Patent Publication Number: US-10307732-B2

Title: Particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability and fast absorption

Description:
This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2014/033142, filed 7 Apr. 2014, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/860,019, filed 10 Apr. 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,302,248 and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/157,769, filed 17 Jan. 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,375,507. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions which absorb water, aqueous liquids, and blood, and a method to make the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions. In particular, the present invention relates to particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions having high permeability and improved stability of the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions after processing. This invention is also directed to improving the stability of the properties of the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions including permeability. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A superabsorbent polymer, in general refers to a water-swellable, water-insoluble polymer, or material, capable of absorbing at least about 10 times its weight, and up to about 30 times or more its weight in an aqueous solution containing 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride solution in water. Examples of superabsorbent polymer may include a crosslinked partially neutralized acrylate polymer, and the formation of superabsorbent hydrogel from the polymerization, and formation of particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions capable of retaining the aqueous liquids under a certain pressure in accordance with the general definition of superabsorbent polymer. 
     The superabsorbent polymer hydrogel can be formed into particles, generally referred to as particulate superabsorbent polymer, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer may be surface-treated with surface crosslinking, and other surface treatment and post treated after surface crosslinking to form particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions. The acronym SAP may be used in place of superabsorbent polymer, superabsorbent polymer composition, particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions, or variations thereof. Commercial particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions are widely used in a variety of personal care products, such as infant diapers, child training pants, adult incontinence products, feminine care products, and the like. In general, these particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions have a centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) of at least 25 grams of 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride aqueous solution per gram of the polymer. Particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions are also designed to quickly uptake bodily fluids, which requires a reasonable absorption speed, and are designed to quickly distribute fluids in high concentrations, which requires high permeability, which can be measured as high gel bed permeability (GBP). Commercial particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions undergo significant processing during manufacturing and converting processes, resulting in lack of stability of the original gel bed permeability. This lack of stability or reduction of the value of various properties, including gel bed permeability may be one of the causes of premature leakage and skin wetness problems for absorbent articles. 
     There is thus a need or desire for particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions that can withstand absorbent product manufacturing and converting processes without resulting in a significant reduction in properties. There is a further need or desire for a method of increasing the permeability stability of a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability comprising a particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising from about 0.05 to about 2.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent, and from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant, and from 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition weight of a neutralized aluminum salt applied to the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer, in the form of an aqueous neutralized aluminum salt solution having a pH value from about 5.5 to about 8; wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a centrifuge retention capacity of from about 25 grams to about 40 grams of 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride aqueous per gram of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition; and an absorbency under load at 0.9 psi prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test of from 15 g/g to 21 g/g; and has an original Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability (FSGBP) of from about 30×10-8 cm2 to about 200×10 −8  cm 2  prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test; has a Vortex time of from 25 to 60 seconds as measured by the Vortex Test, and has a permeability stability index of from about 0.60 to about 0.99 when subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test; and a compressibility of from 1.30 mm 2 /N to about 4 mm 2 /N as measured by the Compression Test. In general, the properties are measured before the Processing Test unless otherwise specified. 
     In addition, the present invention is directed to a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition comprising a particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising an internal crosslinker agent comprising a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom, and from 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition weight of a neutralized aluminum salt applied to the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer, in the form of an aqueous neutralized aluminum salt solution having a pH value from about 5.5 to about 8; wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) of from about 25 grams to about 40 grams of 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride aqueous per gram of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, wherein the CRC is measured either before or after subjecting the superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test, and an absorbency under load at 0.9 psi prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test of from 15 g/g to 21 g/g; and an original Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability (FSGBP) of from about 30×10 −8  cm 2  to about 200×10 −8  cm 2  prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test; and has a permeability stability index of from about 0.60 to about 0.99 when subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test; and a compressibility of from about 1.30 mm 2 /N to about 4 mm 2 /N, and a Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) Increase of 2 g/g or more based on
 
CRC Increase=CRC(bt,5 hr)−CRC(rt,0.5 hr)
 
     wherein CRC Increase measures the increase in the CRC that occurs and is calculated as the difference between the second CRC Test and first CRC Test, and bt refers to body temperature and rt refers to room temperature. 
     In addition, the present invention is directed to a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability comprising: 
     a) from about 55 wt % to about 85 wt % of polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomers selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, or mixtures thereof; 
     b) from about 14 wt % to about 45 wt % of an alkali base selected from sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to neutralize the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomers of a) to from about 50 to about 80 mol %; 
     c) from about 0.001 wt % to about 5.0 wt % based on the weight of a) of an internal crosslinking agent, 
     d) from about 0.05 to about 2.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent, and from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant, wherein the components a), b), c) and d) are polymerized into a hydrogel which is granulated into particulate superabsorbent polymer having a surface; 
     e) from about 0.001 wt % to about 5.0 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent composition weight of surface crosslinking agent applied to the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer; 
     f) from 0.001 wt to about 5.0 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent composition weight of a neutralized aluminum salt applied to the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer, in the form of an aqueous neutralized aluminum salt solution having a pH value from about 5.5 to about 8; 
     wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a centrifuge retention capacity of from about 25 grams to about 40 grams of 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride aqueous per gram of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition; and an absorbency under load at 0.9 psi prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test of from 15 g/g to 21 g/g; and an original Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability (FSGBP) of about 30×10 −8  cm 2  to about 200×10 −8  cm 2  prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test; and subsequent to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a permeability stability index of from about 0.60 to about 0.99, and a Vortex time of from 25 to 60 seconds as measured by the Vortex Test, and a compressibility of from 1.30 mm 2 /N to about 4 mm 2 /N as measured by the Compression Test. 
     With the foregoing in mind, it is a feature and advantage of the invention to provide particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved permeability stability, and methods of increasing improved stability of particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. Numerous other features and advantages of the present invention will appear from the following description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRA WINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a side view of the test apparatus employed for the Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional side view of a cylinder/cup assembly employed in the Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test apparatus shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a top view of a plunger employed in the Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test apparatus shown in FI G  1 ; and 
         FIG. 4  is a side view of the test apparatus employed for the Absorbency Under Load Test. 
     
    
    
     DEFINITIONS 
     Within the context of this specification, each term or phrase below will include the following meaning or meanings. 
     It should be noted that, when employed in the present disclosure, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” and other derivatives from the root term “comprise” are intended to be open-ended terms that specify the presence of any stated features, elements, integers, steps, or components, and are not intended to preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredient in the compositions of the invention or employed in the methods of the invention refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make the compositions or carry out the methods; and the like. The term about also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about,” the claims include equivalents to the quantities. 
     The term “Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC)” as used herein refers to the ability of the particulate superabsorbent polymer to retain liquid therein after being saturated and subjected to centrifugation under controlled conditions and is stated as grams of liquid retained per gram weight of the sample (g/g) as measured by the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test set forth herein. 
     The term “Centrifuge Retention Capacity Increase (CRCI)” or “CRC Increase” or “Capacity Increase” is defined as the increase in the CRC that occurs and is calculated as the difference between a second CRC and a first CRC. As used herein, the term “first CRC” or “initial CRC” generally refers to CRC(rt, 0.5 hr) wherein rt refers to room temperature of about 23° C., although another CRC value may be used. The “second CRC” may be tested at body temperature or higher, preferably from about 37° C., for at least about 1 hour, preferably from about 2 hours to 24 hours. The CRC Increase is measured according to the CRC Increase Test Method described herein below. 
     The term “compressibility” as used herein refers to a measure of the relative volume change of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition as a response to a pressure change as set forth in a Compressibility Test disclosed herein. 
     The terms “crosslinked”, “crosslink”, “crosslinker”, or “crosslinking” as used herein refers to any means for effectively rendering normally water-soluble materials substantially water-insoluble but swellable. Such a crosslinking means can include, for example, physical entanglement, crystalline domains, covalent bonds, ionic complexes and associations, hydrophilic associations such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic associations, or Van der Waals forces. 
     The term “internal crosslinker” or “monomer crosslinker” as used herein refers to use of a crosslinker in the monomer solution to form the polymer. 
     The term “dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition” as used herein generally refers to the superabsorbent polymer composition having less than about 20% moisture. 
     The term “gel permeability” is a property of the mass of particles as a whole and is related to particle size distribution, particle shape, and the connectedness of the open pores between the particles, shear modulus, and surface modification of the swollen gel. In practical terms, the gel permeability of the superabsorbent polymer composition is a measure of how rapidly liquid flows through the mass of swollen particles. Low gel permeability indicates that liquid cannot flow readily through the superabsorbent polymer composition, which is generally referred to as gel blocking, and that any forced flow of liquid (such as a second application of urine during use of the diaper) must take an alternate path (e.g., diaper leakage). 
     The acronym “HLB” means the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of a surfactant and is a measure of the degree to which it is hydrophilic or lipophilic, as determined by calculating values for the different regions of the molecule. The HLB value can be used to predict the surfactant properties of a molecule wherein a HLB value&lt;10 is lipid soluble (water insoluble) and a HLB value&gt;10 is water soluble (lipid insoluble). 
     The terms “particle,” “particulate,” and the like, when used with the term “superabsorbent polymer,” refer to the form of discrete units. The units can comprise flakes, fibers, agglomerates, granules, powders, spheres, pulverized materials, or the like, as well as combinations thereof. The particles can have any desired shape: for example, cubic, rod like polyhedral, spherical or semi-spherical, rounded or semi-rounded, angular, irregular, et cetera. 
     The terms “particulate superabsorbent polymer” and “particulate superabsorbent polymer composition” refer to the form of superabsorbent polymer and superabsorbent polymer compositions in discrete form, wherein the “particulate superabsorbent polymer” and “particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions” may have a particle size of less than 1000 μm, or from about 150 μm to about 850 μm. 
     The term “permeability”, when used herein shall mean a measure of the effective connectedness of a porous structure, in this case, crosslinked polymers, and may be specified in terms of the void fraction, and extent of connectedness of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. 
     The term “permeability stability index” when used herein shall mean the ability of the particulate superabsorbent polymer to maintain the original permeability after being subjected to a processing test under controlled conditions. It refers to the ratio of the permeability of the processed sample to the permeability of the original sample as set forth in a Processing Test disclosed herein. 
     The term “polymer” includes, but is not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers, for example, block, graft, random, and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc., and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term “polymer” shall include all possible configurational isomers of the material. These configurations include, but are not limited to isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic symmetries. 
     The term “polyolefin” as used herein generally includes, but is not limited to, materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polystyrene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, and the like, the homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, etc., thereof, and blends and modifications thereof. The term “polyolefin” shall include all possible structures thereof, which include, but are not limited to, isotatic, synodiotactic, and random symmetries. Copolymers include atactic and block copolymers. The term “polysiloxane” as used herein refers to polymerized siloxanes consisting of an inorganic silicon-oxygen backbone ( . . . —Si—O—Si—O—Si—O— . . . ) with organic side groups attached to the silicon atoms, which are four-coordinate. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term “polysiloxane” should include polymers comprising two of more siloxane repeating units. 
     The term “superabsorbent polymer” as used herein refers to water-swellable, water-insoluble organic or inorganic materials including superabsorbent polymers and superabsorbent polymer compositions capable, under the most favorable conditions, of absorbing at least about 10 times their weight, or at least about 15 times their weight, or at least about 25 times their weight in an aqueous solution containing 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride. 
     The term “superabsorbent polymer composition” as used herein refers to a superabsorbent polymer comprising a surface additive in accordance with the present invention. 
     The term “surface crosslinking” as used herein refers to the level of functional crosslinks in the vicinity of the surface of the superabsorbent polymer particle, which is generally higher than the level of functional crosslinks in the interior of the superabsorbent polymer particle. As used herein, “surface” describes the outer-facing boundaries of the particle. 
     The term “thermoplastic” as used herein describes a material that softens when exposed to heat and which substantially returns to a non-softened condition when cooled to room temperature. 
     The term “vortex time” measures the amount of time in seconds required for 2 grams of a SAP to close a vortex created by stirring 50 milliliters of saline solution at 600 revolutions per minute on a magnetic stir plate. The time it takes for the vortex to close is an indication of the free swell absorbing rate of the SAP. 
     The term “% by weight” or “% wt” as used herein and referring to components of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, is to be interpreted as based on the weight of the dry superabsorbent polymer composition, unless otherwise specified herein. 
     The term “moisture content” when used herein shall mean the quantity of water contained in the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition as measured by the Moisture Content Test. 
     These terms may be defined with additional language in the remaining portions of the specification. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     While typical aspects of embodiment and/or embodiments have been set forth for the purpose of illustration, this Detailed Description and the accompanying drawings should not be deemed to be a limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, various modifications, adaptations, and alternatives may occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. By way of a hypothetical illustrative example, a disclosure in this specification of a range of from 1 to 5 shall be considered to support claims to any of the following ranges: 1-5; 1-4; 1-3; 1-2; 2-5; 2-4; 2-3; 3-5; 3-4; and 4-5. 
     In accordance with the invention, a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability can be achieved using the methods described herein. These particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions having improved stability have improved resistance to processing of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, and reduced functional loss compared to current commercially available particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability comprising a particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising from about 0.05 to about 2.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent, and from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant, and from 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition weight of a neutralized aluminum salt applied to the surface of the particulate superabsorbent 
     polymer, in the form of an aqueous neutralized aluminum salt solution having a pH value from about 5.5 to about 8; wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a centrifuge retention capacity of from about 25 grams to about 40 grams of 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride aqueous per gram of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition; and an absorbency under load at 0.9 psi prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test of from 15 g/g to 21 g/g; and an original Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability (FSGBP) of about 30×10−8 cm2 to about 200×10 −8  cm 2  prior to subjecting the treated particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test; wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a Vortex time of from 25 to 60 seconds as measured by the Vortex Test; and has a permeability stability index of from about 0.60 to about 0.99 when subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test; and a compressibility of from 1.30 mm 2 /N to about 4 mm 2 /N as measured by the Compression Test. 
     In addition, the present invention is directed to a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability comprising: 
     a) from about 55 wt % to about 85 wt % of polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomers selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, or mixtures thereof; 
     b) from about 14 wt % to about 45 wt % of an alkali base selected from sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to neutralize the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomers of a) to from about 50 to about 80 mol %; 
     c) from about 0.001 wt % to about 5.0 wt % based on the weight of a) of an internal crosslinking agent; 
     d) from about 0.05 to about 2.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent, and from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant, wherein the components a), b), c), and d) are polymerized into a hydrogel which is granulated into particulate superabsorbent polymer having a surface; 
     e) from about 0.001 wt % to about 5.0 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent composition weight of surface crosslinking agent applied to the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer; 
     f) from 0.001 wt to about 5.0 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent composition weight of a neutralized aluminum salt applied to the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer, in the form of an aqueous neutralized aluminum salt solution having a pH value from about 5.5 to about 8; 
     wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a centrifuge retention capacity of from about 25 grams to about 40 grams of 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride aqueous per gram of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition; and an absorbency under load at 0.9 psi prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test of from 15 g/g to 21 g/g; and an original Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability (FSGBP) of about 30×10 −8  cm 2  to about 200×10 −8  cm 2  prior to subjecting the treated particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test; and subsequent to subjecting the treated particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test the treated particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a permeability stability index of from about 0.60 to about 0.99 when subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test; and has a Vortex time of from 25 to 60 seconds as measured by the Vortex Test; and a compressibility of from 1.30 mm 2 /N to about 4 mm 2 /N as measured by the Compression Test. 
     In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a process for the production of a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition comprising the following steps: 
     A) preparing a process for making a particulate superabsorbent polymer having fast water absorption comprising the steps of 
     a) preparing an aqueous monomer solution of a mixture of a of polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer and an internal crosslinking agent monomer wherein the aqueous monomer solution comprises dissolved oxygen; 
     b) sparging the aqueous monomer solution of step a) including adding an inert gas to the aqueous monomer solution of step a) to replace the dissolved oxygen of the aqueous monomer solution; 
     c) polymerizing the aqueous monomer solution of step b) including the steps of 
     c1) adding to the aqueous monomer solution of step a): i) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.05 to about 2.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent; and ii) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant; 
     c2) treating the monomer solution of step c1) to high speed shear mixing to form a treated monomer solution, wherein the components i) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt. % of a foaming agent; and ii) an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. % of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant are added to the aqueous monomer solution after step b) of sparging the aqueous monomer solution and before step c2) of high speed shear mixing of the aqueous monomer solution; 
     c3) forming a hydrogel by adding a polymerization initiator to the treated monomer solution of step c2) wherein the initiator is added to the treated monomer solution after the foaming agent and the mixture of surfactants, wherein the polymer is formed to include bubbles of the foaming agent into the polymer structure; and 
     d) drying and grinding the hydrogel of step c) to form particulate superabsorbent polymer; and 
     e) surface crosslinking the particulate superabsorbent polymer of step d) with a surface crosslinking agent; 
     B preparing a neutralized aluminum salt in the form of an aqueous solution having a pH value from about 5.5 to about 8; and; 
     C applying the aqueous neutralized aluminum salt solution on the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer; and 
     wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a degree of neutralization of from about 50% mol to about 80 mol %; and the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from about 25 grams to about 40 grams of 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride aqueous per gram of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, wherein the CRC is measured either before or after subjecting the superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test, and an absorbency under load at 0.9 psi prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test of from 15 g/g to 21 g/g; and a Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability (FSGBP) of about 30×10 −8  cm 2  to about 200×10 −8  cm 2  prior to subjecting the treated particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test; has a permeability stability index of from about 0.60 to about 0.99 when subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test; and a compressibility from 1.30 mm2 IN to about 4 mm2 IN as measured by the Compression Test; and the wherein the surface crosslinked superabsorbent polymer has a vortex of from about 25 sec to about 60 sec. 
     The present invention is also directed to a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability comprising a particulate superabsorbent polymer comprising a silane compound crosslinker comprising at least one vinyl group or allyl group and at least one Si—O bond wherein the vinyl group or allyl group is directly attached to a silicon atom, wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer has a Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) Increase of 2 g/g or more based on
 
