Patent Publication Number: US-2021172475-A1

Title: Flanged bearing, assembly, and method of making and using the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/944,732, entitled “FLANGED BEARING, ASSEMBLY, AND METHOD OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME,” by Gege L I et al., filed Dec. 6, 2019, which is assigned to the current assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     This disclosure, in general, relates to bearings, in particular plain bearings with at least one of a flange or multilayer bearing sidewall and method of production and assembly thereof. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Bearings generally provide a slip interface between mated components. Bearings can include a low friction material interfacing between two or more components, which are movable with respect to one another in an assembly. Further, some bearings include flanged bearings, which comprise either one or two flanges. Bearings may be used in assemblies with applications in the vehicle industry, for example, for door, hood, and engine compartment hinges, seats, steering columns, flywheels, balancer shaft bearings, etc., or may be used for non-automotive applications. Some hinge assemblies may include a coating including, but not limited to, paint coatings that may be done through e-painting or other methods. In some areas, the bearing and other components in the hinge assembly may include gaps that may lead to over coating which results in corrosion and debris/contamination in the hinge assembly. Therefore, despite advances in the art, there is an ongoing need for improved bearings that have a longer lifetime, improved effectiveness, improved corrosion protection, and overall improved performance within an assembly. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of a stepwise manufacturing process; 
         FIG. 2A  is an illustration of the layer structure of a bearing according to a number of embodiments; 
         FIG. 2B  is an illustration of the layer structure of a bearing according to a number of embodiments; 
         FIG. 3A  is an illustration of a perspective top view of bearing according to a number of embodiments; 
         FIG. 3B  is an illustration of a radial cross-sectional view of a bearing according to a number of embodiments; 
         FIG. 3C  is an illustration of a radial cross-sectional view of a bearing according to a number of embodiments; 
         FIG. 4  is an illustration of a bearing within an assembly according to a number of embodiments; 
         FIG. 5  is an illustration of a bearing within an assembly according to a number of embodiments; 
         FIG. 6  is an illustration of a bearing within an assembly according to a number of embodiments; 
         FIG. 7  is an illustration of a bearing within an assembly according to a number of embodiments; and 
         FIG. 8  is an illustration of a bearing within an assembly according to a number of embodiments; 
     
    
    
     Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the invention. The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description in combination with the figures is provided to assist in understanding the teachings disclosed herein. The following discussion will focus on specific implementations and embodiments of the teachings. This focus is provided to assist in describing the teachings and should not be interpreted as a limitation on the scope or applicability of the teachings. However, other embodiments can be used based on the teachings as disclosed in this application. 
     The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). 
     Also, the use of “a” or “an” is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one, at least one, or the singular as also including the plural, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meant otherwise. For example, when a single embodiment is described herein, more than one embodiment may be used in place of a single embodiment. Similarly, where more than one embodiment is described herein, a single embodiment may be substituted for that more than one embodiment. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. To the extent not described herein, many details regarding specific materials and processing acts are conventional and may be found in textbooks and other sources within the bearing and bearing assembly arts. 
     For purposes of illustration,  FIG. 1  includes a diagram showing a manufacturing process  10  for forming a bearing. The manufacturing process  10  may include a first step  12  of providing a base material, a second step  14  of coating the base material with a low friction coating to form a composite material and a third step  16  of forming the composite material into a bearing. 
     Referring to the first step  12 , the base material may be a substrate. In an embodiment, the substrate can at least partially include a metal support. According to certain embodiments, the metal support may include iron, copper, titanium, bronze, tin, nickel, aluminum, alloys thereof, or may be another type of metal. More particularly, the substrate can at least partially include a steel, such as, a stainless steel, carbon steel, or spring steel. For example, the substrate can at least partially include a 301 stainless steel. The 301 stainless steel may be annealed, ¼ hard, ½ hard, ¾ hard, or full hard. In a number of embodiments, the base material may be a metal support coated by another metal, which may improve corrosion resistance or friction properties. 
     The substrate may include an open metal substrate. The open metal substrate may include a metal with a plurality of apertures in a radial surface of the substrate. The radial surface of the substrate may have a radial surface area and the plurality of apertures may have a void area defined as the surface area the plurality of apertures occupy in the radial surface area of the substrate. The open metal substrate may be defined as having a void area of at least 30% of the surface area of the radial surface of the open metal surface. In a number of embodiments, the open metal substrate may have a void area of at least 30% of the surface area of the radial surface of the open metal surface, such as at least 40% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, such as at least 50% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, such as at least 60% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, such as at least 70% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, such as at least 80% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, or such as at least 90% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate. The void area may cover no greater than 99% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, such as no greater than 95% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, no greater than 90% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, no greater than 80% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, no greater than 70% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, no greater than 60% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, no greater than 50% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, no greater than 40% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate, or no greater than 30% of the radial surface area of the open metal substrate. 
     The open metal substrate can include a woven or non-woven metal, an expanded metal grid, or a perforated metal sheet, or may include another type of metal including a plurality of apertures in its radial surface. 
     In an embodiment, the open metal substrate may include a woven metal mesh. Woven metal meshes, may be manufactured to include filaments such as a first filament and a second filament interwoven to produce apertures or voids. In one embodiment, the first filament and the second filament can have the same thickness. Alternatively, they may have different thicknesses. The woven metal mesh may have various woven types including, but not limited to, woven net, inter-crimped, lock crimped, plain weaved, flat top woven, flat stamped, or welded. The woven metal mesh may be square weaved, Dutch weaved, twill Dutch weaved, reverse Dutch weaved, or may be woven another way. 
