Patent Publication Number: US-2023133075-A1

Title: Motor nodes

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/274,809, filed on Nov. 2, 2021 and titled “MOTOR NODES”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The present disclosure relates generally to motors for electric cars, and more specifically to integration of electric motors with load bearing vehicle structures, such as chassis structures. 
     Background 
     Cars are complex machines with many separate, dedicated systems. For example, cars have load bearing structure whose function is to bear various loads experienced by the vehicle, such as suspension loads that support the car and keep the body from resting on the ground, and crash loads that can occur if the car hits or is hit by an object, such as another car. The load bearing structure includes, for example, the chassis, suspension components, bumpers, and crash rails. These load bearing structures are connected together so that the various loads experienced by the car are distributed properly so that the car can be driven safely, e.g., without bottoming out or having components shake loose, and can protect the occupants in a crash. Put simply, the load bearing structure provides support for all other systems of the car, which are attached to the load bearing structure. One of these other, separate systems is the drive system, e.g., the drivetrain. 
     The drivetrain of electric cars typically includes an electric motor to power each wheel. Like the other separate, dedicated systems, the electric motors are attached to the load bearing structure by, for example, brackets, bolts, bushings, etc. More specifically, the outer housing of the motor is attached to the load bearing structure, e.g., the chassis. The outer housing (which is typically metal) serves to protect the inner operating parts of the motor, and serves no other purpose. In this way, the function of the load bearing structure and the function of the outer housing of the electric motor remain separate and distinct. 
     SUMMARY 
     In this disclosure, it is recognized that the outer housing of an electric motor could serve as part of the load bearing structure of the car, if it could be properly integrated with the load bearing structure. In this way, for example, one advantage of integrating the electric motor housing with the load bearing structure is the total weight of the car may be reduced because the metal housing can now serve the dual purpose of protecting the inner part of the motor and bearing vehicle loads. Moreover, integrating can eliminate the need for the typical brackets, bolts, bushings, etc. conventionally needed to attach the motor housing to the chassis. Another potential advantage of this integration is that assembly of the car can be simplified because the step of attaching the motor to the chassis, for example, can be eliminated. 
     In an aspect, an integrated vehicle structure is provided having an enclosure portion that can be configured to house an electric motor. The integrated vehicle structure further includes a plurality of extended portions extending from the enclosure portion. In one or more implementations, the enclosure portion and the plurality of extended portions are load-bearing and configured to bear vehicle loads. 
     In one or more implementations, at least one of the extended portions includes a connection portion that can be configured to connect with another load-bearing structure to at least receive or transmit loads. Further, the connection portion can be configured to connect with the other load-bearing structure by an adhesive connection, a bolted connection, or a welded connection. Additionally, the connection portion can include a tongue or a groove for the adhesive connection. The connection portion can also include a threaded bolt hole or a protruding bolt portion for the bolted connection. In one or more implementations, the other load-bearing structure includes a safety structure. For example, the safety structure can include a crash rail or a safety cell. In one or more implementations the other load-bearing structure includes a suspension structure. For example, the suspension structure can include a control arm or a suspension damper system. 
     In one or more implementations, the plurality of extended portions can be configured to transfer vehicle loads along physically separate paths. For example, the physically separate paths can include at least two physically separate paths that diverge from each other. In one or more implementations, the vehicle loads transferred along the at least two of the physically separate paths include crash loads. Additionally in one or more implementations, the plurality of extended portions can include two or more extended portions. For example, the plurality of extended portions can include at least three, four, or five extended portions. 
     In one or more implementations, a portion of the enclosure portion defines an opening configured to allow a drive shaft to connect the electric motor to a wheel. 
     In one or more implementations, the enclosure portion can be configured with an opening for allowing the installation and removal of the electric motor. Further, a part of the enclosure portion surrounding the opening can be configured to attach to a part of the electric motor. In one or more implementations, the part of the electric motor includes a stator casing. In one or more implementations, the part of the enclosure portion surrounding the opening includes a vibration damper interface configured to accept a vibration damper. 
     Other aspects will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein is shown and described only several embodiments by way of illustration. As will be realized by those skilled in the art, concepts herein are capable of other and different embodiments, and several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various aspects of integrating electric motors with load bearing structure will now be presented in the detailed description by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example electric motor. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an example mounting of the motor onto a load-bearing vehicle structure. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a perspective view of a hypercar  21  in which various embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an exploded view of the motor, with its motor housings removed. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an example of a multi-functional node “grown” around a stator and a rotor, i.e., the internal components of the motor. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an exploded view of a motor node, which more clearly shows the motor internal components, the stator and the rotor. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates the exploded view of the motor node from a different perspective. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates the motor node with portions A and B joined together. 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a removal of the stator/rotor from the motor node. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates another perspective of the motor node, with the stator/rotor removed. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates the motor node from the same perspective as  FIG.  10   , but with portions A and B separated. 
