Patent Publication Number: US-2022232418-A1

Title: Methods and apparatuses for communication

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE 
     The present application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of European Patent Application No. EP 21 15 2216.4 filed on Jan. 19, 2021, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
     There are provided advantages in the area of digital communication. 
     For example, wireless communication systems require lower latency and higher reliability in order to support emerging applications like industrial control, mobile robotics and V2X-services. A measure to enhance the latency and reliability performance of wireless communication systems is Multi-Connectivity (MC) where multiple communication paths are used at the same time. Examples for already existing MC systems are MP-TCP on Transport Layer or Dual Connectivity in 3GPP that can be utilized to enhance the throughput or improve the latency and reliability of the system. The existing MC schemes all offer the option to use a single scheduling scheme over two or multiple paths. For MP-TCP, Packet Duplication (PD) and Load Balancing (LB) are available scheduling options. 
     SUMMARY 
     The problems of the related art may be solved by methods according to example embodiments of the present invention and by apparatuses according to example embodiments of the present invention. 
     According to a first aspect of the present invention, a method is provided that comprises: receiving or determining an input data stream; propagating the input data stream through a plurality of consecutive input processing stages, wherein the input data stream is provided at an input section of the consecutive input processing stages, wherein a plurality of output data streams is provided at an output section of the plurality of consecutive input processing stages, wherein the plurality of input processing stages comprise an increasing number of processing units per processing stage in the direction of the output section, wherein the respective processing unit determines a plurality of output streams based on its input data stream and based on a scheduling scheme that is associated with the respective input processing stage, and wherein the scheduling schemes differ from each other at least between adjacent input processing stages; and transmitting the plurality of output data streams provided at the output section via a plurality of communication channels. 
     Advantageously, the performance of data communication is increased with respect to efficiency, latency and reliability of the provided multi-connectivity scheduling schemes in the presence of multiple links or communication channels. 
     According to an advantageous example embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprises: receiving or determining a configuration for the input processing stages, wherein the configuration comprises at least a plurality of associations between one of the input processing stages and one of the plurality of scheduling schemes; and applying the configuration to the plurality of consecutive input processing stages. 
     Advantageously, the configuration of the processing stages can be adapted by changing the scheduling schemes of the processing stages. 
     According to an advantageous example embodiment of the present invention, the determining of the configuration comprises: receiving or determining or providing at least one data traffic requirement associated with the input data stream of the consecutive input processing stages; receiving or determining a respective present state of the plurality of communication channels; determining the configuration for the plurality of consecutive input processing stages based on the at least one data traffic requirement and based on the plurality of present states of the plurality of communication channels, wherein the configuration comprises at least a plurality of associations between one of the input processing stages and one of a plurality of scheduling schemes. 
     Advantageously, the configuration is adapted to the state of the available communication channels. Therefore, the scheduling schemes are adapted to the channel conditions. 
     According to an advantageous example embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of scheduling schemes comprise: a duplication scheme, wherein an input packet of the respective input data stream is replicated, by means of the respective processing unit, in form of a respective output packet in the plurality of output data streams; a split scheme, wherein the input packet of the respective input data stream is split up, by means of the respective processing unit, into the plurality of output packets of the output data streams; and a distribution scheme, wherein the input packet of the respective input data stream is assigned, by means of the respective processing unit, to one of the plurality of output data streams. 
     The scheduling schemes provide their advantages together applied one after another according to the processing stages. 
     According to a second aspect of the present invention, an apparatus comprises: receiving means or determining means for obtaining an input data stream; propagating means for propagating the input data stream through a plurality of consecutive input processing stages, wherein the input data stream is provided at an input section of the consecutive input processing stages, wherein a plurality of output data streams is provided at an output section of the plurality of consecutive input processing stages, wherein the plurality of input processing stages comprise an increasing number of processing units per processing stage in the direction of the output section, wherein the respective processing unit determines a plurality of output streams based on its input data stream and based on a scheduling scheme that is associated with the respective input processing stage, and wherein the scheduling schemes differ from each other at least between adjacent input processing stages; and transmitting means for transmitting the plurality of output data streams provided at the output section via a plurality of communication channels. 
