Patent Publication Number: US-2022232457-A1

Title: Steering of terminals in case of disaster

Description:
FIELD 
     Some example embodiments may generally relate to mobile or wireless telecommunication systems, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or fifth generation (5G) radio access technology or new radio (NR) access technology, or other communications systems. For example, certain example embodiments may relate to apparatuses, systems, and/or methods for steering terminals to a different network in case of a disaster. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Examples of mobile or wireless telecommunication systems may include the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), Long Term Evolution (LTE) Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), MulteFire, LTE-A Pro, and/or fifth generation (5G) radio access technology or new radio (NR) access technology. Fifth generation (5G) wireless systems refer to the next generation (NG) of radio systems and network architecture. 5G is mostly built on a new radio (NR), but the 5G (or NG) network can also build on E-UTRAN radio. It is estimated that NR will provide bitrates on the order of 10-20 Gbit/s or higher, and will support at least enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable low-latency-communication (URLLC) as well as massive machine type communication (mMTC). NR is expected to deliver extreme broadband and ultra-robust, low latency connectivity and massive networking to support the Internet of Things (IoT). With IoT and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication becoming more widespread, there will be a growing need for networks that meet the needs of lower power, low data rate, and long battery life. It is noted that, in 5G, the nodes that can provide radio access functionality to a user equipment (i.e., similar to Node B in UTRAN or eNB in LTE) are named gNB when built on NR radio and named NG-eNB when built on E-UTRAN radio. 
     SUMMARY 
     Some example embodiments may be directed to a method. The method may include sending, to a network node of a first network, a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network when the disaster condition applies to the second network. The method may also include sending a second message to the network node of the first network including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network when the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and computer program code may also be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to send, to a network node of a first network, a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network when the disaster condition applies to the second network. The apparatus may also be caused to send a second message to the network node of the first network including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network when the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for sending, to a network node of a first network, a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network when the disaster condition applies to the second network. the apparatus may also include means for sending a second message to the network node of the first network including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network when the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. 
     In accordance with other example embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium may be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include sending, to a network node of a first network, a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network when the disaster condition applies to the second network. The method may also include sending a second message to the network node of the first network including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network when the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to a computer program product that performs a method. The method may include sending, to a network node of a first network, a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network when the disaster condition applies to the second network. The method may also include sending a second message to the network node of the first network including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network when the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that may include circuitry configured to send, to a network node of a first network, a first message comprising an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network when the disaster condition applies to the second network. The apparatus may also include circuitry configured to send a second message to the network node of the first network comprising an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network when the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. 
     Some example embodiments may be directed to a method. The method may include receiving a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network. The method may also include broadcasting information about the second network upon receiving the first message. The method may further include receiving a second message including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. Further, the method may include ceasing broadcast of the information about the second network upon receiving the second message. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and computer program code may also be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to receive a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network. The apparatus may also be configured to broadcast information about the second network upon receiving the first message. The apparatus may further be configured to receive a second message including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. Further, the apparatus may be configured to cease broadcast of the information about the second network upon receiving the second message. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for receiving a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network. The apparatus may also include means for broadcasting information about the second network upon receiving the first message. The apparatus may further include means for receiving a second message comprising an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. Further, the apparatus may include means for ceasing broadcast of the information about the second network upon receiving the second message. 
     In accordance with other example embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium may be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include receiving a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network. The method may also include broadcasting information about the second network upon receiving the first message. The method may further include receiving a second message including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. Further, the method may include ceasing broadcast of the information about the second network upon receiving the second message. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to a computer program product that performs a method. The method may include receiving a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network. The method may also include broadcasting information about the second network upon receiving the first message. The method may further include receiving a second message including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. Further, the method may include ceasing broadcast of the information about the second network upon receiving the second message. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that may include circuitry configured to receive a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network. The apparatus may also include circuitry configured to broadcast information about the second network upon receiving the first message. The apparatus may further include circuitry configured to receive a second message including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. Further, the apparatus may include circuitry configured to cease broadcast of the information about the second network upon receiving the second message. 
