Patent Publication Number: US-2021181165-A1

Title: Automated system for online detection of organic molecular impurities in semiconductor grade chemicals

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims domestic priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/949,411, filed Dec. 17, 2019, and entitled “AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR ONLINE DETECTION OF ORGANIC MOLECULAR IMPURITIES IN SEMICONDUCTOR GRADE CHEMICALS.” 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Sample introduction systems may be employed to introduce the liquid samples into various analysis equipment such ICP spectrometry instrumentation (e.g., an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP/ICP-MS), an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES), or the like), a Time of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, a Triple Quad (QQQ) mass spectrometer, other types of sample detectors or analytic instrumentation for analysis. For example, a sample introduction system may withdraw an aliquot of a liquid sample from a container and thereafter transport the aliquot to a nebulizer that converts the aliquot into a polydisperse aerosol suitable for ionization in plasma by the ICP spectrometry instrumentation. The aerosol is then sorted in a spray chamber to remove the larger aerosol particles. Upon leaving the spray chamber, the aerosol is introduced into the plasma by a plasma torch assembly of the ICP-MS or ICP-AES instruments for analysis. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       The Detailed Description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. Any dimensions included in the accompanying figures are provided by way of example only and are not meant to limit the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view of an analysis system, according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic, front view of a central analyzer unit of the analysis system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a partial schematic view of an analysis system, selectably used in an infusion mode or a speciation mode, according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a data table indicating the percentage transfer recovery of five parts per billion (5 ppb) spiked sample, performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a data table indicating semi-quantitative experimental results of phthalates, performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a data plot in terms of percentage counts over time for speciation mode detection of phthalate plasticizers in isopropyl alcohol (IPA), performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a series of data plots for speciation mode detection of sub-ppb phthalate, performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  is a set of comparative plots indicating the results with the gas line to the reference nebulizer open and with it closed, performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  is a plot of counts versus acquisition time, performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  is a plot of m/z versus a difference relative to a baseline value for two different grades of 10% H 2 SO 4 , performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 11-14  are a series of schematic diagrams illustrating an analysis system configured to achieve autodilution and/or auto-spiking while adding both reference ions and compound calibration ions to the same sample and facilitating that same sample to be injected through a single nebulizer, in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 15  is a data table showing sensitivity by chemical type analyzed using TOF MS, performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 16  is a data table showing sensitivity by chemical type analyzed using QQQ MS. 
         FIG. 17  is a data table and plot for the matrix effect in isopropyl alcohol (IPA), performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  is a data table and plot for the matrix suppression in water (H 2 O), performed using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 19  is a data table for matrix effects for a series of chemicals analyzed using TOF, using a procedure in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the disclosure are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, example features. The features can, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the combinations set forth herein; rather, these combinations are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope. 
     Overview 
     Determination of trace elemental concentrations or amounts in a sample can provide an indication of purity of the sample, or an acceptability of the sample for use as a reagent, reactive component, or the like. For instance, in certain production or manufacturing processes (e.g., semiconductor fabrication, pharmaceutical processing, etc.), the tolerances for impurities can be very strict, for example, on the order of fractions of parts per billion. For example, semiconductor processes can require the detection of organic molecular impurities in process chemicals. Failure to detect impurities in such process chemicals can reduce the quality of the process and possibly even ruin a semiconductor wafer. 
     Various types of organic molecular contaminants may adversely affect semiconductor processing. Plasticizers, such as di-butyl phthalate and di-octyl phthalate, can slow silicon dioxide growth. Organophosphates may cause unintentional doping. Amines can neutralize photo-generated acids. Antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, can degrade gate-oxide constructs on a wafer. Surfactants, such as cetrimonium bromide and sodium dodecylsulfate, can add hydrophilicity to wafers. 
     Further, in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), it is considered best-practice to use volatile additives. Non-volatile additives have been shown to precipitate salts in the ion source and suppress signal. Even worse, inorganic acids can be corrosive to the stainless-steel components commonly found in LC-MS sample ionization. Further, high concentrations of mineral acids are commonly considered to be incompatible with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) due their nonvolatility and potential harm to the sample introduction parts. By selectively removing the anions of the mineral acids, other components of the matrix may be analyzed. These considerations have given rise to methods of sulfate removal from a sample, including the use of anion exchange chromatography for such a purpose. The removal of the sulfates can improve the ability of the system to detect organic additives. 
     Accordingly, the present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for automated, online detection of organic molecular impurities in a chemical sample such as a sample of semiconductor grade chemicals. 
