Patent Publication Number: US-2015077658-A1

Title: Variable optic ophthalmic device including shaped liquid crystal elements and polarizing elements

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/878,723, filed Sep. 17, 2013. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an ophthalmic lens device with a variable optic capability and, more specifically, in some embodiments, the fabrication of an ophthalmic lens with a variable optic insert utilizing liquid crystal elements. 
     2. Discussion of the Related Art 
     Traditionally an ophthalmic lens, such as a contact lens or an intraocular lens, provided a predetermined optical quality. A contact lens, for example, can provide one or more of the following: vision correcting functionality; cosmetic enhancement; and therapeutic effects, but only a set of vision correction functions. Each function is provided by a physical characteristic of the lens. Basically, a design incorporating a refractive quality into a lens provides vision corrective functionality. A pigment incorporated into the lens can provide a cosmetic enhancement. An active agent incorporated into a lens can provide a therapeutic functionality. 
     To date, optical quality in an ophthalmic lens has been designed into the physical characteristic of the lens. Generally, an optical design has been determined and then imparted into the lens during fabrication of the lens, for example, through cast molding, or lathing. The optical qualities of the lens have remained static once the lens has been formed. However, wearers may at times find it beneficial to have more than one focal power available to them in order to provide sight accommodation. Unlike spectacle wearers, who can change spectacles to change an optical correction, contact wearers or those with intraocular lenses have not been able to change the optical characteristics of their vision correction without significant effort or the complementing of spectacles with contact lenses or intraocular lenses. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention includes innovations relating to a variable optic insert with liquid crystal elements that may be energized and incorporated into an ophthalmic device, which is capable of changing the optical quality of the lens. Examples of such ophthalmic devices may include a contact lens or an intraocular lens. In addition, methods and apparatus for forming an ophthalmic lens with a variable optic insert with liquid crystal elements are presented. Some embodiments may also include a cast-molded silicone hydrogel contact lens with a rigid or formable energized insert, which additionally includes a variable optic portion, wherein the insert is included within the ophthalmic lens in a biocompatible fashion. 
     The present invention therefore includes disclosure of an ophthalmic lens with a variable optic insert, apparatus for forming an ophthalmic lens with a variable optic insert, and methods for manufacturing the same. An energy source may be deposited or assembled onto a variable optic insert and the insert may be placed in proximity to one, or both of, a first mold part and a second mold part. A composition comprising a reactive monomer mixture (hereafter referred to as a reactive monomer mixture) is placed between the first mold part and the second mold part. The first mold part is positioned proximate to the second mold part thereby forming a lens cavity with the energized media insert and at least some of the reactive monomer mixture in the lens cavity; the reactive monomer mixture is exposed to actinic radiation to form an ophthalmic lens. Lenses are formed via the control of actinic radiation to which the reactive monomer mixture is exposed. In some embodiments, an ophthalmic lens skirt or an insert-encapsulating layer may be comprised of standard hydrogel ophthalmic lens formulations. Exemplary materials with characteristics that may provide an acceptable match to numerous insert materials may include, for example, the Narafilcon family (including Narafilcon A and Narafilcon B), the Etafilcon family (including Etafilcon A), Galyfilcon A and Senofilcon A. 
     The methods of forming the variable optic insert with liquid crystal elements and the resulting inserts are important aspects of various embodiments. In some embodiments, the liquid crystal may be located between two alignment layers, which may set the resting orientation for the liquid crystal. Those two alignment layers may be in electrical communication with an energy source through electrodes deposited on substrate layers that contain the variable optic portion. The electrodes may be energized through an intermediate interconnect to an energy source or directly through components embedded in the insert. 
     The energization of the alignment layers may cause a shift in the liquid crystal from a resting orientation to an energized orientation. In embodiments that operate with two levels of energization, on or off, the liquid crystal may only have one energized orientation. In other alternative embodiments, where energization occurs along a scale of energy levels, the liquid crystal may have multiple energized orientations. Still further embodiments may derive where the energization process may cause a switch between different states through an energization pulse. 
     The resulting alignment and orientation of the molecules may affect light that passes through the liquid crystal layer thereby causing the variation in the variable optic insert. For example, the alignment and orientation may act with refractive characteristics upon the incident light. Additionally, the effect may include alteration of polarization of the light. Some embodiments may include a variable optic insert wherein energization alters a focal characteristic of the lens. 
     In some embodiments, the liquid crystal layer may be formed in a manner wherein a polymerizable mixture comprising liquid crystal molecules is caused to polymerize. By controlling the polymerization in various manners, droplets of liquid crystal molecules may separate from the polymerized layer as it forms. In some embodiments, the process may be controlled such that the droplets are nanoscaled which may mean that the average or median diameter of the collection of droplets is less than roughly 1 micron in length. In some further versions the average or median diameter may also be less than roughly 0.1 micron in length. 
     Accordingly, in some embodiments an ophthalmic device may be formed by the incorporation of a variable optic insert comprising liquid crystal molecules within an ophthalmic device. The variable insert may comprise at least a portion which may be located in the optic zone of the ophthalmic device. The variable insert may comprise a front insert piece and a back insert piece. The front and back insert piece may have either or both of their surfaces curved in various manners, and in some embodiments the radius of curvature of a back surface on the front insert piece may be different from the radius of curvature of the front surface of the back insert piece. An energy source may be included into the lens and into the insert and in some embodiments the energy source may be located wherein at least a portion of the energy source is in the non-optic zone of the device. 
     The insert may comprise at least a first liquid crystal material and the liquid crystal material may also be found in the droplets where the average or median diameter of a collection of the droplets may have diameters less than a micron in length or be considered to be nano-scaled. 
     In some embodiments the ophthalmic device may be a contact lens. 
     In some embodiments the insert of the ophthalmic device may comprise electrodes made of various materials, including transparent materials such as ITO as a non-limiting example. A first electrode may be located proximate to a back surface of a front curve piece, and a second electrode may be located proximate to a front surface of a back curve piece. When an electric potential is applied across the first and second electrodes, an electric field may be established across a liquid crystal layer located between the electrodes. The application of an electric field across the liquid crystal layer may cause liquid crystal molecules within the layer to physically align with the electric field. In some embodiments, the liquid crystal molecules may be located in droplets within the layer and in some embodiments the droplets may have average diameters less than 1 micron in dimension. When the liquid crystal molecules align with the electric filed, the alignment may cause a change in the optical characteristics that a light ray may perceive as it traverses the layer containing liquid crystal molecules. A non-limiting example may be that the index of refraction may be altered by the change in alignment. In some embodiments, the change in optical characteristics may result in a change in focal characteristics of the lens which contains the layer containing liquid crystal molecules. 
     In some embodiments, the ophthalmic devices as described may include a processor. 
     In some embodiments, the ophthalmic devices as described may include an electrical circuit. The electrical circuit may control or direct electric current to flow within the ophthalmic device. The electrical circuit may control electrical current to flow from an energy source to the first and second electrode elements. 
     The insert device may be comprised of more than a front insert piece and a back insert piece in some embodiments. An intermediate piece or pieces may be located between the front insert piece and the back insert piece. In one example, a liquid crystal containing layer may be located between the front insert piece and the intermediate piece. The variable insert may comprise at least a portion which may be located in the optic zone of the ophthalmic device. The front, intermediate and back insert piece may have either or both of their surfaces curved in various manners, and in some embodiments the radius of curvature of a back surface on the front insert piece may be different from the radius of curvature of the front surface of the intermediate insert piece. An energy source may be included into the lens and into the insert and in some embodiments the energy source may be located wherein at least a portion of the energy source is in the non-optic zone of the device. 
     The insert with a front insert piece, a back insert piece and at least a first intermediate insert piece may comprise at least a first liquid crystal molecule, and the liquid crystal molecule or molecules may also be found in the droplets where the average or median diameter of a collection of the droplets may have diameters less than a micron in length or be considered to be nano-scaled. 
