Patent Publication Number: US-7714356-B2

Title: Design structure for uniform triggering of multifinger semiconductor devices with tunable trigger voltage

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   The present application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/692,481 filed on Mar. 28, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention relates to semiconductor circuitry, and more particularly to a semiconductor circuit for uniform triggering of multifinger semiconductor devices, and a design structure on which the semiconductor circuit resides. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   In typical CMOS circuitry, semiconductor devices with multiple fingers are utilized and distributed over a wide area of a chip for various purposes. The multifinger semiconductor devices can also be considered multiple parallel devices with a common control component, such as a gate of a transistor or a thyristor. A typical example is an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit that requires placement of multiple fingers of a MOSFET in a parallel connection that is spread over a chip. In this case, distribution of multiple fingers across the chip area is not only advantageous but necessary to provide maximum protection against a potential electrostatic discharge event that might happen anywhere on the chips. By connecting the sources and drains of the individual fingers in a parallel connection to form a large multifinger gate-grounded NMOSFET (GGNMOSFET), the ESD device can handle a higher amount of electrostatic charge than any individual finger. 
   In an ESD event, it is preferred that all the fingers of a multifinger ESD protection MOSFET turn on to maximize the charge handling capacity of the ESD circuit since the magnitude of voltage spike on the circuit is inversely proportional to the amount of current the multifinger ESD protection MOSFET can pass. However, the multiple fingers of the ESD protection MOSFET typically do not turn on simultaneously due to differences in circuit parameters among the multiple fingers. To make matters worse, once a finger turns on, the voltage on the drain, which is shared by all the fingers in the multifinger MOSFET, snaps back to a lower value, preventing a turn on of the remaining fingers. In this case, the amount of current the ESD protection MOSFET can pass is limited to the current that the one turned-on finger can pass. 
     FIG. 1  shows a semiconductor chip with an ESD protection MOSFET circuit provided with multiple fingers that are distributed over the chip area. One finger  10  of the ESD protection MOSFET is circled with references made to the drain  12 , gate  14 , and source  18 . The substrate ring contact  19 , or the guard ring is shown in  FIG. 1  as well. The source of each finger  10  of the ESD protection MOSFET electrically contacts the substrate ring contact  19  to ground the ESD protection circuit. 
     FIG. 2A  shows an electrical circuit comprising a finger  20  of an ESD protection NMOSFET along with an I/O pad  21 . The gates of the fingers are tied together and connected to the ground, forming a gate-grounded NMOSFET (GGNMOSFET) configuration. The finger  20  comprises a drain  22 , a gate  24 , a source  28 , a parasitic npn bipolar transistor, and a parasitic resistor  27 . Also, a parasitic impact ionization current source  23  is shown between the body  26  and the drain  22  of the finger  20 . 
   The parasitic npn bipolar transistor and the parasitic resistor  27  result from the physical structure of the finger  20  of the ESD protection NMOSFET. In a typical CMOS circuit, NFETs are built in the P-substrate with an n-doped source  28  and an n-doped drain  22 . The source  28 , the body  26 , and the drain  22  of an NFET therefore form a parasitic npn bipolar transistor, with the source  28  being the emitter, the body  26  being the base, and the drain  22  being the collector. Since the semiconductor material forming the source  28  and the body  26  has a finite resistance, there is a parasitic resistance between the source  28  and the body  26  of each finger. Also, since the source  28  is tied to a substrate ring contact  19  that is placed around the periphery of the chip area, there is a finite resistance between the source  28  and the substrate ring contact (not shown explicitly in  FIG. 2A ). The parasitic resistance  27  reflects the two parasitic resistances mentioned above and has a resistance value for the path from the body  26  to the substrate ring contact. The circuit in  FIG. 2  therefore reflects the parasitic components of a physical finger  10  of the ESD protection NMOSFET circuit shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   The impact ionization source  23  simulates the parasitic impact ionization current in the reversed biased junction between the body  26  and the drain  22  of one finger of the NMOSFET. This occurs naturally since the drain  22  is N-doped and the body  26  is in a P-doped substrate while a more positive voltage is applied to the drain  22  relative to the body  26  and thus forming a reversed biased diode. This current can be modeled as an exponential function of the drain-to-body voltage. 
   Examination of  FIGS. 1 and 2A  shows the source of the differences in the circuit parameters among the various fingers  10  of an ESD protection NMOSFET. Even if the non-parasitic characteristics of each finger  10  of the ESD protection NMOSFET is matched, the parasitic components are different. Specifically, the resistance of the parasitic resistor  27 , or the “substrate resistance,” heavily depends on the location of the finger since it includes the resistance between the source  28  and the substrate ring contact  19 . A finger nearer to the substrate ring contact  19  has a lower parasitic resistance than another finger that is farther away from the substrate ring contact. However, multiple fingers are generally required to handle the large amount of current during an ESD event. To turn on the multiple fingers of an ESD protection NMOSFET during an ESD event at the same time, the trigger voltage, or the voltage at the drain  22  of a finger  20  above which the finger  20  turns on, needs to be matched. 
   A study demonstrating a nonuniform turn-on of a multi-finger ESD protection MOSFET is shown in Lee et al., “The Dynamic Current Distribution of a Multi-fingered GGNMOS under High Current Stress and HBM ESD Events,” IEEE 44 th  IRPS, 2006, pp. 629-630. Lee et al. observed that during the initial transient of an ESD discharge, the current distribution is non-uniform in a GGNMOSFET according to the measurements performed on a nanosecond time scale. 
   A first prior art solution to this problem is to add drain ballasting resistance to individual fingers of an ESD protection MOSFET. However, this approach requires a large area of semiconductor substrate for such drain ballasting resistors. Furthermore, the addition of drain ballasting resistors adds large on-resistance in the circuit, effectively reducing the current capacity of the ESD protection MOSFET and thus, requiring a large clamping voltage. 
   A second prior art solution disclosed in Duvvury, “Substrate Pump NMOS for ESD Protection Applications,” Proc. EOS/ESD Symp, 2000, 2000, pp. 1A.2.1-11, utilizes a substrate pump to achieve a uniform triggering voltage for a multi-finger NMOS ESD circuit. A third prior art solution disclosed in Mergens et al., “Multi-finger Turn-on Circuits and Design Techniques for Enhanced ESD Performance and Width-Scaling,” Proc. EOS/ESD Symp, 2001, pp. 1-11, uses a domino-type NMOS multi-finger transistor wherein the source of a finger is connected to the gate of an adjacent finger in a cascade configuration. 
   While the prior art solutions tend to equalize the trigger voltages across the multiple fingers, they also tend to introduce additional resistance to the circuit. Additionally, the semiconductor area used for the prior art solutions are significant. Also, the ability to tune the trigger voltage so that a circuit would turn on at a predetermined bias voltage is also desired. 
   While the discussions above is limited to multi-fingered GGNMOSFETs, there is also need to control the turn-on of other multi-fingered devices such as general NMOSFETs, general PMOSFETs, and thyristors, especially when the multiple fingers of such devices are spread over a large area of a chip. 
     FIG. 2B  shows an electrical circuit comprising a finger  20 B of a PMOSFET with an I/O pad  21 . The finger  20 B comprises a drain  22 B, a gate  24 B, a source  28 B, a body  26 B, which is also the base of a parasitic pnp bipolar transistor, and a parasitic resistor  27 B. An impact ionization current source  23  is present between the body  26 B and the drain  22  B in this circuit. 
