Patent Publication Number: US-6699585-B2

Title: Glazing panel

Description:
This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/466,784 filed Dec. 20, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,072, and incorporated entirely herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to glazing panels and particularly, but not exclusively, to solar control glazing panels which are intended to undergo heat treatment following application of a solar control filter. 
     2. Discussion of Background 
     EP 233003 A describes a glazing panel carrying a sputter coated optical filter having the structure: glass substrate/ SnO 2  base dielectric/ first metallic barrier of Al, Ti, Zn, Zr or Ta/Ag/ second metallic barrier of Al, Ti, Zn, Zr or Ta/ SnO 2  top dielectric. The optical filter is designed to block a significant portion of the incident radiation in the infra red portion of the spectrum whilst allowing passage of a significant portion of the incident radiation in the visible portion of the spectrum. In this way, the filter acts to reduce the heating effect of incident sunlight whilst allowing good visibility through the glazing and is particularly suitable for car windscreens. 
     In this type of structure, the Ag layer acts to reflect incident infra red radiation and in order to fulfil this role must be maintained as silver metal rather than silver oxide and must not be contaminated by adjacent layers. The dielectric layers which sandwich the Ag layer serve to reduce the reflection of the visible portion of the spectrum which the Ag layer would otherwise provoke. The second barrier serves to prevent oxidation of the Ag layer during sputtering of the overlying SnO 2  dielectric layer in an oxidising atmosphere; this barrier is at least partially oxidised during this process. The main role of the first barrier is to prevent oxidation of the silver layer during heat treatment of the coating (e.g. during bending and/or tempering) of the glazing panel by being oxidised itself rather than allowing passage of oxygen to the Ag layer. This oxidation of the barrier during heat treatment provokes an increase in TL of the glazing panel. 
     EP 792847A discloses a heat treatable solar control glazing panel which is based on the same principle and has the structure: glass substrate/ ZnO dielectric/ Zn barrier/ Ag/ Zn barrier/ ZnO dielectric/ Zn barrier/ Ag/ Zn barrier/ ZnO dielectric. The Zn barriers positioned below each of the Ag layers are intended to be oxidised completely during heat treatment and serve to protect the Ag layers from oxidation. As well known in the art, the structure of having two, spaced Ag layers rather than a single layer Ag layer increases the selectivity of the filter. 
     EP 718250A discloses the use of a layer which provides a barrier to oxygen diffusion as at least part of the outermost dielectric layer in this type of filter stack. Such a layer must have a thickness of at least 100 Å and preferably at least 200 Å in order to form an effective barrier and may comprise a silicon compound SiO2, SiOxCy, SiOxNy, nitrides like Si3N4 or AIN, carbides like SiC, TiC, CrC and TaC. 
     According to one aspect, the present invention provides a glazing panel carrying a coating stack comprising a glass substrate, a base antireflective layer, an infra-red reflecting layer, and a top antireflective layer; where at least one of the antireflective layers comprise at least one mixed nitride layer which is a mixture of Al and at least one additional component material X, in which the atomic ratio X/Al is greater than or equal to 0.05 and in which X is at least one material selected from the group consisting of the elements of Groups  3   a ,  4   a ,  5   a ,  4   b ,  5   b ,  6   b ,  7   b , and  8  of the periodic table. The term “periodic table” as used herein refers tot he CAS (Chicago Academy of Science) periodic table system. 
     The antireflective layer is a layer composed of at least one member selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides and carbides and double compounds thereof. 
     As the oxide, for example, an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Zn, Ti, Sn, Si, Al, Ta or Zr may be mentioned. In addition, for example, zinc oxide containing Al, Ga, Si or Sn or indium oxide containing Sn may be mentioned. 
     As the nitride, a nitride of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Si, Al and B (a nitride (A)) or a mixture (inclusive of a double nitride) of a nitride of Zr or Ti with a nitride (A) may be mentioned. 
     As the double compound, SiO x C y , SiO x N y , SiAl x N y  or SiAl x O y N z  may be mentioned. The antireflective layer may be a single layer or a multiple layer. 
     Especially, a zinc oxide or a zinc oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sn, Al, Cr, Ti, Si, B, Mg, In and Ga is preferable, because it makes it possible to stably form an adjacent infra-red reflecting layer with a high crystallinity. Especially, a zinc oxide containing Al and/or Ti is preferable. 
     The infra-red reflecting material is a material that has a reflectance higher than the reflectance of sodalime glass in the band of wavelength between 780 nm and 50 μm. 
     The infra-red reflecting layer is a layer composed of Ag only or a layer comprising Ag as the main component and an additional metal element (such as Pd, Au or Cu). When an additional metal element is contained, the content of the additional metal element is preferably from 0.3 to 10 at %, more preferably from 0.3 to 5 at %, based on the total of Ag and the additional metal element. If the content of an additional metal element is less than 0.3 at %, the effect of stabilizing Ag is small. Also, if the content of an additional metal element exceeds 10 at %, the effect of stabilizing Ag diminishes. Especially, Pd as the additional metal element can immobilize Ag atoms, namely depress the migration of Ag atoms and affords a layer which is excellent in stability and chemical resistance at high temperatures. As the Pd content increases, the rate of film formation tends to decrease, the visible light transmittance tends to lower, and the shielding selectivity between visible rays and near infrared rays tends to become poor. Therefore, the Pd content (Pd/Ag) is preferred to be at most 5.0 at %, especially from 0.3 to 2.0 at %, more preferably from 0.3 to 1.0 at %. 
     When the glass laminate of the present invention comprises more than one infra-red reflecting layer, each infra-red layer may have the same composition or a different composition. The infra-red reflecting layer may be a multiple layer comprising at least two laminated films, for example, a multiple layer composed of Ag and Pd. 
