Patent Publication Number: US-4580216-A

Title: Microcomputer with internal selection of on-chip or off-chip access

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to integrated semiconductor devices and systems, and more particularly to features used in an electronic digital processing system of the single-chip microprocessor or microcomputer form. 
     A microprocessor device is a central processing unit or CPU for a digital processor which is contained in a single semiconductor integrated circuit, usually fabricated by &#34;MOS/LSI&#34; technology, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,757,306 issued to Gary W. Boone and assigned to Texas Instruments. The Boone patent shows an 8-bit CPU on a chip including a parallel ALU, registers for data and addresses, an instruction register and a control decoder, all interconnected using a bidirectional parallel bus. U.S. Pat. No. 4,074,351, issued to Gary W. Boone and Michael J. Cochran, assigned to Texas Instruments, shows a single-chip &#34;microcomputer&#34; type device which contains a 4-bit parallel ALU and its control circuitry, with on-chip ROM and RAM for program and data storage. The term microprocessor usually refers to a device employing external memory for program and data storage, while the term microcomputer refers to a device with on-chip ROM and RAM for program and data storage; the terms are also used interchangeably, however, and are not intended as restrictive as to this invention. 
     Subsequent to 1971 when U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,757,306 and 4,074,351 were originally filed, many improvements have been made in microprocessors and microcomputers to increase the speed and capability of these devices and reduce the cost of manufacture, providing more circuitry in less space, i.e., smaller chip size. Improved photolithographic techniques allow narrower line widths and higher resolution, providing added circuit density, but circuit and system improvements also contribute to the goals of increased performance with smaller chip size. Some of these improvements in microprocessors are disclosed in the following U.S. Pat. Nos., all assigned to Texas Instruments: 3,991,305 issued to Edward R. Caudel and Joseph H. Raymond Jr.; 4,156,927 issued to David J. McElroy and Graham S. Tubbs; 3,934,233 issued to R. J. Fisher and G. D. Rogers; 3,921,142 issued to J. D. Bryant and G. A. Hartsell; 3,900,722 issued to M. J. Cochran and C. P. Grant; 3,932,846 issued to C. W. Brixey et al.; 3,939,335 issued to G. L. Brantingham, L. H. Phillips and L. T. Novak; 4,125,901 issued to S. P. Hamilton, L. L. Miles, et al.; 4,158,432 issued to M. G. VanBavel; 3,757,308 and 3,984,816. 
     Additional examples of microprocessor and microcomputer devices in the evolution of this technology are described in publications. In Electronics, Sept. 25, 1972, p. 31-32, a 4-bit P-channel MOS microcomputer with on-chip ROM and RAM is shown which is similar to U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,305. Two of the most widely used 8-bit microprocessors like that of U.S. Pat. No. 3,757,306 are described in Electronics, Apr. 18, 1974 at pp. 88-95 (the Motorola 6800) and pp. 95-100 (the Intel 8080). A microcomputer version of the 6800 is described in Electronics, Feb. 2, 1978 at pp. 95-103. Likewise, a single-chip microcomputer version of the 8080 is shown in Electronics, Nov. 25, 1976 at pp. 99-105 and a 16-bit microprocessor evolving from the 8080 is described in Electronics, Feb. 16, 1978, pp. 99-104. Another single-chip microcomputer, the Mostek 3872, is shown in Electronics, May 11, 1978, at pp. 105- 110. An improved version of the 6800 is disclosed in Electronics, Sept. 17, 1979 at pp. 122-125, while a 16-bit microprocessor identified as the 68000 which evolved from the 6800 is described in Electronic Design, Sept. 1, 1978 at pp. 100-107. 
     The technology of integrated circuit design and manufacture has progressed to a point where virtually any electronic system having digital processing or control functions can employ a microcomputer or microprocessor chip. The cost of designing and manufacturing the devices is a limiting factor, however. Semiconductor manufacturing is oriented toward production of large quantities of a single device type, rather than production of a few of many different specialty items, and so to be economical a chip design must be adaptable for a wide variety of uses, not only by changing the ROM code but also by providing many input/output options and similar features. Thus, a device as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,305 has been manufactured in quantities of millions of units for many different electronic calculators, electronic games, appliance controllers, and the like. Not only the semiconductor manufacturing cost is minimized by use of the same device, but also the design cost is minimized because very little circuit design is needed (only external to the chip) and the programming effort employs an instruction set and commonly-used subroutines and algorithms in which a high level of experience is acquired. Nevertheless, the design cost for using a microcomputer device in a new application may be prohibitive even though only assembly language programming is needed; this software cost is unduly high because of the number of different and incompatable programming languages used on the wide variety of device types. 
     It is the principal object of this invention to provide an improved microcomputer or microprocessor device which is adaptable for a wide variety of uses but yet is constructed to facilitate low-cost manufacture and to minimize programming costs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a microcomputer device contains a CPU with an arithmetic/logic unit and data/address registers on a single semiconductor integrated circuit having on-chip macrocode and microcode storage. In the normal single-chip operation mode, a macrocode word is fetched from on-chip ROM and stored in an instruction register in the CPU, then a sequence of microcode words is fetched from the microcode store based on this macrocode word. In another mode, such as used for self-test employing a check-code, the device loads macrocode from external into on-chip RAM then executes from RAM to perform the desired routine, switching modes of operation. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as other features and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the detailed description which follows, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
     FIGS. 1a and 1b comprise an electrical diagram in block form of an MOS/LSI microcomputer chip including CPU, ROM and RAM, and utilizing features of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a memory map for the logical address space for the microcomputer of FIG. 1 and FIGS. 2a-2e are detailed memory maps like FIG. 2 for various operating modes of this microcomputer; 
     FIG. 3 is a greatly enlarged plan view of the semiconductor chip containing the microcomputer of FIG. 1 showing the physical layout of the various parts of the device; 
     FIG. 3a is an enlarged detail view of a part of the layout of FIG. 3 showing the regular pattern of the ALU and register strip; 
     FIG. 3b is a pictorial view of the microcomputer chip of FIG. 3 mounted in a 40-pin dual-in-line package; 
     FIG. 4 is a timing diagram showing voltage vs. time for various events in operation of the system of FIG. 1; 
     FIGS. 5a and 5b comprise a detailed electrical diagram of the CPU, including ALU, shifter S, registers and busses, in the microcomputer of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 6 is a detailed electrical diagram of the control ROM used in the microcomputer of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 7 is a map of the relative locations of the FIGS. 7a-7f; 
     FIGS. 7a-7f are electrical schematic diagrams of various parts of the ALU and register strip within the CPU of the microcomputer of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 7d&#39; is a timing diagram for BCD arithmetic operations; 
     FIGS. 8a-8j (six sheets) show a logic flow chart of the execution of the microinstructions of Tables B and C in the microcomputer device of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 9 is a map of the opcodes for the macroinstructions of Table A executed by the microcomputer of FIG. 1; 
     FIGS. 10a and 10b comprise an electrical diagram, in schematic and logic form, of the entry point circuit 21 of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 11 is an electrical diagram, in schematic and logic form, of the RAM 12 of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 11a is a timing diagram for the RAM of FIG. 11; 
     FIG. 12 is an electrical diagram, in schematic and logic form, of the RAM refresh counter 31 and address multiplex circuit 32 of FIG. 1; 
     FIGS. 13a-13d are electrical diagrams of microprocessor systems using the microcomputer chip 10 of FIG. 1 in various operating modes; 
     FIG. 13e is a timing diagram for operating modes of FIGS. 13b-13d; 
     FIGS. 14a and 14 comprise a block diagram of the internal peripheral circuits of the microcomputer of FIG. 1 illustrating connections to the central processing unit; 
     FIGS. 15a and 15b comprise another block diagram of the circuits of the microcomputer of FIG. 1, illustrating only the interconnections between circuits; 
     FIG. 16a is a table illustrating the group decode circuit bus addresses which produce peripheral activating signals; 
     FIG. 16b is a schematic diagram of the group decode circuitry 27 in the microcomputer of FIGS. 1 or 14; 
     FIG. 16c is a schematic diagram of the memory control circuitry 28 of FIGS. 1 or 14; 
     FIG. 16d is a table illustrating the operating mode specifications for the different memory configurations of FIGS. 2 and 13; 
     FIG. 17a and 17b are schematic diagrams of the interrupt circuitry 29 and I/O control register 25; 
     FIG. 17c is a table listing the interrupt vector locations in memory; 
     FIG. 17d is a table illustrating the input/output control register contents; 
     FIG. 18a-18c are schematic diagrams of the programmable timer/event counter circuitry 26, 26a, 26b, 26c of the device of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 18d is a conceptual block diagram of the programmable timer/event counter of FIGS. 18a-18c; 
     FIG. 18e is a table illustrating the contents of the timer data register and the timer control register; 
     FIG. 19a is a schematic diagram of the A port; 
     FIG. 19b is a schematic diagram of the B port; 
     FIG. 19c is a schematic diagram of the C port; 
     FIG. 19d is a schematic diagram of the D port; 
     FIG. 19e is a table illustrating interrupt generation for the system emulator mode; 
     FIGS. 20a and 20b are logic flow charts for a keyscan program for the system of FIG. 13a, and FIG. 20c is an electrical diagram like FIG. 13a for the program of FIGS. 20a and 20b. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENT 
     The Microcomputer Chip 
     With reference to FIG. 1, a microcomputer chip 10 is shown which employs features according to one embodiment of the invention. The chip 10 is a semiconductor integrated circuit of the MOS/LSI type including a silicon bar of less than about 200 mils on a side, mounted in a standard 40-pin package. Totally contained within the chip 10 is a digital processor having a ROM or read-only memory 11 for program storage and a RAM or read/write memory 12 for data storage, along with a CPU 13. The CPU consists of an arithmetic logic unit or ALU 14 with its working registers 15 and busses 16, along with a control ROM or CROM 17 for generating microinstructions or control signals on lines 18. The CPU 13 accesses the ROM and RAM memory 11, 12 by three busses: a memory data bus MD, a high address bus AH, and a low address bus AL, along with three of the control lines 18. Communication with devices external to the chip is by means of four 8-bit ports A, B, C and D which are accessed by the MD bus and operated by peripheral control circuitry as will be described. The MD, AH and AL busses are each eight bits wide, as are the ALU 14, the registers 15 and the ports, although of course concepts herein described would be applicable to 4-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit devices, for example. 
     The registers 15 in the CPU 13 include: an instruction register IR; a status register ST; circuitry BCD for binary-coded-decimal constants; a shift circuit S which receives the output of the ALU 14; a register T/MAH which functions as both a temporary store for operands and for the high order byte of the memory address (memory address high); a sixteen bit program counter split into two eight bit registers PCH and PCL (program counter high and low); a stack pointer SP; and a memory address low register MAL. Address buffers 19 generate true and complement address signals on busses AH&#39; and AL&#39; from the address busses AH and AL. Operands are for the most part stored in the RAM 12 which functions as a register file RF, rather than in temporary registers 15 associated with the CPU 13. 
     The busses 16 interconnect the various registers 15, the ALU 14 and MD, AH&#39; and AL&#39; busses. The ALU 14 always receives a P input from a P bus and an N input from an N bus, and produces an output via shifter S to an output or O bus. Access to these P, N and O busses 16, to the registers 15 and ALU 14, and to the MD, AH and AL busses is controlled by the control signals 18 from the CROM 17. 
     The microcomputer chip 10 operates on the basis of 8-bit macroinstruction words stored in the ROM 11 and transferred to the instruction register IR one at a time. One example of a macroinstruction set executed in the CPU 13 is described in Table A which will be discussed in detail below. The Table gives the instruction word in mneumonics, also referred to as assembly language or source code, and also gives the machine-language opcode in binary (this is like object code except object is in hex). Usually an opcode plus one or more address bytes are used to execute an instruction. An instruction word or opcode held in IR is an input to an entry point circuit 21 which produces an 8-bit address via lines 21a to address circuitry 22 for the CROM 17, accessing one of 256 possible CROM addresses (in the example embodiment) to produce signals 18 defining a microinstruction as set forth in Tables B and C, to be described below. One macroinstruction of Table A produces a sequence of microinstructions. A part of each of the microinstructions (i.e. some of outputs 18) is used to generate the next CROM address; a microjump address is fed back to the entry point circuit via lines 23, and dispatch control information is fed back via lines 24, as will be explained. Thus, a sequence of microinstructions is generated from each macroinstruction in IR, also dependent upon status bits in the status register ST and other conditions. Addresses for operands, if needed, are contained in words from ROM 11 following the opcode and are transferred to MAL and MAH while the opcode stays in IR during this sequence. 
     A map of the logical address space for the microcomputer of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 2. The example embodiment employs 8-bit AH and AL addresses, providing a 16-bit address, and so 2 16  or 65,536 bytes are available in this space (often referred to as &#34;64K&#34; bytes where one &#34;K&#34; is 1,024). The addresses are shown in four hexidecimal digits, ranging from the first address 0000 to the last FFFF. In this description memory addresses will be given in hex, unless noted. A page is 2 8  or 256 bytes, i.e. all addresses on a page are defined by AL and the page is selected by AH. The microcomputer 10 uses the zero page (addresses 0000 to 00FF) for the register file RF in RAM 12; the &#34;one&#34; page (addresses 0100 to 01FF) for the peripheral file PF; and the F0 to FF pages (addresses F000 to FFFF) for the program memory of ROM 11. Some of these spaces for RF and ROM 11 may not be populated, depending upon the size of the ROM and RAM chosen. Other space such as 0200 to EFFF is available for the expansion modes as will be explained. 
     In the microcomputer of FIG. 1, the control circuitry responsive to the AH&#39; and AL&#39; busses and control bits 18 defines the way in which the CPU 13 accesses the peripheral file PF including external ports, timer, reset and interrupts, as well as memory control. An I/O and interrupt control register 25 at memory location 0100 of FIG. 2 is loaded directly by the MD bus and is part of the ALU/register strip; this register contains two memory mode control bits which define the memory expansion modes as will be described, as well as interrupt masks and flags. A programmable timer and event counter is also included in this peripheral control circuitry, and comprises: a counter 26; a register 26a which functions as start/stop control, input select and prescaler; a control 26b; and a capture latch 26c. These elements of the timer are accessed by the MD bus and are eight bits wide, so are advantageously constructed as part of the ALU/register strip. The counter 26 is a fixed divide-by-8 pseudorandom 8-bit shift counter which simply divides its input by eight. The input to the counter 26, which may be an internal clock or an external clock or event, goes through the prescaler part of the register 26a which is an additional 5-bit divide-by-N counter loaded (via a prescale register) from the MD bus with any number up to thirty-two. The 8-bit timer register 26b is loaded from MD with the desired final count, up to eight bits or 256. When this count is reached, an interrupt INT2 is signalled. The instantaneous count may be read out on MD via the 8-bit capture latch 26c without stopping an ongoing count in the counter 26; this is instigated by INT3. 
     In this peripheral control circuitry, a group decode circuit 27 and memory control circuit 28 receive the AH&#39; and AL&#39; address bits and three control signals 18 (#MEM, #WR and #MEMCNT) and produce controls which select between the ROM 11, RAM 12, ports A, B, C or D, the timer or I/O control, etc. for access by a given address. Only one of these is activated in any one cycle. The group decode 27 and memory control circuitry 28 likewise generate commands for controlling and/or selecting functions as will be explained. 
     Two interrupt input pins INT1 and INT3 are provided, in addition to the timer interrupt INT2. These inputs are connected to interrupt control circuitry 29 which is also responsive to the contents of the register 25. A reset input RST is used to zero or initiallize the microcomputer, overriding any function or interrupt. 
     A mode control input pin MC connected as an input to the peripheral control circuitry provides a selection of the operating modes (along with the internally-loaded bit-7 and bit-6 of the I/O control register 25). FIGS. 2a to 2e are memory maps showing the unique parts of the address space for these modes; the register file address space RF remains the same as FIG. 2 for all modes. The modes are: (1) single-chip microcomputer mode where all memory is on-chip in the ROM 11 and RAM 12 as in FIG. 2 and the peripheral file PF is configured as in FIG. 2a, this being the primary mode of operation; (2) a peripheral expansion mode of FIG. 2b where some additional off-chip circuitry may be accessed in the PF space via ports B and C; (3) a full expansion mode of FIG. 2c where almost 64K bytes of off-chip memory may be accessed by ports B and C, the RF and ROM being the same as FIG. 2; (4) a microprocessor mode of FIG. 2d where the on-chip ROM 11 is ignored and all program memory is off-chip, but the on-chip RAM 12 is used as FIG. 2; or (5) the emulator mode of FIG. 2e in which both the peripheral file PF and the on-chip ROM 11 are disabled and all I/O and program memory is off chip, accessed by ports B and C with the on-chip RAM 12 or RF being used as in FIG. 2. The various modes allow a wide variety of different functions to be provided by one basic chip type without design, layout or microcode modifications, thus greatly reducing the cost. Input/output buffers 30 connect the ports A, B, C, D to the the MD bus, as defined by direction control registers P7, P9, P11, for some modes and by the mode control arrangement via group decode 27 and memory control circuitry 28. 
     One of the important features of the microcomputer chip of FIG. 1 is that the RAM 12 is of the dynamic type using one-transistor cells with transparent refresh. On-chip RAM for microcomputers is usually of the static or pseudo-static type; if the RAM is of the dynamic type as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,074,351, then the refresh function may interfere with access by the CPU. In contrast, the microcomputer of FIG. 1 contains a refresh address counter 31 which is self-incrementing and may produce a new 5-bit row address to the row address decoder 12X every machine cycle, so one row of the RAM is accessed for refresh if none is accessed by the CPU. If a memory 12 access cycle is occurring, however, the counter 31 is not incremented and the refresh address output of the counter 31 is not applied to the decoder 12X. The RAM 12 is of the folded-bit-line type with a memory bit and its complement on opposite sides of sense amplifiers 12S; i.e., dual memory bits are employed instead of dummy cells traditionally used in dynamic RAMs. In the 128 byte RAM of the example, 128× 8 or 1024 bits are needed, and with two one-transistor cells per bit the RAM array 12 has 2048 one-transistor cells. The array is partitioned 32×8×4, so the X decoder 12X is a one-of-32 select, the Y decoder 12Y is a one-of-4 select for each of the eight input/output bits of the RAM, and thirty-two sense amplifiers 12S are used. Of course, the RAM size can be doubled to use the whole zero page of FIG. 2, in which case 256×8×2=4096 cells are needed. 
     THE STRIP ARCHITECTURE 
     In FIG. 3, the microcomputer of FIG. 1 illustrated in chip layout form. A major part of the area of the chip 10 is occupied by the memory including the ROM 11 and RAM 12 with their address decoders. The ROM 11 has associated with it an X address decoder 11X and a Y address decode and ROM data output circuit 11y of conventional design; eleven address bits are used to define one of 2048 eight-bit bytes in the ROM (twelve bits if a 4096 byte ROM is employed), so an address for the ROM needs both the MAL and MAH registers, i.e., address bits from both AL and AH busses. The RAM has an X address decoder 12X which selects 1-of-32 row lines, and a Y address decoder 12Y which selects 1-of-4 column lines, so only seven bits are needed for the RAM select (eight if a 256 byte RAM is used). Another major part of the chip area is the control ROM 17 and its associated X and Y decoders 22X and 22Y, and output buffers 17b. If fully populated, the number of bits in the control ROM would be 256 times the number of output lines 18. Only forty-five output lines 18 are needed for the example instruction set of Table A, and only 160 microinstruction addresses as in Tables B and C, so the control ROM is only 160×45 or 7,200 bits. The output ports A, B, C, and D each have eight bonding pads on the chip (total of thirty-two) for connection to external, and the areas of the chip around these bonding pads are occupied by the buffers 30 used for the ports. It will be noted that the port A is only used for input, so the space needed for the input buffers for this port is much less than for the remaining ports B, C, and D which require tri-state output buffers. 
     Between the ROM 11 and the CROM buffers 17b on the chip 10 of FIG. 3 is the &#34;strip&#34; which is an array of rows (parallel to control lines 18) and columns (parallel with metal bus lines 16 and register/ALU bits 14, 15) containing all of the 8-bit registers, ALU bits, and like circuitry associated with the busses 16 and control lines 18. As set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,044 issued to McDonough, Guttag and Laws, assigned to Texas Instruments, an important feature is that the ALU 14 and its associated registers IR, ST, S, T/MAH, PCH, PCL, SP, and MAL as described above are laid out on the MOS/LSI chip 10 in a regular strip pattern as seen in FIG. 3. Other circuitry connected to the busses and having controls 18 shared by eight bits is also in the strip, such as entry point 21, address buffers 19, timer 26, I/O control register 25, etc. Each of these registers as well as the ALU contains eight bits or stages which are laid out in a pattern like memory cells, the bits arranged horizontally and alligned vertically as seen in FIG. 3. The MD, AL, AH, O, N and P busses of FIG. 1 are each eight parallel metal strips on top of the cells of the ALU and registers (rather than beside the registers as depicted in FIG. 1), and all of the dozens of control ilnes 18 are horizontal polysilicon lines typically used as the control gates for transistors in the ALU 14 and its registers and like circuitry. The number of control lines 18 needed for the ALU 14 is greater than for a single register such as the MAL register, for example, and conveniently the space needed to lay out the ALU stages is greater than for a single register, so waste space is minimized. That is, the space needed in the control ROM 17 to generate the controls 18 is about the same as the space needed for the controlled circuitry. This layout arrangment is indeed advantageous because the ALU and registers fit alongside the control ROM with virtually none of the wasted space used merely for routing conductors in conventional construction of microprocessors. All bus lines MD, AL, AH, O, N and P, and all control lines 18 are routed over functional regions or cells of the chip rather than over unused silicon, and almost all 90 degree turns are produced inherently at functional cells rather than in conductor routing. In the prior devices, the control ROM, the registers, the ALU, etc., were islands of circuitry connected by busses or conductors. The enlarged view of FIG. 3a shows a small part of the strip, two-bits wide, illustrating the metal bus lines and the polysilicon control lines 18 for an N-channel silicon gate MOS device made generally by a single-level polysilicon process according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,444, assigned to Texas Instruments. Various contacts (not shown) would be made within each register bit or stage from metal to silicon or to polysilicon. It is significant to note that most of the connecting lines from registers to busses illustrated in FIG. 1 are not physically lines or elongated conductors at all but instead are merely metal-to-silicon or metal-to-poly contact areas along the metal bus lines of FIG. 3a. That is, routing of 8-bit sets of parallel conductors is minimized by the strip feature, and the size of the chip 10 is reduced. The busses 16 are staggered so that all six busses are not needed in any one part of the strip, and thus the pitch of maximum width of cells of the strip is minimized since the metal-to-metal spacing is a critical limiting factor in bit density. To this end, the placement of the registers 15 is such that the N bus need not co-exist in any register with the AL or AH busses, and the P bus ends where the AL bus starts, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3a. Some of the clocks needed in the registers and ALU of the strip are run in metal lines like the busses 15 (H1, H4 shared in FIG. 3a) so these place further constraints on the density and make the strip concept and bus/register optimum placement more significant. Connections from MD to P or N busses are made by transistors located in the strip like a register and labelled MDtP, MDtN; since this logic requires eight parallel bits of transfer gates, tied to sets of eight parallel busses, and using CROM outputs 18 as controls, it fits well in the strip. 
     The control ROM 17 my be of the &#34;compressed&#34; design as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,043 issued to Guttag, McDonough and Laws, although as described herein the CROM is of non-compressed design. The CROM fits alongside the strip to provide the controls 18 in the control-intensive areas of the ALU and register/bus connections, and alongside the entry point circuit 21 where the address control and jump address lines 23, 24 are needed. The design is oriented toward the control ROM as the source of all controls rather than random logic, and the chip layout of FIGS. 3 and 3a illustrates that the area of the chip is dominated by the ROM, RAM and CROM with their decoders, and the strip containing a regular array of ALU/register bits, with little space occupied by other control logic. This design approach is enhanced by and enhances the microprogramming facility which makes the microcomputer 10 particularly easy to modify by changing the micro or macrocode. 
     The microcomputer 10 may be modified at three levels, plus the mode control. The first level is changing the ROM code of the ROM 11, and of course this is the most widely practiced modification. The ROM code is defined by a single mask in the manufacturing process as set forth for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,541,543, 4,208,726 or 4,230,504, assigned to Texas Instruments. The macroinstruction set may be supplemented (keeping basically) the same microinstruction set), or the microinstruction set may be changed, both of these levels requiring changes in the CROM 17 code upon manufacture. The CROM code is defined by a single mask in manufacture, just as the ROM code, so physically it is just as easy to change the microinstruction set; however, the macro assemblers and micro assemblers (computer programs used as design aids for customers) then are different. In addition to these ways of altering the device 10, the sizes of the ROM and RAM may be increased to allow more complex algorithmns to be programmed in the ROM code, and the size of the CROM 17 may be increased to provide more complex micro- and/or macro-instruction sets. It is important to note that the mode control MC (and bits 6-7 of register 25) allows changes without any type of physical or mask change; no fuse links or the like are needed. 
     SYSTEM TIMING 
     The microcomputer chip 10 operates from a basic clock frequency referred to as Xtal in FIG. 4. This frequency of about 5 MHz is supplied by an internal oscillator 33 controlled by an external crystal coupled to two pads labelled Xtal in FIG. 1 or 3. From the clock Xtal, clock generator circuitry 33 produces four basic overlapping half-cycle clocks H1, H2, H3 and H4 for each microinstruction cycle or state time S1, S2, etc., as seen in FIG. 4. Each state time equals two complete cycles of the clock Xtal. H4 overlaps two state times. 
     Short memory cycles to access the RAM 12 are completed in one state time such as S1 of FIG. 4; #MEMCNT is low and all bits of the AH bus are low during H1 and the RAM address is valid on the AL bus while #MEM is high. The write control #WR is high for write or low for read. The data accessed is then valid on the MD bus during H4 at the end of the cycle, extending over into the beginning of the next cycle, so the data may be loaded into the registers T or IR at the end of a cycle or gated onto the P or N busses at the beginning of the next cycle. 
     All memory references to the register file RF in the RAM 12 use this short cycle; all other memory references (i.e. to the on-chip ROM 11, the peripheral file PF, and extended memory) require two microinstruction executions and are called long memory cycles as illustrated in FIG. 4. For long cycles, the memory continue command #MEMCNT is high during the first state time and low during the second. The memory command #MEM must be high during H1 of both cycles, and the address valid on AH and AL during H1 of the first cycle. For read, the write command #WR is low from the beginning of the first cycle through H1 of the second, and the data is valid during H4 beginning at the end of the second cycle. For long write, #WR is high, and the write data is gated onto the MD bus for H4 of both first and second cycles. 
     Within a given state time or microinstruction cycle, the address on the AH&#39; and AL&#39; busses becomes valid during H2. This address is based on the address loaded onto AH and AL during H1. In the ROM 11, the array is precharged during H1 with all row or X lines going to Vss and all column or Y lines going to Vcc, then the ROM X address gated into the array from decoder 11X beginning at H3 and the ROM Y address coming valid at the beginning of H4, so the ROM output is valid at H4. 
     THE CPU 
     The CPU 13 in the microcomputer 10 of FIG. 1 consists of the ALU 14, the registers 15 and the busses 16 controlled by the CROM 17. In FIG. 5 a more detailed block diagram of the ALU and shifter S and the associated busses is shown, and FIG. 6 shows the CROM 17 and its microinstruction output bits 18. Control of the ALU and access to the busses is defined entirely by these microinstructions or bits 18, identified in FIG. 6 for the illustrative embodiment. An 8-bit address on lines 21a from the entry point circuitry 21 contains a 6-bit X address on lines 21X and a 2-bit Y address on lines 21Y. The lines 21X are connected to X decoder 22X which selects one of up to 64 X lines in the array of ROM bits of the CROM 17. The lines 21Y are connected to a Y decoder 22Y which selects 1-of-4 in each group of four Y lines (only forty-five groups used). Thus, for each 8-bit address on lines 21a, a different &#34;microinstruction&#34; is output on the lines 18; a microinstruction may have any number of the lines 18 active, but usually a combination of only a few lines 18 is active for a given microinstruction. Each line 18 goes to a buffer 17b to drive a higher capacitance load than the array output Y line itself would allow, and to clocked gates and other such logic as needed. All microinstruction bits (control lines 18) in FIG. 6 and throughout this description are referred to with a prefix &#34;#&#34;. Some bits are active low and thus have a minus sign prefix, like #-OtST. In the microinstruction bits of FIG. 6, the letter &#34;t &#34; means &#34;to&#34;, so #-OtST means &#34;O bus to ST register&#34;, i.e., the gates connecting the O bus to the status register are activated by this bit. The eight bit jump address on the lines 23 is denoted #JmpAddr (7-0), while the 3-bit jump control on the lines 24 used for dispatch addressing is denoted #JmpCntl (2-0); these eleven bits are used in the entry circuit 21 to generate the next CROM address. All of the twenty-one bits 18 from #OtPCH down to #ONEtAH in FIG. 6 control the access to registers 15 from busses 16. Of these, #LowWrite0 and #LowWrite1 are decoded to produce pseudo-microinstructions OtPCL, OtMAL and OtSP. The bits #ONEtAL and #ONEtAH place a &#34;138  on the AL or AH busses to generate the B register address 0001 or the PF page address 0100 (hex) in a microinstruction. Default to all 0&#39;s on AL and AH is A register address in the register file. Connections between registers 15 and busses 16 are described in detail below. The #MEMCNT bit is a &#34;memory continue&#34; control for long memory cycles; the RAM 12 can be accessed for read or write in one state time, but the ROM 11 or peripherals in PF require two states, so for this reason control line #MEMCNT is active in the first state of every long memory cycle as seen in FIG. 4. #MEMCNT is used to form several other control signals, and always identifies the first or second state of a long memory cycle. The #MEM bit signifies a memory cycle and is active whenever ROM 11, RAM 12 or external memory is accessed. The #WR bit is a write command, so if #MEM and #WR are active a memory write condition exists, while if #MEM is active and #WR is not, a memory read condition exists. The #-LST signal is a load status command for ALU operations; the status register ST can also be loaded from the 0 bus by the #-LST command. The ALU is controlled by nine bits labelled #ShiftCntl (3-0), #AluCntl (3-0) and #ABL; these controls will be described below in detail. 
     The microinstruction bits 18 are physically arranged in the order used in FIG. 7a-7e rather than in the order shown in FIG. 6, so that a control bit 18 is generated as close as possible to the point it is used in the strip. 
     The microinstruction control of access to the registers 15, busses 16 and ALU 14 will now be described in reference to FIGS. 5, 6 and 7a-7f. 
     P Bus 
     The P bus is one of the inputs to the ALU 14. It is called `P` for &#34;Positive&#34;, because in a subtract operation where the ALU 14 only computes P-N the P bus contains the positive, or left-hand, operand. The P bus is loaded from the MD bus via transistors 16a, 16b, and 16c, loaded from the AL bus via transistor 16d (FIG. 7b), loaded from the PCH register via transistor 16e, or from the PCL register via transistor 16f. Any of the AL bus sources may be placed on the P bus by gating them on the AL bus and asserting the #PAL microinstruction bit going to the gate of transistor 16d, connecting the P bus to the AL bus. If no source is specified, i.e., &#34;default&#34;, the P bus assumes the value of all zeros. The P bus is loaded in the beginning of a microinstruction cycle, on phase H1. All of the possible P bus sources and the microinstruction bits or outputs 18 needed for each are as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
P Bus             Microinstruction                                        
Source            Bit(s)                                                  
______________________________________                                    
MD Bus            #MDtP                                                   
PCH Register      #PCHtP                                                  
PCL Register      #PCLtP                                                  
MAL Register      #MALtAL,#PAL                                            
SP Register       #SPtAL,#PAL                                             
01 Constant       #ONEtAL,#PAL                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     N Bus 
     The N bus is the other input to the ALU 14. It is called N for &#34;negative&#34;, since on the ALU subtract operation it contains the negative, or right-hand, operand. It is loaded from the MD bus via transistors 16a, 16g and 16h, loaded from the T/MAH register via transistor 16i, loaded from the IR register via transistor 16j, the status register ST via transistor 16k, or the BCD constant register via transistor 16m. It is understood, of course, that there are sets of eight of each of the transistors 16a to 16j, one for each of the eight bits of each bus and each register. Only four transistors in the sets 16k or 16m are needed. The source of the N bus is indicated directly by a bit in the microinstruction word, as shown below. If the bit is `1`, the source is gated onto the N bus. If no source is specified, the N bus assumes the value of all zeros. The N bus is also loaded at the beginning of a microinstruction cycle, on phase H1. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
N Bus              Microinstruction                                       
Source             Bit(s)                                                 
______________________________________                                    
MD Bus             #MDtN                                                  
T Register         #TtN                                                   
Status Register    #STtN                                                  
BCD Constant       #BCDtN                                                 
IR Register        #IRtN                                                  
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     AL Bus 
     The AL or address low bus holds the lower eight bits of all memory addresses. This comprises the entire address for references to the register file RF in RAM 12, or the lower byte for references to the peripheral file PF, on-chip ROM 11 and extended memory in expansion modes. The AL bus is loaded during the phase H1. The sources of the AL bus are the MAL register via transistor 16n, the SP register via transistor 16p, or the constant 01 via transistor 16q. The constant is provided to efficiently address RAM location 01 which is the &#34;B&#34; register. If no source is specified, &#34;default&#34;, the AL bus assumes the value 00 which is the A register in the RAM. 
