Patent Publication Number: US-8538420-B2

Title: Multi-band wireless cellular system and method

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/536,103, filed Sep. 19, 2011. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/556,250, filed Nov. 6, 2011. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Wireless cellular systems, like all radio systems, operate at a particular radio frequency band. Given equivalent investments in infrastructure in low-band systems and high-band systems, propagation distance will tend to be greater at lower frequency bands. Hence, radio coverage area will tend to be greater in the lower frequency bands. Coverage in many geographic areas will overlap, at least part, between a cellular system operating at a low frequency band, and a cellular system operating at a high frequency band. Moving Subscriber Stations that are in communication with the high-band system may lose communication with such high-band system, while maintaining communication with the low-band system. However, the high-band and low-band systems in a specific geographic area are typically operated by different Operators, and these two Operators may also differ from the Operator with whom a moving subscriber station is associated (defined below as the subscriber station&#39;s “own operator”). In order to maximize coverage area for moving Subscriber Stations, to enhance system utilization, and to achieve other advantages, there is needed a system and a method for providing continuous coverage to Subscriber Stations moving into and out of the radio coverage areas of a high-band operator and a low-band operator. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     One embodiment is a system operative to optimize usage of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two wireless cellular Operators. In one form of such a system, there are N wireless Base Stations deployed across a predetermined geographic area. The wireless Base Stations provide at least partial wireless cellular coverage in the predetermined geographic area, using a first radio band belonging to a first Operator, wherein at least K of the N wireless Base Stations also provide wireless cellular coverage using a second radio band belonging to a second Operator, wherein K is less than N, and wherein the first radio band is located higher in frequency than the second radio band. The system is configured to enhance a level of wireless cellular service provided by the first Operator, by causing Subscriber Stations associated with the first Operator to roam into the second radio band when out of range of the first radio band. 
     One embodiment is a method for supporting two-band wireless cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators. In one particular form of such embodiment, a wireless cellular system, operating via a first radio band belonging to a first Operator associated with a Subscriber Station, fails to deliver a predetermined level of wireless cellular service to the Subscriber Station. The wireless cellular system locates a second radio band belonging to a second Operator, operative to deliver the predetermined level of wireless cellular service to the Subscriber Station. The wireless cellular system, operating via the second radio band, delivers that at least predetermined level of service to the Subscriber station. 
     One embodiment is a method for enhancing wireless cellular service provided by at least two Operators. In one particular form of such embodiment, a wireless cellular system generates simultaneously a first Radio Access Network (RAN), and a second RAN, using a first and second radio bands, respectively, wherein said radio bands belong to first and second Operators, respectively, and the first radio band is located higher in frequency than the second radio band. The wireless cellular system enhances a level of wireless cellular service provided by the first Operator, by causing Subscriber Stations associated with the first Operator and which are poorly covered by the first RAN, to perform partial roaming from the first RAN to the second RAN. 
     One embodiment is a method for optimizing placement of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators. In one particular form of such embodiment, a wireless cellular system operators N wireless Base Stations deployed across a predetermined geographic area, the wireless Base Stations operative to provide wireless cellular coverage in the predetermined area using a first radio band belonging to a first Operator. Also, the wireless cellular system provides wireless cellular coverage in the predetermined geographic area, using a second radio band belonging to a second Operator, by configuring K wireless Base Stations out of the N wireless Base Stations, to cover wirelessly the predetermined geographic area using a second radio band belonging to a second Operator, wherein K is less than N, and the first radio band is located higher in frequency than the second radio band. Also, the wireless cellular system enhances a level of wireless cellular service provided by the first Operator, by causing Subscriber Stations associated with the first Operator to roam into the second radio band when out of range of the first radio band. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the present invention only, and are presented in order to provide what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of embodiments in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system of a wireless Base Station (BS) communicating with multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs); 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system of a wireless Base Station (BS) communicating with multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs), in which there is illustrated the allocation of spectrum to the RANs, components of wireless BS, and communication paths between the wireless BS and the Core Networks; 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates one embodiment a possible allocation of wireless Access Spectrum to two Radio Access Networks (RANs); 
         FIG. 2  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system of a wireless Base Station (BS) communicating with multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs), in which two RANs are sharing one radio transceiver chain; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system of a wireless Base Station (BS) communicating with multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs), in which each of two RANs has its own radio transceiver chain, and the RANs share other resources within the wireless BS; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband Processor included as part of a system of a wireless Base Station (BS) communicating with multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs), in which two RANs are sharing one radio transceiver chain; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband Processor included as part of a system of a wireless Base Station (BS) communicating with multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs), in which each of two RANs has its own radio transceiver chain, and the RANs share other resources within the wireless BS; 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates one embodiment of the functioning of a Baseband Processor in a system comprising a wireless Base Station (BS) communicating with multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs), in which two RANs are sharing one radio transceiver chain; 
         FIG. 6B  illustrates one embodiment of a possible allocation of wireless Access Spectrum to two Radio Access Networks (RANs), in which the allocation can be changed dynamically; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system of a wireless Base Station (BS) communicating with multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs), in which is also illustrated one possible configuration of a communication link from multiple Core Networks through a wireless Base Station to multiple RANs and then to multiple sets of wireless Subscriber Stations; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for dynamically generating a plurality of Radio Access Networks (RAN) by a single wireless Station (BS); 
         FIG. 9  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for servicing multiple Operators via a single wireless Base Station (BS) utilizing dynamic allocation of spectrum; 
         FIG. 10A  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system for assigning dynamically a plurality of transceiver chains among a varying number of wireless channels; 
         FIG. 10B  illustrates one embodiment of a digital interface of a Baseband processor subsystem within a system for assigning dynamically a plurality of transceiver chains among a varying number of wireless channels; 
         FIG. 10C  illustrates one embodiment of multiple signal paths in a Baseband processor subsystem within a system including two distinct radio channels; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates one embodiment of multiple signal paths in Baseband processor subsystem within a system including one radio channel; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband processor subsystem; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband processor subsystem including at least two Baseband processors; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband processor subsystem including at least two Baseband processors, in which a configurable digital interconnect subsystem connects with the Baseband processors; 
         FIG. 15A  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system for assigning dynamically a plurality of transceiver chains among a varying number of wireless channels, in which the system appears in a range-extension mode; 
         FIG. 15B  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system for assigning dynamically a plurality of transceiver chains among a varying number of wireless channels, in which the system appears in an enhanced-capacity mode; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates one embodiment of elements of a method for transitioning from a range extension mode to an enhanced capacity mode in a wireless Base Station; 
         FIG. 17  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system for direct communication between multiple Core Networks and a wireless Base Station (BS), and between the wireless BS and multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs); 
         FIG. 18A  illustrates one embodiment of components of a system with the potential to dynamically allocate a pool of at least three radio transceiver chains between first and second RANs; 
         FIG. 18B  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband Processor which has allocated two signals to one wireless channel and two other signals to a second wireless channel; 
         FIG. 19A  illustrates one embodiment of components of a system in which a pool of at least three radio transceiver chains has been dynamically reallocated between first and second RANs; 
         FIG. 19B  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband processor which has allocated three signals to one wireless channel and one other signals to a second wireless channel; 
         FIG. 20  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for dynamically generating a plurality of Radio Access Networks (RANs) by a single wireless Base Station (BS); 
         FIG. 21  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for servicing multiple Operators via a single wireless Base Station (BS) utilizing dynamic allocation of radio transceiver chains; 
         FIG. 22A  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system to allow wireless Subscriber Stations to roam on the wireless Base Station of a host Operator; 
         FIG. 22B  illustrates an alternative one embodiment of components comprising a system to allow wireless Subscriber Stations to roam on the wireless Base Station of a host Operator; 
         FIG. 23  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for connecting a Subscriber Station (SS) with its own Operator, using a wireless Base Station (BS) belonging to a different Operator (the “host Operator”); 
         FIG. 24  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for partial roaming of a Subscriber Station on the infrastructure of a host Operator and the infrastructure of its own Operator; 
         FIG. 25A  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system by which Subscriber Stations associated with an Operator communicate with a Core Network data source of that Operator; 
         FIG. 25B  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which a Subscriber Station associated with a different Operator requests access to the Radio Access Network (RAN) of a host Operator; 
         FIG. 25C  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which the Subscriber Access that requested access to the RAN of a host Operator has been admitted to the RAN of the host Operator; 
         FIG. 26  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for partial roaming of a Subscriber Station on the infrastructure of a host Operator and on the infrastructure of an Operator with whom the Subscriber Station is associated; 
         FIG. 27A  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which multiple Operators use a shared Backhaul link; 
         FIG. 27B  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which multiple Operators use a shared Backhaul link, showing the communication paths of multiple sets of data; 
         FIG. 28  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for a plurality of Operators sharing a Backhaul link, in which data rates between Core Network data sources and sets of Subscriber Stations are controlled such that the shared Backhaul link is not overloaded; 
         FIG. 29  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which multiple Operators use a shared Backhaul link, and in which each of multiple Random Access Networks services a set of Subscriber Stations associated with a particular Operator; 
         FIG. 30  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which multiple Operators use a shared Backhaul link, in which each of multiple Random Access Networks services a set of Subscriber Stations associated with a particular Operator, and in which each set of Subscriber Stations is communicatively connected the shared Backhaul link via a dedicated data link; 
         FIG. 31  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which multiple Operators use a shared Backhaul link, in which each of multiple Random Access Networks services a set of Subscriber Stations associated with a particular Operator, and in which a single wireless Base Station generates two or more of the Random Access Networks; 
         FIG. 32  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for sharing a Backhaul link among a plurality of Random Access Networks, in which data rates between Core Network data sources and sets of Subscriber Stations are controlled such that the shared Backhaul link is not overloaded; 
         FIG. 33  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for splitting dynamically resources of a Backhaul link shared by a plurality of Operators, such that the combined data rate of multiple downlink paths do not overload the shared Backhaul link, and/or such that the combined data rate of multiple uplink paths do not overload the shared Backhaul link; 
         FIG. 34A  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which a wireless Base Station is linked to both a Backhaul link and a Radio Access Network; 
         FIG. 34B  illustrates one embodiment of some of the components in  FIG. 34A , including details associated with Digital ports; 
         FIG. 34C  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which a wireless Base Station is linked to both a Backhaul link and a Radio Access Network, including details of various signals; 
         FIG. 35A  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system in which a wireless Base Station is linked to both a Backhaul link and a Radio Access Network, but in a different state than the system illustrated in  FIG. 34A ; 
         FIG. 35B  illustrates one embodiment of some of the components in  FIG. 35A , including details of various Digital ports and of various signals; 
         FIG. 36  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband subsystem; 
         FIG. 37  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband subsystem, including multiple Baseband processors and various signals; 
         FIG. 38  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband subsystem, including a Configurable digital interconnect subsystem; 
         FIG. 39  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for sharing a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a Radio Access Network; 
         FIG. 40  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for boosting performance of a Backhaul link associated with a wireless Base Station; 
         FIG. 41A  illustrates one embodiment of a wireless cellular system with multiple Base Stations and a certain geographic area of radio coverage; 
         FIG. 41B  illustrates one embodiment of a wireless cellular system with multiple Base Stations and a certain geographic area of radio coverage, in which at least one Subscriber Station is within the coverage area of a lower frequency band but outside the coverage area of a higher frequency band; 
         FIG. 42  illustrates one embodiment of a wireless cellular system with at least one Subscriber Station roaming out of the coverage area of a higher frequency band but still within the coverage area of a lower frequency band; 
         FIG. 43  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for supporting two-band wireless cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators; 
         FIG. 44  illustrates one embodiment of a wireless cellular system with two separate Radio Access Networks, in which one RAN operates on a higher frequency band and the second RAN operators on a lower frequency band; 
         FIG. 45  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for enhancing wireless cellular service provided by at least two Operators; and 
         FIG. 46  illustrates one embodiment of the elements of a method for optimizing placement of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A number of terms are used in the presentation of embodiments, among which are the following: 
     An “Analog-Digital Interface”, also called a “Two-Way Analog-Digital Interface”, is a converter between two components of a system that converts analog signals to digital signals, or digital signals to analog signals, depending on the need. One example of an Analog-Digital Interface is an interface between a Baseband subsystem and radio transceiver chain. Each of the components listed may have additional sub-components, some of which are listed in the embodiments described herein. Different configurations of the components are described in some of the embodiments. Different communication paths and processes between components are described in some of the embodiments. The components, sub-components, configurations, and communication paths and processes, presented herein, are intended to present only some of the embodiments, and are illustrative only. 
     “Associated with” describes the relationship between a Subscriber Station and an Operator. The Subscriber Station is owned by a consumer or other third party customer. This consumer or customer subscribes to a particular Operator to receive wireless service. The Subscriber Station is said to be “associated with” the Operator to whom the consumer or customer has subscribed for this particular Subscriber Station. The Subscriber Station is not owned by the Operator, and so it is not stated, indeed it would be incorrect to state, that the Subscriber Station is “owned by” the Operator. The term used herein is “associated with”. 
     A “wireless Base Station”, or “Base Station”, is a collection of hardware and software that communicates to Subscriber Stations over the RAN, using any of a variety of standardized or proprietary protocols, in TDD or FDD mode, and on one or more channels of wireless Access Spectrum. If a Base Station can operate on multiple radio channels of spectrum that are considered to be relatively closely separated from each other (or even adjacent to one another), the Base Station is referred to as a “multi-carrier Base Station”. If a multi-carrier Base Station can operate on widely separated frequencies then it may additionally be referred to as a “multi-band Base Station”. A “multi-mode Base Station” is a Base Station that supports multiple wireless protocols. Non-limiting examples of such wireless protocols include LTE and WiFi. The wireless Base Station generates the RAN. 
     By industry convention, and also herein, “Base Station” includes not just the hardware processing device in which radio processing and baseband processing occurs, but also the radio transceiver chain connected to such hardware processing device, and the antennas in physical connection with the radio transceiver chain. In some embodiments, each such hardware processing device is connected to one radio transceiver chain, and each radio transceiver chain is connected to one antenna. However, it is possible to have multiple antennas connected to one radio transceiver chain. It is also possible to have one antenna in connection with multiple radio transceiver chains, in which case there would be a power combiner that combines the signals from the radio transceiver chains into the one antenna. It is also possible to split one radio transceiver chain to multiple hardware processing devices, so that the multiple hardware devices feed signals to the radio transceiver chain. It is also possible to have one hardware processing device connected to multiple radio transceiver chains. All of the possible configurations discussed herein come within the term “Base Station”. 
     A “Baseband Processor” (BP) is a device, typically a chip or a part of a chip in a Base Station, that manages and performs signal processing and radio control functions. Modulation and demodulation of communication signals are typically performed by a BP. A BP is a component of a wireless Base Station, and also typically appears in advanced consumer wireless equipment, although the configuration of the BP device will vary depending on many factors, including, among others, whether it will function in the wireless BS or in the consumer wireless device. 
     A “Core Network” is a part of a mobile communication network that provides various services to Subscriber Stations who are connected to the Core Network via a RAN. An Operator&#39;s Core Network is the aggregation point of data to and from multiple Base Stations, and typically includes equipment and software for subscriber authentication, monitoring, metering, billing, control, and overall administration of the network. A Base Station communicates to the Core Network over the Base Station&#39;s “backhaul interface”, which may be either wired or wireless. 
     A “downlink communication” or “downlink path” is communication from a network to remote stations. One example is communication from Core Network data sources to Subscriber Stations. Conversely, “uplink communication” or “uplink path” is communication from remote stations to a network. One example is communication from Subscriber Stations to Core Network data sources. 
     A “Gateway device” is a device through which passes all traffic to and from a set of Base Stations. Most Operators organize their networks with one or more Gateway devices, although strictly speaking, this is not essential. Communication between a Base Station and a Gateway is generally governed by a standard or proprietary protocol, and will usually vary to some degree among Operators, even when all the Operators are using a technical standards-based approach. This protocol, whether standard for multiple Operators or proprietary to one Operator, is almost always carried “in-band”. “In-band” means that the communication protocol between a Base Station and a Gateway is logically multiplexed with the data itself on the Base Station&#39;s backhaul interface. 
     Some Base Stations also communicate directly with one another, rather than through a Gateway. One typical reason for such communication is to exchange time-sensitive information related to inter-Base Station subscriber handover operations. Another typical reason for such communication is to help implement or improve load-balancing between Base Stations. Inter-Base Station communication, for whatever reason it is implemented, is typically governed by standard or proprietary protocols, and such protocols, even if standard, will usually vary among Operators and even among manufacturers of infrastructure equipment. 
     A “network Tunnel” or “Tunnel” is a network communications channel between two networks. It is used to transport another network protocol by encapsulation of the protocol packets. Tunnels are often used for connecting two disjoint networks that lack a native routing path to each other, via an underlying routable protocol across an intermediate transport network. In IP tunneling, every IP packet, including addressing information of its source and destination IP networks, is encapsulated within another packet format native to the transit network. At the borders between the source network and the transit network, as well as the transit network and the destination network, Gateways are used that establish the end-points of the IP tunnel across the transit network. IP Tunnels are logical, rather than physical, interfaces. Examples of network Tunnels are IP Tunnels and Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE). 
     An “Operator” is a company or other entity that provides wireless services to subscribers. An Operator may operate regionally, nation-wide, or even globally. An Operator may utilize either Licensed or Unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of both. Each portion of an Operator&#39;s spectrum may be deployed as half-duplex, time division duplex (TDD), full-duplex, or frequency division duplex (FDD). An Operator&#39;s spectral allocation may be uniform across its service area, or may vary from region to region. If multiple Operators function in different and non-overlapping geographic regions, the same frequency range may be allocated to different Operators in different regions. 
     A “host Operator” is an Operator which has been requested to allow access to a Subscriber Station not associated with that Operator. The host Operator allows the Subscriber Station to access the host Operator&#39;s RAN, and the host Operator then provides either roaming or partial roaming services to the Subscriber Station. The phrase “first Operator” also means the “host Operator”, where “first Operator” contrasts with “second Operator” and/or “other Operator”, neither of which is the “host Operator”. 
     An operator with whom a Subscriber Station is associated is also called the Subscriber Station&#39;s “own Operator”. 
     A “Radio Access Network” (RAN) is a part of a mobile communication system that implements radio access technology. In a wireless communication system, the RAN sits between the Subscriber Station and the Core Network. The RAN is generated by the wireless BS. 
     “Roaming” is a situation where a Subscriber Station associated with a particular Operator, encounters a wireless network belonging to a different Operator, where frequency encountered by the Subscriber Station is supported by the different Operator, and the Subscriber Station receives service from that different Operator. 
     “Partial Roaming”, as used herein, is roaming, except that a Subscriber Station makes connection with the wireless BS of a host Operator, as in ordinary roaming, but unlike ordinary roaming, connections for this Subscriber Station do not travel over the network infrastructure of the host Operator, but only on the network infrastructure of the Subscriber Station&#39;s own Operator, and the Subscriber station does not have data communication with the data source of the first Operator, but has data communication only with the data source of the second Operator. In this way, the Subscriber Station, which is associated with the second Operator, uses wireless spectrum resources of the first Operator, but does not use network resources of the first Operator during the course of data communication between a data source and the Subscriber Station. 