     In a glazing panel having a three layer type laminated coating, the thickness of the base antireflective layer, the infra-red layer and the top antireflective layer layer are preferably from 15 to 45 nm, from 9 to 16 nm (especially from 9 to 12 nm) and from 30 to 45 nm, respectively. A glazing panel comprising a colorless soda lime glass substrate of 2 mm thick and a three layer type laminated coating formed on the substrate has such representative optical properties as a luminous transmittance (TL) of about from 75 to 85% and an energetic transmittance (TE) of about from 50 to 70% after heat treatment. 
     In a glazing panel having a five layer type laminated coating, the thicknesses of the base antireflective layer, the infra-red layer the central antireflective layer, the infra-red layer and the top antireflective layer layer are preferably from 16 to 50 nm (especially from 20 to 45 nm), from 6.5 to 16 nm (especially from 6.5 to 12.5 nm), from 40 to 100 nm (especially from 45 to 90 nm), from 6.5 to 16 nm (especially from 6.5 to 12.5 nm) and from 16 to 50 nm (especially from 20 to 45 nm), respectively. A glazing panel comprising a colorless soda lime glass substrate of 2 mm thick and a five layer type laminated coating formed on the substrate has such representative optical properties as a luminous transmittance (TL) of about from 70 to 80% and an energetic transmittance (TE) of about from 40 to 50% after heat treatment. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
     FIG. 1 is a cross-section through a glazing panel prior to a bending and tempering operation. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The term “heat treatable glazing panel” as used herein means that the glazing panel carrying the coating stack is adapted to undergo a bending and/or thermal tempering and/or thermal hardening operation and/or other heat treatment process without the haze of the so treated glazing panel exceeding 0.5, and preferably without the haze exceeding 0.3. The term “substantially haze free heat treated glazing panel” as used herein means a glazing panel carrying a coating stack which has been bent and/or thermally tempered and/or thermally hardened and has a haze that does not exceed 0.5 and which preferably does not exceed 0.3. In the present invention, a glazing panel can be subjected to heat treatment for 1) bending, 2) tempering, 3) sintering of colored ceramic print or silver bus bar print, 4) vacuum sealing of vacuum double glazing and 5) calcination of a wet-coated low reflective coating or antiglare coating. For example, it is heated to a temperature of from 570 to 700° C. in the atmosphere for 1) bending or 2) tempering. The bending and/or thermal tempering and/or thermal hardening operation may be carried out at a temperature of at least, 600° C. for at least 10 minutes, 12 minutes, or 15 minutes, at least 620° C. for at least 10 minutes, 12 minutes, or 15 minutes, or at least 640° C. for at least 10 minutes, 12 minutes, or 15 minutes. 
     Any suitable method or combination of methods may be used to deposit the coating layers. For example, evaporation (thermal or electron beam), liquid pyrolysis, chemical vapour deposition, vacuum deposition and sputtering, particularly magnetron sputtering, the latter being particularly preferred. Different layers of the coating stack may be deposited using different techniques. 
     The mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium may contain a “pure” nitride, an oxynitride, a carbonitride or an oxycarbonitride. The mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium may be deposited by sputtering a target in a nitrogen atmosphere. Alternatively, it may be deposited by sputtering a target in an atmosphere which is a mixture of argon and nitrogen. 
     The use of a mixed nitride comprising aluminium rather than pure or undoped AIN may be used to confer good resistance to oxidation and/or moisture to the coating stack. This is particularly so when the mixed nitride comprising aluminium forms part of the top antireflective layer, particularly when it forms the exposed layer. 
     A mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium in the base antireflective layer is believed effective in blocking not only oxygen but also sodium ions and other ions that can diffuse from the glass into the coating stack and cause a deterioration of optical and electrical properties, particularly if the glazing panel is subjected to heat treatment. 
     Particularly good results may be obtained when the additional material X is one or more of the materials selected from the group comprising Si, Zr, Hf, Ti, Nb and B, particularly Si or Si and Zr. Where the mixed nitride layer comprises Si, the atomic ratios may be: X/Al of about 0.2-4, especially 0.4-3.5. 
     SiO 2  and Al 2 O 3  are known to be effective barriers to diffusion of sodium ions in sputtered coating stacks. In addition to being easier, quicker and more cost effective to deposit by sputtering, it is believed that a mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium as part of the base dielectric layer provides an effective barrier to both sodium ions and oxygen diffusion. Furthermore, it is believed that the mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium may provide an effective diffusion barrier at smaller geometrical thicknesses than that required using known materials. For example, good thermal resistance with respect to ion and oxygen diffusion from the glass substrate may be conferred on the coating stack by arranging the mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium having a geometrical thickness of greater than 30 Å, for example, greater than or about 50 Å, 80 Å or 90 Å, as at least part of the base antireflective layer particularly if the coating stack also includes a barrier layer, for example a metal or sub-oxide barrier layer, underlying the infra-red reflecting layer. Even in the absence of such a barrier layer underlying the infra-red reflecting layer, good thermal resistance with respect to ion and oxygen diffusion from the glass substrate may be conferred on the coating stack by arranging the mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium having a geometrical thickness of greater than 30 Å, preferably greater than 50 Å, 80 Å or 90 Å, for example, about 100 Å as at least part of the base antireflective layer. The mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium may confer advantageous properties even if it is less than 195 Å thick. 
     The ability to block ion and oxygen diffusion from the glass substrate with a relatively thin layer provides great flexibility in the materials and thickness that may be used for the other layers in the coating stack. 
     Both Si 3 N 4  and AlN take longer to deposit by common sputtering techniques than oxides traditionally used in such coatings e.g. ZnO, SnO 2 . The ability to provide good thermal stability with a relatively thin layer of a mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium thus alleviates the deposition of such a layer as a limiting factor in a deposition process. 
