Patent Publication Number: US-10760039-B2

Title: Controlled germination apparatus

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/051,557, filed Feb. 23, 2016, which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/119,889, filed Feb. 24, 2015, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated for all purposes in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Malting is an ancient process that has been practiced for thousands of years to prepare grains for human consumption and is most commonly applied to barley to create malt, a fundamental ingredient in beer and some types of whiskeys. The grain is initially washed and soaked in a manner that induces germination. The germinated grain is allowed to develop for a proscribed time before the application of heat dries the partially sprouted grain, yielding the malt product. The malt can subsequently be used in traditional baking, brewing and distilling processes or processed further into powder or syrup for broad use in food preparation. These latter steps are not considered part of the malting process. 
     Timing, temperature and other process parameters for malting are so dependent on the particular grain variety, the specific state of the live grain, and the intended flavor characteristics of the final malt product that it has typically been the responsibility of an artisan practitioner, the maltster, to oversee the process from start to finish. Malting systems evolved from simple baskets that held the grain through soaking and germination and open air drying to more sophisticated malt houses which were the pinnacle of floor malting, the most commonly used system from the 1600&#39;s through the 1800&#39;s. In floor malting, the maltster soaks and germinates the grain in large vessels, then manually spreads and stirs the grain on a specially designed floor using rakes and shovels. The maltster relies on acquired experience and skill to properly apply water, air and heat during the various process stages to yield the desired malt product. 
     Since the mid-1800&#39;s there have been numerous mechanical systems applied to malting, but the current state-of-the-art still tends towards multi-stage systems; and while most modern systems utilize computer controls to automate the malting process, all still require that operators possess considerable artisanal skill to produce a quality malt product. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Embodiments herein disclosed relate to an automated system for the germination and sprouting of grain for various applications, including malting. Specific embodiments relate to a computerized machine in which the germination, sprouting and malting process takes place. At least one embodiment includes a computer-controlled system built around a single rotating Galland-style drum within which steeping, germination, sprouting and drying activity can take place. The system may be powered by electricity, while the system may require external sources of water and air; the system may achieve an unprecedented level of energy efficiency as compared to existing germination systems via drum design and/or a closed loop energy recovery and exchange cycle. 
     Embodiments may include a range of machines that support capacities of 50 pounds to over 40,000 pounds of malt per batch. The targeted capacity affects the physical dimensions of the germination system as well as the volume and rate requirements for the external resources. However, physical dimensions of the germination system, as well as volumes and rates of use of external resources, may scale to accommodate any suitable batch size. 
     For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the ensuing detailed description and accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a back perspective view of an automated germinating apparatus, in accordance with embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a front perspective view of the automated germinating apparatus of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3A  is a partial cutaway, perspective view of a drum component of the automated germinating apparatus of  FIGS. 1-2 ; 
         FIG. 3B  is a side schematic view of the drum component of the automated germinating apparatus of  FIGS. 1-2 and 3A ; 
         FIG. 4  is a top schematic view of the automated germinating apparatus of  FIGS. 1-2 ; 
         FIG. 5A  is a front schematic view of the automated germinating apparatus of  FIGS. 1-2 ; 
         FIG. 5B  is a back schematic view of the automated germinating apparatus of  FIGS. 1-2 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic view of components of an air system of the automated germinating apparatus of  FIGS. 1-2 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating a system for operating an automated germinating apparatus, in accordance with embodiments; 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating air and water cycles for use in an automated germinating apparatus, in accordance with embodiments; 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating a software environment for operating an automated germinating apparatus in accordance with embodiments; and 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram illustrating an example germination process for use in an automated germinating apparatus in accordance with embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, various embodiments of the present invention will be described. For purposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details. Furthermore, well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the embodiment being described. 
     Embodiments relate to an apparatus for malting grain that includes a rotatable drum that can hold a batch of grain. An apparatus for malting grain may include an air conduit in the rotatable drum for inserting a flow of air into the drum, and an array of tubes in the rotatable drum for withdrawing or receiving a flow of air from the drum. In some cases, the array of tubes may be used for inserting the flow of air into the drum, with a central air conduit used for withdrawing the flow of air. An air rotary union may connect the air conduit with an inlet flow of air and connect the array of tubes with an outlet for exhausting the air. A water inlet pipe may be arranged in the drum for inserting an inlet flow of water into the rotatable drum, and a water outlet may be inserted into the rotatable drum for withdrawing an outlet flow of water. A water rotary union may connect the water inlet pipe with a water inlet and connect the water outlet pipe with a water outlet. The rotatable drum can receive and exhaust flows of air and water via the air conduit, array of tubes, water inlet pipe, and water outlet pipe under the control of a computerized control system. The computerized control system may also control rotation of the rotatable drum, and control temperatures and humidity levels of the flows of air and water in the drum in order to optimally malt grain. 
     Embodiments may relate to a method for malting grain in a germinating apparatus as described above. For example, a method of malting grain may include loading a batch of grain in to a germinating apparatus. The batch of grain may be washed via a washing cycle. The batch of grain may be steeped in a flow of water, or may be steeped by immersion in water in the drum until the batch of grain reaches predetermined moisture content. The batch of grain may be rinsed, and may be aerated. In some cases, the batch of grain may be aerated, which may include being aerated at a predetermined temperature and humidity by passing a flow of air at a predetermined temperature and humidity through the grain in the drum. The batch of grain may be dried via kilning at a high temperature to a predetermined moisture content. The batch of grain may be cooled in the drum and unloaded from the apparatus. Any or all of the above steps may be iterated or repeated according to either a preset or a user-determined sequence of steps, and may be performed based on a physical parameter of the grain or apparatus (e.g., a grain moisture content, an air or water temperature, or a measure of time). The drum may be rotated during any of or any selection of the above acts. 
     Referring now to the drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like parts throughout the several views,  FIG. 1  shows a back perspective view of an automated germinating apparatus  100 , which includes a rotatable Galland-style drum  102  connected and supported by a frame  112 . The drum  102  can be rotated via an electric motor  114  in accordance with embodiments. 
