Patent Publication Number: US-2019189885-A1

Title: Thermoelectric generator

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/599,584, filed Dec. 15, 2017, (entitled “THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR”), the entire disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety. Any and all priority claims identified in the Application Data Sheet, or any correction thereto, are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates to thermoelectric generator devices and uses thereof. 
     DISCUSSION OF THE RELATED ART 
     Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are used in the power generation, automotive, and other industries to convert heat into electrical energy. Often TEGs are inefficient and fail to efficiently convert heat energy into usable electrical energy. Additionally, due to the use of heat to generate electricity, TEG devices can be dangerous to use indoors and can be difficult to use without heat resistant gloves or other safety equipment. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to some embodiments, a thermoelectric generator device can include a base. The base can have an air inlet. The thermoelectric generator device can include a housing having a first end connected to the base and a second end opposite the first end. The device can include a cap connected to the second end of the housing and including an air outlet. In some embodiments, the device includes a heat source connected to the base. A thermoelectric module positioned between the heat source and the second end of the housing, the thermoelectric module comprising a hot side heat sink and a cold side heat sink. The device can include a heat shield assembly comprising an outlet wall extending between the hot side heat sink and the second end of the housing. The outlet wall can have an outlet aperture, which permits passage of air from the hot side heat sink to the second end of the housing. In some embodiments, the device includes an inlet wall positioned between the hot side heat sink and the first end of the housing, the inlet wall connected to one or both of the outlet wall and the hot side heat sink, the inlet wall, which directs hot air from the heat source to the hot side heat sink and directs hot air away from the cold side heat sink. 
     In some embodiments, the cold side heat sink extends at least one half of a distance between the first and second ends of the housing. 
     In some embodiments, the device comprises two cold side heat sinks and two thermoelectric modules, wherein the hot side heat sink is positioned between the two cold side heat sinks and two thermoelectric modules. 
     In some embodiments, the two cold side heat sinks each comprise an inner surface facing away from the housing and an outer surface facing toward the surface, wherein the inner surfaces of the two cold side heat sinks forms an inner air passage and the space between the housing and the outer surfaces of the two heat sinks forms an outer air passage. 
     In some embodiments, passage of hot air through the outlet aperture of the outlet wall of the heat shield passes through the inner air passage to the air outlet of the cap, and wherein passage of hot air to the air outlet draws air from the outer air passage to the air outlet. 
     In some embodiments, the two cold side heat sinks are held to each other via one or more resilient clips, wherein the hot side heat sink is held in place with respect to the two cold heat sinks via compression of the two thermoelectric modules and the hot side heat sink between the two cold side heat sinks. 
     In some embodiments, the resilient clips deform in response to expansion and contraction of one or more of the thermoelectric modules, the hot side heat sink, and the cold side heat sinks. 
     In some embodiments, the hot side heat sink and cold side heat sink are fixed with respect to each other without use of fasteners. 
     In some embodiments, the base comprises two or more feet, which contact a surface when the thermoelectric generator is set upon the surface, wherein one or more open spaces are created between the two or more feet and the surface when the thermoelectric generator is set upon the surface, and wherein the one or more open spaces facilitate fluid communication between the air inlet and an ambient environment surrounding the thermoelectric generator device. 
     In some embodiments, the inlet wall of the heat shield has a frustoconical shape having an inlet end with an inlet width and an outlet end with an outlet width, wherein the outlet width is narrower than the inlet width. 
     In some embodiments, the device further comprises a light source connected to the cap, wherein the thermoelectric module powers the light source. 
     According to some embodiments, a thermoelectric generator device includes a housing having an inlet wall with an inlet opening, an outlet wall with an outlet opening, an annular wall connected to the inlet and outlet walls and extending therebetween, a housing interior defined by the inlet wall, outlet wall, and the annular wall, and a housing axis extending through a center of the housing interior, through the inlet wall, and through the outlet wall. In some embodiments, the device includes a heat source releasably connected to the inlet wall. The device can include a thermoelectric module positioned within the housing interior between the heat source and the second end of the housing. In some embodiments, the thermoelectric module includes a hot side heat sink having a first end portion, a second end portion, and a connection portion extending therebetween. The thermoelectric module can include a first cold side heat sink positioned on a first side of the hot side heat sink and a second cold side heat sink positioned on a second side of the hot side heat sink. In some embodiments, the thermoelectric module includes a heat shield having a guide wall positioned between the hot side heat sink and the inlet wall of the housing, the guide wall directing hot air from the heat source to the hot side heat sink and directing hot air away from the first and second cold side heat sinks. In some embodiments, the first end portion of the hot side heat sink has a first cross-sectional area as measured on a first plane parallel to the housing axis, the second end portion of the hot side heat sink has a second cross-sectional area as measured on a second plane parallel to the first plane, and the connection portion has a third cross-sectional area as measured on a third plane parallel to the first plane. In some embodiments, the first plane passes through the first end portion and does not pass through the connection portion or the second end portion, the second plane passes through the second end portion and does not pass through the connection portion or the first end portion; and the third plane passes through the connection portion and does not pass through the first or second end portions. The third cross-sectional area can be less then each of the first and second cross-sectional areas. 