     In some embodiments with a front insert piece, a back insert piece and at least a first intermediate insert piece the ophthalmic device may be a contact lens. 
     In some embodiments the insert of the ophthalmic device with a front insert piece, a back insert piece and at least a first intermediate insert piece may comprise electrodes made of various materials, including transparent materials such as ITO as a non-limiting example. A first electrode may be located proximate to a back surface of a front curve piece, and a second electrode may be located proximate to a front surface of an intermediate piece. When an electric potential is applied across the first and second electrodes, an electric field may be established across a liquid crystal layer located between the electrodes. The application of an electric field across the liquid crystal layer may cause liquid crystal molecules within the layer to physically align with the electric field. In some embodiments, the liquid crystal molecules may be located in droplets within the layer and in some embodiments the droplets may have average diameters less than 1 micron in dimension. When the liquid crystal molecules align with the electric filed, the alignment may cause a change in the optical characteristics that a light ray may perceive as it traverses the layer containing liquid crystal molecules. A non-limiting example may be that the index of refraction may be altered by the change in alignment. In some embodiments, the change in optical characteristics may result in a change in focal characteristics of the lens which contains the layer containing liquid crystal molecules. 
     In some embodiments the intermediate piece may comprise multiple pieces that are joined together. 
     In some embodiments where the insert device may be comprised of a front insert piece, a back insert piece and an intermediate piece or pieces, a liquid crystal containing layer may be located between the front insert piece and the intermediate piece or between the intermediate piece and the back insert piece. In addition, a polarizing element may be located within the variable insert device as well. The variable insert may comprise at least a portion which may be located in the optic zone of the ophthalmic device. The front, intermediate and back insert pieces may have either or both of their surfaces curved in various manners, and in some embodiments the radius of curvature of a back surface on the front insert piece may be different from the radius of curvature of the front surface of the intermediate insert piece. An energy source may be included into the lens and into the insert and in some embodiments the energy source may be located wherein at least a portion of the energy source is in the non-optic zone of the device. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following, more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates exemplary mold assembly apparatus components that may be useful in implementing some embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrates an exemplary energized ophthalmic lens with a variable optic insert embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a cross sectional view of a variable optic insert where the front and back curve pieces of the variable optic insert may have different curvature and wherein the variable optic portion may be comprised of liquid crystal. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a cross sectional view of an ophthalmic lens device embodiment with a variable optic insert wherein the variable optic portion may be comprised of liquid crystal. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary embodiment or a variable optic insert wherein the variable optic portion may be comprised of liquid crystal. 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates an alternative embodiment of a variable optic insert wherein the variable optic portions may be comprised of liquid crystal. 
         FIG. 6B  illustrates an alternative embodiment of a variable optic insert wherein the variable optic portions may be comprised of liquid crystal and the insert also may comprise a polarizing element. 
         FIG. 6C  illustrates an alternative exemplary embodiment of a variable optic insert wherein the variable optic portion may be comprised of liquid crystal and the manner that polarized light components may be affected while traversing the embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates method steps for forming an ophthalmic lens with a variable optic insert which may be comprised of liquid crystal. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example of apparatus components for placing a variable optic insert comprised of liquid crystal into an ophthalmic lens mold part. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a processor that may be used to implement some embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention includes methods and apparatuses for manufacturing an ophthalmic lens with a variable optic insert wherein the variable optic portion is comprised of a liquid crystal or a composite material which itself includes liquid crystal constituents. In addition, the present invention includes an ophthalmic lens with a variable optic insert comprised of liquid crystal incorporated into the ophthalmic lens. 
     According to the present invention, an ophthalmic lens is formed with an embedded insert and an energy source, such as an electrochemical cell or battery as the storage means for the energy. In some exemplary embodiments, the materials comprising the energy source may be encapsulated and isolated from an environment into which an ophthalmic lens is placed. In some exemplary embodiments the energy source may include alkaline electrochemical cell chemistry which may be used in a primary or rechargeable configuration. 
     A wearer-controlled adjustment device may be used to vary the optic portion. The adjustment device may include, for example, an electronic device or passive device for increasing or decreasing a voltage output or engaging and disengaging the energy source. Some exemplary embodiments may also include an automated adjustment device to change the variable optic portion via an automated apparatus according to a measured parameter or a wearer input. Wearer input may include, for example, a switch controlled by wireless apparatus. Wireless may include, for example, radio frequency control, magnetic switching, patterned emanations of light, and inductance switching. In other exemplary embodiments activation may occur in response to a biological function or in response to a measurement of a sensing element within the ophthalmic lens. Other exemplary embodiments may result from the activation being triggered by a change in ambient lighting conditions as a non-limiting example. 
     Variation in optic power may occur when electric fields, created by the energization of electrodes, causes realignment within the liquid crystal layer thereby shifting the molecules from the resting orientation to an energized orientation. In other alternative exemplary embodiments, different effects caused by the alteration of liquid crystal layers by energization of electrodes may be exploited, for example, changing of the light polarization state, particularly, polarization rotation. 
     In some exemplary embodiments with liquid crystal layers, there may be elements in the non-optical zone portion of the ophthalmic lens that may be energized, whereas other exemplary embodiments may not require energization. In the exemplary embodiments without energization, the liquid crystal may be passively variable based on some exterior factor, such as, for example, ambient temperature, or ambient light. 
     A liquid crystal lens may provide an electrically variable index of refraction to polarized light incident upon its body. A combination of two lenses where the optical axis orientation is rotated in the second lens relative to the first lens allows for a lens element that may be able to vary the index of refraction to ambient non-polarized light. 
     By combining electrically active liquid crystal layers with electrodes, a physical entity may derive that may be controlled by applying an electrical field across the electrodes. If there is a dielectric layer that is present on the periphery of the liquid crystal layer then the field across the dielectric layer and the field across the liquid crystal layer may combine into the field across the electrodes. In a three dimensional shape the nature of the combination of the fields across the layers may be estimated based on electrodynamic principals and the geometry of the dielectric layer and the liquid crystal layer. If the effective electrical thickness of the dielectric layer is made in a non-uniform manner then the effect of a field across the electrodes may be “shaped” by the effective shape of the dielectric and create dimensionally shaped changes in refractive index in the liquid crystal layers. In some exemplary embodiments, such shaping may result in lenses that have the ability to adopt variable focal characteristics. 
     An alternative exemplary embodiment may derive when the physical lens elements that contain the liquid crystal layers are shaped themselves to have different focal characteristics. The electrically variable index of refraction of a liquid crystal layer may then be used to introduce changes in focal characteristics of the lens based on the application of an electric field across the liquid crystal layer through the use of electrodes. The index of refraction of a liquid crystal layer may be referred to as an effective index of refraction, and it may be possible to consider each treatment relating to an index of refraction as equivalently referring to an effective index of refraction. The effective index of refraction may come, for example, from the superposition of multiple regions with different index of refraction. In some exemplary embodiments, the effective aspect may be an average of the various regional contributions, in other exemplary embodiments the effective aspect may be a superposition of the regional or molecular effects upon incident light. The shape that the front containment surface makes with the liquid crystal layer and the shape that the back containment surface makes with the liquid crystal layer may determine to first order the focal characteristics of the system. 
     In the following sections detailed descriptions of embodiments of the invention will be given. The description of both preferred and alternative embodiments are exemplary embodiments only, and it is understood that to those skilled in the art that variations, modifications and alterations may be apparent. It is therefore to be understood that said exemplary embodiments do not limit the scope of the underlying invention. 
     GLOSSARY 
     In this description and claims directed to the presented invention, various terms may be used for which the following definitions will apply: 
     Alignment layer: as used herein refers to a layer adjacent to a liquid crystal layer that influences and aligns the orientation of molecules within the liquid crystal layer. The resulting alignment and orientation of the molecules may affect light that passes through the liquid crystal layer. For example, the alignment and orientation may act with refractive characteristics upon the incident light. Additionally, the effect may include alteration of polarization of the light. 
