Patent Publication Number: US-4096520-A

Title: Run length encoding and decoding methods and means

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to run length encoding and decoding for raster scanned imaging systems and, more particularly, to methods and means for highlighting passband boundaries between serial run length message codes of variable length. 
     Raster scanned imaging systems often are data rate limited. For example, conventional facsimile systems typically depend on limited bandwidth communications channels, such as are provided by the public switched telephone network. Accordingly, to increase the throughput of those systems, substantial effort and expense have been devoted to the development of data compression and decompression techniques for eliminating and then restoring the redundant information that is commonly found in video signals having a raster scan format - viz., signals comprising a predetermined number of serial picture elements for each of a plurality of successive, substantially equidistantly spaced scan lines. Of course, in facsimile systems, throughput is customarily expressed in terms of a document transmission time. 
     Others have recognized that run length encoding and decoding may be employed in digital raster scanned imaging systems for compressing and decompressing, respectively, binary video signals. In that context, a &#34;run&#34; is classically defined as being an uninterrupted series of picture elements of the same logic level. Thus, run length encoding is utilized to convert the white and/or black runs of a binary video signal having a raster scan format into corresponding run length message codes. Conversely, run length decoding is a complementary process for reconverting those message codes into white and/or black runs of the appropriate length to reconstruct the video signal. 
     As a general rule, the run length message codes are of variable length (i.e., bit count) to optimize, or at least increase, the data compression. Moreover, the run length message codes are usually serially fed from the encoder to the decoder. Consequently, others have addressed the problem of discriminating between run length message codes of variable length in a serial data stream. 
     More particularly, it has been suggested that flag codes be inserted into the data stream to separate the run length message codes. That is, however, counterproductive because the additional bits comprised by the flag codes detract from the increased throughout capability offered by the data compression. Another, more sophisticated proposal is to employ mutually exclusive run length message codes so that each code is distinguishable from the prefixes of all other codes. That approach is taken in constructing what are commonly referred to as &#34;Huffman codes,&#34; thereby acknowledging D. A. Huffman, &#34;A Method for the Construction of Minimum -- Redundance Codes,&#34;  Proceedings of the I.R.E., September 1952, pp. 1098- 1101. A mutually exclusive or Huffman-type code set has substantial merit, but the complexity of the code set rapidly increases as additional codes are added. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Against that background, an object of this invention is to provide relatively simple and reliable methods and means for discriminating between serial run length message codes of variable length in the passband of a limited bandwidth transmission channel. A more detailed, related object is to provide methods and means for imparting self-identifying boundaries to serial run length message codes of the foregoing type, without resorting to a mutually exclusive code set. 
     To carry out those and other objects of the present invention, there are black and white run length encoding means for converting a binary baseband video input signal having a raster scan format into binary black and white run length message codes which are preselected so that the initial or lead bit of each of those codes is at a given logic level. Ternary encoding means convert the binary message codes into a series of ternary black and white run length message codes which have distinctive amplitude transitions at any intra-scan line code boundaries, and a frequency modulator then modulates a carrier signal to provide a frequency modulated passband signal suitable for transmission over a limited bandwidth communications channel. To recover the video signal from the passband signal, the process is reversed. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Still further objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent when the following detailed description is read in conjunction with the attached drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional run length encoding process requiring flag codes; 
     FIG. 2 illustrates a run length encoding process which takes advantage of the present invention; 
     FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a facsimile transmitting terminal including a run length encoder constructed in accordance with this invention; 
     FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of a facsimile receiving terminal including a complementary run length decoder. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENT 
     While the invention is described in some detail hereinbelow with specific reference to a single exemplary embodiment, it is to be understood that there is no intent to limit it to that embodiment. On the contrary, the aim is to cover all modifications, alternatives, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 
     Turning now to the drawings, and at this point especially to FIG. 1, it is known that a binary video signal 1a having a raster scan format can be converted into a series of black and white run length message codes 1b through the use of a run length encoding process. However, if the message codes are of variable length, the boundaries of the successive codes must be clearly identified. 
     As previous mentioned, others have proposed that flag codes be inserted between the successive run length codes to identify the code boundaries. For example, white-to-black transitions and black-to-white transitions of the video signal 1a may be marked by inserting fixed length flag codes &#34;00&#34; and &#34;01,&#34; respectively, between the message codes for the picture elements immediately proceeding and succeeding the transitions. The message codes are selected to exclude the bits patterns for the flag codes so that the alternating series of message codes and flag codes 1c is capable of being decoded to recover the video signal 1a. 
     Unfortunately, the flag codes incrementally increase the number of bits necessary to convey the video information as indicated by the following analysis of the encoding process shown in FIG. 1; 
     
