interests or criminal cases. Indeed, the inputs to the various systems tend to vary based on the interest group. Quality and consistency of data thus are issues when trying to integrate these and/or other systems. 
     EPC/RFID deployment at the item-specific level may involve significant investment by product manufacturers and retailers. Part of the investment includes costs associated with affixing, tracking, and reading the tags. By using EPC/RFID technology at the item-level, however, manufacturers may achieve efficiencies throughout all “touchpoints” of a product&#39;s lifecycle, from conception to ultimate disposal, as the products may be quickly and accurately located and analyzed. During a particular product&#39;s lifecycle, it is likely that individual items will be identified as missing or stolen during transit or stolen during transport, storage, or after having been merchandised on store shelves. The absence of expected EPC/RFID tags may be viewed be an indicator of loss or theft, as may the identification of tags leaving locations without payment of authorization (e.g., shoplifting). 
     The assignee of the instant application currently provides a centralized database that includes the ability to track product movement functions including, for example, Shipped, Received, Inventoried, Missing, Stolen, etc. These statuses may be assigned during electronic registration at a retail point-of-sale location, in a warehouse via handheld scanner and batch upload, etc. 
     The introduction of EPC/RFID technology may further simplify the collection of products and their specific statuses. Indeed, as product suppliers and retailer adopt the use of EPC/RFID broadly at the item level, there is an opportunity to provide a central database to collect the EPC/RFID and/or product serial number identifier information related to goods that are missing or stolen, potentially at the item level, throughout the supply chain or within the retail marketplace. By collecting this data, the electronic registration database may exist as a centralized repository for stolen and missing items. The move to EPC/RFID also will help “homogenize” otherwise disparate data so that more uniform inputs may be provided to the centralized ER database. 
     Once item-level data is made available in the centralized ER database, certain exemplary embodiments may implement an “anticipatory” system that identifies suspect or fraudulent activities before, during, or after their occurrence. Interested parties may “subscribe” to the anticipatory system to receive feeds regarding these flagged activities. In other words, the centralized ER database may send outward notifications to systems and stakeholders involved in product recovery efforts. The systems and entities may include, for example, law enforcement agencies and related databases (e.g., the National Crime Information Center or NCIC, the Law Enforcement Retail Partnership Network or LERPnet, etc.), law enforcement case management and report management software systems, retailer loss prevention databases and software systems, online classified ad and/or auction databases (e.g., eBay, Craigslist, etc.), pawn databases (e.g., Leadsonline, BWI, etc.), and/or the like. In certain exemplary embodiments, stakeholders affiliated with a specific item or certain specific items may subscribe directly to notifications and/or alerts from the centralized ER database and its associated notification systems. 
     The centralized ER database may be the sole repository for stolen items, as reported by product manufacturers, retailers, and potentially other parties. The centralized nature advantageously may provide multiple interested parties (including law enforcement, etc.) with a single point of research, rather than several disparate systems. 
     Thus, it will be appreciated that in certain exemplary embodiments, automated notifications and subscription services may be connected to the ER database so that information about stolen items (e.g., EPC, SN, etc.) can be search for throughout all other “touchpoints” in the product system. The active nature of this system is advantageous for searching among and between, and/or on behalf of, interested parties including, for example, retailers, manufacturers, pawnshops, online auction houses, etc. 
       FIG. 10  is an exemplary schematic diagram providing an overview of the active notification techniques of certain exemplary embodiments. In  FIG. 10 , inventory scanners, EPC/RFID readers, POS registers, and/or the like may be used to capture unique item-level data. This information may be captured by product manufacturers, processors, growers, third-party logistics companies, retailers, and/or other parties. The unique item-level data is then passed on to one or more relevant databases including, for example, a manufacturer inventory database  1002 , a logistics database  1004 , a retailer inventor database  1006 , etc. A Savant interrogator  1008  may be used to help convert EPC/RFID data to a format consumable by one or more of the other databases, as EPC/RFID data is not always easily understandable, e.g., to legacy systems. In simple terms, Savants help manage and move information that they may also help acquire from EPC/RFID tags. Savants often operate in a distributed architecture (e.g., so that software runs on different computers distributed through an organization, rather than from one central computer) and optionally may be organized in a hierarchical manner. Savants may help gather data from readers and pass on only relevant information to existing business applications, including the illustrative databases shown in  FIG. 10 . At this time, missing, stolen, counterfeit, B-, and/or other goods may be flagged in the individual databases, with or without the help of the Savant  1008 . Additional details regarding the exemplary placement and operation of Savants are provided below. 
