Patent Publication Number: US-2022216083-A1

Title: Bridge apparatus and method for semiconductor die transfer

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to and is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/530,886, filed on Aug. 2, 2019, entitled “Bridge Apparatus and Method for Semiconductor Die Transfer,” the entire contents of which is incorporated herewith. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Semiconductor devices are electrical components that utilize semiconductor material, such as silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and the like. Semiconductor devices are typically manufactured as single discrete devices or as integrated circuits (ICs). Examples of single discrete devices include electrically-actuatable elements such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors, fuses, and the like. 
     The fabrication of semiconductor devices typically involves an intricate manufacturing process with a myriad of steps. The end-product of the fabrication is a “packaged” semiconductor device. The “packaged” modifier refers to the enclosure and protective features built into the final product as well as the interface that enables the device in the package to be incorporated into an ultimate circuit. 
     The conventional fabrication process for semiconductor devices starts with handling a semiconductor wafer. The wafer is diced into a multitude of “unpackaged” semiconductor devices. The “unpackaged” modifier refers to an unenclosed semiconductor device without protective features. Herein, unpackaged semiconductor devices may be called semiconductor device die, or just “die” for simplicity. A single semiconductor wafer may be diced to create die of various sizes, so as to form upwards of more than 100,000 or even 1,000,000 die from the semiconductor wafer (depending on the starting size of the semiconductor), and each die has a certain quality. The unpackaged die are then “packaged” via a conventional fabrication process discussed briefly below. The actions between the wafer handling and the packaging may be referred to as “die preparation.” 
     In some instances, the die preparation may include sorting the die via a “pick and place process,” whereby diced die are picked up individually and sorted into bins. The sorting may be based on the forward voltage capacity of the die, the average power of the die, and/or the wavelength of the die. 
     Typically, the packaging involves mounting a die into a plastic or ceramic package (e.g., mold or enclosure). The packaging also includes connecting the die contacts to pins/wires for interfacing/interconnecting with ultimate circuitry. The packaging of the semiconductor device is typically completed by sealing the die to protect it from the environment (e.g., dust). 
     A product manufacturer then places packaged semiconductor devices in product circuitry. Due to the packaging, the devices are ready to be “plugged in” to the circuit assembly of the product being manufactured. Additionally, while the packaging of the devices protects them from elements that might degrade or destroy the devices, the packaged devices are inherently larger (e.g., in some cases, around 10 times the thickness and 10 times the area, resulting in 100 times the volume) than the die found inside the package. Thus, the resulting circuit assembly cannot be any thinner than the packaging of the semiconductor devices. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The Detailed Description is set forth with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similar or identical items. Furthermore, the drawings may be considered as providing an approximate depiction of the relative sizes of the individual components within individual figures. However, the drawings are not to scale, and the relative sizes of the individual components, both within individual figures and between the different figures, may vary from what is depicted. In particular, some of the figures may depict components as a certain size or shape, while other figures may depict the same components on a larger scale or differently shaped for the sake of clarity. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a schematic view of an embodiment of elements of a die transfer system. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic view of an example transfer apparatus with a bridge apparatus for transfer of die from a die substrate to a product substrate according to an embodiment of this application. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic view of an example transfer apparatus with multiple transfer mechanism assemblies on a first bridge and multiple die substrates on a second bridge for transfer of die from the die substrates to a product substrate according to an embodiment of this application. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic view of an example transfer apparatus with more than two bridge apparatus for transfer of die from a die substrate to a product substrate according to an embodiment of this application. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a plan view of an embodiment of a product substrate having a circuit trace thereon according to an embodiment of this application. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a method of a die transfer operation according to an embodiment of this application. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a method of a die transfer operation according to an embodiment of this application. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a method of a die transfer process from a die substrate held by a first bridge and a transfer mechanism assembly held by a second bridge, according to an embodiment of this application. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a method to determine a location for a die transfer process based at least in part on one or more parameter criteria and/or optimization, according to an embodiment of this application. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This disclosure is directed to a machine that directly transfers and affixes semiconductor device die to a circuit and to the process for achieving the same, as well as to the circuit having die affixed thereto (as the output product). In an embodiment, the machine functions to transfer unpackaged die directly from a substrate such as a “wafer tape” to a product substrate, such as a circuit substrate. The direct transfer of unpackaged die may significantly reduce the thickness of an end product compared to a similar product produced by conventional means, as well as the amount of time and/or cost to manufacture the product substrate. 
     For the purpose of this description, the term “substrate” refers to any substance on which, or to which, a process or action occurs. Further, the term “product” refers to the desired output from a process or action, regardless of the state of completion. Thus, a product substrate refers to any substance on which, or to which, a process or action is caused to occur for a desired output. Herein, the term “product substrate” may include, but is not limited to: a wafer tape (for example, to presort the die and create sorted die sheets for future use); a paper or polymer substrate formed as a sheet or other non-planar shape, where the polymer—translucent or otherwise—may be selected from any suitable polymers, including, but not limited to, a silicone, an acrylic, a polyester, a polycarbonate, etc.; a circuit board (such as a printed circuit board (PCB)); a string or thread circuit, which may include a pair of conductive wires or “threads” extending in parallel; and a cloth material of cotton, nylon, rayon, leather, etc. The choice of material of the product substrate may include durable materials, flexible materials, rigid materials, and other materials with which the transfer process is successful and which maintain suitability for the end use of the product substrate. The product substrate may be formed solely or at least partially of conductive material such that the product substrate acts as a conductive circuit for forming a product. The potential types of product substrate may further include items, such as glass bottles, vehicle windows, or sheets of glass. 
     In an embodiment, the product substrate may include a circuit trace disposed thereon. The circuit trace, as depicted, may include a pair of adjacent trace lines spaced apart by a trace spacing, or gap so as to accommodate a distance between electrical contact terminals (not shown) on the die being transferred. Thus, the trace spacing, or gap between the adjacent trace lines of the circuit trace may be sized according to the size of the die being transferred to ensure proper connectivity and subsequent activation of the die. For example, the circuit trace may have a trace spacing, or gap ranging from about 10 to 200 microns, about 100 to 175 microns, or about 125 to 150 microns. 
