Patent Publication Number: US-2019194484-A1

Title: Methods and systems for authenticating goods using analyte encoded security fluids

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/385,036, filed Sep. 8, 2016; U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/393,510, filed Sep. 12, 2016; and U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/453,396, filed Feb. 1, 2017. Each of the above applications is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY 
     The official copy of the sequence listing is submitted electronically via EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with file “10188-201589_2017-09-08_SEQ_ID” created on 7 Sep. 2017 and having a size of 2 Kilobytes. The sequence listing contained in this ASCII formatted document forms part of the specification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to methods for authenticating goods to prevent counterfeiting and more specifically to authentication methods using analyte encoded security fluids and their detection. 
     Counterfeit goods are generally made from lower quality components, in an attempt to sell cheap imitations of similar goods by brands consumers known and trust. Counterfeit goods span across multiple industries including anything from apparel, accessories, music, software, medications and cigarettes to automobile and airplane parts, consumer goods, toys and electronics. 
     Counterfeiting is not a victimless crime. Counterfeiters often prey on consumer&#39;s′ desires for low prices, but that cheap piece comes at a high cost to multiple parties. For example, in addition to mere profit loss, counterfeit goods can be dangerous. Counterfeit medications commonly available over the Internet and in brick and mortar stores have been found to include toxic substances, such as lead paint and thus present a serious health hazard. Further, purchase of counterfeit goods from counterfeit merchants can place purchasers at increased risk of identity theft and credit card fraud. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for improved methods and systems for authenticating goods to avoid counterfeits. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention addresses the need for improved methods and systems for authenticating goods. The technical approach can be used with any packaging or tag associated with a good or the good itself in need of authentication. Nonlimiting examples of such goods include documents, jewelry, clothing, clothing accessories, currency, checks, tickets, and in general any tangible item with high perceived value or good will value, which is at risk of theft, fraudulent manipulation, illegal copying, counterfeiting and infringement of protected rights. This is achieved in one aspect of the invention by a method for product authentication, the method including: applying an analyte encoded security fluid to a substrate of the product; obtaining a sample of the fluid from the substrate; and testing the sample for the presence of the analyte. 
     In some embodiments, the analyte encoded security fluid is applied by way of printing or stamping. The fluid can be applied using a variety of publishing or printing platforms, such as offset printing, flexo, gavure, and any a digital printer/press approach. The analyte encoded security fluid can be sprayed or brushed onto the substrate. In some embodiments, the fluid is an ink. In further embodiments, the ink is configured for inkjet printing. 
     The analyte can be a double stranded nucleic acid sequence or a single stranded nucleic acid sequence. The analyte can be an organic or an inorganic compound. In some embodiments, the analyte includes a binding moiety, such as biotin for binding a detecting or capture reagent. 
     In some embodiments, the substrate is encoded with a substrate security feature separate and/or distinct from the analyte encoded security feature. In some embodiments, the substrate security feature includes printed indicia that is printed with a downshifting print media that is outside of the visible spectrum until activated. In some embodiments, the substrate security fluid includes a fluorescent colorant. 
     In some embodiments, the substrate security feature includes a stereoscopic image selectively viewable under ultraviolet light. In further embodiments, the stereoscopic image is printed as a pair of interlaced images on the substrate, with at least two different downshifting print media formulations, wherein at least two of the downshifting print media formulations selectively emit a different wavelength in the visible spectrum upon activation with ultraviolet light. The interlaced images can be printed with an inkjet printer or in a single pass of a dot-on-demand inkjet printer. The interlaced images can be copies of a same image or can be different images. 
     In some embodiments, the stereoscopic image is viewed through two lenses, wherein each lens is aligned for viewing through a different eye, further wherein a first lens filters out a portion of the visible spectrum emitted by a first downshifting print media formulation and a second lens filters out a portion of the visible spectrum emitted by a second downshifting print media formulation. 
     The substrate security feature can be hidden or the substrate can include visible indicia indicating positioning of the security feature on the substrate. 
     Sample containing the analyte can be obtained by swiping dried fluid with a solvent loaded collecting wand. A particularly useful collecting wand was developed, which includes an absorbent tip loaded with the solvent; a housing having a chamber with fenestrations or throughbores configured for delivering wash fluid from the chamber to the tip, and a pump, optionally embodied as a plunger, that pumps the wash fluid through the fenestrations, and a removable cap configured to seal the fenestrations when closed and open the fenestrations when removed. 
