Patent Publication Number: US-2022223666-A1

Title: Display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

Description:
This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0002584, filed on Jan. 8, 2021, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the content of which in its entirety is herein incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     One or more embodiments relate to a display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the display apparatus, and more particularly, to a display apparatus with improved light efficiency while preventing damage to a display apparatus when a substrate is deformed and a method of manufacturing the display apparatus. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Display apparatuses may visually display data. A display apparatus may be used as a display unit of a small-sized product such as a mobile phone or may be used as a display unit of a large-sized product such as a television. 
     Recently, as the use of display apparatuses has diversified, various attempts have been made to improve the quality and function of display apparatuses. Particularly, research and development has been actively conducted on flexible display apparatuses that may be folded or rolled in a roll shape, stretchable display apparatuses that may be changed into various forms, and the like. 
     SUMMARY 
     One or more embodiments include a display apparatus with improved light efficiency while preventing damage to a display apparatus when a substrate is deformed and a method of manufacturing the display apparatus. 
     According to an embodiment, a display apparatus includes a substrate including a first area and a plurality of second areas extending from the first area in different directions from each other, a light emitting device disposed on the first area, where the light emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an intermediate layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, a first organic layer which is disposed on the first area and extends such that the light emitting device is disposed in an inside thereof, where a distance from an upper surface of the first organic layer to an upper surface of the substrate is greater than a distance from an upper surface of the first electrode to the upper surface of the substrate, and a disconnection portion disposed on the first organic layer, where the disconnection portion includes a tip, an edge of an upper surface of which more protrudes in a direction away from a center of the first organic layer than an edge of the upper surface of the first organic layer. 
     According to an embodiment, the intermediate layer may include a functional layer, and the functional layer may cover the first area and may include a portion disposed on the disconnection portion and disconnected by the tip. 
     According to an embodiment, the second electrode may cover the first area and may include a portion disposed on the disconnection portion and disconnected by the tip. 
     According to an embodiment, the display apparatus may further include a pixel definition layer disposed on the first electrode, where a pixel opening may be defined through the pixel definition layer to expose a portion of the upper surface of the first electrode, and the first organic layer and the pixel definition layer may include a same material as each other and may have a same layer structure as each other. 
     According to an embodiment, the display apparatus may further include a pixel definition layer disposed on the first electrode, where a pixel opening may be defined through the pixel definition layer to expose a portion of the upper surface of the first electrode, and an additional organic layer disposed on the pixel definition layer, where an opening may be defined through the additional organic layer to overlap the pixel opening, where the first organic layer and the additional organic layer may include a same material as each other and may have a same layer structure as each other. 
     According to an embodiment, the disconnection portion may include a first portion which covers at least a portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, where a shape of a lower surface of the first portion may be substantially the same as a shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, a second portion which extends from an end of the first portion to an edge of the first organic layer, where a shape of a lower surface of the second portion may be substantially the same as the shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, and a third portion extending from an end of the second portion in a direction away from the first organic layer. 
     According to an embodiment, the disconnection portion may include a first portion which covers at least a portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, where a shape of a lower surface of the first portion may be substantially the same as a shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, and a second portion which extends from another end of the first portion in a direction away from the first organic layer, where a lower surface of the second portion may be spaced apart from the upper surface of the first organic layer. 
     According to an embodiment, the display apparatus may further include an encapsulation layer covering an upper surface of the second electrode, a side surface of the first organic layer, and a side surface of the disconnection portion, where the encapsulation layer may include an inorganic encapsulation layer and an organic encapsulation layer. 
     According to an embodiment, the display apparatus may further include a power supply line disposed on at least one of the plurality of second areas and extending toward the first area, and a connection electrode disposed on the first area and electrically connected to the second electrode and the power supply line. 
     According to an embodiment, the display apparatus may further include a second organic layer covering at least a portion of the connection electrode and at least a portion of the first electrode, wherein the disconnection portion may not overlap the second organic layer. 
     According to an embodiment, a method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes providing a first electrode over a first area of a substrate, providing an organic material layer covering the first area and patterning the organic material layer to form a first organic layer which extends such that the first electrode is located in an inside thereof, where a distance from an upper surface of the first organic layer to an upper surface of the substrate is greater than a distance from an upper surface of the first electrode to the upper surface of the substrate, providing a sacrificial material layer covering the first area and patterning the sacrificial material layer to form a sacrificial layer through which an opening is defined to expose the upper surface of the first organic layer, providing an inorganic material layer covering the first area and patterning the inorganic material layer to form a disconnection portion disposed on the first organic layer, where the disconnection portion includes a tip, an edge of an upper surface of which more protrudes in a direction away from a center of the first organic layer than an edge of the upper surface of the first organic layer, removing the sacrificial layer, and providing an intermediate layer covering the first area and a second electrode covering the intermediate layer. 
     According to an embodiment, the intermediate layer may include are functional layer, and the functional layer may include a portion disposed on the disconnection portion and disconnected by the tip. 
     According to an embodiment, the second electrode may include a portion disposed on the disconnection portion and disconnected by the tip. 
     According to an embodiment, the providing the first organic layer may include patterning the organic material layer to form the first organic layer and a pixel definition layer disposed on the first electrode, where a pixel opening may be defined through the pixel definition layer to expose a portion of the upper surface of the first electrode. 
     According to an embodiment, the method may further include providing a pixel definition layer disposed on the first electrode, where a pixel opening is defined through the pixel definition layer to expose a portion of the upper surface of the first electrode, where the providing the first organic layer may include patterning the organic material layer to form the first organic layer and an additional organic layer disposed on the pixel definition layer, where an opening may be defined through the additional organic layer to overlap the pixel opening. 
     According to an embodiment, the providing the sacrificial layer may include performing a patterning process by aligning a mask such that an edge of an opening of the mask matches an edge of the first organic layer. 
     According to an embodiment, the disconnection portion may include a first portion which covers at least a portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, where a shape of a lower surface of the first portion may be substantially the same as a shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, a second portion which extends from an end of the first portion to an edge of the first organic layer, where a shape of a lower surface of the second portion may be substantially the same as the shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, and a third portion extending from an end of the second portion in a direction away from the first organic layer. 
     According to an embodiment, the providing the sacrificial layer may include performing a patterning process by aligning a mask such that an edge of an opening of the mask is closer to the center of the first organic layer than an edge of the first organic layer. 
     According to an embodiment, the disconnection portion may include a first portion which covers at least a portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, where a shape of a lower surface of the first portion is may be substantially the same as a shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the first organic layer, and a second portion which extends from an end of the first portion in a direction away from the first organic layer, where a lower surface of the second portion may be spaced apart from the upper surface of the first organic layer. 
     According to an embodiment, the method may further include providing an encapsulation layer covering an upper surface of the second electrode, a side surface of the first organic layer, and a side surface of the disconnection portion, where the encapsulation layer may include an inorganic encapsulation layer and an organic encapsulation layer. 
     Other features of embodiments of the invention other than those described above will become apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawings. 
     Also, these general and particular features of the embodiments of the invention may be implemented by using systems, methods, computer programs, or any combinations of systems, methods, and computer programs. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other features of certain embodiments will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a plan view schematically illustrating a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 1B  is an enlarged view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2  is an enlarged plan view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 1A  in an alternate configuration; 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view schematically illustrating a structure over a basic unit included in a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel included in a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 5A  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 5B  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 5C  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to another alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 7 to 12  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a portion of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 13A to 13C  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a process of forming a disconnection portion according to an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 14 to 16  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a portion of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 17 to 21  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a portion of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 22  is a perspective view schematically illustrating a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 23A to 23C  are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a portion of the display apparatus of  FIG. 22 ; 
         FIG. 24  is a plan view schematically illustrating a display panel included in the display apparatus of  FIG. 22 ; 
         FIG. 25  is an enlarged plan view schematically illustrating a portion of the display panel of  FIG. 24 ; 
         FIG. 26  is an enlarged plan view schematically illustrating a portion of the display panel of  FIG. 24 ; 
         FIG. 27A  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to an embodiment; 
         FIG. 27B  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to an alternative embodiment; and 
         FIG. 27C  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to another alternative embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various embodiments are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms, and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
     It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, “a first element,” “component,” “region,” “layer” or “section” discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings herein. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, “a”, “an,” “the,” and “at least one” do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are intended to include both the singular and plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, “an element” has the same meaning as “at least one element,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. “At least one” is not to be construed as limiting “a” or “an.” “Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element&#39;s relationship to another element as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The term “lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below. 
     Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience of description. In other words, because the sizes and thicknesses of elements in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of description, the disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     When a certain embodiment may be implemented differently, a particular process order may be performed differently from the described order. For example, two consecutively described processes may be performed substantially at the same time or may be performed in an order opposite to the described order. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “connected to” another layer, region, or component, it may be “directly connected to” the other layer, region, or component or may be “indirectly connected to” the other layer, region, or component with one or more intervening layers, regions, or components therebetween. For example, it will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “electrically connected to” another layer, region, or component, it may be “directly electrically connected to” the other layer, region, or component and/or may be “indirectly electrically connected to” the other layer, region, or component with one or more intervening layers, regions, or components therebetween. 
