Patent Publication Number: US-2009221130-A1

Title: N-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial, method for producing n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial, and method for manufacturing semiconductor device

Description:
This application is a continuing application, filed under 35 U.S.C. §111(a), of International Application PCT/JP2007/066131, filed Aug. 20, 2007, it being further noted that priority is based upon International Application PCT/JP2006/316307, filed Aug. 21, 2006. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The embodiment discussed herein is related to an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial, a method for producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial, and a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, or graphene sheets and layered products thereof, or carbon nanoribbons have been taken notice of as materials for various sensors such as gas sensors or materials for high-function electronic devices such as single-electron transistors. In the fields such as electronic devices, carbon nanotubes have been attempted to be used as wiring materials for connecting between electrodes or wiring lines, or to be used as electrode materials for channels of semiconductor devices such as FETs (Field Effect Transistor). 
     For applying the carbon nanomaterials to various electrode materials for semiconductor devices such as FETs, n-type and p-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials must be produced separately. A generally obtained semiconductor carbon nanomaterial tends to change into a p-type one if left in the atmosphere to cause oxygen (O 2 ) to be adsorbed thereon. By taking advantage of such characteristics, a p-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial can be relatively easily produced at present. 
     An N-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial can be produced by eliminating oxygen through vacuum heat treatment. In addition, for example, a carbon nanotube can be produced by doping alkali metals such as potassium (K) or by causing a specific substance to be adsorbed during formation of the carbon nanotube (see, for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2004-284852). However, the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials obtained by the above-described methods have insufficient stability and have a strong tendency to change into p-type ones if left untouched. 
     Several conventional methods chemically modify a carbon nanomaterial by a wet process to change the characteristics of the carbon nanomaterial (see, for example, Published Japanese translation of a PCT application No. 2004-530646, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication Nos. 2004-168570 and 2005-3687). In addition, a conventional method changes a conductivity type of an organic semiconductor by a chemical reaction (see, for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2004-158710) or a conventional method fabricates an FET by dispersing a carbon nanomaterial on a predetermined substrate to use the carbon nanomaterial as a channel (see, for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2005-93472). 
     A wet process is relatively likely to cause inclusion of impurities from a solvent. This inclusion of impurities inhibits production of an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial and stability of characteristics of the semiconductor carbon nanomaterial, and causes a short life of n-type semiconductivity. 
     When producing particularly an n-type semiconductor carbon nanotube by a wet process, carbon nanotubes easily bundle in a solvent and therefore, it is difficult to perform a homogeneous and fast reaction. When the reaction is performed under severe conditions or for many hours to attain uniformity of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanotube to be produced and speeding-up of the reaction, the carbon nanotubes are likely to deteriorate. 
     Therefore, even if the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial obtained by a wet process is applied to a semiconductor device such as an FET, it has been so far difficult to manufacture a device having a desired performance or stability. Further, a wet process has a large environmental load as compared with a dry process. 
     When producing an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial by a dry process, the above-described methods such as vacuum heat treatment, alkali metal doping or adsorption of a specific substance can be used. However, it has been heretofore extremely difficult for these methods to produce an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial which is stable over long periods of time. 
     Thus, a method for producing a uniform n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial having high stability has never been proposed. This creates a significant barrier to practical application of a carbon nanomaterial to a device. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to an aspect of the embodiment, an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial includes a semiconductor carbon nanomaterial covalently bonded with a functional group serving as an electron-donating group. 
     The object and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a structure example of an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a principle of a chemical processor; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates one example of a VUV lamp peripheral part; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates another example of the VUV lamp peripheral part; 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate structure examples of a top-gate carbon nanomaterial FET according to the present invention.  FIG. 5A  is a schematic perspective view and  FIG. 5B  is a schematic cross-sectional view; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming a source electrode; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming a drain electrode; 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for growing a semiconductor carbon nanotube; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for producing an n-type semiconductor carbon nanotube; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming a source electrode and a drain electrode; 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic cross-sectional view of processes for growing a semiconductor graphene sheet and for producing an n-type semiconductor graphene sheet; 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming an insulating film; 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming a gate electrode; and 
         FIGS. 14A and 14B  illustrate structure examples of a back-gate carbon nanomaterial FET according to the present invention.  FIG. 14A  is a schematic perspective view and  FIG. 14B  is a schematic cross-sectional view. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT(S) 
     Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout.  FIG. 1  illustrates a structure example of an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial according to the present invention.  FIG. 1  illustrates an essential part of the carbon nanomaterial using a development. 
     An n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  1  has a structure in which various functional groups (electron-donating groups) exhibiting an electron-donor property, for example, an alkyl group (R=C n H 2n+1 ) or an amino group (N—R 2  group (R=C n H 2n+1 , hydrogen (H)) are covalently bonded to specific sites of a semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  1   a.    
     For producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  1  having this structure, a dry process is here employed. Specifically, the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  is reacted with a gaseous substance or a volatile substance containing a substance having a functional group that serves as an electron-donating group when being bonded to the carbon nanomaterial  1   a , thereby covalently bonding the functional group to specific sites, particularly, specific sites of the surface of the carbon nanomaterial ( 1   a ). 
