Patent Publication Number: US-2019188552-A1

Title: Communication model for cognitive systems

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present invention generally relates to cognitive systems, and more specifically, a model for communication between humans and cognitive systems. 
     Having a wider range of inputs and outputs, cognitive systems (CS) can receive sensor data to allow them to interpret their environment and provide feedback (outputs) to a user in ways that are beyond what a computer is normally capable of doing. A person normally senses and processes their environment using sight, sound, touch, scent, and taste, and communicates with language, vocal and physical expression, and action. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a computer-implemented method for a cognitive system to interact with a user. A non-limiting example of the computer-implemented method includes receiving a cognitive system profile and observational data associated with the user, wherein at least a portion of the observational data is received from one or more sensors. Environmental data associated with the user is received and one or more features are extracted from the observations data and the environmental data. The one or more features are stored in the user profile and analyzed to determine a context for each of the one or more features based on the cognitive system profile and the user profile. One or more trigger events are identified based on the context for each of the one or more features. One or more proposed actions are determined based at least in part on the one or more trigger events. At least one action is initiated from the one or more proposed actions and are stored in the user profile along with the one or more trigger events and the one or more features. 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a system for a cognitive system to interact with a user. A non-limiting example of the system includes receiving a cognitive system profile and observational data associated with the user, wherein at least a portion of the observational data is received from one or more sensors. Environmental data associated with the user is received and one or more features are extracted from the observations data and the environmental data. The one or more features are stored in the user profile and analyzed to determine a context for each of the one or more features based on the cognitive system profile and the user profile. One or more trigger events are identified based on the context for each of the one or more features. One or more proposed actions are determined based at least in part on the one or more trigger events. At least one action is initiated from the one or more proposed actions and are stored in the user profile along with the one or more trigger events and the one or more features. 
     Embodiments of the invention are directed to a computer program product for a cognitive system to interact with a user, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith. The program instructions are executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a method. A non-limiting example of the method includes receiving a cognitive system profile and observational data associated with the user, wherein at least a portion of the observational data is received from one or more sensors. Environmental data associated with the user is received and one or more features are extracted from the observations data and the environmental data. The one or more features are stored in the user profile and analyzed to determine a context for each of the one or more features based on the cognitive system profile and the user profile. One or more trigger events are identified based on the context for each of the one or more features. One or more proposed actions are determined based at least in part on the one or more trigger events. At least one action is initiated from the one or more proposed actions and are stored in the user profile along with the one or more trigger events and the one or more features. 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a computer-implemented method for a cognitive system to interact with a user. A non-limiting example of the computer-implemented method includes receiving, by a processor, a communication model comprising a set of instructions for communicating with the user. A user is prompted for user data based at least in part on the communication model. The user data is received from the user and stored in a user profile. The communication model is updated based at least in part on the user data, 
     Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a computer program product for a cognitive system to interact with a user, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith. The program instructions are executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a method. A non-limiting example of the method includes receiving, by a processor, a communication model comprising a set of instructions for communicating with the user. A user is prompted for user data based at least in part on the communication model. The user data is received from the user and stored in a user profile. The communication model is updated based at least in part on the user data. 
     Additional technical features and benefits are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed subject matter. For a better understanding, refer to the detailed description and to the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The specifics of the exclusive rights described herein are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the embodiments of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a cloud computing environment according to one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  depicts abstraction model layers according to one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a block diagram of a computer system for use in implementing one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a system for a cognitive system to interact with a user according to embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 5  depicts a flow diagram of a method for a cognitive system to interact with a user according to one or more embodiments of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  depicts a flow diagram of a method for a cognitive system to interact with a user according to one or more embodiments of the invention; and 
         FIG. 7  depicts a flow diagram of a method for a cognitive system to interact with a user according to one or more embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     The diagrams depicted herein are illustrative. There can be many variations to the diagram or the operations described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the actions can be performed in a differing order or actions can be added, deleted or modified. Also, the term “coupled” and variations thereof describes having a communications path between two elements and does not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections between them. All of these variations are considered a part of the specification. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to the related drawings. Alternative embodiments of the invention can be devised without departing from the scope of this invention. Various connections and positional relationships (e.g., over, below, adjacent, etc.) are set forth between elements in the following description and in the drawings. These connections and/or positional relationships, unless specified otherwise, can be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limiting in this respect. Accordingly, a coupling of entities can refer to either a direct or an indirect coupling, and a positional relationship between entities can be a direct or indirect positional relationship. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein can be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein. 
     The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the claims and the specification. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. 
     Additionally, the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to one, i.e. one, two, three, four, etc. The terms “a plurality” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to two, i.e. two, three, four, five, etc. The term “connection” may include both an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.” 