     Some example embodiments may be directed to a method. The method may include receiving broadcast information containing a barring factor for an access identity. The method may also include performing an access barring check for an access attempt associated with the access identity using the broadcast information. In certain example embodiments, within the access barring check, whether the access attempt associated with the access identity is considered as allowed or barred is determined by comparing the barring factor for the access identity and a number drawn randomly. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and computer program code may also be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to receive broadcast information containing a barring factor for an access identity. The apparatus may also be caused to perform an access barring check for an access attempt associated with the access identity using the broadcast information. In certain example embodiments, within the access barring check, whether the access attempt associated with the access identity is considered as allowed or barred is determined by comparing the barring factor for the access identity and a number drawn randomly. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for receiving broadcast information containing a barring factor for an access identity. The apparatus may also include means for performing an access barring check for an access attempt associated with the access identity using the broadcast information. In certain example embodiments, within the access barring check, whether the access attempt associated with the access identity is considered as allowed or barred is determined by comparing the barring factor for the access identity and a number drawn randomly. 
     In accordance with other example embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium may be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include receiving broadcast information containing a barring factor for an access identity. The method may also include performing an access barring check for an access attempt associated with the access identity using the broadcast information. In certain example embodiments, within the access barring check, whether the access attempt associated with the access identity is considered as allowed or barred is determined by comparing the barring factor for the access identity and a number drawn randomly. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to a computer program product that performs a method. The method may include receiving broadcast information containing a barring factor for an access identity. The method may also include performing an access barring check for an access attempt associated with the access identity using the broadcast information. In certain example embodiments, within the access barring check, whether the access attempt associated with the access identity is considered as allowed or barred is determined by comparing the barring factor for the access identity and a number drawn randomly. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that may include circuitry configured to receive broadcast information containing a barring factor for an access identity. The apparatus may also include circuitry configured to perform an access barring check for an access attempt associated with the access identity using the broadcast information. In certain example embodiments, within the access barring check, whether the access attempt associated with the access identity is considered as allowed or barred is determined by comparing the barring factor for the access identity and a number drawn randomly. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For proper understanding of example embodiments, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a call flow diagram, according to certain example embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example flow diagram of a method, according to certain example embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example flow diagram of another method, according to certain example embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example flow diagram of a further method, according to certain example embodiments. 
         FIG. 5( a )  illustrates an apparatus, according to certain example embodiments. 
         FIG. 5( b )  illustrates another apparatus, according to certain example embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It will be readily understood that the components of certain example embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. The following is a detailed description of some example embodiments of systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for steering terminals to a different network in case of a disaster. 
     The features, structures, or characteristics of example embodiments described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more example embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases “certain embodiments,” “an example embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in certain embodiments,” “an example embodiment,” “in some embodiments,” “in other embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification do not necessarily refer to the same group of embodiments, and the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more example embodiments. 
     3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has studied support for minimization of service interruption based on certain requirements specified in 3GPP TS 22.261. The result of the study is described in 3GPP TR 24.811, which describes certain issues including, for example: notification of disaster condition to a user equipment (UE), notification of applicability on disaster condition to public land mobile networks (PLMNs) without disaster condition, indication of accessibility from other PLMNs without disaster condition to the UE, registration to the roaming PLMN without disaster condition in case of disaster condition, PLMN selection when a disaster condition applies, notification that disaster condition is no longer applicable to the UEs, prevention of signaling overload in PLMNs without disaster condition, and prevention of signaling overload by returning UEs in PLMN previously with disaster condition. The disaster condition may be a condition that a government decides to initiate and terminate when, for example, a natural disaster occurs or has occurred. In certain cases, when a disaster condition applies, users of the UE may have an opportunity to mitigate service interruptions and failures. Though the above issues are described in TR 24.811, there is currently no consideration that the core network (CN) functions are still operational. 
     In view of the issues described above, certain example embodiments may provide a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node that is configured to indicate to an access and mobility management function (AMF) whether a supported tracking area identity (TAI) is for a disaster condition. According to certain example embodiments, the NG-RAN may provide this indication via an NG SETUP REQUEST message and/or a RAN CONFIGURATION UPDATE message. In certain example embodiments, the TAI may be used to identify tracking areas (TAs). A TA may correspond to an area of 5G radio coverage that is comprised of a collection of 5G cells. If a 5G mobile device is in an idle state, its current TA may be known to the AMF. In addition, the TAI may be constructed from a mobile country code (MCC), mobile network code (MNC), and tracking area code (TAC). 
