Patent Publication Number: US-2021177518-A1

Title: Sensory enhanced environments for injection aid and social training

Description:
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/448,364, filed Mar. 2, 2017, entitled “SENSORY ENHANCED ENVIRONMENTS FOR INJECTION AID AND SOCIAL TRAINING”, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/302,646, filed Mar. 2, 2016 and entitled “SENSORY ENHANCED ENVIRONMENTS FOR INJECTION TRAINING,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/399,252, filed Sep. 23, 2016 and entitled “SENSORY ENHANCED ENVIRONMENTS FOR INJECTION TRAINING,” the entirety of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference and made party of this specification as if set forth fully herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure generally relates to a virtual reality and/or augmented system for providing aid to a physician or healthcare professional during injection procedures and/or for providing social training. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A sensory immersive environment, which can also be referred to as a virtual environment, comprises a computer-based or computer-enhanced experience that can simulate for the user a physical presence in places and circumstances that correspond to real or imagined environments. Frequently the experience provided by a virtual environment is interactive, allowing the user to engage and affect the environment. Typically sensory immersive environments are displayed on a screen or through a stereoscopic display worn by the user. Some simulations include additional sensory information such as, for example, sound delivered through speakers or headphones, and tactile information delivered through the use of input and feedback devices. Input devices can include standard devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a game controller, etc., or customized, multimodal devices such as a wired glove, an injection tool, or an injection apparatus. More advanced virtual environments can include deeper sensory experiences such as virtual taste, smell, and motion in addition to sight, sound, and touch, enabling participants to interact realistically with the virtual environment. The simulated environment can be similar to the real world to create a lifelike experience, or it can differ significantly from circumstances in the physical world. 
     A sensory immersive environment may be utilized as an aid to individuals in a variety of situations by providing additional information to the user when the user enters a particular environment. For example, a sensory immersive environment can function as an aid during a variety of medical injection procedures and/or provide educational and training features for health-care professionals performing the medical injection procedures. A variety of medical injection procedures are often performed in prophylactic, curative, therapeutic, or cosmetic treatments. Injections are not limited to treating medical conditions, but may be expanded to treating aesthetic imperfections, restorative cosmetic procedures, procedures for treating migraine, depression, epidurals, orthopedic procedures, self-administered injections, in vitro procedures, or other therapeutic procedures. By way of another example, a sensory immersive environment can similarly function as a social aid for individuals with difficulty recognizing social cues. 
     SUMMARY 
     There are numerous advantages to be gained through the use of virtual environments for the aid and training of health-care professionals. A sensory immersive environment provides the user with additional information that allows the user to increase the effectiveness of therapeutic procedures. The sensory immersive environment may provide an opportunity to learn through personal, participatory experience, a modality that is recognized as an effective way for humans to gain and retain a deep understanding of subject matter as well as physical and mental processes. In contrast to the passive, traditional, out-of-context training modes of attending a lecture and reading a text, a virtual environment-based training experience places the trainee in the context and environment of the subject being learned, and it demands active engagement by the trainee to invest mental and physical effort to construct and develop conceptual models of the material being taught. Moreover, immersion in a virtual environment can allow the health-care professional and/or trainee to develop an understanding of the subject matter through physical interaction including manipulation of objects, a central aspect to the process by which humans learn. Virtual environments provide advanced techniques for visualization of subject matter as well, which can enable the health-care professional and/or trainee to sometimes perceive that which is imperceptible. For example, abstract notions such as biological processes—which in the real world cannot be observed—can be simulated, visualized, and experienced in a sensory immersive environment. Thus a virtual environment permits learning in contexts that are difficult or impossible to experience in real life. Illustratively, a virtual environment can permit travel through the body&#39;s circulatory system, or motion among molecules. Similarly, a virtual environment can deliver a wide range of observational perspectives (from extreme close-up to great distance) which sometimes cannot be easily achieved in the real world. For example, a virtual environment can display a syringe needle penetrating a portion of an anatomy from a perspective of being inside the anatomy. 
     Virtual environments can also provide access to contexts that are dangerous (e.g., procedures that present an unacceptable risk to a patient) or cost-prohibitive in which to train. A virtual environment has the potential to increase trainee motivation by offering direct skill and knowledge development. Because it is computer-based, a virtual environment can be adaptable to its users, making accommodations or adjustments for the physical characteristics and preferences of a particular user. A virtual environment is also well suited for evaluation and certification of trainees&#39; skill and knowledge mastery, since the training sessions can be easily monitored and recorded for review and assessment. 
     Virtual environments can also provide various advantages for social aid and developmental training for individuals with social impairment. For example, virtual environment may provide information to users experiencing deficiencies in social communication and interaction. Particular users who may benefit from this technology involve those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and experience deficiencies in verbal and non-verbal communication skills. The virtual environment may provide advanced techniques for the recognition of social cues present in non-verbal communication and body language and provide the information to the user in a manner understandable to the user. Because of the range in the severity of social deficiencies, a virtual environment may be adaptable to its users, making accommodations or adjustments for the preferences of a particular user. A virtual environment is also well suited for evaluation and certification of a user&#39;s social capabilities and may function as a training tool to easily monitor and record the user&#39;s training progress. 
     In some embodiments, an injection aid system can include a computing system having at least one processor and a memory device, the computing system configured to generate a virtual environment including a treatment target; a display device, coupled to the computing system, the display device configured to visually display the virtual environment; and an injection tool having a needle and a plunger. The computing system can be further configured to develop a recommended injection schedule. The recommended injection schedule can comprise injection information. The computing system can be further configured to generate a comprehensive mapping of the treatment target based a pre-operative imaging data of the treatment target and a scanned position of the treatment target. The pre-operative imaging data can comprise information representative of at least one of an underline musculature of the treatment target and a facial expression scan of the treatment target. The computing device can be further configured to generate a graphical representation of the virtual environment, wherein the graphical representation of the virtual environment is stereoscopic. 
     The treatment target can comprise live tissue. The treatment target can comprise an anatomic training model configured to receive at least a portion of the injection tool. The anatomic training model can be configured to provide feedback in response to interaction by the injection tool. 
     The display device can comprise a stereoscopic display configured to present a stereoscopic graphical representation of the virtual environment. The display device can be further configured to be mounted on a head of a user. The display device can be further configured to sense motion of the user&#39;s head and to transmit information representative of the sensed motion to the computing system. The display device can be further configured to project injection information, wherein the injection information is superimposed on a field of view of a user. The injection information can comprise at least one of a position of the injection tool, an angle of the injection tool, an injection location, an injection depth, an injection angle, an injection volume, a position of the treatment target, a medication type, a recommended injection schedule, and a comparison of a detected injection to the recommended injection schedule. The injected information can overlay the treatment target. The injected information is offset from a line of sight of the user. The injected information can be in the form of at least one of words, symbols, pictures, and video. The display device can comprise a remote screen display. 
     The injection tool can further comprise a positional sensor configured to sense a position and an orientation of the injection tool. The positional sensor can be configured to transmit information representative of the sensed position and orientation of the injection tool to the computing system. The injection tool can further comprise a force sensor configured to measure a force exerted on the plunger. The force sensor can be configured and to transmit information representative of the measured force exerted on the plunger to the computing system. The injection tool can further comprise a syringe or a catheter. 
     The injection aid system can further comprise an optical tracking system having a field of view. The optical tracking system can be configured to determine a three-dimensional position of at least one of the display device, the injection tool, and the treatment target. The optical tracking system can be configured to measure a displacement of the plunger. The optical tracking system can be positioned such that the treatment target is in the field of view of the optical tracking system. The injection tool can further comprise an alignment marker configured to reflect electromagnetic waves. The treatment target can further comprise an alignment marker configured to reflect electromagnetic waves. The optical tracking system can further comprise a light sensor; an infrared light source, positioned around the light sensor, configured to emit infrared light; an infrared filter positioned in front of the light sensor configured to cause the light sensor to detect infrared light emitted from the infrared light source; and a processor configured to periodically pulse on and off the infrared light source, the processor also configured to process infrared light, reflected from at least one of the injection tool and the treatment target and sensed by the light sensor, to determine a three-dimensional position of at least one of the injection tool and the treatment target. 
     The injection aid system can further comprise a scanner configured to measure a facial expression of the treatment target and determine an underlying anatomy and a muscle motion. The scanner can be further configured to interact with one or more landmarks on the treatment target to measure a location of at least one of the injection tool and the display device relative to the treatment target. The landmarks can comprise at least one of the center of an eyeball and an apex of a nose. The scanner can be further configured to detect a position of at least one of the display device, the injection tool, and the treatment target relative to a user. 
     The injection aid system can further comprise a glove configured to sense a position and an orientation a user&#39;s hand. The glove can be further configured to transmit information representative of the sensed position and orientation of the user&#39;s hand to the computing system. 
