Patent Publication Number: US-2010125060-A1

Title: Formulations comprising ceftiofur and ketoprofen or ceftiofur and benzyl alcohol

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of the U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/119,764 filed on Dec. 4, 2008, and of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/116,031 filed on Nov. 19, 2008, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to improvements in the field of veterinary remedies and more particularly to improvements in relation to formulations which may comprise ceftiofur, benzyl alcohol, ketoprofen, or combinations thereof. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Ceftiofur is a Cephalosporin antibiotic, which is administered to cattle and swine for control of bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. It is used in veterinary medicine as both the sodium salt and the hydrochloride salt. It is administered intramuscularly to cattle and swine. It is also intended to be used as crystalline free acid for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in cattle and swine. Ceftiofur is poorly absorbed after oral administration while rapidly absorbed after intramuscular administration. The Ceftiofur hydrochloride intramuscular injection is an oily suspension. 
     Reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/211,580 filed Aug. 5, 2002, which published as U.S. Publication No. 20040022815 on Feb. 5, 2004, now abandoned, which describes an oily suspension comprising ceftiofur. 
     A suspension is a particular class or type of dispersion system in which the internal or suspended phase is dispensed uniformly with mechanical agitation through out the external phase, called the suspending medium or vehicle. The internal phase, consisting of a homogenous or heterogeneous distribution of solid particles having a specific range of sizes, these particles are maintained uniformly in time throughout the suspending vehicle with the aid of a single, or a particular combination of suspending agents. 
     The three general classes of pharmaceutical suspensions are orally administered suspensions, externally applied suspensions (topical) and injectable (parenterals) suspensions (Ref: A Martin &amp; P Bustamante, Coarse Dispersion in physical pharmacy 45th edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1993, PP 117-124). Parenteral suspensions are designed for intramuscular, intradermal, intralesional, intraarticular or subcutaneous administration. Common vehicles for parenteral suspensions include preserved sodium chloride solution or a parenterally acceptable vegetable oil.(Ref: J B Partnoff, E M Cohen &amp; M H Henlay, Development of Parenteral and Sterile ophthalmic suspensions—The R&amp;D Approach, Bull. Parenter. Drug Assoc 31: 136-143 (1977)). 
     The chemical stability of pharmaceutical suspensions is complicated by the factors that affect the physical stability of such suspensions. Since a suspension exists in more than one state (liquid and solid), there are different ways in which the system can undergo either chemical or physical change (Ref: T Higuchi, some physical chemical aspects of suspension formulation, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Sci Ed; 47: 657-660 (1958)). Haines &amp; Martin, Hiestand and Econow &amp; Coworkers (Ref: J. Pharm. Sci., 61; 268-272, (1972) and J. Pharm. Sci., 52; 757-762, 1031-1038, (1963)) and are generally credited with establishing the structured particle concept or flocculated pharmaceutical suspension. 
     Flocculation refers to the formation of a loose aggregation of discrete particles held together in a network-like structure either by physical absorption of macromolecules, bridging during chemical interaction, or when the longer range Van der Waals forces of attraction exceeds the shorter range force of repulsion. In agglomeration, a large number of particles are closely bound together as aggregates either in a dry or liquid state. Coagulation or flocculation refers to the massing of particles in a liquid state alone and sometimes in the form of a fluid gel structure. 
     The main advantages of the stable flocculated systems are as follows. The aggregates tend to break up easily under the application of a small amount of shear stress such as gentle agitation of a bottle or vial or by the flow through a small orifice (hypodermic needle and syringe). In contrast to deflocculated systems, the stable flocculation will settle rapidly and may be easily resuspended even after standing for prolonged time period of storage. The stable flocculation can be produced if required by employing aseptic techniques using vehicle components that are safe for intramuscular injection. 
     There are several methods of producing flocculated pharmaceutical suspensions. The choice of method depends on the properties of the drug and the class of suspension desired. 
     One aspect of the present invention is based on Applicants&#39; observation that when a resuspendability enhancer is added to the oily suspension the resuspendability of the suspended particles is improved dramatically, thus giving an improved physical stability to the oily suspension. 
     Several antibiotic formulations have been used in an attempt to prevent/treat bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which disease is the most significant health problem of the beef industry. Cattle seem to be very susceptible to respiratory disorders. One reason is that the bovine respiratory tract is small relative to body size. Small nostrils limit airflow, increasing breathing effort. A narrow throat passage can easily become dry and irritated, allowing viruses and bacteria to invade. 
     There are many organisms contributing to the incidence of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). The viral entities include Infectious Bovine Rhino-tracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), and Parainfluenza Virus (Ply). The bacteria involved in BRD include  Pasteurella hemolytica, Pasteurella multo - cida, Haemophilus somnus, Mycoplasma  and  Actinomyces pyogenes.    
     A complex series of events occurs which is typically associated with BRD. Calves are stressed by weaning, shipping, processing, adverse weather, and over-crowding. This stress compromises the defense mechanisms of the immune system. Viruses invade the nose and lungs because of weakened immune barriers. Viruses damage the epithelium of the upper airways and compromise the effectiveness of the mucociliary apparatus, which sweeps particles (bacteria, dust, mold, and pollen) up and away from the lungs. This lack of ciliary clearance allows overgrowth of normal respiratory inhabitants as well as bacterial pathogens. Secondary bacterial invaders move in, proliferate, and may potentially cause death if the disease is not detected and treated properly. 
     Prevention of BRD is much more successful and economically feasible than treatment. 
     An ideal processing protocol should include vaccination of these calves two weeks before shipping to allow development of an adequate immune response, and to minimize pre-shipping stress. Calves should receive a booster vaccination once they reach their destination. Vaccination will merely prime an immune response in a healthy immune system. Animals that are immuno-compromised have severely hampered this response. 
     Identifying the causative agents of BRD can often be difficult and frustrating. Necropsy usually reveals lesions characteristic of secondary bacterial infection, i.e.  Pasteurella hemolytica . Lesions characteristic of a primary viral agent are often absent due to the lesions of the bacterial agent at the time of death. Viral isolation attempts are usually negative. Antibiotic treatment of these animals prior to death hampers both the ability to isolate bacteria and may affect sensitivity testing. 
     There remains a need for effective treatments of bovine respiratory disease in cattle. Novel antibiotic formulations with increased efficacy would help address this long felt need. In some instances, anti-inflammatory agents have been successfully combined with antibiotic agents to produce a formulation with improved efficacy against pathogens. One such non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, Ketoprofen, may be used as an adjunct to the ceftiofur cephalosporin antibiotic in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease. However, to the best of Applicants&#39; knowledge at the time the instant application was filed, no one had made a suitably effective formulation that comprises both the ceftiofur and Ketoprofen active agents. The availability of one injection product containing both active ingredients, which would reduce the need for multiple injections, is seen as advantageous. 
     The foregoing applications, and all documents cited therein or during their prosecution (“application cited documents”) and all documents cited or referenced in the application cited documents, and all documents cited or referenced herein (“herein cited documents”), and all documents cited or referenced in herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer&#39;s instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and may be employed in the practice of the invention. 
     Citation or identification of any document in this application is not an admission that such document is available as prior art to the present invention. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides formulations comprising ceftiofur in combination with benzyl alcohol or a combination of ceftiofur and ketoprofen that are useful for the treating or preventing bovine respiratory disorders. In a first aspect, the present invention is based, in part, on Applicants&#39; discovery that addition of benzyl alcohol to an oily ceftiofur HCl formulation resulted in a flocculated suspension that may be resuspended more easily as compared to an oily ceftiofur HCl formulation without benzyl alcohol. 
     In one embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention relates to a formulation which may comprise (a) ceftiofur, (b) at least one wetting or dispersing agent, (c) at least one flocculating agent or at least one resuspendability enhancer and (e) a biocompatible oil vehicle, wherein the flocculating agent or resuspendability enhancer comprises benzyl alcohol. 
     In another embodiment of the first aspect, the ceftiofur is advantageously ceftiofur HCl. In some embodiments, the ceftiofur may be present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% w/v. In a more advantageous embodiment, the ceftiofur may be present in an amount of about 5% w/v as the HCl salt. Preferably, the ceftiofur may be present in an amount of about 5.35% w/v as the HCl salt. 
     In another embodiment of the first aspect, the wetting or dispersing agent may comprise a hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine, a hydrogenated lysophosphatidylcholine, a mono-diglyceride, propylene glycol, a triglyceride or combinations thereof. The wetting or dispersing age may be present in an amount of about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) based on the total volume of the formulation. More typically, the wetting or dispersing agent may be present in an amount of about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.1% (w/v), or about 0.05% (w/v) to about 0.2% (w/v). Preferably, the wetting or dispersing agent may be present in an amount of about 0.05% w/v. Advantageously, the wetting or dispersing agent may comprise PHOSPHOLIPON 90H. In one embodiment, PHOSPHOLIPON 90H may present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 0.10% w/v, and even more advantageously, about 0.05% w/v. 