     Electrical Communication: as used herein refers to being influenced by an electrical field. In the case of conductive materials, the influence may result from or in the flow of electrical current. In other materials, it may be an electrical potential field that causes an influence, such as the tendency to orient permanent and induced molecular dipoles along field lines as an example. 
     Energized: as used herein refers to the state of being able to supply electrical current to or to have electrical energy stored within. 
     Energized orientation: as used herein refers to the orientation of the molecules of a liquid crystal when influenced by an effect of a potential field powered by an energy source. For example, a device containing liquid crystals may have one energized orientation if the energy source operates as either on or off. In other embodiments, the energized orientation may change along a scale affected by the amount of energy applied. 
     Energy: as used herein refers to the capacity of a physical system to do work. Many uses within this invention may relate to the capacity being able to perform electrical actions in doing work. 
     Energy source: as used herein refers to device capable of supplying energy or placing a biomedical device in an energized state. 
     Energy Harvesters: as used herein refers to devices capable of extracting energy from the environment and convert it to electrical energy. 
     Intraocular lens: as used herein refers to an ophthalmic lens that is embedded within the eye. 
     Lens-Forming Mixture or Reactive Mixture or reactive monomer mixture (RMM): as used herein refers to a monomer or prepolymer material that can be cured and crosslinked or crosslinked to form an ophthalmic lens. Various embodiments can include lens-forming mixtures with one or more additives, such as UV blockers, tints, photoinitiators or catalysts, and other additives one might desire in an ophthalmic lens, for example, contact or intraocular lenses. 
     Lens-Forming Surface: as used herein refers to a surface that is used to mold a lens. In some embodiments, any such surface may have an optical quality surface finish, which indicates that it is sufficiently smooth and formed so that a lens surface fashioned by the polymerization of a lens-forming mixture in contact with the molding surface is optically acceptable. Further, in some embodiments, the lens-forming surface may have a geometry that is necessary to impart to the lens surface the desired optical characteristics, including, for example, spherical, aspherical and cylinder power, wave front aberration correction, and corneal topography correction. 
     Liquid Crystal: as used herein refers to a state of matter having properties between a conventional liquid and a solid crystal. A liquid crystal cannot be characterized as a solid but its molecules exhibit some degree of alignment. As used herein, a liquid crystal is not limited to a particular phase or structure, but a liquid crystal may have a specific resting orientation. The orientation and phases of a liquid crystal may be manipulated by external forces, for example, temperature, magnetism, or electricity, depending on the class of liquid crystal. 
     Lithium Ion Cell: as used herein refers to an electrochemical cell where Lithium ions move through the cell to generate electrical energy. This electrochemical cell, typically called a battery, may be reenergized or recharged in its typical forms. 
     Media insert or insert: as used herein refers to a formable or rigid substrate capable of supporting an energy source within an ophthalmic lens. In some embodiments, the media insert also includes one or more variable optic portions. 
     Mold: as used herein refers to a rigid or semi-rigid object that may be used to form lenses from uncured formulations. Some preferred molds include two mold parts forming a front curve mold part and a back curve mold part. 
     Ophthalmic Lens or Lens: as used herein refers to any ophthalmic device that resides in or on the eye. These devices can provide optical correction or may be cosmetic. For example, the term lens can refer to a contact lens, intraocular lens, overlay lens, ocular insert, optical insert, or other similar device through which vision is corrected or modified, or through which eye physiology is cosmetically enhanced (e.g. iris color) without impeding vision. In some embodiments, the preferred lenses of the invention are soft contact lenses which are made from silicone elastomers or hydrogels, which include, for example, silicone hydrogels and fluorohydrogels. 
     Optical zone: as used herein refers to an area of an ophthalmic lens through which a wearer of the ophthalmic lens sees. 
     Power: as used herein refers to work done or energy transferred per unit of time. 
     Rechargeable or Reenergizable: as used herein refers to a capability of being restored to a state with higher capacity to do work. Many uses within this invention may relate to the capability of being restored with the ability to flow electrical current at a certain rate for certain, reestablished time period. 
     Reenergize or Recharge: as used herein refers to the restoration of an energy source to a state with higher capacity to do work. Many uses within this invention may relate to restoring a device to the capability to flow electrical current at a certain rate for a certain, reestablished time period. 
     Released from a mold: as used herein refers to a lens is either completely separated from the mold, or is only loosely attached so that it can be removed with mild agitation or pushed off with a swab. 
     Resting orientation: as used herein refers to the orientation of the molecules of a liquid crystal device in its resting, non-energized state. 
     Variable optic: as used herein refers to the capacity to change an optical quality, for example, the optical power of a lens or the polarizing angle. 
     Ophthalmic Lenses 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , an apparatus  100  to form ophthalmic devices containing sealed and encapsulated inserts is depicted. The apparatus includes an exemplary front curve mold  102  and a matching back curve mold  101 . A variable optic insert  104  and a body  103  of the ophthalmic device may be located inside the front curve mold  102  and the back curve mold  101 . In some exemplary embodiments, the material of the body  103  may be a hydrogel material, and the variable optic insert  104  may be surrounded on all surfaces by this material. 
     The variable optic insert  104  may comprise multiple liquid crystal layers  109  and  110 . Other exemplary embodiments may include a single liquid crystal layer, some of which are discussed in later sections. The use of the apparatus  100  may create a novel ophthalmic device comprised of a combination of components with numerous sealed regions. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, a lens with a variable optic insert  104  may include a rigid center soft skirt design wherein a central rigid optical element including the liquid crystal layers  109  and  110  is in direct contact with the atmosphere and the corneal surface on respective anterior and posterior surfaces. The soft skirt of lens material (typically a hydrogel material) is attached to a periphery of the rigid optical element, and the rigid optical element may also add energy and functionality to the resulting ophthalmic lens. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2A , at  200  a top down and  FIG. 2B  at  250  a cross sectional depiction of an exemplary embodiment of a variable optic insert is shown. In this depiction, an energy source  210  is shown in a periphery portion  211  of the variable optic insert  200 . The energy source  210  may include, for example, a thin film, rechargeable lithium ion battery or an alkaline cell based battery. The energy source  210  may be connected to interconnect features  214  to allow for interconnection. Additional interconnects at  225  and  230  for example may connect the energy source  210  to a circuit such as item  205 . In other exemplary embodiments, an insert may have interconnect features deposited on its surface. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the variable optic insert  200  may include a flexible substrate. This flexible substrate may be formed into a shape approximating a typical lens form in a similar manner previously discussed or by other means. However, to add additional flexibility, the variable optic insert  200  may include additional shape features such as radial cuts along its length. There may be multiple electronic components such as that indicated by  205  such as integrated circuits, discrete components, passive components and such devices that may also be included. 
     A variable optic portion  220  is also illustrated. The variable optic portion  220  may be varied on command through the application of a current through the variable optic insert which in term may typically vary an electric field established across a liquid crystal layer. In some exemplary embodiments, the variable optic portion  220  comprises a thin layer of liquid crystal between two layers of transparent substrate. There may be numerous manners of electrically activating and controlling the variable optic component, typically through action of the electronic circuit  205 . The electronic circuit, may receive signals in various manners and may also connect to sensing elements which may also be in the insert such as item  215 . In some exemplary embodiments, the variable optic insert may be encapsulated into a lens skirt  255 , which may be comprised of hydrogel material or other suitable material to form an ophthalmic lens. In these exemplary embodiments the ophthalmic lens may comprise the ophthalmic skirt  255  and an encapsulated ophthalmic lens insert  200  which may itself comprise layers or regions of liquid crystal material or comprising liquid crystal material. 