CRC Increase=CRC(bt,5 hr)−CRC(rt,0.5 hr)
 
wherein CRC Increase measures the increase in the CRC that occurs and is calculated as the difference between the second CRC Test and first CRC Test, and bt refers to body temperature and rt refers to room temperature, and from 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition weight of a neutralized aluminum salt applied to the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer, in the form of an aqueous neutralized aluminum salt solution having a pH value from about 5.5 to about 8; wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a centrifuge retention capacity of from about 25 grams to about 40 grams of 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride aqueous per gram of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition; and an absorbency under load at 0.9 psi prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test of from 15 g/g to 21 g/g; and an original Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability (FSGBP) of about 30×10 −8  cm 2  to about 200×10 −8  cm 2  prior to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test; has a permeability stability index of from about 0.60 to about 0.99 when subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test; and a compressibility of from about 1.30 mm2/N to about 4 mm2/N as measured by the Compression Test.
 
     A suitable superabsorbent polymer may be selected from synthetic, natural, biodegradable, and modified natural polymers. The term crosslinked used in reference to the superabsorbent polymer refers to any means for effectively rendering normally water-soluble materials substantially water-insoluble but swellable. Such a crosslinking means can include for example, physical entanglement, crystalline domains, covalent bonds, ionic complexes and associations, hydrophilic associations such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic associations or Van der Waals forces. Superabsorbent polymers include internal crosslinking and may further include surface crosslinking. 
     A superabsorbent polymer as set forth in embodiments of the present invention can be obtained by the initial polymerization of from about 55% to about 99.9 wt % of the superabsorbent polymer of polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer. A suitable monomer includes any of those containing carboxyl groups, such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid; or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, or mixtures thereof. It is desirable for at least about 50 wt %, and more desirable for at least about 75 wt % of the acid groups to be carboxyl groups. 
     The process to make a superabsorbent polymer as set forth in embodiments of the present invention may be obtained by the initial polymerization of from about 55% to about 99.9 wt % of the superabsorbent polymer of polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer. A suitable polymerizable monomer includes any of those containing carboxyl groups, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, or mixtures thereof. It is desirable for at least about 50% by weight, and more desirable for at least about 75 wt % of the acid groups to be carboxyl groups. 
     The acid groups are neutralized with an alkali metal base to the extent of at least about 25 mol %, or from about 50 mol % to about 80 mol %, that is, the acid groups are desirably present as sodium, potassium, or ammonium salts. The amount of alkali base may be from about 14 wt % to about 45 wt % of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. The alkali base may include sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. In some aspects, it is desirable to utilize polymers obtained by polymerization of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, the carboxyl groups of which are neutralized in the presence of internal cross linking agents. It is noted that the neutralization may be achieved by either adding the alkali base to the monomer solution or adding the monomer such as acrylic acid to the alkali base. 
     In some aspects, the second suitable monomer that can be copolymerized with the ethylenically unsaturated monomer may include, but is not limited to acrylamide, methacrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoalkyl (meth)-acrylate, ethoxylated (meth)-acrylates, dimethylaminopropylacrylamide, or acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride. Such monomer may be present in a range of from 0 wt % to about 40 wt % of the copolymerized monomer. 
     In the case when the monomer is acrylic acid, the partially neutralized, acrylate salt is turned into the polymer in the particulate water absorbing agent following polymerization, the converted value based on acrylic acid may be determined through converting the partially neutralized polyacrylate salt is assumed to be entirely the equimolar unneutralized polyacrylic acid. 
     The superabsorbent polymer of the invention also includes from about 0.001 wt % to about 5 wt % by weight or from about 0.2 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer of at least one internal cross linking agent. The internal crosslinking agent generally has at least two ethylenically unsaturated double bonds or one ethylenically unsaturated double bond and one functional group which is reactive towards acid groups of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomers or several functional groups which are reactive towards acid groups can be used as the internal crosslinking component and which is present during the polymerization of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomers. 
     Examples of internal crosslinking agents used in superabsorbent polymers include aliphatic unsaturated amides, such as methylenebisacryl- or -methacrylamide or ethylenebisacrylamide, and furthermore aliphatic esters of polyols or alkoxylated polyols with ethylenically unsaturated acids, such as di(meth)acrylates or tri(meth)acrylates of butanediol or ethylene glycol, polyglycols or trimethylolpropane, di- and triacrylate esters of trimethylolpropane which is preferably oxyalkylated, preferably ethoxylated, with 1 to 30 mol of alkylene oxide, acrylate and methacrylate esters of glycerol and pentaerythritol and of glycerol and pentaerythritol oxyethylated with preferably 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and furthermore allyl compounds, such as allyl (meth)acrylate, alkoxylated allyl (meth)acrylate reacted with preferably 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, maleic acid diallyl ester, poly-allyl esters, vinyl trimethoxysilane, vinyl triethoxysilane, polysiloxane comprising at least two vinyl groups, tetraallyloxyethane, tetraallyloxyethane, triallylamine, tetraallylethylenediamine, diols, polyols, hydroxy allyl or acrylate compounds and allyl esters of phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid, and furthermore monomers which are capable of crosslinking, such as N-methylol compounds of unsaturated amides, such as of methacrylamide or acrylamide, and the ethers derived there from. Ionic crosslinkers such as aluminum metal salts may also be employed. Mixtures of the crosslinking agents mentioned can also be employed. 
     The internal crosslinker agent may contain a silane compound comprising at least one vinyl group or allyl group directly attached to a silicon atom and at least one Si—O bond. The silane compound may be selected from one of the following: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     R 1  represents C 2  to C 3  alkenyl, 
     R 2  represents H, C 1  to C 4  alkyl, C 2  to C 5  alkenyl, C 6  to C 8  aryl, C 2  to C 5  carbonyl, 
     R 3  represents H, C 1  to C 4  alkyl, C 6  to C 8  aryl, 
     R 4  and R 5  independently represent H, C 1  to C 4  alkyl, C 6  to C 8  aryl, 
     m represents an integer of from 1 to 3, preferably 1 to 2, 
     n represents an integer of from 1 to 3, preferably 2 to 3, 
     l represents an integer of from 0 to 2, preferably 0 to 1, 
     m+n+1=4, 
     x represents an integer larger than 1, and 
     y represents an integer of 0 or larger than 0. 
     Illustrative of silanes, having at least one vinyl group or allyl group directly attached to a silicon atom and a Si—O bond, which may be utilized to provide the structure in formula (I) above include: vinylalkoxysilanes such as vinyltrimethoxysilane, methylvinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, methylvinyltriethoxysilane, vinylmethyldimethoxysilane, vinylethyldiethoxysilane, and vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane; vinylacetoxysilanes, such as vinylmethyldiacetoxysilane, vinylethyldiacetoxysilane and vinyltriacetoxysilane; allylalkoxysilanes such as allyltrimethoxysilane, allylmethyldimethoxysilane, and allyltriethoxysilane; divinylalkoxysilanes and divinylacetoxysilanes such as divinyldimethoxysilane, divinyldiethoxysilane and divinyldiacetoxysilane; diallylalkoxysilanes and diallylacetoxysilanes such as diallyldimethoxysilane, diallyldiethoxysilane and diallyldiacetoxysilane; as well as other similar ethylenically unsaturated silane monomers containing one or more hydrolyzable groups. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art given the present disclosure, use of compounds such as vinyltrichlorosilane in water or alcohol can provide structures in formula (I) above in which, for example, the group R 1  can be a vinyl group. It is also possible that more complex structures can be formed, for example, by reaction of vinyl silane with polyethylene glycol. 
     Illustrative of polysiloxanes, having at least one vinyl group or allyl group directly attached to a silicon atom, which may be utilized to provide the structure in formula (II) or (III) above include the polymers and copolymers of silanes having the structure in formula (I). Preferred examples include, but not limited to, polysiloxane comprising vinyl and methoxy groups (commercially available from Evonik Degussa Corporation, under the trade designation Dynasylan® 6490), polysiloxane comprising vinyl and ethoxy groups (commercially available from Evonik Degussa Corporation, under the trade designation Dynasylan® 6498), vinylmethylsiloxane homopolymers, vinylmethylsiloxane copolymers, vinyl terminated siloxane homopolymers, and vinyl terminated siloxane copolymers. However, it is contemplated that a wide range of polysiloxanes having vinyl functional groups provide the desired effects are effective crosslinking agents in accordance with the present invention. 
     Examples of internal silane crosslinkers suitable for the present invention are set forth with their chemical structure in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Chemical Structure 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Vinyltriisopropenoxy silane 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vinyltriacetoxysilane 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vinyltrimethoxysilane 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vinyltriethoxysilane 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diethoxymethylvinyl silane 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dynasylan ® 6490 (reaction vinyl siloxane oligomer, methoxy functional) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dynasylan ® 6498 (vinyl siloxane concentrate, oligomeric siloxane, ethoxy functional) 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Vinylmethyl polysiloxane 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer may include from about 0.001 wt % to about 0.1 wt % based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer of a second internal crosslinker which may comprise compositions comprising at least two ethylenically unsaturated double-bonds, for example, methylenebisacrylamide or -methacrylamide or ethylenebisacrylamide; additionally, esters of unsaturated mono- or polycarboxylic acids of polyols, such as, diacrylates or triacrylates, e.g., butanediol- or ethylene glycol diacrylate or -methacrylate; trimethylolpropane triacrylate, as well as their alkoxylated derivatives; additionally, allyl compounds, such as allyl (meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate, maleic acid diallyl ester, polyallyl ester, tetraallyloxyethane, di- and triallylamine, tetrallylethylenediamine, allyl esters of phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid. Moreover, compounds having at least one functional group reactive towards acid groups may also be used. Examples thereof include N-methylol compounds of amides, such as methacrylamide or acrylamide, and the ethers derived there from, as well as di- and polyglycidyl compounds. 
     The present invention further includes from about 0.05 to about 2.0 wt. %, or from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt %, based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a foaming agent. The foaming agent may include any alkali metal carbonate or alklali metal bicarbonate containing salt, or mixed salt, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, or magnesium (hydroxic) carbonates, calcium carbonate, barium carbonate, bicarbonates and hydrates of these, azo compounds or other cations, as well as naturally occurring carbonates, such as dolomite, or mixtures thereof. Foaming agents may include carbonate salts of multi-valent cations, such as Mg, Ca, Zn, and the like. 
     Although certain of the multi-valent transition metal cations may be used, some of them, such as ferric cation, can cause color staining and may be subject to reduction-oxidation reactions or hydrolysis equilibria in water. This may lead to difficulties in quality control of the final polymeric product. Also, other multivalent cations, such as Ni, Ba, Cd, Hg would be unacceptable because of potential toxic or skin sensitizing effects. The foaming agents may include sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. 
     The present invention further includes an aqueous solution comprising from about 0.001 to about 1.0 wt. %, or from about 0.002 to about 0.5 wt %, or from about 0.003 to about 0.1 wt %, based on the total amount of the polymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer solution of a mixture of a lipophile surfactant and a polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant, wherein the lipophile surfactant may have a HLB of from 4 to 9 and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant has a HLB of from 12 to 18; or wherein the lipophile surfactant may be nonionic or the polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant may be nonionic. 
     Typical examples of the surfactant, polyoxy ethylene alkyl aryl ethers such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers like polyoxyethylene higher alcohol ethers, and polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether; sorbitan fatty esters such as sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, and sorbitan distearate; polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty esters such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxy-ethylene sorbitan tristearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate; polyoxyethylene sorbitol fatty esters such as tetraoleic acid polyoxyethylene sorbit; glycerin fatty esters such as glycerol monostearate, glycerol monooleate, and self-eumlsifying glycerol monostearate; polyoxyethylene fatty esters such as polyethylene glycol mono-laurate, polyethylene glycol monostearate, polyethylene glycol distearate, and polyethylene glycol monooleate; polyoxyethylene alkyl amines; polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil; and alkyl alcohol amines may be cited. The mixture of nonionic surfactant may include a mixture of lipophile surfactant is a sorbitan ester and the polyethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant is a polyethoxylated sorbitan ester. 
     The usual initiators, such as e.g. azo or peroxo compounds, redox systems or UV initiators, (sensitizers), and/or radiation are used for initiation of the free-radical polymerization. In some aspects, initiators can be used for initiation of the free-radical polymerization. Suitable initiators include, but are not limited to, azo or peroxo compounds, redox systems or ultraviolet initiators, sensitizers, and/or radiation. 
     The polymerization forms a superabsorbent polymer gel, which is granulated into 
     superabsorbent polymer particles, or particulate superabsorbent polymer. The superabsorbent polymer gel generally has moisture content of from about 40 to 80 wt % of the superabsorbent polymer gel. The reaction time is not particularly limited, but is only required to be set depending on the combination of an unsaturated monomer, a crosslinking agent, and a radical polymerization initiator or on such reaction conditions as the reaction temperature. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer generally includes particle sizes ranging from about 50 μm to about 1000μ, or from about 150 μm to about 850 μm. The present invention may include at least about 40 wt % of the particles having a particle size from about 300 μm to about 600 μm, at least about 50 wt % of the particles having a particle size from about 300 μm to about 600 μm, or at least about 60 wt % of the particles having a particle size from about 300 μm to about 600 μm as measured by screening through a U.S. standard 30 mesh screen and retained on a U.S. standard 50 mesh screen. In addition, the size distribution of the superabsorbent polymer particles of the present invention may include less than about 30% by weight of particles having a size greater than about 600 μm, and less than about 30% by weight of particles having a size of less than about 300 μm, and from 0 to 5 weight % of the particles less than 150 μm, as measured using for example a RO-TAP® Mechanical Sieve Shaker Model B available from W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor Ohio. 