     In certain example embodiments, the AMF may indicate whether it is under the disaster condition. According to certain example embodiments, the AMF may provide this indication via an NG SETUP RESPONSE message or an AMF CONFIGURATION UPDATE message. In some example embodiments, if the AMF supporting one or more PLMNs indicates that it is under the disaster condition, the NG-RAN node may broadcast information about the PLMNs, if supported. For example, in certain example embodiments (e.g., a TAI that is for disaster condition and includes the identity of one of the PLMNs). In other example embodiments, if the AMF supporting one or more PLMNs indicates that it is not under the disaster condition, the NG-RAN node may stop or does not broadcast information about the PLMNs. 
     According to certain example embodiments, in a disaster condition of a first PLMN1, a UE that normally uses PLMN1 may be able to use a second PLMN2. In other words, the UE may be able to use the RAN nodes of PLMN2, assuming that PLMN2 is not in a disaster condition. In certain example embodiments, it may be assumed that the RAN components/parts are affected by the disaster condition, and the CN part of PLMN1 is still operating normally. 
     In certain example embodiments RAN nodes of PLMN2 may signal to the AMF of PLMN1 that they support taking over UEs of PLMN1 in case of a disaster condition in PLMN1. In case of a disaster condition in PLMN1, the AMF of PLMN1 may signal the disaster condition to RAN nodes of PLMN2. In response to receiving the signal from the AMF of PLMN1, RAN nodes of PLMN2 may start broadcasting that UEs normally connecting to PLMN1 are also allowed to connect to RAN nodes of PLMN2. Thus, UEs of PLMN1 may connect to the CN of PLMN1 via RAN nodes of PLMN2. After the disaster condition in PLMN1 is over, normal operation may resume. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example of a call flow diagram, according to certain example embodiments. As illustrated in the example of  FIG. 1 , PLMN DC  may represent a PLMN where, at some point, a disaster condition occurs. On the other hand, PLMN No DC  may represent a PLMN that stays operational and “takes over” UEs originally using PLMN DC . In the example of  FIG. 1 , at 1, if two PLMNs have a service level agreement (SLA) that one PLMN (e.g., PLMN No DC ) supports disaster inbound roamers of the other PLMN (e.g., PLMN DC ) in an area, the NG-RAN nodes of PLMN No DC  covering the area may initiate an NG setup procedure towards the AMF of PLMN DC . 
     According to certain example embodiments, when the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  sends the NG SETUP REQUEST message to AMF of PLMN DC , the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  may include in the message, one or more TAIs containing the identity of PLMN DC , wherein the identity identifies the entire PLMN including NG-RAN and 5GCN. For each of the TAIs containing the identity of the PLMN DC , the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  may indicate that the TAI is supported if a disaster condition applies for PLMN DC . The AMF shall consider that a TAI which includes the identity of PLMN DC  and is associated with an indication that the TAI is supported if a disaster condition applies for PLMN DC  is supported by the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  only if a disaster condition applies for PLMN DC . 
     In certain example embodiments, the AMF of PLMN DC  may respond with the NG SETUP RESPONSE message indicating that a disaster condition does not apply for PLMN DC . If the AMF of PLMN DC  indicates that a disaster condition applies for PLMN DC , the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  does not broadcast any information about PLMN DC . 
