Patent Publication Number: US-5023279-A

Title: Nucleating agents for thermoplastic resins

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a division of application Ser. No. 07/312,989, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,815 filed Feb. 17, 1989 and allowed Apr. 10, 1989. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the use of a special class of sulfonic and phosphonic acids, and salts of the acids, to give improved nucleation for foam extrusion of thermoplastics using either dissolved gas or chemical blowing agents to produce foam. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Conductive wire is often used to transmit electronic signals. The wire must be protected, or insulated, and thermoplastic coatings are ordinarily used for this. The thermoplastic is extruded from a molten state onto and around the wire. The thermoplastic materials are selected on the basis of having a low dielectric constant and a low dissipation factor. It has previously been found that if the thermoplastic material is foamed as it is applied to the wire, the dielectric constant is desirably lowered, due to the formation of numerous small non-interconnected cells in the foam. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,072,583 is disclosed a nucleated foaming process for extruding perfluorinated polymer foam around transmission wire with a dissolved gas blowing agent. Foamed insulation using other thermoplastic materials, especially polyolefins, is also widely used. 
     A nucleating agent is needed in the foaming process to achieve uniform, small-diameter cell structure. A preferred art-recognized nucleating agent for fluoropolymer resins is boron nitride, an inert white ceramic powder. A 0.5-2.0 weight % loading of boron nitride, based on polymer, normally provides adequate foam cell nucleation. The lower the specific gravity of the molten resin, the more nucleant is needed, on a weight basis. Thus, an ethylene(E)/tetrafluoroethylene(TFE) copolymer(ETFE copolymer) with a melt specific gravity of about 1.3 requires more nucleant than a tetrafluoroethylene(TFE)/hexafluoropropylene(HFP) copolymer(TFE/HFP copolymer) at a melt specific gravity of 1.6. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,538 discloses synergistic combinations of boron nitride and certain inorganic salts which give greatly enhanced foam nucleation in fluoropolymers. This combination not only allows a significant reduction in the amount of boron nitride needed but also gives improved foam in terms of smaller cells. Improved capacitance and diameter uniformity are also attained. 
     The present invention provides a special class of sulfonic and phosphonic acids, and salts of the acids, which give very efficient nucleation of a wide variety of thermoplastic materials at low concentrations without the use of boron nitride or any other traditional type of nucleating agent. 
     As used herein the term &#34;thermoplastic&#34; means and is intended to include any organic material that is rendered soft and moldable by application of heat (Hackh&#39;s Chemical Dictionary, Julius Grant, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, N.Y.). Other terms used synonymously herein with &#34;thermoplastic&#34; and &#34;thermoplastic material&#34; are &#34;thermoplastic resin&#34; and &#34;polymer,&#34; it being understood that the resin or polymer must be capable of being rendered soft and moldable by application of heat, that is, it is melt processible. The term &#34;composition&#34; as it is used herein is intended to include the thermoplastic material and other ingredients or additives which, individually, may or may not be melt processible, as will be discussed in greater detail in the Detailed Description of the Invention. 
     The compositions of this invention are useful in producing foams for other applications as well as for wire coating. Such examples include, but are not intended to be limited to, foamed sheet for electrical insulation, heat insulation and cushioning; foamed pipe and tubing; and injection molded pieces. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention resides in a foamable thermoplastic resin composition containing as a nucleating agent a nucleating-effective amount of at least one compound which is thermally stable at the melt temperature of the extrusion and is selected from sulfonic and phosphonic acids, and salts of the acids, which compositions significantly enhance foam nucleation, as evidenced by smaller foam cells, higher foam void contents, and/or greater uniformity of cell size. These compositions contain 50 to 8000 ppm, preferably 250 to 3000 ppm, by weight, for most compositions, of one or more of the acids and/or salts which are of the formula 
     
         Z(CF.sub.2).sub.x (CF.sub.2 CFX).sub.p (R&#39;).sub.y (CH.sub.2).sub.z RO.sub.3 ].sub.n M 
    