     In another embodiment of the particulate superabsorbent polymer of the present invention, the diameter of the resin particle is set as follows. The mass average particle diameter is generally from about 200 to about 450 μm, or from about 300 to about 430 μm, or from about 300 to about 400 μm, or from about 350 to about 400 μm, or from about 360 to about 400 μm, or from about 370 to about 400 μm. Further, the percentage of particles less than 150 μm is generally from 0 to about 8% by weight, or from 0 to about 5% by weight, or from 0 to about 3% by weight, or from 0 to about 1% by weight. Further, the percentage of particles more than 600 μm is generally from 0 to about 25% by weight, or from 3 to about 15% by weight, or from 5 to about 12% by weight, or from 5 to about 8% by weight. 
     The particle size may be adjusted by subjecting the particles to dispersion polymerization and dispersion drying. However, in general, when carrying out aqueous polymerization in particular, the particles are pulverized and classified after drying, and then mass average diameter of D50, and the amount of particles smaller than 150 μm and larger than 600 μm, is adjusted so as to obtain a specific particle size distribution. For example, if the specific particle size distribution is achieved by decreasing the diameter of the particles having mass average diameter of D50 to 400 μm or smaller and also reducing the amount of the fine particles having diameter less than 150 μm and larger than 600 μm, the particles may be first classified into coarse particles and fine particles after drying by using a general classifying equipment such as a sieve. This process preferably removes coarse particles with a diameter of 5000 μm to 600 μm, or of 2000 μm to 600 μm, or of 1000 μm to 600 μm. Then, in the main adjustment process, the fine particles with a diameter less than 150 μm are removed. The removed coarse particles may be discarded, but they are more likely to be pulverized again through the foregoing pulverizing process. The resulting particulate superabsorbent polymer thus produced with a specific particle size distribution through the pulverizing process is therefore constituted of irregularly-pulverized particles. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymers are surface treated with additional chemicals and treatments as set forth herein. In particular, the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer is crosslinked, generally referred to as surface crosslinking, by the addition of a surface crosslinking agent and heat-treatment. In general, surface crosslinking is a process to increase the crosslink density of the polymer matrix in the vicinity of the particulate superabsorbent polymer surface with respect to the crosslinking density of the particle interior. The amount of the surface crosslinking agent may be present in an amount of from about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, and such as from about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %, and such as from about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt % by weight, based on the weight of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. 
     Desirable surface crosslinking agents include chemicals with one or more functional groups that are reactive toward pendant groups of the polymer chains, typically the acid groups. Surface crosslinker agents comprise functional groups which react with functional groups of a polymer structure in a condensation reaction (condensation crosslinker), in an addition reaction or in a ring opening reaction. These compounds may include, for example, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, polyglycerine, propylene glycol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, polyoxypropylene, oxyethylene-oxypropylene block copolymers, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, polyvinyl alcohol, oxazolidones such as 2-oxazolidinone, N-methyl-2-oxazolidone, Nhydroxyethyl-2-oxazolidone and N-hydroxypropyl-2-oxazolidone, sorbitol, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (ethylene carbonate), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (propylene carbonate), or 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. 
     After the particulate superabsorbent polymer has been brought into contact with the surface crosslinker agent, or with the fluid comprising the surface crosslinker agent, the treated particulate superabsorbent polymer is heat treated to a temperature of from about 50 to about 300° C., or from about 75 to about 275° C., or from about 150 to about 250° C., and for a time of from about 5 to about 90 minutes dependent on the temperature, so that the outer region of the polymer structures is more strongly crosslinked compared to the inner region (i.e., surface crosslinking) The duration of the heat treatment is limited by the risk that the desired property profile of the polymer structures will be destroyed as a result of the effect of heat. 
     In one particular aspect of surface crosslinking, the particulate superabsorbent polymer is surface-treated with ethylene carbonate followed by heating to affect surface crosslinking of the superabsorbent polymer particle, which improves the surface crosslinking density and the gel strength characteristics of the particulate superabsorbent polymer. More specifically, the surface crosslinking agent is coated onto the particulate superabsorbent polymer by mixing the particulate superabsorbent polymer with an aqueous alcoholic solution of the ethylene carbonate surface crosslinking agent. The amount of alcohol in the aqueous alcoholic solution may be determined by the solubility of the alkylene carbonate and is kept as low as possible for various reasons, for instance, for protection against explosions, and in some cases may be omitted entirely. Suitable alcohols are methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butanol, or butyl glycol, as well as mixtures of these alcohols. In some aspects, the solvent desirably is water, which typically is used in an amount of about 0.3% by weight to about 5.0 wt %, based on the weight of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. In still other aspects, the ethylene carbonate surface crosslinking agent may be applied from a powder mixture, for example, with an inorganic carrier material, such as silicone dioxide (SiO 2 ), or in a vapor state by sublimation of the ethylene carbonate. 
     To achieve the desired surface crosslinking properties, the surface crosslinking agents such as ethylene carbonate should be distributed evenly on the particulate superabsorbent polymer. For this purpose, mixing is effected in suitable mixers known in the art, such as fluidized bed mixers, paddle mixers, rotary drum mixers, or twin-worm mixers. It is also possible to carry out the coating of the particulate superabsorbent polymer during one of the process steps in the production of the particulate superabsorbent polymer. In one particular aspect, a suitable process for this purpose is the inverse suspension polymerization process. 
     The solution of the surface crosslinking agent may also include a from 0 wt % to about 1 wt %, or from about 0.01 wt % to about 0.5 wt % based on the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of a thermoplastic polymer. Examples of thermoplastic polymers include polyolefin, polyethylene, polyester, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), ethylene alkyl methacrylate copolymer (EMA), polypropylene (PP), maleated polypropylene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyester, and blends of all families of polyolefins, such as blends of PP, EVA, EMA, EEA, EBA, HDPE, MDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, and/or VLDPE, may also be advantageously employed. The term polyolefin as used herein is defined above. In particular aspects, maleated polypropylene is a preferred thermoplastic polymer for use in the present invention. A thermoplastic polymer may be functionalized to have additional benefits such as water solubility or dispersability. 
     The heat treatment, which follows the coating treatment of the particulate superabsorbent polymer, may be carried out as follows. In general, the heat treatment is at a temperature of from about 100° C. to about 300° C. Lower temperatures are possible if highly reactive epoxide crosslinking agents are used. However, if an ethylene carbonate is used, then the thermal treatment is suitably at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 250° C. In this particular aspect, the treatment temperature depends on the dwell time and the kind of ethylene carbonate. For example, at a temperature of about 150° C., the thermal treatment is carried out for one hour or longer. In contrast, at a temperature of about 250° C., a few minutes (e.g., from about 0.5 minutes to about 5 minutes) are sufficient to achieve the desired surface crosslinking properties. The thermal treatment may be carried out in conventional dryers or ovens known in the art. 
     In addition to surface crosslinking, the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions may be further surface treated with other chemical compositions. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition according to the invention comprises from about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent composition weight of a aluminum salt applied to the surface of the particulate superabsorbent polymer, in the form of an aqueous solution having a pH value from about 5.5 to about 8, or from about 6 to about 7. Or, the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition comprises from about 6 wt % to about 15 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent composition weight of an aqueous aluminum salt solution applied to the surface of the surface crosslinked particulate superabsorbent polymer, wherein the aqueous aluminum salt solution has a pH value from about 5.5 to about 8, or from about 6 to about 7. The aqueous solution of the aluminum salt may comprise an aluminum cation and a hydroxyl ion or an anion of a deprotonated hydroxyl organic acid. Examples of preferred organic acids are hydroxyl monocarboxylic acids such as lactic acid, glycolic acid, gluconic acid, or 3-hydroxypropionic acid. 
     In addition, a superabsorbent polymer composition with significantly improved stability including resistance to damage control is unexpectedly obtained by coating the superabsorbent polymer with the aluminum salt solution having adjusted pH of about 5.5 to about 8, or from about 6 to about 7, and appropriate concentration and amount. The aqueous aluminum salt solution includes the reaction product of alkali hydroxide and aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate hydrate. In another embodiment, the aqueous aluminum salt solution includes the reaction product of sodium hydroxide and aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate hydrate. In yet another embodiment, the aqueous aluminum salt solution comprises an aluminum compound and an organic acid. The mixture of the aluminum compound with the organic acid (salt) can be acidic or basic. And the pH can be adjusted to the desired range with a basic or acidic material. Examples of the basic materials for pH adjustment include but not limited to sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate. Examples of the acidic materials for pH adjustment include but are not limited to hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, methylsulfonic acid, or carbon dioxide in water. The acidic aluminum salts, such as aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate and polyaluminum chloride, or the basic aluminum salts, such as sodium aluminate, potassium aluminate and ammonium aluminate, may be used for pH adjustment as well. 
     The aqueous aluminum salt solution may be added at various stages of surface treatment of the particulate superabsorbent polymer. In one embodiment, the aqueous aluminum salt solution may be applied to the particulate superabsorbent polymer along with the surface crosslinking solution. 
     The aqueous aluminum salt solution may be added after the surface crosslinking step, which may be called a post treatment. In one embodiment, the surface crosslinked particulate superabsorbent polymer and the aluminum salt are mixed using means well known to those skilled in the art. In particular, from about 6 wt % to about 15 wt % of an aqueous aluminum salt solution is applied to a surface crosslinked particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability may include from about 0 wt % to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.001 wt % to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.01 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the weight of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of a cationic polymer. A cationic polymer as used herein refers to a polymer or mixture of polymers comprising a functional group or groups having a potential of becoming positively charged ions upon ionization in an aqueous solution. Suitable functional groups for a cationic polymer include, but are not limited to, primary, secondary, or tertiary amino groups, imino groups, imido groups, amido groups, and quaternary ammonium groups. Examples of synthetic cationic polymers include the salts or partial salts of poly(vinyl amines), poly(allylamines), or poly(ethylene imine). Examples of natural-based cationic polymers include partially deacetylated chitin, chitosan, and chitosan salts. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability may include from about 0 wt % to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.001 wt % to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.01 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the weight of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of water-insoluble, inorganic powder. Examples of insoluble, inorganic powders include silicon dioxide, silica, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, talc, calcium phosphate, clays, diatomaceous earth, zeolites, bentonite, kaolin, hydrotalcite, activated clays, etc. The insoluble inorganic powder additive may be a single compound or a mixture of compounds selected from the above list. Examples of silica include fumed silica, precipitated silica, silicon dioxide, silicic acid, and silicates. In some particular aspects, microscopic noncrystalline silicon dioxide is desirable. Products include SIPERNAT® 22S and AEROSIL® 200 available from Evonik Corporation, Parsippany, N.J. In some aspects, the particle diameter of the inorganic powder can be 1,000 μm or smaller, such as 100 μm or smaller. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability may also include from 0 wt % to about 30 wt %, or from about 0.001 wt % to about 25 wt %, or from about 0.01 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the weight of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, of water-soluble polymers, such as partly or completely hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch or starch derivatives, polyglycols or polyacrylic acids, preferably in polymerized-in form. The molecular weight of these polymers is not critical as long as they are water-soluble. Preferred water-soluble polymers are starch and polyvinyl alcohol. The preferred content of such water-soluble polymers in the absorbent polymer according to the invention is 0-30 wt %, or 0-5 wt %, based on the total amount of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. The water-soluble polymers, preferably synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol, can also serve as a graft base for the monomers to be polymerized. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability may also include from 0 wt % to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.001 wt % to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.01 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the weight of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, of dedusting agents, such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic dedusting agents such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,090,875 and 5,994,440. 
     In some aspects, additional surface additives may optionally be employed with the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved permeability stability, such as odor-binding substances, such as cyclodextrins, zeolites, inorganic or organic salts, and similar materials; anti-caking additives, flow modification agents, surfactants, viscosity modifiers, and the like. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability of the present invention may be, after the heat treatment step, treated with an aqueous solution, such as the aqueous solution of deprotonated organic acid salt, aluminum salt, or water soluble polymer such as polyethylene glycol. The treated particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has moisture content of from about 3 wt % to about 15 wt %, or from about 4 wt % to about 12 wt %, or from 5 wt % to about 11 wt % based on the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability according to the invention may be desirably prepared by various methods disclosed in the art including the following methods and exemplified in the Examples. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition may be prepared continuously or discontinuously in a large-scale industrial manner, the post treatment being carried out according to the invention. 