     The x axis, the y axis, and the z axis are not limited to three axes of the rectangular coordinate system and may be interpreted in a broader sense. For example, the x axis, the y axis, and the z axis may be perpendicular to one another or may represent different directions that are not perpendicular to one another. 
     Embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims. 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG. 1A  is a plan view schematically illustrating a display apparatus  1  according to an embodiment,  FIG. 1B  is an enlarged view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 1A , and  FIG. 2  is an enlarged plan view of the encircled portion of  FIG. 1A  in an alternate configuration. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1A , the display apparatus  1  may include a substrate  100  and a display unit  200  disposed on or located over the substrate  100 . 
     In an embodiment, the substrate  100  may include various materials such as glass, metal, or organic material. In an alternative embodiment, the substrate  100  may include a flexible material. In one embodiment, for example, the substrate  100  may include ultra-thin flexible glass (e.g., a thickness of tens to hundreds of μm) or polymer resin. In an embodiment where the substrate  100  includes polymer resin, the substrate  100  may include polyimide. Alternatively, the substrate  100  may include polyethersulfone, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate, cellulose triacetate, and/or cellulose acetate propionate. 
     In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the substrate  100  may include a plurality of first areas  101  spaced apart from each other, a plurality of second areas  102  connecting the plurality of first areas  101  to each other, and a plurality of separation areas V defined through the substrate  100  between the plurality of second areas  102 . 
     Each of the plurality of first areas  101  may have an isolated shape and may be an isolated area. The first areas  101  may be arranged apart from each other. Although  FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrates an embodiment where the first area  101  has an approximately a cross-like (“+”) shape, the disclosure is not limited thereto and the shape of the first area  101  may be variously modified. The plurality of first areas  101  may form or constitute a grid pattern by being repeatedly arranged in a first direction (e.g., x direction) and a second direction (e.g., y direction) intersecting with the first direction. In an embodiment, the first direction and the second direction may be perpendicular to each other. In an alternative embodiment, the first direction and the second direction may form an obtuse angle or an acute angle therebetween. 
     In an embodiment, a display unit  200  may be disposed on or located over each of the plurality of first areas  101 . The display unit  200  may include at least one pixel, and the pixel may include a light emitting device that emits light in the visible band. In one embodiment, for example, a red pixel, a green pixel, a blue pixel, and/or a white pixel may be arranged on each of the first areas  101 . 
     The plurality of second areas  102  may be a portion that connects the adjacent first areas  101  to each other. Each of the second areas  102  may be connected to a first area  101  and another first area  101  arranged adjacent thereto. In an embodiment, each of the first areas  101  may be connected to four second areas  102  extending in different directions and may be connected to the adjacent first areas  101  through the second areas  102 . In one embodiment, for example, a first area  101  may be connected to four first areas  101  arranged in a direction surrounding the first area  101 . In an alternative embodiment, the plurality of first areas  101  and the plurality of second areas  102  may be integrally formed with each other as a single unitary unit. 
     Hereinafter, for convenience of description, one first area  101  and the second areas  102  connected thereto will be defined as one basic unit U. The basic unit U may be repeatedly arranged in the first direction and the second direction, and the substrate  100  may be understood as being formed by connecting the repeatedly-arranged basic units U to each other. Two basic units U adjacent to each other may be symmetrical to each other. In one embodiment, for example, two basic units U adjacent to each other in the horizontal direction may be horizontally symmetrical with respect to a symmetry axis that is located therebetween and is parallel to the y direction. In such an embodiment, two basic units U adjacent to each other in the vertical direction may be vertically symmetrical with respect to a symmetry axis that is located therebetween and is parallel to the x direction. 
     Among a plurality of basic units U, adjacent basic units U, for example, four basic units U illustrated in  FIG. 1B  may form a closed curve CL therebetween. The closed curve CL may define a separation area V that is an empty space. In one embodiment, for example, the separation area V may be defined by the closed curve CL formed by edges of a plurality of first areas  101  and edges of a plurality of second areas  102 . 
     The separation areas V may penetrate or be defined through the upper and lower surfaces of the substrate  100 . The substrate  100  and the components over the substrate  100  may not be arranged in the separation areas V. In such an embodiment, as a display panel includes the separation areas V, a weight of the display panel may be reduced and flexibility of the display panel may be improved. In such an embodiment, when an external force (e.g., a curving, bending, or pulling force) is applied to the display panel, the shape of the separation areas V may change. Accordingly, when the display panel is deformed, stress generated therein due to the deformation may be easily reduced to prevent abnormal deformation of the display panel and improve the durability thereof. 
     The arrangement of the first area  101  and the second areas  102  included in the basic unit U may vary. Particularly, when an external force, such as a pulling force (i.e., a force for pulling the substrate  100 ), is applied to the substrate  100 , the angle between the edge of the first area  101  and the edge of the second area  102  and the area or shape of the separation area V may be changed. 
       FIG. 1B  shows a shape of the substrate  100  when an external force is not applied thereto, and  FIG. 2  shows a shape of the substrate  100  stretched in the first direction and the second direction when the external force is applied thereto. Referring to  FIGS. 1B and 2 , when an external force is applied to the substrate  100 , the angle between the edge of the first area  101  and the edge of the second area  102  may increase from  8  to  8 ′ and a separation area V′ having a changed area and/or shape may be formed. Accordingly, each of the first areas  101  may rotate at a certain angle, and the distance between the first areas  101  may change. In one embodiment, for example, a first distance between the first areas  101  may change from d 1  to d 1 ′, and a second distance between the first areas  101  may change from d 2  to d 2 ′. In such an embodiment, the change in the distance between the first areas  101  may vary by position. 
     In an embodiment, when a pulling force is applied to the substrate  100 , because a stress may be concentrated on the second area  102  connected to the edge of the first area  101 , a closed curve CL defining a separation area V may include a curve to prevent damage to the display panel. 
       FIG. 3  is a plan view schematically illustrating a structure over a basic unit included in a display apparatus according to an embodiment, and  FIG. 4  is an equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel included in a display apparatus according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , pixels each including a light emitting device may be arranged over the first area  101  of the substrate  100 . Light emitted from the light emitting device may be provided through an emission area having a certain area in the plan view.  FIG. 3  illustrates an emission area of each of the pixels over a basic unit. In one embodiment, for example, a red emission area EAr, a blue emission area EAb, and a green emission area EAg may be disposed on or located over the first area  101 . 
     In an embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , each of the pixels may include a pixel circuit PC and a light emitting device electrically connected to the pixel circuit PC. In an embodiment, the light emitting device may include an organic light emitting diode, an inorganic light emitting diode, or a quantum dot light emitting diode. Hereinafter, for convenience of description, embodiments where each of the pixels includes an organic light emitting diode OLED as a light emitting device will be described in detail. 
     The pixel circuit PC may include a first thin film transistor T 1 , a second thin film transistor T 2 , and a storage capacitor Cst. Each pixel may emit, for example, red, green, or blue light or red, green, blue, or white light from the organic light emitting diode OLED. As a switching thin film transistor, the second transistor T 2  may be connected to a scan line SL and a data line DL and may be configured to transmit a data voltage input from the data line DL to the first thin film transistor T 1  in response to a switching voltage input from the scan line SL. The storage capacitor Cst may be connected to the second thin film transistor T 2  and a driving voltage line PL and may be configured to store a voltage corresponding to the difference between a voltage received from the second thin film transistor T 2  and a first power voltage ELVDD supplied to the driving voltage line PL. 
     As a driving thin film transistor, the first thin film transistor T 1  may be connected to the driving voltage line PL and the storage capacitor Cst and may be configured to control a driving current flowing from the driving voltage line PL through the organic light emitting diode OLED in response to a voltage value stored in the storage capacitor Cst. The organic light emitting diode OLED may emit light with a certain brightness corresponding to the driving current. A second electrode (e.g., a cathode) of the organic light emitting diode OLED may be supplied with a second power voltage ELVSS. 
     Although  FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment where the pixel circuit PC includes two thin film transistors T 1  and T 2  and a single storage capacitor Cst, the disclosure is not limited thereto. In embodiments of the invention, the number of thin film transistors and the number of storage capacitors may be variously modified according to the design of the pixel circuit PC. 
     In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the pixels over the first area  101  may be entirely surrounded by an inorganic contact area ICA. In such an embodiment, when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the upper surface (or a thickness direction) of the substrate  100 , the inorganic contact area ICA may entirely surround the emission areas. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the red emission area EAr of a red pixel, the blue emission area EAb of a blue pixel, and the green emission area EAg of a green pixel are entirely surrounded by the inorganic contact area ICA in the plan view; however, the disclosure is not limited thereto. In embodiments, the number and arrangement of pixels arranged over the first area  101  and surrounded by the inorganic contact area ICA may be variously modified according to design. 