     The terms “about,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and variations thereof, are intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ±8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value. 
     For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to making and using aspects of the invention may or may not be described in detail herein. In particular, various aspects of computing systems and specific computer programs to implement the various technical features described herein are well known. Accordingly, in the interest of brevity, many conventional implementation details are only mentioned briefly herein or are omitted entirely without providing the well-known system and/or process details. 
     It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
     Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
     Characteristics are as follows: 
     On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
     Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
     Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
     Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
     Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
     Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
     Deployment Models are as follows: 
     Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
     Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). 
     A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , illustrative cloud computing environment  50  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  50  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  10  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  54 A, desktop computer  54 B, laptop computer  54 C, and/or automobile computer system  54 N may communicate. Nodes  10  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  50  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  54 A-N shown in  FIG. 1  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  10  and cloud computing environment  50  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  50  ( FIG. 1 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 2  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
     Hardware and software layer  60  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes  61 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  62 ; servers  63 ; blade servers  64 ; storage devices  65 ; and networks and networking components  66 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  67  and database software  68 . 
     Virtualization layer  70  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  71 ; virtual storage  72 ; virtual networks  73 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  74 ; and virtual clients  75 . 
     In one example, management layer  80  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  81  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  82  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  83  provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  84  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  85  provides pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
     Workloads layer  90  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  91 ; software development and lifecycle management  92 ; virtual classroom education delivery  93 ; data analytics processing  94 ; transaction processing  95 ; and cognitive system interacting with a user  96 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , there is shown an embodiment of a processing system  300  for implementing the teachings herein. In this embodiment, the system  300  has one or more central processing units (processors)  21   a ,  21   b,    21   c,  etc. (collectively or generically referred to as processor(s)  21 ). In one or more embodiments, each processor  21  may include a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Processors  21  are coupled to system memory  34  and various other components via a system bus  33 . Read only memory (ROM)  22  is coupled to the system bus  33  and may include a basic input/output system (BIOS), which controls certain basic functions of system  300 . 
       FIG. 3  further depicts an input/output (I/O) adapter  27  and a network adapter  26  coupled to the system bus  33 . I/O adapter  27  may be a small computer system interface (SCSI) adapter that communicates with a hard disk  23  and/or tape storage drive  25  or any other similar component. I/O adapter  27 , hard disk  23 , and tape storage device  25  are collectively referred to herein as mass storage  24 . Operating system  40  for execution on the processing system  300  may be stored in mass storage  24 . A network adapter  26  interconnects bus  33  with an outside network  36  enabling data processing system  300  to communicate with other such systems. A screen (e.g., a display monitor)  35  is connected to system bus  33  by display adaptor  32 , which may include a graphics adapter to improve the performance of graphics intensive applications and a video controller. In one embodiment, adapters  27 ,  26 , and  32  may be connected to one or more I/O busses that are connected to system bus  33  via an intermediate bus bridge (not shown). Suitable I/O buses for connecting peripheral devices such as hard disk controllers, network adapters, and graphics adapters typically include common protocols, such as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). Additional input/output devices are shown as connected to system bus  33  via user interface adapter  28  and display adapter  32 . A keyboard  29 , mouse  30 , and speaker  31  all interconnected to bus  33  via user interface adapter  28 , which may include, for example, a Super I/O chip integrating multiple device adapters into a single integrated circuit. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the processing system  300  includes a graphics processing unit  41 . Graphics processing unit  41  is a specialized electronic circuit designed to manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. In general, graphics processing unit  41  is very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing and has a highly parallel structure that makes it more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel. 
     Thus, as configured in  FIG. 3 , the system  300  includes processing capability in the form of processors  21 , storage capability including system memory  34  and mass storage  24 , input means such as keyboard  29  and mouse  30 , and output capability including speaker  31  and display  35 . In one embodiment, a portion of system memory  34  and mass storage  24  collectively store an operating system coordinate the functions of the various components shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Turning now to an overview of technologies that are more specifically relevant to aspects of the invention, communication models (protocols) can be utilized to describe and communicate abstract concepts about an observable environment, e.g., the world around us. For example, the Shannon-Weaver model of communication is utilized to explain message transmission between machines. This model describes how a message leaves a sender and travels along a channel to a receiver while passing through noise. This model has since been applied to describe interpersonal communication and behavior. However, since the original intention of the model was to describe machine interaction, it fails to address the interpretation of context and the learning and improvement upon the failure or success of the transmission. The model, also, does not address the storage of message (i.e., memory) and the effect these messages can have on future messages. 
