Patent Publication Number: US-2023151464-A1

Title: Ultra low carbon interstitial free steel

Description:
The invention relates to an ultra low carbon interstitial free steel. 
     Interstitial free steel (IF steel) is a mild steel with an excellent formability because all interstitial elements, carbon, nitrogen, and boron, are bound, e.g. by titanium or niobium or aluminium, to form carbides, nitrides, and borides. Thus, the interstitial elements do not block the movement of the dislocations in the iron crystal grain. Due to the stabilisation of carbon, nitrogen and boron IF steels can be stored an almost unlimited time, contrary to bake hardenable steels. 
     Due to the high formability IF steel is mostly used in the automotive industry for producing body-in-white parts, which parts are often complicated to form by pressing. High formability thus is a requirement. Because of the low carbon content, IF steels are mild steels having a low yield strength and a high ductility. 
     IF steels are for example standardised in EN 10346:2015. In this standard the low carbon steels for cold forming are mentioned in Table 1 and Table 7. They are indicated as DX51-DX57, wherein the higher numbers indicate a better formability. The highest formability is provided by DX57. According to the standard, these IF steels contain at most 0.30 mass % titanium. 
     The German standard VDA 239-100 (2016) also provides cold rolled mild steels in Table 6 and Table 24. These steels are indicated as CR1-CR5 and have a composition and mechanical properties that are almost identical to the DX types of norm EN 10346:2015. A CR6 cold rolled mild steel with improved ductility is entered as draft standard in the VDA 239-100 revision May 2019. 
     It is known that it is advantageous to use ultra low carbon steels (ULC steels) as IF steels, because the lower the amount of carbon (and nitrogen) in the steel, the less titanium or niobium is needed to bind the carbon and nitrogen. Thus, in practice lower amounts of elements are used than the maximum amounts indicated in the norms. 
     On the other hand, the ULC steels need to have a reasonable yield strength and tensile strength, as prescribed in the norms. This means that sufficient strength providing elements need to be present, such as manganese, phosphorus and/or silicon. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an ultra low carbon IF steel strip, sheet or blank having improved formability. 
     It is another object of the invention to provide an ultra low carbon IF steel strip, sheet or blank having an improved plastic strain rate. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide an ultra low carbon IF steel strip, sheet or blank having an improved strain hardening exponent. 
     It is moreover an object of the invention to provide an ultra low carbon IF steel strip, sheet or blank meeting the requirements as mentioned in the draft VDA 239-100 (May 2019) norm. 
     The invention relates to an ultra low carbon interstitial free steel strip, sheet or blank, wherein the steel has in weight % a composition of the following elements: 
     C: max 0.005 
     Mn: max 0.20 
     Si: max 0.10 
     Al: 0.01-0.20 
     Ti: max 0.10 
     Nb: max 0.10 
     V: max 0.10 
     P: max 0.02 
     S: max 0.02 
     N: max 0.01 
     wherein Ti+Nb+V together max 0.10
 
and optionally:
 
     Cr: max 0.10 
     Ni: max 0.10 
     B: max 0.0005 
     Ca: max 0.01 
     Cu: max 0.10 
     Mo: max 0.10 
     Sn: max 0.05 
     the remainder being Fe and unavoidable impurities,
 
the steel having a yield strength in transverse direction between 110 and 170 MPa, a tensile strength in transverse direction between 250 and 330 MPa, an elongation A80 in transverse direction of at least 42%, an average plastic strain ratio r of at least 2.00, and a strain hardening exponent n90 in transverse direction of at least 0.22.
 
     The average plastic strain ratio r or average r-value is defined as: 
     (r0+2*r45+r90)/4, wherein
 
r0 is the plastic strain ratio in rolling or longitudinal direction,
 
r45 is the plastic strain ratio in diagonal direction, and
 
r90 is the plastic strain ratio in transverse direction.
 