     The inorganic contact area ICA may be an area formed by directly contacting at least two layers including an inorganic material and may prevent external moisture from penetrating into the light emitting device included in each pixel. The inorganic contact area ICA may extend along the edge of the first area  101 , and the pixels may be arranged inside the inorganic contact area ICA. In an embodiment, a second electrode connection portion (hereinafter referred to as a connection portion) CECNP for applying a certain voltage to the second electrode of each organic light emitting diode OLED may be included inside the inorganic contact area ICA. 
       FIG. 5A  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to an embodiment,  FIG. 5B  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to an alternative embodiment, and  FIG. 5C  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to another alternative embodiment.  FIGS. 5A to 5C  may correspond to cross-sectional views of the display apparatus taken along line I-I′ of  FIG. 3 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5A to 5C , in an embodiment, the substrate  100  may include a base layer and a barrier layer. In an embodiment, the substrate  100  may include a first base layer  100   a , a first barrier layer  100   b , a second base layer  100   c , and a second barrier layer  100   d  that are sequentially stacked one on another. 
     The first base layer  100   a  and the second base layer  100   c  may each include a polymer resin. The polymer resin may include polyethersulfone, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyethylene naphthalate, PET, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polycarbonate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, or the like. 
     The first barrier layer  100   b  and the second barrier layer  100   d  may be barrier layers for preventing penetration of foreign substances. Each of the first barrier layer  100   b  and the second barrier layer  100   d  may include a single layer or multiple layers including an inorganic material such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and/or silicon oxide. 
     A pixel circuit PC and an organic light emitting diode OLED electrically connected to the pixel circuit PC may be disposed on or located over the first area  101  (see  FIG. 3 ) of the substrate  100 . The pixel circuit PC may include a thin film transistor TFT and a storage capacitor Cst as described above with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
     A buffer layer  111  may be disposed or arranged between the substrate  100  and the pixel circuit PC and may prevent impurities from penetrating into the thin film transistor TFT. The buffer layer  111  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, or silicon oxide and may include a single layer or multiple layers including the inorganic insulating material. 
     The thin film transistor TFT may include a semiconductor layer Act, a gate electrode GE, a source electrode SE, and a drain electrode DE.  FIG. 5A  illustrates an embodiment in a top gate type in which a gate electrode GE is arranged over a semiconductor layer Act with a gate insulating layer  112  therebetween; however, according to an alternative embodiment, the thin film transistor TFT may be a bottom gate type. 
     The semiconductor layer Act may include polysilicon. Alternatively, the semiconductor layer Act may include amorphous silicon, may include an oxide semiconductor, or may include an organic semiconductor or the like. The gate electrode GE may include a low-resistance metal material. The gate electrode GE may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), or the like and may include a single layer or multiple layers including at least one selected from the above materials. 
     The gate insulating layer  112  between the semiconductor layer Act and the gate electrode GE may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, or hafnium oxide. The gate insulating layer  112  may include a single layer or multiple layers including at least one selected from the above materials. 
     The source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may be disposed in a same layer as each other, for example, directly on a second interlayer insulating layer  114 , and may include a same material as each other. The source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may include a material having high conductivity. The source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), or the like and may include a single layer or multiple layers including at least one selected from the above materials. In an embodiment, the source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE may include a multilayer structure of titanium layer, aluminum layer, and titanium layer (Ti/Al/Ti). 
     The storage capacitor Cst may include a lower electrode CE 1  and an upper electrode CE 2  overlapping each other with a first interlayer insulating layer  113  therebetween. The storage capacitor Cst may overlap the thin film transistor TFT. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5A , the gate electrode GE of the thin film transistor TFT is the lower electrode CE 1  of the storage capacitor Cst. In an alternative embodiment, the storage capacitor Cst may not overlap the thin film transistor TFT. The storage capacitor Cst may be covered by a second interlayer insulating layer  114 . The upper electrode CE 2  of the storage capacitor Cst may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), or the like and may include a single layer or multiple layers including at least one selected from the above materials. 
     The first interlayer insulating layer  113  and the second interlayer insulating layer  114  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride. The first interlayer insulating layer  113  and the second interlayer insulating layer  114  may include a single layer or multiple layers including at least one selected from the above materials. 
     The thin film transistor TFT and the storage capacitor Cst may be covered by a first organic insulating layer  115 , and a first inorganic insulating layer PVX 1  may be located under the first organic insulating layer  115 . The first inorganic insulating layer PVX 1  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride. 
     A second organic insulating layer  116  may be disposed over the first organic insulating layer  115 . In alternative embodiments, the second organic insulating layer  116  may be omitted or an additional organic insulating layer may be disposed over the second organic insulating layer  116 . The first organic insulating layer  115  and the second organic insulating layer  116  may include an organic insulating material. In one embodiment, for example, the first organic insulating layer  115  and the second organic insulating layer  116  may include at least one selected from a general-purpose polymer such as polymethylmethacrylate (“PMMA”) or polystyrene (“PS”), a polymer derivative having a phenolic group, an acrylic polymer, an imide-based polymer, an arylether-based polymer, an amide-based polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol-based polymer, and any blend thereof. 
     A second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  may be disposed on or located over the second organic insulating layer  116 , and a first electrode  211  may be disposed on or located over the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 . The second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride. 
     The first electrode  211  may be electrically connected to the thin film transistor TFT of the pixel circuit PC. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5A , the thin film transistor TFT and the first electrode  211  are electrically connected via a contact metal CM on the first organic insulating layer  115 . In an embodiment, the contact metal CM may include a same material as and may have a same layer structure as the source electrode SE and the drain electrode DE. 
     The first electrode  211  may include a transparent conductive oxide such as indium tin oxide (“ITO”), indium zinc oxide (“IZO”), zinc oxide (“ZnO”), indium oxide (“In 2 O 3 ”), indium gallium oxide (“IGO”), or aluminum zinc oxide (“AZO”). In an alternative embodiment, the first electrode  211  may include a reflection layer including silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), or any compound thereof. In an alternative embodiment, the first electrode  211  may further include a layer formed of ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In 2 O 3  over/under the reflection layer. In one embodiment, for example, the first electrode  211  may have a three-layer structure in which an ITO layer, a silver (Ag) layer, and an ITO layer are stacked. 
     A pixel definition layer  118  may cover an edge of the first electrode  211  and a pixel opening  1180 P may be defined through the pixel definition layer  118  to overlap a central portion of the first electrode  211 , thereby defining an emission area. In one embodiment, for example, the area of the pixel opening  1180 P may correspond to the area of the emission area. In one embodiment, for example, the area of the pixel opening  1180 P may correspond to the area of the red emission area EAr (see  FIG. 3 ) of the red pixel described above with reference to  FIG. 3 . In such an embodiment, each of the blue emission area EAb (see  FIG. 3 ) of the blue pixel and the green emission area EAg (see  FIG. 3 ) of the green pixel may be defined by a pixel opening  1180 P of the pixel definition layer  118  on the first electrode  211 . 
     The pixel definition layer  118  may include an organic insulating material such as polyimide. Alternatively, the pixel definition layer  118  may include an inorganic insulating material. Alternatively, the pixel definition layer  118  may include an organic insulating material and an inorganic insulating material 
     An intermediate layer  212  may be disposed over the pixel definition layer  118  and/or the first electrode  211 . The intermediate layer  212  may include an emission layer  212   b . The emission layer  212   b  may include an organic light emitting material such as a high-molecular or low-molecular weight organic material for emitting light of a preset color. Alternatively, the emission layer  212   b  may include an inorganic light emitting material or may include quantum dots. A first functional layer  212   a  and a second functional layer  212   c  may be respectively disposed under and over the emission layer  212   b.    
     The first functional layer  212   a  may include a single layer or multiple layers. In one embodiment, for example, the first functional layer  212   a  may be a hole transport layer (“HTL”) with a single-layer structure and may include or be formed of poly-(3,4)-ethylene-dioxy thiophene (“PEDOT”) or polyaniline (“PANI”). Alternatively, the first functional layer  212   a  may include a hole injection layer (“HIL”) and an HTL. 
     The second functional layer  212   c  may include a single layer or multiple layers. The second functional layer  212   c  may include an electron transport layer (“ETL”) and/or an electron injection layer (“EIL”). 
       FIGS. 5A to 5C  illustrate embodiments where the intermediate layer  212  includes both the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c ; however, in an alternative embodiment, the intermediate layer  212  may selectively include the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c . In one embodiment, for example, the intermediate layer  212  may not include the second functional layer  212   c.    
