Patent Publication Number: US-9897669-B2

Title: Electronically controllable groups of artificially structured unit cells providing localized B1 magnetic fields for MRI and NMR devices

Description:
If an Application Data Sheet (ADS) has been filed on the filing date of this application, it is incorporated by reference herein. Any applications claimed on the ADS for priority under 35 U.S.C. § § 119, 120, 121, or 365(c), and any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of such applications, are also incorporated by reference, including any priority claims made in those applications and any material incorporated by reference, to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. 
     CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the “Priority Applications”), if any, listed below (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC § 119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority Application(s)). 
     PRIORITY APPLICATIONS 
     NONE. 
     If the listings of applications provided above are inconsistent with the listings provided via an ADS, it is the intent of the Applicant to claim priority to each application that appears in the Domestic Benefit/National Stage Information section of the ADS and to each application that appears in the Priority Applications section of this application. 
     All subject matter of the Priority Applications and of any and all applications related to the Priority Applications by priority claims (directly or indirectly), including any priority claims made and subject matter incorporated by reference therein as of the filing date of the instant application, is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith. 
     SUMMARY 
     For example, and without limitation, an embodiment of the subject matter described herein includes a system. The system includes an array of at least two groups of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. Each group of the at least two groups is configured to be sequentially positioned in a respective plane transverse to the z-axis of the bore of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. Each group of at least two groups includes an electronically controllable radiofrequency amplifier switchable between an off-state and an on-state in response to a received B 1  localization control signal, and configured in the on-state to amplify a received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. Each group of at least two groups includes a respective radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure configured to deliver an amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group as an incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. The at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of each group are respectively configured to transform the delivered incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a segment of the z-axis and spatially proximate to the group. The system includes a control circuit configured to select an arbitrary examination segment transverse to the z-axis in response to data indicative of a transverse slice selected for examination, and to generate the B 1  localization control signal defining an amplification state assigned to each group of the at least two groups. The amplification states collectively defining a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment and having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the system includes a receiver configured to receive the data indicative of a location along the z-axis  318  of the transverse slice selected for examination. 
     For example, and without limitation, an embodiment of the subject matter described herein includes a method. The method includes receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or signal synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. The method includes selecting an arbitrary examination segment transverse to the z-axis of the bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device in response to data indicative of a location of a transverse slice selected for examination. The method includes generating a B 1  localization control signal defining an amplification and phase delay state assigned to each group of at least two groups of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of an array. Each group of the at least two groups of the array is sequentially positioned in a respective plane transverse to the z-axis. The amplification states collectively defining a localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis of the bore. The localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  having an intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. The method includes switching an electronically controllable radiofrequency amplifier of a group of at least two groups to a state responsive to the B 1  localization control signal and respectively amplifying the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves in response thereto. The method includes delivering the amplified received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group. The method includes transforming, using the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group of at least two groups, the incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into the localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1 . In an embodiment, the method includes receiving the data indicative of the location of the transverse slice selected for examination. 
     For example, and without limitation, an embodiment of the subject matter described herein includes an apparatus. The apparatus includes means for receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or signal synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. The apparatus includes means for selecting an arbitrary examination segment transverse to the z-axis of the bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device in response to data indicative of a location of a transverse slice selected for examination. The apparatus includes means for generating a B 1  localization control signal defining an amplification and phase delay state assigned to each group of at least two groups of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of an array. Each group of the at least two groups is sequentially positioned in a respective plane transverse to the z-axis. The amplification and phase delay states collectively defining a localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis of the bore and having an intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. The apparatus includes means for switching an electronically controllable radiofrequency amplifier of a group of at least two groups to a state responsive to the B 1  localization control signal and respectively amplifying the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves in response thereto. The apparatus includes means for delivering the amplified received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group. The apparatus includes means for transforming, using the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group of at least two groups, the incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into the localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1 . 
     The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an environment  200  that includes an example magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300 , including some of its systems; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example of the magnetic resonant imaging or nuclear magnetic resonant device  300  that includes an apparatus  310 ; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates alternative embodiments of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322 ; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example operational flow  400 ; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example apparatus  500 ; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example apparatus  605  configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  in a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example operational flow; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example operational flow  800 ; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a system  902  that includes an embodiment of an example apparatus  905  configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1 ; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an example operational flow  1000 ; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example apparatus  1100 ; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an example apparatus  1205 ; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an example operational flow  1300 ; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an example operational flow  1400 ; and 
         FIG. 15  illustrates an example operational flow  1500 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/257,175, entitled SUB-NYQUIST HOLOGRAPHIC APERTURE ANTENNA CONFIGURED TO DEFINE SELECTABLE, ARBITRARY COMPLEX ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS, naming Pai-Yen Chen et al. as inventors, filed on Apr. 21, 2014, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/257,187, entitled SUB-NYQUIST HOLOGRAPHIC APERTURE ANTENNA CONFIGURED TO DEFINE SELECTABLE, ARBITRARY COMPLEX ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS, naming Pai-Yen Chen et al. as inventors, filed on Apr. 21, 2014, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/257,386, entitled SYSTEM WIRELESSLY TRANSFERRING POWER TO A TARGET DEVICE OVER A TESTED TRANSMISSION PATHWAY, naming Pai-Yen Chen et al. as inventors, filed on Apr. 21, 2014, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/257,415, entitled SYSTEM WIRELESSLY TRANSFERRING POWER TO A TARGET DEVICE OVER A MODELED TRANSMISSION PATHWAY WITHOUT EXCEEDING A RADIATION LIMIT FOR HUMAN BEINGS, naming Pai-Yen Chen et al. as inventors, filed on Apr. 21, 2014, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/286,740, entitled BEAM POWER FOR LOCAL RECEIVERS, naming Roderick A. Hyde et al. as inventors, filed on Sep. 30, 2008, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/286,737, entitled BEAM POWER WITH MULTIPOINT BROADCAST, naming Roderick A. Hyde et al. as inventors, filed on Sep. 30, 2008, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/286,755, entitled BEAM POWER WITH MULTIPOINT RECEPTION, naming Roderick A. Hyde et al. as inventors, filed on Sep. 30, 2008, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/286,741, entitled BEAM POWER WITH BEAM REDIRECTION, naming Roderick A. Hyde et al. as inventors, filed on Sep. 30, 2008, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. Patent Application No. 61/455,171, entitled SURFACE SCATTERING ANTENNAS, naming Nathan Kundtz as inventor, filed Oct. 15, 2010, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/317,338, entitled SURFACE SCATTERING ANTENNAS, naming Adam Bily et al. as inventors, filed Oct. 14, 2011, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/838,934, entitled SURFACE SCATTERING ANTENNA IMPROVEMENTS, naming Adam Bily et al. as inventors, filed Mar. 15, 2013, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/102,253, entitled SURFACE SCATTERING REFLECTOR ANTENNA, naming Jeffrey A. Bowers et al. as inventors, filed Dec. 10, 2013, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     This application makes reference to technologies described more fully in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,213, entitled SURFACE SCATTERING ANTENNA ARRAY, naming Jesse R. Cheatham, III et al. as inventors, filed Mar. 26, 2014, is related to the present application. That application is incorporated by reference herein, including any subject matter included by reference in that application. 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an environment  200  that includes an example magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300 , including some of its systems. The magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device includes a permanent or superconducting magnet generating a z-axis magnetic field B 0 . For example the permanent or superconducting magnet may generate a magnetic field B 0  of at least 0.5 T. The magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device includes a gradient coil device creating a temporal linear gradient in the magnetic field B 0  along the z-axis. In addition, the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device includes a device or apparatus configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  perpendicular to the z-axis. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of the magnetic resonant imaging or nuclear magnetic resonant device  300  that includes an apparatus  310 .  FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view, and  FIG. 2B  is a view through the bore  316  of the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. The nuclear magnetic resonant device includes a permanent or superconducting magnet  312  and a gradient coil device  314 . The apparatus includes an array  320  of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322 . Additional description of the unit cells in provided in conjunction with  FIG. 3 . The at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells are configured to generate a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1    328  orientated transverse to the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis  318  of the bore  316  of the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device by transforming an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. The generated pulse having magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within at least a portion of an examination region located within the bore. The apparatus includes a radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  380  configured to distribute a received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the magnetic field B 0  is created by a primary magnet of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates alternative embodiments of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322 . In an embodiment, the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells may include metamaterial unit cells. In an embodiment, the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells may include a metamaterial cellular architecture. In an embodiment, a metamaterial includes an artificially structured material that gains its properties from its structure rather than its composition. In an embodiment, a metamaterial includes a macroscopic composite of a periodic or non-periodic structure, whose function is due to both its cellular architecture and chemical composition. Tie Jun Cui et al. ed.,  Metamaterials: theory, design, and applications,  2 (Springer 2010). In an embodiment, the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells have a cellular size less than the wavelength of a radiofrequency involved. In an embodiment, the unit cells are arbitrarily shaped unit cells. In an embodiment, the unit cells are structured by artificial inclusions with a sub-wavelength size. In an embodiment, the array  320  of artificially structured unit cells responds to electric and magnetic fields as a homogeneous structure or an effective medium. In an embodiment, inclusions in a unit cell may be specifically designed for dielectric permittivity, magnetic permeability, and index of refraction, and placed at a desired location in the unit cell. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates example inclusions in unit cells. The unit cells may be resonant or non-resonant.  FIG. 3A  illustrates a unit cell  322 A with concentric split rings insertion  324 A.  FIG. 3B  illustrates a unit cell  322 B with a split ring insertion  324 B having shoulders at the split.  FIG. 3C  illustrates a unit cell  322 C with concentric box split rings  324 C insertion.  FIG. 3D  illustrates a unit cell  322 D with a conical helix insertion  324 D.  FIG. 3E  illustrates a unit cell  322 E with an interleaved “L” rings insertion  324 E.  FIG. 3F  illustrates a unit cell  322 F with an “I” inclusion  324 F with broad shoulders.  FIG. 3G  illustrates a unit cell  322 G with an opposing box split rings insertion  324 G. The selection of an inclusion for the unit cells  245  may be made by those skilled in the art responsive to the particular design requirements and materials available. Another example of inclusions in unit cells is the multi-turn rectangular planar spiral, or several such spirals lying in different planes and connected by conducting vias. When more than two such planar spirals are connected, they may be described as “three-dimensional meander line”. The multi-turn rectangular spiral inclusions are described in more detail by Lipworth et al.,  Scientific Reports  4, 3642 (2014); doi:10.1038/srep03642. For example, see FIG. 5 of Lipworth. An illustration of coupled, multi-turn rectangular planar spiral inserts may be drawn from the Squid antenna implementations and inductive-coupling RFID tags. 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , in an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322  includes at least two metamaterial unit cells. In an embodiment, a unit cell of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells includes an artificially structured metamaterial unit cell with a strong magnetic response. In an embodiment, a unit cell of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells includes an artificially structured, high inductance density metamaterial unit cells. 
     In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322  include at least two periodically arranged, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells include at least two artificially structured sub-wavelength electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells respectively include a split ring resonator insertion optimized to generate a high inductance density. For example, see the split ring  324 B of  FIG. 3B . In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells respectively include two orthogonally oriented split ring resonator insertions optimized to generate a high inductance density. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells respectively include three orthogonally oriented split ring resonator insertions optimized to generate a high inductance density. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells respectively include a spiral insertion optimized to generate a high inductance density. In an embodiment, the spiral insertion includes a rectangular or circular spiral insertion optimized to generate a high inductance density. In an embodiment, a unit cell of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells includes a conical helix or cylindrical helix insertion optimized to generate a high inductance density. For example, see the conical helix insertion  324 D of  FIG. 3D . In an embodiment, a unit cell of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells includes two orthogonally oriented conical helical insertions optimized to generate a high inductance density. In an embodiment, a unit cell of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells includes three orthogonally oriented cylindrical helical insertions optimized to generate a high inductance density. In an embodiment, a unit cell of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells includes a pyramidal helical insertion optimized to generate a high inductance density. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells are configured to induce a B 1  magnetic field component orthogonal to the z-axis. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells are configured to induce a first B 1  magnetic field component orthogonal to the z-axis and a second B 1  magnetic field component orthogonal to the first B 1  magnetic field component. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells are configured to induce magnetic field B 1  components in all three mutually orthogonal orientations. 
     In an embodiment, the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322  include a sub-wavelength arrangement of magnetic dipole unit cells. For example, the sub-wavelength arrangement may include unit cells having cellular dimensions of less than one-half of a wavelength. For example, the sub-wavelength arrangement may include unit cells having cellular dimensions of less than one-quarter of a wavelength. For example, the sub-wavelength arrangement may include a deeply sub-wavelength arrangement. For example, the sub-wavelength arrangement may include unit cells having cellular dimensions of less than one-tenth of a wavelength. In an embodiment, the unit cells are densely packed to deliver a relatively large magnetic field or a large magnetic flux. In an embodiment, the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells include a sub-wavelength arrangement of magnetic multipole unit cells. In an embodiment, the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells include a deeply sub-wavelength arrangement of magnetic multipole unit cells. 
     In an embodiment, the array  320  is configured to generate a magnetic-field B 1  in the near-field region. In an embodiment, the at least two unit cells  322  are configured to generate a pulse of a tunable radiofrequency magnetic field B 1    328 . In an embodiment, the tunable radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  includes a frequency, amplitude, or polarization tunable radiofrequency magnetic field B 1 . In an embodiment, the tunable radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  is tunable over a portion of the 10-300 MHz range. This frequency range is often used for magnetic resonant imaging or nuclear magnetic resonant imaging. In an embodiment, there is no true lower bound on the frequency used for magnetic resonant imaging or nuclear magnetic resonant imaging. If the primary field B 0  strength is low, the B 1  frequency may be correspondingly lower; and detection efficiency is correspondingly lower. In an embodiment, resonant unit cells producing the magnetic field B are loaded with additional capacitors in order to lower the resulting resonance frequency below their natural, unloaded resonance frequency. The upper frequency limit for the B 1  frequency results from high-frequency wave attenuation and electric field absorption in the body. Reducing total electric field absorption in the body allows use of higher radiofrequency magnetic fields B 1 , enabling higher detection efficiency. 
     In an embodiment, the array  320  is configured to be coaxially disposed about the z-axis  318 . In an embodiment, the array includes an arcuate shape dimensioned to be mounted or positioned within at least a portion of the bore  316  of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the arcuate shape is dimensioned to be mounted or positioned around less than 180-degrees of the circumference of the bore. In an embodiment, the arcuate shape is dimensioned to be mounted or positioned around 180-degrees or more of the circumference of the bore. In an embodiment, the shape is dimensioned to be mounted or positioned around less than 270-degrees of the circumference of the bore. In an embodiment, the array has a cylindrical or an annular shape dimensioned to be mounted or positioned within the bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the array includes two arcuate shaped portions, each dimensioned to be less than 180-degrees of the circumference of the bore, and mounted or positioned facing each other across the z-axis. In an embodiment, the array includes two generally planar portions, each configured to be mounted or positioned facing the other across the z-axis. 
     In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured unit electromagnetic cells  322  are configured to generate a highly inductive electromagnetic near field  328 . In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured unit electromagnetic cells are configured to generate a magnetic field-dominant radiofrequency near-field whose magnetic (B 1 ) and electric (E 1 ) field intensities are such that (B 1 c)/E 1 &gt;1 (where “c” is the speed of light). In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells are configured to generate a magnetic field-dominant radiofrequency near-field where (B 1 c)/E 1 &gt;10. For example, this is equivalent to (H 1 ·Z 0 )/E 1 &gt;10 (where Z 0  is the free-space impedance). In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells are configured to generate a magnetic field B 1  that includes a gradient orientated transverse to the z-axis  318 . In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells are configured to generate a magnetic field B 1  that includes two orthogonal gradients orientated transverse to the z-axis. In an embodiment, the pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  is linearly polarized relative to the z-axis. In an embodiment, the pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  is circularly polarized relative to the z-axis. 
