Patent Publication Number: US-8537117-B2

Title: Handheld wireless communication device that selectively generates a menu in response to received commands

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is: (i) a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/773,798, filed Feb. 14, 2006; (ii) a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/618,500, filed on Dec. 29, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,669,144 which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/423,837, filed Jun. 13, 2006 now abandoned and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/773,145 60/773,798, 60/773,799, and 60/773,800, filed Feb. 13, 2006, Feb. 14, 2006, Feb. 14, 2006, and Feb. 14, 2006, respectively; and (iii) a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/423,740, filed Jun. 13, 2006. Each of said applications is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure, in a broad sense, is directed toward handheld electronic devices. More specifically, the disclosure is directed toward handheld communication devices that have wireless communication capabilities and the networks within which the wireless communication devices operate. The present disclosure further relates to the user interfaces of these devices, as well as the software that controls and runs applications on the device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     With the advent of more robust wireless communications systems, compatible handheld communication devices are becoming more prevalent, as well as advanced. Where in the past such handheld communication devices typically accommodated either voice transmission (cell phones) or text transmission (pagers and PDAs), today&#39;s consumer often demands a combination device capable of performing both types of transmissions, including even sending and receiving e-mail. Furthermore, these higher-performance devices can also be capable of sending and receiving other types of data including that which allows the viewing and use of Internet websites. These higher level functionalities necessarily require greater user interaction with the devices through included user interfaces (UIs) which may have originally been designed to accommodate making and receiving telephone calls and sending messages over a related Short Messaging Service (SMS). As might be expected, suppliers of such mobile communication devices and the related service providers are anxious to meet these customer requirements, but the demands of these more advanced functionalities have in many circumstances rendered the traditional user interfaces unsatisfactory, a situation that has caused designers to have to improve the UIs through which users input information and control these sophisticated operations. 
     A primary focus of the present disclosure is enhanced usability of today&#39;s more sophisticated wireless handheld communication devices  300  taking into account the necessary busyness of the front face real estate of these more compact devices that incorporate additional user interfaces. 
     Many keyboards on mobile devices have an input device for navigation through the graphical user interface. These interfaces can be used to affect movement of a cursor or pointer, or to scroll up, down and about a displayed page. These navigation devices often occupy a relatively large amount of space on the incorporating mobile device. Because the navigation device is frequently used and often requires fine control, a lower end size limitation will normally be observed by device designers. 
     Another precept in handheld keyboard design is maintaining familiarity; by this it is meant that when possible familiar key layouts are maintained and integrated into new designs thereby encouraging ready acceptance by the consumer. In this same vein, it is important to keep new keyboards visually simple; that is visually segregating keys, when possible, based on their functionality or user group membership. One example is the presentation of a traditional telephone keypad when telephony functions are embodied in the handheld device so that the user is immediately comfortable with the product. 
     Another keyboard spacing problem is that of finger overlap when keys are smaller than the user&#39;s finger and are spaced closely together. Because keys near the center of the keyboard are surrounded by other keys, they are particularly more difficult to press without the user&#39;s finger overlapping and inadvertently pressing an adjacent key. 
     Accordingly, as the demand for small-screen devices capable of running increasingly complex applications continues to grow, the need exists for a way to implement user control interface menus that overcome the various disadvantages with conventional dropdown-style hierarchical menus. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Exemplary methods and arrangements conducted and configured according to the advantageous solutions presented herein are depicted in the accompanying drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a handheld communication device configured according to the present teachings cradled in the palm of a user&#39;s hand; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram representing a wireless handheld communication device interacting in a communication network; 
         FIG. 3   a  is a device-displayed home screen which shows a set of icons representing various applications available on the device and the email icon is selected; 
         FIG. 3   b  is a device-displayed home screen which shows another set of icons representing various applications available on the device and the email icon is selected; 
         FIG. 4  is a device-displayed high level extended menu associated with the email icon on the home screen; 
         FIG. 5   a  is a device-displayed email listing; 
         FIG. 5   b  is a device-displayed extended menu relevant to the email listing; 
         FIG. 5   c  is a device-displayed open message chosen from the email listing; 
         FIG. 5   d  is a user requested short menu that presents frequently desired actions relative to an open email message; 
         FIG. 5   e  is an extended menu that presents further options relevant to an open email message which was displayed based on a user selection of the “show more” option of  FIG. 5   d;    
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart representative of a hierarchical menu process; 
         FIG. 7  depicts an expedited menuing system on a handheld electronic device in which a short or abbreviated menu pops-up showing a listing of one menu item the user may desire to perform; 
         FIG. 8  further illustrates the hierarchical menu process depicted in  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 9   a  illustrates an exemplary QWERTY keyboard layout; 
         FIG. 9   b  illustrates an exemplary QWERTZ keyboard layout; 
         FIG. 9   c  illustrates an exemplary AZERTY keyboard layout; 
         FIG. 9   d  illustrates an exemplary Dvorak keyboard layout; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a QWERTY keyboard layout paired with a traditional ten-key keyboard; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates ten digits comprising the numerals 0-9 arranged in a traditional, ITU Standard E. 161 numeric telephone keypad layout, including the * and # flanking the zero; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a traditional or standard phone key arrangement or layout according to the ITU Standard E. 161 including both numerals and letters; 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of another exemplary handheld communication device cradled in a user&#39;s hand and displaying an array of four icons ( 1 ,  2 ,  3  and  4 ) on a display thereof; 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic representation of an auxiliary user input in the form of a trackball; 
         FIG. 15  is an exploded perspective view of an exemplary wireless handheld electronic device incorporating a trackball assembly as the auxiliary user input; and 
         FIG. 16  depicts an alternative handheld communication device configured according to the present teachings cradled in the palm of a user&#39;s hand. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An exemplary handheld electronic device  300  such as is shown in  FIG. 1  and the device&#39;s cooperation in a wireless network  319  is exemplified in the block diagram of  FIG. 2 . These figures are exemplary only, and those persons skilled in the art will appreciate the additional elements and modifications necessary to make the device  300  work in particular network environments. 
     The block diagram of  FIG. 2  denotes the device&#39;s  300  inclusion of a microprocessor  338  that controls the operation of the device  300 . A communication subsystem  311  performs all communication transmission and reception with the wireless network  319 . The microprocessor  338  further connects with an auxiliary input/output (I/O) subsystem  328 , a serial port (preferably a Universal Serial Bus port)  330 , a display  322 , a keyboard  332 , a speaker  334 , a microphone  336 , random access memory (RAM)  326 , and flash memory  324 . Other communication subsystems  340  and other device subsystems  342  are generally indicated as being functionally connected with the microprocessor  338  as well. An example of a communication subsystem  340  is that of a short range communication system such as BLUETOOTH® communication module or an infrared device and associated circuits and components. Additionally, the microprocessor  338  is able to perform operating system  408  functions and preferably enables execution of software applications on the communication device  300 . 
     The included auxiliary I/O subsystem  328  can take the form of a variety of different navigation tools including a trackball  321  based device, a thumbwheel, a navigation pad, or a joystick, just as examples. These navigation tools are preferably located on the front surface of the device  300  but may be located on any exterior surface of the device  300 . Other auxiliary I/O devices can include external display devices and externally connected keyboards (not shown). While the above examples have been provided in relation to the auxiliary I/O subsystem  328 , other subsystems capable of providing input or receiving output from the handheld electronic device  300  are considered within the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, other keys may be placed along the side of the device  300  to function as escape keys, volume control keys, scrolling keys, power switches, or user programmable keys, and may likewise be programmed accordingly. 
     As may be appreciated from  FIG. 1 , the handheld communication device  300  comprises a lighted display  322  located above a keyboard  332  suitable for accommodating textual input to the handheld communication device  300  when in an operable configuration. The front face of the device has a keyfield  650  that includes menu keys  652 , alphanumeric keys  630 , alphabetic keys  632 , numeric keys  42 , and other function keys as shown in  FIG. 1 . As shown, the device  300  is of unibody construction, also known as a “candy-bar” design. 
     Keys, typically of a push-button or push-pad nature, perform well as data entry devices but present problems to the user when they must also be used to affect navigational control over a screen-cursor. In order to solve this problem the present handheld electronic device  300  preferably includes an auxiliary input  328  that acts as a cursor navigational tool and which is also exteriorly located upon the front face of the device  300 . Its front face location is particularly advantageous because it makes the tool easily thumb-actuable like the keys of the keyboard. A particularly usable embodiment provides the navigational tool in the form of a trackball  321  which is easily utilized to instruct two-dimensional screen cursor movement in substantially any direction, as well as act as an actuator when the ball  321  is depressed like a button. The placement of the trackball  321  is preferably above the keyboard  332  and below the display screen  322 ; here, it avoids interference during keyboarding and does not block the user&#39;s view of the display screen  322  during use. 
     As illustrated in at least  FIG. 1 , the present disclosure is directed to a handheld wireless communication device  300  configured to send and receive text messages. The device includes a hand cradleable body configured to be held in one hand by an operator of the device during text entry. A display  322  is included that is located on a front face  370  of the body and upon which information is displayed to the operator during text entry. A key field  650  is also located on the front face of the body and which comprises a plurality of alphanumeric input keys  630  and at least one menu control key  652 . A trackball navigation tool  328  is also located on the front face of the body. The alphanumeric input keys comprise a plurality of alphabetic keys  632  having letters associated therewith. In at least one embodiment, the order of the letters of the alphabetic keys  632  on the presently disclosed device can be described as being of a traditional, but non-ITU Standard E. 161 layout, as shown in  FIG. 13 . Additionally, the alphanumeric keys have a numeric telephone keypad at least partially overlaid onto the keys with alphabetic characters. A microprocessor  338  is provided internal to the device body that receives operator commands from the alphanumeric input keys  630 , the at least one menu control key  652  and the trackball navigation tool  328  and which affects corresponding changes to the display based on user input. 
     Furthermore, the plurality of keys in the key field  350  are arranged in a plurality of columns and each key in the lateral exterior key columns  160 ,  170  is associated with an application function. The description given below describes some of the possible key combinations that can be presented in these lateral exterior columns  160 ,  170 . While the description given below describes a five column and four row arrangements, other embodiments with additional rows and/or columns are considered within the scope of this disclosure and can be seen in relation to the other figures presented herein. Additionally, the lateral exterior key columns  160 ,  170  may be described as flanking columns/function keys or outer columns. 