     The emission layer  212   b  of the intermediate layer  212  may be provided for each pixel, whereas the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be integrally formed with each other as a single unitary unit to cover a plurality of pixels. In one embodiment, for example, each of the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be integrally formed with each other as a single unitary unit to cover the red, blue, and green emission areas EAr, EAb, and EAg (see  FIG. 3 ) of the red, blue, and green pixels. 
     A second electrode  213  may include a conductive material having a low work function. In one embodiment, for example, the second electrode  213  may include a (semi)transparent layer including silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), or any alloy thereof. Alternatively, the second electrode  213  may further include a layer such as ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In 2 O 3  over the (semi)transparent layer including at least one selected from the above materials. In one embodiment, for example, the second electrode  213  may be integrally formed with each other as a single unitary unit to cover the red, blue, and green emission areas EAr, EAb, and EAg (see  FIG. 3 ) of the red, blue, and green pixels. In one embodiment, for example, the second electrode  213  may entirely cover the first area  101  of the substrate  100 . 
     An upper portion of the second electrode  213  may be covered by an encapsulation layer  300 . The encapsulation layer  300  may include at least one inorganic encapsulation layer and at least one organic encapsulation layer. In an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may include a first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , an organic encapsulation layer  320 , and a second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  that are sequentially stacked. 
     At least one inorganic encapsulation layer of the encapsulation layer  300  may directly contact a portion of the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  in an edge area (peripheral area) of the first area  101  to form an inorganic contact area ICA. The first and second inorganic encapsulation layers  310  and  330  may each include one or more inorganic insulating materials. The inorganic insulating material may include aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and/or silicon oxynitride. The organic encapsulation layer  320  may include a polymer-based material. The polymer-based material may include acryl-based resin, epoxy-based resin, polyimide, polyethylene, or the like. The acryl-based resin may include, for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, or the like. 
     The organic encapsulation layer  320  may be disposed only over each first area  101  of the substrate  100 . Thus, the display apparatus  1  described above with reference to  FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2  may be understood as including organic encapsulation layers  320  disposed over the first area  101  and spaced apart from each other. 
     The organic encapsulation layer  320  may cover a portion of a side surface of a dam portion  119  disposed on the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  in the edge area of the first area  101 . The dam portion  119  may include a first pattern layer  119   a  disposed on the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  and a second pattern layer  119   b  disposed on the first pattern layer  119   a . In an embodiment, the first pattern layer  119   a  and the second pattern layer  119   b  may be organic layers, e.g., a first organic layer and a second organic layer, respectively. 
     The first pattern layer  119   a  may be arranged adjacent to the separation area V (see  FIG. 1B ). In an embodiment, the first pattern layer  119   a  and the pixel definition layer  118  may include a same material as each other and have a same layer structure as each other. In alternative embodiments, the second pattern layer  119   b  may function as a spacer. The second pattern layer  119   b  may prevent damage to structures and layers arranged below the second pattern layer  119   b  in a display apparatus manufacturing process. 
     In an embodiment, a disconnection portion  150  may be disposed on the first area  101 . The disconnection portion  150  may prevent defects such as damage to the light emitting device due to the inflow of moisture through the separation area V. In such an embodiment, the disconnection portion  150  may prevent moisture from penetrating into the first area  101 , by disconnecting (or separating) a layer that may become a moisture movement path among the layers formed over the substrate  100 . Among the layers on the substrate  100 , a layer including an organic material may become a moisture propagation path. In one embodiment, for example, the disconnection portion  150  may disconnect the second electrode  213  and/or at least a portion of the functional layer (for example, the first functional layer  212   a  and/or the second functional layer  212   c ) included in the intermediate layer  212 . 
     The disconnection portion  150  may extend or be located along the edge of the first area  101  and may entirely surround the pixels over the first area  101 . That is, when viewed in a direction (e.g. z direction) perpendicular to the upper surface of the substrate  100 , the disconnection portion  150  may entirely surround the emission areas. 
     The disconnection portion  150  may have a structure capable of disconnecting at least a portion of the functional layer (for example, the first functional layer  212   a  and/or the second functional layer  212   c ) and/or the second electrode  213 . In an embodiment, the edge of the upper surface of the disconnection portion  150  may include a tip PT that more protrudes in a direction away from the center of the disconnection portion  150  than the corresponding edge of the upper surface of the layer on which the disconnection portion  150  is located. 
     In an embodiment, the disconnection portion  150  including the tip PT may be formed before the process of forming the intermediate layer  212  and the second electrode  213 . A functional layer having a relatively poor step coverage, for example, the first functional layer  212   a  and/or the second functional layer  212   c , may be disconnected or separated. The first functional layer  212   a  and/or the second functional layer  212   c  may be formed by a thermal deposition, and when the first functional layer  212   a  and/or the second functional layer  212   c  is deposited, the first functional layer  212   a  and/or the second functional layer  212   c  may be discontinuously formed by the structure of the tip PT of the disconnection portion  150 . In such an embodiment, the second electrode  213  may also be formed by thermal deposition and may be formed discontinuously by the disconnection portion  150 . 
     In an embodiment, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  having a relatively high step coverage may be continuously formed along the shape of the disconnection portion  150 . 
     In an embodiment, as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the disconnection portion  150  may be disposed on or located over any one of organic layers disposed on the first electrode  211 . In such an embodiment, the disconnection portion  150  may be disposed on or formed over any organic layer, the distance from the upper surface of which to the upper surface of the substrate  100  is greater than the distance from the upper surface of the first electrode  211  to the upper surface of the substrate  100 . 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates an embodiment where the organic layer on which the disconnection portion  150  is located is the pixel definition layer  118  or an organic material layer including a same material as and having a same layer structure as the pixel definition layer  118 .  FIG. 5B  illustrates an alternative embodiment where the organic layer on which the disconnection portion  150  is located is an additional organic layer  120  disposed on or located over the pixel definition layer  118  or an organic material layer including a same material as and having a same layer structure as the additional organic layer  120 . In such an embodiment, the additional organic layer  120  may function as a spacer and may include the same material and have the same layer structure as the second pattern layer  119   b  of the dam portion  119 . 
     In such embodiments, the disconnection portion  150  may include a tip PT. In such embodiments, the edge of the upper surface of the disconnection portion  150  may include a tip PT that more protrudes in a direction away from the center of the disconnection portion  150  or the center of the organic layer than the corresponding edge of the upper surface of the organic layer where the disconnection portion  150  is located. The tip PT of the disconnection portion  150  may disconnect (or separate) the second electrode  213  and/or at least a portion of the functional layer (for example, the first functional layer  212   a  and/or the second functional layer  212   c ) included in the intermediate layer  212 . Accordingly, in such embodiments, at least a portion of the functional layer included in the intermediate layer  212  covering the first area  101  may include a portion disposed on or located over the disconnection portion  150  and disconnected by the tip PT. In such embodiments, the second electrode  213  covering the first area  101  may include a portion disposed on or located over the disconnection portion  150  and disconnected by the tip PT. 
     In an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may not be disconnected by the disconnection portion  150  and may continuously and entirely cover the first area  101 . In such an embodiment, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  included in the encapsulation layer  300  may have a relatively good step coverage and thus may not be disconnected by the disconnection portion  150  and may extend along the shape of the tip PT while covering the disconnection portion  150 . In such an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may continuously cover the upper surface of the second electrode  213 , the side surface of the organic layer where the disconnection portion  150  is located, and the side surface of the disconnection portion  150 . 
     The disconnection portion  150  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon oxynitride. In an embodiment, the disconnection portion  150 , the first inorganic insulating layer PVX 1 , and/or the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  may include a same material as each other. 
     In an alternative embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 5C , the disconnection portion  150  may have an undercut structure formed by the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  and the organic insulating layer  115  and  116  located under the first electrode  211 . Particularly, the disconnection portion  150  may have an undercut structure formed by the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  and at least one of the organic insulating layers  115  and  116  arranged between the first inorganic insulating layer PVX 1  and the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5C , a first opening h 1  may be defined through the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 , a second opening h 2  may be defined through the second organic insulating layer  116 , and a third opening h 3  may be defined through the first organic insulating layer  115 . In such an embodiment, the first to third openings h 1 , h 2 , and h 3  may overlap each other. The edge of the upper surface of the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  that defines the first opening h 1  may form the tip PT of the disconnection portion  150  by more protruding in a direction toward the center of the first opening h 1  than the corresponding edge of the upper surface of the second opening h 2  and the edge of the upper surface of the third opening h 3 . In such an embodiment, when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the substrate  100 , the area of the first opening h 1  may be less than the area of the second opening h 2  and the area of the third opening h 3 , and the inner edge of the first opening h 1  may form the tip PT of the disconnection portion  150 . 