     A Variable Optic Insert Including Liquid Crystal Elements 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , item  300 , an illustration of the lens effect of two differently shaped lens pieces may be found. As mentioned previously, a variable optic insert of the inventive art herein may be formed by enclosing an electrode and liquid crystal layer system within two differently shaped lens pieces. The electrode and liquid crystal layer system may occupy a space between the lens pieces as illustrated at  350 . At  320  a front curve piece may be found and at  310  a rear curve piece may be found. 
     In a non-limiting example, the front curve piece  320  may have a concave shaped surface that interacts with the space  350 . The shape may be further characterized as having a radius of curvature depicted as  330  and a focal point  335  in some embodiments. Other more complicated shapes with various parametric characteristics may be formed within the scope of the inventive art; however, for illustration a simple spherical shape may be depicted. 
     In a similar and also non-limiting fashion, the back curve piece  310  may have a convex shaped surface that interacts with the space  350 . The shape may be further characterized as having a radius of curvature depicted as  340  and a focal point  345  in some embodiments. Other more complicated shapes with various parametric characteristics may be formed within the scope of the inventive art; however, for illustration a simple spherical shape may be depicted. 
     To illustrate how the lens of the type as  300  may operate, the material that comprises items  310  and  320  may have an index of refraction of a value n. Within the space  350 , the liquid crystal composite material layer may be chosen in a non-limiting example to match that value for the index of refraction. Thus when light rays traverse the lens pieces  310  and  320  and the space  350 , they will not react to the various interfaces in a manner that would adjust the focal characteristics. In its function, portions of the lens not shown may activate an energization of various components that may result in the liquid crystal layer in space  350  assuming a different index of refraction to the incident light ray. In a non-limiting example, the resulting index of refraction may be lowered. Now, at each material interface, the path of the light may be modeled to be altered based on the focal characteristics of the surface and the change of the index of refraction. 
     The model may be based on Snell&#39;s law: sin(theta 1 )/sin(theta 2 )=n 2 /n 1 . For example, the interface may be formed by piece  320  and space  350 , theta 1  may be the angle that the incident ray makes with a surface normal at the interface. Theta 2  may be the modeled angle that the ray makes with a surface normal as it leaves the interface. n 2  may represent the index of refraction of the space  350  and n 1  may represent the index of refraction of the piece  320 . When n 1  is not equal to n 2  then the angles theta 1  and theta 2  will be different as well. Thus, when the electrically variable index of refraction of the liquid crystal layer in space  350  is changed, the path that a light ray would take at the interface will change as well. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , an ophthalmic lens  400  is shown with an embedded variable optic insert  410 . The ophthalmic lens  400  may have a front curve surface  401  and a back curve surface  402 . The insert  410  may have a variable optic portion  403  with a liquid crystal layer  404 . In some exemplary embodiments, the insert  410  may have multiple liquid crystal layers  404  and  405 . Portions of the insert  410  may overlap with the optical zone of the ophthalmic lens  400 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , a variable optic portion  500  that may be inserted into an ophthalmic lens is illustrated with a liquid crystal layer  530 . The variable optic portion  500  may have a similar diversity of materials and structural relevance as has been discussed in other sections of this specification. In some exemplary embodiments, a transparent electrode  545  may be placed on a first transparent substrate  550 . The first lens surface  540  may be comprised of a dielectric film, and in some exemplary embodiments, alignment layers which may be placed upon the first transparent electrode  545 . In such exemplary embodiments, the shape of the dielectric layer of the first lens surface may form a regionally varied shape in the dielectric thickness as depicted. Such a regionally varied shape may introduce additional focusing power of the lens element above the geometric effects discussed in reference to  FIG. 3 . In still further exemplary embodiments, the shaped layer may be formed by injection molding upon the first transparent electrode  545  substrate  550  combination. 
     In some exemplary embodiments the first transparent electrode  545  and a second transparent electrode  520  may be shaped in various manners. In some examples, the shaping may result in separate and distinct regions being formed that may have energization applied separately. In other examples, the electrodes may be formed into patterns such as a helix from the center of the lens to the periphery which may apply a variable electric field across the liquid crystal layer  530 . In either case, such electrode shaping may be performed in addition to the shaping of dielectric layer upon the electrode or instead of such shaping. The shaping of electrodes in these manners may also introduce additional focusing power of the lens element under operation. 
     A liquid crystal layer  530  may be located between the first transparent electrode  545  and a second transparent electrode  520 . The second transparent electrode  520  may be deposited on a top substrate  510 , wherein the device formed from the top substrate  510  to the bottom substrate  550  may contain the variable optic portion  500  of the ophthalmic lens. Two alignment layers may also be located at  540  and  525  upon the dielectric layer and may surround the liquid crystal layer  530 . The alignment layers at  540  and  525  may function to define a resting orientation of the ophthalmic lens. In some exemplary embodiments, the transparent electrode layers  520  and  545  may be in electrical communication with liquid crystal layer  530  and cause a shift in orientation from the resting orientation to at least one energized orientation. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6A , an alternative of a variable optic insert  600  that may be inserted into an ophthalmic lens is illustrated with two liquid crystal layers  620  and  640 . Each of the aspects of the various layers around the liquid crystal region may have similar diversity as described in relation to the variable optic insert  500  in  FIG. 5 . In some exemplary embodiments, the alignment layers may introduce polarization sensitivity into the function of a single liquid crystal element. By combining a first liquid crystal based element formed by a first substrate  610 , whose intervening layers in the space around 620 and a second substrate  630  may have a first polarization preference, with a second liquid crystal based element formed by a second surface on the second substrate  630 , the intervening layers in the space around 640 and a third substrate  650  with a second polarization preference, a combination may be formed which may allow for an electrically variable focal characteristic of a lens that is not sensitive to the polarization aspects of incident light upon it. 
     At the exemplary element  600 , a combination of two electrically active liquid crystal layers of the various types and diversity associated with the example at  500  may be formed utilizing three substrate layers. In other examples, the device may be formed by the combination of four different substrates. In such examples, the intermediate substrate  630  may be split into two layers. If the substrates are combined at a later time, a device that functions similarly to item  600  may result. The combination of four layers may present a convenient example for the manufacturing of the element where similar devices may be constructed around both  620  and  640  liquid crystal layers where the processing difference may relate to the portion of steps that define alignment features for the liquid crystal element. In still further examples, if the lens element around a single liquid crystal layer such that is depicted at  500  is spherically symmetric or symmetric upon a rotation of ninety degrees, then two pieces may be assembled into a structure of the type depicted at  600  by rotating the two pieces ninety degrees relative to each other before assembling. 
     An alternative exemplary embodiment which is not sensitive to the polarization aspects of incident light upon it may be found in reference to  FIG. 6B  at item  660 . In the embodiment at  660 , a single optical element of the type referred to in discussions relating to  FIG. 5  may be found with first and second insert pieces at  610  and  630  respectively surrounding an active liquid crystal later comprising liquid crystal elements at  620 . As mentioned the aligned liquid crystal elements may act differently upon the different polarization components of incident light. Instead of combining two orthogonally deployed aligned liquid crystal layers; however, a polarizing filter layer may be located at item  665  in  FIG. 6B . In some exemplary embodiments, the polarizing filter may allow the polarized light consistent with the alignment of item  620  to pass through it while blocking the orthogonal polarization component. Therefore, the electrically active focal aspects of the liquid crystal layer  620  may create a single effect on incident light upon the lens; albeit for one polarization component of the incident light. 
     The embodiment of  660  in  FIG. 6B  depicts a polarizing filter at  665 , which in some embodiments may be static or in other embodiments may be electrically active. This layer may, in an exemplary manner, be located between two insert pieces for containment. Such an exemplary embodiment, may be found in  FIG. 6B  as the polarization element  665  may be located between a second insert piece  630  and a third insert piece  650 . There may be many embodiments relating to the use of a polarizing element in an aligned liquid crystal containing optical device, including in a non-limiting sense, where the polarization element is created upon either of the first or second insert pieces without being between two insert pieces. Alternatively, both the liquid crystal layer  620  and an associated polarization element  665  may together be located between a first and second insert piece for example. 
