Patent Publication Number: US-2022238790-A1

Title: Piezoelectric power components

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/067,616, filed on Oct. 9, 2020, and is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/865,257, filed on May 1, 2020, and also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/174,018, filed on Apr. 12, 2021, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/181,294 entitled Hybrid Banknote with Electronic Indicia, filed Nov. 5, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 10,150,325 entitled Hybrid Banknote with Electronic Indicia, filed Feb. 15, 2016, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to currency and particularly to banknotes having electronically controlled inorganic light-emitting diodes embedded in the banknotes. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Monetary instruments issued by governments such as money or currency are used throughout the world today. Government-issued currency typically includes banknotes (also known as paper currency or bills) having visible markings printed on high-quality paper, plastic, or paper impregnated with other materials, such as plastic. The visible markings indicate the denomination (value) of the banknote, includes a serial number, and has decorations such as images, and anti-counterfeiting structures such as special threads, ribbons, and holograms. Currency circulates within an economic system as a medium of monetary exchange having a fixed value until it is physically worn out. Worn out banknotes are generally returned by banks or other financial institutions and then replaced. 
     Other privately issued monetary instruments are also used, such as credit cards and gift cards. These cards typically include an electronically accessible value (e.g., stored in a magnetic stripe or in a chip in the card) or an electronically accessible account that can be used to make purchases. However, the value or validity of the card is not readily viewed by a user without special equipment, such as a reader. 
     In the past, banknotes have not been electronically enabled. However, more recently there have been proposals to use RFID (radio-frequency identification device) in banknotes to validate the banknote and avoid counterfeiting. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,391,688 and 8,791,822 disclose systems for currency validation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,394,969 describes a capacitance-based verification device for a security thread embedded within currency paper to defeat counterfeiting. Security systems for scanning a paper banknote and checking identification information in the banknote (e.g., the serial number) with a network-accessible database have been proposed, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,131,718. In all of these systems, however, there is no way to visibly and electronically or optically validate a banknote without using a separate electronic or optical reader. 
     There remains a need therefore, for currency providing validation that is electronically accessible with visible indicia without using a separate electronic or optical reader. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure provides a hybrid currency banknote having visible markings and one or more light-controlling elements, for example inorganic light-emitting diodes (iLEDs), and a controller embedded in or on the banknote and electrically connected to control the light-controlling elements to emit light. A power input connection is electrically connected to the controller, or one or more light-controlling elements, or both. In a further embodiment, a power source, such as a piezoelectric or photovoltaic device, is electrically connected to the power input connection, with or without a power convertor. In various embodiments, the visible markings include printed images or value indicators. The light-controlling elements can form a graphic indicator such as a number, letter, or pictogram or can highlight a visible marking on the banknote. The light-controlling elements can form a display, for example a monochrome or full-color display. 
     In one embodiment, the light-controlling elements or controller are printed on the pre-printed banknote. In another embodiment, the light-controlling elements or controller is printed on a ribbon or thread that is subsequently woven or otherwise incorporated into the banknote. The ribbon or thread can also include electrical conductors to electrically connect the controller, the light-controlling elements, and the power source in a circuit. When operated by applying power, the controller controls the light-controlling elements to emit light, for example in a spatial pattern, or in a temporal pattern (for example with flashing lights or sequentially flashing lights), or both. Different light-controlling elements  30  can be activated in response to sequential squeezes of the piezoelectric power source  60 . 
     The currency can also include light pipes (optical waveguides) arranged in association with the light-controlling elements. The light pipes can conduct light to desired locations on the banknote or can form patterns such as graphic indicators. The light pipes can include light-emitting portions, for example diffusers, along the length of the light pipes to emit light at locations along the length of the light pipe as well as at the end of the light pipe. 
     The controller can include a memory, for example a read-only memory or a write-once memory storing one or more values and the light-controlling elements can be controlled to display numerals corresponding to the values. Multiple values can be stored in a sequential order corresponding to a temporally sequential set of values and can monotonically decline in magnitude. Values stored in the banknote can be electronically read by a teller machine having a reader and the value of the banknote displayed on the teller machine. In a further embodiment, the teller machine can write a value to the banknote using a writer. In some embodiments, the controller controls the written value so that it must be equal to or smaller than a value already stored in the banknote. 
     A method of making a hybrid currency banknote includes providing a banknote having visible markings, a wafer having a plurality of micro-transfer printable light-controlling elements, and a wafer having a plurality of controllers. One or more of the light-controlling elements and at least one controller are embedded in the banknote, for example by micro-transfer printing onto the banknote or onto a thread or ribbon that is subsequently incorporated into the banknote. The controller is electrically connected to the one or more light-controlling elements and to a power input connection. A power source can also be provided, for example by micro-transfer printing the power source on the banknote or ribbon. An issuer of the hybrid currency banknote can provide a memory with a value or write the value to a memory in the banknote to provide the banknote with a value. 
     The hybrid currency banknote of the present disclosure can be used by receiving the banknote and providing power to the power input connection, for example by a teller machine that then displays the value of the banknote on the banknote itself or on a display incorporated into the teller machine. Alternatively, the banknote includes a piezoelectric power source and upon squeezing the power source the controller controls the light-controlling elements to emit light. In another embodiment, the banknote includes a photovoltaic power source and upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation (such as infrared or ultraviolet radiation), the controller controls the light-controlling elements to emit light. 
     A user can insert a received banknote into a teller machine, input an input value to the teller machine, and the teller machine can write a value derived from the input value into the banknote. The input value can represent the value of a monetary transaction, for example a purchase of goods or payment of debt and the difference between the input value and the current value can be written into the hybrid currency banknote. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a hybrid document comprises a flexible document having visible markings and a component embedded in or on the flexible document or in or on a ribbon or thread incorporated into the flexible document. The component comprises a component substrate, one or more relatively rigid inorganic light-emitting diodes disposed on the component substrate, a controller disposed on the component substrate and electrically connected to the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes for controlling the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes, and a power input connection electrically connected to (i) the controller, (ii) the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes, or (iii) both (i) and (ii). 
     According to some embodiments, the component comprises a power convertor disposed on the component substrate connected to the power input connection and the controller or the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes to convert the power provided from the power input connection to a form that is used by the controller or the inorganic light-emitting diodes. The power convertor can comprise (but is not limited to) a unitary capacitor, a disaggregated capacitor comprising multiple capacitors electrically connected in parallel, a diode, or any one or combination of these. 
     The one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes can each comprise a fractured or separated tether, the controller (or power convertor) can comprise a fractured or separated tether, the component or component substrate can comprise a fractured or separated tether, or any one or combination of these. Fractured or separated tethers can be a consequence of micro-transfer printing. 
     In some embodiments, the power source is provided in the component, for example on the component substrate. In some embodiments, the power source is provided external to the component, for example on the flexible document. The power source can be a photovoltaic power source, an electromagnetic energy harvester, for example comprising an antenna or photodiode or other photosensor, a piezoelectric power source activated by pressure, or a piezoelectric power source activated by movement. The power source or component can be indicated by the visible markings, the power source or component can form a part of the visible markings, or the power source or component can be obscured by the visible markings. In some embodiments, the component is disposed in a location corresponding to a portion of the visible markings to indicate (e.g., highlight) the portion of the visible markings. The controller controls the one or more-inorganic light-emitting diodes to flash or flash sequentially. 
     In some embodiments, the power source comprises a plurality of electrically connected individual power source components. In some embodiments, the power convertor comprises a plurality of electrically connected individual power convertor components. 
     The flexible document can be a government-issued banknote indicated by the visible markings. In some embodiments, the hybrid document is a banknote, a bond, a stock certificate, a commercial certificate, a printed value-bearing document, an identification document, or a government-issued document. The flexible document can include a flexible substrate that includes paper, plastic, or impregnated paper, and the component and component substrate can be printed (e.g., micro-transfer printed) on the flexible substrate. In some embodiments, the flexible document comprises a ribbon or thread woven into the flexible document and the component is disposed on the ribbon or thread. The ribbon or thread or portions of the ribbon or thread can be at least partially electrically conductive or include conductive wires. 
     According to some embodiments, a plurality of components are disposed on the flexible document in a random arrangement or in a regular array. Each of the plurality of components can include a component substrate, one or more relatively rigid inorganic light-emitting diodes disposed on the component substrate, a controller disposed on the component substrate and electrically connected to the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes for controlling the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes, and a power input connection electrically connected to (i) the controller, (ii) the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes, or (iii) both (i) and (ii). In some embodiments, (i) each of the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes comprises a fractured or separated tether, (ii) the controller comprises a fractured or separated tether, (iii) the component substrate comprises a fractured or separated tether, or (iv) any one or combination of (i), (ii), and (iii) According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of making a hybrid document comprises providing a flexible document having visible markings, providing a light-emitting diode source wafer having a plurality of relatively rigid printable inorganic light-emitting diodes connected by light-emitting diode tethers to the light-emitting diode source wafer, providing a controller source wafer having at least a portion of a plurality of controllers connected by controller tethers to the controller source wafer, providing a component substrate, and printing at least a portion of at least one or a portion of the plurality of controllers, power convertors, and one or more of the plurality of inorganic light-emitting diodes from the controller source wafer, a power convertor source wafer, and the light-emitting diode source wafer, respectively, to the component substrate, thereby fracturing or separating each light-emitting diode tether that connected the one or more of the plurality of inorganic light-emitting diodes to the light-emitting diode source wafer, each controller tether that connected the at least one of the plurality of controllers to the controller source wafer, and each power convertor tether that connected the at least one of the plurality of power convertors to the power convertor source wafer to provide a component, printing the component in or on the flexible banknote or in or on a ribbon or thread (e.g., thereby embedding the component in or on the flexible banknote or in or on the ribbon or thread), and electrically connecting the at least one of the plurality of controllers to the one or more of the plurality of inorganic light-emitting diodes and to a power input connection. In some embodiments, the power convertor is the controller or the controller is the power convertor in a single device or electrical circuit. Either the power convertor or controller can comprise multiple circuit elements. 
     In some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure comprise providing a component wafer having relatively rigid component substrates. The relatively rigid component substrates can be connected by component tethers to the component wafer and the method can comprise printing the components after printing the at least one of the plurality of controllers and the one or more of the plurality of inorganic light-emitting diodes to the component substrate. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one of the plurality of controllers is electrically connected to the one or more of the plurality of light-emitting diodes before the component is printed in or on the flexible banknote or the ribbon or thread. In some embodiments, the at least one of the plurality of controllers is electrically connected to the one or more of the plurality of light-emitting diodes after the component is printed in or on the flexible banknote or the ribbon or thread. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a hybrid document comprises a document and a component. The component can comprise a power component disposed on or in the document, a controller disposed in or on the document and electrically connected to the power component, and a light-emitting diode (LED) (e.g., an inorganic light-emitting diode (iLED)) disposed in or on the document. The controller can be an integrated circuit or can be a simple circuit comprising a diode, rectifier, or bridge circuit with or without capacitors. The power component can comprise a power support and a piezoelectric cantilever extending from the power support. The piezoelectric cantilever can comprise a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side. In some embodiments, the power component, the controller, and the inorganic light-emitting diode are comprised in a circuit that emits light from the inorganic light-emitting diode in response to power received from the power component. According to some embodiments, the document has a document surface and any one or combination of the circuit, the power component, the controller, and the inorganic light-emitting diode can comprise a component that is disposed on the document surface. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the piezoelectric cantilever extends in a cantilever plane that is non-orthogonal to a surface of the document and the piezoelectric cantilever is operable to oscillate in a direction non-parallel to the cantilever plane. The cantilever plane can be substantially or desirably parallel to a surface of the document and the piezoelectric cantilever can oscillate in a direction substantially or desirably orthogonal (e.g., perpendicular) to the cantilever plane. 
     According to some embodiments, the hybrid document or component comprises a component substrate disposed on the document and the power component, the controller, and the inorganic light-emitting diode are each disposed on or in the component substrate. A plurality of power components can be disposed on the component substrate. In some embodiments, the document is flexible or is more flexible than the component or the component substrate. In some embodiments, the component substrate comprises a fractured or separated component tether. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the piezoelectric cantilever is disposed over or in a cavity in the component substrate. The cavity can be enclosed, for example with a cap. The component can comprise an encapsulation layer disposed around the cavity such that the cavity is enclosed at least by the encapsulation layer. 
     In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hybrid document comprises a plurality of components disposed on the document. Each component can comprise a respective component substrate and a respective circuit. Each circuit comprises at least a respective light-emitting diode, a respective controller, and a respective power component. Each circuit is disposed on a different component substrate and each component substrate is independent and separate from any other component substrate of any other component and is disposed on the document surface. 
     According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric cantilever is disposed over a cavity in the component substrate. 
     The hybrid document can be a banknote. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, (i) the controller comprises a fractured or separated controller tether, (ii) the inorganic light-emitting diode comprises a fractured or separated LED tether, or (iii) any one or combination of (i) and (ii). According to some embodiments, the circuit comprises a capacitor electrically connected to the power component such that power transmitted from the power component is stored in the capacitor and subsequently discharged to cause the light-emitting diode to emit the light. In some embodiments, the hybrid document comprises a plurality of inorganic light-emitting diodes connected to the circuit and disposed on the document. 
     In some embodiments, the piezoelectric cantilever and the capacitor comprise a same dielectric material disposed in a common layer. 
     In some embodiments, the inorganic light-emitting diode is disposed on the document closer to a center of the document than to an end or edge of the document, for example a central portion of the document. In some embodiments, the hybrid document has a length greater than a width, and the inorganic light-emitting diode is disposed closer to the center than to the length-wise ends. In some embodiments, the hybrid document comprises a security feature such as a thread or ribbon, and the circuit or the component is disposed on or in the security structure (security feature), and the security structure is disposed on or in the document. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the piezoelectric cantilever comprises a plurality of piezoelectric fingers. The fingers can be electrically connected in series or in parallel. The power component can comprise one or more masses and the one or more masses are disposed on ends of the plurality of piezoelectric fingers opposite opposing ends of the plurality of piezoelectric fingers that are adjacent to, on, or physically connected to the power support. The piezoelectric cantilever can extend from a side of the power support or an end of the piezoelectric cantilever can be disposed on the power support. Each component can comprise a plurality of power components; the plurality of power components can be electrically connected in series or in parallel. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of operating a hybrid document comprises providing a document, wherein the document is flexible and has a first end opposing a second end, grasping the document at the first end and at the second end, wherein the first end is separated from the second end and the document is at least partially flat, moving the first end and the second end closer together so that the document is at least partially folded or at least less flat, and moving the first end and the second end apart so that the document is at least partially flat and less folded, thereby moving the central portion in a vertical direction, making the piezoelectric cantilever move and generating electrical power, causing the inorganic light-emitting diode to emit light. In some embodiments, grasping comprises grasping with one or more fingers of one or more hands. In some embodiments, light is emitted with no perceptible delay between moving the first end and the second end apart and light emission (e.g., by a human). 
     According to some embodiments, a method of making a hybrid document comprises providing a component substrate on a component source wafer, patterning a first electrode, piezoelectric material, and a second electrode on or over the component substrate, patterning a power support in contact with the piezoelectric material on or over the component substrate, releasing the first electrode, piezoelectric material, and second electrode from the component substrate to form a released piezoelectric cantilever comprising the first electrode, the piezoelectric material, and the second electrode extending from the power support and a cavity, wherein the released piezoelectric cantilever is disposed over or in the cavity. In some embodiments, methods comprise capping the released piezoelectric cantilever to enclose the cavity. In some embodiments, methods comprise disposing the component substrate having the released piezoelectric cantilever and power support disposed thereon on a document after capping the released piezoelectric cantilever. 
     According to some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure comprise disposing a component comprising a component substrate having the released piezoelectric cantilever and the power support disposed thereon. Some embodiments comprise disposing a controller and one or more light-emitting diodes on the component substrate and electrically connecting the controller, one or more light-emitting diodes (e.g., iLEDs), and the released piezoelectric cantilever on the component substrate. According to some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure comprise patterning one or more capacitors on or over the component substrate using one or more same materials as the first electrode, the piezoelectric material, and the second electrode and in a common patterning step with the first electrode, piezoelectric material, and second electrode. 
     According to some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure comprise capping the piezoelectric cantilever with a cap before disposing the component substrate on a document (e.g., by removing the removed component substrate from the component source wafer). 
     According to some embodiments, methods of the present disclosure comprise disposing the removed component substrate on an intermediate substrate and disposing the intermediate substrate on the document. Some embodiments comprise disposing and electrically connecting a controller and one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes on the intermediate substrate. Some embodiments comprise capping the piezoelectric cantilever after disposing the removed component substrate on the intermediate substrate. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, methods comprise providing the component substrate on a component source wafer, releasing the component substrate from the component source wafer after the cavity is enclosed, and disposing the component substrate having the released piezoelectric cantilever and the power support disposed thereon on a document. 
     According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric material extends from a side of the power support or an end of the piezoelectric material is disposed on the power support. 
     Some methods of the present disclosure comprise encapsulating the enclosed cavity with an encapsulation layer. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a hybrid document comprises a document and a component disposed in or on the document. The component can comprise a power component comprising a power support and a piezoelectric cantilever extending from the power support. The piezoelectric cantilever comprises a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side. The component can also comprise a controller disposed in or on the document and electrically connected to the power component and a light-controlling element disposed in or on the document and electrically connected to the power component, the controller, or both. The power component, the controller, and the light-controlling element can be comprised in a circuit that causes light to be directed away from the light-controlling element in response to power received from the power component. The circuit can cause light to be emitted from the light-controlling element in response to power received from the power component. The light-controlling element can be an inorganic light-emitting diode, organic light-emitting diode, controllable reflective element, or controllable electrophoretic element. The component can comprise a component substrate on or in which power component is formed. The controller and light-controlling element can be disposed on the component substrate. In some embodiments, the power component is disposed on an intermediate substrate and the controller and light-controlling element can be disposed on the intermediate substrate. In some embodiments, a plurality of power components are disposed on the intermediate substrate. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a hybrid document comprises a document and a component disposed on or in the document. The component can comprise a piezoelectric cantilever and a light-controlling element. The light-controlling element can be operable to cause light to be directed away in response to power received from the piezoelectric cantilever. The light-controlling element can be an inorganic light-emitting diode and the light-emitting diode can emit light in response to power received from the piezoelectric cantilever. The piezoelectric cantilever can be disposed on or in a cavity and the cavity can be enclosed. The component can comprise a component substrate disposed on or in the document, the piezoelectric cantilever and the light-controlling element can be disposed on the component substrate, and the component substrate can comprise a cavity. The piezoelectric cantilever can be disposed over or in the cavity. The component can be disposed on or in a security structure and the security structure can be a ribbon or thread. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of making a hybrid document comprises providing a component substrate, patterning a first electrode, piezoelectric material, and a second electrode on the component substrate, patterning a power support in contact with the piezoelectric material on or over the component substrate, releasing the power support and the first electrode, the piezoelectric material, and the second electrode from the component substrate to form a piezoelectric cantilever comprising the first electrode, the piezoelectric material, and the second electrode extending from the power support, and printing the power support and the piezoelectric cantilever together from the component substrate to an intermediate substrate. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise printing the power support and the piezoelectric cantilever to the intermediate substrate such that the piezoelectric cantilever is disposed over or in a cavity disposed in the intermediate substrate. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise disposing the intermediate substrate on a document. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise thinning the intermediate substrate prior to disposing the intermediate substrate on the document. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise printing the intermediate substrate having the power support and the piezoelectric cantilever disposed thereon to a document. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise capping the piezoelectric cantilever prior to the printing. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise disposing an encapsulation layer around the capped piezoelectric cantilever and the power support, forming a component tether with the encapsulation layer, the component tether connected to a component anchor; and printing together the encapsulated capped piezoelectric cantilever and power support to the intermediate substrate, thereby fracturing or separating the component tether. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise disposing a controller and one or more light-emitting diodes and electrically connecting the controller and the one or more light-emitting diodes to the piezoelectric cantilever either (i) on the component substrate before the printing and before the disposing of the encapsulation layer or (ii) on the intermediate substrate after the printing of the encapsulated capped piezoelectric cantilever and power support. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise patterning one or more capacitors on the component substrate before disposing the encapsulation layer, such that the encapsulation layer physically connects the one or more capacitors with the capped piezoelectric cantilever after disposing the encapsulation layer, and printing together the encapsulated capped piezoelectric cantilever and power support comprises printing together the one or more capacitors to the intermediate substrate. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise patterning one or more capacitors comprises using one or more same materials and in a common patterning step with patterning of the first electrode, the piezoelectric material, and the second electrode. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a piezoelectric power component comprises a power support and piezoelectric cantilevers extending from the power support. Each piezoelectric cantilever extends a common distance from the power support and comprises a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material, and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side. At least two of the piezoelectric cantilevers can be electrically connected in series, at least two of the piezoelectric cantilevers can be electrically connected in parallel, or multiple piezoelectric cantilevers can be electrically connected in a circuit that includes both series and parallel electrical connections. 