     A “roaming Subscriber Station”, or “roaming SS”, is a Subscriber Station that is in communicative connection with a wireless Base Station (BS) of a host Operator, which is an Operator with whom the roaming Subscriber Station is not associated. This may be ordinary roaming, in which the SS is connected via the BS on a network infrastructure of the host Operator to a data source of the host Operator, or partial roaming, in which the SS is connected via the BS on a network infrastructure of another Operator (the SS&#39;s own Operator) to the Core Network data source of the other Operator. 
     “Subscriber Stations” are wireless communication devices used by customers of an Operator. Such Subscriber Stations are typically, but not necessarily and not always, locked to all or a subset of the radio frequencies licensed to that Operator. Some possible non-limiting categories of Subscriber Stations include handsets, dongles, customer premises equipment (CPE) for wireless communication, and hot spot equipment for wireless communication. Non-limiting examples of handsets include cellular telephones of all kinds, PDAs, wireless data devices, pages, and other consumer radio equipment. 
     “Wireless Access Spectrum” is the radio spectrum on which a RAN operates, and hence the radio spectrum is utilized by both Subscriber Stations to access the wireless Base Station and the wireless Base Station to communicate with Subscriber Stations. 
     There is a need for a practical way by which various Operators may collaborate and share infrastructure equipment and other resources. The sharing of resources by multiple Operators can be advantageous to all parties. Devices, systems, and methods are presented herein for a wireless Base Station (BS) capable of substantially simultaneously providing service to subscribers of multiple Operators. Depending upon the particular deployment requirements or equipment capabilities, each Operator may be operating on the same or different frequencies. If frequencies are different, they may be adjacent, closely separated, or widely separated. The wireless BS will distinguish and logically separate and route the traffic between each Subscriber Station and the Core Network providing service to that Subscriber Station. The wireless BS may support different logical or different physical interfaces between the wireless BS and each Operator. 
     Where limited wireless or processing resources are shared among the Operators, load balancing techniques and methods may be deployed to govern the allocation of these resources. Non-limiting examples of shared resources include Subscriber Stations of multiple Operators sharing the same frequency, Operators sharing one or more radio chains, shared antennas, shared transmit power, shared backhaul, and one or more processors which process communication for multiple Operators. For these and other cases of shared resource utilization, load balancing techniques and methods may apply within a single Base Station, or among a group of Base Stations on a network. Such load balancing techniques and methods may be distributed, or controlled centrally, or have dynamically shifting control as the needs change. Considerations in the selection and deployment of load balancing techniques may be technical or financial or both. Such considerations may affect the load balancing algorithms and decisions. As an example of a consideration that is both technical and financial, one Operator may be heavily loaded at a particular time while another Operator may be lightly loaded at the same time. By agreement between the Operators, the heavily loaded Operator may off-load capacity by utilizing resources normally allocated to the lightly loaded Operator. An agreement like this would typically include financial compensation from the heavily loaded Operator to the lightly loaded Operator, and such compensation may be cost per usage, fixed cost per period or by event, variable cost depending on such factors as time and relative loading, or on any other basis agreed upon by the Operators. 
     Many possible embodiments of a multi-Operator BS may be imagined. A very few non-limiting examples include the following: 
     (1) According to one multi-Operator BS scenario, at least Subscriber Devices of one Operator in the geographic region of interest may not have the capability to roam onto another Operator&#39;s licensed spectrum. This could be because such Subscriber Devices of a first Operator do not contain the appropriate frequency support to function on the frequency of the second Operator, or because such Subscriber Devices are locked onto the first Operator&#39;s network, or because such Subscriber Devices are locked out of the other Operator&#39;s network. 
     In one embodiment, this problem may be handled by either a multi-carrier or multi-band Base Station, with one or more distinct carriers allocated to each Operator. The relative amounts of spectrum allocated among the Operators could impact the allocation of carriers among the Operators. In this embodiment, the Base Station may support multiple logical core-network interfaces, one for each Operator, and the interfaces may be either standardized or customized for each different Operator. Communication may be multiplexed onto the same physical backhaul interface, with each message or even each packet labeled with unique routing information to connect the message or packet to its corresponding core network gateway. However, and alternatively, each logical interface may utilize different physical interfaces. 
     In this embodiment, load balancing of shared Base Station resources between Operators may apply to any or all of antennas, transmit power, backhaul resources, and processing power. 
     (2) According to a second multi-Operator BS scenario, at least some subscriber devices of a first Operator in the geographic region of interest do have the capability to roam onto another Operator&#39;s licensed spectrum. 
     For this case, in one embodiment such roaming may be handled by either a multi-carrier or a multi-band Base Station, depending at least in part upon the specific spectrum allocations to the Operators. A Subscriber Station may, by default, connect to its own Operator&#39;s spectrum, in which case communication will be effected as explained in scenario (1) above. However, in the event that the Operator&#39;s network is heavily loaded, prior art architecture does not allow the Base Station to direct the subscriber to a more lightly loaded Operator&#39;s spectrum. In one embodiment, instead of the typical prior art roaming situation, by which a local Operator&#39;s network handles the session and later bills the subscriber&#39;s Operator per pre-agreement, the Base Station will support multiple logical Core Network interfaces, one such interface for each Operator, and the traffic from the redirected subscriber will be routed to its own Operator&#39;s core interface. (Such interface may be logical or physical, or dynamically shifting between logical and physical.) The Base Station, in combination with relevant Core Network elements, can keep track of this shared usage so that the proper financial compensation may be made between Operators. 
     In this embodiment, load balancing of shared Base Station resources between Operators may apply to spectrum, antennas, transmit power, backhaul resources, processing power, or any of the other elements previously identified as possible shared resources. 
     (3) According to a third multi-Operator BS scenario, the Base Station and at least some Subscriber Stations in a geographic region of interest, support one or more ranges of unlicensed spectrum or protocols. Various non-limiting examples of an unlicensed protocol are Bluetooth, WiFi, and WiMAX, but there are many such examples of technologies. Often, but not exclusively, such technologies may operate at relatively low power, or may operate in one of the non-licensed bands such as 915 MHz, 2.45 Gz, or 5.8 GHz. This third scenario can occur in combination with either scenario (1) or scenario (2), above. 
     In one embodiment of a scenario with unlicensed spectrum or protocols, usage on unlicensed spectrum is handled by either a multi-carrier Base Station or multi-band Base Station (depending upon the specific spectrum allocations of the Operators). If multiple protocols are involved, in which a second Operator employs a protocol not used by a first Operator, a multi-mode Base Station may support the different protocols. 
     In this third scenario of unlicensed spectrum or protocols, licensed operation is handled as in the case of either scenarios (1) or (2) above. At the same time, unlicensed spectrum may be budgeted or simply shared among the participating Operators, or the unlicensed spectrum may be used as a resource that is allocated and charged for by the owner of the Base Station. The owner of the Base Station may be one of the Operators, or may be a separate party. In any event, traffic allocated to unlicensed spectrum supported by a Base Station will again be routed to and from the Operator&#39;s Core Network. Such routing may be logical or physical or dynamically changing between logical and physical. 
     The general architecture for some of the embodiments described herein call for a number of components, including: (1) Subscriber Stations, (2) RANs, (3) antenna and radio chains, the latter including power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, and one or more transceivers. Each radio chain may operate on the same channel (single-carrier capability), different but closely separated channels (multi-carrier capability), or widely separated channels (multi-band capability), (4) a Baseband subsystem, (5) a network processor that may implement, among other things, an array of logical core network interfaces, each of which multiplex into one or more physical backhaul interfaces, (6) backhaul links, and (7) core Networks. 
     Each of the components listed may have additional sub-components, some of which are listed in the embodiments described herein. Different configurations of the components are described in some of the embodiments. Different communication paths and processes between components are described in some of the embodiments. The components, sub-components, configurations, and communication paths and processes, presented herein, are intended to present only some of the embodiments, and are illustrative only. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates one embodiment of components in a system. In  FIG. 1A , there is a wireless Base Station (BS)  100 , which is connected by one or more Backhaul links  105  to an IP Network  101 . Said IP Network includes two or more sources of data. Here, the sources are data that come from a first Core Network, First Core Network data source  102   a , and from a second Core Network, Second Core Network data source  102   b . The wireless BS  100  also generates two or more Random Access Networks (RANs), here First RAN  109   a  and Second RAN  109   b . Each RAN network communicates with one or more Subscriber Stations. In  FIG. 1A , Subscriber Stations  108  are communicatively connected to First RAN  109   a.    
       FIG. 1B  illustrates one embodiment of components in a system. The wireless BS  100  includes at least two major components, which are one or more Network processors  201  that communicate with IP Network  101  via the physical Backhaul links  105 . The Backhaul links  105  are physical links, which may be microwave, cable, or any other communication medium. Backhaul links  105  provide a path for the logical links, which are the network Tunnels connecting Core Network data sources with the Network processors  102 . In  FIG. 1B , First network Tunnel  105   a  communicatively connects First Core Network data source  102   a  with Network processors  201 , and Second Core Network data source  102   b  with Network processors  201 . The Network processors  201  are also communicatively connected with Baseband processor/s  202 , which generate using one or more radio chains, and one or more radio antennas, the RANs, here First RAN  109   a  and Second RAN  109   b . In the initial setup of the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1B , a First amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  has been allocated to First RAN  109   a , and a Second amount of wireless Access Spectrum has been allocated to Second RAN  109   b.    
       FIG. 1C  illustrates one embodiment a possible allocation of wireless Access Spectrum to two Radio Access Networks (RANs). A certain amount of wireless Access Spectrum has been pre-allocated  211  to a wireless BS and to an associated plurality of two or more RANs. Further, all or part of the pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211  may be dynamically allocated as a First amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  to a First RAN  109   a  or as a Second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  to a Second RAN  109   b . In  FIG. 1C , not all of  211  has been allocated to  211   a  or  211   b . Rather, there is a small amount of frequency between  211   a  and  211   b  that has not been allocated, possibly as a guard frequency against inter-Operator interference. Similarly, there is a small amount of frequency on the left of  211   a , in a frequency lower than the lowest boundary of the  211   a  range, that has not been allocated, and this, too, might be a guard frequency. In addition, there is a greater amount of frequency at a higher range than  211   b , still within  211  but to the right of  211   b , that has not been allocated, and this may be partially a guard frequency, possibly a reserve, possibly allocated to a different Operator or a different purpose. The main point is that the total frequency in  211   a  and  211   b  combined may equal, or maybe less than, but may not exceed, the pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211 . Further, the allocation of  211  between  211   a  and  211   b  may be done at the same time as the allocation of  211 , or may be done after the allocation of  211 , but in all cases, no frequency is allocated among Operators until there has been or is simultaneously a pool of pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system of a wireless Base Station (BS)  100  generating multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs)  109   a  &amp;  109   b , in which the two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  are sharing one radio transceiver chain  232 . In  FIG. 2 , there is a single radio transceiver chain  232  utilized by the Baseband processors  202  to generate the RANs  109   a  and  109   b . As described previously, a First amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  has been allocated to First RAN  109   a , and a Second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  has been allocated to Second RAN  109   b . Since both  109   a  and  109   b  communicate with wireless BS  100  through the same radio transceiver chain  232 , the coverage areas of  109   a  and  109   b  will be either the same or very similar. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system of a wireless Base Station (BS)  100  communicating with multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs)  109   a  &amp;  109   b , in which each of two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  has its own radio transceiver chain  233   a  &amp;  233   b , and the RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  share other resources within the wireless BS  100 .  FIG. 3  has the same components has does  FIG. 2 , except  FIG. 3  does not have a single radio transceiver chain  232 . Rather,  FIG. 3  has two transceiver chains, which are First radio transceiver chain  233   a  that is utilized by Baseband processor/s  202  to generate First RAN  109   a  using the First amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a , and Second radio transceiver chain  233   b  that is utilized by Base Band processor/s  202  to generate Second RAN  109   b  using the Second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b . As shown in  FIG. 3 , since each RAN has its own radio transceiver chains, the RAN coverage areas are essentially independent. The coverage areas might not overlap at all, might overlap slightly as is shown in  FIG. 3 , or might overlap substantially as is shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     In one embodiment, there is a wireless Base Station (BS)  100  system to directly communicate with Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b , on one side, and to directly provide multiple corresponding Radio Access Networks (RANs)  109   a  &amp;  109   b  on the other side. This system may include a network processor  201  operative to maintain at least two network Tunnels  105   a  &amp;  105   b  extending directly to at least two corresponding Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b , one or more Baseband processors  202  operative to create at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  substantially simultaneously, and one or more radio transceiver chains  232 ,  233   a  and  233   b , operative to accommodate the one or more Baseband processors  202  in creating the at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  substantially simultaneously. In one configuration of the embodiment, the system may be configured to split dynamically a pool of pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211  between the at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  according to one or more criteria, reconfigure the at least one Baseband Processor  202  to maintain the at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  according to the split of spectrum between the two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , and operate the at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  using data communicated with the corresponding at least two Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b  via the corresponding at least two network Tunnels  105   a  &amp;  105   b.    
     In an alternative embodiment of the embodiment just described, at least one of the criteria used to split dynamically a pool of pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211  between at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , is based on dynamic data rate requirements of at least one of the Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b.    
     In another alternative embodiment of the embodiment described above, at least one of the criteria used to split dynamically a pool of pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211  between at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , is based on measuring data rates over at least one of the RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b.    
     In another alternative embodiment of the embodiment just described, at least one of the criteria used to split dynamically a pool of pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211  between at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , is based on measuring data rates over at least one of the network Tunnels  105   a  &amp;  105   b.    
     In another alternative embodiment of the embodiment just described, the dynamic split of pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum creates at least two amounts of wireless Access Spectrum, and each amount of wireless Access Spectrum after the split is allocated to one of the at least two RANs. 
     In one possible configuration of the alternative embodiment in which each amount of wireless Access Spectrum after the split is allocated to one of the at least two RANs, at least one of the amounts of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  &amp;  211   b  allocated to the RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , is smaller than the other amount of allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  &amp;  211   b . In other words, either  211   a  is greater than  211   b , or  211   b  is greater than  211   a , but in this embodiment  211   a  is not equal to  211   b.    
       FIG. 4  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband processor  202  in a system of a wireless Base Station (BS)  100  generating multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs)  109   a  &amp;  109   b , in which two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  are sharing one radio transceiver chain  232 . In this embodiment, the Baseband processor  202  may be reconfigured by programming. In one possible embodiment, reconfiguration by programming is implemented by two software changes, termed in  FIG. 4 , “First software instance  401   a ” and “Second software instance  401   b ”. In  401   a , the software instance is associated with First RAN  109   a , and  401   a  creates Baseband signal  440   a , having a bandwidth that is dynamically related to the amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  allocated to First RAN  109   a . Correspondingly, in  401   b  the software instance is associated with Second RAN  109   b , and  401   b  creates Baseband signal  440   b , having a bandwidth that is dynamically related to the amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  allocated to First RAN  109   b . In  FIG. 4 , the relative bandwidth between  109   a  and  109   b  are intimately related, since the total amount of bandwidth allocated to two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  cannot exceed the initial allocation  211 . Similarly, the relative bandwidths of the Baseband signals  440   a  &amp;  440   b  are intimately related, since the two bandwidths together cannot exceed the allocation  211 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband processor  202  in a system of a wireless Base Station (BS)  100  generating multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs)  109   a  &amp;  109   b , in which each of two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  has its own radio transceiver chain,  233   a  for First RAN  109   a  and  233   b  for Second RAN  109   b . In this embodiment, First software instance  401   a  creates Baseband signal  440   a , which the Baseband processor  202  communicates to the First radio transceiver chain  233   a , which communicates Baseband signal  440   a  over allocated frequency  211   a  to First RAN  109   a . Also in this embodiment, Second software instance  401   b  creates Baseband signal  440   b , which the Baseband processor  202  communicates to the Second radio transceiver chain  233   b , which communicates Baseband signal  440   b  over allocated frequency  211   b  to Second RAN  109   b.    
       FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B  illustrate one embodiment of a Baseband processor  202  in a system of a wireless Base Station (BS)  100  generating multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs)  109   a  &amp;  109   b , in which two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  are sharing one radio transceiver chain  232 . In this embodiment, the Baseband processor  202  may be reconfigured by programming. In one possible embodiment, reconfiguration by programming is implemented by a Dynamic signal synthesizer  501  dynamically synthesizing a single compound signal  550  on Baseband processor  202 . The single compound signal  550  has at least two frequency portions  550   a  &amp;  550   b , in which each frequency portion is associated with one of the RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , and each of the frequency portions  550   a  &amp;  550   b  is dynamically related to the amount of wireless Access Spectrum allocated  211   a  &amp;  211   b  to the RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b . As an example,  501  creates compound signal  550  which includes a frequency portion  550   a  associated with First RAN  109   a  and dynamically related to First amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a , and which also includes frequency portion  550   b  associated with Second RAN  109   b  and dynamically related to Second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b . In this sample embodiment, the dynamic signal synthesizer  501  fills the role formerly filled by First software instance  401   a  and Second software instance  401   b  in  FIG. 4 . Since  FIG. 6A , like  FIG. 4 , has only one radio transceiver chain  232 , the coverage areas of  109   a  and  109   b  overlap substantially. 
     In one embodiment, a wireless Base Station (BS)  100  system directly communicates with Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b , on one side, and directly provides multiple corresponding Radio Access Networks (RANs)  109   a  &amp;  109   b  on the other side, in which different amounts of wireless Access Spectrum have been allocated to RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , the following additional elements may appear. (1) The at least one Baseband processor  202  is programmable to an alternative configuration. (2) The Baseband processor  202  is reconfigured by at least two software instances  401   a  &amp;  401   b  on Baseband processor  202 , each software instance associated with at least one of the RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , and each software instance  401   a  &amp;  401   b  creates a Baseband signal  440   a  &amp;  440   b  that has a bandwidth dynamically related to the amount of wireless Access Spectrum allocated to the RAN by the dynamic split of wireless Access Spectrum. For example,  401   a  creates  440   a  that is dynamically related to  211   a , and  401   b  creates  440   b  that is dynamically related to  211   b . In one alternative embodiment of this embodiment, there is only one radio transceiver chain  232 , and the Baseband signals  440   a  &amp;  440   b  of the least two software instances  401   a  &amp;  401   b  are fed to this one chain  232 , thereby generating the at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , each RAN driven by one of the corresponding Baseband signals  109   a  by  401   a  and  109   b  by  401   b . In a different alternative embodiment of the embodiment described above, there are two radio transceiver chains  233   a  &amp;  233   b  rather than the one chain  232 , so  401   a  creates  440   a  that is fed to transceiver chain  233   a  which then generates First RAN  109   a , and  401   b  creates  440   b  that is fed to transceiver chain  233   b  which then generates Second RAN  109   b.    