     As further illustrated in the example of  FIG. 1 , at 2, a disaster condition may be detected by the 5GCN in the PLMN DC . At this point, the UE may perform PLMN selection after losing coverage of PLMN DC . At 3, the AMF of PLMN DC  may notify that a disaster condition applies for PLMN DC . For example, the AMF of PLMN DC  can send the AMF CONFIGURATION UPDATE message including an indication that the AMF is under disaster condition associated with the identity of PLMN DC  to the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC . Further, the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  may respond with an AMF CONFIGURATION UPDATE ACKNOWLEDGE message. At 4, the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  may start broadcasting information about PLMN DC  to the UE. For instance, in certain example embodiments, the one or more TAIs containing the identity of PLMN DC  may be broadcast. In certain example embodiments, in order to prevent legacy UEs or UEs not supporting the feature (i e “minimization of service interruption”) that used to be served by PLMN DC  from accessing the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC , the broadcast information related to PLMN DC  may be included in a different container than the one used to convey broadcast information, which can be interpreted by legacy UEs or UE as not supporting the feature. In addition, the barring information for PLMN DC , may be broadcast to the UE to prevent signaling overload caused by UEs (e.g., disaster inbound roamers). According to certain example embodiments, the barring information may include information about Access Identity 3 (e.g., an access identity configured in a UE for which a disaster condition applies). In order to adjust the rate of access attempts made by UEs configured with Access Identity 3, the barring information may include a barring factor for Access Identity 3. Thus, when a UE configured with Access Identity 3 makes an access attempt, if the radio resource control (RRC) layer of the UE is indicated Access Identity 3, the RRC layer of the UE that received the barring factor for Access identity 3 (via broadcast) checks whether the access attempt should be considered barred or allowed by drawing a random number, and comparing the random number and the barring factor for Access identity 3. In certain example embodiments, the UE may draw a random number between 0 and 1. Assuming for purposes of illustration, for example, that the issue draws 0.348234, if the barring factor for Access Identity 3 indicates 0.7, since 0.348234&lt;0.7, the access attempt is considered not barred, i.e. allowed. In some example embodiments, the barring factor may be set lower at the first time, and it may be increased as needed. 
     As further illustrated in the example of  FIG. 1 , at 5, the disaster inbound roamers may register to PLMN DC  via the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  (which may be a shared NG-RAN from the UE perspective), and the 5GCN of PLMN DC . At 6, the disaster condition may be resolved (i.e., the disaster condition has ended, and NG-RAN of PLMN DC  is fixed), and therefore no longer applicable. At 7, the N2 connection between the NG-RAN of PLMN DC  and the AMF of PLMN DC  may be retrieved. In certain example embodiments, the retrieval maybe initiated by the NG-RAN of PLMN DC  by sending the NG SETUP REQUEST message. At 8, the NG-RAN of PLMN DC  may start broadcasting. In certain example embodiments the barring parameters may be broadcasted to prevent signaling overload caused by the returning UEs. At 9, the UEs may register to PLMN DC  via the NG-RAN of PLMN DC  and the 5GCN of PLMN DC . 
     The example of  FIG. 1  further illustrates that, at 10, the AMF of PLMN DC  may send the AMF CONFIGURATION UPDATE message to the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  to notify that a disaster condition is no longer applicable to PLMN DC . The NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  may respond with the AMF CONFIGURATION UPDATE ACKNOWLEDGE message. At 11, the NG-RAN of PLMN No DC  may stop broadcasting any information about PLMN DC . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example flow diagram of a method, according to certain example embodiments. In certain example embodiments, the flow diagram of  FIG. 2  may be performed by a network entity or network node in a 3GPP system, such as LTE or 5G-NR. For instance, in an example embodiment, the method of  FIG. 2  may be performed by a UE, for instance similar to apparatuses  10  or  20  illustrated in  FIGS. 5( a ) and 5( b ) . 
     According to certain example embodiments, the method of  FIG. 2  may include, at  200 , receiving broadcast information containing a barring factor for an access identity. The method may also include, at  205 , performing an access barring check for an access attempt associated with the access identity using the broadcast information. According to certain example embodiments, within the access barring check, whether the access attempt associated with the access identity is considered as allowed or barred may be determined by comparing the barring factor for the access identity and a number drawn randomly. 
     According to certain example embodiments, the broadcast information may include one or more tracking area identifiers containing an identity of a network to which a disaster condition applies. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example flow diagram of another method, according to certain example embodiments. In an example embodiment, the method of  FIG. 3  may be performed by a network entity, network node, or a group of multiple network elements in a 3GPP system, such as LTE or 5G-NR. For instance, in an example embodiment, the method of  FIG. 3  may be performed by a NG-RAN, 5GCN, AMF, or communication network, for instance similar to apparatus  20  illustrated in  FIGS. 5( a ) and 5( b ) . 
     According to certain example embodiments, the method of  FIG. 3  may include, at  300 , sending, to a network node of a first network, a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network when the disaster condition applies to the second net. The method may also include, at  305 , sending a second message to the network node of the first network including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network when the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. 