     Since the measurements of the values of elongation A80, plastic strain ratio r and strain hardening exponent n (in all three directions) can be inaccurate and all values measured can slightly differ over the strip that are hot rolled from one cast, the values of A80 and r and n as used in the claims are the mean value of at least three measurements performed on at least three different strips of one cast. In this way inaccuracies will statistically be reduced. 
     The inventors have found that an ultra low carbon interstitial free steel strip, sheet or blank with this composition can be provided with the mechanical properties as described above, wherein especially the elongation A80 and the average plastic strain ratio r and the strain hardening exponent n90 in transverse direction give a good indication of the required ductility of the IF steel. The inventors also have found that it is especially needed that the sum of Ti, Nb and V has to be limited to 0.10 weight % to obtain the required mechanical properties and the required ductility. 
     Carbon is usually present to provide strength to the steel, but when too much carbon is present more carbides are to be formed, which hamper ductility. Hence carbon is present in a maximum amount of 0,005 weight %, and preferably max 0.003 weight %. More preferably, the maximum amount is 0.0022 weight %. Since some carbon is unavoidable and necessary for the strength, the minimum amount preferably is 0.0001 weight %, more preferably 0.0005 or even 0.0010 weight %. 
     Manganese is present in an IF steel to provide strength but at the same time the formability, or A80 and r-value decrease with increasing Mn. Therefore, the maximum amount is preferably 0.20 weight %, and more preferably the maximum amount is 0.18 weight %, or even 0.15 weight %. A minimum amount is preferably 0.01 weight % and more preferably 0.04 weight %, also depending on the amount of other elements in the IF steel. 
     Silicon can also be used to improve the strength of the IF steel but at the same time the formability, or A80 and r-value decrease with increasing Si. For this reason, a maximum amount of silicon is preferably 0.10 weight %. Since silicon hampers the ductility of the steel, more preferably a maximum amount of silicon is 0.05 weight %, and more preferably 0.03 weight %. An even more preferred maximum amount of silicon is 0.015 weight % or even 0.013 weight %. A preferred minimum amount of silicon is 0.001 weight % or even 0.002 weight % in view of strength requirements. 
     Aluminium is used for killing the steel, that is for binding with N, in the same way as Ti does. For this reason, an aluminium amount between 0.01-0.20 weight % is present in the steel. Preferably, the maximum amount of aluminium is 0.10 weight % and more preferably 0.08 weight % so as not to hamper the ductility of the IF steel. 
     Phosphorus can be used to improve the strength of the IF steel but at the same time it will reduce the formability and it is detrimental to steelmaking. It can also lead to an increase in the Ductile to Brittle Transformation Temperature (DBTT). Therefore, phosphorus should be present in very low amounts preferably max 0.02 weight % and more preferably max 0.015 or even max 0.013 weight %. Minimum amount is preferably 0.001 weight % and more preferably 0.002 weight % in view of the required strength. 
     Sulphur and nitrogen are detrimental to steelmaking and to the steel itself and therefore have to be present in very low amounts, preferably max 0.02 weight % and max 0.01 weight % respectively. More preferably, the maximum amounts for S are 0.015 or even 0.013 weight %, and for N the maximum amounts are 0.008 or even 0.006 weight %, and most preferably at most 0.004 weight %. Especially nitrogen has to be present in low amounts because it has to be bound to form nitrides in IF steel. For S the preferred minimum amount is 0.001 or even 0.003 weight % and for N the preferred minimum amount is 0.001. These minimum amounts result from steelmaking requirements. 
     Preferably, the sum of Mn+Si+10*P is at most 0.30 weight %, more preferably at most 0.25 weight %, most preferably at most 0.20 weight % to reach the required strength. The minimum of this sum is preferably 0.06, more preferably 0.07 weight %. 