     For receiving input from the user, it has become standard to provide a plurality of actuable keys that make up the key field  650  in conjunction with a navigation tool  328  that can be used for such things as menu scrolling in at least one dimension, and preferably two. According to the presently disclosed key arrangement, a phone keypad  42  of a traditional layout is located between a set of flanking function keys. The phone layout  42  is described below in greater detail, but characteristically can be described as arranged such that keys for “1,”, “2,” and “3” are arranged over other numbers in the telephone key layout. In the example of  FIG. 1 , the phone keypad  42  is delineated from flanking functions keys using a distinctive background color that immediately distinguishes the phone keypad  42  from the flanking functions keys. 
     In the example of  FIG. 1 , the phone keypad is less visually delineated, but more defined by the unique construction of the keys that make up the phone keypad. In the examples of both  FIGS. 1 and 16 , the phone keypad  42  is centered in the key field  350 . However, in the embodiment of  FIG. 1  the center column of keys  164  has an inverted arch-shape in comparison to the other keys which have parallel sides. In this manner, the user can touch-find the phone keypad  42  by finding the center column  164  of keys by feeling for the dip of the center column  164  of keys. As a further touch-guide, a home key within the phone keypad is advantageously designated using a surface irregularity such as a bump or recess detected by finger-touch. Further examples of this surface characteristic are given below. 
     As may be appreciated in each of  FIGS. 1 and 16 , the key field  350  is composed of a four-row-by-five-column array of actuable keys. The phone keypad  42  occupies the center three columns, while various function keys occupy the flanking first  160  and fifth columns  170 . Such a layout presents very well when the center three columns ( 162 ,  164 ,  166 ) are highlighted; for example, using a different background color in comparison to the outside function keys. This fosters user comfort through perceived familiarity with the prominently presented phone keypad  42 . 
     In that the actuable keys are arranged in the four-row-by-five-column array, individual keys will henceforward be referred to by their row and column location in the array. For example, the top left key is K 1,1 , the top right key is K 1,5  and the bottom right key is K 5,5 . Therefore, the actual keys of the phone keypad  42  occupy the keys indicated in the table below and carry the indicated insignia. When in “telephone mode,” or with NUM lock activated, actuation of the key inputs the associated numeral; when “text mode” is enabled, activation of the key inputs a corresponding alpha character or symbol. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 K 1,1   
                 K 1,2   
                 K 1,3   
                 K 1,4   
                 K 1,5   
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
               
               
                 “Text Mode” 
                 “Message Control” 
                 ABC 
                 DEF 
                 “Page Up/Down” 
               
               
                 K 2,1   
                 K 2.,2   
                 K 2,3   
                 K 2,4   
                 K 2,5   
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                 “Symbols” 
                 GHI 
                 JKL 
                 MNO 
                 “Delete” 
               
               
                 K 3,1   
                 K 3,2   
                 K 3,3   
                 K 3,4   
                 K 3,5   
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
               
               
                 “Cap Lock” 
                 PQRS 
                 TUV 
                 WXYZ 
                 “Speakerphone” 
               
               
                 K 4,1   
                 K 4,2   
                 K 4,3   
                 K 4,4   
                 K 4,5   
               
               
                   
                   
                 0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 “Num Lock” 
                 “Asterisk” 
                 “Comma” 
                 “Plus” 
                 “Space” 
                 “#” 
                 “Period” 
                 “Return” 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As explained, an important feature of the presently disclosed arrangement is the phone keypad  42  being flanked by columns of function keys. It is contemplated that the represented functions may vary; however, the illustrative examples of the accompanying figures present a group of functions, and their arrangement, which has proven to be desirable. 
     The functionality of the keys presented in the above table is further described below. While these are examples of functions that have been arranged in the two outer columns other arrangements are possible and some additional description of those functions will be provided herein. 
     The top right most key in the 5 by 4 arrangement is labeled K 1,1 . As can be seen in at least  FIGS. 1 and 16 , K 1,1  carries a writing tool symbol between opposing arrows as shown on key  660 . This represents a toggle function (the opposing arrows) between a predictive text mode functionality in the phone keys and a tap-typing mode. As described below, the predictive text mode selects a letter to be displayed on the screen when there are multiple letters on a single key. The tap-typing mode or multi-tap mode is where the user taps the key to produce a different letter. For instance in multi-tap mode, a key with letters “ABC” requires the user to tap the key three times to produce the letter “C.” In other embodiments, this key  660  could be place in other positions in the left-hand side lateral exterior key column  160 . 
     The next key  662  in the left column is labeled K 2,1 . This key  662  is marked “SYM,” as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 16 , and acts as a call-up which displays a correlation table of symbols mapped to the actuable keys of the key field. This dedicated key for entering symbols into the device allows for a centralized location for selecting and entering symbols. In other embodiments, this key  662  could be place in other positions in the left-hand side lateral exterior key column  160 . 
     The next key  664  in the left column is label K 3,1 . This key  664  is a letter capitalization key signified using an up-arrow followed by a small “a” and then a capital “A”. This key  664  may also be referred to as a “CAP lock” key. The function of the key can be set up where it will capitalize the following key entry or that it will enter a mode where all subsequent keys that are input will be capitalized until the capitalization key is depressed again. In other embodiments, this key  664  could be place in other positions in the left-hand side lateral exterior key column  160 . 
     The last key  668  in the left column is K 4,1 . This key  668  carries the insignia “NUM” which is representative of a numbers-lock function when in text typing mode. This key  668  functions similar to the capitalization key except that it will select the number from a key that has a number and at least one other character or function associated with it. Thus, when typing a telephone number the key  668  can be enabled such that a depression of the key subsequent to the depression of the “NUM” key will select the number associated with that key. Alternatively, the key  668  can be enabled such that it will enable the entry of the numbers until depressed again. In yet another embodiment, an additional key is required to enter into a number lock function where the number from subsequent keys is selected. In still another embodiment, the number lock feature is enabled when the key  668  has been depressed for longer than a pre-determined amount of time. In other embodiments, this key  668  could be place in other positions in the left-hand side lateral exterior key column  160 . 
     The top key  670  in the right hand column is labeled K 1,5 . This key  670  carries a “double-page” insignia representative of a page-down and/or page-up function with respect to the display screen  322 . When viewing pages on the display screen, pressing this key  670  enables the user to scroll in a given direction. The key  670  maybe enabled to operate with an additional key to determine the direction of travel or it may be enable to operate in a multi-tap fashion such that the key when first depressed moves the screen in a page down direction and upon a second depression moves the page in a page up direction. In other embodiments, this key  670  could be place in other positions in the right-hand side lateral exterior key column  170 . 
     The second key  672  in the right hand column is labeled K 2,5 . This key  672  is a backward acting deletion key signified by the insignia DEL over a backward arrow. When this delete key  672  is depressed, the previously entered character is removed from the display and/or memory. In other embodiments, this key  672  could be place in other positions in the right-hand side lateral exterior key column  170 . 
     The third key  674  in the right hand column is labeled K 3,5 . This key  674  is a speaker-phone actuation key signified by a speaker symbol. When placing a telephone call, the speaker phone key  674  switches the audible sound to a setting such that it is capable of being heard a distance away from the ear such as on a table top in front of the user. This enables the user to place telephone calls without hold the device next to the user&#39;s ear. In other embodiments, this key  674  could be place in other positions in the right-hand side lateral exterior key column  170 . 
     The fourth key  676  in the right hand column is labeled K 4,5 . This key  676  is a return-carriage key using a conventional insignia representative of the function. This key  676  either inputs the entered information or places a carriage return in a text field. In other embodiments, this key  676  could be placed in other positions in the right-hand side lateral exterior key column  170 . 
     As may be appreciated from the above description and the accompanying illustrations of representative configurations, the outboard columns of function keys provide lateral “framing” about the phone keypad. Not only does this provide ready access to the function keys located adjacent the side-edges of the device, but selective colorization or similar treatment as shown in  FIG. 1  delineates and highlights the phone keypad  42 . 
     As further demonstrated in  FIG. 1 , bottom visual “framing” of the phone keypad  42  can be provided using matched colorization of the housing of the device adjacent the lower edge of the phone keypad  42 . Upper “framing” of the phone keypad  42  is also presented in  FIG. 1  by matched colorization of an associated navigation tool  328 , which as illustrated, takes the form of a trackball  321 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , it has also been found advantageous to have keys that are most commonly used in conjunction with the navigation tool  328  to be located in close proximity thereto. Examples of such keys include menu display keys  606  and backup keys  608  for moving upward, out of a menu hierarchy that has been drilled down into. 
     As described above, in  FIGS. 1 and 3 , the trackball is located below the display and above the phone keypad. Immediately adjacent to and level with the trackball are associated function keys. At outer flanks of these adjacent keys is a call-initiation key on the left hand side and a call-disconnect key on the right hand side. 
     As depicted in  FIGS. 1 and 16 , the trackball  321 , together with the two associated menu function keys  605 ,  606 ,  608 ,  609  are colored or otherwise treated to appear as part of the phone keypad  42 . It is also contemplated that the trackball  321  and associated menu function keys  605 ,  606 ,  608 ,  609  can be colored or otherwise treated to present the outboard, laterally framing function keys, thereby completing the framing of the phone keypad by proving a “top frame member” thereto. 
     According to the invention, a unique functionality is associated with the navigation tool  328  and the two adjacent keys  652  on either side thereof. This unique functionality is in part enabled by the fact that the trackball  321  is not only used for menu-navigation based on rotation of the trackball  321 , but also by the fact that depressing the ball acts as a function actuator or menu-item-selector, depending upon the situation. 