     The AL bus may also be connected to the P bus via transistor 16d by asserting the #PAL microinstruction bit. In this manner, the AL bus sources (MAL, SP, and the constant 01) may be gated onto the AL bus and then onto the P bus to be operated on by the ALU. Likewise, the P bus sources (PCH, PCL, and MD bus contents) may be gated onto the P bus and then onto the AL bus via transistor 16d and #PAL to serve as low order address lines. The MD bus contents moved in this case are those present at the start of the microinstruction. In summary, all of the possible sources of the AL bus are listed below: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
AL Bus             Microinstruction                                       
Source             Bit(s)                                                 
______________________________________                                    
MAL Register       #MALtAL                                                
SP Register        #SPtAL                                                 
PCL Register       #PCLtP,#PAL                                            
PCH Register       #PCHtP,#PAL                                            
MD Bus             #MDtP,#PAL                                             
01 Constant        #ONEtAL                                                
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     AH Bus 
     The 8-bit AH (Address High) bus contains the high-order byte of the address referenced by the CPU, loaded during H1. It may be loaded with the contents of the PCH register via transistor 16r, the T/MAH register via transistor 16s, or the constant 01 via transistor 16t. The high byte of the program counter is usally transferred to the buffers 19 for use in the peripheral control circuitry 20, and the T/MAH register is used to hold the high byte of other addresses in memory for use in a later microinstruction state. The constant 01 is provided to efficiently access addresses in the peripheral file in this embodiment (i.e. page-one addresses of the from 01xx in hex). If no source is explicitly specified in the microinstruction word, &#34;default&#34;, the AH bus takes on the value 00; this is useful for referencing the on-chip register file RF in RAM 12. The sources of the AH bus are summerized below: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
AH Bus             Microinstruction                                       
Source             Bit(s)                                                 
______________________________________                                    
PCH Register       #PCHtAH                                                
T/MAH Register     #TtAH                                                  
01 Constant        #ONEtAH                                                
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     O Bus 
     The O or output bus always contains the output of the ALU 14 and shifter S combination. As seen in FIGS. 5 and 7c, the O bus contents may be loaded onto the MD bus via transistors 16u and OtM, or into the PCH, PCL, MAL, or SP registers via sets of eight each of transistors 15a to 15d, respectively. The status register ST is loaded from O bus by the true-low microinstruction bit #-OtST and four transistors 15e (FIG. 7e). The PCH register is loaded by the true-high microinstruction bit #OtPCH. The load signals for the other destination registers (MAL, PCL, SP) are encoded in the two microinstruction bits #LowWrite(1-0), according to the combinations of #LowWrite(1-0) below: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
#Low Write       0 Bus       Pseudo-                                      
(1)    (0)       Destination Microinstruction Bit                         
______________________________________                                    
0      0         No Write                                                 
0      1         MAL Register                                             
                             OtMAL                                        
1      0         PCL Register                                             
                             OtPAL                                        
1      1         SP Register OtSP                                         
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     There is no microinstruction bit that directly loads the MD bus from the O bus, because the MD bus contents are under control of the peripheral control circuitry 20. This transfer is controlled by the OtM signal sent from the circuitry 20 to the CPU on a control line. OtM is asserted on every memory write cycle (on-chip or extended memory), and on the first state of every long memory cycle. 
     The O bus may be gated onto the MD bus via transistors 16u by specifying the appropriate values of the #MEMCNT and #WR microinstruction bits so that OtM will be asserted by the peripheral control circuitry 20. The O bus contents may then be loaded into the T/MAH or IR register from the MD bus via transistors 15f and 15g. 
     In summary, the destinations of the O bus are described below: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
O Bus            Microinstruction                                         
Destination      Bit(s)                                                   
______________________________________                                    
ST Register      #-OtST                                                   
PCH Register     #OtPCH                                                   
PCL Register     OtPCL                                                    
MAL Register     OtMAL                                                    
SP Register      OtSP                                                     
T Register       #WR,#MDtT                                                
IR Register      #WR,#MDtIR                                               
Short Mem Cycle  #WR,#MEM                                                 
Long Mem, Cycle 1                                                         
                 #MEMCNT,#WR,#MEM                                         
Long Mem, Cycle 2                                                         
                 #WR,#MEM                                                 
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     The O bus is loaded during phase H4 of the microinstruction cycle. It contains the result of the ALU and shifters operations specified in the current microinstruction. The OtM function is summarized in Table H. 
     MD Bus 
     The memory data bus MD is a bidirectional bus that transfers data to and from the CPU 13. Data is valid on MD during phase H4 of the microinstruction cycle, which spans two microinstructions. For example, data may be read via transistors 16b from the MD bus onto the P bus at the beginning of a cycle H1 and the ALU results then loaded back onto MD via transistors 16u at the end of the cycle at H4. As indicated above, Table H sets forth this OtM function and the memory controls. 
     At the beginning of a cycle, the MD bus contents may be loaded on the P or N busses via transistors 16c or 16h, as described earlier (FIGS. 5 or 7b). Thus the results of the previous microinstruction (or the data read from memory by it), may be loaded into the ALU 14. 
     At the end of a cycle, the MD bus may be loaded in one of three ways; 
     (1) The O bus contents may be gated into the MD bus via transistors 16u and OtM; 
     (2) The on-chip RAM 12 or ROM 11 may place data onto the MD bus; or 
     (3) The peripheral control circuitry 20 may place data onto the MD bus from ports A, B, C or D, latch 26c, I/O control register 25, etc. 
     The MD bus contents are controlled by the peripheral control circuitry which sends the OtM signal to the CPU to signal loading the bus from the O bus. The CPU 13 requests use of the MD bus by asserting combinations of the #MEM, #MEMCNT, and #WR signals, as outlined above. The group decode and memory control 27, 28 in the peripheral control circuitry 20 sends signals to the on-chip ROM 11 and RAM 12 to control their accesses to the MD bus. 
     The timing of read and write accesses to memory is explained with reference to FIG. 4. For short memory reads, the data on MD bus is available at the end of the same microinstruction cycle that initiated the read. Data on MD may be loaded into the T/MAH or IR registers during that microinstruction by specifying the #MDtT or #-MDtIR bits, respectively, or may be loaded into the P or N bus on the next microinstruction by specifying the #MDtP or #MDtN bits in the next microinstruction. For short memory cycle writes, the O bus data is placed on the MD bus, and the #WR control asserted. For long memory reads, the desired address is placed on the AH and AL lines, and the #MEMCNT command asserted in the first of the two cycles required. At the end of the second cycle, the data is available on the MD bus. (By a command &#34;Load Address&#34;, LDADDR, the memory address is latched in buffers 19 going to AL&#39; and AH&#39; and the peripheral control circuitry 20 on the first cycle, and need not be asserted on the second cycle.) For long memory writes, the address is specified in the first cycle, and the data is placed on the MD bus for the first and second cycles. 
     In summary, the destinations of the MD bus in the CPU 13 are described below: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
MD Bus                     Microinstruction                               
Destination   When Loaded  Bit(s)                                         
______________________________________                                    
T/MAH Register                                                            
              End of Cycle #MDtT                                          
IR Register   End of Cycle #-MDtIR                                        
P Bus         Start of Cycle                                              
                           #MDtP                                          
N Bus         Start of Cycle                                              
                           #MDtN                                          
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The MD, P, N, AH, AL and O busses are precharged on H2 or H3 by transistors 16v as indicated. 
     ALU Operation 
     The arithmetic logic unit or ALU 14 as seen in block form in FIG. 5 and in detail in FIGS. 7c and 7c&#39; accepts as inputs the values on the P bus via transistors 14a and N bus via transistors 14b. The ALU outputs its result to the shifter S during H4 via line 14c and transistor 14d. Its operation is controlled by the #AluCntl(3-0) bits inputted via buffers 17b and transistors 14e, and by the #ABL bit going to transistors 14f, both from the current microinstruction. The ALU operates on the values loaded on the P and N busses during H1 of the current microinstruction, and produces an 8-bit ALU output on lines 14c which is input to the shifter S, and also produces two carry bits: Cout on line 14g, an arithmetic full byte carry bit, and Dout on line 14h, a 4th-bit half-carry bit used by the decimal adjust circuitry in the BCD constant register for binary coded decimal operations. The available operations of the ALU controlled by transistors 14e and 14f are defined below: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
#AluCntl          ALU Output                                              
3 2 1 0  #ABL     on Lines 14c   Operations                               
______________________________________                                    
0 0 0 0  0        P + N + Cin    Add                                      
0 0 0 0  1        P XNOR N       Exclusive NOR                            
0 0 0 1  1        P AND N        AND                                      
0 0 1 0  1        (NOT P) OR N   OR                                       
0 0 1 1  1        N              Pass N                                   
0 1 0 0  1        P OR (NOT N)   OR                                       
0 1 0 1  1        P              Pass P                                   
0 1 1 0  1        FF(hex)        all 1&#39;s                                  
0 1 1 1  1        P OR N         OR                                       
1 0 0 0  1        P NOR N        NOR                                      
1 0 0 1  1        00             All 0&#39;s                                  
1 0 1 0  1        NOT P          Invert P                                 
1 0 1 1  1        (NOT P) AND N  AND                                      
1 1 0 0  1        NOT N          Invert N                                 
1 1 0 1  1        P AND (NOT N)  AND                                      
1 1 1 0  1        P NAND N       NAND                                     
1 1 1 1  0        P - N - 1 + Cin                                         
                                 Subtract                                 
1 1 1 1  1        P XOR N        Exclusive OR                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The carry-in bit Cin on line 14i of the ALU 14 is specified by the #ShiftCntl(3-0) bits 18 of the microinstruction. For operations requiring no shifting of the ALU contents, #ShiftCntl(3,2) bits are zero and the possible carry-in bits are defined in logic 14j of FIG. 7c&#39; as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
#ShiftCntl       ALU Carry In                                             
3 2 1 0          on Line 14i                                              
______________________________________                                    
0 0 0 0          0                                                        
0 0 0 1          1                                                        
0 0 1 0          uC; micro carry bit                                      
0 0 1 1          STC; status carry bit                                    
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The micro carry bit uC is the carry out Cout on line 14g from the ALU operation of the immediately preceding microinstruction. This is not the same as the shift-out bit Sout on line 14k from the shifter S operation of the previous microinstruction. The status carry bit STC is the carry bit of the status register ST. 
     The first section of each ALU bit produces a &#34;generate&#34; on line 14m and/or a &#34;propagate&#34; on line 14n. The arithmetic carry-out Cout bit from the ALU 14 on line 14g is generated and/or propagated by transistors 14f, 14p and 14q, depending upon #ABL, and if `1` is there is a carry-out during an add or subtract operation in the ALU. For the add operation, Cout=1 indicates there was a carry, i.e. the sum of the (unsigned) operands exceed 2 8 . For the subtract operation, Cout=0 indicates there was a borrow, i.e., the P operand was lower than the N operand (unsigned). For all other operations (i.e. logical operations), Cout on line 14g is equal to 0. Cout is sent via line 14g to the status register ST circuitry for possible loading into STC, the status carry bit. The decimal half-carry Dout is sent via line 14h to the BCD constant register for use in generating a constant for decimal arithmetic correction. In each bit of the ALU, the propagate bit on line 14n and a carry-dependent bit 14p&#39; are inputs to an exclusive-or circuit 14r, which produces the output 14c. 
     As an example of ALU operation, an add operation with zero carry in (#AluCntl and #ShiftCntl all zeros) will cause the ALU to calculate the sum of the P and N bus contents. To calculate the difference between the P and N bus contents, #AluCntl=1111 and #ShiftCntl=0001. A `1` must be carried in for this subtract since no borrow was desired. As a complete example, the following two microinstructions read the current byte addressed by the PCL and PCH registers, place it in the T/MAH register, and increment the PCL and PCH registers: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Bits(s)        Operations(s)                                              
______________________________________                                    
FIRST MICROINSTRUCTION CYCLE:                                             
#PCLtP,#PAL    Place PCL on AL bus via P bus                              
#CPHtAH        Place PCH on AH bus                                        
none (default) Place all zeros on N bus                                   
#AluCntl=0000, Adds P and N with Carry in (sets                           
#ShiftCntl=0001                                                           
               micro carry uC) to increment PCL                           
               by 1                                                       
#LowWrite=10 (OtPCL)                                                      
               ALU output goes back to PCL with                           
               no shift, via 0 bus                                        
#MEMCNT,#MEM   1st cycle of long read                                     
#Jump Addr XXXXXXX                                                        
               Go to this CROM address for second                         
#Jump Cntl XXXX                                                           
               microinstruction cycle                                     
SECOND MICROINSTRUCTION CYCLE:                                            
none (don&#39;t care-AH,AH)                                                   
               The contents of AH and AL busses                           
               were latched in buffers 19 on                              
               the first cycle                                            
#PCHtP         Place contents of PCH register on                          
               P bus                                                      
none (default) for N                                                      
               Place all zeros on N bus                                   
#AluCntl=0000, Add the micro carry uC from the                            
#ShiftCntl=0010                                                           
               PCL increment in first cycle                               
#OtPCH         ALU output via 0 bus (no shift) is                         
               placed back in PCH register                                
#MEM           Memory read continues                                      
#MDtT          Place the byte read into the T/MAH                         
               register via MD bus                                        
#Jump Addr XXXXXXX                                                        
               Go to next instruction                                     
#Jump Cntl XXXX                                                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Notice that an increment was done in the first cycle by using an ALU carry-in of `1`. The second instruction incremented the high byte of the program counter in PCH only if the micro carry bit (uC) generated in the first cycle was `1`. 
     Shifter Operation 
     The shifter S of FIGS. 5 and 7 performs a variety of 1-bit shift operations on the outputs 14c of the ALU 14. The #ShiftCntl(3-0 ) bits on control lines 18 to the ALU control the following entities: 
     (1) the ALU carry in bit Cin via logic 14j and input line 14i; 
     (2) the shift direction left or right via transistors Sa or Sb, left and right control lines Sc and Sd (or straight on Si), and logic Se; and 
     (3) the bit shifted in via lines Sf and Sg. 
     The following describes the various combinations of shift control lines: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
#ShiftCntl  ALU        Shift      Shift-In                                
3 2 1 0     Carry In   Direction  Bit                                     
______________________________________                                    
0 0 0 0     0                     --                                      
0 0 0 1     1          No         --                                      
0 0 1 0     uC         Shift      --                                      
0 0 1 1     STC                   --                                      
0 1 0 0     1                     ALU(7)                                  
0 1 0 1     0          Shift      ALU(7)                                  
0 1 1 0     1          Left       STC                                     
0 1 1 1     0                     STC                                     
1 0 0 0     1                     ALU(0)                                  
1 0 0 1     0          Shift      ALU(0)                                  
1 0 1 0     1          Right      STC                                     
1 0 1 1     0                     STC                                     
1 1 x x     x          Invalid    --                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     For #ShiftCntl=00xx, no shifting is performed and the transistors Sh are turned on by Si and logic Sj, so the ALU output bits go to transistors Sk as inputs to the 0 bus; the ALU carry-in bit 14i is as described in the ALU description, above. For #ShiftCntl=010X, the ALU output is rotated left via transistors Sa, with the least significant bit, ALU(1), shifted in via line Sf. For #ShiftCntl=011x, the ALU output is rotated left through the status carry bit, STC, via lines Sm and 14k. For #ShiftCntl=100x, the ALU output is rotated right via transistors Sb, and for #ShiftCntl=101x, the output is rotated right through the status carry bit in ST via lines Sn, Sp, Sq and logic Sr. In each case, #ShiftCntl(1) indicated the SLU carry-in bit. 
     The shift-out bit Sout on line 14k shifted out in a rotate instruction is sent to the status register ST. It will be loaded in ST as the new status carry bit STC if the #-LST microinstruction bit is set. 
     IR Register 
     Referring to FIGS. 5 and 7a, the 8-bit instruction register IR is a register intended to hold the current machine opcode (one of the opcodes or first bytes of the Table A instructions). The opcode is loaded through transistors 15g from the MD bus by the #-MDtIR bit in a microinstruction. IR may be loaded onto the N bus with the #IRtN bit through transistors 16j. 
     The output of IR, includes true outputs IR0 to IR7 and complement outputs -IR0 to -IR7, all on lines 21b; this output primarily is used in the entry point circuit 21 as will be described. 
     Each of the bits of the registers 15 of FIG. 7 basically consists of two inverters 15i with the output coupled back to the input via a transistor 15j. All transistors 15j are clocked on H2 except for IR and ST in which the transistor is clocked on H1. 
     Status Register 
     The status register ST of FIGS. 5 or 7e is a 4-bit register indicating various conditions of the machine. Each bit of the status register has a special meaning, and has separate circuitry devoted to it. Only bits 4-7 of ST are used in this example, but other embodiments could use additional bits. 
     STC or the &#34;C&#34; bit referred to in instructions of Table A is the status carry bit. It holds either the carry-out of the ALU 14 from line 14g, the shift-out of the shifter S from line 14k, or the decimal arithmetic carry-out from line 14h. STSB is the status sign bit (&#34;N&#34; in Table A), and contains the most signicant bit of the O bus contents. STEZ is the status equal to zero bit, and contains a `1` when all bits of the O bus are zero which is detected by transistors Sz and line Sz2 in Shifter S. STINT is the status interrupt enable bit. Bits 3-0 of the status register are not used in this embodiment but may be used in expanded versions of the device; the value of these bits whern the ST register is loaded onto the N bus is undefined. 
     The status register bits may be modified in one of two ways: 
     (1) by asserting #-OtST, all bits may be replaced by the contents of the O bus via transistors 15e; or 
     (2) by asserting #-LST the STC, STSB, and STEZ bits may be set according to their particular input circuitry via transistors 15n (the STINT bit is unaffected in this case). 
     There is no way to individually load the STC, STSB, and STEZ bits; they are loaded together via transistors 15n and #-LST. This feature permits an efficient implementation of the status logic, typically a very costly item (in space used) in single-chip microarchitectures. The special circuitry defining the value of the STC, STSB, and STEZ register bits is described in the following paragraphs. 
     When the #-LST signal is asserted, the STC bit will be loaded from one of three sources: 
     (1) from the ALU arithmetic carry-out bit Cout on line 14g, via transistors 15p and 15n. Cout is the carry/borrow bit generated by the ALU on arithmetic operations. Cout is loaded if no shifter S operation is specified, i.e. #ShiftCntl=00xx. 
     (2) from the shifter S shift-out bit Sout on line 14k, via transistor 15n. This is the bit shifted out on shifter operations. If a shifter operation is specified (i.e. #ShiftCntl other than 00xx), then Sout is loaded into the carry bit. 
     (3) from a BCD decimal carry/borrow-out bit on line 15q and transistor 15r. This is the carry bit computed by the decimal adjust circuitry within the BCD constant register. It is loaded into the STC status carry bit if the #BCDtN bit is set, indicating a decimal adjust constant is loaded onto the N bus. 
     When the #BCDtN microinstruction bit is present, indicating a decimal adjust operation, no shift should be applied to the ALU output. 
     When #-LST is asserted, the input to the STSB bit is bit-7 of the 0 bus, the most significant bit of the 0 bus, via transistor 15n. 
     When #-LST is asserted, the input to the status equal to zero STEZ bit is the micro equal-to-zero bit, uEZ from the shifter S, derived from the transistors Sz. The uEZ bit is simply the logical NOR of all O bus lines. That is, if all O bus line are zero, the uEZ is set to `1`. Otherwise, it is set to `0`. 
     The status interrupt enable STINT bit may only be modified by loading the O bus contents into the status register ST via transistor 15e when #OtST is asserted. The STINT bit corresponds to bit-4 of the O bus in this case. STINT is output from the CPU 13 to the peripheral control circuitry 20 on a control line from the CPU. If STINT=0, the circuitry 20 will not pass on an interrupt to the CPU via the IACT control line. If STINT=1, the IACT control is asserted by circuitry 20 on an interrupt. By dispatching on the IACT bit, the microcode is able to test for interrupts. 
     All of the status bits may be loaded from the status register ST to the N bus via transistors 16k. The STEZ, STSB and STC bits go to the entry point circuit 21 via lines 21b. 
     MICROINSTRUCTION SEQUENCE CONTROL WITH DISPATCHING 
     The micro architecture of the invention including entry point circuit 21 and CROM 17 is designed to dispatch on various subfields of the IR contents, providing for the execution of appropriate microcode as in FIG. 8 and Table B and C for each machine opcode or Table A instruction. FIG. 9 shows a map of the opcodes. The opcode in IR may be considered to have two possible formats, and the entry point circuit 21 seen in detail in FIG. 10 responds to these formats to produce the address on lines 21a: 
     Format 0 is indicated by a `0` in IR(7), the most significant bit of the IR register (all opcodes with 0000 to 0111 for their most significant half). In this format, bits IR(6-4) form a 3-bit &#34;group&#34; field via transistors 21g and bits IR(3-0) form a 4-bit &#34;function&#34; field via transistors 21f. These are the basic arithmetic and logic dual-operand instructions, for the most part. 
     Format 1 is indicated by a `1` in IR(7) (all opcodes with 1000 to 1111 for MSH). In this format, bits IR(6-3) form a 4-bit &#34;group&#34; field via transistors 21g&#39; and bits IR(2-0) form a 3-bit &#34;function&#34; field via transistors 21f&#39;. These include the peripheral page instructions, single operand instructions, special addressing (direct, indirect, indexed) and traps. 
     The terms &#34;group&#34; and &#34;function&#34; refer to logical subsets of machine opcodes. In the example shown, the group field in an opcode indicates the addressing mode of the instruction (i.e. which group of FIGS. 8b to 8d to go to on the first dispatch at decision point 8m), and the function field indicates the arithmetic or logical operation performed on the operands on the second dispatch at points 8n of FIGS. 8b to 8d, after the operands are fetched. The microarchitecture allows significant sharing of microinstructions among opcodes within the same group or function. In the microcode for the illustrated embodiment, for instance, all opcodes of the format 1 share a microcode state RFtoA-1 which fetches the A register and a general RF register, as seen in FIG. 8 and as will be explained in reference to Tables B and C. 
     The mechanisms for dispatching on the group and function field values in the IR are described herein. Dispatching on an IR subfield may be performed on one of the first microinstructions after the IR is loaded (e.g., at IAQ-2). Thereafter, dispatching may be performed by microinstructions up to and including the next one that reloads the IR. If no dispatching is required during executing a given opcode, then the IR may be used as a general purpose 8-bit register. 
     The flow of control between microinstructions is determined by how the next microinstruction address on lines 21a to CROM 17 is generated in the circuit of FIG. 10, in both conditional and unconditional branching. The dispatching capability of the processor is used to share microinstructions among several macroinstructions. 
     The microinstructions of Tables B and C, stored in the control ROM or CROM 17 on the chip, may be characterized as horizontally microprogrammed in that each microinstruction indicates the address at which the next microinstruction to be executed is located. The next micro-address is specified by two fields of the CROM output 18 (lines 23 and 24) indicated as inputs in the logic circuit of FIG. 10; 
     (1) #JumpAddr(7-0), an 8-bit field indicating a base address in CROM; and 
     (2) #JmpCntl(2-0), a 3-bit code indicating one of eight dispatch offsets from the base address in #JmpAddr(7-0); also complements of #JmpCntl, such as -JmpCnt(12), are used. 
     If #JmpCntl(2-0)=`000`, then the #JmpAddr field is simply used directly as the address of the next microinstruction via transistors 21j; and example in FIG. 8b is the BtoPPL-0 through BtoPPl-3 series. If #JmpCntl(2-0) is nonzero, it indicates which control lines will replace the low order bits of #JmpAddr via logic circuits 21k, and so form the next micro-address on lines 21a. This technique is referred to herein as dispatching, and is readily implemented in MOS technology as seen in the circuit of FIG. 10. 
     In the example device, a maximum of 256 microinstructions are possible, each consisting of a multi-bit word (outputs 18) in FIG. 6, but a total of only 160 microinstructions are required to implement the Table A instruction set, and so only 160 words of CROM are formed. Each of these is only a 45-bit word, containing a possible forty-five outputs 18 of microinstruction control. Additional microcoded functions for the device (new macroinstructions not in Table A) may be added by implementing a subset of the Table A instruction set, or replacing it entirely. The functions executed may be expanded by using a larger CROM 17, requiring more bits in the address 21a, and for more bits 18 for the output, in other embodiments. 
     All conditional branching in microcode is accomplished by means of dispatching. A base address is specified in the #JmpAddr(7-0) bits of the microinstruction. The #JmpCntl(2-0) lines indicate which control lines then replace the low order bits of this base address to generate the new microinstruction address on lines 21a of FIG. 10. For example, FIG. 8k depicts dispatching on the IR(3-0) bits, as implemented in the logic circuits 21k of FIG. 10. 
     The dispatch field bits (like bit-3 to bit-0 in FIG. 8k) actually replace the low order address bits in the #JmpAddr(7-0) field; they are not ORed with them. For example, suppose #JmpAddr was specified to be 00010001, and the #JmpCntl(2-0) lines set to `110`, indicating a dispatch on STC, the status carry bit input to logic circuitry 21m. If STC were `0` the next micro address would be 00010000. The possible dispatch fields implemented in FIG. 10 are summarized in Table E, and each of the dispatch possibilities is further explained below; however, the microinstruction sequences for the illustrative instruction set will be examined. 
     In FIGS. 8a to 8j, a flow chart of the microinstructions of Tables B and C as executed to implement the macroinstruction set of Table A is illustrated. FIGS. 8a to 8j reference the microinstructions of Table C by name, as well as the CROM addresses of Table C in hex. Table C is only a partial listing of the microinstruction set. Execution of each of the the Table A macroinstructions begins with the instruction acquisition IAQ sequence of FIG. 8a, starting at IAQ-0. Assuming no interrupt or reset is asserted, a group dispatch is performed on the group field at IAQ-2, selecting one of twenty-four addresses for one of the operand addressing modes or for miscellaneous jumps or traps. These twenty-four alternatives are shown in FIGS. 8b to 8d. Note that some of the operand fetch microinstructions are shared by several addressing modes, particularly RFtoA-1 (at address 84) which is used by eight different modes or paths, or &#34;immediate-to-A&#34;, ItoA-1, at 9F used in five different paths. All four of the B-register-to-peripheral-page BtoPPL microstates are used in the A-register-to-peripheral and immediate-to-peripheral modes. For the general opcodes, after stepping through the operand fetch microstates of FIGS. 8b to 8d for the appropriate addressing mode, a function dispatch is performed, using the low order bits of the instruction word (#JmpCntl=001), to select one of up to sixteen possible functions to execute on the operands which have been fetched; these are shown in FIGS. 8e to 8j and are labelled dual operand function DOPFUN, dual operand function-peripheral DOPFUNP, single operand function normal SOPFNN, single operand function special SOPFUNS, long access function LAFUN, or miscellaneous MISC, all of which end in a return to IAQ-0 at CROM address 00. Note that the mneumonic such as ADD, MOV, CMP, etc., is used for the microinstruction for functions in the flow chart of FIG. 8 of FIGS. 8a-8j or Tables B and C as in the macroinstruction set of Table A. 
     Dispatch Modes for CROM addressing (Refer to TABLE G) 
     The first type of dispatch is unconditional branching. If no conditional branching of the microcode is desired, #JmpCntl=000. This causes transistors 21j to control for all bits (FIG. 10) and the device branches unconditionally to the microinstruction at the address on the eight #JmpAddr lines 23 after the current microinstruction is executed. The address is formed by the CROM bits in the #JmpAddr (7-0) field of the current microinstruction. This type is used for sequences like BtoPPL-0, BtoPPL-1, BtoPPL-2, etc. of FIG. 8b. 
     The next type is function dispatch used to select the function at decision points 8n, SOPFUNN, DOPFUN, etc. in FIGS. 8a-8d. Function dispatch is defined in Table F. When #JmpCntl=001, the next microinstruction is determined by the low four bits of the IR register. The base address for dispatch is formed in the #JmpAddr(7-0) field of the microinstruction. The next micro address is determined by replacing the bits 3-0 of the base address with bits 3-0 of the IR register, so the offset can be up to sixteen. To avoid confusion, the base address should be a multiple of sixteen (i.e. the lowest four bits of the base address equal `0`). A function dispatch is a dispatch on the &#34;function&#34; field of the instruction word in the register IR. The function field indicates the arithmetic operation to be performed. This is contrasted with the `group` field, bits 7-4, which indicate the addressing mode of the macro instruction (Table A instruction). Even though format &#34;1&#34; instructions have a 3-bit function field (IR bits 2-1-0 ), the function dispatch still performs a 16-way branch on the lower four bits of the IR register. The function dispatch for format &#34;1&#34; opcodes thus depends on the value of the IR(3) bit. 
     Another type is the test sign bits dispatch. An example is the RJmp-3 microstate of FIG. 8d, decision point 8p. The sign bit which is the contents of bit-7 the T/MAH register, T(7), may be used for dispatch by specifying #JmpCntl=`010`. Two alternative jumps exist here. One is the 8-bit address of the microinstruction to be executed if T(7) is `1`, and the other is the address of the microinstruction to be executed if T(7) is `0`. The address for T(7)=1 is the address for T(7)=0 plus 1. The address for T(7)=0 is loaded into the #JmpAddr field, then 1 is added if the test indicates T(7)=1. 
     The next type of dispatch is &#34;test if zero&#34;. The microcode may test the value on the O bus of the immediately preceding microinstruction by specifying #JmpCntl=`011`. When this code appears in microinstruction i, it tests the O bus contents of the previously executed microinstruction, i-1. The entry point logic 21 replaces #JmpAddr (0) bit with a bit which is `1` when the O bus is all zeros and `0` otherwise. 
     Another type of dispatch is &#34;test if interrupt&#34;. The microcode tests for a pending interrupt by dispatching on the IACT (Interrupt Active) signal input from the peripheral control circuitry 20. This is accomplished by #JmpCntl=100 in the output 18. This type is used in FIG. 8a at IAQ-1 to branch off to INT-0 if an interrupt is signalled. As with other dispatch instructions, two alternative addresses exist, one (E1) is the microinstruction address of INT-0 to branch to if IACT=`1`, and the other (EO) is the address of IAQ-2 branched to if IACT=`0`; these are adjacent addresses. The IACT line is asserted by the peripheral control circuitry 20 when an interrupt condition is detected. IACT can be asserted only when STINT (Status Interrupt Enable) is `1`. Interrupts may be signalled from the external interrupts -INT1 and -INT3 or the internal timer interrupt, INT2. 
     Another type of dispatch is &#34;group dispatch&#34;. This is done at IAQ2, decision point 8m of FIG. 8a as well as after RFtoA-1 in FIGS. 8b and 8c at decision points 8q. Note that another group dispatch is possible because the opcode is still in IR. Group dispatch is defined in Table E. Dispatching on the group field of the IR register is accomplished by specifying `101` in the #JmpCntl field. The base address field is defined by the #JmpAddr field of the microinstruction. As described above, there are twenty-four groups defined, eight in format 0, IR(7)=0, and sixteen in format 1, IR(7)=`1`. The groups may be numbered as in Table E. The group dispatch performs a 24-way dispatch on the group field by replacing the low order bits of #JmpAddr lines 23 with a function of the group number. The high nibble of the IR register, IR(7-4), is placed in the low nibble of the next address, shifted by one bit. The low order bit of the next address is IR(3) OR NOT IR(7). For format `0` instructions, NOT IR(7)=`1`, and the 0 bit of the next address always equal `1`. Thus, the machine will jump to a micro address which is the base address plus (group *2)+1 for format `0` group numbers. For format `0` instructions, NOT IR(7)=`0`, and the 0 bit of the next address equals IR(3). Thus, the machine will jump to a micro address +IR(3) for format `1` group numbers. 
     In a group dispatch, the CROM addresses &#34;base address&#34;, &#34;base address +2&#34;, &#34;base address+4&#34;, etc., may be used for other microinstructions; only alternate CROM addresses are used after the 24-way group dispatch. The example microinstruction set of Tables B and C and FIG. 8 uses the group dispatch at IAQ-2 after the instruction is loaded into the IR. Each &#34;group&#34; corresponds to one of the addressing modes, and the microcode executed after the dispatch fetches the appropriate operands for this instruction. A &#34;function&#34; dispatch is then done, and the microcode branches to perform the appropriate ALU operation on the operands. In this manner, the operand fetch microinstructions are shared among the instructions, but each instruction has its own microcode to perform the function of the instruction. 
     A &#34;test if carry&#34; type of dispatch is also available. The microcode tests the value of the carry bit in status register ST by performing a dispatch on the STC bit. This is indicated by #JmpCntl(2-0)=`110`. The bit tested is the value of the STC or status carry bit after the execution of the immediately preceding microinstruction, i.e. the microinstruction executed prior to the one containing the #JmpCntl(2-0)=110 bits. The STC bit is placed in bit (0) of #JmpAddr, and the result used as the next microinstruction address. If the STC bit is `1`, control transfers to one address, and if STC=`0`, control transfers to the next lower address. 
     Another available type of dispatch is &#34;test status register&#34; or macro jump. The contents of the status register are tested with this &#34;macro jump&#34; dispatch by specifying #JmpCntl(2-0)=`111`. This dispatch tests eight possible conditions of the status register, indicated by the three bits in IR(2-0). If the condition is true, control transfers to the base address plus 1. If the condition is not true, control transfers to the base address. The conditions tested for macro jump are indicated in Table I. The base address field must be even and is placed into the #JmpAddr field of the microinstruction. The result of the condition test is placed in bit 0 of #JmpAddr to form the new microinstruction address. The macro jump dispatch is used in the microcode of Table B and FIG. 8 to implement the conditional branch instruction at RJmp-3, selecting RJmp-4 or -5. 
     Another type of disptach is the reset operation, microstate Reset-0 of FIG. 8e. When the RESET pin of chip 10 is asserted (driven high externally), the peripheral control circuitry 20 asserts the RST signal to the CPU. The entry point logic 21 of FIG. 10 immediately forces the next microinstruction address to be hex FF or all ones by transistors 21n, grounding the lines 21a on H1. Unlike the normal interrupt facility, the microcode does not poll the RST line; rather, the microinstruction at CROM address FF is unconditionally forced to be the next microinstruction executed. The sequence of microinstructions RESET-0 to RESET-3 of FIG. 8a executed upon reset results in fetching a subroutine entry point address at address FFFE in memory (in the on-chip ROM 11) and branching to this subroutine. 
     ADDRESSING MODES FOR MACROINSTRUCTIONS 
     The macroinstructions of Table A are shown also in an instruction map of FIG. 9 wherein the most significant half MSH of the instruction is listed across the top and the least significant half LSH is listed down the left side, in binary and hex. Thus, an ADD instruction with an addressing mode of &#34;B, A&#34; has an opcode of 0101000 in binary or 68 in hex; this addressing mode means that the contents of the B register or R1 in RAM 12 is added to the contents of the A register (RO in the RAM) and the sum is written into the A register, so B is the source address and A is the destination address. The B, A addressing mode uses the least possible states in execution, and shares some of these states with several other instructions, such as MOV, AND, OR, XOR, SUB, CMP, etc., all of which have the same MSH opcode of 0110. 