     A mass can be disposed on an end of each piezoelectric cantilever opposite the power support and (i) a separate single, unitary mass can be disposed on an end of each piezoelectric cantilever, (ii) a single, unitary mass can be disposed in common on two or more adjacent piezoelectric cantilevers, or (iii) a single, unitary mass can be disposed in common on the ends of all of the piezoelectric cantilevers. The mass can be native or non-native. 
     According to some embodiments, the power support extends around the piezoelectric cantilever, for example surrounds the piezoelectric cantilever in a direction horizontal to an extent (e.g., the longest dimension such as the length) of the piezoelectric cantilever. The power support can form a polygon around the piezoelectric cantilevers and the piezoelectric cantilevers can extend from a common side of the power support polygon. In some embodiments, different piezoelectric cantilevers extend from different sides of the power support polygon. The polygon can be a rectangle. According to some embodiments, at least one piezoelectric cantilever extends in a first direction from the power support and at least one piezoelectric cantilever extends in a second direction from the power support, and the first direction is different from the second direction. In some embodiments the first and second directions are opposite; in some embodiments the first and second directions are orthogonal. The power support (e.g., a perimeter or convex hull of the power support) can form an enclosure surrounding the piezoelectric cantilevers and the power support can extend into the enclosure, for example can subdivide the enclosure or otherwise protrude into the enclosure. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the piezoelectric cantilevers can each comprise a cantilever support layer and the piezoelectric layer and the first and second electrodes of the piezoelectric cantilevers are disposed on the cantilever support layer. According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric layer and first and second electrodes cover less than all of the piezoelectric cantilever, for example less than half of the piezoelectric cantilever. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the piezoelectric layer and first and second electrodes are disposed in two or more separate portions along the cantilever support layer and each portion extends along the cantilever support layer a distance less than one half of the length of the cantilever support layer. Thus, the cantilever support layer is only partially covered by the piezoelectric layer, the first electrode, and the second electrode. The piezoelectric layer and first and second electrodes can comprise first and second separate portions along the cantilever support layer and the first portion can be adjacent to a first end of the cantilever support layer proximate to the power support and the second portion can be adjacent to a second end of the cantilever support layer opposite to the first end. The piezoelectric layer can be disposed on the cantilever support layer between the power support and one half of the length of the cantilever support layer. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the power support comprises or is physically connected to a component tether. The component tether can be fractured as a consequence of micro-transfer printing the power component. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, (i) a piezoelectric power component comprises a component substrate and the power support and piezoelectric cantilever are disposed on the component substrate, (ii) a piezoelectric power component is disposed on a system substrate and the power support and piezoelectric cantilever are disposed on the system substrate, or (iii) a piezoelectric power component comprises a component substrate, the power support and piezoelectric cantilever are disposed on the component substrate and the component substrate is disposed on a system substrate. 
     The piezoelectric cantilever can extend from the power support a height above a bottom of the power support a distance that is less than a displacement distance of the piezoelectric cantilever and the component substrate or destination substrate can comprise a cavity or sacrificial portion disposed beneath the piezoelectric cantilever. The system substrate can be a secure document, an element of a secure document, a banknote, an element of a banknote, a foil, or a ribbon. 
     According to some embodiments, the component support or system substrate, or both, form a bottom for the power component, the power support. According to some embodiments, the component substrate or system substrate, or both, form an enclosure enclosing the piezoelectric cantilevers. According to some embodiments, the power support has an open bottom. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the piezoelectric cantilever extends from the power support a height above a bottom of the power support a distance that is no less than a displacement distance of the piezoelectric cantilever. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the piezoelectric cantilever is a non-linear piezoelectric cantilever. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the power support comprises a first power support portion and a second power support portion. The second power support portion can, but does not necessarily, extend from the first power support portion. The piezoelectric cantilever is a first piezoelectric cantilever extending from the first power support portion. Some embodiments comprise a second piezoelectric cantilever extending from the second power support portion, the second piezoelectric cantilever comprising a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side. The second power support portion and the second piezoelectric cantilever can be disposed within an area surrounded by the first power support portion so that the piezoelectric power component is a nested power component. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a piezoelectric power component comprises a power support and a piezoelectric cantilever extending from the power support. The piezoelectric cantilever can comprise a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side. According to some embodiments, a component tether can be attached to the power support. According to some embodiments, the power support extends around the piezoelectric cantilever. According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric cantilever is a non-linear piezoelectric cantilever. 
     According to some embodiments, the power support is a first power support, the piezoelectric cantilever is a first piezoelectric cantilever, and the piezoelectric power component comprises a second power support and a second piezoelectric cantilever extending from the second power support. The second piezoelectric cantilever comprises a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side. The second power support and the second piezoelectric cantilever are disposed within the first power support so that the piezoelectric power component is a nested power component. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a piezoelectric power component comprises a power support, a piezoelectric cantilever extending from the power support, and a mass. The piezoelectric cantilever comprises a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side. According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric cantilever is a linear piezoelectric cantilever physically connecting the mass to the power support. According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric power component comprises a plurality of linear piezoelectric cantilevers, each piezoelectric cantilever attached to a corresponding separate location on the power support. According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric cantilever is a non-linear piezoelectric cantilever physically connecting the mass to the power support. The non-linear piezoelectric cantilever can be curved, folded, or comprise line segments that are not in a common line. According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric power component comprises a plurality of non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers, each non-linear piezoelectric cantilever attached to a corresponding separate location on the power support. The mass can be native or non-native to the piezoelectric cantilever. 
     According to some embodiments, at least two of the plurality of linear or non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers are electrically connected in series. According to some embodiments, at least two of the plurality of linear or non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers are electrically connected in parallel. According to some embodiments, the plurality of linear or non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers form an electrical circuit and the electrical circuit can comprise linear or non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers that are electrically connected in any combination of series or parallel connections. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the power support extends around the piezoelectric cantilever, for example in a plane that is substantially parallel to an extended surface, e.g., the greatest extent such as the length of a top surface, of the piezoelectric cantilever. The power support can extend around the non-linear piezoelectric cantilever. The non-linear piezoelectric cantilever can comprise a plurality of linear or non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers each attached to a corresponding separate location on the power support. The separate locations can be distributed substantially equidistant around a perimeter or along an edge of the power support. The power support can be substantially rectangular. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the non-linear piezoelectric cantilever has a U-shape. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the non-linear piezoelectric cantilever divides into two physically separate portions. The two physically separate portions can each have a U-shape and the two U-shapes can be opposed, for example mirror reflections of each other. According to some embodiments, a portion of the piezoelectric layer and first and second electrodes can be disposed on the support at the bottom of the U-shape. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the non-linear piezoelectric cantilever comprises a cantilever support layer and the piezoelectric layer is disposed on the cantilever support layer. The piezoelectric layer and first and second electrodes can extend along the cantilever support layer a distance less than one half of the length of the support layer. The piezoelectric layer and first and second electrodes can be disposed on the cantilever support layer between the power support and one half of the length of the cantilever support layer. The piezoelectric layer and first and second electrodes can be disposed on the cantilever support layer between the mass and one half of the length of the support layer. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the power support is a first power support, the piezoelectric cantilever is a first piezoelectric cantilever, the mass is a first mass, and embodiments of the piezoelectric power component comprise a second power support and a second piezoelectric cantilever extending from the second power support. The second piezoelectric cantilever can comprise a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side, and a second mass. The second piezoelectric cantilever is a non-linear piezoelectric cantilever physically connecting the mass to the power support and the second power support, the second piezoelectric cantilever, and the second mass are disposed within the first power support so that the piezoelectric power component is a nested power component. The second mass can be native or non-native to the second piezoelectric cantilever. 
     The power support can form an enclosure enclosing the piezoelectric cantilever and the power support can extend into the enclosure. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the non-linear piezoelectric cantilever comprises a plurality of non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers each attached to a corresponding separate location on the power support and at least one non-linear piezoelectric cantilever extends in a first direction from the power support and at least one non-linear piezoelectric cantilever extends in a second direction from the power support, and the first direction is different from the second direction. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of making a piezoelectric power system comprises providing a piezoelectric power component physically connected to a component source wafer with a component tether, providing a system substrate, and micro-transfer printing the piezoelectric power component from the component source wafer to the system substrate. The piezoelectric power component can comprise a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode disposed on a first side of the piezoelectric material, and a second electrode disposed on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side. Methods of the present disclosure can comprise fracturing the component tether by micro-transfer printing the piezoelectric power component from the component source wafer to the system substrate. 
     Some embodiments of the present disclosure comprise disposing a cap over the piezoelectric power component, disposing a cap on the component substrate, or disposing a cap on the system substrate. According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric power component comprises a power support and a piezoelectric cantilever extending from the power support and methods of the present disclosure can comprise disposing the cap on the power support over the piezoelectric cantilever. The cap can be disposed before micro-transfer printing the piezoelectric power component from the component source wafer to the system substrate or after micro-transfer printing the piezoelectric power component from the component source wafer to the system substrate. 
     Methods of the present disclosure can comprise forming a cavity in the system substrate and micro-transfer printing the piezoelectric power component to the system substrate with the piezoelectric cantilever disposed over the cavity. 
     Methods of the present disclosure can comprise electrically connecting the first electrode and the second electrode to an electrical load. The electrical load can be disposed on the system substrate or on the component substrate. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of operating a piezoelectric power system comprises providing a piezoelectric power component on a system substrate, the piezoelectric power component comprising layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material, and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side, providing an electrical load electrically connected to the first electrode and to the second electrode, and mechanically perturbing the piezoelectric power component to generate a current between the first electrode and the second electrode through the electrical load. The piezoelectric power component can comprise a fractured component tether. 
     The system substrate can have a surface on which the piezoelectric power component or power source is disposed and methods of the present disclosure can comprise moving the system substrate in a direction orthogonal to the surface to mechanically accelerate the piezoelectric power component or power source. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of operating a piezoelectric power system comprises providing a piezoelectric power component, the piezoelectric power component comprising a piezoelectric cantilever comprising a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material, and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side, providing an electrical power load electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode, and mechanically perturbing the piezoelectric power component. 
     According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric power component comprises a fractured component tether. According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric power component has a thickness less than 1 mm (e.g., no greater than 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 microns). According to some embodiments, the piezoelectric device has a length or width less than 1 mm (e.g., no greater than 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, or 10 microns). 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a piezoelectric power component system comprises a piezoelectric power component disposed on a substrate, wherein the piezoelectric power component is non-native to the substrate (e.g., non-native to a system substrate). The piezoelectric power component can have an open bottom adjacent to the substrate. The piezoelectric power component can comprise a cap disposed over the piezoelectric power component, the cap affixed to the substrate or to the piezoelectric power component. The piezoelectric power component can have a thickness no greater than 1 mm (e.g., no greater than 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, or 10 microns). The piezoelectric power component can have a length or width no greater than 1 mm, (e.g., no greater than 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, or 10 microns). 
     According to some embodiments, a piezoelectric power component is disposed on a substrate, the piezoelectric power component is non-native to the substrate, and the piezoelectric power component comprises a fractured or separated component tether. According to some embodiments, a piezoelectric power component comprises piezoelectric cantilevers electrically connected in serial. According to some embodiments, a piezoelectric power component comprises piezoelectric cantilevers electrically connected in parallel. 
     According to some embodiments, a piezoelectric power component comprises a power support and one or more piezoelectric cantilevers extending from the power support at a proximal end of the one or more piezoelectric cantilevers, and a mass. Each piezoelectric cantilever of the one or more piezoelectric cantilevers can extend a common distance from the power support. Each piezoelectric cantilever can comprise a layer of piezoelectric material, a first electrode on a first side of the piezoelectric material, and a second electrode on a second side of the piezoelectric material opposite the first side. The mass is disposed on, attached to, or a part of the one or more piezoelectric cantilevers. The mass has a top side and an opposing bottom side. One or more openings are disposed in the mass, the one or more openings extending through the mass from the top side to the bottom side. The mass can be native or non-native to the piezoelectric cantilever(s). The mass can comprise piezoelectric material. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one opening of the one or more openings comprises a slit forming high-aspect-ratio rectangles in the mass. At least one opening of the one or more openings can comprise intersecting slits forming ‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘T’, ‘+’, or right angle shapes. At least one opening of the one or more openings can extend parallel to, orthogonal to, or diagonally to an edge of the mass. The diagonal can be a 45 degree angle to an edge of the mass. 
     According to some embodiments, the mass comprises piezoelectric material. According to some embodiments, the first and second electrodes comprise an electrode material and the mass comprises electrode material. According to some embodiments, the first and second electrodes extend onto or are a part of the mass. According to some embodiments, the first and second electrodes extending onto or into the mass are offset in a direction parallel to the top side. 
     According to some embodiments, at least one opening of the one or more openings is a slit having a length much greater than a width and the first and second electrodes are disposed at least one end of the slit in the length direction, for example can surround the end of the slit in the length direction on one side, two sides, or three sides for a distance at least equal to the width of the slit. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more openings are disposed in the mass such that an applied stress results in an enhanced piezoelectric response in the one or more piezoelectric cantilevers (e.g., all of the one or more piezoelectric cantilevers) relative to an equivalent mass without the one or more openings. The enhanced piezoelectric response can be at least 1.5×, at least 2×, at least 3×, at least 4×, at least 5×, at least 6×, or at least 8× and, optionally, no more than 15× or no more than 10× higher than a piezoelectric response of the equivalent mass without the one or more openings. 
     The piezoelectric power component can comprise a power support. A proximal end of each of the one or more piezoelectric cantilevers can be attached to the power support. The enhanced piezoelectric response can be concentrated at least partly at the proximal end. 
     According to some embodiments, a piezoelectric power component comprises a piezoelectric material comprising one or more openings disposed such that an applied stress results in an enhanced piezoelectric response relative to an equivalent piezoelectric material without the one or more openings. The one or more openings can extend through the piezoelectric material from a top side of the piezoelectric material to a bottom side of the piezoelectric material. The piezoelectric material can be comprised in a piezoelectric cantilever. 
     According to some embodiments, a piezoelectric power component comprises a power support, a proximal end of the piezoelectric material is attached to the power support, and the enhanced piezoelectric response is concentrated at least partly at the proximal end. According to some embodiments the one or more openings form high-aspect-ratio rectangles having lengths that are greater than widths and the enhanced piezoelectric response is concentrated at least partly at the ends of the slits in the length direction. 
     In some embodiments, the piezoelectric power component comprises first and second electrodes for collecting power. The first and second electrodes can extend onto or into the piezoelectric material. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the first electrode and at least a portion of the second electrode are offset in a direction parallel to the top side. 
     In some embodiments, the enhanced piezoelectric response is at least 1.5×, at least 2×, at least 3×, at least 4×, at least 5×, at least 6×, or at least 8× and, optionally, no more than 15× or no more than 10× higher than a piezoelectric response of the equivalent piezoelectric material. 
     In some embodiments, a piezoelectric power component comprises one or more piezoelectric cantilevers and a mass comprising one or more openings. The mass can be disposed on or attached to the one or more piezoelectric cantilevers. The one or more openings can be disposed in the mass such that power collected from the piezoelectric power component due to an applied stress is greater than power collected that would be collected from an otherwise equivalent piezoelectric power component wherein the mass does not comprise the one or more openings, for example at least 1.5×, at least 2×, at least 3×, at least 4×, at least 6×, or at least 8× (and optionally no more than 15× or 10× more than) the power that would be collected from the otherwise equivalent piezoelectric power component. 
     In some embodiments, a piezoelectric power component comprises one or more piezoelectric cantilevers comprising piezoelectric material comprising one or more openings. The one or more openings can be disposed in the piezoelectric material such that power collected from the piezoelectric power component due to an applied stress is greater than power collected that would be collected from an otherwise equivalent piezoelectric power component wherein the piezoelectric material does not comprise the one or more openings, for example at least 1.5×, at least 2×, at least 3×, at least 4×, at least 6×, or at least 8× (and optionally no more than 15× or 10× more than) the power that would be collected from the otherwise equivalent piezoelectric power component. 
     The present disclosure provides an anonymous, government-issued currency with anti-counterfeiting light emitters whose value or validity can be visibly ascertained without requiring specialized equipment and modified electronically. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent and better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of the front and back sides of an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view of the front and back sides of another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of a light pipe according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic illustration of a display according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of one side of a hybrid currency banknote according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram illustrating a controller and circuit according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic diagram illustrating a circuit according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic of a teller machine according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 10-12  are flow charts illustrating methods of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 13-15  are schematic diagrams according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 16  is a cross section of a piezoelectric power component according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic illustration of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 18 and 19  are schematic illustrations of methods of operating an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 20  is a schematic cross section illustration of an inorganic light-emitting diode with an LED tether according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 21  is a schematic cross section illustration of a convertor or controller, or both with a convertor tether according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 22  is a perspective of a component with a component tether according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 23  is a schematic illustration of a component comprising a power source according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 24  is a schematic illustration of a component exclusive of a power source according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 25  is an electrical schematic diagram of a power source, convertor, and light-emitting diodes according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 26  is a schematic illustration of a hybrid banknote according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 27  is a schematic illustration of a hybrid banknote according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 28-29  are flow diagrams of methods according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 30  is a schematic perspective of a component disposed on a banknote according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 31A  is a schematic cut-away plan view of a component disposed on a banknote according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 31B  is a schematic cross section of a component disposed on a banknote taken across cross section line A of  FIG. 31A  according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 32  is a micrograph of a power component according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 33  is a representation of an electrical signal corresponding to the power output from a power component according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 34A-34C  are temporally successive representations of operating a banknote according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 35  is a flow diagram according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 36A-36G  are successive structures formed according to illustrative methods of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 37-39  are flow diagrams according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 40A-40F  are successive structures formed according to illustrative methods of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 41A-41C  are plan views of piezoelectric power components comprising multiple piezoelectric cantilevers extending in a common direction and having various mass configurations according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 42A  is a perspective and  FIG. 42B  is a cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 42A  of a piezoelectric power component comprising suspended piezoelectric cantilevers extending in opposite directions and a cap affixed to a power support, according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 42C  is a perspective and  FIG. 42D  is a cross section taken across cross section line A of  FIG. 42C  of a piezoelectric power component comprising suspended piezoelectric cantilevers extending in opposite directions where masses are formed by patterning the piezoelectric layer, first electrode, and second electrode according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 42E  is a perspective and  FIG. 42F  is a cross section taken across cross section line A of  FIG. 42E  of a piezoelectric power component comprising suspended piezoelectric cantilevers extending in opposite directions where masses are formed by patterning the piezoelectric layer and first electrode according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure 
         FIG. 43A  is a perspective and  FIG. 43B  is a cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 43A  of a piezoelectric power component comprising piezoelectric cantilevers extending in different directions supported by a power support post and a cap affixed to a target substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 44A  is a top view and  FIG. 44B  is a cross section taken along cross section line A of  FIG. 44A  of a piezoelectric power component comprising piezoelectric cantilevers extending in opposite and in orthogonal directions and a cap affixed to a document or intermediate substrate according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 45 and 46  are plan views of a piezoelectric power component comprising various arrangements of piezoelectric cantilevers extending in different directions according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 47A  is a plan view and detail of a piezoelectric power component comprising piezoelectric cantilevers extending in opposite directions with a common mass and  FIG. 47B  is a cross section corresponding to cross section line A of  FIG. 47A  according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 48A-48C  are plan views of piezoelectric power components comprising piezoelectric cantilevers extending in orthogonal and opposite directions with a common mass according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 49  is a plan view of a piezoelectric power component comprising two piezoelectric cantilevers on each side of a rectangular power support with a common mass according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 50  is a plan view and cross sectional detail of a piezoelectric power component comprising two piezoelectric cantilevers on each side of a rectangular power support with a common mass according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 51  is a plan view and cross sectional detail of a piezoelectric power component comprising non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers piezoelectric extending in orthogonal directions with a common and unitary mass according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 52A-52C  illustrate various electrical connections for piezoelectric material in a piezoelectric cantilever or in separate piezoelectric cantilevers according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 53  is a plan view of a non-linear piezoelectric power component comprising piezoelectric cantilevers extending in orthogonal directions with a common mass surrounding components according to illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 54  is a plan view of a piezoelectric power components comprising nested non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 55  is a plan view of piezoelectric power components comprising orthogonal piezoelectric cantilevers with holes in a common unitary mass according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 56-57  are flow diagrams according to illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 58A and 58B  are cross sections of piezoelectric cantilevers suspended over a component source wafer according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 59  is a top view of a piezoelectric cantilever with cross section line A corresponding to the cross sections of  FIGS. 58A and 58B  according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 60  is a flow diagram according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 61A  is a schematic plan view of a mass with openings according to embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 61B  is a schematic plan view of a mass with openings and electrodes according to embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 62  is a cross section of a mass with offset electrodes according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     Features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements. The figures are not drawn to scale since the variation in size of various elements in the Figures is too great to permit depiction to scale. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , in some embodiments of the present disclosure a hybrid currency banknote  10  includes a banknote  20  having visible markings  22 . The banknote  20  can be a government-issued banknote  20  indicated by the visible markings  22  and can comprise a flexible substrate that includes paper, plastic, or impregnated paper. One or more light-controlling elements  30  are embedded in or on the banknote  20  and can be printed on the flexible substrate. A controller  40  is embedded in or on the banknote  20  and electrically connected to the one or more light-controlling elements  30  for controlling the one or more light-controlling elements  30 . A power input connection  50  is electrically connected to the controller  40 , one or more light-controlling elements  30 , or both. In a further embodiment, a power source  60  is electrically connected to the power input connection  50 , for example directly to the power input connection  50  (not shown) or through a power convertor  64  (as shown). The power source  60  and the controller  40  can be a common element or a common circuit and the controller  40  can be a power conditioning circuit or can include analog or digital control circuitry. The controller  40 , the light-controlling elements  30  and the power input connection  50  can be electrically connected, for example with wires  52 . Multiple controllers  40  can be used to provide redundancy, reduce failures, and increase lifetime. The multiple controllers  40  can be connected in parallel with common input, output, power, and ground connections. In other embodiments, the controller  40  can include multiple circuits in multiple integrated circuits and include discrete components, such as capacitors and resistors that can provide additional control support, for example as timing or trimming devices to support light-controlling element  30  flash rates, filter devices such as acoustic wave devices (either bulk or surface). 