     The circuit trace may be formed from a conductive ink disposed via screen printing, inkjet printing, laser printing, manual printing, or other printing means. Further, the circuit trace may be pre-cured and semi-dry or dry to provide additional stability, while still being activatable for die conductivity purposes. A wet conductive ink may also be used to form the circuit trace, or a combination of wet and dry ink may be used for the circuit trace. Alternatively, or additionally, the circuit trace may be pre-formed as a wire trace, or photo-etched, or from molten material formed into a circuit pattern and subsequently adhered, embedded, or otherwise secured to the product substrate. 
     The material of the circuit trace may include, but is not limited to, silver, copper, gold, carbon, conductive polymers, etc. In an embodiment, the circuit trace may include a silver-coated copper particle. A thickness of the circuit trace may vary depending on the type of material used, the intended function and appropriate strength or flexibility to achieve that function, the energy capacity, the size of the LED, etc. For example, a thickness of the circuit trace may range from about 5 microns to 20 microns, from about 7 microns to 15 microns, or from about 10 microns to 12 microns. 
     Accordingly, in one non-limiting example, the product substrate may be a flexible, translucent polyester sheet having a desired circuit pattern screen printed thereon using a silver-based conductive ink material to form the circuit trace. 
     In an embodiment, the machine may secure a product substrate for receiving “unpackaged” die, such as LEDs, transferred from the wafer tape, for example. In an effort to reduce the dimensions of the products using the die, the die may be very small and thin. For example, a die may be about 50 microns thick. In other cases, the die may be under 30 microns thick. It should, however, be noted that the systems and methods, as disclosed herein, may be applied to die thicknesses greater than 50 microns, such as 200 microns thickness or greater. Due to the relatively small size of the die, the machine includes components that function to precisely align both the wafer tape carrying the die and transfer mechanism with the transfer location on the product substrate to ensure accurate placement and/or avoid product material waste. In an embodiment, the components that align the transfer mechanism and the die on the wafer tape may include a set of bridges to which the wafer tape and the transfer mechanism are secured respectively and conveyed individually to a position of alignment such that a specific die on the wafer tape is transferred to a specific spot on the product substrate. 
     In an embodiment, the machine further includes a transfer mechanism for transferring the die directly from the wafer tape to the product substrate without “packaging” the die. The transfer mechanism may be disposed vertically above the wafer tape so as to press down on the die via the wafer tape toward the product substrate. This process of pressing down on the die may cause the die to peel off of the wafer tape, starting at the sides of the die until the die separate from the wafer tape to be attached to the product substrate. That is, by reducing the adhesion force between the die and the wafer tape and increasing the adhesion force between the die and the product substrate, the die may be transferred. 
     In an embodiment, the transfer mechanism may include an elongated rod, such as a pin or needle that may be cyclically actuated against the wafer tape to push the wafer tape from a top side. The needle may be sized so as to be no wider than a width of the die being transferred. Although in other instances, the width of the needle may be wider, or any other dimension. When the end of the needle contacts the wafer tape, the wafer tape may experience a local deflection at the area between the die and the wafer tape. Inasmuch as the deflection is highly localized and rapidly performed, the portion of the wafer tape that does not receive pressure from the needle may begin to flex away from the surface of the die. This partial separation may thus cause the die to lose sufficient contact with the wafer tape, so as to be released from the wafer tape. Moreover, in an embodiment, the deflection of the wafer tape may be so minimal, as to maintain an entirety of the surface area of the die in contact with the wafer tape, while still causing the opposing surface of the die to extend beyond a plane of extension of the corresponding surface of the adjacent die to avoid unintentional transfer of the adjacent die. 
     In an embodiment, the transfer apparatus may include one or more bridge structures that hold a frame carrying the die substrate and the transfer mechanism assembly. Similar to other embodiments described herein, the die substrate may be wafer tape with semiconductor die attached thereto. The transfer mechanism assembly may include a pin actuator that is configured to actuate a pin that, when aligned, presses a die from the die substrate onto the product substrate. In some cases, the product substrate may be disposed on a stage that is configured to translate the product substrate in a first direction. The one or more bridge structures may also be configured to move, and therefore, move the die substrate and/or the transfer mechanism assembly in substantially the same first direction. In other words, the stage on which the product substrate sits may be movably disposed in the transfer apparatus and may be configured to move either manually and/or via computer-controlled motor(s). Similarly, the one or more bridge structures may be movably mounted on a set of rails of the transfer apparatus and may also be configured to move via computer-controlled motor(s). 
     Each of the bridges may have a rail or a track disposed thereon that extends substantially perpendicular to the set of rails on which the bridge structure is mounted. The transfer mechanism assembly and the frame carrying the die substrate may be mounted to a same bridge or each to a distinct bridge via the aforementioned rail or track, such that the frame carrying the die substrate and/or the transfer mechanism assembly are movable in a second direction that is substantially perpendicular to the first direction in which the bridge structure is movable. In this way, the bridge structures may be moved in a first direction independently of the movement of the frame carrying the die substrate and/or the transfer mechanism assembly in the second direction. 
     The one or more bridge structures, the frame carrying the die substrate, the transfer mechanism assembly, and/or the product substrate may be moved via computer-controlled motors, so that the transfer mechanism assembly is aligned with the next die to be transferred on the die substrate and the next transfer position on the product substrate. At this point, the pin of the transfer mechanism assembly may be actuated to apply pressure to the die substrate, on the backside of the next die to be transferred, to bring the die in contact with and transfer to the product substrate at the position where the die is to be placed on the product substrate. This process may be repeated until all of the die to be transferred onto the product substrate have been transferred from the die substrate (e.g., wafer tape) to the product substrate. 
     In an embodiment, the transfer apparatus may have a first bridge and second bridge (“bridges). Both the first bridge and the second bridge may be movable in a first direction (e.g., along a length or width of the product substrate) along a first rail and a second rail (“rails”), where the first rail and the second rail may be disposed on opposite sides, respectively, of a stage configured to hold the product substrate. Although for the purposes of this description the term “rail” is being used, it should be understood that any suitable guide for movement of the bridges in substantially a single direction (e.g., along the first direction, but not directions with orthogonal components to the first direction) is contemplated according to an embodiment. The bridges may have one or more motor(s) disposed thereon, respectively, to move the bridges along the rails. Alternatively, the bridges may be mechanically coupled to one or more motor(s), such as by way of cable, chain, and/or pulley, to enable movement along the rails. 