     The ADD B,A and MOV B,A instructions (and the like) are dual operand instructions using the A and B registers. Also, single operand instructions can use the A or B register; for example the instruction DEC A (opcode=10110010) means decrement the A register, or the instruction CLR B (opcode=11000101) means clear the B register. Instructions in the 1011 column of FIG. 9 operate on the A register, and instructions in the 1100 column operate on the B register (with exceptions as noted), and these are single operand instructions. Generally, the A or B register (or B,A) addressing modes require only five machine states to execute, three of these being instruction acquisition shared by all. 
     Register file addressing is also available for most instructions; this mode is identified by Rn in FIG. 9, and means that one of the 128 or 256 registers in the register file RF or RAM 12 is the source or destination address. So, for an instruction &#34;ADD Rn, Rn&#34; the opcode is 00111000 (FIG. 9) followed by two 8-bit addresses of the two registers Rn, Rn used for the source and destination operands; thus three bytes are needed for an ADD Rn, Rn instruction. To execute such an ADD Rn, Rn instruction, ten machine states are used, but the source and destination fetch states are shared with all other similar instructions such as AND, OR, MOV, SUB, CMP, etc., all having a MSH opcode of 0100. Register file addressing with A or B register addressing is used in the MSH columns for 0001 and 0011 opcodes, for all of the common arithmetic and logic instructions. Again, single operand Rn addressing is used for instructions of the Rn or 1101 column of FIG. 9. Thus, &#34;ADD R113,A&#34; means add the contents of A register to the contents of the 113th register in RF or RAM 12 and store the sum in the register R113. &#34;MOV R5, R78&#34; means copy the contents of R5 into R78. &#34;DEC R78&#34; means decrement the contents of R78. Since the A and B registers are in the register file as RO R1, these may be used in the Rn, Rn addressing mode. 
     All of the major instructions can use the immediate addressing mode which is specified by &#34;%n&#34; in FIG. 9, particularly the 0010, 0101, 0111 and 1010 columns for MSH. Immediate addressing uses the contents of a byte following the opcode byte as an operand. Thus, &#34;MOV %98, R123&#34; means replace the contents of register R123 with the hex number 98; this sequence requires three bytes to define, these being &#34;01110010 10011000 01111011&#34; in machine instruction format (object code in binary as actually coded in ROM 11), and the three bytes would be stored in sequential addresses in the ROM 11, accessed in sequence by incrementing the program counter. 
     Peripheral file addressing specifies one of the PF addresses or registers P0 to P255 (see FIGS. 2 to 2d) as an 8-bit field following the opcode. Thus, the I/O ports A, B, C, D, the timer 26 and the I/O control register 25 may be accessed (depending upon the operating mode), all by the instructions in the three columns 1000, 1001, and 1010 of FIG. 9 containing a Pn notation. For example, the instruction &#34;MOVP A, P2&#34; means copy the contents of A register into the P2 address (timer data). 
     As seen in FIG. 9, there are five instructions which can use direct memory addressing, these being LDA, STA, BR, CMPA and CALL; in each of these the opcode 10001XXX is followed by two bytes which specify a 16-bit address that contains the operand. Direct memory addressing is specified by an &#34;at&#34; sign @, so &#34;LDA @F47D&#34; means copy the contents of memory location F47D (hex) into register A, or BR @F47D means branch to location F47D. 
     Another addressing mode is register file indirect; the same five instructions, LDA, STA, BR, CMPA and CALL which can use direct can use register file indirect addressing, and these are in the 1001 column of FIG. 9. This mode is specified by asterisk * followed by the register name. The specified register contains the least significant half of a 16-bit address. 
     The most significant half of the address is contained in the next higher register. Thus, STA *R45 means copy the contents of register A into address hex 43F8 (where R46 contains 43 and R45 contains F8). 
     These same five instructions LDA, STA, BR, CMPA and CALL can employ an indexed addressing mode in which the address of the operand is the sum of the contents of B register and a 16-bit direct address n. The address n is proceded by @ and following by (B) so STA @ 43F8(B) means copy the contents of the A register into the memory location specified by the contents of B added to the contents of 43F8 (hex). The opcodes for all these instructions start with 1010 as seen in FIG. 9. 
     THE REVERSE ACCUMULATOR 
     In a typical microcomputer or microprocessor, the ALU receives source and destination operands at its two inputs, and its output is connected to the location of the destination operand for storing the result. This destination location is, in effect, hardware defined or microcode defined, meaning that it functions as an &#34;accumulator&#34; which is automatically accessed, i.e., it need not be addressed by an address acquired from program memory or the like. This is well suited for general operations; however, for controller functions, where the peripheral file PF of the memory address space of FIG. 2 is often accessed for bit test operation, a &#34;reverse accumulator&#34; is of particular utility. This means that the destination location is defined from a memory address (typically in the program counter) rather than being defined by microcode (such as the A and B registers). The peripheral instructions such as ANDP, ORP, XORP, etc. of the instruction set of Table A and FIG. 9 operate in this reverse accumulator manner. As an example, the ORP A, Pn instruction (opcode 10000100) will be examined in detail. This instruction is two bytes, the first being the opcode and the second being the 8-bit PF displacement or offset defining one of the 256 possible PF registers (the high byte of the PF address is a 00000001 generated by microcode #ONEtAH). The two bytes of the instruction are in sequence in the instruction stream, so they are accessed by PC and PC+1. The ORP A, Pn instruction requires ten states or machine cycles to execute: three for fetch, four for a long read, one to do the OR function, then two for a long write. These ten states are as follows: 
     
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First Microinstruction (first half of instruction fetch) IAQ-O            
Microinstruction Bits                                                     
             Operations                                                   
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#PCHtAH      PCH Register goes to AH bus                                  
#PCLtP, #PAL PCL Register goes to AL bus via P bus,                       
             and to P input to ALU                                        
default for N                                                             
             Zeros to N bus                                               
#AluCntl = 0000                                                           
             Add P to N (zeros), carry in is one, so                      
#ShftCntl =  PCL is incremented by one.                                   
#ABL                                                                      
#OtPCL       The result of the add operation goes                         
             back to the PCL register                                     
#MCNT        Long Memory Cycle, read (first state)                        
#MEMEN                                                                    
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Second Microinstruction (second half of instruction fetch;                
interrupts sampled) IAQ-1                                                 
Microinstruction Bits                                                     
             Operations                                                   
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Don&#39;t Care   Don&#39;t care for AH and AL busses since                        
AH, AL       this is second half of long read                             
#PCHtP       PCH register goes to P bus for increment                     
             of PC high; zero on N bus.                                   
default to N Zeros on N bus                                               
#AluCntl = 0000                                                           
             Add PCH contents on P bus to zero on N                       
#ShiftCntl = bus, carry in is from prior state so                         
#ABL         if PCL + 1 generated a carry then PCH                        
             is incremented.                                              
#OtPCH       Result to PCH                                                
#MCNT        Long Memory Cycle, read (second state)                       
#MEMEN                                                                    
#MDtIR       The instruction coming back on MD bus                        
             is loaded into IR                                            
#JmpAddr =   Interrupts sampled - if INT then go to                       
#JmpCntl =   INT-O                                                        
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Third Microinstruction (fetch B register - discarded for A Register       
instructions) IAQ-2                                                       
Microinstruction Bits                                                     
             Operations                                                   
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default AH   Zeros to AH bus for zero page address                        
#ONEtAL      00000001 to AL bus for B register                            
             address in RF                                                
#ALtP        AL bus to P bus for Pass                                     
default N    Zeros to N bus for Pass                                      
#ALUCntl =   Pass P bus (AL) using Add                                    
#ShiftCntl =                                                              
#ABL                                                                      
#OtMAL       Leaves B register address in MAL                             
             register                                                     
#MEMEN       Short memory cycle, fetch B register                         
#MDtT        Store B register contents in T Register                      
             from MD bus                                                  
#JumpAddress =                                                            
             Group decision - jump to address defined                     
#JumpCntl =  by bits 4-7 of JmpAddr and bits 0-3 of                       
             IR.                                                          
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Fourth Microinstruction (fetch A register, store in T Register)           
AtoPPL-O                                                                  
Microinstruction                                                          
Bits        Operations                                                    
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default AH, AL                                                            
            Produces all zeros on the AH and AL                           
            busses for A Register address                                 
default P, N, ALU,                                                        
            No ALU operation                                              
ShiftCntl                                                                 
#MEMEN      Short memory cycle, fetch A Register at                       
            00000000                                                      
#MDtT       Store A register contents in T register                       
#JmpAddr =  Jump to address defined by JumpAddr bits                      
#JmpCntl =                                                                
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Fifth Microinstruction (first half of fetch of address of                 
destination operand; increment PCL) BtoPPL-O                              
Microinstruction Bits                                                     
              Operations                                                  
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#PCHtAH       High Address for the next location in                       
              memory following the instruction                            
#PCLtP, #PtAL Low Address for next location after                         
              instruction, and PCL to P bus for                           
              increment                                                   
default N     Zeros to N bus                                              
#AluCntl = 0000                                                           
              ALU adds 1 (via carry) to PCL                               
#ShftCntl =                                                               
#ABL =                                                                    
#OtPCL        Result goes back to PCL                                     
#MEMEN                                                                    
#JmpAddress = Jump to next state                                          
#JmpCntl =                                                                
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Sixth Microinstruction (second half of fetch of destination               
operand; increment PCH) BtoPPL-1                                          
Microinstruction Bits                                                     
             Operations                                                   
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Don&#39;t Care, AH, AL                                                        
             The address on AL and AH continue from                       
             prior state                                                  
#PCHtP       Set up PCH for increment                                     
default N    Zeros to N bus                                               
#AluCntl =   Add 1 to PCH via microcarry from prior                       
#ShftCntl =  state if PCL was FF                                          
#ABL =                                                                    
#JmpAddr =   Jump to next state                                           
#JmpCntl =                                                                
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Seventh Microinstruction (first half of fetch of destination operand      
from peripheral page) BtoPPL-2                                            
Microinstruction Bits                                                     
              Operations                                                  
______________________________________                                    
#ONEtAH       AH address for peripheral page =                            
              00000001                                                    
#MDtP, #PtAL  AL address for peripheral page comes                        
              from prior state (memory fetch of                           
              second byte of instruction)                                 
default N     Zeros to N bus for pass                                     
#AluCntl =    Pass P bus through ALU                                      
#ShftCntl =                                                               
#ABL =                                                                    
#OtMAL        Result to MAC register so dest address                      
              is saved for write                                          
#MEMEN        Long memory cycle, first half, to read                      
              dest operand                                                
#JmpAddr =    Jump to next state                                          
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
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Microinstruction Bits                                                     
             Operations                                                   
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Eighth Microinstruction (second half of fetch of destination              
operand from peripheral page) BtoPPL-3                                    
Don&#39;t Care for AH,                                                        
             The address bus continues from prior                         
Al, P, N, AluCntl,                                                        
             state, and no ALU operation.                                 
ShftCntl                                                                  
#MEMEN       Second half of long memory read cycle                        
#JmpAddr =   Jump to next state                                           
#JmpCntl =                                                                
Ninth Microinstruction (OR function for dual operand,                     
peripheral page) ORP-O                                                    
#ONEtAH      AH bus has address of 00000001 for                           
             peripheral page                                              
#MALtAL      Destination operand address goes out                         
             from MAL register on AL bus                                  
#MDtP        From prior fetch, destination operand                        
             comes in to P bus via MD bus                                 
#TtN         Source operand goes to N bus from T                          
             register                                                     
#AluCntl =   ALU performs OR function, carry in = 0                       
#ShftCntl =                                                               
#ABL =                                                                    
#-LST        Load status as defined for OR                                
#MEMCNT      Begin long memory cycle, write, to store                     
#WR          result in destination address                                
#JmpAddr =   Jump to next state                                           
#JmpCntl =                                                                
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Tenth Microinstruction (second half of long memory write to store         
result) STAL-2                                                            
Microinstruction Bits                                                     
             Operations                                                   
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Don&#39;t Care AH, AL,                                                        
             The address bus is don&#39;t care for the                        
AluCntl, etc.                                                             
             pending long write                                           
#MEMEN       Second half of long memory cycle, write                      
#MR                                                                       
#JmpAddr =   Jump to Inst. Acquisistion IAQ-O                             
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
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     BINARY CODED DECIMAL OPERATION 
     The constant register BCD of FIGS. 1 and 7d is not a register at all, but is circuitry to generate a correction constant for binary coded decimal arithmetic operations. The circuit is shown in detail in FIG. 7h. Decimal numbers in this processor are represented with two binary coded decimal digits per byte, with the least significant digit in the least significant nibble, bits 3-0, of a byte. For example, the decimal number 78 would be represented in binary as `01111000`. To perform decimal addition on two BCD bytes X and Y in the ALU 14, the following operations must be performed: 
     (1) the binary sum of X and Y is computed in ALU 14, with the STC bit carried in on Sp, and the result saved temporarily in RF; 
     (2) a decimal correction constant is computed by the BCD circuit; and 
     (3) the correction constant from BCD is added in ALU 14 to the saved result from RF to produce the final BCD sum as an ALU output. 
     Each of these operations requires a microinstruction cycle. 
     The STC carry bit is added in order to permit adding multiprecision strings of BCD digits. Decimal subtraction (with borrow) is similar to the above procedure. The binary difference X-Y is first computed, and the correction constant then subtracted from the result. 
     Table G indicates the proper decimal correction constant and decimal carry out bit for decimal addition and subtraction. The BCD constant logic of FIG. 7d uses the ALU 8-bit carry Cout on line 14g to produce U1c, 4-bit half-carry Dout on line 14h, the ALU operation code #AluCntl-3 bit, and the ALU outputs on the O bus to derive the correction constant in the logic circuits 15-1 (outputted on bits 1-2-5-6 of N bus by transistors 16m) and decimal carry bit DCout on N5 line 15q. Like the binary arithmetic carry, DCout is `1` if a carry is required after a subtraction. Table G indicates the conditions in which DCout is `1`. DCout is sent to the status register via line 15q for possible loading into the STC status carry bit. 
     Three microinstruction cycles are required to perform a decimal arithmetic operation. The timing for this sequence is shown in FIG. 7d&#39;. The first state loads the BCD operands on the P and N busses, and performs the appropriate ALU operations (add or subtract) to produce the binary result. The binary result must be stored in RAM 12 in a temporary register in the register file. The second state reads the saved binary result from the register file and leaves it on the MD bus. This state allows the BCD constant circuit of FIG. 7d to determine the correction constant (and load on N bus) and decimal carry out bit, DCout. The third state loads the binary result on the P bus and the correction constant on the N bus and performs the appropriate ALU operation to produce the correct BCD result. The status register should be loaded by asserting the #-LST bit. 
     The following microinstructions implement a decimal add with carry. A source operand is added to a destination operand, and the result stored in the destination location (a register in the RAM 12 or RF). It is assumed that initially the T register contains the source operand, the MD bus contains the destination operand, and the MAL register contains the register number of the destination operand. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
FIRST MICROINSTRUCTION (DAC-0)                                            
Microinstruction                                                          
Bits        Operations                                                    
______________________________________                                    
none (default)                                                            
            Place all zeros on AH bus                                     
#MALtAL     Place contents of MAL register                                
            (destination address) on AL bus                               
#MDtP       Destination operand from RAM 12 on MD                         
            bus goes onto P bus                                           
#TtN        Source operand goes onto N bus                                
#AluCntl=0000,                                                            
            Add with carry (from prior add)                               
#ShftCntl=001                                                             
#MEM,#WR    Adder output goes to 0 bus without shift                      
            and thus to MD bus, and is stored in                          
            destination register whose address is                         
            still on AH, AL busses.                                       
#JmpAddr    Go to CROM address of second micro-                           
XXXXXXX     instruction                                                   
#JumCntl XXX                                                              
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         ______________________________________                                    
SECOND MICROINSTRUCTION (DAC-1)                                           
Microinstruction Bits                                                     
              Operations                                                  
______________________________________                                    
none (default)                                                            
              Zeros on AH bus (always for RAM 12                          
              address)                                                    
#MALtAL       MAL to AL bus so binary result in                           
              destination register is read back                           
none (don&#39;t care)                                                         
              Ignor to P and N busses                                     
#AluCntl 0000 Maintain the ALu operation code but                         
              not used                                                    
#MEM          Read the binary result at destination                       
              address, place on the MD bus                                
#JmpAddr, #JmpCntl                                                        
              Go to CROM address of third micro-                          
              instruction.                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
         ______________________________________                                    
THIRD MICROINSTRUCTION (DAC-2)                                            
Microinstruction Bits                                                     
              Operations                                                  
______________________________________                                    
none (default)                                                            
              Zeros on AH                                                 
#MALtAL       Destination address to AL bus                               
#MDtP         Binary result goes onto P bus                               
#BCDtN        Put BCD correction constant on N bus                        
#AluCntl 0000 Add with no carry                                           
#-LST         Load status register ST with decimal                        
              carry                                                       
#MEM,#WR      Store BCD result in destination register                    
#JmpAddr, etc.                                                            
              Go to next microinstruction                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     For a decimal subtract operation, the Add operation in the ALU is replaced with subtract, so the second state subtracts the BCD constant. A carry-in of `1` is needed in such case since no borrow is required. 
     THE SELF-REFRESH RAM 
     The RAM 12 shown in FIG. 11 consists of 128×8 bits, each bit containing two cells 12c of the one-transistor type as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,444 made by a single-level-poly N-channel self-aligned process. Each cell 12c has an access transistor 12d and a storage capacitor 12e. There are thirty-two row lines 12f, and the gates of the transistors 12d for all cells in a row are connected to a row line. The two cells 12c of each bit are connected to opposite bit line halves 12g and 12h, and the folded bit line halves are connected to opposite inputs of one of the thirty-two differential bistable sense amplifiers 12s. The circuit of the sense amplifier includes cross-coupled driver transistors 12i and 12j and two grouding transistors 12m and 12n, generally as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,198,697 issued to Kuo and Tsaur, assigned to Texas Instruments except two storage cells 12c are used instead of the traditional storage cells and dummy cells of dynamic RAMs. A sensing operation is initiated by clock H3 turning on high-resistance transistor 12m, then completed by clock H3D turning on longer, low-resistance transistor 12n after a slight delay. FIG. 11a shows the timing of the sense operation. A node 12p is connected to this point for all thirty-two sense amplifiers 12s so there is only one set of grounding transistors 12m, 12n. Depletion-mode coupling transistors 12q connect the bit lines 12g, 12h to the drains of transistors 12i, 12j as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,679, issued to Lionel White et al, assigned to Texax Instruments; these serve to isolate the sense modes from the bit lines after initial detection. The bit lines are precharged by transistors 12r, clocked on Q1D of FIG. 11a, and equallized by transistors 12t clocked on Q1D with transistor 12u clocked on boosted Q1D, so the bit lines 12g, 12h will start at very nearly Vcc and well equallized. 
     The bit lines 12g, 12h are connected through a one-of-4 Y decoder 12y so one pair will be connected to an input/output buffer 12v, in each group. There are eight identical buffers 12v, each having an I/O terminal 12-1 connected to one of the eight bits of the MS bus. For input or write, the bit on MD is applied to the bit lines through a push-pull circuit 12-2 which produces time and complement, clocked on H4 so incoming date is valid during H4 for write, then is gated through transistors 12-3 which have a RAM write control RAMWR from memory control 28 on their gates. For RAM read operations, the I/O buffer 12-3 includes a bistable intermediate output buffer comprising driver transistors 12-4 shorted to ground on H2 by parallel transistors. The bit lines 12h, 12g, gated through select transistors 12z in the Y decoder 12y, are connected to input transistors 12-5 for the I/O buffer. The output is taken at the drain of one transistor 12-4 and gated through a transistor 12-6 on the RAM read signal RAMRD from memory control 28; output mode 12-7 is precharged to Vcc on H2 and conditionally discharged by the transistor 12-4 when 12-6 turns on by RAMRD. A transistor 12-8 then conditionally discharged this bit of the MD bus, starting at H4 when the drains of transistors 12-5 go to Vcc. 
     The use of the two cells per bit RAM configuration instead of dummy cells is especially important in a microcomputer, as distinguished from a stand-alone dynamic RAM, because of the large number of other high level signals existing on the chip, creating a high noise level. The noise margin is enhanced by the two-cell balanced layout. Otherwise, using a conventional DRAM one-T cell with dummy cells, the noise margin would not be acceptable; for this reason, static cells have been traditionally used in microcomputers. 
     The X or row address supplied to the X decoder 12X comes from one of two sources; the AL&#39; bus for normal read or write access, or the refresh counter 31 for refresh. The refresh counter is shown in detail in FIG. 12 with the multiplex circuit 32. The 5-bit RAM X address on lines 32a comes directly from the AL&#39; lines through multiplexer 32 if a refresh signal -REF from memory control 28 is inactive (high). If -REF is active (low), the five-bit output 31a of the refresh counter is used. The refresh counter 31 contains five shift register stages 31b, each with two inverters 31c, gated on H2 by transistors 31c. Interstage coupling by transistors 31d occurs if a refresh-shift signal occurs on line 31e. Recirculate occurs if transistors 31f are gated on by a refresh-shift-bar signal on line 31g. In every machine cycle, one of these must occur during H4 as established by logic circuit 31h which generate the refresh-shift from the -REF signal. Thus, if -REF is present the counter 31 advances after the current address goes via lines 31i to the multiplexer 32. If -REF is inactive, the count holds as recirculate transistors 31f turn on. The feedback bit for the counter is generated by a logic circuit 31j as is conventional for pseudonandom shift counters. 
     THE OPERATING MODES 
     With reference to FIG. 2a, the primary operating mode of the microcomputer 10 of FIG. 1 is the microcomputer mode in which all of the memory is contained within the ROM 11 and RAM 12. The device is initiallized by RST or reset to be in the microcomputer mode; that is, zeros are placed in the bit-7 and bit-6 of the I/O control register 25. In this mode, only nine bytes of the peripheral file PF are used, the remaining 247 have no function. The peripheral register numbers P0, P2, etc., and hex addresses of the peripheral file registers for the microcomputer mode are shown in FIG. 2a. Port A is used only for input and port B is only an output, while ports C and D are either output or input; thus, registers P9 and P11 define the direction of data in the ports C and D, but no such control registers are needed for ports A and B as they are unconditionally input or output. The port A, B, C, D data registers are contained within the buffers 30 and are accessed by the MD bus, using addresses 04, 06, 08 and 0A (in hex) on the AL bus and page-one or 00000001 on the AH bus. Similarly, AL addresses 09 and OB access the control registers contained in buffers 30 for ports C and D. A &#34;0&#34; in the control register bit sets the port for input and a &#34;1&#34; sets it for output. An address applied to AL and AH in the unused areas will produce no meaningful result, so the ROM 11 program is of course written to avoid these addresses. 
     In FIG. 13a a system containing an eight digit display 13-1 and a keyboard matrix 31-2 is shown which uses the device of FIG. 1 in its microcomputer mode. The C port outputs are used for the segments of the display and the B port outputs drive the digits of the display 13- 1 and columns of the keyboard matrix 13-2 as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,998,604, 3,921,142 or 4,158,431 for example. The rows of the keyboard matrix 13- 2 are applied to the A port inputs. A 8×8=64 key matrix is possible, but usually less are needed. Other activators and sensors such as in the microwave oven controller of the Van Bavel U.S. Pat. No. 4,158,431, assigned to Texas Instruments, may be connected to the D port as inputs or outputs. An example of a program for display scan in the system of FIG. 13a is available. 
     In the peripheral expansion mode of the memory map of FIG. 2b, the peripheral page 0100 to 01FF, 256 bytes, is utilized for off-chip accesses. The C port is used as a multiplexed 8-bit address/data bus, and four bits of the B bus are dedicated as control lines ALATCH, R/W,-ENABLE and Clock Out as illustrated in the system of FIG. 13b. This system employs the microcomputer 10 of FIG. 1 as the main processor in a system which uses two other attached processors. One is a video display processor 13f as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,243,984 issued to Guttag et al, assigned to Texas Instruments. The other is a general purpose interface bus adapter chip 13g which allows the chip 10 to interface with a standard IEEE 488 bus 13h. The chip 10 produces an 8-bit address on the C port which is latched into an 8-bit latch 13i by the address latch signal ALATCH on port B4, then the address is available on an address bus 13j for the chips 13f and 13g when the enable signal on port B6 goes active. The chips 13f and 13g are synchronized with chip 10 by the clock output on port B7. The C port is then used for data from or to the chip 10 and chips 13f and 13g, depending upon the read/write control R/W on port B5. The chips 13f and 13g are thus configured to respond to addresses 0108, 0109 and 010A to 01FF on busses AL and AH. The AH bus of FIG. 1 will always contain 01 in this mode for off chip accesses, of course. The A port functions as an input and the D port as input or output in this peripheral expansion mode, so other functions are executed aside from accessing the chips 13f and 13g; for example, actuators and sensors, or a keyboard matrix as in FIG. 13a may be used here also. 
     The full expansion mode of FIG. 2c and FIG. 13c provides the 8-bit address output on C port as in FIG. 13b plus another address byte on D port which may address a memory chip 13k, for example. The full expansion mode allows a full 64K (two bytes - C port and D port) of off chip address range; addresses 0108 to EFFF are available for off chip access. As above, port B at address 0106 provides the memory control and clocking on bits B4, B5, B6, B7. The memory chip 13k may be a 32K device, for example, and the lower byte address from C port is latched at 13i while the high byte goes directly to the chip 13k on lines 13m. The data bus 13n going to the C port is shared by the chips 13f, 13g and 13k. The system of FIG. 13c thus has much greater program capability, compared to that of FIG. 13b, but the D port is not available for other I/O. A keyboard matrix 13-2 could be connected to the remaining four bits of the B port (address 0106, bits 0-3) and the A port as shown, however. 
     The microprocessor mode of FIG. 2d allows the chip 10 of FIG. 1 to operate as an 8-bit microprocessor; all of the addresses in the range 0108 to FFFF are available for off chip accesses. This mode functions the same as the full expansion mode of FIGS. 2c and 13c except there is no on-chip ROM for program memory; actually the chip contains a ROM 11 but it is not used, so if the ROM code built into the device is not correct then the chip can still be used as a microprocessor in this mode instead of microcomputer, in which case addresses FOOO to FFFF are treated as external memory locations. The system of FIG. 13c may use the chip 10 in the microprocessor mode, in which case the memory chip 13k could be 64K instead of 32K bytes. 
     The system emulator mode of FIG. 2e facilitates the development of new ROM 11 programs. All on-chip ROM and peripheral file PF is disabled so all addresses 0100 to FFFF access off-chip locations. This mode permits inexpensive development of new systems by allowing the developer to emulate the desired on-chip ROM 11 code, I/O and interrupt structure with temporary external memory ships 13q and logic 13r of FIG. 13d. The system emulator mode is enabled when the MC pin is tied to a high voltage source (+12 v). The memory interface operates just like the microprocessor mode of FIGS. 2d and 13c except for the peripheral file PF and pin out. The C and D ports are for addresses and data as in FIG. 13c, but the A port is not used (it is emulated off-chip, so the keyboard of FIG. 13c, for example, would be connected to the logic 13r). Pin B3 is an interrupt acknowledge line, pins B4 to B7 are used as before, and pins B0 to B2 are not used (emulated off-chip). The CPU 13 in a chip in the emulator mode functions just as if the on-chip ROM and PF is being used, but addresses asserted on the busses AH&#39;, AL&#39; result in off-chip access. 
     MEMORY CONTROL 
     The function of the memory control logic is to control the addressing and timing of all peripherals and all memory expansion modes. The memory control circuitry consists of the circuitry contained in the memory control block 28 in FIG. 14 and the group decode 27 block in FIG. 14. The group decode circuitry 27 handles all the addressing by: (1) decoding the address lines AH&#39; and AL&#39; to determine which internal peripheral, if any, is being addressed (i.e., the RAM 12, ROM 11, INTERRUPT, TIMER, PORTS A, B, C or D) and (2) determine based on which expansion mode that the processor is currently in, if that peripheral exists internally. The group decode 27 outputs of this circuitry are active low and identify which peripheral is being addressed. FIG. 16a illustrates the decoding of the address AH&#39; and AL&#39; and other inputs to group decode 27 as a to specify an internal peripheral. FIG. 16b illustrates the group decoder 27 as a circuit implementation of FIG. 16a. The group decode circuitry includes a programmable logic array 802 that interfaces to the address bus AH&#39;  and AL&#39; and external signals MMD0, MMD1, EM and MP from the interrupt logic circuitry 29 and #MEM from the CPU 13. The address low bus AL gated through the address buffer 19 to AL&#39;; forms BADD (0-7), and these bits are inputs to the PLA 803. The output of the group decode circuit 27 of FIG. 16b is the GRAM, GROM, etc., signals which cause the selected one of the internal peripherals to be accessed during a machine state. This is a microinstruction control bit obtained from the microinstruction word and it signifies a memory operation. Note that in FIG. 16a MEM must be low or active for any of the internal peripherals to be accessed. EM and MP are derived from the interrupt logic circuitry to be discussed. EM specifies an emulator mode and MP specifies the microprocessor mode. MMD0 and MMD1 are memory mode bits (bits 6,7 of the register 25) which are internally programmable and determined the current memory expansion mode. FIG. 16c illustrates the five memory expansion modes determined by the external memory configuration pin MC and the two internally programmable memory mode bits MMD 1 and MMD0 in the control register 25. Referring back to FIG. 16b, it should also be noted that the circuitry coupled to line marked PG1 and Z7T4 are implemented for logic reduction purposes. In other words, PG1 is a reduction of an address (F, E, D, E, B, A, 9 and 8) gated into the address for Z7T4 and PGI. Z7T4 is a logic reduction of 7, 6, 5, 4 and signals EM and MEMP where MEMP is the signal MEM inverted and clocked by phase H1. The group decode PLA 802 outputs into a set of devices 800. These are devices that will raise the EXT line when either the RAM, ROM, interrupt circuitry, timer circuitry, or A or D ports are accessed, or during the peripheral expansion mode when an external peripheral is being addressed on the peripheral page PF. The group decode PLA 802 further terminates into a set of gates 801. These are NAND gates that NAND the respective enabling signal from the PLA 802 with a signal MEMH1CNT which is the memory control signal from the microinstruction clocked by H1 and inverted. This signal is produced by the memory control circuitry 28 illustrated in FIG. 16c. The circuitry 803 in FIG. 16b also includes an input signal labeled WRP. This signal originates from the memory control circuitry 28 illustrated in FIG. 16c and is simply the inverted microinstruction bit #WR clocked by H1 (signifying a read or write). In addition to producing the EXT signal as previously discussed, this circuitry also produces the SC signal which signifies a single chip mode of FIGS. 2a or 13a and is used in the memory control circuitry illustrated in FIG. 16c. DADDOUT, produced by gates 804 which NOR the signals MP and MMD1, is a signal that is used in D port to signify the peripheral expansion mode or the single chip mode, thus allowing data to be output on the D port. EXT is functionally ##STR1## where PG1--not page 1 (AH:AL≠01XX) MMD1 - active in full expansion mode, MP=EM=MMD0=0 
     MMD0 - active in peripheral expansion mode, MP=EM=MMD1=0 
     EM - active in emulator mode, MC pad=high voltage, MMD1, MMD0=don&#39;t care 
     MP - microprocessor mode, MC pad=1 and MMD1, MMD0=don&#39;t care 
     EXT has two functions: one is to allow ENABLE, which is one of the external memory controls (output from port B6). The second function is to allow port C to read the external peripheral onto the MD bus via EXTRDH4. 
     FIG. 16c illustrates the remaining memory control logic circuitry 28. Referring now to top of FIG. 16c, the EXT signal inputs to this logic circuit from the group decode circuitry 27 previously discussed in FIG. 16b. EXT is used to produce EXTC, clocked in by H2, which is used in port C circuitry and ENABLE, by both H3 and H1, which is used in the port B logic circuitry. EXTC is used by the port C logic to enable the port to perform an external read during the time phase H4. ENABLE is used by Port B as an external memory control during all modes except the single chip mode. The remaining memory control logic circuitry receives three microinstruction bits 18 which are #MMCNT, #WR and #MEM, illustrated in the timing diagrams in FIG. 4. #MEMCNT is used to produce LDADDR which is the load address signal for the address buffers 19 in FIGS. 1 and 7a. #MEMCNT (memory continue) is also used to produce the MEMH1CNT signal used in the group decode logic, FIG. 16b. This memory continue signal is also used to produce ALATCH with phase H4. ALATCH is used by the Port B logic as an address latch signal in the peripheral expansion, full expansion microprocessor and emulator modes. The #WR microinstruction control signal which is high for memory regards and low for memory writes is used in producing the OtM signal sent to the CPU 13. The OtM is a signal that goes to the CPU and connects the 0 bus to the MD bus allowing the ALU to write onto the MD bus. This connection is made: (1) during the first state of a long memory cycle or (2) during a writing mode. The OtM signal is an OR of the memory continue line #MEMCNT and read/write line #WR. The read/write microcontrol signal #WR is also used to produce WRRAM and WRRAM which is used by the RAM logic of FIG. 11 for read/write operations. LNGWR is produced by the memory control and read/write microinstruction lines and is routed to ports B, C, D, the interrupt logic and the timing logic. This signal is used to designate long read or write cycles. 
     CDATAOUT is produced in the circuit 28 of FIG. 16c by the single chip mode signal SC produced by the group decode logic 28 as mentioned previously and the memory continue line clocked by H1. CDATAOUT allows port C to output the contents of the C data latch in the single chip mode and output an address in the first state of a long read or write cycle. PTCOUT places port C into an input mode for the second state of all long read cycles or in other words, port C is placed into the output mode in both states of a long write cycle. When in the single chip mode, PTCOUT is disabled and the contents of the port direction latch determines the port direction. ##STR2## where MEMCNTd is delayed nd stretched form of #MEMCNT (memory continue from microinstruction) that goes high in H1 of the second state of long memory cycles and lasts until H2 of the state following the long cycle. 