     According to one method, the monomer is partially neutralized by either adding an alkali base such as sodium hydroxide to the monomer or by adding the monomer to an alkali base solution. Then the partially neutralized monomer, such as acrylic acid, is converted into a gel by free-radical polymerization in aqueous solution in the presence of crosslinking agents and any further components, and the gel is comminuted, dried, ground, and sieved off to the desired particle size, thereby forming a particulate superabsorbent polymer. This polymerization can be carried out continuously or discontinuously. 
     For the present invention, the size of the high-capacity superabsorbent polymer composition particles is dependent on manufacturing processes including milling and sieving. It is well known to those skilled in the art that particle size distribution of the particulate superabsorbent polymer resembles a normal distribution or a bell shaped curve. It is also known that for various reasons, the normal distribution of the particle size distribution may be skewed in either direction. 
     According to another method to make particulate superabsorbent polymer, inverse suspension and emulsion polymerization can also be used for preparation of the products according to the invention. According to these processes, an aqueous, partly neutralized solution of monomer, such as acrylic acid, is dispersed in a hydrophobic, organic solvent with the aid of protective colloids and/or emulsifiers, and the polymerization is started by free radical initiators. The internal crosslinking agents may be either dissolved in the monomer solution and are metered in together with this, or are added separately and optionally during the polymerization. The addition of a water-soluble polymer as the graft base optionally takes place via the monomer solution or by direct introduction into the oily phase. The water is then removed azeotropically from the mixture, and the polymer is filtered off and optionally dried. Internal crosslinking can be carried out by polymerizing-in a polyfunctional crosslinking agent dissolved in the monomer solution and/or by reaction of suitable crosslinking agents with functional groups of the polymer during the polymerization steps. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability of the present invention exhibits certain characteristics, or properties, as measured by Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability (FSGBP), Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC), absorbency under load at about 0.9 psi (0.9 psi AUL) and Compressibility. The FSGBP Test is a measurement of the permeability of a swollen bed of particulate superabsorbent polymer composition in terms of 10-8 cm2 (e.g., separate from the absorbent structure) under a confining pressure after what is commonly referred to as “free swell” conditions. In this context, the term “free swell” means that the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition is allowed to swell without a swell restraining load upon absorbing test solution as will be described. 
     Permeability is a measure of the effective connectedness of a porous structure, be it a mat of fiber or a slab of foam or, in the case of this application, particulate superabsorbent polymer and particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, generally referred to as particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions herein, or SAP, and may be specified in terms of the void fraction and extent of connectedness of the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions. Gel permeability is a property of the mass of particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions as a whole and is related to particle size distribution, particle shape, the connectedness of the open pores, shear modulus and surface modification of the swollen gel. In practical terms, the permeability of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition is a measure of how rapidly liquid flows through the mass of swollen particles. Low permeability indicates that liquid cannot flow readily through the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions, which is generally referred to as gel blocking, and that any forced flow of liquid (such as a second application of urine during use of the diaper) must take an alternate path (e.g., diaper leakage). 
     The Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) Test measures the ability of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to retain liquid therein after being saturated and subjected to centrifugation under controlled conditions. The resultant retention capacity is stated as grams of liquid retained per gram weight of the sample (g/g). 
     The Absorbency Under Load (AUL) Test measures the ability of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition particles to absorb a 0.9 weight percent solution of sodium chloride in distilled water at room temperature (test solution) while the material is under a load of 0.9 psi. 
     The Compressibility Test measures the relative volume change of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition as a response to a pressure change and is performed on original particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, or shortly after the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition is manufactured. 
     The Processing Test measures the stability of performance properties of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition against external forces applied to the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition prior to or subsequent to the application of the Processing Test. The test conditions are selected to simulate the debulking process of absorbent articles. 
     All values of Centrifuge Retention Capacity, Absorbency Under Load and Gel Bed Permeability set forth herein are to be understood as being determined by the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test, Absorbency Under Load Test, Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test and Compressibility Test as provided herein. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability made by a process of the present invention may have a centrifuge retention capacity of from about 25 g/g to about 40 g/g, or from about 27 to about 35 g/g; and an absorbency under load at 0.9 psi prior to subjecting the treated particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test of from about 15 g/g to about 21 g/g, or from about 16 g/g to about 20 g/g; an absorbency under load at 0.9 psi subsequent to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test of from about 14 g/g to about 21 g/g, or from about 14 g/g to about 20 g/g; a compressibility of from about 1.30 mm 2 /N to about 4 mm 2 /N, or from about 1.30 mm 2 /N to about 3.5 mm 2 /N, a permeability stability index of from about 0.60 to about 0.99, or from about 0.70 to about 0.97, and an original Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability (FSGBP) of about 30×10 −8  cm 2  to about 200×10 −8  cm 2  prior to subjecting the treated particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test, the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a permeability stability index of from about 0.60 to about 0.99, or from about 0.70 to about 0.97. In addition, the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has an absorbency against pressure (AAP) of 4.8 kPa for the physiological saline solution being not more than 21 g/g, or from 15 g/g to 20 g/g. In addition, the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having improved stability may have a centrifuge retention capacity increase of at least 2 g/g, or from 2 g/g to about 50 g/g, or from 2 g/g to about 30 g/g. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition according to the present invention generally has a particle size of from about 150 μm to about 850 μm and comprises from about 1 to about 40 wt % of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having a particle size of more than 600 μm or from about 1 to about 35 wt % of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having a particle size of more than 600 μm, or from about 12 wt % to about 25 wt % of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having a particle size of more than 600 μm, or less than about 15 wt % of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition having a particle size of more than 600 μm and as specified by the standard sieve classification. In addition, the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition according to the present invention may have a weight average particle diameter (D50) as specified by standard sieve classification of from about 300 to about 400 μm, or from about 350 to about 400 μm, or from about 360 to about 400 μm, or from about 370 to about 400 μm. 
     The particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions according to the present invention can be employed in many absorbent articles including sanitary towels, diapers, or wound coverings, and they have the property that they rapidly absorb large amounts of menstrual blood, urine, or other body fluids. Since the agents according to the invention retain the absorbed liquids even under pressure and are also capable of distributing further liquid within the construction in the swollen state, they are more desirably employed in higher concentrations, with respect to the hydrophilic fiber material, such as fluff, when compared to conventional current superabsorbent compositions. They are also suitable for use as a homogeneous superabsorber layer without fluff content within the diaper construction, as a result of which particularly thin articles are possible. The polymers are furthermore suitable for use in hygiene articles (e.g., incontinence products) for adults. 
     The polymers according to the invention are also employed in absorbent articles that are suitable for further uses. In particular, the polymers of this invention can be used in absorbent compositions for absorbents for water or aqueous liquids, preferably in constructions for absorption of body fluids, in foamed and non-foamed sheet-like structures, in packaging materials, in constructions for plant growing, as soil improvement agents or as active compound carriers. For this, they are processed to a web by mixing with paper or fluff or synthetic fibers or by distributing the superabsorbent polymers between substrates of paper, fluff or non-woven textiles or by processing into carrier materials. 
     Test Procedures 
     It is noted that all property measurements are done before the Processing Test unless otherwise specified. 
     The Vortex Test 
     The Vortex Test measures the amount of time in seconds required for 2 grams of a SAP to close a vortex created by stirring 50 milliliters of saline solution at 600 revolutions per minute on a magnetic stir plate. The time it takes for the vortex to close is an indication of the free swell absorbing rate of the SAP. 
     Equipment and Materials 
     1. Schott Duran 100 ml Beaker and 50 ml graduated cylinder. 
     2. Programmable magnetic stir plate, capable of providing 600 revolutions per minute (such as that commercially available from PMC Industries, under the trade designation Dataplate® Model #721). 
     3. Magnetic stir bar without rings, 7.9 millimeters.times.32 millimeters, Teflon® covered (such as that commercially available from Baxter Diagnostics, under the trade designation S/PRIM. brand single pack round stirring bars with removable pivot ring). 
     4. Stopwatch 
     5. Balance, accurate to +/−0.01 g 
     6. Saline solution, 0.87 w/w % Blood Bank Saline available from Baxter Diagnostics (considered, for the purposes of this application to be the equivalent of 0.9 wt. % saline 
     7. Weighing paper 
     8. Room with standard condition atmosphere: Temp=23° C.+/−1° C. and Relative Humidity=50%+/−2%. 
     Test Procedure 
     1. Measure 50 ml+/−0.01 ml of saline solution into the 100 ml beaker. 
     2. Place the magnetic stir bar into the beaker. 
     3. Program the magnetic stir plate to 600 revolutions per minute. 
     4. Place the beaker on the center of the magnetic stir plate such that the magnetic stir bar is activated. The bottom of the vortex should be near the top of the stir bar. 
     5. Weigh out 2 g+/−0.01 g of the SAP to be tested on weighing paper. 
     NOTE: The SAP is tested as received (i.e. as it would go into an absorbent composite such as those described herein). No screening to a specific particle size is done, though the particle size is known to have an effect on this test. 
     6. While the saline solution is being stirred, quickly pour the SAP to be tested into the saline solution and start the stopwatch. The SAP to be tested should be added to the saline solution between the center of the vortex and the side of the beaker. 
     7. Stop the stopwatch when the surface of the saline solution becomes flat and record the time. 
     8. The time, recorded in seconds, is reported as the Vortex Time. 
     Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test (CRC) 
     The CRC Test measures the ability of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to retain liquid therein after being saturated and subjected to centrifugation under controlled conditions. The resultant retention capacity is stated as grams of liquid retained per gram weight of the sample, (g/g). The CRC Test can be performed either before or after subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test, as set forth herein. The sample to be tested is prepared from particles that are pre-screened through a U.S. standard 30-mesh screen and retained on a U.S. standard 50-mesh screen. As a result, the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition sample comprises particles sized in the range of about 300 to about 600 microns. The particles can be pre-screened by hand or automatically. 
     The retention capacity is measured by placing about 0.20 grams of the pre-screened particulate superabsorbent polymer composition sample into a water-permeable bag that will contain the sample while allowing a test solution (0.9 weight percent sodium chloride in distilled water) to be freely absorbed by the sample. A heat-sealable tea bag material, such as that available from Dexter Corporation (having a place of business in Windsor Locks, Conn., U.S.A.) as model designation 1234T heat sealable filter paper works well for most applications. The bag is formed by folding a 5-inch by 3-inch sample of the bag material in half and heat-sealing two of the open edges to form a 2.5-inch by 3-inch rectangular pouch. The heat seals are about 0.25 inches inside the edge of the material. After the sample is placed in the pouch, the remaining open edge of the pouch is also heat-sealed. Empty bags are also made to serve as controls. Three samples are prepared for each particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to be tested. 
     The sealed bags are submerged in a pan containing the test solution at about 23° C., making sure that the bags are held down until they are completely wetted. After wetting, the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition samples remain in the solution for about 30 minutes, at which time they are removed from the solution and temporarily laid on a non-absorbent flat surface. 
     The wet bags are then placed into the basket wherein the wet bags are separated from each other and are placed at the outer circumferential edge of the basket, wherein the basket is of a suitable centrifuge capable of subjecting the samples to a g-force of about 350. One suitable centrifuge is a CLAY ADAMS DYNAC II, model #0103, having a water collection basket, a digital rpm gauge, and a machined drainage basket adapted to hold and drain the flat bag samples. Where multiple samples are centrifuged, the samples are placed in opposing positions within the centrifuge to balance the basket when spinning. The bags (including the wet, empty bags) are centrifuged at about 1,600 rpm (e.g., to achieve a target g-force of about 350 g force with a variance from about 240 to about 360 g force), for 3 minutes. G force is defined as an unit of inertial force on a body that is subjected to rapid acceleration or gravity, equal to 32 ft/sec 2  at sea level. The bags are removed and weighed, with the empty bags (controls) being weighed first, followed by the bags containing the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition samples. The amount of solution retained by the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition sample, taking into account the solution retained by the bag itself, is the centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) of the superabsorbent polymer, expressed as grams of fluid per gram of superabsorbent polymer. More particularly, the retention capacity is determined by the following equation:
 
