Patent Publication Number: US-2020290042-A1

Title: Devices and methods for isolating matters of interest

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application relates to and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/818,756, filed Mar. 15, 2019; the content of the application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present disclosure in general relates to the field of separating and isolating mattes of interest (MOTs) from a biological sample. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes (Exo) and microvesicles (MV), and soluble molecules are present in various sources of tissue fluids, such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluids, ascites, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage and saliva. Since the proteins and/or nucleic acid level of cells, MV, Exo and/or soluble molecules reflect the status of human physiology and pathology of tissues, thus cells, Exo and/or soluble molecules are suitable means for prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis of diseases, in which the proteins and/or nucleic acid levels of cells, MV, Exo and/or soluble molecules may be determined and compared with those of a normal healthy subject. 
     As cells, MV, Exo and/or soluble molecules may derive from various types of cells (e.g., endothelial cells, epithelial cells, leukocytes, and etc), whether sick or normal; and may be released from remote tissues (e.g., brain, heart, pancreas, bone marrow, lungs, kidney, and reproductive tissues including fetal, maternal and placental tissues), thus there exist in the related art a need of a means for isolating cells, MV, Exo and/or soluble molecules from a biological sample of a subject, so that the isolated cells, MV, Exo and/or soluble molecules may be subjected to designated bioanalysis in situ or ex situ of a biomarker on the isolated cells, MV, Exo and/or soluble molecules, therefore may provide a diagnosis or prognosis on a disease and/or condition related to the analyzed biomarker of the subject. Preferably, based on the analyzed biomarker, a proper treatment may be administered to the subject to alleviate and/or ameliorate symptoms associated with the disease and/or condition. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary of the disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding to the reader. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure and it does not identify key/critical elements of the present invention or delineate the scope of the present invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts disclosed herein in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     As embodied and broadly described herein, one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a device for isolating matters of interest (MOIs) from a urine sample. The device comprises a cartridge, which comprises at least one filter configured to retain at least three populations of MOIs independently having a size between 1.0-20 μm, 0.20-1.0 μm, or 0.05-0.02 μm in diameter. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the filter may be a size-exclusion column, an affinity column, an elutriator, or a porous membrane. In one preferred embodiment, the cartridge comprises an affinity column, which is an anion-exchange column. In another preferred embodiment, the cartridge comprises three filters, serially connected to each other, in which the first, second and third filters are respectively porous membranes independently comprises a plurality of pores that are about 0.8-1 μm, 0.20-0.22 μm, and 0.03-0.05 μm in diameter. 
     According to preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the population of MOIs having a size between 1.0-20 μm in diameter comprises cells; the population of MOIs having a size between 0.20-1.0 μm in diameter comprises microvesicles (MVs); and the population of MOIs having a size between 0.05-0.02 μm in diameter comprises exosomes (Exo). 
     Alternatively or optionally, the device may further include a first reservoir disposed upstream to the cartridge for housing the urine sample; and a second reservoir disposed downstream to the cartridge for collecting a filtrate comprising soluble molecules that are smaller than 0.05 μm in diameter. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the soluble molecules that are smaller than 0.05 μm in diameter comprises DNA, RNA, protein, glycan, lipid or a combination thereof. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the filter is made of ceramic, resin, metal, polymer, hollow fiber, or a combination thereof. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the ceramic is made of a material selected from the group consisting of zeolite, silica, silicon carbide, alumina, aluminum titanate, spinel, mullite, zirconium phosphate, perovskite, and a combination thereof. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the resin is made of a material selected from the group consisting of an organic compound, a synthetic compound and a combination thereof. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the metal is selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, silver, gold, cadmium, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, niobium, copper, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, an alloy, and a combination thereof. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of, polycellulose, polyester, polyether, polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyolefin, polyuria, polyester amide, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polysiloxane, polysulfone, polyester urethane, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, and a combination thereof. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the hollow fiber is a carbon fiber, a glass fiber, a metal fiber, or a combination thereof. 
     The second aspect of the present disclosure aims to provide a method of isolating matters of interest (MOIs) from a urine sample by use of the device described above. The method includes steps of,
         (a) allowing the urine sample to pass through the cartridge of the device of claim  1 , so as to retain at least three populations of MOIs independently having a size between 1.0-20 μm, 0.20-1.0 μm, or 0.05-0.02 μm in diameter in the filter;   (b) collecting the filtrate eluted from the cartridge, in which the filtrate comprises soluble molecules that are smaller than 0.05 μm; and   (c) respectively harvesting MOTs from the filter, and from the filtrate collected in the step (b)       

     According to preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the population of MOIs having a size between 1.0-20 μm in diameter comprises cells; the population of MOIs having a size between 0.20-1.0 μm in diameter comprises microvesicles (MVs); the population of MOIs having a size between 0.05-0.02 μm in diameter comprises exosomes (Exo); and the soluble molecules that are smaller than 0.05 μm in diameter comprises DNA, RNA, protein, glycan, lipid or a combination thereof. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the harvested MOIs in the step (c), the filtrate comprising soluble macromolecules in the step (b) or the filter with MOIs retained therein of the step (a) is/are subjected to immunoblotting, chips analysis, fluoroprobing, enzymatic or electrochemical reaction for detecting at least one biomarker thereon or therein. 
     Examples of the biomarker on the MOIs include, but are not limited to, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), IGFB2, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-ra), C—X—C Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL 13), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGFR1), fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), FGF-2, leptin, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGF-C, VEGF-D, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), E-cadherin, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), 8-oxohydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), α-synuclein, L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), 5100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), β4 integrin, mucin 5AC (MucSAC), amphiregulin (AREG), cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), cochlin, arginase-1 (Arg-1), β-galactosidase, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), growth-regulated alpha protein (GRO-α), syndecan 1, syndecan 4, monocyte-chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), zonulin, neurofilament light (NFL), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), or a nucleic acid. 
     A further aspect of the present disclosure aims to provide a method of making a diagnosis or prognosis of a disease from a urine sample of a subject with the aid of the present device. The urine sample comprises cells, microvesicles, exosomes, and soluble macromolecules, and each of the cells, microvesicles, exosomes, and soluble molecules has a target molecule expressed thereon and/or therein. The method comprises steps of,
         (a) allowing the urine sample to pass through the cartridge of the present device thereby retaining the cells, the microvesicles, and the exosomes by the at least one filter;   (b) collecting the filtrate, which comprises soluble molecules, of the cartridge;   (c) adding capture molecules to the harvested soluble molecules in the step (b), and to the cells, the microvesicles, and the exosomes respectively retained by the at least one filter in the step (a), wherein each capture molecule is linked with a reporter molecule and exhibits a binding affinity to the target molecule;   (d) determining the level of the reporter molecule bound to the target molecule in the step (c); and   (e) making the diagnosis or prognosis based on the determined level of the reporter molecule in the step (d), wherein when the determined level of the reporter molecule is different from that of a reference sample obtained from a healthy subject, then the subject has the disease or is at risk of developing the disease.       