     Another communication model is the Emmert-Donaghy model of communication. This model elaborates on the Shannon-Weaver model to include the communicators&#39; environmental context and the cognitive processing of the message by the receiver. The model describes the participation of two communicators sending feedback to one another, and the decoding of messages through thought processing. The model acknowledges that meaning cannot be separated from the message&#39;s context. While this model addresses the complexity of human-to-human communication, it fails to outline the purpose of communication, what happens to messages when new information is learned, and the storage of messages (i.e., memory). 
     Communicating effectively requires a deeper set of faculties—including perceiving the context of that communication, understanding the motivations of the communicating parties, reasoning about an appropriate response, and planning out the execution of that response that will have a maximum impact on the recipient. In one or more embodiments, aspects of the invention include a method for a cognitive system to embody a similar set of faculties to enable a much more natural form of interaction that will increase the impact the system has on the user&#39;s understanding, and to amplify their own cognitive processes. 
     Turning now to an overview of the aspects of the invention, one or more embodiments of the invention address the above-described shortcomings of the prior art by providing a communication protocol allowing a cognitive system to interact with a user. In one or more embodiments, the communication protocol models the complex interaction between a user and a cognitive system to more effectively design and output cognitive interactions (e.g., feedback to a user). Cognitive systems can receive input data in a range and precision that far exceeds that of a user. For example, sensors, such as light or motion sensors, can transmit sensor data to a cognitive system controller or “brain” for interpretation. Typically, this sensor data is transmitted to the cognitive system controller in an unstructured format that the cognitive system then organizes (i.e., structures) and interprets. Cognitive systems attempt to mimic human cognition to simulate the human mind using cognition. 
     Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Cognition describes how humans process thoughts to communicate with one another. For computers (e.g., cognitive systems), cognition describes a system that simulates human thought processing using algorithmic models intended to augment human cognitive capabilities. A cognitive system analyzes massive quantities of data to compose insightful, contextually aware, and continuously improving relationships with a user of the system. This growing knowledge of a user&#39;s needs, goal, and values allows a cognitive system to provide individualized responses, suggest relevant insights, and reveal contextually significant discoveries. 
     Turning now to a more detailed description of aspects of the present invention,  FIG. 4  depicts a system  400  for a cognitive system to interact with a user according to embodiments of the invention. The system  400  includes a cognitive system (CS) controller  402 , one or more sensor(s)  404 , and a corpus of data  406 , one or more output device  410 , a network  412 , a user profile  414 , and a cognitive system profile  416 . 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, the CS controller  402  can be implemented on the processing system  300  found in  FIG. 3 . Additionally, the cloud computing system  50  can be in wired or wireless electronic communication with one or all of the elements of the system  400 . Cloud  50  can supplement, support or replace some or all of the functionality of the elements of the system  400 . Additionally, some or all of the functionality of the elements of system  400  can be implemented as a node  10  (shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 ) of cloud  50 . Cloud computing node  10  is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, the CS controller  402  is in electronic communication with the one or more sensor(s)  404  through a wired or wireless connection. The one or more sensor(s)  404  can also be accessed through the network  412  by the CS controller  402 . The CS controller  402  can interact with a user by utilizing the one or more sensor(s)  404  to collect observational data, environmental data, and user input data associated with a user of the system  400 . The CS controller  402  can further interact with the user by utilizing one or more output device(s)  410 . The one or more output device(s)  410  can be any of a smart device (e.g., phone, tablet, computer, watch, etc.), multi-modal devices and/or dumb devices (e.g., environmental tech, lighting, household appliances, speakers, etc.), automated mobility (e.g., cars, medicine carts, factory units, etc.), and humanoid devices (e.g.,  2 -dimensional anthropomorphic displays, 3-D anthropomorphic displays, etc.). In one or more embodiments, the output devices  410  can also receive user input or user feedback in addition to the one or more sensor(s)  404 . In one or more embodiments, the out devices can be accessed through a network, such as the network  412  in  FIG. 4 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the system  400  includes a cognitive system profile  416 . The cognitive system profile  416  includes certain ground truths about the system  400  and the domain in which the system operates. These ground truths can be pre-programmed to assist the CS controller  402  with receiving inputs and taking actions that are anticipated for a particular system. For example, a system built to assist an individual with health issues would have certain protocols in the cognitive system profile  416  for how to recognize the symptoms and consequences of certain types of health problems. The cognitive system profile  416  can include information about the nature of health issues, including, for example, how those issues can manifest as restrictions in a person&#39;s mobility, or how people with health issues might react to different environmental conditions. These insights assist the system  400  with interaction with the user and also include protocols for teaching the user how to interact with the system  400 . The system  400  also includes a user profile  414  that stores information about a user through a combination of pre-programmed information, demographic information about the user, and collected information about the user (e.g., observational data). The user profile  414  is built and updated based on interactions between the system  400  and the user. For example, certain actions taken by the system  400  might yield responses from the user that would indicate that the user did not like a particular action. The system  400  would then analyze this action and the response to determine that the user does not enjoy this type of action in this type of situation and utilize this information to form and engage in future actions. For example, a cognitive system can decide not to interrupt a call with a work notification because, in the past, the user has dismissed similar notifications