CRC=[sample bag after centrifuge−empty bag after centrifuge−dry sample weight]/dry sample weight
 
The three samples are tested, and the results are averaged to determine the CRC of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition.
 
     CRC(rt, 0.5 hr) is measured with a testing temperature of about 23° C. (room temperature) and a testing time of 0.5 hour. 
     CRC(bt, 5 hr) is measured with a testing temperature of about 37° C. (body temperature) and a testing time of 5 hours. 
     Centrifuge Retention Capacity Increase (CRCI) Test 
     The Centrifuge Retention Capacity Increase (CRCI) Test measures the increase in the CRC that occurs and is calculated as the difference between the second CRC Test and the first CRC(rt,0.5 hr) Test and is determined by the following equation:
 
CRC Increase=CRC(bt,5 hr).−(CRC(rt,0.5 hr).
 
     Free-Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test (FSGBP) 
     As used herein, the Free-Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test, also referred to as the Gel Bed Permeability Under 0 psi Swell Pressure Test (FSGBP), determines the permeability of a swollen bed of gel particles (e.g., such as the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, or the particulate superabsorbent polymer prior to being surface treated), under what is commonly referred to as “free swell” conditions. The term “free swell” means that the gel particles are allowed to swell without a restraining load upon absorbing test solution as will be described. A suitable apparatus for conducting the Gel Bed Permeability Test is shown in  FIGS. 1, 2, and 3  and indicated generally as  500 . The test apparatus assembly  528  comprises a sample container, generally indicated at  530 , and a plunger, generally indicated at  536 . The plunger comprises a shaft  538  having a cylinder hole bored down the longitudinal axis and a head  550  positioned at the bottom of the shaft. The shaft hole  562  has a diameter of about 16 mm. The plunger head is attached to the shaft, such as by adhesion. Twelve holes  544  are bored into the radial axis of the shaft, three positioned at every 90 degrees having diameters of about 6.4 mm. The shaft  538  is machined from a LEXAN rod or equivalent material and has an outer diameter of about 2.2 cm and an inner diameter of about 16 mm. 
     The plunger head  550  has a concentric inner ring of seven holes  560  and an outer ring of 14 holes  554 , all holes having a diameter of about 8.8 millimeters as well as a hole of about 16 mm aligned with the shaft. The plunger head  550  is machined from a LEXAN rod or equivalent material and has a height of approximately 16 mm and a diameter sized such that it fits within the cylinder  534  with minimum wall clearance but still slides freely. The total length of the plunger head  550  and shaft  538  is about 8.25 cm, but can be machined at the top of the shaft to obtain the desired mass of the plunger  536 . The plunger  536  comprises a 100 mesh stainless steel cloth screen  564  that is biaxially stretched to tautness and attached to the lower end of the plunger  536 . The screen is attached to the plunger head  550  using an appropriate solvent that causes the screen to be securely adhered to the plunger head  550 . Care must be taken to avoid excess solvent migrating into the open portions of the screen and reducing the open area for liquid flow. Acrylic adhesive, Weld-On #4, from IPS Corporation (having a place of business in Gardena, Calif., USA) is a suitable adhesive. 
     The sample container  530  comprises a cylinder  534  and a 400 mesh stainless steel cloth screen  566  that is biaxially stretched to tautness and attached to the lower end of the cylinder  534 . The screen is attached to the cylinder using an appropriate solvent that causes the screen to be securely adhered to the cylinder. Care must be taken to avoid excess solvent migrating into the open portions of the screen and reducing the open area for liquid flow. Acrylic adhesive, Weld-On #4, from IPS Corporation is a suitable adhesive. A gel particle sample, indicated as  568  in  FIG. 2 , is supported on the screen  566  within the cylinder  534  during testing. 
     The cylinder  534  may be bored from a transparent LEXAN rod or equivalent material, or it may be cut from a LEXAN tubing or equivalent material, and has an inner diameter of about 6 cm (e.g., a cross-sectional area of about 28.27 cm 2 ), a wall thickness of about 0.5 cm and a height of approximately 7.95 cm. A step is machined into the outer diameter of the cylinder  534  such that a region  534   a  with an outer diameter of 66 mm exists for the bottom 31 mm of the cylinder  534 . An o-ring  540  which fits the diameter of region  534   a  may be placed at the top of the step. 
     The annular weight  548  has a counter-bored hole about 2.2 cm in diameter and 1.3 cm deep so that it slips freely onto the shaft  538 . The annular weight also has a thrubore  548   a  of about 16 mm. The annular weight  548  can be made from stainless steel or from other suitable materials resistant to corrosion in the presence of the test solution, which is 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride solution in distilled water. The combined weight of the plunger  536  and annular weight  548  equals approximately 596 grams (g), which corresponds to a pressure applied to the sample  568  of about 0.3 pounds per square inch (psi), or about 20.7 dynes/cm2 (2.07 kPa), over a sample area of about 28.27 cm 2 . 
     When the test solution flows through the test apparatus during testing as described below, the sample container  530  generally rests on a weir  600 . The purpose of the weir is to divert liquid that overflows the top of the sample container  530  and diverts the overflow liquid to a separate collection device  601 . The weir can be positioned above a scale  602  with a beaker  603  resting on it to collect saline solution passing through the swollen sample  568 . 
     To conduct the Gel Bed Permeability Test under “free swell” conditions, the plunger  536 , with the weight  548  seated thereon, is placed in an empty sample container  530  and the height from the top of the weight  548  to the bottom of the sample container  530  is measured using a suitable gauge accurate to 0.01 mm. The force the thickness gauge applies during measurement should be as low as possible, preferably less than about 0.74 Newtons. It is important to measure the height of each empty sample container  530 , plunger  536 , and weight  548  combination and to keep track of which plunger  536  and weight  548  is used when using multiple test apparatus. The same plunger  536  and weight  548  should be used for measurement when the sample  568  is later swollen following saturation. It is also desirable that the base that the sample cup  530  is resting on is level, and the top surface of the weight  548  is parallel to the bottom surface of the sample cup  530 . 
     The sample to be tested is prepared from the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, which is prescreened through a U.S. standard 30 mesh screen and retained on a U.S. standard 50 mesh screen. As a result, the test sample comprises particles sized in the range of about 300 to about 600 microns. The superabsorbent polymer particles can be pre-screened with, for example, a RO-TAP Mechanical Sieve Shaker Model B available from W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor Ohio. Sieving is conducted for 10 minutes. Approximately 2.0 grams of the sample is placed in the sample container  530  and spread out evenly on the bottom of the sample container. The container, with 2.0 grams of sample in it, without the plunger  536  and weight  548  therein, is then submerged in the 0.9% saline solution for a time period of about 60 minutes to saturate the sample and allow the sample to swell free of any restraining load. During saturation, the sample cup  530  is set on a mesh located in the liquid reservoir so that the sample cup  530  is raised slightly above the bottom of the liquid reservoir. The mesh does not inhibit the flow of saline solution into the sample cup  530 . A suitable mesh can be obtained as part number 7308 from Eagle Supply and Plastic, having a place of business in Appleton, Wis., U.S.A. Saline does not fully cover the superabsorbent polymer composition particles, as would be evidenced by a perfectly flat saline surface in the test cell. Also, saline depth is not allowed to fall so low that the surface within the cell is defined solely by swollen superabsorbent, rather than saline. 
     At the end of this period, the plunger  536  and weight  548  assembly is placed on the saturated sample  568  in the sample container  530  and then the sample container  530 , plunger  536 , weight  548 , and sample  568  are removed from the solution. After removal and before being measured, the sample container  530 , plunger  536 , weight  548 , and sample  568  are to remain at rest for about 30 seconds on a suitable flat, large grid non-deformable plate of uniform thickness. The thickness of the saturated sample  568  is determined by again measuring the height from the top of the weight  548  to the bottom of the sample container  530 , using the same thickness gauge used previously provided that the zero point is unchanged from the initial height measurement. The sample container  530 , plunger  536 , weight  548 , and sample  568  may be placed on a flat, large grid nondeformable plate of uniform thickness that will provide for drainage. The plate has an overall dimension of 7.6 cm by 7.6 cm, and each grid has a cell size dimension of 1.59 cm long by 1.59 cm wide by 1.12 cm deep. A suitable flat, large grid non-deformable plate material is a parabolic diffuser panel, catalogue number 1624K27, available from McMaster Carr Supply Company, having a place of business in Chicago, Ill., U.S.A., which can then be cut to the proper dimensions. This flat, large mesh non-deformable plate must also be present when measuring the height of the initial empty assembly. The height measurement should be made as soon as practicable after the thickness gauge is engaged. The height measurement obtained from measuring the empty sample container  530 , plunger  536 , and weight  548  is subtracted from the height measurement obtained after saturating the sample  568 . The resulting value is the thickness, or height “H” of the swollen sample. 
     The permeability measurement is initiated by delivering a flow of the 0.9% saline solution into the sample container  530  with the saturated sample  568 , plunger  536 , and weight  548  inside. The flow rate of test solution into the container is adjusted to cause saline solution to overflow the top of the cylinder  534  thereby resulting in a consistent head pressure equal to the height of the sample container  530 . The test solution may be added by any suitable means that is sufficient to ensure a small, but consistent amount of overflow from the top of the cylinder, such as with a metering pump  604 . The overflow liquid is diverted into a separate collection device  601 . The quantity of solution passing through the sample  568  versus time is measured gravimetrically using the scale  602  and beaker  603 . Data points from the scale  602  are collected every second for at least sixty seconds once the overflow has begun. Data collection may be taken manually or with data collection software. The flow rate, Q, through the swollen sample  568  is determined in units of grams/second (g/s) by a linear least-square fit of fluid passing through the sample  568  (in grams) versus time (in seconds). 
     Permeability in cm 2  is obtained by the following equation:
 