     In some embodiments, the heat shield comprises walls that surround the connection portion of the hot side heat sink on at least three sides, wherein the walls of the heat shield include an outlet aperture, which permits escape of hot air from within the walls of the heat sink to outlet opening of the outlet wall. 
     In some embodiments, the connection portion of the hot side heat sink has a cylindrical shape and wherein the third cross-sectional area is a circular cross-section of the connection portion. 
     In some embodiments, the guide wall of the heat shield is connected to one or both of the first and second end portions of the hot side heat sink. 
     In some embodiments, fasteners are used to connect the guide wall to the first and second end portions of the hot side heat sink. 
     In some embodiments, the heat source is connected to the inlet wall of the housing via one or more of a threaded connection, a bayonet connection, and a detent connection. 
     In some embodiments, the heat source is one or more of a candle, an oil holder, or a gas holder. 
     In some embodiments, the device further comprises two or more legs connected to the housing, wherein the legs are rotatable with respect to the housing between a first orientation and a second orientation, and wherein the legs space the inlet wall of the housing from a surface upon, which the thermoelectric generator device is set when the legs are in the first orientation and space the inlet wall of the housing a further distance from the surface when the legs are in the second orientation. 
     In some embodiments, the device further comprises a hanger connected to the housing and, which is configured to attach the thermoelectric generator device to a hook or other affixed structure. 
     In some embodiments, the device further comprises an electric port, which facilitates electric connection between the thermoelectric generator device and an external device, wherein the external device is one or more of a camera, a phone, a GPS device, a laptop, a tablet, a video game console, or a television, and, wherein the thermoelectric module powers the electric port. 
     According to some embodiments, a method of providing electrical power to an electrical load includes connecting a heat source to an inlet wall of a housing. The method can include directing heated air from the heat source to a hot side heat sink of a thermoelectric module. In some embodiments, the method includes blocking at least a portion of the heated air from the heat source from a cold side heat sink of a thermoelectric module. The method can include circulating the heated air within a heat shield surrounding at least three sides of a portion of the hot side heat sink. In some embodiments, the method includes directing heated air through an outlet aperture in the heat shield toward an outlet wall of the housing. The method can include pulling cold air through the inlet wall of the housing via a pressure deficit adjacent the inlet wall created by passage of the heated air through the outlet aperture. In some embodiments, the method includes cooling a cold side heat sink of the thermoelectric module using the cold air pulled through the inlet wall. The method can include generating electricity via the thermoelectric module. 
     In some embodiments, the method includes powering a light using the generated electricity. 
     In some embodiments, the method includes powering a USB port or other electrical port using the generated electricity. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Aspects of the present invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters reference like elements, and wherein. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of a TEG device. 
         FIG. 1A  is a chart comparing output power to deltaT. 
         FIG. 1B  is a chart comparing matched load output power to hot side temperature. 
         FIG. 1C  is a chart comparing conversion rate to hot side temperature. 
         FIG. 2  is a top right perspective view of a first embodiment of a TEG device. 
         FIG. 3  is a front plan view of the TEG device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  is a right side plan view of the TEG device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 5  is a left side plan view of the TEG device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 6  is a back side plan view of the TEG device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 7  is a bottom plan view of the TEG device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 8  is a top plan view of the TEG device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 9  is a top perspective view of a TEG subassembly of the TEG device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 10  is a bottom perspective view of the TEG subassembly of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 10A  is a partially exploded view of the TEG subassembly of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 11  is an exploded view of the TEG subassembly of  FIG. 9  with the cold side heat sinks removed. 
         FIG. 12  is a top perspective view of the TEG subassembly of  FIG. 9  with the cold side heat sinks removed. 
         FIG. 13  is a bottom perspective view of the TEG subassembly of  FIG. 9  with the cold side heat sinks removed. 
         FIG. 14  is a close up cross-sectional view of the heat shield and hot side heat sink of the TEG subassembly of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view of the TEG device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 16  is a top plan view of the TEG subassembly of  FIG. 9 . 
         FIG. 17  is a top right perspective view of a second embodiment of a TEG device with legs in a first configuration. 
         FIG. 18  is a top right perspective view of the TEG device of  FIG. 17  with the legs in a second configuration. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Generally described, the present disclosure relates to thermoelectric generator (TEG) devices configured to convert heat into electricity suitable for powering lights, mobile electronics and/or other electrical devices. The disclosed TEG devices are preferably lightweight and portable. Applications for using the devices include camping or other outdoor activities where access to electric power is otherwise limited. The disclosed TEG devices are also particularly useful in emergency situations, such as when power outages occur or access to shelter is limited. 
