Patent Publication Number: US-2023158219-A1

Title: Method for Regenerating Adsorber and Dialysis System

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/768,008 filed May 28, 2020, which is the United States national phase of International Application No. PCT/JP2018/043600 filed Nov. 27, 2018, and claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-228862 filed Nov. 29, 2017, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present disclosure is related to a method for regenerating an adsorber and a dialysis system. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Conventionally, there is a method for removing harmful substances from a blood filtrate in an ultrafiltration type blood purification apparatus. 
     The method for removing harmful substances employs two or more adsorbers which are filled with nitrogen containing fibrous activated carbon adsorbent alternately or in a predetermined order to adsorb harmful substances with one or more adsorbers. Harmful substances are desorbed (regeneration of the adsorber) from the one or more adsorbers which have adsorbed the harmful substances and are not currently being utilized for adsorption. That is, adsorption of the harmful substances by the adsorbers and desorption of the harmful substances from the adsorbers are alternately conducted during treatment in which a patient&#39;s blood is circulated through an ultrafiltration membrane refer to Japanese Examined Application Publication No. S64-9029). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The method for removing harmful substances from adsorbers in a conventional conventional blood purification apparatus requires a large and complex apparatus, and it is difficult to change the installation location of such a blood purification apparatus. 
     According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for regenerating an adsorber, which has a porous body and does not have an enzyme, is provided. The method for regenerating an adsorber includes: 
     a dialysis step in which the adsorber is connected to a dialysate circulation unit to adsorb uremic substances in a dialysate onto the adsorber; and 
     a regenerating step following the dialysis step, in which the uremic substances which are adsorbed onto the adsorber are removed by regenerating water that flows in a regenerating water flow unit. 
     According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a method for regenerating an adsorber and a dialysis system that facilitates changing installation locations of a blood purification apparatus. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1 A  is a diagram for explaining a dialysis system according to a first embodiment during treatment. 
         FIG.  1 B  is a diagram for explaining the dialysis system according to the first embodiment during regeneration. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a diagram for explaining a dialysis system according to a second embodiment during treatment. 
         FIG.  2 B  is a diagram for explaining the dialysis system according to the second embodiment during regeneration. 
         FIG.  3    is a graph that shows the results of a urea electrolysis test. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Hereinafter, embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. 
     Hereinafter, a first aspect (hereinafter, referred to as “first embodiment”) will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Note that the same elements will be denoted by the same reference numbers or reference symbols throughout the entirety of the description of the embodiments. Note that in the following description, unless otherwise specified, the term “treatment” refers to a state in which the blood of a patient  200  is being circulated through a dialyzer  30  in a blood circulation unit  10 , and the term “regeneration” refers to a state in which the blood of the patient  200  is not being circulated in the blood circulation unit  10 . Note that although the present embodiment shows an example applied to hemodialysis, the present disclosure is not limited to such a configuration. The present disclosure may be applied to all blood purification treatments such as hemofiltration and hemofiltration dialysis. Note that in the following description, the term “dialysis” refers to dialysis treatment. 
       FIG.  1 A  is a diagram for explaining a dialysis system  100  according to a first embodiment during treatment, and  FIG.  1 B  is a diagram for explaining the dialysis system  100  according to the first embodiment during regeneration. 
     (Dialysis System) 
     The dialysis system  100  according to the first embodiment is a blood purification apparatus for performing hemodialysis treatment. The dialysis system  100  performs hemodialysis by guiding the blood of the patient  200  to the dialyzer  30 , which is external of the patient&#39;s body, and returning purified blood to the body of the patient  200 . 
     In greater detail, the dialysis system  100  is equipped with a dialysate circulation unit  20  which is connected to the blood circulation unit  10  via the dialyzer  30 , an adsorber  40  (adsorption column) having a porous body, and a regenerating water flow unit  50 , as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A  and  FIG.  1 B . 
     The blood circulation unit  10  is a component for circulating blood between a shunt  210  which is applied to the body of the patient  200  and the dialyzer  30  which is provided external of the body of the patient  200 . The blood circulation unit  10  includes an arterial blood circuit  12  and a venous blood circuit  13  that connect the dialyzer  30  to the shunt  210  via a first connection unit  11 . In addition, functional units such as a blood pump, a supplemental fluid supply line, an anticoagulant injection unit, an air trap chamber, a measuring instrument, and a monitoring device, which are not illustrated, are provided in the blood circulation unit  10  as appropriate. 
     The dialyzer  30  is an artificial kidney that purifies the blood of the patient  200  by exchanging substances between the blood of the patient  200  and a dialysate through the operations of diffusion and filtration through a semipermeable membrane. The dialyzer  30  is, for example, that in which a plurality of fine tubes formed by a semipermeable membrane, through which the blood of the patient  200  passes, are covered with a cylindrical body through which the dialysate passes, as a component of the dialysate circulation unit  20 . 