     The power source  60  can be a piezoelectric power source or a photovoltaic power source and the power convertor  64  can convert the power provided by the power source  60  to a form that is used by the controller  40 , the light-controlling elements  30 , or both. The power convertor  64  can include power storage, for example using capacitors such as thin-film capacitors with a high-K dielectric to provide power over a time period. The capacitors can be distributed, for example located among the power components  62 . Output diodes can be used to isolate the power source  60  or light-controlling elements  30 . In one arrangement, the power source  60  is indicated by the visible markings  22 , the power source  60  forms a part of the visible markings  22 , or the power source  60  is obscured by the visible markings  22 . Multiple power sources  60  and multiple power convertors  64  can be used to provide redundancy. 
     In some embodiments, the power source  60  comprises a plurality of electrically connected but physically separated individual power components  62 . The power components  62  can be arranged in a 2-d array (as shown) or a 1-d array (not shown) and operated by squeezing, waving, or sliding an object across the power components  62 . The power components  62  can be a group of elements that are operated at the same time with a single action, for example pressure applied to all of the power components  62  simultaneously. The power components  62  can be electrically arranged in series to achieve a desired voltage or in parallel to achieve a desired current or some combination of series and parallel to achieve the desired power characteristics. 
     The light-controlling elements light-controlling elements  30  can be inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  such as micro-light-emitting diodes suitable for micro-transfer printing, for example made on a semiconductor wafer adapted to the manufacture of inorganic light-emitting diodes  30 . In general, the light-controlling elements  30  can be light-emitting elements, light-reflecting elements, inorganic light-emitting diodes, organic light-emitting diodes, micro-electromechanical reflective elements, reflective electrophoretic elements, or reflective electrochromic display elements. For clarity of exposition, the light-controlling elements  30  of the present disclosure are referred to below as inorganic light-emitting diodes (iLEDs)  30 . However, in various embodiments the present disclosure contemplates the use of a corresponding variety of light-controlling elements  30 . In another embodiment, the light-controlling elements  30  are also energy harvesting elements (for example silicon photodiodes) and provide power as part of the power source  60 . 
     The controller  40  can also be an integrated circuit, for example a small chiplet, suitable for micro-transfer printing. The controller  40  can include digital circuits or logic (for example CMOS circuits) and power circuits (for example for driving an iLED  30 ). The controller  40  can include information storage circuits, a state machine, or a stored program machine to implement the desired functionality of the hybrid currency banknote  10 . The controller  40  can read or write information such as currency values, process information, respond to input and provide output. The power input connection  50  can be directly connected to the controller  40  (as shown) or to the iLEDs  30 , or both. Alternatively, the power input connection  50  can indirectly connect to the controller  40  or the iLEDs  30 , or both through the power convertor  64  (not shown). The power input connection  50  can be an electrical conductor, for example small wires  52 , and can include power connection pads that, when electrically connected to a power source, (such as a 3.3-volt, 5-volt, or 12-volt power source), provides power to the controller  40  and iLEDs  30  to enable them to function. The power source can be external (not shown) or can be provided by the internal power source  60 . 
     It can be desirable to fold or spindle the hybrid currency banknote  10  of the present disclosure. To facilitate such a manipulation, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, the power source  60  comprises a plurality of electrically connected smaller individual power components  62 . A single large power source  60  can be too rigid to readily fold or curve, whereas an arrangement of individual smaller physically separate power components  62  can allow folding between the smaller power components  62 , even if the smaller power components  62  themselves are relatively rigid. 
     In a further embodiment, the iLEDs  30  and controller  40  are too small to be readily visible with the unaided human eye. Furthermore, the iLEDs  30  and controller  40  can be located in areas of the banknote  20  that include visible markings  22  to further obscure the presence of the iLEDs  30  and controller  40 , as well as any wires  52 . Similarly, the power source  60  or an arrangement of individual smaller power components  62  can be obscured by the visible markings  22 . In one embodiment, any of the iLEDs  30 , controller  40 , wires  52 , power source  60 , power components  62 , or power convertor  64  are marked with visible markings  22 . For example, ink can be printed over the iLEDs  30 , controller  40 , wires  52 , power source  60 , power components  62 , or power convertor  64  to obscure them or otherwise make them a part of the visible markings  22  on the banknote  20 . Since the the iLEDs  30 , controller  40 , wires  52 , power source  60 , power components  62 , or power convertor  64  can each be very small, for example having a size in the micron range, they can be effectively invisible to the unaided human eye. For example, the one or more inorganic micro light-emitting diodes  30  or the controller  40  of the hybrid currency banknote  10  can have a width from 2 to 5 μm, 5 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm, a length from 2 to 5 μm, 5 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm, or a height from 2 to 5 μm, 4 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm. 
     In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the iLEDs  30  and controller  40  are directly printed onto a banknote  20 , for example before or after the banknote  20  is printed with ink. In this embodiment, wires  52  can be woven into the banknote  20  in predetermined locations at which the iLEDs  30  and controller  40  are printed before or after the iLEDs  30  and controller  40  are printed. Referring to  FIG. 2  in another embodiment, the banknote  20  includes a metalized or metallic ribbon  70  or thread, for example Mylar, with a pattern of electrical conductors or wires  52 . The iLEDs  30  and controller  40  are printed, for example micro-transfer printed, onto the ribbon  70  before or after the electrical conductors such as wires  52  are formed, patterned, or impressed into the ribbon  70  to make an electrical circuit. In some such embodiments, the iLEDs  30  and controller  40  can include at least a portion of an LED tether  31  (see  FIG. 20 , for example), resulting from the fracturing of an LED tether  31  on an iLED source wafer from which the iLEDs  30  and controller  40  originate and that connects the iLEDs  30  and controller  40  to an anchor on the source wafer in the micro-transfer printing process. The ribbon  70  or thread is then incorporated into the banknote  20  to make an embodiment of a hybrid currency banknote  10  of the present disclosure. The power source  60  (and any power components  62 ), power convertor  64 , or power input connection  50  can likewise be formed in the ribbon  70 . Alternatively, some components can be on the ribbon  70  and others not on the ribbon  70 , in particular the power source  60 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , in some embodiments, the one or more inorganic LEDs  30  are disposed in a location corresponding to a portion of the visible markings  22  to highlight or otherwise indicate the portion of the visible markings  22 . For example, the one or more inorganic LEDs  30  can underline or surround a graphic element of the visible markings  22 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , the one or more inorganic LEDs  30  outline the numeral  5 . Thus, the one or more inorganic LEDs  30  can be disposed to form a graphic indicator such as any of one or more of a number, a letter, and a pictogram. The graphic indicator can have semantic content, for example indicating a value, a date, or a person. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 4 , one or more light pipes  32  are located in association with the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  to transmit light emitted by the inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  through the light pipes  32  and emit the transmitted light from the opposite end of the light pipe  32 . In some embodiments, the light pipes  32  include portions that leak light at desired locations, for example by purposefully forming nicks, scratches, or other forms of light diffusers  34  in the light pipes  32  to allow light to leak from the light pipe  32 . Thus, the arrangement of the light pipes  32  can also correspond to a portion of the visible markings  22  to indicate (e.g., highlight) the portion of the visible markings  22 , form a graphic indicator, or form any one or all of a number, a letter, and a pictogram to indicate a value, a date, or a person. 
     The controller  40  can control the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  to flash or sequentially flash individual iLEDs  30 , forming spatial, temporal, or temporal-spatial light patterns. Referring to  FIG. 5 , in some embodiments, the inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  can emit different colors of light. For example, a red light-emitting diode  82  can emit red light, a green light-emitting diode  84  can emit green light, and a blue light-emitting diode  86  can emit blue light. The different inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  can be arranged spatially to form a display  80 , a two-dimensional array, or a graphic element. 
     In another embodiment of the present disclosure and referring to  FIG. 6 , the hybrid currency banknote  10  includes visible markings  22  that do not include a value. Such a hybrid currency banknote  10  can be a non-denominational banknote that either has an assigned value or a variable value stored in a memory  44  in the controller  40 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . Referring to  FIG. 7 , an assigned value can be provided by providing a circuit  42  and memory  44  in the controller  40  or providing circuits  42 , such as the memory  44 , connected to the controller  40 . The memory  44  can be a read-only memory that encodes a desired assigned value. The assigned value can be a currency value or can include an electronic serial number, or both. The assigned value can be discovered by providing power to the power input connection  50 . The power energizes the controller  40  which, in turn, controls the iLEDs  30  to display or otherwise indicate the assigned value. The memory  44  can be protected from overwriting, damage, or alternative discovery by protective layers such as a protective shield  46  formed over the memory  44  to discourage exposure by light and protect the memory  44  from heat. The shield  46  can be a light shield, a light reflector, a light absorber, or a heat conductor. 
     In the case in which the assigned value is variable, the memory  44  can be a write-once memory that stores multiple values in memory locations that are ordered in a sequential order, for example by memory address. The write-once memory can, for example, employ fuses that are electrically destroyed and cannot be rewritten. Alternatively, the memory  44  can be a non-volatile read-write memory. In this case, the value stored by the hybrid currency banknote  10  can change over time. The current value can be discovered by providing power to the power input connection  50 . The power energizes the controller  40  which, in turn, controls the iLEDs  30  to display or otherwise indicate the current value. The current value can be modified by, for example, a teller machine. Referring to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , in some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hybrid currency banknote  10  is adapted to a hybrid currency teller machine  90  that writes a value into the memory  44  in a memory storage location having an address sequentially after the address of a previous written value. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the power input connection  50  includes or is connected to power connection pads  66  that can be contacted by an external power source to provide power to the controller  40  and iLEDs  30  through wires  52 . Referring to  FIG. 9 , a hybrid currency teller machine  90  includes a slot  91  into which a hybrid currency banknote  10  can be inserted. Once inserted into the hybrid currency teller machine  90 , the hybrid currency banknote  10  is read by a reader  92  that can access the controller  40  or memory  44 , for example by contacting electrical conductors to the power connection pads  66 . (Only two power connection pads  66  are illustrated, but one or more power connection pads  66  can be included in various embodiments of the present disclosure). Once the current value of the hybrid currency banknote  10  is read, it can be displayed, for example on an optional teller machine display  96 . If a change in the current value of the hybrid currency banknote  10  is desired, an input value can be input by a user with an input device  94 . A teller machine controller  98  can then calculate or otherwise determine a new stored value responsive to the input value and store the new value in the hybrid currency banknote  10 , for example by communicating the new stored value to the controller  40  which then writes the new stored value in the memory  44  with a writer  93 . In some embodiments, the controller  40  only writes new stored values in the memory  44  that are smaller than the current value. In another embodiment, the controller  40  can write new stored values in the memory  44  that are larger than the current value, or that are larger than the current value but are limited to a maximum value. The change in current value of the hybrid currency banknote  10  can represent or be the result of a financial transaction, for example a purchase or a financial exchange with or facilitated by a financial institution such as a bank. Read-only memories, write-once memories, and read/write memories together with controllers and read/write circuitry (e.g., reader  92  and writer  93 ) can be formed in integrated circuits and electrical circuits. Devices for currency handling, optical inspection, making physical electronic contacts, displays, input devices (such as keyboards or touch screens) can be made using electromechanical, electronic, and optical technologies. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , a hybrid currency banknote  10  of the present disclosure can be made by providing a banknote  20  with markings in step  100 , for example by printing on a high-quality paper with ink using intaglio printing. A ribbon  70  is provided in step  110 , an inorganic LED wafer having micro-transfer printable iLEDs  30  is provided in step  120 , and a controller source wafer having micro-transfer printable controllers  40  is provided in step  130 . The iLEDs  30  are micro-transfer printed from the inorganic LED wafer onto the ribbon  70  using a stamp to fracture LED tethers  31  connecting the iLEDs  30  to the inorganic LED wafer leaving at least a portion of an LED tether  31  on the iLEDs  30  in step  140 . The controllers  40  are micro-transfer printed from the controller source wafer onto the ribbon  70  using a stamp to fracture controller tethers  65  connecting the controllers  40  to the controller source wafer leaving at least a portion of a controller tether  65  on the controllers  40  in step  150 . Optionally, the power source  60  is similarly micro-transfer printed to the ribbon  70  in step  160 . Power connection pads  66 , wires  52  and any other necessary electrical conductors are formed in step  170  to make an electronic circuit having electrical conductors. The electrical conductors can be provided before or after the iLEDs  30  and controllers  40  are micro-transfer printed. The ribbon  70  can be further processed, for example to provide environmental robustness by coating with protective layers. The ribbon  70  is then integrated into the banknote  20  in step  180  to make the hybrid currency banknote  10  of the present disclosure. The hybrid currency banknote  10  can be further processed, for example by over coating or printing to provide environmental robustness, decoration, or to obscure the micro-transfer printed elements. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , the hybrid currency banknote  10  of the present disclosure can be used by first receiving the hybrid currency banknote  10  in step  200 , providing power to the hybrid currency banknote  10  in step  210 , and viewing light emitted by the hybrid currency banknote  10  in step  220 . Power can be provided by connecting the hybrid currency banknote  10  to an external power source (e.g., using the power connection pads  66 ), squeezing a piezoelectric power source  60 , or exposing a photovoltaic power source  60  to light. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , an assigned or current value can be programmed into the controller  40  or an associated memory  44  (also micro-transfer printed if it is a separate integrated circuit or chiplet) either before or after the controller  40  or memory  44  is micro-transfer printed. Alternatively, an external device such as a hybrid currency teller machine  90  can communicate with the controller to write an assigned or current value to the hybrid currency banknote  10 . For example, the hybrid currency banknote  10  can be received in step  200 , inserted into the hybrid currency teller machine  90  in step  250 , the current value read by the reader  92  in step  260 , an input value input by the input device  94  in step  270 , a new stored value responsive to the input value computed by the teller machine controller  98  and stored by the writer  93  in step  280  and the hybrid currency banknote  10  returned in step  290 . Optionally, the hybrid currency teller machine  90  can also communicate with a central or remote database (step  272 ) to establish the legitimacy of the hybrid currency banknote  10 , track its use or location, or approve a transaction and record or approve the transaction (step  274 ). The communication can include an electronic serial number. 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/743,981, filed Jun. 18, 2015, entitled Micro Assembled Micro LED Displays and Lighting Elements, incorporated herein by reference describes micro-transfer printing structures and processes useful with the present disclosure. For a discussion of micro-transfer printing techniques see also U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,722,458, 7,622,367 and 8,506,867, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Micro-transfer printing using compound micro assembly structures and methods can also be used with the present disclosure, for example, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/822,868, filed Aug. 10, 2015, entitled Compound Micro-Assembly Strategies and Devices, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     A simplified schematic of some embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated in  FIGS. 13 and 14 . As shown in these Figures, a power source  60  includes two parallel groups of four series-connected power components  62  electrically connected to the power input connection  50  and the power convertor  64  and controller  40 . The power convertor  64  and controller  40  can be a single component, as shown, or include multiple different components such as separate integrated circuits. Control current from the power convertor  64  and controller  40  drives the iLEDs  30  of the display  80  to emit light  88 . A capacitive touch sensor  68  is also included ( FIG. 13 ). In  FIG. 13 , the power source  60  is a photovoltaic power source. In  FIG. 14 , the power source  60  is a piezoelectric power source.  FIG. 15  illustrates an example power convertor  64  and controller  40  having a four-diode bridge rectifier and storage capacitor C R  (for example, see capacitor  67  in  FIG. 22 ) providing power from a piezoelectric power source  60  to a current limiter that, in turn, provides current to the iLEDs  30  to emit light  88 . (The controller  40  can be powered by the power source  60  to control the iLEDs  30  but is not illustrated in  FIG. 15 . As noted above, the controller  40  and power source  60  can be a common component or circuit or can be separate or individual components or circuits.) 
     Referring to  FIG. 16 , a power component  62  can include a dielectric layer such as a silicon nitride layer with a first metal layer providing a first connection post  69  or spike. A piezoelectric material layer is in electrical contact with the first metal layer and, on a side of the piezoelectric material layer opposite the first metal layer, a second metal layer is in electrical contact with a second metal layer and forms a second connection post  69  or spike. The power component  62  of  FIG. 16  can be micro-transfer printed onto two conductors (e.g., wires  52 ) so that the first and second connection posts  69  are in contact with the conductors. The first and second connection posts  69  can pierce or otherwise deform and adhere to the conductors after micro-transfer printing. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates the process of making a banknote  20  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. A printed banknote is provided together with a ribbon  70  having an array of micro-transfer printed iLEDs  30  electrically connected to a controller, a power convertor  64 , and a power source  60 . The ribbon  70  is laminated or otherwise integrated into the banknote  20  to make a hybrid currency banknote  10 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , a hybrid currency banknote  10  of the present disclosure having a photovoltaic power source  60  can be exposed to ambient illumination to provide power to iLEDs  30  in a display  80 , causing the iLEDs  30  to emit light  88 . It has been calculated that conventional ambient office light provides sufficient illumination (e.g., 500 lux) to operate a photovoltaic embodiment of the present disclosure, including digital control for iLEDs  30  sequencing, for example flashing. Photovoltaic cells (e.g., power components  62 ) can be GaAs having lateral dimensions of 50 μ by 50 μ and providing 66 μW in an array of 50,000 power components  62  and requiring approximately 1.27 cm 2 . The array of power components  62  can occupy a larger area with a lower fill factor to provide apparent transparency and improved flexibility to the power source  60 . A 20×20 array of 400 iLEDs  30  (for example, green-light-emitting iLEDs  30 ) can provide a readable display  80  in these conditions over a viewing angle of 140 degrees similar to displays found in body-worn electronic devices (e.g., watches, fitness trackers) and can consume 66 μW. 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , a hybrid currency banknote  10  of the present disclosure having a piezoelectric power source  60  can be pressed or squeezed, for example, by a finger, to provide power to iLEDs  30  in a display  80 , causing the iLEDs  30  to emit light  88 . Power is provided both when pressing and releasing (hence the use of a bridge rectifier in  FIG. 15 ). It has been demonstrated that a fingertip having a one square cm area can provide a force of  35  N. Even with a smaller force of  10  N, a piezoelectric power source  60  with a total area of 0.06 cm 2  provides sufficient power to operate a piezoelectric embodiment of the present disclosure, including digital control for iLEDs  30  sequencing, for example flashing. The array of power components  62  can occupy a larger area (e.g., 0.5 cm 2 ) with a lower fill factor to provide apparent transparency and improved flexibility to the power source  60 . 