     The present system can employ one or more remote sampling and preparation modules using pneumatic transfer to a central detection apparatus, such as a mass spectrometer or the like, capable of detecting organic analyte impurities in a sample by producing and detecting molecular ions or molecular ion fragments from one or more of the impurities. In embodiments, the ion source is an electrospray, and the detection apparatus includes a mass spectrometer (MS), such as a Time of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometer or a Triple Quadrupole (Triple Quad or QQQ) mass spectrometry instrument. In an embodiment, the present system can employ a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis unit (e.g., alone or in conjunction with other analysis units). The one or more remote sampling and preparation modules may be placed at various sampling points in the manufacturing facility and can be sampled and analyzed in order or randomly accessed for analysis. In an embodiment, up to 40 remote sampling points can be sampled and analyzed using a central analyzer unit. In an embodiment, an organic-based wash solution can be used (e.g., in the lines and/or any columns), as organic solvents (methanol, isopropyl alcohol, etc.) tend to dissolve organic compounds better than water. Organic compounds are generally relatively non-polar, so they are less likely to be soluble in water. 
     In embodiments, the system can operate in at least two modes. For example, in a first mode the system directly infuses the sample to the ion source without chromatographic separation from the sample matrix or other impurities from the analyte. In an embodiment, the infusion mode is high speed process that can be used for direct analysis of a given chemical. For example, the infusion mode can use TOF contaminant identification by accurate m/z (mass to charge ratio) or QQQ contaminant identification by accurate m/z and fragmentation. 
     In the second mode, or speciation mode, the analyte is first partially or completely separated from the sample matrix or other sample component using chromatography. In an embodiment, the speciation mode can confirm a chemical composition through a combination of retention time via chromatography (i.e., time retained in an ion-exchange column) and an accurate m/z measurement via TOF-MS and may do so with very low detection limits. In an embodiment, the speciation mode can result in the elimination of matrix-induced suppression. In embodiments, speciation of multiple organic contaminants can facilitate a fully automated organic impurity monitoring system and can provide near-real time monitoring for each chemical. In embodiments, speciation can yield sub-parts-per-billion (sub-ppb) detection limits for most organic contaminants. In embodiments, the selection of secondary analysis in speciation mode is made based on initial data from the infusion mode analysis. In embodiments, the system can be calibrated using method of standard addition. The system can be calibrated using external calibration with offset factors to adjust for sensitivity of the infused sample. 
     In embodiments, each of the remote samples can be directed to a plurality of mass spectrometers to provide complementary information, such as detection of one or more known analytes using TOF and identifying any unknown analyte using QQQ-MS. 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to remote sample preparation, system component materials, and/or methods of system washing. In an embodiment the present system can be configured to incorporate multiple remote sampling points (e.g., up to 40) to monitor many chemicals with one mass spectrometer. In an embodiment, one or more transfer lines made of particular materials may be employed, such as a fluoropolymer tubing for the testing for metal components; or PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) or fused silica tubing for the testing of organics, thereby minimizing any potential adverse effects the transfer line material may have on testing for a particular material class. In an embodiment, organic washing (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol, etc.) of the transfer and/or central lines and/or any cleaning columns can be employed, as organic solvents tend to dissolve organic compounds better than water. In an embodiment, the present system can mitigate ionization suppression in mineral acids and thereby improve the detection of organic contaminants in online monitoring. In an embodiment, the present system can be configured for automated washing of pneumatic transfer lines after chemical transfer to prevent cross contamination. The connections associated with the present system can accommodate remote units being 300 meters (m) or more from the central analyzer of the system. 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to software implemented in conjunction with the present system. In an embodiment, the software can import m/z (mass to charge ratio) data for organics (e.g., both expected and unexpected components and/or contaminants), thereby facilitating testing for a greater range of materials/components. The mass spectrometry instrument may only detect ions, not neutrally charged compounds. The m/z refers to the observed ion mass for a specific compound and its connected charge carrier. For example, C 3 H 9 N may be observed as (C 3 H 9 N)H+ by the instrument at +60.0808 since that compound (plus the H) has a mass of 60.0808 and a charge of +1. In an embodiment, m/z detection can be used for to locate previously unobserved compounds and thereby automatically detect such compounds. In an embodiment, the software can be configured to automatically assign a chemical formula based on high-resolution mass (±0.0001 amu) spectrometry, thus facilitating identification of unknown contaminants. 
     In an embodiment, the software can be programmed and otherwise configured to simultaneously detect for multiple organic contaminates and/or components. In an embodiment, the software can be configured to perform a semi-quantitative test (e.g., an estimation) for unknown contaminates. In an embodiment, the software can be configured to classify one or more, for example, unknown organic components (e.g., by formula) into a specific class and compare against a compound from the same class. In an embodiment, the software can be programmed and configured for a semiquantitative calibration for unknown contaminant using a high-resolution m/z formula to classify the compound into a class because compounds in a class (e.g., amines) tend to have similar ionization potential. In an embodiment, the software can be configured to express unknown compounds as a percentage deviation from the baseline, with, for example, the detection of an uncalibrated organic contaminant and expression of semiquantitative intensity thereof by a deviation from a previous baseline. 