     In an embodiment, the open metal substrate may include a non-woven metal mesh. Non-woven metal meshes, may be manufactured to include filaments such as a first filament and a second filament that are bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat, or solvent treatment produce apertures or voids. In one embodiment, the first filament and the second filament can have the same thickness. Alternatively, they may have different thicknesses. 
     In an embodiment, the open metal substrate may include an expanded metal grid. Expanded metal grids may be manufactured by several different processes. For example, a plurality of apertures may be stamped into a metal sheet to produce a number of filaments and voids in the metal sheet. Stamping may involve either material removal or the creation of apertures within the sheet without significant material removal. In a number of embodiments, the expanded metal grid may be not woven but prepared from a sheet having planar major surfaces. The expanded sheets may have a planarity of at least one major surface that is maintained after stretching the metal and creating a metal grate. 
     In an embodiment, the apertures may be equally spaced apart from one another. In another embodiment, the apertures may be spaced apart from one another at different spatial intervals. In certain embodiments, the sheet may be expanded, or stretched, during stamping. For example, a serrated press may reciprocate between open and closed positions, forming the apertures and simultaneously creating an undulating surface profile of the sheet. Alternatively, the sheet may be stamped to form the apertures in a first step and then be expanded in a second step. Expansion of the sheet can occur in a single direction or in a bi- or other multi-directional manner. For example, in an embodiment, the sheet may be expanded in opposing directions, e.g., a first direction and a second direction offset from the first direction by 180°. In another embodiment, the sheet may be bi-directionally expanded, e.g., expanded in a first, second, third, and fourth directions. The first and third directions may be opposite one another and the second and fourth directions may be opposite one another. More particularly, each of the first and third directions may be offset by 90° from each of the second and fourth directions. 
     In an embodiment, the open metal substrate may include a perforated metal sheet. Perforated metal sheet may be manufactured by several different processes. For example, a plurality of apertures may be formed into a metal sheet to produce a number of filaments and voids in the metal sheet. The apertures may be formed via cutting, drilling, stamping, sawing, shearing, turning, milling, grinding, burning, hydroforming, abrasive flow machining, photochemical machining, electric discharge, filing, or may be formed a different way. 
       FIGS. 2A-2B  include illustrations of the composite material  1000  that may be formed according to first step  12  and second step  14  of the forming process  10 . For purposes of illustration,  FIGS. 2A-2B  show the layer by layer configuration of a composite material  1000  after second step  14 . In a number of embodiments, the composite material  1000  may include a substrate  1119  (i.e., the base material noted above and provided in the first step  12 ) and a low friction layer  1104  (i.e., the low friction coating applied in second step  14 ). In a number of embodiments, the substrate  1119  may extend at least partially along a length of the composite material  1000 . As shown in  FIG. 2A , the low friction layer  1104  can be coupled to at least a region of the substrate  1119 . In a particular embodiment, the low friction layer  1104  can be coupled to a surface of the substrate  1119  so as to form a low friction interface with another surface of another component. The low friction layer  1104  can be coupled, laminated to, or have the substrate  1119  embedded within it such that the low friction layer may be present on or overlies the radially inner surface of the substrate  1119  so as to form a low friction interface with another surface of another component. The low friction layer  1104  can be coupled, laminated to, or have the substrate  1119  embedded within it such that the low friction layer may be present on or overlies the radially outer surface of the substrate  1119  so as to form a low friction interface with another surface of another component. In other embodiments, the low friction layer  1104  can be coupled, laminated to, or have the substrate  1119  embedded within it such that the low friction layer may be present on or overlies both the radially inner surface and the radially outer surface of the substrate  1119  so as to form a low friction interface with another surface of another component. In an embodiment, the substrate  1119 , as an open metal substrate, may be partially embedded within the low friction layer  1104 . In an embodiment, the substrate  1119 , as an open metal substrate, may be fully embedded within the low friction layer  1104  such that the low friction material extends along at least some portions of the substrate  1119  along the radially outer surface and the radially inner surface of the substrate  1119 . In an embodiment, as shown best in  FIG. 2B , the substrate  1119 , as an open metal substrate, may be at least partially embedded within the low friction layer  1104  so as to form a first low friction layer  1104 , and a second low friction layer  1104 ′. In some embodiments, the composite material  1000  can optionally include a second substrate  1119 ′. In one embodiment, the second substrate  1119 ′ can be a metal containing substrate, such as a steel substrate, and may include an open metal substrate, as described above. 
     The substrate  1119  can have a thickness, Ts, of between about 10 microns to about 2000 microns, such as between about 50 microns and about 1500 microns, such as between about 100 microns and about 1000 microns, such as between about 150 microns and about 500 microns. In a number of embodiments, the substrate  1119  may have a thickness, Ts, of between about 200 and 600 microns. In a number of embodiments, the substrate  1119  may have a thickness, Ts, of between about 250 and 450 microns. It will be further appreciated that the thickness, Ts, of the substrate  1119  may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. The thickness of the substrate  1119  may be uniform, i.e., a thickness at a first location of the substrate  1119  can be equal to a thickness at a second location therealong. The thickness of the substrate  1119  may be non-uniform, i.e., a thickness at a first location of the substrate  1119  can be different than a thickness at a second location therealong. 