     The individual item data may be passed to the centralized ER database  1010 . In certain exemplary embodiments, all individual item data may be passed to the centralized ER database  1010 . However, in certain other exemplary embodiments, only that information corresponding to the types of suspect goods noted above may be passed to the centralized ER database  1010 . The centralized ER database  1010  may compile and analyze data as it is received. Queries may be performed automatically, e.g., according to a predefined schedule, upon an authorized making a specific or general request (e.g., for a particular missing item, status of a product or class of items, etc.), when a new item or product is initially registered or subsequently registered, when an item is flagged as being stolen or missing, etc. Active notifications may be generated and/or sent out at these and/or other times, as well. 
     The centralized ER database  1010  also may notify interested groups of missing/stolen items, e.g., using active processing, notification, and/or subscription protocols and/or services. Interested parties may include, for example, manufacturers, retailers, law enforcement agencies, online auction and/or classified ad services, etc. In certain exemplary embodiments, once a problem is detected by the centralized ER database  1010 , a notification may be automatically sent to a predefined list of parties. Such a list may include, for example, the last party in the chain of custody, the next party that the item was supposed to go to, law enforcement personnel, and/or others. For example, if an item went missing somewhere between a manufacturer and a retailer, the manufacturer and retailer may be notified, as may the shipping or logistics company in charge of moving the item, together with law enforcement personnel. As another example, if an item was stolen from a retailer, that retailer and law enforcement personnel may be notified. In still another example, if an item was stolen from an individual but turned up at on online auction house, the individual from whom the product was stolen may be notified, along with the online auction house and law enforcement personnel. In certain exemplary embodiments, the person or entity originally entering the item information or the problem with the item may be notified in place of, or in addition to, those parties noted above. Of course, it will be appreciated that these are merely examples of groups that may be interested and how automatic notification lists may be organized and that other arrangements are possible and may be provided in connection with different embodiments of this invention. 
     In place of, or in addition to, the use of predefined lists, parties may also subscribe to notifications. For example, a manufacturer may wish to know about every item that it makes that is stolen or lost. This information may be important for return/warranty purposes. As another example, a manufacturer or retailer may wish to subscribe to only those items having a value over a predetermined threshold (e.g., so-called “big ticket” items) or items that are particularly profitable, likely to go missing or be stolen, etc. As still another example, various law enforcement agencies may be interested in only certain types of products (e.g., items that may be used to make bombs, ammunition, controlled substances such as alcohol or tobacco, medications, etc.). A list of subscriptions may be stored in the ER database  1010 . That list may include, for example, the party to be updated, the items or class of items that the party is interested in, the preferred contact method (e.g., email, file transfer, automated telephone call, text message, etc.), the time of contact (e.g., real time or substantially real time, daily, weekly, etc.), individual or batch notification, etc. 
     The system may be “anticipatory” in the sense that it may raise alarms and send notifications before problems are affirmatively flagged by parties. For example, the system may look for unexpected changes or inconsistencies. Such unexpected changes may include, for example, a lost or missing product being sold or returned, an item being sold or returned multiple times, multiple warranty requests for a single item, return authorizations past the contract period, etc. Rules for anticipating problems may be predefined and/or custom-programmed in certain exemplary embodiments of this invention. Furthermore, the rules for one entity (e.g., a manufacturer) need not necessarily be the same for another entity (e.g., a retailer or law enforcement agency). The rules may be tangibly stored in or at least be accessible by the centralized ER database, and a list of which party is interest in each rule also may be stored. Of course, an entity may define or redefine its rules and/or requested notifications/subscriptions at various times, and updates may be made appropriately. 
     It will be appreciated that the general flow described in connection with  FIG. 10  is a departure from typical database systems that on their own are passive in nature. Indeed, certain exemplary embodiments advantageously provide an electronic registration database that may be used to actively automate the querying and notification process, e.g., to alert interested parties of stolen, missing, or otherwise suspect merchandise (e.g., using EPC, serial number, and/or other information) that may appear at other retailer locations, manufacturer return centers, online auction houses, classified listing sites, pawnshops, flea markets, and/pr other destinations, where the existence of the missing or stolen item is unintended. 
       FIG. 11  is an illustrative schematic view of how system components may be oriented with respect to a centralized ER database in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. The ER database  1010  is shown as being in the center of the drawing, indicating that it can accept data from a number of different sources. For example, as indicated above, data may be obtained from manufacturers, retailers, logistics providers, and/or the like, e.g., using EPC/RFID readers or other data entry mechanisms provided at the locations. The raw data may be stored to an appropriate database, and data from the database and/or the location (directly or indirectly) may be provided to the centralized ER database  1010 . In the  FIG. 11  exemplary embodiment, this data is passed from the individual, disparate databases to the ER database  1010  directly. There is an exception to this general statement in the  FIG. 11  exemplary embodiment, however, as a particular retail store inventory database  1006  is tied to a retail corporate inventor database which, for instance, may be a more centralized database storing item inventory information pertaining to a plurality of different retail locations. 