     The optical thickness of the antireflective layers and particularly that of the top antireflective layer is critical in determining the colour of the glazing panel. If a portion of an antireflective layer is oxidised, for example during heat treatment of the glazing panel then, particularly with Si 3 N 4  (refractive index about 2) the optical thickness can be modified as Si 3 N 4  may be oxidised to SiO 2  (refractive index about 1.45). Where the antireflective layer comprises a mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium whose nitride has a refractive index of about 2.0, oxidation of a part of this to Al 2 O 3  (refractive index about 1.7) will have lesser effect upon the optical thickness of the layer. 
     The ability to use a layer of a mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium which is less than 100 Å in thickness to provide an effective thermal barrier provides significant flexibility in the choice of the overall structure of the top antireflective layer. The layer comprising a mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium may be about 85 Å in thickness; this provides a combination of good thermal resistance and thickness. The layer comprising a mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium may have a thickness of greater than or equal to about 50 Å, 60 Å or 80 Å; its thickness may be less than or equal to about 85 Å, 90 Å or 95 Å. 
     The preferred atomic ratios X/Al defined in the claims may provide a good combination of thermal resistance and chemical durability for the coating stack, particularly when the addition material X is Si, Zr or Si and Zr. 
     Preferable X/Al is 0.2-4, especialy 0.4-3.5. 
     The coating stack may comprise a barrier layer overlying the infra red reflecting layer and/or a barrier layer underlying the infra red reflecting layer. Such barriers may contain one or more metals and may be deposited, for example, as metal oxides, as metal sub-oxides or as metals. 
     Further, in the invention, when a layer composed of an oxide or a double compound containing an oxide such as an oxynitride is formed as an antireflective layer by reactive sputtering in an atmosphere containing an oxidative gas, formation of such antireflective layer directly on the infra-red reflecting layer can fail to give a glazing panel having desired optical and electrical properties because of oxidation of the infra-red reflecting layer Therefore, it is preferred to form a metal or nitride barrier layer. Such a barrier layer usually stays in a partly oxidized state, and during heat treatment, oxidizes into a transparent oxide having a higher visible light transmittance. 
     As the barrier layer, a metal of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zn, Al—Zn, Ti—Zn, SUS, Zr, Ta, NiCr, Ni, Ni—Ti, a nitride of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zn, Al—Zn, Ti—Zn, SUS, Zr, Ta, NiCr, Ni, Ni—Ti, and a sub-oxide (i.e. partially oxized) of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zn, Al—Zn, Ti—Zn, SUS, Zr, Ta, NiCr, Ni, Ni—Ti is preferable. The thickness of a barrier layer is preferably from 1 to 5 nm. A barrier layer thinner than 1 nm does not work well, while a barrier layer thicker than 5 nm can lower the visible light transmittance of the glass laminate or cause other problems. 
     When an oxide layer, for example, composed of zinc oxide containing Al is formed directly on the infra-red reflecting layer as the antireflective layer, an Al—Zn alloy barrier layer having the same metal ratio can strengthen the adhesion between the infra-red reflecting layer and the antireflective layer and thus is effective in improving durability of the layers of the multilayer structure. An Al—Zn alloy barrier layer is also preferable in view of the crystallinity of Ag in the infra-red reflecting layer and the heat resistance. A barrier layer may be formed under the infra-red reflecting layer, too. 
     Providing a layer of a metal oxide between the mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium and the infra-red reflecting material (particularly when this is silver or a silver alloy) may combine the thermal stability properties of the mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium with an interposed material which favours crystallisation of the infra-red reflecting material so as to balance the infra red reflecting properties with the haze of the coating stack, particularly when it is subjected to heat treatment. One preferred such oxide is a mixed oxide of zinc and aluminium, preferably with a Al/Zn atomic ratio of about 0.1. One possible explanation for this may be that the presence of the Al in the zinc oxide structure may reduce the crystal grain growth in the mixed oxide layer. 
     The effectiveness of a relatively thin layer of the mixed nitride layer comprising aluminium in conferring thermal stability allows use of a relatively thick layer of such an oxide. 
     Heat treatment may provoke an increase in the TL of the glazing panel. Such an increase in TL may be advantageous in ensuring that TL is sufficiently high for the glazing panel to be used in a vehicle windscreen. TL may increase in absolute terms during heat treatment by, for example, greater than about 2.5%, greater than about 3%, greater than about 5%, greater than about 8% or greater than about 10%. 
     According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a glazing panel having a haze of less than about 0.5, preferably less than about 0.3, comprising subjecting a glazing panel carrying a coating stack comprising a glass substrate, a base antireflective layer, an infra-red reflecting layer, and a top antireflective layer; where at least one of the antireflective layers comprise at least one mixed nitride layer which is a mixture of Al and at least one additional component material X, in which the atomic ratio X/Al is greater than or equal to 0.05 and in which X is at least one material selected from the group consisting of the elements of Groups  3   a ,  4   a ,  5   a ,  4   b ,  5   b ,  6   b ,  7   b , and  8  of the periodic table, to a heat treatment process of at least 570° C. The glazing panel may be used, for example, in architectural, vehicle, and industrial applications. 
     Examples of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIG. 1 which is a cross-section through a glazing panel prior to a bending and tempering operation (for ease of representation, the relative thicknesses of the glazing panel and coating layers are not shown to scale). 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     FIG. 1 shows a double Ag layer, heat treatable, coating layer deposited on a glass substrate by magnetron sputtering and having the following sequential structure: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 Geometrical 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number 
                 thickness 
                 Atomic ratios 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Glass substrate 
                 10 
                  2 mm 
                   