     The next signal produced by the memory control logic circuitry of FIG. 16c is REF which is transmitted to the RAM multiplex 32 and notifies the RAM refresh multiplex 32 and coounter 31 that it may execute a refresh cycle using the address in the 5-bit row refresh counter 31. This signal causes the RAM address multiplex 32 to pass the refresh counter 31 contents rather than the bus address AL&#39; to the RAM 12. It also increments the refresh counter 31 by one state. REF will occur (1) during any non-memory cycle, and (2) during the first state of any long memory cycle. ##STR3## 
     INTACK is produced by the memory control circuitry and is sent to the interrupt logic. INTACK (interrupt acknowledge) is produced by the microcode during the interrupt microroutine and tells the interrupt logic to place a vector on the memory data bus MD, identifying the highest priority interrupt active, i.e., flag set. (INTACT=#MEM×#WR.) 
     INTAX is a signal that is logically equivalent to INTACK but is output from port B in the emulator mode and is further clocked by H2. 
     BAO produced by the memory control circuitry 28 is transmitted to the I/O ports and the timer and is simply a buffered contents of the 0-bit of address bus AL&#39;. 
     The last signal produced by the memory control circuitry of FIG. 16c is CNTLH1 which is the H1 phase with #MEMCNT from the microinstruction. 
     INTERRUPT LOGIC CIRCUITRY 
     The microprocessor system has the capability to receive two external interrupts INT-1 and INT-3, one internal timer interrupt INT-2 and a reset signal RST. When an interrupt is received by the interrupt logic 29, the peripheral hardware 20 asserts the IACT signal on a control line 29a (FIG. 17a) to the CPU 13. The CPU 13 may then read an interrupt vector supplied by the peripheral control hardware 20 on to the memory data bus MD, indicating which interrupt has occurred. The interrupt vector read requires two cycles, as shown in the timing diagram in FIG. 4. It should be noted in FIG. 4 that both #MEM and #WR must be low during both cycles of the interrupt vector read. Like a long memory read, the vector is not available until the end of the second microinstruction cycle as seen in FIG. 4. The value of the vector supplied by the peripheral circuitry 20 for each interrupt is shown in FIG. 17d. There is a difference between the trap vector supplied by the peripheral control circuitry 20 and the trap vector address at which the interrupt subroutine entry point address is stored. The trap vector supplied by the peripheral circuitry 20 is the same as the &#34;TRAPn&#34; opcode for the processor&#39;s Table A instruction set. In order to call the interrupt handler, service routine the microcode must generate the trap vector address from the vector (FIG. 17d) supplied and read memory 11 at that location to get the address of the interrupt handler subroutine. 
     Interrupts can be recognized only if the interrupt enable flag STINT in the status register ST of FIG. 7e is set. If the flag is cleared, no interrupts will be recognized. Each interrupt can also be individually enabled and disabled in the I/O control register 25 of FIG. 17b, the contents of register 25 being seen in FIG. 17c. The I/O control register 25 is mapped into location P0 of the peripheral file PF, FIG. 2. The memory expansion mode, individual interrupt masks, and individual interrupt sets are controlled through this register 25, FIG. 17b, by writing the appropriate bits via MD at location P1, activating transistors 25a. The interrupt sources may also be individually tested by reading the interrupt flags via MP at address P1, activing transistors 25b. The interrupt flag values are individually tested by reading the interrupt flags. Interrupt flag values are independent of the interrupt enable values as shown in the interrupt logic circuitry of FIG. 17a and 17b. FIG. 17c illustrates the contents of the I/O control register 25 for a read operation or for a write operation. Writing a &#34;1&#34; to an interrupt clear bit location in the I/O control register will clear the corresponding interrupt flag. The interrupt flag is unaffected if a &#34;0&#34; is written to the interrupt clear bit. Once the interrupt is recognized, the status register ST and program counter PCL, PCH contents are pushed on the data stack; the starting address of the interrupt routine is then fetched from the memory location as shown in FIG. 17d. The interrupt enable status bit STINT is automatically reset after the interrupt is recognized. It is automatically restored by the interrupt return instruction; it can also be set or reset by program control. The interrupt source can be determined by testing the I/O control register 25 illustrated in FIG. 17c. Interrupts 1 and 3 are externally generated as previously discussed. The timer interrupt, interrupt 2, is generated internally and can be reset in the I/O control register 25. 
     The external interrupt, interrupt 1 and interrupt 3, can be configured to be either level or edge triggered. At the falling edge of interrupt 1 or interrupt 3, the corresponding flag bit in the I/O control register 25 is set independently of the state of the interrupt enable bit. The interrupt then remains pending until the interrupt input returns high, and the interrupt flag bit is cleared. Referring to FIG. 17a, interrupt 1 is input on the interrupt 1 pad 29b through a Schmitt trigger for squaring the waveform, then is clocked by H3 and H2 into a network of inverters and devices clocked by H1 and H4 in order to latch the input into a series of NOR gates 810 which produce the interrupt flag signal on line 29c. Therefore, a single low pulse on the interrupt pad is sufficient to set the interrupt pending flag 29c and whenever this interrupt is acknowledged, the flag will be cleared by the INT1VCL signal input 29d into the NOR gate circuitry. If on the other hand, a level &#34;low&#34; is applied to the pad, the flag is set, and will remain set (even if acknowledged) until the level is removed. If the interrupt is acknowledged while the level is still present, the level edge detect latch 810 is cleared even though the level is still present and if the level is removed then no interrupt will be pending. INT1VCL is produced by either an interrupt acknowledge or by writing a &#34;1&#34; to the interrupt clear bit in the I/O control register 25. INT1VCL clears only the leading edge detect circuitry and will not clear a pending interrupt if the level is produced. Therefore, if the leading edge latch is cleared and the level is present, the interrupt flag will be set. However, if the leading edge latch is cleared and the level is removed, the interrupt will no longer be pending. Since the interrupt is pending if the flag bit is set, a pulsed interrupt can be easily detected and serviced. The interrupt is reset as soon as the interrupt flag bit is cleared since the interrupt is pulsed and automatically returns to the high or inactive state. The interrupt/enable must not be reenabled sooner than the maximum pulse length of the interrupt. Multiple level sensitive interrupts may be wire ORed on an interrupt input since the interrupt input will remain pending until all interrupt sources are reset, thus allowing the input to return to the inactive state. If multiple interrupt requests are enabled and pending, then the interrupts will be serviced in the order shown in FIG. 17d. 
     Referring back to FIG. 17a, the interrupt 1 flag INT1FLG signal on line 29c is produced by the inverter 811 and transmitted through a network of devices 812. This network of devices compares the inputs of the interrupt flags with the interrupt enable signals, the set interrupt signal together and the emulator mode signal. If the interrupts have been enabled, i.e., STINT inactive, and a particular interrupt flag signal is active together with this enable signal, the signal IACT (interrupt active) becomes valid on line 29a. This signal goes to entry point circuit 21, but a microjump on this signal is not performed until after the second state of the instruction acquisition IAQ1, FIG. 8. Since this jump is performed into an active interrupt flag, the control ROM 17 will later cause an interrupt acknowledge signal INTAC to be produced in the memory control logic of FIG. 16c. This signal causes the interrupt logic to place a vector on the memory data bus MD corresponding to the highest priority interrupt present. At the same time, the edge protecting latch corresponding to the accepted interrupt is cleared. If more than one interrupt request is made, the highest priority interrupt is accepted and then cleared, but the unaccepted interrupts are not cleared. 
     Referring to FIG. 17a, the interrupt 1 flag on line 29c is also transmitted through the devices 812 into a NAND gate in logic 814 where it is combined with the interrupt &#34;1&#34; enable (INT1EN) in gate circuitry for prioritization where interrupt 1 has the highest priority. These signals are then combined with a NAND gate to produce INT1VCT on line 29e and INT1VCT (interrupt 1 vector clear) and the vector address for the interrupt service routine which is placed on the MD bus by transistor 29f, this adders being 11111101 or FD. 
     The second interrupt is obtained from the timer and input into the interrupt logic circuitry device network 812 at line 29g as shown in FIG. 17a. The remaining processing of this interrupt flag is similar to the interrupt &#34;1&#34; flag processing in that it is input into the interrupt 2 prioritization circuitry 815 and when enabled loads the vector address (11111110) for the interrupt service routine on the MD bus by transistor 29h and activates IN2VCT (interrupt 2 vector clear) on line 29i. 
     Interrupt 3 is input on the interrupt 3 pad as shown through Schmitt trigger circuitry similar to that for interrupt &#34;1&#34;. However, interrupt 3 has a dual purpose. In the nonemulator mode, interrupt 3 is a maskable low priority interrupt that can either be edge or level triggered. This is accomplished in a manner similar to that for interrupt &#34;1&#34; in that the NOR gate network 813 is similar to the operation of the NOR gate network 810. The additional circuitry for interrupt 3 produces the signal TDTCH2 at line 29j which is input to the timer circuitry to be discussed. The interrupt 3 flag on line 29k is input into prioritization circuitry 816 to produce INT3VCT on line 29m (interrupt 3 vector clear) and the appropriate vector address. 
     It should be noted that circuit 817 is used to load bits 2 through 7 on the MD bus via transistor 29n when an interrupt vector address is loaded. Three bits are also loaded in the system emulation mode when an external interrupt is received. 
     The reset pad of FIG. 17a is the input for the reset signal. When the reset pin is asserted externally, the peripheral control circuit 20 asserts the reset signal to the CPU. The entry point logic 21 immediately forces the next microinstruction to the hex FF address via transistor 21n of FIG. 10. Unlike a normal interrupt facility, the microcode does not pole the RST line; rather, the microinstruction at the control ROM 17 address, hex FF, is unconditionally forced to be the next microinstruction executed. In other words, this address is jam set. The insertion of Reset causes the following actions: By hardware the I/O control register 25 bits 6-7, the two most significant bits (memory mode control), are reset to &#34;0&#34;; the port data direction registers for the ports are loaded with all &#34;1&#39;s&#34; thus forcing bidirectional I/O ports to the input mode; All status register ST bits are cleared, and the stack pointer SP is initialized to a value of &#34;1&#34;; This is done by the microinstructions RST-0 to RST-3 of Table B and FIG. 8, and circuitry as indicated. The remaining registers in the I/O function must be initialized by the reset service routine as required. Reset must be held active on the reset pin for a minimum of 5 clock cycles to guarantee recognition. When it is removed, the reset function is initialized. Thus, the reset input requires no external synchronization. Referring to FIG. 17a, the reset signal is transmitted through a Schmitt trigger as before to a network which produces the RESET signal on line 29r used in circuitry shown in FIG. 17b, RESET, on line 29s which is sent to the I/O ports and RST on line 29t which is sent to the entry point logic 21. In addition, when the MC pad is set to 12 volts, reset is transmitted to the internal clock 33 so it synchronized via the &#34;CLKSYN&#34; line 29u. 
     The mode control MC voltage is also input into the interrupt logic circuitry of FIG. 17a as shown via the MC pad. This voltage goes into a circuit 29v to detect high voltage input (i.e., 12 volts) to produce the EM signal on line 29w which indicates the emulator mode. A normal &#34;1&#34; or Vcc=5v on the MC pad will produce the MP signal or microprocessor mode signal on line 29x. Both the EM and MP signals are transmitted to the memory control circuitry 28. The EM signal in addition is transmitted to the port B logic into the circuitry shown in FIG. 19b. In addition, the emulator mode signal is used in the device network 812, together with the interrupt 1 and 3 flag as previously discussed. 
     Referring to FIG. 17b, the I/O control register 25 is illustrated interfacing to the MD bus. It should be noted that there are two inputs from the memory control logic, GI and LNGWR. These two inputs are used to designate access to the I/O control register 25 via MD bus and a read or write operation in conjunction therewith. The line INTWRH4 going to gates of transistors 25a is produced by the NOR of LNGWR and GIP from the memory control circuitry. This signal is clocked through a device when a write operation is performed. In a similar manner, the signal INTRDH4 going to gates of transistors 25b is produced from the NOR of GIP and RWRI which is a derivative of LNGWR signal from the memory control circuitry 28. This signal (likewise clocked by H4) signifies a read of the I/O control register 25. The contents of the I/O control register is illustrated in FIG. 17c. The circuitry 820 of FIG. 17b serves as a inverter storage latch for the interrupt &#34;1&#34; enable signal. This storage cell can be written into when INTWRH4 is active and the &#34;0&#34; bit of the MD bus is active. Likewise this signal can be read when the INTRDH4 line is active. This signal is then read by examining the &#34;0&#34; bit on the MD bus. The MD bus bit position &#34;1&#34; on a read cycle is devoted to the interrupt &#34;1&#34; flag. The interrupt &#34;1&#34; flag signal is derived from the circuitry in FIG. 17a as previously discussed. When the interrupt &#34;1&#34; flag is to be read, the INTRDH4 line should be active, thus allowing the contents of the INT1FLG line to be input on the bit 1 of the MD bus. In the write mode, a bit written at this position will be interpreted as a clear of interrupt &#34;1&#34;. Therefore, in the write mode the circuitry 821 will serve to produce the INTVCL signal which serves as a clear signal for interrupt 1 flag 29c. Specifically the circuit receives the signal INTWRH4 to signify a write operation along with the bit &#34;1&#34; position of the MD bus, but &#34;1&#34; is input into a NAND gate with INT1VCT and transmitted through a device and clocked by H4 into a NOR gate with an input from the emulator signal to produce the interrupt/clear signal, INT1VCL. As previously discussed, the interrupt/clear signal will provide a clear to the edge latch detecting circuitry. However, if the interrupt is a level interrupt, and the level is still active (i.e., low) the signal will not clear the interrupt. Therefore, the flag will still be set. The circuitry associated with MD bus bit position 2 is similar to that for the MD bus bit position &#34;0&#34; (i.e., circuitry 820) and will not be discussed. Likewise the circuitry for bit position 3 is similar to the circuitry for position &#34;1&#34; with the exception of the fact that there is no NOR gate to receive the clear bit transferred through device clocked by H4; instead there is an inverter. However, the interrupt flag circuitry is the same. The circuitry associated with bit position 5 and bit position 4 for the MD bus is similar to the circuitry for bit position 1 and bit position 0, respectively, and will not be discussed. The register 25 of FIG. 17b is part of the strip and is in a regular pattern with inventers 15i and feedback transistors 15j just like the registers 15 of FIG. 7b; the MD bus is a continuation of the eight metal lines of FIG. 3, and the control lines to gates of 25a, 25b are polysilicon. 
     Bit position 7 and bit position 6 of register 25 are dedicated to storage of the MMD1 and MMDO bits. The MMD1 bit is stored in the circuitry of 823 and outputted via circuit 824. Note that the combination of these two circuitries is effectively a master slave latch as in 820 with the exception of a NAND gate 25g which allows this circuitry to be reset when the reset condition is present. This reset condition is obtained via line 29r from the circuitry in FIG. 17a. It should also be noted that read or write operations can be performed on MMD1 or MMD0. 
     In emulator mode interrupt 3 becomes a non maskable interrupt (no enable required) and interrupt 1 is a maskable interrupt enabled only by STIT. 
     PROGRAMMABLE TIMER/EVENT COUNTER 
     The programmable timer/event counter will be described with reference to FIGS. 18a-18e; this device is an 8 bit binary counter with a programmable prescaled clock source as shown generally in FIG. 18d. The basic elements comprising the programmable timer/event counter are: (1) a fixed divide-by-8 pseudorandom shift-counter 26 for which the output 0/8 is an internal input 26i divided by 8; (2) a 5-bit prescaler 26a (binary decrementor) which resides in the memory map of FIG. 2a as part of the timer control register at P3, represented by latch 26a&#39; of FIG. 18d (these 5 bits of 26a&#39; are write only); (3) A 5 bit control latch (write only) 26a-1; (4) 8 bit time value register (timer decremeter ) 26; (5) 8 bit timer latch 26b; and (6) an 8 bit capture latch 26c. 
     The two accessible locations P2 and P3 (FIG. 2) for the timer function differently at read vs. write, as seen in FIGS. 18e. The location P2, &#34;timer data&#34; contains an 8 bit, write-only latch register 26b-1 and an 8-bit read-only register 26b-2. Note during a read operation, the location P2 will contain the instantaneous count-down value. FIG. 18e shows the control register at location P3; here, for write, bit position 7 is the &#34;counter start&#34; command position. A &#34;1&#34; written in bit position 7 will immediately start the timer. Bit position 6 of FIG. 18e designates the timer source. A &#34;1&#34; in bit position 6 selects the internally generated PHI/8 (internal clock frequency divided by (8) clock; a &#34;0&#34; selects the external clock source obtained from bit position 7 in the A port. Bit positions 4 - 0 of the control register 26b, location P3, contain the prescaler 26a latch value for a write operation. For a read operation, all  8 bits of the timer control register of FIG. 18e contain the capture latch value. FIG. 18e illustrates  the contents of the timer data register P2. Note that in the read mode, the current timer value will be read. However, in the write mode the data written will determine the current latch value. Any number from 0-255 can be written into the timer latch. Likewise, the prescale latch can be loaded with any number from 0-31. Thus, the device can count any number up to 256×32=8192. The timer source bit position 6 and a start/stop bit position 7 are also reloaded when loading the prescaler 26a. As long as the start/stop bit is equal to &#34;0&#34;, neither the prescaler nor the timer can be decremented, thus stopping the timer. Whenever a &#34;1&#34; is written into the start/stop bit position (regardless of whether it was previously a &#34;0&#34; or &#34;1&#34;) the following happens: (1) the 5 bit prescaler latch register 26a-1 (that was loaded together with the start/stop bit position) is transferred into the prescaler value register 25a. The value register 126a for both the prescaler and the value register 26 for the timer are registers that do the actual decrementing. The latch, or capture registers 26a-1 and 26b, do not decrement. The timer latch register 26b is also loaded into the timer value register 26 upon start. The divide by 8 logic (0/8) value is reset to its initial state. The decrement clock inputs to both the prescaler 26a and the timer value register 26 which are then enabled. The timer, whether in internal or external mode, is prescaled by the 5 bit binary counter 26a. The prescaling value is determined by the least significant 5 bits of the timer control register P3, FIG. 18e. The actual prescale value is equal to the timer control register prescale latch value 26a-1 plus 1. Thus a value of hex 88 in the timer controller register (i.e. start=1, source=0, prescale=8) would result in a PHI/72 clock output from the prescaler 26a. The prescaler clock is then used at input 26i to decrement the counter 26. The interrupt 2 flag in the I/O control register 25 is set each time the counter value 26 decrements past the 0 value. The prescaler 26a will count down past 0000 at which time the timer value register 26 is decremented 1 count via 26i and the prescaler value register 26a is reloaded with the contents of the prescaler latch register 26a-1. The timer 26 continues to be decremented in this fashion until it counts past hex 00 at which time the timer/interrupt flag (interrupt 2 flag) is set to &#34;1&#34; in the I/O control register 25 and the timer value register 26 is reloaded from the timer latch register 26b starting the full time period over again. If at any time during the countdown period, the timer control register bit position 7 (change from a &#34;1&#34; to a &#34;0&#34;, the timer stops, ceases decrementing. Upon timer start (a &#34;1&#34; in bit position 7 of the timer control register P 3) both the prescaler and timer value register 26a, 26 are reloaded with the full latch contents 26a-1, 26b and the system begins to count normally again. Note that there is no way to stop the timer in progress and resume time from where it stopped. 
     When the timer is in the event counter mode (timer control register bit position 6=1), the counter functions as above except bit position 7 of I/O port A is the decrementing clock source. A positive edge transition on port A bit 7 decrements the count chain. Note that port A bit 7 can function as a positive edge triggered interrupt by loading a start value of &#34;0&#34; into both the prescaler 26a-1 and the timer latch 26b. This timer mode can also be used as an externally clocked, real time clock if the external clock is input to port A pin 7. The maximum pulse frequency should on port A, bit 7, in the event counter mode must not be greater than PHI/8. 
     Another feature that exists in this timer is the capture latch 26c. This register 26c is loaded from the timer value register 26 whenever the interrupt is active. At the falling edge of interrupt 3, the timer value is loaded into the capture latch. When read, the timer control register P3 contains the capture latch 26c value. This capture latch feature provides the capability to determine when an external event occurred relative to the internal timer and is ideally suited for pulse width measurement. Note that if an interrupt is not desired, interrupts should be totally disabled by the interrupt enable bit or the individual enable bit for interrupt 3 should be disabled. 
     Since the interrupt 2 flag is raised only after the timer has decremented passed &#34;0&#34; for a given count of N (or division by N), a value of N-1 must be loaded into the latch registers (prescaler 26a-1 or timer 26b). 
     The actual circuitry for the programmable timer/counter is illustrated in FIGS. 18a, 18b and 18c. Referring now to FIG. 18a, the divide-by-8 circuit producing PHI/8 is shown to be the circuitry contained in the block 851, a psendo-random shift counter clocked on the internal clock (H phases) of FIG. 4. The output signal 0/8 on line 26k becomes active after 8 internal clock phases have occurred. Note that for the circuitry contained in block 851 to produce 0/8, the start signal from the circuitry contained in FIG. 18b must be active. The other source of clock input is the external clock marked &#34;ECC&#34; input through device 850. The complex gate circuitry 849 determines which of these two clock sources 26k or ECC will be the single clock source for the timer circuitry; this is done by examining the TM and TM signals from the timer control register P3. If the bit 6 of the timer control register is &#34;2&#34;, then the external clock source EC obtained from the 7th bit of port A is used, otherwise the signal 0/8 on line 26k is used as a clock source. The clock source 26m is then input into NOR gate 847 which also receives inputs from the start/stop bit -7 of the timer control register P3 and the timer output 21j. This signal is further clocked by H2 in device 846 and used as the decrement signal PDECJ2 input on line 26u into the circuitry contained in FIG. 18b. The output of the clock circuit PCOUT in FIG. 18b, on line 26p, is transformed into the signal PLTVH2 through the circuitry 844 combining it with a start signal and through device 845 which clocks PLTVH2 by the clock phase H2 and then transmits the signal via line 26q into the circuitry illustrated in FIG. 18b. 
     PMDTLH4 on a line 26r produced by circuiry in FIG. 18a that is also input into FIG. 18b and will be discussed; this signal causes a write into P3 or address 0103. The output of the prescaler circuitry PCOUT is also used as an input through inverter 843 into the latch circuitry 842. This latch circuitry and its gate input is used to generate and latch the interrupt 2 flag at 842a which is a function of PCOUT, the timer generate and output and the clock phase H2. 
     The PCOUT signal is also used to construct TDECH2 at line 26s, FIG. 18a. This uses PCOUT after inverter 848 and is input into a NOR gate 841 which receives inputs from the stop line 26t, start line 26u and TCOUT line 26v and further clocked by H2 through device 840. TDECH2, line 26s, is the decrement command for the timer value register 26. TLTVH2 (load timer value) on line 26w is also produced by PCOUT from inverter 843 combined with TCOUT (output 26v of the timer) and the quantity ANDed, NORed with the start line 26u in the complex gate circuitry 838, and then further clocked by H2 in device 839. Memory data bus MD access to the timer control register and timer data registers P2 and P3 are provided by lines PMDTLH4, TVTMDH4, TCTMDH4, and TMDTLH4 generated in the circuitry of FIG. 18a. PMDTLH4 results from NOR gate 832 receiving the enable input GTP derived from the group decode circuitry 27, LNGWR input through inverter 835 from the memory control circuitry 28, and BAO from the memory control circuitry 28. This signal from 832 is then clocked by H4 through buffer 833 and input into the circuitry illustrated in FIG. 18b via line 26r. The purpose of this signal is to provide the write access into the timer control register P3. TVTMDH4 on line 26x provides the read capability for the timer data latch register P2, 0102, or the capability to read the current timer value, and is generated by devices 830 and 831 which work in the same way as devices 832 and 833. Likewise, TCTMDH4 on line 26y from devices 828 and 829 provide a read capability for the timer capture register P3. TMDTLH4 on 26z from devices 826 and 827 likewise provides the write enable signal for the timer data latch register P2, allowing the user to write from the MD bus the latch value into the timer data latch register. TVTCH2 is an input to the FIG. 18c circuitry from the interrupt logic circuitry that provides the interrupt 3 input to activate 26c for the event latch timer mode. 
     In FIGS. 18b and 18c, each register bit for the timer contains two inverters and a feedback transistor like 15i and 15j of FIG. 7b; the timer registers are part of the strip with the eight metal lines of the MD bus running vertically and the control lines 26q 26s and 26v-26z running horizontally. 
     The circuitry contained in FIG. 18b is the circuitry representative of the write function of the timer control register P3 illustrated in FIG. 18e. That is, bits 0-4 represent the value input into the prescale latch 26a-1. Bit-5 is always a &#34;0&#34;; or unused; therefore there is no circuitry provided. Bit-6 specifies the source for the timer, i.e., internal clock or external clock; and bit-7 is the start/stop bit for timer control. Circuitry block 726-0 contains the circuitry to read the prescale value latch data being input into the prescale latch. This data when read in from the memory bus through MDO is loaded into a bit latch circuitry consisting of inverters 728, 729 and timing device 730, labelled PLO. This input is made through device 727 which becomes active when a write operation is performed as activating PMDTLH4 previously discussed. This value is then input into the prescale latch value register PVO consisting of inverters 733, 734 and timing device 735 further controlled by device 731 which is active when PLTVH2 becomes active. PLTVH2 becomes active when either a start signal is received (a &#34;1&#34; in bit 7 of the control register) or the prescale latch value register is decremented below &#34;0&#34;. During the normal timing sequence, the contents of the prescaler value register PVO, is decremented by device 737 and 739 together with the gating device which is activated by PDECH2. In addition, the value through inverter 737 is input into the next column of circuitry 726-1. The circuitry in 726-1 is similar to that in 726-2, 726-3 and 726-4. Therefore only the circuitry in 726-4 will be discussed. 
     The input from the memory data bus for 726-4, MD4, is stored in the prescaler bit latch PL4 similar to PLO in 726-0. Likewise, the value written is then stored in the prescaler value register section PV4 in a manner similar to PV0. A difference from circuitry 726-0 and 726-4 is the existance of the devices 722, 723 and 724 and in addition 725 in 726-3, 726-2 and 726-1. These devices provide for the decrementing and restorage of the value in the prescaler value register and for the prescaler output on line PCOUT when the contents of the prescaler value register is decremented below &#34;0&#34; as previously discussed. It should be noted FIG. 18b only contains the circuitry for the timer control register write state and not the timer control register read state consisting of the event latch value. 
     The timer data latch, the actual timer value and the capture latch value are contained in the circuitry as shown in FIG. 18c. These three registers are similar in circuitry to the registers in the prescale value register and prescale latch in FIG. 18b. Specifically the timer latch register is signified by TL7, through TL0 in FIG. 18c. TL0 consists of two inverters, 764, 765 and a timing device 766 which operates as a master/slave latch similar to the prescale circuitry previously discussed. The timer latch value is written into this bit position during the activation of device 763 which is activated by the signal TMDTLH4 as previously discussed. Therefore, when TMDTLH4 is active, the timer latch value is written into the timer latch registers or the timer latch register cells TL7-TL0. The contents of the timer latch is then input into the timer value register TV7-TV0. TV0 contains the inverters 774, 775 and timing device 776 operating as a master/slave bit latch. The timer value is input upon the occurrence of TLTVH2 which is produced when either the register circuitry output PCOUT and when the timer outputs TCOUT, or when the start signal is active as previously discussed. Therefore when this line becomes active, the value in the timer latch register TL7-TL0 is loaded into the timer value register TV7-TV0. Located in between the timer value register and the timer latch register in FIG. 18c is the event latch register. In section 783-0 the event latch register bit is stored in the master/slave bit latch circuitry containing inverters 769, 770 and timing device 771. it should be noted that the contents of this master/slave latch can be read when TCTMDH4 becomes active, i.e, device 772 becomes active allowing the master/slave circuitry to activate device 768. In addition, the input from the interrupt logic circuitry signifying the occurrence of interrupt 3 (TVTCH2) is used to update the capture latch register with current timer value. The circuitry used to decrement the contents of the timer value register (TV7 - TV0) is similar to that used to decrement the prescaler value shown in FIG. 18b. Specifically inverters 780 and 782 and timing device 781 in circuit segment 783-0 is similar to the inverters 737, 739 and timing device 738 and circuit segment 726 in FIG. 18b. The actual decrementing occurs when the device 781 and similar devices and circuit segments 783-7-783-1 becomes active; this occurs when TDECH2 is active. When the contents of the timer value register passes through a &#34;0&#34;, TCOUT becomes active which produces the interrupt 2 flag through latch 842 in FIG. 18a as previously discussed. 
     INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS 
     The processor system includes four 8 bit input/output (I/O) ports, A, B, C, and D. These I/O ports can be reconfigured for each of the different processor modes: single chip mode, peripheral expansion mode, full expansion mode, microprocessor mode, and emulator mode as explained in reference to FIGS. 2 and 13. The I/O configuration during initialization is reset to the single chip mode with four external I/O ports. While two most significant bits in the I/O control register must be &#34;0&#34;s to select the single chip mode, these bits are automatically cleared during reset. There are four 8 bit I/O ports as shown in FIG. 2a and FIG. 1 for the single chip mode. All four ports are located in the peripheral file PF, addresses 01XX, tied to the MD bus, and may thus be manipulated efficiently with the I/O manipulation instructions of Table A. Referring now to FIG. 1, port A is an input 8 bit port with high impedance inputs. Port B is an 8 bit output only port. When port B is read, the value at the I/O pin is being read. Port C and D are 8-bit bidirectional data ports in which each bit can be individually programmed to be input or output. Associated with each bidirectional port is a data register such as P8 or P10 and a data directional register such as P9 or P11. Each I/O bit line can be programmed to be an input or output by setting a &#34;1&#34; in the corresponding data direction register for those lines which are to be outputs. A &#34;0&#34; in a bit of the data direction causes the corresponding I/O line to be a high impedance input. The data register P4,P6,P8,P10 is used to read and write the I/O lines. A &#34;1&#34; in the data register will cause a high on the I/O line if it is programmed as an output. 
     When the processor is in the peripheral expansion mode, I/O port C and bits 4-7 of I/O port B are used for the memory expansion. Port A, Port D and bits 0-3 of Port B are not affected. Specifically port C bits 0-7 and port B bits 4-7 are used for the external memory interface. The I/O lines of port C 0-7 are used to pass multiplex address/data as shown in FIG. 13a. Output lines of port B bits 4-7 are used for memory interface timing and control as shown in FIG. 3a. The peripheral expansion mode memory map is shown in FIG. 2b. 
     In the full expansion memory mode, the I/O port C, port D and bits 4-7 of port B are used for the memory expansion. Port A and bits 0-3 of port B are not affected. I/O port C bits 0-7, port D bits 0-7, and port B bits 4-7 are used for external memory interface. I/O port D bits 0-7 are used to pass the most significant byte of the 16 bit address. I/O port C bits 0-7 are used to pass the least significant byte multiplexed address and data as shown in FIG. 13b. The output lines for port B bits 4 7 are used for memory interface timing and control. The full expansion mode memory map is shown in FIG. 2c. 
     The I/O configuration for the microprocessor mode is the same as the I/O configuration for the full expansion mode. The processor is placed in the microprocessor mode when the MC pin is tied to Vcc. The microprocessor mode is identical to the full expansion mode, except that the internal on-chip ROM 11 is disabled and removed from the memory map of FIG. 2d. The revised memory map is shown in FIG. 2d. 
     The emulator mode is enabled when the MC pin is tied to a high voltage source (+12 volts). In the emulator mode, all on-chip I/O and ROM is disabled and removed from the memory map as shown in FIG. 2e. The emulator memory expansion interface operates identical to the microprocessor mode memory map interface with the exception of the memory map and the pin-out. Specifically, in the emulator mode, all internal peripheral files (Ports A, B, C, D, timer, I/O control register, ROM) are disabled. Port B bits 7-4 become external memory control outputs. Port B bit 3 serves as an output for INTA, the external interrupt acknowledge. Port C and port D are configured in the same manner as in the microprocessor or full expansion modes. The emulator mode can support up to 128 interrupts, either maskable or nonmaskable. When the interrupt acknowledge INTA line goes low, the external I/O circuitry must place the appropriate interrupt vector on the data bus. The interrupt vector transfer is independent of the other memory control signals. The interrupt vector is used to form the lower order bit of the memory address which contains the low order bit of the interrupt service routine entry point. The entry point vector is multiplied by 2 to obtain the address bit. Hex FF is the high order byte of the memory address which contains the entry point address least significant bit. The entry point address least significant bit is stored adjacent to the most significant bit. It should be noted that the interrupt vector values are equivalent to the trap opcodes. Thus the interrupt vector corresponding to interrupt 2 is hex FD as before. 
     The I/O Port A functions as an input port for the single chip mode, the partial expansion mode, the full expansion mode and the microprocessor mode. During the emulator mode, port A is disabled by the group decode circuitry as previously described. 
     Referring now to FIG. 19a, 7 bits of information are obtained from the seven pads of the &#34;A Port&#34; (bits 6-0). Actually there is a separate line of circuitry and pad for each separate bit that are identical to the one shown in FIG. 19a. For these 7 bits the signal is transmitted through standard input protection circuitry A-1 and through a device A-2 clocked by H2 and through dual inverters 210 and device 211 activated from the A port enable signal GA generated in the group decode circuitry 27, FIG. 6b. It should be noted that the A port enable GA signal is clocked through device 214 by H2 and transmitted through inverter 215 into a driver 216 clocked by H4. Bit 7 of A port is different from bits 0-6 and serves two purposes. The first purpose is merely as the 8th bit of information input just as bits 0-6 and thus is transmitted through similar circuitry, gated by H2, transmitted through inverters 212 and controlled by the A port enable signal GA from the group decode circuitry as in A port bits 6-0. In addition the bit 7 may be used as the event counter input (ECC) transmitted to the timer circuitry (see FIG. 18a). To this end, the event counter signal from A7 is transmitted through inverters 217 and further clocked by H1 and H2 into circuitry 218 which latches the occurrence of the event before it is further clocked by H4 through the NOR gate circuitry 219 to the timer FIG. 18a. 