     With the possible aid of the Savant interrogator  1008  (which may be external to or incorporated into the ER database  1010  in different embodiments of this invention), such data may be stored in the ER database. That is, in certain exemplary embodiments, the ER database  1010  itself may be configured to read and interpret EPC/RFID data coming from the individual databases, and/or the disparate databases may convert such information to a format consumable by the ER database  1010  prior to relaying the converted data to the ER database  1010 , and/or the ER database  1010  may consult a Savant interrogator  1008  operably connected thereto to help understand any incoming or retrieved EPC/RFID data. Regardless of whether EPC/RFID data is sent to the ER database  1010  for ingestion, such data may not be in a standardized format. The ER database  1010  may therefore convert disparate data inputs into a common format in certain exemplary embodiments. Once this data is stored in the ER database  1010  in a standardized or common format, using an active notification protocol and/or a subscription service, interested parties may be notified upon the occurrence of a suspect activity (e.g., one of the illustrative scenarios described above). The implementation of the active notification protocol and/or a subscription service advantageously is made possible because the ER database  1010  “homogenizes” the otherwise disparate inputs, thereby creating a large high-quality dataset in a format that is understandable, searchable, and capable of being manipulated so as to provide appropriate messages to interested parties in line with the exemplary techniques described herein. 
       FIG. 12  is another illustrative schematic view of how system components may be oriented with respect to a centralized ER database in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. The  FIG. 12  exemplary embodiment is similar to the  FIG. 11  exemplary embodiment. One difference, however, is that the Savant interrogator  1008  is interposed between the individual databases and/or locations and the centralized ER database  1010 . This arrangement effectively funnels all data through one or more interrogators  1008  and may in certain example instances reduce the amount of pre-processing required by the ER database  1010  before it can store the data in its tables (assuming that the data cannot be stored in its more native EPC/RFID or other format, which may be possible in certain exemplary embodiments). Rather than using the funnel approach in the  FIG. 12  exemplary embodiment, however, a more distributed approach also may be used, e.g., wherein particular interrogators are paired or otherwise mapped to disparate data sources. This may reduce the overall processing burden compared to an arrangement that includes a single funnel-like arrangement. 
       FIG. 13  is an illustrative schematic view showing how certain components may access and/or retrieve data from a centralized ER database in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. It will be appreciated that the  FIG. 13  exemplary arrangement is merely a snippet of the  FIG. 12  exemplary arrangement and, just as other arrangements are possible apart from the one shown in  FIG. 12 , so too are other arrangements possible apart from the  FIG. 13  illustration. In any event, the procedure shown in  FIG. 13  may be used when an item is presented for return. The item is scanned using the EPC/RFID reader (or unique information is inputted into the system by some other acceptable means). This information may be cross-referenced with the retail store inventory database  1006 , the retail corporate inventory database  1006 ′ and/or the centralized ER database  1010 . Because the data may originate in EPC/RFID format, it may be advantageous to query the Savant interrogator(s)  1008 , e.g., in attempting to obtain data from the databases. The Savant interrogator(s)  1008  may, for example, help distinguish product details associated with the EPC presented. Such product details may include, for example, product owner, manufacturer, SKU/UPC, point of shipment, and/or the like. In other words, the Savant interrogator(s)  1008  may help “unpack” data stored in the EPC/RFID tag on the product presented, e.g., so that it can be compared with a target database, whether that database be a retailer database  1006  or  1006 ′, or the centralized ER database  1010 . 
     With respect to data “unpacking,” an ONS and/or PML may be consulted. More particularly, when an interrogator reads an RFID tag, the EPC may be passed to the Savant which may, in turn, consult an Object Name Service or ONS (which is an automated networking service) on a local network or the Internet to find where information on the product is stored. The ONS may point the Savant  1008  to one of the databases shown in  FIG. 13 , for example, where a file about that product is stored. That file can then be retrieved by the Savant, and the file and/or underlying information about the product in the file may be forwarded back to the appropriate location, along with any codes regarding the status of the product (e.g., sale “ok,” item marked as lost/stolen, return period expired, etc.). The data may be stored according to, for example, the Physical Markup Language (PML), which is based on XML. The PML may help describe the items and, in general, may be hierarchical. PML files may be dynamically altered by authorized personnel, e.g., to reflect the status of the item or items that they describe. 