     Further aspects of the present disclosure can relate to the implemented software. In an embodiment, the software can be configured to account for polarity (e.g., facilitating testing for metallics and/or organics). In an embodiment, the software for the central analyzer can be programmed and configured to automatically select a given transfer line for organic contaminants or metal contaminants (e.g., sending one portion to an organic MS and another portion to an ICPMS for metals detection and particle detection). In an embodiment, the software can automatically determine if the contaminant is known (observed before) or a new contaminant and, further optionally, automatically add any newly observed and identified contaminant/material to a given database or library. 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to autocalibration and/or autodilution at the central analyzer of the present system. In an embodiment, the central analyzer is configured to auto-calibrate organic compounds simultaneously using inline syringe dilution for electrospray mass spectrometer. In an embodiment, automatic external calibration can be employed, for example, using an inline syringe dilution. In an embodiment, metals and organics can be analyzed for with the same sampling system. In an embodiment, the simultaneous detection of organic and metal contaminants can be achieved using auto-sampling to two different mass spectrometers (e.g., as part of the central analyzer). In an embodiment, a given sample can be diluted using flow injection (e.g., 4 μL dilution with carrier). In an embodiment, the central analyzer can be configured to auto spike a sample using a method of standard addition (MSA) to compensate for different chemical matrices. In an embodiment, the central analyzer can be configured to auto spike a sample that have one or more analytes out of range to bring the sample into range (e.g., with water, methanol, IPA (isopropyl alcohol), or another chemical). In an embodiment, remote sample preparation system can be used for maintaining sensitivity and transport efficiency, for example, by diluting the sample at the remote with water or another chemical (e.g., by 10% volume-wise) to improve transfer and recovery of organic contaminants. In an embodiment, the present system can be configured for auto spiking of reference accurate mass correction calibration standards into samples and sensitivity standards for each compound analytical response (sensitivity) calibration. In an embodiment, such a step can be achieved using one nebulizer for both sample and mass calibration standard introduction. In an embodiment, such a step can yield 2-10 times greater measurement sensitivity than previously achievable. In an embodiment, the central analyzer can be configured to express a change in organic sensitivity as a percent change from a set baseline. 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to sample preparation performed by the present system. In an embodiment, chemical introduction can be controlled. In an embodiment, ion-exchange columns (e.g., one or more high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns) for both organic and mineral solvents (e.g., tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and sulfuric acid) may be employed. In an embodiment, the present system can be configured to define a difference between mass-accurate reference ions and compound calibration. In an embodiment, the central analyzer may use one nebulizer (as part of the TOF-MS) for both mass correction and sample introduction. In an embodiment, the central analyzer can be configured to selectably choose between infusion or speciation modes, where no speciation column is used in during an infusion mode and a speciation column is used in a speciation mode. In an embodiment, a platinum (Pt) nebulizer can be employed as part of the TOF-MS/central analyzer (e.g., inert nature of Pt, even at high temperatures, helps ensure that no additional contaminants may be introduced via use of the nebulizer). In an embodiment, positive and negative compounds can be selectively analyzed using the present system. 
     Example Embodiments 
       FIG. 1  generally illustrates an analysis system  100  configured to analyze samples transported over long distances, in accordance with an example embodiment of the present disclosure. The analysis system  100  can include, for example, a central analyzer unit  102 , a plurality of remote units  104  (e.g., a remote sample preparation unit), a chemical supply and monitoring unit  106 , a large fluid container  108  (e.g., a tank, tote, or drum), an incoming chemical monitoring vehicle  110 , and a plurality of fluid lines  112  to facilitate fluid interconnects between the various units.  FIG. 2  generally illustrates the central analyzer unit  102  in greater detail. The central analyzer unit  102  can include, for example, an exhausted enclosure  114 , a double containment tray  116 , a TOF MS unit  118 , a plurality of TOF cartridges  120 , a plurality of reservoirs  122  (e.g., made of a high-purity fluoropolymer such as high-purity perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA)), at least one leak sensor  124 , a plurality of syringe dilution and valve modules  126 , a plurality of TOF modules  128 , an on/off and emergency off (EMO) switch  130 , an electronics and control computer  132 , and a status indicator  134  (e.g., a multi-color light). The analysis system  100  can be configured to analyze for organic compounds (e.g., organic contaminants) and may be further configured to analyze for metals or mineral components (e.g., metallic contaminants). In an embodiment, the analysis system  100  can be configured to access multiple remote sampling points (e.g., remote units  104 ) to monitor many chemicals with one mass spectrometer (e.g., TOF MS unit  118 ). In an embodiment, a given remote unit  104  can be configured to sample a given chemical to be tested and/or to prepare the sample for testing (e.g., adjust the concentration, introduce a diluent, and/or provide an internal standard). In an embodiment, the present analysis system  100  may be known by the Applicant as a “Scout Carbon” analysis system or simply as a “Scout” analysis system. