Patent Publication Number: US-6211029-B1

Title: Process of fabricating a bipolar transistor having lightly doped epitaxial collector region constant in dopant impurity

Description:
This Application is a Divisional of Ser. No. 08/807,326 filed Feb. 27, 1997 which is a Continuation-in-Part of Ser. No. 08/802,313 filed Feb. 28, 1997 now ABN. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to a structure of a bipolar transistor and a process of fabrication thereof. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART 
     A bipolar transistor is an important circuit component of a semiconductor integrated circuit device used for a communication network in the giga-helz band. The switching speed of the bipolar transistor is mainly dominated by the thickness of the base region where the carrier passes through. The thinner the base region is, the faster the switching action is. The resistance of the emitter, base and collector regions and the parasitic capacitances coupled to the emitter/base and collector regions affect the switching speed of the bipolar transistor. These factors strongly relate to the miniaturization and the accuracy of patterning technologies used in the fabrication process of the bipolar transistor. However, a self-aligning technology between the emitter region and the base contact region makes the improvement in switching speed free from the accuracy of patterning technologies. The self-aligning technology is disclosed by Tak H. Ning et al. in “Self-Aligned Bipolar Transistors for High-Performance and Low-Power Delay VLSI”, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices”, vol. ED-28, No. 9, September 1981, pages 1010 to 1013. 
     FIGS. 1A to  1 G illustrate a typical example of the process of fabricating the self-aligned bipolar transistor of the n-p-n type. The prior art process starts with preparation of a p-type silicon substrate  1 . A photo-resist ion-implantation mask (not shown) is prepared on the major surface of the p-type silicon substrate  1  by using lithographic techniques, and an area is uncovered with the photo-resist ion-implantation mask. Arsenic is ion implanted into the area, and the photo-resist ion-implantation mask is stripped off. The ion-implanted arsenic is activated in nitrogen ambience at 1000 degrees to 1200 degrees in centigrade for 2 to 4 hours, and forms a heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b.    
     A photo-resist ion-implantation mask (not shown) is patterned on the major surface of the p-type silicon layer  1   a  by using the lithographic techniques, and another area around the heavily doped n-type buried region  1   b  is uncovered with the photo-resist ion-implantation mask. Boron is ion implanted into the exposed area, and the photo-resist ion-implantation mask is stripped off. The ion-implanted boron is activated in the nitrogen ambience at 900 degrees to 1100 degrees in centigrade for 30 minutes to an hour, and forms a heavily doped p-type buried region  1   c  as shown in FIG.  1 A. The heavily doped p-type buried region  1   c  electrically isolates the self-aligned bipolar transistor from another circuit component. 
     N-type silicon is epitaxially grown to 2 microns thick on the major surface of the p-type silicon substrate la, and the p-type silicon substrate  1   a  is overlain by an n-type epitaxial silicon layer  2   a.  A p-type channel stopper region  2   b  is formed in the n-type epitaxial silicon layer  2   a,  and is merged with the heavily doped p-type buried layer  1   c  as shown in FIG.  1 B. 
     A thick field oxide layer  3  is selectively grown to 600 nanometers thick by using the LOCOS (local oxidation of silicon) technology. The growth of the thick filed oxide layer  3  is carried out at 1000 degrees in centigrade, and consumes long time. While the heat is growing the thick field oxide layer  3 , the boron and the arsenic are diffused from the heavily-doped p-type buried layer/p-type channel stopper region  1   c/   2   b  and the heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b,  respectively, and the n-type buried layer  1   b  expands as shown in FIG.  1 C. As a result, the expansion of the n-type buried layer  1   b  decreases the thickness of the n-type epitaxial layer  2   a  inside of the thick field oxide layer  3 . 
     Subsequently, phosphorous is thermally diffused into a narrow area of the n-type epitaxial layer  2   a,  and reaches the heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b.  The phosphorous forms an n-type collector contact region  4   a  merged into the heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b.    