     In one embodiment a wireless Base Station (BS)  100  system directly communicates with Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b , on one side, and directly provides multiple corresponding Radio Access Networks (RANs)  109   a  &amp;  109   b  on the other side, in which different amounts of wireless Access Spectrum have been allocated to RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , the following additional elements may appear. (1) The at least one Baseband processor  202  is programmable to an alternative configuration. (2) The Baseband processor  202  is reconfigured by a dynamic signal synthesizer  501  dynamically synthesizing a single compound signal  550  on the at least one Baseband processor  202 , the compound signal  550  having at least two frequency portions  550   a  &amp;  550   b , each of the two frequency portions  550   a  &amp;  550   b  associated with one of the at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109 B, and each of the frequency portions  550   a  &amp;  550   b  is dynamically related to the amount of wireless Access Spectrum  550   a  &amp;  550   b  allocated for each of the RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  by the frequency split. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the embodiment described immediately above, there is a single radio transceiver chain  232 , and the single compound signal  550  is fed to the single radio transceiver chain  232 , thereby generating the at least two RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , in which each is driven by one of the two frequency portions  550   a  &amp;  550   b . In one possible configuration of this alternative embodiment of the embodiment described immediately above, each of the two RANs is either WiMAX or LTE, the single compound signal  550  is an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) signal, and the two frequency portions  550   a  &amp;  550   b  comprises at least one unique sub-channel of the OFDMA signal. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system communicating between Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b  and wireless Subscriber Stations  108   a  &amp;  108   b , in which a first data set is communicated  300   a  from First Core Network data source  102   a  via the logical link network Tunnel  105   a  to wireless Base Station  100 , then to Network processor  201 , Baseband processor  202 , and First radio transceiver chain  233   a , after which the first data set is conveyed  301   a  by the wireless BS  10  to the First RAN  109   a , and finally to a first set of wireless Subscriber Stations  108   a . Also in this embodiment, a second data set is communicated  300   b  from Second Core Network data source  102   b  via the logical link network Tunnel  105   b  to wireless Base Station  100 , then to Network processor  201 , Baseband processor  202 , and Second radio transceiver chain  233   b , after which the second data set is conveyed  301   b  by the wireless BS  10  to the Second RAN  109   a , and finally to a second set of wireless Subscriber Stations  108   b .  FIG. 7  illustrates the communication path for both data sets between each Core Network and its corresponding set of wireless Subscriber Stations. Of course, data traffic travels in both direction, from Core Networks through various stages to wireless Subscriber Stations, and from wireless Subscriber Stations through various stages to Core Networks. 
       FIG. 8  is a flow diagram illustrating one method for dynamically generating a plurality of Radio Access Networks (RAN)  109   a  &amp;  109   b  by a single wireless Base Station (BS)  100 . In step  1021 , determining dynamically first and second amounts of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  &amp;  211   b  needed by a wireless BS  100  to wirelessly convey data from a first and a second corresponding Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b . In step  1022 , allocating the first and the second amounts of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  &amp;  211   b , out of a pool of pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211  belonging to the wireless BS  100 , to a first RAN  109   a  and a second RAN  109   b , respectively, of the wireless BS respectively. In step  1023 , the wireless BS  100  communicating first and second data sets  300   a  &amp;  300   b , with the first and the second Core Network data sources  102 A &amp;  102   b , respectively. In step  1024 , the wireless BS  100  conveying the first and second data sets  301   a  &amp;  301   b , over the first and second RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b , respectively, to first and second sets of wireless Subscriber Stations (SS)  108   a  &amp;  108   b , respectively. 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described, further determining from time to time the first and the second amounts of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  &amp;  211   b  needed by the wireless BS  100  to wirelessly convey  301   a  &amp;  301   b  the first and second data sets, and allocating from time to time the first and the second amounts of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  &amp;  211   b.    
     In this first possible implementation of the method just described, one further possible implementation is that the first and second amounts of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  &amp;  211   b  are determined, at least in part, from first and second data rates associated with communicating the data sets  300   a  &amp;  300   b . In this further possible implementation of the possible implementation of the method just described, the first and second data rates associated with communicating the data sets  300   a  &amp;  300   b  may be measured, or such data rates may be determined by querying the first and second Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b , or it is possible to both measure the data rates and also query the Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b.    
     In this first possible implementation of the method described above for dynamically generating a plurality of RANs  109   a  &amp;  109   b  by a single wireless BS  100 , a second further possible implementation is that at some point in time most of the pool of pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211  is allocated as the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  to the First RAN  109   a . In this same second further possible implementation, in an additional embodiment, at some point in time most of the pool of pre-allocated wireless Access Spectrum  211  is allocated as the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  to the Second RAN  109   b.    
     In a second possible implementation of the method described above, further communicating the first and second data sets  300   a  &amp;  300   b  with the first and second Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b , using at least one Backhaul link  105 . 
     In this second possible implementation of the method described above, one further possible implementation is that at least one Backhaul link  105  comprises a first network Tunnel  105   a , connecting the first Core Network data source  102   a  with the wireless BS  100 , and connecting the second Core Network data source  102   b  with the wireless BS  100 . 
     In this same further possible implementation to the second possible implementation of the method described above, an additional embodiment would include the following additional elements. (1) The wireless BS  100  is an integrated Pico-Base Station. (2) The network Tunnels  105   a  &amp;  105   b  are directly connected to the first and second Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b , respectively. (3) The Pico-Base Station substantially does not require a dedicated infrastructure to facilitate connectivity with the Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b  other than the at least one Backhaul link  105  and an IP Network  101  comprising the Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b.    
     In this second possible implementation of the method described above, a second further possible implementation is that the first data set is communicated  300   a  over a first Backhaul link, and a second data set is communicated over a second Backhaul link. Element  105  shows a single Backhaul link, but in this further possible implementation, there are two Backhaul links, although that is not illustrated in the Figures. 
     In a third possible implementation of the method described above, the First Core Network data source  102   a  belongs to a first Operator, the Second Core Network data source  102   b  belongs to a second Operator, the First RAN  109   a  is associated with an identity of the first Operator, and the Second RAN  109   b  is associated with an identity of the second Operator. The phrase “associated with” in this sense means that the name of the network is broadcast within the RAN transmissions. Hence, a First RAN  109   a  associated with the identity of the first Operator will broadcast, together with the RAN  109   a  transmissions, the name of the first network or the other identity of the first network chosen by the first Operator. Similarly, a Second RAN  109   b  associated with the identity of the second Operator will broadcast, together with the RAN  109   b  transmissions, the name of the second network or the other identity of the second network chosen by the second Operator. 
       FIG. 9  is a flow diagram illustrating one method for servicing multiple cellular Operators via a single wireless Base Station (BS)  100 , utilizing dynamic allocation of spectrum. In step  1031 , a wireless BS  100  communicating first  300   a  and a second  300   b  data sets with a First Core Network data source  102   a  belonging to a first cellular Operator and with a Second Core Network data source  102   b  belonging to a second cellular Operator respectively, over first and second network Tunnels  105   a  &amp;  105   b , respectively. In step  1032 , the wireless BS  100  utilizing first and second amounts of wireless Access spectrum  211   a  &amp;  211   b , respectively, to convey the first  301   a  and second  301   b  data sets over first  109   a  and second  109   b  RANs, respectively, to first and second sets of wireless Subscriber Stations (SS)  108   a  &amp;  108   b , respectively. In step  1033 , determining that the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  is not sufficient to convey  300   a  the first data set. In step  1034 , increasing the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  at the expense of the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b , thereby making the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  better suited to convey  301   a  the first data set. 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described, increasing the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  at the expense of the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  further comprises determining a third amount of wireless Access Spectrum that can be reduced from the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  without substantially impairing the ability of the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  to convey  301   b  the second data set, reducing the third amount of Wireless Access Spectrum from the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b , and adding the third amount of wireless Access Spectrum to the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a.    
     In a second possible implementation of the method described above, increasing the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  at the expense of the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  further comprises determining a third amount of wireless Access Spectrum to be reduced from the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  and to be added to the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a , such that the third amount of wireless Access Spectrum is operative to substantially equate the ability of the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a  to convey  301   a  the first data set with the ability of the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b  to convey  301   b  the second data set, reducing the third amount of Wireless Access spectrum from the second amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   b , and adding the third amount of wireless Access Spectrum to the first amount of wireless Access Spectrum  211   a.    
     It is noted that: (1) In some embodiments, there is a fully-integrated Base Station with an ability to handle multiple bands. (2) In some embodiments, there is an array of assignable Core Network interfaces which allow multiple Operators to share the same Base Station equipment and the same physical backhaul interface. (3) In some embodiments, there is load balancing between Operators to share one or more of wireless Access Spectrum, radio antennas, available radio transmit power, backhaul, and Baseband processing power. (4) In some embodiments, both licensed and unlicensed frequencies are supported in a fully-integrated Base Stations. (5) In some embodiments, there is dynamic reallocation of wireless Access Spectrum from a relatively lightly loaded Operator to a relatively heavily loaded Operator. (6) In some embodiments, a dedicated Gateway separates traffic between the Core Networks and the Base Station. (7) In some embodiments, a fully integrated multi-Operator Base Station allows multiple Operators to share many different kinds of resources, such as, but not by limitation, wireless Access Spectrum, antenna, radio chain, transmit power, processing, backhaul to a centralized processing unit, and others. (8) Various of embodiments described herein offer the flexibility of a compact and fully integrated Base Station that permit balancing in the employment of many different kinds of resources, including, by example and not by limitation, wireless Access Spectrum, antenna, radio chain, transmit power, processing, and backhaul to a centralized processing unit that is itself part of that Base Station. (9) A multi-Operator Base Station would be ideal for wholesalers who build networks to be leased out to Operators. In other words, the availability of a multi-Operator Base Station allows new designs for networks intended specifically to allow the sharing of resources. 
       FIG. 10A  illustrates one embodiment of components in a system. In  FIG. 10A , there is a wireless Base Station (BS)  100   b , which includes a Baseband subsystem  502  communicatively connected to multiple radio transceiver chains  533   a ,  553   b ,  553   c , and  533 N. Each radio chain is communicatively connected to an antenna. In  FIG. 10A , radio transceiver chain  533   a  is communicatively connected to antenna  577   a ,  553   b  to  577   b ,  533   c  to  577   c , and  533 N to  577 N. Each antenna communicates over a wireless channel with a group of Subscriber Stations. In  FIG. 10A , there are two wireless channels, which are illustrated as  555   a  and  555 K.  555   a  is the radio channel that is used by the two antennas  577   a  and  577   b .  555 K is the wireless channel that is used by antenna  577   c  and  577 N. 
       FIG. 10B  illustrates one embodiment of components in a system. In Baseband subsystem  502 , there are N digital ports, illustrated by  538   a ,  538   b ,  538   c , and  538 N. Each digital port is connected to an Analog-Digital interface located in a radio transceiver chain. Thus, digital port  538   a  is connected to Analog-Digital interface  539   a  located within radio transceiver chain  533   a . Similarly,  538   b  is connected to  539   b  within  533   b ,  538   c  is connected to  539   c  within  533   c , and  538 N is connected to  539 N within  533 N. One possible conversion, but not the only possibility, is a digital communication from the Baseband subsystem  502  to any one of the digital ports, then converted by the Analog-Digital interface connected to that digital port, and then communicated via the corresponding radio transceiver chain to a one or more Subscriber Stations. For example, a digital signal from  502  to  538   a , converted to analog by  539   a , and then transmitted by  533   a  to a group of Subscriber Stations. Another possible conversion, but not the only possibility, is an analog communication from a Subscriber Station, to a radio transceiver chain, converted from analog to digital by the Analog-Digital interface within the radio transceiver chain, then communicated to the corresponding digital port, and finally communicated to the Baseband subsystem. For example, an analog signal from a Subscriber Station to radio transceiver chain  533   b , converted to digital by Analog-Digital interface  539   b , communicated to Digital port  538   b , and then communicated to Baseband subsystem  502 . 
     In  FIG. 10B , separate paths are not shown within the Baseband subsystem  502  to the Subscriber Stations. The intent is that the Baseband subsystem  502  is sufficiently strong that it communicates directly with each of the subsystems, including subsystem  538   a - 539   a - 533   a , subsystem  538   b - 539   b - 533   b , subsystem  538   c - 539   c - 533   c , and subsystem  538 N- 539 N- 533 N. 
       FIG. 10C  illustrates one embodiment of multiple signals within a Baseband system  502 . In  FIG. 10C , Synthesis of digital Baseband signals  55   a  creates two signals, each of which ultimately communicates with Subscriber Stations over wireless channel  555   a . One such signal is  55   a   1  created by  55   a  and conveyed to  538   a , then to  539   a  and to  533   a , then over wireless channel  555   a  to Subscriber Stations. Similarly, a signal  55   a   2  synthesized from  55   a  is conveyed from  55   a  to  538   b  to  539   b  to  533   b , then over the same wireless channel  555   a  to Subscriber Stations. The use of the same wireless channel  555   a  for both signals, indicates that the same communication is being sent by multiple signals, at substantially the same time, from the Baseband system  502  to the Subscriber Stations, or conversely that a communication from one Subscriber Station will be received on wireless channel  555  and will travel via both  533   a  to  502  and  533   b  to  502 . A similar process occurs between Synthesis of digital Baseband signal  55 N and Subscriber Stations via wireless channel  555 K, in which one signal  55 N 1  is conveyed from  502  to  538   c  to  539   c  to  533   c  to  555 K to the Subscriber Stations, or vice versa from one Subscriber Station to  555   k , to  533   c , to  539   c , to  538   c  to  55 N within Baseband subsystem  502 . A second signal  55 N 2  is conveyed from  502  to  538 N to  539 N to  533 N to  555 K to the Subscriber Stations, or conversely from a Subscriber Station to  555 K to  533 N to  539 N to  538 N and to  55 N within Baseband subsystem  502 . 
     Letter K representing the number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 K in use at any particular time, is by intent not the same as letter N representing the number of radio transceiver chains  553   a - 553  N. K may be equal N, indicating a one-to-one match between number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 K in operation and number of signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2  from  502  through syntheses of digital signals  55   a  &amp;  55 N to radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N, hence to antennas  577   a - 577 N and Subscriber Stations. K may be less than N, indicating there are fewer wireless channels  555   a - 555 K than signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 , and this may occur when a transmission is to be repeated in two more simultaneously conveyed signals. When a transmission is made on two or more signals as opposed to only one signal, even when all the signals are propagated on the same radio frequency, that transmission will typically have a higher radio system gain than a transmission on only one signal, which means generally that a transmission with multiple signals can have, in comparison to a transmission with one signal, any of a higher quality link (typically measured by S/N ratio), a greater distance propagation, a greater penetration power, higher data rate, or a combination of any of the foregoing. 
     In some embodiments, the number of Syntheses of digital Baseband signals  55   a  &amp;  55 N may be dynamically altered to meet temporal system demands. In some embodiments, the number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 K may be dynamically altered to meet temporal system demands. The number of each of these elements, the Syntheses and the wireless channels, is independent from the numbers of the other elements, except that K channels may not exceed N communication paths, and the number of syntheses may not exceed N digital Baseband signals. 
     There are many alternative embodiments in the generation of signals to and from antennas the Subscriber Stations. For example, antennas may be a single antenna connected to a radio transceiver chain, or there may be phased array signals in use, or MIMO signal in use, or any other communication configuration. For example, there may be phased-array coherent reception, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), Maximum Likelihood (ML), or any other number of algorithms in the transmission or reception of a wireless signal. 
     In one embodiment, there is a wireless Base Station (BS) system  100   b , operative to assign dynamically a plurality of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among a varying number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. This wireless BS system  100   b  may include a Baseband (BB) subsystem  502 , which itself may include N digital ports  538   a - 538 N, operative to synthesize  55   a  &amp;  55 N N digital Baseband (BB) signals  55   a   1  &amp;  555   a   2  and  55   n   1  &amp;  55   n   2  associated with K wireless channels  555   a  &amp;  555 K, wherein (1) N is equal to at least 2, (2) K is equal to at most N, and (3) K is equal to at least 1. The wireless BS system  100   b  may also include N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N, each of which may be connected to one of the N digital ports  538   a - 538 N of the BB subsystem  502  via an Analog-Digital interface  539   a - 539 N. The wireless BS system  100   b  may be configured to (A) set dynamically K according to a first criterion, wherein K is a number between 1 and N, (B) assign dynamically the N radio transceiver chains  533   as - 533 N among the K wireless channels  555   a - 555 K according to a second criterion such that each radio transceiver chain  533   a - 533 N is assigned to only one of the wireless channels  555   a - 555 K, (C) synthesize  55   a - 55 N, by the BB subsystem  502 , the N digital BB signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2  associated with the K wireless channels  555   a - 555 K, and (D) input the N digital BB signals to the N radio transceiver chains  553   a - 533 N via the corresponding N digital ports  538   a - 538 N and the corresponding Analog-Digital interfaces  539   a - 539 N, thereby transmitting the K wireless channels  555   a - 555 K via the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N. This embodiment will be called “the Dynamic Assignment embodiment”, and seven alternatives to this embodiment are described below. 
     In a first alternative embodiment of the Dynamic Assignment embodiment, the number of wireless channels K  555   a - 555 K is smaller than the number of radio transceiver chains N  533   a - 533 N, which may mean that at least one of the wireless channels  555   a - 555 K is transmitted via at least two of the radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N. In one configuration of this alternative embodiment, at least two of the N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2  driving the at least two of the radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N comprise at least two Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) signals, thereby transmitting the at least one of the wireless channels using a MIMO scheme. In a second configuration of this alternative embodiment, at least two of the N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2  driving the at least two of the radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N comprise at least two phased-array signals, thereby transmitting the at least one of the wireless channels  555   a - 555 K using a phased-array scheme comprising the at least two of the radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates one embodiment of multiple signals within a Baseband system  502 .  FIG. 11  is different in two respects from  FIG. 10C . First, there is only one Synthesis of digital Baseband signals  56   a  in  FIG. 11 , as opposed to two in  FIG. 10C . The meaning is that all of the N digital Baseband signals in  FIG. 11   56   a   1 ,  56   a   2 ,  56   a   3 , and  56   a N, are generated by a signal Synthesis  56   a  within the Baseband subsystem  502 . Second, in  FIG. 11  there is only one wireless channel  556   a , driven by the same four radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N, whereas in  FIG. 10C  there were two wireless channels from the same four radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N. Where there are more chains driving one wireless channel, as there are here in  FIG. 11 , (1) the system gain for this wireless channel will be higher, in both directions, that is, from the radio transceiver chains to the Subscriber Stations, and from the Subscriber Stations to the radio transceiver chains, or (2) the data capacity of this wireless channel will increase. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband subsystem  502  in a wireless BS system  100   b , operative to assign dynamically a plurality of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among a varying number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. The Baseband system  502  includes a single Baseband processor  601 , which is operative to generate substantially simultaneously the K wireless channels  555   a - 555 K and the corresponding N Baseband digital signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 , according to the setting of K. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates one embodiment of a Baseband subsystem  502  in a wireless BS system  100   b , operative to assign dynamically a plurality of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among a varying number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. The Baseband system comprises two or more Baseband processors  601   a  &amp;  601 K, which are operative to generate substantially simultaneously the K wireless channels  555   a - 555 N and the corresponding N Baseband digital signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 , according to the setting of K. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates one embodiment of the subsystem described in  FIG. 13 . In  FIG. 14 , there is a Configurable digital interconnect subsystem  690 , which interconnects each of the Baseband processors  601   a - 601 K with at least some of the N digital ports  538   a - 538 N, according to the setting of K and according to the assignment of the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among the K wireless channels  555   a - 555 K. 