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, an analysis system  200  (e.g., used as part of and/or in conjunction with a central analyzer unit) can operate in at least two modes, an infusion mode and a speciation mode, as illustrated using  FIG. 3 . To facilitate its use in the two modes, in an embodiment, the analysis system  200  can include a plurality of multi-port valves  250 A- 250 E, at least one sample source  252 , at least one carrier bottle  254 , an anion exchange column  256 , a cation exchange column  258 , a first cleaning fluid source  260  (e.g., 5% (by weight) NH 4 OH reconditioner, another basic solvent, or ultra-pure water (UPW)), a second cleaning fluid source  262  (e.g., 10% (by weight) HNO 3  reconditioner, another acidic solvent, or UPW), one or more waste (W) locations  264 , a tune solution source  266 , a TOF-MS  268 , and a plurality of fluid lines  270 , as needed, to provide fluid interconnects between the multi-port valves  250 A- 250 E and/or the other system components. Each of the multi-port valves  250 A- 250 E can include a plurality of individual ports  272  (e.g., 4-6 ports  272 ), allowing fluid flow to be directed through, into, or out of a given multi-port valves  250 A- 250 E. In an embodiment, multi-port valves  250 A and  250 E may be V6HP valves, multi-port valve  250 B may be a PL-4 valve, and multi-port valves  250 C and  250 D may be PM6 valves. Multi-port valves  250 C and  250 D may be considered to be positioned intermediate the multi-port valve  250 B and the multi-port valve  250 E, and the multi-port valve  250 E may be considered the final multi-port valve, given its connection with the TOF-MS  268  (e.g., the termination of the flow path for a given sample). 
     In operating in a speciation mode, in which an analyte is first partially or completely separated from the sample matrix or other sample component using chromatography, the ion-exchange columns (e.g., the anion exchange column  256  and the cation exchange column  258 ) are employed to remove a matrix material (e.g., an acid such a sulfuric acid or a base such as TMAH) from the sample prior to directing a sample to the TOF-MS  168 . In the case of either matrix material, a sample (e.g., a 4 μL sample) can be loaded into a multi-port valve  250 B and then pushed into the multi-port valve  250 C. For an acid matrix, such as sulfuric acid, the sample can be pushed inline through the anion exchange column  256  carried with the multi-port valve  250 C, directed to bypass the cation exchange column  258  when traveling through the multi-port valve  250 D, and then delivered to the TOF-MS  268 , via the multi-port valve  250 E. For a basic matrix, such as TMAH, the sample is pushed through the multi-port valve  250 C, bypassing an inline anion exchange column  256  associated therewith, and directed into the multi-port valve  250 C and its cation exchange column  258 , before going to the TOF-MS  268 , via the multi-port valve  250 E. 
     A system flush or clean may be performed periodically or after each use of a given ion exchange column  256 ,  258 . The UPW or an appropriate reconditioner may be used to flush one or more of the fluid lines and/or a given ion exchange column  256 ,  258 . For example, UPW and/or an acid reconditioner may be used to clean, flush, and/or otherwise recondition the cation exchange column  258  and/or the multi-port valve  250 D, while a basic reconditioner may be used to clean, flush, or otherwise recondition the anion exchange column  256  and/or the multi-port valve  250 C. 
     In an embodiment, an organic wash, UPW, or another fluid (e.g., solvent) may be used to flush and clean any of the various fluid-channeling components (e.g., fluid lines  112 ,  270 ; and/or multi-port valves  250 ) of the analysis system  100 ,  200 . The analysis system  100 ,  200  can be configured to automatically wash pneumatic transfer lines after chemical transfer to prevent cross contamination. In an embodiment, the analysis system  100  can use an organic wash to automatically clean the transfer &amp; central lines (e.g.,  112 ,  270 ). In an embodiment, the sample can be loaded into a loop (e.g., 18 mL) and transferred from a given remote unit  104  to the central analyzer unit  102 , using pneumatic transfer lines (e.g.,  112 ,  270 ). Once the sample is done transferring, the same loop can be provided (e.g., filled) with an organic wash solution (e.g., 18 mL), with that organic wash solution then transferred through the same pneumatic transfer line(s). Finally, the organic wash solution can be rinsed out by transferring a similar amount (e.g., 18 mL) of UPW therethrough. 
     When operating in an infusion mode, the sample can be delivered from the multi-port valve  250 B and through the multi-port valves  250 C,  250 D and not pass through either exchange column  256 ,  258 , before ultimately reaching the TOF-MS  268 , via the multi-port valve  250 E. In an embodiment, the sample can be directly delivered from the multi-port valve  250 B to the multi-port valve  250 E, when being tested using the infusion mode (e.g., completely bypassing the multi-port valves  250 C,  250 D). 