     FIG. 2C  shows an electrical circuit comprising a finger  20 C of a multi-finger thyristor with an I/O pad  21 . A thyristor has a pnpn semiconductor structure. In a typical thyristor, the outer p-doped region is the anode and is connected to a positive power supply, the outer n-doped region is the cathode and is connected to a negative power supply, and the inner p-doped region is the gate and is connected to a control input. The finger  20 C comprises an anode  22 C, a gate  26 C, a cathode  28 C, and a parasitic resistor  27 C. Also, an impact ionization current source  23 C is a built-in component of the thyristor between the gate  26 C and the cathode  28 C of the finger  20 C since the thyristor contains a reverse biased PN junction between the anode  22 C and the gate  26 C. The multiple fingers of a thyristor need to turn on at the same time to fully utilize the current capacity of the thyristor. An alternate configuration wherein the gate is connected to the inner n-doped region and corresponding alteration of circuit is herein contemplated. 
   In  FIG. 3 , an exemplary prior art ESD protection NMOSFET circuit is shown, wherein five fingers ( 30 A- 30 E) are connected in a parallel connection. One end of the parallel connection of five fingers which connect the drain of each finger is connected to an I/O pad  31 , which is connected to a positive power supply. The other end of the parallel connection of five fingers which connect the source of each finger is connected to a substrate ring contact  39 , which is connected to ground. 
   Each of the fingers ( 30 A- 30 G) has a parasitic bipolar transistor wherein the base ( 36 A- 36 E) is the body of each finger, a parasitic injection source ( 33 A- 33 E), and a parasitic resistor ( 37 A- 37 E). If a design layout for each finger ( 30 A- 30 E) is the same, each finger ( 30 A- 30 G) has substantially the same amount of parasitic injection current. However, due to the differences in the physical resistive paths between the body ( 36 A- 36 B) of each finger and the substrate ring contact  39 , the resistance values of the parasitic resistors ( 37 A- 37 E) are different from finger to finger. This results in variations in the trigger voltage, i.e., the voltage at the drain above which each finger to turn on. As described above, non-uniform trigger voltages across the fingers can lead to a condition wherein not all of the fingers are turned on during an ESD event. 
   The above problem is generic across semiconductor devices of which the trigger voltage, or the turn-on voltage, is dependent on the value of a parasitic resistance of the device. Other than multi-finger ESD protection NMOSFETs, multi-finger NMOSFETs in general, multi-finger PMOSFETs in general, and multi-finger thyristors in general have a parasitic resistance dependent trigger voltages for their fingers, and as a consequence, not all of the fingers may turn on when the device needs to be turned on. 
   Therefore, there exists a need for a structure and circuit technique for achieving a uniform turn-on of multi-fingered semiconductor devices without adding resistive components or with a minimal addition of resistive components. 
   There also exists a need for a structure and circuit technique for achieving a uniform turn-on of multi-fingered semiconductor devices with a minimal additional area for the added circuit components. 
   Furthermore, there exists a need for a structure and circuit technique for tuning a turn-on voltage, or a trigger voltage, of multi-fingered semiconductor devices. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   To address the needs described above, the present invention provides a design structure containing a semiconductor circuit comprising a semiconductor device with multiple fingers wherein the multiple fingers are connected in a parallel connection; and at least one external current injection source connected to a component of said multiple fingers. 
   In one embodiment, the semiconductor device is a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) and the component is the body of the semiconductor device. 
   In another embodiment, the semiconductor device is a semiconductor thyristor and the component is the gate of the semiconductor thyristor. 
   The present invention enables matching of trigger voltages, i.e., the voltage above which each finger of the multi-finger semiconductor device turns on. The trigger voltage of each finger can be matched to the trigger voltage of another finger. Through the matching of the trigger voltages, at least two of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. Preferably, as many of the multiple fingers as possible have substantially matched trigger voltages. Most preferably, all of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. 
   Preferably, one end of the parallel connection is connected to a positive power supply and the other end of the parallel connection is connected to a negative power supply or to ground. Preferably but not necessarily, each finger has identical primary electrical characteristics, that is, excluding the parasitic components of each of the multiple fingers, the fingers are designed to have the same threshold voltage. Also, preferably but not necessarily, the physical construction of each of the multiple fingers is identical except for the location of the placement of the fingers and the physical environment in which they are placed. 
   Even when the primary electrical characteristics of each finger are the same according to the design when no parasitic components are considered, the parasitic components that are introduced to each of the fingers in a physical environment are not identical. Very often, the most important parasitic component that causes the differences in the electrical characteristics of each finger is a parasitic resistance. In the case of a MOSFET, such parasitic resistance is caused by a parasitic resistor between the body of each of the multiple fingers and the substrate ring contact. In the case of a thyristor, such parasitic resistance is caused by a parasitic resistor between the gate of each of the multiple fingers and the substrate ring contact. 
   A CMOS circuit may have a positive power supply and a negative power supply or alternatively, a positive power supply and a connection to ground. Since a connection to ground can be considered a power supply that happens to supply zero volt, for the purposes of the description of the present invention, each of a positive power supply, a negative power supply, and a connection to ground is referred to by a “power supply.” According to the present invention, the external current injection source is directly connected to the power supply to which the drain or the anode is connected. In the case of a finger of an NMOSET, as exemplified in  FIG. 2A , the source  28  is connected to the ground and the external current injection source (not shown) is directly connected to the positive power supply. In the case of a finger of a PMOSFET, as exemplified in  FIG. 2B , the source  28 B is connected to the positive power supply and the injection source (not shown) is directly connected to ground. In the case of a thyristor, as exemplified in  FIG. 2C , the cathode  28 C is connected to ground and the injection source (not shown) is directly connected to the positive power supply. 
   The parasitic resistance in semiconductor devices, particularly the parasitic resistance between the body of a finger of a multi-finger MOSFET and the substrate ring contact or between the gate of a finger of a multi-finger thyristor and the substrate ring contact, varies from finger to finger. With a very high probability, the set of resistance values for the collection of the parasitic resistors has at least one non-equal value within the set. In other words, unless all the parasitic resistance values somehow happen to be identical across the different fingers by chance, which would be very rare statistically, some fingers would have different parasitic resistance values than some others. 
   In a first case according to the present invention, it is possible to attach an external current injection source to some fingers and do not attach any external current injection source to some other fingers to match the trigger voltage of the fingers. In this case, no external current injection source is attached to at least one of the multiple fingers. Preferably, at least two of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. Most preferably, all of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. 
   Also, in a circuit wherein the multiple trigger voltages can be matched, the circuit can incorporate a tunable component in at least one of the external current injection sources so that the amount of injection current may be modulated. By modulating the injection current, the substantially matched trigger voltage can further be tuned to enable the turn-on of the circuit at a predetermined target trigger voltage. 
