Patent Publication Number: US-2023155615-A1

Title: Integrated high speed wireless transceiver

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/454,762, entitled “INTEGRATED HIGH SPEED WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER,” filed Nov. 12, 2021, which the full disclosure of this application is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Developments in communications technology, namely 5G, LTE, WiFi, and other wireless technologies are leading to an astounding number of users being connected on a global basis over networks, which has further contributed to a speedy development towards the Internet of Things (Iot). These users as well as devices and “Things” necessitate to be mobile and in turn require more data from a network (e.g., a wireless network) for applications such as streaming video, music, interactive applications, games, and the like. In addition to these high bandwidth applications, some applications require high density deployment of sensors and actuators for use in smart cities and connected vehicles, which requires latency to be minimized to milliseconds, and reliability has to be maximized to ensure data delivery. Such requirements create a significant challenge for businesses and infrastructure. What is needed is a low power consumption approach to transmit and receive content for high bandwidth applications. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a more particular description of the principles briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the principles herein are described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram of a network provider environment capable of delivering high-bandwidth content that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  2 A  illustrates an example transceiver system in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  2 B  illustrates an example transceiver system in accordance with an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates an example transmit component of a transceiver system in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates additional components of an example transmit component of a transceiver system in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates an example frequency spectrum in accordance with transceiver architecture in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates an example frequency spectrum in accordance with transceiver architecture in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an exemplary access device that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments; and 
         FIG.  6    illustrates example components of an access device, such as the access device illustrated in  FIG.  5   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments of the disclosure are discussed in detail below. While specific implementations are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other components and configurations may be used without parting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. 
     Systems and methods in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure may overcome one or more of the aforementioned and other deficiencies experienced in conventional approaches to processing communications signals. In particular, various embodiments describe systems and methods for processing communications signals at a programmable network access device (e.g., remote radio heads, network equipment, macrocells, radio frequency units, etc.) or other such devices that include high-speed transceivers that support low noise, high frequency, high-speed communications on wider bandwidth while limiting power consumption. For example, a wideband communications signal can be received at a programmable base station such as a network access device (e.g., a remote radio head) or other such devices including transceiver systems that are operable to enable wireless communication between users of computing devices (e.g., portable computing devices) and data networks. The access devices can be part of, e.g., private networks (e.g., LTE, 5G) as well as other wireless IoT standards and WiFi in multi-standard network access devices, or another appropriate network. The user, for example, can be a consumer of high bandwidth applications provided via one or more network providers that enable access to media content, such as video, data, voice, high-speed Internet services, etc. 
     The network access device can include components operable to process the communications signal to enable access to, for example, video, data, voice, high-speed Internet services. The network device can include, for example, antenna(s), a radio frequency unit, memory, and processor, etc. The antenna and the radio frequency unit can be configured to receive and transmit a radio frequency signal, and perform conversion between a radio frequency signal and a baseband signal. The combination of the antenna and the radio frequency unit may be referred to as a transceiver unit, a transceiver, a transceiver circuit, a transceiver, or the like. In certain embodiments, a transceiver unit includes only a radio frequency unit or a part of a radio frequency unit. 
     The radio frequency unit is configured to perform radio frequency processing. For example, the radio frequency unit includes a receiving unit configured to implement a receiving function, and a sending unit configured to implement a sending function. The receiving unit may also be referred to as a receiver, a receiver circuit, or the like, and the sending unit may be referred to as a transmitter, a transmitter circuit, or the like. At least some of the components of the radio frequency unit can include, for example, wideband low noise amplifiers, with reduced power and increased linearity of the frequency of the transmit path. Other components include, for example, RF inputs configured to receive a plurality of radio frequencies (e.g., frequencies between 00 MHz to 7.2 GHz, millimeter wave frequencies, etc.), RF data converters (e.g., ADCs and DACs), analog interfaces, digital interfaces, interfaces for components (e.g., DAC component), etc. 
     The network access device can be programmable, and thus, operable in frequencies compatible with multiple networks such as private LTE and 5G networks as well as other wireless IoT standards and WiFi in multi-standard network access equipment. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to an apparatus for receiving radio frequency (RF) signals, including: a receive path for receiving a receive signal; and a transmit path for transmitting transmit signals, the transmit path including a plurality of output signal ports, the plurality of output signal ports corresponding to a plurality of transmit path segments each coupled to a common variable rate digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a first transmit path segment including, a baseband digital processing component configured to process a baseband transmit signal at a first bandwidth from a baseband digital signal source and generate a processed signal, the baseband digital processing component including a plurality of filters, a first digital mixer and a second digital mixer coupled with the baseband digital processing component, the first digital mixer and the second digital mixer are configured to up convert the processed signal to generate an up converted in-phase and quadrature signal centered at a first center frequency, the first center frequency greater than the baseband transmit signal, the common variable rate DAC with in-phase and quadrature components coupled with a first analog filter and a second analog filter, a first analog mixer coupled to the first analog filter and a second analog mixer coupled with the second analog filter, the first analog mixer configured to up convert the up converted in-phase and quadrature signal centered at the first center frequency to generate an up converted analog signal centered at a second center frequency, wherein the second center frequency is greater than the first center frequency, and a first amplifier coupled to a first combiner component, wherein the first combiner component adds respective signals from the first analog mixer and the second analog mixer, the first amplifier configured to generate an amplified transmit signal centered at the second center frequency, wherein the receive path and transmit path are provided on a single die, and wherein a respective frequency assigned to each of the first digital mixer and the second digital mixer, a sampling rate of the common variable rate DAC, and a frequency of the first analog mixer and the second analog mixer being controlled by a hardware control software component. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a apparatus, further including: a second amplifier coupled to a second combiner component, wherein the second combiner component adds respective signals from a third analog mixer and a fourth analog mixer, the second amplifier configured to generate an amplified transmit signal centered at a third center frequency; wherein the third center frequency is greater than the second center frequency; and third analog mixer is receiving signal from first analog filter and fourth analog mixer is receiving signal from second analog filter. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a apparatus, wherein the apparatus is a small cell base station. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a apparatus, wherein the apparatus is a cellular transceiver. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a apparatus, wherein the common variable rate DAC includes an in-phase DAC and a quadrature DAC. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a apparatus, wherein the first digital mixer includes an in-phase mixer and the second digital mixer includes a quadrature mixer. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a apparatus, further including an integer synthesizer coupled to the hardware control software component, the first digital mixer, the second digital mixer, the integer synthesizer operable to generate a range of frequencies. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a apparatus, wherein the first analog filter and the second analog filter includes a band pass filter. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a network access device, including: a receive path for receiving a receive signal; and a transmit path for transmitting transmit signals, the transmit path including a plurality of output signal ports, the plurality of output signal ports corresponding to a plurality of transmit path segments each coupled to a common variable rate digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a first transmit path segment including, a baseband digital processing component configured to process a baseband transmit signal at a first bandwidth from a baseband digital signal source and generate a processed signal, the baseband digital processing component including a plurality of filters, a first digital mixer and a second digital mixer coupled with the baseband digital processing component, the first digital mixer and the second digital mixer are configured to up convert the processed signal to generate an up converted in-phase and quadrature signal centered at a first center frequency, the first center frequency greater than the baseband transmit signal, the common variable rate DAC with in-phase and quadrature components coupled with a first analog filter and a second analog filter, a first analog mixer coupled to the first analog filter and a second analog mixer coupled with the second analog filter, the first analog mixer configured to up convert the up converted in-phase and quadrature signal centered at the first center frequency to generate an up converted analog signal centered at a second center frequency, wherein the second center frequency is greater than the first center frequency, and a first amplifier coupled to a first combiner component, wherein the first combiner component adds respective signals from the first analog mixer and the second analog mixer, the first amplifier configured to generate an amplified transmit signal centered at the second center frequency, wherein the receive path and transmit path are provided on a single die, and wherein a respective frequency assigned to each of the first digital mixer and the second digital mixer, a sampling rate of the common variable rate DAC, and a frequency of the first analog mixer and the second analog mixer being controlled by a hardware control software component. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a network access device, further including: a second amplifier coupled to a second combiner component, wherein the second combiner component adds respective signals from a third analog mixer and a fourth analog mixer, the second amplifier configured to generate an amplified transmit signal centered at a third center frequency; wherein the third center frequency is greater than the second center frequency; and third analog mixer is receiving signal from first analog filter and fourth analog mixer is receiving signal from second analog filter. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a network access device, wherein the network access device is a small cell base station. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a network access device, wherein the network access device is a cellular transceiver. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a network access device, wherein the common variable rate DAC includes an in-phase DAC and a quadrature DAC. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a network access device, wherein the first digital mixer includes an in-phase mixer and the second digital mixer includes a quadrature mixer. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a network access device, further including an integer synthesizer coupled to the first digital mixer, the second digital mixer, the integer synthesizer operable to generate a range of frequencies. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a network access device, wherein the first analog filter and the second analog filter includes a band pass filter. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system for receiving radio frequency (RF) signals, including: a receive path for receiving a receive signal; and a transmit path for transmitting transmit signals, the transmit path including a plurality of output signal ports, the plurality of output signal ports corresponding to a plurality of transmit path segments each coupled to a common variable rate digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a first transmit path segment including, a baseband digital processing component configured to process a baseband transmit signal at a first bandwidth from a baseband digital signal source and generate a processed signal, the baseband digital processing component including a plurality of filters, a first digital mixer and a second digital mixer coupled with the baseband digital processing component, the first digital mixer and the second digital mixer are configured to up convert the processed signal to generate an up converted in-phase and quadrature signal centered at a first center frequency, the first center frequency greater than the baseband transmit signal, the common variable rate DAC with in-phase and quadrature components coupled with a first analog filter and a second analog filter, a first analog mixer coupled to the first analog filter and a second analog mixer coupled with the second analog filter, the first analog mixer configured to up convert the up converted in-phase and quadrature signal centered at the first center frequency to generate an up converted analog signal centered at a second center frequency, wherein the second center frequency is greater than the first center frequency, and a first amplifier coupled to a first combiner component, wherein the first combiner component adds respective signals from the first analog mixer and the second analog mixer, the first amplifier configured to generate an amplified transmit signal centered at the second center frequency, wherein the receive path and transmit path are provided on a single die, and wherein a respective frequency assigned to each of the first digital mixer and the second digital mixer, a sampling rate of the common variable rate DAC, and a frequency of the first analog mixer and the second analog mixer being controlled by a hardware control software component. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including: a second amplifier coupled to a second combiner component, wherein the second combiner component adds respective signals from a third analog mixer and a fourth analog mixer, the second amplifier configured to generate an amplified transmit signal centered at a third center frequency; wherein the third center frequency is greater than the second center frequency; and third analog mixer is receiving signal from first analog filter and fourth analog mixer is receiving signal from second analog filter. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system wherein the common variable rate DAC includes an in-phase DAC and a quadrature DAC. 
     In some aspects, the techniques described herein relate to a system, further including an integer synthesizer coupled to the first digital mixer, the second digital mixer, the integer synthesizer operable to generate a range of frequencies. 
     Advantageously, network providers, for example, wireless network providers and/or wireless network equipment providers, can provide high bandwidth services while reducing power consumption and optimizing transceiver performance of network access devices that enable users to access such services with a greater number of transmit/receive path segments. 
     Various other functions and advantages are described and suggested below as may be provided in accordance with the various embodiments. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a block diagram of a wireless communications system  101  in which aspects of the various embodiments can be implemented. It should be understood that reference numbers are carried over between figures for similar components for purposes of simplicity of explanation, but such usage should not be construed as a limitation on the various embodiments unless otherwise stated. 
     In this example, base station  102  is in communication with user equipment  112  via network  150 . Base station  102  can include, for example, a network access device, such as a remote radio head or remote radio unit, a small cell, or other network devices for facilitating access to a network for computing devices. User equipment  112  can include, for example, a portable computing device (e.g., a smartphone, an e-book reader, or tablet computer) desktop computers, notebook computers, personal data assistants, cellular phones, video gaming consoles or controllers, smart televisions, wearable computers (e.g., smartwatches or glasses), portable media players, smart vehicles (e.g., cars, underwater drones, aerial drones, etc.), sensing devices, Internet of Things (IOT) devices, smart locks, home appliances, security devices, smart infrastructure (e.g., city lights, traffic monitoring systems, etc.), customer-premises equipment, as well as various other types of electronic devices having appropriate data processing capabilities. 