     In an embodiment, automated software can used when analyzing using the infusion mode. The computer  132  or other control unit for the central analyzer unit  102  can be programmed and configured to automatically imports the data file from TOF-MS, extracts the m/z and their respective intensities, and displays these values for the user to see. In an embodiment, the software may be programmed to facilitate a simultaneous detection of a plurality of organic contaminants or other components. In an embodiment, the software can use m/z detection to deal with unobserved compounds, thereby allowing such previously unobserved compounds to be automatically detected. The software can automatically determine if the contaminant is known (observed before) or a new contaminant. If a new contaminant, the software can be configured to automatically add it to the SECS-GEM (SECS (SEMI Equipment Communications Standard)/GEM (Generic Equipment Model) report or a materials library, for example. 
     In an embodiment, the software associated with the present analysis system (e.g., residing in the computer  132  of system  100 ) can be configured to perform a semi-quantification calibration for unknown contaminant using infusion mode. The TOF MS unit  118  can generate high-resolution masses (+/−0.0001 amu). Using this high-resolution mass, a molecular formula can be calculated and assigned to the m/z value observed. An algorithm can be used to classify these generated molecular formulas for semi-quantification (also referred to “semi-quant”). These generated molecular formulas can then be classified based on molecular features, such as containing specific elements (e.g. N, Cl, P, or S), or fitting a specific molecular formula pattern e.g. (C n+8 H 2n+6 O 4  where n&gt;0. n=2 results in C 10 H 10 O 4 ). 
     Similar compounds within a class have been observed to ionize in similar (but not exact) intensities per part-per-billion. That is why this technique is a semi-quant technique. For example, amines can ionize using ESI-MS similar to other amines, and organo-phosphates ionize using ESI-MS similar to other organo-phosphates, but amines may not ionize similar to organo-phosphates. Each class can have at least one standard compound that is quantified using auto-dilution and auto-calibration capabilities of the present analysis system  100 . All other compounds in a class can be calibrated according to this/these standard compounds. If a compound falls into multiple classes, then a semi-quantification concentration range may be suggested. 
     In an embodiment, semi-quantification may be achieved using a set of steps. First, a known organic compound for a class can be calibrated using auto-dilution and auto-calibration at an organic-based central analyzer unit  102  (e.g., establishing a Class X). Then, a calibration curve can be auto-generated and the linear slope and Y-intercept values (R 2 &gt;0.995) can be determined. Next, a new sample can be run and observed for its unknown m/z value. A mass-accurate molecular formula can be generated based on high-resolution mass of the unknown m/z. The m/z can be classified based on molecular formula in accordance with the software (e.g., Class X). The Class X standard slope and Y-intercept values can be applied to obtain a semi-quantified concentration of unknown m/z. Finally, the semi-quant concentration can be reported in the software (e.g., for display and/or for storage in a data library). 
     In an example, the semi-quant process has been used to identify Dibutyl Phthalate “DBP” (C 16 H 22 O 4 ) and Dioctyl Phthalate “DOP” (C 24 H 38 O 4 ). The analysis system  100  classified both as “phthalates” based on generated molecular formula. Each was run on a calibration curve, then the intensity (counts) of each one was applied to the other&#39;s calibration curve to a high degree of accuracy for concentration. It is to be understood, however, that dibutyl phthalate could have been quantified with high success using dioctyl phthalate&#39;s calibration curve and vice versa.  FIG. 5  shows a table of data associated with such an experiment.  FIGS. 6 and 7  show plots associated with speciation mode detection of phthalates. 
     In an embodiment, a given remote sample preparation unit  104  can be configured to dilute a given sample at the given remote sample preparation unit  104  with water (e.g., UPW) or another chemical (e.g., solvent) to improve sample transfer and recovery of any organic components/contaminants. In an embodiment, the dilution can be in the range of 5-15% (by volume), up to 10% (by volume), or by 10% (by volume). In an embodiment, the analysis system  100  can be configured to automatically prepare a sample at the given remote sample preparation unit  104  based on the matrix to ensure high transfer recovery of organic contaminants. Certain chemicals have been found to perform better when diluted with another chemical. This dilution step can be automatically performed at the remote  104 , with no manual preparation of the sample before transfer. For example, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) shows higher pneumatic transfer recovery when diluted to 90% (by volume), with the remaining 10% being UPW.  FIG. 4  provides data indicating the improved recovery achieved, relative to the transfer percentage of a 5 parts per billion (ppb) spiked sample, when using diluted IPA. 