     Like the disconnection portion  150  illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , the disconnection portion  150  having an undercut structure illustrated in  FIG. 5C  may disconnect (or separate) the second electrode  213  and/or at least a portion of the functional layer included in the intermediate layer  212 . Accordingly, at least a portion of the functional layer included in the intermediate layer  212  covering the first area  101  may include a portion disconnected by the tip PT and disposed on or located over the upper surface of the first inorganic insulating layer PVX 1  exposed by the third opening h 3 . In such an embodiment, the second electrode  213  covering the first area  101  may include a portion disconnected by the tip PT and disposed on or located over the upper surface of the first inorganic insulating layer PVX 1  exposed by the third opening h 3 . 
     When viewed in a direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the substrate  100 , the disconnection portion  150  having the undercut structure may be formed along the edge of the first area  101  and may entirely surround the emission areas arranged over the first area  101 . 
       FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to an embodiment.  FIG. 6  may correspond to a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus taken along line II-II′ of  FIG. 3 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , in an embodiment, a power supply line WL and a connection electrode  211   p  may be disposed on or located over the first area  101 . 
     The power supply line WL may be a line for providing the first power voltage ELVDD (see  FIG. 4 ) or the second power voltage ELVSS described above with reference to  FIG. 4 . The power supply line WL may be disposed on or located over at least one of the second areas  102  and may extend in a direction toward the first area  101 . 
     The power supply line WL may be electrically connected to the second electrode  213 . Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 6 , in an embodiment, the power supply line WL and the second electrode  213  may be electrically connected in an inner area surrounded by the inorganic contact area ICA, thereby forming a connection portion CECNP. In an embodiment, the power supply line WL may include a same material as and may have a same layer structure as the source electrode SE, the drain electrode DE, and/or the contact metal CM. 
     In an embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , holes may be defined through the layer arranged between the power supply line WL and the second electrode  213  to form the connection portion CECNP. In one embodiment, for example, a first hole  116   h  may be defined through the second organic insulating layer  116  to overlap the power supply line WL, a second hole PVX 2   h  may be defined through the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 , and a third hole  118   h  may be defined through the pixel definition layer  118 . The first hole  116   h , the second hole PVX 2   h , and the third hole  118   h  may overlap each other. 
     A connection electrode  211   p  may be disposed on the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 . The power supply line WL and the second electrode  213  may be electrically connected by the connection electrode  211   p . In an embodiment, the connection electrode  211   p  may contact the power supply line WL through the first hole  116   h  of the second organic insulating layer  116  and the second hole PVX 2   h  of the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 , and the second electrode  213  may contact the connection electrode  211   p  through the third hole  118   h  of the pixel definition layer  118 . In an embodiment, the connection electrode  211   p  and the first electrode  211  may include a same material as each other and have a same layer structure as each other. 
     In an embodiment, the pixel definition layer  118  may cover at least a portion of the connection electrode  211   p  and at least a portion of the first electrode  211 . The second electrode  213  covering the first electrode  211  may cover the connection portion CECNP by extending while covering the pixel definition layer  118 . The second electrode  213  may contact the connection electrode  211   p  at the connection portion CECNP. In an embodiment where the second electrode  213  is continuously formed without disconnection to contact the connection electrode  211   p , the disconnection portion  150  described above may not exist over the pixel definition layer  118  covering at least a portion of the connection electrode  211   p . In such an embodiment, the disconnection portion  150  may be arranged to entirely surround each of the emission areas of the pixel in the plan view, and may not be arranged over at least a portion of the edge of the emission area. The second electrode  213  may not be disconnected in a portion of the edge of the emission area where the disconnection portion  150  is not arranged, and may extend toward the outside of the emission area to contact the connection portion CECNP or may extend to the inside of another emission area. Accordingly, each of the emission areas may be electrically connected to the connection portion CECNP through a portion of the edge where the disconnection portion  150  is not arranged, or may be electrically connected to another emission area. 
     In an embodiment, the second electrode  213  extending in a portion of the edge of an emission area, in which the disconnection portion  150  is not arranged, among the emission areas located in the first area  101  (see  FIG. 3 ) may be electrically connected by contacting the connection portion CECNP and may also extend to the inside of the emission area through a portion of the edge of another emission area located in the first area  101 , in which the disconnection portion  150  is not arranged. In an alternative embodiment, a plurality of connection portions CECNP are arranged in the first area  101 , and the second electrode  213  extending in a portion of the edge of each of the emission areas, in which the disconnection portion  150  is not arranged, may be electrically connected by contacting the adjacent connection portion CECNP. In such an embodiment, the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  arranged under the second electrode  213  may not cover the connection portion CECNP. In one embodiment, for example, edges  212   ae  and  212   ce  of the first and second functional layers  212   a  and  212   c  may be spaced apart from the inorganic contact area ICA by a certain distance with the connection portion CECNP therebetween.  FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment where the edges  212   ae  and  212   ce  of the first and second functional layers  212   a  and  212   c  are formed over the pixel definition layer  118 ; however, the disclosure is not limited thereto. In one embodiment, for example, the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may extend while covering the side surface of the pixel definition layer  118  and may be disconnected over the upper surface of the connection electrode  211   p . In such an embodiment, the edges  212   ae  and  212   ce  of the first and second functional layers  212   a  and  212   c  may be disposed over the upper surface of the connection electrode  211   p.    
       FIGS. 7 to 12  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a process of manufacturing region A of the display apparatus of  FIG. 5A . Hereinafter, a process of an embodiment of a method of manufacturing the display apparatus of  FIG. 5A  will be mainly described with reference to  FIGS. 7 to 12 , and any repetitive detailed descriptions of the same or like elements as those described above will be omitted for conciseness. 
     In an embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , a pixel circuit PC and a first electrode  211  electrically connected to the pixel circuit PC may be provided or formed over a first area  101  of a substrate  100 . Subsequently, an organic material layer may be formed on the pixel circuit PC and the first electrode  211  to cover the first area  101 , and the organic material layer may be patterned to form an organic layer. In such an embodiment, the organic layer may be extend or located along the edge of the first area  101  such that the first electrode  211  may be located in the inside thereof, and the distance from the upper surface thereof to the upper surface of the substrate  100  may be greater than the distance from the upper surface of the first electrode  211  to the upper surface of the substrate  100 . In an embodiment, the organic layer formed in  FIG. 7  may include a pixel definition layer  118  and a first pattern layer  119   a . In such an embodiment, the pixel definition layer  118  and the organic layer where a disconnection portion  150  is located may be simultaneously formed with each other. 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , a sacrificial material layer  130   m  may be formed on the organic layer to cover the first area  101 , and the sacrificial material layer  130   m  may be patterned to form a sacrificial layer  130 . 
     The sacrificial material layer  130   m  may be a layer for forming the sacrificial layer  130  and may entirely cover the organic layer formed in  FIG. 7 . In an embodiment, the sacrificial material layer  130   m  may entirely cover the pixel definition layer  118  and the first pattern layer  119   a . The sacrificial material layer  130   m  may be patterned through a mask process. Here, the mask may refer to a mask assembly including a frame with one or more openings (open areas) and a mask with one or more openings formed along a pattern. 
     The sacrificial layer  130  may be a layer provided in the manufacturing process to form the structure of the tip PT (see  FIG. 5A ) of the disconnection portion  150  (see  FIG. 5A ). The sacrificial layer  130  may be provided to expose at least a portion of the upper surface of an organic layer formed in  FIG. 7  and fill the openings of the organic layer. In an embodiment, the sacrificial layer  130  may be arranged between the pixel definition layers  118  and between the pixel definition layer  118  and the first pattern layer  119   a.    
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , an inorganic material layer may be formed on the sacrificial layer  130  to cover the first area  101 , and the inorganic material layer may be patterned to form a disconnection portion  150 . The disconnection portion  150  may be disposed on or located over the pixel definition layer  118  included in the organic layer formed in  FIG. 7  and may include a tip PT the edge of the upper surface of which more protrudes in a direction away from the center of the pixel definition layer  118  or the center of the disconnection portion  150  than the corresponding edge of the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118 . 
     The disconnection portion  150  may include a portion covering the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118  and a portion extending in a direction away from the center of the pixel definition layer  118  to cover the adjacent sacrificial layer  130 . In such an embodiment, the tip PT may be formed at a portion of the disconnection portion  150  that covers the sacrificial layer  130 . The shape of the disconnection portion  150  may depend on the shape of the sacrificial layer  130  and the pixel definition layer  118  covered by the disconnection portion  150 , which will be described later in greater detail with reference to  FIGS. 13A to 13C . 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the sacrificial layer  130  may be removed. The sacrificial layer  130  may not exist in the final product because the sacrificial layer  130  is removed after the disconnection portion  150  is formed. Even when the sacrificial layer  130  is removed, the shape of the disconnection portion  150  already formed may be maintained without being deformed. 
