Patent Publication Number: US-11381442-B2

Title: Time domain channel prediction method and time domain channel prediction system for OFDM wireless communication system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the priority benefit of China application serial no. 202010260603.0, filed on Apr. 3, 2020. The entirety of the above-mentioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
     The disclosure relates to the technical field of adaptive transmission in wireless communication, and more specifically, to a time domain channel prediction method and a time domain channel prediction system for an OFDM wireless communication system. 
     Description of Related Art 
     With the development of technology, adaptive transmission of wireless communication is one of the trends of future development. In an adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, due to the rapid changes in the fading channels, the channel information fed back from the receiving end to the transmitting end may be outdated easily. Channel prediction is an essential technology for supporting adaptive transmission in OFDM systems. 
     Referring to China invention patent application no. 201510473741.6, a channel prediction method based on multiple neural networks is disclosed, and referring to China invention patent application no. 201911240969.5, a channel prediction system and a channel prediction method for an OFDM wireless communication system are disclosed. The above prediction methods are both frequency domain prediction methods. Considering the time-frequency characteristics of the OFDM system, time domain prediction has better performance than frequency domain prediction. Therefore, it is of great significance to provide effective time domain prediction for OFDM systems. 
     SUMMARY 
     In view of the above defects or requirements for improvement in the related art, the disclosure provides a time domain channel prediction method and a time domain channel prediction system for an OFDM wireless communication system, which solve the technical problem of how to provide effective time domain prediction for an OFDM system. 
     To achieve the above objective, an aspect of the disclosure provides a time domain channel prediction method for an OFDM wireless communication system, including the following steps. 
     OFDM frequency domain channel information is obtained by channel estimation, and time domain tap information is obtained by performing inverse Fourier transform on the OFDM frequency domain channel information. 
     Significant delay taps in a channel impulse response are filtered according to the time domain tap information. 
     Prediction is performed on each of the filtered significant delay taps by using a trained extreme learning machine to obtain next-moment time domain tap information of each of the significant delay taps. 
     The next-moment time domain tap information of each of the significant delay taps obtained by prediction is combined and then converted into predicted frequency domain channel information by using Fourier transform. 
     Exemplarily, the step of filtering the significant delay taps in the channel impulse response according to the time domain tap information includes the following step. 
     Delay taps in L cp  are retained as the significant delay taps, and delay taps from L cp +1 to K are discarded, where L cp  is a length of a cyclic prefix of an OFDM system, and K is a number of subcarriers in an OFDM symbol. 
     Exemplarily, a training process of the trained extreme learning machine is as follows. 
     Numbers N p  and L of neurons in an input layer and a hidden layer are set, and an input weight and a bias are randomly generated. 
     An extreme learning machine is trained according to A i β i =B i , where 
                 A   i     =       [             g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   1       ,     v     i   ,   1       ,     h     i   ,   1         )       ⁢     g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   2       ,     v     i   ,   2       ,     h     i   ,   1         )       ⁢           ⁢   …   ⁢           ⁢     g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   L       ,     v     i   ,   L       ,     h     i   ,   L         )                 ⋮               g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   1       ,     v     i   ,   1       ,     h     i   ,     N   T           )       ⁢     g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   2       ,     v     i   ,   2       ,     h     i   ,     N   T           )       ⁢           ⁢   …   ⁢           ⁢     g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   L       ,     v     i   ,   L       ,     h     i   ,     N   T           )               ]         N   T     ×   L         ,     
     ⁢       β   i     =       [           β     i   ,   1               ⋮             β     i   ,   L             ]       L   ×   1         ,     
     ⁢       B   i     =       [           B     i   ,   1               ⋮             B     i   ,     N   T               ]         N   T     ×   1         ,         
N T  is a number of trained OFDM symbols, A i  is a hidden layer output of the extreme learning machine of an i th  significant delay tap, β i  is an output weight matrix of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap, B i  is an output matrix of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap, g(*) is an activation function, h i  is an input data of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap, μ i  is a weight of the input layer of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap, and v i  is a bias of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap.
 