     Silicon oxide is deposited over the entire surface of the resultant semiconductor structure by using a chemical vapor deposition, and forms a silicon oxide layer. A photo-resist etching mask is patterned on the silicon oxide layer through the lithography, and the silicon oxide layer is selectively etched away. The silicon oxide layer is patterned into a silicon oxide mask  5   a.  The n-type collector contact region  4   a  is covered with the silicon oxide mask  5   a;  however, the n-type epitaxial silicon layer  2   a  is exposed to an opening of the silicon oxide mask  5   a  as shown in FIG.  1 D. 
     Subsequently, polysilicon is deposited over the entire surface of the resultant semiconductor structure by using a chemical vapor deposition, and p-type dopant impurity is introduced into the polysilicon layer. In this instance, boron is introduced into the polysilicon through an in-situ doping technique, or boron is ion implanted into the amorphous silicon layer. The boron-doped polysilicon layer is used for a base electrode as described hereinlater. 
     In order to isolate the base electrode from an emitter electrode, silicon nitride is deposited over the boron-doped polysilicon layer, and the boron-doped polysilicon layer is overlain by a silicon nitride layer. A photo-resist etching mask (not shown) is patterned on the silicon nitride layer, and the silicon nitride layer and the boron-doped polysilicon layer are selectively etched away so as to form a base electrode  4   b  covered with an inter-level insulating layer  5   b  as shown in FIG.  1 E. 
     A photo-resist etching mask (not shown) is patterned on the inter-level insulating layer  5   b,  and has an opening over a central area of the n-type epitaxial silicon layer  2   a.  Using the photo-resist etching mask, the inter-level insulating layer  5   b  and the base electrode  4   b  are selectively etched away so as to form an opening  5   c  over the central area of the n-type epitaxial layer  2   a.    
     The resultant semiconductor structure is treated with heat, and the boron is diffused from the base electrode  4   b  into the central area of the n-type epitaxial layer  2   a.  The boron forms a graft base region  4   c  beneath the base electrode  4   b.  Boron or boron difluoride (BF 2 ) is ion implanted into the central area of the n-type epitaxial silicon layer  2   a,  and forms an intrinsic base region  4   d  as shown in FIG.  1 F. 
     Silicon oxide is deposited over the entire surface of the resultant semiconductor structure, and forms a silicon oxide layer topographically extending over the resultant semiconductor structure. The silicon oxide layer is anisotropically etched away without a photo-resist etching mask, and side wall spacers  5   d/   5   e  are left on the inner and outer side surfaces of the base electrode  4   b.  The side wall spacer  5   d  on the inner side surface covers a peripheral area of the intrinsic base region  4   d,  and an central area of the intrinsic base region  4   d  is still exposed. 
     Heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon is grown on the entire surface of the resultant semiconductor structure, and a heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon layer is held in contact with the central area of the intrinsic base region  4   d.  A photo-resist etching mask (not shown) is patterned on the heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon layer, and the heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon layer is patterned into an emitter electrode  4   e.    
     The arsenic is thermally diffused from the emitter electrode  4   e  into the central area of the intrinsic base region  4   d  by using a lamp annealing, and forms an emitter region  4   f.    
     Finally, a collector contact hole is formed in the silicon oxide layer  5   a,  and a collector electrode  4   g  is held in contact with the corrector contact region  4   a  through the collector contact hole as shown in FIG.  1 G. 
     Thus, the side wall spacer  5   d  causes the emitter region  4   f  to be exactly nested into the intrinsic base region  4   c,  and the emitter region  4   f  never enters into the graft base region  4   c.  However, the n-type epitaxial silicon layer  2   a  is too thick to improve the switching speed. In detail, it is important to reduce the collector resistance for a high speed switching action, and the reduction of the collector resistance is achieved by a thin n-type epitaxial layer  2   a.  However, if the n-type epitaxial layer  2   a  is thin, the n-type dopant impurity is diffused from the heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b  into the thin epitaxial layer  2   a  during the heat treatment for the thick field oxide layer  3 , and increases the dopant concentration of the n-type epitaxial layer  2   a.  A lightly doped n-type region called as “flat zone” is necessary for the collector region, and the n-type dopant impurity diffused from the heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b  damages the flat zone. This results in deterioration of the bipolar transistor. Thus, the diffusion from the heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b  does not allow the manufacturer to make the n-type epitaxial layer  2   a  thin, and the thick n-type epitaxial layer  2   a  sets a limit on the switching speed of the prior art bipolar transistor. 