               
               
                 Base dielectric comprising: 
                 11 
               
               
                 AlSixNy 
                 12 
                  40 Å 
                 Si/Al = 0.5 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 13 
                 260 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 ZnAlOy underlying barrier 
                 14 
                  10 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 15 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAlOy overlying barrier 
                 16 
                  12 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Central dielectric 
               
               
                 comprising 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 17 
                 770 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 ZnAlOy underlying barrier 
                 18 
                  7 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 19 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAlOy overlying barrier 
                 20 
                  17 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Top dielectric comprising: 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 22 
                 185 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 AlSixNy 
                 23 
                  75 Å 
                 Si/Al = 0.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     AlSixNy is a mixed nitride containing Al and Si deposited in this example by reactively sputtering a mixed target containing Al and Si in the presence of nitrogen and argon. 
     ZnAlOx is a mixed oxide containing Zn and Al deposited in this example by reactively sputtering a target which is an alloy or mixture of Zn and Al in the presence of oxygen. The ZnAlOy barriers are similarly deposited by sputtering a target which is an alloy or mixture of Zn and Al in an argon rich oxygen containing atmosphere to deposit a barrier that is not fully oxidised. 
     Alternatively, the mixed oxide layer ZnAlOx may be formed by sputtering a target which is a mixture of zinc oxide and an oxide of Al, particularly in an argon gas or argon rich oxygen containing atmosphere. 
     Where the barrier layers comprise the same materials as the mixed oxide layer, particularly the adjacent mixed oxide layer, this may facilitate management of targets and control of deposition conditions and may provide good adhesion between the layers and thus good mechanical durability of the coating stack. 
     The oxidation state in each of the base, central and top ZnAlOx dielectric layers need not necessarily be the same. Similarly, the oxidation state in each of the ZnAlOy barriers need not be the same. Equally, the Al/Zn ratio need not be the same for all of the layers; for example, the barrier layers may have a different Al/Zn ratio to the antireflective dielectric layers and the antireflective dielectric layers may have different Al/Zn ratios from each other. 
     Each overlying barrier protects its underlying silver layer from oxidation during sputter deposition of its overlying ZaAlOx oxide layer. Whilst further oxidation of these barriers layers may occur during deposition of their overlying oxide layers a portion of these barriers preferably remains in the form of an oxide that is not fully oxidised to provide a barrier for subsequent heat treatment of the glazing panel. 
     This particular glazing panel is intended for incorporation in a laminated vehicle windscreen and displays the following properties: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Prior to heat 
                 Following heat 
               
               
                   
                   
                 treatment see Note 1   
                 treatment see Note 2   
               
               
                   
                 Property 
                 
                   below 
                 
                 
                   below 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 TL(Illuminant A) 
                 65% 
                 76% 
               