     Exemplarily, a loss function of the extreme learning machine is 
                 J   i     =       min     β   i       ⁢     (         ∑     j   =   1       N   T       ⁢       (         B   i     ⁡     (   j   )       -         A   i     ⁡     (   j   )       ⁢     β   i         )     2       +       λ   2     ⁢            β   i          2   2       +       λ     1   /   2       ⁢            β   i            1   2       1   2           )         ,         
where J i  represents a loss function of the extreme learning machine corresponding to the i th  significant delay tap, λ 2  is a regularization coefficient of l 2  regularization, and λ 1/2  is a regularization coefficient of l 1/2  regularization.
 
     Exemplarily, the method further includes the following step. 
     The loss function of the extreme learning machine is calculated by using a coordinate descent method to obtain an output weight of the extreme learning machine. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure provides a time domain channel prediction system for an OFDM wireless communication system, including a frequency domain channel estimation module, a time domain tap information obtaining module, a tap filter module, a time domain tap information prediction module, and a frequency domain channel information processing module. 
     The frequency domain channel estimation module is configured to obtain OFDM frequency domain channel information by channel estimation. 
     The time domain tap information obtaining module is configured to obtain time domain tap information by performing inverse Fourier transform on the OFDM frequency domain channel information. 
     The tap filter module is configured to filter significant delay taps in a channel impulse response according to the time domain tap information. 
     The time domain tap information prediction module is configured to perform prediction on each of the filtered significant delay taps by using a trained extreme learning machine to obtain next-moment time domain tap information of each of the significant delay taps. 
     The frequency domain channel information processing module is configured to combine the next-moment time domain tap information of each of the significant delay taps obtained by prediction, and then convert the next-moment time domain tap information into predicted frequency domain channel information by using Fourier transform. 
     Exemplarily, the tap filter module is configured to retain delay taps in L cp  as the significant delay taps and discard delay taps from L cp +1 to K, where L cp  is a length of a cyclic prefix of an OFDM system, and K is a number of subcarriers in an OFDM symbol. 
     Exemplarily, the system further includes an initialization extreme learning machine module and a training module. 
     The initialization extreme learning machine module is configured to set numbers N p  and L of neurons in an input layer and a hidden layer, and randomly generate an input weight and a bias. 
     The training module is configured to train an extreme learning machine according to 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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N T  is a number of trained OFDM symbols, A i  is a hidden layer output of the extreme learning machine of an i th  significant delay tap, β i  is an output weight matrix of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap, B i  is an output matrix of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap, g(*) is an activation function, h i  is an input data of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap, μ i  is a weight of the input layer of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap, and v i  is a bias of the extreme learning machine of the i th  significant delay tap.
 
     Exemplarily, a loss function of the extreme learning machine is 
                 J   i     =       min     β   i       ⁢     (         ∑     j   =   1       N   T       ⁢       (         B   i     ⁡     (   j   )       -         A   i     ⁡     (   j   )       ⁢     β   i         )     2       +       λ   2     ⁢            β   i          2   2       +       λ     1   /   2       ⁢            β   i            1   2       1   2           )         ,         
where J i  represents a loss function of the extreme learning machine corresponding to the i th  significant delay tap, λ 2  is a regularization coefficient of l 2  regularization, and λ 1/2  is a regularization coefficient of l 1/2  regularization.
 