     In another embodiment of the first aspect, the wetting or dispersing agent may comprise sorbitan monooleate. In some embodiments, the formulations may comprise sorbitan monooleate in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 1% w/v, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, and more advantageously about 0.15% w/v. 
     In yet another embodiment of the first aspect, the flocculating agent or resuspendability enhancer may comprise propylene glycol. The propylene glycol is typically present in an amount of about 0.01% (w/v) to about 5% (w/v). More typically, the propylene glycol may be present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 1% (w/v) or about 0.01% to about 0.5% (w/v). Advantageously, the propylene glycol may be present in an amount of about 0.25% w/v. 
     In an advantageous embodiment of the first aspect, the benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 10% w/v, more advantageously about 0.5% to about 5% w/v. In particular, the benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 1%, about 2% or about 3% w/v. 
     In another embodiment, the formulations of the invention may comprise chlorobutanol. 
     In some embodiments, the chlorobutanol may be present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% w/v. More typically, the formulations may include chlorobutanol in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 1% w/v. Preferably, the formulations may contain chlorobutanol in an amount of about 0.5% w/v. 
     In another advantageous embodiment of the first aspect, the biocompatible oil vehicle may comprise cottonseed oil. 
     In another advantageous embodiment of the first aspect, the invention pertains to a formulation which may comprise: (a) ceftiofur HCl, (b) benzyl alcohol (c) PHOSPHOLIPON 90H, (d) sorbitan monooleate, (e) propylene glycol and (f) cottonseed oil. 
     In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the first aspect, the invention relates to a formulation wherein (a) ceftiofur HCl may be present in an amount of about 5.35% w/v, (b) benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 1% to about 3% w/v, (c) PHOSPHOLIPON 90H may be present in an amount of about 0.05% w/v, (d) sorbitan monooleate may be present in an amount of about 0.15% w/v, (e) propylene glycol may be present in an amount of about 0.25% w/v and (f) cottonseed oil may be present in an amount of up to about 100% w/v. 
     In a second aspect, the invention also relates to a method of improving resuspendability of an oil based formulation which comprises adding benzyl alcohol to the oil based formulation, thereby improving resuspendability. Advantageously, the oil based formulation may be a ceftiofur formulation. 
     In a third aspect, the present invention is based, in part, on Applicants&#39; discovery that a formulation comprising an effective amount of ceftiofur and ketoprofen is effective in cattle for the treatment and/or prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). 
     In a first embodiment of the third aspect, the present invention relates to a formulation which may comprise (a) ceftiofur and (b) ketoprofen. 
     In another embodiment of the third aspect, the present invention relates to a formulation which may comprise (a) ceftiofur, (b) ketoprofen, (c) wetting and/or dispersing agent(s), (d) a preservative, (e) a flocculating agent or resuspendability enhancer and (f) a biocompatible oil vehicle. 
     In another embodiment of the third aspect, the ceftiofur is ceftiofur HCl. 
     In still another embodiment of the third aspect, the ceftiofur may be present in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 10% w/v, about 1% w/v to about 8% w/v, advantageously about 2% w/v to about 7% w/v, and more advantageously, about 5% w/v. The ketoprofen may be present in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 30% w/v, about 5% w/v to about 25% w/v, advantageously about 10% w/v to about 20% w/v, and more advantageously, about 15% w/v. 
     In another embodiment of the third aspect, the wetting or dispersing agent may comprise a hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine, a hydrogenated lysophosphatidylcholine, a mono-diglyceride, diglyceride, propylene glycol, a triglyceride or combinations thereof. In another embodiment of the third aspect, one of the wetting or dispersing agents may comprise sorbitan monooleate. In various embodiments, the wetting or dispersing agents may be present in amounts according to those described above for the first aspect of the invention. 
     In yet another embodiment of the third aspect, the preservative may comprise benzyl alcohol or chlorobutanol. 
     In yet another embodiment of the third aspect, the flocculating agent or resuspendability enhancer may comprise propylene glycol. 
     In another embodiment of the third aspect, the biocompatible oil vehicle may comprise an ester of caprylic acid, an ester of capric fatty acids, propylene glycol or a combination thereof. Advantageously, the biocompatible oil may be MIGLYOL 840. 
     In various embodiments, the benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, propylene glycol, caprylic acid or capric fatty acid esters and MIGLYOL 840 may be present in the formulation in the same amounts as described above for the first aspect of the invention. 
     In one advantageous embodiment of the third aspect, the present invention pertains to a formulation which may comprise: (a) ceftiofur, (b) ketoprofen, (c) PHOSPHOLIPON 90H, (d) benzyl alcohol or chlorobutanol, (e) sorbitan monooleate, (f) propylene glycol and (g) MIGLYOL 840. 
     In another embodiment of the third aspect, the invention relates to a formulation wherein (a) ceftiofur may be present in an amount of about 5% w/v, (b) ketoprofen may be present in an amount of about 15% w/v, (c) PHOSPHOLIPON 90H may be present in an amount of about 0.05% w/v, (d) benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 1% w/v and/or chlorobutanol may be present in an amount of about 0.5% w/v, (e) sorbitan monooleate may be present in an amount of about 0.15% w/v, (f) propylene glycol may be present in an amount of about 0.25% w/v and (g) MIGLYOL 840 may be present in an amount of up to about 100% w/v. 
     In a fourth aspect, the present invention also relates to a method of treating a livestock animal to prevent or treat bovine respiratory disease, or other related respiratory disorders, which may comprise administering to the livestock animal any one of the formulations disclosed above. 
     In one embodiment of the forth aspect of the present invention, the administration may be injectable. In yet another embodiment of the forth aspect of the present invention, the formulation may be administered in an amount of up to about 1 mg per kg of ceftiofur and an amount of up to about 3 mg per kg of ketoprofen. The administration may be once daily for three to five days, and then as required. 
     It is noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and/or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises”, “comprised”, “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes”, “included”, “including”, and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the invention. 
     These and other embodiments are disclosed or are obvious from and encompassed by, the following Detailed Description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The following detailed description, given by way of example, but not intended to limit the invention solely to the specific embodiments described, may best be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a schematic diagram of a manufacturing process. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The instant invention provides formulations comprising ceftiofur, ceftiofur in combination with ketoprofen, and formulations comprising ceftiofur in combination with benzyl alcohol. The formulations comprising ceftiofur or ceftiofur and ketoprofen in combination with benzyl alcohol have improved flocculation properties and are substantially easier to resuspend. Formulations comprising ceftiofur and ketoprofen provide improved efficacy in treating and/or preventing bovine respiratory disorders, particularly, bovine respiratory disease (BRD). 
     Ceftiofur is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which may be administered, for example, by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection to cattle and swine for control of bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. Ceftiofur may be administered as a neutral compound or as a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable salt. In a preferred embodiment, the formulations of the invention comprise ceftiofur HCl. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In one embodiment, the dosage of ceftiofur administered to cattle by intramuscular injection may be about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg according to the weight of the animal. In certain other embodiments, the dosage of ceftiofur administered to cattle by this mode of administration may be about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.4 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 0.6 mg/kg, about 0.7 mg/kg, about 0.8 mg/kg, about 0.9 mg/kg, about 1.0 mg/kg, about 1.1 mg/kg, about 1.2 mg/kg, about 1.3 mg/kg, about 1.4 mg/kg, about 1.5 mg/kg, about 1.6 mg/kg, about 1.7 mg/kg, about 1.8 mg/kg, about 1.9 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg, about 2.1 mg or about 2.2 mg/kg once daily for three days. 
     Ceftiofur HCl is commercially available and may be supplied by various suppliers including, for example, Orchid Chemical or Pharmaceuticals Ltd or Hisun Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., among others. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of ceftiofur include, but are not limited to, the sodium, hydrochloride or hydrobromide salts. 
     Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent which may be used as an adjunct to the ceftiofur cephalosporin antibiotic in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease. The availability of one injection product containing both active ingredients, which would reduce the need for multiple injections, is seen as advantageous. 
     Ketoprofen may be administered, for example, by intravenous or intramuscular injection in cattle. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     This application contemplates all pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable acid or base salt forms of the ceftiofur and ketoprofen. The term “acid” contemplates all pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable inorganic or organic acids. Inorganic acids include mineral acids such as hydrohalic acids, such as hydrobromic and hydrochloric acids, sulfuric acids, phosphoric acids and nitric acids. Organic acids include all pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids tricarboxylic acids and fatty acids. Preferred acids are straight chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 20  aliphatic carboxylic acids, which are optionally substituted by halogen or by hydroxyl groups, or C 6 -C 12  aromatic carboxylic acids. Examples of such acids are carbonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, isopropionic acid, valeric acid, a-hydroxy acids, such as glycolic acid and lactic acid, chloroacetic acid, benzoic acid, methane sulfonic acid, and salicylic acid. Examples of dicarboxylic acids include oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, tataric acid and maleic acid. An example of a tricarboxylic acid is citric acid. Fatty acids include all pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable saturated or unsaturated aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids having 4 to 24 carbon atoms. Examples include butyric acid, isobutyric acid, sec-butyric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and phenylsteric acid. Other acids include gluconic acid, glycoheptonic acid and lactobionic acid. 