     wherein: 
     the bivalent groups, for RO 3 , may be present in any sequence; 
     Z is CCl 3 , CCl 2  H, H, F, Cl or Br; 
     each X, independently, is selected from H, F, Cl and CF 3;   
     R is sulfur or phosphorus; 
     M is H or a metallic, ammonium, substituted ammonium or quaternary ammonium cation; 
     x is an integer and is 0 to 20; 
     p is an integer and is 0 to 6; 
     y is 0 or 1; 
     z is an integer and is 0 to 20; 
     x+y+z+p is a positive integer or, if x +y+z+p is 0, Z is CCl 3  or CCl 2  H; 
     n is the valence of M; and 
     R&#39; is selected from 
     a C 5-6  perfluorinated alicyclic ring diradical; 
     a C 1-16  perfluorinated aliphatic polyether diradical with repeat units selected from [CF 2  O], [CF 2  CF 2  O], and [CF 2  CF(CF 3 )O]; and 
     a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic diradical, in which case, Z is H. 
     By &#34;foamable, thermoplastic resin composition&#34; is meant any thermoplastic resin composition that is foamable by means of a gas injection process or through use of a chemical blowing agent. 
     Preferably, M is a metallic cation. When M is H, the resultant sulfonic or phosphonic acid may not be effective in all thermoplastic resin compositions. When M is selected so as to be other than a metallic cation or H, it preferably should be such that the resulting nucleating agent is stable at the foam processing temperature. Failure to provide such consideration in the selection of M may lead to in situ decomposition of the cationic moiety, with resultant conversion of M to H. The significance of this aspect of the invention will be readily understood in view of the significance of M on the foaming process, as described hereinafter in the Detailed Description of the Invention 
     The stability of the nucleating agent at the foam processing temperature must be considered not only in connection with the selection of M but also in connection with the selection of the other symbols in the above formula. More specifically, it is to be understood that the nucleating agent should be stable at the foam processing temperature which can vary substantially depending on the thermoplastic being foamed. Thus, in the above formula, when each of x, p and y is 0, z is 1 to 10 and Z is CCl 3  or CCl 2  H, the resultant nucleating agent, for example, trichloroethane sulfonic acid or its M salt will be stable at normal polyethylene foam-processing temperatures, such as below about 315° C., but it will not be stable at the temperature needed to foam high-melting thermoplastics. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 provides graphical data which may be used in the selection of M in the formula for the nucleating agent (a TBSA salt, defined hereinafter) in the foaming of TFE/HFP copolymer. FIG. 2 provides graphical data which may be used in the selection of M in the formula for the nucleating agent (a TBSA salt) in the foaming of polyethylene. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The thermoplastic resins useful in the present invention include all such resins which can be foamed by a gas injection process and/or by use of a chemical blowing agent. In particular, suitable thermoplastics are those with a dielectric constant of less than 18, preferably less than 12, for example, 10.2 (Example 15 herein). Especially suitable for making foamed electrical insulation by this invention are those resins with a dielectric constant of less than 3. Following is a list of thermoplastic materials, most of which are commercially available, and their dielectric constants relative to air having 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
PTFE or TFE/HFP Copolymer                                                 
                     2.0                                                  
TFE/PAVE Copolymer   2.1                                                  
Polypropylene         2.25                                                
Polyallomers          2.25                                                
Polyethylene         2.3                                                  
ETFE Copolymer       2.6                                                  
E/CTFE Copolymer     2.6                                                  
EVA Copolymer        2.75-2.8                                             
Polycarbonate         2.96                                                
Polyimide            3.0-3.5                                              
Polysulfone           3.13                                                
PVC                  4.5-5.8                                              
Nylon                4.5                                                  
PVF.sub.2            2.98-8.4                                             
Urethanes            6.7-7.5                                              
Neoprene @ 1000 KM   16-17                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Preferred examples of suitable thermoplastics include melt processible fluoropolymers; polyolefins; copolymers of alpha-olefins and alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, and their metal salts of Groups I to III of the Periodic Chart of the Elements. Examples of other operable thermoplastics include polystyrenes; polyamides; polyesters; vinyl polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride; uncured natural and synthetic rubbers; and the broad class of resins known as thermoplastic elastomers. It is to be further understood that the thermoplastic resins which are useful herein include copolymers such as styrene copolymers, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene polymers, and blends thereof, and blends of polymers with non-polymeric materials, for example, pigments, fire retardants, minerals and carbon, that is, any material commonly present in foamed compositions. In other invention is useful with any virgin or blended resin that is capable of being foamed by a gas injection process or by means of a chemical blowing agent. 
     Foamed fluoropolymer wire insulation, one of the preferred embodiments of this invention, is generally produced in the art by a continuous, gas injection process using chlorodifluoromethane(F-22), nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or other gas or gas mixture which is soluble in the molten resin, using an extruder screw designed for foam operations, and using boron nitride as a nucleating agent. In such processes the gas dissolves in the molten resin inside the extruder. Absorption follows Henry&#39;s Gas Law which states that the equilibrium value of the mole fraction of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid surface. By adjusting the gas pressure in the extruder, the amount of gas dissolved in the melt can be controlled. Generally, the greater the amount of gas dissolved in the melt, the greater the void volume in the resulting foam. 
     Chlorodifluoromethane(F-22) is especially suited for foaming because it easily dissolves in molten fluoropolymer resins, and its thermal stability is adequate to survive the holdup time in the extruder when mixed with molten resin at temperatures up to 380° C. 
     As an alternative process, a chemical blowing agent (a chemical which is unstable at the polymer processing temperature and liberates a gas, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide or hydrogen) can be incorporated into the thermoplastic to provide the dissolved gas which causes bubble formation. 
     Foam cell formation actually starts shortly after the molten resin containing the blowing agent passes out of the extrusion die. The gas dissolved in the molten resin comes out of solution because of the sudden drop in melt pressure as the extrudate exits the extrusion die. As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,538, extrusion speed and drawdown influence foaming. The polymer is solidified when the extrudate enters water in a cooling trough, stopping foam cell growth. 
     A nucleating agent is needed to achieve uniform, small-diameter cell structure. The preferred commonly used nucleating agent for fluoropolymer resins has been boron nitride, an inert white ceramic powder. The present invention covers a special family of sulfonic and phosphonic acids, and salts of the acids, which give very efficient nucleation at low concentrations. The optimum nucleating agent and concentration depend on the specific polymer and conditions employed in the foaming process. 
     The nucleating agent of this invention can be blended with virgin or blended polymers, as powder or pellets, and extruded to give a homogeneous composition containing the desired amount of the nucleating agent, generally 50-8000 ppm, preferably 250-3000 ppm. Alternatively, the agent can be added to the virgin or blended polymer as a concentrate which may contain 5-20 times the desired amount of nucleating agent, and then the concentrate is mixed with 20-5 parts of virgin or blended polymer before the foaming step. 
     With chemically blown compositions the blowing agent and nucleating agent can be blended with virgin or blended polymer powder and either compacted into pellets at room temperature to avoid premature decomposition of the blowing agent, or extrusion-compounded at a temperature at which the blowing agent is not decomposed to a substantial extent. 
     FIG. 1 and Examples 2 and 3 show how routine experimentation can help select the best cation for foaming a particular resin (TFE/HFP copolymer) with a room temperature dielectric constant of 2.05 with CHF2Cl using a salt of Telomer B sulfonic acid(TBSA). Telomer B sulfonic acid is of the formula F(CF 2 ) n  CH 2  CH 2  SO 3  H wherein n is a mixture of 6, 8, 10 and possibly 12, predominantly 8. The results for different cations are plotted on the FIG. 1 graph using the atomic radius of the cation as abscissa and cation valence as ordinate; above the point for each cation is shown the minimum average diameter of the foam cells in micrometers for the optimum concentration tested. It is desirable to have very small cells and high foam void content. It can be seen in FIG. 1 that the cations giving cell diameters equal to or less than about 200 micrometers fall between the two outer lines (the preferred range). The cations giving still smaller cell diameters, equal to or less than about 75  micrometers, fall between the two inner lines (optimum range). As is apparent, for TFE/HFP copolymer the best cations are Zr ++++ , Fe +++ , and Ba ++ .The preferred nucleating agent concentration for these cations with this copolymer is 500-2000 ppm. Thus, FIG. 1 provides a means for predicting how other salts of TBSA will perform in TFE/HFP copolymers with CHF 2  Cl as blowing agent. Similar performance is observed when the thermoplastic resin is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), such as perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether). 
     Table 1 which follows shows the great difference in nucleating efficiency of various bivalent salts of TBSA in the experiments depicted in FIG. 1. It also shows that efficient nucleation results in both high void content in the foam and small diameters of the foam cells. 
     In Table 1 and in all the remaining tables herein, the following abbreviations are used: 
     SPC: Specific Void Content 
     AFCD: Average Foam Cell Diameter (at mid-wall) 
     M: Micrometers 
     %V: % Voids in Foam as Calculated from the Measured Dielectric Constant 
     cc/cm 3  Cell Count/cm 3  at the Specific Void Content 
     Conc. Concentration 
     Ex St: Extrusion Stability 
     DC: Dielectric Constant 
     FCC: Foam Core Capacitance (lowest value) 
     pF/m: Picofarads/meter 
     C: Capacitance 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
TBSA                            AFCD                                      
Salt      cc/cm.sup.3    % V    (M)                                       
______________________________________                                    
Barium    2,300,000      55      75                                       
Strontium 763,000        59     100                                       
Calcium   72,200         41     220                                       
Zinc      24,800         20     508                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     FIG. 2 and Example 11 show a similar plot for a polyethylene which has a room temperature dielectric constant of 2.3. Salts of the same TBSA (as in FIG. 1 and Examples 2 and 3) were used, with nitrogen as the blowing agent. FIG. 2 has the same general appearance as FIG. 1, but a narrower optimum range has been chosen (cell diameters equal to or less than about 50 micrometers), and the polymer and blowing agent are different. FIG. 2 shows that with this polyethylene the preferred TBSA salts are those of Cr +++ , Fe +++ , and Ca ++ . The preferred nucleating agent concentration for these cations with this polymer is 1000-3000 ppm. 
     One might expect that fluorine-free salts, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, would be effective nucleating agents for polyethylene, just as the fluorine-containing salts of this invention are for fluoropolymers. Surprisingly, this is not always the case, as shown by Comparative Example B between Examples 11 and 12 herein. Comparative Examples A and B show, also, the inoperability of other compounds as nucleating agents. 
     Also demonstrated in the examples herein are foamed compositions comprising ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymers. Preferred nucleating agents for such resins include the calcium salt of Telomer B sulfonic acid and the potassium salt of a perfluorinated alkane sulfonic acid of 1-10 carbon atoms. A preferred concentration of such nucleating agents, based on the composition, is 1000 to 3000 ppm. 
     The broad applicability of the invention is further demonstrated in the examples using polyolefins as the thermoplastic resin. Examples of polyolefins include, but are not limited to, polyethylenes, linear and branched, low density and high density. Blends of polyethylenes, and blends of polyethylene or polyethylenes with other thermoplastic resins are operable herein. Preferred nucleating agents with polyethylene-containing thermoplastic resins are the potassium salt of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, and the calcium, iron or chromium salt of TBSA, at a preferred concentration of 1000 to 3000 ppm, based on the composition. 
     In general, polymers having high dielectric constants respond best to TBSA salts with small cation radius and low valence. As the acid strength and/or chain length of the salt anion change in any given polymer, the optimum cation also tends to change. In the polyethylene of Example 11 the optimum cation for a TBSA salt is chromium, whereas with a perfluorooctanesulfonic acid the optimum cation is potassium; with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, sodium is the best cation of those tested. Thus, as the strength of the sulfonic acid increases and/or chain length decreases, the optimum cation moves down or to the left in a plot, such as in FIG. 2. The phosphonic acids, and their salts, of this invention give results similar to those described above for the sulfonic acids and their salts. It is to be understood that routine experimentation may be required to find the optimum cation and anion for each thermoplastic, with dependence also on variables such as the molecular weight distribution of the thermoplastic, the polarity of the gas used, and the extrusion temperature. However, as demonstrated herein, efficient nucleation is achievable with the nucleating agents of the invention in a wide variety of polymers. 
     The present invention provides means for producing foamed thermoplastics having a combination of a uniformly small cell size, less than 400 micrometers, and a very high void content, greater than 50%. For example, using TFE/HFP copolymer thermoplastics, cell sizes of less than 100 micrometers (average) and void contents of greater than 60% can be achieved. Using polyethylene thermoplastics, cell sizes of less than 100 micrometers (average) and void contents of greater than 50% can be achieved. Foams of similar structure (as with polyethylenes) can also be produced using E/TFE copolymers as the thermoplastic. 
     EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 
     In the examples herein the foaming process was carried out by either a continuous gas injection foaming process or by extruding a composition containing a chemical blowing agent in the same extruder, with no gas injection. 
     The continuous gas injection foaming process was normally carried out using chlorodifluoromethane (F-22) or nitrogen as the blowing agent. Other known blowing agents could be used to give substantially the same results. The foam void level was controlled by the pressure of the blowing agent. The extruder screw design allowed for gas injection and had a mixing torpedo (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,006,029) to provide a uniform melt. This mixing torpedo allowed each resin cube blend to become a uniform melt mixture while traversing the length of the screw. 
     Nucleated compositions for the gas injection process can be prepared by cube blending of the resin (melt cut or strand cut) with a nucleating agent concentrate prepared by blending the sulfonic or phosphonic acid, or its salt, in the form of a powder, with resin powder and/or cubes, and extruding on a 28 mm Werner &amp; Pfleiderer (W&amp;P) twin screw extruder with a strand cutter to pelletize. The resulting cube blends were fed directly to the wire coating extruder hopper. 
     ETFE copolymer compositions containing chemical blowing agents were prepared by blending the chemical blowing agent and nucleating agent with polymer powder and compacting into cylindrical pellets about 3 mm in diameter and 6 mm in length with a lab model California Pellet Mill. These pellets were fed directly to the wire coating extruder hopper. 
     Foam cell size was determined at mid-wall of the foam by visual examination with a microscope or by taking a picture of a thin section of foamed wire insulation at 20-30× magnification and visually determining average cell size. In some examples the number of cells/cm 3  is also given. This value calculated from the foam void level and the average cell diameter. 
     Additional abbreviations used in the examples are shown in Table 2. In reciting specific polymer compositions in the table, there is no intent to limit the scope of the polymers operable herein to those specific compositions. Typical conditions used in the examples that follow are shown in Table 3. Regarding Table 3, in Column C a Maillefer extruder was used to produce the foam and an Entwistle extruder was used to produce the skin. In Column H the extruder was a Davis-Standard. In all other columns the extruder was an Entwistle. Further regarding Table 3, in Column A, a B&amp;H 75 crosshead was used; in all other columns the crosshead was a Maillefer 4/6F. Finally, the Column C conditions were carried out to produce a foam-skin construction, using two extruders and a single crosshead. 
     Foam cell size depends not only on the nucleating agent, but also on other variables, such as wire speed and, in the case of melt draw extrusion, cone length (the distance from the die exit to the point where the molten tubular polymer forms on the wire), as explained in U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,538. Cone length is related to the applied vacuum inside the cone. 
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
TFE/HFP copolymer                                                         
               a copolymer of 12.3 wt % HFP and                           
               the balance TFE with a melt flow                           
               rate of 6.6 at 372° C. as                           
               measured by ASTM D-2116-83                                 
PAVE           perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether)                               
EVA            Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate                                     
PVF.sub.2      Poly(vinylidene fluoride)                                  
boron nitride  SHP-325 grade from Carborundum                             
               Corp., having a BET surface area                           