     Using e-mail handling as an example, depression of the trackball  321  can be used to activate and display a main menu of the device. The trackball  321  is then rotated causing scroll-down to the e-mail insignia and depression of the trackball  321  selects the e-mail functions. A second depression of the trackball  321  intuitively selects the message inbox based on program strategy that specifies opening the message inbox as the most probable activity desired by a user upon entering the e-mail function. At this juncture, the message inbox is opened displaying a listing of inbound messages. A third depression of the trackball  321  will open the top message, while rotation of the trackball  321  causes successive designation of the messages down the listing. Once designated, a subsequent depression of the trackball  321  opens that message. 
     At this point, the next step of the user is not intuitive and an activity menu must be displayed. In the instance of an opened inbound message, depression of the trackball  321  may display the most popular activities such as “reply” and “reply all”. Because there are other functions, though less probable, that may be desired by the user, the left-hand function key  606  adjacent to the navigation tool  328  is programmed as a menu-expansion key. Continuing with the same example, with “reply” and “reply all” already displayed as selectable activities, depression of the left function key expands the menu to include “forward” and “delete”. Once again, the trackball  321  may be used for making a particular selection among the now four available activities. 
     Once the user has “drilled down” into a particular function, they often desire to step back out of the function, one level at a time. This is accomplished by depressing the right function key  608  which causes a display of the next higher menu level. Preferably, each step backward displays a full menu of available functions at that menu level. This can serve as an adjunct to the intuitive functionality of the navigation tool. For instance, the experienced user may come to a desired functionality most easily by drilling down through multiple levels by successive trackball depression, and going one level deeper than the desired level, but then actuating the right flanking key which backs up to the desired level and simultaneously displays the full menu of functions available at that level. 
     It is also contemplated that the left hand menu expansion key  606  can be used at any level where fewer than all function options are displayed. 
     In addition to the phone keypad layout described above, the function keys can be implemented along with a standard keyboard layout including a QWERTY, QWERTZ, AZWERTY, and Dvorak layouts. For example, in a full QWERTY layout, the total number of columns is ten. Then using the functional key framing described above, two additional columns can be provided in the left and right most columns. This enables a unified layout to be implemented. In some embodiments featuring the full QWERTY layout and functional columns, the total number of function keys in the outer columns ( 160 ,  170 ) may be reduced to only three keys per column. In another example, a reduced QWERTY keyboard is provided on the keyboard with two flanking outer columns of function keys, as shown by  FIGS. 7 and 13 . This reduced QWERTY arrangement in at least one embodiment is arranged in five columns and four rows. The flanking columns make this a seven column arrangement. The total number of keys in the two outer columns can be the same as the number of keys in the interior columns or different from the number of keys in the interior columns. 
     The trackball navigation tool  321  enables methods and arrangements for facilitating diagonal cursor movement in such environments as icon arrays  70  and spreadsheet grids on a display screen  322  of a relatively small, wireless handheld communication device  300 , variously configured as described above, such as that depicted in  FIG. 13 . One exemplary embodiment takes the form of a method for affecting diagonal movement of a cursor  71  on the display screen  322  of a handheld communication device  300 . The method includes sensing movement at an auxiliary user input  328  of the handheld communication device  300  indicative of the user&#39;s desire to affect diagonal movement of the cursor  71  on the display screen  322  of the handheld communication device  300 . X-direction signals and Y-direction signals are produced based on the sensed movement at the auxiliary user input  328 . During that time while the necessary signals are being collected and processed, the cursor  71  is held steady on the display screen  322  until a predetermined criterion is met for discriminating whether the user has indicated x-direction cursor movement, y-direction cursor movement or diagonal cursor movement. In that the processing is typically conducted by a processor  338  according to a resident computer program, the predetermined criterion is either a preset condition or a user definable condition, examples of which are discussed in greater detail hereinbelow. Finally, diagonal cursor movement is affected on the display screen  322  of the handheld communication device  300  when diagonal cursor movement is discriminated to have been user indicated. 
     Furthermore, the device is equipped with components to enable operation of various programs, as shown in  FIG. 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, the flash memory  324  is enabled to provide a storage location for the operating system  408 , device programs  358 , and data. The operating system  408  is generally configured to manage other application programs  358  that are also stored in memory  324  and executable on the processor  338 . The operating system  408  honors requests for services made by application programs  358  through predefined application program  358  interfaces. More specifically, the operating system  408  typically determines the order in which multiple applications  358  executed on the processor  338  and the execution time allotted for each application  358 , manages the sharing of memory  324  among multiple applications  358 , handles input and output to and from other device subsystems  342 , and so on. In addition, users can typically interact directly with the operating system  408  through a user interface usually including the keyboard  332  and display screen  322 . While the operating system  408  in a preferred embodiment is stored in flash memory  324 , the operating system  408  in other embodiments is stored in read-only memory (ROM) or similar storage element (not shown). As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the operating system  408 , device application  358  or parts thereof may be loaded in RAM  326  or other volatile memory. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the flash memory  324  contains programs/applications  358  for execution on the device  300  including an address book  352 , a personal information manager (PIM)  354 , and the device state  350 . Furthermore, programs  358  and other information  356  including data can be segregated upon storage in the flash memory  324  of the device  300 . 
     When the device  300  is enabled for two-way communication within the wireless communication network  319 , it can send and receive signals from a mobile communication service. Examples of communication systems enabled for two-way communication include, but are not limited to, the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) network, the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service) network, the EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) network, and the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) network and those networks, generally described as packet-switched, narrowband, data-only technologies which are mainly used for short burst wireless data transfer. For the systems listed above, the communication device  300  must be properly enabled to transmit and receive signals from the communication network  319 . Other systems may not require such identifying information. GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE require the use of a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) in order to allow communication with the communication network  319 . Likewise, most CDMA systems require the use of a RUIM (Removable Identity Module) in order to communicate with the CDMA network. The RUIM and SIM card can be used in multiple different communication devices  300 . The communication device  300  may be able to operate some features without a SIM/RUIM card, but it will not be able to communicate with the network  319 . A SIM/RUIM interface  344  located within the device  300  allows for removal or insertion of a SIM/RUIM card (not shown). The SIM/RUIM card features memory and holds key configurations  351 , and other information  353  such as identification and subscriber related information. With a properly enabled communication device  300 , two-way communication between the communication device  300  and communication network  319  is possible. 
     If the communication device  300  is enabled as described above or the communication network  319  does not require such enablement, the two-way communication enabled device  300  is able to both transmit and receive information from the communication network  319 . The transfer of communication can be from the device  300  or to the device  300 . In order to communicate with the communication network  319 , the device  300  in a preferred embodiment is equipped with an integral or internal antenna  318  for transmitting signals to the communication network  319 . Likewise the communication device  300  in the preferred embodiment is equipped with another antenna  316  for receiving communication from the communication network  319 . These antennae ( 316 ,  318 ) in another preferred embodiment are combined into a single antenna (not shown). As one skilled in the art would appreciate, the antenna or antennae ( 316 ,  318 ) in another embodiment are externally mounted on the device  300 . 
     When equipped for two-way communication, the communication device  300  features a communication subsystem  311 . As is well known in the art, this communication subsystem  311  is modified so that it can support the operational needs of the device  300 . The subsystem  311  includes a transmitter  314  and receiver  312  including the associated antenna or antennae ( 316 ,  318 ) as described above, local oscillators (LOs)  313 , and a processing module  320  which in a preferred embodiment is a digital signal processor (DSP)  320 . 
     It is contemplated that communication by the device  300  with the wireless network  319  can be any type of communication that both the wireless network  319  and device  300  are enabled to transmit, receive and process. In general, these can be classified as voice and data. Voice communication is communication in which signals for audible sounds are transmitted by the device  300  through the communication network  319 . Data is all other types of communication that the device  300  is capable of performing within the constraints of the wireless network  319 . 
     The user is capable of interacting with the device  300  through reading information displayed on the display screen  322 , entering text using the keyboard  332 , and inputing cursor movement through the use of the auxiliary user input device  328 , among other ways. The auxiliary user input device  328  as described above is preferably a trackball  321 , as depicted in  FIG. 13 . Motion of the trackball  321  is assessed using a plurality of sensors  72 ,  74 ,  76 ,  78  that quantify rotational motion of the trackball  321  about an intersecting x-axis  82  and an intersecting y-axis  84  of the trackball (see  FIG. 14 ). 
     In one embodiment, the plurality of sensors  72 ,  78  number two. One of the two sensors  72  outputs signals indicative of x-component rolling motion of the trackball  321  relative to the handheld communication device  300  and about the intersecting y-axis  84  of the trackball  321  (see the rotational arrows about the y-axis in  FIG. 14 ). The other of the two sensors  78  outputs signals indicative of y-component rolling motion of the trackball  321  relative to the handheld communication device  300  and about the intersecting x-axis  82  of the trackball  321  (see the rotational arrows about the x-axis in  FIG. 14 ). In this configuration, the two sensors  72 ,  78  are oriented radially about the trackball  321  with approximately ninety degree spacing therebetween. In one embodiment, each of the sensors is a hall effect sensor located proximate the trackball. 
     In another embodiment, the plurality of sensors  72 ,  74 ,  76 ,  78  number four. A first pair of opposed sensors  72 ,  76  outputs signals indicative of x-component rolling motion of the trackball  321  relative to the handheld communication device  300  and about the intersecting y-axis  84 . A second pair of opposed sensors  74 ,  78  outputs signals indicative of a y-component rolling motion of the trackball  321  relative to the handheld communication device  300  and about the intersecting x-axis  82 . The four sensors  72 ,  74 ,  76 ,  78  are oriented radially about the trackball  321  with approximately ninety degree spacing between consecutive sensors as depicted in  FIGS. 13 and 14 . 
     Each produced x-direction signal represents a discrete amount of x-component (incremental x-direction) rolling motion of the trackball  321  relative to the handheld communication device  300  while each produced y-direction signal represents a discrete amount of y-component (incremental y-direction) rolling motion of the trackball  321  relative to the handheld communication device  300 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, the predetermined criterion for discriminating user indicated x-direction cursor movement is identification of a threshold number of x-direction signals in a predetermined signal sample. For example, out of a moving-window sample of 10 consecutive signals, six or more must be x-signals in order to be indicative of desired x-direction cursor movement. Likewise, the predetermined criterion for discriminating user indicated y-direction cursor movement is identification of a threshold number of y-direction signals in a predetermined signal sample. The same sampling example holds, but applied to y-signals instead of x-signals. In a similar respect, the predetermined criterion for discriminating user indicated diagonal cursor movement is identification of a threshold number of x-direction signals and a threshold number of y-direction signals in a predetermined signal sample. For instance, out of a moving-window sample of 10 consecutive signals, four or more must be x-signals and four or more must be y-signals in order to be indicative of desired diagonal cursor movement. 