     In a number of embodiments, the low friction layer  1104  can include a low friction material. Low friction materials may include, for example, a polymer, such as a polyketone, a polyaramid, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyethersulfone, a polypheylene sulfone, a polyamideimide, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, a fluoropolymer, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacetal, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyimide (PI), polyetherimide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyethylene (PE), a polysulfone, a polyamide (PA), polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), a polyurethane, a polyester, a liquid crystal polymer (LCP), or any combination thereof. In an example, the low friction layer  1104  includes polyketone, such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether ketone, polyether ketone ketone, polyether ketone ether ketone, a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. In an additional example, the low friction layer  1104  may include an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. In another example, the low friction layer  1104  may include a fluoropolymer including fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), a terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride (THV), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), or ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE). The low friction layer  1104  may include a solid based material including lithium soap, graphite, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, carbon nitride, tungsten carbide, or diamond like carbon, a metal (such as aluminum, zinc, copper, magnesium, tin, platinum, titanium, tungsten, iron, bronze, steel, spring steel, stainless steel), a metal alloy (including the metals listed), an anodized metal (including the metals listed) or any combination thereof. Fluoropolymers may be used according to particular embodiments. 
     In a number of embodiments, the low friction layer  1104  may further include fillers, including glass, carbon, silicon, PEEK, aromatic polyester, bronze, fluoropolymers, thermoplastic fillers, aluminum oxide, polyamidimide (PAI), PPS, polyphenylene sulfone (PPSO 2 ), LCP, aromatic polyesters, molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, graphite, graphene, expanded graphite, talc, calcium fluoride, or any combination thereof. Additionally, the filler can include alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, calcium fluoride, boron nitride, mica, Wollastonite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, carbon black, pigments, or any combination thereof. Fillers can be in the form of beads, fibers, powder, mesh, or any combination thereof. The fillers may be at least 10 wt % based on the total weight of the low friction layer, such as at least 15 wt %, 20 wt %, 25 wt % or even 30 wt %. In a number of embodiments, the low friction layer  1104  may have an electric conductivity lower than the electric conductivity of the substrate  1119 . 
     In an embodiment, the low friction layer  1104  (or second low friction layer  1104 ′) can have a thickness, T FL  (T FL ′), of between about 1 micron to about 500 microns, such as between about 10 microns and about 400 microns, such as between about 30 microns and about 300 microns, such as between about 50 microns and about 250 microns. In a number of embodiments, the low friction layer  1104  (or second low friction layer  1104 ′) may have a thickness, T FL  (T FL ′), of between about 100 and 350 microns. It will be further appreciated that the thickness, T FL  (T FL ′), of the low friction layer  1104  (or second low friction layer  1104 ′) may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. The thickness of the low friction  1104  (or second low friction layer  1104 ′) may be uniform, i.e., a thickness at a first location of the low friction layer  1104  can be equal to a thickness at a second location therealong. The thickness of the low friction  1104  (or second low friction layer  1104 ′) may be non-uniform, i.e., a thickness at a first location of the low friction layer  1104  can be different than a thickness at a second location therealong. The low friction layer  1104  (or second low friction layer  1104 ′) may overlie one major surface of the substrate  1119 , shown, or overlie both major surfaces. The substrate  1119  may be at least partially encapsulated by the low friction layer  1104  and second low friction layer  1104 ′. That is, the low friction layer  1104  may cover at least a region of the substrate  1119 . Axial surfaces of the substrate  1119  may or may not be exposed from the low friction layer  1104 . The thickness of the friction layer  1104  can be identical to the thickness of the second low friction layer  1104 ′. The thickness of the friction layer  1104  can be different from the thickness of the second low friction layer  1104 ′. 
     In an embodiment, the composite material  1000  can have a thickness, T SW , in a range of 0.1 mm and 5 mm, such as in a range of 0.2 mm and 3 mm, or even in a range of 0.3 mm and 2 mm. It will be further appreciated that the thickness, T SW  of the composite material  1000  may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. The thickness, T SW  of the composite material  1000  may be uniform, i.e., a thickness at a first location of the composite material  1000  can be equal to a thickness at a second location therealong. The thickness, T SW  of the composite material  1000  may be non-uniform, i.e., a thickness at a first location of the composite material  1000  can be different than a thickness at a second location therealong. 
     In an embodiment as stated above, under step  14  of  FIG. 1 , the substrate material may be partially or fully embedded into a layer of low-friction material or low friction layer  1104 . Possible processes used to manufacture the composite material are milling, pressing, extrusion, molding, sintering, or may be embedded a different way. Any of the layers of the composite material  1000  as described above, may be laminated together or otherwise formed such that they at least partially overlap one another, as described above. The low friction layer(s)  1104 ,  1104 ′ may be laminated onto or otherwise overlie a surface of the substrate  1119  or another intervening layer, as described above. The sheet may be formed into a substrate  1119  having radial inner and outer surfaces. Low friction layer(s)  1104 ,  1104 ′ may encapsulate the substrate  1119  such that at least one of the radial inner and outer surfaces of the substrate  1119  may be located within the low friction layer(s)  1104 ,  1104 ′. In a number of embodiments, depending on the fillers of the low friction layer(s)  1104 ,  1104 ′ the composite material  1000  may have a lower surface-related electric conductivity up to a non-conductive surface towards at least one side of the composite material  1000 . 
     Referring now to the third step  16  of the manufacturing process  10  as shown in  FIG. 1 , according to certain embodiments, forming the composite material  1000  into a bearing may include gluing the low friction layer(s)  1104 ,  1104 ′ or any intervening layers can to the substrate  1119  using a melt adhesive to form a preform. The preform can be cut into blanks that can be formed into the bearing. The cutting of the preform into a blank may include use of a stamp, press, punch, saw, deep drawing, or may be machined in a different way. Cutting the preform into a blank can create cut edges including an exposed region of the substrate  1119 . The blanks can be formed into the bearing, such as by rolling and flanging the preform to form a semi-finished bearing of a desired shape. The forming of the bearing from the blank may include use of a stamp, press, punch, saw, deep drawing, or may be machined in a different way. In some embodiments, the edges of the blank may be bent into a flange in a secondary operation. In other embodiments, the bearing may be formed through a single operation process including forming the flange. The bearing may be formed as a single unit or unitary piece of material. 