 K =[ Q*H *μ]/[ A*p*P ]
 
     where K=Permeability (cm 2 ), Q=flow rate (g/sec), H=height of swollen sample (cm), n=liquid viscosity (poise) (approximately one centipoise for the test solution used with this Test), A=cross-sectional area for liquid flow (28.27 cm2 for the sample container used with this Test), p=liquid density (g/cm 3 ) (approximately one g/cm 3 , for the test solution used with this Test) and P=hydrostatic pressure (dynes/cm 2 ) (normally approximately 7,797 dynes/cm 2 ). The hydrostatic pressure is calculated from P=p*g*h, where p=liquid density (g/cm 3 ), g=gravitational acceleration, nominally 981 cm/sec 2 , and h=fluid height, e.g., 7.95 cm for the Gel Bed Permeability Test described herein. 
     A minimum of two samples is tested and the results are averaged to determine the gel bed permeability of the sample of particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. 
     The FSGBP can be measured as described herein prior to subjecting a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to a Processing Test as described herein. Such a FSGBP value can be referred to as the “original” FSGBP of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. The FSGBP may also be measured subsequent to subjecting the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to the Processing Test. Such a FSGBP value can be referred to as the “post processing” FSGBP. Comparing the original FSGBP of a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition with the post processing FSGBP of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition can be used as a measure of the stability of the composition. It should be noted that all “original” and “post processing” FSGBP values reported herein were measured using a sample of pre-screened 300 to 600 μm particles. 
     Absorbency Under Load Test (AUL(0.9 Psi)) 
     The Absorbency Under Load (AUL) Test measures the ability of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition to absorb a 0.9 weight percent solution of sodium chloride in distilled water at room temperature (test solution) while the material is under a 0.9 psi load. The apparatus for testing AUL consists of:
         An AUL assembly including a cylinder, a 4.4 g piston, and a standard 317 gm weight. The components of this assembly are described in additional detail below.   A flat-bottomed square plastic tray that is sufficiently broad to allow the glass frits to lay on the bottom without contact with the tray walls. A plastic tray that is 9″ by 9″(22.9 cm×22.9 cm), with a depth of 0.5 to 1″(1.3 cm to 2.5 cm) is commonly used for this test method.   A 9 cm diameter sintered glass frit with a ‘C’ porosity (25-50 microns). This frit is prepared in advance through equilibration in saline (0.9% sodium chloride in distilled water, by weight). In addition to being washed with at least two portions of fresh saline, the frit must be immersed in saline for at least 12 hours prior to AUL measurements.   Whatman Grade 1, 9 cm diameter filter paper circles.   A supply of saline (0.9% sodium chloride in distilled water, by weight).       

     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the cylinder  412  of the AUL assembly  400  used to contain the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition  410  is made from one-inch (2.54 cm) inside diameter thermoplastic tubing machined-out slightly to be sure of concentricity. After machining, a 400 mesh stainless steel wire cloth  414  is attached to the bottom of the cylinder  412  by heating the steel wire cloth  414  in a flame until red hot, after which the cylinder  412  is held onto the steel wire cloth until cooled. A soldering iron can be utilized to touch up the seal if unsuccessful or if it breaks. Care must be taken to maintain a flat smooth bottom and not distort the inside of the cylinder  412 . 
     The 4.4 g piston ( 416 ) is made from one-inch diameter solid material (e.g., PLEXIGLAS®) and is machined to closely fit without binding in the cylinder  412 . 
     A standard 317 gm weight  418  is used to provide a 62,053 dyne/cm2 (about 0.9 psi) restraining load. The weight is a cylindrical, 1 inch (2.5 cm) diameter, stainless steel weight that is machined to closely fit without binding in the cylinder. 
     Unless specified otherwise, a sample  410  corresponding to a layer of at least about 300 gsm. (0.16 g) of superabsorbent polymer composition particles is utilized for testing the AUL. The sample  410  is taken from superabsorbent polymer composition particles that are pre-screened through U.S. standard #30 mesh and retained on U.S. std. #50 mesh. The superabsorbent polymer composition particles can be pre-screened with, for example, a RO-TAP® Mechanical Sieve Shaker Model B available from W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor Ohio. Sieving is conducted for about 10 minutes. 
     The inside of the cylinder  412  is wiped with an antistatic cloth prior to placing the superabsorbent polymer composition particles  410  into the cylinder  412 . 
     The desired amount of the sample of sieved particulate superabsorbent polymer composition  410  (about 0.16 g) is weighed out on a weigh paper and evenly distributed on the wire cloth  414  at the bottom of the cylinder  412 . The weight of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition in the bottom of the cylinder is recorded as ‘SA,’ for use in the AUL calculation described below. Care is taken to be sure no particulate superabsorbent polymer composition cling to the wall of the cylinder. After carefully placing the 4.4 g piston  412  and 317 g weight  418  on the superabsorbent polymer composition particles  410  in the cylinder  412 , the AUL assembly  400  including the cylinder, piston, weight, and particulate superabsorbent polymer composition particles is weighed, and the weight is recorded as weight ‘A’. 
     A sintered glass frit  424  (described above) is placed in the plastic tray  420 , with saline  422  added to a level equal to that of the upper surface of the glass frit  424 . A single circle of filter paper  426  is placed gently on the glass frit  424 , and the AUL assembly  400  with the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition  410  is then placed on top of the filter paper  426 . The AUL assembly  400  is then allowed to remain on top of the filter paper  426  for a test period of one hour, with attention paid to keeping the saline level in the tray constant. At the end of the one hour test period, the AUL apparatus is then weighed, with this value recorded as weight ‘B.’ 
     The AUL(0.9 psi) is calculated as follows:
 
AUL(0.9 psi)=( B−A )/ SA  
 
     wherein 
     A=Weight of AUL Unit with dry SAP 
     B=Weight of AUL Unit with SAP after 60 minutes absorption 
     SA=Actual SAP weight 
     A minimum of two tests is performed and the results are averaged to determine the AUL value under 0.9 psi load. The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition samples are tested at about 23° C. and about 50% relative humidity. 
     Absorbency Against Pressure [AAP(0.7 psi)] 
     A stainless-steel 400-mesh standard sieve (mesh size of 38 μm) was fused on the bottom of a plastic support cylinder having an inner diameter of 60 mm, and 0.9000 g of water absorbent resin or water absorbent was uniformly sprinkled on the sieve. A piston with an outer diameter slightly smaller than 60 mm, sized to fit inside the support cylinder with no clearance but with a free vertical stroke within the cylinder was prepared. The piston was adjusted in such a manner that a load of 4.83 kPa (0.7 psi) could be uniformly applied on the water absorbent resin or water absorbent. The piston and the load were placed in this order on the water absorbent resin or water absorbent, and the total mass Wa (g) of this measuring device was measured. Then, a glass filter having a diameter of 90 mm (made by Sougo Rikagaku Garasu Seisakusho Co., Ltd.; pore diameter of 100 μm to 120 μm) was placed inside a Petri dish having a diameter of 150 mm, and each solution was added to the level of the upper surface of the glass filter. 
     On the glass filter, a piece of filter paper, Whatman Grade 1, 9 cm diameter filter paper circles was placed to completely wet the filter paper, and an excess solution was removed. 
     The measuring device was then placed on the wet filter paper to absorb the contacted solution under pressure. After 1 hour, the measuring device was lifted and a weight Wb (g) of the measuring device was measured. From the values of W a and Wb so measured, an absorbency against pressure (g/g) was calculated using the following formula:
 
AAP(0.7)(g/g)=( Wb (g)− Wa (g))/(0.9 g of water absorbent resin)
 
     Moisture Content Test 
     The amount of water content, measured as “% moisture,” can be measured as follows: 1) Weigh 5.0 grams of superabsorbent polymer composition (SAP) accurately in a pre-weighed aluminum weighing pan; 2) place the SAP and pan into a standard lab oven preheated to 105° C. for 3 hours; 3) remove and re-weigh the pan and contents; and 4) calculate the percent moisture using the following formula:
 
% Moisture={((pan wt+initial SAP wt)−(dried SAP &amp; pan wt))*100}/initial SAP wt
 
     Compressibility Test 
     The compressibility test measures the relative volume change of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition as a response to a pressure change. The test is conducted on a Zwick Tensile/Compression Tester Zwicki 1120. A sample of the superabsorbent polymer composition is placed in a testing cell of a thick-walled cylinder closed at the bottom and fitted at the top with a movable piston. The cylinder is 50 mm in diameter and 1 cm in depth. The piston moves at a speed of 0.2 mm/min. The normal force starts to increase when the piston touches the surface of the sample. The test is completed when the normal force reaches 90 N. The sample heights at the normal forces of ON and 90N are recorded automatically by the computer that is hooked to the Zwick Tensile/Compression Tester.
 