     In a more generic sense, it is pattern recognition software that is utilized to identify user indicated diagonal cursor movement based on analysis of a predetermined signal sample. 
     Alternatively, a method is disclosed for affecting diagonal movement of a highlighting cursor  71  amongst an array of icons  70  on a display screen  322  of a handheld communication device  300 . Movement at an auxiliary user input  328  of the handheld communication device  300  is sensed and which is indicative of the user&#39;s desire to affect diagonal movement of the highlighting cursor  71  from a currently highlighted icon  73  on the display screen  322  to a diagonally located icon  75  on the display screen  322  of the handheld communication device  300 . The movement is described as being “at” the auxiliary user input  328  to cover such situations as when the input is a touchpad or similar device since no portion of that type of input device actually moves, but the user&#39;s finger indicatively moves relative thereto (across the touchpad). 
     As in the previously described method, x-direction signals and y-direction signals are produced based on the sensed movement at the auxiliary user input  328 . Again, the highlighting cursor  71  is held steady on a presently highlighted icon  73  on the display screen  322  while processing the x-direction signals and y-direction signals until a predetermined criterion is met for discriminating whether the user has indicated movement to an icon left or right of the presently highlighted icon  73 , above or below the presently highlighted icon  73 , or diagonally positioned relative to the presently highlighted icon  73 . Diagonal movement of the highlighting cursor  73  is then affected between diagonally positioned icons on the display screen  322  of the handheld communication device  300  when diagonal cursor movement is discriminated to have been user indicated. In other respects, this embodiment is similar to that which has been earlier described. 
     In yet another embodiment, the apparatus of a handheld communication device  300  is disclosed that is capable of affecting diagonal movement of a highlighting cursor  71  amongst an array of icons  70  on a display screen  322  of the handheld communication device  300 . The display screen  322  is located above a keyboard  332  suitable for accommodating textual input to the handheld communication device  300  and an auxiliary user input  328  is located essentially between the display  322  and keyboard  332 . Sensors  72 ,  78  ( 74 ,  76 ) are provided that are capable of sensing movement at the auxiliary user input  328  indicative of the user&#39;s desire to affect diagonal movement of the highlighting cursor  71  from a currently highlighted icon number  73  on the display screen  322  to a diagonally located icon  75  on the display screen  322  of the handheld communication device  300 . The sensors produce x-direction signals and y-direction signals based on the sensed movement at the auxiliary user input  328 . A processor  338  is included that is capable of analyzing the produced x-direction signals and y-direction signals and outputting a cursor control signal that holds the highlighting cursor  71  steady on a presently highlighted icon  73  on the display screen  322  during the processing and until a predetermined criterion is met for discriminating whether the user has indicated movement to an icon left or right of the presently highlighted icon, above or below the presently highlighted icon  73 , or diagonally positioned relative to the presently highlighted icon numeral  73  and then affecting diagonal movement of the highlighting cursor number  71  between diagonally positioned icons on the display screen of the handheld communication device  300  when diagonal cursor movement is discriminated to have been user indicated. 
     As mentioned hereinabove, there are situations in which the user will not want the X and Y signals to be converted into diagonal movement generating signals. For example, when navigating a map scene or other type of image, fine directional movement from the navigation tool will be most desired; otherwise the “collection” of X and Y signals produces undesirable “jerky” cursor movement. Therefore, in at least one embodiment, the diagonal movement feature can be turned on and off by the user, or be automatically set in dependence upon the application that is being cursor-traversed. 
     The integration of the trackball assembly into handheld device  300  can be seen in the exploded view of  FIG. 15  showing some of the typical components found in the assembly of the handheld electronic device  300 . The construction of the device benefits from various manufacturing simplifications. The internal components are constructed on a single PCB (printed circuit board)  12 . The keyboard  332  is constructed from a single piece of material, and in a preferred embodiment is made from plastic. The keyboard  332  sits over dome switches (not shown) located on the PCB  12  in a preferred embodiment. One switch is provided for every key on the keyboard in the preferred embodiment, but in other embodiments more than one switch or less than one switch per key are possible configurations. The support frame  11  holds the keyboard  332  and navigation tool  328  in place above the PCB  12 . The support frame  11  also provides an attachment point for the display (not shown). A lens  13  covers the display to prevent damage. When assembled, the support frame  11  and the PCB  12  are fixably attached to each other and the display is positioned between the PCB  12  and support frame  11 . 
     The navigation tool  328  is frictionally engaged with the support frame  11 , but in a preferred embodiment the navigation tool  328  is removable when the device is assembled. This allows for replacement of the navigation tool  328  if/when it becomes damaged or the user desires replacement with a different type of navigation tool  328 . In the exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 1 , the navigation tool  328  is a ball  321  based device. Other navigation tools  328  such as joysticks, four-way cursors, or touch pads are also considered to be within the scope of this disclosure. When the navigation tool  328  has a ball  321 , the ball  321  itself can be removed without removal of the navigation tool  328 . The removal of the ball  321  is enabled through the use of an outer removable ring  23  and an inner removable ring  22 . These rings  22 ,  23  ensure that the navigation tool  328  and the ball  321  are properly held in place against the support frame  11 . 
     A serial port (preferably a Universal Serial Bus port)  330  and an earphone jack  40  are fixably attached to the PCB  12  and further held in place by right side element  15 . Buttons  30 - 33  are attached to switches (not shown), which are connected to the PCB  12 . 
     Final assembly involves placing the top piece  17  and bottom piece  18  in contact with support frame  11 . Furthermore, the assembly interconnects right side element  15  and left side element  16  with the support frame  11 , PCB  12 , and lens  13 . These side elements  16 ,  15  provide additional protection and strength to the support structure of the device  300 . In a preferred embodiment, backplate  14  is removably attached to the other elements of the device. 
     In one respect, the present disclosure is directed toward a method for displaying an abbreviated menu on the screen of a handheld electronic device  300  at the request of the user. Typical examples of such devices include PDAs, mobile telephones and multi-mode communicator devices such as those capable of transmitting both voice and text messages such as email. The method includes displaying a cursor-navigable page on a screen  322  of a handheld electronic device  300 . One example would be the text of an open email message  620 , see FIG.  5 C. Next, the user initiates an ambiguous request for the display of menu options corresponding to the displayed page while a cursor is positioned at a location on the page that is not visually signified for menu display actuation. For instance, with the screen cursor positioned upon the body of the open email message  620 , but where there is no visual indicator that the location is one which will cause a menu to be displayed if actuated, an action is taken such as pressing a button on the device  300  that indicates the user&#39;s desire to take action with respect to the displayed page (open email message  620 ). There are several actions which might be taken with respect to the open email message  620 , but none has been specified; therefore, the request is termed ambiguous. Responsively, the device  300 , under the control of an included microprocessor  338 , displays a short menu  624  having a first list of menu items which is a subset of a second list of menu items that make up an extended menu  618  associated with the displayed page, see  FIGS. 5   d ,  5   e . This first list of menu items has been assessed a higher probability for being user-selected or desired than at least some of the remaining items of the second list. This means that there is a long list (the second list) of actions that might be taken when the email message is displayed, but there is also a predefined short subset (the first list) of actions of this long list which have been assessed to be more frequently selected/desired, so it is this short listing of selectable actions that is displayed in response to the user&#39;s ambiguous request since one of the available actions on the short list is likely to satisfy the user&#39;s need. 
     In at least one version of the device  300 , the user&#39;s ambiguous request is made through an auxiliary user input device  328  on the handheld electronic device  300 . One example of the auxiliary user input device  328  is a navigation tool, such as a trackball  321 , that controls movement of the cursor on the screen  322  of the handheld electronic device  300 . 
     The device  300  may also include an input that issues a non-ambiguous request to display the extended menu  618  associated with the displayed page, and which may be simply constituted by an actuable button or the like. 
     In order to facilitate usability, it is also contemplated that selectable items on the short listing can include choices to expand the short menu  624  to the extended menu  618 , or to close the short menu  624 . In order to reinforce the commonality between the extended menu  618  choice on the short list and the dedicated push-button for the long list, each is marked with a similar insignia. 
     In order to take full advantage of the small screen  322  of the handheld device  300 , the short menu  624  is displayed on the screen  322  in place of the displayed page, and preferably fills a substantial entirety of the screen  322 . 
     Benefits of the disclosed hierarchical menu system include the ability to implement a hierarchical menu on devices having varying screen sizes, including small-screen devices. The disclosed hierarchical menu permits the display of one menu at a time. In an almost intuitive manner, the methods disclosed allow the user to make an ambiguous selection to directly open a particular item on a displayed page or to display a short menu  624  of items typically used with a displayed page. This reduces user confusion and enhances usability of the system. By using a “menu” item on the short menu  624  or a menu key  606 , the user always has the option to view the extended menu  618  associated with the displayed page. By using a “back” menu item or key  608 , the user can navigate to previously displayed menus within the string of historically selected menus without cluttering the displayed menus with such historical items. 
     The menuing task is generally performed by a menuing subsystem or hierarchical menu module  412  of an operating system  408  executing on a handheld electronic device  300 . Accordingly, as illustrated relative to the handheld electronic device  300  of  FIG. 2 , a hierarchical menu module  412  is implemented as part of the operating system  408 . In general, the module  412  is configured to receive menu calls from various applications  358  and to service those calls by displaying a menu on a display screen  322  according to the parameters provided by the application  358  making the menu call. Although module  412  is illustrated as being part of operating system  408 , it is noted that the module  412  might also function as a stand-alone module  412  stored in memory  324  and executable on a processor  338 . In general, although the functioning of module  412  as part of operating system  408  is preferred, it is not intended as a limitation regarding its implementation by a handheld electronic device  300 . 