     A problem of the prior art process is the lithographic step repeated twice for the heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b  and the heavily doped p-type buried layer  1   c.  The prior art process is complex, and increases the production cost of the prior art bipolar transistor. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an important object of the present invention to provide a bipolar transistor which is improved in switching speed. 
     It is also an important object of the present invention to provide a simple process of fabricating the bipolar transistor. 
     To accomplish the object, the present invention proposes to grow a lightly doped epitaxial silicon layer in a recess formed after a growth of a field oxide layer. 
     In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a bipolar transistor fabricated on a silicon substrate of a first conductivity type, comprising: a heavily doped impurity region formed in a surface portion of the silicon substrate and having a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type, a recess being formed in a surface portion of the heavily doped impurity region; a lightly doped epitaxial silicon layer of the second conductivity type filling the recess and having a flat zone substantially constant in dopant concentration below a first surface portion thereof; a base region of the first conductivity type formed in the first surface portion of the lightly doped epitaxial silicon layer; a heavily doped collector contact region of the second conductivity type formed in a second surface portion of the lightly doped epitaxial silicon layer contiguous to the flat zone; and an emitter region of the second conductivity type formed in a surface portion of the base region. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process of fabricating a bipolar transistor, comprising the steps of: a) preparing a silicon substrate of a first conductivity type; b) introducing a first dopant impurity into a surface portion of the silicon substrate so as to form a heavily doped impurity region of a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type; c) thermally growing a field insulating layer occupying at least an outer peripheral area of the heavily doped impurity region; d) selectively removing a central portion of the heavily doped impurity region for forming a recess therein; e) epitaxially growing a single crystal silicon in the recess so as to form a lightly doped epitaxial silicon layer of the second conductivity type; and f) forming a base region in a surface portion of the lightly doped epitaxial silicon layer and an emitter region in a surface portion of the base region. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The features and advantages of the bipolar transistor and the process according to the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIGS. 1A to  1 G are cross sectional views showing the prior art process of fabricating the self-aligned bipolar transistor; 
     FIGS. 2A to  2 H are cross sectional views showing a process of fabricating a bipolar transistor according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing an impurity profile of a collector region of the bipolar transistor; 
     FIG. 4 is a plan view showing the layout of another bipolar transistor according to the present invention; and 
     FIGS. 5A to  5 H are cross sectional views taken along line A—A of FIG.  4  and showing a process of fabricating the bipolar transistor. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     First Embodiment 
     FIGS. 2A to  2 H illustrate a process of fabricating a bipolar transistor embodying the present invention. The bipolar transistor described hereinbelow is assumed to be an n-p-n type. However, a p-n-p type bipolar transistor is fabricated on an n-type silicon substrate by exchanging the conductivity types of dopant impurities. 
     The process starts with preparation of a p-type silicon substrate  11 . The p-type silicon substrate  11  has an major surface  11   a  with crystal plane ( 100 ). Boron is ion implanted through the major surface  11   a  into the p-type silicon substrate  11  at dose of 1×10 13  to 3×10 13  ion per cm 2  under acceleration energy of 250 KeV to 350 KeV. The ion-implanted boron forms a heavily doped p-type impurity layer  11   b  of 0.4 micron to 1.0 micron in depth. Although the ion-implantation is carried out, no heat treatment follows the ion-implantation. The resultant semiconductor structure is illustrated in FIG.  2 A. 