     “A gaseous substance or a volatile substance” includes not only a substance in a gaseous state near room temperature but also a gaseous mixture in a diluted state, which is obtained by making a high pressure, so-called, a high volatile substance near room temperature into a mist, or a mixture obtained by heating a low pressure, so-called, a low volatile substance near room temperature to a high temperature and then making the substance into a mist. A “reactive gas” includes a mixed gas obtained by diluting the “gaseous substance” with an inert gas. A “dry process” means a process using the above-described substances. The above-described substances are hereinafter described as a “gaseous substance”. 
     The functional group that serves as an electron-donating group when being bonded to the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  is not basically limited. In addition to an alkyl group or an amino group, examples of the functional group include an alkoxy group (O—R group (R=C n H 2n+1 )), a hydroxyl group (OH group) and —R 1 —O—R 2  (a functional group containing an ether bond wherein R 1  and R 2  are alkyl groups; and the functional group includes an electron-donating group (for example, —R—O—R (an alkyl group containing an ether bond)) containing hetero elements other than C, such as an ether bond, in the alkyl groups). Examples of the substance having such functional groups include amines (R 1 R 2 R 3 —N(R 1 , R 2 , R 3 =C n H 2n+1 , H) wherein R includes an electron-donating group (for example, —R—O—R (an alkyl group containing an ether bond)) containing hetero elements other than C, such as an ether bond); halogenated alkyls (R—X (X=halogen (chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I)) wherein R includes an electron-donating group (for example, —R—O—R (an alkyl group containing an ether bond)) containing hetero elements other than C, such as an ether bond); alcohols (R—OH(R=C n H 2n+1 )); and ethers (R 1 —O—R 2 (R 1 , R 2 =C n H 2n+1 ) wherein R 1  and R 2  are alkyl groups, and the functional group includes an electron-donating group (for example, —R—O—R (an alkyl group containing an ether bond)) containing hetero elements other than C, such as an ether bond). In the general formula, C is carbon, N is nitrogen, and O is oxygen. 
     A gaseous substrate containing the above-described substance having the functional group, for example, a mixed gas composed of this substance and an inert gas is reacted with the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  while being supplied with constant energy, such as under irradiation with VUV (Vacuum Ultra Violet). 
     In the case of using, for example, VUV as means for supplying energy to the gaseous substrate containing the above-described substance, an excimer UV lamp filled with xenon (Xe) gas can be used. In the excimer UV lamp filled with Xe gas, a generation wavelength has a constant interval, a wavelength distribution is about 150 to 190 nm and a peak wavelength is 172 nm. 
     When the VUV generated from the Xe excimer UV lamp is irradiated, for example, through a quartz glass to the gaseous substance containing the above-described substance, the VUV having a wavelength of 160 nm or less is almost absorbed into the quartz glass. Therefore, it is appropriate to think that a system using the quartz glass actually uses a Xe excimer UV lamp having a wavelength distribution of 160 to 190 nm. 
     Photon energy of the VUV emitted at a peak wavelength of 172 nm is about 696 kJ/mol. This amount of energy is sufficient to allow many chemical bonds such as C—H bonds or C—N bonds to be cleaved. Bond dissociation enthalpy of the main chemical bond is, for example, as follows. The dissociation enthalpy of the C—H bond is 334 to 464 kJ/mol. The dissociation enthalpy of the C—N bond is 423 kJ/mol. The dissociation enthalpy of the C—O bond of methanol (CH 3 OH) is 378 kJ/mol. Accordingly, the respective chemical bonds exemplified here can be cleaved by irradiation of VUV. 
     In the environment where the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  and a gaseous substance containing a substance having a functional group that serves as an electron-donating group when being bonded to the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  are present, when VUV is irradiated to the gaseous substance, for example, a predetermined chemical bond of the substance is cleaved. As a result, chemically active species such as amino radical (N—R 2 ), alkyl radical (R), alkoxy radical (O—R), active oxygen (hydroxyl radical (OH) or singlet oxygen) is generated according to a structure of the substance. When these chemically active species are present near the carbon nanomaterial  1   a , since radicals are unstable and highly reactive, they rapidly bond to the carbon nanomaterial  1   a , particularly, to the relatively highly reactive sites such as 5-member rings, 7-member rings or radical terminal carbon atoms called dangling bonds. As a result, covalent bonds are formed between a functional group of the substance and the carbon nanomaterial  1   a.    
     Alternatively, when UVU is irradiated in the environment where the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  and the gaseous substance containing a substance having a functional group that serves as an electron-donating group when being bonded to the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  are present, a predetermined chemical bond of the substance adsorbed to the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  is cleaved. As a result, new covalent bonds are formed between a functional group of the substrate and the carbon nanomaterial  1   a.    
