Patent Publication Number: US-11655944-B2

Title: Lighting device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application JP 2021-024054 filed on Feb. 18, 2021, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (1) Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to the lighting device of thin, small light distribution angle, and less leakage light to the surrounding. 
     (2) Description of the Related Art 
     Collimated light is sometimes needed in the seats of airplanes or trains. There are demands in cars and so forth to emit light in different directions according to purposes. On the other hand, there is a demand to emit light in different directions from the light source. In such a situation, there are measures as: change a direction of light source; providing a reflecting plate to change a direction of light from the light source; providing a lens to change a direction of light from the light source, and so forth. 
     Further, there is a demand to change light distribution angle by setting a lens at the emitting surface of the lighting device. In such a case if a liquid crystal lens is used, a focus of the lens can be changed easily. In addition, the liquid crystal lens can flexibly change its function to meet various applications. 
     Patent document 1 discloses a structure of lighting device, in which a refracting means is set over a direct type light source to change a direction of the light. As for the light refracting means, lenses, prisms, liquid lenses, liquid crystal lenses and so forth are disclosed. 
     Patent document 2 discloses to use a liquid crystal lens in various optical devices. 
     PRIOR TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 
     Patent Document 
     
         
         Patent document 1: Japanese patent application laid open No. 2012-069409 
         Patent document 2: WO 2012/099127 A1 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Among lighting devices, when it is used e.g. for spot light, a lighting device of high directivity, that is to say, a lighting device of small light distribution angle is required. Conventionally, a parabolic mirror has been used to get a parallel light. Such a lighting device, however, needs a large depth, therefore, it is difficult to make a size of the lighting device smaller or thinner. 
     On the other hand, it is difficult for the thin lighting device to get small light distribution angle. In addition, there arises a problem of a leakage light which has a very large emitting direction angle. 
     The purpose of the present invention is to realize a lighting device of thin, small light distribution angle, and low leakage light. Another purpose of the present invention is to realize a lighting device, which can control emitting light accurately by setting a liquid crystal lens at the emitting surface of the lighting device. 
     The present invention solves the above explained problems; examples of concrete structures of the present invention are as follows. 
     (1) A lighting device including: a light guide; LEDs set at a side surface of the light guide; a prism sheet set on a major surface of the light guide, in which a first louver which extends in a first direction and a second louver which extends in an orthogonal direction to the first direction are superposed on the prism sheet. 
     (2) The lighting device according to (1) 
     in which a liquid crystal lens is disposed above the prism sheet. 
     (3) A lighting device including: a light guide; LEDs set at a side surface of the light guide; a prism sheet set on a major surface of the light guide, in which a first louver which extends in a first direction and, a second louver which extends in a orthogonal direction to the first direction are formed in a same plane crossing to each other on the prism sheet. 
     (4) A lighting device including: a light guide; LEDs set at a side surface of the light guide; a prism sheet set on a major surface of the light guide, in which a louver having a honey comb structure in a plan view is disposed on the prism sheet. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a plan view of a lighting device in which a parabolic mirror is used to project collimated light; 
         FIG.  2    is a cross sectional view of  FIG.  1    along the line X-X; 
         FIG.  3    is an exploded perspective view of a side light type lighting device; 
         FIG.  4    is a model to explain light distribution curve; 
         FIG.  5    is a graph which shows light distribution characteristics of the lighting device of  FIG.  3   ; 
         FIG.  6    is an exploded perspective view of the lighting device according to embodiment 1; 
         FIG.  7    is a graph which shows light distribution characteristics of the lighting device of  FIG.  6   ; 
         FIG.  8    is plan views of a first louver and a second louver; 
         FIG.  9    is a cross sectional view of a louver; 
         FIG.  10    is a cross sectional view of a louver of another example; 
         FIG.  11    is a cross sectional view of a louver of yet another example; 
         FIG.  12    is a perspective view of a unitized cross louver; 
         FIG.  13    is a side view of the unitized cross louver; 
         FIG.  14    is a perspective view of a unitized cross louver of another example; 
         FIG.  15    is a side view of the unitized cross louver of another example; 
         FIG.  16    is a plan views of the first louver and the second louver, in which transparent resin does not exist; 
         FIG.  17    is a cross sectional view of  FIG.  16    along the line C-C; 
         FIG.  18    is a perspective view of a grid shaped cross louver; 
         FIG.  19    is a plan view of a cross louver having honey comb structure; 
         FIG.  20    is a detailed view of a prism sheet; 
         FIG.  21    is a configuration of the first louver and the second louver according to embodiment 1; 
         FIG.  22    is a perspective view of the lighting device according to embodiment 2; 
         FIG.  23    is an example of a convex lens formed by a liquid crystal lens; 
         FIG.  24    is a perspective view of the liquid crystal lens structure, which has two liquid crystal lenses; 
         FIG.  25    is an example of a concave lens formed by the liquid crystal lens; 
         FIG.  26    is an example of the structure to deflect a light beam by the liquid crystal lens; 
         FIG.  27    is another example of the structure to deflect a light beam by the liquid crystal lens; 
         FIG.  28    is a cross sectional view of the liquid crystal lens according to first example; 
         FIG.  29    is plan views of a first electrode and a second electrode of the liquid crystal lens according to first example; 
         FIG.  30    is a cross sectional view of the liquid crystal lens according to second example; 
         FIG.  31    is plan views of a first electrode and a second electrode of the liquid crystal lens according to second example; 
         FIG.  32    is a cross sectional view of the liquid crystal lens according to third example; 
         FIG.  33    is plan views of a first electrode and a second electrode of the liquid crystal lens according to third example; 
         FIG.  34    is a cross sectional view of the liquid crystal lens according to fourth example; 
         FIG.  35    is plan views of a first electrode and a second electrode of the liquid crystal lens according to fourth example; 
         FIG.  36    is a cross sectional view of the lens structure when two liquid crystal lenses are used; 
         FIG.  37    is a cross sectional view of the lens structure when four liquid crystal lenses are used; 
         FIG.  38    is a cross sectional view of the liquid crystal lens when one liquid crystal lens and one polarization plate are used; 
         FIG.  39    is a perspective view of the configuration of the first electrode and the second electrode. 