     Network  150  generally represents a network or collection of networks (such as the Internet or a corporate intranet, or a combination of both) over which the various components illustrated in  FIG.  1    (including other components that may be necessary to execute the system described herein, as would be readily understood to a person of ordinary skill in the art). In particular embodiments, network  150  is an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a portion of the Internet, a private network, or another network  150  or a combination of two or more such networks  150 . 
     Network  150  can be provided by one or more network operators, including, for example, mobile network operators (MNOs) and other wireless service providers, and can support multiple standards. For example, the network can support wireless standards such as WiFi, 5G, LTE 4G, Zigbee, as well as other internet of things (JOT) standards. In a specific example, network  150  can include LTE isolated private networks that use unlicensed band (e.g., 5.1 GHz-7.2 GHz) of operation, LTE private network using shared or leased licensed spectrum (e.g., C-band and frequencies up to 5 GHz)/ 
     Network  150  can be isolated and independent of a MNO, utilizing unlicensed bands (e.g., 5.1 GHz-7.2 GHz) and can be built by an enterprise or a third-party network provider who might be partnering with MNOs. They can also be isolated and built by a MNO utilizing licensed shared or leased bands. If not isolated, these networks can share public network resources utilizing a licensed shared or leased spectrum and be built by MNOs. They can share radio access network (RAN) and control planes of public networks. 
     Network  150  can be provided by, or otherwise utilized, by one or more network providers, and enables for one or more Internet data services, media services, voice services, etc., to be provided to one or more end users via user equipment. To provide these services, base station  102 , in an embodiment, is shown in communication with user equipment  112  via network  150 . It should be noted that other services are contemplated by the embodiments described herein. Such services may include, for example, wireless services and other such services. 
     Base station  102  can include, for example, antenna  104 , radio frequency unit  106 , memory  108 , and processor  110 . Base station can include, for example, small cells (e.g., gNodeB/eNodeB), enterprise access equipment, 5G Macro Base Stations, etc. In an example, small cells are low power base stations utilized for increasing network capacity, coverage, and network density. In an embodiment, these small cells can be deployed as private or public networks in an indoor or outdoor environment. Small cell public Remote Radio Head (RRH) and small cell private or enterprise user equipment include the RF circuitry of a base station enclosed in a small module or a gateway. The small cell equipment performs all RF functionality like transmit and receive functions, filtering, and amplification. 
     In an embodiment, applications for small-cell networks include smart cities transportation (e.g., delivery of critical services with tight security requirements), ports (e.g., automation and connected things), remote industrial—oil, gas, and mines (e.g., secure, machine remote control operations to reduce costs and increase safety), factory and online retail automation (e.g., reliability, speeds, security, and flexibility in factory automation), stadiums, shopping centers, campus site management, parking, healthcare (e.g., secure communications among nurses, doctors, patients; monitoring equipment), rural service mobile broadband, etc. 
     Antenna  104  and radio frequency unit  106  are configured to receive and transmit a radio frequency signal, and perform conversion between a radio frequency signal and a baseband signal. The combination of antenna  104  and radio frequency unit  106  may be referred to as a transceiver unit, a transceiver, a transceiver circuit, a transceiver, or the like. In certain embodiments, a transceiver unit includes only a radio frequency unit or a part of a radio frequency unit. 
     Radio frequency unit  106  is configured to perform radio frequency processing. For example, radio frequency unit  106  includes receiving unit  124  configured to implement a receiving function, and sending unit  122  configured to implement a sending function. Receiving unit  124  may also be referred to as a receiver, a receiver circuit, or the like, and sending unit  122  may be referred to as a transmitter, a transmitter circuit, or the like. Receiving unit  124  and sending unit  122  will be described further herein. 
     Control component  111  includes memory  108  and processor  110 , and is configured to perform baseband processing, control the base station, and the like. Control component  111  may be referred to as a processing unit. Control component  111  may include one or more boards or chips. Each board or chip may include one or more processors and one or more memories. The processor is configured to read and execute a program in the memory, to implement a baseband processing function and control the base station. If a plurality of boards exist, the boards may be interconnected to increase a processing capability. In an optional implementation, alternatively, the plurality of boards may share one or more processors, or the plurality of boards share one or more memories. Processor  110  and memory  108  may be integrated together, or may be disposed separately. In some embodiments, antenna  104 , radio frequency unit  106 , and control component  111  may be integrated together, or may be disposed separately. In addition, functions of control component may be integrated in a chip for implementation; or some functions may be integrated in a chip for implementation, and the other functions may be integrated in other one or more chips for implementation. 
     As described, developments in communications technology, namely 5G, LTE, and WiFi, have resulted in an increase in RF transceivers. However, conventional RF transceivers consume relatively high power (e.g., 2 W power for a combined transmit/receive path). Additionally, these RF transceivers lack RF gain, thus, an additional amplifier is often required on the front-end, requiring development time and increased cost. Further, these RF transceivers are narrowband and zero-IF based architecture, thus, modulation capabilities are limited and not sufficient for many low noise, high frequency, high band width applications. Further, conventional approaches including the Super-heterodyne Receiver, Low IF Single Conversion Receiver, and Zero-IF or direct conversion techniques have imitations. For example, with the Super-heterodyne Receiver, to avoid IQ imbalance and to keep the image rejection filter implementation practical, use high frequency IF filters after mixing while a second mixer brings the signal to baseband. However, the cost and power dissipation issues and the specificity of the IF filter to the bandwidth of the signal to the standard used make super-heterodyne receivers unsuitable for multi-standard operation. Also, with low IF single conversion receivers, the issue of image rejection filtering even in lower IF frequencies exist given the complexity of the filter, which will create additional IQ imbalance problems. 