     According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a hybrid currency banknote  10  can have one or more energy output devices embedded in or on hybrid currency banknote  10 . The one or more energy output devices can be one or more of one or more light-emitting elements, a sound-emitting element, and a vibration element. The sound-emitting element can be a piezoelectric speaker and the vibration device can be a piezoelectric device. The elements can be controlled, powered, hidden, constructed, or otherwise provided in ways similar to those of the light-emitting elements  30  discussed at greater length above. Such alternative energy output modalities can be useful for persons with impaired vision. 
     In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, a hybrid document  10  (e.g., a hybrid currency banknote  10 ) comprises a document  20  having visible markings  22  and one or more light-controlling elements  30  (e.g., inorganic light-emitting diodes  30 ) embedded in or on document  20  ( FIG. 1 ). A controller  40  is embedded in or on document  20  and is electrically connected to the one or more light-controlling elements  30  for controlling the one or more light-controlling elements  30 . The electrical connection can be a wire connection or other methods, such as capacitive alternating current coupling, can be used to control light-controlling element  30 . The one or more light-controlling elements  30  can emit or control light of different colors and can be located in a variety of locations in or on documents  20 , for example in an array and controlled by controller  40  to display fixed or programmable patterns. A power input connection  50  can be electrically connected to any one or all of controller  40 , power convertor  64 , circuit  42 , memory  44 , or the one or more light-controlling elements  30 . Controller  40  can control light-controlling elements  30  (e.g., iLEDs  30 ). 
     In various embodiments, document  20  is a banknote  20  (as shown in  FIG. 1 ), a bond, a stock certificate, a commercial certificate, a printed value-bearing document, an identification document, or a government-issued document, for example a passport or license. A bond can be a commercial, municipal, or corporate bond, a government-issued bond, or bearer bond, or other debt security. 
     As with hybrid currency banknote  10  described above, light-controlling elements  30  of hybrid documents  10  can be light-emitting elements, light-reflecting elements, inorganic light-emitting diodes  30 , organic light-emitting diodes, micro-electromechanical reflective elements, reflective electrophoretic elements, or reflective electrochromic display elements. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, hybrid document  10  vibrates or emits acoustic signals, such as audible sounds, tones, or sequences of sound, for example in a melody using, for example, polymer piezo films or electrostatic speakers. A hybrid document  10  can include one or more output modes, for example a light-controlling mode or an acoustic mode, or both a light-controlling mode and an acoustic mode. 
     In some configurations of the present disclosure, a power source  60  can be connected to power input connection  50  of hybrid document  10  (as shown in  FIG. 1 ). Power source  60  can be a piezoelectric power source or a photovoltaic power source, can incorporate MEMs devices, and can be integrated into hybrid document  10 . Piezoelectric power source  60  can provide power in response to pressure, as described above, or, in other embodiments, in response to pushing, pulling, stretching, flapping, or waving hybrid document  10  or providing other rapid movement, for example along the longest dimension of hybrid document  10 . Power can be provided using IR, UV, visible light, or other electromagnetic radiation to a photovoltaic unit via optical coupling. The electromagnetic radiation can be pulsed or encoded to provide information or signals. The electromagnetic energy source could be ambient light (for example the sun), broadband or narrowband artificial light (for example light bulbs or LEDs of various types), or narrowband high-energy sources, such as LEDs or lasers. In another embodiment, power source  60  is external to hybrid document  10  and power is transmitted to controller  40  or light-controlling elements  30 , for example through electrical conductors (e.g., wires  52 ) in hybrid documents  10 . In other configurations, inductive or magnetic coupling is employed to transmit power. 
     Inorganic light-emitting diodes (iLEDs)  30  can be horizontal diodes with LED tethers  31 , as shown in  FIG. 20 . Similarly, controller  40  or power convertor  64  can be comprise or be attached to a controller tether  65  or convertor tether  65 , as shown in  FIG. 21 . A fractured or separated tether on or attached to a device indicates that the device was transfer printed (e.g., micro-transfer printed) from a source device wafer. For example, inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  can be micro-transfer printed from an inorganic light-emitting diode source wafer, controller  40  can be micro-transfer printed from a controller source wafer, and power convertor  64  (if distinct from controller  40 ) can be micro-transfer printed from a power convertor source wafer. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a hybrid currency banknote  10  comprises a flexible banknote  20  (document  20 ) having visible markings  22  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 1 ). A component  36  (shown in  FIG. 22 ) is embedded in or on relatively flexible banknote  20  or in or on a ribbon  70  or thread incorporated into flexible banknote  20 . Component  36  comprises a component substrate  38  and one or more relatively rigid inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  (rigid compared to flexible banknote  20 ) disposed on component substrate  38 . Component substrate  38  can also be relatively rigid compared to flexible banknote  20 . A controller  40  is disposed on component substrate  38  and electrically connected to one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  for controlling the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes  30 . Controller  40  can also be a power convertor  64  or power convertor  64  can be a controller  40 . In some embodiments, controller  40  and power convertor  64  are a same device or a common device. A power input connection  50  is electrically connected to controller  40 , power convertor  64 , the one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes  30 , or any combination of these. The one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  each can comprise a fractured or separated LED tether  31 , controller  40  can comprise a fractured or separated controller tether  65  (convertor tether  65 ), component substrate  38  can comprise a fractured or separated component tether  37 , or any one or combination of these. Component  36  can be constructed on a component source wafer and then micro-transfer printed from the component source wafer, thereby fracturing or separating component tether  37 . 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure and as illustrated in  FIG. 22 , a power source  60  is connected to power input connection  50 . Power source  60  can be disposed on component substrate  38 , as shown in  FIGS. 22 and 23 , for example by constructing power source  60  on component substrate  38 , e.g., with potassium sodium niobate (KNN), or by micro-transfer printing power source  60  from a power source substrate to component substrate  38 . In some embodiments, power source  60  is disposed on flexible banknote  20  external to component substrate  38  (as shown in  FIG. 24 ) and electrically connected to power input connections  50  and component  36 , as shown in the electrical diagram of  FIG. 25 , for example by wires  52  embedded in flexible banknote  20 . Power source  60  can be photovoltaic power source, a piezoelectric power source activated by pressure, or a piezoelectric power source activated by movement, for example flapping flexible banknote  20  or bringing ends of flexible banknote  20  near to each other (e.g., as in folding flexible banknote  20  in half) and then separating the ends of flexible banknote  20  from each other to the extent possible, e.g., flattening flexible banknote  20 , thereby mechanically moving power source  60 . In some embodiments, power source  60  harvests electromagnetic energy and comprises an antenna or a photodiode. Power source  60  or component  36  can be indicated by visible markings  22 , power source  60  or component  36  can form a part of visible markings  22 , or power source  60  or component  36  can be obscured by visible markings  22 .  FIG. 26  illustrates embodiments in which power source  60  is provided on component substrate  38  and emits light  88  when power is provided, for example by exposure to electromagnetic radiation or mechanical movement.  FIG. 27  illustrates embodiments in which power source  60  is provided on component substrate  38  and emits light  88  when power is provided, for example by exposure to electromagnetic radiation or mechanical movement, for example as disclosed in  FIGS. 22 and 23 .  FIG. 28  illustrates embodiments in which power source  60  is provided external to component substrate  38  and emits light when power is provided, for example by mechanical pressure on flexible banknote  20 , for example as disclosed in  FIG. 24 . 
     As shown in the perspective of  FIG. 22 , power source  60  can comprise a plurality of electrically connected individual power components  62 . Power components  62  can be electrically connected in series (as shown), in parallel, or in a combination of series and parallel. Component  36  can comprise a power convertor  64  disposed on component substrate  38  and connected to power input connection  50 . Power convertor  64  can be electrically connected to controller  40  or one or more inorganic light-emitting diodes  30 . In some embodiments, power convertor  64  and controller  40  are a common device or circuit. Power convertor  64  converts the power provided from power input connection  50  from power source  60  to a form that is used by controller  40  (if controller  40  is distinct from power convertor  64 ) or inorganic light-emitting diodes  30 , or both. 
     In some embodiments of the present disclosure and as shown in  FIG. 22 , power convertor  64  comprises a unitary capacitor  67 . In some embodiments, power convertor  64  comprises a disaggregated capacitor  67  comprising multiple capacitors  67  electrically connected in parallel, as shown in  FIGS. 23-25  with  32  individual capacitors  67  each 200 by 200 microns square. In some embodiments, power convertor  64  comprises a diode, as shown in  FIG. 22 . Thus, in the illustrated embodiments, power convertor  64  or controller  40 , can include multiple elements (e.g., a capacitor, multiple capacitors, and a diode) that can be constructed and assembled separately of different materials. For example, capacitor  67  can be constructed on component substrate  38  (e.g., constructed of KNN) and the diode can be micro-transfer printed onto component substrate  38  from a diode source wafer. In some embodiments, power convertor  64  comprises any one or combination of these. A disaggregated structure for power convertor  64  or power source  60  can provide a more mechanically robust structure that can be at least somewhat flexed without cracking. In embodiments illustrated in  FIG. 22 , power convertor  64  (comprising a capacitor  67  and diode) rectifies and stores charge generated by power source  60  until the charge exceeds the amount needed to pass through three inorganic light-emitting diodes  30 , causing the inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  to emit light. The emitted light can flash or flash sequentially. In some embodiments, power source  60  and at least some portions of power convertor  64  are constructed of common materials in common steps, for example using KNN using photolithographic methods and can be formed on component substrate  38  using photolithographic methods and materials. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, flexible banknote  20  is a government-issued banknote  20  indicated by visible markings  22 . Flexible banknote  20  can include or comprise a flexible substrate that includes paper, plastic, or impregnated paper, and component substrate  38  can be transfer printed or otherwise disposed on or in the flexible substrate. In some embodiments, flexible banknote  20  comprises a ribbon  70  or thread woven into flexible banknote  20  and component  36  is disposed on the ribbon  70  or thread. The ribbon  70  or thread or portions of the ribbon  70  or thread can be at least partially electrically conductive or include conductive wires  52 , for example electrically connecting power source  60  to component  36  through power input connections  50 . Component  36  can be disposed in a location corresponding to a portion of visible markings  22  to highlight or otherwise indicate the portion of visible markings  22 . Some embodiments of the present disclosure comprise a plurality of components  36  disposed on flexible banknote  20  in a random arrangement or in a regular array. Components  36  can form a one-dimensional (e.g., a line), a two-dimensional array (e.g., a display), or form a symbol. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 28 and 29 , a method of making a hybrid currency banknote  10  comprises providing a flexible banknote  20  having visible markings  22  in step  100 , providing a ribbon  70  in step  110 , and providing a component source wafer in step  300  comprising relatively rigid component substrates  38  (relative to flexible banknote  20 ). An inorganic light-emitting diode (iLED) source wafer is provided in step  120 . The light-emitting diode source wafer has a plurality of relatively rigid micro-transfer printable inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  connected by LED tethers  31  to the light-emitting diode source wafer. A controller source wafer having a plurality of controllers  40  (or power convertors  64 ) connected by controller tethers  65  to the controller source wafer is provided in step  130 . Controllers  40  on controller source wafer can comprise power convertors  64  or a separate power convertor source wafer can be provided from which power convertors  64  can be transfer printed (generally included in step  130  in  FIGS. 28 and 29 ). 
     In step  310 , iLEDs  30  are micro-transfer printed from the iLED source wafer and controllers  40  (or power convertors  64 ) are micro-transfer printed from the controller source wafer with a stamp to component substrate  38  in step  320  thereby fracturing or separating each LED tether  31  that connected the one or more of the plurality of inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  to the light-emitting diode source wafer and each controller tether  65  that connected the at least one of the plurality of controllers  40  to the controller source wafer to provide a component  36 . In step  330  component  36  is embedded in or on flexible banknote  20  or in or on a ribbon  70  or thread. Controllers  40  (and power convertors  64 ) are electrically connected to the one or more of the plurality of inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  and to a power input connection  50  in step  160 . In embodiments in which power source  60  is provided on flexible banknote  20  external to component substrate  38  and component  36 , the electrical connections (step  170 ) can be made after power source  60  is disposed on the ribbon  70  (in step  160 ,  FIG. 28 ). In  FIG. 29 , power source  60  is disposed on or in component  36  (e.g., on component substrate  38 ) and the electrical connections can be made, for example by photolithographic methods and materials, before disposing component  36  on the ribbon  70  (or flexible banknote  20 ) in step  330 , for example by micro-transfer printing components  36  from the component source wafer onto the ribbon  70  (or flexible banknote  20 ). Once components  36  are disposed in or on the ribbon  70 , the ribbon  70  can be integrated into flexible banknote  20  in step  180 . 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure, and as illustrated in  FIGS. 19 and 27 , provide power to hybrid currency banknote  10  by pressing or squeezing a power source  60 , for example by a finger, to provide power to iLEDs  30 , causing iLEDs  30  to emit light  88 . Light  88  is emitted remotely from power source  60  and remotely from the location of the pressing. Either electrical power or light can be transmitted from power source  60  (e.g., from the location of pressing) to the light emission location on hybrid currency banknote  10  by wires  52  or light pipes  32  (light guides  32 ), respectively. In some embodiments, such as those illustrated in  FIGS. 22 and 23 , power source  60  and iLEDs  30  are disposed together on a relatively small common component substrate  38  and thus an object used to press or squeeze power source  60  (e.g., a finger) obscures light  88  emitted from iLEDs  30 . In some such embodiments, controller  40  (e.g., power convertor  64  and an electrically connected array of capacitors  67 ) can accumulate electrical power and delay light  88  output from light-emitting diodes  30  until the pressing or squeezing object is removed and no longer obscures light  88  emitted from iLEDs  30 , allowing a user to view light  88  emitted by iLEDs  30 . Thus, in some embodiments, hybrid document  10  (e.g., hybrid currency banknote  10 ) is constructed to emit light  88  immediately on activation (e.g., pressing) of power source  60  and, in some embodiments, hybrid document  10  (e.g., hybrid currency banknote  10 ) is constructed to emit light  88  after a short period of delay after activation (e.g., pressing) of power source  60  (e.g., within two seconds, within one second, within one half second, or within one tenth second). 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, power source  60  and light-emitting diodes  30  are provided together on a relatively small common component substrate  38  without obscuring light  88  output from iLEDs  30  when power source  60  is activated. For example, embodiments relying on photovoltaic or other electromagnetic sources or relying on electrical or magnetic fields can accumulate electrical power and cause iLEDs  30  to emit light without mechanical stimulation by an obscuring object. Embodiments relying on mechanical stimulation, such as pushing, pulling, stretching, flapping, or waving hybrid document  10  or providing other rapid movement, for example along the longest dimension of hybrid document  10  or in a direction perpendicular to a surface of hybrid document  10 , can also provide power without obscuring iLEDs  30 . Such embodiments can be made to immediately emit light  88  without delay, making operating hybrid document  10  more responsive and intuitive and thereby increasing user satisfaction. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure and as illustrated in  FIGS. 22 and 30-31B , a hybrid document  10  comprises a document  20  and a power component  62  disposed on or in document  20 . Power component  62  comprises a power support  74  and a piezoelectric cantilever  72  extending from power support  74 . Piezoelectric cantilever  72  comprises piezoelectric material  71 , a first electrode  54  on a first side of piezoelectric material  71 , and a second electrode  56  on a second side of piezoelectric material  71  opposite the first side. Piezoelectric cantilever  72  is affixed at one end to power support  74  and an opposite end of piezoelectric cantilever  72  projects over document  20  and is free to move, for example to mechanically oscillate in an oscillation direction  78  perpendicular to a document surface  24  of a document substrate of document  20 . 
     Piezoelectric material  71  can comprise (K, NA)NbO 3  (KNN) or lead zirconate titanate (PZT) or another piezoelectric material  71 , for example having a thickness from 0.5 microns to 2 microns, that can be used to generate electrical power in response to mechanical stimulation (e.g., physical motion). The electrical power is transmitted by first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  and transmitted (e.g., by electrically connected wires  52 ) to controller  40  or iLED(s)  30 , or both. First and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can be a patterned metal, metal alloy, or can comprise layers of metal, for example 100 nm-500 nm of Ti/Au. Controller  40  can be an integrated circuit (e.g., a silicon CMOS integrated circuit). Controller  40  can be an integrated circuit or can be a simple circuit comprising one or more of a diode, rectifier, and bridge circuit, with or without capacitor(s)  67 . Controller  40  and capacitor(s)  67  can receive and control the generated electrical power from power component  62  and cause inorganic light-emitting diode(s)  30  to emit light. 
     Capacitor(s)  67  can comprise or be a same material as piezoelectric cantilever  72 , for example comprising first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  on either side of piezoelectric material  71  provided in common layer(s) with piezoelectric cantilever  72 . For example, in some embodiments, piezoelectric material  71  that is used for piezoelectric cantilever  72  can be used for the dielectric in capacitor(s)  67 . Thus, manufacturing costs can be reduced by providing capacitor(s)  67 , portion(s) thereof, and piezoelectric cantilever  72  in common deposition and patterning steps (e.g., a common patterned photolithographic deposition). Additionally, in some embodiments, terminals for capacitor(s)  67  can be formed in common deposition and patterning steps with first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 . In some embodiments, capacitor(s)  67  can use different materials from piezoelectric cantilever  72 , for example using a different dielectric material formed in a different patterned deposition step. 
     Capacitor(s)  67  can have an area of 50×50 to 200×200 microns squared. iLEDs  30  can be horizontal or vertical LEDs, such as inorganic light-emitting diodes  30 , and can have a size of 8×15 microns to 50×80 microns or larger. Power component  62 , controller  40 , iLED(s)  30 , and, optionally, capacitor(s)  67 , are at least a portion of (e.g., all of) a circuit  42  that emits light from iLED  30  in response to power received from (e.g., and generated by) power component  62 . Other components can be included in circuit  42  beyond power component  62 , controller  40 , light-emitting diode(s)  30 , and capacitor(s)  67 , for example if more complex control or power generation, management, or distribution is desired. 
     Document  20  can have a document substrate with a document surface  24  and circuit  42  can be disposed on document surface  24 , iLEDs  30  can be disposed on document surface  24 , power component  62  can be disposed on document surface  24 , controller  40  can be disposed on document surface  24 , or capacitor(s)  67  can be disposed on document surface  24 . Document  20  can be flexible and can be a banknote, for example made from a paper, such as a cotton fiber paper, or polymer material or a combination thereof. Piezoelectric cantilever  72  can extend over document  20  (e.g., over document surface  24 ) or can extend within document  20  in a cantilever plane  76  that is non-orthogonal to document surface  24  of document  20  and piezoelectric cantilever  72  can be operable to oscillate in a direction non-parallel to cantilever plane  76 . In some embodiments, cantilever plane  76  can be substantially parallel to document surface  24  of document  20  and piezoelectric cantilever  72  is operable to oscillate in a direction substantially orthogonal to cantilever plane  76 . By substantially parallel or substantially orthogonal (e.g., perpendicular) is meant as preferably intended or desired (e.g., within 20%, within 10%, within 5%, within 2%, within 1%, or within the capabilities of a manufacturing process). For example, cantilever plane  76  can be intended or desired to be parallel to document surface  24  and can be intended or desired to oscillate in a direction perpendicular to document surface  24  even if some slight deviation exists in the final manufactured product. 