     The unique designs of the disclosed TEG devices preferably limit the amount of heat transferred to outer surfaces of the devices. As such, the disclosed devices can be moved, set on surfaces, and otherwise used with reduced risk of burning a user&#39;s hands or damaging the surfaces on which or near which the devices are set or installed. As will be described in more detail below, the unique heat shield designs and heat sink designs of the disclosed TEG devices permit more efficient conversion of heat into electricity than has been previously realized. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic embodiment of a TEG device  1 . As illustrated, the TEG device can include a TEG subassembly  3  and a heat source  5 . The heat source  5  can be, for example, a candle, a camp heater, a Sterno® tin, a propane burner, a butane burner, or other heat source operational with or without a wick. The TEG device  1  can include a power load  7 . The power load  7  can be a light (e.g., an LED or other light source) and/or a port (e.g., a USB, an electrical socket, a mini-USB, and/or other socket or interface configured to transfer electrical power). In some embodiments, the power load  7  can be a speaker and/or a radio. The power load  7  can be configured to operate off of the electrical power generated by the TEG subassembly. The power load  7  can include a battery or other power storage structure configured to store power generated by the TEG subassembly  3  for use at a later time. Power can be transferred from the TEG subassembly  3  to the power load  7  via wired and/or wireless electrical connections  19 . 
     The TEG subassembly  3  can be positioned above the heat source  5 . In some embodiments, a hot side heat sink  13  of the TEG subassembly  3  is positioned directly above the heat source  5 . As illustrated, the TEG subassembly  3  can include a first TEG module  9   a  positioned between the hot side heat sink  13  and a first cold side heat sink  15   a.  The TEG module  9   a  can be configured to convert heat provided by the hot side heat sink  13  to electricity that is then transferred to the power load  7 . More specifically, the TEG module  9   a  is configured to convert heat flux or deltaT (e.g., the temperature difference between the hot side heat sink  13  and the cold side heat sink  15   a ) into electrical energy. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1A , the greater the deltaT across the TEG, the greater the power output from the TEG. For example, when compared to a deltaT of 100° C., an increase in deltaT to 142° C. produces an improvement of 100% power output. This is due at least in part to the fact that power output is related to (deltaT) 2 . As such, increases in power are realized exponentially as deltaT is increased. It is desirable, therefore, to maximize the difference in temperature between the hot side heat sink and the cold side heat sink. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1B , the matched load output power also increases exponentially as the deltaT is increased (e.g., as you increase the hot side temperature “Th” for a given cold side temperature “Tc”). 
     The overall efficiency of the TEG subassembly  3  can be increased by increasing the deltaT. This is shown in  FIG. 1C , which compares the conversion rate (the matched load output power divided by the heat flow through the subassembly  3 ) to the deltaT. In some instances, as illustrated, a given TEG subassembly  3  may reach a maximum conversion rate at a given particular deltaT. For example, for a cold side temperature of 30° C., some TEG subassemblies may reach a maximum conversion rate at a deltaT of around 200° C. Overall, however, the relationship between conversion rate and deltaT is direct—as deltaT increases, so does conversion rate increase. 
     The above-described temperature and energy relationships provide some of the explanation for the importance of increasing deltaT in a TEG in order to increase power output. In order to maximize deltaT, it is helpful to minimize heat loss on the hot side heat sink while maximizing heat loss in the cold side heat sink. Minimizing heat loss can include reducing conductive, convective, and/or radiation heat loss. Radiation heat loss is generated proportionally to temperature multiplied by the surface area of the heat sink. As such, one way to reduce heat loss due to radiation and convection is to minimize the surface area of the hot side heat sink. 
     Preferably, the TEG subassembly  3  includes a second TEG module  9   b.  The second TEG module  9   b  can be positioned on a side of the hot side heat sink  13  opposite the first TEG module  9   a.  In some embodiments, the second TEG module  9   b  is positioned on a side of the assembly  3  other than the side opposite the first TEG module  9   a.  A second cold side heat sink  15   b  can be positioned on a side of the second TEG module  9   b  opposite the hot side heat sink  13 . In some such embodiments, the cold side heat sinks  15   a,    15   b  can apply pressure to the TEG modules  9   a,    9   b  to keep the TEG subassembly  3  in an assembled configuration. In some embodiments, this pressure is applied by resilient and/or flexible clips or other attachments that are configured to flex in response to expansion or contraction of one or more components of the TEG subassembly  3 . Preferably, the heat sinks and TEG modules are held together without use of bolts, screws, or other fasteners. Avoiding use of fasteners to hold these components to each other reduces the risk of over-compression of the components when, for example, one or components expand as their respective temperatures increase. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the TEG device  1  can include a heat shield  21 . The heat shield  21  can be configured to reduce passage of hot air from the heat source  5  to the cold side heat sink(s) and to direct hot air to the hot side heat sink  13 . Such directing of hot air from the heat source  5  increases the temperature differential between the hot side heat sink  13  and the cold side heat sink(s)  15   a,    15   b,  thereby increasing the amount of electricity produced by the TEG module(s)  9   a,    9   b.  As explained in more detail below, the heat shield  21  can include an inlet portion. The inlet portion of the heat shield  21  can be positioned at least partially between the heat source  5  and the TEG subassembly  3 . In some embodiments, heat shield  21  includes one or more walls surrounding the hot side heat sink  13 . For example, the heat shield  21  can surround all or a portion of the hot side heat sink  13  on at least three sides (e.g., two or more lateral sides and a top side). The heat shield  21  can be configured to retain hot air in the vicinity of the hot side heat sink  13  for a longer period of time than if the heat shield  21  were absent from the TEG device  1 . 