     The term “base” contemplates all pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable inorganic or organic bases. Such bases include, for example, the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts, such as the lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium salts. Organic bases include the common hydrocarbyl and heterocyclic amine salts, which include, for example, the morpholine and piperidine salts. 
     The ester and amide derivatives of these compounds, where applicable, are also contemplated. 
     In various embodiments, the ceftiofur may be present in the formulation in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 10% w/v, about 1% w/v to about 8% w/v, advantageously about 2% w/v to about 7% w/v, and more advantageously, about 5% w/v. 
     In one embodiment, the dosage of ketoprofen administered to cattle by intramuscular injection is about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg according to the weight of the animal. In other embodiments, the dosage of ketoprofen administered to cattle by intramuscular injection may be about 1.0 mg/kg, about 1.1 mg/kg, about 1.2 mg/kg, about 1.3 mg/kg, about 1.4 mg/kg, about 1.5 mg/kg, about 1.6 mg/kg, about 1.7 mg/kg, about 1.8 mg/kg, about 1.9 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg, about 2.1 mg, about 2.2 mg/kg, about 2.3 mg/kg, about 2.4 mg/kg, about 2.5 mg/kg, about 2.6 mg/kg, about 2.7 mg/kg, about 2.8 mg/kg, about 2.9 mg/kg, about 3.0 mg/kg, about 3.1mg/kg, about 3.2 mg/kg, about 3.3 mg/kg, about 3.4 mg/kg, about 3.5 mg/kg, about 3.6 mg/kg, about 3.7 mg/kg, about 3.8 mg/kg, about 3.9 mg/kg, about 4.0 mg/kg, about 4.1 mg/kg, about 4.2 mg/kg or about 4.3 mg/kg once daily for three days. 
     Ketoprofen is commercially available, and may be supplied, for example, by Zhejang Jiuzhou Pharmaceutical Company, Jinan Haohua Industry Co., Ltd., King Tang Chemical Group Industry Co., Ltd, Greatvista Chemicals, Boehringer Ingelheim-Biopharmaceuticals, LKT Laboratories, Sigma-Aldrich, Difco Microbiology Products, Glaxosmithkline Pharmaceuticals S.A., or other sources. 
     In a first aspect, the present invention provides improved oil-based formulations comprising ceftiofur and benzyl alcohol that exhibit superior resuspendability compared to formulations of the prior art. 
     In one embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention relates to a formulation which may comprise (a) ceftiofur, (b) at least one wetting or dispersing agent, (c) at least one flocculating agent and/or at least one resuspendability enhancer and (e) a biocompatible oil vehicle, wherein the flocculating agent(s) or resuspendability enhancer(s) comprises benzyl alcohol. 
     Benzyl alcohol is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity and low vapor pressure and is commonly added to intravenous medication solutions as a preservative due to its bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The present invention also contemplates other aromatic alcohols in addition to benzyl alcohol. Generally, aromatic alcohol compounds contain a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic moiety. In some cases, the hydroxyl group may be bonded directly to the aromatic group including, but not limited to, phenyl or substituted phenyl groups, naphthyl and substituted naphthyl groups, and the like. In other compounds the hydroxyl group may be bonded to the aromatic ring by a linker moiety such as an alkylene group. Suitable aromatic alcohols of both types are encompassed by the present invention. Even though phenol is technically an aromatic alcohol, it is not contemplated for the present invention. 
     Ceftiofur hydrochloride oily suspension is a flocculated suspension. In aqueous suspensions, flocculation occurs when the zeta potential is reduced and attractive forces exceed repulsive forces. Benzyl alcohol may be involved in the flocculation process (U.S. Pat. No. 3,457,348). This patent relates to an interaction of hydroxy preservatives with nonionic surfactants and is silent to the involvement of benzyl alcohol in the flocculation process in oil based formulations. 
     The formulations of the present invention that comprise benzyl alcohol exhibit improved flocculation a reduced rate of sedimentation. Factors known to affect sedimentation rate are: 
     Particle size and shape 
     Density difference between dispersed phase and dispersion media 
     Viscosity of the dispersion media 
     For benzyl alcohol to reduce the rate of sedimentation, it must alter the floc in some way either by the size of the floc or the porosity of the floc. 
     In an advantageous embodiment of the first aspect, the benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 10% w/v, more advantageously about 0.5% to about 5% (w/v). In particular, the benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 1%, about 2% or about 3% w/v in the formulations of the invention. 
     In some embodiments, the formulations of the invention include wetting or dispersing agents known in the art. In one embodiment, the wetting or dispersing agent(s) include, but are not limited to, a hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine, a hydrogenated lysophosphatidylcholine, a mono-diglyceride, propylene glycol, a triglyceride or combinations thereof. The wetting or dispersing age may be present in an amount of about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) based on the total volume of the formulation. More typically, the wetting or dispersing agent may be present in an amount of about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.1% (w/v), or about 0.05% (w/v) to about 0.2% (w/v). Preferably, the wetting or dispersing agent may be present in an amount of about 0.05% w/v. Advantageously, the wetting or dispersing agent may comprise PHOSPHOLIPON 90H, in one embodiment of the invention. 
     The lecithin PHOSPHOLIPON 90H may be supplied by Phospholipid GmbH and contains a minimum of 90.0% hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine, a maximum of 4.0% hydrogenated lysophosphatidylcholine, and a maximum of 2% oil or triglycerides. 
     Other high purity phosphatidylcholine fractions in the PHOSPHOLIPON® Series (manufactured by the American Lecithin Company) may also be contemplated for the present invention, such as but not limited to, PHOSPHOLIPON 90G, PHOSPHOLIPON 80H and PHOSPHOLIPON 85G. 
     In another embodiment, one of the wetting or dispersing agents may comprise sorbitan monooleate, which may be present in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 1% w/v, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, and more advantageously about 0.15% w/v. In some embodiments, suitable sorbitan monooleate include, for example, ARLACEL 80 and CRILL 4. 
     Compounds related to sorbitan monooleate including, but not limited to, 1,4-Anhydro-D-Glucitol, 6-(9-Octadecenoate), ALKAMULS SMO, Anhydrosorbitol monooleate, ARLACEL 80, ARMOTAN MO, ATMER 05, CRILL 4, D-Glucitol, 1,4-anhydro-,6-(9-octadecenoate), DEHYMULS SMO, DISPONIL 100, EMASOL 410, EMASOL 0 10, EMASOL O 10F, EMSORB 2500, G 946, GLYCOMUL O, IONET S-80, KEMMAT S 80, KOSTERAN O 1, LONZEST SMO, ML 55F, MO 33F, Monodehydrosorbitol monooleate, MONTAN 80, MONTANE 80 VGA, NEWCOL 80, NIKKOL SO 10, NIKKOL SO-15, Nissan NONION OP 80R, NONION OP8OR, O 250, Oleate de SORBITAN [INN-French], OLEATO DE SORBITANO [INN-Spanish], RADIASURF 7155, RHEODOL AO 10, RHEODOL SP-O 10, RIKEMAL O 250, S 270, S 271 (surfactant), S 80, S-MAX 80, SORBESTER P 17, SORBITAN esters, mono(Z)-9-octadecenoate, SORBITAN Monooleate, SORBITAN monooleate [USAN:BAN], SORBITAN monooleic acid ester, SORBITAN O, SORBITAN OLEATE, SORBITAN, mono-(9Z)-9-octadecenoate, SORBITAN, mono-9-octadecenoate, SORBITAN, mono-9-octadecenoate, (Z)-, SORBITAN, monooleate, Sorbitani oleas [INN-Latin], SORBON S 80, SORGEN 40, SORGEN 40A and SPAN 80 are also contemplated for the present invention. 
     In some embodiments, the formulations of the invention may comprise dispersing agents including, but not limited to, lecithin, fatty acid ester of sorbitan or glycerol. 
     In yet another embodiment, the formulations may include a flocculating agent or resuspendability enhancer that comprises propylene glycol. The propylene glycol is typically present in an amount of about 0.01% (w/v) to about 5% (w/v). More typically, the propylene glycol may be present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 1% (w/v) or about 0.01% to about 0.5% (w/v). Advantageously, the propylene glycol may be present in an amount of about 0.25% w/v. 
     Other flocculating agents or resuspendability enhancers including, but not limited to, polyoxyl hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyl castor oil, glycerol, polyoxyl hydrogenated vegetable oil, polyoxyl vegetable oil, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, alcohols and the like are also contemplated for the present invention. 
     In one embodiment, the biocompatible oil vehicle may comprise an ester of caprylic acid, an ester of capric fatty acids, propylene glycol or a combination thereof. Advantageously, the biocompatible oil may be MIGLYOL 840. 
     MIGLYOL 840 is a clear, neutral oil consisting of the esters of caprylic and capric fatty acids (obtained from coconut and palm kernel oils) and propylene glycol. It is a particularly low viscosity oil with a specification of 9 to 12 mPas at 20° C. and obtained from Sasol GmbH. 
     In another advantageous embodiment, the biocompatible oil vehicle may comprise cottonseed oil. 
     Other biocompatible oils which are contemplated by the present invention include, but are not limited to, monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride medium chain succinic acid triglyceride, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, peanut oil, corn oil, an ester of caprylic acid, or an ester of capric fatty acids, propylene glycol, or combinations thereof. 
     In another embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the formulations may comprise chlorobutanol. In some embodiments, the chlorobutanol may be present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% w/v. More typically, the formulations may include chlorobutanol in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 1% w/v. Preferably, the formulations may contain chlorobutanol in an amount of about 0.5% w/v. 
     In another advantageous embodiment of the first aspect, the invention pertains to a formulation which may comprise: (a) ceftiofur HC1, (b) benzyl alcohol (c) PHOSPHOLIPON 90H, (d) sorbitan monooleate, (e) propylene glycol and (f) cottonseed oil. 
     In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the first aspect, the invention relates to a formulation wherein (a) ceftiofur HCl may be present in an amount of about 5.35% w/v, (b) benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 1% to about 3% w/v, (c) PHOSPHOLIPON 90H may be present in an amount of about 0.05% w/v, (d) sorbitan monooleate may be present in an amount of about 0.15% w/v, (e) propylene glycol may be present in an amount of about 0.25% w/v and (f) cottonseed oil may be present in an amount to complement the volume of the formulation to 100%. 
     In second aspect, the invention also relates to a method of improving resuspendability of an oil based formulation comprising adding benzyl alcohol to the formulation, thereby improving resuspendability. Advantageously, the oil based formulation may be a ceftiofur formulation. 
     In an advantageous embodiment the method may comprise adding the benzyl alcohol to the formulation in an amount of about 0.05% to about 10% w/v, more advantageously about 0.5% to about 5% (w/v). In other embodiments, the method comprises adding benzyl alcohol to the formulation in an amount of about 1%, about 2% or about 3% w/v. 