     Exemplarily, the system further includes a loss function calculation module. 
     The loss function calculation module is configured to calculate the loss function of the extreme learning machine by using a coordinate descent method to obtain an output weight of the extreme learning machine. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure provides a computer-readable storage medium on which program commands are stored. When the program commands are executed by a processor, the time domain channel prediction method for an OFDM wireless communication system as described above is realized. 
     In general, compared with the related art, the above technical solutions conceived in the disclosure can achieve the following advantageous effects. 
     In the time domain channel prediction of the OFDM wireless communication system of the disclosure, prediction may be performed on the filtered delay taps by using the improved extreme learning machine. To improve the performance of the extreme learning machine, in the disclosure, the output weight of the extreme learning machine is estimated by a combination of l 2  regularization and l 1/2  regularization. Therefore, the disclosure can achieve good prediction performance and can also generate a sparse output weight solution. The above lays the foundation for future adaptive communication technologies, such as adaptive coding, adaptive modulation, and adaptive prediction. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a device connection view according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a time domain prediction method according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  shows the performance at different signal-to-noise ratios according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  shows a time domain channel prediction system for an OFDM wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     To provide a further understanding of the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the disclosure, the disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It is understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to illustrate the disclosure and are not intended to limit the disclosure. In addition, the technical features involved in the various embodiments of the disclosure described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other. 
       FIG. 1  shows an OFDM wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the disclosure, including a transmission antenna, a reception antenna, a network analyzer, a signal processor, and a channel prediction module. 
     The transmission antenna is configured to transmit a wireless signal. 
     The reception antenna is configured to receive a wireless signal. 
     The network analyzer is configured to analyze the wireless signal obtained by the reception antenna. 
     The signal processor is configured to perform channel estimation to obtain OFDM symbol frequency domain channel information. 
     The channel prediction module is configured to perform a channel prediction operation. 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart of a time domain channel prediction method for an OFDM wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The method includes the following steps. 
     Step S 1 : OFDM frequency domain channel information H∈   K×N  is obtained by channel estimation, where K is a number of subcarriers in an OFDM symbol, and N is a number of pilot OFDM symbols. 
     Step S 2 : Inverse Fourier transform is performed on the frequency domain channel information obtained by channel estimation to obtain time domain tap information h∈   K×N . 
     Step S 3 : Significant delay taps in a channel impulse response are filtered according to the obtained time domain tap information. 
     In the embodiment of the disclosure, the method for selecting the significant delay taps is retaining the delay taps in L cp  and discarding the delay taps from L cp +1 to K, where L cp  is a length of a cyclic prefix of the OFDM system. 
     Step S 4 : A tap label i=1 is defined. 
     Step S 5 : Prediction is performed on an i th  delay tap filtered and retained in Step S 3  by using an improved extreme learning machine to obtain next-moment time domain tap information of the i th  delay tap. 
     Specifically, with respect to the delay taps from L cp +1 to K, the predicted delay tap information is directly set to 0. 
     In the embodiment of the disclosure, Step S 5  may be specifically implemented in the following manner. 
     Step  51 : Numbers N p  and L of neurons of an input layer and a hidden layer are set. 
     Step  52 : An input weight and a bias are randomly generated in a specific range. 
     Step  53 : A training process of the improved extreme learning machine is: 
                         A   i     ⁢     β   i       =     B   i       ⁢     
     ⁢       where   ⁢           ⁢     A   i       =       [             g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   1       ,     v     i   ,   1       ,     h     i   ,   1         )       ⁢     g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   2       ,     v     i   ,   2       ,     h     i   ,   1         )       ⁢           ⁢   …   ⁢           ⁢     g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   L       ,     v     i   ,   L       ,     h     i   ,   L         )                 ⋮               g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   1       ,     v     i   ,   1       ,     h     i   ,     N   T           )       ⁢     g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   2       ,     v     i   ,   2       ,     h     i   ,     N   T           )       ⁢           ⁢   …   ⁢           ⁢     g   ⁡     (       μ     i   ,   L       ,     v     i   ,   L       ,     h     i   ,     N   T           )               ]         N   T     ×   L         ⁢     
     ⁢         β   i     =       [           β     i   ,   1               ⋮             β     i   ,   L             ]       L   ×   1         ,     
     ⁢       B   i     =       [           B     i   ,   1               ⋮             B     i   ,     N   T               ]         N   T     ×   1                   (   1   )               
where N T  is a number of trained OFDM symbols, and A i , β i , and B i  are respectively a hidden layer output, an output weight matrix, and an output matrix of the extreme learning machine, g(*) is an activation function, h i , μ i , and v i  are respectively an input data, a weight of the input layer, and a bias of the improved extreme learning machine corresponding to the i th  delay tap.
 