         FIG.  40    is a plan view in which only an LED array and the first electrode and the second electrode of the liquid crystal lens are extracted from the lighting device of  FIG.  22   ; 
         FIG.  41    is a plan view of another example in which only the LED array and the first electrode and the second electrode of the liquid crystal lens are extracted from the lighting device of  FIG.  22   ; 
         FIG.  42    is a plan view of yet another example in which only the LED array and the first electrodes and the second electrodes of two pairs of the liquid crystal lenses are extracted from the lighting device of  FIG.  22   ; and 
         FIG.  43    is a plan view in which the liquid crystal lens is divided in a plane into two regions having different characteristics. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIGS.  1  and  2    show an example of a lighting device  2000  for spot light, which emits collimated light. Conventionally, so called a parabolic mirror  1 , which is depicted in  FIGS.  1  and  2   , has been used to acquire such a collimated light.  FIG.  1    is a plan view of the lighting device  2000 , which uses a parabolic mirror, and  FIG.  2    is a cross sectional view of the lighting device  2000 . In  FIG.  1   , an LED  2  is disposed at the center of a parabolic mirror  1 . The LED  2  is set e.g. on an LED substrate  3 . Since a high luminescent LED is used for the LED  2 , it becomes high temperature; thus, the LED is set on a heat sink  4 . A part of the heat sink is visible in  FIG.  1   . 
       FIG.  2    is a cross sectional view of  FIG.  1    along the line X-X. In  FIG.  2   , the LED  2  is disposed at the bottom of a parabolic mirror  1 . The light emitted from the LED  2 , other than the light goes directly upward, reflects at the parabolic mirror, and becomes a parallel light along the light axis. However, the parabolic mirror  1  must have enough height h 1  so that the parabolic mirror  1  can perform enough function. The height h 1  of approximately 60 mm is necessary for the parabolic mirror  1  to get approximately 12 degrees of light distribution angle. In addition, in actual lighting device, the height h 2  of the heat sink  4 , e.g. approximately 20 mm, is added, thus, a thickness of the entire lighting device becomes 80 mm or more. 
     The purpose of the present invention is to realize a thin lighting device that can emits collimated light; in addition, to realize the lighting device that can control the distribution angle of the light from the lighting device, or can control the emitting direction of the light from the emitting surface. The present invention is concretely explained by the following embodiments. 
     Embodiment 1 
       FIG.  3    is an exploded perspective view of a lighting device  1000  relating to embodiment 1.  FIG.  3    is a so called side light type light source, in which LED arrays  40  are set at the side surfaces of a light guide  23 , and thus, the lighting device can be made thin as a whole. A thickness of the light guide  23 , which is the thickest component among the components in  FIG.  3   , is approximately 2 mm. 
     The LED arrays  40  are set at opposing two side surfaces of the light guide  23 . The structure of LED array  40  is that plural LEDs  41  are arranged in y direction on an LED substrate  42 . The light guide  23  has a role to change a direction of light, which enters the light guide  23  from the side surface, to the major surface of the light guide  23 . A reflection sheet  22  is disposed at the bottom of the light guide  23  to reflect light, which comes down from the light guide  23 , to upper direction. 
     The LED array  40  and other optical components are accommodated in an outer frame  20  made from metal; a resin frame  21  is used to fix the optical components in the outer frame  20 . A prism sheet  24  is set on the light guide  23  to collimate the light, which emits from the light guide  23 , in a direction of light axis. A spacer  25  is set on the prism sheet  24  at its periphery; the light shading tape  26  is set on the spacer  25  to define an emitting surface  31 . A transparent cover  30  is set on the light shading tape  26 . 
     In  FIG.  3   , the collimated light  32  is emitted from the emitting surface  31  of the transparent cover  30 ; in addition to the collimated light  32  indicated by parallelogram, leakage light indicated by Lx and Ly exists. There arises a problem that the outline of the emitting light is blurred due to the existence of the leakage light. In addition, this leakage light is difficult to control when the emitting light is intended to be converged, diverged, or changed its direction by setting refraction means at the emitting surface  31 . 