     In some embodiments, a method for providing a recommended injection schedule when using an injection aid system, the injection aid system including a display device and an injection tool, the method can include scanning a treatment target to obtain a scanned position of the treatment target relative to the display device; generating a comprehensive mapping of the treatment target; developing the recommended injection schedule, the recommended injection schedule comprising injection information; and projecting the injection information on the display device. The method can further comprise acquiring a pre-operative imaging data of the treatment target. The pre-operative imaging data can comprise information representative of at least one of an underline musculature of the treatment target and a facial expression scan of the treatment target. Generating a comprehensive mapping of the treatment target can comprise merging the pre-operative imaging data of the treatment target with the scanned position of the treatment target. The injection information can comprise at least one of a position of the injection tool, an angle of the injection tool, an injection location, an injection depth, an injection angle, an injection volume, a position of the treatment target, a medication type, and a comparison of a detected injection to the recommended injection schedule. Projecting the injection information on the display device can comprise superimposing the injection information on a field of view of a user. The injection information can overlay the treatment target. The injection information can offset from a line of sight of the user. The method can further comprise scanning a detected injection procedure. Scanning a detected injection procedure can comprise tracking at least one of a position and orientation of the injection tool and a displacement of a plunger of the injection tool. The method can further comprise comparing the detected injection procedure to the recommended injection schedule. The method can further comprise adjusting the recommended injection schedule according to the detected injection procedure. The method can further comprise receiving feedback information from the treatment target in response to an interaction between the injection tool and the treatment target. The method can further comprise determining a location of a hazard zone. The display device can comprise a stereoscopic display configured to present a stereoscopic graphical representation of the virtual environment. The display device can be further configured to be mounted on a head of a user. 
     In some embodiments, a method for injection training when using an injection aid system, the injection aid system including an injection tool and a treatment target, the method can include determining if a tip of the injection tool is located within a target location in the treatment target; detecting a force applied to a plunger of the injection tool; and calculating an accumulated injection amount based on the detected force applied to the plunger. The method can further comprise comparing the calculated accumulated injection amount to a target injection amount. The method can further comprise distorting a model mesh relative to the accumulated injection amount. Distorting a model mesh can comprise moving at least one vertices of the model mesh away from a location of the tip of the injection tool proportional to the accumulated injection amount. The method can further comprise determining a training score. The method can further comprise reporting to a user the training score. 
     In some embodiments, a social aid system can include a computing system having at least one processor and a memory device, the computing system configured to process a social cue information and generate a virtual environment including an observed target; a display device, coupled to the computing system, the display device configured to visually display the virtual environment; and a scanner having a field of view. The computing system can be further configured to develop a recommended social response, wherein the recommended social response comprises the social cue information. The computing system can be further configured to generate a graphical representation of the virtual environment. The graphical representation of the virtual environment can be stereoscopic. The observed target can comprise a human. The computing system can be further configured to provide feedback in response to a social interaction by the observed target. 
     The display device can comprise a stereoscopic display configured to present a stereoscopic graphical representation of the virtual environment. The display device can be further configured to be mounted on a head of a user. The display device can be further configured to sense motion of the user&#39;s head and to transmit information representative of the sensed motion to the computing system. The display device can be further configured to project at least one of the social cue information and a recommended social response, wherein the injection information is superimposed on a field of view of a user. The social cue information can comprise at least one of a facial expression, a facial color, a facial motion, a body language, a voice tone, a speech pace, and a buried frequency. The social cue information can overlay the observed target. The social cue information can be offset from a line of sight of the user. The injected information is in the form of at least one of words, symbols, pictures, and video. The display device can comprise a visor lens and a project, wherein the projector configured to project at least one of the social cue information and the recommended social response onto the visor lens. The display device can comprise a positional sensor configured to sense a position and an orientation of the display device. The positional sensor can be configured to transmit information representative of the sensed position and orientation of the display device to the computing system. 
     The scanner can be configured to obtain information representative of at least one of the social cue information, a position of the observed target, an underlying anatomy of the observed target, and a muscle motion of the observed target. The scanner can be configured to determine a three-dimensional position of at least one of the display device, a user, and the observed target. The scanner can be configured to track one or more landmarks on the observed target to measure at least one of a movement of the observed target and a location of the observed target relative to a user. The landmarks can comprise at least one of the center of an eyeball and an apex of a nose. The scanner can comprise at least one of an eyeglass camera, a lapel camera, a mobile device camera, and a wearable device camera. 
     In some embodiments, a method for providing a recommended social response when using a social aid system, the social aid system including a display device, the method can include scanning an observed target to detect a social cue information relating to the observed target; generating a comprehensive map of the observed target; developing the recommended social response, the recommended social response comprising the social cue information; and projecting the recommended social response on the display device. The social cue information can comprise information representative of at least one of at least one of a facial expression, a facial color, a facial motion, a body language, a voice tone, a speech pace, and a buried frequency, a position of the observed target, an underlying anatomy of the observed target, and a muscle motion of the observed target. Generating a comprehensive map of the observed target can comprise analyzing the social cue information to generate an emotional state of the observed target. Projecting the recommended social response on the display device can comprise superimposing at least one of the social cue information and the recommended social response on a field of view of a user. The projected recommended social response can overlay the observed target. The projected recommended social response can be offset from a line of sight of the user. The method can further comprise scanning a detected social response of a user. Scanning a detected social response can comprise tracking a position and orientation of the user. Scanning a detected social response can comprise capturing at least one of an audio recording and video recording of the detected social response. The method can further comprise comparing the detected social response to the recommended social response. The method can further comprise adjusting the recommended social response according to the detected social response. The method can further comprise detecting feedback information from the observed target in response to the detected social response. The display device can comprise a stereoscopic display configured to present a stereoscopic graphical representation of the virtual environment. The display device can be further configured to be mounted on a head of a user. 
     Any feature, structure, or step disclosed herein can be replaced with or combined with any other feature, structure, or step disclosed herein, or omitted. Further, for purposes of summarizing the disclosure, certain aspects, advantages, and features of the inventions have been disclosed herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily any or all such advantages are achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the inventions disclosed herein. No individual aspects of this disclosure are essential or indispensable. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an injection aid system according to one embodiment herein. 
         FIG. 2A  is a front perspective view of another embodiment of the injection aid system. 
         FIG. 2B  is side perspective view of the injection aid system of  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 3  is a side perspective view of another embodiment of the injection aid system disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates another embodiment of the injection aid system according to one embodiment herein. 
         FIG. 5  is a front view of a display device of the injection aid system of  FIG. 4 . 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate the use of computer vision to spot a treatment target based on contrast patterns typically seen in and around a human face. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a model mesh used to represent the facial skin of a treatment target. 
         FIG. 8  is a flow diagram describing a process for scoring a single, non-filler injection. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram describing a process for scoring a filler injection. 
         FIG. 10  is a functional block diagram of an example general purpose computer system suitable for use in the disclosed aid systems and for executing the disclosed methods for the aid systems. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a social aid system according to one embodiment herein. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an example social aid system suitable for executing the disclosed methods for social training. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates various embodiments of the social aid system of  FIG. 11 . 
         FIGS. 14A through 14C  illustrate the use of computer vision to spot a target behavior based on contrast patterns typically seen in and around a human stance. 
         FIGS. 15A and 15B  illustrate the use of computer vision to spot a target behavior based on contrast patterns typically seen in and around a human face. 
         FIGS. 16A through 16C  illustrate various embodiments of views appearing on a display device of the social aid system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the disclosure are provided with respect to the figures and various embodiments. One of skill in the art will appreciate, however, that other embodiments and configurations of the devices and methods disclosed herein will still fall within the scope of this disclosure even if not described in the same detail as some other embodiments. Aspects of various embodiments discussed do not limit scope of the disclosure herein, which is instead defined by the claims following this description. 
     Disclosed herein are systems, devices and methods for virtual reality and/or augmented reality for aid and training in the medical and social arts. 
     Injection Aid System Utilizing Virtual Reality 
     The disclosed systems and methods can be applied to the aid, training, evaluation, and certification of health-care professionals performing a variety of medical injection procedures including prophylactic, curative, therapeutic, acupuncture, or cosmetic treatments. Illustratively, the user can virtually access a portion of the anatomy of interest, such as, for example, the face. Employing various types of user interface devices such as, for example, an injection tool configured to operate as a syringe, the user can deliver one or more injections to a portion of anatomy of interest and/or simulate the process of delivering one or more injections. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an injection aid system  100  configured to generate a virtual environment in which a user may be engaged. In one embodiment, the injection aid system  100  comprises several components: (1) a computing system  104  configured to generate a virtual environment; (2) a display device  108  configured to present visual images of the virtual environment; (3) an injection tool  112  having a needle configured to enable simulation and/or actual injection by the user; and (4) a treatment target  116  that may comprise live and/or artificial tissue. The display device  108  may be coupled to the computing system  104  and configured to present visual images depicting the virtual environment generated by the injection aid system  100 . The injection aid system  100  may use information available to a user to provide the user with more complete and accessible information. The information may advantageously result in more informed treatment procedures and superior outcomes. 
     The injection aid system may include a treatment target  116 . In the illustrated example, the treatment target  116  is in the form of an artificial head, but the treatment target  116  can include any target (live or artificial) appropriate for a medical injection procedure. 