     To improve a generalization ability of the extreme learning machine, the output weight is estimated by using a combination of l 2  regularization and l 1/2  regularization in the embodiment of the disclosure, namely: 
                       J   i     =       min     β   i       ⁢     (         ∑     j   =   1       N   T       ⁢       (         B   i     ⁡     (   j   )       -         A   i     ⁡     (   j   )       ⁢     β   i         )     2       +       λ   2     ⁢            β   i          2   2       +       λ     1   /   2       ⁢            β   i            1   2       1   2           )         ,           (   2   )               
where J i  represents a loss function of the improved extreme learning machine corresponding to the i th  delay tap, and B i (j) represents the output matrix of the improved extreme learning machine corresponding to the i th  delay tap, namely, B i (j)=h i (j), A i (j)=[h i (j−1), h i (j−2), . . . , h i (j−N p )], and j=1, 2, . . . , N T . λ 2  is a regularization coefficient of the l 2  regularization, and λ 1/2  is a regularization coefficient of the l 1/2  regularization.
 
     The output weight of the improved extreme learning machine of the i th  delay tap is solved by using a coordinate descent method, namely: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
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     To solve Formula (2), the disclosure provides a derivation formula of the coordinate descent method, namely: 
                       J   i     ⁡     (     β   i     )       =         ∑     j   =   1       N   T       ⁢       [         B   i   #     ⁡     (   j   )       -         A     i   ,   ρ     #     ⁡     (   j   )       ⁢     β     i   ,   ρ         -         ∑   L       q   ≠   ρ       ⁢         A   i   #     ⁡     (   j   )       ⁢       β   ~       i   ,   q             ]     2       +       λ     1   /   2       ⁢            β     i   ,   ρ              1   2         +       λ     1   /   2       ⁢       ∑     q   ≠   ρ     L     ⁢              β   ~       i   ,   q              1   2                     (   5   )               
where β i,ρ  and {tilde over (β)} i,q  are respectively a ρ th  variable and another fixed variable of coordinate descent of the output weight of the improved extreme learning machine of the i th  delay tap, and A i,ρ   # (j) represents an input variable corresponding to the ρ th  variable in the coordinate decent. The above formula may be formulated as:
 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
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                              
                             
                               
                                 β 
                                 ~ 
                               
                               
                                 i 
                                 , 
                                 q 
                               
                             
                              
                           
                           
                             1 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   6 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Generally, the following formula is established, namely: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         ∑ 
                         
                           j 
                           = 
                           1 
                         
                         
                           N 
                           T 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               A 
                               
                                 i 
                                 , 
                                 ρ 
                               
                               # 
                             
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               j 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         2 
                       
                     
                     ≠ 
                     
                       0 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       Therefore 
                     
                   
                   , 
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   7 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       J 
                       i 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       β 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       β 
                       
                         i 
                         , 
                         ρ 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         β 
                         
                           i 
                           , 
                           ρ 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               j 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             
                               N 
                               T 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 [ 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       B 
                                       i 
                                       # 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       j 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       ∑ 
                                       
                                         q 
                                         ≠ 
                                         ρ 
                                       
                                       L 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           A 
                                           
                                             i 
                                             , 
                                             q 
                                           
                                           # 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           j 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           β 
                                           ~ 
                                         
                                         q 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ] 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                                 # 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 j 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               j 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             
                               N 
                               T 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   A 
                                   
                                     i 
                                     , 
                                     ρ 
                                   
                                   # 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   j 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             j 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           
                             N 
                             T 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             [ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   B 
                                   i 
                                   # 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   j 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 
                                   ∑ 
                                   
                                     q 
                                     ≠ 
                                     ρ 
                                   
                                   L 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       A 
                                       
                                         i 
                                         , 
                                         q 
                                       
                                       # 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       j 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     
                                       β 
                                       ~ 
                                     
                                     q 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             ] 
                           
                           2 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             j 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           
                             N 
                             T 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                                 # 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 j 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           λ 
                           
                             1 
                             / 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                              
                             
                               β 
                               
                                 i 
                                 , 
                                 ρ 
                               
                             
                              