     In a second alternative embodiment of the Dynamic Assignment Embodiment, there is a wireless Base Station (BS) system  100   b , operative to assign dynamically a plurality of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among a varying number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. This wireless BS system  100   b  may include a Baseband (BB) subsystem  502 , which itself may include N digital ports  538   a - 538 N, operative to synthesize  55   a  &amp;  55 N N digital Baseband (BB) signals  55   a   1  &amp;  555   a   2  and  55   n   1  &amp;  55   n   2  associated with K wireless channels  555   a  &amp;  555 K, wherein (1) N is equal to at least 2, (2) K is equal to at most N, and (3) K is equal to at least 1, wherein the wireless BS system  100   b  may be configured to set dynamically K according to the distance between a Subscriber Station and the wireless BS  100   b , such that during the operation phase of the wireless BS  100   b  when the Subscriber Stations are relatively distant from the wireless BS  100   b , K is set to 1, thereby creating a single wireless channel  556   a  transmitting via the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N and increasing the range of the single wireless channel  556   a  to facilitate communication with the relatively distant Subscriber Station. This alternative embodiment will be called “embodiment where initial K=1”, and several alternative embodiments to this embodiment will be described below. 
     In a first alternative embodiment of an embodiment in which initial K=1, N digital Baseband signals  56   a - 56 N driving the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N comprise N phased-array signals, thereby transmitting the single wireless channel  556   a  using a phased-array scheme comprising the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N, wherein the Baseband subsystem  502  is reconfigured to generate the N phased-array signals accordingly. 
     In a second alternative embodiment of an embodiment in which initial K=1, during a later operation phase of the wireless BS  100   b  when the Subscriber Stations become closer to the wireless BS  100   b , K is set to at least two, such that each of the wireless channels  555   a  &amp;  555 K is transmitting via less than the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N, thereby decreasing the range of the wireless channels  555   a  &amp;  555 K, but increasing data throughput of the wireless BS  100   b.    
     In such second alternative embodiment of an embodiment in which initial K=1, one alternative configuration occurs during or after a transition from a single wireless channel operation to at least two wireless channels operation. At or after this transition, the Baseband subsystem  502  is reconfigured to transition between a single wireless channel N-phased-array operation using wireless channel  556   a  to a multiple wireless channels MIMO operation using wireless channels  555   a - 555 K. 
     In such second alternative embodiment of an embodiment in which initial K=1, one alternative configuration occurs during or after a transition from a single wireless channel operation to at least two wireless channels operation. At or after such transition, the Baseband subsystem  502  is reconfigured to transition between a transmission scheme including a single wireless channel N-level coherent phase transmission, to a transmission scheme comprising multiple wireless channels MIMO operation. In this alternative configuration, an additional possibility is that the Baseband subsystem  502  is reconfigured to transition between an N-level combining-algorithm reception mode to a multiple wireless channels MIMO reception mode, in which the N-level combining-algorithm reception mode may be any one of phased-array coherent reception, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Maximum Likelihood (ML), or any combination of such alternative reception modes. 
     In such second alternative embodiment of an embodiment in which initial K=1, one alternative configuration occurs during or after a transition from a single wireless channel operation to at least two wireless channels operation. At or after such transition, the Baseband subsystem  502  is reconfigured to transition between a transmission scheme including Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD), to a transmission scheme comprising multiple wireless channels MIMO operation. In this alternative configuration, an additional possibility is that the Baseband subsystem  502  is reconfigured to transition between an N-level combining-algorithm reception mode to a multiple wireless channels MIMO reception mode, in which the N-level combining-algorithm reception mode may be any one of Phased-array coherent reception, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Maximum Likelihood (ML), or any combination of such alternative reception modes. 
     In such second alternative embodiment of an embodiment in which initial K=1, one alternative configuration occurs during the initial operation phrase of the wireless BS  100   b , when all the aggregated transmission power of the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N is used for the transmission of a single wireless channel  556   a , thereby maximizing the range of the single wireless channel  556   a . In this alternative configuration, a further configuration occurs in a later operation phase of the wireless BS  100   b , when each of the wireless channels  555   a - 555 K is transmitting with less than the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N, and therefore with less power than the aggregated transmission power of the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N, thereby decreasing the range of each of the wireless channels  555   a - 555 N and decreasing inter-cell interferences with close-by wireless Base Stations. 
     In a third alternative embodiment of the Dynamic Assignment embodiment, there is a wireless Base Station (BS) system  100   b , operative to assign dynamically a plurality of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among a varying number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. Such system includes a Baseband subsystem  502  comprising N digital ports  538   a - 538 N, operative to synthesize  55   a - 55 N N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2  associated with K wireless channels  555   a - 555 K, wherein N is equal to at least 2, K is equal to at most N, and K is equal to at least 1. The Baseband processor  502  includes a single Baseband processor  601  operative to generate substantially simultaneously the K wireless channels  555   a - 555 N and the corresponding N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 , according to the setting of K. In this embodiment, one configuration is where the Baseband processor  601  comprises an ASIC. In this embodiment, an alternative configuration is that the Baseband processor  601  comprises an FPGA. In this embodiment, an alternative configuration is that the Baseband processor  602  comprises a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). In the alternative configuration in which the Baseband processor  602  comprises a DSP, the simultaneous generation of K wireless channels  555   a - 555 N and the corresponding N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 , is done at least in part in software running on the DSP. 
     In a fourth alternative embodiment of the Dynamic Assignment embodiment, there is a wireless Base Station (BS) system  100   b , operative to assign dynamically a plurality of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among a varying number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. The system includes a Baseband subsystem  502 , which comprises at least two Baseband processors  601   a  &amp;  601 K operative to generate substantially simultaneously K wireless channels  555   a - 555 N and the corresponding N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 , according to the setting of K. In one configuration of this fourth alternative embodiment, each of the Baseband processors  601   a  &amp;  601 K is operative to generate one of the K wireless channels  555   a - 555 N and the corresponding N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 . 
     In a fifth alternative embodiment of the Dynamic Assignment embodiment, there is a wireless Base Station (BS) system  100   b , operative to assign dynamically a plurality of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among a varying number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. In this system, the second criterion is based on assigning more radio transceiver chains to wireless channels requiring longer range. 
     In one configuration of this fifth alternative embodiment, in order to achieve long range, radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N convey N-level coherent phase transmissions, and receives combinable signals enabling utilization of reception algorithms such as (1) Phased-array coherent reception, (2) Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), (3) Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and (4) Maximum Likelihood (ML). In a further possible alternative embodiment of this configuration, the Baseband subsystem  502  is reconfigured to use the combinable signals as at least some of the N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 , upon exercising the assignment based on the second criterion. 
     In one configuration of this fifth alternative embodiment, in order to achieve long rang, radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N convey Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) signals, and/or receive combinable signals enabling utilization of reception algorithms such as (1) Phased-array coherent reception, (2) Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), (3) Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and (4) Maximum Likelihood (ML). In a further possible alternative embodiment of this configuration, the Baseband subsystem  502  is reconfigured to use the combinable signals as at least some of the N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 , upon exercising the assignment based on the second criterion. 
     In a sixth alternative embodiment of the Dynamic Assignment embodiment, there is a wireless Base Station (BS) system  100   b , operative to assign dynamically a plurality of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among a varying number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. In this system, the second criterion is based on assigning more radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N to wireless channels requiring relatively high data throughput rates, and the radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N convey MIMO signals the help obtain relatively high data throughput rates. In one configuration of this sixth alternative embodiment, the Baseband subsystem  502  is reconfigured to synthesize the MIMO signals as at least some of the N digital Baseband signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2 , upon exercising the assignment based on the second criterion. 
     In a seventh alternative embodiment of the Dynamic Assignment embodiment, there is a wireless Base Station (BS) system  100   b , operative to assign dynamically a plurality of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among a varying number of wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. In this system, at least one of the antennas  577   a - 577 N connected to the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N is an omni-directional antenna, and any wireless channel  555   a - 555 N propagated by an omni-directional channel can span substantially a 360 degree coverage area around the wireless BS, regardless of an assignment of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N among the wireless channels  555   a - 555 N. 
       FIG. 15A  illustrates one embodiment of a system state at a particular point of time. In  FIG. 15A , there is a Baseband subsystem  502 , which includes a Synthesis of Baseband signals  56   a , which synthesizes N number of signals  56   a   1 ,  56   a   2 ,  56   a   3 , through  56   a N, sent to N number of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N. These signals are then conveyed by the radio transceiver chains over a single wireless channel  556   a  associated with a particular frequency range  710   a .  FIG. 15A  shows an initial state, or in other words an initial phase, of an operation, during which there is communication with a group of wireless Subscriber Stations  777   d  located relatively distantly from the radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N. The system state in  FIG. 15A  is a two-way system, as are all the system  FIGS. 10A ,  10 C, and  11 . The uplink path from  777   d  to  502  conveys signals in an order opposite from that of the downlink path. This initial state or initial phase of system operation is illustrated in  FIG. 15A  may be called a “range extension mode”. 
       FIG. 15B  illustrates one embodiment of a system state at a point of time that is different from the point of time illustrated in  FIG. 15A . In  15 B, there is a Baseband subsystem  502 , which includes a Synthesis of digital Baseband signals  55   a  and  55 N, which synthesizes N number of signals  55   a   1  &amp;  55   a   2  associated with  55   a  and  55 N 1  &amp;  55 N 2  associated with  55 N, sent to N number of radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N. These signals are then conveyed by the radio transceiver chains over K number of wireless channels  555   a  and  555 K, associated with particular frequency ranges,  710   a  and  710 K, respectively.  FIG. 15B , shows a later state, or in other words a later phase, of an operation, during which there is communication with K groups of wireless Subscriber Stations,  777   n   1  using frequency range  710   a , and  777   n   2  using frequency range  710 K, respectively. These two groups are located relatively nearby to the radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N. The system state in  FIG. 15B  is a two-way system, as are all the system  FIGS. 10A ,  10 C, and  11 . The uplink paths from  777   n   1  to  502  and from  777   n   2  to  502 , convey signals in an order opposite from that of the downlink paths. The subsequent state or subsequent phase illustrated in  FIG. 15B  may be called an “enhanced capacity mode”. 
     There is a transition in time from  FIG. 15A  to  FIG. 15B . Initially, the system can achieve long-range communication for a relatively few number of Subscriber Stations. In the range extension mode, the system does not discriminate against nearby Subscriber Stations, so that there is communication with both relatively distant and relatively nearby Subscriber Stations, but one feature of the system is that it can communicate with relatively distant Subscriber Stations. In a subsequent stage called the enhanced capacity mode, system utilization has increased, the system communicates with more Subscriber Stations, but these Subscriber Stations are located relatively nearby to the radio transceiver chains. Greater capacity is achieved in the enhanced capacity mode by increasing the number of wireless channels, and hence decreasing the number of signals on each channel, all without increasing hardware or system resources. Greater capacity is achieved by eliminating or at least inhibiting communication between the radio transceiver chains and relatively distant Subscriber Stations. Switching between range extension mode and enhanced capacity mode is dynamic, and may change relatively rapidly in accordance with available system resources and relative Subscriber Station demand at any particular point in time. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a flow diagram describing one method for transitioning from a range extension mode to an enhanced capacity mode in a wireless Base Station  100   b . In step  1041 , a wireless Base Station  100   b  assigning N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N to a first wireless channel  556   a  associated with a first frequency range  710   a . In step  1042 , the wireless Base Station  100   b  communicating data wirelessly during an initial operation phase, with distant Subscribed Stations  777   d , over the first wireless channel  556   a , via the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N, thereby utilizing the aggregated transmission power and the aggregated reception capability of the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N to reach the distant Subscriber Stations  777   d . In step  1043 , the wireless Base Station  100   b  stopping communication with the distant Subscriber Stations  777   d  at the end of the initial operation phase. In step  1044 , the wireless Base Station  100   b  assigning a first subset  533   a  &amp;  533   b  of the N radio transceiver chains to a first wireless channel  555   a  associated with a the first frequency range  710   a , and a second subset  533   c  &amp;  533 N of the N radio transceiver chains to a second wireless channel  555 K associated with a second frequency range  710 K. In step  1045 , the wireless Base Station  100   b  wirelessly communicating data with nearby Subscriber Stations  777   n   1  &amp;  777   n   2 , over the first  555   a  and second  555 K wireless channels, respectively, via the first subset  553   a  &amp;  555   b  and second subset  555   c  &amp;  555 K of the N radio transceiver chains, respectively, thereby utilizing the aggregated spectrum of the first and second frequency ranges to enhance data capability of the wireless Base Station. 
     An alternative embodiment of the method immediately described further includes using an N-level coherent-phase transmission scheme over the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N to communicate data wirelessly via the first wireless channel  555   a  during the initial operation phrase. 
     A particular configuration of the alternative embodiment of the method described above includes using an N-level combining-algorithm such as Phased-array coherent reception, MRC, MMSE and ML, in order to utilize the aggregated reception capability of the N radio transceiver chains  533   a - 533 N during the initial operation phase. 
     In a further refinement of the particular configuration of the alternative embodiment of the method described above, further including, when the initial operation phase has ended, stopping use of the N-level coherent-phase transmission scheme and the N-level combining-algorithm, and starting use of MIMO transmission and reception schemes for at least one of the first  555   a  and second  555 K wireless channels. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates one embodiment of components comprising a system for direct communication between multiple Core Networks and a wireless Base Station (BS), and between the wireless BS and multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs). Wireless Base Station (BS)  100   c  communicates over a backhaul link  105  and network  101  with a plurality of data sources, including at least a First Core Network data source  102   a  and a Second Core Network data source  102   b . The wireless BS  100   c  also generates a First Radio Access Network  809   a , which includes wireless Subscriber Stations  808 , and a Second RAN  809   b.    
       FIG. 18A  illustrates one embodiment of a point in time during which two radio transceiver chains have been allocated over one channel to a first RAN, and two other radio transceiver chains have been allocated over a second channel to a second RAN. Wireless Base Station  100   c  includes one or more network processors  201   c , one or more Baseband Processors  502   c , and three or more radio transceiver chains  833   a ,  833   b ,  833   c , and  833 N. A First Core Network data source  102   a  communicates a first data set  900   a  to the wireless Base Station  100   c , which is then processed by the network processor  201   c  and the Baseband Processor  502   c . A Second Core Network data source  102   b  communicates a second data set  900   b  to the wireless Base Station  100   c , which is then processed by the network process  201   c  and the Baseband Processor  502   c . The Baseband Processor  502   c  includes a plurality of syntheses of signals, here a first synthesis of signals  955   a  and a second synthesis of signals  955 N. Each synthesis of signals will generate one or multiple signals to be conveyed over one or more radio transceiver networks to a RAN. At the point of time illustrated in  FIG. 18A , synthesis  955   a  creates two signals which wirelessly convey the first data set  901   a  using each of two radio transceiver chains  833   a  and  833   b , over a first RAN  809   a , to a group of Subscriber Stations  808   a . Substantially simultaneously,  955 N creates two signals that wirelessly convey the second data set  901   b  using each of two radio transceiver chains  833   c  and  833 N, over a second RAN  809   b , to a group of Subscriber Stations  808   b.    
       FIG. 18B  presents one embodiment of a Baseband Processor  502   c  and the associated radio transceiver chains. In  FIG. 18B , synthesis of signals  955   a  creates two signals. One signal, signal  955   a   1 , is conveyed to a radio transceiver chain  833   a , then to an antenna  977   a , then wirelessly conveying a first data set  901   a  to a first RAN. A second signal created by  955   a  is signal  955   a   2 , which is conveyed to a radio transceiver chain  833   b , then to an antenna  977   b , then wirelessly conveying the first data set  901   a  to a first RAN. Substantially simultaneously, synthesis of signals  955 N creates two signals. One signal, signal  955 N 1 , is conveyed to a radio transceiver chain  833   c , then to an antenna  977   c , then wirelessly conveying a second data set  901   b  to a second RAN. A second signal created by  955 N is signal  955 N 2 , which is conveyed to a radio transceiver chain  833 N, then to an antenna  977 N, then wirelessly conveying the second data set  901   b  to a second RAN. 
     For  FIGS. 18A and 18B , it may be appreciated that there must be at least a plurality of RANs, but there may be two RANs or any other number higher than two.  FIGS. 18A and 18B  illustrate an embodiment in which there are four radio transceiver chains, but there may be three such chains, four chains, or any number higher than four, provided that each of a plurality of RANs has at least one radio transceiver chain, and at least one of said plurality of RANs has two or more radio transceiver chains at a particular moment in time. 
       FIG. 19A  illustrates one embodiment of a point in time during which three radio transceiver chains have been allocated over one channel to a first RAN, and one other radio transceiver chain has been allocated over a second channel to a second RAN. Wireless Base Station  100   c  includes one or more network processors  201   c , one or more Baseband Processors  502   c , and three or more radio transceiver chains  833   a ,  833   b ,  833   c , and  833 N. A First Core Network data source  102   a  communicates a first data set  900   a  to the wireless Base Station  100   c . A Second Core Network data source  102   b  communicates a second data set  900   b  to the wireless Base Station  100   c . The Baseband Processor  502   c  includes a plurality of syntheses of signals, here a first synthesis of signals  956   a  and a second synthesis of signals  956 N. Each synthesis of signals will generate one or multiple signals to be conveyed over one more radio transceiver networks to a RAN. At the point of time illustrated in  FIG. 19A , synthesis  956   a  creates three signals which wirelessly convey the first data set  901   a   2  using each of three radio transceiver chains  833   a ,  833   b , and  833   c , over a first RAN  809   a , to a group of Subscriber Stations  808   a . Substantially simultaneously,  956 N creates one signal that wirelessly conveys the second data set  901   b   2  using one radio transceiver chain  833 N, over a second RAN  809   b , to a group of Subscriber Stations  808   b.    