when on the phone with their family member. As another example, the system  400  can choose to alert a user to a news feed that they are not subscribed to because the user has recently been focusing on this new topic at their work. Or, as another example, the system  400  could listen to a meeting transcript and analyze the transcript to take the action of sending the team involved in the meeting some feedback to improve how the team runs the meeting along with sending the team the meeting minutes. As the system  400  interacts with the user and receives feedback/user input from the user, the system will update the user profile  414 . Likewise, as the system  400  interacts with the user, it may learn new things about how the world works and will update the system profile  416  with that new knowledge. In addition, any insights gained from the interaction may be stored in the system profile  416 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the user of the system  400  interacts with the system  400  through the one or more sensors  404  and/or the output devices  410 . The one or more sensors  404  can be any type of sensor such as, for example, cameras, temperature sensors, pressures sensors, chemical sensors, and the like. The interactions of the user can be verbal and/or non-verbal. An example verbal interaction can be a user speaking to the system  400  and the verbal data (e.g., natural language) being collected by a sensor such as a microphone. The system  400  can receive a natural language input from the user and analyze the input utilizing natural language processing (NLP). NLP is utilized to derive meaning from natural language. That is, a user provided natural language input is analyzed by the system  400  (e.g., CS Controller  402 ) by parsing, syntactical analysis, morphological analysis, and other processes including statistical modeling and statistical analysis. The type of NLP analysis can vary by language and other considerations. The NLP analysis is utilized to generate a first set of NLP structures and/or features which can be utilized by a computer to identify and generate potential responses to the collected natural language input. These NLP structures include a translation and/or interpretation of the natural language input, including synonymous variants thereof. NLP can also be utilized for answer generation to convert information from a corpus of data  406  into natural language output through an output device  410 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the cognitive system profile  416  and/or the user profile  414  can include information about the user, such as, for example, demographic information. The demographic information can include data about the user such as age, income level, and the like. In another embodiment, the cognitive system profile  416  can include general data about user demographics that are not specific to the user. For example, the cognitive system profile  416  could include information about what type of music individuals listen to that fit into certain demographic categories such as age, etc. The cognitive system profile  416  can be utilized to provide responses or take actions by the system  400  while the system  400  is continuing to collect information about the user to store in the user profile  414 . For example, the system  400  could receive a verbal request from a user to play some music. The system  400  would access the user profile  414  to see if there was some historical data regarding music for the user. In the absence of historical data or limited historical data, the system  400  could access demographic data over a population that matched the user to determine a music type that the user might enjoy. Based on the user&#39;s feedback (or lack of feedback), the system  400  would update the user profile  414  to determine a type of music, a particular artist, and the like for future interactions with the user. As a user interacts with the system  400 , information is continuously being collected to gain insight into the user and further analyzed to drive additional interactions with the user. 
     In one or more embodiments, the user profile  414  is continuously updated to allow the system to fulfill the needs, values, and the expectations of a user. When data associated with the user is collected, the system will seek to understand the motivation behind this data. For example, a user may ask the system  400  a question about the weather in another city. The system  400  would analyze the user profile  414  as well as any available observational data and environmental data to understand why the user asked this particular question. For example, the user profile  414  might include information about the user having family in the city or the user may have a trip planned to the city in the near future as observed from the user&#39;s electronic calendar. The system  400  would determine a motivation for the particular question and, utilizing this motivation, could return an answer regarding the current weather for the city and a forecast weather for the city to correspond to the user&#39;s travel plans to this city. Or the system  400  could mention a family member of the user who is in the city along with the weather forecast by saying, “Your cousin, George, is enjoying the sunny weather today.” 
     In one or more embodiments, the system  400  can include a cognitive system profile  416  that is tailored to a particular use scenario such as, for example, the layout and contact list for an assisted living service (ALS) facility. In this example, the system  400  can have pre-programmed information for interacting with an ALS patient such as emergency protocols and the like. The system  400  interacts with the patient by prompting responses with open-ended questions. An example question would be, “Hello, nice to meet you. Can you tell me a story about one of your happy memories?” The prompted question should elicit a response from the user utilizing natural language as an input. This natural language input can be gathered by the system  400  utilizing the one or more sensors  404 . NLP analysis, as mentioned above, can be utilized to extract features from the natural language. The CS controller  402  can analyze the features to determine a context for the features and store the features in the user profile  414 . As the system  400  interacts with the user, observational data and environmental data is continuously collected about the user and stored in the user profile  414 . Based on open-ended questions prompted by the system  400 , the system  400  collects data regarding various aspects about the user&#39;s identity, preferences, history, limitations, restrictions, and, also, networked devices (e.g., tablets, phones, etc.). The prompted questions are tailored through the use of the cognitive system profile  416  and the user profile  414 . In one or more embodiments, as observational data regarding the user is collected, the user profile  414  might be utilized more than the cognitive system profile  416  to interact with the user. The system  400  can determine goals of the patient, the facility, the patient&#39;s family, and even the patient&#39;s doctor through the information gathered. 