     Titanium, niobium and/or vanadium are added to bind the carbon and nitrogen. Nitrogen can also be bound by aluminium or boron. Together they should be sufficient to make sure there is no carbon nor nitrogen left in solid solution. However, not too much of these elements should be present, also in view of the cost of these elements, and therefore Ti+Nb+V together are preferably maximised at 0.10 weight %. More preferably, each of Ti and Nb and V are present in an amount of maximal 0.09 weight %, wherein the sum is also maximised at 0.09 weight %, and even more preferably the amount of vanadium and/or niobium is maximised at 0.01 weight %. 
     In a further preferred embodiment, no vanadium and preferably also no niobium is added to the IF steel, meaning that these elements are only present as unavoidable impurity. Titanium is preferably present in an amount of at least 0.01 weight %, more preferably in an amount of at least 0.03 weight % and most preferably in an amount of at least 0.05 weight %, especially when no vanadium and no niobium are added to the IF steel. 
     Optional elements can be present in the amounts indicated above. Preferably the upper limits for these elements are even lower, such as at most 60% of the amounts indicated above for each additional element, and more preferably these optional elements are not added to the IF steel at all, meaning that these elements are only present as unavoidable impurity. 
     Yield strength Rp0,2 in transverse direction and tensile strength Rm in transverse direction preferably have a minimum and maximum value to be used commercially according to the norms. 
     The elongation A80 in transverse direction of at least 42% and the average plastic strain ratio r of at least 2.0 are among the most important factors to determine the ductility of the IF steel. The total elongation, in this case given as A80, provides a measure for the deformation that can be reached when the steel is elongated until fracture. A high elongation A80 thus is an indication for the deformability of the IF steel. The r-value is a measure of the resistance to thinning of steel to be used for deep drawing. The higher the r-value, the better the IF steel can be used for deep drawing. These parameters thus provide a measure to reach one or more of the objects of the invention. The steps to achieve these parameters are elucidated below. 
     Furthermore, the IF steel has a strain hardening exponent n90 in transverse direction of at least 0.22. The n-value is a measure to define the response of the IF steel to cold working. The higher the n-value, the more ductile the steel is. To assess the ductility of the steel, one should look at both the elongation A80, the r-value and the n90-value. 
     According to a preferred embodiment the steel has an elongation A80 in transverse direction of at least 44%, preferably of at least 46%, more preferably at least 48%, even more preferably at least 50%, most preferably at least 52%. The inventors have found that is possible to reach these high values for elongation A80 in combination with a high r-value and/or n-value. 
     It is also preferred when the steel has a strain hardening exponent n90 in transverse direction of at least 0.23, preferably of at least 0.24. Such high numbers for the n-value are very important to provide a highly ductile IF steel. 
     Furthermore, the steel preferably has an average plastic strain ratio r of at least 2.15, preferably of at least 2.20, more preferably of at least 2.25, even more preferably at least 2.30 or even 2.35, most preferably at least 2.4. Also, high numbers for the average r-value indicate that the ductility of the IF steel is improved. 
     Moreover, the steel preferably has a plastic strain ratio in diagonal direction r45 of at least 1.8 or at least 1.9, preferably of at least 2.0, more preferably of at least 2.1, even more preferably at least 2.2, most preferably at least 2.3. By providing an IF steel having a r-value r45 in diagonal direction that is high, an additional measure for the ductility of the steel is provided. In practice, the r-values in all 3 directions have to be sufficiently high to provide an IF steel that is sufficiently ductile for deep drawing complex automotive parts. 
     Preferably an interstitial free low carbon steel strip, sheet or blank is provided, wherein one or more of the elements in the steel are present in the following ranges: 
     C: 0.0001-0.003 
     Mn: 0.01-0.20, preferably 0.04-0.18
 