     Zero-IF or direct conversion techniques have been used for mobile applications due to several qualities that make them suitable for multi-band, multi-standard applications. The dominant challenge that has plagued Zero-IF architecture for years has been to maintain I/Q balance for acceptable levels of image rejection, LO leakage, and DC offsets. In recent years, the advanced integration and digital domain calibrations, has overcome these challenges to some extent. However, with the new developments in wireless networks and the demand for faster more reliable connections, channel bandwidth, as well as frequency bands, are substantially increased. With this change, the advantages of Zero-IF techniques are eliminated, or at least reduced to unsatisfactory levels since IQ imbalance correction in bandwidths higher than 40 MHz even in the digital domain is not trivial given that the imbalance is frequency-dependent. 
     Further, with bandwidth increasing to gigahertz level to linearize 400 MHz of signal ranges, and with the requirement to receive 1020QAM modulations, the SNR limits of the Zero-IF technique does not allow proper usage of this method in new radios. On the other hand, to convert a signal to a 6 GHz RF frequency, DAC speed in direct RF sampling techniques should be set to above 12 GS/s. At those speeds, signal quality is affected, and SNR levels are low. To improve SNR, the power consumption of DAC in current solutions is very high (to the point that they not usable in massive multi-antenna applications). Also, the analog baseband filters are no longer low power and low cost, since bandwidths are larger, and filters have to be designed off-chip especially in the transmitter side where PA correction techniques demand for 3 to 5 times wider bandwidth support than the channel itself. 
     The Direct RF sampling approach has long been sought after due to its many advantages in terms of performance and implementation. The obstacles have been operating the converters at a higher speed while maintaining power efficiency and supporting high dynamic range to attain proper SNR performance. 
     Accordingly, in accordance with various embodiments, approaches include a fully integrated programmable transceiver (e.g. 500 mW power consumption for transmit and receive path working at the same time on two different center frequency channels) including wideband low noise amplifiers with reduced power and increased linearity of the frequency of the transmit path components include, for example, data converters, digital interfaces, analog interfaces, component interfaces, etc. The network access device can be programmable, and thus, operable in frequencies compatible with multiple networks such as private LTE and 5G networks as well as other wireless IoT standards and WiFi in multi-standard network access equipment. 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates an example arrangement of components for a wireless communication system in an embodiment. In this example, RF front end  201  and millimeter wave antenna module &amp; mixer  203  can be coupled to a converged novel transceiver module  205 . Transceiver module  205  includes a unique architecture and combines the functionalities of transceiver component  207  and the functionalities of transceiver component  209  into one transceiver architecture. This helps provide hardware design flexibility by offering radio components associated with below 7 GHz of frequencies as well as radio components associated with mmWave in terms of Intermediate frequency digitization converged into one transceiver. This is a pluggable solution that reduces cost of hardware design and enables various features such as back up and assistance for mmWave communication using the sub-7 GHz communications as well roll out and application-based transmission and reception in private networks and public networks. 
     RF front end  201  can include a number of components, including, for example, band-pass filters, and RF amplifiers. In an embodiment, RF front end  201  and transceiver component  207  can be configured to implement radio frequency processing. For example, each RF front end  201  and transceiver component  207  can be configured to receive and transmit a RF signal, and perform conversion between a RF signal and a baseband signal. For Massive MIMO applications, this means as many as number of antennas, there exists an RF front end and a transceiver component (e.g., 64×64, 128×128 or 256×256 transmit and receive paths.) The RF signal can include, for example, wireless signals on sub-6 GHz frequencies or 6 GHz frequencies. 
     Millimeter wave antenna module &amp; mixer  203  can include a number of components, including, for example, mixers, etc., to obtain millimeter spectrum (e.g., 24- to 300-GHz frequency band). Millimeter wave antenna module &amp; mixer  203  processes millimeter wave frequency signals and down converts/upconverts the signal to an intermediate frequency, for example, between 3 GHz-7.2 GHz. Transceiver  209  can be configured to receive and transmit a millimeter wave frequency signal, and perform, for example, down conversion from millimeter wave frequency to digital IQ signal. In an embodiment, millimeter wave antenna module &amp; mixer  203  can include appropriate antenna to receive a millimeter wave frequency signal and mixer to down convert a millimeter wave frequency signal to an IF. 
     Baseband module  211  is configured to perform baseband processing. For example, baseband module  211  can convert digital data into radio frequency signals (and vice-versa) which can then be transmitted over a RAN (Radio Access Network) or virtualized network. In an embodiment, RAN is part of a cellular communications network, and connects a user&#39;s mobile phone or other wireless user equipment (UE) to the telecommunications operator&#39;s Core Network (CN). The CN then provides the user access to other users on the same network, to different operators&#39; networks or to the Internet. A virtualized network is a network architecture which virtualizes network functions in software platforms based on general purpose processors. 
       FIG.  2 B  illustrates a block diagram of an integrated multi-standard radio frequency unit similar to  FIG.  1    and based on Direct RF sampling techniques in accordance with an embodiment. In this example, radio frequency unit  106  includes receiving unit  124  and sending unit  122 . Generally, radio frequency unit  106  is used to transmit or receive radio signals between two devices. More specifically, sending unit  122  transmits radio signals and receiving unit  124  receives radio signals. The antenna and RF front end unit can include a duplexer (not shown) which can serve to isolate the transmit path and the receive path while permitting both to share a common antenna. In some embodiments, the transceiver system is a full duplex system (without a duplexer), where two or more paths can transmit and receive at the same time. 
     Receiving unit  124  includes a receive path to receive a communications signal. The receive path can support multiple frequency ranges. For example, the receive path can support millimeter wave frequencies signals, down converted to intermediate frequencies (IF) below 7.2 GHz, sub-6 GHz licensed LTE or 5G New Radio Bands and 6 GHz unlicensed frequencies between 5 GHz and 7.2 GHz. The receive path can be represented by or associated with at least amplifier(s)  202 , a common variable rate analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  204 , digital signal processor (DSP) and filters component  208 , digital interface  210 , and millimeter wave frequency signal input interface  213 . As will be described further herein, additional receive paths can be provided for more receive channels/bands, depending on the application. For example, a first group of receive paths can allow for, e.g., sub-6 GHz and 6 GHz frequencies, and a second receive path can receive, e.g., millimeter wave frequency signal down converted to IF frequencies. 