Compressibility=(initial height−final height)/(initial height)×(surface area of piston)/(maximum normal force)
 
     Processing Test 
     The processing test measures the stability of performance properties of the superabsorbent polymer composition against external forces. The test conditions are selected to simulate the debulking process of absorbent articles. 40 grams of a sample of a particulate superabsorbent polymer composition is distributed through an eight inch US standard 18 mesh screen onto a piece of chipboard (dimension 22.5″×17.25″×0.03″, commercially available from Central Wisconsin Paper which is located in Wausau, Wis., USA) to form an eight inch diameter circle. Another piece of chipboard is then placed over the sample to forma chipboard-sample-chipboard sandwich. The sandwich is then put through a two roll calendar press (BF Perkins serial number H8617-67) set at 1150 pounds per square inch of hydraulic pressure and a speed of 20 rpm. The processed sample is then removed from the chipboard. The CRC, AUL and FSGBP are then determined for the original and processed samples. The permeability stability index is used as the indicator of the stability of the superabsorbent polymer composition. It is calculated as follows:
 
Permeability Stability Index=(GBP of processed sample)/(GBP of original sample).
 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following SAP Preproducts A, B, Aland G-J, Neutralized Aluminum Salts C-F, Comparative Examples 1-5, and Examples 1-18 are provided to illustrate the inventions of products including particulate superabsorbent polymer composition and processes to make particulate superabsorbent polymer composition as set forth in the claims, and do not limit the scope of the claims. Unless otherwise stated all parts, and percentages are based on the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition. 
     SAP Preproduct A 
     A superabsorbent polymer may be made in the following way. Into a polyethylene vessel equipped with an agitator and cooling coils was added, 2.0 kg of 50% NaOH and 3.32 kg of distilled water and cooled to 20° C. 0.8 kg of glacial acrylic acid was then added to the caustic solution and the solution again cooled to 20° C. 4.8 g of polyethylene glycol monoallylether acrylate, 4.8 g of ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate SARTOMER® 454 product, and 1.6 kg of glacial acrylic acid were added to the first solution, followed by cooling to 4-6° C. Nitrogen was bubbled through the monomer solution for about 5 minutes. The monomer solution was then discharged into a rectangular tray. 80 g of 1% by weight of H 2 O 2  aqueous solution, 120 g of 2 wt % aqueous sodium persulfate solution, and 72 g of 0.5 wt % aqueous sodium erythorbate solution was added into the monomer solution to initiate polymerization reaction. The agitator was stopped and the initiated monomer was allowed to polymerize for 20 minutes. 
     A particulate superabsorbent polymer may be prepared as follows. The resulting hydrogel was chopped and extruded with a Hobart 4M6 commercial extruder, followed by drying in a Procter &amp; Schwartz Model 062 forced air oven at 175° C. for 12 minutes with up flow and 6 minutes with down flow air on a 20 inch×40 inch perforated metal tray to a final product moisture level of less than 5 wt %. The dried material was coarse-ground in a Prodeva Model 315-S crusher, milled in an MPI 666-F three-stage roller mill and sieved with a Minox MTS 600DS3V to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The obtained Preproduct A contained 4.0% of moisture. 
     SAP Preproduct B 
     A superabsorbent polymer may be made in the following way. Into a polyethylene vessel equipped with an agitator and cooling coils was added, 1.9 kg of 50% NaOH and 3.34 kg of distilled water and cooled to 20° C. 0.83 kg of glacial acrylic acid was then added to the caustic solution and the solution again cooled to 20° C. 4.46 g of polyethylene glycol monoallylether acrylate, 4.46 g of ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate SARTOMER® 454 product, and 1.65 kg of glacial acrylic acid were added to the first solution, followed by cooling to 4-6° C. Nitrogen was bubbled through the monomer solution for about 5 minutes. The monomer solution was then discharged into a rectangular tray. 80 g of 1% by weight of H 2 O 2  aqueous solution, 120 g of 2 wt % aqueous sodium persulfate solution, and 72 g of 0.5 wt % aqueous sodium erythorbate solution was added into the monomer solution to initiate polymerization reaction. The agitator was stopped and the initiated monomer was allowed to polymerize for 20 minutes. 
     A particulate superabsorbent polymer may be prepared as follows. The resulting hydrogel was chopped and extruded with a Hobart 4M6 commercial extruder, followed by drying in a Procter &amp; Schwartz Model 062 forced air oven at 175° C. for 12 minutes with up flow and 6 minutes with down flow air on a 20 inch×40 inch perforated metal tray to a final product moisture level of less than 5 wt %. The dried material was coarse-ground in a Prodeva Model 315-S crusher, milled in an MPI 666-F three-stage roller mill and sieved with a Minox MTS 600DS3V to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The obtained Preproduct B contained 4.3% of moisture. 
     SAP Preproduct A1 
     A superabsorbent polymer may be made in the following way. Into a polyethylene vessel equipped with an agitator and cooling coils was added, 2.0 kg of 50% NaOH and 3.32 kg of distilled water and cooled to 20° C. 0.8 kg of glacial acrylic acid was then added to the caustic solution and the solution again cooled to 20° C. 4.8 g of polyethylene glycol monoallylether acrylate, 4.8 g of ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate SARTOMER® 454 product, and 1.6 kg of glacial acrylic acid were added to the first solution, followed by cooling to 4-6° C. Nitrogen was bubbled through the monomer solution for about 5 minutes. The monomer solution was then discharged into a rectangular tray. 80 g of 1% by weight of H20 2 aqueous solution, 120 g of 2 wt % aqueous sodium persulfate solution, and 72 g of 0.5 wt % aqueous sodium erythorbate solution was added into the monomer solution to initiate polymerization reaction. The agitator was stopped and the initiated monomer was allowed to polymerize for 20 minutes. 
     A particulate superabsorbent polymer may be prepared as follows. The resulting hydrogel was chopped and extruded with a Hobart 4M6 commercial extruder, followed by drying in a Procter &amp; Schwartz Model 062 forced air oven at 175° C. for 12 minutes with up flow and 6 minutes with down flow air on a 20 inch×40 inch perforated metal tray to a final product moisture level of less than 5 wt %. The dried material was coarse-ground in a Prodeva Model 315-S crusher, milled in an MPI 666-F three-stage roller mill and sieved with a Minox MTS 600DS3V to remove particles greater than 700 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The obtained Preproduct A1 contained 12% of particles larger than 600 μm. The moisture content of the obtained Preproduct A1 was measured as 4.0%. 
     SAP Preproduct G 
     A superabsorbent polymer may be made in the following way. Into a polyethylene vessel equipped with an agitator and cooling coils was added, 1.93 kg of 50% NaOH and 2.71 kg of deionized water and cooled to 20° C. 0.83 kg of glacial acrylic acid was then added to the caustic solution and the solution again cooled to 20° C. 4.96 g of polyethylene glycol monoallylether acrylate, 4.96 g of ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate SARTOMER® 454 product, and 1.65 kg of glacial acrylic acid were added to the first solution, followed by cooling to 4-6° C. Nitrogen was bubbled through the monomer solution for about 5 minutes. A separate solution was prepared by dissolving 18.23 g sodium bicarbonate, 0.151 gTween80, and 0.151 g Span20, in 0.58 kg of water. The mixture was added to the monomer solution and mixed with a Silverson High Shear Mixer at 7500 RPM for 40 seconds. The monomer solution was then discharged into a rectangular tray. 80 g of 1% by weight of H20 2 aqueous solution, 120 g of 2 wt % aqueous sodium persulfate solution, and 72 g of 0.5 wt % aqueous sodium erythorbate solution was added into the monomer solution to initiate polymerization reaction. The agitator was stopped and the initiated monomer was allowed to polymerize for 20 minutes. 
     The resulting hydrogel was chopped and extruded with a Hobart 4M6 commercial extruder, followed by drying in a Procter &amp; Schwartz Model 062 forced air oven at 175° C. for 13 minutes with up flow and 7 minutes with down flow air on a 20 inch×40 inch perforated metal tray to a final product moisture level of less than 5 wt %. The dried material was coarse-ground in a Prodeva Model 315-S crusher, milled in an MPI 666-F three-stage roller mill and sieved with a Minox MTS 600DS3V to remove particles greater than 700 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The obtained Preproduct G contained between 10 and 14% of particles larger than 600 μm. 
     SAP Preproduct H 
     A superabsorbent polymer may be made in the following way. Into a polyethylene vessel equipped with an agitator and cooling coils was added, 2.01 kg of 50% NaOH and 3.21 kg of distilled water and cooled to 20° C. 0.83 kg of glacial acrylic acid was then added to the caustic solution and the solution again cooled to 20° C. 14.88 g of polyethylene glycol 300 diacrylate, 4.96 g of Dynasylan 6490, and 1.65 kg of glacial acrylic acid were added to the first solution, followed by cooling to 4-6° C. Nitrogen was bubbled through the monomer solution for about 5 minutes. The monomer solution was then discharged into a rectangular tray. 80 g of 1% by weight of H20 2 aqueous solution, 120 g of 2 wt % aqueous sodium persulfate solution, and 72 g of 0.5 wt % aqueous sodium erythorbate solution was added into the monomer solution to initiate polymerization reaction. The agitator was stopped and the initiated monomer was allowed to polymerize for 20 minutes. 
     A particulate superabsorbent polymer may be prepared as follows. The resulting hydrogel was chopped and extruded with a Hobart 4M6 commercial extruder, followed by drying in a Procter &amp; Schwartz Model 062 forced air oven at 175° C. for 12 minutes with up flow and 6 minutes with down flow air on a 20 inch×40 inch perforated metal tray to a final product moisture level of less than 5 wt %. The dried material was coarse-ground in a Prodeva Model 315-S crusher, milled in an MPI 666-F three-stage roller mill and sieved with a Minox MTS 600DS3V to remove particles greater than 700 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The obtained Preproduct H contained 10 and 14% of particles larger than 600 μm. 
     SAP Preproduct I 
     A superabsorbent polymer may be made in the following way. Into a polyethylene vessel equipped with an agitator and cooling coils was added, 1.93 kg of 50% NaOH and 3.31 kg of distilled water and cooled to 20° C. 0.83 kg of glacial acrylic acid was then added to the caustic solution and the solution again cooled to 20° C. 3.97 g of polyethylene glycol 300 diacrylate, 6.45 g of Dynasylan 6490, and 1.65 kg of glacial acrylic acid were added to the first solution, followed by cooling to 4-6° C. Nitrogen was bubbled through the monomer solution for about 5 minutes. The monomer solution was then discharged into a rectangular tray. 80 g of 1% by weight of H20 2 aqueous solution, 120 g of 2 wt % aqueous sodium persulfate solution, and 72 g of 0.5 wt % aqueous sodium erythorbate solution was added into the monomer solution to initiate polymerization reaction. The agitator was stopped and the initiated monomer was allowed to polymerize for 20 minutes. 
     A particulate superabsorbent polymer may be prepared as follows. The resulting hydrogel was chopped and extruded with a Hobart 4M6 commercial extruder, followed by drying in a Procter &amp; Schwartz Model 062 forced air oven at 175° C. for 12 minutes with up flow and 6 minutes with down flow air on a 20 inch×40 inch perforated metal tray to a final product moisture level of less than 5 wt %. The dried material was coarse-ground in a Prodeva Model 315-S crusher, milled in an MPI 666-F three-stage roller mill and sieved with a Minox MTS 600DS3V to remove particles greater than 700 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The obtained Preproduct I contained 10 and 14% of particles larger than 600 μm. 
     SAP Preproduct J 
     A superabsorbent polymer may be made in the following way. Into a polyethylene vessel equipped with an agitator and cooling coils was added, 1.93 kg of 50% NaOH and 2.70 kg of distilled water and cooled to 20° C. 0.83 kg of glacial acrylic acid was then added to the caustic solution and the solution again cooled to 20° C. 7.69 g of polyethylene glycol 300 diacrylate, 8.18 g of Dynasylan 6490, and 1.65 kg of glacial acrylic acid were added to the first solution, followed by cooling to 4-6° C. Nitrogen was bubbled through the monomer solution for about 5 minutes. A separate solution was prepared by dissolving 18.27 g sodium bicarbonate, 0.151 g Tween80, and 0.151 g Span20, in 0.58 kg of water. The mixture was added to the monomer solution and mixed with a Silverson High Shear Mixer at 7500 RPM for 40 seconds. The monomer solution was then discharged into a rectangular tray. 80 g of 1% by weight of H 2 O 2  aqueous solution, 120 g of 2 wt % aqueous sodium persulfate solution, and 72 g of 0.5 wt % aqueous sodium erythorbate solution was added into the monomer solution to initiate polymerization reaction. The agitator was stopped and the initiated monomer was allowed to polymerize for 20 minutes. 
     A particulate superabsorbent polymer may be prepared as follows. The resulting hydrogel was chopped and extruded with a Hobart 4M6 commercial extruder, followed by drying in a Procter &amp; Schwartz Model 062 forced air oven at 175° C. for 12 minutes with up flow and 6 minutes with down flow air on a 20 inch×40 inch perforated metal tray to a final product moisture level of less than 5 wt %. The dried material was coarse-ground in a Prodeva Model 315-S crusher, milled in an MPI 666-F three-stage roller mill and sieved with a Minox MTS 600DS3V to remove particles greater than 700 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The obtained Preproduct J contained 10 and 14% of particles larger than 600 μm. 
     Neutralized Aluminum Salt C 
     200 g of aluminum sulfate solution (20% aqueous solution) was stirred in a beaker with a magnetic stirring bar. To this solution was added sodium hydroxide solution (50% aqueous solution) until the pH of the mixture reached 7. Totally 130 g of sodium hydroxide solution was consumed. The white colloidal suspension was stirred for 15 minutes and further sheared with Tumax mixer for about 1 minute to break down clumps. The neutralized aluminum solution was used for SAP modification without further purification. 
     Neutralized Aluminum Salt D 
     120 g of aluminum sulfate solution (20% aqueous solution) was stirred in a beaker with a magnetic stirring bar. To this solution was added sodium aluminate solution (20% aqueous solution) until the pH of the mixture reached 6.5. Totally 60 g of sodium aluminate solution was consumed. The white colloidal suspension was stirred for 15 minutes and further sheared with Tumax mixer for about 1 minute to break down clumps. The neutralized aluminum solution was used for SAP modification without further purification. 
     Neutralized Aluminum Salt E 
     To a 1000-ml beaker were added 49 g of lactic acid (88%, commercially available from ADM) and 161.5 g of water. The beaker was cooled in an ice bath and the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirring bar. A solution of sodium aluminate (73.2 g, 43% wt/wt in water) was added into the beaker. Then a solution of aluminum sulfate hydrate (59.3 g, 48% wt/wt in water) was added into the beaker. The resulting mixture was a clear solution with a pH value of 6.3. The neutralized aluminum salt solution obtained was used for SAP surface modification. 
     Neutralized Aluminum Salt F 
     To a 1000-ml beaker were added 19.2 g of glycolic acid (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich) and 130.1 g of water. The beaker was cooled in an ice bath and the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirring bar. A solution of sodium aluminate (103.7 g, 20% wt/wt in water) was added into the beaker. Then a solution of aluminum sulfate hydrate (44.9 g, 40% wt/wt in water) was added into the beaker. The resulting mixture was a clear solution with a pH value of 6.0. The neutralized aluminum salt solution obtained was used for SAP surface modification. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     4 g of aluminum sulfate hydrate solution (48% wt/wt in water) and 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water) were applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.1%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 21.7. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     6 g of sodium aluminate solution (33% wt/wt in water) and 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water) were applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.2%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 20.7. 
     Comparative Example 3 
     16 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution C and 8 g of ethylene carbonate solution (50% wt/wt in water) were applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.13%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 20.1. 
     Comparative Example 4 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.2%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 19.7. 
     Comparative Example 5 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 8.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 2.3%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 21.7. 
     Example 1 
     16 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution C and 8 g of ethylene carbonate solution (50% wt/wt in water) were applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.13%. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. and coated with a solution containing 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000) and 40 g of deionized water. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 7.9%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 18.8. 
     Example 2 
     16 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution C and 8 g of ethylene carbonate solution (50% wt/wt in water) were applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.13%. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. and coated with a solution containing 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), 1.6 g of sodium lactate and 40 g of deionized water. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 7.9%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 18.9. 
     Example 3 
     16 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution C and 8 g of ethylene carbonate solution (50% wt/wt in water) were applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.13%. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. and coated with a solution containing 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), 1.6 g of sodium gluconate and 40 g of deionized water. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 7.8%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 18.9. 
     Example 4 
     16 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution D and 8 g of ethylene carbonate solution (50% wt/wt in water) were applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.13%. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. and coated with a solution containing 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000) and 40 g of deionized water. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 7.5%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 18.7. 
     Example 5 
     16 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution D and 8 g of ethylene carbonate solution (50% wt/wt in water) were applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.13%. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. and coated with a solution containing 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), 1.6 g of sodium lactate and 40 g of deionized water. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 7.6%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 18.6. 
     Example 6 
     16 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution D and 8 g of ethylene carbonate solution (50% wt/wt in water) were applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 0.13%. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. and coated with a solution containing 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), 1.6 g of sodium gluconate and 40 g of deionized water. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 7.8%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 18.2. 
     Example 7 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 28.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The product obtained contained 33% of particles larger than 600 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 7 0.1%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 19.7. 
     Example 8 
     Same as Example 9 except the sieves were changed to 25/100 mesh US standard sieves. The product obtained contained 12% of particles larger than 600 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 7.5%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 19.0. 
     Example 9 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct B using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 30 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 28.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The product obtained contained 25% of particles larger than 600 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 7.7%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 20.3. 
     Example 10 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 40.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 11%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 19.6. 
     Example 11 
     4 g of ethylene carbonate was dissolved in 19.7 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution F and the mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 12 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution F, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 32.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 8.5%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 19.0. 
     Example 12 
     16 g of ethylene carbonate solution (25% wt/wt in water) was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 24.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The product obtained contained 25% of particles larger than 600 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 7.7%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 18.5. 
     Example 13 
     Same as Example 12 except that neutralized aluminum salt solution F was used instead of E. The moisture content of the product obtained was measured as 6%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 19.3. 
     Example 14 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct A1 using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 45 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 28.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The product obtained contained 7.9% of particles larger than 600 μm and had a mean PSD of 398 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 7.0%. Properties of the product included a CRC of 30.2 g/g, AUL(0.9 psi) of 17.8 g/g, AAP(0.7 psi) of 18.9 g/g, and a GBP of 46.2×10 −8  cm 2 . 
     Example 15 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct G using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 32.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The product obtained contained 5.5% of particles larger than 600 μm and had a mean PSD of 397 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 7.3%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 18.2 g/g, and the Vortex time of Example 15 is 27 seconds. 
     Example 16 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct H using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 32.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The product obtained contained 7.4% of particles larger than 600 μm and had a mean PSD of 398 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 7.8%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 21.3 g/g, and the Vortex time of Example 16 is 85 seconds and the CRCI is 4.1 g/g. 
     Example 17 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct I using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 55 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 32.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The product obtained contained 9.0% of particles larger than 600 μm and had a mean PSD of 425 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 7.8%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 19.1 g/g, and the Vortex time of Example 17 is 77 seconds and the CRCI is 8.6 g/g. 
     Example 18 
     11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E was mixed with 12 g of ethylene carbonate solution (33% wt/wt in water). The mixture was applied on the surface of 400 g of SAP Preproduct J using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was then heated in a convection oven at 185° C. for 45 minutes for surface crosslinking. The surface crosslinked particulate material was cooled down to below 60° C. 11.4 g of neutralized aluminum salt solution E, 0.4 g of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 8000), and 32.0 g of deionized water were mixed to give a clear solution. The resulting mixture was applied on the surface crosslinked particulate material using a finely atomized spray from a Paasche VL sprayer while the SAP particles were fluidized in air and continuously mixed. The coated material was relaxed at room temperature for one day and then sieved with 20/100 mesh US standard sieves to remove particles greater than 850 μm and smaller than 150 μm. The product obtained contained 15.1% of particles larger than 600 μm and had a mean PSD of 441 μm. The moisture content of the product was measured as 8.9%. The average AAP(0.7 psi) of the product is 19.5 g/g, and the Vortex time of Example 18 is 35 seconds and the CRCI is 7.5 g/g. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Particulate 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.9 AUL 
                 GBP after 
                   