     In addition to managing typical menuing functions, the hierarchical menu module  412  implements a hierarchical menu in accordance with application programs  358  that support hierarchical menus. Thus, for applications  358  designed to provide hierarchical menus, hierarchal menu module  412  is configured to implement those hierarchical menus as hierarchical menus with ambiguous selection. The implementation of a hierarchical menu as a hierarchical menu with ambiguous selection can occur automatically for any application  358  making a hierarchical menu call to operating system  408 . Alternatively, it can occur based on a specific request from an application  358  to implement the hierarchical menu as a hierarchical menu with ambiguous selection. Thus, handheld electronic device  300  manufacturers can configure the devices to automatically provide hierarchical menus which facilitate application developers. This enables application developers to design hierarchical menus, both extended  618  and short  624 , in a typical manner without making any changes to their application  358  source code. Alternatively, handheld electronic device  300  manufacturers can configure devices  300  to provide hierarchical menus with ambiguous selection by default, or upon request for application  358  developers. This enables application  358  developers to design hierarchical menus in a typical manner and further allows them to determine if application  358  menus will be implemented as hierarchical menus with ambiguous selection by making a simple selection through their application source code to identify what action should occur in response to an ambiguous selection and populate short menus  624  with preferably those actions, tasks or other commands most commonly used with respect to the displayed page on the screen  322 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 ,  3   a ,  3   b ,  4 , and  5   a - 5   e , the following is a discussion and comparison of the use of the extended  618  and short  624  menus on the handheld electronic device  300 . 
     In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1 , the device  300  has a first input controller, which is preferably an auxiliary I/O subsystem  328  having a depressible rolling member or trackball  321 , which is used to access the short menu  624 . The handheld device  300  also has a second input controller, in this case menu key  606 , which is used to access the applicable extended menu  618 . These menus  618 ,  624  are based on the interface principle of see and click. In this manner, users do not have to remember commands or options because they can view these options at any time. 
       FIG. 1  also depicts a display screen  322  and keyboard  332 . The display screen  322  serves as a user interface (UI) visually presenting information to the user. The trackball  321  and the menu key  606  are part of the input portion. To the right of the trackball  321  is a back key  608 , which is used to back-up through previous screens or menus displayed on the display screen  322 . 
     The initial screen for the device  300  is a home screen  610 . Two examples of a home screen  610  are shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , which show different sets of icons representing various applications  358  that are available on the device  300 . The user can perform desired high-level activities from the home screen  610 , and within an application  358  explore and access functionality of the selected application  358 . 
     The menu key or button  606  is to the left of the trackball  321  and activates an extended menu  618  that lists actions likely desirable relative to the presently displayed screen  610 . The menu key or button  606  provides a consistent location where the user can look for commands. Each application  358  has its own extended menu  618  consisting of application-specific menus. 
     Clicking (depressing) the trackball  321  when an icon on the home screen  610  is highlighted opens the application  358 , preferably to a common page used by users. For example, if the email message&#39;s icon  612  is highlighted, then a page listing the messages  616  will open (See  FIG. 5   a ). When not on the home screen  610 , but while a page of an application  358  is displayed without a menu showing, clicking the trackball  321  is referred to as an ambiguous selection since several commands may apply in that circumstance. This ambiguous selection will cause a short menu  624  to appear on the display screen  322 . The short menu  624  contains a list of menu items that are preferably the most commonly used commands in the present screen context. These short menus  624  again are based on the interface principle of see and click. The options or menus change according to the task at hand. 
     The items shown in these short menus  624  preferably are those that a user performs frequently. In other embodiments, the short menu  624  is selected based on either predefined user or programmer preference. These short menus  624  are preferably correctly organized, worded clearly, and behave correctly in order for the user to understand what options they should expect to see, and how to access the additional functionality specific to the selected application  358 . 
     In at least one embodiment, the items displayed in the short menu  624  are dynamically updated depending upon the user&#39;s selection of items from the extended menu  618  (See  FIGS. 5   d  and  5   e ). As items are repeatedly selected from the extended menu  618 , the menu items are ranked and depending upon their frequency of selection will relatively appear in the short menu  624 . The number of items in the short menu  624  is preferably between two and ten items. The items displayed in the short menu  624  can also be user selected in one embodiment. 
     In another embodiment, the information for the short menu  624  is stored locally as well as at a central location. The transmission of the short menus  624  that are applicable for the particular user is via a communication system as described below. The information stored at the central location allows the user to access that information on multiple devices. This will allow the user to experience identical menus on different devices. This is helpful when a user would like to encounter the same interface, but uses the devices in different ways. The information alternatively may be stored on a memory card and transferred between devices via the memory card. 
     For purposes of example, in the following disclosure, the use of the menus  618 ,  624 , trackball  321  and keys are discussed relative to the use of an email message application  358 . 
     Initially, the user uses the trackball  321  to scroll to the desired application  358 . In this case, it is the email messaging application  358 . In  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b , the email icon  612  (a letter envelope) is highlighted in a conventional manner, for example, with a frame as shown in  FIG. 3   a  or with a highlighted background as depicted in  FIG. 3   b . Then, the menu key  606  is activated by depressing or “clicking” it, which brings up a high level extended menu  614  as shown in  FIG. 4 . This menu  614  can include the following menu items:
         Compose . . .   Search . . .   Applications   Settings   Profile &lt;Normal&gt;   BlueTooth On/Off   Wireless On/Off   Key Lock On/Off   Help       

     For example, clicking on “Compose” would initiate the address book function  352  and allow the user to select an addressee, select the type of message (email, SMS, IM, etc.) and proceed with the composition of a message. However, for the present example, the user desires to open their email message mailbox and view a list of email messages  616 . In another embodiment, the menu includes the option “close,” which will close the menu. Preferably, the option to close the menu is listed near the bottom. This enables closing of the menu without requiring the use of an additional key to close the menu. 
     To do this, the menu key  606  is clicked again and the high level extended menu  614  for the email messaging application  358  is displayed, as shown in  FIG. 4 . If the menu item “Open” is not already highlighted, then the trackball  321  is used to scroll to this item such that it is highlighted. Once the menu item “Open” is highlighted, the trackball  321  is clicked. A list of email messages  616  is displayed on the screen  322  as shown in  FIG. 5   a.    
     In order to open and read a particular email message, the trackball  321  is then used to scroll to the desired email message  619  in the displayed list causing it to be highlighted. The menu key  606  is clicked and the extended menu  618  is displayed, for example as shown in  FIG. 5   b . If the menu item “Open” is not already highlighted, then the trackball  321  is used to scroll to this item such that it is highlighted. Once the menu item “Open” is highlighted, the trackball  321  is clicked. The desired message  620  is displayed on the display screen  322  as shown in  FIG. 5   c.    
     The user then decides what to do as a result of reading the message. To perform the next action, the user clicks the menu key  606  and another extended menu  618  appears as shown in  FIG. 5   e . If not already highlighted, the user then scrolls to the desired menu item using the trackball  321  until the desired menu item (action or task) is highlighted. Then, the user clicks the trackball  321  to activate the desired action or task. 
     The use of the short menu  624  usually requires fewer clicks to perform the same action as compared to the use of solely the extended menus  618 . For example, the following is an embodiment using the ambiguous selections and/or short menus  624  to open the email messaging application  358  and to open a particular email message. 
     Starting from the home screen or menu  610 , the trackball  321  is used to scroll to and highlight the email message icon  612  as shown in  FIGS. 3   a  and  3   b . Clicking the trackball  321  directly opens the list of messages  616  as shown in  FIG. 5   a . The trackball  321  is clicked while no menu is present and this action is an ambiguous selection since more than one action or task is possible. This ambiguous selection while on the home screen  610  and with the email icon  612  highlighted is treated by the hierarchal menu module  412  as a direction or command to open the highlighted application  358 . In this embodiment, it is believed that the user is attempting to perform the task of opening the email application program  358  and the hierarchal menu module  412  is programmed accordingly. Displaying the list of emails  616 , as shown in  FIG. 5   a , is the action or task believed to be the most common desired, and thus to the user, the procedure appears intuitive. Such ambiguous selection for other application  358  is preferably programmed with the most common desired task or action for the selected application  358 . 
     In this regard, it is appreciated that opening the email message list  616  took two clicks and one scrolling using the extended menus  618 , whereas with the ambiguous selection routine of the hierarchal menu module  412  this was reduced to just a single click. 
     Now, with the email message list  616  on the display  322 , the user scrolls to the desired email message, clicks with the trackball  321 , and the desired open email message  620  is displayed on the screen  322 , as shown in  FIG. 5   c . Again, there is no menu on the display  322  and the action is an ambiguous selection since more than one action or task is possible. 
     In this regard, it is also appreciated that opening a desired email message took two clicks and possibly a scroll, whereas with the ambiguous selection routine of the hierarchal menu module  412 , this was reduced to just a single click. 
     While the user is viewing the open email message  620  on the display screen  322  after having read its contents, the user clicks the trackball  321  making another ambiguous selection, again since no menu is on the display screen  322  and more than one action or task is possible. This ambiguous selection causes the menu program to display a short menu  624 , preferably of menu items corresponding to actions or tasks commonly performed by users at that point. In this embodiment, a short menu  624  is shown in  FIG. 5   d , and contains the actions or tasks—“Reply”, “Forward” and “Reply All.” The user then decides which action or task to perform and scrolls to it and clicks the trackball  321 . Novice and experienced users alike benefit from the reduction in information displayed on the short menu  624  through the removal of less commonly used tasks. The short menu  624 , as shown in  FIG. 5   d , contains a title “Email Message,” thus providing information about the application  358  that is associated with the menu. Likewise, other titles for other menus would be appropriate at times when menus are displayed in connection with other applications  358 . In other embodiments, the short menu  624  features the menu item “close” in addition to those items described above. 
     Thus, the short menu  624  provides convenient access to the high level, most often-used commands associated with an application  358 . The short menu  624  that is displayed can also depend on the position of the cursor within the displayed page. The short menu  624  can be considered as a shortcut to commands that make sense to the task at hand. In some cases, when on the home screen  610 , rather than opening the indicated application  358 , a short menu  624  can be displayed with the more common subset of actions, tasks or other commands by affecting an ambiguous request by clicking on a highlighted application  358  icon on the home screen  610 . 