Si: 0.001-0.05, preferably 0.002-0.015
 
     Al: 0.01-0.10 
     Ti: 0.01-0.09 
     Nb: max 0.09, preferably max 0.01
 
V: max 0.09, preferably max 0.01
 
     P: max 0.015 
     S: max 0.015 
     N: max 0.008 
     wherein Ti+Nb+V in total max 0.09
 
and optionally:
 
     Cr: max 0.06 
     Ni: max 0.06 
     B: max 0.0004 
     Ca: max 0.005 
     Cu: max 0.06 
     Mo: max 0.06 
     Sn: max 0.03. 
     These more restricted ranges provide an IF steel which is especially suitable for the high formability as often requested. 
     According to a preferred embodiment an ultra low carbon interstitial free steel strip, sheet or blank is provided having in weight % a composition of: 
     C: 0.0001-0.0022 
     Mn: 0.01-0.15 
     Si: 0.001-0.013 
     Al: 0.02-0.08 
     Ti: 0.03-0.09 
     P: 0.001-0.013 
     S: 0.001-0.013 
     N: 0.001-0.006 
     and optionally: 
     Nb: max 0.003 
     V: max 0.005 
     Cr: max 0.05 
     Ni: max 0.05 
     B: max 0.0003 
     Ca: max 0.002 
     Cu: max 0.05 
     Mo: max 0.04 
     Sn: max 0.02. 
     This preferred composition is very suitable to reach the mechanical properties as elucidated above. 
     According to a further preferred embodiment an ultra low carbon interstitial free steel strip, sheet or blank is provided having in weight % a composition of: 
     C: 0.0010-0.0022 
     Mn: 0.04-0.13 
     Si: 0.002-0.013 
     Al: 0.03-0.07 
     Ti: 0.05-0.09 
     P: 0.002-0.013 
     S: 0.003-0.013 
     N: 0.001-0.004 
     and optionally: 
     Nb: max 0.002 
     V: max 0.004 
     Cr: max 0.04 
     Ni: max 0.04 
     B: max 0.0002 
     Ca: max 0.001 
     Cu: max 0.04 
     Mo: max 0.02 
     Sn: max 0.01. 
     This preferred composition can be used to reach the highest ductility as required in the automotive industry. 
     The upper and/or lower limit of each element in the above two preferred embodiments can also be used to limit the respective element in the main embodiment of the invention as provided above. 
     As an indication of the ductility of the IF steel according to the invention it is preferred when the average plastic strain ratio r times the strain hardening exponent n90 in transverse direction is at least 0.44, preferably at least 0.48, more preferably at least 0.52, most preferably 0.56. This combination of average r-value and transverse n-value provides a good indication of the ductility of the IF steel, together with the elongation A80. 
     For another indication of the ductility of the IF steel according to the invention it is preferred when the plastic strain ratio in diagonal direction r45 times the strain hardening exponent n90 in transverse direction is at least 0.40, preferably at least 0.44, more preferably at least 0.48, most preferably at least 0.52. This combination of r-value in diagonal direction and n-value in transverse direction provides a different indication of the ductility of the IF steel, together with the elongation A80 value. 
     In a further indication of the ductility of the IF steel according to the invention the plastic strain ratio in transverse direction r90 times the strain hardening exponent in transverse direction n90 is at least 0.50, preferably at least 0.55, more preferably at least 0.58 or even at least 0.60, even more preferably at least 0.62, most preferably at least 0.64 or even 0.66. The combination of r-value and n-value both in transverse direction provides an indication of the ductility in transverse direction, which usually is higher than in diagonal direction. 
     A different indication of the ductility of the IF steel according to the invention is provided by the combination of plastic strain ratio in diagonal direction r45 and strain hardening exponent in diagonal direction n45, wherein the plastic strain ratio in diagonal direction r45 times the strain hardening exponent in diagonal direction n45 is at least 0.35, preferably at least 0.40, more preferably at least 0.45, even more preferably at least 0.48, most preferably at least 0.50. Since both the r-value and the n-value in diagonal direction are usually lower than in transverse direction and rolling direction, this combination provides a valuable measure for the ductility of the steel. 
     According to a special preferred embodiment of the IF steel according to the invention the yield strength Rp0,2 in transverse direction is between 110 and 155 MPa. A lower yield strength of the IF steel gives a better formability. 
     Usually the IF steel according to the invention is coated with a metallic coating, preferably an aluminium alloy coating or a zinc alloy coating. Such a coating is often needed in the automotive industry. These coatings are known to the person skilled in the art and are usually provided on the steel strip by hot dip coating. 
     The method steps that can be used to obtain the inventive IF steel will be elucidated below. 
     The inventors have found that the ductility of the IF steel according to the invention is highly influenced by the cold rolling reduction during the cold rolling of the steel. It has been found that a cold rolling reduction between 80% and 85% is needed to attain a high r-value. 
     Furthermore, the skin pass reduction of the IF steel strip as e.g. applied after hot dip galvanising also has a big effect on the strength and the ductility of the strip. The skin pass reduction should be limited to &lt;1.0%, preferably between 0.4% and 0.7%. 
     Moreover, the inventors have found that the temperature of the steel strip in the last stand of the hot rolling finishing mill should preferably be between 900 and 950° C. and the cooling rate in the run out table should preferably be around 60° C./s-90° C./s, so preferably between 25° C./s and 150° C./s. The coiling temperature of the hot rolled strip is preferably around 700° C., so preferably between 600° C. and 750° C. All these values are valid for the middle of the coil, the values at the head and tail end can be slightly different. These parameters are found to be especially advantageous for an IF steel containing an amount of titanium that is higher than 0.05 weight %. 
     Thus in a method to produce an interstitial free low carbon steel strip as elucidated above, molten steel with the composition as given is cast and after cutting into slabs hot rolled with a hot rolling finishing temperature between 900 and 950° C., preferably between 900° C. and 940° C., more preferably between 900 and 930° C., cooled in the run out table with a cooling rate between 25° C./s and 150° C./s, preferably between 60° C./s and 90° C./s. The coiling temperature is between 600° C. and 750° C., preferably between 675° C. and 725° C. After cooling down and pickling the coils are cold rolled with a reduction of between 78% and 88%, preferably a reduction between 80% and 85%, and continuous annealed at a temperature of approximately 810° C. (between 800° C. and 820° C.). After standard hot dip galvanising to provide a GI coating the strips were skin passed with a reduction of between 0.4% and 0.7%, preferably approximately 0.6%. Further method steps are known to the person skilled in the art and are more or less standard. 
    