               of 8.6 m.sup.2 /g                                          
polyarylate    aromatic polyester of Bisphenol                            
               A and isophthalic acid, with a                             
               melt viscosity at 330° C. of 1600                   
               Pa.s at 100 sec.sup.-1 and 2800 Pa.s                       
               at 10 sec.sup.-1                                           
E/TFE copolymer                                                           
               copolymer of 19.6 wt % ethylene,                           
               2.2 wt % perfluorobutyl                                    
               ethylene, and the balance TFE,                             
               with a melt flow rate of 14 at                             
               297° C. by ASTM D-3159-83                           
Ficel .sup.®                                                          
               Ficel .sup.® AF-100 formulated zinc                    
               compound, a chemical blowing                               
               agent from Sherex Chemical Co.                             
Expandex .sup.®                                                       
               Expandex ® 175, barium salt of                         
               5-phenyl tetrazole, a chemical                             
               blowing agent of Olin Chemicals,                           
               Stamford, Connecticut                                      
TFE/PPVE(1) copolymer                                                     
               copolymer of TFE and 3.9 wt. %                             
               perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether),                             
               with a melt viscosity of 2.2 ×                       
               10.sup.4 poise at 372° C.                           
TFE/PPVE(2) copolymer                                                     
               copolymer of TFE and 3.9 wt. %                             
               perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether),                             
               with a melt viscosity of 4.25 ×                      
               10.sup.4 poise at 372° C.                           
E/CTFE copolymer                                                          
               copolymer of ethylene and                                  
               chlorotrifluoroethylene                                    
FEP copolymer  copolymer of TFE and 12.3 wt. %                            
               hexafluoropropylene, with a melt                           
               flow rate of 6.6 at 372° C. (ASTM                   
               D-2116-83)                                                 
ZrS-10         zirconium (+4) salt of TBSA                                
CrS-10         chromium (+3) salt of TBSA                                 
CeS-10         cerium (+4) salt of TBSA                                   
KS-10          potassium salt of TBSA                                     
HS-10          TBSA                                                       
AS-10          aluminum salt of TBSA                                      
SrS-10         strontium salt of TBSA                                     
CaS-10         calcium salt of TBSA                                       
ZnS-10         zinc salt of TBSA                                          
BaS-10         barium salt of TBSA                                        
LS-10          lithium salt of TBSA                                       
FS-10          iron (+3) salt of TBSA                                     
TEAS-10        triethylamine salt of TBSA                                 
BS-6A          barium p-(perfluoro[1,3-                                   
               dimethylbutyl]) benzene                                    
               sulfonate                                                  
BS-9A          barium p-(perfluoro[1,3,5-                                 
               trimethylhexyl]) benzene                                   
               sulfonate                                                  
BaS-A1(H)      barium p-toluene sulfonate                                 
BaP-A          barium benzene phosphonate                                 
NaP-A          sodium benzene phosphonate                                 
NaS-A(II)      4,5-dihydroxy-m-benzene                                    
               disulfonic acid disodium salt                              
BS-8           barium perfluorooctane sulfonate                           
KS-8           potassium perfluorooctane                                  
               sulfonate                                                  
KS-8C          potassium perfluorocyclo-                                  
               hexylethane sulfonate                                      
NaS-1          sodium trifluoromethane                                    
               sulfonate                                                  
KS-1           potassium trifluoromethane                                 
               sulfonate                                                  
KS-1(H)        potassium methane sulfonate                                
BaS-3(H)       barium propane sulfonate                                   
NaTCA          sodium trichloroacetate                                    
BTBP           barium salt of F(CF.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2         
               PO.sub.3 H                                                 
               wherein n is a mixutre of 6, 8,                            
               10 and possibly 12,                                        
               predominantly 8                                            
NTBP           sodium salt of F(CF.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2         
               PO.sub.3 H                                                 
               wherein n is a mixture of 6, 8,                            
               10 and possibly 12,                                        
               predominantly 8                                            
LL1121B        barium perfluoro(2,5-                                      
               dimethyl)-3,6-dioxatridecanoate                            
BC14(06)       barium perfluoro 3,5,7,9,11,13-                            
               hexaoxatetradecanoate                                      
BS-12(H)       barium lauryl sulfate                                      
NS-12(H)       sodium lauryl sulfate                                      
CC-18(H)       calcium stearate                                           
BaC-8          barium perfluorooctanoate                                  
BaC-9          barium perfluorononanoate                                  
AWG-26         Solid copper wire 404                                      
               micrometers in diameter                                    
AWG-24         Solid copper wire 510                                      
               micrometers in diameter                                    
AWG-22         Solid copper wire 635                                      
               micrometers in diameter                                    
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                                           TABLE 3                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
          A     B     C         D     E                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
Type Foaming                                                              
          Gas Injec-                                                      
                Gas Injec-                                                
                      Gas Injection                                       
                                Gas Injec-                                
                                      Chemical                            
          tion, F-22                                                      
                tion, F-22                                                
                      F-22      tion, F-22                                
                                      Blow                                
Extruder                                                                  
Diameter (mm)                                                             
          31.75 31.75 60 mm                                               
                           25.4 31.75 31.75                               
L/D Ratio   30/1                                                          
                30/1  30/1  20/1                                          
                                30/1  30/1                                
Type      Melt Draw                                                       
                Pressure                                                  
                      Pressure  Pressure                                  
                                      Pressure                            
Extrusion                                                                 
Screw Design                                                              
Zone                                                                      
Feed       4.06/10                                                        
                3.81/10                                                   
                      4.45/10                                             
                           4.57/12                                        
                                3.81/10                                   
                                       6.6/13                             
Metering  1.02/4                                                          
                0.86/3.7                                                  
                      .97/4.0                                             
                           --   0.86/3.7                                  
                                      --                                  
Gas       3.56/4                                                          
                 3.42/3.25                                                
                      5.1/3.5                                             
                           --    3.42/3.25                                
                                      --                                  
Pumping   1.57/5                                                          
                 1.32/4.25                                                
                      1.47/6.0                                            
                           1.9/4                                          
                                 1.32/4.25                                
                                      2.54/8                              
Mixing      3.81/5.5                                                      
                5.96/3.5                                                  
                      7.1/4.0                                             
                             3.6/3.7                                      
                                5.96/3.5                                  
                                      3.81/5.5                            
Temperatures (°C.)                                                 
Rear      360   315   329  304  332   250                                 
Center Rear                                                               
          382   315   315       260   285                                 
Center    371   315             260   285                                 
Center Front                                                              
          382   315             268   320                                 
Front     382   315   321  315  273   330                                 
Adaptor   371   315   315  315  223   315                                 
X Head    326   325   327       282   320                                 
Die       326   330   329       282   320                                 
Melt      387   320   343       125   285                                 
Screw Speed                                                               
           80    60    41        72    6                                  
Air Gap   4.5   4.6    10       4.6   4.6                                 
(meters)                                                                  
Wire Size (mm)                                                            
          0.643 0.51  0.51      0.58  0.643                               
Wire Speed                                                                
           18    41   838        22    34                                 
(m/min.)                                                                  
Wire Preheat                                                              
           65   132   223  104         65                                 
(°C.)                                                              
Crosshead Melt                                                            
          14(FEP)                                                         
                4.9   13.8      4.9   11.7                                
Pressure                                                                  
(MPa)                                                                     
Gas Pressure                                                              
          0.7   0.7   0.5       0.7   None                                
(IKPa)                                                                    
Vacuum (mm Hg)                                                            
          380   None  None      None  None                                
Die (mm)  5.05  1.32  0.73      1.32  0.914                               
Guide Tip (mm)                                                            
          1.91  0.59  0.56      0.59  0.685                               
Foam Core Size                                                            
          3.30  2.03  0.83      1.45  1.15                                
(mm)                            to                                        
                                1.9                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
              F     G     H     I     J                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
Type Foaming  Gas Injec-                                                  
                    Chemical                                              
                          Chemical                                        
                                Gas Injec-                                
                                      Gas Injec-                          
              tion, N.sub.2                                               
                    Blow  Blow  tion, N.sub.2                             
                                      tion, N.sub.2                       
Extruder                                                                  
Diameter (mm) 31.75 31.75 50.8 mm                                         
                                31.75 31.75                               
L/D Ratio     30/1  30/1  28/1  30/1    30/1                              
Type          Pressure                                                    
                    Pressure                                              
                          Pressure                                        
                                Pressure                                  
                                      Pressure                            
Extrusion                                                                 
Screw Design                                                              
Zone                                                                      
Feed          3.81/10                                                     
                     6.6/13                                               
                          8.25  3.81/10                                   
                                       4.06/10                            
Metering      0.86/3.7    Note: long                                      
                                0.86/3.7                                  
                                      1.02/4                              
                          transition                                      
Gas           3.42/3.25          3.42/4.25                                
                                      3.56/4                              
Pumping       1.32/4.25                                                   
                    2.54/8                                                
                          6.6/10                                          
                                 1.32/4.25                                
                                      1.57/5                              
Mixing        5.96/3.5                                                    
                    3.81/5.5    5.96/3.5                                  
                                        3.81/5.5                          
Temperatures (°C.)                                                 
Rear          260   160   326   299   165                                 
Center Rear   232   188   332   299   177                                 
Center        232   201   332   291   165                                 
Center Front  254   201   321   288   168                                 
Front         273   201   321   282   171                                 
Adaptor       273   204   357   279   182                                 
X Head        288   204   360   282   177                                 
Die           288   204   371   282   177                                 
Melt          278   210   343   282   178                                 
Screw Speed    80    70    5     40    25                                 
Air Gap       4.6   4.6    10   4.6   4.5                                 
(meters)                                                                  
Wire Size (mm)                                                            
               0.508                                                      
                     0.51  0.406                                          
                                 0.508                                    
                                       0.51                               
Wire Speed    48.6   43    30    20   7.6                                 
(m/min.)                                                                  
Wire Preheat   99    82   150    93   none                                
(°C.)                                                              
Crosshead Melt                                                            
              9.6   23.4  4.8   5.2   5.2                                 
Pressure                                                                  
(MPa)                                                                     
Gas Pressure  2.1   None  None  2.4   2.1                                 
(IKPa)                                                                    
Vacuum (mm Hg)                                                            
              None  None  None  None  None                                
Die (mm)      1.3   1.3   0.56  1.6   2.1                                 
Guide Tip (mm)                                                            
               0.64  0.56 0.43   0.58  0.56                               
Foam Core Size                                                            
               2.15 2.3   0.7    2.28 ˜2.5                          
(mm)                                                                      
__________________________________________________________________________
 Note: Balance of Extruder screw 1/d lengths are transitions and the screw
 front tip.                                                               
 
