Patent Publication Number: US-2022217934-A1

Title: Cellulose-synthase-like enzymes and uses thereof

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/123,248, filed Sep. 6, 2018, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/895,059, filed Dec. 1, 2015, which filed as a National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/IL2014/050497, international filing date Jun. 2, 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/831,164, filed Jun. 5, 2013, all of which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference; and this application also claims the benefit of Israel Patent Application Serial Number 268269, filed Jul. 25, 2019, which is also incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The plant kingdom produces hundreds of thousands of different small compounds, often genus or family specific. The massive structural diversity of more than 300,000 plant specialized metabolites (SMs) is generated through assorted modifications of their core structure. Plant SMs are most frequently glycosylated, and this glycosylation significantly impacts their compartmentalization, activity, solubility, stability, and toxicity. They are low molecular weight, nitrogen-containing, organic compounds, typically with a heterocyclic structure. 
     The broad group of saponin-alkaloid compounds is widespread in plants and derived from the cytosolic mevalonic acid isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. Saponins and steroidal alkaloids (SAs) are two large classes of SMs produced by plants. 
     Saponins are a large group of SMs found in countless plant species and more than 100 families, representing a lipophilic triterpenoid or steroidal backbone (aglycone) decorated with one or more glycoside moieties. 
     As suggested by their name (Latin sāpō means soap), saponins display soap like properties in aqueous solutions due to their amphipathic structure. The unique physicochemical properties of these compounds provide a broad spectrum of functions in plants including antifungal, antibacterial and insecticidal. The activity of saponins depends on the structure of the aglycone but in many cases even more on the attached sugars. For example, oleanolic and medicagenic acid (MA) derived saponins display hemolytic activity due to the presence of a carboxyl at position C-28 while Avenacin A-1 requires L-arabinose attached at the C-3 position to be fungicidal. Moreover, cholesterol-derived steroidal saponins are widespread in the plant kingdom, are highly diverse in structures, and can be either saturated (e.g., sarasapogenin) or unsaturated (e.g., diosgenin) in the C-5,6 position. 
     Plentiful reports underline saponins&#39; benefits to human health and medical applications starting from anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting (adjuvant) to anti-cancer properties. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) members of the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZY) glycosyltransferase 1 (GT1) superfamily carry out sugar transfer reactions on saponins and all other SMs classes. The most common saccharides decorating saponins include D-glucose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, D-glucuronic acid, D-xylose, L-rhamnose and D-fucose. 
     The presence of glucuronic acid attached at position C-3 of the sapogenin is particularly common for species of the Caryophyllales order, yet, the enzyme involved remains unknown. 
     Thus, there remains an unmet need for knowledge regarding the enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway to produce saponins, including triterpenoid saponins, including knowledge of Cellulose Synthase Like Gs that attach glucuronic acid to, for example, quillaic acid. Once known, key enzymes could be regulated in a plant in order to alter the content of naturally produced products. For example, an enzyme could be over-expressed or have increased stability, thereby producing a natural sweetener at increased quantities, or an enzyme could be down regulated at the gene level to reduce production of compounds adding a bitter taste to plant products, for example  quinoa . Further, there remains an unmet need for methods to produce these saponins in heterologous systems in order to provide commercial quantities of high value saponins, for example but not limited to triterpenoid saponins. These high value saponins may be used for example as, but not limited to, sweeteners, foaming agents, emulsifiers, preservatives, anti-carcinogens, hypocholesterolemic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-oxidants, biological adjuvants, anti-microbial agents, insecticidal agents, antifeedants, or anti-fungal agents, or any combination thereof. 
     In addition, some SMs, such as alkaloids, are often referred to as secondary metabolites, because they are not vital to cells that produce them, but contribute to the overall fitness of the organism. Alkaloids are low molecular weight nitrogen-containing organic compounds, typically with a heterocyclic structure, and their biosynthesis in plants is tightly controlled during development and in response to stress and pathogens. 
     For example, steroidal alkaloids (SAs), occasionally known as “ Solanum  alkaloids” due to their high prevalence in numerous members of the Solanales order, have been found to be common to numerous plants in a wide range of families. SAs have diverse structural composition and biological activity. They are low molecular weight, nitrogen-containing, cholesterol-derived organic compounds, typically with a heterocyclic structure consisting of a C-27 cholestane skeleton and a heterocyclic nitrogen component. 
     Estimated in the order of 1350 species, Solanum is one of the largest genera of flowering plants, representing about half of the species in the Solanaceae family (which is in the Solanales order).  Solanum  species include food plants, such as tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), bittersweet ( Solanum dulcamara ), and eggplant ( Solanum  melogena), and the Solanaceae also includes the  Capsicum  genus (e.g., peppers), as well as many other genera. Steroidal alkaloids are also produced by a large number of species in the Liliaceae family. As a result, SAs have been the subject of extensive investigations (Eich E. 2008. Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae—secondary metabolites: biosynthesis, chemotaxonomy, biological and economic significance: a handbook. Berlin: Springer). 
     Consisting of a C-27 cholestane skeleton and a heterocyclic nitrogen component, SAs were suggested to be synthesized in the cytosol from cholesterol. Conversion of cholesterol to the alkamine SA should require several hydroxylation, oxidation, and transamination reactions (Eich 2008, supra), and in most cases, further glycosylation to form steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) (Arnqvist L. et al. 2003. Plant Physiol. 131:1792-1799). Glycosylation of SAs produces steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), in which the added oligosaccharide moiety components directly conjugate to the hydroxyl group at C-3-beta (C-3β) of the alkamine steroidal skeleton (aglycone). SGA biosynthesis depends on genes encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that decorate the aglycone with various oligosaccharide moieties, including D-glucose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose, the first two monosaccharides being the predominant units. 
     SGAs are produced by numerous members of the Solanaceae family, as well as many other families of plants. Examples of these compounds include alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine in potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), and alpha-solamargine and alpha-solasonine in eggplant ( Solanum melongena ). SGAs are also found in various types of pepper in the genus  Capsicum . More than 100 SGAs have been identified in tomatoes (Itkin et al., 2011, Plant Cell 23:4507-4525), and more than 50 have been identified in potatoes (Shakya and Navarre, 2008, J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:6949-6958). Eggplant also contains at least one variety of SGA (Friedmann, 2006, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:8655-8681). 
     SAs and SGAs play a role in protecting plants against a broad range of pathogens and are known as phytoanticipins (antimicrobial compounds). SGAs contribute to plant resistance to a wide range of pathogens and predators, including bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, viruses, insects, and larger animals. Some SGAs in edible parts of plants are considered to be anti-nutritional compounds to humans and other mammals due to their toxic effects. For example, the SGAs alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine are the principle toxic substances in potato, may cause gastrointestinal and neurological disorders and, at high concentrations, may be lethal to humans. Mechanisms of toxicity include disruption of membranes an dinhibition of acetylcholine esterase activity (Roddick J. G. 1989. Phytochemistry 28:2631-2634). For this reason, total SGA levels exceeding 200 mg/kg fresh weight of edible tuber are deemed unsafe for human consumption. 
     There is an ongoing attempt to elucidate the biosynthesis pathway of steroidal alkaloids and to control their production. U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,180 discloses DNA sequences from potato which encode the enzyme solanidine UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (SGT). Further disclosed are means and methods for inhibiting the production of SGT and thereby reduce glycoalkaloid levels in Solanaceous plants, for example potato. 
     Similarly, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,375,259 and 7,439,419 disclose nucleic acid sequences from potato that encode the enzymes UDP-glucose:solanidine glucosyltransferase (SGT2) and β-solanine/β-chaconine rhamnosyltransferase (SGT3), respectively. Recombinant DNA molecules containing the sequences, and use thereof, in particular, use of the sequences and antisense constructs to inhibit the production of SGT2/SGT3 and thereby reduce levels of the predominant steroidal glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine in Solanaceous plants such as potato are also described. 
     Recently, three glycosyltransferases were identified that are putatively involved in the metabolism of tomato steroidal alkaloids (GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 1-3 (GAME1-3). More specifically, alterations in GAME1 expression modified the SA profile in tomato plants in both reproductive and vegetative parts. It is suggested that these genes are involved in the metabolism of tomatidine (the α-tomatine precursor) partially by generating the lycotetraose moiety (Itkin et al., 2011, supra). 
     International Patent Application Publication No. WO 00/66716 discloses a method for producing transgenic organisms or cells comprising DNA sequences which code for sterol glycosyltransferases. The transgenic organisms include bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, which exhibit an increased production of steroid glycoside, steroid alkaloid and/or sterol glycoside compared to that of wild-type organisms or cells. The synthesized compounds are useful in the pharmaceutical and foodstuff industries as well as for protecting plants. 
     U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0159676 discloses a gene encoding a glycoalkaloid biosynthesis enzyme derived from a plant belonging to the family Solanaceae for example potato ( Solanum tuberosum ). A method for producing/detecting a novel organism using a gene encoding the protein is also disclosed. 
     U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0167271 and International Application Publication No. WO 2012/095843 relate to a key gene in the biosynthesis of steroidal saponins and steroidal alkaloids and to means and methods for altering the gene expression and the production of steroidal saponins and steroidal alkaloids. 
     A paper of inventors of the present invention, published after the priority date of the present invention, describes an array of 10 genes that partake in SGA biosynthesis. 5-7 of the genes were found to exist as a cluster on chromosome 7 while additional two reside adjacent in a duplicated genomic region on chromosome twelve. Following systematic functional analysis, a novel SGA biosynthetic pathway starting from cholesterol up to the tetrasaccharide moiety linked to the tomato SGA aglycone has been proposed (Itkin M. et al., 2013 Science 341(6142):175-179). 
     It has also been found that the plant cholesterol biosynthetic pathway overlaps with phytosterol metabolism (Sonawane et al. 2016. Nat. Plants 3: 16205). For example, cholesterol ((3-beta)-cholest-5-en-3-ol) is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid molecule biosynthesized by all animal cells as an essential structural component of all animal cell membranes and essential to membrane structural integrity and fluidity, enabling animal cells to function without a cell wall. It is also a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid, and vitamin D, as well as saponins, SAs, and SGAs. Cholestanol (5-beta-cholestan-3-beta-ol; coprostanol; 5-beta-coprostanol) is a cholesterol derivative found in feces and other biological matter. Cholestanol is a 27-carbon stanol formed from the biohydrogenation of cholesterol in the gut of most higher animals (birds and mammals) by the conversion of cholesterol. 
     Plants make cholesterol in very small amounts, but also manufacture phytosterols (which include plant sterols and stanols, similar to cholesterol and cholestanol), which can compete with cholesterol for reabsorption in the intestinal tract, thus potentially reducing cholesterol reabsorption. Cholesterol is often used in the manufacture of medicines, cosmetics, and other applications. There is an increased interest in producing higher levels of both plant phytosterols and plant-based cholesterol. 
     For example, in tomato (e.g.,  Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii ), α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine represent the major SGAs accumulating predominantly in green tissues; young and mature leaves, flower buds, skin and seeds of immature and mature green fruit. Dehydrotomatidine (i.e. tomatidenol) is the first SA aglycone formed in SGA biosynthesis which could further be hydrogenated at the C-5 position to form tomatidine. Both aglycones are further glycosylated (tetrasaccharide moiety, i.e., lycotetrose) to produce dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine, respectively. Thus, the SGA pathway branches at dehydrotomatidine for either formation of tomatidine derived SGAs or glycosylated dehydrotomatine derivatives. Notably, dehydrotomatidine and tomatidine are only different in their structures by the presence or absence of the double bond at the C-5 position. The conversion of dehydrotomatidine to tomatidine was hypothesized in the past as a single reaction catalyzed by a hypothetical hydrogenase. In most tomato plant tissues, the relative portion of dehydrotomatine as compared to α-tomatine ranges from ˜2.5-˜10%. As tomato fruit matures and reaches to the red stage, the entire pool of α-tomatine and dehydrotomatine is largely being converted to esculeosides (major SGAs) and dehydroesculeosides (minor SGAs), respectively. 
     In cultivated potato (e.g.,  Solanum tuberosum ), α-chaconine and α-solanine are the major SGAs sharing the same aglycone, solanidine (in which a C-5,6 double bond is present) and possess chacotriose and solatriose moieties, respectively. As there is no demissidine or demissine detected in cultivated potatoes, it was suggested that a hydrogenase enzyme able to convert solanidine to demissidine is lacking in these species. Several wild potato species (e.g.  S. demissum, S. chacoense, S. commersonii ) and their somatic hybrids ( S. brevidens  X  S. tuberosum ), predicted to contain an active hydrogenase, do produce demissidine or its glycosylated form, demissine being one of their major SGAs. 
     In eggplant (e.g.,  Solanum melongena ), α-solamargine and α-solasonine are the most abundant SGAs derived from the solasodine aglycone (in which a C-5,6 double bond is present); while some wild  Solanum  species, e.g.  S. dulcamara  (bittersweet) produce soladulcidine or its glycosylated forms, soladulcine A and β-soladulcine (C-5,6 double bond is absent), as major SGAs from the solasodine aglycone. 
     In addition to SGAs, many  Solanum  species (e.g., eggplant) also produce cholesterol-derived unsaturated or saturated steroidal saponins. Unsaturated and saturated steroidal saponins are widespread in the plant kingdom, especially among monocots, e.g. the Agavaceae (e.g., agave and  yucca ), Asparagaceae (e.g., asparagus), Dioscoreaceae and Liliaceae families. Similar to SGAs, steroidal saponins are highly diverse in structures and could be either saturated (e.g. sarasapogenin) or unsaturated (e.g. diosgenin) in the C-5,6 position. 
     Cholesterol, the main sterol produced by all animals, serves as a key building block in the biosynthesis of SGAs. An array of tomato and potato GLYCOALKALOIDMETABOLISM (GAME) genes participating in core SGA biosynthesis starting from cholesterol were reported in recent years. The tomato SGAs biosynthetic pathway can be divided into two main parts. In the first, the SA aglycone is formed from cholesterol by the likely action of the GAME6, GAME8, GAME11, GAME4 and GAME12 enzymes. The second part results in the generation of SGA through the action of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). GAME1, GAME2, GAME17 and GAME18 in tomato, and STEROL ALKALOID GLYCOSYL TRANSFERASE1 (SGT1), SGT2 and SGT3 in potato. 
     Thus, there remains an unmet need for knowledge regarding the enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway to produce saponins, including triterpenoid saponins, including knowledge of Cellulose Synthase Like Gs that attach glucuronic acid to, for example, quillaic acid. Once known, key enzymes could be regulated in a plant in order to alter the content of naturally produced products. For example, an enzyme could be over-expressed or have increased stability, thereby producing a natural sweetener at increased quantities, or an enzyme could be down regulated at the gene level to reduce production of compounds adding a bitter taste to plant products, for example  quinoa . Further, there remains an unmet need for methods to produce these saponins in heterologous systems in order to provide commercial quantities of high value saponins, for example but not limited to triterpenoid saponins. These high value saponins may be used for example as, but not limited to, sweeteners, foaming agents, emulsifiers, preservatives, anti-carcinogens, hypocholesterolemic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-oxidants, biological adjuvants, anti-microbial agents, insecticidal agents, antifeedants, or anti-fungal agents, or any combination thereof. 
     In addition, the demand for higher food quantities and food with improved quality continues to increase. Improved nutritional qualities as well as removal of antinutritional traits are both of high demand. In the course of crop domestication, levels of anti-nutrients were reduced by breeding, However, many crop plants still contain significant amount of antinutritional substances, particularly steroidal glycoalkaloids. 
     Alternatively, the ability to manipulate the synthesis of these SGAs would provide the means to develop, through classical breeding or genetic engineering, crops with modified levels and composition of SGAs, conferring on the plant an endogenous chemical barrier against a broad range of insects and other pathogens. 
     In addition, there is a demand both for plant-based cholesterols and, conversely, for plants with increased levels of phytocholesterols or other phytosterols. 
     Thus, there is also a demand for, and it would be highly advantageous to have, means and methods for controlling the production of saponins, steroidal alkaloids, and steroidal glycoalkaloids with beneficial, particularly therapeutic, effects. 
     The disclosure provided herein below, meets these unmet needs by describing in some embodiments, at least the knowledge that plant SMs, more specifically saponins, are not merely glycosylated by UGT 1 family enzymes. It appears that proteins related to Cellulose Synthases (CESA), renowned for their role in primary cell wall biosynthesis, enable the attachment of glucuronic acid at the C-3 position of saponins. Metabolic evolution through neofunctionalization to a Cellulose Synthase Like (CSL) enzyme possessing a new form of triterpenoid glycosyl transferase activity was accompanied by altering its subcellular localization, directing it to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Modulation of this protein also resulted in strict control of the production of steroidal saponins and steroidal glycoalkaloids, while gene silencing resulted in accumulation of cholesterol pools. 
     The disclosure provided herein below, also meets these unmet needs by describing in some embodiments, at least the knowledge of key genes and enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway converting cholesterol to steroidal saponins, triterpenoid saponins, steroidal alkaloids, and steroidal glycoalkaloids. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one aspect, provided herein is a genetically modified cell having increased expression of at least one heterologous gene compared to a corresponding unmodified cell, said at least one heterologous gene encoding a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein said genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. 
     According to another aspect, provided herein is a genetically modified plant comprising at least one cell having altered expression of at least a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) gene compared to the expression of CSLG in a corresponding unmodified plant, and wherein the genetically modified plant has an altered content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof a metabolite thereof, of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     According to still another aspect, provided herein is a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell, the method comprising: (a) introducing an at least one heterologous gene into said cell, said at least one heterologous gene encoding a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein said heterologous gene is optionally comprised in a vector; and (b) expressing said at least one heterologous gene in said cell; wherein said cell comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, at least one steroidal saponin, or at least one triterpenoid saponin compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. 
     According to yet another aspect, provided herein is a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in at least one cell of a plant or a plant part, the method comprising genetically modifying said at least one plant cell, said genetic modification comprising: (a) transforming said at least one plant cell with at least one silencing molecule targeted to a nucleic acid gene sequence encoding a Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzyme; or (b) mutagenizing at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein the mutagenesis comprises introducing (1) one or more point mutations into the nucleic acid sequence, (2) deletions within the nucleic acid sequence, or (3) insertions within the nucleic acid, or (4) any combination thereof, wherein said introducing comprising mutagenizing coding or non-coding sequence; wherein expression of the gene encoding the CSLG enzyme is reduced in the genetically modified plant cell compared to its expression in a corresponding unmodified plant cell, wherein the plant comprising said genetically modified cell comprises reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     According to yet another aspect, provided herein is a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in at least one cell of a plant or plant part, the method comprising genetically modifying said at least one plant cell, said genetic modification comprising: (a) mutagenizing at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein the mutagenesis comprises introducing (1) one or more point mutations into the nucleic acid sequence, (2) deletions within the nucleic acid sequence, or (3) insertions within the nucleic acid, or (4) any combination thereof, wherein said introducing comprising mutagenizing coding or non-coding sequence; and (b) expressing said nucleic acid encoding said CSLG; wherein the plant comprising said genetically modified cell comprises increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The subject matter related to methods of production of steroidal glycoalkaloids, steroidal saponins, and triterpenoid saponins and uses thereof is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The methods of production of these steroidal glycoalkaloids, steroidal saponins, and triterpenoid saponins and uses thereof, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows the proposed biosynthetic pathway of steroidal glycoalkaloids in the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway in Solanaceous plant from cholesterol toward α-tomatine. Dashed and solid arrows represent multiple or single enzymatic reactions in the pathway, respectively. 
         FIG. 2  summarizes the coexpression analysis of steroidal alkaloid-associated genes in Solanaceous plants. Shared homologs of coexpressed genes for ‘baits’ from tomato (SlGAME1 and SlGAME4) and potato (StSGT1 and StGAME4). Continuous (r-value &gt;0.8) and dashed (r-value &gt;0.63) lines connect coexpressed genes. *, located in the tomato or potato chromosome 7 cluster. St,  Solanum tuberosum ; Sl,  S. lycopersicum . Background of gene names corresponds to bait they were found to be coexpressed with (legend above). SP, serine proteinase; PI, proteinase inhibitor; UPL, ubiquitin protein ligase; ELP, extensin-like protein; PK, protein kinase; SR, sterol reductase; RL, receptor-like. 
         FIG. 3  presents schematic map of genes identified in the duplicated genomic regions in tomato and potato and their coexpression. Coexpression with GAME1/SGT1 (chromosome 7) and GAME4 (chromosome 12) as baits in either potato or tomato are presented in a form of a heatmap (Tables 5-8). Specific gene families are indicated by dark arrows while members of other gene families are in white arrows. 
         FIGS. 4A-4H  shows functional analysis of tomato GAME genes. ( FIG. 4A ) GAME8-silenced transgenic (RNAi) leaves accumulated 22-(R)-hydroxycholesterol compared to wild type. ( FIG. 4B ) An array of cholestanol-type steroidal saponins (STSs) accumulates in GAME11 VIGS-silenced leaves. ( FIG. 4C ) An STS (m/z=753.4) accumulates in GAME12 VIGS-leaves. ( FIG. 4D ) Tomatidine, the steroidal alkaloid aglycone, accumulates in GAME1-silenced transgenic leaves. ( FIGS. 4E to 4H ) Enzyme activity assays of the 4 recombinant tomato GAME glycosyltransferases. 
         FIGS. 5A-5D  show solanine/chaconine levels in peels of tuber of potato plant lines with altered expression of GAME9 compared to wild type plants. Solanine ( FIG. 5A ) and chaconine ( FIG. 5B ) level in tubers of GAME9 silenced plant; Solanine ( FIG. 5C ) and chaconine ( FIG. 5D ) levels in tubers of GAME9 overexpressing plants. 
         FIG. 6  shows solanine/chaconine levels in leaves of potato plant lines with either silenced (RNAi) or overexpressed (OX) GAME9 compared to wild type plants. 
         FIG. 7  shows tomatine levels in leaves of tomato plant lines with either silenced (RNAi, line 5871) or overexpressed (OX, line 5879) GAME9 compared to wild type plants. 
         FIGS. 8A-8D  show the effect of silencing of GAME11 dioxygenase in tomato. ( FIG. 8A ) α-tomatine levels in leaves (m/z=1034.5) ( FIG. 8B ) cholestanol-type steroidal saponins (STS) in leaves (m/z=1331.6, 1333.6, 1199.6, 1201.6 (major saponins)). ( FIG. 8C ) MS/MS spectrum of m/z=1331.6 (at 19.28 min.). ( FIG. 8D ) The fragmentation patterns of the saponin eluted at 19.28 min. and accumulating in GAME11-silenced leaves. Corresponding mass signals are marked with an asterisk on the MS/MS chromatogram in  FIG. 8C . 
         FIGS. 9A-9E  show metabolites extracted from GAME18-silenced mature green tomato fruit. Peaks of newly accumulating compounds corresponding to the γ-tomatine standard (m/z=740.5) ( FIGS. 9A-C ), and γ-tomatine pentoside (m/z=872.5) ( FIGS. 9D-E ) are shown. 
         FIGS. 10A-10D  show the effect of silencing of GAME12 transaminase in tomato. ( FIG. 10A ) accumulation of a furastanol-type STS. ( FIGS. 10B-10C ) GAME/2-silenced leaves accumulate an STS (m/z=753.4), while it exists in only minor quantities in WT leaf. ( FIG. 10D ) MS/MS spectrum of m/z=753.4 at 19.71 min. with interpretation of the fragments. 
         FIGS. 11A-11D  show the effect silencing of GAME8 in tomato plants. GAME8-silenced leaves accumulated 22 -(S) and -(R)-cholesterol ( FIG. 11A ). Chromatograms (mass range 172.5-173.5) acquired via EI-GC/MS, MS spectra and structures (tri-methyl-silyl derivatives) of the compounds are shown. Commercial standards of 22-(R)- ( FIG. 11B ) and 22-(S)-cholesterol ( FIG. 11C ) were used to verify the putative identification. ( FIG. 11D ) GAME8-silenced line accumulates both isomers in comparison to WT (Q). 
         FIG. 12  shows the phylogenetic tree of GAME genes in the plant CYP450 protein family. The numbers on the branches indicate the fraction of bootstrap iterations supporting each node. 
         FIG. 13  shows a proposed expanded biosynthetic pathway in Solanaceous plants from Cycloartenol (Part I), through Cholesterol (Part II), through Tomatidine (Part III), through Steroidal Glycoalkaloids including α-tomatine to Lycoperosides/Esculeoside (Part IV). Dashed arrows represent multiple enzymatic reactions in the pathway. 
         FIGS. 14A-14D  show an overview of SGA biosynthesis in (A) tomato, (B) potato, and (C) eggplant.  FIG. 14D  shows a proposed portion of an SGA biosynthetic pathway in Solanaceous plants, from tomatidine to the production of tomatidine 3-O-glucuronide, wherein a GAME15 cellulose synthase like G enzyme catalyzes the addition of a glucuronic acid at the position of the hydroxyl group of the tomatidine. 
         FIGS. 15A-15C  show major SGA levels in (A) leaves and (B) green fruit and (C) red fruit of wild type (non-transformed) and GAME15-RNAi tomato lines determined by LC-MS. #21, #22 and #23 are three independent GAME15-RNAi transgenic tomato lines. Values indicate means of three biological replicates±standard error. Asterisks indicate significant changes from wild-type samples as calculated by a Student&#39;s t-test (*P-value&lt;0.05; **P-value&lt;0.01; ***P-value&lt;0.001). 
         FIG. 16  shows levels of α-solanine and α-chaconine in leaves of GAME15-RNAi lines as determined by LC-MS. #1, #2 and #3 are three independent GAME15i transgenic potato lines. Values represent mean±standard error (n=3). Student&#39;s 1-test was used to assess whether the transgenic lines significantly differ from wild-type plants: (*P-value&lt;0.05; **P-value&lt;0.01; ***P-value&lt;0.001). 
         FIG. 17  shows the cholesterol content of tomato leaves derived from GAME/5 silenced plants. Values represent mean of three biological replicates±standard error. Asterisks indicate significant changes in leaves of the three independent transgenes (#21, #22 and #23) as compared to wild-type leaves (i.e. non-transformed) calculated by a Student&#39;s t-test (*P-value&lt;0.05; **P-value&lt;0.01; ***P-value&lt;0.001). Epicholesterol was used as an internal standard in sample preparations and relative cholesterol level is expressed as ratios of cholesterol peak areas in sample compared to internal standard. The analysis was performed using GC-MS. 
         FIG. 18  are liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS) scans of spinach saponins. The upper scan shows the total ion chromatogram (TIC) of spinach leaf extract acquired in negative ion mode. Chromatogram fragment displayed in red shows saponins present in the sample. The lower scan presents an expanded region of the chromatogram with main saponins being numbered. The numbers represent different Yossosides as listed in Table 13 presented in Example 15. 
         FIGS. 19A-19P  provide Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) results and structures of Yossoside IV ( FIGS. 19A-19D ); of Yossoside Va ( FIGS. 19E-19G ); of Yossoside V ( FIGS. 19H-19J ); of Yossoside IX ( FIGS. 19K-19M ); and of Yossoside X ( FIGS. 19N-19P ). Details of the MS/MS figures showing results and structures are as follows: ( FIG. 19A ) Mass fragments originating from [M−H] 11963.56=−m/z range for 300-1300; ( FIG. 19B ) Mass fragments originating from the cleavage of glucuronic acid residue—m/z range for 50-1900; ( FIG. 19C ) Structure of Yossoside IV, arrows indicate fragmentation patterns; ( FIG. 19D ) Table with assignments of MS/MS peaks originating from the fragmentation of glucuronic acid bound to MA; ( FIG. 19E ) Mass fragments originating from [M−H]1305.57190=−m/z range for 300-1400; ( FIG. 19F ) Mass fragments originating from the cleavage of glucuronic acid residue −m/z range for 50-1900; ( FIG. 19G ) Structure of Yossoside Va, arrows indicate fragmentation patterns. Position of acetyl group (highlighted in red) is putative; ( FIG. 19H ) Mass fragments originating from [M−H]1305.5737=−m/z range for 300-1400; ( FIG. 19I ) Mass fragments originating from the cleavage of glucuronic acid residue−m/z range for 50-1900; ( FIG. 19J ) Structure of Yossoside V, arrows indicate fragmentation patterns, ( FIG. 19K ) Mass fragments originating from [M−H]1407.6060=−m/z range for 300-1500; ( FIG. 19L ) Mass fragments originating from the cleavage of glucuronic acid residue −m/z range for 50-1900; ( FIG. 19M ) Structure of Yossoside IX, arrows indicate fragmentation patterns. Structures and places of attachment of pentoses are putative; ( FIG. 19N ) Mass fragments originating from [M−H]1437.6150=−m/z range for 300-1500; ( FIG. 19O ) Mass fragments originating from the cleavage of glucuronic acid residue −m/z range for 50-1900; and ( FIG. 19P ) Structure of Yossoside X, arrows indicate fragmentation patterns. Structure and attachment of pentose is putative. 
         FIGS. 20A-20C  show that the biosynthetic pathway of spinach saponins comprising co-expressed saponin β-amyrin synthase (SOAP) genes. ( FIG. 20A ) The complete biosynthetic pathway leading to the production of Yossoside V; an acetylated triterpenoid saponin containing glucuronic acid attached at C-20 position (highlighted in red). Each product of SOAP enzymes activity is highlighted in green. SOAP enzymes are those enzymes involved in saponin production in spinach. ( FIG. 20B ) Gene co-expression network. Dots in red represent baits (SOAP1, SOAP2 and SoCYP716A268v2), circle with green dots depicts genes co-expressed with all the baits. Enlarged and annotated dots represent genes silenced by Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in spinach. ( FIG. 20C ) Extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of oleanolic acid, augustic acid and medicagenic acid [m/z=455.205 (OA); m/z=471.205 (AA); m/z=501.202 (MA); in negative ion mode] from plants transiently expressing SOAP1-4, compared to plants expressing SOAP1-20, SOAP1-2 alone and to control (plants infiltrated with  Agrobacterium rhizogenes  harboring empty vector—EV). 
         FIG. 21  presents important Heteronuclear Multiple Bond (HMBC) correlations of the hydrogens of Yossoside V. Black arrows represent HMBC correlations of the six methyl groups of Yossoside V. Red arrows represent HMBC correlations of other important hydrogens. Numbers correspond to carbon atoms in medicagenic acid and sugar moieties. For more details see Table 1. Table 1 presents spectral data summarized in tables that are split into two parts. The first part corresponds to atoms of medicagenic acid (aglycone part) while the second part corresponds to atoms of sugar moieties. The structures of Yossoside V and medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide with numbered atoms can be found in  FIG. 21  and  FIG. 35D , respectively. In Table 1: ax (axial) and eq (equatorial) depict protons in ring structures of aglycone and sugars. 
       
         
           
             
                 
               
                 
                   TABLE 1 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                   1H and 13C NMR spectral data for Yossoside V (3-O-[β-D- 
                 
                 
                   xylopyranosyl-(1-&gt;3)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-28-O-[β- 
                 
                 
                   D-glucopyranosyl-(1-&gt;4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-&gt;2)- 
                 
                 
                   4-acetyl-β-D-fucopyranosyl]-medicagenic acid) and 
                 
                 
                   for Medicagenic acid-3-O-glucuronide. 
                 
                 
                     
                 
               
              
                 
                   Yossoside V 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
              
                 
                   aglycone part 
                   sugars 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                   Atoms 
                     13 C shift 
                     1 H shift 
                   Atoms 
                     13 C shift 
                     1 H shift 
                 
                 
                   No. 
                   (ppm) 
                   (ppm) 
                   No. 
                   (ppm) 
                   (ppm) 
                 
                 
                     
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                    1 
                   44.77 
                   2.08 (eq) 
                   β-D-Fuc 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                     
                     
                   1.24 (ax) 
                   1 
                    94.94 
                   5.38 (ax) 
                 
                 
                    2 
                   70.68 
                   4.30 
                   2 
                    74.58 
                   3.74 (ax) 
                 
                 
                    3 
                   86.47 
                   4.05 (ax) 
                   3 
                    74.57 
                   3.88 (ax) 
                 
                 
                    4 
                   53.01 
                     
                   4 
                    75.13 
                   5.06 (eq) 
                 
                 
                    5 
                   53.01 
                   1.57 (ax) 
                   5 
                    71.06 
                   3.83 (ax) 
                 
                 
                    6 
                   21.53 
                   1.61 
                   6 
                    16.37 
                   1.06 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.16 
                   acetyl 
                     
                     
                 
                 
                    7 
                   33.65 
                   1.35 (eq) 
                   CO 
                   172.69 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.49 (ax) 
                   Methyl 
                    20.78 
                   2.14 
                 
                 
                    8 
                   40.96 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                    9 
                   49.44 
                   1.57 (ax) 
                   α-L-Rha 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                   10 
                   37.24 
                     
                   1 
                   101.48 
                   5.33 (eq) 
                 
                 
                   11 
                   24.68 
                   1.93 (eq) 
                   2 
                    71.66 
                   3.90 (eq) 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.99 (ax) 
                   3 
                    72.04 
                   3.83 (ax) 
                 
                 
                   12 
                   123.51 
                   5.26 
                   4 
                    84.52 
                   3.53 (ax) 
                 
                 
                   13 
                   144.57 
                     
                   5 
                    68.74 
                   3.80 (ax) 
                 
                 
                   14 
                   43.09 
                     
                   6 
                    18.28 
                   1.32 
                 
                 
                   15 
                   28.96 
                   1.18 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                     
                     
                   1.58 (ax) 
                   β-D-Glc 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                   16 
                   23.92 
                   1.60 (eq) 
                   1 
                   106.4  
                   4.47 (ax) 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   2.04 (ax) 
                   2 
                    76.14 
                   3.18 (ax) 
                 
                 
                   17 
                   48 
                     
                   3 
                    78.28 
                   3.34 (ax) 
                 
                 
                   18 
                   42.8 
                   2.81 
                   4 
                    71.46 
                   3.27 (ax) 
                 
                 
                   19 
                   47.22 
                   1.13 
                   5 
                    78.09 
                   3.25 (ax) 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.71 
                   6a 
                    62.85 
                   3.66 
                 
                 
                   20 
                   31.4 
                     
                   6b 
                    62.85 
                   3.84 
                 
                 
                   21 
                   34.77 
                   1.22 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                     
                     
                   1.38 (ax) 
                   β-D-GlcA 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                   22 
                   33.01 
                   1.56 (eq) 
                   1 
                   104.79 
                   4.39 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.75 (ax) 
                   2 
                    68.93 
                   3.81 
                 
                 
                   23 
                   182.07 
                     
                   3 
                    70.94 
                   3.81 
                 
                 
                   24 
                   13.57 
                   1.37 (ax) 
                   4 
                    74.31 
                   3.43 
                 
                 
                   25 
                   17.08 
                   1.24 (ax) 
                   5 
                   nd 
                   nd 
                 
                 
                   26 
                   17.66 
                   0.78 (ax) 
                   6 
                   nd 
                     
                 
                 
                   27 
                   26.24 
                   1.14 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                   28 
                   177.9 
                     
                   β-D-Xyl 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                   29 
                   33.45 
                   0.89 (eq) 
                   1 
                   105.38 
                   4.55 (ax) 
                 
                 
                   30 
                   24.1 
                   0.92 (ax) 
                   2 
                    75.17 
                   3.25 (ax) 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                     
                   3 
                    77.31 
                   3.31 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                     
                   4 
                    70.89 
                   3.48 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                     
                   5a 
                    66.85 
                   3.87 
                 
                 
                     
                     
                     
                   5b 
                    66.85 
                   3.2  
                 
                 
                     
                 
              
             
             
                 
              
                 
                   Medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
              
                 
                   aglycone part 
                   glucuronic acid 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                   Atoms 
                     13 C shift 
                     1 H shift 
                   Atoms 
                     13 C shift 
                     1 H shift 
                 
                 
                   No. 
                   (ppm) 
                   (ppm) 
                   No. 
                   (ppm) 
                   (ppm) 
                 
                 
                     
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                    1 
                   43.72 
                   1.24 (ax) 
                   β-D-GlcA 
                 
              
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
              
                 
                     
                     
                   2.09 (eq) 
                   1 
                   103.14 
                   4.41 (ax) 
                 
                 
                    2 
                   69 
                   4.32 
                   2 
                    74.02 
                   3.27 (ax) 
                 
                 
                    3 
                   87.14 
                   4.07 (ax) 
                   3 
                    75.95 
                   3.40 (ax) 
                 
                 
                    4 
                   52.97 
                     
                   4 
                    74.52 
                   3.60 (ax) 
                 
                 
                    5 
                   51.73 
                   1.62 (ax) 
                   5 
                    72.09 
                   3.39 (ax) 
                 
                 
                    6 
                   20.49 
                   1.29 
                   6 
                   175.6  
                     
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.62 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                    7 
                   32.44 
                   1.24 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.56 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                    8 
                   39.44 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                    9 
                   48.18 
                   1.60 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   10 
                   36.12 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   11 
                   23.31 
                   1.89 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   2.02 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   12 
                   121.05 
                   5.22 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   13 
                   145.36 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   14 
                   41.9 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   15 
                   27.84 
                   0.95 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.87 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   16 
                   23.2 
                   1.57 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.88 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   17 
                   nd 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   18 
                   42.07 
                   2.90 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   19 
                   46.73 
                   1.08 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.65 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   20 
                   30.43 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   21 
                   34.12 
                   1.12 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.34 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   22 
                   32.94 
                   1.49 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                     
                     
                   1.72 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   23 
                   184.8 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   24 
                   13.46 
                   1.36 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   25 
                   15.8 
                   1.26 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   26 
                   16.97 
                   0.88 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   27 
                   25.15 
                   1.14 (ax) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   28 
                   nd 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   29 
                   32.56 
                   0.87 (eq) 
                     
                     
                     
                 
                 
                   30 
                   22.81 
                   0.95 (ax) 
                 
                 
                     
                 
              
             
           
         
       
         FIGS. 22A and 22B  show that the genes involved in first steps of aglycone biosynthesis are located in close vicinity on the chromosome. ( FIG. 22A ) Schematic representation of the chromosomal region with genes involved in oleanolic acid biosynthesis. Semitransparent gray boxes contain SOAP1 (bAS)(SEQ ID NO: 422), CYP716A268 (SOAP2; SEQ ID NO: 46) and its truncated duplication CYP716A268v2 (SEQ ID NO: 47). Genes marked in dark grey are not directly involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins. ( FIG. 22B ) Expression pattern of SOAP1, SOAP2 and CYP716A268v2 among five spinach transcriptomes; SO4WOLLD—mature leaf from four week old plant grown in long day; SO8WOLSL—mature leaf from eight week old plant grown in short day; SO4WYLLD—young leaf from four week old plant grown in long day; SO8WOLSL—young leaf from eight week old plant grown in short day; SO4WFBLD—flower bud from four week old plant grown in long day. For details see Materials and Methods. 
         FIGS. 23A-23D  present data providing functional characterization of SOAP1 (bAS) and SOAP2 (CYP7123A2238) by silencing (VIGS) in spinach. ( FIG. 23A ) Chlorotic phenotype observed in plant with silenced magnesium-chelatase subunit H (CHLH). CHLH was used as a control and a marker of VIGS gene silencing. In general, this gene is not directly related to SOAP genes and saponin biosynthesis. EV stands for empty vector and represents a control leaf. ( FIG. 23B ) Real-time qPCR analysis of SOAP1 and SOAP2 expression in silenced plants. Values (±SD) represent mean of three independent biological experiments. Statistically significant differences compared with control plants (CHLH silenced) are indicated; ***P&lt;0.001. ( FIG. 23C ) Aligned gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of P-amyrin [m/z=218, main fragment] from the plants with silenced SOAP1 or SOAP2 compared to control (CHLH). P-Amyrin can be detected only in plants with silenced SOAP2 where its further conversion is blocked. ( FIG. 23D ) Aligned liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) EICs of Yossoside IV [m/z=12233.23, (−)-mode] from plants with silenced SOAP1 or SOAP2 compared to control (CHLH). Content of Yossoside IV was reduced to 40 and 30% in SOAP1 and SOAP2 silenced lines, respectively. 
         FIGS. 24A and 24B  present data providing functional characterization of SOAP1 (bAS; SEQ ID NO: 45) and SOAP2 (CYP2416A268; SEQ ID NO: 46) by heterologous expression in  N. benthamiana . ( FIG. 24A ) Aligned GC-MS extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of β-amyrin [m/z=218, main fragment] from the transient expression of SOAP1 compared to empty vector (EV) alone and an authentic standard. Only chromatograms from in planta experiments are to scale. ( FIG. 24B ) Aligned GC-MS EICs of oleanolic acid [m/z=203, main fragment] from the transient expression of SOAP1 and SOAP2 compared to empty vector (EV) alone and an authentic standard. Only chromatograms from in planta experiments are to scale. For details of GC-MS analysis see Materials and Methods. 
         FIG. 25  presents data showing liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of selected saponins in spinach with (VIGS) silenced cytochrome P450 candidate genes. Relative content (normalized peak area) of selected saponin compounds in plants with silenced SOAP3 (CYP72A655; SEQ ID NO: 51), SOAP4 (CYP72A654; SEQ ID NO: 53), and additional three other CYPs (p450 cytochrome genes); for accession numbers see Table 11. Values (±SD) represent mean of three independent biological experiments. Statistically significant differences compared with control plants (CHLH silenced) are indicated; *P&lt;0.05, **P&lt;0.01. 
         FIGS. 26A-26L  present characterization of saponins accumulating in spinach following silencing of cytochrome P450 genes (VIGS). ( FIGS. 26A, 26D, 26G, and 26J ) Relative content (normalized peak area) of selected triterpenoid saponin compounds in spinach leaves with silenced SOAP3 (CYP72A655; SEQ ID NO: 51), SOAP4 (CYP72A654; SEQ ID NO: 53) and additional three cytochrome p450 genes; for accession numbers see Table 11. Values (±SD) represent mean of three independent biological experiments. Statistically significant differences compared with control plants (CHLH silenced) are indicated; *P&lt;0.05, **P&lt;0.01. AA-augustic acid ( FIGS. 26B, 26E, 26H, and 26K ) Tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) spectra with marked main fragments. ( FIGS. 26C, 26F, 26I, and 26L ) Putative structures of saponin compounds based on accurate mass measurement, fragmentation patterns, and literature. For more details see Table 16. 
         FIG. 27  presents GC-MS analysis of saponins&#39; aglycones in spinach plants with silenced CYPs P450. EICs of triterpenoid aglycones [m/z=203 and 262; common fragments for all amyrin-type aglycones] released from the saponins accumulated in plants with silenced SOAP3 alone, SOAP4 alone, and CYP2 compared to control (CHLH silenced) and authentic standards of oleanolic and medicagenic acid. Scale of each EIC was normalized to the most abundant signal. Numbers from 1-7 represent names of detected compounds, 1—oleanolic acid; 2—hederagenin; 3—augustic acid; 4—gypsogenin, 5—bayogenin; 6—unknown; 7—medicagenic acid, respectively. 
         FIGS. 28A-28C  presents the analysis and putative characterization of aglycones in spinach with silenced CYPs P450. ( FIG. 28A ) Relative content of detected sapogenins in plants with silenced SOAP3, SOAP4, CYP2 and CHLH as control. ( FIG. 28B ) Structures of characterized aglycones. Numbers from 1-7 represent names of detected compounds, 1—oleanolic acid; 2—hederagenin; 3—augustic acid; 4—gypsogenin; 5—bayogenin; 6—unknown; 7—medicagenic acid, respectively. ( FIG. 28C ) Fragmentation patterns of described compound and comparison with fragmentation patterns of authentic standards of oleanolic acid and medicagenic acid. 
         FIG. 29  presents LC-MS analysis of selected saponins in spinach with silenced (VIGS) for glycosyltransferase genes. Relative content (normalized peak area) of selected saponin compounds in plants with silenced SOAP6-9 (SEQ ID NOs: 55, 57, 59, and 61, respectively), SoGT1 (SEQ ID NO: 117 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 118 [polypeptide]) and SoGT2 (SEQ ID NO: 119 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 120 [polypeptide]); for accession numbers see Table 11. Sequences used for the glycosyl transferases are provided below. 
       Spinach GT1 nucleic acid gene sequence is set forth as follows: 
                              (SEQ ID NO: 117)           atgtgtgacgacaaaaaatcatctgttttgagcat                   agcattttatccgtggtttgctcttggtcacctta                   cttcatttctccgattagccaacaaacttgcacaa                   aatggtcacaatgtgtcctattttatcccaactaa                   tacattacctagattacttcctcacaaccattacc                   ctggccaccttactttcatccccgtcaccgtccca                   cccgttgacggcctccctctcagagccgagaccac                   caacgatgtcccctcctcggctatacaccttctta                   tgactgccatggatttgacccgtgacactatcgag                   gcccatttggttagtatcaaacccgatgttgtttt                   ctacgactttgcttattggattcccgatctagccc                   gaaaacacgggttcaagtcagtactctacattaca                   tcctatatagcaagatgtgcttattttgcccccga                   tttgaagtcgggtcatcagtccactggggccgaaa                   ttattgcgccaccaccgggttttccgtctcagcat                   ttccggatgcaagcacacgaggctgagactgtggc                   agacgtaggtaaagagcaagatggattacaaggta                   taactatttctgaaaggatgcgcattgcttttgga                   aaatgcgacgcaattggagtaaagagttgtaagga                   gatggaaaaggtgtatattgactactgtgagaaga                   tatttggtaagtctgtactactagcaggtcctatg                   gtccctaaaaccccatcttccaaacttgatgaata                   ttttgatggttggcttacgggttttggtgctgcta                   ctgtgatttattgtgcatttgggagtgaatgtgtt                   ctcgaaattaaccaatttcaacaacttcttcttgg                   actagagctcacaggaaggccatttttggtggcca                   tgaagccgcctaagaagtatgaaacaatagagtcg                   gccttaccagaagggtttgagaagagaacaaaagg                   aaggggaatcgtacatgagggttgggtgcagcaac                   aactgatattgcaacatccatcagtaggatgtttc                   ataactcattgtggagttgggtctctttcggaagc                   tatggtcagcaaatgtcaagtagtgttgatgcctc                   aagctgtagaccaattcatcaatgcgaggatgatg                   agtttagagttgaagattggggttgaggttgagaa                   gagagaagatgatggtttgttcacaaaggaggctg                   tgcataaggcggtctctttggtgatggaggaagaa                   agtgaagtcgcaaaagagatgagggtaagtcatga                   taaatggagagaattcttattacaggaaggtcttg                   aggattcttatatcagtagcttcattcagagtcta                   cgacagttaacgattggatga.            
Spinach GT1 amino acid protein sequence is set forth as follows:
 
       
         
           
             
                 
                 
              
                 
                     
                   (SEQ ID NO: 118) 
                 
                 
                     
                   MAASNKEQSKLHIAMFPWFAYGHINPFIQLSNKLS 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   SHGIQISFFSIPGNIDRIKSSLNLSPPNQLIPLTI 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   PPTEGLSPNFDSSSEVTPQTAQLLTLALDQMQPQV 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   KALFPHPQPQVILFDFAYHWLPSVASELGIKAVHF 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   NTFPAVINSYLTVPSRMTDPNKPPTFEDLKNPPQG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   YPKTSTASVKTFEAQDYLFLFKSFDGGPCHFEKIL 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AFTNSCDAILYRTCNEIEGPFIDYFKTQINKPLLL 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AGPSVPLPPSGELDEKWEMWLGKFPEKSVIYCSFG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   SETYLNDAQIQELTLGLELTGLPFILVLNFGTSNS 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TDAHNKLEASLPEGFRERIKDRGVLHTGWVQQQNI 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   LAHRSIGCFLTHAGFSSVIEGIVNDCQLAFLPLKA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   DQFMIAKLFSGDLKAGVEVNRRDEDGSFAKEDIFE 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AIKTIMVDTDKEPSRSIRENHSNWRKFLMNKEIEA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   SY1ANLAHELKALVQKA. 
                 
              
             
           
         
       
       Spinach GT2 nucleic acid gene sequence is set forth as follows: 
       
         
           
             
                 
                 
              
                 
                     
                   (SEQ ID NO: 119) 
                 
                 
                     
                   gttcaagtcagtactctacattacatcctatatag 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   caagatgtgcttattttgcccccgatttgaagtcg 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ggtcatcagtccactggggccgaaattattgcgcc 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   accaccgggttttccgtctcagcatttccggatgc 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   aagcacacgaggctgagactgtggcagacgtaggt 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   aaagagcaagatggattacaaggtataactatttc 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   tgaaaggatgcgcattgcttttggaaaatgcgacg 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   caattggagtaaagagttgtaaggagatggaaaag 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   gtgtatattgactactgtgagaagatatttggtaa 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   gtctgtactactagcaggtcctatggtccctaaaa 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ccccatcttccaaacttgatgaatattttgatggt 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   tggcttacgggttttggtgctgctactgtgattta 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ttgtgcatttgggagtgaatgtgttctcgaaatta 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   accaatttcaacaacttcttcttggactagagctc 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   acaggaaggccatttttggtggccatgaagccgcc 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   taagaagtatgaaacaatagagtcggccttaccag 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   aagggtttgagaagagaacaaaaggaaggggaatc 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   gtacatgagggttgggtgcagcaacaactgatatt 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   gcaacatccatcagtaggatgtttcataactcatt 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   gtggagttgggtctctttcggaagctatggtcagc 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   aaatgtcaagtagtgttgatgcctcaagctgtaga 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ccaattcatcaatgcgaggatgatgagtttagagt 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   tgaagattggggttgaggttgagaagagagaagat 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   gatggtttgttcacaaaggaggctgtgcataaggc 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ggtctctttggtgatggaggaagaaagtgaagtcg 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   caaaagagatgagggtaagtcatgataaatggaga 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   gaattcttattacaggaaggtcttgaggattctta 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   tatcagtagcttcattcagagtctacgacagttaa 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   cgattggatga. 
                 
              
             
           
         
       
       Spinach GT2 amino acid gene polypeptide is set forth as follows: 
       
         
           
             
                 
                 
              
                 
                     
                   (SEQ ID NO: 120) 
                 
                 
                     
                   MCDDKKSSVLSIAFYPWFALGHLTSFLRLANKLAQ 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   NGHNVSYFIPTNTLPRLLPHNHYPGHLTFIPVTVP 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   PVDGLPLRAETTNDVPSSAIHLLMTAMDLTRDTIE 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AHLVSIKPDWFYDFAYWIPDLARKHGFKSVLYITS 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   YIARCAYFAPDLKSGHQSTGAEIIAPPPGFPSQHF 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   RMQAHEAETVADVGKBQDGLQGITISERMRIAFGK 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CDAIGVKSCKEMEKVYIDYCEKIFGKSVLLAGPMV 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   PKTPSSKLDEYFDGWLTGFGAATVIYCAFGSECVL 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   EINQFQQLLLGLELTGRPFLVAMKPPKKYETIESA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   LPEGFEKRTKGRGIVHEGWVQQQLILQHPSVGCFI 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   THCGVGSLSEAMVSKCQWLMPQAVDQFINARMMSL 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ELKIGVEVEKREDDGLFTKEAVHKAVSLVMEEESE 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   VAKEMRVSIIDKWREFLLQEGLEDSYISSFIQSLR 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   QLTIG. 
                 
              
             
           
         
       
       Values (±SD) represent mean of three independent biological experiments. Statistically significant differences compared with control plants (CHLH silenced) are indicated; *P&lt;0.05, **P&lt;0.01, ***P&lt;0001. 
         FIGS. 30A-30C  present data showing putative characterization of saponins accumulated in spinach with silenced (VIGS) glycosyltransferases. ( FIG. 30A ) Relative content of selected compounds in plants with silenced SOAP6-SOAP9 (SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, and 61, respectfully) and other two GTs. Values (±SD) represent mean of three independent biological experiments. Statistically significant differences compared with control plants (CHLH silenced) are indicated; **P&lt;0.01, ***P&lt;0.001. ( FIG. 30B ) MS/MS spectra with the main fragments marked. ( FIG. 30C ) Putative structures of accumulated saponins are based on accurate mass measurement and fragmentation patterns. 
         FIGS. 31A-31F  present characterization of SOAP10 acetyltransferase in planta (spinach) and in vitro. ( FIG. 31A ) LC-MS analysis of samples from spinach plants with VIGS silenced SOAP10 (red trace) or CHLH (black trace) as control. Blue and yellow regions of the chromatogram contain desacetyl and acetylated saponins, respectively. Silencing of SOAP10 in spinach leaves resulted in decreased production of acetylated saponins and increased accumulation of desacetyl counterparts. ( FIG. 31B ) Relative content of selected desacetyl saponins (Yossoside IV and XII) and their acetylated counterparts (Yossoside V and VII) in spinach plants with VIGS silenced acyltransferases and CHLH as control. The ordinate axis is in log10 scale. ( FIG. 31C ) Ratio of desacetyl to acetylated saponins in VIGS silenced spinach plants. Silencing of SOAP10 resulted in increased accumulation of desacetyl saponins. ( FIGS. 31D, 31E, and 31F ) SOAP10 recombinant protein activity in vitro. EICs of desacetyl saponins ( FIG. 31D —m/z 1101.51;  FIG. 31E —m/z 1263.57;  FIG. 31F —m/z 1395.61) and acetylated counterparts ( FIG. 31D —m/z 1313.52;  FIG. 31E —m/z 1305.58;  FIG. 31F —m/z 3137.62) in: substrate (black trace)—purified fraction of desacetyl saponins from spinach; in vitro enzymatic assay with recombinant SOAP10 incubated with substrate in presence of acetyl-CoA (orange trace); and in extract of spinach leaves (green trace) for comparison. Dotted line separates regions on chromatogram with desacetyl and acetylated saponins on the left- and right-hand side, respectively. “Δm/z=42.01” depicts difference in molecular weight of the compounds resulting from acetylation. (SoAT1 (SEQ ID NO: 109 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 113 [polypeptide]), SoAT2 (SEQ ID NO: 110 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 131 [polypeptide]), SoAT3 (SEQ ID NO: 111 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 115 [polypeptide]), and SoAT4 (SEQ ID NO: 112 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 116 [polypeptide]), for functional activities of SoAT1-SoAT4 see Table 15.) 
         FIGS. 32A-32D  present data from the expression of SOAPs 1-4 and 6-10 in  N. benthamiana . ( FIG. 32A ) EIC of medicagenic acid and its (poly)glycosylated derivatives [m/z=501.32 (MA); m/z=663.38 (MA+hex); m/z=825.43 (MA+2hex); m/z=987.48 (MA+3hex); m/z=1149.53 (MA+4hex) in negative ion mode] from plants transiently expressing either SOAP1-4 alone or all nine SOAPs without SOAP5 (SEQ ID NOs: 65 or 93 [gene], SEQ ID NO: 66 [polypeptide]), compared to control. Inset shows region of the chromatogram magnified 20 times. ( FIGS. 32B, 32C, and 32D ) show MSE spectra of mono-, bis- and trishexosylmedicagenic acid, respectively. Arrows represent losses of hexosyl moieties. 
         FIGS. 33A-33F  present technical analysis of Cellulose Synthase Like G gene (SOAP5; SEQ ID NOs: 65 or 93 [gene], SEQ ID NO: 66 [polypeptide]). The SOAP5 encoded enzyme attaches glucuronic acid to the triterpenoid aglycone and plays a key role in spinach saponin biosynthetic pathway. ( FIG. 33A ) Analysis of SOAP5 relative expression in spinach leaves after Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGs). Presented values were obtained from 4 independent biological replicates. Expression of SOAP5 was compared to the control (plants with silenced magnesium chelatase subunit H alone—CHLH). ( FIG. 33B ) Medicagenic acid accumulation in spinach leaves with silenced SOAP5 and other glycosyltransferases compared to control (CHLH). Significant differences are indicated, ***P&lt;0.001. ( FIG. 33C ) EIC of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide [m/z=677.35 (MA-3-GlcA), in negative ion mode] from plants transiently expressing SOAP1-5, compared to plants expressing SOAP1-4 alone and to control (empty vector—EV). ( FIG. 33D ) EIC of MA-3-GlcA [m/z=677.35 in negative ion mode] from yeast expressing SOAP1-5+SoUGD1 compared to yeast expressing SOAP1-5, yeast controls (SOAP1-4+SoUGD1; SOAP5 alone and yeast cells transformed with EV). ( FIG. 33E ) Schematic representation of SOAP5 activity in spinach. SOAP5 attaches glucuronic acid (highlighted in red) to medicagenic acid at position C-3. ( FIG. 33F ) Spinach saponin biosynthetic pathway reconstitution in  N. benthamiana . EIC of Yossoside V [m/z=1305.57 in negative ion mode] in samples from  N. benthamiana  leaves transiently expressing all the ten SOAP genes compared to control plants (EV) and to spinach leaf extract. 
         FIGS. 34A-34B  present the data showing the results of silencing SOAP5 in spinach (VIGS). ( FIG. 34A ) EIC of medicagenic acid [m/z=501.3, in negative ion mode] from plants with silenced SOAP5 (SEQ ID NOs: 65 or 93), compared to control (CHLH silenced) and to wild type (WT). Only chromatograms from in planta experiments are to scale. ( FIG. 34B ) Tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) of medicagenic acid [25V, positive ion mode] accumulated in the plant compared to the authentic standard. MA—medicagenic acid. 
         FIGS. 35A-35C  present data showing transient expression of SOAP5 (SEQ ID NOS: 65 OR 93) in  N. benthamiana . ( FIG. 35A ) EIC of medicagenic acid and medicagenic acid 3-glucuronide [m/z=501.32 (MA), m/z=677.35 (MA-3-GlcA), in negative ion mode] from plants transiently expressing SOAPs1-5 (SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 51, 53, and 65, respectively), compared to plants expressing SOAPs1-4 alone (SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 51, and 53, respectively), SOAP5 alone (SEQ ID NOS: 65 OR 93) and to control (empty vectror-EV). Chromatograms are to scale. ( FIG. 35B ) Structure of MA-3-GlcA with marked fragmentation routes ( FIG. 35C ) MS/MS of MA-3-GlcA [45V, negative ion mode], arrow indicates loss of glucuronic acid moiety. ( FIG. 35D ) shows important HMBC correlations of the hydrogens of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA). Black arrows represent HMBC correlations of the six methyl groups of MA-3-GlcA. Red arrows represent HMBC correlations of other (selected)hydrogens of MA-3-GlcA. Numbers correspond to carbon atoms in medicagenic acid and glucuronic acid moiety. For more details see Table 1. 
         FIGS. 36A-36F  present the substrate specificity of SOAP5 (SEQ ID NO: 66) (See Table 16). EIC of oleanolic acid 3-GlcA ( FIG. 36A ), augustic acid 3-GlcA ( FIG. 36B ), and gypsogenic acid 3-GlcA ( FIG. 36C ) [m/z=631.38 (OA-3-GlcA); m/z=647.38 (AA-3-GlcA); m/z=661.35 (GA-3-GlcA), in negative ion mode] from plants transiently expressing SOAP1/2/5 ( FIG. 36A ), SOAP1/2/3/5 ( FIG. 36B ), SOAP1/2/4/5 ( FIG. 36C ) compared to plants expressing same set of SOAPs without SOAP5 and to control (EV). Chromatograms are to scale. ( FIGS. 36D, 36E, and 36F  show tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) of glucuronate derivatives from  FIGS. 36A, 36B, and 36C , respectively, [40V, negative ion mode], arrows indicate loss of glucuronic acid (Am/z=176.03; GlcA-H2O). 
         FIGS. 37A-37F  show the products of SOAPs activity in  N. benthamiana . EICs of Yossoside I (m/z=823.42) ( FIG. 37A ), Yossoside II (m/z=969.27) ( FIG. 37B ), Yossoside III (m/z=1131.52) ( FIG. 37C ), Yossoside IV (m/z=1263.57) ( FIG. 37D ) and Yossoside V (m/z=1305.58) ( FIG. 37E ) from plants expressing transiently combinations of SOAP genes indicated on each chromatogram. For MS/MS spectra see  FIG. 40B . 
         FIGS. 38A-38E  shows mass spectroscopy (MS) based identification of the main products of SOAPs activity in  N. benthamiana . ( FIG. 38A ) MS/MS of Yossoside I (Compound 7)—product of SOAP6 activity on MA-3-GlcA. ( FIG. 38B ) MS/MS of Yossoside II (Compound 8)—product of SOAP7 activity on Yossoside I. ( FIG. 38C ) MS/MS of Yossoside III (Compound 9)—product of SOAP8 activity on Yossoside II. ( FIG. 38D ) MS/MS of Yossoside IV (Compound 10)—product of SOAP9 activity on Yossoside III. ( FIG. 38E ) MS/MS of Yossoside V (Compound 11)—product of SOAP10 activity on Yossoside IV. 
         FIGS. 39A-39C  present the results of SOAP9 activity in  N. benthamiana . ( FIG. 39A ) EIC of medicagenic acid 3-GlcA-Xyl [m/z=809.40 in negative ion mode] from plants transiently expressing SOAP1-5+SOAP9 compared to plant expressing SOAP1-5 alone and to control (EV). (See Table 16) ( FIG. 39B ) MS/MS of 809.4 (45V), arrow indicates loss of glcA-xyl moiety (Am/z=308.07). ( FIG. 39C ) Structure of the SOAP9 product (Compound 10) with fragmentation patterns indicated by arrows. 
         FIGS. 40A-40B  show the results of expression of SOAP5 in yeast. ( FIG. 40A ) EIC of medicagenic acid and medicagenic acid 3-GlcA [m/z=501.32 (MA); m/z=677.35 (MA-3-GlcA), in negative ion mode] from yeast expressing SOAP1-5+UGD1 (SEQ ID NO: 74 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 75 [protein]) compared to plants expressing SOAP1-5, yeast controls and to medicagenic acid authentic standard. Chromatograms are to scale. ( FIG. 40B ) MS/MS of medicagenic acid 3-GlcA from yeast cells [45 V, negative ion mode], arrows indicate loss of glucuronic acid. 
         FIGS. 41A-41F  show SOAP5 substrate specificity in yeast cells. EIC of oleanolic acid 3-GlcA ( FIG. 41A ), gypsogenic acid 3-GlcA ( FIG. 41B ) and Bayogenin 3-GlcA ( FIG. 41C ) [m/z=631.38 (OA-3-GlcA); m/z=661.35 (GA-3-GlcA); m/z=663.37 (Bayogenin-3-GlcA), in negative ion mode] from yeast expressing SOAP1-5+UGD1 compared to cells expressing SOAP1-4+UGD alone, SOAP1-5 alone, SOAP1-4, SOAP1-2, SOAP5 alone, and to control (EV). Chromatograms are to scale. ( FIGS. 41D, 41E, and 41F ) MS/MS of glucuronate derivarives from A, B and C [45V, negative ion mode], arrows indicate loss of glucuronic acid (Am/z=176.03; GlcA-H2O). 
         FIGS. 42A-42F  show Glucuronosyltransferase activity of Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzymes is conserved among species belonging to phylogenetically distant orders. ( FIG. 42A ) The phylogenetic tree depicts close evolutionary relationship of SOAP5 from spinach with some CSLG proteins from Caryophyllales, Malvales, Apiales, Fabales, and Solanales. The tree consists of proteins belonging to Cellulose Synthase (CESA) and several families of Cellulose Synthase Like enzymes (CSLA, CSLB, CSLE and CSLG). Dotted line encircles clades with CSLG proteins, while blown up region corresponds to CSLG closely related to spinach SOAP5 including GAME15 and CSLG in the Fabales ordera. ( FIG. 42B ) Medicagenic acid is glucuronidated by CSLG from many species. EIC of MA-3-GlcA [m/z=677.35 in negative ion mode] of samples from  N. benthamiana  leaves transiently expressing SOAP1-4 combined with CSLG proteins from spinach (SOAP5; SEQ ID NO: 66),  Chenopodium quinoa  (CqCSL; SEQ ID NO: 96),  Beta vulgaris  (BvCSL; SEQ ID NO: 94),  Medicago sativa  (MsCSL; SEQ ID NO: 98),  Glycine max  (GmCSL; SEQ ID NO: 100),  Glycyrrhiza uralensis  (GuCSL; SEQ ID NO: 81 or SEQ ID NO: 102) and  Lotus japonicus  (LjCSL; SEQ ID NO: 104), compared to plants expressing SOAP1-4 alone and to control (EV). ( FIG. 42C ) Cellulose synthase like G proteins are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in multiple plant species. β-Amyrin (in the center) is oxidized by cytochromes P450 (blue circle) giving rise to multiple aglycons (1—bayogenin; 2—serjanic acid; 3—oleanolic acid; 4—medicagenic acid; 5—glycyrrhetinic acid; 6—soyasapogenol A; 7—soyasapogenol B) that are decorated by CSLGs (pink circle) and other glycosyltransferases giving rise to triterpenoid saponins (8—bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex ( M. sativa ); 9—serjanic acid-hexA-hex ( Chenopodium quinoa  ( C. quinoa )); 10—betavulgaroside IV ( B. vulgaris ); 11—yossoside V ( S. oleracea ); 12—glycyrrhizin ( G. uralensis ); 13—soyasapogenol A—hexA-hex-pent ( L. japonicus ); 14—soyasaponin VI ( G. max )). ( FIG. 42D ) Glycyrrhizin biosynthetic pathway in  G. uralensis . Highlighted functional groups are the result of the activity of specified enzymes. ( FIG. 42E ) Extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) measurements of glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-glucuronide and glycyrrhizin [m/z 645.36 and m/z 821.40 in negative ion mode] from  N. benthamiana  leaf samples transiently expressing five genes from glycyrrhizin biosynthetic pathway (bAS (SEQ ID NO: 45)+CYP88D6 (SEQ ID NO: 76)+CYP72A154 (SEQ ID NO: 78)+GuCSL (SEQ ID NO: 80 or SEQ ID NO: 103), and UGT73P12 (SEQ ID NO: 84)) compared to samples expressing four genes (−UGT73P12; (SEQ ID NO: 84)) and to control (bAS (SEQ ID NO: 45)+CYP88D6 (SEQ ID NO: 76)+CYP72A154 (SEQ ID NO: 78)). ( FIG. 42F ) Presents a phylogenetic tree of Cellulose Synthase Like (CSL) polypeptides with special emphasis on Cellulose Synthaes Like G (CSLG). Blue background region consists of CSLG enzymes from many plant orders (i.e., Carylophyllales, Fabales, Apiales, Malvales, and Solanales). Within the CSLG enzymes (blue background), related subclades include the subclade drawn in red containing CSLG enzymes (in bold) with proven glucuronosyltransferase activity towards triterpenoid aglycones—CSLG from soybean, licorice,  Lotus japonicus , alfalfa, red beet,  quinoa , and spinach, and the subclade drawn in blue consisting of CSLGs from Solanales ( Solanum tuberosum , potato,  Solanum lycopersicum , tomato;  Solanum dulcamara , bittersweet) and other orders; enzymes in bold are involved in steroidal alkaloid and steroidal saponin biosynthesis. 
         FIGS. 43A-43C  shows LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis of saponins in  quinoa , beetroot and alfalfa. Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) of 80% methanolic extract of ( FIG. 43A ) one-month old  quinoa  plants ( Chenopodium quinoa  var. Read Head), ( FIG. 43B ) one-month old beetroot of ( Beta vulgaris  var. Bohan) and ( FIG. 43C ) 2-week-old seedlings of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ). Semitransparent rectangles mark chromatogram region with saponins. For putative characterization see Table 12. 
         FIGS. 44A-44C  show virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CSLG in red beet ( FIG. 44A ) Virus induced gene silencing in red beet; EV—empty vector, CHLH—magnesium chelatase subunit H, BvCSL—beetroot cellulose synthase like G (SEQ ID NO. 95 [gene]; VIGs silencing sequence SEQ ID NO: 107). ( FIG. 44B ) Analysis of relative content (peak area) of triterpenoid saponins and oleanolic acid in red beet plants with silenced BvCSL. The ordinate axis is in log 10  scale. Values represent mean of three independent biological experiments. Statistically significant differences compared with control plants (CHLH silenced alone) are indicated; *P&lt;0.05, ***P&lt;0.001. ( FIG. 44C ) EIC of oleanolic acid [m/z=455.35, negative ion mode] from plants with silenced BvCSL compared to control (CHLH and WT) and authentic standard. (For metabolite identification see Table 12  M. saliva .) 
         FIGS. 45A-45B  show silencing of CSLG in alfalfa hairyroots. ( FIG. 45A ) EIC of representative saponins containing glucuronic acid attached to the aglycone from hairyroot cultures with silenced  Medicago saliva  Cellulose Synthase Like (MsCSL) compared to control (EV). ( FIG. 45B ) Analysis of triterpenoid saponins in alfalfa hairyroots with silenced MsCSL. The ordinate axis is in log 10  scale. Values represent mean of five independent biological experiments. Statistically significant differences compared with control (roots transformed with EV alone) are indicated; *P&lt;0.05, ***P&lt;0.01, ***P&lt;0.001. (asRNA—antisense RNA) The asRNA sequence used is set forth here: 
       
         
           
             
                 
                 
              
                 
                     
                   (SEQ ID NO: 108) 
                 
                 
                     
                   CTACCCACTCTTCCGCTTCATAGATATAATCCCCTC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CACAATAGGATGACTTAGAGCAAGTATATAGATAA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TGAGGAAAAGTTGACCAAACATTTCATCAAAATCC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CTCACATTGAGTAGTCTCCATAAACCACCAAAGAA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GCAAACAATATTTATTGTGAGTAACACAATCACTG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GTGCCATGAGCAATGCTGCACCATCAAAATTAAAC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TTACCCTGCTCATATTTCTTTAGCTTATCTTTGTC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AATTGCTTTGTCCGATAAAGTGAATTTTGCCTTGT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TCAACCCAAACTTTTTTTTCGCTGTTTCTATAATT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GCGAAAACGCACCCAATTGATTTTACAATCCCACT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TCTTTGTTCATTCCACCAAATCATCGAGGAGCCAC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CAGTTGAAATTACCTCAATATAATGATGAATTTGA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CTGGATAGATACAATACTGTAAACACTATAAACCA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AGGATCTGTAACCTTTGGATATACAGGTATTCCCT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TTCAAGAAGCAAATCTGAGGAACGAATCCATATAA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GATGTAGGCTGTTGCAAATTGGGTTGTGCTTACCA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AGTAACAAAAAGTTAAACAATGAATAGTGGGCAAT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CTTGAAAGGCCATAAGTGAATGGGCTATATTTAGA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GATTGCAAGCAACAAAAGTTCAGATGACCACTTTA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TCGGTTGAATCAATCCCTCTTTCATGTCAGTTGGA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GCACATCCTAAGAAACATGGTCTTTTAGGGTAAAG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ATAAGTTGATCTCCATCCTCTACAATGGAGGAGAT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AGCCAGTAACGGTACTCTCAAGTTTTATAGCATAC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GAGAATCCCACCTCATTACCCCAATTTGTGTTTCT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CTCATAGGAACAAGAAGCCACTTCACATGCTTCTT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GTAAAATTACATCTCTTGAAATATTCTGCTTCTTA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GTTTGTTGACCACGTAACGCTTTTAGTGATTCTAC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ATACATGTTAGACTTGCCAAAGTTGTATAGAGCAT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CAAGTAGATAGTCCCCTTTTTGGTTTGGACTTCCA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AAGAGTAATGCACTTCTACTTATATAATTTCCACT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GCCAGTTAGACCTGGACCTCTTAATCCATGCATTC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CCTTCCACTTTGTCGTAAAAGCAGTCCTAGTCTGA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CTATCATATATGTCTTTCTTGCTAAGGTTGTGAAA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CATTTGAGGGAATTGAACAAAAGOAACATCTTTAG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AGGTTTCAGGATCAAGAAAAAAGCACATGGATTGT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TTGGCTGATGATGCATCATTACAATTCATATCACA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ATCTACGACAAGTACATAAGGTCCATrGCTGATTA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GCCCTGACACCCTAAGCAATGTATTGAGAGCTCCT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CCHTGAATCTGTGAGGAACAGATGGTCTTTTTTCA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   CGAGATACATAAACAACTAGTGGCATTTCTTTTTG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GTCATTAATGATCTCGATCCGAGAAGGTCTATCGG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TCACCATACAAAGATTCTTTAGGTTGCTTCCGAAT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TTCTCAATATTTTTCTGCATTTTCTCGTATTTGGC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TTTGGTGGGCATATGTTCCTTGGAGTTTTCAACTT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GTGATGAGTTAGGATCCACTCTATTTAATCTCTTC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TTAATCTGGTCCCTCACTTCTTCAAATTCACGAGG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TCGATGAAGTCGTTCATTCTCACCCAAAGCAGTGA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AGAAAAACTTAGGACACCTTGACTTAACATCATAT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TTTTTACAAAAAGGAACCCAAACTTTAGCAAATTC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AAAAGCCTCTTTGATCCCAAAAAGAGTAATAGGAG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AACCTCCATCATCAGAAAGATAAATAGAAAGTTTA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TTAGAAGGGTAATCCATTGCAATAGCAGAAATAAC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AGTGTTCATAACATCAACCGTTGGTTCTTTTTCAG 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GATCAATGGTACACACAAATATGTCGAGTCCCGGC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   AACTTCTCCTCCGGCGGTAATTTCTCGGTCATAAC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TGAACGATTCACCAGCCTCCAACGGAATGCTTGGT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   TGAAAAACCATAGAAATGATAGAATAATCTCAGCT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ATTGTCATTAGAAACCATGGATATGAAATAAACAA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ATTGCTGATACGGTAGTAAAAGAGAAACAAGACAC 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   ATGTGAAGTGGAAGATTATGTAAGCTCTTCTTAGA 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GGTAACAATGGTTGAACTGTTTCTTTGTGAAATGT 
                 
                 
                     
                 
                 
                     
                   GAAGGTTGCCAT 
                 
              
             
           
         