     The treatment target  116  can provide tactile feedback by applying force (actively or passively) in response to the injection motions or other physical interaction of the user. Illustratively, the treatment target  116  can be configured to emulate structural characteristics of the portion of the anatomy of interest. For example, one embodiment of a treatment target  116  features an anatomically accurate model of a human or human body part (such as a face) to be used for injection training. In an embodiment, the anatomical model can include various injection conditions, such as, for example, layered skin, available in multiple tones and textures to mimic a diverse span of age, race, and skin texture. In an embodiment, the layered skin can be removable and/or replaceable. The anatomical model can include additional simulated injection conditions such as, for example, muscle tissue, nerve tissue and skeletal tissue. In an embodiment, the treatment target  116  can simulate any human or animal part, such as, for example, the face, head, brain, neck, back, chest, spine, torso, arms, legs, hands, feet, mouth, or any other body part or portion of the body of interest. In some embodiments the treatment target  116  need not be an accurate representation of a specific portion of anatomy because the virtual environment can visually superimpose anatomical structure in the treatment target  116  within the virtual training environment. Accordingly, the treatment target  116 , having certain physical characteristics of an anatomy, can be used to support training of procedures directed at multiple portions of anatomy. In some embodiments, the treatment target  116  can be configured to mimic certain muscle contraction conditions common with a particular type of injection. For example, this can include contractions of facial features, such as furrowing of an eyebrow, squinting of the eyes, or pursing of the lips. The removable skin can also include blemishes, such as scars or wrinkles. The treatment target  116  may include one or more optical trackers inside the treatment target  116  capable of detecting a light point. The treatment target  116  may include living tissue in the case of a treatment procedure being performed on a live patient. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the injection aid system  100  including an injection tool  112 . In some embodiments, the injection tool  112  is configured to sense its position and orientation in space, and to transmit its position and orientation information to the computing system  104 . The computing system  104  incorporates the position and orientation information into the virtual environment displayed to the user. The injection tool  112  may include one or more sensors to measure the position and orientation in three-dimensional space of the injection tool  112 . The sensors may communicate the position and orientation information to the computing system  104 , such that the injection tool  112  can be displayed in the virtual environment. In the illustrated example, the injection tool  112  is in the form of a syringe, but the injection tool  112  can include other needle-based devices or catheter devices. 
     In some embodiments, the injection tool  112  comprises a track needle tip and is configured to simulate a syringe, including a plunger. The injection tool  112  may also include one or more sensors configured to measure the amount of force applied by the user on the plunger of the injection tool  112  during an injection. The measured force can be communicated to the computing system  104  such that motion of the plunger and the actual and/or simulated injection of material can be displayed in the virtual environment. In some instances, the injection tool  112  is configured to measure the displacement of the plunger as the injection is being performed. The displacement information is transmitted to the computing system  104  and displayed within the virtual environment. 
     In some embodiments, the treatment target  116  is configured to sense physical interaction with objects, such as, for example, the injection tool  112  or the user&#39;s hand. Information corresponding to the sensed physical interaction is transmitted to the computing system  104  and incorporated into the virtual environment. Physical interaction between the user, the injection tool  112 , and the treatment target  116  may be captured by an external sensing system, such as, by way of non-limiting example, an optical tracking system. The optical tracking system can be configured to obtain position, orientation and motion information of the user, the injection tool  112 , the treatment target  116 , and other objects used in the injection aid system  100 . The information sensed by the optical tracking system can be transmitted to the computing system  104 . The computing system  104  is configured to receive the information and to display it in the virtual environment in a realistic manner. Optical tracking systems offer some advantages over other approaches to measure and determine the position and orientation of an object in three-dimensional space. For example, optical tracking is less susceptible to noise from the environment, such as, for instance, ferromagnetic metal in the environment which can influence the accuracy of the measurements of magnetic tracking systems. Additionally, optical tracking does not suffer from drift problems experienced in, for instance, inertial sensors, which cause measurements to slowly deviate from actual values, for which compensation techniques must be applied. Optical tracking also allows for many objects to be tracked simultaneously. Optically tracked devices can be lightweight and they do not require wires or power. As such, users are neither hampered by wires nor limited in their manipulation of the object. 
     In some embodiments, a sensor, such as, for example a camera, is placed within or proximate to the treatment target  116  to gain a perspective of the injection tool  112  from a perspective interior to the treatment target  116  during an injection. The sensor can detect and transmit information to the computing system  104  which can display the results in the virtual environment. 
     The optical tracking system may detect the position and orientation of the injection tool  112  in three-dimensional, physical space. The optical tracking system can also be configured to measure the displacement of the plunger, in three-dimensional, physical space, to estimate the rate at which a therapeutic agent would be delivered in the actual and/or simulated injection. The optical tracking system may include an integrated network system in the injection tool  112  capable of communicating with the computing system  104 . 
     In some implementations, the optical tracking system periodically emits a light or other source of electromagnetic radiation which is reflected from the injection tool  112  and/or the treatment target  116  back to the optical tracking system. In some embodiments, the optical tracking system senses light from the injection tool  112  and/or treatment target  116  directly. The optical tracking system may sense light emitting from an alignment target  113  at the head of the injection tool  112  and/or sense light emitting from an alignment target  413  at the base of the treatment target  416  (as shown in  FIG. 4 ). The alignment target  113 ,  413  may comprise a light source. For example, the light source may use a fiber optic. The light source may be one or more LEDs, laser diodes, or any other light emitting device or combination of devices. The injection aid system  100  may include a digital model of the treatment target  116  with anatomical information and software able to combine the injection tool  112  and/or needle tip position  113  in the treatment target  116  with the digital model. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the display device  108  comprises a remote screen display configured to provide images of the generated virtual environment. The injection aid system may provide information and training results of injections to a user through, for example, a patient&#39;s face shown on the display device  108 , such as on a tablet, mobile device, laptop or standalone display. The display device  108  may include wearable glasses or as otherwise described herein. The display device  108  can be used to overlay a computer-generated three-dimensional image(s) on the treatment target  116 . The computer-generated image(s) can correspond to one or more layers of anatomy (e.g. bones, nerves, blood vessels, or the like) for the specific target. The images can be obtained using a CT scan, an MRI scan, a photographic image, an X-ray, and/or the like. 
     The computer-generated image(s) may be used in conjunction with the medical injection treatment so that the locations of structures in the image correspond to the actual location of those structures in the treatment target  116 . The ability to visualize the tissue layers as the user is performing a procedure can help the user perform the procedure at an optimal location. For example, the user can be instructed by the injection aid system  100  via the display device  108  to guide the injection tool  112  to an appropriate depth for a therapeutic injection. The movement of the injection tool  112  can be projected on the display device  108  in real-time during the treatment procedure. Thus, as the injection tool  112  is moved through the treatment target  116 , the location of a distal tip of the injection tool  112  can be viewed on the computer-generated image. When the distal tip of the injection tool  112  is positioned in the target location in the treatment target  116 , the distal tip of the injection tool  112  is positioned in the target location in the image. 
     The generated virtual environment can depict a portion of an anatomy into which the injection can be delivered. Display of the anatomy is not limited to constraints found in the physical world. Accordingly, the user can select a display format that provides increased or altered perception of the virtual anatomical structure being injected. Illustratively, the user may desire to see the underlying structure of the anatomy, such as bones, nerves, blood vessels, or the like. By implementing a virtual environmental control, such as for example, a hand gesture, the user can cause to be displayed the desired portion of the anatomy. In a similar manner, the user can change perspective views of the virtual anatomy by, for example, zooming in or out, panning left or right, or rotating up, down or around the virtual anatomy. 
     The user can simulate an injection by moving the injection tool  112  in the physical world and having such motion depicted in the virtual world, as described above. Illustratively, the injection tool  112  is depicted as a syringe approaching an identified target on the treatment target  116 . In some embodiments, a target image (for example, a bull&#39;s eye display) is superimposed on the virtual anatomy  117  for the user to more easily identify the desired injection location. The injection aid system  100  is able to display a virtual tool  114  relative to the virtual anatomy  117  based on communicated positions and orientation information provided by the injection tool  112 . In the virtual environment, as the injection tool  112  approaches the treatment target  116 , sensory indicators may be displayed, in an overlay manner for example, to indicate proximity of the virtual tool  114  to the desired target location. Such sensory indicators may include, by way of non-limiting example, audible sounds or visual displays. As the virtual tool  114  approaches and penetrates the virtual anatomy  117 , the user can apply pressure to the plunger of the injection tool  112 . The pressure information is communicated to the computing system  104  which generates an image of the virtual tool  114  being injected in the virtual environment. In some implementations, the virtual environment can display the therapeutic agent being delivered to the virtual anatomy  117 . In certain perspectives of the virtual anatomy  117  below the skin, images of the therapeutic agent exiting the virtual tool  114  and flowing into the virtual anatomy  117  may be provided. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate another embodiment in which the display device  200  comprises a head-mounted display to be worn by a user  204 . The display device  200  is configured to provide stereoscopic images of the generated virtual environment. The computing system  104  is configured to simulate an environment with a sufficient degree of fidelity to cause the user to perceive that he or she is present and engaged in a realistic scenario. In an embodiment, the computing system  104  generates stereoscopic images (also referred to as three-dimensional images) of the environment to create the illusion of depth by presenting two separate, offset images to the user&#39;s left eye and right eye. The separate, two-dimensional images are combined in the user&#39;s brain to create a perception of three-dimensional depth and texture. As illustrated in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , use of a stereoscopic, head-mounted display device  200 , such as, by way of non-limiting example, the Oculus Rift, offered by Oculus VR of Menlo Park, Calif., can help to realize such a perception for the user  204 . The stereoscopic, head-mounted display  200  can provide a wide field of view, stretching beyond the user&#39;s peripheral vision. In some embodiments, the head-mounted display  200  includes the capability to track motions of the user&#39;s head, which are transmitted to the computing system  104 . The computing system  104  modifies the orientation of the virtual environment in response to the user&#39;s head motion, thereby creating for the user  204  a sense of presence within the virtual environment. The combination of the wide field of view with the features of head-tracking and stereoscopic, three-dimensional imaging can create a natural, intuitive, and immersive experience for the user. 
