Patent Publication Number: US-6661392-B2

Title: Resonant antennas

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/313,310, filed Aug. 17, 2001. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The inventions relate to antennas and microwave transceivers. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Conventional antennas often have linear dimensions that are of order of the wavelength of the radiation being received and/or transmitted. As an example a typical radio transmitter uses a dipole antenna whose length is about equal to ½ of the wavelength of the waves being transmitted. Such an antenna length provides for efficient coupling between the antenna&#39;s electrical driver and the radiation field. 
     Nevertheless, antennas whose linear dimensions are of order of the radiation wavelength are not practical in many situations. In particular, cellular telephones and handheld wireless devices are small. Such devices provide limited space for antennas. On the other hand, small antennas couple inefficiently to the radiation at wavelengths often used in cellular telephones and handheld wireless devices. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Various embodiments use antennas that resonantly couple to external radiation at communication frequencies. Due to the resonant coupling, the antennas have high sensitivities to the radiation even if their linear dimensions are much smaller than ½ the radiation&#39;s wavelength. 
     In one aspect, the invention features an apparatus that includes an object and one or more sensors located adjacent to or in the object. The object is formed of a material whose dielectric constant or magnetic permeability has a negative real part at microwave frequencies. The one or more sensors are located adjacent to or in the object and measure an intensity of an electric or a magnetic field therein. 
     In another aspect, the invention features a method. The method includes exciting an object by receiving microwave radiation and detecting a field intensity internal or adjacent to the object in response to the object being excited by the microwave radiation. The object has either a dielectric constant with a negative real part at microwave frequencies or a magnetic permeability with a negative real part at microwave frequencies. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
     FIG. 1 shows a receiver that includes a resonant dielectric antenna; 
     FIG. 2 plots the response of an exemplary spherical dielectric antenna as measured by two electrodes adjacent opposite poles of the antenna; and 
     FIG. 3 shows a receiver that includes a resonant magnetically permeable antenna; and 
     FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method for receiving wireless communications with receivers of FIG. 1 or FIG.  3 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Various embodiments include antennas fabricated of manmade metamaterials for which the dielectric constant (ε) and/or magnetic permeability (μ) is negative over a range of microwave frequencies. The metamaterials are selected to cause the antennas to couple resonantly to external radiation having communication frequencies. Due to the resonant couplings, the antennas have a high sensitivity to the radiation even though their linear dimensions are much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. 
     The resonant coupling results from selecting the metamaterial to have appropriate ε and/or μ values. An appropriate selection of the metamaterial depends on the shape of the object and the frequency range over which a resonant response is desired. For spherical antennas ε and/or μ must have real parts approximately equal to “−2” in the frequency range, i.e., at communication frequencies. For such values of ε and/or μ, a spherical antenna is very sensitive to external radiation even if its diameter is much smaller than ½ of the radiation wavelength. 
     FIG. 1 shows a microwave receiver  10  based on a dielectric antenna  14 . The receiver  10  includes an amplifier module  12  and the dielectric antenna  14 . The amplifier module  12  measures the voltage between electrodes  16 ,  18  that are located adjacent to opposite poles of the dielectric antenna  14 . The voltage measured by the electrodes  16 ,  18  is representative of the intensity of the field inside the dielectric antenna  14 , because the voltage responds resonantly to external fields over the same frequency range for which the antenna  14  responds resonantly. Exemplary electrodes  16 ,  18  are thin or wire mesh devices that minimally perturb the electric field inside the dielectric antenna  14 . The diameter of the antenna  14  is, preferably, 0.2 or less times the wavelength of radiation at a frequency that the amplifier module  10  is configured to amplify. 
     For the small antenna  14 , standard electrostatic theory defines how the antenna responses to externally applied radiation. At distances, D, much larger than the antenna&#39;s diameter, S, and much smaller than ¼ of the radiation wavelength, the external electric field, E far , is approximately spatially constant and parallel. The field, E far , is constant and parallel at distances, D, because the radiation wavelength is much larger than D, and the external electric field, E far , only substantially varies for distances as large or larger than ¼ of the radiation wavelength. 
     For the antenna  14 , electrostatics theory determines how the value of the electric field, E inside , inside antenna  14  depends on the value of the spatially constant external electric field, E far , i.e., the field at distances large compared to D and small compared to the wavelength. If the antenna  14  has a dielectric constant, ε, that is substantially constant near the relevant radiation frequency, electrostatics implies that: 
     
       
           E   inside =(3/[ε+2]) E   far .  
       