   In a second case according to the present invention that may or may not overlap with the first case, it is possible to attach different external current source to different fingers so that different amount of external current is injected amongst fingers. In this case, at least one external current injection source injects a different amount of injection current than another external current injection source. Preferably, at least two of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. Most preferably, all of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. 
   Also, in a circuit wherein the multiple trigger voltages can be matched, the circuit can incorporate a tunable component in at least one of the external current injection sources so that the amount of injection current may be modulated. By modulating the injection current, the substantially matched trigger voltage can further be tuned to enable the turn-on of the circuit at a predetermined target trigger voltage 
   According to the present invention, specific semiconductor circuits for the purpose of matching trigger voltages across the multiple fingers of a multi-finger semiconductor device are disclosed. 
   In one embodiment, the semiconductor circuit comprises a semiconductor device with multiple fingers wherein the multiple fingers are connected in a parallel connection; and at least one stack of diodes that is connected to a component of one of the multiple fingers, wherein the stacks of diodes comprise one diode or a series connection of at least two diodes. 
   In other words, a diode or a set of at least two diodes in a series connection is used as an external current injection source that is disclosed above. The diode or the set of at least two diodes is connected to the power supply to which the sources of the multiple fingers of a multi-finger MOSFET or the cathodes of the multiple fingers of a thyristor are not directly connected. For a multi-finger NMOSFET, the diode(s) is/are directly connected to the positive power supply. For a multi-finger PMOSFET, the diode(s) is/are directly connected to the negative power supply or to ground. For a thyristor, the diode(s) is/are directly connected to the positive power supply. While all the discussions above apply when the external current injection source is a diode or a set of at least two diodes in a series connection, noteworthy points are explicitly listed in the next paragraph to emphasize that all of the features in the above discussion are still enabled. 
   Particularly, the semiconductor device may be a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), in which case the component is the body of the semiconductor device, or the semiconductor device may be a semiconductor thyristor, in which case the component is the gate of the semiconductor thyristor. Also, no external current injection source may be attached to at least one of the multiple fingers and/or at least one external current injection source injects a different amount of injection current than another external current injection source. Preferably, at least two of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. Most preferably, all of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. The circuit can incorporate a tunable component in at least one of the external current injection sources so that the amount of injection current may be modulated. 
   In another embodiment for the purpose of matching trigger voltages across the multiple fingers of a multi-finger semiconductor device, the semiconductor circuit comprises: 
   a semiconductor device with multiple fingers wherein the multiple fingers are connected in a parallel connection; 
   at least one MOSFET, wherein the drain of the at least one MOSFET is connected to a power supply and the source of the at least one MOSFET is connected to at least one of the component of one of the multiple fingers; and 
   at least one series connection of a resistor and a capacitor between the power supply and ground, wherein a node in said series connection is connected to the gate of the at least one MOSFET. 
   In other words, an RC-triggered (resistor capacitor triggered) MOSFET circuit is used as an external current injection source that is disclosed above. The RC-triggered MOSFET circuit may be formed in many different embodiments, of which one is disclosed herein. According to the embodiment disclosed herein, the drain of the RC-triggered MOSFET is connected to the power supply to which the drains of the multiple fingers of a multi-finger MOSFET or the anodes of the multiple fingers of a thyristor are directly connected. For a multi-finger NMOSFET, the drain of the RC-triggered MOSFET is directly connected to the positive power supply. For a multi-finger PMOSFET, the drain of the RC-triggered MOSFET is directly connected to the negative power supply or to ground. For a thyristor, the drain of the RC-triggered MOSFET is directly connected to the positive power supply. A resistor is located between the gate of the RC-triggered MOSFET and the power supply to which the source of the multi-finger MOSFET or the cathode of the multi-finger thyristor is connected. In one case, one end of a capacitor is directly connected to the gate of the RC-triggered MOSFET and the other end is directly connected to the power supply to which the drain of the RC-triggered MOSFET is connected. Alternatively, one end of a capacitor is directly connected to the gate of the RC-triggered MOSFET and the other end is directly connected to a diode or a stack of diodes, which is directly connected to the power supply to which the drain of the RC-triggered MOSFET is connected. While all the discussions above apply when the external current injection source is a diode or a set of at least two diodes in a series connection, noteworthy points are explicitly listed in the next paragraph to emphasize that all of the features in the above discussion are still enabled. 
   Particularly, the semiconductor device may be a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), in which case the component is the body of the semiconductor device, or the semiconductor device may be a semiconductor thyristor, in which case the component is the gate of the semiconductor thyristor. Also, no external current injection source may be attached to at least one of the multiple fingers or at least one external current injection source injects a different amount of injection current than another external current injection source. Preferably, at least two of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. Most preferably, all of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. The circuit can incorporate a tunable component in at least one of the external current injection sources so that the amount of injection current may be modulated. 
   According to the present invention, a method of matching trigger voltages of multiple fingers of a multi-finger semiconductor device is disclosed, which comprises: 
   providing a semiconductor circuit with said multi-finger semiconductor device; 
   providing at least one external current injection source connected to a component of one of said multiple fingers; 
   simulating the voltage at the body of each of the multiple fingers; and 
   adjusting the at least one external current injection source to match the trigger voltage of one of the multiple fingers with the trigger voltage of another of the multiple fingers until all of the trigger voltages match. 
   Furthermore, according to the present invention, a method of tuning trigger voltages of multiple fingers of a multi-finger semiconductor device is disclosed, which comprises: 
   providing at least one external current injection source connected to the body of one of said multiple fingers; 
   providing a target trigger voltage; 
   simulating the voltage at the body of each of said multiple fingers; and 
   adjusting said at least one external current injection source to match the trigger voltage of each of the multiple fingers with the target trigger voltage. 
   In both the method of matching and the method of tuning the trigger voltages, designing external current injection source may include designing at least one stack of diodes that is connected to the component of one of said multiple fingers, wherein the stacks of diodes comprise one diode or a series connection of at least two diodes. 
   In both the method of matching and the method of tuning the trigger voltages, designing external current injection source may alternatively include: 
   providing at least one RC-triggered MOSFET, wherein the drain of said at least one MOSFET is connected to a power supply and the source of the at least one RC-triggered MOSFET is connected to at least one of the component of one of said multiple fingers; and 