       FIG.  4    is a curve of a light distribution of the light emitted from the lighting device  1000 . In  FIG.  4   , the light distribution of the light emitted from the lighting device  1000  can be represented by elliptical light distribution curve. In  FIG.  4   , a length of the arrow is an intensity of the light, a polar angle θ is a direction of the light. In  FIG.  4   , the intensity of the light is largest at the light axis, namely, when θ is zero. The intensity of light becomes smaller according to an increase in the polar angle θ. The light distribution curve shown in  FIG.  4    is different between in x direction and in y direction, defined in  FIG.  3   . 
       FIG.  5    is a light distribution angle characteristics of the lighting device of  FIG.  3   . That is to say,  FIG.  5    expresses the light distribution curve of  FIG.  4    by taking the angle as abscissa and the intensity as ordinate in each of x direction and in y direction defined in  FIG.  3   . The abscissa of  FIG.  5    is a polar angle (degree), the ordinate is a relative intensity when the intensity on the light axis (polar angle is zero) is 1. In  FIG.  5   , the intensity of the light is a smooth curve resembling to a normal distribution curve up to the polar angle is 20 degrees; however, the curve substantially deviates from a normal distribution when polar angle becomes bigger than 20 degrees. This region corresponds to leakage light Lx and Ly. In the light distribution of  FIG.  4   , the left side from the light axis (the polar angle θ=0) is a light distribution in x direction, which corresponds to Lx curve in  FIG.  5   ; the right side from the light axis (the polar angle θ=0) is a light distribution in y direction, which corresponds to Ly curve in  FIG.  5   . When the polar angle θ in both x direction and y direction is 30 degrees, the intensity of light in y direction is larger than the intensity of light in x direction. 
     As shown in  FIG.  5   , the distribution of leakage light is different between in x direction and in y direction. This is because the LED array  40  has an aligning direction in y direction. In any events, since the leakage light Lx and Ly are not collimated, they reveal a phenomenon that an outline of the projected light is blurred when the lighting device is used as a projector. In addition, when it is intended to refract or to deflect the emitting light by setting a refraction means at the emitting surface  31  of the lighting device  1000 , those leakage light as Lx, Ly are difficult to control. 
       FIG.  6    is an exploded perspective view of the lighting device  1000  according to embodiment 1, which overcomes the above explained problems. In  FIG.  6   , the structure from the reflection sheet  22  to the prism sheet  24  is the same as explained in  FIG.  5   . The feature of  FIG.  6    is cross louvers  50  and  60  between the prism sheet  24  and the transparent cover  30 . The cross louver includes the first louver  50 , in which louver blades extend in x direction and the second louver  60 , in which louver blades extend in y direction; and the first louver  50  and the second louver  60  are superposed in orthogonal direction. 
     The first louver  50  shades the leakage light in y direction; the second louver  60  shades the leakage light in x direction. As a result, the light distribution, which does not have leakage light in x direction and in y direction, can be acquired. By the way, the first louver  50  and the second louver  60  can be superposed or the first louver  50  and the second louver can be formed integrally. The height of louver can be different between the first louver  50  and the second louver  60  according to necessity. 
       FIG.  7    is a graph of light distribution of the lighting device of  FIG.  6   . The abscissa and the ordinate of  FIG.  7    are the same as explained in  FIG.  5   . In comparing  FIG.  7    and  FIG.  5   , at the outset, the light distribution is improved. That is to say, when compared in the same polar angle, the relative intensity in  FIG.  7    is smaller compared with the relative intensity in  FIG.  5   . In other words, the light directivity is improved in  FIG.  7   . 
     The second feature of  FIG.  7    is that the leakage light Lx and Ly in  FIG.  5   , which is leakage light from the lighting device  1000 , does not exist in  FIG.  7   . The third feature of  FIG.  7    is that light distribution is not different between in x direction and in y direction. That is to say, the light distribution in x direction and the light distribution in y direction are depicted by the same curve in  FIG.  7   . Therefore, the lighting device  1000  according to  FIG.  6    can provide a projection light of high directivity, less blur and high uniformity. 
       FIG.  8    is plan views of the first louver  50  and the second louver  60 . Louver blades  70  of the first louver  50  extend in x direction and the louver blades  70  of the second louver  60  extend in y direction. Transparent resin  71  exists between the louver blades to keep a shape of the first louver  50  or second louver  60 . 
       FIG.  9    is a cross sectional view along the line A-A of the louver  60  of  FIG.  8   . In  FIG.  9   , the pitch p of the louver blades  70  is e.g. 0.1 mm, a thickness b of the louver blade  70  is 0.0185 mm, the height h of the louver blade  70  is 0.7 mm. The louver blade  70  is formed from black silicone resin; most of the light impinging to the louver blade  70  is absorbed by the louver blade  70 . On the other hand, the transparent resin  71  is formed from silicone rubber of high transparency. 
