Patent Publication Number: US-2009227977-A1

Title: Pacifier with thin-film reservoir and method for use thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/939,752, filed Sep. 13, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,500,984, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a pacifier or nipple member for delivery of active ingredients into the oral cavity of an infant or patient. The pacifier has a porous nipple member and a reservoir or chamber therein for receiving a thin-film that contains an active ingredient. Active ingredients may include drugs and/or vitamins suitable for administration to infants or patients. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE RELATED TECHNOLOGY 
     It often is desirable to administer medications and/or vitamins to infants or patients in need thereof. Commonly used administration forms, however, experience certain known shortcomings. Due to an infant&#39;s natural propensity to suckle, pacifiers can be a useful tool for delivering such actives. 
     The prior art teaches pacifiers that have been modified to administer liquids and liquid medications to infants. Liquid medications may be difficult to insert into a pacifier, which can cause inaccuracy in the administration dosage. The present invention provides a pacifier that incorporates a thin-film dosage unit, thereby alleviating problems associated with the prior art. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a reusable pacifier for delivering an active ingredient to an infant or patient including: a porous nipple member having a nipple and a neck and having at least one reservoir therein for receiving a thin-film containing an active ingredient; and a base member removably attached to the neck of the nipple member and adapted to remain outside the oral cavity of the infant. 
     There also is provided a reusable pacifier for delivering an active ingredient to an infant or patient including: a porous nipple member having a nipple and a neck and having at least one reservoir therein; a thin-film housed in the reservoir, the film containing an active ingredient; and a base member removably attached to the neck of the nipple member and adapted to remain outside the oral cavity of the infant. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention provides a single-use pacifier for delivering an active ingredient to an infant or patient including: a base member adapted to remain outside the oral cavity of the infant, the base member including a shield having a concave side and a convex side; a porous nipple member disposed on the concave side of the base member, the nipple member having at least one reservoir therein; and a thin-film housed in the reservoir, the film containing an active ingredient. 
     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a reusable pacifier for delivering an active ingredient to an infant or patient including: a base member adapted to remain outside the oral cavity of the infant, the base member including a shield having a concave side and a convex side; and a porous nipple member disposed on the concave side of the base member, the nipple member having at least one flap defining at least one chamber for receiving a thin-film containing an active ingredient. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a baby bottle nipple for delivering an active ingredient to an infant including: a porous nipple member having a nipple and a neck and having at least one reservoir therein, wherein the neck is adapted to removably attach to a baby bottle; and a thin-film housed in the reservoir, the film containing an active ingredient. 
     The present invention also provides a method for delivering an active ingredient to an infant or patient including the steps of: providing a thin-film containing an active ingredient; providing a porous nipple member of a pacifier having a reservoir or chamber for receiving the thin-film containing an active; inserting the thin-film into the reservoir or chamber of the porous nipple member; and orally administering the pacifier to an infant or patient thereby allowing the thin-film to dissolve and release the active ingredient into the oral cavity. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         FIG. 1  is a side plan view of a reusable pacifier in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a side plan view of a single-use pacifier in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of the reservoir in the nipple member taken along line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a side plan view of a pacifier with insertion flaps for accessing a reservoir or chamber in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5   a  is a side plan view of a reusable nipple member with a hollow reservoir in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5   b  is a cross-sectional view of the reservoir in the nipple member taken along line  5 - 5  of  FIG. 5   a;    
         FIG. 6  is a side plan view of a nipple for a baby bottle in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a side plan view of a reusable pacifier including retaining fingers on the base portion in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a side plan view of a solid plug shaped to fit within the neck of the nipple member in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     The present invention relates to delivery devices for drugs and other actives which are designed particularly for infants and patients such as the elderly, and those who have had surgery or other illnesses which prevent the ordinary dispensing of medication. The devices may be used for veterinary applications as well. The device of the present invention may be termed pacifiers or nipple members, since they are designed to administer the active through pores in the nipple member. 
     In particular, the present invention provides a pacifier or nipple unit for bottles, both of which are designed to deliver an active ingredient to a patient. The pacifier includes a porous nipple member and a base member, The pores in the nipple may be of any suitable shape and size. The nipple member includes a reservoir or other like chamber therein for receiving a thin-film that contains the active ingredient. The base member, which is adapted to remain outside the oral cavity of the infant or patient, may be removably attached to the nipple member. The pacifier may be a reusable or single-use device. 
     In one embodiment, the film containing active may be placed inside the hollow portion of the nipple and which by means of the nipple&#39;s porosity is in communication with saliva in the patient&#39;s oral cavity such that the saliva dissolves the film and releases the active into the oral cavity. 