     In other embodiments sample is obtained by scraping the dried analyte encoded security fluid from the substrate and at least partially dissolving the dried analyte encoded security fluid with a suspending solution. 
     In some embodiments, the sample is tested by detecting the presence or absence of the analyte using a test strip device, wherein the test strip device has a sample mixing zone and a detection zone. Preferably, the sample mixing zone is loaded with a detectable reagent that binds the analyte or a binding moiety conjugated to the analyte. 
     In some embodiments, the detectable reagent includes a labeled single stranded nucleic acid molecule. In other embodiments, the detectable reagent includes a labeled polypeptide. The detectable reagent can includes a colored bead as a label or an enzyme label. 
     The detection zone includes an array of immobilized capture reagents configured to capture a same or different analyte. Preferably, the array of immobilized capture reagents includes capture reagents positioned at different regions of the detection zone to form a capture pattern. Further, the array of immobilized capture reagents can include capture reagents positioned at different regions of the detection zone to form different capture patterns for different analytes. 
     Security is improved when the test device has a test device code that that associates the test device with a capture pattern. In preferred embodiments, the test device code is written in a computer readable format, such as, but not limited to a quick respond code (QR code), an augmented reality code (AR code), and a barcode. In some embodiments, the test device includes a computer readable code, optionally a QR code or an AR code, configured to direct an Internet web browser to an Internet web page for pairing the device code with the capture pattern and optionally a substrate security feature. The test device can include a computer readable code, optionally a QR code or an AR code, configured to direct a web browser to an Internet web page for authentication of the capture pattern and optionally a substrate security feature. 
     The test device can include a single channel or can include a plurality of distinct channels, wherein each channel has a different sample mixing zone for mixing a same or different detectable reagent. 
     Preferably analyzing test results includes using an electronic device able to communicatively connect to an authentication authority. Preferably, the electronic device transmits a device code to the authentication authority and receives a data file providing authenticating test results for comparison. In some embodiments the data file displays an authenticating array of immobilized capture reagents on a graphical user interface for visual comparison to the test results and optionally a substrate security feature. In some embodiments, the test results are transferred to the authentication authority for authentication, and the authentication authority notifies the electronic device of authenticity after comparison with an authentication database of authentic test results. Authentic test results can be predetermined by a user during a setup process. 
     In some embodiments the test results are transferred to the authentication authority by way of the Internet. In some embodiments the test results are manually inputted into the electronic device. Inputting the test results can include selecting positions within a graphical user interface corresponding to a viewed array pattern. Inputting test results can include inputting a series of numbers having a series of fields within an array pattern indicating the presence of the analyte. 
     In some embodiments the array pattern is presented as an option among a plurality of potential array patterns by the authentication authority for choosing by the user. In other embodiments, the test results are uploaded to the authentication authority as an image file formed by the electronic device. In some embodiments, the authentication authority provides electronic instructions for camera alignment by the electronic device. 
     The electronic device can include or be communicatively coupled to a spectrophotometric analyzer that emits ultra-violet and/or near infra-red wavelengths and detects the presence of a substrate security feature when present. 
     In a related aspect of the invention a security fluid suitable for inkjet printing is provided, which includes an analyte characterized as a single stranded nucleic acid molecule or a polypeptide suspending in a solvent having a viscosity of 1-50 centipoise and surface tension of 20-45 dynes. In some embodiments, the analyte is the single stranded nucleic acid molecule and is conjugated to a binding moiety, optionally biotin, with a known complement. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the invention can be better understood with reference to the following drawings, which are part of the specification and represent preferred embodiments. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. And, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views. 
         FIG. 1  depicts an overview of a preferred method showing reading of test results from a test device  300  by a mobile phone  400  and the communication of test results for authentication to an authentication authority  450  over the Internet  460  and receiving corresponding confirmation of authentication. 
