Patent Publication Number: US-6218123-B1

Title: Construction of normalized cDNA libraries from eucaryotic cells

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 60/095,989, which was filed Aug. 10, 1998. 
    
    
     1.0 FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a complex cDNA library generated from eukaryotic cells and methods for making such a library. More specifically, the invention uses recombinant constructs that randomly insert into the genome to facilitate the expression of nuclear genes as fusion transcripts. The invention further allows one to specifically subclone the corresponding fusion transcripts into a highly complex cDNA library. The library is easily characterized by molecular analysis techniques, and individual clones can be directly sequenced to generate a sequence database of the cell-derived portion of the fusion transcripts. 
     2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The Human Genome Project is currently approaching the sequencing phase of the human genome and the completion of this milestone is expected in the year 2005. The hope is that at the conclusion of the sequencing phase, a comprehensive representation of the human genome will be available for biomedical analysis. However, the resulting sequence data from the human genome project will typically correspond to human genomic sequence, and the actual genes represented in the genomic sequence might not be obvious even with the use of sophisticated computer assisted exon identification programs. The availability of cDNA information will therefore significantly contribute to the value of the sequenced human genome since they directly indicate the presence of transcribed sequences. Thus, the sequencing of cDNA libraries to obtain expressed sequence tags or ESTs that identify exons expressed within a given tissue, cell, or cell line is currently in progress. As a consequence of these efforts, a large number of EST sequences are presently compiled in public and privately held databases. However, the present EST paradigm is inherently limited by the levels and extent of mRNA production within a given cell. A related problem is the lack of cDNA sources from specific tissue and developmental expression profiles. In addition, some genes are typically only active under certain physiological conditions or are generally expressed at levels below or near the threshold necessary for cDNA cloning and detection and are therefore not effectively represented in current cDNA libraries. 
     Researchers have partially addressed these issues by using phage vectors to clone genomic sequences such that internal exons are trapped (Nehls, et al., 1994, Current Biology, 4(1):983-989, and Nehls, et al., 1994, Oncogene, 9:2169-2175). However, such libraries require the random cloning of genomic DNA into a suitable cloning vector in vitro, followed by reintroduction of the cloned DNA in vivo in order to express and splice the cloned genes prior to producing the cDNA library. Additionally, such methods are limited to “trapping” genes having internal exons. 
     3.0 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention describes methods for constructing complex cDNA libraries from gene trapped eukaryotic cells. Although the presently described libraries can be constructed from virtually any cell that is naturally capable of splicing nuclear mRNA, animal cells, and particularly mammalian cells, are of particular interest. 
     Rapid production and sequencing of such normalized gene trapped sequence (GTS) libraries greatly facilitates gene identification and complements current sequencing efforts such as, for example, the Human Genome Project. Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is directed to cDNA libraries that provide a normalized representation of the genes present within a given cell, cell line, tissue, plant, or animal. In a preferred embodiment, the GTS libraries are produced by a method that does not include a period of selective culture that enriches the population of eucaryotic cells that incorporate the exogenously introduced gene trap construct. 
     Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is a collection of individually isolated and identified human cDNA sequences that collectively comprise at least one sequence representative of each of the following categories: G-protein coupled recpetors, G proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, protein kinases, steroid response element binding proteins, and tumor suppressor proteins. 
     The presently described methods for generating such libraries can be used to produce normalized (or equalized) cDNA libraries using mRNA obtained from virtually any eukaryotic cell. Using the described methods, each cell or cell clone is engineered to express a gene, or part of a gene (e.g., sequence), under the control of a promoter that has been nonspecifically, or essentially randomly, integrated into the genome of the target cell. For the purposes of the present invention, the term “nonspecifically integrated” shall mean that a polynucleotide has not specifically integrated into a predefined target sequence, or has not been directed to a particular region of the host cell chromosome by the incorporation of one or more regions of flanking homologous “targeting” DNA. 
     Given that the production of the mRNA pool that is used to produce the described cDNA libraries is mediated by an exogenously added promoter, the presently described procedures allow one to express a higher percentage of the genes collectively present within the target cell population. An additional feature of the fact that the exogenous promoter element is nonspecifically, or even randomly, integrated into the genome of each cell is that the exogenous promoter more-or-less uniformly directs the expression of the mRNA that is preferentially used to generate the cDNA within the library. The uniformity of this expression effectively “normalizes” the relative percentages of the various cDNAs that are incorporated into the described libraries. In essence, the cDNAs in the library are related by the common promoter element. This feature significantly reduces the burden of sequencing duplicative cDNAs that are typically over represented in conventional cDNA libraries because of differential expression levels within the cell. 
     A particularly useful feature of the presently described procedure, is that genes that are normally not expressed in the target cell, or expressed at low levels, (i.e., effectively undetectable using conventional methods of generating cDNA), are expressed at levels that allow cDNA production and cloning. 
    
    
     4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIGS. 1A-1D. 
     FIG. 1A illustrates a retroviral vector that can be used to practice the described invention. 
     FIG. 1B shows a schematic of how a typical cellular genomic locus is effected by the integration of the retroviral construct into intronic sequences of the cellular gene. 