     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the reporter molecule is selected from the group consisting of, a tag molecule, a radioactive molecule, a fluorescent molecule, a phosphorescent molecule, a chemiluminescent molecule, and an enzyme. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, in the step (d), the level of the reporter molecule is determined by electrochemical analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chips array, beads array, western blotting, or kinase assay. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the capture molecule is an aptamer, a glycan, a lectin, an antibody, or a combination thereof. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the target molecule is any of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), IGFBP2, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-ra), C—X—C Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL 13), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGFR1), fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), FGF-2, leptin, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGF-C, VEGF-D, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), E-cadherin, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), 8-oxohydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), α-synuclein. L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), 5100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), (34 integrin, mucin 5AC (Muc5AC), amphiregulin (AREG), cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), cochlin, arginase-1 (Arg-1), β-galactosidase, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), growth-regulated alpha protein (GRO-α), syndecan 1, syndecan 4, monocyte-chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), zonulin, neurofilament light (NFL), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), or a nucleic acid. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the nucleic acid may be a DNA or an RNA. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the disease may be a cancer, an inflammatory disease, a degenerative disease, an infectious disease, or a reproductive disease. 
     Examples of the cancer include, but are not limited to, gastric cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, brain tumor, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, esophageal carcinoma, multiple myeloma, and head and neck carcinoma. 
     Examples of the inflammatory disease include, but are not limited to, psoriasis, colitis, burn injury, acute kidney injury, traumatic brain injury, skin injury, arthritis and autoimmune diseases. 
     Examples of the degenerative disease include, but are not limited to, Parkinson&#39;s disease, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, dementia, stroke, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, benign prostate hypertrophy and hearing loss. 
     Examples of the infectious disease include, but are not limited to, infection caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. 
     Examples of the reproductive disease include, but are not limited to, spontaneous abortion, intrauterine retardation, intrauterine infection, congenital anomaly, premature birth, pre-eclampsia, and pregnant diabetes. 
     The subject of the present methods is preferably a mammal. According to some working examples of the present disclosure, the subject is a human. 
     Many of the attendant features and advantages of the present disclosure will becomes better understood with reference to the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. The present description will be better understood from the following detailed description read in light of the accompanying drawings, where: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram depicting a device  100  for isolating MOIs from a biological sample constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic diagram depicting the device  100  of  FIG. 1A  in accordance with an optional embodiment of the present disclosure 
         FIG. 2  are photographs illustrating differential expression of E-cadherin among urine MOIs in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  are photographs depicting isolation of EVs by anion exchange chromatography in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, 
         FIG. 4  are photographs illustrating differential expression of (A) neural cell adhesion molecule L1, (LICAM), (B) neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and (C) neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) among cells, MVs, EV between young (Y) and aged (0) subjects in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  are bar graphs depicting differential expression of various vascular mediators and cytokines among cells, MVs, Exo (EV) and the soluble filtrate (Soln) independently isolated by the present device between pregnant women with a normal (N) or premature delivery (P) in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  are bar graphs depicting differential expression of various biomarkers among MVs, Exo and the soluble filtrate (Soln) in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  are bar graphs depicting differential expression of various biomarkers among MVs, Exo and the soluble filtrate (Soln) between young (AVG-Young) and aged (AVG-old) adult subjects in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  are bar graphs depicting differential expression of various biomarkers among MVs, Exo and the soluble filtrate (Soln) between adults with Parkinson&#39;s disease (AVG-PD) and healthy adults with matching age (AVG-C) in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  are photographs depicting the expression of leucine rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) among young subjects (Y1, Y2), aged subjects (O1, O2, O3, and O4) and PD subjects (PD1, PD2) in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  is a bar graph depicting DNA levels among MVs, Exo and the filtrate (Soln) between young and aged (old) adult subjects in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  are bar graphs depicting the level of 8OHdG among MVs, Exo and the soluble filtrate (Soln) between aged subjects with or without PD in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 12  provides data on the levels of dengue virus NS1 antigen, protein biomarkers and DNA among MVs, Exo and the soluble filtrate (Soln) in subjects afflicted with dengue virus infection in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, in which (A) is western blot analysis of NS1 antigen, (B) and (C) are bar graphs respectively depicting differential expression of biomarkers among MV and Exo in dengue subjects that (B) have not and (C) have exhibited clinical warning sign, and (D) is a bar graph depicting the level of 8OHdG among MVs and Exo between healthy subjects and subjects with dengue virus infection. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The detailed description provided below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the present examples and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present example may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions of the example and the sequence of steps for constructing and operating the example. However, the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different examples. 
     I. Definition 
     For convenience, certain terms employed in the specification, examples and appended claims are collected here. Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terminologies employed in the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood and used by one of ordinary skill in the art. Also, unless otherwise required by context, it will be understood that singular terms shall include plural forms of the same and plural terms shall include the singular. Specifically, as used herein and in the claims, the singular forms “a” and “an” include the plural reference unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Also, as used herein and in the claims, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” have the same meaning and include one, two, three, or more. 
     Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in the respective testing measurements. Also, as used herein, the term “about” generally means within 10%, 5%, 1%, or 0.5% of a given value or range. Alternatively, the term “about” means within an acceptable standard error of the mean when considered by one of ordinary skill in the art. Other than in the operating/working examples, or unless otherwise expressly specified, all of the numerical ranges, amounts, values and percentages such as those for quantities of materials, durations of times, temperatures, operating conditions, ratios of amounts, and the likes thereof disclosed herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the present disclosure and attached claims are approximations that can vary as desired. At the very least, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. 
     The term “matters of interest (MOIs)” as used herein refers to matters such as cells, vesicles, microvesicles (MVs), and exosomes (Exo) that may be retained by the device of the present disclosure, particularly, matters that are at least 0.05 μm in diameter, such as 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.5, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59, 0.6, 0.61, 0.62, 0.63, 0.64, 0.65, 0.67, 0.66, 0.67, 0.68, 0.069, 0.7, 0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76, 0.77, 0.78, 0.79, 0.8, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.9, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, and 1.0 μm in diameter; as well as soluble molecules smaller than 0.05 μm in diameter that are present in the filtrate of the present device (i.e., molecules that pass through the device and end up in the end filtrate), such as soluble molecules like peptides, polypeptides, hormones, growth factors, cytokines and etc. 