     In an embodiment, the array  320  of at least two electromagnetic unit cells  322  is further configured to receive magnetic resonance signals generated by magnetically active nuclei disposed in an examination region of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300 , and to generate a signal indicative thereof. In an embodiment, the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  380  is configured to distribute a received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. 
     In an embodiment, the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  380  is configured to distribute a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  392  received from a radiofrequency power amplifier component of the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300  to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322 . In an embodiment, the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure includes a transmission line, a waveguide, or other field-confining structure allowing field propagation along at least one of its dimensions. In an embodiment, the waveguide includes a leaky waveguide, or another field-propagating structure with a partial field confinement. In an embodiment, the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure includes a radiofrequency electrical conductor; for example, a high electrical conductivity wire. 
     In an embodiment, the pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  392  includes pulses of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. In an embodiment, the pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves is generated in response to a pulse programmer component of the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300 . In an embodiment, the pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves is generated by a radiofrequency oscillator component of the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves is generated by a radiofrequency synthesizer component of the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, a frequency of the radiofrequency pulse is selected responsive to a resonate frequency of the at least two unit cells  322 . In an embodiment, the radiofrequency pulse includes a shaped radiofrequency pulse. In an embodiment, the radiofrequency pulse includes a tailored radiofrequency sinc pulse or tailored radiofrequency sinc pulses. 
     In an embodiment, each unit cell of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322  includes a radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting component coupled with the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  380 . 
     In an alternative embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322  include at least two assemblages  1215  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . For example,  FIG. 12  illustrates an assemblage of the at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. Each assemblage includes a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell (illustrated as first unit cells  1222 . 1  and  1222 . 2 ) configured to generate the pulse of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1 , and a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell (illustrated as second unit cells  1224 . 1  and  1224 . 2 ) configured to generate a radiofrequency electric field E counteracting a non-vanishing electric field generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. This assemblage decouples the strength of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  from the strength of the radiofrequency electric field E in a space, particularly in a near-field space. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an example operational flow  400 . After a start operation, the operational flow includes a reception operation  410 . The reception operation includes receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the reception operation may be implemented using the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  380  to receive the pulse  392  described in conjunction with  FIG. 2 . A dissemination operation  420  includes distributing the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of an array. In an embodiment, the dissemination operation may be implemented using the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  380  to distribute the pulse  392  to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322  of an array  320  described in conjunction with  FIG. 2 . A conversion operation  430  includes transforming, using the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the array, the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a quasistatic magnetic field B 0  that is parallel to a z-axis of a bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device. The pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within at least a portion of an examination region located within the bore. In an embodiment, the conversion operation may be implemented by the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  322  of an array  320  described in conjunction with  FIG. 2 . The operational flow includes an end operation. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example apparatus  500 . The apparatus includes means  510  for receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. The apparatus includes means  520  for distributing the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to an artificially structured means for transforming radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. The apparatus includes artificially structured means  530  for transforming the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to a z-axis of a bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device. The pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within at least a portion of an examination region located within the bore. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example apparatus  605  configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  in a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device, for example, such as the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300  described in conjunction with the environment  200  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . The apparatus includes an array  610  of at least two groups  620  of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624 . The at least two groups are illustrated by a group  622 . 1 , a group  622 . 2 , a group  622 . 3 , a group  622 . 4 , and a group  622 . 5 . Each group of the at least two groups is configured to be respectively linearly arranged with respect to the z-axis  318  of the bore  316  of the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. An embodiment of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624  is illustrated as a 2×2 arrangement of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment for example, a group of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624  may include an arrangement unit cells of hundreds or thousands of unit cells in a circumferential direction around the group, and tens or hundreds of unit cells across a width of the group. The artificial structure of unit cells, including inclusions, and the arrangement of the unit cells may be selected or designed by one skilled in the art responsive to the particular design requirements and materials available. For example,  FIG. 3  and accompanying description illustrate several artificial structures of unit cells. Each group of the at least two groups  620  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624  is configured to transform an incident pulse  692  of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a segment of the z-axis  318  (hereafter “transverse segment”) and spatially proximate to the group. 
     For example, the group  622 . 1  of unit cells is configured to transform the incident pulse into a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1.1  orientated transverse to a segment of the z-axis, and having a substantial portion of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1.1  intensity proximate to the group  622 . 1 . While ultimately a function of design and materials selected for the array, in an example operational embodiment of the array  610 , the intensity of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1.1  proximate to the group  622 . 1  may be at least five times the intensity of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1.5  proximate to the group  622 . 5 . Similarly, in another example operational embodiment, the intensity of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1.3  proximate to the group  622 . 3  may be at least two times the intensity of the radiofrequency magnetic fields B 1.1  and B 1.5  respectively proximate to the groups  622 . 1  and  622 . 5 . 
     The apparatus  605  includes a radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  680  configured to selectively distribute a received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  692  to a group of the at least two groups  620 . In an embodiment, the selectively distribute is responsive to a control signal  673  generated by a controller  672 . 
     In an embodiment, each group of the at least two groups  620  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624  is configured to transform an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  692  into a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the transverse segment spatially proximate to the group. 
     In an embodiment, a group of the at least two groups  620  has an annular shape. In an embodiment, each group of the at least two groups has an annular shape. In an embodiment, each group of the at least two groups is configured to be coaxially arranged about the z-axis  318 . In an embodiment, each group of the at least two groups is configured to be coaxially arranged and sequentially positioned about the z-axis. In an embodiment, each group of the at least two groups is configured to be sequentially positioned in a respective plane transverse to the z-axis. 
     In an embodiment, each group of the at least two groups  620  is configured to transform an incident pulse  692  of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a segment of the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis  318  and spatially proximate to the group. 
     In an embodiment, the at least two groups  620  each include at least two randomly accessible groups of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  625 . In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of a group of the at least two randomly accessible groups include at least two electronically controllable artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of a group of the at least two randomly accessible groups include at least two active, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. For example, active, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells may include active lumped element unit cells. For example, active, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells may include electronically controllable or switchable unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of a group include at least two powered, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. An example of a powered, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is described in Y. Yuan, et al.,  Zero loss magnetic metamaterials using powered active unit cells , Vol. 17, No. 18 Optics Express 13136 (Aug. 31, 2009). In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells include at least two self-resonant, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells include at least two electrically-controllable, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of a group include at least two randomly accessible, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of a group are configured to generate a pulse of a tunable radiofrequency magnetic field B 1 . In an embodiment, tunable radiofrequency magnetic field includes tunable over a portion of the 10-300 MHz range typically used by a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant devices  300 . 
     In an embodiment, a first group of the at least two groups  620  includes at least two artificially structured unit electromagnetic cells  624  configured to generate a magnetic field-dominant radiofrequency near-field whose magnetic and electric field intensities are such that (B 1 c)/E 1 &gt;1. A second group of the at least two groups includes at least two artificially structured unit electromagnetic cells configured to generate an electric field counteracting a non-vanishing electric field generated by the first group of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. 
     In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624  of each group of at least two groups  620  include at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. For example,  FIG. 12  illustrates an assemblage  1215  of the at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In this embodiment, each assemblage of the at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells includes (i) a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell (illustrated as the first unit cells  1222 . 1  and  1222 . 2 ) configured to transform an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  and (ii) a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell (illustrated as the second unit cells  1224 . 1  and  1224 . 2 ) configured to transform the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field E counteracting a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example operational flow. After a start operation, the operational flow includes a reception operation  710 . The reception operation includes receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or signal synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the reception operation may be implemented by the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  680  receiving the pulse  692  as described in conjunction with  FIG. 6 . A dissemination operation  720  includes distributing the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to a selected group of an array of at least two groups of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the dissemination operation may be implemented by using a respective radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting sub-structure coupled to each group of the at least two groups  620  of the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624 , illustrated in  FIG. 6  as sub-structures  682 . 1 - 682 . 5 . A conversion operation  730  includes transforming, using the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the selected group, the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a localized pulse of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a z-axis of a bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the conversion operation may be implemented using the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the selected group of the at least two groups  620 , such as for example the group  622 . 3  described in conjunction with  FIG. 6 . The operational flow includes an end operation. 