     If the desired action or task is not listed on the short menu  624 , the user can click the menu key  606  to view the extended menu  618 , such as shown in  FIG. 5   e  using the exemplary email messaging scenario. Alternatively, the short menu  624  can have a menu item that allows the user to scroll to and select the item as shown in  FIG. 5   d . Once that menu item has been selected, then the extended menu  618  replaces the short menu  624 . For example, the short menu  624  in  FIG. 5   d  has a menu item “show more” for this purpose. The name of this menu item can be any other that conveys a similar meaning, such as “Full” or “Extended” or an icon that is used by the device  300  provider and identified in its literature to have that meaning. Likewise, the menu key  606  in a preferred embodiment features an icon or the like that is shown next to the “show more” menu item. 
     Other applications of short menus  624  are possible as well. Another example of the use of a short menu  624  is when the device  300  features soft keys that can be user customized. Since these soft keys are user customizable, a short menu  624  can be activated when the soft key is activated two times without any additional user input and/or within a predefined time period. The short menu  624  would present options to change the soft key to bring up different program options. The short menu  624  likewise could feature the extended menu  618  features and close options mentioned above. 
     Example methods for implementing an embodiment of a hierarchical menu and ambiguous selection will now be described with primary reference to the flow diagram of  FIG. 6 . The methods apply generally to the exemplary embodiments discussed above with respect to  FIGS. 3   a ,  3   b ,  4 ,  5   a - 5   e . The elements of the described methods may be performed by any appropriate means including, for example, by hardware logic blocks on an ASIC or by the execution of processor-readable instructions defined on a processor-readable medium. 
     A “processor-readable medium,” as used herein, can be any means that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport instructions for use or execution by a processor  338 . A processor-readable medium can be, without limitation, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples of a processor-readable medium include, among others, an electrical connection (electronic) having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (magnetic), a read-only memory (ROM) (magnetic), an erasable programmable-read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber (optical), a rewritable compact disc (CD-RW) (optical), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM) (optical), and a solid state storage device (magnetic; e.g., flash memory). 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary method  800  for implementing a hierarchical menu with ambiguous selection on a handheld electronic device  300 , PDA, or other similar device having a small display screen  322 . The method  800  describes a hierarchical menu process that could continue well beyond the number of submenus that are discussed in the method itself. Thus, the extent of method  800  is not intended as a limitation. Rather, the extent of method  800  is intended to generally express the manner by which a hierarchical menu with ambiguous selection can be implemented in lesser and greater degrees of size and complexity. 
     Initially, a home screen  802  is displayed on the display screen  322 . The user scrolls to a particular application using a navigation tool. The user can then depress the menu key  606  to initiate a non-ambiguous selection  804  of that particular application  358  that is received by the method  800 . The method  800  then causes the selected application  358  to open an application  806  and display a page  808  on the display screen  322 . Alternatively, the user can make an ambiguous selection  810 . For example, if the navigation tool is a trackball  321  having a depressible rolling member, the user depresses the rolling member when no menu is present. The method  800  receives the ambiguous selection  810  and then must determine whether there is a short menu for this application  812 . If there is no short menu  624 , then the method  800  causes the application to open  806  and display a page  808 . If there is a short menu  624 , then the method causes the display of the applications short menu  814 . The user then scrolls to the desired menu item and depresses the rolling member. The method  800  receives a non-ambiguous selection of the menu item  816  and either displays a page or causes the computer to perform the task selected  818 . 
     Once a page is displayed  808 ,  818 , the user again has two choices. The user can depress the menu key  606  and the method  800  receives a command to display an extended menu  820  corresponding to the displayed page. The method  800  then displays that extended menu  822 . The user then scrolls to a particular menu item and depresses the rolling member which causes the method  800  to receive a non-ambiguous selection of the menu item  824 . The method  800  then displays a page or performs the task per the selection  826 . Alternatively, the user can depress the rolling member with no menu displayed causing an ambiguous selection  828 . The method  800  receives this ambiguous selection  828  and causes the display of a corresponding short menu  830 , or the method  800  can be programmed to perform a particular task that is the most common for the displayed page (not shown in  FIG. 6 ). With the short menu  624  displayed, the user can then scroll to the desired menu item and depress the rolling member to generate a non-ambiguous selection. The method  800  receives the non-ambiguous selection of the menu item  832  and causes the display of a page or performance of a task per the selection  834 . 
     If the user is presented with another displayed page, the user can repeat steps  820  through  826  or  828  through  834 , depending on whether the user uses an extended menu  618  or short menu  624 , respectively. 
     Once the particular activity is completed, the user can use the back key  608  to navigate back through the various pages displayed until the user reaches a page from which the user can perform another activity or select another application  358  upon reaching the home screen  802 . The device can be equipped with an escape key to go to the home screen  802  directly. Alternatively, an ambiguous selection to display a short menu or a non-ambiguous selection can be made to display a short or extended menu that has a home screen menu item. 
     Applications of the short menu  624  described above in relation to email can take the form of the several embodiments described hereinbelow. One embodiment takes the form of a handheld electronic device  300  that is programmed to display, upon user request, an abbreviated menu  624  of user-selectable actions  1000  relative to a page on the display screen  322  of the device  300 . The abbreviated menu  624  addressed in the following embodiment(s) has also been described as a short menu  624 , the details of which are further explained below. In these regards, a user-selectable action  1000  refers to an action that the user wishes to be taken relative to the displayed page, for example saving the page. This user-selectable action  1000  can be, for example, indicated by the user through the actuation of an auxiliary input device  328  such as a trackball  321  or thumbwheel. 
     Handheld electronic devices  300  are designed to have a user interface that accommodates cursor navigation on a particular page inside one of the various applications running on the handheld electronic device  300 . Some examples of programs  358  that these devices  300  feature include but are not limited to an email program, an address book  352 , a task manager, a calendar, a memo pad and a browser. Some applications, such as the task manager, may feature forms that can be filled with information entered by the user. Other programs, such as the browser, may display data from a remote source. 
     In order to navigate the displayed page, an auxiliary user input device  328  is provided on the device  300 . This auxiliary user input device  328  can be a navigation tool including a trackball  321 , thumbwheel, navigation pad, cursor keys and the like. These auxiliary user input devices  328  allow the user to navigate and make selections/requests. 
     As a general starting point, a cursor-navigable page is displayed on the display screen  322  of the handheld electronic device by an application  358  running on the device  300  and the user initiates an ambiguous request corresponding to the displayed page. One exemplary cursor-navigable page is shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     In one embodiment, the user of the handheld electronic device  300  initiates the ambiguous request through the use of an auxiliary user input device  328 . The auxiliary user input device  328  can be one of the navigation tools, such as the trackball  321 , described above. 
     As described above, the handheld electronic device  300  contains a microprocessor  338 . This microprocessor  300  has a control program, such as an operating system  408  for the device  300  associated therewith for controlling operation of the handheld electronic device  300 . The control program is configured to process an ambiguous request for the display of menu options associated with the displayed page based upon detection of a user menu request. The ambiguous request, as described above, occurs when there are multiple actions that a user is capable of taking. The control program can determine whether the request is ambiguous depending upon cursor position, such as in this case where a cursor is on the screen-displayed page. An example of detection of a user menu request by the control program is when the user depresses/actuates the trackball  321  thereby indicating a request for a list of menu options. 
     Once the detection of the user menu request has been made, the microprocessor  338  displays an abbreviated menu  624  having a short list  624  of menu options which is a subset of a full menu  618  of options of user-selectable actions  1000  available relative the screen-displayed page. The user-selectable actions  1000  of the short list  624  of menu options are those options that have been assessed to have a higher probability for being user-selected than at least some of the user-selectable actions  1000  of the full menu  618  of options that are not included in the short list  624  of menu options. Thus, the short list  624  contains items that a user of the handheld electronic device  300  is more likely to use than some of the items shown on the full or extended menu  618 . Further details regarding the selection of those items for a short menu  624  are provided above. 
     In at least one embodiment, the short list  624  of menu options that are displayed when the user makes the menu request comprises one menu item  634  and optionally a full menu item  635 . The one menu item  634  is a menu item that has been assessed as the most likely user desired menu item from the full menu  618 . The full menu option  635  allows the user to request a full or extended menu  618 . In another embodiment, the short list  624  of menu options consists of one menu item  634  while in yet another embodiment, full menu  635  is added to this closed listing of possible actions. In yet another embodiment, the short list  624  of menu options consists of save while in yet another embodiment, full menu  635  is added to this closed listing of possible actions 
     The one menu item  634  as mentioned above is determined based upon the particular application running on the device  300  and in some embodiments additionally based upon cursor position on the cursor-navigable page. As an example, in a task application  640  once the desired information has been entered into the form presented on the screen  332  the user would like normally like to save the entry. Thus, the one menu item  634  in this scenario would be ‘save’. Optionally, the ‘full menu’  635  is presented as well and enables the user to request the full or extended menu  618 . Additionally, other single menu items  634  can include paste, close, and open. Like the save and other one menu items they can be supplemented with a full menu option  635 . The one menu item aids the user when performing specific tasks that the user would like to have additional feedback from or control over. For example, when the one menu item is a save item, the user would like some confirmation that the document, file, or object was saved. Additionally, when the close item is the one menu item, the user will be taken to a different program or location on the user interface and would like to be informed that such action is about to take place. 
     In at least one embodiment, the short menu  624  is sized so that it fills a substantial entirety of the display screen  322 . In yet another embodiment, the short menu  624  is sized so that it overlaps the displayed page on the display screen  322 . The size of the short menu  624  in relation to the display screen  322  can change depending upon the size of the display screen  322 . When the device  300  is sized as described below, the short menu  624  often fills a large portion of the display screen  322 . The amount of the display screen  322  that the short menu  624  occupies is contemplated to preferably range between 10% and 70%. Other sizes can also enable the user to be used that easily read the menu  624 ,  618  while still being able to see the underlying data displayed on the screen  322  as well. While in another embodiment, the abbreviated menu  624  is displayed on the screen  322  in place of the displayed page. 
