Patent Publication Number: US-10328314-B2

Title: Golf ball cores made from plasticized thermoplastic compositions containing non-acid polymers

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of co-assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/814,578 filed Jul. 31, 2015, now allowed, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to multi-piece golf balls having a multi-layered core and a cover. In one embodiment, the multi-layered core is a two-layered (dual) core including inner and outer core layers. At least one of the core layers is made from a thermoplastic composition preferably comprising a non-acid polymer and plasticizer. In one version, the plasticized thermoplastic composition is used to make the inner core, and a second thermoplastic composition is used to make the outer core. Suitable non-acid polymers include, for example, polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins, and polyurethanes. 
     Brief Review of the Related Art 
     Multi-layered, solid golf balls are used today by recreational and professional golfers. In general, these golf balls contain an inner core protected by a cover. The core acts as the primary engine for the ball and the cover protects the core and helps provide the ball with durability and wear-resistance. The core and cover may be single or multi-layered. For example, three-piece golf balls having an inner core, inner cover layer, and outer cover layer are popular. In other instances, golfers will use a four-piece ball containing a dual-core (inner core and surrounding outer-core layer) and dual-cover (inner cover layer and surrounding outer cover layer). Intermediate layer(s) may be disposed between the core and cover layers to impart various properties. Thus, five-piece and even six-piece balls can be made. 
     Normally, the core layers are made of a natural or synthetic rubber material or an acid copolymer ionomer. These ionomer polymers are typically copolymers of ethylene and methacrylic acid or acrylic acid that are partially or fully-neutralized. Metal ions such as sodium, lithium, zinc, and magnesium are commonly used to neutralize the acid groups in the copolymer. The acid groups may be partially-neutralized (where typically, about 10 to 70% of the acid groups are neutralized) or highly-neutralized (where typically, greater than 70% of the acid groups are neutralized.) In addition to being used as a core material, these acid copolymer ionomers may be used to make intermediate and cover layers for the golf ball. Such ionomer resins generally have good durability and toughness. When used as a core material, the ionomer resin helps impart a higher initial velocity to the golf ball. When used as a cover material, the ionomer resin helps impart impact durability, wear-resistance, and cut/shear-resistance to the golf ball. 
     As noted above, in recent years, three-piece and four-piece balls have become more popular. New manufacturing technologies, lower material costs, and desirable playing performance properties have contributed to these multi-piece balls becoming more popular. Many golf balls used today have multi-layered cores comprising an inner core and at least one surrounding outer core layer. For example, the inner core may be made of a relatively soft and resilient material, while the outer core may be made of a harder and more rigid material. The “dual-core” sub-assembly is encapsulated by a cover of at least one layer to provide a final ball assembly. Different materials can be used to manufacture the core sub-assembly including polybutadiene rubber and ethylene acid copolymer ionomers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,044 discloses golf balls having multi-layered cores having a relatively soft, low compression inner core surrounded by a relatively rigid outer core. U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,531 discloses a solid golf ball comprising a solid core having a three-layered structure composed of an inner layer, an intermediate layer, and an outer layer, and a cover for coating the solid core. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0128904 also discloses multi-layer core golf balls. 
     As discussed above, many golf balls have multi-layered cores comprising an inner core and surrounding outer core layer. For example, the inner core may be made of polybutadiene rubber and an outer core layer made of the above-described ethylene acid copolymer ionomer resins. However, one disadvantageous feature of balls having a component made of ethylene acid copolymer ionomer compositions is they tend to have a hard “feel.” Some players experience a harsher, less comfortable feel when their club face makes contact with these “harder” balls. 
     Thus, the industry has looked at numerous non-ionomeric materials such as polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyureas, fluoropolymers, polyvinyl chlorides, polycarbonates, polyethers, polyimides, and the like for making components and layers in golf balls. For example, Sullivan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,872,774 discloses a multi-layered golf ball having a core, intermediate layer, and cover. The intermediate layer is made of a composition comprising a non-ionomeric acid polymer and non-ionomeric stiffening polymer including blends of polyamides and polypropylene and polyethylene copolymers that have been grafted with maleic anhydride or sulfonate groups. 
     In Rajagopalan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,690 golf balls having at least one layer formed from a composition comprising a polyamide and non-ionomeric material including grafted or non-grafted metallocene-catalyzed olefinic polymers such as polyethylene and copolymers of ethylene are disclosed. The olefinic polymers may also contain functional groups such as epoxy, anhydride, amine, oxazoline, sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, and their salts. 
     Kim et al, US Patent Application Publication US 2010/0167845 discloses golf balls having a core, at least one intermediate layer, and at least one cover layer prepared from blends of polyamides with functional polymer modifiers of the polyamide. The functional modifier of the polyamide can include ∝-olefin copolymers or terpolymers having a glycidyl group, hydroxyl group, maleic anhydride group, or carboxylic group. The polyamide composition is preferably blended with a polyalkenamer rubber/functionalized organic modifier material. 
     In Loper et al., US Patent Application Publication 2006/0172823, four-piece golf balls having one or more core layers, an inner mantle layer, an outer mantle layer, and one or more cover layers are disclosed. In one embodiment, the composition of inner mantle layer and/or the outer mantle layer comprises a blend of polyamide or copolymeric polyamide and another polymer. According to the &#39;823 Publication, suitable other polymers for the blend include ionomers, co-polyetheramide elastomers, polyarylates, polyolefins, polyoctenamers, polyurethanes, styrenic block copolymers, metallocene catalized polymers, and polyesters. 
     Although some non-ionomeric compositions as mentioned above may be somewhat effective for making certain components and layers in a golf ball, there is still a need for new compositions that can impart high performance properties to the ball. Particularly, there is a continuing need for improved core constructions in golf balls. The core material should have good toughness and provide the ball with high resiliency. The core material, however, should not be excessively hard and stiff so that properties such as feel, softness, and spin control are sacrificed. The present invention provides golf balls having an optimum combination of properties. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to multi-layered golf balls and more particularly to golf balls having at least one layer made of thermoplastic non-acid polymer/plasticizer compositions. In one version, the ball comprises a core having a two-layered core assembly including an inner core comprising a first thermoplastic material and a surrounding outer cover comprising a second thermoplastic material. Preferably, the first thermoplastic composition comprises: i) a thermoplastic non-acid polymer and ii) a plasticizer. In one embodiment, the inner core and outer core layer each has a positive hardness gradient. In a second embodiment, the inner core has a zero or negative hardness gradient and the outer core layer has a positive hardness gradient. In yet another embodiment, the inner core has a positive hardness gradient and the outer core layer has a zero or negative hardness gradient. Preferably, the center hardness of the inner core (H inner core center ) is in the range of about 10 Shore C to about 70 Shore C and the outer surface hardness of the outer core layer (H outer surface of OC ) is in the range of about 20 Shore C to about 95 Shore C to provide a positive hardness gradient across the core assembly. 
     Preferably, the non-acid polymer is selected from the group consisting of fluoropolymers, polystyrenes, polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, polyurethanes, polyvinyl chlorides, polyvinyl acetates, polyimides, ethylene propylene rubber, ethylene propylene diene rubber, styrenic block copolymer rubbers, alkyl acrylate rubbers, and mixtures thereof. For example, polyamides such as polyamide 6; polyamide 6,6; polyamide 6,10; polyamide 6,12; polyamide 11; polyamide 12; polyamide 6,9; and polyamide 4,6, and copolymers and blends thereof may be used. Also, polyether-amide block copolymers and polyester-polyether block copolymers, and mixtures thereof may be used. 
     Various plasticizers may be used in the thermoplastic composition. In one particularly preferred version, the thermoplastic composition comprises a fatty acid ester, particularly an alkyl oleate, and more particularly ethyl oleate. Preferably, the thermoplastic composition comprises about 3 to about 50% by weight plasticizer, more preferably about 8 to about 42%, and even more preferably about 10 to about 30%, plasticizer based on weight of composition. 
     Preferably, the second thermoplastic material comprises: a) an acid copolymer of ethylene and an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, optionally including a softening monomer selected from the group consisting of alkyl acrylates and methacrylates; b) plasticizer; and c) cation source present in an amount sufficient to neutralize from about 0 to about 100% of all acid groups present in the material. The second thermoplastic material comprises an ethylene acid copolymer containing acid groups such that greater than 70% of the acid groups, and more preferably greater than 90%, are neutralized. In another embodiment, the second thermoplastic material is selected from the group consisting of polyesters; polyamides; polyamide-ethers, polyamide-esters; polyurethanes, polyureas; fluoropolymers; polystyrenes; polypropylenes; polyethylenes; polyvinyl chlorides; polyvinyl acetates; polycarbonates; polyvinyl alcohols; polyester-ethers; polyethers; polyimides, polyetherketones, polyamideimides; and mixtures thereof. In yet another embodiment, a thermoset composition, for example, polybutadiene rubber, is used to form the outer core layer. 
     The thermoplastic non-acid polymer/plasticizer compositions of this invention may be used to form one or more core, intermediate, or cover layers. These compositions have a good combination of properties including Coefficient of Restitution (CoR) and compression so they can be used to make various golf ball layers. For example, a molded sphere comprising the thermoplastic composition of this invention having a Coefficient of Restitution of at least about 0.750, preferably at least about 0.800; and a Shore C surface hardness of about 10 to about 75, preferably about 20 to about 60 can be made. In one embodiment, balls having a relatively low compression, for example, in the range of about 25 to about 55, may be made. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The novel features that are characteristic of the present invention are set forth in the appended claims. However, the preferred embodiments of the invention, together with further objects and attendant advantages, are best understood by reference to the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a two-layered core for a golf ball made in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a three-piece golf ball having a two-layered core and single-layered cover made in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of a four-piece golf ball having a two-layered core and two-layered cover made in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a five-piece golf ball having a two-layered core and two-layered cover with an intermediate layer disposed between the core and cover, made in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Golf Ball Constructions 
     Golf balls having various constructions may be made in accordance with this invention. For example, golf balls having one-piece, two-piece, three-piece, four-piece, and five or more-piece constructions with the term “piece” referring to any core, cover or intermediate layer of a golf ball construction. Representative illustrations of such golf ball constructions are provided and discussed further below. The term, “layer” as used herein means generally any spherical portion of the golf ball. More particularly, in one version, a one-piece ball is made using the inventive composition as the entire golf ball excluding any paint or coating and indicia applied thereon. In a second version, a two-piece ball comprising a single core and a single cover layer is made. In a third version, a three-piece golf ball containing a dual-layered core and single-layered cover is made. The dual-core includes an inner core (center) and surrounding outer core layer. In another version, a three-piece ball containing a single core layer and two cover layers is made. In yet another version, a four-piece golf ball containing a dual-core and dual-cover (inner cover and outer cover layers) is made. In yet another construction, a four-piece or five-piece golf ball containing a dual-core; an intermediate layer, an inner cover layer, and an outer cover layer, may be made. In still another construction, a five-piece ball is made containing an innermost core layer (or center), an intermediate core layer, an outer core layer, an inner cover layer and an outer cover layer. The diameter and thickness of the different layers along with properties such as hardness and compression may vary depending upon the construction and desired playing performance properties of the golf ball. Any one or more of the layers of any of the one, two, three, four, or five, or more-piece (layered) balls described above may comprise a plasticized thermoplastic composition as disclosed herein. That is, any of the inner (center) core and/or outer core layers, and/or inner, intermediate, or outer cover layers may comprise a plasticized composition of this invention. 