     In an embodiment, the injection aid system  100  can include one or more sensor-equipped, gesture control gloves  300 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . The control gloves  300  may be configured to sense the position, orientation and motion of the user&#39;s hand or hands as the user  304  interacts with at least one of the virtual environment, the injection tool  112 , and the treatment target  116 . The injection aid system  100  may include an optical tracking system configured to sense and measure position, orientation, and motion of the control gloves  300 . The computing system  104  may be configured to incorporate the glove&#39;s position and orientation information into the virtual environment displayed to the user. Advantageously, the computing system  104  may process position, orientation, and motion information corresponding to multiple objects (such as the testing tool, the injection apparatus, the user&#39;s hand, the user&#39;s head and body, etc.) in such a manner so as to realistically display the interaction of the objects in the virtual environment. 
     According to some embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods can enable users to train for and practice a variety of injections, ranging from on-label to off-label product injections. In some embodiments, the system may allow users to train for therapeutic treatments. In other embodiments, the system may allow users to train for injections into arteries, bone marrow, the spine, the sternum, the pleural space of the chest region, the peritoneal cavity, joint spaces, internal organs, or any other injection sites. The injection aid system  100  may be used for any type of injection, including, but not limited to those involving prophylactic, curative, therapeutic, acupuncture, or cosmetic treatments in humans and in animals. In other applications, the systems and methods disclosed herein can be used for dental application and for training of dental procedures. 
     A personalized 3D facial model, developed as described above, can also be used for visualizing the result of plastic surgery procedures. For example, using simulated injections performed by a training tool, in an augmented reality mode for filler injection modeling and visualization, the area of the face could expand relative to the amount of product simulated to have been injected. 
     Some of the features included in viewing anatomy in virtual reality for aid in providing treatment and training include allowing the user to see a virtual reality face from different angles. The user can remove layers of anatomy to reveal underlying tissues and structures of the anatomy. Three-dimensional interactive exploration of injection sites can be performed to identify nearby nerves and vessels. The user can be asked examination questions and be required to identify specific objects or locations within the anatomical model. 
     In some implementations of the above-described embodiments, an augmented or virtual reality display (e.g., wearable glasses or as otherwise described above) can be used to overlay a computer-generated image on a training apparatus. The training apparatus can be model of any anatomical part of a human or animal. For example, the training apparatus can be modeled after a human head. For more information on the training apparatus or model, see U.S. Publication No. 2014/0212864, filed Mar. 31, 2014, titled “INJECTION TRAINING APPARATUS USING 3D POSITION SENSOR,” which is included in the Appendix. The computer-generated image can correspond the facial features (or other anatomical feature) of an actual patient (e.g., the skin tone, skin type, or facial features) or any layer of anatomy (e.g., bones, nerves, blood vessels, or the like). As described above, the images can be obtained using a CT scan, an MRI scan, a photographic image, an X-ray, or the like. The ability to mimic the actual patient can help the clinician or patient visualize the potential impact of a procedure on the patient&#39;s actual face. 
     The user can simulate a procedure by operating a testing tool in connection with the training apparatus (e.g., a syringe or other needle based device). Features of the testing tool can be found in U.S. Publication No. 2014/0212864, filed Mar. 31, 2014, titled “INJECTION TRAINING APPARATUS USING 3D POSITION SENSOR,” which is incorporated herein by reference. The movement and potential impact of the testing tool can be seen through the computer generated image of the display device. For example, if the testing tool is a syringe being used to mimic the injection of a substance into a patient&#39;s face, the likely impact on the patient&#39;s face can be visualized through the display device as the plunger of the syringe is depressed. As another example, if the testing tool is a suction device being used to remove a substance from the patient&#39;s face, the likely impact on the patient&#39;s face can be visualized through the display device as the actuator is retracted or otherwise activated. In any of these scenarios, the display device can overlay images of the patient&#39;s anatomy on the training apparatus to mimic the changes in the anatomy during the use of the testing tool. The displayed images can be real-time and/or progressive over the duration of the procedure. These features can help a clinician or patient understand the likely impact of a procedure and/or how a product performs. In some configurations, an image of the anatomy modified by the procedure can be displayed on a portion of the training apparatus, while the original anatomy can be displayed on another portion of the training apparatus, so the clinician or patient can easily visualize the differences. 
     Augmented Reality System for Injection Aid 
       FIGS. 4 and 5  show another embodiment of the injection aid system  400 . The injection aid system  400  resembles or is identical to the injection aid system  100  except as described differently below. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of the injection aid system  400  shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5  identify like features of the injection aid system  100  shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . The foregoing descriptions can be combined with the specific discussion below in other various embodiments. 
     As discussed herein, the virtual representation of the patient&#39;s anatomy may be used as an aid during the actual injection procedure and/or during educational training sessions. Augmented reality displays may be employed in the injection aid system, discussed above. By way of non-limiting examples, augmented reality displays may include wearable glasses permitting the user to see the physical world, while also providing computer-generated images to be overlaid on the user&#39;s field of view. Accordingly, a model based on the patient&#39;s anatomy can be generated by the injection aid system  400 . Information specific to the patient&#39;s anatomy can be displayed to the user  404  by way of the augmented reality display. For example, a graphical overlay, identifying the target  424  location for injection and the vital structures  428  to be avoided can be superimposed on the user&#39;s field of view during the procedure (or during training for the procedure) to assist in delivering the injection to the desired location. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an injection aid system  400  comprising several components: a display device  408  configured to present visual images superimposed on the user&#39;s field of view; an injection tool  412  having a needle configured to enable simulation and/or actual injection by the user  404 ; and a treatment target  416  that may comprise live and/or artificial tissue. The injection aid system  400  may include a computing system configured to generate the augmented environment. The display device  408  may be coupled to the computing system and configured to present visual images depicting the augmented environment generated by the injection aid system  400 . The injection aid system  400  may use information available to a user  404  to provide the user  404  with more complete and accessible information. The information may advantageously result in more informed treatment procedures and superior outcomes. 
     The injection aid system  400  may utilize a display device  408  incorporating augmented reality to display information into the user&#39;s field of view. Augmented reality glasses can be used to enable a user  404  to see an outline of a treatment target  416  with a projection of the patient&#39;s face superimposed on the treatment target  416 . The user  404  can interact with and receive feedback from the treatment target  416 . In some instances, the injection aid system  400  may provide the user  404  with changes to at least part of the anatomy (e.g., the patient&#39;s face) projected on the display device  408  through the use of augmented reality. 
     In some embodiments, the display device  408  includes an augmented reality glasses, holographic projection, or other augmented reality tools to display a model of the patient&#39;s anatomy. The display device  408  may comprise a stereoscopic, head-mounted display device, such as, by way of non-limiting example, the Oculus Rift, offered by Oculus VR of Menlo Park, Calif. and the HoloLens, offered by Microsoft. The display device  408  may consist of a headband with a see-through visor. The display device  408  utilizing augmented reality may be used in conjunction with or as a replacement to a screen display device, as discussed above. 
     The display device  408  may comprise a stereoscopic display upon which information can be projected that appears to be realistic or symbolic. The information may appear positioned in space ahead of the user  404  of the display device  408 . For example, the information may appear projected onto the display device  408 , floating adjacent to a physical surface, and/or floating in space. The projected information can be in the form of numerical values, colored shapes, bar charts, grids, tissue structures including arteries veins, fat, muscles and nerves, as discussed in further detail below. In some instances, the display device  408  allows the user  404  to interact with the display device  408 . The injection aid system  400  may communicate with the injection tool  412 , as the injection tool  412  interacts with a treatment target  416  (artificial or living), to provide more complete and accessible information to the user  404 . 
     In some embodiments, the injection aid system  400  includes a scanner  420 . The scanner  420  may provide see through experience to the user  404  and can be mounted on the display device  408 . The scanner  420  is configured to track facial expressions, collect multiple high-resolution scans, and determine underlying anatomy, and muscle motion. The injection aid system  400  may utilize the information acquired by the scanner  420  to generate anatomical models, as described in further detail below. The scanner  420  may detect relative position of at least one of the display device  408 , the injection tool  412 , and the treatment target  416 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . The scanner  420  allows the injection aid system  400  to detect the position of the treatment target  416 . As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the treatment target  416  may comprise an artificial head. In some embodiments, the treatment target  416  may comprise an anatomical feature of a human patient. With the treatment target  416  position known, the user  404  may view the treatment target  416  through the display device  408  while appropriate information appears to be projected on the treatment target  416 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a display device  508  that may selectively display information to the user  404 . By way of non-limiting example, the information projected on the display device  508  may include position and angle of the injection tool  412 , track of needle tip, location of injection, injection track, depth of injection, angle of injection, volume of injection, position of targeted anatomy, optimum position and track, comparison to optimum technique as well as testing and scoring information. This information may be projected to appear in the field of view of the user  404  and avoid the need to shift attention from treatment target  416  to a remote display screen. 