               
                   
                 TE (System Moon 2) 
                 40% 
                 43% 
               
               
                   
                 haze 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 a* 
                 −15 (coated side) 
                 −2 (external) 
               
               
                   
                 b* 
                 +1 (coated side) 
                 −10 (external) 
               
               
                   
                 RE (System Moon 2) 
                 29% (coated side) 
                 31% (external) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   Note 1 Measured for monolithic glazing panel with coating prior to heat treatment  
               
               
                   
                   Note 2 Measured following heat treatment at 650° C. for 10 minutes with bending and tempering, and lamination with clear 2 mm glass sheet and 0.76 mm clear pvb  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Heat treatment preferably causes substantially complete oxidation of all of the barrier layers such that the structure of the coating stack after heat treatment is: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 Geometrical 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number 
                 thickness 
                 Atomic ratios 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Glass substrate 
                 10 
                  2 mm 
                   
               
               
                 Base dielectric comprising: 
                 11 
               
               
                 AlSixNy (partially 
                 12 
                  40 Å 
                 Si/Al = 0.5 
               
               
                 oxidised) 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 13 
                 260 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx (oxidised underlying 
                 14 
                 10 Å-16 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 barrier) 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 15 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx (oxidised overlying 
                 16 
                 14 Å-20 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 barrier) 
               
               
                 Central dielectric 
               
               
                 comprising 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 17 
                 770 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx (oxidised underlying 
                 18 
                  7 Å-12 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 barrier) 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 19 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx (oxidised overlying 
                 20 
                 20 Å-28 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 barrier) 
               
               
                 Top dielectric comprising: 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 22 
                 185 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 AlSixNy (partially oxidised) 
                 23 
                  75 Å 
                 Si/Al = 0.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The AlSixNy (partially oxidised) layers may comprise a mixture of AIN, Si 3 N 4 , Al 2 O 3  and SiO 2 , the AlSixNy being partially oxidised during the heat treatment process. The barrier layers are not necessarily completely oxidised and their thickness will depend to a certain extent upon their degree of oxidation. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Example 2 is similar to Example 1, except that the underlying barriers of the coating stack were omitted. The coating stacks and properties of the Example are set out below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 Geometrical 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number 
                 thickness 
                 Atomic ratios 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Glass substrate 
                 10 
                  2 mm 
                   
               
               
                 Base dielectric comprising: 
                 11 
               
               
                 AlSixNy 
                 12 
                  85 Å 
                 Si/Al = 0.8 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 13 
                 240 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 15 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAl overlying barrier 
                 16 
                  10 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Central dielectric 
               
               
                 comprising 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 17 
                 800 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 19 
                 115 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAl overlying barrier 
                 20 
                  15 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Top dielectric comprising: 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 22 
                 150 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 AlSixNy 
                 23 
                  80 Å 
                 Si/Al = 0.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     At least a portion of the overlying barriers  16 ,  20  is oxidised during deposition of their overlying oxide layers. Nevertheless, a portion of these barriers preferably remains in metallic form, or at least in the form of an oxide that is not fully oxidised to provide a barrier for subsequent heat treatment of the glazing panel. 
     This particular glazing panel is intended for incorporation in a laminated vehicle windscreen and displays the following properties: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Prior to heat 
                 Following heat 
               
               
                   
                   
                 treatment see Note 1   
                 treatment see Note 2   
               
               
                   
                 Property 
                 
                   below 
                 
                 
                   below 
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 TL (Illuminant A) 
                 67% 
                 77% 
               
               
                   
                 TE (System Moon 2) 
                 38% 
                 44% 
               
               
                   
                 haze 
                 0.1 
                 0.21 
               
               
                   
                 a* 
                 −10 (coated side) 
                 −3 (external) 
               
               
                   
                 b* 
                 +18 (coated side) 
                 −7 (external) 
               
               
                   
                 RE (System Moon 2) 
                 27% (coated side) 
                 32% (external) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   Note 1 Measured for monolithic glazing panel with coating prior to heat treatment  
               
               
                   
                   Note 2 Measured following heat treatment at 625° C. for 14 minutes with bending and tempering, and lamination with clear 2 mm glass sheet and 0.76 mm clear pvb  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Heat treatment preferably causes substantially complete oxidation of all of the barrier layers such that the structure of the coating stack after heat treatment is: 
     Coating stack following heat treatment 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 Geometrical 
                   
               
               
                   
                 number 
                 thickness 
                 Atomic ratios 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Glass substrate 
                 10 
                  2 mm 
                   
               
               
                 Base dielectric comprising: 
                 11 
               
               
                 AlSixNy (partially 
                 12 
                  85 Å 
                 Si/Al = 0.8 
               
               
                 oxidised) 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 13 
                 240 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 15 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx (oxidised overlying 
                 16 
                 12-20 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 barrier) 
               
               
                 Central dielectric 
               
               
                 comprising 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 17 
                 800 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 19 
                 115 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx (oxidised overlying 
                 20 
                 17-30 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 barrier) 
               