     In one or more embodiments, the system  400  can take one or more actions in response to a trigger event. The trigger event is determined based on observational data, environmental data, the user profile  414 , and the cognitive system profile  416 . A trigger event could be a question asked by the user. For example, the user asks, “What time is my appointment?” Based on the NLP analysis and feature extraction from the NLP, the CS controller  402  would determine that the question is a trigger event that would need to be responded to (i.e., take an action) by the system  400 . The CS controller  402  would extract features from the question such as “time” and “appointment” and utilize these features to determine a context of the question by the user. In this sense, the context is utilized to determine why the user asked this particular question and in reference to what appointment is the question directed. The CS controller  402  can access the user profile  414  to search for any upcoming appointments that were previously mentioned by the user and/or analyze the user&#39;s electronic calendar to determine if an appointment is present on the calendar. If multiple appointments exist, the CS controller  402  utilizing the context of the question would return the most recent appointment as the user did not specify a type of appointment. Additionally, the CS controller  402 , based on the user profile  414  and previous observational data about the user, might determine that the user is referring to a medical appointment instead of a social appointment and would return information about the medical appointment even though a social appointment might precede the medical appointment. Based on the example question, the CS controller  402  might elicit further information from the user if it is unable to identify the appointment. For example, the CS Controller  402  might follow up by asking, through an output device  410  such as a speaker, “Do you mean your appointment with Dr. Burdell?” The doctor&#39;s name could be accessed from the user profile  414  based on previous observational data about the user where the system  400  extracted the doctor&#39;s name from open ended questions. In one or more embodiments of the invention, environmental data is not limited to data about the current, physical environment. Context of this environmental data is determined to include any previous assertions that the user has made in the relevant preceding time frames that informs the intent and motivations of the user. That is to say, a situational context is determined that has both a physical (e.g., environmental) and a time-history (e.g., previously stated assertions) dimensions to it. 
     In one or more embodiments, the system  400  can identify trigger events through observation data collected from the patient through the one or more sensors  404  other than auditory or verbal data. For example, if based on the user profile  414 , the system  400  has access to a user&#39;s medication schedule, the system  400  can track through the one or more sensors  404  as to whether the user has taken a medication at a prescribed time. If medications are to be taken in the morning and based on visual sensors and a heart rate monitor, the cognitive system controller  402  can determine the user is awake but has not taken their medication. The system  400  can determine that this scenario is a trigger event and take one or more actions with the user. For example, the system  400  could audibly remind the patient or put a message on an output device  410  reminding the user to take the medication. Other examples could include changing the lighting in the room to alert the user or playing an alarm for the user. To determine what action to take, the system  400  could develop multiple actions and rank each action based on the cognitive system profile  416 , the user profile  414 , and collect additional observational data and/or environmental data. The one or more sensors  404  could collect data indicating that the user is pouring a glass of water which is usually associated with the user taking the medication. Based on this action, the system  400  may identify the user is about to take the medication and not take any action or only take a softer action to guide the user to take the medication. A softer action could include telling the user, “When you have finished taking your medication, would you like to watch a movie?” The type of action taken can depend on the ranking determined by the CS controller  402 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the system  400  collects contextual history from a user profile  414 , insight from a system profile  416 , and collects observational data associated with the user and the user&#39;s situational context. The situational context is a combination of environmental data and stated assertions provided by the user. At least a portion of the observational data is received from the sensors  404 . One or more features are extracted from the observations data and the situational context. The one or more features, also referred to as “perception,” are stored in the user profile  414  and analyzed to determine one or more trigger events. 