         FIG. 2  depicts an overview of a preferred method where an analyte encoded security fluid  100  is printed on a substrate  200  embodied as a check  222  (at the MICR line  224 ), a sample is collected and tested for the presence of analyte in a capture array using a test device  300 , and the results communicated using a mobile phone  400  for authentication, where the results include a QR encoded test device code  305 , and an image of the capture pattern  410 . Pass results are communicated back to the mobile phone  400  confirming authentication. Further confirmation of the substrate  200  is performed by revealing a substrate security pattern  210  under ultraviolet light. 
         FIG. 3  depicts an overview of a preferred method where an analyte encoded security fluid  100  is printed on a the packing  226  of a pharmaceutical, a sample is collected and tested for the presence of analyte in a capture array using a test device  300 , and the results communicated using a mobile phone  400  for authentication, where the results include a QR encoded test device code  305  and an image of the capture pattern  410 . Pass results are communicated back to the mobile phone  400  confirming authentication. 
         FIG. 4  depicts an overview of a test device  300  having a test strip  380  with an immobilized capture reagent  320  capturing an analyte  310 , which itself is also bound to a labeled detecting reagent  335 . 
         FIG. 5  depicts a substrate security features  210  revealed by exposure to ultraviolet light on a substrate  200 . 
         FIG. 6  is a photograph of a spectrophotometric analyzer  700  in communication with a mobile phone  400 . 
         FIGS. 7A-B  depict a preferred collecting wand  600  for collecting a sample. 
         FIGS. 8A-D  depicts four different variations for the display of test results as capture patterns  410 , namely, a positive/negative result  FIG. 8A , a series of numbers  FIG. 8B , a pattern of lines arranged in alignment  FIG. 8C , and variable positioning of lines or blocks  FIG. 8D . 
         FIG. 9  depicts the reading of a QR encoded test device code  305  by a mobile phone  400 , which launches a web browser to a web site, where test device code  305 , use code  307 , and capture pattern  410  is inserted for authentication, followed by a screen confirming authentication. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The invention provides improved methods and systems for counterfeit prevention. The technical approach can be used with any packaging or tag associated with an item or the item itself in need of authentication. In some embodiments, the methods and systems are envisioned to authenticate products, such as pharmaceuticals and medications. The methods and systems are also envisioned to be used to authenticate designer brands of clothing and clothing accessories, which are commonly counterfeited, to prevent riding off the good will of designers and artists. Further, the methods and systems are also envisioned for use with a variety of documents, such as certificates, where authentication is desired. Still further, the method can be used with any tangible item with high perceived value or good will value, which is at risk of theft, fraudulent manipulation, illegal copying, counterfeiting and infringement of protected rights. Furthermore, the methods can be performed throughout a supply chain, from manufacturing to final use. 
     In preferred embodiments, the methods and systems rely on security features applied to a substrate requiring specially designed detection systems, which can authenticate content applied to the substrate and in some embodiments separately authenticate the substrate itself. Furthermore test results can be further encoded by way of establishing secure, paired profiles and confirming the profiles by communication with an authentication authority, embodied as a remotely accessible computerized system. Communication with the authentication authority has been still further approved by a software application loadable on a mobile electronic device. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 1-9 , the invention provides methods for authenticating goods by detecting an analyte  312  from an analyte encoded security fluid  100  applied to a substrate  200 . An exemplary method for product authentication can include applying an analyte encoded security fluid  100  to a substrate  200  of a product requiring authentication; obtaining a sample of the fluid  100  from the substrate  200 ; and testing the sample for the presence of the analyte  312 . The presence of the analyte  312  confirms the authenticity of the good, and the absence of the analyte  312  suggests the substrate is a counterfeit. 
     The analyte encoded security fluid  100  includes a detectable analyte  312  suspended in a solvent that is suitable for applying on a substrate  200 . As such, the precise formulation of the fluid  100  may vary according to the properties of the substrate  200  and according to the technique for delivering the fluid  100  to the substrate  200 . As such, the security fluid  100  may include additives, such as one or more surfactants, humectants, biocides, and dispersion aids to assist with delivery or application to the substrate. 
     The analyte encoded security fluid  100  can be formulated and thus applied to a substrate  200  using a variety of techniques, such as but not limited to printing with a printer, stamping with a stamp, marking with a pen or marker, and others. The security fluid  100  can be applied using a publishing or printing platform, such as but not limited to offset printing, flexo, gavure and any digital printer/press approach. 