     A photo-resist solution is spread over the upper surface of the heavily-doped p-type impurity layer  11   b,  and is baked so as to form a photo-resist layer on the heavily doped p-type impurity layer. A pattern image is optically transferred from a photo-mask to the photo-resist layer by using a lithography, and forms a latent image in the heavily doped p-type impurity layer  11   b.  The latent image is developed, and the photo-resist layer is patterned into a photo-resist ion-implantation mask  12 . Using the photo-resist ion-implantation mask  12 , phosphorous is ion implanted into the heavily doped p-type impurity layer  11   b  at dose of 4×10 14  ions per cm 2  to 6×10 14  ions per cm 2  under acceleration energy of 550 KeV to 650 KeV, and forms a heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c  as shown in FIG.  2 B. The heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c  is as deep as the heavily doped p-type impurity region  11   b,  and is corresponding to the heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b  and the heavily doped n-type impurity region  4   a.    
     The photo-resist ion-implantation mask  12  is stripped off. A thick field oxide layer  13   a  is selectively grown to 300 to 400 nanometers thick on the major surface  11   a  by using the LOCOS technology. While the thick field oxide layer is being grown, the heat activates the n-type dopant impurity of the heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c  and the p-type dopant impurity of the heavily doped p-type impurity layer  11   b.    
     Subsequently, silicon oxide is deposited over the resultant semiconductor structure, and a silicon oxide layer topographically extends over the entire surface of the resultant semiconductor structure. A photo-resist etching mask (not shown) is provided on the silicon oxide layer by using the lithographic techniques, and the silicon oxide layer is patterned into a mask layer  13   b.    
     The resultant semiconductor structure is dipped into an etchant containing hydrazine or potassium hydroxide. The mask layer serves as an etching mask, and a recess  14   a  is formed in the heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c.  { 100 } crystal plane defines the bottom of the recess  14   a.  The etchant causes ( 111 ) crystal plane of single crystal silicon or the equivalent crystal plane, which are hereinbefore referred to as { 111 } crystal plane, to form the inner surface  11   d  defining the recess  14   a.  The recess  14   a  ranges 0.2 micron to 0.8 micron in depth, and is shallower than the heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c.  The outer periphery of the recess  14   a  is terminated at the lower surface of the thick field oxide layer  13   a.  The resultant semiconductor structure is illustrated in FIG.  2 D. 
     Lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon is grown in the recess  14   a  by using a selective epitaxial growing technique, and forms a lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e  as shown in FIG.  2 E. In this instance, the selective epitaxial growing technique is a chemical vapor deposition, and the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon is grown from gaseous mixture containing SiH 2 Cl 2  and HCL at 700 degrees to 800 degrees in centigrade. Water vapor or oxygen in the gaseous mixture is minimized, and is less than 10 −7  torr. For this reason, the deposition temperature is lowered. The lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon is grown on ( 100 ) crystal plane forming the bottom surface of the recess  14   a,  and is hardly grown on { 111 } crystal plane. For this reason, the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon is flat and good in crystal. The dopant concentration of the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e  is of the order of 1×10 15  atoms per cm 3 . 
     Polysilicon is grown on the resultant semiconductor structure to 150 nanometers to 300 nanometers thick by using the chemical vapor deposition, and p-type dopant impurity is introduced into the polysilicon layer at 10 18  atoms per cm 3 . Insulating material is further deposited to 100 nanometers to 200 nanometers thick over the p-type polysilicon layer, and the p-type polysilicon layer is overlain by an insulating layer. A photo-resist etching mask (not shown) is provided on the insulating layer, and the insulating layer and the p-type polysilicon layer are patterned into a base electrode  15   a  and an inter-level insulating layer  13   c.    
     Subsequently, a photo-resist etching mask (not shown) is formed on the inter-level insulating layer  13   c,  and the inter-level insulating layer  13   c  and the base electrode  15   a  are selectively etched away so as to form a primary emitter contact hole  14   b  in the lamination of the inter-level insulating layer  13   c  and the base electrode  15   a.    
     Heat is applied to the base electrode  15   a,  and the p-type dopant impurity is diffused from the base electrode  15   a  into an outer peripheral area of the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e.  The p-type dopant impurity forms a graft base region  11   f.    