     According to a third aspect of the present invention, a method is provided that comprises: receiving a plurality of input data streams via a plurality of communication channels; propagating the plurality of input data streams through a plurality of consecutive output processing stages, wherein the plurality of received input data streams is provided at an input section of the consecutive output processing stages, wherein an output data stream is provided at an output section of the plurality of consecutive output processing stages, wherein the plurality of output processing stages comprise a decreasing number of processing units per output processing stage in the direction of the output section, wherein the respective processing unit determines an output data stream based on its plurality of input data streams and based on a scheduling scheme that is associated with the respective output processing stage, and wherein the scheduling schemes differ from each other at least between adjacent output processing stages; and providing the output data stream at the output section. 
     Advantageously, the performance of data communication is increased with respect to efficiency, latency and reliability of the provided multi-connectivity scheduling schemes in the presence of multiple links or communication channels. 
     According to an advantageous example embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprises: receiving or determining a configuration for the output processing stages, wherein the configuration comprises at least a plurality of associations between one of the output processing stages and one of the plurality of scheduling schemes; and applying the configuration to the plurality of consecutive output processing stages. 
     Advantageously, the configuration of the processing stages can be adapted by changing the scheduling schemes of the processing stages. 
     According to an advantageous example embodiment of the present invention, the determining of the configuration comprises: receiving or determining or providing at least one data traffic requirement associated with the output data stream; receiving or determining a respective present state of the plurality of communication channels; determining the configuration for the plurality of consecutive output processing stages based on the at least one data traffic requirement and based on the plurality of present states of the plurality of communication channels, wherein the configuration comprises at least a plurality of associations between one of the output processing stages and one of a plurality of scheduling schemes. 
     Advantageously, the configuration is adapted to the state of the available communication channels. Therefore, the scheduling schemes are adapted to the channel conditions. 
     According to an advantageous example embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of scheduling schemes comprise: a duplication scheme wherein an output packet of an output data stream is determined based on expected duplicate input packets of different input data streams; a split scheme wherein parts of an output packet is determined based on a plurality of input packets, wherein each input packet represents a part of the output packet; a distribution scheme, wherein the output packet of an output data stream is represented by an input packet of one of input data streams. 
     The scheduling schemes provide their advantages together applied one after another according to the processing stages. 
     According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, an apparatus is provided that comprises: receiving means for receiving a plurality of input data streams via a plurality of communication channels; propagating means for propagating the plurality of input data streams through a plurality of consecutive output processing stages, wherein the plurality of received input data streams is provided at an input section of the consecutive output processing stages, wherein an output data stream is provided at an output section of the plurality of consecutive output processing stages, wherein the plurality of output processing stages comprise a decreasing number of processing units per output processing stage in the direction of the output section, wherein the respective processing unit determines an output data stream based on its plurality of input data streams and based on a scheduling scheme that is associated with the respective output processing stage, and wherein the scheduling schemes differ from each other at least between adjacent output processing stages; and provisioning means for providing the output data stream at the output section. 
     According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, a method is provided that comprises: receiving or determining or providing at least one data traffic requirement associated with an input data stream and an output data stream; receiving or determining a respective present state of a plurality of communication channels; determining at least one configuration for a plurality of processing stages based on the at least one data traffic requirement and based on the plurality of presents states of the plurality of communication channels, wherein the at least one configuration comprises a plurality of associations between one of the processing stages and one of a plurality of scheduling schemes; and providing or transmitting the at least one configuration. 
     According to an advantageous example embodiment of the present invention, the configuration for a plurality of consecutive input processing stages comprises a first order of scheduling schemes, wherein the configuration of a plurality of consecutive output processing stages comprises a second order of scheduling schemes, and wherein the first and second order are inverse to each other. 
     Advantageously, the configurations provide a cascaded transmission scheme based on multiple connections/communication channels. 