       FIGS. 2-8  illustrate an embodiment of a TEG device  100 . The TEG device  100  can include many or all of the features described above with respect to the TEG device  1 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the TEG device  100  can include a TEG subassembly  103 . The TEG subassembly  103  can be positioned above a heat source  105 . In some embodiments, the TEG device  1  include a light  107  or other power load (e.g., USB port, mini-USB port, electrical socket, and/or some other power load). The light  107  can be hinged to allow for redirection of the light in various directions without movement of the other components of the TEG device  100 . The power load can be configured to operate via electric power produced by the TEG subassembly  103 . Electric power from the TEG subassembly  103  can be transferred to the power load and/or to a battery via wired or wireless power transfer. In some embodiments ( FIG. 6 ), a switch  108 , button, knob, or other actuation structure can be used to transition the power load/light  107  between one or more configurations (e.g., ON/OFF, dimming, voltage/amperage ratings, etc.). In some embodiments, the TEG device  100  can include one or more additional lights  107   a  ( FIG. 4 ),  107   b  ( FIG. 5 ). The TEG device  100  can preferably be transitioned between different lighting modes wherein different combinations of the lights  107 ,  107   a,    107   b  are shut off or powered. 
     The TEG device  100  can include a housing  109 . The housing  109  can include a base  111  and a cap  113 . The base  111  can be positioned at a bottom end of the housing  109  and the cap  113  can be positioned at a top end of the housing  109 . An annular or partially annular wall  115  can extend between the base  111  and the cap  113 . All or a portion of the wall  115  can be constructed from a transparent or translucent material. In some embodiments, the wall  115  includes portions having light-reflective properties. The wall  115 , cap  113 , and base  111  can define a housing interior. In some embodiments, one or more of the heat source  105  and the TEG subassembly  103  are positioned at least partially within the housing interior. In some embodiments, the TEG device  100  includes one or more columns  131  or other bracing structures connected to the cap  113  and the base  111 . The columns  131  increase the structural stability of the TEG device  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the base  111  and/or a lower portion of the wall  115  includes one or more air inlets  119 . The one or more air inlets  119  can be configured to facilitate passage of air into the housing interior from an ambient environment surrounding the TEG device  100 . Passage of air into the housing interior provides oxygen to the heat source  5  and/or cooling to the cold side heat sinks. In some embodiments, the base  111  includes one or more feet  121  configured to contact a surface upon which the TEG  100  is set. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the spaces  123  between the feet  121  can be configured to facilitate access of ambient air to the air inlets  119 . 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , the cap  113  or some other portion of the TEG device  100  can include a hanger  122 . The hanger  122  can include a generally U-shaped structure connected at one or both ends to the housing  109  (e.g., to the cap  113 ) of the TEG device  100 . The hanger  122  can be configured to facilitate hanging the TEG device  100  from a hook, cantilevered structure, or other mounting point as an alternative to setting the TEG device  100  down upon a surface. The hanger  122  provides a convenient mechanism by which the device  100  may be carried by a user. 
     The cap  113  and/or an upper portion of the wall  115  can include one or more air outlets. For example, the cap  113  can include a central air outlet  127 . The central air outlet  127  can be positioned in and/or around a center of the cap  113 . In some embodiments, the central air outlet  127  includes ribs, screens, or other structures extending over the opening. In some embodiments, the cap  113  includes one or more secondary air outlets  129 . The secondary air outlets  129  can be spaced around the central air outlet  127 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the heat source  105  can be positioned at a lower end of the housing  109 . In some embodiments, the heat source  105  is connected to the base  111  of the housing  109 . The connection between the heat source  105  and the base  111  or other portion of the housing  109  can be releasable. For example, the heat source  105  can include threads  133  configured to engage with threads on the base  111 . In some embodiments, the heat source  105  includes bayonet fittings, detent structures, and/or other structures configured to facilitate releasable connection between the heat source  105  and the housing  109  (e.g., the base  111  of the housing  109 ). In some embodiments, the heat source  105  includes an outer housing that has the connection structure(s) described above and that is configured to receive a candle, Sterno® can, butane burner, propane burner, wood for burning, and/or some other source of fuel for creating heat. Releasability of the heat source  105  (e.g., the housing of the heat source  105 ) from the housing  109  facilitates convenient refueling or other maintenance/replacement of the heat source  105  or some subcomponent thereof. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the heat source  105  or outer housing thereof can include one or more engagement portions configured to facilitate engagement and disengagement of the heat source  105  from the housing  109 . For example, the heat source  105  can include a slot  135  for engagement with a screwdriver or other tool. In some embodiments, the heat source  105  includes one or more surface features  137  (e.g., flattened surfaces, gnarled surfaces, roughened surfaces, etc.) configured to facilitate gripping of the heat source  105  or heat source housing by a user&#39;s hand or by a tool such as, for example, pliers or a wrench. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the TEG subassembly  103  can include one or more cold side heat sinks. For example, the TEG subassembly  103  can include two cold side heat sinks  141   a,    141   b  (collectively “ 141 ”). The cold side heat sinks  141  can be assembled to form a generally tubular structure havening an interior passage  143 . The cold side heat sinks  141  can include one or more fins  145 , ridges, protrusions, and/or structures configured to transfer heat from the cold side heat sink  141  to the housing interior. The fins  145  can be textured with smaller ridges, fins, protrusions, apertures, divots, dimples, or other surface features to further facilitate heat transfer from the cold side heat sink  141 . 