     The first bridge may include two leg portions that engage with the first and second rails, respectively, and a bridge portion that connects between the two leg portions. The bridge portion spans over the stage and/or the product substrate provided on the stage. The bridge portion of the first bridge may have a track or guide disposed along a portion of its length. This track may extend along the bridge portion in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first and second rails to which the first bridge may be movably mounted. The transfer mechanism assembly may be disposed movably along this track. The transfer mechanism assembly may be mechanically coupled to one or more computer-controlled motors, to move the transfer mechanism assembly along the track of the first bridge. In an embodiment, the transfer mechanism assembly may be disposed on the track such that the transfer mechanism assembly may be configured to move the full distance across (e.g., width) of the stage and/or the product substrate disposed on the stage. 
     Similar to the first bridge, the second bridge may also include two leg portions that engage with the first and second rails, respectively, and a bridge portion that connects between the two leg portions. The bridge portion spans over the stage and/or the product substrate provided on the stage. The bridge portion of the second bridge may also have a track or guide disposed along a portion of its length. This track may extend along the bridge portion in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first and second rails to which the second bridge may be movably mounted. The die substrate, as mounted on a frame or holder, may be disposed movably along this track of the second bridge. The die substrate may be mechanically coupled to one or more computer-controlled motors, to move the die substrate, as mounted on the die substrate frame, along the track of the second bridge. In an embodiment, the die substrate frame may be disposed on the track such that the die substrate may be configured to move the full distance across (e.g., width) of the stage and/or the product substrate disposed on the stage. 
     The two bridges, as well as the stage, the transfer mechanism assembly, and the die substrate may be moved via a controller to align a die on the die substrate to be transferred with a pin of the transfer mechanism assembly with a location on the product substrate where the die is to be placed. After this alignment, the pin of the transfer mechanism assembly may be actuated to push the die in contact with the product substrate (or the circuit trace on the product substrate, when appropriate) to transfer the die onto the product substrate. 
     According to an embodiment, a transfer apparatus may include more than one transfer mechanism assembly and more than one die substrate on each of the two bridge structures. This may allow for parallel processing (e.g., small movement of components followed by die transfer) of die being transferred to the product substrate. A transfer apparatus with multiple transfer mechanism assemblies and multiple corresponding die substrates may allow for assembly with different types of die. For example, a micro-sized LED of a particular color may be transferred from a first die substrate, while a micro-sized LED of a different color may be transferred from another die substrate. In another example, a lens or an electrically actuatable element (i.e., capacitor, transistor, controller, etc.) may be transferred from a first substrate, while an LED of any size or color may be transferred from a second substrate. 
     In an embodiment, a transfer apparatus may include less than or more than two bridge structures (e.g., one, three, four, five, etc.). For example, four bridge structures may be implemented where two sets of two bridge structures may be configured to operate in parallel to increase the throughput of product substrates output by the transfer apparatus. As described above, using multiple sets of transfer mechanism assemblies and die substrate holders may also enable diversity by transferring one type of lens or other electrically actuatable element from one set of bridge structures and transferring another type of lens or other electrically actuatable element from another set of bridge structures. It should additionally be understood that in any embodiment, a single bridge structure may implement both a transfer mechanism assembly and a die substrate holder, or where at least two bridge structures are implemented, the one or more transfer mechanism assemblies and the one or more die substrate holders may be distributed on adjacent bridge structures, respectively, of the transfer apparatus (i.e., a transfer mechanism assembly on a first bridge working with a die substrate holder on the adjacent bridge) such that the bridge structures move together to transfer die. 
     In an embodiment, one or more sensors may be implemented to assist the transfer apparatus in determining the precise transfer location and alignment of the components involved in the transfer. Further, a die map may be used to help guide the apparatus to determine which die on a given die substrate should be transferred according to the die quality or other die factors. Sensors and a die map may be implemented similarly as is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,633,883. 
     Die transfer rates using a transfer apparatus as described herein, in conjunction with multiple transfer mechanisms, as discussed in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/978,094, may permit for a significantly higher transfer rate than is available in the conventional machines. The die transfer rate is the number of die that are transferred per second by the apparatus, which rate may range from about 5-500 die, 50-400 die, 100-300 die, or 150-250 die, for example, placed per second 
     A simplified example of an embodiment of a direct transfer system  100  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The transfer system  100  may include a personal computer (PC)  102  (or server, data input device, user interface, etc.), a data store  104 , a wafer tape mechanism  106 , a product substrate mechanism  108 , and a transfer mechanism  110 . Inasmuch as a more detailed description of the wafer tape mechanism  106 , the product substrate mechanism  108 , the transfer mechanism  110 , has been given heretofore, specific details about these mechanisms is not repeated here. However, a brief description of how the wafer tape mechanism  106 , the product substrate mechanism  108 , the transfer mechanism  110 , relate to interactions between the PC  102  and the data store  104  is described hereafter. 
     In an embodiment, the PC  102  communicates with data store  104  to receive information and data useful in the transfer process of directly transferring die from a wafer tape in wafer tape mechanism  106  using the transfer mechanism  110  on to a product substrate in the product substrate mechanism  108  whereat the die may be attached to the product substrate. PC  102  may also serve as a receiver, compiler, organizer, and controller of data being relayed to and from each of the wafer tape mechanism  106 , the product substrate mechanism  108 , and the transfer mechanism  110 . PC  102  may further receive directed information from a user of the transfer system  100 . Note that, while  FIG. 1  depicts directional movement capability arrows adjacent to the wafer tape mechanism  106  and the product substrate mechanism  108 , those arrows merely indicate general directions for mobility, however, it is contemplated that both the wafer tape mechanism  106  and the product substrate mechanism  108  may also be configurable to move in other directions including rotation in plane, pitch, roll, and yaw, for example. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic view of an example transfer apparatus  200  with bridge apparatuses  230 ,  260  for transfer of die  272  from a die substrate  270  to a product substrate  210 . The transfer apparatus  200  may include a movable stage  202  configured to hold the product substrate  210 . The movable stage  202  may be configured to move in one or more directions (e.g., x-direction, y-direction, or both x and y-direction). In an embodiment, the movable stage  202  may also be configured to move up and down (e.g., in the z-direction). For example, the movable stage  202  may be configured, such as by coupling to a motor or other mechanical device, to move in direction  222 . 