     P-type dopant impurity such as boron or boron difluoride is ion implanted into the central area of the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e  exposed to the primary emitter contact hole  14   b,  and forms an intrinsic base region  11   g  inside of the graft base region  11   f.  The resultant semiconductor structure is illustrated in FIG.  2 F. 
     Silicon oxide is deposited over the resultant semiconductor structure, and a silicon oxide layer topographically extends over the entire surface of the resultant semiconductor structure. The silicon oxide layer is anisotropically etched without a photo-resist etching mask, and a side wall spacer  15   c  is formed on the inner side surfaces of the base electrode/inter-level insulating layer  15   a/   13   c.  The side wall spacer  15   c  defines a secondary emitter contact hole  14   c,  and only a central area of the intrinsic base region  11   g  is exposed to the secondary emitter contact hole  14   c.    
     Heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon is grown to 100 nanometers to 200 nanometers thick over the resultant semiconductor structure, and the arsenic concentration is of the order of 10 19  to 10 21  atoms per cm 3 . The heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon fills the secondary emitter contact hole, and swells into a heavily doped arsenic-doped polysilicon layer. The heavily doped arsenic-doped polysilicon layer is held in contact with the central area of the intrinsic base region  11   g  exposed to the secondary emitter contact hole  14   c.    
     A photo-resist etching mask (not shown) is formed on the heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon layer, and the heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon layer is patterned into an emitter electrode  15   b.  The arsenic is thermally diffused into the central area of the intrinsic base region  11   g  by using a lamp annealing, and forms an emitter region  11   h  as shown in FIG.  2 G. 
     The base electrode  15   a  is further patterned by using the lithographic techniques, and becomes small. A photo-resist etching mask (not shown) is provided on the resultant semiconductor structure, and has an opening over the heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c  on the right side of the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e.  The silicon oxide layer  13   b  is selectively etched away, and a collector contact hole  14   d  is formed in the silicon oxide layer  13   b.  The heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c  is partially exposed to the collector contact hole  14   d.    
     Doped polysilicon is deposited over the entire surface of the resultant semiconductor structure. The doped polysilicon fills the collector contact hole, and swells into a doped polysilicon layer. The doped polysilicon layer is patterned into a collector electrode  15   c  held in contact with the heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c  as shown in FIG.  2 H. 
     Thus, the graft base region  11   f  and the intrinsic base region  11   g  are formed in the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e  which was grown in the heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c.  The lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e  and the heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c  serve as a collector region of the bipolar transistor. 
     The lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e  is completed during the growth of the thick field oxide layer  13   a,  and is free from undesirable out-diffusion inherent in the prior art bipolar transistor. For this reason, the impurity profile in the collector region is stable, and the collector region has a clear flat zone. 
     The present inventor confirmed the flat zone formed in the collector region. The present inventor measured the dopant concentration in the collector region of the bipolar transistor according to the present invention and in the collector region of the prior art bipolar transistor, and plotted the impurity profiles in FIG.  3 . The lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e  and the n-type epitaxial silicon layer  2   a  were corresponding to “lightly doped layer”, and were 0.5 micron thick. The heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c  and the heavily doped n-type buried layer  1   b  were represented by “heavily doped layer”. 
     The impurity profile of the prior art bipolar transistor was represented by plots PL 1 , and a flat zone was not observed. On the other hand, plots PL 2  represented the impurity profile of the present invention, and a flat zone was clearly formed in the lightly doped layer around 10 15  atoms per cm 3 . Thus, even if the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e  was only 0.5 micron thick, the flat zone was clearly observed, and the extremely thin lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  11   e  drastically decreased the collector resistance without sacrifice of the transistor characteristics. 
     Moreover, the p-type impurity region  11   b  is formed through the ion-implantation of the p-type dopant impurity without the lithography, and the fabrication process becomes simple. 