       FIG. 19B  presents one embodiment of a Baseband Processor  502   c  and the associated radio transceiver chains. In  FIG. 19B , synthesis of signals  956   a  creates three signals. One signal, signal  956   a   1 , is conveyed to a radio transceiver chain  833   a , then to an antenna  977   a , then wirelessly conveying a first data set  901   a   2  over a first RAN. A second signal created by  956   a  is signal  956   a   2 , which is conveyed to a radio transceiver chain  833   b , then to an antenna  977   b , then wirelessly conveying the first data set  901   a   2  over the first RAN. A third signal created by  956   a  is signal  956   a   3 , which is conveyed to a radio transceiver chain  833   c , then to an antenna  977   c , then wirelessly conveying the first data set  9901   a   2  over the first RAN. Substantially simultaneously, synthesis of signals  956 N creates one signal, signal  956 N 1 , which is conveyed to a radio transceiver chain  833 N, then to an antenna  977 N, then wirelessly conveying a second data set  901   b   2  over a second RAN. 
     For  FIGS. 19A and 19B , it may be appreciated that there must be at least a plurality of RANs, but there may be two RANs or any other number higher than two.  FIGS. 19A and 19B  illustrate an embodiment in which there are four radio transceiver chains, but there may be three such chains, four chains, or any number higher than four, provided that each of a plurality of RANs has at least one radio transceiver chain, and at least one of said plurality of RANs has two or more radio transceiver chains at a particular moment in time. 
       FIGS. 18A and 18B  illustrate one embodiment of a system at a particular point in time.  FIGS. 19A and 19B  illustrate one embodiment of the same system at a different point of time. In the first point in time, four radio transceiver chains have been allocated, two chains to each of two RANs. In the second point of time, four radio transceiver chains have been allocated, three chains to a first RAN and one chain to a second RAN. 
     It may be appreciated that there must be at least three radio transceiver chains in all embodiments. The reason is that all embodiments include (1) at least two operating RANs, and all embodiments include (2) an ability to re-allocate at least one RAN from one Operator to another Operator. As to (1), A radio transceiver chain is part of the infrastructure that creates the RAN, so that a RAN can exist only if at least one radio transceiver chain is allocated to it. Since all embodiments include at least two RANs, and each RAN must have at least one radio transceiver chain, hence every embodiment will include at least two radio transceiver chains to create the at least two RANs. As to (2), all embodiments have the potential to switch at least one radio transceiver chain from one Operator to another Operator, hence every embodiment will include at least three radio transceiver chains. Indeed,  FIGS. 18A and 18B  show a configuration at one point in time, while  FIGS. 19A and 19B  show the same system at a different point of time in which one of the radio transceiver chains,  833   c , has been re-allocated from the second RAN to the first RAN. 
     In one embodiment, a wireless Base Station (BS)  100   c  system is operative to communicate directly with multiple Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b  on one side and directly provided multiple corresponding Radio Access Networks (RANs)  809   a  and  809   b  on the other side. Such a system may include a network processor  201   c  operative to communicate with a first and a second Core Network data sources  102   a  and  102   b , at least one Baseband Processor  502   c  operative to create first and second RANs  809   a  &amp;  809   b  substantially simultaneously, and a pool of at least three radio transceiver chains  833   a ,  833   b ,  833   c , and  833 N operative to accommodate the at least one Baseband Processor  502   c  in creating the first and second RANs  809   a  and  809   b  substantially simultaneously. Such a system may allocate dynamically the pool of the at least three radio transceiver chains  833   a ,  833   b ,  833   c , and  833 N, between the first and second RANs  809   a  and  809   b  according to a criterion, reconfigure the at least one Baseband Processor  502   c  to maintain the first and second RANs  809   a  and  809   b  according to the recent allocation, and operate the first and second RANs  809   a  and  809   b  using data communicated with the first and second Core Network data sources  102   a  and  102   b , respectively. 
     In one alternative embodiment of such a system, the criterion may be based on dynamic data rate requirements of at least one of the Core Network data sources  102   a  and  102   b , such that when the dynamic data rate requirements of the first Core Network data source  102   a  exceed the dynamic data rate requirements of the second Core Network data source  102   b , more radio transceiver chains of those available in the system  833   a ,  833   b ,  833   c , and  833 N, are allocated to the first RAN  809   a  as compared to the second RAN  809   b . In one configuration of this alternative embodiment, at least one of the radio transceiver chains  833   a ,  833   b ,  833   c , and  833 N that have been allocated to at least one of the RANs  809   a  and  809   b  convey Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) signals  955   a   1  and  955   a   2 . 
     In a second alternative embodiment of the wireless Base Station (BS)  100   c  system operative to directly communicate with multiple Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b  on one side and directly provided multiple corresponding Radio Access Networks (RANs)  809   a  and  809   b  on the other side, the criterion is based on measuring data rates over at least one of the RANs  809   a  and  809   b , such that more of the radio transceiver chains  833   a ,  833   b ,  833   c , and  833 N, are allocated to the first RAN  809   a  as compared to the second RAN  809   b , as a result of measuring higher data rates over the first RAN  809   a  as compared to the second RAN  809   b . In one configuration of this alternative embodiment, at least one of the radio transceiver chains  833   a ,  833   b ,  833   c , and  833 N, allocated to at least one of the RANs  809   a  and  809   b  convey Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) signals. 
     In a third alternative embodiment of the wireless Base Station (BS)  100   c  system operative to directly communicate with multiple Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b  on one side and directly provided multiple corresponding Radio Access Networks (RANs)  809   a  and  809   b  on the other side, the criterion is based on system gain requirements of the RANs  809   a  and  809   b , such that when the first RAN  809   a  requires a higher system gain than the system gain required by the second RAN  809   b , more radio transceiver chains are allocated to the first RAN  809   a  than to the second RAN  109   b.    
     In one configuration of this alternative embodiment, the radio transceiver chains allocated to at least one of the RANs convey signals belonging to a wireless communication scheme selected from a group consisting of Phased-array coherent communication, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Maximum Likelihood (ML). 
     In a fourth alternative embodiment of the wireless Base Station (BS)  100   c  system operative to directly communicate with multiple Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b  on one side and directly provided multiple corresponding Radio Access Networks (RANs)  809   a  and  809   b  on the other side, reconfiguring the at least one Baseband Processor to maintain the first and second RANs  809   a  and  809   b  according to the recent allocation, further includes performing first and a second signal syntheses  955   a  and  955 N, or  956   a  and  956 N, by the at least one Baseband Processor, in which the first synthesis is associated with the first RAN  809   a  and the second synthesis is associated with the second RAN  809   b , and in which each sign synthesis creates at least one baseband signal, one of  955   a   1 ,  955   a   2 ,  955 N 1 , or  955 N 2  in  FIG. 18B , or one of  956   a   1 ,  956   a   2 ,  956   a   3 , or  956   a N in  FIG. 19B , according to the allocation of radio transceiver chains among the RANs  809   a  and  809   b.    
     There are at least two alternative configurations to the fourth alternative embodiment just described. In one alternative configuration, the first signal synthesis  955   a  or  956   a  synthesizes at least two baseband signals, and the at least two baseband signals belong to a wireless communication scheme selected from a group consisting of Phased-array coherent communication, Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Maximum Likelihood (ML). 
     In a second alternative configuration to the fourth alternative embodiment just described, at least the first signal synthesis  955   a  or  956   a  synthesizes at least two baseband signals, and these at least two baseband signals are Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) signals. 
       FIG. 20  is a flow diagram illustrating one method for dynamically generating a plurality of Radio Access Networks (RANs)  809   a  &amp;  809   b  by a single wireless Base Station (BS)  100   c . In step  1051 , determining dynamically a first number of radio transceiver chains and a second number of radio transceiver chains needed by a wireless BS  100   c  to convey wirelessly data communicated with a first corresponding Core Network data source  102   a  and a second corresponding Core Network data source  102   b . In step  1052 , allocating the first and the second numbers of radio transceiver chains, out of a pool of radio transceiver chains  833   a - 833 N belonging to the wireless BS  100   c , to a first RAN  809   a  and a second RAN  809   b  of the wireless BS  100   c , respectively. In step  1053 , communicating, by the wireless BS  100   c , a first and a second data sets with the first Core Network  102   a  and the second Core Network  102   b  data sources respectively. In step  1054 , conveying wirelessly, by the wireless BS  100   c , to a first set  808   a  and a second set  808   b  of wireless Subscriber Stations (SS), the first and the second data sets, over the first and the second RANs respectively. 
     An alternative embodiment of the method just described, further comprising determining from time to time the first and second numbers of radio transceiver chains needed by the wireless BS  100   c  to convey wirelessly the first and second data sets, and allocating from time to time the first and second numbers of radio transceiver chains. 
     One possible configuration of the alternative embodiment just described is such alternative embodiment, further comprising determining the first and the second number of radio transceiver chains according to first and second data rate associated with communicating the first and second data sets, respectively. One possible permutation of this configuration further comprises measuring the first and second data rates. A second possible permutation of this configuration further comprises querying the first  102   a  and second  102   b  Core Network data sources for the first and second data rates, respectively. 
     A second possible configuration of the alternative embodiment just described is said alternative embodiment, wherein at some point in time most of the pool of radio transceiver chains is allocated to the first RAN. One possible permutation of this configuration is the configuration wherein in at some point in time most of the pool of radio transceiver chains is allocated to the second RAN. 
     A third possible configuration of the alternative embodiment just described is such alternative embodiment, further comprising determining the first and second numbers of radio transceiver chains according to a first distance of Subscriber Stations (SS) from the wireless BS  100   c , and a second distance of Subscriber Stations from the wireless BS, respectively. 
     A second alternative embodiment to the method described is said method, further comprising communicating the first and second data sets with the first  102   a  and second  102   b  Core Network data sources using at least one Backhaul link  105 . 
     One possible configuration of this second alternative embodiment is said second alternative embodiment, wherein the at least one Backhaul link  105  comprises a first network Tunnel connecting the first Core Network data source  102   a  with the wireless BS  100   c , and a second network Tunnel connecting the second Core Network data source  102   b  with the wireless BS  100   c . One possible permutation of this configuration of the second alternative embodiment is said second alternative embodiment, in which the wireless BS  100   c  is an integrated Pico-BS, having the network Tunnels directly connected to the first  102   a  and second  102   b  Core Network data sources, and the Pico-BS substantially does not require a dedicated infrastructure to facilitate connectivity with the Core Networks data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b  other than the at least one Backhaul link  105  and an network  101  comprising the Core Network data sources  102   a  &amp;  102   b.    
     A second possible configuration of the second alternative embodiment is the second alternative embodiment, in which the first data set is communicated over the first Backhaul link and the second data set is communicated over a second Backhaul link. 
     A third alternative embodiment to the method described is said method, in which the first Core Network data source  102   a  belongs to a first Operator, the second Core Network data source  102   b  belongs a second Operator, the first RAN  809   a  is associated with an identity of the first Operator, and the second RAN  809   b  is associated with the identity of the second Operator. 
       FIG. 21  is a flow diagram illustrating one method for servicing multiple Operators via a single wireless Base Station (BS)  100   c , utilizing dynamic allocation of radio transceiver chains. In step  1061 , a wireless BS  100   c  communicating first and second data sets  900   a  &amp;  900   b  with a first Core Network data source  102   a  belonging to a first Operator and with a second Core Network data source  102   b  belonging to a second Operator, respectively. In step  1062 , the wireless BS  100   c  conveying wirelessly, to a first set and a second set of wireless Subscriber Stations (SS)  808   a  &amp;  808   b , the first and the second data sets, respectively, over a first and a second RAN, respectively  809   a  &amp;  809   b , utilizing a first set  833   a  &amp;  833   b  and a second set  833   c  &amp;  833 N of radio transceiver chains, respectively. In Step  1063 , determining that the first set of radio transceiver chains is not sufficient to convey the first data set. In Step  1064 , increasing the number of radio transceiver chains in the first set, at the expense of the second set, thereby making the first set better suited to convey the first data set. 
     One alternative embodiment to the method just described is the method, in which increasing the number of radio transceiver chains in the first set further comprises determining the number of radio transceiver chains that can be reduced from the second set of radio transceiver chains without substantially impairing the ability of the second set of radio transceiver chains to convey the second data set, reducing the number of radio transceiver chains from the second set of radio transceiver chains and adding the number of radio transceiver chains to the first set of radio transceiver chains. 
     A second alternative embodiment to the method for servicing multiple Operators via a single wireless Base Station utilizing dynamic allocation of radio transceiver chains, is such method in which the number of radio transceiver chain in the first set further comprises determining a number of radio transceiver chains to be reduced from the second set of radio transceiver chains and to be added to the first set of radio transceiver chains such that the number of radio transceiver chains is operative to substantially equate the ability of the first set of radio transceiver chains to convey the first data set with the ability of the second set of radio transceiver chains to convey the second data set, reducing the number of radio transceiver chains from the second set of radio transceiver chains, and adding the number of radio transceiver chains to the first set of radio transceiver chains. 
       FIG. 22A  presents one embodiment of components comprising a system to allow wireless Subscriber Stations to roam on the wireless Base Station of a host Operator. On the one side, there is a First Core Network data source  2102   a  belonging to a host Operator, and a Second Core Network data source  2102   b  belonging to a different Operator, in which these data sources are accessed via a Network  2101 , which may be the Internet or another network. Element  2102   a  is connected by general backhaul channel  2105  of the host Operator to a wireless Base Station (BS)  2100  of the host Operator, and element  2102   b  is connected by a dedicated backhaul channel  2106  of the other Operator to the wireless BS  2100 . Subscriber Stations  2018   a  of the host Operator, and Subscriber Stations of the other Operator  2108   b , use wireless spectrum  2109  of the host Operator to communicate with the wireless BS  2100 . 
       FIG. 22B  presents one embodiment of components comprising a system to allow wireless Subscriber Stations to roam on the wireless Base Station of a host Operator.  FIG. 22B  presents one embodiment of possible data flow between Subscriber Stations and Core Network data sources. There is one data flow  2300   a  between a First Core Network data source  2102   a  belonging to a first (host) Operator  2102   a ′, and a Subscriber Station  2108   a  associated with the host Operator. Data flows  2300   a  to and from the data source  2102   a  over the general backhaul channel  2105 , to and from the wireless BS  2100 , then over the wireless spectrum  2109  to and from the Subscriber Station of the host Operator  2108   a . There is a second data flow  2300   b  between a Second Core Network data source  2102   b  belonging to a second Operator  2102   b ′ (the “own Operator” of Subscriber Station  2108   b ), and a Subscriber Station  2108   b  associated with the second Operator. Data flows  2300   b  to and from the data source  2102   b  over the dedicated backhaul channel  2106 , to and from the wireless BS  2100 , then over the wireless spectrum  2109  to and from the Subscriber Station of the second Operator  2108   b.    
       FIG. 23  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of the elements of a method for connecting a Subscriber Station (SS)  2108   b  with its own Operator  2102   b ′, using a wireless Base Station (BS)  2100  belonging to a different Operator (the “host Operator”)  2102   a ′. In step  3001 , establishing a wireless connection between (i) a wireless Base Station (BS)  2100  belonging to a first Operator  2102   a ′ (which is the host Operator) and (ii) at least one SS  2108   b  associated with a second Operator  2102   b ′ (which is not the host Operator), using wireless spectrum  2109  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′. In step  3002 , opening a dedicated Backhaul channel  2106  between the wireless BS  2100  of the host Operator  2102   a ′ and a Core Network data source  2102   b  belonging to the second Operator  2102   b ′, wherein said dedicated Backhaul channel  2106  is used substantially solely for communicating data sets between the second Operator  2012   b ′ and the at least one SS  2108   b . In step  3003 , communicating data sets between the Core Network data source  2012   b  of the second Operator  2102   b ′ and the at least one SS  2108   b , via (i) the dedicated Backhaul channel  2106  and (ii) the wireless BS  2100  using the wireless spectrum  2109 . 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described, the opening of the Backhaul channel  2106  is done only after establishing the wireless connection. Among other possible advantages, this eliminates the need to maintain the dedicated Backhaul channel  2106  in a case in which the at least one SS is not connected wirelessly to the wireless BS  2100 . 
     In a second possible implementation of the method just described, opening of the dedicated Backhaul channel  2106  is done prior to establishing the wireless connection. In this way, latency associated with opening the dedicated Backhaul channel as a response to establishing the wireless connection, will be reduced. 
     In a third possible implementation of the method just described, the dedicated Backhaul channel  2106  is a network Tunnel directly connecting the Second Core Network data source  2102   b  with the wireless Base Station  2100 . 
     In this third possible implementation of the method just described, one further possible implementation is that the network Tunnel is an Internet Protocol (IP) Tunnel or a Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Tunnel. 
     In a fourth possible implementation of the method just described, a further step is opening a general Backhaul channel  2105 , belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′ (the host Operator), between the wireless BS  2100  and a Core Network data source  2102   a  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′, prior to opening the general Backhaul channel  2105 , wherein said general Backhaul channel  2105  is used substantially solely for communicating data sets between the first Operator  2102   a ′ and Subscriber Stations  2180   a  associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′. Also, communicating data sets between the Core Network data source  2102   a  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′ and the Subscriber Stations  2108   a  associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′, via (i) the general Backhaul channel  2105  and (ii) the wireless BS  2100  using the wireless spectrum  2109 , substantially concurrently with communicating data sets between the Core Network data source  2102   b  belonging to the second Operator  2102   b ′ and the at least one SS  2108   b  associated with the second Operator  2102   b ′. In this fourth implementation of the method just described, traffic is separated at the Backhaul level between (i) data sets communicated between the first Operator&#39;s Core Network data source  2102   a  and the first Operator&#39;s Subscriber Stations  2108   a , and (ii) data sets communicated between the second Operator&#39;s Core Network data source  2102   b  and the second Operator&#39;s Subscriber Stations  2108   b.    
     In this fourth possible implementation of the method just described, one further possible implementation is that both Subscriber Stations  2108   a  associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′, and Subscriber Stations  2108   b  associated with the second Operator  2102   b ′, are wirelessly connected to the wireless BS  2100 , via a single Radio Access Network (RAN)  2209  created by the wireless BS  2100  using the wireless spectrum  2109 , thereby creating a traffic union at the RAN level between (i) data sets communicated between the first Operator&#39;s Core Network data source  2102   a  and the first Operator&#39;s Subscriber Stations  2108   a , and (ii) data sets communicated between the second Operator&#39;s Core Network data source  2102   b  and the second Operator&#39;s Subscriber Stations  2108   b.    
     In this fourth possible implementation of the method just described, a second further possible implementation is opening and using the dedicated Backhaul channel  2106  between the Core Network data source of the second Operator  2102   b  and the wireless BS  2100  of the first Operator  2102   a ′, thereby facilitating partial roaming. In this second further possible implementation of the fourth possible implementation of the method just described, it is possible to eliminate a need of the Subscriber Stations  2108   b  associated with the second Operator  2102   b ′ to use the Core Network data source  2102   a  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′ or the Core network data sources  2102   a  belonging to the first Operator  210   a′.    
     In this fourth possible implementation of the method just described, a third further possible implementation is tracking, by the wireless BS  2100 , the amount of spectrum resources associated with the wireless spectrum  2109 , that are used by the at least one SS  2108   b  associated with the second Operator  2102   b ′. Also, sending data gathered during tracking to the second Operator  2102   b ′. Such data may be used by the first Operator  2102   a ′ to bill the second Operator  2102   b ′ for the partial roaming services provided by the first Operator  2102   a′.    