     For purposes of illustration,  FIGS. 3A-C  show a bearing (generally designated  300 ) that can be formed from the blanks. In a number of embodiments, the bearing  300  shown in  FIGS. 3A-C  may be produced by rolling of an appropriately dimensioned piece of composite material  1000 , which may be initially present as a blank as described above.  FIG. 3A  illustrates a top perspective view of a bearing  300  that can be formed as described by the forming process above.  FIG. 3B  illustrates a radial cross-sectional view of a bearing  300  that can be formed as described by the forming process above.  FIG. 3C  illustrates a close up radial cross-sectional view of a bearing  300  that can be formed as described by the forming process above. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 3A-3C , in a number of specific embodiments, the bearing may be a plain bearing  300 . In a number of embodiments, the bearing  300  may be a sliding bearing. The bearing  300  may extend in the axial direction relative to a central axis  3000 . The central axis  3000  is oriented longitudinally extending along the length of the bearing  100 . The bearing  300  may include a bearing sidewall  308 . The sidewall  308  may include a substrate  1119  and at least one low friction layer  1104  of the composite material  1000  as shown in  FIGS. 2A-2C . In a number of embodiments, the sidewall  308  may include an outward face  312  and an inward face  314 . The sidewall  308  may include a generally cylindrical body  310  that may form an annular shape having a first axial end  303  and a second axial end  305 , as viewed in longitudinal cross-section. As used herein, “generally cylindrical” refers to shape which, when positioned in a best fit cylinder having a body of revolution about an axis, deviates from the best fit cylinder by no greater than 15% at any location, no greater than 10% at any location, no greater than 5% at any location, no greater than 4% at any location, no greater than 3% at any location, no greater than 2% at any location, or no greater than 1% at any location. In an embodiment, “generally cylindrical” may refer to the generally cylindrical body  310  as assembled between inner and outer components—i.e., in the installed state. In another embodiment, “generally cylindrical” may refer to the generally cylindrical body  310  prior to assembly between inner and outer components—i.e., in the uninstalled state. In a particular embodiment, the generally cylindrical sidewall may be a cylindrical sidewall having a shape corresponding to a revolution about an axis with two longitudinal planar end sections. In a particular embodiment, the cylindrical sidewall may have nominal surface roughness, such as for example, caused during typical machining and fabrication processes. 
     The bearing  300  may have an outer radial end  307  and an inner radial end  306 . The bearing  300  may have an annular shape that is substantially L shaped. In other words, the bearing  300  may have an L bearing cross-section extending in the radial and axial direction as shown best in  FIG. 3C . Other annular shapes of the bearing are possible. The opposite ends of a rolled piece of the composite material  1000  forming the bearing  300  may be bound at an axial gap  330  that extends in the axial direction along the generally cylindrical body  310 . Axial gaps  330  extending nonlinearly and/or obliquely (i.e. diagonally) to the central axis  3000  of the bearing  300  are also possible, as shown best in  FIG. 3B . In a number of particular embodiments, the axial gap  330  may be welded or otherwise coupled by other means to form a closed bearing  300 . In some embodiments, the axial gap  330  may be left uncoupled. The bearing  300  may include a bore  350  extending along the axial length of the bearing  300  and adapted to house an internal component of an assembly. The bore  350  may be parallel or non-parallel to the central axis  3000 . The bore  350  may be formed by bending a planar composite material  1000  into a generally cylindrical shape forming the generally cylindrical body  310  and sidewall  308 . 