     Air handling features can be provided for directing air into, and/or drawing air from, the drum  102 . For example, for drawing air from the drum  102 , the drum may receive and exhaust air via an air rotary union  104  in the end of the drum. The air rotary union  104  can be fluidly connected with a cyclone assembly  108  and a blower  106 . The blower  106  can draw air from the air rotary union  104 , i.e., exhaust air from within the drum  102 , and cause the exhaust air to circulate in the cyclone assembly  108  in order to dislodge particulates and/or debris from the exhaust air. The exhaust air can be directed through a diverter  156  which can include an upper damper assembly made up of an exhaust damper  158  and a recirculation damper  184 . The recirculation damper  184  can be arranged to block or allow passage through a first outlet of the diverter  156 , and the exhaust damper  158  can be arranged to block or allow passage through a second outlet of the diverter. The diverter  156  can selectively pass the air from the blower  106  into a heat exchanger  116 , into a recuperator  118  and subsequently to an exhaust  172 , or both. 
     As stated previously, embodiments include an air intake system for the drum  102 . For example, the recuperator  118  can include an air intake  174  which is arranged to take in air from the environment. In some embodiments, the air intake  174  is arranged to pass an intake flow of air in a counter flow arrangement with exhaust air exiting the exhaust  172 . The intake flow of air from the recuperator  118  may be drawn into the heat exchanger  116  via an intake damper  170 . The flow of air from the heat exchanger  116  may be passed into the drum  102  via the air rotary union  104  separated from the exhaust stream. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , a controller housing  120  is included for connecting a control system with aspects of the apparatus. For example, the air intake and exhaust systems can be monitored and temperature maintained via a computer system contained in part by controller housing  120 . The controller housing  120  may be electrically connected with the blower  106  for controlling a rate of airflow, with the damper assemblies  158 ,  184 , and  170  for controlling aspects of the air cycle, with the motor  114  for controlling a rate of rotation of the drum  102 , with the water pump  122  ( FIG. 2 ) for controlling a rate of flow of water in the drum  102 , and with valves and sensors throughout the apparatus, as will be described further in reference to the systems of  FIGS. 7-8 . 
       FIG. 2  shows a front perspective view of the automated germinating apparatus of  FIG. 1 . A water rotary union  128  at the end of the drum  102  opposite the air rotary union  104  connects plumbing for a water sub-system with the drum  102 . Referring to the water subsystem, the water rotary union  128  connects a water inlet pipe  162  and a water outlet pipe  164  with the drum  102 . The water inlet pipe  162  and water outlet pipe  164  can both pass through a water heat exchanger  110 . In some embodiments, the water outlet pipe  164 , or a portion of the water outlet pipe, can bypass the heat exchanger  110 . A water pump  122  can direct a flow of water into the drum  102  via the heat exchanger  110  and the water rotary union  128 . In some embodiments, the water pump  122  may direct a flow of water into the drum  102  bypassing the heat exchanger  110 . A user interface  124  may be connected at any suitable external face of the apparatus  100 , and may be configured to coordinate with the controller housing  120  for inputting user commands to the controller housing  120 . A loading/unloading door  126  is located in an end of the drum, offset from the water rotary union  128 , and can be operated when the drum is stopped for providing access to the interior for loading and unloading grain. 
       FIG. 3A  shows the drum  102  housing an inner rectilinear drum  136 , in a perspective view, in accordance with embodiments. Rotary unions are mounted outside of the inner drum on each end. An air rotary union  104  connects the drum  102  with the air subsystem including the air manifold  132  and center conduit  138 . A water rotary union  128  opposite the air rotary union  104  connects the interior of the drum  102  with the water subsystem, including the water inlet pipe  162  ( FIG. 2 ) and outlet pipe  164  ( FIG. 2 ). The rotary unions  104 ,  128  can enable the drum  102  to be supported under rotation while allowing air and water to circulate through the drum. 
     The porous center conduit  138  may run through the center of the inner drum  136  and attach at each end. The air manifold  132  is mounted on one end of the inner drum  136 , and terminates at a radial array  134  of porous tubes that run the length of inside of the inner drum. In embodiments, the center conduit  138  and/or radial array  134  of porous tubes may be formed of wedge wire tubing forming a wedge-wire conduit wall  154  ( FIG. 4 ) made up of narrow, parallel members arranged in a tubular shape to form a tube wall with long and narrow gaps between the parallel members. The spacing of the parallel members is such that air and water can pass readily between the members without admitting grains, e.g., on the order of millimeters. The central conduit  138  is used for introducing a flow of air into the inner drum  136 . The flow of air flowing into the inner drum  136  may, in some cases, originate from an intake, may be recirculated air previously removed from the drum  102 , or may be a mix of both. 
     In some embodiments, the air manifold  132  can selectively cut off fluid connection (i.e., blocking flow of any fluid including air and water) with a subset of the radial array  134  of wedge-wire tubes. For example, the air manifold  132  may block one group of tubes in the radial array  134  near the bottom of the inner drum  136  while allowing airflow through tubes in the radial array near the top of the inner drum when the drum is rotating, so that air is passed through only a subset of tubes of the radial array  134  that is above a predetermined height level in the inner drum  136 . By way of specific example, the air manifold  132  may also or alternatively block airflow from tubes in the radial array  134  that are above the grain bed, redirecting the air flow exclusively through the grain bed, thereby completely aerating the grain to assist the germination process. In some embodiments the selection mechanism can be dynamically adjusted while others it may be static. For example, in a static system, air manifold  132  may be arranged to mechanically obstruct a subset of tubes of the radial array  134  based on, e.g., the rotational position and/or heights of the tubes in the radial array relative to the air manifold. In a dynamic system, the air manifold  132  may be adjustable, e.g., by a user of the system and/or via computer control, to adjust an arrangement of the manifold so as to change which rotational positions and/or heights are obstructed. A dynamic selection system may be used to change the selection of the subset of tubes in the radial array  134  through which air is withdrawn from the drum  102 . In some cases, the direction of airflow may be reversed, such that the selection mechanism selects which subset of tubes in the radial array are used to pass air into the drum  102 . 