     In an embodiment, the sacrificial layer  130  may be removed through a strip process or an ashing process, however, the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an embodiment, the sacrificial layer  130  may include a photoresist material that causes a chemical change when irradiated with light. In one embodiment, for example, the sacrificial layer  130  may include a negative photoresist such as aromatic bis-azide, methacrylic acid ester, or cinnamic acid ester or may include a positive photoresist such as polymethyl methacrylate, naphthquinone diazide, or polybutene-1-sulfone; however, the disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 12 , an intermediate layer  212 , a second electrode  213 , and an encapsulation layer  300  may be sequentially provided or formed over the resulting structure of  FIG. 11 . In such an embodiment, as described above, the second electrode  213  and/or at least a portion of the functional layer included in the intermediate layer  212  may be disconnected by the disconnection portion  150 . In such an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may not be disconnected by the disconnection portion  150  and may continuously cover the first area  101  and encapsulate the components inside the first area  101 . 
     Although  FIGS. 7 to 12  illustrate an embodiment where the disconnection portion  150  is disposed on the pixel definition layer  118  as in  FIG. 5A , but not being limited thereto. Alternatively, an embodiment of  FIG. 5B  may be manufactured using the organic layer formed in  FIG. 7  using the process described above. In such an embodiment, an embodiment of the display apparatus illustrated in  FIG. 5B  may be manufactured by forming the pixel definition layer  118  in the process operation of  FIG. 7 , forming the additional organic layer  120  (see  FIG. 5B ) disposed on or located over the pixel definition layer  118 , and then performing the process of  FIGS. 8 to 12  in a same manner. In such an embodiment, the disconnection portion  150  may be disposed on or located over the additional organic layer  120 . in such an embodiment, the second pattern layer  119   b  and the additional organic layer  120  where the disconnection portion  150  is located may be simultaneously formed with each other. 
       FIGS. 13A to 13C  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a process of forming the disconnection portion  150  according to an embodiment. For reference, in  FIGS. 13A to 13C , components other than the pixel definition layer  118  and the sacrificial layer  130  are omitted for convenience of illustration. 
     In an embodiment, the shape of the disconnection portion  150  may depend on the shape of the sacrificial layer  130  and the pixel definition layer  118  covered by the disconnection portion  150 , and the shape of the sacrificial layer  130  may depend on the alignment position of the mask. 
     As illustrated in  13 A, in the mask process of forming the sacrificial layer  130  by patterning the sacrificial material layer  130   m  (see  FIG. 8 ), the mask may be arranged over the substrate  100 . In the mask, an opening is defined to correspond to the pattern of the sacrificial layer  130 . In an embodiment, when the sacrificial material layer  130   m  includes a positive photoresist, the opening of the mask may be disposed to overlap an area where the sacrificial material layer  130   m  is to be removed. 
     In an embodiment, as illustrated in the left side of  FIG. 13A , when the mask is arranged over the substrate  100 , the edge of the opening of the mask may be aligned to match the edge of the pixel definition layer  118 . When a patterning process is performed by aligning the masks as such, the sacrificial layer  130  may be formed only in an area that does not overlap the pixel definition layer  118 . 
     Subsequently, when an inorganic material layer is formed to cover the pixel definition layer  118  and the sacrificial layer  130  and then patterned to form the disconnection portion  150 , the disconnection portion  150  may have a shape illustrated in the left side of  FIG. 13B . Particularly, the disconnection portion  150  may include a first portion  150 - 1 , a second portion  150 - 2 , and a third portion  150 - 3 . The first portion  150 - 1  may cover at least a portion of the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118 , the shape of the lower surface of which may be substantially the same as the shape of a corresponding portion (e.g., an overlapping portion) of the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118 . The second portion  150 - 2  may extend from the end of the first portion  150 - 1  to the edge of the pixel definition layer  118 , the shape of the lower surface of which may be substantially the same as the shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118 . The third portion  150 - 3  may be a portion extending from the end of the second portion  150 - 2  in a direction away from the pixel definition layer  118 . In an alternative embodiment, the shape of the lower surface of the third portion  150 - 3  may be different from the shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118  that overlaps the third portion  150 - 3 . In another alternative embodiment, at least a portion of the second portion  150 - 2  and/or at least a portion of the third portion  150 - 3  may have a curved shape. In another alternative embodiment, the disconnection portion  150  may have a cusp at a point where the second portion  150 - 2  and the third portion  150 - 3  meet each other. 
     In an alternative embodiment, as illustrated in the right side of  FIG. 13A , when the mask is arranged over the substrate  100 , the edge of the opening of the mask may be aligned to be closer to the center of the pixel definition layer  118  by a preset distance L than the corresponding edge of the pixel definition layer  118 . When a patterning process is performed by aligning the masks as such, at least a portion of the sacrificial layer  130  may overlap the pixel definition layer  118 . 
     Subsequently, when an inorganic material layer is formed to cover the pixel definition layer  118  and the sacrificial layer  130  and then patterned to form the disconnection portion  150 , the disconnection portion  150  may have the shape illustrated in the right side of  FIG. 13B . Particularly, the disconnection portion  150  may include a first portion  150 - 1  and a fourth portion  150 - 4 . The first portion  150 - 1  may cover at least a portion of the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118 , the shape of the lower surface of which may be substantially the same as the shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118 . The fourth portion  150 - 4  may extend from the end of the first portion  150 - 1  in a direction away from the pixel definition layer  118 , the lower surface of which may be spaced apart from the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118 . In an alternative embodiment, the shape of the lower surface of the fourth portion  150 - 4  may be different from the shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the pixel definition layer  118 . In another alternative embodiment, at least a portion of the fourth portion  150 - 4  may have a curve. In another alternative embodiment, the disconnection portion  150  may not have a cusp at a point where the first portion  150 - 1  and the fourth portion  150 - 4  meet each other. In such embodiments, the structural stability of the disconnection portion  150  may be improved compared to a case where the disconnection portion  150  has a cusp. 
     In an alternative embodiment, where the disconnection portion  150  is arranged over the additional organic layer  120  disposed on or located over the pixel definition layer  118  as in  FIG. 5B , the shape of the disconnection portion  150  may be substantially the same as the shape of the disconnection portion  150  described above with reference to  FIGS. 13A to 13C . 
     In one embodiment, for example, the disconnection portion  150  may include a first portion  150 - 1  which covers at least a portion of the upper surface of the additional organic layer  120  and the shape of the lower surface of which is substantially the same as the shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the additional organic layer  120 , a second portion  150 - 2  which extends from the end of the first portion  150 - 1  to the edge of the additional organic layer  120  and the shape of the lower surface of which is substantially the same as the shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the additional organic layer  120 , and a third portion  150 - 3  which extends from the end of the second portion  150 - 2  in a direction away from the additional organic layer  120 . 
     In one alternative embodiment, for example, the disconnection portion  150  may include a first portion  150 - 1  which covers at least a portion of the upper surface of the additional organic layer  120  and the shape of the lower surface of which is substantially the same as the shape of a corresponding portion of the upper surface of the additional organic layer  120  and a fourth portion  150 - 4  which extends from the end of the first portion  150 - 1  in a direction away from the additional organic layer  120  and the lower surface of which is spaced apart from the upper surface of the additional organic layer  120 . 
       FIGS. 14 to 16  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a process of manufacturing region C of the display apparatus of  FIG. 6 . Hereinafter, a process of a method of manufacturing the display apparatus of  FIG. 6  will be mainly described with reference to  FIGS. 14 to 16 , and any repetitive detailed descriptions of the same or like elements as those described above will be omitted for conciseness. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 14 , the process described above with reference to  FIGS. 7 to 11  may be performed in an area where the connection portion CECNP is provided on the first area  101 . In such an embodiment, a power supply line WL and a connection electrode  211   p  may be further formed in an area where the connection portion CECNP is formed. In an embodiment, the power supply line WL may be simultaneously formed in a same process as the source electrode SE, the drain electrode DE, and/or the contact metal CM, and the connection electrode  211   p  may be simultaneously formed in a same process as the first electrode  211 . 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 15 , an intermediate layer  212  may be provided or formed on the first area  101 . In an embodiment, the intermediate layer  212  may be patterned by using a mask process. In such an embodiment, the functional layers included in the intermediate layer  212 , for example, the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c , may be formed not to cover the connection portion CECNP. In one embodiment, for example, edges  212   ae  and  212   ce  of the first and second functional layers  212   a  and  212   c  may be spaced apart from the inorganic contact area ICA by a certain distance with the connection portion CECNP therebetween. 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 16 , a second electrode  213  and an encapsulation layer  300  may be sequentially provided or formed on the structure of  FIG. 15 . In such an embodiment, as described above, the second electrode  213  may be disconnected by the disconnection portion  150 . In such an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may not be disconnected by the disconnection portion  150  and may continuously cover the first area  101  and encapsulate the components inside the first area  101 . 
       FIGS. 17 to 21  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a portion of a method of manufacturing a display apparatus according to an alternative embodiment. 