       FIG.  9    shows a light path in the louver  60 . The arrow LL is a light path in  FIG.  9   . The light incident in the louver  60  refracts according to a refractive index of the transparent resin  71  in the louver  60 . The distribution angle θ of light, which exits from the louver  60  is determined by formula (1), in which refractive index of the transparent resin  71  to the air is n, a height of louver is t, a width between the louver blades is a. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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       FIG.  10    shows when a cross section of the louver blade  70  is triangle, not rectangle. This structure can be used when a light distribution angle is wanted to be changed without changing the outer shape of the louver. By the way, a candidate of alternative cross section of the blade  70  is not necessarily limited to triangular, it can be trapezoidal and so forth. 
       FIG.  11    is an example that a louver cover  72  of transparent resin is set at the top and at the bottom of the louver. The louver cover  72  is used when a mechanical strength of the louver is necessary. The louver cover  72  is formed from e.g. polycarbonate, a thickness is e.g. 0.2 mm. Other structures of  FIG.  11    are the same as  FIG.  9   . 
     The cross louver can be provided as one piece.  FIG.  12    is a perspective view of unitized cross louver  80 . In  FIG.  12   , the first louver and the second louver are formed as one piece; other structures are the same as explained in  FIG.  8    and  FIG.  9   . That is to say, the louver blades  70  of the lower louver extend in x direction, and the louver blades  70  of the upper louver extend in y direction. The transparent resin  71  exists between the louver blades  70 . 
       FIG.  13    is a side view when  FIG.  12    is viewed from the direction of arrow A. The basic structure of the upper louver and the lower louver are the same as explained in  FIG.  8   . In  FIG.  13   , a height of the lower louver is t 1  and a height of the upper louver is t 2 . However, t 1  and t 2  can be same. If light distribution angle is desired to be changed between in x direction and in y direction, t 1  can be made different from t 2 . 
       FIG.  14    is the case the louver cover  72  is disposed at the top and at the bottom of the cross louver. The louver cover  72  is used when a mechanical strength is needed for the cross louver.  FIG.  15    is a side view of the cross louver of  FIG.  14    viewed from the direction of arrow B in  FIG.  14   . The louver cover  72  is formed from e.g. polycarbonate, a thickness tc is e.g. 0.2 mm. Other structures of  FIG.  15    are the same as explained in  FIG.  13   . 
     The louvers explained in regard to  FIG.  8    to  FIG.  15    have the transparent resin  71  between the louver blades  70 . If the refractive index n of the transparent resin  71  is large, the light distribution angle also becomes large. The light distribution angle can be made smaller if a space between the louver blades  70  is empty.  FIGS.  16  and  17    are examples of that structure. In  FIG.  16   , the left hand side drawing is a plan view of the first louver  50  and the right hand side drawing is a plan view of the second louver  60 . The structures of the first louver  50  and the second louver  60  are the same, however, the first louver  50  and the second louver  60  are rotated 90 degrees in a plan view to each other in  FIG.  16   . 
     In  FIG.  16   , the louver blades  70  can be black resin or metal. There is a space  75  between the louver blades  70 , and resin does not exist between the louver blades  70 . A louver frame  73  is arranged to prevent the louver blades  70  are disassembled. The louver frame  73  can be formed from e.g. polycarbonate of a thickness of 0.2 mm, or formed from metal. In  FIG.  16   , the louver frame  73  is formed only at the upper side and lower side (in louver  60 ), or at the left side and the right side of the louver (in louver  50 ); however, the louver frame  73  can be formed at all the sides of the louver. 
       FIG.  17    is a cross sectional view of  FIG.  16    along the line C-C. The arrow LL is a light path in  FIG.  17   . In  FIG.  17   , a refraction does not occur because the space  75  between the blades  70  is empty. The distribution angle θ of light, which exits from the louver  60  is determined by formula (2). Comparing  FIG.  9    and  FIG.  17   , the light distribution angle θ can be made smaller in  FIG.  17    because of difference in refractive index n. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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       FIG.  18    is a perspective view when the cross louver  80  is formed as one piece. The structure of  FIG.  18    can attain the function of the cross louver with a single sheet louver by setting the louver blades  70  in lattice structure in the same plane. In  FIG.  18   , inside of the lattice is the space  75 . The lattice in  FIG.  18    can be formed from metal or black resin as the same as explained in  FIG.  16   ; a thickness, a height, a pitch and so forth can be changed according to desired light distribution angle. For example, a thickness t of the louver blade  70 , a width a of the space  75  between the louver blades  70 , a height h of the louver blade  70 , and so forth are determined in referring  FIG.  9   . 
     If the shape of the lattice of  FIG.  18    is not stable, the louver frame  73 , formed from polycarbonate and the like, can be disposed as explained in  FIG.  16   . A light path or a light distribution angle in each of the cells of the lattice of  FIG.  18    are the same as explained in  FIG.  17   . The light path can be expressed by (formula 2). In  FIG.  18   , it is an empty space inside the cell of the lattice structure, however, the transparent resin  71  can be filled in the cell of the lattice structure. In that case, a light path is defined by (formula 1). 