     In a third aspect, the present invention provides a formulation comprising a combination of ceftiofur and ketoprofen that is effective in cattle for the treatment and/or prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). It has been surprisingly found that certain combinations of ceftiofur and ketoprofen provide superior efficacy in the treatment and/or prevention of BRD. 
     In one embodiment of the third aspect, the present invention relates to a formulation which may comprise (a) ceftiofur, (b) ketoprofen, (c) wetting and/or dispersing agent(s), (d) a preservative, (e) a flocculating agent or resuspendability enhancer and (f) a biocompatible oil vehicle. 
     In another embodiment of the third aspect, the ceftiofur is ceftiofur HCl. 
     In still another embodiment of the third aspect, the ceftiofur may be present in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 10% w/v, about 1% w/v to about 8% w/v, advantageously about 2% w/v to about 7% w/v, and more advantageously, about 5% w/v. The ketoprofen may be present in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 30% w/v, about 5% w/v to about 25% w/v, advantageously about 10% w/v to about 20% w/v, and more advantageously, about 15% w/v. 
     In certain embodiments of the third aspect, the wetting or dispersing agent in the formulations may comprise the same wetting or dispersing agents used in formulations comprising ceftiofur and benzyl alcohol described above for the first aspect of the invention. In some embodiments, the wetting or dispersing agents may be used in the same amounts as described above for the first aspect of the invention. For example, in some embodiments the formulations may comprise a hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine, a hydrogenated lysophosphatidylcholine, a biocompatible oil, triglycerides, PHOSPHOLIPON 90H, sorbitan monooleate, or combinations thereof. 
     The wetting or dispersing agent may be present in an amount of about 0.01% (w/v) to about 1% (w/v) based on the total volume of the formulation. More typically, the wetting or dispersing agent may be present in an amount of about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), about 0.01% (w/v) to about 0.1% (w/v), or about 0.05% (w/v) to about 0.2% (w/v). Preferably, the wetting or dispersing agent may be present in an amount of about 0.05% w/v. 
     In another embodiment of the third aspect, one of the wetting or dispersing agents may comprise sorbitan monooleate, which may be present in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 1% w/v, about 0.01% to about 0.3%, and more advantageously about 0.15% w/v. 
     In yet another embodiment of the third aspect, the formulation may comprise benzyl alcohol or chlorobutanol. Advantageously, the benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 10% w/v, or about 0.5% to about 5% w/v. More typically, the benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 1%, about 2%, or about 3% w/v. 
     In another embodiment, the chlorobutanol may be present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% w/v. More typically, the formulations may include chlorobutanol in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 1% w/v. Preferably, the formulations may contain chlorobutanol in an amount of about 0.5% w/v. 
     In yet another embodiment of the third aspect, the flocculating agent or resuspendability enhancer may comprise propylene glycol. Advantageously, the propylene glycol may be present in an amount of about 0.01% w/v to about 2% w/v, about 0.05% w/v to about 1% w/v, and more advantageously about 0.25% w/v. 
     In another embodiment of the third aspect, the biocompatible oil vehicle may comprise an ester of caprylic acid, an ester of capric fatty acids, propylene glycol or a combination thereof. Advantageously, the biocompatible oil may be MIGLYOL 840. 
     In other embodiments of the third aspect of the invention, the formulations may comprise other components that are described above for formulations comprising ceftiofur and benzyl alcohol of the first aspect of the invention. 
     In one advantageous embodiment of the third aspect, the present invention pertains to a formulation which may comprise: (a) ceftiofur, (b) ketoprofen, (c) PHOSPHOLIPON 90H, (d) benzyl alcohol or chlorobutanol, (e) sorbitan monooleate, (f) propylene glycol and (g) MIGLYOL 840. 
     In another embodiment of the third aspect, the invention relates to a formulation wherein (a) ceftiofur may be present in an amount of about 5% w/v, (b) ketoprofen may be present in an amount of about 15% w/v, (c) PHOSPHOLIPON 90H may be present in an amount of about 0.05% w/v, (d) benzyl alcohol may be present in an amount of about 1% w/v or chlorobutanol may be present in an amount of about 0.5% w/v, (e) sorbitan monooleate may be present in an amount of about 0.15% w/v, (f) propylene glycol may be present in an amount of about 0.25% w/v and (g) MIGLYOL 840 may be present in an amount of up to about 100% w/v. 
     In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention of bovine respiratory disease, or other related respiratory disorders, in an animal, including livestock animals, which comprises administering an effective amount of a formulation of the invention to the animal. The formulations described herein can be formulated for injectable, oral or topical (pour-on) administration. 
     In one embodiment of the fourth aspect of the present invention, the formulation may be administered by injection. As the finished product may be an injectable product in a multi-use vial, it needs to be both sterile and capable of maintaining its sterility with multiple challenges. As an oily suspension the alternative techniques to produce a sterile product are either by aseptic manufacture or gamma irradiation. 
     The present invention also contemplates administering the formulations using a needlefree injector such as PIGJET®, AVIJET®, DERMOJET® or BIOJECTOR® (Bioject, Oregon, USA). A person of ordinary skill in the art is able to adjust the specifications of the injector as required with regard to factors such as the species of the animal to be treated; the age and weight of the animal, and the like without undue experimentation. 
     In another treatment embodiment, the treatment is via a direct topical administration such as a paste, pour-on, ready-to-use, spot-on, etc. type formulation. Higher amounts may be provided for very prolonged release in or on the body of the animal. The solutions according to the invention may be applied using any means known per se, e.g. using an applicator gun or a metering flask. 
     In yet another embodiment of the fourth aspect of the present invention, the formulation may be administered in an amount of up to about 1 mg per kg of ceftiofur and an amount of up to about 3 mg per kg of ketoprofen. The administration may be once daily for three to five days, and then as required. 
     In another embodiment the invention provides a composition formulated for injectable administration, wherein the dosage rate may be about 1 mg of ceftiofur and 3 mg of ketoprofen per kg of the animal&#39;s live weight. If the ceftiofur and ketoprofen is present in an amount of about 1% w/v, for example, an injectable formulation can be administered in an amount of 1 ml per 50 kg of the animal&#39;s live weight. It is well within the routine skill of the practitioner to determine a particular dosing regimen for a specific host and parasite. 
     The composition containing the ceftiofur of the invention may be administered continuously, for treatment or prophylaxis, by known methods. In one embodiment, a dose of from about 0.001 to about 50 mg per kg of body weight given as a single dose or in divided doses for a period of from 1 to 5 days will be satisfactory but, of course, there can be instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are indicated, and such are within the scope of this invention. It is well within the routine skill of the practitioner to determine a particular dosing regimen for a specific host and parasite. 
     In one treatment embodiment, the treatment is carried out so as to administer to the animal, on a single occasion, a dose containing between about 0.001 and about 100 mg/kg of the ceftiofur or between about 0.1 and about 200 μg/kg or about 100 μg/kg of the compound. 
     The composition containing the ceftiofur and ketoprofen of the invention may be administered continuously, for treatment or prophylaxis, by known methods. Generally, a dose of from about 1 to about 20 mg of ceftiofur and of ketoprofen per kg of body weight given as a single dose or in divided doses for a period of from 1 to 5 days will be satisfactory but, of course, there can be instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are indicated, and such are within the scope of this invention. 
     In one embodiment, the dosage of ceftiofur administered to cattle by intramuscular injection may be about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg according to the weight of the animal. In certain other embodiments, the dosage of ceftiofur administered to cattle by this mode of administration may be about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.4 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 0.6 mg/kg, about 0.7 mg/kg, about 0.8 mg/kg, about 0.9 mg/kg, about 1.0 mg/kg, about 1.1 mg/kg, about 1.2 mg/kg, about 1.3 mg/kg, about 1.4 mg/kg, about 1.5 mg/kg, about 1.6 mg/kg, about 1.7 mg/kg, about 1.8 mg/kg, about 1.9 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg, about 2.1 mg or about 2.2 mg/kg once daily for three days. 
     In another embodiment, the dosage of ketoprofen administered to cattle by intramuscular injection is about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg according to the weight of the animal. In other embodiments, the dosage of ketoprofen administered to cattle by intramuscular injection may be about 1.0 mg/kg, about 1.1 mg/kg, about 1.2 mg/kg, about 1.3 mg/kg, about 1.4 mg/kg, about 1.5 mg/kg, about 1.6 mg/kg, about 1.7 mg/kg, about 1.8 mg/kg, about 1.9 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg, about 2.1 mg/kg, about 2.2 mg/kg, about 2.3 mg/kg, about 2.4 mg/kg, about 2.5 mg/kg, about 2.6 mg/kg, about 2.7 mg/kg, about 2.8 mg/kg, about 2.9 mg/kg, about 3.0 mg/kg, about 3.1 mg/kg, about 3.2 mg/kg, about 3.3 mg/kg, about 3.4 mg/kg, about 3.5 mg/kg, about 3.6 mg/kg, about 3.7 mg/kg, about 3.8 mg/kg, about 3.9 mg/kg, about 4.0 mg/kg, about 4.1 mg/kg, about 4.2 mg/kg or about 4.3 mg/kg once daily for three days. 
     In one treatment embodiment, the treatment is carried out so as to administer to the animal, on a single occasion, a dose containing between about 1 and about 20 mg/kg of ceftiofur and of ketoprofen. 
     During formulation development, investigation of the physical characteristics of the suspensions produced tended to be carried out with the formulations stored in either 100 mL clear glass measuring cylinders or 100 mL glass vials (either clear or amber), or in many cases both. The proposed packaging format may be 100 mL clear, type I glass vials with stoppers. The present invention also contemplates the administration of the ceftiofur and ketoprofen in separate compartments, to be admixed upon administration to the animal. 
     The invention will now be further described by way of the following non-limiting examples. 
     Examples  
     Example 1  
     Effect of Benzyl Alcohol on the Physical Properties of Ceftiofur HCl Oily Suspensions 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Lab batches prepared with 1% benzyl alcohol and without 
               