     The dialysate circulation unit  20  is a component for circulating the dialysate between the dialyzer  30  and the adsorber  40 . The dialysate circulation section  20  includes dialysate circuits  21  and  22  that connect the adsorber  40  to the dialyzer  30  via a third connection (not illustrated). In addition, functional units such as a dialysate pump, a dialysate supply line, a balance chamber, a heater, a drainage line, a measuring device, a monitoring device, and a dialysate control apparatus, which are not illustrated, are provided in the dialysate circulation unit  20  as appropriate. 
     The adsorber  40  includes a porous body which is capable of directly adsorbing uremic substances. That is, the adsorber  40  is an adsorber that can directly adsorb uremic substances. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, it is not practically necessary for the adsorber  40  to have an enzyme for decomposing urea, such as urease. Accordingly, in the present specification, the “adsorber  40  not having an enzyme” means that the adsorber  40  is practically free of an enzyme for decomposing urea. The expression “practically free of an enzyme for decomposing urea” means that an aspect that contains an enzyme for decomposing urea in an amount that does not practically function (for example, if an amount of urea which is adsorbed by the porous body is designated as X [g] and the amount of urea decomposed by an enzyme is designated as Y [g], the aspect is that in which Y/(X+Y)≤0.1) is not excluded. Note that in the following, it is assumed that the adsorber  40  does not contain any enzymes, including an enzyme for decomposing urea or an enzyme for another use, but may contain a small amount of an enzyme for another use. 
     In addition, the adsorber  40  may include a layer of the porous body which is capable of directly adsorbing uremic substances and layers of other elements. In this case, the layers of the other elements may contain enzymes. In this case, the “adsorber not having an enzyme” refers to the portion of the porous body layer which is capable of directly adsorbing the uremic substances in the adsorber  40 . 
     A carbon based adsorbent is an example of the porous body which is capable of directly adsorbing a uremic substance. The carbon based adsorbent may be, for example, an aggregate of natural products having a porous structure such as activated carbon particles, or an aggregate of formed products having a porous structure such as beads that have pores with an average pore diameter of about 8 nm. As described above, because the adsorber  40  has the carbon based adsorbent, the adsorbed uremic substance can be easily desorbed (removed) with regenerating water. Accordingly, it is possible for the adsorber  40  to be regenerated. Here, the uremic substances include urea, creatinine, potassium, etc. 
     Here, the regenerating water is water that practically does not contain urea. Examples of the regenerating water include: a liquid in which urea which is contained in utilized regenerating water has been electrolyzed; RO water; physiological saline; unused dialysate, or tap water. Tap water is utilized after being disinfected as appropriate. Note that with respect to the regenerating water that contains urea which is desorbed from the adsorber  40 , the urea is removed by electrolysis as will be described later. However, there are cases in which it is difficult to completely remove urea at this time. Therefore, there are cases in which the liquid, obtained by electrolyzing urea which is contained in the utilized regenerating water, contains urea at a certain concentration. In addition, basically, the lower the concentration of urea contained in the regenerating water, the higher the regeneration ability (the ability to desorb urea from the adsorber  40 ) will become. 
     In addition, the adsorber  40  does not have an enzyme for decomposing urea. Therefore, it is not necessary to add or exchange enzymes in order to regenerate the activity of the enzymes that decreases accompanying the decomposition of urea over time. Therefore, the adsorber  40  can be maintained in a fixed state in the dialysate circulation unit  20 , and the dialysis system  100 , that is, the blood purification apparatus, can be made compact. 
     The regenerating water flow unit  50  is a flow channel for causing regenerating water to flow from a regenerating water control apparatus  51  to the adsorber  40 . Note that the first embodiment will be described as an example of a flow channel in which the regenerating water flow unit  50  circulates regenerating water by causing regenerating water to flow from the regenerating water control apparatus  51  to the adsorber  40  and returning the regenerating water to the regenerating water control apparatus  51 . Alternatively, the regenerating water flow unit  50  may be a flow channel that causes fresh regenerating water, which is supplied by waterworks, etc., to the adsorber  40  and then discharges the regenerating water without circulating it, to discard the regenerating water. That is, the regenerating water flow unit  50  may be a flow channel that causes regenerating water to flow to the adsorber  40  without passing through the regenerating water control apparatus  51  and additionally without circulating the regenerating water. 
     The regenerating water control apparatus  51  is connected to respective connection switching units  41  at the upstream side of the adsorber  40  (the side at which the dialysate containing the uremic substance flows into the adsorber  40 ) and the downstream side (the side at which the dialysate from which uremic substances are desorbed flows out from the adsorber  40 ) via regenerating water circuits  54  and  55 . Note that the regenerating water circuits  54  and  55  may be equipped with second connection units  52  (not illustrated in  FIG.  1   ; refer to  FIG.  2 B ) which are capable of being connected to the respective connection switching units  41  on the upstream side and the downstream side of the adsorber  40 . In addition, the regenerating water flow unit  50  is provided with functional units such as a regenerating water supply line, a regenerating water pump, and a drain line, as appropriate. 