     FIG. 1C shows the chimeric transcripts produced by the gene trap event as well as the locations of the binding sites for PCR primers. 
     FIG. 1D shows how the PCR amplified cDNAs are directionally cloned into a suitable vector. 
     FIG. 2 shows a method of practicing T-DNA mediated high throughput gene trapping in plants using an agrobacterium system. 
     FIG. 3 shows a practicing transposon mediated high throughput gene trapping in plants 
     FIG. 4 presents a representative sampling of “known” genes (identified by name and database, e.g. GENBANK, SWISSPROT, etc, accession number) that have been gene trapped when the described methods were used to produce a human gene trap library. 
    
    
     5.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to normalized “gene trapped” CDNA libraries that provide an enhanced representation of the coding regions, or genes, present within a given cell, cell line, tissue, plant, or animal. The methods used to generate the described libraries exploit several features of the biology of eukaryotic cells and viruses. To produce the described normalized cDNA library, an exogenously added promoter element (incorporated into an appropriately engineered recombinant vector/construct) is introduced into a target cell, tissue, or animal, where the promoter element subsequently integrates into the cellular genome in a nonspecific, or essentially random, manner. For the purposes of the present disclosure, a “normalized” library is characterized as a collection of distinct sequences that are derived from transcripts expressed, or substantially expressed by one or more common exogenously added promoter elements. 
     Typically, the exogenous promoter element is introduced as part of a 3′ gene trap cassette. The 3′ gene trap cassette additionally incorporates an exogenously added 3′ exon trap that encodes an exon, an operative splice donor site, and does not encode a polyadenylation signal that allows for the efficient polyadenylation of the exogenously added exon. The exon component of the 3′ exon trap cassette can encode a selectable marker conferring, for example, antibiotic resistance (i.e., puro or neo, etc.), or the exon can comprise noncoding sequence. The sequence at or near the splice donor region of the 3′ exon trap cassette is preferably derived from naturally occurring sequence. More preferably, the 3′ exon trap cassette comprises sequence native to, or closely related to sequence derived from the target cell. Preferably, the naturally occurring counterpart of any 3′ exon trap cassette sequence is not naturally expressed in the target cell, only poorly expressed, or not expressed at levels sufficient to unduly interfere with the production of the described libraries (as typically detected by northern analysis, or RT-PCR). In the event where the natural counterpart of the described 3′ gene trap exon is expressed in the target cell, the exogenously added 3′ gene trap exon is preferably engineered to incorporate sequence that is not normally expressed in the target cell. 
     Any of a wide variety of means can be used to introduce the exogenous promoter element/3′ gene trap cassette into the target cell. For example, the 3′ gene trap cassette can be introduced using DNA or RNA vectors in conjunction with methods such as, but not limited to, electroporation, lipofection, chemical transfection, infection, nanoparticle delivery, microspheres, etc., and/or any combination thereof. 
     A preferred method of effecting the essentially random integration of the 3′ gene trap cassette is by incorporating the promoter element into a retroviral vector that, after infection, uses the retroviral integration machinery mediate vector integration into the target cell genome. Such biological methods of vector introduction into the target cell and incorporation into the target cell genome are typically more efficient than nonbiological (e.g., chemical, electrical, physical, etc.) means of vector introduction. For example, biological methods of introducing gene trap constructs into target cells allow for the practical application of vector:target cell input ratios of less than about 0.01. Typically, the vector:target cell input ratios (or, as in the case where virus are used, multiplicities of infection, or “m.o.i.”) used to practice the present invention will be less than about 1,000, generally less than 500, and often less than 100, 50, 10, or 1. In contrast, nonbiological methods of vector introduction often involve vector:target cell input ratios of 10,000 to 1,000,000 or more. By reducing the ratio of vector to target cell, one reduces the risk that vector concatamers will form in the target cells and hinder sequence acquisition via the formation of vector-to-vector splice products. 
     After a construct incorporating a 3′ gene trap cassette has integrated into the genome, the incorporation of a selectable marker in the construct can allow one to positively identify integration events by pharmacological selection, or other forms of screening (chromogenic or fluorescent assays, and the like). The selectable marker may be expressed by control elements present in the vector, or, preferably, the selectable marker is only expressed under the control of an endogenous, i.e. cellular, promoter. This feature allows one to select for both the integration event, and also better insures that the construct has integrated within a cellular gene. The selectable marker should be sufficiently active to allow cell survival even when expressed at low levels by the endogenous promoter. Given that no selectable marker activity is expected in the absence of such endogenous promoter activity, the genomic integration effectively constitutes a gene trap event. Alternatively, or in addition, a selectable marker can be incorporated into the sequence acquisition component (3′ gene trap cassette). 
     Where gene trap mediated selection is employed to practice the present invention, preferred target cells for the generation of the described libraries include embryonic stem cells, and particularly human embryonic, or other, stem cells. However, in some cases, such as those instances where a relatively high percentage of the endogenous genes within the target cell are inactive, an autonomously expressed selectable marker cassette can optionally be incorporated into the gene targeting vector either upstream or downstream from the 3′ gene trap cassette. Where expression of the selectable marker is not dependent upon the gene trap event, the preferential and/or specific cloning feature of the present invention can be exploited to produce the described cDNA libraries without selecting for the gene trap event per se. 