               
                 benzyl alcohol. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Batch 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
                 % w/v 
                 % w/v 
                 % w/v 
                 % w/v 
                 % w/v 
                 % w/v 
                 % w/v 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ceftiofur HCl 
                 5.35 
                 5.35 
                 5.35 
                 5.35 
                 5.35 
                 5.35 
                 5.35 
                 5.35 
               
               
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 90H 
               
               
                 Sorbitan 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 monooleate 
               
               
                 Propylene Glycol 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 none 
                 1.0 
                 none 
                 1.0 
                 none 
                 1.0 
                 2.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 Cottonseed oil 
                 to 
                 to 
                 to 
                 to 
                 to 
                 to 
                 to 
                 to 
               
               
                   
                 volume 
                 volume 
                 volume 
                 volume 
                 volume 
                 volume 
                 volume 
                 volume 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     An observation was made that separation on standing in a rectangular 100 mL laboratory bottle was greater for the formulation without benzyl alcohol than for the batch with benzyl alcohol. This result was surprising and unexpected. 
     Initial observations revealed separation at 4 days in a 100 mL rectangular laboratory bottle. The sedimentation volume, F, is the ratio of the equilibrium volume of the sediment, V u , to the total volume of the suspension, V 0 . Thus, F=V u /V 0 . As the volume of suspension that appears occupied by the sediment increases, the value of F, which normally ranges from nearly 0 to 1, increases. In the system where F=0.75, for example, 75% of the total volume in the container is apparently occupied by the loose, porous flocs forming the sediment. When F=1, no sediment is apparent even though the system is flocculated. This is an ideal suspension for, under these conditions, no sedimentation occurs. The Sedimentation Volume (%) is equal to: 
       [(Volume of Sediment×100)/(Total Volume)]. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sedimentation at 4 days 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Batch A (No benzyl alcohol) 
                 54% sedimentation 
               
               
                 Batch B (1%) benzyl alcohol) 
                 83% sedimentation 
               
               
                 Previous batches (containing 1% benzyl alcohol) 
                 76-84% typical 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Testing was conducted with 0% versus 1% Benzyl alcohol. The sedimentation volume (%) on standing in a 100 mL measuring cylinder is summarized in TABLE 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sedimentation Volume (%) = [(Volume of Sediment × 100)/ 
               
               
                 (Total Volume)] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Batch A 
                 Batch B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                  0% 
                  1% 
               
               
                 Initial 
                 100%  
                 100%  
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 day 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 2 
                 days 
                 95% 
                 97% 
               
               
                 3 
                 days 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 4 
                 days 
                 69% 
                 73% 
               
               
                 6 
                 days 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 7 
                 days 
                 55% 
                 72% 
               
               
                 17 
                 days 
                 30% 
                 54% 
               
               
                 22 
                 days 
                 28% 
                 51% 
               
               
                 31 
                 days 
                 26% 
                 48% 
               
               
                 37 
                 days 
                 25% 
                 46% 
               
               
                 43 
                 days 
                 245 
                 45% 
               
               
                 56 
                 days 
                 23% 
                 44% 
               
               
                 180 
                 days 
                 22% 
                 42% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NR = not recorded 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The sedimentation volume on sanding in a 100 mL round injection vial is summarized in TABLE 4. TABLE 5 depicts flow rate, as measured by determining the flow rate through an orifice at the base of a Ford cup No. 4 loaded with a specified volume of suspension. The results of TABLE 5 demonstrate that the presence of the benzyl alcohol has no effect on viscosity of the suspension. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sedimentation Volume (%) = [(Volume of Sediment × 100)/ 
               
               
                 (Total Volume)]: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Batch C 
                 Batch D 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                  0% 
                  1% 
               
               
                 Initial 
                 100%  
                 100%  
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 day 
                 90% 
                 95% 
               
               
                 2 
                 days 
                 79% 
                 NR 
               
               
                 4 
                 days 
                 NR 
                 90% 
               
               
                 5 
                 days 
                 49% 
                 86% 
               
               
                 7 
                 days 
                 41% 
                 83% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NR = not recorded 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Flow rate in a Ford cup No. 4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Flow rate 
                 % Benzyl alcohol 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Batch A 
                 26 
                 seconds 
                 0% 
               
               
                   
                 Batch B 
                 27 
                 seconds 
                 1% 
               
               
                   
                 Other lab batches 
                 27-31 
                 seconds 
                 1% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A centrifuge-resuspension test was conducted as follows: 8 mL was introduced into a 10 mL round bottom tube. The tube was placed in the centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 15 minutes. The following measurements were recorded: volume of sediment and the time to resuspend the product (leaving no trace of residue on the bottom of the tube). After sedimentation, resuspension was performed in 5 second intervals, holding the tube horizontally and allowing 3 back and forward movements per second. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Centrifuge-resuspension test 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Batch A 
                 Batch B 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                  0% 
                  1% 
               
               
                   
                 Sedimentation 
                 92% 
                 80% 
               
               
                   
                 Resuspension time 
                 35 seconds 
                 15 seconds 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Syringeability and injectability tests were also conducted. 2 mL of sample was drawn from an inverted injection vial through an 18 gauge needle into a 3 mL syringe. The contents of the syringe were then discharged. Syringeability and injectability were acceptable. The test was repeated with a glass syringe. Both syringeability and injectability improved with glass. 
     To summarize, sedimentation on standing is faster for the formulation without Benzyl alcohol than for the formulation containing 1% Benzyl alcohol. Centrifuge and resuspension testing showed resuspension time was quicker for a formulation containing 1% Benzyl alcohol. Ford cup flow rate is not significantly affected by the benzyl alcohol. There was no variation in syringeability and injectability between formulation batch A and batch B. 
     Batches were then manufactured with 0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% Benzyl alcohol. The sedimentation volume on standing in a 100 mL measuring cylinder is summarized in TABLE 7. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sedimentation Volume (%) = 
               
               
                 [(Volume of Sediment × 100)/(Total Volume)] 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Batch E 
                 Batch F 
                 Batch G 
                 Batch H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 0% 
                 1% 
                 2% 
                 3% 
               
               
                   
                 1 day 
                 97% 
                 94% 
                 99% 
                 99% 
               
               
                   
                 2 days 
                 90% 
                 86% 
                 97% 
                 98% 
               
               
                   
                 3 days 
                 82% 
                 81% 
                 96% 
                 96% 
               
               
                   
                 4 days 
                 73% 
                 75% 
                 95% 
                 95% 
               
               
                   
                 5 days 
                 64% 
                 69% 
                 93% 
                 94% 
               
               
                   
                 6 days 
                 56% 
                 64% 
                 92% 
                 94% 
               
               
                   
                 7 days 
                 42% 
                 61% 
                 91% 
                 93% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2  
     Comparison of Benzyl Alcohol-Containing Ceftiofur Batches with EXCENEL® RTU 
     Ceftiofur formulations were manufactured with 0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% benzyl alcohol (batches E-H, respectively), and their physical properties were compared to those of EXCENEL® RTU Sterile Suspension manufactured by Pfizer (ceftiofur hydrochloride), which contains no benzyl alcohol. The sedimentation volumes on standing in a 100 mL graduated cylinder were measured. Sedimentation Volume (%)=[(Volume of Sediment×100)/(Total Volume)] and the results are summarized in TABLE 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sedimentation Volume (%) = (Volume of 
               
               
                 Sediment × 100)/Total Volume) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Batch E 
                 Batch F 
                 Batch G 
                 Batch H 
                 EXCENEL ® RTU 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Benzyl 
                  0% 
                  1% 
                  2% 
                  3% 
                  0% 
               
               
                 alcohol 
               
               
                 1 day 
                 92% 
                 93% 
                 99% 
                 99% 
                 90% 
               
               
                 2 days 
                 78% 
                 83% 
                 83% 
                 85% 
                 75% 
               
               
                 3 days 
                 58% 
                 82% 
                 82% 
                 82% 
                 NR 
               
               
                 4 days 
                 46% 
                 79% 
                 79% 
                 78% 
                 49% 
               
               
                 5 days 
                 42% 
                 75% 
                 75% 
                 75% 
                 39% 
               
               
                 6 days 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
               
               
                 7 days 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 NR 
                 36% 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NR = not recorded 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The viscosity in a Brookfield LV 2 at 100 rpm was measured and the results are summarized in TABLE 9. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Viscosity 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Batch E 
                 Batch F 
                 Batch G 
                 Batch H 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 0% 
                 1% 
                 2% 
                 3% 
               
               
                   