     In a fifth possible implementation of the method just described, a further step is determining the identity of the second Operator  2102   b ′ prior to establishing the wireless connection. Also, establishing the wireless connection only if the identity of the second Operator  2102   b ′ matches a list of approved Operators. In a sixth possible implementation of the method just described, a further step is determining the identity of the second Operator  2102   b ′ during or after the course of establishing the wireless connection. Also, terminating the wireless connection if the identity of the second Operator  2102   b ′ does not match a list of approved Operators. 
       FIG. 24  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of the elements of a method for partial roaming. In step  3011 , sharing, by a wireless BS  2100  belonging to a first Operator  2102   a ′, a wireless spectrum  2109  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′, with Subscriber Stations  2108   a  not associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′. In step  3012 , separating, by the wireless BS  2100 , at a Backhaul level, traffic of the Subscriber Stations  2108   b  not associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′ from traffic of Subscriber Stations  2108   a  associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′, by maintaining at least two separate Backhaul channels, such that a first Backhaul channel  2105  connects the wireless BS  2100  with a Core Network data source  2102   a  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′, and each of the remaining Backhaul channels belonging to another Operator connects the wireless BS  2100  with a Core Network data source belonging to that other Operator, respectively.  FIGS. 22A ,  22 B, and  25 C, show exactly two Operators, including a first Operator  2102   a ′ and a second Operator  2102   b ′, but this is illustrative only. In all cases, there will be at least a first Operator  2012   a ′ and at least one other Operator, but there may be two, three, any other number, of other Operators. 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described, a further step wherein each Backhaul channel is a network Tunnel, and each network Tunnel directly connects the wireless BS  2100  with the Core Network data source to which the network Tunnel is connected. 
     In this first possible implementation of the method just described, one further possible implementation is that the network Tunnel is an Internet Protocol (IP) Tunnel or a Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Tunnel. 
     In a second possible implementation of the method just described, tracking, by the wireless BS  2100 , the amount of spectrum resources associated with the wireless spectrum  2109 , which are used by Subscriber Stations  2180   b  not associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′. Also, sending data gathered during tracking to Operators associated with Subscriber Stations  2108   b  not associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′, wherein said gathered data may be used by the first Operator  2102   a ′ to bill the Operators associated with Subscriber Stations  2108   b  not associated with the first Operator  2102   a′.    
     In a third possible implementation of the method just described, a further step is determining the identity of Operators associated with the Subscriber Stations  2108   b  not associated with the first Operator  2102   a  prior to establishing a wireless connection between the wireless BS  2100  and the Subscriber Stations  2108   b  not associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′. Also, establishing a wireless connection for Subscriber Stations associated with a particular Operator only if the identity of that particular Operator matches a list of approved Operators. 
     In a fourth possible implementation of the method just described, a further step is determining the identity of Operators associated with the Subscriber Stations  2108   b  not associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′ after establishing a wireless connection between the wireless BS  2100  and the Subscriber Stations  2108   b  not associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′. Also, terminating the wireless connection for Subscriber Stations associated with a particular Operator if the identity of that particular Operator does not match a list of approved Operators. 
     In one embodiment, there is a system that allows partial roaming. The system includes a First Core Network data source  2102   a  belonging to a first Operator  2102   a ′, and a Second Core Network data source  2102   b  belonging to a second Operator  2102   b ′. The system also includes a wireless BS  2100  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′, operative to communicate with a first set of Subscriber Stations  2108   b  associated with a second Operator  2102   b ′, over a wireless spectrum  2109  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′. In one embodiment, the system transports traffic over a general Backhaul channel  2105  connecting the wireless BS  2100  to the First Core Network data source  2102   a , between the first set of Subscriber Stations  2108   a  and the First Core Network data source  2102   a . The system also transports traffic over a dedicated Backhaul channel  2106  connecting the wireless BS  2100  to the Second Core Network data source  2102   b , between the second set of Subscriber Stations  2108   b  and the Second Core Network data source  2102   b.    
     In one alternative embodiment of the system allowing partial roaming, just described, each Backhaul channel is a network Tunnel directly connecting the respective Core Network data source with the wireless BS  2100  of the first Operator  2102   a ′. If there are Subscriber Stations associated with two Operators, for example, then the general Backhaul channel  2105  connecting the First Core Network data source  2102   a  to the first set of Subscriber Stations  2108   b  is one network Tunnel, and the dedicated Backhaul channel  2106  connecting the Second Core Network data source  2102   b  to the second set of Subscriber Stations  2108   b  is a second network Tunnel. 
     In a first alternative embodiment to the embodiment in which the Backhaul channels are network Tunnels, each network Tunnel is an Internet Protocol (IP) Tunnel or a Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Tunnel. 
     In a first alternative embodiment to the embodiment in which the Backhaul channels are network Tunnels, at least two of the network Tunnels are transported over a single physical Backhaul link. 
     In a second alternative embodiment of the system allowing partial roaming, described above, each Backhaul channel is a separate physical Backhaul link. 
     In a third alternative embodiment of the system allowing partial roaming, described above, the system tracks the wireless spectrum resources used by the set of Subscriber Stations  2108   b  associated with the second Operator  2102   b ′. Also, data collected during the tracking process is sent to the second Operator  2102   b ′, and such data may be used by the first Operator  2102   a ′ to bill the second Operator  2102   b ′ for the partial roaming services provided by the first Operator  2102   a ′ to Subscriber Stations  2108   b  associated with the second Operator  2102   b′.    
     In a fourth alternative embodiment of the system allowing partial roaming, described above, the system determines the identity of the second Operator  2102   b ′ prior to establishing a wireless connection between the wireless BS  2100  and at least one of the second set of Subscriber Stations  2108   b . Also, the system allows communication with such Subscriber Station  2108   b , only if the Operator  2102   b ′ with whom the Subscriber Station  2108   b  is associated, appears on a list of Operators approved to receive roaming services from the first Operator  2102   a′.    
     In a fifth alternative embodiment of the system allowing partial roaming, described above, the system determines the identity of the second Operator  2102   b ′ after establishing a wireless connection between the wireless BS  2100  of the first Operator  2102   a ′ and at least one of the second set of Subscriber Stations  2108   b . Also, the system stops communication with such Subscriber Station  2108   b , if the Subscriber Station  2108   b  is associated with an Operator  2102   b ′ who does not appear on a list of Operators approved to receive roaming services from the first Operator  2102   a′.    
       FIG. 25A  presents one embodiment of components of the state of a communication that allows partial roaming. There is a First Core Network data source  2102   a  which is part of the system of a first Operator  2102   a ′. Sets of data are transmitted  2400   a  between the First Core Network data source  2102   a , via a Radio Access Network (RAN)  2209  of the First Operator  2102   a ′, to one or more Subscriber Stations  2108   a  associated with the First Operator  2102   a ′. Although the system presented in  FIG. 25A  allows partial roaming, there is no roaming in the state shown in  FIG. 25A . 
       FIG. 25B  presents one embodiment of components of the same system as presented in  FIG. 25A , except that the state of the system is different. In  FIG. 25B , one or more Subscriber Stations  2108   b  not associated with the First Operator  2102   a ′ request access to the First Operator&#39;s RAN  2209 . 
       FIG. 25C  presents one embodiment of components of the same system as presented in  FIGS. 25A and 25B , except that the state of the system is different. In  FIG. 25C , one or more Subscriber Stations  2108   b  not associated with the First Operator  2102   a ′ have been allowed access to the RAN  2209  of the First Operator  2102   a ′. In this state of the system, there is a Second Core Network data source  2102   b , which belongs to a second Operator  2102   b ′. The Subscriber Station  2108   b  that is not associated with the First Operator  2012   a ′, is associated with the Second Operator  2102   b ′. Sets of data are transmitted  2400   b  between the Second Core Network data source  2102   b , via the RAN  2209  belonging to the First Operator  2102   a ′, and the Subscriber Station  2108   b  associated with the Second Operator  2102   b′.    
       FIG. 26  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of the elements of a method for partial roaming. In step  3021 , transmitting  2400   a  sets of data from a data source  2102   a  of the host Operator  2102   a ′ to Subscriber Stations  2108   a  of the host Operator  2102   a ′. In particular, transmitting  2400   a  sets of data by a first Operator  2102   a ′ (also known as the host Operator), from a Core Network data source  2102   a  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′, to a first set of Subscriber Stations  2108   a  associated with the first Operator  2102   a ′, over a Radio Access Network (RAN)  2209  belonging to the first Operator  2102   a ′. In step  3022 , detecting that a Subscriber Station  2108   b  associated with a second Operator  2102   b ′ is requesting access to the RAN  2209  of the host Operator  2102   a ′. In step  3023 , admitting the Subscriber Station  2108   b  associated with the second Operator  2108   b ′, to the RAN  2209  of the host Operator  2102   a ′. In  3024 , relaying by the RAN  2209  of the first Operator  2102   a ′, sets of data transmitted  2400   b  by a Core Network data source  2102   b  belonging to the second Operator  2102   b ′, to one or more Subscriber Stations  2108   b  associated with the second Operator  2102   b′.    
       FIG. 27A  presents one embodiment of components of a system in which Subscriber Stations (SS)  2508   a  and  2508   b  operating in one wireless coverage area associated with different Operators share one wireless Base Station (BS)  2510 , and one shared Backhaul link  2505 . In this way, the first set of Subscriber Stations  2508   a  communicates with the First Core Network data source  2502   a  of a first Operator, and the second set of Subscriber Stations  2508   b  communicates with the Second Core Network data source  2502   b  of a second Operator, all over the same shared Backhaul link  2505  and wireless BS  2510  infrastructure. The wireless BS  2510  may belong to the first Operator, or to the second Operator, or to another Operator not communicating on the system, or to a non-Operator entity. Similarly, the shared Backhaul link  2505 , which is shared by both Core Network data sources  2502   a  and  2502   b , as well as by the multiple sets of Subscriber Stations  2508   a  and  2508   b , may belong to the first Operator, or to the second Operator, or to another Operator not communicating on the system, or to a non-Operator entity.  FIG. 27   a  presents two Core Network data sources and two sets of Subscriber Stations, but it will be appreciated that there may be any number of data sources and any number of sets of Subscriber Stations. By way of example, but not by way of limitation, the shared Backhaul link  2505  may be a fiberoptic channel, or a cable, or microwave link, or a satellite data-link, or another wireless link. 
       FIG. 27B  also presents one embodiment of components of a system in which Subscriber Stations (SS)  2508   a  and  2508   b  operating in one wireless coverage area associated with different Operators share one wireless Base Station (BS)  2510 , one shared Backhaul link  2505 , and one network  2501 . In  FIG. 27B , however, there are clearly two separate data paths, indicated by the dotted lines  2511   a  and  2511   b , where first set of data  2511   a  depicts communication between  2502   a  and  2508   a , whereas second set of data  2511   b  depicts communication between  2502   b  and  2508   b , wherein both data sets of data communicate over  2505  and  2510 . 
     In one embodiment, there is a system for effectively sharing resources of a shared Backhaul link  2505 . The system may include a shared Backhaul link  2505 . The system may include a wireless Base Station (BS)  2510  operative to receive from a first Core Network data source  2502   a  and a second Core Network data source  2502   b , belonging to first and second Operators, respectively, first and second sets of data, respectively, via the shared Backhaul link  2505  connected to the wireless BS  2510 . The wireless BS is also operative to convey wirelessly the first and second sets of data, to a first set of Subscriber Stations  2508   a  and a second set of Subscriber Stations  2508   b , said sets of Subscriber Stations associated with the first and second Operators, respectively. The system may be configured to control the rates at which the first and second sets of data are received by the wireless BS  2510 , such that overloading of the shared Backhaul link  2505  is prevented. 
     In one alternative embodiment of the system embodiment just described, control of the rates is done by the wireless BS  2510 , and the wireless BS  2510  effects such control by using packet shaping techniques applied at the wireless level. 
     In a second alternative embodiment to the system embodiment just described, control of the rates is done by the wireless BS  2510 , and the wireless BS  2510  effects such control by using packet shaping techniques applied at the shared Backhaul link  2505  level. 
       FIG. 28  is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of the elements of a method for effectively utilizing a shared Backhaul link  2505  of a wireless Base Station (BS)  2510  servicing a plurality of Operators. In step  3031 , receiving, by a wireless BS  2505 , from first and second Core Network data sources  2502   a  &amp;  2502   b , belonging to first and second Operators, respectively, first and second sets of data  2511   a  &amp;  2511   b , respectively, via a shared Backhaul link  2505 , and connected to the wireless BS  2510 . In step  3032 , conveying wirelessly, by the wireless BS  2510 , the first and second sets of data  2511   a  &amp;  2511   b , to first and second sets of Subscriber Stations  2508   a  &amp;  2508   b , associated with the first and second Operators, respectively, at first and second wireless data rates, respectively. The first and second rates may be the same or different, and either or both of the rates may change over time. 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described, the sets of data  2511   a  &amp;  2511   b  are packetized, and controlling the first wireless data rate is done by the wireless BS  2510  using packet shaping techniques. 
     In a second possible implementation of the method just described, controlling the first wireless data rate is done by limiting the number of Subscriber Stations in the first set of Subscriber Stations  2508   a.    
     In a third possible implementation of the method just described, controlling the first wireless data rate is done by limiting the rate at which at least one of the Subscriber Stations in the first set of Subscriber Stations  2508   a  communicates data with the wireless BS  2510 . 
     In a fourth possible implementation of the method just described, the first wireless data rate is limited to a predetermined level that is lower than the predetermined Backhaul data rate, and the predetermined level of the first wireless data rate is increased if such predetermined level and the second wireless data rate together do not exceed the predetermined Backhaul data rate. 
     In a fifth possible implementation of the method just described, the predetermined Backhaul data rate is a maximum rate at which the shared Backhaul link  2505  is operative to transport data. 
     In a sixth possible implementation of the method just described, the predetermined Backhaul data rate is between 60 percent and 90 percent of a maximum rate at which the shared Backhaul link  2505  is operative to transport data. 
     In a seventh possible implementation of the method just described, the first set of data  2511   a  is transported from the first Core Network data source  2502   a  to the wireless BS  2510  via a first network Tunnel extending from the first Core Network data source  2502   a  to the wireless BS  2510 , and the second set of data  2511   b  is transported from the second Core Network data source  2502   b  to the wireless BS  2510  via a second network Tunnel extending from the second Core Network data source  2502   b  to the wireless BS  2510 , wherein both the first and the second network Tunnels are transported, at least in part, over the shared Backhaul link  2505 . 
     In this seventh possible implementation of the method described above for effectively utilizing a shared Backhaul link  2505  of a wireless BS  2510  servicing a plurality of Operators, a further possible implementation is that at least one of the network Tunnels is of a type selected from a group consisting of an Internet Protocol (IP) Tunnel and a Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Tunnel 
     In an eighth possible implementation of the method just described, the system tracks a first rate at which the first set of data  2511   a  is received by the wireless BS  2510 , and the first Operator is billed according to the results of the tracking. 
     In this eighth possible implementation of the method described above for effectively utilizing a shared Backhaul link  2505  of a wireless BS  2510  servicing a plurality of Operators, a further possible implementation includes tracking a rate at which the second set of data  2511   a  is received by the wireless BS  2510 , and billing the second Operator according to the results of the tracking. 
     In a ninth possible implementation of the method just described, the second wireless data rate is controlled such that the first set of data  2511   a  and the second set of data  2511   b  received via the shared Backhaul link  2505  together substantially do not exceed a predetermined Backhaul data rate. In this ninth possible implementation of the method described above for effectively utilizing a shared Backhaul link  2505  of a wireless BS  2510  servicing a plurality of Operators, a further possible implementation includes increasing the first data rate  2511   a  at the expense of the second wireless data rate  2511   b , such that the first and second sets of data  2511   a  &amp;  2511   b  received via the wireless Backhaul link  2505  together still substantially do not exceed the predetermined Backhaul data rate. 
       FIG. 29  is an alternative embodiment of  FIG. 27A , similar to  FIG. 27A  except that in  FIG. 29 , there are multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs), servicing multiple sets of Subscriber Stations. The system endpoints in  FIG. 29  are network  2601 , and the RANs including first RAN  2629   a  and second RAN  2629   b . Within network  2601 , there is a first Core Network data source  2602   a ′ and a second Core Network data source  2602   b ′. Within the first RAN  2629   a  is a first set of Subscriber Stations  2608   a , while in the second RAN  2629   b  is a second set of Subscriber Stations  2608   b . Communication between the Core Network data sources and the RANs, occurs over a shared Backhaul link  2605 , in which communication between the first Core Network data source  2602   a ′ and the first RAN  2629   a  occurs via a first Backhaul transmission  2611   a , whereas the communication between the second Core Network data source  2602   b ′ and the second RAN  2629   b  occurs via a second Backhaul transmission  2611   b.    
       FIG. 30  illustrates one possible configuration of the system depicted in  FIG. 29 . In  FIG. 30 , the first RAN  2629   a  is connected to the shared Backhaul link  2605  by a first data link  2611   a ′, whereas the second RAN  2629   b  is connected to the shared Backhaul link  2605  by a second data link  2611   b ′. The data links  2611   a ′ and  2611   b ′ are both physical links, but they may be the same kind of physical link, or different physical links. By way of example, but not by way of limitation, both links may be fiberoptic channels, or both may be cables, or both may be microwave, or both may be satellite, or both may be any other physical layer connection between the RANS and the shared Backhaul link  2605 . Similarly by way of example but not by way of limitation, the data links may be different, where the first data link may be fiberoptic and the second data link may be cable, or the first data link may be microwave and the second data link may be satellite, or any other combination of physical links is possible. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates one possible embodiment of a system, in which a single wireless BS  2610  generates two RANs, including a first RAN  2629   a  with a first set of Subscriber Stations  2608   a , and a second RAN  2629   b  with a second set of Subscriber Stations  2608   b . The single wireless BS  2610  is connected via a shared Backhaul link  2605  to a network not shown in  FIG. 31 .  FIG. 31  is one possible configuration of such a communication system, in which there is a single wireless BS and multiple RANs. Other possible combinations would feature multiple wireless Base Stations, in which each wireless BS would generate one or more RANs, but in all cases each RAN is generated by at most one wireless BS at any particular time. 
       FIG. 32  is a flow diagram illustrating one method for effectively sharing a Backhaul link between at least two Radio Access Networks (RANs) belonging to different operators. In step  3041 , the first RAN  2629   a , belonging to a first Operator receives a first Backhaul transmission  2611   a  intended for a first set of Subscriber Stations  2608   a  serviced by the first RAN  2629   a , via a shared Backhaul link  2605 , wherein the shared Backhaul link  2605  transports the first Backhaul transmission  2611   a  together with at least a second Backhaul transmission  2611   b  intended for a second set of Subscriber Stations  2608   b  serviced by a second RAN  2629   b . In step  3042 , the system controls the rate at which the first Backhaul transmission  2611   a  is received by the first RAN  2629   a , such that the first and second Backhaul transmissions  2611   a  &amp;  2611   b  together substantially do not exceed a predetermined Backhaul data rate. 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described, the controlling of the rate at which the first Backhaul transmission  2611   a  is received is done by the first RAN  2629   a.    