                           
                           
                             1 
                             / 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             j 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           
                             N 
                             T 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                                 # 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 j 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           λ 
                           
                             1 
                             / 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                              
                             
                               β 
                               
                                 i 
                                 , 
                                 q 
                               
                             
                              
                           
                           
                             1 
                             / 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             j 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           
                             N 
                             T 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                                 # 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 j 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   8 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The following may be further obtained: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       J 
                       i 
                     
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         β 
                         i 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       β 
                       
                         i 
                         , 
                         ρ 
                       
                       2 
                     
                     - 
                     
                       2 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         β 
                         
                           i 
                           , 
                           ρ 
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               
                                   
                               
                               
                                 j 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             
                               N 
                               T 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 [ 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       B 
                                       i 
                                       # 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       j 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       ∑ 
                                       
                                         q 
                                         ≠ 
                                         ρ 
                                       
                                       L 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           A 
                                           
                                             i 
                                             , 
                                             q 
                                           
                                           # 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           j 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           β 
                                           ~ 
                                         
                                         
                                           i 
                                           , 
                                           q 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ] 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                                 # 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 j 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               
                                   
                               
                               
                                 j 
                                 = 
                                 1 
                               
                             
                             
                               N 
                               T 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   A 
                                   
                                     i 
                                     , 
                                     ρ 
                                   
                                   # 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   j 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           λ 
                           
                             1 
                             / 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                              
                             
                               β 
                               
                                 i 
                                 , 
                                 ρ 
                               
                             
                              
                           
                           
                             1 
                             / 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             
                                 
                             
                             
                               j 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                           
                           
                             N 
                             T 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                                 # 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 j 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   9 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The embodiment of the disclosure provides definitions, namely: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Å 
                         ρ 
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               j 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             
                               N 
                               T 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 [ 
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       B 
                                       i 
                                       # 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       j 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         ∑ 
                                         
                                           q 
                                           ≠ 
                                           ρ 
                                         
                                       
                                       L 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           A 
                                           
                                             i 
                                             , 
                                             q 
                                           
                                           # 
                                         
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           j 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           β 
                                           ~ 
                                         
                                         
                                           i 
                                           , 
                                           q 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ] 
                               
                               2 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   β 
                                   ~ 
                                 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 j 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             ∑ 
                             
                               j 
                               = 
                               1 
                             
                             
                               N 
                               T 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   A 
                                   
                                     i 
                                     , 
                                     ρ 
                                   
                                   # 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   j 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       B 
                       ρ 
                     
                     = 
                     
                       
                         λ 
                         
                           1 
                           / 
                           2 
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           ∑ 
                           
                             j 
                             = 
                             1 
                           
                           
                             N 
                             T 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             
                               
                                 A 
                                 
                                   i 
                                   , 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                                 # 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 j 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             ) 
                           
                           2 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     
 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                     Therefore 
                     , 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   10 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     β 
                     
                       i 
                       , 
                       ρ 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   2 
                                   3 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     Å 
                                     ρ 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       1 
                                       + 
                                       
                                         cos 
                                         ⁡ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             
                                               2 
                                               3 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               
                                                 π 
                                                 - 
                                                 
                                                   ϕ 
                                                   ρ 
                                                 
                                               
                                               ) 
                                             
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               , 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                  
                                 
                                   Å 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                                  
                               
                               ≥ 
                               
                                 
                                   3 
                                   4 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   B 
                                   ρ 
                                   
                                     2 
                                     3 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 0 
                                 , 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               
                                  
                                 
                                   Å 
                                   ρ 
                                 
                                  
                               
                               &lt; 
                               
                                 
                                   3 
                                   4 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   B 
                                   ρ 
                                   
                                     2 
                                     3 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       where 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   11 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     ϕ 
                     ρ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     arccos 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           1 
                           8 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           Å 
                           ρ 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           
                              
                             
                               
                                 B 
                                 ρ 
                               
                               3 
                             
                              
                           
                           
                             2 
                             3 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   12 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Specifically, the process steps of the coordinate descent method in Step S 5  are as follows. 
     1) A weight matrix β and a zero matrix β int  are initialized. 
     2) β=β int . 
     3) A label n=1 is defined. 
     4) β int =β. 
     5) β n  is calculated according to Formula (11). 
                 6   )     ⁢           ⁢       ∑     n   =   1     L     ⁢            β   n     -     β   n   int                ≤     1   ⁢     0     -   8               
is determined. If it is satisfied, then n=n+1 and Step 4) is executed. Otherwise, Step 5) is executed.
 