     The  FIG. 13  exemplary embodiment may also or in the alternative implement the RFID product tracking techniques described in, for example, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/983,337, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Auction house and pawnshop product return systems also may be used in connection with certain exemplary embodiments described herein. Exemplary techniques are described in, for example, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/892,415, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
       FIG. 14  is an exemplary flowchart for maintaining a centralized ER database and sending out notifications. The ER database is populated with item-level data in step  1402 . This item-level data may be provided for a variety of sources including, for example, manufacturers, retailers, logistics providers, auction houses, pawnshops, etc. The item-level data may be provided in a variety of formats. For example, some data may be provided from an EPC/RFID scanner. Other data may be provided from a barcode scanner. Still other data may be manually entered. The ER database may therefore need to convert the data to a common, consumable format (e.g., in one or more steps not shown) prior to storing it. Checks also may be made to help ensure that the necessary or desirable item-level data is available to the ER database. 
     There are various types of information that may be collected at the “touchpoint” and/or transmitted to the centralized ER database. A first example may include only EPC/RFID collection, and EPC/RFID transmission. A second example may include gathering EPC/RFID information that is related to a serial number, and transmitting the serial number. A third example may include gathering EPC/RFID information that is related to a serial number, and transmitting the EPC/RFID. A fourth example may include gathering EPC/RFID information that is related to a serial number, and transmitting the serial number and the EPC/RFID. A fifth example may include gathering EPC/RFID information that is related to a serial number, and transmitting a unique numeric, alpha, or alphanumeric code. Such a code may be generated using an algorithm based on, for example, the EPC and/or serial number. The algorithm may be as simple as a hashing algorithm and may therefore help protect the identity of the product and/or person purchasing the product. Of course, other possibilities for data gathering and/or transmission also are possible. 
     In any event, in step  1404 , the ER database is updated as the item moves throughout the global sales universe. Updates may include sending items from a manufacture to a retailer through a common carrier, selling the item, return or warranty service for the item, reports of loss for the item, etc. Although some of this information may be automatically logged, e.g., from suitably configured sales or return/warranty systems, supplemental data may be provided from an authorized entity and/or suspected activities may be anticipatorily flagged in step  1406 . Stakeholders who have been preselected or subscribed to feeds regarding the items may be notified of the changed status or anticipated problem in step  1408 . The stakeholders may take appropriate action at that time (e.g., instituting an investigation, closing an investigation, prosecuting an individual, etc.). Detection programmed logic circuitry, notification programmed logic circuitry, subscription programmed logic circuitry, and/or the like may be used and/or be suitably configured to help accomplish these and/or other tasks and functions, as appropriate. 
     The ability to share information among so many disparate parties that often are concerned with different data to be used for different purposes is advantageous for a number of reasons. In addition to helping maintain the integrity of the overall supply chain, locate and return missing/stolen products, and/or keeping B-goods or gray-market goods out of standard circulation, the ability to share information among so many disparate parties also may be advantageous for building a common case against a party. Although it is sometimes possible to recover stolen or lost property, it is not always easy to determine what went wrong and/or who is to blame. The ability to track an item through all or substantially all points in the sales world may help to identify more and more persons in the chain of wrongdoing, including the originally culpable party as well as the party that “got caught.” Furthermore, even when there is only one party involved, it is sometimes difficult to build a case against the person because of poor recordkeeping, lack of chain of custody information, inability to track the accused person&#39;s activities, and/or the like. However, certain exemplary embodiments described herein may help build a common case against the person by monitoring activities associated with the item, even as it changes hands or is about to change hands. 
     Certain exemplary embodiments may be thought of as being global. This may mean that the ER database may function across disparate systems throughout all or substantially all of an item&#39;s or a product&#39;s lifecycle (e.g., from manufacture to shipment to sale to return, etc.). The various system components may be located around the world and the system may be said to be global in this sense, as well. It will be appreciated that the ER database storing product related sales, return, warranty, and/or other information, and the CPD database including the flags for various products, etc., may be implemented together in one large and multi-functional database (generally referred to herein as an ER database) comprising one or more tables and/or other data structures in certain exemplary embodiments. However, in certain exemplary embodiments, different databases and/or tables may be provided. In certain exemplary implementations, the one or more databases and/or tables may be linked together to function as a cohesive electronic registration (ER) system to provide for global product recovery and/or fraud detection. 
     Turning from the more global techniques described in detail above to more location-specific features, it is noted that locations (including, for example, retail stores, wholesalers, pawnshops, etc.), oftentimes apply unique identifiers to an item or packaging for the item. These unique identifiers (UIDs) in some cases are Electronic Product Code (EPC) RFID tags that are location-specific. In other words, the UIDs applied by a particular location sometimes may not match the UIDs provided at other locations, or even other stores within the same chain of stores. The location may have EPC or other readers stationed at various “checkpoints” in the location, e.g., corresponding to doors between the backroom and consumer areas of the structure, between consumer areas and the location&#39;s exits/entrances, etc. These readers typically can identify the items entering and leaving the structure based on the associated code that they detect, and this information may be recorded and/or used to track the items that are entering and leaving the building. These and/or other readers may be used for inventory control and/or other purposes. 