     In a second possible implementation of the method just described, the first RAN  2629   a  is connected to the shared Backhaul link  2605  via a first data link  2611   a ′, and the second RAN  2629   b  is connected to the shared Backhaul link  2605  via a second data link  2611   b′.    
     In a third possible implementation of the method just described, the first Backhaul transmission  2611   a  is transported from a first Core Network data source  2602   a ′ belonging to the first Operator to the first RAN  2629   a  using a first network Tunnel passing through the shared Backhaul link  2605 . 
     In a fourth possible implementation of the method just described, the first RAN  2629   a  and the second RAN  2629   b  are generated by a single wireless Base Station (BS)  2610 . 
     In this fourth possible implementation of the method described above for effectively sharing a Backhaul link between at least two Radio Access Networks (RANs) belonging to different Operators where at least two RANs are generated by a single wireless Base Station, a further possible implementation is that the shared Backhaul link  2605  is directly connected to the wireless BS  2610 . 
     In a fifth possible implementation of the method just described, the rate at which the first Backhaul transmission  2611   a  is received via the shared Backhaul link  2605  is increased at the expense of the rate at which the second Backhaul transmission  2611   b  is received via the shared Backhaul link, such that the first and second Backhaul transmissions  2611   a  &amp;  2611   b  via the shared Backhaul link  2605  together still substantially do not exceed the predetermined Backhaul data rate. 
     In a sixth possible implementation of the method just described, the controlling of the rate at which the first Backhaul transmission  2611   a  is received is done by the first RAN  2629   a , using packet shaping techniques applied at the RAN level. 
     In a seventh possible implementation of the method just described, the controlling of the rate at which the first Backhaul transmission  2611   a  is received is done by the first RAN  2629   a , using packet shaping techniques applied at the shared Backhaul link  2605  level. 
     In an eighth possible implementation of the method just described, the system indicates to the first RAN  2629   a  utilization levels of the shared Backhaul link  2605 , and the rate at which the first Backhaul transmission  2611   a  is received is controlled according to such indication. 
       FIG. 33  is a flow diagram illustrating one method for splitting dynamically resources of a shared Backhaul link  2605  between different Operators. In step  3051 , a wireless Base Station (BS)  2610  services first and second sets of Subscriber Stations  2608   a  &amp;  2608   b  associated with first and second Operators, respectively, using first and second sets of data, respectively,  2511   a  &amp;  2511   b  received via a shared Backhaul link  2605  from the first and second Operators, respectively. In step  3502 , the system dynamically splits the resources of the shared Backhaul link  2605  by controlling dynamically the rates at which the first and second sets of data  2511   a  &amp;  2511   b  are received, such that overloading of the shared Backhaul link  2605  is prevented. 
     In one possible implementation of the method just described, the system dynamically increases the rate at which the first set of data  2511   a  is received at the expense of the rate at which the second set of data  2511   b  is received, such that overloading of the shared Backhaul link  2605  is prevented. 
       FIG. 34A  illustrates one embodiment of components in a system. In  FIG. 34A , there is a wireless Base Station (BS)  2700 , which includes at least a Baseband subsystem  2702 , multiple radio transceiver chains  2733   a ,  2733   b ,  2733   c , and  2733 N, and multiple antenna  2777   a ,  2777   b ,  2777   c , and  2777 N, in which each radio transceiver chain is connected to one antenna, and also each antenna is connected to one radio transceiver chain. In the particular embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 34A , two of the radio transceiver chain-antenna combinations, here  2733   a  with  2777   a  and  2733   b  with  2777   b , establish a wireless connection with a Backhaul link  2755   a . Also in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 34A , two of the radio transceiver chain-antenna combinations, here  2733   c  with  2777   c  and  2733 N with  2777 N, establish a wireless connection with a Radio Access Network (RAN)  2755 K. 
       FIG. 34B  is a blowup of some of the components shown in  FIG. 34A , including the Baseband subsystem  2702 , and the four radio transceiver chains  2733   a ,  2733   b ,  2733   c , and  2733 N.  FIG. 34B  also shows the point of connection between the Baseband subsystem  2702  and each radio transceiver chain, which includes a Digital port in the Baseband system  2702 , and an A-D converter in the radio transceiver chain. Thus, Digital port  2738   a  and A-D converter  2739   a  form the connection between  2702  and  2733   a . Similarly,  2738   b  and  2739   b  form the connection between  2702  and  2733   b ,  2738   c  and  2739   c  form the connection between  2702  and  2733   c , and  2738 N and  2793 N form the connection between  2702  and  2739 N. It will be understood that communication occurs in both direction, from the Baseband subsystem  2702  to each radio transceiver chain, and from each radio transceiver chain to the Baseband subsystem  2702 . Hence, the A-D converter is meant to signify a device that performs both analog to digital conversion, and digital to analog conversion. The communication from the Baseband system  2702  to a radio transceiver chain will require that the digital baseband signal be converted to an analog signal, and communication from a radio transceiver chain to the Baseband subsystem  2702  will required that that analog radio signal be converted to a digital signal. 
       FIG. 34C  illustrates one embodiment of components of a system. Although only some of the elements of  FIG. 34A  and  FIG. 34B  appear in  FIG. 34C , any deletion is merely for graphic purposes, to make  FIG. 34C  easier to view, but in reality all of the elements of  FIG. 34A  and  FIG. 34B  are part of the system illustrated in  FIG. 34C . In addition, there are two sets of elements in  FIG. 34C  which do not appear in  FIG. 34A  or  FIG. 34B . One set of such elements includes the signals, here four signals, to and from the Baseband Subsystem  2702  to either the Backhaul link  2755   a  or the RAN  2755 K. Shown are sig 1  and sig 2 , which are communication signals to and from the Baseband subsystem  2702  and the Backhaul link  2755   a . Also shown are sig 3  and sig 4 , which are communication signals to and from the Baseband subsystem  2702  and the RAN  2755 K. In  FIG. 34C , there are two Signal syntheses, one Signal synthesis creating sig 1  and sig 2 , the other Signal synthesis creating sig 3  and sigN. It will be understood that there are at least three signals, but there may be four as shown, or more than four. It will be understood that each of the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K will have at least one signal, but one of the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K will have at least two signals, they may each have two signals as actually portrayed in  FIG. 34C , but either one of them may also have more than two signals. Each signal is associated with exactly one radio transceiver chain and one antenna, and at any particular point in time each signal will form a communication path with either the Backhaul link  2755   a  or the RAN  2755 K. 
       FIG. 35A  illustrates one embodiment of the same components illustrated in  FIG. 34A . There is one important difference, however.  FIG. 35A  illustrates a system at a point of time during which there are three communication paths between the Baseband subsystem  2702 A and the Backhaul link  2755   a , and only one communication path between the Baseband subsystem  2702  and the RAN  2755 K. In other words, at the point in time shown in  FIG. 35A , the system has reallocated one of the communication paths from the RAN  2755 K to the Backhaul link  2755   a . In the particular embodiment shown in  FIG. 35A , the communication path reallocated is the signal form the Baseband subsystem  2702 , to the radio transceiver chain  2733   c , to the antenna  277   c , and then to the Backhaul link  2755   a  rather than to the RAN  2755 K. 
       FIG. 35B  is a blowup of some of the elements of  FIG. 35A , and  FIG. 35B  shows the specific signals which create the communication paths illustrated in  FIG. 35A . In  FIG. 35B , one signal synthesis creates all the signals, s 1 , s 2 , and s 3 , which form communication paths between the Baseband subsystem  2702  and the Backhaul link  2755   a . Correspondingly, a second signal synthesis creates all the signals, here only sN, which from communication paths, here only one communication path, between Baseband subsystem  2702  and the RAN  2755 K. At the point of time illustrated in both  FIG. 35A  and  FIG. 35B , there are three communication paths to and from the Backhaul link  2755   a , and only one communication path to and from the RAN  2755 K. 
       FIG. 36  illustrates one embodiment of the Baseband subsystem  2702 . In  FIG. 36 , the Baseband subsystem  2702  includes a Baseband processor  2761 , which, as shown in  FIG. 36 , is a kind of hardware. The hardware  2761  will have circuits, and these circuits may include any or all of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). 
       FIG. 37  illustrates one embodiment of the Baseband subsystem  2702 . The embodiment in  FIG. 37  is not the same as the embodiment in  FIG. 36 . In  FIG. 37 , the Baseband subsystem  2702  includes two Baseband processors, here  2761   a  and  2761 K. Each Baseband processor will create all the communication paths between either the wireless BS  2700  and either the Backhaul link  2755   a  or the RAN  2755 K. In the particular embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 37 ,  2761   a  creates Sig 1  and Sig 2 , which are the communication paths to and from the Backhaul link  2755   a , whereas  2761 K creates Sig 3  and Sig 4  which are the communication paths to and from the RAN  2755 K. As suggested for  2761  in  FIG. 36 , each of  2761   a  and  2761 K is a piece of a hardware that will have circuits, which may include any or all of an ASIC, an FPGA, and a DSP. 
       FIG. 38  illustrates one embodiment of the Baseband system  2702 .  FIG. 38  shows the Baseband processors  2761   a  and  2761 K, as well as Digital ports  2738   a ,  2738   b ,  2738   c , and  2738 N. However, in prior embodiments already described, there were direct connections between the Baseband processors and the Digital ports. Conversely, in  FIG. 38 , communication is established between the Baseband processors and the Digital ports via a Configurable digital interconnect subsystem  2790 . Element  2790  acts as a kind of router, routing each digital signal from a Baseband processor to the intended Digital port, or from a Digital port to the intended Baseband processor. Element  2790  may also act as a multiplexor, in which various signals from the Baseband processors are multiplexed into one or more data streams, the streams are then delivered as signals to the intended Digital ports. Further, element  2790  may also act as a de-multiplexor in which various signals from the Digital ports are de-multiplexed into one or more data streams, the streams are then delivered as signals to the Baseband processors. In the particular embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 38 , there are two Baseband processors, and one of the Baseband processors may be dedicated to communication with the Backhaul link  2755   a , while the other Baseband processor may be dedicated to communication with the RAN  2755 K. If a particular embodiment includes more than one Baseband processor, then two or more Baseband processors may be dedicated to either the Backhaul link  2755   a  or the RAN  2755 K, or one more Baseband processors may not be dedicated but rather may be allocated according to the need, at a particular point in time, to either the Backhaul link  2755   a  or the RAN  2755 K. In any embodiment that has at least two Baseband processors, there may be, at all times, at least one Baseband processor dedicated to the Backhaul link  2755   a , and at least one Baseband processor dedicated to the RAN  2755 K. 
     In one embodiment, there is a system with a wireless Base Station (BS)  2700 , in which the system is operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains  2733   a ,  2733   b ,  2733   c , and  2733 N between a Backhaul link  2755   a  and a Radio Access Network (RAN)  2755 K. The system includes a wireless BS  2700 , which may include a Baseband (BB) subsystem  2702 , said subsystem including N digital ports  2738   a ,  2738   b ,  2738   c , and  2738 N, and subsystem operative to synthesize N digital Baseband (BB) signals sig 1 , sig 2 , sig 3 , and sigN. The wireless BS  2700  may also include N radio transceiver chains  2733   a ,  2733   b ,  2733   c , and  2733 N, each chain connected to one of the N digital ports of the BB subsystem via an Analog-Digital interface  2739   a ,  2739   b ,  2739   c , and  2739 N. In one configuration of this embodiment, the system is configured to split the N radio transceiver chains into a first set of K radio transceiver chains  2733   a  &amp;  2733   b , and a second set of N minus K radio transceiver chains  2733   c  &amp;  2733 N. In this configuration of the embodiment, the system also synthesizes, by the BB subsystem  2702 , the N digital BB signals according to the split determined by N and K, such that K digital BB signals sig 1  and sign  2  are operative to support a Backhaul link  2755   a , and N minus K digital BB signals sig 3  and sigN are operative to support a RAN  2755 K. In this configuration of the embodiment, the system also inputs the N digital BB signals to the N radio transceiver chains via the corresponding N digital ports and the corresponding Analog-Digital interfaces, thereby communicating with both the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K. The system may change the value of K, either according to some schedule or according to some other criterion, in other to maximize communication with both the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K. The value of K may be changed dynamically, as the communication needs of the system change. 
     In one alternative embodiment of the embodiment just described for a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, N is equal to at least 3, and therefore at least two radio transceiver chains are dedicated to communication with either the Backhaul link  2755   a  or the RAN  2755 K. If N is equal to 4 or more, then two or more radio transceiver chains may be dedicated to communication with each of the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K. At all times, at least one radio transceiver chain is dedicated to communication with the Backhaul link  2755   a , and at least one radio transceiver chain is dedicated to communication with the RAN  2755 K. 
     In a second alternative embodiment to the embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, N is equal to at least 3, there are N digital BB signals, each of which drives one radio transceiver chain, and each of at least two of the N digital BB signals is a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) signal. The result is that at least one of either the Backhaul link  2755   a  or the RAN  2755 K communicates using a MIMO scheme. The MIMO scheme may be used for only the Backhaul link  2755   a , or for only the RAN  2755 K, or for both the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K. 
     In a third alternative embodiment to the embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, N is equal to at least 3, there are N digital BB signals, each of which drives one radio transceiver chain, and each of at least two of the N digital BB signals is a Phased-Array signal. The result is that at least one of either the Backhaul link  2755   a  or the RAN  2755 K communicates using a Phased-Array scheme. The Phased-Array scheme may be used for only the Backhaul link  2755   a , or for only the RAN  2755 K, or for both the Backhaul link and the RAN. 
     In a fourth alternative embodiment to the embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, each of at least two of the N digital BB signals is received from a radio transceiver chain, and is a signal type of (i) Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC), (ii) Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) or (iii) Maximum Likelihood (ML). 
     In a fifth alternative embodiment to the embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, the BB subsystem comprises a BB processor  2761 , and the BB processor  2761  is operative to simultaneously generate both the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K, according to the setting of K at a particular point in time. 
     In a possible configuration of this fifth alternative embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, the BB processor  2761  includes at least one device of type (i) Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), (ii) Field Programmable gate array (FPGA), or (iii) Digital Signal Processor (DSP). In this possible configuration, simultaneous generation of the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K is performed, at least in part, by the at least one device according to the setting of K at a particular point in time. 
     In an alternative to this possible configuration of this fifth alternative embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, the at least one device is a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), and simultaneous generation of the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K is done, at least in part, in software running on the DSP, according to the setting of K at a particular point of time. 
     In a sixth alternative embodiment to the embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, the BB subsystem comprises at least two BB processors  2761   a  and  2761 K, and the at least two BB processors  2761   a  and  2761 K are operative to substantially simultaneously generate the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K, via the corresponding K BB signals and N minus K BB signals, according to the setting of K at a particular point in time. 
     In one possible configuration of this sixth alternative embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, one of the at least two BB processors  2761   a  and  2761 K is operative to generate the Backhaul link  2755   a , and another one of the at least two BB processors  2671   a  and  2761 K is operative to generate the RAN  2755 K. 
     In a second possible configuration of this sixth alternative embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, the system also includes a Configurable digital interconnect subsystem  2790 , which is used to interconnect each of the at least two BB processors  2761   a  and  2761 K with at least some of the N digital ports, according to the setting of K at a particular point in time, and according to the allocation of the N radio transceiver chains between the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K, such that the K radio transceiver chains are connected to one of the BB processors  2761   a  and  2761 K, and the N minus K radio transceiver chains are connected to another of the BB processors  2761   a  and  2761 K. 
     In a seventh alternative embodiment to the embodiment of a system operative to split a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link and a RAN, the N radio transceiver chains are connected to N antennas  2777   a ,  2777   b ,  2777   c , and  2777 N, respectively, and said antennas are omni-directional antennas. The omni-directionality of the antennas allows both the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K to span substantially a 360 degrees coverage area around the wireless BS, regardless of allocation of the radio transceiver chains between the Backhaul link  2755   a  and the RAN  2755 K. 
       FIG. 39  is a flow diagram illustrating one method for sharing a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link  2755   a  and a Radio Access Network (RAN)  2755 K. In step  3061 , a wireless Base Station (BS)  2700  operating N radio transceiver chains  2733   a ,  2733   b ,  2733   b , and  2733 N. In step  3062 , a wireless BS  2700  splitting, according to a first criterion, the N radio transceiver chains into two sets of radio transceiver chains, wherein the first set of radio transceiver chains is allocated to a Backhaul link  2755   a  and the second set of radio transceiver chains is allocated to a RAN  2755 K. In step  3063 , the system communicating a first set of data between the wireless BS  2700  and a Core Network data source via the Backhaul link  2755   a  employing the first set of radio transceiver chains, and the system communicating a second set of data between the wireless BS  2700  and at least one Subscriber Station via the RAN  2755 K employing the second set of radio transceiver chains. 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described for sharing a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link  2755   a  and a RAN  2755 K, further determining a minimum number of radio transceiver chains required by the wireless BS  2700  to communicate the first set of data, wherein the minimum number of radio transceiver chains is equal to at least one, and the minimum number of radio transceiver chains is equal to at most N minus one. Also, setting the number of radio transceiver chains in the first set of radio transceiver chains to the minimum number determined. 
     In a second possible implementation of the method described for sharing a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link  2755   a  and a RAN  2755 K, further determining a minimum number of radio transceiver chains required by the wireless BS to  2700  communicate the second set of data, wherein the minimum number of radio transceiver chains is equal to at least one, and the minimum number of radio transceiver chains is equal to at most N minus one. Also, setting the number of radio transceiver chains in the second set of radio transceiver chains to the minimum number determined. 
     In a third possible implementation of the method described for sharing a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link  2755   a  and a RAN  2755 K, further N exceeds two, and at least most of the N radio transceiver chains using substantially omni-directional antennas, such that (i) the first set of radio transceiver chains supports the Backhaul link  2755   a  in substantially any direction, (ii) the second set of radio transceiver chains supports the RAN  2755 K in substantially any direction, and (iii) substantially any split of the N radio transceiver chains between Backhaul link  2755   a  and RAN  2755 K is supported, regardless of the directions of the Backhaul link  2755   a  and RAN  2755 K. 
     In a fourth possible implementation of the method described for sharing a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link  2755   a  and a RAN  2755 K, further determining that the number of radio transceiver chains in the first set is not sufficient to maintain the Backhaul link  2755   a , and increasing the number of radio transceiver chains in the first set at the expense of the number of radio transceiver chains in the second set, in order to improve the Backhaul link  2755   a.    
     In a fifth possible implementation of the method described for sharing a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link  2755   a  and a RAN  2755 K, further determining that the number of radio transceiver chains in the second set is not sufficient to maintain the RAN  2755 K, and increasing the number of radio transceiver chains in the second set at the expense of the number of radio transceiver chains in the first set, in order to improve the RAN  2755 K. 