     In an embodiment, the present analysis system  100  can be configured such that a given remote sample preparation unit  104  can selectively transfer a sample to chosen one of a plurality of central analyzer units (e.g.,  102 ), for example, to test for organic contaminants or metal contaminants. In an embodiment, one portion of a sample can be sent to an organic MS and another portion can be sent to an ICPMS for metals detection and/or particle detection. To facilitate such a selective transfer, differently composed transfer lines (e.g.,  112 ,  270 ) may be needed, given the type of testing to be performed at a given central analyzer unit  102 . For example, an organic-focused central analyzer unit  102  (such as a “ScoutCarbon” central) can have transfer lines (e.g.,  112 ,  270 ) associated therewith (e.g., internally, incoming, or exiting) that are made of a material such as PEEK or fused silica. For example, a metal/particle-focused central analyzer unit  102  (e.g., a “ScoutDX” or a “ScoutNano” central) can have transfer lines (e.g.,  112 ) associated therewith that are made of a fluoropolymer material. In an embodiment, to aid in such a selective transfer, a given remote sample preparation unit  104  can be provided with an additional multi-port valve (e.g, an ESI “P3” valve) to select the transfer location (e.g., which central) and thereby direct a given sample or sample portion through an appropriately composed transfer line (e.g.,  112 ). For example, when the multi-port valve is placed in a “load” position, it can connect with one transfer line (e.g., a fluoropolymer line leading to a central using an ICPMS). Further with that example, when the multi-port valve is switched to an “inject position,” it can connect with the other transfer line (e.g., a PEEK line leading to a central using an organic MS). 
     In an embodiment, the software associated with the present analysis system  100  (e.g., such as programmed within the computer  132 ) can be configured to detect a polarity (e.g., positive or negative, as the case may be) of the one or more components (e.g., contaminants) for which the system  100  is testing. In an embodiment, compounds can be observed as a positive ion or a negative ion, and the software can be able to know the difference based on the data from the TOF-MS unit  118 . The standard report can be modified the report to be able to permit outputting the polarity of a given component, using a custom formula. 
     In an embodiment, the present analysis system  100  can be configured for autocalibration and/or autodilution at the central analyzer unit  102 . Auto spiking of a reference can yield accurate mass correction calibration standards into samples and sensitivity standards for each compound analytical response (sensitivity) calibration. In an embodiment, one nebulizer (e.g., associated with a TOF MS unit  118 ) can be used for both sample and mass calibration standard introduction, which can improve sensitivity, for example, by a factor of two to ten times. Traditional use of an Agilent TOF-MS is to use the 2 nd  nebulizer to introduce the reference mass correction calibration standards into the electrospray (ESI-MS). In a present embodiment, those standards are being spiked into a sample and introduced through the same nebulizer. By doing this, the sensitivity has been increased by not using and closing off the gas flow to the 2 nd  nebulizer. This differential is illustrated in the plot of counts (%) versus time (min) shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     In an embodiment, auto spiking of a sensitivity calibration standard (MSA) or a single spike into each sample or standard can be employed. Auto spiking using a method of standard addition (MSA) can be used to compensate for different chemical matrices. Calibration curves can be automatically made in the sample itself, which can make calibrating in difficult matrices possible. This system can automatically spike in different amounts of the calibration standard into the collected sample to create a calibration curve. Compounds that have a calibration curve prepared in the calibration tab can show up with concentrations, when presented by the analysis system  100 . As such, no manually made calibration samples need be generated. 
     In an embodiment, auto dilution of sample which has one or more analytes out of range can be used to bring the analyte into a calibration range for accurate quantification. For example, IPA can be diluted with UPW or another chemical to bring the saturating analyte into range. In an embodiment, software may warn the user when a specific m/z has saturated the detector and automatically rerun that sample at a dilution. Software can automatically account for this dilution when calculating concentrations. In an embodiment, the software may be able to set specific masses to which to apply this rule or set the software to be applied to all the masses detected. In an embodiment, the data report display may indicate that such a rule has been triggered and that a rerun has been performed. 