     According to certain example embodiments, the method may also include assisting user equipment under the disaster condition to register to the second network to which the disaster condition applies. According to other example embodiments, the method may further include receiving a message from the network node that includes one or more tracking area identities containing the second network to which the disaster condition applies. In certain example embodiments, the method may also include establishing an N2 connection to a network element of the second network to which the disaster condition applies. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an example flow diagram of a further method, according to certain example embodiments. In an example embodiment, the method of  FIG. 4  may be performed by a network entity, network node, or a group of multiple network elements in a 3GPP system, such as LTE or 5G-NR. For instance, in an example embodiment, the method of  FIG. 4  may be performed by a NG-RAN, 5GCN, AMF, or communication network, for instance similar to apparatus  20  illustrated in  FIGS. 5( a ) and 5( b ) . 
     According to certain example embodiments, the method of  FIG. 4  may include, at  400 , receiving a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network. The method may also include, at  405 , broadcasting information about the second network upon receiving the first message. The method may further include, at  410 , receiving a second message including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. In addition, the method may include, at  415 , ceasing broadcast of the information about the second network upon receiving the second message. 
     According to certain example embodiments, the information may be broadcast to user equipment. According to further example embodiments, the method may also include assisting the user equipment to register to the second network to which the disaster condition applies. According to other example embodiments, the information about the second network to which the disaster condition applies may include one or more tracking area identities containing an identity of the second network to which the disaster condition applies. In certain example embodiments, the method may further include initiating a setup procedure towards a first network, the setup procedure may include sending a setup request message to the first network, and the setup request message may include one or more tracking area identities of an identity of the second network to which the disaster condition applies. 
       FIG. 5( a )  illustrates an apparatus  10  according to certain example embodiments. In certain example embodiments, apparatus  10  may be a node or element in a communications network or associated with such a network, such as a UE, mobile equipment (ME), mobile station, mobile device, stationary device, IoT device, or other device. In other example embodiments, apparatus  10  may be a network element, node, host, server in a communication network or serving such a network. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatus  10  may include components or features not shown in  FIG. 5( a )   
     In some example embodiments, apparatus  10  may include one or more processors, one or more computer-readable storage medium (for example, memory, storage, or the like), one or more radio access components (for example, a modem, a transceiver, or the like), and/or a user interface. In some example embodiments, apparatus  10  may be configured to operate using one or more radio access technologies, such as GSM, LTE, LTE-A, NR, 5G, WLAN, WiFi, NB-IoT, Bluetooth, NFC, MulteFire, and/or any other radio access technologies. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatus  10  may include components or features not shown in  FIG. 5( a ) . 
     As illustrated in the example of  FIG. 5( a ) , apparatus  10  may include or be coupled to a processor  12  for processing information and executing instructions or operations. Processor  12  may be any type of general or specific purpose processor. In fact, processor  12  may include one or more of general-purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and processors based on a multi-core processor architecture, as examples. While a single processor  12  is shown in  FIG. 5( a ) , multiple processors may be utilized according to other example embodiments. For example, it should be understood that, in certain example embodiments, apparatus  10  may include two or more processors that may form a multiprocessor system (e.g., in this case processor  12  may represent a multiprocessor) that may support multiprocessing. According to certain example embodiments, the multiprocessor system may be tightly coupled or loosely coupled (e.g., to form a computer cluster). 
     Processor  12  may perform functions associated with the operation of apparatus  10  including, as some examples, precoding of antenna gain/phase parameters, encoding and decoding of individual bits forming a communication message, formatting of information, and overall control of the apparatus  10 , including processes illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     Apparatus  10  may further include or be coupled to a memory  14  (internal or external), which may be coupled to processor  12 , for storing information and instructions that may be executed by processor  12 . Memory  14  may be one or more memories and of any type suitable to the local application environment, and may be implemented using any suitable volatile or nonvolatile data storage technology such as a semiconductor-based memory device, a magnetic memory device and system, an optical memory device and system, fixed memory, and/or removable memory. For example, memory  14  can be comprised of any combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), static storage such as a magnetic or optical disk, hard disk drive (HDD), or any other type of non-transitory machine or computer readable media. The instructions stored in memory  14  may include program instructions or computer program code that, when executed by processor  12 , enable the apparatus  10  to perform tasks as described herein. 