     In the single chip mode, I/O port B serves as an 8 bit output port. In the partial expansion mode, the full expansion mode and microprocessor mode four bits of port B are external memory controls (CLOCKOUT, ENABLE, RD/WR and ALATCH). In the emulator mode port B bits 7-4 are external memory controls as before but bit 3 serves as an output for INTA, the external interrupt acknowledge line. In these modes (all modes but the emulator mode) where the 4 bits are used for external memory controls, the other 4 bits are unused. If it is desired to emulate an 8-bit output port, circuitry has been included that allows the user to make use of the four unused bits of port B in combination with 4 bits built externally see FIG. 13b or c. To output from port B, a port B address is output on port C (or port C and D depending on the mode) and external hardware places MD (3-0) or the bits 0-3 of the memory data bus into the port B bits 3-0 latches and onto the port B pads. The hardware further allows port C to output from the memory data bus bits 7-4 into the external 4 bits of port B (7-4). Bits 0-3 of the memory data bus, MD (3-0) is also output from port C, but are not used externally if the 4 internal B port bits are used. It should be noted that the data output on port B is latch data and thus can be read. To read port B the port B address is sent out to port C and hardware allows only the external port B bits 3 - 0 or the contents of their data latch to be read onto the memory bus, MD (3-0) and allows only port C bits 7-4 to be read from the external port B onto the memory data bus, MD (7-4). 
     Referring now to FIG. 19b, the pads for the B port bits 7-4 are shown and the associated circuitry is identical for each individual bit pad. The difference is for the circuit structure 221. The one of the four control lines are input into the NAND gate in the circuit structure 221 according to which bit position. The bit 7 input is the clock or phase H3, the bit 6 input is the enable line, the bit 5 input is the read/write signal (BWRB) and the bit 4 input is the ALATCH signal. MD (7-4), is clocked through device 224 by the port B write signal clocked by BWRH4. This line is then transmitted through the circuitry 220 as previously discussed which also includes the reset signal (RESET) for clearing the latch and then into complex gate 221 where it is combined with the single chip mode signal line, SCR, and the respective control line and through device 222 onto the pad for the respective bit. Also, the input can be taken from this bit pad through standard input protection through a device clocked by H2 and inverter and a NOR gate 223 which also receives an input from the single chip mode line. This input can then be read onto the memory bus as shown. 
     Bit 3 originates from the memory data bus line marked &#34;MD3&#34; through a gating device 226 which is gated by the read/write line originating from the circuitry below in FIG. 19b through a series of gating devices and inverter NAND gate 225 which serves the purpose to gate the output by H2 or during a reset operation to change the gate to an input mode. For the output mode, the signal is then transmitted to the gate circuit 227 which receives inputs from the INTAX signal used during the emulator mode as a interrupt acknowledge and also the emulator mode signal EM. Since B3 serves this external acknowledge purpose in the emulator mode, the output from this complex gate 227 is then transmitted through device 228 onto the bit 3 pad. The input from the bit 3 pad is transmitted through the input protection circuitry, clocked by H2 through an inverter, then into a NOR gate 229 which also receives an input from the emulator mode in order to disable the input line during the emulator mode. The bits 2 to 0 of the data bus are input through a gating device 230 which is gated by BWRH4 from the circuitry contained below and through the circuitry 231 which clocks the output onto the respective pads and resets the port to input during a reset condition. The output signal during the output mode is then transmitted through device 232 onto the respective pad. The input from the respective pad is transmitted through the input protection circuitry as before, and gated by H2 through two inverters onto the memory data bus lines for bits 20 marked MD (2-0) and clocked by BRDH4. Note that SCR is the OR of the SC and the reset signal from the interrupt logic circuitry illustrated in FIG. 17a. GB and LNGWR are the B port enable line and read/write line from the memory control circuitry illustrated in FIG. 16c. GB is clocked by H2 and is an input to NOR gate 233 along with LNGWR which is then transmitted through device 235 clocked by H4 to produce the output or write signal BWRH4. In a similar manner, the GBP signal is input into NOR gate 234 together with the inverted LNGWR signal (BWRB) and then transmitted through device 236 clocked by H4 to produce the input or read signal BRDH4. 
     In the single chip mode, port C is an 8 bit I/O port with one address for data and one address for port direction. In other words, setting a bit in a port direction will determine whether that bit in port C is in input bit or an output bit. Specifically, setting the direction latch to &#34;1&#34; sets the corresponding bit position of the port into an output mode. The signals CDATAOUT from the memory control circuitry illustrated in FIG. 16c enables port C to output an address in the first state of a long read or write cycle and then if in an output mode, allows port C to output the contents of the data latch onto the port C bit pads. 
     Referring to FIG. 19c, the data from the memory bus, MD (7-0), is clocked through device 237 into the data latch circuitry 238. The data is then transmitted through the complex gate circuitry 239. Note that the circuitry 239 also receives the address, BADD (7-0), from the address bus together with the CDATAOUT signal from the memory control circuitry as previously mentioned. This data (or address) is then transmitted over the line marked CDATAB (7-0) to device 240 which also receives an enabling signal CHIZ. The enabled output is then transmitted to the C port pads. CHIZ originates from a circuitry containing a direction latch. The direction latch inputs originate from the memory bus on lines MD (7-0) clocked through gate 241 by COWRH4 into the direction latch circuitry 242. Note that the direction latch circuitry also receives the reset signal from the interrupt circuitry in FIG. 17a. This reset signal resets the data latch for each bit to the input mode as previously explained. The output of the data latch is DIRC (7-0). The reset signal also is input into the complex circuitry 243 together with DIRC (7-0) from circuitry 242. Complex circuitry 243 also receives PTCOUT and SC. SC is the signal for the single chip mode and during the single chip mode PCOUT is disabled allowing the contents of the direction latch to determine the port direction. PTCOUT is enabled and places port C into an output mode in both states of a long write cycle and input mode in the first state of a long read cycle. PTCOUT originates from the memory control circuitry illustrated in FIG. 16c. Inputs from port C originate on the pad for the respective bits 7-0 and are transmitted through the input protection circuitry through a device clocked by H2 and an inverter into complex gate 244. The input data CPADP (7-0) is gated with DIRC (7-0) from the directional latch 242 and is read through device 246 onto the memory bus MD (7-0) clocked in by CERDH4 through device 247. Also the same line to the memory data MD bus can be used to write the data contained in the port C latch 238 which has been gated with the directional latch 242. This enables the user to read the data that is being output or stored in the output latch. The devices 248 and 249 are clocked by a signal EXTRDH4 which is used in any nonsingle-chip mode to read the C port pads onto the memory data bus in state 2 of a long memory read cycle if a valid external address is provided. However, if port B address is provided, the port B enable signal GB is active and does not allow the bits 3-0 of Port C to be read onto the MD bus via NOR gate 250. These 4 bits are contained in the internal B port and read onto the memory data bus MD (3-0) as previously discussed. The EXTRDH4 signal is produced by the inputs from the memory control circuitry including SC, single chip mode, EXTC signifying an external operation, and LNGWR for the read/write operations. These signals are combined in NOR gate 251 and then clocked by H4 in device 252. CEWRH4 is the output signal for the data and is used to clock device 237 to transfer data from the memory data bus into the port C data latch 238. This signal originates from complex gate 253 which receives inputs from the single chip signal signifying a single chip mode and from the port C enable signal from the group decode circuitry (FIG. 16b), GC, BAO from the memory control circuitry illustrated in (FIG. 16c) signifying a data operation and LNGWR from the memory control circuitry in (FIG. 16c) signifying a write operation. The signal from 253 is then transmitted through device 254 clocked by H4. The directional or control information is written into the directional latch 242 through device 241 clocked by COWRH4. COWRH4 originates from NOR gate 255 which receives inputs from the decoder circuitry in a form of GCP, BA indicating a write operation into this latch, and LNGWR signifying a write operation. The output from gate 255 is transmitted through device 256 clocked by H4. CERDH4 is the signal that enables the input data from port C to be input on the memory data bus, MD (7-0) through device 247 and originates from NOR gate 257 which receives inputs from GCP, BA, and BWR which is the negated LNGWR signifying a read operation. The output of gate 258 is then transmitted through device 257, clocked by H4. CORDH4 is used to input the contents of the direction register 242 through device 245 onto the memory data bus MD (7-0) and originates from NOR gate 259 which receives inputs of GC, BAO and BWR. The output of gate 259 is transmitted through device 260 clocked by H4. 
     In the single chip mode, port D is similar to port C in that it is a bidirectional I/O port that contains a directional latch and a &#34;1&#34; set in the latch for a corresponding bit the output mode. In a peripheral expansion mode, port D is the same as the single chip mode. However, in the microprocessor mode full expansion mode and emulator mode, port D serves as a 8 bit high address output. 
     Referring now to FIG. 19d, if port D is in the output mode, the output information is obtained from the memory data bus MD (7-0) and transmitted through device 261 clocked by signal DEWRH4. This information is transmitted through the data latch 262 into complex circuitry 263. The complex circuitry 263 also receives inputs from the data bus address line BADD (F-8) and DADDOUT which allows port D to output the high address, BADD (F-8), during the emulator mode, microprocessor mode and full expansion mode. The output from complex gate 263 is then transmitted through device 264 onto the D port pads. Similar circuitry exists for each of the 8 pads. Device 264 is disabled when that bit position is in the input mode determined by the direction latch 266. The contents of the direction latch for each of the bit positions is read from the memory bus MD (7-0) gated by DOWRH4 in device 265 into the direction latch 266. The output of the direction latch is transmitted into complex gate 267 which is combined with the reset signal also input into the directional latch together with the DADOUT signal previously discussed. The output of complex gate 267 is DHIZ which is the disabling signal for the device 264. Two sets of information can be read from port D. The actual data input from the port pad and the contents of the direction latch. The contents of the direction latch is output by the line marked DIRDB (7-0) through a device 268 gated by DORDH4. The input from the D port pads is transmitted through the input protection circuitry clocked by H2 and through an inverter into complex circuitry 270 which also receives the contents of the directional latch. This enables the user to read the input from the pad or the information contained in the output data latch 262 determined by the information for that bit contained in the direction latch. The output of this complex gate is then transmitted through device 271 and through device 269 clocked by the signal DERDH4 onto the memory data bus. The signal DEWRH4 (write data into data latch) used to gate device 261 is produced in NOR gate 272 from the enable D port signal, GDP, LNGWR and BAO, all from the memory control circuitry illustrated in FIGS. 16b and 16c. BAO signifies a write operation into the latches contained in port D. LNGWR signifies a write operation or output operation from port D. The output from gate 272 is transmitted through device 273 clocked by H4. DOWRH4 is the signal to enable device 265 to enable the user to write into the direction latch 266 and is produced in NOR gate 274 from signals GDP, BAO and LNGWR. The output of NOR gate 274 is transmitted through device 275 clocked by H4. DORDH4 is used to enable the output of the contents of the direction latch onto the memory bus and is produced in NOR gate 276 from the signal GDP, BWR from port C and BAO. The output of NOR gate 276 is transmitted through device 277 clocked by H4. DERDH4 is the signal used to clock device 269 to allow the output of either the contents of the port D data latch 262 or the inputs from the port D input pad and originates from NOR gate 278 which has signals GDP, BAO, and BWR. The output of gate 278 is transmitted through device 279 which is clocked by H4. 
     The buffers 222, 228, 232 for the B port may be conventional MOS output buffers, while the buffers 240 and 262 for the C and D ports may be conventional tri-state MOS output buffers. 
     KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY SCAN PROGRAM 
     An example of a program executed in the microcomputer 10 connected in a system of FIG. 13a is listed in Table J and shown in flow chart form in FIGS. 20a and 20b. The keyboard input part of the program could be used in the FIGS. 13b-13d systems. The microcomputer 10 having features of the invention permits keyboard and display functions under control of the fixed program in the ROM 11 rather than requiring external control circuitry. The method implemented in the program uses time-multiplexing of the display 13-1 and scanning the keyboard 13-2 with the digital-actuating B-port signals as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,074,351, assigned to Texas Instruments. In this example, a single-pole push button keyboard 13-2 with twenty keys and an eight-character LED display 13-1 are used; the program can be modified to handle up to a sixty-four single-pole keyboard and sixteen character display (using D port) with minimal changes, mostly in the intiallization subroutine INIT. However, the example program uses only the twenty keys shown in FIG. 20c, so only five of the B port bits (B3-B7) and four of the A port bits (A4-A7) are used in keyboard scan. The other three B port bits (B0-B2) actuate digits of the display but not the keyboard. The asterisk key (*) is referred to in the program as &#34;FUN&#34; or function key. 
     The format of Table J includes the ROM 11 address on the left, followed by the object code in hex, then the source statement using the macroinstruction mneumonics of Table A with accompanying operands, plus comments on the operation performed. This program listed in Table J is used with a background program which would occupy the remainder of the ROM 11. The keyboard and display scan program of Table J uses only about 225 bytes of the ROM 11, particularly addresses F800 to F8EB including look-up tables, so about 1800 bytes remain for the background program. Definitions of terms used in the Table J program are given in Table K. 
     The initiallization routine INIT at F800 to F81E is executed during the power-up or reset operations and does not form part of the display and key scan functions implemented repeatedly by the Table J program. The background program operates with a hardware timer interrupt which uses the timer 26 in the peripheral file PF to generate INT2 interrupts at a fixed rate to insure that the display routine is called often enough so that the display characters 13-1 do not flicker. The timer P2 is set to decimal &#34;208&#34; and the prescaler P3 set to &#34;3&#34;, for the internal clock mode, by the instructions MOVP %DO, P2 and MOVP %C3, P3 at F810 and F813 in the INIT routine. This setting generates an INT2 interrupt about once every millisec when the timer increments to zero; each INT2 causes the program counter PCL, PCH to be loaded with the timer interrupt vector located at FFFA and FFFB, invoking the timer interrupt routine TINTR at F859, saving A and B in the stack and leading into the display/keyscan routine, MUXSCN at F85B. 
     After INIT, the program as seen in FIG. 20a enters a loop at F81F to F823 which continuously checks to see if the keyscan routine has left a new debounced key entry in DEBKEY, R119. This is done by writing hex 80 or 10000000 into B register and exchanging B with DEBKEY, then a bit test of 80 and B to see if they are the same; if not jump back to F81F, &#34;KYDD&#34;. If a new keystroke has been loaded into DEBKEY, the instruction at F829 checks to see if it is the function key, and if so the instructions at F832 to F847 are executed to show the function symbol on the display for two seconds, then return to the F81C loop to wait for the next keystroke. If the keystroke is not the function key, F82F is executed, calling the STRSEG subroutine at F849-F858 which enters the segment pattern for this key (obtained from look-up table at F8DF) into the right most digit of SARRAY-1 and moves other digits one place to the left. At F858 RETS, execution returns to F81C to enter the loop to wait for the next key. 
     During the execution of the program of FIG. 20a, the occurance of the interrupt INT2 at counter time-out causes execution to shift to the timer interrupt routine of FIG. 20b. This routine is listed at F859 to F8CA of Table J, and begins with saving the A and B registers then ends with restoring these registers before the return instruction F8CA RETS; the PUSH and POP instructions implement this function. 
     In the TINTR part of the program, the chip 10 enables only one character of the display 13-1 at a time (one bit of B port), by the MOVP A, .P6 instruction at F868, beginning with the left most or O character. At that point, the appropriate segment lines for that character location are energized by loading the port C register 010A with a segment pattern obtained from a look-up table; this is performed by the MOVP A, .P8 instruction at F863. A switch closure is detected at one bit of port A by the MOVP .P4,A instruction at F86A. If no key is down in that column, detected at F871, the remaining columns are examined via the loop of F871, F888, F8A7, F8AB and back to F86A, as seen in FIG. 20b. If the function key is down and debounced as detected at F879, the function flag is set at F87C and the remaining columns looked at via the path through F8A7 at F86A as before. For keys other than the function key the path via F881 tests for debounce, and if so the location of the down key is stored by F8A4 to be then used in the main program. 
     Debounce is used to eliminate effects of transients when a key is pushed. When a key is detected, it is not acted upon unless it appears for the number of scans defined by DEBNCE, in this case four, stored in the function count register (FCNT) R127 or successive-read register (SUCCRD) R121. Whenever a key is detected but the number of successive detections is less than four, the register R121 or R127, as the case may be, is decremented (count is incremented) and the scan resumed via F879 or F8A1. Thus, a key must be down for about four milliseconds before an indication of its presence is passed back to the main program. 
     The program of Table J and FIG. 20a, 20b merely scans the keyboard and displays what is entered. The operations performed on the functional commands and numbers entered are not included. These could be included in the loops of FIG. 20a, such as at F830. That is, the D port inputs could be scanned and/or outputs energized as in FIG. 13a; also, other interrupts INT1 and INT3 could be processed. 
     THE SELF-TEST PROCEDURE 
     A microcomputer 10 constructed according to the invention may contain a self-test procedure as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,158,431 issued to Van Bavel et al, assigned to Texas Instruments. The procedure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,158,431 consists of exercizing all of the display characters 13-1 and keys 13-2 as well as all of the I/O devices on the D port of FIG. 13a, all under control of a sequence of macroinstructions in the ROM 11 as manufactured. This self-test procedure establishes that all of the external elements of the system are working and give some indication that the chip 10 itself is fully functional, but this is not an exhaustive check. Prior to connecting into such a system, however, functional testing must be done. For example, to test the contents of the ROM11 after manufacture (either prior to delivery to the customer or by the customer as incoming material inspection) it has previously been the practice to read out the entire contents of the ROM, one word at a time, and compare each word with the desired bit pattern. Microcomputer devices which allow such testing are disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,921,142 issued to John D. Bryant et al and U.S. Pat. No. 4,024,386 issued to E. R. Caudel and Joseph H. Raymond, both assigned to Texas Instruments. Such tests, however, require that the test machine store the entire ROM code, 2048 or 4096 bytes, and require a different check code for each different ROM code. Further, the check requires at least one transfer between test machine and device under test for each byte of the ROM. These factors make the test unduly long, require extensive test data or software, and/or use up excessive amounts of program space in the test machine. 
     The microcomputer 10 may employ a test method in which a two-byte macro-code is fixed in the ROM 11 upon manufacture and used to check the remaining macro-code. This two-byte code is different for each ROM code or program and represents some function of all of the other bytes coded in the ROM. For example, it might be the LSB&#39;s of the sum of all the other bits in the ROM, or preferably some other function which provides a multiple check of all bits. This two-byte code is referred to as a cyclic redundancy code or CRC and is a 16-bit value which is a function of every bit of data used to create it. The CRC is calculated using every byte of the macrocode in the ROM except the CRC itself which is stored at a location such as F802 and F803 in a 2048 bit ROM 11 or F002 and F003 in a 4096 bit ROM 11. 
     The program of Table L is loaded into the RAM 12 of the chip 10 while the chip is in the microprocessor mode (FIG. 2d) or in one of the expansion modes (FIGS. 2b or 2c), by a sequence of move double MOVD or move MOV instructions. For example, MOVD %7DO2, R10 in the microprocessor mode places the first two bytes of the object code of Table L in RF locations R10, R11. In this manner, all of the code of Table L is stored in RAM 12, and then a MOV %00, P1 instruction returns the microcomputer 10 to the single-chip mode of FIG. 2a, with the address of R10 in the program counter PCL so execution of the Table L code begins. The two-byte address in ROM 11 being accessed for test is AL, AH (two of the RF registers, R125 and R124). The present calculation result is QL, QH (in R127, R126). The code at 0B to 1B merely checks to see if AL, AH is at the address of the CRC code in ROM 11 (F902 and F903, for example), if so AL, AH is incremented two bytes. The code at 1D to 2A checks to see if the AL, AH address has incremented past FF, in which event all of the ROM has been processed so a jump to the CHKDON sequence is executed; otherwise the pointer AL, AH is incremented and the main calculation BUILDF is executed. This calculation at 2D to 48 processes the current QH, QL value with the new byte in Reg B which was fetched from the AL, AH address, and produces a new QH, QL value. BUILDF ends in a jump back to the LOOP starting at OB. After all bytes in ROM have been passed through BUILDF, the check is finished. The code 4A to 4F then defines port C as an output and outputs a hex 55 (binary 01010101) to indicate to external that the calculation is finished, so the test machine is alerted to look for the 2-byte result on the C and D ports. The original code from F902, F903 is compared at 53 and 5E with the QH, QL value, and the comparison output. About 890,000 machine states are needed by the microprocessor 10 to execute this test program, but this is all internal; the test machine does not need to store unique codes and off-chip accesses are not needed for the bulk of the test. 
     CONCLUSION 
     The microcomputer described in detail herein is in the form of an N-channel silicon gate integrated circuit in a single silicon chip. However, features of the invention can be used in devices made by other processes such as metal gate, P-channel, CMOS, silicon-on-sapphire, and the like. Also, the memory 11 has been described as a ROM of the fixed-program type, but of course an electrically-programmable ROM or electrically-erasable ROM may be used. The ROM 11 is referred to as a program memory and the RAM 12 as a data memory, and these are the primary functions in many applications; it is understood, however, that &#34;data&#34; from the ROM 11 is used in some algorithms (&#34;data&#34; being numerical constants and the like), and that the device can execute instruction codes from the RAM 12, or program blocks can be down-loaded into RAM 12 from external tape or disc drive, or from a telephone coupler, for example, and executed from RAM 12. Furthermore, additional control lines and functions such as READY, HOLD, bus-status code, etc. as in said application Ser. No. 210,109 may be used in a device having features of the invention. 
     While this invention has been described with reference to an illustrative embodiment, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the illustrative embodiment, as well as those embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to this description. It is therefore contemplated that the appended clims will cover any such modifications or embodiments as fall within the true scope of the invention. 
     
                       TABLE A                                                     
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THE INSTRUCTION SET                                                       
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ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS                                                   
ADC: ADD WITH CARRY    Opcode: 0XXX1001                                   
Definition: Add the source operand to the destination                     
operand (both from RAM 12) with carry-in and store the                    
result at the destination address in RAM 12. Set status bit               
C to `1` on carry-out of (s)+(d)+C. Set N and Z on result.                
Application: ADC is used to implement multi-precision                     
addition of signed or unsigned integers.                                  
ADD: ADD               Opcode: 0XXX1000                                   
Definition: Add the source operand to the destination                     
operand and store the result at the destination address in                
RAM 12. Set status bit C to `1` on carry-out of (s)+(d).                  
Set N and Z on result. Applications: ADD is used to add                   
two bytes, and may be used for signed two&#39;s complement or                 
unsigned addition.                                                        
CMP: COMPARE           Opcode: 0XXX1101                                   
Definition: Subtract the source operand from the destination              
operand; do not store the result. Set status bit C to `1`                 
if (d) is logically greater than or equal to (s). Set N to                
`1` if (d) is arithmetically less than (s). Set Z to `1` if               
(d) is equal to (s). Applications: CMP is used to compare                 
the destination operand to source operand. The N bit is                   
set to `1` if (d) is less than (s), interpreting (d) and (s)              
as two&#39;s complement integers. The C bit is set to `1` if                  
(d) is greater than or equal to (s), interpreting (d) and                 
(s) as unsigned integers. For either signed or unsigned                   
interpretations, the Z bit is set to `1` if (d) and (s) are               
equal. The status bits are set upon the result of computing               
(d)-(s). N and Z are set on the result of this subtraction.               
The carry bit C is a &#34;borrow&#34; bit - i.e. it is &#34;0&#39; if (d) is              
logically less than (s). Negative numbers are considered                  
arithmetically less than, but logically greater than, positive            
numbers. The CMP instruction can be used with the conditional             
branch instructions to branch on the comparison between the               
destination operand (D) and the source (S).                               
DAC: DECIMAL ADD WITH CARRY                                               
                       Opcode: 0XXX1110                                   
Definition: Add the source operand to the destination                     
operand with carry in and store the result at the destination             
address in RAM 12. Each operand is two digit integer                      
using BCD format. Set status bit C to `1` if value of                     
(s)+(d)+C is equal to or greater than 100. Applications:                  
DAC is used to add bytes in binary-coded decimal (BCD) form.              
Each byte is assumed to contain two BCD digits. Operation                 
of DAC is undefined for non-BCD operands. DAC with an                     
immediate operand of zero value is equivalent to a conditional            
increment of the destination operand. the DAC instruction                 
automatically performs a decimal adjust of the binary sum of              
(s)+(d)+C. The carry bit is added to facilitate adding                    
multi-byte BCD strings, and so the carry bit must be clearing             
before execution of the first DAC instruction.                            
DEC: DECREMENT         Opcode: 1XXX0010                                   
Definition: Subtract one from a copy of the operand and                   
store the result in the operand address. Set status bit C                 
to `1` if (d) decrements from 00 to FF; `1` otherwise. N:                 
set on result. Z: set on result.                                          
DSB: DECIMAL SUBTRACT  Opcode: 0XXX1111                                   
WITH BORROW                                                               
Definition: Subtract the source operand and borrow-in from                
the destination operand and store the result at the destination           
address. Each operand is a two digit integer using BCD                    
format. Set status bit C to `1` if no borrow required, `1`                
if borrow required. Set N, Z on result. Applications: DSB                 
is used for multiprecision decimal BCD subtraction. A DSB                 
instruction with an immediate operand of zero value is                    
equivalent to a conditional decrement of the destination                  
operand. The carry status bit functions as a borrow bit, so               
if no borrow-in is required, the carry bit should be set to               
`1`. This can be accomplished by executing the SETC instruction.          
INC: INCREMENT         Opcode: 1XXX0011                                   
Definition: ADD one to a copy of the operand and store the                
result at the operand address. Set status bits C to `1` if                
(d) incremented from FF to 00; `0` otherwise. Set N, Z on                 
result.                                                                   
SBB: SUBTRACT WITH BORROW                                                 
                       Opcode: 0XXX1011                                   
Definition: Subtract the source operand and borrow-in from                
the destination operand and store the result at the destination           
address in RAM 12. Set status bits C to `1` if no borrow is               
required, `0`  otherwise. Set N, Z on result. Applications:               
SBB is used for multiprecision two&#39;s complement subtract. A               
SBB instruction with an immediate operand of zero value is                
equivalent to a conditional decrement of the destination                  
operand. With (s)=0, if C=`0`, then (d) is decremented,                   
otherwise it is unchanged. A borrow is required if the                    
result is negative, in this case, the carry bit is set to `0`.            
SUB: SUBTRACT          Opcode: 0XXX1010                                   
Definition: Subtract the source operand from the destination              
operand and store the result at the destination address.                  
Set status bit C to `1` if result equal to or greater than                
0; `0` otherwise. Set N, Z on result. Applications: SUB                   
is used for two&#39;s complement subtraction. The carry bit is                
set to `0` if a borrow is required, i.e. if the result is                 
negative.                                                                 
JUMP AND BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS                                              
BTJO: BIT TEST AND JUMP IF ONE                                            
                       Opcode: 0XXX0110                                   
Definition: Logically AND the source and destination operands             
and do not copy the result. If the result is non-zero, then               
perform a program counter relative jump using the offset                  
operand. The program counter is set to the first byte AFTER               
the BTJO instruction before the offset is added. Set status               
bits to zero. Set Z, N on (s) AND (D). Applications: The                  
BTJO instruction is used to test for at least one bit which               
has a corresponding one bit in each operand. For example,                 
the source operand can be used as a bit mask to test for one              
bits in the destination address.                                          
BTJZ: BIT TEST AND JUMP IF ZERO                                           
                       Opcode: 0XXX0111                                   
Definition: Logically AND the source and the inverted                     
destination operand; do not copy the result. If the result                
is not equal to zero, then perform a program counter relative             
jump using the offset operand. The program counter is                     
incremented to the instruction after the BTJZ instruction                 
before the offset is added. Set status bits to `0`. Set Z,                
N on (s) AND (NOT d). Applications: The BTJZ instruction                  
is used to test for at least one zero bit in the destination              
operand which has a corresponding one bit in the source                   
operand.                                                                  
BR: BRANCH             Opcode: 1XXX1100                                   
Definition: Branch directly to location specified by the                  
16-bit addressing mode. The effective address is obtained                 
using any one of the three extended addressing modes. Set                 
no status bits on direct and indirect addressing. For                     
indexed addressing, C, N, Z set on addition of B and the low              
address byte.                                                             
DJNZ: DECREMENT REGISTER AND                                              
                       Opcode: 1XXX1010                                   
JUMP IF NON ZERO                                                          
Definition: Decrement the operand the copy result to operand              
address. If result is non-zero, then take relative jump.                  
Set status bit C to `1` if (d) decrements from 00 to FF;                  
`0` otherwise. Set Z, N on resulting (d). Applications:                   
The DJNZ instruction is used for looping control.                         
JC (etc.): JUMP ON CONDITION                                              
                       Opcode: 11100XXX                                   
Definition: If tested condition is true, PC+offset is                     
loaded into PC. No status bits are affected. Execution                    
Results: The following table lists each conditional jump                  
instruction, and the condition in which it will cause a jump              
to the location specified in the operand field.                           
Condition for Jump                                                        
(Status Bit Values)                                                       
Mnemonic                                                                  
        Carry   Negative Zero Instruction                                 
JC      1       x        x    Jump if Carry                               
JN      x       1        x    Jump if Negative                            
JNC     0       x        x    Jump if No Carry                            
JNZ     x       x        0    Jump if NonZero                             
JP      x       0        0    Jump if Positive                            
JPZ     x       0        x    Jump if Positive or Zero                    
JZ      x       x        1    Jump if Zero                                
Applications: The Jump on Condition instructions may be                   
used after a CMP instruction to branch according to the                   
relative values of the operands tested. After MOV, MOVP,                  
LDA, or STA operations, a JZ or JNZ may be used to test if                
the value moved was equal to zero. JN and JPZ may be used                 
in this case to test the sign bit of the value moved.                     
JMP: JUMP UNCONDITIONAL                                                   
                       Opcode: 11100000                                   
Definition: Jump unconditionally using program relative                   
addressing. PC plus offset is loaded into PC. No status                   
bits are affected. Target address is within -127 to +128.                 
LOAD AND MOVE INSTRUCTIONS                                                
LDA: LOAD A REGISTER   Opcode: 1XXX1010                                   
Definition: Copy the contents of the source operand address               
to and A register; addressing modes include direct, indexed,              
and indirect. Set status bit C to `0`. Z, N are set on                    
value loaded. Applications: The LDA instruction is used to                
read values stored in extended memory. The direct addressing              
provides an efficient means of directly accessing a variable              
in general memory. Indexed addressing provides an efficient               
table look-up capability. Indirect addressing allows the                  
use of very large look-up tables and the use of multiple                  
memory pointers since any pair of file registers can be used              
as the pointer. The `decrement register and jump if non-                  
zero` instruction (DJNZ) can be used with either indexed or               
indirect addressing to create fast and efficient program                  
loops or table searches.                                                  
LDSP: LOAD STACK POINTER                                                  
                       Opcode: 00001101                                   
Definition: Copy the contents of the B register to the                    
stack pointer register. No status bits are affected.                      
Applications: LDSP is used to initialize the stack pointer.               
MOV: MOVE              Opcodes: 0XX0010,                                  
                       110X000X                                           
Definition: Copy the source operand to the destination                    
operand address. Set status bit C to `0` Z, N are set on                  
value loaded. Applications: MOV is used to transfer values                
in the register file. Immediate values may be loaded into                 
registers directly from the instruction.                                  
STA: STORE A REGISTER  Opcode: 10XX1011                                   
Definition: Copy the contents of the A register to the                    
operand address; addressing modes include direct, indexed,                
and indirect. Set status bits C to `0`. N, Z are set on                   
value loaded. Application: The STA instruction is used to                 
read values not stored in the register or peripheral files.               
The direct addressing provides an efficient means of directly             
accessing a variable in general memory. Indexed addressing                
provides an efficient table look-up capability for most                   
applications. Indirect addressing allows the use of very                  
large look-up tables and the use of multiple memory pointers              
since any pair of file registers can be used as the pointer.              
The `decrement register and jump if non-zero` instruction                 
(DJNZ) can be used with either indexed or indirect addressing             
to create fast and efficient program loops or table searches.             
STSP: STORE STACK POINTER                                                 
                       Opcode: 00001001                                   
Definition: Copy the contents of the stack pointer register               
to the B register. No status bits are affected. Applications:             
LDSP is used to save the stack pointer if required. This                  
instruction can be used to test the stack size.                           
SWAP: NIBBLE SWAP      Opcode: 1XXX0111                                   
Definition: Swap the least significant nibble (4 bits) of                 
the operand with the most significant nibble and copy the                 
result to the operand address. The SWAP instruction is                    
equilvalent to four consecutive rotate left (RL) instructions             
with the carry status bit set equal to the least significant              
bit of the result. Set status bit C to Bit 0 of result.                   
Z, N are set on result. Applications: SWAP is used to                     
manipulate four bit operands, especially during packed BCD                
operations.                                                               
XCHB: EXCHANGE WITH B  Opcode: 11010110                                   
REGISTER                                                                  
Definition: Copy the operand to the B register and then                   
copy the original operand value to the B register. Set                    
status bit C to `0`. Z, N are set on original contents of                 
B. Applications: XCHB is used to exchange a file register                 
with the B register without going through an intermediate                 
location. The XCHB instruction with the B register as the                 
operand can be used to test the B register contents for sign              
and equality with zero, like TSTB instruction.                            
LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS                                                      
AND: AND               Opcode: 0XXX0011                                   
Definition: Logically &#34;and&#34; the source operand to the                     
destination operand and store the result at the destination               
address. Set status bit C to `0`. N, Z are set on result.                 
Applications: AND is used to perform a logical AND of the                 
two operands.                                                             
CLR: CLEAR             Opcode: 1XXX0101                                   
Definition: Replace the operand value with all zeroes. Set                
status bits C and N to `0`. Z is set to `1`. Applications:                
CLR is used to clear or initialize any file register including            
the A and B registers.                                                    
INV: INVERT            Opcode: 1XXX0100                                   
Definition: Invert or complemment all bits in the operand.                