       
         FIGS. 46A-46E  show that the formation of glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide is catalyzed by GuCSLG. ( FIG. 46A ) EIC of glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide [m/z 645.36, in negative ion mode] of samples from  N. benthamiana  expressing proteins from  Glycyrrhiza uralensis : bAS-β-amyrin synthase (SEQ ID NO: 48); CYP88D6-β-amyrin 11-oxidase (SEQ ID NO: 77); CYP72A154-11-oxo-b-amyrin 30-oxidase (SEQ ID NO: 79); GuUGAT (SEQ ID NO: 83)—glycosyltransferase previously reported to perform glucuronation of glycyrrhetinic acid; UGT73P12 (SEQ ID NO: 85)—glycosyltransferase transferring glcA onto glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide; GuCSL—cellulose synthase like G. ( FIG. 46B ) MS/MS of 654.36 (glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide isomer 1; 55 V). ( FIG. 46C ) MS/MS of 654.36 (isomer 2; 55 V). ( FIG. 46D ) Structure of the glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide with fragmentation patterns indicated by arrows. ( FIG. 46E ) Nomenclature of the cross-ring fragmentation of glucuronic acid with detected ions. 
         FIGS. 47A-47F  show formation of glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-diglucuronide) in  N. benthamiana  requires GuCSLG. ( FIG. 47A ) EIC of glycyrrhizin [m/z=821.40, in negative ion mode] of samples from  N. benthamiana  expressing proteins from  G. uralensis . bAS—b-amyrin synthase [0-amyrin synthase] (SEQ ID NO: 48); CYP88D6-b-amyrin 11-oxidase (SEQ ID NO: 76 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 77 [polypeptide]); CYP72A154-11-oxo-b-amyrin 47-oxidase (SEQ ID NO: 78 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 79 [polypeptide]); GuUGAT (SEQ ID NO: 82 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 83 [polypeptide])—glycosyltransferase previously reported to perform glucuronation of glycyrrhetinic acid; UGT73P12-glycosyltransferase transferring glcA onto glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (SEQ ID NO: 84 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 85 [polypeptide]); GuCSL—cellulose synthase like G (SEQ ID NO: 80 or SEQ ID NO: 103 [gene], and SEQ ID NO: 81 or SEQ ID NO: 102 [polypeptide]). ( FIG. 47B ) MS/MS (65 V) of 821.40 (isomer 1)—product of bAS (SEQ ID NO: 45)+CYP88D6 (SEQ ID NO: 77)+CYP72A154 (SEQ ID NO: 79)+GuCSL (SEQ ID NO: 81 or SEQ ID NO: 102)+UGT73P12 (SEQ ID NO: 85). ( FIG. 47C ) MS/MS (65 V) of 821.40 (isomer 2)—product of bAS (SEQ ID NO: 45)+CYP88D6 (SEQ ID NO: 77)+CYP72A154 (SEQ ID NO: 79)+GuCSL (SEQ ID NO: 81 or SEQ ID NO: 102)+UGT73P12 (SEQ ID NO: 85). ( FIG. 47D ) and ( FIG. 47E ) MS/MS of glycyrrhizin authentic standard, isomer 1 and 2 respectively. ( FIG. 47F ) Structure of glycyrrhizin with fragmentation patterns indicated by arrows. 
         FIG. 48  presents the structure of SOAP5. ( FIG. 48 ) Alignment of protein sequences of  Arabidopsis  AtCESA1 (SEQ ID NO: 67), AtCESA3 (SEQ ID NO: 68), and their orthologs in spinach (SoCESA1 (SEQ ID NO: 70) and SoCFSA3 (SEQ ID NO: 71)) together with SOAP5 (SEQ ID NO: 66) and its counterpart in  Arabidopsis —AtCSLGl (SEQ ID NO: 69). 
         FIGS. 49A-49C  present the predicted 3D structure of SOAP5. ( FIGS. 49A and 49B ) 3D model of SOAP5 with predicted tunnels, allowing medicagenic acid to reach the active site of the enzyme (blue—1,2,3) and to leave (yellow—4) the hydrophobic environment of the lipid bilayer. ( FIG. 49C ) Profiles and properties of the tunnels shown in ( FIG. 49A ). 
         FIGS. 50A and 50B  present site directed mutagenesis data of SOAP5 ( FIG. 50A ) EICs of medicagenic acid [m/z=501.32] and medicagenic acid 3-GlcA [m/z=677.35] from plants transiently expressing SOAP1-4 with mutated versions of SOAP5 compared to native SOAP5, SOAP1-4 alone and control (EV) ( FIG. 50B ) Accumulation of MA and MA-3-GlcA in plants expressing mutated variants of SOAP5 represented as a ratio of MA-3-GlcA to free MA. The ordinate axis is in log 10  scale. Values represent mean of three independent biological experiments. Statistically significant differences compared with plants expressing native SOAP5 are indicated; ***P&lt;0.001. 
         FIGS. 51A-51H  present micrographs showing that SOAP proteins including SOAP5 are co-localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. ( FIGS. 51A-51F ) Confocal images of SOAP5:RFP transiently co-expressed in  N. benthamiana  leaves with ( FIG. 51A ) ER:GFP marker; ( FIG. 51B ) Golgi:GFP marker; ( FIG. 51C ) SOAP1:GFP; ( FIG. 51D ) SOAP2:GFP; ( FIG. 51E ) SOAP3:GFP and SOAP4:GFP ( FIG. 51F ). Each panel contains images of GFP, RFP and both channels merged. Scale bar—50 μm. ( FIG. 51G ) Topology model of SOAP5 with conserved motifs (red), substituted amino acids (blue, pointed with arrows) and six transmembrane domains indicated. ( FIG. 51H ) FRET index of cells that expressed the indicated constructs. The values are means f SE. Significant differences comparing to negative control expressing free GFP and RFP (NC) are indicated; *P&lt;0.05; **P&lt;0.01. 
         FIGS. 52A-52F  present micrographs showing SOAPs involved in triterpenoid aglycon formation are colocalized and reside in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ( FIGS. 52A-52F ) Confocal images of SOAPs in fusion with fluorescent proteins (GFP and RFP) transiently co-expressed in  N. benthamiana  leaves. ( FIG. 52A ) SOAP1:GFP+SOAP2:RFP; ( FIG. 52B ) SOAP1:GFP+SOAP3:RFP; ( FIG. 52C ) SOAP1:GFP+SOAP4:RFP; ( FIG. 52D ) SOAP2:GFP+SOAP3:RFP; ( FIG. 52E ) SOAP2-GFP+SOAP4:RFP; ( FIG. 35F ) SOAP3:GFP+SOAP4:RFP (F). Each panel contains images of GFP, RFP and both channels merged together. Scale bar—50 picometers. 
         FIG. 53  present data showing that SOAPs in fusion with fluorescent proteins (FP) are still active. EICs of medicagenic acid [m/z=501.32] and medicagenic acid 3-GlcA [m/z=677.35] from  N. benthamiana  plants transiently expressing SOAP1:eGFP, SOAP2:eGFP, SOAP3:mRFP, SOAP4:eGFP and SOAP5:mRFP compared to native SOAP5, SOAP1-4 alone and control (EV). SOAP1:GFP, SOAP2:GFP, SOAP3:RFP, SOAP4:GFP and SOAP5:RFP compared to native SOAP1-S, SOAP1-4 alone and control (EV). 
         FIGS. 54A-54B  present SOAPs in fusion with fluorescent proteins (FP) are still active. ( FIG. 54A ) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) index of cells that expressed the indicated constructs. The values are means±SE. Significant differences comparing to negative control expressing free GFP and RFP (NC) are indicated with asterisks; *P&lt;0.05; **P&lt;0.01. ( FIG. 54B ) Schematic representation of possible protein localization within ER. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention. 
     Specifically disclosed herein are genetically modified cells having increased expression of at least one heterologous gene compared to a corresponding unmodified cell, said at least one heterologous gene encoding a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein said genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell expressing a heterologous CSLG further expresses at least one additional heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, said enzyme selected from the group consisting of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, and an UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, or any combination thereof. 
     The term “CSLG” encompasses Cellulose Synthase Like enzymes from the G family. There are various cellulose synthase Like (CSL) families, each with a different suffix, for example, A, B, E, and G. The suffix for each family is assigned according to enzyme&#39;s similarity to previously characterized proteins from  Arabidopsis thaliana . CSL enzymes from different families have different technical characteristics. As used throughout, the terms “CSL” without a suffix of A, B, or E, in certain embodiments, may be used interchangeably with the term “CSLG”, having all the same meaning and qualities. 
     “CSLG” proteins, in certain embodiments, may encompass “GAME15” proteins and “SOAP5” proteins. 
     Described herein are six tested CSLG genes, which in certain embodiments include the GAME15 genes and their encoded enzymes (6 enzymes from 6 species—tomato, wild tomato, potato, wild potato, eggplant, and pepper), which transfer Glucoronic Acid or other sugar moieties to generate steroidal alkaloids and which transfer Glucoronic Acid or other sugar moieties on furostanol-type saponin (aglycone) to generate steroidal saponins or precursors thereof or to generate steroidal alkaloids or precursors thereof (see, e.g.,  FIG. 1 ). 
     Described herein are seven tested CSLG genes (also known as SOAP5 genes) and their encoded enzymes (7 enzymes from 7 species—spinach, Chinese licorice, red beet,  quinoa , alfalfa, soybean, and  Lotus japonicum ), which transfer glucuronic acid on triterpenoid aglycone. The term “triterpenoid aglycone” may in some embodiments, encompass the group of compounds derived from beta-amyrin. Thus, CSLG enzymes disclosed herein provide a unique activity. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that altering the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in a cell, for example a plant cell, a yeast cell, an algal cell, a bacterial cell, may comprise mutating an endogenous CSLG gene or regulating the CSLG gene expression, or may comprise adding a heterologous CSLG to a cell that does not express a CSLG enzyme or in order to supplement the activity of a CSLG enzyme expressed in the heterologous cell. In some embodiments, the plant cell may be comprised within a plant or plant part. 
     According to certain embodiments, expression of the at least one gene or any combination thereof is altered, the altering comprising mutagenizing the at least one gene, wherein the mutagenesis comprises introduction of one or more point mutations, or genome editing, or use or a bacterial CRISPR/CAS system, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, expression of the CSLG gene or polynucleotide is silenced, repressed, or reduced, e.g., by deletion, insertion or modification, or by introduction of at least one silencing molecule targeted to a CSLG gene. 
     It is to be understood that increasing the expression of the at least one gene or combination thereof may be achieved by various means, all of which are explicitly encompassed within the scope of present invention. According to certain embodiments, enhancing the expression of CSLG can be affected at the genomic and/or the transcript level using a variety of molecules that enhance transcription and/or translation including, but not limited to, transcription factors. Inserting a mutation to the at least one gene, including addition of promoters, enhancers, and the like can be also used, as long as the mutation results in up-regulation of the gene expression. According to other embodiments, expression is increased at the protein level using agonists and the like. 
     In some embodiments, these genetically modified cells produce steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, these genetically modified cells produce steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, these genetically modified cells produce triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cells comprise an increased content of at least a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cells comprise an increased content of at least a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cells comprise an increased content of at least a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, a CSLG enzyme homolog has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% 98%, or 99% identity of the amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, a gene encoding a CSLG enzyme homolog has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% 98%, or 99% identity of the nucleic acid sequence. 
     In some embodiments, a CSLG enzyme homolog has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% 98%, 99%, or 100% coverage of the amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, a gene encoding a CSLG enzyme homolog has at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% 98%, 99%, or 100% coverage of the nucleic acid sequence. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said encoded CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said encoded CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said encoded CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one additional heterologous gene encodes: (a) a β-amyrin synthase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or (b) a cytochrome P450, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or a (c) glycosyl transferase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; or (d) an acetyltransferase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or (e) a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74; or (f) any combination thereof of (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e). 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said encoded at least one additional heterologous gene encodes: (a) a β-amyrin synthase, said amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; or (b) a cytochrome P450, said amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 49, 52, or 54; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 49, 52, or 54; or a (c) glycosyl transferase, said amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 56, 58, 60, or 62; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 56, 58, 60, or 62; or (d) an acetyltransferase, said amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64; or (e) a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, said amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 75; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 75; or (f) any combination thereof of (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e). 
     Heterologous expression encompasses the expression of a gene or part of a gene in a host cell or host organism, for example but not limited to a plant cell, a yeast cell, an alga, or a plant, which does not naturally have this gene or gene fragment. Insertion of the gene in the heterologous host may be performed by any recombinant DNA technology known in the art, or for example in the case of yeast, may be performed by mating. 
     The triterpenoid saponin or said derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, may have a broad range of commercial uses and may in some embodiments comprise a sweetener, foaming agent, emulsifier, preservative, anti-carcinogen, hypocholesterolemic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oxidant, biological adjuvant, anti-microbial agent, insecticidal agent, antifeedant, anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, (a) said steroidal glycoalkaloid comprises alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, hydroxytomatine, acetoxytomatine, dihydroxytomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, and their derivatives, related compounds or any combination thereof; (b) said steroidal saponin comprises uttroside B, tomatosides and their derivatives, related compounds, or any combination thereof; (c) said triterpenoid saponin comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (Compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof; (d) the biosynthetic intermediate of said triterpenoid saponin comprises Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof; or (e) any combination of these. 
     According to certain exemplary embodiments, the downstream steroidal glycoalkaloid is selected from the group consisting of esculeosides or dehydroesculeosides. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell further comprises an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, an “altered content” encompasses an increased content of a phytosterol/a phytocholesterol/phytocholestenol, derivative thereof, metabolike thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, an “altered content” encompasses an increased content of a phytosterol, derivative thereof, metabolike thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell further comprises a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cells are plant cells, yeast cells, or alga cells. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cells are comprised within a plant or a plant part. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cells are yeast cells. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cells are alga cells. 
     In some embodiments, said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Poales order, the Caryophyllales order, the Solanales order, the Fabales order, the Ma/vales order, the Apiales order, the Brassicales order, the Asparagales order, the Dioscoreales order, or the Liliales order. 
     In some embodiments, (a) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Poales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Oryza  genus, the  Hordeum  genus, the  Avena  genus, and the  Triticum  genus; (b) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Caryophyllales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Spinacia  genus, the  Chenopodium  genus, the Beta genus, the Rheum genus, the  Vaccaria  genus, the  Saponaria  genus, and the  Gypsophila  genus; (c) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Solanales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Solanum  genus, the  Capsicum  genus, the  Nicotiana  genus, the  Hyoscyamus  genus, the  Datura  genus, and the  Atropa  genus; (d) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Fabales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Glycyrrhiza  genus, the  Medicago  genus, the  Glycine  genus, the  Lotus  genus, the  Cicer  genus, the  Phaseolus  genus, the  Pisum  genus, the  Arachis  genus, the  Lupinus  genus, and the  Acacia  genus; (e) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Malvales order, said plant is selected from the  Theobroma  genus; (f) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Apiales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Daucus  genus, the  Apium  genus, the  Petroselinum  genus, the  Panax  genus, the  Bupleurum  genus, the  Hedera  genus, and the Centella genus; or (g) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Brassicales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Arabidopsis  genus, the  Brassica  genus, the  Capparis  genus, and the  Carica  genus. 
     In some embodiments, (a) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Caryophyllales order, said plant is selected from the group consisting of spinach, beetroot, and  quinoa ; (b) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Solanales order, said plant is selected from the group consisting of tomato, wild tomato, potato, wild potato, eggplant, pepper, bell pepper, cayenne pepper, chili pepper, pimiento, tabasco pepper, ground cherry, tobacco, and bittersweet; or (c) when said plant cell comprises a cell from a plant in the Fabales order, said plant is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, soy,  Lotus japonicus , and licorice. 
     In some embodiments, the plant cell is from a tomato plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-tomatine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or tomatidine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) an altered content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant cell is from a tomato plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-tomatine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or tomatidine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) a reduced content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant cell is from a potato plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-chaconine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or alpha-solanine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) an altered content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant cell is from a potato plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-chaconine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or alpha-solanine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) a reduced content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant cell is from an eggplant plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-solasonine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or alpha-solamargine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) an altered content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant cell is from an eggplant plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-solasonine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or alpha-solamargine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) a reduced content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, said plant cell comprises a leaf cell, a petiole cell, a plant stem or stalk cell, a root cell, a bud cell, a tuber cell, a bean cell, a grain or kernel cell, a fruit cell, a nut cell, a legume cell, a seed or seed cell, a callus cell, a bract cell, or a flower cell. In some embodiments, said plant cell is comprised in a plant or a portion thereof, said portion thereof comprising a plant leaf, a plant petiole, a plant stem or stalk, a plant root, a plant bud, a plant tuber, a plant bean, a plant grain or kernel, a plant fruit, a plant nut, a plant legume, a plant seed, a plant bract, or a plant flower. 
     In some embodiments, said yeast is selected from a  Saccharomyces  genus, a  Schizosaccharomyces  genus, a  Pichia  genus, a  Yarrowia  genus, a  Kluyveromyces  genus, or a  Candida  genus. 
     In some embodiments, said alga is selected from a microalga, a multi-cellular alga, a cyanobacterium, a diatom, chlorophytes (green algae), rhodophytes (red algae), or phaeo-phytes (brown algae), a  Dunaliella , a Chlamydamonas, or a Hematococus. 
     Specifically disclosed herein are genetically modified plants comprising at least one cell having altered expression of at least a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) gene compared to the expression of CSLG in a corresponding unmodified plant, and wherein the genetically modified plant has an altered content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof a metabolite thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     According to certain embodiments, expression of the at least one gene or any combination thereof is altered, the altering comprising mutagenizing the at least one gene, wherein the mutagenesis comprises introduction of one or more point mutations, or genome editing, or use of a bacterial CRISPR/CAS system, or a combination thereof. 
     According to certain embodiments, expression of the gene encoding at least one CSLG is elevated compared to its expression in the corresponding unmodified cell or plant, respectively. According to certain embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant comprises a polynucleotide encoding a CSLG, wherein expression of the polynucleotide is selectively increased. According to certain embodiments, the genetically modified plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one transcribable polynucleotide encoding at least one protein selected from the group consisting of at least one CSLG. 
     According to certain embodiments, the genetically modified plant is a transgenic plant comprising at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to a polynucleotide encoding at least one CSLG. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises a polynucleotide encoding a CSLG, wherein expression of the polynucleotide is selectively silenced, repressed, or reduced. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises a polynucleotide encoding a CSLG, wherein the polynucleotide has been selectively edited by deletion, insertion, or modification to silence, repress, or reduce expression thereof, or wherein the genetically modified plant is a progeny of the gene edited plant. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to a CSLG gene. According to certain embodiments, the silencing molecule is selected from the group consisting RNA interference molecule and an antisense molecule, or wherein the silencing molecule is a component of a viral induced gene silencing system. According to certain embodiments, the silencing molecule comprises a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence substantially complementary to a region of a CSLG gene. 
     According to some embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises a plurality of cells comprising the silencing molecule targeted to the at least one CSLG gene. According to additional embodiments, the majority of the plant cells comprise the silencing molecule. 
     It is to be understood that inhibiting the expression of the at least one gene or combination thereof may be achieved by various means, all of which are explicitly encompassed within the scope of present invention. According to certain embodiments, inhibiting the expression of CSLG can be effected at the genomic and/or the transcript level using a variety of molecules that interfere with transcription and/or translation including, but not limited to, antisense, siRNA, Ribozyme, or DNAzyme molecules. Inserting a mutation to the at least one gene, including deletions, insertions, site specific mutations, zinc-finger nucleases and the like can be also used, as long as the mutation results in down-regulation of the gene expression. According to other embodiments, expression is inhibited at the protein level using antagonists, enzymes that cleave the polypeptide and the like. 
     In some embodiments, said CSLG gene comprises the endogenous CSLG gene. 
     In some embodiments, said endogenous CSLG gene comprises a mutation, said mutation comprising at least one or more point mutations, or an insertion, or a deletion, or any combination thereof, and: (a) wherein said expressed CSLG enzyme has increased stability or increased activity or both and the altered content comprises an increased amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of the at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to the corresponding unmodified plant; or (b) wherein said expressed CSLG enzyme has decreased stability or decreased activity or both and the altered content comprises a decreased amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of the at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     In some embodiments, (a) said endogenous CSLG gene is selectively silenced, repressed, or has reduced expression and said altered content comprises a reduced amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of the at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to the corresponding unmodified plant; or (b) said endogenous CSLG gene is overexpressed and said altered content comprises an increased amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of the at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     In some embodiments, when said endogenous CSLG gene is selectively silenced, repressed, or has reduced expression, said cell further comprises at least one silencing molecule targeted to the polynucleotide encoding said CSLG gene, wherein the silencing molecule is selected from an RNA interference molecule or an antisense molecule, or wherein the silencing molecule is a component of a viral induced gene silencing system. 
     In some embodiments, said CSLG gene comprises a heterologous CSLG gene, and said altered expression comprises a de novo expression of said gene. 
     In some embodiments, said expression comprises increased expression compared to a corresponding unmodified cell, and said altered content comprising increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, or 104. 
     In some embodiments, the altered expression of the at least one cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) gene is altered by introducing (1) one or more point mutations into the nucleic acid sequence, (2) deletions within the nucleic acid sequence, or (3) insertions within the nucleic acid, any combination thereof, or (4) any combination thereof, wherein said introducing comprising mutagenizing coding or non-coding sequence. 
     In some embodiments, the altered expression of the at least one CSLG gene is altered by introducing a silencing molecule targeted to the at least one CSLG gene and wherein: (a) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42 or a complementary sequence thereof; (b) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43 or a complementary sequence thereof; (c) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 or a complementary sequence thereof; (d) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65 or SEQ ID NO: 93, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65 or the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; or (e) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. 
     The triterpenoid saponin or said derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, may have a broad range of commercial uses and may in some embodiments comprise a sweetener, foaming agent, emulsifier, preservative, anti-carcinogen, hypocholesterolemic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oxidant, biological adjuvant, anti-microbial agent, insecticidal agent, antifeedant, anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, (a) said steroidal glycoalkaloid comprises alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, hydroxytomatine, acetoxytomatine, di-hydroxytomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or their derivatives and pathway intermediates or any combination thereof; (b) said steroidal saponin comprises uttroside B, tomatosides, and all related compounds, or their derivatives and pathway intermediates, or any combination thereof; (c) said triterpenoid saponin comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (Compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof; (d) the biosynthetic intermediate of said triterpenoid saponin comprises Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof; or (e) any combination of these. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant has an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant has an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, wherein: (a) when the altered content of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of the at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof comprises an increased amount compared to the corresponding unmodified plant, the altered content of the phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or the phytocholestenol, or comprises a reduced amount compared to the corresponding unmodified plant a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (b) when the altered content of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of the at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof comprises a reduced amount compared to the corresponding unmodified plant, the altered content of the phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or the phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof comprises an increased amount compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     In certain embodiments, an increase in each or sterodial saponins, steroidal alakoids, and or triterpenoid saponins may cause a change in the content level of the other(s). In some embodiments, the change comprises an increased content. In some embodiments, the change comprises a decrease content. In some embodiments, the change comprises an increased content of one and a decrease content of another. 
     In some embodiments, said plant comprises a plant in the Poales order, the Caryophyllales order, the Solanales order, the Fabales order, the Malvales order, the Apiales order, or the Brassicales order, the Asparagales order, the Dioscoreales order, or the Liliales order. 
     In some embodiments, (a) when said plant comprises a plant in the Poales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Oryza  genus, the  Hordeum  genus, the  Avena  genus, and the  Triticum  genus; (b) when said plant comprises a plant in the Caryophvllales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Spinacia  genus, the  Chenopodium  genus, the  Beta  genus, the  Rheum  genus, the  Vaccaria  genus, the  Saponaria  genus, and the  Gypsophila  genus; (c) when said plant comprises a plant in the Solanales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Solanum  genus, the  Capsicum  genus, the  Nicotiana  genus, the  Hyoscyamus  genus, the  Datura  genus, and the  Atropa  genus; (d) when said plant comprises a plant in the Fabales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Glycyrrhiza  genus, the  Medicago  genus, the  Glycine  genus, the  Lotus  genus, the  Cicer  genus, the  Phaseolus  genus, the  Pisum  genus, the  Arachis  genus, the  Lupinus  genus, and the  Acacia  genus; (e) when said plant comprises a plant in the  Malvales  order, said plant is selected from the  Theobroma  genus; (f) when said plant comprises a plant in the Apiales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Daucus  genus, the  Apium  genus, the  Petroselinum  genus, the  Panax  genus, the  Bupleurum  genus, the  Hedera  genus, and the  Centella  genus; or (g) when said plant comprises a plant in the Brassicales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Arabidopsis  genus, the  Brassica  genus, the  Capparis  genus, and the  Carica  genus. 
     In some embodiments, (a) when said plant comprises a plant in the Caryophyllales order, said plant is selected from the group consisting of spinach, beetroot, and  quinoa ; (b) when said plant comprises a plant in the Solanales order, said plant is selected from the group consisting of tomato, wild tomato, potato, wild potato, eggplant, pepper, bell pepper, cayenne pepper, chili pepper, pimiento, tabasco pepper, ground cherry, tobacco, and bittersweet; or (c) when said plant comprises a plant in the Fabales order, said plant is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, soy,  Lotus japonicus , and licorice. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is a tomato plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-tomatine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or tomatidine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) an altered content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is a tomato plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-tomatine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or tomatidine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) a reduced content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is a potato plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-chaconine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or alpha-solanine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) an altered content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is a potato plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-chaconine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or alpha-solanine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) a reduced content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is an eggplant plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-solasonine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or alpha-solamargine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) an altered content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is an eggplant plant having: (i) an increased content of alpha-solasonine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or alpha-solamargine or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a steroidal saponin or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or (ii) a reduced content of a phytosterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, said plant cell comprises a leaf cell, a petiole cell, a plant stem or stalk cell, a root cell, a bud cell, a tuber cell, a bean cell, a grain or kernel cell, a fruit cell, a nut cell, a legume cell, a seed or seed cell, a callus cells, a bract cell, a callus cell, and a flower cell. 
     Specifically disclosed herein are methods of producing steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins in a genetically modified cell, the methods comprising: (a) introducing an at least one heterologous gene into said cell, said at least one heterologous gene encoding a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein said heterologous gene is optionally comprised in a vector; and (b) expressing said at least one heterologous gene in said cell; wherein said cell comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, at least one steroidal saponin, or at least one triterpenoid saponin compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. 
     In some embodiments, said introducing further comprises introducing an at least one additional heterologous gene into said cell, said heterologous gene selected from the group consisting of the group encoding a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, and a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, or any combination thereof, wherein said at least one additional heterologous gene is optionally comprised in a vector; and further comprising expressing said at least one additional heterologous gene in said cell. 
     In some embodiments, (a) said at least one heterologous gene is operably linked to a promoter, a transcription termination sequence, or a combination thereof; or (b) said at least one additional heterologous gene is operably linked to a promoter, a transcription termination sequence, or a combination thereof; or (c) a combination thereof of (a) and (b). 
     In some embodiments, said introducing comprises transforming said at least one cell with (a) said at least one heterologous gene or a polynucleotide sequence encoding said at least one heterologous gene, or the vector comprising said at least one heterologous gene; or (b) said at least one additional heterologous gene or a polynucleotide sequences encoding said at least one additional heterologous gene, or the vector comprising said at least one additional heterologous gene; or (c) 
     a combination thereof of (a) and (b); wherein said expressing comprises transient expression or constitutive expression. 
     Specifically disclosed herein are methods of reducing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in at least one cell of a plant or a plant part, the method comprising genetically modifying said at least one plant cell, said genetic modification comprising: (a) transforming said at least one plant cell with at least one silencing molecule targeted to a nucleic acid gene sequence encoding a Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzyme; or (b) mutagenizing at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein the mutagenesis comprises introducing (1) one or more point mutations into the nucleic acid sequence, (2) deletions within the nucleic acid sequence, or (3) insertions within the nucleic acid, or (4) any combination thereof, wherein said introducing comprising mutagenizing coding or non-coding sequence; wherein expression of the gene encoding the CSLG enzyme is reduced in the genetically modified plant cell compared to its expression in a corresponding unmodified plant cell, wherein the plant comprising said genetically modified cell comprises reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     In some embodiments. (a) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42 or a complementary sequence thereof; (b) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43 or a complementary sequence thereof; (c) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 or a complementary sequence thereof; (d) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65 or SEQ ID NO: 93, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65 or the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93; or (e) when the nucleic acid of the CSLG is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, the silencing molecule is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107 or a complementary sequence thereof, or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. 
     In some embodiments: (a) said steroidal alkaloid, said steroidal saponin, or said triterpenoid saponin comprises a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or having hormone mimicking properties, or a combination thereof; or (b) said steroidal glycoalkaloid comprises alpha-tomatine, tomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof; or (c) said steroidal saponin comprises utteroside B and tonatosides and related compounds (all steroidal saponins family), pathway intermediates and derivatives, or any combination thereof; or (d) said triterpenoid saponin comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof; or (e) said intermediate comprises Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof; or (f) a combination thereof. 
     In certain embodiments, reduction of a triterpenoid saponin is desired, for example, but not limited to triterpenoid saponins having a bitter taste, as in  quinoa , or being toxic. Other examples of triterpenoid saponins wherein reduction may be desired include triterpenoid saponins that have toxic properties or mimic hormones. Thus, in certain embodiments, increased production of triterpenoid saponins is beneficial and in other embodiments, decreased production of triterpenoid saponins is beneficial. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises altering the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises increasing the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     According to some embodiments, the method further comprises purifying the phytosterol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, the cholesterol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the phytocholesterol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the cholestenol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate; or the phytocholestenol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, extracted from the transformed plant. According to certain embodiments, the phytosterol comprises phytocholesterol. According to some embodiments, the phytosterol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, the cholesterol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the phytocholesterol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; the cholestenol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate; or the phytocholestenol, or derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, extracted from the transformed plant, comprises a nutrient or food additive, a high-value steroidal compound (e.g., pro-vitamin D and/or diosgenin), an anti-cholesterol agent (e.g., a plant phytosterol competing with dietary cholesterol in a mammalian or avian gut), or a cosmetic agent. 
     Specifically disclosed herein are methods of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in at least one cell of a plant or plant part, the method comprising genetically modifying said at least one plant cell, said genetic modification comprising: (a) mutagenizing at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein the mutagenesis comprises introducing (1) one or more point mutations into the nucleic acid sequence, (2) deletions within the nucleic acid sequence, or (3) insertions within the nucleic acid, or (4) any combination thereof, wherein said introducing comprising mutagenizing coding or non-coding sequence; and (b) expressing said nucleic acid encoding said CSLG; wherein the plant comprising said genetically modified cell comprises increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     In some embodiments: (a) said steroidal alkaloid, said steroidal saponin, or said triterpenoid saponin comprises a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or having hormone mimicking properties, or a combination thereof; or (b) said steroidal glycoalkaloid comprises alpha-tomatine, tomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof, or (c) said steroidal saponin comprises uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof; or (d) said triterpenoid saponin comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof; or (e) said intermediate comprises Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof, or (f) a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments: (a) expression of the gene encoding the CSLG enzyme is increased in the genetically modified plant cell compared to its expression in a corresponding unmodified plant cell; or (b) said encoded CSLG enzyme has increased activity in the genetically modified plant cell compared to its activity in a corresponding unmodified plant cell; or (c) said encoded CSLG enzyme has increased stability in the genetically modified plant cell compared to its stability in a corresponding unmodified plant cell; or (d) any combination thereof of (a), (b), and (c). 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises altering the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises reducing the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     Each possibility described herein represents a separate embodiment of the invention. 
     Genetically Modified Cells &amp; Genetically Modified Plants 
     Disclosed herein are genetically modified cells and genetically modified plants, wherein expression of key genes in the steroidal glycoalkaloid/steroidal saponin/triterpenoid saponin metabolic pathway (biosynthesis pathway of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, and triterpenoid saponins) has been altered. Altering the expression of these genes results in concomitant alteration in the steroidal alkaloid profile, in the steroidal saponin profile, or in the triterpenoid profile. In an non-limiting example, changing the production level of steroidal alkaloid can result in improved plants comprising elevated content of steroidal alkaloids having increased resistance to pathogens, or plants having a reduced content of these secondary compounds in the plant edible parts and thus producing improved crops, wherein the improved crop has reduced or eliminated anti-nutritional content. Alternatively, or additionally, in another non-limiting example, controlling the expression of genes disclosed herein may be used for the production of desired steroidal alkaloids or plant-based cholesterol for further use, e.g., in the nutritional, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industry. In another non-limiting example, disclosed herein are the means and methods for producing crop plants of the Solales order and other orders that are devoid of toxic amounts of deleterious steroidal alkaloids typically present in edible parts of these plants. Thus, the cells and plants disclosed herein are of significant nutritional and commercial value. 
     Disclosed herein are an array of co-expressed genes that participate in the biosynthesis pathway of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. The present invention further discloses key genes in this pathway, altering the expression of which result in concomitant alteration in the steroidal alkaloid profile, in the steroidal saponin profile, or in the triterpenoid profile. In one non-limiting example, changing the production level of steroidal alkaloids can result in an improved plant comprising elevated content of steroidal alkaloids having increased resistance to pathogens, or plants having a reduced content of these secondary compounds in the plant edible parts and thus producing improved crops. Alternatively, or additionally, in one non-limiting example, controlling the expression of genes revealed in the present invention can be used, e.g., for the production of desired steroidal alkaloids or plant-based cholesterol or other phytosterols for further use, for example, in the nutrition, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. Thus, the cells and plants of the present invention are thus of significant nutritional, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and commercial value. 
     Disclosed herein are genetically modified cells (e.g., plant cells, yeast cells, algal cells, bacterial cells, insect cells) and plants comprising at least one genetically modified cell, wherein the genetically modified cells are expressing at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme within the steroidal alkaloid/steroidal saponin/triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. These enzymes include, in some embodiments, cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) enzymes, as well as saponin beta-amyrin synthases, cytochrome P450s, glycosyltransferases, and acyltransferases. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein, expresses at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, said enzyme selected from the group consisting of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, and a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG).  FIG. 1  provides a non-limiting example of steroidal alkaloids and steroidal saponins in the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway in Solanaceous plants (here, tomato) beginning with cholesterol, wherein a skilled artisan would recognize that the pathway may encompass production of saponin aglycones and glycosylated steroidal alkaloids biosynthetic intermediates and glycosylated saponins biosynthetic intermediates, and results in the production of a steroidal alkaloid (e.g., alpha-tomatine) or a steroidal saponin (e.g., uttroside B).  FIG. 20A  provides a non-limiting example of a triterpenoid saponin pathway in spinach, wherein a skilled artisan would recognize that the pathway may encompass production of saponin aglycones and glycosylated saponins biosynthetic intermediates, and results in the production of a triterpenoid saponin (Yossoside V; Compound 11). 
     Altering the expression of at least one of the genes in the steroidal alkaloid/steroidal saponin/triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway, in some embodiments, results in concomitant alteration in the steroidal alkaloid profile or intermediates of that pathway, in the steroidal saponin profile or intermediates of that pathway, or in the triterpenoid saponin profile or intermediates of that pathway. In some embodiments, the altered expression in a genetically modified cells comprises increased expression compared with a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, increased expression comprises de novo expression from a gene encoding an enzyme not previously present in the cell. In some embodiments, increased expression comprises an increase of expression of a gene already present within the cells. In some embodiments, increased expression results in an increased amount of the encoded enzyme. 
     In some embodiments, the alteration in the steroidal alkaloid profile comprising an increase in at least one steroidal alkaloid or an intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, the alteration in the steroidal alkaloid profile comprising a decrease in at least one steroidal alkaloid or an intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the alteration in the steroidal saponin profile comprising an increase in at least one steroidal saponin or an intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, the alteration in the steroidal saponin profile comprising a decrease in at least one steroidal saponin or an intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the alteration in the triterpenoid saponin profile comprising an increase in at least one triterpenoid saponin or an intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, the alteration in the triterpenoid saponin profile comprising a decrease in at least one triterpenoid saponin or an intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, introducing a nucleotide sequence encoding at least one of the enzymes of the steroidal alkaloid/steroidal saponin/triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway into a heterologous cell, (for example but not limited to a plant cell, an algal cell, a yeast cell, an insect cell, or a bacterial cell) or an organism (for example but not limited to a plant), results in increased expression of the at least one enzyme and increased production of a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, introducing a nucleotide sequence encoding at least one of the enzymes of the steroidal alkaloid/steroidal saponin/triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway into a heterologous cell or organism, results in production of a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin not naturally produced by the heterologous cell (for example but not limited to a plant cell, an algal cell, a yeast cell, an insect cell, or a bacterial cell) or organism (for example but not limited to a plant). 
     Throughout described herein are genetically modified cells and uses thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell is selected from any of an algal cell, a yeast cell, an insect cell, or a bacterial cell. One skilled in the art would know how to use the genes and nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein to genetically modified a eukaryotic cell, for example mammalian cells, or a prokaryotic cell, for example bacterium, to produce at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. Further, one skilled in the art could use the genes and nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein to produce at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in a cell-free in vitro system. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a plant cell, and said plant cell is used to produce at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a plant cell or a yeast cell and said plant cell or yeast is used to produce at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a yeast cell, and said yeast cell is used to produce at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a algal cell, and said algal cell is used to produce at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is an insect cell, and said insect cell is used to produce at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a bacterium, and said bacterium is used to produce at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a plant cell comprised in a plant or plant part and said plant cell is used to produce at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in said plant or plant part. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a plant cell comprised in a plant or plant part and said plant cell is used to reduce the production of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in said plant or plant part. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a plant cell comprised in a plant or plant part and said plant cell is used to increase the production of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in said plant or plant part. 
     In some embodiments, heterologous expression comprises expressing an at least one heterologous plant gene from one plant species in a second plant species (see for example, Example 23 below). In some embodiments, heterologous expression comprises expressing an at least one heterologous plant gene from a plant species in a yeast cell (see for example, Example 21 below). In some embodiments, heterologous expression comprises expressing an at least one heterologous plant gene from a plant species in an algal cell. In some embodiments, heterologous expression comprises expressing an at least one heterologous plant gene from a plant species in bacterial cell. In some embodiments, heterologous expression comprises expressing an at least one heterologous plant gene from a plant species in an insect cell. In some embodiments, heterologous expression comprises expressing an at least one heterologous plant gene from a plant species in a cell of a plant, wherein the plant is of a different species. 
     In some embodiments, expressing at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, expressing more than one heterologous gene encoding at least two enzymes selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, expressing more than one heterologous gene encoding at least three enzymes selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, expressing more than one heterologous gene encoding at least four enzymes selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, expressing more than one heterologous gene encoding at least five enzymes selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, expressing more than one heterologous gene encoding at least six enzymes selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, expressing more than one heterologous gene encoding at least seven enzymes selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, expressing more than one heterologous gene encoding at least eight enzymes selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, expressing more than one heterologous gene encoding at least nine enzymes selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, expressing more than one heterologous gene encoding at least ten enzymes selected from a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway alters the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin produced by that pathway or alters the content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a genetically modified cell having increased expression of at least one heterologous gene compared to a corresponding unmodified cell, said at least one heterologous gene encoding a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein said genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell further expresses at least one additional heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, said enzyme selected from the group consisting of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, and an UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous CSLG and a heterologous saponin beta-amyrin synthase. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous CSLG and at least one heterologous cytochrome P450. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous CSLG and 1, 2, or 3 heterologous cytochrome P450s. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous CSLG, a heterologous saponin beta-amyrin synthase, and 1, 2, or 3 heterologous cytochrome P450s. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous CSLG and at least one heterologous glycosyl transferase. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous CSLG and at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 heterologous glycosyl transferases. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous CSLG, a heterologous saponin beta-amyrin synthase, and at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 heterologous glycosyl transferases. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous CSLG, a heterologous saponin beta-amyrin synthase, at least 1, 2, or 3 heterologous cytochrome P450s, and at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 heterologous glycosyl transferases. 
     In certain instances, it may be necessary to express additional genes not specifically part of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin pathway, homologous or heterologous, in order that necessary substrates are available. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme necessary for production of substrates of a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. 
     In some embodiments, a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme selected from a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a C-2hydroxylase, a C-23 oxidase, a glycosyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, an acyltransferase, or a cellulose like synthase G (CSLG) is expressed in a genetically modified cell. In some embodiments, a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme selected from a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, C-2hydroxylase, a C-23 oxidase, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, or a cellulose like synthase G (CSLG) is expressed in a genetically modified cell. In some embodiments, a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme selected from a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, a UDP-glycosyltransferase, a fucosyltransferase, a xylosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a BAHD-acyltransferase, or a cellulose like synthase G (CSLG) in expressed in a genetically modified cell. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme comprising a CSLG activity. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme comprising a saponin beta-amyrin synthase activity. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme comprising a cytochrome P450 activity. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least two heterologous gene encoding two enzymes comprising cytochrome P450 activity. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least three heterologous gene encoding three enzymes comprising cytochrome P450 activity. In some embodiments, an enzyme comprising cytochrome p450 activity comprises a C-2 hydroxylase activity. In some embodiments, an enzyme comprising cytochrome p450 activity comprises a C-23 oxidase activity. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses heterologous genes encoding enzymes comprising a saponin beta-amyrin synthase activity, cytochrome P450 activities, and CSLG activity, wherein the cytochrome P450 enzymes may comprise an enzyme providing a C-2 hydroxylase activity, an enzyme providing a C-23 oxidase activity, a combination of enzymes providing cytochrome P450 activity, C-2 hydroxylase activity, and C-23 oxidase activity. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least one heterologous gene encoding a glycosyltransferase enzyme activity. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase enzyme comprises a UDP-glycosyltransferase, a fucosyltransferase, or a xylosyltransferase. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses multiple heterologous genes encoding glycosyltransferase enzymes. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses multiple heterologous genes encoding glycosyltransferases, selected from a UDP-glycosyltransferase, a fucosyltransferase, or a xylosyltransferase, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses multiple heterologous genes encoding glycosyltransferases, selected from a combination of known glycosyltransferases known in the art. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding a CSLG activity and a heterologous gene encoding at least one glycosyltransferase enzyme activity. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding a CSLG activity and a heterologous gene encoding at least one glycosyltransferase enzyme activity selected from a UDP-glycosyltransferase, a fucosyltransferase, or a xylosyltransferase, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding a CSLG activity and a heterologous gene encoding at least one glycosyltransferase enzyme activity selected from a UDP-glycosyltransferase, a fucosyltransferase, or a xylosyltransferase, or any glycosyltransferase known in the art, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding an acyltransferase. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding a benzylalcohol acetyl-, anthocyanin-O-hydroxy-cinnamoyl-, anthranilate-N-hydroxy-cinnamoyl/benzoyl-, deacetylvindoline acetyltransferase (BAHD) acyltransferase. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme providing a CSLG activity and a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme encoding an acetyltransferase activity. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme providing a CSLG activity and a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme encoding a BAHD acetyltransferase activity. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding the encodes an enzyme activity for a triterpenoid saponin substrate, wherein the enzyme comprises a glycosyltransferase. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses a heterologous gene encoding the encodes an enzyme activity for a triterpenoid saponin substrate, wherein the enzyme comprises a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1. In some embodiments, for example when the cell is a bacterial cell, a heterologous gene encodes a Squalene epoxidase, or a Cytochrome P450 reductase, or a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a genetically modified plant comprising an at least one cell having altered expression of at least a CSLG gene compared to the expression of CSLG in a corresponding unmodified cell, wherein the at least one cell comprises a heterologous CSLG gene, and said altered expression comprises a de novo expression of said heterologous gene. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a genetically modified plant comprising an at least one cell having altered expression of at least a CSLG gene compared to the expression of CSLG in a corresponding unmodified cell, wherein the at least one cell comprises a heterologous CSLG gene, and said altered expression comprises expression of a heterologous gene in the presence of an endogenous gene, which may be functional or non-functional. 
     In some embodiments, the expression of a heterologous CSLG gene is a genetically modified plant comprises increased expression compared to a corresponding unmodified cell, and wherein said cell in said plant comprises altered content of at least a triterpenoid saponin, metabolite thereof, derivative thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is an array of enzymes that participate in the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins, wherein the biosynthesis pathway includes production of saponin aglycones and glycosylated saponins, and glycosylated triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is an array of genes encoding that enzymes that participate in the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins, wherein the biosynthesis pathway includes production of saponin aglycones and glycosylated saponins, and glycosylated triterpenoid saponins, including but not limited to 3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-&gt;3)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-&gt;4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-&gt;2)-4-acetyl-β-D-fucopyranosyl]-medicagenic acid (Yossoside V; Compound 11); 3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-&gt;3)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-&gt;4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-&gt;2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl]-medicagenic acid (Yossoside IV; Compound 10); 3-O-[β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-&gt;4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-&gt;2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl]-medicagenic acid (Yossoside III; Compound 9); 3-O-[β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-&gt;2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl]-medicagenic acid (Yossoside II; Compound 8), and 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-O-β-D-fucopyranosyl-medicagenic acid (Yossoside I; Compound 7) (see  FIG. 20A ). 
     For example, but not limited to the enzymes active in the spinach triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway of Compound 11, which are described in detail in the Examples. Table 16 provided in Example 20, provides the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of the enzymes in the spinach biosynthetic pathway, wherein CSLG enzyme adds a glucuronic acid to medicagenic acid to make the triterpenoid saponin medicagenic acid 3-glucuronide. Table 19 disclosed in Example 24 provides the amino acid sequence of a CSLG isolated from  Arabidopsis . Table 17 disclosed in the Examples provides the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of CSLG homologs from other plant species. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses an array of heterologous gene encoding enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least two heterologous gene encoding two enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least three heterologous gene encoding three enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least four heterologous gene encoding four enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least 5 heterologous gene encoding five enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least six heterologous gene encoding six enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least seven heterologous gene encoding seven enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least eight heterologous gene encoding eight enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least nine heterologous gene encoding nine enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein expresses at least ten heterologous gene encoding ten enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a genetically modified plant comprising at least one cell having altered expression of at least a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) gene compared to the expression of CSLG in a corresponding unmodified plant, and wherein the genetically modified plant has an altered content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. In some embodiments, the CSLG gene comprises the endogenous CSLG gene. In some embodiments, the CSLG gene comprises a heterologous CSLG gene. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses an array of heterologous gene encoding enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least two heterologous gene encoding two enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least three heterologous gene encoding three enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least four heterologous gene encoding four enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least 5 heterologous gene encoding five enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least six heterologous gene encoding six enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least seven heterologous gene encoding seven enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least eight heterologous gene encoding eight enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least nine heterologous gene encoding nine enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or plant part disclosed herein expresses at least ten heterologous gene encoding ten enzymes comprised in a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. 
     In some embodiments, heterologous genes encoding enzymes of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway comprising enzymes selected from a beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, multiple cytochrome P450s, a glycosyltransferase, multiple glycosyltransferases, an acyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, heterologous genes encoding enzymes of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway comprising enzyme selected from a beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, multiple cytochrome P450s, a glycosyltransferase, multiple glycosyltransferases, an acyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof, and in addition express at least one heterologous gene necessary to provide a biosynthetic pathway substrate or substrates. In some embodiments, heterologous genes encode enzymes of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway comprising a beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, multiple cytochrome P450s, a glycosyltransferase, multiple glycosyltransferases, an acyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof, and in addition express a heterologous gene necessary to provide biosynthetic pathway substrates, for example but not limited to a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1 enzyme. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme of the steroidal alkaloid/steroidal saponin/triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway, said at least one heterologous gene encoding a CSLG enzyme. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one heterologous gene encodes a cytochrome P450 wherein said cytochrome P450 comprises a C2-hydroxylase or a C-23 oxidase, or a glycosyltransferase wherein said glycosyltransferase comprises a fructosyltransferase, a xylosyltransferase, or a UDP-glycosyltransferase, or a acyltransferase wherein said acyltransferase comprises a benzylalcohol acetyl-, anthocyanin-O-hydroxy-cinnamoyl-, anthranilate-N-hydroxy-cinnamyol/benzoyl-, deacetylvindoline (BAHD) acetyletransferase, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, expression of a heterologous gene or genes comprises increased expression compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, increased expression of a gene results in increased content of an enzyme encoded by the gene, compared to the content of the enzyme in a corresponding unmodified cell. One skilled in the art would appreciate that increased expression may, in some embodiments, comprise overexpression of the gene or genes, with resultant increased presence of an enzyme of enzymes encoded by the gene or genes, compared with a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, increased expression may comprise expression of a gene or genes, and the production of a resultant enzyme activity or activities, not naturally found in the cell or organism, for example but not limited to a plant cell, a plant, a yeast cell, an algal cell, an insect cell, or a bacterial cell. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that a corresponding unmodified cell may in certain embodiments provide a control cell, wherein the heterologous gene is not expressed or is not overexpressed. 
     In some embodiments, expression of a gene or genes in a heterologous cell comprises transient expression of the gene or genes. In some embodiments, expression of a gene or genes in a heterologous cell comprises constitutive expression of the gene or genes. In some embodiments, expression of a gene or genes in a heterologous cell comprises transient expression, or constitutive expression, or a combination thereof, of the gene or genes. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that transient expression encompasses the temporary expression of a gene or genes that are expressed for a short time after a nucleic acid has been introduced into eukaryotic cells, for example a plant cell or a yeast cell. Conversely, constitutive expression, also known as stable expression, encompasses continuous expression of a gene or genes. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the term “gene” may encompass a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) sequence that comprises coding sequences necessary for the production of RNA or a polypeptide. A polypeptide can be encoded by a full-length coding sequence or by any part thereof. The term “parts thereof” when used in reference to a gene refers to fragments of that gene. The fragments may range in size from a few nucleotides to the entire gene sequence minus one nucleotide. Thus, “a nucleic acid sequence comprising at least a part of a gene” may comprise fragments of the gene or the entire gene. 
     The skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “gene” optionally also encompasses the coding regions of a structural gene and includes sequences located adjacent to the coding region on both the 5′ and 3′ ends for a distance of about 1 kb on either end such that the gene corresponds to the length of the full-length mRNA. The sequences which are located 5′ of the coding regions and which are present on the mRNA are referred to as 5′ non-translated sequences. The sequences which are located 3′ or downstream of the coding region and which are present on the mRNA are referred to as 3′ non-translated sequences. 
     In some embodiments, a gene comprises DNA sequence comprising the coding region. In some embodiments, a gene comprises DNA sequence comprising upstream and downstream regions, as well as the coding region, which comprises exons and any intervening introns of the gene. In some embodiments, upstream and downstream regions comprise non-coding regulatory regions. In some embodiments, upstream and downstream regions comprise regulatory sequences, for example but not limited to promoters, enhancers, and silencers. Non-limiting examples of regulatory sequences include, but are not limited to, AGGA box, TATA box, Inr, DPE, ZmUbi1, PvUbi1, PvUbi2, CaMV, 35S, OsAct1, zE19, E8, TA29, A9, pDJ3S, B33, PAT1, alcA, G-box, ABRE, DRE, and PCNA. 
     Regulatory regions, may in some embodiments, increase or decrease the expression of specific genes within a cell, for example but not limited to a yeast, an algal, an insect, a bacterium, or a plant cell or a plant described herein. Regulatory regions, may in some embodiments, increase or decrease the expression of specific genes within a plant cell. Regulatory regions, may in some embodiments, increase or decrease the expression of specific genes within an algal cell. Regulatory regions, may in some embodiments, increase or decrease the expression of specific genes within a yeast cell. Regulatory regions, may in some embodiments, increase or decrease the expression of specific genes within an insect cell. Regulatory regions, may in some embodiments, increase or decrease the expression of specific genes within a bacterium. 
     In some embodiments, a gene comprises the coding regions of the gene, which comprises exons and any intervening introns of the gene. In some embodiments, a gene comprises its regulatory sequences. In some embodiments, a gene comprises the gene promoter. In some embodiments, a gene comprises its enhancer regions. In some embodiments, a gene comprises 5′ non-coding sequences. In some embodiments, a gene comprises 3′ non-coding sequences. 
     In some embodiments, the skilled artisan would appreciate that DNA comprises a gene, which may include upstream and downstream sequences, as well as the coding region of the gene. In other embodiments, DNA comprises a cDNA (complementary DNA). One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that cDNA may encompass synthetic DNA reverse transcribed from RNA through the action of a reverse transcriptase. The cDNA may be single stranded or double stranded and can include strands that have either or both of a sequence that is substantially identical to a part of the RNA sequence or a complement to a part of the RNA sequence. Further, cDNA may include upstream and downstream regulatory sequences. In still other embodiments, DNA comprises a CDS (complete coding sequence). One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that CDS may encompass a DNA sequence, which encodes a full-length protein or polypeptide. A CDS typically begins with a start codon (“ATG”) and ends at (or one before) the first in-frame stop codon (“TAA”, “TAG”, or “TGA”). The skilled artisan would recognize that a cDNA, in one embodiment, comprises a CDS. 
     The terms “polynucleotide”, “polynucleotide sequence”, “nucleic acid sequence”, and “isolated polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein. These terms encompass nucleotide sequences and the like. A polynucleotide may be a polymer of RNA or DNA or hybrid thereof, that is single- or double-stranded, linear or branched, and that optionally contains synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. The terms also encompass RNA/DNA hybrids. 
     The terms “complementary” or “complement thereof” are used herein to refer to the sequences of polynucleotides which is capable of forming Watson &amp; Crick base pairing with another specified polynucleotide throughout the entirety of the complementary region. This term is applied to pairs of polynucleotides based solely upon their sequences and not any particular set of conditions under which the two polynucleotides would actually bind. 
     The term “construct” as used herein refers to an artificially assembled or isolated nucleic acid molecule which includes the polynucleotide of interest. In general, a construct may include the polynucleotide or polynucleotides of interest, a marker gene, which in some cases can also be a gene of interest and appropriate regulatory sequences. It should be appreciated that the inclusion of regulatory sequences in a construct is optional, for example, such sequences may not be required in situations where the regulatory sequences of a host cell are to be used. Regulatory elements include, but are not limited to, a promoter, an enhance, an origin of replication, a transcription termination sequence, a polyadenylation signal, and the like. The term “construct” includes vectors but should not be seen as being limited thereto. 
     The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is regulated by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of regulating the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in a sense or antisense orientation. In some embodiments, the terms “operably linked” and “functionally linked” may be used interchangeably having all the same meanings and qualities. 
     The terms “promoter element,” “promoter,” or “promoter sequence” as used herein, refer to a DNA sequence that is generally located at the 5′ end (i.e. precedes) the coding region of a DNA polymer. The location of most promoters known in nature precedes the transcribed region. The promoter functions as a switch, activating the expression of a gene. If the gene is activated, it is said to be transcribed, or participating in transcription. Transcription involves the synthesis of mRNA from the gene. The promoter, therefore, serves as a transcriptional regulatory element and also provides a site for initiation of transcription of the gene into mRNA. 
     A polynucleotide sequence comprising a heterologous gene may be expressed in, for example, a plant cell, an algal cell, a yeast cell, an insect cell, or a bacterium under the control of a promoter that directs constitutive expression or regulated (transient) expression. In some embodiments, the plant cell is part of a whole plant or a portion thereof. Regulated expression comprises temporally or spatially regulated expression and any other form of inducible or repressible expression. Temporally means that the expression is induced at a certain time point, for instance, when a certain growth rate of the plant cell culture is obtained (e.g., the promoter is induced only in the stationary phase or at a certain stage of development). Spatially means that the promoter is only active in specific organs, tissues, or cells (e.g., for plants only in roots, leaves, epidermis, guard cells or the like). Other examples of regulated expression comprise promoters whose activity is induced or repressed by adding chemical or physical stimuli to the plant cell or yeast cell or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium. In some embodiments, a promoter is an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, a promoter is a constitutive promoter. In some embodiments regulated expression of a heterologous gene of the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, for example but not limited to CSLG, comprises inducing or repressing gene expression by adding chemical or physical stimuli to a plant cell. In some embodiments regulated expression of a heterologous gene of the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, for example but not limited to CSLG, comprises inducing or repressing gene expression by adding chemical or physical stimuli to a yeast cell. In some embodiments regulated expression of a heterologous gene of the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, for example but not limited to CSLG, comprises inducing or repressing gene expression by adding chemical or physical stimuli to an algal cell. In some embodiments regulated expression of a heterologous gene of the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, for example but not limited to CSLG, comprises inducing or repressing gene expression by adding chemical or physical stimuli to an insect cell. In some embodiments regulated expression of a heterologous gene of the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, for example but not limited to CSLG, comprises inducing or repressing gene expression by adding chemical or physical stimuli to a bacterium. 
     In some embodiments, the expression is under control of environmental, hormonal, chemical, and/or developmental signals. Such promoters for plant cells include promoters that are regulated by (1) heat, (2) light, (3) hormones, such as abscisic acid, and methyl jasmonate (4) wounding or (5) chemicals such as salicylic acid, chitosans or metals. A constitutive promoter directs expression in a wide range of cells under a wide range of conditions. Examples of constitutive plant promoters useful for expressing heterologous polypeptides in plant cells include, but are not limited to, the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, which confers constitutive, high-level expression in most plant tissues including monocots, the nopaline synthase promoter and the octopine synthase promoter. In some embodiments, a promoter is an inducible promoter. In some embodiments provided herein, inducible plant promoters, include but are not limited to GAL1, GAL10, PHO5 and CUP1. In some embodiments, a yeast promoter is constitutive promoter. In some embodiments provided herein, constitutive yeast promoters, include but are not limited to PGK1, TDHS, ADH1, CYC1, ACT1, TEF1. In some embodiments, an algal promoter is an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, provided herein algal promoters may be regulated by changes of light, pH, salinity, temperature, or nutrients. In some embodiments, an inducible algal promoter responds to nitrogen levels, nitrogen stress, or nitrogen starvation. In some embodiments, an algal promoter is a constitutive promoter. In some embodiments, an inducible promoter for use in insect cells responds to environmental or nutritional signals. 
     An expression cassette is usually provided in a DNA or RNA construct comprising the at least one heterologous gene that is typically called an “expression vector,” which is any genetic element, e.g., a plasmid, a chromosome, a virus, behaving either as an autonomous unit of polynucleotide replication within a cell (i.e., capable of replication under its own control) or being rendered capable of replication by insertion into a host cell chromosome, having attached to it another polynucleotide segment, so as to bring about the replication and/or expression of the attached segment. Suitable vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, plant viruses, and artificial chromosomes. The expression cassette may be provided in a DNA construct, which also has at least one replication system. In addition to the replication system, there will frequently be at least one marker present, which may be useful in one or more hosts, or different markers for individual hosts. 
     In another embodiment, selection genes provide selective markers that confer resistance to a selective agent, such as an antibiotic or herbicide. Potentially transformed cells are exposed to the selective agent. In the population of surviving cells will be those cells where, generally, the resistance-conferring gene has been integrated and expressed at sufficient levels to permit cell survival. Cells may be tested further to confirm stable integration of the exogenous DNA. 
     Useful selective marker genes include those conferring resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin (nptII), hygromycin B (aph IV), nptII, hpt, aadA and gentamycin (aac3 and aacC4) or resistance to herbicides such as glufosinate (bar or pat) and glyphosate (EPSPS). In another embodiment, the selection gene is an antimetabolite. In one embodiment, the antimetabolite is dhf. 
     Screenable markers which provide an ability to visually identify transformants can also be employed, e.g., a gene expressing a colored or fluorescent protein such as a cat, lacZ, uidA, luciferase or green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a gene expressing a beta-glucuronidase or uidA gene (GUS) for which various chromogenic substrates are known. It is also contemplated that combinations of screenable and selectable markers will be useful for identification of transformed cells. 
     In one embodiment, the selection gene is a positive selectable marker gene that is conditional on non-toxic agents that may be substrates for growth or that induce growth and differentiation of the transformed tissues. 
     In one embodiment, plant cells that survive exposure to the selective agent, or cells that have been scored positive in a screening assay, may be cultured in regeneration media and allowed to mature into plants. Developing plantlets can be transferred to soil less plant growth mix, and hardened off, e.g., in an environmentally controlled chamber at about 85% relative humidity, 600 ppm CO2, and 25-250 microeinsteins m−2 s−1 of light, prior to transfer to a greenhouse or growth chamber for maturation. Plants are preferably matured either in a growth chamber or greenhouse. Plants are regenerated from about 6 weeks to 10 months after a transformant is identified, depending on the initial tissue. During regeneration, cells are grown to plants on solid media at about 19 to 28° C. After regenerating plants have reached the stage of shoot and root development, they may be transferred to a greenhouse for further growth and testing. Plants may be pollinated using conventional plant breeding methods known to those of skill in the art and seed produced. 
     Progeny may be recovered from transformed plants and tested for expression of the exogenous recombinant polynucleotide. Useful assays include, for example, “molecular biological” assays, such as Southern and Northern blotting and PCR; “biochemical” assays, such as detecting the presence of RNA, e.g. double stranded RNA, or a protein product, e.g., by immunological means (ELISAs and Western blots) or by enzymatic function; plant part assays, such as leaf or root assays; and also, by analyzing the phenotype of the whole regenerated plant. 
     One of skill in the art will be able to select an appropriate vector for introducing the encoding nucleic acid sequence in a relatively intact state. Thus, any vector which will produce a host cell, e.g., plant protoplast, carrying the introduced encoding nucleic acid should be sufficient. The selection of the vector, or whether to use a vector, is typically guided by the method of transformation selected. 
     For plant cells, markers may a) code for protection against a biocide, such as antibiotics, toxins, heavy metals, certain sugars or the like; b) provide complementation, by imparting prototrophy to an auxotrophic host; or c) provide a visible phenotype through the production of a novel compound in the plant. In some embodiments, genes that may be employed include neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII), hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), nitrilase, and the gentamicin resistance gene. For plant host selection, non-limiting examples of suitable markers are β-glucuronidase, providing indigo production, luciferase, providing visible light production, Green Fluorescent Protein and variants thereof, NPTII, providing kanamycin resistance or G418 resistance, HPT, providing hygromycin resistance, and the mutated aroA gene, providing glyphosate resistance. 
     For yeast cells, markers may comprise marker providing complementation, by imparting prototrophy to an auxotrophic host, for example but not limited to HIS, LEU, TRP, and URA marker genes encoding the necessary complementary activity. In some embodiments, yeast markers provide resistance to a compound toxic to the yeast, for example but not limited to kanMX4—resistance to G418; natMX4-resistance to nourseothricin; hphMX4-resistance to hygromycin B; patMX3-resistance to glufosinate; and ZEO—resistance to zeocin. 
     Promoter activity encompasses the extent of transcription of a polynucleotide sequence, homologue, variant or fragment thereof that is operably linked to the promoter whose promoter activity is being measured. The promoter activity may be measured directly by measuring the amount of RNA transcript produced, for example, by Northern blot or indirectly by measuring the product coded for by the RNA transcript, such as when a reporter gene is linked to the promoter. 
     In some embodiments, an at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, disclosed herein, is operably linked to a promoter. In some embodiments, operable linkage to the promoter results in transient expression. In some embodiments, operable linkage to the promoter results in constitutive expression. In some embodiments, one heterologous gene may be operably linked to a constitutive promoter while another heterologous gene is operably linked to a promoter providing transient expression. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence comprises the at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, wherein said polynucleotide is optionally comprised within a vector. 
     As used herein, the term an “enhancer” refers to a DNA sequence which can stimulate promoter activity and may be an innate element of the promoter or a heterologous element inserted to enhance the level or tissue-specificity of a promoter. 
     The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the production of a functional end-product e.g., an mRNA or a protein. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least one heterologous gene, wherein the functional end product comprises an mRNA, which in turn is transcribed to produce a functional end product comprising a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin. 
     The term “genetically modified cell” refers to a cell genetically modified by man. In some embodiments, the genetic modification includes transforming a plant cell or a yeast cell or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bactierium with heterologous polynucleotide comprising a gene encoding an enzyme. In some embodiments, the genetic modification includes transforming a plant cell or a yeast cell with heterologous polynucleotide comprising a gene encoding an enzyme active in a triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. A “genetically modified cell” and a “corresponding unmodified cell” as used herein refer to a genetically modified cell and to a cell of the same type lacking said modification, respectively. 
     In some embodiments, the “genetically modified cell” and the “corresponding unmodified cell” are, respectively, a genetically modified plant cell and a corresponding unmodified plant cell of the same type. In other embodiments, the “genetically modified cell” and the “corresponding unmodified cell” are, respectively, a genetically modified yeast cell and a corresponding unmodified yeast cell of the same type. 
     The term “genetically modified plant” refers to a plant comprising at least one cell genetically modified by man. The genetic modification includes modification of an endogenous gene(s), for example by introducing mutation(s) deletions, insertions, transposable element(s) and the like into an endogenous polynucleotide or gene of interest. Additionally, or alternatively, the genetic modification includes transforming the plant cell with heterologous polynucleotide. A “genetically modified plant” and a “corresponding unmodified plant” as used herein refer to a plant comprising at least one genetically modified cell and to a plant of the same type lacking said modification, respectively. 
     In some embodiments, suspensions of genetically modified cells and tissue cultures derived from the genetically modified cells are also encompassed. The cell suspension or tissue culture can be used for the production of desired steroidal alkaloids metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof; steroidal saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof; or triterpenoid saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or tissue culture is used for regenerating a genetically modified plant having at least one cell having altered expression of a CSLG enzyme. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that some embodiments further encompass seeds of the genetically modified plant, wherein plants grown from said seeds have altered expression of at least one CSLG in at least one cell compared to plants grown from corresponding unmodified seeds or seeds from a corresponding unmodified plant, thereby having at least one cell having altered content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. 
     If transformation techniques require use of tissue culture, transformed cells may be regenerated into plants in accordance with techniques well known to those of skill in the art. The regenerated plants may then be grown and crossed with the same or different plant varieties using traditional breeding techniques to produce seeds, which are then selected under the appropriate conditions. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that a genetically modified plant may encompass a plant comprising at least one cell genetically modified by man. In some embodiment, the genetic modification includes transforming at least one plant cell or yeast cell or algal cell or insect cell or bacterium with a heterologous polynucleotide comprising a heterologous gene described herein. In some embodiment, the genetic modification includes transforming at least one plant cell or yeast cell or algal cell or insect cell or bacterium with a heterologous polynucleotide comprising more than one heterologous gene, each encoding an enzyme. In some embodiment, the genetic modification includes transforming at least one plant cell or yeast cell or algal cell or insect cell or bacterium with multiple heterologous polynucleotides encoding multiple heterologous genes encoding enzymes. 
     The skilled artisan would appreciate that a genetically modified plant comprising transforming at least one plant cell with a heterologous polynucleotide or multiple heterologous polynucleotides may in certain embodiments be termed a “transgenic plant”. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that a comparison of a “genetically modified plant” to a “corresponding unmodified plant” as used herein encompasses comparing a plant comprising at least one genetically modified cell and to a plant of the same type lacking the modification. 
     The skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “transgenic” when used in reference to a plant as disclosed herein encompasses a plant that contains at least one heterologous transcribable polynucleotide in one or more of its cells. The skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “transgenic” when used in reference to a yeast as disclosed herein encompasses a yeast that contains at least one heterologous transcribable polynucleotide. The term “transgenic material” encompasses broadly a plant or a part thereof, including at least one cell, multiple cells or tissues that contain at least one heterologous polynucleotide in at least one of cell. Thus, comparison of a “transgenic plant” and a “corresponding non transgenic plant”, or of a “genetically modified plant comprising at least one cell having altered expression, wherein said plant comprising at least one cell comprising a heterologous transcribable polynucleotide” and a “corresponding un modified plant” encompasses comparison of the “transgenic plant” or “genetically modified plant” to a plant of the same type lacking said heterologous transcribable polynucleotide. A skilled artisan would appreciate that, in some embodiments, a “transcribable polynucleotide” comprises a polynucleotide that can be transcribed into an RNA molecule by an RNA polymerase. 
     The terms “transformants” or “transformed cells” include the primary transformed cell and cultures derived from that cell without regard to the number of transfers. All progeny may not be precisely identical in DNA content, due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same functionality as screened for in the originally transformed cell are included in the definition of transformants. 
     Transformation of a cell may be stable or transient. The term “transient transformation” or “transiently transformed” refers to the introduction of one or more exogenous polynucleotides into a cell in the absence of integration of the exogenous polynucleotide into the host cell&#39;s genome. In contrast, the term “stable transformation” or “stably transformed” refers to the introduction and integration of one or more exogenous polynucleotides into the genome of a cell. The term “stable transformant” refers to a cell which has stably integrated one or more exogenous polynucleotides into the genomic or organellar DNA. It is to be understood that an organism or its cell transformed with the nucleic acids, constructs and/or vectors disclosed herein can be transiently as well as stably transformed. 
     The skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “construct” may encompass an artificially assembled or isolated nucleic acid molecule which includes the polynucleotide of interest. In general, a construct may include the polynucleotide or polynucleotides of interest, a marker gene which in some cases can also be a gene of interest and appropriate regulatory sequences. It should be appreciated that the inclusion of regulatory sequences in a construct is optional, for example, such sequences may not be required in situations where the regulatory sequences of a host cell are to be used. The term construct includes vectors but should not be seen as being limited thereto. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, the genetic modification includes transforming at least one plant cell with a heterologous polynucleotide or multiple heterologous polynucleotides. The skilled artisan would appreciate that a genetically modified plant comprising transforming at least one plant cell with a heterologous polynucleotide or multiple heterologous polynucleotides may in certain embodiments be termed a “transgenic plant”. 
     Viral vectors are useful for transformation of more transformation-resistant plants (e.g., soybean or common bean). In some embodiments, viral vectors, such as bean pod mottle virus (BPMV; genus Comovirus) vectors, are used for foreign gene expression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) (Zhang et al. (May 2010) Plant Physiol. 153: 52-65 [“Zhang 2010” ])). Cells are transformed, e.g., via biolistics or via direct DNA-rubbing inoculation (Zhang 2010). 
     In one embodiment, a gene gun or a biolistic particle delivery system (biolistics) is used for plant transformation to deliver exogenous DNA (transgenes) to cells (Rech et al. (2008) Nature Protocols 3(3): 410-418 [“Rech 2008” ]). In some embodiments, the plasmid is designed and apical meristems of plants (e.g., soybean, bean, cotton) are bombarded with microparticle-coated DNA, followed by in vitro culture and selection of transgenic plants (Rech 2008). In other embodiments, a callus of undifferentiated plant cells or a group of immature embryos growing on gel medium in vitro. In some embodiments, the cells are then treated with a series of plant hormones, such as auxins or gibberellins to obtain plants. Steroidal alkaloids metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof; steroidal saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof, or triterpenoid saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof, can be produced through such transgenic plants or plant cells. 
     “Transient expression” of the proteins may be achieved by various means known in the art. In one embodiment, transient expression of the proteins is achieved by the use of genetically modified viruses. In some embodiments, agroinfiltration is used to induce transient expression of genes in a plant or an isolated leaf or another portion of a plant. A suspension of  Agrobacterium  (e.g.,  Agrobacterium tumefaciens ) is introduced into the plant by, e.g., direct injection or vacuum filtration, or is brought into association with plant cells immobilized on a porous support (plant cell packs). The bacteria transfer the desired gene into the plant cells via transfer of Ti plasmid-derived T-DNA. 
     In some embodiments, the method of transformation of algae comprises any of the methods as described hereinabove. In one embodiment, transformation of algae is accomplished using glass bead-assisted transformation, particle gun-mediated (biolistic) transformation, treatment with cellulolytic enzymes to weaken their cell walls, or homologous recombination. 
     In another aspect, the nucleic acids disclosed herein can be transformed into algae. In one embodiment, the alga is a single cell alga. In another embodiment, the alga is a multi-cellular alga. In one embodiment, the alga is a cyanobacterium, diatom,  Chlamydomonas, Dunaliella , or Hematococus. The genes can be over expressed in algae. Steroidal alkaloids metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof, steroidal saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof, or triterpenoid saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof, can be produced through such transgenic algae. Method for algae transformation are well known in the art and fully described in U.S. Patent Application Publications US 20150011008; US 20150004704; US 20130130389; US 20120094385; US 20120034698; US 20110300633; and US 20040133937, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Further, cultivation of microalgae is well known in the art and has been described in Vuppaladadiyam et al., (2018) “Microalgae cultivation and metabolites production: a comprehensive review.” Biofuls, Bioprod. Bioref. 12:304-324, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     In another aspect, the nucleic acids disclosed herein can be transformed into yeast. The genes can be over expressed in yeast. Methods for yeast transformation are described herein below and are well known in the art and fully described in U.S. Patent Application Publications US 20090264320; US 20010031724; US 20030049785; US 20050158861; US 20070264716; US 20090325247; and US 20100190223, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Steroidal alkaloids metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof; steroidal saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof; or triterpenoid saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof, can be produced through such transgenic yeast. 
     In another embodiment, the nucleic acids disclosed herein can be transformed into a virus. In another embodiment, the nucleic acids may be over-expressed in a virus. Steroidal alkaloids metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof, steroidal saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof, or triterpenoid saponins, metabolites thereof, derivatives thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, or a combination thereof, can be produced through such viral over expression. 
     In some embodiments, in bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors can be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the polypeptide expressed. In one embodiment, large quantities of polypeptide are desired. In one embodiment, vectors that direct the expression of high levels of the protein product, possibly as a fusion with a hydrophobic signal sequence, which directs the expressed product into the periplasm of the bacteria or the culture medium where the protein product is readily purified are desired. In one embodiment, certain fusion protein engineered with a specific cleavage site to aid in recovery of the polypeptide. In one embodiment, vectors adaptable to such manipulation include, but are not limited to, the pET series of  Escherichia coli  expression vectors (Studier et al., Methods in Enzymol. 185:60-89 1990). 
     In some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence comprises the at least one heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encodes an enzyme. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encodes an enzyme of a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encodes an enzyme necessary for the production of a substrate or substrates of a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. 
     In some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence comprises the at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more heterologous genes. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encodes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more enzyme, wherein each gene encodes a single enzyme. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encodes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 enzymes of a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encodes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more enzymes of a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin pathway and an additional enzyme necessary for the production of a substrate of a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encodes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more enzymes of a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin pathway and additional enzymes necessary for the production of substrates of a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. 
     In some embodiments, the term “a nucleotide sequence” or “a polynucleotide sequence” encompasses a single contiguous polynucleotide sequence, and in other embodiments, the term encompasses multiple contiguous nucleotide sequences. 
     Based on the co-expressed gene array disclosed herein, a pathway from cholesterol to, e.g., α-tomatine is proposed ( FIG. 1 ). It has been previously described that cholesterol is hydroxylated at C22 by GAME7 (US 2012/0159676) followed by GAME8 hydroxylation at the C26 position. The 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol is than hydroxylated at C16 and oxidized at C22 followed by closure of the E-ring by GAME11 and GAME6 to form the furostanol-type aglycone. This order of reactions is supported by the finding herein showing the accumulation of cholestanol-type saponins, lacking hydroxylation at C16 and the hemi-acetal E-ring when silencing GAME11 ( FIGS. 8A-D ). The furostanol-intermediate is oxidized by GAME4 to its 26-aldehyde which is the substrate for transamination catalyzed by GAME12. Nucleophilic attack of the amino-nitrogen at C22 leads to the formation of tomatidenol which is dehydrogenated to tomatidine. Tomatidine is subsequently converted by GAME1 to T-Gal (Itkin et al., 2011 supra). T-Gal in its turn is glucosylated by GAME17 into γ-tomatine, which is further glucosylated by GAME18 to $1-tomatine that is finally converted to α-tomatine by GAME2 ( FIG. 1 ). 
     As described herein, by modifying expression of an enzyme and/or other protein involved in the biosynthetic pathway, the level of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal glycoalkaloids and steroidal saponin can be altered. 
     Silencing of a single gene co-expressed with the clustered enzyme-encoding gene in potato plant, resulted in significant reduction in the amount of the steroidal glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine, while overexpression of this gene resulted in significant increase in the content of these substances ( FIGS. 5 and 6 ). This gene was found to include coding sequence comprising an AP2 domain, and therefore postulated to be a transcription factor, designated herein GAME9-transcription factor, encoded by GAME9. 
     A genetically modified plant comprising at least one cell having altered expression of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a gene encoding GAME9-transcription factor, a gene encoding 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, a gene encoding basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH)-transcription factor or a combination thereof, wherein the genetically modified plant has an altered content of at least one steroidal alkaloid or a derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to a corresponding unmodified plant, has been produced. As exemplified herein for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (GAME11), manipulating the expression of the genes of the present invention can further lead to the manipulation of steroidal saponin synthesis. 
     Thus, according to additional aspect, provided herein is a genetically modified organism comprising at least one cell having altered expression of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a gene encoding GAME9-transcription factor, a gene encoding 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, a gene encoding basic helix-loop-helix (BHLH)-transcription factor or a combination thereof compared to an unmodified or unedited organism, wherein the genetically modified organism has an altered content of at least one compound selected from steroidal saponins and/or steroidal alkaloids and their glycosylated and other derivatives thereof, metabolites thereof, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified or unedited organism. 
     Unexpectedly, the present invention now shows that SGA levels can be severely reduced in potato tubers by modifying expression of an enzyme and/or transcription factors involved in the steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway. 
     According to certain embodiments, the expression of the at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a gene encoding GAME9-transcription factor, a gene encoding 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, a gene encoding BHLH-transcription factor or the combination thereof in the genetically modified plant is inhibited compared to its expression in the corresponding unmodified or unedited plant, thereby the genetically modified plant comprises reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid or a derivative, metabolite, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified plant. 
     The genes and encoded enzymes thereof, active in the spinach triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway of Compound 11, are described in detail in the Examples. Table 17, provided in Example 20, provides the amino acid and nucleic acid sequences of these enzyme and the genes encoding them. Table 19 provided in Example 24 provides the amino acid sequence of an additional CSLG enzyme, isolated from  Arabidopsis.    
     In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG enzyme is set forth in a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG enzyme is set forth in a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG enzyme is set forth in a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 61. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 163 In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105. 
     In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 61. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105. 
     In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55%, 60%. 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NO: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55%, 60%. 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% coverage to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NO: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 55. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 61. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105. 
     In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic enzyme, steroidal saponin biosynthetic enzyme, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic enzyme. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes, steroidal saponin biosynthetic enzymes, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic enzymes, or combinations thereof. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that sequence homology encompasses similarity of sequence attributed to descent from a common ancestor. Homologous biological components (genes, proteins, structures) are called homologs. The extent to which nucleotide or protein sequences are related. The similarity between two sequences (DNA, RNA, or amino acid) can be expressed as percent sequence identity and/or percent positive substitutions. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “homolog” encompasses a gene or a polypeptide (a protein) that is related to a second gene or polypeptide (protein), respectively, by descent from a common ancestral DNA or polypeptide (protein) sequence, respectively. Thus, a homolog of a gene, in some embodiments, comprises a similar nucleotide sequence to the gene. In some embodiments, a gene homolog encodes an identical polypeptide as is encoded by the gene. In some embodiments, a gene homolog encodes a polypeptide with the same functional properties as is encoded by the gene. In some embodiments, a gene homolog encodes a polypeptide that comprises a similar amino acid sequence as the polypeptide encoded by the gene. In one embodiment, the polypeptide homolog comprises a similar amino acid sequence as the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the polypeptide homolog comprises the same functional properties as the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the polypeptide homolog comprises similar functional properties as the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the polypeptide homolog comprises a same domain(s) as the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the polypeptide homolog comprises a similar domain(s) as the polypeptide. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that percent homology or percent identity may be determined, for example but no limited to, using BlastP software of the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using default parameters. The homolog may also refer to an ortholog, a deletion, insertion, or substitution variant, including an amino acid substitution. In some embodiments, sequence identity or homology can be determined using any protein or nucleic acid sequence alignment algorithm such as Blast, ClustalW, MUSCLE, and HHpred. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that homologs, may in some embodiments, have the same activity. In some embodiments, a SOAP gene homolog has the same activity as the corresponding SOAP gene. In some embodiments, a SOAP polypeptide homolog has the same enzyme activity as the corresponding SOAP polypeptide. In some embodiments, a SOAP5 homolog has the same enzyme activities as SOAP5. In some embodiments, a GAME gene homolog has the same activity as the corresponding GAME gene. In some embodiments, a GAME polypeptide homolog has the same enzyme activity as the corresponding GAME polypeptide. In some embodiments, a GAME15 homolog has the same enzyme activities as GAME15. In certain embodiments, a homolog of a CSLG gene encodes an enzyme having cellulose synthase like G activity. In certain embodiments, a homolog of a CSLG gene encodes an enzyme having glucuronic acid transferase activity. In certain embodiments, a homolog of a CSLG gene encodes an enzyme having cellulose synthase like G activity and glucuronic acid transferase activity.  FIGS. 42A and 42F  provide phylogenetic trees of cellulose synthase like enzymes, wherein the cellulose synthase like G subclade includes the SOAP5 and GAME15 enzymes described herein. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of said CSLG is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of said CSLG is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of said CSLG is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an at least one additional heterologous gene in addition to a heterologous CSLG gene, wherein the additional gene encodes
         (a) a β-amyrin synthase, and said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or   (b) a cytochrome P450, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or   (c) a glycosyl transferase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; or   (d) an acetyltransferase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or   (e) a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74; or   (f) any combination thereof of (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e).       

     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of said CSLG is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of said CSLG is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of said CSLG is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an at least one additional heterologous gene in addition to a heterologous CSLG gene, wherein the additional gene encodes
         (a) a β-amyrin synthase, and said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or   (b) a cytochrome P450, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or   (c) a glycosyl transferase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; or   (d) an acetyltransferase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or   (e) a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74; or   (f) any combination thereof of (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e).       