     In addition, the regenerating water flow unit  50  is equipped with an electrolytic tank  53  for electrolyzing desorbed urea, that is, urea which is contained in the utilized regenerating water that flows in the regenerating water flow unit  50 . Specifically, the electrolytic tank  53  stores a portion of the regenerating water that circulates in the regenerating water flow unit  50  and causes DC current to flow to a portion of the stored regenerating water in order to electrolyze urea, which is dissolved in the regenerating water by being desorbed from the adsorber  40  and is a urotoxin. Note that the electrolytic tank  53  includes a gas discharge unit for discharging gas which is generated by electrolysis. 
     Thereby, the adsorbed urea, which is a urotoxin, can be effectively dissolved, so that the amount of regenerating water, which is generally about 18 liters, can be reduced approximately 1 liter, for example. In addition, the amount of regenerating water which is generally utilized is approximately 18 liters as a result of calculating the amount which is required when the regenerating water is caused to flow at a flow rate of 50 mL/min for 6 hours. In the case of the embodiment that includes the electrolytic tank  53 , it is only necessary for a priming volume (filling amount) of the adsorber  40  and the other components to be satisfied. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the volume of the required amount of regenerating water to approximately 1 liter. 
     Here, as shown in the change from the state illustrated in  FIG.  1 A  to the state illustrated in  FIG.  1 B , the regenerating water flow unit  50  is connectable to the adsorber  40 . Specifically, for example, the adsorber  40  is equipped with the connection switching units  41  that have the function of switching valves that switch the connection between the regenerating water flow unit  50  and the dialysate circulation unit  20  on the upstream side and the downstream side of the dialysate circulation unit  20 , respectively. 
     The connection switching units  41  cut off the connection with the regenerating water flow unit  50  when connected to the dialysate circulation unit  20 , and cut off the connection with the dialysate circulation unit  20  when connected to the regenerating water flow unit  50 . 
     Note that the regenerating water flow unit  50  may be connectable to the connection switching unit  41  of the adsorber  40  by the second connection unit  52  which is provided in the regenerating water circuits  54  and  55 . Thereby, the adsorber  40  can be disconnected from the dialysate circuits  21  and  22  of the dialysate circulation unit  20  and connected to the regenerating water circuits  54  and  55  of the regenerating water flow section  50  between a dialysis step and a regeneration step. 
     Because the regenerating water flow unit  50  is connectable to the adsorber  40  in this manner, it is possible for the regenerating water flow unit  50  that includes the regenerating water control apparatus  51  to be separated from the dialysate circulation unit  20 . Therefore, as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , during treatment, a space for installing the regenerating water flow unit  50  that includes the regenerating water control apparatus  51  adjacent to the dialysate circulation unit  20  is unnecessary, and it is only necessary to secure a space for installing each of the functional units which are provided in the blood circulation unit  10  and the dialysate circulation unit  20 . 
     Accordingly, the dialysis system  100 , that is, the blood purification device can be made compact and can be easily installed in different locations. 
     (Method for Regenerating Adsorber) 
     Next, a method for regenerating the adsorber  40  that employs the dialysis system  100  of the first embodiment will be described. 
     The method for regenerating the adsorber  40  according to the present embodiment can be applied to the regeneration of the adsorber  40  having the porous body. 
     (1) First, as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , the first connection unit  11  of the blood circulation unit  10  is connected to the shunt  210  of the patient  200 , and the adsorber  40  having the porous body is connected to the dialysate circulation unit  20 . Uremic substances which are present in a dialysate is adsorbed to the adsorber  40  (dialysis step). The first connection unit  11  is a component for connecting the arterial blood circuit  12  and the venous blood circuit  13  of the blood circulation unit  10  to the shunt  210  of the patient  200 , and directly pierces the shunt  210  of the patient  200 . The first connection unit  11  is equipped with a piercing needle (not shown), and a shunt connector (not shown) for detachably connecting the piercing needle to the arterial blood circuit  12  and the venous blood circuit  13 . 
     Specifically, the connection between the adsorber  40  and the regenerating water flow unit  50  is switched and connected to the dialysate circulation section  20  by the connection switching section  41 , and a dialysate control apparatus (not shown) is driven. By this dialysis step, the uremic substances which are present in the blood of the patient  200  are adsorbed onto the adsorber  40 , and the blood of the patient  200  is purified. 
     (2) Next, as illustrated in  FIG.  1 B , the circulation unit to which the adsorber  40  is connected is switched from the dialysate circulation unit  20  to the regenerating water flow unit  50  by the connection switching unit  41 . Note that the adsorber  40  may be separated from the dialysate circulation unit  20 , and then the connection switching unit  41  of the adsorber  40  may be switched to a connection with the regeneratingwater flow unit  50  thereafter. 
     (3) Then, after the dialysis step, the regenerating water control apparatus  51  is driven, and the uremic substances which are adsorbed on the adsorber  40  are desorbed by the regenerating water that flows through the regenerating water flow unit  50  (regenerating step). 
     This regenerating step desorbs the uremic substances which are adsorbed on the adsorber. 
     (4) The regenerating water that flows through the regenerating water flow unit  50  during the regeneration step is electrolyzed. 