Set status bit C to `0`. N, Z are set on result. Applications:            
INV performs a logical &#34;or&#34; one&#39;s complement of the operand.              
A two&#39;s complement of the operand can be made by following                
the INV instruction with an increment (INC).                              
OR: OR                 Opcode: 0XXX0100                                   
Definition: Logically &#34;OR&#34; the source operand to the destination          
operand and store the result at the destination address.                  
Set status bits C to `0`. N, Z are set on result. Applications:           
OR is used to perform a logical OR of the two operands.                   
XOR: EXCLUSIVE OR      Opcode: 0XXX0101                                   
Definition: Logically &#34;exclusive or&#34; the source operand to                
the destination operand and store the result at the destination           
address. Set status bit C to `0`. N, Z are set on results.                
Applications: XOR is used to perform a bit wise exclusive                 
OR of the operands. The XOR instruction can be used to                    
complement a bit(s) in the destination operand.                           
ROTATES                                                                   
RL: ROTATE LEFT        Opcode: 1XXX1110                                   
Definition: Shift the operand to the left one bit position                
and fill the least significant bit and the carry status bit               
with the value of the original most significant bit; copy                 
the result to destination address. Set status bits C to                   
Bit(7) of original operand. N, Z are set on result. Applications:         
An example of the RL instruction is: If the B register                    
contains the value 93, then the RL instruction changes the                
contents of B to 27 and sets the carry status bits. Numbers               
are in hex.                                                               
RLC: ROTATE LEFT THROUGH                                                  
                       Opcode: 1XXX1111                                   
CARRY                                                                     
Definition: Shift the operand to the left one bit position                
and fill the least significant bit with the original value                
of the carry status bit; copy the result to the destination               
address. Move the original operand most significant bit to                
the carry status bit. Execution Results: Bit(n)→Bit(n + 1);        
Carry→Bit (0); Bit(7)→Carry. Set status bit C to bit(7) of  
operand. N, Z are set on result. Applications: An example                 
of the RLC instruction is: if the B register contains the                 
value 93 and the carry status bit is a zero, then the RLC                 
instruction changes the operand value to 26 and carry to                  
one. Numbers are in hex.                                                  
RR: ROTATE RIGHT       Opcode: 1XXX1100                                   
Definition: Shift the operand to the right one bit position               
and fill the most significant bit and the carry status bit                
with the value of the original least signifigant bit; copy                
the result to operand address. Execution Results: Bit(n + 1)→      
Bit(n);Bit(0)→carry also. Set status bit C to Bit(0) of            
operand. N, Z are set on result. Applications: An example                 
of the RR instruction is: If the B register contains the                  
value 93, then the RR instruction changes the contents of B               
to C9 and sets the carry status bit.                                      
RRC: ROTATE RIGHT THROUGH                                                 
                       Opcode: 1XXX1101                                   
CARRY                                                                     
Definition: Shift the operand to the right one bit position               
and fill the most significant bit from the carry status bit.              
Fill the carry status bit with the value of the original                  
least significant bit. Set status bit C to Bit(0) of operand.             
N, Z are set on result. Applications: An example of the                   
RRC instruction is: If the B register contains the value 93               
(hex) and the carry status bit is zero, then the RRC instruction          
changes the operand value to 49 (hex) and sets the carry                  
status bit.                                                               
SUBROUTINE CALLS                                                          
CALL: CALL             Opcode: 1XXX1110                                   
Definition: Push the current PC on the stack and branch to                
the effective operand address. For Indirect and Direct                    
addressing mode there is no effect on Status bits. For                    
Indexed mode, C, N, Z are set on addition of B and low                    
address byte. Applications: CALL is used to invoke a                      
subroutine. The PUSH and POP instructions can be used to                  
save, pass, or restore status or fi1e register values.                    
RETS: RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE                                              
                       Opcode: 00001010                                   
Definition: Pull the top two bytes from the stack and                     
branch to the resulting 16-bit address. No status bits are                
affected. Applications: RETS is typically the last instruction            
in a subroutine. RETS results in a branch to the location                 
immediately following the subroutine call instruction.                    
TRAP: SUBROUTINE TRAP  Opcodes: 1111XXXX,                                 
                       11101XXX                                           
Definition: Push the current PC on the stack and branch to                
the subroutine using a 16-bit address stored in high memory.              
No status bits are affected. Application: TRAP is used to                 
invoke a subroutine. The PUSH and POP instructions can be                 
used to save, pass, or restore status or file register                    
values. There are 24 TRAP vectors which correspond to TRAP                
0 through TRAP 24. The TRAP vectors are stored in memory in               
preselected vector address ending in FFFF. TRAP 1, TRAP 2,                
and TRAP 3 correspond to the hardware-invoked interrupts 1,               
2, and 3 respectively. The hardware-invoked interrupts,                   
however, push the program counter and the status register                 
before branching to the interrupt routine, while the TRAP                 
instruction pushed only the program counter. TRAP 0 will                  
branch to the same code executed for a system reset.                      
STACK INSTRUCTIONS                                                        
POP: POP FROM STACK    Opcode: 1XXX1001                                   
Definition: Remove the top entry from the stack and copy to               
the operand address. Decrement the stack pointer to point                 
to the new top-of-stack entry. Set status bit to `0`. N, Z                
are set on value popped. Applications: The data stack can                 
be used to save or to pass operands, especially during                    
subroutines and interrupt service routines. The POP instruction           
pulls an operand from the stack.                                          
PUSH: PUSH ON STACK    Opcode: 1XXX1000                                   
Definition: Increment the stack pointer and place the                     
operand value on the stack as the new top-of-stack. Set                   
staus bit C to `0`. N, Z are set on value pushed. Applications:           
The data stack can be used to save or to pass operands,                   
especially during subroutines and interrupt service routines.             
The PUSH instruction places an operand on the stack.                      
CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS                                                      
CLRC: CLEAR CARRY      Opcode: 10110110                                   
Definition: Clear the carry status; the sign and zero flags               
are determined by the contents of the A register. Set                     
status bit C to `0`. N, Z are set on value of A register.                 
Applications: CLRC is used to clear the carry flag if                     
required before an arithmetic or rotate instruction. Note                 
that the logical and move instructions typically clear the                
carry status. The CLRC instruction is equivalent to the TSTA              
instruction.                                                              
DINT: DISABLE INTERRUPTS                                                  
                       Opcode: 00000110                                   
Definition: Clear the interrupt enable flag in the status                 
thus disabling further interrupts. Set status bit I to `0`.               
C, N, Z are set to `0`. Applications: DINT is used to turn                
off all interrupts simultaneously. Since the interrupt                    
enable flag is stored in the status register, the POP ST,                 
LDST, and RETI instructions may reenable interrupts even                  
though a DINT instruction has been executed. During the                   
interrupt service, the interrupt enable bit is automatically              
cleared after the old status register value has been pushed               
onto the stack.                                                           
EINT: ENABLE INTERRUPTS                                                   
                       Opcode: 00000101                                   
Definition: Set the interrupt enable flag in the status                   
thus enabling interrupts. Set status bit I to `1`. C, N, A                
set to `1`. Applications: EINT is used to turn on all                     
enabled interrupts simultaneously. Since the interrupt                    
enable flag is stored in the status register, the POP ST,                 
LDST, and RETI instructions may disable interrupts even                   
though a TINT instruction has been executed. During the                   
interrupt service, the interrupt enable bit is automatically              
cleared after the old status register value has been pushed               
onto the stack. Thus, the EINT instruction must be included               
inside the interrupt service routine to permit nested or                  
multilevel interrupts.                                                    
 IDLE: IDLE UNTIL INTERRUPT                                               
                       Opcode: 00000001                                   
Definition: Suspend further instruction execution until an                
interrupt or a reset occurs. No status bits are affected.                 
Applications: IDLE is used to allow the program to suspend                
operation until either an interrupt or reset occurs. The program-         
mer assures that the interrupt enable status bit (and individual          
interrupt enable bits in the I/O control register) are set                
before executing the IDLE instruction.                                    
NOP: NO OPERATION      Opcode: 00000000                                   
Definition: Perform no operation. No status bits are                      
affected. Execution results in PC + 1 loaded into PC.                     
Applications: NOP is a null instruction which can be used                 
as a pad instruction.                                                     
RETI: RETURN FROM INTERRUPT                                               
                       Opcode: 00001011                                   
Definition: Pull the top two bytes from the stack to form                 
the return address, pull the status from the top of stack,                
and branch to the return address. No status bits are affected             
because ST register is loaded from stack. Applications:                   
RETI is typically the last instruction in a interrupt service             
routine. RETI restores the status register to its state                   
immediately before the interrupt occurred and branches back               
to the program at the instruction boundary where the interrupt            
occurred.                                                                 
 SETC: SET CARRY       Opcode: 00000111                                   
Definition: Set the carry and zero status flags and clear                 
the sign status flag. Set status bit C to `1`. N is set to                
`0`. Z is set to `1`. Applications: SETC is used to set                   
the carry flag if required before an arithmetic or rotate                 
instruction.                                                              
TSTA: TEST A REGISTER  Opcode: 10110000                                   
Definition: Set the status bits on the value of the A                     
register. Set status bit C to `0`. Z, N are set on value                  
in A register. Applications: This instruction can be used                 
to set the status bits according to the value in the A                    
register. It is equivalent to the TSTA instruction. It                    
may be used to clear the carry bit.                                       
TSTB: TEST B REGISTER  Opcode: 11000001                                   
Definition: Set the status bits on the value of the B                     
register. Set status bit C to `0`. Z, N are set on value                  
in B register. Applications: This instruction can be used                 
to set the status bits according to the value in the B                    
register. It may be used to clear the carry bit.                          
 PERIPHERAL FILE INSTRUCTIONS                                             
BTJOP: BIT TEST AND JUMP IF                                               
                       Opcode: 10XX0110                                   
ONE - PERIPHERAL                                                          
Definition: Logically AND the source and destination operands             
and do not copy the result. If the result is non-zero, then               
perform a program counter relative jump using the offset                  
operand. The program counter is set to the first byte AFTER               
the BTJO instruction before the offset is added. Set Status               
bit C to zero. Z, N are set on (s) AND (D). Application:                  
The BTJOP instruction is used to test for at least one bit                
position which has a corresponding `1` in each operand. For               
example, the source operand can be used as a bit mask to                  
test for one bits in the destination peripheral file register,            
i.e. test bit 0 of the input A port, and jump if it is a                  
`1`.                                                                      
BTJZP: BIT TEST AND JUMP IF                                               
                       Opcode: 1000X011                                   
ZERO - PERIPHERAL                                                         
Definition: Logically AND the source and inverted destination             
operands, and do not copy the result. If the result is non-               
zero, then perform a program counter relative jump using the              
offset operand. The program counter is set to the first                   
byte AFTER the BTJO instruction before the offset is added.               
Set status bit C to zero. Z, N are set on (s) AND (NOT D).                
Applications: Similar to STJOP.                                           
ANDP: AND-PERIPHERAL   Opcode: 10XX0011                                   
Definition: Logically AND the source and the peripheral                   
file register specified in the destination, and place the                 
result in the PF register. The source may be the A or B                   
registers, or an immediate value. Set status bit C to `0`.                
Z, N are set on result. Applications: ANDP may be used to                 
clear an individual bit in the peripheral file. Thus, it                  
may be used to set an individual output line to zero. This                
may be done with an ANDP instruction where the source is an               
immediate operand that serves as a mask field. For example,               
bit 5 of the I/O control register (PO) is cleared, thus                   
disabling level 3 interrupts.                                             
MOVP: MOVE TO/FROM PERIPHERAL                                             
                       Opcode: 10XX0010                                   
Definition: Read or write data to the peripheral file. The                
destination is read before the source is written into it.                 
Set status bits C to `0`. Z, N are set on value moved.                    
Applications: MOVP is used to transfer values to and from                 
the peripheral file. This may be used to input or output 8-               
bit quantities on the I/O ports. For examples, MOVP P6,A                  
reads the data on input port B. The instruction MOVP B,P4                 
outputs the contents of the B register onto I/O port A. The               
peripheral file also contains control registers for the                   
interrupt lines, the I/O ports, and the timer controls. A                 
peripheral file port is read during ALL peripheral file                   
instructions including output operations such as `MOV A, P1`.             
If this read is undesirable as a result of hardware concerns,             
then a STA instruction should be used, using the memory-                  
mapped address of the peripheral register.                                
ORP: OR-PERIPHERAL     Opcode: 10XX0100                                   
Definition: Logically OR the source operand to the destination            
peripheral file register and write the result to the peripheral           
file register. The source may be the A or B registers, or                 
an immediate value. Set status bit C to `0`. N, Z are set                 
on result. Applications: ORP is used to perform a logical                 
OR of the source operand with a peripheral file location,                 
and write the result back to the peripheral file. May be used             
to set an individual bit in the I/O control register, for example.        
XORP: EXCLUSIVE OR PERIPHERAL                                             
                       Opcode: 10XX0101                                   
FILE                                                                      
Definition: Logically exclusive-or the source operand to                  
the peripheral file register specified, and write the result              
to the peripheral file register. Execution Results: (s)                   
XOR (d)→(d). Set status bit C to `0`. N, Z are set on              
result. Applications: XORP is used to perform a bit-wise                  
exclusive OR of the operands. The XORP instruction can be                 
used to complement a bit(s) in the destination PF register.               
For example, invert bit 0 of P9, which is the port C data                 
direction register, thus reversing the direction of the                   
______________________________________                                    
bit.                                                                      
 
    
     
                       TABLE B                                                     
______________________________________                                    
MICROINSTRUCTIONS                                                         
CROM 17 ADDRESS      MICRO-                                               
HEX     BINARY           INSTRUCTION                                      
______________________________________                                    
00      00000000         IAQ-0                                            
01      00000001         IDLE-0                                           
02      00000010         INT-2                                            
03      00000011         INT-4                                            
04      00000100         MPY-1                                            
05      00000101         EINT-0                                           
06      00000110         DINT-0                                           
07      00000111         SetC-0                                           
08      00001000         POPST-0                                          
09      00001001         STSP-0                                           
0A      00001010         RETS-0                                           
0B      00001011         RETI-0                                           
0C      00001100         TGA-6                                            
0D      00001101         LDSP-0                                           
0E      00001110         PushST-0                                         
0F      00001111         LDST-0                                           
10      00010000         MOVD-4                                           
11      00010001         MOVD-5                                           
12      00010010         ST-0                                             
13      00010011         AND-0                                            
14      00010100         OR-0                                             
15      00010101         XOR-0                                            
16      00010110         BTH-0                                            
17      00010111         BTL-0                                            
18      00011000         ADD-0                                            
19      00011001         ADC-0                                            
1A      00011010         SUB-0                                            
1B      00011011         SBB-0                                            
1C      00011100         MPY-0                                            
1D      00011101         CMP-0                                            
1E      00011110         DAC-0                                            
1F      00011111         DSB-0                                            
20      00100000         STA-0                                            
21      00100001         STB-0                                            
22      00100010         DEC-0                                            
23      00100011         INC-0                                            
24      00100100         INV-0                                            
25      00100101         CLR-0                                            
26      00100110         XCHB-0                                           
27      00100111         SWAP-0                                           
28      00101000         PUSH-0                                           
29      00101001         POP-0                                            
2A      00101010         DRJN-0                                           
2B      00101011         DecD-0                                           
2C      00101100         RR-0                                             
2D      00101101         RRC-0                                            
2E      00101110         RL-0                                             
2F      00101111         RLC-0                                            
30      00110000         DAC-1                                            
31      00110001         MOVD-1                                           
32      00110010         RESET-2                                          
33      00110011         MOVD-2                                           
34      00110100         MPY-7                                            
35      00110101         MPY-6                                            
36      00110100         IAQ-1                                            
37      00110101         MOVD-3                                           
38      00110000         IDLE-1                                           
39      00110001         INT-3                                            
3A      00111010         RETS-2                                           
3B      00111011         RETI-2                                           
3C      00111000         DSB-1                                            
3D      00111101         BtoPPL-3*(3)                                     
3E      00111110         RJMP-4                                           
3F      00111111         RJMP-5                                           
40      01000000         DecD-1                                           
41      01000001         MiscGrp-0                                        
42      01000010         DecD-2                                           
43      01000011         RFtoA-0                                          
44      01000100         DRJN-1                                           
45      01000101         ItoA-0                                           
46      01000110         RETS-1*(2)                                       
47      01000111         RFtoB-0                                          
48      01001000         INT-5                                            
49      01001001         RFtoRF-0                                         
4A      01001010         MPY-5                                            
4B      01001011         ItoB-0                                           
4C      01001100         TGA-7                                            
4D      01001101         BtoA-0*(2)                                       
4E      01001110         INT-1                                            
4F      01001111         ItoRF-0                                          
50      01010000         AtoPPL-0                                         
51      01010001         DIRtoA-0*(2)                                     
52      01010010         BtoPPL-0*(3)                                     
53      01010011         INDtoA-0*(3)                                     
54      01010100         ItoPPL-0                                         
55      01010101         INDXtoA-0                                        
56      01010110         SglAS-0                                          
57      01010111         SglA-0                                           
58      01011000         SglBS-0                                          
59      01011001         SglB-0                                           
5A      01011010         SglRFS-0                                         
5B      01011011         SglRF-0                                          
5C      01011100         RJMP-0                                           
5D      01011101         TGC-0                                            
5E      01011110         TGB-0                                            
5F      01011111         TGA-0                                            
80      10000000         ItoPPL-1                                         
81      10000001         ItoRF-3*(3)                                      
82      10000010         BtoPPL-1*(2)                                     
83      10000011         RFtoA-2                                          
84      10000100         RFtoA-1*(8)                                      
85      10000101         ItoA-2                                           
86      10000110         ItoRF-4*(2)                                      
87      10000111         RFtoB-2                                          
88      10001000         DIRtoA-1*(2)                                     
89      10001001         RFtoRF-2                                         
8A      10001010         MPY-4                                            
8B      10001011         ItoB-2*(2)                                       
8C      10001100         DRJN-3                                           
8D      10001101         DRJN-2                                           
8E      10001110         STAL-2                                           
8F      10001111         ItoRF-2*(3)                                      
90      10010000         PUSH-1                                           
91      10010001         DIRtoA-4                                         
92      10010010         XCHB-1                                           
93      10010011         INDtoA-2                                         
94      10010100         PUSHST-1                                         
95      10010101         INDXtoA-5                                        
96      10010110         SWAP-1                                           
97      10010111         INDtoA-3                                         
98      10011000         SWAP-2                                           
99      10011001         TGA-8                                            
9A      10011010         SglRFS-2                                         
9B      10011011         SglRF-2                                          
9C      10011100         RJMP-3                                           
9D      10011101         STAL-1                                           
9E      10011110         RJMP-1                                           
9F      10011111         ItoA-1*(5)                                       
E0      11100000         IAQ-2                                            
E1      11100001         INT-0                                            
E2      11100010         MPY-2                                            
E3      11100011         BtoPPL-2*(3)                                     
E4      11100100         DAC-2                                            
E5      11100101         TGA-4                                            
E6      11100110         DSB-2                                            
E7      11100111         INDXtoA-6                                        
E8      11101000         RESET-1                                          
E9      11101001         TGA-1                                            
EA      11101010         MPY-3                                            
EB      11101011         JMPL-1                                           
EC      11101100         RESET-2                                          
ED      11101101         TGA-3                                            
EE      11101110         TGA-5                                            
EF      11101111         TGA-2                                            
F0      11110000         LDAP-0                                           
F1      11110001         LDBP-0                                           
F2      11110010         STP-0                                            
F3      11110011         ANDP-0                                           
F4      11110100         ORP-0                                            
F5      11110101         XORP-0                                           
F6      11110110         BTHP-0                                           
F7      11110111         BTLP-0                                           
F8      11111000         MOVD-0                                           
F9      11111001         TEST-0                                           
FA      11111010         LDAL-0                                           
FB      11111011         STAL-0                                           
FC      11111100         JmpL-0                                           
FD      11111101         CMPL-0                                           
FE      11111110         CALL-0                                           
FF      11111111         RESET-0                                          
______________________________________                                    
 *(n) -- microinstruction is shared in n sequences                        
 
    
     
                                           TABLE C                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
THE MICROINSTRUCTION SET                                                  
Micro-                                                                    
Instruction                                                               
      Microinstruction Bits                                               
                     Operations                                           
__________________________________________________________________________
IAQ-0 (00) First half of instruction fetch; increment PCL via ALU         
#PCHtAH              PCH goes to AH bus                                   
#PCLtP, #PAL         PCL goes to AL bus via P bus                         
default N            All zeros to N bus for input to ALU                  
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P and N for increment                            
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-In is &#34;1&#34;                                      
#OtPCL               ALU output goes to PCL                               
#MEMCNT, #MEM        First half of long read                              
#JmpAddr = (36)      Unconditional jump to IAQ-1                          
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
IAQ-1 (36) Second half of inst. fetch; increment PCH; sample Interrupts   
Don&#39;t Care to AH, AL Address went out on AH&#39;, AL&#39; during                  
                     first half                                           
#PCHtP               PCH to P bus for ALU input                           
default N            All zeros to N bus for ALU input                     
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P and N                                          
#ShftCntl = 0010     Increment on uC of PCL                               
#OtPCH               ALU output goes to PCH                               
#MEM                 Second half of long read                             
#MDtIR               Instruction from memory goes to IR                   
#JmpAddr = (E0)      Test for interrupt; if not go to                     
                     IAQ-2                                                
#JmpCntl = 100                                                            
IAQ-2 (E0) Prefetch B register; Group dispatch to addressing mode         
default AH           All zeros to AH bus                                  
#ONEtAL              01 on AL bus for B register address                  
#PAL                 AL to P bus for pass                                 
default N            All zeros to N bus for pass                          
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P and N for pass P                               
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry in                                        
#OtMAL               ALU output (B register address) goes                 
                     to MAL                                               
#MEM                 Short memory read cycle to fetch B                   
                     register                                             
#MDtT                B register contents loaded into T                    
                     register from MD bus                                 
#JmpAddr = (40)      24-Way Group dispatch based on                       
                     contents of IR                                       
#JmpCntl = 101                                                            
BtoA-0 (4D) B Register to A Register Addressing Mode; Fetch A Register to 
MAL                                                                       
default AH, AL       All zeros to AH, AL for A register                   
                     address                                              
#PAL                 Zeros to P bus for pass                              
default              zeros to N bus for pass                              
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N (pass zeros)                            
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry in                                        
#OtMAL               Zeros to MAL                                         
#MEM                 Fetch A Register, result on MD bus                   
#JmpAddr = (10)      Function dispatch to DOPFUN, using                   
#JmpCntl = 001       function field in IR                                 
RFtoA-0 (43) Register file to A Register Addressing Mode; 1st Half of     
long                                                                      
read; increment PCL                                                       
#PCHtAH              Address for immediate fetch                          
#PCLtP               PCL to P bus                                         
#PAL                 PCL to AL via P bus                                  
default N            Zeros to N bus for increment                         
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N                                         
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry in is 1 to increment PCL                       
#OtPCL               Result from ALU back to PCL                          
#MEMCNT, #MEM        First half of long read                              
#JmpAddr = (84)      Uncond jump to RFtoA-1 (84)                          
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RFtoA-1 (84) Second half of Register File Fetch; increment PCH; shared    
microstate                                                                
Don&#39;t Care to AH, AL Address bus continues from previous                  
                     state                                                
#PCHtP               Set up PCH for increment                             
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus zeros for increment                       
#ShftCntl = 0010     Microcarry uC in from PCL incr                       
#OtPCH               Sum to PCH                                           
#MEM                 2nd half of long read; data on MD                    
                     bus                                                  
#JmpAddr = (80)      Group Dispatch using field in IR                     
#JmpCntl = 101                                                            
RFtoA-2 (83) Fetch register file operand                                  
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#PAL,#MDtP           Low byte of RF address comes from                    
                     previous memory fetch                                
default N            Zeros to N bus for pass                              
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass P bus to MAL using Add                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry-in                                        
#OtMAL               Result to MAL via O bus                              
#MEM                 Short memory read                                    
#MDtT                Read source operand into T register                  
#JmpAddr = (4D)      Uncond Jump to BtoA-0 for A register                 
                     fetch                                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RFtoB-0 (47) Register file to B Register addressing mode; First half of   
long                                                                      
read; increment PCL                                                       
#PCHtAH              Address for immediate fetch                          
#PAL,#PCLtP          PCL to AL and P bus                                  
default N            Zeros to N for increment                             
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N                                         
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in is 1 for increment                          
#OtPCL               Result back to PCL                                   
#MEMCNT,#MEM         First half of long read                              
#JmpAddr = (84)      Uncond Jump to RFtoA-1                               
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RFtoB-2 (87) Fetch RF operand                                             
default AH           Zeros high byte for of RF address                    
#MDtP,#PAL           Low byte of RF address comes from                    
                     previous fetch                                       
default N            Zeros to N for pass P                                
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N for pass                                
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry                                           
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#MEM                 Short read cycle                                     
#MDtT                Read source operand into T register                  
#JmpAddr = (8B)      Uncond jump to ItoB-2                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RFtoRF-0 (49) Register file to register file addressing mode; fetch RF    
and                                                                       
increment PCL                                                             
#PCHtAH              High byte of address                                 
#PCLtP,#PAL          PCL to AL and P bus for RF address                   
default N            Zeros to N for-increment                             
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N                                         
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in is 1 for increment                          
#OtPCL               Result back to PCL                                   
#MEMCNT;#MEM         First half of long read                              
#JmpAddr = (84)      Uncond jump to RFtoA-1                               
#JmpCntl =  000                                                           
RFtoRF-2 (89) Fetch register file operand                                 
default AH           High byte of register file address                   
#MDtP,#PAL           Low byte of address comes from                       
                     previous fetch                                       
default N            Zeros to N for pass P                                
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N for pass                                
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero Carry                                           
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#MEM                 Short read cycle                                     
#MDtT                Source operand from RF to T register                 
#JmpAddr = (8F)      Uncond jump to ItoRF-2 to fetch                      
                     destination operand                                  
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
ItoA-0 (45) Fetch immediate operand; increment PCL                        
#PCHtAH              Address for immediate fetch                          
#PCLtP,#PAL          PCL to AL and P bus for fetch and                    
                     increment                                            
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N                                         
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in is 1 for increment                          
#OtPCL               Result back to PCL                                   
#MEMCNT,#MEM         First half of long read                              
#JmpAddr = (9F)      Unconditional jump to ItoA-1                         
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
ItoA-1 (9F) Second half of immediate fetch; increment PCH; shared         
microstate                                                                
don&#39;t care AH, AL    Address defined in first half                        
# PCHtP              Set up PCH for increment                             
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N                                         
#ShftCntl = 0010     Micro carry in from PCL increment                    
#OtPCH               Result back to PCH                                   
#MEM                 Second half of long read                             
#MDtT                Source operand to T register                         
#JmpAddr = (80)      3-way group dispatch on IR field                     
#JmpCntl = 101                                                            
ItoA-2 (85) Fetch Register A as destination operand                       
default AH, AL       Zeros to AH and AL for A register                    
                     address                                              
default P, N         Zeros to P and N busses                              
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N; all zeros                              
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry in                                        
#OtMAL               Zeros to MAL                                         
#MEM                 Short read cycle for A register,                     
                     result on MD                                         
#JmpAddr = (12)      Function dispatch on IR low; DOPFUN                  
#JmpCntl = 001                                                            
ItoB-0 (4B) Immediate operand to B register addressing mode               
#PCHtAH              High address for immediate fetch                     
#PCLtP,#PAL          PCL to AL and P bus for fetch and                    
                     increment                                            
default N            Zeros to N for increment                             
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N                                         
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry in is 1 for increment                          
#OtPCL               Result back to PCL                                   
#MEMCNT,#MEM         First half long read                                 
#JmpAddr = (9F)      Jump to ItoA-1 (shared state)                        
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
ItoB-2 (8B) Fetch B register for destination operand                      
default AH           Zeros to AH bus for register file                    
                     address                                              
#ONEtAL              01 to AL bus for B register address                  
#PAL                 01 to P bus                                          
default N            Zeros to N for pass                                  
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N for pass                                
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry in                                        
#OtMAL               Output to MAL                                        
#MEM                 Short read cycle for B register,                     
                     result on MD                                         
#JmpAddr = (10)      Function dispatch using IR low; to                   
                     DOPFUN                                               
#JmpCntl = 001                                                            
ItoRF-0 (4F) Immediate operand to register file mode; increment PCL       
#PCHtAH              High byte of address for immed fetch                 
#PCLtP,#PAL          PCL to AL and P bus for fetch and                    
                     increment                                            
default N            Zeros to N                                           
#AluCntl = 0000      Add PCL plus zeros with carry for                    
                     increment                                            
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in =  1                                        
#OtPCL               Result to PCL                                        
#MEMCNT,#MEM         1st half of long read                                
#JmpAddr =(9F)       Unconditional jump to ItoA-1                         
                     (shared)                                             
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
ItoRF-2 (8F) Address fetch for register file destination operand;         
increment                                                                 
PCL                                                                       
#PCHtAH              Microcode same as ItoRF-0                            
#PCLtP,#PAL                                                               
default N                                                                 
#AluCntl = 0000                                                           
#ShftCntl = 0001                                                          
#OtPCL                                                                    
#MEMCNT,#MEM                                                              
#JmpAddr = (81)      Uncond jump to ItoRF-3                               
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
ItoRF-3 (81) Second half of register file address fetch                   
don&#39;t care AH, AL    Address busses continued from                        
                     previous cycle                                       
#PCHtP               Set up PCH for increment                             
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N                                         
#ShftCntl = 0010     Increment on micro carry from PCL                    
#OtPCH               Result back to PCH                                   
#MEM                 Second half of long read                             
#JmpAddr = (86)      Unconditional jump to ItoRF-4                        
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
ItoRF-4 (86) Fetch register file operand                                  
default AH           Zeros to AH for register file                        
                     address                                              
#MDtP,#PAL           LSH of address comes from fetch in                   
                     previous state                                       
default N            Zeros to N for pass P                                
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N (Pass P)                                
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry in                                        
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#MEM                 Short read cycle for destination                     
                     operand                                              
#JmpAddr = (10)      Function dispatch on IR low; to                      
                     DOPFUN                                               
#JmpCntl = 001                                                            
AtoPPL-0 (50) Addressing Mode for A register to peripheral page logical;  
fetch                                                                     
A register to T register as source operand                                
default AH, AH       Zeros for A register address                         
don&#39;t care P,N       No ALU operation so P,N ALU and                      
don&#39;t care #AluCntl  carry controls are &#34;don&#39;t care&#34;                      
don&#39;t care #ShftCntl                                                      
#MEM                 Short read cycle                                     
#MDtT                A reg contents to T reg as source                    
                     operand                                              
#JmpAddr = (52)      Uncond jump to BtoPPL-0                              
#JmptCntl = 000                                                           
BtoPPL-0 (52) B Register to Peripheral File; Immed fetch for peripheral   
address; Incr. PCL                                                        
#PCHtAH              Address for immed fetch                              
#PAL, #PCLtP         PCL to AL bus and P bus                              
default N            Zeros to N                                           
#AluCntl = 000       Add P plus zeros                                     
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in = 1 for incr                                
#OtPCL               Sum back to PCL                                      
#MEMCNT, #MEM        1st half of immed fetch                              
#JmpAddr = (82)      Uncond jump to BtoPPL-1                              
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
BtoPPL-1 (82) Second half of long read for peripheral address fetch;      
increment                                                                 
PCH                                                                       
don&#39;t care AH, AL    Address latched from prior state                     
#PCHtP               Set up PCH for incr                                  
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus zeros                                     
#ShftCntl = 0010     Micro Carry-in for incr PCH                          
#OtPCH               Sum to PCH                                           
#MEM                 2nd half of long read                                
#JmpAddr = (E3)      Uncond jump to BtPPL-2                               
#JmpCntl = 0000                                                           
BtoPPL-2 (E3) Fetch Peripheral Page Operand                               
#ONEtAH              Page address on AH for PF                            
#PAL, #MDtP          AL address comes from fetch in prior                 
                     state                                                
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus zeros                                     
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry (pass P)                                    
#OtMAL               ALU output (pass P) to MAL                           
#MEMCNT, #MEM        1st half of long read to fetch                       
                     destination operand from                             
                     peripheral page                                      
#JmpAddr = (3D)      Uncond jump to BtoPPL-3                              
#JmpCntl = 0000                                                           
BtPPL-3 (3D) 2nd Half Peripheral Page Read                                
don&#39;t care AH,AL     2nd half of long read                                
don&#39;t care P, N      No ALU operation                                     
don&#39;t care #AluCntl,                                                      
#ShftCntl                                                                 
#MEM                 Complete long read                                   
#JmpAddr = (F0)      Function dispatch; 16-way branch on                  
                     4-bits of IR; to DOPFUNP                             
#JmpCntl = 001                                                            