     The cold side heat sinks  141  can include apertures  151  or other attachment structures configured to facilitate attachment of the cold side heat sinks  141  to the housing  109 . For example, one or more fasteners can be inserted through a portion of the cap  113  and into the apertures  151  to connect the cold side heat sings  141  to the housing  109 . 
     The TEG subassembly  103  can include a heat shield  153 . As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the heat shield  153  can be positioned at or near the bottom end of the cold side heat sinks  141 . In some embodiments, the heat shield  153  is positioned at least partially within the interior passage  143  of the TEG subassembly  103 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the heat shield  153  can include an entry portion  155 . The entry portion  155  can be, for example, a frustoconical wall, a truncated pyramidal wall, a cylindrical wall, or some other shaped-wall. The entry portion  155  of the heat shield  153  can be tapered such that the lower end of the entry portion  155  of the heat shield can have a cross-sectional area (e.g., as measured perpendicular to a housing axis or centerline CL—see  FIGS. 3-4 ) greater than a cross-sectional area of the upper end of the entry portion  155 . Tapering the entry portion  155  of the heat shield  153  accelerates the heated air through the entry portion  155 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 10A , the heat shield  153  can include an upper portion  157 . In some embodiments, the upper portion  157  is formed as a unitary part with the entry portion  155  of the heat shield  153 . In the illustrated embodiment, the upper portion  157  of the heat shield  153  is formed as a separate part from the entry portion  155 . The upper portion  157  of the heat shield  153  can at least partially surround all or a portion of the hot side heat sink  161  of the TEG subassembly  103 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 11-12 , the upper portion  157  of the heat shield  153  can include one or more attachment structures. For example, the upper portion  157  can include one or more tabs  158  configured to mate with slots in the entry portion  155  of the heat shield  153 . The tabs  158  can be resilient and/or flexible to facilitate deformation of the tabs  158  as they are mated with the entry portion  155 . The upper portion  157  can include alternative and/or additional attachment structures such as, for example, magnets, protrusions, hooks, clips, threading, bayonet structures, and/or some other structure or combination of structures configured to facilitate mating of the upper portion  157  to the entry portion  155  of the heat shield  153 . In some embodiments, the upper portion  157  of the heat shield  153  is attached to the entry portion  155  using adhesives. 
     The upper portion  157  of the heat shield  153  can include one or more sidewalls  173 . The sidewalls  173  can extend vertically. In some embodiments, the sidewalls  173  include curved and/or sloped portions. A top shield wall  175  can extend between the sidewalls  173 . In some embodiments, all or a portion of the sidewalls  173  and/or top shield wall  175  are formed as an arcuate and/or continuous wall. The top shield wall  175  can include a hot air outlet. The hot air outlet can be, for example, an aperture  177  in the top shield wall  175 . In some embodiments, the aperture  177  extends through one or more of the sidewalls  173 . The aperture/hot air outlet  177  can be configured to permit hot air that passes through the entry portion  155  to pass upward toward the cap  113  of the housing  109 . The aperture  177  can be sized and shaped such that all or a portion of the aperture  177  overlaps the connection portion  171  of the hot side heat sink  161  when viewed from above and parallel to the centerline CL of the housing  109 . Sizing the aperture  177  in this manner reduces the amount of hot air that passes through the inlet portion  155  and out through the aperture  177  without impacting the connection portion  171  of the hot side heat sink  161 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, two TEG modules  165  are positioned on opposite sides of the hot side heat sink  161 . In some embodiments, three or more TEG modules are used. In some embodiments, only a single TEG module is used. Each TEG module  165  is preferably positioned between the hot side heat sink  161  and a cold side heat sink  141 . The TEG module(s)  165  are configured to convert the deltaT between the hot and cold heat sinks into electrical energy. The electrical energy produced by the TEG modules  165  can be directed to the power load  107  and/or to a battery. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 11-12 , the hot side heat sink  161  can include a first end portion  169   a,  a second end portion  169   b  (collectively  169 ), and a connection portion  171  therebetween. The first and second end portions  169  can have similar or identical shapes to each other. In some embodiments, the cross-sectional shapes and sizes of one or both of the first end portion  169   a  and second end portion  169   b,  as measured on a plane parallel to the centerline CL and perpendicular to a length of the connection portion  171 , are similar to or the same as the parallel cross-sectional shapes and sizes of the TEG modules  165 . Preferably, the cross-sectional areas of the first and second end portions  169  are larger than the parallel cross-sectional areas of the TEG modules  165 . 