     Offset printing is a printing technique where an inked image is transferred or offset from a plate to a blank, then to a printing surface. In offset printing the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers while the non-printing area attracts a water based film, keeping the non-printing areas ink free. Flexography (flexo) is a form of printing that utilizes a flexible relief plate that can be used for printing on almost any type of substrate  200 , including plastic, metallic films, cellophane and paper. Rotogravure (gravure) is a type of intaglio printing, which involves engraving an image onto a cylindrical image carrier for use in a rotary printing process. The analyte encoded security fluid  100  can be adapted for any of these applications. Furthermore, the analyte encoded security fluid  100  can be applied by spraying, brushing, sprinkling, jetting or any other approach known in the art to which the invention belongs. In some embodiments, the security fluid  110  is printed using an inkjet printer. 
     As introduced above, the viscosity and surface tension of the fluid  100  may vary depending on the method used to apply the analyte encoded security fluid  100  to the substrate  200  requiring authentication and the substrate  200  itself. As a general guideline, fluids  100  for inkjet printing on documents typically have a viscosity of about 1 to 50 centipoise and surface tension of about 20-45 dynes. 
     When marking a substrate  200  with a pen or marker carrying the analyte encoded security fluid  100 , the security fluid  100  can be further formulated to comply with ISO 14145-1 for general substrates or ISO 14145-2 for documents; however, this is not required. When applying the fluid  100  by use of a stamp, the fluid can generally be more viscous than inkjet formulations and marker formulations since such approaches do not typically induce a flow to dispense the fluid  100 . 
     While the analyte encoded security fluid  100  does not require a pigment or colorant, in preferred embodiments the analyte encoded security fluid  100  is embodied as an ink to facilitate testing. The term “ink” as used herein refers to a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes used to color a surface to produce an image, text or design. Inks can be a complex medium of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescents and other materials. Although in preferred embodiments, the security fluid  100  also includes a colorant or a pigment to identify the position of the authenticating analyte, in some embodiments the analyte encoded security fluid  100  has a UV visible fluid and/or invisible IR absorbing fluid, which permits the location of the analyte  310  to be hidden until exposed to a UV and/or IR spectrum. Whether inks are visible without aid or require excitation to be visible, the inks are used as a carrier for applying one or more analytes  310  to the substrate  200 , used as an identifier indicating the placement of the analyte  310  on the substrate  200 , and used as a carrier for analyte removal for transfer to the test device  300 . Although the ink can be formulated for a variety of printing techniques, in some embodiments the ink is formulated for inkjet printing. 
     The analyte  310  itself is preferably a biological molecule due to the availability of complementary binders for analyte capture within the test device  300  but it is not an absolute requirement. The analyte  310  can be any molecule, whether organic or inorganic, that can be transferred to a substrate  200 , removed from the substrate  200  and tested for its presence using a capture approach with an immobilized molecule  320  (also referred to as a “capture reagent” or “capture molecules”). In some embodiments the analyte  310  is a peptide. A peptide is chain of amino acid monomers linked by amide bonds. More preferably, the analyte  310  is a polypeptide. A polypeptide is a long, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Capture molecules or reagents  320  can be generated against peptides and polypeptides using antibody production methodologies, which are known to those having ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. 
     Still more preferably, the analyte  310  is a nucleic acid molecule. Nucleic acids are biopolymers composed of nucleotides made of three components, a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrongenous base. If the simple sugar is a simple ribose, the polymer is ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In nature, complementarity is the base principle of DNA replication and transcription, such that when they are aligned antiparallel to each other, the nucleotide bases at each position in the sequences will be complementary. This complementary base pairing allows cells to copy information from one generation to another and even find and repair damage to the information stored in the sequences. By providing an analyte  310  embodied as a single stranded nucleic acid, a capture reagent  320  can be generated by providing its reverse complement such that guanine pairs to cytosine and adenine pairs to thymine. Yet in some embodiments, the analyte  310  is embodied as a double stranded nucleic acid molecule and exposed to a heating element that heats the analyte  310  above its melting temperature to produce a single stranded nucleic acid molecule for capture by the capture reagent  320 . 
     When the analyte  310  is a nucleic acid, preferably it has a length of about 20 to 60 nucleotides, more preferably about 25-35 nucleotides. Further, when the analyte  310  is a single stranded nucleic acid molecule, the nucleic acid sequence is designed to avoid or discourage strong loops and dimerization. Such analysis can be confirmed using a variety of software programs known in the art to which the invention belongs. Non-limiting examples of single stranded nucleic acid molecules that can used in the invention include the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS. 1-4. 