     Bifocal Ophthalmic Devices Comprising Single Polarization Sensitive Liquid Crystal Layers with Active and Passive Aspects 
     Referring to  FIG. 6C , a different class of devices may result from forming an ophthalmic device with liquid crystal layers. In the embodiments related for  FIG. 6A  and  6 B the property that a single layer of aligned liquid crystal layers reacts differently for different polarization components of incident light was exploited in different manners to create devices that deliver a single optical or focal aspect of light to a user&#39;s retina. In the different class of devices relating to  FIG. 6C  the fact that a single aligned layer of liquid crystal material acts on different polarization components of incident light in a different manner defines part of the ophthalmic device function. Such a device may be characterized to be a type of bifocal ophthalmic device comprising single polarization sensitive liquid crystal layers. An ophthalmic lens of the type described in  FIG. 4 ,  400  may be provided with an insert  500  comprising a liquid crystal layer. The layer of the various types that have been described may be aligned by alignment layers and therefore have a sensitivity to a particular polarization state. If the device has a focal adjusting function and has a single aligned liquid crystal layer, or alternatively is a dual layer device, where one liquid crystal layer is aligned in an orthogonal direction to the other liquid crystal layer, and one of the liquid crystal layers is electrically energized to a different level than the other, then the light  670  incident upon the ophthalmic lens  400  may be resolved into two different focal characteristics for each of the polarization directions. As depicted, one of the polarization components  681  may be focused on a path  680  towards a focal point  682  whereas the other polarization component  691  may be focused on a path  690  towards focal point  692 . 
     In state of the art ophthalmic devices there are a class of bifocal devices that simultaneously present multiply focused images to a user&#39;s eye. A human&#39;s brain may have a capability of sorting out the two images and perceiving the different images. The device at  FIG. 6C  may deliver such a bifocal capability in a superior manner. Rather than intercepting regions of the global image and focusing them differently, a liquid crystal layer of the type depicted at  FIG. 6C  may divide the light  670  into two polarization components  681  and  691  across the entire visible window. As long as the incident light  670  does not have a polarization preference then the images should appear similarly as would be the case with either focal characteristic alone. In other exemplary embodiments, such an ophthalmic device may be paired with light sources that are projected with defined polarizations for different effects such as displaying information with a select polarization so that it is brought to the magnified image. Liquid Crystal Displays may inherently provide such an ambient condition since light may emerge from such a display with a defined polarization characteristic. There may be many embodiments that result from the ability to leverage the devices with multiple focal characteristics. 
     In other exemplary embodiments, the ability to actively control the focus of the device may allow for devices with a range of bifocal conditions. A resting state or non-energized state may comprise a bifocal with one polarization unfocused and the other polarization focused on mid distances. On activation the mid-distance component may be further focused to near imaging if the lens is bistable, or a range of focal lengths in other embodiments. The bifocal characteristic may allow a user to perceive his distance environment simultaneously with a focused image at various distances, which may have advantages of various kinds. 
     Materials 
     Microinjection molding embodiments may include, for example, a poly(4-methylpent-1-ene) copolymer resin are used to form lenses with a diameter of between about 6 mm to 10 mm and a front surface radius of between about 6 mm and 10 mm and a rear surface radius of between about 6 mm and 10 mm and a center thickness of between about 0.050 mm and 1.0 mm. Some exemplary embodiments include an insert with diameter of about 8.9 mm and a front surface radius of about 7.9 mm and a rear surface radius of about 7.8 mm and a center thickness of about 0.200 mm and an edge profile of about 0.050 mm radius. 
     The variable optic insert  104  of  FIG. 1  may be placed in a mold part  101  and  102  utilized to form an ophthalmic lens in  FIG. 1 . Mold part  101  and  102  material may include, for example, a polyolefin of one or more of: polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, and modified polyolefins. Other molds may include a ceramic or metallic material. 
     A preferred alicyclic co-polymer contains two different alicyclic polymers. Various grades of alicyclic co-polymers may have glass transition temperatures ranging from 105° C. to 160° C. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the molds of the invention may include polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, modified polyolefins containing an alicyclic moiety in the main chain and cyclic polyolefins. This blend may be used on either or both mold halves, where it is preferred that this blend is used on the back curve and the front curve consists of the alicyclic co-polymers. 
     In some preferred methods of making molds  100  according to the present invention, injection molding is utilized according to known techniques; however, embodiments may also include molds fashioned by other techniques including, for example: lathing, diamond turning, or laser cutting. 
     Typically, lenses are formed on at least one surface of both mold parts  101  and  102 . However, in some embodiments, one surface of a lens may be formed from a mold part  101  or  102  and another surface of a lens may be formed using a lathing method, or other methods. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, a preferred lens material includes a silicone containing component. A “silicone-containing component” is one that contains at least one [Si—O—] unit in a monomer, macromer or prepolymer. Preferably, the total Si and attached O are present in the silicone-containing component in an amount greater than about 20 weight percent, and more preferably greater than 30 weight percent of the total molecular weight of the silicone-containing component. Useful silicone-containing components preferably comprise polymerizable functional groups such as acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, vinyl, N-vinyl lactam, N-vinylamide, and styryl functional groups. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, the ophthalmic lens skirt, also called an insert-encapsulating layer, that surrounds the insert may be comprised of standard hydrogel ophthalmic lens formulations. Exemplary materials with characteristics that may provide an acceptable match to numerous insert materials may include the Narafilcon family (including Narafilcon A and Narafilcon B), and the Etafilcon family (including Etafilcon A). A more technically inclusive discussion follows on the nature of materials consistent with the art herein. One ordinarily skilled in the art may recognize that other material other than those discussed may also form an acceptable enclosure or partial enclosure of the sealed and encapsulated inserts and should be considered consistent and included within the scope of the claims. 
     Suitable silicone containing components include compounds of Formula I 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where 
     R 1  is independently selected from monovalent reactive groups, monovalent alkyl groups, or monovalent aryl groups, any of the foregoing which may further comprise functionality selected from hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halogen or combinations thereof; and monovalent siloxane chains comprising 1-100 Si—O repeat units which may further comprise functionality selected from alkyl, hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, halogen or combinations thereof; 
     where b=0 to 500, where it is understood that when b is other than 0, b is a distribution having a mode equal to a stated value; 
     wherein at least one R 1  comprises a monovalent reactive group, and in some embodiments between one and 3 R 1  comprise monovalent reactive groups. 
     As used herein “monovalent reactive groups” are groups that can undergo free radical and/or cationic polymerization. Non-limiting examples of free radical reactive groups include (meth)acrylates, styryls, vinyls, vinyl ethers, C 1-6 alkyl(meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamides, C 1-6 alkyl(meth)acrylamides, N-vinyllactams, N-vinylamides, C 2-12 alkenyls, C 2-12 alkenylphenyls, C 2-12 alkenylnaphthyls, C 2-6 alkenylphenylC 1-6 alkyls, O-vinylcarbamates and O-vinylcarbonates. Non-limiting examples of cationic reactive groups include vinyl ethers or epoxide groups and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the free radical reactive groups comprises (meth)acrylate, acryloxy, (meth)acrylamide, and mixtures thereof. 