       FIG. 3B  shows the drum  102  in a simplified side-view schematic, in accordance with embodiments. The center conduit  138  and air manifold  132  connect with the drum  102  at one end. The center conduit  138  is shown interior to the air manifold  132 , and configured to separate flows of air flowing through the center conduit and the manifold. For example, a flow of air can flow in one direction through the center conduit  138  and in an opposite direction through the air manifold  132  (e.g., an inlet flow can flow into the drum  102  through the conduit and an outlet flow can flow out of the drum through the manifold, or vice versa). 
     A horizontal axis  718  is shown for reference. When in operation, the drum  102  can be rotated to mix the grain in the drum. The drum  102  is shown as configured for rotating clockwise with respect to the manifold  132 , but it will be understood that a counterclockwise configuration may be realized. While the drum  102  is in rotation, a grain bed  730  therein may assume different attitudes depending on various attributes of the grain, but in particular depending on whether the grain is dry or wet, and the rotational speed of the drum  102 . Typically, a wet grain bed will lie at a steeper angle of inclination than a dry grain bed. By way of example, a first angle of inclination  720  may describe an angle of an exemplary dry grain bed surface  724 ; and a second angle of inclination  722  may describe an angle of inclination of an exemplary wet grain bed surface  726 . In either case, the grain bed surfaces may be curved. In some cases, the first angle of inclination may be approximately 30 degrees, but precise angles of inclination may vary depending on the size, shape, and dryness of the grain in the grain bed. In some cases, the second angle of inclination may by approximately 70 degrees, subject also to variance depending on the size, shape, and wetness of the grain. Various components of the drum  102  and air manifold  132  may be arranged to accommodate these angles of inclination. 
     The radial array  134  fluidly connects with the air manifold  132  at radial array openings  704  in the air manifold. In accordance with embodiments, as discussed above, at any point of rotation of the drum  102 , the radial array  134  for passing air out from (or alternatively into) the drum  102  includes tubes both below and above the grain bed  724 ,  726 . At any given time, an airflow  728  may be alternatively flowing from the drum  102  into the air manifold  132  (i.e., exhausting air from the drum  102 ) via the radial array  134 , or may be flowing from the air manifold into the drum via the radial array. A valve plate  702  may be positioned in the air manifold  132  such that a portion of the radial array openings  704  of the radial array  134  is blocked off from the air manifold. Thus, the valve plate  702  may selectively block flow from a portion of the radial array  134  based on the relative position of the valve plate. 
     In some cases, the valve plate  702  may be positioned across a particular range of angles, such that a portion of the radial array  134  in that range of angles is blocked. For example, the range of angles blocked may include a subset of the radial array  134  that would be positioned in an air pocket  732  above the grain level caused by the angle of inclination  702 ,  722  of a grain bed surface  724 ,  726 . In some cases, the range of angles blocked may include a subset of the radial array  134  that falls into intermediate regions  734   a ,  734   b  where the air pocket  732  may extend depending on whether the grain bed  730  is dry (e.g.,  734   a ), wet (e.g.,  734   b ), or at an intermediate level of dryness. The subsets of the radial array  134  through which air is passed and blocked may be selected in order to increase airflow in the vicinity of wet grain (e.g., at the bottom portion of the drum  102 ) while decreasing airflow through the subset of the array  134  near the top of the grain bed  730 . In some cases, the valve plate may extend over approximately 150 degrees of the manifold, but various other blocking angles are possible depending upon the desired drying characteristics of the drum. By way of example, the valve plate  702  may extend alternatively over an arc of approximately 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, or 70 degrees, depending upon the amount of grain in the drum, the angle of the grain bed in the drum, and how wet the grain is in the drum. In some cases, the valve plate  702  may extend over an arc of less than 70 degrees. In some cases, more than one valve plate  702  may be provided, such that two or more subsets of the radial array  134  may be blocked at a time, e.g., to additionally block airflow in a lower portion of the drum  102  if the drum is filled with liquid. 
     The valve plate  702  may be static, such that the subset of the radial array  134  blocked by the valve plate remains fixed across a particular arc (with respect to a stationary horizontal axis  718 ). For example, the particular arc may extend from approximately 30 degrees (from the horizontal axis  718 ) to approximately 180 degrees. As another example, the valve plate  702  may also be configured to block a subset of the radial array  134  that extends above a particular height in the drum  102 . 
     In some alternative embodiments, the valve plate  702  may be dynamic, such that the subset of the radial array  134  that is blocked may be varied by dynamic adjustment of the valve plate  702 . For example, a valve plate  702  may be connected with an actuator  710  via a linkage  712 . The actuator  710  may adjust the position of the valve plate  702  via the linkage  712  by moving the linkage between a first position  714   b  and a second position  714   a , so as to move the valve plate  702  between a first plate position  702   a  and a second plate position  702   b . The first and second plate positions  702   a ,  702   b , may cause the valve plate  702  to selectively block different subsets of the radial array  134 . Dynamically blocking different subsets of the radial array  134  can provide for improved airflow in the vicinity of grain in the grain bed  730  by reducing airflow through the air pocket  732  even while the position of the air pocket changes. In some cases, the valve plate  702  may be dynamically adjusted to selectively block a subset of the radial array  134  positioned in the air pocket  732 . In some cases, the valve plate  702  may be dynamically adjusted in particular to selectively block a subset of the radial array  134  that falls within the intermediate regions  734   a ,  734   b  as the extent of the air pocket  732  changes, e.g., with the dryness of the grain bed  730 . In some cases, the dynamic adjustment of the valve plate  702  may occur continuously; but in other cases, the dynamic adjustment of the valve plate  702  may occur between process steps of a germination process. 