     Virtually any cell having the cellular machinery necessary to splice nuclear RNA into mRNA, and that can also be manipulated to incorporate exogenous genetic material into the cellular genome, can be used to produce the described GTS libraries. As such, any of a wide variety of eukaryotic cells such as, but not limited to, plant cells (dicots and monocots, angiosperms (poppies, roses, camellias, etc.), gymnosperms (pine, etc.), sorghum, grasses, as well as plants of agricultural significance such as, but not limited to, grains (rice, wheat, corn, millet, oats, etc.), nuts, lentils, chick peas, tubers (potatoes, yams, taro, etc.), herbs, cotton, hemp, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, rye, beets, alfalfa, buckwheat, hay, soy beans, bananas, sugar cane, fruits (citrus and otherwise), grapes, vegetables, and fungi (mushrooms, truffles, etc.), palm, maple, redwood, rape seed, safflower, saffron, coconut yew, oak, and other deciduous and evergreen trees, animal cells, fungal cells, yeast cells, mold cells, and the like can be used to produce the described libraries. Two representative strategies for practicing high throughput gene trapping in plants are provided in FIGS. 2 and 3. 
     Additional cells of particular interest include, but are not limited to, virtually any primary cell line, isolated tumor cell line, PA-1 human teratocarcinoma cells, HELA cells, fibroblasts, HepB2 cells, Jurkatt cells, transformed cell lines, virally infected cells, transfected cells, stably or transiently transduced cells, stimulated (lectin, cytokine, etc.) cells, irradiated cells, or cell lines from the spleen, bone marrow, germline cells, ovaries, liver, kidney, skin, adrenal gland, neurons, brain, lung, muscle, large and small intestine, bone, secretory glands, stomach, esophagus, trachea, sinus, muscle, or cells or tissues of epithelial, endothelial, mesothelial, ectodermal, endodermal, or mesodermal origin or any combination or mixture thereof. Moreover, infectious virus can be locally or systemically introduced into test animals in vivo, and the described cDNA libraries can be prepared from resected tissues/organs. 
     Additionally, animal cells or cell lines from bovine, ovine, porcine, canine, avian, and feline species, members of the rodent family, (e.g., mice, rats, as well as rabbits and guinea pigs), members of the genera or families Gallus, Suidae, Bos, Ursus, Meleagris, Capra, Lama, Camelus, Odocoileus, and Oryx, and non-human primates, such as chimpanzees, can be used to practice the present invention. 
     When retroviral vectors of murine origin are used to construct the described libraries, nonmurine target cells, e.g., human target cells, can be murinized by the addition of a suitable receptor for murine retrovirus. Alternatively, the retroviral gene trap vector(s) can be packaged using a suitable packaging cell line encoding retroviral envelope protein affording amphotropic host specificity. Particularly where human target cells are contemplated, suitable lentiviral gene-trap vectors can be employed using suitable lentiviral packaging cell lines in conjunction with transfecting the suitable virus receptors into the target cells. Similarly, avian retroviruses can be adapted as described herein and used to directly prepare cDNA libraries from avian cells. Alternatively, pantropic virus/packaging cell lines can be employed. 
     Another feature of the described 3′ gene trap cassette is that the exogenous promoter drives high levels of transcription of the trapped gene. As a result, the fusion transcript expressed by the exogenously added promoter contains sequences from both the transgenic construct and downstream genomic sequences. The portion of the fusion transcript derived from the transgenic construct can additionally encode, but not necessarily so, a selectable marker that would allow one to select for cells that contain functional transcripts. Where vector introduction into the target cell is sufficiently efficient (as in the case with viral infection), one need not select (by antibiotic resistance, selective growth advantage, fluorescence activated screening or cell sorting, etc.) for target cells expressing vector sequences. Thus, a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention include methods of gene trapping vectors where the exon component of the 3′ gene trap cassette does not encode a selectable or amplifiable marker sequence. Since the majority of selectable marker sequences are not native to eucaryotic cells, the absence of a selectable marker sequence can also materially increase the splicing efficiency of the unpaired splice donor of the 3′ gene trap cassette. 
     FIG. 1A illustrates a typical vector suitable for the practice of the present invention, in this case a retroviral vector. An appropriately packaged retrovirus containing the retroviral transgenic construct is used to infect a mammalian cell and subsequently integrate the construct into the cellular genome. FIG. 1B shows a schematic of how a typical cellular genomic locus is effected by the integration of the retroviral construct into intronic sequences of the cellular gene (generating two chimeric transcripts). As illustrated in FIG. 1C, the first chimeric transcript is a fusion between the coding region of the resistance marker carried within the transgenic construct and the upstream exon(s) from the cellular gene. A mature transcript is generated when the indicated splice donor (SD) and splice acceptor (SA) sites are spliced. Translation of this fusion transcript produces the protein encoded by the resistance marker and allows for the positive selection of the gene trapped cell. 