                       Table 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Color Represented                                                         
            Run Length Message Code                                       
                                   Flag Code                              
______________________________________                                    
White       1          1           00                                     
Black       1          1           01                                     
White       6          110         00                                     
Black       2          10          01                                     
White       6          110         00                                     
Black       1          1           01                                     
White       4          100         00                                     
Black       3          11          01                                     
White       7          111         00                                     
Black       1          1           01                                     
White       3          11          00                                     
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     In this case, if the message code sequence 1111010110110011111111 is compared against the message code/flag code sequence 10010111000100111000101100001101111001011100, it will be found that the addition of the flag codes doubles the number of bits in the serial data stream. 
     Referring to FIG. 2, in accordance with this invention, black and white run length message codes are converted into ternary codes so that intra-scan line code boundaries are marked by distinctive amplitude transitions. As in other run length encoding processes, a baseband binary video input signal 2a having a raster scan format is converted into corresponding black and white run length message codes 2b and 2c, respectively. The initial or lead bits of all of the message codes are selected to be at the same, say, high (&#34;1&#34;) logic level, but otherwise the codes need only differentiate between runs of different length. Indeed, the message codes need not even distinguish between black and white runs because plural runs within a given scan line inherently alternate between black and white. 
     In keeping with the present invention, to serially generate a series of ternary black and white run length message codes 2d having distinctive amplitude transitions at the code boundaries, the bits of the binary message codes 2b and 2c are selectively level shifted relative to a predetermined reference level. More particularly, as shown, the initial bits and all other bits of like logic level (i.e., the high or &#34;1 &#34; logic level bits) within the black message codes 2b are translated to a relatively positive level. Conversely, the initial bits and all other bits of like logic level (again, the &#34;1&#34; bits) within the white message codes 2c are translated to a relatively negative level. Furthermore, the other or low (&#34;0&#34;) logic level bits of the black and white message codes 2b and 2c, are translated to or maintained at the reference level. As a result, the ternary codes 2d make transitions from the negative signal or reference levels to the positive signal level to unambiguously identify white-to-black, message code boundaries and from the positive signal or reference levels to the negative signal level to unambiguously identify black-to-white message code boundaries. 
     Moreover, to carry out this invention, a carrier signal 2c of predetermined frequency is frequency modulated in accordance with the ternary codes 2d to provide a frequency modulated passband signal 2f for transmitting the ternary codes over a limited bandwidth transmission channel. Suitably, the carrier signal is selected to have a frequency of 1900 Hz, and the frequency modulation shifts the frequency of the passband signal up to 2300 Hz when the ternary codes are positive and down to 1500 Hz when the ternary codes are negative. That, of course, is ample to provide the passband signal with distinctive frequency transitions at any intra-scan line code boundaries. 
     Turning to FIG. 3, there is a facsimile transmitting terminal 11 (shown only in relevant part) which takes advantage of the above-described process to transmit the information content of a subject copy (not shown) to a remote receiving terminal 12 (FIG. 4) via a limited bandwidth communications channel 13. 
     In keeping with generally accepted practices, a binary video input signal representing the information content of the subject copy is applied to a run length counter 14 which is incremented at a predetermined rate by clock pulses and selectively reset to convert the runs of black (image representing) and white (background representing) picture elements within the video signal into corresponding counts. Specifically, the counter 14 is synchronously reset (by means not shown) as the scanning of the subject copy advances from scan line-to-scan line and asynchronously reset (by means also not shown) in response to each white-to-black and black-to-white intra-scan line transition of the video input signal. To provide the clock pulses for the counter 14, there suitably is a frequency divider and amplitude quantizer 15 for generating clock pulses in response to a carrier frequency signal supplied by an ac. carrier signal source 16. 
     More or less conventional white and black run length encoders 17 and 18, respectively, are included to serially generate and temporarily store binary white and black run length message codes, respectively, in response to the counts provided by the run length counter 14. The first count for each scan line is applied to the white run length counter 17 in the expectation that at least the first picture element of each scan line will represent white, background information. Thereafter, any subsequent counts are alternately routed so that the second count is applied to the black run length counter 18, the third to the white run length encoder 17, and so forth until the scanning advances to the next scan line. As will be seen, identical code sets may be used for encoding the black and white runs. It is, however, important that the code sets be selected so that the first bit of each message code is at a given logic level. 
     A ternary encoder 19 alternately reads the binary message codes provided by the white and black run length encoders 17 and 18 and selectively shifts the bits of those codes as previously described to generate a series of ternary white and black run length message codes having distinctive amplitude transitions at the intra-scan line code boundaries. The usual control signals (such as start of scan signals, end of line signals, synchronization pulses, and error detection signals) are inserted into the data stream before and after each scan line of encoded video by a control signal generator 21. A carrier signal supplied by the signal source 16 is then frequency modulated in accordance with the ternary codes by a frequency modulator 22 to provide a frequency modulated passband signal for transmitting the ternary run length message codes and the control signals to the receiving terminal 12 via the communications channel 13. 
     At the receiving terminal 12, as shown in FIG. 4, the passband signal is restored to a predetermined amplitude by a limiting amplifier 31 and then demodulated and decoded by a FM ternary decoder 32, thereby recovering the bits of the binary black and white message codes. The decoder 32 responds to the frequency transitions at the intra-scan line code boundaries and to the end of line control signals at the intra-scan line code boundaries to sequentially gate the bits for successive black and white of run length message codes to a run length decoder 34 where the binary video signal is reconstructed run length-by-run length. 
     A print head driver 35 actuates a suitable motor 36 in response to the reconstructed video signal to translate a print head (not shown) along successive scan lines of a recording medium (also not shown). Additionally, the reconstructed video signal is fed through a print head controller 37 to a print head write circuit 38, whereby the print head is selectively energized to print a replica or &#34;facsimile&#34; of the subject copy on the recording medium. As will be appreciated, the printing takes place as the print head scans in, say, a forward direction. Preferably, the write circuit 38 is blanked by a blanking signal supplied by the print head driver 35 while the print head is retracing or flying back in the opposite or reverse direction. 
     CONCLUSION 
     In view of the foregoing, it will now be understood that relatively simple and reliable methods and means have been provided for identifying the baseband and passband boundaries between serial run length message codes. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the same message codes can, if desired, be used for black and white run lengths, thereby minimizing the number of members required to form a complete code set. Moreover, it will be understood that the presence of the distinctive passband frequency transitions and baseband amplitude transitions at the intra-line boundaries of the ternary codes reduces the risk of significant errors being introduced by transmission noise. Indeed, since black and white discriminative information is retained, there is virtually no risk of a run of one sense being inverted to appear as a run of the opposite sense.