     In each case, a functional group bonded to the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  serves as an electron-donating group to supply electrons into the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  through covalent bonding, thereby imparting n-type characteristics to the semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  1   a . The above-described electron-donating group itself is chemically stable. Further, the covalent bonding formed between the electron-donating group and the carbon nanomaterial  1   a  is a stable and low-reactive bonding. Therefore, the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  1  thus covalently bonded with the electron-donating group has a characteristic of hardly changing over time, namely, a characteristic of hardly losing n-type semiconductivity. 
     This experiment gives a result that when amines such as triethylamine ((CH 3 CH 2 ) 3 N) or a mixture of ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ) are reacted with a carbon nanomaterial under irradiation with VUV, the amino groups or derivative groups thereof are introduced into the carbon nanomaterial. Another study has already proved that a semiconductor carbon nanomaterial bonded with an amino group or a derivative group thereof by a wet process exhibits n-type characteristics. Production of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial will be described in detail later with concrete examples. 
     Next, a chemical processor used in production of the above-described n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial will be described. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a principle of the chemical processor. 
     The n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial can be produced using a chemical processor  10  having a structure as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . This chemical processor  10  has a VUV lamp  11  which irradiates VUV and a reaction chamber  12  in which a carbon nanomaterial is placed. 
     The VUV lamp  11  is designed to be cooled by an appropriate coolant. The reaction chamber  12  internally has a stage  13  for mounting thereon a substrate  20  on which a carbon nanomaterial is formed, for example, by a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method. This stage  13  has a moving mechanism movable in the X-Y directions, and a temperature controlling mechanism which controls a temperature of the mounted substrate  20 . 
     The reaction chamber  12  is designed to allow introduction of a gas (reactive gas) containing a substance having a functional group that serves as an electron-donating group when being bonded to the carbon nanomaterial. Specifically, the substrate  20  is mounted on the stage  13  within the reaction chamber  12  and then, a reactive gas containing such a substance is introduced into the reaction chamber  12  under irradiation with VUV from the VUV lamp  11 , thereby reacting the substance and the carbon nanomaterial on the substrate  20 . 
     A structure example of a peripheral part of the VUV lamp  11  in the chemical processor  10  having the above-described structure will be described here. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates one example of a peripheral part of the VUV lamp  11 . 
     The chemical processor  10  has, for example, a structure as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Specifically, a reactive gas introducing path  14  is provided which has a discharge port  14   a  formed opposite to the stage  13 . The VUV lamp  11  is disposed near the side of the reactive gas introducing path  14  opposite to the discharge port  14   a . In this case, a wall member of at least the VUV lamp  11  side of the reactive gas introducing path  14  is made of a material having high VUV transmittance, for example, a member transparent to VUV, such as silica glass, calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) or magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ). The entire of the reactive gas introducing path  14  may be made of such a material having high VUV transmittance. 
     Examples of a lamp usable as the VUV lamp  11  include a Xe-filled excimer UV lamp that generates VUV at a peak wavelength of 172 nm. Various shapes of lamps can be used as the VUV lamp  11 . For example, a cylindrical one can be used. A shape of the discharge port  14   a  of the reactive gas introducing path  14  is selected according to a shape of the VUV lamp  11  used. 
     The VUV lamp  11  is disposed within a coolant passage  15  through which an appropriate coolant, for example, an inert gas such as argon (Ar) or N 2  absorbing no VUV is appropriately circulated to cool the VUV lamp  11 . 
     When the peripheral part of the VUV lamp  11  is formed to have the structure as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , processing for producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial is performed as follows. First, the substrate  20  is mounted on the stage  13 . Then, a reactive gas is introduced into the reactive gas introducing path  14  under irradiation with VUV from the VUV lamp  11 . The reactive gas introduced is the above-described gaseous substance containing a substance having a predetermined functional group such as an amino group or an alkyl group. This substance is mixed with an inert gas and introduced into the reactive gas introducing path  14 . When introducing the reactive gas into the reaction chamber  12 , the respective temperatures of the reactive gas, the reaction chamber  12  inside and the substrate  20  are suitably controlled according to reaction conditions. 
     The reactive gas that circulates through the reactive gas introducing path  14  is activated, for example, by VUV irradiated through a wall member of the reactive gas introducing path  14  and generates radicals (amino radicals or alkyl radicals). The radicals are sprayed toward the substrate  20  from the discharge port  14   a  and the sprayed radicals react with a carbon nanomaterial  20   a  on the substrate  20  to thereby covalently bond a functional group such as an amino group or an alkyl group to the carbon nanomaterial  20   a . If the carbon nanomaterial  20   a  has semiconductivity, since the bonded functional group serves as an electron-donating group, the semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  20   a  has n-type characteristics.  FIG. 3  exemplifies a carbon nanotube as the carbon nanomaterial  20   a  on the substrate  20 . 
     If the entire of the reactive gas introducing path  14  is made of a material having high VUV transmittance, energy can be supplied to the reactive gas discharged from the discharge port  14   a  or to the carbon nanomaterial  20   a . As a result, a generation rate of radicals and a reaction rate of the carbon nanomaterial  20   a  can be improved. 