   providing at least one series connection of a resistor and a capacitor between said power supply and ground, wherein a node in said series connection is connected to the gate of the at least one RC-triggered MOSFET. 
   It is understood that all of structural aspects of the semiconductor circuit with the external current injection source according to the present invention may be utilized for the method of matching and the method of tuning the trigger voltages. Particularly, the semiconductor device may be a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), in which case the component is the body of the semiconductor device, or the semiconductor device may be a semiconductor thyristor, in which case the component is the gate of the semiconductor thyristor. Also, no external current injection source may be attached to at least one of the multiple fingers or at least one external current injection source injects a different amount of injection current than another external current injection source. Preferably, at least two of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. Most preferably, all of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. The circuit can incorporate a tunable component in at least one of the external current injection sources so that the amount of injection current may be modulated. 
   According to one aspect of the present invention, a design structure embodied in a machine readable medium for designing, manufacturing, or testing a design is provided. The design structure comprises: 
   a first data representing a semiconductor device with multiple fingers wherein the multiple fingers are connected in a parallel connection; and 
   a second data representing at least one external current injection source connected to a component of the multiple fingers. 
   In one embodiment, the semiconductor device is a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) and the component is a body of the semiconductor device. 
   In another embodiment, the semiconductor device is a semiconductor thyristor and the component is the gate of the semiconductor thyristor. 
   In yet another embodiment, a first end of the parallel connection is connected to a first power supply and a second end of the parallel connection is connected to a second power supply. 
   In still another embodiment, the design structure further comprises a parasitic resistor between the component of each of the multiple fingers and a substrate ring contact. 
   In a further embodiment, the at least one external current injection source comprises at least one stack of diodes that is connected to the body of one of the multiple fingers, wherein the at least one stack of diodes comprises one diode or a series connection of at least two diodes. 
   In an even further embodiment, the at least one external current injection source comprises: 
   at least one MOSFET, wherein the drain of the at least one MOSFET is connected to a power supply and the source of the at least one MOSFET is connected to at least one of the component of one of the multiple fingers; and 
   at least one series connection of a resistor and a capacitor between the power supply and ground, wherein a node in the series connection is connected to the gate of the at least one MOSFET. 
   In a yet further embodiment, all of the multiple fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages. 
   While the present invention finds immediate and most needed application in the embodiments described above, obvious variations are within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic of a chip with a multi-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit having multiple fingers  10  spread over a chip area. 
       FIG. 2A  shows a schematic for a finger  20  of the multi-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit in  FIG. 1  with parasitic components. 
       FIG. 2B  shows a schematic for a finger  20 B of a multi-finger PMOSFET circuit with parasitic components. 
       FIG. 2C  shows a schematic for a finger  20 C of a multi-finger thyristor circuit with parasitic components. 
       FIG. 3  shows a schematic for a prior art multi-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit with parasitic components. 
       FIG. 4  shows a schematic for a multi-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit with external current injection sources  45 A- 45 E, and parasitic components. 
       FIG. 5  shows an exemplary design with fingers of a multi-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit placed over a chip area in a 4×30 array. 
       FIG. 6  shows a graph demonstrating an example of a substrate potential mismatch for a given drain voltage between two fingers, finger A and finger B, of a multi-finger NMOSFET in an ESD protection circuit. 
       FIG. 7  shows a simulation result for substrate voltages across fingers according to a prior art circuit and for substrate voltages according to the present invention with external current injection sources for a given I/O voltage. 
       FIG. 8  shows circuit according to a first exemplary implementation of the present invention wherein the diodes connected to a power supply are used as external current injection sources. 
       FIG. 9  shows a circuit according to a second exemplary implementation of the present invention wherein an RC triggered MOSFET circuit is used as external current injection sources. 
       FIG. 10  shows a result of a simulation of an RC triggered multi-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit wherein the trigger voltages are not matched. 
       FIG. 11  shows a result of a simulation of an RC triggered multi-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit wherein the trigger voltages are matched. 
       FIG. 12  is a flow diagram of a design process used in semiconductor design and manufacture of the semiconductor circuits according to the present invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention is herein described in detail with accompanying figures. While the present invention is described with specific examples, such as a 5 fingered gate-grounded NMOSFET (GGNMOSFET) and a 4×30 array finger configuration for a multi-fingered NMOSFET, these are only specific exemplary cases of implementation of the present invention and one of ordinary skill in the art would readily generalize the present invention to general multi-finger NMOSFETs, general multi-finger PMOSFETs, and multi-finger thyristors with any configurations for the multiple fingers. 
     FIG. 4  shows a multi-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit according to the present invention. The circuit in  FIG. 4  also has five fingers ( 40 A- 40 E), each of which contains a parasitic bipolar transistor wherein the base ( 46 A- 46 E) is the body of each finger, a parasitic injection source ( 43 A- 43 E), and a parasitic resistor ( 47 A- 47 E). The I/O pad  41  and the substrate ring contact  49  are identical to those in  FIG. 3 . If a design layout for each finger ( 30 A- 30 E) is the same, each finger ( 40 A- 40 E) has substantially the same amount of parasitic injection current. The differences in the placement of the fingers ( 40 A- 40 E) of a multi-fingered semiconductor device cause differences in the resistance of the parasitic resistors ( 47 A- 47 E) as discussed above. 
   According to the present invention, some fingers ( 40 A,  40 B,  40 D, and  40 E) have an external current injection source ( 45 A,  45 B,  45 D, and  45 E) between the body of a finger of the multi-finger NMOSFET and the I/O pad, which is connected to the positive power supply. The external current injection source ( 45 A,  45 B,  45 D, and  45 E) supplies a constant level of injection current into the body ( 46 A,  46 B,  46 D, and  46 E) of each finger of the multi-finger NMOSFET. 
   In general, the parasitic resistors are located between the body of a finger of a multi-fingered MOSFET and the substrate ring contact if the semiconductor device is a multi-fingered MOSFET. The parasitic resistors are located between the gate of a finger of a multi-fingered thyristor and the substrate ring contact if the semiconductor device is a multi-fingered thyristor. Except for limited cases involving only a very small number of fingers in a multi-fingered semiconductor device, the set of resistance values for the collection of the parasitic resistors in a multi-fingered semiconductor device has at least one non-equal value within the set due to the many variations in the placement and the environment of each of the fingers. 