     In an embodiment of the conversion operation  730 , the localized pulse  740  of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  has a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within at least a portion of the transverse segment of an examination region located within the bore. In an embodiment of the conversion operation, the transforming includes transforming an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  transverse to a segment of the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis and spatially proximate to the group. In an embodiment, the operational flow includes selecting the group of the at least two groups of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells in response to data indicative of a location along the z-axis of a transverse slice selected for examination. 
     Returning to  FIG. 6 :  FIG. 6  also illustrates a system  602  that includes an alternative embodiment of the example system  602  and apparatus  605  configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  in a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device, for example, such as the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300  described in conjunction with the environment  200  in  FIG. 1 . The system includes an array  610  of at least two groups  620  of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624 . Each group of the at least two groups configured to be respectively linearly arranged with respect to the z-axis  318  of the bore  316  of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. Each group of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells is respectively configured to transform incident pulses  692  of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into pulses of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a segment of the z-axis  318  (hereafter “transverse segment) and spatially proximate to the group. 
     The system  602  includes a radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  680  configured to distribute the pulses  692  of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as the incident pulses of the radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to a selectable group of the at least two groups  620  in response to a B 1  localization control signal  673 . The system includes a control circuit  672  configured to generate the B 1  localization control signal defining a respective power distribution of a particular incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to each group of the at least two groups. The respective power distribution collectively defining a particular pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to a selected arbitrary examination segment transverse to the z-axis  318  and within an examination region of the bore  316 . The localized magnetic field B 1  having an intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. 
     In an embodiment, each group of the at least two groups  620  is respectively individually accessible or controllable independent of their respective location or sequence in the array  610 . For example, any group of unit cells may be accessed or controlled as about as easily and efficiently as any other group of unit cells in the array, no matter how many other groups there are in the array. In an embodiment, individually accessible or controllable includes an ability to access or control any group of at least two unit cells in the array independent of its position, size, characteristic, etc. in the array. In an embodiment, each group of the at least two groups is respectively electronically accessible or controllable independent of the other groups. In an embodiment, the selected arbitrary examination segment includes a selected cylindrical arbitrary transverse segment having a centerline on the z-axis  318 . In an embodiment, the selected arbitrary examination segment includes a selected arbitrary segment transverse to and having a thickness relative to the z-axis. In an embodiment, the selected arbitrary examination segment includes at least one transverse segment spatially proximate to a group of the at least two groups. In an embodiment, the selected arbitrary examination segment includes within its z-axis boundaries a transverse slice of the examination region selected for examination. In an embodiment, the localized pulse has a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the transverse slice of the examination region. 
     In an embodiment, the system  602  includes a receiver  674  configured to receive data indicative of a location along the z-axis  318  of the transverse slice selected for examination. In an embodiment, the control circuit  672  is configured to select the arbitrary examination segment responsive to the data indicative of the location of the slice along the z-axis. 
     In an embodiment, the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  produces a quasi-focused radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to include the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  produces a near-field magnetic field fan beam pattern localized to include the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the localized pulse has a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei in a potential examination subject located in the selected arbitrary examination segment. For example, a potential examination subject may include a human being, an animal subject, or an inanimate object. 
     Advantages of the example system  602  and apparatus  605  include producing lower electric field densities (and correspondingly SAR) than would be generated by a “standard”, magnetic field B 1  generator of a traditional magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device, particularly in the examination slice itself. The example system and apparatus produce an average E/(Bc) ratio in the examination slice that is less than what it would be inside a simple solenoidal generator of the same size operating at the same frequency and producing the same average B field intensity of a traditional magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. 
     In an embodiment, the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  includes a first electric field intensity in the selected arbitrary examination segment and includes a second electric field intensity in another arbitrary transverse segment of the examination region, the second electric field intensity less than the first electric field intensity. For example, the group  622 . 3  may create a localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1.3  and an accompanying first electric field intensity in the selected arbitrary examination segment proximate to the group  622 . 4 , and an accompanying second electric field intensity in another arbitrary transverse segment proximate to the group  622 . 2 . In an embodiment, the other arbitrary transverse segment abuts the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the other arbitrary transverse segment has a z-axis thickness along the z-axis equal to or greater than the selected arbitrary transverse segment. In an embodiment, the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  includes a first radiofrequency electric field intensity in the selected arbitrary examination segment and includes a second radiofrequency electric field intensity in a second arbitrary transverse segment of the examination region. The second radiofrequency electric field intensity is less than the first radiofrequency electric field intensity. 
     The formula for computing energy density or energy per unit volume 
               d   ⁢           ⁢   U       d   ⁢           ⁢   V           
of an electrostatic or quasistatic field is:
 
               u   e     =       1   2     ⁢     ɛ   0     ⁢            E        2     .             
Joules/M 3 . In human tissue ∈ 0  is replaced with ∈′, the real part of the dielectric permittivity of the tissue. The formula for the dissipation rate density is similar; it is the same as above, but ∈′ is replaced with the electrical conductivity σ: Q=
 
               1   2     ⁢   σ   ⁢              E   →          2     .           
The specific absorption rate (measured in W/kg) is defined as the dissipation rate density (measured in W/m3) divided by density.
 
     In an embodiment, the second arbitrary transverse segment abuts the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the second arbitrary transverse segment has a z-axis thickness equal to or greater than the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the second radiofrequency electric field intensity is less than 66% of the first radiofrequency electric field intensity. In an embodiment, the second electric field intensity is less than 50% of the first electric field intensity. In an embodiment, the second electric field intensity is less than 33% of the first electric field intensity. 
     In an embodiment, the respective power distribution further collectively defining a particular pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  producing a minimized specific absorption rate (SAR) in the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the defined particular pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  is configured in response to a model-based estimation of the localized pulse respective power distribution providing a minimized SAR. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation is optimized responsive to a set of configurable rules. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation of a respective power distribution is selected from a best available distribution scheme from at least two available distribution schemes. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation of a respective power distribution is retrieved from a computer readable storage medium. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is empirical-determined on the fly. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is responsive to a contemporaneously-determined distribution of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment with the minimized SAR. In an embodiment, the contemporaneously-determined distribution is responsive to data contemporaneously received from at least one radiofrequency electric field sensor. In an embodiment, the contemporaneously-determined distribution is responsive to a set of rules. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a matrix factorization, or a matrix decomposition based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a gradient descent based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a singular value decomposition optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a principle component analysis based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a trial and error, or a brute force based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a best available respective power distribution. 
     In an embodiment, the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  includes (i) a first radiofrequency electric field intensity in the selected arbitrary examination segment, (ii) a second radiofrequency electric field intensity in a second arbitrary transverse segment of the examination region abutting the selected arbitrary transverse segment, and (iii) a third radiofrequency electric field intensity in a third arbitrary transverse segment of the examination region abutting the selected arbitrary transverse segment and positioned opposite to the second arbitrary transverse segment. In this embodiment, the second and third radiofrequency electric field intensities are each less than the first radiofrequency electric field intensity. In an embodiment, the third arbitrary transverse segment has a z-axis thickness equal to or greater than the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the second radiofrequency electric field intensity is less than 66% of the first radiofrequency electric field intensity. In an embodiment, the second electric field intensity is less than 50% of the first electric field intensity. In an embodiment, the second electric field intensity is less than 33% of the first electric field intensity. 
     In an embodiment, the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  is configured to produce a first specific absorption rate (SAR) (W/kg) in an examination subject located in the selected arbitrary examination segment, and to produce a second SAR in another arbitrary transverse segment of the examination region, the second SAR less than the first SAR. In an embodiment, the second SAR is less than 66% of the first SAR. In an embodiment, the second SAR is less than 50% of the first SAR. In an embodiment, the second SAR is less than 33% of the first SAR. In an embodiment, the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  includes a pulse of tunable radiofrequency magnetic field B 1 . 