     In certain example embodiments, apparatus  10  may further include or be coupled to (internal or external) a drive or port that is configured to accept and read an external computer readable storage medium, such as an optical disc, USB drive, flash drive, or any other storage medium. For example, the external computer readable storage medium may store a computer program or software for execution by processor  12  and/or apparatus  10  to perform any of the methods illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
     In some example embodiments, apparatus  10  may also include or be coupled to one or more antennas  15  for receiving a downlink signal and for transmitting via an uplink from apparatus  10 . Apparatus  10  may further include a transceiver  18  configured to transmit and receive information. The transceiver  18  may also include a radio interface (e.g., a modem) coupled to the antenna  15 . The radio interface may correspond to a plurality of radio access technologies including one or more of GSM, LTE, LTE-A, 5G, NR, WLAN, NB-IoT, Bluetooth, BT-LE, NFC, RFID, UWB, and the like. The radio interface may include other components, such as filters, converters (for example, digital-to-analog converters and the like), symbol demappers, signal shaping components, an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) module, and the like, to process symbols, such as OFDMA symbols, carried by a downlink or an uplink. 
     For instance, transceiver  18  may be configured to modulate information on to a carrier waveform for transmission by the antenna(s)  15  and demodulate information received via the antenna(s)  15  for further processing by other elements of apparatus  10 . In other example embodiments, transceiver  18  may be capable of transmitting and receiving signals or data directly. Additionally or alternatively, in some example embodiments, apparatus  10  may include an input and/or output device (I/O device). In certain example embodiments, apparatus  10  may further include a user interface, such as a graphical user interface or touchscreen. 
     In certain example embodiments, memory  14  stores software modules that provide functionality when executed by processor  12 . The modules may include, for example, an operating system that provides operating system functionality for apparatus  10 . The memory may also store one or more functional modules, such as an application or program, to provide additional functionality for apparatus  10 . The components of apparatus  10  may be implemented in hardware, or as any suitable combination of hardware and software. According to certain example embodiments, apparatus  10  may optionally be configured to communicate with apparatus  20  via a wireless or wired communications link  70  according to any radio access technology, such as NR. 
     According to certain example embodiments, processor  12  and memory  14  may be included in or may form a part of processing circuitry or control circuitry. In addition, in some example embodiments, transceiver  18  may be included in or may form a part of transceiving circuitry. 
     As discussed above, according to certain example embodiments, apparatus  10  may be a UE, for example. According to certain example embodiments, apparatus  10  may be controlled by memory  14  and processor  12  to perform the functions associated with example embodiments described herein. For instance, in certain example embodiments, apparatus  10  may be controlled by memory  14  and processor  12  to receive broadcast information containing a barring factor for an access identity. Apparatus  10  may also be controlled by memory  14  and processor  12  to perform an access barring check for an access attempt associated with the access identity using the broadcast information. According to certain example embodiments, within the access barring check, whether the access attempt associated with the access identity is considered as allowed or barred may be determined by comparing the barring factor for the access identity and a number drawn randomly. 
       FIG. 5( b )  illustrates an apparatus  20  according to certain example embodiments. In certain example embodiments, the apparatus  20  may be a node or element in a communications network or associated with such a network, such as a base station, a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), 5G Node B or access point, next generation Node B (NG-NB or gNB), and/or WLAN access point, associated with a radio access network (RAN), such as an LTE network, 5G or NR. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatus  20  may include components or features not shown in  FIG. 5( b )   
     As illustrated in the example of  FIG. 5( b ) , apparatus  20  may include a processor  22  for processing information and executing instructions or operations. Processor  22  may be any type of general or specific purpose processor. For example, processor  22  may include one or more of general-purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and processors based on a multi-core processor architecture, as examples. While a single processor  22  is shown in  FIG. 5( b ) , multiple processors may be utilized according to other example embodiments. For example, it should be understood that, in certain example embodiments, apparatus  20  may include two or more processors that may form a multiprocessor system (e.g., in this case processor  22  may represent a multiprocessor) that may support multiprocessing. In certain example embodiments, the multiprocessor system may be tightly coupled or loosely coupled (e.g., to form a computer cluster). 
     According to certain example embodiments, processor  22  may perform functions associated with the operation of apparatus  20 , which may include, for example, precoding of antenna gain/phase parameters, encoding and decoding of individual bits forming a communication message, formatting of information, and overall control of the apparatus  20 , including processes illustrated in  FIGS. 1, 3, and 4 . 