     In some embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence comprising an at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme disclosed here, comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homology to a sequence selected from 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme disclosed herein, comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identity to a sequence selected from 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme disclosed herein, comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from selected from 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identity to a sequence selected from 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, comprises a codon optimized gene sequence. 
     In some embodiments, optimizing a gene entails adapting the codon usage to the codon bias of host genes, which in one embodiment comprises a plant host. In some embodiments, optimizing a gene entails adapting the codon usage to the codon bias of host genes, which in one embodiment comprises a yeast host. In some embodiments, optimizing a gene entails adapting the codon usage to the codon bias of host genes, which in one embodiment comprises a algal host. Codon optimized gene sequences may in some embodiments, improve protein expression level in living organism by increasing translational efficiency of an at least one heterologous gene as described herein. In some embodiments, codon-optimization comprising codon optimization for expression in yeast. In some embodiments, codon-optimization comprising codon optimization for expression in algae. In some embodiments, codon-optimization comprising codon optimization for expression in a plant cell. 
     In some embodiments, the term “optimized” encompasses a desired change, which, in one embodiment, is a change in gene expression and, in another embodiment, in protein expression. In one embodiment, optimized gene expression is optimized regulation of gene expression. In another embodiment, optimized gene expression is an increase in gene expression. According to this aspect and in one embodiment, a 2-fold through 1000-fold increase in gene expression compared to wild-type is contemplated. In another embodiment, a 2-fold to 500-fold increase in gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 100-fold increase in gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 50-fold increase in gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 20-fold increase in gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 10-fold increase in gene expression, in another embodiment, a 3-fold to 5-fold increase in gene expression is contemplated. 
     In another embodiment, optimized gene expression may be an increase in gene expression under particular environmental conditions. In another embodiment, optimized gene expression may comprise a decrease in gene expression, which, in one embodiment, may be only under particular environmental conditions. 
     In another embodiment, optimized gene expression is an increased duration of gene expression. According to this aspect and in one embodiment, a 2-fold through 1000-fold increase in the duration of gene expression compared to wild-type is contemplated. In another embodiment, a 2-fold to 500-fold increase in the duration of gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 100-fold increase in the duration of gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 50-fold increase in the duration of gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 20-fold increase in the duration of gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 10-fold increase in the duration of gene expression, in another embodiment, a 3-fold to 5-fold increase in the duration of gene expression is contemplated. In another embodiment, the increased duration of gene expression is compared to gene expression in non-vector-expressing controls, or alternatively, compared to gene expression in wild-type-vector-expressing controls. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that in some embodiments, more than one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme is expressed in a genetically modified cell. In some embodiments, the cell comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding more than one heterologous gene. In other embodiments, when more than one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme is expressed in a genetically modified cell, multiple polynucleotide sequences may be used to encode the multiple heterologous genes, wherein a polynucleotide sequence may comprise one or more genes. In some embodiments, when more than one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme is expressed in a genetically modified cell, multiple polynucleotide sequences may be used to encode the multiple heterologous genes, wherein each polynucleotide sequence comprises one a single gene. In some embodiments, when more than one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme is expressed in a genetically modified cell, multiple polynucleotide sequences may be used to encode the multiple heterologous genes, wherein each polynucleotide sequence comprises one or more genes. 
     As disclosed throughout, in some embodiments a genetically modified cell comprises a plant cell. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant cell is comprised in a plant or plant part. In other embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises a yeast cell. In other embodiments a genetically modified cell comprises an algal cell. In other embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an insect cell. In other embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises a bacterium. 
     Additionally, a skilled artisan would appreciate that in some embodiments, more than one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme is expressed in a genetically modified plant. In some embodiments, the plant comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding more than one heterologous gene. In other embodiments, when more than one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme is expressed in a genetically modified plant, multiple polynucleotide sequences may be used to encode the multiple heterologous genes, wherein a polynucleotide sequence may comprise one or more genes. In some embodiments, when more than one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme is expressed in a genetically modified plant, multiple polynucleotide sequences may be used to encode the multiple heterologous genes, wherein each polynucleotide sequence comprises one a single gene. In some embodiments, when more than one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme is expressed in a genetically modified plant, multiple polynucleotide sequences may be used to encode the multiple heterologous genes, wherein each polynucleotide sequence comprises one or more genes. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene comprises the amino acid sequence of a steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic enzyme, a steroidal saponin biosynthetic enzyme, and/or a triterpenoid biosynthetic enzyme. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 64, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 60. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 69. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 64, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 60. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 69. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NO: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 64, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% coverage to the amino acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NO: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 64, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 64, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 60. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 69. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of an enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene is set forth in a sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104. 
     In some embodiments, the enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homology to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. In some embodiments, the enzyme encoded by the at least one heterologous gene comprises the amino acid sequence having at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 95% identity with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     In some embodiments, the enzyme encoded by an at least one heterologous gene comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homology to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. In some embodiments, the enzyme encoded by the at least one heterologous gene comprises the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 95% identity with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the encoded CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the encoded CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the encoded CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said encoded at least one additional heterologous gene encodes a β-amyrin synthase, said amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said encoded at least one additional heterologous gene encodes a cytochrome P450, said amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said encoded at least one additional heterologous gene encodes a glycosyl transferase, said amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said encoded at least one additional heterologous gene encodes an acetyltransferase, said amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of said encoded at least one additional heterologous gene encodes a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, said amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant cell has an altered expression of at least the endogenous CSLG gene compared to the expression of the endogenous CSLG in a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant cell has an altered expression of at least the endogenous CSLG gene compared to the expression of the endogenous CSLG in a corresponding unmodified cell, wherein the cell has an altered content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     Altering the expression of the endogenous CSLG affects the steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway, the steroidal saponin biosynthetic pathway, and/or the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway, and in some embodiments, results in concomitant alteration, respectively, in the steroidal alkaloid profile or intermediates of that pathway, in the steroidal saponin profile or intermediates of that pathway, or in the triterpenoid saponin profile or intermediates of that pathway. 
     In some embodiments, the altered expression in a genetically modified cells comprises increased CSLG expression compared with a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, increased expression results in an increased amount of the encoded enzyme. In some embodiments, increased expression of CSLG results in the alteration in the steroidal alkaloid profile comprising an increase in at least one steroidal alkaloid or an intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, increased expression of CSLG results in the alteration in the steroidal saponin profile comprising an increase in at least one steroidal saponin or an intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, increased expression of CSLG results in the alteration in the triterpenoid saponin profile comprising an increase in at least one triterpenoid saponin or an intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the altered expression in a genetically modified cells comprises decreased CSLG expression compared with a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments, decreased expression results in a decreased amount of the encoded enzyme. In some embodiments, decreased expression of CSLG results in the alteration in the steroidal alkaloid profile comprising a decrease in at least one steroidal alkaloid or an intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, decreased expression of CSLG results in the alteration in the steroidal saponin profile comprising a decrease in at least one steroidal saponin or an intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, decreased expression of CSLG results in the alteration in the triterpenoid saponin profile comprising a decrease in at least one triterpenoid saponin or an intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one cell having an altered endogenous CSLG gene expression comprises a plant cell. In some embodiments, the at least one cell having an altered endogenous CSLG gene expression comprises a plant cell comprised within a plant or plant part. In some embodiments, the at least one cell having an altered endogenous CSLG gene expression is a result of a mutation in said CSLG gene. In some embodiments, said mutation comprises at least one or more point mutations, or an insertion, or a deletion, or any combination thereof, wherein said expressed CSLG enzyme has increased stability or increased activity or both and the altered content comprises an increased amount of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. In some embodiments, said mutation comprises at least one or more point mutations, or an insertion, or a deletion, or any combination thereof, wherein said expressed CSLG enzyme has decreased stability or decreased activity or both and the altered content comprises a decreased amount of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     According to certain embodiments, expression of the endogenous CSLG gene is altered, the altering comprising mutagenizing the CSLG gene, wherein the mutagenesis comprises introduction of one or more point mutations, insertions, deletions, or genome editing, or use of a bacterial CRISPR/CAS system, or a combination thereof. According to certain embodiments, expression of the gene encoding the CLSG enzyme is increased compared to its expression in the corresponding unmodified plant, thereby the genetically modified plant comprises increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. According to certain embodiments, expression of the gene encoding the CLSG enzyme is decreased compared to its expression in the corresponding unmodified plant, thereby the genetically modified plant comprises decreased content at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; decreased content at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or decreased content at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     Inserting a mutation to the CSLG gene, including deletions, insertions, site specific mutations, zinc-finger nucleases and the like can be used for example for upregulation of gene expression, increased stability of the expressed CSLG enzyme, increased activity of the CSLG enzyme, down-regulation of the gene expression, decreased stability of the expressed CSLG enzyme, decreased activity of the CSLG enzyme, or elimination of activity of the CSLG enzyme. 
     According to certain embodiments, a mutated CSLG gene comprises a polynucleotide having at least one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence of a CSLG gene, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of said CSLG is set forth in any one SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, or a complementary sequence thereof. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that a genetically modified plant may encompass a plant comprising at least one cell genetically modified by man. In some embodiments, the genetic modification includes modification of an endogenous gene(s), for example by introducing mutation(s) deletions, insertions, transposable element(s) and the like into an endogenous polynucleotide or gene of interest. Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, the genetic modification includes transforming at least one plant cell with a heterologous polynucleotide or multiple heterologous polynucleotides. The skilled artisan would appreciate that a genetically modified plant comprising transforming at least one plant cell with a heterologous polynucleotide or multiple heterologous polynucleotides may in certain embodiments be termed a “transgenic plant” or a “genetically modified plant” having the same meanings and qualities. 
     Altering the expression of an endogenous CSLG gene may in certain embodiments be achieved by the introduction of one or more point mutations into a nucleic acid molecule encoding the corresponding protein. Mutations can be introduced using, for example, site-directed mutagenesis (see, e.g., Wu Ed., 1993 Meth. In Enzymol. Vol. 217, San Diego: Academic Press; Higuchi, “Recombinant PCR” in Innis et al. Eds., 1990 PCR Protocols, San Diego: Academic Press, Inc). Such mutagenesis can be used to introduce a specific, desired amino acid insertion, deletion or substitution. Several technologies for targeted mutagenesis are based on the targeted induction of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the genome followed by error-prone DNA repair. Mostly commonly used for genome editing by these methods are custom designed nucleases, including zinc finger nucleases, endonucleases including meganucleases, and  Xanthomonas -derived transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) enzymes. 
     In some embodiments, when the expression of the CSLG gene is altered, said altering comprises mutagenizing CSLG gene, said mutation present within a coding region of said CSLG gene, or a regulatory sequence of said CSLG gene, or a combination thereof. 
     Various types of mutagenesis can be used to modify CSLG and the encoded enzyme thereof in order to produce conservative or non-conservative variants. Any available mutagenesis procedure can be used. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises site-directed point mutagenesis. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises random point mutagenesis. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises in vitro or in vivo homologous recombination (DNA shuffling). In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises mutagenesis using uracil-containing templates. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises phosphorothioate-modified DNA mutagenesis. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises mutagenesis using gapped duplex DNA. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises point mismatch repair. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises mutagenesis using repair-deficient host strains. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises restriction-selection and restriction-purification. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises deletion mutagenesis. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises mutagenesis by total gene synthesis. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises double-strand break repair. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises mutagenesis by chimeric constructs. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises mutagenesis by a meganuclease. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises mutagenesis by zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN). In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises mutagenesis by transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN). In some embodiments, the mutagenesis procedure comprises any other mutagenesis procedure known to a person skilled in the art. 
     In some embodiments, mutagenesis can be guided by known information about the naturally occurring molecule and/or the mutated molecule. By way of example, this known information may include sequence, sequence comparisons, physical properties, crystal structure and the like. In some embodiments, the mutagenesis is essentially random. In some embodiments the mutagenesis procedure is DNA shuffling. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein (Cas) system comprises genome engineering tools based on the bacterial CRISPR/Cas prokaryotic adaptive immune system. This RNA-based technology is very specific and allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA, resulting in gene modifications by both non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms (Belhaj K. et al., 2013. Plant Methods 2013, 9:39). In some embodiments, a CRISPR/Cas system comprises a CRISPR/Cas9 system. 
     In some embodiments, a CRISPR/Cas system comprises a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) and/or a Cas protein known in the art. In some embodiments, a CRISPR/Cas system comprises a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) and/or a Cas protein newly created to cleave at a preselected site. The skilled artisan would appreciate that the terms “single-guide RNA”, “sgRNA”, and “gRNA” are interchangeable having all the same qualities and meanings, wherein an sgRNA may encompass a chimeric RNA molecule which is composed of a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-encoded CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA). In some embodiments, a crRNA is complementary to a preselected region of GAME15 DNA, wherein the crRNA “targets” the CRISPR associated polypeptide (Cas) nuclease protein to the preselected target site. 
     In some embodiments, the length of crRNA sequence complementary is 19-22 nucleotides long e.g., 19-22 consecutive nucleotides complementary to the target site. In another embodiment, the length of crRNA sequence complementary to the region of DNA is about 15-30 nucleotides long. In another embodiment, the length of crRNA sequence complementary to the region of DNA is about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides long. In another embodiment, the length of crRNA sequence complementary to the region of DNA is 20 nucleotides long. In some embodiments, the crRNA is located at the 5′ end of the sgRNA molecule. In another embodiment, the crRNA comprises 100% complementation within the preselected target sequence. In another embodiment, the crRNA comprises at least 80% complementation within the preselected target sequence. In another embodiment, the crRNA comprises at least 85% complementation within the preselected target sequence. In another embodiment, the crRNA comprises at least 90% complementation within the preselected target sequence. In another embodiment, the crRNA comprises at least 95% complementation within the preselected target sequence. In another embodiment, the crRNA comprises at least 97% complementation within the preselected target sequence. In another embodiment, the crRNA comprises at least 99% complementation within the preselected target sequence. In another embodiment, a tracrRNA is 100-300 nucleotides long and provides a binding site for the Cas nuclease, e.g., a Cas9 protein forming the CRISPR/Cas9 complex. 
     In one embodiment, a mutagenesis system comprises a CRISPR/Cas system. In another embodiment, a CRISPR/Cas system comprises a Cas nuclease and a gRNA molecule, wherein said gRNA molecule binds within said preselected endogenous target site thereby guiding said Cas nuclease to cleave the DNA within said preselected endogenous target site. 
     In some embodiments, a CRISPR/Cas system comprise an enzyme system including a guide RNA sequence (“gRNA” or “sgRNA”) that contains a nucleotide sequence complementary or substantially complementary to a region of a target polynucleotide, for example a preselected endogenous target site, and a protein with nuclease activity. 
     In another embodiment, a CRISPR/Cas system comprises a Type I CRISPR-Cas system, or a Type II CRISPR-Cas system, or a Type III CRISPR-Cas system, or derivatives thereof. In another embodiment, a CRISPR-Cas system comprises an engineered and/or programmed nuclease system derived from naturally accruing CRISPR-Cas systems. In another embodiment, a CRISPR-Cas system comprises engineered and/or mutated Cas proteins. In another embodiment, a CRISPR-Cas system comprises engineered and/or programmed guide RNA. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that a guide RNA may contain nucleotide sequences other than the region complementary or substantially complementary to a region of a target DNA sequence, for example a preselected endogenous target site. In another embodiment, a guide RNA comprises a crRNA or a derivative thereof. In another embodiment, a guide RNA comprises a crRNA: tracrRNA chimera. 
     In another embodiment, a gRNA molecule comprises a domain that is complementary to and binds to a preselected endogenous target site on at least one homologous chromosome. In another embodiment, a gRNA molecule comprises a domain that is complementary to and binds to a polymorphic allele on at least one homologous chromosome. In another embodiment, a gRNA molecule comprises a domain that is complementary to and binds to a preselected endogenous target site on both homologous chromosomes. In another embodiment, a gRNA molecule comprises a domain that is complementary to and binds to polymorphic alleles on both homologous chromosomes. 
     Cas enzymes comprise RNA-guided DNA endonuclease able to make double-stranded breaks (DSB) in DNA. The term “Cas enzyme” may be used interchangeably with the terms “CRISPR-associated endonucleases” or “CRISPR-associated polypeptides” having all the same qualities and meanings. In one embodiment, a Cas enzyme is selected from the group comprising Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9, Cas10, C2cl, CasX, NgAgo, Cpf1, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, and Csf4, or homologs thereof, or modified versions thereof. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas9. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas1. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas1B. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas2. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas3. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas4. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas5. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas6. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas7. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas8. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cas10. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cpf1. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csy1. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csy2. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csy3. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cse1. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cse2. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csc1. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csc2. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csa5. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csn2. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csm2. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csm3. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csm4. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csm5. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csm6. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cmr1. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cmr3. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cmr4. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cmr5. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cmr6. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csb1. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csb2. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csb3. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csx17. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csx14. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csx10. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csx16, CsaX. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csx3. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csx1, Csx15, Csf1. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csf2. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csf3. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Csf4. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises Cpf1. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises C2cl. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises CasX. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme comprises NgAgo. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme is Cas homologue. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme is a Cas orthologue. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme is a modified Cas enzyme. In another embodiment, a Cas enzyme is any CRISPR-associated endonucleases known in the art. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that the terms “zinc finger nuclease” or “ZFN” are interchangeable having all the same meanings and qualities, wherein a ZFN encompasses a chimeric protein molecule comprising at least one zinc finger DNA binding domain operatively linked to at least one nuclease capable of double-strand cleaving of DNA. In some embodiments, a ZFN system comprises a ZFN known in the art. In some embodiments, a ZFN system comprises a ZFN newly created to cleave a preselected site. 
     In some embodiments, a ZFN creates a double-stranded break at a preselected endogenous target site. In some embodiments, a ZFN comprises a DNA-binding domain and a DNA-cleavage domain, wherein the DNA binding domain is comprised of at least one zinc finger and is operatively linked to a DNA-cleavage domain. In another embodiment, a zinc finger DNA-binding domain is at the N-terminus of the chimeric protein molecule and the DNA-cleavage domain is located at the C-terminus of the molecule. In another embodiment, a zinc finger DNA-binding domain is at the C-terminus of the chimeric protein molecule and the DNA-cleavage domain is located at the N-terminus of the molecule. In another embodiment, a zinc finger binding domain encompasses the region in a zinc finger nuclease that is capable of binding to a target locus, for example a preselected endogenous target site as disclosed herein. In another embodiment, a zinc finger DNA-binding domain comprises a protein domain that binds to a preselected endogenous target site on at least one homologous chromosome. In another embodiment, a zinc finger DNA-binding domain comprises a protein domain that binds to a polymorphic allele on at least one homologous chromosome. In another embodiment, a zinc finger DNA-binding domain comprises a protein domain that binds to a preselected endogenous target site on both homologous chromosomes. In another embodiment, a zinc finger DNA-binding domain comprises a protein domain that binds to polymorphic alleles on both homologous chromosomes. 
     The skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “chimeric protein” is used to describe a protein that has been expressed from a DNA molecule that has been created by operatively joining two or more DNA fragments. The DNA fragments may be from the same species, or they may be from a different species. The DNA fragments may be from the same or a different gene. The skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “DNA cleavage domain” of a ZFN encompasses the region in the zinc finger nuclease that is capable of breaking down the chemical bonds between nucleic acids in a nucleotide chain. Examples of proteins containing cleavage domains include restriction enzymes, topoisomerases, recombinases, integrases and DNAses. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that endonucleases include meganucleases, also known as homing endonucleases (HEases), which like restriction endonucleases, bind and cut at a specific DSB target site, however the DSB target sites for meganucleases are typically longer, about 18 bp or more. Meganuclease domains, structure and function are known, see for example, Guhan and Muniyappa (2003) Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 38:199-248; Lucas et al., (2001) Nucleic Acids Res 29:960-9; Jurica and Stoddard, (1999) Cell Mol Life Sci 55:1304-26; Stoddard, (2006) Q Rev Biophys 38:49-95; and Moure et al., (2002) Nat Struct Biol 9:764. In some examples a naturally occurring variant, and/or engineered derivative meganudease is used. Any meganudease can be used herein, including, but not limited to, l-Scel, l-Scell, l-Scelll, l-ScelV, l-SceV, l-SceVl, l-SceVII, l-Ceul, l-CeuAIIP, l-Crel, I-CrepsblP, l-CrepsbllP, l-CrepsblllP, l-CrepsblVP, l-Tlil, l-Ppol, Pl-Pspl, F-Scel, F-Scell, F-Suvl, F-Tevl, F-Tevll, l-Amal, l-Anil, l-Chul, l-Cmoel, l-Cpal, l-Cpall, I-Csml, l-Cvul, l-CvuAIP, l-Ddil, l-Ddill, l-Dirl, l-Dmol, l-Hmul, l-Hmull, l-HsNIP, l-Llal, l-Msol, l-Naal, l-Nanl, l-NcllP, l-NgrIP, l-Nitl, l-Njal, l-Nsp236IP, l-Pakl, l-PbolP, I-PculP, l-PcuAI, l-PcuVI, l-PgrIP, l-PoblP, l-Porl, l-PorllP, l-PbpIP, l-SpBetalP, I-Scal, l-SexlP, l-SnelP, l-Spoml, l-SpomCP, l-SpomlP, l-SpomllP, l-SqulP, I-Ssp68031, l-SthPhiJP, l-SthPhiST3P, l-SthPhiSTe3bP, l-TdelP, l-Tevl, l-Tevll, I-Tevlll, l-UarAP, l-UarHGPAIP, l-UarHGPA13P, l-VinIP, l-ZbilP, Pl-Mtul, PI-MtuHIP PI-MtuHIIP, Pl-Pful, Pl-Pfull, Pl-Pkol, Pl-Pkoll, PI-Rma438121P, PI-SpBetalP, Pl-Scel, Pl-Tful, Pl-Tfull, Pl-Thyl, PI-Tlil, PI-Tlill, or any active variants or fragments thereof. TAL effector nucleases can be used to make double-strand breaks at specific target sequences in the genome of a plant or other organism. TAL effector nucleases can be created by fusing a native or engineered transcription activatorlike (TAL) effector, or functional part thereof, to the catalytic domain of an endonuclease, such as, for example, Fokl. The unique, modular TAL effector DNA binding domain allows for the design of proteins with potentially any given DNA recognition specificity. Thus, the DNA binding domains of the TAL effector nucleases can be engineered to recognize specific DNA target sites and thus, used to make double-strand breaks at desired target sequences. See, WO 2010/079430; Morbitzer et al. (2010) PNAS 10.1073/pnas.1013133107; Scholze &amp; Boch (2010) Virulence 1:428-432; Christian et al. Genetics (2010) 186:757-761; Li et al. (2010) Nuc. Acids Res. (2010) doi:10.1093/nar/gkg704; and Miller et al. (2011) Nature Biotechnology 29:143-148; all of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     In some embodiments, a TALEN system comprises a TAL effector DNA binding domain and a DNA cleavage domain, wherein said TAL effector DNA binding domain binds within said preselected endogenous target site, thereby targeting the DNA cleavage domain to cleave the DNA within said preselected endogenous target site. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that the terms “transcription activator-like effector nuclease”, “TALEN”, and “TAL effector nuclease” may be used interchangeably having all the same meanings and qualities, wherein a TALEN encompasses a nuclease capable of recognizing and cleaving its target site, for example a preselected endogenous target site as disclosed herein. In another embodiment, a TALEN comprises a fusion protein comprising a TALE domain and a nucleotide cleavage domain. In another embodiment, a TALE domain comprises a protein domain that binds to a nucleotide in a sequence-specific manner through one or more TALE-repeat modules. A skilled artisan would recognize that TALE-repeat modules comprise a variable number of about 34 amino acid repeats that recognize plant DNA sequences. Further, repeat modules can be rearranged according to a simple cipher to target new DNA sequences. In another embodiment, a TALE domain comprises a protein domain that binds to a preselected endogenous target site on at least one homologous chromosome. In another embodiment, a TALE domain comprises a protein domain that binds to a polymorphic allele on at least one homologous chromosome. In another embodiment, a TALE domain comprises a protein domain that binds to a preselected endogenous target site on both homologous chromosomes. In another embodiment, a TALE domain comprises a protein domain that binds to polymorphic alleles on both homologous chromosomes. 
     In one embodiment, a TALE domain comprises at least one of the TALE-repeat modules. In another embodiment, a TALE domain comprises from one to thirty TALE-repeat modules. In another embodiment, a TALE domain comprises more than thirty repeat modules. In another embodiment, a TALEN fusion protein comprises an N-terminal domain, one or more of TALE-repeat modules followed by a half-repeat module, a linker, and a nucleotide cleavage domain. 
     Chemical mutagenesis using an agent such as Ethyl Methyl Sulfonate (EMS) can be employed to obtain a population of point mutations and screen for mutants of the CSGL gene that may become silent or down-regulated. In plants, methods relaying on introgression of genes from natural populations can be used. Cultured and wild types species are crossed repetitively such that a plant comprising a given segment of the wild genome is isolated. Certain plant species, for example, maize (corn) and snapdragon, have natural transposons. These transposons are either autonomous, i.e. the transposase is located within the transposon sequence or non-autonomous, without a transposase. A skilled person can cause transposons to “jump” and create mutations. Alternatively, a nucleic acid sequence can be synthesized having random nucleotides at one or more predetermined positions to generate random amino acid substituting. 
     In some embodiments, the expression of an endogenous CSLG gene can be altered by the introduction of one or more point mutations into their regulatory sequences. In some embodiments, the expression of a heterologous CSLG gene can be altered by the introduction of one or more point mutations into their regulatory sequences. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that “regulatory sequences” refers to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. In some embodiments, regulatory sequences comprise promoters. In some embodiments, regulatory sequences comprise translation leader sequences. In some embodiments, regulatory sequences comprise introns. In some embodiments, regulatory sequences comprise polyadenylation recognition sequences. In some embodiments, regulatory sequences comprise RNA processing sites. In some embodiments, regulatory sequences comprise effector binding sites. In some embodiments, regulatory sequences comprise stem-loop structures. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that “promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. In some embodiments, a coding sequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions. In some embodiments, the promoter comprises a constitutive promoter, i.e., a promoter that causes a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times. In some embodiments, the promoter comprises a regulated promoter, i.e., a promoter that causes a gene to be expressed in response to sporadic specific stimuli. It is further recognized that in many cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined yet. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “3′ non-coding sequences” or “transcription terminator” refers to DNA sequences located downstream of a coding sequence. In some embodiments, 3′ non-coding sequences comprise polyadenylation recognition sequences. In some embodiments, 3′ non-coding sequences comprise sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing. In some embodiments, 3′ non-coding sequences comprise sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usually characterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor. In some embodiments, mutations in the 3′ non-coding sequences affect gene transcription. In some embodiments, mutations in the 3′ non-coding sequences affect RNA processing. In some embodiments, mutations in the 3′ non-coding sequences affect gene stability. In some embodiments, mutations in the 3′ non-coding sequences affect translation of the associated coding sequence. 
     According to certain embodiments, expression of the gene encoding the CSLG enzyme is reduced compared to its expression in the corresponding unmodified plant, thereby the genetically modified plant comprises reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate; reduced content of at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate; or reduced content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     According to certain embodiments, the genetically modified plant is a transgenic plant comprising at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to a polynucleotide encoding a CLSG enzyme. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises a polynucleotide encoding a CLSG enzyme, wherein expression of the polynucleotide expression is selectively silenced, repressed, or reduced. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises a polynucleotide encoding a CSLG enzyme, wherein the polynucleotide has been selectively edited by deletion, insertion, or modification to silence, repress, or reduce expression thereof, or wherein the genetically modified plant is a progeny of the gene edited plant. 
     According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to a CSLG gene. 
     In some embodiments, said endogenous CSLG gene is selectively silenced, repressed, or has reduced expression and said altered content comprises a reduced amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a reduced amount of the at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof: or a reduced amount of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. wherein when said endogenous CSLG gene is selectively silenced, repressed, or has reduced expression, said cell further comprises at least one silencing molecule targeted to the polynucleotide encoding said CSLG gene, wherein the silencing molecule is selected from an RNA interference molecule or an antisense molecule, or wherein the silencing molecule is a component of a viral induced gene silencing system. 
     According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 80. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103. According to certain embodiments, the transgenic plant comprises at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105. 
     According to certain embodiments, the silencing molecule is selected from the group consisting of an RNA interference molecule and an antisense molecule, or wherein the silencing molecule is a component of a viral induced gene silencing system. According to certain embodiments, the silencing molecule comprises a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence substantially complementary to a region of a CSLG gene having the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, or a complementary sequence thereof. In some embodiments, an antisense molecule silencing, repressing, or reducing the expression of CSLG in a plant or plant cell comprises a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence substantially complementary to a region of a CSLG gene having the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, or a complementary sequence thereof. In some embodiments, an antisense molecule silencing, repressing, or reducing the expression of CSLG in a plant or plant cell has the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108. In some embodiments, a VIGs molecule silencing, repressing, or reducing the expression of CSLG in a plant or plant cell has the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 106 or SEQ ID NO: 107. According to certain embodiments, the silencing molecule is targeted to a CSLG fragment having the nucleic acid sequence within the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, or a complementary sequence thereof. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant comprising said plant cell has a reduced content of a triterpenoid saponin, a metabolite thereof, a derivative thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     According to certain embodiments, the genetically modified or gene edited plant comprise at least one cell comprising at least one silencing molecule targeted to a CSLG gene. According to some embodiments, the at least one silencing molecule is selected from the group consisting of RNA interference molecule and antisense molecule. According to these embodiments, the genetically modified plant comprises reduced content of a steroidal alkaloid or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a steroidal saponin or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a triterpenoid saponin or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     The silencing molecule target to a CSLG gene can be designed as is known to a person skilled in the art. According to certain embodiments, the silencing molecule comprises a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence substantially complementary to a region of a CSLG gene, for example, but not limited to GAME15 or homologs thereof disclosed herein in tomato, wild tomato, potato, wild potato, and eggplant, or to a complementary sequence of the GAME15 gene. According to certain embodiments, the silencing molecule comprises a polynucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence substantially complementary to a region of a CSLG gene, for example, but not limited to SOAP5 or homologs thereof disclosed herein in Chinese licorice,  Arabidopsis , red beet,  quinoa , alfalfa, soybean, or  Lotus japonicus , or to a complementary sequence of the SOAP5 gene. 
     According to certain embodiments, the silencing molecule is an antisense RNA. 
     According to certain exemplary embodiments, the silencing molecule is an RNA interference (RNAi) molecule. According to some embodiments, the silencing molecule is a double-stranded (ds)RNA molecule. According to certain embodiments, the first and the second polynucleotides are separated by a spacer. According to some embodiments, the spacer sequence is an intron. According to yet further embodiments, the expression of the first and the second polynucleotides is derived from one promoter. According to other embodiments, expression of the first and the second polynucleotides are derived from two promoters; the promoters can be identical or different. 
     In some embodiments, the term “RNA interference” or “RNAi” encompasses the silencing or decreasing of gene expression mediated by small double stranded RNAs. It is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by inhibitory RNA (iRNA) that is homologous in its duplex region to the sequence of the silenced gene. The gene may be endogenous or exogenous to the organism, present integrated into a chromosome or present in a transfection vector that is not integrated into the genome. The expression of the gene is either completely or partially inhibited. RNAi may also be considered to inhibit the function of a target RNA; the function of the target RNA may be complete or partial. 
     Typically, the term RNAi molecule refers to single- or double-stranded RNA molecules comprising both a sense and antisense sequence. For example, the RNA interference molecule can be a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule comprising self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises complementarity to a target nucleic acid molecule. Alternatively the RNAi molecule can be a single-stranded hairpin polynucleotide having self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises complementarity to a target nucleic acid molecule or it can be a circular single-stranded polynucleotide having two or more loop structures and a stem comprising self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises complementarity to a target nucleic acid molecule, and wherein the circular polynucleotide can be processed either in vivo or in vitro to generate an active molecule capable of mediating RNAi. 
     Antisense technology is the process in which an antisense RNA or DNA molecule interacts with a target sense DNA or RNA strand. A sense strand is a 5′ to 3′ mRNA molecule or DNA molecule. The complementary strand, or mirror strand, to the sense is called an antisense. When an antisense strand interacts with a sense mRNA strand, the double helix is recognized as foreign to the cell and will be degraded, resulting in reduced or absent protein production. Although DNA is already a double stranded molecule, antisense technology can be applied to it, building a triplex formation. 
     One skilled in the art would appreciate that the terms “complementary” or “complement thereof” are used herein to encompass the sequences of polynucleotides which is capable of forming Watson &amp; Crick base pairing with another specified polynucleotide throughout the entirety of the complementary region. This term is applied to pairs of polynucleotides based solely upon their sequences and not any particular set of conditions under which the two polynucleotides would actually bind. 
     Antisense modulation of cell and/or tissue levels of CSLG may be effected by transforming the cell or tissue with at least one antisense compound, including antisense DNA, antisense RNA, a ribozyme, DNAzyme, a locked nucleic acid (LNA), and an aptamer. In some embodiments, the molecules are chemically modified. In other embodiments, the antisense molecule is antisense DNA or an antisense DNA analog. 
     RNA antisense strands can be either catalytic or non-catalytic. The catalytic antisense strands, also called ribozymes, cleave the RNA molecule at specific sequences. A non-catalytic RNA antisense strand blocks further RNA processing. 
     Antisense modulation of cells and/or tissue levels of the CSLG gene may be effected by transforming the organism cells or tissues with at least one antisense compound, including antisense DNA, antisense RNA, a ribozyme, DNAzyme, a locked nucleic acid (LNA), a VIGs, and an aptamer. In some embodiments the molecules are chemically modified. In other embodiments, the antisense molecule is antisense DNA or an antisense DNA analog. 
     RNAi refers to the introduction of homologous double stranded RNA (dsRNA) to target a specific gene product, resulting in post transcriptional silencing of that gene. This phenomenon was first reported in  Caenorhabditis elegans  by Guo and Kemphues (1995, Cell, 81(4):611-620) and subsequently Fire et al. (1998, Nature 391:806-811) discovered that it is the presence of dsRNA, formed from the annealing of sense and antisense strands present in the in vitro RNA preps, that is responsible for producing the interfering activity 
     In both plants and animals, RNAi is mediated by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a sequence-specific, multicomponent nuclease that destroys messenger RNAs homologous to the silencing trigger. RISC is known to contain short RNAs (approximately 22 nucleotides) derived from the double-stranded RNA trigger. The short-nucleotide RNA sequences are homologous to the target gene that is being suppressed. Thus, the short-nucleotide sequences appear to serve as guide sequences to instruct a multicomponent nuclease, RISC, to destroy the specific mRNAs. 
     The dsRNA used to initiate RNAi, may be isolated from native source or produced by known means, e.g., transcribed from DNA. Plasmids and vectors for generating RNAi molecules against target sequence are now readily available from commercial sources. 
     The dsRNA can be transcribed from the vectors as two separate strands. In other embodiments, the two strands of DNA used to form the dsRNA may belong to the same or two different duplexes in which they each form with a DNA strand of at least partially complementary sequence. When the dsRNA is thus-produced, the DNA sequence to be transcribed is flanked by two promoters, one controlling the transcription of one of the strands, and the other that of the complementary strand. These two promoters may be identical or different. Alternatively, a single promoter can derive the transcription of single-stranded hairpin polynucleotide having self-complementary sense and antisense regions that anneal to produce the dsRNA. 
     Inhibition is sequence-specific in that nucleotide sequences corresponding to the duplex region of the RNA are targeted for genetic inhibition. RNA molecules containing a nucleotide sequence identical to a portion of the target gene are preferred for inhibition. RNA sequences with insertions, deletions, and single point mutations relative to the target sequence have also been found to be effective for inhibition. Thus, sequence identity may be optimized by sequence comparison and alignment algorithms known in the art (see Gribskov and Devereux, Sequence Analysis Primer, Stockton Press, 1991, and references cited therein) and calculating the percent difference between the nucleotide sequences by, for example, the Smith-Waterman algorithm as implemented in the BESTFIT software program using default parameters (e.g., University of Wisconsin Genetic Computing Group). Greater than 90% sequence identity, or even 100% sequence identity, between the inhibitory RNA and the portion of the target gene is preferred. Alternatively, the duplex region of the RNA may be defined functionally as a nucleotide sequence that is capable of hybridizing with a portion of the target gene transcript. The length of the identical nucleotide sequences may be at least 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 bases. There is no upper limit on the length of the dsRNA that can be used. For example, the dsRNA can range from about 21 base pairs (bp) of the gene to the full length of the gene or more. 
     The term “RNA interference” or “RNAi” refers to the silencing or decreasing of gene expression mediated by small double stranded RNAs. It is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by inhibitory RNA (iRNA) that is homologous in its duplex region to the sequence of the silenced gene. The gene may be endogenous or exogenous to the organism, present integrated into a chromosome or present in a transfection vector that is not integrated into the genome. The expression of the gene is either completely or partially inhibited. RNAi may also be considered to inhibit the function of a target RNA; the function of the target RNA may be complete or partial. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the term RNAi molecule refers to single- or double-stranded RNA molecules comprising both a sense and antisense sequence. For example, the RNA interference molecule can be a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule comprising self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises complementarity to a target nucleic acid molecule. Alternatively the RNAi molecule can be a single-stranded hairpin polynucleotide having self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises complementarity to a target nucleic acid molecule or it can be a circular single-stranded polynucleotide having two or more loop structures and a stem comprising self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises complementarity to a target nucleic acid molecule, and wherein the circular polynucleotide can be processed either in vivo or in vitro to generate an active molecule capable of mediating RNAi. 
     In some embodiments, the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to down regulate the expression of a CSLG gene is to attenuate the level in plants or a cell thereof or part thereof. In both plants and animals, RNAi is mediated by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a sequence-specific, multicomponent nuclease that destroys messenger RNAs homologous to the silencing trigger. RISC is known to contain short RNAs (approximately 22 nucleotides) derived from the double-stranded RNA trigger. The short-nucleotide RNA sequences are homologous to the target gene that is being suppressed. Thus, the short-nucleotide sequences appear to serve as guide sequences to instruct a multicomponent nuclease, RISC, to destroy the specific mRNAs. 
     The dsRNA used to initiate RNAi, may be isolated from native source or produced by known means, e.g., transcribed from DNA. Plasmids and vectors for generating RNAi molecules against target sequence are now readily available as exemplified herein below. 
     According to certain exemplary embodiments, the dsRNA is targeted to CSLG. 
     In some embodiments, the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to down regulate the expression of a CSLG gene is to attenuate the level of in plants or a cell thereof or part thereof. In both plants and animals, RNAi is mediated by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a sequence-specific, multicomponent nuclease that destroys messenger RNAs homologous to the silencing trigger. RISC is known to contain short RNAs (approximately 22 nucleotides) derived from the double-stranded RNA trigger. The short-nucleotide RNA sequences are homologous to the target gene that is being suppressed. Thus, the short-nucleotide sequences appear to serve as guide sequences to instruct a multicomponent nuclease, RISC, to destroy the specific mRNAs. 
     The dsRNA used to initiate RNAi, may be isolated from native source or produced by known means, e.g., transcribed from DNA. Plasmids and vectors for generating RNAi molecules against target sequence are now readily available as exemplified herein below. 
     The dsRNA can be transcribed from the vectors as two separate strands. In other embodiments, the two strands of DNA used to form the dsRNA may belong to the same or two different duplexes in which they each form with a DNA strand of at least partially complementary sequence. When the dsRNA is thus-produced, the DNA sequence to be transcribed is flanked by two promoters, one controlling the transcription of one of the strands, and the other that of the complementary strand. These two promoters may be identical or different. Alternatively, a single promoter can derive the transcription of single-stranded hairpin polynucleotide having self-complementary sense and antisense regions that anneal to produce the dsRNA. 
     Inhibition is sequence-specific in that nucleotide sequences corresponding to the duplex region of the RNA are targeted for genetic inhibition. RNA molecules containing a nucleotide sequence identical to a portion of the target gene are preferred for inhibition. RNA sequences with insertions, deletions, and single point mutations relative to the target sequence have also been found to be effective for inhibition. Thus, sequence identity may optimized by sequence comparison and alignment algorithms known in the art (see Gribskov and Devereux, Sequence Analysis Primer, Stockton Press, 1991, and references cited therein) and calculating the percent difference between the nucleotide sequences by, for example, the Smith-Waterman algorithm as implemented in the BESTFIT software program using default parameters (e.g., University of Wisconsin Genetic Computing Group). Greater than 90% sequence identity, or even 100% sequence identity, between the inhibitory RNA and the portion of the target gene is preferred. Alternatively, the duplex region of the RNA may be defined functionally as a nucleotide sequence that is capable of hybridizing with a portion of the target gene transcript. The length of the identical nucleotide sequences may be at least 25, 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 bases. There is no upper limit on the length of the dsRNA that can be used. For example, the dsRNA can range from about 21 base pairs (bp) of the gene to the full length of the gene or more. 
     Another agent capable of down-regulating the expression of CSLG is a Co-Suppression molecule. Co-suppression is a post-transcriptional mechanism where both the transgene and the endogenous gene are silenced. 
     Another agent capable of down-regulating the expression of CSLG is a DNAzyme molecule, which is capable of specifically cleaving an mRNA transcript or a DNA sequence of the CSLG. DNAzymes are single-stranded polynucleotides that are capable of cleaving both single- and double-stranded target sequences. A general model (the “10-23” model) for the DNAzyme has been proposed. “10-23” DNAzymes have a catalytic domain of 15 deoxyribonucleotides, flanked by two substrate-recognition domains of seven to nine deoxyribonucleotides each. This type of DNAzyme can effectively cleave its substrate RNA at purine:pyrimidine junctions (for review of DNAzymes, see: Khachigian, L. M. (2002) Curr Opin Mol Ther 4, 119-121). 
     Examples of construction and amplification of synthetic, engineered DNAzymes recognizing single- and double-stranded target cleavage sites are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,174. 
     The terms “enzymatic nucleic acid molecule” or “enzymatic oligonucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid molecule which has complementarity in a substrate binding region to a specified gene target, and also has an enzymatic activity which is active to specifically cleave target RNA of CSLG, thereby silencing the gene. The complementary regions allow sufficient hybridization of the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule to the target RNA and subsequent cleavage. The term enzymatic nucleic acid is used interchangeably with for example, ribozymes, catalytic RNA, enzymatic RNA, catalytic DNA, aptazyme or aptamer-binding ribozyme, catalytic oligonucleotide, nucleozyme, DNAzyme, RNAenzyme. The specific enzymatic nucleic acid molecules described in the instant application are not limiting and an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of disclosed herein requires a specific substrate binding site which is complementary to one or more of the target nucleic acid regions, and that it have nucleotide sequences within or surrounding that substrate binding site which impart a nucleic acid cleaving and/or ligation activity to the molecule. U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071 discloses examples of such molecules. 
     According to certain embodiments, the CSLG gene or a silencing molecule targeted thereto form part of an expression vector comprising all necessary elements for expression of the gene or its silencing molecule. According to certain embodiments, the expression is controlled by a constitutive promoter. According to certain embodiments, the constitutive promoter is specific to a plant tissue. According to these embodiments, the tissue specific promoter is selected from the group consisting of root, tuber, leaves and fruit specific promoter. Root specific promoters are described, e.g. in Martinez, E. et al. 2003. Curr. Biol. 13:1435-1441. Fruit specific promoters are described among others in Estornell L. H et al. 2009. Plant Biotechnol. J. 7:298-309 and Fernandez A. I. Et al. 2009 Plant Physiol. 151:1729-1740. Tuber specific promoters are described, e.g. in Rocha-Sosa M, et al., 1989. EMBO J. 8:23-29; McKibbin R. S. et al., 2006. Plant Biotechnol J. 4(4):409-18. Leaf specific promoters are described, e.g. in Yutao Yang, Guodong Yang, Shijuan Liu, Xingqi Guo and Chengchao Zheng. Science in China Series C: Life Sciences. 46: 651-660. 
     According to certain embodiments, the expression vector further comprises regulatory elements at the 3′ non-coding sequence. As used herein, the “3′ non-coding sequences” refer to DNA sequences located downstream of a coding sequence and include polyadenylation recognition sequences and other sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usually characterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor. The use of different 3′ non-coding sequences is exemplified by Ingelbrecht I L et al. (1989. Plant Cell 1:671-680). 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various components of the nucleic acid sequences and the transformation vectors described herein, are operatively linked, so as to result in expression of said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment. Techniques for operatively linking the components of the constructs and vectors disclosed herein are well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques include the use of linkers, such as synthetic linkers, for example including one or more restriction enzyme sites. 
     Detection of a mutated CSLG gene and/or the presence of silencing molecule targeted to the gene and/or over-expression of the genes is performed employing standard methods of molecular genetics, known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     For measuring the gene(s) or silencing molecule(s) expression, cDNA or mRNA should be obtained from an organ in which the nucleic acid is expressed. The sample may be further processed before the detecting step. For example, the polynucleotides in the cell or tissue sample may be separated from other components of the sample, may be amplified, etc. All samples obtained from an organism, including those subjected to any sort of further processing are considered to be obtained from the organism. 
     Detection of the gene(s) or the silencing molecule(s) typically requires amplification of the polynucleotides taken from the candidate altered organism. Methods for DNA amplification are known to a person skilled in the art. Most commonly used method for DNA amplification is PCR (polymerase chain reaction; see, for example, PCR Basics: from background to Bench, Springer Verlag, 2000; Eckert et al., 1991. PCR Methods and Applications 1:17). Additional suitable amplification methods include the ligase chain reaction (LCR), transcription amplification and self-sustained sequence replication, and nucleic acid-based sequence amplification (NASBA). 
     According to certain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence comprising the CSLG gene or its silencing molecule further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a selectable marker. According to certain embodiments, the selectable marker confers resistance to antibiotic or to an herbicide; in these embodiments the transgenic plants are selected according to their resistance to the antibiotic or herbicide. 
     In some embodiments, said endogenous CSLG gene is selectively overexpressed and said altered content comprises an increased amount of the at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to the corresponding unmodified plant. 
     Overexpression of the CSLG gene can be obtained by any method as is known to a person skilled in the art. According to certain embodiments, disclosed herein are genetically modified plants or parts thereof comprising at least one cell comprising at least one transcribable polynucleotide that is over expressed and encodes at least a CSLG enzyme, wherein the genetically modified plant or plant part comprises elevated content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding non-genetically modified plant. 
     According to some embodiments, the polynucleotides disclosed herein are incorporated in a DNA construct enabling their expression in the plant cell. DNA constructs suitable for use in plants are known to a person skilled in the art. According to one embodiment, the DNA construct comprises at least one expression regulating element selected from the group consisting of a promoter, an enhancer, an origin of replication, a transcription termination sequence, a polyadenylation signal and the like. 
     The DNA constructs disclosed herein are designed according to the results to be achieved. 
     In crop plants, reduction of toxic steroidal alkaloids or steroidal glycoalkaloids or their derivatives, metabolites, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof is desired in the edible parts of the plant, including for example, but not limited to fruits, seeds, roots, leaves, and tubers. On the other hand, enriching the content of toxic steroidal glycoalkaloids or biosynthetic intermediates in non-edible parts of the plant, including for example, but not limited to non-edible roots and leaves contributes to the resistance of the plant against a broad range of pathogens. In exemplary embodiments, plants overexpressing the steroidal glycoalkaloids can be used for producing them in the pharmaceutical industry. 
     In crop plants, modulation of steroidal saponins is also desired. A skilled artisan would appreciate that modulation of steroidal saponins may in certain embodiments, produce high-value products from a certain compound, for example but not limited to for food, cosmetics and pharma industries. In some embodiments, modulation of steroidal saponins produces compounds in plants that will help in protection of plants against pathogens, for example but not limited to protection against bacetria, insect, virus, and insects. In some embodiments, modulation of steroidal saponins removes anti-nutritional compounds from plants. 
     In crop plants, reduction of toxic or bitter or hormone mimicking triterpenoid saponins or biosynthetic intermediates is desired in the edible parts of the plant, including, for example but not limited to, fruit and seeds. On the other hand, enriching the content of sweet tasting triterpenoid saponins or biosynthetic intermediates thereof is beneficial and could be used for producing natural sweeteners. Plants having increase content of triterpenoid saponins such as QS-21 can be used for producing adjuvants for the pharmaceutical industry. 
     According to yet additional embodiments, disclosed herein is a genetically modified or gene edited plant having enhanced expression of at least a CSLG gene, wherein the genetically modified or gene edited plant has an increased amount of at least one steroidal alkaloid, of at least one steroidal saponin, or of at least one triterpenoid saponin, compared to a corresponding unmodified or unedited plant. According to yet additional embodiments, disclosed herein is a genetically modified or gene edited plant having decreased expression of at least a CSLG gene, wherein the genetically modified or gene edited plant has a decreased amount of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a decreased amount of at least one steroidal saponin, a decreased amount of at least one triterpenoid saponin, compared to a corresponding unmodified or unedited plant. 
     The disclosure herein, and in the Examples below, show that by providing at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme or other protein involved in the biosynthetic pathway of a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, and/or a triterpenoid saponin, for example but not limited to a heterologous CSLG, or by modifying an endogenous gene of the triterpenoid synthetic pathway, for example but not limited to a CSLG gene wherein said modification alters the expression thereof, or the activity or stability of the encoded enzyme, the level of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof can be altered. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments the amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof is altered in a plant cell. In some embodiments the amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof is altered in an algal cell. In some embodiments the amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof is altered in a yeast. In some embodiments the amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof is altered in an insect cell. In some embodiments the amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof is altered in a bacterium. In some embodiments the amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof is altered in a plant. In some embodiments the amount of the at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof is altered in a plant part. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     For example, in some embodiments, as exemplified below in the Examples, a genetically modified cell, for example a yeast cell or a plant cell or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof having increased expression of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG, or a combination thereof, has been shown to have an increased level of a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. In other embodiments, as shown in the Examples, reducing or silencing expression of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG gene has been shown to result in a reduced level of the corresponding triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     Steroidal Alkaloids, Derivatives Thereof, Metabolites Thereof, and Biosynthetic Intermediates Thereof 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprising at least one genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an in vitro biosynthetic system produces at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprising at least one genetically modified cell as disclosed herein, comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprising at least one genetically modified cells comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof, and a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises producing an at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant or plant part comprises producing of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof in a plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell as described herein. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof in a plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell as described herein. 
     In the steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway, steroidal alkaloids branch off from steroidal saponins after the formation of furostanol-type saponin aglycone ( FIG. 1 ). Further steps involving, at least in part, oxidation, transamination, ring formation, etc., result in biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids ( FIG. 1 ). 
     Examples of steroidal glycoalkaloids include, but are not limited to, alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaonine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a plant cell, a yeast cell, an algal cell, an insect cell, or a bacterial. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a plant cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises an algal cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises an insect cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a bacterium. 
     According to certain exemplary embodiments, the downstream steroidal glycoalkaloid is selected from the group consisting of esculeosides or dehydroesculeosides. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid selected from any one of alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of dehydrotomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-solasonine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-solmargine. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid selected from any one of selected from any one of alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of dehydrotomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-solasonine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of alpha-solmargine. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal and a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid selected from any one of alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal alkaloid selected from any one of alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing dehydrotomatine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing alpha-solasonine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing alpha-solmargine. 
     In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a plant cell, a yeast cell, an algal cell, an insect cell, or a bacterium. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a plant cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in an algal cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in an insect cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal alkaloid in a bacterium. In some embodiments, the plant cell is comprised in a plant or plant part. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing at least one steroidal alkaloid selected from any one of alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing dehydrotomatine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing alpha-solasonine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing alpha-solmargine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing cholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing 22, 26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing furostanol-type saponin aglycone. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing furostanol-26-aldehyde. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing 26-amino-furostanol. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing tomatidenol. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing tomatidine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing tomatidine galactoside. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing gamma-tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified plant comprises producing beta-1-tomatine. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in an in vitro translation system comprises producing at least one steroidal alkaloid selected from any one of alpha-tomatine, dehydrotomatine, tomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in an in vitro translation system comprises producing alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in an in vitro translation system comprises producing tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in an in vitro translation system comprises producing alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in an in vitro translation system comprises producing alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in an in vitro translation system comprises producing alpha-solasonine. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in an in vitro translation system comprises producing alpha-solmargine. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid selected from any one of alpha-tomatine, dehydrotomatine, tomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid comprising alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing dehydrotomatine. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing alpha-solasonine. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing alpha-solmargine. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid selected from any one of alpha-tomatine, dehydrotomatine, tomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid comprising medicagenic acid alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing alpha-solasonine. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing alpha-solmargine. 
     In some embodiments, the content of both at least one steroidal alkaloid and at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate are altered. In some embodiments, an at least one steroidal alkaloid and an at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate are increased. In some embodiments, an at least one steroidal alkaloids and an at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate are decreased. In some embodiments, an at least one steroidal alkaloid is increased and an at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate is decreased. In some embodiments, an at least one steroidal alkaloid is decreased and an at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate is increased. In some embodiments, the content of a steroidal alkaloid is altered without measurably altering the content of a steroidal alkaloid intermediate. In some embodiments, the content of a steroidal alkaloid intermediate is altered without measurably altering the content of a steroidal alkaloid. 
     The term “intermediate” may be used interchangeably in some embodiments with the term “biosynthetic intermediate”, having all the same qualities and meanings. 
     In some embodiments, a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprises cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof ( FIG. 1 ). 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising cholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising furostanol-type saponin aglycone. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising furostonal-26-aldehyde. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising 26-amino-furostanol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising tomatidenol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising tomatidine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising tomatidine galactoside. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising gamma-tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising beta-1-tomatine. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising cholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising 22-hydroxysholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising furostanol-type saponin aglycone. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising furostanol-26-aldehyde. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising 26-amino-furstanol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising tomatidenol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising tomatidine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising tomatidine galactoside. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising gamma-tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid comprising beta-1-tomatine. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate and a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate, said intermediate selected from any one of cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate selected from any one of cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least cholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least furostanol-type saponin aglycone. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least furostonal-26-aldehyde. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least 26-amino-furostanol. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least tomatidenol. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at tomatidine. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least tomatidine galactoside. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least gamma-tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises reducing at least beta-1-tomaine. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate selected from any one of cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least cholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least furostanol-type saponin aglycone. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least furostanol-26-aldehyde. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least 26-amino-furostanol. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least tomatidenol. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least tomatidine. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least tomatidine galactoside. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least gamma-tomatine. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises increasing at least beta-1-tomatine. 
     In some embodiments, steroidal alkaloids biosynthetic intermediate comprises any cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or a combination thereof. 
     Unexpectedly, the present disclosure now shows that levels of steroidal alkaloids or their derivatives, metabolites, or biosynthetic intermediates can be increased in cells, for example plant cells or yeast cells or algal cells, or insect cells, or bacterium, or plants by genetically modifying the cell or plant to express at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, for example an enzyme or enzymes of the steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway. In other embodiments, described and exemplified herein are methods of genetically modifying an at least one endogenous gene in a plant cell, for example but not limited to a CSLG gene, to regulate expression, activity, or stability, or any combination thereof. The Examples below disclose enzyme activities and enzymes previously unknown to be pan of the steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway. Without this knowledge, production of the steroidal alkaloid compounds was not possible. 
     In some embodiments, the steroidal alkaloid metabolic pathway can result in cells or plants comprising elevated content of steroidal alkaloids, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or in plants having an increased content of these compounds in the plant or plant parts. In some embodiments, plants including but not limited to crop plants are produced, wherein the crop has an increased content of a useful steroidal alkaloid or steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, disclosed herein are the means and methods for producing cells including but not limited to plant cells, yeast, or algal cells; plants including but not limited to crop plants, or a part of a plant; having increased levels of a steroidal alkaloid, or steroidal alkaloids, or derivatives thereof, or metabolites thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. Alternatively, or additionally, controlling the expression of genes disclosed herein may be used for the production of desired steroidal alkaloids for further use, for example in the pharmaceutical industry or for the formulation of dietary or other supplements, for example but not limited to sweeteners. In some embodiments, these high value saponins may be purified and used, e.g., as sweeteners, foaming agents, emulsifiers, preservatives, anti-carcinogens, hypocholesterolemic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-oxidants, biological adjuvants, anti-microbial agents, insecticidal agents, anti-feedants, or anti-fungal agents, or any combination thereof. The cells and plants disclosed herein comprise compounds of significant nutritional, pharmaceutical, and commercial value. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids comprise glycosylated derivatives of steroidal alkaloids. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, as described herein, comprises an altered content of at least a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell or unmodified plant. In some embodiments, an altered content comprises an increased content. In some embodiments, for example, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant has an increased content of at least a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six steroidal alkaloids. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least a derivative of a steroidal alkaloid. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two derivatives of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three derivatives of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four derivatives of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five derivatives of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six derivatives of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least a metabolite of a steroidal alkaloid. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two metabolites of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three metabolites of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four metabolites of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five metabolites of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six metabolites of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids. 
     As skilled artisan would recognize that the terms “content” and “level” in reference to a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, encompasses the quantity of the compound, for example the quantity of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof in a genetically modified cell or in a genetically modified plant, compared with a control cell or control plant. In this context, the terms “content” and “level” may be used interchangeably having all the same meanings and qualities. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having increased content comprises a nutrition, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical agent, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having increased content comprises steroidal alkaloid selected from an alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having increased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more steroidal alkaloid selected from alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having increased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more steroidal alkaloid selected from alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having increased content in a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises steroidal alkaloid selected from alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of dehydrotomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of alpha-solasonine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of alpha-solmargine. A skilled artisan would appreciate that in some embodiments, instances wherein the content of one steroidal alkaloid is increased additional steroidal alkaloids, or intermediates, or a combination thereof may also be increased in the same time cell. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type-saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bactierum, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of at least two biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal alkaloid or of steroidal alkaloids, said intermediates comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type-saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bactierum, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising cholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising 22,26-dihydroxysholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising furostanol-type saponin aglycone. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising furostanol-26-aldehyde. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising 26-amino-furostanol, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising tomatidenol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkyloid, said intermediate comprising tomatidine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising tomatidine galactoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising gamma-tomatine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having decreased content in a plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified cell, comprises a compound having a bitter taste or a toxin. In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having decreased content comprises a steroidal alkaloid selected from alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having decreased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more steroidal alkaloids selected from In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having increased content in a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises a steroidal alkaloid selected from alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having decreased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more steroidal alkaloids selected from In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having increased content in a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises a steroidal alkaloid selected from alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having decreased content in a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified cell, comprises a steroidal alkaloid selected from alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of dehydrotomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of alpha-solasonine. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type-saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising cholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising fursotanol-type saponin aglycone. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising furostanol-26-aldehyde. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising 26-amino-furostanol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising tomatidenol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising tomatidine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising tomatidine galactoside. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising gamma-tomatine. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal alkaloid, said intermediate comprising beta-1-tomatine. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a decreased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a genetically modified cell or a genetically modified plant comprises increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and altering the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a genetically modified cell or a genetically modified plant comprises increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and decreasing the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising a reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising a reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising an altered content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     Steroidal Saponins, Derivatives Thereof; Metabolites Thereof; and Biosynthetic Intermediates Thereof 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprising at least one genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an in vitro biosynthetic system produces at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprising at least one genetically modified cell as disclosed herein, comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprising at least one genetically modified cells comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof, and a decreased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid in a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises producing an at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal saponin in a genetically modified plant or plant part comprises producing of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof in a plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell as described herein. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof in a plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell as described herein. 
     Steroidal saponins branch off from steroidal alkaloids after the formation of furostanol-type saponin aglycone ( FIG. 1 ). 
     The commonly used nomenclature for saponins distinguishes between triterpenoid saponins (also called triterpene saponins) and steroidal saponins, which is based on the structure and biochemical background of their aglycones. Both sapogenin types are thought to derive from 2,3-oxidosqualene, a central metabolite in sterol biosynthesis. In phytosterol anabolism, 2,3-oxidosqualene is mainly cyclized into cycloartenol. “Steroidal sapogenins” are thought to derive from intermediates in the phytosterol pathway downstream of cycloartenol formation. 
     Steroidal saponins, include, but are not limited to, uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a plant cell, a yeast cell, an algal cell, an insect cell, or a bacterial. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a plant cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises an algal cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises an insect cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a bacterium. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin selected from any one of uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of uttroside B. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of steroidal saponins. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal saponin selected from any one of uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of uttroside B. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin and a decreased content of at least one steroidal saponin selected from any one of uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal saponin selected from any one of uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing uttroside B. 
     In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal saponins in a plant cell, a yeast cell, an algal cell, an insect cell, or a bacterium. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal saponins in a plant cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal saponins in a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal saponins in an algal cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal saponins in an insect cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one steroidal saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one steroidal saponins in a bacterium. In some embodiments, the plant cell is comprised in a plant or plant part. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing at least one steroidal saponin selected from any one of any one of uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing uttroside B. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing at least one steroidal saponin selected from any one of any one of uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing uttroside B. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin comprises reducing at least one steroidal saponin selected from any one of any one of uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal saponin comprising uttroside B. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal saponin comprises increasing at least one steroidal saponin selected from any one of any one of uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one steroidal saponin comprises uttroside B. In some embodiments, the at least one steroidal saponin comprises a tomatoside. 
     In some embodiments, the content of both at least one steroidal saponin and at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate are altered. In some embodiments, an at least one steroidal saponin and an at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate are increased. In some embodiments, an at least one steroidal saponins and an at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate are decreased. In some embodiments, an at least one steroidal saponin is increased and an at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate is decreased. In some embodiments, an at least one steroidal saponin is decreased and an at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate is increased. In some embodiments, the content of a steroidal saponin is altered without measurably altering the content of a steroidal saponin intermediate. In some embodiments, the content of a steroidal saponin intermediate is altered without measurably altering the content of a steroidal saponin. 
     The term “intermediate” may be used interchangeably in some embodiments with the term “biosynthetic intermediate”, having all the same qualities and meanings. 
     In some embodiments, a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprises cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising cholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising furostanol-type-saponin aglycone. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising cholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising 22,26-dihydroxycholeseterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin comprising furostanol-type saponin aglycone. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate and a decreased content of at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate, said intermediate selected from any one of cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin comprises reducing at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate selected from any one of cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin comprises reducing at least cholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin comprises reducing at least 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin comprises reducing at least 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin comprises reducing at least furostanol-type saponin aglycone. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal saponin comprises increasing at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate selected from any one of cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal saponin comprises increasing at least cholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal saponin comprises increasing at least 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal saponin comprises increasing at least 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal saponin comprises increasing at least furostanol-type saponin aglycone. 
     In some embodiments, steroidal saponins biosynthetic intermediate comprises any cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, or a combination thereof. 
     Unexpectedly, the present disclosure now shows that levels of steroidal saponins or their derivatives, metabolites, or biosynthetic intermediates can be increased in cells, for example plant cells or yeast cells or algal cells, or insect cells, or bacterium, or plants by genetically modifying the cell or plant to express at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, for example an enzyme or enzymes of the steroidal saponin biosynthetic pathway. In other embodiments, described and exemplified herein are methods of genetically modifying an at least one endogenous gene in a plant cell, for example but not limited to a CSLG gene, to regulate expression, activity, or stability, or any combination thereof. The Examples below disclose enzyme activities and enzymes previously unknown to be part of the steroidal saponin biosynthetic pathway. Without this knowledge, production of the steroidal saponin compounds was not possible. 
     In some embodiments, the steroidal saponin metabolic pathway can result in cells or plants comprising elevated content of steroidal saponins, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or in plants having an increased content of these compounds in the plant or plant parts. In some embodiments, plants including but not limited to crop plants are produced, wherein the crop has an increased content of a useful steroidal saponin or steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, disclosed herein are the means and methods for producing cells including but not limited to plant cells, yeast, or algal cells: plants including but not limited to crop plants, or a part of a plant; having increased levels of a steroidal saponin, or steroidal saponins, or derivatives thereof, or metabolites thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. Alternatively, or additionally, controlling the expression of genes disclosed herein may be used for the production of desired steroidal saponins for further use, for example in the pharmaceutical industry or for the formulation of dietary or other supplements, for example but not limited to sweeteners. In some embodiments, these high value saponins may be purified and used, e.g., as sweeteners, foaming agents, emulsifiers, preservatives, anti-carcinogens, hypocholesterolemic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-oxidants, biological adjuvants, anti-microbial agents, insecticidal agents, anti-feedants, or anti-fungal agents, or any combination thereof. The cells and plants disclosed herein comprise compounds of significant nutritional, pharmaceutical, and commercial value. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, as described herein, comprises an altered content of at least a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell or unmodified plant. In some embodiments, an altered content comprises an increased content. In some embodiments, for example, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant has an increased content of at least a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six steroidal saponins. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least a derivative of a steroidal saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two derivatives of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three derivatives of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four derivatives of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five derivatives of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six derivatives of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least a metabolite of a steroidal saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two metabolites of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three metabolites of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four metabolites of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five metabolites of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six metabolites of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins. 
     As skilled artisan would recognize that the terms “content” and “level” in reference to a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, encompasses the quantity of the compound, for example the quantity of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof in a genetically modified cell or in a genetically modified plant, compared with a control cell or control plant. In this context, the terms “content” and “level” may be used interchangeably having all the same meanings and qualities. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having increased content comprises a nutrition, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical agent, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having increased content comprises steroidal saponin selected from an uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid having increased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more steroidal alkaloid selected from uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having increased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more steroidal alkaloid selected from uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having increased content in a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises steroidal saponin selected from uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of uttroside B. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a tomatoside. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type-saponin aglycone, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bactierum, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of at least two biosynthetic intermediates of a steroidal saponin or of steroidal saponins, said intermediates comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type-saponin aglycone, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bactierum, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising cholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising 22,26-dihydroxysholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising furostanol-type saponin aglycone. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having decreased content in a plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified cell, comprises a compound having a bitter taste or a toxin. In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having decreased content comprises a steroidal saponin selected from uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having decreased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more steroidal saponins selected from In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having increased content in a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises steroidal saponin selected from uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having decreased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more steroidal saponins selected from In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having increased content in a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises a steroidal saponin selected from uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal saponin having decreased content in a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified cell, comprises a steroidal saponin selected from uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of uttroside B. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a tomatoside. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type-saponin aglycone, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising cholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising 22-hydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising 22, 26-dihydroxycholesterol. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a steroidal saponin, said intermediate comprising furostanol-type saponin aglycone. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a decreased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a genetically modified cell or a genetically modified plant comprises increasing the content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and altering the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a genetically modified cell or a genetically modified plant comprises increasing the content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and decreasing the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising a reduced content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising a reduced content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising an altered content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising an increased content of at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     Triterpenoid Saponins, Derivatives Thereof; Metabolites Thereof; and Biosynthetic Intermediates Thereof 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprising at least one genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an in vitro biosynthetic system produces at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprising at least one genetically modified cell as disclosed herein, comprises a decreased content of at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprising at least one genetically modified cells comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof, and a decreased content of at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises producing an at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant or plant part comprises producing of at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of reducing the content of at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof in a plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell as described herein. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of increasing the content of at least one triterpenoids saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, of any combination thereof in a plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell as described herein. 
     The commonly used nomenclature for saponins distinguishes between triterpenoid saponins (also called triterpene saponins) and steroidal saponins, which is based on the structure and biochemical background of their aglycones. Both sapogenin types are thought to derive from 2,3-oxidosqualene, a central metabolite in sterol biosynthesis. In phytosterol anabolism, 2,3-oxidosqualene is mainly cyclized into cycloartenol. “Triterpenoid sapogenins” branch off the phytosterol pathway by alternative cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene, while “steroidal sapogenins” are thought to derive from intermediates in the phytosterol pathway downstream of cycloartenol formation (see  FIG. 3A ). 
     Saponins may be selected from the group comprising dammarane-type saponins, tirucallane-type saponins, lupane-type saponins, oleanane-type saponins, taraxasterane-type saponins, ursane-type saponins, hopane-type saponins, cucurbitane-type saponins, cycloartane-type saponins, lanostane-type saponins, and steroid-type saponins. The aglycon backbones, the sapogenins, can be similarly classified and may be selected from the group comprising dammarane-type sapogenins, tirucallane-type sapogenins, lupane-type sapogenins, oleanane-type sapogenins, taraxasterane-type sapogenins, ursane-type sapogenins, hopane-type sapogenins, cucurbitane-type sapogenins, cycloartane-type sapogenins, lanostane-type sapogenins, and steroid-type sapogenins. 
     In some embodiments, the “triterpenoid sapogenins” disclosed herein may be selected from the group comprising dammarane-type sapogenins, tirucallane-type sapogenins, lupane-type sapogenins, oleanane-type sapogenins, ursane-type sapogenins, and hopane-type sapogenins. In some embodiment, the triterpenoid sapogenins as produced by the method of the disclosure are dammarane-type sapogenins, or tirucallane-type sapogenins, or lupane-type sapogenins, or oleanane-type sapogenins, or ursane-type sapogenins, or hopane-type sapogenins. 
     Triterpenoid sapogenins typically have a tetracyclic or pentacyclic skeleton. In some embodiments, the sapogenin building blocks themselves may have multiple modifications, for example but not limited to small functional groups, including hydroxyl, keto, aldehyde, and carboxyl moieties, of precursor sapogenin backbones such as βamyrin, lupeol, and dammarenediol. 
     The terms “triterpene” and “triterpenoid” may be used interchangeably having the same meaning and qualities. Triterpenoid saponins comprise multiple functions and may be used in different roles including but not limited to as a sweetener, a foaming agent, an emulsifier, a preservative, an anti-carcinogen, a hypocholesterolemic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-oxidant, a biological adjuvant, an anti-microbial agent, an insecticidal agent, an antifeedant, an anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a triterpenoid sapogenins, as disclosed herein, also encompass new-to-nature triterpenoid compounds, which are structurally related to the naturally occurring triterpenoid sapogenins. These new-to-nature triterpenoid sapogenins may be novel compounds that can be obtained after genetic engineering of the synthesizing eukaryotic host cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast cell. 
     Examples of triterpenoid saponins and biosynthetic intermediates thereof are presented in Table 2 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Triterpenoid Saponins and Biosynthetic Intermediates Thereof 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 COMPOUND 
                 STRUCTURE 
                 NAME 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (S)-2,3- Oxidosqualene 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 β-Amyrin 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Oleandic acid (OA) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Augustic acid (AA) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Medicagenic acid (MA) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Medicagenic acid 3-glucuronide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Yossoside I (3-O-β-D- glucuronopyranos yl-28-O-β-D- fucopyranosyl- medicagenic acid) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Yossoside II (3-O-[β-D- glucuronopyranos yl]-28-O[α-L- rhamnopyranosyl- (1-&gt;2)-β-D- fucopyranosyl]- medicagenic acid) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Yossoside III (3-O-[β-D- glucuronopyranos yl]-28-O-[β-D- glucopyranosyl- (1-&gt;4)-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl- (1-&gt;2)-β-D- fucopyranosyl]- medicagenic acid) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Yossoside IV (3-O-[β-D- xylopyranosyl-(1- &gt;3)-β-D- glucuronopyranos yl]-28-O-[β-D- glucopyranosyl- (1-&gt;4)-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl- (1-&gt;2)-β-D- fucopyranosyl]- medicagenic acid) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Yossoside V (3-O-[β-D- xylopyranosyl-(1- &gt;3)-β-D- glucuronopyranos yl]-28-O-[β-D- flucopyranosyl- (1-&gt;4)-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl- (1-&gt;2)-4-acetyl-β-D- fucopyranosyl]- medicagenic acid) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 11-oxo-β-Amyrin 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 glycyrrhetinic acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 glycyrrhizin 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O- monoglucuronide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 not available 
                 Yossoside Va 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 not available 
                 Yossoside VI 
               
               
                 18 
                 not available 
                 Yossoside VII 
               
               
                 19 
                 not available 
                 Yossoside VIIa 
               
               
                 20 
                 not available 
                 Yossoside VIII 
               
               
                 21 
                 not available 
                 Yossoside IX 
               
               
                 22 
                 not available 
                 Yossoside X 
               
               
                 23 
                 not available 
                 Yossoside XI 
               
               
                 24 
                 not available 
                 Yossoside XII 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Bayogenin 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Serjanic acid 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 QS-21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Hederagenin- 3GlcA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Soyasapogenol A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Soyasapogenol B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Bayogenin-hexA- hex-hex 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Serjanic acid GlcA-glc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 betavulgaroside IV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 Soyasapogenol A hexA-hex-pent 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 soyasaponin VI 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some embodiments, derivatives of triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponins disclosed herein comprise any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (Compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises Compound 7. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises Compound 8. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises Compound 9. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises Compound 10. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises Compound 11. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (Compound 15). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin comprises a QS-21 adjuvant. 
     Altering the content of a triterpenoid saponin may in some embodiments, be commercially beneficial, for example but not limited to the ability to produce the sweetener, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, it is commercially beneficial to produce a triterpenoid saponin comprising any of a sweetener, foaming agent, emulsifier, preservative, anti-carcinogen, hypocholesterolemic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oxidant, biological adjuvant, anti-microbial agent, insecticidal agent, antifeedant, anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof. In other embodiments, altering the content of a triterpenoid saponin may be beneficial, for example but not limited to reducing or eliminating bitter tasting triterpenoid saponins, for example but not limited to in  quinoa , which is produced from a  Chenopodium quinoa  plant in the Caryophyllales order of plants. In other embodiments, altering the content of a triterpenoid saponin may be beneficial, for example but not limited to reducing or eliminating triterpenoid saponins that have hormone mimicking properties. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin selected from any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA)(Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 7. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 8. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 9. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 10. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 11. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of a QS-21 adjuvant. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a plant cell, a yeast cell, an algal cell, an insect cell, or a bacterial. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a plant cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises an algal cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises an insect cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell comprising said increased content comprises a bacterium. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin selected from any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA)(Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 7. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 8. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 9. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 10. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Compound 11. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of a QS-21 adjuvant. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin selected from any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA)(Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of Compound 7. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of Compound 8. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of Compound 9. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of Compound 10. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of Compound 11. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of a QS-21 adjuvant. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin and a decreased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin selected from any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one triterpenoid saponin selected from any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing Compound 7. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing Compound 8. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing Compound 9. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing Compound 10. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing Compound 11. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing a QS-21 adjuvant. 
     In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one triterpenoid saponins in a plant cell, a yeast cell, an algal cell, an insect cell, or a bacterium. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one triterpenoid saponins in a plant cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one triterpenoid saponins in a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one triterpenoid saponins in an algal cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one triterpenoid saponins in an insect cell. In some embodiments, the method of producing at least one triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell comprises producing at least one triterpenoid saponins in a bacterium. In some embodiments, the plant cell is comprised in a plant or plant part. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing at least one triterpenoid saponin selected from any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing Compound 7. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing Compound 8. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing Compound 9. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing Compound 10. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing Compound 11. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant comprises producing a QS-21 adjuvant. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing at least one triterpenoid saponin selected from any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing Compound 7. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing Compound 8. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing Compound 9. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing Compound 10. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing Compound 11. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro translation system comprises producing a QS-21 adjuvant. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin selected from any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one triterpenoid saponin comprising medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA)(Compound 6). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing Compound 7. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing Compound 8. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing Compound 9. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing Compound 10. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing Compound 11. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing a QS-21 adjuvant. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin selected from any one of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA)(Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one triterpenoid saponin comprising medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing Compound 7. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing Compound 8. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing Compound 9. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing Compound 10. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing Compound 11. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing a QS-21 adjuvant. 
     In some embodiments, the content of both at least one triterpenoid saponin and at least one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate are altered. In some embodiments, an at least one triterpenoid saponin and an at least one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate are increased. In some embodiments, an at least one triterpenoid saponins and an at least one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate are decreased. In some embodiments, an at least one triterpenoid saponin is increased and an at least one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate is decreased. In some embodiments, an at least one triterpenoid saponin is decreased and an at least one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate is increased. In some embodiments, the content of a triterpenoid saponin is altered without measurably altering the content of a triterpenoid saponin intermediate. In some embodiments, the content of a triterpenoid saponin intermediate is altered without measurably altering the content of a triterpenoid saponin. 
     The term “intermediate” may be used interchangeably in some embodiments with the term “biosynthetic intermediate”, having all the same qualities and meanings. 
     In some embodiments, a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprises Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising Compound 1. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising Compound 2. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising medicagenic acid (Compound 5). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising oleanolic acid (Compound 3). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising oleanolic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising augustic acid (Compound 4). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising augustic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an increased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13). 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising Compound 1. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising Compound 2. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising medicagenic acid (Compound 5). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising oleanolic acid (Compound 3). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising oleanolic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising augustic acid (Compound 4). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising augustic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant comprises a decreased content of at least one biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin comprising glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13). 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate and a decreased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate, said intermediate selected from any one of Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate selected from any one of Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least Compound 1. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least Compound 2. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least medicagenic acid (Compound 5) In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least oleanolic acid (Compound 3) In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least oleanolic acid-3GlcA In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least augustic acid (Compound 4) In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least augustic acid-3GlcA In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing at least glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13). 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate selected from any one of Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least Compound 1. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least Compound 2. In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least medicagenic acid (Compound 5) In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least oleanolic acid (Compound 3) In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least oleanolic acid-3GlcA In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least augustic acid (Compound 4) In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least augustic acid-3GlcA In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing at least glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13). 
     In some embodiments, triterpenoid saponins biosynthetic intermediate comprises any Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or a combination thereof. 
     Unexpectedly, the present disclosure now shows that levels of triterpenoid saponins or their derivatives, metabolites, or biosynthetic intermediates can be increased in cells, for example plant cells or yeast cells or algal cells, or insect cells, or bacterium, or plants by genetically modifying the cell or plant to express at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, for example an enzyme or enzymes of the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. In other embodiments, described and exemplified herein are methods of genetically modifying an at least one endogenous gene in a plant cell, for example but not limited to a CSLG gene, to regulate expression, activity, or stability, or any combination thereof. The Examples below disclose enzyme activities and enzymes previously unknown to be part of the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. Without this knowledge, production of the triterpenoid saponin compounds was not possible. 
     In some embodiments, the triterpenoid saponin metabolic pathway can result in cells or plants comprising elevated content of triterpenoid saponins, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or in plants having an increased content of these compounds in the plant or plant parts. In some embodiments, plants including but not limited to crop plants are produced, wherein the crop has an increased content of a useful triterpenoid saponin or triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, disclosed herein are the means and methods for producing cells including but not limited to plant cells, yeast, or algal cells; plants including but not limited to crop plants, or a part of a plant, having increased levels of a triterpenoid saponin, or triterpenoid saponins, or derivatives thereof, or metabolites thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. Alternatively, or additionally, controlling the expression of genes disclosed herein may be used for the production of desired triterpenoid saponins for further use, for example in the pharmaceutical industry or for the formulation of dietary or other supplements, for example but not limited to sweeteners. In some embodiments, these high value saponins may be purified and used, e.g., as sweeteners, foaming agents, emulsifiers, preservatives, anti-carcinogens, hypocholesterolemic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-oxidants, biological adjuvants, anti-microbial agents, insecticidal agents, anti-feedants, or anti-fungal agents, or any combination thereof. The cells and plants disclosed herein comprise compounds of significant nutritional, pharmaceutical, and commercial value. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, as described herein, comprises an altered content of at least a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell or unmodified plant. In some embodiments, an altered content comprises an increased content. In some embodiments, for example, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant has an increased content of at least a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least a derivative of a triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two derivatives of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three derivatives of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four derivatives of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five derivatives of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six derivatives of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least a metabolite of a triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two metabolites of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three metabolites of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four metabolites of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five metabolites of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six metabolites of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least two biosynthetic intermediates of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least three biosynthetic intermediates of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least four biosynthetic intermediates of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least five biosynthetic intermediates of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, has an increased content of at least six biosynthetic intermediates of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins. 
     As skilled artisan would recognize that the terms “content” and “level” in reference to a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, encompasses the quantity of the compound, for example the quantity of a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof in a genetically modified cell or in a genetically modified plant, compared with a control cell or control plant. In this context, the terms “content” and “level” may be used interchangeably having all the same meanings and qualities. 
     In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having increased content comprises a sweetener, foaming agent, emulsifier, preservative, anti-carcinogen, hypocholesterolemic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oxidant, biological adjuvant, anti-microbial agent, insecticidal agent, antifeedant, anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having increased content comprises triterpenoid saponin selected from a medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having increased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more triterpenoid saponin selected from medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA)(Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having increased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more triterpenoid saponin selected from medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having increased content in a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises triterpenoid saponin selected from medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of Compound 11. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of Compound 7. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of Compound 8. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of Compound 9. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of Compound 10. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or in a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of QS-21 adjuvant. A skilled artisan would appreciate that in some embodiments, instances wherein the content of one triterpenoid saponin is increased additional triterpenoid saponins, or intermediates, or a combination thereof may also be increased in the same time cell. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bactierum, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of at least two biosynthetic intermediates of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins, said intermediates comprising Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof; or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bactierum, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising medicagenic acid (Compound 5). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising Compound 1. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising Compound 2. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising oleanolic acid (Compound 3). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising oleanolic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising augustic acid (Compound 4). In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising augustic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell, for example a plant cell or a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, or a genetically modified plant or part thereof, comprises an increased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having decreased content in a plant or plant part comprising at least one genetically modified cell, comprises a compound having a bitter taste or a toxin. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having decreased content comprises triterpenoid saponin selected from medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA)(Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having decreased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more triterpenoid saponin selected from medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having decreased content comprises at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more triterpenoid saponin selected from medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a triterpenoid saponin having decreased content in a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified cell, comprises triterpenoid saponin selected from medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA)(Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell comprises a decreased content of Compound 11. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA)(Compound 6). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of Compound 7. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of Compound 8. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of Compound 9. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of Compound 10. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of hederagenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of QS-21 adjuvant. A skilled artisan would appreciate that in some embodiments, instances wherein the content of one triterpenoid saponin is decreased additional triterpenoid saponins, or intermediates, or a combination thereof may also be decreased in the same time cell. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of at least two biosynthetic intermediates of a triterpenoid saponin or of triterpenoid saponins, said intermediates comprising Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising medicagenic acid (Compound 5). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising Compound 1. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising Compound 2. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising oleanolic acid (Compound 3). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising oleanolic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising augustic acid (Compound 4). In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising augustic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant or part thereof comprising at least one genetically modified plant cell, comprises a decreased content of a biosynthetic intermediate of a triterpenoid saponin, said intermediate comprising glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a decreased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a genetically modified cell or a genetically modified plant comprises altering the content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and decreasing the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a genetically modified cell or a genetically modified plant comprises increasing the content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and decreasing the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising a reduced content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising a reduced content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof: a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising an increased content of at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     Plants, Plant Parts, and Cells 
     According to some embodiments, the cell or organism described herein, comprising the at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme has an elevated content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding non-genetically modified cell or non-transgenic plant, respectively. In other embodiments, the genetically modified plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell described herein, comprising an at least one modified endogenous gene encoding an enzyme of the steroidal alkaloid pathway, the steroidal saponin pathway, or the triterpenoid synthetic pathway has an elevated content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding non-genetically modified plant. In other embodiments, the genetically modified plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell described herein, comprising an at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme of the steroidal alkaloid synthetic pathway, the steroidal saponin synthetic pathway, or the triterpenoid synthetic pathway has an elevated content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding non-genetically modified plant. In other embodiments, the genetically modified plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell described herein, comprising the at least one modified endogenous gene encoding an enzyme of the steroidal alkaloid synthetic pathway, the steroidal saponin synthetic pathway, or the triterpenoid synthetic pathway has a reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding non-genetically modified plant. As described throughout, the skilled artisan would appreciate that modifications of endogenous genes include but are not limited to increasing expression, decreasing expressing, or mutating the gene, or a combination thereof as described in detail herein. 
     According to some embodiments, the cell or organism described herein, comprising the at least one heterologous CSLG gene encoding a CSLG enzyme has an elevated content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to a corresponding non-genetically modified cell or non-transgenic plant, respectively. In other embodiments, the genetically modified plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell described herein, comprising an at least one modified endogenous CSLG gene encoding a CSLG enzyme of the steroidal alkaloid synthetic pathway, the steroidal saponin synthetic pathway, or the triterpenoid synthetic pathway has an elevated content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to a corresponding non-genetically modified plant. In other embodiments, the genetically modified plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell described herein, comprising an at least one heterologous CSLG gene encoding an enzyme of the steroidal alkaloid synthetic pathway, the steroidal saponin synthetic pathway, or the triterpenoid synthetic pathway has an elevated content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to a corresponding non-genetically modified plant. In other embodiments, the genetically modified plant or plant part comprising an at least one genetically modified cell described herein, comprising the at least one modified endogenous CSLG gene encoding an enzyme of the steroidal alkaloid synthetic pathway, the steroidal saponin synthetic pathway, or the triterpenoid synthetic pathway has a reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof compared to a corresponding non-genetically modified plant. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, a cell or plant species or plant part that does not normally express for example at least a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG and/or does not normally produce a particular steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a particular steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a particular triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, is genetically modified to express a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a cell or plant species or plant part that does not normally express a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG and/or does not normally produce a particular steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a particular steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a particular triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, is genetically modified to produce a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or any combination thereof. In other embodiments, a cell or plant species or plant part that normally expresses a given amount of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof is genetically modified to overexpress a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof. In other embodiments, a cell or plant species or plant part that normally expresses a given amount of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof is genetically modified to reduce or silence expression of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof. 
     In other embodiments, a cell or plant species or plant part that normally produces a given amount of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, is genetically modified to overexpress a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof leading to an increases production of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or any combination thereof. 
     In other embodiments, a cell or plant species or plant part that normally produces a given amount of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, is genetically modified to reduce or silence expression of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG, or any combination thereof leading to a decreased production of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein are seeds of the genetically modified plant, wherein plants grown from said seeds and expressing at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG compared to plants grown from corresponding unmodified, thereby containing expression or overexpression of at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG and/or having increased content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     The cells disclosed herein comprise numerous varieties, including, but not limited to, yeast, algal, insect, bacterium, and plant cells. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises a plant cell. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises a yeast cell. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an algal cell. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises an insect cell. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises a bacterium. 
     Generally, most yeast, algae, insect cells, and bacterium do not naturally synthesize steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, in order to produce a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in a yeast or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium, genetic modification of the yeast or algal cell or insect cell or bacterium comprises introduction of an enzyme or enzymes necessary to produce precursors or substrates, or a combination thereof, of the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. For example, see Example 14 below wherein the  S. cerevisiae  were genetically modified to express a heterologous UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I in order to produce the necessary precursors for substrates of the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least one heterologous gene for the production of precursors, substrates, or a combination thereof, of the steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway, a steroidal saponin biosynthetic pathway, or the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell expresses at least one heterologous gene for the production of precursors, substrates, or a combination thereof, of the steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway, the steroidal saponin biosynthetic pathway, or the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, and expresses at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme of the steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway, the steroidal saponin biosynthetic pathway, or the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. 
     In some embodiments, cells comprise a micro-organism. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the yeast is from the Saccharomycetes order. In some embodiments, the yeast is from the Saccharomycetes order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Saccharomyces  genus (e.g.,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), the  Schizosaccharomyces  genus, the  Pichia  genus (e.g.,  Pichia pastoris ), the  Hansenula  genus (e.g.,  Hansenula polymorpha ), the  Yarrowia  genus (e.g.,  Yarrowia  lipollytica), the  Kluyveromyces  genus (e.g.,  Kluyveromyces lactis ), and the  Candida  genus (e.g.,  Candida albicans, Candida utilis ). In some embodiments, a yeast is selected from a  Saccharomyces  genus, a  Schizosaccharomyces  genus, a  Pichia  genus, a  Yarrowia  genus, a  Kluyveromyces  genus, or a  Candida  genus. In some embodiments, a yeast is selected from  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  or  Candida albicans.    
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified yeast may be utilized in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is an algal cell. In some embodiments, the cell is any one of a variety of algae, including, but not limited to, chlorophytes (green algae), rhodophytes (red algae), or phaeo-phytes (brown algae). In some embodiments, the chlorophyte is from the Chlamydomonadales order or the Chlorellales order. In some embodiments, the chlorophyte is from the Chlamydomonadales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Chlamydomonas  genus (e.g.,  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ) and the  Dunaliella  genus. In some embodiments, the chlorophyte is from the Chlorellales order and is selected from the  Chlorella  genus. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified alga may be utilized in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell disclosed herein is a bacterial cell. In one embodiment, the bacterial cell is an  Escherichia coli  cell. In another embodiment, the cell is an  Acremonium rutilum, Aspergillus oryzae, Yarrowia lipolytica, Bacillus  sp. JPJ,  Brevundimonas  sp. SGJ,  E. herbicola, Citrobacter freundii, Symbiobacterium , or  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  cell. In another embodiment, the bacterial cell is from a bacterium involved in fermentation of dairy products. In one embodiment, the bacterium is  Streptococcus lactis . In another embodiment, the bacterium is a  Lactobacillus . In one embodiment, the  Lactobacillus  is  Lactobacillus bulgaricus . In another embodiment, the bacterium is a  Lactococcus  or a  Leuconostoc.    
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified bacterium may be utilized in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a decreased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant disclosed herein comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a genetically modified cell or a genetically modified plant comprises increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and altering the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a genetically modified cell or a genetically modified plant comprises increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and decreasing the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising a reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising a reduced content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell or at least one cell of a plant or plant part, said genetically modified plant cell comprising an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and a reduced content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a plant cell. Plant cells can be obtained from a wide range of plants, as discussed below. The plant cell may be a leaf cell, a petiole cell, a plant stem or stalk cell, a root cell, a bud cell, a tuber cell, a bean cell, a grain or kernel cell, a fruit cell, a nut cell, a legume cell, a seed or seed cell, a bract cell, a callus cell, and a flower cell. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell may then be comprised in a plant leaf, in a plant petiole, in a plant stem or stalk, in a plant root, in a plant bud, in a plant tuber, in a plant bean, in a plant grain or kernel, in a plant fruit, in a plant nut, in a plant legume, in a plant seed, in a plant bract, in a plant callus, or in a plant flower. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is grown as such in culture, independent of a plant or plant part. Methods for culturing plants and plant parts are well known in the art, for example see Ochoa-Villarreal M, Howat S, Hong S, et al. Plant cell culture strategies for the production of natural products. BMB Rep. 2016; 49(3):149-158, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is grown as such in culture, independent of a plant or plant part and is utilized in a method provided herein to produce steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. Suspensions of genetically modified cells and tissue cultures derived from the genetically modified cells are also encompassed within the scope described herein. The cell suspension and tissue cultures can be used for the production of a desired steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a desired steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a desired triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and, which are then extracted from the cells or the growth medium. Alternatively, the genetically modified plant cell and/or tissue culture are used for regenerating a transgenic plant having modified expression or overexpression of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG, therefore expressing or overexpressing a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, and a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) in a cell or in a plant, as compared to a corresponding unmodified cell or plant, respectively. Therefore, having modified content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is comprised in a plant. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is comprised in a plant, wherein the plant is utilized in a method provided herein to produce steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is comprised in a plant tissue. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is comprised in a plant tissue, wherein the plant tissue is utilized in a method provided herein to produce steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is comprised in a plant organ. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is comprised in a plant organ, wherein the plant organ is utilized in a method provided herein to produce steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is comprised in a plant part. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell is comprised in a plant part, wherein the plant part is utilized in a method provided herein to produce steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises a plant cell comprising a leaf cell, a petiole cell, a plant stem or stalk cell, a root cell, a bud cell, a tuber cell, a bean cell, a grain or kernel cell, a fruit cell, a nut cell, a legume cell, a seed or seed cell, a bract cell, a callus cell, or a flower cell. In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises a plant cell comprised in a plant leaf, in a plant petiole, in a plant stem or stalk, in a plant root, in a plant bud, in a plant tuber, in a plant bean, in a plant grain or kernel, in a plant fruit, in a plant nut, in a plant legume, in a plant seed, in a plant bract, in a plant callus, or in a plant flower, or in a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant cell is comprised within a plant part, wherein said plant part comprises a leaf, a petiole, a plant stem or stalk, a root, a bud, a tuber, a bean, a grain or kernel, a fruit, a nut, a legume, a seed or seed, a bract, a callus, or a flower. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant cell may be utilized in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified cell comprises a genetically modified plant cell (e.g., cultured plant cells). In other embodiments, a genetically modified plant cell is comprised in plant or a plant organ(s), plant tissue(s), or plant part(s). In some embodiments, the term “plant” may be used interchangeably with the term “plant part” having all the same meanings and qualities. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant cell, plant, plant organ, plant tissue, or plant part may be utilized in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin as described herein. 
     The content of a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof present in a genetically modified cell or plant or plant part is measured as exemplified hereinbelow and as is known to a person skilled in the art. 
     In some embodiments, an offspring plant comprises increased contents of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to at least one of the progenitor plants. 
     In some embodiments, a plant or plant cell or plant tissue or plant part as disclosed herein is selected from the Caryophyllales order, the Solanales order, the Fabales order, the Malvales order, the Apiales order, the Brassicales order, the Poales order, the Lamiales order, the Cucurbitales order, the Asterales order, the Malpighiales order, the Rosales order, the Fagales order, the Sapindales order, the Arecales order, the Ericales order, the Gentianales order, the Ranunculales order, the Zingiberales order, the Saxifragales order, the Vitales order, the Pinales order, the Cornales order, the Asparagales order, the Dioscoreales order, and the Liliales order. In some embodiments, a plant or plant cell or plant tissue or plant part as disclosed herein comprises a cell from a plant selected from the Caryophyllales order, the Solanales order, the Fabales order, the Malvales order, the Apiales order, the Brassicales order, the Poales order, the Lamiales order, the Cucurbitales order, the Asterales order, the Malpighiales order, the Rosales order, the Fagales order, the Sapindales order, the Arecales order, the Ericales order, the Gentianales order, the Ranunculales order, the Zingiberales order, the Saxifragales order, the Vitales order, the Pinales order, the Cornales order, the Asparagales order, the Dioscoreales order, and the Liliales order. 
     In some embodiments, a plant or plant cell or plant tissue or plant part as disclosed herein comprises a cell from a plant in the Poales order, the Caryophyllales order, the Solanales order, the Fabales order, the Ma/vales order, the Apiales order, the Brassicales order, the Asparagales order, the Dioscoreales order, or the Liliales order. 
     In some embodiments, a plant or plant cell or plant tissue or plant part as disclosed herein is in the Caryophyllales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Spinacia  genus (e.g.,  Spinacia oleracea ), the  Chenopodium  genus (e.g.,  Chenopodium quinoa ), the  Beta  genus (e.g.,  Beta vulgaris ) the  Rheum  genus (e.g.,  Rheum hybridum, Rheum  rhaponticum,  Rheum  rhabarbarum,  Rheum ribes ), the  Vaccaria  genus (e.g.,  Vaccaria hispanica ), the  Saponaria  genus (e.g.,  Saponaria vaccaria ), and the  Gypsophila  genus (e.g.,  Gypsophila paniculata ). In some embodiments, a Caryophyllales plant is selected from the group consisting of spinach, beetroot, and  quinoa.    
     In some embodiments, a plant or plant cell or plant tissue or plant part as disclosed herein is in the Solanales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Nicotiana  genus (e.g.,  Nicotiana benthamiana ), the  Solanum  genus (e.g.,  Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, Solanum pennellii, Solanum chacoense, Solanum dulcamara ), the  Capsicum  genus (e.g.,  Capsicum annuum ), the  Hyoscyamus  genus, the  Datura  genus, and the  Atropa  genus. In some embodiments, a plant as disclosed herein comprises a Solanaceae crop plant. In some embodiments, a Solanaceae crop plant is selected from the group consisting of  Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum chacoense, Capsicum annuum, Solanum dulcamara , and  Solanum melongena . In some embodiments, a Solanaceae or Solanales plant is selected from the group consisting of ground cherry, eggplant, potato, tomato, wild tomato, potato, wild potato, pepper, bell pepper, cayenne pepper, chili pepper, pimiento, tabasco pepper, tobacco, and bittersweet. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is in the  Fabales  order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Glycyrrhiza  genus (e.g.,  Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra  [licorices]), the  Medicago  genus (e.g.,  Medicago sativa, Medicago truncatula ), the  Quillaja  genus (e.g.,  Quillaja saponaria ), the  Glycine  genus (e.g.,  Glycine max  [soy/soybean]), the  Lotus  genus (e.g.,  Lotus japonicus ), the  Cicer  genus (e.g.,  Cicer arietinum  [chickpea, garbanzo bean]), the  Phaseolus  genus (e.g.,  Phaseolus vulgaris  [string bean, common bean, French bean]), the  Pisum  genus (e.g.,  Pisum sativum  [pea]), the  Arachis  genus (e.g.,  Arachis hypogaea  [peanut]), the  Lupinus  genus (e.g.,  Lupinus albus  [lupin/lupine]), and the  Acacia  genus. In some embodiments, a Fabales plant is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, soy,  Lotus japonicus , and licorice. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Malvales order and is selected from the  Theobroma  genus (e.g.,  Theobroma cacao ). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Apiales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Daucus  genus (e.g.,  Daucus carota ), the  Apium  genus (e.g.,  Apium graveolens ), the  Petroselinum  genus (e.g.,  Petroselinum crispum ), the  Panax  genus (e.g.,  Panax ginseng ), the  Bupleurum  genus, the  Hedera  genus, and the  Centella  genus (e.g.,  Centella asiatica ). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Brassicales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Arabidopsis  genus (e.g.,  Arabidopsis thaliana ), the  Brassica  genus (e.g.,  Brassica oleracea  [cabbages],  Brassica juncea  [white mustard],  Brassica nigra  [black mustard],  Brassica napus ), the  Capparis  genus (e.g.,  Capparis spinosa  [caper]), and the  Carica  genus (e.g.,  Carica papaya  [ papaya ]). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Poales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Oryza  genus (e.g.,  Oryza sativa  and  Oryza glaberrima  [rice]), the  Hordeum  genus (e.g.,  Hordeum vulgare  [barley]), the  Avena  genus (e.g.,  Avena sativa  [oat],  Avena strigosa ), and the  Triticum  genus (e.g.,  Triticum spelta  [spelt]). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Lamiales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Salvia  genus (e.g.,  Salvia hispanica  [chia]), the  Sesamum  genus (e.g.,  Sesamum indicum  [sesame, benne]), and the  Olea  genus (e.g.,  Olea europaea  [olive]). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Cucurbitales order and is selected from the  Cucurbita  genus (e.g., squash/pumpkin, including, but not limited to,  Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita argyrosperma , or  Cucurbita moschata ). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Asterales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Helianthus  genus (e.g.,  Helianthus annuus  [sunflower],  Helianthus  verticallatus [whorled sunflower],  Helianthus tuberosus  [Jerusalem artichoke]), the  Artemesia  genus (e.g.,  Artemesia annua ), the  Galatella  (Aster) genus (e.g.,  Galatella sedifolia ), and the  Taraxacum  genus (e.g.,  Taraxacum officinale  [dandelion]). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Malpighiales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Linum  genus (e.g.,  Linum usitatissimum  [flax, linseed]), the  Bruguiera  genus (e.g.,  Bruguiera gymnorhiza ), the  Euphorbia  genus (e.g.,  Euphorbia tirucalli ), the  Ricinus  genus (e.g.,  Ricinus communis  [castor]), the  Kandelia  genus (e.g.,  Kandelia candel ), and the  Rhizophora  genus (e.g.,  Rhizophora stylosa ). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Rosales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Prunus  genus (e.g.,  Prunus dulcis  [almond],  Prunus amygdalus ) and the  Cannabis  genus (e.g., hemp, including  Cannabis sativa ). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Fagales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Corylus  genus (e.g., hazel/hazelnut/cobnut/filbert nut, including, but not limited to,  Corylus avellana ), the  Betula  genus (e.g.,  Betula pendula  [silver birch],  Betula pubescens  [white or downy birch],  Betula platyphylla ) and the  Juglans  genus (e.g.,  Juglans regia  [Persian or English walnut],  Juglans nigra  [black walnut],  Juglans cinera  [butternut]). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Sapindales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Anacardium  genus (e.g.,  Anacardium occidentale  [cashew]), the  Pistacia  genus (e.g.,  Pistacia vera  [pistachio]), the Citrus genus (numerous species and hybrids), the  Aesculus  genus (e.g.,  Aesculus hippocastanum, Aesculus turbinata ), and the  Peganum  genus. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Arecales order and is selected from the  Cocus  genus (e.g.,  Cocus nucifera  [coconut]). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Ericales order and is selected from the  Maesa  genus. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Gentianales order and is selected from the group of genera consisting the  Nerium  genus (e.g.,  Nerium oleander ), the  Gentianamacrophylla  genus (e.g.,  Gentianamacrophylla straminea ), the Catharanthus genus (e.g.,  Catharanthus roseus ), the  Rauwolfia  genus, and the  Cinchona  genus. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Ranunculales order and is selected from the genera consisting of the  Nigella  genus (e.g.,  Nigella sativa ), the  Papaver  genus, the  Eschscholtzia  genus (e.g.,  Eschscholtzia californica ), the  Coptis  genus, the  Berberis  genus, and the  Thalictrum  genus. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Zingiberales order and is selected from the  Cheilocostus  genus (e.g.,  Cheilocostus speciosus ). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Saxifragales order and is selected from the  Kalanchoe  genus (e.g.,  Kalanchoe daigremontiana ). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Vitales order and is selected from the  Vitis  genus (e.g.,  Vitis vinifera  [grape]). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Pinales order and is selected from the  Taxus  genus (e.g.,  Taxus brevifolia, Taxus baccdata, Taxus cuspidata, Taxus canadensis, Taxus floridana ). 
     In some embodiments, the plant is from the Cornales order and is selected from the  Camptotheca  genus (e.g.,  Camptotheca acuminata ). In some embodiments, the plant is from the Asparagales order and is selected from the  Agave  genus (e.g.,  Agave  americana,  Agave attenuata, Agave tequilana ), the  Asparagus  genus (e.g.,  Asparagus officinalis ), or the  Yucca  genus (e.g.,  Yucca filamentosa ). In some embodiments, the plant is from the Dioscoreales order and is selected from the  Borderea  genus, the  Dioscorea  genus, the  Epipetrum  genus, the  Rajania  genus, the  Stenomeris  genus, or the  Taxus  genus. In some embodiments, the plant is from the Liliales order and is selected from the Liliaceae family (e.g.,  Clintonia borealis, Nomocharis aperta, Calochortus catalinae, Streptopus  lariceolatus). 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “hybrid plant” may encompass a plant generated by crossing two plants of interest, propagating by seed or tissue and then growing the plants. When plants are crossed sexually, the step of pollination may include cross pollination or self-pollination or back crossing with an untransformed plant or another transformed plant. Hybrid plants include first generation and later generation plants. 
     Biological Activity 
     In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant comprises an endogenous enzyme comprising the same or similar activity with an enzyme encoded by the at least one heterologous gene. In other embodiments, the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant does not comprise an endogenous enzyme comprising the same or similar activity with an enzyme encoded by the at least one heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant cell or plant comprises an endogenous enzyme comprising altered activity of a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis enzyme. 
     In some embodiments, the biological activity of at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG, or combination thereof encoded by the heterologous gene is altered compared with an endogenous saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG protein present in the genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant. In some embodiments, the biological activity of at least one endogenous saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG, or combination thereof is altered compared with the endogenous saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG protein present in the non-genetically modified cell or non-genetically modified plant. 
     A skilled artisan would recognize that the term “biological activity” refers to any activity associated with a protein that can be measured by an assay. In some embodiments, the biological activity of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG comprises an enzyme activity necessary for the biosynthesis of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof: a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof in a cell or a plant. In some embodiments, the biological activity of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a glucuronosyltransferase, or a CSLG affects the content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in at least a part of a plant. In some embodiments, an altered biological activity comprises increased enzyme activity. In some embodiments, an altered biological activity comprises decreased enzyme activity. In some embodiments, an altered biological activity comprises increased stability of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, an altered biological activity comprises decreased stability of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, an altered biological activity comprises increased expression so higher levels of the enzyme polypeptide. In some embodiments, an altered biological activity comprises decreased expression of the enzyme polypeptide. 
     In some embodiments, the biological activity of an enzyme is altered compared with a control enzyme. 
     In some embodiments, the altered biological activity comprises (a) increased enzyme activity of the saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG; or increased stability of the saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG; or decreased enzyme activity of the saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG; or decreased stability of the saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG. 
     In some embodiments, the biological activity of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG is increased. In some embodiments, the biological activity of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG is decreased. In some embodiments, a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG has increased stability. In some embodiments, a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG has decreased stability. 
     In some embodiments, the altered biological activity comprises increased enzyme activity of said at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG; or increased stability of said at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG; or decreased enzyme activity of said at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG; or decreased stability of said at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG; compared to the biological activity in the endogenous enzyme, if present, in said genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant. 
     Transgenic Plants, Transgenic Yeast, Transgenic Algae, Transgenic Insect Cells, Transgenic Bacterium 
     Cloning of a polynucleotide encoding an enzyme encoded by the at least one heterologous gene, wherein the enzyme comprises at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG can be performed by any method as is known to a person skilled in the art. Cloning of a polynucleotide encoding an at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG as described herein, can be performed by any method as is known to a person skilled in the art. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a CSLG enzyme is cloned. Various DNA constructs may be used to express the desired gene in a desired cell or organism. In some embodiments, various DNA constructs are used to expression a CSLG gene in a cell. In some embodiments, various DNA constructs are used to expression a CSLG gene in a plant cell, a yeast cell, an insect cell, an algal cell, or a bacterium. In some embodiments, various DNA constructs are used to expression a CSLG gene in a plant cell. In some embodiments, various DNA constructs are used to expression a CSLG gene in a yeast cell. In some embodiments, various DNA constructs are used to expression a CSLG gene in a plant cell or a yeast cell. In some embodiments, various DNA constructs are used to expression a CSLG gene in an algal cell. In some embodiments, various DNA constructs are used to expression a CSLG gene in an insect cell. In some embodiments, various DNA constructs are used to expression a CSLG gene in a bacterium. In some embodiments, various DNA constructs are used to expression a heterologous CSLG gene in the cell. In some embodiments, when the cell is a plant cell the CSLG gene is a heterologous gene. In some embodiments, when the cell is a plant cell the CSLG gene is a homologous gene, wherein said expression is altered, for example increased or decreased, or said CSLG gene is mutated to alter the activity of the CSLG enzyme. In some embodiments, when the cell is a plant cell, the plant cell is comprised within a plant or a plant part. 
     According to certain embodiments, the gene may comprise part of an expression vector comprising all necessary elements for expression of the gene and optional regulatory components. 
     According to certain embodiments, the expression is controlled by a constitutive promoter. According to other embodiments, the expression is controlled by a transient promoter. According to certain embodiments, the constitutive promoter is specific to a cell or to a plant or plant tissue. According to some embodiments, the tissue specific promoter is selected from the group consisting of root, tuber, leaves and fruit specific promoter. Root specific promoters are described, e.g. in Martinez, E. et al. 2003. Curr. Biol. 13:1435-1441. Fruit specific promoters are described among others in Estornell L. H et al. 2009. Plant Biotechnol. J. 7:298-309 and Fernandez A. I. Et al. 2009 Plant Physiol. 151:1729-1740. Tuber specific promoters are described, e.g. in Rocha-Sosa M, et al., 1989. EMBO J. 8:23-29; McKibbin R. S. et al., 2006. Plant Biotechnol J. 4(4):409-18. Leaf specific promoters are described, e.g. in Yutao Yang, Guodong Yang, Shijuan Liu, Xingqi Guo and Chengchao Zheng. Science in China Series C: Life Sciences. 46: 651-660. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a promoter comprises a yeast specific promoter. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a promoter comprises an algal specific promoter. 
     According to certain embodiments, the expression vector further comprises regulatory elements at the 3′ non-coding sequence. As used herein, the “3′ non-coding sequences” refer to DNA sequences located downstream of a coding sequence and include polyadenylation recognition sequences and other sequences encoding regulatory signals capable of affecting mRNA processing or gene expression. The polyadenylation signal is usually characterized by affecting the addition of polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor. For plants, the use of different 3′ non-coding sequences is exemplified by Ingelbrecht I L et al. (1989. Plant Cell 1:671-680). 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various components of the nucleic acid sequences and the transformation vectors described herein are operatively linked, so as to result in expression of said nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment. Techniques for operatively linking the components of the constructs and vectors described herein are well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques include the use of linkers, such as synthetic linkers, for example, including one or more restriction enzyme sites. 
     One skilled in the art would appreciate that the term “operably linked” may encompass the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is regulated by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of regulating the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in a sense or antisense orientation. 
     Methods for transforming a plant according to the teachings disclosed herein are known to those skilled in the art. As used herein the term “transformation” or “transforming” describes a process by which a foreign DNA, such as a DNA construct, including expression vector, enters and changes a recipient cell into a transformed, genetically altered or transgenic cell. Transformation may be stable, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is integrated into the organism genome and as such represents a stable and inherited trait, or transient, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is expressed by the cell transformed but is not integrated into the genome, and as such represents a transient trait. According to some embodiments the nucleic acid sequence disclosed herein is stably transformed into the cell. 
     The genetically altered cells or plants having altered content of the desired at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG; and altered content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, genetically modified cells or plants produced as described herein are typically first selected based on the expression of the gene or protein. Cells or plants having expressing the enzyme encoding from the at least one heterologous gene may be identified and, are then analyzed for the content of at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG and/or at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the genetically altered plants having altered content of the desired at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, according to the teachings herein are first selected based on the expression of the gene or protein. Plants having enhanced or aberrant expression of the gene or protein, are then analyzed for the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof. In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     Detection of at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG gene and/or at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof is performed employing standard methods of molecular genetics, known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Similarly, purification and/or detection of at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof is performed employing standard methods of molecular genetics or protein chemistry known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     For measuring the gene(s), cDNA or mRNA should be obtained from a cell or a plant in which the nucleic acid is expressed. The sample may be further processed before the detecting step. For example, the polynucleotides in the cell or tissue sample may be separated from other components of the sample, may be amplified, etc. All samples obtained from an organism, including those subjected to any sort of further processing are considered to be obtained from the organism. 
     For measuring the gene(s) or silencing molecule(s) expression, cDNA or mRNA should be obtained from an organ in which the nucleic acid is expressed. The sample may be further processed before the detecting step. For example, the polynucleotides in the cell or tissue sample may be separated from other components of the sample, may be amplified, etc. All samples obtained from an organism, including those subjected to any sort of further processing are considered to be obtained from the organism. 
     Detection of the gene(s) in some embodiments, requires amplification of the polynucleotides taken from the candidate genetically modified cell or genetically modified plant or part thereof. In some embodiments a plant part comprises a plant organ or a plant tissue. 
     Methods for DNA amplification are known to a person skilled in the art. Most commonly used method for DNA amplification is PCR (polymerase chain reaction; see, for example, PCR Basics: from background to Bench, Springer Verlag, 2000; Eckert et al., 1991. PCR Methods and Applications 1:17). Additional suitable amplification methods include the ligase chain reaction (LCR), transcription amplification and self-sustained sequence replication, and nucleic acid-based sequence amplification (NASBA). 
     According to certain embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence comprising the at least one saponin beta-amyrin synthase, cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, acyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase, or CSLG, or any combination thereof may in some embodiments, further comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a selectable marker. According to certain embodiments, the selectable marker confers resistance to antibiotic or to an herbicide; in these embodiments the transgenic cells or plants are selected according to their resistance to the antibiotic or herbicide. 
     Breeding 
     In some embodiments, transformation techniques including breeding through transgene editing, use of transgenes, use of transient expression of a gene or genes, or use of molecular markers, or any combination thereof, may be used in the breeding of a plant having an altered expression. If transformation techniques require use of tissue culture, transformed cells may be regenerated into plants in accordance with techniques well known to those of skill in the art. The regenerated plants may then be grown and crossed with the same or different plant varieties using traditional breeding techniques to produce seed, which are then selected under the appropriate conditions. 
     The content of steroidal alkaloids and/or steroidal saponins is measured as exemplified hereinbelow and as is known to a person skilled in the art. 
     In some embodiments, an offspring plant comprises decreased anti-nutritional contents or decreased toxins compared to at least one of the progenitor plants. In some embodiments, an offspring plant comprises improved resistance to a plant pathogen, pest, or predator compared to at least one of the progenitor plants. 
     In some embodiments, a plant as disclosed herein comprises a crop plant from any of the orders listed in the previous section. In some embodiments, a plant as disclosed herein comprises a crop plant in the Poales order, the Caryophyllales order, the Solanales order, the Fabales order, the Malvales order, the Apiales order, the Brassicales order, the Asparagales order, the Dioscoreales order, or the Liliales order. 
     In some embodiments, when the plant comprises a crop plant in the Poales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Oryza  genus, the  Hordeum  genus, the  Avena  genus, and the  Triticum  genus. 
     In some embodiments, when a plant is a crop plant in the Caryophvllales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Spinacia  genus, the  Chenopodium  genus, the  Beta  genus, the  Rheum  genus, the  Vaccaria  genus, the  Saponaria  genus, and the Gypsophila genus. In some embodiments, the Caryophyllales plant is selected from the group consisting of spinach, beetroot, and  quinoa.    
     In some embodiments, when a plant is a crop plant in the Solanales order, said plant from the group of genera consisting of the  Solanum  genus, the  Capsicum  genus, the  Nicotiana  genus, the  Hyoscyamus  genus, the  Datura  genus, and the  Atropa  genus. In some embodiments, when a plant is a crop plant in the Solanales order, said plant is selected from the group consisting of  Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum chacoense, Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, Solanum dulcamara  and  Nicotiana benthamiana . In some embodiments, the Solanales plant is selected from the group consisting of ground cherry, eggplant, potato, tomato, pepper, bell pepper, cayenne pepper, chili pepper, pimiento, tabasco pepper, tobacco, and bittersweet. In some embodiments, the Solanales plant comprises a Solanaceae plant. 
     In some embodiments, when a plant is a crop plant in the Fabales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Glycyrrhiza  genus, the  Medicago  genus, the  Glycine  genus, the  Lotus  genus, the  Cicer  genus, the  Phaseolus  genus, the  Pisum  genus, the  Arachis  genus, the  Lupinus  genus, and the  Acacia  genus. In some embodiments, the Fabales plant is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, soy,  Lotus japonicus , and licorice. 
     In some embodiments, when a plant is a crop plant in the Malvales order, said plant is selected from the  Theobroma  genus. 
     In some embodiments, when a plant is a crop plant in the Apiales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Daucus  genus, the  Apium  genus, the  Petroselinum  genus, the  Panax  genus, the  Bupleurum  genus, the  Hedera  genus, and the  Centella  genus. 
     In some embodiments, when a plant is a crop plant in the Brassicales order, said plant is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Arabidopsis  genus, the  Brassica  genus, the  Capparis  genus, and the  Carica  genus. 
     In some embodiments, the plant is a crop plant of any order, family, genus, or species disclosed herein. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques. 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “hybrid plant” may encompass a plant generated by crossing two plants of interest, propagating by seed or tissue and then growing the plants. When plants are crossed sexually, the step of pollination may include cross pollination or self-pollination or back crossing with an untransformed plant or another transformed plant. Hybrid plants include first generation and later generation plants. Disclosed herein is a method to manipulate and improve a plant trait, for a non-limiting example—increasing plant resistance, decreasing anti-nutritional properties in a plant, decreasing toxins or bitter tasting compounds in a plant, increasing pharmaceutical properties in a plant, or any combination thereof. 
     Biomarkers 
     A skilled artisan would appreciate that the term “biomarker” comprises any measurable substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of a biological state or a condition of interest. In some embodiments, the presence of a biomarker is indicative of the presence of a compound or a group of compounds of interest. In some embodiments, the concentration of a biomarker is indicative of the concentration of a compound or a group of compounds of interest. In some embodiments, the concentration of a biomarker is indicative of an organism phenotype. 
     CSLG enzymes are hereby disclosed to have an essential role in the biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, and triterpenoid saponins found in many plants. Thus, in some embodiments, the expression level of CSLG is indicative of the capacity of a plant to produce steroidal alkaloids, or derivatives, metabolites, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof; steroidal saponins, or derivatives, metabolites, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof, triterpenoid saponins, or derivatives, metabolites, or biosynthetic intermediates thereof; or combinations thereof. 
     Methods for Producing Steroidal Alkaloids, Steroidal Saponins, and Triterpenoid Saponins 
     Provided herein are methods of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell or plant comprising a genetically modified plant cell or a plant part comprising a genetically modified plant part, the methods comprising: introducing a polynucleotide sequence into said cell, wherein said polynucleotide sequence is optionally comprised in a vector, wherein said polynucleotide sequence comprises at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, said enzyme selected from the group consisting of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, and a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG); and expressing said at least one heterologous gene in said cell. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence introduced comprises multiple polynucleotide sequences, wherein each polynucleotide sequence comprises at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, said enzyme selected from the group consisting of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, and a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence introduced comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more polynucleotide sequences each polynucleotide sequence comprising at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, said enzyme selected from the group consisting of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, and a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence introduced comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more polynucleotide sequences each comprises only one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, said enzyme selected from the group consisting of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, and a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence introduced comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more polynucleotide sequences each comprising any combination of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more heterologous genes encoding an enzyme, said enzyme selected from the group consisting of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, and a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG). A skilled artisan would appreciate that the polynucleotide sequence or sequences are introduced into a cell where they are expressed, resulting in expression of the encoded enzyme or enzymes in the genetically modified cell. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified cell, the method comprising:
         (a) introducing an at least one heterologous gene into said cell, said at least one heterologous gene encoding a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein said heterologous gene is optionally comprised in a vector; and   (b) expressing said at least one heterologous gene in said cell;
 