     In order to facilitate entering of text associated with the displayed page and the like, a keyboard  332  is located below the display screen  322  and configured to accommodate textual input to the handheld electronic device  300 . This keyboard  332  can either be a full or reduced keyboard as described below. Furthermore, a navigation tool in one embodiment is located essentially between the keyboard  332  and the display screen  322  of the handheld electronic device  300 . This navigation tool can be an auxiliary input device  328  including those mentioned above. The navigation tool can further be advantageously widthwise centered on the face of the device  300 . 
     Preferably, the handheld electronic device  300  is sized for portable use. In one embodiment the handheld electronic device  300  is sized to be cradled in the palm of the user&#39;s hand. The handheld electronic device  300  is advantageously sized such that it is longer than wide. This preserves the device&#39;s  300  cradleability while maintaining surface real estate for such things as the display screen  322  and keyboard  332 . In a development of this embodiment, the handheld electronic device  300  is sized such that the width of the handheld electronic device  300  measures between approximately two and approximately three inches thereby facilitating the device  300  being palm cradled. Furthermore, these dimension requirements may be adapted in order to enable the user to easily carry the device. 
     Furthermore, the handheld electronic device  300  in an exemplary embodiment is capable of communication within a wireless network  319 . Thus, the device  300  can be described as a wireless handheld communication device  300 . A device  300  that is so configured is capable of transmitting data to and from a communication network  319  utilizing radio frequency signals. The wireless communication device  300  can be equipped to send voice signals as well as data information to the wireless network  319 . The wireless communication device  300  is capable of transmitting textual data as well as other data including but not limited to graphical data, electronic files, and software. 
     Yet another embodiment takes the form of a method for causing, upon user request, the display of an abbreviated menu  624  having a short list of menu items on a display screen  322  of the handheld electronic device  300  when a currently running application  358  is presented on the display screen  322  of the device  300  as depicted in  FIG. 8 . First, the method includes running an application on a handheld electronic device and thereby causing display of a cursor-navigable page (block  852 ). Next, the method further involves initiating an ambiguous request for display of menu options corresponding to the displayed page (block  854 ). Furthermore, the method involves displaying an abbreviated menu having a short list of menu options (block  856 ). This short menu  624  as described above includes those options that have been assessed a higher probability for being user-selected than at least some of the user-selectable actions of the full menu  618 . Thus, the short list  624  of menu options is a subset of a full menu  618  of options of user-selectable actions available relative to the displayed text entry page and the user selectable actions of the short list  624  of menu options having been assessed a higher probability for being user-selected than at least some of the user-selectable actions of the full menu  618  of options that are not included in the short list  624  of menu options. 
     In one embodiment, the short list includes one item  634  and optionally a full menu item  635 . Then a determination is made whether the abbreviated menu provides options needed by the user (block  858 ). If the options needed by the user are not displayed then a full (long) menu having additional options is displayed (block  860 ). Once the appropriate menu options are displayed (block  858 ,  860 ), the user chooses the desired option (block  862 ). 
     In another embodiment, the short list  624  of the method consists of one item  634 . In another example, the closed group further includes a full menu item  635 , for expanding the listing of available action. In yet another embodiment, the short list  624  of the method consists of save and a full menu item  635 . 
     In other embodiments, the method for causing display of a short menu  624  also includes the various features described above in relation to the handheld electronic device  300  embodiments. These various features include dimensional options, communication options, auxiliary input options and short menu  624  sizing as described above in relation to the handheld electronic device  300  embodiment. 
     Still another embodiment takes the form of a processing subsystem configured to be installed in a mobile communication device  300  comprising a user interface including a display  322  and a keyboard  332  having a plurality of input keys with which letters are associated. The processing subsystem serves as an operating system  408  for the incorporating device  300 . The processing subsystem preferably includes a microprocessor  338  and a media storage device connected with other systems and subsystems of the device  300 . The microprocessor  338  can be any integrated circuit or the like that is capable of performing computational or control tasks. The media storage device can exemplarily include a flash memory, a hard drive, a floppy disk, RAM  326 , ROM, and other similar storage media. 
     As stated above, the operating system  408  software controls operation of the incorporating mobile communication device  300 . The operating system  408  software is programmed to control operation of the handheld electronic device  300  and the operating system  408  software is configured to process an ambiguous request for display of menu options of user-selectable actions  1000  relevant to a currently running application  358  on the device  300  based upon detection of a user menu request. Based on the detection of the user menu request, the microprocessor  338  displays an abbreviated menu  624  having a short list  624  of menu options which is a subset of a full menu  618  of options of user-selectable actions  1000  of the short list  624  of menu options. The short list  624  of menu options have been assessed a higher probability for being user-selected than at least some of the user-selectable actions  1000  of the full menu  618  of options that are not included in the short list  624  of menu options. 
     In other embodiments, the processing subsystem also includes the various features described above in relation to the handheld device  300  embodiments. These various features include dimensional options, communication options, auxiliary input options and short menu sizing as described above in relation to the handheld electronic device  300  embodiment. Additionally, the options available from the short menu  624  are the same as those described above in relation to the method and handheld device  300  embodiments. 
     As intimated hereinabove, one of the more important aspects of the handheld electronic device  300  to which this disclosure is directed is its size. While some users will grasp the device  300  in both hands, it is intended that a predominance of users will cradle the device  300  in one hand in such a manner that input and control over the device  300  can be affected using the thumb of the same hand in which the device  300  is held, however it is appreciated that additional control can be effected by using both hands. As a handheld device  300  that is easy to grasp and desirably pocketable, the size of the device  300  must be kept relatively small. Of the device&#39;s dimensions, limiting its width is important for the purpose of assuring cradleability in a user&#39;s hand. Moreover, it is preferred that the width of the device  300  be maintained at less than ten centimeters (approximately four inches). Keeping the device  300  within these dimensional limits provides a hand cradleable unit that users prefer for its usability and portability. Limitations with respect to the height (length) of the device  300  are less stringent when considering hand-cradleability. Therefore, in order to gain greater size, the device  300  can be advantageously configured so that its height is greater than its width, but still remain easily supported and operated in one hand. 
     A potential problem is presented by the small size of the device  300  in that there is limited exterior surface area for the inclusion of user input and device output features. This is especially true for the “prime real estate” on the front face of the device  300 , where it is most advantageous to include a display screen  322  that outputs information to the user. The display screen  322  is preferably located above a keyboard that is utilized for data entry into the device  300  by the user. If the screen  322  is provided below the keyboard  332 , a problem occurs in that viewing the screen  322  is inhibited when the user is inputting data using the keyboard  332 . Therefore it is preferred that the display screen  322  be above the input area, thereby solving the problem by assuring that the hands and fingers do not block the view of the screen  332  during data entry periods. 
     To facilitate textual data entry into the device  300 , an alphabetic keyboard is provided. In one version, a full alphabetic keyboard  332  is utilized in which there is one key per letter. In this regard, the associated letters can be advantageously organized in QWERTY, QWERTZ, AZERTY or Dvorak layouts, among others, thereby capitalizing on certain users&#39; familiarity with these special letter orders. In order to stay within the bounds of the limited front surface area, however, each of the keys must be commensurately small when, for example, twenty-six keys must be provided in the instance of the English language. 
     An alternative configuration is to provide a reduced keyboard in which at least some of the keys have more than one letter associated therewith (see  FIG. 1  for an example). This means that fewer keys are required which makes it possible for those fewer keys to each be larger than in the instance when a full keyboard is provided on a similarly dimensioned device. Some users will prefer the solution of the larger keys over the smaller ones, but it is necessary that software or hardware solutions be provided in order to discriminate which of the several associated letters the user intends based on a particular key actuation, a problem the full keyboard avoids. 
     Preferably, the character discrimination is accomplished utilizing disambiguation software included on the device  300 . To accommodate software use on the device  300 , a memory  324  and microprocessor  338  are provided within the body of the handheld unit for receiving, storing, processing, and outputting data during use. Therefore, the problem of needing a textual data input means is solved by the provision of either a full or reduced alphabetic keyboard  332  on the presently disclosed handheld electronic device  300 . It should be further appreciated that the keyboard  332  can be alternatively provided on a touch sensitive screen in either a reduced or full format. 
     Keys, typically of a push-button or touchpad nature, perform well as data entry devices but present problems to the user when they must also be used to affect navigational control over a screen-cursor. In order to solve this problem, the present handheld electronic device  300  preferably includes an auxiliary input that acts as a cursor navigational tool and which is also exteriorly located upon the front face of the device  300 . Its front face location is particularly advantageous because it makes the tool easily thumb-actuable like the keys of the keyboard. In a particularly useful embodiment, the navigational tool is a trackball  321  which is easily utilized to instruct two-dimensional screen cursor movement in substantially any direction, as well as act as an actuator when the ball of the trackball  321  is depressed like a button. The placement of the trackball  321  is preferably above the keyboard  332  and below the display screen  322 ; here, it avoids interference during keyboarding and does not block the user&#39;s view of the display screen  322  during use (See  FIG. 1 ). 
     In some configurations, the handheld electronic device  300  may be standalone in that it does not connect to the “outside world.” As discussed before, one example would be a PDA that stores such things as calendars and contact information but is not capable of synchronizing or communicating with other devices. In most situations such isolation will be viewed detrimentally in that synchronization is a highly desired characteristic of handheld devices today. Moreover, the utility of the device  300  is significantly enhanced when connectable within a communication system, and particularly when connectable on a wireless basis in a network  319  in which voice, text messaging, and other data transfer are accommodated. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the handheld electronic device  300  is cradleable in the palm of a user&#39;s hand. The handheld device  300  is provided with a keyboard  332  to enter text data and place telephone calls and a display screen  322  for communicating information to the user. A connect/send key  605  is preferably provided to aid in the placement of a phone call. Additionally, a disconnect/end key  609  is provided. The send key  605  and end key  609  preferably are arranged in a row of keys including a auxiliary input device  328 . Additionally, the row of keys, including the navigation tool, preferably has a menu key  606  and a back key or escape key  608 . The menu key  606  is used to bring up a menu and the escape key  608  is used to return to the previous screen or previous menu selection. 