     The product substrate  210  may be any suitable material (e.g., PCB, FR-4 board, paper, cardboard, glass, ceramic, plastic, tape, etc.), as described herein. The product substrate  210  may have previously transferred die  212 , such as semiconductor die, and/or circuit traces  214  disposed and/or formed thereon and/or therein. The die  212 , in an embodiment, may be disposed on the product substrate  210  according to the methods and apparatus as described herein. The circuit traces  214  may be of any suitable type and/or areal density. These circuit traces  214  may be conductive and configured to carry current, such as between a die  212  and one or more other elements of the product substrate  210 . 
     The product substrate  210  may further include alignment features  216 ,  218  of any suitable type, such as a tree structure  216  or a cross  218 . The alignment features  216 ,  218  may have known coordinates for a particular product substrate  210  that may be known to a controller, such as PC  102 . The alignment features  216 ,  218 , along with their known coordinates, may be used by the PC  102  to determine positions of various components of the transfer apparatus  200 . Thus, the alignment structures  216 ,  218  may be detected, such as by optical imaging, and used for aligning and/or orienting components of the transfer apparatus  200  to transfer die  272  onto the product substrate  210 . The product substrate  210  may further have positions and/or locations  220  where die are to be transferred. In some cases, the position  220  where die are to be transferred may be visually identifiable and may be identified by optical detection. Such visual indicia of the positions  220  where die are to be transferred may also be used to align components of the transfer apparatus  200  to transfer die  272  onto the product substrate  210 . The PC  102  may receive information about the product substrate  210 , such as die transfer positions  220  and/or alignment features  216 ,  218 , in the form of a product substrate data file. 
     The transfer apparatus  200  may further include a first bridge structure  230  and a second bridge structure  260 . The first bridge structure  230  may have a first leg  232 , a second leg  234 , and a bridge portion  236  disposed between the first leg  232  and the second leg  234 . The first bridge structure  230  may be configured to move along a first rail  290  and a second rail  292 . The legs  232 ,  234  may be movably coupled to the rails  290 ,  292  allowing the first bridge structure  230  to move along the first rail  290  and second rail  292 . 
     The first bridge structure  230  may have a rail and/or track  238  disposed along its bridge portion  236 . A transfer mechanism assembly  240 , as described herein, may be movably mounted on the track  238 . The track  238 , and therefore, the range of positions of the transfer mechanism assembly  240  may be the same or greater than a width of the product substrate  210  to enable transfer of die  272  onto any suitable location on the product substrate  210 . The transfer mechanism assembly  240  may have a pin  276  that can be actuated to extend outward from the transfer mechanism assembly  240  and retracted inward toward the transfer mechanism assembly  240 , as described herein. 
     The first bridge structure  230  may further include one or more motors  242 ,  244 ,  246 ,  248  to enable the first bridge structure  230  to move along the rails  290 ,  292  and to enable the transfer mechanism assembly  240  to move along track  238 . The motor  242  may be encased within the second leg  234 , such as within a housing of the second leg  234 , and the motor  244  may be encased within the first leg  234 . The motors  242 ,  244  may be computer controlled, such as by PC  102 , to exert force on the legs  232 ,  234  relative to the rails  290 ,  292  to move the first bridge structure along the rails  290 ,  292  along the direction  252 . The direction  252  may be the same direction as direction  222  along which the movable stage  202  may be configured to move. 
     Although the motors are depicted as disposed on the legs  232 ,  234 , it should be understood that any suitable coupling of the motors  242 ,  244  with the legs  232 ,  234  may be implemented to move the first bridge structure  230  along the rails  290 ,  292 . For example, there may be more than one motor  242 ,  244  per leg  232 ,  234  of the first bridge structure  230 . Additionally, in an embodiment, the motors  242 ,  244  may be located outside of the legs  232 ,  234  and coupled to each of the legs, respectively, via wire, cable, pulleys, etc. 
     The motors  246 ,  248  are coupled with transfer apparatus  200  to move the transfer mechanism assembly  240 . For example, motors  246 ,  248  may be disposed in and/or on the bridge portion  236  of the first bridge structure  230 . The transfer mechanism assembly  240  may be mechanically coupled to the motors  246 ,  248  by wire, cable, pulleys, etc. (not shown). The motors  246 ,  248  may be controlled by PC  102  to move the transfer mechanism assembly  240  along the length of the track  238 . The first bridge structure  230  may further include one or more sensors  250 , such as a linear sensor, for example. The sensor  250  may be configured to provide signals indicative of the position of the transfer mechanism assembly  240  along the track  238  of the first bridge structure  230 . The sensor  250  may be of any suitable type, such as a Hall effect sensor, a magnetic sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, a sonic sensor, etc. In some cases, sensors, such as an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based accelerometer) or any other suitable sensor may be disposed in or on the transfer mechanism assembly  240  to indicate the position of the transfer mechanism assembly  240 . In other cases, current and voltages input to and/or measured at the input of the motors  246 ,  248  may be used to determine the position of the transfer mechanism assembly  240  along the track  238  of the first bridge structure  230 . In some cases, a combination of the aforementioned mechanisms, for the purposes of greater precision, accuracy, and/or redundancy, may be used to determine the transfer mechanism assembly  240  position along the track  238  of the first bridge structure  230 . 
     It should be understood that a controller, such as the PC  102 , may receive signals from sensors  250 , a camera  298 , and/or any other suitable detectors and position the first bridge structure  230  at an intended location. This positioning may correspond to the next die  272  that is to be transferred onto the product substrate  210 . Additionally, the PC  102  may be configured to position the transfer mechanism assembly  240  along the track  238  of the first bridge structure  230 . In particular, the PC  102  may control one or more motors  242 ,  244 ,  246 ,  248  to position the first bridge structure  230  and the transfer mechanism assembly  240 . This positioning, as discussed herein, may also be based at least in part on one or more data files, such as data files indicating the locations on the product substrate  210  where die are to be placed and/or data files that indicate die locations and/or known good die on a die substrate  270 . 