   Particularly, in the case of multi-finger NMOSFETs for a non-ESD application, the external current injection source is connected between the body of a finger of the multi-finger NMOSFET and the positive power supply, and supplies a constant current into the base of the finger. In the case of PMOSFETs, the external current injection source is connected between the body of a finger of the multi-finger NMOSFET and the ground, and supplies a constant current out of the base of the finger into ground. In the case of thyristors, the external current injection source is connected between the gate of a finger of the multi-finger thyristor and the positive power supply, and supplies a constant current into the base of the finger. The external current injection source is connected between the body and the drain of the MOSFET or between the gate and the anode of the thyristor. 
   Since the drain of each finger of the multi-fingered NMOSFET is directly connected to the positive power supply, the external current injection source is directly connected to a positive power supply (Connection through an I/O pad  41  is considered a “direct connection” since the I/O pad has a negligible impedance). In the case of PMOSFETs, since the drain of each finger of the multi-fingered PMOSFET is directly connected to a negative power supply (including the case of a connection to the ground, see above), the external current injection source is also directly connected to the negative power supply. In the case of thyristors, since the external current injection source is connected to anode of a finger of the multi-fingered thyristor, the external current supply is directly connected to the positive power supply. In all the cases cited above, the external current injection source is directly connected to the power supply to which the source or the cathode of a finger is not connected to. 
   According to the present invention, the effects due to the variations in the resistance of the parasitic resistors ( 47 A- 47 E) are compensated for to enable uniform trigger voltage for each finger ( 40 A- 40 E) of the semiconductor device. The amount of compensation depends on the value of the parasitic resistance such that the voltage at the body ( 46 A- 46 E) of each of the fingers in a multi-finger semiconductor device is maintained substantially the same across the multiple fingers for a given voltage at the drains ( 42 A- 42 E). For example, if the parasitic resistance is high for a particular finger, the external current injection source attached to that particular finger provides less or no external current. If the parasitic resistance is low for another finger, the external current injection source attached to that particular finger provides more external current. 
   In the exemplary circuit of the present invention shown in  FIG. 4 , one finger  40 C in the middle does not have an external current injection source attached to the finger. In this example, the parasitic resistor  47 C that is attached to the middle finger  40 C has the highest resistance. Without the additional injection current supplied by the external current injection source, the middle finger  40 C has the lowest trigger voltage among the fingers ( 40 A- 40 E). In this particular configuration with 5 fingers as shown in  FIG. 4 , the amount of the external injection current supplied to the other fingers is adjusted to match the lowest trigger voltage present in the middle finger  40 C. 
   While the circuit in  FIG. 4  shows only one finger  40 C that has no external current injection source, the present invention allows generalization of the circuit in  FIG. 4  such that no external current injection source is attached to at least one of the multiple fingers of a multi-finger NMOSFET in an ESD protection circuit. Furthermore, the present invention allows a further generalization such that no external current injection source is attached to at least one of the multiple fingers of a multi-finger semiconductor device such as a multi-finger NMOSFET, a multi-finger PMOSFET, and a multi-finger thyristor. 
   Furthermore, the present invention does not necessarily require that at least one of the fingers have no external current injection source. All the fingers of a multi-fingered semiconductor device may have an external current injection source attached to each finger or only some of them may have an external current injection source attached to them. According to the present invention, at least one external current injection source may inject a different amount of injection current than another external current injection source. By varying the amount of injection current supplied to the different fingers, the trigger voltage above which the finger turns on may be matched from finger to finger. 
   In another perspective, the present invention pumps current locally into the substrate, which forms the body ( 46 A- 46 E) of each finger so that the trigger voltages are matched across the fingers. 
   According to the present invention, at least two of the multiple fingers in a multi-fingered NMOSFET ESD protection circuit have substantially matched trigger voltages above which the fingers turn on. In general, according to the present invention, at least two of the multiple fingers in a multi-fingered semiconductor device have substantially matched trigger voltages above which the fingers turn on. More preferably, according to the present invention, all of the multiple fingers in a multi-fingered semiconductor device have substantially matched trigger voltages above which the fingers turn on. 
   Furthermore, according to the present invention, at least one of the external current injection sources may be provided with a tunable component that modulates the amount of external current. 
     FIG. 5  shows an exemplary layout for a 4×30 array of fingers used in a 120-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit. As mentioned above, it is understood that additional array configurations are practicable with the present invention. The fingers are arranged in four rows, labeled row  1 , row  2 , row  3 , and row  4 . Each row has 30 fingers with the first finger  101  at the leftmost location and the thirtieth finger  130  at the rightmost location.  FIG. 5  also shows the eleventh fingers  111  and the twentieth fingers  120  for clarity. The distribution of the physical location of the fingers is for the purpose of providing enhanced ESD protection across the chip from an ESD event at an unpredictable location. In  FIG. 5 , the resistance between the body of each finger and the substrate ring contact is not zero due to the finite resistance of material between them. 
   This point is illustrated in  FIG. 6 , in which the curves for substrate potential versus drain voltage are plotted for two fingers, finger A and finger B, which have non-identical parasitic resistance between the body and the substrate ring contact. The two fingers belong to a hypothetical multi-finger NMOSFET in an ESD protection circuit similar to the one shown in  FIG. 3 . Since the parasitic bipolar transistors in  FIG. 3  turns on at a “tarn-on substrate potential,” which is around 0.70V for a silicon based bipolar transistor, the drain voltage at which the substrate potential becomes the turn-on substrate potential is the trigger voltage for each finger. Finger A trigger voltage and Finger B trigger point are shown in  FIG. 6 . In general, each finger of a multi-finger device such as is shown in  FIG. 3  produces a different substrate potential since the different parasitic resistances of the fingers are not compensated for. In contrast to the prior art, the differences in the parasitic resistances are compensated for by such external current injection sources ( 45 A,  45 B,  45 D, and  45 E) according to the present invention, as is shown in  FIG. 4 , which can be generalized to other multi-finger NMOSFETs, to multi-finger PMOSFETs, and to multi-finger thyristors 
   Table 1 lists selected simulation results for the substrate potential across the multiple fingers in a prior art NMOSFET ESD protection circuit in which the fingers are arranged in a 4×30 array as shown in  FIG. 5 . Similarly, Table 2 lists the simulation results for the substrate potential across the multiple fingers in an NMOSFET ESD protection circuit according to the present invention in which the fingers are arranged in the same 4×30 array. The magnitude of the parasitic internal injection current through the parasitic injection sources ( 33 A- 33 E in  FIG. 3  or  43 A- 43 E in  FIG. 4 ) was set at 0.398 mA for this simulation. The comparison of the two tables show the benefit of the present invention in that the substrate potential is substantially the same for the present invention for the same drain voltage across the different fingers. The prior art circuit, in contrast, produces a substantial variation in the substrate potential at the same across the fingers. 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
               TABLE 1 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
             