wherein said cell comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, at least one steroidal saponin, or at least one triterpenoid saponin compared to a corresponding unmodified cell.
       

     In some embodiments, said introducing further comprising introducing an at least one additional heterologous gene into said cell, said heterologous gene selected from the group consisting of the group encoding a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, and a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, or any combination thereof, wherein said at least one additional heterologous gene is optionally comprised in a vector; and further comprising expressing said at least one additional heterologous gene in said cell. In some embodiments, said at least one heterologous gene is operably linked to a promoter, a transcription termination sequence, or a combination thereof; or said at least one additional heterologous gene is operably linked to a promoter, a transcription termination sequence, or a combination thereof; or a combination thereof of (a) and (b). 
     In some embodiments, said introducing comprises transforming said at least one cell with said at least one heterologous gene or a polynucleotide sequence encoding said at least one heterologous gene, or the vector comprising said at least one heterologous gene; or said at least one additional heterologous gene or a polynucleotide sequences encoding said at least one additional heterologous gene, or the vector comprising said at least one additional heterologous gene; or a combination thereof of (a) and (b); wherein said expressing comprises transient expression or constitutive expression. 
     Cellulose synthase like G nucleic acid sequences encoding a CSLG enzyme are described in detail throughout and exemplified in the Examples. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. Cellulose synthase like G nucleic acid sequences encoding a CSLG enzyme am described in detail throughout and exemplified in the Examples. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     Cellulose synthase like G nucleic acid sequences encoding a CSLG enzyme are described in detail throughout and exemplified in the Examples. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one heterologous CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the amino acid sequence of said encoded CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the amino acid sequence of said encoded CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80/% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the amino acid sequence of said encoded CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     The GAME proteins, GAME1 and GAME4, were used as baits in potato or tomato, as described herein in the Examples. Genes that were co-expressed with GAME1 or GAME4 are shown in Tables 5-8, and the enzymes of the steroidal alkaloid pathway, along with a portion of the enzymes of steroidal saponin pathway, are presented in  FIG. 1  and described in detail throughout and exemplified in the Examples. The SOAP nucleic acid sequences respectively encoding the SOAP enzymes of the triterpenoid saponin pathway presented in  FIG. 20A , are described in detail throughout and exemplified in the Examples. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said at least one additional heterologous gene encodes a β-amyrin synthase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or a cytochrome P450, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or a glycosyl transferase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, 61; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; or an acyltransferase, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, said nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 74, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the amino acid sequence of said encoded at least one additional heterologous gene encodes a β-amyrin synthase, said amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48; or a cytochrome P450, said amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 49, 52, or 54; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 49, 52, or 54; or a glycosyl transferase, said amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 56, 58, 60, or 62; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 56, 58, 60, or 62; or an acyltransferase, said amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64; or a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1, said amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 75; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 75; or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid or steroidal saponin, said steroidal alkaloid or steroidal saponin comprises an anti-nutritive agent, a cosmetic agent, or a pharmaceutical agent or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid or steroidal saponin, said steroidal alkaloid or steroidal saponin is selected from an anti-nutritive agent, a cosmetic agent, or a pharmaceutical agent, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, said triterpenoid saponin comprises a sweetener, foaming agent, emulsifier, preservative, anti-carcinogen, hypocholesterolemic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oxidant, biological adjuvant, anti-microbial agent, insecticidal agent, antifeedant, or an anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, said triterpenoid saponin is selected from a sweetener, foaming agent, emulsifier, preservative, anti-carcinogen, hypocholesterolemic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oxidant, biological adjuvant, anti-microbial agent, insecticidal agent, antifeedant, or anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, said steroidal alkaloid comprises alpha-tomatine, tomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, iun a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, said steroidal alkaloid is selected from the group consisting of alpha-tomatine, tomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal saponin, said steroidal saponin comprises uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, iun a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, said steroidal alkaloid is selected from the group consisting of uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, said triterpenoid saponin comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, said triterpenoid saponin is selected from medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, said cell comprises a plant cell, a yeast cell, an alga cell, an insect cell, or a bacterium. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, said cell comprises a plant cell, a yeast cell, or an alga cell. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, said cell comprises a plant cell or a yeast cell. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, said cell comprises a plant cell. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, said cell comprises a yeast cell. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, said cell comprises an alga cell. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, said cell comprises an insect cell. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, said cell comprises a bacterium. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one heterologous gene is operably linked to a promoter, a transcription termination sequence, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the step of introducing comprises transforming said at least one cell with said polynucleotide sequence or a vector comprising the polynucleotide sequence, and wherein said expression comprises transient expression or constituitive expression. In some embodiments, the vector comprises an expression vector. In some embodiments, the vector comprises a plasmid vector. In some embodiments, the vector integrates into the host cell DNA. In some embodiments, part of the polynucleotide comprised in the vector integrates into the host cell DNA. In some embodiments, the vector does not integrate into the host cell DNA and replicates as a separate entity within the host cell. 
     In some embodiments, expression vectors used to produce genetically modified plant cells include both  Agrobacterium  and non- Agrobacterium  vectors.  Agrobacterium -mediated gene transfer exploits the natural ability of  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  to transfer DNA into plant chromosomes and is described in detail in G. Gheysen, G. Angenon, and M. Van Montagu, 1998,  Agrobacterium -mediated plant transformation: a scientifically intriguing story with significant applications in K. Lindsey (Ed.), Transgenic Plant Research, Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 1-33; and in H. A. Stafford (2000), Botanical Review 66:99-118. A second group of transformation methods is the non- Agrobacterium -mediated transformation and these methods are known as direct gene transfer methods. An overview is brought by P. Barcelo and P. A. Lazzeri (1998), Direct gene transfer: chemical, electrical and physical methods in K. Lindsey (Ed.), Transgenic Plant Research, Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 35-55. Methods include particle gun delivery, microinjection, electroporation of intact cells, polyethyleneglycol-mediated protoplast transformation, electroporation of protoplasts, liposome-mediated transformation, silicon-whiskers-mediated transformation, etc. A suitable control plant would include a genetically unaltered or non-transgenic plant of the parental line used to generate a transgenic plant herein. 
     Genetically transformed hairy root cultures can be obtained by transformation with virulent strains of  Agrobacterium rhizogenes . Protocols used for establishing of hairy root cultures vary, as well as the susceptibility of plant species to infection by  Agrobacterium  (Toivounen et al. 1993; Vanhala et al. 1995). It is known that the  Agrobacterium  strain used for transformation has a great influence on root morphology and the degree of secondary metabolite accumulation in hairy root cultures. It is possible by systematic clone selection, e.g., via protoplasts, to find high yielding, stable, and from single-cell-derived hairy root clones. This is possible because the hairy root cultures possess a great somaclonal variation. Another possibility of transformation is the use of viral vectors (Turpen 1999). 
     Any plant tissue or plant cells capable of subsequent clonal propagation, whether by organogenesis or embryogenesis, may be transformed with an expression vector of interest. The team “organogenesis” means a process by which shoots and roots are developed sequentially from meristematic centers; the term “embryogenesis” means a process by which shoots and roots develop together in a concerted fashion (not sequentially), whether from somatic cells or gametes. The particular tissue chosen will vary depending on the clonal propagation systems available for, and best suited to, the particular species being transformed. Exemplary tissue targets include protoplasts, leaf disks, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyls, megagametophytes, callus tissue, existing meristematic tissue (e.g., apical meristems, axillary buds, and root meristems), and induced meristem tissue (e.g., cotyledon meristem and hypocotyls meristem). 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence or at least a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme as described in detail above. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a host cell, for example but not limited to a plant cell, a yeast, or an algal cell, comprising a polynucleotide sequence or at least a heterologous gene encoding an enzyme as described in detail above, or a vector comprising a polynucleotide or at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme as described throughout. 
     The term “vector” in certain embodiments, encompasses a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid molecule to which it has been operably or continuously linked. The vector may be of any suitable type including, but not limited to, a phage, virus, plasmid, phagemid, cosmid, bacmid or even an artificial chromosome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., vectors having an origin of replication that functions in the host cell). Other vectors can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and are thereby replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, in some embodiments, vectors are capable of directing the expression of certain genes of interest. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”). Suitable vectors have regulatory sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, terminator sequences, and the like as desired and according to a particular host organism (e.g., plant cell, yeast cell, or algal cell). 
     Typically, a recombinant vector according to the disclosure comprises at least one “heterologous gene encoding an enzyme” or “expression cassette comprising an at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme”. Expression cassettes are generally DNA constructs, which in some embodiments include (5′ to 3′ in the direction of transcription): a promoter region, a polynucleotide sequence comprising at least one heterologous gene encoding an enzyme, homologue, variant, or fragment thereof of the disclosure as described above in detail, operably linked with the transcription initiation region, and a termination sequence including a stop signal for RNA polymerase and a polyadenylation signal. It is understood that all of these regions should be capable of operating in biological cells, such as plant cells or yeast cells or algal cells, to be transformed. The promoter region comprising the transcription initiation region, which preferably includes the RNA polymerase binding site, and the polyadenylation signal may be native to the biological cell to be transformed or may be derived from an alternative source, where the region is functional in the biological cell. 
     The term “recombinant host cell” (“expression host cell,” “expression host system,” “expression system” or simply “host cell”), as used herein, encompasses a cell into which a recombinant vector has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein. A recombinant host cell may be an isolated cell or cell line grown in culture or may be a cell that resides in a living tissue or organism. Host cells can be of fungal, plant or algal origin. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a transgenic plant or a cell derived thereof that is transformed with the above-described vector. 
     In some embodiments in methods of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the encoded enzyme comprises a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, or a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG). In some embodiments in methods of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, multiple enzymes are encoded by heterologous genes wherein the encoded enzymes comprises a combination of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, or a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG). In some embodiments in methods of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more enzymes are encoded by heterologous genes wherein the encoded enzymes comprises a combination of a saponin beta-amyrin synthase, a cytochrome P450, a glycosyltransferase, an acyltransferase, a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase I, or a cellulose synthase like G (CSLG). In some embodiments in methods of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the encoded enzyme comprises a CSLG. 
     In some embodiments, the cytochrome P450 comprises a C2-hydroxylase or is a C-23 oxidase. In some embodiments, the glycosyltransferase comprises a fructosyltransferase, a xylosyltransferase, or a UDP-glycosyltransferase, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the acyltransferase comprises a benzylalcohol acetyl-, anthocyanin-O-hydroxy-cinnamoyl-, anthranilate-N-hydroxy-cinnamyol/benzoyl-, deacetylvindoline (BAHD) acetyletransferase. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin the encoded cytochrome P450 comprises a C2-hydroxylase or is a C-23 oxidase, or a combination thereof; said glycosyltransferase comprises a fructosyltransferase, a xylosyltransferase, or a UDP-glycosyltransferase, or a combination thereof; the said acyltransferase comprise a benzylalcohol acetyl-, anthocyanin-O-hydroxy-cinnamoyl-, anthranilate-N-hydroxy-cinnamyol/benzoyl-, deacetylvindoline (BAHD) acetyletransferase; or the encoded enzymes comprise a combination of any of these enzymes, wherein optionally additional enzymes are comprised within a polynucleotide sequence or sequences. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, wherein multiple heterologous genes are expressed, the skilled artisan would appreciate that a polynucleotide sequence or sequences may comprise a combination of any of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, as described in detail above. In some embodiments, wherein multiple heterologous genes are expressed, the skilled artisan would appreciate that a polynucleotide sequence or sequences may comprise a combination of comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 55% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, wherein multiple heterologous genes are expressed, the skilled artisan would appreciate that a polynucleotide sequence or sequences may comprise a combination of any of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105, as described in detail above. In some embodiments, wherein multiple heterologous genes are expressed, the skilled artisan would appreciate that a polynucleotide sequence or sequences may comprise a combination of comprises a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene encodes the amino acid sequence of said enzyme set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 64, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104; or the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene encodes the amino acid sequence of said enzyme set forth in the sequence having at least 55% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 64, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene encodes the amino acid sequence of said enzyme set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 64, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104; or the polynucleotide sequence of said at least one heterologous gene encodes the amino acid sequence of said enzyme set forth in the sequence having at least 80% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 64, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the genetically modified cell, for example but not limited to a plant cell, a yeast, or an algal cell comprises an increased content of at least a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the genetically modified cell, for example but not limited to a plant cell, a yeast, an algal cell, an insect cell, or a bacterium, comprises an increased content of at least a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the genetically modified cell comprises a plant cell comprising an increased content of at least a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the genetically modified cell comprises a yeast cell comprising an increased content of at least a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the genetically modified cell comprises a algal cell comprising an increased content of at least a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell. In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the genetically modified cell comprises a plant cell comprising an increased content of at least a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, compared to a corresponding unmodified cell, wherein said plant cell is comprised in a plant or plant part. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, the steroidal alkaloid produced comprises an anti-nutritive agent, a cosmetic agent, or a pharmaceutical agent, or any combination thereof; or the steroidal alkaloid comprises an esculeoside or dehydroesculeoside; or the steroidal alkaloid comprises alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, the steroidal alkaloid produced comprises alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, the steroidal alkaloid produced comprises alpha-tomatine. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, the steroidal alkaloid produced comprises tomatine. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, the steroidal alkaloid produced comprises dehydrotomatine. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, the steroidal alkaloid produced comprises alpha-chaconine. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, the steroidal alkaloid produced comprises alpha-solanine. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, the steroidal alkaloid produced comprises alpha-solasonine. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, the steroidal alkaloid produced comprises alpha-solmargine. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal saponin, the steroidal saponin produced comprises an anti-nutritive agent, a cosmetic agent, or a pharmaceutical agent, or any combination thereof, or the steroidal alkaloid comprises uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal saponin, the steroidal saponin produced comprises uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal saponin, the steroidal saponin produced comprises uttroside B. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal saponoin, the steroidal saponin produced comprises a tomatoside. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises a sweetener, foaming agent, emulsifier, preservative, anti-carcinogen, hypocholesterolemic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oxidant, biological adjuvant, anti-microbial agent, insecticidal agent, antifeedant, anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof; or the titerpenoid saponin comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof; or a combination thereof. In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises Compound 7. In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises Compound 8. In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises Compound 9. In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises Compound 10. In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises Compound 11 In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises bayogenin (Compound 25). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises serjanic acid (Compound 26). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises soyasapogenol A (Compound 29). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises soyasapogenol B (Compound 30). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises soyasaponin VI (Compound 35). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33). In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA. In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises gypsogenic acid-3GlcA. In some embodiments in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin, the triterpenoid saponin produced comprises a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin, respectively, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and altering the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin comprises increasing the content of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin, respectively, compared to an unmodified cell or an unmodified plant and decreasing the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the cell into which the polynucleotide sequence is introduced comprises a plant cell or a yeast cell. Alternatively, in some embodiments, it comprises an algal cell. Plant and yeast cells that may be genetically modified as described herein, have been disclosed above in detail. Those same plant and yeast cells may, in some embodiments, be used in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin. In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the cell into which the polynucleotide sequence is introduced comprises a plant cell or a yeast cell or an algal cell or an insect cell or a bacterium. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the cell comprises a plant cell that comprises a leaf cell, a petiole cell, a plant stem or stalk cell, a root cell, a bud cell, a tuber cell, a bean cell, a grain or kernel cell, a fruit cell, a nut cell, a legume cell, a seed or seed cell, a bract cell, a callus cell, and a flower cell. 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the yeast cell, the algal cell, or the plant cell is from an order, genus, or species recited herein. For example, but not limited to a plant cell comprising a cell from a plant in the Poales order, the Caryophyllales order, the Solanales order, the Fabales order, the Malvales order, the Apiales order, the Brassicales order, the Asparagales order, the Dioscoreales order, or the Liliales order; or a yeast is selected from a  Saccharomyces  genus, a  Schizosaccharomyces  genus, a  Pichia  genus, a  Yarrowia  genus, a  Kluyveromyces  genus, or a  Candida  genus. 
     In some embodiments of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the plant of the Caryophyllales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Spinacia  genus, the  Chenopodium  genus, the  Beta  genus, and the  Rheum  genus; or the plant of the Solanales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Nicotiana  genus, the  Solanum  genus, and the  Capsicum  genus; or the plant of the Fabales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Glycyrrhiza  genus, the  Medicago  genus, the  Quillaja  genus, the  Glycine  genus, and the  Lotus  genus; or the plant of the Apiales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Panax  genus,  Daucus  genus, the  Apium  genus, and the  Petroselinum  genus, or the plant from the Poales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Oryza  genus (e.g.,  Oryza  sativa and  Oryza glaberrima  [rice]), the  Hordeum  genus (e.g.,  Hordeum vulgare  [barley]), the  Avena  genus (e.g.,  Avena  saliva [oat],  Avena strigosa ), and the  Triticum  genus (e.g.,  Triticum spelta  [spelt]), or the plant from the Brassicales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Arabidopsis  genus (e.g.,  Arabidopsis thaliana ), the  Brassica  genus (e.g.,  Brassica oleracea  [cabbages],  Brassica juncea  [white mustard],  Brassica nigra  [black mustard],  Brassica napus ), the  Capparis  genus (e.g.,  Capparis spinosa  [caper]), and the  Carica  genus (e.g.,  Carica papaya  [papaya]). 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the plant of the Solanales order is selected from the group of species consisting of  Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, Solanum pennellii, Solanum chacoense, Solanum dulcamara , and  Capsicum annuum ; or the plant of the Fabales order is selected from the group of species consisting of  Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Medicago saliva. Medicago truncatula, Quillaja saponaria, Glycine max , and  Lotus japonicus ; or the plant of the Malvales order is selected from the  Theobroma  genus: or the plant of the Apiales order is selected from the group of species consisting of  Panax ginseng, Daucus carota, Apium graveolens , and  Petroselinum crispum ; or the plant is selected from the species  Theobroma cacao , or the plant from the Poales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Oryza  genus (e.g.,  Oryza sativa  and  Oryza glaberrima  [rice]), the  Hordeum  genus (e.g.,  Hordeum vulgare  [barley]), the  Avena  genus (e.g.,  Avena sativa  [oat],  Avena strigosa ), and the  Triticum  genus (e.g.,  Triticum spelta  [spelt]), or the plant from the Brassicales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Arabidopsis  genus (e.g.,  Arabidopsis thaliana ), the  Brassica  genus (e.g.,  Brassica oleracea  [cabbages],  Brassica juncea  [white mustard],  Brassica nigra  [black mustard],  Brassica napus ), the  Capparis  genus (e.g.,  Capparis spinosa  [caper]), and the  Carica  genus (e.g.,  Carica papaya  [papaya]). 
     In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the yeast is selected from a  Saccharomyces  genus, a  Schizosaccharomyces  genus, a  Pichia  genus, a  Yarrowia  genus, a  Kluyveromyces  genus, or a  Candida  genus. In some embodiments, said yeast is a  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  or  Candida albicans . In some embodiments in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the method further comprises a step of purifying said steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. 
     Methods of purifying steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoids may include standard purifications techniques known in the art, for example but not limited to column liquid chromatography, preparative medium-pressure liquid chromatograph, and preparative HPLC. These techniques may be used in embodiments of purifying steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins from plants, plant part, or plant cells. Alternatively, the plant cells or plant parts may be used as is without purifying the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. 
     In some embodiments, when steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins are produced in yeast cells, the steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins are secreted from the cells. In some embodiments, a secreted steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin is purified from a yeast cell medium. 
     In some embodiments, a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin or triterpenoid saponin is extracted from a plant cell, a plant part, a plant, algae, a yeast, an insect cell, or bacterial culture using methods known in the art. 
     In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of producing at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin, the method further comprising the step of extracting said steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin from the plant, plant part, colony, organ, tissue, or cells that produce said steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. In one embodiment, the plant part comprises a leaf, a petiole, a plant stem or stalk, a root, a bud, a tuber, a bean, a grain or kernel, a fruit, a nut, a legume, a seed or seed, a bract, or a flower. 
     Methods of Altering the Content of Steroidal Alkaloids, Steroidal Saponins, and Triterpenoid Saponins in a Plant or Plant Part or Plant Cell 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of altering the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant, a genetically modified plant part, or a genetically modified plant cell, the method comprising genetically modifying the CSLG gene in said plant, plant part, or said cell, wherein said modification comprises increasing expression of said CSLG gene, or increasing activity of the expressed CSLG enzyme, or increasing stability of the expressed CSLG enzyme, or any combination thereof; wherein said plant, plant part, or plant cell comprises an increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin compared to a corresponding unmodified plant, plant part, or plant cell. In other embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of altering the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in a genetically modified plant, a genetically modified plant part, or a genetically modified plant cell, the method comprising genetically modifying the CSLG gene in said plant, plant part, or said cell, wherein said modification comprises decreasing or eliminating expression of said CSLG gene, or decreasing activity of the expressed CSLG enzyme, or decreasing stability of the expressed CSLG enzyme, or any combination thereof; wherein said plant, plant part, or cell comprises a decreased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin compared to a corresponding unmodified plant, plant part, or plant cell. 
     In some embodiments, a genetically modified plant described in detail herein, comprises an altered content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin disclosed herein. 
     In certain embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of reducing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in at least one cell of a plant or a plant part, the method comprising genetically modifying said at least one plant cell, said genetic modification comprising:
         (a) transforming said at least one plant cell with at least one silencing molecule targeted to a nucleic acid gene sequence encoding a Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzyme; or   (b) mutagenizing at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein the mutagenesis comprises introducing (1) one or more point mutations into the nucleic acid sequence, (2) deletions within the nucleic acid sequence, or (3) insertions within the nucleic acid, or any combination thereof, wherein said introducing comprising mutagenizing coding or non-coding sequence;
 
wherein expression of the gene encoding the CSLG enzyme is reduced in the genetically modified plant cell compared to its expression in a corresponding unmodified plant cell, wherein the plant comprising said genetically modified cell comprises reduced content of one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant.
       

     In certain embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in at least one cell of a plant or plant part, the method comprising genetically modifying said at least one plant cell, said genetic modification comprising:
         (a) mutagenizing at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzyme, wherein the mutagenesis comprises introducing (1) one or more point mutations into the nucleic acid sequence, (2) deletions within the nucleic acid sequence, or (3) insertions within the nucleic acid, or any combination thereof, wherein said introducing comprising mutagenizing coding or non-coding sequence; and   (b) expressing said nucleic acid encoding said CSLG; and
 
wherein the plant comprising said genetically modified cell comprises increased content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, compared to the corresponding unmodified plant.
       

     Methods for mutagenizing at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic enzyme, a steroidal saponin biosynthetic enzyme, or a triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic enzyme, for example but not limited to a CSLG enzyme, have been described in detail above under the header Genetically Modified Cells &amp; Genetically Modified Plants. Similarly, methods for transforming a plant cell with at least one silencing molecule targeted to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic enzyme, a steroidal saponin biosynthetic enzyme, or a triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic enzyme, for example a nucleic acid sequence encoding a CSLG enzyme, have been described in detail above under the header Genetically Modified Cells &amp; Genetically Modified Plants. These methods are incorporated herein in their entirety, wherein a skilled artisan would appreciate that the methods used to produce a genetically modified cell comprised within a genetically modified plant or plant part are in certain embodiments, the same methods used to reduce or increase the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in a plant or plant part, especially as the genetically modified plants or plant parts described have an altered content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, when the at least one silencing molecule is targeted to a nucleic acid gene sequence encoding a CSLG enzyme, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, when a nucleic acid gene sequence encoding a CSLG enzyme is mutated, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105. In some embodiments, in a method of increasing or a method of decreasing an at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or titerpenoid saponin, the amino acid sequence of said CSLG enzyme is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 66, 81, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 or 104. 
     In some embodiments, derivatives of steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins comprise glycosylated derivatives of, respectively, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins. 
     In some embodiments, the mutation comprises a mutation in a non-coding region. In some embodiments, the mutation comprises a mutation in a coding region. Not limiting examples of mutations in non-coding regions are those mutations that increase or decrease the expression of the CSLG gene. In some embodiments, the mutation comprises overexpression of the CSLG gene, wherein the genetically modified plant cell comprises an increase in at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. Methods for overexpression are described in detail herein wherein the skilled artisan would appreciate that a constitutive or inducible promoter may be incorporated into the construct comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the CSLG gene. In some embodiments, the mutation comprises reduced expression of the CSLG gene, wherein the genetically modified plant cell comprises a decrease in at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. Methods for specifically targeting a nucleic acid sequence in order to reduce expression are detailed throughout, wherein the skilled artisan would appreciate that reduction of expression would in certain embodiments, lead to reduction in content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin. 
     In some embodiments, in a method of increasing the content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof of the gene encoding the CSLG enzyme is increased in the genetically modified plant cell compared to its expression in a corresponding unmodified plant cell; or said encoded CSLG enzyme has increased activity in the genetically modified plant cell compared to its activity in a corresponding unmodified plant cell; or said encoded CSLG enzyme has increased stability in the genetically modified plant cell compared to its stability in a corresponding unmodified plant cell, or any combination thereof. Methods for mutation of nucleic acids encoding genes of the steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway, for example but not limited to the CSLG gene, are described in detail above and include mutation the coding region for increased stability or activity or a combination thereof of the enzyme, and or mutation the nucleic acid sequence expressing the CSLG gene for over expression. One skilled in the art would appreciate that those methods of mutation could in certain embodiments be used herein as well. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid reduces a steroidal alkaloid comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal alkaloid in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid eliminates a steroidal alkaloid comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal alkaloid in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid reduces a steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, eliminates a steroidal alkaloid, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal alkaloid in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises an esculeoside or a dehydroesculeoside. In some embodiments, the at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises an esculeoside or a dehydroesculeoside. In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate comprises cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26 amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, or beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises eliminating or nearly eliminating an esculeoside or a dehydroesculeoside. In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises eliminating or nearly eliminating alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate comprises eliminating or nearly eliminating cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26 amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, or beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal alkaloid comprises eliminating a combination of at least one steroidal alkaloid and at least one steroidal alkaloid intermediate. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal alkaloid increases a steroidal alkaloid comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal alkaloid in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases a steroidal alkaloid comprising an esculeoside or a dehydroesculeoside. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases a steroidal alkaloid comprising alpha-tomatine, tomatine, dehydrotomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate comprises cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone, furostanol-26-aldehyde, 26-amino-furostanol, tomatidenol, tomatidine, tomatidine galactoside, gamma-tomatine, or beta-1-tomatine, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin reduces a steroidal saponin comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal saponin in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin eliminates a steroidal saponin comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal saponin in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin reduces a steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, eliminates a steroidal saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal saponin in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one steroidal saponin comprises uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal saponin comprises uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate comprises cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone. 
     In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal saponin comprises eliminating or nearly eliminating uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reduced at least one steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic intermediate comprises eliminating or nearly eliminating cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one steroidal saponin comprises eliminating a combination of at least one steroidal saponin and at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing at least one steroidal saponin increases a steroidal saponin comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the steroidal saponin in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases a steroidal saponin comprising uttroside B, a tomatoside, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases at least one steroidal saponin biosynthetic intermediate comprising cholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol, 22,26-dihydroxycholesterol, furostanol-type saponin aglycone or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin reduces a triterpenoid saponin comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the triterpenoid saponin in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin eliminates a triterpenoid saponin comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the triterpenoid saponin in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin reduces a triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, eliminates a triterpenoid saponin, derivative thereof, metabolite thereof, or biosynthetic intermediate thereof, comprising a toxin or a bitter tasting compound or a combination thereof, compared to the content of the triterpenoid saponin in a plant or plant part comprising a non-modified plant cell. 
     In some embodiments, the reduced at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reduced triterpenoid saponin intermediate comprises Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises reducing a combination of at least one triterpenoid saponin and one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate. 
     In some embodiments, the reduced at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises eliminating or nearly eliminating medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reduced triterpenoid saponin intermediate comprises eliminating or nearly eliminating Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of reducing at least one triterpenoid saponin comprises eliminating a combination of at least one triterpenoid saponin and one triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases a triterpenoid saponin comprising a sweetener, foaming agent, emulsifier, preservative, anti-carcinogen, hypocholesterolemic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oxidant, biological adjuvant, anti-microbial agent, insecticidal agent, antifeedant, anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases a triterpenoid saponin comprising medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a triterpenoid saponin, increases the triterpenoid saponin glycyrrhizin (Compound 14). In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a triterpenoid saponin, increases the triterpenoid saponin QS-21 adjuvant. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases a triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic intermediate comprising Compound 1, Compound 2, medicagenic acid (Compound 5), oleanolic acid (Compound 3), oleanolic acid-3GlcA, augustic acid (Compound 4), augustic acid-3GlcA, or glycyrrhetinic acid (Compound 13), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof increases a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, increases the content of the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and alters the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, a method of increasing the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, increases the content of the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, and decreases the content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, decreases the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an altered content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, decreases the content of at least one steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; at least one triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof and an increased content of a phytosterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a phytocholesterol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a cholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a phytocholestenol, or a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof. 
     In some embodiments in a method of altering (increasing or decreasing) the content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof the method comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell, wherein in some embodiments said plant cell comprises a leaf cell, a petiole cell, a plant stem or stalk cell, a root cell, a bud cell, a tuber cell, a bean cell, a grain or kernel cell, a fruit cell, a nut cell, a legume cell, a seed or seed cell, a bract cell, a callus cell, and a flower cell. 
     In some embodiments in a method of altering (increasing or decreasing) the content of a steroidal alkaloid, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; a steroidal saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof; or a triterpenoid saponin, a derivative thereof, a metabolite thereof, or a biosynthetic intermediate thereof, the method comprises genetically modifying at least one plant cell, wherein in some embodiments said plant cell comprises an order, genus, or species recited herein in detail. For example, but not limited to a plant cell comprising a cell from a plant in the Poales order, the Caryophyllales order, the Solanales order, the Fabales order, the Malvales order, the Apiales order, the Brassicales order, the Asparagales order, the Dioscoreales order, or the Liliales order. 
     In some embodiments of methods altering the content (increasing or decreasing) of a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the plant of the Caryophyllales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Spinacia  genus, the  Chenopodium  genus, the  Beta  genus, and the  Rheum  genus; or the plant of the Solanales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Nicotiana  genus, the  Solanum  genus, and the  Capsicum  genus; or the plant of the Fabales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Glycyrrhiza  genus, the  Medicago  genus, the  Quillaja  genus, the  Glycine  genus, and the  Lotus  genus; or the plant of the Apiales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Panax  genus,  Daucus  genus, the  Apium  genus, and the  Petroselinum  genus, or the plant from the Poales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Oryza  genus (e.g.,  Oryza sativa  and  Oryza glaberrima  [rice]), the  Hordeum  genus (e.g.,  Hordeum vulgare  [barley]), the  Avena  genus (e.g.,  Avena sativa  [oat],  Avena strigosa ), and the  Triticum  genus (e.g.,  Triticum spelta  [spelt]), or the plant from the Brassicales order is selected from the group of genera consisting of the  Arabidopsis  genus (e.g.,  Arabidopsis thaliana ), the  Brassica  genus (e.g.,  Brassica oleracea  [cabbages],  Brassica juncea  [white mustard],  Brassica nigra  [black mustard],  Brassica napus ), the  Capparis  genus (e.g.,  Capparis spinosa  [caper]), and the  Carica  genus (e.g.,  Carica papaya  [papaya]). 
     In some embodiments of methods altering the content (increasing or decreasing) of a steroidal alkaloid, a steroidal saponin, or a triterpenoid saponin, the plant of the Solanales order is selected from the group of species consisting of  Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, Solanum pennellii, Solanum chacoense, Solanum dulcamara , and  Capsicum annuum ; or the plant of the Fabales order is selected from the group of species consisting of  Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Medicago saliva, Medicago truncatula, Quillaja saponaria, Glycine max , and  Lotus japonicus ; or the plant of the Malvales order is selected from the  Theobroma  genus; or the plant of the Apiales order is selected from the group of species consisting of  Panax ginseng, Daucus carota, Apium graveolens , and  Petroselinum crispum ; or the plant is selected from the species  Theobroma  cacao. 
     Methods of Producing a Steroidal Alkaloid, Steroidal Saponin, or Triterpenoid Saponin in an In Vitro System 
     In vitro systems are well known in the art. In some embodiments, an in vitro translation system used in the methods for producing a triterpenoid saponin disclosed herein comprises a rabbit reticulocyte lysate, a wheat germ extract, or an  E. coli  cell-free system. Detailed methods for using a cell free system and known and freely available in the art, for example but not limited to in formation found at: https://www.thermofisher.comil/en/home/references/ambion-tech-support/large-scale-transcription/general-articles/the-basics-in-vitro-translation.html. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid or a steroidal saponin in an in vitro system, the method comprising.
         (a) combining a nucleic acid sequence or nucleic acid sequences encoding a cytochrome P450 (GAME7) gene, a cytochrome P450 (GAME8) gene, a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (GAME11) gene, a cytochrome P450 (GAME6) gene, a cytochrome P450 (GAME4) gene, a transaminase (GAME 12) gene, a tomatidine UDP-galactosyltransferase (GAME/-SGT7) gene, a UDP-gycosyltransferase (GAME17) gene, a UDP-gycosyltransferase (GAME18) gene, a UDP-gycosyltransferase/xylosyltransferase (GAME2/SGT3) gene, and a cellulose synthase like G gene (CSLG or GAME15), wherein said nucleic acid sequence or nucleic acid sequences are optionally comprised in a vector or vectors; and   (b) expressing said genes;   (c) incubating a combination of said expressed enzymes together;
 
wherein the product of said incubation comprises at least one steroidal alkaloid or steroidal saponin.
       

     In some embodiments, the above nucleic acid sequence(s) further comprise an ethylene-responsive element binding factor 13 (GAME9) and/or a BHLH-transcription factor. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid or a steroidal saponin in an in vitro system, the method comprising:
         (d) combining a nucleic acid sequence or nucleic acid sequences encoding a cytochrome P450 (GAME7) gene, a cytochrome P450 (GAME8) gene, a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (GAME11) gene, a cytochrome P450 (GAME6) gene, and a cellulose synthase like G gene (CSLG or GAME15), wherein said nucleic acid sequence or nucleic acid sequences are optionally comprised in a vector or vectors; and   (e) expressing said genes;   (f) incubating a combination of said expressed enzymes together;
 
wherein the product of said incubation comprises at least one steroidal alkaloid or a steroidal saponin, or a combination thereof. See for example but not limited to, the biosynthetic pathways and resultant intermediates and products presented therein in  FIGS. 1, 8D, 13, and 14A-14D .
       

     In some embodiments, the biosynthetic GAME genes and/or the CSLG gene are operably linked to a promoter, a transcription termination sequence, or a combination thereof as has been described in detail herein for making constructs. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid or a steroidal saponin, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid or a steroidal saponin, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101. 
     In some embodiments, the biosynthetic GAME genes and/or the CSLG gene are operably linked to a promoter, a transcription termination sequence, or a combination thereof as has been described in detail herein for making constructs. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a steroidal alkaloid or a steroidal saponin, the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101. 
     In certain embodiments, an in vitro method of producing a steroidal alkaloid comprises producing a steroidal alkaloid selected from a esculeoside or a dehydroesculeoside. In certain embodiments, an in vitro method of producing a steroidal alkaloid comprises producing a steroidal alkaloid selected from alpha-tomatine, tomatine, alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, alpha-solasonine, alpha-solmargine, or any combination thereof. 
     In certain embodiments, an in vitro method of producing a steroidal saponin comprises producing a steroidal saponin selected from uttroside B, a tomatosideor any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin in an in vitro system, the method comprising:
         (g) combining a nucleic acid sequence or nucleic acid sequences encoding a saponin beta-amyrin synthase gene (SOAP1), a cytochrome P450 gene (SOAP2), a cytochrome P450 gene expressing a C-2 hydroxylase (SOAP3), a cytochrome P450 gene expressing a C-23 oxidase (SOAP4), a glycosyl transferase gene expressing a UDP-glycosyltransferase or a fucocyl transferase (SOAP6), a glycosyl transferase gene expressing a UDP-glycosyltransferase (SOAP7), a glycosyl transferase gene expressing a UDP-glycosyltransferase (SOAP8); a glycosyl transferase gene expressing a UDP-glycosyltransferase or a xylosyl transferase (SOAP9), an acyltransferase gene (SOAP10), and a cellulose synthase like G gene (CSLG), wherein said nucleic acid sequence or nucleic acid sequences are optionally comprised in a vector or vectors; and   (h) expressing said genes;   (i) incubating a combination of said expressed enzymes together; wherein the product of said incubation comprises at least one triterpenoid saponin.       

     In some embodiments, the biosynthetic SOAP genes and/or the CSLG gene are operably linked to a promoter, a transcription termination sequence, or a combination thereof as has been described in detail herein for making constructs. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 55% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 55% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101. 
     In some embodiments, the biosynthetic SOAP genes and/or the CSLG gene are operably linked to a promoter, a transcription termination sequence, or a combination thereof as has been described in detail herein for making constructs. In some embodiments, in a method of producing a triterpenoid saponin the nucleic acid sequence encoding said CSLG gene is set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, or 105; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOS: 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 65, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid gene sequence or sequences encoding the other triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic enzymes are set forth as follows:
         (a) the nucleic acid sequence encoding said β-amyrin synthase gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45; and   (b) the nucleic acid sequence or sequences encoding said cytochrome P450 genes, are set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, or 53; and   (c) the nucleic acid sequence or sequences encoding said glycosyl transferase genes, are set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, or 61; and   (d) the nucleic acid sequence encoding said acyltransferase is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63; or a homolog thereof having at least 80% identity to and at least 80% coverage of, the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63.       

     In certain embodiments, an in vitro method of producing a triterpenoid saponin comprises producing a triterpenoid saponin selected from a sweetener, foaming agent, emulsifier, preservative, anti-carcinogen, hypocholesterolemic agent, anti-inflammatory agent, anti-oxidant, biological adjuvant, anti-microbial agent, insecticidal agent, antifeedant, anti-fungal agent, or any combination thereof. 
     In certain embodiments, an in vitro method of producing a triterpenoid saponin comprises producing a triterpenoid saponin selected from medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) (Compound 6), Compound 7, Compound 8, Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, glycyrrhizin (Compound 14), Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (compound 15), bayogenin (Compound 25), bayogenin-hexA-hex-hex (Compound 31), serjanic acid (Compound 26), serjanic acid-hexA-hex (Compound 32), soyasapogenol A (Compound 29), soyasapogenol B (Compound 30), soyasapogenol A-hexA-hex-pent (Compound 34), soyasaponin VI (Compound 35), betavulgaroside IV (Compound 33), hederagenin-3GlcA, gypsogenin-3GlcA, gypsogenic acid-3GlcA, or a QS-21 adjuvant, or any combination thereof. 
     As used in the specification and claims, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a molecule” also includes a plurality of molecules. 
     Throughout this application, various embodiments may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub ranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range. 
     Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals there between. 
     Further, one skilled in the art would appreciate that the term “comprising” used throughout is intended to mean that the genetically modified or gene edited plants disclosed herein, and methods of altering expression of genes, and altering production of SA and/or SGA within these genetically modified or gene edited plants includes the recited elements, but not excluding others which may be optional. “Consisting of” shall thus mean excluding more than traces of other elements. The skilled artisan would appreciate that while, in some embodiments the term “comprising” is used, such a term may be replaced by the term “consisting of”, wherein such a replacement would narrow the scope of inclusion of elements not specifically recited. 
     The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate some embodiments of the invention. They should, in no way be construed, however, as limiting the broad scope of the invention. They should, in no way be construed, however, as limiting the broad scope of the genetically modified cells and plants disclosed herein or the uses of said cells and plants to produce steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, or triterpenoid saponins; or methods for increasing or decreasing the content of a steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, or triterpenoid saponin in a plant or plant part. One skilled in the art can readily devise many variations and modifications of the principles disclosed herein without departing from the scope disclosed herein. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1: Materials and Methods for Examples 2-13 
     Plant Material, Treatments, and Generation of Transgenic Plants 
     Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ; cv. Micro Tom) and potato ( Solanum tuberosum ; cultivar Desiree) plants were collected as described previously (Itkin et al., 2001, supra). In potato, when the green parts started to dry, mature tubers (Stage 3) were collected, washed of soil, dried and kept at 4° C., at complete darkness. 
     The GAME9-silenced (RNAi) and overexpression (OX) constructs were created by introducing the corresponding GAME9 DNA fragments to pK7GWIWG2(II) and pJCV52 binary vectors, respectively. Transgenic lines for silencing and overexpression of GAME9 in tomato and potato were generated and tissue extracts were prepared and analyzed according to Itkin et al. (2011, supra). 
     Table 3 below describes the oligonucleotides used for generation of the constructs described herein. The GAME4-silencing (RNAi; GAME4i), GAME4 overexpressing (GAME4oe) and GAME8-silencing constructs were generated as described previously (Itkin et al., 2001, supra; WO 2012/095843). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Oligonucleotides used for 
               
               
                 construct production 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sequence 5′ to 3′/ 
                 ID 
               
               
                   
                 Name 
                 Description 
                 NO. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 S107g0434 
                 AAAAAgaattcCGGATCT 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 20 EcoRI Fw 
                 TCTCTCGAACTGGTCAA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To prepare GAME11 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 virus-induced gene 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 silencing (VIGS) 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 construct 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 S107g0434 
                 AAAAAgaattcCACTTT 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 20 EcoRI Rv 
                 CATTGCTTCATCCATTA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATCT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To prepare GAME11 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VIGS construct 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 S107g0435 
                 AAAAAgaattcCTTAGC 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 00 EcoRI Fw 
                 TTATGGCCACATCACAC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To prepare GAME18 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VIGS construct 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 S107g043500 
                 AAAAAgaattcACTCAA 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 EcoRI Rv 
                 GATTTGGTGAAGCTGTG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To prepare GAME18 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 VIGS construct 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 G8-Fonvard 
                 AAAAAGGCGCGCCAATC 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 (AscI) 
                 ATAGAGAAGAAAGAAGA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 CG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To construct RNAi 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 of GAME8 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GS-Reverse 
                 AAAAAGCGGCCGCACTC 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 (NotI) 
                 CTGCAGGAATTGTCATT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To construct RNAi 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 at GAME8 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAK1E9 RNAi 
                 AaaaaCCGGCCGCATGAG 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                 NotI Fw 
                 TATTGTAATTGATCATGA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGAAATC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To construct RNAi 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 of GAME9 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAME9 RNAi 
                 AaaaGGCGCGCCCACAC 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 AscI Rv 
                 GCCACAGATGGTTCTT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To construct RNAi 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 of GAME9 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAME9-Tom 
                 GGGGACAAGTTTGTACA 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 GW Fw 
                 AAAAAGCAGGCTATGAG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATTGTAATTGATGATG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGAAATC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To pick up the 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene from cdna 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 for overexpression 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (good for 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 tomato) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAME9-Tom 
                 GGGGACCACTTTGTACA 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 GW Rv 
                 AGAAAGCTGGGTTCATA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTACCTTCTGTCCTAAG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCT 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To pick up the 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene from cDNA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 for overexpression 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (good for tomato) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAME9-Pot 
                 GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAA 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                 GW Fw 
                 AAAAGCAGGCTATGAATA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGCAATTGATGATGATG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 A 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To pick up the 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 gene front cDNA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 for overexpression 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (good for potato) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAME9-Pot 
                 GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAG 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 GW Rv 
                 AAAGCTGGGTTCATTTGTA 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCAACATTTGTAAATTCAC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 AC 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 To pick up the gene 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 from cDNA for 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 overexpression 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (good for potato) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Co-Expression Analysis 
     The tomato GAME1 (Solyc07g043490) and its potato ortholog SGT11 (PGSC003DMG400011749) were used as ‘baits’ in the co-expression analysis, resulting in lists (sorted in descending order by r-value≥0.8) of co-expressed genes (for each ‘bait’ separately). Two homologous genes were subsequently identified (Solyc12g006460 and PGSC0003DMG400024274 in tomato and potato, respectively), which were highly correlated with the “bait” genes (r-value&gt;0.9 in both species). Those genes were identified as GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 4(GAME4, WO 2012/095843). The GAME4 genes were further added as ‘baits’ to the previous (GAME1) co-expression analysis. The co-expression lists for GAME1 (SGT7) and GAME4 in both species were used to construct co-expression correlation network. The analysis was performed as follows: tomato RNAseq transcriptome data from different tissues and organs (flesh, peel, seeds, roots, leaves, buds, flowers, pollen) and developmental stages (25 experiments in total)(Itkin et al., 2011, ibid) and potato RNAseq transcriptome data from different tissues and organs (40 experiments in total) (US 2012/0159676), were used. First, an R script was used to perform co-expression analysis (for each species) and the list of co-expressed genes was constructed as a FASTA file, using a Perl script. Finally, BLASTall tools (Camacho C. et al., 2009. BMC Bioinform 10:421) were used to find shared homologs between the two species. The tblastx criteria for homolog similarity were set to p-value&gt;0.05, minimum 25 nucleotides, and at least 60 percent similarity as an overall identity for each gene. The co-expression network was visualized with the Cytoscape program (Shannon P. et al., 2003. Genome Res. 13:2498-2504). 
     Phylogenetic Analysis 
     The protein sequences were aligned using the Muscle algorithm and the phylogenetic tree was analyzed and visualized by the SeaView v4.3.5 program using the maximum likelihood method by PhyML 3.0 (Expósito-Rodriguez M et al., 2008. BMC Plant Biol. 8:131) with the following settings: model—LG; The approximate likelihood ratio test (aLRT) Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like (SH-like) procedure was used as a statistical test to calculate branch support (branch support—aLRT (SH-like)); invariable sites—optimized; across site rate variation—optimized; tree searching operations—best for NNI &amp; SPR; starting tree—BioNJ, optimize tree topology. The numbers on the branches indicate the fraction of bootstrap iterations supporting each node. The accession numbers of the proteins used for the preparation of this tree and the organism names are listed in Table 4 hereinbelow; the tree is presented in  FIG. 12 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Accession numbers of the sequences used for the construction of the phylogenetic tree 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Name as appears in FIG. 12 
                 Latin and common name 
                 Accession number 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuCYP88D6 
                 
                   Glycyrrhiza uralensis 
                 
                 BAG68929.1 
               
               
                 LjCYP88D4 
                 
                   Lotus japonicus 
                 
                 BAG68927.1 
               
               
                 MtCYP88D3 
                 
                   Medicago truncatula 
                 
                 BAG68926.1 
               
               
                 CmCYP88A2 
                 
                   Cucurbita maxima 
                 
                 AF212991 
               
               
                 AtCYP88A3 
                 
                   Arabidopsis thaliana 
                 
                 AAB71462.1 
               
               
                 PsCYP88A7 
                 
                   Pisum sativum 
                 
                 AAO23064.1 
               
               
                 ZmCYP88A1 
                 
                   Zea Mays 
                 
                 NP_001105586.1 
               
               
                 GmCYP88A26 
                 
                   Glycine max 
                 
                 XP_003516638.1 
               
               
                 CaCYP89A35 
                 
                   Capsicum annuum 
                 
                 DQ114394 
               
               
                 GmCYP89A36 
                 
                   Glycine max 
                 
                 DQ340245 
               
               
                 ZmCYP89B17 
                 
                   Zea mays 
                 
                 CO465851.1 
               
               
                 TmCYP89J1 
                 
                   Triticum 
                   monococcum 
                 
                 AY914081 
               
               
                 SlCYP88B1 (GAME4) 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 Solyc12g006460.1.1 
               
               
                 SpimpCYP88B1 (GAME4) 
                 
                   Solanum pimpinellifolium 
                 
                 contig 6356779 
               
               
                 SpCYP88B1 (GAME4) 
                 
                   Solanum pinelii 
                 
                 AW618484.1, BG135958.1 
               
               
                 StCYP88B2 (GAME4) 
                   Solanum tuberosum  group  Phureja   
                 PGSC0003DMP400041994 
               
               
                 StCYP88B1v2 (GAME4) 
                   Soanum tuberosum  group  Tuberosum   
                 PGSC0003DMP400041994 
               
               
                 SlCYP88C2 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 Solyc10g007860.2.1 
               
               
                 SmCYP88B3 (GAME4) 
                 
                   Solanum melongena 
                 
                 FS071104, FS071103 
               
               
                 OsCYP90A3 
                 
                   Oryza sativa 
                 
                 AC123526.1 
               
               
                 SlCYP90A5 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 Solyc06g051750.2.1 
               
               
                 ScCYP90A8 
                 
                   Citrus sinensis 
                 
                 DQ001728.1 
               
               
                 ZeCYP90A11 
                 
                   Zinnia elegans 
                 
                 BAE16977.1 
               
               
                 PhCYP88C1 
                 
                   Petunia hybrida 
                 
                 AAZ39647.1 
               
               
                 AaCYP90A13 
                 
                   Artemisia annua 
                 
                 ABC94481.1 
               
               
                 AtCYP710A1 
                 
                   Arabidopsis thaliana 
                 
                 AAC26690.1 
               
               
                 SmCYP71A2 
                 
                   Solanum melongena 
                 
                 X71654.1 
               
               
                 GmCYP93E1 
                 
                   Glycine max 
                 
                 AB231332 
               
               
                 HlCYP71C25 
                 
                   Hordeum lechleri 
                 
                 AY462228 
               
               
                 NtCYP71D16 
                 
                   Nicotiana tabacum 
                 
                 AF166332 
               
               
                 MeCYP71E7 
                 
                   Manihot esculenta 
                 
                 AY217351 
               
               
                 TaCYP71F1 
                 
                   Triticum aestivum 
                 
                 AB036772 
               
               
                 AoCYP71J1 
                 
                   Asparagus officinalis 
                 
                 AB052131 
               
               
                 MaCYP71N1v2 
                 
                   Musa acuminata 
                 
                 AY062167 
               
               
                 TaCYP72A6v1 
                 
                   Triticum aestivum 
                 
                 AF123604 
               
               
                 ZmCYP72A16 
                 
                   Zea mays 
                 
                 AF465265 
               
               
                 LeCYP72A51 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 Solyc10g051020.1.1 
               
               
                 GmCYP72A61 
                 
                   Glycine max 
                 
                 DQ340241 
               
               
                 MtCYP716A12 
                 
                   Medicago truncatula 
                 
                 ABC59076.1 
               
               
                 StCYP716A13 
                 
                   Solanum tuberosum 
                 
                 PGSC0003DMP400013378 
               
               
                 AaCYP716A14 
                 
                   Artemisia annua 
                 
                 DQ363134 
               
               
                 PsCYP716B2 
                 
                   Picea sitchensis 
                 
                 AY779543 
               
               
                 SlCYP718A6 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 Solyc07g055970.1.1 
               
               
                 MtCYP718A8 
                 
                   Medicago truncatula 
                 
                 XP_003617455.1 
               
               
                 PsCYP719B1 
                 
                   Papaver somniferum 
                 
                 EE451150 
               
               
                 StCYP72A186 (GAME7) 
                 
                   Solanum tuberosum 
                 
                 PGSC0003DMG402012386 
               
               
                 SlCYP72A186 (GAME7) 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 Solvc07g062520 
               
               
                 SlCYP72A188 (GAME6) 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 Solyc07g043460 
               
               
                 StCYP72A188 (GAME6) 
                 
                   Solanum tuberosum 
                 
                 PGSC0003DMG400011750 
               
               
                 GuCYP72A154 
                 
                   Glycyrrhiza uralensis 
                 
                 BAL45206.1 
               
               
                 MtCYP72A59 
                 
                   Medicago truncatula 
                 
                 ABC59078.1 
               
               
                 NtCYP72A57 
                 
                   Nicotiana tabacum 
                 
                 ABC69414.1 
               
               
                 NtCYP72A54 
                 
                   Nicotiana tabacum 
                 
                 ABC69417.1 
               
               
                 CrCYP72A1 
                 
                   Catharanthus roseus 
                 
                 gi461812 
               
               
                 MtCYP72A63 
                 
                   Medicago truncatula 
                 
                 gi371940452 
               
               
                 NpCYP72A2 
                 
                   Nicotiana plumbaginifolia 
                 
                 AAB05376.3 
               
               
                 SlCYP734A7 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 Solyc03g120060.1.1 
               
               
                 StCYP72A29 
                 
                   Solanum tuberosum 
                 
                 BAB86912.1 
               
               
                 StSYP72a56 
                 
                   Solanum tuberosum 
                 
                 PGSC0003DMG400017325 
               
               
                 StCYP72A208 (GAME8a) 
                 
                   Solanum tuberosum 
                 
                 PGSC0003DMG400026594 
               
               
                 StCYP72A208 (GAME8b) 
                 
                   Solanum tuberosum 
                 
                 PGSC0003DMG400026586 
               
               
                 SlCYP72A208 (GAME8a) 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 TC243022 
               
               
                 SlCYP72A208 (GAME8b) 
                 
                   Solanum lycopersicum 
                 
                 SGN-U578058 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Metabolite Analysis 
     Preparation of plant tissue extracts and profiling of semi-polar compounds (including steroidal alkaloids and steroidal saponins) by UPLC-qTOF-MS and phytosterol content of the tomato leaves were carried out as described previously (Itkin et al., 2011, supra). 
     Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays 
     RNA was isolated and Quantitative Real-Time PCR was performed as described previously (Itkin et al., 2011, supra). In addition, the TIP41 gene (23) was used as an endogenous control for the potato samples. Oligonucleotides are listed in Table 3 hereinabove. 
     Production of Recombinant Enzyme 
     GAME2, GAME17 and GAME18 were amplified from cDNA and subcloned into pACYCDUET-1 using BamH I and Pst I (GAME2, GAME18) or BamHI and XhoI (GAME17) restriction sites, and the insert was verified by sequencing. The resulting plasmids, pAC-GAME2/17/18 were transformed to  E. coli  BL21 DE3. For expression of the GAME enzymes, fresh overnight cultures were diluted 1:100 in 25 ml 2xYT medium with 30 μg/ml chloramphenicol and incubated at 37° C. and 250 rpm until an A 600nm  of 0.4 was reached. Subsequently, IPTG was added to a concentration of 0.5 mM, and the incubation was continued overnight at 18° C. and 250 rpm. The next day, cells were harvested by centrifugation, and the pellet resuspended in 2 ml of 50 mM Tris HCl pH=7.0, 15% glycerol, 0.1 mM EDTA and 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol. After breaking the cells by sonication, insoluble material was removed by centrifugation, and the soluble fractions were used for characterization of the enzymes. Proteins were stored at −20° C. until further analysis. 
     Preparation of Substrates 
     For hydrolysis, 35 mg of α-tomatine was solved in 3 ml of 1N HCl, and was incubated for 15 min. at 100° C. Subsequently, the solution was put on ice, and NH 3  was added until the pH of the solution was 9.0. The solution was extracted with 4 ml water-saturated butanol. The butanol phase was evaporated to dryness under vacuum, the residual pellet solved in 1 ml methanol and stored at −20° C. until further use. The degradation products of α-tomatine were separated on a Luna 5 μm C18(2) 100 Å, LC Column 150×21.2 mm (Phenomenex, USA), using an isocratic elution with 25% acetonitrile in water and 0.1% formic acid. Compounds were detected using a 3100 Mass Detector (Waters), and collected. Fractions were freeze-dried, and purity of compounds was verified by LC-MS. For identification of products, liquid chromatography, coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was performed using a Waters Alliance 2795 HPLC connected to a Waters 2996 PDA detector and subsequently a QTOF Ultima V4.00.00 mass spectrometer (Waters, MS Technologies, UK) operated in positive ionization mode. The column used was an analytical Luna 3 μm C18 (2) 100 A; 150×2.0 mm (Phenomenex, USA) attached to a C18 pre-column (2.0×4 mm; AJO-4286: Phenomenex, USA). Degassed eluent A [ultra-pure water:formic acid (1000:1, v/v)] and eluent B [acetonitrile:formic acid (1000:1, v/v)] were used with flow rate of 0.19 ml/min. The gradient started at 5% B and increased linearly to 75% B in 45 min., after which the column was washed and equilibrated for 15 min. before the next injection. The injection volume was 5 μl. This procedure yielded several milligrams of pure γ-tomatine (tomatidine-galactoside-glucoside, T-Gal-Glu) and β1-tomatine (tomatidine-galactoside-diglucoside. T-Gal-Glu-Glu). Tomatidine galactoside (T-Gal) could not be purified in this way due to strong contamination with T-Gal-Glu. Therefore 5 mg tomatidine was incubated with GAME1 and UDP-galactose in 1 ml reaction mix, as described previously (Itkin et al., 2011, supra). T-Gal was purified from UDP-galactose by solid phase extraction. Waters OASIS HLB 3 cc columns (Waters Corp., Milford, Mass.) was conditioned with 6 mL 100% methanol followed by rinsing with 4 mL ultra-pure water. The reaction, supplemented with 10% methanol, was loaded and the cartridge was subsequently washed with 4 mL ultra-pure water. Compounds were eluted with 1 mL 75% methanol in ultra-pure water (v:v), and 0.4 mL 100% methanol. The solvent was removed from the combined eluate using a speed vacuum concentrator until a totally dry-pellet was obtained. 
     Enzyme Assays 
     The substrates T-Gal, β1- and γ-tomatine were dissolved to 1 mM in 50% DMSO. Enzyme assays were carried out in 50 mM Tris HCl pH=7.0 containing 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol using 5 μg/ml enzyme, 8 mM UDP-xylose and 0.02 mM substrate in a final reaction volume of 100 pl. After 2 h. of incubation under agitation at 37° C., reactions were stopped by addition of 300 μl methanol and 0.1% formic acid, and followed by brief vortexing and sonication for 15 min. Subsequently, the extracts were centrifuged for 5 min. at 13,000 rpm and filtered through 0.45 μm filters (Minisart SRP4, Biotech GmbH, Germany), and analyzed by LC-MS (see above). The amount of product was measured by the peak surface area in the LC-MS chromatogram, and compared to a control incubation in which an enzyme preparation of an  E. coli  harboring an empty pACYCDUET-1. Masses used for detection were α-tomatine (C50H83NO21; m/z=1034.55 ([M+H]+)), β1-tomatine T-Gal-Glu-Glu (C45H75NO17; m/z=902.51 ([M+H])), β2-tomatine (C44H73NO16; m/z=872.50 ([M+H]+)), γ-tomatine T-Gal-Glu(C39H65NO12; m/z=740.46 ([M+H])), and T-Gal (C33H55NO7; m/z=578.41 ([M+H])). 
     Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) Experiments 
     Vectors containing fragments of GAME genes were constructed and VIGS experiments were conducted as described previously (Orzaea D et al., 2009. Plant Physiol. 150:1122-1134; Li R et al., 2006 J. Mass Spec. 41:1-22). Plants infected with  Agrobacterium , containing empty vector and helper vector pTRV1, were used as control. Oligonucleotides used to prepare the pTRV2_DR_GW vectors are listed in Table 3 hereinabove. 
     Genome Sequence Analysis of the Wild Tomato Species 
     Partial genomic data obtained by re-sequencing (Dr. Arnaud G. Bovy, unpublished data) of three tomato wild species genomes (i.e.  Solanum pennellii, S. pimpinellifolium  and  S. chmielewskii ) were analyzed for the presence or absence of sequences (contigs) that align to the SGAs biosynthesis gene clusters on tomato chromosomes 7 and 12. The TopHat toolkit (Trapnell C. 2012. Nat. Protoc. 7:562-578) was used for mapping reads of the wild species to the tomato genome (ITAG 2.4), as a reference genome. The mapped reads were visualized with the IGV genome browser (Robinson J T et al., 2011. Nat. Biotechnol. 29:24-26). In order to assemble and align the sequence of the contigs from the three wild species to the gene clusters on to the existing cultivated tomato sequences of chromosomes 7 and 12, a combination of the CLC workbench, CAP3 BWA and SAMtools software packages and an in-house Perl script were used. 
     Example 2: Genes Associated with SGA Biosynthesis 
     To discover genes associated with SGA biosynthesis, a co-expression analysis using transcriptome data from tomato and potato plants was performed. Coexpression with GAME1/SGT1 (chromosome 7) and GAME4 (chromosome 12) as “baits” in either potato or tomato are presented in a form of a heatmap in Tables 5-8 herein below. Genes that are highly co-expressed with either GAME1/SGT1 (chromosome 7) or GAME4 (chromosome 12) are depicted with a large font and bold. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Accession numbers, putative protein and co-expression 
               
               
                 r-values - tomato, chromosome 7 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 r-value of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 correlation with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tomato GAME1 
               
               
                 Gene name 
                 Putative protein 
                 expression 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Solyc07g043310 
                 Aminotransferase 
                 −0.26 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043320 
                 Unknown Protein 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043330 
                 GRAS family transcription factor 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043340 
                 Unknown Protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043350 
                 Unknown Protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043360 
                 60S ribosomal protein L27 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043370 
                 Transposase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043380 
                 Unknown Protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043390 
                 Cellulose synthase family protein 
                 0.92 
               
               
                   
                 (GAME15) 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043400 
                 Unknown Protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043410 
                 UDP-xylose xylosyltransferase 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (GAME2) 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043420 
                 2-oxoglutarate-dependent 
                 0.79 
               
               
                   
                 dioxygenase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043430 
                 Gag-Pol polyprotein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043440 
                 Glucosyltransferase-like protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043450 
                 Zeatin O-glucosyltransferase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043460 
                 Cytochrome P450 (GAME 6) 
                 0.91 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043470 
                 Unknown Protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043480 
                 UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase 
                 0.88 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043490 
                 UDP-glucosyltransferase family 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 1 protein (GAME1) 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043500 
                 UDP-glucosyltransferase 
                 0.95 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043510 
                 Cysteine-type peptidase 
                 −0.24 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043520 
                 transposase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043530 
                 Unknown Protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043540 
                 Unknown Protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043550 
                 UDP-arabinose 4-epimerase 
                 0.70 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043560 
                 Heat shock protein 4 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043570 
                 Aldo/keto reductase family 
                 −0.09 
               
               
                   
                 protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043580 
                 BHLH transcription factor 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043590 
                 Amine oxidase family protein 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043600 
                 Pentatricopeptide repeat- 
                 0.43 
               
               
                   
                 containing protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043610 
                 Auxin response factor 6 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043620 
                 Auxin response factor 6-1 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 Solyc07g043630 
                 Acyl-CoA synthetase/AMP-acid 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ligase II 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043640 
                 Acyl-CoA synthetase/AMP-acid 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ligase II 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043650 
                 AMP-dependent synthetase and 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ligase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043660 
                 Acyl-CoA synthetase/AMP-acid 
                 −0.16 
               
               
                   
                 ligase II 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043670 
                 Hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate 
                   
               
               
                   
                 transferase 2 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043680 
                 Enoyl-CoA-hydratase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043690 
                 Enoyl-CoA-hydratase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc07g043700 
                 Acyltransferase 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Accession numbers, putative protein and co- 
               
               
                 expression r-values - potato, chromosome 7 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 r-value of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 correlation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with potato 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SGT1 
               
               
                 Gene name 
                 Putative protein 
                 expression 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400011754 
                 Gamma aminobutyrate 
                 −0.31 
               
               
                   
                 transaminase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400011753 
                 Uro-adherence factor A 
                 −0.40 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400011742 
                 DELLA protein RGA 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400011741 
                 60S ribosomal protein L27 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400039612 
                 Conserved gene of unknown 
                   
               
               
                   
                 function 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400011752 
                 Cellulose synthase (GAME15) 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400011740 
                 beta-solanine 
                 0.90 
               
               
                   
                 rhamnosyltransferase (SGT3) 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400011751 
                 2-oxoglutarate-dependent 
                 0.87 
               
               
                   
                 dioxygenase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400011750 
                 Cytochrome P-450 (GAME 6) 
                 0.92 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400044993 
                 Unknown Protein 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400011749 
                 solanidine galactosyltransferase 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 (SGT1) 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG402015928 
                 OTU-like cysteine protease 
                 −0.24 
               
               
                   
                 family protein 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG401015928 
                 Conserved protein of unknown 
                 −0.25 
               
               
                   
                 function 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400015927 
                 UDP-arabinose 4-epimerase 1 
                 −0.21 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400015920 
                 Heat shock 70 kDa protein 
                 −0.17 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG402015926 
                 Aldo/keto reductase 
                 −0.05 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG401015926 
                 Isoform 2 of Transcription factor 
                 −0.33 
               
               
                   
                 PIF5 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400015925 
                 Amine oxidase 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400015924 
                 Pentatricopeptide repeat- 
                 0.32 
               
               
                   
                 containing protein 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400015919 
                 ARF8 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400036440 
                 AMP dependent ligase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400015923 
                 Acyl:coA ligase acetate-coA 
                   
               
               
                   
                 synthetase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400015922 
                 Acyl:coA ligase acetate-coA 
                   
               
               
                   
                 synthetase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400044288 
                 Acyltransferase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400015918 
                 Acyltransferase 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Accession numbers, putative protein and co- 
               
               
                 expression r-values - tomato, chromosome 12 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 r-value of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 correlation with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tomato GAME4 
               
               
                 Gene name 
                 Putative protein 
                 expression 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Solyc12g006530 
                 Cycloartenol synthase 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006520 
                 Cycloartenol synthase 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006510 
                 Cycloartenol Synthase 
                 −0.12 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006500 
                 Phosphate translocator protein 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006490 
                 Beta-1-3-galactosyl-o-glycosyl- 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 glycoprotein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006480 
                 Nup205 protein 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006470 
                 gamma-aminobutyrate 
                 0.94 
               
               
                   
                 Aminotransferase-like protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006460 
                 Cytochrome P450 (GAME 4) 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006450 
                 gamma-aminobutyrate 
                 −0.13 
               
               
                   
                 Aminotransferase-like protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006440 
                 Unknown Protein 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006430 
                 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1- 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 82A1 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006420 
                 Topoisomerase II-associated 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 protein PAT1 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006410 
                 UDP-arabinse 4-epimerase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006400 
                 Unknown Protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006390 
                 2-oxoglutarate-dependent 
                   
               
               
                   
                 dioxygenase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006380 
                 2-oxoglutarate-dependent 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 dioxygenase 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006370 
                 Amine oxidase family protein 
                 −0.16 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006360 
                 Multidrug resistance protein 
                   
               
               
                   
                 mdtK 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006350 
                 Auxin response factor 6 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006340 
                 Auxin response factor 6 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006330 
                 Acyltransferase-like protein 
                   
               
               
                 Solyc12g006320 
                 ATP-dependent RNA helicase 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006310 
                 Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006300 
                 WD-repeat protein-like 
                 −0.03 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006290 
                 Reticulon family protein 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 Solyc12g006280 
                 Myb-like DNA-binding protein 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Accession numbers, putative protein and co- 
               
               
                 expression r-values - potato, chromosome 12 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 r-value of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 correlation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with potato 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAME4 
               
               
                 Gene name 
                 Putative protein 
                 expression 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400020034 
                 Beta-amyrin synthase 
                 −0.13 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024276 
                 Beta-Amyrin Synthase 
                 −0.09 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024277 
                 Gene of unknown function 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024278 
                 Phenylacetaldehyde synthase 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024279 
                 Conserved gene of unknown 
                 −0.16 
               
               
                   
                 function 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024280 
                 Triose phosphate/phosphate 
                 −0.06 
               
               
                   
                 translocator, non-green plastid, 
                   
               
               
                   
                 chloroplast 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024271 
                 Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 
                 −0.06 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024273 
                 Resistance protein PSH-RGH6 
                 0.37 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024281 
                 Gamma aminobutyrate 
                 0.94 
               
               
                   
                 transaminase isoform2 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024274 
                 Cytochrome P450 
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 monooxygenase GAME4 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024275 
                 Gamma aminobutyrate 
                 0.37 
               
               
                   
                 transaminase isoform3 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400024282 
                 Fortune-1 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028806 
                 UDP-glycosyltransferase 82A1- 
                 −0.18 
               
               
                   
                 like 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG401028807 
                 Topoisomerase II-associated 
                   
               
               
                   
                 protein PAT1 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG402028807 
                 UDP-arabinse 4-epimerase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028824 
                 Gene of unknown function 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028808 
                 2-oxoglutarate-dependent 
                 −0.07 
               
               
                   
                 dioxygenase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028809 
                 2-oxoglutarate-dependent 
                 0.61 
               
               
                   
                 dioxygenase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028810 
                 Amine oxidase 
                 −0.04 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028825 
                 MATE transporter 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028826 
                 Auxin response factor 6 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400043090 
                 Integrase core domain containing 
                   
               
               
                   
                 protein 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400037700 
                 WRKY transcription factor 27 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028811 
                 Acyltransferase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028812 
                 DEAD-box ATP-dependent 
                 0.56 
               
               
                   
                 RNA helicase 53 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028814 
                 WD-repeat protein 
                 −0.10 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG401028829 
                 Polygalacturonase 
                   
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028815 
                 Reticulon family protein 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 PGSC0003DMG400028830 
                 Myb-like DNA-binding domain, 
                   
               
               
                   
                 SHAQKYF class family protein 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Sixteen genes from each species were co-expressed with GAME11SGT1 (Table 9,  FIG. 2 ). One of these genes, previously designated GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 4 (GAME4), encodes a member of the 88D subfamily of cytochrome P450 proteins ( FIG. 3 ). GAME4 and GAME1/SGT1 display a very similar expression profile in tomato and potato (WO 2010/095843). The GAME1/SGT1 and GAME4 genes in tomato and potato are positioned in chromosomes 7 and 12 such that they are physically next to several of their co-expressed genes ( FIG. 2 ). 
     A cluster of GAME1/SGT1 co-expressed genes spans a ˜200Kbp genomic region on chromosome seven. Together with GAME1, the tomato cluster is composed of 7 co-expressed genes. These include 3 UDP-glycosyltransferases [GAME2 (termed SGT3 in potato); GAME17 and GAME18], a cytochrome P450 of the 72A subfamily (GAME6), a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (GAME11), and a cellulose synthase-like protein (GAME15). It appears that in potato this cluster contains 5 co-expressed genes as it lacks homologs of the tomato genes encoding GAME17 and GAME18 UDP-glycosyltransferases. Enzyme activity assays were performed with the four recombinant clustered tomato UDP-glycosyltransferases. GAME17 and GAME18 exhibited UDP-glucosyltransferase activity when incubated with tomatidine galactoside (T-Gal) and γ-tomatine (T-Gal-Glu) as a substrate, respectively, whereas GAME2 was shown to have an UDP-xylosyltransferase activity when incubated with β1-tomatine (T-Gal-Glu-Glu) as a substrate ( FIGS. 4E, 4F, and 4G ). GAME1 was previously shown to act as a tomatidine UDP-galactosyltransferase in tomato (Itkin et al., 2011, supra). When incubating the 4 recombinant UGT enzymes in a single test tube, with tomatidine, and all glycoside donors (UDP-galactose, -glucose and -xylose), the accumulation of the final SGA product α-tomatine was observed ( FIG. 4H ). 
     Two genes encoding putative transcription factors were identified among the genes co-expressed with GAME1/SGT1 and GAME4 ( FIG. 4 ): one gene, designated GAME9, was identified by the tomato ID Solyc01g090340 and by the potato ID PGSC0003DMG400025989. It is described as ethylene-responsive element binding factor 13 and contains a putative AP2 domain. The other gene is the BHLH-transcription factor, identified by the tomato ID Solyc03g046570 and by the potato ID PGSC0003DMG400012262. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Details of homologs co-expressed with known and putative steroidal 
               
               
                 alkaloid-associated genes in both potato and tomato presented in FIG. 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Name 
                 Tomato ID Solyc 
                 Potato reads 
                 Tomato ID 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Extensin-like protein 
                 Solyc01g006400 
                 PGSC0003DMG400023230 
                 TCONS_00007692 
               
               
                 GAME 9 
                 Solyc01g090340 
                 PGSC0003DMG400025989 
                 TCONS_00011729 
               
               
                   
                 [amino acid SEQ ID 
                 [amino acid SEQ ID NO: 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NO: 13] 
                 14] 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID 
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID NO: 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NO: 15] 
                 16] 
                   
               
               
                 Delta (24)-sterol 
                 Solyc02g069490 
                 PGSC0003DMG400021142 
                 TCONS_00044548 
               
               
                 reductase-like 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 BHLH transcription 
                 Solyc03g046570 
                 PGSC0003DMG400012262 
                 TCONS_00055879 
               
               
                 factor 
                 [amino acid SEQ ID 
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID NO: 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NO: 17] 
                 20] 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID 
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID NO: 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NO: 18] 
                 21] 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NO: 19] 
                   
                   
               
               
                 LRR receptor-like 
                 Solyc05g009100 
                 PGSC0003DMG400014576 
                 TCONS_0010281 
               
               
                 protein kinase 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Glycosyltransferase 
                 Solyc05g053120 
                 PGSC0003DMG402027210 
                 TCONS_00100675 
               
               
                 Cellulose synthase- 
                 Solyc07g043390 
                 PGSC0003DMG400011752 
                 TCONS_00135034 
               
               
                 like (GAME15) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GAME6 (CYP72) 
                 Solyc07g043460 
                 PGSC0003DMG400011750 
                 TCONS_00137734 
               
               
                 GAME1 
                 Solyc07g043490 
                 PGSC0003DMG400011749 
                 PCONS_00133014 
               
               
                 (Galactosyltransferase) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GAME7 (CYP72) 
                 Solyc07g062520 
                 PGSC0003DMG402012386 
                 TCONS_00132326 
               
               
                   
                 (GAME1 r-value 0.66; 
                 (SGT1 r-value 0.63; 
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAME4 r-value 0.71) 
                 GAME4 r-value 0.73) 
                   
               
               
                 Srt/Thr protein kinase 
                 Solyc08g066050 
                 PGSC0003DMG400025461 
                 TCONS_00151251 
               
               
                 6 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Meiotic serine 
                 Solyc08g077860 
                 PGSC0003DMG401012339 
                 TCONS_00149157 
               
               
                 proteinase 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sterol reductase 
                 Solyc09g009040 
                 PGSC0003DMG400002720 
                 TCONS_00162820 
               
               
                 Ubiquitin protein 
                 Solyc10g008410 
                 PGSC0003DMG400021683 
                 TCONS_00183263 
               
               
                 ligase 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Proteinase inhibitor II 
                 Solyc11g020960 
                 PGSC0003DMG402003479 
                 TCONS_00194999 
               
               
                 GAME4 (CYP88) 
                 Solyc12g006460 
                 PGSC0003DMG400024274 
                 TCONS_00210154 
               
               
                 Gamma-aminobutyrate 
                 Solyc12g006470 
                 PGSC0003DMG400024281 
                   
               
               
                 Aminotransferase-like 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 protein (transaminase) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (GAME12) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Beta-solanine 
                 #N/A 
                 PGSC0003DMG400011740 
                   
               
               
                 rhamnosyltransferase 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (SGT3) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2-oxoglutarate- 
                 Solyc07g043420 
                 PGSC0003DMG400011751 
                   
               
               
                 dependent 
                 [amino acid SEQ ID 
                 [amino acid SEQ ID 
                   
               
               
                 dioxygenase 
                 NO: 22] 
                 NO: 23] 
                   
               
               
                 (GAME11) 
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID 
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID NO: 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NO: 24] 
                 26] 
                   
               
               
                   
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID 
                 [nucleic acid SEQ ID NO: 
                   
               
               
                   
                 NO: 25] 
                 27] 
                   
               
               
                 GAME18 
                 Solyc07g043500 
                 #N/A 
                   
               
               
                 (Glycosyltransferase) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GAME 17 
                 Solyc07gP43480 
                 #N/A 
                   
               
               
                 (Glycosyltransferase) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tomato and potato sequences were obtained from Sol Genomics Network 
               
               
                 (solgenomics.net). r-value for co-expression ≥ 0.8. TCON number, a contig reference name given by 
               
               
                 the inventors in the assembly of RNAsec data. 
               