     Location-specific UIDs typically are separate from manufacturer serial numbers (MSNs), which typically are provided when manufacturers serialize their goods. Electronic Registration (ER) systems are known in the art, and typically operate in connection with MSNs. For instance, certain ER systems are known to be usable in systematically tracking unique identifiable sales and return/warranty transaction activities through a retailer&#39;s (or other location&#39;s) point-of-sale (or point-of-purchase or other on-site) system. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,978,776, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Unfortunately, however, locations cannot currently identify whether items exiting the store have a corresponding purchase record, much less whether a corresponding purchase record is consistent with an initial purchase, return/warranty or service request, etc. For instance, the location may know that three EPCs left the store and know that, at the UPC (or EAN, JAN, EPC, RFID, etc.) level, only two UPCs sold through. Thus, the location may know that one unit was not paid for and suspect that it possibly was stolen. Yet the location currently does not know which item was possibly stolen and may hope that, at some point in the future, they may determine whether an item was stolen and, if so, which of the three was likely stolen. 
     The inventors of the instant application have realized that part of the problem relates to a lack of integration as between the location-specific UIDs that are used primarily for inventory control purposes, and MSNs or other unique product identifiers that are used for sale and return/warranty transaction tracking. That is, the inventors of the instant application have realized that part of the problem relates to a possible industry-wide bias towards using location-specific UIDs for product-level inventory control purposes rather than for item-level sale and return/warranty tracking. For instance, although UIDs might include UPC and serial number information (which together form a more truly unique identifier), locations tend to rely only on UPC-type information for inventory control purposes and disregard the serial number aspects that make systematic, high-quality individual item sale and return/warranty tracking possible. 
     Certain exemplary embodiments provide a link between manufacturer serial numbers commonly used for ER techniques, and separate location-specific UIDs that are used primarily for inventory control purposes (e.g., at a given location). For instance, certain exemplary embodiments enable a manufacturer, retailer, and/or other involved party to correlate MSNs and EPC UIDs with one another. The ER system may maintain such linkages. Given these linkages, an inquiry may be initiated (e.g., by or on behalf of an authorized user) to obtain one identifier based on the other. In certain exemplary embodiments, the ER system may optionally store transaction information under both MSN and EPC UID index records, regardless of whether the transaction information was generated in connection with the MSN or the EPC UID, the MSN and the EPC UID being separate and different from one another. These approaches open up new avenues of possible checks that can be performed at or on behalf of a given location. 
     In certain example instances, a retailer may read an EPC tag at an in-store touchpoint (e.g., in connection with a received shipment, the movement of products from the stockroom to the shelf, a customer checkout, a product return/warranty request, a product entering or existing the building, etc.), e.g., so as to obtain the location-specific UID. The location-specific UID may be transmitted to the ER system, where the corresponding MSN is located. Information about the specific product and the specific transaction and/or interaction with the touchpoint thus may be stored and associated with both the location-specific UID and the MSN. Thus, in certain example instances, it becomes possible to identify stolen or potentially stolen goods by tracking either or both of MSNs and location-specific UIDs, and associated sales information. This information in certain example scenarios may become available much more quickly because the full (or at least a more complete) suite of ER techniques may be leveraged, e.g., as a result of the linkages established between the MSN and the EPC UID. 