     According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, an apparatus is provided that comprises: receiving means or determining means or provisioning means for obtaining at least one data traffic requirement associated with an input data stream and an output data stream; receiving means or determining means for obtaining present states of a plurality of communication channels; determining means for determining at least one configuration for a plurality of processing stages based on the at least one data traffic requirement and based on the plurality of presents states of the plurality of communication channels, wherein the at least one configuration comprises a plurality of associations between one of the processing stages and one of a plurality of scheduling schemes; and provisioning means or transmitting means for providing or transmitting the at least one configuration. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts a schematic block diagram for digital communication, in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 2 and 3  each depicts a schematic block diagram for determining and applying a communication, in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 4 to 6  each depict a respective scheduling scheme, in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  depicts schematically a combined scheduling scheme, in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  depicts a first exemplary embodiment of the communication scheme, in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  depicts a second exemplary embodiment of the communication scheme, in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  depicts a schematic block diagram. An apparatus  100  comprises receiving means (receiver)  102  or determining means (determiner) for obtaining an input data stream A. Propagating means (propagator)  104  are provided for propagating the input data stream A through a plurality of consecutive input processing stages S 10 , S 11 . The input data stream A is provided at an input section IN_ 10  of the consecutive input processing stages S 10 , S 11 . A plurality of output data streams C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  is provided at an output section OUT_ 10  of the plurality of consecutive input processing stages S 10 , S 11 . The plurality of input processing stages S 10 , S 11  comprise an increasing number of processing units S 10   a ; S 11   a , S 11   b  per processing stage S 10 , S 11  in the direction of the output section OUT_ 10 . The respective processing unit S 10   a , S 11   a , S 11   b  determines a plurality of output streams B 1 , B 2 ; C 1 , C 2 ; C 3 , C 4  based on its input data stream A; B 1 ; B 2  and based on a scheduling scheme LB, PD, PS that is associated with the respective input processing stage S 10 , S 11 . The scheduling schemes LB, PD, PS differ from each other at least between adjacent input processing stages S 10 , S 11 . Transmitting means (transmitter)  106  of the apparatus  100  transmit the plurality of output data streams C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4  provided at the output section OUT_ 10  via a plurality of communication channels Ch 1 , Ch 2 , Ch 3 , and Ch 4 . 
     The plurality of communication channels Ch 1 , Ch 2 , Ch 3 , Ch 4  differ in at least one of space, time, frequency and code. For example, the communication channels Ch 1 - 4  are separate radio channels and differ in space and/or frequency. In another example, the communication channels Ch 1 - 4  are communication paths along a network between the apparatuses  100  and  200 . 
     For the apparatus  100 , the following applies: A data stream like the input data stream A or the output data stream S 1  comprises a plurality of data packets. A data packet comprises at least payload data and may comprise control data. An input processing stage like the input processing stage S 10  comprises at least one processing unit. The processing units of the respective input processing stage operate according to a configuration of the plurality of input processing stages, wherein each input processing stage is associated with a single scheduling scheme. The consecutive input processing stages comprise an input data stream and a plurality of output data streams, wherein each one of the input processing stages comprises at least one input data stream and a plurality of output data streams. As the processing stages S 10  and S 11  have the input data stream A, they are termed input processing stages. 
     According to an advantageous example, the plurality of communication channels Ch 1 , Ch 2 , Ch 3 , Ch 4  are radio links between nodes of a radio communications network. The radio link refers to a connection between two of the plurality of nodes of the radio communications network. The radio link is the physical and/or logical network component used to interconnect nodes in the radio communications network. A link protocol is a suite of methods that operate between adjacent nodes of a network segment of the radio communications network. Each output stream at the output section OUT_ 10  is assigned to a separate radio link. 
     According to an advantageous example, the plurality of communication channels Ch 1 , Ch 2 , Ch 3 , Ch 4  are data paths along a plurality of network entities of a communication network. The data paths can comprise a different number of nodes, even of different network segments of different communications networks, and a different number of links between the transmitting and the receiving apparatus. For example, multipath routing can be used to determine the plurality of data paths. Then, by means of the apparatus  100 , each output stream at the output section OUT_ 10  is assigned to a separate data path. 
     Multipath routing is a routing technique simultaneously using multiple alternative paths through a network. 