    
     The invention will be elucidated with reference to the following examples. 
     Table 1 shows the composition of 16 examples of coils as cast, hot rolled, cold rolled, hot dip galvanised, and skin passed. Table 1a provides the elements that are important or deliberately added, or present in higher amounts. Table 1b provides elements that are present in low amounts or as inevitable impurities. All elements in tables 1a and 1b are given in milli weight %. Alzo stands for acid soluble aluminium. 
     All examples are inventive examples, as follows from Table 2, in which the yield strength Rp0,2, the tensile strength Rm, the elongation A80, the plastic strain ratio r (the r-value) and the strain hardening exponent n (the n-value) are given in three directions: the longitudinal direction (in rolling direction of the coil), in diagonal direction (under 45 degrees with the rolling direction) and in transverse direction (under 90 degrees with the rolling direction). 
     At the end of Table 2 also the average r-value (r_AVG) is given, which is calculated as (r0+2*r45+r90)/4, wherein TO is the plastic strain ratio in rolling or longitudinal direction, r45 is the plastic strain ratio in diagonal direction, and r90 is the plastic strain ratio in transverse direction. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1a 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex 
                 CAST ID 
                 C 
                 N 
                 Mn 
                 Si 
                 Al 
                 AlZo 
                 Ti 
                 Cu 
                 Cr 
                 Ni 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 M0737 
                 1.3 
                 2.7 
                 107 
                 4 
                 56 
                 54 
                 67 
                 13 
                 21 
                 18 
               
               
                 2 
                 M1886 
                 1.4 
                 2.6 
                 87 
                 4 
                 57 
                 55 
                 66 
                 13 
                 15 
                 20 
               
               
                 3 
                 M2790 
                 1.9 
                 2.3 
                 66 
                 3 
                 52 
                 50 
                 64 
                 13 
                 14 
                 21 
               
               
                 4 
                 M8642 
                 1.3 
                 2.1 
                 64 
                 4 
                 57 
                 54 
                 69 
                 11 
                 14 
                 21 
               
               
                 5 
                 N0499 
                 1.4 
                 2.9 
                 95 
                 5 
                 56 
                 54 
                 68 
                 16 
                 31 
                 24 
               
               
                 6 
                 N6718 
                 1.5 
                 2.7 
                 83 
                 2 
                 48 
                 46 
                 65 
                 16 
                 17 
                 18 
               
               
                 7 
                 N6719 
                 1.3 
                 2.5 
                 121 
                 3 
                 58 
                 54 
                 68 
                 17 
                 21 
                 18 
               
               
                 8 
                 N6982 
                 1.4 
                 2.4 
                 103 
                 4 
                 50 
                 48 
                 66 
                 16 
                 20 
                 19 
               