     The bearing  300  sidewall  308  may further include at least one flange  322 . The flange  322  can be generally annular about the central axis  3000 . The flange  322  may project radially outwardly from at least one of the first axial end  303  or the second axial end  305 . The flange  322  may extend radially outward from the inner radial end  306  to the outer radial end  307 . Alternatively, the flange  322  may extend radially inward from outer radial end  307  to the radially inner end  307  (not shown). In a number of embodiments, the flange  322  may form a generally planar outermost axial surface at the outer radial end  307  of the bearing  300 . In a number of embodiments, the flange  322  may be formed with a low friction layer  1104  or low friction material formed at the outermost axial surface at the outer radial end  307  of the bearing  300 . In some embodiments, the flange  322  may be positioned at the second axial end  305  of the bearing  300 . In a number of embodiments, the outer radial end  307  may form the outer radius OR of the bearing  300  when measured radially from the central axis  3000 . In a number of embodiments, the inner radial end  306  may form the inner radius IR of the bearing  300  when measured radially from the central axis  3000 . In other words, a radial width of the flange  322  W RF  may be the distance from the difference in distance of the outer radius OR and the inner radius IR. In a number of embodiments, the flange  322  may include an axial split  327 . The axial split  327  may provide a gap in the flange  322 . In a number of embodiments, the flange  322  may include a plurality of axial splits  327  providing a segmented flange (not shown). In certain embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B , the axial split  327  can be contiguous with the axial gap  330  in the generally cylindrical body  310 . In other embodiments, the axial split  327  can be non-contiguous with the axial gap  330  in the generally cylindrical body  310 . 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B , the bearing  300  may have an overall inner radius, IR, from the central axis  3000  to the inner radial end  306 , and IR can be mm, such as 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, or 50 mm. The inner radius IR can be ≤100 mm, such as ≤50 mm, ≤25 mm, ≤10 mm, ≤5 mm, or ≤1 mm. The inner radius IR may vary along the circumference of the bearing  300 . In a number of embodiments, the bearing  300  can have an overall inner radius, IR, of between about 2 to 50 mm. It will be appreciated that the bearing  300  can have an overall inner radius, IR, which may be within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the bearing  300  can have an overall inner radius, IR, which may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 3A-3B , the bearing  300  may have an overall outer radius, OR, from the central axis  3000  to the outer radial end  307 , and OR can be ≥1.5 mm, such as ≥5 mm, ≥10 mm, ≥20 mm, ≥40 mm, or ≥70 mm. The outer radius OR can be ≤125 mm, such as ≤100 mm, ≤75 mm, ≤50 mm, ≤25 mm, or ≤10 mm. The overall outer radius, OR, may vary along the circumference of the bearing  300 . In a number of embodiments, the bearing  300  can have an overall outer radius, OR, of between about 3 to 60 mm. It will be appreciated that the bearing  300  can have an overall outer radius, OR, that may be within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the bearing  300  can have an overall outer radius, OR, that may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. Further, as stated above, the radial width of the flange  322 , W RF , may be the distance from the difference in distance of the outer radius OR and the inner radius IR. 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 3A-3C , the bearing  300  can have an overall height, H, from first axial end  303  to the second axial end  305 , and H can be ≥0.5 mm, ≥1 mm, ≥2 mm, ≥5 mm, ≥10 mm, or ≥50 mm. The height, H, can be ≤500 mm, such as ≤250 mm, ≤150 mm, ≤100 mm, or ≤50 mm. In a number of embodiments, the bearing  300  can have an overall height, H, of between about 5 to 50 mm. It will be appreciated that the bearing  300  can have an overall height, H, which may be within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the bearing  300  can have an overall height, H, which may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 3B , the at least one flange  322  may be contiguous with and extend from an axial end  303 ,  305  of the generally cylindrical body  310  of the bearing  300 . In an embodiment, the flange  322  may be positioned to project orthogonal to the generally cylindrical body  310 . In other embodiments, the flange  322  may be positioned to project non-orthogonal to the generally cylindrical body  310 . In some embodiments, the flange  322  may form an angle α with the generally cylindrical body  310  (and the central axial  3000 ). Angle α may be in α range from at least 0° to 180°. The angle α may be 30° or greater, such as 45° or greater, 55° or greater, or 85° or greater. The angle α may be 150° or less, such as 135° or less, 120° or less, 90° or less, or 60° or less. In a number of specific embodiments, the angle α may be in a range of 60° to 120°. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 3A-3C , the bearing  300  can generally include a flange  322  may have a multiple wall construction defining one or more flange sidewalls  342 ,  344 . In a number of embodiments, the first axial end  303  of the bearing  300  may include a flange  322  having flange sidewalls  342 ,  344 . Alternatively, the second axial end  305  of the bearing may include a flange  322  having flange sidewalls  342 ,  344 . Alternatively still, both axial ends  303 ,  305  of the bearing may include a flange  322  having flange sidewalls  342 ,  344 . As used herein, “multiple wall construction” refers to a sidewall including multiple flange sidewalls that overlie each other. In an embodiment, the multiple sidewalls contact each other. The multiple wall construction may be shaped such that a line extending axially parallel to the central axis  3000  of the bearing  300  intersects two or more discrete flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  along at least one radial position perpendicular to the central axis  300 . In other words, the flange  322  may be folded upon itself to form multiple flange sidewalls  342 ,  344 . The flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  can be formed by shaping a portion of the sidewall  308 . More particularly, the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  can be at least partially formed by folding an axial end of the sidewall  308  toward an opposite axial end of the sidewall  308 . In accordance with one or more embodiments, the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  can fold toward at least one of the first axial end  303  or the second axial end  305 . Alternatively, the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  can fold toward the axial center  346  of the bearing  300 . 
     In embodiments where the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  may be formed from a composite material  1000  including, for example, a substrate  1119  and a low friction layer  1104 , the preform is considered as one discrete flange sidewall  342 ,  344 . The multiple wall construction can include three axially adjacent flange sidewalls, four axially adjacent flange sidewalls, five axially adjacent flange sidewalls, or even six axially adjacent flange sidewalls. In accordance with an embodiment, the multiple wall construction can include no greater than 10 axially adjacent flange sidewalls, such as no greater than 5 axially adjacent flange sidewalls, or even no greater than 3 axially adjacent flange sidewalls. In an embodiment, the bearing  300  can have a multiple wall construction such that the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  may be in contact with each other along at least 25% of a radial length of the flange  322 , such as along at least 50% of the radial length of the flange  322 , at least 60% of radial length of the flange  322 , along at least 75% of the radial length of the flange  322 , at least 80% of the radial length of the flange  322 , or even at least 85% of the radial length of the flange  322 . In another embodiment, the bearing  300  can have a multiple wall construction such that the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  may be in contact with each other along less than 100% of the radial length of the flange  322 , such as no greater than 99% of the axial length, no greater than 98% of the radial length of the flange  322 , no greater than 97% of the radial length of the flange  322 , no greater than 96% of the radial length, no greater than 95% of the radial length of the flange  322 , or even no greater than 90% of the radial length of the flange  322 . In a number of embodiments, the flange  322  may have a multiple wall construction such that the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  may be in contact with each other around at least 180° of the circumference of the bearing  300 , such as at least 210° of the circumference of the bearing  300 , 240° of the circumference of the bearing  300 , 270° of the circumference of the bearing  300 , 300° of the circumference of the bearing  300 , or even 360° of the circumference of the bearing  300 . 