                   
                 129 cps 
                 136 cps 
                 138 cps 
                 142 cps 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A centrifuge-resuspension test was conducted as follows. 8 mL was introduced into a 10 mL round bottom tube. The tube was placed in the centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 15 minutes. The following measurements were recorded: volume of sediment and time to resuspend the formulation (leaving no trace of residue on the bottom of the tube). Following sedimentation, resuspension was performed in 5 second intervals, holding the tube horizontally and allowing 3 back and forward movements per second. The results are summarized in TABLE 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Centrifuge-resuspension test 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Batch E 
                 Batch F 
                 Batch G 
                 Batch H 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                  0% 
                  1% 
                  2% 
                  3% 
               
               
                 Sedimentation 
                 92% 
                 84% 
                 78% 
                 79% 
               
               
                 Resuspension 
                 60 seconds 
                 28 seconds 
                 29 seconds 
                 25 seconds 
               
               
                 time 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Syringeability and injectability tests were also conducted. 2 mL of sample was drawn from an inverted injection vial through an 18 gauge needle into a 3 mL syringe. The contents of the syringe were then discharged. Syringeability and injectability were acceptable, as indicated by TABLE 11. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Syringeability and injectability tests 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Batch E 
                 Batch F 
                 Batch G 
                 Batch H 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 0% 
                 1% 
                 2% 
                 3% 
               
               
                 Syringeability time 
                 9 seconds 
                 8 seconds 
                 8 seconds 
                 9 seconds 
               
               
                 Injectability time 
                 3 seconds 
                 3 seconds 
                 3 seconds 
                 3 seconds 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To summarize, sedimentation is faster when no benzyl alcohol is included in the formulations according to the present invention. The sedimentation volume is also smaller when no benzyl alcohol is included in the formulations according to the present invention. Centrifuge and resuspension testing shows resuspension time was quicker in formulations with benzyl alcohol. There was no significant difference in viscosity value with the addition of benzyl alcohol to the formulation. Syringeability and injectability of all formulations were acceptable. 
     Ceftiofur Hydrochloride Oily Suspension is a flocculated suspension. A flocculated suspension includes, but is not limited to, the following characteristics: 1) particles in the suspension are in the form of loose agglomerates, 2) the sediment is formed relatively rapidly, 3) the sediment is loosely packed, particles are not bound to each other tightly, 4) a hard cake is not formed, 5) the sediment is easily redispersed by a small amount of agitation, and 6) pressure distribution and viscosity are consistent throughout the depth of the product. 
     From the test data generated on the above formulation with and without Benzyl alcohol, it is observed that Benzyl alcohol has a surprising and unexpected effect on the flocculation. Benzyl alcohol reduces the rate of sedimentation and improves the rate of resuspension. 
     Example 3  
     Formulation Development of a Combination Ceftiofur HCl and Ketoprofen Oily Suspension 
     The following summarizes the development of a stable, easily resuspendable combination ceftiofur HCl and ketoprofen oily suspension for injection, containing 5.0% w/v ceftiofur and 15.0% w/v ketoprofen suitable for intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. The desired formulation comprises 5.0% ceftiofur HCL and the excipients; PHOSPHOLIPON 90H, sorbitan monooleate, propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol in a refined cottonseed oil vehicle. Attempts were made to incorporate ethanol as an excipient into the original ceftiofur HCL injection formulation. 
     Formulation 1  
     
         
         Purpose: Comparing the addition of various concentrations of benzyl alcohol and ethanol. NB—no ketoprofen. 
         Sub-batches had the following amounts of benzyl alcohol and ethanol:
       1: 15% benzyl alcohol/0% ethanol   2: 10% benzyl alcohol/0% ethanol   3: 0% benzyl alcohol/0% ethanol   4: 5% benzyl alcohol/10% ethanol   
     
         Method: 170 mL of ceftiofur HCL suspension was prepared according to TABLE 12. Appropriate amounts of benzyl alcohol, ethanol and/or cottonseed oil totaling 7.5 mL were added to 42.5 mL of the suspension. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 12. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (ARLACEL-80) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Refined cottonseed oil 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 0, 5, 10 or 15% 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 0 or 10% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Sub-batches 1, 2 and 3 were well dispersed. Sub-batch 4 was not well dispersed, as indicated by deposits on the bottle wall surface. 
       
    
     Formulation 2 
     Incorporation of ketoprofen into a formulation based on the original formulation with ethanol was then attempted. Formulation 2 components are summarized in TABLE 13.
     Purpose: Ceftiofur HCl injection without ketoprofen.   Method: Heated cottonseed oil to 95-100° C., added lecithin and stirred until clear (40 minutes), cooled to 30° C. Next, added sorbitan monooleate and stirred for 10 minutes. Then added ceftiofur HCl in portions and stirred until completely dissolved. Continued stirring until completely dispersed (20 minutes). Finally added propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol and ethanol and stirred for about 10 minutes. Volume was brought to 100 using refined cottonseed oil.   Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 13.   

     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (ARLACEL-80) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Refined cottonseed oil 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Formulations containing both active ingredients and employing the refined cottonseed oil as vehicle tended to result in a fairly viscous suspension. 
       
    
     Formulation 3  
     
         
         Purpose: Ceftiofur HCl injection with ketoprofen 
         Method: Formulation 3 was prepared according to the method of Formulation 2, but with the addition of ketoprofen at the same time as the ceftiofur HCl. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 14. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (ARLACEL-80) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Refined cottonseed oil 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Formulation 3 was viscous. 
       
    
     Formulation 4  
     
         
         Purpose: Reduce benzyl alcohol to 1.0% and reduce ethanol to 0.0% to determine if removal of ethanol would resolve the problem of the high viscosity and “stickiness” of Formulation 3. 
         Sub-batches had the following amounts of ketoprofen:
       1-0.0% ketoprofen   2-15.0% ketoprofen   
     
         Method: Formulation 4 was prepared according to the method of Formulation 3, but with either ceftiofur HCl only or ceftiofur HCl and ketoprofen added after the sorbitan monooleate. 
         Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 15. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (ARLACEL-80) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Refined cottonseed oil 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Formulation 4 was thick. 
       
    
     Based on these results, investigation of alternative oily vehicles suitable for the combination was commenced. Alternative vehicles trials included medium chain triglyceride oils (MIGLYOL), ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate and glyceryl tricoprylate coprate (CRODAMOL GTCC), as well as 1:1 combinations of some of these vehicles. 
     Formulation 5  
     
         
         Purpose: To test 10% benzyl alcohol/5% ethanol formulation in medium chain triglyceride (MIGLYOL 810). 
         Method: Formulation 5 was prepared according to the method of Formulation 3, but cottonseed oil was replaced with MIGLYOL 810. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 16. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (ARLACEL-80) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 810 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: MIGLYOL 810 had been added to try to reduce the viscosity of previous formulations. Formulation 5 was a good suspension. 
       
    
     Formulation 6  
     
         
         Purpose: 1% benzyl alcohol/0% ethanol formulation in medium chain triglyceride, MIGLYOL 810. 
         Sub-batch 1—without ketoprofen (TABLE 17), sub-batch 2—with ketoprofen (TABLE 18) 
         Method: Formulation 6 was prepared according to the method of Formulation 4 with MIGLYOL 810 instead of cottonseed oil and either 0.0% or 15% ketoprofen. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 17 (sub-batch 1) and TABLE 18 (sub-batch 2). 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 17 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (ARLACEL-80) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 810 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (ARLACEL-80) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 810 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: MIGLYOL 810 had been added to try to reduce the viscosity of previous formulations. Sub-batch 1 (no ketoprofen, TABLE 17) was a good suspension, whereas sub-batch 2 (15% ketoprofen, TABLE 18) was a very viscous, nearly solidified, suspension. 
       
    
     Formulation 7  
     
         
         Purpose: 10% benzyl alcohol/5% ethanol formulation in ethyl oleate and cottonseed oil vehicle 
         Method: Formulation 7 was prepared according to the method of Formulation 2, with Ethyl oleate and some cottonseed oil were heated to 95-100° C. in the first step. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 19. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 19 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (ARLACEL-80) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl oleate 
                 30.0 
               
               
                   
                 Refined cottonseed oil 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Formulation 7 was a good suspension. 
       