     Also, when more than one thermoplastic layer is used in the golf ball, the thermoplastic compositions in the respective layers may be the same or different, and the compositions may have the same or different hardness values. For example, a dual-core assembly may be made, wherein the inner core comprises a first thermoplastic composition, and the outer core layer comprises a second thermoplastic composition. The first and second compositions may be the same, or the respective compositions may be different. For instance, the plasticized thermoplastic of this invention may be used in one or both core layers. Preferably, the plasticized thermoplastic composition of this invention is used to form at least one core layer. Likewise, when more than one thermoset layer is used in the golf ball, the thermoset composition in the respective layers may be the same or different, and the composition may have the same or different hardness values. Furthermore, in some examples, the thermoplastic material in a particular thermoplastic layer may constitute two, three, or more “sub-layers” of the same or different thermoplastic composition. That is, each thermoplastic layer can be formed from one or more sub-layers of the same or different thermoplastic material. In such instances, the thermoplastic layer can be considered a composite layer made of multiple independent and distinct component layers. Preferably, at least one of the component layers comprises the plasticized thermoplastic composition of this invention. 
     Non-Acid Polymers 
     Non-acid polymer compositions (NAPS), which are plasticized per this invention, may be used to form any layer in the golf ball constructions of this invention. The term, “non-acid polymer,” as used herein, means a polymer which is not an “acid polymer”—in general, by the term, “acid polymer”, it is meant a polymer containing free carboxylic acid groups that is formed from free carboxylic acid-containing monomers. The term, “polymer” is used generically herein to refer to a large molecule (macromolecule) having repeating structural units typically connected by covalent bonds and includes, but is not limited to, oligomers, homopolymers, copolymers, and mixtures thereof. The term, “copolymer,” as used herein, includes polymers formed from two, three, or more different types of monomers. It is understood the non-acid polymer compositions of this invention may contain a blend of two or more non-acid polymers. 
     Suitable non-acid polymers that may be used to form the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, the following: a) polyesters and particularly plasticized polyester compositions such as those described in co-pending, co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/532,141, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference; b) polyamides, and particularly plasticized polyamide compositions such as those described in co-pending, co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/309,066 (Publication US 2014/0302947), Ser. No. 14/330,189 (Publication US 2014/0323243), and Ser. No. 14/563,646, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference; and c) polyurethanes, polyureas, and polyurethane-polyurea hybrids and particularly plasticized polyurethane compositions such as those described in co-pending, co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/672,485, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Other examples of non-acid polymers include fluoropolymers; metallocene-catalyzed polymers; polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly(styrene sulfonate), polyethylene styrene: polyolefins such as polypropylenes and polyethylenes, and particularly grafted polypropylenes and grafted polyethylenes that are modified with a functional group, such as maleic anhydride of sulfonate; polyvinyl chlorides and grafted polyvinyl chlorides; polyvinyl acetates; polycarbonates; polyethers, such as polyarylene ethers, polyphenylene oxides; polyimides; polyetherketones; and polyamideimides. In particular, the non-acid polymer was not polymerized from any of the following monomers containing free carboxylic acid groups: acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic acid. 
     Examples of particularly suitable commercially available non-acid polymers include, but are not limited to, Lotader® ethylene-alkyl acrylate polymers and Lotryl® ethylene-alkyl acrylate polymers, and particularly Lotader® 4210, 4603, 4700, 4720, 6200, 8200, and AX8900 commercially available from Arkema Corporation; Elvaloy® AC ethylene-alkyl acrylate polymers, and particularly AC 1224, AC 1335, AC 2116, AC3117, AC3427, and AC34035, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Fusabond® elastomeric polymers, such as ethylene vinyl acetates, polyethylenes, metallocene-catalyzed polyethylenes, ethylene propylene rubbers, and polypropylenes, and particularly Fusabond® N525, C190, C250, A560, N416, N493, N614, P614, M603, E100, E158, E226, E265, E528, and E589, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Honeywell A-C polyethylenes and oxidized polyethylenes such as A-C 655, and A-C 395, commercially available from Honeywell; Nordel® IP rubber, Elite® polyethylenes, Engage® elastomers, and Amplify® functional polymers, and particularly Amplify® GR 207, GR 208, GR 209, GR 213, GR 216, GR 320, GR 380, and EA 100, commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company; Enable® metallocene polyethylenes, Exact® plastomers, Vistamaxx® propylene-based elastomers, and Vistalon® EPDM rubber, commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company; Starflex® metallocene linear low density polyethylene, commercially available from LyondellBasell; Elvaloy® HP4051, HP441, HP661 and HP662 ethylene-butyl acrylate-carbon monoxide polymers and Elvaloy® 741, 742 and 4924 ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon monoxide polymers, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Evatane® ethylene-vinyl acetate polymers having a vinyl acetate content of from 18 to 42%, commercially available from Arkema Corporation; Elvax® ethylene-vinyl acetate polymers having a vinyl acetate content of from 7.5 to 40%, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Vamac® G terpolymer of ethylene, methylacrylate and a cure site monomer, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Vistalon® EPDM rubbers, commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company; Kraton® styrenic block copolymers, and particularly Kraton® FG1901GT, FG1924GT, and RP6670GT, commercially available from Kraton Performance Polymers Inc.; Septon® styrenic block copolymers, commercially available from Kuraray Co., Ltd.; Hytrel® polyester elastomers, and particularly Hytrel® 3078, 4069, and 5556, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Riteflex® polyester elastomers, commercially available from Celanese Corporation; Pebax® thermoplastic polyether block amides, and particularly Pebax® 2533, 3533, 4033, and 5533, commercially available from Arkema Inc.; Affinity® and Affinity® GA elastomers, Versify® ethylene-propylene copolymer elastomers, and Infuse® olefin block copolymers, commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company; Exxelor® polymer resins, and particularly Exxelor® PE 1040, PO 1015, PO 1020, VA 1202, VA 1801, VA 1803, and VA 1840, commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company; and Royaltuf® EPDM, and particularly Royaltuf® 498 maleic anhydride modified polyolefin based on an amorphous EPDM and Royaltuf®485 maleic anhydride modified polyolefin based on an semi-crystalline EPDM, commercially available from Chemtura Corporation. 
     In particular, the non-acid polymer may be a non-acid elastomeric polymer such as, for example, ethylene-alkyl acrylate polymers, particularly polyethylene-butyl acrylate, polyethylene-methyl acrylate, and polyethylene-ethyl acrylate; metallocene-catalyzed polymers; ethylene-butyl acrylate-carbon monoxide polymers and ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon monoxide polymers; polyethylene-vinyl acetates; ethylene-alkyl acrylate polymers containing a cure site monomer; ethylene-propylene rubbers and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubbers; olefinic ethylene elastomers, particularly ethylene-octene polymers, ethylene-butene polymers, ethylene-propylene polymers, and ethylene-hexene polymers; styrenic block copolymers; polyester and polyamide elastomers; polyolefin rubbers, particularly polybutadiene, polyisoprene, and styrene-butadiene rubber; and thermoplastic polyurethanes. 
     Additional examples of non-acid polymers that may be used to make the compositions of this invention include, for example, natural and synthetic rubbers, including, but not limited to, ethylene propylene rubber (“EPR”), ethylene propylene diene rubber (“EPDM”), styrenic block copolymer rubbers (such as SI, SIS, SB, SBS, SIBS, and the like, where “S” is styrene, “I” is isobutylene, and “B” is butadiene), butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, copolymers of isobutylene and para-alkylstyrene, halogenated copolymers of isobutylene and para-alkylstyrene, natural rubber, polyisoprene, copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile, polychloroprene, alkyl acrylate rubber (such as ethylene-alkyl acrylates and ethylene-alkyl methacrylates, and, more specifically, ethylene-ethyl acrylate, ethylene-methyl acrylate, and ethylene-butyl acrylate), chlorinated isoprene rubber, acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprene rubber, and polybutadiene rubber (cis and trans). 
     The non-acid polymers of this invention stand in contrast to acid polymers and ionomers that are often used in golf ball constructions and are typically copolymers of an α-olefin and a C 3 -C 8  α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid with an optional softening monomer. These acid copolymers are normally reacted with a sufficient amount of cation source such that at least 70% and more typically at least 90% of all acid groups present are neutralized to form the ionomer. 
     Normally, an ionomer is made by polymerizing a monomer containing a free carboxylic acid group and α-olefin; and neutralizing at least some of the acid groups with a metal cation. For example, ethylene and methacrylic acid first may be reacted to form the acid polymer as shown in the following diagram: 
     Production of Acid Polymer 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Then, the ionomer may be formed through neutralization by reacting the acid polymer with a cation source (for example, a sodium or zinc cation source). For example, the acid polymer may be reacted with NaOH or ZnCO 3 . In one example, the resulting polymer is a sodium salt as shown in the following diagram: 
     Production of Ionomer 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     As described above, the non-acid polymers of this invention differ significantly from the above-described acid polymers and corresponding ionomers that are formed from such acid polymers, because the non-acid polymers of this invention are not formed from free carboxylic acid-containing monomers and these polymers do not contain free carboxylic acid groups. 
     Plasticizers for Making Thermoplastic Compositions 
     As discussed above, the non-acid polymer compositions of this invention contain a plasticizer. Adding the plasticizers helps to reduce the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composition. The glass transition in a polymer is a temperature range below which a polymer is relatively brittle and above which it is rubber-like. In addition to lowering the Tg, the plasticizer may also reduce the tan δ in the temperature range above the Tg. The Tg of a polymer is measured by a Differential Scanning calorimeter or a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) and the DMA is used to measure tan δ. The plasticizer may also reduce the hardness and compression of the composition when compared to its non-plasticized condition. The effects of adding a plasticizer to the non-acid polymer composition on Tg, flex modulus, hardness, and other physical properties are discussed further below. 
     The non-acid polymer composition may contain one or more plasticizers. The plasticizers that may be used in the non-acid polymer compositions of this invention include, for example, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (BBSA); N-ethylbenzenesulfonamide (EBSA); N-propylbenzenesulfonamide (PBSA); N-butyl-N-dodecylbenzenesulfonamide (BDBSA); N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide (DMBSA); p-methylbenzenesulfonamide; o,p-toluene sulfonamide; p-toluene sulfonamide; 2-ethylhexyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; hexadecyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; 1-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate; dioctyl phthalate; diisodecyl phthalate; di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate; and tri-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; and blends thereof. 
     In one preferred version, the plasticizer is selected from the group of polytetramethylene ether glycol (available from BASF under the tradename, PolyTHF™ 250); propylene carbonate (available from Huntsman Corp., under the tradename, Jeffsol™ PC); and/or dipropyleneglycol dibenzoate (available from Eastman Chemical under the tradename, Benzoflex™ 284). Mixtures of these plasticizers also may be used. 
     Other suitable plasticizer compounds include benzene mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acid esters. Phthalates such as Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP, DBP), Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), Dioctyl phthalate (DnOP), Diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), and Di-n-hexyl phthalate, and blends thereof are suitable. Iso- and terephthalates such as Dioctyl terephthalate and Dinonyl isophthalate may be used. Also appropriate are trimellitates such as Trimethyl trimellitate (TMTM), Tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM), Tri-(n-octyl,n-decyl) trimellitate, Tri-(heptyl,nonyl) trimellitate, Tri-n-octyl trimellitate; as well as benzoates, including: 2-ethylhexyl-4-hydroxy benzoate, n-octyl benzoate, methyl benzoate, and ethyl benzoate, and blends thereof 
     Also suitable are alkyl diacid esters commonly based on C4-C12 alkyl dicarboxylic acids such as adipic, sebacic, azelaic, and maleic acids such as: Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA), Dimethyl adipate (DMAD), Monomethyl adipate (MMAD), Dioctyl adipate (DOA), Dibutyl sebacate (DBS), Dibutyl maleate (DBM), Diisobutyl maleate (DIBM), Dioctyl sebacate (DOS), and blends thereof. Also, esters based on glycols, polyglycols and polyhydric alcohols such as poly(ethylene glycol) mono- and di-esters, cyclohexanedimethanol esters, sorbitol derivatives; and triethylene glycol dihexanoate, diethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, tetraethylene glycol diheptanoate, and ethylene glycol dioleate, and blends thereof may be used. 
     Fatty acids, fatty acid salts, fatty acid amides, and fatty acid esters also may be used in the compositions of this invention. Compounds such as stearic, oleic, ricinoleic, behenic, myristic, linoleic, palmitic, and lauric acid esters, salts, and mono- and bis-amides can be used. Ethyl oleate, butyl stearate, methyl acetylricinoleate, zinc oleate, ethylene bis-oleamide, and stearyl erucamide are suitable. Suitable fatty acid salts include, for example, metal stearates, erucates, laurates, oleates, palmitates, pelargonates, and the like. For example, fatty acid salts such as zinc stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, barium stearate, and the like can be used. Fatty alcohols and acetylated fatty alcohols are also suitable, as are carbonate esters such as propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate. Mixtures of any of the plasticizers described herein also may be used in accordance with this invention. In a particularly preferred version, the fatty acid ester is an alkyl oleate selected from the group consisting of methyl, propyl, ethyl, butyl, octyl, and decyl oleates. For example, in one version, ethyl oleate is used as the plasticizer. In another version, butyl oleate or octyl oleate is used in the composition. Suitable commercially-available fatty acids include, for example, SylFat™ FA2 Tall Fatty Acid, available from Arizona Chemical. The fatty acid composition includes 2% saturated, 50% oleic, 37% linoleic (non-conjugated), and 7% linoleic (conjugated) fatty acids; and 4% other fatty acids. This fatty acid typically has an acid value in the range of 195 to 205 mg KOH/gm. 