     In an embodiment, the respective power distribution further includes a respective power distribution collectively defining a particular pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  producing a minimized specific absorption rate (SAR) in the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the defined particular pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  is configured in response to a model-based estimation of the localized pulse respective power distribution providing a minimized SAR. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation is optimized responsive to a set of configurable rules. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation of a respective power distribution is selected from a best available distribution scheme from at least two available distribution schemes. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation of a respective power distribution is retrieved from a computer readable storage medium. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is empirical-determined on the fly. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is responsive to a contemporaneously-determined distribution of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment with the minimized SAR. In an embodiment, the contemporaneously-determined distribution is responsive to data contemporaneously received from at least one radiofrequency electric field sensor. In an embodiment, the contemporaneously-determined distribution is responsive to a set of rules. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a matrix factorization, or a matrix decomposition based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a gradient descent based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a singular value decomposition optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a principle component analysis based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a trial and error, or a brute force based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is selected responsive to a best available respective power distribution. 
     In an embodiment, the respective power distribution further includes a respective power distribution collectively defining a particular pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  producing a selected ratio of the total specific absorption rate (SAR) produced in an examination subject over an averaged total SAR produced in the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the selected ratio includes a selected minimized ratio. In an embodiment, the selected ratio is selected in response to a model-based estimation of the total specific absorption rate (SAR) produced in an examination subject over an averaged total SAR produced in the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the selected ratio is selected responsive to a set of rules. In an embodiment, the selected ratio is selected responsive to a matrix factorization, or a matrix decomposition based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the selected ratio is selected responsive to a gradient descent based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the selected ratio is selected responsive to a singular value decomposition optimization technique. 
     In an embodiment, the array  620  of at least two groups  620  is electronically controllable to initiate a generation of the pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  to the selected arbitrary segment. 
     In an embodiment, the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  680  is configured to receive the pulse  692  of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency power amplifier component of the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300 . See  FIGS. 1 and 2 . In an embodiment, the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure includes an electronically controllable switch  686  responsive to the B 1  localization control signal  673  and coupled between a primary portion of the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure and a secondary portion  682  of the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure. The secondary portion is coupled to at least one group of the at least two groups  620 . In an embodiment, the secondary portion of the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure includes a respective radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting sub-structure coupled to each group of the at least two groups of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. For example, a wave conducting sub-structure portion  682 . 1  is coupled between the conducting structure  680  and the group  622 . 1 . Similarly, wave conducting sub-structure portions  682 . 2 - 682 . 5  are respectively coupled between the primary portion of the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure and the groups  622 . 2 - 622 . 5 . 
     In an embodiment, the respective power distribution defines a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to the z-axis  318  and within the examination region of the bore  316 . In an embodiment, the selected arbitrary examination segment includes within its z-axis boundaries a transverse slice selected for examination. For example, during an imaging procedure, the selected examination segment is stepped or moved along the z-axis. In this example, the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  is selectively stepped or moved along the z-axis by selecting which group or groups of at least two unit cells receive the distribution of the pulse  692  of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. 
     In an embodiment, the localized pulse has a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the transverse slice of selected arbitrary examination segment. 
     In an embodiment, the respective power distribution defines a particular pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment and having a substantially uniform magnetic field intensity. In an embodiment, the substantially uniform magnetic field intensity includes less than an approximately one-tenth of a percent variation in the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  intensity across the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the substantially uniform magnetic field intensity includes less than an approximately one percent variation in the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  intensity across the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the substantially uniform magnetic field intensity includes less than an approximately ten percent variation in the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  intensity across the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the substantially uniform magnetic field intensity includes a variation in the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  intensity across the selected arbitrary examination segment by a factor of less than two. In an embodiment, the substantially uniform magnetic field intensity includes a variation in the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  intensity across the selected arbitrary examination segment by a factor of less than ten. 
     In an embodiment, the respective power distribution includes a model-based estimation of a respective power distribution providing a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation is optimized responsive to a set of rules. For example, the rules may be configurable. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation of a respective power distribution is selected from a best available distribution scheme from at least two available distribution schemes. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation of a respective power distribution is retrieved from a computer readable storage medium. In an embodiment, the respective power distribution is empirically-determined on the fly. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation of a respective power distribution is responsive to a contemporaneously-determined distribution of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation of a respective power distribution is responsive to data contemporaneously received from at least one radiofrequency magnetic field sensor positioned within the bore. In an embodiment, the model-based estimation of a respective power distribution is responsive to a detected magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within at least a portion of the examination region. For example, the detected magnetic resonance may be from a previous localized pulse. For example, if the pulse amplitude is not strong enough to detect magnetic resonance, or is too strong, the amplitude of pulse may be changed by altering the distribution. 
     In an embodiment, the respective power distribution defines an optimized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse is selected responsive to a set of rules. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse is selected responsive to a matrix factorization, or a matrix decomposition based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse is selected responsive to a gradient descent based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse is selected responsive to a singular value decomposition optimization technique. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse is selected responsive to a principle component analysis based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse is selected responsive to a trial and error, or a brute force based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse is selected responsive to a best available respective power distribution. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse includes a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment and having magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. The optimized pulse is subject to a constraint limiting the electric field intensity within the transverse segment to less than a preselected value. 
     In an embodiment, the unit cells  624  of each group of the at least two groups  620  include at least two electronically controllable, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the unit cells of each group of the at least two groups include at least two electronically controllable, randomly accessible, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. For example, the unit cells may be randomly accessible individually or in groups. 
     In an embodiment, the respective power distribution defined by the control signal  673  further includes a gradient component of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  intensity orthogonal to the z-axis  318 . For example, an orthogonal variation in the B 1  field intensity may be created to respond to a thickness variation in a subject being imaged. The gradient component may be implemented by electronically controllable unit cells within a group of the at least two groups  620 . In an embodiment, the gradient component includes a gradient component in two respective directions orthogonal to the z-axis. In an embodiment, the system  602  includes a unit cell controller (not shown) configured to electronically control the at least two electronically controllable, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624  of each group of the at least two groups  620  in response to the gradient component of the control signal. 
     In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624  of each group of the at least two groups  620  include a single layer of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells configured to generate a magnetic field component orthogonal to the z-axis. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of each group of the at least two groups include a first layer of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells and a second layer of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells, the unit cells of the first layer configured to generate a magnetic field component orthogonal to the z-axis, and the unit cells of the second layer configured to generate a magnetic field component orthogonal to the magnetic field component of the first layer of unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of each group of the at least two groups includes a first layer of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells, a second layer of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells, and a third layer of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells, the three layers of unit cells in combination configured to generate magnetic field components in all three mutually orthogonal orientations. 
     In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624  of each group of the at least two groups  620  include a single layer of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells that in combination are configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  in two orthogonal directions. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of each group of the at least two groups include a single layer of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells that in combination are configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  in all three mutually orthogonal orientations. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an example operational flow  800 . After a start operation, the operational flow includes a reception operation  810 . The reception operation includes receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or signal synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the reception operation may be implemented using the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  680  to receive the pulse  692  as described in conjunction with  FIG. 6 . A localization operation  820  includes generating a B 1  localization control signal defining a respective distribution of the pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to each group of the at least two selectable groups of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. Each group of the at least two selectable groups configured to be respectively linearly arranged with respect to a z-axis of a bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device. The respective power distribution collectively defining a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to a selected arbitrary examination segment transverse to the z-axis and within an examination region of the bore. In an embodiment, the localization operation may be implemented using the controller  672  described in conjunction with  FIG. 6 . A dissemination operation  830  includes distributing the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to a group of the at least two selectable groups in accord with the B 1  localization control signal. In an embodiment, the dissemination operation may be implemented using the electromagnetic wave conducting structure  680 , the electronically controllable switch  686 , and the wave conducting sub-structure portions  682 . 1 - 682 . 5  described in conjunction with  FIG. 6 . A conversion operation  840  includes transforming, using the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group, the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a localized pulse of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to the selected arbitrary examination segment. The localized pulse having an intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the conversion operation may be implemented by the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  624  of a group of the at least two groups  620  described in conjunction with  FIG. 6 . The operational flow includes an end operation. 