                   
               
               
                 superabsorbent 
                   
                 pH of 
                   
                 0.9 
                 GBP 
                 CRC after 
                 after 
                 processing 
                 Permeability 
                   
               
               
                 polymer 
                   
                 Al salt 
                 CRC 
                 AUL 
                 (×10 −8   
                 processing 
                 processing 
                 (×10 −8   
                 stability 
                 Compressibility 
               
               
                 composition 
                 Al Salt 
                 solution 
                 (g/g) 
                 (g/g) 
                 cm 2 ) 
                 (g/g) 
                 (g/g) 
                 cm 2 ) 
                 index 
                 (mm 2 /N) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3   
                 2.8 
                 32.2 
                 20.2 
                 14 
                 35.5 
                 13.9 
                 3 
                 0.19 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 NaAlO2 
                 14 
                 31.8 
                 19.6 
                 5 
                 35.3 
                 12.2 
                 0.9 
                 0.17 
                 n.d. 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 C 
                 7 
                 32.6 
                 17.9 
                 31 
                 35.2 
                 13.5 
                 8 
                 0.28 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 30.7 
                 18.7 
                 54 
                 31 
                 16 
                 11 
                 0.20 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 29.8 
                 19 
                 68 
                 30.3 
                 18.5 
                 32 
                 0.47 
                 1.15 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 C 
                 7 
                 29.2 
                 16.3 
                 23 
                 29.5 
                 16.1 
                 19 
                 0.81 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 C 
                 7 
                 28.7 
                 16.7 
                 26 
                 29.3 
                 16.2 
                 18 
                 0.70 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 C 
                 7 
                 28.6 
                 17.2 
                 24 
                 29.6 
                 16.2 
                 19 
                 0.78 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 D 
                 6.5 
                 29.5 
                 16 
                 40 
                 30.1 
                 15.7 
                 32 
                 0.81 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 D 
                 6.5 
                 28.8 
                 16 
                 42 
                 29.8 
                 15.4 
                 30 
                 0.73 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 D 
                 6.5 
                 28.6 
                 16.2 
                 41 
                 30.0 
                 14.9 
                 29 
                 0.71 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 28.7 
                 19.5 
                 65 
                 28.6 
                 18.8 
                 53 
                 0.81 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 28.8 
                 19.4 
                 68 
                 29.1 
                 19.2 
                 58 
                 0.85 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 31.5 
                 19 
                 55 
                 31.4 
                 16.6 
                 43 
                 0.78 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 28.2 
                 17.5 
                 66 
                 27.8 
                 16.8 
                 61 
                 0.93 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 F 
                 6 
                 28.8 
                 17.3 
                 53 
                 30.2 
                 16.1 
                 50 
                 0.95 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 30.9 
                 18.3 
                 32 
                 31.3 
                 16.2 
                 23 
                 0.72 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 F 
                 6 
                 29.6 
                 16.9 
                 50 
                 29.8 
                 16.1 
                 37 
                 0.74 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 14 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 30.2 
                 17.8 
                 46 
                 29.9 
                 16.7 
                 31 
                 0.67 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Example 15 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 30 
                 17.9 
                 56.3 
                 29.7 
                 16.8 
                 38.4 
                 0.68 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CRC 
                 CRC 
                   
                   
                 CRC (rt, 
                 CRC 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Particulate 
                   
                   
                 (bt, 
                 (bt, 
                   
                   
                 0.5 hr) 
                 (bt, 5 
                 0.9 AUL 
                 GBP after 
                   
                   
               
               
                 superabsorhent 
                   
                 pH of 
                 0.5 
                 5 
                 0.9 
                 GBP 
                 after 
                 hr.) after 
                 after 
                 processing 
                 Permeability 
                   
               
               
                 polymer 
                 Al 
                 Al salt 
                 hr) 
                 hr) 
                 AUL 
                 (×10 −8   
                 processing 
                 processing 
                 processing 
                 (×10 −8   
                 stability 
                 Compressibility 
               
               
                 composition 
                 Salt 
                 solution 
                 (g/g) 
                 (g/g) 
                 (g/g) 
                 cm 2 ) 
                 (g/g) 
                 (g/g) 
                 (g/g) 
                 (cm 2 ) 
                 index 
                 (mm 2 /N) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 16 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 30.1 
                 35.2 
                 17.3 
                 32.4 
                 31 
                 35.4 
                 16.1 
                 20.3 
                 0.63 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 Example 17 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 27.5 
                 36.6 
                 18.1 
                 47.3 
                 28 
                 37.9 
                 17.4 
                 37.3 
                 0.79 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Example 18 
                 E 
                 6.3 
                 28.8 
                 36.1 
                 19 
                 58.4 
                 28.6 
                 35.9 
                 18.3 
                 42.6 
                 0.73 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Any numerical value, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.