     Glycerol-based esters such as soy-bean, tung, or linseed oils or their epoxidized derivatives or blends thereof can also be used as plasticizers in the present invention, as can polymeric polyester plasticizers formed from the esterification reaction of diacids and diglycols as well as from the ring-opening polymerization reaction of caprolactones with diacids or diglycols. Citrate esters and acetylated citrate esters are also suitable. Glycerol mono-, di-, and tri-oleates may be used per this invention, and in one preferred embodiment, glycerol trioleate is used as the plasticizer. 
     Dicarboxylic acid molecules containing both a carboxylic acid ester and a carboxylic acid salt can perform suitably as plasticizers. The magnesium salt of mono-methyl adipate and the zinc salt of mono-octyl glutarate are two such examples for this invention. Tri- and tetra-carboxylic acid esters and salts can also be used. 
     Also envisioned as suitable plasticizers are organophosphate and organosulfur compounds such as tricresyl phosphate (TCP), tributyl phosphate (TBP), octyldiphenyl phosphate, alkyl sulfonic acid phenyl esters (ASE); and blends thereof; and sulfonamides such as N-ethyl toluene sulfonamide, N-(2-hydroxypropyl) benzene sulfonamide, N-(n-butyl) benzene sulfonamide. Furthermore, thioester and thioether variants of the plasticizer compounds mentioned above are suitable. 
     Non-ester plasticizers such as alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, glycols, polyglycols, and polyethers also are suitable materials for plasticization. Materials such as polytetramethylene ether glycol, poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(propylene glycol), oleyl alcohol, and cetyl alcohol can be used. Hydrocarbon compounds, both saturated and unsaturated, linear or cyclic can be used such as mineral oils, microcrystalline waxes, or low-molecular weight polybutadiene. Halogenated hydrocarbon compounds can also be used. 
     Other examples of plasticizers that may be used in the ethylene acid copolymer composition of this invention include butylbenzenesulphonamide (BBSA), ethylhexyl para-hydroxybenzoate (EHPB) and decylhexyl para-hydroxybenzoate (DHPB), as disclosed in Montanari et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,037, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Esters and alkylamides such as phthalic acid esters including dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diheptyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, ethylphthalylethyl glycolate, butylphthalylbutyl glycolate, diundecyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl tetrahydrophthalate as disclosed in Isobe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,538,099, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, also may be used. 
     Jacques et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,185, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses sulphonamides such as N-butylbenzenesulphonamide, ethyltoluene-suiphonamide, N-cyclohexyltoluenesulphonamide, 2-ethylhexyl-para-hydroxybenzoate, 2-decylhexyl-para-hydroxybenzoate, oligoethyleneoxytetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or oligoethyleneoxy malonate; esters of hydroxybenzoic acid; esters or ethers of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, and esters of citric acid or hydroxymalonic acid; and these plasticizers also may be used. 
     Sulfonamides also may be used in the present invention, and these materials are described in Fish, Jr. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,297,737, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Examples of such sulfonamides include N-alkyl benzenesulfonamides and toluenesufonamides, particularly N-butylbenzenesulfonamide, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)benzenesulfonamide, N-ethyl-o-toluenesulfonamide, N-ethyl-p-toluenesulfonamide, o-toluenesulfonamide, p-toluenesulfonamide. Such sulfonamide plasticizers also are described in Hochstetter et al., US Patent Application Publication 2010/0183837, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     As noted above, the fatty acid esters are particularly preferred plasticizers in the present invention. It has been found that the fatty acid esters perform well as plasticizers in the non-acid polymer composition. The fatty acid esters have several advantageous properties. For example, the fatty acid esters are compatible with the non-acid polymers and they tend to blend uniformly and completely with the non-acid polymer. Also, the fatty acid esters tend to improve the resiliency and/or compression of the composition as discussed further below. The non-acid polymer/plasticizer compositions may contain other ingredients that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the composition. For example, mineral fillers may be added as discussed above. In one particular version, the composition consists essentially of non-acid polymer and plasticizer, particularly a fatty acid ester. 
     One method of preparing the fatty acid ester involves reacting the fatty acid or mixture of fatty acids with a corresponding alcohol. Any alcohol can be used including, but not limited to, linear, branched, and cyclic alcohols. The fatty acid ester is commonly a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, octyl, or other alkyl ester of a carboxylic acid that contains from 4 to 30 carbon atoms. In the present invention, ethyl, butyl, octyl, and decyl esters and particularly ethyl oleate, butyl oleate, and octyl oleate are preferred fatty acid esters because of their properties. The carboxylic acid may be saturated or unsaturated. Examples of suitable saturated carboxylic acids, that is, carboxylic acids in which the carbon atoms of the alkyl chain are connected by single bonds, include but are not limited to butyric acid (chain length of C 4  and molecular weight of 88.1); capric acid (C 10  and MW of 172.3); lauric acid (C 12  and MW of 200.3); myristic acid (C 14  and MW of 228.4); palmitic acid (C 16  and MW of 256.4); stearic acid (C 18  and MW of 284.5); and behenic acid (C 22  and MW of 340.6). Examples of suitable unsaturated carboxylic acids, that is, a carboxylic acid in which there is one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, include but are not limited to oleic acid (chain length and unsaturation C18:1; and MW of 282.5); linoleic acid (C18:2 and MW of 280.5; linolenic acid (C18:3 and MW of 278.4); and erucic acid (C22:1 and MW of 338.6). 
     It is believed the plasticizer should be added in a sufficient amount to the non-acid copolymer composition so there is a substantial change in the stiffness and/or hardness of the non-acid polymer. Thus, although the concentration of plasticizer may be as little as 1% by weight to form some non-acid polymer compositions per this invention, it is preferred that the concentration be relatively greater. For example, it is preferred that the concentration of the plasticizer be at least 3 weight percent (wt. %). More particularly, it is preferred that the plasticizer be present in an amount within a range having a lower limit of 1% or 3% or 5% or 7% or 8% or 10% or 12% or 15% or 18% and an upper limit of 20% or 22% or 25% or 30% or 35% or 40% or 42% or 50% or 55% or 60% or 66% or 71% or 75% or 80%. In one preferred embodiment, the concentration of plasticizer falls within the range of about 7% to about 75%, preferably about 9% to about 55%, and more preferably about 15% to about 50%. 
     The plasticized compositions of the present invention, in the neat (i.e., unfilled) form, preferably have a specific gravity of 0.90 g/cc to 1.00 g/cc, more preferably 0.95 g/cc to 0.99 g/cc. Any suitable filler, flake, fiber, particle, or the like, of an organic or inorganic material may be added to the HNP composition to increase or decrease the specific gravity, particularly to adjust the weight distribution within the golf ball, as further disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,494,795, 6,547,677, 6,743,123, 7,074,137, and 6,688,991, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The term, “specific gravity” as used herein, has its ordinary and customary meaning, that is, the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at 4° C., and the density of water at this temperature is 1 g/cm 3 . 
     The plasticized compositions of the present invention optionally include additive(s) and/or filler(s) in an amount within a range having a lower limit of 0 or 5 or 10 wt %, and an upper limit of 15 or 20 or 25 or 30 or 50 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition. Suitable additives and fillers include, but are not limited to, chemical blowing and foaming agents, optical brighteners, coloring agents, fluorescent agents, whitening agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, defoaming agents, processing aids, mica, talc, nano-fillers, antioxidants, stabilizers, softening agents, fragrance components, impact modifiers, TiO 2 , acid copolymer wax, surfactants, and fillers, such as zinc oxide, tin oxide, barium sulfate, zinc sulfate, calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate, barium carbonate, clay, tungsten, tungsten carbide, silica, lead silicate, rubber core regrind (recycled material), and mixtures thereof. 
     The plasticized compositions of the present invention are not limited by any particular method or any particular equipment for making the compositions. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is prepared by the following process. The non-acid polymer(s) and plasticizers, and optional additives/fillers are simultaneously or individually fed into a melt extruder, such as a single or twin screw extruder. Other suitable methods for incorporating the plasticizer into the composition are described further below. The components are intensively mixed prior to being extruded as a strand from the die-head. Additional methods for incorporating plasticizer into the thermoplastic compositions herein are disclosed in co-pending, co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/929,841, as well as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,523,708 and 8,523,709, which are fully incorporated by reference herein. 
     It is believed that adding the plasticizer to the non-acid polymer helps make the composition softer and more rubbery. Adding the plasticizers to the composition helps decrease the stiffness of the composition. That is, the plasticizer helps lower the flex modulus of the composition. The flex modulus refers to the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic limit (when measured in the flexural mode) and is similar to tensile modulus. This property is used to indicate the bending stiffness of a material. The flexural modulus, which is a modulus of elasticity, is determined by calculating the slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve during the bending test. If the slope of the stress-strain curve is relatively steep, the material has a relatively high flexural modulus meaning the material resists deformation. The material is more rigid. If the slope is relatively flat, the material has a relatively low flexural modulus meaning the material is more easily deformed. The material is more flexible. The flex modulus can be determined in accordance with ASTM D790 standard among other testing procedures. Thus, in one embodiment, the first non-acid copolymer (containing non-acid polymer only) composition has a first flex modulus value and the second non-acid polymer (containing non-acid polymer and plasticizer) composition has a second flex modulus value, wherein the second flex modulus value is at least 1% less; or at least 2% less; or at least 4% less; or at least 8% less; or at least 10% less than the first modulus value. 
     More particularly, in one embodiment, the non-acid polymer/plasticizer composition has a flex modulus lower limit of about 500 (or less), 1,000, 1,600, 2,000, 4,200, 7,500, 9,000, 10,000 or 20,000 or 40,000 or 50,000 or 60,000 or 70,000 or 80,000 or 90,000 or 100,000; and a flex modulus upper limit of about 110,000 or 120,000 or 130,000 psi or 140,000 or 160,000 or 180,000 or 200,000 or 300,000 or greater. In general, the properties of flex modulus and hardness are related, whereby flex modulus measures the material&#39;s resistance to bending, and hardness measures the material&#39;s resistance to indentation. In general, as the flex modulus of the material increases, the hardness of the material also increases. As discussed above, adding the plasticizer to the non-acid polymer helps reduce the flex modulus of the composition and it also helps reduce hardness to a certain degree. Thus, in one embodiment, the non-acid copolymer/plasticizer composition is relatively soft and having a hardness of no greater than 40 Shore D or no greater than 55 Shore C. For example, the Shore D hardness may be within a range having a lower limit of 5 or 8 or 10 or 12 or 14 and an upper limit of 28 or 30 or 32 or 34 or 35 or 38 or 40 Shore D. The Shore C hardness may be within the range having a lower limit of 10 or 13 or 15 or 17 or 19 and an upper limit of 44 or 46 or 48 or 50 or 53 or 55 Shore C. In other embodiments, the non-acid polymer/plasticizer composition is moderately soft having a hardness of no greater than about 60 Shore D or no greater than 75 Shore C. For example, the Shore D hardness may be within a range having a lower limit of 25, 28, 20, 32, 35, 36, 38, or 40, and an upper limit of 42, 45, 48, 50, 54, 56, or 60. The Shore C hardness may be within the range of having a lower limit of 30, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, or 43, and an upper limit of 62, 64, 66, 68, 71, 73 or 75 Shore C. In yet other embodiments, the non-acid polymer/plasticizer composition is moderately hard having a hardness no greater than 95 Shore D or no greater than 99C. For example, the Shore D hardness may be within the range having a lower limit of about 42, 44, 47, 51, 53, or 58 and an upper limit of about 60, 65, 72, 77, 80, 84, 91, or 95 Shore D. The Shore C hardness may be within the range having a lower limit of 57, 59, 62, 66, or 72 and an upper limit of about 75, 78, 84, 87, 90, 93, 95, 97, or 99 Shore C. 
     It also is believed that adding the plasticizer to the non-acid polymer composition helps reduce the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composition in many instances. Thus, in one embodiment, the first non-acid polymer (containing non-acid polymer only) composition has a first Tg value and the second non-acid polymer (containing non-acid polymer and plasticizer) composition has a second Tg value, wherein the second Tg value is at least 1 degree (1°) less; or at least 2° less; or at least 4° less; or at least 8°; or at least 10° less than the first Tg value. In other embodiments, the first Tg value and the second Tg value are approximately the same. 