     Apparatus  20  may further include or be coupled to a memory  24  (internal or external), which may be coupled to processor  22 , for storing information and instructions that may be executed by processor  22 . Memory  24  may be one or more memories and of any type suitable to the local application environment, and may be implemented using any suitable volatile or nonvolatile data storage technology such as a semiconductor-based memory device, a magnetic memory device and system, an optical memory device and system, fixed memory, and/or removable memory. For example, memory  24  can be comprised of any combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), static storage such as a magnetic or optical disk, hard disk drive (HDD), or any other type of non-transitory machine or computer readable media. The instructions stored in memory  24  may include program instructions or computer program code that, when executed by processor  22 , enable the apparatus  20  to perform tasks as described herein. 
     In certain example embodiments, apparatus  20  may further include or be coupled to (internal or external) a drive or port that is configured to accept and read an external computer readable storage medium, such as an optical disc, USB drive, flash drive, or any other storage medium. For example, the external computer readable storage medium may store a computer program or software for execution by processor  22  and/or apparatus  20  to perform the methods illustrated in  FIGS. 1, 3, and 4 . 
     In certain example embodiments, apparatus  20  may also include or be coupled to one or more antennas  25  for transmitting and receiving signals and/or data to and from apparatus  20 . Apparatus  20  may further include or be coupled to a transceiver  28  configured to transmit and receive information. The transceiver  28  may include, for example, a plurality of radio interfaces that may be coupled to the antenna(s)  25 . The radio interfaces may correspond to a plurality of radio access technologies including one or more of GSM, NB-IoT, LTE, 5G, WLAN, Bluetooth, BT-LE, NFC, radio frequency identifier (RFID), ultrawideband (UWB), MulteFire, and the like. The radio interface may include components, such as filters, converters (for example, digital-to-analog converters and the like), mappers, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) module, and the like, to generate symbols for a transmission via one or more downlinks and to receive symbols (for example, via an uplink). 
     As such, transceiver  28  may be configured to modulate information on to a carrier waveform for transmission by the antenna(s)  25  and demodulate information received via the antenna(s)  25  for further processing by other elements of apparatus  20 . In other example embodiments, transceiver  18  may be capable of transmitting and receiving signals or data directly. Additionally or alternatively, in some example embodiments, apparatus  20  may include an input and/or output device (I/O device). 
     In certain example embodiment, memory  24  may store software modules that provide functionality when executed by processor  22 . The modules may include, for example, an operating system that provides operating system functionality for apparatus  20 . The memory may also store one or more functional modules, such as an application or program, to provide additional functionality for apparatus  20 . The components of apparatus  20  may be implemented in hardware, or as any suitable combination of hardware and software. 
     According to some example embodiments, processor  22  and memory  24  may be included in or may form a part of processing circuitry or control circuitry. In addition, in some example embodiments, transceiver  28  may be included in or may form a part of transceiving circuitry. 
     As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to hardware-only circuitry implementations (e.g., analog and/or digital circuitry), combinations of hardware circuits and software, combinations of analog and/or digital hardware circuits with software/firmware, any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processors) that work together to cause an apparatus (e.g., apparatus  10  and  20 ) to perform various functions, and/or hardware circuit(s) and/or processor(s), or portions thereof, that use software for operation but where the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As a further example, as used herein, the term “circuitry” may also cover an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors), or portion of a hardware circuit or processor, and its accompanying software and/or firmware. The term circuitry may also cover, for example, a baseband integrated circuit in a server, cellular network node or device, or other computing or network device. 
     As introduced above, in certain embodiments, apparatus  20  may be a network element, node, host, or server in a communication network or serving such a network. For example, apparatus  20  may be a satellite, base station, a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), 5G Node B or access point, next generation Node B (NG-NB or gNB), and/or WLAN access point, associated with a radio access network (RAN), such as an LTE network, 5G or NR. According to certain embodiments, apparatus  20  may be controlled by memory  24  and processor  22  to perform the functions associated with any of the embodiments described herein. 