       FIG. 4  shows a top plan view of the germinating apparatus  100  shown in  FIGS. 1-2 , in further detail, in accordance with embodiments. The drum  102  has an outer wall  130  and an inner drum  136 . Interstitial space between the inner drum  130  and outer wall  130  can support aspects of the air and water systems. Furthermore, space between the inner drum  136  and outer wall  130  may also be filled with an insulating layer  144  for mitigating heat loss from the inner drum  136 , from air in the air system and from water in the water system. In some embodiments, insulation is also provided between the inner drum  136  and outer wall  130  at the ends of the drum  102 . The insulating layer  144  may be filled with air, foam, insulation fibers, or any other suitable insulating material. 
     As described above, the air manifold  132  and ends of the radial array  134  may be located within the outer wall  130  but outside of the inner drum  136 , while the radial array  134  and central conduit  138  penetrate into the inner drum  136 . The radial array  134  penetrates into the inner drum  136  and may run a length of the inner drum  136 . The radial array  134  may penetrate through an inner drum end  140  near the air rotary union  104 . The radial array  134  may be used for exhausting the flow of air from the drum  102 . The radial array  134  may include radial wedge-wire tubes  148 . Like the central conduit  138 , the wedge-wire tube walls  148  may also be sufficiently wide as to permit the passage of air and liquid, but generally too narrow to allow passage of grains. 
     A water central pipe  152  can penetrate into the drum  102  via the water rotary union  128  and into the inner drum  136 . In some embodiments, the water central pipe  152  passes interior to a portion of the central conduit  138 . The water central pipe  152  may be used for injecting water into the inner drum  136 . A water outlet pipe  164  may also pass into the inner drum  136  via the water rotary union  128  and connect with a sump  196  ( FIG. 5A ). 
     In many embodiments, the blower  106  powers the flow of air through the apparatus. In particular embodiments, the blower  106  may be positioned downstream in the flow direction from the drum  102 . For example, the radial array  134  may be used for drawing air out of the drum  102 , whereupon the air passes out of the drum through the air manifold  132  and air rotary union  104 . The blower  106  can pull the flow of exhaust air from the air rotary union  104 . 
     In some embodiments, the exhaust air is drawn from the air rotary union  104  via an exit duct  190 . In such embodiments, the exhaust air may be drawn by suction from the drum  102 . For example, air may be passed through a grain bed within the drum  102  from the central conduit  138  to the radial array  134 . In some embodiments, air may pass into a grain bed via some or all of a length of the central conduit  138  via the central conduit wedge-wire wall  154 . The air may pass out of the grain bed via some or all of lengths of the radial array  134  via the radial array wedge-wire piping  148 . The air may be drawn into the central conduit  138  by way of suction originating from the blower alone, or via one or more additional blowers. The air may be drawn into the central conduit  138  by way of the air rotary union  104  from a drum air inlet duct  192  from the heat exchanger  116 . The air rotary union  104  and the manifold  132  cooperate to decouple the rotational position of the drum  102  from the intake and exhaust of air through the drum. For example, the air rotary union  103  and manifold  132  can permit air to pass into the drum  102  continuously (e.g., via the central conduit  138 ) while the drum is rotating or while the drum is static, and can also permit air to pass out of the drum  102  (e.g., via the radial array  134  and manifold  132 ) simultaneously and continuously, such that airflow is not interrupted by the rotation of the drum. 
     The blower  106  may pull the flow of exhaust air into a cyclone assembly  108 , which can be shaped to form a vortex. The cyclone assembly  108  may, for example, be shaped in a conical shape, with the flow of exhaust air drawn in at an angle, such that a vortex can be generated in the flow of exhaust air by way of the momentum of the flow. The exhaust flow of air can be withdrawn from the cyclone at a central part of the vortex, such that debris entrained in the exhaust flow of air can be trapped by the cyclone without passing through to the blower  106 . In some embodiments, a waste collector  160  is provided in conjunction with the cyclone assembly  108  in order to receive the debris that is removed from the exhaust flow of air. The formation of a vortex in the cyclone assembly  108  may be caused when a sufficiently high flow rate, powered by the blower  106 , is achieved. 
     The blower  106 , which can be powered by a blower motor  150 , may be operated at variable speeds. In some processes, the blower  106  may be idled or left off, for example, when water alone is circulating in the drum  102 . In some processes, the blower  106  may be operated at a high speed for generating a vortex in the cyclone assembly  108 , for example, when the contents of the drum are being aerated. In some embodiments, the blower  106  may be operated at an intermediate speed. In some embodiments, the blower  106  outlets into an air diverter assembly  156 , which can fluidly connect with either or both of a recuperator  118  and a heat exchanger  116 . The diverter assembly  156  may connect with the recuperator  118  and heat exchanger  116  via an upper damper assembly made up of an exhaust damper  158  and a recirculation damper  184 . The exhaust damper  158  can allow an exhaust flow of air from the blower  106  to exit the apparatus via the recuperator  118 . The recirculation damper  184  can allow the exhaust flow of air from the blower  106  to recirculate within the apparatus by connecting the diverter assembly  156  with the heat exchanger  116 , which can further connect with the drum  102  via a drum inlet duct  192 . Further detail concerning the operation of the recuperator  118  and heat exchanger  116  is provided below with reference to  FIG. 6 . 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  show front and back side plan views of the apparatus  100  shown in  FIGS. 1, 2 and 4 . In  FIG. 5A , aspects of the apparatus  100  are shown in greater detail, in accordance with embodiments. As described above, a water inlet pipe  162  may penetrate into the drum  102  via a central part of the water rotary union  128 . The water inlet pipe  162  may be used for adding water to the drum  102 . Water in the drum  102  may be removed from the drum via the sump  196 , which can connect with the water outlet pipe  164 . The sump  196  can include a projection from the inner drum  136  configured for receiving water. In some cases, the sump  196  can be separated from the inner drum  136  by a sump cover  198 , which may be a wedge-wire grille, filter, mesh surface, or other suitable water-penetrable covering. Preferably, the sump cover  198  prevents passage of particles of grain. In  FIG. 5B , a drum motor  114  is shown, which may be used for causing the drum  102  to rotate. The drum motor  114  may be connected with the frame  112 , and may interact with the drum  102  via, for example, a mechanical linkage  194 . The mechanical linkage  194  may include a belt, chain drive, contact wheel, or any other suitable linkage for imparting rotation. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates aspects of the heat exchanger  116  and recuperator  118  of  FIGS. 1-2  in greater detail, in accordance with embodiments. Airflow within the exchanger  116  and recuperator  118  may be controllable by way of three dampers. The recirculating damper  184  can control a flow of air from the exhaust flow of the apparatus into the heat exchanger  116 . The exhaust damper  158  can control a flow of air from the exhaust flow of the apparatus to the recuperator  118  and ultimately to the exhaust  172 . An intake damper  170  can fluidly connect an intake  174  with the heat exchanger  116  via the recuperator  118 , wherein an intake flow of air can pass in a counter flow with tubes  176  carrying the exhaust flow, so as to transfer heat from the exhaust flow to the intake flow. 