         FIG.  12    illustrates a different perspective view of the motor node, roughly from above. 
         FIG.  13    illustrates the motor node without the motor components, from the perspective shown in  FIG.  3    and hypercar  21 . 
         FIG.  14    illustrates an insertion of the stator/rotor into the motor node. 
         FIG.  15    illustrates the motor node, with the stator/rotor re-inserted, from the perspective shown in  FIG.  3    and hypercar  21 . 
         FIG.  16    illustrates an example configuration for driving the wheel according to various embodiments. 
         FIG.  17    illustrates some other structures to which the motor node may be connected in various embodiments. 
         FIG.  18    illustrates two load-bearing systems in hypercar  21 . 
         FIG.  19    illustrates example crash load paths through the motor node, for example, in a frontal crash in which the front bumper strikes an object. 
         FIGS.  20  and  21    illustrate example suspension load paths through the motor node from two different perspectives. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an example motor  1 , which is an electric motor. Motor  1  can include a stator  2 , a rotor  3 , and a motor housing  4 . Motor  1  can be, for example, a pancake motor with generally flat sides. Motor housing  4  can include two portions, with one covering each of the sides of motor  1 . The two portions of motor housing  4  can be attached to the sides of motor  1  by bolts  5 , which can be arranged in bolt channels  6 . The function of motor housing  4  is to cover and protect stator  2 , rotor  3 , and other internal components of motor  1  (such as, e.g., wiring, electronic controllers, etc.). In this example, a stator casing, e.g., an outer ring  7  of stator  2 , can be exposed to the outside and can serve the function of covering and protecting the sides of the stator. In this regard, outer ring  7  may be considered a housing as well and includes a portion of bolt channels  6  such that when the two portions of motor housing  4  are bolted together, the outer ring contributes to the covering and protection of the internal components of motor  1 . Motor  1  can also include electrical connectors  8 , which can be connected to an electrical source to provide electrical power to the motor. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates an example mounting of motor  1  onto a load-bearing vehicle structure  10 . Load-bearing vehicle structure  10  can include a chassis  11 . Motor  1  may be mounted directly onto chassis  11 . For example, motor  1  may be mounted onto chassis by, e.g., being bolted directly to chassis  11 , being mounted on a bracket that is attached to the chassis, being attached to a bushing that is attached to the chassis, etc. In particular, motor housing  4  may be bolted directly, or through a bracket or bushing, etc., to chassis  11 . 
     Chassis  11  may include crash rails  12 , and a safety cell (not shown), which may be attached to the chassis, to protect the vehicle&#39;s occupants during a crash. Crash rails  12  and the safety cell are safety structures of the vehicle&#39;s safety system. The function of the safety structures is to absorb and redirect crash loads from a crash impact.  FIG.  2    illustrates examples of crash loads as dashed arrowed lines traveling along a single path through crash rail  12  and into chassis  10 . Notably, the crash loads do not travel through motor  1 . In particular, the crash loads do not travel through motor housing  4  or outer ring  7 . The crash loads bypass motor housing  4  and outer ring  7  as they travel through chassis  11 . As explained above, the function of motor housing  4  and outer ring  7  is to cover and protect the internal components of motor  1 . Motor housing  4  and outer ring  7  do not function to absorb or redirect crash loads. 
     Chassis  11  can include mounting points for a suspension system, which can include suspension system structures such as a front, lower control arm (FUCA)  13 , a front, upper control arm (FUCA)  14 , and a damper (not shown). In particular, chassis  11  can include a FLCA mounting point  15  to mount FLCA  13 , a FUCA mounting point  16  to mount FUCA  14 , and a damper bracket  17  to mount the damper. The suspension system is connected to a wheel hub  18  that attaches to a wheel (not shown). The suspension system supports the vehicle&#39;s weight and keep the vehicles wheels in proper position and operation by carrying suspension loads from the wheels through chassis  11 . The suspension loads are illustrated as dashed, arrowed lines that travel from the suspension structures into chassis  11  through the mounting points in the chassis. Similar to the crash loads, the suspension loads do not travel through motor  1 , and in particular, do not travel through motor housing  4  or outer ring  7 . As explained above, the function of motor housing  4  and outer ring  7  is to cover and protect the internal components of motor  1 . Motor housing  4  and outer ring  7  do not function to support the weight of the vehicle or keep the wheels in proper position and operation by carrying suspension loads. 