               
                 Top dielectric comprising: 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 22 
                 150 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.1 
               
               
                 AlSixNy (partially oxidised) 
                 23 
                  80 Å 
                 Si/Al = 0.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLES 3 
     The coating stack of Example 3 is set out below 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Geometrical 
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 Atomic ratios 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Glass substrate 
                 2 mm 
                   
               
               
                 Base dielectric comprising: 
               
               
                 AlSixNy 
                 100 Å 
                 Si/Al = 3 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 230 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 Ag doped with 1 at % palladium 
                  95 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAl overlying barrier 
                  20 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 Central dielectric 
               
               
                 comprising 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 750 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 Ag doped with 1 at % palladium 
                  95 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAl overlying barrier 
                  20 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 Top dielectric comprising: 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 230 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 AlSixNy 
                 100 Å 
                 Si/Al = 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Samples having this coating stack were stored for seven days, some samples being stored in a dry atmosphere and others in a humid atmosphere at 40° C. with 90% relative humidity. The samples were subsequently heat treated with a maximum temperature of 630° C. to simulate glass bending. The results are set out below, the optical properties being measured just before and just after heat treatment: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Stored in dry 
                 Stored in humid 
               
               
                   
                 atmosphere 
                 atmosphere 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 TL (prior to heat treatment) 
                 64.7% 
                 64.9% 
               
               
                   
                 TE (prior to heat treatment) 
                 36.4% 
                 36.6% 
               
               
                   
                 haze(prior to heat treatment) 
                  0.1 
                  0.1 
               
               
                   
                 TL (after heat treatment) 
                 77.7% 
                 77.1% 
               
               
                   
                 TE (after heat treatment) 
                 48.6% 
                 47.7% 
               
               
                   
                 Haze (after heat treatment) 
                  0.2 
                  0.2 
               
               
                   
                 RS (after heat treatment) 
                  5.8 ohm/sq. 
                  5.9 ohm/sq. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 4 (Comparative Example) 
     For Example 4, the coating stack of Example 3 was used, except that the AlSixNy layers were replaced with undoped aluminium nitride AIN. The results following the same tests were 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Stored in dry 
                 Stored in humid 
               
               
                   
                 atmosphere 
                 atmosphere 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 TL (prior to heat treatment) 
                 67.2% 
                 67.2% 
               
               
                   
                 TE (prior to heat treatment) 
                 37.8% 
                 37.4% 
               
               
                   
                 haze(prior to heat treatment) 
                  0.1 
                  0.1 
               
               
                   
                 TL (after heat treatment) 
                 77.3% 
                 76.8% 
               
               
                   
                 TE (after heat treatment) 
                 46.7% 
                 47.4% 
               
               
                   
                 Haze (after heat treatment) 
                  0.3 
                  1.2 
               
               
                   
                 RS (after heat treatment) 
                  5.9 ohm/sq. 
                  6.1 ohm/sq. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 3 shows the improvement of the resistance to severely humid atmospheres of the mixed nitride comprising aluminium (containing silicon in this case) when compared with “pure” AlN. 
     Particularly unacceptable haze after heat treatment following storage in a humid atmosphere is observed in Example 4. 
     EXAMPLES 5 TO 8 
     The coating stack of Examples 5 to 8 is set out below 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Geometrical 
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 Atomic ratios 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Glass substrate 
                  2 mm 
                   
               
               
                 Base dielectric comprising: 
               
               
                 AlSixNy 
                 100 Å 
                 Si/Al = 3 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 230 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 Ag doped with 1 at % palladium 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAl overlying barrier 
                  20 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 Central dielectric 
               
               
                 comprising 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 750 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 Ag doped with 1 at % palladium 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                 ZnAl overlying barrier 
                  20 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 Top dielectric comprising: 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                 varies 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                 AlSixNy 
                   
                 Si/Al = 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In these examples, the properties of the glazing were measured prior to heat treatment and after heat treatment with a maximum temperature of 630° C. to simulate glass bending for different thicknesses of the layers of the top dielectric. The results are set out below: 
     The composition of the top dielectric layers on these examples was: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 ZnAlOx 
                 AlSixNy 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 5 
                 220 Å 
                 110 Å  
               
               
                 6 
                 245 Å 
                 85 Å 
               
               
                 7 
                 270 Å 
                 60 Å 
               
               
                 8 
                 295 Å 
                 35 Å 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     and the results were 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TL (as deposited) 
                 64.3% 
                  65% 
                 65.2% 
                 64.5% 
               
               
                 RV (as deposited) 
                  6.5% 
                  6.5% 
                  6.5% 
                  6.4% 
               
               
                 TE (as deposited) 
                 35.5% 
                 36.4% 
                 36.5% 
                 35.9% 
               
               
                 RE (as deposited) 
                  35% 
                 33.7% 
                 33.6 % 
                 33.7% 
               
               
                 TL (after heat treatment) 
                 76.8% 
                 76.8% 
                 77.1% 
                 76.8% 
               