     In addition, introducing the specific plasticizers of this invention into the non-acid polymer composition generally helps to reduce the compression and/or increase the COR of the composition (when molded into a solid sphere and tested) versus a non-plasticized composition (when molded into a solid sphere and tested.) Plasticized non-acid polymer compositions typically show compression values lower, or at most equal to, non-plasticized compositions while the plasticized compositions display COR values that may be higher, or at the least equal to, non-plasticized compositions. This effect is surprising, because in many conventional compositions, the compression of the composition increases as the COR increases. In some instances plasticization of the composition might produce a slight reduction in the COR while at the same time reducing the compression to a greater extent, thereby providing an overall improvement to the compression/COR relationship over the non-plasticized composition. 
     Thus, the samples made from plasticized compositions of this invention may show a greater absolute resiliency than samples made from conventional materials at a given compression. Having this relatively high resiliency is an advantageous feature. In general, a core with higher resiliency will reach a higher velocity when struck by a golf club and travel longer distances. The “feel” of the ball also is important and this generally refers to the sensation that a player experiences when striking the ball with the club. The feel of a ball is a difficult property to quantify. Most players prefer balls having a soft feel, because the player experience a more natural and comfortable sensation when their club face makes contact with these balls. The feel of the ball primarily depends upon the hardness and compression of the ball. 
     Core Structure 
     In one preferred embodiment, a dual-layered core is made; and the plasticized thermoplastic of this invention is used in one or both core layers. More particularly, in one version, the inner core (center) is formed from the plasticized thermoplastic composition of this invention, while the outer core layer is formed from a suitable thermoset or thermoplastic composition, preferably a thermoplastic, as described further below. 
     Suitable thermoset materials that may be used to form a core layer in accordance with this invention include, but are not limited to, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene propylene rubber (“EPR”), ethylene-propylene-diene (“EPDM”) rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, styrenic block copolymer rubbers (such as “SI”, “SIS”, “SB”, “SBS”, “SIBS”, and the like, where “S” is styrene, “I” is isobutylene, and “B” is butadiene), polyalkenamers such as, for example, polyoctenamer, butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, polystyrene elastomers, polyethylene elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, polyurea elastomers, metallocene-catalyzed elastomers and plastomers, copolymers of isobutylene and p-alkylstyrene, halogenated copolymers of isobutylene and p-alkylstyrene, copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile, polychloroprene, alkyl acrylate rubber, chlorinated isoprene rubber, acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprene rubber, and blends of two or more thereof. 
     The thermoset rubber composition may be cured using conventional curing processes. Suitable curing processes include, for example, peroxide-curing, sulfur-curing, high-energy radiation, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the rubber composition contains a free-radical initiator selected from organic peroxides, high energy radiation sources capable of generating free-radicals, and combinations thereof. In one preferred version, the rubber composition is peroxide-cured. 
     The rubber compositions may further include a reactive cross-linking co-agent. Suitable co-agents include, but are not limited to, metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms; unsaturated vinyl compounds and polyfunctional monomers (e.g., trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate); phenylene bismaleimide; and combinations thereof. Particular examples of suitable metal salts include, but are not limited to, one or more metal salts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates, and dimethacrylates, wherein the metal is selected from magnesium, calcium, zinc, aluminum, lithium, and nickel. In a particular embodiment, the co-agent is selected from zinc salts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates, and dimethacrylates. In another particular embodiment, the agent is zinc diacrylate (ZDA). 
     Radical scavengers such as a halogenated organosulfur, organic disulfide, or inorganic disulfide compounds may be added to the rubber composition. These compounds also may function as “soft and fast agents.” As used herein, “soft and fast agent” means any compound or a blend thereof that is capable of making a core: 1) softer (having a lower compression) at a constant “coefficient of restitution” (COR); and/or 2) faster (having a higher COR at equal compression), when compared to a core equivalently prepared without a soft and fast agent. Preferred halogenated organosulfur compounds include, but are not limited to, pentachlorothiophenol (PCTP) and salts of PCTP such as zinc pentachlorothiophenol (ZnPCTP). Using PCTP and ZnPCTP in golf ball inner cores helps produce softer and faster inner cores. The PCTP and ZnPCTP compounds help increase the resiliency and the coefficient of restitution of the core. In a particular embodiment, the soft and fast agent is selected from ZnPCTP, PCTP, ditolyl disulfide, diphenyl disulfide, dixylyl disulfide, 2-nitroresorcinol, and combinations thereof. 
     The rubber composition also may include filler(s) such as materials selected from carbon black, nanoclays (e.g., Cloisite® and Nanofil® nanoclays, commercially available from Southern Clay Products, Inc., and Nanomax® and Nanomer® nanoclays, commercially available from Nanocor, Inc.), talc (e.g., Luzenac HAR® high aspect ratio talcs, commercially available from Luzenac America, Inc.), glass (e.g., glass flake, milled glass, and microglass), mica and mica-based pigments (e.g., Iriodin® pearl luster pigments, commercially available from The Merck Group), and combinations thereof. Metal fillers such as, for example, particulate; powders; flakes; and fibers of copper, steel, brass, tungsten, titanium, aluminum, magnesium, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, iron, lead, tin, zinc, barium, bismuth, bronze, silver, gold, and platinum, and alloys and combinations thereof also may be added to the rubber composition to adjust the specific gravity of the composition as needed. 
     In addition, the rubber compositions may include antioxidants to prevent the breakdown of the elastomers. Also, processing aids such as high molecular weight organic acids and salts thereof may be added to the composition. Suitable organic acids are aliphatic organic acids, aromatic organic acids, saturated mono-functional organic acids, unsaturated monofunctional organic acids, multi-unsaturated mono-functional organic acids, and dimerized derivatives thereof. Particular examples of suitable organic acids include, but are not limited to, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, benzoic acid, palmitic acid, phenylacetic acid, naphthalenoic acid, and dimerized derivatives thereof. The organic acids are aliphatic, mono-functional (saturated, unsaturated, or multi-unsaturated) organic acids. Salts of these organic acids may also be employed. The salts of organic acids include the salts of barium, lithium, sodium, zinc, bismuth, chromium, cobalt, copper, potassium, strontium, titanium, tungsten, magnesium, cesium, iron, nickel, silver, aluminum, tin, or calcium, salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, behenic, erucic, oleic, linoelic or dimerized derivatives thereof. It is preferred that the organic acids and salts of the present invention be relatively non-migratory (they do not bloom to the surface of the polymer under ambient temperatures) and non-volatile (they do not volatilize at temperatures required for melt-blending.) Other ingredients such as accelerators (for example, tetra methylthiuram), processing aids, dyes and pigments, wetting agents, surfactants, plasticizers, coloring agents, fluorescent agents, chemical blowing and foaming agents, defoaming agents, stabilizers, softening agents, impact modifiers, antiozonants, as well as other additives known in the art may be added to the rubber composition. 
     The polybutadiene rubber is used in an amount of at least about 5% by weight based on total weight of composition and is generally present in an amount of about 5% to about 100%, or an amount within a range having a lower limit of 5% or 10% or 20% or 30% or 40% or 50% and an upper limit of 55% or 60% or 70% or 80% or 90% or 95% or 100%. Preferably, the concentration of polybutadiene rubber is about 40 to about 95 weight percent. If desirable, lesser amounts of other thermoset materials may be incorporated into the base rubber. Such materials include the rubbers discussed above, for example, cis-polyisoprene, trans-polyisoprene, balata, polychloroprene, polynorbornene, polyoctenamer, polypentenamer, butyl rubber, EPR, EPDM, styrene-butadiene, and the like. 
     Suitable thermoplastic materials that can be used to form a core layer in accordance with this invention include O/X- and O/X/Y-type acid copolymers, wherein O is an α-olefin, X is a C 3 -C 8  α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, and Y is a softening monomer. O is preferably selected from ethylene and propylene. X is preferably selected from methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, crotonic acid, and itaconic acid. Methacrylic acid and acrylic acid are particularly preferred. Y is preferably selected from (meth) acrylate and alkyl (meth) acrylates wherein the alkyl groups have from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, including, but not limited to, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, methyl (meth) acrylate, and ethyl (meth) acrylate. These thermoplastic acid polymers and corresponding ionomers can be plasticized or non-plasticized. 
     Examples of O/X and O/X/Y-type acid copolymers include, without limitation, ethylene acid copolymers, such as ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/maleic anhydride, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/maleic acid mono-ester, ethylene/maleic acid, ethylene/maleic acid mono-ester, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/n-butyl (meth)acrylate, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/iso-butyl (meth)acrylate, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/methyl (meth)acrylate, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/ethyl (meth)acrylate terpolymers, and the like. Preferred α,β-ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids are (meth) acrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid. (Meth) acrylic acid is most preferred. As used herein, “(meth) acrylic acid” means methacrylic acid and/or acrylic acid. Likewise, “(meth) acrylate” means methacrylate and/or acrylate. 
     Commercially-available acid copolymers include, for example XUS®60758.08L (ethylene acrylic acid copolymer available from The Dow Chemical Company); Primacor® 3150, 3330, 59801, 5986, and 59901 (acid copolymers available from The Dow Chemical Company); Nucrel® 9-1, 599, 960, 0407, 0609, 1214, 2906, 2940, 30707, 31001, and Nucrel® AE (acid copolymers available from DuPont); Escor® AT-320 (ethylene acid terpolymer available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company); Elvaloy® AC 1224, AC 1335, and AC 2116 (ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers available from DuPont); Clarix® 011370-01 and 011536-01 (ethylene acrylic acid copolymers available from A. Schulman Inc.); and A-C® 5120, 5180, and 575 (ethylene acrylic acid copolymers available from Honeywell.) 
     The O/X or O/X/Y-type acid copolymer is at least partially neutralized with a cation source to form the corresponding ionomer. Suitable cation sources include, but are not limited to, metal ion sources, such as compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and rare earth elements; ammonium salts and monoamine salts; and combinations thereof. Preferred cation sources are compounds of magnesium, sodium, potassium, cesium, calcium, barium, manganese, copper, zinc, lead, tin, aluminum, nickel, chromium, lithium, and rare earth metals. Commercially-available examples of ionomers include Surlyn® 6320, 8150, 8320, 9120, and 9320 (available from DuPont.) 
     Thus, in one example, the inner core comprises the plasticized thermoplastic composition of this invention; and the outer core layer comprises a thermoset rubber or other thermoset material as described above. In a second example, the inner core comprises the plasticized thermoplastic non-acid polymer composition of this invention; and the outer core layer comprises a second thermoplastic composition. The second thermoplastic composition may have the same or different formulation as the plasticized thermoplastic composition used to make the inner core. Preferably, the second thermoplastic composition comprises an acid polymer and more preferably is an O/X/Y or O/X acid polymer as described above. In a further example, the inner core comprises the second thermoplastic composition and the outer core comprises the plasticized thermoplastic non-acid polymer composition of this invention. In a further example, the inner core may be formed from a thermoset rubber and the outer core layer may be formed from the plasticized thermoplastic non-acid composition of this invention. 
     In yet another example, a three-layered core is made. For example, a core assembly having inner and outer core layers, wherein an intermediate core layer is disposed between the two core layers, may be prepared. In such a construction, the non-acid polymer/plasticizer composition of this invention may be used to form at least one of the inner, intermediate, and outer core layers. 
     Dimensions of Core 
     The inner core preferably has a diameter in the range of about 0.100 to about 1.100 inches. For example, the inner core may have a diameter within a range of about 0.100 to about 0.500 inches. In another example, the inner core may have a diameter within a range of about 0.300 to about 0.800 inches. More particularly, the inner core may have a diameter size with a lower limit of about 0.10 or 0.12 or 0.15 or 0.25 or 0.30 or 0.35 or 0.45 or 0.55 inches and an upper limit of about 0.60 or 0.65 or 0.70 or 0.80 or 0.90 or 1.00 or 1.10 inches. Meanwhile, the intermediate core layer preferably has a thickness in the range of about 0.050 to about 0.400 inches. More particularly, the thickness of the intermediate core layer preferably has a lower limit of about 0.050 or 0.060 or 0.070 or 0.075 or 0.080 inches and an upper limit of about 0.090 or 0.100 or 0.130 or 0.200 or 0.250 or 0.300 or 0.400 inches. As far as the outer core layer is concerned, it preferably has a thickness in the range of about 0.100 to about 0.750 inches. For example, the lower limit of thickness may be about 0.050 or 0.100 or 0.150 or 0.200 or 0.250 or 0.300 or 0.340 or 0.400 and the upper limit may be about 0.500 or 0.550 or 0.600 or 0.650 or 0.700 or 0.750 inches. 
     Multi-layered core structures containing layers with various thickness and volume levels may be made in accordance with this invention. Some examples of such core structures are described below in Tables A and B. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE A 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Core Dimensions (Two-Layered Core) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dimensions of 
                 Total Diameter of 
               