     In an embodiment, the software can be programmed and configured to automatically and externally calibrate an organic mass spectrometer (e.g., a TOF-MS), using inline syringe dilution for an electrospray mass spectrometer. The software can be configured to create an external calibration automatically of one standard solution. The software can cause the analysis system  100  to automatically dilute the sample inline and create a calibration curve. In an example process, a sample can be diluted by flow injection (e.g., 4 μL dilution with a carrier) and used in conjunction with an infusion mode step. In an embodiment, the sample can be caught in a multi-port valve that has an internal channel. This channel can have a volume of approximately 4 (e.g., a PL-4 valve). When the valve switches, this sample is pushed inline with an organic/aqueous carrier solution. By the time the sample reaches the TOF-MS, it has mixed with the carrier on the front and back ends of the sample. This gives a characteristic “peak” shape that can be automatically analyzed when doing infusion mode, such as that illustrated in  FIG. 9 . That peak can then be analyzed for organic contaminants or other components, for example, and the data reported via the software (e.g., to a display and/or a data library). 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, detection of an uncalibrated organic contaminant and expression of semiquantitative intensity can be achieved based on a measured deviation from a previous baseline. In an embodiment, unknown compounds can be expressed as a percentage deviation from a given baseline. One way to compare two different samples of the same chemical can be to subtract each m/z&#39;s intensity from a baseline standard. This comparison can be used to create a data plot that can quickly show what m/z values are found in a sample that are not found in the baseline. In an embodiment, these values can be expressed as a numeric change (i.e., the sample intensity less the baseline intensity). In an embodiment, these values can be expressed as a percentage deviation from the baseline (i.e., Sample Intensity−Baseline Standard intensity/Baseline Standard Intensity×100=% change). 
       FIG. 10  shows an example plot made using a numeric change relative to a baseline standard as the basis for a data plot for detecting uncalibrated organic contaminants. Each line with a value greater than 0 represents a m/z that was observed in higher intensity than the baseline sample. Each of these are a potential contaminant found in the sample using 10% H 2 SO 4  (by volume). 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, a difference between mass-accurate reference ions and compound calibration can be defined. Mass-accurate reference ions can be used by a TOF-MS (e.g., TOF MS unit  118 ) to correctly assign m/z values for all ions observed. TOF-MS is a time-based form of MS. In such a process, ions can be sent in a “package” through the flight tube of the MS, with each one hitting a detector at a different time (e.g., a difference on the order of pico-seconds) because of their mass differential. The instrument can convert this time into a m/z value. Any slight shift in the time differential can cause the TOF-MS to read a different m/z. In an embodiment, two ions, each with a known m/z (currently at +121 and +922 in positive mode), can be used as reference ions for the TOF-MS. The establishment of reference ions is something automatically done by a given TOF-MS. A typical TOF-MS accomplishes this using two nebulizers, one for a given sample and one for reference masses. The present analysis system  100  can accomplish this through one nebulizer for both the sample and the reference masses, both reducing the number of system components employed and achieving lower detection limits relative to the standard two nebulizer system. 
     Compound calibration can be achieved for a compound that is not known by TOF-MS before analysis. It is injected into a TOF-MS and observed at a specific m/z value with an intensity relative to its concentration. This concentration can be changed through external calibration or MSA to obtain a calibration curve for that specific compound. Per above, one nebulizer can be used for both reference ions and compound calibration ions. In an embodiment, the present analysis system (e.g., system  100 ) can exhibit autodilution and auto-spiking capabilities that are able to add both reference ions and compound calibration ions to the same sample, which can be injected all at once through a single nebulizer. 
       FIGS. 11-14  illustrate an apparatus and concurrent method of achieving autodilution and/or auto-spiking while adding both reference ions and compound calibration ions to the same sample and facilitating that same sample to be injected through a single nebulizer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The analysis system  300  can generally include a plurality of multi-port valves  350 A- 350 L, a plurality of injectable fluid sources  352  (e.g., shown as S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , etc., with each respectively serving as, for example, a source of a sample for testing, an MSA, a sample carrier, or a diluent), at least one carrier bottle  354 , an anion exchange column  356 , a cation exchange column  358 , a first cleaning fluid source  360  (e.g., 5% (by weight) NH 4 OH reconditioner, another basic solvent, or ultra-pure water (UPW)), a second cleaning fluid source  362  (e.g., 10% (by weight) HNO 3  reconditioner, another acidic solvent, or UPW), one or more waste (W) locations  364 , a tune solution source  366 , a TOF-MS  368 , and a plurality of fluid lines  370 , as needed, to provide fluid interconnects between the multi-port valves  350 A- 350 L and/or the other system components. Each of the multi-port valves  350 A- 350 L can include a plurality of individual ports  372  (e.g., 4-12 ports  372 ), allowing fluid flow to be directed through, into, or out of a given multi-port valves  350 A- 350 L. The multi-port valve  350 D may be considered to be a “sample sense” multi-valve. The analysis system  300  can further include one or more UPW manifolds  374  and a plurality of sample loops  376 , each such sample loop  376  being associated with a chosen multi-port valves  350 A- 350 L, as illustrated. Similarly named parts in the various embodiments can be expected to be similarly constructed and to function similarly, unless otherwise stated. 