     The apparatus  200  comprises receiving means (receiver)  202  for receiving a plurality of input data streams C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4  via a plurality of communication channels Ch 1 , Ch 2 , Ch 3 , and Ch 4 . The apparatus  200  comprises propagating means (propagator)  204  for propagating the plurality of input data streams C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4  through a plurality of consecutive output processing stages S 20 , S 21 , wherein the plurality of received input data streams C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4  is provided at an input section IN_ 20  of the consecutive output processing stages S 20 , S 21 , wherein an output data stream E is provided at an output section OUT_ 20  of the plurality of consecutive output processing stages S 20 , S 21 , wherein the plurality of output processing stages S 20 , S 21  comprise a decreasing number of processing units S 20   a , S 20   b , S 21   a  per output processing stage S 20 , S 21  in the direction of the output section OUT_ 20 , wherein the respective processing unit S 20   a , S 20   b ; S 21   a  determines an output data stream D 1 ; D 2 ; E based on its plurality of input data streams C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 ; D 1 , D 2  and based on a scheduling scheme LB; PD, PS that is associated with the respective output processing stage S 20 , S 21 , and wherein the scheduling schemes LB; PD, PS differ from each other at least between adjacent output processing stages S 20 , S 21 . The apparatus  200  comprises provisioning means (provider)  206  for providing the output data stream E at the output section OUT_ 20 . 
     For the apparatus  200 , the following applies: A data stream like the input data stream C 1  or the output data stream E comprises a plurality of data packets. A data packet comprises at least payload data and may comprise control data. An output processing stage like the output processing stage S 20  comprises at least one processing unit. The processing units of the respective output processing stage operate according to a configuration of the plurality of output processing stages, wherein each output processing stage is associated with a single scheduling scheme. The consecutive output processing stages comprise a plurality of input data streams and at least one output data stream, wherein the number of output data streams reduces towards the output section OUT_ 20 . As the processing stages S 20  and S 21  determine the output data stream E, they are termed output processing stages. 
     By applying one of the proposed scheduling schemes on a subset of the available communication channels a new ‘virtual’ communication channel is created that can be used in a further step as an input to a second stage where an additional scheduling scheme is applied. This method can be referred to as cascaded multi-connectivity. The method can be applied to different combinations to optimize the system with respect to a defined KPI based on the properties of each individual link or communication channel. The proposed communication scheme combines the advantages of multiple different scheduling techniques by cascading them and can thus improve latency and reliability performance of wireless communication systems in particular. 
     An apparatus  300  is provided for configuring the apparatuses  100  and  200 . The apparatus  300  comprises receiving means (receiver)  302  or determining means (determiner) or provisioning means (provider) for obtaining at least one data traffic requirement DTR associated with an input data stream A and an output data stream B. The apparatus  300  further comprises receiving means (receiver)  304  or determining means (determiner) for obtaining present states ps 1 , ps 2 , ps 3 , ps 4  of a plurality of communication channels Ch 1 , Ch 2 , Ch 3 , and Ch 4 . The apparatus comprises determining means (determiners)  306 ,  308  for determining at least one configuration c_in, c_out for a plurality of processing stages S 10 , S 11 ; S 20 , S 21  based on the at least one data traffic requirement DTR and based on the plurality of presents states s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , s 4  of the plurality of communication channels Ch 1 , Ch 2 , Ch 3 , Ch 4 , wherein the at least one configuration c_in; c_out comprises a plurality of associations between one of the processing stages S 10 , S 11 , S 20 , S 21  and one of a plurality of scheduling schemes LB, PD, PS. Provisioning means (providers) or transmitting means (transmitters)  316 ,  318  of the apparatus  300  are configured for providing or transmitting the at least one configuration c_in, c_out to the apparatus  100  or  200 . 
     The configuration c_in for a plurality of consecutive input processing stages S 10 , S 11  comprises a first order of scheduling schemes LB, PD, PS, wherein the configuration c_out of a plurality of consecutive output processing stages S 20 , S 21  comprises a second order of scheduling schemes LB, PD, PS, and wherein the first and second order are inverse to each other. Therefore, a cascade of compatible input processing stages S 10 , S 11  and output processing stages S 20 , S 21  are provided. 
     According to an example, the configuration c_in and/or c_out comprises the order of processing stages and the number of links and their association with the respective scheduling scheme LB, PD or PS. 
     According to the shown example, the apparatus  300  is separated from the apparatuses  100  and  200 . According to another example, the apparatus  300  is part of the apparatus  100  and/or  200 . 
     By cascading different scheduling schemes, their advantages can be combined when multiple communication channels are available. Load Balancing, LB, can reduce the queuing and access latency by increasing the inter-packet-gap (IPG) and thus reducing the load per path. The packet splitting, PS, scheme reduces the payload size per path and can thus reduce the transmission latency. Packet Duplication, PD, increases the diversity by sending a copy of the packet over multiple communication channels. 