     (5) Subsequently, after the regeneration step, the adsorber  40  and the regenerating water flow unit  50  that includes the regenerating water circuits  54  and  55  is cleansed and/or disinfected by heating, etc. (cleansing/disinfecting step). As an alternative to disinfection by heating, disinfection by a chemical solution (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, etc.) may be conducted. 
     In the cleansing/disinfecting step, the adsorber  40  and the regenerating water flow unit  50  that includes the regenerating water circuits  54  and  55  may be independently cleansed and/or disinfected. Thereby, the regenerating water flow unit  50  can be reused. 
     Further, the dialysate circulation unit  20  that includes the dialysate circuits  21  and  22  may be cleansed and/or disinfected in the cleansing/disinfecting step in addition to the regenerating water flow unit  50 . Thereby, the regenerating water stream  50  and the dialysate circulation unit  20  can be reused. 
     Still further, the dialysate circulation unit  20  and the blood circulation unit  10  that includes the dialyzer  30 , the arterial blood circuit  12 , and the venous blood circuit  13  may be cleansed and/or disinfected in the cleansing/disinfecting step in addition to the regenerating water flow unit  50 . Thereby, the regenerating water flow unit  50 , the dialysate circulation unit  20 , and the blood circulation unit  10  can be reused. 
     (6) The adsorber  40  is connected to the dialysate circulation unit  20  to execute the dialysis step again. 
     (7) The dialysis step and the regeneration step are alternately repeated. 
     By performing the regeneration step after performing the dialysis step in this manner, the uremic substances which are adsorbed on the adsorber  40  can be desorbed and the adsorber  40  can be regenerated. Therefore, it is not necessary to separate the desorber  40  from the dialysate circulation unit  20 , the configuration of the dialysis system  100  need not be complex, and the operation for regenerating the adsorber  40  is simplified. Further, because the adsorber  40  can be regenerated a plurality of times by repeating the dialysis step and the regenerating step, it is not necessary to separate the desorber  40  from the dialysate circulation unit  20 , the configuration of the dialysis system  100  need not be complex, and the operation for regenerating the adsorber  40  is simplified. 
     Note that because there is a cleansing/disinfecting step between the regeneration step and the next dialysis step, not only RO water but also ordinary water such as non-disinfected tap water may be utilized as the regenerating water. Because tap water supplied from waterworks may be utilized, there are advantages that transport is not required as in the case that water stored in a physiological saline solution bag is utilized, and an RO water manufacturing apparatus is not required as in the case that RO water is utilized. It is only necessary to connect the dialysis system  100  to waterworks, which is simple. 
     Next, a second aspect (hereinafter, referred to as “second embodiment”) will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment mainly in the point that the regenerating water flow unit  50  is connectable to the first connection unit  11 . In addition, the regeneration method during regeneration differs between the second embodiment and the first embodiment. Descriptions of points which are the same as those of the first embodiment may be omitted. 
       FIG.  2 A  is a diagram for explaining a dialysis system  100  according to the second embodiment during treatment, and  FIG.  2 B  is a diagram for explaining the dialysis system  100  according to the second embodiment during regeneration. 
     (Dialysis System) 
     Similarly to the dialysis system  100  of the first embodiment, the dialysis system  100  of the second embodiment is equipped with a dialysate circulation unit  20  which is connected to a blood circulation unit  10  via a dialyzer  30 , an adsorber  40  (adsorption column) having a porous body, and a regenerating water flow unit  50 , as illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  and  FIG.  2 B . 
     However, more specifically, the regenerating water flow unit  50  is connectable to the first connection unit  11 , which is for connecting blood circuits  12  and  13  of a blood circulation unit  10  to a shunt  210 , as shown in the change from the state which is illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  to the state which is illustrated in  FIG.  2 B . Thereby, the regenerating water flow unit  50  is indirectly connectable to the adsorber  40  through the blood circulation unit  10  that includes the first connection unit  10 , and a dialysate circulation unit  20 . In addition, the regenerating water flow unit  50  is also indirectly connectable to the adsorber  40  by utilizing the first connection unit  11  for connecting to the shunt  210 . Therefore, the adsorber  40  does not require a special structure, such as a connection switching unit  41  for switching between a connection with the regenerating water flow unit  50  and a connection with the dialysate circulation unit  20 . Accordingly, the configuration of the adsorber  40  can be simplified. 
     (Method for Regenerating Adsorber) 
     Next, a method for regenerating the adsorber  40  that employs the dialysis system  100  of the second embodiment will be described. 
     The method for regenerating the adsorber  40  according to the present embodiment can be applied to the regeneration of the adsorber  40  having the porous body. 
     (1) First, as illustrated in  FIG.  2 A , the first connection unit  11  of the blood circulation unit  10  is connected to the shunt  210  of the patient  200 , and the adsorber  40  having the porous body is connected to the dialysate circulation unit  20 . Uremic substances which are present in a dialysate is adsorbed to the adsorber  40  (dialysis step). in a manner similar to the method for regenerating the adsorber  40  that employs the dialysis system  100  of the first embodiment. 