     In an embodiment, at least one of the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  of the flange  322  can define at least one compression feature having a spring effect, i.e., the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  can allow for absorption of a tolerance or misalignment between inner and outer components, e.g., between a shaft and a bore. In an embodiment, the spring effect can be derived from the material properties of the sidewall  308 , including the material properties of the flange sidewalls  342 ,  344 . 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 3B , the flange  322  can have a thickness, T RF , of between about 0.2 mm to about 10 mm, such as between about 0.75 mm and about 8 mm, such as between about 1 mm and about 5 mm, such as between about 1.5 mm and about 4 mm. In a number of embodiments, the flange  322  can have a thickness, T RF , of between about 0.7 to 5 mm. It will be appreciated that the flange  322  can have a thickness, T RF , which may be within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the flange  322  can have a thickness, T RF , which may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It may also be appreciated that the thickness, T RF , of the flange  322  may vary around the circumference of the bearing  300 . 
     In a number of embodiments, as shown in  FIGS. 3A-3C , the generally cylindrical body  310  may include at least one coining region  366 , which may be oriented in the radial direction. The at least one coining region  366  may provide more stiffness for the generally cylindrical body  310  or the flange  322 . In a number of embodiments, the coining region  366  may provide a lead-in support for easy assembly and stiffness support for at least one of the generally cylindrical body  310  or the flange  322 . The coining region  366  may include at least one undulation, depression, groove, trough, plateau, ramp, projection, or deformation in the axial direction. The coining region  366  may have a circular, polygonal, oval, or semi-circular cross-sectional shape. In a number of embodiments, the coining region  366  may be located on the generally cylindrical body  310 . In a number of embodiments, the coining region  366  may be disposed in the axial distance between the first axial end  303  and the second axial end  305 . In a number of embodiments, the coining region  366  may be at the first axial end  303  or the second axial end  305 . In other words, the coining region  366  may extend anywhere along the circumference of the generally cylindrical body  310 . In one embodiment, the coining region  366  may be in the shape of a deformation in a radial direction so the generally cylindrical body  310  may be non-parallel to the central axis  3000  of the bearing  300  as shown in  FIG. 3A . The coining region  366  may be deformed radially outward or radially inward from a line parallel to the central axis  3000 . 
     As shown best in  FIG. 3B , the coining region  366  may have a height H CR . The height H CR  may have a relationship with the height H of the bearing  300  such that H CR ≥0.3 H, such as ≥0.25 H, ≥0.20 H, ≥0.15 H, ≥0.10 H, or ≥0.05 H. In another aspect, height H CR  can be ≤0.5 H, such as ≤0.45 H, ≤0.40 H, ≤0.35 H, ≤0.30 H, ≤0.25 H, ≤0.20 H, ≤0.15 H, ≤0.10 H, or ≤0.01 H. The height H CR  of the coining region  366  may vary along the circumference of the bearing  300  about the central axis  3000 . 
     In a number of embodiments, the sidewall  308  of the bearing  300  or the bearing itself may be coated such that the low friction layer  1104  or low friction material may overlie the metal layer on at least one of the radially inner surface  314  and a radially outer surface  312  of the sidewall  308 . In a number of embodiments, the sidewall  308  of the bearing  300  may include at least one conductive region  380 . The conductive region  380  may be free of the low friction layer  1104  or low friction material. The conductive region  380  may allow for conductivity between the bearing  300  and one of the other components of an assembly. The conductive region  380  may include a plurality of conductive regions. In an embodiment, the conductive region  380  may include an outward conductive region  382  on the sidewall  308 . In an embodiment, the conductive region  380  may include an inward conductive region  384  on the sidewall  308 . In an embodiment, the conductive region  380  may include both an inward conductive region  384  and outward conductive region  382 . The conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may include a deformed notch at least partially free of low friction material/layer  1104  and receding radially internally or radially externally from the sidewall  308 . In a number of embodiments, at least one of conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may expose the substrate  1119 . As used herein “radially internally” may be defined as the sidewall  308  on the internal side of the bearing  300  facing the bore  350  from the first axial end  303  to the second axial  308  at the outer radial end  307  (e.g. the radially inner surface  314  of the sidewall  308 ). As used herein “radially externally” may be defined as the sidewall  308  on the external side of the bearing  300  not facing the bore  350  from the first axial end  303  to the second axial  308  at the outer radial end  307  (e.g. the radially outer surface  312  of the sidewall  308 ). In a number of embodiments, at least one of conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may include a protrusion at least partially free of low friction layer  1104  or low friction material and extending radially internally or radially externally from the sidewall  308 . In a number of embodiments, at least one of conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may include a deformed notch at least partially free of low friction layer  1104  or low friction material and receding radially internally or radially externally from the sidewall  308 . In at least one embodiment, at least one of the conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may be located along the generally cylindrical body  310 . 
     The conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may be formed from the composite material  1000  via a manufacturing process that may include use of a cutting, skiving, stamping, pressing, punching, sawing, deep drawing, edging, milling, or may be machined in a different way. In some embodiments, the conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may be formed through a single operation process or multiple operation process. By non-limiting example, a punch may be used to plastically deform the generally cylindrical body  310  either radially inwardly or outwardly and remove the low friction material exposing the substrate  1119  to create the conductive region  380 . 