     The cross-sectional shape and/or size of the connection portion  171 , as measured parallel to the above-described cross-sectional shapes and sizes of the end portions  169 , can be different and/or smaller than the cross-sectional shapes and sizes of the end portions  169 . For example, as illustrated, the connection portion  171  can have a generally cylindrical shape. In some embodiments, the connection portion  171  has a polygonal, oval, or teardrop cross-section. In some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the connection portion  171  is less than 90%, less than 75%, less than 60%, and/or less than 50% (but not zero) of the cross-sectional area of each of the end portions  169  or has a cross sectional area that is within a range defined by any two of the aforementioned percentages. Reducing the cross-sectional area of the connection portion  171  reduces the surface area of the connection portion. As explained above, reducing the surface area of the hot side heat sink can greatly reduce the heat loss due to radiation. Reducing heat loss on the hot side heat sink preserves a higher deltaT between the hot and cold sides. Comparing the design of the connection portion  171  to a hot side heat sink that has a constant cross-sectional area (e.g., cube, rectangular prism, or other shape). The connection portion  171  has a reduced surface area, thereby allowing for reduced radiation loss and higher efficiency. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 13 , the entry portion  155  can include one or more airflow directing structures. For example, the entry portion  155  can include one or more angled, curved, and/or stepped walls  181 . In the illustrated embodiment, the walls are angled walls  181  angled such that the upper or downstream end of each of the angled walls  181  is closer to the centerline CL of the housing  109  than the lower or upstream end of each of the angled walls  181 . In some embodiments, the angled walls  181  are formed as part of the upper portion  157  of the heat shield  153 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 14 , hot air (represented by the dashed lines) entering the entry portion  155  of the heat shield  153  can be directed toward the connection portion  171  of the hot side heat sink  161  by the angled walls  181 . The hot air can then be forced to circulate around the connection portion  171 . Circulation of the hot air around the connection portion  171  increases the amount of heat transferred to the connection portion  171  via radiation and convection. The hot air also heats the end portions  169  of the hot side heat sink  161  while travelling from the entry portion  155  to the aperture  177 . The relatively small size of the aperture  177  compared to the connection portion  171  can further force the hot air to circulate around the connection portion  171  before exiting through the aperture  177 . 
     In some embodiments, the angled walls  181  contribute to a nozzle effect on the hot air as it passes from the entry portion  155  into the chamber  183  defined by the heat shield  153 . When the hot air passes the upper ends of the angled walls  181 , a diffusive effect can be imparted on the hot air due to the sudden expansion of the air&#39;s flow path. Diffusion of the hot air creates turbulent flow within the chamber  183 , thereby increasing the convective heat transfer between the hot air and the hot side heat sink  161 . 
     The size of the aperture  177  can also have a nozzle effect on the hot air—e.g., air passes the connection portion  171  of the hot side heat sink  161  can be accelerated through the aperture  177  due to the small size of the aperture  177  compared to the cross-sectional size of the interior of the chamber  183  below the aperture  177 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 15 , the configuration of the TEG subassembly  103  and the housing  109  creates two coaxial flow paths through the TEG device  100 . The first flow path is through the spaces  123  between the feet  121 , through the openings  119  in the lower end of the housing  109 /base  111 , through the chamber  183  defined by the heat shield and/or hot side heat sink, through the interior passage  143  of the TEG subassembly  103 , and through the cap  113  (e.g., through the central opening  127  and/or through secondary air outlets  129 ). The second flow path is through the spaces  123  between the feet  121 , through the openings  119  in the lower end of the housing  109 /base  111 , through an outer chamber  189  of the housing  109 , and through the cap  113  (e.g., through secondary air outlets  129  and/or through the central opening  127 ). Given that much or all of the air along the first flow path is heated by the heat source  105  and/or accelerated by the heat shield  153 , air flow along the first flow path can pull colder air from the secondary flow path and from the outer chamber  189  (e.g., a chamber surrounding the cold side heat sinks) out through the cap  113 . In some embodiments, such “pulling” of the colder air is caused by the creation of pressure deficits in the upper portions of the housing  109  due to the velocity of the hot air passing through the interior passage  143  of the TEG subassembly  103  and in the lower portion of the housing  109  due to acceleration of hot air from the heat source  105  and/or from the nozzle effect of the heat shield  153 . The pulling of the colder air through the second flow path increases the convective cooling of the cold side heat sinks  141 , thereby increasing the power output efficiency of the TEG modules  165 . The pulling of cold air in through the openings  119  in the housing  109  also helps to ensure that a sufficient supply of oxygen to the heat source  105  is provided during operation of the TEG device  100 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 16 , the first and second cold side heat sinks  141   a ,  141   b  can be held together using resilient structures. For example, clips  193  can be used to connect the cold side heat sinks  141   a,    141   b  to each other. In some embodiments, two clips  193  are used. In some embodiments, one clip  193  is used and a hinge is used in place of the second clip. The clips  193  can be constructed from or comprise steel, aluminum, copper, or some other resilient material. The clips  193  impart sufficient force upon the cold side heat sinks  141   a,    141   b  to compress the TEG modules  165  and hot side heat sink  161  therebetween. The resiliency of the clips  193  allows for expansion and contraction (e.g., in response to temperature change) of components of the TEG subassembly  103  without over-compression of those parts by the cold side heat sinks. The cold side heat sinks  141   a,    141   b  can include flattened surfaces  197  in contact with the TEG modules  165  to allow for unidirectional compression of the TEG modules  165  and hot side heat sink  161 . 