     
     From this electrostatics result, one sees that E inside →∞ as ε→−2. Thus, even a small external electric field E far  produces a large voltage across electrodes  16 ,  18  if the antenna&#39;s “ε” is close to −2. Such a value of ε produces a resonant response in the antenna  14  and makes the receiver very sensitive to external radiation. Thus, producing a resonant antenna  14  requires constructing a metamaterial whose E has an appropriate value in the desired communications band. 
     Available materials do not have a dielectric constants equal to −2. Rather composite materials can de fabricated to have an E whose real part is close to −2 over a limited frequency range. The appropriate metamaterials have negative ε&#39;s for appropriate frequencies in a microwave range, e.g., from about 1 giga-hertz (GHz) to about 100 GHz. 
     Manmade metamaterials that have appropriate properties in portions of the above-mentioned frequency range are well-known in the art. Some such metamaterials are described in “Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction”, by R. A. Shelby et al, Science, vol. 292 (2001) 77. Various designs for such metamaterials are provided in “Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permeability”, D. R. Smith et al, Physical Review Letters, vol. 84 (2000) 4184 and “Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial”, by R. A. Shelby et al, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 78 (2001) 489. Exemplary designs produce metamaterials having ε and/or μ with negative values at frequencies in the ranges of about 4.7-5.2 GHz and about 10.3-11.1 GHz. 
     Various designs for 2- and 3-dimensional manmade objects of metamaterials include 2- and 3-dimensional arrays of conducting objects. Various embodiments of the objects include single and multiple wire loops, split-ring resonators, conducting strips, and combinations of these objects. The exemplary objects made of one or multiple wire loops have resonant frequencies that depend in known ways on the parameters defining the objects. The dielectric constants and magnetic permeabilities of the metamaterials depend on both the physical traits of the objects therein and the layout of the arrays of objects. For wire loop objects, the resonant frequencies depend on the wire thickness, the loop radii, the multiplicity of loops, and the spacing of the wires making up the loops. See e.g.,; “Loop-wire medium for investigating plasmons at microwave frequencies”, D. R. Smith et al, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 75 (1999) 1425. 
     After selecting a frequency range and ε and/or μ, the appropriate parameter values for the objects and arrays that make up the metamaterial are straightforward to determine by those of skill in the art. See e.g., the above-cited references. The useful metamaterials have a dielectric constant and/or magnetic permeability whose real part is negative at the desired microwave frequencies. 
     Since real materials cause losses, metamaterials typically have an ε and/or a μ with a nonzero imaginary part. For such resonant behavior, the imaginary part of dielectric constant and/or magnetic permeability must be small enough to not destroy the resonant response of the antenna and large enough to provide adequate breadth to the resonant response. Typically, one desires a resonant response over a band of frequencies. Methods for introducing losses into the metamaterials are also known to those of skill in the art. See e.g., the above-mentioned References. 
     At frequencies that produce resonant responses in antenna  14 , the nonzero imaginary part of ε reduces the infinite response to an external electric field to a finite peak with a frequency spread as seen in FIG.  2 . Preferred receivers  10  employ metamaterials whose ε has a larger enough imaginary part to insure that the desired communication band provokes a resonant response in the antenna  14 . Known metamaterials produce values of Im[ε(ω)]/Re[ε(ω)]=Δω/ω≧0.03−0.05 and ≦0.1. 
     FIG. 3 shows a receiver  20  based on a magnetically permeable spherical antenna  22 . The receiver  20  also includes a pickup coil  24 , and an amplifier module  26 . The antenna  22  is constructed of a magnetic metamaterial with an appropriate μ. In the antenna  22 , the magnetic permeability, μ, rather than dielectric constant ε causes a resonant response to external radiation. For the antenna  22 , magnetostatics rather than electrostatics enable relating a magnetic field inside the antenna, B inside , to an external magnetic field, B far . Provided that the external magnetic field, B far , has a wavelength large compared to the diameter of the antenna  22 , magnetostatics implies that: 
     
       
           B   inside =(3 μ/[μ+2]) B   far .  
       
     
     If μ has a value close to “−2” in a desired frequency range, the spherical antenna  22  produces a resonant response to externally applied radiation. In such a case, the antenna  22  greatly increases the sensitivity of receiver  20  to applied external radiation. 
     Again, the magnetically permeable metamaterial has a μ whose imaginary part is nonzero due to internal losses. The imaginary part of μ is designed to be large enough to insure that the antenna  22  responds resonantly over a desired frequency band. Methods for introducing losses into metamaterials are known to those of skill in the art. 
     While the above-described receivers  10 ,  20  use spherical antennas  14 ,  22 , other embodiments use antennas with different shapes. Exemplary antenna shapes include ellipsoids, cylinders, and cubes. For these other shapes, the associated antennas resonantly respond to external radiation for values of the real part of an ε and/or μ that differ from “−2”. The parameters for the metamaterial depend on the geometry of the antenna and are selected to provide an appropriate negative value of ε and/or μ in an appropriate microwave band. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates a method  30  for receiving wireless data or voice communications with receiver  10  of FIG. 1 or receiver  20  of FIG.  3 . The method  30  includes receiving microwave radiation that resonantly excites an electric or magnetic field intensity in an antenna (step  32 ). The antenna has either a dielectric constant with a negative real part at microwave frequencies or a magnetic permeability with a negative real part at microwave frequencies. Exemplary antennas include objects made of metamaterials. In response being excited, the intensity of the electric or magnetic field in or adjacent to the antenna is measured (step  34 ). The field intensity is measured by one or more sensors that are located internal to or adjacent to the antenna The method  30  includes using the measured field intensity to determine data or voice content of a communication transmitted in a preselected frequency range (step  36 ). 
     The invention is intended to include other embodiments that will be obvious to one of skill in the art in light of the disclosure, figures and claims.