    
     Formulation 8  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 10% benzyl alcohol, 5% ethanol and cottonseed oil for stability. 
         Method: Formulation 8 was prepared according to the following steps: 1) Filtered refined cottonseed oil, 2) heated oil to 95° C.-100° C., 3) added lecithin with constant stirring until a clear solution developed, 4) cooled the oil/lecithin mixture to 30° C., 5) added sorbitan monooleate and stirred continuously for 10 minutes, 6) added ceftiofur HCl and ketoprofen with continuous stirring for 15 minutes until completely dispersed, 7) added propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol and ethanol and continuously stirred for 10 minutes, 8) brought to volume with refined cotton seed oil, and 9) homogenized for 5 minutes. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 20 and density measurements are summarized in TABLE 21. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 20 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Refined cottonseed oil 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Density (20° C.) was 0.9734 g/mL. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Active content (% LC) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur 
                 Ketoprofen 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  4° C. 
                 95.8 
                 97.0 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./2 weeks 
                 73.0 
                 57.0 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./4 weeks 
                 72.9 
                 46.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 9  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 10% benzyl alcohol, 5% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 for stability. 
         Method: Formulation 9 was prepared as per the 10% benzyl alcohol, 5% ethanol and cottonseed oil batches, but the cottonseed oil was replaced with MIGLYOL 810 (NB oil not filtered prior to heating). Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 22 and density measurements are summarized in TABLE 23. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 22 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 810 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Density (20° C.) was 0.9951 g/mL. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Active content (% LC) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur 
                 Ketoprofen 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  4° C. 
                 75.4 
                 76.3 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./2 weeks 
                 73.2 
                 59.9 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./4 weeks 
                 88.5 
                 61.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 10  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 10% benzyl alcohol, 5% ethanol and Ethyl oleate/refined cottonseed oil for stability. 
         Method: Formulation 10 was prepared as per the 10% benzyl alcohol, 5% ethanol and cottonseed oil batches, but the cottonseed oil in step 2 was replaced with ethyl oleate and refined cottonseed oil (NB oil not filtered prior to heating). Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 24 and density measurements are summarized in TABLE 25. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 24 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl oleate 
                 30.0 
               
               
                   
                 Refined cottonseed oil 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Density (20° C.) was 0.9569 g/mL. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Active content (% LC) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur 
                 Ketoprofen 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  4° C. 
                 95.0 
                 96.4 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./2 weeks 
                 94.6 
                 74.3 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./4 weeks 
                 94.1 
                 60.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 11  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 for physical stability. 
         Method: Formulation 11 was prepared as per the 10% benzyl alcohol, 5% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches, but no ethanol was added. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 26. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 26 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 810 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Results: Resuspension was acceptable, sedimentation volume was 5.6 mL/9.0 mL number of inversions to resuspend was less than 30. 
       
    
     Formulation 12  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and Ethyl oleate for physical stability. 
         Method: Formulation 12 was prepared as per the 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches, but MIGLYOL 810 was replaced with ethyl oleate. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 27. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 27 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl oleate 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 13  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and ethyl oleate/ cottonseed oil (1:1) for physical stability. 
         Method: Formulation 13 was prepared as per the 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches, but MIGLYOL 810 was replaced with ethyl oleate/refined cottonseed oil (1:1 v/v). Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 28. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl oleate/Refined cottonseed oil (1:1 v/v) 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 14  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and ethyl oleate/ MIGLYOL 810 (1:1) for physical stability. 
         Method: Formulation 13 was prepared as per the 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches, but MIGLYOL 810 was replaced with ethyl oleate/MIGLYOL 810 (1:1 v/v). 
         Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 29. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 29 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl oleate/MIGLYOL 810 (1:1 v/v) 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 15  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 for physical stability and stress testing. 
         Method: Formulation 15 was prepared as per the 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 30. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 30 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 810 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: The resuspension of Formulation 15 was acceptable, the sedimentation volume was 6.9 mL/9.0 mL, and the number of inversions to resuspend was less than 30. Data are summarized in TABLE 31. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 31 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Active content (% LC) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur 
                 Ketoprofen 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  4° C. 
                 100.4 
                 100.4 
               
               
                   
                 Room temp. 
                 98.8 
                 103.2 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./2 weeks 
                 101.2 
                 103.8 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./4 weeks 
                 99.3 
                 100.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 16  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 for chemical stability. 
         Method: Formulation 16 was prepared as per the 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 32. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 32 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 810 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Resuspension of Formulation 16 was acceptable, sedimentation volume was 6.9 mL/9.0 mL, and the number of inversions to resuspend was less than 30. Data are summarized in TABLE 33. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 33 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Active content (% LC) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur 
                 Ketoprofen 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  4° C. 
                 100.8 
                 101.9 
               
               
                   
                 Room temp. 
                 100.5 
                 102.2 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./2 weeks 
                 100.5 
                 103.6 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./4 weeks 
                 99.3 
                 100.9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 17  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 for chemical stability. 
         Method: Formulation 17 was prepared as per the 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 34 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 34 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 810 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Resuspension of Formulation 17 was acceptable, the sedimentation volume was 6.8 mL/9.0 mL, and the number of inversions to resuspend was less than 30. Data are summarized in TABLE 35. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 35 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Active content (% LC) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur 
                 Ketoprofen 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  4° C. 
                 95.6 
                 96.2 
               
               
                   
                 Room temp. 
                 97.1 
                 98.4 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./2 weeks 
                 100.3 
                 99.7 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./4 weeks 
                 99.9 
                 97.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 18  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, using IPM as oil vehicle. 
         Method: Formulation 18 was prepared as per the 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches, with an additional first step wherein the MIGLYOL 810 was filtered through a 0.2 μm filter. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 36. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 36 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 IPM 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Formulation 18 was not well-suspended; the sedimentation volume was 3.7 mL/9.0 mL, and the number of inversions to resuspend was greater than 300. 
       
    
     Formulation 19  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, using IPM/refined cottonseed oil (1:1 v/v) as oil vehicle. 
         Method: Formulation 19 was prepared as per the 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches, with an additional first step wherein the MIGLYOL 810 was filtered through a 0.2 μm filter. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 37. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 37 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 IPM/Refined cottonseed oil (1:1 v/v) 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Formulation 19 was not well-suspended; the sedimentation volume was 4.1 mL/9.0 mL, and the number of inversions to resuspend was greater than 300. 
       
    
     Formulation 20  
     
         
         Purpose: Prepare batch with 1% benzyl alcohol, using ethyl oleate/MIGLYOL 810 (1:1 v/v) as oil vehicle. 
         Method: Formulation 20 was prepared as per the 1% benzyl alcohol, 0% ethanol and MIGLYOL 810 batches, with an additional first step wherein the MIGLYOL 810 was filtered through a 0.2 μm filter. Component amounts are summarized in TABLE 38 and the results of the stress study are summarized in TABLE 39. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 38 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur HCl) 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Lecithin (PHOSPHOLIPON 90H) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl oleate/MIGLYOL 810 (1:1 v/v) 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Density of Formulation 20 was 0.972 g/mL. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 39 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Actives 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (% label claim) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur 
                 Ketoprofen 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                  4° C. 
                 98.9 
                 99.5 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./2 weeks 
                 98 
                 98.4 
               
               
                   
                 55° C./4 weeks 
                 99.6 
                 97.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 21  
     
         
         Purpose: Trial batch using CRODAMOL GTCC as oil vehicle. 
         Method: Formulation 21 was prepared as per the method of the trial batch with refined cottonseed oil, benzyl alcohol added before heating, but using CRODAMOL GTCC in place of cottonseed oil. Components are summarized in TABLE 40. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 40 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur HCl 
                 5.35 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (CRILL 4) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 CRODAMOL GTCC 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Formulation 21 was solid after overnight storage at 2-8° C., on shaking begins to move but not mobile. Viscosity (Ford cup No.4) was 38 seconds and the sedimentation after 1000 rpm for 15 minutes (8 mL) was 98% sediment. Formulation 21 resuspended in 10 seconds. The number of inversions to resuspend was 1. 
         Method: A 7-day separation was then performed on Formulation 21. The results are summarized 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 41 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Clear 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Day 1 
                 1% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 4 
                 3% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 6 
                 4% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 7 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation 22  
     
         
         Purpose: Trial batch using ethyl oleate as oil vehicle. 
         Method: Formulation 22 was prepared as per the refined cottonseed oil batch with the these modifications: benzyl alcohol was added before heating, but ethyl oleate was used in place of cottonseed oil. Components are summarized in TABLE 42. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 42 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur HCl 
                 5.35 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (CRILL 4) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Ethyl oleate 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Formulation 22 resuspended easily. The formulation was very viscous (but mobile) when stored at 2-8° C. The viscosity (Brookfield spindle 2 @ 100 rpm) was 102 cP and the viscosity (Ford cup No.4) was 17 seconds. The sedimentation after 1000 rpm for 15 minutes (8 mL) was 79% sediment, and the time to resuspend was 30 seconds. The seven day separation data are presented in TABLE 4. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 43 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sediment 
                 Clear 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Day 1 
                 95% 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 2 
                 95% 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 5 
                 92% 
                 8% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 7 
                 92% 
                 8% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This work provided indications that MIGLYOL 810 may have potential as a replacement for cottonseed oil. Further investigation into the lower viscosity MIGLYOL 840 resulted in 
     MIGLYOL 840 becoming a preferred oil for further formulation development. Even though MIGLYOL 840 is preferred, MIGLYOL 810 is still contemplated as a potential replacement for cottonseed oil in formulations according to the present invention. 
     Formulation 23  
     
         
         Purpose: Trial batch using MIGLYOL 840 as oil vehicle. 
         Method: Formulation 23 was prepared as per the refined cottonseed oil batch with minor modifications: benzyl alcohol added before heating, MIGLYOL 840 was used in place of cottonseed oil. Components are summarized in TABLE 44. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 44 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur HCl 
                 5.35 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (CRILL 4) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 840 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Results: Formulation 23 was solid after overnight storage at 2-8° C., and on shaking began to move with moderate mobility. Viscosity was 18 seconds; sedimentation after 1000 rpm for 15 minutes (8 mL) was 90% sediment; resuspension occurred within 5 seconds; and the number of inversions to resuspend was 3. The seven day separation data is summarized in TABLE 45 and the stress study data is summarized in TABLE 46. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 45 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Clear 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Day 1 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 4 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 6 
                 8% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 7 
                 8% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 46 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Active Content 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur 
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Recovery 
                   
                 Recovery 
               
               
                   
                   
                 relative to 
                   
                 relative to 
               
               
                   
                 % 
                 4° C. (%) 
                 % 
                 4° C. (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4° C. 
                 4.985 
                   
                 14.53 
                   
               
               