       FIGS. 17-18  illustrate an embodiment of a TEG device  200 . Unless otherwise noted below, components, structures, and subassemblies of the TEG device  200  can be identical or similar to the corresponding features described above with respect to TEG device  100 . For example, the TEG device  200  can include a cap that is similar to or the same as the cap  113  described above. 
     As illustrated, the TEG device  200  can include a plurality of legs  221 . The legs  221  can be configured to space the bottom end of the housing  209  of the TEG device  200  from a surface upon which the TEG device  200  is set. One or more of the legs  221  includes a short side  221   a,  a long side  221   b  and a hinge point therebetween. The short side  221   a,  as illustrated in  FIG. 17 , can space the bottom end of the housing  209  and/or base  211  a first distance from the surface upon which the TEG device  200  is set. Upon 180° rotation of the legs  221  about their respective hinge points, the long sides  221   b  of the legs  221  can space the bottom end of the housing  209  and/or base  211  a second distance greater than the first distance from the surface upon which the TEG device  200  is set. In some embodiments, the device  200  is configured to permit partial rotation of the legs  221  in order to realize distances between the first distance and the second distance. For example, the hinges of the legs  221  can be high-friction and/or can include locking mechanisms to allow the user to fix the legs  221  in any desired rotational position (e.g., any position that would not result in interference with another leg). 
     Accordingly, preferred alternatives relate to:
         1. A thermoelectric generator device comprising:   a base including an air inlet;   a housing having a first end connected to the base and a second end opposite the first end;   a cap connected to the second end of the housing and including an air outlet;   a heat source connected to the base;   a thermoelectric module positioned between the heat source and the second end of the housing, the thermoelectric module comprising:
           a hot side heat sink; and   a cold side heat sink; and   
           a heat shield assembly comprising:
           an outlet wall extending between the hot side heat sink and the second end of the housing, the outlet wall having an outlet aperture which permits passage of air from the hot side heat sink to the second end of the housing; and   an inlet wall positioned between the hot side heat sink and the first end of the housing, the inlet wall connected to one or both of the outlet wall and the hot side heat sink, the inlet wall, which directs hot air from the heat source to the hot side heat sink and directs hot air away from the cold side heat sink.   
           2. The thermoelectric generator device of alternative 1,wherein the cold side heat sink extends at least one half of a distance between the first and second ends of the housing.   3. The thermoelectric generator device of alternative 1 or 2, comprising two cold side heat sinks and two thermoelectric modules, wherein the hot side heat sink is positioned between the two cold side heat sinks and two thermoelectric modules.   4. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 1-3, wherein the two cold side heat sinks each comprise an inner surface facing away from the housing and an outer surface facing toward the surface, wherein the inner surfaces of the two cold side heat sinks forms an inner air passage and the space between the housing and the outer surfaces of the two heat sinks forms an outer air passage.   5. The thermoelectric generator device of alternative 4, wherein passage of hot air through the outlet aperture of the outlet wall of the heat shield, preferably passes through the inner air passage to the air outlet of the cap, and wherein passage of hot air to the air outlet draws air from the outer air passage to the air outlet.   6. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 3-5, wherein the two cold side heat sinks are held to each other via one or more resilient clips, and wherein the hot side heat sink is held in place with respect to the two cold heat sinks via compression of the two thermoelectric modules and the hot side heat sink between the two cold side heat sinks.   7. The thermoelectric generator device of alternative 6, wherein the resilient clips deform in response to expansion and contraction of one or more of the thermoelectric modules, the hot side heat sink, and the cold side heat sinks.   8. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 1-7, wherein the hot side heat sink and cold side heat sink are fixed with respect to each other without use of fasteners.   9. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 1-8, wherein the base comprises two or more feet, which contact a surface when the thermoelectric generator is set upon the surface, wherein one or more open spaces are created between the two or more feet and the surface when the thermoelectric generator is set upon the surface, and wherein the one or more open spaces, preferably facilitate fluid communication between the air inlet and an ambient environment surrounding the thermoelectric generator device.   10. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 1-9, wherein the inlet wall of the heat shield has a frustoconical shape having an inlet end with an inlet width and an outlet end with an outlet width, wherein the outlet width is narrower than the inlet width.   11. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 1-10, further comprising a light source connected to the cap, wherein the thermoelectric module powers the light source.   12. A thermoelectric generator device comprising:   a housing having an inlet wall with an inlet opening, an outlet wall with an outlet opening, an annular wall connected to the inlet and outlet walls and extending therebetween, a housing interior defined by the inlet wall, outlet wall, and the annular wall, and a housing axis extending through a center of the housing interior, through the inlet wall, and through the outlet wall;   a heat source releasably connected to the inlet wall;   a thermoelectric module positioned within the housing interior between the heat source and the second end of the housing, the thermoelectric module comprising:
           a hot side heat sink having a first end portion, a second end portion, and a connection portion extending therebetween;   a first cold side heat sink positioned on a first side of the hot side heat sink; and   a second cold side heat sink positioned on a second side of the hot side heat sink; and   