     In one or more embodiments, other trigger events can include inaction or other visually observable or audibly observable data about the user. In the ALS patient example, the system  400  could collect data about the patient such as, for example, the patient has been staring out the window for a length of time with little or no movement. Additional information such as facial recognition data can be taken by the one or more sensor(s)  404  to determine a mood (sometimes referred to as, “sentiment”) of the patient. Sentiment analysis can be utilized to determine the sentiment/mood of the patient based on the visual or auditory data collected. Sentiment analysis can use knowledge based learning programming to learn the patient&#39;s characteristic expressions to more accurately determine the sentiment of the characteristic expressions. Sentiment analysis can on each use or periodically, retrieve from the user profile  414  previously conducted sentiment analyses to determine characteristic expressions of the user based on historical sentiment analysis data and analyze previous sentiment analyses to refine and improve sentiment analysis for the user. For example, a user may characteristically exhibit a knit brow. Normally, a sentiment analysis of a user with a knit brow may indicate sentiment such as slight confusion. However, sentiment analysis can determine, based on a review of stored, historical sentiment analysis of the user that for this user exhibiting a knit brow is a characteristic expression and indicates a neutral sentiment. The knit brow, in this example, is a characteristic facial expression which may not equate with confusion but, instead may be a result of a vision challenge that causes the user to squint or knit his or her brow. Sentiment analysis analyzes the user&#39;s facial expressions and facial movements looking at both an individual facial feature and a totality of the facial features for an expression on the face. Using facial recognition techniques, sentiment analysis compares the individual facial features and expressions on the face of the user to similar facial features and facial expressions for known sentiment expressions to determine or match a corresponding sentiment. 
     Based on the patient&#39;s lack of movement and facial expressions made while staring out the window, the system  400  may identify this as a trigger event for which the system  400  will take one or more actions. The one or more actions could include playing some uplifting music to attempt to cheer up the patient and/or changing the lighting on the inside of the room. Also, the system  400  may simply prompt the patient with a suggested action for the user such as, “Would you like to watch a movie today?” The suggested actions could be derived from a combination of the observational data, environmental data, and the user profile  414 . For example, based on the user&#39;s inaction, the system  400  may determine the user is bored. Additional information is collected regarding the time and weather. The weather data may indicate rain which is not conducive to outdoor activity. The time data might indicate that it is later in the day and almost time for the patient to go to bed per the patient&#39;s routine stored in the user profile  414 . The user profile  414  can also include information about how the patient enjoys some entertainment before going to sleep. Also, the user profile  414  data and observational data can indicate that based on the time of day, the patient&#39;s friends are most likely occupied with their own evening routines and would not necessarily be accepting visitors. The movie suggestion by the system  400  could include genres that the patient has indicated a preference for in the past and stored in the user profile  414 . The system  400  could confirm the patient&#39;s interest in the movie by receiving a response to the question in the affirmative from the patient. Having confirmed the patient&#39;s interest in a movie, several movie options could be presented to the user by the system  400  in the patient&#39;s preferred genres. In preparation for displaying the movie, the system  400  could close the drapes in the patient&#39;s room, turn down the lighting, adjust the room temperature, turn on the television, and select the movie from a video library. Additional observational data and environmental data can be collected by the one or more sensor(s)  404  such as, for example, the patient indicates that he or she is uncomfortable with the room temperature and the system  400  can adjust the temperature accordingly. Additionally, the patient may fall asleep during the movie and the system  400  can pause the movie until the patient wakes or decides to go to bed. 
     In one or more embodiments, the sentiment analysis described above can be performed by a sentiment analysis module on the CS controller  402 . In addition, tonal analysis can be performed by a tonal analysis module on the CS controller  402  to determine a tone of the user when providing input for the system  400 . The sentiment analysis module can be utilized for evaluating the sentiment quality of a user input or action. Sentiment analysis may be provided by IBM® WATSON® Alchemy Language application program interface (API) or WATSON® Natural Language Understanding API. The above mentioned APIs are mentioned for exemplary purposes. Any cognitive system can be utilized within the sentiment analysis module. The sentiment analysis module can process natural language to incorporate both a linguistic and statistical analysis in evaluating the context of a user input. In text analysis (e.g., from an input device such as a tablet), the sentiment is the attitude or opinion expressed toward something. Sentiment can be positive, “sounds good”, negative, “this is bad”, or neutral. Sentiment can be calculated based on keywords extracted and evaluated at a keyword level. Additionally, the sentiment analysis may be capable of identifying negations, such as the term “not” and the change in sentiment from the keyword “good” when the phrase is “not” “good”. The sentiment analysis may consider intensity when the terms “very” or other adjectives are utilized in combination with a keyword. Additionally, the keywords may be weighted. For instance, a positive phrase such as “like” will have a predefined positive weight, whereas the phrase “love” might have a higher predefined positive weight. Additionally, negative weights may be afforded negative phrases such as “dislike” would have a predefined negative weight and the phrase “hate” might have a higher negative weight. The sentiment analysis module can evaluate the content to provide a sentiment level. This sentiment level may also include an intensity value. 