     Second Embodiment 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the layout of another bipolar transistor embodying the present invention, and FIGS. 5A to  5 H show a process of fabricating the bipolar transistor. A thick field oxide layer  21   a  is selectively grown on a p-type silicon substrate  21 , and has an inner edge  21   a′  defining a recess  22   a  filled with a lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b  (not shown in FIG.  4 ). 
     A heavily doped collector contact region  23   a  is formed in the peripheral area of the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b  along the inner edge  21   a′,  and a collector electrode  24   a  is held in contact with the collector contact region  22   a.    
     A graft base region  23   b  is formed inside of the heavily doped collector contact region  23   a,  and a base electrode  24   b  is held in contact with the graft base region  23   b.  The base electrode  24   b  is electrically isolated from the collector electrode  24   a  by means of an inter-level insulating layer  25   a  (not shown in FIG.  4 ). 
     An emitter region  23   c  is formed inside of the graft base region  23   b,  and an emitter electrode  24   c  is held in contact with the emitter region  23   c.  An inter-level insulating layer  25   b  (not shown in FIG. 4) electrically isolates the emitter electrode  24   c  from the base electrode  24   b.  The collector electrode  24   a,  the base electrode  24   b  and the emitter electrode  24   c  are self-aligned with the thick field oxide layer  21   a,  the collector electrode  24   a  and the base electrode  24   b,  respectively. 
     The bipolar transistor shown in FIG. 4 is fabricated as follows. The p-type silicon substrate  21  is firstly prepared, and ( 100 ) crystal plane forms the major surface  21   b  of the p-type silicon substrate  21 . 
     Boron is ion implanted through the major surface  21   b  into the p-type silicon substrate  21 , and forms a heavily doped p-type impurity layer  21   c.  The heavily doped p-type impurity layer  21   c  is 0.4 micron to 1.0 micron in thickness. The ion-implantation of the boron is carried out under the same conditions as the first embodiment. 
     Subsequently, phosphorous is ion implanted into the heavily doped p-type impurity layer  21   c,  and forms a heavily doped n-type impurity region  21   d  as deep as the heavily doped p-type impurity layer  21   c.  The ion-implantation of the phosphorous is carried out under the same conditions as-the first embodiment. 
     The thick field oxide layer  21   a  is selectively grown to 300 nanometers to 400 nanometers thick by using the LOCOS technology, and the ion-implanted boron and the ion-implanted phosphorous are activated with heat during the growth of the thick field oxide layer  21   a.  The resultant semiconductor structure is shown in FIG.  5 A. 
     Using the thick field oxide layer  21   a  as an etching mask, the heavily doped n-type impurity region  21   d  is selectively etched away by using an anisotropic dry etching technique, and forms a recess  22   a  in the heavily doped n-type impurity region  21   d.  The anisotropic dry etching does not control the crystal plane of the inner surface  21   e  of the heavily doped n-type impurity region  21   d.  The recess  22   a  is shallower than the heavily doped n-type impurity region  21   d  by 0.2 micron to 0.8 micron, and the resultant semiconductor structure is shown in FIG.  5 B. 
     The lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon is epitaxially grown in the recess  22   a,  and the dopant concentration of the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon is of the order of 1×10 16  atoms per cm 3 . The selective epitaxial growth is carried out by using the chemical vapor deposition as similar to the first embodiment. However, the lightly doped single crystal silicon is grown on not only the bottom surface but also the inner surface  21   e,  and the lightly doped single crystal silicon layer  21   b  has a convex portion  21   f  along the inner edge of the thick field oxide layer  21   a  as shown in FIG.  5 C. However, the height of the convex portion  21   f  is not greater than 0.1 micron. 
     Phosphorous-doped polysilicon is deposited to 100 nanometers to 200 nanometers thick over the resultant semiconductor structure by using a chemical vapor deposition, and the phosphorous concentration is of the order of 10 19  atoms per cm 3 . The phosphorous-doped polysilicon is patterned into the collector electrode  24   a,  and the inter-level insulating layer  25   a  of 200 nanometers thick is deposited over the resultant structure. Subsequently, the collector electrode  24   a  is heated, and the phosphorous is thermally diffused from the collector electrode  24   a  into the peripheral area of the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b.  The phosphorous forms the collector contact region  23   a  as shown in FIG.  5 D. 