               
                   
                 Core Layers 
                 Core Assembly 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 OC* of 0.2″ 
                 0.9″ 
               
               
                   
                 thickness and IC** 
               
               
                   
                 of 0.5″ diameter. 
               
               
                   
                 OC of 0.22″ 
                 1.54″ 
               
               
                   
                 thickness and IC of 
               
               
                   
                 1.1″ diameter. 
               
               
                   
                 OC of 0.05″ 
                 1.51″ 
               
               
                   
                 thickness and IC of 
               
               
                   
                 1.41″ diameter. 
               
               
                   
                 OC of 0.40″ 
                 1.4″ 
               
               
                   
                 thickness and IC of 
               
               
                   
                 0.6″ diameter. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *OC—outer core layer 
               
               
                   
                 **IC—inner core layer 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE B 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Examples of Core Dimensions (Three-Layered Core) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dimensions of 
                 Total Diameter of 
               
               
                   
                 Core Layers 
                 Core Assembly 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 OC* of 0.2″ 
                 1.35″ 
               
               
                   
                 thickness; MC** of 
               
               
                   
                 0.05″ thickness; 
               
               
                   
                 and IC*** of 0.75″ 
               
               
                   
                 diameter. 
               
               
                   
                 OC of 0.2″ 
                 1.5″ 
               
               
                   
                 thickness; MC of 
               
               
                   
                 0.05″ thickness 
               
               
                   
                 and IC of 1″ 
               
               
                   
                 diameter. 
               
               
                   
                 OC of 0.6″ 
                 1.7″ 
               
               
                   
                 thickness; MC of 
               
               
                   
                 0.05″ thickness 
               
               
                   
                 and IC of 0.4″ 
               
               
                   
                 diameter. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *OC—outer core layer 
               
               
                   
                 **MC—intermediate core layer 
               
               
                   