     The length of the nucleic acid molecule as well as its GC content determines its melting temperature, which together with its sequence can be used to authenticate substrates  200 . To this end, the analyte  310  is typically designed in tandem with its reverse complement for use as its capture reagent  320 . By varying the GC content, the melting temperature of a captured analyte  310  can vary. This variance in melting temperature can be exploited for further security by adding additional single stranded nucleic acid molecules, which bind to the analyte  310 , but have a lower melting temperature. In such an embodiment, the additional single stranded nucleic acids may bind the analyte  310  to provide a protective structure, thereby preventing or reducing analyte  310  breakage. In other embodiments, the additional single stranded nucleic acids may act as decoy to prevent unwanted sequencing of the analyte  310 . That is, the additional single stranded molecules may disguise the authenticating nucleic acid sequence within the analyte encoded security fluid  100 . In furtherance of this, the additional single stranded nucleic acids can have mismatches with the analyte  310 , thereby generally reducing the melting temperature between analyte  310  and additional single stranded nucleic acids. Using this approach, the mismatched single stranded nucleic acids are permitted to bind the analyte  310  at room temperature, but melt at a temperature above room temperature but below an absolute match. By coupling this approach with a resistor or heating element positioned within the test device  300  and elevating the temperature within the test device  300  above the melting temperature of the mismatch but below the melting temperature of a perfect match, the analyte  310  is freed and permitted to bond to its complement, embodied as the capture reagent  320 . 
     In some embodiments the nucleic acid analyte-capture reagent pair is designed with a melting temperature that withstands heat generated by a heating element positioned at a mixing zone  330  and/or in a detection zone  340 , and optionally along the path to the detection zone  340 , which helps reduce potential background from interfering nucleic acids. 
     In some embodiments the analyte encoded security fluid  100  includes a single stranded nucleic acid molecule as analyte  310  and double stranded or single stranded DNA molecules to further mask the identity of the analyte  310  (also referred to as masking DNA). In such instances, the double or single stranded DNA molecules are designed such that they are less than a 50% complement to the analyte  310 . In some embodiments masking DNA has less than 25% complementarity to the analyte  310 . In some embodiments masking DNA has less than 10% complementarity to the analyte  310 . In some embodiments masking DNA has less than 5% complementarity to the analyte  310 . In some embodiments masking DNA has less than 1% complementarity to the analyte  310 . In some embodiments, there is more masking DNA than analyte DNA in the analyte encoded security fluid  100 . 
     In some embodiments the melting temperature of the nucleic acid molecule forming the analyte  310  is over 40 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the melting temperature is over 50 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the melting temperature is over 60 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the melting temperature is below 65 degrees Celsius. 
     In some embodiments the analyte  310  is conjugated to a binding moiety  350  that itself can strongly bind a complementary binding partner  360 . In particular, the binding moiety  350  is chosen such that it can bind to the complementary binding partner  360  during an authentication step. In some embodiments the binding moiety  350  is biotin, an agent for binding to an avidin, during authentication. Biotinylating an oligonucleotide permits analyte  310  capture to an immobilized capture reagent  320  via complementary nucleotide binding and binding to a label  370 , such as a latex bead, by conjugating the label  370  to a complementary binding partner  360  embodied as avidin. 
     The skilled artisan will appreciate that as an alternative to the above technique, an analyte  310  conjugated to a binding moiety could bind an immobilized complementary binding partner (complementary to the binding moiety) as capture reagent and bind to a complementary nucleic acid strand that is labeled for detection. 
     In still another approach, an analyte  310  of sufficient length could bind to an immobilized complement at one end and to a labeled complement at the opposing end such that both the capture reagent and detecting reagent are complementary to the analyte, albeit at different ends. 
     In furtherance of the above, an exemplary analyte encoded security fluid  100  is formulated with an analyte  310  embodied as a nucleic acid for use in ink jet printing. The analyte  310  is a single stranded 30mer oligonucleotide according to SEQ ID NO: 1—GGC CGG TAA GCT GCA GAA GAC ATT GAC AGT—having a GC content of 53% and a basic melting temperature with its reverse complement of 64.4 degrees Celsius. SEQ ID NO. 1 is designed such that there is no potential hairpin formation, no 3′ complementarity, and no self-annealing sites. SEQ ID NO. 2—ACT GTC AAT GTC TTC TGC AGC TTA CCG GCC—which is the reverse complement, is chosen as a capture reagent  320 . An inkjet formulation is prepared according to TABLE 1 and adjusted to a viscosity to 25 centipoise and to a surface tension of 30 dynes. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 INKJET FORMUATION 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Component 
                 Composition 
                 Purpose 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Water 
                 50-90%  
                 Solvent, carrier fluid 
               