     The tonal analysis module may be IBM® WATSON® Tone analyzer service, for example. The tonal analysis module can use linguistic analysis to detect three types of tones from the text. The natural language content is analyzed by the tonal analysis module for determining the emotional impact, social tone, and writing style that the content projects. The tonal analysis module may provide tonal scores for emotional tone, social tone, and language tone. For emotional tone, the tonal analysis module may utilize the emotions for “joy”, “fear”, “sadness”, “disgust” and “anger”. Each natural language element is evaluated with respect to each emotion. Each emotion may be evaluated from lower values having a value range that indicates if that emotion is less likely to appear as perceived or alternatively to a higher value range if the emotion is more likely to be perceived with respect to each natural language content. Other emotions may be utilized as well as a different value score. 
     For social tone, the five elements of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional range are utilized. Openness is evaluated as the extent a person is open to experience a variety of activities. This trait may be provided a value range indicating that it is more likely to be perceived as no-nonsense, straightforward, blunt and obvious, alternatively, a higher value range may be provided if the content indicates that it will be perceived as intellectual, curious, emotionally-aware, or imaginative. Conscientiousness is evaluated as the tendency to act in an organized or thoughtful way. This trait may be provided a value range if the presentation is perceived as spontaneous, laid-back, reckless, unmethodical or disorganized, or alternatively, a higher value range may be provided if the content is perceived as disciplined, dutiful, or confident. Extraversion is evaluated as the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others. This trait may be provided a value range if perceived as independent, timid, introverted, restrained, boring, or alternatively, a higher value range may be provided if the content is perceived as engaging, seeking attention, assertive, sociable. Agreeableness is evaluated as the tendency to be compassionate and cooperative towards others. This trait may be provided a value range if the presentation is perceived as selfish, uncaring, uncooperative, confrontational or arrogant, or alternatively, a higher value range may be provided if the content is perceived as caring, sympathetic, cooperative, or trustworthy. The emotional range is evaluated as the tendency to be sensitive to the environment. This trait may be provided a value range if the presentation is perceived as calm, bland, content, relaxed or alternatively a higher value range may be provided if the content is perceived as concerned, frustrated angry, passionate, upset, stressed or impulsive. These tones, descriptions, and weights are merely illustrative and additional tones, descriptions or weights may be utilized. 
     Language tones may be analyzed to measure the user&#39;s speaking style. The various styles may include analytic, confidence and tentative. The analytic style may focus on the individual&#39;s reasoning and analytical attitude about things. The analytic style may be provided a value range if the text contains little or no evidence of analytical tone or alternatively a higher value range if the presentation is more likely to be perceived as intellectual, rational, systematic, emotionless, or impersonal. The confidence style may focus on the user&#39;s degree of certainty. The confidence style may be provided a value range if the text contains little or no evidence of confidence in tone or alternatively a higher value range if the style is more likely to be perceived as assured, collected, hopeful or egotistical. The tentative style may focus on the user&#39;s degree of inhibition. The tentative style may be provided a lower value range if the text contains little or no evidence of tentativeness in tone or a higher value range if the style is more likely to be perceived as questionable, doubtful limited, or debatable. 
     In one or more embodiments, the cognitive system profile  416  can include a communication profile with instructions for interacting with a user and can be tailored to specific tasks and actions that are suited to a particular user. For example, the system  400  could be utilized to assist an airline pilot and an initial communication profile could be pre-programmed to include information about flying a particular airplane and access certain types of data pertinent to operating the airplane. As the system  400  interacts with the pilot, a user profile  414  for the pilot can be created that will adjust the communication profile for the particular pilot. 
     In one or more embodiments, the output device  410  could be a display screen which can display an avatar of the system  400  or any computer generated graphic to assist with interacting with the user. The avatar could have human-like features and react to inputs from the user by smiling, nodding, and/or making thoughtful sounds when the user is talking to the system  400 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the cognitive system  400  utilizes an algorithm to identify and enact proposed actions by the system  400 .  FIG. 5  depicts a block diagram of the algorithm that determines an output according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. The algorithm  500  receives one or more inputs  502 . As described above the inputs  502  can be received from one or more sensors  402  and include observational data and/or environmental data associated with a user or associated with a particular task of the cognitive system  400 . The algorithm  500  utilizes inputs to determine an output  512  (e.g., an action). The algorithm  500  receives raw, unstructured data and incoming messages as an input  502 . The algorithm  500  organizes and interprets this data. Perception  504  is the process of organizing the unstructured data into meaning. When the data and/or messages are received from the input  502 , the information is organized and interpreted so that the CS system  400  can provide an action in response to the input in an appropriate manner. Environmental and conversational context are also identified utilizing perception  504  by the algorithm  500  to match the appropriateness of the output  512 . 