     The second bridge structure  260 , in an embodiment, may be substantially similar to the first bridge structure  230 . The second bridge structure  260  may have a first leg  262 , a second leg  264 , and a bridge portion  266  disposed between the first leg  262  and the second leg  264 . The second bridge structure  260  may be configured to move along the first rail  290  and the second rail  292 . The legs  262 ,  264  may be movably coupled to the rails  290 ,  292  and may allow the second bridge structure  260  to move along the first rail  290  and second rail  292 . Since both the first bridge structure  230  and the second bridge structure  260  are coupled to the same rails  290 ,  292 , the movement of the first bridge structure  230  may be limited by the position of the second bridge structure  260  along the rails  290 ,  292  and vice versa. The second bridge structure may move along the same direction  282  as the movement direction  252  of the first bridge structure  230 . In other words, the movement of both the first bridge structure  230  and the second bridge structure  260  may be along the same direction (e.g., x-direction). 
     In an embodiment, the movement of the first bridge structure  230  and the second bridge structure  260  may span substantially the full length of the movable stage  202  and/or the product substrate  210 . This allows the first bridge structure  230  and the second bridge structure  260  to cooperate with each other to place die  272  on substantially the full surface of the product substrate  210 . 
     The second bridge structure  260  may have a track (obfuscated in this view) disposed along its bridge portion  266 . A die substrate frame  268 , holding a die substrate  270  with unpackaged die  272  thereon, may be movably mounted on the track of the second bridge structure  260 . The track, and therefore, the range of positions of the die substrate  270  may be the same or greater than a width of the product substrate  210  to enable transfer of die  272  onto any suitable location on the product substrate  210 . The die substrate  270 , as described herein, may be any suitable substrate, such as wafer tape, on which unpackaged die  272  that are to be transferred to the package substrate  210  are held. 
     The second bridge structure  260  may further include one or more motors  278 ,  280 ,  284 ,  286  to enable the second bridge structure  260  to move along the rails  290 ,  292  and/or to enable the die substrate  270  to move along the track of the second bridge structure  260 . The motor  278  may be encased within the first leg  262 , for example within a housing of the first leg  262 , and the motor  280  may be encased within the second leg  264 . The motors  278 ,  280  may be computer controlled via PC  102 , for example, to exert force on the legs  262 ,  264  relative to the rails  290 ,  292  to move the second bridge structure  260  along the rails  290 ,  292  in the direction  282 . In some cases, the direction  282  may be along the same direction  222  along which the movable stage  202  may be configured to move, as well as direction  252  along which the first bridge structure  230  is configured to move. 
     Although the motors  278 ,  280  are depicted at disposed in the legs  262 ,  264 , as in the case of the first bridge structure  230 , it should be understood that any suitable configuration of the motors  278 ,  280  relative to the legs  262 ,  264  may be used to move the second bridge structure  260  along the rails  290 ,  292 . For example, there may be more than one motor  278 ,  280  per leg  262 ,  264  of the second bridge structure  260 . Additionally, in some cases, the motors  278 ,  280  may be provided outside of the legs  262 ,  264  and coupled to the legs  262 ,  264 , such as by wire, cable, pulleys, etc. 
     The motors  284 ,  286  may be disposed in and/or on the bridge portion  266  of the second bridge structure  260 . The die substrate  270  may be mechanically coupled to the motors  284 ,  286  by wire, cable, pulleys, etc. (not shown). The motors  278 ,  280  may be controlled via PC  102 , to move the die substrate  270 , by way of the die substrate frame  268  on which the die substrate  270  is mounted, along the length of the track of the second bridge structure  260 . The second bridge structure  260  may further include one or more sensors  274 , depicted here as a linear sensor  274 . This sensor  274  may be substantially similar to the sensor  250  and may be configured to provide signals to the PC  102 , which signals are indicative of the location of the die substrate frame  268  and the die substrate  270  along the length of the bridge portion  266 . 
     Although the rails  290 ,  292  are depicted here as a housing with a slot  294 ,  296  therein, the rails  290 ,  292  may be of any suitable type. Indeed, any suitable guide, rail, track, or otherwise, may be used for the movement of the first bridge structure  230  and/or the second bridge structure  260 . The transfer apparatus  200  may also include the camera  298 , as discussed herein. Signals, such as image signals, may be processed by the PC  102  and used, in some cases in conjunction with signals from sensors  250 ,  274 , to control the movement of the bridge structures  230 ,  260 , the transfer mechanism assembly  240 , and/or the die substrate  270 . 
     The first bridge structure  230  and the second bridge structure may be moved, under the controller of PC  102 , along with the transfer mechanism assembly  240  and the die substrate  270  to bring a die to be transferred  272  in alignment with the pin  276  and a location  220  on the product substrate where the die  272  is to be placed. The PC  102  may perform this alignment by controlling the one or more motors  242 ,  244 ,  278 ,  280 ,  246 ,  248 ,  284 ,  286  or other suitable electromechanical devices. 
     It should be understood that under the control of a controller and based at least in part on information about the product substrate  210  and information about the die substrate  270 , a die  272  may be aligned with the pin  276  of the transfer mechanism assembly  240  and with the location on the product substrate where the die  272  is to be transferred. When these elements are aligned in two direction (e.g., the x and y directions), the pin  276  may be actuated under the control of the controller (e.g., PC  102 ) to push the die  272  in a third direction (e.g., the z direction) in contact with the location on the product substrate  210  where the die  272  is to be transferred. The actual occurrence of the transfer may be realized when the adhesive force between the die and the substrate to which the die is to be transferred becomes greater than the adhesive force of retention between the die and the substrate from which the die is being transferred. 
     It should be understood that the product substrate  210  and, therefore, the stage  202  may be of any suitable size to accommodate the production of current and next generation products. For example, die  272  (e.g., LEDs, micro-sized LEDs, ICs, electrically actuatable elements, etc.) may be attached to relatively small area substrates, such as those used for smart watch PCBs and smart watch displays, or as large as, for example, Gen 10.5 and beyond glass that may be 3.3 meters×2.9 meters in size. Indeed, the transfer apparatus  200  may be scaled in size to be optimized for the products manufactured thereon. 