       FIG.  19    is a plan view of the louver  90  having a honey comb structure. In  FIG.  19   , the honey come structure is formed from the louver blades  70  made of black resin or metal; each of the cells has an empty space  75 . The collimate effect is the same as defined by (formula 2). In a plan view, the same honey comb structure is repeated in every 60 degrees rotation, thus, assembly error of the honey comb structure in rotation direction can be suppressed. In addition, moire, which is formed by interference with the prism sheet  24 , as will be explained later, is less likely to be generated. 
     The honey comb structure in  FIG.  19    can be formed by metal or black resin as the same as explained in  FIG.  16   . A thickness or a height of the louver blade  70 , and a pitch between the louver blades  70  and so forth are determined according to a required light distribution angle. For example, a height t of the louver, a width a of the space, and a thickness b of the louver blade  70  and so forth are determined according  FIG.  9   . 
     In  FIG.  19   , each of the cells in a honey comb louver  90  is the empty space  75 ; however, transparent resin can be filled in the spaces of the cells. In this case, the collimating effect can be expressed by (formula 1). Further, the louver cover  72  can be used to increase a mechanical strength of the louver if necessary. 
     In the structure of embodiment 1 shown in  FIG.  6   , the reverse prism sheet  24  is used to collimate the light. The reverse prism sheet has the prism surface at the bottom surface.  FIG.  20    is a detailed view of the reverse prism sheet  24 . In the prism sheet  24  of  FIG.  20   , the prism arrays, formed by V grooves, extend in y direction and are arranged in x direction. In the meantime, two prism sheets can be used according to necessity. In this case, the two prism sheets are superposed as that two prism arrays cross orthogonally to each other. 
     Examples of dimensions of the prism sheet are as follows. A thickness tp of the prism sheet  24  is e.g. 0.125 mm, a depth Vd of the V groove is e.g. 0.075 mm, an apex angle θp is e.g. 66 degrees, a pitch pp is e.g. 0.1 mm. The prism sheet  24  in  FIG.  20    collimates the light diverging in x direction to a normal direction to the emitting surface, namely in z direction. 
     In the prism sheet  24  in  FIG.  20   , in microscopic view, vertical stripes appear repeatedly with a horizontal pitch pp of the prism array. Therefore, a moire tends to be generated by interference with the second louver  60  of  FIG.  8   . In order to prevent this phenomenon, e.g. the second louver  60  is rotated in φ degrees in a plan view as depicted in  FIG.  21   . The value of φ is e.g. 3 degrees or 4 degrees, that is to say, 3 degrees or more. In this case the first louver is also rotated in same value. 
     The prism arrays in the prism sheet of  FIG.  20    extend in y direction, however, there is a case that the prism arrays extend in x direction. In this case, an interference between the prism array and e.g. the first louver  50  becomes a problem; this phenomenon also can be overcome by the same measure explained above. In the meantime, the prism sheet  24  can be rotated instead of a rotation of the louver  50  or the louver  60 . 
     By the way, the louver may interfere with electrodes of the liquid crystal lens, which is explained in embodiment 2, resulting a generation of moire. In this case, too, moire can be mitigated by rotating the extending direction of the louver blades  70  in a plane in a value of 3 to 4 degrees, that is to say, 3 degrees or more, with respect to a direction of the electrode of the liquid crystal lens. Alternatively, moire can be mitigated by rotating a direction of the electrode of the liquid crystal lens in a plan view in the same degree as described above. 
     Embodiment 2 
       FIG.  22    is an exploded perspective view of the lighting device  1000  according to embodiment 2.  FIG.  22    differs from  FIG.  6    in that  FIG.  22    uses a liquid crystal lens  100  instead the transparent cover  30  of  FIG.  6   . The liquid crystal lens  100  in this specification includes not only convergent or divergent function but also include deflection function (function to change a direction of light). In  FIG.  22   , the structure from the outer frame  20  to the light shading tape  26  is the same as the structure of  FIG.  6   , therefore, explanation is omitted. That is to say, the light collimated by cross louver  50 ,  60  and so forth enters the liquid crystal lens  100  of  FIG.  22   . 
       FIG.  23    is a cross sectional view which shows function of a liquid crystal lens. In  FIG.  23   , collimated light enters a liquid crystal layer  300  from left hand side. P in  FIG.  3    means a polarized direction of impinging light. Generally, the polarized direction of normal light distributes randomly, however, the liquid crystal has an anisotropy in refraction; therefore,  FIG.  23    shows a function of the liquid crystal layer  300  to the light polarized in P direction. 
     In  FIG.  23   , liquid crystal molecules  301  align as that a tilting angle becomes larger in going to periphery of the liquid crystal layer  300  due to electrical field from the electrodes. A liquid crystal molecule  301  has an elongated shape; effective refractive index in the long axis is larger than effective refractive index in the short axis in the liquid crystal molecule  301 ; therefore, refractive index in the liquid crystal layer  300  becomes larger in going to periphery, thus, a convex lens is formed. In  FIG.  23   , the broken line is a light wave front, and f is a focus distance. 