     In another embodiment, as discussed herein, the nipple has a reservoir or chamber adapted to receive a film containing an active, the reservoir or chamber having pores which allow passage of the film and its active contents for release into the oral cavity. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 5   a,  the pacifier  10  includes a nipple member  100  and a base member  200 . The nipple member  100  includes a nipple  110  wherein a rounded tip is contiguous with a neck  120 . The nipple member  100  also has a reservoir therein  130  to receive a thin-film containing the active. Pores  105  permit the saliva to contact the film and the active to be released in the oral cavity. The pacifier  10  also may include a solid plug  300  shaped to fit within the neck  120  of the nipple member  100 , as shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     The base member  200  includes a shield  210 , which may have a concave side and a convex side. The base member  200  may include a handle member  230  or  330  that is pivotally attached to the convex side of the shield  210 . 
     In a reusable embodiment, the base member  200  includes an attachment member  220  disposed on the concave side of the shield  210 . The neck  120  of the nipple member  100  engages the attachment member  220  to removably attach the base member  200  to the nipple member  100 . The attachment member  220  and neck  120  are attached via any mechanical connection known to those skilled in the art. For instance, the connection may be a threaded connection, as shown in  FIG. 1 . In this embodiment, the attachment member  220  and the neck  120  of the nipple member  100  each include threaded-mating portions. When the neck  120  engages the attachment member  220 , a threaded connection is formed therebetween thereby removably attaching the nipple member  100  to the base member  200 . The nipple member  100  may be removed from the base member  200  by unthreading the connection. This permits the user to reinsert a thin-film into the reservoir of the nipple member as desired. Other connections include, for example, but are not limited to, snap-fit or bayonet-lock fit. 
     In accordance with a single-use embodiment of the present invention, the nipple member  100  and base member  200  form a single molded device, as shown in  FIG. 2 . The nipple member and base member are a one-piece construction. Alternatively, the nipple member and base member may be molded separately and then attached to one another using a suitable nontoxic adhesive, press fit or other similar attachment means. The thin-film is inserted into reservoir  130  formed in the nipple portion of the pacifier during manufacture. Single-use embodiments are constructed to be disposable devices. As such, it may be desirable to produce the pacifier in a hermetically sealed package for sanitary reasons. 
     The nipple member of the pacifiers of the present invention may be constructed from any suitable resilient material that is acceptable for oral administration. Such materials are known to those skilled in the art. Suitable materials include, for example, rubber or plastic materials such as polyurethane, silicone, acrylics, polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride. The material is desirably porous or permeable to allow delivery of an active ingredient into the oral cavity of an infant or patient. For instance, the nipple member may contain a series of perforations or pores, such as pores  105  and slits  106 , as shown in  FIGS. 1 ,  2 ,  4 ,  5   a,    6  and  7 . The pores may be very small, as long as they are large enough to allow saliva to pass through the nipple to dissolve the film and release the active into the oral cavity. The pores, however, may be as large as desired to provide different release properties of the active. For example, it may be desirable to release some actives quickly, whereas other actives may work more effectively with a slower, controlled release. Moreover, the material may be porous throughout or selectively porous in certain regions to provide different release properties. 
     The active ingredient desirably is released from a thin-film contained in the reservoir or chamber of the nipple member. More specifically, the infant&#39;s or patient&#39;s sucking on the nipple allows saliva to reach the thin-film via the porous material of the nipple. The saliva dissolves the film and the active ingredient contained therein is released into the oral cavity. The material may further be translucent so that a user can visually determine when the film has dissolved. The size and shape of the nipple member can vary to accommodate different age groups or various animals for use in veterinary medicine. 
     The reservoir  130  in the nipple member  100  is adapted to receive the thin-film. The reservoir may be such that the nipple member is hollow or a chamber sized to fit the piece of thin-film. In general, the films, when dried, have a thickness from about 3 μm to about 250 μm, or about 0.1 mils to about 10 mils. Desirably, the dried films will have a thickness of about 2 mils to about 8 mils, and more desirably, from about 3 mils to about 6 mils. Accordingly, the reservoir may have a thickness of slightly larger than about 0.1 mils to slightly larger than about 10 mils. The reservoir may have any shape suitable to receive thin-films as such. For example, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the reservoir  130  has a generally flat shape. As shown in  FIG. 5   b,  the nipple member is generally hollow. The reservoir could have square or rounded edges. 
     In some embodiments, it may be desirable to include multiple reservoirs in the nipple member to house more than one film at a time. For example, it may be desirable to deliver more than one active ingredient to the infant or patient at the same time. In such case, different films each containing a different active may be inserted into separate reservoirs in the nipple member. Alternatively, it may be desirable to include a liquid, such as water, in one reservoir and a film in another reservoir. The liquid facilitates quick dissolution of the film as the infant or patient sucks on the nipple member. In other embodiments, the infant&#39;s or patient&#39;s saliva acts as the liquid source. 