               Comparison of substrate potential across the multiple fingers in 
             
             
               a prior art 4 × 30 array of an NMOSFET ESD protection 
             
             
               circuit at a drain voltage of 8.99 V. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Row 1, 
               Row 2, 
               Row 1, 
               Row 2, 
             
             
                 
               5 th  finger 
               5 th  finger 
               15 th  finger 
               15 th  finger 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Substrate 
               0.600 
               0.690 
               0.605 
               0.700 
             
             
               potential (V) 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
               TABLE 2 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
             
               Comparison of substrate potential across the multiple fingers in a 
             
             
               4 × 30 array of an NMOSFET ESD protection circuit with 
             
             
               external current injection source according to the 
             
             
               present invention at a drain voltage of 8.78 V. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Row 1, 
               Row 2, 
               Row 1, 
               Row 2, 
             
             
                 
               5 th  finger 
               5 th  finger 
               15 th  finger 
               15 th  finger 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Substrate 
               0.690 
               0.685 
               0.700 
               0.700 
             
             
               potential (V) 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   A comparison of the simulated trigger voltages, i.e., the drain voltage at which the substrate potential of each finger reaches the “turn-on substrate voltage” (which is 0.7V in a silicon based NMOSFET parasitic npn bipolar transistor) is shown in Table 3. Selected trigger voltages of the fingers of the prior art NMOSFET ESD protection circuit that utilizes the 4×30 array in  FIG. 6  but does not have an external injection current source of an each finger are listed in one row of the table. Trigger voltages for the corresponding fingers of an NMOSFET ESD protection circuit according to the present invention that utilizes the 4×30 array in  FIG. 6  and has external injection current sources of varying level of injection current to match the substrate potential are listed in another row. The comparison of the ranges of the two sets of the trigger voltages show the advantage of the present invention in that the trigger voltage distribution is much uniform according to the present invention. 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
               TABLE 3 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
             
               Comparison of trigger voltages for selected fingers in an NMOSFET ESD 
             
             
               protection circuit according to the prior art and an NMOSFET ESD 
             
             
               protection circuit according to the present invention. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Row 1, 
               Row 2, 
               Row 1, 
               Row 2, 
             
             
                 
               5 th  finger 
               5 th  finger 
               15 th  finger 
               15 th  finger 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Trigger voltage 
               9.14 
               9.00 
               9.13 
               8.99 
             
             
               according to the 
             
             
               prior art (V) 
             
             
               Trigger voltage 
               8.81 
               8.81 
               8.78 
               8.78 
             