               
                 N/A, not available. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3: Functional Analysis of GAME9-Transcription Factor 
     GAME9-silencing (RNAi) and overexpressing (OX) constructs were created by introducing the corresponding GAME9 DNA fragments to pK7GWIWG2(II) and pJCV52 binary vectors, respectively. Transgenic tomato and potato lines transformed with the respective GAME9 silencing and overexpressing constructs were generated as previously described (Itkin et al., 2011, supra). Tissue extracts were prepared and analyzed as described in Itkin et al. (2011, supra). SEQ II) NO: 18 presents the sequence of the GAME9 RNAi silencing molecule. The metabolic profiling of steroidal alkaloids using UPLC-TQ-MS was performed on extracts obtained from leaves and/or tubers of transgenic and wild type tomato and/or potato plants. In extract obtained from potato tuber peels of potato lines in which the gene encoding GAME9 was silenced (GAME9-RNAi lines) a reduction in α-solanine and α-chaconine was observed ( FIGS. 5A and 51B , respectively). Leaves from potato GAME9-overexpression lines contained higher levels of α-solanine ( FIG. 5C ) and α-chaconine ( FIG. 5D ) compared to the wild type. A similar accumulation pattern was observed in potato leaves, having reduced amounts of α-chaconine and α-solanine in RNAi lines and increased amounts of these steroidal alkaloids in lines overexpressing the GAME9-transcription factor ( FIG. 6 ). 
     In tomato, leaves extract of a line overexpressing the GAME9-transcription factor (designated 5879) contained higher levels of α-tomatine compared to its amount in leaf extract obtained from wild type plants. On the contrary, down regulation of the expression of GAME9-transcription factor (line 5871) resulted in significant reduction of α-tomatine content. 
     Example 4: Functional Characterization of the GAME Genes 
     GAME11 Silenced Plants 
     Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a commonly used technique allowing systemic silencing of genes in various organs of the plant (Dinesh-Kumar S P et al., 2003. Methods Mol Biol 236:287-294). SEQ ID NO: 19 presents the sequence of the GAME11 RNAi silencing molecule. 
     Analysis of tomato leaves with VIGS-silenced GAME11, a putative dioxygenase in the cluster, revealed a significant reduction in α-tomatine levels and accumulation of several cholestanol-type steroidal saponins. 
     Silencing of GAME11 dioxygenase in tomato results in depletion of α-tomatine levels in leaves (m/z=1034.5) ( FIG. 8A ) while accumulating cholestanol-type steroidal saponins [i.e. STSs; m/z=1331.6, 1333.6, 1199.6, 1201.6 (major saponins)] ( FIG. 8B ).  FIG. 8C  shows MS/MS spectrum of m/z=1331.6 (at 19.28 min.).  FIG. 8D  shows the fragmentation patterns of the saponin eluted at 19.28 min. and accumulating in GAME11-silenced leaves. The corresponding mass signals are marked with an asterisk on the MS/MS chromatogram in  FIG. 8C . The elemental composition and fragmentation patterns show that the compounds are cholestanol-type saponins, lacking one hydroxy-group and the E-ring (in comparison to furostanol-type saponins), which results in fragmentation, involving multiple losses of water molecules instead of tautomerisation and McLafferty rearrangement of the E-ring. 
     GAME18 Silenced Plants 
     The role of GAME18 in creating the tetrasaccharide moiety of α-tomatine was supported by Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) assays as GAME18-silenced fruit accumulated γ-tomatine which was not present in the control sample ( FIG. 9 ). 
     Among the metabolites extracted from GAME18-silenced mature green fruit, peaks of newly accumulating compounds were detected, corresponding to the γ-tomatine standard (m/z=740.5) ( FIGS. 9A-C ), and γ-tomatine pentoside (m/z=872.5) ( FIGS. 9D-9E ). 
     GAME12 Silenced Plants 
     Silencing of GAME12 transaminase in tomato resulted in accumulation of a furastanol-type steroidal saponin ( FIG. 4D ).  FIG. 10A  shows that GAME12-silenced leaves accumulate an STS (m/z=753.4), while it exists in only minor quantities in wild type leaf  FIG. 10B .  FIG. 10C  shows MS/MS spectrum of m/z=753.4 at 19.71 min. with interpretation of the fragments. Suggested structure of the STS at 19.71 min. is depicted in  FIG. 10D , concluded from the characteristic mass fragments observed in the MS/MS experiment. 
     Function of GAME7 and GAME8 
     Genes that were tightly co-expressed and positioned elsewhere in the genome were also functionally examined. Two genes, designated GAME7 and GAME8 belong to the CYP72 subfamily of cytochrome P450s. GAME7 was co-expressed in both species (potato and tomato) while StGAME8a and StGAME8b were strongly co-expressed with StSGT1 and StGAME4 in potato. At present, we could not demonstrate SGA-related activity for GAME7 although as for GAME6 it was suggested to be involved in SGA metabolism (US 20120159676). Yet, GAME8-silenced tomato leaves accumulated 22-(R)-hydroxycholesterol ( FIGS. 11A-11D ), a proposed intermediate in the SGA biosynthetic pathway ( FIG. 1 ). GAME8-silenced line accumulates both isomers in comparison to wild type ( FIG. 11D ). The (R)-isomer is more abundant and hence most likely to be the substrate of GAME8. 
       FIG. 12  shows the phylogenetic tree of GAME genes in the plant CYP450 protein family. The numbers on the branches indicate the fraction of bootstrap iterations supporting each node. 
     Example 5: Proposed Biosynthetic Pathway in Solanaceous Plants 
     An expanded biosynthetic pathway in Solanaceous plants has been proposed, as depicted in the schematic of  FIG. 13  (dashed arrows represent multiple enzymatic reactions in the pathway) with respect to the tomato. This pathway can be broken down into four parts for convenience. In Part I, a series of reactions (catalyzed, e.g., by SSR2, SMO3, SMO4) converts cylcloartenol to cholesterol. Byproducts include triterpenoids and phytosterols. In Part II, a series of reactions (catalyzed, e.g., by GAME11, GAME6, GAME4, GAME12, GAME25) converts cholesterol to tomatidine (aglycone). Byproducts include steroidal saponins (e.g., uttroside B). In Part III, a series of reactions (catalyzed, e.g., by GAME1, GAME 17, GAME18, GAME2) converts tomatidine to steroidal glycoalkaloids (e.g., α-tomatine). In Part IV, a series of reactions converts steroidal glycoalkaloids (e.g., α-tomatine) of a green tomato to lycoperosides and/or esculeosides (e.g., esculeoside A) of a red tomato. 
     Example 6. Pathways Involving Steroidal Glycoalkaloid (SGA) Biosynthesis in Tomato, Potato, and Eggplant 
     A cellulose synthase-like gene (GAME15) in tomato, potato, and eggplant has been identified as being associated with steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) biosynthesis ( FIGS. 14A-14C ). This gene has been shown to have been strongly co-expressed with other SGA biosynthesis genes (e.g., GAME4, GAME12) and also with regulators of SGA biosynthesis (e.g., GAME9).  FIG. 14D  provides a non-limiting example of a proposed pathway in Solanaceous plants, for example but not limited to, wherein a skilled artisan would recognize that the pathway encompasses production of tomatidine 3-O-glucoronide from tomatidine by a GAME15 glucuronic acid transferase activity. In certain embodiments, the GAME15 enzyme comprises a GAME15 present in a Solanaceous plant, for example but not limited to  Solanum tuberosum , potato;  Solanum lycopersicum , tomato;  Solanum dulcamara , bitter-sweet; and  Solanum  melogena, eggplant. 
     Sequences were identified as follows: 
     Cellulose Synthase Like_Tomato 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 [SEQ ID NO: 30] 
               
               
                   
                 ATGAAAAAAACCATGGAGCTCAACAAAAGCACTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCACAACCTATCACCACCGTATACCGACTCCACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTTCATCCACTCAATAATCATGCTTGCATTAATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TACTACCGTGTATCTAATTTGTTTAAATTCGAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATTCTCAGTTTACAAGCACTTGCTTGGGCGCTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCACTTTTGGTGAATTTAGTTTCATTCTCAAGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCTTCGGACAAGGTACTCGTTGGCGCCCCGTTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGAGATGTTTTCCCTGAAAACATTACTTGCAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATTCCGATCTACCGCCAATTGACGTAATGGTATTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTGCCAATCCTAAGAAAGAGCCAATTGTAGATGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATGAACACTGTGATATCCGCAATGGCTCTTGATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCCCACCGATAAATTGGCTGTGTATCTCGCTGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATGGAGGATGTCCATTGTCGTTGTACGCGATGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACAAGCGTGTTTGTTTGCAAAGCTATGGTTACCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCTGTAGAAACTATGGAATTAAAACGAGATGCCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAAGCATTTTTTTCTCCGTTAGGAGATGATGACCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTTCTTAAGAATGATGATTTTGCTGCTGAAATGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGAAATTAAATTGAAATATGAAGAGTTCCAGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGGTGGAACATGCTGGTGAATCTGGAAAAATCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGTAACGTAGTGCCTGATAGAGCTTCGCTTATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGTAATAAACGAGAGGGAGAACGAAAAGAGTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATGATATGACGAAAATGCCCTTGCTAGTTTATGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCCCGTGAAAGAAGATTCAACCGTCTTCATCATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCAAGGGTGGATCTGCAAATGCTCTACTTCGAGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCTGGAATAATGAGTAATGCCCCCTATGTACTGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTAGATTGTGATTTCTTCTGTCATGATCCAATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAGCTAGGAAGGCAATGTGTTTTCATCTTGATCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGCTATCATCTGATTTAGGCTATGTTCAGTTCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCAAGTCTTTTACAATGTCAGCAAGTCAGATATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGATGTCAAAATTAGACAGGCTTACAAGACAATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGCATGGAATGGATGGTATCCAAGGCCCAGTGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCTGGGACTGGTTATTTTCTCAAGAGGAAAGCGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATACACAAGTGCAGGAGTAAAAGAGGCGTATCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTTCACCGGAAAAGCATTTTGGAAGGAGTAAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTTCTTGCTTCATTAGAGGAGAAAAATGGTTATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTAAGGCAGATAAAGTCATATCAGAAGATATCATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAGGAAGCTAAGATGTTAGCTACTTGTGCATATGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGATGGCACACATTGGGGTCAAGAGATTGGTTATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATACGATTGTCATTTGGAGAGCACTTTTACTGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATCTATTACACTGCAAAGGGTGGACATCTACTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTTGTATCCAGACAGGCCATCTTTCTTGGGTTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCCCAGTTGATATGCAAGGTTTCTCATCACAGCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCAAATGGGTTGCTGCACTTACACAAGCTGGTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCACATCTCAATCCCATCACTTATGGTTTGAGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTAGGATGAGGACTCTCCAATGCATGTGCTATGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATTTGATGTATTTCACTCTTTATTCTTGGGGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGTTATGTATGCTAGTGTTCCTTCTATTGGCCTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTTTGACTTCCAAGTCTATCCTGAGGTACATGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCGTGGTTTGCAGTGTATGTGATTGCTTTCATATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACAATTTTGGAGAATATGTCGGAGTCAATTCCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGGGGGATCAGTTAAAACGTGGTGGATGGAATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGGCATTGATGATGATGGGAGTTAGCGCAATATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTAGGAGGATTGAAAGCTATATATGACAAGATAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCGGAACACAAGGAGAGAAATTGTATTTGTCGGAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGGCAATTGACAAGGAAAAGCTCAAGAAATACGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAAGGGCAAATTTGATTTCCAAGGAATAGGGATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGCTCTGCCACTGATAGCATTTTCCGTGTTGAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTCGTAGGCTTCATTGTTGGAGCTAATCATGTCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATTACTATGAACTACGCAGGCGTGCTGGGCCAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCTCGTATCATCGTTCTTCGTCTTTGTTGTCGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTGTTGTCATTGATGTTGTATCTTTCTTAAAGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCTTAA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like (Tomato) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 [SEQ ID NO: 31] 
               
               
                   
                 MKKTMELNKSTVPQPITTVYRLHMFIHSIIMLALIY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 YRVSNLFKFENILSLQALAWALITFGEFSFILKWF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 FGQGTRWRPVERDVFPENITCKDSDLPPIDVMVFT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ANPKKEPIVDVMNTVISAMALDYPTDKLAWLADDG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCPLSLYAMEQACLFAKLWLPFCRNYGIKTRCPKA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 FFSPLGDDDRVLKNDDFAAEMKEIKLKYEEFQQKV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 EHAGESGKINGNVVPDRASLIKVTNERENEKSVDD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 MTKMPLLVYVSRERRFNRLHHFKGGSANALLRVSG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 IMSNAPYVLVLDCDFFCHDPISARKAMCFHLDPKL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SSDLAYVQFPQVFYNVSKSDIYDVKIRQAYKTTWH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GMDGIQGPVLSGTGYFLKRKALYTSPGVKEAYLSS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 PEKHFGRSKRFLASLEEKNGYVKADKVISEDIIEE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AKMLATCAYEDGTHWGQEIGYSYDCHLESTFTGYL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LHCKGWTSTYLYPDRPSFLGCAPVDMQGFSSQLIK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 WVAALTQAGLSHLNPITYGESSRMRTEQCMCYAYL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 MYFTLYSWGMVMYASVPSIGLLFDFQVYPEVHDPW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 FAVYVIAFISTILENMSESIPEGGSVKTWWMEYRA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LMMMGVSAIWLGGLKAIYDKIVGTQGEKLYLSDKA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 IDKEKLKKYEKGKFDFQGIGILALPLIAFSVLNLV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GFIVGANHVFITMNYAGVLGQLEVSSFFVVVTVVI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DWSFLKVS 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like ( Solanum pennellii ) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 [SEQ ID NO: 32] 
               
               
                   
                 ATGAAAAAAACCATGGAGCTCAACAAAAGCACTGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCACAACCTATCACCACCGTATACCGACTCCACAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTCATCCACTCAATAATCATGCTTGCATTAATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTACCGTGTATCTAATTTGTTTAAATTCGAAAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATTCTGAGTTTAGAAGCACTTGCTTGGCTACTCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CACTTTTGGTGAATTTAGTTTCATTCTCAAGTGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCTTCGGACAAGGAACTCGTTGGCGCCCCGTTGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAGATGTTTTCCCTGAAAACATTACTTGCAAAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCCGATCTACCGCCAATTGACGTAATGGTGTTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGCCAATCCTAAGAAAGAGCCAATTGTAGATGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGAACACTGTGATATCCGCAATGGCTCTTGATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCCACCGATAAATTGGCTGTGTATCTGGCCGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGGAGGATGTCCATTGTCCTTGTACGCCATGGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAGCATGTTTGTTTGCAAAGCTATGGTTACCTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGTAGAAAGTATGGAATTAAAACGAGATGCCCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGCATTTTTTTCTCCGTTAGGAGATGATGACCGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTCTTAAGAATGATGATTTTGCTGCTGAAATGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGAAATTAAATTGAAATATGAAGAGTTCCAGCAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGTGGAACATGCTGGTGAATCTGGAAAAATCAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCAACGTAGTGCCTGACAGAGCTTCGCTTATTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGTAATAAACGAGAGGGAGAACGAAAAGAGTGTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGATTTAACGAAAATGCCCTTGCTAGTTTATGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCCGTGAAAGAAGATTCAACCGTCTTCATCATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAGGGTGGATCTGCAAATGCTCTACTTCGAGTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGGAATAATGAGTAATGCCCCCTATGTACTGGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTAGATTGTGATTTCTTCTGTCATGATCCGATATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGCTAGGAAAGCAATGTGTTTTCATCTTGATCCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGCTATCATCTGATTTAGCCTATGTTCAGTTCCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAGTCTTTTACAATGTCAGCAAGTCCGATATTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGATGTCAAAATTAGACAGGCTTACAAGACAATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCATGGAATGGATGGTATGCAAGGCCCAGTGTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCTGGAACTGGTTATTTTCTCAAGAGGAAGGCGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATACACAAGTCCAGGAGTAAAAGAGGCGTATCTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTCACCGGAAAAGCATTTTGGAAGGAGTAAAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCCTTGGTTCATTAGAGGAGAAAAATGGTTATGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TAAGGCAGATAAAGTCATATCAGAAGATATCATAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGAAGCTAAGATCTTAGCTACTTGTGCATATGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATGGCACACATTGGGGTCAAGAGATTGGTTATTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATACGATTGTCATTTGGAGAGCACTTTTTACTGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATCTATTACACTGCAAAGGGTGGACATCTACTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTTGTATCCAGACAGGCCATCTTTCTTGGGTTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCCCAGTTGATATGCAAGGTTTCTCATCACAGCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATAAAATGGGTTGCTGCACTTACACAAGCTGGTCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCACATCTCAATCCCATCACTTATGGTTTGAGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTAGGATGAGAACTCTCCAATGCATGTGCTATGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATTTGATGTATTTCACTCTTTATTCTTGGGGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGTTATGTATGCTAGTGTTCCTTCTATTGGCCTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTTTGGCTTCCAAGTCTACCCTGAGGTACATGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCATGGTTTGCAGTGTATGTGATTGCTTTCATATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACAATTTTGGAGAATATGTCGGAGTCAATTCCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGGGGGATCAGTTAAAACGTGGTGGATGGAATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGGCATTGATGATGATGGGAGTTAGCGCAATATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTAGGAGGATTGAAAGCTATATATGACAAGATAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCGGAACACAAGGAGAGAAATTGTATTTGTCGGAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGGCAATTGACAAGGAAAAGCTCAAGAAATACGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAAGGGCAAATTTGATTTCCAAGGAATAGGGATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGCTCTGCCATTGATAGCATTTTCCGTGTTGAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTCGTAGGCTTCATTGTTGGAGCTAATCATGTCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATTACTATGAACTACGCAGGCGTGCTGGGCCAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCTCGTATCATCATTCTTCGTCTTTGTTGTCGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTGTTGTCATTGATGTTGTATCTTTCTTAAAGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCTTAA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like ( Solanum pennellii ) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 [SEQ ID NO: 33] 
               
               
                   
                 MKKTMELNKSTVPQPTTTVYRLHMFIHSIIMLALIY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 YRVSNLFKFENILSLQALAWLLITFGEFSFILKWF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 FGQGTRWRPVERDVFPENITCKDSDLPPIDVMVFT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ANPKKEPIVDVMNTVISAMALDYPTDKLAVYLADD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCPLSLYAMEQACLFAKLWLPFCRKYGSKTRCPK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AFFSPLGDDDRVLKNDDFAAEMKEIKLKYEEFQQN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VEHAGESGKINGNVVPDRASLIKVINERENEKSVD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DLTKMPLLVYVSRERRFNRLHHFKGGSANALLRVS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GIMSNAPYVLVLDCDFFCHDPISARKAMCFHLDPK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LSSDLAYVQFPQVFYNVSKSDIYDVKIRQAYKTIW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HGMDGIQGPVLSGTGYFLKRKALYTSPGVKEAYLS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SPEKHFGRSKKFLASLEEKNGYVKADKVISEDIIE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 EAKILATCAYEDGTHWGQEIGYSYDCHLESTFTGY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LLHCKGWTSTYLYPDRPSFLGCAPVDMQGFSSQLI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 KWVAALTQAGLSHLNPITYGLSSRMRTLQCMCYAY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LMYFTLYSWGMVMYASVPSIGLLFGFQVYPEVHDP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 WFAVYVIAFISTILENMSESIPEGGSVKTWWMEYR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ALMMMGVSAIWLGGLKAIYDKIVGTQGEKLYLSDK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AIDKEKLKKYEKGKFDFQGIGILALPLIAFSVLNL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VGFIVGANHVFITMNYAGVLGQLLVSSFFVFVVVT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VVIDVVSFLKVS 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like (Potato) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 [SEQ ID NO: 34] 
               
               
                   
                 ATGAAAAAAACCATGGAGCTCAACAAAAGCACTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCACAACCTATCACCACCATATACCGACTCCACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTTTATCCACTCTATAATCATGGTTGCATTAATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TACTACCGTGTATCTAATTTGTTTAAATTCGAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATTCTGAGTTTACAAGCACTTGCTTGGGTACTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCACTTTTGGTGAATTTAGTTTCATTCTCAAGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCTTCGGACAAGGAACTCGTTATCGCCCTGTTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGAGATGTTTTCCCTGAAAACATAACTTGCAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATTCCGATCTACCACCAATTGACGTAATGGTATTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTGCCAATCCTAAGAAAGAGCCAATTGTGGATGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATGAACACTGTGATATCCGCAATGGCTCTTGATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCCTACGGATAAATTGGCTGTGTATCTGGCTGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATGGAGGATGTCCTTTGTCATTGTACGCCATGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGAAGCATGTGTGTTTGCAAAGCTGTGGCTACCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCTGTAGGAAGTATGGAATTAAAACTAGATGCCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAAGCGTTTTTTTCTCCTTTAGGAGATGATGAACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTTCTTAAGAATGATGATTTTGATGCTGAAATGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGAAATTAAATTGAAATATGAAGAGTTCCAGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AATGTGGAACGTGCTGGTGAATCTGGAAAAATCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGTAACGTAGTGCCTGATAGAGCCTCGTTTATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGTAATAAACGACAGAAAAGCGGAGAGCGAAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTGCCGATGATTTAACGAAAATGCCCTTGCTAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTATGTATCCCGTGAAAGAAGATTCAACCGTCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCACTTCAAGGGTGGATCTGCAAATGCTCTTCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAGTTTCTGGAATAATGAGTAATGCCCCCTATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTGGTGTTAGATTGTGATTTCTTCTGTCATGATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAATATCAGCTAGGAAGGCAATGTGTTTTCATCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATCCAAAGCTATCATCTGATTTAGCTTATGTTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTCCCTCAAGTCTTTTACAATGTCAGCAAGTCCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATATTTATGATGTGAAAATTAGACAGGCTTACAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACAATATGGCATGGAATGGATGGTATCCAAGGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTGTTATCAGGAACTGGTTATTTTCTCAAGAGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGCGTTATACACGAGTCCAGGAGTAAAGGAGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATCTTAGTTCACCGGAAAAGCATTTTGGAAGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TAAAAAGTTCCTTGCTTCACTAGAGGAGAAAAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTATGTTAAGGCAGAGAAAGTCATATCAGAAGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCGTAGAGGAAGCTAAGACCTTAGCTACTTGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATATGAGGATGGCACACATTGGGGTCAAGAGATTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTATTCATACGATTGTCATTTGGAGAGCACTTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTGGTTATCTATTACACTGCAAAGGGTGGAGATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACTTATTTGTATCCAGACAGGCCATCTTTCTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTGTGCCCCAGTTGATATGCAAGGTTTCTCCTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAGCTCATAAAATGGGTTGCTGCACTTACACAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGTTTATCACATCTCAATCCCATCACTTATGGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTAGTAGCAGGATGAAAACTCTCCAATGCATGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATGCCTATTTGATATATTTCACTCTTTATTCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGGAATGGTTCTATATGCTAGTGTTCCTTCTATTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCCTTTTGTTTGGCTTCCAAGTCTATCCCGATGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATGATCCATGGTTTGCAGTGTATGTGATTGCTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATATCGGCAATTTTGGAGAATATGTCGGAGTCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCCTGATGGGGGATCATTTAAATCTTGGTGGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAATACAGGGCACTGATGATGATGGGAGTTAGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AATATGGTTAGGAGGATTGAAAGCTATATTAGACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGATAATCGGAACAGAAGGAGAGAAATTGTATTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCGGACAAGGCAATTGACAAGGAAAAGCTCAAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATACGAGAAGGGGAAATTTGATTTCCAAGGAATAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGATACTTGCTGTACCATTGATAGCATTTTCCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGAACCTCGTAGGCTTCATTGTTGGAGCTAATCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTCTTTATTACTATGAACTACGCAGGTGTGCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCCAACTCCTCGTATCATCCTTCTTCGTCTTTGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTGGTCACTGTTGTCATTGATGTCGTTTCTTTCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAAGGTTTCTTAA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like (Potato) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 [SEQ ID NO: 35] 
               
               
                   
                 MELNKSTVPQPITTIYRLHMFIHSIIMVALIYYRVS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 NLFKFENILSLQALAWVLITFGEFSFILKWFFGQG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TRYRPVERDVFPENITCKDSDLPPIDVMWTANPKK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 EPIVDVMNTVISAMALDYPTDKLAVYLADDGGCPL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SLYAMEEACVFAKLWLPFCRKYGIKTRCPKAFFSP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LGDDERVLKNDDFDAEMKEIKLKYEEFQQNVERAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ESGKINGNVVPDRASFIKVINDRKAESEKSADDLT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 KMPLLVTVSRERRFNRLHHFKGGSANALLRVSGIM 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SNAPYILVLDCDFFCHDPISARKAMCFHLDPKLSS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DLAYVQFPQWYNVSKSDIYDVKIRQAYKTIWHGMD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GIQGPVLSGTGYFLKRKALYTSPGVKEEYLSSPEK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HFGRSKKFLASLEEKNGYVKAEKVISEDIVEEAKT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LATCAYEDGTHWGQEIGYSYDCHLESTFTGYLLHC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 KGWRSTYLYPDRPSFLGCAPVDMQGFSSQLIKWVA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ALTQAGLSHLNPITYGFSSRMKTLQCMCYAYLIYF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TLYSWGMVLYASVPSIGLLFGFQYTPDVHDPWFAV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 YVTAFISAILENMSESIPDGGSFKSWWMEYRALMM 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 MGVSAIWLGGLKAILDRIIGTEGEKLYLSDKAIDK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 EKLKKYEKGKFDFQGIGILAVPLIAFSLLNLVGFI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VGANHVFITMNYAGVLGQLLVSSFFVFVVVTVVID 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VVSFLKVS 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like ( Solanum chacoense ) 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 [SEQ ID NO: 36] 
               
               
                   
                 ATGAAAAAAACCATGGAGCTCAACAAAAGCACTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCACAACCTATCACCACCATATACCGACTCCACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTTCGTCCATTCTATAATCATGGCTGCATTAATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TACTACCGTGTATCTAATTTGTTTAAATTCGAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATTCTGAGTTTACAAGCACTTGCTTGGGTACTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCACTTTTGGTGAATTTAGTTTCATTCTCAAGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCTTCGGACAAGGAACTCGTTGGCGCCCTGTTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGAGATGTTTTCCCTGAAAACATAACTTGCAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATTCCGATCTACCACCAATTGACGTAATGGTATTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTGCCAATCCTAAGAAAGAGCCAATTGTGGATGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATGAACACTGTGATATCCGCAATGGCTCTAGATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCCTACGGATAAATTGGCTCTGTATCTGGCTGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATGGAGGATGTCCTTTGTCATTGTACGCCATGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGAAGCATGTGTGTTTGCAAAGCTGTGGCTACCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCTGTAGGAAGTATGGAATTAAAACCAGATGCCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAAGCGTTTTTTTCTCCTTTAGGAGATGATGACCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTTCTTAAGAATGATGATTTTGATGCTGAAATGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGAAATTAAATTGAAATATGAAGAGTTCCAGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AATGTGGAACGTGCTGGTGAATCTGGAAAAATCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGTAACGTAGTGCCTGATAGAGCCTCGTTTATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGTAATAAACGACAGAAAAACGGAGAGCGAAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTGCCGATGATTTAACGAAAATGCCCTTGCTAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTATGTATCCCGTGAAAGAAGATTCAACCGTCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCACTTCAAGGGTGGATCTGCAAATGCTCTTCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAGTTTCTGGAATAATGAGTAATGCCCCCTATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTGGTGTTAGATTGTGATTTCTTCTGTCATGATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAATATCAGCTAGGAAGGCAATGTGTTTTCATCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATCCAAAGCTATCATCTGATTTAGCTTATGTTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTCCCTCAAGTCTTTTACAATGTCAGCAAGTCCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATATTTATGATGTCAAAATTAGACAGGCTTACAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACAATATGGCATGGAATGGATGGTATCCAAGGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTGTTATCAGGAACTGGTTATTTTCTGAAGAGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGCGTTATACACGAGTCCAGGAGTAAAGGAGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATCTTAGTTCACCGGAAAAGCATTTTGGAAGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TAAAAAGTTCCTTGCTTCACTAGAGGAGAAAAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTATGTTAAGGCAGAGAAAGTCATATCAGAAGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCGTAGAGGAAGCTAAGACCTTAGCTACTTGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATATGAGGATGGTACACATTGGGGTCAAGAGATCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTATTCATACGATTGTCATTTGGAGAGCACTTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTGGTTATCTATTACACTGCAAAGGGTGGACATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACTTATTTGTATCCAGACAGGCCATCTTTCTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTGTGCTCCAGTTGATATGCAAGGTTTCTCCTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAGCTCATAAAATGGGTTGCTGCACTTACACAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGTTTATCACATCTCAATCCCATCACTTATGGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGAGTAGCAGGATGAAAACTCTCCAATGCATGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATGCCTATTTGATATATTTCACTCTTTATTCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGGAATGGTTCTATATGCTAGTATTCCTTCTATTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTCTTTTGTTTGGCTTCCAAGTCTATCCGGAGGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATGATCCATGGTTTGCAGTGTATGTGATTGCTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATATCGACAATTTTGGAGAATATGTCGGAGTCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCCAGAAGGGGGATCATTTAAATCGTGGTGGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAATACAGGGCACTGATGATGATGGGAGTTAGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AATATGGTTAGGAGGATTGAAAGCTATATTAGACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGATAATCGGAACAGAAGGAGAGAAATTGTATTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCAGACAAGGCAATTGACAAGGAAAAGCTCAAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATACGAGAAGGGGAAATTTGATTTGCAAGGAATAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGATACTTGCTGTACCATTGATAGCATTTTCCCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGAACCTGGTAGGCTTCATTGTTGGAGCTAATCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTCTTTATTACTATGAACTACGCAGGTGTGCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCCAACTCCTCGTATCATCCTTCTTCGTCTTTGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTGGTCACTGTTGTCATTGATGTCGTTTCTTTCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAAGGTTTCTTAA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like ( Solanum chacoense ) 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 [SEQ ID NO: 37] 
               
               
                 MKKTMELNKSTVPQPITTIYRLHMFVHSIIMAALIYYRVSNLFKFENILS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LQALAWVLITFGEFSFILKWFFGQGTRWRPVERDWFPENITCKDSDLPPI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DVMVFTANPKKEPIVDVMNTVISAMALDYPTDKLAVYLADDGGCPLSLYA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MEEACVFAKLWLPFCRKYGIKTRCPKAFFSPLGDDDRVLKNDDFDAEMKE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IKLKYEEFQQNVERAGESGKINGNVVPDRASFIKVINDRKTESEKSADDL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TKMPLLVYVSRERRFNRLHHFKGGSANALLRVSGIMSNAPYILVLDCDFF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CHDPISARKAMCFHLDPKLSSDLAYVQFPQVFYNVSKSDIYDVKIRQAYK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TIWHGMDGIQGPVLSGTGYFLKRKALYTSPGVKEEYLSSPEKHFGRSKKF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LASLEEKNGYVKAEKVISEDIVEEAKTLATCAYEDGTHWGQEIGYSYDCH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LESTFTGYLLHCKGWTSTYLYPDRPSFLGCAPVDMQGFSSQLIKWVAALT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QAGLSHLNPITYGLSSRMKTLQCMCYAYLIYFTLYSWGMVLYASIPSIGL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LFGFQVYPEVHDPWFAVYVIAFISTILENMSESIPEGGSFKSWWMEYRAL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MMMGVSAIWLGGLKAILDKIIGTEGEKLYLSDKAIDKEKLKKYEKGKFDF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QGIGILAVPLIAFSLLNLVGFIVGANHVFITMNYAGVLGQLLVSSFFVFV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VVTVVIDVVSFLKVS 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like (Eggplant) 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 [SEQ ID NO: 38] 
               
               
                 ATGAAAAAACAAATGGAGCTCAACAGAAGTGTTGTACCGCAACCTATCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CACCATTTACCGTCTCCACATGTTTATCCATGCCCTAATCATGCTAGCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAATATACTACCGTGTCTCTAATTTGGCCAAATTCGAAAACATCCTCAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTACAAGCACTTGCTTGGGCTCTTATCACGTTAGGTGAACTTTGTTTCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTCAAGTGGTTCTTCGGACAAGGGACTCGTTGGCGTCCTGTTGATAGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGTCTTCCCTGAAAACATCACTTGTCCAGATTCCGAGCTACCCCCCATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GATGTCATGGTTTTCACTGCAAATCCTAAGAAAGAGCCAATTGTGGATGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CATGAACACTGTCATATCCGCAATGGCTCTTGATTACCCGACCGACAAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGCCGTTTATTTGTCTGATGATGGAGGATGCCCCTTGACGTTGTACGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGGAGGAAGCTTGTTCCTTTGCCAAGTTGTGGCTACCTTTTTGTAGGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTATGGAATCAAAACAAGGTGCCCTAAGGCGTTTTTTTCTCCATTAGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGATGACCGTGTATTGAAGAGTGATGACTTTGTTTCTGAAATGAAAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGAAGTCAAAATATGAAGAGTTCCAGCAGAACGTGGACCGTGCTGGTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCCGGAAAAATCAAAGGTGACGTAGTGCCTGATAGACCCGCGTTTCTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGGTACTAAATGACAGGAAGACGGAGAACGAGAAGAGTGCAGACGATTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACTAAAATGCCTTTGCTAGTATACGTATCCCGTGAAAGAAGAACTCACCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCGCCATCACTTCAAGGGTGGATCTGCAAATGCTCTTCTTCGAGTTTCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGATAATCAGTAATGCCCCCTATATACTGGTTTTAGATTGTGATTTCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGTCATGATCCAATATCAGCTCGGAAGGCAATGTGTTTCCATCTTGATCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAAACTATCACCTGACTTAGCTTACGTGCAGTTCCCTCAAGTGTTTTACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGTTAGCAAGTCCGATATTTACGACGTCAAAATTAGACAGGCTTACAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACAATATGGCACGGGATGGATGGTATCCAAGGCCCAGTGTTATCGGGAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGTTATTTTTTAAAAAAGAAGGCGTTGTACACGAGTCCAGGTCTAAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGAGTATCTTAGTTCACCGGAAAAGCATTTCGGAACGAGTAGAAAGTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTGCTTCACTAGAGGAGAATAATTATGTTAAGCAAGAGAAAGTCATATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGAAGATATCATAGAGGAAGCTAAGAGACTGGCTACTTGTGCATACGAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGGCACACATTGGGGTCAAGAGGCAAACAGGCCATCTTTCTTGGGTTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCCCCAGTTGATATGCAAGGTTTCTCCTCACAGCTCATAAAATGGGTTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCACTCACACAAGCAGGTCTATCACATCTCAATCCCATCACTTACGGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCAAGAGCAGAATGAGAACTCTCCAAGTCTTGTGTTATGCCTATTTGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATTTCTCTCTTTATTCTTGGGGAATGGTTCTACATGCTAGTGTTCCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATTGGCCTTCTCTCTGGCATTAAAATCTACCCGGAGGTGTATGATCCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGTTTGTTGTGTATGTGATTGCTTTCATATCAACAATTTTGGAGAATATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCGGAATCAATTCCGGAAGGGGGATCGGTTAAAACGTGGTGGATGGAATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAGGGCACTGATGATGATGGGAGTTAGTGCAATATGGCTAGGAGGAGTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGCCATAGTAGACAAGATCATCGGAACGCAAGGAGAGAAATTGTATTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCGGACAAAGCAATTGACAAGGAAAAGCTCAAGAAATACGAGAAGGGGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTTGATTTCCAAGGAATAGGAATACTTGCTGTACCATTGATAACATTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTGTGTTGAACCTGGTAGGCTTCTTGGTTGGAATTAATCAAGTGTTGATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACGATGAAGTTCGCAGGCGTGCTGGGCCAACTCCTCGTATCATCCTTCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGTCTTTGTCGTCGTTACTGTTGTCATTGATGTCGTATCTTTCTTAAAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTCTTAA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like (Eggplant) 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 [SEQ ID NO: 39] 
               
               
                 MKKQMELNRSVVPQPITTIYRLHMFIHALIMLALIYYRVSNLAKFENILS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LQALAWALITLGELCFIVKWFFGQGTRWRPVDRDVFPENITCPDSELPPI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DVMVFTANPKKEPIVDVMNTVISAMALDYPTDKLAVYLSDDGGCPLTLYA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MEEACSFAKLWLPFCRKYGIKTRCPKAFFSPLGEDDRVLKSDDFVSEMKE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MKSKYEEFQQNVDRAGESGKIKGDVVPDRPAFLKVLNDRKTENEKSADDL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TKMPLLVYVSRERRTHRRHHFKGGSANALLRVSGIISNAPYILVLDCDFF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CHDPISARKAMCFHLDPKLSPDLAYVQFPQVFYNVSKSDIYDVKIRQAYK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TIWHGMDGIQGPVLSGTGYFLKKKALYTSPGLKDEYLSSPEKHFGTSRKF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IASLEENNYVKQEKVISEDIIEEAKRLATCAYEDGTHWGQEANRPSFLGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 APVDMQGFSSQLIKWVAALTQAGLSHLNPITYGFKSRMRTLQVLCYAYLM 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YFSLYSWGMVLHASVPSIGLLSGIKIYPEVYDPWFVVYVIAFISTILENM 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SESIPEGGSVKTWWMEYRALMMMGVSAIWLGGVKAIVDKIIGTQGEKLYL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SDKAIDKEKLKKYEKGKFDFQGIGILAVPLITFSVLNLVGFLVGINQVLI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TMKFAGVLGQLLVSSFFVFVVVTVVIDVVSFLKDS 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like ( Capsicum annuum ) 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 [SEQ ID NO: 40] 
               
               
                 ATGGAGCTCAACAGATGTACGGTGCAGCAACCTACCACTGCCATATACCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACTACACATGTTTCTCCACTCTCTAATCATGCTTGCATTAGTATACTATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTTGTCTAATCTGTTTTACTTCGAAAACGTCCTCACTTTACAAGCATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCATGGGGGCTTATCACCTTAGGTGAAATTTGTTTCATTGTCAAGTGGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTTGGTCAAGGGACTCGTTGGCGCCCCGTTGTCAGGGAAGTGTTCCTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACAATATTACTTGCCAAGQTTCCTAGCTGCCCGCACTAGATGTGATGGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCACTGCCAATCCCAAGAAAGAGCCAATTGTGGATGTCATGAACACTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GATATCCGCAATGGCTCTTGATTACCCGACTGATAAATTGGCTGTGTATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGGCTGATGATGGAGGATGCCCCTTGACGTTGTACGCCATGGAGGAGGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGTTCTTTTGCCAAGTTGTGGCTACCTTTCTGTAGGAAGTATGGAATCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AACAAGGTGCCCCAAAGCGTTTTTTTCTCCATTAGGAGAAGATGATCGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCCTTAAGAACGATGACTTTGTAGCTGAAATGAAAGAAATTAAATTAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATGAGGAGTTCCAGCAGAATGTAAACCTTGCTGGTGAATCCGGAAAAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAAAGGTGACGTAGTGCCTGATAGAGCCTCGTTTATTAAGGTAATAAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACAGGAAAATGGAGAACAAGAAGAGTGCCGACGATATAACGAAAATGCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTGCTAGTATACGTATCCCGTGAAAGAAGATTTAACAGTCGTCATCACTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAAGGGTGGATCTGCAAATGCTCTTCTTCGAGTTTCAGGGATAATGAGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGCCCCCTATTTACTGGTCTTAGATTGTGATTTCTTCTGTCATGATCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACATCAGCTCGGAAGGCAATGTGTTTCCATCTTGATCCAAAACTATCACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCCTTAGCTTATGTGCAGTTCCCTCAAGTGTTTTACAATGTCAGCAAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCGATATATACGATGTCAAAATTAGACAGGCTTACAAGACAATATGGCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGAATGGATGGTATCCAAGGCCCAGTGTTATCGGGAACTGGGTATTTTCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAAGAGGAAAGCGTTATACACGAGTCCAGGTCTAAAGGATGAGTATCTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTCACCGGAAAAGCATTTCGGATCAAGTAGAAAGTTCATTGCTTCTCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAGGAGAACAATGGTTATGTTAAGCAAGAGAAACTCATAACAGAAGATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATAGAGGAAGCGAAGACCTTGTCTACTTGTGCATACGAGGATGGTACAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GATGGGGCGAAGAGATCGGTTATACCTACAATTGCCATTTGGAGAGCACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTACCGGCTATCTTTTGCACTGCAAAGGGTGGACATCAACATATTTGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCCAGAAAGGCCATCTTTCTTGGGTTGTGCCCCAGTTGATATGCAAGGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCTCCTCACAACTCACAAAATGGGTTGCTGCACTCACACAAGCTGGTCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCACATCTCAATCCCATCACTTACGGCATGAAGAGCAGGATTAAGACTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCAATGCTTGTGCTATGCCTATTTGATGTATTTCTCTCTCTATTCTTGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAATGGTTCTGCATGCTAGTGTTCCTTCTATTAGCCTTTTGCTTGGCATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAAGTCTACCCCGAGGTCTATGATCCATGGTTTGCAGTGTATGTGCTTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTCATATCGACAATTTTGGAGAACATGTCAGAGTCAATTCCAGAAGGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTCAGTTAAAACTTGGTGGATGGAATACAGGGCACTGATGATGATGGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTAGTGCAATATGGTTAGGAGGAGTGAAAGCTATAGTAGAAAAGATCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CGGAACTCAAGGAGAGAAATTATATTTGTCGGACAAAGCAATTGACAAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAAAGCTCAAGAAATATGAGAAGGGGAAATTTGATTTCCAAGGGATAGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATACTTGCTGTTCCATTGATAACATTCTCAGCGTTGAATTTGGTAGGCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CATGGTTGGAGCTAATCAAGTGATTCTTACTATGAAGTTCGAAGCTTTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAGGCCAACTCCTTGTGTCATCCTTCTTCGTCTTTGTGGTGGTCACCGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTCATAGATGTCCTATCTTTCTTAAAAGACTCTTAA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Cellulose Synthase Like ( Capsicum annuum ) 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 [SEQ ID NO: 41] 
               
               
                 MELNRCTVQQPTTAIYRLHMFLHSLIMLALVYYRLSNLFYFENVLTLQAF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AWGLITLGEICFIVKWFFGQGTRWRPVVREVFLDNITCQDSELPALDVMV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FTANPKKEPIVDVMNTVISAMALDYPTDKLAVYLADDGGCPLTLYAMEEA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CSFAKLWLPFCRKYGIKTRCPKAFFSPLGEDDRILKNDDFVAEMKEIKLK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YEEFQQNVNLAGESGKIKGDVVPDRASFIKVINDRKMENKKSADDITKMP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LLVYVSRERRFNSRHHFKGGSANALLRVSGIMSNAPYLLVLDCDFFCHDP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TSARKAMCFHLDPKLSPSLAYVQFPQVFYNVSKSDIYDVKIRQAYKTIWH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GMDGIQGPVLSGTGYFLKRKALYTSPGLKDEYLISPEKHFGSSRKFIASL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EENNGYVKQEKLITEDIIEEAKTLSTCAYEDGTRWGEEIGYTYNCHLEST 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FTGYLLHCKGWTSTYLYPERPSFLGCAPVDMQGFSSQLTKWVAALTQAGL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SHLNPITYGMKSRIKTIQCLCYAYLMYFSLYSWGMVLHASVPSISLLLGI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QVYPEVYDPWFAVYVLAFISTILENMSESIPEGGSVKTWWMEYRALMMMG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VSAIWLGGVKAIVEKIIGTQGEKLYLSDKAIDKEKLKKYEKGKFDFQGIG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ILAVPLITFSALNLVGFMVGANQVILTMKFEALLGQLLVSSFFVFVVVTV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VIDVLSFLKDS 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following sequences were generated for silencing GAME15 in their respective plants: 
     Region Used for GAME15 Silencing in Tomato 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 [SEQ ID NO: 42] 
               
               
                 GGCTCTTGATTATCCCACCGATAAATTGGCTGTGTATCTCGCTGATGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAGGATGTCCATTGTCGTTGTACGCCATGGAACAAGCGTGTTTGTTTGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGCTATGGTTACCTTTCTGTAGAAACTATGGAATTAAAACGAGATGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAAAGCATTTTTTTCTCCGTTAGGAGATGATGACCGTGTTCTTAAGAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGATTTTGCTGCTGAAATGAAAGAAATTAAATTGAAATATGAAGAGTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAGCAGAAGGTGGAACATGC 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Region Used for GAME15 Silencing in Potato 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 [SEQ ID NO: 43] 
               
               
                 GGCTCTTGATTATCCTACGGATAAATTGGCTGTGTATCTGGCTGATGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAGGATGTCCTTTGTCATTGTACGCCATGGAAGAAGCATGTGTGTTTGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGCTGTGGCTACCTTTCTGTAGGAAGTATGGAATTAAAACTAGATGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAAAGCGTTTTTTTCTCCTTTAGGAGATGATGAACGTGTTCTTAAGAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGATTTTGATGCTGAAATGAAAGAAATTAAATTGAAATATGAAGAGTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAGCAGAATGTGGAACGTGCTGGTG 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Region Used for GAME15 Silencing in Eggplant 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 [SEQ ID NO: 44] 
               
               
                 GGCTCTTGATTACCCGACCGACAAATTGGCCGTTTATTTGTCTGATGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAGGATGCCCCTTGACGTTGTACGCAATGGAGGAAGCTTGTTCCTTTGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGTTGTGGCTACCTTTTTGTAGGAAGTATGGAATCAAAACAAGGTGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAAGGCGTTTTTTTCTCCATTAGGAGAAGATGACCGTGTATTGAAGAGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATGACTTTGTTTCTGAAATGAAAGAAATGAAGTCAAAATATGAAGAGTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAGCAGAACGTGGACCGTGCTGGTGAATCCGGAAAAATCAAAGGTGACGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTGCCTGATAGACCCGCGTTTCTTAAGGTACTAAATGACAGGAAGACGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGAACGAGAAGAGTGCAGACGATTTAACTAAAATGCCTTTGCTAGTATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTATCCCGTGAAAGAAGAACTCACCGTCGCCATCACTTCAAGGGTGG 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     RNAi lines for the GAME15 gene in tomato and potato were generated. GAME15-RNAi transgenic tomato plants showed severe reduction in α-tomatine and downstream SGAs in leaves; α-tomatine was not detected in GAME15-silenced green fruit. Furthermore, no esculeosides or other SGAs were detected during tomato fruit developmental stages (e.g., breaker and red fruit). In addition, a 15-20 fold increase in cholesterol, which is a precursor for SGAs was observed in leaves and green fruit of GAME15-RNAi tomato plants. In potato, silencing of GAME15 resulted in a major reduction in α-chaconine and α-solanine, while the cholesterol pool in these lines increased. 
     Example 7: Generation of GAME15-RNAi Transgenic Tomato Potato and Eggplant Plants 
     The GAME15-RNAi construct was generated by introducing a selected fragment (silencing sequences SEQ ID NO: 42 (tomato), SEQ ID NO: 43 (potato), and SEQ ID NO: 44 (eggplant)) to pENTR/D-TOPO (Invitrogen) (by NotI and AscI) and further subcloning of this fragment to the pK7GWIWG2 (II) binary vector using the Gateway LR Clonase II enzyme mix (Invitrogen). The vector was transformed into tomato, potato and eggplant as described previously (Itkin et al. 2011. The Plant Cell 23:4507-25; Sonawane et al. 2018. PNAS 115(23): E5418-E5428). Positive GAME25-downregulated lines were further used for LC-MS analysis. 
     Example 8: GAME15-Silenced Tomato Plants Showed Severely Reduced SGA Profile 
     In order to determine the precise role of GAME15 in SGA metabolism, GAME15-RNAi (GAME15i) transgenic tomato lines (#21, #22 and #23) were generated using the tomato silencing sequence above (SEQ ID NO: 42). 
     GAME15-RNAi leaves showed severe reduction in α-tomatine, compared with wild-type tomato leaves ( FIG. 15A ). Furthermore, the SGAs profile of GAME15i fruit was subsequently compared to wild-type ones at different stages of development and ripening. During the transition from green to red fruit in tomato, α-tomatine is converted to esculeosides and lycoperosides, while dehydrotomatine is converted to dehydroesculeosides and dehydrolycoperosides ( FIG. 14A ). 
     GAME15i green and red fruits did not show any trace of SGAs (e.g., α-tomatine or Esculeoside A) suggesting complete loss of SGAs in tomato fruits due to GAME15i silencing ( FIGS. 15B and 15C ). 
     Example 9: Altering GAME15 Expression has Major Impact on SGAs in Potato 
     Similar to tomato, GAME15i was also silenced in potato (#1, #2, and #3) to determine its effect on potato SGAs metabolism, using the potato silencing sequence above (SEQ ID NO: 43). 
     Silencing of GAME15 in potato resulted in drastic reduction in α-chaconine (shaded bars) and α-solanine (open bars), major SGAs in potato leaf tissue ( FIG. 16 ), in comparison with potato leaf tissue of the wild-type. 
     Example 10: High Cholesterol Accumulation in GAME15-Silenced Tomato Leaves 
     Cholesterol serves as a key precursor in the biosynthesis of SGAs (Sonawane et al., 2016, Nat. Plants 3: 16205). As severe reduction and subsequent complete loss of SGAs was observed in GAME15i-silenced tomato plants, the cholesterol levels in these plants were examined. An ˜15-20-fold increase in cholesterol (SGA precursor) was observed in leaves of GAME15i-silenced tomato plants compared to the leaves of wild-type tomato plants ( FIG. 17 ). 
     Example 11: Altering GAME15 Expression and Observing its Impact on SGAs in Eggplant 
     Similar to potato, GAME15i is also silenced in eggplant to determine its effect on potato SGAs metabolism, using the eggplant silencing sequence above (SEQ ID NO: 44). 
     The effect of silencing of GAME15 in eggplant is observed with respect to reduced levels of α-solasonine and/or α-solamargine in comparison with wild-type eggplant ( FIG. 14C ). 
     Example 12: Overexpression of GAME15 in Tomato, Potato, and Eggplant 
     Alternatively, tomato, potato, and/or eggplant plants are genetically modified, or gene edited to overexpress GAME15. 
     To increase production of α-tomatine and esculeosides and/or lycoperosides in tomato plants ( FIG. 14A ), tomato plants are genetically modified, or gene edited to overexpress GAME15. 
     To increase production of α-solanine and/or α-chaconine in potato plants ( FIG. 14B ), potato plants are genetically modified, or gene edited to overexpress GAME15. 
     To increase production of α-solasonine and/or α-solamargine in eggplant ( FIG. 14C ), eggplant plants are genetically modified, or gene edited to overexpress GAME15. 
     Example 13: Plants and Crops with Modified Levels and Compositions of SGAs 
     Based on the foregoing, Solanaceous plants (e.g., tomato, potato, eggplant, and/or pepper plants) and/or crops are prepared, such as through classical breeding or genetic engineering (e.g., genetically modified or transgenic plants, gene edited plants, and the like), with modified levels and compositions of SGAs, conferring on the plant a chemical barrier against a broad range of insects and other pathogens and/or removing anti-nutritional compounds (e.g., chaconine and/or solanine from potato). 
     Furthermore, high cholesterol or high phytosterol tomato lines are used to engineer high value steroidal compounds (e.g., pro-vitamin D and/or diosgenin), such as through synthetic biology tools. 
     In addition, high phytosterol (e.g., phytocholesterol) lines are used to produce components used in cosmetic products. 
     In other instances, Solanaceous plants (e.g., tomato, potato, eggplant, and/or pepper plants) and/or crops are prepared with increased levels of SGAs and/or decreased levels of phytosterols. 
     Example 14—Materials and Methods for Examples 14-25 
     Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) and Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (MS/MS) Parameters for Saponin Analysis 
     Four biological replicates (n=4) from sample were used for metabolic analysis. Briefly, 100 mg of frozen powdered plant tissue was extracted with 300 μL of 80% methanol mixed with internal standard (Ponasterone A, C=1.5 μg/mL), briefly vortexed and then sonicated for 20 min. at room temperature. Extracts were centrifuged for 10 min. at 14,000×g and filtered through 0.22 μm filters. Samples were analyzed using a high-resolution UPLC/qTOF system comprised of a UPLC (Waters Acquity) connected to a SYNAPT-G2 qTOF detector (tandem quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Waters). Separation of metabolites was performed on a 100×2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 μm UPLC BEH C18 column (Waters Acquity). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:water (5:95, v/v; phase A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (phase B). The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min, and the column temperature was kept at 35° C. 
     The following linear gradient was used for analysis of triterpenoid saponins in spinach,  Beta vulgaris , triterpenoids produced in yeast cells and in vitro with use of SOAP10: from 100/6 to 85% phase A over 5 min., from 85% to 75% phase A over 2 min., then held at 75% phase A for 3 min.; gradient continued to 65% A over 10 min., from 65% to 40% A over 2 min.; from 40% phase A to 100% phase B over 1 min., then held at 100% phase B 3.5 minutes and then returned to the initial conditions (100% phase A) within 0.5 min. and conditioning at 100% phase A for 1 min. 
     To analyze triterpenoid saponins from  Chenopodium quinoa  and  Medicago sativa  40 min. gradient was used: from 100% to 72% phase A over 22 min., from 72% to 0% phase A over 14 min., then held at 100% phase B for 2 min.; and then returned to the initial conditions (100% phase A) within 0.5 min. and conditioning at 100% phase A for 1.5 min. 
     The following settings were used: capillary 2 kV; cone 27 V; source temperature was set to 140° C., desolvation 450° C., desolvation gas flow 800 L/h. Argon was used as the collision gas. Electrospray ionization (ESI) was used in negative ionization mode at the m/z range of 50-1600 Da. The mass spectroscopy (MS) system was calibrated using sodium formate, and Leu-enkephalin was used as the lock mass. MassLynx software version 4.1 (Waters) was used to control the instrument and calculate accurate masses and elemental compositions. In addition, a mixture of 15 standard metabolites, injected after each of the 10 samples, was used as quality controls. Data acquisition was performed in the MS E  mode with energy ramp that records an exact mass precursor and fragment ion information from every detectable component in a sample. MS E  mode rapidly alternates between two functions; the first acquiring low-energy exact mass precursor ion spectra and the second acquiring elevated energy exact mass fragment ion spectra. The collision energy for low-energy function was set to 4 eV, and for the high-energy to 15-50 eV ramp. 
     For separation of the products of the  Glycyrrhiza uralensis  enzymes in  N. benthamiana  another gradient was used: starting at 75% phase A for 5 min., then from 75% to 50% phase A over 15 min., from 50% to 30% phase A over 2 min., from 30% phase A to 100% phase B, then held at 100% phase B for 3.5 min. and then returned to the initial conditions (75% phase A) within 0.5 min. and conditioning at 75% phase A for 1 min. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min., and the column temperature was kept at 35° C. Samples were analyzed using a high-resolution UPLC/qTOF system comprised of a UPLC (1290 Infinity II, Agilent) connected to an Impact HD UHR-QqTOF (Bruker). Separation of metabolites was performed on a 100×2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 μm UPLC BEH C18 column (Waters Acquity). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:water (5:95, v/v; phase A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (phase B). ESI was used in negative ionization mode at the m/z range of 50-1700 Da with following parameters: drying gas: 200° C., 8 L/min; nebulizer: 2 Bar; capillary: 4.2 kV. 
     Metabolites were identified by comparing the retention times and mass fragments of standard compounds. When corresponding standards were not available, compounds were putatively identified by comparing their retention times, elemental composition and fragmentation pattern with those described in the literature (Table 14). Relative quantification of triterpenoid saponins in spinach was carried out using the TargetLynx (Waters) program. Peak area of saponins in each sample was normalized to peak area of internal standard in order to reduce variability originating from sample handling. 
     Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Analysis of Spinach Triterpenoid Aglycones 
     Powdered frozen tissue (200 mg) was extracted 3 times with 600 μL of 80% MeOH. Collected fractions were evaporated in speed-vac (25° C., 78 mbar, O/N). Dry residue was dissolved in 500 μL of 2M HCl in 50% MeOH and heated for 5 hours at 65° C. Hydrolyzed samples were evaporated to dryness in the speed-vac (50° C., 78 mbar, 1.5 h). Dry residue was dissolved in 200 μL of Toluene:MeOH (3:2; v/v) and 75 μL of trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSCHN 2 ) were added. Methylation mixture was incubated at room temperature for 40 minutes, evaporated to dryness and resuspended in 80 μL of MSTFA, incubated for 20 min. at room temperature and 10 minutes at 65° C. Sample was transferred to the glass insert and 1 μL was injected onto GC-MS as described before (31). The GC-MS system comprised a COMBI PAL autosampler (CTC Analytics), a trace GC ultra-gas chromatograph equipped with a programmable temperature vaporizing (PTV) injector, and a DSQ quadrupole mass spectrometer (Thermo Electron). GC was performed on a 30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm Zebron ZB-5 ms MS column (Phenomenex). The PTV split technique was performed as follows: Samples were analyzed in the constant temperature splitless mode. PTV inlet temperature was set at 280° C. Analytes were separated using the following chromatographic conditions: Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The thermal gradient started at 170° C., was held at this temperature for 1.5 min, ramped to 280° C. at 37° C./min. and then ramped to 300° C. at 1.5° C./min. and held at 300° C. for 5.0 min. Eluents were fragmented in the electron impact mode with an ionization voltage of 70 eV. The reconstructed ion chromatograms and mass spectra were evaluated using Xcalibur software (ThermoFinnigan). Compounds were identified by comparison of their retention index and mass spectrum to those generated for authentic standards analyzed on the same instrument and those reported in literature (E. Biazzi el al., CYP72A67 Catalyzes a Key Oxidative Step in  Medicago truncatula  Hemolytic Saponin Biosynthesis.  Molecular Plant.  8, 1493-1506 (2015)). 
     Saponin Purification for NMR Analysis 
     The system consisted of an Agilent 1290 Infinity II UPLC system equipped with a quaternary pump, auto sampler, diode array detector, a Bruker/Spark Prospekt II LC-SPE system (Spark) and Impact HD UHR-QqTOF mass spectrometer (Bruker) connected via a Bruker NMR MS Interface (BNMI-HP) as described previously (B. Khakimov, L. H. Tseng, M. Godejohann, S. Bak, S. B. Engelsen, Screening for Triterpenoid Saponins in Plants Using Hyphenated Analytical Platforms.  Molecules.  21, pii: E1614 (2016)). MS spectra, in negative mode, were acquired between m/z 50 and 1700. The calibration was done with a 10 mM sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA, Sigma-Aldrich) automatically which is introduced at the beginning and the end of each chromatographic run. Separation was done on a XBridge LC column (BEH C18, 5 μm particle size, and 250 mm×4.6 mm; Waters). The chromatographic conditions were as following; a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. starting with a solvent composition of 74% A (5% ACN+0.1% FA) and 26% B (100% ACN+0.1% FA) with a linear gradient to 70% A at 60 min., followed by another linear gradient to 100% B at 62 min. 100% B hold for 3 min. followed linear gradient to 74% A at 65.5 and hold for 4.5 min. for equilibration. Saponins were collected on SPE cartridges in preset time windows and trapping was triggered by intensity threshold. Yossoside IV (m/z 1263.58, threshold 200,000, time window 18-23 min.); Yossoside XII (m/z 1233.57, threshold 58,000, time window 27-32 min.), Yossoside Va (m/z 1305.59, threshold 200,000, time window 32-40 min.); Yossoside X (m/z 1437.64, threshold 150,000, time window 40-48 min.) and Yossoside V (m/z 1305.59, threshold 200,000, time window 54-65 min.). For this trapping process, a makeup-flow of 2.5 mL/min. water was added to the eluent before it passed through the SPE cartridges in order to increase the retention of analytes on the cartridges. For the trapping 10 mm×2 mm SPE cartridges filled with GP resin were used. Each cartridge was loaded five times with the same compounds, 5-10 cartridges were used for trapping one saponin. Prior to NMR measurements, SPE cartridges were dried with a stream of nitrogen, the fraction from each cartridge was eluted with a total of 150 μL deuterated methanol. The sample was eluted into 96 well plate. Eluents containing same compound were pooled, dried under stream of nitrogen, freeze-dried, resuspended in 200 μL of D 2 O and freeze-dried again to remove traces of H 2 O. Dry compounds were dissolved in 60 μL 90% MeOD-d4 10% D 2 O with 0.01% addition of 3-propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt (TMSP, that was used as an internal chemical shift reference for  1 H and  13 C spectra) and transferred to a 1.7 mm NMR test tube. 
     NMR Methods 
     NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE NEO-600 NMR spectrometer equipped with a 1.7 mm TXI-z and a 5 mm TCI-xyz CryoProbes equipped with shielded gradient coils. All spectra were acquired at 293 K. NMR data of Yossoside V were recorded on both the 1.7 and 5 mm CryoProbes, and spectra of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA) were acquired on the 5 mm CryoProbe (using a special NMR spinner turbine to hold the 1.7 mm test tube in a 5 mm probe). 
       1 H and  13 C chemical shift assignment was based on different 1D and 2D NMR techniques, all using pulsed field gradient selection. 
     The structure and stereochemistry of the aglycone unit were determined by 1D′H and  13 C, 2D homonuclear COSY and 2D heteronuclear HSQC and HMBC spectra. Identification of the monosaccharide units required recording also 2D homonuclear TOCSY spectra so as to complete the assignment and delineate connectivities between  1 H signals within the individual sugar units. Correlations observed in HMBC spectra between  1 H and  13 C that are 2-3 bonds apart, are shown in  FIG. 21  and  FIG. 35D  for Yossoside V and MA-3-GlcA, respectively. 
       1 H 1D NMR spectra were acquired using 16 k data points and a recycling delay of 2.5 s.  13 C spectral-editing DEPTQ NMR spectra were acquired using 65 k data points and a recycling delay of 3 s. 
     2D  1 H- 1 H COSY, TOCSY and ROESY spectra were acquired using 16384-8192 (t 2 )×400-512 (t 1 ) data points. 2D TOCSY spectra were acquired using isotropic mixing times of 100-300 ms. A T-ROESY experiment was used in this study, TOCSY-less ROESY that effectively suppresses TOCSY transfer in ROESY experiments. 2D T-ROESY spectra were recorded using spin lock pulses of 100-400 ms. 
     2D  1 H- 13 C HSQC and HMBC spectra were recorded using 4096 (t 2 )×400-512 (t 1 ) data points. Multiplicity editing HSQC enables differentiating between methyl and methine groups that give rise to positive correlation, vs methylene groups that appear as negative peaks. HMBC delay for evolution of long range couplings was set to observe long range couplings of J H.C =8 Hz. 
     Chemical shift assignment was based on combined information derived from HMBC connectivities ( FIG. 21  and  FIG. 35D ) and TOCSY correlations (data not shown). 
       1 H and  13 C chemical shift values of Yossoside V and MA-3-GlcA are shown in Table 1. As expected, chemical shift values of the aglycone unit of the two compounds nicely fit and similar HMBC correlation pattern is observed ( FIG. 21  and  FIG. 35D ). Assignment of the protons as axial or equatorial was based on the observed vicinal J couplings; large value (&gt;10 Hz) indicates on axial protons, further supported by correlations observed in ROESY spectra. 
     HMBC correlations in aglycone region are in accordance with those observed in other triterpenoid saponins (H. Schröder et al., A triterpene saponin from Herniaria glabra.  Phytochemistry.  34,1609-13 (1993), E. P. Mazzola et al., Utility of coupled-HSQC experiments in the intact structural elucidation of three complex saponins from Blighia sapida.  Carbohydr Res.  346, 759-68 (2011)). The linkage site between medicagenic acid and glucuronic acid in MA-3-GlcA was supported by strong HMBC connectivity between the anomeric hydrogen of GlcA and C3 of the aglycone, as well as a complementary correlation observed between MA-H3/anomeric C1 of GlcA (red arrow in  FIG. 18D ). Similarly, linkage sites between the saccharide units were determined based on complementary 3-bond HMBC connectivities observed between the anomeric hydrogen/carbon of one sugar and the proton/carbon of the directly attached glycan as indicated by the interglycan arrows between Fuc-Rha-Glc ( FIG. 21 ). The addition of xylose in Yossoside V (Xyl connected to GlcA) seems to restrict the conformational space of GlcA as is indicated by a lack of previously observed correlation between GlcA and the aglycone and lack of J couplings within GlcA. However, chemical shift prediction further supports the assignment of GlcA in Yossoside V. 
     RNA-Seq Library Preparation and Data Analysis 
     RNA-Seq libraries were prepared as described previously (S. Zhong et al., High-throughput illumina strand-specific RNA sequencing library preparation.  Cold Spring Harb Proto.  8, 940-9 (2011)) with minor modifications. Briefly, 5 μg of total RNA was used for poly(A) RNA capture using Dynabeads Oligo (dT) 25  (Invitrogen), fragmented at 94° C. for 5 minutes and eluted. The first-strand cDNA was synthesized using reverse transcriptase SuperScript III (Invitrogen) with random primers and dNTP, whereas the second-strand cDNA was generated using DNA polymerase I (Enzymatics) using dUTP. After end-repair (Enzymatics), dA-tailing with Klenow 3′-5′ (Enzymatics) and adapter ligation (Quick T4 DNA Ligase, NEB), the dUTP-containing second-strand was digested by uracil DNA glycosylase (Enzymatics). The resulting first-strand adaptor-ligated cDNA was used for PCR enrichment (NEBNext High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix, NEB) for 14 cycles. Indexed libraries were pooled and sequenced (paired-end, 125 bp) on a single lane of HiSeq2500 (Illumina) at the Crown Institute for Genomics, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science. The quality of the raw data was assessed using FastQC (S. W. Wingett, S. Andrews, FastQ Screen: A tool for multi-genome mapping and quality control. Version 2. F1000Res. 7, 1338 (2018)). Raw reads were aligned against version 1.0.1 of the spinach reference genome (The  Beta vulgaris  resource (http://bvseq.boku.ac.at/Genome/Download/index.shtml)) using Tophat v2.0.13 (C. Trapnell, L. Pachter, S. L. Salzberg, TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq. Bioinformatics. 25, 1105-11 (2009)). Quantification was performed using HTSeq (S. Anders S, P. T. Pyl, W. Huber, HTSeq-a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data.  Bioinformatics.  31, 166-9 (2015)) followed by normalization and differential gene expression analysis using DESeq2 (M. I. Love, W. Huber, S. Anders, Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2 . Genome Biol.  15, 550 (2014)). 
     Co-Expression Analysis 
     Co-expression analysis was done using CoExpNetViz software (O. Tzfadia, T. Diels, S. De Meyer, K. Vandepoele, A. Aharoni, Y. Van de Peer, CoExpNetViz: Comparative Co-Expression Networks Construction and Visualization Tool. Front Plant Sci. 6, 1194 (2016)). Briefly, spinach bAS (SOAP1), CYP716A268 (SOAP2) and CYP716A268v2 (SOAP2-like) were used as ‘baits’ in co-expression analysis with correlation threshold set at 5 and 95 for lower ad higher percentile rank, respectively. Lists of co-expressed genes was additionally filtered according to correlation coefficient (r&gt;0.9; PCC) for each bait (Table 14). The analysis was performed using spinach RNA-Seq transcriptome data from different tissues and developmental stages (SO4WOLLD—mature leaf from four week old plant grown in long day; SO8WOLSL—mature leaf from eight week old plant grown in short day; SO4WYLLD—young leaf from four week old plant grown in long day; SO8WOLSL—young leaf from eight week old plant grown in short day; SO4WFBLD—flower bud from four week old plant grown in long day). The co-expression network was visualized with the Cytoscape software (P. Shannon P et al., Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 13, 2498-504 (2003)). 
     Cloning 
     Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (New England Biolabs) was used for all PCR amplification steps according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Restriction enzymes and T4 Ligase used for cloning were purchased from New England Biolabs. Oligonucleotide primers were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. DNA excised from agarose gels was purified using the Gel/PCR extraction kit (Hy-Labs).  E. coli  TOP10 cells (Invitrogen) were used for plasmid isolation prior to transformation into other heterologous hosts. Plasmid DNA was isolated from  E. coli  cultures using the AccuPrep® Plasmid Mini Extraction Kit (Bioneer). For a list of primers used for cloning, see Table 11. 
     Constrict Preparation for VIGS 
     For the silencing of candidate genes in spinach, all gene sequences (200-400 bp) were amplified from spinach leaf cDNA template. Purified amplicons were inserted into modified pTRV2 vector (˜200 bp of magnesium chelatase subunit H inserted with EcoRI) digested with SacI. 
     GoldenBraid System and Expression in  N. benthamiana    
     For  N. benthamiana  transient expression of multiple genes from the same  Agrobacterium  strain, multigene constructs were created using GoldenBraid 3.0 (GB) system (M. Vazquez-Vilar et al., GB3.0: a platform for plant bio-design that connects functional DNA elements with associated biological data. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, 2196-2209 (2017)). In the first step, all the CDS and tomato Ubiquitin promoter and terminator were domesticated by removing BsaI and BsmBI restriction sites and inserting them into pUPD2 GoldenBraid entry vector. In the next step, genes were subcloned together with terminator and promoter into pDGB3α1 or pDGB3α2 GB vector. First level a vectors allow transient expression of a single gene in  N. benthamiana . Subsequently, pDGB3α1:SOAP1 was combined with pDGB3α2:SOAP2 into pDGB3Ω1:SOAP1+SOAP2 and pDGB3α1:SOAP3 with pDGB3α2:SOAP4 into pDGB3Ω2:SOAP3+SOAP4. Combination of the omega vectors allows expression of four genes providing production of medicagenic acid in  N. benthamiana . Other genes, cellulose synthase like G (SOAP5), glycosyltransferases (SOAP6-9) and acyltransferase (SOAP10) were used in alpha vectors. Genes from  C. quinoa, B. vulgaris, L. japonicus, Glycine max  ( G. max )  M. sativa  and  G. uralensis  were cloned using same approach. For cDNA template preparation RNA extracted from 2-week-old seedlings ( L. japonicus, G. max, M. sativa  and  G. uralensis ), mature leaves ( B. vulgaris ) or from leaves surrounding flower buds ( C. quinoa ) was used. 
     Cloning into Yeast System (pESC) 
     For the expression of SOAP1 (bAS), CYPs (SOAP2-4) and CSLG (SOAP5) in  S. cerevisiae , the sequences were amplified from cloned pDGB3α vectors carrying the sequence of interest and the purified amplicons were inserted into series of pESC (Amp R ) plasmids allowing simultaneous expression of two genes from one plasmid. SOAP1 and SOAP2 were inserted into pESC-HIS plasmid using NotI/SacI and BamHI/SalI restriction enzymes, respectively. SOAP3 and SOAP4 were inserted into pESC-LEU plasmid using NotI/SacI and BamHI/XhoI restriction enzymes, respectively. SOAP5 and SoUGD1 were inserted into pESC-LEU plasmid using NotI/SacI and SalI/XhoI restriction enzymes, respectively. 
     Cloning into pET-28b and Expression in  E. coli    
     SOAP10 was cloned into the pET-28b (Kan R ) vector using NdeI/NotI restriction sites and expressed in  E. coli  BL21 (DE3) cells. 
     In Vitro Enzymatic Assay with SOAP10 
     Bacterial cells transformed with pET-28b:SOAP10 were grown in LB medium at 37° C. When cultures reached A600=0.6, protein expression was induced with 200 μM of isopropyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) at 15° C., for 24 h. Bacterial cells were lysed by sonication in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 10% glycerol, 0.1% Triton X-100, 1 mM PMSF and 100 mg/mL lysozyme. 
     The fraction of spinach desacetyl saponins was used as a substrate in SOAP10 enzyme assay. In a 200 μL tube 6 μL of cell lysate was mixed with 2 μL of 6.18 mM acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) and 2 mL of saponin substrate (10 μg). Reaction was carried out for 2.5 h at 28° C. Cell lysate without SOAP10 was used as a control. The reactions were stopped by addition of 20 μL methanol, followed by brief vortex. Finally, the extracts were centrifuged for 10 min. at 14,000×g and analyzed by LC-MS, as described above. 
     VIGS Procedure 
     Virus Induced Gene Silencing was performed as described previously (M. Senthil-Kumar, K. S. Mysore, Tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing in  Nicotiana benthamiana . Nat Protoc. 9, 1549-62 (2014)). Briefly, pTRV1 and pTRV2 constructs harboring sequence for silencing were transformed into  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  (GV3101) electrocompetent cells. Transformants were grown on LB plates containing 50 μg/mL kanamycin and 50 μg/mL gentamicin at 28° C. 10 mL of LB medium supplemented with antibiotics was inoculated with a single colony and grew O/N at 28° C. Cells were centrifuged at 3,000×g for 10 min. and supernatant removed. Pellet was resuspended in 5 mL of infiltration medium (100 mM MES buffer, 2 mM Na 3 PO 4 .12H 2 O, 100 μM acetosyringone) and centrifuged again. Pellet was resuspended again in 10 mL of infiltration medium and incubated at room temperature for 2 h.  Agrobacterium  suspensions (OD600=0.3 for each strain) were infiltrated into the underside of 1-week old spinach cotyledons (one per plant) with a needleless 1 mL syringe. Plants were grown in 16 h photoperiod at 23° C. After 2 weeks first signs of silencing of Magnesium Chelatase subunit H (CHCL) were visible. Plants were grown for another 2 weeks prior tissue collection. Leaves were harvested, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. for later processing. Biological replicates consisted of 4 leaves all from different plants. Table 10 below provides the spinach and red beet nucleic acid sequences used to silence CSLGs in red beet and spinach 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 VIGs Sequences 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ID 
                   
               
               
                 Name 
                 NO: 
                 Nucleic Acid Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SoCSLG 
                 106 
                 TTCCGTAGCCATCTTCTCGCTCTTCTACTACCG 
               
               
                 (SOAP5) 
                   
                 TTTCACTTCCTTCTTCAACTCCGACATCTCCAT 
               
               
                 VIGS 
                   
                 ACTTGCTTACTCCTTACTCACCACCGCCGAACT 
               
               
                 spinach 
                   
                 CTTCTTAACCTTTCTATGGGCTTTTACTCAGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCCCGGTGGCGTCCCGTAATGAGGGAAGTCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGGGTACGAATCCATCAAACCCGAACAACTACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGTTTGGATGTCTTCATTGTCACTGCTGACCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GACAAAGGAGCCAGTTCTGGAGGTGATGAACTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGTGATATCATCCATGGCGTTGGATTATCCGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGATAGACTGGCGGTTTACTTGTCGGATGACGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGTTCTCCGTTGTCGAAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BvCSLG 
                 107 
                 CCTTCGGCTCCTCCACAAAATTCATTGCGTCAG 
               
               
                 VIGS_ 
                   
                 TTAGTTCAAACTCCAAGCAAAATATGGCCTTGA 
               
               
                 red 
                   
                 AGGAAATGACAAGAGACGACTTGTTAGAAGAGG 
               
               
                 beet  
                   
                 CTAAAAATTTGGCTACTTGTGCATATGAATCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACACTGAATGGGGTAACAAGATTGGATATTCGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGAGTGTTTGTTGGAGAGTACATTTACCGGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCTCTTACATTGCAAAGGATGGATTTCCGTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCTTTACCCAAAAAGACCCTGCTTCTTAGGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCACGACGATTGACATGAAAGATGCCATGGTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AACTAATGAAATGGACCTCTGGATTACTAGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGGCATATCAAAGTTTAGCCCTCTAACTTATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTTTTCGAGGATGTCTATATTACAAAGCATGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTACGGTTACTTCACATTTTCAGCCCTTTTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAGTTTCGT 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Site-Directed Mutagenesis of SOAP5 
     Site-directed mutagenesis of SOAP5 was performed using QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Agilent) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
     Gene Expression Analysis—qPCR 
     Gene expression analysis was performed with three/four biological replicates (n=3/4) for each VIGS silenced line. RNA isolation was performed by the Trizol method (Sigma-Aldrich). DNase I (Sigma-Aldrich)-treated RNA was reverse transcribed using a high-capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems). Gene-specific oligonucleotides were designed with Primer Blast software (NCBI). The Translation Elongation Factor Alpha 1 (EF1-α) gene was used as an endogenous control. Oligonucleotides used are listed in Table 11. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 List of primers used 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
               
               
                   1 
                 gene name 
                 annotation 
                 species 
                 locus 
                 purpose 
                 primer name 
                 sequence 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   2 
                 OXIDOSQUALENE CYCLASE 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   3 
                 SOAP1 
                 β-amyrin 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_107620_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp107620_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCATGTTCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 synthase,  
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 kqnh 
                   
                 vF 
                 GAAGTTATACCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bAS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107620_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCCCTCCTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 TGTGTAGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp107620_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGTGGAGGTTGAAGGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 GG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   6 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107620_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTGTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 CATATGTGATCTCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107620_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGACAGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2F 
                 TCGACGACATTAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   8 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107620_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2R 
                 GCTCAAGTAGAGTTGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AGAAGGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp107620_ 
                 AAAAGCGGCCGCATGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in yeast 
                 NotI_F 
                 GAGGTTGAAGGTTGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107620_ 
                 AAAAGAGCTCTCAAGTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SacI_R 
                 GAGTTGATAGAAGGTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 colocali- 
                 Sp107620_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 zation 
                 GB_1F 
                 TGTGGAGGTTGAAGGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107620_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_CT_R 
                 AACCAGTAGAGTTGATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GAAGGTAATGA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                  13 
                 CYTOCHROMES P450 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  14 
                 SoCYP1 
                 CYP715A56 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_046690_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp046690_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCCTTCGTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 sjiw 
                   
                 vF 
                 TTGTTGTCGTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp046690_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCCCTATGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 GAGCCCAAGCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  16 
                 SoCYP2 
                 CYP72A656 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_148230_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp148230_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCAGCTCTAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 dgra 
                   
                 vF 
                 TTTGCGTGCTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  17 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp148230_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCTCTGGCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 TCATAGTTCGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  18 
                 SoCYP3 
                 CYP72A685 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_085350_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp085350_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCTTGTTGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 pxjs 
                   
                 vF 
                 TTGCTTGTCCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  19 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp085350_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCGGTCTTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 TTGGCACGAACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  20 
                 SOAP2 
                 CYP716A268 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_107660_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp107660_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCTGGTGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 kiqg 
                   
                 vF 
                 GAGTCATTTGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  21 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107660_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCCAAGCCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 CCAGAAGGTGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  22 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp107660_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGAACTCTTCTTTATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 TGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  23 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107660_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 GCTTAAGCAGCTACAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TCGAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp107660_ 
                 AAAAGGATCCATGGAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in yeast 
                 BamHI_F 
                 TCTTCTTTATGTGTGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107660_ 
                 AAAAGTCGACTTAAGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SalI_R 
                 GCTACAGTTCGAGGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  26 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 colocali- 
                 Sp107660_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 zation 
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGAACTCTTCTTTATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  27 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp107660_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_CT_R 
                 AACCAGCAGCTACAGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CGAGGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  28 
                 SOAP3 
                 CYP72A655 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_085340_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp085340_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCGTTGCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 meek 
                   
                 vF 
                 GCTTGTCCCTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp085340_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCTGATTGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 GAAGGCGTAGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  30 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp085340_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGATAGAAATCGGGTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 ATTGTAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  31 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp085340_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 GCTTAGTCCCTGAGCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGTATAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  32 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp085340_ 
                 AAAAGCGGCCGCATGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in yeast 
                 NotI_F 
                 AGAAATCGGGTATATTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TAAAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  33 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp085340_ 
                 AAAAGAGCTCTTAGTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SacI_R 
                 CTGAGCTTATGTATAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  34 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 colocali- 
                 Sp085340_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 zation 
                 GB_1F 
                 TGATAGAAATCGGGTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ATTGTAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  35 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp085340_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_CT_R 
                 AACCGTCCCTGAGCTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TGTATAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  36 
                 SOAP4 
                 CYP72A654 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_040350_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp040350_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCTTTCAAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 wdny 
                   
                 vF 
                 AGCGCGAGTGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  37 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp040350_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCGCCTGCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 CAGAATTGTTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  38 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp040350_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGATTTCAAAGAGCGCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 AGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  39 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp040350_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGTTGTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 CTTGACCAGCCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  40 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp040350_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGACAACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2F 
                 TCAGTGGCCCTAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  41 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp040350_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2R 
                 GCTTAAAATCGATGTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AATAATGTGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  42 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp040350_ 
                 AAAAGGATCCATGATTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in yeast 
                 BamHI_F 
                 CAAAGAGCGCGAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  43 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp040350_ 
                 AAAACTCGAGTTAAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 XhoI_R 
                 CGATGTAAAATAATGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  44 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 colocali- 
                 Sp040350_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 zation 
                 GB_1F 
                 TGATTTCAAAGAGCGCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  45 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp040350_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_CT_R 
                 AACCAAATCGATGTAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ATAATGTGGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  46 
                 GuCYP88D6 
                 CYP88D6 
                   Glycyr - 
                 Glyur000561s 
                 expression   
                 GuCYP88D6_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   rhiza - 
                 00023451.1 
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGAAGTACATTGGGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 TGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  47 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCYP88D6_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 GCCTAAGCACATGATAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTTATCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  48 
                 GuCYP72A15 
                 CYP72A154 
                   Glycyr - 
                 Glyur000890s 
                 expression   
                 GuCYP72A154_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                   
                   rhiza - 
                 00019071.1 
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGATGCATCTTCCACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 CC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  49 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCYP72A154_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGAAAGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 CAATGGATTTTGATTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 G 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  50 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCYP72A154_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTTTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2F 
                 AAAGATGATGCTGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  51 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCYP72A154_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGTTGTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2R 
                 CTTGCCCTGCCAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  52 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCYP72A154_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGACAACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_3F 
                 GCAGCTTTGCTGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  53 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCYP72A154_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_3R 
                 GCTTACAGTTTATGCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AATGATGGG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                  54 
                 GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  55 
                 SOAP5 
                 Cellulose 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_076690_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp076690_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCTTCCGTAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Synthase  
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 ejcm/ 
                   
                 vF 
                 CCATCTTCTCGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Like 
                   