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A. TFE/HFP copolymer was cube blended with a 5 weight percent boron nitride concentrate (compounded with TFE/HFP copolymer in a 28 mm W&amp;P twin screw extruder as described earlier) in the ratio needed to give a product with 0.25% boron nitride. 
     B. A second composition was prepared from TFE/HFP copolymer by blending a 5 weight % boron nitride concentrate plus a 0.3 weight % KS-10 concentrate to give 0.25% boron nitride and 330 ppm KS-10. 
     C. A third composition was prepared from TFE/HFP copolymer by blending with a 5 weight percent boron nitride concentrate plus a concentrate containing 0.3% calcium tetraborate to give 0.25% boron nitride and 125 ppm calcium tetraborate. 
     D. A fourth composition was prepared from TFE/HFP copolymer by blending with a 5 weight % boron nitride concentrate plus a concentrate containing 0.3% calcium tetraborate and a 0.3 weight % TBSA concentrate to give 0.25% boron nitride and 125 ppm calcium tetraborate plus 330 ppm of TBSA. 
     These four compositions were extruded onto wire under the conditions of Table 3, Column A with the following results: 
     
                       TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                       AFCD                                               
Composition                                                               
           % V         (M)     cc/cm.sup.3                                
______________________________________                                    
A.         55          381        18,000                                  
B.         60          152       312,000                                  
C.         55          100      2,800,000                                 
D.         58           76     12,000,000                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     As seen from these results, the KS-10 can be used with boron nitride, and it gives enhanced foam nucleation. Similarly, TBSA can be used in conjunction with boron nitride and calcium tetraborate, and it gives enhanced nucleation. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     TFE/HFP copolymer was blended with a 5% boron nitride concentrate and with a 0.3% BaS-1 concentrate to give the compositions shown in Table 5. Each composition was foamed onto wire using the conditions of Table 3, Column A. 
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                 Conc.   AFCD                                             
Additive         (ppm)   (M)                                              
______________________________________                                    
None             --      635                                              
Boron nitride    5000    125                                              
BaS-10            125    760                                              
BaS-10            500    100                                              
BaS-10           1000     75                                              
BaS-10           1500    255                                              
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     As shown above, BaS-10 is a very effective nucleant at low concentrations compared with boron nitride, a traditional nucleating agent used with TFE/HFP copolymers. It should also be noted that there is an optimum concentration for the BaS-10 nucleating agent. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Samples of TFE/HFP copolymer containing several concentrations of various salts of TBSA were prepared by blending virgin resin with the appropriate ratio of concentrate containing 0.3% of the fluorosulfonic acid salt. These compositions were foamed onto wire as described in Table 3, Column A, with the results shown in Table 6. The last column shows the deviation from the average diameter (3300 micrometers) of the foam insulated wire. 
     