     Liquid crystal has refractive index anisotropy; therefore, a second lens, which works on the light polarized in orthogonal direction to the polarized direction of light on which the first lens works, is necessary.  FIG.  24    is an exploded perspective view of this lens structure. In  FIG.  24   , the parallelogram in left hand side is the wave front of light. In  FIG.  24   , The light polarized in x direction and the light polarized in y direction light enter the liquid crystal layer  300 . The first liquid crystal lens  110  works on the light polarized in x direction; the second liquid crystal lens  120  works on the light polarized in y direction. 
     In  FIG.  24   , initial alignment directions of the liquid crystal molecules  301  are orthogonal between in the first liquid crystal lens  110  and the second liquid crystal lens  120 . The initial alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecule  301  is determined by alignment direction of the alignment film formed in the liquid crystal lens. That is to say, the alignment directions of the alignment films of the substrates on the side from which the light enters from outside in two liquid crystal lenses, are orthogonal to each other between two liquid crystal lenses. 
       FIG.  25    shows to form a concave lens by liquid crystal lens. In  FIG.  25   , the light having the wave front WF, which is parallel to the liquid crystal layer  300 , and polarized in one direction enters the liquid crystal layer  300  from left hand side. In  FIG.  25   , the liquid crystal molecules  301  align as that the tilting angle becomes smaller in going to periphery of the liquid crystal layer  300  due to electrical field from the electrodes. Due to the above lens structure, the wave front WF of light, which has passed the liquid crystal layer  300 , becomes a curve as shown by broken line in  FIG.  25   , thus, concave lens is formed. In the meantime, in the case of concave lens also, two liquid crystal lenses are necessary as explained in  FIG.  24   . 
       FIG.  26    shows a structure of the liquid crystal lens to deflect the light to left direction. In  FIG.  26   , the top figure is a cross sectional view of the liquid crystal lens  100 . A first electrode  102  is formed on a first substrate  101  of the liquid crystal lens  100 ; a second electrode  104  is formed on a second substrate  103 ; the liquid crystal layer  300  is disposed between the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104 . The liquid crystal layer  300  is sealed by a seal material  105 . In  FIG.  26   , there is only one liquid crystal lens because a polarizing plate  250  is used, instead of using two liquid crystal lenses. 
     In  FIG.  26   , when voltage V is applied to electrodes so that voltage difference between the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104  becomes larger from left to right, as shown in the bottom figure of  FIG.  26   , the tilting angle of the liquid crystal molecule  301  changes according to position, thus, effective birefringence Δn of the liquid crystal layer  300  changes. According to the above explained structure of the liquid crystal layer  300 , the collimated light LL, which entered from bottom side of the liquid crystal lens  100 , is deflected to left direction when it exits from the liquid crystal lens  100 . 
       FIG.  27    shows a structure of the liquid crystal lens  100  to deflect light to right direction. In  FIG.  27   , the top figure is the same as the top figure of  FIG.  26    except an application of voltages between the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104 . When voltage V is applied between the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104  as that voltage difference between the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104  becomes smaller from left to right, as shown in the bottom figure of  FIG.  27   , the tilting angle of the liquid crystal molecule  301  changes according to position, thus, effective birefringence Δn changes. According to the above explained structure of the liquid crystal layer  300 , the collimated light LL, which entered from bottom side of the liquid crystal lens  100 , is deflected to right hand direction when it exits from the liquid crystal lens  100 . 
       FIG.  28    is a cross sectional view of a first example of actual structure of the liquid crystal lens  100 . In  FIG.  28   , the first electrode  102  is formed on the first substrate  101 , the second electrode  104  is formed on the second substrate  103 , and the liquid crystal layer  300  is sandwiched between the first substrate  101  and the second substrate  103 . Alignment films are formed over the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104 ; however, alignment films are omitted in  FIG.  28   . It is the same in other figures. The initial alignment directions of the liquid crystal molecules  301  are determined by alignment treatment, as rubbing process and the like, to the alignment film. 
     In  FIG.  28   , the initial alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules  301  on the first substrate  101  side and the initial alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules  301  on the second substrate  103  are orthogonal to each other, namely, it is a so called TN (Twisted Nematic) type liquid crystal lens. The first electrode  102  extends in x direction and the second electrode  104  extends in y direction. However, forming the liquid crystal lens  100  in the present invention is not limited to TN type liquid crystal. 
     The figure of left hand side of  FIG.  29    is a plan view of the first electrode  102  formed on the first substrate  101 . The figure of right hand side of  FIG.  29    is a plan view of the second electrode  104  formed on the second substrate  103 . The first electrodes  102  extend in x direction; the second electrodes  104  extend in y direction. The liquid crystal molecules  301  align according to voltage at a cross point of the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104 . That is to say, various functions of liquid crystal lens can be performed by voltages applied to the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104 . 