     In an embodiment, a communications signal is received at an RF input of radio frequency unit  106  based on the frequency range of the communications signal. For example, a first RF input receives a first RF input signal (e.g., a first receive signal) at a first frequency range and a first bandwidth, including, e.g., RF signals between 400 MHz up to 1 GHz, a second RF input receives a second RF input signal (e.g., a second receive signal) at a second frequency range and a second bandwidth, including, e.g., RF signals between 1.4 GHz up to 2.7 GHz, a third RF input receives a third RF input signal (e.g., a third receive signal) at a third frequency range and a third bandwidth for RF signals between 3.2 GHz to 5.2 GHz, and a fourth RF input receives a fourth RF input signal (e.g., a fourth receive signal) at a fourth frequency range and a fourth bandwidth including, e.g., RF signals between 5.2 GHz to 7.2 GHz. In an embodiment, the frequency ranges can be based on, for example, bands allocated to LTE 4G/5G as well as WiFi and WiFi  6  and unlicensed bands defined for 5G and WiFi. 
     The plurality of input RF signals can be received at amplifier(s)  202 . Amplifier(s)  202  can include, for example, a plurality of low noise amplifiers (LNAs) and analog wide-band filters. Amplifier(s)  202  can be operably coupled to amplify the plurality of input signals to generate amplified input RF signals. The plurality of input signals can be amplified in certain embodiments according to an appropriate required signal power level for radio frequency unit  106 . For example, amplifier(s)  202  can be configured to have enough gain with low noise figures to set the system noise figure. This can include, for example, setting the system noise figure such that it is linear enough to not distort the desired signal in the presence of undesired signals and be able to handle high desired signals without distortion. 
     Variable rate analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  204  can receive and digitize amplified input RF signals to generate digital signals. In an embodiment, ADC  204  can receive and digitize a band as wide as, e.g., 1.2 GHz. In accordance with various embodiments, ADC  204  can be a set of time-interleaved ADCs that together can digitize an entire band of several giga hertz. In an embodiment, ADC  204  may consist of M parallel ADCs. The ADCs are configured to convert a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and discrete-amplitude digital signal. In accordance with various embodiments, when the ADCs perform the analog to digital conversion, the ADC samples the analog signal. The resulting digital signal is a sampled signal, obtained by sampling the analog signal at discrete points in time. The rate at which the ADCs sample the analog signal is the sampling rate. 
     DSP and filters component  208  includes digital mixers and filters to generate the baseband digital signal after receiving the signal from ADC and can be operably coupled to receive the filtered digital signals. DSP and filters component  208  can perform baseband processing using various radio frequency (RF) functions. In an embodiment, DSP and filters component  208  can be implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). DSP and filters component  208  can generate variable bandwidth signals. For example, in the situation amplifier(s)  202  receive an 800 MHz band signal at 3.2 GHz, an 800 MHz band signal can be received at DSP and filters component  208 . DSP and filters component  208  is configured to separate the 800 MHz band signal as a 100 MHz channel, a 200 MHz channel, two 100 MHz channel, or four 200 MHz channel. Advantageously, separating the band signal provides for flexibility in terms of wireless signal frequency and wireless signal bandwidth. The baseband processing can include heavy duty or highly intensive digital functions. For instance, DSP and filters component  208  can include digital down conversion (DDC) for down converting the sample rate of a digital signal of the receive path. 
     Digital interface  210  can be configured to interface with a baseband processor, and cover a range of signal bandwidths (e.g., multiple 100 MHz or 400 MHz signals converted to bits). 
     Interface  213  can be configured to receive intermediate frequency signals, including, for example, millimeter wave frequency signals that are down converted to IF. In an example, the millimeter wave frequency signals can include radio waves within the frequency range of 24-399 GHz. The IF frequency signals can be received at amplifier(s)  202 . The output of amplifier(s)  202  can be received at ADC  204 . A variable attenuator can be configured to, for example, reduce the strength of an alternating-current signal either continuously or in steps, without causing appreciable signal distortion, by maintaining a substantially constant impedance match. 
     Sending unit  122  includes a transmit path to transmit a signal. The transmit path can be represented by at least amplifier(s)  222 , digital-to-analog converter (DAC)  224 , DSP component  228 , and interface  230 . The transmit signal may be amplified by amplifiers  222  prior to transmission over an antenna. More transmit paths can be provided for more transmit channels/bands, depending on the application. DSP component  228  can perform baseband processing using various baseband functions. In an embodiment, baseband processing includes digital pre-distortion (DPD) to predistort or adjust the digital signal to improve the linearity of amplifiers  222 . The baseband processing can include crest factor reduction (CFR) for limiting the dynamic range of the transmit signal. The baseband processing can include digital up conversion (DUC) for up converting the sample rate of a digital signal of the transmit path. 
     In an embodiment, to provide (closed-loop) digital pre-distortion, radio frequency unit  106  can include an observation receive (ORX) path  240  for observing the output of amplifier(s)  222  and providing a feedback signal to a pre-distortion DPD component to improve the linearity of the transmit path and/or amplifier(s)  222  for the transmit path. In some cases, the ORX path can be provided externally by some other component. The ORX path can be represented by at least, e.g., a mixer, a filter, and an analog-to-digital converter, where the mixer may share a common local oscillator (LO) with the mixer of the transmit path. 
     In various embodiments, receiving unit  124  and sending unit  122 , or the components of receiving unit  124  and sending unit  122 , can be electrically coupled to additional components of the access device or in electrical communication of the access device. In certain embodiments, receiving unit  124  and sending unit  122 , and other components, can be implemented, for example, with digital logic gates on a single or multiple semiconductor chips configured to perform the functions described herein. In another example, computing component can be implemented with one or more semiconductor devices using a CMOS process. For example, the majority of the front-end computing component can be implemented as part of or the entirety of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) by digital logic gates. It is also envisioned that for certain applications, some or all of the functions of the front-end computing components can be implemented with software instructions stored on a processor readable medium, and executed by a processor, or another processor in another device. 