                       TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
          Conc.   AFCD            Deviation                               
Additive  (ppm)   (M)        % V  (M)                                     
______________________________________                                    
Boron     5500    127        58   ±76                                  
nitride                                                                   
(control)                                                                 
ZrS-10     75     685        61   ±127                                 
           300    387        58   ±127                                 
           500     76        67   ±76                                  
          1000     76        65   ±76                                  
          2000    203        65   ±127                                 
          3000    203        56   ±127                                 
CrS-10     75     635        52   ±50                                  
           300    431        59   ±76                                  
           500    101        62   ±50                                  
          1500    127        62   ±50                                  
          2000      89(a)    37   --                                      
          3000    (b)        (b)  --                                      
CeS-10     63     559        63   ±127                                 
           250    635        65   ±127                                 
           500    762        72   ±127                                 
          1000    381        66   ±76                                  
          2000    178        67   ±76                                  
          3000    127        62   ±50                                  
KS-10      63     762        78   ±127                                 
           250    304        65   ±76                                  
           500    241        66   ±76                                  
          1000    228        64   ±76                                  
          2000    (b)        (b)  --                                      
HS-10      63     762        61   ±76                                  
           250    203        65   ±76                                  
           500    127        64   ±76                                  
          1000    127        61   ±76                                  
AS-10      500    889        60   ±100                                 
          1000    127        58   ±50                                  
          2000    139        60   (b)                                     
SrS-10     500    139        58   ±100                                 
          2000    127        59   ±75                                  
          3000    228        57   ±127                                 
CaS-10     500    203        41   ±76                                  
          1000    228        41   ±100                                 
          1500    406        41   ±127                                 
Zn-10     1000    508        20   ±127                                 
          2000    381        20   ±127                                 
          3000    381        20   ±127                                 
BaS-10     125    762        20   (c)                                     
           500    101        55   ±50                                  
          1000     76        55   ±50                                  
          1500    254        40   ±150                                 
LS-10      500     178*      55   ±75                                  
          1000     178*      56   ±75                                  
FS-10      75     406        52   ±250                                 
           150    101        55   ±50                                  
           300    101        58   ±50                                  
           500     76        55   ±50                                  
          1000     76        55   ±59                                  
______________________________________                                    
 *Cells collapsed to ellipses to the indicated minor diameter. If these   
 cells were spherical cells, they would be 280 micrometers in diameter.   
 (a)open cells                                                            
 (b)gas injector probe plugged                                            
 (c)no record                                                             
 
    
     As seen above, all of these fluorosulfonic acid salts (and the HS-10 itself) function as nucleating agents. Some are much better than others and the performance of each one varies with concentration. In addition to cell size and void content variation, there are significant fluctuations in diameter and capacitance. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A series of samples containing various levels of salts of three other types of sulfonic acids and a phosphonic acid were also prepared, extended in TFE/HFP copolymer and foamed onto wire, as described in EXample 3, with the results shown in Table 7. The last column shows the deviation from the average diameter (3300 micrometers) of the foam insulated wire. 
     