     Another chimeric transcript is shown in FIG.  1 C. This transcript is a fusion between the first exon (EXON1) of the transgenic construct and downstream exons from the cellular gene. Again, the mature transcript is generated by proper splicing between the indicated SD and SA sites. The construct encoded promoter element drives the transcription of the first (transgenic construct encoded) exon that contains unique sequence that permits the selective enrichment of the fusion transcript using molecular biological methods such as, for example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These sequences serve as unique primer binding sites for EXON1-specific PCR amplification of the transcript and one or several rare-cutter endonuclease restriction sites to allow site-specific cloning. These features allow one to efficiently and selectively clone the transgene induced fusion transcripts from pools of mammalian cells as opposed to the majority of cell-specific transcripts. 
     Based on the unique sequence present in EXON1, that is schematically indicated as a rare-cutter (A) restriction site in FIG. 1B, selective cloning of the fusion transcript is achieved as shown in FIG.  1 D. cDNA is generated by reverse transcribing isolated RNA (i.e., total RNA or mRNA) from pools of cells that have undergone independent gene trap events using, for example, cDNA-1 as a deoxyoligonucleotide primer. The 3′ end of the cDNA-1 primer consists of a homopolymeric stretch of deoxythymidine residues that bind to the polyadenylated end of the mRNA. At its 5′ end, the oligonucleotide contains a sequence that can serve as a binding site for primer PCR-2. In the center, cDNA-1 contains the sequence of a second rare-cutter (B) restriction site. Depending on the size of the pool and the transcriptional levels of the fusion transcript, second strand synthesis is carried out either with deoxyoligonucleotide primer cDNA-2 using Klenow polymerase or by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the presence of primers PCR-1 and PCR-2. 
     The second strand reaction products that are generated by PCR (in the case where fusion transcripts are present in low abundance) or by a simple second strand synthesis are digested with restriction endonucleases that recognize their corresponding restriction site (e.g., A and B). Where longer PCR products are desired, the templates can be size selected prior to PCR. Additionally, PCR conditions can be suitably modified using any of a variety of established procedures for enhancing the size of the PCR products. Such methods are described, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,772, and/or the PanVera (Madison, Wis.) New Technologies for Biomedical Research catalog (1997/98) both of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     Optionally, prior to cloning the cDNA fragments can be size-selected using conventional methods such as, for example, chromatography, electrophoresis, and the like. The cleaved cDNAs are directionally cloned into a new lambda phage vector (see FIG. 1D) or virtually any other cloning vector/vehicle (generically referred to as trapped sequence tag vectors “TST vectors” in FIG.  1 D), preferably incorporating a multiple cloning site with restriction sites corresponding to those incorporated into the amplified cDNAs. After cloning, the resulting phage/vectors can be handled as a conventional cDNA library using standard procedures. Individual colonies and/or plaques can be used to generate templates for DNA sequencing reactions, and can be used as templates for further amplification by PCR using the SEQ-1 and SEQ-2 primers indicated in FIG.  1 D. Such amplicons, or GTSs, are easily subjected to sequencing analysis and can further serve as gene specific probes for obtaining full-length genes. 
     The presently described methods are amenable to the production of large numbers of gene trap clones. The large quantities of clones that can be generated can quantitatively compensate for aspects of gene trapping technology that are qualitatively less efficient. For example, 5′ RACE is a powerful tool that can be used to discover the 5′ end of genes. However, typical versions of 5′ RACE only include a unique PCR primer at the 3′ end of the PCR product (typically hybridizing to sequence unique to the 5′ gene trap cassette) and must rely on “snap back” or random primers to prime the 5′ region of the PCR product. The lack of specific priming at the 5′ end of the PCR product creates a variety of complications that effect the direct detection and analysis of 5′ RACE products. By cloning the 5′ RACE products into traditional cloning vectors, the shear numbers of clones that can be generated and easily screened compensates for the inherent inefficiencies of 5′ RACE, and renders practical the large scale automated discovery of sequences defining the 5′ ends of genes. 
     Given that the host cell splicing machinery is exploited during the production of the described normalized cDNA libraries, the SD and/or SA sequences, and preferably the flanking exon and or intron sequences, encoded by the described gene trap constructs are derived from eukaryotic cells, typically from cells of the same phylum as the target cells, more typically from cells from the same order, preferably from cells of the same genus, and more preferably from cells of the same-species, or any mixture, combination, or variation of the above. Optionally, the SD, SA, and/or exon sequences can be either naturally occurring or engineered “consensus” sequences optimized for splicing efficiency in specific target cells, or a broad spectrum of potential target cells. Alternatively, the splicing control sequences can be engineered to target splicing to specific genes or gene families, or to preferentially avoid specific genes or gene families. 
     To ensure maximum coverage of the genome, the target cells are preferably trapped using one or more vectors incorporating 5′ gene trap cassettes, 3′ gene trap cassettes, and internal exon traps, either singly or in combination. This feature is further applicable to exon trapped phage libraries, and, as such, an additional embodiment of the present invention relates to cDNA libraries conceptually similar to those described by Nehls et al. (1994, Current Biology, 4(1):983-989, and 1994, Oncogene, 9:2169-2175 both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety) that additionally employ phage vectors incorporating 3′ exon traps and/or 5′ exon traps, or any mixture thereof, to produce the phage genomic DNA library used to subsequently generate the trapped cDNA library. 