     The conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may have a surface area of the bearing sidewall  308  that may be ≥0.1 mm 2 , such as ≥0.5 mm 2 , ≥1 mm 2 , ≥5 mm 2 , ≥25 mm 2 , or ≥50 mm 2 . The conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may have a surface area of the bearing sidewall  308  that can be ≤200 mm 2 , such as ≤100 mm 2 , ≤50 mm 2 , ≤25 mm 2 , ≤10 mm 2 , or ≤1 mm 2 . It will be appreciated that the conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may have a surface area of the bearing sidewall  308 , which may be within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the conductive region  380 , inward conductive region  384 , or outward conductive region  382  may have a surface area of the bearing sidewall  308 , which may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     In a number of embodiments, as stated above, the bearing  300  may be included in an assembly  2000 . The assembly  2000  may further include an inner component, such as a shaft  28 . The assembly  2000  may further include an outer component, such as a housing  30 . The assembly  2000  may include a bearing  300  disposed radially between the inner component and the outer component. In a number of embodiments, the bearing  300  may be disposed between the inner component  28  and the outer component  30  such that the bearing surrounds the inner component or shaft  28 . The bearing  300  may have a sidewall  308  having a substrate  1119  and a low friction material  1104  extending along a radially inner surface  314  and a radially outer surface  312  of the sidewall  308 . The sidewall  308  may have generally cylindrical body  310  and at least one flange  322  contiguous with and extending from an axial end  303 ,  305  of the generally cylindrical body  310 . The flange  322  may have a multiple wall construction including a plurality of flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  in contact with each other along at least 25% of a radial length of the flange  322 , and/or the sidewall  308  may include an outward conductive region  382  and an inward conductive region  384 . 
       FIGS. 4 and 5  illustrate an assembly  2000  in the form of an exemplary hinge  400 , such as an automotive door hinge, hood hinge, engine compartment hinge, and the like. Hinge  400  can include an inner component  28  (such as an inner hinge region  402 ) and an outer hinge region  404 . Hinge regions  402  and  404  can be joined by outer components  30  (such as rivets  406  and  408 ) and bearings  410  and  412 . Bearings  410  and  412  can be bearings as previously described and labeled  300  herein.  FIG. 5  illustrates a cross section of hinge  400 , showing rivet  408  and bearing  412  in more detail. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an assembly  2000  in the form of another exemplary hinge  600 . Hinge  600  can include a first hinge region  602  and a second hinge region  604  joined by a pin  606  and a bearing  608 . Bearing  608  can be a bearing as previously described and labeled  300  herein. 
     In an exemplary embodiment,  FIG. 7  depicts a non-limiting example of an assembly  2000  in the form of an embodiment of another hinge assembly  700  including the parts of a disassembled automobile door hinge including bearing  704 .  FIG. 7  is an example of a profile hinge. The bearing  704  may be inserted in hinge door part  706 . Bearing  704  can be a bearing as previously described and labeled  300  herein. Rivet  708  bridges the hinge door part  706  with hinge generally cylindrical body part  710 . Rivet  708  may be tightened with hinge generally cylindrical body part  710  through set screw  712  and hold in place with the hinge door part  706  through washer  702 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an assembly  2000  in the form of an exemplary headset assembly  800  for a two-wheeled vehicle, such as a bicycle or motorcycle. A steering tube  802  can be inserted through a head tube  804 . Bearings  806  and  808  can be placed between the steering tube  802  and the head tube  804  to maintain alignment and prevent contact between the steering tube  802  and the head tube  804 . Bearings  806  and  808  can be bearings as previously described and labeled  300  herein. Additionally, seals  810  and  812  can prevent contamination of the sliding surface of the bearing by dirt and other particulate matter. 
     Such assemblies noted above are all exemplary and are not meant to limit the use of the bearing  300  in potential other assemblies. For example, the bearing  300  may be used in an assembly  2000  for a powertrain assembly application (such as belt tensioners) or other assembly applications with limited space. 
     In an embodiment, the bearing  300  can provide an axial tolerance compensation of at least 0.01 mm in an axial direction relative to the inner component or outer component, such as at least 0.05 mm, at least 0.1 mm, at least 0.5 mm, at least 1 mm, at least 2 mm, or even at least 5 mm. “Axial tolerance compensation” may be defined as the distance the flange  322  of the bearing  300  provides in axial adjustment of sizes between neighboring axial components. 
     The method of forming the bearing  300  may include providing a blank. The bearing  300  may be formed from a blank including a preform including a substrate  1119  and a low friction layer  1104  overlying the substrate  1119 . The method may further include forming a bearing  300  from the blank, the bearing having a sidewall  308 , wherein the low friction material  1104  extends along a radially inner surface  314  and a radially outer surface  312  of the sidewall  308 , the sidewall further including a generally cylindrical body  310 ; and a flange  322  contiguous with and extending from an axial end of the generally cylindrical body  310 , where at least one of 1) the flange  322  may have a multiple wall construction including a plurality of flange sidewalls  342 ,  344  in contact with each other along at least 25% of a radial length of the flange, or 2) the sidewall  308  includes an outward conductive region  382  and an inward conductive region  384 . 
     In a number of embodiments, the assembly  2000  may be coated using a coating process. The coating process may include a painting process such as an e-painting process. The coating process may provide a coating  95  deposited on an exterior surface of at least one component of the assembly  2000  (e.g., bearing  300 , inner component  28 , outer component  30 ). In a number of embodiments, the bearing including an outward conductive region and an inward conductive region may enable the coating to stick to the components of the assembly  2000  by providing the appropriate conductivity between the individual components. For example, the bearing  300  having a flange  322  having a multi-wall construction and/or the sidewall  308  including an outward conductive region  382  and an inward conductive region  384  may cause conductivity between a car door (outer component  30 ) and the remaining car body (inner component  28 ). 