     The term “diagnosis” as used herein refers to methods by which the skilled artisan can estimate and/or determine the probability (“a likelihood”) of whether or not a patient is suffering from a given disease or condition. In the case of the present invention, “diagnosis” includes using the expression level of specific target molecule of the present invention, optionally together with other clinical characteristics, to arrive at a diagnosis (that is, the occurrence or nonoccurrence) of a cancer, a degenerative disease, an infectious disease, or aging for the subject from which a sample was obtained and assayed. That such a diagnosis is “determined” is not meant to imply that the diagnosis is 100% accurate. Many biomarkers are indicative of multiple conditions. The skilled clinician does not use biomarker results in an informational vacuum, but rather test results are used together with other clinical indicia to arrive at a diagnosis. Thus, a measured biomarker level on one side of a predetermined diagnostic threshold indicates a greater likelihood of the occurrence of disease in the subject relative to a measured level on the other side of the predetermined diagnostic threshold. 
     The term “risk” herein refers to the potential that a result will lead to an undesirable outcome, e.g., occurrence, progression or recurrence of a disease or a condition, for example, a premature delivery of a baby, a degenerative disease, an infectious disease, aging and etc. 
     The term “administered,” “administering” or “administration” are used interchangeably herein to refer a mode of delivery, including, without limitation, intravenously, intraarticularly, intratumorally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intraarterially, intracranially, or subcutaneously administering an agent (e.g., anti-degenerative, anti-infectious, or anti-aging agent) of the present invention. 
     “Treatment” as used herein includes preventative (e.g., prophylactic), curative or palliative treatment of a disease or condition in a mammal, particularly human; and includes: (1) preventative (e.g., prophylactic), curative or palliative treatment of a disease or condition (e.g., a cancer, degenerative disease, infectious disease, or aging) from occurring in an individual who may be pre-disposed to the disease or condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (2) inhibiting a disease or condition (e.g., by arresting its development); or (3) relieving a disease or condition (e.g., reducing symptoms associated with the disease or condition). 
     The term “effective amount” as referred to herein designate the quantity of a component which is sufficient to yield a desired response. For therapeutic purposes, the effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the component are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. An effective amount of an agent is not required to cure a disease or condition but will provide a treatment for a disease or condition such that the onset of the disease or condition is delayed, hindered or prevented, or the disease or condition symptoms are ameliorated. The effective amount may be divided into one, two, or more doses in a suitable form to be administered at one, two or more times throughout a designated time period. The specific effective or sufficient amount will vary with such factors as the particular condition being treated, the physical condition of the patient (e.g., the patient&#39;s body mass, age, or gender), the type of mammal or animal being treated, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), and the specific formulations employed and the structure of the compounds or its derivatives. Effective amount may be expressed, for example, in cell number, grams, milligrams or micrograms or as milligrams per kilogram of body weight (mg/Kg). Alternatively, the effective amount can be expressed in the concentration of the active component (e.g., anti-degenerative, or anti-infectious agent of the present disclosure), such as cell concentration, molar concentration, mass concentration, volume concentration, molality, mole fraction, mass fraction and mixing ratio. Persons having ordinary skills could calculate the human equivalent dose (HED) for the medicament (such as the present anti-degenerative or anti-infectious agent) based on the doses determined from animal models. For example, one may follow the guidance for industry published by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) entitled “Estimating the Maximum Safe Starting Dose in Initial Clinical Trials for Therapeutics in Adult Healthy Volunteers” in estimating a maximum safe dosage for use in human subjects. 
     The terms “subject” as used in the present disclosure refers to a mammal, for example, a human, a mouse, a rat, a hamster, a guinea pig, a rabbit, a dog, a cat, a cow, a goat, a sheep, a monkey, and a horse. The term “subject” is intended to refer to both the male and female gender unless one gender is specifically indicated. According to preferred embodiments, the subject is a human. 
     The term “healthy subject” refers to a subject that does not have a disease or condition, e.g., the subject not having a pre-mature delivery symptom, a degenerative disease or an infectious disease, or the subject is not in an aging state (i.e., the subject about or younger than 30 years old). In general, the term “healthy subject” refers to a subject who has not been diagnosed as having a disease or condition, and is not presenting with one or more (e.g., two, three, four or five) symptoms associated with the disease or condition. 
     II. Description of the Invention 
     1. Device and Method for Isolation MOIs from a Biological Sample 
     The general concept of this invention lies in isolating MOIs (e.g., cells, microvesicles, exosomes, and etc.) from a biological sample, in which the isolation is achieved by size exclusion, changes in affinity or ionic strength. Accordingly, a device is constructed by use of at least one filter, which may be a size-exclusion column, an affinity column, an elutriator, or a porous membrane. The thus isolated MOIs may then be subjected to analysis on biomarkers exist therein or thereon, so that diagnosis and/or prognosis of a disease and/or condition of the subject, whom the biological sample derived from may be rendered based on the determined level of the biomarker(s) as compared with that of a control sample, which may be a sample derived from a healthy normal subject. 
     1.1 Isolation of MOIs by Size Exclusion 
       FIG. 1A  is a schematic diagram depicting a device  100  for isolating MOIs from a biological sample constructed in accordance with Example 1.1 of the present disclosure. The device  100  comprises a cartridge  110 , which comprises therein three serially connected filters  110 ,  120 ,  130 . The three filters  110 ,  120 ,  130  are respectively porous membrane and are arranged in the order of decreased pore size. Specifically, from the inlet  101  toward the outlet  102  of the cartridge  110 , the pore size of one filter is larger than that of a subsequent filter. In other words, the pore size in the first filter is larger than that of the second filer, which is larger than the third filter. According to one preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the first filter  110  comprises pores that are about 0.8-1 μm in diameter, the second filter  120  comprises pores that are about 0.20-0.22 μm in diameter, and the third filter  130  comprises pores that are about 0.03-0.05 μm in diameter. By this arrangement of filters, at least three populations of MOIs independently having a size between 1.0-20 μm, 0.20-1.0 μm, or 0.05-0.02 μm in diameter may be isolated. 
     During operation, the cartridge  110  is preferably disposed in an up-right position, with the inlet  110  of the cartridge  110  facing upward and the outlet  102  of the cartridge  110  facing downward. An aliquot of a biological sample (e.g., a urine sample) is fed through the inlet  101 , and flows downward through the first filter  110 , in which MOIs in the biological sample that are 1.0-20 μm in diameter, preferably at least 0.8 μm in diameter (e.g., cells) will be retained by the first filter  110 , and the rest of the sample will continue to flow downward and into the second filter  120 , where MOIs that are 0.2-1.0 μm in diameter, preferably at least 0.2 μm in diameter (e.g., MVs) are retained by the second filter  120 ; them the rest of the sample will continue to flow downward into the third filter  130 , in which MOIs that are 0.2-0.05 μm in diameter, preferably at least 0.05 μm in diameter (e.g., exosomes) are retained. The rest of the sample containing matters that cannot be retained by any of the three filters  110 ,  120 ,  130  will end up in the filtrate, which is collected from the outlet  102  of the cartridge  110 . In general, the aliquot of the sample once being fed into the cartridge  110  will flow through the cartridge  110  naturally via the action of gravity. Alternatively or optionally, the sample may also be pushed through with the aid of a force, either manually or automatically, with the aid of a pump, a syringe and the like. 
     Alternatively or optionally as depicted in  FIG. 1B , the device  100  may further include a first reservoir  160  disposed upstream to the cartridge  110  for housing the biological sample before and/or during operation. Alternatively or optionally, an additional filter  150  (i.e., a fourth filter  150 ) may be disposed after the first reservoir  160  and before the cartridge  110 , so as to exclude molecules that are greater than 20 μm in diameter in the biological sample from entering the cartridge  110 . Alternatively or optionally, a second reservoir  170  may be disposed downstream to the outlet  102  of the cartridge  110  for collecting the filtrate eluted from the device  100 . 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the MOIs at least 0.8 μm that are retained by the first filter are cells, the MOIs at least 0.2 μm that are retained by the second filter are microvesicles (MVs); and the MOIs at least 0.05 μm that are retained by the third filter are exosomes (Exos). The filtrate, which is collected from the outlet  102  of the cartridge comprises MOIs (i.e., soluble macromolecules) that are smaller than 0.05 μm in diameter. The MOIs (i.e., soluble molecules) that are smaller than 0.05 μm in diameter comprises DNA, RNA, protein, glycan, lipid or a combination thereof. 