     As described, for GHz frequencies, signal quality is affected using traditional direct up conversion techniques for wide bandwidth signals beyond 200 MHz. Also, with direct RF sampling, to achieve good output signal SNR, the high speed of DAC results in high-power consumption. To solve this problem, embodiments herein describe a new hybrid technique that utilizes both digital and analog mixing using a multi-giga sample/sec DAC. By utilizing high-speed, for example, 5GS/s, and a DAC that is also low power and has a high dynamic range, wideband analog filters can be eliminated. 
     Example  300  of  FIG.  3 A  illustrates components of sending unit  122  in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, a sending unit receives digital IQ baseband signal  321  (also referred to as a baseband transmit signal) from digital baseband source  319  at digital up converter  302  for In-phase (I) component and digital up converter  304  for Quadrature (Q) component after passing through digital signal interface  305 . 
     In an embodiment, digital signal interface  305  can be configured to interface with digital signal processing and filtering component  361 , and cover a range of signal bandwidths (e.g., multiple 100 MHz or 400 MHz signals converted to bits). A digital up converter (e.g., digital up converter  302  for In-phase (I) component and digital up converter  304  for Quadrature (Q)), in this example, is operable to convert digital IQ baseband signal samples into digital samples with frequencies such as 750 MHz. The digital up converter (e.g., digital up converter  302  and digital up converter  304 ) may include one or more components, including, for example, an interpolation filter, a digital mixer, a digital local oscillator, etc. 
     Sending unit uses digital mixing, for example, digital up converter  302  and digital up converter  304  combined with DAC  306  and DAC  308  (“variable rate DAC Block  313 ”) to convert the digital IQ baseband signal  321  received from digital baseband source  319  to a high-IF analog frequency such that filtering is practical by filter  310  and filter  312  (“Analog Filter Block  311 ”). In an embodiment, variable rate DAC  306  includes an I-DAC and DAC  308  includes a Q-DAC. Filter  310  and filter  312  can include, for example, an integrated RLC filter. 
     Integer synthesizer  303  assigns a frequency to digital up converter  302  for I samples and digital up converter  304  for Q samples. An integer synthesizer is operable to generate a range of frequencies from a single reference frequency. An integer synthesizer may use the techniques of frequency multiplication, frequency division, direct digital synthesis, frequency mixing, and phase-locked loops to generate its frequencies, and control frequency and phase. 
     In an embodiment, the signal received from digital baseband source  319  may pass digital signal processing and filtering component  361  or another appropriate filter before being received at digital up converter  302  and digital up converter  304  (together as IQ digital mixer block  317 ). IQ digital mixer block  317  includes an I mixer (e.g., digital up converter  302 ) and a Q mixer (e.g., digital up converter  304 ). In an embodiment, each mixer operates in a frequency range between, for example, 0 and 1 GHz. 
     The assigned frequency is defined by hardware control software  301  (“HW control SW  301 ”). In this example, hardware control software  301  defines the assigned frequency for integer synthesizer  303 , integer synthesizer  307 , and integer synthesizer  309 . In an embodiment, these values are not equal. Digital up converter  302  and digital up converter  304  convert the complex I/Q waveform received from digital baseband source  319  to a digital complex waveform with the same frequency content but centered at a higher IF frequency. 
     In an embodiment, this is IF IQ architecture where IQ imbalance presents itself in the negative frequencies after variable rate DAC  316  operation. To assure the DAC butterfly image is not folded into the signal itself after mixing, band pass filter (BPF)  310  and band pass filter (BPF)  312  mitigate images from DAC  306  and DAC  308 , respectively, up to 50 dB. After filtering by BPF  310  and BPF  312 , mixing operation uses a LO frequency for analog mixer  314  and analog mixer  316  that results in a final channel frequency given the RF channel of the signal. Thereafter, RF power amplifier  318  is used which amplifies the signal to mitigate path loss from transmit end to receive end. This provides an advantage of eliminating fractional synthesizers for analog mixers (e.g., analog mixer  314  and analog mixer  316 , “Mixer Block  315 ”) since a double mixing operation is utilized and the first mixer (e.g., digital up converter  302  and digital up converter  304 ) is in the digital domain thus its LO can be chosen to keep analog LO integer depending on the final channel frequency. As such, embodiments solve a number of issues while providing performance of an NR transmitter in CMOS domain, including, for example: 
     IQ imbalance, due to the proposed IF I/Q architecture, IQ imbalance is prevented as co-channel interference, 
     Filtering; high IF BPF is used which does not have to be designed as a high-power RC op-amp or large off-chip inductor capacitor type, 
     DC offset and flicker noise; embodiments herein utilize IF frequency for mixing thus alleviating 1/f noise issues. Also, DC offset is a problem faced in direct conversion to/from baseband and it is prevented in this design, 
     LO third harmonic intermodulation; in this case, the third-order and fifth intermodulation of the LO signal with the DAC butterfly images can be seen as in-band interference. However due to filtering after DAC  313 , the images are mitigated, and considering the harmonic&#39;s and the images&#39; reduced signal power, the interference is below 1 dB, 
     Cost and Power; considering all the above explanations, embodiments herein offer reduced cost, footprint and power consumption given that its fully integrated, designed in CMOS and covers the wide frequency range of 50 MHz to 7.2 GHz with configurable BW thus providing a true multi-channel multi-standard transmitter even for the New Radio Licensed and unlicensed operation. 
       FIG.  3 B  illustrates a block diagram of a system  320  similar to  FIG.  3 A , but illustrates additional components of sending unit  122  in accordance with an embodiment. The additional components represent a plurality of transmit paths for transmitting a signal. In this example, the band can be divided into four example groups. A group can be associated with a frequency range for a RF output signal for a transmit path. The output RF signals of each group can be illustrated as  322 ,  323 ,  324 , and  325 . That is, first RF output  322  includes a first RF output signal for RF signals between 600 MHz up to 1.4 GHz, second RF output  323  includes a second RF out for RF signals between 1.4 GHz up to 2.7 GHz, third RF output  324  includes a third RF out for RF signals between 3.2 GHz up to 5.2 GHz, and fourth RF output  325  includes a fourth RF out for millimeter wave signals that are down converted to IF frequencies between 5.2 GHz and 7.2 GHz. It should be noted that the frequency ranges can be updated and the ranges provided are merely example ranges. 