     In the example of  FIG.  2    above, motor housing  4  serves only a single function, i.e., covering and protecting the internal components of motor  1 . Disclosed below are various embodiments in which a multi-function structure can serve both as a housing of a motor and as a load-bearing structure of a vehicle. In this way, for example, a multi-function structure may reduce the weight of a vehicle and/or reduce the complexity of assembly of the vehicle. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a perspective view of a hypercar  21  in which various embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented. Hypercar  21  may be an electric or hybrid car that includes one or more electric motors to power wheels, such as a wheel  101  located in a front, right corner  103  of the hypercar. The viewing angle of hypercar  21  in  FIG.  3    was chosen to establish a frame of reference in the reader&#39;s mind for subsequent figures, which illustrate interior structure of the hypercar, particularly interior structure located in front, right corner  103 . In various embodiments, hypercar  21  may include a multi-functional structure that covers and protects the internal components of a motor and that serves as a load-bearing structure of the vehicle. 
     In this regard,  FIG.  4    illustrates an exploded view of motor  1 , with motor housings  4  removed. In this example, bolts  5  may be removed to allow motor housings  4  to be removed from motor  1 .  FIG.  4    shows more clearly stator  2  and rotor  3 , which were obscured or partially obscured by motor housings  4  in the previous figures. In the following example embodiments, motor housings  4  may be replaced with multi-functional structure as described in more detail below. 
     In various embodiments, a multi-functional structure may be comprised of a node. A node is a structure, typically a 3D printed structure, that is used to combine two or more parts together, such as tubes, extrusions, panels, or other nodes. 3D printed nodes, in particular, may be complex structures that can be designed and optimized to handle various load cases efficiently, using less mass/material than structures manufactured using conventional methods. Design optimization of load-bearing nodes often results in nodes that appear organic in shape, much like the shape of animal bones. This is because 3D printing can allow material to be placed only where it is needed to handle loads, much like nature has evolved animals&#39; bones to have the required strength only in the right locations using the minimum amount of bone. In this regard, for the sake of visualizing the design and optimization a multi-functional 3D printed node that can bear vehicle loads and serve as a motor housing, it may be helpful to think of “growing” the 3D printed structure around the internal components of the motor. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an example of a multi-functional node “grown” around stator  2  and rotor  3 , i.e., the internal components of motor  1  (the node in  FIG.  5    is shown from the same perspective as hypercar  21  in  FIG.  3    and is designed to be located in front, right corner  103  of the hypercar). The multi-functional node is called a motor node  501  because in addition to bearing vehicle loads, it houses and protects the components of motor  1 . To this effect, motor node can include an enclosure portion  503  that houses the components of motor  1 . Motor node  501  can also include multiple extended portions  505  that extend from enclosure portion  503 . Extended portions  505  can be designed to connect to other load-bearing vehicle structures, such as crash structures and suspension structures. For example, motor node  501  can include connection portions  507  for connecting to a crash rail of the vehicle. Motor node  501  can include connection portions  509 ,  511 , and  513  for connecting to an FLCA, a FUCA, and a damper, respectively. These load-bearing vehicle structures connected to motor node  501  can transfer loads, such as crash loads and suspension loads, into the motor node through the connection portions. The loads can travel through motor node  501 , including through extended portions  505  and enclosure portion  503 , and the motor node can likewise transfer loads to other load-bearing vehicles structures through the connection portions, as described in more detail below. As shown in the figure, motor node  501  can include multiple extended portions  505 . In various embodiments, motor nodes may include at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 or more extended portions. In various embodiments, motor nodes can include multiple enclosure portions as well, for example, to house more than one motor. 