     MOIs respectively retained by the first, second, and third filters, as well as MOIs that are present in the filtrate may be independently harvested and analyzed for the levels and/or patterns of biomarkers expressed thereon or therein by suitable means specific to the analyzed biomarkers known to the skilled artisan. 
     1.2 Isolation of MOIs by Changes in Affinity or Ionic Strength 
     According to alternative embodiment of the present disclosure, isolation of MOIs from a biological sample is achieved by use of an affinity column. Accordingly, a device comprises an anion exchange column serving as the filter for isolating MOIs is constructed. In this particularly embodiment, an aliquot of the biological sample (e.g., a urine sample) is fed into the present device, which comprises an anion exchange column, then MOIs with desired size are eluted by high concentration of salt solution. By this manner, at least three populations of MOIs independently having a size between 1.0-20 μm, 0.20-1.0 μm or 0.05-0.20 μm in diameter are isolated. Specifically, the population of MOIs having a size between 1.0-20 μm in diameter comprises cells; the population of MOIs having a size between 0.20-1.0 μm in diameter comprises microvesicles (MVs); the population of MOIs having a size between 0.05-0.20 μm in diameter comprises exosomes (Exo). 
     1.3 Filter of the Present Device 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the filter suitable for use in the present device and/or method may be made of ceramic, resin, metal, polymer, hollow fiber, or a combination thereof, provided that the material that makes up of the filter is capable of retaining MOIs of the desired size and property. 
     Examples of the ceramic suitable for constructing the filter of the present device include, but are not limited to, zeolite, silica, silicon carbide, alumina, aluminum titanate, spinel, mullite, zirconium phosphate, perovskite, and a combination thereof. 
     Examples of the resin suitable for constructing the filter of the present device include, but are not limited to, an organic compound, a synthetic compound and a combination thereof. 
     Examples of the metal suitable for constructing the filter of the present device include, but are not limited to, stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, silver, gold, cadmium, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, niobium, copper, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, an alloy, and a combination thereof. 
     Examples of the polymer suitable for constructing the filter of the present device include, but are not limited to, polycellulose, polyester, polyether, polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyolefin, polyuria, polyester amide, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polysiloxane, polysulfone, polyester urethane, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, and a combination thereof. 
     Examples of the hollow fiber suitable for constructing the filter of the present device include, but are not limited to, a carbon fiber, a glass fiber, a metal fiber, and a combination thereof. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of the biological sample suitable for isolating MOIs include, but are not limited to, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, ascites, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage, blood, or saliva. Preferably, urine is used for isolating MOIs. 
     2. Use of MOIs Retained and/or Isolated by the Present Method and/or Device 
     The present device, either comprises one affinity column or three serially connected porous membrane filters described above, may be designed to operate manually or automatically. In manual mode, each filters with the desired MOIs retained therein may be manually dissembled form the cartridge and subjected to subsequent analysis, such as determination of the levels of DNA, biomarkers, and etc., depending on the needs and/or instruction of a user. Alternatively or optionally, the device may be set to operate automatically, in which the device may be coupled to suitable analyzers, so that once the isolation of MOIs is completed, each filter with desired MOIs retained therein is automatically subjected to pre-designated assays, such as immunoassays, chromatography analysis, chip array analysis, electrochemical analysis and etc., depending on the needs and/or instruction of a user. 
     MOIs isolated by the present method and/or device, including MOIs retained by the filter(s), and MOIs that are present in the filtrate may be independently harvested and subjected to analysis for the levels and/or patterns of biomarkers expressed thereon or therein by suitable means specific to the analyzed biomarkers known to the skilled artisan. The determined levels and/or patterns of biomarkers in the MOIs may serve as an indicator for diagnosis and/or prognosis of a pathological condition in a subject. 
     In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the levels and expressed pattern of vascular mediators such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), IGFBP2, as well as cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-8, IL-10, C—X—C Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL 13), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-ra) are respectively determined in MOIs (including cells, MVs, and exosomes retained by the present device) isolated from urine samples of pregnant women. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a relatively higher ratio of sFlt1/IL-10, PAPPA/IL-10 or IL-1ra/IL-10 indicates that a pregnant woman has a higher risk of premature delivery of a baby. 
     In another embodiment, the levels and/or expressed patterns of biomarkers such as fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), FGF-2, leptin, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are respectively determined in MOIs (including cells, MVs, and exosomes retained by the filters, and the filtrate eluted from the cartridge) isolated from urine samples of young or aged subjects. According to one preferred embodiment, aged subjects have high levels of FGF-1 in MVs, VEGF-D in exosomes, and PLGF in the soluble fraction (i.e., the end filtrate of the present method and/or device); while the young subjects have a high level of FGF-2 in MVs. 
     In a further embodiment, the levels and/or expressed patterns of biomarkers such as FGF-1, HB-EGF and leptin are respectively determined in MOIs (including cells, MVs, and exosomes retained by the filters, and the filtrate eluted from the cartridge) isolated from urine samples of aged subjects with or without Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). According to one preferred embodiment, the isolated exosomes of PD subjects exhibit a higher level of leptin, whereas negligible amount of leptin is found in healthy adults of matching age. 
     In still further embodiment, the levels of a dengue virus NS1 antigen, as well as the levels and/or expressed patterns of biomarkers such as EGF, G-CSF, VEFG-A, leptin and etc. are respectively determined in MOIs (including cells, MVs, and exosomes retained by the filters, and the filtrate eluted from the cartridge) isolated from urine samples of subjects suffered from dengue virus infection. In one preferred embodiment, significant level of NS1 antigen is found in the MVs isolated from dengue patient. Further, urine MVs and Exos of dengue patient had significant higher level of EGF, while only urine exosomes had expression of G-CSF. Further, dengue subject exhibiting clinical warning sign had higher levels of leptin and VEGF-A, but lower level of G-CSF, as compared with those of dengue patient without warning sign. 
     2.1 Making Prognosis of a Pathological Condition of a Subject with the Aid of the Present Device and/or Method 
     Accordingly, the present disclosure also provides a method of making a diagnosis or prognosis of a disease from a biological sample of a subject, in which the biological sample comprises MOIs isolated by the present device and/or method. MOIs thus isolated may be cells, microvesicles, exosomes, and soluble macromolecules, and each of the cells, microvesicles, exosomes, and soluble molecules has a target molecule expressed thereon and/or therein. The method comprises steps of,
         (a) allowing the biological sample to pass through the cartridge of the present device thereby retaining the cells, the microvesicles, and the exosomes, respectively;   (b) collecting the filtrate, which comprises soluble molecules, of the cartridge;   (c) adding capture molecules to the harvested soluble molecules in the step (b), and to the cells, the microvesicles, and the exosomes respectively retained by the present device in the step (a), wherein each capture molecule is linked with a reporter molecule and exhibits a binding affinity to the target molecule;   (d) determining the level of the reporter molecule bound to the target molecule in the step (c); and   (e) making the diagnosis or prognosis based on the determined level of the reporter molecule in the step (d), wherein when the determined level of the reporter molecule is different from that of a reference sample obtained from a healthy subject, then the subject has the disease or is at risk of developing the disease.       