     The information displayed on the display device  408  may include information acquired by a scanner  420 . The information may include anatomical models generated by the injection aid system  400 , as described herein. The injection aid system  400  may project the information on the display device  408  in a method that is readily understandable to the user  404 . In some instances, the injection aid system  400  converts the acquired and/or generated information into a code or pictorial representation. The injection aid system  400  allows the user  404  to review the procedure information, while not having to look away from the treatment target  416 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates one such embodiment of information that can be seen on the display device  508 . As discussed above, the information can include, preferred injection sites, with color and or shape symbols coded to indicate medication type, volume depth of injection along with needle angle, medication delivery guides and nearby anatomy risks. The anatomy in the digital model may be projected to appear on the treatment target  416 . The injection aid system  400  may simulate the under skin anatomical features as a see through view able to convey critical tissue information such as arteries, veins, nerves, fat and muscles as the injection tool  412  is projected on the image of the treatment target  416 . In the illustrated embodiment, the display device  408  may project one or more treatment icons  518 . Each treatment icon  518  may represent an injection site on the treatment target  416 . The penetration point may be represented by a penetration indicator  522 . The injection track may be represented by track icon  526 . The injection aid system  400  may provide information relating to the angle formed between the injection tool  412  and the treatment target  416  during treatment by the treatment angle icon  538 . The treatment angle icon  538  may be formed between a skin track icon  526  and angle track  534 . The skin track icon  526  may represent an orthogonal projection from the surface of the treatment target  416  at the injection site. The track icon  526  may correspond to a depth icon  530  representing an injection depth. The injection aid system  400  may represent the injection depth by a numerical depth icon  542 . The treatment icon  518  may contain information including a volume medication to be injected, as represented by the volume indicator  546 . 
     The information projected on the display device  408 ,  508  can be aligned with the treatment target  416 , such as an artificial head or a patient&#39;s face, using one or more alignment target(s)  413 . In this manner, a treatment icon  518  may be positioned on the display device  408  so that the treatment icon  518  is aligned with an actual injection site on the treatment target  416 . By way of non-limiting example, the alignment target(s)  413  can be anatomical features, such as the center of an eyeball or an apex of the nose. The alignment target(s)  413  may comprise markers, such as reflective beads, that can be positioned on the patient when an image of the patient is captured. This allows the markers to appear in the captured image(s). As shown in  FIG. 4 , a plurality of alignment targets  413  can be positioned around an outer periphery of the treatment target  416 . The alignment target(s)  413  may remain on the treatment target  416  during the entirety of a treatment procedure. The alignment target(s)  413  may be placed during an initial image capture and be positioned again on the patient in the same location during the treatment procedure. During the treatment procedure, the user  404  can align the alignment target(s)  413  in the computer generated image with the markers on the patient&#39;s face. In some embodiments, the injection aid system  400  can include a camera that captures the location of the alignment target(s)  413  during the treatment procedure. The camera may automatically align the alignment target(s)  413  in a computer generated image with the alignment target(s)  413  on the treatment target  416 . 
     In some instances, the injection aid system  400  incorporates a blended augmented reality system with data from an imaging modality to enable live tissue injections. A patient imaging data is converted to a digital format. Then an injection aid system  400  may determine the preferred injection schedule. The injection schedule may include information relating to the medication type, injection locations, angles, depth, volume, and additional information discussed herein. In some embodiments, the injection aid system  400  may determine the location of particular hazard zones. The hazard zone may be projected onto the display device  408 ,  508  to avoid misplaced medication and/or resulting harm. A user  404  wearing the display device  408  may look toward the treatment target  416  to allow the scanner  420  to map the treatment target  416 . The injection aid system  400  merges the patient imaging data with the scanned position of the patient relative to the display device  408 . The user  404  may maneuver as required to perform the medical injection procedure as guided by the information projected on the display device  408  that appears on the patient skin. The user  404  may interact with the real patient while concurrently viewing the treatment information. For example, a user  404  may use the display device  408  to identify the location of high risk tissue to avoid the accidental misplacement of medication and resulting health impact. 
     In some embodiments, the injection aid system  400  incorporates an injection assistance using a remote advisor. The injection aid system  400  utilizes a remote viewing device, such as full immersion virtual reality goggles or open displays. The remote viewing device permits a remote treatment expert to view the treatment procedure in real time. The remote treatment expert may communicate with the user  404  to assist in a medical injection procedure and/or a training procedure to transition to treating living patients. 
     While certain embodiments of the systems and methods disclosed herein are directed to injection training, the disclosed systems and methods are not limited to such applications. The disclosed systems, devices and methods can be directed at delivering training for the clinical practice areas of diagnosis, therapeutic treatment, and delivery of medical procedures, as well as for the subject areas of anatomy and physiology, among others. Illustratively, a user can engage the virtual environment through the use of peripheral devices such as a head-mounted, stereoscopic display, a game-style controller, a pair of sensor-equipped gloves, one or more custom input/output tools, etc. Equipped with such instruments to simulate an environment, the user navigates through the virtual anatomy, exploring it and manipulating it. The virtual anatomy responds interactively to the motions and actions of the trainee and the objects. In an embodiment, the system includes one or more structures configured to interact with the trainee to simulate the tactile experience of anatomical engagement. 
     Generation of the Anatomical Model 
     In some implementations, the anatomical model depicted in the virtual environment is based on a patient&#39;s specific physiology. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may utilize various patient facial expressions scans to develop a comprehensive mapping of the patient&#39;s underline musculature and more accurately develop a targeted treatment plan. Definition of the patient&#39;s anatomy can be obtained by, for example, a CT scan, an Mill scan, a photographic image, an X-ray, or the like, and used to form the anatomical model depicted in the virtual environment. Images of the treatment target, such as a live patient or artificial tissue, may be acquired through use of a camera or scanner  420  of the injection aid system  100 ,  400 . In such circumstances, clinicians can practice delivering injections to a representation of an anatomy corresponding to an actual patient. 
     Illustratively, one or more three-dimensional scans of a patient&#39;s face (or other portion of the patient&#39;s anatomy), can be performed by initially scanning the patient&#39;s face. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may utilize a scanner  420 , as discussed above, to track facial expressions, collect multiple high resolution scans, and determine underlying anatomy, and muscle motion. The generation of an anatomical model may be enhanced using known Eulerian capture techniques. In some embodiments, the patient head is scanned multiple times while specific facial expressions are exercised. For example, the expressions may involve smiling, frowning, yawning, shrugging, laughing, resting, among others. The resulting scans are processed to identify the underling muscles positions and actions. The muscle information may be used as an input to injection aid system  100 ,  400  that refines the medication injection schedule. The patient can be scanned after an injection procedure to obtain a treatment assessment and a calibration of medication sensitivity. This calibration may be used as input to calibrate subsequent treatment procedures. 
     The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may incorporate psi and beauty optimization. In some embodiments, the injection aid system  100 ,  400  processes information from multiple scans of the patient and generates guidelines for improving patient beauty based on symmetry, balance, and phi ratios. Filters, such as, by way of non-limiting example, those utilized by Snapchat of Snap Inc., may be incorporated into the injection aid system. In some embodiments, the injection aid system  100 ,  400  uses computer vision to spot a user based on contrast patterns typically seen in and around a human face.  FIG. 6A  illustrates an example point-mask  600  generated to identify contrast patterns around a face. To obtain specificity as illustrated in  FIG. 6A , the injection aid system  100 ,  400  may be trained using multiple faces manually marked with points to show where certain anatomical features reside. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may generate a baseline point-mask  600  from the manually-marked faces, as illustrated in  FIG. 6A . For example, the anatomical features may include the borders of lips, eyes, nose, and face. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may incorporate the baseline point-mask  600  to individual patients and alter the baseline point-mask  600  to generate a patient-specific point-mask  600  matching the patient&#39;s face. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may create a mesh  604  from the point-mask  600 .  FIG. 6B  illustrates an example mesh  604 . The mesh  604  may be capable of moving in accordance with a corresponding target movement. The mesh  604  may trigger a response when the target engages in particular activity, such as blinking, smiling, opening or closing its mouth, among other actions. 
     The injection aid system  100 ,  400  analyzes the patients scanned information and generates a set of treatment options with the intent to improve the psi ratio, in some instances. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may develop an escalating sequence of treatments from minor facial injection through major facial surgery with an estimated psi ratio value for each level of treatment. 
     In some embodiments, the injection aid system  100 ,  400  calculates phi for facial injections to determine what the patient&#39;s face would look like with phi calculations. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may apply phi calculations to a patient&#39;s face. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may include having the phi calculations create a heat map detailing at least one of injection points, angles, and an amount of product to disperse. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  may recalculate the phi calculations following each injection to determine whether a proper injection occurred. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  allows the user to see the patient and view the calculations as applied to the generated heat map. The display device  108 ,  408  may include capabilities to permit the user to view the patient&#39;s current face alongside the patient&#39;s altered face following a phi calculation. 
     In some embodiments, the patient face is scanned frontally with a scanner. Once the frontal image is collected, the patient may then turn his or her head slowly to a first side, and then to the opposite side such that the scanner can obtain data to be used to construct a 3D image of the front portion of the patient&#39;s head. Scanning of a patient&#39;s face or other portion of the patient&#39;s anatomy may also be performed using other technologies such as MRI or CAT scans. Data from a previous scan may also be used if it exists. 