                 Spo12715 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 G2, CSLG2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  56 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp076690_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCCCTTCGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 AACGGAGAACCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  57 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp076690_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGCAACTTCTCACATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 CGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  58 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp076690_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGAAGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 GGTTAACAATGGCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  59 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp076690_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTTCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2F 
                 ATCTTCCTCCATTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  60 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp076690_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGCCTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2R 
                 TTTCCCTGGCTACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  61 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp076690_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGAGGCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_3F 
                 GGTCGTCCTCATCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  62 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp076690_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_3R 
                 GCTTATAACCATCCCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AACAACAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  63 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Spo12715F_ 
                 AAAAGCGGCCGCATGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in yeast 
                 NotI_F 
                 AACTTCTCACATTCGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  64 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo12715R_ 
                 AAAAGAGCTCTTATAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SacI_R 
                 CATCCCTTAACAACAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  65 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 colocali- 
                 Sp076690_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 zation 
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGCAACTTCTCACATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  66 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp076690_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_CT_R 
                 AACCTAACCATCCCTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ACAACAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  67 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mutagenesis 
                 Spo12715_ 
                 CGTATGAGTGCTTGTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 M1_F 
                 GAGGATACATTCACTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ATATATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  68 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo12715_ 
                 CATATATCCAGTGAATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 M1_R 
                 TATCCTCCAACAAGCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TCATACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  69 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo12715_ 
                 CTACGGTTCAACTAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 M2_F 
                 AGATGGACCTCCTCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ACTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  70 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo12715_ 
                 CCAAGTAATGAGGAGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 M2_R 
                 CCATCTTATTAGTTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CCGTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  71 
                 SoGT1 
                 UGT79M1 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_049940_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp049940_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCAGCTTTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 mmut 
                   
                 vF 
                 TCCCATGGCATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  72 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp049940_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCACTTGTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 CTGGAGTTGAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  73 
                 SoGT2 
                 UGT79N1 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_148240_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp148240_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCCCCTCCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 fnwi 
                   
                 vF 
                 GGCTATACACCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  74 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp148240_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCCCTACGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 TGCCACAGTCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  75 
                 SOAP6 
                 UGT74BB2 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_170930_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp170930vF 
                 CTAGAGCTCCCGAAGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 hjgq 
                   
                   
                 TCACTCCAACTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  76 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp170930vR 
                 TTCGAGCTCTCAGAACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CGGGGATTGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  77 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp170930_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGACGGGAAAAGGAAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 ACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  78 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp170930_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 GCTTAGGAGGACGCAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CCAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  79 
                 SOAP6v2 
                 UGT74BB1 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_170920_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp170920_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCTCGTGGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 oudh 
                   
                 vF 
                 CGTATGGGAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  80 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp170920_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCAGGAACAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 ATTCAGCCGCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  81 
                 SOAP7 
                 UGT79K1 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_020820_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp020820_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCTAGCCACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 yeau 
                   
                 vF 
                 AAGCTGGGGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  82 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp020820_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCGGGAGGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 TTCAACCTCGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  83 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp020820_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGGTAAAACAGTAGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 GCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  84 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp020820_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 GCTTAATTTGCAGTAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAGCGTTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  85 
                 SOAP8 
                 UGT79L2 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_113700_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp113700_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCGTGATGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 suxh 
                   
                 vF 
                 CCCATGGCTTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  86 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp113700_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCAAGGTCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 GCTTATGGGTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  87 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp113700_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGGTGGAGAGAAAGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 TTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  88 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp113700_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 GCCTAAGGAACAAGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  89 
                 SOAP8v2 
                 UGT79L1 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_072870_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp072870_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCGGCTTGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 funr 
                   
                 vF 
                 TTTGGACACTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  90 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp072870_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCAAGACAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 GTCGGGCTTCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  91 
                 SOAP9 
                 UGT73BS1 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_170320_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Sp170320_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCGTGTGCTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 dmqi 
                   
                 vF 
                 CTGAGGTTGTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  92 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp170320_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCGTCGCAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 GTACCGGATAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  93 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Sp170320_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGAGCTTTCAAACCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 AGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  94 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp170320_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGCGACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 AACCACCTTCTTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  95 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp170320_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGTCGCGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2F 
                 AACAATTTAAGTGATTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 G 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  96 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sp170320_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2R 
                 GCTTATTCTGAGTTTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GGACACTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  97 
                 BvCSLG 
                 CSLG2 
                 
                   Beta 
                 
                 XM_ 
                 VIGS 
                 BvCSL_vF 
                 AAAAGAGCTCCCTTCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   vulgaris 
                 
                 010673823.2 
                   
                   
                 CTCCTCCACAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  98 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 BvCSL_vR 
                 AAAAGAGCTCACGAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TCCGAAAAGGGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                  99 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 BvCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in N .  
                 1F 
                 TGTCTTCTCTCCACATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 TGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 BvCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGCCTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1R 
                 TTTCCCTGGATACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 BvCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGAGGCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2F 
                 AATCGTCCTCATCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 BvCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCATCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2R 
                 TTGTCATTTCCTTCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 103 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 BvCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGATGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3F 
                 TTGTTAGAAGAGGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 104 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 BvCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3R 
                 GCTCAATCACGTCCTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTTACTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 105 
                 CqCSLG 
                 CSLG2 
                   Chenopo - 
                 XM_ 
                 expression   
                 CgCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   dium  
                 
                 021866098.1 
                 in  N .  
                 1F 
                 TGGCGGCAACACACATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   quinoa 
                 
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 TG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 106 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CgCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGCCTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1R 
                 TTTCCCTGGCTACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 107 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CgCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGAGGCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2F 
                 GGTCATCCTCATCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 108 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CgCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2R 
                 GCTTATTCTTTCTTTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGTTTGTCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 109 
                 MsCSLG 
                 CSLG2 
                 
                   Medicago 
                 
                 MSAD_299835 
                 expression   
                 MsCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   sativa 
                 
                   
                 in  N . 
                 1F 
                 TGGCAACCTTCACATTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 CAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 110 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MsCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCATCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1R 
                 TTGAAATATTCTGCTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 T 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 111 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MsCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGATGTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2F 
                 ATTTTACAAGAAGCATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MsCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2R 
                 GCCTACCCACTCTTCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 113 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 silencing   
                 MsCSL_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  M .  
                 asGB_1F 
                 TGCTACCCACTCTTCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   sativa 
                 
                   
                 CTTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hairyroots 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 114 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MsCSL_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 asGB_1R 
                 GCATGGCAACCTTCACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 115 
                 GmCSL 
                 CSLG2 
                 
                   Glycine 
                 
                 NM_ 
                 expression   
                 GmCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   max 
                 
                 001365113.1 
                 in  N .  
                 1F 
                 TGGCGACCTTCCACACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 GA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 116 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GmCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGGATCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1R 
                 CTTCCAAATTCGTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 117 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GmCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGATCCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2F 
                 AAAATCGTTCCATTGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 T 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 118 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GmCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2R 
                 GCCTATTGCACCTTGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTCATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 119 
                 GuCSL 
                 CSLG2 
                   Glycyr - 
                 Glyur003152s 
                 expression   
                 GuCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   rhiza - 
                 00037491.1 
                 in  N .  
                 1F 
                 TGGCAAGCTTCACCCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 CA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 120 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGATACCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1R 
                 GAGTGTTCATCACCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGTATCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2F 
                 GCCCTTGCCATGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 122 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGAGATCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2R 
                 CGCTCTGACCTGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGATCTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3F 
                 TCAAGGCTAAATACGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 124 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuCSL_GB_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3R 
                 GCCTATCCACTCTTGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTCATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 125 
                 GuUGAT 
                 UGAT 
                   Glycyr - 
                 KT759000.1 
                 expression   
                 GuUGAT_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   rhiza - 
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGACCATGGGTAACGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 AAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 126 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuUGAT_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGCGACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1GB_R 
                 ATCCTCCTTCCTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuUGAT_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGTCGCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2F 
                 AACGATTTTAACTCTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuUGAT_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2R 
                 GCTTAATGGGCACGCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CCTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 129 
                 GuUGT73P1 
                 UGT73P12 
                   Glycyr - 
                 Scaffold00629 
                 expression   
                 GuUGT73P12_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                   
                   rhiza - 
                 (LC314779) 
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGACTCCTTTGGGGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 GA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuUGT73P12_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGCCTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 TTTCACGGAACAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 131 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuUGT73P12_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGAGGCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2F 
                 GATTTCATAGTCACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 132 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GuUGT73P12_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2R 
                 GCTTAAGCCACTGCCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CATTAA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 133 
                 ACYLTRANSFERASES 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 134 
                 SoAT1 
                 un- 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_074630_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Spo04549_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCAGGCGTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 character- 
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 ygho 
                   
                 vF 
                 CTATCGATCCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ized acetyl- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 transferase 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 At3g50280- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 like 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo04549_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCCATGGCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 TGAGTCTCAGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 136 
                 SoAT2 
                 O- 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_123780_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Spo21561_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCCCGGAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 acyltrans- 
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 pgiy 
                   
                 vF 
                 GAAGGTCTGGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ferase 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 WSD1-like 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 137 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo21561_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCAGGGGGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 CGAGCATTTGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 138 
                 SoAT3 
                 acyl-CoA-- 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_149180_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Spo15788_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCTGATAAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sterolO- 
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 nwmy 
                   
                 vF 
                 GCCCACTTTGCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 acyltrans- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ferase 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 139 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo15788_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCCTCCAGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 CGAGCCCTAACAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 SoAT4 
                 malonyl- 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_198340_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Spo13090_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCAAGCCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CoA: 
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 focw 
                   
                 vF 
                 GCAAAAGGCACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 anthocya- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 nidin 5-O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 glucoside- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 6″-O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 malonyl- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 transferase- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 like 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 141 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo13090_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCTCGGTTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 CCCCACCAAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 142 
                 SOAP10 
                 salutari-  
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_125800_ 
                 VIGS 
                 Spo02253_ 
                 CTAGAGCTCCAACAACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dinol 7-O- 
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 kzws 
                   
                 vF 
                 TCCAAAGGCGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 acetyl- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 transferase 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 143 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo02253_ 
                 TTCGAGCTCTCTTGAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 vR 
                 CCCATTGCTGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 144 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Spo02253_ 
                 GAAACATATGGGGGAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  E .  coli   
                 NdeI_F 
                 TCAACCATGAAGAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 145 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo02253_ 
                 CTTTGCGGCCGCCTAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 NotI_R 
                 TAGGAGTAGCAAAAGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 146 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 expression   
                 Spo02253_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 in  N .  
                 GB_1F 
                 TGGGGGAAGTCAACCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 
                   benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 GA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 147 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo02253_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTGTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_1R 
                 CAAATTTGGTGGGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 148 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo02253_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGACAGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2F 
                 ACAGGGTTTATTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 149 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo02253_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGGCCTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_2R 
                 CATCGTTGGGAATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 150 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo02253_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGAGGCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_3F 
                 CCTAAGGTCAGGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Spo02253_ 
                 GCGCCGTCTCGCTCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GB_3R 
                 GCCTAATTAGGAGTAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAAGCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 152 
                 OTHERS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 153 
                 SoCHLH 
                 Magnesium 
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_082000_ 
                 VIGS 
                 SoCHLH_vF 
                 ACTAGAATTCCAAGTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 chelatase 
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 pjxp 
                   
                   
                 GGATGAGTGATGCTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 subunit H 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 154 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SoCHLH_vR 
                 GTTCGAATTCCTAGCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCTGATGATGGAACTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 155 
                 BvCHLH 
                 Magnesium 
                 
                   Beta 
                 
                 XM_ 
                 VIGS 
                 BvCHLH_vF 
                 AAAAGAATTCGGAGGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 chelatase 
                 
                   vulgaris 
                 
                 010674548.2 
                   
                   
                 AGAGGGGCTAAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 subunit H 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 156 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 BvCHLH_vR 
                 AAAAGAATTCTTTCCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCAAGTCCGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 157 
                 SoUGD1 
                 UDP-glucose  
                 
                   Spinacia 
                 
                 Sp_189830_ 
                 expression   
                 SoUGD1_ 
                 AAAAGTCGACATGGTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6-dehydro- 
                 
                   oleracea 
                 
                 psca 
                 in yeast 
                 SalI_F 
                 AGAAACTGAAGATTTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 genase 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 158 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SoUGD1_ 
                 AAAACTCGAGTTAAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 XhoI_R 
                 ACGGCAGGCATGTC 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Transient Expression and Candidate Gene Screening in  N. benthamiana    
     pDBG3α and pDBG3Ω constructs were transformed into  Agrobacterium  tumafaciens (GV3101) electrocompetent cells. Transformants were grown on LB plates containing 50 μg/mL kanamycin (pDBG3α) or 200 μg/mL spectinomycin (pDBG3®) and 50 μg/mL gentamicin at 28° C. 10 mL of LB medium supplemented with antibiotics was inoculated with a single colony and grew O/N at 28° C. Cells were centrifuged at 3,000×g for 10 min. and supernatant removed. Pellet was resuspended in 5 ml of infiltration medium (100 mM MES buffer, 2 mM Na 3 PO 4 .12H 2 O, 100 μM acetosyringone) and centrifuged again. Pellet was resuspended again in 10 mL of infiltration medium and incubated at room temperature for 2 h.  Agrobacterium  suspensions (OD600=0.3 for each strain) were infiltrated into the underside of  N. benthamiana  leaves with a needleless 1 mL syringe. Plants were grown 4-5 weeks under a 16 h light cycle prior to infiltration. Leaves were harvested 4 days post-infiltration, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. for later processing. Biological replicates consisted of several leaves all from different tobacco plants. 
     Expression of SOAP Genes in  S. cerevisiae  WA T11 and Metabolite Extraction 
     pESC constructs were transformed into  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  WAT11 using Yeastmaker™ yeast transformation system (Clontech). Yeast cells were transformed with various combinations of pESC vectors allowing expression of one (SOAP5), two (SOAP1-2), four (SOAP1-4), five (SOAP1-S or SOAP1-4+SoUGD1) and 6 genes (SOAP1-5+SoUGD1). Transformed yeast were grown on SD minimal media supplemented with appropriate amino acids and 2% glucose. Colonies were screened and presence of transgene confirmed by colony PCR. For induction of gene expression transformed cells were transferred to minimal medium with 2% galactose and grown for 24 h at 30° C. Cultures were centrifuged for 10 min. at 700×g, pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of H 2 O, transferred to 2 mL Eppendorf tube and centrifuged again at 8,000×g for a minute. Cell pellet was weighed, equal amount of water and double amount of glass beads (diameter 500 μm) was added and vortexed 5 times for one minute, each time keeping the cells on ice for one minute between vortexings. Lysed cells were mixed with 500 μL of methanol and centrifuged at 14′000 rpm for 5 minutes, clear supernatant was collected and dried in the SpeedVac O/N. Dry residues were dissolved in 150 μL of 80% methanol, filtered through 0.22 μm filter and analyzed on LC-MS. 
     Subcellular Localization and Confocal Microscopy Analysis 
     Plasmids allowing expression of studied proteins in fusion with fluorescent protein (FP) were prepared using GoldenBraid system (M. Vazquez-Vilar et al., (2017) ibid). SOAP1:GFP, SOAPs 2-4 in fusion with -GFP or —RFP and SOAP5.RFP were used. As cell compartment markers plasmids obtained from ABRC (ER-gk CD3-955 and G-gk CD3-963) were used (B. K. Nelson, X. Cai, A. Nebenführ, A multicolored set of in vivo organelle markers for co-localization studies in  Arabidopsis  and other plants. Plant J. 51, 1126-36 (2007)). 
     For subcellular localization studies of spinach cellulose synthase like G, SOAP5:RFP was transiently expressed together with ER or Golgi marker in  N. benthamiana  epidermal cells. A bacterial absorbance A600 nm of 0.15 was used for infiltrating each  Agrobacterium  strain. After 72 h post infiltration, leaf discs (˜0.4 cm diameter) were collected and analyzed for fluorescence with confocal microscopy using the following parameters: Fluorescence was observed by a Nikon eclipse A1 microscope with laser at 488 nm for excitation and images were acquired for GFP (ER or Golgi marker) and 561 nm for red fluorescent protein (RFP) signals. To increase signal-to-noise ratio, each scan pixel was sampled four times and averaged. The same parameters were used for checking colocalization of SOAP genes. 
     Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Analysis 
     Mean FRET index (i.e., the mean of acceptor, mRFP-fused protein, intensity due to FRET in each pixel after threshold application to remove background noise) were calculated using the FRET Analyzer plugin (M. Hachet-Haas et al., FRET and colocalization analyzer a method to validate measurements of sensitized emission FRET acquired by confocal microscopy and available as an ImageJ Plug-in. Microsc Res Tech. 69, 941-56 (2006)) FIJI/ImageJ. The mean FRET index was calculated for three independent images for each protein combination being tested for proximity/interaction. Cells expressing GFP and RFP only were used to calculate donor and acceptor bleed through. 
     Phylogenetic Analysis 
     Homology searches were performed with various query sequences at the non-redundant protein database of NCBI (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) using the Blastp option. Protein sequences were aligned using the Muscle algorithm and phylogenetic tree was inferred with RAxML rapid bootstrapping and subsequent ML search (A. Stamatakis, RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 30, 1312-3 (2014)). Likelihood of final tree was evaluated and optimized under GAMMA model of rate heterogeneity across sites. GAMMA model parameters were estimated up to an accuracy of 0.1000000000 Log Likelihood units. One thousand bootstrap replicates using the fast bootstrap option of RAxML were performed. Used substitution matrix was DAYHOFF. Phylogenetic tree was visualized with iTOL (I. Letunic, P. Bork, Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v3: an online tool for the display and annotation of phylogenetic and other trees. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, W242-5 (2016)). 
     Silencing of MsCSL M  M. sativa  Hairy Roots 
     Vector pDBG3α2 with antisense RNA targeting MsCSL under 35S promoter and with 35S:KanR cassette was generated using GoldenBraid system. Transformation of  M. sativa  and generation of transgenic hairy roots was performed as described previously (A. Boisson-Dernier, M. Chabaud, F. Garcia, G. Bécard, C. Rosenberg, D. G. Barker,  Agrobacterium rhizogenes -transformed roots of  Medicago truncatula  for the study of nitrogen-fixing and endomycorrhizal symbiotic associations. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 14,695-700 (2001)). Instead of Arqua1, ATCC15834 strain of  A. rhizogenes  was used. Transgenic roots were collected, ground and metabolites extracted as described above. 
     Template-Based Protein Structure Modeling 
     A homology model of SOAP5 was generated with RaptorX (M. Källberg et al., Template-based protein structure modeling using the RaptorX web server. Nature Protocols. 7, 1511-1522 (2012)) using the crystal structure of  Rhodobacter sphaeroides  cellulose synthase in complex with cyclic-di-GMP and UDP as a template (PDB entry: 4P00)(J. L. Morgan, J. T. McNamara, J. Zimmer, Mechanism of activation of bacterial cellulose synthase by cyclic di-GMP. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 21, 489-96 (2014)). Best model was used as a template for MOLE 2.5, a universal toolkit for automated location and characterization of channels, tunnels and pores (L. Pravda et al., MOLEonline: a web-based tool for analyzing channels, tunnels and pores (2018 update). Nucleic Acids Res. 46, W368-W373 (2018)). Scheme representing transmembrane topology of SOAP5 was generated with Protter (U. Omasits, C. H. Ahrens, S. Müller, B. Wollscheid, Protter: interactive protein feature visualization and integration with experimental proteomic data. Bioinformatics. 30, 884-6 (2014)). 
     Example 15: Triterpenoid Saponins Biosynthesis Pathway in Spinach 
     Objective: To discover the triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis pathway in spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ), member of the Caryophyllales, particularly enzymes involved in the glycosylation of triterpenoid saponins. 
     Methods: Liquid chromatography-Mass spectroscopy methods were used in the analysis of saponins in spinach leaves. See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: 
     Analysis of spinach leaves (using LC-MS) revealed a complex triterpenoid saponin mixture ( FIG. 18 ,  FIGS. 19A-19P , Table 12) comprising more than 20 molecules with medicagenic acid as an aglycone and approximately half of them were acetylated. Table 13 below provides the details for each compound identified by number in the lower scan of  FIG. 18 . Table 12 below uses the following terms: Sample—type of experiment/genotype that sample was derived from; Ret. Time—Retention time, in minutes; Putative Name—putative metabolite identification; Mol. Formula—molecular formula of the metabolite or its FA adduct; Theor. m/z—theoretical monoisotopic mass calculated for the ion [M−H]−, [M+H]+; Found m/z—mass found; m/z error (ppm)—difference between theoretical and found m/z values in ppm; MS/MS fragments—fragments, obtained from the ion [M−H]−, [M+H]+; MS/MS CE (eV)—collision energy used for fragmentation; UV/Vis—UV/Vis absorbance maxima. The UV/Vis spectra (200-600 nm) were acquired on a UPLC (Waters, Acquity) instrument equipped with an Acquity 2996 PDA detector under LC conditions as described in the Materials and Methods. (S)—identification confirmed by the standard compound; (NMR)—identification confirmed by NMR; MA—medicagenic acid; AA—augustic acid (2-hydroxy oleanolic acid); B—bayogenin; PG—polygalagenin; OA—oleanolic acid; G—gypsogenin; GA—gypsogenic acid; H—hederagenin; GhA—glycyrrhetinic acid; hexA—hexuronic acid; hex—hexose; dhex—deoxyhexose; pent—pentose; GlcA—glucuronic acid; Ac—acetyl. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Mass Spectroscopy based identification of triterpenoid saponins in studied plants. 
               
               
                 Section A 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
                 I 
                 J 
                 K 
                 L 
                 M 
                 N 
                 O 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MS/ 
                 MS/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ES(+) 
                 ES(+) 
                   
                 ES(-)  
                 ES(-)  
                   
                 MS 
                 MS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 combination of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Theor 
                 Found  
                 m/z 
                 Theor 
                 Found  
                 m/z 
                 ES(+) 
                 ES(+)  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 genes expressed in 
                 Ret. 
                   
                   
                 Mol 
                 m/z 
                 m/z 
                 error 
                 m/z 
                 m/z 
                 error 
                 frag- 
                 CE 
               
               
                 1 
                   
                 Sample 
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                 Time 
                 Putative Name 
                 Aglycone + sugars 
                 formula 
                 [M+H] +   
                 [M+H] +   
                 (ppm) 
                 [M-H] −   
                 [M-H] −   
                 (ppm) 
                 ments 
                 (eV) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Spinach 
                 WT 
                 — 
                 13.7 
                   
                 MA+dhex+dhex+ 
                 C53 H82 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1101.5118 
                 1101.5116 
                 −0.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+hexA 
                 O24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 12.5 
                 Yossoside VI 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+ 
                 C54 H84 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1131.5223 
                 1131.5261 
                 −1.9 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+hexA 
                 O25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 19.4 
                   
                 MA+dhex+dhex+ 
                 C55 H84 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1143.5223 
                 1143.5265 
                 3.7 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Ac+pent+hexA 
                 O25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 14.7 
                 Yossoside XII 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+ 
                 C58 H90 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1233.5599 
                 1233.5554 
                 1.1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+pent+hexA 
                 O28 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 12.8 
                 Yossoside IV 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+ 
                 C59 H92 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1263.5646 
                 1263.5713 
                 0.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+pent+hexA 
                 O29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 20.84 
                 Yossoside VII 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+ 
                 C60 H92 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1275.5646 
                 1275.5640 
                 −0.5 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Ac+pent+pent+hexA 
                 O29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 15.8 
                 Yossoside Va 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+Ac+ 
                 C61 H94 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1305.5752 
                 1305.5773 
                 1.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+pent+hexA 
                 O30 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 18.6 
                 Yossoside V (NMR) 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+Ac+ 
                 C61 H94 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1305.5752 
                 1305.5781 
                 2.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+pent+hexA 
                 O30 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 14.2 
                 Yossoside VIII 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+pent+ 
                 C63 H98 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1365.5963 
                 1365.5981 
                 1.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+pent+hexA 
                 O32 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 12.4 
                 Yossoside XI 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+hex+ 
                 C64 H100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1395.6069 
                 1395.6068 
                 −0.1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+pent+hexA 
                 O33 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 18.9 
                 Yossoside IX 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+Ac+ 
                 C65 H100 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1407.6069 
                 1407.6107 
                 2.7 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+pent+pent+hexA 
                 O33 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 16.7 
                 Yossoside X 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+Ac+ 
                 C66 H102 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1437.6174 
                 1437.6160 
                 0.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+pent+pent+hexA 
                 O34 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 14 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 Spinach 
                 VIGS  
                 — 
                 16.6 
                   
                 AA+hex+hexA 
                 C42 H66 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 809.4323 
                 809.4337 
                 1.7 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 -CYPs 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 10.3 
                   
                 B+hex+hexA 
                 C42 H66 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 825.4273 
                 825.4278 
                 0.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 15.4 
                   
                 AA+hex+pent+hexA 
                 C47 H74 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 941.4746 
                 941.4737 
                 −1.0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O19 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 15.4 
                   
                 AA+hex+hexA+  
                 C47 H70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 969.4331 
                 969.4326 
                 −0.5 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3-oxopyruvic 
                 O21 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid and glycolic  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid isomer 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 16.2 
                   
                 AA+hex+hexA+  
                 C47 H70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 969.4331 
                 969.4327 
                 −0.4 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3-oxopyruvic 
                 O21 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid and glycolic  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid isomer 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 13.1 
                   
                 AA+hex+hex+hexA 
                 C48 H76 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 971.4852 
                 971.4866 
                 1.4 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 14.4 
                   
                 AA+hex+pent+ 
                 C52 H82 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1073.5169 
                 1073.5216 
                 4.4 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+hexA 
                 O23 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 11.6 
                   
                 PG+hex+pent+ 
                 C52 H80 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1087.4961 
                 1087.4990 
                 2.7 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+hexA 
                 O24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 18.7 
                 Yossoside VIIa 
                 MA+dhex+dhex+Ac+ 
                 C60 H92 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1275.5646 
                 1275.5675 
                 2.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+pent+hexA 
                 O29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 17.2 
                   
                 OA+hex+hexA+  
                 C47 H70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 953.4382 
                 953.4366 
                 −1.7 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3-oxopyruvic 
                 O20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid and glycolic acid 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (Betavulgaroside I)  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 isomer 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 18.4 
                   
                 OA+hex+hexA+  
                 C47 H70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 953.4382 
                 953.4369 
                 −1.4 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3-oxopyruvic 
                 O20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid and glycolic acid 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (Betavulgaroside I)  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 isomer 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 14.6 
                   
                 G+hex+hexA+  
                 C47 H68 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 967.4175 
                 967.4183 
                 0.8 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3-oxopyruvic 
                 O21 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid and glycolic acid 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (Basellasaponin B) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 16.1 
                   
                 GA+hex+pent+ 
                 C59 H92 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1247.5697 
                 1247.5695 
                 −0.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex+dhex+hexA 
                 O28 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 21.2 
                   
                 GA+hex+pent+dhex+ 
                 C61 H94 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1289.5803 
                 1289.5781 
                 −1.7 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex+Ac+hexA 
                 O29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 Spinach 
                 VIGS -  
                 — 
                 10.74 
                   
                 MA+hex+hexA+  
                 C47 H68 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 999.4073 
                 999.4097 
                 2.4 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3-oxopyruvic 
                 O23 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTs 
                   
                   
                   
                 acid and glycolic  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid isomer 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 Spinach 
                 +CSL 
                 — 
                 11.90 
                   
                 MA+hex+hexA+ 
                 C47 H68 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 999.4081 
                 999.4097 
                 1.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3-oxopyruvic  
                 O23 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid and glycolic  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid isomer 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 15.30 
                   
                 MA+dhex+hexA+ 
                 C47 H68 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 983.4124 
                 983.4155 
                 3.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3-oxopyruvic 
                 O22 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 acid and glycolic acid 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 15.31 
                   
                 MA+hexA+dhex+pent  
                 C47 H72 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 955.4539 
                 955.4543 
                 0.4 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (Betavulgaroside III) 
                 O20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 34  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 11.00 
                   
                 MA+pent+hex+hexA 
                 C47 H72 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 971.4488 
                 971.4506 
                 1.9 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O21 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 35  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 13.40 
                   
                 MA+dhex+dhex+hexA 
                 C48 H74 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 969.4695 
                 969.4661 
                 −3.5 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 36  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 17.10 
                   
                 OA+hexA+hex+pent 
                 C47 H74 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 925.4797 
                 925.4789 
                 −0.9 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O18 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 37  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 12.50 
                   
                 AA/H+hexA+hex 
                 C42 H66 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 809.4323 
                 809.4335 
                 1.5 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 38  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 14.62 
                   
                 G+hexA+hex 
                 C42 H64 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 807.4167 
                 807.4156 
                 −1.4 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 39  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 12.90 
                   
                 GA/PG+hex+hexA 
                 C42 H64 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 823.4116 
                 823.4129 
                 1.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 40  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 10.00 
                   
                 MA+dhex+pent+pent+ 
                 C58 H90 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1249.5490 
                 1249.5537 
                 3.8 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+hexA 
                 O29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 41  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 8.50 
                   
                 MA+dhex+hex+ 
                 C54 H84 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1147.5173 
                 1147.5226 
                 4.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+hexA 
                 O26 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 42  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 9.80 
                   
                 MA+dhex+pent+ 
                 C53 H82 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1117.5067 
                 1117.5078 
                 1.0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+hexA 
                 O25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 43  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 11.00 
                   
                 MA+hex+hexA 
                 C42 H64 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 839.4065 
                 839.4077 
                 1.4 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O17 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 44  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 21.10 
                   
                 MA+pent+hexA 
                 C41 H62 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 809.3960 
                 809.3938 
                 −2.7 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 45  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 15.25 
                   
                 PG/GA+hex+hexA 
                 C42 H64 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 823.4116 
                 823.4132 
                 1.9 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 46  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 13.20 
                   
                 MA+dhex+dhex+pent+ 
                 C58 H90 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1233.5540 
                 1233.5499 
                 −3.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+hexA 
                 O28 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 47  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 17.60 
                   
                 MA+dhex+dhex+Ac+ 
                 C60 H92 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1275.5646 
                 1275.5627 
                 −1.5 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 pent+pent+hexA 
                 O29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 48  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 11.15 
                   
                 MA+hex+hex 
                 C42 H66 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 825.4273 
                 825.4283 
                 1.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 49  
                 Spinach 
                   
                 — 
                 22.73 
                   
                 MA 
                 C30 H46 
                 503. 
                 503. 
                 −1.6 
                 501.3216 
                 501.3217 
                 0.2 
                 see  
                 25 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O6 
                 3373 
                 3365 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FIG. 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 S19 
                   
               
               
                 50 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 Differ- 
                 — 
                 21.61 
                 Saponin 1 
                 B+hex+hex+hexA 
                 C48 H76 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 987.4801 
                 987.4788 
                 −1.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O21 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 ential 
                 — 
                 25.63 
                 Saponin 2 
                 B+hex+hexA 
                 C42 H66 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 825.4273 
                 825.4273 
                 0.0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 signals 
                 — 
                 23.04 
                 Saponin 3 
                 Soyasapogenol A+ 
                 C48 H78 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 957.5059 
                 957.5059 
                 −0.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex+hex+hexA 
                 O19 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 form 
                 — 
                 24.11 
                 Saponin 4 
                 GA/PG+hex+hexA+ 
                 C45 H66 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 909.4120 
                 909.4120 
                 0.0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 malonyl 
                 O19 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 
                   M. sativa 
                 
                 — 
                 25.23 
                 Saponin 5 
                 B+dhex+hex+hexA 
                 C48 H76 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 971.4852 
                 971.4849 
                 −0.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 hairy 
                 — 
                 22.84 
                 Saponin 6 
                 H+hex+hex+dhex+hexA 
                 C54 H86 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1117.5431 
                 1117.5420 
                 −1.0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 roots 
                 — 
                 22.92 
                 Saponin 7 
                 GA/PG+hex+hexA 
                 C42 H64 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 823.4116 
                 823.4078 
                 −4.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 with 
                 — 
                 28.14 
                 Saponin 8 
                 Soyasapogenol B+dhex+ 
                 C54 H88 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1103.5638 
                 1103.5635 
                 −0.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 silenced 
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+hex+hexA 
                 O23 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 MsCSL 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 59 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 Differ- 
                   
                 14.95 
                 BvSaponin 1 
                 OA+hexA+hex+ 
                 C53 H82 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1117.5067 
                 1117.5060 
                 −0.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ential 
                   
                   
                 (betavulgaroside V) 
                 hex+Act 
                 O25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 signals 
                   
                 15.24 
                 BvSaponin 2 
                 OA+hexA+hex+ 
                 C53 H84 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1087.5325 
                 1087.5316 
                 −0.8 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hex+pent 
                 O23 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 from 
                   
                 15.67 
                 BvSaponin 3 
                 OA+hexA+hex+ 
                 C52 H80 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1087.4961 
                 1087.4978 
                 1.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 
                   B.  
                 
                   
                   
                 (belavulgaroside IX) 
                 pent+Act 
                 O24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 
                   vulgaris 
                 
                   
                 16.95 
                 BvSaponin 4 
                 OA+hex+pent+hexA 
                 C47 H74 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 925.4773 
                 925.4782 
                 −1.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O18 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 64 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 with 
                   
                 17.54 
                 BvSaponin 5 
                 OA+hexA+hex+Act 
                 C47 H72 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 955.4539 
                 955.4536 
                 −0.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                   
                 silenced 
                   
                   
                 (betavulgaroside III) 
                   
                 O20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 BvCSL 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 65 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 66 
                 Expression in 
                 genes  
                 SOAP1-4+SOAP5 
                 20.98 
                 medicagenic acid 3- 
                 MA+GIcA 
                 C36 H54 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 677.3543 
                 677.3522 
                 −2.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                 from 
                   
                   
                 O-glucuronide (NMR) 
                   
                 O12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 67 
                 Expression in 
                 spinach 
                 SOAP1-5+SOAP6 
                 14.96 
                 Yossoside I 
                 MA+GIcA+Fuc 
                 C42 H64 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 823.4116 
                 823.4104 
                 −1.5 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 SOAP1-6+SOAP7 
                 13.21 
                 Yossoside II 
                 MA+GIcA+Fuc+Rha 
                 C48 H74 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 969.4695 
                 969.4693 
                 −0.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 O20 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 SOAP1-7+SOAP8 
                 12.08 
                 Yossoside III 
                 MA+GIcA+Fuc+ 
                 C54 H84 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1131.5200 
                 1131.5199 
                 −0.1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Rha+GIc 
                 O25 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 SOAP1-8+SOAP9 
                 12.37 
                 Yossoside IV 
                 MA+GIcA+Fuc+ 
                 C59 H92 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1263.5646 
                 1263.5649 
                 0.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Rha+GIc+Xyl 
                 O29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 SOAP1-9+SOAP10 
                 18.18 
                 Yossoside V 
                 MA+GIcA+Fuc+Ac+ 
                 C61 H94 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1305.5752 
                 1305.5736 
                 −1.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Rha+GIc+Xyl 
                 O30 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 72 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 Expression in 
                 genes  
                 bAS+CYP72A154+C 
                 17.2 
                 glycyrrhetinic acid 3- 
                 GhA+GIcA 
                 C36 H54 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 645.3644 
                 645.3644 
                 0.1 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                 from 
                 YP88D6+GuCSL 
                   
                 O-glucuronide 
                   
                 O10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 Expression in 
                 
                   G.  
                 
                 bAS+CYP72A154+C 
                 19.0 
                 glycyrrhetinic acid 3- 
                 GhA+GIcA 
                 C36 H54 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 645.3644 
                 645.3636 
                 1.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                 YP88D6+GuCSL 
                   
                 O-glucuronide 
                   
                 O10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 75 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 bAS+CYP72A154+C 
                 17.2 
                 glycyrrhelinic acid 3- 
                 GhA+GIcA 
                 C36 H54 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 645.3644 
                 645.3648 
                 −0.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 YP88D6+SOAP5 
                   
                 O-glucuronide 
                   
                 O10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 bAS+CYP72A154+C 
                 19.0 
                 glycyrrhelinic acid 3- 
                 GhA+GIcA 
                 C36 H54 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 645.3644 
                 645.3659 
                 −2.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 YP88D6+SOAP5 
                   
                 O-glucuronide 
                   
                 O10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 78 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 79 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 bAS+CYP72A154+C 
                 11.8 
                 glycyrrhizin isomer 1 
                 GhA+GIcA+GIcA 
                 C42 H62 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 821.3965 
                 821.3963 
                 0.3 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 YP88D6+GuCSL+UG 
                   
                 (S) 
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 T73P12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 bAS+CYP72A154+C 
                 13.4 
                 glycyrrhizin isomer 2 
                 GhA+GIcA+GIcA 
                 C42 H62 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 821.3965 
                 821.3960 
                 0.6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 YP88D6+GuCSL+UG 
                   
                 (S) 
                   
                 O16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 173P12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 81 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 S0AP1-4+GuCSL 
                 14.2 
                 medicagenic acid 3- 
                 MA+GIcA 
                 C36 H54 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 677.3543 
                 677.3535 
                 1.0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                 O-glucuronide (S) 
                   
                 O12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Section B 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 P 
                 Q 
                 R 
                 S 
                 T 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MS/  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ES(−) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CE  
                   
                 Detected in 
                 Ref- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 1 
                   
                 Sample 
                 MS/MS ES(−) fragments 
                 (eV) 
                 UV/Vis 
                 other species 
                 erences 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Spinach 
                 WT 
                 969.4370 [M pent H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 955.4099 [M dhex H]-;  
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 793.4330 [M hexA pent H]-;  
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3204 [M-hexA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-dhex-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 955.4599 [M-hexA-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 823.4120 [M-hex-dhex-H]-; 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677.3536 [M-hex-dhex-dhex  
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 -H]-; 501.3264 [M-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-dhex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1011.4806 [M-pent-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 835.4438 [M-pent-hexA-H]-; 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 925.4760 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3236 [M-hexA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-pent-dhex-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 955.4893 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 809.3924 [M-hexA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-dhex-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3208 [M-hexA-pent-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1143.5160 [M-pent-]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1011.4427 [M-pent-pent-H]-;  
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 967.4788 [M-pent-hexA-H]-;  
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 823.4001 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-pent-pent-dhex-Ac-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677.3595 [M-pent-pent-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Ac-dhex-H]-; 501.3212  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-pent-pent-dhex-Ac-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 997.4996 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 955.4902 [M-hexA-pent-Ac-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3232 [M-hexA-pent-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-Ac-hex-H] 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 997.4996 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 955.4879 [M-hexA-pent-Ac-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3210 [M-hexA-pent-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-Ac-hex-H] 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1057.5228 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 925.4678 [M-hexA-  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-pent-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 647.3792 [M-hexA-pent-pent-  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-dhex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3193 [M-hexA-pent-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-dhex-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1263.5773 [M-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1087.5323 [M-hexA-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 955.4877 [M-hexA-pent-  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-H]-; 809.3958 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-pent-pent-dhex-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3225 [M-hexA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-pent-dhex-dhex-hex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1099.5310 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1057.5170 [M-hexA-  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-Ac-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3190 [M-hexA-pent-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-dhex-Ac-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1129.5430 [M-pent-hexA-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1087.5220 [M-pent-  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-Ac-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3220 [M-hexA-pent-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-dhex-Ac-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 14 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 Spinach 
                 VIGS  
                 647.3809 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 60 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 -CYPs 
                 603.3903 [M-hex-CO2-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 585.3805 [M-hex-CO2-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 471.3473 [M-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 663.3741 EM-hex-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 619.3843 [M-hex-CO2+301]-;  
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 601.3750 [M-hex-CO2-H2O-H]-; 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 487.3431 [M-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 809.4302 [M-pent-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 647.3781 [M-pent-hex-H]-; 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 603.3877 [M-pent-hex-CO2H]-; 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 585.3781 [M-pent-hex-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-N-; 471.3474 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 809.4344 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                 60 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-H]-; 647.3788 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-hex-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-H]-; 585.3795 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-hex-oxopyruvic and 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-CO2-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 471.3475 [M-hex-oxopyruvic and 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 809.4325 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-H]-; 647.3788 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-hex-oxopyruvic and  
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 585.3802 [M-hex-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 809.4267 [M-hex-H]-; 417.3479  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-hex-hex-hexA-H]- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 911.4585 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 647.3829 [M-hex-pent-pent- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 471.3446 [M-hex-pent-pent- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 955.4252 [M-pent H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 925.4381 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 617.3693 [M-hex-pent-hexA-H]-;  
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 485.3267 [M-hex-pent-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1143.5077 [M-pent- ]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1011.4468 [M-pent-pent-H]-;  
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677.3535 [M-pent-pent-dhex- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Ac-dhex-H]-; 501.3269 [M-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-dhex-Ac-dhex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 793.4354 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                 60 
                 — 
                   Beta vulgaris / 
                 (54) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-H]-;  
                   
                   
                 
                   Basella rubra 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 631.3831 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 569.3835 [M-oxopyruvic and 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hex-CO2-  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]-; 455.3514 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 oxopyruvic and glycolic acid-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 793.4374 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                   Beta vulgaris / 
                 (54) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-H]-; 631.3844 
                 15-50  
                   
                 
                   Basella rubra 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-oxopyruvic and glycolic ac- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-H]-; 569.3845  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-oxopyruvic and glycolic acid- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-CO2-H2O-H]-; 455.3517 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-oxopyruvic and glycolic acid- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 807.4161 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                 60 
                 — 
                 
                   Basella rubra 
                 
                 (55) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-H]-; 645.3607 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-oxopyruvic and glycolic ac- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-H]-; 583.3608 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-oxopyruvic and glycolic 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acid-hex-CO2-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 469.3307 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1115.5173 [M-pent-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 969.4326 [M dhex-pent-H]; 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 939.4197 [M-hex-dhex-H]-;  
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 823.4352 [M-dhex-pent-dhex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 485.3267 [M-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-dhex-dhex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 969.4322 [M-dhex-pent-Ac-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 939.4189 [M-hex-dhex-Ac-H]-; 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 823.4349 [M-dhex-pent-dhex- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Ac-H]-; 485.3265 [M-pent-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-dhex-hexA-Ac-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 Spinach 
                 VIGS -  
                 955.4204 [M-CO2-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTs 
                 897.4148 [M-CO2-C2H2O2- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 +CSL 
                 H]-; 839.4088 [M-CO2- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C2H2O2-C2H2O2-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677.3586 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hex-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 663.3751 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hexA-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3274 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 955.4201 [M-CO2-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 897.4130 [M-CO2-C2H2O2- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 839.4070 [M-CO2- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C2H2O2-C2H2O2-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677.3503 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 663.3727 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hexA-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3252 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 939.4240 [M CO2-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 881.4178 [M-CO2-C2H2O2- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 823.4127 [M-CO2- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C2H2O2-C2H2O2-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677.3565 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-dhex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 647.3713 [M-oxopyruvic and 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hexA-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3176 [M-oxopyruvic and  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 glycolic acid-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 647.3743 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 50 
                 — 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 (56) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3240 [M-hexA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 663.3754 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 50 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3202 [M-hexA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-hex] 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 823.4380 [M-dhex-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677.3533 [M-dhex-dhex-H]-;  
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3225 [M-dhex-dhex- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 793.4344 [M-pent-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 631.3828 [M-pent-hex-H]-; 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 569.3834 [M-pent-hex-CO2- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]-; 455.3518 [M-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 647.3774 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 471.3475 [M-hex-hexA-H]- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 645.3638 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 469.3323 [M-hex-hexA-H]- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 661.3593 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 647.3801 [M-hexA-H]-; 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 617.3719 [M-hex-CO2-H-; 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 599.3574 [M-hex-CO2-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 485.3271 [M-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1117.5071 [M-pent-H]-,  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 985.4347 [M-pent-pent-H]-; 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 809.4266 [M-pent-hex-dhex-H]-; 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3194 [M-hexA-hex-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 985.4608 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 823.3881 [M-hex-hex-H]-;  
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677.3605 [M-hex-hex-dhex-H]-; 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3212 [M-hex-hex-dhex-  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 985.4552 [M-pent H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 955.4471 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 677.3557 [M-pent-hex- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-H]; 501.3250 [M-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-dhex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 677.3486 [M-hex H]-,  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3224 [M-hex-hexA-N]- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 501.3207 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 325.0773 [hexA+pent- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]- 
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 661.3582 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 50 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 647.3805 [M-hexA-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 617.3690 [M-hex-CO2-H-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 599.3580 [M-hex-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 485.3252 [M-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 925.4778 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3233 [M-hexA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-dhex-dhex-pent-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 47 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 1143.5116 [M-pent-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1101.5002 [M-pent-Ac-H]-; 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 955.4487 [M-pent-Ac-dhex-H]-;  
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 967.4825 [M-pent-hexA-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 793.4345 [M-pent-hexA-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Ac-H]-; 501.3212 [M-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-Ac-pent-pent-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 Spinach 
                   
                 663.3739 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 ramp  
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 501.3222 [M-hex-hex-H]- 
                 15-50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 eV 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 Spinach 
                   
                   
                   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 50 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 Differ- 
                 825.4302 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 45 
                 — 
                 
                   Medicago 
                 
                 (Main text 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ential  
                 663.3773 [M-hex-hex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                 
                   truncatula 
                 
                 reference  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 signals 
                 487.3424 [M0hex-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                 14) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 form 
                 663.3765 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 45 
                 — 
                 
                   Medicago 
                 
                 (Main text 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 
                   M. sativa 
                 
                 487.3432 [M-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                 
                   truncatula 
                 
                 reference  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 14) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                 hairy 
                 939.4989 [M H20 H]-;  
                 45 
                 — 
                 
                   Medicago 
                 
                 (Main text 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 roots 
                 895.5098 [M-CO2-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                 
                   truncatula 
                 
                 reference  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 with  
                 811.4492 [M-dhex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                 14) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 silenced 
                 767.4695 [M-dhex-CO2-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 MsCSL 
                 749.4526 [M-dhex-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]-; 631.3887 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-hex-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 613.3731 [M-dhex-hex-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]-; 473.3685 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-dhex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                   
                 865.4245 [M-CO2-H]-;  
                 45 
                 — 
                 
                   Medicago 
                 
                 (Main text 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 823.4179 [M-malonyl-H]-; 
                   
                   
                 
                   truncatula 
                 
                 reference  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 805.3989 [M-malonyl-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                 14) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 703.3777 [M-hex-CO2-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 643.3525 [M-malonyl- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 599.3606 [M-malonyl-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CO2-H2O-H]-; 485.3273  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-malonyl-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                   
                 953.4714 [M-H2O-H]-;  
                 60 
                 — 
                 
                   Medicago 
                 
                 (Main text 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 909.4915 [M-CO2-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                 
                   truncatula 
                 
                 reference  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 825.4289 [M-dhex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                 14) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 763.4302 [M-dhex-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]-; 645.3669 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-hex-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 601.3768 [M-dhex-hex-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-CO2-H]-; 555.3728 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-hex-108-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 487.3447 [M-dhex-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                   
                 1099.5315 [M-H2O-H]-;  
                 60 
                 — 
                 
                   Medicago 
                 
                 (Main text 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 955.4952 [M-hex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                 
                   truncatula 
                 
                 reference  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 893.5005 [M-hex-CO2-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                 14) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 791.4280 [M-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 7747.4368 [M-hex-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CO2-H2O-H]-; 29.4260 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-dhex-H2O-H2O-CO2-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 629.3726 [M-hex-dhex-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 585.3829 [M-hex-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-CO2-H]-; 539.3792 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-dhex-hex-108-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 471.3504 [M-hex-dhex-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                   
                 661.3595 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 45 
                 — 
                 
                   Medicago 
                 
                 (Main text 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 617.3698 [M-hex-CO2-H]-;  
                   
                   
                 
                   truncatula 
                 
                 reference  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 599.3587 [M-hex-CO2-H2O-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                 14) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 485.3268 [M-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 
                   Medicago sativa 
                 
                   
                 1085.5536 [M-H2O-H]-;  
                 45 
                 — 
                 
                   Medicago 
                 
                 (Main text 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1041.5638 [M-H2O-CO2- 
                   
                   
                 
                   truncatula 
                 
                 reference  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 957.5061 [M-dhex-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                 14) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 895.5071 [M-dhex-H2O-CO2-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 795.4548 [M-dhex-hex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 777.4427 [M-dhex-hex-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 759.4297 [M-dhex-hex-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]-; 457.3681 [M-  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-hex-dhex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 59 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 Differ- 
                 997.5342 [M-C3H4O5-H]-;  
                 60 
                 — 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 (57) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 ential 
                 955.5225 [M-Act-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 signals  
                 835.4744 [M-C3H4O5-hex-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 from 
                 793.4632 [M-Act-hex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 
                   B. 
                 
                 731.4594 [M-Act-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 
                   vulgaris 
                 
                 CO2-H2O-H]-; 631.4028 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 with 
                 [M-Act-hex-hex-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 silenced 
                 613.3919 [M-Act-hex-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 BvCSL 
                 H2O-H]-; 455.3650 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Act-hex-hex-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 Beta vulgaris 
                   
                 955.5191 [M-pent-H]-;  
                 60 
                 — 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 (57) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 925.5099 [M-hex-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 793.4655 [M-hex-pent-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 731.4594 [M-hex-CO2-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]-; 613.3902 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-pent-hex-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 569.4006 [M-hex-pent-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-CO2-H]-; 551.3894  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-hex-pent-hex-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CO2-H2O-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                   
                 455.3650 [M-hex-pent-hex- 
                 60 
                 — 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 (57) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 967.5213 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C3H4O5-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 925.5092 [M-Act-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 805.4618 [M-C3H4O5-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 763.4507 [M-hex-Act-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 743.4590 [M-C3H4O5-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-CO2-H]-; 593.3999 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-C3H4O5-hex-H2O-  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CO2-pent-H2O-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 455.3639 [M-Act-hex-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                   
                 763.4516 [M-hex-H]-;  
                 60 
                 — 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 (57) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 701.4487 [M-hex-CO2-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 631.4028 [M-hex-pent-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 569.4016 [M-hex-CO2-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-H]-; 551.3904 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-CO2-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-H2O-H]-; 455.3654 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-hex-pent-hexA-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 64 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                   
                 835.4753 [M-C3H4O5-H]-;  
                 60 
                 — 
                 
                   Beta vulgaris 
                 
                 (57) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 793.4630 [M-Act-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 673.4167 [M-C3H4O5-hex-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 631.4045 [M-Act- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-H]-; 569.4015 [M-Act-hex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CO2-H2O-H]-; 455.3655 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-hexA-Act-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 65 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 66 
                 Expression in 
                 genes  
                 501.3206 [M-GIcA-H]-;  
                 45 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                 from 
                 483.3096 [M-GIcA-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 spinach 
                 H]-; 439.3184 [M-GIcA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-CO2-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 193.0346 [GIcA-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 175.0238 [GIcA-H2O-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 67 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 647.3776 [M-hexA-H]-;  
                 45 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 501.3237 [M-hexA-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 793.4233 [M-hexA-H]-;  
                 50 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 501.3219 [M-hexA-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-H]-; 439.3192 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hexA-dhex-dhex-CO2-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 955.4902 [M-hexA-H]-;  
                 55 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 677.3536 [M-hex-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-H]-; 501.3195  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-hexA-hex-dhex-dhex-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 955.4648 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 793.4109 [M-hexA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-hex-H]-; 501.3018  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-hexA-pent-hex-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-H]-; 483.3283 [M-hexA-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-dhex-dhex-H2O-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 997.4995 [M-hexA-pent-H]-;  
                 70 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 955.4883 [M-hexA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pent-Ac-H]-; 501.3227 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 [M-hexA-pent-hex-dhex- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 dhex-Ac-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 439.3179 [M-hexA-pent- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 hex-dhex-dhex-Ac-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 72 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 Expression in 
                 genes  
                 583.3629 [M-CO2-H2O-H]-;  
                 55 
                 — 
                 
                   Glycyrrhiza 
                 
                 (58) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                 from 
                 569.3469 [M-C2O3H4- 
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 
                   G.  
                 
                 H;  04 X]-; 523.3415 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                 C3O4H6-H2O-H;  03 X-H2O ]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 469.3315 [M-GIcA-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 425.3419 [M-GIcA-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 583.3635 [M-CO2-H2O-H]-;  
                 55 
                 — 
                 
                   Glycyrrhiza 
                 
                 (58) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 569.3470 [M-C2O3H4- 
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H;  04 X]-; 523.3423 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C3O4H6-H2O-H;  03 X-H2O ]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 469.3318 [M-GIcA-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 425.3419 [M-GIcA-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 75 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 583.3631 [M-CO2-H2O-H]-;  
                 55 
                 — 
                 
                   Glycyrrhiza 
                 
                 (58) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 569.3468 [M-C2O3H4- 
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H;  04 X]-; 523.3418 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C3O4H6-H2O-H;  03 X-H2O ]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 469.3317 [M-GIcA-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 425.3422 [M-GIcA-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 583.3633 [M-CO2-H2O-H]-;  
                 55 
                 — 
                 
                   Glycyrrhiza 
                 
                 (58) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 569.3470 [M-C2O3H4- 
                   
                   
                 uralensis 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H;  04 X]-; 523.3421 [M- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 C3O4H6-H2O-H;  03 X-H20 ]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 469.3320 [M-GIcA-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 425.3415 [M-GIcA-CO2- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 78 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 79 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 645.3636 [M-GIcA-H]-;  
                 65 
                 — 
                 
                   Glycyrrhiza 
                 
                 (58) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 469.3303 [M-GIcA-GIcA- 
                   
                   
                 
                   uralensis 
                 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 351.0574 [GIcA+GIcA-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 193.0357 [GIcA-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 175.0258 [GIcA-H2O-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 645.3615 [M-GIcA-H]-;  
                 65 
                 — 
                 
                   Glycyrrhiza 
                 
                 (58) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 469.3323 [M-GIcA-GIcA- 
                   
                   
                 uralensis 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 351.0577 [GIcA-FGIcA-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 193.0354 [GIcA-H]-; 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 175.0250 [GIcA-H2O-H]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 81 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 Expression in 
                   
                 501.3212 [M-GIcA-H]-;  
                 45 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   N. benthamiana 
                 
                   
                 483.3084 [M-GIcA-H2O- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H]-; 439.3176 [M-GIcA- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 H2O-CO2-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 193.0334 [GIcA-H]-;  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 175.0342 [GIcA-H2O-H]- 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Saponin Composition in Spinach 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 m/z 
                 m/z 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Molecular 
                 measured 
                 calculated 
                 Δm/z 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Name 
                 Formula 
                 [M − H]  
                 [M − H] 
                 ppm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Yossoside XI 
                 C64H100O33 
                 1395.6068 
                 1395.6069 
                 −0.1 
               
               
                 2 
                 Yossoside VI 
                 C47H88O30 
                 1131.5261 
                 1131.5282 
                 −1.9 
               
               
                 3 
                 Yossoside IV 
                 C52H96O34 
                 1263.5713 
                 1263.5705 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 4 
                 Yossoside VIII 
                 C63H98O32 
                 1365.5981 
                 1365.5963 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 5 
                 Yossoside XII 
                 C58H90O28 
                 1233.5554 
                 1233.5540 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 6 
                 Yossoside Va 
                 C61H94O30 
                 1305.5773 
                 1305.5752 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 7 
                 Yossoside X 
                 C66H102O34 
                 1437.6160 
                 1437.6151 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 8 
                 Yossoside VII 
                 C60H92O29 
                 1275.5675 
                 1275.5646 
                 2.3 
               
               
                 9 
                 Yossoside V 
                 C61H94O30 
                 1305.5781 
                 1305.5752 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 10 
                 Yossoside IX 
                 C65H100O33 
                 1407.6107 
                 1407.6069 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 11 
                 Yossoside VIIa 
                 C60H92O29 
                 1275.5640 
                 1275.5646 
                 −0.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Mass spectrometry fragmentation analysis and a series of 1D and 2D-NMR experiments established the structure of the most abundant spinach saponin (termed here Yossoside V). It comprises medicagenic acid (the aglycone) with glucuronic acid and xylose attached to the hydroxyl at the C-3 position and acetyl-fucose, rhamnose and glucose linked to the carboxyl at C-28 ( FIGS. 20A-20C ,  FIG. 21 ). 
     Summary: Eleven triterpenoid saponins were identified in spinach, wherein Yossiside V was the most abundant. 
     Example 16: Identification of Saponin Biosynthesis Genes Using Spinach Transcriptome Data 
     Objective: To identify triterpenoid aglycone biosynthesis genes in the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. 
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: Transcriptome data was generated from five spinach tissues exhibiting varying content of saponins, and gene candidates selected based on their differential expression between samples with high and low saponin content, as well as their homology to known triterpenoid aglycone biosynthesis genes (E. Biazzi et al., CYP72A67 Catalyzes a Key Oxidative Step in  Medicago truncatula  Hemolytic Saponin Biosynthesis.  Molecular Plant.  8, 1493-1506 (2015)). 
     Inspecting the genomic location of three of the candidates, including: saponin β-amyrin synthase (SobAS; termed SOAP1; Sp_107620_kpnh; SEQ ID NO: 45 [gene sequence] SEQ ID NO: 48 [polypeptide sequence]), cytochrome P450 CYP716A268 (SOAP2; Sp_107660_kiqg; SEQ ID NO: 46 [gene sequence], SEQ ID NO: 49 [polypeptide sequence]), and CYP716A268v2 (SOAP2-like; Sp_107670_ptqx; SEQ ID NO: 47 [gene sequence] SEQ ID NO: 6 [polypeptide sequence]) revealed their close physical genomic location in the form of a metabolic gene cluster ( FIGS. 22A and 22B ). 
     Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) assays of SOAP1 and SOAP2 in spinach resulted in reduced saponin content ( FIGS. 23A-23D ), while their over-expression in  N. benthamiana  resulted the production of β-amyrin and oleanolic acid ( FIGS. 24A and 24B ). 
     Summary: These results provided strong evidence for the involvement of these genes in spinach saponin biosynthesis. 
     Example 17: Co-Expression Analysis for Identification of Additional Saponin Biosynthesis Genes &amp; Characterization of Enzymes Encoded 
     Objective: To identify additional triterpenoid aglycone biosynthesis genes in the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. 
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: SOAP1, SOAP2 and SOAP2-like nucleotides (nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NOs: 45-47 were expressed were subsequently used as baits in co-expression analysis (r&gt;0.9; Pearson correlation coefficient—PCC) and an additional five genes encoding p450 cytochromes, eight genes encoding glycosyltransferases, and five genes encoding acyltransferases were identified for functional characterization using VIGS ( FIGS. 20A and 20B : Table 14). [SOAP1, Soap2, and SOAP2-like nucleotide encode polypeptide sequences: SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, and SEQ ID NO: 50, respectively) These experiments revealed that CYP72A655 (SOAP3; Sp_085340_meek; SEQ ID NO: 51 [nucleotide], SEQ ID NO: 52 [polypeptide]) and CYP72A654 (SOAP4; Sp_040350_wdny; SEQ ID NO: 53 [nucleotide], SEQ ID NO: 54 [polypeptide]) participate in the biosynthesis of the Yossoside aglycone ( FIG. 25 ). In Table 14 below, terms used include: coexpressed gene—gene with coexpression correlation coefficient greater than 0.9; annotation—gene functional annotation based on blast analysis against  Arabidopsis  proteome (TAIR10); and aa seq-amino acid sequence of coexpressed gene 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 Lengthy table referenced here 
               
             
            
               
                 US20220217934A1-20220714-T00001 
               
               
                 Please refer to the end of the specification for access instructions. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Down regulation of SOAP3 and SOAP4 expression led to reduced accumulation of medicagenic acid derived saponins and caused accumulation of glycosylated intermediates (augustic acid, bayogenin and hederagenin; ( FIG. 25 ,  FIGS. 26A-26L ,  FIG. 27 ,  FIGS. 28A-28C ). 
     The structure of accrued pathway intermediates demonstrated that SOAP3 (SEQ ID NO: 52) is a C-2 hydroxylase and SOAP4 (SEQ ID NO: 54) is a C-23 oxidase ( FIG. 20A ). CYP2 (CYP72A656; Sp_148230_dgra)(SEQ ID NO: 72 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 73 [polypeptide]), which was also identified, displays high homology to SOAP4 (almost 92% at the amino acid level), likely exhibits the same activity in the saponin biosynthesis pathway. Additionally, reduced saponin content was observed in plants with silenced: SOAP6 (UGT74BB2; Sp_170930_hjgq; SEQ ID NO: 55 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 56 [polypeptide]), SOAP7 (UGT79K1; Sp_020820_yeau; SEQ ID NO: 57 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 58 [polypeptide]), SOAP8 (UGT79L2; Sp_113700_suxh SEQ ID NO: 59 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 60 [polypeptide]) and SOAP9 (UGT73BS1; Sp_170320_dmqi SEQ ID NO: 61 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 62 [polypeptide]) glycosyltransferases ( FIG. 29 ). 
     The same plants accumulated pathway intermediates lacking certain sugars: deoxyhexoses (SOAP6 (SEQ ID NO: 56) and SOAP7 (SEQ ID NO: 58)), hexose (SOAP8 (SEQ ID NO: 60)) and pentose (SOAP9 (SEQ ID NO: 62)) ( FIGS. 30A-30C ). Moreover, VIGS of one of the five co-expressed acyltransferases (AT) (i.e., SOAP10; Sp_125800_kzws; SEQ ID NO: 63 [gene], SEQ ID NO: 64 [polypeptide]) resulted in an increased ratio of desacetyl to acetylated saponins (from 20 to 80%) ( FIGS. 31A-31C ). The acetyltransferase activity of recombinant SOAP10 expressed in  E. coli  was subsequently confirmed in vitro, as it acetylated Yossoside IV and other Yossosides (e.g., Yossoside VI and Yossoside XII) with two deoxyhexoses attached at the C-28 position ( FIGS. 14A-14C ). 
     Example 18: Validation of SOAP Genes 
     Objective: To validate the function of all nine genes [i.e., β-amyrin synthase (bAS; SOAP1; SEQ ID NO: 45); cytochrome P450 (CYP450s; SOAP2, 3, 4; SEQ ID NO: 46, 51, 53, respectively); UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs; SOAP 6, 7, 8, 9; SEQ ID NO: 55, 57, 59, 61 respectively) and acyltransferase (AT; SOAP10; SEQ ID NO: 63)] 
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: The nine genes of interest (SOAP 1-4 and 6-10) were transiently expressed in  N. benthamiana  leaves. Expression of the first four biosynthetic genes (SOAP1 to SOAP4) resulted in the formation of medicagenic acid ( FIG. 20A ). Curiously, co-expression of all nine genes did not lead to production of any saponin that had previously been detected in spinach leaves. Nevertheless, the accumulation of medicagenic acid and glycosylated derivatives [MA+hex; MA+2× hex, MA+3× hex) that are normally not present in spinach leaves were detected ( FIGS. 32A-32D ). 
     Summary: While reconstitution of medicagenic acid was achieved, expression of the nine genes SOAP1-4 and 6-10 did not result in the production of any saponins. 
     Example 19: Analysis of Cellulose Synthase Like G Spinach Homolog as a Component of the Saponin Biosynthetic Pathway 
     Objective: To identify the missing gene or genes necessary for reconstitution of the biosynthetic pathway of saponins. 
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: At this point, it was realized that at least one enzyme was absent in order to reconstitute the saponin biosynthetic pathway. In an effort to identify the missing enzyme or enzymes the list of genes obtained by co-expression analysis was revisted. The only gene co-expressed with all baits in the co-expression set that appeared related to sugar metabolism was a Cellulose Synthase Like G spinach homolog (SoCSLG) (T. Richmond, Higher plant cellulose synthases, Genome Biology. 1, 3001.1-3001.6 (2000)). Although its contribution to saponin biosynthesis seemed unlikely based on this functional annotation, its function within this pathway was studied. 
     Notably, SoCSLG silencing resulted in high accumulation of medicagenic acid in spinach leaves ( FIGS. 33A-33F ;  FIGS. 34A and 34B ) suggesting its role in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Next, SoCSLG (SEQ ID NOS: 65 OR 93) was transiently expressed together with SOAP1-4 (SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 53, respectively), in  N. benthamiana  leaves. The combined activity of all five enzymes resulted in the formation of medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide (MA-3-GlcA); the first glycosylated intermediate in the spinach triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway ( FIGS. 20A-20C  and  FIGS. 32A-32F ;  FIGS. 35A-35C ). 
     Furthermore, combinatorial expression of CSLG (SOAP5, Sp_076690_ejcm (SEQ ID NOS: 65 or 93 [gene], SEQ ID NO: 66 [polypeptide]) with bAS (SOAP1; SEQ ID NO: 45) and CYP450s (SOAP2 [SEQ ID NO: 46], SOAP3 [SEQ ID NO: 51] and SOAP4 [SEQ ID NO: 53]) demonstrated that apart from medicagenic acid, SOAP5 [SEQ ID NO: 66] could glucuronidate other triterpenoid aglycones including oleanolic acid, augustic acid, hederagenin, gypsogenin and gypsogenic acid, though they were never detected in significant amounts in spinach ( FIGS. 36A-36F ). SOAP5 (SoCSLG) was identified as the spinach saponin glucuronic acid transferase. Conversely, inhibition of expression of SOAP5 (SEQ ID NOS. 65 or 93) could in some embodiments, results in a decrease or inhibition of glucuronidating triterpenoid aglycones including but not limited to medicagenic acid, oleanolic acid, augustic acid, hederagenin, gypsogenin, and gypsogenic acid. 
     To examine if SOAP5 was indeed a missing component in the spinach saponin pathway a combination of all ten SOAP genes (See Table 16) were transiently expressed in  N. benthamiana  leaves. Metabolite analysis showed the presence of the most abundant spinach saponin Yossoside V signifying the identification of all required steps and enzymes in the native pathway ( FIGS. 33A-33F ). 
     Summary: Enzymes for all required steps in the native pathway of spinach saponin Yossoside V (Compound 11) have been identified and demonstrated to be functionally active in a heterologous plant system. 
     Example 20: Characteristics of the Triterpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway 
     Objective: To elucidate further details of the spinach saponin metabolic pathway. 
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: The identification of SOAP5 (SEQ ID NO: 66) as the spinach saponin glucuronic acid transferase enabled deciphering the pathway further. It was discovered that SOAP6 (SEQ ID NO: 56) works directly on MA-3-GlcA linking a fucose to the carboxyl group at position C-28 of the aglycone, giving rise to Yossoside I (Compound 7). In fact, this makes SOAP6 the first characterized fucosyltransferase involved in triterpenoid metabolism (T. Louveau et al., Analysis of two new arabinosyltransferases belonging to the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZY) glycosyl transferase family 1 provides insights into disease resistance and sugar donor specificity. The Pant Cell. 30, 3038-3057 (2018)) ( FIGS. 37A-37F ,  FIGS. 38A-38E ). 
     Expression of SOAP7 (SEQ ID NO: 57) generated the Yossoside II product only when expressed together with the other six SOAP1-6 genes (See Table 16). Based on the LC-MS/MS analysis, SOAP7 (SEQ ID NO: 58) is a glycosyltransferase transferring rhamnose onto the fucose of Yossoside I ( FIGS. 37A-37F ,  FIGS. 38A-38E ). Yossoside II is further converted into Yossoside M by SOAP8 (SEQ ID NO: 60), a glucosyltransferase that accepts as a substrate only an aglycone having a fucose and rhamnose attached to the C-28 position ( FIG. 20A ;  FIGS. 37A-37F ,  FIGS. 38A-38E ). Expression of SOAP9 (SEQ ID NO: 61 [gene], SEQ ID NO: 62 [polypeptide]) showed that it is a xylosyltransferase attaching a pentose to glucuronic acid linked to the MA at C-3. In case of SOAP9, the sugar moieties decorating the triterpenoid backbone at C-28 are not crucial for its activity ( FIGS. 39A-39C ). The in planta and in vitro studies showed that SOAP10 takes part in last step of saponin biosynthesis in spinach transferring acetyl group to the fucose moiety ( FIGS. 31A-31F ). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the acetyl transferases used for comparison are presented below in Table 15. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Nucleotide and Amino Add Sequences of Acetyl Transferase Enzymes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ID 
                   
               
               
                 NAME 
                 NO: 
                 AA SEQ/NT SEQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 sp_074 
                 109 
                 ATGGCCAAATCTGAGCAAGAAACAATGGCCAAATCTGAGCAAGAAACATCCAT 
               
               
                 630_yg 
                   
                 CAAACTTGTTTCAGAATGCTTTGTAAAACCAAAATATGAGATTAAATCCGCTAA 
               
               
                 ho_Spo 
                   
                 GCAACCTTACCACTTAGGTCCCATGGATCTAGTTATGTTAACTATCGATCCTAT 
               
               
                 04549_ 
                   
                 ACAAAAAGGTCTTGTCTTTACAATAAAGAATTCCCCACTCTTTTTGTCATCCGA 
               
               
                 AT1 
                   
                 ATCCCATGATAATATTGAAATTATTCGAACCAAAGTTGTGTCACGTTTATTAGA 
               
               
                 gene 
                   
                 AAAGCTTAAACACTCACTTTCTATAGCTCTAGTCCACTTCTACCCGTTAGCAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCGTTTCACTACACAAAAACAACCCGAGCATAACACGAGCTTGGTCTTTATTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGCAACAAAGGTCCCGGAGCGCGGTTCATCCACGCTACTTCCCTTGACTTTAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATCTCCGATATACTTTCACCGGTTGATGTTTCCATCGTTCATTCTTTCTTTGATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCGGTGAAAAGCATGTAAACTACGATTGTCATACTAAGGCGTTGCTATCGATCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGTAACAGAACTTTTAGATGGGGTGTTTATTGGGTTTAGCATGAGTCATAGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGTTGATGGTACCTCTTTTATTCATTTTGTCAATACCTTGTCTGAAATTTTTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCTGATGATTTTACCACTATTTCACGTGCCCCAATACTTAATTATAGGCCTTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATATTCCGATCCTTAAATTTCCGTTTCTTGATGTGGAGGGGTTTATATGTCGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGTATAACCCTGGGCCGTTAAGGGAAAGAATCTTCCACTTTTCACTAAATTCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCTGAGACTCAAGGCCATGGCTAACCAAGAATGTGGTACCCAAAATGTTTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCATCTTTCCAAGCTTTGACTGCGGTTGTATGGAGGTCCATCACCCGAGTTCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AACTTACCAAAGGATGAGCAAACCACGTGTTTTATGGCTATGGGTTCTCGAACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGCTCAACCCGCCTCTTTCGGATGACTATTTTGGGAATTTTATGATTAGTACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAATTTGCTTGCAAGGCAGAGGAATTATTGGGTAACAGTTTAGGTTGGGTAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AATGAATTTACGTAAAATCATTATGTCCACTGACGAGAAATCGATACTTGCTAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTACAAAGCATTGGCTGATTCCCCAATAGTGATTCCGCGTGAAACGATCCCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTCCTCATGGGATGACCAGAGTAATAATTGGAGGATCTTCAAGGTTCGATATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATGGGCCTGAATTTGGATTGGGTCGAGCTTTGGCCGCTCGCATGGGTTATGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AATAAGGATGATGGGAAAATAACAGCAAATCCTGGGTGTGAAGGAGGTGGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGTTGATTTGGAAATTTGCCTTAGGCCTCATATTATGGCCTCTCTTGAAGTTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCAAGAGTTTATGGGTTTTGTGTCCTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 sp_123 
                 110 
                 ATGACTCCAAATCTGCAAATAGTAACCAACGGAGGCAAACCGGAAAATGATG 
               
               
                 780_pg 
                   
                 AAGCAGAACCCGTATCACCTACCGGACAATACTTCAACAGCAAAGTGTTGTCT 
               
               
                 iy_Spo 
                   
                 GTTTGTGTCCTTGCCATTCTAGAAATTGATGTTCCTATAGATGACTCGTGTGTAA 
               
               
                 21561_ 
                   
                 TTCCACAACTCCGTGATGTCTTCCTACCCATGAACCCCAGATTTTCATCTATCAT 
               
               
                 AT2 
                   
                 GATATCTGACAATAAAGATGTAAAACAATGGAAAAGAGTGGAAGTGAACCTTC 
               
               
                 gene 
                   
                 AAGATCATGTTGTCGTCCCTAGCGTCCCAGATGGCTTATCGGTTGAATCATACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAAGTACTTTGATGAATATCTGACAAAAATAACAGTGGATCCATTACCACAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATAGGCCTTTATGGGAACTTCATGTTATAAAATACCCAACAAGCAAAGCAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGTCATTTCATCTGGAAGCTTCACCATGCACTTGGTGACGGCTACACTCTAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGAGTACTTCTGTCCGGCGTGAACAGAGCAGATGATCCTTCCCTTCCGTTAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTCCCTTCAACACGATCAAGCTCACTAGTTACAAACAACAAGATGAATATTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGCTGGGTGCCAAGAACTTTTTCAGCAATCTACAACGGTGTTTATAATTTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGGAGTTTTCTAAAAAGCACTTGCAAGGCAGATGATAAGACACCTATCAGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCGGAAATGAAGGTCTGGGTTTCCACCCAATGAAGATCTCGACAATAGAACTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCCTAGACCAAATCAAATTTATCAAAACAAAACTCGGCGCAACGGTAAATGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CATTCTTGCAGGCATAATTTTCCTCGGGGTTCGAAAATACATGCAAGGAACTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TACAGAATCTGGAAACTCAGAATCAACGGCATTGGTGCTGTTTAACACTAGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACATTGGAGGTTATATGACCGCTGAGCAAATGAAGAAAGCACAAATGAAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGGGGGAACCAATTTGCATTTTTGCATATAGCAATACCTCAATTAATCAATGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAAATGCTCGAACCCCCTTGACTATGTCTATGAAGCACGAAAACAGATCTCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGTTCAAAAGCTCACCATCAGTCTATCTAACAGCTCAGTGCCTAGAGCTGCTAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAATGCAAAGGACCTGAGGCAGCAGCTGAATTTATCCAGAGTACAACGAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAGGAAGCATATTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 sp_149 
                 111 
                 ATGTTAGAGCTAGCAGAAGACGAGGTGAAGAACTTCTTCAAGGTATGGGCAAT 
               
               
                 180_nw 
                   
                 AGTTTTTGCATCTTTAAGCTATTGTTATTACATAGGCAAGCTAATTAATCCAAA 
               
               
                 my_Sp 
                   
                 AGGTTATACAAGATTAGTAGCAATAATCCCAATTATTACTCTCTTTTTAGCACT 
               
               
                 o15788 
                   
                 TCCTTTAAATCTCACATCTTTTCATCTTGGTGGTATGACTTGTTTCTTTATTGCTT 
               
               
                 _AT3 
                   
                 GGCTTGCTAATTTCAAACTCTTGCTTTTTGCTTTTGATAAGGGCCCACTTTGCGC 
               
               
                 gene 
                   
                 TAATTCTTCAATCTCATTCGCCAAATTTCTTGCACTTTCTTGCTTACCCATCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCCAACACCCACCTCATAAAAAGTCATTAAAATCACACCCATCTATTTATAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TACATCATTAAAGGGATACTTTTATGTCTAATAATTAAAATCTATGATTATGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATTACATTCATCCAAAAATCATATGGCTAATCTTTTTCTTCCACTCCTATTTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCATAGAGTTAGTCTTTGCATTCCTAGCAACATCGACTAATATTTTGTTAGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCGAACTGGAGCCACAGTTCAATGAACCCTTAATATCAACCTCATTGCAAGACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTGGGGTAAGAGATGGAATATCATGGTGACAAGGATACTTAGGCCTACGGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TACCTTCCCACACTAGAGTACTCCACTAAGGTCGTTGGACGCACGTGGGCCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACTTCCGGCGGTGATGTCCACGTTCTTTGTGTCAGCCATTATGCACGAGCTCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTTCTACTACTTGGGGCGCAACTGGCCCACATTCGAGGTGACGTGGTTCTTTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTGCATGGATTATGTCTTTGTGTTGAGATTGTCGCTAAGAAGTTAGTTGGTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAATGGAGGATCCCACGGTGGATTTCCGGCCCTGCCACGGTGTTGTTTGTGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGTACTGGGTTTTGGCTGTTCTTGCCGCCGTTGTTGAAGGCTGGGTTGGATAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAGACCGTTTCAAGAGTTTGCGGCCGTTGCCAAGTTTGTAAGGAGTTTGAAGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCTCTCACATTTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 sp_198 
                 112 
                 ATGGCTCCTCCTTCTTCTTCTTCAACTACGGGTTCTGGTAATGGTTCTAGTTTTG 
               
               
                 340_fo 
                   
                 CAGTCAATATAATGGCGTCGTTCTACATTTCCCCACAACAACCTTCCACCACAA 
               
               
                 cw_Spo 
                   
                 ATTCACATTCTATCCCTCTCACTTTCTTTGACATTCCTTGGCTTCAATATCCTCC 
               
               
                 13090_ 
                   
                 GCTCCAACCTCTCTTCTTCTTTCAACTTCCATCTACACCCCAATCTTCTTCTTCTT 
               
               
                 AT4 
                   
                 CTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTTCGACCACAACTTGTACTTGGAGTTTAGCTCC 
               
               
                 gene 
                   
                 ACCATCCTCCCTAGGCTCAAACACTCCCTCGCTTCTGCCTTGCAATATTACTTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTTTTCTGGAAAACTCACCACTACTACCCATACTATCCCGAATAACCTAGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTCGACAGACTCATCAGATTCTGTTGAGTTGACTGTTTCTCTGTGTGATGCTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTTAATGGTCTATGCAGCTTTCTACCCAGGTCTACTCATCTCTTCCAACAATTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTTCCCTCCTTGCCAAATATTGAATCCTCCAACCTCACTACATTCCCTGCACCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATTAGCTATTCAGATCACATTCTTTCCCACCTCTTCTCCTGGTTTCTCTATTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTTTGCTTCTCATCCTGTGCTTTCTGATCAGAGGACCTTCAGTAACTTCCTTTAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTTGGGCCTCTTTCTCCAAGTTTGATAATCTAAACATTTCACTTGCCCCTTCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCCTGTCTCTGACAGGTCTGTCATTCTCGACCCTGATAGACTTGAGCCCCTTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTTGGAGCAGTGGTTGGGATTGGAGTCCAAACCAACCATGTCAACAAAGATGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCTACGTCCTCCTCCTGCTTATGTCCGTGGCTCGCTCCGGTCCACATTCGTCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGCCCATCTGATATTGCTAATGCTACACAATGGTTACAAACCCAGTGTGAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCTCAACAGATCATATCCTGTTCTCTTGTCACCCTACGTCGTCACTTGTGCCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATATGGACCTGTTTTCTGAGAGCCCGAGTCCAGAACAGTGCTGTTACTAAAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAAAGCAAAAGGCACCATGTACTTTGGATTTATTGCTGGTGGTATTACCCGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCCTATCGGGTACCTGCTAAGTATCTTGGCAACTGTGTCGGGTTTGGACGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCAGCGCAGAGGGAGGAGCTACTGAAGGAAGGTGAGGGGATGTTGGCAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTGATGCAATTGGGCTAACCATTAAAAAGTTGGATAAAGATGTTTTAGGAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCTGAGAAATGGATATATGAATGGCAGACATTAATGGAATCCGAAGATCATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCATGTGGTTGGGTCGCCCAAGGTGAACCTTTATGAGACGGATTTTTGGTGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGAAACCGAAGAAGATAGAGGAAATTTCAACTGATGTTACCAGAGCCATCTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTTACACAGAGCAGGGACATGAAAAGGGGAATTGAAATTGGCCTCACTTTACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAACTCCATTATGGATGACTTCTCCTCTATCTTCACTCAAGGCCTCCTTGTTTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAAAATTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 sp_074 
                 113 
                 MAKSEQETMAKSEQETSIKLVSECFVKPKYEIKSAKQPYHLGPMDLVMLTIDPIQK 
               
               
                 630_yg 
                   
                 GLVFTIKNSPLFLSSESHDNIEIIRTKVVSRLLEKLKHSLSIALVHFYPLAGRFTTQKQ 
               
               
                 ho_Spo 
                   
                 PEHNTSLVFIDCNKGPGARFIHATSLDFTISDILSPVDVSIVHSFFDLGEKHVNYDCH 
               
               
                 04549_ 
                   
                 TKALLSIQVTELLDGVFIGFSMSHSVVDGTSFIHFVNTLSEIFKSDDFTTISRAPILNY 
               
               
                 AT1 
                   
                 RPCDIPILKFPFLDVEGFICRAYNPGPLRERIFHFSLNSMLRLKAMANQECGTQNVL 
               
               
                 poly- 
                   
                 SSFQALTAVVWRSITRVRNLPKDEQTTCFMAMGSRTRLNPPLSDDYFGNFMISTKF 
               
               
                 peptide 
                   
                 ACKAEELLGNSLGWVAMNLRKIIMSTDEKSILATYKALADSPIVIPRETIPGPHGMT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RVIIGGSSRFDMYGPEFGLGRALAARMGYGNKDDGKITANPGCEGGGSVDLEICLR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PHIMASLEVDQEFMGFVS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 sp_123 
                 114 
                 MTPNLQIVTNGGKPENDEAEPVSPTGQYFNSKVLSVCVLAILEIDVPIDDSCVIPQLR 
               
               
                 780_pg 
                   
                 DVFLPMNPRFSSIMISDNKDVKQWKRVEVNLQDHVVVPSVPDGLSVESYDKYFDE 
               
               
                 iy_Spo 
                   
                 YLTKITVDPLPQDRPLWELHVIKYPTSKAAGHFIWKLHHALGDGYTLMGVLLSGV 
               
               
                 21561_ 
                   
                 NRADDPSLPLTFPSTRSSSLVTNNKMNIISWVPRTFSAIYNGVYNFGWSFLKSTCKA 
               
               
                 AT2 
                   
                 DDKTPIRSGNEGLGFHPMKISTIELSLDQIKFIKTKLGATVNDILAGIIFLGVRKYMQ 
               
               
                 poly- 
                   
                 ATDTESGNSESTALVLFNTRNIGGYMTAEQMKKAQMKIWGNQFAFLHIAIPQLIND 
               
               
                 peptide 
                   
                 KCSNPLDYVYEARKQISRFKSSPSVYLTAQCLELLGNAKDLRQQLNLSRVQRIKQA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Y 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 sp_149 
                 115 
                 MLELAEDEVKNFFKVWAIVFASLSYCYYIGKLINPKGYTRLVAIIPIITLFLALPLNL 
               
               
                 180_nw 
                   
                 TSFHLGGMTCFFIAWLANFKLLLFAFDKGPLCANSSISFAKFLALSCLPIKIQHPPHK 
               
               
                 my_Sp 
                   
                 KSLKSHPSIYNYIIKGILLCLIIKIYDYGDYIHPKIIWLIFFFHSYFTIELVFAFLATSTNI 
               
               
                 o15788 
                   
                 LLGLELEPQFNEPLISTSLQDFWGKRWNIMVTRILRPTVYLPTLEYSTKVVGRTWA 
               
               
                 _AT3 
                   
                 TLPAVMSTFFVSAIMHELIFYYLGRNWPTFEVTWFFLLHGLCLCVEIVAKKLVGGK 
               
               
                 poly- 
                   
                 WRIPRWISGPATVLFVVGTGFWLFLPPLLKAGLDTRPFQEFAAVAKFVRSLKAALT 
               
               
                 peptide 
                   
                 F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 sp_198 
                 116 
                 MAPPSSSSTTGSGNGSSFAVNIMASFYISPQQPSTTNSHSIPLTFFDIPWLQYPPLQPL 
               
               
                 340_fo 
                   
                 FFFQLPSTPQSSSSSSSSSSSSFDHNLYLEFSSTILPRLKHSLASALQYYFPFSGKLTTT 
               
               
                 cw_ Spo 
                   
                 THTIPNNLVFSTDSSDSVELTVSLCDADFNGLCSFLPRSTHLFQQLVPSLPNIESSNLT 
               
               
                 13090_ 
                   
                 TFPAPLLAIQITFFPTSSPGFSIGFASHPVLSQRTFSNFLYSWASFSKFDNLNISLAPS 
               
               
                 AT4 
                   
                 FPVSDRSVILDPDRLEPLLLEQWLGLESKPTMSTKMKLRPPPAYVRGSLRSTFVMG 
               
               
                 poly- 
                   
                 PSDIANATQWLQTQCEKLNRSYPVLLSPYVVTCAFIWTCFLRARVQNSAVTKAKA 
               
               
                 peptide 
                   
                 KGTMYFGFIAGGITRLPYRVPAKYLGNCVGFGRAAAQREELLKEGEGMLAAADAI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GLTIKKLDKDVLGGAEKWIYEWQTLMESEDHIHVVGSPKVNLYETDFWWGKPKK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 IEEISTDVTRAISLTQSRDMKRGIEIGLTLPNSIMDDFSSIFTQGLLVFQN 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To our knowledge, SOAP10 (SEQ ID NO: 64) is the first member of the benzylalcohol acetyl-, anthocyanin-O-hydroxy-cinnamoyl-, anthranilate-N-hydroxy-cinnamoyl/benzoyl-, deacetylvindoline acetyltransferase (BAHD) superfamily of acyltransferases reported to be involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. 
     Table 16 below presents the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the 10 enzymes, and genes encoding these enzymes, that comprise the biosynthetic triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway producing Compound 11 (Yossoside V) in spinach. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences for Triterpenoid Biosynthetic 
               
               
                 Pathway Enzyme in Spinach 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ENZYME 
                 ID 
                   
               
               
                 NAME 
                 ACTIVITY 
                 NO: 
                 AA SEQ/NT SEQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP1 
                 saponin  
                 45 
                 atgtggaggttgaaggttggagaaggggctaatgacccatacttatatagcactaataactttgttg 
               
               
                   