     Examples of the reporter molecule suitable for use in the present method include, but are not limited to, a tag molecule, a radioactive molecule, a fluorescent molecule, a phosphorescent molecule, a chemiluminescent molecule, and an enzyme. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, in the step (d), the level of the reporter molecule is determined by electrochemical analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chips array, beads array, western blotting, or kinase assay. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the capture molecule may be an aptamer, a glycan, a lectin, an antibody, or a combination thereof. 
     Examples of the target molecule on the MOIs include, but are not limited to, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), IGFBP2, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-ra), C—X—C Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL 13), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGFR1), fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), FGF-2, leptin, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGF-C, VEGF-D, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), E-cadherin, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), 8-oxohydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), α-synuclein. L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), β4 integrin, mucin 5AC (Muc5AC), amphiregulin (AREG), cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), cochlin, arginase-1 (Arg-1), β-galactosidase, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), growth-regulated alpha protein (GRO-α), syndecan 1, syndecan 4, monocyte-chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), zonulin, neurofilament light (NFL), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA and RNA). 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, an expressed pattern of various specific markers, and/or a ratio of the expressed levels of certain markers detected via suitable methods (e.g., immunoblotting, chips analysis, fluoroprobing, enzymatic or electrochemical reaction) can be used to making a diagnosis and/or prognosis of a disease. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the disease that may be diagnosed by the present method include, but are not limited to, a cancer, an inflammatory disease, a degenerative disease, an infectious disease, or a reproductive disease 
     Examples of the cancer that may be diagnosed by the present method include, but are not limited to, gastric cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, brain tumor, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, esophageal carcinoma, multiple myeloma, and head and neck carcinoma. 
     Examples of the inflammatory disease that may be diagnosed by the present method include, but are not limited to, psoriasis, colitis, burn injury, acute kidney injury, traumatic brain injury, skin injury, arthritis and autoimmune diseases. 
     Examples of the degenerative disease that may be diagnosed by the present method include, but are not limited to, Parkinson&#39;s disease, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, dementia, stroke, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, benign prostate hypertrophy and hearing loss. 
     Examples of the infectious disease that may be diagnosed by the present method include, but are not limited to, infection caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. 
     Examples of the reproductive disease that may be diagnosed by the present method include, but are not limited to, spontaneous abortion, intrauterine retardation, intrauterine infection, congenital anomaly, premature delivery, pre-eclampsia, and pregnant diabetes. 
     2.2 Method of Treating Diseases and/or Conditions 
     Also disclosed herein is a method of treating a premature birth, a degenerative disease or an infectious disease in a subject based on the prognostic or diagnostic result of the method of the present disclosure. Specifically, the method of treating a premature birth, a degenerative disease or an infectious disease, in a subject comprises,
         (a) obtaining a biological sample from the subject;   (b) isolating MOIs from the biological sample by use of the present device;   (c) determining the expression level of at least one target molecule of the MOIs; and (d) treating the subject based on the expression level of the at least one target molecule determined in step (c), and   (d) administering to the subject an effective amount of a therapeutic agent when the expression level of the at least one target molecule of the MOIs or a ratio of the expressed levels of two target molecules is different (i.e., higher or lower) from that of a reference sample obtained from a healthy subject.       