     Suitable monovalent alkyl and aryl groups include unsubstituted monovalent C 1  to C 16 alkyl groups, C 6 -C 14  aryl groups, such as substituted and unsubstituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, propoxypropyl, polyethyleneoxypropyl, combinations thereof and the like. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, b is zero, one R 1  is a monovalent reactive group, and at least 3 R 1  are selected from monovalent alkyl groups having one to 16 carbon atoms, and in another exemplary embodiment from monovalent alkyl groups having one to 6 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of silicone components of this exemplary embodiment include 2-methyl-,2-hydroxy-3-[3-[1,3,3,3-tetramethyl-1-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]disiloxanyl]propoxy]propyl ester (“SiGMA”), 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyloxypropyl-tris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, 3-methacryloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane (“TRIS”), 3-methacryloxypropylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane and 3-methacryloxypropylpentamethyl disiloxane. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, b is 2 to 20, 3 to 15 or in some embodiments 3 to 10; at least one terminal R 1  comprises a monovalent reactive group and the remaining R 1  are selected from monovalent alkyl groups having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment from monovalent alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In yet another exemplary embodiment, b is 3 to 15, one terminal R 1  comprises a monovalent reactive group, the other terminal R 1  comprises a monovalent alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the remaining R 1  comprise monovalent alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of silicone components of this embodiment include (mono-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyl)-propyl ether terminated polydimethylsiloxane (400-1000 MW)) (“OH-mPDMS”), monomethacryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (800-1000 MW), (“mPDMS”). 
     In another exemplary embodiment, b is 5 to 400 or from 10 to 300, both terminal R 1  comprise monovalent reactive groups and the remaining R 1  are independently selected from monovalent alkyl groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, which may have ether linkages between carbon atoms and may further comprise halogen. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, where a silicone hydrogel lens is desired, the lens of the present invention will be made from a reactive mixture comprising at least about 20 and preferably between about 20 and 70% wt silicone containing components based on total weight of reactive monomer components from which the polymer is made. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, one to four R 1  comprises a vinyl carbonate or carbamate of the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: Y denotes O—, S— or NH—; 
     R denotes, hydrogen or methyl; d is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and q is 0 or 1. 
     The silicone-containing vinyl carbonate or vinyl carbamate monomers specifically include: 1,3-bis[4-(vinyloxycarbonyloxy)but-1-yl]tetramethyl-disiloxane; 3-(vinyloxycarbonylthio)propyl-[tris (trimethylsiloxy)silane]; 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl allyl carbamate; 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl vinyl carbamate; trimethylsilylethyl vinyl carbonate; trimethylsilylmethyl vinyl carbonate, and 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Where biomedical devices with modulus below about 200 are desired, only one R 1  shall comprise a monovalent reactive group and no more than two of the remaining R 1  groups will comprise monovalent siloxane groups. 
     Another class of silicone-containing components includes polyurethane macromers of the following formulae: 
       (*D*A*D*G) a *D*D*E 1 ; 
       E(*D*G*D*A) a *D*G*D*E 1  or; 
       E(*D*A*D*G) a *D*A*D*E 1   Formulae IV-VI
 
     wherein: 
     D denotes an alkyl diradical, an alkyl cycloalkyl diradical, a cycloalkyl diradical, an aryl diradical or an alkylaryl diradical having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, 
     G denotes an alkyl diradical, a cycloalkyl diradical, an alkyl cycloalkyl diradical, an aryl diradical or an alkylaryl diradical having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and which may contain ether, thio or amine linkages in the main chain; 
     * denotes a urethane or ureido linkage; 
       a  is at least 1; 
     A denotes a divalent polymeric radical of formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 11  independently denotes an alkyl or fluoro-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which may contain ether linkages between carbon atoms; y is at least 1; and p provides a moiety weight of 400 to 10,000; each of E and E 1  independently denotes a polymerizable unsaturated organic radical represented by formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein: R 12  is hydrogen or methyl; R 13  is hydrogen, an alkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a —CO—Y—R 15  radical wherein Y is —O—,Y—S— or —NH—; R 14  is a divalent radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; X denotes —CO— or —OCO—; Z denotes —O— or —NH—; Ar denotes an aromatic radical having 6 to 30 carbon atoms; w is 0 to 6; x is 0 or 1; y is 0 or 1; and z is 0 or 1. 
     A preferred silicone-containing component is a polyurethane macromer represented by the following formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 16  is a diradical of a diisocyanate after removal of the isocyanate group, such as the diradical of isophorone diisocyanate. Another suitable silicone containing macromer is compound of formula X (in which x+y is a number in the range of 10 to 30) formed by the reaction of fluoroether, hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, isophorone diisocyanate and isocyanatoethylmethacrylate. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Other silicone containing components suitable for use in this invention include macromers containing polysiloxane, polyalkylene ether, diisocyanate, polyfluorinated hydrocarbon, polyfluorinated ether and polysaccharide groups; polysiloxanes with a polar fluorinated graft or side group having a hydrogen atom attached to a terminal difluoro-substituted carbon atom; hydrophilic siloxanyl methacrylates containing ether and siloxanyl linkanges and crosslinkable monomers containing polyether and polysiloxanyl groups. Any of the foregoing polysiloxanes may also be used as the silicone containing component in this invention. 
     There may be numerous materials that may have characteristics consistent with the liquid crystal layer types that have been discussed herein. It may be expected that liquid crystal materials with favorable toxicity may be preferred and naturally derived cholesteryl based liquid crystal materials may be useful. In other examples, the encapsulation technology and materials of ophthalmic inserts may allow a broad choice of materials that may include the LCD display related materials which may typically be of the broad categories related to nematic or cholesteric N or smectic liquid crystals or liquid crystal mixtures. Commercially available mixtures such as Merck Specialty chemicals Licristal mixtures for TN, VA, PSVA, IPS and FFS applications and other commercially available mixtures may form a material choice to form a liquid crystal layer. 
     In a non-limiting sense, mixtures or formulations may contain the following liquid crystal materials: 1-(trans-4-Hexylcyclohexyl)-4-isothiocyanatobenzene liquid crystal, benzoic acid compounds including (4-Octylbenzoic acid and 4-Hexylbenzoic acid), carbonitrile compounds including (4′-Pentyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile, 4′-Octyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile, 4′-(Octyloxy)-4-biphenylcarbonitrile, 4′-(Hexyloxy)-4-biphenylcarbonitrile, 4-(trans-4-Pentylcyclohexyl)benzonitrile, 4′-(Pentyloxy)-4-biphenylcarbonitrile, 4′-Hexyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile), and 4,4′-Azoxyanisole. 
     In a non-limiting sense, formulations showing particularly high birefringence of n par −n perp &gt;0.3 at room temperature may be used as a liquid crystal layer forming material. For example, such formulation referred to as W1825 may be as available from AWAT and BEAM Engineering for Advanced Measurements Co. (BEAMCO). 
     There may be other classes of liquid crystal materials that may be useful for the inventive concepts here. For example, ferroelectric liquid crystals may provide function for electric field oriented liquid crystal embodiments, but may also introduce other effects such as magnetic field interactions. Interactions of electromagnetic radiation with the materials may also differ. 
     Alignment Layer Materials: 
     In many of the exemplary embodiments that have been described, the liquid crystal layers within ophthalmic lenses may need to be aligned in various manners at insert boundaries. The alignment, for example, may be parallel or perpendicular to the boundaries of the inserts, and this alignment may be obtained by proper processing of the various surfaces. The processing may involve coating the substrates of the inserts that contain the liquid crystal (LC) by alignment layers. Those alignment layers are described herein. 
     A technique commonly practiced in liquid crystal based devices of various types may be the rubbing technique. This technique may be adapted to account for the curved surfaces such as the ones of the insert pieces used for enclosing the liquid crystal. In an example, the surfaces may be coated by a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) layer. For example, a PVA layer may be spin coated using a 1 wt. % aqueous solution. The solution may be applied with spin coating at 1000 rpm for time such as approximately 60 s, and then dried. Subsequently, the dried layer may then be rubbed by a soft cloth. In a non-limiting example, the soft cloth may be velvet. 