     The heat exchanger  116  may include a hydronic heat exchange element  178 , which can take hot fluid (e.g., water) from a hot source inlet  180  and pass it in a counter flow against airflow in the heat exchanger  116  to a fluid outlet  182 . In various embodiments, the hydronic heat exchange element  178  may be substituted with any other suitable heating element, such as a radiator, gas heat element, electric heat element, or similar element. The heated flow of air can pass out of the heat exchanger  116  via an air heat exchanger outlet  186 , from which it may be directed to the drum  102  ( FIGS. 1-2 ). 
     The dampers  158 ,  184 ,  170  may be opened or closed in various combinations and to varying degrees to achieve multiple air cycles as needed to adjust the water temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide content, and/or air temperature in apparatus. For example, in an intake and exhaust cycle, the exhaust damper  158  may be opened and the recirculation damper  184  may be closed. In such a cycle, all of the exhaust flow is exhausted from the apparatus via the recuperator  118 , causing the apparatus to take in fresh air from the environment at the intake  174 . An intake and exhaust cycle may result in a relatively low temperature, low humidity, and low carbon dioxide content compared to a recirculation cycle. An intake and exhaust cycle may also be used to reduce the temperature, carbon dioxide content, and humidity during operation of the apparatus. The reduction in temperature may be mitigated by increasing the heating rate by the heat exchanger  116 , e.g., by increasing a flow rate and/or temperature of the working fluid in the heat exchange element  178 , or by decreasing the flow rate of air through the apparatus. 
     In a recirculation cycle, the exhaust damper  158  is closed and the recirculation damper  184  is opened. In such a cycle, all or substantially all of the exhaust flow may be redirected back into the apparatus via the heat exchanger  116 , which may result in higher temperatures, carbon-dioxide content, and humidity than achieved in the intake and exhaust cycle. In some cases, the exhaust damper  158  and the recirculation damper  184  may be opened at the same time to varying degrees, so as to moderate the temperature and/or humidity of the air within the apparatus. For example, when a temperature or humidity is too high, the exhaust damper may be increasingly opened, so as to increase an exhaust rate of the hot and humid exhaust air, and increase an intake rate of environmental air. When a temperature or humidity is too low, the exhaust damper may be increasingly closed while the recirculation damper is increasingly opened, so as to recirculate the already hot and humid exhaust air within the apparatus, where it can gain additional water content and heat. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a system  200  for operating an automated germinating apparatus, such as the apparatus  100  shown in  FIGS. 1-2 , in accordance with embodiments. In the system  200 , various modules may be provided for controlling aspects of an automated germinating apparatus. The modules may be software modules, hardware modules, or a combination thereof. If the modules are software modules, the modules will be embodied on a computer readable medium and processed by a processor in any of computer systems, such as the controllers, described herein. For example, a controller  202 , which may be housed in the controller housing  120  shown in  FIGS. 1-2 , may be provided which can communicate with the various components via a network  204 , which can include a wireless network, a collection of wired connections, or both. The controller  202  may also communicate with a user interface  206  for receiving instructions from a user. The controller can include a processor  266  and memory  268  for processing and storing instructions, and for storing and implementing predetermined programs, such as the modules in  FIG. 7 , for operating the various components. The controller  202  may also include a sensor data I/O module  270  for communicating with the various sensors in the system, and a user data I/O module  272  for communicating data concerning operations and instructions with a user, e.g., via the user interface  206 . 
     In embodiments, operator interactions and instructions may be provided via a graphical user interface and a machine state indicator at the user interface  206 . Various displays and tools may be available to the operator, including but not limited to a graphical status showing some or all motors, valves, and sensors; job information such as attributes of a malting program, a state of completion of the program, a ready state, and an error state; recipe information; an editing tool for recipe modification and note-taking; and fault handling tools. 
     Various modules in the system  200  may include a drum motor module  208  for controlling the rotation of a drum, a blower module  210  for controlling the operation of a blower, a heat exchanger module  212  for controlling the operation of a heat exchanger and/or a recuperator, and a hydronics module  214  for controlling the distribution of heated water streams to various components. For example, a drum motor module  208  may function with respect to a motor and drum of an automated germinating apparatus such as the drum  102  and motor  114  of the apparatus  100  shown in  FIGS. 1-2 . A motor controller  220  can receive instructions from the controller  202  to rotate a drum at a particular speed. A speed sensor  222  can detect the rotating speed, and the motor controller  220  can adjust the output to a drum motor accordingly. A motor controller  220  may also receive instructions from the controller  202  to stop the drum at a particular position, e.g., at an unloading position. In such a case, a position sensor  224  can communicate the position of the drum and cause the motor controller  220  to actuate a drum motor to turn the drum to the unloading position. 
     A blower module  210  can operate in a similar manner to the above. For example, a blower module  210  may receive instructions from the controller  202  to operate a blower at a particular air flow rate. The blower speed sensor  228  may detect an airflow speed or an airflow rate, and the flow rate controller  230  can cause a blower to speed up or slow down according to the desired airflow rate. In some cases, a blower motor controller  226  may shut off a blower when, for example, an air cycle is stopped. 