     The transmit paths can be represented by amplifiers ( 318 ,  319 ,  321 ,  336 ), combiners ( 326 ,  327 ,  328 ,  329 ), analog mixers ( 314 ,  316 ,  330 ,  331 ,  332 ,  333 ,  334 ,  335 ), analog filters ( 310 ,  312 ), DAC ( 306 ,  308 ), and digital mixer block  317  (e.g., digital up converter  302 , digital up converter  304 ). Sending unit  122  also includes hardware control software  301 , integer synthesizer  303 , integer synthesizer  307 , and integer synthesizer  309 . The amplifiers can include pre-amplifier components to amplify the signal to desired levels prior to sending to power amplifiers usually external to the transceiver. 
     It should be noted that a transmit path can be defined as having multiple transmit paths. That is, individual output signals can be associated with respective transmit paths. An example transmit path can be represented by digital mixer block  317 , DAC  306 , DAC  308 , filter  310 , filter  312 , analog mixer  314 , analog mixer  316 , combiner component  326 , and amplifier  318 . Continuing with this transmit path, a digital IQ baseband signal is from digital baseband source is received at digital signal interface  305 . The digital IQ baseband signal passes digital signal processing and filtering component  361  or another appropriate filter before being received at digital mixer block  317 . Digital mixer block  317  can include an IQ digital mixer. An IQ digital mixer can consist of two mixers where the RF (or LO) ports are connected with an in-phase power divider and the LO (or RF) ports are connected with a quadrature hybrid. The two IF ports, I for the in-phase component and Q for the 90° out-of-phase component, can receive the signal from digital signal interface  305 . After the signal passes DAC  306  and DAC  308 , and analog I signal  341  and analog Q signal  343  are passed to filter  310  and filter  312 , analog mixer  314 , analog mixer  316 , and combiner  326  are operable to mix the received signal. Amplifier  318  amplifies the mixed signal for one of the selected groups. 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates an example frequency spectrum in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, the frequency spectrum is illustrated at various locations along a transmit path. A transmit path, in an example, can include digital mixer block  317 , DAC block  313 , analog filter block  311 , analog mixer block  315 , and amplifier  318 . In conventional approaches, with bandwidth increasing to 100/200/400 MHz ranges and with the requirement to receive 1020QAM modulations, the SNR limits of conventional zero-IF technique requires a wideband low-pass filter (LPF) (e.g., 300 MHz signal given DPD requirements utilizes a 150 MHz LPF) after digital to analog data converter (DAC) to mitigate the DAC butterfly image prior to mixing. In this situation, this filter should be either designed as a high-power resistance-capacitance (RC) op-amp or a large off-chip inductor capacitor type. However, both cases face significant power, size, and cost issues. Further, the IQ imbalance co-channel interference caused by the mismatch between DAC filters and IQ mixers in a wide band situation is frequency dependent. Further, even with the most sophisticated IQ imbalance compensation algorithms in the digital domain (prior to DAC), the SNRmax improvement is limited to 15 dB, while IQ imbalance is reducing SNR up to 25 dB. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4 A , the signal after DAC block  313  can be represented by DAC Output  502 . The butterfly images after DAC block  313  can be represented by DAC Butterfly Images After DAC Block  504 . The output after analog filter block  311  can be represented by DAC Output After Filter Block  506 . The butterfly images after analog filter block  311  can be represented by DAC Butterfly Images After Filter Block  508 . As shown in  FIG.  4 B , the signal after analog mixer block  315  can be represented by DAC Output After Analog Mixer Block  522 . The butterfly images after analog mixer block can be represented by DAC Butter Images After Analog Mixer Block  524 . Accordingly, various embodiments implement a high-IF TX architecture that eliminates the need for a wideband DAC LPF by utilizing a high-speed low power DAC (e.g., 3.75 GHz) with a high dynamic range. To assure DAC butterfly image from DAC block  313  is not folded into the signal itself after mixing, analog filter block  311  mitigates images from DAC block  313  up to 50 dB. After filtering by analog filter block  311 , a mixing operation uses an LO frequency for analog mixer block  315  that results in a final channel frequency given the IF channel of the signal. Thereafter, RF power amplifier, e.g., amplifier  318 , can be used to amplify the signal to take care of path loss from transmit end to receive end. This provides an advantage of eliminating fractional synthesizers for analog mixer block  315  since a double mixing operation is utilized and the digital mixer block  317  is in the digital domain thus its LO can be chosen to keep analog LO integer depending on the final channel frequency. 
     In the embodiments described herein, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an example  500  of an exemplary network device  10 , such as a cable modem, that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments. Network device  10  includes a master central processing unit (CPU)  62 , interfaces  68 , and a bus  15  (e.g., a PCI bus). When acting under the control of appropriate software or firmware, the CPU  62  is responsible for numerous tasks, at least some of which relate to network management. It preferably accomplishes all these functions under the control of software including an operating system and any appropriate applications software. CPU  62  may include one or more processors  63 . In an alternative embodiment, processor  63  is specially designed hardware for controlling the operations of network device  10 . In a specific embodiment, a memory  61  (such as non-volatile RAM and/or ROM) also forms part of CPU  62 . However, there are many different ways in which memory could be coupled to the system. 
     The interfaces  68  are typically provided as interface cards (sometimes referred to as “line cards”). Generally, they control the sending and receiving of data packets over the network and sometimes support other peripherals used with the router. Among the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, and the like. In addition, various very high-speed interfaces may be provided such as fast token ring interfaces, wireless interfaces, Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, ATM interfaces, HSSI interfaces, POS interfaces, FDDI interfaces and the like. Generally, these interfaces may include ports appropriate for communication with the appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor and, in some instances, volatile RAM. The independent processors may control such communications intensive tasks as packet switching, media control, and management. By providing separate processors for the communication&#39;s intensive tasks, these interfaces allow the master microprocessor  62  to efficiently perform routing computations, network diagnostics, security functions, etc. 
     Although the system shown in  FIG.  5    is one specific network device of the present invention, it is by no means the only network device architecture on which the present invention can be implemented. For example, an architecture having a single processor that handles communications as well as routing computations etc. is often used. Further, other types of interfaces and media could also be used with the router. 