     A typical 3′ exon trap cassette to be incorporated into such vectors comprises in operable combination, a promoter element, an exon expressed by the promoter that encodes an operative splice donor sequence, a cloning site for the insertion of genomic DNA inserts located 3′ to the splice donor, and does not include an exogenously engineered polyadenylation sequence operably positioned to allow the polyadenylation of a cloned genomic exon. Similarly, a typical 5′ exon trap cassette to be incorporated into such vectors comprises, in operable combination, a cloning site for the insertion of genomic DNA inserts, an exon encoding an operative splice acceptor site located 3′ to the cloning site, a polyadenylation sequence located 3′ to the splice acceptor site, and is not engineered to include a vector encoded splice donor sequence operably positioned to allow efficient (as opposed to cryptic) splicing with the splice acceptor site of the vector encoded exon. Particularly where a 5′ exon trap is employed, unique sequences within the flanking phage sequence and 5′ exon trap cassette can be amplified by RT-PCR to rapidly produce and analyze 5′ RACE products either directly or after the generation of a 5′ RACE cDNA library. This embodiment of the present invention also allows for the automated detection of sequences defining the 5′ ends of naturally occurring eukaryotic genes. Similar 5′ RACE cDNA libraries can additionally be constructed using internal exon traps. 
     The promoters used to generate the described normalized cDNA libraries are preferably derived from eukaryotic cells, typically from cells of the same phylum as the target cells, more typically from cells from the same order, preferably from cells of the same genus, and more preferably from cells of the same species, or any mixture, combination, or variation of the above. Optionally, the promoters can be either naturally occurring or engineered “consensus” promoters optimized for expression in specific target cells, or a broad spectrum of potential target cells. Alternatively, the splicing control sequences can be engineered to preferentially or inducibly express specific genes or gene families, or to preferentially or inducibly avoid the expression of specific genes or gene families. Where the inducible or regulatable expression of target cell genes is desired, the transgenic constructs can optionally be engineered to encode suitable regulatory regions (transcription factor binding sites, response elements, etc.) operably positioned relative to the promoter region. 
     Typically, the described transgenic constructs can be introduced to the target cells at any of a wide variety of ratios (or multiplicities of infection where viral vectors are used to infect cells). Typically, such ratios will start at about 0.001 vector/target cells, generally the ratios are between about 0.01 or 1.0 and about several hundred or thousand vectors/target cell, or more, as only limited by the properties of the mode of vector introduction. Ideally, the transgenic constructs are introduced to the target cells such that the target cell genome is collectively saturated with gene trap constructs. Given the high efficiencies of some methods of introducing genetic material into cells (i.e., high titer retroviral infection), in conjunction with the fact that the described methods allow for the preferential cloning of gene trapped sequences, the described cDNA libraries can be constructed without the need for selecting for gene trapped cells. The omission of selection substantially simplifies and expedites the generation of the described libraries. Where DNA transfection, lipofection, electroporation, etc. are employed to introduce the 3′ gene trap to the target cell, the vectors are optionally linearized and/or concatamerized prior to addition to the target cell. 
     Using the presently described methods, normalized libraries of at least about 100 distinct vector expressed cDNA sequences are produced, typically at least about 1,000 distinct cDNA sequences, generally, at least about 3,000 distinct cDNA sequences, more generally at least about 7,500 distinct cDNA sequences, preferably at least about 20,000 distinct cDNA sequences, more preferably at least about 50,000 distinct cDNA sequences, and specifically at least about 100,000. Depending on the size of the genome, the number of distinct cDNAs represented in the library can number from up to about several dozen thousand, several hundred thousand, one million, or more, as only limited by practical considerations and the number of exons present in the target cell genome. 
     The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way whatsoever. 
     6.0. EXAMPLES 
     6.1 Construction of Gene Trapped cDNA Libraries 
     Normalized GTS cDNA libraries were produced as follows. Pools of modified human PA-1 teratocarcinoma cells (e.g., PA-2, PA-1 cells that have been transfected to express the murine ecotropic retrovirus receptor) were typically infected with a suitable gene trap retrovirus at an m.o.i between about 0.01 and about 0.1 (although much higher m.o.i.&#39;s such as 1 to more than 10 could have been used). The retrovirus (described in greater detail in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/057,328, herein incorporated by reference) is shown in FIG.  1 A. FIG. 1B schematically shows how the target cell genomic locus is presumably mutated by the integration of the retroviral construct into intronic sequences present in the cellular gene. The integration of the retroviral vector results in the generation of two chimeric transcripts. As illustrated in FIG. 1C, the first chimeric transcript is a fusion between the coding region of the resistance marker (where applicable, neo was used to produce the presently described GTSs) carried within the transgenic construct and the upstream exon(s) from the cellular gene. A mature transcript is generated when the indicated splice donor (SD) and splice acceptor (SA) sites are spliced. Translation of this fusion transcript produces the protein encoded by the resistance marker and allows for selection of gene trapped target cells, although selection is not required to produce the described GTSs. By the foregoing selection, GTSs are generated in a substantially more rapid and cost-efficient manner, and gene trapped sequences can be obtained that are independent of whether the target cell expresses the “trapped” gene. 