     In some embodiments, a patient&#39;s face or other portion of the patient&#39;s anatomy may be derived mathematically by extracting a 3D model of patient&#39;s exterior surface geometry. Generation of the model may also include extracting the locations of bone, fat pads, nerves, muscles, and blood vessels from scan data. The location data from the scan can be converted to a series of polygons  700  in 3D space, representing the boundaries of each feature. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , a series of polygons  700  may represent the outside skin of the patient. Infrared technology may be used to perform mapping of blood vessel locations in the patient&#39;s anatomy. CT scans or other such scanning technology capable of identifying anatomical tissues or structures below the surface of the body (for example, beneath the skin, muscle, etc.) may be used to provide information to support modeling of below-the-surface anatomical characteristics. 
     Having collected data representative of the patient&#39;s anatomy, the disclosed systems, devices and methods may be used to render polygon-based objects as a model mesh  700  of the patient, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . The model mesh  700  may include a three-dimensional structure including a series of polygons representing different features of the patient, such as bone, blood vessels, fat pads, muscles or nerves. These series of polygons may be rendered in different colors or with different graphical textures to make them distinct from each other or to match anatomical coloring. The resulting model mesh  700  may be rotated, zoomed and manipulated in ways such as, for example, removing layers to make interior features visible. This interactive model mesh  700  can be used for general aid during a medical procedure and/or training to permit the user to better understand the patient&#39;s specific facial anatomy, specific procedure planning, and visually demonstrating to patients what they might look like after a procedure. 
     In an embodiment the injection aid system  100 ,  400  and the patient&#39;s anatomy can be combined and displayed using a holographic or pseudo-holographic projector. The user can interact with the projection directly with a physical or virtual syringe. The injection aid system  100 ,  400  can use ultrasonic projectors to sense the location of the hand, as well as provide haptic feedback similar to existing systems. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, at each time step of a simulated and/or actual injection, the amount of therapeutic product injected at the location of the needle tip is estimated using the product of the plunger force (as measured by a force sensor in the syringe) and the time interval the plunger is depressed. This number is scaled by a predetermined constant, K, appropriate to each therapeutic injection product, to approximate the amount of therapeutic product injected at each location. Thus: 
       Force (plunger depressed) ×Time (plunger depressed)   ×K   (product constant) =Product Amount Injected (estimated)  
 
     The predetermined constant, K, relates the therapeutic product dispensed to the plunger force and duration of time exerted. The constant, K, for a particular therapeutic product is affected by external factors including viscosity of the product and the prescribed needle type and dimensions. The constant, K, can be determined via real world measurement and may be uniquely determined for each therapeutic product type that is simulated. 
     Predetermined targets  424  for product delivery can be identified by a target 3-dimensional location, a larger allowable “sphere” around the target  424  location, and the allowable range of therapeutic product injection amounts. The user is instructed as to the region and/or set of target points on which to perform the procedure, as well as the amount of therapeutic product to be injected. 
     In an embodiment, there are two main types of injection sequences: filler and non-filler. A process flow for scoring a single non-filler injection  800  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in  FIG. 8 . At step  804 , the user interacts with the injection tool  112 ,  412  to insert the injection tool  112 ,  412  into the treatment target  116 ,  416 . At step  808 , the injection aid system  100 ,  400  determines if a tip of the injection tool  112 ,  412  is located within a correct target  424  (as shown in  FIG. 4 ) in the treatment target  116 ,  416 . If the injection tool  112 ,  412  is not located within the correct target  424 , the injection aid system  100 ,  400  proceeds to step  812  and determine that the process failed. If the injection tool  112 ,  412  is located within the correct target  424 , the injection aid system  100 ,  400  proceeds to step  816 . 
     At step  816 , the injection aid system  100 ,  400  measures the force applied to a plunger of the injection tool  112 ,  412 . If the measured force is greater than zero, the process proceeds to step  820 . If the measured force is less than zero, the process proceeds back to step  808 . 
     At step  820 , the injection aid system  100 ,  400  determines an accumulated injection for the current target. If the accumulated amount is greater than a target minimum and less than a target maximum, the process moves to step  824 . If the accumulated amount is less than a target minimum, the process proceeds back to step  816 . If the accumulated amount is greater than a target maximum, the process moves to step  812  and determines the process failed. 
     At step  824 , the injection aid system  100 ,  400  locates the tip of the injection tool  112 ,  412 . If the tip is located within the treatment target, then the process moves back to step  816 . If the tip is located outside the treatment target, the process moves to step  828  and determines the process passed. 
     A process flow for scoring a filler injection  900  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in  FIG. 9 . The process flow  900  resembles or is identical to the process flow  800  except with the addition of step  922 . Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of the process flow  900  identify like step of the process flow  800  incremented by a value of 100. 
     At step  922 , the injection aid system  100 ,  400  distorts the modal mesh relative to the calculated estimated injection amount and renders the updated model mesh with the new mesh. The process then continues to step  924 . 
     Determining if a product is within an injection target may be performed using geometric calculations from the measured tip position of the injection tool  112 ,  412 . For example, each target location may be a sphere with a certain radius, or a cone or cylinder. 
     During the course of the above-described sequence  800 ,  900 , the position of the injection tool  112 ,  412  and its needle tip is represented in the interactive model mesh  700 . The user can manipulate the model mesh  700  during the course of the sequence  800 ,  900  at any step. 
     The measured locations and forces can be recorded and played back to the user, with the playback being able to be paused, replayed or changed in speed. Additionally, users can peel back layers, zoom in, change perspective on the model mesh  700  and the injection playback, while playback is occurring. 
     To visually show impact of filler injections, the act of distorting the model mesh  700  in response to filler product can be embodied in a variety of ways. In an embodiment, the nearest vertices of the model mesh  700  are moved away from the location of the needle tip by an amount proportional to the amount of therapeutic product injected. This may be performed by moving the closest few vertices outward along the face normal (i.e., perpendicular) to the skin surface and proportional to face size. This has the effect of increasing the volume under the skin by the volume of the filler added. According to another embodiment, the system tracks a number of tiny spheres and moves the spheres around in response to injections under the skin using fluid flow modeling methods known to the art. The model mesh  700  can be modified in response to the pressures predicted by such a model. In another embodiment, pre-drawn models where both the model mesh  700  and also the colored and textured skin have been created to show a certain amount of change in response to filler being added in a certain area. A pre-drawn model corresponding to the present circumstances is selected based on the total amount of filler injected into a certain target. The program may additionally create intermediate representations of the model mesh  700  and skin by averaging two adjacent models. 
     Computing System for Injection Aid Systems 
     In some embodiments the disclosed injection aid system  100 ,  400  comprises a computing system.  FIG. 10  is a functional block diagram of an embodiment of a general purpose computing system suitable for use in implementing the disclosed systems and in executing the disclosed methods and the executable instructions stored on the non-transitory, computer-readable media for injection training in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. By way of illustration, the computing system includes a computing device  1000 . The computing device  1000  can take one or more of different forms, including, by way of non-limiting examples, a laptop computer, a stand-alone personal computer, a server, a tablet, a workstation, a handheld device, a mobile device (such as a smartphone), and a consumer electronic device (such as a video game console), to name a few. The computing device  1000  can be a stand-alone device, or it can be configured to be part of a computing network, a computing cluster, a cloud-based computing infrastructure, or the like. 
     In a basic configuration, the computing device  1000  can include one or more processors  1004  and one or more memory devices  1008 . The one or more processors  1004  can be configured to execute instructions and to process data to perform one or more functions, such as the methods and the executable instructions stored on computer-readable media disclosed herein. Illustratively, the one or more processors  1004  may include, without limitation, two or more processing cores on a single processing chip, two or more separate processor chips, or both. In some embodiments, the computing device  1000  can also include one or more additional or specialized processors such as, for example, a graphics processor (not shown), to perform graphics processing functions that can be diverted from the one or more processors  1004  to improve performance and/or to relieve their workload. The memory  1008  can be arranged in a hierarchy and can include one or more levels of cache. The memory  1008  may include one or more memory devices that store data, including without limitation, volatile memory such as random access memory (RAM), non-volatile memory, such as and read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, etc., or a combination of volatile and non-volatile memory. 
     The computing device  1000  can also include one or more input and output (I/O) connections, such as USB connections, display ports, proprietary connections, and others to connect to various devices to provide inputs and outputs to the computing device  1000 . The I/O device(s)  1010  may include one or more components that allow a user of the computing device  1000  to interface with applications executing in the computing device  1000 . For example, the I/O device(s)  1010  may include devices such as a keyboard, a mouse, a touch pad, a touch screen, a microphone, an accelerometer, a camera, or any other user input device configurable to work with the computing device  1000 . The I/O device(s)  1010  may also include, for example, a display (e.g., an LCD display, a CRT display, an electronic ink display, or a plasma display, to name a few), a printer, a speaker, or any other output devices configurable to work with the computing device  1000 . 