     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, when a CS system  400  has evaluated its surroundings, the system  400  can then provide an action. However, to create the highest or best outcome, the system  400  needs a clear purpose, set of goals, and set of values to follow. The system&#39;s  400  purpose can be established prior to the manufacture of the system. For example, a system  400  may have a purposed defined as moving boxes in a warehouse, providing concierge services to hotel guests, taking care of an elderly patient, or assisting a manager with solving a problem. Goals of the system  400  can be pre-programmed to align with the system&#39;s overall purpose. For example, a robot built to move boxes in a warehouse will have the goal of not dropping any boxes. However simple the goal, the system  400  needs many different skills to make sure that the boxes are not dropped regardless of external influences. Certain conditions such as, for example, the box being too heavy or someone is attempting to push a box off the robot can cause issues with the system goals. A programmer for the robot would need to consider what skills for the robot are needed to solve problems around the goal and describe how the system responds to external influences. These goals and overall purpose can be considered the motivation  506  portion of the algorithm  500 . 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, the process of reasoning  510  is making logical decisions and deciding on the best actions to take based on the information from the input  502 , the perception  504 , the motivation  506 , and the knowledge (memory)  508 . Higher reasoning skills generally are distinguished as being directly responsible for powering the augmentation of human cognition, e.g., the principal goal of cognitive computing and cognitive systems. Reasoning  510  includes carrying on a conversation with the human, interacting with them to progress them towards a known or novel goal, offering them a perspective that they would likely not have derived on their own, or simply providing them the right information at the right time to help them make better decisions. Reasoning  510  also includes any reasoning strategies that might be needed to answer their questions. For example, conversations, deep question-answering (deep-QA), discovery, and compliance can be considered as reasoning  510 . 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, identifying whether an action was successful in accomplishing a desired result can improve a system&#39;s ability to provide future actions. If the action is not successful or not noticed by a user, for example, the system  400  utilizing learning  514  will seek to understand how and why the particular action failed to achieve the desired result and utilize this understanding to improve on future actions. Identification of a desired result can be achieved through user feedback which, utilizing learning  514 , can adjust the algorithm  500  to perform the same action or perform a new or different action as an output  512 . 
     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, when the cognitive systems  400  sends a message, it is received by a user who mentally decodes the message. A person then creates a new message to respond to the CS using the human cognitive process, and returns a new message to the CS. Messages pass back and forth between the person and CS until one or the other completes a goal or task. Communication is not limited to auditory signaling, but includes visual and physical signals. Sometimes these modes of signaling are individually expressed, such as telling a user a task is complete, and other times the signals are choreographed together, such as telling a user a task is complete and turning on a light. How these modes are choreographed together and the associated tonal expression create an emergent personality, and is what encourages user to continue to engage with the cognitive system. 
       FIG. 6  depicts a flow diagram of a method for a cognitive system to interact with a user according to one or more embodiments of the invention. The method  600  includes receiving, by a processor, a cognitive system profile, as shown at block  602 . At block  604 , the method  600  includes receiving, by the processor, observational data associated with the user, wherein at least a portion of the observational data is received from one or more sensors. The method  600 , at block  606 , includes receiving environmental data associated with the user. At block  608 , the method  600  includes extracting one or more features from the observational data and the environmental data. The method  600  includes storing the one or more features in a user profile, as shown at block  610 . At block  612 , the method  600  includes analyzing the one or more features to determine a context for each of the one or more features based on the cognitive system profile and the user profile. The method  600 , at block  614 , includes identifying one or more trigger events based at least in part on the context for each of the one or more features. At block  616 , the method  600  includes determining one or more proposed actions based at least in part on the one or more trigger events. The method  600  includes initiating at least one action from the one or more proposed actions, as shown at block  618 . At block  620 , the method  600  includes storing the at least one action, the one or more trigger events, and the one or more features in the user profile. 
     Additional processes may also be included. It should be understood that the processes depicted in  FIG. 6  represent illustrations and that other processes may be added or existing processes may be removed, modified, or rearranged without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 7  depicts a flow diagram of a method for a cognitive system to interact with a user according to one or more embodiments of the invention. The method  700  includes receiving, by a processor, a communication model comprising a set of instructions for communicating with the user, as shown at block  702 . The method  700 , at block  704 , includes prompting a user for user data based at least in part on the communication model. At block  706 , the method  700  includes receiving user data from the user and storing the user data in a user profile. The method  700  includes updating the communication model based at least in part on the user data, at block  708 . 
     Additional processes may also be included. It should be understood that the processes depicted in  FIG. 7  represent illustrations and that other processes may be added or existing processes may be removed, modified, or rearranged without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. 
     Technical benefits include a method for a cognitive system to embody a similar set of faculties to enable a much more natural form of interaction with a user that will increase the impact the system has on the user&#39;s understanding, and to amplify their own cognitive processes. 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39; s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instruction by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments described herein.