     Another chimeric transcript is shown in FIG.  1 C. This transcript is a fusion between the first exon of the transgenic construct (EXON1—the first exon of the murine btk gene was used as the sequence acquisition component for the described GTSs) and downstream exons from the cellular genome. Unlike the transcript encoding the selectable marker exon, the transcript encoding EXON1 is transcribed under the control of a vector encoded, and hence exogenously added, promoter (such as the PGK promoter), and the corresponding mRNA is generated by splicing between the indicated SD (“unpaired,” within the vector) and SA sites. The region encoding the sequence acquisition exon (EXON1) has also been engineered to incorporate a unique sequence that permits the selective enrichment of the fusion transcript using molecular biological methods such as, for example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These sequences serve as unique primer binding sites for EXON1-specific PCR amplification of the transcript and can additionally incorporate one or several rare-cutter endonuclease restriction sites to allow site-specific cloning. These features allow for the efficient and preferential cloning of transgene expressed fusion transcripts from pools of target cells relative to the background of cellularly encoded transcripts. 
     Based on the unique sequence present in EXON1, that is schematically indicated as a rare-cutter (A) restriction site in FIG. 1B, selective cloning of the fusion transcript is achieved as shown in FIG.  1 D. cDNA was generated by reverse transcribing isolated RNA from pools of cells that have undergone independent gene trap events. The second strand reaction products that were generated by PCR were digested with restriction endonucleases that recognize their corresponding restriction site(s) (e.g., A and B). Additionally, PCR conditions were suitably modified using a variety of established procedures for enhancing the size of the PCR products. Such methods are described, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,772, and/or the PanVera (Madison, WI) New Technologies for Biomedical Research catalog (1997/98) both of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     Prior to cloning, the PCR cDNA fragments were size-selected using conventional methods such as, for example, chromatography, gel-electrophoresis, and the like. Alternatively or in addition to this size selection, the PCR templates could have been previously size selected into separate template pools. 
     After digestion with suitable restriction enzymes, and size selection as described above, the cleaved cDNAs were directionally cloned into phage vectors (see FIG.  1 D), although any other cloning vector/vehicle could have been used. Such vectors are generically referred to as gene trapped sequence vectors (see “TST vector” in FIG.  1 D), preferably incorporating a multiple cloning site with restriction sites corresponding to those incorporated into the amplified cDNAs (e.g., Sfi I, which allows for directional cloning of the cDNAs). After cloning, the resulting phage were handled as a conventional cDNA library using standard procedures. Individual colonies and/or plaques were picked and used to generate PCR derived (using the primers indicated below) templates for DNA sequencing reactions. 
     A more detailed description of the above follows. The btk retroviral gene trap vector described above was introduced into human PA-2 cells (or murine ES cells) using standard techniques. In brief, vector/virus containing supernatant from GP+E or AM12 packaging cells was added to approximately 50,000 cells (at an input ratio between about 0.01 and about 0.1 virus/target cell) for between about 16 to about 24 hours, and the cells were subsequently selected with G418 at active concentration of about 400 micrograms/ml for about 9-10 days. Between about 600 and about 3,000 G418 resistant colonies were subsequently pooled, and subjected to RNA isolation, reverse transcription, PCR, restriction digestion, size selection, and subcloning into lambda phage vectors. Individual phage plaques were directly amplified, purified, and sequenced to obtain the corresponding GTS. 
     When the described normalized cDNA libraries were generated without any use of selection pressure subsequent to vector introduction, about 1×10 6  cells (PA-2, Hela, HepG2, or Jurkatt cells) per 100 mm dish were plated and infected with AM12 packaged btk retrovirus at an m.o.i. of approximately 0.01. After a 16 h incubation, the cells were washed in PBS and grown in culture media for four days. RNA from each plate was extracted, reverse transcribed, and the resulting cDNA was subject to two rounds of PCR, each for 25 cycles. The resulting PCR products were digested with Sfi and separated by gel electrophoresis. Six size fractions (between about 300 and about 4,000 bp) were recovered and each fraction was ligated into lambdaGT10Sfi arms, in vitro packaged, and plated for lysis. Individual plaques were picked from the plates, subject to an additional round of PCR, and subsequently sequenced to obtain the described GTSs. The particulars are described in greater detail below. 
     FIG. 1D shows the chimeric fusion transcript that is formed when the first exon of the transgenic construct (EXON1—the first exon of the murine btk gene was used as the sequence acquisition component for the described GTSs) is spliced to downstream exons from the cellular genome. Unlike the transcript encoding the selectable marker exon, the transcript encoding EXON1 is transcribed under the control of a vector encoded, and hence exogenously added, promoter (such as the PGK promoter), and the corresponding mRNA is generated by splicing between the indicated SD and SA sites. 
     The region encoding the sequence acquisition exon (EXON1) has also been engineered to incorporate a unique sequence that permits the selective enrichment of the fusion transcript using molecular biological methods such as, for example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These sequences serve as unique primer binding sites for EXON1-specific PCR amplification of the transcript and can additionally incorporate one or several rare-cutter endonuclease restriction sites to allow site-specific cloning. These features allow for the efficient and preferential cloning of transgene expressed fusion transcripts from pools of target cells relative to the background of cellularly encoded transcripts. 