               
                 Colorant 
                 0-10% 
                 Add vibrancy 
               
               
                 Co-solvents 
                 5-50% 
                 Humectants, enhance ink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 formation on paper 
               
               
                 Surfactants 
                  0-5% 
                 Improve wetting and flow 
               
               
                   
                   
                 through nozzle 
               
               
                 Polymeric binders 
                 0-10% 
                 Increase durability and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 appearance of print 
               
               
                 Other additives: biocides 
                  0-1% 
                 Prevent bacteria growth 
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO. 1 conjugate 
                 100 ug DNA/mL 
                 Authentication 
               
               
                 Optional 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The inkjet formulation is loaded into an inkjet print cartridge. Clothing labels are printed with an inkjet printer loaded with the formulation and sewn to the clothing. 
     As another example, an exemplary analyte encoded security fluid  100  is formulated with an analyte  310  embodied as a nucleic acid for use in ink jet printing. The analyte  310  is a single stranded 25mer oligonucleotide according to SEQ ID NO: 3—TAC AAG ATT CAC AAC TTG GTA TAC T—having a GC content of 32% and a basic melting temperature with its reverse complement of 51 degrees Celsius. SEQ ID NO. 3 is designed such that there is no potential hairpin formation, no 3′ complementarity, and no self-annealing sites. SEQ ID NO. 4—AGT ATA CCA AGT TGT GAA TCT TGT A—which is the reverse complement, is chosen as a capture reagent  320 . An inkjet formulation is prepared according to TABLE 2 and adjusted to a viscosity to 25 centipoise and to a surface tension of 30 dynes. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 INKJET FORMUATION 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Component 
                 Composition 
                 Purpose 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Water 
                 50-90%  
                 Solvent, carrier fluid 
               
               
                 Colorant 
                 0-10% 
                 Add vibrancy 
               
               
                 Co-solvents 
                 5-50% 
                 Humectants, enhance ink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 formation on paper 
               
               
                 Surfactants 
                  0-5% 
                 Improve wetting and flow 
               
               
                   
                   
                 through nozzle 
               
               
                 Polymeric binders 
                 0-10% 
                 Increase durability and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 appearance of print 
               
               
                 Other additives: biocides 
                  0-1% 
                 Prevent bacteria growth 
               
               
                 SEQ ID NO. 3 conjugate 
                 100 ug DNA/mL 
                 Authentication 
               