       FIG.  30    is a cross sectional view of a second example of actual structure of the liquid crystal lens  100 . In  FIG.  30   , the first electrode  102  of stripe is formed on the first substrate  101 , the second electrode  104  of stripe is formed on the second substrate  103 , and the liquid crystal layer  300  is sandwiched between the first substrate  101  and the second substrate  103 . The figure of left hand side of  FIG.  31    is a plan view of the first electrode  102  formed on the first substrate  101 ; the first electrode extends in x direction. The figure of right hand side of  FIG.  31    is a plan view of the second electrode  104  formed on the second substrate  103 ; the second electrode  104  is plane shaped. Second example also, as first example, various functions of liquid crystal lens can be performed by voltages applied to the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104 . 
       FIG.  32    is a cross sectional view of a third example of actual structure of the liquid crystal lens  100 . In  FIG.  32   , the first electrode  102  of stripe is formed on the first substrate  101 ; there is no electrode on the second substrate  103 . The figure of left hand side of  FIG.  32    is a plan view of the first electrode  102  formed on the first substrate  101 ; the first electrode  102  extends in x direction. The figure of right hand side of  FIG.  32    shows only the second substrate  103 ; there is no second electrode on the second substrate  103 . 
     The third example is a in plane field type liquid crystal lens, in which the liquid crystal is driven only by the first electrodes  102  formed on the first substrate  101 . That is to say, the liquid crystal molecules  301  are aligned by potential difference formed between the striped first electrodes  102 . Various types of liquid crystal lens can be formed by changing voltages between the striped first electrodes  102 . 
       FIG.  34    is a cross sectional view of a fourth example of actual structure of the liquid crystal lens  100 . In  FIG.  34   , the concentric first electrodes  102  are formed on the first substrate  101 , the second electrode  104  of planar shape is formed on the second substrate  103 , and the liquid crystal layer  300  is sandwiched between the first substrate  101  and the second substrate  103 . The figure of left hand side of  FIG.  35    is a plan view of the first electrode  102  formed on the first substrate  101 ; the second electrode  104  is plane shaped. The first electrodes  102  are concentric shape. Each of electrodes of concentric is connected with an extraction electrode  106  to receive voltages. 
     In  FIG.  35   , a lens of various strength can be formed by changing a voltage between the first electrode  102  and the second electrode  104 . Since the first electrodes  102  are concentric, the forth example can easily form a circular lens. 
     The liquid crystal lens in  FIGS.  28  through  35    is explained for one piece of liquid crystal lens. The liquid crystal, however, can control light polarized in singular direction, therefore, in actual system, two liquid crystal lenses are used in pair.  FIG.  36    is a cross sectional view in which the first liquid crystal lens  110  and the second liquid crystal lens  120  are superposed and are adhered through the adhesive  200 . 
     In  FIG.  36   , the first liquid crystal lens  110  uses TN type liquid crystal, in which the first electrode  102  is formed on the first substrate  101 , the second electrode  104  is formed on the second substrate  103 , and the liquid crystal layer  300  is sandwiched between the first substrate  101  and the second substrate  103 . The second liquid crystal lens  120  has the same structure. Even the structure of the first liquid crystal lens  110  and the second liquid crystal lens  120  are the same, the alignment direction AL of the alignment film of the first substrate  101  of the first liquid crystal lens  110  and the alignment direction AL of the alignment film of the first substrate  101  of the second liquid crystal lens  120  are orthogonal. That is to say, the first liquid crystal lens  110  acts on the polarized light in first direction of the incident light; and the second liquid crystal lens  120  acts on the polarized light in second direction, which is orthogonal to the first direction, of the incident light. 
     If a lens effect or a deflection effect is not enough with two liquid crystal lenses, four liquid crystal lenses can be used.  FIG.  37    is an example, in which four liquid crystal lenses are assembled with the adhesive  200 . In  FIG.  37   , the first liquid crystal lens  110 , the second liquid crystal lens  120 , the third liquid crystal lens  130 , the fourth liquid crystal lens  140  are superposed from the bottom. The structures of the first liquid crystal lens  110  and the second liquid crystal lens  120  are the same as explained with  FIG.  36   . The structure and effect of third liquid crystal lens  130  and fourth liquid crystal lens  140  are the same as the liquid crystal first lens  110  and the liquid crystal second lens  120 . 
     In  FIG.  37   , the alignment direction AL of the alignment film of the first substrate  101  of the first liquid crystal lens  110  and the alignment direction AL of the alignment film of the first substrate  101  of the second liquid crystal lens  120  are orthogonal; and the alignment direction AL of the alignment film of the first substrate  101  of the third liquid crystal lens  130  and the alignment direction AL of the alignment film of the first substrate  101  of the fourth liquid crystal lens  140  are orthogonal. 
     By the way, the alignment directions in alignment films can have other combinations than the structure of  FIG.  37   . In addition, each of the liquid crystal lenses are not limited to a TN type liquid crystal lens. 
       FIG.  38    is the structure when only one liquid crystal lens is used. In  FIG.  38   , the polarizing plated  250  is adhered at the bottom of the first liquid crystal lens  110 . The structure and the effect of the first liquid crystal lens  110  are the same as explained with  FIGS.  28  through  31   . Since liquid crystal can act on light of specific polarization direction, it is necessary to make incident only the polarized light to the first liquid crystal lens  110 . 