     Photo-alignment may be another technique for producing alignment layers upon liquid crystal enclosures. In some exemplary embodiments, photo-alignment may be desirable due to its non-contact nature and the capability of large scale fabrication. In a non-limiting example, the photo-alignment layer used in the liquid crystal variable optic portion may be comprised of a dichroic azobenzene dye (azo dye) capable of aligning predominantly in the direction perpendicular to the polarization of linear polarized light of typically UV wavelengths. Such alignment may be a result of repetitive trans-cis-trans photoisomerization processes. 
     As an example, PAAD series azobenzene dyes may be spin coated from a 1 wt. % solution in DMF at 3000 rpm for 30 s. Subsequently, the obtained layer may be exposed to a linear polarized light beam of a UV wavelength (such as for example, 325 nm, 351 nm, 365 nm) or even a visible wavelength (400-500 nm). The source of the light may take various forms. In some exemplary embodiments, light may originate from laser sources for example. Other light sources, such as LEDs, halogen and incandescent sources may be other non-limiting examples. Either before or after the various forms of light are polarized in the various patterns as appropriate, the light may be collimated in various manners such as through the use of optical lensing devices. Light from a laser source may inherently have a degree of collimation, for example. 
     A large variety of photoanisotropic materials are known currently, based on azobenzene polymers, polyesthers, photo-crosslinkable polymer liquid crystals with mesogenic 4-(4-methoxycinnamoyloxy)biphenyl side groups and the like. Examples of such materials include sulfonic bisazodye SD1 and other azobenzene dyes, particularly, PAAD-series materials available from BEAM Engineering for Advanced Measurements Co. (BEAMCO), Poly(vinyl cinnamates), and others. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, it may be desirable to use water or alcohol solutions of PAAD series azo dyes. Some azobenzene dyes, for example, Methyl Red, may be used for photoalignment by directly doping a liquid crystal layer. Exposure of the azobenzene dye to a polarized light may cause diffusion and adhesion of the azo dyes to and within the bulk of the liquid crystal layer to the boundary layers creating desired alignment conditions. 
     Azobenzene dyes such as Methyl Red may also be used in combination with a polymer, for example, PVA. Other photoanisotropic materials capable of enforcing alignment of adjacent layers of liquid crystals may be acceptable are known currently. These examples may include materials based on coumarines, polyesthers, photo-crosslinkable polymer liquid crystals with mesogenic 4-(4-methoxycinnamoyloxy)-biphenyl side groups, Poly(vinyl cinnamates), and others. The photo-alignment technology may be advantageous for embodiments comprising patterned orientation of liquid crystal. 
     In another exemplary embodiment of producing alignment layers, the alignment layer may be obtained by vacuum deposition of silicon oxide on the insert piece substrates. For example, SiO 2  may be deposited at low pressure such as ˜10 −6  mbar. It may be possible to provide alignment features at a nanoscaled size that are injection molded into with the creation of the front and back insert pieces. These molded features may be coated in various manners with the materials that have been mentioned or other materials that may directly interact with physical alignment features and transmit the alignment patterning into alignment orientation of liquid crystal molecules. 
     Ion beam alignment may be another technique for producing alignment layers upon liquid crystal enclosures. In some exemplary embodiments, collimated argon ion or focused gallium ion beam may be bombarded upon the alignment layer at a defined angle/orientation. This type of alignment may also be used to align silicon oxide, diamond-like-carbon (DLC), polyimide and other alignment materials. 
     Still further exemplary embodiments may relate to the creation of physical alignment features to the insert pieces after they are formed. Rubbing techniques as are common in other liquid crystal based art may be performed upon the molded surfaces to create physical grooves. The surfaces may also be subjected to a post molding embossing process to create small grooved features upon them. Still further exemplary embodiments may derive from the use of etching techniques which may involve optical patterning processes of various kinds. 
     Dielectric Materials 
     Dielectric films and dielectrics are described herein. By way of non-limiting examples, the dielectric film or dielectrics used in the liquid crystal variable optic portion possess characteristics appropriate to the invention described herein. A dielectric may comprise one or more material layers functioning alone or together as a dielectric. Multiple layers may be used to achieve dielectric performance superior to that of a single dielectric. 
     The dielectric may permit a defect-free insulating layer at a thickness desired for the discretely variable optic portion, for example, between 1 and 10 μm. A defect may be referred to as a pinhole, as is known by those skilled in the art to be a hole in the dielectric permitting electrical and/or chemical contact through the dielectric. The dielectric, at a given thickness, may meet requirements for breakdown voltage, for example, that the dielectric should withstand 100 volts or more. 
     The dielectric may allow for fabrication onto curved, conical, spherical, and complex three-dimensional surfaces (e.g., curved surfaces or non-planar surfaces). Typical methods of dip- and spin-coating may be used, or other methods may be employed. 
     The dielectric may resist damage from chemicals in the variable optic portion, for example, the liquid crystal or liquid crystal mixture, solvents, acids, and bases or other materials that may be present in the formation of the liquid crystal region. The dielectric may resist damage from infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light. Undesirable damage may include degradation to parameters described herein, for example, breakdown voltage and optical transmission. The dielectric may resist permeation of ions. The dielectric may adhere to an underlying electrode and/or substrate, for example, with the use of an adhesion promotion layer. The dielectric may be fabricated using a process which allows for low contamination, low surface defects, conformal coating, and low surface roughness. 
     The dielectric may possess relative permittivity or a dielectric constant which is compatible with electrical operation of the system, for example, a low relative permittivity to reduce capacitance for a given electrode area. The dielectric may possess high resistivity, thereby permitting a very small current to flow even with high applied voltage. The dielectric may possess qualities desired for an optic device, for example, high transmission, low dispersion, and refractive index within a certain range. Example, non-limiting, dielectric materials, include one or more of Parylene-C, Parylene-HT, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Nitride, and Teflon AF. 
     Electrode Materials 
     Electrodes are described herein for applying an electric potential for achieving an electric field across the liquid crystal region. An electrode generally comprises one or more material layers functioning alone or together as an electrode. 
     The electrode may adhere to an underlying substrate, dielectric coating, or other objects in the system, perhaps with the use of an adhesion promoter (e.g., methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane). The electrode may form a beneficial native oxide or be processed to create a beneficial oxide layer. The electrode may be transparent, substantially transparent or opaque, with high optical transmission and little reflection. The electrode may be patterned or etched with known processing methods. For example, the electrodes may be evaporated, sputtered, or electroplated, using photolithographic patterning and/or lift-off processes. 
     The electrode may be designed to have suitable resistivity for use in the electrical system described herein, for example, meeting the requirements for resistance in a given geometric construct. 
     The electrodes may be manufactured from one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), gold, stainless steel, chrome, graphene, graphene doped layers and aluminum. It will be appreciated that this is not an exhaustive list. 
     Processes 
     The following method steps are provided as examples of processes that may be implemented according to some aspects of the present invention. It should be understood that the order in which the method steps are presented is not meant to be limiting and other orders may be used to implement the invention. In addition, not all of the steps are required to implement the present invention and additional steps may be included in various embodiments of the present invention. It may be obvious to one skilled in the art that additional embodiments may be practical, and such methods are well within the scope of the claims. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , a flowchart illustrates exemplary steps that may be used to implement the present invention. At  701 , forming a first substrate layer which may comprise a back curve surface and have a top surface with a shape of a first type that may differ from the shape of surface of other substrate layers. In some exemplary embodiments, the difference may include a different radius of curvature of the surface at least in a portion that may reside in the optical zone. At  702 , forming a second substrate layer which may comprise a front curve surface or an intermediate surface or a portion of an intermediate surface for more complicated devices. At  703 , an electrode layer may be deposited upon the first substrate layer. The deposition may occur, for example, by vapor deposition or electroplating. In some exemplary embodiments, the first substrate layer may be part of an insert that has regions both in the optical zone and regions in the non-optic zone. The electrode deposition process may simultaneously define interconnect features in some exemplary embodiments. In some exemplary embodiments a dielectric layer may be formed upon the interconnects or electrodes. The dielectric layer may comprise numerous insulating and dielectric layers such as for example silicon dioxide. 