             
               according to the 
             
             
               present invention (V) 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
     FIG. 7  shows the result of a simulation comparing the substrate potential, i.e., the voltage at the body for a given drain voltage, at the drain voltage of 8.9V between a prior art 120-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit as shown in  FIG. 3  and having finger arrangements as shown in  FIG. 5  and a 120-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit with an external current injection source between the body and the drain of each finger according to the present invention as shown in  FIG. 4  and having finger arrangements as shown in  FIG. 5 . In the circuit according to the present invention, the magnitude of the injection current from each external current source was adjusted to substantially match substrate potential. Since the drain voltage versus substrate potential curves, such as shown in  FIG. 6 , have similar shape across the fingers, once the substrate potential is substantially matched for a reasonable drain voltage, the trigger voltages are also substantially matched across the fingers. Therefore, the use of the external current injection sources can reduce the variations in the trigger voltage through the matching of substrate potential near the turn-on conditions of the fingers. The matched trigger voltages enable a uniform turn-on of the multiple fingers to utilize the full current passing capacity of the multi-finger semiconductor device. 
   The external current injection source can be any electronic sub-circuit that is capable of providing extra current into the body of a finger of the multi-finger device. For example, an external current injection source can be a diode, a stack of diodes, a bipolar transistor, a MOSFET, or any combination of these and may contain resistive components. Preferably, the external current injection circuit contains at least one substantially non-resistive electronic component. Substantially non-resistive electronic components have a very small parasitic resistance in relation to the amount of current it passes through. Examples of substantially non-resistive components include a PN junction (such as in a diode), a capacitor, a MOSFET, and an inductor. Most preferably, the external current injection source does not contain a resistor (a resistive electronic component) in the path of the current from the power supply to the body of a finger of the multi-finger device. 
     FIG. 8  shows a first exemplary implementation of external current injection sources, each of which consists of a stack of three diodes ( 85 A- 85 E). The parasitic resistors ( 87 A- 87 E) between the body ( 86 A- 86 E) of each finger ( 80 A- 80 E), a positive power supply bus  82 , the substrate ring contact  89 , and the I/O pad  81  are also shown in  FIG. 8 . While only the middle finger  80 C does not have an external current injection source in  FIG. 8 , the present invention allows an implementation wherein more than one finger is without an external current injection source or an implementation wherein each finger has an external current injection source as explained in accompanying paragraphs for  FIG. 4 . 
   Also, similar configuration is possible for general multi-finger NMOSFETs, for general multi-finger PMOSFETs, and for general multi-finger thyristors. The parameters of the diode stack may be changed to induce the same trigger voltage across the different fingers ( 80 A- 80 E). Preferably, the widths of the stacks of diodes ( 85 A- 85 E) is be adjusted to allow different amount of leakage current into the body ( 86 A- 86 E) of the fingers ( 80 A- 80 E) so that the voltage at the body ( 86 A- 86 E) of each finger ( 80 A- 80 E) are substantially identical across the fingers and all the fingers have the same trigger voltages. In this case, the stack of diodes is a tunable component that modulates the amount of injection current. The stack of diodes may contain only one diode or a series connection of at least two diodes. 
     FIG. 9  shows a second exemplary implementation of external current injection sources, which comprises an RC-triggered NMOSFET circuit connected to the bodies ( 96 A- 96 E) of some of the fingers ( 90 A- 90 E). The RC triggered NMOSFET circuit comprises two NMOSFETs ( 191  and  192 ), wherein each of the drains of the NMOSFETs ( 191  and  192 ) is connected to a positive power supply and each of the sources of the two NMOSFETs ( 191  and  192 ) are connected to a body ( 96 A- 96 E) of one of the multiple fingers ( 90 A- 90 E); and a series connection of a resistor  195  and a capacitor  194  between the positive power supply and ground, wherein the node in the series connection between the resistor  195  and the capacitor  194  is connected to the gates of the two MOSFETs ( 191  and  192 ). Two diodes  193  are located between the positive power supply bus  92  and the capacitor  194  in the RC-triggered NMOSFET circuit. The multiple fingers ( 90 A- 90 E) are connected in a parallel connection such that the drains of the multiple fingers ( 90 A- 90 E) are connected to a positive power supply bus  92  and the sources of the multiple fingers ( 90 A- 90 E) are connected to a substrate ring contact  99 . Parasitic resistors ( 96 A- 96 E) of non-equal resistance value are connected between the body ( 96 A- 96 E) and the source of each finger. 
   According to this exemplary implementation of the present invention, the two NMOSFETs ( 191  and  192 ) may be used as tunable components that modulate the amount of injection current into the fingers ( 96 A- 96 E). The size and the number of diodes  193 , as well as the resistance of the resistor  195  and the capacitance of the capacitor  194  may also be used as tunable components. While only the middle finger  90 C does not have an external current injection source in  FIG. 9 , the present invention allows an implementation wherein more than one finger is without an external current injection source or an implementation wherein each finger has an external current injection source as explained in accompanying paragraphs for  FIG. 4 . Also, similar configuration is possible for general multi-finger NMOSFETs, for general multi-finger PMOSFETs, and for general multi-finger thyristors. The parameters of the diode stack may be changed to induce the same trigger voltage across the different fingers ( 90 A- 90 E). 
   According to the present invention, the trigger voltages of multiple fingers of a multi-finger semiconductor device can be matched so that multiple fingers, and preferably all of the fingers have substantially matched trigger voltages and thus, turn on at the same time. 
   First, a semiconductor circuit with a multi-finger semiconductor device is provided. The semiconductor device may be a multifinger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit, a general purpose NMOSFET, a general purpose PMOSFET, or a general purpose thyristors. A thyristor may be, but is not limited to a Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR), an asymmetrical SCR (ASCR), a reverse conducting thyristor (RCT), a light activated SCR (LASCR; a light triggered thyristor (LTT)), a TRIAC (a bidirectional switching device containing two thyristor structures), a gate turn-off thyristor (GTO), an MCT (MOSFET controlled thyristor containing two additional FET structures for on/off control), a Base Resistance Controlled Thyristor (BRT), a Static Induction Thyristor (SITh), or a Field Controlled Thyristor (FCTh). 
   Second, at least one external current injection source connected to a component of one of the multiple fingers is designed. Only some of the multiple fingers may be provided with external current injection sources or all of the multiple fingers may be provided with external current injection sources. If the multi-finger semiconductor device is a multi-finger MOSFET, whether a multi-finger NMOSFET or a multi-finger PMOSFET, the component of the multiple fingers to which an external injection current source may be attached is the body of a finger of the MOSFET. If the multi-finger semiconductor device is a thyristor, the component of the multiple fingers to which an external injection current source may be attached is the gate of a finger of the thyristor. 