     In an embodiment, the operational flow  800  may include at least one additional operation. The at least one additional operation may include selecting the arbitrary examination segment responsive to data indicative of a location of a slice along the z-axis a transverse selected for examination. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a system  902  that includes an embodiment of an example apparatus  905  configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  in a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device, for example, such as the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device described in conjunction with the environment  200  in  FIG. 1 . The system includes an array  910  of at least two groups  920  of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  924 . Each group of the at least two groups is configured to be sequentially positioned in a respective plane transverse to the z-axis  318  of the bore  316  of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. Each group of at least two groups includes a respective electronically controllable, radiofrequency amplifier  960  (illustrated by amplifiers  960 . 1 - 960 . 5 ) switchable between an off-state and an on-state in response to a received B 1  localization control signal  973 , and configured in the on-state to pass-through or amplify a received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  992 . For example, the electronically controllable, radiofrequency amplifier associated with a group  922 . 1  is illustrated by an electronically controllable, radiofrequency amplifier  960 . 1  coupled between a primary radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  980  and a secondary radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  982 . 1 . The electronically controllable, radiofrequency amplifiers associated with groups  922 . 2 - 922 . 5  are similarly illustrated in  FIG. 9 . Each group of at least two groups includes a respective secondary radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure configured to deliver an amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group as an incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. The respective secondary radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structures are schematically illustrated as secondary radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structures  982 . 1 - 982 . 5 . In an embodiment, the respective secondary radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structures will form structures wrapping each group of the at least two groups. 
     The at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  924  of each group of the at least two groups  920  are respectively configured to transform the delivered incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a segment of the z-axis  318  (hereafter “transverse segment”) and spatially proximate to the group. The at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  924  are illustrated as a 2×2 arrangement of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment for example, a group of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  924  may include an arrangement of unit cells of hundreds or thousands of unit cells in a circumference of the group, and tens or hundreds of unit cells over a width of the group. The artificial structure of unit cells, including inclusions, may be selected or designed by one skilled in the art responsive to the particular design requirements and materials available. For example,  FIG. 3  and accompanying description illustrate several artificial structures of unit cells. 
     The system  905  includes a control circuit  972  configured to select an arbitrary examination segment transverse to the z-axis  318  in response to data indicative of a transverse slice selected for examination. The control circuit is configured to generate the B 1  localization control signal  673  defining an amplification state assigned to each group of the at least two groups  920 . The amplification states collectively defining a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment and having magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , each radiofrequency amplifier  960  of each group of the at least two groups  920  is electronically switchable between an on-state and off-state. In an embodiment, each radiofrequency amplifier of each group of the at least two groups includes an electronically controllable variable gain amplifier. In an embodiment, the B 1  control signal  973  includes an amplification parameter assigned to a group of the at least two groups. In an embodiment, each group of the at least two groups includes an electronically controllable radiofrequency amplifier and an electronically controllable phase shifter or variable phase delay lines. In an embodiment, the pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  992  is received from a radiofrequency signal generator or synthesizer component of the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300 . In an embodiment, the data includes data indicative of a location along the z-axis  318  of the transverse slice selected for examination. In an embodiment, the defined pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment includes a magnetic field having intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary segment. 
     In an embodiment, the amplification states collectively define an optimized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse is selected responsive to a set of configurable rules. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse is selected responsive to a matrix factorization, or a matrix decomposition based optimization technique. In an embodiment, the optimized pulse includes a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment and having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. The optimized pulse is subject to a constraint limiting the electric field intensity within the selected arbitrary examination segment to less than a preselected value. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  includes a first electric field intensity in the selected arbitrary examination segment and includes a second electric field intensity in another arbitrary transverse segment of the examination region. The second electric field intensity is less than the first electric field intensity. In an embodiment, the other arbitrary transverse segment abuts the selected arbitrary examination segment. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  includes (i) a first radiofrequency electric field intensity in the selected arbitrary examination segment, (ii) a second radiofrequency electric field intensity in a second arbitrary transverse segment of the examination region abutting the selected arbitrary transverse segment, and (iii) a third radiofrequency electric field intensity in a third arbitrary transverse segment of the examination region abutting the selected arbitrary transverse segment and positioned opposite to the second arbitrary transverse segment. In this embodiment, the second and third radiofrequency electric field intensities are each less than the first radiofrequency electric field intensity. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  is configured to produce a first specific absorption rate (SAR) in a potential examination subject located in the selected arbitrary examination segment and to produce a second SAR in another arbitrary transverse segment of the examination region. In this embodiment, the second SAR is less than the first SAR. SAR typically is expressed as watts per kilogram. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , a possible amplification state includes an on-state or an off-state. In an embodiment, the amplification state includes an off-state for at least one of the three groups  920 . In an embodiment, the B 1  localization control signal defines an amplification state and an amplification parameter assigned to each group of the at least two groups. In an embodiment, the B 1  localization control signal defines a respective power distribution and phase delays (including zero and non-zero phase delays) of a particular incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to each group of the at least two groups. In an embodiment, the amplification parameter includes an amplitude or a phase assigned to each group of the at least two groups. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , the control circuit  972  includes a control circuit configured to (i) select an arbitrary examination segment transverse to the z-axis  318  responsive to data indicative of a transverse slice selected for examination, (ii) select at least one group of the at least two groups  920  to deliver a localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  to the selected arbitrary examination segment, (iii) define a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment and having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary segment, and in response thereto (iv) generate the B 1  localization control signal defining an amplification state assigned to each group of the at least two groups. In an embodiment, the (iii) define includes define an optimized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , the first group of the at least two groups  920  includes a first group of at least two artificially structured unit electromagnetic cells  924  configured to generate a magnetic field-dominant radiofrequency near-field whose magnetic and electric field intensities are such that (B 1 c)/E 1 &gt;1, and a second group of the at least two groups includes at least two artificially structured unit electromagnetic cells configured to generate an electric field counteracting a non-vanishing electric field generated by the first group of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. 
     In an embodiment, the system  905  includes a receiver  974  configured to receive data indicative of a location along the z-axis  318  of the transverse slice selected for examination. In an embodiment, the control circuit  972  is configured to select the arbitrary examination segment responsive to the data indicative of the location of the slice along the z-axis. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of each group include at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1215  as described in conjunction with  FIG. 12 . In this embodiment, each assemblage of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells includes a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1222  configured to generate the pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  and a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1224  configured to generate an electric field E counteracting a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , the generated B 1  localization control signal defines an amplification state and a phase assigned to each the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of each assemblage of the at least two assemblages of each group. The defined amplification states and phases collectively defining an optimized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment and having a selected E/(Bc) ratio averaged over the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the selected E/(Bc) ratio includes a minimized E/(Bc) ratio averaged over the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the selected E/(Bc) ratio includes an optimized E/(Bc) ratio averaged over the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the optimized E/(Bc) ratio is selected responsive to a set of configurable rules. In an embodiment, the optimized E/(Bc) ratio is selected responsive to a matrix factorization, or a matrix decomposition based optimization technique. 