ItoPPL-0 (54) Immed operand to Peripheral Page Addressing Mode            
Same microcode as BtoPPL-0 except Uncond jump to ItoPPL-1 (80)            
ItoPPL-1 (80) Immed operand to Peripheral Page; fetch immed to T          
register                                                                  
Same microcode as BtoPPL-1 plus #MDtT; Uncond jump to BtoPPL-0            
(52)                                                                      
SglA-0 (57) Single Operand Addressing Mode, A Register                    
default AH, AL       Zeros for A Reg Address on AH, AL                    
default P, N         Zeros to P bus and N bus                             
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Pass zeros using Add                                 
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#MEM, #MDtT          Fetch A to T reg for push                            
#JmpAddr = (28)      Function Dispatch - to SOPFUNN                       
#JmpCntl = 001                                                            
SglB-0 (59) Single Operand, B Register                                    
Same microcode as SglA-0 except #ONEtAL for B reg address and             
#ALtP to leave B reg address in MAL                                       
SglRF-0 (5B) Single Operand, RF                                           
Same microcode as BtoPPL-0 except Uncond jump to RFtoA-1 (84)             
SglRF-2 (9B) Fetch RF operand                                             
default AH           zeros for RF page                                    
#MDtP, #PAL          MD used as address for fetch and                     
                     passed to MAL                                        
default N            Zeros to N for pass P                                
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Pass P using add                                     
#OtMAL               Address from MD to MAL                               
#MEM, #MDtT          Read destination operand, to T reg                   
                     for Push                                             
#JmpAddr = (28),                                                          
#JmpCntl = 001       Function Dispatch - to SOPFUNN                       
SglAS-0 (56) Single Operand; A Reg; Special Operations                    
Same microcode as SglA-0 except no #MDtT; function dispatch to            
(20) SOPFUNS                                                              
SglBS-0 (58) Single Operand; B Reg; Special                               
Same microcode as SglB-0 except no #MDtT; Function Dispatch to            
(20) SOPFUNS                                                              
SglRFS-0 (5A) Single Operand; RF; Special Operations                      
Same microcode as SglRF-0; Uncond jump to RFtoA-1 (84)                    
SglRFS-2 (9A) Single Operand; RF; Special Operations                      
Same microcode as SglRF-2 except no #MDtT; function Dispatch              
to (20) SOPFUNS                                                           
INDtoA-0 (53) Indirect through Reg File; Lower reg has high byte of       
address,                                                                  
upper reg has low byte of address                                         
Same microcode as BtoPPL-0; Uncond jump to RFtoA-1 (84) then              
group dispatch                                                            
INDtoA-2 (93) Fetch Low byte of indirect address                          
Same microcode as SglRF-2 except #AluCntl = 1111 for subtract             
to decrement RF address to next byte; Uncond jump to INDtoA-3             
(97)                                                                      
INDtoA-3 (97) Fetch high byte of indirect address                         
default AH           Zeros for RF page                                    
#MALtAL              Low byte of RF address                               
default P            Zeros to P bus for pass                              
#TtN                 Pass T reg                                           
#AluCntl = 0000;                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Pass using add                                       
#OtMAL               T reg to MAL                                         
#MEM, #MDtT          Read high byte of indirect address                   
                     to T reg                                             
#JmpAddr = (F9),                                                          
#JmpCntl = 001       Function dispatch, LAFUN                             
DIRtoA-0 (51) Direct Two Byte Long Addressing Mode; PC+1 has high byte    
of                                                                        
address, PC+2 has low byte                                                
Same microcode as BtoPPL-0; Uncond jump to DIRtoA-1 (88)                  
 DIRtoA-1 (88) 2nd Half high byte address fetch                           
Same microcode as BtoPPL-1, plus #MDtT to store in T reg;                 
Uncond jump to INDtoA-0 (53)                                              
DIRtoA-4 (91) Pass low btye of Address to MAL                             
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#MDtP                Low byte from memory                                 
default N            Zeros to N for pass                                  
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Pass using add                                       
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#JmpAddr = (F9),                                                          
#JmpCntl = 001       Function Dispatch using low IR                       
INDXtoA-0 (55) Long Indexed Addressing Mode; PC+1 has high byte of Table  
Address; PC+2 has low byte                                                
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P            Zeros to P bus for pass                              
#TtN                 T reg to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Pass N bus to MAL using add                          
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#JmpAddr = (51),                                                          
#JmpCntl = 000       Uncond Jump to DIRtoA(0)                             
INDXtoA-5 (95) Add low byte of address to B reg (in MAL)                  
don&#39;t care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#MALtAL, #PAL        MAL (B reg) to P bus via AL bus                      
#MDtN                Low byte of TABLE address from MD to                 
                     N bus                                                
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Add for index                                        
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#JmpAddr = (E7)      Uncond jump to INDX to A-6                           
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
INDXtoA-6 (E7) Ripple Carry to High Byte Addres                           
Don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P            Zeros to P bus for increment                         
#TtN                 High byte of address from T reg to N                 
                     bus                                                  
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 010      Pass P; increment if microcarry set                  
                     from low byte                                        
OtM, #MDtT           Result back to T reg                                 
#JmpAddr = (F9),                                                          
#JmpCntl = 001       Function Dispatch to LAFUN                           
RJmp-0 (5C) Relative Jump Group; 1st half of Offset Fetch; increment PCL  
Same microcode as IAQ-0 except #JmpAddr = (9E), #JmpCntl = 111            
for Macrojump; if Macrojump true go to (9F)                               
RJmp-1 (9E) No Jump; Return to IAQ; Second half of Immed Fetch            
Same microcode as IAQ-1 except #MDtT instead of #MDtIR;                   
# JmpAddr = (00), #JmpCntl = 000 for Uncond jump to IAQ-1                 
RJmp-3 (9C) Add Offset to PCL; Test if offset negative                    
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#PCLtP               PCL to P bus                                         
#MDtN                Offset to N bus                                      
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Add PCL plus offset (minus if                        
                     negative)                                            
#OtPCL               Result to PCL                                        
#JmpAddr = (3E)      2-way branch on bit-7 of T reg; if                   
                     offset negative go to RJmp-5                         
#JmpCntl = 010                                                            
RJmp-4 (3E) Positive offsets, increment PCH on carry                      
Same microcode as RFtoA-1 (84) except no #MEM, and #JmpAddr =             
(00), #JmpCntl = 000 for return to IAQ                                    
RJmp-5 (3F) Negative offset, Decrement PCH on borrow                      
Same microcode as RJmp-4 except #AluCntl = 1111, subtract for             
decrement on borrow (UC = 0)                                              
MiscGrp-0 (41) Miscellaneous Instruction Group; Fetch top, decrement SP   
default AH           High byte of Reg File Address                        
#SPtAL               Stack pointer to AL to fetch top                     
#ALtP                SP to P bus for decrement                            
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 1111,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Decrement P bus                                      
#OtMAL               Result back to MAL                                   
#MEM                 Read top of stack                                    
#JmpAddr = (00)      Function Dispatch to MISC                            
#JmpCntl = 001                                                            
TGC-0 (5D) Trap Group C (Addresses FFEF-FFE7); form LSH of trap vector    
address                                                                   
from IR                                                                   
Don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P            Zeros to P bus to pass N using Add                   
#IRtN                Instruction to N bus                                 
#AluCntl = 0000      Add (Pass N)                                         
#ShftCntl = 0101     Rotate Left, MSB to LSB                              
#OtMAL               Result (LSH of vector) goes to MAL                   
#JmpAddr = (E9)      Uncond jump to TGA-1                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
TGB-0 (5E) Trap Group B (Addresses FFF7-FFF0); form LSH of trap vector    
address                                                                   
from instruction in IR                                                    
Don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P            Zeros to P for pass N                                
#IRtN                Instruction to N bus                                 
#AluCntl = 0000      Add (Pass N)                                         
#ShftCntl =          Rotate left, MSB to LSB                              
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#JmpAddr = (E9)      Uncond Jump to TGA-1                                 
#JmpCntl =  000                                                           
TGA-0 (5F) Trap Group A (Addresses FFFF-FFF8); form low byte (LSH) of     
trap                                                                      
vector address from IR                                                    
Microcode same as TGC-0 or TGB-0                                          
TGA-1 (E9) Form high byte of Trap Vector Address (of low byte of vector)  
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default N, P         All zeros for P and N busses                         
#AluCntl = 1111      ALU produces all ones by subtract                    
                     operation                                            
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#MDtT                OtM asserted; ALU result (all 1&#39;s)                   
                     to T reg                                             
#JmpAddr = (EF)      Uncond jump to TGA-2                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
TGA-2 (EF) First Half Fetch of Low Byte of Vector                         
#TtAH                All 1&#39;s (FF) from T reg to AH                        
#MALtAL, #PAL        Low byte of vector to AL and P                       
default N            Zeros to N for decrement                             
#AluCntl = 1111      Subtract                                             
#ShftCntl = 0000                                                          
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#MEMCNT, #MEM        First half of long read                              
#JmpAddr = (ED)      Uncond jump to TGA-3                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
TGA-3 (ED) 2nd Half of fetch of low byte of vector                        
don&#39;t care AH, AL,   No memory cycle and no ALU operation                 
P, N, #AluCntl,                                                           
#ShftCntl                                                                 
#MEM                 2nd half long read                                   
#JmpAddr = (E5)      Uncond jump to TGA-4                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
TGA-4 (E5) First Half of Fetch of high byte of vector                     
#TtAH                FF to AH bus from T reg                              
#MALtAL              Incremented vector to AL                             
#MDtP                Low byte of vector to P bus                          
default N            Zeros to N bus for Pass P                            
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass P using Add                                     
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry-in                                        
#OtMAL               Low byte of vector to MAL                            
#MEMCNT, #MEM        1st half of long read                                
#JmpAddr = (EE)      Uncond jump to TGA-5                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
TGA-5 (EE) 2nd Half of Fetch of High Byte of Vector; increment SP         
Don&#39;t Care AH        Address latched in first half                        
#SPtAL, #PAL         Stack pointer to P bus via AL bus                    
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add operation for increment                          
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in = 1                                         
# OtSP               Incremented SP back to SP                            
#MEM, #MDtT          2nd Half long read; high byte of                     
                     vector to T                                          
#JmpAddr = (0C)      Uncond jump to TGA-6                                 
TGA-6 (0C) Push PCH to Stack                                              
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#SPtAL               SP to AL for stack write                             
#PCHtP               PCH to P bus for pass                                
default N            Zeros to N for pass P                                
#AluCntl = 0000      Add operation for pass                               
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#MEM, #WR            Write PCH to Stack; OtM asserted                     
#JmpAddr = (4C)      Uncond jump to TGA-7                                 
TGA-7 (4C) Increment Stack Pointer                                        
Same Microcode as TGA-5 except no #MEM, #MDtT and #JmpAddr =              
(99) for uncond jump to TGA-8                                             
TGA-8 (99) Write PCL to Stack                                             
Same Microcode as TGA-6 except #PCLtP instead of #PCHtP and               
#JmpAddr = (FC) for uncond jump to JmpL-0                                 
ADD-0 (18) Add; Dual Operand Function; Reg File                           
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#MALtAL              MAL reg to AL bus for RF address                     
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
#TtN                 Source operand from T reg to N bus                   
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus N                                         
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#LST                 Latch Status                                         
#MEM, #WR            Short Memory write cycle, OtM                        
                     asserted to write ALU output in                      
                     destination address                                  
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 0000                                                           
ADC-0 (19) Add with carry; dual operand; Reg File                         
Microcode same as ADD-0 (18) except #ShftCntl = 0011 for                  
status carry bit in                                                       
SUB-0 (1A) Subtract; Dual operand function; Register file                 
Microcode same as ADD-0 (18) except #AluCntl = 1111, #ShftCntl            
= 0001 for subtract with carry-in = 1                                     
SBB-0 (1B) Subtract with borrow                                           
Microcode same as SUB-0 except #ShftCntl = 0011 for status                
carry bit in                                                              
DAC-0 (1E) Decimal Add with Carry                                         
Microcode given in Text                                                   
DAC-1 (30)                                                                
Microcode in Text                                                         
DAC-2 (E4)                                                                
Microcode in Text                                                         
DSB-0 (1F) Decimal Subtract with borrow                                   
Microcode same as DAC-0 except #AluCntl = 1111, #ShftCntl =               
0011 for subtract, carry-in = STC                                         
DSB-1 (3C)                                                                
Microcode same as DAC-1 except #AluCntl = 1111                            
DSB-2 (E6)                                                                
Microcode same as DAC-2 except #AluCntl = 1111, #ShiftCntl =              
0001                                                                      
CMP-0 (1D) Compare Function; Dual Op; Reg File                            
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
#TtN                 Source operand from T reg to N bus                   
#AluCntl = 0111      Subtract                                             
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in = 1                                         
#LST                 Latch Status                                         
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ                                   
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
ST-0 (12) Store Function; Move Source to Destination; Reg File            
default AH           Zeros to AH bus for RF address                       
#MALtAL              AL address from MAL                                  
default P            Zeros to P bus for pass N                            
#TtN                 Source operand from T reg to N bus                   
#AluCntl = 0000      Add function for pass                                
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#LST                 Latch Status                                         
#MEM, #WR            Generate OtM; write result to dest                   
                     address                                              
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ                                   
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
AND-0 (13) AND Function; Dual Operand; Reg File                           
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#MALtAL              AL address from MAL                                  
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
#TtN                 Source operand from T reg t N bus                    
#AluCntl = 0001      AND function in ALU                                  
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#LST                 Latch Status                                         
#MEM, #WR            Generate OtM; write result to                        
                     destination address                                  
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ                                   
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
OR-0 (14) OR Function                                                     
Same microcode as AND-0 except #AluCntl = 0111 for OR                     
XOR-0 (15) XOR Function                                                   
Same microcode as AND-0 except #AluCntl = 1111 for XOR                    
BTH-0 (16) Bit Test, High; Dual Operand; Reg file                         
Don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
#TtN                 Source operand from T reg to N bus                   
#AluCntl = 0001      AND function                                         
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#LST                 Latch Status                                         
#JmpAddr = (44)      Uncond jump to DRJN-1 then RJMP-3                    
# JmpCntl = 000                                                           
BTL-0 (17) Bit Test, Low                                                  
Same microcode as BTH-0 except #AluCntl = 1011 for inverted-P             
and N                                                                     
Multiply operation MPY-0 to MPY-7 performs function of (source) ×   
(destination) and stores result in A reg, B reg. MAL is storage for PCL;  
IR                                                                        
is used for loop count, counts 9 times; PCL is partial product, low byte  
of                                                                        
answer; B reg is multiplier, low byte of answer; T is multiplicand.       
MPY-0 (1C) Write general destination to B reg                             
default AH, #ONEtAL  B reg address on AH, AL                              
#MDtP                Destination operand from addressing                  
                     mode to P bus                                        
default N            Zeros to N bus for pass                              
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Pass, no carry                                       
#MEM, #WR            OtM; write destination operand to B                  
                     reg                                                  
#JmpAddr = (04)      Uncond jump to MPY-1                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MPY-1 (04) Save PCL in MAL reg                                            
don&#39;t care AL, AH    No memory cycle                                      
#PCLtP               PCL to P bus for pass                                
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Pass, no carry                                       
#OtMAL               PCL stored in MAL                                    
#JmpAddr = (E2)      Uncond jump to MPY-2                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MPY-2 (E2) Clear count (IR) and partial product (PGL) Registers           
don&#39;t care AL, AH    No memory cycle                                      
default N, P         Zeros to N and P busses for constant                 
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Pass, no carry                                       
#LST                 Latch Status                                         
#OtPCL               Zeros to PCL (partial product reg)                   
OtM, #MDtIR          Zeros to IR (shift count reg)                        
#JmpAddr = (EA)      Uncond jump to MPY-3                                 
MPY-3 (EA) Rotate Right the Partial Product; fetch multiplier from B reg  
default AH, #ONEtAL  B reg address on AH, AL                              
#PCLtP               PCL to P bus for rotate                              
default N            Zeros to N bus for pass P                            
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass                                                 
#ShiftCntl = 1011    Rotate right, STC to MSB                             
#LST                 Latch status; LSB to STC                             
#OtPCL               Partial product back to PCL                          
#MEM                 Fetch B reg                                          
#JmpAddr = (8A)      Uncond jump to MPY-4                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MPY-4 (8A) Rotate multiplier back to B reg                                
default AH, # ONEtAL B reg address to AH, AL                              
#MDtP                B reg contants from memory to P bus                  
default N            Zeros to N                                           
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass                                                 
#ShftCntl = 0101     Rotate right, STC to MSB                             
#LST                 Latch Status; LSB to STC                             
#MEM, #WR            Multiplier back to B reg                             
#JmpAddr = (4A)      Uncond jump to MPY-5                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MPY-5 (4A) Increment and rotate shift count; Test STC (Multiplier)        
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P            Zeros to P bus                                       
#IRtN                Shift Count to N bus                                 
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass                                                 
#ShftCntl = 0101     Rotate left and increment, gives 9×            
                     loop                                                 
OtM, #MDtIR          Shift count back to IR                               
#JmpAddr = (34)      Test multiplier bit; if = 1 to                       
                     MPY-6; if = 0 to MPY-7 (Jump on                      
                     status carry bit)                                    
#JmpCntl = 110                                                            
MPY-6 (35) If Multipler bit is 1, T + PCL to PCL                          
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#PCLtP               Partial Product from PCL to P bus                    
#TtN                 Multiplicand from T reg to N bus                     
#AluCntl = 0000,     Add, multiplicand plus partial                       
#ShftCntl = 0000     product of the partial product                       
#LST                 Latch status, save STC                               
#OtPCL               Sum of multiplicand and partial                      
                     product to PCL                                       
#JmpAddr = (EA)      Uncond jump to MPY-3 for loop                        
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MPY-7 (34) If Multiplier bit is zero, clear STC                           
default AH, AL       Zeros for A reg address                              
#PCLtP               PCL to P bus to write in A reg                       
default N            Zeros to N bus for pass partial                      
                     product                                              
#AluCntl = 0000,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Add function, no carry-in for pass P                 
#LST                 Latch status; zero to STC; set                       
                     status on high byte                                  
#MEM, #WR            Write to A reg                                       
#JmpAddr = (EA)      Test loop count; to MPY-3 or JMPL-1                  
#JmpCntl = 011       Jump on uEZ                                          
LDAP-0 (F0) Load A (Move to A) Function for Peripheral Page; Move         
destination                                                               
operand to A reg                                                          
default AH, AL       Zeros for A reg address                              
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus zeros (pass P)                            
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry                                             
#LST                 Latch status                                         
#MEM, #WR            ALU output to MD Bus (OtM asserted),                 
                     so result written into A reg                         
#JmpAddr = (00)      Jump to IAQ-0                                        
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
LDBP-0 (F1) Load B (Move to B) Function for Peripheral Page; Move         
destination                                                               
operand to B reg                                                          
Microcode same as LDAP-0 (F0) except #ONEtAL instead of                   
default AL to generate B reg address on AL                                
STP-0 (F2) Store Function for Peripheral Page; Move source operand to     
destination                                                               
#ONEtAH              Peripheral page address to AH                        
#MALtAL              AL address comes from MAL                            
default P            Zeros to P bus                                       
#TtN                 T reg to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add zeros to N (pass)                                
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry                                             
#LST                 Latch status                                         
#MEMCNT, #MEM, #WR   1st half of long write; ALU output                   
                     on MD (OtM)                                          
#JmpAddr =           Uncond jump to STAL-2                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
ANDP-0 (F3) And Function for Peripheral Page; Dual Operand                
#ONEtAH              Peripheral page address                              
#MALtAL              AL from MAL                                          
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
#TtN                 Source operand from T reg to N bus                   
#AluCntl = 0001,                                                          
#ABL = 1             Logical AND                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry                                             
#LST                 Latch status                                         
#MEMCNT, #MEM, #WR   1st half long write; ALU result on                   
                     MD (OtM)                                             
#JmpAddr = (8E)      Uncond jump to STAL-2                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
ORP-0 (F4) OR Function for Peripheral Page; Dual Operand                  
Microcode same as ANDP-0 (F3) except #AluCntl = 0111, #ABL = 1            
for OR instead of AND                                                     
XORP-0 (F5) Exclusive OR Function for Peripheral Page; Dual Operand       
Microcode same as ANDP-0 (f3) except #AluCntl = 1111, #ABL = 1            
for XOR                                                                   
BTHP-0 (F6) Bit Test High Function, Peripheral; Dual Operand              
Don&#39;t Care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
#TtN                 Source operand from T reg to N bus                   
#AluCntl = 0001,                                                          
#ABL = 1             P AND N performed in ALU                             
#ShftCntl =  0000    No carry                                             
#LST                 Latch status                                         
#JmpAddr = (44)      Uncond jump to DRJN-1                                
#JmpCntl = 0000                                                           
BTLP-0 (F7) Bit Test Low Function, Peripheral; Dual Operand               
Microcode same as BTHP-0 (F6) except #AluCntl = 1011, #ABL = 1            
for (Not P) AND N function                                                
PUSH-0 (28) Push Function; Single Operand is in T reg from Addressing     
Mode;                                                                     
Increment stack Pointer                                                   
Don&#39;t care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#SPtAL, #PAL         SP to ALU via AL and P busses                        
default N            Zeros to N                                           
#AluCntl = 0000      Add zeros to SP with carry-in for                    
                     increment                                            
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in = 1                                         
#OtSP                Result back to SP                                    
#JmpAdr = 90         Uncond jump to Push-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
PUSH-1 (90) Push con&#39;t; Write single operand onto stack                   
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#SPtAL               R address is SP                                      
default P            Zeros to P bus                                       
#TtN                 Operand from T reg to N for pass N                   
#AluCntl = 0000      Add zeros to T for pass                              
#ShftCntl =  0000    No carry-in                                          
#MEM, #WR            Short memory write; OtM asserted;                    
                     write T reg contents on stack                        
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
POP-0 (29) Pop Stack; Fetch Top of Stack and Decrement stack Pointer      
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#SPtAL               RF address is SP                                     
#PAL                 SP to P for decrement in ALU                         
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 1111      P minus N minus 1                                    
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#OtSP                Result back to SP                                    
#MEM                 Read top of stack from RF                            
#MDtT                From memory back to T reg                            
#JmpAddr = (92)      Uncond jump to XCHB-1 for dest write                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
DecD-0 (2B) Decrement Double; Least Sig Half Register Decrement, Back to  
Memory                                                                    
default AH           For RF address                                       
#MALtAL              Reg address from MAL                                 
#MDtP                LSH from memory to P bus                             
default N            Zeros to N bus for decrement P                       
#AluCntl = 1111      Decrement LSH                                        
#ShftCntl = 0000                                                          
#LST                 Latch status; save borrow                            
#MEM, #WR            Write LSH lack to MEM; OtM asserted                  
#JmpAddr = (40)      Uncond jump to DecD-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
DecD-1 (40) Load Zeros to T (for sharing with SUB microcode)              
Don&#39;t Care AL, AH    No memory cycle                                      
default N, P         Zeros to N and P busses                              
#AluCntl = 0000      Add zeros                                            
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry                                             
OtM, #MDtT           ALU output to T reg (zeros)                          
#JmpAddr = (42)      Uncond jump to DecD-2                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
DecD-2 (42) Decrement MAL to Point to the Most Sig Half                   
Don&#39;t Care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#MALtAL, #PAL        MAL to P via AL bus                                  
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 1111      Decrement P bus (MAL Reg)                            
#ShftCntl = 0000                                                          
OtM                  Result to MD bus                                     
#JmpAddr = (81)      Uncond Jump to ItoRF-4 then to Sub-0                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
DRJN-0 (2A) Decrement Reg and Jump on Not Zero; First State decrements    
and                                                                       
writes back, set u zero                                                   
default AH           RF address is zeros on AH                            
#MALtAL              RF address is destination in MAL                     
#MDtP                Destination operand to P bus from                    
                     memory                                               
default N            Zeros on N bus for decrement                         
#AluCntl = 1111      Subtract for decrement; set u zero                   
#ShftCntl = 0000                                                          
#MEM; #WR            Write ALU output via OtM to                          
                     destination                                          
#JmpAddr = (44)      Uncond jump to DRJN-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
DRJN-1 (44) Con&#39;t; 1st half of Offset Fetch                               
#PCHtAH              PCH to address high and                              
#PCLtP, #PAL         PCL to address low to fetch immed                    
                     offset                                               
default N            Zeros to N bus for increment P                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P bus (PCL) to zeros, carry-in =                 
                     1                                                    
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in = 1 for increment                           
#OtPCL               Result back to PCL                                   
#MEMCNT, #MEM        1st half of long read                                
#JmpAddr = (8C)      &#34;Micro equal zero&#34; dispatch; if                      
                     UEZ = 1 go to DRJN-1 (8D), else to                   
                     DRJN-3 (8C)                                          
#JmpCntl = 011                                                            
DRJN-2 (8D) Con&#39;t; No jump, return to IAQ; 2nd half of Immed Fetch        
Don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#PCHtP               PCH to P bus                                         
default N            Zeros to N for increment                             
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P bus (PCH) plus zeros                           
#ShftCntl = 0010     Micro carry-in; increment PCH if                     
                     carry from PCL                                       
#OtPCH               Result back to PCH                                   
#MEM; #MDtT          2nd half long read; offset back to T                 
                     reg                                                  
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
DRJN-3 (8C) Con&#39;t; Jump Condition Valid; 2nd Half Immed Fetch             
Microcode same as DRJN-2 (8D) except #JmpAddr = (9C) to go to             
RJMP-3 to complete relative jump                                          
RR-0 (2C) Rotate Right Circular; Single Operand Function                  
default AH           Zeros for RF address on AH                           
#MALtAL              RF address in MAL from addressing                    
                     mode                                                 
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
default N            Zeros to N for pass P                                
#AluCntl = 0000      Add zeros to P                                       
#ShftCntl = 1001     Rotate right, carry-in = 0                           
#LST                 Latch status                                         
#MEM, #WR            Result to MD; OtM asserted; write in                 
                     destination address                                  
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ                                   
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RRC-0 (2D) Rotate Right Thru Carry                                        
Microcode same as RR-0 (2C) except #ShftCntl = 1011 for rotate            
right thru carry                                                          
RL-0 (2E) Rotate Left Circular; shared as 4th rotate in Swap Function     
Microcode same as RR-0 (2C) except #ShftCntl = 0101 for rotate            
left                                                                      
RLC-0 (2F) Rotate Left Thru Carry                                         
Microcode same as RR-0 (2C) except #ShftCntl = 0111 for rotate            
left thru carry                                                           
STA-0 (20) Store A (Move from A) Function; Fetch A Reg to Move to B Reg   
or RF                                                                     
default AH, AL       Zeros for Reg A address                              
Don&#39;t Care P, N,                                                          
#AluCntl             No ALU operation                                     
#MEM, #MDtT          Read A reg to T reg                                  
#JmpAddr = (21)      Uncond jump to STB-0 to write A reg                  
                     to destination address                               
STB-0 (21) Store B (Move from B) Function; Move T Reg to Destination      
Address                                                                   
in MAL; used for MOV A,B; MOV A, RF; MOV B, RF; TST A; TST B              
default AH           Zeros on AH for RF address                           
#MALtAL              Destination addess to AL                             
default P            Zeros to P bus                                       
#TtN                 Source operand from T reg to N bus                   
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass destination operand                             
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#LST                 Latch status                                         
#MEM, #WR            Result via OtM to destination                        
                     address in RF                                        
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ                                   
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
DEC-0 (22) Decrement; Single Operand Function                             
Microcode same as Decrement Double DecD-0 (2B) except #JmpAddr            
= (00); #JmpCntl = 000 for return to IAQ                                  
INC-0 (23) Increment; Single Operand Function                             
Microcode same as DEC-0 (22) exdept #AluCntl = 0000; #ShftCntl            
= 0001 for add-1 or increment                                             
INV-0 (24) Invert; Single Operand Function                                
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#MALtAL              RF address is in MAL from addressing                 
                     mode                                                 
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
don&#39;t care N         One operand so N bus is don&#39;t care                   
#AluCntl = 1010,                                                          
#ABL = 1             Invert P                                             
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in 0                                           
#LST                 Latch status                                         
#MEM, #WR            Write result via OtM to destination                  
                     address                                              
#JmpAddr =  (00)     Uncond jump to IAQ                                   
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
CLR-0 (25) Clear; Single Operand Function                                 
Microcode same as INV-0 (24) except #AluCntl = 1001 for zeros             
XCHB-0 (26) Exchange B Reg with Destination Operand; 1st state-write      
destination operand in B reg.                                             
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#ONEtAL              B reg address to AL                                  
#MDtP                Destination operand from memory to P                 
                     bus                                                  
default N            Zeros to N bus for pass P                            
#AluCntl = 0000      Add P plus zeros                                     
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#LST                 Latch status                                         
#MEM, #WR            Write via OtM to B reg                               
#JmpAddr = (92)      Uncond jump to XCHB-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
XCHB-1 (92) Write B Reg to Destination Location                           
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#MALtAL              MAL to AL for destination address                    
default P            Zeros to P bus for pass N                            
#TtN                 B reg operand from T reg to N bus                    
#AluCntl = 0000      Add zeros to N using Add                             
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#MEM, #WR            Memory writes; generate OtM; T reg                   
                     contents thru ALU to Destination                     
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ                                   
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
SWAP-0 (27) Single Operand Swap function; First rotate back to MD bus     
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#MDtP                Operand from ALU to P bus                            
default N            Zeros to N bus for pass P                            
#AluCntl = 0000      Add zeros to P for Pass                              
#ShftCntl = 0101     Shift is &#34;rotate left circular&#34;                      
#OtM                 Result back to MD bus                                
#JmpAddr = (96)      Uncond jump to SWAP-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
SWAP-1 (96) Second rotate back to MD bus                                  
Same microcode as SWAP-0 (27); uncond jump to SWAP-2                      
SWAP-2 (98) Third rotate back to MD bus                                   
Same as SWAP-0 (27); uncond jump to RL-0 (2E) for 4th rotate              
to complete byte swap                                                     
LDAL-0 (FA) Load A Reg From Long Addressing Mode; 1st Half of Long        
Operand                                                                   
Read                                                                      
#TtAH                T Reg has high byte of long address                  
#MALtAL              MAL has low byte of long address                     
default P, N         Zeros to P and N busses for pass                     
                     zero                                                 
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass zeros by Add operation                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#OtMAL               Zeros to MAL (to share STB-0)                        
#MEMCNT, #MEM        1st half long read                                   
#JmpAddr = (20)      Uncond jump to STA-0 to read 2nd,                    
                     write A                                              
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
STAL-0 (FB) Store A Reg to Long Addressing Mode; Read A Reg               
default AH, AL       A Reg address is all zeros                           
Don&#39;t care P, N,                                                          
#AluCntl, #ShftCntl  No ALU cycle                                         
#MEM                 Read A Reg; contents on MD bus                       
#JmpAddr = (9D)      Uncond jump to STAL-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
STAL-1 (9D) Store A Long Write Operation                                  
#TtAH                T has address high                                   
#MALtAL              MAL has address low                                  
#MDtP                A coming from memory to P bus                        
default N            Zeros to N bus for pass                              
#AluCntl = 0000      Add operation for pass                               
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#LST                 Latch status                                         
#MEMCNT; #MEM, #WR   1st half long write; ALU to MD by                    
                     OtM                                                  
#JmpAddr = (8E)      Uncond jump to STAL-2                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
STAL-2 (8E) Store A Long Write (con&#39;t)                                    
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF                                   
#ONEtAL              0001 to AL for B Reg address                         
#MDtP                Result from prior state from MD to P                 
                     bus                                                  
default N            Zeros to N for Pass                                  
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass MD back around to MD                            
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#MEM, #WR            Generates OtM; 2nd half of long                      
                     write                                                
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ                                   
#JmpCntl - 000                                                            
CMPL-0 (FD) Compare Long; 1st Half of Long Operand Fetch                  
#TtAH                T Reg has high byte of address                       
#MALtAL              MAL Reg has low byte of address                      
Don&#39;t Care P, N                                                           
Don&#39;t Care #AluCntl,                                                      
#ShftCntl            No ALU cycle                                         
#MEMCNT, #MEM        1st half of long read                                
#JmpAddr = (83)      Uncond jump to RFtoA-2                               
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
JmpL-0 (FC) Long Jump Function; Enters with High byte in T reg, Low Byte  
in                                                                        
MAL                                                                       
Don&#39;t Care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P            Zeros to P bus                                       
#TtN                 T reg (High byte of long address) to                 
                     N bus                                                
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass N using Add                                     
#ShftCntl = 000      No carry-in                                          
#OtPCH               ALU output to PCH                                    
#JmpAddr = (EB)      Uncond jump to JmpL-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
JmpL-1 (EB) Jump Long; Move Low byte of address to PCL                    
don&#39;t care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#MALtAL, #PAL        Low byte to P bus via AL bus                         
default N            Zeros to N for pass P bus                            
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass P using Add                                     
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#OtPCL               Low byte from ALU to PCL                             
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ                                   
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
Call-0 (FE) Long Call Function; Enters with high byte of address in T     
reg, low                                                                  
byte in MAL                                                               
Don&#39;t care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#SPtAL, #PAL         SP to P bus via AL bus                               
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Zeros with carry for increment                       
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in = 1                                         
#OtSP                Incremented SP back to SP                            
#JmpAddr = (0C)      Uncond jump to trap sequence TGA-6                   
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MOVD-0 (F8) Move Double; Enters with high byte data in T Reg, low byte in 
MAL;                                                                      
Must fetch reg address (of low byte data), decrement to write high byte;  
first state is move low byte to IR, free MAL                              
Don&#39;t care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#MALtAL, #PAL        MAL to P via AL bus to pass to IR                    
#default N           Zeros to N bus for pass                              
#AluCntl = 0000      Add operation for pass                               
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
OtM, #MDtIR          ALU result to IR via MD bus                          
#JmpAddr = (31)      Uncond jump to MOVD-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MOVD-1 (31) 1st Half of Reg address fetch; increment PCL                  
#PCHtAH              Address for Immed fetch                              
#PCLtP, #PAL         PCL to AL and P bus                                  
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add for increment PCL                                
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in = 1                                         
#OtPCL               Result back to PCL                                   
#MEMCNT, #MEM        1st half long read                                   
#JmpAddr = (33)      Uncond jump to MOVD-2                                