     The apparatus  300  receives traffic requirements and link information as input and selects the channels for operation and which cascaded scheduling scheme is used. It shares this information with the apparatuses  100  and  200 . An example architecture is to place the apparatus  300  onto the transmitting apparatus  100  and inform the receiving apparatus  200  of the selected configuration by using a designated field in the packet header. 
     After initial reception of the requirements of the traffic flow to be scheduled and the information about the present status of the communication channels (e.g. delay statistics, loss rates), the apparatus  300  determines an optimal configuration based on the provided traffic requirement. The configuration is signaled to the apparatuses  100  and  200  afterwards. 
     If a change in the link conditions/present states or the traffic requirement is observed, a recalculation of the scheduling decision is triggered. 
     According to an example, a scheduled update of the determination of the configuration is conducted if the link conditions or traffic requirements change to avoid a permanently changing configuration and enable a change of the configuration based on a timing period. 
       FIG. 2  depicts a schematic block diagram for configuring the transmitting apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1 . The apparatus  100  comprises receiving means (receiver) or determining means (determiner)  110  for obtaining a configuration c_in for the input processing stages, wherein the configuration c_in comprises at least a plurality of associations between one of the input processing stages and one of the plurality of scheduling schemes. Applying means (applier)  120  apply the configuration c_in to the plurality of consecutive input processing stages. 
     The determining means (determiner)  110  comprises receiving means (receiver) or determining means (determiner) or providing means (provider)  112  to provide at least one data traffic requirement DTR associated with the input data stream of the consecutive input processing stages. Receiving means (receiver)  114  or determining means are provided to obtain a respective present state ps 1 , ps 2 , ps 3 , ps 4  of the plurality of communication channels. 
     Determining (determiner) or processing means (processor)  116  are provided to obtain the configuration c_in for the plurality of consecutive input processing stages based on the at least one data traffic requirement DTR and based on the plurality of present states ps 1 , ps 2 , ps 3 , ps 4  of the plurality of communication channels, wherein the configuration c_in comprises at least a plurality of associations between one of the input processing stages and one of a plurality of scheduling schemes. 
     The configuration c_in is determined and applied if the at least one data traffic requirement DTR changes and/or if one of the present stages ps 1  to ps 4  changes. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a schematic block diagram for configuring the receiving apparatus  200  of  FIG. 1 . Receiving (receiver) or determining means (determiner)  210  obtain a configuration c_out for the output processing stages, wherein the configuration c_out comprises at least a plurality of associations between one of the output processing stages and one of the plurality of scheduling schemes. Applying means (applier)  220  apply the configuration c_out to the plurality of consecutive output processing stages. 
     The determining means (determiner)  210  comprise: Receiving means (receiver) or determining means (determiner) or providing means (provider)  212  for providing at least one data traffic requirement DTR associated with the output data stream; Receiving means (receiver)  214  or determining means (determiner) to obtain a respective present state ps 1 , ps 2 , ps 3 , ps 4  of the plurality of communication channels; and determining means (determiner)  216  for determining the configuration c_out for the plurality of consecutive output processing stages based on the at least one data traffic requirement DTR and based on the plurality of present states ps 1 , ps 2 , ps 3 , ps 4  of the plurality of communication channels, wherein the configuration c_out comprises at least a plurality of associations between one of the output processing stages and one of a plurality of scheduling schemes. 
     The configuration c_out is determined and applied if the at least one data traffic requirement DTR changes and/or if one of the present stages ps 1  to ps 4  changes. 
       FIG. 4  schematically depicts a distribution scheme LB, which can be also termed load balancing scheme. The packets of the input data stream are numbered according to its arrival time. The distribution scheme LB distributes the packets between the communication channels Ch 1  and Ch 2 . 
     At the transmitting apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1 , the input packet of the respective input data stream is assigned, by means of the respective processing unit, to one of the plurality of output data streams. 
     At the receiving apparatus  200  of  FIG. 1 , an output packet of the respective output data stream is assigned to one of the input packets of the plurality of input data streams, wherein the output packet of an output data stream of a respective processing unit is represented by an input packet of one of input data streams. 
       FIG. 5  schematically depicts a duplication scheme PD. The packets of the input data stream are numbered according to its arrival time. The duplication scheme PD duplicates the packets on the communication channels Ch 1  and Ch 2 . 