       FIG. 15  is an exemplary flowchart for leveraging linked manufacturers&#39; serial numbers and location-specific unique identifiers, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In step  1502 , the ER system receives correlations or linkages between MSNs and EPC UIDs, e.g., from either or both of the manufacturer, and the end-location (e.g., a retailer). These correlations or linkages are stored to the ER database in step  1504 . Transaction records are received at the ER database from the location in step  1506 . The transaction records may be transmitted substantially in real-time or periodically (e.g., hourly, daily, etc.). The retailer may identify the transactions to the ER database with the MSN, e.g., as typical. However, because the correlation or linkage is known to the database, the location may instead provide the location-specific UID. The latter option may be advantageous in certain example scenarios, e.g., as the location may be equipped to process only its location-specific UIDs (which, in some cases, may be a UPC and serial number combination, an EPC, RFID, or other unique identifier). The transaction information that may be transmitted may include, for example, sale information (e.g., transaction number, price, date and/or time of sale, return/warranty policy information, etc.), return and/or warranty information (e.g., transaction number, date and/or time of return or warranty request, relevant policy information, resolution offered and/or accepted, etc.), and/or other transaction-related information. The ER database in step  1508  may additionally receive location touchpoint interaction information. This touchpoint interaction information may be accompanied by the location-specific UID and may correspond to, for example, products passing through entrance/exit doors, products being moved from one area of the location to another (e.g., among and/or between the backroom or stockroom, customer areas, checkout points, return/warranty areas, customer service areas, etc.). Touchpoint interaction information may be transmitted substantially in real-time or periodically (e.g., hourly, daily, etc.). In step  1510 , possible abnormalities as between the transaction records and the touchpoint interactions are searched for and potentially identified. Several examples of such abnormalities are provided below, although it is noted that they may include, for example, a product passing through an entrance/exit without having been sold, passing from a product display area to a return/warranty request area, moving from a stockroom out a back door or out a loading dock, etc. The identification of possible abnormalities may take place substantially in real-time, automatically (e.g., as a transaction record is created or updated, as touchpoint interaction information is generated) or upon an authorized user request, or at a later time (possibly in batch) in response to an automatic preprogrammed run or audit (e.g., daily, weekly, etc.) or when requested by an authorized user. 
     In step  1512 , alerts and/or reports for identified abnormalities may be transmitted from the ER system to the location, the manufacturer, law enforcement personnel, and/or any other party that happens to have been known to have scanned received the product (e.g., a reseller, auction house, pawnshop, etc.). For instance, alerts may be generated to interrupt a potential sale, return/warranty action, or other transaction. In some cases, the ER system may send an interrupt signal to the location&#39;s computer system to stop or otherwise prevent the transaction from proceeding, e.g., without manager approval or other appropriate authorization. Reports may be generated for possible in-store interrogation purposes, to create digests of stolen or missing items, etc. These reports may be useful in tracking the chain of custody and/or may be useful for in-store interrogation and/or other investigative actions. The alerts and/or reports may be generated substantially in real-time (e.g., in response to a user request, when a flagged product is being processed, when an abnormality is detected, etc.), and/or periodically (e.g., in batch). In one or more steps not shown, the ER system may transmit alerts and/or reports to the location (e.g., retailer, logistics company, or other member of the supply chain) from which a product “went missing,” e.g., when it “reappears” elsewhere in the network. This also may help facilitate theft prosecutions and/or item recoveries. 
       FIG. 16  is a schematic view of a sales location  1602  communicating with an ER system  1604  using linked manufacturers&#39; serial numbers and location-specific unique identifiers, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. Although one sales location  1602  is shown as communicating with the ER system  1604  over a network  1606  in the  FIG. 16  exemplary view, it will be appreciated that multiple sales location  1602  may communicate with the ER system  1604  over the ER system  1604 . As explained in detail above, the ER system  1604  may include an ER database  1608  and a computer  1610  (including processing resources such as, for example, at least one processor and a memory). The ER database  1608  may be stored to a non-transitory computer readable storage medium in certain exemplary embodiments. In addition, the ER database  1608  may store linkages/correlations as between the location-specific identifiers and MSNs. It is noted that MSNs may be provided to the ER database  1608  directly by the manufacturer in some cases. 
     As is typical for retail locations, the example sales location  1602  in  FIG. 16  shows a customer shopping area  1612  and a stock room  1614 , with a doorway  1616  therebetween. The location  1602  may receive materials via the loading dock  1618 . A customer service center  1620  is provided, e.g., for handling on-site return/warranty inquiries. Plural registers  1622   a - e  are available for customer checkout, etc., and a main store entrance/exit  1624  lies beyond the registers  1622 . 
     A computer system  1626  provided to the location may help serve as a connection to in-location systems (such as, for example, the registers, security systems, inventory tracking or logistics systems, etc.) and the ER system  1604 . In addition, the diamonds in  FIG. 16  represent EPC readers, which are disposed proximate to various “touchpoints” in the system. For instance, as can be discerned from  FIG. 16 , EPC readers help track when products are initially received (e.g., from the loading dock  1618  into the stock room  1604 ), moved to display areas for sale (e.g., from the stock room  1604  to the customer shopping area  1612 ), sold (e.g., at registers  1622   a - e ), are presented to customer service  1620  for return/warranty or other reasons, and/or exit/enter through the “front door”  1624 . These readers may be in wired or wireless connection with the computer system  1626  and may help in the reporting of location touchpoint interactions to the ER system  1604 . 
     The ER system&#39;s computer  1610  may include program logic or program modules configured to process incoming location touchpoint interaction data and incoming transaction information, as well as program logic or program modules configured to identify abnormalities therebetween and cause reports, alerts, and/or other notifications to be generated and sent to the appropriate parties (e.g., the location, law enforcement personnel, loss prevention specialists, logistics providers, true or rightful owners, etc.). 