     In an embodiment of the system  905 , the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  924  include at least two electrically-controllable, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of a group include at least two randomly accessible, electrically-controllable, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the at least two electrically-controllable, artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells are configured to generate a gradient in the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  intensity across the selected transverse segment. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example operational flow  1000 . After a start operation, the operational flow includes reception operation  1010 . The reception operation includes receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or signal synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the reception operation may be implemented using the primary radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  980  to receive the pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  992  as described in conjunction with  FIG. 9 . A choice operation  1020  includes selecting an arbitrary examination segment transverse to a z-axis of a bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device in response to data indicative of a location of a transverse slice selected for examination. In an embodiment, the choice operation may be implemented using the controller  973  described in conjunction with  FIG. 9 . A localization operation  1030  includes generating a B 1  localization control signal defining an amplification state assigned to each group of at least two groups of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. Each group of the at least two groups of the array is sequentially positioned in a respective plane transverse to the z-axis. The amplification states collectively defining a localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  transverse to the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  that is parallel to the z-axis of the bore. The localized pulse having an intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. In an embodiment, the localization operation may be implemented using the controller  972  described in conjunction with  FIG. 9 . A regulation operation  1040  includes switching an electronically controllable radiofrequency amplifier of a group of at least two groups to a state responsive to the B 1  localization control signal and respectively amplifying the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves in response thereto. For example, the amplifier may be placed in an on-state, an off-state, or to a selected amplification level state. In an embodiment, the regulation operation may be implemented by using the control signal  973  to switch on at least one of the amplifiers  960 . 1 - 960 . 5  described in conjunction with  FIG. 9 . A dissemination operation  1050  includes delivering the amplified received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group. In an embodiment, the dissemination operation may be implemented using at least one of the secondary radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  982 . 1 - 982 . 5  described in conjunction with  FIG. 9 . A conversion operation  1060  includes transforming, using the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group of at least two groups, the incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into the localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1 . The conversion operation may be implemented using the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  924  of the group of at least two groups  920  described in conjunction with  FIG. 9 . The operational flow includes an end operation. In an embodiment, the operational flow includes receiving the data indicative of the location of the transverse slice selected for examination. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an example apparatus  1100 . The apparatus includes means  1110  for receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or signal synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. The apparatus includes means  1120  for selecting an arbitrary examination segment transverse to the z-axis of the bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device in response to data indicative of a location of a transverse slice selected for examination. The apparatus includes means  1130  for generating a B 1  localization control signal defining an amplification state assigned to each group of at least two groups of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of an array. Each group of the at least two groups of the array is sequentially positioned in a respective plane transverse to the z-axis. The amplification states collectively defining a localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis of the bore and having an intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. The apparatus includes means  1140  for switching an electronically controllable radiofrequency amplifier of a group of at least two groups to a state responsive to the B 1  localization control signal and respectively amplifying the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves in response thereto. The apparatus includes means  1150  for delivering the amplified received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group. The apparatus includes means  1160  for transforming, using the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group of at least two groups, the incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into the localized pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an example an apparatus  1205 . The apparatus including an assemblage  1215  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . The artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells include a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell configured to transform incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  1292  into a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  perpendicular to the plane of the assemblage. The plane of the assemblage is illustrated as in the X-axis and Z-axis of the X-Y-Z axises  1292 . The first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is illustrated by an artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1222 . 1 . Another first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is illustrated by an artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1222 . 2 . The artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells include a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell configured to transform another incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field E counteracting a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. The second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is illustrated by an artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1224 . 1 . Another second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is illustrated by an artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1224 . 2 . In an embodiment, second artificially structured unit cell may be loaded with a lumped capacitor to lower its resonance frequency. In an embodiment, the incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  1292  include the another incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. In an embodiment, the another incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves are different from the incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  1292 . 
     In an embodiment, the assemblage  1215  includes a planar assemblage of the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . In an embodiment, the assemblage includes an arcuate assemblage  1220  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the array includes at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell and the second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell are respectively configured to produce a selected E/(Bc) ratio in the radiofrequency magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of the assemblage. In an embodiment, the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell and the second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell are respectively configured to produce a selected minimized E/(Bc) ratio in the radiofrequency magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of the assemblage. 
     In an embodiment, the counteracting electric field E includes an offsetting electric field E. In an embodiment, the counteracting electric field E includes an electric field E at least partially cancelling a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. In an embodiment, the non-vanishing electric field includes a non-vanishing electric field component generated by electric dipole or multipole moments by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit. 
     In an embodiment, the second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell ( 1224 . 1  or  1224 . 2 ) includes a one-dimensional or two-dimensional split ring resonator unit cell optimized for high electric field intensity. For example, the SRR may include an “H” shape with shoulder plates pointed centrally. 
     In an embodiment, each assemblage  1215  includes two first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1222 , and one second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1224 . In an embodiment, each assemblage includes two first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells arranged in a first row, and two second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells arranged in a second row. In an embodiment, each assemblage includes two first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells arranged on a first diagonal, and two second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell arranged on a second diagonal orthogonal to the first diagonal. 
     In an embodiment, the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1222  is configured to transform incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  having a first component perpendicular (Y-axis) to the plane of the planar array and a second component orthogonal (X-axis or Z-axis) to the plane (X-Z) of the planar array. In an embodiment, the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is configured to transform incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  having components in all three mutually orthogonal directions. In an embodiment, the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell includes a pair of artificially structured electromagnetic units cells. A first cell of the pair is configured to transform incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  perpendicular to the plane of the planar array, and a second cell of the pair is configured to transform incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orthogonal to the plane of the planar array. In an embodiment, the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell includes three artificially structured electromagnetic units cells configured to transform incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a radiofrequency magnetic field B having components in all three mutually orthogonal directions. 
     In an embodiment, each assemblage  1215  of the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220  includes a first layer of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells configured to transform incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  perpendicular or normal to the plane of the planar array. Each assemblage also includes a second layer of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells configured to transform the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field E counteracting a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first layer of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. 
     In an embodiment, the apparatus  1205  includes a radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  1280  configured to distribute the radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  1292  as incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the assemblage  1215  of at least two groups  1120  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . 
     In an embodiment, the assemblage  1215  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220  is capable of creating essentially any quasistatic field configuration compatible with Maxwell&#39;s equations. In an embodiment of the apparatus  1205 , electric fields in the near-field may be sculpted almost independently from the magnetic fields. This is possible because of the weak coupling between magnetic and electric fields in the near-field. The ability to control or limit electric field intensity relatively independently of magnetic field intensity is useful in a variety of biomedical applications. For example, this will allow relatively strong magnetic fields to be directed at patients while an electric field normally associated with the strong magnetic field is significantly reduced, thus improving patient safety and comfort. For example, this will allow the use of higher-intensity magnetic fields capable of providing better quality images or faster image acquisition rates, without increasing the patient&#39;s discomfort or exceeding the maximum permissible exposure to the electric fields or maximum safe SAR levels. For example, applications of the assemblage include non-invasive wireless charging of or communication with surgical microbots whose size limits or prohibits an on-board battery. For example, applications of the assemblage include magnetic induction tomography (MIT), magneto-acoustic tomography (MAT) (also known as magneto-inductive ultrasonography), or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). For example, applications of the assemblage include using the same apparatus to perform several actions on a patient. For example, a single apparatus may perform MRI-guided TMS, or MAT-guided micro-robot or nano-robot-assisted surgery. 
       FIG. 12  also illustrates an alternative embodiment of the example apparatus  1205 . The apparatus includes an array  1210  of at least two assemblages  1215  of the at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . Each assemblage of the at least two assemblage of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells including a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1222  configured to transform incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  perpendicular to the plane of the assemblage. Each assemblage of the at least two assemblage of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells including a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1224  configured to transform the incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field E counteracting a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. For example the array  1210  may be at least similar to the array  610  of at least two groups  620  described in conjunction with  FIG. 6 , wherein each group include a respective assemblage of the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . For example the array  1210  may be at least similar to the array  910  of at least two groups  920  described in conjunction with  FIG. 9 , wherein each group include a respective assemblage of the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . 