   The external injection current source may comprise of a diode, a stack of diodes, a bipolar transistor, a MOSFET, or any combination of these and may contain resistive components. Preferably, the external current injection circuit contains at least one substantially non-resistive electronic component. Most preferably, the external current injection source does not contain a resistor (a resistive electronic component) in the path of the current from the power supply to the body of a finger of the multi-finger device. For example, the stacks of diodes as shown in  FIG. 8  or the RC-triggered NMOSFET circuit shown in  FIG. 9  may also be used. The external current injection source may be at least one stack of diodes that comprises one diode or a series connection of at least two diodes. The external current injection source may alternatively comprise at least one RC-triggered NMOSFET, wherein the drain of the at least one NMOSFET is connected to a power supply and the source of the at least one RC-triggered NMOSFET is connected to at least one of the component of one of the multiple fingers and at least one series connection of a resistor and a capacitor between the positive power supply and ground, wherein a node in the series connection is connected to the gate of the at least one RC-triggered MOSFET. The external current injection sources are designed such that there is at least one parameter that can modulate the injection current on at lease some of the fingers. For example, the parameters may be the number of the width of a diode, the doping level of a portion of a substrate or a well, the size of shallow trench isolation around the fingers, the numbers of diodes, the capacitance, inductance, and/or resistance of circuit components. 
   Third, the voltage at the body of the each of the multiple fingers is simulated. The optimal simulation conditions are those that produce body voltages in the fingers of a multi-finger MOSFET close to the turn-on substrate potential or those that produce gate voltages in the fingers of a multi-finger thyristors close to the turn-on substrate potential. 
   Fourth, the at least one external current injection source is adjusted to match the trigger voltage of one of the multiple fingers with the trigger voltage of another of the multiple fingers until all the trigger voltages match. Since the external current injection sources have at least one parameter that can modulate the injection current on at lease some of the fingers, the at least one parameter, and preferably many parameters, of the external current injection sources are utilized in this step. 
   According to the present invention, the trigger voltages of multiple fingers of a multi-finger semiconductor device can be tuned so that multiple fingers, and preferably all of the fingers have trigger voltages that are substantially toned to the target trigger voltage. The method of tuning the trigger voltages to a target trigger voltage is similar to the method of matching trigger voltages across the multiple fingers with the following modifications. 
   The target trigger voltage is defined during the design or prior to the design of external current injection sources. The adjustment of the at least one external current injection source is performed to match the trigger voltage of each of the multiple fingers to the target trigger voltage. The same adjustment methods as was used for matching the trigger voltages among multiple fingers of a multi-finger semiconductor device may be used to match the trigger voltages of the multiple fingers to a target trigger voltage. 
     FIG. 10  shows a simulation result for a circuit shown in  FIG. 9  after an intermediate stage of matching trigger points among the multiple fingers of the multi-finger NMOSFET. In the simulation shown in  FIG. 10 , the transient response of the gate voltage V_gate at the two NMOSFETs ( 191  and  192 ), the transient response of the substrate potential V 1  at the body  96 A of the leftmost finger  90 A and at the body  96 E of the rightmost finger  90 E, and the transient response of the substrate potential V 2  at the body  96 B of the second finger  90 B and at the body  96 D of the fourth finger  90 D are shown for the setting of 1 micron for the width of both of the two NMOSFETs ( 191  and  192 ). While this produced a better result than a circuit without any external current injection sources, a further adjustment using the width of the NMOSFET  191  that is connected to the leftmost finger  90 A and to the rightmost finger  90 E can improve the matching between the two voltages, V 1  and V 2 . Another simulation results with the width of the NMOSFET  191  connected to the outermost fingers ( 90 A and  90 E) set at 5.5 microns are shown  FIG. 11 , which shows an improved matching between the four fingers. Since each finger of the multi-finger NMOSFET ESD protection circuit is turned on when the substrate potential at the finger exceeds 0.7V and essentially turns off below 0.7V, according to the simulation shown in  FIG. 10 , the two outermost fingers turn on for a shorter duration than the second and fourth fingers, or worse, not even turn on as discussed above. According to the simulation shown in  FIG. 11 , the four fingers turn on and turn off substantially at the same time. An extension of this type of adjustment can match the trigger voltages across the five fingers shown in  FIGS. 4 ,  8 , and  9 , and in general, to any multi-finger semiconductor device described herein with an arbitrary number of fingers. 
   Referring to  FIG. 12 , a block diagram of an exemplary design flow  900  is shown. The exemplary design flow  900  may vary depending on the type of integrated circuit (IC) to be designed. For example, a design flow for building an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) may differ from a design flow for designing a standard integrated circuit component. A design structure  920  is preferably an input to a design process  910 . The design structure  920  may come from an intellectual property (IP) provider, a core developer, or a design company, or may be generated by an operator of a design flow, or may come from other sources. 
   The design structure  920  may comprise a circuit of  FIG. 4 ,  FIG. 8 , or  FIG. 9 . The design structure  920  may also comprise a combination of circuits of  FIGS. 4 ,  8 , and  9 . Typically, the design structure  920  is in the form of schematics of hardware description language (HDL) such as Verilog, VHDL, C, C++, etc. The design structure  920  may be contained on one or more machine readable medium. For example, the design structure  920  may be a text file or a graphical representation of a circuit of  FIG. 4 ,  FIG. 8 , or  FIG. 9 . 
   The design process  910  preferably synthesizes, or translates, such a circuit contained in the design structure  920  into a netlist  980 . The netlist  980  contains a list of representations of various components of the circuit. For example, the netlist  980  may contain a list of interconnect wires, transistors, logic gates, control circuits, input/output (I/O), models, etc. that describe the connections to other elements and circuits in an integrated circuit design and recorded on at least one of machine readable medium. This may be an iterative process in which the netlist  980  is resynthesized one or more times depending on design specifications  940  and parameters for the circuit. 
   The design process  910  may include using a variety of inputs; for example, inputs from library elements  930  which may house a set of commonly used elements, circuits, and devices, including models, layouts, and symbolic representations, for a given manufacturing technology (e.g., different technology nodes such as 32 nm node, 45 nm node, and 90 nm node, etc.), design specifications  940 , characterization data  950 , verification data  960 , design rules  970 , and test data files  985  (which may include, for example, standard circuit design processes such as timing analysis, verification, design rule checking, place and route operations, etc. One or ordinary skill in the art of integrated circuit design can appreciate the extent of possible electronic design automation tools and applications used in the design process  910  without deviating from the scope and spirit of the present invention. The design structure  910  of the present invention is not limited to any specific design flow. 
   The design process  910  preferably translates an embodiment of the present invention as shown in  FIGS. 4 ,  8 , and  9 , along with any additional integrated circuit deign or data as applicable, into a second design structure  990 . The second design structure  990  resides on a storage medium in a data format used for the exchange of layout data of integrated circuits (e.g., information stored in GDSII (GDS2), GL1, OASIS, or any other suitable format for storing such design structures). The second design structure  990  may comprise information such as test data files, design content files, manufacturing data, layout parameters, wires, levels of metal interconnects, vias, shapes, data for routing though the manufacturing line, and any other data required by a semiconductor manufacturer to produce an embodiment of the present invention as shown in  FIGS. 4 ,  8 , and  9 . The second design structure  990  may then proceed to a stage  995  where, for example, the second design structure  990  proceeds to tape-out, i.e., is released to manufacturing, is released to a mask house, is sent to another design house, is sent back to a customer, etc. 
   While the invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it is evident in view of the foregoing description that numerous alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is intended to encompass all such alternatives, modifications and variations which fall within the scope and spirit of the invention and the following claims.