     In the present example embodiment, motor housings  4  are not included, but outer ring  7  is retained in the design. However, in various embodiments, the entire conventional housing around internal motor components may be replaced by a motor node structure. Similarly, in various embodiments, internal motor components can themselves be designed to be housed in a motor node without consideration of conventional motor housing. In other words, the present disclosure is not limited merely to replacing conventional motor housings with motor nodes, but includes designs of motor components and motor nodes without the constraints of conventional motor housing designs. For the sake of simplicity in the descriptions of various motor node embodiments herein, the internal components of motor  1  that are housed by a motor node are referred to as “motor  1 ” or “the motor” even though it is understood the entire motor  1  described above is not housed by a motor node (i.e., at least motor housings  4  are not included). 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an exploded view of motor node  501 , which more clearly shows the motor internal components, stator  2  and rotor  3 , and their arrangement between a portion A of the motor node and a portion B of the motor node. In this example, portions A and B can be 3D printed separately and then connected together at node interconnects  601 . In various embodiments, node interconnects  601  may include, for example, tongue and groove configurations, bolt configurations, weld configurations, etc., that allow portions of motor node  501  to be attached together. In various embodiments, node interconnects between portions of motor node  501  may be configured as permanent connections. For example, a node interconnect with a tongue and groove configuration may be bonded together with an adhesive for a permanent connection. In various embodiments, node interconnects may be configured as disconnectable connections, i.e., connections that can be disconnected. For example, a node interconnect with a bolt configuration may include holes or channels for bolts to pass through each motor node portion to allow nuts to be fitted on the bolts and tightened to connect the portions. 
     In the present example embodiment, in which outer ring  7  of motor  1  is retained, motor node  501  can include connection portions  603  that can connect the motor node to the outer ring. Each connection portion  603  may align with a corresponding bolt channel  6  of the outer ring, and each connection portion  603  may include a threaded bolt hole for a bolt (not shown) or a protruding bolt portion for the bolted connection. For the sake of clarity in  FIG.  6   , only one of the connection portions  603  of portion A of the motor node is labeled, and a corresponding connection portion of portion B of the motor node is labeled. Each of the labeled connection portions  603  correspond to the labeled bolt channel  6 . To connect motor node  501  to outer ring  7 , a bolt may pass through connection portions  603  and bolt channel  6 , and a nut may be tightened on the bolt. The process may be repeated for the unlabeled connection portions and corresponding bolt channels. 
     Motor node  501  may include a vibration damper interface  605 , which can accept a vibration damper (not shown) that can reduce noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) of the motor during operation. In various embodiments, vibration damper interface  605  may include a groove for a seal damper (e.g., a rubber seal), seats for springs or bushings, etc. Vibration damper interface  605  (and corresponding vibration dampers) may be tuned to the particular vibrations (e.g., resonance frequencies) produced by the motor during operation. Vibration damper interface  605  may be configured to interface with various types of dampers, for example, elastomeric dampers, composite fiber dampers, reinforced polymer dampers, etc. In various embodiments, outer ring  7  may be configured as part of motor node  501 , i.e., configured to bear some loads. In this case, various embodiments could include composite fiber dampers that transfer some structural load to mitigate discontinuity. In various embodiments, 3D printed features could be included on motor node  501  to pierce through the damper and abut the outer ring, which may help transfer loads between the outer ring, which is part of the motor node, and the remaining part of the motor node. 
       FIG.  6    also shows an extended portion  607 , which was obscured in  FIG.  5   . Extended portion  607  can include another node interconnect  601 , which may connect to a corresponding node interconnect on portion A of the motor node (which is shown more clearly in  FIG.  13    described below). Although extended portion  607  is smaller relative to other extended portions, it is notable that extended portion  607  is also load-bearing and can transfer loads from enclosure portion  503  and from portion A of the motor node (through the node interconnect) to a safety cell through a corresponding connection portion (to be described in more detail below). 
       FIG.  6    also shows a gear system  609 , which may help transfer the rotational power of the motor to a wheel of the vehicle through a drive shaft, as described in more detail below with reference to  FIG.  16   . 
       FIG.  7    illustrates the exploded view of motor node  501  from a different perspective. Additional node interconnects  701  are visible on portion A of motor the motor node, as well as an additional vibration damper interface  703 . Node interconnects  701  can connect to node interconnects  601  to join portions A and B of motor node  501  together. Vibration damper interface  703  can be similar to vibration damper interface  605  of portion B of the motor node. 
     In various embodiments, motor node  501  may be formed as a single piece of contiguous 3D printed material. In these embodiments, motor node  501  may not include any node interconnects, for example. In various embodiments, motor node  501  may include node interconnects at different locations than specifically described in embodiments in this disclosure. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates motor node  501  with portions A and B join together.  FIG.  8    highlights another node interconnect  801 . As described above, motor node  501  is designed to be located in front, right corner  103  of hypercar  21 . Node interconnect  801  can be configured to join with a corresponding node interconnect of a motor node in the front, left corner of hypercar  21 . In other words, motor node  501  can be mirrored on the left side of the hypercar, and the two motor nodes can be joined at node interconnect  801 . 