     A heat exchanger module  212  may receive instructions from the controller  202  to operate in a particular mode, as described above with respect to  FIG. 6 . For example, in a recirculating mode, the recirculation damper controller  232  may open a recirculation damper in the apparatus while the exhaust and intake damper controllers  234 ,  236  may close off the intake and exhaust system. Conversely, in an intake/exhaust mode, the recirculation damper controller  232  may close off a recirculation path via a recirculation damper, while opening up a path for exhausting and taking on environmental air. In some cases, the damper controllers  232 ,  234 ,  236  may work in concert to partially exhaust an exhaust flow of air, so as to take on some fresh air without losing all of the heat and humidity of the exhaust flow of air. 
     A hydronics module  214  may receive instructions from the controller  202  to heat or supply water to various components. For example, the water heat exchanger valves  238  may be operated to direct hot water from a hot water source, e.g., a water heat exchanger  110  ( FIG. 1 ) to the drum  102  for germinating grain, or to the air heat exchanger  116 , where the hot water may be used as a heat source for heating air. Hot water may be combined with cool or room-temperature water in order to achieve a suitable temperature range in either case. In some cases, a heater  240 , such as a gas or electric water heater, may be used to heat a hot water reservoir and/or to further heat a flow of water prior to using the flow of water. A water pump controller  242  may be operated to increase or decrease a flow rate of water in a pump, e.g., the pump  122  ( FIG. 2 ), for pumping water into or out of the drum  102  and/or for circulating hot water into the air heat exchanger  116 . 
     As discussed above, valves may be located throughout the apparatus  100  at various external and internal connections, and between components, as required to control specific air, water and cleaning cycles described below. Sensors may also be mounted throughout the apparatus  100 , e.g., within an interior of the drum  102  and at other connections, to measure temperature, carbon dioxide, humidity, flow rates, motor speeds, and/or the position of the drum. 
     In accordance with embodiments, an array of sensors  216  may be positioned throughout components of an automated germinating apparatus, such as the apparatus  100  shown in  FIGS. 1-2 , which may communicate information about the various components to the controller  202 . For example, sensors may include one or more inner drum sensors  244 , which may be embedded in the drum  102  for measuring temperatures within the drum. One or more air temperature sensors  236  may be embedded at upstream and downstream portions of the heat exchanger  116 , and in ducts associated with the heat exchanger, for measuring the temperature and the temperature change within the heat exchanger. One or more water temperature sensors  248  may be embedded within the water heat exchanger  110 , and within various pipes of the apparatus, such as the drum inlet pipe  162  and drum outlet pipe  164 , as well as at the water inlet and outlet  180 ,  182  of the air heat exchanger  116 , for measuring temperature of water in the hydronics system. Carbon dioxide sensors  250  may be embedded at various points upstream and downstream of the drum  102 , or within the drum  102 , for measuring the carbon dioxide content of the air in the intake and/or exhaust streams. Humidity sensors  252 ,  256  may also be positioned upstream and downstream of the drum  102  for measuring the humidity of air during a germinating process. 
     In accordance with embodiments, a collection of valves  218  may be positioned throughout components of the automated germinating apparatus  100  for controlling flow of air and water through the apparatus. For example, drum water inlet valves  258  may be provided at any suitable point in the water inlet pipe  162  to the drum  102  for facilitating or halting a flow of water to the drum  102 . Drum water outlet valves  260  may be provided at any suitable point in the water outlet pipe  164  for facilitating or halting a flow of water out of the drum  102 , e.g., for draining or filling the drum  102 . Any or all of the above valves may be operably connected with the controller  202  via the network  204  for automatically actuating the valves. 
     The central conduit  138 , air manifold  132 , and radial tube array  134  are operable to facilitate air flow through the drum  102 . The air manifold  132  can, in some cases, include a selective drum air outlet manifold to dynamically and selectively block air passage to some of the tubes of the radial tube array  134 . In some cases, the air manifold  132  is static for selectively blocking air passage to some of the tubes of the radial tube array  134  based on, e.g., a height of the tubes. 
       FIG. 8  shows a schematic of various air flow cycles  320  and water flow cycles  302  in accordance with embodiments, with references to components of the automated germinating apparatus  100  ( FIG. 1 ). In at least one such embodiment of an air cycle  302 , air drawn from an external source through the intake  174  is passed through both the recuperator  118  and the heat exchanger  116  and into the drum  102 . Air exhausted from the drum  102  can be recirculated back through the heat exchanger  116  for maintaining a targeted temperature, or can be exhausted through the recuperator  118  to an exhaust  172 . 
     Components for controlling air flow and temperature may include: a blower  106 , or an electrical fan which powers the air flow at a specified velocity; a cyclone  108  or cyclone chamber to facilitate debris removal under certain conditions; a recuperator  118 , which recovers energy from waste heat in exhausted air to be applied to incoming air depending upon the respective air temperatures; and an air heat exchanger  116 , energized by an external hydronic system (not shown) or by a heating element (not shown), responsible for bringing the air to the targeted temperature. Air can be fully or partially recirculated by adjusting dampers  158 ,  174 , and/or  184  which control the amount of external air that is mixed in with recirculated air. A central wedge-wire conduit  138  passes air into the drum while radial wedge-wire tubes  134  draw air from the drum interior through the grain bed passing out of the drum for recirculation or exhaust. A rotary union  104  may integrate the intake and exhaust plumbing with the drum, enabling unimpeded air flow while the drum is under rotation. For example, a drum manifold  132  may selectively close the radial tubes that are exposed above the grain bed, directing the air flow out through the grain bed. In some cases, a drum manifold may selectively open only radial tubes that are exposed above a predetermined level, for example, above the grain bed, in order to accommodate air exiting the drum while the drum is filled with water. 