     Specifically, a dialysate control apparatus (not shown), which is provided in the dialysate circulation unit  20  to which the adsorber  40  is connected, is driven. By this dialysis step, the uremic substances which are present in the blood of the patient  200  are adsorbed onto the adsorber  40 , and the blood of the patient  200  is purified. 
     (2) Next, following the dialysis step, the adsorber  40  in the dialysate circulation unit  20  is indirectly connected to the regenerating water flow unit  50  via the blood circulation unit  10 . That is, the connection of the first connection unit  11  for connecting with the shunt  210  is switched to a connection with the regenerating water flow unit  50 . 
     Specifically, the first connection unit  11  of the blood circulation unit  10  is removed from the shunt  210  of the patient  200  and connected with a second connection unit  52  of the regenerating water flow unit  50 . Thereby, the adsorber  40  is indirectly connected to the regenerating water flow unit  50  via the dialysate circulation unit  20  and the blood circulation unit  10 . 
     Here, in greater detail, blood during treatment flows in order from the shunt  210 , the arterial piercing needle, the arterial blood circuit  12 , the dialyzer  30 , the venous blood circuit  13 , the venous piercing needle, and to the shunt  210 . The shunt  210  and the arterial piercing needle, a shunt connector between the arterial piercing needle and the arterial blood circuit  12 , the arterial blood circuit  12  and the dialyzer  30 , the dialyzer  30  and the venous blood circuit  13 , the shunt connector between the venous blood circuit  13  and the venous piercing needle, and the shunt connector between the venous piercing needle and the shunt  210  are attachable and detachable. For this reason, for example, the arterial blood circuit  12  may be detached from the arterial piercing needle, the venous blood circuit  13  may be detached from the venous piercing needle, the arterial blood circuit  12  and the venous blood circuit  13  may be connected to the piercing needles, and the blood circulation unit.  10  may be connected to the second connection unit  52  of the regenerating water flow part  50  via a shunt connector which is provided between the piercing needles and the blood circulation unit  10 . In addition, for example, the arterial piercing needle and the venous piercing needle may be withdrawn from the shunt  210 , and the arterial piercing needle and the venous piercing needle may be directly connected to the second connection unit  52  of the regenerating water flow unit  50 . 
     (3) Next, following the dialysis step, a regenerating water control apparatus  51  is driven, and uremic substances which are adsorbed on the adsorber  40  are desorbed by regenerating water that flows through the regenerating water flow unit  50  (regeneration step). 
     (4) The regenerating water that flows through the regenerating water flow unit  50  during the regeneration step is electrolyzed. 
     (5) Subsequently, after the regeneration step, the dialysate circulation unit  20  that includes the adsorber  40 , the blood circulation unit  10 , and the regenerating water flow unit  50  are cleansed and/or disinfected by heating, etc. (cleansing/disinfecting step). Note that as an alternative to disinfection by heating, disinfection by a chemical solution (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, etc.) may be conducted. Thereby, the regenerating water flow unit  50 , the dialysate circulation unit  20 , and the blood circulating nit  10  can be reused. 
     (6) The adsorber  40  is connected to the shunt  210  of the patient  200  via the dialysate circulation unit  20  and the first connection unit  11  of the blood circulation unit  10  to execute the dialysis step again. 
     (7) The dialysis step and the regeneration step are alternately repeated. 
     The method for regenerating the adsorber  40  according to the second embodiment utilizes the first connection unit  11  of the blood circulation unit  10  in the manner described above, and therefore, compared to the method for regenerating the adsorber  40  according to the first embodiment, the method for regenerating the adsorber  40  according to the second embodiment is more effective than that of the first embodiment, because there is no switching step for switching the connection by the connection switching unit  41  of the adsorber  40  between the connection with the regenerating water flow unit  50  and the connection with the dialysate circulation unit  20 . Therefore, the connection switching unit  41  is not necessary in the adsorber  40 , and the operations involved in regeneration of the adsorber  40  can be simplified, and the configuration of the dialysis system  100  can be simplified. 
     Further, after the dialysis step is performed, by performing the regeneration step, the uremic substance adsorbed on the adsorber  40  can be desorbed and the adsorber  40  can be regenerated. There is no need to disconnect, the dialysis system  100  can be simplified, and the operation for regenerating the adsorber  40  is simplified. Further, because the adsorber  40  can be regenerated a plurality of times by repeating the dialysis step and the regenerating step, there is no need to separate the adsorber  40  from the dialysate circulation unit  20 , the dialysis system  100  can be simplified, and the operation for regenerating the adsorber  40  is simplified. 
     According to the method for regenerating the adsorber  40 , the adsorber  40  which has a porous body and does not have an enzyme is regenerated. The dialysis step in which the adsorber  40  is connected to the dialysate circulation unit  20  to adsorb uremic substances onto the adsorber  40  and, after the dialysis step, the regeneration step in which the uremic substances which are adsorbed on the adsorber  40  are desorbed by the regenerating water that flows through the regenerating water flow unit  50  are repeated. The regenerating water flow unit  50  can be spatially separated during treatment. Compared particularly to a dialysis system that presumes that desorption of uremic substances from the adsorber  40  (regeneration of the adsorber  40 ) is performed simultaneously during treatment, the dialysis system  100  can be made compact during treatment. In addition, the blood purification apparatus which is constituted by the dialysate circulation unit  20  and the blood circulation unit  10 , excluding the regenerating water flow unit  50 , can be easily installed in different locations. 