     It should be understood that there may be an array of locations where the die  272 , the pin  276 , and the location  220  on the product substrate  220  could be aligned. Indeed, there are multiple movable elements (e.g., movable stage  202 , first bridge structure  230 , second bridge structure  260 , transfer mechanism assembly  240 , die substrate  270 , etc.) that may allow for a choice of an area (in the x and y-directions) where the transfer is to take place. This transfer point may be referred to as the alignment point and may be referenced to an initial reference frame, for which corresponding coordinates on a stage reference frame and/or bridge reference frame may be determined. This alignment point, therefore, may be a point in a fixed reference frame to which the product substrate  210 , the pin  276 , and the die  272  are to be aligned. Since there may be a choice in where the alignment point is located, various algorithms may be used to determine the alignment point for a particular die transfer process. This alignment point may be determined based at least in part on one or more parameters that may be optimized or thresholded, such as misalignment levels and/or transfer time. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic view of an example transfer apparatus  300  with multiple transfer mechanism assemblies  332 ,  334  on a first bridge  330  and multiple die substrates  342 ,  344  on a second bridge  340  for transfer of die  372  from the die substrates  370 ,  371  to a product substrate  310 . Each of the multiple transfer mechanism assemblies  332 ,  334  include a respective pin  376 ,  377 . The transfer apparatus  300  may be similar to the transfer apparatus  200  of  FIG. 2 . There may be some features and/or variations between transfer apparatus  300  and transfer apparatus  400  ( FIG. 4 ) that may be implemented in another example embodiment transfer apparatus. In other words, the disclosure herein contemplates any combination of the features discussed in association with transfer apparatus  200  and transfer apparatus  300 . 
     Like transfer apparatus  200 , transfer apparatus  300  may include a movable stage  302 . As depicted the movable stage  302  may be movable in a first direction and a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction (e.g., in an x-direction and y-direction  312 ). In other words, the movable stage  302  may be controlled via motors and/or other electromechanical devices in two directions. Alternatively, the movable stage  302  may be configured to only move in one direction like movable stage  202  of transfer apparatus  200  of  FIG. 2 . Regardless of the degrees of freedom of movement of the movable stage  302 , product substrate  310 , which may be substantially similar to product substrate  210  of  FIG. 2 , may be supported on movable stage  302 . 
     The transfer apparatus  300  may have a first bridge structure  330  and a second bridge structure  340 , the descriptions of which may be substantially similar to the first bridge structure  230  and second bridge structure  260  of  FIG. 2 , and in the interest of brevity, will not be repeated here. In the interest of more simplified drawings, the motors and certain other elements for moving the first bridge structure  330  and the second bridge structure  340  and elements attached thereto are not depicted, as they are in  FIG. 2 , but should be understood to be present. 
     The first bridge structure  330  may movably hold a first transfer mechanism assembly  332  and a second transfer mechanism assembly  334 . Similarly, the second bridge structure  340  may movably hold a first die substrate frame  342  and a second die substrate frame  344 . Having two transfer mechanism assemblies  332 ,  334  on the first bridge structure  330  and two die substrate frames  342 ,  344  may allow for parallel processing (e.g., small movement of components followed by die transfer) of die being transferred on the product substrate  310 . In an embodiment, this configuration with multiple transfer mechanism assemblies  332 ,  334  on the first bridge structure  330  and multiple corresponding die substrate frames  342 ,  344  on the second bridge structure  340  may allow for die transfer with different types of die. For example, a micro-sized LED of a particular color may be transferred from a first die substrate, while a micro-sized LED of a different color may be transferred from another die substrate. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic view of an example transfer apparatus  400  with more than two bridge apparatuses  430 ,  440 ,  450 ,  460  for transfer of die from more than one die substrate frame  442 ,  452  to a product substrate  410 . Like transfer apparatus  200 , transfer apparatus  400  may include a movable stage  402  configured to hold the product substrate  410  thereon. The movable stage may be configured to move in a single direction  412 , as depicted, or alternatively in two directions (e.g., x-direction and y-direction). 
     The transfer apparatus  400  may have a first bridge structure  430  and a second bridge structure  440 , as well as a third bridge structure  450 , and a fourth bridge structure  460 , the descriptions of which may be substantially similar to the first bridge structure  230  and second bridge structure  260  of  FIG. 2 , and in the interest of brevity, will not be repeated here. In the interest of more simplified drawings, the motors and certain other elements for moving the bridge structures  430 ,  440 ,  450 ,  460  and elements attached thereto are not depicted, as they are in  FIG. 2 , but should be understood to be present. 
     The first bridge structure  430  may movably hold a first transfer mechanism assembly  432  and the second bridge structure  440  may movably hold a first die substrate frame  442 . Similarly, the third bridge structure  450  may movably hold a second die substrate frame  452  and the fourth bridge structure  460  may movably hold a second transfer mechanism assembly  462 . Each of the first transfer mechanism assembly  432  and the second transfer mechanism assembly  462  include respective pins  476  (the pin of the first transfer mechanism assembly  432  is obscured by the fourth bridge structure  460 . The multiple transfer mechanism assemblies  432 ,  462  are associated with for transfer of die  472  from the die substrates  470 ,  471  to the product substrate  410 . 
     The bridge structures  430 ,  440 ,  450 ,  460  may be configured to operate in parallel to increase the throughput of product assembled by the transfer apparatus  400 . In an embodiment, this configuration may also enable die diversity by transferring one type of die from one set of bridge structures  430 ,  440  and transferring another type of die from another set of bridge structures  450 ,  460 . It should additionally be understood that embodiments may include more than two bridge structures, as well as more than one transfer mechanism assembly and/or die substrate movably coupled to one or more of the bridge structures of the transfer apparatus. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of a processed product substrate  500 . A product substrate  502  may include a first portion of a circuit trace  504 A, which may perform as a negative or positive power terminal when power is applied thereto. A second portion of the circuit trace  504 B may extend adjacent to the first portion of the circuit trace  504 A, and may act as a corresponding positive or negative power terminal when power is applied thereto. 
     As similarly described above with respect to the wafer tape, in order to determine where to convey the product substrate  502  to perform the transfer operation, the product substrate  502  may have a bar code (not shown) or other identifier, which is read or otherwise detected. The identifier may provide circuit trace data to the apparatus. The product substrate  502  may further include datum points  506 . Datum points  506  may be visual indicators for sensing to locate the first and second portions of the circuit trace  504 A,  504 B. Once the datum points  506  are sensed, a shape and relative position of the first and second portions of the circuit trace  504 A,  504 B with respect to the datum points  506  may be determined based on preprogrammed information. 