     Step S 6 : It is determined whether i is equal to a maximum delay tap number L cp . If not, then i=i+1, returning to Step S 5 . 
     Step S 7 : Fourier transform is performed on predicted time domain tap information ĥ∈   K×1  to obtain frequency domain prediction information Ĥ∈   K×1 . 
     To verify the validity of the disclosure, relevant parameters of the pilot OFDM symbol were set according to the 2 MHz mode in the IEEE802.11ah standard to set an SISO antenna.  FIG. 3  shows a comparison of prediction performance at different signal-to-noise ratios. Invention 1 is “CHANNEL PREDICTION SYSTEM AND CHANNEL PREDICTION METHOD FOR OFDM WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM” (China application no. 201911240969.5). It can be seen that the time domain channel prediction method disclosed herein has better performance. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , in another embodiment of the disclosure, a time domain channel prediction system for an OFDM wireless communication system is also provided, including a frequency domain channel estimation module  201 , a time domain tap information obtaining module  202 , a tap filter module  203 , a time domain tap information prediction module  204 , and a frequency domain channel information processing module  205 . 
     The frequency domain channel estimation module  201  is configured to obtain OFDM frequency domain channel information by channel estimation. 
     The time domain tap information obtaining module  202  is configured to obtain time domain tap information by performing inverse Fourier transform on the OFDM frequency domain channel information. 
     The tap filter module  203  is configured to filter significant delay taps in a channel impulse response according to the time domain tap information. 
     The time domain tap information prediction module  204  is configured to perform prediction on each of the filtered significant delay taps by using a trained extreme learning machine to obtain next-moment time domain tap information of each significant delay tap. 
     The frequency domain channel information processing module  205  is configured to combine the next-moment time domain tap information of each significant delay tap obtained by prediction, and then convert it into predicted frequency domain channel information by using Fourier transform. 
     Reference may be made to the above descriptions of the embodiment of the method for the specific implementation of each module, which will not be repeatedly described herein. 
     In another embodiment of the disclosure, a computer-readable storage medium on which program commands are stored is provided. When the program commands are executed by a processor, the time domain channel prediction method for the OFDM wireless communication system as described above is realized. 
     It is noted that, according to the implementation requirements, each step/component described herein may be separated into more steps/components, and two or more steps/components or partial operations of steps/components may be combined to form a new step/component to achieve the objective of the disclosure. 
     The above method according to the disclosure may be implemented in hardware or firmware, may be implemented as software or computer codes which may be stored in a recording medium (e.g., a CD ROM, a RAM, a floppy disk, a hard disk, or a magneto-optical disk), or may be implemented as computer codes which are originally stored in a remote recording medium or a non-transitory machine-readable medium and are downloaded via a network to be stored in a local recording medium. Therefore, the method described herein may be processed by such software stored on a recording medium using a general-purpose computer, a specific-purpose processor, or programmable or specific-purpose hardware (e.g., ASIC or FPGA). It can be understood that a computer, a processor, a microprocessor controller, or programmable hardware includes a storage component (e.g., a RAM, a ROM, a flash memory, etc.) which may store or receive software or computer codes. When the software or computer codes are accessed and executed by a computer, a processor, or hardware, the processing method described herein is realized. In addition, when a general-purpose computer accesses the codes for realizing the process shown herein, the execution of the codes converts the general-purpose computer into a specific-purpose computer for executing the process shown herein. 
     Those skilled in the art can easily understand that the above descriptions are only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the disclosure. Any modification, equivalent replacement, and improvement made within the spirit and principle of the disclosure shall be included in the protection scope of the disclosure.