     The process of using the analysis system  300  is best seen in  FIGS. 12-14 . As seen in  FIG. 12 , a sample, an MSA addition, a diluent, and/or an internal standard (e.g., from fluid sources  352 ) may be introduced into the multi-port valve  350 D via the multi-port valve  350 E. The sample, the MSA addition, the diluent, and/or the internal standard can all be pushed into a chosen port  372  of the multi-port valve  350 D and then pushed to the sample loop  376  (e.g., a 1-ml loop) associated with the multi-port valve  350 G (e.g., a PM6 valve). As seen in  FIG. 13 , a sample from the sample loop  376  of the multi-port valve  350 G can be caught by the multi-port valve  350 H (e.g., a PL-4 valve). As further seen in  FIG. 13 , the multi-port valve  350 F may be configured to introduce one or more of a pressurized inert gas (e.g., argon (Ar)), another fluid, and/or UPW into the multi-port valve  350 G. As seen from  FIG. 14 , the sample in the sample loop  376  of the multi-port valve  350 G can ultimately be injected to the TOF-MS  368  for analysis, either by an infusion mode (as illustrated and thereby bypassing any of the ionization columns (e.g., avoiding an HPLC column)) or by a speciation mode (as discussed in relation to  FIG. 3  and in accordance with an LCMS procedure). 
       FIGS. 15-19  illustrate comparative data in conjunction with processes performed using the present analysis system  100 ,  200 ,  300 .  FIGS. 15 and 16  show the sensitivity achievable for the analysis of various organics using TOF-MS and QQQ-MS.  FIGS. 17-19  illustrate the effect of various carrier and/or matrix materials on various TOF-MS measurements. 
     In embodiments, the system controller (e.g., computer  132  of the analysis system  100 ) can include a processor, a memory, and a communications interface. The processor provides processing functionality for at least the controller and can include any number of processors, micro-controllers, circuitry, field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other processing systems, and resident or external memory for storing data, executable code, and other information accessed or generated by the controller. The processor can execute one or more software programs embodied in a non-transitory computer readable medium that implement techniques described herein. The processor is not limited by the materials from which it is formed or the processing mechanisms employed therein and, as such, can be implemented via semiconductor(s) and/or transistors (e.g., using electronic integrated circuit (IC) components), and so forth. 
     The memory can be an example of tangible, computer-readable storage medium that provides storage functionality to store various data and or program code associated with operation of the controller, such as software programs and/or code segments, or other data to instruct the processor, and possibly other components of the system  100 ,  200 ,  300 , to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the memory can store data, such as a program of instructions for operating the system (including its components), and so forth. It should be noted that while a single memory is described, a wide variety of types and combinations of memory (e.g., tangible, non-transitory memory) can be employed. The memory can be integral with the processor, can comprise stand-alone memory, or can be a combination of both. 
     Some examples of the memory can include removable and non-removable memory components, such as random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), flash memory (e.g., a secure digital (SD) memory card, a mini-SD memory card, and/or a micro-SD memory card), magnetic memory, optical memory, universal serial bus (USB) memory devices, hard disk memory, external memory, remove (e.g., server and/or cloud) memory, and so forth. In implementations, memory can include removable integrated circuit card (ICC) memory, such as memory provided by a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a universal subscriber identity module (USIM) card, a universal integrated circuit card (UICC), and so on. 
     The communications interface can be operatively configured to communicate with components of the system  100 ,  200 ,  300 . For example, the communications interface can be configured to transmit data for storage by the system  100 ,  200 ,  300 , retrieve data from storage in the system  100 , and so forth. The communications interface can also be communicatively coupled with the processor to facilitate data transfer between components of the system  100 ,  200 ,  300  and the processor. It should be noted that while the communications interface is described as a component of controller, one or more components of the communications interface can be implemented as external components communicatively coupled to the system  100 ,  300  or components thereof via a wired and/or wireless connection. The system  100 ,  300  or components thereof can also include and/or connect to one or more input/output (I/O) devices (e.g., via the communications interface), such as a display, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, a keyboard, a microphone (e.g., for voice commands) and so on. 
     The communications interface and/or the processor can be configured to communicate with a variety of different networks, such as a wide-area cellular telephone network, such as a cellular network, a 3G cellular network, a 4G cellular network, a 5G cellular network, or a global system for mobile communications (GSM) network; a wireless computer communications network, such as a WiFi network (e.g., a wireless local area network (WLAN) operated using IEEE 802.11 network standards); an ad-hoc wireless network, an internet; the Internet; a wide area network (WAN); a local area network (LAN); a personal area network (PAN) (e.g., a wireless personal area network (WPAN) operated using IEEE 802.15 network standards); a public telephone network; an extranet; an intranet; and so on. However, this list is provided by way of example only and is not meant to limit the present disclosure. Further, the communications interface can be configured to communicate with a single network or multiple networks across different access points. In a specific embodiment, a communications interface can transmit information from the controller to an external device (e.g., a cell phone, a computer connected to a WiFi network, cloud storage, etc.). In another specific embodiment, a communications interface can receive information from an external device (e.g., a cell phone, a computer connected to a WiFi network, cloud storage, etc.). 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.