     The steps (a)-(c) of the treating method are similar to steps of the method described in Sections 1.1 or 1.2 of the present disclosure, and hence, detailed description thereof is omitted herein for the sake of brevity. 
     In the step (d), a skilled artisan or a clinical practitioner may administer to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-degenerative agent or an anti-infectious agent) in accordance with expression level as determined in the step (c). Specifically, as mentioned above, a subject having an expression level of one or more target molecules or a ratio of the expressed levels of two target molecules different from that of the reference sample indicates that the subject has or is at risk of developing the degenerative disease or infectious disease; accordingly, the skilled artisan or clinical practitioner may administer to such a subject a suitable treatment thereby preventing, ameliorating and/or alleviating the occurrence of or the symptoms associated with the degenerative disease or the infectious disease. 
     In the present disclosure, the therapeutic agent is administered to a subject having an expression pattern of one or more target molecules in MOIs (e.g., MVs) different from that of the healthy subject, in which the therapeutic agent may be an agonist or antagonist that may rescue the expression pattern of the one or more target molecules in the MOIs of the subject. 
     Examples of the therapeutic agent that may prevent premature birth include, but are not limited to, progesterone, corticosteroid, nifedipine, and etc. 
     Examples of the therapeutic agent effective in treating degenerative disease include, but are not limited to, curcumin, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA, including leucine, isoleucine, and valine), cholinesterase inhibitor (such as donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), and rivastigmine (Exelon)), memantine (Namenda), omega-3 fatty acid, ginkgo, vitamin (including vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E), levodopa, carbidopa, dopamine agonist (such as pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Requip), rotigotine (Neupro), and apomorphine (Apokyn)), monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO inhibitor, such as selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar), rasagiline (Azilect), and safinamide (Xadago)), catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitor (COMT inhibitor, such as entacapone (Comtan) and tolcapone (Tasmar)), Anticholinergic (such as benztropine (Cogentin), and trihexyphenidyl), and amantadine. 
     Examples of the therapeutic agent effective in treating infection include, but are not limited to, anti-viral antibody, antibiotics, interferon alpha, aptamers, and etc. 
     The therapeutic agent may be administered to the subject by a suitable route, for example, topical, mucosal (e.g. intraconjunctival, intranasal, intratracheal), oral, intraspinal (e.g. intrathecal), intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraarticular, intraventrical, intracerebroventricular, intraperitoneal, intratumoral, and intra-middle ear administration. 
     As would be appreciated, the present method can be applied to the subject, alone or in combination with additional therapies that have some beneficial effects on the treatment of the degenerative disease, infectious disease or premature delivery. Depending on the intended purpose, the present method can be applied to the subject before, during, or after the administration of the additional therapies. 
     2.3 Use of the Target Molecule 
     Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to the use of the target molecule serving as the biomarker for the manufacture of a kit. The use of the present disclosure is characterized in that, 
     the biomarker is a target molecule expressed in and/or on MOIs; and 
     the kit is useful in making a diagnosis or prognosis of whether a subject has or is at risk of developing a premature birth, a degenerative disease or an infectious disease; wherein
         in the prognosis or diagnosis of the premature birth, the target molecule is selected from the group consisting of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra, and a combination thereof;   in the prognosis or diagnosis of the degenerative disease, the target molecule is selected from the group consisting of EGF-1, leptin, HB-EGF, EGF-2, VEGF-2, HGF, DPP4, CD90, EphA2, IL-2, IL-12, BDNF, B2M, IGFBP1, IGFBP2, CTGF, NFL, L1CAM, α-synuclein, fractalkine, IFN-α, IFN-γ, GRO, IL-10, MCP-3, nucleic acid (such as DNA), and a combination thereof;       