     Additionally, die  508  are depicted in  FIG. 5  as straddling between the first and second portions of the circuit trace  504 A,  504 B. In this manner, the electrical contact terminals (not shown) of the die  508  may be bonded to the product substrate  502  during a transfer operation, such as by transfer apparatuses  200 ,  300 ,  400 . Accordingly, power may be applied to run between the first and second portions of the circuit trace  504 A,  504 B, and thereby powering die  508 . For example, the die may be unpackaged LEDs that were directly transferred from a wafer tape to the circuit trace on the product substrate  502 . Thereafter, the product substrate  502  may be processed for completion of the product substrate  502  and used in a circuit or other final product. Further, other components of a circuit may be added by the same or other mechanism of transfer to create a complete circuit, and may include control logic to control LEDs as one or more groups in some static or programmable or adaptable fashion. 
     A method  600  of executing a direct transfer process, in which one or more die is directly transferred from a die substrate, such as wafer tape, to a product substrate, is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The processes of the method  600  described herein may not be in any particular order and as such may be executed in any satisfactory order to achieve a desired product state. The method  600  may include a step  602  of loading transfer process data into a PC  102  and/or a data store. The transfer process data may include data such as die map data, circuit CAD files data, and/or needle profile data. 
     An operation of loading a wafer tape onto a wafer tape frame mechanism  604  may also be included in method  600 . Loading the wafer tape into the wafer tape frame, such as die substrate frames  268 ,  342 ,  344 ,  442 ,  452 , may include controlling the die frame to move to a load position. In other embodiments, loading the wafer tape into the wafer tape frame may not require moving the wafer tape frame to a load position. The wafer tape, such as die substrate  270 , may be secured in the wafer tape frame mechanism in the load position. The wafer tape may be loaded so that the die of the semiconductor, such as die  272 , are facing downward toward the product substrate conveyor mechanism. 
     The method  600  may further include a step  606  of preparing the product substrate to load into the product substrate stage. Preparing the product substrate may include a step of screen printing a circuit trace on the product substrate according to the pattern of the CAD files being loaded into the PC or data store. Additionally, datum points may be printed onto the circuit substrate in order to assist in the transfer process. The product substrate stage, such as stage  202 , may be controlled to move to a load position, whereat the product substrate, such as product substrate  210 , may be loaded into the product substrate stage. The product substrate may be loaded so that the circuit trace faces toward the die on the wafer. In an embodiment, for example, the product substrate may be delivered and placed in the load position by a conveyor (not shown) or other automated mechanism, such as in the style of an assembly line. Alternatively, the product substrate may be manually loaded by an operator. 
     Once the product substrate is properly loaded onto the movable stage and the wafer tape is properly loaded into the wafer tape frame, a program to control the direct transfer of the die from the wafer tape to the circuit trace of the product substrate may be executed via the PC  102  to initiate the direct transfer operation  608 . The details of the direct transfer operation are described herein. 
     A method  700  of the direct transfer operation of causing die to be transferred directly from the wafer tape (or other substrate holding die, also called a “die substrate” for simplified description of  FIG. 7 ) to the product substrate is illustrated in  FIG. 7 . The operations of the method  700  described herein may not be in any particular order and as such may be executed in any satisfactory order to achieve a desired product state. 
     In order to determine which die to place on the product substrate and where to place the die on the product substrate, the PC  102  may receive input regarding the identification of the product substrate and the identification of the die substrate containing the die to be transferred  702 . This input may be entered manually by a user, or the PC  102  may send a request to the cell managers in control, respectively, of the product substrate alignment sensor and the die detector. The request may instruct the sensor to scan the loaded substrate for an identification marker, such as a barcode or QR code; and/or the request may instruct the detector to scan the loaded die substrate for an identification marker, such as a barcode or QR code. 
     Using the product substrate identification input, the PC  102  may query the data store or other memory to match the respective identification markers of the product substrate and the die substrate and retrieve the associated data files  704 . In particular, the PC  102  may retrieve a circuit CAD file associated with the product substrate that describes the pattern of the circuit trace on the product substrate. The circuit CAD file may further contain data such as the number of, relative positions of, and respective quality requirement of, the die to be transferred to the circuit trace. Likewise, the PC may retrieve a die map data file associated with the die substrate that provides a map of the relative locations of the specific die on the die substrate. 
     In the process of executing a transfer of a die to the product substrate, the PC  102  may determine the initial orientation of the product substrate and the die substrate relative to the transfer mechanism and the fixing mechanism  706 . Within process  706 , the PC  102  may instruct the substrate alignment sensor to locate datum points on the product substrate. As discussed above, the datum points may be used as reference markers for determining the relative location and orientation of the circuit trace on the product substrate. Further, the PC  102  may instruct the die detector to locate one or more reference points on the die substrate to determine the outlay of the die. 
     Once the initial orientation of the product substrate and die substrate are determined, the PC  102  may instruct the respective product substrate and die substrate conveyance mechanisms to orient the product substrate and die substrate, respectively, into a position of alignment with the transfer mechanism and the fixing mechanism  708 . 
     The alignment step  708  may include determining the location of the portion of the circuit trace to which a die is to be transferred  710 , and where the portion is located relative to the transfer fixing position  712 . The transfer fixing position may be considered to be the point of alignment between the transfer mechanism and the product substrate. Based on the data determined in steps  710  and  712 , the PC  102  may instruct the product substrate conveyance mechanism to convey the product substrate so as to align the portion of the circuit trace to which a die is to be transferred with the transfer fixing position  714 . 
     The alignment step  708  may further include determining which die on the die substrate will be transferred  716 , and where the die is located relative to the transfer fixing position  718 . Based on the data determined in steps  716  and  718 , the PC  102  may instruct the wafer tape conveyance mechanism to convey the die substrate so as to align the die to be transferred with the transfer fixing position  720 . 
     Once the die to be transferred from the die substrate and the portion of the circuit trace to which a die is to be transferred are aligned with the transfer mechanism, the needle may be actuated  722  to effectuate the transfer of the die from the die substrate to the product substrate. 