               
                 RV (after heat treatment) 
                  9.1% 
                  7.5% 
                  7.5% 
                  7.6% 
               
               
                 TE (after heat treatment) 
                 47.3% 
                 46.5% 
                 46.9% 
                 46.9% 
               
               
                 RE (after heat treatment) 
                 36.3 
                 36.5 
                 35.8 
                 35.8 
               
               
                 Haze (after heat treatment) 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 note 
                 OK 
                 OK 
                 OK 
                 OK 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLES 9 TO 12 
     The coating stack of Examples 9 to 12 is set out below 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Geometrical 
                   
               
               
                   
                 thickness 
                 Atomic ratios 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Glass substrate 
                 2 mm 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Base dielectric comprising: 
               
               
                   
                 a nitride layer 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                   
                 ZxAlOx 
                 230 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 Ag doped with 1 at % palladium 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl overlying barrier 
                  20 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 Central dielectric 
               
               
                   
                 comprising ZnAlOx 
                 750 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 A doped with 1 at % palladium 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAl overlying banier 
                  20 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 Top dielectric comprising 
               
               
                   
                 ZnAlOx 
                 230 Å 
                 Al/Zn = 0.03 
               
               
                   
                 a nitride layer 
                 100 Å 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The composition of the nitride layer in the base dielectric and top dielectric layers in these examples was: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 nitride layer in base 
                 nitride layer in top 
               
               
                 Example 
                 dielectric 
                 dielectric 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  9 
                 AlN 
                 AlN 
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 AlN 
                 AlSixNy 
                 Si/Al = 3 
               
               
                 11 
                 AlSixNy 
                 AlN 
                 Si/Al = 3 
               
               
                 12 
                 AlSixNy 
                 AlSixNy 
                 Si/Al = 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Using these examples, comparative tests were carried out storing the samples in dry conditions and in the humid conditions of the prevoius examples and subsequently subjecting the samples to a heat treatment at 630° C. The results are set out below 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Storage in dry conditions: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TL (prior to heat treatment) 
                 64.9% 
                 63.5% 
                 64.4% 
                 63.3% 
               
               
                 RV (prior to heat treatment) 
                 7.7% 
                 6.2% 
                 6.5% 
                 8.4% 
               
               
                 TE (prior to heat treatment) 
                 36.2% 
                 34.7% 
                 35.3% 
                 34.6% 
               
               
                 RE (prior to heat treatment) 
                 32.9% 
                 33.3% 
                 33.2% 
                 34.6% 
               
               
                 TL (after heat treatment) 
                 75.8% 
                 76.7% 
                 76.3% 
                 75.9% 
               
               
                 RV (after heat treatment) 
                 7.9% 
                 7.7% 
                 7.2% 
                 8.5% 
               
               
                 TE (after heat treatment) 
                 44.9% 
                 47.1% 
                 44.3% 
                 44.5% 
               
               
                 RE (after heat treatment) 
                 36.3% 
                 34.1% 
                 37.3% 
                 36.4% 
               
               
                 Haze (after heat treatment) 
                 0.4 
                 0.3 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 note 
                 OK 
                 OK 
                 OK 
                 OK 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Storage in humid conditions: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TL (prior to heat treatment) 
                 66.0% 
                 64.8% 
                 65.3% 
                 63.7% 
               
               
                 RV (prior to heat treatment) 
                 7.8% 
                 6.6% 
                 7.0% 
                 8.8% 
               
               
                 TE (prior to heat treatment) 
                 37.0% 
                 35.9% 
                 36.1% 
                 35.1% 
               
               
                 RE (prior to heat treatment) 
                 32.6% 
                 32.2% 
                 32.4% 
                 33.9% 
               
               
                 TL (after heat treatment) 
                 75.3% 
                 76.4% 
                 76.4% 
                 75.3% 
               
               
                 RV (after heat treatment) 
                 8.5% 
                 7.5% 
                 7.4% 
                 8.0% 
               
               
                 TE (after heat treatment) 
                 45.4% 
                 46.9% 
                 45.0% 
                 43.8% 
               
               
                 RE (after heat treatment) 
                 35.7% 
                 33.1% 
                 37.3% 
                 36.1% 
               
               
                 Haze (after heat treatment) 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 note 
                 large haze 
                 haze 
                 OK 
                 OK 
               
               
                   