     In various embodiments, air flow and temperature can be managed according to any of or a combination of: the target air temperature relative to the current air temperature; the target humidity level to maintain the humidity within the drum; the target carbon dioxide level to limit the carbon dioxide level within the drum; the fan speed which controls the air flow rate; or both the intake and exhaust dampers which can be fully or partially opened, or closed to control the mix of recirculated and fresh air. An air cycle may have several modes. 
     A first embodiment of an air cycle mode is an intake/exhaust cycle  306 , where the blower  106  draws external air from the intake  174  through the recuperator  118  and into an open intake damper  170  before passing through the heat exchanger  116  and into the drum  102 . From there the air flows out of the drum  102 , through the blower  106 , and exits the system through the exhaust damper  158 , the recuperator  118  and the exhaust  172 . In some embodiments, the exhaust  172  is connected with an exterior environment via an exhaust connection (not shown). 
     A second embodiment of an air cycle mode is a debris removal cycle, similar to the intake/exhaust cycle above except having a fan speed and drum rotation speed fast enough to activate a cyclone effect. After air passes back out of the drum and into the blower it may stagnate or spiral within the cyclone trapping any debris and causing the debris to fall by gravity into a collector attached to the cyclone. 
     A third embodiment of an air cycle mode is a recirculation cycle  304 , where the blower  106  creates a recycling air flow through the heat exchanger  116  and into the drum  102 . From there the air passes back out of the drum  102 , through the blower  106  and back again to the heat exchanger  116  through the recirculation damper  184 . The intake and exhaust dampers  170 ,  158  can be partially opened during recirculation to allow for a mix of fresh and recirculated air. 
     In various embodiments, a temperature controlled water cycle  320  may be used to wash and soak the grain. Water may be pumped  308  from an external source  322  through a pump  122 , and pushed  314  to a heat exchanger  110  and transferred  316 , e.g., via a water inlet pipe  162 , into the drum  102 . Water drained from the drum can be recirculated  318  back through the pump  122  and heat exchanger  110  to establish a targeted temperature, or water can be removed  312  from the system through an external drain  310 . 
     Major components of the water cycle may include: a pump which circulates water through the system; a water intake achieved by opening an inlet valve connected to an external water source; water removal by opening a drain valve; a water heat exchanger for bringing water from the water intake to a targeted temperature; a drum inlet valve for controlling water flow into the drum; a drum outlet or sump valve for allowing water to be pumped out of the drum; and a rotary union to integrate the drum inlet and exhaust plumbing with the drum, enabling unimpeded water flow when the drum is under rotation. 
     The water cycle can be managed through any combination of one or more of: the target water temperature, to heat or cool the water dependent on current air temperature; the target water volume, to specify how much water should be in the drum; and the pump speed to control the water circulation rate. A water cycle may have several major modes. 
     A first embodiment of water cycle mode is an add water mode, where inlet valves can be opened while drain and drum pump valves can be closed so that water is pumped through a heat exchanger  110  and into the drum through the rotary union  128  and the drum inlet  162 . Water can continue to fill the drum until a target volume is reached. 
     A second embodiment of a water cycle mode is a drain mode, where a drain and drum sump valve connected with the outlet pipe  164  can be opened while the inlet valve, e.g., a valve terminating the inlet pipe  162 , is closed and the pump  122  draws the water from the drum through the pump. 
     A third embodiment of a water cycle mode is a wash mode, which may be a recirculating cycle where both the drum inlet valve and drum sump valves are opened so that water is cycled through the drum  102  and heat exchanger  110 . 
       FIG. 9  shows a schematic of an example computer controller and networking system  500 , in accordance with embodiments of an automated germination system, such as the system  200  ( FIG. 7 ). The automated germination system may be managed by a microprocessor-based controller connected to all or a subset of the valves, motors and sensors throughout the machine, using either or both of wired and wireless connections. For example, a controller including a processor and onboard memory can have the capability to turn individual motors on or off and can set individual motors to specific rates. Valves can be fully or partially opened or closed. The controller can monitor the on-going process through environmental sensors including but not limited to temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide sensors. 
     In at least one embodiment, the networking system  500  can include a local area network interface or operations LAN  502  which can connect a machine controller  510  with networked servers such as a file server  504  and/or operations server  506  for information exchange. For example, job and recipe information may be downloaded from the file server  504  to the controller  202  ( FIG. 2 ) to provide the process data needed on a given job, while status information and errors may be reported back from the controller  202  to the operations server  506  for remote monitoring. Process data may include, for example, instructions to enact one or more air cycle modes or water cycle modes in parallel or in series, for set lengths of time or until selected criteria have been met. The operations LAN  502  may be secured behind a global firewall  534  and connected to an external network (not shown) in order to allow the system  500  to receive additional information. In some embodiments, the operations LAN  502  may be connected via the global firewall  534  with the internet. A factory LAN  508  may include networked components secured from the operations LAN  502  by a second firewall  536 . In some cases, the factory and operations LANs  508 ,  502  may overlap without an intervening firewall. 
     In some embodiments, the controller  202  can connect operably with various components for controlling aspects of the operation of the system. For example, the machine controller  202  may be wirelessly connected with controllers of valves  218  and sensors  216  via the factory LAN  508 , and as describe above with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
     Description of the Operation of the Controlled Germination Apparatus: 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example of a process  600  for operating an automatic germination apparatus, in accordance with embodiments. In at least one embodiment, the process  600  may be implemented via a system such as the system  200  shown in  FIG. 7 . The process  600  can include loading a batch of grain into a drum, such as the drum  102  of the automated germinating apparatus  100  ( FIGS. 1-2 ) (act  602 ). The drum can be a variable speed Galland-style drum, which may be loaded and unloaded through a manually operated door at one end of the drum. Next, parameters of a germinating process can be set. ( 604 ) In some cases, setting parameters of a germinating process may include receiving instructions to follow predetermined parameters (e.g., for temperature, cycle step order, cycle step length, and similar parameters). In some cases, setting parameters of the process may include receiving instructions entered by a user. 