                 β- 
                   
                 ggcgtcaaacttgggagtttgatcctaactatggcacccctgaggatattcaagaggtcgaagat 
               
               
                   
                 amyrin 
                   
                 gctcgccgcgatttttacaataatcggtttaaagtgaagccttgtaacgatctcttatggcgttttcag 
               
               
                   
                 synthase 
                   
                 ttcttaagagagaaaaacttcaagcaaaccatacctcaagtgaaggtgggtgacggggaggag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atcacatatgagaccgcctcgacgacattaaagagagcggtgaatattttcacagccttgcagtct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gaacatggccattggccggctgaaattgctggccctcagttcttccttcctcctttggtattttgctta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tacattacaggagatcttaactctgttttcggaccagaacatcgtagagaaattcttcgcagcatcta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ctatcaccagaacgaagatggaggttggggattacatattgaaggacatagcaccatgttctgta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ccgcactgaattacatatgtttacgaatgcttggaataggacctgatgaaggtgatgacaacgcgt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gccctagagcgcgtaaatggattctcgaccatggtagcgttacacatatcccttcttggggtaaaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cttggttatctatactgggcctgttcgattggctgaagtaaccccaatgccacctgagttctggatc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cttcctacttttctccctatgcatccagcaaaaatgtggtgctactgtcgaatggtgtatatgccaatg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tcatacttgtatgggaagagattcgtaggtccaatcacacctctcattaaacaacttagggaagaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ctctacaacgaaccctttgaacaaattagttggaagaaaatgcgacatttgtgtgcaccggaggat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ctctactatcctcatccattgattcaagacttgatgtgggacgctctttaccttttacggaacctctcc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tgacccgttggcctttcaacaagttgatacgaaagaaagcattagaggttacaatggaacacata 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cattatgaagatgagaacagtcgttacataacaattggatgtgtcgagaaggttttatgtatgttaac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ctgttgggtggaagacctaaaggggatcattacaagaaacatcttgcaagagtacaagattaca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tttggattgctgaagatggattgaaaatgcagagttttggaagtcaacaatgggattgtgggttttca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gtacaggcattattagcttctaatcttagtctcgacgaaattggacctgctcttaagaaaggccattt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cttcattaaggagtcacaggtgaaggacaatccatccggcgacttcaaagctatgcatcgccata 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tctcaaagggatcgtggactttctccgaccaagatcatggttggcaagtctccgattgcactgccg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aaggccttaagtgttgtctaatcttatcaacaatgcccccggaaattgttggagaaaagatggacc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ctgaacgcctttatgattctgtcaatgtcttgctttctctacagagtaataaaggagggctagctgcc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tgggaaccagcaggggctcaagaatggttggaggtcctaaacccaacagaattctttgaagaca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttgtgattgaacatgagtatgtagagtgtacggcttcagcaattcaagctttaataatgttcaagaag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttatacccaggacacaggaaaaaagagattgaaaattttgtagtaaacgcagtcaagtaccttgaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aacacccaatatcctagtggaggatggtatggaaattgggggatttgtttcatatatggaacatggt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttgcactaggagggctagcagcaggtgggaagacatactataattgtgctgctgttaggaagggt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gttgattttttgcttactacacaaaaggaggatggtggttggggtgaaagttatatttcttgtcccaat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aagaatttgtgccaatagagggaaaatccaatttggttcagactggttgggctttgatgggtcta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cttcatgctggacaggcggagagggatccaactcctctgcatcgtgcagcaaagcttttgattaat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tcacaactcgaaaatggcgatttccctcaacaggaaataacaggagtcttcatgaagaattgcatg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttacattatccgatgtacagaagcatttatccactgtgggcaattgcagaatacagaaagcgtgttt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cattaccttctatcaactctacttga 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP2 
                 cyto- 
                 46 
                 atggaactcttctttatgtgtgggctagtccttttcctctccctatctctagcctccttcttccttttctata 
               
               
                   
                 chrome 
                   
                 accaccatagaacccgggggtacaagctacccccgggcaagatggggtggccggtggtggg 
               
               
                   
                 P450 
                   
                 cgagtcatttgaattttttcaaaccgggtggaaaggttacccggaaaagttcatatttgatagactg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aacaagtacaccccaagccaagtgttcaagacttccatcgtaggagaaaaggttgcggttttatgt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggcgcggcgggtaacaagttcttgtactcaaacgagaacaaattagtacaagcttggtggccta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gctctgttgataagatctttccttcttacccaaacttcctccaaagaagaggctaagaagatgcg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gaaactcctccctaacttcctcaagcccgaggctttacataggtacatacccatcatggatagcatt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gccatccggcacatggagtccgggtgggagggaaaggacaaggtagaagtcttccctttggct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aagaattacaccttctggctggcttgccgactcttcttaagcgtcgaggacccggctcatgtagcc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aagttctccgaaccattcaacgacatagccgcagggatcatctcgatgccaatcgacctccccg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gaacacccttcaaccgagggatcaagtcgtctaacgtcgtaagaaagagttgagggccatcat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aaagcagaggaaacttgacttagcagatggcaaggcttcacctacacaagatattctgtctcatat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gttgttgacttgtactgaagatggcaagtttatgagtgaaatggatattgctgataagattctgggac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttcttattggtggacatgatactgctagtgcttcttgtacttttgttaagtttcttgctgagcttcctc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acatatatgaaggtgtctacaaagagcaaatggagatagcaaattcaaaaaaagcaggagaact 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tctaaattgggaggacatacaaaaaatgaaatactcatggaatgtagcttgtgaagttatgcgtttg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gctcctccacttcaagtgggtttcaggaagccctttctgatttcatgtataacggattccaaatccc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 caagggctggaagttatattggagtgcaaattcaacacatatgaacccggaatgcttcccggagc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ccaagacgttcgacccatcgaggttccgacggtacgggaccagcaccatacacatacgtcccctt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cggaggaggaccgagaatgtgcccgggcaaggagtatgcaaggctagagatattagtgttcat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gcacaacgttgtcaagaggtttaaatgggaaaaaatgcttcctgatgagaaggttattgtcaatcc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 catgcctatcccagaacatggccttcctgtccgccttttccctcatcctcgaactgtagctgcttaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP2- 
                   
                 47 
                 atggagttcttctttctgtgtggtctagtcttttacttctccatatctctagcctccttcaccttttctataa 
               
               
                 Like 
                   
                   
                 ccaccatacaacccgggtttacccgctacccgcgggcgagatggggtggccggtggtgggcg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 actcgtttgaattttttcaaaccgggtggaacggttacccggaaaatttcatctttgatagactcaac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aaatacaccccaagccaagtgttcaagactttcatcctaagagaaaaggttgtgttttatttgaaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggttgtag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP1 
                 saponin  
                 48 
                 MELFFMCGLVLFISLSLASFFLFYNHHRTRGYKLPPGKMGW 
               
               
                   
                 β- 
                   
                 PVVGESFEFFQTGWKGYPEKFIFDRLNKYTPSQVFKTSIVGEK 
               
               
                   
                 amyrin 
                   
                 VAVLCGAAGNKFLYSNENKLVQAWWPSSVDKIFPSSTQTSS 
               
               
                   
                 synthase 
                   
                 KEEAKKMRKLLPNFLKPEALHRYIPIMDSIAIRHMESGWEGK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DKVEVFPLAKNYTFWLACRLFLSVEDPAHVAKFSEPFNDIAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GIISMPIDLPGTPFNRGIKSSNVVRKELRAIIKQRKLDLADGKA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SPTQDILSHMLLTCTEDGKFMSEMDIADKILGLLIGGHDTAS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ASCTFVVKFLAELPHIYEGVYKEQMEIANSKKAGELLNWEDI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QKMKYSWNVACEVMRLAPPLQGGFREALSDFMYNGFQIPK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GWKLYWSANSTHMNPECFPEPKTFDPSRFDGTGPAPYTYVP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FGGGPRMCPCKEYARLEILVFMHNVVKRFKWEKMLPDEKVI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VNPMPIPEHGLPVRLFPHPRTVAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP2 
                 cyto- 
                 49 
                 MWRLKVGEGANDPYLYSTNNFVGRQTWEFDPNYGTPEDIQ 
               
               
                   
                 chrome 
                   
                 EVEDARRDFYNNRFKVKPCNDLLWRFQFLREKNFKQTIPQV 
               
               
                   
                 P450 
                   
                 KVGDGEEITYETASTTLKRAVNIFTALQSEHGHWPAEIAGPQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FFLPPLVFCLYITGDLNSVFGPEHRREILRSIYYHQNEDGGWG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LHIEGHSTMFCTALNYICLRMLGIGPDEGDDNACPRARKWIL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DHGSVTHIPSWGKTWLSILGLFDWSGSNPMPPEFWILPTFLP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MHPAKMWCYCRMVYMPMSYLYGKRFVGPITPLIKQLREEL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 YNEPFEQISWKKMRHLCAPEDLYYPHPLIQDLMWDALYLFT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EPLLTRWPFNKLIRKKALEVTMEHIHYEDENSRYITIGCVEKV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCMLACWVEDPKGDHYKKHLARVQDYIWIAEDGLKMQSFG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SQQWDCGFSVQALLASNLSLDEIGPALKKGHFFIKESQVKDN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PSGDFKAMHRHISKGSWTFSDQDHGWQVSDCTAEGIKCCLI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LSTMPPEIVGEKMDPERLYDSVNVLLSLQSNKGGLAAWEPA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAQEWLEYLNPTEFFEDIVIEHEYVECTASAIQALIMFKKLYP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GHRKKEIENFVVNAVKYLENTQYPSGGWYGNWGICFIYGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WFALGGLAAGGKTYYNCAAVRKGVDFLLTTQKEDGGWGE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SYISCPNKEFVPIEGKSNLVQTGWALMGLLHAGQAERDPTPL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 HRAAKLLINSQLENGDFPQQEITGVFMKNCMLHYPMYRSIYP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LWAIAEYRKRVSLPSINST 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP2- 
                   
                 50 
                 MEFFFLCGLVFYFSISLASFFLFYNHHTTRVYPLPAGEMGWP 
               
               
                 Like 
                   
                   
                 VVGDSFEFFQTGWNGYPENFIFDRLNKYTPSQVFKIFILREK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VVFYLRRL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP3 
                 cyto- 
                 51 
                 atgatagaaatcgggtatattgtaaaatgggtaatttgtttagtgattgttagatgggtatggaagatt 
               
               
                   
                 chrome 
                   
                 gtgaattgggtttggtttacaccaaaaaggcttgagaagtttctaagaaaacaaggtttagatgga 
               
               
                   
                 P450 
                   
                 aattcatacaatttttgttgggtgatctcaaaaatattctaaaatgcgtaaaaaagctagacaaa 
               
               
                   
                 (C-2 
                   
                 aacctattccttttactcatgacttctttcatcgtatcttgcctttccacaatcaccatttcaataaatacg 
               
               
                   
                 hydrox- 
                   
                 gggaaagcttctttcatggatggggcctataccagttgtgaatgttgcagaacaagagcaagtaa 
               
               
                   
                 ylase) 
                   
                 agggtgtgttcactaggataaaagagtttcagaaggccaaattaaacccacttgttgcattgcttgt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ccctggacttgtgagcgctgaaggtgataaatgggtcaagcacaggaagctcatcaacccggct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tttcatatggaaaagcttaagcttatgcatccagcatttggcgccagtgttttggatatggtgaacaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gtgggagaagatagtatctaaaacaggttcctctgaagtggatgtgtggccgtttgtttccagcct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gactgcagatgctatctctcgtgctgcttttggcagtagctatgatgaaggaagaaagatatttgag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttggttcttgaacaaactgaaatcaccctacgccttctgcaatcagtttatatccctggatggatgtat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gtgccaacaaagaccaacaggaggatgaaaacagtaaactctgaaatacaaaatttattaaaccg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggataatcgttaagagaaagaaggcaatggaggccggcgaagctgccaaggatgatttgttgg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggatattgttggaatccaactacaaagatactaaaatgttctcagtaataagaaaaaactaagca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tgactttccaggaattgattgatgagtgcaaactgttctacttagcagggcaagagtcgacctcgg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tgttgctagcatggacaatgattctgttgggaaagcacacagagtggcaagcacgagcacgaga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agaagtagttgcaacgtttggtaaaaacgaacctgattttgaaggcttaaaccatttgaagatagtg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acaatgatactgaatgaggtgttgaggttgtaccctccagtgtgtacaatcacccgtaagaatttca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 accacgacgtacagcttggaaatctgacagtccctcgtggtgctatggttacgatgtcagcatatc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gtattcaaagagatcctaaaatatggggtgatgatgaaaagagtttaacccacagagattttcag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aaggggttgcaaaggctacaaaggggaatattgcattctttccgtttggtttaggccgcttaattt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gcatcggacagaactttgcacttattgaagctaaaatggcagtgtccatggttttacaacgcttttct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tttgagctatcaccgtcttatactcatgctcctaccactatcctcactcttcaaccccaacaaggtgct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 catctcattatacataagctcagggactaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP3 
                 cyto- 
                 52 
                 MIEIGYIVKWVICLVIVRWVWKIVNWVWFTPKRLEKFLRKQ 
               
               
                   
                 chrome 
                   
                 GLDGNSYRFLLGDLKDMSKMRKEARQKPIPFTHDFFHRILPF 
               
               
                   
                 P450 
                   
                 HNHHFNKYGESFFSWMGPIPVVNVAEQEQVKGVFTRIKEFQ 
               
               
                   
                 (C-2 
                   
                 KAKLNPLVALLVPGLVSAEGDKWVKHRKLINPAFHMEKLK 
               
               
                   
                 hydrox- 
                   
                 LMHPAFGASVLDMVNKWEKIVSKTGSSEVDVWPFVSSLTAD 
               
               
                   
                 ylase) 
                   
                 AISRAAFGSSYDEGRKIFELVLEQTEITLRLLQSVYIPGWMYV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PTKTNRRMKTYNSEIQNLLTGIIVKRKKAMEAGEAAKDDLL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GILLESNYKDTENVLSNKKKLSMTFQELIDECKLFYLAGQES 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TSVLLAWTMILLGKHTEWQARAREEVVATFGKNEPDFEGLN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 HLKIVTMILNEVLRLYPPVCTITRKNFNHDVQLGNLTVPRGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MVTMSAYRIQRDPKIWGDDAKEFNPQRFSEGVAKATKGNIA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FFPFGWGPRICIGQNFALIEAKMAVSMVLQRFSFELSPSYTHA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PTTILTLQPQQGAHLIIHLKLRD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP4 
                 cyto- 
                 53 
                 atgatttcaaagagcgcgagtggtgttgcaattgcttcattgggttgcattatcatactgtattggatg 
               
               
                   
                 chrome 
                   
                 tgaaattactaaaagggctatggttaacaccaaaaaagctagagaaatgtctaaaacaacaag 
               
               
                   
                 P450 
                   
                 gtcttgttggtaattcctacaaatttttgattggagatatgaaagaaagctcaaaattgcgtaacgaa 
               
               
                   
                 (C-23 
                   
                 gctttacaaaaacccattcctttcactcatgattattacaaccgtattcagcctttcatccatcagattc 
               
               
                   
                 oxidase) 
                   
                 tcaacaattctggtgcaggcaaaaatatctacacatggttgggaccagtgccaacaatactaatta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cacaacctgagttaataaaggatgctttcaataggatgaacaattttcagaaaccaagattaaatcc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atatactcaaatgctttcaactggacttccgaactatgagggtcagaaatgggctaaacacagga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agcttctcaaccctgcttttcaacttgataagctcaagcttatgatccatacttttgaaacctgtgttac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggatacactgaataagtgggagaagctagtttgtaaaacaggttcttcagaggttgatatatggcc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atatttgacaactttaacgggagatggtattgctagagctgcatttggaagtagctttgaagatgga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agaagaatattcgagcttctcacactgcagaaggatattgttattagtcttctcaaatattcttatattc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 caggatttaaatatatgccaataaagggtaaccggaagatgaaagaagcggacaatgaaataaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acctctgttgacgaatataattaatagaaggaggaaacgatggaggccggagaagctcccaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agacgacttgttagggatgctacttgaatccaatcaaacgaagctcgacaagttaataaaatg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aaagtggtagtagcaagcgaaaatctgatctaacgatgagcttccctgagatgatcgatgcttgc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aagcagttcttcttggctgctcaagagaccacctcagtggccctaacatggacaatgcttttgttag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ccaagcaccaagattggcaaacacgagctcgacaagaagtacttgctacatttggaatgaatac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cccagactttgatggcatacataatcgtcttaagattgtgacaatgatactctacgaggtgttaaggt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tgtatccgccagtccctgcaacatcgcaaagggttcatgatcgtgaaacaaactaggaaatttgg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gtaataccacaaagggtaggagtttcattttccatacttcatgcacacttgaaccctgaaatttggg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gtgatgatgccaaagaattcaagcctgatagatttgcagaagggattgcaaaagcaacaaaagg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gaataactcttacttcccctttggttggggacctaggatttgcattggccaaaacttcgcactagttg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aggcgaaaatggcattgtgtatgattttgcagcgtttctctttcgatctctcgccttcatacatccatg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ctccgactagtctcatatcccttcaacctcagcatggtgcccacattattttacatcgattttaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP4 
                 cyto- 
                 54 
                 MISKSASGVAIASLGCIIILYWMWKLLKGLWLTPKKLEKCLK 
               
               
                   
                 chrome 
                   
                 QQGLVGNSYKFLIGDMKESSKLRNEALQKPIPFTHDYYNRIQ 
               
               
                   
                 P450 
                   
                 PFIHQILNNSGAGKNIYTWLGPVPTILITQPELIKDAFNRMNNF 
               
               
                   
                 (C-23 
                   
                 QKPRLNPYTQMLSTGLPNYEGQKWAKHRKLLNPAFQLDKL 
               
               
                   
                 oxidase) 
                   
                 KLMIHTFETCVTDTLNKWEKLVCKTGSSEVDIWPYLTTLTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DGIARAAFGSSFEDGRRIFELLTLQKDIVISLLKYSYIPGFKYM 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PIKGNRKMKEADNEIKPLLTNIINRRRKAMEAGEAPKDDLLG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MLLESNANEARQVNENESGSSKRKSDLTMSFPEMIDACKQF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FLAGQETTSVALTWTMLLLAKHQDWQTRARQEVLATFGMN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TPDFDGIHNRLKIVIMILYEVLRLYPPVPATSRRVHDRETKLG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DLVIPQGVGVSFSILHAHLNPEIWGDDAKEFKPDRFAEGIAK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATKGNNSYFPFGWGPRICIGQNFALVEAKMALCMILQRFSFD 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LSPSYTHAPTSLISLQPQHGAHIILHRF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP6 
                 Glycosyl 
                 55 
                 atgacgggaaaaggaagaacgatggaggtgatcatgatgccatttcaccaccaaggtcacttaa 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 ccccgatgctccaattcgcgaagcgcttcgcttggaaaggtgctggctcgatccggatcaccctc 
               
               
                   
                 ferases 
                   
                 gccaccaccctctccaccgcccaaaatatgaccaattccaaaaacaacaacaacaataaccgatt 
               
               
                   
                 (UDP- 
                   
                 acgatttcctgacggtcgaaagcatctacgacgataccgatgattctcagctcaaattcatgggtc 
               
               
                   
                 glyco- 
                   
                 gtatgggaaagttcaaattccgaagcctcactccaacttaccatctaatcactactaaagcatc 
               
               
                   
                 syla- 
                   
                 gacaataataaatgtatgctcgtttatgatgcgtatctgccttgggcactggatgtgggcaaggac 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 cataacatacaggctgcggctttcttcgtccaggcttgtgcgtatatggcatccttttaccctatgttt 
               
               
                   
                 ferase; 
                   
                 tagaggaatttgggtcggatgatcaacatcctgttgttgcggctgctaaggctgaatctcgttcctag 
               
               
                   
                 Fucosyl- 
                   
                 tttgtcggttgagctgccgtcgcgggaggaaatggaacgatttcgcctcctttatgtgcatttcc 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 ccgagttctgatgataaacccaatactgttaagaaatcgcttcaccctgtctaccggatggtggttt 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 catcaattacaacccttcatcttactaatttcgtctcatcaactcctttgatcaccttgaacatcagct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggatgtcttagcacatgaagcagtagggtgtttcataacccattgcggttggaactcgataattga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggcgaccaactttggggttccgatgttggggatgccacagttcatggaccagtttttggatgctca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttttatggagaaggtttggggtgtttggaattagggctaaggctgatgagaaaaactttgttacttgtg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acgaaatcaagtgcggtgtcaatgaaattatgtacggagataaggcaaatatgatcaaggagaat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gcagcaaagtggaaagacttggctaaggaggcagttggtgaaggaggcagttcagttcagaat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atcgacgagatcattaactggcttgcgtcacctaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP6 
                 Glycosyl 
                 56 
                 MTGKGRTMEVIMMPFHHQGHLTPMLQFAKRFAWKGAGSIR 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 ITLATTLSTAQNMTNSKNNNNNNDYDFLTVESIYDDTDDSQL 
               
               
                   
                 ferases 
                   
                 KFMGRMGKFKSEASLQLGRLITTKSIDNNKCMLVYDAYLPW 
               
               
                   
                 (UDP- 
                   
                 ALDVGKDHNIQAAAFFVQACAYMASFYPMFLEEFGSDDQHP 
               
               
                   
                 glyco- 
                   
                 VVAAAKAESVPSLSVELPSREEMERYAPKCAQSPSSDDKPNT 
               
               
                   
                 syla- 
                   
                 VKKSLHPVYRMVVSSITTLHLADFVLINSPDHLEHQLDVLAH 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 EAVGCFITHCGWNSIIEATNFGVPMLGMPQFMDQFLDAHFM 
               
               
                   
                 ferase; 
                   
                 EKVWGVGIRAKADEKNFVTCDEIKCGVNEIMYGDKANMIK 
               
               
                   
                 Fucosyl- 
                   
                 ENAAKWKDLAKEAVGEGGSSDKNIDEIINWLASS 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ferase 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP7 
                 Glycosyl 
                 57 
                 atgggtaaaacagtagcagcttcagagcagttacacatagtaatgatcccatggtttgcttatgga 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 cacattcttccctattttgagctttcaaacaaacttgctgaaaggccataaaatcaccttggtagtt 
               
               
                   
                 ferases 
                   
                 ccaaacaaagtcaaacttgatttagaaccaaagatccgtcatccttcatttatcagcttacatgcatt 
               
               
                   
                 (UDP- 
                   
                 cactgtcccacacattgaacccttacctccggggactgagacatgttcagacgtccccattgaact 
               
               
                   
                 glyco- 
                   
                 tcagcaccaccttgctgttgccatggacagggcccggcctgaggtggagtccatcatatcagcc 
               
               
                   
                 syl- 
                   
                 attgacgatccgaagccggatctgttgttctacgataacgcttactgggtgcctgagatagccaca 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 aagctggggatgaagtctgtgtttaccagattgcatgtgctttaagtatcacccgcattaagcaaa 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 ccccgagtgcgagtgcgagtgcgagtgcgagtgccaagctcttcactttacccaagtgggtgct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gacgcctaaggtgttaggcgacgcaagagccaattatggagaagggatcacctattaccagag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agtgaagaagactaagttcctgtgatgctatcgccttacgcacatgccgggagattgaagggg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aatcctctgatatcctggctgcacaatataacaagccagtcttcttaacaggtccggtcctacccga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggttgaattcctcccccctttggacaattcctgggctgagtggctaccaagtttgggcctaagtc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cgtggttttatgttgcttcggaagccagtacgtccctgacaaggctcaactacagagatggccct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tgcccttgaggatactggtcttcccttcttgatgtccgttaagccacccacagagtgcgccaccata 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gaggaggcgttgccagaagggttctcagagagagtcaaggaacgcggggtggttcatggtgg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atgggtgcaacagctacaaatactagctcacccatcagtgggttgcttatttgtcattgtgggtac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gggtcaatgtgggaggggttgttgagtgataaccagctagtcttattaccacagcttcctgaccag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttaatgatggctcaaatgttggcagaaaagctcaaggtggtgtgatagtggacagagaagaag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atgatgggtgggtttccaggaagaacttgtgccaagcagtcaagtagtcatggatcctcattccg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agtttgcagctttactcaagaacaaccatgctaacttcagagacaagttgctaaccaacggttttat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggctaattaccttgaagttttgaccattgatttgatttcgctttcttactgcaattaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP7 
                 Glycosyl 
                 58 
                 MGKTVAASEQLHIVMIPWFAYGHILPYFELSNKLAEKGHKIT 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 LVVPNKVKLDLEPKIRHPSLISLHAFTVPHIEPLPPGTETCSDV 
               
               
                   
                 ferases 
                   
                 PIELQHHLAVAMDRARPEVESIISAIDDPKPDLLFYDNAYWV 
               
               
                   
                 glyco- 
                   
                 PEIATKLGMKSVFYQIACALSITRIKQTPSASASASASAKLFTL 
               
               
                   
                 syl- 
                   
                 PKWVLTPKVLGDARANYGEGITYYQRVKKALSSCDAIALRT 
               
               
                   
                 (UDP- 
                   
                 CREIEGESSDILAAQYNKPVFLTGPVLPEVEFLPPLDNSWAE 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 WLAKFGPKSVVLCCFGSQYVPDKAQLQEMALALEDTGLPFL 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 MSVKPPTECATIEEALPEGESERVKERGVVHGGWVQQLQILA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 HPSVGCFICHCGYGSMWEGLLSDNQLVLLPQLPDQLMMAQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MLAEKLKVGVMVDREEDDGWVSRKNLCQAVKSVMDPHSE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FAALLKNNHANFRDKLLTNGFMANYLEVFDQDLKRFLTAN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP8 
                 Glycosyl 
                 59 
                 atgggtggagagaaagagttgcggatagtgatgttcccatggcttgcctttggacattttatcccat 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 accttcacctttcaaacaaacttgctgaaaaaggccacaaaatcaccttgttgcttcccaacaaag 
               
               
                   
                 ferases 
                   
                 ctagcttcagttggatcacttaaccttcatccttctctcataactttccattcaattactgtcccacc 
               
               
                   
                 (UDP- 
                   
                 cctcgaaactctcccttatggcactgaaacaactcggatatctccctcgaccaacatggtaact 
               
               
                   
                 glyco- 
                   
                 ctcgatttccatggaccgcactcggcccgaggtggagtctttcctatcaacccataagcccgacc 
               
               
                   
                 syl- 
                   
                 tcgtcctctacgacatggcccattgggtacccgagattgctgctaaggtcgggattaagtcagttt 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 catacaacgttgtatgtgctattgctgtatctcatgttagacctagcctccctcttccaaaaggaacg 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 gcagcacatgtacccctgccattgtcgtctgtccctaagtggagtcttaatcagcacggttcatcaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 caccatattttggggaagggataacgttacttgaacagtctgtaatctccctctcgtctcggatgc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aatagccatccgcacgtgcagggagattgaaggggtatattgtgaccgtgttgctgccacattca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acaagcctgtccttgtcaccagccacgccttgcctgatcttgaactcgaactctctccgttggaga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ctcgagggccgagtggctagctaggttcgagccagggtcagtgatcttttgctgccttggtagtc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agcatgtcttagacgcaccccaactgcaagagttggccaggggttggaaatgacaggactacc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cttcttgatggctgtaaaaccccctgtggggtgtacctccttggaggaggtgcttccagaagggtt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 taatgatcggttagcgggcgaggggtggttcacgtgggtgggtgcagcagcagcagataat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggcgcacccatcgttagggtgctttgtgaccctttgtgggtcttcgtcgatgtgggaggggttagt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gagtgaaagtcagttggtattactcccacaactggcagaccaaactctgtatgccaagttaatggc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agatgagctcaaggtgggtgtgaaggtggagagagaagagaacgggtggatgacgaagcga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agtctatgtgaagctatcaagagtgtgatggatgaagatagtgatataagtcatgtagttaggaaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aatcatgctaaatatagaagtatgttgattagccctggctttattagtggctacattgacaacttcatc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aaggatttacaagcccttgttccttag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP8 
                 Glycosyl 
                 60 
                 MGGEKELRIVMFPWLAFGHFIPYLHLSNKLAEKGHKITLLLP 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 NKARLQLESLNLHPSLITFHSITVPPLETLPVGTETTADISLDQ 
               
               
                   
                 ferases 
                   
                 HGELSISMDRTRPEVESFLSTHKPDLVLYDMAHWVPEIAAKV 
               
               
                   
                 (UDP- 
                   
                 GIKSVSYNVVCAIAVSHVRPSLPLPKGTAAHVPLPLSSVPKW 
               
               
                   
                 glyco- 
                   
                 SLNQHGSSTPYFGEGITLLERSVISLSSADAIAIRTCREIEGVYC 
               
               
                   
                 syl- 
                   
                 DRVAATFNKPVLVTSHALPDLELELSPLETRWAEWLARFEP 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 GSVIFCCLGSQHVLDAPQLQELALGLEMTGLPFLMAVKPPV 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 GCTSLEEVLPEGFNDRVSGRGVVHGGWVQQQQIMAHPSLG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CFVTLCGSSSMWEGLVSESQLVLLPQLADQTLYAKLMADEL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KVGVKVEREENGWMTKRSLCEAIKSVMDEDSDISHVVRKN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 HAKYRSMLISPGFISGYIDNFIKDLQALVP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP9 
                 Glyco- 
                 61 
                 atggagctttcaaaccctaccacaacccctaccttaaacgcaacccaacccttacgaagctatttc 
               
               
                   
                 syl- 
                   
                 attccattaatcacagttccaagccacatttccaatcttgttgacattgctaaactcttctcatcacgg 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 ggagtacatgtgactatcctcaccacccaccacacctccctccgcttcaaacaatccatacatgat 
               
               
                   
                 ferases 
                   
                 tggggcttcaaaatcgacctccacatcgtcgacttcccgttcagggaagtcggcttaccggaagg 
               
               
                   
                 (UDP- 
                   
                 agtggaaaattacagtgatgccacccctgatcaagcaagccagcttttccaggcctttatgatgct 
               
               
                   
                 glyco- 
                   
                 tcagaagcctatggaggatgccattcgggctgctaagcccgacttcatcgtttccgataggtattat 
               
               
                   
                 sytl- 
                   
                 cattggtctactaatatgcacgtgacttgctattccacggctcatctttcatatcagatgttattttg 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 cattgtgtgctgctgaggttgttgccaagtttgcccctcatgagaaggttgaatctgacactgacct 
               
               
                   
                 ferase; 
                   
                 ctttttccttcctgacctccctgataccatccacatgacccgtttgcagcttcccgaatggattcaga 
               
               
                   
                 Xylosyl 
                   
                 cccgaaacatgttcactgttctcaatgagagaatggacgaggccgatagggagtgctacggtgtt 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 attgtaaacagctgctacgagttggagagagcttatgctgacttctaccgcagcaacttgggtcga 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 cgtgcttggtgtatcggtccctatccggtacactgcgacaaggttggtaaaaagaaaggagatga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cagcaaaaaacattcatgttttgaatggcttaataaaatgggagaaggagaagttatatacgtgag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttttggcactctgtcgtgtttcagccctgctcaaatctcagagctggctactgcactcgaaatgtctg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gtcacccgtttatctgggtagtaaggaatggtgagaaattgttacctgatggatttgaagaaagaat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tacagagcaggacaaaggggtgttaataaaaagactgggcgccacaagtgaaaatacttgagca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cccagctgtaggcggatttctgactcattgtggatggaactcaactgtagaaagtttagcagcagg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tgtgccaatggtcacatggccgcttggtgccgagcaattcttcaatgaaaagttgattagtggagtt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttgaaggtgggggtcgaggtcgggtctgagaagtggagtaggggtatagtaccgaatactgata 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tgattgagaaggataaaatagaaagggcgattaaagagctgatgagtaaagaacccgaggccg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aggaaaggaggcagaaggttaaggagttgagtaaggctccaagaaatgcggttgaagaaggt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ggttcgtctcgtaacaatttaagtgatttgattgaaaaattacaacgtttaaaggcgaatgaaatatc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 agtgtccacaaactcagaataa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP9 
                 Glycosyl 
                 62 
                 MELSNPTTTPTLNATQPLRGYFIPLITVPSHISNLVDIAKLFSSR 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 GVHVTILTTHHTSLRFKQSIHDWGFKIDLHIVDFPFREVGLPE 
               
               
                   
                 ferasce 
                   
                 GVENYSDATPEQASQLFQAFMMLQKPMEDAIRAAKPDFIVS 
               
               
                   
                 (UDP- 
                   
                 DRYYHWSTDLARELAIPRLIFHVRCYFALCAAEVVAKFAPHE 
               
               
                   
                 glyco- 
                   
                 KVESDTDLFFLPDLPDTIHMTRLQLPEWIQTRNMFTVLNERM 
               
               
                   
                 syl- 
                   
                 DEADRECYGVIVNSCYELERAYADFYRSNLGRRAWCIGPYP 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 VHCDKVGKKKGDDSKKHSCFEWLDKMGEGEVIYVSFGTLS 
               
               
                   
                 ferase; 
                   
                 CFSPAQISELATALEMSGHPFIWVVRNGEKLLPDGFEERITEQ 
               
               
                   
                 Xylosyl 
                   
                 DKGVLIKDWAPQVKILEHPAVGGFLTHCGWNSTVESLAAGV 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 PMVTWPLGAEQFFNEKLISGVLKVGVEVGSEKWSRGIVPNT 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 DMIEKDKIERAIKELMSKEPEAEERRQKVKELSKAPRNAVEE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGSSRNNLSDLIEKLQRLKANEISVSTNSE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP 
                 Acyl 
                 63 
                 atgggggaagtcaaccatgaagaagtagaaattgaaataatatcaatagaaaccataaaaccatc 
               
               
                 10 
                 trans- 
                   
                 atcactacttccaccaaaaactcctccaaaaaccatcacactttctcacctcgatcaagctgcccct 
               
               
                   
                 ferase 
                   
                 ttgtactactatcctttacttttatactacactaacactactactactaccccaacatcacaaattcgag 
               
               
                   
                 (BAHD 
                   
                 ttgacataacaagtaccctaaaaacttcacttagcaaaacacttgacaaattccaccctattgcagg 
               
               
                   
                 acyl 
                   
                 tcgatgtgtggacgactctacaatttgttgcaaccaccaaggaataccattcattgaaaccaaagtt 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 gactccaatatcttggatgtcatgaactcgcctgagaaaatgaagttgcttatcaagtttctccctca 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 tgcagagtttcaagatgtgactcgaccagtctcggatttaaaccatttggcgtttcaagtcaatgtttt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ccggtgtggtggggtgatcattggctcctatgtgctccacaagctccttgatggaatctctcttgga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 actttctttaaaaattggtcaaccattgctaatgatgagcgagttaaggacgacgacctagtacaac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ctgactttgaagccactattaaggcgttccctccgcgtacagcaactccaatgcttcctcgtaatca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acaacttccaaaggcggctgaaaaaccaaataataatccagtcaaagttcttgtgacaaagagct 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tcgtatttgacattgtttctttaaagaagatgatgttcatggctaagagtgaattggttcctaaaccca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ccaaatttgagaccgtgacagggtttatttgggaacaaaccttatcaacattgcgtaattctggagtt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gaagttgaacatacatcgcttataatacctgtaaacatccgcccaaggatgagtccgccactccc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aagaggatccatgggtaacttgctcaagaatgcaaaggcacaggccaacaccagcagcagca 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atgggcttcaagaccttgttaaagaaatccattcatctttgtctcaaacaacccagaaaattaatact 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cctcctcctcctcctcctcctcctcctactactactgctacaacaatccattcatctttgtctcaaacaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cccagaaaattaatactcctcctcctactactacaacaatccattcatctttgtctcaaacaacccag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aaaattaatactactactactacagcagaggttattttgactaaacggaaagttgacaatccagtta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cacagaatcgagaaggaaactacctcttcaccagttggtgcaagattgggttggatgaggctga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cttcgggttcggaaagcccgtttgggtaattcccaacgatgggagaccccctaaggtcaggaat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atgattttccttactgattataggcatcccgaaacaggcgttgaaggaattgcagcatgattacgt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tggaagagaaacaaatgcaatgtttaaagtcaaacccagaattccttgcttttgctactcctaattag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP 
                 Acyl 
                 64 
                 MGEVNHEEVEIEIISIETIKPSSLLPPKTPPKTITLSHLDQAAPL 
               
               
                 10 
                 trans- 
                   
                 YYYPLLLYYTNTTTTTPTSQIRVDITSTLKTSLSKTLDKFHPIA 
               
               
                   
                 ferase 
                   
                 GRCVDDSTICCNHQGIPFIETKVDSNILDVMNSPEKMKLLIKF 
               
               
                   
                 (BAHD 
                   
                 LPHAEFQDVTRPVSDLNHLAFQVNVFRCGGVIIGSYVLHKLL 
               
               
                   
                 acyl 
                   
                 DGISLGTFFKNWSTIANDERVKDDDLVQPDFEATIKAPPPRT 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 ATPMLPRNQQLPKAAEKPNNNPVKVLVTKSFVFDIVSLKKM 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 MFMAKSELVPKPTKFETVTGFIWEQTLSTLRNSGVEVEHTSL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IIPVNIRPRMSPPLPRGSMGNLLKNAKAQANTSSSNGLQDLV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KEIHSSLSQTTQKINTPPPPPPPPPTTTATTIHSSLSQTTQKINTP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PPTTTTIHSSLSQTTQKINTTTTTAEVILTKRKVDNPVTQNRE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GNYLFTSWCKIGLDEADFGFGKPVWVIPNDGRPPKVRNMIFL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TDYRHPETGVEGIAAWITLEEKQMQCLKSNPEFLAFATPN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP5 
                 Cel- 
                 65 
                 atggcaacttctcacattcgcaatgtccaattaaccagagccattgttaaccgtctccacatcttcct 
               
               
                   
                 lulose 
                   
                 ccattccgtagccatcttctcgctcttctactaccgtttcacttccttcttcaactccgacatctccata 
               
               
                   
                 synthase 
                   
                 cttgcttactccttactcaccaccgccgaactcttcttaacctttctatgggcttttactcaggctttcc 
               
               
                   
                 Like G 
                   
                 ggtggcgtcccgtaatgagggaagtctccgggtacgaatccatcaaacccgaacaactaccgg 
               
               
                   
                 (glucu- 
                   
                 gtttggatgtcttcattgtcactgctgacccgacaaaggagccagttctggaggtgatgaactccg 
               
               
                   
                 ronic 
                   
                 tgatatcatccatggctttggattatccggttgatagactggcggtttacttgtcggatgacggtggt 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
                   
                 tctccgttgtcgaaggaggcgattaagaaggcttatgagtttgctaagctttggattcctttttgtaat 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 aagtataatgttaagacaaggtgtcctcaggctttcttctcgcctcttgctgatggggaaaggcttg 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 attggaattctgagtttatggctgatcaattggaactccagaccaaatatgaagcttttagaaactat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gtggagaaagaaagtggagataacaccaaatgtactgcagttcatgatcgacctccttgcgttga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gattatacatgacaacaaacagaacggagaaagtgatgtgaagatgccccttctggtttatgtagc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cagggaaaagagacctggtcgtcctcatcgtttcaaagctggagcccttaatgctcttcttcgagt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atccagtttaatgagcaatgcaccttacttattggtgttggattgtgatatgtactgccatgatccaac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ttctgctcgtcaatctatgtgcttccatcttgacacaaacatggcttcctctcttgcatatgtgcaatac 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cctcaaattttctataatgttagcaaaaatgacatctatgatggccaagccagatcagctcatatga 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 cgaaatggaaaggcatggatggactcagaggcccggtcttgaatggaactgggtattatttgaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gcgaaaagcattatttggaaagcctaataacgaagatgaatacctcaacagtcaaccagaaaag 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gcctttggctcctccacaaaattaattgctgcactaagagagaactccaagcaaaatcttgccata 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aaggaattgacagaagatgagttgtaccaagaggctagaaatttggctacttgcacatatgaagc 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aaacacactatggggcagtgaggtaggatattcgtatgagtgcttgttggagagtacattcactgg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atatatgttacattgcagaggatggaaatctgtgtatctttacccaaaaagaccatgcttcttgggat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gcacaacgattgatatgaaggatgctacggttcaactaataaaatggacctcctcattacttggaat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tgccctgtcgaagtctagccctctaactttggccatgtccagtatgtcaatcctgcaaagcatgtgtt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 acgcgtacatcacatttacaggcctttttgcagctccattggttatatatggtgttgtccttccaataa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gcctattgaagggctttcctattttccctaaggtatcggatccatggattttgccatttgtgttgatattt 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gtatcctcccatcttcaacatctatatgaggtcctggaaagtgacaaatcagcaacacaatggtgg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 aatgaggtgagaatttggatgatgaaatcagtgacagcctgtttgtttgggttgacggaagcgata 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 atgaagaagattggagtacaaactgcaacattcagattaacaaataaggtagttgagaaggaaaa 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gatggataaatacgagaaggagaggtttgatttctcaggagcagctatgctttggttcctcttaat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 attttggtggtactaaatatggtgtcattcattggtggactcatgagggtcataatcaacaacagttat 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gatcaaatgtttgcacaacttttcctctccttttttgtcctacttcttagctaccctgttgttaagggatg 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 gttataa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP5 
                 Cel- 
                 66 
                 MATSHIRNVQLTRAIVNRLHIFLHSVAIFSLFYYRFTSFFNSDI 
               
               
                   
                 lulose 
                   
                 SILAYSLLTTAELFLTFLWAFTQAFRWRPVMREVSGYESIKPE 
               
               
                   
                 synthase 
                   
                 QLPGLDVFIVTADPTKEPVLEVMNSVISSMALDYPVDRLAVY 
               
               
                   
                 Like G 
                   
                 LSDDGGSPLSKEAIKKAYEFAKLWIPFCNKYNVKTRCPQAFF 
               
               
                   
                 (glucu- 
                   
                 SPLADGERLDWNSEFMADQLELQTKYEAFRNYVEKESGDNT 
               
               
                   
                 ronic 
                   
                 KCTAVHDRPPCVEIIHDNKQNGESDVKMPLLVYVAREKRPG 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
                   
                 RPHRFKAGALNALLRVSSLMSNAPYLLVLDCDMYCHDPTSA 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 RQSMCFHLDTNMASSLAYVQYPQIFYNVSKND1YDGQARSA 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 HMTKWKGMDGLRGPVLNGTGYYLKRKALFGKPNNEDEYL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NSQPEKAFGSSTKLIAALRENSKQNLAIKELTEDELYQEARN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LATCTYEANTLWGSEVGYSYECLLESTFTGYMLHCRGWKS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VLYPKRPCFLGCTTIDMKDATVQLIKWTSSLLGIALSKSSPL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TLAMSSMSILQSMCYAYITFTGLFAAPLVIYGVVLPISLLKGF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PIFPKVSDPWILPFVLIFVSSHLQHLYEVLESDKSATQWWNEV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RIWMMKSVTACLFGLTEAIMKKIGVQTATFRLTNKVVEKEK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MDKYEKERFDFSGAAMLMVPLNILVVLNMVSFIGGLMRVII 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NNSYDQMFAQLFLSFFVLLLSYPVVKGWL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAP5 
                 Cel- 
                 93 
                 ATGGCAACTTCTCACATTCGCAATGTCCAATTAACCAGAG 
               
               
                   
                 lulose 
                   
                 CCATTGTTAACCGTCTCCACATCTTCCTCCATTCCGTAGCC 
               
               
                   
                 synthase 
                   
                 ATCTTCTCGCTCTTCTACTACCGTTTCACTTCCTTCTTCAAC 
               
               
                   
                 Like G 
                   
                 TCCGACATCTCCATACTTGCTTACTCCTTACTCACCACCGC 
               
               
                   
                 (glucu- 
                   
                 CGAACTCTTCTTAACCTTCTATGGGCTTTACTCAGGCTT 
               
               
                   
                 ronic 
                   
                 TCCGGTGGCGTCCCGTAATGAGGGAAGTCTCCGGGTACGA 
               
               
                   
                 acid 
                   
                 ATCCATCAAACCCGAACAACTACCGGGTTTGGATGTCTTC 
               
               
                   
                 trans- 
                   
                 ATTGTCACTGCTGACCCGACAAAGGAGCCAGTTCTGGAGG 
               
               
                   
                 ferase) 
                   
                 TGATGAACTCCGTGATATCATCCATGGCGTTGGATTATCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGTTGATAGACTGGCGGTTTACTTGTCGGATGACGGTGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTCCGTTGTCGAAGGAGGCGATTAAGAAGGCTTATGAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGCTAAGGTTTGGATTCCTTTTTGTAATAAGTATAATGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGACAAGGTGTCCTCAGGCTTTCTTCTCGCCTCTTGCTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGGGAAAGGCTTGATTGGAATTCTGAGTTTATGGCTGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAATTGGAACTCCAGACCAAATATGAAGCTTTTAGAAACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGTGGAGAAAGAAAGTGGAGATAACACCAAATGTACTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAGTTCATGATCGACCTCCTTGCGTTGAGATTATACAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAACAAACAGAACGGAGAAAGTGATGTGAAGATGCCCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTGGTTTATGTAGCCAGGGAAAAGAGACCTGGTCGTCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CATCGTTTCAAAGCTGGAGCCCTTAATGCTCTTCTTCGAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATCCAGTTTAATGAGCAATGCACCTTACTTATTGGTGTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATTGTGATATGTACTGCCATGATCCAACTTCTGCTCGTCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTATGTGCTTCCATCTTGACACAAACATGGCTTCCTCTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCATATGTGCAATACCCTCAAATTTTCTATAATGTTAGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAATGACATCTATGATGGCCAAGCCAGATCAGCTCATAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GACGAAATGGAAAGGCATGGATGGACTCAGAGGCCCGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTGAATGGAACTGGGTATTATTTGAAGCGAAAAGCATTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTGGAAAGCCTAATAACGAAGATGAATACCTCAACAGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AACCAGAAAAGGCcTTTGGCTCCTCCACAAAATTAATTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCACTAAGAGAGAACTCCAAGCAAAATCTTGCCATAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAATTGACAGAAGATGAGTTGTACCAAGAGGCTAGAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTGGCTACTTGCACATATGAAGCAAACACACTATGGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGTGAGGTAGGATATTCGTATGAGTGCTTGTTGGAGAGTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CATTCACTGGATATATGTTACATTGCAGAGGATGGAAATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGTGTATCTTTACCCAAAAAGACCATGCTTCTTGGGATGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACAACGATTGATATGAAGGATGCTACGGTTCAACTAATAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATGGACCTCCTCATTACTTGGAATTGCCCTGTCGAAGTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGCCCTCTAACTTTGGCCATGTCCAGTATGTCAATCCTGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGCATGTGTTACGCGTACATCACATTTACAGGCCTTTTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAGCTCCATTGGTTATATATGGTGTTGTCCTTCCAATAAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTATTGAAGGGCTTTCCTATTTTCCCTAAGGTATCGGATCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGGATTTTGCCATTTGTGTTGATATTTGTATCCTCCCATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCAACATCTATATGAGGTCCTGGAAAGTGACAAATCAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AACACAATGGTGGAATGAGGTGAGAATTTGGATGATGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATCAGTGACAGCCTGTTTGTTTGGGTTGACGGAAGCGATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGAAGAAGATTGGAGTACAAACTGCAACATTCAGATTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACAAATAAGGTAGTTGAGAAGGAAAAGATGGATAAATAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGAAGGAGAGGTTTGATTTCTCAGGAGCAGCTATGCTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGTTCCTCTTAATATTTTGGTGGTACTAAATATGGTGTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCATTGGTGGACTCATGAGGGTCATAATCAACAACAGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGATCAAATGTTTGCACAACTTTTCCTCTCCTTTTTTGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTACTTCTTAGCTACCCTGTTGTTAAGGGATGGTTA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Summary. This study uncovered numerous surprising details. For example, SOAP6 may serve as a template in the homology-based search for fucosyltransferase decorating quillaic acid in the biosynthetic pathway of QS-21, a potent vaccine adjuvant form  Quillaja saponaria  (D. J. Marciani, Is fucose the answer to the immunomodulatory paradox of  Quillaja  saponins? Int Immunopharmacol. 29, 908-913 (2015)). Also, SOAP10, a member of the BAHD superfamily of acyltransferases is involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. 
     Example 21: Production of Triterpenoid Intermediates in Yeast 
     Objective: To produce of triterpenoid intermediates in a further heterologous system, in the case the yeast  Saccharomyces cerevisiae.    
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: To rule out the involvement of additional plant enzymes in the formation of MA-3-GlcA we expressed SOAP5 in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  ( FIG. 33D ). Since yeast do not produce amyrin-type triterpenoids nor UDP-glucuronate, expression of enzymes that generate these precursors was required in order to provide the substrates essential for SOAP5 activity (P. Arendt et al., An endoplasmic reticulum-engineered yeast platform for overproduction of triterpenoids. Metabolic Engineering. 40, 165-175 (2017); T. Oka, Y. Jigami, Reconstruction of de novopathway for synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-xylose from intrinsic UDP-glucose in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae . FEBS Journal. 273, 2645-2657 (2006)). 
     Expression of SOAPs1, 2, 3, and 4 in yeast resulted in formation of medicagenic acid ( FIGS. 40A-40B ). However, adding SOAP5 was not enough to produce medicagenic acid 3-O-glucuronide ( FIGS. 33A-33F ). To provide activated sugar for SOAP5 the UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase 1 from spinach (SoUGD1, Sp_189830_psca) catalyzing the conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate, was expressed (SEQ ID NO: 74 [gene] and SEQ ID NO: 75 [polypeptide]). 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 74) 
               
               
                 ATGGTGAAGATTTGCTGCATTGGGGCTGGTTATGTAGGAGGCCCTACTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGCTGTTATAGCACTCAAGTGCCCAAAGATTGAAGTTGTAGTGGTTGATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATCTGTGTCTCGGATCACTGCATGGAACAGCGAGCAGCTTCCAATCTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GAGCCGGGTCTAGATGATGTGGTTAAGGAATGCCGTGGAAGGAACCTTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTCAGCACTGATGTAGAAAAGCATGTTGCTGAGGCTGATATTGTTTTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCTCTGTGAATACCCCTACCAAAACCACAGGTCTTGGAGCAGGCAAAGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCTGATTTGACCTACTGGGAGAGTGCTGCCCGTATGATTGCTGATGTTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAAGTCTGACAAAATCGTTGTTGAGAAATCAACTGTGCCAGTGAAAACTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTGAGGCAATCGAAAAGATTCTGACGCACAACAGCAAGGGAATCAACTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAGATCCTTTCAAATCCGGAGTTCCTTGCTGAAGGTACTGCTATTCAGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCTTTTTCACCCTGACAGGGTTCTCATCGGTGGCCGGGAAACCCCAGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCCTCAAGGCAGTCCAAGCATTGAAGGATGTGTATGCTCAATGGGTTCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GATGAACGGATCTTAACCACCAATCTTTGGTCTGCTGAGCTCTCAAAGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGCTGCCAACGCCTTCTTAGCACAGAGGATTTCATCTGTCAATGCAATGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CAGCTCTTTGTGAGGCTACTGGAGCAGATGTTACCCAAGTCGCATATGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTTGGTAAGGACAGTAGGATTGGGCAAAAGTTTTTGAACGCTAGTGTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTTGGAGGGTCTTGCTTCCAGAAAGACATTCTGAACTTGGTTTACATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GTGAGTGCAACGGTCTCCCTGAGGTGGCCGAGTATTGGAAACAGGTAATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGGTGAATGATTATCAGAAGAATCGTTTTGTGAATAGGGTTGTGGCCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CATGTTCAACACTGTATCGAACAAGAAGATTGCTGTTCTTGGATTTGCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCAAAAAGGATACAGGGGATACTAGGGAGACACCCGCCATAGATGTGTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AAGGGTTTGTTGGGAGACAAGGCAAGGTTGAGCATCTACGATCCACAAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CACTGAGGATCAGATTCAGCGAGATCTCACCATGAACAAGTTTGACTGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACCACCCAATTCACCTCCAGCCCACAAGTCCCACAACTGTTAAGCAAGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGTGTTGTTTGGGACGCTTATGAGGCCACCAAAGATGCTCATGCTGTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TATTCTGACTGAGTGGGATGAATTTAAGAAACTTGATTACAAAAGGATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTGACAACATGCAGAAGCCAGCTTTTGTGTTTGATGGAAGGAACATTGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AATGCAGATGAGCTGAGGCAGATTGGGTTCATTGTGTACTCAATTGGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACCTTTGGATTCATGGCTCAAGGACATGCCTGCTGTGGCTTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 75) 
               
               
                 MVKICCIGAGYVGGPTMATIALKCPKIEVVVAIDISVSRITAWNSEQLPI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 YEPGLDDVVIKECRGRINLEFSTDVEKRVAEADIVFVSVNTPTKITGLGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GKAADLTYWESAARMIADVSKSDKIVVEKSTVPVKTAEAIEKILTHNSKG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 INYQILSNPEFLAEGTAIQDLFHPDRVLIGGRETPAGLKAVQALKDVYAQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SWVPDERILTTNLWSAELSKLAANAFLAQRISSVNAMSALCEATGADVTQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VAYAVGKDSRIGQKFLNASVGFGGSCFQKDILNLVYICECNGLPEVAEYW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 KQVIKVNDYQKNRFVNRVVASMFNTVSNKKIAVLGFAFKKDTGDTRETPA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IDVCKGLLGDKARLSIYDPQVTEDQIQRDLTMNKFDWDHPIHLQPTSPTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VKQVSVVWDAYEATKDAHAVCILTEWDEFKKLDYKRIFDNMQKPAFVFDG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RNIVNADELRQIGFIVYSIGKPLDSWLKDMPAVA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Consequently, only yeast cells expressing SOAP5 together with all other five genes were able to produce MA-3-GlcA ( FIGS. 33A-33F ;  FIGS. 40A-40B ). Similar to  N. benthamiana  assays, SOAP5 was capable of glucuronidation of triterpenoid intermediates (oleanolic acid, gypsogenic acid and bayogenin) in yeast cells ( FIGS. 41A-41F ). 
     Summary: Demonstrated that it was possible to produce and glucuronidate triterpenoid intermediates in a system heterologous to the source enzymes. 
     Example 22: Examination of Cellulose Synthase Like Enzymes in Additional Plant Species 
     Objective: To identify and analyze functional Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) enzymes in non-spinach plant species. 
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: Glucuronic acid attached to a saponin aglycone via the hydroxyl at position C-3 is a common feature for many saponins found in plants, especially in the Caryophyllidae, primitive Rosidae and Asteridae (M. Henry, Saponins and Phylogeny: Example of the “Gypsogenin group” Saponins. Phytochem Rev. 4, 89-94 (2005)). To examine if conjugation of glucuronic acid to the triterpenoid backbone by a CSLG enzyme is not limited to spinach and its family, phylogenetic analysis of CSLG proteins was performed in more than 70 plant species including mosses, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. It appeared that spinach SOAP5 is related to CSLG proteins from the Caryophyllales, Malvales, Apiales, and Fabales orders ( FIGS. 42A-42E ). 
     Saponin profiling of selected species, as well as published data, demonstrated the presence of glucuronide-oleanane-type saponins in soy ( Glycine  mar), alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ),  Lotus japonicus  and licorice ( Glycyrrhiza uralensis ) as well as in the Caryophyllales species like beetroot ( Beta vulgaris ) and  quinoa  ( Chenopodium quinoa ) ( FIGS. 43A-43C ). 
     The closest homologues of the spinach SOAP5 were then cloned from all of the aforementioned species and expressed transiently in  N. benthamiana  together with SOAP1-4. MA-3-GlcA formation was observed for all tested CSLG enzymes ( FIGS. 42A-42E ). Table 17 below provides the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of these SOAP5 homologs. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 SOAPS Cellulose synthase Like G homologs 
               
               
                 (having glucuronic acid transferase activity) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ID 
                   
               
               
                 Name 
                 NO: 
                 Nucleic Acid/Amino Acid Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 BvCSLG 
                 94 
                 MSSLHICKVQTTRAILSRFHILFHSLAILALFYYRFTSFSTTKSGILPWTLL 
               
               
                 polypeptide 
                   
                 TTAEVVLGFWALTQAFRWRPVLRDVAGWDSIKEEQLPGVDVFICTADPIKEP 
               
               
                 from red beet_ 
                   
                 VLEVMNTVLSAMALDYPAEKLGVYLSDDGGSPLTREAIKEASKFAKVWLPFC 
               
               
                 (XM_010673823.2_) 
                   
                 SKYGIKTRCTQAFFSSFCDGERLDWNQDFKADELVLKSKYEAFKNYVEKASE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DESKCTMAHDRSPCVEIIHDNKQNGEGEVKMPLLVYVSREKRPNRPHRFKAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ALNALLRVSGVLSNGPYLLVLDCDMYCNDPTSARQSMCFHLDPKLAPSLAFV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 QYPQIFYNTSKNDIYDGQARSAYKTKWQGMDGIRGPVTTGTGYYLKRKALYG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 QPKNEDEFLINQPEKAFGSSTKFIASVSSNSKQNMALKEMTRDDLLEEAKNL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCAYESNTEWGNKIGYSYECLLESTFTGYLLHCKGWISVYLYPKRPCFLGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTIDMKDAMVQLMKWTSGLLGVGISKFSPLTYAFSRMSILQSMCYGYFTFSA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LFGVSFLIYGIVLPVCLLKGVPVFPKVSDPWIGVFVVVFASSLLQHLYEVLS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SDDSIKTWWNEIRIWIIKSVTASLFGTMDAIMKKIGIQKASFRLTNKVVDKE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 KLEKYEKGKFDFQGAAVFMVPLIILVVLNMVSFVGGLRRAIINKNCDEMFGQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LFLSFFLLVLSYPVLEGIVTKVRKGRD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 BvCSLG_ 
                 95 
                 CATCACAGCCACATGGGAAACAAAAAGTCTTAACCTCGGCCATCTCGTGTGC 
               
               
                 gene from 
                   
                 CTCGTGCACATTCAACATTGATTTTAATTGTGTGCTTTCTCCAAAATGTACC 
               
               
                 red beet 
                   
                 ATACTATATCATCTTGTCAGAATTCCAAACTCCAACTATAACCACCATTGAA 
               
               
                 (XM_010673823.2) 
                   
                 GTCATCTACACACAAACACACACACTCTTTCTCCCTAAAAATGTCTTCTCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CACATTTGCAAAGTCCAAACAACAAGAGCAATACTTAGCCGTTTCCACATAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTTCCACTCCTTAGCCATCCTTGCTTTATTCTACTACCGTTTTACATCGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTCTACCACCAAATCAGGCATACTTCCATGGACCTTACTAACCACAGCAGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGGTTCTAGGCTTTGTATGGGCGTTAACACAGGCCTTTCGATGGCGGCCTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGTTGCGAGATGTAGCTGGATGGGATTCCATCAAGGAGGAACAACTGCCAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGTGGACGTGTTCATATGCACAGCTGATCCAATAAAGGAGCCGGTGTTAGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGATGAACACGGTGCTTTCGGCGATGGCATTGGATTACCCGGCAGAGAAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGGTGTTTATCTTTCGGATGATGGAGGTTCTCCCTTGACTAGGGAGGCTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAAGGAGGCTTCTAAGTTTGCTAAGGTTTGGCTTCCTTTTTGTAGTAAGTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGTATCAAGACTAGGTGTCCTCAGGCTTTCTTCTCTTCTTTTTGTGATGGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAGACTTGATTGGAATCAGGACTTTAAGGCTGATGAATTGGTGCTCAAGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAATATGAAGCTTTTAAGAATTATGTGGAGAAAGCAAGTGAAGATGAAAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAATGCACCATGGCACATGATCGTTCCCCTTGCGTTGAGATFATACATGACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAAGCAAAATGGAGAAGGCGAAGTGAAAATGCCCCTTTTGGTCTACGTATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGGGAAAAGAGACCAAATCGTCCTCATCGTTTCAAAGCCGGAGCTCTTAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTCTTCTCAGAGTATCAGGTGTATTTGAGCAACGGGCCTTACTTATTGGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGGACTGTGATATGTACTGCAATGATCCAACTTCTGCTCGTCAATCTATGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTTTCATCTTGACCCAAAATTGGCTCCTTCACTTGCATTTGTGCAATACCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAAATTTTCTACAACACCAGTAAAAATGATATCTATGATGGCCAAGCTAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCGCGTACAAGACAAAATGGCAAGGAATGGATGGTATTAGAGGACCAGTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGACAGGAACAGGGTATTACTTGAAGAGGAAAGCATTGTATGGACAACCTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAACGAAGATGAATTTCTCATTAATCAACCAGAGAAGGCCTTCGGCTCCTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAAAATTCATTGCGTCAGTTAGTTCAAACTCCAAGCAAAATATGGCCTTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGAAATGACAAGAGACGACTTGTTAGAAGAGGCTAAAAATTTGGCTACTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCATATGAATCAAACACTGAATGGGGTAACAAGATTGGATATTCGTATGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGTTTGTTGGAGAGTACATTTACCGGATATCTCTTACATTGCAAAGGATGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTCCGTGTATCTTTACCCAAAAAGACCCTGCTTCTTAGGATGCACGACGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGACATGAAAGATGCCATGGTTCAACTAATGAAATGGACCTCTGGATTACTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGAGTTGGCATATCAAAGTTTAGCCCTCTAACTTATGCCTTTTCGAGGATGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTATATTACAAAGCATGTGCTACGGTTACTTCACATTTTCAGCCCTTTTCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGTTTCGTTCTTAATATATGGCATCGTCCTTCCAGTATGCCTATTGAAGGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTTCCTGTTTTTCCTAAGGTATCGGATCCATGGATTGGAGTTTTCGTGGTAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATTTGCATCCTCCCTCCTTCAACATTTATACGAGGTTCTCTCAAGTGACGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCCATTAAAACATGGTGGAACGAGATCAGAATTTGGATCATCAAATCGGTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAGCTTCCTTATTTGGAACAATGGATGCAATAATGAAAAAGATCGGCATAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAAGGCTAGTTTCCGATTAACTAACAAGGTTGTGGACAAGGAAAAGCTCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAATATGAGAAGGGCAAGTTTGATTTCCAAGGAGCAGCTGTGTTCATGGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCTTATCATTTTAGTGGTACTAAATATGGTGTCATTTGTTGGCGGATTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAGGGCAATAATCAACAAGAATTGTGATGAAATGTTTGGGCAACTTTTCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTCATTCTTTCTCTTAGTTCTTAGCTACCCCGTTTTAGAAGGGATAGTAACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAGTAAGAAAAGGACGTGATTGAGATGAATTTGCATTGTTTGGTAAAAGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCAAACTTAGAGAAAGAGATTGCGTAGGAGATCAAAGGAAACAATGTGAGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATTTACAGGCTTCATGAGGCTTAAGACCTCATTAATTTTTGTGACAATTTAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAATTCTGTCTCTATATTTTGGTCAAGACGTATCATTTGAAAATTTCCATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTAGGTAGTTAGATTTCAATGTTCCACGTTTGTAAATAAGAAGATAAAATAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGAAATTTGTGATTTTAGCTTTACATTTCTATGAGATAGTCCTTTGTTGTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGAAAGTTCTGTTCTTAGTGAAAATAATAAAACGTGACATCAAAATTTTGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CqCSLG 
                 96 
                 MAATHICKVQTRRVIINRIHILFHSLAILALFYYRFSSFSNPHISLFPWVLL 
               
               
                 Protein from 
                   
                 TIADLVFTFIWAMTQAFRWRPVLHDVSGYESINPRDLPKIDIFICTADPTKE 
               
               
                 quinoa_ 
                   
                 PVLEVMNSVISSMALDYPPEKMAVYLSDDGGSPLTREAIKKAVEFAKVWIPF 
               
               
                 (XM_021866098.1)_ 
                   
                 CNMYGIKTRCPDAFFSALGNDERLHRDQDFNAHESLLKSKYEAFKKYVEKES 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GDINKCTVVHDREPCIEIIHDSKQDGEAEVKMPLVVYVAREKRPGHPHRFKA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GALNALLRVSGLLSNAPYLLVLDCDMYCHDPTSARQSMCFHLDPNMSPSLAF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VQYPQIFYNTSRNDIYDGQARSAHTTKWQGMDGLRGPVLNGTGYYLKKKAIY 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GRPHNEDEYLINEPEKAFGSSTKFIASLKENSNQDLVLKEFTNDLLQEARNL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCTYEANSLWGVEVGFSYDCLLESSYTGYLLHCKGWRSVYLYPKRPCFLGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTIDMKDAIVQLIKWTSGLLGVAMSKFSPLTYAMSRMSILQSMCYAYITCSG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LLAVPLFIYGVVLPFCLLRGVPVFPKVSDPWMLGFVFVFVSSHVQHLFEVLA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 SDHSVQQWWNEVRIWIMKAITACLFGSTEAIMKKIGIQKTTFRLTNKVVEKE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 KLDKYEKGKFDFSGAAMLMVPLIILTTLNLVSFVGGLVRVINHNNYDDMFGQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LFLSFYLLLLSYPTFEGIVTKVTDKLRKKE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CqCSLG 
                 97 
                 AAAAGTGAAACTGGTGACTTAGTCTTGTGTCACCCGGGTTCCTCGAGCACAT 
               
               
                 Gene from 
                   
                 ATTCTTCAAGATTTTGGTTTTTTGTACGGAGTATTTATATACACAAAAATTA 
               
               
                 quinoa_ 
                   
                 GGAACCAAATAGGAAGACTCATATCATTTCAAAATGGCGGCAACACACATTT 
               
               
                 (XM_021866098.1)_ 
                   
                 GCAAAGTCCAAACCAAAAGAGTCATTATCAACCGTATTCATATCCTCTTTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTCTTTAGCCATTCTTGCTCTCTTCTACTACCGTTTCTCGTCTTTCTCCAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCATATCTCCCTTTTTCCATGGGTATTATTGACTATCGCCGACCTCGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCACCTTCATTTGGGCCATGACTCAGGCCTTCCGTTGGCGCCCCGTCTTGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGATGTGTCTGGCTATGAGTCCATCAATCCACGCGATCTTCCAAAGATCGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATTTTTATATGCACCGCTGATCCCACXAAGGAGCCTGTGTTCTGAAGTGATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AACTCGGTGATATCATCCATGGCGCTCGATTATCCGCCTGAAAAAATGGCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGTATTTGTCGGATGATGGTGGTTCTCCTTTGACTAGAGAGGCTATTAAGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGCTGTTGAATTTGCTAAGGTTTGGATTCCTTTTTGTAATATGTATGGTATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAGACTAGGTGTCCTGATGCTTTCTTCTCCGCTTTGGGTAATGATGAAAGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCATCGTGATCAAGACTTTAACGCTCATGAATCACTCCTCAAGTCGAAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGAAGCTTTTAAGAAATATGTGGAGAAAGAAAGCGGTGATATTAATAAATGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCGTTGTGCATGATCGTGAACCTTGCATTGAGATTATACATGACAGTAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGATGGAGAAGCTGAAGTGAAAATGCCCCTTGTAGTTTATGTAGCCAGGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAGAGACCAGGTCATCCTCATCGTTTCAAAGCTGGAGCCCTTAACGCTCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTCCGAGTATCAGGACTATTGAGCAATGCGCCTTACTTATTGGTGTTAGACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGATATGTACTGTCATGATCCAACCTCTGCTCGTCAATCTATGTGCTTCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTTGACCCGAACATGTCTCCCTCTCTTGCCTTTGTTCAATACCCTCAAATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCTACAACACTAGTAAAAATGATATCTATGATGGTCAAGCCAGATCAGCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATACGACGAAATGGCAAGGCATGGATGGACTCAGAGGACCGGTCTTGAATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AACTGGGTATTATCTGAAGAAGAAGGCGATATATGGAAGGCCCCATAATGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATGAATACCTCATCAATGAACCAGAAAAGGCTTTTGGTTCTTCCACAAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCATTGCTTCACTTAAAGAAAACTCGAACCAGGATCTTGTCTTGAAGGAATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CACAAACGATTTGTTACAAGAGGCTAGAAATTTGGCTACTTGCACTTATGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCAAACTCGCTATGGGGTGTTGAGGTAGGGTTTTCGTATGATTGCCTGTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGAGTTCATACACTGGATATCTCTTACATTGTAAAGGATGGAGATCTGTGTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTTTATCCCAAAAGACCGTGCTTCTTGGGATGCACGACAATTGACATGAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATGCTATTGTTCAATTAATAAAATGGACTTCCGGATTACTTGGAGTTGCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGTCAAAGTTTAGCCCTCTTACTTATGCCATGTCCAGAATGTCTATATTGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAGCATGTGTTACGCGTACATCACGTGTTCAGGTCTTCTAGCAGTTCCACTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTATATATGGTGTTGTTCTACCATTCTGCCTACTTAAGGGCGTTCCTGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCCTAAGGTATCGGATCCATGGATGTTGGGTTTCGTGTTTGTATTTGTATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTCCCATGTTCAACATCTATTCGAAGTGCTAGCAAGTGATCATTCAGTGCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGTGGTGGAATGAGGTGAGAATCTGGATCATGAAAGCGATAACAGCCTGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGTTTGGATCAACTGAAGCAATAATGAAGAAGATTGGGATACAGAAAACAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATTCAGATTAACAAATAAGGTTGTGGAGAAAGAGAAGTTGGATAAATACGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAGGGAAAGTTCGATTTCTCAGGAGCAGCAATGCTAATGGTTCCTCTCATCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTTGACTATACTAAATTTGGTGTCGTTCGTTGGGGCACTTGTAAGGGTGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAACCACAACAACTATGATGATATGTTCGGGCAACTTTTCCTGTCATTTTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTCCTACTTCTTAGCTACCCTACTTTCGAAGGGATTGTTACAAAAGTTACAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAAACTTAGAAAGAAAGAATAAGGAGTGATTGAGTAACTGCCTAGTACAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTCACTTCACTTCTCTAGATTAGTCCTTGTTTTTGTTTATGTTTATTAAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCAGCAACACTTGTAGACGGTTGCAATAATGAGTTCAATACCGTTTGTTCTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCCTCTTGCAAGAACAAGTATATAAATACTTTTCATTAGCCGGTTGCATTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGGATTCATATAGATGAATATTTCAAATATTTCATCITTTTGAACTTACAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACTAATGATTTATATCTGGAATTTTGAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MsCSLG 
                 98 
                 MATFTFHKETVQPLLPLRRAYIIFHFTCVLFLFYYRISNLFISYPWFLMTIA 
               
               
                 Protein 
                   
                 EIILSFLWFFNQAFRWRLVNRSVMTEKLPPEEKLPGLDIFVCTIDPEKEPTV 
               
               
                 from 
                   
                 DVMNTVISAIAMDYPSNKLSIYLSDDGGSPITLFGIKEAFEFAKVWVPFCKK 
               
               
                 Alfalfa_ 
                   
                 YDVKSRCPKFFFTALGENERLHRPREFEEVRDQIKKRLNRVDPNSSQVENSR 
               
               
                 (MSAD_299835) 
                   
                 EHMPTKAKYEKMQKNIEKFGSNLKNLCMVTDRPSRIEIINDQKEMPLVVYVS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REKRPSVPHRFKGGALNTLLRVSGLTSNGPYVLVVDCDMNCNDASSAKQSMC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 FFLDPETSKDVAFVQFPQMFHNLSKKDIYDSQTRTAFTTKWKGMDGLRGPGL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGSGNYISRSALLFGSPNQKGDYLLDALYNFGKSNMYVESLKALRGQQTKKQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NISRDVILQEACEVASCSYERNTNWGNEVGFSYAIKLESTVTGYLLHCRGWR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 STYLYPKRPCFLGCAPTDMKEGLIQPIKWSSELLLLAISKYSPFTYGLSRLP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TIHCLTFCYLVSTTQFATAYILYGFVPQICFLKGIPVYPKVTDPWFIVFTVL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 YLSSQIHHYIEVISTGGSSMIWWNEQRSGIVKSIGCVFAIIETAKKKFGLNK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AKFTLSDKAIDKDKLKKYEQGKFNFDGAALLMAPVIVLLTINIVCFFGGLWR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LLNVRDFDEMFGQLFLIIYILALSHPIVEGIISMKRKSG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MsCSLG 
                 99 
                 ATGGCAACCTTCACATTTCACAAAGAAACAGTTCAACCATTGTTACCTCTAA 
               
               
                 Gene from 
                   
                 GAAGAGCTTACATAATCTTCCACTTCACATGTGTCTTGTTTCTCTTTTACTA 
               
               
                 Alfalfa_ 
                   
                 CCGTATCAGCAATTTGTTTATTTCATATCCATGGTTTCTAATGACAATAGCT 
               
               
                 (MSAD_299835) 
                   
                 GAGATTATTCTATCATTTCTATGGTTTTTCAACCAAGCATTCCGTTGGAGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGTGAATCGTTCAGTTATGACCGAGAAATTACCGCCGGAGGAGAAGTTGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGACTCGACATATTTGTGTGTACCATTGATCCTGAAAAAGAACCAACGGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATGTTATGAACACTGTTATTTCTGCTATTGCAATGGATTACCCTTCTAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AACTTTCTATTTATCTTTCTGATGATGGAGGTTCTCCTATTACTCTTTTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATCAAAGAGGCTTTTGAATTTGCTAAAGTTTGGGTTCCTTTTTGTAAAAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATGATGTTAAGTCAAGGTGTCCTAAGTTTTTCTTCACTGCTTTGGGTGAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGAACGACTTCATCGACCTCGTGAATTTGAAGAAGTGAGGGACCAGATTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAGAGATTAAATAGAGTGGATCCTAACTCATCACAAGTTGAAAACTCGAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAACATATGCCCACCAAAGCCAAATACGAGAAAATGCAGAAAAATATTGAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AATTCGGAAGCAACCTAAAGAATCTTTGTATGGTGACCGATAGACCTTCTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATCGAGATCATTAATGACCAAAAAGAAATGCCACTAGTTGTTTATGTATCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGTGAAAAAAGACCATCTGTTCCTCACAGATTCAAAGGAGGAGCTCTCAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CATTGCTTAGGGTGTCAGGGCTAATCAGCAATGGACCTTATGTACTTGTCGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGATTGTGATATGAATTGTAATGATGCATCATCAGCCAAACAATCCATGTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTTTTCTTGATCCTGAAACCTCTAAAGATGTTGCTTTTGTTCAATTCCCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAATGTTTCACAACCTTAGCAAGAAAGACATATATGATAGTCAGACTAGGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCTTTTACGACAAAGTGGAAGGGAATGGATGGATTAAGAGGTCCAGGTCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACTGGCAGTGGAAATTATATAAGTAGAAGTGCATTACTCTTTGGAAGTCCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCAAAAAGGGGACTATCTACTTGATGCTCTATACAACTTTGGCAAGTCTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CATGTATGTAGAATCACTAAAAGCGTTACGTGGTCAACAAACTAAGAAGCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AATATTTCAAGAGATGTAATTTTACAAGAAGCATGTGAAGTGGCTTCTTGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTATGAGAGAAACACAAATTGGGGTAATGAGGTGGGATTCTCGTATGCTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAAACTTGAGAGTACCGTTACTGGCTATCTCCTCCATTGTAGAGGATGGAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCAACTTATCTTTACCCTAAAAGACCATGTTTCTTAGGATGTGCTCCAACTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACATGAAAGAGGGATTGATTCAACCGATAAAGTGGTCATCTGAACTTTTGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTTGCAATCTCTAAATATAGCCCATTCACTTATGGCCTTTCAAGATTGCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACTATTCATTGTTTAACTTTTTGTTACTTGGTAAGCACAACCCAATTTGCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGCCTACATCTTATATGGATTCGTTCCTCAGATTTGCTTCTTGAAGGGAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCTGTATATCCAAAGGTTACAGATCCTTGGTTTATAGTGTTTACAGTATTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TATCTATCCAGTCAAATTCATCATTATATTGAGGTAATTTCAACTGGTGGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCGATGATTTGGTGGAATGAACAAAGAAGTGGGATTGTAAAATCAATTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGCGTTTTCGCAATTATAGAAACAGCGAAAAAAAAGTTTGGGTTGAACAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCAAAATTCACTTTATCGGACAAAGCAATTGACAAAGATAAGCTAAAGAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGAGCAGGGTAAGTTTAATTTTGATGGTGCAGCATTGCTCATGGCACCAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATTGTGTTACTCACAATAAATATTGTTTGCTTCTTTGGTGGTTTATGGAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTACTCAATGTGAGGGATTTTGATGAAATGTTTGGTCAACTTTTCCTCATTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTATATACTTGCTCTAAGTCATCCTATTGTGGAGGGGATTATATCTATGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCGGAAGAGTGGGTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GmCSLG 
                 100 
                 MATFHTETVQSGLALSRLHILFHSVALLFLYYYRISHILLEPSFVWIFMTIA 
               
               
                 Protein from 
                   
                 ELIFGELWLFKQAFRWRPVSRAVMPEKLPSDGKLFALDIFVCTVDPEKEPTV 
               
               
                 Soybean_ 
                   
                 QVMDTVISAIAMDYPSNKLAVYLSDDGGCPVTLYGIREASRFAKEWVPFCRK 
               
               
                 (NM_001365133.1_ 
                   
                 YGINSRCPKAFFSPMGEDERELLLLRNHEFLAEQEQLKAKYNIMQKNIDEFG 
               
               
                 soja) 
                   
                 RDPKNRSIVFDRPARIEIINEQSEIPLWYVSRERRPNVPHTYKGGALNTLLR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VSGLFSNGPYVLVVDCDMYCNDPSSAKQAMCFFLDPETSKDIAFVQFPQMFH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NLSMKDIYDSQHRHAFTTMWQGMDGLRGPGLSGSGNYLSRSALIFPSPYEKD 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GYEHNAQNKFGNSTMYIESLKAIQGQQTYKTSISRNVILQEAQAVASCSYEI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DTNWGNEVGFSYVILLESTVTGYLLHCRGWRSTYLYPKRPCFLGCAPTDFME 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GMLQLVKWSSELFLLGISKYSPFTYGISRIPILHNFTFCYFTSTCQYIVALI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 VYGIIPQVCFLKGTPVFPKVTEPWFVVFAILYVSSQSQHLIEVLYGGGSLGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 WWDEQRIWIVKSIVGGIFGSILAIKKRFGLNKAKFILSNKVVAKEKFEKYEQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GKFEFEDAALFMSPLVGLLIVNILCFFGGLWRLFNVKDFEKMSGQLFLLGYL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AALSYPIFEGIITMKSKVQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GmCSLG 
                 101 
                 TATATGCATGTTGACCGGTAAACATGGCGACCTTCCACACAGAAACCGTGCA 
               
               
                 gene from 
                   
                 ATCAGGGTTGGCCTTGAGCAGACTCCACATCCTATTCCACTCGGTGGCACTC 
               
               
                 Soybean_ 
                   
                 TTGTTTCTCTATTACTACCGCATAAGCCACATCTTACTGGAACCAAGCTTTG 
               
               
                 (NM_001365133.1_ 
                   
                 TATGGATTTTCATGACCATAGCGGAGCTTATCTTCGGCGAGCTCTGGCTCTT 
               
               
                 soja) 
                   
                 CAAACAGGCGTTCCGGTGGCGGCCCGTGTCGAGGGCCGTCATGCCGGAGAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTGCCGAGCGACGGCAAGCTTCCGGCGCTCGACATCTTCGTCTGGACGGTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCCCGAAAAGGAGCCGACGGTGCAGGTGATGGACACCGTCATCTCCGCCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCCATGGACTACCCCTCCAACAAGCTCGCCGTGTACCTTTCCGACGATGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGTGTCCGGTGACTCTGTATGGGATCAGAGAGGCTTCTCGGTTCGCAAAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGTGGGTTCCGTTCTGCAGAAAGTATGGGATCAATTCACGGTGCCCCAAGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTTCTTCTCTCCCATGGGGGAGGATGAACGTGAACTGCTTCTTCTTCGCAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAATGAATTCTTGGCAGAGCAAGAACAACTCAAGGCTAAATACAATATAATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAAAAAAATATTGACGAATTTGGAAGAGACCCTAAAAATCGTTCCATTGTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGATAGACCAGCTCGCATTGAGATTATAAATGAGCAATCCGAAATACCACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGTTGTTTATGTGTCTCGTGAAAGAAGGCCAAATGTTCCTCATACATACAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGGGAGCCCTCAACACATTGCTCAGAGTCTCAGGGCTATTCAGTAACGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTATGTACTTGTAGTTGATTGTGATATCTATTGCAATGATCCATCATCAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAAACAAGTCCAATTCCCTCAAATGTTTCACAACCTTAGCATGAAAGACATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TACGATAGTCAACATAGGCATGCTTTTACAACAATGTGGCAAGGAATGGATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GACTAAGAGGTCCAGGTCTTTCTGGTAGTGGCAATTACTTAAGTAGAAGTQC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATTAATCTTTCCAAGCCCATATGAAAAAGACGGCTATGAACATAATGCCCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AACAAATTTGGCAACTCTACCATGTACATTGAATCATTAAAGGCCATTCAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GACAACAAACTTATAAAACGAGCATTTCAAGAAATGTGATTTTACAGGAAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAAGCAGTGGCCTCTTGTTCCTATGAAATAGACACAAATTGGGGTAATGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTAGGATTCTCATATGTTATATTACTGGAGAGTACAGTTACTGGCTATCTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCACTGTAGAGGATGGAGATCAACTTACCTTTACCCCAAAAGACCTTGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTTGGGATGTGCCCCCACTGACTTCATGGAAGGCATGCTTCAGTTGGTGAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGAGTTCTGAACTTTTCTTGCTAGGAATATCCAAATACAGCCCTTTCACTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATGGGATTTCAAGAATTCCTATTGTGCACAACTTTACCTTTTGCTACTTCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCTAGATGTCAATATATTGTTGCCTTAATAGTATATGGCATCATTCCTCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTATGCTTCTTGAAAGGAACTCCTGTGTTTCCTAAGGTTACAGAACCATGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTCTAGTTTTTCCAATATTATATGTATCCTCTCAAAGTCAACATTTGATTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGTCCTTTATGGTGGTGGCTCTTTGGGAACATGGTGGGATGAACAAAGAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGATTGTAAAGTCAATTGTTGGAGGCATATTTGGATCTATACTAGCAATCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGAAACGTTTTGGGTTAAACAAAGCAAAATTCATTTTATCAAATAAAGTTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCCAAAGAGAAGTTTGAGAAATATGAACAAGGTAAGTTCGAGTTCGAAGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCAGCTTTGTTCATGTCTCCATTGGTTCGATTACTCATAGTGAATATTCTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTTCTTTGGTGGTTTATGGAGACTATTTAATGTGAAAGATTTTGAAAAGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTCTGGCCAACTTTTTCTACTTGGCTATCTGGCGGCGCTCAGTTATCCCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTGAGGGGATAATAACCATGAAAAGCAAGGTGCAATAGTAGTTTGTCAATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATTAGGCTAATTTAGGTATTTGAACTTTGTTCACAAATAATTTGCTTCATAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAAATCTAAAGTGCATGCTAAATGTTTGTATCTTAATATGTAATTAGCGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTTTTATTTCATGCATGAGAATATGGCTATCGATTTTAATTAGGAGCAAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTATGTTCTTACTCCATTTTTAATGCAATTTCTTTATTTTCTTGCCAATTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LjCSLG 
                 104 
                 MANFTLHTETVQAWLPLSRLHILIHSVFVILLLYYRTTRLIHAPTAPWILMT 
               
               
                 Protein 
                   
                 VAEALLAVLWLFNQAFRWRPVSRSVKTEKLPRDENLPGLDIFVCTIDPEKEP 
               
               
                 from Lotus 
                   
                 TAGVMDTVVSAVAMDYPPDKLSVYLSDDGGCAVTEYGIREACEFAKVWVPFC 
               
               
                 japonicus_ 
                   
                 RKYGIKSRCPKVFFSPMGFDEETILRTDEFRAEQEKIKAQYETMQKNIEKFG 
               
               
                 (Lj3g3v1981230.1)_ 
                   
                 SDPKNCRIVTDRPSKIEVINEQSEIPRVVYVSRERRPSLPHKFKGGALNTLV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RVSGLISNGPYVLAVDCDMYCNDPSSAKQAMCFFLDPETSKYIAFVQFPQMF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 HNLSKKDIYDNQSRTAFKAMWQGMDGLSGPGLSGSGNYLSRSALLFGSPNQK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GDYLLDAQNYFGESPLYIESLKAIRGQQTTKKNISRDESLLEAKVVASASYE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TNTEWGSEVGFSYGILLESTITGYLLHCRGWKSAYLYPKTPCFLGCAPTDIK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EGMLQLVKWLSELCLFAVSKYSPFTYGFSRLPIMPTFTYCFLAASSLYAIVF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ILYGIVPQVCFLKGIPVFPKATDPWFAVFAVLYVATQIQHLIEVLSGNGSVS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MWWDEQRIWILKSVTSVFAMIEGIKKWLGLNKKKFNLSNKAVDKEKVKKYEQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GRFDFQGAALYMSPMVVLLLVNIVCFFGGLWRLFKEKDFADMFGQLFLLSYV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MALSYPILEGIVTMKMKSG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LjCSLG 
                 105 
                 ATGGCCAATTTCACTCTCCACACAGAAACCGTTCAAGCATGGCTCCCTCTAA 
               