       FIGS. 17 to 21  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a process of manufacturing region B of the display apparatus of  FIG. 5C . Hereinafter, the characteristics of a process of manufacturing the display apparatus of  FIG. 5C  will be mainly described with reference to  FIGS. 17 to 21 , and any repetitive detailed descriptions of the same or like elements as those described above will be omitted for conciseness. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 17 , The buffer layer  111  and insulating layers  112 ,  113 ,  114 , PVX 1 ,  115 , and  116  may be provided or formed over a first area  101  of a substrate  100 , and a patterning process may be performed to form a third opening h 3  of a first organic insulating layer  115  and a second opening h 2  of a second organic insulating layer  116 . Although not illustrated in  FIG. 17 , a pixel circuit PC may be formed during such a process. 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 18 , a sacrificial layer  130  and a second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  may be formed. The sacrificial layer  130  may be formed through the process described above with reference to  FIGS. 8 and 9 . The sacrificial layer  130  may fill the third opening h 3  of the first organic insulating layer  115  and the second opening h 2  of the second organic insulating layer  116 . The second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  may cover the upper surface of the sacrificial layer  130  and the upper surface of the second organic insulating layer  116 . 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIGS. 19 and 20 , an organic material layer may be formed over the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 , and the organic material layer may be patterned to form a pixel definition layer  118  and a first pattern layer  119   a . In an embodiment, each of the pixel definition layer  118  and the first pattern layer  119   a  may have a different thickness in each portion. In such an embodiment, each of the pixel definition layer  118  and the first pattern layer  119   a  may have a first thickness area with a first thickness t 1  and a second thickness area with a second thickness t 2 . In an embodiment, a half-tone mask process may be used. Here, the half-tone mask may refer to a mask including a transparent area, a semi-transparent area, and a non-transparent area. 
     The second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  may be patterned to form a first opening h 1 . In an embodiment, the pixel definition layer  118  and the first pattern layer  119   a  may function as a mask in the process of patterning the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 . The second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  may be removed only in an area that does not overlap the pixel definition layer  118  or the first pattern layer  119   a , and may not be removed in an area that overlaps the pixel definition layer  118  or the first pattern layer  119   a . In an embodiment, the second thickness t 2  of the second thickness area may be a thickness of a portion at which the pixel definition layer  118  and the first pattern layer  119   a  are removed in the process of patterning the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 . Accordingly, when a process of patterning the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  is performed, the second thickness area of each of the pixel definition layer  118  and the first pattern layer  119   a  may be removed and the thickness of the first thickness area may be reduced by the second thickness t 2  to have a third thickness t 3 . 
     In an embodiment where the pixel definition layer  118  and the first pattern layer  119   a  are used as a mask in the process of patterning the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 , the process efficiency may be improved by not performing a separate mask process to pattern the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 . In such an embodiment, because the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  may be patterned to form a tip PT of a disconnection portion  150  before the sacrificial layer  130  is completely cured, the sacrificial layer  130  may be easily removed in a subsequent process. 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 21 , the sacrificial layer  130  may be removed from the structure of  FIG. 20  to form a disconnection portion  150 . After the sacrificial layer  130  is removed, an intermediate layer  212 , a second electrode  213 , and an encapsulation layer  300  may be sequentially formed. In an embodiment, as described above, the second electrode  213  and/or at least a portion of the functional layer included in the intermediate layer  212  may be disconnected by the tip PT of the disconnection portion  150 . In such an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may not be disconnected by the disconnection portion  150  and may continuously cover the first area  101  and encapsulate the components inside the first area  101 . 
       FIG. 22  is a perspective view schematically illustrating a display apparatus  2  according to an embodiment,  FIGS. 23A to 23C  are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a portion of the display apparatus  2  of  FIG. 22 , and  FIG. 24  is a plan view schematically illustrating a display panel  10 - 1  included in the display apparatus  2  of  FIG. 22 . 
     Specifically,  FIGS. 22 and 24  respectively illustrate shapes thereof after and before the side display area SDA and the corner display area CDA of the display panel  10 - 1  are bent. Also,  FIGS. 23A and 23B  respectively correspond to cross-sectional views of the display apparatus  2  taken in the x direction and the y direction of  FIG. 22 , and  FIG. 23C  illustrates a cross-section view in which the corner display area CDA is arranged on both sides of the front display area FDA in the display apparatus  2  of  FIG. 22 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 22 and 23A to 23C , an embodiment of the display apparatus  2  may have a side in a first direction (e.g., x direction) and a side in a second direction (e.g., y direction). In such an embodiment, a corner CN of the display apparatus  2  may be rounded to have a certain curvature. Here, “the corner CN” may refer to a corner portion where the side in the first direction and the side in the second direction meet each other. 
     Although  FIG. 22  illustrates an embodiment where the side in the second direction is longer than the side in the first direction, the disclosure is not limited thereto. In one alternative embodiment, for example, the length of the side in the first direction and the length of the side in the second direction may be equal to each other, or the length of the side in the first direction may be greater than the length of the side in the second direction. 
     The display apparatus  2  may include a display panel  10 - 1  and a cover window  20 - 1 . 
     The display panel  10 - 1  may include a display area DA for displaying an image and a peripheral area PA surrounding the display area DA. 
     In an embodiment, the display panel  10 - 1  may display an image in a front area, a side area, and/or a corner area of the display panel  10 - 1 . The display area DA may include a front display area FDA, a side display area SDA, a corner display area CDA, and a middle display area MDA. A plurality of pixels PX including light emitting devices may be arranged in each of the front display area FDA, the side display area SDA, the corner display area CDA, and the middle display area MDA, and an image may be displayed through the plurality of pixels PX therein. 
     The front display area FDA may be a display area DA located at the front surface of the display panel  10 - 1 . A first pixel PX 1  including a light emitting device may be arranged in the front display area FDA. The front display area FDA may have a flat shape. 
     The side display area SDA may be a display area DA located at the side surface of the display panel  10 - 1 . The side display area SDA may be connected to one side of the front display area FDA. The side display area SDA may include a first side display area SDA 1 , a second side display area SDA 2 , a third side display area SDA 3 , and/or a fourth side display area SDA 4  that are respectively connected to the sides of the front display area FDA. 
     The side display area SDA may be curved with a radius of curvature and may have a curved shape. In an embodiment, the first to fourth side display areas SDA 1 , SDA 2 , SDA 3 , and SDA 4  may have the same radius of curvature. In an alternative embodiment, two or more of the first to fourth side display areas SDA 1 , SDA 2 , SDA 3 , and SDA 4  may have different radii of curvature. Hereinafter, for convenience of description, an embodiment where the first side display area SDA 1  and the third side display area SDA 3  have a same first curvature radius R 1  and the second side display area SDA 2  and the fourth side display area SDA 4  have a same second curvature radius R 2  will be described in detail. In such an embodiment, the first curvature radius R 1  and the second curvature radius R 2  may be equal to or different from each other. 
     The corner display area CDA may be a display area DA located at the corner CN of the display panel  10 - 1 . A second pixel PX 2  including a light emitting device may be arranged in the corner display area CDA. The corner display area CDA may be arranged between the adjacent side display areas SDA. In one embodiment, for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 22 , the corner display area CDA may be arranged between the first side display area SDA 1  and the second side display area SDA 2 , between the second side display area SDA 2  and the third side display area SDA 3 , between the third side display area SDA 3  and the fourth side display area SDA 4 , and/or between the fourth side display area SDA 4  and the first side display area SDA 1 . 
     The corner display area CDA may have a third radius of curvature R 3  and may have a curved shape. In an embodiment, the third radius of curvature R 3  may vary according to a point therein. In an embodiment, the change of the third radius of curvature R 3  may depend on the radius of curvature of the adjacent side display areas SDA. In one embodiment, for example, the third radius of curvature R 3  of the corner display area CDA between the first side display area SDA 1  and the second side display area SDA 2  may depend on the first radius of curvature R 1  of the first side display area SDA 1  and the second radius of curvature R 2  of the second side display area SDA 2 . In one embodiment, for example, where the first radius of curvature R 1  is less than the second radius of curvature R 2 , the radius of curvature of the corner display area CDA may increase gradually from the first side display area SDA 1  to the second side display area SDA 2 . In such an embodiment, the third radius of curvature R 3  of the corner display area CDA may vary within the range of the first radius of curvature R 1  or more to the second radius of curvature R 2  or less. 
     The middle display area MDA may be a display area DA located between the corner display area CDA and the front display area FDA. A third pixel PX 3  including a light emitting device may be arranged in the middle display area MDA. The middle display area MDA may extend between the adjacent side display areas SDA and the corner display area CDA. In one embodiment, for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 22 , the middle display area MDA may extend between the first side display area SDA 1  and the corner display area CDA and between the second side display area SDA 2  and the corner display area CDA. 