     According to the dialysis system  100 , the dialysis system  100  is equipped with the dialysate circulation unit  20  and the adsorber  40  that is connected to the dialysate circulation unit  20  and has a porous body and does not have an enzyme. Because the regenerating water flow unit  50  is connectable to the adsorber  40 , the regenerating water flow unit  50  can be spatially separated during treatment. The dialysis system  100  during treatment can be made more compact compared to a dialysis system that presumes that desorption of the uremic substances (regeneration of the adsorber  40 ) is performed simultaneously with treatment. The blood purification apparatus that includes the dialysate circulation unit  20  and the blood circulation unit  10 , excluding the regenerating water flow unit  50 , can be made compact, and the blood purification device can be easily installed in different locations. 
     Next, an embodiment, in which the dialysis system  100  of the first embodiment described above is not changed, but the method for regenerating the adsorber of the first embodiment is changed, will be described as a third embodiment. 
     The method for regenerating the adsorber  40  according to the present embodiment can be applied to the regeneration of the adsorber  40  having a porous body. The regeneration method of the adsorber  40  according to the present embodiment is different from the method for regenerating the adsorber described as the first embodiment in that the cleaning/disinfecting step after the regeneration step can be omitted or simplified. Hereinafter, the method for regenerating the adsorber  40  according to the present embodiment will be described in detail with reference to  FIG.  1 A  and  FIG.  1 B  again. 
     (1) First, in a manner similar to the method for regenerating the adsorber  40  that employs the dialysis system  100  of the first embodiment described above, the first connection unit  11  of the blood circulation unit  10  is connected to the shunt  210  of the patient  200 . The adsorber  40  having a porous body is connected to the dialysate circulation unit  20  to adsorb uremic substances in the dialysate onto the adsorber  40  (dialysis step), as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A . 
     (2) Next, in a manner similar to the method for regenerating the adsorber  40  that employs the dialysis system  100  of the first embodiment, the circulation unit to which the adsorber  40  is connected is switched to the regenerating water flow unit  50  from the dialysate circulation unit  20  by the connection switching unit  41 , as illustrated in  FIG.  1 B . Note that the adsorber  40  may be separated from the dialysate circulation unit  20 , and then the connection switching unit  41  of the adsorber  40  may switch to the connection with the regenerating water flow unit  50  thereafter. 
     (3) Then, after the dialysis step, the regenerating water control apparatus  51  is driven to desorb the uremic substances which are adsorbed on the adsorber  40  by the regenerating water that flows through the regenerating water flow unit  50  (regeneration step). At this time, in the present embodiment, water that contains chloride ions is utilized as the regenerating water. The concentration of chloride ions is adapted to ensure a necessary amount of the amount of hypochlorous acid to be described later, and may be, for example, equal to the concentration of chloride ions in physiological saline. Therefore, physiological saline may be utilized as the regenerating water. 
     This regeneration step desorbs the uremic substance which are adsorbed on the adsorber  40 . 
     (4) The regenerating water that flows in the regenerating water flow section  50  during the regeneration step is electrolyzed in the electrolytic tank  53 . At this time, chloride ions which are contained in the regenerating water are oxidized by electrodes to generate hypochlorous acid. That is, when the regenerating water is electrolyzed, urea is electrolyzed and hypochlorous acid is generated. 
     In the present embodiment, hypochlorous acid is generated during the regeneration step in this manner. Hypochlorous acid, as is widely known, is capable of being decomposed in aqueous solutions and can be utilized as a disinfectant. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the hypochlorous acid in the regenerating water can function as a disinfectant. Specifically, during the regeneration step as well, because the regenerating water that contains the hypochlorous acid flows through the regenerating water flow unit  50 , the regenerating water flow unit  50  can be disinfected. 
     (5) Subsequently, after the regeneration step, the adsorber  40  and the regenerating water flow unit  50  that includes the regenerating water circuits  54  and  55  is cleansed and/or disinfected by heating, etc. (cleansing/disinfecting step). Note that as an alternative to disinfection by heating, disinfection by a chemical solution (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, etc.) may be conducted. 
     In the cleansing/disinfecting step, the adsorber  40  and the regenerating water flow unit  50  that includes the regenerating water circuits  54  and  55  may be independently cleansed and/or disinfected. Thereby, the regenerating water flow unit  50  can be reused. 
     However, in the present embodiment, during the regeneration step, the regenerating water flow unit  50  can be disinfected by utilizing hypochlorous acid which is generated as a byproduct when urea is electrolyzed, as described above. Therefore, it is possible to omit or simplify the cleansing/disinfecting step after the regenerating step described in (5). 