     At  704 , the first substrate layer may be further processed to add an alignment layer upon the previously deposited electrode layer. The alignment layer may be deposited upon the top layer on the substrate and then processed in standard manners, for example, rubbing techniques, to create the grooving features that are characteristic of standard alignment layers or by treatment with exposure to energetic particles or light. Thin layers of photoanisotropic materials may be processed with light exposure to form alignment layers with various characteristics. 
     At  705 , the second substrate layer may be further processed. An electrode layer may be deposited upon the second substrate layer in an analogous fashion to step  703 . Then in some exemplary embodiments, at  706 , a dielectric layer may be applied upon the second substrate layer upon the electrode layer. The dielectric layer may be formed to have a variable thickness across its surface. As an example, the dielectric layer may be molded upon the first substrate layer. Alternatively, a previously formed dielectric layer may be adhered upon the electrode surface of the second substrate piece. 
     At  707 , an alignment layer may be formed upon the second substrate layer in similar fashion to the processing step at  704 . After 707, two separate substrate layers that may form at least a portion of an ophthalmic lens insert may be ready to be joined. In some exemplary embodiments at  708 , the two pieces will be brought in close proximity to each other and then liquid crystal material may be filled in between the pieces. There may be numerous manners to fill the liquid crystal in between the pieces, including as non-limiting examples, vacuum based filling where the cavity is evacuated and liquid crystal material is subsequently allowed to flow into the evacuated space. In addition, the capillary forces that are present in the space between the lens insert pieces may aid in the filling of the space with liquid crystal material. At  709 , the two pieces may be brought adjacent to each other and then sealed to form a variable optic element with liquid crystal. There may be numerous manners of sealing the pieces together including the use of adhesives, sealants, and physical sealing components such as o-rings and snap lock features as non-limiting examples. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, two pieces of the type formed at  709  may be created by repeating method steps  701  to  709  wherein the alignment layers are offset from each other to allow for a lens that may adjust the focal power of non-polarized light. In such embodiments, the two variable optic layers may be combined to form a single variable optic insert. At  710 , the variable optic portion may be connected to the energy source and intermediate or attached components may be placed thereon. 
     At  711 , the variable optic insert resulting at step  710  may be placed within a mold part. The variable optic insert may or may not also contain one or more components. In some preferred embodiments, the variable optic insert is placed in the mold part via mechanical placement. Mechanical placement may include, for example, a robot or other automation, such as that known in the industry to place surface mount components. Human placement of a variable optic insert is also within the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, any mechanical placement or automation may be utilized which is effective to place a variable optic insert with an energy source within a cast mold part such that the polymerization of a reactive mixture contained by the mold part will include the variable optic in a resultant ophthalmic lens. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, a variable optic insert is placed in a mold part attached to a substrate. An energy source and one or more components are also attached to the substrate and are in electrical communication with the variable optic insert. Components may include, for example, circuitry to control power applied to the variable optic insert. Accordingly, in some exemplary embodiments a component includes control mechanism for actuating the variable optic insert to change one or more optical characteristics, such as, for example, a change of state between a first optical power and a second optical power. 
     In some exemplary embodiments, a processor device, MEMS, NEMS or other component may also be placed into the variable optic insert and in electrical contact with the energy source. At  712 , a reactive monomer mixture may be deposited into a mold part. At  713 , the variable optic insert may be positioned into contact with the reactive mixture. In some exemplary embodiments the order of placement of variable optic and depositing of monomer mixture may be reversed. At  714 , the first mold part is placed proximate to a second mold part to form a lens-forming cavity with at least some of the reactive monomer mixture and the variable optic insert in the cavity. As discussed above, preferred embodiments include an energy source and one or more components also within the cavity and in electrical communication with the variable optic insert. 
     At  715 , the reactive monomer mixture within the cavity is polymerized. Polymerization may be accomplished, for example, via exposure to one or both of actinic radiation and heat. At  716 , the ophthalmic lens is removed from the mold parts with the variable optic insert adhered to or encapsulated within the insert-encapsulating polymerized material making up the ophthalmic lens. 
     Although the invention herein may be used to provide hard or soft contact lenses made of any known lens material, or material suitable for manufacturing such lenses, preferably, the lenses of the present invention are soft contact lenses having water contents of about 0 to about 90 percent. More preferably, the lenses are made of monomers containing hydroxy groups, carboxyl groups, or both or be made from silicone-containing polymers, such as siloxanes, hydrogels, silicone hydrogels, and combinations thereof. Material useful for forming the lenses of the invention may be made by reacting blends of macromers, monomers, and combinations thereof along with additives such as polymerization initiators. Suitable materials include, silicone hydrogels made from silicone macromers and hydrophilic monomers. 
     Apparatus 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , automated apparatus  810  is illustrated with one or more transfer interfaces  811 . Multiple mold parts, each with an associated variable optic insert  814  are contained on a pallet  813  and presented to transfer interfaces  811 . Exemplary embodiments may include, for example, a single interface individually placing variable optic insert  814 , or multiple interfaces (not shown) simultaneously placing variable optic inserts  814  into the multiple mold parts, and in some embodiments, in each mold part. Placement may occur via vertical movement  815  of the transfer interfaces  811 . 
     Another aspect of some exemplary embodiments of the present invention includes apparatus to support the variable optic insert  814  while the body of the ophthalmic lens is molded around these components. In some exemplary embodiments the variable optic insert  814  and an energy source may affixed to holding points in a lens mold (not illustrated). The holding points may be affixed with polymerized material of the same type that will be formed into the lens body. Other exemplary embodiments include a layer of prepolymer within the mold part onto which the variable optic insert  814  and an energy source may be affixed. 
     Processors Included in Insert Devices 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a controller  900  is illustrated that may be used in some exemplary embodiments of the present invention. The controller  900  includes a processor  910 , which may include one or more processor components coupled to a communication device  920 . In some exemplary embodiments, a controller  900  may be used to transmit energy to the energy source placed in the ophthalmic lens. 
     The controller may include one or more processors, coupled to a communication device configured to communicate energy via a communication channel. The communication device may be used to electronically control one or more of the placement of a variable optic insert into the ophthalmic lens or the transfer of a command to operate a variable optic device. 
     The communication device  920  may also be used to communicate, for example, with one or more controller apparatus or manufacturing equipment components. 
     The processor  910  is also in communication with a storage device  930 . The storage device  930  may comprise any appropriate information storage device, including combinations of magnetic storage devices (e.g., magnetic tape and hard disk drives), optical storage devices, and/or semiconductor memory devices such as Random Access Memory (RAM) devices and Read Only Memory (ROM) devices. 
     The storage device  930  may store a program  940  for controlling the processor  910 . The processor  910  performs instructions of the program  940 , and thereby operates in accordance with the present invention. For example, the processor  910  may receive information descriptive of variable optic insert placement, processing device placement, and the like. The storage device  930  may also store ophthalmic related data in one or more databases  950 ,  960 . The database  950  and  960  may include specific control logic for controlling energy to and from a variable optic lens. 
     In this description, reference has been made to elements illustrated in the figures. Many of the elements are depicted for reference to depict the embodiments of the inventive art for understanding. The relative scale of actual features may be significantly different from that as depicted, and variation from the depicted relative scales should be assumed within the spirit of the art herein. For example, liquid crystal molecules may be of a scale to be impossibly small to depict against the scale of insert pieces. The depiction of features that represent liquid crystal molecules at a similar scale to insert pieces to allow for representation of factors such as the alignment of the molecules is therefore such an example of a depicted scale that in actual embodiments may assume much different relative scale. 
     Although shown and described is what is believed to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is apparent that departures from specific designs and methods described and shown will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The present invention is not restricted to the particular constructions described and illustrated, but should be constructed to cohere with all modifications that may fall within the scope of the appended claims.