                   
                 spots 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     These examples illustrate the use of mixed AlSixNy layers as part of the base dielectric and as part of the top dielectric and comparison with “pure” AIN. They also illustrate that the use of AlSixNy is particularly advantageous when used in the base dielectric layer, especially when the glazing panel is stored in a severely humid atmosphere. 
     Additional layers may be introduced above, below or between the film stacking arrangement if desired without departing from the invention. 
     In addition to the advantageous optical properties that may be obtained, each of the examples provides a coating layer which may be electrically heated, for example, in an electrically heated car windscreen to provide a de-misting and/or de-frosting function with the addition of suitably placed electrical connectors. 
     The colour co-ordinates of the examples are particularly suited to car windscreens as they give a neutral or slightly blue or slightly green appearance in reflection when the windscreen is mounted at an angle in the car body. For other applications, for example architectural applications, the colour in reflection may be adjusted as is known in the art by adjusting the thicknesses of the dielectric layers and/or infra red reflecting layer(s). 
     The TL of the glazing panel may be adjusted to suit the desired application. For example 
     if the glazing panel is to be used as a windscreen for the European market, TL may be selected to be greater than 75% (as required by European regulations). 
     if the glazing panel is to be used as a windscreen for the Japan and US market, TL may be selected to be greater than 70% (as required by Japan and US regulations). 
     if the glazing panel is to be used as a vehicle front sidelight, TL may be adjusted to be greater than 70% (as required by European regulations). 
     if the glazing panel is to be used as a vehicle rear sidelight or a rear window for a vehicle, TL may be selected to be between about 30% and 70%. 
     Such adjustment of TL may be achieved, for example, 
     by adapting the thicknesses of the layers of the coating stack, in particular the thicknesses of the dielectric layers and/or the infra-red reflecting layer(s). 
     by combining the coating stack with a tinted glass substrate, for example, in order to increase the selectivity. 
     by combining the coating stack with a tinted pvb or other laminating layer. 
     GLOSSARY 
     Unless otherwise indicated by the context, the terms listed below have the following meanings in this specification: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 a* 
                   
                 colour co-ordinate measured on the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CIELab scale at normal incidence 
               
               
                 Ag 
                 silver 
               
               
                 Al 
                 aluminium 
               
               
                 Al2O3 
                 aluminium 
               
               
                   
                 oxide 
               
               
                 AlN 
                 aluminium 
               
               
                   
                 nitride 
               
               
                 b* 
                   
                 colour co-ordinate measured on the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CIELab scale at normal incidence 
               
               
                 B 
                 boron 
               
               
                 Bi 
                 bismuth 
               
               
                 Cr 
                 chromium 
               
               
                 haze 
                   
                 the percentage of transmitted light which 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in passing through the specimen deviates 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from the incident beam by forward 
               
               
                   
                   
                 scattering, as measured in accordance with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the ASTM Desingation D 1003-61 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Reapproved 1988). 
               
               
                 Hf 
                 hafrium 
               
               
                 infra red 
                   
                 a material that has a reflectance higher 
               
               
                 reflecting 
                   
                 than the reflectance of sodalime glass in 
               
               
                 material 
                   
                 the band of wavelengths between 780 nm 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and 50 microns 
               
               
                 Na 
                 sodium 
               
               
                 Nb 
                 niobium 
               
               
                 NiCr 
                   
                 an alloy or mixture comprising nickel and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 chromium 
               
               
                 NiTi 
                   
                 an alloy or mixture comprising nickel and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 titanium 
               
               
                 RE 
                 energetic 
                 the solar flux (luminous and non-luminous) 
               
               
                   
                 reflection 
                 reflected from a substrate as a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 percentage of the incident solar flux 
               
               
                 RS 
                   
                 sheet resistance measured by four point 
               
               
                   
                   
                 probe method 
               
               
                 RV 
                   
                 luminous reflectance 
               
               
                 Sb 
                 antimony 
               
               
                 selectivity 
                   
                 the ratio of the luminous transmittance to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the solar factor i.e. TL/TE 
               
               
                 SiO2 
                 silicon oxide 
               
               
                 Si3N4 
                 silicon nitride 
               
               
                 SnO2 
                 tin oxide 
               
               
                 Ta 
                 tantalum 
               
               
                 TE 
                 energetic 
                 the solar flux (luminous and non-luminous) 
               
               
                   
                 transmittance 
                 transmitted through a substrate as a  
               
               
                   
                   
                 percentage of the incident solar flux 
               
               
                 Ti 
                 titanium 
               
               
                 TL 
                 luminous 
                 the luminous flux transmitted through a 
               
               
                   
                 transmittance 
                 substrate as a percentage of the incident 
               
               
                   
                   
                 luminous flux 
               
               
                 Zn 
                 zinc 
               
               
                 ZnAl 
                   
                 an alloy or mixture comprising zinc and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 aluminium 
               
               
                 ZnAlOx 
                   
                 a mixed oxide containing zinc and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 aluminium 
               
               
                 ZnAlOy 
                   
                 a partially oxidised mixture comprising zinc 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and aluminium 
               
               
                 ZnO 
                 zinc oxide 
               
               
                 ZnTi 
                   
                 an alloy or mixture comprising zinc and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 titarium 
               
               
                 ZnTiOx 
                   
                 a mixed oxide containing zinc and titarium 
               
               
                 ZnTiOy 
                   
                 a partially oxidised mixture comprising zinc 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and titanium 
               
               
                 Zr 
                 zirconium 
               
               
                 SUS 
                   
                 is understood throughout the specification 
               
               
                   
                   
                 as meaning stainless steel.