     Next, the process  600  can include washing the loaded grain with water at a washing temperature (act  606 ). Washing can generally include immersing the loaded grain in water and/or passing water through the grain in order to remove dirt and debris, and may include rotating the drum. In some embodiments, water is pumped from an inlet valve attached to an external water source, passing through a dedicated heat exchanger to raise or lower water temperature as required and supplied to the drum though a water rotary union containing both an inlet and outlet mounted on the drum end. When it is time to remove water from the drum, it may be pumped out and may be directed to a drain or recirculated back through the heat exchanger and returned to the drum. Water circulation may be controlled in accordance with one or more of the water cycle modes described above, e.g., in reference to  FIG. 8 . In some cases, the washing temperature of the water may range from about 50° F. to about 80° F. 
     Next, the process  600  can include steeping the washed grain by immersing the washed grain in a steeping flow of water (act  608 ). The grain may be fully or partially immersed in the steeping flow of water. In some embodiments, the steeping flow may fully immerse the grain and may be left in the drum for a predetermined period of time, according to the parameters of the germinating process. In some embodiments, the temperature of the immersing flow of water may range from about 40° F. to about 60° F. In some embodiments, the steeping procedure may be interrupted by one or more aeration cycles. The immersing flow of water may be periodically removed from the drum, and an aerating flow of air may be passed through the washed grain, before the washed grain is again immersed. In some embodiments, the system may determine whether the grain has reached target moisture content  610 . If the grain has not reached target moisture content, the system may continue to immerse the washed grain for an additional length of time  608 . In some cases, the system may assess moisture content in conjunction with periodically aerating the grain between steeping cycles  612 , in which case the system can drain the steeping flow of water, and aerate the partially steeped grain with an aerating flow of air  614 , prior to resuming the steeping process by again immersing the washed grain  608 . Target moisture content may be any suitable moisture content for malting. In some specific embodiments, a target moisture content of the grain may range from about 40% to 50% by weight. The steeped grain can subsequently be rinsed (act  616 ). 
     Next, the process  600  can include a germinating stage, whereby the steeped grain is aerated while the drum is rotated (act  618 ). In some embodiments, the grain in the drum may also be maintained at a predetermined germinating humidity. In some cases, the germinating humidity is approximately 100%, at least 95%, or at least 90%. Aerating the grain can include passing a flow of air through the drum via, for example, the recirculation mode of the air cycle, the intake/exhaust mode of the air cycle, or a combination of both. The germinating stage may continue for a predetermined period of time, or may continue until the grain has sprouted. In some cases, system may determine that the grain has sprouted by, for example, measuring a carbon dioxide content in the drum or in the exhaust stream of air, the carbon dioxide content being indicative of germination in the batch of grain. 
     Next, the germinated grain can be kilned (act  620 ). For example, the germinated grain can be further dried of water content by passing a stream of hot air through the drum. In some cases, the stream of hot air may be at temperatures ranging from about 90° F. to about 200° F. In some cases, the germinated grain can be kilned until it reaches a second target moisture content. In some cases, the second target moisture content for kilning grain can be less than 5% by weight. The dried grain can be subsequently cooled to a handling temperature (act  622 ), e.g., via passing a stream of cooler air through the grain until it can be handled. In some cases, the stream of cooler air may range in temperature from approximately 80° F. to approximately 100° F. When sufficiently cooled, the dried grain can be unloaded from the drum (act  624 ). 
     In various embodiments, a computer may manage the system, controlling motors and valves and monitoring sensors to assess the status of the germinating process. A local area network interface can enable the system to connect to a remote server from which it receives recipes corresponding to a customized formula for each malting job while reporting back log data and other operational status. The operator may be able to interact with the computer through a graphical user interface and may be able to perform such functions as view status, edit a recipe, and initiate or pause any suitable operational functions. 
     Embodiments of the system may be operated by, in the computer controller or other hardware or software management module, setting an operating mode or high-level mode, including, for example: recipe mode, pause mode, and clean-in-place mode. The operating, or high-level modes include subsets of one or more of the air cycle and water cycle modes described above, in addition to other instructions. 
     In at least one embodiment of recipe mode, the operator can load the machine with grain and initiate a specific recipe causing the machine to execute a sequence of pre-defined high-level steps. For example, the process  600  ( FIG. 10 ) illustrates one exemplary sequence, but other sequences of steps are possible. Each step may be interpreted by the machine to activate specific functions and valves, for example one or more of the water cycle modes and air cycle modes, in sequence or in parallel, while monitoring specific sensors and responding conditionally to various events. Events may include, for example: a temperature in the drum reaching or exceeding a pre-set range; a pre-set period of time having elapsed; a water level reaching or exceeding a pre-set range; or any other condition. Certain events, such as any which may indicate that the process has strayed outside of desired parameters, may be referred to as fault conditions. The machine&#39;s display and status indicator is maintained and status is reported back to the operations server at selected intervals. Under some conditions the machine is paused (or proceeds to pause mode, below) to allow for operator intervention. After all recipe steps have been completed, the machine will halt, signaling completion on both the display and status indicator, alerting the operator to unload the finished product from the machine. 
     In at least one embodiment of pause mode, the machine is paused at the direction of the operator, as defined by the active recipe, or because of a fault condition. When the machine is paused it may require a manual restart by the operator. 
     Embodiments may also include a clean-in-place (CIP) system. In at least one such embodiment, the clean-in-place system meets the stringent quality requirements of food-grade production. For example, embodiments of such a system, under computer control, remove all debris and add a cleaning solution distributed to the drum interior and a subset or all of the other internal surfaces, nozzles, valves including the air handling system. All surfaces are washed, rinsed and dried in this manner, and the machine made ready for the next job. In at least one embodiment of the clean-in-place mode; a built-in program steps the machine through a clean-in-place process, as described above. 
     Other variations are within the spirit of the present invention. Thus, while the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof are shown in the drawings and have been described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specific form or forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims. 
     The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The term “connected” is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. 
     Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. 
     All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.