               
                 9 
                 N6987 
                 1.4 
                 2.0 
                 98 
                 3 
                 52 
                 50 
                 67 
                 17 
                 22 
                 21 
               
               
                 10 
                 N6995 
                 1.1 
                 3.2 
                 90 
                 4 
                 49 
                 47 
                 66 
                 11 
                 17 
                 19 
               
               
                 11 
                 N6997 
                 1.1 
                 3.4 
                 102 
                 3 
                 52 
                 50 
                 66 
                 13 
                 17 
                 18 
               
               
                 12 
                 N8428 
                 1.4 
                 2.8 
                 65 
                 5 
                 48 
                 46 
                 67 
                 14 
                 16 
                 18 
               
               
                 13 
                 N9832 
                 1.0 
                 3.0 
                 64 
                 4 
                 42 
                 41 
                 59 
                 17 
                 22 
                 21 
               
               
                 14 
                 P1887 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 94 
                 4 
                 56 
                 54 
                 65 
                 15 
                 16 
                 19 
               
               
                 15 
                 P2198 
                 1.3 
                 2.9 
                 95 
                 4 
                 57 
                 55 
                 70 
                 18 
                 22 
                 26 
               
               
                 16 
                 P2200 
                 1.3 
                 2.3 
                 99 
                 4 
                 54 
                 51 
                 69 
                 14 
                 23 
                 23 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1b 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex 
                 CAST ID 
                 P 
                 S 
                 Nb 
                 B 
                 V 
                 Mo 
                 Sn 
                 Ca 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 M0737 
                 5 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 2 
                 M1886 
                 3 
                 5 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 3 
                 M2790 
                 4 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 3 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 4 
                 M8642 
                 4 
                 9 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 4 
                 3 
                 — 
               
               
                 5 
                 N0499 
                 6 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 2 
                 5 
                 2 
                 — 
               