       FIG.  9    illustrates a removal of stator  2 /rotor  3  from motor node  501 . Motor node  501  can include an opening for allowing the installation and removal of the motor, e.g., a slot  901  at the bottom. Stator  2 /rotor  3  can be removed from the motor node by removing the bolts from bolt channels  6  and sliding the stator/rotor out of slot  901  in removal direction  903 . In this way, for example, the stator/rotor may be repaired or replaced as the parts wear out or break. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates another perspective of motor node  501 , with stator  2 /rotor  3  removed.  FIG.  10    shows the multiple extended portions  505  and extended portion  607  described above with respect to  FIGS.  5  and  6   , respectively. One of the extended portions  505  includes node interconnect  801 , which is configured to connect to a corresponding node interconnect of the front, left motor node of hypercar  21 , as described above. Extended portion  607  and many of the extended portions  505  include connection portions  1001 , which are configured to connect to a safety cell of hypercar  21 , described in more detailed below. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates motor node  501  from the same perspective as  FIG.  10   , but with portions A and B separated. This view shows a node interconnect  1101 , which corresponds to node interconnect  601  of extended portion  607 . When portions A and B of motor node  501  are joined together, node interconnect  601  of extended portion  607  and node interconnect  1101  connect with each other to form a connection that can transfer vehicle loads. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates a different perspective view of motor node  501 , roughly from above. In particular, with the components of the motor, e.g., stator  2 /rotor  3 , removed the view shows a motor space  1201 . In various embodiments in which a motor node completely or more completely encloses the motor components, the motor space may be completely or more completely enclosed. 
       FIG.  13    illustrates motor node  501  without the motor components, from the perspective shown in  FIG.  3    and hypercar  21 . 
       FIG.  14    illustrates an insertion of stator  2 /rotor  3  into motor node  501 . The stator/rotor may be inserted into slot  901  along an insertion direction  1401 . In this way the stator/rotor may be inserted into motor space  1201 . Once inserted, outer ring  7  may be bolted to the connection portions in a reverse operation as disclosed above with respect to  FIG.  9   . In the view of  FIG.  14   , it can more easily be seen that a part of enclosure portion  503  surrounding the opening, slot  901 , can be configured to attach to a part of the motor, i.e., the stator casing, outer ring  7 . This part of the enclosure portion surrounding the opening can include vibration damper interface  703 , which is configured to accept a vibration damper as described above. 
       FIG.  15    illustrates motor node  501 , with the stator/rotor re-inserted, from the perspective shown in  FIG.  3    and hypercar  21 . 
       FIG.  16    illustrates an example configuration for driving wheel  101  according to various embodiments. Enclosure portion  503  of motor node  501  can include a drive shaft opening  1601 , which can allow a drive shaft  1603  to connect the motor to wheel  101 . In various embodiments, drive shaft  1603  may be connected to a gear system of the motor, such as gear system  609 . In various embodiments, drive shaft  1603  may be connected directly to a rotor of the motor, such as rotor  3 . Because loads cannot pass through open spaces, such as drive shaft opening  1601 , the design of a motor node can take into account how open spaces in the motor node affect load bearing capabilities. In this regard, the space between portions A and B of motor node  501  that is occupied by outer ring  7  may be considered an open space because the outer ring is not designed to bear loads, and the motor node is designed such that loads do not pass through this space. Furthermore, the space occupied by stator  2 , rotor  3 , gear system  609 , and any other internal motor components not shown may be considered an open space, which can be taken into account in the design of the motor node. In fact, open space occupied by motor components can be taken into account in various embodiments in which the structure of a motor node completely encloses the motor components. It is notable that design of conventional motor housings does not take load-bearing considerations into account, much less load-bearing considerations including open spaces in the housing. In other words, the structural design of a motor node may be quite different than conventional motor housing designs, at least because of the differences in the design constraints required for load bearing structure, including open spaces. 
     While the motor enclosed by motor node  501  is connected to drive shaft  1603  (and thus connected to wheel  101 ), the motor node itself can be connected to other structures of hypercar  21 . 