     Based on the unique sequence present in EXON1, that is schematically indicated as a rare-cutter (A) restriction site in FIG. 1B, selective cloning of the fusion transcript is achieved as shown in FIG.  1 D. cDNA was generated by reverse transcribing isolated RNA from pools of cells that have undergone independent gene trap events using, for example, RTT-1 as a deoxyoligonucleotide primer. The 3′ end of the RTT-1 primer consisted of a homopolymeric stretch of deoxythymidine residues that bound to the polyadenylated end of the mRNA. At its 5′ end, the oligonucleotide contained a sequence that can serve as a binding site for a second and a third primer (GET-2 and GET-2N). In the center, RTT-1 contains the sequence of a second rare-cutter (B) restriction site. Depending on the size of the pool and the transcriptional levels of the fusion transcript, second strand synthesis was carried out either with deoxyoligonucleotide primer BTK-1 using Klenow polymerase or by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the presence of primers BTK-1 and GET-2. The second strand reaction products that were generated by PCR were digested with restriction endonucleases that recognize their corresponding restriction site (e.g., A and B). Additionally, PCR conditions were suitably modified using a variety of established procedures for enhancing the size of the PCR products. Such methods are described, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,772, and/or the PanVera (Madison, Wis.) New Technologies for Biomedical Research catalog (1997/98) both of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     Prior to cloning, the PCR cDNA fragments were size-selected using conventional methods such as, for example, chromatography, gel-electrophoresis, and the like. Alternatively or in addition to this size selection, the PCR templates could have been previously size selected into separate template pools. 
     After digestion with suitable restriction enzymes, and size selection as described above, the cleaved cDNAs were directionally cloned into phage vectors (see FIG.  1 D), although any other cloning vector/vehicle could have been used. Such vectors are generically referred to as gene trapped sequence vectors, or “GTS vectors” in FIG.  1 D), preferably incorporating a multiple cloning site with restriction sites corresponding to those incorporated into the amplified cDNAs (e.g., Sfi I, which allows for directional cloning of the cDNAs). After cloning, the resulting phage were handled as a conventional cDNA library using standard procedures. Individual colonies and/or plaques were picked and used to generate PCR derived (using the primers indicated below) templates for DNA sequencing reactions. 
     Total cell RNA isolation was conducted using RNAzol (Friendswood, Tex., 77546) per the manufacturer&#39;s specifications. An RT premix containing 2× First Strand buffer, 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 150 mM KCl, 6 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM dNTPs, RNAGuard (1.5 units/reaction, Pharmacia), 20 mM DTT, RTT-1 primer (3 pmol/rxn, GenoSys Biotechnologies, sequence: 5′ tggctaggccccaggataggcctcgctggccttttttttttttttttt 3′, SEQ ID NO:1) and Superscript II enzyme (200 units/rxn, Life Technologies) was added. The plate/tube was transferred to a thermal cycler for the RT reaction (37° C. for 5 min. 42° C. for 30 min. and 55° C. for 10 min). 
     The cDNA was amplified using two distinct, and preferably nested, stages of PCR. The PCR premix contained: 1.1× MGBII buffer (74 mM Tris pH 8.8, 18.3 mM Ammonium Sulfate, 7.4 mM MgCl 2 , 5.5 mM 2ME, 0.011% Gelatin), 11.1% DMSO (Sigma), 1.67 mM τdNTPS, Taq (5 units/rxn), water and primers. The sequences of the first round primers are: BTK-1 5′ gccatggctccggtaggtccagag 3′, SEQ ID NO:2 (GET-2, 5′ tggctaggccccaggatag 3′, SEQ ID NO:3), (about 7 pmol/rxn). The sequences of the second round primers are BTK-4 5′ gtccagagatggccatagc 3′, SEQ ID NO:4 (GET-2N 5′ ccaggataggcctcgctg 3′, SEQ ID NO:5), (used at about 20 pmol/rxn). The outer premix was added to an aliquot of CDNA and run for 20 cycles (94° C. for 45 sec., 56° C. for 60 sec 72° C. for 2-4 min). An aliquot of this product was added to the inner premix and cycled at the same temperatures 20 times. 