               
                 Optional 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The inkjet formulation is loaded into an inkjet print cartridge. Pharmaceutical packaging is printed with an inkjet printer loaded with the formulation and sewn to the clothing. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 2 and 5 , in some embodiments the substrate  200  is encoded with a substrate security feature  210  separate from the analyte encoded security fluid  100 . This permits further security by providing an additional layer of authentication. 
     A substrate security feature  210  has been developed for use in the methods and systems, which includes printed indicia that is printed with a downshifting print media that is outside of the visible spectrum until activated. Activation under UV light is shown in  FIG. 5 . In particular formulations have been developed for printing indicia using fluorescent colorants that require excitation. 
     The substrate security feature  210  has been further developed to provide stereoscopic images that are hidden under conventional lighting but viewable when exposed to ultraviolet light. This is accomplished, at least in part, using downshifting print media formulations that include molecules, which in response to applying one or more energy sources in the range of about 200-400 nm to the printed substrate  200 , generate images in the visible spectrum that can be viewed. The downshifting print media formulations are preferably grouped together to form a suite of inkjet inks configured to interact with the energy source to produce different visible spectra. 
     The downshifting print media formulations have also been combined with conventional colorants to view one color under ordinary light conditions and a second color under ultraviolet exposure. To this end, the suite can be used for printing security features on documents to assist with authentication. 
     In general, inkjet inks are either dye or pigment-based. Dye-based inkjet inks generally use a soluble colorant that is usually water-based Conversely, pigmented inks typically use an insoluble or dispersed colorant to achieve color. 
     The downshifting print media formulations preferably incorporate fluorescent molecules or dyes or infrared-excitable molecules or dyes. Fluorescence is the emission of radiation, such as visible light, by a substance during exposure to external radiation, such as ultraviolet light. When a fluorescent molecule (as shown in or dye is struck by ultraviolet light, which is invisible to the human eye, it emits a light in the visible spectrum, thereby becoming visible. Once the ultraviolet light source is removed, so does the emission, thereby rendering the molecule or dye invisible to the human eye. The downshifting print media formulations operate using this principle. That is, exposing a substrate  200  to an ultraviolet light (such as by using a spectrophotometric analyzer  700  shown in  FIG. 6 ) will reveal substrate security features  210  printed with the downshifting print media formulations (as shown in FIG.  5 ) and removal of the ultraviolet light will hide the substrate security features  210 . Likewise, when an infrared-excitable molecule or dye is struck by infrared radiation, which is invisible to the human eye, it emits a detectable signal, thereby confirming its presence. Once the infrared light source is removed, so does the emission, thereby rendering the molecule or dye invisible. That is, exposing a substrate to infrared radiation will reveal substrate security features printed with the downshifting print media formulations and removal of the infrared radiation will hide the security features  210 . 
     There are a number challenges in forming downshifting print media formulations that are selectively viewable under ultraviolet light. For example, inkjet formulations must be provided at a viscosity and surface tension that permit dispensing from an inkjet printer. This is a further challenge when the object is to print downshifting print media formulations at a resolution of at least 600 dpi and still a greater challenged when a print resolution of 1200 dpi is desired. Such high-speed resolution permits the interlacing complex images to achieve high-resolution stereoscopic imaging. High resolution is desired when generating anti-counterfeiting technologies, such as those described herein. 
     The primary solvent for suspending the fluorescent molecule or dye in the downshifting print media formulations may vary depending on the properties of the molecule or dye and depending on the substrate  200  upon which it is printed. Accordingly, the term “solvent” within the context of the invention refers to aqueous or non-aqueous and organic or inorganic solvents known in the inkjet arts. Examples of solvents that may be used with the invention include water, isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, hexane, petroleum, epoxy and others. The solvent may be chosen in part depending on the desired substrate  200  such that the downshifting print media formulations will effectively print on the substrate. 
     When adapting a fluorescent molecule or dye for inkjet printing, it is important to provide the formulation at an appropriate viscosity. A viscosity that is too high tends to clog the jets or tends to bead on the surface causing an uneven printing. A viscosity that is too low tends to be “runny” when dispensed and reduces the control over the high resolution positioning of images for interlacing. Accordingly, when using drop-on-demand type printers such as bubble jet printers and piezoelectric printers, the preferred viscosity is less than about 15 centipoise (cp). More preferably the viscosity is about 2-8 cp. The viscosity can be adjusted by adding thickeners or dispersants. 
     In addition, a variety of additives may be provided, including but not limited to one or more biocides, humectants or drying control additives, synergists, substrate conditioners or wetting additives, surface appearance additives, polymer additives, anti-settling additives, dispersants, foam control, adhesion promotion additives, rheology control additives and others as known in the inkjet arts. 
     Biocides and fungicides are chemical substances or compounds capable of killing living organisms. As such, their inclusion may prevent growth or attachment of living organisms to the formulation thereby increasing its lifespan. Biocides and fungicides may be synthetic or natural and may themselves have short or long half-lives. A variety of biocides and fungicides are known in the inkjet arts and thus their inclusion and relative amounts may be determined by the ordinarily skilled artisan in view of the guidance herein. 
     Humectants are compounds that reduce evaporation and are often provided as a co-solvent together with a dispersant. Accordingly, humectants assist in retaining a consistent concentration of fluorescent molecules or dyes throughout the shelf life of the formulation. An exemplary humectant is ethylene glycol. Examples of preferred co-solvents include ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), glycerine, hydroxyl-(poly) ether, hydroxyl-(poly) ketone, a hydroxyl-(poly) aldehyde and the like. As a nonlimiting example, humectants are usually provided between 0% and less than 1%; however, greater amounts such as about 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% are also encompassed by the invention. 
     An exemplary downshifting print media formulation is shown in TABLE 3 below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Component 
                 Composition 
                 Purpose 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Water 
                 50-90%  
                 Solvent, carrier fluid 
               
               
                 Florescent Molecule or Dye 
                 0-10% 
                 Wavelength Shifting 
               
               
                 Co-solvents 
                 5-50% 
                 Humectants, enhance ink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 formation on paper 
               
               
                 Surfactants 
                  0-5% 
                 Improve wetting and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 flow through nozzle 
               
               
                 Polymeric binders 
                 0-10% 
                 Increase durability and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 appearance of print 
               