     Note that in the present embodiment as well, the dialysate circulation unit  20  that includes the dialysate circuits  21  and  22  may be cleansed and/or disinfected in the cleansing/disinfecting step in addition to the regenerating water flow unit  50 . Thereby, the regenerating water stream  50  and the dialysate circulation unit  20  can be reused. 
     Further, the dialysate circulation unit  20  and the blood circulation unit  10  that includes the dialyzer  30 , the arterial blood circuit  12 , and the venous blood circuit  13  may be cleansed and/or disinfected in the cleansing/disinfecting step in addition to the regenerating water flow unit  50 . Thereby, the regenerating water flow unit  50 , the dialysate circulation unit  20 , and the blood circulation unit  10  can be reused. 
     (6) The adsorber  40  is connected to the dialysate circulation unit  20  to execute the dialysis step again. 
     (7) The dialysis step and the regeneration step are alternately repeated. 
     In this manner, the same effects as those of the first embodiment described above can be obtained by the third embodiment. Further, according to the third embodiment, by utilizing water that contains chloride ions as the regenerating water, it is possible to generate hypochlorous acid as a byproduct during the regeneration step when urea is electrolyzed. In addition, because the regenerating water flow unit  50  can be disinfected utilizing the hypochlorous acid, it is possible to omit or simplify the cleansing/disinfecting step after the regenerating step (in particular, the cleansing/disinfecting step related to the regenerating water flow unit  50 ). 
     Next, an embodiment, in which the dialysis system  100  of the second embodiment described above is not changed, but the method for regenerating the adsorber of the second embodiment is changed, will be described as a fourth embodiment. 
     The method for regenerating the adsorber  40  according to the present embodiment can be applied to the regeneration of the adsorber  40  having a porous body. The regeneration method of the adsorber  40  according to the present embodiment is different from the method for regenerating the adsorber described as the second embodiment in that the cleaning/disinfecting step after the regeneration step can be omitted or simplified. Hereinafter, the method for regenerating the adsorber  40  according to the present embodiment will be described in detail with reference to  FIG.  2 A  and  FIG.  2 B  again. 
     (1) First, in a manner similar to the method for regenerating the adsorber  40  that employs the dialysis system  100  of the second embodiment described above, the first connection unit  11  of the blood circulation unit  10  is connected to the shunt  210  of the patient  200 . The adsorber  40  having a porous body is connected to the dialysate circulation unit  20  to adsorb uremic substances in the dialysate onto the adsorber  40  (dialysis step), as illustrated in  FIG.  2 A . 
     (2) Next, in a manner similar to the method for regenerating the adsorber  40  that employs the dialysis system  100  of the second embodiment, the adsorber  40  in the dialysate circulation unit  20  is indirectly connected to the regenerating water flow unit  50  via the blood circulation unit  10 , as illustrated in  FIG.  2 B . That is, the first connection unit  11  for connecting with the shunt  210  is switched from a connection with the shunt  210  to a connection with the regenerating water flow unit  50 . 
     (3) Then, after the dialysis step, the regenerating water control apparatus  51  is driven to desorb the uremic substances which are adsorbed on the adsorber  40  by the regenerating water that flows through the regenerating water flow unit  50  (regeneration step). At this time, in the present embodiment, water that contains chloride ions is utilized as the regenerating water. The concentration of chloride ions is adapted to ensure a necessary amount of the amount of hypochlorous acid to be described later, and may be, for example, equal to the concentration of chloride ions in physiological saline. Therefore, physiological saline may be utilized as the regenerating water. 
     This regeneration step desorbs the uremic substances which are adsorbed on the adsorber  40 . 
     (4) The regenerating water that flows in the regenerating water flow section  50  during the regeneration step is electrolyzed in the electrolytic tank  53 . At this time, chloride ions which are contained in the regenerating water are oxidized by electrodes to generate hypochlorous acid. With regard to this point, it is the same as the case of the third embodiment described above. 
     In the present embodiment, hypochlorous acid is generated during the regeneration step in this manner. Hypochlorous acid, as is widely known, is capable of being decomposed in aqueous solutions and can be utilized as a disinfectant. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the hypochlorous acid in the regenerating water can function as a disinfectant. Specifically, during the regeneration step as well, because the regenerating water that contains the hypochlorous acid flows through the regenerating water flow unit  50 , the regenerating water flow unit  50  can be disinfected. 
     Here, in the present embodiment, the blood circulation unit  10  is connected to the regenerating water flow unit  50  as illustrated in  FIG.  2 B . Therefore, the arterial blood circuit  12  and the venous blood circuit  13  within the blood circulation unit  10  can be disinfected by the hypochlorous acid which is contained in the regenerating water in addition to the regenerating water circuits  54  and  55  within the regenerating water flow unit  50 . In addition, the dialyzer  30  which is connected to the blood circulation unit  10  can also be disinfected. Further, the regenerating water that reaches the dialyzer  30  via the blood circulation unit  10  can further flow to the dialysate circulation unit  20  via the dialyzer  30 . Accordingly, in the present embodiment, the dialysate circuit  21 , etc. within the dialysate circulation unit  20  can be disinfected by the hypochlorous acid which is contained in the regenerating water. 