     In  FIG.  38   , the polarized light, which is controllable by the liquid crystal, is made incident to the first liquid crystal lens  110  by disposing the polarizing plate  250  at the bottom of the first substrate  101  of the first liquid crystal lens  110 . If the polarizing plate  250  is used, however, the light having a polarizing axis perpendicular to the transmission axis of the polarizing plate  250  cannot pass. This problem can be mitigated by utilizing the reflective polarizing plate  250 , which reflects the light that cannot pass the polarizing plate  250 . That is to say, the reflected light from the reflective polarizing plate  250  is reflected again at a side of prism sheet to a direction of the reflective polarizing plate  250  with rotating the polarizing axis, thus, the light becomes to be utilized, consequently utilization efficiency of light can be improved. 
       FIG.  39    is a perspective view of the liquid crystal lens of  FIG.  28   . The first electrodes  102  extend in y direction and are arranged in x direction on the first substrate  101 . The second electrodes  104  extend in x direction and are arranged in y direction on the second substrate  103 . When the first substrate  101  and the second substrate  103  are superimposed, the shape of the electrodes looks like grid in a plan view. 
       FIG.  40    is a plan view of the electrodes of the liquid crystal lens  100  and the LED array  40 , which are extracted from the lighting device of  FIG.  22   . The liquid crystal lens  100  uses the structure of  FIG.  28   . Generally, the electrodes formed in the liquid crystal lens  100  are formed from a transparent electrode as ITO, however, a transparency is not 100% even in a transparent electrode; therefore, a bright region and a dark region are formed periodically. As a result, moire is generated by interference between the pattern of periodical bright and dark regions and the cross louver  50 ,  60 . 
       FIG.  41    is a plan view of the structure that counter measure the moire. In  FIG.  41   , the electrode of grid shape is rotated 45 degrees in a plan view. Consequently, moire can be suppressed. The rotation has substantial effect even the angle is 3 or 4 degrees. 
       FIG.  42    is an example when two liquid crystal lenses are used. The grid shaped electrodes formed in the first liquid crystal lens and the grid shaped electrodes formed in the second liquid crystal lens are superposed with rotation angle of 45 degrees in a plan view. The following structure, as a variation of  FIG.  42   , can further suppress moire; namely, the first electrodes of grid structure formed in the first liquid crystal lens are rotated 22.5 degrees with respect to x axis, and the second electrodes of grid structure formed in the second liquid crystal lens are further rotated 45 degrees. 
     As described above, an interference with the cross louver  50 ,  60  can be suppressed by rotating the electrodes formed in the liquid crystal lens  100  in various degrees. The above explained liquid crystal lens  100  is not only used for the liquid crystal lens of  FIGS.  28  and  29   , but also can be used for various liquid crystal lenses as e.g. the liquid crystal lens of  FIGS.  30  and  31   . In the meantime, the cross louver  50 ,  60  can be rotated instead of the rotation of the electrodes of the liquid crystal lens to acquire the same effect. 
     By the way, if the first electrode  102  on the first substrate  101  of the liquid crystal lens is made concentric as shown in FIGS.  34  and  35 , moire is less prone to be generated caused by interference between the cross louver and the electrodes. That is to say, as far as moire, the liquid crystal lens having concentric electrodes adapts with the cross louver. 
       FIG.  43    shows a plurality of regions of different characteristics are set in plane in the liquid crystal lens  100 . There is a need that a light spot has a certain distribution in brightness or a shape of a light spot is changed, not a simple light spot. Such a need can be satisfied by forming a plural region having different characteristics in plane in the liquid crystal lens  100 . In  FIG.  43   , the electrodes, which constitute the liquid crystal lens, are changed to each other between in the region R 1  and the region R 2 , thus, the characteristics of the liquid crystal lens are changed according the regions. In addition, finer controlling can be performed by changing voltages applied to the electrodes. 
     EXPLANATION OF LETTERS OR NUMERALS 
     
         
           1 —parabolic mirror,  2 —LED,  3 —LED substrate,  4 —heat sink,  20 —outer frame,  21 —resin frame,  22 —reflection sheet,  23 —light guide,  24 —prism sheet,  25 —spacer,  26 —light shading tape,  30 —cover,  31 —emitting region,  32 —collimated light,  40 —LED array,  41 —LED,  42 —LED substrate,  50 —first louver,  60 —second louver,  70 —louver blade,  71 —transparent resin,  72 —louver cover,  73 —louver frame,  75 —space,  80 —cross louver,  90 —honey comb louver,  100 —liquid crystal lens,  101 —first substrate,  102 —first electrode,  103 —second substrate,  104 —second electrode,  105 —seal material,  106 —extraction electrode,  110 —first liquid crystal lens,  120 —second liquid crystal lens,  130 —third liquid crystal lens,  140 —fourth liquid crystal lens,  200 —adhesive,  250 —polarizing plate,  521 —fourth electrode,  1000 —lighting device,  2000 —lighting device, AL—alignment direction, LL—light, Lx—leakage light, Ly—leakage light, R 1 —first region, R 2 —second region