               
                 6 
                 N6718 
                 6 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 4 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 7 
                 N6719 
                 7 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 8 
                 N6982 
                 7 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 9 
                 N6987 
                 6 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0.1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 10 
                 N6995 
                 7 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 11 
                 N6997 
                 6 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 3 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 12 
                 N8428 
                 6 
                 7 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 3 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                 13 
                 N9832 
                 7 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 4 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 14 
                 P1887 
                 7 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 3 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 15 
                 P2198 
                 6 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 7 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 16 
                 P2200 
                 7 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0.0 
                 2 
                 5 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     All coils of which the examples are shown in Table 1 and table 2 have been cast with the composition as given in Table 1 and have been hot rolled with a finishing temperature between 920° C. and 930° C. The cooling rate at the run-out table was approximately 60° C./s, and the coiling temperature was approximately 710° C. All these values are valid for the middle of the coil, the values at the head and tail end can be slightly different. 
     After cooling down and pickling the coils were cold rolled with a reduction of 82% and continuous annealed at a temperature of approximately 810° C. After standard hot dip galvanising to provide a GI coating the strips were skin passed with a reduction of 0.6%. 
                                         TABLE 2                          longitudinal   diagonal   transverse                                                                                                             r-   n-               r-   n-               r-   n-                   Rp   Rm   A80   value   value   Rp   Rm   A80   value   value   Rp   Rm   A80   value   value   r_AVG       Ex   cast id   MPa   MPa   %   —   —   MPa   MPa   %   —   —   MPa   MPa   %   —   —   —                                                                                             6   N6718   141   290   48   2.20   0.24   146   296   48   1.95   0.23   144   288   44.5   2.75   0.23   2.21       10   N6995   143   294   46.5   2.15   0.24   148   296   47.5   2.00   0.23   148   291   44   2.60   0.23   2.19       6   N6718   146   296   45.5   2.25   0.23   150   298   45.5   2.00   0.22   149   295   47   2.50   0.23   2.19       6   N6718   143   290   51   2.15   0.24   148   294   51.5   2.00   0.23   147   288   46.5   2.85   0.23   2.25       8   N6982   139   292   47   2.15   0.24   145   296   44.5   2.10   0.23   142   290   47.5   2.95   0.23   2.33       9   N6987   140   292   46   2.30   0.24   146   299   44.5   2.00   0.23   143   290   49   2.65   0.23   2.24       9   N6987   141   294   46   2.30   0.24   145   299   44.5   2.15   0.23   144   292   47.5   2.75   0.23   2.34       8   N6982   140   289   47   2.30   0.24   146   295   45.5   1.95   0.23   143   286   48.5   2.85   0.23   2.26       11   N6997   149   288   47.5   2.20   0.23   155   295   45.5   1.85   0.22   152   285   46.5   2.80   0.23   2.18       11   N6997   140   287   46   2.25   0.23   144   291   45.5   2.15   0.23   144   287   45.5   2.95   0.23   2.38       2   M1886   127   288   48   2.20   0.24   132   292   46.5   2.20   0.23   130   287   47.5   2.90   0.24   2.38       2   M1886   132   292   45   2.35   0.24   138   299   42   1.95   0.23   136   291   45.5   2.90   0.24   2.29       2   M1886   125   288   46   2.20   0.24   130   292   45   2.05   0.23   129   287   46.5   2.80   0.24   2.28       4   M8642   136   286   44   2.35   0.24   140   290   45.5   2.00   0.22   136   282   46   2.65   0.23   2.25       4   M8642   135   282   49   2.30   0.23   137   286   50.5   2.10   0.22   135   280   54   2.70   0.23   2.30       4   M8642   133   283   49   2.30   0.24   138   287   48.5   2.15   0.22   135   282   50.5   2.70   0.24   2.33       4   M8642   136   288   41   2.15   0.24   142   294   41.5   1.85   0.23   139   287   48   2.70   0.23   2.14       1   M0737   133   285   48.5   2.40   0.24   140   293   42.5   1.85   0.23   136   283   46.5   2.65   0.24   2.19       7   N6719   144   292   48.5   2.25   0.24   150   294   46   2.20   0.22   149   290   46.5   3.00   0.23   2.41       12   N8428   145   294   46   2.05   0.23   140   291   48   2.05   0.24   144   288   47.5   2.60   0.23   2.19       5   N0499   138   289   49.5   2.30   0.23   143   294   50   2.20   0.22   141   289   48.5   3.05   0.23   2.44       15   P2198   139   293   47.5   2.00   0.24   143   297   45.5   1.90   0.23   142   292   48.5   2.60   0.23   2.10       16   P2200   145   289   47   2.15   0.24   151   292   48.5   2.10   0.23   149   288   50.5   2.80   0.23   2.29       16   P2200   142   288   47   2.15   0.24   149   291   47   2.25   0.23   145   285   52   2.60   0.24   2.31       14   P1887   145   293   49   2.00   0.24   150   296   50   1.95   0.23   148   290   49.5   2.60   0.23   2.13       14   P1887   143   290   48   2.05   0.24   148   293   48.5   2.00   0.23   148   289   52   2.60   0.23   2.16       15   P2198   145   291   49.5   2   0.24   149   295   48.5   1.95   0.23   148   289   49.5   2.6   0.23   2.13       15   P2198   145   291   47   2.05   0.24   151   295   45   2.1   0.22   149   290   50.5   2.5   0.23   2.19       16   P2200   141   286   50.5   2.05   0.24   147   289   48.5   1.95   0.23   144   286   48.5   2.75   0.23   2.18       14   P1887   146   294   47   2   0.24   150   297   45   2   0.23   149   292   49   2.55   0.23   2.14       15   P2198   145   289   47   2.1   0.24   151   291   48   2.15   0.23   151   288   51.5   2.8   0.23   2.30       13   N9832   140   282   49.5   2.15   0.24   148   291   49.5   1.8   0.23   142   281   48.5   2.55   0.24   2.08                    
The relatively low Rp0,2 and the high levels of A80, r-value and n-value or combinations thereof can be attributed to a relatively high amount of Ti and Mn, in combination with a relatively low amount of C and Si. Of course, the process steps as indicated are preferred to reach such values.
 
     It will be clear for the person skilled in the art that the process steps can be varied to reach the values as provided in the claims. 
     The protection sought is not limited by the examples; in that respect, only the limitations of the claims count.