     The above-described processing may be performed while moving the stage  13  having mounted thereon the substrate  20  in the X-Y directions according to a shape of the discharge port  14   a  to attain uniform processing. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates another example of the VUV lamp peripheral part.  FIG. 4  exemplifies a graphene sheet as the carbon nanomaterial  20   b  on the substrate  20 . 
     The chemical processor  10  has, for example, a structure as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Specifically, the VUV lamp  11  such as a Xe excimer UV lamp is disposed on the ceiling part of the reaction chamber  12  and provided with a cooling mechanism comprising a metal block  16  internally having a coolant passage  16   a . Further, the reaction chamber  12  is designed to allow circulation (introduction and discharge) of a reactive gas. 
     The reactive gas that can be circulated is a mixture obtained by mixing the above-described substance having a functional group such as an amino group or an alkyl group with an inert gas. Through the coolant passage  16   a , a liquid coolant such as water may be circulated in addition to an inert gas such as N 2 . 
     When the peripheral part of the VUV lamp  11  is formed to have the structure as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , processing for producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial is performed as follows. First, the substrate  20  is mounted on the stage  13  within the reaction chamber  12 . Then, a reactive gas is circulated within the reaction chamber  12  under irradiation with VUV from the VUV lamp  11 . When circulating the reactive gas within the reaction chamber  12 , the respective temperatures of the reactive gas, the reaction chamber  12  inside and the substrate  20  are suitably controlled according to reaction conditions. 
     The reactive gas that circulates within the reaction chamber  12  is activated, for example, by VUV irradiation and generates radicals (amino radicals or alkyl radicals). The radicals react with the carbon nanomaterial  20   b  on the substrate  20  to thereby covalently bond a functional group such as an amino group or an alkyl group to the carbon nanomaterial  20   b . If the carbon nanomaterial  20   b  has semiconductivity, since the bonded functional group serves as an electron-donating group, the semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  20   b  has n-type characteristics. 
     Thus, the chemical processor  10  can be formed to have a relatively simple structure except for the VUV irradiation mechanism of the VUV lamp  11  peripheral part, so that the processing itself can be performed at low cost. Further, the reaction conditions can be relatively easily controlled, and inclusion of impurities during the processing can be prevented. As a result, an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial having high reliability can be stably produced. 
     When producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial using the chemical processor  10  having the principle structures illustrated in  FIGS. 2 to 4 , it is preferable to set an introduction temperature of the reactive gas to a temperature where a substance having a functional group such as an amino group or an alkyl group is vaporized or isolated near a sample, for example, a temperature lower than the boiling point of the substance by about 10 to 50° C. Alternatively, it is preferable to transfer the vaporized or isolated reactive gas composition near the sample. It is very preferable to irradiate VUV in such a state. 
     Further, when producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial using the chemical processor  10 , physical and chemical properties (for example, device characteristics of a semiconductor device such as a transistor manufactured by using the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial, or chemical characteristics of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial) of the resulting n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial can be controlled in detail by changing a type of the substance used as the reactive gas without changing the basic procedures. 
     For example, by using a substance obtained by substituting an alkyl group in a substance used as the reactive gas with a methyl group, an ethyl group or a propyl group, that is, by selecting substances having very similar chemical properties but having different vapor pressures, the reaction conditions can be controlled. Further, various n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials having different characteristics can be separately produced. 
     Further, when producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial using the chemical processor  10 , it is desirable to use as the reactive gas a mixed gas obtained by diluting the above-described substance having a functional group such as an amino group or an alkyl group with an inert gas. 
     For the purpose of securing the stability of optimum reaction conditions, it is desirable to suitably secure a distance between the VUV lamp  11  and the substrate  20 , that is, to secure above a certain working distance (distance between a light source and a sample). However, the above-described substance having a functional group suitable for this chemical processing often has a large VUV absorption coefficient. Further, the VUV have large absorption coefficients in air and therefore, are often absorbed within a distance of from 1 to several centimeters from a light source. 
     Accordingly, it is desirable to dilute the above-described substance having a predetermined functional group with an inert gas. A concentration of this substance in the mixed gas is set, for example, between 0.0001 and 50%, preferably between 0.01 and 10%. The concentration is set based on a type of the substance, an introduction temperature of the reactive gas, a temperature within the reaction chamber  12 , a temperature of the substrate  20 , and other various reaction conditions. 
     As described above, a dry process is used for producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial. Specifically, a semiconductor carbon nanomaterial is reacted with a gaseous substance containing a substance having a functional group serving as an electron-donating group to thereby covalently bond the functional group to a specific site of the carbon nanomaterial. 
     When using such a dry process, the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial can be produced at low cost using a relatively simple processor. 
     Further, inclusion of impurities can be effectively suppressed and an environmental load can be reduced as compared with the production of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial by a wet process. Further, although the wet process has failed to eliminate particularly the problem of bundling of carbon nanotubes during the processing, the above-described dry process can eliminate such a trouble during the processing. 
     Accordingly, when using a dry process, the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial having high reliability can be simply and stably produced at low cost. 