     The handheld electronic device  300  includes an input portion  604  and an output display portion. The output display portion can be a display screen  322 , such as an LCD or other similar display device. 
     The keyboard  332  includes a plurality of keys that can be of a physical nature such as actuable buttons or they can be of a software nature, typically constituted by virtual representations of physical keys on a display screen  322  (referred to herein as “software keys”). It is also contemplated that the user input can be provided as a combination of the two types of keys. Each key of the plurality of keys has at least one actuable action which can be the input of a character, a command or a function. In this context, “characters” are contemplated to exemplarily include alphabetic letters, language symbols, numbers, punctuation, insignias, icons, pictures, and even a blank space. Input commands and functions can include such things as delete, backspace, moving a cursor up, down, left or right, initiating an arithmetic function or command, initiating a command or function specific to an application program or feature in use, initiating a command or function programmed by the user and other such commands and functions that are well known to those persons skilled in the art. Specific keys or other types of input devices can be used to navigate through the various applications and features thereof. Further, depending on the application  358  or feature in use, specific keys can be enabled or disabled. 
     In the case of physical keys, all or a portion of the plurality of keys have one or more indicia, representing character(s), command(s), and/or functions(s), displayed at their top surface and/or on the surface of the area adjacent the respective key. In the instance where the indicia of a key&#39;s function is provided adjacent the key, the indicia can be printed on the device cover beside the key, or in the instance of keys located adjacent the display screen  322 . Additionally, current indicia for the key may be temporarily shown nearby the key on the screen  322 . 
     In the case of software keys, the indicia for the respective keys are shown on the display screen  322 , which in one embodiment is enabled by touching the display screen  322 , for example, with a stylus to generate the character or activate the indicated command or function. Some examples of display screens  322  capable of detecting a touch include resistive, capacitive, projected capacitive, infrared and surface acoustic wave (SAW) touchscreens. 
     Physical and software keys can be combined in many different ways as appreciated by those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, physical and software keys are combined such that the plurality of enabled keys for a particular application or feature of the handheld electronic device  300  is shown on the display screen  322  in the same configuration as the physical keys. Using this configuration, the user can select the appropriate physical key corresponding to what is shown on the display screen  322 . Thus, the desired character, command or function is obtained by depressing the physical key corresponding to the character, command or function displayed at a corresponding position on the display screen  322 , rather than touching the display screen  322 . 
     The various characters, commands and functions associated with keyboard typing in general are traditionally arranged using various conventions. The most common of these in the United States, for instance, is the QWERTY keyboard layout. Others include the QWERTZ, AZERTY, and Dvorak keyboard configurations. The QWERTY keyboard layout is the standard English-language alphabetic key arrangement  44   a  shown in  FIG. 9   a . The QWERTZ keyboard layout is normally used in German-speaking regions; this alphabetic key arrangement  44   b  is shown in  FIG. 9   b . The AZERTY keyboard layout  44   c  is normally used in French-speaking regions and is shown in  FIG. 9   c . The Dvorak keyboard layout was designed to allow typists to type faster; this alphabetic key arrangement  44   d  is shown in  FIG. 9   d.    
     Alphabetic key arrangements are often presented along with numeric key arrangements. Typically, the numbers 1-9 and 0 are positioned in the row above the alphabetic keys  44   a - d , as shown in  FIG. 9   a - d . Alternatively, the numbers share keys with the alphabetic characters, such as the top row of the QWERTY keyboard. Yet another exemplary numeric key arrangement is shown in  FIG. 10 , where a “ten-key” style numeric keypad  46  is provided on a separate set of keys that is spaced from the alphabetic/numeric key arrangement  44 . The ten-key styled numeric keypad  46  includes the numbers “7”, “8”, “9” arranged in a top row, “4”, “5”, “6” arranged in a second row, “1”, “2”, “3” arranged in a third row, and “0” in a bottom row. Further, a numeric phone key arrangement  42  is exemplarily illustrated in  FIG. 11 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , the numeric phone key arrangement  42  may also utilize a surface treatment on the surface of the center “5” key. This surface treatment is configured such that the top surface of the key is distinctive from the surface of other keys. Preferably the surface treatment is in the form of a raised bump or recessed dimple  43 . Alternatively, raised bumps may be positioned on the housing around the “5” key and do not necessarily have to be positioned directly on the key. 
     It is desirable for handheld electronic devices  300  to include a combined text-entry keyboard and a telephony keyboard. Examples of such mobile communication devices  300  include mobile stations, cellular telephones, wireless personal digital assistants (PDAs), two-way paging devices, and others. Various keyboards are used with such devices and can be termed a full keyboard, a reduced keyboard, or phone key pad. 
     In embodiments of a handheld electronic device  300  having a full keyboard, the alphabetic characters are singly associated with the plurality of physical keys. Thus, in an English-language keyboard of this configuration, there are at least 26 keys in the plurality so that there is at least one key for each letter. 
       FIGS. 11 and 12  both feature numeric keys arranged according to the ITU Standard E. 161 form. In addition,  FIG. 12  also incorporates alphabetic characters according to the ITU Standard E. 161 layout as well. 
     As intimated above, in order to further reduce the size of a handheld electronic device  300  without making the physical keys or software keys too small, some handheld electronic devices  300  use a reduced keyboard, where more than one character/command/function is associated with each of at least a portion of the plurality of keys. This results in certain keys being ambiguous since more than one character is represented by or associated with the key, even though only one of those characters is typically intended by the user when activating the key. 
     Thus, certain software usually runs on the processor  338  of these types of handheld electronic devices  300  to determine or predict what letter or word has been intended by the user. Some examples of software include predictive text routines which typically include a disambiguation engine and/or predictive editor application. The software preferably also has the ability to recognize character letter sequences that are common to the particular language, such as, in the case of English, words ending in “ing.” Such systems can also “learn” the typing style of the user making note of frequently used words to increase the predictive aspect of the software. Other types of predictive text computer programs may be utilized with the reduced keyboard arrangements described herein, without limitation. Some specific examples include the multi-tap method of character selection and “text on nine keys”. 
     The keys of reduced keyboards are laid out with various arrangements of characters, commands and functions associated therewith. In regards to alphabetic characters, the different keyboard layouts identified above are selectively used based on a user&#39;s preference and familiarity; for example, the QWERTY keyboard layout is most often used by English speakers who have become accustomed to the key arrangement. 
       FIGS. 7 and 13  show a handheld electronic device  300  that carries an example of a reduced keyboard using the QWERTY keyboard layout on a physical keyboard array of twenty keys comprising five columns and four rows. Fourteen keys are used for alphabetic characters and ten keys are used for numbers. Nine of the ten numbers share a key with alphabetic characters. The “space” key and the number “0” share the same key, which is centered on the device and centered below the remainder of the numbers on the keyboard  332 . While in other embodiments, the number “0” may be located on other keys. Many of the keys have different sizes than the other keys, and the rows are non-linear. In particular, the keys in the middle column  64  are wider than keys in the outer columns  60 ,  62 ,  66  and  68 . To readily identify the phone user interface (the second user interface), the numeric phone keys 0-9 include a color scheme that is different from that of the remaining keys associated with the QWERTY key arrangement. As exemplified in  FIG. 13 , a color scheme of the numeric phone keys has a two tone appearance, with the upper portion of the numeric keys being a first color and the lower portion of the numeric keys being a second color. The first color may be lighter than the second color, or darker than the second color. Furthermore, two exterior key columns  160 ,  170  are shown on these figures according to the disclosure provided herein. 
     Another embodiment of a reduced alphabetic keyboard is found on a standard phone keypad  42 . Most handheld electronic devices  300  having a phone key pad  42  also typically include alphabetic key arrangements overlaying or coinciding with the numeric keys as shown in  FIG. 12 . Such alphanumeric phone keypads are used in many, if not most, traditional handheld telephony mobile communication devices such as cellular handsets. 
     As described above, the International Telecommunications Union (“ITU”) has established phone standards for the arrangement of alphanumeric keys. The standard phone numeric key arrangement shown in  FIGS. 11  (no alphabetic letters) and  12  (with alphabetic letters) corresponds to ITU Standard E.161, entitled “Arrangement of Digits, Letters, and Symbols on Telephones and Other Devices That Can Be Used for Gaining Access to a Telephone Network.” This standard is also known as ANSI TI.703-1995/1999 and ISO/IEC 9995-8:1994. Regarding the numeric arrangement, it can be aptly described as a top-to-bottom ascending order three-by-three-over-zero pattern. 
     While several keyboard layouts have been described above, alternative layouts integrating the navigation tool into the keyboard are presented below. The key arrangements and mobile devices described herein are examples of a conveniently sized multidirectional navigational input key that is integrated with an alphanumeric key layout. The example multidirectional navigational input keys can be used in a navigation mode to move, for example, a cursor or a scroll bar. In an alphabetic or numeric mode, it can be used to enter numbers or letters. This dual feature allows for fewer and larger keys to be disposed on the keyboard while providing for a QWERTY, reduced QWERTY, QWERTZ, Dvorak, or AZERTY key layout and navigational input. These familiar keyboard layouts allow users to type more intuitively and quickly than, for example, on the standard alphabetic layout on a telephone pad. By utilizing fewer keys, the keys can be made larger and therefore more convenient to the user. 
     In some examples, keys in the middle columns are larger than keys in the outer columns to prevent finger overlap on the interior keys. As used herein, middle columns are all columns that are not on the outside left and right sides. The term “middle column” is not limited to the center column. It is easier for a user to press keys on the outer columns without their finger overlapping an adjacent key. This is because part of the user&#39;s thumb or finger can overlap the outside housing of the device, rather than other keys. Therefore, these outer column keys can be made smaller. The multidirectional navigational input device is provided in the center of the keypad and has a larger surface than the outside keys. The larger surface in the inner part of the keyboard helps prevent finger overlap. 
     Exemplary embodiments have been described hereinabove regarding both handheld electronic devices  300 , as well as the communication networks  319  within which they cooperate. Again, it should be appreciated that the focus of the present disclosure is enhanced usability of today&#39;s more sophisticated wireless handheld communication devices  300  taking into account the necessary busyness of the front face real estate of these more compact devices that incorporate additional user interfaces.