     Applications for such embodiments include, for example, assemblies  1000  for hinges and other vehicle components. Further, use of the bearing  300  or assembly  2000  may provide increased benefits in several applications such as, but not limited to, vehicle tail gates, door frames, seat assemblies, powertrain applications (such as belt tensioners), or other types of applications. According to embodiments herein, the flanges of the bearings may provide desired axial preload and improved axial tolerance compensation compared to existing bearings known in the art. Further, according to embodiments herein, the bearing may provide appropriate conductivity between different components of the assembly for efficient coating/e-painting of the assembly without creating excess debris. Further, according to embodiments herein, the bearings may be a simple installation, be retrofit, and provide cost effective across several possible assemblies of varying complexity. As a result, these designs can significantly reduce noise, harshness, ineffective paint design, and vibration properties while providing improved torque performance, thereby increasing lifetime and improving effectiveness and performance of the assembly, the bearing, and its other components. 
     Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of those aspects and embodiments are described below. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that those aspects and embodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments as listed below. 
     Embodiment 1. A bearing comprising: a sidewall comprising an open metal substrate at least partially embedded in a low friction material, the sidewall further comprising: a generally cylindrical body; and a flange contiguous with and extending from an axial end of the generally cylindrical body, wherein at least one of 1) the flange comprises a multiple wall construction comprising a plurality of flange sidewalls in contact with each other along at least 25% of a radial length of the flange, or 2) the sidewall or the flange comprises an outward conductive region and an inward conductive region. 
     Embodiment 2. An assembly comprising: an inner component; an outer component; and a bearing disposed radially between the inner component and the outer component, wherein the bearing comprises: a sidewall comprising an open metal substrate at least partially embedded in a low friction material, the sidewall further comprising: a generally cylindrical body; and a flange contiguous with and extending from an axial end of the generally cylindrical body, wherein at least one of 1) the flange comprises a multiple wall construction comprising a plurality of flange sidewalls in contact with each other along at least 25% of a radial length of the flange, or 2) the sidewall or the flange comprises an outward conductive region and an inward conductive region. 
     Embodiment 3. The method comprising: providing a blank comprising an open metal substrate at least partially embedded in a low friction material; forming a bearing from the blank, the bearing comprising a sidewall comprising: a generally cylindrical body; and a flange contiguous with and extending from an axial end of the generally cylindrical body, wherein at least one of 1) the flange comprises a multiple wall construction comprising a plurality of flange sidewalls in contact with each other along at least 25% of a radial length of the flange, or 2) the sidewall or the flange comprises an outward conductive region and an inward conductive region. 
     Embodiment 4. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein at least one of the outward conductive region or the inward conductive region comprises a deformed notch at least partially free of low friction material and receding radially internally or radially externally from the sidewall. 
     Embodiment 5. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein at least one of the outward conductive region or the inward conductive region comprises a protrusion at least partially free of low friction material and extending radially internally or radially externally from the sidewall. 
     Embodiment 6. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the low friction material overlies a surface of the substrate. 
     Embodiment 7. The bearing, assembly, or method of embodiment 6, wherein the low friction material overlies both a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface of the substrate. 
     Embodiment 8. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the substrate comprises a woven metal mesh or expanded metal. 
     Embodiment 9. The bearing, assembly, or method of embodiment 8, wherein the metal of the substrate is selected from the group of bronze, copper, aluminum, messing, or stainless steel. 
     Embodiment 10. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the low friction material comprises a polymer. 
     Embodiment 11. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein at least one of the outward conductive region or the inward conductive region is located on the generally cylindrical body. 
     Embodiment 12. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein at least one of the outward conductive region or the inward conductive region is located on the flange. 
     Embodiment 13. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein at least one of the outward conductive region or the inward conductive region exposes the substrate. 
     Embodiment 14. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the generally cylindrical body comprises a gap extending at least partially between a first and a second axial end of the bearing. 
     Embodiment 15. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the flange comprises a split. 
     Embodiment 16. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the multiple wall construction comprises 2 flange sidewalls. 
     Embodiment 17. The bearing, assembly, or method of embodiment 16, wherein the multiple wall construction comprises at least 3 flange sidewalls, such as at least 4 flange sidewalls, or even at least 5 flange sidewalls. 
     Embodiment 18. The bearing, assembly, or method of embodiment 16, herein the multiple wall construction comprises no greater than 5 flange sidewalls, such as no greater than 4 flange sidewalls, or even no greater than 3 flange sidewalls. 
     Embodiment 19. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the flange has a multiple wall construction around at least 180° of a circumference of the bearing. 
     Embodiment 20. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the flange has a generally planar outermost axial surface. 
     Embodiment 21. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the flange is formed with the low friction material facing an outermost axial surface. 
     Embodiment 22. The bearing, assembly, or method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the substrate is fully embedded in the low friction material such that the low friction material extends along at least a portion of the radially inner and radially outer surfaces of the substrate. 
     Note that not all of the features described above are required, that a region of a specific feature may not be required, and that one or more features may be provided in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which features are described is not necessarily the order in which the features are installed. 
     Certain features are, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombinations. 
     Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments, however, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims. 
     The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and every value within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent to skilled artisans only after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that a structural substitution, logical substitution, or any change may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.