     According to some embodiments, hybrid document  10  comprises a component  36  comprising a component substrate  38  disposed on document  20  and power component  62 , controller  40 , and inorganic light-emitting diode(s)  30  are disposed on or in component substrate  38  of component  36 . For example, component substrate  38  can be a semiconductor (such as silicon) substrate, a polymeric substrate, or an inorganic dielectric substrate. Component substrate  38  can have a length or width (or both) of, for example no greater than 1 mm, no greater than 500 microns, no greater than 250 microns, no greater than 100 microns, no greater than 50 microns. Component substrate  38  can have a thickness no greater than 50 microns, no greater than 20 microns, no greater than 15 microns, no greater than 12 microns, no greater than 10 microns, and no greater than 5 microns. In some embodiments, component substrate has a thickness from 10 microns to 15 microns, e.g., 12 microns. According to some embodiments, a hybrid document  10  includes a plurality of components  36  each comprising a respective component substrate  38  and a respective circuit  42 , for example that includes a respective controller  40 , respective power component  62 , and one or more respective light-emitting diodes  30 . Each circuit  42  is disposed on a different component substrate  38  and each component  36  and component substrate  38  is independent and separate from any other component  36  and component substrate  38  and can operate or function independently, for example respective power components  62  can be activated (e.g., pressed) independently based on components  36  being spatially distributed over document  20 . In some embodiments, respective independent and spatially separated power components  62  can be activated at the same time, for example by a motion of hybrid document  10 . Each separate and independent component substrate  38  with a corresponding circuit  42  disposed therein or thereon (comprising an individual and separate component  36 ) can be disposed on document surface  24  or otherwise disposed in or on document  20 , for example in a defined area, randomly over a defined area, or in a pattern forming a graphic in a defined area. 
     Certain embodiments, such as those illustrated in  FIG. 30 , comprise a single component  36  that can be disposed, for example by micro-transfer printing, onto document  20 , for example on document surface  24 . Documents  20  can have a locally non-planar, three-dimensional topographical structure (e.g., such as in a typical cloth or paper structure, which is locally rough though macroscopically planar) and components  36  can be disposed anywhere on document surface  24  or in document  20 , for example on or in security structures (e.g., threads, ribbons  70 , cavities, foils, seals, stamps, or patches) that are disposed on or in (e.g., integrated with, embedded in, affixed to, or applied to) document  20 , and not necessarily on or directly on document surface  24 . Thus, in some embodiments, components  36 , including power components  62 , light-emitting diodes  30 , controllers  40 , and capacitor(s)  67 , if present, are disposed on or in security structures (e.g., in a one to one correspondence or several to one correspondence, for example spatially distributed over a security structure) prior to disposing the security structure on or in document  10 , which may simplify manufacturing processes or align with current manufacturing processes such that significant retooling is not necessary. 
     Piezoelectric cantilever  72  can be a single cantilever (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 30  and  FIG. 32  discussed subsequently) or can comprise separated cantilever fingers and (optionally) a mass  73  disposed thereon at an end of the fingers opposite power support  74  to which the fingers of piezoelectric cantilever  72  are affixed (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 31A-B ). The use of fingers of a predetermined length and width and a mass  73  enables the stiffness and mass of piezoelectric cantilever  72  to be adjusted to a desired flexibility and oscillation frequency corresponding to a desired method of operation. Mass  73  can comprise a part of piezoelectric cantilever  72  or can be separate and can comprise similar material and structure as the remainder of piezoelectric cantilever  72  or a different material and structure, e.g., a dielectric such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. Each finger can have a separate mass  73  disposed on an end thereof or a common mass  73  can be disposed across some or all fingers at common ends thereof. 
     As shown in  FIG. 31B  (and in  FIG. 31A ), according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, power component  62  is disposed over a cavity  79  in component substrate  38 . Cavity  79  can provide space for piezoelectric cantilever  72  to oscillate in oscillation direction  78  while remaining protected from the ambient environment. 
     According to some embodiments, component  36  comprises a component tether  37 , for example extending from a component substrate  38  thereof, controller  40  comprises a controller tether  65 , iLED  30  comprises an LED tether  31 , capacitor  67  can have a capacitor tether (not shown in the Figures), or any one or combination of these. In some embodiments, any one or more of controller  40 , iLED  30 , and capacitor  67  can be micro-transfer printed from a corresponding source wafer to component substrate  38 . Furthermore, component substrate  38  or component  36  can be micro-transfer printed from a component source wafer  39  to document  20 , as discussed further below. Thus, if present, any one or more of component tether  37 , controller tether  65 , LED tether  31 , or a capacitor tether, can be a fractured or separated tether. 
     As shown in  FIG. 32 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a piezoelectric cantilever  72  with piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  was constructed. According to some embodiments, mechanically stimulated piezoelectric cantilever  72  generates electrical power that is transmitted from first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 . An example of a piezoelectric cantilever  72  operating to generate power is shown by the oscilloscope traces of  FIG. 33  showing output voltage versus time from initial mechanical stimulation for an embodiment of piezoelectric cantilever  72 . According to some embodiments, constructed piezoelectric cantilevers  72  with lengths and widths no greater than 100-1000 microns can respond to suitable mechanical stimulation (e.g., by mechanical movement of power component  62 ) by providing electrical current at 1-50 mV (e.g., 2-20 mV). By using a piezoelectric cantilever  72  in particular, as opposed to other arrangements of piezoelectric power generation components, mechanical deformation that causes power to be generated due to voltage can be imparted without having to directly physically interact with piezoelectric cantilever  72 . That is, mechanical movement of hybrid document  10 , such as by rapid movement followed by movement cessation of hybrid document  10 , can be sufficient to cause deformation of the cantilever that leads to a short term oscillation of the cantilever that can generate sufficient power to operate light-emitting diode  30 . It is thus not necessary to directly deform piezoelectric cantilever  72 , which could be practically difficult (e.g., to apply force in a very precise location) or even damage the cantilever (e.g., if too much force were applied). Moreover, piezoelectric cantilever  72  can be enclosed in a cavity  79  to further protect from damage while maintaining operability of the oscillation-based power generation mechanism. 
     In operation, hybrid document  10  with piezoelectric cantilever  72  is mechanically stimulated (e.g., physically moved), in order to cause piezoelectric cantilever  72  to move. Piezoelectric material  71  in piezoelectric cantilever  72  is mechanically stressed (e.g., by bending caused by power component  62  movement) in response to the physical movement and makes electrical power transmitted through first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  and provided to controller  40  and light-emitting diodes  30 , and optionally capacitor(s)  67 , causing iLEDs  30  to emit light  88 . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, light  88  is emitted immediately, for example without a perceptible delay between the physical movement and the light emission, for example no greater than 100 milliseconds, no greater than 50 milliseconds, no greater than 1 millisecond, no greater than 500 microseconds, no greater than 100 microseconds, or no greater than 10 microseconds. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 34A-34C  and the flow diagram of  FIG. 35 , according to some embodiments, a method of operating a hybrid document  10  comprises providing a flexible hybrid document  10  with opposing first and second ends in step  400 , for example in a lengthwise direction longer than a width direction, grasping hybrid document  10  at the first end and at the second end (e.g., with fingers of different hands) wherein the first end is separated from the second end or separating the first end from the second end to horizontally flatten hybrid document  10  in step  410  and as shown in  FIG. 34A , moving the first end and the second end closer together in a horizontal direction so that hybrid document  10  is at least partially folded or bent in a vertical direction in step  420  as shown in  FIG. 34B  with the movement indicated by the arrows (or in some embodiments movement in a vertical direction is downward, opposite to  FIG. 34B , not shown), moving the first end and the second end apart in step  430 , for example to flatten hybrid document  10  in a horizontal direction again as shown in  FIG. 34C  with the movement indicated by the arrows, thereby causing component  36  to move in a vertical direction and mechanically stimulating piezoelectric cantilever  72 , causing iLED  30  to emit light  88 , and in step  440  observing light  88 . Light  88  can also be emitted after step  420  but can be more difficult to observe on a folded document surface  24  than a flatted document surface  24  in step  440 . In some embodiments, grasping comprises grasping with one or more fingers of one or more hands. In some embodiments, light  88  is emitted with no perceptible delay between moving the first end and the second end apart (in step  430 ) and light  88  emission in step  440 . An immediately observed light emission is enabled by grasping hybrid document  10  at locations spatially remote from a location of light-emitting diode(s)  30 , so that for example light  88  emitted from iLED  30  is not obscured by grasping or pressing fingers. 
     Hybrid document  10  can be flattened in step  410  in a substantially or partially horizontal plane. By moving first and second ends together in step  420 , a central portion  26  of hybrid document  10  is moved substantially or partially vertically (e.g., up as shown in  FIG. 34B  or down). By disposing component  36  in a central portion  26  of hybrid document  10  closer to a center of hybrid document  10  than to an edge of hybrid document  10 , component  36  is likewise moved in a vertical direction. By locating cantilever plane substantially parallel to document surface  24 , piezoelectric cantilever  72  can likewise move in a vertical direction so that when the first and second ends of hybrid document  10  are moved apart in step  430 , piezoelectric cantilever  72  moves vertically (e.g., thereby causing oscillation), generating electrical power that is processed and controlled to cause iLED(s)  30  to emit light  88 . Horizontal and vertical directions are arbitrary designations; hybrid document  10  can be grasped in any orientation, so long as the movement of the ends causes power component  62  to accelerate or decelerate. 
     Step  420  shown in  FIG. 34B  can be performed relatively slowly and step  430  shown in  FIG. 34C  can be performed relatively rapidly. Thus, piezoelectric cantilever  72  can be mostly at rest after step  420  but, after the sudden motion of step  430 , piezoelectric cantilever  72  is rapidly accelerated and, according to Newton&#39;s first law of motion, piezoelectric cantilever  72  will resist the motion with respect to power support  74  and will therefore bend, compressing piezoelectric material  71  and generating electrical power. Furthermore, the sudden cessation of motion after step  430  will cause further piezoelectric cantilever  72  motion as power support  74  suddenly decelerates. This piezoelectric cantilever  72  motion can be an oscillation that continues to move piezoelectric cantilever  72  after step  430  and generates additional electrical power even after step  430  is complete. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure and as illustrated in  FIGS. 36A-36G  and the flow diagram of  FIG. 37 , a method of making hybrid document  10  comprises providing a component substrate  38  on a component source wafer  39  in step  500  and as shown in  FIG. 36A ; depositing in step  510  as shown in  FIG. 36B  and patterning in step  520  as shown in  FIG. 36C , a first electrode  54 , piezoelectric material  71 , and a second electrode  56  on component substrate  38 ; depositing and patterning a power support  74  in contact with piezoelectric material  71  on component substrate  38  in step  530  as shown in  FIG. 36D ; releasing first electrode  54 , piezoelectric material  71 , and second electrode  56  from component substrate  38  in step  540  and as shown in  FIG. 3E  to form a released piezoelectric cantilever  72  (e.g., by pattern-wise etching component substrate  38  with an etchant such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) at an elevated temperature such as 50-100 degrees C., 60-90 degrees C. or 70-80 degrees C.); and capping released piezoelectric cantilever  72  in step  550  with cap  75  and as shown in  FIG. 36F . In some embodiments, capacitor(s)  67  are formed as part of the construction process for piezoelectric cantilever  72  on component substrate  38  in common deposition and patterning steps and with common materials. In some embodiments, rather than forming capacitor(s)  67  as part of the construction process for piezoelectric cantilever  72 , capacitor(s)  67  are separately formed on component substrate  38  or disposed on component substrate  38 , for example by micro-transfer printing. iLEDs  30  and controller  40  can be micro-transfer printed to component substrate  38  and electrically connected using photolithographic processes to form component  36  in step  560 . Completed component  36  can be further processed, for example component substrate  38  can be thinned (e.g., by grinding, etching, or chemical polishing) and multiple components  36  on component substrate  38  can be singulated, e.g., by dicing, diamond cutting, or laser cutting, such that they are separate and individual, and disposed in step  570  on one or more documents  20  (e.g., document surface  24 ) to form hybrid document(s)  10 , as shown in  FIG. 36G  (where a single component  36  is on single document  20 ). Component  36  can be disposed on (e.g., adhered to) document  20  or to a security structure (e.g., ribbon  70 ) and the security structure can be disposed on or in (e.g., adhered to) document  20 , for example during a process of forming document  20  (e.g., a papermaking process). 
     Additional layers and structures can be provided for component  36 , for example dielectric layers electrically insulating first or second electrodes  54 ,  56  from component substrate  38  and can remain on first or second electrodes  54 ,  56  after under-etching piezoelectric cantilever  72  from component substrate  38  to form cavity  79  (e.g., in step  540 ). Cap  75  can be provided to enclose cavity  79 . Cap  75  can be disposed on (e.g., adhered to) power support  74  and, if present, one or more other side walls disposed by power support  74  (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 36F-G ). Cap  75  can include one or more side walls (not shown). Component substrate  38  can be a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) wafer with a bulk substrate, a buried oxide layer, and an epitaxial layer. A dielectric layer can be disposed on the epitaxial layer, the structures of  FIGS. 36B-36D  formed on the dielectric layer, and the epitaxial layer etched to form cavity  79 . The SOI component substrate  38  can then be processed as described to disposed component  36  on document  20 . 
     In some embodiments and as illustrated in  FIGS. 40A-40F  and  FIGS. 38 and 39 , piezoelectric cantilever  72  (and optionally capacitor(s)  67 ) are transferred to an intermediate substrate  39  (e.g., a silicon, inorganic dielectric, or dielectric substrate) and iLEDs  30  and controller  40  (and optionally capacitor(s)  67 ) disposed and electrically connected on intermediate substrate  39 . As shown in  FIG. 40A , an encapsulation layer  58  (e.g., silicon dioxide or silicon nitride) providing a tether  37  and anchor  35  is disposed over cap  75  and any other elements of component  36  present on component substrate  38 . Component substrate  38  is then etched to release the elements of component  36  present on component substrate  38  (e.g., piezoelectric cantilever  72 ), as shown in  FIG. 40B . 
     An intermediate substrate  39  (e.g., an SOI wafer with a bulk layer  59 A, a buried oxide layer  59 B, and an epitaxial layer  50 C) is provided with a cavity  79  (e.g., by etching epitaxial layer  59 C) as shown in  FIG. 40C  and the release elements are transfer printed to an intermediate substrate  39  (as shown in  FIG. 40D  and step  555  of  FIG. 38 ). Any further processing of component  36  is performed (e.g., disposing any further components such as one or more of controller  40  and iLED(s)  30  and wires  52 ) in step  565  and the completed component  36  is under-etched to release it from intermediate substrate  59 , as shown in  FIG. 40E . The buried oxide layer can provide an etch stop for an anisotropic etch process in bulk layer  59 A that releases component  36  from bulk layer  59 A. Thus, piezoelectric cantilever  72  can be first transfer printed from a source wafer to an intermediate wafer  59 . Released completed component  36  can then be disposed in a second transfer step onto document  20  or a security structure (e.g., ribbon  70  or thread) subsequently incorporated into document  20 , for example by micro-transfer printing and as shown in  FIG. 40F . When a process is used to release and print component  36  (e.g., portion thereof), from component substrate  38  and dispose (e.g., print) component  36  (e.g., portion thereof) on intermediate substrate  59 , intermediate substrate  59  can itself act as a component substrate  38 . In some embodiments, a portion of intermediate substrate  59  (e.g., a bulk layer  59 A) is separated by laser ablation or grinding to reduce a thickness of component  36  making it suitable for disposing on or in document  20 . As shown in  FIG. 39 , in some embodiments, cap  75  can be disposed in step  550  after component  36  is disposed on intermediate substrate  38 . 
     By providing intermediate substrate  59  and etching it to release component  36 , thin components  36  can be provided without back grinding or etching component substrate  38 , reducing manufacturing costs and risk of damage to component  36 . 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure and as shown in  FIG. 25 , component  36  comprises a plurality of power components  62 . The power components  62  can be electrically connected in parallel to increase the current available to component  36  or can be electrically connected in series to increase the voltage available to component  36 , for example as shown in  FIG. 25 . Similarly, fingers of piezoelectric cantilever  72  can be electrically connected in series or in parallel (or connected in series within groups that are then connected to each other in parallel) for the same reasons. iLEDs  30  can operate with currents of a few micro-amps and voltages of 0.5 to 5 volts, for example 2.2 volts and 5 micro-amps. Thus, by suitably electrically connecting piezoelectric cantilever  72  fingers and multiple power components  62 , with or without capacitor(s)  67 , electrical power of the appropriate voltage and current can be provided to controller  40  and iLEDs  30 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 31A  and  FIG. 41A-41C , embodiments of the present disclosure provide a piezoelectric power source  60  comprising one or more power components  62 . In some embodiments, power component  62  is formed on a component substrate  38  that is also a component source wafer  39  on which power component  62  operates. In such embodiments, power component  62  is not micro-transfer printed and has no need of component tethers  37 . Other devices such as power convertor  64 , LEDs  30 , or controller  40  can also be provided on component substrate  38  (e.g., by micro-transfer printing) and electrically connected to power component  62 , for example using photolithographic methods and materials. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, power component  62  is printed (e.g., micro-transfer printed) from component source wafer  39  to a system substrate, either with or without component substrate  38 . In some such cases, power component  62  can comprise a component tether  37 , or be physically attached to a component tether  37 , that is fractured or separated as a consequence of micro-transfer printing from component source wafer  39  to the system substrate. A system substrate can be any useful target or destination substrate, for example an intermediate substrate  59  or document  20  (e.g., a security paper or banknote  20 ). Embodiments of the present disclosure enable micro-assembled systems, for example a micro-system comprising micro-components (e.g., iLEDs  30 , controller  40 , and capacitors  67 ), that receive electrical power from micro-assembled piezoelectric micro-devices (power components  62 ) in response to mechanical perturbation (e.g., shaking, vibrating, or accelerating power component  62 ) of the micro-assembled system. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure and as illustrated in  FIGS. 41A-41C , a piezoelectric power component  62  comprises a power support  74  and multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  extending from power support  74  over cavity  79  on or in a component substrate  38  disposed on document surface  24  of document  20  with one or more additional electrically connected components, such as LEDs  30 , controller  40  and capacitors  67 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 31A and 41A , piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can comprise multiple separate cantilever piezoelectric fingers (e.g., cantilever piezoelectric fingers each of which individually produces electrical power when mechanically stressed) that together form a piezoelectric power component  62 . Thus, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, each cantilever finger can be an individual piezoelectric cantilever  72  (for example when each finger is physically separate) and multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can be multiple piezoelectric fingers. 
     Piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can extend different lengths or distances from power support  74 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, at least two of piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can extend a common distance D from power support  74  and can be spatially disposed in parallel. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, all of piezoelectric cantilevers  72  extend a common distance D from power support  74  so that each piezoelectric cantilever  72  has the same common length, for example as shown in  FIG. 41A . Each piezoelectric cantilever  72  can comprise a layer of piezoelectric material  71 , a first electrode  54  disposed on a first side of piezoelectric material  71  and a second electrode  56  on a second side of piezoelectric material  71  opposite the first side. (In some embodiments, first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are arbitrarily designated to correspond to top and bottom electrodes on piezoelectric material  71  and the names could be exchanged without changing the nature of the structure.) According to some embodiments, the layer of piezoelectric material  71  can extend the length of piezoelectric cantilever  72 , for example as shown in  FIG. 31B . According to some embodiments, the layer of piezoelectric material  71  can extend less than the entire length of piezoelectric cantilever  72 , for example as shown in  FIGS. 42A-43B . Similarly, according to some embodiments, first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can extend the length of piezoelectric cantilever  72 , for example as shown in  FIG. 31B  or, according to some embodiments, one or more of first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can extend less than the entire length of piezoelectric cantilever  72 , for example as shown in  FIGS. 42A-43B . In some embodiments, where one or more of first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  extend less than the entire length of piezoelectric cantilever  72 , electrical power is only collected from portions of piezoelectric material  71  where first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are disposed, even where piezoelectric material  71  extends the length of piezoelectric cantilevers  72 . For example, if one or more of first electrode  54  and second electrode  56  are not present over or near a portion of piezoelectric material  71  then power cannot be collected from that portion. In some embodiments, for example as shown in  FIGS. 42C-42F , a portion of no more than two of piezoelectric layer  71 , first electrode  54 , and second electrode  56  are comprised in masses  73  (for each of piezoelectric cantilevers  74 A,  74 B), thereby inhibiting collection of power from masses  73 . In some embodiments, a mass  73  is inert in that power cannot be collected from it. In some embodiments, a mass  73  is physically separate and operative (such that power can be collected from it), for example in embodiments according to  FIGS. 42C-D  if masses  73  (e.g., and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 ) were electrically connected to provide power to an electrical load. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 14 , according to some embodiments, at least two piezoelectric cantilevers  72  of the multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  (e.g., multiple piezoelectric fingers) are electrically connected in series. As also illustrated in  FIG. 14 , in some embodiments at least two piezoelectric cantilevers  72  of the multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  are electrically connected in parallel. According to some embodiments, some of the multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  are electrically connected in series and some in parallel. Where the multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  are electrically connected together they also make up a common power component  62  or power source  60 . By providing multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in both, an electrical power component  62  or power source  60  having the desired voltage and current can be provided. In particular, because piezoelectric material  71  can provide relatively small voltages, e.g., microvolts or millivolts, piezoelectric electrical power components  62  connected in series can provide electrical power at voltages typically used or easily converted for use in electronic systems (e.g., 1 to 5 volts). Thus, separate piezoelectric cantilevers  72  electrically connected together rather than a single, larger piezoelectric cantilever  72  can produce electrical power that is easier to use or convert for use in electrical systems, even if the net power produced by the single, larger piezoelectric cantilever  72  and the separate multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  are the same. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 31A and 31B , a mass  73  can be provided on the end of piezoelectric cantilevers  72 . According to some embodiments, mass  73  is a portion of piezoelectric material  71  at the distal end of piezoelectric cantilevers  72  opposite the location of a physical connection between piezoelectric cantilever  72  and power support  74  (the proximal end). According to some embodiments, mass  73  comprises additional material disposed on piezoelectric material  71  at the end of piezoelectric cantilevers  72  opposite the location of a physical connection between piezoelectric cantilever  72  and power support  74 , as shown in  FIG. 31B . The additional material can be any material suitably disposed on the piezoelectric material  71  or first or second electrodes  54 ,  56 , for example a dielectric material. Mass  73  can be disposed on a top side of piezoelectric material  71  (as shown in  FIG. 31B ) or a bottom side of piezoelectric material  71  (not shown in the Figures). Where first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  extend the entire length of piezoelectric cantilevers  72 , mass  73  can be disposed on first or second electrodes  54 ,  56  (as shown in  FIG. 31B  on first electrode  54 ). Where first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  extend less than the entire length of piezoelectric cantilevers  72 , mass  73  can be disposed on piezoelectric material  71 . Mass  73  can be disposed directly on cantilever support layer  77 . Mass  73  can be disposed adjacent to piezoelectric layer  71  (e.g., and physically separate from piezoelectric layer  71 ). Mass  73  can be disposed nearer to a distal end of cantilever support layer  77  than a portion of piezoelectric layer  71 , for example as illustrated in  FIGS. 42A-42F . Mass  73  can be physically separate from at a least a portion of (e.g., all of) one or more of (e.g., each of) piezoelectric layer  71 , first electrode  54 , and second electrode  56 . Mass  73  can be or comprise a dielectric (e.g., a non-piezoelectric dielectric). 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 41A , an individual, separate mass  73  can be provided on the end of each piezoelectric cantilever  72  so that each piezoelectric cantilever  72  can operate (e.g., vibrate) individually and independently. According to some embodiments and as illustrated in  FIG. 41B , some adjacent piezoelectric cantilevers  72  (e.g., pairs, as shown, or adjacent groups of three or four or more) piezoelectric cantilevers  72  have a single unitary mass  73  disposed thereon in common. Adjacent piezoelectric cantilevers  72  are piezoelectric cantilevers  72  that have no other piezoelectric cantilevers  72  disposed between the adjacent piezoelectric cantilevers  72 . As illustrated in  FIG. 41C  (and  FIG. 31A ), a common, single unitary mass  73  is disposed on the end of all of the individual piezoelectric cantilevers  72 . In some embodiments, piezoelectric cantilevers  72  with separate, individual masses  73  can oscillate and produce power independently in response to different kinds of mechanical motion; in some embodiments, piezoelectric cantilevers  72  with a single, common unitary mass  73  can oscillate and produce power together, are more mechanically robust, and can be easier to construct. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 42A, 42B  and in other Figures, piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can comprise a cantilever support layer  77  (cantilever support  77 ). Second (bottom) electrode  56  can be disposed on cantilever support layer  77 , a layer of piezoelectric material  71  can be disposed on second electrode  56 , and first (top) electrode  54  is disposed on and over piezoelectric material  71 . As described herein, piezoelectric material  71  and first electrode  54  are also considered to be disposed “on” cantilever support layer  77 , although not necessarily in direct contact with cantilever support layer  77 . According to some embodiments, first electrode  54 , piezoelectric material  71 , and second electrode  56  extend less than the entire length of cantilever support layer  77 , as shown in  FIGS. 42A, 42B . In some embodiments, first electrode  54 , piezoelectric material  71  and second electrode  56  extend the entire length of cantilever support layer  77 , for example as shown in  FIG. 31B . According to some embodiments, first electrode  54  and second electrode  56  extend less than the entire length of cantilever support layer  77  and piezoelectric material  71  extends farther than (beyond) first electrode  54  and second electrode  56 , for example on the entire length of cantilever support layer  77 . Piezoelectric material  71  that extends beyond first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can act as mass  73 . Piezoelectric material  71  can be patterned (optionally with one or both of first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  or not) to provide a physically separate mass  73 , for example at a distal end of cantilever support layer  77 . According to some embodiments, additional mass  73  is disposed on piezoelectric material  71  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 31B ). By using piezoelectric material  71  as a mass  73 , a single deposition step for piezoelectric material  71  providing both a power generating source  60  (between first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 ) and mass  73  (where piezoelectric material  71  extends beyond first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  and is optionally patterned), reducing manufacturing steps and complexity and reducing costs. 
     In some embodiments and as shown for example  FIGS. 31A-32 and 41A-42A , power support  74  extends completely around piezoelectric cantilevers  72 , for example in a plane corresponding to or parallel to a surface extending in the length (longest) direction of piezoelectric cantilevers  72 , Power support  74  can form a polygon, for example a rectangle, around piezoelectric cantilevers  72 . Piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can extend from a common side of power support  74 , for example as shown in  FIGS. 41A-41C . Thus, according to embodiments of the present disclosure a piezoelectric power component  62  comprises a power support  74  and a piezoelectric cantilever  72  extending from power support  74 . Piezoelectric cantilever  72  comprises a layer of piezoelectric material  71 , a first electrode  54  on a first side of piezoelectric material  71  and a second electrode  56  on a second side of piezoelectric material  71  opposite the first side. In some embodiments, a component tether  37  is directly or indirectly attached to power support  74 . 
       FIGS. 31A and 41A-41C  illustrate piezoelectric cantilevers  72  that extend in a common direction from a common side of a rectangular power support  74 . In other embodiments of the present disclosure, piezoelectric cantilevers  72  in a common piezoelectric power component  62  or attached to a common power support  74  extend in different directions from power support  74 , for example as shown in the partial perspective of  FIG. 42A  and corresponding cross section of  FIG. 42B  taken across cross section line A of  FIG. 42A . (For clarity of illustration,  FIG. 42A  excludes cap  75  shown in  FIG. 42B .) A portion of power support  74  can also intrude, protrude, or extend into the area enclosed by a perimeter (e.g., a convex hull) of power support  74  surrounding piezoelectric cantilevers  72 , for example bisecting the area, as shown in  FIG. 42A . The portion of power support  74  bisecting the area within the perimeter supports two piezoelectric cantilevers  72 A,  72 B extending in opposite directions from the bisecting portion of power support  74 . More generally, piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can extend in a common direction or in different directions from a common side or different sides of power support  74  or from power support  74  structures (portions) internal to a perimeter of power support  74 . Thus, according to some embodiments, at least one piezoelectric cantilever  72  extends in a first direction from power support  74  and at least one piezoelectric cantilever  72  extends in a second direction from power support  74 , and the first direction is different from the second direction, for example opposite or orthogonal. 
     Power support  74  can form a cavity  79  enclosure surrounding or enclosing piezoelectric cantilevers  72 , for example in a horizontal direction parallel to a surface of piezoelectric cantilevers  72  and orthogonal to an oscillation direction  78 , as shown in  FIG. 31B . The internal power support  74  structures or portions can be connected to a perimeter portion of power support  74 . In some embodiments internal power support  74  structures or portions are not directly connected to a perimeter portion of power support  74 , for example disconnected internal portions of power support  74  can extend from a bottom of cavity  79  as a post. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure and as illustrated in  FIGS. 42A and 42B , piezoelectric cantilevers  72  each comprise a cantilever support layer  77 . Piezoelectric layer  71  is disposed between first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  on cantilever support layer  77 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, power support  74  comprises or is physically connected to a component tether  37 . Thus, piezoelectric power component  62  can be provided in a piezoelectric power component  62  source wafer (e.g., power component source wafer  39 ) and can be micro-transfer printed to comprise a micro-transfer printed piezoelectric power component  62  with a separated or fractured component tether  37 . 
       FIGS. 42A and 42B  illustrate power support  74  extensions or protrusions connected to piezoelectric cantilever  72  that do not extend from a top side of power support  74  to a bottom side of power support  74  but are rather suspended over an area enclosed by a perimeter or convex hull of power support  74 , as are piezoelectric cantilevers  72 . In some embodiments and as illustrated in the partial perspective of  FIG. 43A  and the corresponding cross section of  FIG. 43B  taken across cross section line A of  FIG. 43A , power support  74  extensions or protrusions on which piezoelectric cantilever  72  is disposed extend from beneath piezoelectric cantilever  72  to a bottom of power support  74 . (For clarity of illustration,  FIG. 43A  excludes cap  75  shown in  FIG. 43B .) Power support  74  protrusions or extensions can be considered to be a part of a singular power support  74  or as a second power support  74  that is physically connected to a first power support  74 . Thus, according to some embodiments, power support  74  is a first power support, piezoelectric cantilever  72  is a first piezoelectric cantilever  72 , and a piezoelectric power component  62  comprises a second power support  74  and a second piezoelectric cantilever  72  extending from second power support  74 , where second piezoelectric cantilever  72  comprises a layer of piezoelectric material  71 , a first electrode  54  on a first side of piezoelectric material  71  and a second electrode  56  on a second side of piezoelectric material  71  opposite the first side. Second power support  74  and second piezoelectric cantilever  72  are disposed within first power support  74  so that piezoelectric power component  62  is a nested power component  62 , as discussed further below. 
       FIGS. 42B and 43B  illustrate cap  75  affixed to power support  74 ; in some other embodiments of the present disclosure, cap  75  is affixed to a target substrate, e.g., component substrate  38 , intermediate substrate  59 , or document  20 , as shown in  FIG. 44B . In both cases, power component  62  is enclosed and protected (e.g., from environmental contamination) at least in part by cap  75 . 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, power component  62  and power support  74  are open on the bottom, for example as shown in  FIGS. 42A-43B . When micro-transfer printed to a target substrate, for example intermediate substrate  59  or document  20 , the target substrate can form a bottom and cap  75  forms a top of cavity  79  enclosing power component  62  to protect power component  62  from the environment. If cap  75  is adhered to power support  74 , power support  74  also encloses power component  62 , along with cap  75  and the target substrate (e.g., document  20 ). In some embodiments, component substrate  38  forms a bottom for cavity  79 , e.g., as shown in  FIG. 31B . When not micro-transfer printed, component substrate  38  on which power component  62  is constructed can provide a bottom to power component  62 , for example as shown in  FIGS. 22, 30, 31B, and 36E-36G . 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure and as illustrated in  FIGS. 42A-44B , piezoelectric cantilever  72  comprises a cantilever support layer  77 . Second electrode  56  is disposed on only a portion of piezoelectric cantilever  72 , piezoelectric material  71  is disposed on second electrode  56 , and first electrode  54  is disposed on piezoelectric material  71  opposite second electrode  56 . Thus, the operative portion of piezoelectric cantilever  72  (from which power can be collected) corresponding to the disposition of first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  extends along only a portion of cantilever support layer  77 , for example less than or equal to one half, one third, one quarter, or one fifth of the length of cantilever support layer  77 . In some embodiments, an operative portion of piezoelectric layer  71  extends along cantilever support layer  77  by a distance of no more than half of a length of cantilever support layer  77 . In some embodiments, one or more of piezoelectric layer  71 , first electrode  54 , and second electrode  56  comprises two or more physically separate portions (e.g., where first portions thereof are operative and second portions thereof are inert or both first portions thereof and second portions thereof are operative). According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, when piezoelectric cantilever  72  is mechanically perturbed (e.g., vibrated, shaken, or accelerated) the greatest stress on piezoelectric material  71  (and hence the greatest electrical power generated) is at the physical connection between cantilever support layer  77  and power support  74 . At the same time, piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  provide undesirable capacitance that inhibits the efficient conversion of electrical power produced by mechanically perturbing piezoelectric cantilever  72 . Thus, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, piezoelectric material  71  is provided on less than all of cantilever support layer  77  (to reduce capacitance) and preferably on locations of cantilever support layer  77  greatest stress (to increase electrical power generation and collection). Where piezoelectric material  71  is provided along the entire length of cantilever support layer  77  to provide at least a portion of mass  73 , first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 , can extend along piezoelectric cantilever support layer  77  less than an entire length of cantilever support layer  77  to reduce a capacitance of piezoelectric material  71 . Instead of extending operative portions of piezoelectric layer  71 , first electrode  54 , and second electrode  56 , inert mass  73  can increase deflection of cantilever support layer  77  therefore enhancing stress on piezoelectric material  71  at the physical connection between cantilever support layer  77  and power support  74  to improve power generation and collection without adding capacitance. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a piezoelectric power generation structure such as piezoelectric power component  62  can act as a capacitor C electrically connected in parallel with a charge generator. The charge generator can be a current source that outputs a current impulse with a defined current I that is active for a fixed amount of time T when mechanically stressed, resulting in the application of a fixed amount of charge Q to the capacitor C according to the equation: 
     
       
      
       Q=I*T.  
      
     
     The voltage V across capacitor C1 as a result of the active current I can be calculated from the fundamental equation: Q=C*V. Therefore, 
     
       
      
       V=Q/C  
      
     
     so that the generated voltage is inversely dependent on capacitance C. If capacitance C is increased without a corresponding increase in charge Q, the voltage is decreased. 
     If first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are additionally disposed on portions of piezoelectric material  71  that are not mechanically stressed, no additional electrical power is generated in those portions but capacitance C is increased, reducing the voltage V of piezoelectric power component  62 . Thus, a piezoelectric power component  62  that predominantly (e.g., only) collects power from more strongly stressed portions of piezoelectric materials  71  can produce a greater voltage. In comparison, a piezoelectric power component  62  that collects power from strongly and weakly stressed portions of piezoelectric materials  71  can produce a slightly greater charge Q but, because of the increased capacitance C, will have a reduced voltage V. 
     For example, a strongly stressed portion of piezoelectric material  71  (portion 1) that produces charge Q1 has a capacitance C1 and an additional portion of piezoelectric material  71  that is not strongly stressed (portion 2) produces charge Q2 and has a capacitance C2, so that: 
         V   1+2 =( Q 1+ Q 2)/( C 1+ C 2), 
     Because portion 2 of piezoelectric material  71  is weakly stressed, if at all, portion 2 produces no or very little charge (Q2&lt;&lt;Q1) but has an additional capacitance C2 that can be equal to or greater than C1. Thus, in an extreme case: 
         V   1+2 =( Q 1)/( C 1+ C 2) and  V   1+2   &lt;&lt;V.    
     In summary, a passive capacitor of any type electrically connected in parallel with an active piezoelectric harvester will decrease the output voltage for a given applied stress and associated injected charge. Thus, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a desirable piezoelectric power component  62  will have the largest practical ratio of Q to C to provide the greatest electrical voltage and useful electrical power from a mechanically stressed piezoelectric power component  62 . 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can be disposed in various number, directions, and configurations and attached to power support  74  in a variety of locations.  FIG. 44A  is a top view with a cross section line corresponding to the cross section of  FIG. 44B  (excluding cap  75 ) illustrating embodiments in which power support  74  extends around and beneath piezoelectric cantilevers  72 . Piezoelectric cantilevers  72  extend from a power support  74  post within the perimeter of power support  74  surrounding piezoelectric cantilevers  72  in four directions corresponding to the arms of a plus (‘+’) sign or an ‘x’, e.g., orthogonal and opposite directions. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 45 and 46 , according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can be disposed around the periphery (perimeter) of power support  74  and can extend from multiple sides of a rectangular power support  74 . Power support  74  can extend into cavity  79  formed by a perimeter of power support  74  to support additional piezoelectric cantilevers  72  in a nested configuration, as shown in  FIG. 46 . In some embodiments, additional mass  73  material is deposited on piezoelectric material  71  (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 31B ). The multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can be electrically connected in any desirable combination of series or parallel electrical connections. A central portion of cavity  79  formed by power support  74  surrounding piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can be used for disposing other components, for example a controller  40 , power convertor  64 , or inorganic LEDs  30  forming an electrical circuit that can be powered by mechanical perturbation (agitation, vibration, shaking, etc.) of piezoelectric cantilevers  72 . Masses  73  can be formed at least in part by piezoelectric material  71  or material used in first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 . 
       FIG. 47A  and the corresponding cross section of  FIG. 47B  illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure. In these embodiments, an individual and unitary mass  73  is physically connected to multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  that extend in different directions and are physically attached to different sides of power support  74  so that mass  73  can move up and down in a direction D in a central portion of cavity  79 . In order to efficiently generate electrical power and avoid striking a substrate (e.g., document  20 , intermediate substrate  59 , or component substrate  38 ), piezoelectric cantilever  72  can extend from power support  74  a height above a bottom of power support  74  a distance D that is no less than a displacement distance of piezoelectric cantilever  72  (e.g., the distance mass  73  moves when mechanically perturbed), which can be determined based on structure (e.g., geometry and composition) and assumptions regarding the range of forces likely to be applied. The location (height) of piezoelectric cantilever  72  above the bottom of power support  74  can be adjusted to control distance D. For example, piezoelectric cantilever  72  can be disposed with a top surface of piezoelectric cantilever  72  in a common plane with a top surface of power support  74 . According to some embodiments, for example where piezoelectric cantilever  72  is supported from below by a power support  74  post (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 44B ), the height of the post can determine distance D. According to some embodiments, piezoelectric cantilever  72  is physically attached to a side wall of power support  74  that is not in a plane with a top surface of power support  74 , for example as illustrated in  FIG. 31B . In some embodiments, a target substrate on which power component  62  is disposed (e.g., component substrate  38 , intermediate substrate  59 , or document  20  substrate) comprises a cavity  79  or sacrificial portion disposed beneath piezoelectric cantilever  72  to increase distance D and enable a greater displacement distance for mass  73 , e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 31B and 40D , thereby enabling greater power generation with greater mechanical movement. 
     Piezoelectric material  71  can be disposed in two or more separate portions along cantilever support layer  77  and each portion can extend along cantilever support layer  77  a distance less than one half of the length of cantilever support layer  77  (e.g., a length of piezoelectric cantilever  72 ). According to some embodiments, piezoelectric material  71  is disposed on cantilever support layer  77  between power support  74  and one half of the length of cantilever support layer  77 . According to some embodiments, piezoelectric material  71  is disposed on cantilever support layer  77  between mass  73  and one half of the length of cantilever support layer  77 . In some embodiments, and as shown in  FIGS. 47A and 47B , piezoelectric material  71  is disposed at both ends of cantilever support layer  77 . First and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can extend over and under piezoelectric material  71 , respectively and can extend the length of cantilever support layer  77  to electrically connect the piezoelectric material  71  at each end of cantilever support layer  77 , for example in a series electrical connection. Piezoelectric material  71  experiences the greatest stress (and generates the most electrical power) where piezoelectric material  71  is physically connected to power support  74  and to mass  73 . Therefore, providing piezoelectric material  71  only at those locations combines efficient power generation with reduced capacitance. Thus, according to some embodiments, piezoelectric layer  71 , first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 , or both comprise first and second separate portions along cantilever support layer  77  and the first portion is adjacent to a first end of cantilever support layer  77  proximate to power support  74  and the second portion is adjacent to a second end of cantilever support layer  77  opposite (distal) to the first end. The separate piezoelectric material  71  locations on cantilever support layer  77  can be electrically connected by electrodes (e.g., first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 ) in series to increase the voltage of the power component  62  or in parallel to increase the current. The piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can extend over or form a part of mass  73  at one end of piezoelectric cantilever  72  and over power support  74  at an opposite end of piezoelectric cantilever  72 . 