     in the diagnosis or prognosis of the infectious disease, the target molecule is NS-1; and 
     in the case when the expression level of the target molecule of the MOIs or a ratio of the expressed levels of two target molecules is different (i.e., higher or lower) from that of a reference sample obtained from a healthy subject indicates that the subject has or is at risk of developing the premature birth, the degenerative disease or the infectious disease. 
     The following Examples are provided to elucidate certain aspects of the present invention and to aid those of skilled in the art in practicing this invention. These Examples are in no way to be considered to limit the scope of the invention in any manner. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the description herein, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. All publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     Example 
     Materials and Methods 
     Determination of Proteomic Profiles in MOIs 
     The protein peptides of MOIs (i.e., MVs or Exo) derived from urine samples were subjected to the assays of ITRAQ™ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification). The protein concentration in each MOIs was measured, and equalized before studies. The ITRAQ™ method is a protein quantitation method based on the peptides labelling with a compound that produces isobaric fragments suitable for comparison of peptides among protein samples acquired from LC/MS-MS spectrometry. Employing Applied Biosystems ITRAQ™ Reagents (Applied Biosystems Inc., USA) provided as a set of four isobaric reagents: ITRAQ™ Reagent 114, ITRAQ™ Reagent 115, ITRAQ™ Reagent 116, and ITRAQ™ Reagent 117 to label the proteins of each MOIs, four samples were made, so that 4-plex samples analysis was performed in an LC/MS-MS experiment. Each sample was digested by trypsin into peptides, labeled with standardized individual isobaric fragment, and readout by LC/MS-MS analyses. 
     Determination of E-Cadherin Level 
     The level of E-cadherin in each sample (e.g., cells, MVs, Exos and Solns) was determined by mixing with biotin-labeled aptamer (100 uM) in one ml Tris buffer solution (TB S) for 2 hours. After washing in 5 ml TBS-tween 20 (0.1%) for 3 times, the sample was probed with streptavidin-HRP (horseradish peroxidase) solution for 2 hours. After washing for 3 times in 5 ml TBS-tween 20 0.1%, the sample was subjected to HRP substrate reagent and read by the myECL Imager equipped with chemiluminescence exposure screen. 
     Determination of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) Level 
     The level of NGAL in each sample (e.g., cells, MVs, Exos and Solns) was determined by biotin-labeled specific antibody (1:500) in one ml Tris buffer solution (TBS) for 2 hours, followed by washing in 5 ml TBS-tween 20 for 3 times, the sample was then probed with streptavidin-HRP (horseradish peroxidase) solution for 2 hours. After washing for 3 times in 5 ml TBS-tween 20 0.1%, the sample was subjected to HRP substrate reagent and read by the myECL Imager equipped with chemiluminescence exposure screen. 
     Western Blot Assay 
     Twenty micrograms of total protein of MOIs derived from urine sample were subject to SDS-PAGE under denature condition. After electrophoresis, the protein gels were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane by semi-dried transfer device. The membrane was incubated with non-fat dry milk for blocking of non-specific binding in Tris buffer (50 mM) followed by incubation with an antibody (at 1:2,000 dilution) or an aptamer (100 nM, for example, an aptamer of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, which were respectively specific to E-cadherin and Mucin 5Ac). After washing with Tris buffer to remove the unbound antibody or aptamer, the expression level of specific protein was detected via streptavidin-HRP (horse-radish peroxidase) chemiluminescence reaction. 
     Determination of Creatinine Levels in Urine 
     The biomarker level in urine would be affected by urine concentration in different physiological conditions (e.g., fasting or postprandial conditions), accordingly, urine creatinine level was measured to correct and/or compensate changes resulted from variation in physiological condition. Total protein in each sample (e.g., cells, MVs, Exos and Solns) was measured by colorimetric detection using Pierce™ BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) with a standard spectrophotometer or plate reader at 562 nm after lysis with radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (RIPA buffer, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt). Urine creatinine level was measured by colormetric assay kit of alkaline picrate solution. Urine sample was diluted (1:20 dilution, in which 10 μL of sample was diluted with 190 μL of deionized water), and 50 μl of the diluted sample was added to 100 μl of alkaline picrate solution and reacted for 30 minutes. The creatinine concentration was determined by comparison to a standard curve (0.3 mg/dL-20 mg/dL) in the optical density of 490 nm using a microplate reader (ThermoFisher Scientific, USA). 
     Example 1 Construction and Testing of the Present Device 
     1.1 Isolation of MOIs by a Device Comprises Erially Connected Filters 
     In this example, a prototype of the present device was constructed and tested. Briefly, 2 or 3 filters, each had a pore size of 0.8 μm, 0.2 μm and/or 0.05 μm, were serially connected. The filters were independently designed to capture cells (about 0.8-1 μm in size), microvesicles (about 0.2-0.8 μm in size) and exosomes (about 0.05-0.20 μm in size), any matters that were not retained by the filters would be would be collected in the filtrate that passed through the device. 
     To start the process, the biological sample was fed from the inlet of the first filter (0.8 μm), and was allowed to drip through or pushed through (e.g., via use of a syringe) the entire device, matters retained on each filters, as well as the final filtrate (i.e., filtrate of the third filter (0.05 μm)) were collected. In addition, the filtrate that passed through each filters, as well as the matters that were retained on each filters were sampled for subsequent determination. 
     To test the device, a urine sample (about 30 mL) was allowed to pass through the device, then filtrates passing through each filters, as well as matters retained on each filters, were independently collected and subjected to analysis to determine the level of E-cadherin expressed on each population of MOIs isolated by the device. The level of E-cadherin was monitored by biotin-labeled aptamer and amplified by chemiluminescence detection as described in the “Material and Methods” section. 
     It was found that E-cadherin was differentially expressed among the cells, the microvesicles, and the exosomes, while no E-cadherin was found in the filtrate where soluble marcomolecules were collected ( FIG. 2 ). 
     1.2 Isolating Urine EVs by Ion Chromatography 
     In this example, an ion exchange column was employed to isolated urine EVs. Briefly, a urine sample (about 30 mL) was allowed to pass through anion exchange column (i.e., AIEX chromatography), which was eluted with sodium chloride solution (1M), and the isolated exosomes were confirmed by monitoring the expression of CD9 thereon (See  FIG. 3 ). 
     Example 2 the Expression Patterns of Neural Specific Biomarkers and Proteomic Display Among MOIs in Young and Aged Subjects 
     MOIs were isolated from urine samples collected from young (&lt;30 years old) and aged subjects (&gt;6o years old) in accordance with procedures described in Example 1.1., except the expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (LICAM) among MOIs was monitored by biotin-labeled specific antibody and amplified by chemiluminescence detection as described in the “Material and Methods” section. 
     It was found that LICAM was present in Exo and MVs, and high level of NSE was found in aged adults rather than in the young ones. Further, in young subjects, the level of NGAL was higher in the MVs, whereas in aged subject, the expression of NGAL appeared to be prominent and similar among the cells, the MVs, and the exosomes ( FIG. 4 ). 
     For proteomic display in MVs and Exo between young and aged subjects, a total of 1902 proteins were identified by iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) mass spectrometry, and 62 were significantly different between exosomes derived from young (&lt;30 years of age) and old adults (&gt;60 years of age), the data is summarized in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Differential display of proteins in MVs and Exo between young and aged 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Name of Protein 
                 p-value (Old vs. Young) 
                 Old/Young Ratio 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 ARSF 
                 0.000239883 
                 0.735677 
               