     The computing device  1000  can also include one or more network interface devices  1014  that allow the computing device  1000  to communicate with other computers and applications. The one or more network interface devices  1014  may include any communication device for sending and receiving data across a network, including but not limited to, a network interface card, a modem, or another network adapter capable of transmitting and receiving data over a network. Communication protocol connections can include, without limitation, an Ethernet interface, a wireless interface, a bus interface, a storage area network interface, and a proprietary interface. Communication connections established via the network interface devices  1010  can be used to connect the computing device  1000  to a computer network. A computer network is a telecommunications network that enables computers, and possibly other devices, to exchange data and share resources along data connections. There are many different types of computing networks that exhibit a variety of characteristics such as topology, connection method, and scale. Examples of computer networks include a local area network, a wide area network, the Internet, or other networks. 
     The computing device  1000  can also include one or more mass storage devices  1018 . The one or more mass storage devices  1018  can be removable or non-removable, and can include, without limitation, a magnetic storage device (e.g., a hard disk), an optical storage medium (e.g., a compact disc (CD) drive or a digital versatile disc (DVD) drive), a high-definition optical storage medium, an electronic storage device (e.g., an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) or a flash drive), solid-state memory, flash storage devices, or other data storage devices known in the art. Computer storage media can include volatile, non-volatile, removable, and non-removable media configured to store information such as, for example, computer-readable instructions, data arrangements, program components, or other information. Illustratively, computer storage media can include, without limitation, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, solid-state memory, CD-ROM, DVD memory, or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive, a flash memory card, or other flash storage devices, or any other storage medium that may be configured to store computer-readable information and that can be read by the computing device X 00 . The one or more memory devices  1008  and the one or more mass storage devices  1018  may be employed to store a working copy and a permanent copy of programming instructions, illustrated as instructions  1026  and  1030 , respectively, for implementing various aspects of the embodiments of the present disclosure. The components of the computing device  1000  can be coupled together by way of a bus  1022 , which may represent one or more buses. 
     System for Social Aid 
       FIGS. 11-16C  show an embodiment of a social aid system. The social aid system resembles or is identical to the injection aid system  100 ,  400  discussed above except as described differently below. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of the social aid system shown in  FIGS. 11-16C  identify like features of the injection aid system shown  11 ,  400  in  FIGS. 1-10 . The foregoing descriptions can be combined with the specific discussion below in other various embodiments. 
     The disclosed systems and methods can be directed towards a social training system. There is a population of humans with reduced capacity to read social cues. This population includes persons with varying degrees of autism spectrum disorder. The social aid system may assist these individuals with developing the ability to read social cues. By way of non-limiting examples, the social aid system may assist in detecting social cues including facial expressions, facial color, facial motion, body language, voice tones, speech pace, and buried frequencies, along with other signals. The social cues may involve rules for interaction with other individuals, recognition of behaviors that predict social outcomes, and a determination of another&#39;s cognitive and language skills. Missing or misinterpreting these social cues can be harmful. The social aid system may provide a means to assist individuals with learning these social cues. 
     Similar to the injection aid systems  100 ,  400  described herein,  FIG. 11  illustrates social aid system  1100  configured to generate a virtual environment in which a user may be engaged. In one embodiment, the social aid system  1100  comprises a display device  1108  configured to present visual images of the virtual environment to the user  1104 . The display device  1108  may be coupled to a computing system and configured to present visual images generated by the social aid system  1100 . The social aid system  1100  may use information available to a user  1104  to provide the user  1104  with more complete and accessible information. The information may advantageously result in more informed treatment procedures and superior outcomes. 
     The social aid system  1100  may utilize augmented reality, similar to the injection aid system  400 , to provide an opportunity to overlay a variety of information in the form of words, symbols, pictures, and/or video into the field of view  1112  of the user  1104 . A user  1104  can wear the social aid system  1100 , while continuing to view the actual environment though a clear lens  1211  (shown in  FIG. 12 ) of the display device  1108 . In some embodiments, the social aid system  1100  is configured to project a wide array of information onto the display device  1108  through multiple formats. For example, display formats include an image projected at a location offset from the user&#39;s direct line of sight. In this way, the information is visible to the user  1104  while not obstructing the field of view  1112  of the user  1104 . This information may appear to float in space. In some embodiments, the social aid system  1100  projects information at a location directly overlaying the field of view  1112  of the user  1104 . The information may then appear to be projected onto a surface being viewed. A surface being viewed may include a human face, in some instances. In some embodiments, information can be conveyed to the user  1104  by means of audio or tactile signal to the user  1104 . 
     The social aid system  1100  may detect particular social cues depending on the location of an individual present in the field of view  1112  of the user  1104 . In some embodiments, the social aid system  1100  acquires information on at least one of the facial expressions, facial color, facial motion, body language, voice tones, and speech pace of a close-range individual  1116 . The social aid system  1110  may acquire information on at least one of the body language, environmental sounds, movement pace, and body stance of a far view individual  1120 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an embodiment of the social aid system  1200  comprising a display device  1208  including a head band  1209  to secure the device on a user&#39;s head. The display device  1208  may include a visor lens  1211  and a projector  1212  capable of projecting images onto the visor lens  1211 . In some instances, the display device  1208  comprises a scanner  1210 . The scanner  1210  is configured to track facial expressions, collect multiple high-resolution scans, and/or detect various features of a human being  1216  in the field of view  1220  of the user, such as the social cues described above.  FIG. 13  illustrates various embodiments of the scanner. The scanner may include a camera  1308  clipped on or built on an eyeglass. The scanner may comprise a lapel camera  1312  attachable to various articles of clothing worn by the user  1304 . In some embodiments, the social aid system  1300  incorporates the use of a mobile device  1316  and/or a wearable device  1320  to acquire information relating to an observed individual. The social aid system  1100  may utilize the information acquired by the scanner  1210  to generate anatomical models and/or social models of an observed human  1216 . The scanner  1210  may detect a relative position of at least one individual  1216  in the field of view  1220  of the user  1104 . The social aid system  1100  may detect social cues information and process the information into variety of outputs designed to improve a user&#39;s social understanding. In some embodiments, the social aid system  1100  includes a computing system. The computing system is configured to process social cue information and generates a virtual environment. The display device  1208  may be coupled to the computing system and configured to present visual images depicting the virtual environment generated by the social aid system  1100 . The computing system incorporates the social cue information into the virtual environment displayed to the user. As described above, the social aid system  1100  may include a display device  1208  to measure the social cues of various individuals  1216  in the user&#39;s field of view  1220 . The display device  1208  may communicate the information to the computing system, such that the social cue can be displayed in the virtual environment. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , the computing system may include at least one of several components: a display driver  1224 , a central processing unit  1228 , a raw signal processor  1232 , a facial feature recognition  1236 , a compare and rank feature capable of referencing to a database  1240 , and an emotional state filter  1244 . One or more of the listed components may be utilized by the computing system to process the information received by the social aid system  1100  and generate information on the display device  1108  in a format readily understandable by the user  1104 . For example, the computing system may assess the emotional state of an observed individual  1216 . The social aid system  1100  may then project an appropriate symbol onto the display device  1108  to be viewed by the user  1104 . Additional information regarding the computing system is disclosed above.  FIGS. 14A-15B  show embodiments of anatomical models generated by the social aid system  1100 . The anatomical models resemble or are identical to the anatomical models discussed above except as described differently below. Accordingly, numerals used to identify features of the anatomical models shown in  FIGS. 14A-15B  identify like features of the anatomical models shown in  FIGS. 6A-7 . The foregoing descriptions can be combined with the specific discussion below in other various embodiments. 
     The social aid system  1100  may utilize various facial expression scans to develop a comprehensive mapping of an observed individual&#39;s facial expressions, facial color, facial motion, and body language to more accurately determine social cues. As illustrated in  FIGS. 14A-C , the social aid system  1100  may utilize techniques described herein to determine an observed individual&#39;s stance. The stance may comprise one of a variety of categories, such as an approaching stance  1400 , normal stance  1404 , and wondering stance  1408 . By way of non-limiting examples, several additional stance categories may include angry, threatening, waiting, sad, and worried, among others. Based on the determined stance, the social aid system  1100  may provide the user with information relating to the observed individual&#39;s social cues. Similarly, the social aid system may determine an observed individual&#39;s facial expression.  FIG. 15A  illustrates the social aid system&#39;s analysis of a “normal” facial expression  1500  utilizing a point-mask  1502 , as described previously.  FIG. 15B  illustrates a similar analysis of a “mad” facial expression utilizing point-mask  1506 . By way of non-limiting examples, several additional recognizable facial expressions may include laughing, crying, smiling frowning, yawning, and wondering, among others. As disclosed herein, the generation of the anatomical model(s) may be enhanced using known Eulerian capture techniques. In some embodiments, the observed individual is scanned multiple times to process and identify the underling social cues. This social cue information may be used as an input to social aid system  1100  to refines the social instruction provided to the user. 
       FIGS. 16A-C  illustrate a various views of the display device  1108 ,  1208  that may selectively display information to the user  1104 . By way of non-limiting example, the information projected on the display device  1108 ,  1208  may a power indicator, a proximity indicator, a determination of the observed individual&#39;s audio levels and/or motion levels, a view of the observed individual&#39;s determined emotional state, biographical information regarding the observed individual, suggested social responses, comparison of the user&#39;s social responses to optimum responses, and testing and scoring information, among other information. This information may be projected to appear in the field of view of the user  1104  and avoid the need to shift attention from observed individual. Information that may be present in all display views  1600 ,  1640 ,  1680  include a power indicator  1628 ,  1668 ,  1694  and a view of the observed individual  1624 ,  1664 ,  1692 . 