     In an embodiment, a driving circuit DC for providing an electric signal and/or a voltage line for providing a voltage may be arranged in the middle display area MDA, and the third pixel PX 3  may overlap the driving circuit DC and/or the voltage line. In such an embodiment, the light emitting device of the third pixel PX 3  may be arranged on the driving circuit DC and/or the voltage line. In an alternative embodiment, the driving circuit DC and/or the voltage line may be arranged in the peripheral area PA, and the third pixel PX 3  may not overlap the driving circuit DC or the voltage line. 
     The peripheral area PA may be a non-display area that does not display an image. A driving circuit DC for providing an electrical signal to the pixels PX of the display area DA, a voltage line for providing a voltage, or the like may be arranged in the peripheral area PA. In one embodiment, for example, the driving circuit DC may be a scan driving circuit that provides a scan signal to each of the pixels PX through a scan line SL. Alternatively, the driving circuit DC may be a data driving circuit (not illustrated) that provides a data signal to each of the pixels PX through a data line DL. 
     The peripheral area PA may include a pad portion (not illustrated) that is an area to which an electronic device, a printed circuit board, or the like may be electrically connected. The pad portion may be exposed by not being covered by an insulating layer, to be electrically connected to a flexible printed circuit board (“FPCB”). The FPCB may electrically connect a controller to the pad portion and may supply a signal or voltage transmitted from the controller. 
       FIG. 25  is an enlarged plan view schematically illustrating a portion (region F) of the display panel  10 - 1  of  FIG. 24 . Hereinafter, like reference numerals in the drawings may refer to like elements, and, any repetitive detailed descriptions of the same or like elements as those described above will be omitted for conciseness. 
     When the corner display area CDA is bent, a compressive strain may occur in the corner display area CDA more greatly than a tensile strain and a portion of the display panel  10 - 1  may be damaged due to a corresponding compressive stress. Thus, the corner display area CDA may have a substrate  100  (see  FIG. 24 ) and a multilayer structure over the substrate  100 , which are different from those of the front display area FDA. 
     Referring to  FIG. 25 , the substrate  100  may include a plurality of extension areas LA. The extension areas LA may extend in a direction away from the front display area FDA and may at least partially overlap the corner display area CDA and/or the peripheral area PA. Second pixels PX 2  may be arranged over the extension areas LA overlapping the corner display area CDA. In an embodiment, the second pixels PX 2  may be arranged in a direction in which the extension area LA extends. 
     A penetration portion PNP defined through the display panel  10 - 1  may be defined between a plurality of adjacent extension areas LA. The penetration portion PNP may function to reduce a compressive stress caused by a compressive strain generated when the corner display area CDA is bent. Particularly, as the corner display area CDA is bent, a compressive stress may not be applied but the area of the penetration portion PNP may decrease such that the extension areas LA may become close to each other. 
     Accordingly, damage to the display panel  10 - 1  may be prevented when the corner display area CDA is bent. 
       FIG. 26  is an enlarged plan view schematically illustrating a portion of the extension areas LA as a portion of the display panel  10 - 1  of  FIG. 24 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 26 , in an embodiment, the extension areas LA may overlap at least a portion of the corner display area CDA and at least a portion of the peripheral area PA. In such an embodiment, the extension areas LA may be arranged across the corner display area CDA and the peripheral area PA and may extend in a direction away from the front display area FDA (see  FIG. 24 ) or the middle display area MDA. In an embodiment, the extension areas LA may extend in an extension direction EDR. Here, “the extension direction EDR” may be a direction intersecting with the first direction (e.g., the x direction) and the second direction (e.g., the y direction). 
     The extension areas LA may be arranged in a direction intersecting with the extension direction EDR. In an embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 26 , the extension areas LA may be arranged in a vertical direction VDR perpendicular to the extension direction EDR. 
     The extension areas LA may be spaced apart from each other. Penetration portions PNP may be defined or formed between the extension areas LA by a space in which the extension areas LA are spaced apart. In such an embodiment, at least a portion of the edge of the extension areas LA may define at least a portion of the penetration portions PNP. The substrate  100  (see  FIG. 24 ) and the components over the substrate  100  may not be arranged in the penetration portions PNP. 
     Second pixels PX 2  arranged in the corner display area CDA may be arranged in the extension areas LA. Third pixels PX 3  may be arranged in the middle display area MDA. In such an embodiment, the number of emission areas included in each of the pixels PX (see  FIG. 24 ), the pattern in which the emission areas are arranged, the area of each of the emission areas, and the pattern in which the pixels PX are arranged are not limited to those show in  FIG. 26 , and may be variously modified according to design. 
       FIG. 26  illustrates an embodiment where each of the second pixels PX 2  and the third pixels PX 3  includes three emission areas EAr, EAb, and EAg that are arranged in a stripe pattern in the extension direction EDR. Alternatively, each of the second pixels PX 2  and the third pixels PX 3  may include one, two, or four or more emission areas. The emission areas may be arranged in a stripe pattern or a pentile pattern arranged in a direction (e.g., the vertical direction VDR) intersecting with the extension direction EDR. In such embodiments, the areas of the emission areas may be equal to or different from each other. 
     A first dam portion DAM 1  may be arranged over each of the extension areas LA. The first dam portion DAM 1  may entirely surround the second pixels PX 2  arranged over the extension area LA. A second dam portion DAM 2  may be arranged in an area adjacent to the boundary between the extension area LA and the middle display area MDA or the boundary between the corner display area CDA and the middle display area MDA. Each of the first dam portion DAM 1  and the second dam portion DAM 2  may control the flow of an organic encapsulation layer  320  (see  FIG. 27A ). In an embodiment, the first dam portion DAM 1  and the second dam portion DAM 2  may separate the organic encapsulation layer  320  to form an encapsulation structure for each extension area LA. The first dam portion DAM 1  and the second dam portion DAM 2  may have a same structure as the dam portion  119  (see  FIG. 5A ) described above. 
     In an embodiment, a connection portion CECNP and a connection line (not illustrated) for supplying a voltage may be located in the extension area LA. In one embodiment, for example, the connection portion CECNP may be located at an end portion of the extension area LA. The connection line may be configured to supply a voltage to the second pixel PX 2  through the connection portion CECNP. 
       FIGS. 27A to 27C  are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a portion of a display apparatus according to an embodiment.  FIGS. 27A to 27C  may correspond to cross-sectional views of the display apparatus taken along line III-Ill′ of  FIG. 26 .  FIGS. 27A to 27C  respectively illustrate embodiments where the structures of  FIGS. 5A to 5C  described above are similarly applied to the extension area LA (see  FIG. 24 ) of the display panel  10 - 1  (see  FIG. 26 ). Thus, any repetitive detailed descriptions of the same or like elements as those described above with reference to  FIGS. 5A to 5C  will be omitted for conciseness. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 27A to 27C , in an embodiment, each of the extension areas LA may include an individual encapsulation structure. In such an embodiment, the substrate  100  described above, a pixel circuit PC disposed on or located over the substrate  100 , and a light emitting device (e.g., an organic light emitting diode OLED) electrically connected to the pixel circuit PC may be arranged in each of the extension areas LA. 
     In an embodiment, the substrate  100  may include a first base layer  100   a , a first barrier layer  100   b , a second base layer  100   c , and a second barrier layer  100   d  that are sequentially stacked. In such an embodiment, a buffer layer  111 , a gate insulating layer  112 , a first interlayer insulating layer  113 , a second interlayer insulating layer  114 , a first inorganic insulating layer PVX 1 , a first organic insulating layer  115 , a second organic insulating layer  116 , and a second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2  may be sequentially stacked between the substrate  100  and the organic light emitting diode OLED. 
     A pixel definition layer  118  in which a pixel opening  1180 P for defining an emission area of the organic light emitting diode OLED is defined, a first dam portion DAM 1  (see  FIG. 26 ), and an encapsulation layer  300  may be disposed on or located over the second inorganic insulating layer PVX 2 . 
     The second pixels PX 2  (see  FIG. 26 ) arranged over the extension area LA may be at least partially surrounded by an inorganic contact area ICA. In one embodiment, for example, when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the substrate  100 , the inorganic contact area ICA may be disposed or formed along the edge of the extension area LA. 
     Each of the organic light emitting diodes OLED arranged over the extension area LA may also include a first electrode  211 , a second electrode  213 , and an intermediate layer  212  arranged therebetween. In an embodiment, as illustrated in  FIGS. 27A to 27C , the disconnection portion  150  illustrated in each of  FIGS. 5A to 5C  may be located over the extension area LA. Because the structural features and effects of the disconnection portion  150  are the same as those described above, any repetitive detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted for conciseness. 
     As described above, according to an embodiment, a display apparatus may have improved light efficiency while preventing damage to a display apparatus when a substrate is deformed, and a method of manufacturing the display apparatus may be effectively performed without using a separate mask process. 
     The invention should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the concept of the invention to those skilled in the art. 
     While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.