                   
                 55 C./4 wk 
                 4.951 
                 99.3 
                 13.11 
                 90.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Further work was carried out to investigate the effect of different levels of benzyl alcohol on formulations with the MIGLYOL 840 oil vehicle using either representative active concentrations of ceftiofur (5.0%) and ketoprofen (15.0%), or a representative lower active concentration of ceftiofur (3.57%) and ketoprofen (10.0%). In contrast to the effect benzyl alcohol had on formulations containing only ceftiofur in the refined cottonseed vehicle, the benzyl alcohol did not appear to effect the flocculation of the formulations containing both ceftiofur and ketoprofen. 
     During the investigation of the effect of benzyl alcohol, stress testing (up to four weeks storage at 55° C.) of batches containing 0, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0% benzyl alcohol was carried out. It was found from the stress testing that the assay values of the ceftiofur after four weeks at 55° C. remained relatively constant regardless of the benzyl alcohol content, but that the assay values for the ketoprofen after storage at 55° C. for this period of time were reduced with increasing concentration of benzyl alcohol. 
     Formulation 24  
     
         
         Purpose: Compare batches (5% Ceftiofur/15% Ketoprofen) in MIGLYOL 840 with: 0% benzyl alcohol (ANT0088-25), 1% benzyl alcohol (ANT0088-26), 3% benzyl alcohol (ANT0088-27), and 5% benzyl alcohol (ANT0088-28). 
         Method: As per batch with refined cottonseed oil—benzyl alcohol added before heating. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 47 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur HCl 
                 5.35 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (CRILL 4) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 840 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur HCl 
                 5.35 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (CRILL 4) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 840 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur HCl 
                 5.35 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (CRILL 4) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 840 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur HCl 
                 5.35 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (CRILL 4) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Benzyl alcohol 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 840 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: All 4 batches were solid after 24 and 48 hours storage at 2-8° C., but became mobile on shaking. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 48 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 26 
                 27 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % BA 
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 3.0 
                 5.0 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Viscosity (Brookfield, spindle 2, 100 rpm) cP: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 158 
                 162 
                 142 
                 144 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Centrifuge test 1000 rpm, 15 mins: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % sediment 
                 88 
                 90 
                 89 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 Re-suspn 
                 27 
                 29 
                 28 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                 time (sec) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Syringeability (18 g needle) sec: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8 
                 7 
                 7 
                 6 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Injectability, sec: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 9 
                 5 
                 6 
                 5 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Sedimentation Volume (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Day 0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Day 1 
                 99 
                 99 
                 99 
                 99 
               
               
                   
                 Day 2 
                 99 
                 98 
                 98 
                 98 
               
               
                   
                 Day 3 
                 99 
                 98 
                 98 
                 97 
               
               
                   
                 Day 4 
                 99 
                 98 
                 98 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 Day 5 
                 99 
                 97 
                 97 
                 96 
               
               
                   
                 Day 6 
                 99 
                 97 
                 97 
                 95 
               
               
                   
                 Day 7 
                 99 
                 96 
                 96 
                 94 
               
               
                   
                 Day 8 
                 99 
                 95 
                 95 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 Day 9 
                 99 
                 95 
                 95 
                 93 
               
               
                   
                 Day 30 
                 95 
                 90 
                 90 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 6 month 
                 88 
                 83 
                 79 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 49 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Active Content 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur 
                 Ketoprofen 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Batch 
                   
                   
                 Recovery 
                   
                 Recovery 
               
               
                 No. 
                   
                   
                 relative to 
                   
                 relative to 
               
               
                 ANT008- 
                 Condition 
                 % 
                 4° C. (%) 
                 % 
                 4° C. (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 4° C. 
                 5.182 
                   
                 14.74 
                   
               
               
                   
                 55/4 wk 
                 5.026 
                 97.0 
                 14.21 
                 96.4 
               
               
                 26 
                 4° C. 
                 5.238 
                   
                 14.81 
               
               
                   
                 55/4 wk 
                 5.064 
                 96.7 
                 14.10 
                 95.2 
               
               
                 27 
                 4° C. 
                 5.129 
                   
                 14.60 
               
               
                   
                 55/4 wk 
                 4.990 
                 97.3 
                 13.54 
                 92.7 
               
               
                 28 
                 4° C. 
                 5.215 
                   
                 14.79 
               
               
                   
                 55/4 wk 
                 5.095 
                 97.7 
                 13.18 
                 89.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In order to optimize the long term stability of the formulation, a formulation trial batch was produced using 0.50%w/v chlorobutanol as preservative, rather than benzyl alcohol. 
     Formulation 25  
     
         
         Purpose: To prepare a batch (1% benzyl alcohol, with MIGLYOL base) using 0.5% chlorobutanol as preservative in place of benzyl alcohol. 
         Method: As per batch with refined cottonseed oil—benzyl alcohol was added before heating, with no benzyl alcohol. Chlorobutanol was added to heated MIGLYOL 840. 
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 50 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Component 
                 % w/v 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ceftiofur HCl 
                 5.35 
               
               
                   
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 90H 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitan monooleate (CRILL 4) 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 Chlorobutanol 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 MIGLYOL 840 
                 to 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Result: Viscosity (Brookfield, spindle 2, 100 rpm) was 112 cP, the sedimentation after 1000 rpm for 15 minutes (8 mL) was 91% sediment. 
       
    
     Long-Term Sedimentation: 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 51 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sedimentation volume 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Day 0 
                 100% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 1 
                 99% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 2 
                 98% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 3 
                 97% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 4 
                 96% 
               
               
                   
                 Day 7 
                 95% 
               
               
                   
                 6 month 
                 90% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Development work was carried out with the aim of producing an effective, well-flocculated suspension which readily resuspends to produce a uniform suspension on shaking. A test involving centrifugation of samples at 1000 rpm for 15 minutes was performed on most of the formulation batches produced. Once samples were centrifuged, the percentage sedimentation produced and time for resuspension were tested and could be compared for the various formulation batches. Formulation 25 batches produced 90% sediment following centrifugation, and were subsequently resuspended in about 29 seconds. The sedimentation volume measured for sample batches also became 90% after standing for 30 days. 
     During use an effective suspension according to the present invention must also be withdrawn from a container and administered by syringe. Syringeability and injectability studies involving the withdrawal and discharge of a 2 mL sample using an 18 gauge needle and 3 mL syringes have been carried out on formulation batches containing 0 to 5.0% benzyl alcohol. Syringeability time using a plastic syringe ranged from six to eight seconds. The syringeability of the 1.0% benzyl alcohol formulation was 7 seconds which was considered acceptable. 
     In general, formulation batches of up to 400 mL have been produced during development to date. The manufacturing process used was the same as that developed for the ceftiofur—only injection formulation, with the addition of both actives to a mixture of MIGLYOL 840, preservative, PHOSPHOLIPON 90H and sorbitan monooleate once it had cooled to less than 30° C., followed by addition of propylene glycol and making to volume with the MIGLYOL 840 vehicle. This method is detailed in the schematic diagram of  FIG. 1 . 
     During formulation development, investigation of the physical characteristics of the suspensions produced tended to be carried out with the formulations stored in either 100 mL clear glass measuring cylinders or 100 mL glass vials (either clear or amber), or in many cases both. The proposed packaging format may be 100 mL clear, type I glass vials with stoppers. 
     As the finished product is an injectable product in a multi-use vial, it needs to be both sterile and capable of maintaining its sterility with multiple challenges. As an oily suspension the alternative techniques to produce a sterile product include either aseptic manufacture or gamma irradiation. Terminal sterilization by gamma irradiation has been previously investigated in the ceftiofur-only formulation. Investigation on the gamma irradiation of the final proposed ceftiofur HCl/ketoprofen formulation is pending. 
     Benzyl alcohol 1.0% w/v or chlorobutanol 0.50% w/v was included in the proposed formulation. At the concentrations indicated in TABLE 52, these agents are expected to act as an effective preservative against the multiple challenges of a multi-use dose presentation 
     The components of one preferred formulation is provided in TABLE 52. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 52 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Proposed Formulation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ingredient 
                 w/v % Composition 
                 Function 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ceftiofur (as Ceftiofur 
                 5.0 
                 Active 
               
               
                 hydrochloride) 
               
               
                 Ketoprofen 
                 15.0 
                 Active 
               
               
                 PHOSPHOLIPON 
                 0.05 
                 Wetting/dispersing agent 
               
               
                 90H 
               
               
                 Chlorobutanol 
                 0.50 
                 Preservative 
               
               
                 Sorbitan monooleate 
                 0.15 
                 Wetting/dispersing agent 
               
               
                 Propylene glycol 
                 0.25 
                 Flocculating agent/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 resuspendability enhancer 
               
               
                 MIGLYOL 840 
                 to 100% 
                 Biocompatible oil vehicle 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Testing of this formulation demonstrated that it was highly stable at both high temperatures and for prolonged periods when stored at room temperature. These data are summarized in TABLE 53. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 53 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Storage 
                 Assay of 
                 Assay of 
               
               
                 Batch No. 
                 Condition 
                 Ceftiofur (%) 
                 Ketoprofen (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ANT0088-30 
                 2-8° C. 
                 103.2 
                 100.1 
               
               
                 (0.5% Chlorobutanol) 
                 55° C./4 weeks 
                 99.8 
                 99.3 
               
               
                   
                 Room Temp. 
                 101.2 
                 98.3 
               
               
                   
                  9 months 
               
               
                   
                 Room Temp. 
                 97.2 
                 98.1 
               
               
                   
                 12 months 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by the above Examples is not to be limited to particular details set forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.