     Further, in the production of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial by such a dry process, the structure of a reactive substance or the reaction conditions employed when using the reactive substance can be finely changed and thereby, the reaction or the characteristics of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial can be controlled. 
     The chemical processor  10  can produce an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial and at the same time, can also produce a p-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial. Specifically, a reactive gas is introduced which has various functional groups (electron-withdrawing groups) in place of the above-described electron-donating groups and which exhibits an electron-withdrawing property when being bonded to the carbon nanomaterial. Then, the substance and a carbon nanomaterial on the substrate  20  are reacted under irradiation with VUV from the VUV lamp  11  to thereby form a covalent bond between the electron-withdrawing group and the carbon nanomaterial. As a result, the electron-withdrawing group bonded to the carbon nanomaterial draws electrons from the carbon nanomaterial through the covalent bond and imparts p-type characteristics to the semiconductor carbon nanomaterial. Thus, the p-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial can be produced. Similarly to the case of producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial, the covalent bond formed between the electron-withdrawing group and the carbon nanomaterial is stable and low reactive. Therefore, the p-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial thus covalently bonded with the electron-withdrawing group has a property of hardly changing over time, that is, a property of preserving p-type semiconductor characteristics. 
     In this case, for example, 1% oxygen gas is introduced as the reactive gas. Then, the oxygen gas and the graphene sheet are reacted under irradiation with VUV in the same manner as in the above-described example and thereby, a carboxyl group (—COOH group) as an electron-withdrawing group is covalently bonded to a specific site, particularly, to a specific site of the surface of the graphene sheet. Thus, a p-type semiconductor graphene sheet can be produced. 
     A method for producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial by a dry process is described above. This method can be easily applied to an FET fabrication process. 
     For example, an n-channel FET is fabricated by the following process. First, a semiconductor carbon nanomaterial is formed over a region (channel region) serving as a channel between the source electrode and the drain electrode. Then, the semiconductor carbon nanomaterial is reacted with a gaseous substance containing a substance having a predetermined functional group to produce an n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial, and the produced n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial is used as a channel. This method can be applied to fabrication of any of the n-channel FETs having a top-gate structure and a back-gate structure as exemplified above. 
     When using the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial as a channel material as described above, device stabilization may be achieved by forming a passivation film on a surface at an appropriate stage according to the structure of the n-channel FET. Materials and forming conditions of the passivation film are not particularly limited as long as they do not cause any deterioration of the carbon nanomaterial. 
     When fabricating a p-channel FET, the above-described p-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial can be applied to the FET. 
     The above-described application example of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial to the FET will be described here. 
       FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate structure examples of a top-gate carbon nanomaterial FET.  FIG. 5A  is a schematic perspective view and  FIG. 5B  is a schematic cross-sectional view. 
     An n-channel FET  30  illustrated in  FIG. 5  comprises an insulating substrate, for example, a sapphire substrate  31 , a source electrode  32  formed on the sapphire substrate  31  and having a catalytic action, a drain electrode  33  formed on the sapphire substrate  31  so as to face the source electrode  32 , and n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials  34  formed over channel regions between the source electrode  32  and the drain electrode  33 . The n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials  34  are covered with an insulating film, for example, an SOG (Spin On Glass) film  35 . Portions of the SOG film  35 , which cover the surface of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  34 , act as a gate insulating film  35   a , and a gate electrode  36  is formed on the gate insulating film  35   a . Further, an earth electrode  37  is formed on the back surface of the sapphire substrate  31 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the case where the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials  34  are n-type semiconductor carbon nanotubes. In the case where the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials  34  are n-type semiconductor graphene sheets, a layer below the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials  34  must be an SOG film or other insulating materials such as an insulator. 
     The n-channel FET  30  having the above-described structure can be fabricated, for example, through processes as illustrated in the following  FIGS. 6 to 14 . 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming a source electrode.  FIG. 7  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming a drain electrode.  FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for growing a semiconductor carbon nanotube.  FIG. 9  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for producing an n-type semiconductor carbon nanotube.  FIG. 10  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming a source electrode and a drain electrode.  FIG. 11  is a schematic cross-sectional view of processes for growing a semiconductor graphene sheet and for producing an n-type semiconductor graphene sheet.  FIG. 12  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming an insulating film.  FIG. 13  is a schematic cross-sectional view of a process for forming a gate electrode. 
     In the n-channel FET  30 , the production process of the carbon nanomaterials formed between the source electrode  32  and the drain electrode  33  depends on either carbon nanotubes or graphene sheets. Each production process of the carbon nanotubes and the graphene sheets will be described below. 
     A production process of carbon nanotubes as carbon nanomaterials will be described. 
     First, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , an aluminum (Al) film  32   a  having, for example, a thickness of 5 nm and an iron (Fe) film  32   b  having, for example, a thickness of 1 nm are sequentially deposited over the sapphire substrate  31  by a sputtering method using a resist pattern (not illustrated in  FIG. 6 ) as a mask. Thereafter, the resist pattern is removed. Thus, the source electrode  32  is formed. The Fe film  32   b  acts as a catalyst during the growth of a carbon nanotube  34   a.    