                       TABLE 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
          Conc.   AFCD             Deviation                              
Additive  (ppm)   (M)       % V    (M)                                    
______________________________________                                    
BS-9A      500    762       75     (b)                                    
          1000    762       62     (b)                                    
          2000    381       60      ± 75                               
          3000    253       54      ± 75                               
BS-8       500    254       56     ± 100                               
          1000    228       57      ± 75                               
          2000    101       59      ± 50                               
KS-8C     1500    635       40     ± 200                               
          3000    400       40     ± 200                               
BTBP      1500     64       80     ± 200                               
          3000    25-67      ˜70(a)                                 
                                   (c)                                    
______________________________________                                    
 (a)open cells                                                            
 (b)unstable; diameter control was poor                                   
 (c)unstable; foaming in crosshead                                        
 
    
     As seen from the above results, the three barium salts are effective as nucleating agents for TFE/HFP copolymers, whereas the potassium salt is not. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE A 
     In contrast to Examples 3 and 4, samples containing various levels of other types of salts (not within the invention) in TFE/HFP copolymers were prepared in the same manner-from concentrates containing 0.3% of the salt. These compositions were also foamed onto wire as described in Table 3, Column A with the results shown in Table 8. 
     
                       TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
           Conc.        AFCD                                              
Additives  (ppm)        (M)     % V                                       
______________________________________                                    
LL1121B     500         1016    65                                        
           1000         558     46                                        
           2000         1016    45                                        
           3000         1016    63                                        
BC14(06)    500         890     52                                        
           1000         762     55                                        
           2000         890     55                                        
           3000         1016    62                                        
BS-12(H)    500         431     57                                        
           1000         711     52                                        
           2000         889     57                                        
           3000         889     57                                        
CC-18(H)    500         685     60                                        
           1000         1270    62                                        
           2000         1524*   63                                        
BaC-8       500         635     46                                        
           1000         635     45                                        
BaC-9       500         1016    42                                        
           1000         762     53                                        
           1500         889     53                                        
______________________________________                                    
 *Foam cells blistered outside the insulation surface. All of the         
 compositions gave large cell size (i.e., greater than 400 micrometers) an
 produced unstable capacitance and diameter in extrusion.                 
 
    
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Compositions with tetrafluoroethylene(TFE)/perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) (PPVE) copolymers (TFE/PPVE copolymers) were made up using a 0.3% concentrate of BaS-10 as described in Example 2. These compositions were foamed onto wire according to the conditions of Table 3, Column A. The results are shown in Table 9. The capacitance and diameter stability during extrusion are shown in the last column. 
     
                       TABLE 9                                                     
______________________________________                                    
           Conc.     AFCD                                                 
Additive   (ppm)     (M)     % V     Remarks                              
______________________________________                                    
TFE/PPVE(1)                                                               
Boron nitride                                                             
           5000      300     55      (a)                                  
(control)                                                                 
BaS-10      63       406     51      (b)                                  
            125      330     57      (b)                                  
            250      304     55      (b)                                  
            500      304     55      (b)                                  
           1000      102     55      (b)                                  
           2000       89     57      (b)                                  
           3000      127     54      (b)                                  
TFE/PPVE(2)                                                               
Boron nitride                                                             
           5000      255     55      (a)                                  
(control)                                                                 
BaS-10      500      286     57      (c)                                  
           1000      191     58      (c)                                  
           2500       51     60      (a)                                  
           3000       76     62      (a)                                  
______________________________________                                    
 (a)Steady extrusion                                                      
 (b)Head pressure very low in extrusion and some foaming in the crosshead 
 occurred to make stability of the process borderline. This occurred      
 because the extruder screw design was not optimized for TFE/PPVE(1).     
 (c)Extrusion not steady                                                  
 
    
     As seen from these results, BaS-10 is an effective nucleating agent for TFE/PPVE copolymer resins. Note that there is an optimum concentration range to achieve th smallest cell size. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     ETFE copolymer containing 2 wt. % boron nitride or varying amounts of fluorosulfonic acid salts as indicated in Table 10 was foamed onto wire at about 40 meters/minute according to the conditions of Table 3, Column B. This produced a 0.7 mm thick foamed insulation on AWG-24 solid copper wire having capacitance values near 60 pF/m at a foam void level of about 60% (Table 10 except for KS-8 and KS-8C). For KS-8 and KS-8C this produced a 0.28 mm thick foamed insulation on AWG-24 wire having capacitance values near 136 pF/m (a foam void level of about 42%). Relative foaming performance, as indicated by insulation diameter and capacitance variability and by foam cell size, is shown in Table 10. The last column shows the deviation from the average core diameter of 1900 micrometers and the deviation from the average capacitance of 62-69 pF/m, except for KS-8 and KS-8C wherein the deviations are from an average core diameter of 1068 micrometers and an average capacitance of 138 pF/m. 
     
                       TABLE 10                                                    
______________________________________                                    
          Conc.   AFCD        Deviation                                   
Additive  (ppm)   (M)         (M; pF/m)                                   
______________________________________                                    
None      None    432         (b)                                         
LS-10      750    --          (a)                                         
          1500    --          (a)                                         
          3000    --          (a)                                         
CaS-10     750     76                                                     
          1500     51         (c) ± 13; ± 0.3*                      
          3000     51                                                     
BaS-10     750    178                                                     
          1500    178         (c) ± 38; ± 1.5                       
          3000    178                                                     
ZnS-10     750    432                                                     
          1500    432         (d) ± 40; - 15                           
          3000    432                                                     
AS-10      750    500                                                     
          1500    432         (d) ± 50; - 15                           
          3000    483                                                     
FS-10      750    635                                                     
          1500    635         (c) ± 10; ± 0.3                       
KS-8       250    127                                                     
           500    114                                                     
          1000     76         (c) ± 10; ± 0.3                       
          2000     50                                                     
          3000     89                                                     
KS-8C      250    178                                                     
           500    152         (c) ± 10; ± 0.3                       
          2000     64                                                     
          3000    38-76                                                   
______________________________________                                    
 (a) gas injector probe plugged                                           
 (b) low void content, 32% unstable extrusion                             
 (c) extrusion foaming stable                                             
 (d) extrusion foaming unsteady                                           
 *capacitance average of 57 pF/m                                          
 
    
     EXAMPLE 7 
     BaS-10 was evaluated as a nucleating agent for ETFE copolymer in a high speed extrusion (625 m/min.) of thin wall foam-skin insulation on AWG-24 solid copper wire. Conditions used are given in Table 3, Column C and the results are given in Table 11. A dielectric constant of 1.7 corresponds to a foam void level of 48%. 
     