     In a sixth possible implementation of the method described for sharing a plurality of radio transceiver chains between a Backhaul link  2755   a  and a RAN  2755 K, further having a capability in the N radio transceiver chains, to operate in at least two frequency bands, setting the radio transceiver chains in the first set to operate in a first frequency band operative to support the Backhaul link  2755   a , and setting the radio transceiver chains in the second set to operate in a second frequency band operative to support the RAN  2755 K. 
       FIG. 40  is a flow diagram illustrating one method for boosting performance of a Backhaul link  2755   a  associated with a wireless Base Station (BS)  2700 . In step  3071 , a wireless BS  2700  operating K radio transceiver chains associated with a Backhaul link  2755   a , and M radio transceiver chains associated with a Radio Access Network (RAN)  2755 K. In step  3072 , detecting that the K radio transceiver chains are not sufficient to maintain a predetermined level of performance associated with the Backhaul link  2755   a . In step  3073 , increasing the number of radio transceiver chains associated with the Backhaul link  2755   a  from K to at least K plus one, at the expense of the M radio transceiver chains. 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described for boosting performance of a Backhaul link  2755   a  associated with a wireless BS  2700 , further using the K radio transceiver chains in a Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) configuration, detecting that the K radio transceiver chains are not sufficient to maintain a predetermined wireless data capacity associated with the Backhaul link  2755   a , and using the at least K plus one radio transceiver chains to increase the level of the MIMO configuration, thereby boosting the wireless data capacity associated with the Backhaul link  2755   a.    
     In a second possible implementation of the method described for boosting performance of a Backhaul link  2755   a  associated with a wireless BS  2700 , further using the K radio transceiver chains to realize a wireless reception scheme of type (i) Phase-Array reception, (ii) Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) reception, (iii) Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) reception, or (iv) Maximum Likelihood (ML) reception. Also, detecting that the K radio transceiver chains are not sufficient to maintain a predetermined wireless sensitivity associated with the Backhaul link  2755   a , and using the at least K plus one radio transceiver chains to increase the level of the wireless reception scheme, thereby boosting the wireless sensitivity associated with the Backhaul link  2755   a.    
     In a third possible implementation of the method described for boosting performance of a Backhaul link  2755   a  associated with a wireless BS  2700 , wherein the K and M radio transceiver chains operate in a first frequency band, thereby implementing in-band-Backhaul communication scheme. 
     In a fourth possible implementation of the method described for boosting performance of a Backhaul link  2755   a  associated with a wireless BS  2700 , wherein the K and M radio transceiver chains operate in two separate bands respectively, thereby operating the Backhaul link  2755   a  in a different frequency band than the RAN  2755 K. Also, at least one of the M radio transceiver chains is capable of operating at both the first and the second frequency bands; and said at least one of the M radio transceiver chains is reset from the first band to the second band before being assigned to the Backhaul link  2755   a , thereby increasing the number of radio transceiver chains associated with the Backhaul link  2755   a  from K to the at least K plus one. 
       FIG. 41A  illustrates one embodiment of components in a system. In  FIG. 41A , there are two wireless Base Stations,  2800   a  and  2800   b , which together provide a certain coverage area  2810  to a number of Subscriber Stations.  FIG. 41A  shows two wireless Base Stations, but it will be understood that there may be, in alternative embodiments, one wireless Base Station, or more than two wireless Base Stations. 
       FIG. 41B  illustrates one embodiment of components in a system. In  FIG. 41B , there are two wireless Base Stations,  2800   a  and  2800   b . Wireless Base Station  2800   a  operates at a first radio band  2801   a , which provides a certain coverage area about the Base Station  2800   a . In the particular embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 41B , wireless Base Station  2800   a  is providing coverage to a single Subscriber Station within the Base Station&#39;s coverage area. Wireless Base Station  2800   b  is operating in two different radio bands, including the first radio band  2801   a , and a second radio band  2801   b . In  FIG. 41B , the first radio band  2801   a  includes higher frequencies than the frequencies in the second radio band  2801   b , and for this reason, the coverage area of the second radio band  2801   b  is greater than the coverage area of the first radio band  2801   a . In the particular embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 41B , the first radio band  2801   a  of wireless Base Station  2800   b , is providing coverage to a single Subscriber Station. Also, the second radio band  2801   b , is providing coverage to all three Subscriber Stations illustrated, including the Subscriber Station covered by wireless Base Station  2800   a , the Subscriber Station that is covered by the first radio band  2801   a  provided by wireless Base Station  2800   b , and a Subscriber Station that is covered only by the second radio band  2801   b  provided by  2800   b  but not covered by the first radio band  2801   a  from either wireless Base Station. Although  FIG. 41B  illustrates in particular three Subscriber Stations, it will be understood that the same coverage could be provided for a Subscriber Station that is initially within the coverage area of the first radio band  2801   a , but that subsequently moves out of the coverage area of the first radio band  2801   a  while still within the coverage area of the second radio band  2801   b . Any frequency bands could be employed, provided that the first frequency band  2801   a  is higher than the second frequency band  2801   b . For example, first frequency band  2801   a  may be within the 2.4 GHz band, whereas the second frequency band  2801   b  may be within the 800 MHz band, the 900 MHz band, or the 1.9 GHz band, or any other band lower than 2.4 GHz. Similarly, the first radio band  2801   a  may be any band higher than 800 MHz, such as 900 MHz, 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz, or another, as long as the second radio band  2801   b  is at a lower band. In fact, it is not essential that  2801   a  and  2801   b  be in different frequency bands, because they may in fact be within the same general band, in a case where the actual frequencies of  2801   b  are lower than the actual frequencies of  2801   a . For example, one of the frequencies of the first radio band  2801   a  may be centered at 848.2 MHz, whereas one of the frequencies of the second radio band  2801   b  may be lower, as say, for example, centered at 824.2 MHz. There are many possible combinations, as long as the actual frequencies in the second radio band  2801   b  are at a lower frequency than the actual frequencies in the first radio band  2801   a.    
     Different system Operators may be represented by the wireless Base Stations and radio bands. For example, the first radio band  2801   a , for both wireless Base Stations  2800   a  and  2800   b , may be operated by one Operator, whereas a second Operator may operate the second radio band  2801   b . Or as another example, one Operator may operated wireless Base Station  2800   a , and a second Operator may operate wireless Base Station  2800   b , in which case only the second Operator operates the second radio band  2801   b , and both Operators operate the first radio band  2801   a  but at different frequencies within the first radio band  2801   a . Other combinations are also possible. 
     In order to maximize utilization of the resources of the Operators, in some embodiments the entire system presented in  FIG. 41B  may use partial roaming, as that term is defined herein, to provide coverage to a Subscriber Station that is within the coverage area of the second radio band  2801   b , but not of the first radio band  2801   a . It will be understood that such a Subscriber Station may have migrated from the coverage area of wireless Base Station  2800   a , or from the coverage area of the first radio band  2801   a  of wireless Base Station  2800   b . Conversely, the Subscriber Station may have migrated from outside the coverage area of wireless Base Stations  2800   a  and  2800   b , in which case the Subscriber Station may be associated with the first Operator, or with the second Operator, or within an entirely different Operator that does not operate either of the wireless Base Stations shown in  FIG. 41B . 
     In one embodiment, there is a system operative to optimize usage of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators. The system includes some number N of wireless Base Stations  2800   a  and  2800   b , deployed across a predetermined geographic area  2810 , the wireless Base Stations operative to provide at least partial wireless cellular coverage in the predetermined geographic area using a first radio band  2801   a  belonging to a first Operator, wherein at least K wireless Base Stations  2800   b  of the N wireless Base Stations, are also operative to provide wireless cellular coverage using a second radio band  2801   b  belonging to a second Operator, K is less than N, and the first radio band  2801   a  is located higher in frequency than the second radio band  2801   b . Further, the system is configured to enhance a level of wireless cellular service provided by the first Operator, by causing Subscriber Stations associated with the first Operator to roam into the second radio band  2801   b  when out of range of the first radio band  2801   a.    
     In one alternative embodiment of the embodiment just described for a system operative to optimize usage of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators, the system is further configured to enhance a level of wireless cellular service provided by the second Operator, by causing Subscriber Stations associated with the second Operator and which require a wireless bandwidth not available via the second radio band  2801   b , to roam into the first radio band  2801   a.    
     In a possible configuration of this alternative embodiment of a system operative to optimize usage of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators, the roaming into the first radio band  2801   a  is done using partial roaming techniques. 
     In a second alternative embodiment of the system operative to optimize usage of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators, the roaming into the second radio band  2801   b  is done using partial roaming techniques. 
       FIG. 42  illustrates one embodiment of components in a system. In  FIG. 42 , there is one wireless Base Stations,  2800   b , operating on at least two frequencies, in which one frequency is at a first radio band  2801   a , and the second frequency is at a second radio band  2801   b , where the second frequency is lower than the first frequency. A Subscriber Station  2805  is initially located with the coverage area of both the first and the second radio bands  2801   a  and  2801   b , but then migrates into the coverage area of only the second radio band  2801   b . In some embodiments, there is a dedicated Backhaul link  2812  between the wireless Base Station  2800   b  and a Core Network data source  2813  belonging to the second Operator, and the system conveys data sets between the Core Network data source  2813  and the Subscriber Station  2805 , using the dedicated Backhaul link  2812  and the second radio band  2801   b . Although  FIG. 42  illustrates components of a system in which there is only one wireless Base Station  2800   b , in alternative embodiments there can be two wireless Base Stations in which one wireless Base Station supports communication via the first radio band  2801   a  and the other wireless Base Station supports communication via the second radio band  2801   b.    
       FIG. 43  is a diagram illustrating one method for supporting a two-band wireless cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators. In step  3101 , a wireless cellular system, using a first radio band  2801   a  belonging to a first Operator associated with a Subscriber Station  2805 , fails to deliver a predetermined level of wireless cellular service to the Subscriber Station  2805 . In step  3102 , the wireless cellular system locates a second radio band  2801   b , belonging to a second Operator, operative to deliver at least the predetermined level of wireless cellular service to the Subscriber Station  2805 . In step  3103 , the wireless cellular system, using the second radio band  2801   b , delivers at least the predetermined level of wireless cellular service to the Subscriber Station  2805 . 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, the wireless cellular system further establishes a dedicated Backhaul link  2812  to a Core Network data source  2813  belonging to the second Operator, and the wireless cellular system further conveys data sets between the Core Network data source  2813  and the Subscriber Station  2805 , using the dedicated Backhaul link  2812  and the second radio band  2801   b.    
     In this first possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, a further implementation is that the Backhaul link  2812  is established using a network Tunnel. 
     In a second possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, the wireless cellular system comprises at least first  2800   a  and second  2800   b  wireless Base Stations, where the first wireless Base Station  2800   a  supports wireless communication via the first radio ban  2801   a  and the second wireless Base Station supports wireless communication via the second radio band  2801   b.    
     In this second possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, a further implementation is that the wireless cellular system causing the Subscriber Stations  2805  to perform partial roaming between the first wireless Base Station and the second wireless Base Station, before the wireless cellular system delivers at least the predetermined level of wireless cellular service to the Subscriber Station  2805  via the second radio band  2801   b.    
     In a third possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, the wireless cellular system comprises at least a wireless Base Stations  2800   b  which is operative to support both the first  2801   a  and the second  2801   b  radio bands substantially simultaneously. 
     In this third possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, a further implementation is that the wireless Base Stations  2800   b  causes the Subscriber Station  2805  to perform partial roaming between the first radio band  2801   a  and the second radio band  2801   b  of said wireless Base Station  2800   b , before the wireless cellular system delivers at least the predetermined level of wireless cellular service to the Subscriber Station  2805  via the second radio band  2801   b.    
     In a fourth possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, the first radio band  2801   a  is located higher in frequency than the second radio band  2801   b , resulting in the second radio band  2801   b  having a better reach and better coverage than the first radio band  2801   a , thereby allowing the wireless cellular system to use the second radio band  2801   b  to deliver at least the predetermined level of wireless cellular service to the Subscriber Station  2805  when said Subscriber Station is located substantially out of the coverage area of the first radio band  2801   a.    
     In this fourth possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, a further implementation is that the wireless cellular system comprises at least a wireless Base Stations  2800   b  which is operative to support both the first  2801   a  and the second  2801   b  radio bands substantially simultaneously. 
     In this fourth possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, a second further implementation is that the first radio band  2801   a  is located substantially in the 2.3 GHz to 2.6 GHz range, and the second radio band is located substantially in the 700 MHz to 1 GHz range. 
     In a fifth possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, further the first radio band  2801   a  is located lower in frequency than the second radio band  2801   b , resulting in the second radio band  2801   b  have a higher capacity than the first radio band  2801   a , thereby allowing use of the second radio band  2801   b  to deliver at least the predetermined level of wireless cellular service to the Subscriber Station  2805 . 
     In this fifth possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, a further implementation is that the wireless cellular system comprises at least a wireless Base Stations  2800   b  which is operative to support both the first  2801   a  and the second  2801   b  radio bands substantially simultaneously. 
     In this fifth possible implementation of the method just described for supporting two-band cellular operation by a single wireless cellular system servicing at least two Operators, a second further implementation is that the first radio band  2801   a  is located substantially in the 700 MHz to 1 GHz range, and the second radio band is located substantially in the 2.3 GHz to 2.5 GHz range. 
       FIG. 44  illustrates one embodiment of components in a system. In  FIG. 44 , there are one or more wireless Base Stations.  FIG. 44  shows one wireless Base Station  2850   b , but there could be more than one wireless Base Station.  FIG. 44  also shows that the wireless Base Stations will generate, substantially simultaneously, both a first RAN  2851   a  and a second RAN  2851   b .  FIG. 44  also illustrates a Subscriber Station  2855  which is substantially outside the coverage area of the first RAN  2851   a , but within the coverage area of the second RAN  2851   b . In this system each RAN operates on a different radio band, and the first RAN  2851   a  operates on a radio band that is higher in frequency than the frequency of the second RAN  2851   b.    
       FIG. 45  is a diagram illustrating one method for enhancing wireless cellular service provided by at least two Operators. In step  3111 , a wireless cellular system generates a first Radio Access Network (RAN)  2851   a  and a second RAN  2851   b , using a first radio band and a second radio band, respectively, wherein said radio bands belong to a first Operator and a second Operator, respectively, and the first radio band is located higher in frequency than the second radio band. In step  3112 , the wireless cellular enhances a level of wireless cellular service provided by the first Operator, by causing Subscriber Stations  2855  associated with the first Operator, and which are poorly covered by the first RAN  2851   a , to perform partial roaming from the first RAN  2851   a  to the second RAN  2851   b.    
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described for enhancing wireless cellular service provided by at least two Operators, the wireless cellular system enhances a level of wireless cellular service provided by the second Operator, by causing Subscriber Stations associated with the second Operator, and which require a wireless bandwidth not available via the second RAN  2851   b , to perform partial roaming from the second RAN  2851   b  to the first RAN  2851   a.    
     In this first possible implementation of the method just described for enhancing wireless cellular service provided by at least two Operators, a further implementation is that the first radio band is located substantially in the 2.3 GHz to 2.6 GHz range, and the second radio band is located substantially in the 700 MHz to 1 GHz range, thereby allowing the first RAN  2851   a  to deliver higher wireless bandwidth than the second RAN  2851   b.    
     In a second possible implementation of the method just described for enhancing wireless cellular service provided by at least two Operators, the second radio band is located substantially in the 700 MHz to 1 GHz range, and the first radio band is located substantially in the 2.3 GHz to 2.6 GHz range, thereby allowing the second RAN  2851   b  to provide better coverage than the first RAN  2851   a.    
     In a third possible implementation of the method just described for enhancing wireless cellular service provided by at least two Operators, the wireless cellular system comprises at least a wireless Base Station  2850   b  operative to support the first  2851   a  and second  2851   b  RANs substantially simultaneously, and the partial roaming is performed by the wireless Base Station  2850   b.    
       FIG. 46  is a diagram illustrating one method for optimizing placement of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators. In step  3121 , a wireless cellular system operates N wireless Base Stations deployed across a predetermined geographic area, and the wireless Base Stations are operative to provide wireless cellular coverage in the predetermined area using a first radio band belonging to a first Operator. In step  3122 , the wireless cellular system provides wireless cellular coverage in the predetermined area using a second radio band belonging to a second Operator, by configuring K wireless Base Stations out of the N wireless Base Stations to cover wirelessly the predetermined area using a second radio band belonging to the second Operator, wherein K is less than N, and wherein the first radio band is located higher in frequency than the second radio band. In step  3123 , the wireless cellular system enhances a level of wireless cellular service provided by the first Operator, by causing Subscriber Stations associated with the first Operator to roam into the second radio band when out of range of the first radio band. 
     In a first possible implementation of the method just described for optimizing placement of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators, the wireless cellular system enhances a level of wireless cellular service provided by the second Operator, by causing Subscriber Stations associated with the second Operator and which require a wireless bandwidth not available via the second radio band, to roam into the first radio band. 
     In this first possible implementation of the method just described for optimizing placement of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators, a further implementation is that the roaming into the first radio band is done using partial roaming techniques. 
     In a second possible implementation of the method just described for optimizing placement of wireless Base Stations servicing at least two Operators, the roaming into the second radio band is done using partial roaming techniques. 
     In this Detailed Description, numerous specific details are set forth. However, the embodiments of the invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known hardware, software, materials, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description. In this description, references to “one embodiment” mean that the feature being referred to may be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Moreover, separate references to “one embodiment” or “some embodiments” in this description do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Illustrated embodiments are not mutually exclusive, unless so stated and except as will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the invention may include any variety of combinations and/or integrations of the features of the embodiments described herein. Although some embodiments may depict serial operations, the embodiments may perform certain operations in parallel and/or in different orders from those depicted. Moreover, the use of repeated reference numerals and/or letters in the text and/or drawings is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. The embodiments are not limited in their applications to the details of the order or sequence of steps of operation of methods, or to details of implementation of devices, set in the description, drawings, or examples. Moreover, individual blocks illustrated in the figures may be functional in nature and do not necessarily correspond to discrete hardware elements. While the methods disclosed herein have been described and shown with reference to particular steps performed in a particular order, it is understood that these steps may be combined, sub-divided, or reordered to form an equivalent method without departing from the teachings of the embodiments. Accordingly, unless specifically indicated herein, the order and grouping of the steps is not a limitation of the embodiments. Furthermore, methods and mechanisms of the embodiments will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, some embodiments may include multiple iterations of a method or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise. For example, when an interface is disclosed in an embodiment, the scope of the embodiment is intended to cover also the use of multiple interfaces. Certain features of the embodiments, which may have been, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in various combinations in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the embodiments, which may have been, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Embodiments described in conjunction with specific examples are presented by way of example, and not limitation. Moreover, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the embodiments. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.