                 ***IC—inner core layer 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Hardness of Core 
     The hardness of the core assembly (inner core and outer core layer) is an important property. In general, cores with relatively high hardness values have higher compression and tend to have good durability and resiliency. However, some high compression balls are stiff and this may have a detrimental effect on shot control and placement. Thus, the optimum balance of hardness in the core assembly needs to be attained. The present invention provides core assemblies having both good resiliency (CoR) and compression properties. 
     In one preferred golf ball, the inner core (center) has a “positive” hardness gradient (that is, the outer surface of the inner core is harder than its geometric center); and the outer core layer has a “positive” hardness gradient (that is, the outer surface of the outer core layer is harder than the inner surface of the outer core layer.) In such cases where both the inner core and outer core layer each has a “positive” hardness gradient, the outer surface hardness of the outer core layer is preferably greater than the hardness of the geometric center of the inner core. In one preferred version, the positive hardness gradient of the inner core is in the range of about 2 to about 40 Shore C units and even more preferably about 10 to about 25 Shore C units; while the positive hardness gradient of the outer core is in the range of about 2 to about 20 Shore C and even more preferably about 3 to about 10 Shore C. 
     In an alternative version, the inner core may have a positive hardness gradient; and the outer core layer may have a “zero” hardness gradient (that is, the hardness values of the outer surface of the outer core layer and the inner surface of the outer core layer are substantially the same) or a “negative” hardness gradient (that is, the outer surface of the outer core layer is softer than the inner surface of the outer core layer.) For example, in one version, the inner core has a positive hardness gradient; and the outer core layer has a negative hardness gradient in the range of about 2 to about 25 Shore C. In a second alternative version, the inner core may have a zero or negative hardness gradient; and the outer core layer may have a positive hardness gradient. Still yet, in another embodiment, both the inner core and outer core layers have zero or negative hardness gradients. 
     In general, hardness gradients are further described in Bulpett et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,537,529 and 7,410,429, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Methods for measuring the hardness of the inner core and outer core layers along with other layers in the golf ball and determining the hardness gradients of the various layers are described in further detail below. The core layers have positive, negative, or zero hardness gradients defined by hardness measurements made at the outer surface of the inner core (or outer surface of the outer core layer) and radially inward towards the center of the inner core (or inner surface of the outer core layer). These measurements are made typically at 2-mm increments as described in the test methods below. In general, the hardness gradient is determined by subtracting the hardness value at the innermost portion of the component being measured (for example, the center of the inner core or inner surface of the outer core layer) from the hardness value at the outer surface of the component being measured (for example, the outer surface of the inner core or outer surface of the outer core layer). 
     Positive Hardness Gradient. 
     For example, if the hardness value of the outer surface of the inner core is greater than the hardness value of the inner core&#39;s geometric center (that is, the inner core has a surface harder than its geometric center), the hardness gradient will be deemed “positive” (a larger number minus a smaller number equals a positive number.) For example, if the outer surface of the inner core has a hardness of 67 Shore C and the geometric center of the inner core has a hardness of 60 Shore C, then the inner core has a positive hardness gradient of 7. Likewise, if the outer surface of the outer core layer has a greater hardness value than the inner surface of the outer core layer, the given outer core layer will be considered to have a positive hardness gradient. 
     Negative Hardness Gradient. 
     On the other hand, if the hardness value of the outer surface of the inner core is less than the hardness value of the inner core&#39;s geometric center (that is, the inner core has a surface softer than its geometric center), the hardness gradient will be deemed “negative.” For example, if the outer surface of the inner core has a hardness of 68 Shore C and the geometric center of the inner core has a hardness of 70 Shore C, then the inner core has a negative hardness gradient of 2. Likewise, if the outer surface of the outer core layer has a lesser hardness value than the inner surface of the outer core layer, the given outer core layer will be considered to have a negative hardness gradient. 
     Zero Hardness Gradient. 
     In another example, if the hardness value of the outer surface of the inner core is substantially the same as the hardness value of the inner core&#39;s geometric center (that is, the surface of the inner core has about the same hardness as the geometric center), the hardness gradient will be deemed “zero.” For example, if the outer surface of the inner core and the geometric center of the inner core each has a hardness of 65 Shore C, then the inner core has a zero hardness gradient. Likewise, if the outer surface of the outer core layer has a hardness value approximately the same as the inner surface of the outer core layer, the outer core layer will be considered to have a zero hardness gradient. 
     More particularly, the term, “positive hardness gradient” as used herein means a hardness gradient of positive 3 Shore C or greater, preferably 7 Shore C or greater, more preferably 10 Shore C, and even more preferably 20 Shore C or greater. The term, “zero hardness gradient” as used herein means a hardness gradient of less than 3 Shore C, preferably less than 1 Shore C and may have a value of zero or negative 1 to negative 10 Shore C. The term, “negative hardness gradient” as used herein means a hardness value of less than zero, for example, negative 3, negative 5, negative 7, negative 10, negative 15, or negative 20 or negative 25. The terms, “zero hardness gradient” and “negative hardness gradient” may be used herein interchangeably to refer to hardness gradients of negative 1 to negative 10. 
     The inner core preferably has a geometric center hardness (H inner core center ) of about 5 Shore D or greater. For example, the (H inner core center ) may be in the range of about 5 to about 88 Shore D and more particularly within a range having a lower limit of about 5 or 10 or 18 or 20 or 26 or 30 or 34 or 36 or 38 or 42 or 48 or 50 or 52 Shore D and an upper limit of about 54 or 56 or 58 or 60 or 62 or 64 or 68 or 70 or 74 or 76 or 80 or 82 or 84 or 88 Shore D. In another example, the center hardness of the inner core (H inner core center ), as measured in Shore C units, is preferably about 10 Shore C or greater; for example, the H inner core center  may have a lower limit of about 10 or 14 or 16 or 20 or 23 or 24 or 28 or 31 or 34 or 37 or 40 or 44 Shore C and an upper limit of about 46 or 48 or 50 or 51 or 53 or 55 or 58 or 61 or 62 or 65 or 68 or 71 or 74 or 76 or 78 or 79 or 80 or 84 or 90 Shore C. Concerning the outer surface hardness of the inner core (H inner core surface ), this hardness is preferably about 12 Shore D or greater; for example, the H inner core surface  may fall within a range having a lower limit of about 12 or 15 or 18 or 20 or 22 or 26 or 30 or 34 or 36 or 38 or 42 or 48 or 50 or 52 Shore D and an upper limit of about 54 or 56 or 58 or 60 or 62 or 70 or 72 or 75 or 78 or 80 or 82 or 84 or 86 or 90 Shore D. In one version, the outer surface hardness of the inner core (H inner core surface ), as measured in Shore C units, has a lower limit of about 13 or 15 or 18 or 20 or 22 or 24 or 27 or 28 or 30 or 32 or 34 or 38 or 44 or 47 or 48 Shore C and an upper limit of about 50 or 54 or 56 or 61 or 65 or 66 or 68 or 70 or 73 or 76 or 78 or 80 or 84 or 86 or 88 or 90 or 92 Shore C. In another version, the geometric center hardness (H inner core center ) is in the range of about 10 Shore C to about 50 Shore C; and the outer surface hardness of the inner core (H inner core surface ) is in the range of about 5 Shore C to about 50 Shore C. 
     Meanwhile, the intermediate core layer preferably has an outer surface hardness (H outer surface of the Inter Core ) of about 30 Shore D or greater, and more preferably within a range having a lower limit of about 30 or 35 or 40 or 42 or 44 or 46 or 48 or 50 or 52 or 54 or 56 or 58 and an upper limit of about 60 or 62 or 64 or 70 or 74 or 78 or 80 or 82 or 85 or 87 or 88 or 90 Shore D. The outer surface hardness of the intermediate core layer (H outer surface of the Inter Core ), as measured in Shore C units, preferably has a lower limit of about 30 or 32 or 36 or 40 or 45 or 50 or 55 or 60 or 63 or 65 or 67 or 70 or 73 or 75 or 76 or 78 Shore C, and an upper limit of about 78 or 80 or 85 or 87 or 89 or 90 or 92 or 93 or 95 Shore C. While, the midpoint (or inner surface) hardness of the intermediate core (H midpoint of the Inter Core ) preferably is about 25 Shore D or greater and more preferably is within a range having a lower limit of about 26 or 30 or 34 or 36 or 38 or 42 or 48 of 50 or 52 Shore D and an upper limit of about 54 or 56 or 58 or 60 or 62 Shore D. As measured in Shore C units, the midpoint hardness of the intermediate core (H midpoint of the Inter Core ) preferably has a lower limit of about 35 or 38 or 44 or 52 or 58 or 60 or 70 or 74 Shore C and an upper limit of about 76 or 78 or 80 or 84 or 86 or 88 or 90 or 92 or 96 Shore C. 
     On the other hand, the outer core layer preferably has an outer surface hardness (H outer surface of OC ) of about 40 Shore D or greater, and more preferably within a range having a lower limit of about 40 or 42 or 44 or 46 or 48 or 50 or 52 and an upper limit of about 54 or 56 or 58 or 60 or 62 or 64 or 70 or 74 or 78 or 80 or 82 or 85 or 87 or 88 or 90 Shore D. The outer surface hardness of the outer core layer (H outer surface of OC ), as measured in Shore C units, preferably has a lower limit of about 40 or 42 or 45 or 48 or 50 or 54 or 58 or 60 or 63 or 65 or 67 or 70 or 72 or 73 or 76 Shore C, and an upper limit of about 78 or 80 or 84 or 87 or 88 or 89 or 90 or 92 or 95 Shore C. And, the inner surface of the outer core layer (H inner surface of OC ) or midpoint hardness of the outer core layer (H midpoint of OC ), preferably has a hardness of about 40 Shore D or greater, and more preferably within a range having a lower limit of about 40 or 42 or 44 or 46 or 48 or 50 or 52 and an upper limit of about 54 or 56 or 58 or 60 or 62 or 64 or 70 or 74 or 78 or 80 or 82 or 85 or 87 or 88 or 90 Shore D. The inner surface hardness (H inner surface of OC ) or midpoint hardness (H midpoint of OC ) of the outer core layer, as measured in Shore C units, preferably has a lower limit of about 40 or 42 or 44 or 45 or 47 or 50 or 52 or 54 or 55 or 58 or 60 or 63 or 65 or 67 or 70 or 73 or 75 Shore C, and an upper limit of about 78 or 80 or 85 or 88 or 89 or 90 or 92 or 95 Shore C. 
     The midpoint of a core layer is taken at a point equidistant from the inner surface and outer surface of the layer to be measured, most typically an outer core layer. Once one or more core layers surround a layer of interest, the exact midpoint may be difficult to determine, therefore, for the purposes of the present invention, the measurement of “midpoint” hardness of a layer is taken within plus or minus 1 mm of the measured midpoint of the layer. 
     In one embodiment, the outer surface hardness of the outer core layer (H outer surface of OC ), is less than the outer surface hardness (H inner core surface ) or midpoint hardness (H midpoint of OC ) of the inner core by at least 3 Shore C units and more preferably by at least 5 Shore C. 
     In a second embodiment, the outer surface hardness of the outer core layer (H outer surface of OC ), is greater than the outer surface hardness (H inner core surface ) or midpoint hardness (H midpoint of OC ), of the inner core by at least 3 Shore C units and more preferably by at least 5 Shore C. 
     As discussed above, the inner core is preferably formed from a first thermoplastic composition, preferably the thermoplastic non-acid polymer composition of this invention; while the outer core is formed from a second thermoplastic composition, preferably an ethylene acid copolymer/plasticizer composition. 
     The core structure also has a hardness gradient across the entire core assembly. In one embodiment, the (H inner core center ) is in the range of about 10 Shore C to about 60 Shore C, preferably about 13 Shore C to about 55 Shore C; and the (H outer surface of OC ) is in the range of about 65 to about 96 Shore C, preferably about 68 Shore C to about 94 Shore C or about 75 Shore C to about 93 Shore C, to provide a positive hardness gradient across the core assembly. In another embodiment, there is a zero or negative hardness gradient across the core assembly. For example, the center of the core (H inner core center ) may have a hardness gradient in the range of 20 to 90 Shore C; and the outer surface of the outer core may have a hardness gradient in the range of 10 to 80 Shore C. The hardness gradient across the core assembly will vary based on several factors including, but not limited to, the dimensions of the inner core, intermediate core, and outer core layers. 
     The United States Golf Association (USGA) has established a maximum weight of 45.93 g (1.62 ounces) for golf balls. For play outside of USGA rules, the golf balls can be heavier. Thus, in such outside of the USGA cases, the balls can have a weight greater than 1.62 ounces. In one preferred embodiment, the weight of the multi-layered core is in the range of about 28 to about 38 grams. Also, golf balls made in accordance with this invention can be of any size, although the USGA requires that golf balls used in competition have a diameter of at least 1.68 inches. For play outside of USGA, the golf balls can be of a smaller size. Thus, in such outside of the USGA cases, the balls can have a diameter size of less than 1.68 inches. Normally, golf balls are manufactured in accordance with USGA requirements and have a diameter in the range of about 1.68 to about 1.80 inches. As discussed above, the golf ball contains a cover which may be multi-layered and in addition may contain intermediate layers, and the thickness levels of these layers also must be considered. Thus, in general, the dual-layer core structure normally has an overall diameter within a range having a lower limit of about 1.00 or 1.20 or 1.30 or 1.40 inches and an upper limit of about 1.58 or 1.60 or 1.62 or 1.66 inches, and more preferably in the range of about 1.3 to 1.65 inches. In one embodiment, the diameter of the core assembly is in the range of about 1.45 to about 1.62 inches. 