     Subsequently, a part of the inter-level insulating layer  25   a  is etched away, and forms a base contact hole  22   b  to which the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b  is exposed. P-type doped polysilicon is deposited to 150 nanometers to 300 nanometers thick over the resultant semiconductor structure, and the dopant concentration of the p-type doped polysilicon contains the p-type dopant impurity of the order of 10 18  atoms per cm 3 . The p-type doped polysilicon layer  26   a  is held on contact with the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b  through the base contact hole  22   b.  The resultant semiconductor structure is covered with an insulating layer  26   b  of 100 nanometers to 200 nanometers thick as shown in FIG.  5 E. 
     The insulating layer  26   b  and the p-type doped polysilicon layer  26   a  are patterned into the inter-level insulating layer  25   b  and the base electrode  24   b,  and a primary emitter contact hole  22   c  is formed in the lamination of the base electrode  24   b  and the inter-level insulating layer  25   b.    
     Heat is applied to the base electrode  24   b,  and the p-type dopant impurity is diffused from the base electrode  24   b  into the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b,  and forms the graft base region  23   b.    
     Boron or boron difluoride is ion implanted through the primary emitter contact hole  22   c  into the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b,  and is activated through a heat treatment. As a result, an intrinsic base region  23   d  is formed inside of the graft base region  23   b  as shown in FIG.  5 F. 
     Silicon oxide is deposited over the resultant semiconductor structure, and a side wall spacer  25   c  is formed from the silicon oxide layer on the inner surface of the lamination of the base electrode  24   b  and the inter-level insulating layer  25   b  by using an etch-back technique. The side wall spacer  25   c  defines a secondary emitter contact hole  22   d.  Heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon is deposited to 100 nanometer to 200 nanometers thick, and arsenic concentration is of the order of 10 19  to 10 21  atoms per cm 3 . The heavily arsenic-doped polysilicon layer is patterned into the emitter electrode  24   c,  and the arsenic is thermally diffused from the emitter electrode  24   c  into the central area of the intrinsic base region  23   d  through a lamp annealing. The arsenic forms the emitter region  23   c  as shown in FIG.  5 G. 
     Finally, the base electrode  24   b  and the inter-level insulating layer  25   b  are partially etched away, and becomes small. 
     Thus, the collector contact region  23   a,  the graft base region  23   b  and the intrinsic base region  23   d  are formed in the lightly doped single crystal silicon layer  21   b,  and the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b  is formed after the growth of the thick field oxide layer  21   a,  and the n-type dopant impurity is less diffused from the heavily doped n-type impurity region  21   d  into the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b.  As a result, a flat zone takes place in the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer  21   b,  and collector resistance is decreased without sacrifice of the transistor characteristics. 
     The collector electrode  24   a,  the base electrode  24   b  and the emitter electrode  24   c  are respectively self-aligned with the thick- field oxide layer  2   a,  the collector electrode  24   a  and the base electrode  24   b.  For this reason, the bipolar transistor implementing the second embodiment is suitable for an ultra large scale integration. 
     If the edge of the recess is directed to [ 110 ], a facet takes place in the periphery of the lightly doped n-type single crystal silicon layer, and cancels the convex portion. Therefore, a flat surface is created in the second embodiment. 
     Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     For example, if the recess  14   a  is formed in the heavily doped n-type impurity region  11   c  through a dry etching, ( 110 ) crystal plane or the equivalent crystal plane forms the inner surface  11   d,  and the single crystal silicon layer  11   e  is similarly grown. 
     The heavily doped n-type impurity region  21   c  may be formed after the growth of the thick field oxide layer  21   a.    
     The heavily doped n-type impurity regions  11   c/   21   d  may be thicker than the heavily doped p-type impurity layer  11   b/   21   c.    
     A p-n-p type bipolar transistor may be formed through one of the processes described hereinbefore.