     After a die is transferred, the PC  102  may determine whether additional die are to be transferred  724 . In the case where another die is to be transferred, the PC may revert to step  708  and realign the product and die substrates accordingly for a subsequent transfer operation. In the case where there will not be another die transferred, the transfer process is ended  726 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a method  800  of a die transfer process from a die substrate held by a first bridge and a transfer mechanism assembly held by a second bridge, according to an embodiment of this application. Method  800  may be performed by any suitable controller of the transfer apparatus  200 ,  300 ,  400 , such as PC  102 . 
     At block  802 , a product substrate location where a die is to be transferred may be determined based at least in part on product substrate information. In an embodiment, the locations for die attachment may be indicated in a data file corresponding to the product substrate information. For example, coordinates on the product substrate may be indicated where the die are to be transferred on to the product substrate. Additionally, or alternatively, image data, such as from a video camera or other image sensor may indicate visible and/or optical indicia (e.g., an orange line) where a die is to be transferred. 
     At block  804 , the die that is to be transferred to the product substrate location may be determined based at least in part on die substrate information. The die substrate information may be in a die substrate information data file that provides a map and/or otherwise indicates coordinates on the die substrate where the die are located. Additionally, in an embodiment, the die substrate information may include an indication of known good die, or at least suspected good die, on the die substrate. This way, known bad die or suspected bad die can be avoided from being transferred on to the product substrate. In some cases, the next die to be transferred may be selected as the next good die on the die substrate as proceeding in a rastered progression. 
     At block  806 , the product substrate may be positioned by moving a movable stage. The location on the product substrate where the die is to be attached may be moved to a particular alignment position where the die to be attached and the pin of the transfer mechanism assembly may be moved. In some cases, the product substrate may only be moved in a single direction (e.g., x-direction), and in other cases, the product substrate may be moved in two directions (e.g., x-direction and y-direction). In some further cases, the product substrate on the movable stage may not be moved at all. As discussed herein, movement of the stage may be by way of one or more motors or other electromechanical components controlled by a controller of the transfer apparatus. In an embodiment, the positioning of the stage, and thereby the determination of an alignment location where the die transfer is performed, may be based at least in part on optimizing one or more parameters and/or by requiring one or more parameters to meet certain criteria. For example, the alignment point may be selected in a manner that optimizes expected transfer accuracy and/or expected transfer time. 
     At block  808 , a first bridge may be moved to position a die substrate holding the die in a first direction relative to the product substrate. This movement may be performed by controlling one or more motors or other electromechanical devices configured to move the first bridge along a pair of rails. At block  810 , the die substrate may be moved along a bridge portion of the first bridge in a second direction to align the die with the product substrate location where the die is to be transferred. This movement may be performed by controlling one or more motors or other electromechanical devices configured to move the die substrate frame or holder along track of the first bridge. 
     At block  812 , a second bridge may be moved to position a transfer mechanism assembly in the first direction relative to the product substrate. In an embodiment, this may entail controlling one or more motors or other electromechanical components to move the second bridge to a designated position corresponding to aligning the die with the transfer mechanism assembly with the location on the product substrate where the die is to be attached. At block  814 , the transfer mechanism assembly may be moved along a bridge portion of the second bridge to align a pin of the transfer mechanism assembly with the die and the product substrate location where the die is to be attached. This movement may be performed by controlling one or more motors or other electromechanical devices configured to move the die substrate frame or holder along track of the first bridge. At block  816 , the pin may be actuated to transfer the die from the die substrate onto the product substrate location where the die is to be attached. This pin may push the die into a position to transfer onto the product substrate. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a method  900  to determine a location for a die transfer process based at least in part on one or more parameter criteria and/or optimization, according to an embodiment of this application. Method  900  may be performed by any suitable controller of the transfer apparatus  200 ,  300 ,  400 , such as PC  102 . 
     At block  902 , one or more parameters to optimize and/or meet a criterion may be identified. For example, parameters and criterion may include expected alignment accuracy and/or expected transfer time. In some transfer situations, one parameter may be optimized, while in other transfer situations, multiple parameters may be optimized. For example, parameters of a combined metric (e.g., minimize the function f(transfer_time [in seconds], misalignment [in microns])=2*transfer_time+misalignment) may be optimized. In yet other transfer situations, one or more parameters may be compared to a threshold (e.g., transfer time&lt;0.7 seconds, and misalignment&lt;15 microns) to determine if a criterion is met. In still other transfer situations, one parameter may be compared to a threshold to meet an acceptable value for that parameter while one or more other parameters may be optimized (e.g., minimize misalignment without letting transfer time exceed 300 msec). 
     At block  904 , one or more functions may be identified to model the one or more parameters. These functions may be of any suitable type. For example, the one or more functions may be empirically developed by using measurement data. One example of an empirically developed function may be a function that models the misalignment of a die as a function of how much a transfer mechanism assembly moves and/or a die substrate frame moves in the x-direction and the y-direction from an initial position to a die transfer position. Another example may be a fitted model of empirical data about the time it takes to perform a die transfer as a function of the distance traveled by the transfer assembly mechanism and/or the die substrate frame. At block  906 , a current location of the transfer mechanism assembly, a current location of the die substrate, a current location of the product substrate, and the product substrate location where the die is to be transferred may be identified. 
     At block  908 , an alignment point may be determined based at least in part on the one or more functions, the current location of the transfer mechanism assembly, the current location of the die substrate, the current location of the product substrate, and the product substrate location where the die is to be transferred. The alignment point may be referenced to an initial reference frame, for which corresponding coordinates on a stage reference frame and/or bridge reference frame may be determined. This alignment point, therefore, may be a point in a fixed reference frame to which the product substrate, the pin of the transfer assembly mechanism, and the die to be transferred are to be aligned. In an embodiment, the alignment point may be determined by optimizing the movement of the transfer mechanism assembly and/or the die substrate frame to minimize expected misalignment and/or transfer time according to the functions as identified by the operations of block  904 . 
     CONCLUSION 
     Although several embodiments have been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the claims are not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as illustrative forms of implementing the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the use of the term “may” herein is used to indicate the possibility of certain features being used in one or more various embodiments, but not necessarily in all embodiments.