     The PCR products of the second amplification series were extracted using phenol/chloroform, chloroform, and isopropanol precipitated in the presence of glycogen/sodium acetate. After centrifugation, the nucleic acid pellets were washed with 70 percent ethanol and were resuspended in TE, pH 8. After digestion with Sfi I at 55° C., the digested products were loaded onto 0.8% agarose gels and size-selected using DEAE membranes as described (Sambrook et al., 1989, supra). Generally, six approximate size-fractions (&lt;700 bp, 700-900 bp, 900-1,300 bp, 1,300-1,600 bp, 1,600-2,000 bp, &gt;2,000 bp) were separately ligated into GTS vector arms that were engineered to contain the corresponding Sfi I “A” and “B” specific overhangs (i.e., TAG and GCG, respectively). The ligation products were packaged using commercially available lambda packaging extracts (Promega), and plated using  E. coli  strain C600 using conventional procedures (Sambrook et al., 1989, supra). Individual plaques were directly picked into 40 microliters of PCR buffer and subjected to 35 cycles of PCR [at 94° C. for 45 sec., 56° C. for 60 sec 72° C. for 1-3 min (depending on the size fraction)] using 12 pmol of the primers SEQ-4, 5′ tacagtttttcttgtgaagattg 3′, SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ-5, 5′ gggtagtccccaccttttg 3′, SEQ ID NO:7, per PCR reaction. The cloned 3′ RACE products were purified using an S300 column equilibrated in STE essentially as described in Nehls et al., 1993, TIG,9:336-337, and the products were recovered by centrifugation at 1,200×g for 5 min. This step removes unincorporated nucleotides, oligonucleotides, and primer-dimers. The PCR products were subsequently applied to a 0.25 ml bed of Sephadex® G-50 (DNA Grade, Pharmacia Biotech AB) that was equilibrated in MilliQ H 2 O, and recovered by centrifugation as described above. Purified PCR products were quantified by fluorescence using PicoGreen (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene Oregon) as per the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     Dye terminator cycle sequencing reactions with AmpliTaq® FS DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) were carried out using 7 pmoles of primer (oligonucleotide BTK-3; 5′ tccaagtcctggcatctcac 3′, SEQ ID NO:8) and approximately 30-120 ng of 3′ template. Unincorporated dye terminators were removed from the completed sequencing reactions using G-50 columns as described above. The reactions were dried under vacuum, resuspended in loading buffer, and electrophoresed through a 6% Long Ranger acrylamide gel (FMC BioProducts, Rockland, Me.) on an ABI Prism® 377 with XL upgrade as per the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     When the resulting sequences were analyzed, a significant proportion of the resulting cDNA sequences were novel when compared known polynucleotide sequence information. Moreover, the a wide variety of known genes were “hit” including, for example, transmembrane proteins, secreted proteins, G-protein coupled receptors, G proteins and other signaling proteins, G activating proteins, steroid response element binding proteins, protein kinases and phosphatases, helicases and DNA modifying enzymes, proteases, transporter proteins, protease inhibitors, cytokines, interferons, blood proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, cell cycle regulators, tumor suppressors, oncogenes, immunoglobulins, CD surface proteins, immune receptors, chemokines, autoantigens, tyrosine kinases, genes that mediate apoptosis, etc. A sampling of the additional genes that have been hit using the disclosed is presented in FIG. 4 which also provides the name and database (i.e., GENBANK, SWISSPROT, etc.) accession numbers of the hit genes. Given the wide spectrum of genes that can be rapidly trapped and identified using the disclosed technology, an additional embodiment of the present invention includes a collection of individually isolated gene trapped normalized and chimeric cDNA sequences that collectively comprise at least one polynucleotide sequence corresponding to a gene representative of each of the above categories, or any subset or combination of at least about four of the disclosed categories. 
     6.2. Nonhuman Gene Trapped cDNA Libraries 
     The above methods were also employed using canine cell lines (ATCC strain D22, bone, carcinoma; collie), murine ES cells (LEX-1), and porcine cell lines (ATCC strains LLC-PK1 (porcine kidney) or ST (swine testis)) using the methods for generating GTSs without selection essentially as described above. In brief, approximately 1×10 6  animal cells per 100 mm dish were plated and infected with AM12 packaged btk retrovirus at a m.o.i. of approximately 0.01. After a 16 h incubation the cells were washed in PBS and grown in M15 media under conditions that do not select for cells having integrated vector sequences for about four days (i.e., without selection). RNA from each plate was extracted, reverse transcribed, and the resulting cDNA was subject to two rounds of PCR, each for 25 cycles. The resulting PCR products were digested with Sfi and separated by gel electrophoresis. Six size fractions (between about 300 and about 4,000 bp) were recovered and each fraction was ligated into lambdaGT10Sfi arms, in vitro packaged, and plated for lysis. Individual plaques were picked from the plates, subject to an additional round of PCR, and subsequently sequenced to obtain porcine or canine GTSs. The resulting murine, canine, and porcine GTSs proved the broad applicability of the described technology to a variety of mammalian species. 
     The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein, which are intended as specific illustrations of individual aspects of the invention, and functionally equivalent methods and components are within the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention, in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
     All patents, patent applications, and references cited in this application are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     
       
         
           
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             1 
             40 
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tggctaggcc ccaggatagg cctcgctggc cttttttttt                           40 
           
             2 
             24 
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            2
gccatggctc cggtaggtcc agag                                            24 
           
             3 
             19 
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            3
tggctaggcc ccaggatag                                                  19 
           
             4 
             19 
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            4
gtccagagat ggccatagc                                                  19 
           
             5 
             18 
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            5
ccaggatagg cctcgctg                                                   18 
           
             6 
             23 
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            6
tacagttttt cttgtgaaga ttg                                             23 
           
             7 
             19 
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            7
gggtagtccc caccttttg                                                  19 
           
             8 
             20 
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            8
tccaagtcct ggcatctcac                                                 20