     As discussed above, in one embodiment, the core has a dual-layered structure. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the core ( 10 ) includes an inner core (center) ( 12 ) comprising a thermoplastic or thermoset composition. In one embodiment, the inner core is formed from the plasticized thermoplastic non-acid composition as described above. Meanwhile, the outer core layer ( 14 ), which surrounds the inner core, comprises a thermoplastic or thermoset composition. In another embodiment, the inner core is formed from a thermoplastic or thermoset composition; and the outer core is formed from the plasticized thermoplastic non-acid composition as described above. In  FIG. 2 , another version of a golf ball is shown, particularly a three-piece golf ball ( 15 ) having a dual-layered core (inner core ( 12 ) and outer core layer ( 14 )) surrounded by a single-layered cover ( 16 ). Referring to  FIG. 3 , in another version, the four-piece golf ball ( 20 ) contains a dual-core having an inner core ( 22 ) and outer core layer ( 24 ). The dual-core is surrounded by a multi-layered cover having an inner cover layer ( 26 ) and outer cover layer ( 28 ). Finally, in  FIG. 4 , the five-piece golf ball ( 30 ) contains a dual-core having an inner core ( 32 ) and outer core layer ( 34 ). The dual-core is surrounded by a multi-layered cover having an inner cover layer ( 36 ) and outer cover layer ( 38 ). An intermediate layer ( 40 ) is disposed between the core and cover sub-structures. 
     Different ball constructions can be made using the core constructions of this invention as shown in  FIGS. 1-4  discussed above. Such golf ball constructions include, for example, four-piece, five-piece, and six-piece constructions. It should be understood the golf balls shown in  FIGS. 1-4  are for illustrative purposes only, and they are not meant to be restrictive. Other golf ball constructions can be made in accordance with this invention. 
     Cover Structure 
     As noted above, the golf ball assembly generally comprises a core that is enclosed with a protective cover layer. The ball may contain one or more cover layers. For example, a golf ball having a single-layered cover may be made. In another version, a golf ball having a two-layered cover including inner and outer cover layers may be made. In yet another version, a three-layered cover including inner, intermediate, and outer cover layers may be made. The cover layers of this invention provide the ball with a variety of advantageous mechanical and playing performance properties as discussed further below. In general, the hardness and thickness of the different cover layers may vary depending upon the desired ball construction. In addition, as discussed above, an intermediate layer may be disposed between the core and cover layers. The cover layers preferably have good impact durability, toughness, and wear-resistance. The non-acid polymer/plasticizer composition of this invention may be used to form one or more of the cover layers. 
     Suitable materials that can be used to form a cover layer include, but are not limited to, polyurethanes; polyureas; copolymers, blends and hybrids of polyurethane and polyurea; olefin-based copolymer ionomer resins (for example, Surlyn® ionomer resins and DuPont HPF® 1000, HPF® 2000, and HPF® 1035; and HPF® AD 1172, commercially available from DuPont; Lotek® ionomers, commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company; Amplify® IO ionomers of ethylene acrylic acid copolymers, commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company; and Clarix® ionomer resins, commercially available from A. Schulman Inc.); polyethylene, including, for example, low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, and high density polyethylene; polypropylene; rubber-toughened olefin polymers; acid copolymers, for example, poly(meth)acrylic acid, which do not become part of an ionomeric copolymer; plastomers; flexomers; styrene/butadiene/styrene block copolymers; styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene block copolymers; dynamically vulcanized elastomers; copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetates; copolymers of ethylene and methyl acrylates; polyvinyl chloride resins; polyamides, poly(amide-ester) elastomers, and graft copolymers of ionomer and polyamide including, for example, Pebax® thermoplastic polyether block amides, commercially available from Arkema Inc; cross-linked trans-polyisoprene and blends thereof; polyester-based thermoplastic elastomers, such as Hytrel®, commercially available from DuPont or RiteFlex®, commercially available from Ticona Engineering Polymers; polyurethane-based thermoplastic elastomers, such as Elastollan®, commercially available from BASF; synthetic or natural vulcanized rubber; and combinations thereof. Castable polyurethanes, polyureas, and hybrids of polyurethanes-polyureas are particularly desirable because these materials can be used to make a golf ball having high resiliency and a soft feel. By the term, “hybrids of polyurethane and polyurea,” it is meant to include copolymers and blends thereof. 
     Polyurethanes, polyureas, and blends, copolymers, and hybrids of polyurethane/polyurea are also particularly suitable. When used as the outer cover layer material, polyurethanes and polyureas can be thermoset or thermoplastic. Thermoset materials can be formed into golf ball layers by conventional casting or reaction injection molding techniques. Thermoplastic materials can be formed into golf ball layers by conventional compression or injection molding techniques. 
     In one version, the golf ball includes a multi-layered cover comprising inner and outer cover layers, wherein the inner cover layer is formed from the plasticized thermoplastic composition of this invention, and the outer cover layer is formed from a suitable thermoset or thermoplastic composition as further above. In another version, the outer cover layer is formed from the plasticized thermoplastic composition of this invention, and the inner cover layer is formed from a different composition as described above. In yet another version, the plasticized thermoplastic composition of this invention may be used to form the inner and outer cover layers. 
     A composition comprising an ionomer or a blend of ionomers that helps impart some hardness to the ball, may be used to form the inner and/or outer cover layers and preferably the inner cover layer. For example, the inner cover layer may be formed from a composition comprising ethylene acid copolymer ionomers such as Surlyns® and Nucrels®, available from DuPont. A particularly suitable high acid ionomer is Surlyn 8150® (DuPont). Surlyn 8150® is a copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid, having an acid content of 19 wt %, which is 45% neutralized with sodium. In another particular embodiment, the inner cover layer is formed from a composition comprising a high acid ionomer and a maleic anhydride-grafted non-ionomeric polymer. A particularly suitable maleic anhydride-grafted polymer is Fusabond 525D® (DuPont). Fusabond 525D® is a maleic anhydride-grafted, metallocene-catalyzed ethylene-butene copolymer having about 0.9 wt % maleic anhydride grafted onto the copolymer. A particularly preferred blend of high acid ionomer and maleic anhydride-grafted polymer is an 84 wt %/16 wt % blend of Surlyn 8150® and Fusabond 525D®. Blends of high acid ionomers with maleic anhydride-grafted polymers are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,992,135 and 6,677,401, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     The inner cover layer also may be formed from a composition comprising a 50/45/5 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650/Nucrel® 960, and, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the composition has a material hardness of from 80 to 85 Shore C. In yet another version, the inner cover layer is formed from a composition comprising a 50/25/25 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650/Surlyn® 9910, preferably having a material hardness of about 90 Shore C. The inner cover layer also may be formed from a composition comprising a 50/50 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650, preferably having a material hardness of about 86 Shore C. A composition comprising a 50/50 blend of Surlyn® 8940 and Surlyn® 7940 also may be used. Surlyn® 8940 is an E/MAA copolymer in which the MAA acid groups have been partially neutralized with sodium ions. Surlyn® 9650 and Surlyn® 9910 are two different grades of E/MAA copolymer in which the MAA acid groups have been partially neutralized with zinc ions. Nucrel® 960 is an E/MAA copolymer resin nominally made with 15 wt % methacrylic acid. 
     Nucrel® 9-1 (a copolymer of ethylene with 23.5% n-butyl acrylate, and about 9% methacrylic acid that is unneutralized); Nucrel® 2940 (a copolymer of ethylene and about 19% methacrylic acid that is unneutralized); Nucrel® 0403 (a copolymer of ethylene and about 4% methacrylic acid that is unneutralized); and Nucrel® 960 (a copolymer of ethylene and about 15% methacrylic acid that is unneutralized) also may be used. Surlyn® 6320 (a copolymer of ethylene with 23.5% n-butyl acrylate, and about 9% methacrylic acid that is about 50% neutralized with a magnesium cation source); Surlyn® 8150 (a copolymer of ethylene with about 19% methacrylic acid that is about 45% neutralized with a sodium cation source); Surlyn® 8320 (a copolymer of ethylene with 23.5% n-butyl acrylate, and about 9% methacrylic acid that is about 52% neutralized with a sodium cation source); and Surlyn® 9120 (a copolymer of ethylene with about 19% methacrylic acid that is about 36% neutralized with a zinc cation source); and Surlyn® 9320 (a copolymer of ethylene with 23.5% n-butyl acrylate, and about 9% methacrylic acid that is about 41% neutralized with a zinc cation source) also may be used. Primacor® 3150, 3330, 59801, 5986, and 59901 acid copolymers, commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company also may be used. 
     In one version, the inner cover layer hardness is about 15 Shore D or greater, more preferably about 25 Shore D or greater, and most preferably about 35 Shore D or greater. For example, the inner cover layer hardness may be in the range of about 15 to about 60 Shore D, and more preferably about 27 to about 48 Shore D. In another version, the inner cover layer hardness is about 50 Shore D or greater, preferably about 55 Shore D or greater, and most preferably about 60 Shore D or greater. For example, in one version, the inner cover has a Shore D hardness of about 55 to about 90 Shore D, or about 82 to about 99 Shore C. In another embodiment, the inner cover has a Shore D hardness of about 60 to about 78 Shore D, and in yet another version, the inner cover has a Shore D hardness of about 64 to about 72 Shore D. More particularly, in one example, the inner cover has a hardness of about 65 Shore D or greater. The hardness of the inner cover layer is measured per the methods described further below. In addition, the thickness of the inner cover layer is preferably about 0.015 inches to about 0.100 inches, more preferably about 0.020 inches to about 0.080 inches, and most preferably about 0.030 inches to about 0.050 inches. Typically, the thickness of the inner cover is about 0.035 or 0.040 or 0.045 inches. 
     Concerning the outer cover layer, this layer may be relatively thin. The outer cover preferably has a thickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.004 or 0.006 or 0.008 and an upper limit of 0.010 or 0.020 or 0.030 or 0.040 inches. Preferably, the thickness of the outer cover is about 0.016 inches or less, more preferably 0.008 inches or less. The outer cover preferably has a material hardness of 80 Shore D or less, or 70 Shore D or less, or 60 Shore D or less, or 55 Shore D or less, or 50 Shore D or less, or 45 Shore D or less. In one example, the outer cover preferably has a Shore D hardness in the range of about 50 to about 80, more preferably about 55 to about 75. In another example, the outer cover preferably has a Shore D hardness in the range of about 10 to about 70, more preferably about 15 to about 60. The hardness of the outer cover layer is measured per the methods described further below. 
     The hardness of a cover layer may be measured on the surface or midpoint of the given layer in a manner similar to measuring the hardness of a core layer as described further below. For example, the hardness of the inner cover layer may be measured at the surface or midpoint of the layer. A midpoint hardness measurement is preferably made for the inner and intermediate cover layers. The midpoint hardness of a cover layer is taken at a point equidistant from the inner surface and outer surface of the layer to be measured. Once one or more cover or other ball layers surround a layer of interest, the exact midpoint may be difficult to determine, therefore, for the purposes of the present invention, the measurement of “midpoint” hardness of a layer is taken within plus or minus 1 mm of the measured midpoint of the layer. A surface hardness measurement is preferably made for the outer cover layer. In these instances, the hardness is measured on the outer surface (cover) of the ball. Methods for measuring the hardness are described in detail below under “Test Methods.” 
     The compositions used to make any cover layer (for example, inner, intermediate, or outer cover layer) may contain a wide variety of fillers and additives to impart specific properties to the ball. For example, relatively heavy-weight and light-weight metal fillers such as, particulate; powders; flakes; and fibers of copper, steel, brass, tungsten, titanium, aluminum, magnesium, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, iron, lead, tin, zinc, barium, bismuth, bronze, silver, gold, and platinum, and alloys and combinations thereof may be used to adjust the specific gravity of the ball. Other additives and fillers include, but are not limited to, optical brighteners, coloring agents, fluorescent agents, whitening agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, surfactants, processing aids, antioxidants, stabilizers, softening agents, fragrance components, plasticizers, impact modifiers, titanium dioxide, clay, mica, talc, glass flakes, milled glass, and mixtures thereof. 
     The different hardness and thickness levels of the cover layers provide the ball with high impact durability and cut-, shear- and tear-resistance levels. In addition, the multi-layered cover, in combination with the core layer, helps impart high resiliency to the golf balls. Preferably, the golf ball has a Coefficient of Restitution (CoR) of at least 0.750 and more preferably at least 0.800 (as measured per the test methods below.) The core of the golf ball generally has a compression in the range of about 20 to about 130 and more preferably in the range of about 60 to about 110 (as measured per the test methods below.) These properties allow players to generate greater ball velocity off the tee and achieve greater distance with their drives. At the same time, the cover layers provide a player with a more comfortable and natural feeling when striking the ball with a club. The ball is more playable and the ball&#39;s flight path can be controlled more easily. Other ball constructions, wherein the ball has a lower compression are described further below. 