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , by a sputtering method using again the resist pattern (not illustrated in  FIG. 7 ) as a mask, an Al film having, for example, a thickness of 6 nm is deposited so as to face the source electrode  32  while leaving a space of, for example, 5 μm therebetween. Thereafter, the resist pattern is removed. Thus, the drain electrode  33  is formed. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , by a CVD method using acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) gas as a process gas and using Ar gas or H 2  gas as a carrier gas, a plurality of carbon nanotubes  34   a  are grown while applying a DC electric field between the source electrode  32  and the drain electrode  33  (channel region), for example, under a pressure of 100 Pa and a growth temperature of 600° C. 
     At this time, at the growth temperature of 600° C., the Fe film  32   b  constituting the surface of the source electrode  32  is broken into particles under the influence of temperature and the particle diameter is reduced in a reflection of the wettability with the lower Al film  32   a . As a result, the grown carbon nanotubes  34   a  form into semiconductor single wall carbon nanotubes. 
     In the growth process, since the DC electric field is applied between the source electrode  32  and the drain electrode  33 , the carbon nanotubes  34   a  begin to grow toward the drain electrode  33  from the upper Fe film  32   b  of the source electrode  32 . Then, the carbon nanotubes  34   a  complete the growth when sufficiently reaching the drain electrode  33 . The growth time is, for example, 40 minutes. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the grown semiconductor carbon nanotubes  34   a  are reacted with a reactive gas  34   b  containing the above-described substance having a predetermined functional group, for example, under irradiation with VUV to thereby produce the n-type semiconductor carbon nanotubes  34   a  serving as channels. On this occasion, the chemical processor  10  having the above-described structure can be used. 
     A production process of graphene sheets as carbon nanomaterials will be described. 
     First, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , a gold (Au) film having, for example, a thickness of 3 nm is deposited on an insulator, for example, on the sapphire substrate  31  by a sputtering method using a resist pattern (not illustrated in  FIG. 10 ) as a mask. Thereafter, the resist pattern is removed. Thus, a source electrode  32   c  and a drain electrode  33   c  are formed while leaving a space of, for example, 5 μm therebetween and the Fe film  32   b  having, for example, a thickness of 1 nm is formed between the source electrode  32   c  and the drain electrode  33   c.    
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , graphene sheets  34   c  are grown by a conventionally known method using the Fe film  32   b  as a catalyst. Then, the grown semiconductor graphene sheets  34   c  are reacted with the reactive gas  34   b  under irradiation with VUV in the same manner as in the case of producing the n-type carbon nanotubes  34   a  by the chemical processor  10 . Thus, the n-type semiconductor graphene sheets  34   c  are produced. 
     Through the above-described production process, the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  34  is produced between the source electrode  32  and the drain electrode  33  in the n-channel FET  30 . The following production process can be applied commonly to the carbon nanotubes  34   a  and the graphene sheets  34   c . The production process subsequent to  FIG. 9  will be described below. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 12 , the SOG film  35  is deposited to have, for example, a thickness of 10 nm on the surface of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  34  so as to cover the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  34  by a spin coat method and an annealing method, thereby forming as the gate insulating film  35   a  a portion deposited on the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial  34 . 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 13 , a titanium (Ti) film  36   a  having, for example, a thickness of 10 nm, a platinum (Pt) film  36   b  having, for example, a thickness of 100 nm, and a titanium (Ti) film  36   c  having, for example, a thickness of 10 nm are sequentially deposited by a sputtering method using a resist pattern (not illustrated in  FIG. 13 ) as a mask. Thereafter, the resist pattern is removed. Thus, the gate electrode  36  is formed. 
     Finally, the earth electrode  37  made of aluminum is provided on the back surface of the sapphire substrate  31 . Thus, the n-channel FET  30  having a structure illustrated in  FIG. 5  is fabricated. 
       FIGS. 14A and 14B  illustrate structure examples of a back-gate carbon nanomaterial FET.  FIG. 14A  is a schematic perspective view and  FIG. 14B  is a schematic cross-sectional view. 
     An n-channel FET  40  illustrated in  FIG. 14  uses as a gate electrode a conductive substrate, for example, a highly doped silicon (Si) substrate  41 . On one surface (back surface) of the Si substrate  41 , a back-gate metal layer  42  using Ti or Pt is provided. On another surface (surface) thereof, for example, a silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) film  43  serving as a gate insulating film is provided. On the SiO 2  film  43 , a source electrode  44  having a catalytic action and a drain electrode  45  are provided to face each other while leaving a predetermined space therebetween (a catalytic layer is not illustrated in  FIG. 14 ). N-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials  46  serving as a channel are provided between the source electrode  44  and the drain electrode  45 . The n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials  46  are covered with a passivation film  47 . 