                       TABLE 11                                                    
______________________________________                                    
          C         Diameter  Foam  AFCD  Ex                              
Additive  (pF/m)    (M)       DC    (M)   St                              
______________________________________                                    
2% BN     121.4 ± 1.0                                                  
                    1092 ± 50                                          
                              1.68  50    (a)                             
(Control Resin)                                                           
 500 ppm  132.2 ± 0.3                                                  
                    1049 ± 13                                          
                              1.71  50    (b)                             
BaS-10                                                                    
1000 ppm  125.3 ± 0.3                                                  
                    1054 ± 13                                          
                              1.63  38    (c)                             
BaS-10                                                                    
2000 ppm  131.2 ± 0.3                                                  
                    1049 ± 13                                          
                              1.70  25    (b)                             
BaS-10                                                                    
3000 ppm  128.9 ± 1.6                                                  
                    1049 ± 25                                          
                              1.68  50    (b)                             
BaS-10                                                                    
______________________________________                                    
 (a) Good, steady                                                         
 (b) A few capacitance spikes. These positive spikes in the capacitance   
 chart record occurred every 5-8 minutes.                                 
 (c) Excellent, very steady                                               
 
    
     As seen from the above results, BaS-10 not only gives small cell size but it also improves both diameter and capacitance control in this miniature foam. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     An E/CTFE copolymer (Halar® 500 available from Ausimont Chemical Co.) was foamed with CHF 2  Cl gas injection using a start-stop extrusion procedure. This technique was necessary to avoid immediate plugging of the gas injection probe (improper screw design). The foaming process was carried out according to the conditions given in Table 3, Column D. Nucleated compositions were prepared using a 0.3% concentrate of the salt in the copolymer. The results are given in Table 12. 
     
                       TABLE 12                                                    
______________________________________                                    
       Conc.   FCC     Foam  %    AFCD                                    
Additive                                                                  
       (ppm)   (pF/m)  DC    V    (M)   cc/cm.sup.3                       
______________________________________                                    
None     0     98.4    2.01  28   304   336,000                           
CaS-10 1500    96.8    2.20  20   203   800,000                           
CaS-10 3000    75.5    1.78  43   102   15,000,000                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     As seen from the results, CaS-10 is a very effective foam nucleant. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     HAP-E/TFE, a chemical-blown ETFE copolymer foam resin commercially available from Chromatics, Inc. (Bethel, Conn.) was foamed onto wire with and without added BaS-10 using the extrusion setup shown in Tab)e 3, Column E. In each case, the HAP-E/TFE (210 grade) was blended into a 50/50 mix with ETFE copolymer (one virgin and one containing 0.3% BaS-10). The results are shown in Table 13. 
     
                       TABLE 13                                                    
______________________________________                                    
              No Added                                                    
                      Added Nucleant                                      
              Nucleant                                                    
                      1500 ppm BS-10                                      
______________________________________                                    
Solid AWG-22 Dia (mm)                                                     
                0.635      0.635                                          
C (pF/m)        91.9      74.2                                            
Stability of C (pF/m)                                                     
                ±3.3   ±0.7                                         
Foam Diameter (mm)                                                        
                2.39      2.54                                            
D C             2.0       1.85                                            
% V                30         35                                          
AFCD (M)          230         38                                          
cc/cm.sup.3 at 33% voids                                                  
                38,000    13,000,000                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     As seen from the results, this nucleating agent is very effective in this system. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Chemical-blown ETFE copolymer compositions were prepared by dry blending powdered ETFE copolymer with Ficel® and the sulfonic acid salt indicated in Table 14. The blends were pelletized in a lab scale California Pellet Mill before evaluation. The compositions were foamed onto wire according to conditions given in Table 3, Column E. The results are given in Table 14. In each case the amount of blowing agent was 0.38 wt. %. 
     
                       TABLE 14                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Additive   BaS-10   CaS-10   KS-8    KS-8                                 
Conc.      1000 ppm 1000 ppm 1000 ppm                                     
                                     3000 ppm                             
______________________________________                                    
C (pF/m)   170.6    175.5    198.4   183.7                                
Foam Diameter                                                             
             1.17     1.15     1.10  1.08                                 
(mm)                                                                      
DC          1.9      1.9      1.9    1.75                                 
% V           36       36       36       45                               
AFCD (M)      76       51       51       38                               
cc/cm.sup.3                                                               
           1,500,000                                                      
                    6,500,000                                             
                             6,500,000                                    
                                     18,000,000                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     As seen from the results, these compositions give good quality foam with small cell size. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Blends of 98% of a broad molecular weight distribution linear high density polyethylene (0.964 g/cm 3 ) having a melt index of 1.9 (standard method 190° C./2.16 kg) and 2% of a high pressure branched polyethylene with a 0.929 g/cm 3  density and a melt index of 1.9, containing various levels of sulfonic acid and phosphonic acid salts, were prepared from 0.3% concentrates and foamed as an approximately 60% void insulation onto wire using conditions given in Table 3, Column F. The results are given in Table 15. The last column shows the capacitance in pF/m and the deviation from the average diameter (2150 micrometers) of the foam insulated wire. 
     
                       TABLE 15                                                    
______________________________________                                    
         Conc.   AFCD                                                     
Additive (ppm)   (M)      Remarks                                         
______________________________________                                    
None       0     360      (a) 55-88 pF/m; ± 150 M                      
FS-10     60     229                                                      
          150    165                                                      
          750    63       (b) 52 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 50 M                 
         1500    51                                                       
         3000    51                                                       
CrS-10    60     203                                                      
          150    152                                                      
          750    102      (b) 52 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 50 M                 
         1500    51                                                       
         3000    38                                                       
KS-10     60     254      (a) 55-88 pF/m; ± 100 M                      
          150    254                                                      
          750    203      (a) 55-88 pF/m; ± 75 M                       
         1500    127      (b) 52 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 50 M                 
         3000    237                                                      
BaS-10    63     102                                                      
          125    89                                                       
          250    76       (b) 52 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 25 M                 
          500    68                                                       
         1000    64                                                       
         3000    64                                                       
CaS-10    63     76                                                       
          125    76       (b) 52 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 25 M                 
          250    64                                                       
         1000    51                                                       
KS-8      500    51                                                       
         1000    43       (b) 52 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 25 M                 
         2000    33                                                       
         3000    33                                                       
KS-6A     500    89                                                       
         1000    89       (b) 52 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 25 M                 
         2000    89                                                       
         3000    51                                                       
LS-10     63     152                                                      
          125    178      (b) 52 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 101 M                
          250    127                                                      
          500    101                                                      
         1000    127                                                      
KS-8C     500    100                                                      
         1000    75       (b) 52 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 25 M                 
         2000    64                                                       
         3000    40                                                       
NTBP      500    127                                                      
         1000    76       (b) 56 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 25 M                 
         1500    25                                                       
         3000    76                                                       
NaS-1     500    76       (b) 56 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 25 M                 
         1000    64       (b)                                             
         3000    51       (b)                                             
KS-1      500    203                                                      
         1000    178      (a) 52-88 pF/m; ± 75 M                       
         3000    152                                                      
KS-1(H)   500    330      (a) 69-85 pF/m; ± 50 M                       
         1000    152                                                      
         2000    89       (b) 56 ± 0.3 pF/m; ±  25 M                
         3000    64                                                       
BaS-3(H)  500    175         62 ± 0.7 pF/m; ± 31 M                  
         1000    38       (b) 60 ± 0.3 pF/m; ± 13 M                 
         2000    60          59 ± 0.2 pF/m; ± 6 M                   
BaP-A    1000    75       (b) 59 ± 0.2 pF/m; ± 13 M                 
         2000    100         60 ± 0.2 pF/m; ± 25 M                  
NaP-A     500    325      (a) 60-70 pF/m; ± 75 M                       
         1000    100      (b) 59 ± 0.2 pF/m; ± 25 M                 
         2000    100         59.5 ± 0.2 pF/m; ± 25 M                
BaS-A1(H)                                                                 
         1000    75       (b) 58 ± 0 pF/m; ± 25 M                   
         2000    75          58.5 ± 0.1 pF/m; ± 25 M                
NaS-A(II)                                                                 
         1000    100      (b) 57.5 ± 0 pF/m; ± 38 M                 
         2000    100         56.0 ± 0 pF/m; ± 25 M                  
TEAS-10  1000    28       (b) 60 ± 0 pF/m; ± 25 M                   
         2000    275      (a) 91 ± 16 pF/m; ± 100                   
______________________________________                                    
                          M                                               
 (a) unstable capacitance                                                 
 (b) stable capacitance                                                   
 