       FIGS. 47A and 47B  illustrate embodiments in which two groups of piezoelectric cantilevers  72  extend in opposite directions of parallel lines and each group shares a common unitary mass  73 . In some embodiments and as illustrated in  FIGS. 48A-51  and  FIGS. 53-55 , piezoelectric cantilevers  72  extend in orthogonal directions, for example on four sides of a rectangle or square. As shown in  FIGS. 48A-48C , mass  73  is disposed in a center of cavity  79  surrounded by rectangular power support  74 . Four piezoelectric cantilevers  72  are each physically attached to a different side of mass  73  and to a different side of power support  74 . Piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are disposed at each end of each piezoelectric cantilever  72 . As shown for example in  FIGS. 48A-48C , in some embodiments, piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  extend at least partially over mass  73  or power support  74 , or both, to experience the greatest mechanical stress when mechanically perturbed. The electrical connections for the power component  62  of  FIGS. 48A-48C  can be similar to those illustrated in the insets of  FIG. 47A . 
     Since mass  73  is disposed in the center of cavity  79 , other components can be disposed around the corners of cavity  79  (as shown in  FIG. 48A ) or completely exterior to power component  62  and power support  74  (as shown in  FIGS. 48B and 48C ).  FIG. 48B  illustrates embodiments in which mass  73  is also provided in the corners of cavity  79  surrounded by power support  74 , increasing the potential power generation by adding stress to piezoelectric material  71  when power component  62  is accelerated.  FIG. 48C  illustrates embodiments in which piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are disposed only at locations where piezoelectric cantilever  72  is in contact with power support  74 . In some embodiments, the greatest stress in piezoelectric material  71  is at locations where piezoelectric cantilever  72  is in contact with power support  74  and locations where piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are in contact with mass  73  provide less electrical power, for example if mass  73  is at least semi-flexible and deforms in response to mechanical perturbation thereby reducing mechanical stress (and power generation) in piezoelectric material  71  in contact with mass  73 . By providing first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  only at the power support  74  end of piezoelectric cantilever  72 , capacitance in piezoelectric material  71  is reduced.  FIG. 49  illustrates embodiments in which multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  are disposed on each side of cavity  79  formed by power support  74 . Multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can be serially connected to provide higher voltages. 
     For clarity of illustration,  FIGS. 41A-49  exclude electrical connections between piezoelectric cantilevers  72 . As illustrated in  FIG. 50  and according to embodiments of the present disclosure, electrical connections (e.g., first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 ) can electrically connect piezoelectric cantilevers  72  in serial or in parallel, for example with first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  that extend or are disposed on power support  74 .  FIG. 50  illustrates rectangular power support  74  enclosing cavity  79 . Two piezoelectric cantilevers  72  are connected to each side of rectangular power support  74  and extend to mass  73  disposed in the center of cavity  79 . Components (e.g., controller  40 , LEDs  30 , and power convertor  64 ) are disposed in the corners of cavity  79 . Each piezoelectric cantilever  72  comprises a cantilever support layer  77  on which is disposed second electrode  56 , piezoelectric material  71 , and first electrode  54 . First electrode  54 , piezoelectric material  71 , and second electrode  56  form a piezoelectric power component  62  that produces electrical power when mass  73  and piezoelectric cantilever  72  are mechanically perturbed or agitated (e.g., by any one or more of vibration, shaking, and acceleration). Piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrode material (e.g., aluminum or copper or other metals or metal alloys), but not first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  extend along cantilever support layer  77  to provide mass  73  and can be deposited in common steps with piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 . As shown in  FIG. 50 , the additional metal mass  73  is not electrically connected to first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 , thus providing a desirable combination of power generation and reduced capacitance. In some embodiments, for example as shown in  FIGS. 47A-49 , the additional metal is electrically connected as part of first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 , either serially or in parallel. Each piezoelectric cantilever  72  is electrically connected in any desired combination of serial and parallel with electrodes, for example first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  disposed on power support  74 . 
     In some embodiments of the present disclosure and as illustrated in  FIGS. 51, 53 , and  54 , piezoelectric cantilevers  72  are non-linear. A non-linear piezoelectric cantilever  72  has at least one mid-line  61  that is not in a single straight line. Instead, a non-linear piezoelectric cantilever  72  has a mid-line  61  that comprises multiple line segments that are not in a common straight line, for example a mid-line  61  that is curved, a mid-line  61  that forms a U-shape, or a mid-line  61  that separates or splits into multiple legs or extensions, for example splits into two physically separate portions, e.g., forms a Y. The two physically separate portions can be opposed or can be mirror images or reflections, e.g., two opposed U-shapes as shown in each piezoelectric cantilever  72  of  FIG. 51 . Non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can concentrate mechanical stress in particular locations so that piezoelectric material  71  power generation is concentrated in particular locations, reducing the size of piezoelectric material  71  needed for a certain power generation and hence the capacitance. Thus, non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can generate more power for collection than equivalently sized linear piezoelectric cantilevers  72  due to point(s) of non-linearity providing points of concentration for mechanical stress. According to some embodiments, the greatest mechanical stress for perturbed non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers  72  is located where piezoelectric cantilevers  72  attach to power support  74 , to mass  73 , where piezoelectric cantilever  72  splits into two physically separate portions (e.g., at a mid-line  61  fork), or where mid-line  61  segments change direction, e.g., at the bottom of a U-shape. Portions of piezoelectric layer  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can be disposed only at (e.g., overlapping) such locations of greatest mechanical stress to reduce capacitance while efficiently generating power. 
     Such non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can enable greater movement of mass  73  or facilitate construction by improving etch rates undercutting piezoelectric cantilevers  72 .  FIG. 51  illustrates a non-linear piezoelectric cantilever  72  attached to each side of rectangular mass  73  and to enclosing rectangular power support  74 . Mechanical stress in such a non-linear piezoelectric cantilever  72  is concentrated at the power support  74 , mass  73 , and U-shaped corners of piezoelectric cantilever  72 . Piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are concentrated at those points, enabling a desirable combination of electrical power generation and capacitance. In some such embodiments, piezoelectric cantilever  72  forms a spring enabling mechanical oscillation of mass  73 . Thus, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a piezoelectric power component  62  comprises a power support  74  and a piezoelectric cantilever  72  extending from power support  74 . Piezoelectric cantilever  72  comprises a layer of piezoelectric material  71 , a first electrode  54  on a first side of piezoelectric material  71  and a second electrode  56  on a second side of piezoelectric material  71  opposite the first side. Piezoelectric cantilever  72  can, but does not necessarily, comprise a mass  73 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, piezoelectric cantilever  72  is a non-linear piezoelectric cantilever  72  physically connecting mass  73  to power support  74 . Non-linear piezoelectric cantilever  72  can be curved, folded, or comprise line segments that are not in a common line (as shown in  FIG. 51 ). Non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can comprise a plurality of power generation portions of piezoelectric material  71  electrically connected in parallel, in serial, or in both. Power component  62  can comprise a plurality of non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers  72  each attached to a corresponding separate location on power support  74 . The separate locations can be distributed substantially equidistant around a perimeter of power support  74 , as shown in  FIG. 51 . As with linear piezoelectric cantilevers  72 , non-linear piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can extend in different directions. 
       FIG. 52A  illustrates a serial electrical connection of multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72 , either linear or non-linear. First and second electrodes  54 ,  56  insulated by patterned dielectrics  55  and disposed on either side of piezoelectric material  71  in each piezoelectric cantilever  72  are electrically connected in serial.  FIG. 52B  illustrates an embodiment of a non-linear piezoelectric cantilever  72  in which the piezoelectric material  71  at the corners of the piezoelectric cantilever  72  are electrically connected in parallel and are electrically connected in serial with the piezoelectric material  71  adjacent to mass  73  and power support  74 , for example corresponding to embodiments such as those shown in  FIG. 51 . 
     In some embodiments of the present disclosure in which different portions of piezoelectric material  71  (e.g., attached to power support  74  and mass  73 ) in a common piezoelectric cantilever  72  are stressed in different directions, for example as shown in  FIGS. 47A-49 and 51 , the polarity (shown with ‘+’ and ‘−’ signs) of the electrical voltage can be different for the different piezoelectric material  71  portions. Therefore, an electrically serial connection of the differently stressed piezoelectric material  71  portions can be reversed, as shown in  FIG. 52C .  FIG. 52C  shows a first piezoelectric cantilever  72  and a second piezoelectric cantilever  72 A stressed in an opposite direction (making oppositely charged currents) electrically connected in serial. 
     In some embodiments of the present disclosure and as shown in  FIG. 53 , mass  73  disposed in a central portion of cavity  79  can have a hole  63  to enable disposition of components in hole  63  and, if one of the components is an LED  30 , enable light emitted from LED  30  to be seen when disposed in alignment with hole  63  (if, as in some embodiments, an underlying substrate or overlying cap are transparent to emitted light). 
     According to some embodiments and as illustrated in  FIG. 54 , multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72  or power components  62  can be nested, one disposed within the cavity  79  of another. The piezoelectric cantilevers  72  and power components  62  of  FIG. 54  can each correspond to power components  62  of  FIGS. 53 and 51 . 
     Power components  62  comprising piezoelectric cantilevers  72  of the present disclosure can be micro-components, for example having a length or width less than 1 mm, no greater than 750 microns, no greater than 500 microns, no greater than 200 microns, or no greater 100 microns. Mass  73  can be separated from component source wafer  39 , typically by etching, so that mass  73  is physically attached only to cantilever support layer(s)  77 . The process of undercutting mass  73  by etching can be longer than desired, depending on the material system used. A hole in the tethers, for example as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/006,498 entitled Non-Linear Tethers for Suspended Devices or in the mass as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/066,448 entitled Micro-Device Structures with Etch Holes, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, can facilitate the etching process by exposing additional area or crystal planes of component source wafer  39  to the etchant and reducing the etching time. In some embodiments of the present disclosure and as illustrated in  FIG. 55 , a hole  63  can be provided in mass  73  to facilitate release. Such holes  63  can expose crystal planes in a power component source wafer  39  and allow ingress for etchants etching beneath mass  73 , improving the release of piezoelectric cantilevers  72  and power components  62 . 
     Modeling of embodiments of the present disclosure has shown that for piezoelectric materials  71  such as potassium sodium niobate (KNN) with power supports  74  having dimensions no greater than 500 microns, piezoelectric cantilevers  72  can provide electrical power at 50-100 millivolts and 50-500 micro-amps and, when electrically connected in serial, can generate or converted to generate no less than 1.5 volts with sufficient current to operate an electrical load when mechanically perturbed. Such voltages and currents can, or can be converted to, drive one or more LEDs  30  or other electrical or opto-electronic circuits. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure and as illustrated in  FIG. 61A , one or more (e.g., multiple) openings  63  can be disposed in mass  73  to enable ingress of an etchant to areas under piezoelectric cantilever  72  and/or mass  73  and increase the rate at which piezoelectric cantilever  72  and/or mass  73  can be under-etched and released from an underlying substrate (e.g., document substrate  20 ). As illustrated in  FIGS. 61A and 61B , multiple openings  63  having a high (large) aspect ratio are disposed in mass  73 , as taught in co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/173,988, filed on Apr. 12, 2021, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The openings  63  can, for example, be slits that form high-aspect-ratio rectangles that have a length much greater than a width, for example no less than 2:1, 4:1, 8:1, 20:1, 50:1, or 100:1. Some of the slits can intersect to form openings  63  that are plus (‘+’) shaped, as shown, or form ‘T’, ‘Y’, ‘X’, right angle, or have other shapes (not shown). The high-aspect ratio openings  63  can extend parallel or orthogonally to an edge of mass  73  or can extend diagonally (for example at 45 degrees) with respect to an edge of mass  73 . By increasing the rate at which mass  73  is under-etched, damage to mass  73 , piezoelectric cantilever  72 , or power support  74  is reduced or prevented. 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, opening(s)  63  in mass  73  can increase stress in piezoelectric cantilever  72  at particular locations, for example the increased stress can be concentrated at the location where piezoelectric cantilever  72  attaches to mass  73  (e.g., at a distal end of piezoelectric cantilever  72 ). Additionally or alternatively, increased stress can be especially concentrated at the location where piezoelectric cantilever  72  attaches to power support  74  (e.g., at a proximal end of piezoelectric cantilever  72 ). Similarly, one or more openings  63  in piezoelectric material  71  (e.g., that are not in mass  73 ) can increase stress in piezoelectric cantilever(s)  72  that include the piezoelectric material  71 , which can be concentrated at the location of such piezoelectric material  71  and/or where piezoelectric cantilever  72  attaches to power support  74 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a power component  62  comprising a mass  73  and/or piezoelectric material  71  disposed at or forming a distal end of a piezoelectric cantilever  72  with opening(s)  63  in mass  73  and/or piezoelectric material  71  can generate more electrical power than a power component  62  comprising an otherwise equivalent mass  73  and/or piezoelectric material  71  without opening(s)  63 . Surprisingly, despite increased flexibility of mass  73  and/or piezoelectric material  71  due to opening(s)  63 , modelling has shown that the increase in power collected in such a power component  62  can be significant, for example not less than 1.5 times, 2 times, 4 times, or 8 times as large, when opening(s) are appropriately placed (e.g., as in  FIGS. 61A-B ). Different arrangements of opening(s)  63  in mass  73  and/or piezoelectric material  71  (e.g., different in one or more of: size, shape, position, and orientation) can result in different (e.g., in magnitude) enhanced piezoelectric responses (e.g., in a piezoelectric power component  62 , e.g., based specifically on behavior of mass  73  and/or piezoelectric material  71 , how power component  62  is constructed, or both). Not all arrangements of opening(s)  63  (whether in mass  73  or piezoelectric material  71  or both) will result in an enhanced piezoelectric response for a given power component  62 . Commercially available computer modelling software can be used to determine whether an enhanced piezoelectric response will be exhibited in a given power component  62 . 
     In some embodiments, one or more openings  63  are disposed in mass  73 . In some embodiments, one or more openings  63  are disposed in piezoelectric material  71  in one or more piezoelectric cantilevers  72  (e.g., whether part of mass  73  and/or an operative portion of one or more piezoelectric cantilever  72 ). As explained in detail elsewhere, mass  73  can be operative (e.g., with first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 ) or inert. Mass  73  with one or more openings  63  can be made from or comprise piezoelectric material or non-piezoelectric material. If mass  73  comprises one or more openings  63  and is made of a non-piezoelectric material, it may be used in conjunction with piezoelectric cantilevers  72  in piezoelectric power component  62 . If mass  73  comprises one or more openings  63  and is made of a piezoelectric material, it may be used with or without piezoelectric cantilevers  72  in a piezoelectric power component  62 . 
     According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, piezoelectric power component  62  comprises a piezoelectric material  71  having one or more openings  63  disposed such that an applied stress results in an enhanced (greater) piezoelectric response relative to an equivalent piezoelectric material  71  without the one or more openings  63 . According to some embodiments, piezoelectric power component  62  comprises mass  73  having one or more openings  63  disposed on one or more piezoelectric cantilevers  72  with mass  73  disposed such that an applied stress results in an enhanced (greater) piezoelectric response in one or more piezoelectric cantilevers  72  relative to an equivalent mass  73  without the one or more openings  63 . The presence of the one or more openings  63  (in mass  73  and/or piezoelectric material  71  of piezoelectric cantilever  72 ) enhances the piezoelectric response by at least a factor of 1.5 (e.g., at least a factor of 2, at least a factor of 4, at least a factor of 6, or at least a factor of 8). In some embodiments, a mass  73  or piezoelectric material  71 , the enhanced piezoelectric response is at least 1.5×, at least 2×, at least 3×, at least 4×, at least 5×, at least 6×, or at least 8× and, optionally, no more than 15× or no more than 10× higher than when there are no openings  63 . 
     According to some embodiments, piezoelectric power component  62  is a piezoelectric power source  60 . According to some embodiments, the power generated by piezoelectric power component  62  is determined by an amount of power output by piezoelectric material  71 . One or more openings  63  can be disposed in a mass  73  at the end of a piezoelectric cantilever  72  affixed to a power support  74  in power component  62 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, openings  63  or portions of openings  63  have a length much greater than a width (e.g., opening  63  forms a slit that is a high-aspect-ratio opening  63 ). When mass  73  is mechanically perturbed, because mass  73  is not perfectly rigid and because openings  63  decrease mass  73  rigidity, mass  73  will flex. Flexing in mass  73  may dissipate some mechanical energy but mass  73  flexing also concentrates mechanical energy at particular locations in mass  73  and/or piezoelectric cantilever  72 . In particular, mechanical stress in mass  73  resulting from the flexing can be concentrated at the ends of openings  63  in the length direction as well as at the proximal end of piezoelectric cantilever  72  (and, to a lesser extent where piezoelectric cantilever  72  attaches to mass  73 ). As shown in  FIG. 61B , when piezoelectric material  71  together with first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  on opposite sides of piezoelectric material  71  is disposed only at the ends of openings  63  in the length direction and mass  73  is accelerated, electrical power can be generated and concentrated at the ends of openings  63  in the length direction and collected by first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  that extend over and under piezoelectric material  71  to power support  74 . Piezoelectric material  71  together with first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can, for example, surround the end of the slit in the length direction on one side, two sides, or three sides for a distance at least equal to the width of the slit. If the entire top and bottom surfaces of mass  73  are coated with first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 , the additional electrical power generated in mass  73  with openings  63  is also collected, but the capacitance of power component  62  is detrimentally increased. Where power is not desired to be collected (e.g., not at the ends of openings  63  because of the additional capacitance and relatively little amounts of power), first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can be offset in a horizontal direction parallel to top side  24  (and are, therefore, not disposed directly opposite each other on opposite sides of piezoelectric material  71 ) to reduce the capacitance of first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  and piezoelectric material  71  where first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are offset, for example as shown in  FIG. 62 . 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 44B , piezoelectric material  71  can be disposed in mass  73  without first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 . In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 47B , piezoelectric material  71  and material corresponding to first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  (e.g., metal) can be disposed in mass  73  without electrically connecting to first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 . By depositing piezoelectric material  71  and material of first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 , material is provided to mass  73  with fewer processing steps (e.g., provided in a common step with material deposited on a proximal end of piezoelectric cantilever  72 ) and without increasing the electrical capacitance of piezoelectric cantilever  72 . Thus, according to some embodiments, first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are disposed on the power support  74 , piezoelectric cantilever  72 , and mass  73  at locations of significant mechanical stress when mass  73  is physically perturbed. According to some embodiments, openings  63  have a large aspect ratio with a length much greater than a width and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  are disposed at the ends of openings  63  in the length direction. 
     According to some general embodiments of the present disclosure, a piezoelectric power component  62  comprises a piezoelectric material  71  having one or more openings  63  disposed such that an applied stress results in an enhanced piezoelectric response relative to an equivalent piezoelectric material  71  without the one or more openings  63 . One or more openings  63  can extend through piezoelectric material  71  from a top side  24  of piezoelectric material  71  to a bottom side  26  of piezoelectric material  71  and through any material corresponding to first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 . 
     Some embodiments of the present disclosure comprise a power component  62  comprising a power support  74 , wherein a proximal end of piezoelectric material  71  is attached to power support  74 , and wherein an enhanced piezoelectric response is located at least partly at the proximal end. 
     The one or more openings  63  can form high-aspect-ratio rectangles having lengths that are greater than widths and the enhanced piezoelectric response can be concentrated at least partly at the ends of the slits in the length direction. 