     At the transmitting apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1 , an input packet of the respective input data stream is replicated, by means of the respective processing unit, in form of a respective output packet in the plurality of output data streams. 
     At the receiving apparatus  200  of  FIG. 1 , the input packets of a plurality of input data streams are expected to be duplicated at the side of the transmitting apparatus  100  in order to de-duplicate the input packets. An output packet of an output data stream of a respective processing unit is determined based on expected duplicate input packets of different input data streams of the respective processing unit. 
       FIG. 6  schematically depicts a split scheme PS. The packets of the input data stream are numbered according to its arrival time. The split scheme PS splits each packet of the input data stream into a plurality of parts, for example packets  1 . 1  and  1 . 2 , and transmits each part on a different one of the communication channels Ch 1  and Ch 2 . 
     At the transmitting apparatus  100  of  FIG. 1 , the input packet of the respective input data stream is split up, by means of the respective processing unit, into the plurality of output packets of the output data streams. 
     At the receiving apparatus  200  of  FIG. 1 , the input packets of different input data streams are reassembled on the receiver side and form an output packet of the respective output data stream. The parts of an output packet of a respective processing unit is determined based on a plurality of input packets of the respective processing unit, wherein each input packet represents or comprises a part of the output packet. 
       FIG. 7  schematically depicts an example with eight communication channels Ch 1  to Ch 8  available for use. The receiving apparatus  200  determines the output data stream E based on the input data streams arriving via the different communication channels Ch 1  to Ch 8 . The input data streams pass through a first processing stages operating according to the scheduling scheme PS. The output data streams of the first processing stages are the input data streams of a second processing stage. The second processing stage operates according to the scheduling scheme LB. The output data streams of the second processing stage are the input data streams of the third processing stage that is operating according to the scheduling scheme PD. The third processing stage determines the output data stream E. 
     This example for a cascaded multi-connectivity scheme provides packet splitting (PS) over two links or communication channels. Load Balancing (LB) is provided over two ‘virtual’ communication channels provided by two packet splitting processing entities of the first output processing stage. Packed Duplication (PD) is provided over two ‘virtual’ communication channels provided by two load balancing processing entities of the second output processing stage. In this example the payload size is halved, the inter-packet gap, IPG, is doubled and additionally a diversity degree of two can be reached. This potentially decreases latency and improves reliability. 
     In an additional example, a lower number of communication channels is selected to increase the efficiency of the communication system, such that the resources could e.g. be used by other applications or other users. 
       FIG. 8  depicts schematically a Wi-Fi example. The apparatus  300  is located in the upper MAC. The apparatus  300  selects the cascaded MC scheme in the form of the configurations c_in, c_out and configures the traffic steering. The apparatus  300  receives traffic requirements from the application and link information from PHY and lower MAC in form of present states ps 1 , ps 2 . The apparatus  300  uses these input parameters to configure the cascaded MC scheme via the configurations c_in and c_out. 
       FIG. 9  depicts schematically a 3GPP architecture. The multi-connectivity (MC) entity is split into a control part and an aggregation part. 
     The MC control entity in form of the apparatus  300  uses information from collected radio characteristics and potentially also from a pQoS entity to decide which MC scheme or configuration c_in, c_out is used at a given point in time. 
     The MC control entity in form of the apparatus  300  informs all related units about the used scheme in form of the determined configuration. The apparatus  300  could e.g. be located in the 5G Session Management Function, SMF. 
     In a shown uplink scenario, the user equipment UE comprises the transmitting apparatus  100 , and the radio access node, RAN, comprises the receiving apparatus  200 . In a downlink scenario, the user equipment UE comprises the receiving apparatus  200  and the radio access node, RAN, comprise the transmitting apparatus  100 . 
     Measurement units  902  and  904  provide the present status of the communication channels to the apparatus  300 . 
     An MC aggregation entity could include both the functions of the apparatuses  100  and  200 . The MC aggregation entity splits and aggregates the different links according to the selected MC scheme. The MC aggregation entity could e.g. be located in the RAN at PDCP Layer and use Dual-Connectivity. The MC aggregation entity could also be located at the MAC Layer and use Carrier Aggregation. The MC aggregation entity could also use multiple RANs (not shown) and reside in the User Plane Function, UPF.