     More particularly, when sample spheres of the plasticized thermoplastic composition of this invention, which can be used to form a core layer, are prepared (1.55″ injection-molded spheres aged two weeks at 23° C./50% RH), the samples preferably have a CoR of about 0.400 to about 0.850 and a compression of about negative 250 to about 50. In contrast when the ethylene acid copolymer ionomer blend (50/50 wt. % Surlyn 8940/7940), which can be used to form a core layer, is injection-molded into spheres, the samples preferably have a CoR of about 0.725 to about 0.820 and a compression of about negative 80 to about 180. 
     Manufacturing of Golf Balls 
     The inner core may be formed by any suitable technique including compression and injection molding methods. The outer core layer, which surrounds the inner core, is formed by molding compositions over the inner core. Compression or injection molding techniques may be used to form the other layers of the core assembly. Then, the cover layers are applied over the core assembly. Prior to this step, the core structure may be surface-treated to increase the adhesion between its outer surface and the next layer that will be applied over the core. Such surface-treatment may include mechanically or chemically-abrading the outer surface of the core. For example, the core may be subjected to corona-discharge, plasma-treatment, silane-dipping, or other treatment methods known to those in the art. 
     The cover layers are formed over the core or ball assembly (the core structure and any intermediate layers disposed about the core) using a suitable technique such as, for example, compression-molding, flip-molding, injection-molding, retractable pin injection-molding, reaction injection-molding (RIM), liquid injection-molding, casting, spraying, powder-coating, vacuum-forming, flow-coating, dipping, spin-coating, and the like. Preferably, each cover layer is separately formed over the ball sub-assembly. For example, an ethylene acid copolymer ionomer composition may be injection-molded to produce half-shells. Alternatively, the ionomer composition can be placed into a compression mold and molded under sufficient pressure, temperature, and time to produce the hemispherical shells. The smooth-surfaced hemispherical shells are then placed around the core sub-assembly in a compression mold. Under sufficient heating and pressure, the shells fuse together to form an inner cover layer that surrounds the sub-assembly. In another method, the ionomer composition is injection-molded directly onto the core sub-assembly using retractable pin injection molding. An outer cover layer comprising a polyurethane or polyurea composition over the ball sub-assembly may be formed by using a casting process. 
     After the golf balls have been removed from the mold, they may be subjected to finishing steps such as flash-trimming, surface-treatment, marking, coating, and the like using techniques known in the art. For example, in traditional white-colored golf balls, the white-pigmented cover may be surface-treated using a suitable method such as, for example, corona, plasma, or ultraviolet (UV) light-treatment. Then, indicia such as trademarks, symbols, logos, letters, and the like may be printed on the ball&#39;s cover using pad-printing, ink-jet printing, dye-sublimation, or other suitable printing methods. Clear surface coatings (for example, primer and top-coats), which may contain a fluorescent whitening agent, are applied to the cover. The resulting golf ball has a glossy and durable surface finish. 
     In another finishing process, the golf balls are painted with one or more paint coatings. For example, white primer paint may be applied first to the surface of the ball and then a white top-coat of paint may be applied over the primer. Of course, the golf ball may be painted with other colors, for example, red, blue, orange, and yellow. As noted above, markings such as trademarks and logos may be applied to the painted cover of the golf ball. Finally, a clear surface coating may be applied to the cover to provide a shiny appearance and protect any logos and other markings printed on the ball. 
     Other Ball Constructions 
     It should be understood that the golf ball constructions described above are for illustrative purposes only, and they are not meant to be restrictive. Other golf ball constructions can be made in accordance with this invention. 
     For example, very low compression golf balls comprising at least one core or cover layer of the plasticized thermoplastic composition may be made. The golf ball preferably has a compression of less than 60, more preferably less than 50 and may be within a range of from about negative 60 to positive 55 DCM. More preferably, the DCM range is from about negative 20 to positive 40, and may be from about zero to 35, and may be about 5, 10, 20 or 25, 30, 45 or 50 DCM. The ball can be a one-piece ball comprising a single layer of the plasticized thermoplastic composition, or a two or more piece ball with one or more layers comprising the plasticized thermoplastic composition (for example, core layer, cover layer, and/or intermediate layer). For example, a very low compression two-piece ball may comprise a core of a thermoset polybutadiene and cover of a plasticized thermoplastic composition. A very low compression three-layer ball may comprise an inner core of a thermoset polybutadiene, an inner cover of a plasticized thermoplastic composition, and an outer cover of an ionomer or polyurethane. A very low compression four-layer golf ball may be constructed with an inner core layer and an outer core layer, both comprising a thermoset polybutadiene, an inner cover layer comprising a plasticized thermoplastic composition, and an outer cover layer comprising an ionomer or polyurethane. 
     Test Methods 
     Hardness. 
     The center hardness of a core is obtained according to the following procedure. The core is gently pressed into a hemispherical holder having an internal diameter approximately slightly smaller than the diameter of the core, such that the core is held in place in the hemispherical portion of the holder while concurrently leaving the geometric central plane of the core exposed. The core is secured in the holder by friction, such that it will not move during the cutting and grinding steps, but the friction is not so excessive that distortion of the natural shape of the core would result. The core is secured such that the parting line of the core is roughly parallel to the top of the holder. The diameter of the core is measured 90 degrees to this orientation prior to securing. A measurement is also made from the bottom of the holder to the top of the core to provide a reference point for future calculations. A rough cut is made slightly above the exposed geometric center of the core using a band saw or other appropriate cutting tool, making sure that the core does not move in the holder during this step. The remainder of the core, still in the holder, is secured to the base plate of a surface grinding machine. The exposed ‘rough’ surface is ground to a smooth, flat surface, revealing the geometric center of the core, which can be verified by measuring the height from the bottom of the holder to the exposed surface of the core, making sure that exactly half of the original height of the core, as measured above, has been removed to within 0.004 inches. Leaving the core in the holder, the center of the core is found with a center square and carefully marked and the hardness is measured at the center mark according to ASTM D-2240. Additional hardness measurements at any distance from the center of the core can then be made by drawing a line radially outward from the center mark, and measuring the hardness at any given distance along the line, typically in 2 mm increments from the center. The hardness at a particular distance from the center should be measured along at least two, preferably four, radial arms located 180° apart, or 90° apart, respectively, and then averaged. All hardness measurements performed on a plane passing through the geometric center are performed while the core is still in the holder and without having disturbed its orientation, such that the test surface is constantly parallel to the bottom of the holder, and thus also parallel to the properly aligned foot of the durometer. 
     The outer surface hardness of a golf ball layer is measured on the actual outer surface of the layer and is obtained from the average of a number of measurements taken from opposing hemispheres, taking care to avoid making measurements on the parting line of the core or on surface defects, such as holes or protrusions. Hardness measurements are made pursuant to ASTM D-2240 “Indentation Hardness of Rubber and Plastic by Means of a Durometer.” Because of the curved surface, care must be taken to ensure that the golf ball or golf ball sub-assembly is centered under the durometer indenter before a surface hardness reading is obtained. A calibrated, digital durometer, capable of reading to 0.1 hardness units is used for the hardness measurements and is set to record the maximum hardness reading attained for each measurement. The digital durometer must be attached to, and its foot made parallel to, the base of an automatic stand. The weight on the durometer and attack rate conforms to ASTM D-2240. 
     In certain embodiments, a point or plurality of points measured along the “positive” or “negative” gradients may be above or below a line fit through the gradient and its outermost and innermost hardness values. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the hardest point along a particular steep “positive” or “negative” gradient may be higher than the value at the innermost portion of the inner core (the geometric center) or outer core layer (the inner surface)—as long as the outermost point (i.e., the outer surface of the inner core) is greater than (for “positive”) or lower than (for “negative”) the innermost point (i.e., the geometric center of the inner core or the inner surface of the outer core layer), such that the “positive” and “negative” gradients remain intact. 
     As discussed above, the direction of the hardness gradient of a golf ball layer is defined by the difference in hardness measurements taken at the outer and inner surfaces of a particular layer. The center hardness of an inner core and hardness of the outer surface of an inner core in a single-core ball or outer core layer are readily determined according to the test procedures provided above. The outer surface of the inner core layer (or other optional intermediate core layers) in a dual-core ball are also readily determined according to the procedures given herein for measuring the outer surface hardness of a golf ball layer, if the measurement is made prior to surrounding the layer with an additional core layer. Once an additional core layer surrounds a layer of interest, the hardness of the inner and outer surfaces of any inner or intermediate layers can be difficult to determine. Therefore, for purposes of the present invention, when the hardness of the inner or outer surface of a core layer is needed after the inner layer has been surrounded with another core layer, the test procedure described above for measuring a point located 1 mm from an interface is used. Likewise, the midpoint of a core or cover layer is taken at a point equidistant from the inner surface and outer surface of the layer to be measured, for example an outer core layer or inner cover layer. Also, once one or more core layers surround a layer of interest, the exact midpoint may be difficult to determine, therefore, for the purposes of the present invention, the measurement of “midpoint” hardness of a layer is taken within plus or minus 1 mm of the measured midpoint of the layer. 
     Also, it should be understood that there is a fundamental difference between “material hardness” and “hardness as measured directly on a golf ball.” For purposes of the present invention, material hardness is measured according to ASTM D2240 and generally involves measuring the hardness of a flat “slab” or “button” formed of the material. Surface hardness as measured directly on a golf ball (or other spherical surface) typically results in a different hardness value. The difference in “surface hardness” and “material hardness” values is due to several factors including, but not limited to, ball construction (that is, core type, number of cores and/or cover layers, and the like); ball (or sphere) diameter; and the material composition of adjacent layers. It also should be understood that the two measurement techniques are not linearly related and, therefore, one hardness value cannot easily be correlated to the other. Shore hardness (for example, Shore C or Shore D hardness) was measured according to the test method ASTM D-2240. 
     Compression. 
     As disclosed in Jeff Dalton&#39;s Compression by Any Other Name, Science and Golf IV, Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf (Eric Thain ed., Routledge, 2002) (“J. Dalton”), several different methods can be used to measure compression, including Atti compression, Riehle compression, load/deflection measurements at a variety of fixed loads and offsets, and effective modulus. The DCM is an apparatus that applies a load to a core or ball and measures the number of inches the core or ball is deflected at measured loads. A load/deflection curve is generated that is fit to the Atti compression scale that results in a number being generated that represents an Atti compression. The DCM does this via a load cell attached to the bottom of a hydraulic cylinder that is triggered pneumatically at a fixed rate (typically about 1.0 ft/s) towards a stationary core. Attached to the cylinder is an LVDT that measures the distance the cylinder travels during the testing timeframe. A software-based logarithmic algorithm ensures that measurements are not taken until at least five successive increases in load are detected during the initial phase of the test. 
     Coefficient of Restitution (“COR”). 
     The COR is determined according to a known procedure, wherein a golf ball or golf ball sub-assembly (for example, a golf ball core) is fired from an air cannon at two given velocities and a velocity of 125 ft/s is used for the calculations. Ballistic light screens are located between the air cannon and steel plate at a fixed distance to measure ball velocity. As the ball travels toward the steel plate, it activates each light screen and the ball&#39;s time period at each light screen is measured. This provides an incoming transit time period which is inversely proportional to the ball&#39;s incoming velocity. The ball makes impact with the steel plate and rebounds so it passes again through the light screens. As the rebounding ball activates each light screen, the ball&#39;s time period at each screen is measured. This provides an outgoing transit time period which is inversely proportional to the ball&#39;s outgoing velocity. The COR is then calculated as the ratio of the ball&#39;s outgoing transit time period to the ball&#39;s incoming transit time period (COR=V out /V in =T in /T out ). 
     It is understood that the compositions and golf ball products described and illustrated herein represent only some embodiments of the invention. It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and additions can be made to compositions and products without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. It is intended that all such embodiments be covered by the appended claims.