     For instance, in certain example embodiments, apparatus  20  may be controlled by memory  24  and processor  22  to send, to a network node of a first network, a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network when the disaster condition applies to the second network. Apparatus  10  may also be controlled by memory  24  and processor  22  to send a second message to the network node of the first network including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network when the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. 
     In other example embodiments, apparatus  20  may be controlled by memory  24  and processor  22  to receive a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network. Apparatus  20  may also be controlled by memory  24  and processor  22  to broadcast information about the second network upon receiving the first message. Apparatus  20  may further be controlled by memory  24  and processor  22  to receive a second message comprising an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. In addition, apparatus  20  may be controlled by memory  24  and processor  22  to cease broadcast of the information about the second network upon receiving the second message. 
     Further example embodiments may provide means for performing any of the functions, steps, or procedures described herein. For example one example embodiment may be directed to an apparatus that includes means for receiving broadcast information containing a barring factor for an access identity. The apparatus may also include means for performing an access barring check for an access attempt associated with the access identity using the broadcast information. According to certain example embodiments, within the access barring check, whether the access attempt associated with the access identity is considered as allowed or barred may be determined by comparing the barring factor for the access identity and a number drawn randomly. 
     Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that includes means for sending, to a network node of a first network, a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network when the disaster condition applies to the second network. The apparatus may also include means for sending a second message to the network node of the first network including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network when the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. 
     Additional example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that includes means for receiving a first message including an indication that a disaster condition applies to a second network. The apparatus may also include means for broadcasting information about the second network upon receiving the first message. The apparatus may further include means receiving a second message including an indication that the disaster condition no longer applies to the second network. In addition, the apparatus may include means for ceasing broadcast of the information about the second network upon receiving the second message. 
     Certain example embodiments described herein provide several technical improvements, enhancements, and/or advantages. In some example embodiments, systems and methods to steer terminals to a different network in case of a disaster are provided. As a result, it may be possible to minimize service interruption in case of disaster. 
     A computer program product may include one or more computer-executable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out some example embodiments. The one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it. Modifications and configurations required for implementing functionality of certain example embodiments may be performed as routine(s), which may be implemented as added or updated software routine(s). Software routine(s) may be downloaded into the apparatus. 
     As an example, software or a computer program code or portions of it may be in a source code form, object code form, or in some intermediate form, and it may be stored in some sort of carrier, distribution medium, or computer readable medium, which may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. Such carriers may include a record medium, computer memory, read-only memory, photoelectrical and/or electrical carrier signal, telecommunications signal, and software distribution package, for example. Depending on the processing power needed, the computer program may be executed in a single electronic digital computer or it may be distributed amongst a number of computers. The computer readable medium or computer readable storage medium may be a non-transitory medium. 
     In other example embodiments, the functionality may be performed by hardware or circuitry included in an apparatus (e.g., apparatus  10  or apparatus  20 ), for example through the use of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable gate array (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any other combination of hardware and software. In yet another example embodiment, the functionality may be implemented as a signal, a non-tangible means that can be carried by an electromagnetic signal downloaded from the Internet or other network. 
     According to certain example embodiments, an apparatus, such as a node, device, or a corresponding component, may be configured as circuitry, a computer or a microprocessor, such as single-chip computer element, or as a chipset, including at least a memory for providing storage capacity used for arithmetic operation and an operation processor for executing the arithmetic operation. 
     One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that the invention as discussed above may be practiced with procedures in a different order, and/or with hardware elements in configurations which are different than those which are disclosed. Therefore, although the invention has been described based upon these example embodiments, it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of example embodiments. Although the above embodiments refer to 5G NR and LTE technology, the above embodiments may also apply to any other present or future 3GPP technology, such as LTE-advanced, and/or fourth generation (4G) technology. 
     Partial Glossary 
     
         
         
           
             3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 
             5G 5 th  Generation 
             5 GCN 5G Core Network 
             AMF Access and Mobility Management Function 
             CN Core Network 
             CT CN and Terminals 
             DC Disaster Condition 
             eNB Enhanced Node B 
             gNB 5G or Next Generation NodeB 
             NG-RAN Next Generation RAN 
             NR New Radio 
             PLMN Public Land Mobile Network 
             RAN Radio Access Network 
             SA Service and System Aspects 
             TAI Tracking Area Identity 
             TR Technical Report 
             TS Technical Specification 
             TSG TS Group 
             UE User Equipment