    
     As seen from these results, all of these salts act as nucleants, with the KS-8 and KS-8C being especially effective. Of the S-10 salts, iron nd calcium are very effective nucleants. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE B 
     Several other types of organic acid salts were incorporated into the same polyethylene blend as specified in Example 11 and foamed onto wire using the conditions of Example 11. The results are shown in Table 16. The last column shows the capacitance and the deviation from the average diameter (2150 micrometers) of the foam insulated wire. 
     
                       TABLE 16                                                    
______________________________________                                    
                AFCD                                                      
        Conc.   (% V = 60)                                                
Additive                                                                  
        (ppm)   (M)        Remarks                                        
______________________________________                                    
None    --      475                                                       
NS-12(H)                                                                  
         63     508        (b) 56 to 75 pF/m; ± 152 M                  
         250    300                                                       
         500    254                                                       
        1000    406                                                       
        2000    457                                                       
CC-18(H)                                                                  
         500    457        (b) 56 to 75 pF/m; ± 152 M                  
        1000    457                                                       
        2000    457                                                       
BS-12(H)                                                                  
         600    230        (b) 52 to 76 pF/m; ± 100 M                  
        1200    230                                                       
        1800      230(a)                                                  
        2940      230(a)                                                  
NS-12(H)                                                                  
         600    300        (c)                                            
        1200    380        (b) like BS-12(H)                              
Na TCA  1000    304        (b) like BS-12(H)                              
        2000    280                                                       
        3000    254                                                       
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 (a) Partial plugging of the gas injector probe                           
 (b) unstable extrusion                                                   
 (c) fairly stable                                                        
 
    
     As seen from the above results, these specific salts are not effective as nucleants for polyethylene. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     A broad molecular weight distribution, high density polyethylene copolymer (density=0.945 g/cc, melt index=0.4, standard method 190° C./2.16 kg) containing 0.75% by weight azodicarbonamide blowing agent was foamed into wire using the conditions given in Table 3, Column G. This was compared with two, similarly chemically-blown, blended polyethylene resins, one with BaS-10 added and one without. As seen from Table 17, the BaS-10 is a very effective nucleant for this chemically blown polyethylene system. 
     
                       TABLE 17                                                    
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                                 PE Blend                                 
             High      PE        plus 1250 ppm                            
Properties   Density PE                                                   
                       Blend     BaS-10                                   
______________________________________                                    
C (pF/m)     6.52      6.04      5.64                                     
Foam Diameter (mm)                                                        
             2.08      2.23      2.28                                     
DC           1.77      1.72      1.63                                     
% V              33        38        44                                   
AFCD (M)         34        41        34                                   
Cell Nature  (a)       (b)       (b)                                      
cc/cm.sup.3  16,500,000                                                   
                       11,500,000                                         
                                 22,000,000                               
______________________________________                                    
 (a) irregular and interconnecting cells                                  
 (b) spherical and distinct separate cells                                
 
    
     EXAMPLE 13 
     Polyarylate of the following composition was foamed according to the conditions given in Table 3, Column H. 
     polyarylate 
     2000 ppm BaS-10 powder (dry blend) 
     1250 ppm Expandex® chemical blowing agent 
     The resultant foamed composition comprised a 0.16 mm wire coating on AWG-26 solid copper wire. This coating was an excellent foam containing 30% voids with foam cells of 17 micrometers. 
     EXAMPLE 14 
     A nylon blend was foamed according to the conditions given in Table 3, Column I. 
     Zytel® 301 HS, nylon resin (commercially available) 
     5000 ppm KS-8, fully compounded 
     The comparison which was made in extrusion foaming, with and without KS-8 as the nucleating agent, is shown in Table 18. 
     
                       TABLE 18                                                    
______________________________________                                    
                        AFCD                                              
Resin       % V         (M)     cc/cm.sup.3                               
______________________________________                                    
Zytel .sup.® 301HS                                                    
             3          762       60                                      
Zytel .sup.® 301HS                                                    
            65          508     7,800                                     
5000 ppm                                                                  
KS-8                                                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 15 
     A melt processible rubber (thermoplastic elastomer) having a dielectric constant of 10.2 was foamed according to the conditions in Table 3, Column J, producing the results, with and without KS-8 as the nucleating agent, shown in Table 19. 
     
                       TABLE 19                                                    
______________________________________                                    
KS-8 nucleant, ppm                                                        
                 none     5,000                                           
% V              ˜25                                                
                           ˜40                                      
AFCD (M)          457       89                                            
cc/cm.sup.3      4.5 × 10.sup.3                                     
                          1 × 10.sup.6                              
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The aforesaid description, including the examples, and the claims which follow are intended as a disclosure of the invention and preferred embodiments thereof. There is no intent to limit the invention to only those embodiments disclosed, since one skilled in the art will readily envision other embodiments from the teaching provided herein. 
     EXAMPLE 16 
     Polymer A of this example was a copolymer of ethylene and 12% methacrylic acid, 40% neutralized with a basic zinc compound, to give a polymer with a melt index of 10. Polymer B of this example was a high pressure, branched polyethylene with a density of 0.929 g/cm 3  and a melt index of 1.9. A concentrate was made of 4% KS-8 in Polymer A. This concentrate was diluted with a blend of 98% Polymer A and 2% Polymer B to give various concentrations of KS-8 in the blends to be extruded, as shown in Table 20. These samples were extruded using the conditions of Table 3, column F. The average foam cell diameter results are shown in Table 20, as are the deviations from the average capacitance. 
     
                       TABLE 20                                                    
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         Conc.        AFCD                                                
Additive (ppm)        (M)     Remarks                                     
______________________________________                                    
None       0          241     ±3 pF/m*                                 
KS-8      500         76      ±1.5 pF/m                                
KS-8     1000         51      ±1.5 pF/m                                
KS-8     2000         51      ±0.7 pF/m                                
______________________________________                                    
 *Very low void content (20%)