     The apparatus  1205  includes a radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  1280  configured to distribute the radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  1292  as incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to each assemblage of the at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . In an embodiment, the array  1210  includes a planar or an arcuate array of the at least two assemblages  1215  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an example operational flow  1300 . After a start operation, the operational flow includes dissemination operation  1310 . The dissemination operation includes distributing radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of an array. In an embodiment, the dissemination operation may be implemented using the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  1280  as described in conjunction with  FIG. 12 . A first conversion operation  1320  includes transforming, using a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell of each assemblage of the at least two assemblages, the incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a radiofrequency magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of the planar array. In an embodiment, the first conversion operation may be implemented using the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell described in conjunction with  FIG. 12 , such as the first unit cell  1222 . 1 . A second conversion operation  1330  includes transforming, using a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell of each assemblage of the at least two assemblages, the incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field E counteracting a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. In an embodiment, the first conversion operation may be implemented using the second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell described in conjunction with  FIG. 12 , such as the first unit cell  1224 . 1 . The operational flow includes an end operation. 
       FIGS. 2 and 12  illustrate an alternative embodiment of the example apparatus  310 . The apparatus includes the array  1210  of at least two assemblages  1215  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . Each assemblage is configured to generate a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1    328  orientated transverse to the z-axis  318  of the bore  316  of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device  300 . Each assemblage of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells including (i) a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1222  configured to transform an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into the pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  and (ii) a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1224  configured to transform the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field E counteracting a component of a non-vanishing electric field generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. The pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  collectively generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the bore. 
     The apparatus  310  includes the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  380  configured to distribute the pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  392  as an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to each of the at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. 
     In an embodiment, the array  1215  is configured to generate a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis of the bore of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an example operational flow  1400 . After a start operation, the operational flow includes a reception operation  1410 . The reception operation includes receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the reception operation may be implemented using the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  380  described in conjunction with  FIG. 2 . A dissemination operation  1420  includes distributing the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. In an embodiment, the dissemination operation may be implemented using the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  380  or  1280  to distribute the pulse  1292  to at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220  of the array  1220  described in conjunction with  FIG. 12 . A first conversion operation  1430  includes transforming, using a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell of each assemblage of the at least two assemblages, the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse the z-axis of to the bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device. In an embodiment, the first conversion operation may be implemented using the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell described in conjunction with  FIG. 12 , such as the first unit cell  1222 . 1 . A second conversion operation  1440  includes transforming, using a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell of each assemblage of the at least two assemblages, the incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field E counteracting a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. In an embodiment, the first conversion operation may be implemented using the second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell described in conjunction with  FIG. 12 , such as the first unit cell  1224 . 1 . The pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  collectively generated by the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within at least a portion of an examination region located within the bore. The operational flow includes an end operation. 
     In an embodiment, the first conversion operation  1430  includes transforming, using a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell of an assemblage of the at least two assemblages, the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a segment of the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis and spatially proximate to the group. 
       FIGS. 8 and 12  illustrate an alternative embodiment of the example system  602  that includes an alternative embodiment of the example apparatus  605  configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  in a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device, for example, such as the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device described in conjunction with the environment  200  in  FIG. 1 . The system includes an array  1210  of at least two assemblages  1215  of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . Each assemblage of the at least two assemblages is configured to be sequentially positioned in a respective plane transverse to the z-axis  318  of the bore  316  of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. The artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells include a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell configured to transform an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  1292  into a radiofrequency magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of the assemblage. The first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is illustrated by an artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1222 . 1 . Another first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is illustrated by an artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1222 . 2 . The artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells include a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell configured to transform the incident pulse radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field E counteracting a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. The second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is illustrated by an artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1224 . 1 . Another second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell is illustrated by an artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1224 . 2 . 
     The system  602  includes the radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  1280  configured to distribute the pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  1292  as incident radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to a selectable assemblage of the at least two assemblages in response to a B 1  localization control signal  673 . The system includes a control circuit  672  configured to generate the B 1  localization control signal defining a respective power distribution of a particular incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to each assemblage of the at least two assemblages. The respective power distribution collectively defining a particular pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to a selected arbitrary examination segment transverse to the z-axis  318  and within an examination region of the bore  316 . The localized magnetic field B 1  having an intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within the selected arbitrary examination segment. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates an example operational flow  1500 . After a start operation, the operational flow includes a reception operation  1510 . The reception operation includes receiving a pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves from a radiofrequency signal generator or synthesizer component of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. A dissemination operation  1520  includes the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as an incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to a selected assemblage of at least two artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells. A first conversion operation  1530  includes transforming, using a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell of the selected assemblage, the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a localized pulse of a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  orientated transverse to a segment of the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis of a bore of the magnetic resonant imaging or the nuclear magnetic resonant device, the localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within at least a portion of the transverse segment. The localized pulse of the radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within at least a portion of the transverse segment. A second conversion operation  1540  includes transforming, using a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell of each assemblage of the at least two assemblages, the incident pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field E counteracting a component of a non-vanishing electric field generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell of each assemblage of the at least two assemblages. The operational flow includes an end operation. 
       FIGS. 9 and 12  illustrate an alternative embodiment of the example system  902  that includes an alternative embodiment of the example apparatus  905  configured to generate a radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  in a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device, for example, such as the magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device described in conjunction with the environment  200  in  FIG. 1 . The system includes an array  1210  of the at least two groups  920 . Each group of the at least two groups includes at least two assemblages  1215  of the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells  1220 . Each group of the at least two groups is configured to be sequentially positioned in a respective plane transverse to the z-axis  315  of the bore  316  of a magnetic resonant imaging or a nuclear magnetic resonant device. Each group of at least two groups includes an electronically controllable radiofrequency amplifier  960  configured to amplify the received pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves  992  in response to a B 1  localization control signal  973 . Each group of at least two groups includes a radiofrequency electromagnetic wave conducting structure  982  configured to deliver the amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves as incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to the at least two assemblages of artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells of the group. Each assemblage of the artificially structured electromagnetic unit cells including (i) a first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1222  configured to transform incident amplified pulse of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  transverse to a segment of the z-axis and spatially proximate to the group and (ii) a second artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell  1224  configured to transform incident amplified radiofrequency electromagnetic waves into an electric field counteracting a non-vanishing electric field component generated by the first artificially structured electromagnetic unit cell. 
     The system  902  includes the control circuit  972  configured to select an arbitrary examination segment transverse to the quasistatic magnetic field B 0  parallel to the z-axis  318  in response to data indicative of a transverse slice selected for examination. The control circuit is configured to generate the B 1  localization control signal  973  defining an amplification state assigned to each amplifier  960 . The amplification states collectively defining a pulse of radiofrequency magnetic field B 1  localized to the selected arbitrary examination segment and having a magnetic field intensity sufficient to excite a detectable magnetic resonance in magnetically active nuclei located within at least a portion of the transverse segment. 
     The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. 
     All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety or to the extent their subject matter is not otherwise inconsistent herewith. 
     In some embodiments, “configured” includes at least one of designed, set up, shaped, implemented, constructed, or adapted for at least one of a particular purpose, application, or function. 
     It will be understood that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims, are generally intended as “open” terms. For example, the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to.” For example, the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least.” For example, the term “has” should be interpreted as “having at least.” For example, the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc. It will be further understood that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of introductory phrases such as “at least one” or “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a receiver” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one receiver”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, it will be recognized that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “at least two chambers,” or “a plurality of chambers,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two chambers). 
     In those instances where a phrase such as “at least one of A, B, and C,” “at least one of A, B, or C,” or “an [item] selected from the group consisting of A, B, and C,” is used, in general such a construction is intended to be disjunctive (e.g., any of these phrases would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, and C together, and may further include more than one of A, B, or C, such as A 1 , A 2 , and C together, A, B 1 , B 2 , C 1 , and C 2  together, or B 1  and B 2  together). It will be further understood that virtually any disjunctive word or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     The herein described aspects depict different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable or physically interacting components or wirelessly interactable or wirelessly interacting components. 
     With respect to the appended claims the recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Use of “Start,” “End,” “Stop,” or the like blocks in the block diagrams is not intended to indicate a limitation on the beginning or end of any operations or functions in the diagram. Such flowcharts or diagrams may be incorporated into other flowcharts or diagrams where additional functions are performed before or after the functions shown in the diagrams of this application. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise. 
     While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to one skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.