     Regardless of the network device&#39;s configuration, it may employ one or more memories, or memory modules (including memory  61 ) configured to store program instructions for the general-purpose network operations and mechanisms for roaming, route optimization and routing functions described herein. The program instructions may control the operation of an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. The memory or memories may also be configured to store tables such as mobility binding, registration, and association tables, etc. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example of exemplary possible system embodiments, such a system making up network device  10  of  FIG.  5   . The more appropriate embodiment will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art when practicing the present technology. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will also readily appreciate that other system embodiments are possible.  FIG.  6    illustrates a conventional system bus computing system architecture  23  wherein the components of the system are in electrical communication with each other using a bus  05 . 
     Exemplary system xx00 includes a processing unit (CPU or processor)  60  and a system bus  05  that couples various system components including the system memory  17 , such as read-only memory (ROM)  20  and random-access memory (RAM)  25 , to the processor  60 . The system  23  can include a cache of high-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of the processor  60 . The system can copy data from system memory  17  and/or the storage device  30  to the cache  33  for quick access by the processor  60 . In this way, the cache can provide a performance boost that avoids processor  60  delays while waiting for data. These and other modules can control or be configured to control the processor  60  to perform various actions. Other system memory  17  may be available for use as well. The memory  17  can include multiple different types of memory with different performance characteristics. The processor  60  can include any general-purpose processor and a hardware module or software module, such as module 1  32 , module 2  34 , and module 3  36  stored in storage device  30 , configured to control the processor  60  as well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. The processor  60  may essentially be a completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric. The processor can be implemented with one or more virtual processors, as well as any combination of CPUs and virtual processors. 
     The communications interface  41  can generally govern and manage the user input and system output. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement, and therefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed. 
     Storage device  30  is a non-volatile memory and can be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which can store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, random access memories (RAMs)  25 , read-only memory (ROM)  20 , any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read. Instructions may further be transmitted or received using a transmission medium. The term “transmission medium” may include any tangible or intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or another intangible medium to facilitate communication of such instructions. Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire, and fiber optics, including wires that comprise bus  05  for transmitting a computer data signal. 
     The storage device  30  can include software modules  32 ,  34 ,  36  for controlling the processor  60 . Other hardware or software modules are contemplated. The storage device  30  can be connected to the system bus  05 . In one aspect, a hardware module that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as the processor  60 , bus  05 , and so forth, to carry out the function. 
     For clarity of explanation, in some instances, the present technology may be presented as including individual functional blocks including functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or routines in a method embodied in software, or combinations of hardware and software. 
     In some embodiments, the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, and memories can include a cable or wireless signal containing a bit stream and the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals per se. 
     Methods according to the above-described examples can be implemented using computer-executable instructions that are stored or otherwise available from computer-readable media. Such instructions can comprise, for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. In some examples, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions for implementation. Portions of computer resources used can be accessible over a network. The computer-executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, or source code. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used to store instructions, information used, and/or information created during methods according to described examples include magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, and so on. 
     Devices implementing methods according to these disclosures can comprise hardware, firmware and/or software, and can take any of a variety of form factors. Typical examples of such form factors include laptops, smartphones, small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, and so on. Functionality described herein also can be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality can also be implemented on a circuit board among different chips or different processes executing in a single device, by way of further example. 
     The instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are means for providing the functions described in these disclosures. 
     Although a variety of examples and other information was used to explain aspects within the scope of the appended claims, no limitation of the claims should be implied based on particular features or arrangements in such examples, as one of ordinary skill would be able to use these examples to derive a wide variety of implementations. Further and although some subject matter may have been described in language specific to examples of structural features and/or method steps, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to these described features or acts. For example, such functionality can be distributed differently or performed in components other than those identified herein. Rather, the described features and steps are disclosed as examples of components of systems and methods within the scope of the appended claims. 
     The various embodiments can be implemented in a wide variety of operating environments, which in some cases can include one or more user electronic devices, integrated circuits, chips, and computing devices—each with the proper configuration of hardware, software, and/or firmware as presently disclosed. Such a system can also include a number of the above exemplary systems working together to perform the same function disclosed herein—to filter tones from a mixed signal using novel integrated circuits in a communications network. 
     Most embodiments utilize at least one communications network that would be familiar to those skilled in the art for supporting communications using any of a variety of commercially available protocols, such as TCP/IP, FTP, UPnP, NFS, and CIFS. The communications network can be, for example, a cable network, a local area network, a wide-area network, a virtual private network, the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network, an infrared network, a wireless network and any combination thereof. 
     The environment can include a variety of data stores and other memory and storage media as discussed above—including at least a buffer. These storage components can reside in a variety of locations, such as on a storage medium local to (and/or resident in) one or more of the computers or remote from any or all of the computers across the network. In a particular set of embodiments, the information may reside in a storage-area network (SAN) familiar to those skilled in the art. Similarly, any necessary files for performing the functions attributed to the computers, servers, or other network devices may be stored locally and/or remotely, as appropriate. Where a system includes computerized devices, each such device can include hardware elements that may be electrically coupled via a bus, the elements including, for example, at least one central processing unit (CPU), at least one input device (e.g., a mouse, keyboard, controller, touch-sensitive display element or keypad) and at least one output device (e.g., a display device, printer or speaker). Such a system may also include one or more storage devices, such as disk drives, optical storage devices and solid-state storage devices such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM), as well as removable media devices, memory cards, flash cards, etc. 
     Such devices can also include a computer-readable storage media reader, a communications device (e.g., a modem, a network card (wireless or wired), an infrared communication device) and working memory as described above. The computer-readable storage media reader can be connected with or configured to receive, a computer-readable storage medium representing remote, local, fixed and/or removable storage devices as well as storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing, storing, transmitting and retrieving computer-readable information. The system and various devices also typically will include a number of software applications, modules, services or other elements located within at least one working memory device, including an operating system and application programs such as a client application or Web browser. It should be appreciated that alternate embodiments may have numerous variations from that described above. For example, customized hardware might also be used, and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets) or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed. 
     Storage media and other non-transitory computer readable media for containing code, or portions of code, can include any appropriate media known or used in the art, such as but not limited to volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data, including RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a system device. Based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the various embodiments. 
     The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.