     The film may be free-standing in the reservoir or it may be held in-place by a retaining mechanism such as, but not limited to, clips or retaining fingers, as depicted in  FIG. 6 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , the retaining fingers  125  are disposed on the internal surface of the nipple member  100 . Reservoir  130  may includes film  400 , which is held against the internal surface of nipple member  100  by retaining fingers  125 . Alternatively, the retaining fingers  125  may be disposed on the concave side of the base member  200 , as shown in  FIG. 7 . The film  400  is thereby held in-place insider the reservoir once the nipple member is attached to the base member. Alternative retaining mechanisms are contemplated herein and would be known to those skilled in the art. 
     In some embodiments, the film may have a preformed curled shape to fit inside the nipple member and mate therewith. Alternatively, the film may be manufactured in a flat shape and curled for insertion into the nipple member. The curled film may be adapted to abut against part or the entire inner surface of the nipple member. 
     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the nipple member of the pacifier contains at least one chamber created by a flap  140  in the external surface of the nipple, as shown in  FIG. 4 . For instance, one or more flaps  140  may be created by small cuts in the surface of the nipple member. A thin-film may be inserted into each of the flaps. As in the embodiments described above, the material of the nipple member is porous, thereby allowing release of the active from the film into the oral cavity. 
     Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a nipple member for attachment to a baby bottle as shown in  FIG. 6 . As described in the embodiments above, the nipple member  100  may include a reservoir  130  adapted to receive a thin-film that contains an active ingredient. More specifically, the nipple member  100  is hollow as seen in  FIG. 6 . The film is inserted into the hollow nipple member via the base  115  of the nipple member and held in-place against the internal surface of the nipple by retaining fingers  125 . Holding the film against the internal surface of the nipple as such allows saliva or liquid to reach the film quickly and thus may assist in quickly releasing the active. The nipple member similarly is formed of a porous or permeable material, as shown by pores  105  in  FIG. 6 . As the infant sucks on the nipple to obtain the liquid contained in the bottle, the infant&#39;s saliva and the liquid together act to dissolve the film thereby releasing the active ingredient into the oral cavity. The nipple member for the baby bottle may be disposable or reusable by reinserting another film as desired. 
     The active ingredients used in embodiments of the present invention may be any active suitable for administration to an infant or patient in need thereof. The active ingredient is desirably in a solid form, such as particulate, powder, dissolvable tablet, or most desirably a thin-film. The active ingredients include, without limitation, pharmaceutical and cosmetic actives, drugs, medicaments, antigens or allergens such as ragweed pollen, spores, microorganisms, seeds, mouthwash components, flavors, fragrances, enzymes, preservatives, sweetening agents, colorants, spices, vitamins and supplements and combinations thereof. Suitable active ingredients are more fully described in Applicants&#39; co-pending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10,074,272, filed Feb. 14, 2002, 10/768,809, filed Jan. 30, 2004, and 10/856,176, filed May 28, 2004, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Particularly suitable actives for delivery to infants include aspirin, benzocaine, lidocaine, diphenhydramine, simethicone, vitamins and cold and cough medications. Other suitable actives include medicaments for the treatment of pain, such as, for example, narcotic analgesics including fentanyl. Some embodiments are adapted for emergency or antidotal use and therefore include, for example, poison antidotes as actives. In other embodiments, it may be desirable to include mucosally active vaccines, such as, but not limited to, flu and west nile virus vaccines. 
     The thin-films which contain the active ingredients may be any film disclosed in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10,074,272, 10/768,809 and 10/856,176, referred to above. These applications provide an extensive description of thin-films and methods for producing such films. 
     A variety of optional components also may be incorporated into the thin-films, as described in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/074,272, 10/768,809 and 10/856,176, referred to above. These may include, without limitation, anti-foaming agents, pigments, coloring agents, sweetening agents and flavoring agents, among others. 
     The present invention also is directed to methods for delivering the active ingredient to the oral cavity of an infant or patient. In accordance therewith, at least one thin-film containing an active ingredient is provided. The thin-film may be inserted into the reservoir or chamber of the porous nipple member. The film may be inserted through the neck of the nipple member. The film may be free-standing or clipped or retained in-place by a retaining member. In the single-use, or disposable, embodiments, the final pacifier device is manufactured with a base member. In the reusable embodiments, the porous nipple member may be attached to the base member to form the pacifier apparatus. Once the nipple member and base member are attached, or manufactured as a disposable pacifier, the pacifier may be orally administered to an infant or patient. The infant&#39;s or patient&#39;s saliva penetrates the porous nipple member and dissolves the thin-film. In accordance with some embodiments, the film&#39;s dissolution is facilitated by wetting the reservoir or chamber. The active ingredient contained in the film is thereby released into the oral cavity of the infant or patient. 
     Once the thin-film dissolves and the active is fully released, the pacifier may be removed from the oral cavity of the infant or patient. As discussed above, the material forming the nipple member may be translucent, thereby enabling the user to determine when the film is substantially consumed. In the reusable embodiments, the nipple member may be removed from the base member for administration of another thin-film as desired.