       FIG. 56  is a flow diagram illustrating methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 56 , a piezoelectric power component  62  on a power component source wafer  39  is provided in step  600 . Such a component source wafer  39  can be constructed using photolithographic processes on a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) wafer (e.g., component source wafer  39 ), as shown in the  FIGS. 58A and 58B  cross sections. In some examples, the SOI component source wafer  39  can have a substrate of Si {100} or Si {111} and a 200 nm buried oxide (BO x ) layer (e.g., dielectric  55 ) on component source wafer  39 . (In some embodiments, materials other than silicon are used for the component source wafer  39 , e.g., compound semiconductors or dielectrics such as sapphire.) A 400 nm layer of device silicon (e.g., epi  48 ) is disposed over the BO x  layer and an optional dielectric  55  layer disposed on the epi  48 . A 200 nm second metal layer (e.g., second electrode  56 ) is disposed on epi  48 , followed by a 2 μm layer of piezoelectric material  71  (e.g., potassium sodium niobate (K,Na) NbO 3  (KNN)), and a 200 nm first metal layer (e.g., first electrode  54 ). A 4-6 μm sputtered oxide layer (e.g., dielectric  55 ) is deposited and patterned and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can be extended with 500 nm of additional metal electrodes connected through vias in the oxide layer dielectric  55  layer. If desired, the entire power component  62  can be encapsulated with 2 μm of nitride, for example silicon nitride (not shown in the Figures). A portion of component source wafer  39  defines an etchable cavity  79  or an etchable sacrificial portion release layer beneath dielectric  55  layer. The BO x  layer (lower dielectric  55  layer) directly above cavity  79  can protect the upper layers (e.g., epi  48 , first and second electrodes  54 ,  56 , and piezoelectric material  71  from an etchant used to etch cavity  79  from component source wafer  39  to suspend piezoelectric cantilever  72 . Thus, piezoelectric cantilever  72  can have a thickness of no more than 20 microns (e.g., no more than 15 microns, no more than 10 microns, no more than 7 microns, no more than 5 microns, or no more than 3 microns). Any encapsulating layer (e.g., a layer of silicon oxide or silicon nitride having a thickness of 1-2 microns) can increase the thickness of piezoelectric cantilever  72  so that piezoelectric cantilever  72  can have a thickness of, for example 5 microns. 
     Piezoelectric cantilevers  72  and mass  73  can be undercut with an etchant, for example TMAH or KOH, that removes the sacrificial portion forming cavity  79 , suspending piezoelectric cantilever  72  over component source wafer  39 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, power support  74  is not undercut and remains attached to component source wafer  39 , as shown in  FIG. 58A , forming a non-transfer-printable power component  62 . According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, power support  74  is undercut and remains attached to component source wafer  39  with a tether, enabling power component  62  to be printed (e.g., micro-transfer printed), as shown in  FIG. 58B . 
     Cap  75  can be disposed on power support  74  (as shown in  FIG. 43B ) or on component source wafer  39  (as shown in  FIG. 47B ) in step  630 . An electrical load (e.g., components such as controller  40 , power convertor  64 , and LEDs  30 ) can be provided, for example by micro-transfer printing to component source wafer  39  in step  660  and can be electrically connected to power component  62  in step  670  (for example using wires formed by photolithographic methods and processes). According to embodiments of the present disclosure, piezoelectric cantilever  72  can extend in a direction substantially parallel to a surface of the system substrate and can mechanically oscillate in a direction D substantially orthogonal to the surface of the system substrate. Substantially can mean within manufacturing tolerance, within 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 45 degrees, or as intended. Power component  62  and the electrical load can then be operated on component source wafer  39  or system substrate in step  680 . 
     In some embodiments, sacrificial portion  48  extends under power support  74  and power support  74  is undercut by an etchant and micro-transfer printed to a separate system substrate, fracturing component tether  37 . According to some embodiments and as shown in  FIG. 58B , power support  74  is also undercut with the etchant to release power component  62  so that power component  62  is connected by component tether  37  to component anchor  35  (as shown in  FIGS. 40A and 40B ). As shown in  FIG. 57 , in step  610 , a system substrate is provided. The system substrate can be any suitable target substrate, either rigid or flexible, and can be, for example, an intermediate substrate  59 , secure document, an element of a secure document, a document  20  (e.g., banknote  20 ), an element of a document  20 , a foil, or a ribbon. Optionally, a cavity  79  (or portion of cavity  79 ) is formed in the system substrate in step  620 , e.g., in document substrate  20  or intermediate substrate  59 , as shown in  FIG. 40F . In optional step  630 , a cap  75  can be disposed on power support  74 , for example by micro-transfer printing cap  75  from a cap source wafer to power support  74 . Released power component  62  can then be micro-transfer printed in step  640  from component source wafer  39  to the system substrate. If power component  62  is disposed on component substrate  38 , component substrate  38  can form a bottom for power component  62 . If power component  62  has an open bottom, the system substrate, with or without a cavity  79 , can form a bottom for power component  62 , e.g., power support  74  is disposed directly on the system substrate. If at least a portion of cavity  79  is provided in the system substrate, power component  62  is disposed over cavity  79 . 
     If cap  75  was not provided in step  635 , one can be disposed on power support  74  or the system substrate in optional step  650 . An electrical load can be provided in step  660  and electrically connected in step  670  as described with respect to  FIG. 56 . Power component  62  and the electrical load can then be operated on component source wafer  39  or system substrate in step  680 . 
     Thus, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of making a piezoelectric power system comprises providing a piezoelectric power component  62  physically connected to a component source wafer  39  with a component tether  37 , providing a system substrate, and micro-transfer printing piezoelectric power component  62  from the component source wafer  39  to the system substrate. Piezoelectric power component  62  comprises a layer of piezoelectric material  71 , a first electrode  54  disposed on a first side of piezoelectric material  71 , and a second electrode  56  disposed on a second side of piezoelectric material  71  opposite the first side. Methods of the present disclosure can comprise any one or more of fracturing or separating component tether  37  by printing (e.g., micro-transfer printing) piezoelectric power component  62  from component source wafer  39  to the system substrate, disposing a cap  75  over piezoelectric power component  62 , disposing cap  75  on power support  74 , and disposing cap  75  on the system substrate. 
     Thus, according to some embodiments, piezoelectric power component  62  comprises power support  74  and piezoelectric cantilever  72  extending from power support  74  and methods of the present disclosure comprise disposing cap  75  on power support  74  over piezoelectric cantilever  72 , either before or after printing piezoelectric power component  62  from component source wafer  39  to a system substrate. 
     Some methods of the present disclosure comprise forming a cavity  79  in the system substrate and micro-transfer printing the piezoelectric power component  62  to the system substrate with piezoelectric cantilever  72  disposed over cavity  79 . 
     Some methods of the present disclosure comprise electrically connecting first electrode  54  and second electrode  56  to an electrical load. The electrical load can be disposed on the system substrate. Some methods of the present disclosure comprise operating an electrical load with power produced by power component  62 . 
       FIG. 59  is a top view of a power component  62  according to embodiments of the present disclosure with a cross section line A corresponding to the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 58A and 58B . (For simplicity,  FIG. 59  illustrates only one piezoelectric cantilever  72  surrounded by power support  74  but according to some embodiments, power component  62  comprises multiple piezoelectric cantilevers  72 , e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 41A-51 and 53-55B .) In power component  62  of  FIG. 59 , a cantilever support layer  77  is physically connected to and surrounded by a power support  74 . A second electrode  56  is patterned over a portion of cantilever support layer  77  and power support  74  where power is to be generated.  FIG. 59  illustrates second electrode  56  disposed over a portion of power support  74  and cantilever support layer  77  where cantilever support layer  77  connects to power support  74 . Second electrode  56  extends onto power support  74  to provide connection pads or serial or parallel electrical connections to other piezoelectric cantilevers  72  or external electronic circuits (e.g., an electrical load, controller  40 , circuit  42 , or power converter  64 ). No second electrode  56  material is disposed and patterned on mass  73  in embodiments according to  FIG. 59  (but, according to some embodiments, a material of second electrode  56  could be disposed as a portion of mass  73  but not connected to second electrode  56 , for example as shown in  FIG. 47B ). A layer of piezoelectric material  71  is disposed over second electrode  56  to generate power and is disposed over a distal end of cantilever support layer  77  to provide mass  73 . A first electrode  54  can be disposed over piezoelectric material  71  in correspondence with second electrode  56 . A material of first electrode  54  could be disposed as a portion of mass  73  and not connected to first electrode  54 , for example as shown in  FIG. 47B , but is omitted in embodiments according to  FIG. 59 . Dielectric  55  material is disposed over a portion of second electrode  56  and piezoelectric material  71  to insulate additional material of first electrode  54  from second electrode  56  and piezoelectric material  71  and provide connection pads or serial or parallel electrical connections to other piezoelectric cantilevers  72  or external electronic circuits. The additional first electrode  54  material can electrically connect to the first material electrode  54  material disposed on piezoelectric material  71  through a via in dielectric  55  material. Dielectric  55  material could be disposed and patterned as a portion of mass  73  but is omitted in  FIG. 59 . According to some embodiments, sacrificial material beneath piezoelectric cantilever  72  is sacrificed to form cavity  79  and enable piezoelectric cantilever  72  to mechanically oscillate and generate electrical power. According to some embodiments, sacrificial material extends beneath power support  74  so that power component  62  is connected to an anchor portion of power component substrate  38  with a component tether  37  so that power component  62  can be micro-transfer printed from power component substrate  38  (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 42A and 42B  but not shown in  FIG. 59 ). 
     Performance of embodiments of the present disclosure, such as those illustrated in  FIGS. 41C, 50, 51, 55B, and 59 , has been simulated. According to some embodiments, mass  73  is substantially square and has edges that range in size from 300 to 1000 microns, component tethers  37  that range in length from 50 to 200 microns and in width from 50 to 100 microns. According to some embodiments, piezoelectric material  71  and first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can have a power-generating length of 30 to 50 microns. Piezoelectric cantilever can have a thickness of, for example 1-100 microns (e.g., 1-50 microns, 1-20 microns, 1-10 microns, 1-5 microns, 1-4 microns, 1-3 microns, 1-2 microns, or 1 micron). In some embodiments, for example, power component  62  has a thickness of 2-6 microns or 3-5 microns. In some embodiments, the number of component tethers per side of mass  73  and power support  74  can range from 1 to 14. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to these experimental power components  62 . 
       FIG. 60  is a flow diagram illustrating the operation or use of power component  62  according to embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 60 , a piezoelectric power component  62  electrically connected to an electrical load is provided in step  700 , for example on a system substrate or component substrate  38 . The piezoelectric power component  62  and electrical load are physically perturbed (e.g., agitated, rotated, accelerated, vibrated or otherwise spatially moved) in step  710  to generate electrical power with power component  62  that operates the electrical load in step  720 . Thus, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of operating a piezoelectric power system (e.g., a power component  62  electrically connected to an electrical load) comprises providing a piezoelectric power component  62  electrically connected to an electrical power load, mechanically perturbing piezoelectric power component  62  to generate electrical power, and operating the electrical load with the power generated by power component  62 . Piezoelectric power component  62  comprises a piezoelectric cantilever  72  comprising a layer of piezoelectric material  71 , a first electrode  54  on a first side of piezoelectric material  71 , and a second electrode  56  on a second side of piezoelectric material  71  opposite the first side. The electrical power load is electrically connected to first electrode  54  and the second electrode  56 . According to some embodiments, piezoelectric power component  62  comprises a fractured component tether  37 . According to some embodiments, piezoelectric power component  62  has a thickness less than 1 mm (e.g., no greater than 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 microns). According to some embodiments, piezoelectric power component  62  has a length or width less than 1 mm (e.g., no greater than 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, or 10 microns). 
     According to some embodiments, a piezoelectric power component system comprises a piezoelectric power component  62  disposed on a substrate (e.g., a system substrate or target substrate). Piezoelectric power component  62  can be non-native to the substrate. Piezoelectric power component  62  can have an open bottom adjacent to the substrate. Piezoelectric power component  62  can comprise a cap  75  disposed over piezoelectric power component  62  affixed to the substrate or to piezoelectric power component  62 . Piezoelectric power component  62  can have a thickness no greater than 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, or 500 microns. Piezoelectric power component  62  can have a length or width no greater than 10 mm (e.g., no greater than 5 mm, no greater than 2 mm, no greater than 1 mm, no greater than 500 microns, no greater than 250 microns, no greater than 200 microns, no greater than 100 microns, no greater than 50 microns, or no greater than 20 microns. Piezoelectric power component  62  length or width can be in a direction parallel to, and thickness can be in a direction orthogonal to a system substrate on which non-native piezoelectric power component  62  is disposed. Piezoelectric power component  62  can comprise a fractured or separated component tether  37 . Such small piezoelectric power components  62  can be constructed using photolithography and integrated into micro-assembled systems, for example using micro-transfer printing and operated and used, for example, in small portable electronic systems or devices or components (such as security materials) comprising small portable electronic systems. 
     A component source wafer  39  can be any wafer, for example an SOI wafer or wafers as are found in the integrated circuit arts, that can be suitably processed to construct component  36  and from which component  36  can be released and optionally disposed on intermediate substrate  59  or document  20 , for example by micro-transfer printing. In some embodiments, a semiconductor (e.g., silicon) wafer or a dielectric (e.g., glass or polymer) wafer can be used. First and second electrodes  54 ,  56  can be a metal or other electrical conductors, piezoelectric material  71  can be KNN or PZT or other piezoelectric material  71 , and can be deposited using photolithographic methods, for example evaporation or sputtering, and can be patterned using photolithographic methods and materials, for example photoresist deposition, exposure to patterned electromagnetic radiation, pattern-wise etching, and stripping. Power support  74  can be an organic or inorganic dielectric (e.g., a polymer or silicon dioxide) patterned and can be similarly patterned using photolithographic methods and materials. Power support  74  can be constructed before, after, or as part of the process steps used to construct and pattern first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  or piezoelectric material  71  or both. Power support  74  can be disposed adjacent to piezoelectric cantilever  72  (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 30, 31B, and 40F ) or can be disposed under an end of piezoelectric cantilever  72  (e.g., forming an L-shape with piezoelectric cantilever  72  extending further horizontally than power support  74  extends vertically) (not shown). Capacitor(s)  67  can also be constructed with similar or the same materials and in common step(s) with first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  or piezoelectric material  71  or both or can be constructed or disposed separately. For example, capacitor(s)  67  can comprise a first electrode  54 , a second electrode  56 , and piezoelectric material  71  between first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  in a common layer with piezoelectric cantilever  72  and as shown in  FIG. 36C . Controller  40  and inorganic light-emitting diodes  30  can be disposed on component substrate  38 , for example by micro-transfer printing, and electrically connected with wires  52 , for example using photolithographic methods and materials. 
     First and second electrodes  54 ,  56  and piezoelectric material  71  can be released by etching component substrate  38  beneath first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  and piezoelectric material  71 , for example by anisotropically etching (e.g., a silicon component substrate  38 ) or by etching a sacrificial oxide (buried oxide) layer disposed on or as a part of component substrate  38  and over which first and second electrodes  54 ,  56  and piezoelectric material  71  are disposed, for example with TMAH or KOH. 
     Cap  75  can be disposed on and adhered to power support(s)  74 , for example by micro-transfer printing cap  75  onto power support(s)  74  with an adhesive layer. Cap  75  can comprise a cap tether. Cap  75  can, for example, be disposed on power support  74  and one or more other side wall structures to enclose piezoelectric cantilever  72  in cavity  79  or can itself include one or more side walls and be disposed over piezoelectric cantilever  72  (and optionally power support  74 ) to enclose cavity  79 . 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that throughout the description where an embodiment or embodiments are described as including one or more “iLEDs,” “light-emitting diodes,” or “inorganic light-emitting diodes,” analogous embodiments are contemplated where other light-controlling elements are used instead, making any needed modifications necessary or desirable for operability to be maintained, for example sizing, orientation, or location of electrodes used to provide power to or otherwise control the light-controlling elements. More specifically, where an “inorganic light-emitting diode” is expressly described, unless otherwise clear from context, other light-emitting diodes can be substituted to form analogous embodiments to the expressly described one(s). Various different light-controlling elements that can be used in embodiments of the disclosure have been described throughout, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     As is understood by those skilled in the art, the terms “over”, “under”, “above”, “below”, “beneath”, and “on” are relative terms and can be interchanged in reference to different orientations of the layers, elements, and substrates included in the present disclosure. For example, a first layer on a second layer, in some embodiments means a first layer directly on and in contact with a second layer. In other embodiments, a first layer on a second layer can include another layer there between. 
     Having described certain embodiments, it will now become apparent to one of skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating the concepts of the disclosure may be used. Therefore, the disclosure should not be limited to the described embodiments, but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims. 
     Throughout the description, where apparatus and systems are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes and methods are described as having, including, or comprising specific steps, it is contemplated that, additionally, there are apparatus, and systems of the disclosed technology that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that there are processes and methods according to the disclosed technology that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps. 
     It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain action is immaterial so long as the disclosed technology remains operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions in some circumstances can be conducted simultaneously. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     PARTS LIST 
     
         
         A cross section line 
         D direction/distance 
           10  hybrid currency banknote/hybrid document 
           20  banknote/document/flexible banknote/document substrate 
           22  visible markings 
           24  document surface 
           26  central portion 
           30  inorganic light-emitting diode/iLED/light-emitting diode/LED/light-controlling element 
           31  LED tether 
           32  light pipe 
           34  light leak/diffuser 
           35  component anchor 
           36  component 
           37  component tether 
           38  component substrate 
           39  component source wafer 
           40  controller 
           42  circuit 
           44  memory 
           46  shield 
           48  epi/epitaxy/epitaxial layer 
           50  power input connection 
           52  wires 
           54  first electrode 
           55  dielectric 
           56  second electrode 
           58  encapsulation layer 
           59  intermediate substrate 
           59 A bulk layer 
           59 B buried oxide layer 
           59 C epitaxial layer 
           60  power source/piezoelectric power source 
           61  mid-line 
           62  power component/piezoelectric power component 
           63  hole/opening 
           64  power convertor 
           65  convertor tether/controller tether 
           66  power connection pads 
           67  capacitor 
           68  capacitive touch sensor 
           69  connection post 
           70  ribbon 
           71  piezoelectric material/piezoelectric layer/layer of piezoelectric material 
           72  piezoelectric cantilever/cantilever 
           72 A piezoelectric cantilever/cantilever 
           72 B piezoelectric cantilever/cantilever 
           73  mass 
           74  power support 
           75  cap 
           76  cantilever plane 
           77  cantilever support/cantilever support layer 
           78  oscillation direction 
           79  cavity 
           80  display 
           82  red inorganic light-emitting diode 
           84  green inorganic light-emitting diode 
           86  blue inorganic light-emitting diode 
           88  light 
           90  hybrid currency teller machine 
           91  slot 
           92  reader 
           93  writer 
           94  input device 
           96  optional teller machine display 
           98  teller machine controller 
           100  provide banknote with markings step 
           110  provide ribbon step 
           120  provide iLED wafer step 
           130  provide controller source wafer step 
           140  micro-transfer print iLEDs on ribbon step 
           150  micro-transfer print controller on ribbon step 
           160  optional micro-transfer print power source on ribbon step 
           170  form connections/pads on ribbon step 
           180  integrate ribbon in banknote step 
           200  receive banknote step 
           210  provide power to banknote step 
           220  view emitted light step 
           250  insert banknote in teller step 
           260  read stored value step 
           270  input value step 
           280  store new value step 
           290  return banknote step 
           300  provide component wafer step 
           310  print iLEDs on component step 
           320  print controller on component step 
           330  dispose component on ribbon step 
           340  dispose power source on component step 
           400  provide hybrid document step 
           410  flatten hybrid document step 
           420  move ends together step 
           430  move ends apart step 
           440  observe light emission step 
           500  provide component substrate 
           510  deposit first electrode, piezo material, &amp; second electrode step 
           520  pattern first electrode, piezo material, &amp; second electrode step 
           530  deposit and pattern power support step 
           540  etch component substrate to form cavity step 
           550  dispose cap step 
           555  dispose component on intermediate substrate step 
           560  dispose controller, LED(s) and wiring on component substrate step 
           565  dispose controller, LED(s) and wiring on intermediate substrate step 
           570  dispose component on document step 
           600  provide piezoelectric power component on source wafer step 
           610  provide system substrate step 
           620  optional form cavity in system substrate step 
           630  dispose cap step 
           635  optional dispose cap on power support step 
           640  micro-transfer print piezoelectric power component to system substrate step 
           650  optional dispose cap step 
           660  provide electrical load step 
           670  connect piezoelectric power component to electrical load step 
           680  operate power component and electrical load step 
           700  provide piezoelectric power component step 
           710  physically perturb piezoelectric power component step 
           720  operate electrical load step