       FIG.  17    illustrates some other structures to which motor node  501  may be connected in various embodiments. For example, motor node  501  may be connected to safety system structures, such as a crash rail  1701  (which may in turn connected to a front bumper  1703 ) and a safety cell  1705 . Motor node  501  may also be connected to suspension system structures, such as an FLCA  1707 , a FUCA  1709 , and a bell crank  1711  (which may in turn be connected to a damper  1713 ). As described above with respect to  FIG.  5   , these connections to safety and suspension structures may be made at the connection portions of motor node  501 . For example, crash rail  1701  may be connected to motor node  501  at connection portions  507 , described above. FLCA  1707  may be connected to motor node  501  at connection portions  509 , described above. FUCA  1709  may be connected to motor node  501  at connection portions  511 , described above. Bell crank  1711  may be connected to motor node  501  at connection portions  513 , described above. Safety cell  1705  may be connected to motor node  501  at connection portions  1001 , described above. In various embodiments, these connections may be, for example, adhesive connections, bolted connections, welded connections, etc. 
       FIG.  18    illustrates two load-bearing systems in hypercar  21 . The safety system of the hypercar can include safety structures  1801 , which include crash rail  1701 , front bumper  1703 , and safety cell  1705 . The suspension system of the hypercar can include suspension structures  1803 , which include FLCA  1707 , FUCA  1709 , bell crank  1711 , and damper  1713  (the bell crank and damper being part of a suspension damper system). The connections described above between the various safety structures  1801  and motor node  501  can transfer vehicle loads between the safety structures and the motor node, such as crash loads. The connections described above between the various suspension structures  1803  and motor node  501  can transfer vehicle loads between the safety structures and the motor node, such as suspension loads, e.g., vehicle weight and operational loads from bumps, potholes, etc. 
       FIGS.  19 - 21    illustrate example vehicle load paths through motor node  501  for various vehicle loads, e.g., crash and suspension loads. These figures illustrate, for example, that enclosure portion  503  and extended portions  505  can bear and transmit vehicle loads. In various embodiments, extended portions  505  can transfer vehicle loads along physically separate paths, as shown in the present embodiment. 
       FIG.  19    illustrates example crash load paths through motor node  501 , for example, in a frontal crash in which front bumper  1703  strikes an object. Crash loads  1901  are shown as dashed arrowed lines in  FIG.  19   . Crash loads  1901  are generated by a crash into front bumper  1703  and continue along crash rail  1701 . The crash loads in the crash rail are roughly traveling parallel in the same direction, i.e., straight towards the rear of hypercar  21 . When crash loads  1901  reach the connection between crash rail  1701  and motor node  501 , the crash loads are transferred to the motor node. The crash loads can travel through the motor node because the motor node is configured as a load-bearing structure. The crash loads can travel through extended portions  505  and enclosure portion  503  as shown in the figure. The multiple extended portions can transfer the crash loads along physically separate paths because the extended portions can be physically separated from each other. Vehicle loads, such as crash loads, may be transferred along paths that diverge from each other as shown in the figure. Specifically, many of the extended portions  505  diverge when extending from enclosure portion  503  towards the rear of hypercar  21 . As shown in the figure, crash load paths can diverge and be transferred to various locations on safety cell  1705 . In this way, for example, crash loads may be distributed across a greater area to cause less damage. 
       FIGS.  20  and  21    illustrate example suspension load paths through motor node  501  from two different perspectives. Suspension loads  2001  are shown as dashed arrowed lines. Suspension loads  2001  are generated by the weight of hypercar  21  and the operation of driving over bumps, potholes, etc. The suspension loads can travel from the suspension structures  1803 , e.g., FLCA  1707 , FUCA  1709 , and bell crank  1711 , through the connection portions connecting the suspension structures to motor node  501 . The suspension loads can travel through extended portions  505  and through enclosure portion  503 , as shown in the figure. Motor node  501  can be configured to vary the paths of the suspension loads to diverge and/or converge, to connect, etc., to optimize the efficiency of the structure of the motor node. In this way, for example, the overall mass of the motor node and/or surrounding structures may be reduced without reducing performance. 
     The detailed description set forth above in connection with the appended drawings is intended to provide a description of various example embodiments of the concepts disclosed herein and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the disclosure may be practiced. The terms “exemplary” and “example” used in this disclosure mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments presented in this disclosure. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough and complete disclosure that fully conveys the scope of the concepts to those skilled in the art. However, the disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components may be shown in block diagram form, or omitted entirely, in order to avoid obscuring the various concepts presented throughout this disclosure. 
     The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these example embodiments presented throughout this disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the example embodiments presented throughout the disclosure, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the example embodiments described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f), or analogous law in applicable jurisdictions, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”