# JmpCntl = 000                                                           
MOVD-2 (33) 2nd Half of RF address fetch; increment PCH                   
don&#39;t care AH, AL    2nd half of long read                                
#PCHtP               PCH to P bus                                         
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add zeros to PCH with microcarry                     
                     from PCL                                             
#ShftCntl = 0010                                                          
#OtPCH               Result back to PCH                                   
#MEM                 2nd half of long read; leaves                        
                     address of RF on MD                                  
#JmpAddr = (37)      Uncond jump to MOVD-3 (37)                           
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MOVD-3 (37) Move RF Address to MAL                                        
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#MDtP                RF address from memory to P bus                      
default N            Zeros to N for pass                                  
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass using Add                                       
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#OtMAL               Result to MAL; address of low byte                   
                     date                                                 
#JmpAddr = (10)      Uncond jump to MOVD-4                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MOVD-4 (10) Write low byte reg to memory                                  
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF                                   
#MALtAL              Reg Address to MAL                                   
default P            Zeros to P bus                                       
#IRtN                Low byte reg address from IR to N                    
                     bus                                                  
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass N                                               
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#MEM, #WR            OtM; write low byte to memory                        
#JmpAddr = (11)      Uncond jump to MOVD-5                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
MOVD-5 (11) Decrement MAL to Point to High byte                           
don&#39;t care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#MALtAL, #PAL        MAL to P bus via AL bus                              
default N            Zeros to N bus for decrement                         
#AluCntl = 1111,                                                          
#ABL = 0             Decrement P bus (subtract in ALU)                    
#ShftCntl = 0000     No carry-in                                          
#OtMAL               Result to MAL                                        
#JmpAddr = (92)      Uncond jump to XCHB-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
Test-0 (F9) Test Sequence; Enters test function from long addressing mode 
with                                                                      
high byte of address in T reg, low byte in MAL                            
#TtAH                T reg has high byte of ROM address                   
#MALtAL              MAL has low byte of ROM address                      
default P, N         Zeros to P and N busses to create 02                 
                     constant                                             
#AluCntl = 0000      ALU function is 0 + 0 +  1, rotate                   
                     left, equals 02                                      
#ShftCntl = 0100     Carry-in = 1; shift left                             
#MDtIR               ALU result to IR for AtoPPL mode                     
#MEMCNT, #MEM        1st half of long read (generates                     
                     OtM)                                                 
#JmpAddr = (50)      Uncond jump to AtoPPL-0, then STP-0                  
                     function                                             
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
PopST-0 (08) Pop Stack; Fetch Top of Stack and Decrement Stack Pointer    
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#SPtAL, #PAL         Stack Pointer to AL and P                            
default N            Zeros to N                                           
#AluCntl = 1111      Subtract for decrement SP                            
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry-in                                        
#OtSP                Result back to SP                                    
#MEM, #MDtT          Read top from RF to T Reg                            
#JmpAddr = (0F)      Uncond jump to LDST-0 (0F)                           
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RETS-0 (0A) Return from Subroutine Function; Move Top of Stack to PCL     
Don&#39;t Care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#MDtP                Top of stack on MD goes to P bus                     
default N            Zeros to N bus for pass                              
#AluCntl = 0000      Add operation for pass P                             
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#OtPCL               Result to PCL                                        
#JmpAddr = (46)      Uncond jump to RETS-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RETS-1 (46) Fetch Top of Stack; Decrement SP                              
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#MALtAL, #PAL        MAL to AL and P                                      
default N            Zeros to N bus for decrement                         
#AluCntl = 1111      Subtract                                             
#ShftCntl = 0000     Zero carry-in                                        
#OtSP                Result back to SP                                    
#MEM                 Read top of stack                                    
#JmpAddr = (3A)      Function dispatch to (3A) or (3B) on                 
                     IR low                                               
#JmpCntl = 001                                                            
RETS-2 (3A) Write Top to PCH Reg                                          
Same microcode as RETS-0 except #OtPCH instead of #OtPCL:                 
#JmpAddr = (00) for uncond jump to IAQ-0                                  
RETI-0 (0B) Return From Interrupt; Fetch Top                              
Same microcode as RETS-0; #JmpAddr = (46), RETS-1                         
RETI-2 (3B) Fetch Top; Decrement SP                                       
Same microcode as RETS-2 except #JmpAddr = (08) for uncond                
jump to PopST-0                                                           
STSP-0 (09) Store Stack Pointer into B Reg; Pass SP to MD bus             
don&#39;t care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#SPtAL, #PAL         SP to P bus via AL bus                               
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl = 0000      Add function for Pass P                              
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
OtM                  Result to MD bus                                     
#JmpAddr = (8E)      Uncond jump to STAL-2 to write SP to                 
                     B reg                                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
LDSP-0 (0D) Load Stack Pointer From B Reg; Write B Reg from T to SP       
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P            Zeros to P bus                                       
#TtN                 T Reg (B Reg) to N Bus                               
#AluCntl = 0000      Add function for Pass T                              
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#OtSP                Result to Stack Pointer                              
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
#PushST-0 (0E) Push Stack Function; increment SP                          
don&#39;t care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#SPtAL, #PAL         SP to AL and P.bus                                   
default N            Zeros to N                                           
#AluCntl = 0000      Add function for pass P                              
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in = 1 for increment                           
#OtSP                Result to SP                                         
#JmpAddr = (94)      Uncond jump to PushST-1                              
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
#PushST-1 (94) Write Status on Stack                                      
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#SPtAL               SP to AL for stack address                           
default P            Zeros to P bus for pass N                            
#STtN                Status Reg to N bus                                  
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass N using Add                                     
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#MEM, #WR            OtM asserted; write to stack                         
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
#LDST-0 (0F) Load Status From B Reg (Not used as macroinstruction); Write 
Reg to Status                                                             
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P            Zeros to P bus                                       
#TtN                 B Reg from T Reg to N bus                            
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass N                                               
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#OtST                Result to ST                                         
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
EINT-0 (O5) Enable Interrupt; Write all ones into Status Reg              
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P, N         Zeros to P and N                                     
#AluCntl = 1111      Subtract produces all ones                           
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#OtST                Ones to ST                                           
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
DINT-0 (06) Disable Interrupt; Write all zeros into Status Reg            
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P, N         Zeros to P and N                                     
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass zeros                                           
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#OtST                Zeros to ST                                          
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
IDLE-0 (01) Idle Function; Decrement PCL                                  
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#PCLtP               PCL to P bus                                         
default N            Zeros to N for decrement                             
#AluCntl = 1111,                                                          
#ShftCntl = 0000     Subtract for decrement; carry-in = 0                 
#OtPCL               Result back to PCL                                   
#JmpAddr = (38)      Uncond jump to IDLE-1                                
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
IDLE-1 (38) Idle Function; Decrement PCH if borrow                        
don&#39;t care, AH, AL   No memory cycle                                      
#PCHtP               PCH to P bus                                         
default N            Zeros to N for decrement P                           
#AluCntl = 1111      Subtract                                             
#ShftCntl = 0010     uC in                                                
#OtPCH               Result to PCH                                        
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
SetC-0 (07) Set Carry; Clear Sign Bit; Sets Zero Bit                      
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P, N         Zeros to P and N                                     
#AluCntl = 1111      0 - 0 = 0                                            
#ShftCntl = 0001     STC = 1                                              
#LST                 Load Status                                          
#JmpAddr = (00)      Uncond jump to IAQ-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
INT-0 (E1) Interrupt Routine; Int Ack; Subtract for Idle Test             
default AH, AL       Zeros to AH, AL busses to put out                    
                     known value during Int Acknowledge                   
#MDtP                Instruction to P bus for Idle Test                   
default N            Zeros to N bus for decrement                         
#AluCntl = 1111      Subtract one to check for zero                       
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#MEMCNT              1st half of Int Ack; asserts Int Ack                 
#JmpAddr = (4E)      Uncond jump to INT-1                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
INT-1 (4E) Interrupt Routine; Increment SP; Test for Zero (Idle)          
don&#39;t care AH        Address latched during INT-0                         
#SPtAL, #PAL         SP to AL bus and P bus                               
default N            Zeros to N for increment                             
#AluCntl = 0000      Add for increment                                    
#ShftCntl = 0001     Carry-in = 1                                         
#OtSP                Result bck to SP                                     
#MDtIR               Vector from device to IR; Int Ack                    
                     asserted                                             
#JmpAddr = (02)      Jump on micro equal zero; if Idle go                 
                     to INT-4, else go to INT-2                           
#JmpCntl = 011                                                            
INT-2 (02) Decrement PCL for all instructions except idle                 
don&#39;t care AH        No memory cycle                                      
#PAL, #PCLtP         PCL to P bus via AL                                  
default N            Zeros to N for decrement                             
#AluCntl = 1111      Subtract to decrement PCL                            
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#OtPCL               Result back to PCL                                   
#JmpAddr = (39)      Uncond jump to INT-3                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
INT-3 (39) Decrement PCH if Borrow from PCL                               
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
#PCHtP               PCH to P bus                                         
default N            Zeros to N bus                                       
#AluCntl =  1111     Decrement PCH if borrow                              
#ShftCntl = 0010     uC in                                                
#OtPCH               Result to PCH                                        
#JmpAddr = (03)      Uncond jump to INT-4                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
(NOTE: Interrupts are one address apart because they share the trap code  
which rotates the address left.)                                          
INT-4 (03) Write Status to Stack                                          
default AH           Zeros to AH for RF address                           
#SPtAL               SP to AL for stack write                             
default P            Zeros to P bus for pass N                            
#STtN                Status Reg to N bus                                  
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass N bus using Add                                 
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#MEM, #WR            Write Status Reg to Stack                            
#JmpAddr = (48)      Uncond jump to INT-5                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
INT-5 (48) Clear Int Enable in Status                                     
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P, N         Zeros to P and N busses                              
#AluCntl = 0000      ALU all zeros                                        
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#OtST                Zeros to Status Reg                                  
#JmpAddr = (5F)      Uncond jump to TGA-0                                 
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RESET-0 (FF) Reset sequence; Don&#39;t Care State                             
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
don&#39;t care P, N      No ALU cycle                                         
don&#39;t care #AluCntl,                                                      
#ShftCntl                                                                 
#MEM                 Read cycle to protect memory from                    
                     Long Write                                           
#JmpAddr = (E8)      Uncond jump to RESET-1                               
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RESET-1 (E8) Reset; ALU produces FF as vector address                     
don&#39;t care AH, AL    No memory cycle                                      
default P, N         Zeros to P and N busses                              
#AluCntl = 1111      Subtract to produce all ones                         
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#OtSP                Ones to SP                                           
#MDtT, #MDtIR        OtM asserted; ones to IR for high                    
                     byte address; ones to T                              
#JmpAddr = (EC)      Uncond jump to RESET-2                               
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RESET-2 (EC) Reset; Write zeros to Interrupt Control Reg                  
#ONEtAH              PF address                                           
default AL           Zeros to AL for 0100 Int Cont Reg                    
                     Address                                              
default P, N         Zeros to P and N for pass zeros                      
#AluCntl = 0000      Add 0 + 0                                            
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#OtST                Zeros to Status Reg                                  
#MEMCNT, #MEM, #WR   1st half long write to Int Cont Reg                  
#JmpAddr = (32)      Uncond jump to RESET-3 for 2nd half                  
                     of long write                                        
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
RESET-3 (32) Reset; 2nd Half of Long Write                                
don&#39;t care AH, AL    Address is latched in RESET-2                        
default P, N         Zeros to P and N busses                              
#AluCntl = 0000      Pass zeros again for long write                      
#ShftCntl = 0000     Carry-in = 0                                         
#MEM, #WR            2nd half long write; OtM asserted                    
#JmpAddr = (5F)      Uncond jump to TGA-0 to form vector                  
#JmpCntl = 000                                                            
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                       TABLE D                                                     
______________________________________                                    
#AluCnt1           ALU Output                                             
3   2     1     0   #ABL   to Shifter S                                   
                                       Operations                         
______________________________________                                    
0   0     0     0   0      P + N + Cin Add                                
0   0     0     0   1      P XNOR N    Exclusive NOR                      
0   0     0     1   1      P AND N     AND                                
0   0     1     0   1      (NOT P) OR N                                   
                                       OR                                 
0   0     1     1   1      N           Pass N                             
0   1     0     0   1      P OR (NOT N)                                   
                                       OR                                 
0   1     0     1   1      P           Pass P                             
0   1     1     0   1      FF(hex)     all 1&#39;s                            
0   1     1     1   1      P OR N      OR                                 
1   0     0     0   1      P NOR N     NOR                                
1   0     0     1   1      OO          All 0&#39;s                            
1   0     1     0   1      NOT P       Invert P                           
1   0     1     1   1      (NOT P) AND N                                  
                                       AND                                
1   1     0     0   1      NOT N       Invert N                           
1   1     0     1   1      P AND (NOT N)                                  
                                       AND                                
1   1     1     0   1      P NAND N    NAND                               
1   1     1     1   0      P - N - 1 + Cin                                
                                       Subtract                           
1   1     1     1   1      P XOR N     Exclusive OR                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                                           TABLE E                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
GROUP DISPATCH                                                            
Selection of Addressing Mode                                              
__________________________________________________________________________
FORMAT &#34;0&#34;                FORMAT &#34;1&#34;                                      
IR     CROM ADDRESS                                                       
                 MICRO-   IR     CROM ADDRESS                             
                                           MICRO-                         
CONTENTS                                                                  
       HEX  BINARY                                                        
                 INSTRUCTION                                              
                          CONTENTS                                        
                                 HEX  BINARY                              
                                           INSTRUCTION                    
__________________________________________________________________________
0000XXXX                                                                  
       41   01000001                                                      
                 MISC-0   10000XXX                                        
                                 50   01010000                            
                                           AtoPPL-0                       
0001XXXX                                                                  
       43   01000011                                                      
                 RFtoA-0  10001XXX                                        
                                 51   01010001                            
                                           DIRtoA-0                       
0010XXXX                                                                  
       45   01000101                                                      
                 ItoA-0   10010XXX                                        
                                 52   01010010                            
                                           BtoPPL-0                       
0011XXXX                                                                  
       47   01000111                                                      
                 RF to B-0                                                
                          10011XXX                                        
                                 53   01010011                            
                                           INDtoA-0                       
0100XXXX                                                                  
       49   01001001                                                      
                 RFtoRF-0 10100XXX                                        
                                 54   01010100                            
                                           ItoPPL-0                       
0101XXXX                                                                  
       4B   01001011                                                      
                 ItoB-0   10101XXX                                        
                                 55   01010101                            
                                           INDXtoA-0                      
0110XXXX                                                                  
       4D   01001101                                                      
                 BtoA-0   10110XXX                                        
                                 56   01010110                            
                                           Sg1AS-0                        
0111XXXX                                                                  
       4F   01001111                                                      
                 ItoRF-0  10111XXX                                        
                                 57   01010111                            
                                           Sg1A-0                         
                          11000XXX                                        
                                 58   01011000                            
                                           Sg1BS-0                        
                          11001XXX                                        
                                 59   01011001                            
                                           Sg1B-0                         
                          11010XXX                                        
                                 5A   01011010                            
                                           Sg1RFS-0                       
                          11011XXX                                        
                                 5B   01011011                            
                                           Sg1RF-0                        
                          11100XXX                                        
                                 5C   01011100                            
                                           RJmp-0                         
                          11101XXX                                        
                                 5D   01011101                            
                                           TGC-0                          
                          11110XXX                                        
                                 5E   01011110                            
                                           TGB-0                          
                          11111XXX                                        
                                 5F   01011111                            
                                           TGA-0                          
__________________________________________________________________________
 ##STR4##                                                                 
 ##STR5##                                                                 
 
    
     
         TABLE F                                                                   
______________________________________                                    
FUNCTION DISPATCH                                                         
Selection of Function to be Executed                                      
For Dual Operand Function                                                 
______________________________________                                    
OPCODE:     CROM Address                                                  
IR Contents Hex    Binary    Microinstruction                             
______________________________________                                    
0XXX0010    12     00010010  ST-0                                         
0XXX0011    13     00010011  AND-0                                        
0XXX0100    14     00010100  OR-0                                         
0XXX0101    15     00010101  XOR-0                                        
0XXX0110    16     00010110  BTH-0                                        
0XXX0111    17     00010111  BTL-0                                        
0XXX1000    18     00011000  ADD-0                                        
0XXX1001    19     00011001  ADC-0                                        
0XXX1010    1A     00011010  SUB-0                                        
0XXX1011    1B     00011011  SBB-0                                        
0XXX1100    1C     00011100  MPY-0                                        
0XXX1101    1D     00011101  CMP-0                                        
0XXX1110    1E     00011110  DAC-0                                        
0XXX1111    1F     00011111  DSB-0                                        
______________________________________                                    
CROM Address =                                                            
             Base address bits J7, J6, J5, J4 (here                       
            hex 10); plus function field of OPCODE                        
            (IR3, IR2, IR1, IR0)                                          
 ##STR6##                                                                 
 
    
     
         TABLE G                                                                   
______________________________________                                    
SUMMARY OF DISPATCH MODES                                                 
Microcode Bits                                                            
Dispatch #JmpCnt1                                                         
Mode     2     1     0   OPERATION                                        
______________________________________                                    
Unconditional                                                             
         0     0     0   Unconditional jump to #JmpAddr                   
                         (7-0) location.                                  
Function 0     0     1   Function dispatch;16-way branch on               
                         low-order 4 bits of IR                           
Test sign bit                                                             
         0     1     0   2-way branch on T(7), MSB of T Reg               
Test if zero                                                              
         0     1     1   Micro equal zero, uEZ, bit from                  
                         ALU tested.                                      
Test for 1     0     0   Interrupt Active bit is tested                   
interrupt                                                                 
Group    1     0     1   Group Dispatch - 24-way branch                   
                         on high order 5 bits of IR.                      
Test if carry                                                             
         1     1     0   Test STC bit                                     
Test Status                                                               
         1     1     1   Macro jump; test status bits                     
                         dependent on low-order 3 bits of IR.             
Reset    X     X     X   FORCES μA to FF unconditionally,              
                         regardless of current #JmpAddr                   
                         or #JmpCnt1 bit.                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                                           TABLE H                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
MEMORY CONTROL                                                            
#MEMCNT                                                                   
       #MEMCNT                                                            
(current)                                                                 
       (previous)                                                         
               #MEM #WR  Memory Reference                                 
                                     OtM                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
0      0       0    0                                                     
No Mem Reference -                   0                                    
0      0       0    1    Gate O Bus to MD Bus                             
                                     1                                    
0      0       1    0    Short Memory Read                                
                                     0                                    
0      0       1    1    Short Memory Write                               
                                     1                                    
0      1       0    0    2nd State Int. Vector                            
                                     0                                    
0      1       0    1    * Illegal * 1                                    
0      1       1    0    2nd State Long Read                              
                                     0                                    
0      1       1    1    2nd State Long Write                             
                                     1                                    
1      0       0    0    1st State Int. Vector                            
                                     1                                    
1      0       0    1    * Illegal * 1                                    
1      0       1    0    1st State Long Read                              
                                     1                                    
1      0       1    1    1st State Long Write                             
                                     1                                    
1      1       x    x    * Illegal * 1                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     
                       TABLE I                                                     
______________________________________                                    
MACROJUMPS                                                                
IR Bits Condition Tested                                                  
2   1     0     STC   STSB  STEZ   Comment                                
______________________________________                                    
0   0     0     --    --    --     Unconditionally Jump                   
0   0     1     --    1     --     Jump if Negative                       
0   1     0     --    --    1      Jump if Zero                           
0   1     1     1     --    --     Jump if Carry                          
1   0     0     --    0     0      Jump if Positive                       
1   0     1     --    0     --     Jump if Positive or Zero               
1   1     0     --    --    0      Jump if Not Zero                       
1   1     1     0     --    --     Jump if No Carry                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                                           TABLE J                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
LISTING OF KEYBOARD &amp; DISPLAY SCAN PROGRAM                                
ROM 11 OBJECT                                                             
ADDRESS                                                                   
       CODE                                                               
IN     IN     SOURCE STATEMENT                                            
HEX    HEX    LABEL  OPCODE                                               
                           OPERANDS       OPERATION                       
__________________________________________________________________________
F800   72 08 7A                                                           
              INIT   MOV   %NDIGIT,NXTCHR SETS NEXT CHAR DISPLAYED TO 8   
F803   72 FF 77      MOV   % FF,DEBKEY    DEBOUNCED KEY=ESCAPE CODE       
F806   D5 78         CLR   BRDPOS         RESET KEYBOARD POSITION TO 00   
F808   FB            TRAP  CLRDP          CLEAR SEG PAT ARRAY             
F809   D5 6D         CLR   FLAG           CLR .R109                       
F80B   D5 7E         CLR   FNFLAG         CLR FUNCTION FLAG, .R126        
F80D   42 04 7F      MOV   DEBNCE,FCNT    SET FCNT TO DEBOUNCE (MOVE 4    
                                          TO                              
                                          .R127)                          
F810   A2 D0 02      MOVP  %D0,.P2        TIMER LATCH VALUE TO DO (HEX    
                                          OR 3O                           
F813   A2 C3 03      MOVP  %C3,.P3        PRESCALER LATCH VALUE TO 3      
                                          SELECT INTERNAL TIMER, AND      
                                          START TIMER                     
F816   72 80 6C      MOV   %80,BTPAT      INIT TO LEFTMOST DIGIT          
F819   A2 10 00      MOVP  %10,.P0        MEMORY MODE TO SINGLE CHIP      
F81C   A2 FF 09      MOVP  %FF,.P9        ALL OF PORT C - OUTPUTS         
F81F   52 80  KYDD   MOV   %80,B          DEBKEY MARKED AS EMPTY UNTIL    
F821   D6 77         XCHB  DEBKEY         NEW KEYSTROKE IS LOADED INTO    
                                          DEBKEY FROM TINTR               
F823   56 80 F9      BTJO  %80,B,KYDD     SEE IF DEBKEY STILL EMPTY, IF   
                                          SO LOOP                         
F826   AA F8 D5      LDA   @SEGPAT(B)     LOOK UP SEGMENT PATTERN         
F829   77 FF 7E 02   BTJZ  %FF,FNFLG,NOFUN                                
F82D   E0 03         JMP   FUN            IF FUNCTION INPUT               
F82F   FA     NOFUN  TRAP  STRSEG         WRITE PAT TO DISPLAY REGISTERS  
F830   E0 ED         JMP   SGMT           LOOP INDEFINITELY               
F832   FB     FUN    TRAP  CLRDP          CLR SEG PAT ARRAY               
F833   B8            PUSH  A              SAVE SEGMENT PATTERN IN STACK   
F834   52 04         MOV   %4,B           INITIALIZE TABLE INDEX          
F836   AA F8 E7                                                           
              FUN1   LDA   @TFUN-1(B)     LOAD SEG PAT&#39;N OF &#34;FUN&#34;         
F839   FA            TRAP  STRSEG         STORE FUN IN SARRAY             
F83A   CA FA         DJNZ  B,FUN1         TABLE &#39;TFUN&#39;STORED?             
F83C   B9            POP   A              YES: RELOAD A                   
F83D   FA            TRAP  STRSEG         PUT IN SPECIFIC FUNC KEY        
F83E   22 FF         MOV   % FF,A                                         
F840   D0 76  FDELY  MOV   A,FUNDLY       FDELY SUBROUTINE                
F842   12 76  FDELY1 MOV   FUNDLY,A                                       
F844   E6 FC         JNZ   FDELY1         LOOP UNTIL A CLEARED            
F846   FB            TRAP  CLRDP          BLANK                           
F847   E0 D6         JMP   SGMT           RETURN TO F81F                  
F849   C8            PUSH  B                                              
F84A   B8            PUSH  A                                              
F848B  52 07         MOV   %NDIGIT-1,B                                    
F84D   8A 00 6D                                                           
              STSEG1 LDA   @SARRAY-1,(B)                                  
F850   AB 00 6E      STA   @SARRAY(B)                                     
F853   CA F8         DJNZ  B,STSEG1                                       
F855   D9 6E         POP   SARRAY                                         
F857   C9            POP   B                                              
F858   0A            RETS                 RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE          
F859   B8     TINTR  PUSH  A              SAVE A DURING SERVICE ROUTINE   
F85A   C8            PUSH  B              SAVE B DURING SERVICE ROUTINE   
F85B   A2 00 06                                                           
              MUXSCN MOVP  %0,CHARPT                                      
F85E   32 7A         MOV   NXTCHR,B       INDEX OF NEXT DIGIT TO B        
                                          DISPLAYED PUT IN B              
F860   AA 00 6D      LDA   @SARRAY-1(B)                                   
F863   82 08         MOVP  A,SEGMPT                                       
F865   8A 00 6C      LDA   @BTPAT                                         
F868   82 06         MPVP  A,CHARPT                                       
F86A   80 04  SRCH   MOVP  COLNPT,A       LOAD ANY SWITCH CLOSURES        
F86C   D0 7D         MOV   A,ROWPAT       SAVE ROW PATTERN                
F86E   72 04 7C                                                           
              SRCH1  MOV   %NCOLS,ROWCNT  NCOLS LOOPS THRU NXTLOC         
F871   76 FF 78 13   BTJO  % FF,BRDPOS,NXTLOC                             
                                          BRDPOS=0 IF SCANNING F KEY      
                                          LOCATION                        
F875   76 80 7D 08   BTJO  % 80,ROWPAT,TEMP1                              
                                          F KEY NOT DOWN                  
F879   DA 7F 2B      DJNZ  FCNT,SRCH5     NOT DEBOUNCED YET               
F87C   72 FF 7E      MOV   % FF,FNFLAG    F KEY DET &amp; DEBNCD              
F87F   E0 26         JMP   SRCH5                                          
F881   D5 7E  TEMP1  CLR   FNFLAG                                         
F883   42 04 7F      MOV   DEBNCE,FCNT                                    
F886   E0 1F         JMP   SRCH5                                          
F888   76 80 7D 1B                                                        
              NXTLOC BTJO  % 80,ROWPAT,SRCH5                              
                                          ONE = NO KEY DOWN               
F88C   72 FF 6D      MOV   % FF,FLAG      AT LEAST ONE KEY DETECTED       
                                          THE CURRENT SRCH                
F88F   12 7B         MOV   DETKEY,A                                       
F891   42 78 7B      MOV   BRKPOS,DETKEY                                  
F894   15 7B         XOR   DETKEY,A                                       
F896   E2 05         JZ    SRCH3                                          
F898   42 04 79      MOV   DEBNCE,SUCCRD                                  
F898   E0 0A         JMP   SRCH5                                          
F89D   12 79  SRCH3  MOV   SUCCRD,A                                       
F89F   E2 06         JZ    SRCH5          IF SUCCRD = 0                   
F8A1   Da 79 03      DJNZ  SUCCRD,SRCH5                                   
F8A4   42 7B 77      MOV   DETKEY,DEBKEY  TO MARK NEW KEY CLOSURE         
F8A7   D3 78  SRCH5  INC   BRDPOS                                         
F8A9   DE 7D         RL    ROWPAT         TO LOOK AT NEXT COLUMN          
F8AB   DA 7C DA      DJNZ  ROWCNT,NXTLOC                                  
F8AE   D2 7A  SRCH6  DEC   NXTCHR                                         
F8B0   DC 6C         RR    BTPAT                                          
F8B2   E7 14         JNC   SRCH9                                          
F8B4   72 08 7A      MOV   %NDIGIT,NXTCHR                                 
F8B7   D5 78         CLR   BRDPOS         RESET BRDPOS TO ZERO            
F8B9   12 6D         MOV   FLAG,A                                         
F8BB   E6 03         JNZ   SRCH8          IF ANY KEYS WERE DETECTED       
F8BD   72 FF 7B      MOV   % FF,DETKEY    CHANGE DETKEY                   
F8C0   D5 6D  SRCH8  CLR   FLAG                                           
F8C2   22 76         MOV   %FUNDLY,A                                      
F8C4   E2 02         JZ    SRCH9          USED BY TEST FUNCTION           
F8C6   D2 76         DEC   FUNDLY                                         
F8C8   C9     SRCH9  POP   B                                              
F8C9   B9            POP   A                                              
F8CA   0B            RETI                                                 
F8CB   22 00         MOV   %BLANK,A                                       
F8CD   52 08  FILD   MOV   %NDIGIT,B                                      
F8CF   AB 00 6D                                                           
              TCLR   STA   @SARRAY-1(B)                                   
F8D2   CA FB         DJNZ  B,TCLR                                         
F8D4   0A            RETS                                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
 F8DF to F8E7 is lookup table for SEGPAT: the base for segment patterns   
 F8E8 to F8EB is table accessed to point out FUN                          
 FFF4 is trap 5, contains address F849 for STRSEG, store segment          
 FFF6 is trap 4, contains address F8CB for CLRDP, clear display           
 FFFA contains address F859 for TINTR, timer interrupt routine            
 FFFC contains address F800 for initillization subroutine                 
 
    
     
                       TABLE K                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Definition for Program of TABLE J                                         
______________________________________                                    
CHARPT = .P6 = Port B; an 8-bit port used to enable, one at a             
time, the individual characters of the eight-character, seven-            
segment display, strobing the rows of the matrix keyboard at the          
same time.                                                                
SEGMPT = .P8 = Port C; and 8-bit port to enable the seven                 
segments and decimal point of the display.                                
COLNPT = .P4 = Port A; five high-order bits of port A used as             
inputs from the keyboard return lines. Assumes a key down in the          
currently enabled row returns a low (zero) level.                         
CLRDP = Trap 4 of instruction set; writes blank characters into all       
display.                                                                  
STRSEG = Trap 5 of instruction set; loads segment pattern from            
look-up table.                                                            
NDIGIT = 8; the number of digits in the display.                          
NROWS = 5; the number of rows in the keyboard matrix.                     
NCOLS = 4; the number of columns in the keyboard matrix.                  
DEBNCE = 4; number of scans used for debounce.                            
BLANK = 00; code used to blank display characters.                        
MASK = 1F; bits relevant to ENACC routine.                                
FCNT = .R127; register in RF used as the function debounce                
counter.                                                                  
FNFLG = .R126; register in RF used as flag to indicate function.          
ROWPAT = .R125; register in RF used to hold input pattern being           
rotated thru CY.                                                          
ROWCNT = .R124; register in RF used to count number of bits               
rotated through CY.                                                       
DETKEY = .R123; register in RF used to hold the position of last          
detected key.                                                             
NXTCHR = .R122; register in RF used in the position of next               
character to be displayed.                                                
SUCCRD = .R121; register in RF used in the number of successive           
reads of same key.                                                        
BRDPOS = .R120; register in RF used as the keyboard position              
currently being scanned.                                                  
DEBKEY = .R119; register in RF used to carry the position of              
debounced key from MUXSCN routine back to background                      
program.                                                                  
FUNDLY = .R118; register in RF used to hold non-zero when                 
display in progress; the next 8 registers (.R117 to .R111) hold the       
display segment patterns.                                                 
SARRAY = .R110; register in RF used to hold the base of register          
array for display pattern.                                                
FLAG = .R109; register in RF used as flay to set when at least one        
key is detected in current search.                                        
BTPAT = .R108; register in RF used to hold pattern to energize            
specific digit.                                                           
INIT = address R800 = initialize subroutine to initialize the system.     
SGMT = address F81F = routine to check for any new keystrokes             
detected. Translate each keystroke into a segment pattern and             
write it into the appropriate display register.                           
KYDD = Keyboard input subroutine. Returns after a new keystroke           
has been detected and debounced. Encoded value of key (rather             
than its position in switch matrix) is returned in A.                     
FUN = Function subroutine. This subroutine is entered when the            
function key is depressed in conjunction with another key. It             
points out FUN X, wherein X is the other key which is pressed.            
FDELY = subroutine which hangs up for the number of complete              
display searches equal to the contents of A when called.                  
STRSEG = address F849 = subroutine to enter contents of A into            
the rightmost digit and shift everything else one place to the left.      
TINTR = Timer interrupt subroutine; call made to location FFFA            
when timer times out. This causes the display refresh and keyscan         
routine to be called periodically.                                        
MUXSCN = multiplex scan routine; multiplexes the 8-segment                
displays. Each call causes the next character to be displayed,            
according to the contents of the SARRAY register array.                   
MUXSCN should be called at least every millisec or so.                    
SRCH = Keyboard search routine. During MUXSCAN, when next                 
character is being displayed, with the current row energized,             
check if there are any inputs. A keydown returns - low level.             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                                           TABLE L                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
LISTING FOR TEST PROGRAM                                                  
RAM  Object                                                               
12   Code                                                                 
Hex  In    Source Statement                                               
Address                                                                   
     Hex   Label Opcode                                                   
                      Operands                                            
                             Operation                                    
__________________________________________________________________________
0B   7D 02 7D                                                             
           LOOP  CMP  %02, AL                                             
                             If Address = F902 (CRCADR),                  
0E   E6 0D       JNZ  NOTCRC then increment 2 bytes.                      
10   7D F8 7C    CMP  %F9, AH                                             
13   E6 08       JNZ  NOTCRC                                              
15   78 02 7D    ADD  %2, AL                                              
18   79 00 7C    ADC  %0, AH                                              
1B   E0 EE       JMP  LOOP                                                
1D   12 7C NOTCRC                                                         
                 MOV  AH, A  If MSB of address increment                  
1F   E2 29       JZ   CHKDON past FF, then all of ROM has                 
21   9A 7D       LDA  *AL    been processed, so jump to                   
23   15 7E       XOR  QH, A  CHKDONE. Otherwise, go to                    
25   42 7F 7E    MOV  QL, QH BUILDF.                                      
28   C5          CLR  B                                                   
29   B6          XCHB A                                                   
2A   72 08 02    MOV  %8, R2                                              
2D   65    BUILDF                                                         
                 XOR  B, A   Process current CRC QH, QL with              
2E   CF          RLC  B      current data byte (B).                       
2F   DA 02 FB    DJNZ R2, BUILDF                                          
32   D0 7F       MOV  A, QL                                               
34   7C 02 7F    MPY  %2, QL                                              
37   45 00 7E    XOR  A, QH                                               
3A   7C 40 7F    MPY  %64, QL                                             
3D   45 00 7F    XOR  A, QL                                               
40   45 01 7E    XOR  B, QH                                               
43   D3 7D       INC  AL                                                  
45   79 00 7C    ADC  %0, AH                                              
48   E0 C1       JMP  LOOP                                                
4A   A2 55 08                                                             
           CHKDON                                                         
                 MOVP %55, CPORT                                          
                             Check done; the test loop is                 
4D   A2 FF 09    MOVP %FF, CDIR                                           
                             done; set C port as output and               
50   8A F9 02    LDA  @F902  apply hex 55 or 01010101 to C                
53   1S 7E       XOR  QH, A  port as a signal.                            
55   82 0A       MOVP A, DPORT                                            
57   A2 FF 0B    MOVP %FF, DDIR                                           
5A   8A F9 03    LDA  @F903                                               
5D   1S 7F       XOR  QL, A                                               
5F   82 08       MOVP A, CPORT                                            
__________________________________________________________________________
 Definitions:                                                             
 QL = R127                                                                
 QH = R126                                                                
 AL = R125                                                                
 AH = R124