     (5) Subsequently, after the regeneration step, the dialysate circulation unit  20  that includes adsorber  40 , the blood circulation unit  10 , and the regenerating water flow unit  50  are cleansed and/or disinfected by heating, etc. (cleansing/disinfecting step). Note that as an alternative to disinfection by heating, disinfection by a chemical solution (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, etc.) may be conducted. Thereby, the regenerating water flow unit  50 , the dialysate circulation unit  20 , and the blood circulation unit  10  can be reused. 
     However, in the present embodiment, during the regeneration step, the dialysate circulation unit  20 , the blood circulation unit  10 , and the regenerating water flow unit  50  can be disinfected by utilizing hypochlorous acid which is generated as a byproduct when urea is electrolyzed, as described above. Therefore, it is possible to omit or simplify the cleansing/disinfecting step after the regenerating step described in (5). 
     (6) The adsorber  40  is connected to shunt  210  of the patient  200  via the dialysate circulation unit  20  and the blood circulation unit  10  to execute the dialysis step again. 
     (7) The dialysis step and the regeneration step are alternately repeated. 
     In this manner, the same effects as those of the second embodiment described above can be obtained by the fourth embodiment. In addition, according to the fourth embodiment, by utilizing water that contains chloride ions as the regenerating water, it is possible to generate hypochlorous acid as a byproduct during the regeneration step when urea is electrolyzed. Because the dialysate circulation unit  20 , the blood circulation unit  10 , and the regenerating water flow unit  50  can be disinfected by utilizing the hypochlorous acid, it is possible to omit or greatly simplify the cleansing/disinfecting step after the regenerating step. 
     Next, the results of a test of electrolyzing urea will be described with reference to  FIG.  3   . 
       FIG.  3    is a graph that shows the results of a urea electrolysis test. In  FIG.  3   , the horizontal axis represents processing time, and the vertical axis represents the concentration of urea. Temporal change properties in a column entrance concentration and temporal change properties in a column exit concentration are indicated. 
     The test conditions were as follows. 
     (1) A stock solution as the regenerating water described above was a physiological saline solution (a 0.9% sodium chloride aqueous solution), and the amount was 1 liter. 
     (2) A column as a porous body of the adsorber  40  was a columnar shape having a diameter of 120 mm and a height of 210 mm, and filled with 2300 ml of an adsorbent. In addition, the column had urea, etc. adsorbed thereon in advance by a simulated treatment (urea concentration of 75 mg/dL). The direction of flow of the stock solution with respect to the column was from bottom to top. 
     (3) Regarding the electrolytic tank  53 , the material of both an anode and a cathode was platinum coated titanium. The electrode area was 662 cm 2  for the anode and 607 cm 2  for the cathode, and the applied voltage was 5 V direct current. 
     (4) A tube pump was used as a regenerating water pump, and the flow rate was 50 mL/min. 
     (5) The stock solution as the regenerating water passed through the column, was subjected to electrolysis in the electrolytic tank  53 , and was utilized again in a circulation system to pass through the column again. 
     In  FIG.  3   , the column entrance concentration is the concentration of urea in the regenerating water immediately prior to passing through the column, and the column exit concentration is the concentration of urea in the regenerating water immediately following passing through the column. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , the column entrance concentration decreases rapidly after processing is initiated. From this, it can be understood that electrolysis of urea is being efficiently realized. Note that the initial value of the column entrance concentration (the value when processing is initiated) is the same as the initial value of the column exit concentration (the value when processing is initiated), and is a concentration that substantially corresponds to the concentration of urea which is employed in the simulated treatment (75 mg/dL). From this, it can be understood that desorption of urea from the column is initiated immediately by the regenerating water. 
     From  FIG.  3   , it can be understood that the column exit concentration decreases as the processing progresses (as the processing time increases). From this, it can be understood that the urea which is adsorbed on the column decreases accompanying desorption of urea from the column by the regenerating water passing through the column. When the urea which is adsorbed on the column is substantially eliminated, the column exit concentration becomes approximately zero, and the column entrance concentration also becomes approximately zero. In this case, if the processing time becomes approximately seven hours, the column exit concentration and the column entrance concentration become approximately zero, and a state in which continued processing will not practically contribute to regeneration of the column is reached. 
     Here, the difference between the temporal change properties of the column entrance concentration and the temporal change properties of the column exit concentration corresponds to the concentration of urea which is removed from the column. Accordingly, the temporally integrated value of the difference between these two curves correlates to the total amount of urea removed from the column. From the results shown in  FIG.  3   , when the total amount of urea removed from the column was calculated, it almost coincided with the total amount of urea which was adsorbed on the column. Therefore, substantially all of the urea which was adsorbed on the column was removed, and it was confirmed that the column was regenerated. That is, the effectiveness of the embodiment described above was confirmed. 
     Embodiments were described in detail above. However, the present disclosure is not limited to any specific embodiments, and various change and modifications are possible within the scopes which are recited in the claims. In addition, it is also possible to entirely or partially combine the constituent elements of the embodiments which are described above.