     The n-channel FET  40  having the above-described structure is fabricated, for example, by the following process. First, the SiO 2  film  43  is formed on the surface of the Si substrate  41 . Then, the source electrode  44  having a layered structure of, for example, a Fe film and an Al film and the drain electrode  45  are formed on the SiO 2  film  43 . Then, the semiconductor carbon nanomaterials are grown between the source electrode  44  and the drain electrode  45  (channel region). At this time, both ends of the carbon nanomaterials may be formed on the upper surfaces of the source electrode  44  and the drain electrode  45 , respectively (not illustrated in  FIG. 14 ). 
     The thus formed semiconductor carbon nanomaterials are reacted with a reactive gas containing the above-described substance having a predetermined functional group, for example, under irradiation with VUV to thereby produce the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials  46  serving as channels. On this occasion, the chemical processor  10  having the above-described structure can be used. 
     After producing the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials  46 , they are covered with the passivation film  47 . Further, the back-gate metal layer  42  is formed on the back surface of the Si substrate  41 . Thus, the n-channel FET  40  having a structure illustrated in  FIG. 14  is fabricated. 
     A complementary FET using semiconductor carbon nanomaterials is fabricated, for example, by the following process. First, the semiconductor carbon nanomaterials are formed over the channel regions disposed between regions for fabricating a p-channel FET and an n-channel FET, respectively. Then, a region for fabricating the p-channel FET is masked and a region for fabricating the n-channel FET is exposed using a photolithography method. In such a state, the carbon nanomaterials formed on the n-channel FET side are reacted with a gaseous substance containing a substance having a predetermined functional group to thereby produce the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials. Thus, the p-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials are formed on the p-channel FET side and the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials are formed on the n-channel FET side, so that the p-type and n-type channels can be separately formed. This method can be applied to fabrication of any of the complementary FETs having a top-gate structure and a back-gate structure as exemplified above. 
     The above-described separate formation method can be similarly applied to a case of fabricating plural types of FETs using, as channels, the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials having different characteristics. Further, this method can be similarly applied to a case of mixedly mounting a FET using carbon nanomaterials and a FET not using carbon materials on the same substrate. 
     When forming the carbon nanomaterials in the fabrication of FETs, there may be performed processing for paying attention to the presence of metallic carbon nanomaterials which may be formed together with the semiconductor carbon nanomaterials and for burning out, after the formation of the carbon nanomaterials, the metallic carbon nanomaterials by flowing high current, if necessary. 
     As examples of the n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterials, production of n-type semiconductor carbon nanotubes and n-type semiconductor graphene sheets by the above-described dry process will be described below, respectively. 
     First, the n-type semiconductor carbon nanotube will be described. 
     The carbon nanotube to be processed may be a single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT), a double wall carbon nanotube (DWNT), or a multi wall carbon nanotube (MWNT). Further, all forms of carbon nanotubes suitable for the manufacturing process of a semiconductor device, such as a carbon nanotube directly grown on the substrate or a carbon nanotube produced by applying or dispersing the formed carbon nanotube on the substrate, can be used as the carbon nanotube to be processed. 
     First Embodiment 
     The above-described chemical processor  10  illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3  is used. The chemical processor  10  has a Xe excimer UV lamp as the VUV lamp  11  that generates VUV with an output of 30 mW/cm 2 , an emission wavelength of 400 nm, and a peak wavelength of 172 nm. 
     An Si wafer (p type, (100) surface) with about 1.5 μm of MWNTs formed thereon is used as a sample. Specifically, a nickel (Ni) film is formed on the Si wafer to a thickness of 25 nm by a sputtering method and then the MWNTs are grown by thermal filament CVD method at 650° C. using C 2 H 2  gas as the raw material. 
     This sample is baked at 400° C. for about 15 minutes in air to previously remove combustible impurities other than carbon nanomaterials and is then transferred immediately to the chemical processor  10 . Thereafter, using as a reactive gas a gaseous substance obtained by diluting (CH 3 CH 2 ) 3 N with pure nitrogen to a vapor pressure of 1 atmosphere and an oxygen concentration of about 5 vol %, processing of the MWNTs on the Si wafer is performed by introducing the reactive gas into the reactive gas introducing path  14  at a flow rate of 1 L per minute. 
     The sample before and after this processing is analyzed by an X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and an Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). As a result, amino bonds not present in the MWNTs before the processing are confirmed after the processing. That is, formation of amino groups on the carbon nanomaterial is confirmed after the processing. 
     Second Embodiment 
     The same chemical processor  10  as that used in the first embodiment is used, and an Si wafer (p-type, (100) surface) with SWNTs formed thereon is used as a sample. The SWNTs are produced on the Si wafer by arc discharge. Thereafter, the baking process is performed under the same conditions as those of the first embodiment. 
     Using the chemical processor  10  and the sample, processing of the SWNTs on the Si wafer is performed by introducing into the reactive gas introducing path  14  a reactive gas having the same composition and flow rate as those of the reactive gas in the first embodiment. Note, however, that the processing time is 10% of that in the processing of the MWNTs. 
     The sample before and after this processing is analyzed by the XPS and the IR. As a result, it is confirmed that C—N bonds not present in the SWNTs before the processing are formed after the processing. 