     As indicated above, various types of abnormalities may be detected, and these detected abnormalities may be symptomatic of attempts at fraud. For example, items may be removed from store shelves and taken directly to the customer service returns desk for a fraudulent refund attempt. However, certain exemplary embodiments may alert the store that the item (1) was never sold and/or (2) never exited the building, and thus most likely is the property of the store. The item may be flagged as not eligible for a refund, and the store may suggest that the return attempt go under management or investigative review. Challenging refund attempts for stolen goods may help deter future theft-to-refund attempts, in addition to helping retailers identify attempts. 
     As another example, a person may try to return a stolen item for a refund or an in-store credit, claiming it was recently purchased but defective—or that that person has remorse and no longer wants the product. The item may even be new and unopened. In such cases, an abnormality may be detected when a retailer&#39;s EPC/RFID sensor at the entrance/exit doors detect a UID tag with an EPC number previously flagged as missing inventory. However, in certain example scenarios, when the customer enters the store with the item, the store&#39;s loss prevention staff may receive an automatically generated alert from the ER database SIRAS/(central database) with the EPC number and the date/time the EPC number exited the store, and possibly even the door through which the EPC number left. The loss prevention staff may then access video and/or other surveillance archives and attempt to determine the particular individual who stole the item exiting their store. At the returns desk, the item MSN may be scanned and/or the EPC may be looked-up. A check may be run against the ER database, and a determination may be made that the item was never sold and is in fact likely the property of the retailer. The loss prevention personnel may follow standard operating procedures to deal with the person attempting the fraudulent act. 
     As still another example, a customer may enter the store with an item identified (e.g., flagged in the ER database) as stolen. The ER database, upon identifying the presence of the flagged item, may send a notification or alert to the retailer, or to another authorized stakeholder. This notification may trigger another event, such as an audible alarm, or a call to an authorized loss prevention investigator, store manager, etc. 
     Certain exemplary embodiments also relate to the service of notifying a third-party (such as, for example, a commercial security system provider like ADT) of stolen property. For instance, as alluded to above, if an abnormality is detected (e.g., in real-time) by any of the location&#39;s door or inventory readers elsewhere, the system may trigger another event (such as, for example, an audible alarm, notification to loss prevention personnel, etc.), by taking advantage of integration with the location&#39;s security system provider. 
     The following hypothetical scenario helps demonstrate several ways in which the exemplary techniques set forth herein may be used to reduce fraudulent transactions. Assume, for the sake of argument, that a person purchases a new iPad from an Apple Store and also procures either an old model, a non-functioning or malfunctioning product, or a damaged product (e.g., through eBay). Assume further that the person places the second product in the new product&#39;s packaging and attempts a return transaction or puts in a warranty request. Certain exemplary embodiments may detect that there is a problem because there is a mismatch between the manufacturer&#39;s unique identifier assigned to the product actually being returned, and the manufacturer&#39;s unique identifier assigned to the product expected to be returned based on the location-specific identifier attached to the packaging. If a determination is made that there is a problem when the return transaction is attempted or when the warranty request is requested, then the particular transaction may be halted and appropriate actions may be taken (e.g., the person may be questioned, further information may be gathered to determine whether there really is an attempted fraud taking place, etc.). 
     In some cases, it may not be possible to detect a problem during the return or warranty transaction itself. In such cases, the person may have walked away with store credit, a gift card, a replacement product, etc. However, the problem may be detected downstream, e.g., when the product is returned to the manufacturer, warehouse, return center, or other location, and upon the party unpacking the packaging and determining that there is a mismatch between the product&#39;s actual unique identifier, and the unique identifier that is expected based on the location-specific identifier (or some other indicia). In such cases, the ER database may be updated to indicate that the store credit, gift card, replacement product, etc., is associated with the fraudulent transaction. Then, if the store credit or gift card is presented for redemption or as tender (for example), a real-time or other check can be made to determine that the presented item is itself fraudulent or tied to a fraudulent transaction. Historical information may be maintained to indicate, for example, how, when, and where the store credit or gift card was issued. For instance, historical information may tie the store credit or gift card to the particular fraudulent transaction by referencing data such as, for example, the serial number of the product returned, the serial number of the product expected to have been returned, the location-specific identifier, the store at which the fraudulent transaction took place, the time/date of the transaction, the store clerk associated with the fraudulent transaction, register number, transaction number, return center or other location that did the processing and/or noticed the problem, etc. It will be appreciated that the ER database may be updated by the POS, the manufacturer, and/or other parties, e.g., in order to provide a full and complete historical record or “chain” from the fraudulent activity to the flagged downstream activity. 