               
                 FGFBP2 
                 0.00247768 
                 2.11769 
               
               
                 PVRL3 
                 0.00639341 
                 1.35988 
               
               
                 FCN2 
                 0.00685778 
                 1.48293 
               
               
                 EMCN 
                 0.00724594 
                 1.70521 
               
               
                 PTPRZ1 
                 0.00746451 
                 1.48385 
               
               
                 DSG2 
                 0.00755046 
                 0.651528 
               
               
                 YWHAE 
                 0.00813376 
                 1.26886 
               
               
                 SCGB1D2 
                 0.00968033 
                 0.478197 
               
               
                 VDAC1 
                 0.0100991 
                 0.679966 
               
               
                 FAM151A 
                 0.012274 
                 0.792115 
               
               
                 ITIH3 
                 0.0123853 
                 1.37189 
               
               
                 SELENBP1 
                 0.0130328 
                 0.677852 
               
               
                 FREM1 
                 0.0161292 
                 1.28571 
               
               
                 PSMA2 
                 0.0161773 
                 1.60143 
               
               
                 COL7A1 
                 0.0161803 
                 0.672241 
               
               
                 SNF8 
                 0.0167085 
                 1.28441 
               
               
                 CDH13 
                 0.0169948 
                 0.771821 
               
               
                 MAG 
                 0.0176917 
                 1.51635 
               
               
                 LAMA4 
                 0.0182737 
                 1.52048 
               
               
                 CLMP 
                 0.0198873 
                 0.712329 
               
               
                 WDR77 
                 0.0205814 
                 1.44587 
               
               
                 PTPRO 
                 0.0205913 
                 1.25225 
               
               
                 IL1RAP 
                 0.02164 
                 0.76245 
               
               
                 CHGA 
                 0.0226503 
                 1.3563 
               
               
                 PRSS3 
                 0.0230661 
                 1.5641 
               
               
                 CRTAC1 
                 0.0233089 
                 1.772 
               
               
                 CPM 
                 0.0233693 
                 0.578532 
               
               
                 EDIL3 
                 0.0238858 
                 1.53807 
               
               
                 NSFL1C 
                 0.0246708 
                 1.2779 
               
               
                 PROS1 
                 0.0251213 
                 0.683502 
               
               
                 KIAA0196 
                 0.0276384 
                 1.5974 
               
               
                 UPK3A 
                 0.0318446 
                 0.726057 
               
               
                 PSMC2 
                 0.319455 
                 1.25606 
               
               
                 TMED7 
                 0.0321121 
                 0.770695 
               
               
                 GNPDA1 
                 0.0322456 
                 1.25663 
               
               
                 YWHAZ 
                 0.0328348 
                 1.2555 
               
               
                 ALDOA 
                 0.0329756 
                 1.62467 
               
               
                 PSAT1 
                 0.0342038 
                 1.30415 
               
               
                 GPR98 
                 0.0344457 
                 1.77008 
               
               
                 PCDHB3 
                 0.0353558 
                 1.55591 
               
               
                 SCGB2A2 
                 0.0359176 
                 0.659063 
               
               
                 SEMA3C 
                 0.0364782 
                 2.02877 
               
               
                 SULT1A1 
                 0.0365495 
                 1.3753 
               
               
                 TMUB1 
                 0.0370646 
                 1.28571 
               
               
                 NAPRT 
                 0.0371258 
                 1.43013 
               
               
                 S100A13 
                 0.037762 
                 1.30871 
               
               
                 APEH 
                 0.0385329 
                 1.58398 
               
               
                 PSMA7 
                 0.0390789 
                 1.32693 
               
               
                 CTTN 
                 0.0394495 
                 1.41606 
               
               
                 SLC39A14 
                 0.0422883 
                 1.44648 
               
               
                 VDAC3 
                 0.0422917 
                 0.54202 
               
               
                 C6 
                 0.0431936 
                 0.633987 
               
               
                 ADAM22 
                 0.043205 
                 0.707213 
               
               
                 PDE8A 
                 0.0434076 
                 1.51572 
               
               
                 SDC2 
                 0.0448751 
                 1.61952 
               
               
                 ARSK 
                 0.0452458 
                 1.56675 
               
               
                 NT5C 
                 0.0462908 
                 0.742919 
               
               
                 CPXM1 
                 0.0478297 
                 1.33372 
               
               
                 CPB2 
                 0.0480321 
                 0.79176 
               
               
                 UPK2 
                 0.04834 
                 0.690194 
               
               
                 FGG 
                 0.0488512 
                 0.620746 
               
               
                 CALM1 
                 0.0492979 
                 1.35769 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 Differential Expression of Vascular Mediators and Cytokines Among MOIs in Pregnant Women Having a Normal or a Premature Birth 
     In order to identify factors that may induce pre-mature delivery of babies in pregnant women, the levels of various vascular mediators including soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), as well as cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-8, IL-10, C—X—C Motif Chemokine Ligand 13 (CXCL 13), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-ra) were respectively determined among MOIs in urine samples collected from pregnant women. 
     A total of 150 pregnant women were recruited for this study under prior written consent. Urine samples (each was 40 mL) were collected between 12 and 16 weeks of gestational age (GA), and 10 out of 150 pregnant women had premature delivery in the average of GA of 32 weeks and 5 days (from GA 22 weeks and 5 days to 35 weeks and 5 days). This 10 urine samples (i.e., women with premature delivery) were matched with other 10 urine samples collected from women with normal delivery during the same period of delivery. All urine samples (40 mL each) were subjected to separation of MOIs (i.e., the cells, MV, Exos (EV) and Soln) as described in Example 1.1.1. Each MOIs was then subjected to microfluidic chips assay for the determination of the respective levels of growth factors (i.e., sFlt1, PAPPA, BDNF, IGFBP1) and cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CXCL13, IL1ra). Results are depicted in  FIG. 5 . 
     It was found that cells, MV, Exo and/or Soln isolated from urine samples of pregnant women with premature delivery (P) had higher levels of sFlt1, PAPPA and IL-1ra, and lower levels of IL-10, as compared with those from women with normal delivery (N). The sFlt1 levels in all MOIs were significantly higher in the group of premature delivery, and the IL-10 levels in MV or Exo fractions were significantly lower in the group of premature delivery (See left panels of  FIG. 5 ). 
     Further, ratios between a growth factor (i.e., sFlt1 and PAPPA) and a cytokine (i.e., IL-10), including sFlt1/IL-10, PAPPA/IL-10 and IL-1ra/IL-10, were calculated and depicted in the right panels in  FIG. 5 . It was found that a higher ratio of sFlt1/IL-10, PAPPA/IL-10 or IL-1ra/IL-10 indicated that a woman has a higher risk of premature delivery. 
     Example 4 Differential Expression of Vascular Mediators and/or DNA Among MOIs in Young and Aged Subjects or Subjects with Parkinson Disease (PD) 
     4.1 Differential Expression of Growth Factors Among MOIs Between Young and Aged Subjects 
     In this example, MOIs were isolated from urine samples collected from young adult subjects (i.e., 30 years old|) or aged subjects (i.e., over 60 years old), and the expression of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), FGF-2, leptin, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as well as DNA levels were independently determined. Results are illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
     First of all, it was found that the expression of FGF-1, VEGF-D and HGF were exclusively found in Exos, but not in MVs or fraction that contained soluble macromolecules; while the expressions of leptin, FGF-2 and HB-EGF were found in both MVs and Exos. 
     Further analysis revealed that aged subjects (i.e., AVG-old) had significant expression of FGF-1 (in MVs) and PLGF (in the soluble macromolecule fraction), as compared with those in normal subjects (i.e., AVG-Young); whereas higher expression of FGF-2 (in MVs) was in the young subjects. 
     4.2 Differential Expression of Growth Factors Among MOIs Between Aged Subjects with or without Parkinson Disease (PD) 
     In this example, MOIs were isolated from urine samples of aged subjects with or without PD, and the expressions of FGF-1, HB-EGF and leptin were respectively determined. Results are illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
     It was found that FGF-1 in MVs and FGF-2 in Exos) were only expressed in normal aged subjects (i.e., AVG-C), while leptin was exclusively expressed in PD subjects (i.e. AVG-PD). Further, normal aged subjects had relatively higher level of HB-EGF (in MVs) as compared with that of PD subjects. 
     4.3 the Expression of Leueiue Rich Alpha-2-Glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) and CD9 in Young, Aged and PD Subjects 
     Exosomes were isolated from urine samples of young, aged and PD subjects, and the levels of LRG1 and CD9 were respectively determined via western blot analysis. Results are depicted in  FIG. 9 . 
     The data indicated that young (Y) and old (O) adults had a similar expression level of exosomal CD9, but old adults (over 60 years old) had a prominent higher level of LRG1 expression. PD subjects (i.e., case 1 (PD1), case 2 (PD2) had a similar expression level of CD9, while the level of LRG1 was lower than those of normal aged adults (O1, O2, O3, and O4). 
     4.4 Differential DNA Levels Among MOIs in Young and Aged Subjects 
     MOIs were isolated from urine samples of young and aged adult subjects, as well as from PD subjects in accordance with procedures of Example 1.1. Total DNA level and the level of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), which is a marker for DNA damage, in each MOIs were determined. Total DNA level was determined by Nanodrop spectrometry. The level of 8OHdG was determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay in accordance with the protocol provided by the manufacturer (ThermoFisher Scientific, USA). 
     It was found that aged subjects had relatively higher total level of DNA in both exosomes and the soluble fraction (i.e., the fraction that contained soluble macromolecules) ( FIG. 10 ). Further, Exo derived from normal aged subjects had a significantly higher 8OHdG level than the MV, but the 8OHdG levels in MV or Exo were not significant different between normal aged subjects and PD subjects ( FIG. 11 ). 
     Example 5 Differential Expression of NS1 Antigen, Vascular Mediators and 8OHdG Among MOIs of Subjects with Dengue Infection 
     MOIs were isolated from urine samples of subjects having dengue infection with or without clinical warning sign (e.g., unstable vital sign, hemo concentration, thromcytopenia and etc.) in accordance with procedures of Example 1.1. The levels of dengue virus NS1 antigen, various vascular mediators and 8OHdG were determined. Results are illustrated in  FIG. 12 . 
     Significant level of NS1 antigen was found in the MVs and some extent in Exo portion isolated from dengue subjects ( FIG. 11 , panel (A)). As to the expression of vascular mediators, urine MVs and Exos of dengue subject had a significant higher level of EGF, while only urine exosomes had expression of G-CSF ( FIG. 11 , panel (B)). Further, dengue subjects exhibiting clinical warning sign (i.e., AVG-W) had higher levels of leptin and VEGF-A but lower level of G-CSF, as compared with those of dengue subject without warning sign (i.e., AVG-C) ( FIG. 11 , Panel (C)). In addition, higher level of 8OHdG was also found in MVs of dengue subjects, as compared with that of normal subjects. 
     In conclusion, the present disclosure demonstrated that various biomarkers are differentially expressed on the cells, microvesicles, exosomes and soluble fractions in subjects suffering from a pathological condition (e.g., aging, viral infection, degenerative disease, premature delivery of a baby, and etc). The cells, microvesicles, exosomes and/or soluble factors may be easily isolated by use of the device and/or methods of the present disclosure, allowing easy identification of such subject, so that proper medication and/or measure may be administered to such subject to prevent and/or alleviate symptoms associated with the disease condition in the subject. 
     It will be understood that the above description of embodiments is given by way of example only and that various modifications may be made by those with ordinary skill in the art. The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the structure and use of exemplary embodiments of the invention. Although various embodiments of the invention have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those with ordinary skill in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this invention.