               
                 Gene from 
                   
                 GCAGACTCCACATTCTTATACACTCAGTGTTCCTCATCCTTCTCCTCTACTA 
               
               
                 Lotus 
                   
                 CCGCACAACGCGTCTCATCCACGCGCCGACCGCGCCGTGGATCCTGATGACC 
               
               
                 japonicus_ 
                   
                 GTTGCGGAGGCTCTCCTCGCCGTCCTTTGGCTCTTCAACCAGGCCTTCCGGT 
               
               
                 (Lj3g3v1981230.1)_ 
                   
                 GGCGACCGGTGAGCCGCTCCGTGAAGACAGAGAAGCTGCCGCGCGACGAGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTCCCCGGGCTGGACATATTTGTGTGCACGATTGATCCTCAGAAGGAGCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACGGCAGGGGTGATGGACACGGTTGTTTCCGCCGTGGCGATGGATTACCCGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGGATAAGCTATCCGTGTATCTTTCTGATGATGGTGGTTGCGCCGTGACGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTATGGGATTAGAGAGGCTTGTGAGTTTGCCAAGGTGTGGGTTCCTTTTTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGAAAGTATGGGATCAAGTCGAGGTGTCCAAAAGTTTTCTTCTCTCCGATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGAAGATGAAGAGATTCTAAGGACAGATGAGTTCAGAGCAGAGCAAGAGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GATCAAGGCCCAATACGAGACTATGCAGAAAAACATCGAGAAATTTGGTTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GACCCCAAAAATTGTCGTATTGTCACTGACAGACCCTCTAAGATCGAGGTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAAATGAGCAATCAGAAATCCCACGTGTTGTGTACGTCTCTCGTGAAAGAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCATCACTTCCTCACAAGTTCAAAGGAGGAGCTCTCAACACATTGGTCAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGTCAGGTCTAATCAGCAATGGACCTTATGTGCTTGCAGTGGATTGTGATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGTATTGCAATGATCCATCCTCTGCCAAGCAAGCAATGTGCTTCTTCCTTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCAGAAACATCTAAATACAATTGCATTTGTCCAATTCCCTCAAATGTTTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAACCTTAGTAAGAAAGACATCTATGATAATCAATCTAGGACTGCTTTTAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCAATGTGGCAAGGCATGGATGGACTCAGTGGTCCAGGTCTTTCTGGCAGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTAACTACTTGAGTAGAAGTGCATTGCTATTTGGAAGTCCAAACCAAAAAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGACTATCTGCTTGATGCTCAAAACTACTTTGGCGAGTCTCCCTTCTACATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAATCATTGAAGGCCATCCGTGGACAACAAACTACCAAAAAGAATATCTCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAGACGAAAGTTTACTAGAAGCTAAAGTGGTGGCCTCTGCTTCCTACGAGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAACACAGAATGGGGCTCAGAGGTTGGATTCTCATATGGCATCTTACTGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGTACTATTACTGGTTACCTTTTGCACTGCAGAGGATGGAAATCAGCTTATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTACCCAAAAACACCATGTTTCTTAGGGTGTGCCCCCACTGACATTAAAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGCATGCTTCAGTTGGTGAAGTGGTTGTCTGAGCTTTGCTTGTTTGCTGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTAAGTACAGCCCTTTTACATATGGGTTTTCAAGATTGCCCATTATGCCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTTCACTTATTGTTTCCTGGCAGCTTCATCCCTATATGCTATTGTCTTCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTTTATGGCATTGTACCTCAAGTGTGCTTCTTGAAAGGAATCCCTGTGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCAAAGGCCACAGACCCTTGGTTTGCAGTGTTTGCAGTATTGTATGTAGCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCCAGATTCAACATTTGATTGAAGTCCTTTCTGGCAATGGCTCGGTCTCGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGGTGGGATGAACAAAGAATTTGGATTCTGAAGTCAGTTACTAGCGTATTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCAATGATAGAGGGAATCAAGAAATGGTTAGGATTGAACAAGAAAAAATTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCTGTCAAACAAAGCGGTTGACAAGGAGAAGGTCAAGAAATATGAGCAAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAGGTTTGATTTCCAAGGAGCAGCTCTGTACATGTCTCCAATGGTTGTGTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTCCTAGTGAACATTGTTTGCTTCTTTGGCGGTTTATGGAGACTGTTTAAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGAAAGATTTTGCAGATATGTTTGGTCAACTTTTCCTACTCAGCTATGTGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGCTCTCAGTTATCCCATTCTTGAGGGGATAGTAACTATGAAAATGAAGAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGTAG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Silencing the beetroot CSLG (BvSOAP5), as in the case of spinach SOAP5, resulted in decreased levels of saponins and elevated accumulation of oleanolic acid ( FIGS. 44A-44C ). Similarly, suppressed expression of CLSG in alfalfa hairyroot resulted in decreased accumulation of saponins with attached glucuronic acid ( FIGS. 45A and 45B ). 
     Summary: These results demonstrate heterologous functionality of enzymes within the saponin biosynthetic pathway. 
     Example 23: Heterologous Production of Glycyrrhizin Using Cellulose Synthase Like G from Licorice 
     Objective: The discovery of CSLG glucuronosyltransferase activity fills a large knowledge gap in the biosynthetic pathways of numerous glucuronide-type triterpenoid saponins. One such pathway only partly deciphered to date generates glycyrrhizin; a triterpenoid saponin produced in licorice consisting of glycyrrhetinic acid decorated with two glucuronic acid moieties at the C-3 position. Glycyrrhizin (i.e. GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide (i.e. GAMG), the single glucuronidated derivative, are important natural products long used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine and nowadays in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. These molecules are low-calorie sweeteners with no glycemic index; GAMG is 941-fold sweeter than sucrose and 5-fold more than that of GL (K. Mizutani, T. Kuramoto, Y. Tamura, N. Ohtake, S. Doi, M. Nakaura, O. Tanaka, Sweetness of glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-beta-D-monoglucuronide and the related glycosides.  Biosci Biotechnol Biochem.  58, 554-5 (1994)). Commercial production of GL and GAMG depends on the currently limited availability of wild  G. uralensis  and inefficient industrial processing. Despite its importance, sustainable production of GL and GAMG in heterologous systems is currently impossible since the enzyme catalyzing attachment of the first glucuronic acid to the aglycone was not identified (Y. Nomura et al., Functional specialization of UDP-glycosyltransferase 73P12 in licorice to produce a sweet triterpenoid saponin, glycyrrhizin.  Plant. J . doi: 10.1111/tpj.14409 (2019)). The goal here was to produce glycyrrhizin in a heterologous system 
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: Some of the saponins, especially those produced by plants from Fabales, are of high importance due to their unique properties. Glycyrrhizin, triterpenoid saponin consisting of glycyrrhetinic acid decorated with two glucuronic acid moieties at position C-3 is produced by  G. uralensis  and widely used as calorie-free sweetener and a drug in many Asian countries. Four out of five enzymes involved in glycyrrhizin production were already characterized (bAS, CYP88D6 and CYP72A154, UGT73P12) but the enzyme responsible for attaching the first glucuronic acid to the aglycone was missing (Y. Nomura et al., Functional specialization of UDP-glycosyltransferase 73P12 in licorice to produce a sweet triterpenoid saponin, glycyrrhizin. Plant J. doi: 10.1111/tpj.14409 (2019)). The question asked here was if cellulose synthase like G from licorice (GuCSL) was able to perform this reaction. 
     The cellulose synthase like G gene from G. uraliensis was identified and used for expression in a heterologous system. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the expressed genes and the encoded polypeptides is provided below in Table 18. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Components of the triterpenoid Glyeyrrhizin 
               
               
                 Biosynthetic Pathway in  G. uraliensis   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Enzyme 
                 ID 
                   
               
               
                 Name 
                 Activity 
                 NO: 
                 Nucleotide Sequence/Amino Acid Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 GuCYP88D6_ 
                 β-amyrin11- 
                 76 
                 ATGGAAGTACATTGGGTTTGCATGTCCGCTGCCACTTTGTT 
               
               
                 GLYUR000561S- 
                 oxidase 
                   
                 GGTATGCTACATTTTTGGAAGCAAGTTTGTGAGGAATTTGA 
               
               
                 00023451.1 
                   
                   
                 ATGGGTGGTATTATGATGTAAAACTAAGAAGGAAAGAACAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCACTACCCCCAGGTGACATGGGATGGCCTCTTATCGGCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTATTGTCCTTCATCAAAGATTTCTCATCGGGTCACCCTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATTCATTCATCAACAACCTTGTTCTCAAATATGGACGAAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGTATCTACAAGACTCACTTGTTTGGGAATCCAAGCATCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGTTTGTGAGCCTCAGATGTGTAGGCGAGTTCTCACTGATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGTGAACTTTAAGCTTGGTTATCCAAAATCTATCAAAGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGGCACGATGTAGACCCATGATTGATGTCTCTAATGCGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACATAGGCTTTTTCGACGCCTCATTACTTCCCCAATCGTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTCACAAGGCGCTAGCAATGTACCTAGAGCGTATGAGGAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGTGATCAATTCGTTGGAAGAATTGTCCAGCATGAAGCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCCGTTGAGCTCTTGAAAGAGATGAAGAAGGTTTCCTTTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGCCATTGTCCACGTTTTCATGGGCTTCTTCCAATCAGGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATCATTAAAAAAATTGGAAGTTCGTTTACTGATTTGTACAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGCATGTTCTCTATCCCCATTAACGTACCTGGTTTTACAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCCACAAAGCACTCGAGGCACGTAAGAAGCTAGCCAAAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTTCAACCCGTTGTGGATGAAAGGCGGTTGATGATAGAAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGTCCACAAGAAGGGAGCCAAAGAAAAGATCTTATTGATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCTTTTGGAAGTCAAAGATGAGAATGGACGAAAATTGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GACGAGGATATTAGCGATTTATTAATAGGGCTTTTGTTTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGCCATGAAAGTACAGCAACCAGTTTAATGTGGTCAATTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CATATCTTACACAGCATCCCCATATCTTGAAAAAGGCTAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAAGAGCAGGAAGAAATAACGAGGACAAGATTTTCCTCGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAAACAATTAAGTCTTAAGGAAATTAAGCAAATGGTTTATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTCTCAGGTAATTGATGAAACTTTACGATGTGCCAATATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCCTTTGCAACTTTTCGAGAGGCAACTGCTGATGTGAACAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAATGGTTATATCATACCAAAGGGATGGAGAGTGCTAATTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGGCAAGAGCCATTCATATGGATTCTGAATATTACCCAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCAGAAGAATTTAATCCATCGAGATGGGATGATTACAATGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAAAGCAGGAACCTTCCTTCCTTTTGGAGCAGGAAGTAGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTGTCCTGGAGCCGACTTGGCGAAACTTGAAATTTCCATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTCTTCATTATTTCCTCCTTAATTACAGGTTGGAGAGAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAATCCAGAATGTCACGTTACCAGCTTACCAGTATCTAATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCACAGACAATTGTCTCGCTAAGGTGATAAAGGTCTCATGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCTTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuCYP88D6_ 
                 β-amyrin11- 
                 77 
                 MEVHWVCMSAATLLVCYIFGSKFVRNLNGWYYDVKLRRKEH 
               
               
                 GLYUR000561S- 
                 oxidase 
                   
                 PLPPGDMGWPLIGDLLSFIKDFSSGHPDSFINNLVLKYGRS 
               
               
                 00023451.1 
                   
                   
                 GIYKTHLFGNPSIIVXEPQMCRRVLTDDVNFKLGYPKSIKE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LARCRPMIDVSNAEHRLFRRLITSPIVGHKALAMYLERLEE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IVINSLEELSSMKHPVELLKEMKKVSFKAIVHVFMGSSNQD 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IIKKIGSSFTDLYNGMFSIPINWGFTFHKALEARKKLAKIV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QPWDERRLMIENGPQEGSQRKDLIDILLEVKDENGRKLEDE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DISDLLIGLLFAGHESTATSLMWSITYLTQHPHILKKAKEE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QEEITRTRFSSQKQLSLKEIKQMVYLSQVIDETLRCANIAF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATFREATADVNINGYIIPKGWRVLIWARAIHMDSEYYPNPE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EFNPSRWDDYNAKAGTFLPFGAGSRLCPGADLAKLEISIFL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 HYFLLNYRLERINPECHVTSLPVSXPTDNCLAKVIKVSCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuCYP72A154_ 
                 11-oxo-β- 
                 78 
                 ATGGATGCATCTTCCACACCAGGGGCTATCTGGGTTGTTCT 
               
               
                 GLYUR000890S- 
                 amyrin30- 
                   
                 GACAGTGATACTAGCTGCGATTCCCATATGGGCATGCCATA 
               
               
                 00019071.1 
                 oxidase 
                   
                 TGGTGAACACGCTGTGGCTGAGGCCAAAGAGGTTGGAAAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CATCTCAGAGCTCAAGGTCTTCATGGTGACCCTTACAAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCACTTGACAACTCCAAGCAAACCTATATGCTCAAGTTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AACAAGAAGCACAATCAAAATCCATTGGTCTCTCCAAAGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATGCTGCACCACGAATCTTCTCCCTTGCCCATCAAACTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACACAAATATGGAAAGAACTCCTTTGCATGGGAAGGGACAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CACCAAAGGTGATCATCACAGACCCAGAGCAAATTAAGGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTCTTTAACAAGATTCAGGACTTCCCCAAACCAAAATTAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCCCATCGCCAAGTATATTAGCATCGGTCTAATACAGTATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGGGTGACAAATGGGCCAAACATCGAAAGATTATCAATCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCATTCCACTTAGAAAAATTGAAAGGTATGCTGCCAGCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCTCATAGCTGCCATGAAATGATTAGCAAATGGAAGGGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TATTGTCATCAGATGGAACATGTGAGGTTGATGTTTGGCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCCTTCAAAATCTCACTTGTGATGTAATTTCTAGGACGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATTCGGAAGCAGCTATGCAGAAGGAGCAAAAATATTTGAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTTGAAAAGGCAGGGATATGCTTTGATGACAGCACGATAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCACGCATTCCATTATGCTTGGCTTCTACCATCAACTACCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAGGAGGATGAAGGAAATTGAAAGAGGCATACGTGATTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTGAAGGTATCATTAGAAAACGAGAAAAAGCATTGAAGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGCAAAAGCACCGATGACGACTTATTAGGCATACTTTTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATCAAATCACATTGAAAATAAACKTAGATGAAAACAGTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGTGCTGGAATGACCACCCAAGAAGTAATGGAGGAATGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AACTTTTTTACCTGGCAGGGCAAGAGNTTGAAAATAAAGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATGAAAACAGTAAGAGTGCTGGAATGACCACCCAAGAAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATGGAGGAATGCAAACTTTTTTACCTGGCAGGGCAAGAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCACCGCAGCTTTGCTGGCCTGGACAATGGTGTTATTAGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGCATCCTGAATGGCAAGCACGCGCAAGGCAGGAAGTTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCAAGTAACCATGATTTTATATGAGGTACTCAGGCTGTACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CACCTGGGATTTACCTCACCCGAGCTCTTCGAAAGGATTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAACTTGGAAACCTTTTGCTACCTGCTGGAGTACAGGTTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGTACCAATACTTTTGATTCACCATGATGAAGGTATATGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCAATGATGCAAAGGAGTTCAATCCTGAAAGGTTTGCTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAATTGCAAAGGCAACAAAAGGCCAAGTTTGCTATTTCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTTGGATGGGGTCCTAGAATATGTGTTGGGCAAAACTTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCTTATTAGAAGCCAAGATTCTTATTGTCATTGCTGCTGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAATTTCTCATTTGAGCTATCTCCGACTTATGCACATGTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTACCACGGTGCTTACTTTGCAGCCAAAACATGGGGCACCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATCATTCTGCATAAACTGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuCYP72A154_ 
                 11-oxo-β- 
                 79 
                 MDASSTPGAIWVVLTVILAAIPIWACHMVNTLWLRPKRLER 
               
               
                 GLYUR000890S- 
                 amyrin30- 
                   
                 HLRAQGLHGDPYKLSLDNSKQTYMLKLQQEAQSKSIGLSKD 
               
               
                 00019071.1 
                 oxidase 
                   
                 DAAPRIFSLAHQTVHKYGKNSFAWEGTAPKVIITDPEQIKE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VFNKIQDFPKPKLNPIAKYISIGLIQYEGDKWAKHRKIINP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AFHLEKLKGMLPAFSHSCHEMISKWKGLLSSDGTCHVDVWP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FLQNLTCDVISRTAFGSSYAEGAKIFELLKRQGYALMTARY 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ARIPLWWLLPSTTKRRMKEIERGIRDSLEGIIRKREKALKS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GKSTDDDLLGILLQSNHIENKGDENSKSAGMTTQEVMEECK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LFYLAGQEXENKGDENSKSAGMTTQEVMEECKLFYTAGQET 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAALLAWTMVLLGKHPEWQARARQEVLQVTMILYEVLRLYP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PGIYLTRALRKDLKLGNLLLPAGVQVSVPILLIHHDEGIWG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NDAKEFNPERFAEGIAKATKGQVCYFPFGWGPRICVGQNFA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LLEAKTVLSLLLQNFSFELSPTYAHVPTTVLTLQPKHGAPI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ILHKL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuCSL_ 
                 Cellulose 
                 80 
                 ATGGCAAGCTTCACCCTTCACACAGAAACCGTTCAGTCATG 
               
               
                 GLYUR003152S- 
                 Synthase 
                   
                 GCTACTCCTCAGCAGACTTCACATACTGCTGCACCTCGCAG 
               
               
                 00037491.1 
                 Like G 
                   
                 TTGTACTGCTCCTCTTATACTACCGCATCACACGTTTCCCC 
               
               
                 (SOAPS 
                 (Glucuronic 
                   
                 TTCCATGCTCCSACTCTACCGTGGACTCTGATGACCGTAGG 
               
               
                 homolog: 
                 acid 
                   
                 TGAGGCTATTATGGCACTGCTGTGGTTCTTCAACCAGGCCT 
               
               
                 Cellulose 
                 transferase) 
                   
                 TCCGGTGGCGGCCGGTGAGCCGCTCGGTGATGACGGAGAAG 
               
               
                 Synthase 
                   
                   
                 CTGCCCAGCGACGCGAAGCTGCCGGGGCTTGACATATTCGT 
               
               
                 Like G) 
                   
                   
                 GTGCACGCTTGACCCCGAGAAGGAGCCCACCGTGGAGGTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGAACACTCTGGTCTCTGCCCTTGCCATGGACTACCCCCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GACAAGCTCTCCGTTTACCTCTCCGACGATGGCGCCGCCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGTCACTCTTTACGGCGTGAGAGAGGCTTCTGAGTTCGCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGGTGTGGGTCCCTTTCTGCAAAAACTATGGGATCAACTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGGTGTCCCAAGGTTTTCTTCTCTCCCAGTGCTGAGGATGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACACCTTCTTCGCACCGACGAGTTCAGGTCAGAGCGAGACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCATCAAGGCTAAATACGAGAAAATGCAGAAAAATATTGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAATTTGGTTCGGATGCCAAAAATTGTCGTATGGTGACTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAGACCTCCTCGGATCGAGATATTGATTGACCAACCAGACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCCACGTGTTGTTTACGTGTCTCGGGAAAGAAGGCCATCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCCCTCACAAGTTCAAAGGAGGAGCCCTCAATACATTGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAGAGTCTCAGGTCTAATCAGCAATGGGCCTTATGTACTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAGTGGACTGTGATATGTATTGCAATGACCCATCCTCAGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAACAAGCCATGTGTTTCTTTCTTGATCCTGAAACCTCTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATYTATTGCATTTGTCCAATTCCCTCAAATGTTTCACAACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGGCAAAAAAGACATCTATGACAATCAATCTAGGACTGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTAAGACAATGTGGCAAGGGATGGATGGACTAAGAGGTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGTCTTTCTGGCAGCGGTAATTACTTGAATAGAAGTGCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TACTATTTGGAAGTCCAAATCAAAAAGATGACTATCTGGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATGCCCAAAACTACTTTGGCAAGTCTACCATGTACATAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATCACTAAAGGCCATTCGTGGACAAAAAACTATGAAAAAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATATTTCAAGAGATGAAATTTTACGAGAAGCTCAAGTATTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCCTCTTGTTCCTATGAGACAAACACAGAATGGGGAGCAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGTAGGATTCTCATATGGCATCTTACTGGAGAGTTCAATCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTGGCTATCTTTTYCACTGCAGAGGATGGAAATCAGCATAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTTACCCAAAGACACCATGTTTCTTAGGGTGTGCCCCAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGACATCAAGGAAGGAATGCTCCAATTGGTGAAGTGGTTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTGAATACTGCTTGCTRGGATTCTCTAAATACAGCCCTTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACTTATGGCTTTTCAAGAATGCCCATTATGCCTACCTTAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTATTGCTTCTTGACAACWACAACCCTTTATTCCATTGTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCATCCTTTATGGCATTGTCCCCCAAGTTTGCTTCTTAAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAATACCCGTGTTTCCAAAGGTCACAGACCCTTGGTTTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGTGTTTGCAACACTGTATATATCCACCCAGATTCAACATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGATAGAGGTCCTTTCTGGTGATGGCTCTGTGGCAATGTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGGATGAACAGKGAATCTGGATTCTGAAGTCAGTCACTAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGTGTTCGCAATCATAGAGGCAGCTAAGAAAGGGTTAGGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGAACAAGAAGAAATTCATGTTGTCAAACAAAGCAATTGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGGAGAAGCTCAAGAAGTATGAGCAAGGTAGGTTTGATTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCAAGGTGCAGCTCTGTTCATGTCCCCAATGGTTGTGTTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCATAGTGAACGTTGTTTCCTTCATTGGTGCTCATATGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACTATTCAATGCAAAGGATATTGAAGATATGTTTGGTCAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTTCCTAGTTAGTTATGTAATGGCCCTTAGTTATCCCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTGAAGGGATAATAACCATGAAAAGCAAGAGTGGATAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuCSLG_ 
                 Cellulose 
                 81 
                 MASFTLHTETVQSWLLLSRLHIILLHLAVVLLLLYYRITRF 
               
               
                 GLYUR003152S- 
                 Synthase 
                   
                 PFHAPTLPWTLMTVGEAIMAVLWFFNQAFRWRPVSRSVMTE 
               
               
                 00037491.1 
                 Like G 
                   
                 KLPSDAKLPGLDIFVCTLDPEKEPTVEVMNTLVSALAMDYP 
               
               
                 (SOAP5 
                 (Glucuronic 
                   
                 PDKLSVYLSDDGAAPVTLYGVREASEFARVWVPFCKKYGIK 
               
               
                 homolog: 
                 acid 
                   
                 SRCPKVFFSPSAEDEHLLRTDEFRSERDLIKAKYEKMQKNI 
               
               
                 Cellulose 
                 transferase) 
                   
                 EKFGSDAKMCRMVTDRPPRIEILIDQPDMPRVVYVSRERRP 
               
               
                 Synthase 
                   
                   
                 SLPHKFKGGALNTLLRVSGLISNGPYVLVVDCDMYCNDPSS 
               
               
                 Like G) 
                   
                   
                 AKQAMCFFLDPETSKXIAFVQFPQMFHNLGKKDIYDNQSRT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AFKTMWQGMDGLRGPGLSGSGNYLNRSALLFGSPNQKDDYL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DDAQNYXGKSTMYIESLKAIRGQKTMKKNISRDEILREAQV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LASCSYETNTEWGAEVGFSYGILLESSITGYLXHCRGWKSA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 YLYPKTPCFLGCAPTDIKEGMLQLVKWLSEYCLLGFSKYSP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FTYGFSRMPIMPTLVYCFLTTTTLYSIVFILYGIVPQVCFL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KGIPVFPKVTDPWFAVFATLYISTQIQHLIEVLSGDGSVAM 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WWDEQXIWILKSVTSVFAIIEAAKKGLGLNKRKFMLSNKAI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DKEKLKKYEQGRFDFQGAALFMSPMWLLIVNVVSFIGGIWR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LFNAKDIEDMFGQLFLVSYVMALSYPIFEGIITMKSKSG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuUGAT_ 
                 Glycyrrhetinic 
                 82 
                 ATGACCATGGGTAACGAGAATCGGGAGCTGCACATAATCTT 
               
               
                 KT759000.1 
                 acid 
                   
                 CTTCCCCTTTCTGGCGAACGGCCACATCATCCCCTGCGTGG 
               
               
                   
                 glucuronosyl- 
                   
                 ACTTGGCCAGAGTCTTCGCCGCAAGAGGAATCAGAGCCACC 
               
               
                   
                 transferase 
                   
                 ATAGTCACCACCCACCTCAACGTTCCCTACATTTCCAGAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CATCGGAAAAGCCAACATCAACATCAGAACCATCAAGTTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTCCACCGAAGACTCTGGCCTTCCCGAAGGCTGCGAGAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACCGAGTCAGCACTCGCCCCTGACAAGTTCATCAAGTTCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAAGGCCACCCTGCTCCTGAGGGACCCACTTGAACACGTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TACAGGAAGAGCAACCACACTCTTGGTCGCCGACATGTTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCCCTTGGGCCACCGACTCCGCCGCAAAATTCGGCATCCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGGATCGTGTTCCACGGCCTCGGTTACTTCCCACTCTGCGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTTGCATGCACGAGACAGTACAAGCCTCAGGACAAGGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CATCTTACACGGAACCCTTCGTGGTTCCGAATCTCCCGGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAAATAACACTGACGAAGATGCAGCTGCCGCAGTTGCCTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCACGACAAGGTCTTCACCCAGTTGTTGGAAGAGTCAAACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATCGGAGTTGAAGAGCTTCGGTGTGATTGTAAACAGCTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TACGAACTTGAACCGGTTTACGCGGATCATTACAGGAACGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCTTGGGAGAAGAGCTTGGCATTTGGGTCCGGTTTCATTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCAGTAGGGACACGGAGGAAAAATCGCGGAGGGGAAGGGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCTGCAATTGATGAGAACGAGTGCTTGAAGTGGCTTCAATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAGGAACCCAATTCGGTTGTTTATGTTTGTTTCGGTAGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGATGGTTTTCAGTGACGCTCAGCTAAAAGAGATTGCGATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGTCTTGAGGCTTCAGGGAAGCCATTCATATGGGTGGTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAAAGGAGGGGGTAAAAGTGAAGGTGAGAAATTGGAGTGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCCAGAAGGGTTTGAGGAGAGAATGGGGGAAAGTAATAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGACTAATCATAAGGGGTTGGGCACCACAGGTGATGATTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGACCATGGAGCGGTTGGAGGGTTTGTGACACATTGTGGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAATTCAACGCTGGAAGGAGTGTGTGCAGGGGTGCCAATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTGACTTGGCCCATGTATGGGGAACAATTTTACAACGCCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTTTCTGACGGACATAGTGAAAATTGGGGTGGGTGTTGGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCAAACGTGGATTGGGATGGGAGGAGGAGAGCCTGTGAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGGAAGTGATAGAGCAGGCAGTGAGAAGGATAATGGTGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCAGGAAGCAGAGGAAATGAGAAACAGAGCCAAGGAACTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCCAGATGGCAAAGCGTGCTGTGGAGGAAGGAGGATCGTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CACAACGATTTTAACTCTTTAATTGAGGATTTGAGGTCGCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCCCATTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuUGAT_ 
                 Glycyrrhetinic 
                 83 
                 MTMGNENRELHIIFFPFLANGHIIPCVDLARVFAARGIRAT 
               
               
                 KT759000.1 
                 acid 
                   
                 IVTTHLNVPYISRTIGKANINIRTIKFPSTEDSGLPEGCEN 
               
               
                   
                 glucuronosyl- 
                   
                 TESALAPDKFIKFMKATLLLRDPLEHVLQEEQPHCLVADMF 
               
               
                   
                 transferase 
                   
                 FPWATDSAAKFGIPRIVFHGLGYFPLCVLACTRQYKPQDKV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SSYTEPFVVPNLPGEITLTKMQLPQLPQHDKVFTQLLEESN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ESELKSFGVIVNSFYELEPVYADHYRNELGRRAWHLGPVSL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CSRDTEEKSRRGREAAIDENECLKWLQSKEPNSVVYVCFGS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MMVFSDAQLKEIAMGLEASGKPFIWVVKKGGAKSEGEKLEW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LPEGFEERMGESNKGLIIRGWAPQVMILDHGAVGGFVTHCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WNSTLEGVCAGVPMVTWPMYGEQFYNAKFLTDIVKIGVGVG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VQTWIGMGGGEPVKKEVIEQAVRRIMVGQEAEEMRNRAKEL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SQMAKRAVEEGGSSHNDFNSLIEDLRSRAH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuUGT73P12_ 
                 Glycyrrhetinic 
                 84 
                 ATGGACTCCTTTGGGGTTGAAGGTGATCACCAAGCCGACAC 
               
               
                 SCAFFOLD00629 
                 acid 3-O- 
                   
                 CACAGTGCTGAAGGCGGTTTTTCTTCCCTTCATCTCAAAAA 
               
               
                 (LC314779) 
                 mono- 
                   
                 GTCATCTCATCCGTGAGGTGGACAAAGCAAGGATCTTCGCC 
               
               
                   
                 glucuronide 
                   
                 ATGCACGGCGTGGATGTCACCATCATCACCACCCCGGCCAA 
               
               
                   
                 glucuronosyl- 
                   
                 CGCTGCCACTTTCCAAACCTCCATTGACCGCGACTCCAGCC 
               
               
                   
                 transferase 
                   
                 GCGGCCGCTCCATCAGAACGCACATCGTTCCGTTCCCCCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTCCCCGGTCTACCACAGGGACTCGAGAGACTCGACGCCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CACTCCTCAACACTTGCTCTCCAAGATCTACCATGGACTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCATTCTGCAAGAGCAGTTCCAACAACTGTTCCGTGAAATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGGCCAGATTTCATAGTCACTGACATGTACTACCCTTGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGTCGATGCCGCCGCCGAGTTGGGGATTCCGAGGTTGGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTAACGGTGGAAGCTACTTCGCTCAGTCAGCTGTTAACTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTTGAGCTATTTTCACCACAAGCCAAGGTTGATTCAAATAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGAGACTTTTCTGCTTCCTGGGTTACCCCATGAGGTTGAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGACACGTTTGCAACTACCGGATTGGCTTAGAGGAGCACCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATGAGTACACCTATTTGATGAAGATGATCAAGGATTCAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGGAAGAGTTATGGGTCATTGTTCAATAGCTTTTATGAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGAAGGGACTTATGAGGAACATTACAAGAAAGCCATGGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACCAAGAGTTGGAGTGTGGGGCCAGTTTCTTTGTGGGTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCAAGATGCTTCTGATAAGGCTTGTAGGGGGGATGTTAAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGGAAAAGGAGATGGGGTGGTGCTTACTTGGCTGGATTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAACAGAGGACTCTGTTTTGTATGTGAGTTTTGGGAGCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAACAAGTTCCCTAAAACTCAGCTTGTTGAGATAGCTCATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCCTCGAAGATTCTGGCCATGATTTCATTTGGGTCGTTGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAATTGAAGAAGGTGAAGGTGGTGCTGATTTTTTGAGGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATTTGAGAAGAAAGTGAAAGAAAAAAACAGAGGTTATCTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TATGGGGTTGGGCACCACAGCTTCTGATTCTGGAGCATCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCGGTTGGAGCAGTGGTGACTCATTGTGGGTGGAACACCGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TATGGAAAGTGTGAATGCAAGTTTGCCATTGGCAACTTGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CATTGTTTGCGGAGCAGTTCTTCAATGAGAAGCTAGTGGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATGTGGTGAAGATTGGTGTGCCAGTTGGGGTTAAGGAATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGAAATTGGAATGAGTTTGGGGATGAGGTTGTGAAGAGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGGACATAGGAAAGGCCATTGCTTTTTTGATGGGTGGTGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATGAATCCTTGGAAATGAGGAAGAGGGTCAAGGTGCTCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGTGCTACAAAGAAAGCTATTCAGGTTGGTGGGTCTTCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACACCAAGTTGAAAGAACTCATAGAAGAGCTCAAGTCAATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGCTACAAAAGGTCAACAACAAATTAATGGAGGCAGTGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuUGT73P12_ 
                 Glycyrrhetinic 
                 85 
                 MDSFGVEGDHQADTTVLKAVFLPFISKSHLIREVDKARIFA 
               
               
                 SCAFFOLD00629 
                 acid 3-O- 
                   
                 MIGVDVTIITTPANAATFQTSIDRDSSRGRSIRTHIVPFPQ 
               
               
                 (LC314779) 
                 mono- 
                   
                 VPGLPQGLERLDADTPQHLLSKIYHGLSILQEQFQQLFREM 
               
               
                   
                 glucuronide 
                   
                 RPDFIVTDMYYPWSVDAAAELGIPRLVCNGGSYFAQSAVNS 
               
               
                   
                 glucuronosyl- 
                   
                 VELFSPQAKVDSNTETFLLPGLPHEVEMTRLQLPDWLRGAP 
               
               
                   
                 transferase 
                   
                 NEYTYLMKMIKDSERKSYGSLFNSFYELEGTYEEHYKKAMG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TKSWSVGPVSLWVNQDASDKACRGDVKEGKGDGVVLTWLDS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KTEDSVLWSFGSMNKFPKTQLVEIAHALEDSGHDFIWVVGK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IEEGEGGADFLREFEKKVKEKNRGYLIWGWAPQLLILEHPA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VGAVVTHCGWNTVMESVNASLPLATWPLFAEQFFNEKLWDV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VKIGVPVGVKEWRNWNEFGDEVVKREDIGKAIAFLMGGGDE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SLEMRKRVKVLSGATKKAIQVGGSSHTKLKELIEELKSIKL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QKVNNKLMEAVA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuCSLG 
                 Cellulose 
                 102 
                 MASFTLHTETVQSWLLLSRLHILLHLAVVLLLLYYRITRFP 
               
               
                 Protein from 
                 Synthase 
                   
                 FHAPTLPWTLMTVGEAIMAVLWFFNQAFRWRPVSRSVMTEK 
               
               
                 Chinese 
                 Like G 
                   
                 LPSDAKLPGLDIFVCTLDPEKEPTVEYMNTLVSALAMDYPP 
               
               
                 liquorice_ 
                 (Glucuronic 
                   
                 DKLSVYLSDDGAAPVTLYGVREASEFARVWVPFCKKYGIKS 
               
               
                 (Glyur003152s- 
                 acid 
                   
                 RCPKVFFSPSAEDEHLLRTDEFRSERDLIKAKYEKMQKNIE 
               
               
                 00037491.1_ 
                 transferase) 
                   
                 KFGSDAKNCRMVTDRPPRIEILIDQPDMPRVVYVSRERRPS 
               
               
                 Glycyrrhizaural- 
                   
                   
                 LPHKFKGGALNTLLRVSGLISNGPYVLWDCDMYCNDPSSAK 
               
               
                 ensis) (SOAP5 
                   
                   
                 QAMCFFLDPETSKSIAFVQFPQMFFTNLGKKDIYDNQSRTA 
               
               
                 hornolog; 
                   
                   
                 FKTMWQGMDGLRGPGLSGSGNYLNRSALLFGSPNQKDDYLD 
               
               
                 Cellulose 
                   
                   
                 DAQNYLGKSTMYIESLKAIRGQKFMKKNISRDEILREAQVL 
               
               
                 Synthase Like 
                   
                   
                 ASCSYETNTEWGAEYGFSYGILLESSITGYLFHCRGWKSAY 
               
               
                 G) 
                   
                   
                 LYPKTPCFLGCAPTDIKEGMLQLVKWLSEYCLLGFSKYSPF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TYGFSRMPIMPTLVYCFLTTTTLYSIVFILYGIVPQVCFLK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GIPVFPKVTDPWFAVFATLYISTQIQHLIEVLSGDGSVAMW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WDEQGIWILKSVTSVFAIIEAAKKGLGLNKKKFMLSNKAID 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KEKLKKYEQGRFDFQGAALFMSPMVVLLIVNVVSFIGGIWR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LFNAKDIEDMFGQLFLVSYVMALSYPIFEGIITMKSKSG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GuCSLG 
                 Cellulose 
                 103 
                 ATGGCAAGCTTCACCCTTCACACAGAAACCGTTCAGTCATG 
               
               
                 Gene from 
                 Synthase 
                   
                 GCTACTCCTCAGCAGACTTCACATACTGCTGCACCTCGCAG 
               
               
                 Chinese 
                 Like G 
                   
                 TTGTACTGCTCCTCTTATACTACCGCATCACACGTTTCCCC 
               
               
                 liquorice_ 
                 (Glucuronic 
                   
                 TTCCATGCTCCGACTCTACCGTGGACTCTGATGACCGTAGG 
               
               
                 (Glyur003152s- 
                 acid 
                   
                 TGAGGCTATTATGGCAGTGCTGTGGTTCTTCAACCAGGCCT 
               
               
                 00037491.1 
                 transferase) 
                   
                 TCCGGTGGCGGCCGGTGAGCCGCTCGGTGATGACGGAGAAG 
               
               
                 Glycyrrhizaural- 
                   
                   
                 CTGCCCAGCGACGCGAAGCTGCCGGGGCTTGACATATTCGT 
               
               
                 ensis) 
                   
                   
                 GTGCACGCTTGACCCCGAGAAGGAGCCCACCGTGGAGGTGA 
               
               
                 (SOAP5 
                   
                   
                 TGAACACTCTGGTCTCTGCCCTTGCCATGGACTACCCCCCT 
               
               
                 homolog; 
                   
                   
                 GACAAGCTCTCCGTTTACCTCTCCGACGATGGCGCCGCCCC 
               
               
                 Cellulose 
                   
                   
                 GGTCACTCTTTACGGCGTGAGAGAGGCTTCTGAGTTCGCGA 
               
               
                 Svynthase 
                   
                   
                 GGGTGTGGGTCCCTTTCTGCAAAAAGTATGGGATCAAGTCA 
               
               
                 Like G) 
                   
                   
                 AGGTGTCCCAAGGTTTTCTTCTCTCCCAGTGCTGAGGATGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACACCTTCTTCGCACCGACGAGTTCAGGTCAGAGCGAGACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCATCAAGGCTAAATACGAGAAAATGCAGAAAAATALTGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAATTTGGTTCGGATGCCAAAAATTGTCGTATGGTGACTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAGACCTCCTCGGATCGAGATATTGATTGACCAACCAGACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCCACGTGTTGTTTACGTGTCTCGGGAAAGAAGGCCATCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCCCTCACAAGTTCAAAGGAGGAGCCCTCAATACATTGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAGAGTCTCAGGTCTAATCAGCAATGGGCCTTATGTACTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAGTGGACTGTGATATGTATTGCAATGACCCATCCTCAGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAACAAGCCATGTGTTTCTTTCTTGATCCTGAAACCTCTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATCTATTGCATTTGTCCAATTCCCTCAAATGTTTCACAACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGGCAAAAAAGACATCTATGACAATCAATCTAGGACTGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTAAGACAATGTGGCAAGGGATGGATGGACTAAGAGGTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGTCTTTCTGGCAGCGGTAATTACTTGAATAGAAGTCTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTACTATTTGGAAGTCCAAATCAAAAAGATGACTATCTGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGATGCCCAAAACTACTTAGGCAAGTCTACCATGTACATAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATCACTAAAGGCCATTCGTGGACAAAAAACTATGAAAAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATATTTCAAGAGATGAAATTTTACGAGAAGCTCAAGTATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGCCTCTTGTTCCTATGAGACAAACACAGAATGGGGAGCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGGTAGGATTCTCATATGGCATCTTACTGGAGAGTTCAATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACTGGCTATCTTTTCCACTGCAGAGGATGGAAATCAGCATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTTTACCCAAAGACACCATGTTTCTTAGGGTGTGCCCCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTGACATCAAGGAAGGAATGCTCCAATTGGTGAAGTGGTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCTGAATACTGCTTGCTAGGATTCTCTAAATACAGCCCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCACTTATGGCTTTTCAAGAATGCCCATTATGCCTACCTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTCTATTGCTTCTTGACAACAACAACCCTTTATTCCATTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTCATCCTTTATGGCATTGTCCCCCAAGTTTGCTTCTTAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGGAATACCCGTGTTTCCAAAGGTCACAGACCCTTGGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCAGTGNTGCAACACTGTATATATCCACCCAGATTCAACAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGATAGAGGTCCTTTCTGGTGATGGCTCTGTGGCAATGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTGGGATGAACAGGGAATCTGGATTCTGAAGTCAGTCACTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCGTGTTCGCAATCATAGAGGCAGCTAAGAAAGGGTTAGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGAACAAGAAGAAATTCATGTTGTCAAACAAAGCAATTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAAGGAGAAGCTCAAGAAGTATGAGCAAGGTAGGTTTGATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCCAAGGTGCAGCTCTGTTCATGTCCCCAATGGTTGTGTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCATAGTGAACGTTGTTTCCTTCATTGGRGGCATATGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACTATTCAATGCAAAGGATATTGAAGATATGTTTGGTCAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTTCCTAGTTAGTTATGTAATGGCCCTTAGTTATCCCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTGAAGGGATAATAACCATGAAAAGCAAGAGTGGATAG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Expression of spinach bAS (SoSOAP1; SEQ ID NO: 45), GuCYP88D6(SEQ ID NO: 76) GuCYP72A154 (SEQ ID NO. 78), and GuCSL (SEQ ID NO: 80) in  N. benthamiana  resulted in formation of glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide (GA-3-GlcA) ( FIGS. 46A-46E ). On the other hand, previously reported GuUGAT (SEQ ID NO: 82) believed to catalyze the continuous two-step glucuronidation of glycyrrhetinic acid to yield glycyrrhizin failed to attach GlcA to the aglycone in the assays performed here (G. Xu, W. Cai, W. Gao, C Liu, A novel glucuronosyltransferase has an unprecedented ability to catalyse continuous two-step glucuronosylation of glycyrrhetinic acid to yield glycyrrhizin. New Phytol. 212, 123-35 (2016)). 
     Transient expression of GuUGT73P12 (SEQ ID NO: 84), which was previously shown to attach the second GlcA, together with GuCSL and other enzymes gave glycyrrhizin as a final product in  N. benthamiana  ( FIGS. 47A-47F ). The assays also showed that GuCSL (SEQ ID NO: 81) can perform addition of the second glucuronic acid moiety to GA-3-GlcA, but with very low efficiency. 
     Furthermore, it will be shown in a heterologous system ( N. benthamiana ) that the first glycosylation step in the biosynthesis of QS-21 from  Q. saponaria  may be performed by a CSLG which attaches glucuronic acid to the quillaic acid at position C-3. 
     Summary: The discovery of a new type of biosynthetic reaction performed by cellulose synthase like G enzymes provides a valuable strategy for engineering pathways of important specialized metabolites and their sustainable production in heterologous systems (plant or fungal). 
     Example 24: Structural Analysis of Cellulose Synthase Like G 
     Objective: To analyze the structure of Cellulose Synthase Like G (CSLG) and compare it with the classical Cellulose Synthase A (CESA). 
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: Phylogenetic analysis showed that CSLGs are evolutionarily distinct from the classical Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) enzymes that mediate cellulose biosynthesis (approximately 30% amino acid sequence similarity). However, these two protein groups share several structural features. A predicted 3D model obtained by template-based tertiary structure modelling of the spinach SOAP5 CSLG protein showed that it consists of two domains traversing a lipid bilayer (TMD) at the amino-termini and an additional four TMDs at the carboxy terminal end (M. Kullberg et al., Template-based protein structure modeling using the RaptorX web server. Nature Protocols. 7, 1511-1522(2012)). A 445 amino acid long loop protruding from the lipid bilayer is located between the transmembrane domains ( FIG. 48 ;  FIG. 49A ). The amino acid sequences of the spinach SOAP5 enzyme, the cellulose synthase like G enzyme from  Arabidopsis , and the cellulose synthase A enzyme subunits from  Arabidopsis  and their orthologs in spinach are presented below in Table 19. In addition, other cellulose synthase like genes are presented from the A, B, and E families. The current understanding is that cellulose synthase like genes from A, B, and E families each have completely different activities. Until the work presented here, only few CSLs were known, and none from CSLG family, were characterized. Those that were analyzed are involved in sugar metabolism, biosynthesis of beta-glucans and hemicelluloses. It was never shown that any CSL (despite family it belongs) can work on triterpenoids. Thus, the results presented throughout the examples provided surprising and unexpected activities for a cellulose like synthase. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Amino Acid and Nucleotide Sequences of 
               
               
                   Arabidopsis  CSLG and CESA enzymes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SEQ 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ENZYME 
                 ID 
                   
               
               
                 NAME 
                 ACTIVITY 
                 NO: 
                 AA SEQ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 
                   Arabidopsis 
                 
                 Cellulose 
                 67 
                 MEASAGLVAGSYRRNELVRIRHESDGGTKPLKNMNG 
               
               
                 CESA1 
                 Synthase A 
                   
                 QICQICGDDVGLAETGDVFVACNECAFPVCRPCYEY 
               
               
                   
                 (subunit 1) 
                   
                 ERKDGTQCCPQCKTRFRRHRGSPRVEGDEDEDDVDD 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IENEFNYAQGANKARHQRHGEEFSSSSRHESQPIPL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LTHGHTVSGEIRTPDTQSVRTTSGPLGPSDRNAISS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PYIDPRQPVPVRIVDPSKDLNSYGLGNVDWKERVEG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WKLKQEKNMLQMTGKYHEGKGGEIEGTGSNGEELQM 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ADDTRLPMSRVVPIPSSRLTPYRVVIILRLIILCFF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LQYRTTHPVKNAYPLWLTSVTCEIWFAFSWLLDQFP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KWYPINRETYLDRLAIRYDRDGEPSQLVPVDVFVST 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 YDPLKEPPLVTANTVLSILSVDYPVDKVACYVSDDG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SAMLTFESLSETAEFAKKWVPFCKKFNIEPRAPEFY 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FAQKIDYLKDKIQPSFVKERRAMKREYEEFKVRINA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LVAKAQKIPEEGWTMQDGTPWPGNNTRDHPGMIQVF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LGHSGGLDTDGNELPRLIYVSREKRPGFQHHKKAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MNALIRVSAVLTNGAYLLNVDCDHYFNNSKAIKEAM 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CFMMDPAIGKKCCYVQFPQRFDGIDLHDRYANRNIV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FFDINMKGLDGIQGPVYVGTGCCFNRQALYGYDPVL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TEEDLEPNIIVKSCCGSRKKGKSSKKYNYEKRRGIN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RSDSNAPLFNMEDIDEGFEGYDDERSILMSQRSVEK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RFGQSPVFIAATFMEQGGIPPTTNPATLLKEAIHVI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SCGYEDKTEWGKEIGWTYGSVTEDILTGFKMHARGW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ISIYCNPPRPAFKGSAPINLSDRLNQVLRWALGSIE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ILLSRHCPIWYGYHGRLRLLERIAYINTIVYPITSI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PLIAYCILPAFCLITDRFIIPEISNYASIWFILLFI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SIAVTGILELRWSGVSIEDWWRNEQFWVIGGTSAHL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FAVFQGLLKVLAGIDTNFTVTSKATDEDGDFAELYI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FKWTALLIPPTTVLLVNLIGIVAGVSYAVNSGYQSW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GPLFGKLFFALWVIAHLYPFLKGLLGRQNRTPTIVI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VWSVLLASIFSLLWVRINPFVDANPNANNFNGKGGV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 F 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Arabidopsis 
                 
                 Cellulose 
                 68 
                 MESEGETAGKPMKNIVPQTCQICSDNVGKTVDGDRF 
               
               
                 CESA3 
                 Synthase A 
                   
                 VACDICSFPVCRPCYEYERKDGNQSCPQCKTRYKRL 
               
               
                   
                 (subunit 3) 
                   
                 KGSPAIPGDKDEDGLADEGTVEFNYPQKEKISERML 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GWHLTRGKGEEMGEPQYDKEVSHNHLPRLTSRQDTS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GEFSAASPERLSVSSTIAGGKRLPYSSDVNQSPNRR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IVDPVGLGNVAWKERVDGWKMKQEKNTGPVSTQAAS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ERGGVDIDASTDILADEALLNDEARQPLSRKVSIPS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SRINPYRMVIMLRLVILCLFLHYRITNPVPNAFALW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LVSVICEIWFALSWILDQFPKWFPVNRETYLDRLAL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RYDREGEPSQLAAVDIFVSTVDPLKEPPLVTANTVL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SILAVDYPVDKVSCYVFDDGAAMLSFESLAETSEFA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RKWVPFCKKYSIEPRAPEWYFAAKIDYLKDKVQTSF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VKDRRAMKREYEEFKIRINALVSKALKCPEEGWVMQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DGTPWPGNNTGDHPGMIQVFLGQNGGLDAEGNELPR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LVYVSREKRPGFQHHKKAGAMNALVRVSAVLTNGPF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DLKLDCDHYINNSKALREAMCFLMDPNLGKQVCYVQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FPQRFDGIDKNDRYANRNTVFFDINLRGLDGIQGPV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 YVGTGCVFNRTALYGYEPPIKVKHKKPSLLSKLCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SRKKNSKAKKESDKKKSGRHTDSTVPVFNLDDIEEG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VEGAGFPPEKALLMSQMSLEKRFGQSAVFVASTLME 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NGGVPPSATPENLLKEAIHVISCGYEDKSDWGMEIG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WIYGSVTEDILTGFKMHARGWRSIYCMPKLPAFKGS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 APINLSDRLNQVLRWALGSVEILFSRHCPIWYGYNG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RLKFLERFAYWTTIYPITSIPLLMYCTLLAVCLFTN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QFIIPQISNIASIWFLSLFLSIFATGILEMRWSGVG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IDEWWRNEQFWVIGGVSAHLFAVFQGILKVLAGIDT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NFTVTSKASDEDGDFAELYLFKWTTLLIPPTLLIVN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LVGVVAGYSYAINSGYQSWGPLFGKLFFAFWVIVHL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 YPFLKGLMGRQNRTPTIVVVWSVLLASIFSLLWVRI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DPFTSRVTGPDILECGINC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Arabidopsis 
                 
                 Cellulose 
                 69 
                 METHRKNSVVGNILHTCHPCRRTIPYRIYAIFHTCG 
               
               
                 CSLG1 
                 Synthase 
                   
                 IIALMYHHVHSLVTANNTLITCLLLLSDIVLAFMWA 
               
               
                   
                 Like G 
                   
                 TTTSLRLNPVHRTECPEKYAAKPEDFPKLDVFICTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DPYKEPPMMVVNTALSVMAYEYPSDKISVYVSDDGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SSLTFFALIEAAKFSKQWLPFCKKNNVQDRSPEVYF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SSESHSRSDEAENLKMMYEDMKSRVEHVVESGKVET 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AFITCDQFRGVFDLWTDKFSRHDHPTIIQVLQNSET 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DMDNTRKYIMPNLFYVSREKSKVSPHHFKAGALNTL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LRVSGVMTNSPIILTLDCDMYSNDPATLVRALCYLT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DPEIKSGLGYVQFPQKFLGISKNDTYACENKRLFII 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NMVGFDGLMGPTHVGTGCFFNRRAFYGPPYMLILPE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 INELKPYRIADKSIKAQDVLSLAHNVAGCIYEYNTN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WGSKIGFRYGSLVEDYYTGFMLHCEGWRSVFCNPKK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAFYGDSPKCLVDLVGQQIRWAVGLFEMSFSKYSPI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TYGIKSLDLLMGLGYCNSPFKPFWSIPLTVYGLLPQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LALISGVSVFPKASDPWFWLYITLFFGAYAQDLSDF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LLEGGTYRKWWNDQRMLMIKGLSSFFFGFIEFILKT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LNLSTPKFNVTSKANDDDEQRKRYEQEIFDFGTSSS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MFLPLTTVAIVNLLAFVWGLYGILFCGGELYLELML 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VSFAWNCLPIYGAMVLRKDDGKLSKRTCFLAGNLHV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GSYCVKLLRPQVTSPLRLIHNNNTSGWFKRKKHNMN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ESV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Spinach 
                 cellulose 
                 70 
                 MEATGGMVAGSYKRNELVRIRHDSTDSGSKSLKNLD 
               
               
                 CESA1 
                 synthase A 
                   
                 GQICQICGDTVGVTSNGGVFVACNECAFPVCRPCYE 
               
               
                   
                 catalytic 
                   
                 YERKDGNQCCPQCKTRYKRQKGSLRVEGDDEEEDVD 
               
               
                   
                 subunit 1 
                   
                 DLDNEFNYERGTSKARHQWQGEDVDLSSSSRHGSQP 
               
               
                   
                 [UDP- 
                   
                 IPLLTNGQVVSGEIPSATPDNQSVRSTSGPIGPEKR 
               
               
                   
                 forming] 
                   
                 GNHSLPYIDPCLPVPVRIVDPSKDLNSYGLGSVDWK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ERVESWKLKQEKNMTHTGNRYSEGKGGDVEGSGSNG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EELQLADDVRQPMSRIVPIPSSFILTPYRAVIIFRL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IILVFFLQFRITHPVEDAYPLWLTSVICEIWFAMSW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ILDQFPKWYPINRETYLDRLAFRHDREGEPSQLAPI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DVFVSTVDPLKEPPIITANTVLSILAVDYPVDKVSC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 YVSDDGSAMLTFEGLSETAEFARKWVPFCKKFSIEP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RAPEFYFQQKIDYLKDKIQPSFVKERRAMKREYEEF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KVRINALVAKAQKVPEEGWTMQDGTAWPGNNPRDHP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GMIQVFLGHSGGLDMDGNELPRLVYVSREKRPGFQH 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 HKKAGAMNALIRVSAVLTNGAYILNVDCDHYFNNSK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CLKEAMCFMMDPALGKKVCYVQFPQRFDGIDLHDRY 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ANRNIVFFDINMKGQDGIQGPVYVGTGCCFNRQALY 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GYDPVLTEEDFEPNFIIKNCFGSRKKGKSGNKKYMD 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KKRGPKRSESSIPIFNMEDIEEGVEGYEDEKSLLMS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QKRLEKRFGQSPVFIAATFMEMGGIPPTTNPATLLK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EAIHVISCGYEDKSEWGKEIGWIYGSVIEDILTGFK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 MHARGWMSIYCMPPRPAFKGSAPLNLSDRLNQVLRW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ALGSIEIMLSRHCPIWYGYKGRLRFLERLAYINTVV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 YPLTSIPLIAYCILPAICLLTNKFIIPTLSNFASIL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FIMLFMSLAATGILELRWSGVSIEDWWRNEQFWVIG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTSAHLFAVFQGLLKVLAGIDTNFTVTSKAADEDGD 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FAELYIFKWTALLIPPTTVLIVNLVGVVAGVSYAIN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SGYQSWGPLFGKLFFSFWVIAHLYPFLKGLLGRQNR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TPTIVIVWSVLLASIFSLLWVRINPFTTDAEKAAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NQCGINC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Spinach 
                 cellulose 
                 71 
                 MMEDSQSGVKPTKQANEQVCQICSDNIGTTVDGEPF 
               
               
                 CESA3 
                 synthase A 
                   
                 VACDVCSFPVCRACYEYERKDGTQSCPQCKTRYKRQ 
               
               
                   
                 catalytic 
                   
                 KGSPAIHGEKVEDSDVEDWSDVNEPLGSSILKEKPQ 
               
               
                   
                 subunit 3 
                   
                 ERMLGWHMNHGQSGELGPPTYDKEAPISHIPRLATG 
               
               
                   
                 [UDP- 
                   
                 RTVSGDLSAASPGRFSMPSPGASTGANIRVSREFAS 
               
               
                   
                 forming] 
                   
                 PGFGNVAWKERIDGWKMKQEKSTGPPSVSHAPSEGR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FANDIDASTETAMDDPLLNDETRQPLSRKVPIPSSR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 INPYRMYIVLRLAVLGIFLHYRVTNPVPNAYALWLI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SVICEIWFAFSWILDQFPKWLPINRETYLDRLALRY 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DREGEPSQLAAVDIFVSTVDPLKEPPLVTANTVLSI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LAVDYPVDKVSCYVSDDGAAMLTFEALSETSEFARK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WYPFTKKYNIEPRAPEWYFSQKIDYLKDKVQTTFVK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DRRAMKREYEEFKIRINGLVAKATKVPEEGWVMQDG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TPWPGNNTRDHPGMIQVFLGQSGGLDTDGNELPRLV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 YVSREKRPGFTHHKKAGAMNSLVRVSAVLTNGPFML 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 NLDCDHYINNSKALREAMCFMMDPNLGKYCCYVQFP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QRFDGIDRNDRYANRNTVFFDINLRGLDGIQGPVYY 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTGCVFNRTALYGYEPPIKPKPKKKGILSSCFGGSR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KKSSKKDSKKKSKTIADPTVPIFNLEDIEEGVEGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FDDEKSLLMSQISLEKRFGKSEVFVASTLMENGGVP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QSATPDTLLKEAIHVISCGYEDKTDWGAEIGWIYGS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VTEDILTGFKMHARGWRSIYCMPKLAAFKGSAPINL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SDRLNQVLRWALGSVEILFSRHCPLWYGYGGRLKWL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ERFAYINTTIYPLTSIPLLAYCTLPAVCLLTGKFII 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PQISNLASVWFLSLFLSIFATGILEMRWSGVGIDEW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WRNEQFWVIGGISAHLFAVFQGLLKVLAGIDTNFTV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TSKASDEDGDFTELYLFKWTTLLIPPTTILIVNLVA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VVAGISYAINSGYQSWGPLFGKLFFAFWVIVHLYPF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LKGLMGRQNRTPTIVVVWSILLASIFSLLWVRVDPF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTRVTGPDVHICGINC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCSLA1_ 
                   
                 86 
                 ATGTCTCTATTTCTGAAGCCCTTCCTCTTCCTATAC 
               
               
                 At4g16590 
                   
                   
                 GACACCACTCTTAGTCTTCTCTTACTTCTGTTCAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGATGGAGTCTTGAGGATACAGCAGCAGCCCAAAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGGCGTGAAGCAGACAAAAATGCTGCAGAAACTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGATCCAACTCCAATACTTGTGGACCAAAACAAGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGTGTTGTACTACTTCCCGTTTTCAAGGGTTTGGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTTATGTGTTTGGTTCTATCCATTATAGTGTTCTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGAGTTTTTACATGAACTTTGTGATACTCTTCGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGTTATTTAAACTGTAAACCCCATAAAGTGTACAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGGGAGGCCATGCAAGAAGATGTTGAGGTTGGACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGATAACTACCCAATGGTTCTTATCCAAATACCAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTACAATGAAAAAGAGGAAGGTGTGGACGTAGAGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCAAAATGGCAAAGCCAAGGCATAAACATAAGGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGAAAGGAGAGATAACAGGAACGGCTACAAAGCCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGCTATGAAAGAAGCTCTTACGCAGAGCTACGTCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCAATGCGACTTCGTAGCAGTCTTCGATGCTGATTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCAACCCGAGCCCGATTATCTCATCCGCGCTGTCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTCCTTGTCCACAACCCTGACGTTGCTCTAGTTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGCCCGATGGATATTTGTTAACGCGAACAAATGCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATGACGAGGATGCAAGAGATGTCTCTCAACTATCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTCAAAGTGGAACAAGAATCAGGGTCGACTAGACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCTTTCTTCGGGTTTAATGGAACCGCGGGTGTATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGAATATCGGCAATGGAAGCAGCAGGAGGATGGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATCAAGGACCACAGTAGAGGACATGGACTTGGCTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCGTGTTGGTCTTCATGGCTGGAAATTTGTCTACCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAACGACCTCACGGTGAGAAACGAGCTTCCAAGCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATTTAAGGCCTACAGATTCCAGCAACATAGGTGGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTGTGGACCGGCGAATCTATTTAGAAAAATGACGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAGATCATTTTCAATAAGAGAGTATCAATTTGGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAAAGTGGCGGTACACTTCTTGACATTCTTCTTCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTGTATAATTGTGCCAACAAGTGTCTTCTTCCCTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATCCACATCCCATCTTGGTCTACCATTTACGTTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCTTTGATCAGTATCTTCCACACCCTGGCAACTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGATCCTTCTACCTCGTGATATTTTGGGTCTTGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGAGAATGTAATGGCTATGCATCGAACCAAAGGTAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTGCATTGGCCTACTTGAAGGAGGAAGAGTAAACGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGGGTTGTGACCGAAAAACTAGGAGATGCTTTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGTAAGCTACTCTCTCGGGTAGTCCAAAGAAAATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGTTATCAAAGAGTGAATTCCAAGGAAGTGATGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGGGGTATACATATTAGGATGTGCACTCTATGGCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATCTATGGGCACACATGGTTACATTTCTATCTTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTTCAGGCCACAGCCTTTTTCGTCTCCGGTTTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTTGTCGGAACCTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCSLA1_ 
                   
                 87 
                 MSLFLKPFLFLYDTTLSLLLLLFNGWSLEDTAAAQK 
               
               
                 At4gl6590 
                   
                   
                 RREADKNAAETEWIQLQYLWTKTRSVVLLPVFKGLV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VMCLVLSIIVFFESFYMNFVILFVKLFKRKPHKVYK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WEAMQEDVEVGPDNYPMVLIQIPMYNEKEEGVDVEI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AKWQSQGINIRCERRDNRNGYKAGAMKEALTQSYVK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QCDFVAVFDADFQPEPDYLIRAVPFLVHNPDVALVQ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ARWIFVNANKCLMTRMQEMSLNYHFKVEQESGSTRH 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AFFGFNGTAGVWRISAMEAAGGWKSRITVEDMDLAV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 RVGLHGWKFVYLNDLTVRNELPSKFKAYRFQQHRWS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGPANLFRKMTMEIIFNKRVSIWKKFYVIYSFFFVR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KVAVHFLTFFFYCIIVPTSVFFPEIHIFSWSTIYVP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SLISIFHTLATPRSFYLVIFWVLFENVMAMHRTKGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CIGLLEGGRVNEWVVTEKLGDALKSKLLSRVVQRKS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CYQRVNSKEVMVGVYILGCALYGLIYGHTWLHFYLF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LQATAFFVSGFGFVGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCSLB1_ 
                   
                 88 
                 ATGGCGGATTCAAGCTTTTCTCTTCCTCCTCTTTGT 
               
               
                 AT2G32610 
                   
                   
                 GAAAGGATCTCATACACGAACTATTTTCTAAGAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTATATCTCACGGTTCTAGGCCTTTTCTTTTCTCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCTTGCACGGAATCCGACATACGAQCGAATACGAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AACGTTTGGCTCGTGGCTTTCTTTTGTGAATCTTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCTTCTTGGTATGTCTGCTTATTACTTGCCTAAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGAGTCCTGCTGATACTAAACCCTTTCCTGATAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTGATGAAAGGGTTCATGACCTTCCTTCGGTGGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGTTCGTGCCCACAGCAGATCCGGTTCGAGAGCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCGATTATGGTTGTGGACACCGTGCTTTCGCTGTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCTGTAAATTATCCGGCAAATAAACTAGCTTGTTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTGTCGGACGATGGATGCTCACCTCTCACTTATTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTCTCAAGGAAGCTTCTAAGTTCGCCAAGATTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTACCGTTCTGCAAAAAGTACAACACTAGAGTTAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCTCCTTCTAGATATTTTCTGAAACCTATAAGCGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCAACAGAGGATTATGAATTCAATAGAGACTGGGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGACGAAGAGGGAGTACGAGAAGTTGAGGCGGAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTGGAAGATGCCACCGGAGATTCTCATATGTTGGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTAGAAGATGATTTTGAAGCATTCTCAAAGAGAAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCAAATGATCATTCAACTCTAGTTAAGGTGGTATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGAACAAGGGAGGTGTAGGAGACGAGAAAGAGATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCTCATATCATATACATATCAAGAGAGAAAAGACCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATTATGTTCATAATCAAAAATGTGGAGCCATGAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTCTGGCAAGAGTGTCAGGGTTGATGACAAACGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCATACATCTTGAACGTGGATTGCGACATGTATGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATGATGCAGATGTAGTCCGACAAGCAATGTGTATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTCTGCAAGAATCATTAAATATGAAACATTGTGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTGTTCAATTCCGTCAAGAATTCTATGATTCAAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACCGAGCTAATAGTCGTCCTACAATCACATTTGGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGAGGAATCGCGGGAATCCAAGGACCGATATATATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGATCAGGATGCGTCCACACGAGAAGAGTTATGTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGTTTATCTCCAGACGATTTCGAAGTTGATGGAAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTTCTTCAGTTGCTACAAGGGAGTTTTTGGTTAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATAGTTTAGGGAGAAGATTTGGTAATTCTAAAGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGATGAAATCAGTGGTTGATGCAATACAAAGAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCAAATCCACAAAATATACTTACAAACTCCATAGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCGGCTCGAGAAGTGGGACATTGTCAGTACGAGTAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAAACCAGCTGGGGAAACACCATCGGCTGGTTATAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATTCAGTGGCGGAAGATTTAAACACGAGTATCGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATACATTCGAGAGGTTGGACTAGCTCATACATTTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCGGATACACCTGCATTTCTTGGATCTATGCCGGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAGTAGCCGAGGCGTTACTCCAGCAGCGTCGATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCGACAGGATGGATCGAAATCCTTTTCAACAAGCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGTCCGTTGCGAGGATTGTTTAGCAAGAAAATAAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCCGACAACGATTAGCTTATCTTTGCATTATCACC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGTCTAAGGTCAATCCCTGAGCTTATTTATTGTCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTCCTGCTTATTGCCTACTCCACAACTCTACCTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCCCCAAGGGACTTTATTTAGGCATAACTGTCACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTGTTGGGATACATTGTCTCTATACTCTATGGGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTATGAGCCTTGGTTATTCCGTACAATCGTGGCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTCTCCCAATCAGTTTGGAGAATAGTAGCCACTAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGTTGGTTATTTAGCATCTTTGATATCACACTCAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTCTTGGCATCTCGGAAACGGTGTTCATAATCACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAAAGACTGTGGCTGGGACCAAGTCAGCATTAGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTGGACCCTCTCAAGGAGAAGACGTTGGTCCAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCAGACTTGTTTAAATTTGAATTTGATGGCTCACTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGTTTCTTGCCTGGCACATTTATTGTGTTGGTGAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATAGCCGCTCTAGCTGTTTTTTCTGTGGGTCTACAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGGTCGAGTTACAGCCATGAAGGACTCTTGGTTCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTCTGGCAGAGGCTTGCGGATGTGTTTTGGTAATGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGTTGTTCCTTCCATTTCTAATGGGTTTGTTTAAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGGAAAATATGGAACCCCATTGTCTACTCTCTCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAGCTGGCTTTTTAGCAGTTTTATTTGTTGTTTTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTGTTTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCSLB1_ 
                   
                 89 
                 MADSSFSLPPLCERISYTNYFLRAVYLTVLGLFFSL 
               
               
                 AT2G32610 
                   
                   
                 LLHRIRHTSEYDNVWLVAFFCESCFFLVCLLITCLK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 WSPADTKPFPDRLDERVHDLPSVDMFVPTADPVREP 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PIMVVDTVLSLLAYNYPANKLACYVSDDGCSPLTYF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SLKEASKFAKIWVPFCKKYNTRVRAPSRYFLKPISV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATEDYEFNRDWEKTKREYEKLRRKVEDATGDSHMLD 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VEDDFEAFSNTKPNDHSTLVKVVWENKGGVGDEKEI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PHIIYISREKRPNYVHNQKCGAMNFLARYSGLMTNA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PYILNVDCDMYANDADVVRQAMCILLQESLNMKHCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FVQFRQEFYDSSTELIVVLQSHLGRGIAGIQGPIYI 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GSGCVHTRRVMYGLSPDDFEVDGSLSSVATREFLVK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 DSLARRFGNSKEMMKSVVDAIQRNPNPQNILTNSIE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAREVGHCQYEYQTSWGNTIGWLYDSVAEDLNTSIG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IHSRGWTSSYISPDTPAFLGSMPAGVPEALLQQRRW 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGWIEILFNKQSPLRGLFSKKIRFRQRLAYLCIIT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CLRSIPELIYCLLPAYCLLHNSTLFPKGLYLGITVT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LVGIHCLYTLWEFMSLGYSVQSWLVSQSVWRIVATS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SWLFSIFDITLKLLGISETYFIITKKTVAGTKSALG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SGPSQGEDVGPNSDLFKFEFDGSLCFLPGTFIVLVN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 IAALAVFSVGLQRSSYSHEGGGSGLAEACGCVLVMM 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LFLPFLMGLFKKGKYGTPLSTLSIAGFLAVLFVVFS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 V 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCSLE1_ 
                   
                 90 
                 ATGGTAAACAAAGACGACCGGATTAGACCGGTTCAT 
               
               
                 AT1G55850 
                   
                   
                 GAAGCCGACGGTGAACCGCTTTTTGAGACTAGGAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGAACCGGTAGAGTGATTGCGTACCGGTTTTTCTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCCTCGGTTTTCGTGTGTATCTGTTTGATTTGGTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TACAGAATTGGTGAGATTGGTGATAACCGTACCGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTAGATCGATTAATCTGGTTTGTTATGTTTATTGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGATTTGGTTCGGTTTATATTGGGTAGTCACACAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTTCCGGGTGGAATCCGGTTTGGCGATTTCCCTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCCGATAGACTCTCTCGGAGATACGGAAGCGACCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCGAGGCTCGACGTCTTCGTTTGCACGGCGGATCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTGATTGAGCCGCCGTTGTTGGTGGTAAACACAGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTATCTGTGACGGCTCTTGACTACCCACCGGAGAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCGCCGTTTATCTCTCAGATGACGGTGGTTCTGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTGACGTTCTATGCTCTCACGGAGGCAGCTGAGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCTAAAACTTGGGTTCCCTTCTGCAAGAAGTTCAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTTGAGCCAACATCTCCCGCTGCTTACTTGTCTTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGGCAAACTGTCTTGATTCTGCGGCTGAGGAGGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCTAAGCTGTATAGAGAAATGGCGGCGAGGATTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACGGCGGCGAGACTGGGACGAATACCGGAGGAGGCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CGGGTGAAGTACGGTGACGGGTTTTCAGAGTGGGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCTGACGCTACTCGAAGAAACCATGGAACCATTCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAAGTTTTGGTAGATGGAAGAGAAGGGAATACAATA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCAATACCAACGTTGGTGTATTTATCAAGAGAAAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGACCTCAACATCATCATAACTTCAAGGCTGGAGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGAACGCATTGCTGAGGGTTTCTTCGAAAATTACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGTGGGAAAATCATACTAAACTTGGACTGTGATATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TACGCAAACAACTCAAAGTCAACACGCGACGCGCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCATCCTCCTCGATGAGAAAGAGGGAAAAGAGATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCTTTCGTGCAGTTTCCGCAGTGTTTTGACAATGTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACAAGAAATGATTTGTATGGAAGCATGATGCGAGTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAATTGATCTGGAATTTCTTGGATTGGATGGAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGTGGTCCGTTATACATTGGAACTGGATGCTTTCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGAAGAGATGTGATCTGTGGAAGAAAGTATGGAGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAAGAAGAAGAAGAAGAATCTGAGAGAATTCACGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATTTAGAGCCTGAGATGATTAAGGCTCTCGCGAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCACTTATGAGGAAAACACTCAATGGGGAAAGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGGGTGTGAAATATGGTTGCCCGGTAGAGGATGTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATAACTGGTTTGACGATTCAGTGTCGCGGATGGAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCAGCCTACCTGAACCCGGAAAAGCAAGCATTTCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGGGTAGCGCCGACCAATTTGCATCAAATGCTAGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAGCAGAGGAGATGGTCAGAGGGAGACTTTCAGATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGCTTTCGAAGTATAGTCCGGTTTGGTATGGAAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAAAGATCAGTTTAGGACTGATACTTGGTTACTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCTATTGTCTTTGGGCTCCATCTTCACTACCTGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCATTTACTCTGTTTTGACTTCTCTCTGTCTCTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAAGGCATTCCTCTGTTTCCAAAGGTCTCGAGCTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGTTTATTCCGTTTGGATACGTCACTGTTGCAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACCGCATATAGCCTAGCCGAGTTCTTGTGGTGCGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGGACGTTCCGTGGATGGTGGAACGAGCAAAGGATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGCTTTATAGAAGAACAAGCTCGTTTCTTTTCGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTATGGACACGATTAAGAAGCTACTTGGAGTTTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGTCTGCGTTTGTGATCACAGCAAAAGTAGCAGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAAGAAGCAGCAGAGAGATACAAGGAAGAGGTAATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAGTTTGGAGTGGAGTCTCCCATGTTTCTCGTCCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAACACTCGGTATGCTCAATCTCTTCTGCTTCGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCAGCGGTTGCGAGACTTGTTTCCGGAGACGGTGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATTTGAAAACAATGGGGATGCAATTTGTGATAACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGAGTACTAGTTGTCATAAACTGGCCTCTGTATAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGTATGTTGTTGAGGCAAGACAAAGGAAAGATGCGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATGAGCGTTACAGTTAAATCAGTTGTTTTAGCTTTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTGCCTGTACCTGTTTAGCGTTTTTGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCSLE1_ 
                   
                 91 
                 MVNKDDRIRPVHEADGEPLFETRRRTCRVIAYRFFS 
               
               
                 AT1G55850 
                   
                   
                 ASVFVCICLIWFYRIGEIGDNRTVLDRLIWFVMFIV 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EIWFGLYWVVTQSSRWNPVWRFPFSDRLSRRYGSDL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PRLDVFVCTADPVIEPPLLVVNTVLSVTALDYPPEK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LAVYLSDDGGSELTFYALTEAAEFAKIWVPFCKKFN 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VEPTSPAAYLSSKANCLDSAAEEVAKLYREMAARIE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAARLGRIPEEARVKYGDGFSQWDADATRRNHGTIL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 QVLVDGREGNTIAIPTLVYLSREKRPQFIHHNFKAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AMNALLRVSSKITCGKIILNLDCDMYANNSKSTRDA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LCILLDEKEGKEIAFVQFPQCFDNVTRNDLYGSMMR 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 VGIDVEFLGLDGNGGPLYIGTGCFHRRDVICGRKYG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EEEEEEESERIHENLEPEMIKALASCTYEENTQWGK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 EMGVKYGCPVEDVITGLHQGRGWKSAYLNPEKQAFL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GVAPTNLHQMLVQQRRWSEGDFQIMLSKYSPVWYGK 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GKISLGLILGYCCYCLWAPSSLPVLIYSVLTSLCLF 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 KGIPLFPKVSSSWFIPFGYVTVAATAYSLAEFLWCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTFRGWWNEQRMWLYRRTSSFLFGFMDTTKKLLGVS 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ESAFVITAKVAEEEAAERYKEEVMEFGVESPMFLVL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTLGMLNLFCFAAAVARLVSGDGGDLKTMGMQFVIT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GVLVVINWPLYKGMLLRQDKGKMPMSVTVKSVVLAL 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 SACTCLAFL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCSLG1_ 
                   
                 92 
                 ATGGAGACTCATAGAAAGAACTCGGTCGTCGGCAAC 
               
               
                 AT4G24010 
                   
                   
                 ATCCTCCACACGTGTCATCCTTGCCGGCGCACCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCATATAGAATCTACGCCATATTTCACACGTGTGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATCATAGCTCTCATGTATCACCATGTACACTCACTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTCACAGCAAACAACACTCTTATAACATGTCTTCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCCTCTCCGATATTGTTCTCGCCTTCATGTGGGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACCACAACTTCCCTCCGCTTAAACCCGGTTCATCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACCGAGTGCCCGGAGAAATATGCAGCTAAACCGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GACTTTCCAAAGCTGGACGTGTTTATATGCACGGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATCCGTACAAGGAGCCTCCAATGATGGTTGTTAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ACCGCTTTATCGGTGATGGCTTACGAGTATCCGTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATAAGATCTCGGTGTATGTATCGGACGATGGAGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCGTCGTTGACTTTCTTTGCTCTTATTGAAGCTGGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGTTCTCTAAGCAGTGGTTGCCCTTTTGCAAGAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATAATGTTCAAGATCGGTCTCCTGAAGTTTATTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCTTCAGAGTCACATTCTCGAAGTGATGAAGCTGAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AACCTTAAGATGATGTACGAAGACATGAAGAGTAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTAGAACATGTGGTGGAGAGTGGAAAAGTTGAAACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GCGTTTATCACATGCGACCAATTTCGTGGGGTATTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATTTGTGGACCGACAAATTCAGTCGTCATGACGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCCACAATTATTCAGGTGTTGCAAAATAGCGAGACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATATGGACAATACCAGAAAATATATAATGCCAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTAATCTATGTTTCAAGAGAGAAGAGTAAAGTTTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCACATCATTTCAAAGCTGGTGCTCTTAATACTTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTACGAGTATCAGGGGTGATGACAAATTCACCGAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CATTCTAACACTAGACTGTGATATGTATTCGAACGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCCGGCAACACTGGTTCGTGCTTTGTGCTATTTAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AGATGCTGAAATCAAATCCGGTTTAGGATATGTGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTTTCCTCAGAAATTTCTAGGAATAAGCAAAAATGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TATATATGCTTGTGAAAACAAACGCCTCTTCATTAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAATATGGTTGGGTTTGATGGTCTAATGGGTCCAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TCATGTGGGAACTGGTTGTTTCTTTAATCGACGAGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTTCTATGGACCTCCATATATGTTGATTTTACCGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GATAAATGAACTAAAGCCTTATCGGATTGCGGATAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTCTATCAAAGCCCAAGATGTTTTGTCATTAGCACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAATGTAGCAGGATGTATCTATGAGTACAATACTCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATTGGGGATCCAAGATTGGATTCAGATATGGGTCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TAGTAGAAGACTACTACACAGGGTTTATGCTCCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTGAAGGATGGAGATCAGTATTTTGCAACCCAAAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGCTGCATTTTATGGAGATTCCCCAAAGTGCCTAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTGATCTTGTGGGTCAACAAATCCGTTGGGCAGTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GGCTTTTCGAAATGTCCTTTTCAAAGTATAGCCCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTACCTATGGAATCAAGTCACTGGACCTTTTAATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTTTTAGGTTATTGCAACTCTCCGTTTAAGCCATTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGGTCAATTCCTCTGACCGTCTATGGACTTTTACCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAGCTTGCACTCATTTCTGGAGTTAGTGTCTTCCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAGGCATCTGATCCGTGGTTTTGGCTTTACATCATT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTATTCTTTTGGGGCTTATGCCCAAGATCTATCAGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTTTTTATTGGAAGGAGGAACTTATGGGAAATGGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAACGATCAAAGAATGTTGATGATAAAAGGACTCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCATTCTTCTTTGGTTTTATAGAGTTCATTCTCAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AACCCTAAACCTCTCCACACCTAAGTTCAACGTCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CAGTAAAGCCAATGATGATGACGAACAGAGGAAGCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTACGAGCAAGAAATCTTTGATTTCGGAACCTCTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GTCCATGTTCTTGCCCTTGACCACGGTTGCCATAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAATCTGCTTGCTTTTGTCTGGGGGCTTTATCTGTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TTCTCTTCTGCGGAGGAGAACTCTACCTTGAGCTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TGCTGGTGAGCTTCGCCTGTGGTGAATTGCTTACCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ATCTACGGGGCTATGGTGTTGAGGAAAGATGATGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AAATTATCAAAAAGAACTTGTTTCTTAGCTGGGAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CTCCACGTTGGTTCTTATTGTGTCAAGTTACTTCGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 CCTCAAGTAACTTCACCCCTTAGGTTAATTCACAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATAATACGTCTGGCTGGTTCAAGCGGAAGAAACAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 AATATGAATGAATCTGTGTAA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Three channels were also detected that could possibly form the passage of the triterpenoid aglycone into the enzyme active site and a channel that could be the exit path for the glucuronidated product ( FIGS. 49A-49C ). In cellulose synthase A (CESA) proteins, transmembrane domains (TMDs) form a pore that allows passing of polysaccharide chains through the membrane to the extracellular space. The out-of-membrane domain in CESAs holds the enzyme active site, as well as four motifs that are conserved among all such proteins and predicted to be involved in substrate and/or acceptor binding, i.e., DD, DCD, ED and QVLRW (L. Sethaphong et al., Tertiary model of a plant cellulose synthase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 18, 7512-7 (2013)) ( FIG. 48 —red boxes). Alignment of amino acid sequences of CESA and SOAP5 from spinach showed that ED (in SOAP5: ES) and QVLRW (in SOAP5: QLIKW) motifs are not conserved in SOAP5 ( FIG. 48 ). 
     To check if the presence of CESA type amino acid motifs can affect SOAP5 activity, three mutated version of SOAP5 were created, as follows: (i) serine 442 substituted by aspartic acid (S442D), (ii) lysine 483 swapped with arginine (K483R) and (iii) both substitutions (S442D/K483R). Expression of mutated proteins together with SOAP1-4 in  N. benthamiana  demonstrated that modification of these motifs in SOAP5 alters enzyme performance. Wild type SOAP5 converts the entire medicagenic acid pool to MA-3-GlcA (MA-3-GlcA:MA: ratio 0:1), SOAP5-S442D or SOAP5-K483R could still effectively glucuronidate MA (MA-3-GlcA:MA ratio 0.03:1 and 0.09:1, respectively), while SOAP5-S442D/K483R was only able to partially process MA (MA-3-GlcA:MA ratio 0.90:1) ( FIGS. 50A and 50B ). Our observations indicate that change of the neutral amino acid to a negatively charged one causes steric hindrance in the enzyme active site in addition to affecting binding of the anionic substrate (UDP-GlcA), thus simultaneously reducing the enzymes efficiency. Changes of the amino acids (S442D and K483R) in the active site during the enzymes evolution could have been crucial for accepting UDP-GlcA instead of UDP-Glc and resulted in neofunctionalization of CESA proteins. 
     Summary: It appears that differences in key amino acid residues of CESA result in neofunctionalization of the enzyme to a CSLG enzyme activity. Another feature of CSLG that is crucial for its new triterpenoid related function was localization to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 
     Example 25: Subcellular Localization of the Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthetic Pathway 
     Objective: To investigate the subcellular localization of the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway. 
     Methods: See Materials and Methods above. 
     Results: The subcellular localization of the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway was studies. The ER membrane system is a pertinent environment for the production of specialized metabolites such as steroids and triterpenoids. Many enzymes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis, including squalene synthase, squalene epoxidase, oxidosqualene cyclases and most of the known CYP450s are membrane bound and operate within the ER compartment (C. A. Hasemann et al., Structure and function of cytochromes P450: a comparative analysis of three crystal structures. Structure. 1, 41-62(1995); K. B. Linscott, T. D. Niehaus, X. Zhuang, S. A. Bell, J. Chappell, Mapping a kingdom-specific functional domain of squalene synthase. BBA—Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1861, 1049-1057 (2016); M. Christen et al., Structural insights on cholesterol endosynthesis: Binding of squalene and 2,3-oxidosqualene to supernatant protein factor. Journal of Structural Biology. 190, 261-270 (2015); R. Thoma et al., Insight into steroid scaffold formation from the structure of human oxidosqualene cyclase, Nature. 7013, 118-22 (2004)). 
     Transient expression of SOAP5 fused to a fluorescent reporter (SOAP5:mRFP) together with a cellular compartment marker (ER marker in fusion with GFP) demonstrated its localization to the ER network ( FIGS. 51A-51F ). Previously it was shown that the microsomal fraction from germinating soybean seeds contains a protein able to glucuronidate soyasapogenol B, supporting transmembrane localization of SOAP5 (Y. Kurosawa, H. Takahara, M Shiraiwa, UDP-glucuronic acid:soyasapogenol glucuronosyltransferase involved in saponin biosynthesis in germinating soybean seeds. Planta. 215, 620-9 (2002)). Next, fluorescently tagged versions of SOAP1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were expressed in various combinations and ER co-localization of all proteins examined was observed ( FIGS. 35A-35F ,  FIG. 52A-52F ). Detection of high quantities of MA-3-GlcA in leaves simultaneously expressing all fusion proteins demonstrated that the fluorescent signals observed originated from functional, and hence properly folded and subcellularly localized proteins ( FIG. 53 ). Also observed using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was that SOAP1-5 proteins are located in proximity to each other and therefore possibly interact ( FIGS. 54A-54B ). Accurate colocalization of studied proteins could explain the high efficiency of performed reactions by decreasing the diffusion of the intermediates. 
     Summary: These studies showed that at least enzymes SOAP1-5 are localized in the ER in close proximity to each other. 
     GENERAL CONCLUSIONS FROM THE EXAMPLES 
     These studies on steroidal alkaloid, steroidal saponin, and triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in tomato, potato, eggplant, and spinach resulted in discovery and characterization of genes that complete the biosynthetic pathway of complex triterpenoid saponins and elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of complex steroidal alkaloids and steroidal saponins. Discovery of the unprecedented function of cellulose synthase like G proteins as glucuronosyltransferases of triterpenoid aglycones in seven plant species belonging to two distinct orders, proves that glycosylation of specialized metabolites is not exclusively performed by GTs belonging to 1 family Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes Database (CAZY). This finding will most likely trigger the discovery of additional functions of CSL enzymes related to other specialized metabolites (SMs). Additionally, the discovery of unique SOAP6 fucosyltransferase activity was demonstrated, as well as characterization of first BAHD acyltransferase (SOAP10) capable of acetylating sugar moieties of triterpenoid saponins. Similarly, GAME15 may in certain embodiments glycosylate steroidal alkaloids and steroidal saponins. In some embodiments, GAME15 glycoylation comprises transfer of a glucuronic acid (glucuronosyltransferase activity). Moreover, decreased expression of steroidal alkaloids and steroidal saponins provides a new approach to the increase in content of plant cholesterols, phytocholesterols, cholestenols, phytocholestenols, and phytosterols, which are useful as nutritional, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical agents, 
     The unexpected finding of CSLG proteins activity as triterpenoid glucuronosyltransferases shows that glycosylation of SMs is not exclusively executed by family 1 type UGTs. Hence, this report is likely to trigger the discovery of CSL enzymes functioning in modification of other classes of terpenoids and SMs, as well as in other classes of steroidal alkaloids and/or steroidal saponins. It moreover provides a fundamental example of how enzyme activity in one of the few principal plant processes, i.e., the cellulose synthesis machinery constructing cell walls, is ‘hijacked’ in order to produce a set of unrelated, defense specialized metabolites. Co-localization of SOAP5 at the spinach ER membrane with most other pathway proteins rather than the cytosol (in which UGTs localize) was part of evolving its new function. It suggests the importance of physical proximity between these enzymes for efficient triterpenoids production. This physical proximity was also reflected at the gene level as well, with respect to the GAME genes as a gene cluster in tomato. Apart from glucuronic acid, a yet undisclosed fucosyltransferase was identified acting on metabolites (i.e. SOAP6), as all plant fucosyltransferases to date were associated with fucosylation of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. While BAHD type acyltransferases are frequently associated with modification of SMs they were on no occasion reported to acylate triterpenoids as is demonstrated here for SOAP10 acetylating the C-28 fucose moiety of spinach triterpenoid saponins. With similarity to glucuronidation, the acylated fucose domain in triterpenoid saponins is important for their efficacy as therapeutic agents, e.g., adjuvanticity of the renowned QS-21, a potent saponin vaccine adjuvant from  Quillaja saponaria.    
     This work delivers unparalleled strategy for heterologous engineering plants or yeast or other eukaryotic cell systems for sustainable production of high-value metabolites (e.g. glycyrrhizin, soyasaponins, QS-21 adjuvant) for food and pharmaceutical industries by filling a gap in biosynthetic pathways of many glucuronide-type triterpenoid saponins. In addition, it supports engineering endogenous genes within a plant triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway to either increase beneficial triterpenoid saponins, for example but not limited to glycyrrhizin in Chinese licorice, or decrease bitter or unwanted triterpenoid saponins, for example but not limited to their reduction in quinoa. Likewise, toxins and bitter tasting compounds are decreased by the reduction of unwanted steroidal alkaloids and/or steroidal saponins. 
     While certain features of genetically modified cells and uses thereof for producing steroidal alkaloids, steroidal saponins, and triterpenoid saponins have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without undue experimentation and without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. The means, materials, and steps for carrying out various disclosed functions may take a variety of alternative forms without departing from the invention. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the disclosure herein. 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
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                 The patent application contains a lengthy table section. A copy of the table is available in electronic form from the USPTO web site (https://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&amp;DocID=US20220217934A1). An electronic copy of the table will also be available from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.19(b)(3).