       FIG. 16A  illustrates one such display view containing information that can be seen on the display device  1108 ,  1208 . The illustrated embodiment depicts a long range view  1600  that provides a general overview of the environment. As discussed above, the information could include the social cue information processed by the social aid system  1100 , with color and or shape symbols coded to indicate various social aspects of an observed individual. The long-range view  1600  may indicate the proximity category of the observed individual. In the illustrated embodiment, the long-range view  1600  provides a long-range indication  1604  to the user. The long-range view  1600  may comprise an audio level  1608  determination of the observed individual and a corresponding visual representation  1612  of the audio level. In some instances, the long-range view  1600  may provide a similar analysis of a motion level  1616  determination of the observed individual with a corresponding visual representation  1620  of the motion level. 
       FIG. 16B  illustrates another such display view containing information that can be seen on the display device  1108 ,  1208 . The illustrated embodiment depicts a close-range view  1640  that provides information relating to a single person. The close-range view  1604  may indicate the proximity category of the observed individual. In the illustrated embodiment, the close-range view  1600  provides a close-range indication  1644  to the user. The close-range view  1640  may comprise an audio level  1648  determination of the observed individual and a corresponding visual representation  1652  of the audio level. In some instances, the close-range view  1640  may provide an analysis of facial read levels  1656 . The facial read levels may be a determination based on various facial features, such as facial expressions, color, and motion of individual facial features. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the close-range view provides a representation  1660  of the color, eyes, and mouth levels. The representation may include a number line with each end of the spectrum representing an approachable or non-approachable indication. In some embodiments, the representation may be color-coded and/or utilize symbols to indicate to the user the emotional state of the observed individual. 
       FIG. 16C  illustrates another such display view containing information that can be seen on the display device  1108 ,  1208 . The illustrated embodiment depicts a recommendation view  1680  that provides information relating to the recommend social response the social aid system  1100  may provide to the user. The recommendation view  1680  may provide a recommendation indication  1684  to trigger the user to act according to the instructions on the display. In some instances, the recommendation view  1640  may comprise an indication  1688  of the observed individual&#39;s emotional state. The recommendation view  1680  provides a recommendation summary  1698 . The recommendation summary  1698  may include biographical information relating to the observed individual along with the associated recommended social response. 
     The social aid system  1100  may include a series of steps intended to train a user from an initial training state. The initial training state may rely heavily on the social aid system  1100  to process social cues. At this stage, the user may require the social aid system  1100  to convey the social state information to the user. This stage occurs while the user is interacting with the observed individual being scanned by the social aid system  1100 . In this stage, the user may receive multiple types of information concurrently. The information may relate to the user&#39;s own visual and audio tracks, along with information processed and projected on the display device  1108 ,  1208 . The combination of the user and social aid system  1100  information provides the user to develop a correlation between the user and system information. The learned correlation provides a foundation to permit the user to begin learning to read social cues. 
     The social aid system  1100  may include a second step to assess the user&#39;s social skills. The social aid system  1100  may diminish or delay the information the social aid system  1100  provides to the user. This may allow the user to arrive at their own social state conclusion. The user may then compare it with the recommendation provided by the social aid system  1100 . When the user&#39;s skills are sufficiently improved, the user may transition to a less invasive social aid system  1100 . 
     The third step of the social aid system  1100  may expose the user to real world social interaction. In some embodiments, the user may choose to halt any assistance from the social aid system  1100 . Alternatively, the social aid system  1100  may utilize a less intrusive variant of the social aid system  1100 . For example, a less intrusive variation may include glasses with display window or a mobile device running the social aid system  1100  software to process information from a wearable camera (as shown in  FIG. 13 ). 
     Combination and/or Subcombination Embodiments 
     Although features of the smart injection system are described individually in various embodiments herein, a skilled artisan will appreciate that any one or more of those features described herein can be implemented on a smart injection system. 
     An example combination of features and the advantages thereof are illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The injection system can have an electronic assembly configured to measure a variety of information, including but not limited to force of injection and/or travel of the stem information, angular and relative position of the stem relative to a patient&#39;s face, verify authenticity and other product information of a prefilled syringe, and verify identity of an injector, in the manners described above. The information measured by the electronic assembly can be transmitted to one or more processors located locally or remotely. In some embodiments, the measured data can cause the one or more processors to generate local alerts/alarms on the injection system or in the room where the patient receives the injection. In some embodiments, data transmission can be performed wirelessly and the one or more processors can be located on one or more remote servers (the “Cloud”). In response to the measured data, the processor can output instructions to the injection system. Examples of the instructions include information about whether the injector is an authorized/licensed medical professional, whether the procedure is in compliance with protocols, whether the medication being injected is safe and/or authentic, and the like. In response to the measured data, the processor can also output alerts and/or data to the manufacturer, including but not limited to information about medication usage for inventory control, monitoring of injectors&#39; qualification, and injection quality data. In some embodiments, the processor can make the alerts and/or data available for retrieval by the manufacturer. In other embodiments, the processor can automatically send the alerts and/or data to the manufacturer. 
     In addition, an augment to the alarms/alerts on the injection system can provide audio, visual or tactile feedback confirming the correct injection technique. This continuous feedback contributes to a more perfect injection than threshold alarms that are triggered only at the limits of acceptable operation. 
     It is to be understood that the various sensor and electronics, as well as the techniques and processes described with respect to each embodiment disclosed herein can be used with and integrated to other embodiments disclosed herein as would be readily understood by a person of skill in the art reading the present disclosure. 
     Terminology 
     Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without other input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like are synonymous and are used inclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additional elements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term “or” is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. 
     Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require the presence of at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z. 
     Language of degree used herein, such as the terms “approximately,” “about,” “generally,” and “substantially” as used herein represent a value, amount, or characteristic close to the stated value, amount, or characteristic that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”, “generally,” and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount. As another example, in certain embodiments, the terms “generally parallel” and “substantially parallel” refer to a value, amount, or characteristic that departs from exactly parallel by less than or equal to 15 degrees, 10 degrees, 5 degrees, 3 degrees, 1 degree, 0.1 degree, or otherwise. 
     Any methods disclosed herein need not be performed in the order recited. The methods disclosed herein include certain actions taken by a practitioner; however, they can also include any third-party instruction of those actions, either expressly or by implication. For example, actions such as “inserting the testing tool” include “instructing insertion of a testing tool.” 
     All of the methods and tasks described herein may be performed and fully automated by a computer system. The computer system may, in some cases, include multiple distinct computers or computing devices (e.g., physical servers, workstations, storage arrays, cloud computing resources, etc.) that communicate and interoperate over a network to perform the described functions. Each such computing device typically includes a processor (or multiple processors) that executes program instructions or modules stored in a memory or other non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or device (e.g., solid state storage devices, disk drives, etc.). The various functions disclosed herein may be embodied in such program instructions, and/or may be implemented in application-specific circuitry (e.g., ASICs or FPGAs) of the computer system. Where the computer system includes multiple computing devices, these devices may, but need not, be co-located. The results of the disclosed methods and tasks may be persistently stored by transforming physical storage devices, such as solid state memory chips and/or magnetic disks, into a different state. In some embodiments, the computer system may be a cloud-based computing system whose processing resources are shared by multiple distinct business entities or other users. 
     Depending on the embodiment, certain acts, events, or functions of any of the processes or algorithms described herein can be performed in a different sequence, can be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all described operations or events are necessary for the practice of the algorithm). Moreover, in certain embodiments, operations or events can be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors or processor cores or on other parallel architectures, rather than sequentially. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, routines, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware (e.g., ASICs or FPGA devices), computer software that runs on general purpose computer hardware, or combinations of both. Various illustrative components, blocks, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as specialized hardware versus software running on general-purpose hardware depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. The described functionality can be implemented in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the disclosure. 
     Moreover, the various illustrative logical blocks and modules described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented or performed by a machine, such as a general purpose processor device, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor device can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor device can be a controller, microcontroller, or state machine, combinations of the same, or the like. A processor device can include electrical circuitry configured to process computer-executable instructions. In another embodiment, a processor device includes an FPGA or other programmable device that performs logic operations without processing computer-executable instructions. A processor device can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Although described herein primarily with respect to digital technology, a processor device may also include primarily analog components. For example, some or all of the rendering techniques described herein may be implemented in analog circuitry or mixed analog and digital circuitry. A computing environment can include any type of computer system, including, but not limited to, a computer system based on a microprocessor, a mainframe computer, a digital signal processor, a portable computing device, a device controller, or a computational engine within an appliance, to name a few. 
     The elements of a method, process, routine, or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor device, or in a combination of the two. A software module can reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. An exemplary storage medium can be coupled to the processor device such that the processor device can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium can be integral to the processor device. The processor device and the storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor device and the storage medium can reside as discrete components in a user terminal. 
     While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features as applied to various embodiments, it can be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the devices or algorithms illustrated can be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. As can be recognized, certain embodiments described herein can be embodied within a form that does not provide all of the features and benefits set forth herein, as some features can be used or practiced separately from others. The scope of certain embodiments disclosed herein is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.