     Once the downstream activity is flagged (e.g., once a determination is made that the store credit or gift card is associated with an earlier fraudulent transaction), the present transaction may be halted. The person may be questioned, the product confiscated, use of the store credit or gift card denied, etc. Sometimes, however, gift cards are transferred from a fraudster to an unknowing or otherwise innocent bona fide purchaser for value. For example, some gift cards are sold at pawnshops, through online or other auction houses, etc. A store may wish to impart at least some goodwill to the unknowing or otherwise innocent bona fide purchaser for value. In such cases, the ER system may be consulted to indicate that there was a fraudulent activity associated with the card and provide assistance in attempting to track down the actual fraudster. However, the location may nonetheless honor some or all of the gift card (or other purchase). In certain exemplary embodiments, the ER database may store or otherwise provide access to policies or guidelines indicating how a manufacturer might treat such situations. For instance, the ER database may indicate that manufacturers are willing to honor some portion of the return (e.g., 50% or 100% of the value of the gift card may be honored by the manufacturer) so that the retailer can decide whether to also honor this portion or a smaller amount (in which case the retailer could make some profit on the transaction) or some higher amount (in which case the retailer could lose some money in the transaction). It will be appreciated that this example technique may explicitly or implicitly associate a gift card&#39;s or other value offering&#39;s identifier(s) to a chain tied to other products and also may in some cases store separate records for the gift card and/or other value offering (with such records potentially including unique and/or other identifiers). 
     Although certain exemplary embodiments have been described in connection with a location-specific identifier being picked up by an in-location security system that then initiates a lookup operation in the ER database in connection with a linked to manufacturer&#39;s unique identifier, the present invention is not so limited. For instance, certain exemplary embodiments may involve an in-location security system reading any one or more codes on an RFID tag, which may include a location-specific identifier and/or a manufacturer&#39;s unique identifier, and the ER database of certain exemplary embodiments may be configured to initiate a lookup based directly on this information and transmit a signal back to the security system as to whether an alarm should be raised and/or other action should be taken. In other words, it will be appreciated that the security system may transmit a packaging ID, a physical product ID, EPC, serial number and UPC combination, and/or any other identifier(s) to the ER system that may initiate a lookup operation based on some or all of this information directly, or after identifying an associated identifier by which the entries in the ER database are indexed. In certain example embodiments, once the ER database finds the appropriate record, a determination can be made as to whether there is a sales record and, based on the place where the security system picked up the tag, an alarm or other action can be made. For instance, if an exit door picks up a tag and there is no sales record, then an alarm should be raised. Similarly, on the return side, if a customer service related reader initiates a query in connection with a proposed return for a product for which there is no sales record, an alert may be generated. It will be appreciated that this latter example may help protect against situations where fraudsters remove products from shelves and take them straight to return counters, etc., e.g., claiming that they are unopened gifts for which there is no receipt. The system&#39;s security can be enhanced in certain exemplary embodiments by tracking all of the touchpoints in a location and/or across different locations and initiating queries as appropriate (e.g., potentially identifying when products exit a store or are returned when they have never been brought into a stockroom and/or sold, etc.). 
     Certain exemplary embodiments have been described in connection with a location. However, it will be appreciated that a location may actually include multiple physical locations or stores, e.g., in connection with retail chain or operation, e.g., that includes multiple different physical sites. Certain exemplary may be particularly advantageous in such scenarios, e.g., as inventory is moved between different stores. In a similar vein, it will be appreciated that although certain exemplary embodiments have been described in connection with retail and/or point-of-sale (POS) systems, different exemplary embodiments may be used at different types of establishments (e.g., wholesalers, distributers, auction houses, pawnshops, and/or the like), and/or with e-tailers or so-called “click-and-mortar” stores. 
     Although point-of-sale locations and retailers are discussed in connection with certain exemplary embodiments, it will be appreciated that the techniques set forth herein may be used in connection with online sellers, e-tailers, wholesalers, distributers, manufacturers, and/or other parties. Thus, the terms POS and retailers should not be read narrowly as including only traditional “brick-and-mortar” stores unless clearly and unambiguously indicated. 
     As indicated above, location-specific unique identifiers need not necessarily be EPCs or RFID-related and in any event may, for example, include UPC and/or serial number combination information, or other uniquely identifying information. Similarly, transactions may be registered in connection with any suitable unique identifier, and not necessarily manufacturers&#39; serial numbers. Simply stated, certain exemplary embodiments may make use of separate unique identifiers typically used by the ER system and the location. 
     While the invention has been described in connection with exemplary illustrative non-limiting implementations, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed implementations, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.