     Third Embodiment 
     The same chemical processor  10  as that used in the second embodiment is used, and an FET comprising a channel composed of SWNTs is used as a sample. Using the chemical processor  10  and the sample, processing of the SWNTs is performed by introducing into the reactive gas introducing path  14  a reactive gas having the same composition and flow rate as those of the reactive gases in the first and second embodiments. 
     The sample before and after this processing is analyzed by the XPS and the IR. As a result, it is confirmed that the SWNTs exhibiting weak p-type characteristics before the processing develop n-type characteristics after the processing. Further, it is confirmed that the SWNTs exhibit the n-type characteristics not only immediately after the processing but also continuously. 
     Fourth Embodiment 
     The above-described chemical processor  10  illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 4  is used. The chemical processor  10  has a Xe excimer UV lamp as the VUV lamp  11  that generates VUV with an output of 30 mW/cm 2 , an emission wavelength of 400 nm, and a peak wavelength of 172 nm. 
     An Si wafer (p type, (100) surface) with about 10 μm of MWNTs formed thereon is used as a sample. Specifically, a nickel (Ni) film is formed on the Si wafer to a thickness of 25 nm by a sputtering method and then the MWNTs are grown by thermal filament CVD method at 650° C. using C 2 H 2  gas as the raw material. 
     This sample is baked at 400° C. for 15 minutes in air to previously remove combustible impurities other than carbon nanomaterials and is then transferred immediately to the chemical processor  10 . Thereafter, using as a reactive gas a gaseous substance obtained by diluting ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) with pure nitrogen to a vapor partial pressure of about 1%, processing of the MWNTs on the Si wafer is performed by introducing the reactive gas into the reaction chamber  12  at a flow rate of 1 L per minute. 
     The sample before and after this processing is analyzed by the XPS and the IR. As a result, it is confirmed that a hydroxyl group (0.1% or less) scarcely present in the MWNTs before the processing is formed to be about 2% in terms of a carbon element ratio after the processing. 
     Fifth Embodiment 
     The same chemical processor  10  as that used in the fourth embodiment is used, and an Si wafer (p-type, (100) surface) with SWNTs formed thereon is used as a sample. The SWNTs are produced on the Si wafer by arc discharge. Thereafter, the baking process is performed under the same conditions as those of the fourth embodiment. 
     Using the chemical processor  10  and the sample, processing of the SWNTs on the Si wafer is performed by introducing into the reaction chamber  12  a reactive gas having the same composition and flow rate as those of the reactive gas in the fourth embodiment. Note, however, that the processing time is 10% of that in the processing of the MWNTs. 
     The sample before and after this processing is analyzed by the XPS and the IR. As a result, it is confirmed that a hydroxyl group scarcely present in the MWNTs before the processing is formed to be about 2% in terms of a carbon element ratio after the processing. 
     Sixth Embodiment 
     The same chemical processor  10  as that used in the fifth embodiment is used, and an FET comprising a channel composed of SWNTs is used as a sample. Using the chemical processor  10  and the sample, processing of the SWNTs on the Si wafer is performed by introducing into the reaction chamber  12  a reactive gas having the same composition and flow rate as those of the reactive gases in the fourth and fifth embodiments. 
     The sample before and after this processing is analyzed by the XPS and the IR. As a result, it is confirmed that the SWNTs exhibiting weak p-type characteristics before the processing develop n-type characteristics after the processing. Further, it is confirmed that the SWNTs exhibit the n-type characteristics not only immediately after the processing but also continuously. 
     Next, the n-type graphene sheet will be described. 
     Graphene sheets are inexpensive and stable because of having large electron mobility and no bundle. Further, graphene sheets are easily processed and easily integrated into a planar transistor as compared with carbon nanotubes. The graphene sheet to be processed may be a single-layered or multi-layered graphene sheet. Further, all forms of graphene sheets suitable for the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device, such as a graphene sheet directly grown on the substrate or a graphene sheet produced by applying or dispersing the formed graphene sheet on the substrate, can be used as the graphene sheet to be processed. 
     Using the chemical processor  10  illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3  or  FIGS. 2 and 4 , the processing of the graphene sheets in place of the carbon nanotubes is performed in the same manner as in the above-described embodiments. Then, the sample before and after the processing is analyzed by the XPS and the IR in the same manner as in the above-described embodiments. As a result, it is confirmed that the n-type graphene sheet is produced. 
     In the present invention, an electron-donating group is covalently bonded to a semiconductor carbon nanomaterial to impart n-type characteristics to the carbon nanomaterial. On this occasion, a gaseous substance or a volatile substance containing a substance having a functional group serving as an electron-donating group is reacted with the semiconductor carbon nanomaterial to thereby covalently bond the electron-donating group to the carbon nanomaterial. Therefore, there can be produced a uniform n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial having high reliability and stability. Further, by using this n-type semiconductor carbon nanomaterial, a semiconductor device having high reliability and stability can be realized. 
     All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions, nor does the organization of such examples in the specification relate to a showing of the superiority and inferiority of the invention. Although the embodiments of the present inventions have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations could be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.