           a heat shield having a guide wall positioned between the hot side heat sink and the inlet wall of the housing, the guide wall directing hot air from the heat source to the hot side heat sink and directing hot air away from the first and second cold side heat sinks;   wherein the first end portion of the hot side heat sink has a first cross-sectional area as measured on a first plane parallel to the housing axis, the second end portion of the hot side heat sink has a second cross-sectional area as measured on a second plane parallel to the first plane, and the connection portion has a third cross-sectional area as measured on a third plane parallel to the first plane;   wherein the first plane passes through the first end portion and does not pass through the connection portion or the second end portion, the second plane passes through the second end portion and does not pass through the connection portion or the first end portion; and the third plane passes through the connection portion and does not pass through the first or second end portions; and   wherein the third cross-sectional area is less then each of the first and second cross-sectional areas.   13. The thermoelectric generator device of alternative 12, wherein the heat shield comprises walls that surround the connection portion of the hot side heat sink on at least three sides, wherein the walls of the heat shield include an outlet aperture, which permits escape of hot air from within the walls of the heat sink to outlet opening of the outlet wall.   14. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 12-13, wherein the connection portion of the hot side heat sink has a cylindrical shape and, wherein the third cross-sectional area is a circular cross-section of the connection portion.   15. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 12-14, wherein the guide wall of the heat shield is connected to one or both of the first and second end portions of the hot side heat sink.   16. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 12-15, wherein fasteners are used to connect the guide wall to the first and second end portions of the hot side heat sink.   17. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 12-16, wherein the heat source is connected to the inlet wall of the housing via one or more of a threaded connection, a bayonet connection, and a detent connection.   18. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 12-17, wherein the heat source is one or more of a candle, an oil holder, or a gas holder.   19. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 12-18, further comprising two or more legs connected to the housing, wherein the legs are rotatable with respect to the housing between a first orientation and a second orientation, and wherein the legs space the inlet wall of the housing from a surface upon, which the thermoelectric generator device is set when the legs are in the first orientation and space the inlet wall of the housing a further distance from the surface when the legs are in the second orientation.   20. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 12-19, further comprising a hanger connected to the housing and, which is configured to attach the thermoelectric generator device to a hook or other affixed structure.   21. The thermoelectric generator device of any of alternatives 12-20, further comprising an electric port, which facilitates electric connection between the thermoelectric generator device and an external device, wherein the external device is one or more of a camera, a phone, a GPS device, a laptop, a tablet, a video game console, or a television, and, wherein the thermoelectric module powers the electric port.   22. A method of providing electrical power to an electrical load, the method comprising:   connecting a heat source to an inlet wall of a housing;   directing heated air from the heat source to a hot side heat sink of a thermoelectric module;   blocking at least a portion of the heated air from the heat source from a cold side heat sink of a thermoelectric module;   circulating the heated air within a heat shield surrounding at least three sides of a portion of the hot side heat sink;   directing heated air through an outlet aperture in the heat shield toward an outlet wall of the housing;   pulling cold air through the inlet wall of the housing via a pressure deficit adjacent the inlet wall created by passage of the heated air through the outlet aperture;   cooling a cold side heat sink of the thermoelectric module using the cold air pulled through the inlet wall; and   generating electricity via the thermoelectric module.   23. The method of alternative 22, further comprising powering a light using the generated electricity.   24. The method of alternative 22 or 23, further comprising powering a USB port or other electrical port using the generated electricity.       

     For expository purposes, the term “horizontal” as used herein is defined as a plane parallel to the plane or surface of the floor of the area in which the system being described is used or the method being described is performed, regardless of its orientation. The term “floor” can be interchanged with the term “ground.” The term “vertical” refers to a direction perpendicular to the horizontal as just defined. Terms such as “above,” “below,” “bottom,” “top,” “side,” “higher,” “lower,” “upper,” “over,” and “under,” are defined with respect to the horizontal plane. 
     As used herein, the terms “attached,” “connected,” “mated,” and other such relational terms should be construed, unless otherwise noted, to include removable, moveable, fixed, adjustable, and/or releasable connections or attachments. The connections/attachments can include direct connections and/or connections having intermediate structure between the two components discussed. 
     The terms “approximately,” “about,” “generally,” and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately,” “about,” “generally,” and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of the stated amount. 
     While the preferred embodiments of the present inventions have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not of limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventions. Thus, the present inventions should not be limited by the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. Furthermore, while certain advantages of the inventions have been described herein, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the inventions. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the inventions may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.