               
                 Other additives: biocides 
                  0-1% 
                 Prevent bacteria growth 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The downshifting print media formulation is preferably printed on a substrate that does not react with an ultraviolet light thereby preventing or reducing interference with the output generated when exposing the printed formulation to ultraviolet light for detection. 
     When printing stereoscopic images, two or more different downshifting print media formulations are printed on a same substrate in the form of an image pair, which upon exposure to one or more suitable energy sources, provides an output of two visibly distinct wavelength ranges or colors from the pair. In some embodiments, a first downshifting inkjet formulation, upon exposure to light at a wavelength of 200-400 nm, emits light at a range of 550 to 750 nm, and a second downshifting inkjet formulation emits light at a range of 400-500 nm. 
     By combining a plurality of downshifting print media formulations, a colorant suite of daylight hidden inkjet formulations is provided suitable for correlated one-pass deposition to form a pair of complementing stereoscopic images using a dot-on-demand inkjet process, where each of the image pair members is selectively assembled from dot patterns of discretely energy shift differentiated colorants of the colorant suite. 
     In furtherance of the above, the image pairs can be formed of dot patterns from high resolution printing of different downshifting print media formulations. Thus in some embodiments a suite of daylight invisible inkjet formulations having at least two downshifting print media formulations suitable for correlated one-pass deposition of a pair of complementing stereoscopic images using a dot-on-demand inkjet process is provided where each of the image pair members is selectively assembled from dot patterns of discretely printed downshifting inkjet formulations. 
     Similarly, a suite of daylight invisible inkjet formulations having of at least 2 downshifting print media formulations suitable for correlated one-pass deposition of a pair of complementing stereoscopic images using a dot-on-demand inkjet process where each of the image pair members is selectively assembled from dot patterns printed with a downshifting inkjet formulation is provided. Exemplary formulations are provided in TABLE 4 and TABLE 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Downshifting inkjet formulation 1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Composition 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fluorescent dye 1 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 Surfactant 
                 2% 
               
               
                   
                 Solvent (aq) 
                 93%  
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Downshifting inkjet formulation 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 Composition 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Fluorescent dye 2 
                 5% 
               
               
                   
                 Surfactant 
                 2% 
               
               
                   
                 Solvent (aq) 
                 93%  
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As such, the formulations have been adapted to provide new systems and methods of creating visible 3D stereoscopic output using dot on demand inkjet printing devices by precisely placing interlaced daylight invisible stereoscopic image pairs by means of invisible dye and pigment dispersions on UV non-interacting (indifferent) substrates and subsequent exposure to photons with energy levels beyond hc/lambda, where lambda is 400 nm or less. 
     By providing a suite of downshifting print media formulations, and a print mode that interlaces images, the invention provides a method of generating three-dimensional stereoscopic images that are selectively viewed when exposing the printed substrate to ultraviolet light. The printing mode itself is based on binocular disparity, which is the difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes. That is, when view ing an object, the left and right eyes see a slightly different image and when combined the brain perceives the sense of depth. In traditional printing, information is displayed left-and-right and also up-and-down. The in-and-out information is lost. In order to perceive in-and-out for a three-dimensional effect, the same object must be presented with a slight binocular disparity. 
     To this end, methods of printing a substrate security feature  210  that generates binocular disparity under ultraviolet light has been develop and is provided. In one approach, two copies of a same image are printed offset from another, each with a different downshifting print media formulation. In a preferred embodiment, the images are printed within only a few millimeters of each other. 
     Preferably, the images are printed using a single pass. In such instances, an image can be provided and duplicated. After which, each is assigned to a downshifting print media formulation. The images are then aligned offset to one another and printed using the suite of colorants having at least 2 downshifting print media formulations, where a first formulation is used primarily for the first image and a second formulation is used primarily for the second image. 
     By adjusting the fluorescent dyes, an improved 3D effect has been achieved. However, a still greater 3D effect has been achieved by providing two lenses for viewing the stereoscopic image, wherein each lens is aligned for viewing through a different eye, further wherein a first lens filters out a portion of the visible spectrum emitted by the first formulation and a second lens filters out a portion of the visible spectrum emitted by the second formulation. 
     Turning back to  FIGS. 1-9 , authentication includes testing for the presence of the analyte  310  in the analyte encoded security fluid  100  and may also include testing for the substrate security feature  210 . In such cases, each is performed using a different test but the results can been combined for analysis. Testing for the presence of the analyte  310  in the analyte encoded security fluid  100  preferably includes physical removal of a sample; however, sample removal is not typically noticeable. Preferably the sample for testing is collected from the substrate in a way that minimally affects the substrate itself. 
     In some embodiments, a sample is collected by swiping the dried analyte encoded security fluid  100  with a solvent and a swab  500 . In other embodiments a sample is collected by swiping the dried analyte encoded security fluid with a solvent and a collecting wand  500  substantially as depicted in  FIGS. 7A-B . In this embodiment, the solvent can partially dissolve or loosen the dried security fluid  100  from the substrate  200  and the collecting wand  600  can physically lift the sample from the substrate  200 . In such embodiments, the solvent can be polar or nonpolar depending on the fluid  100  and substrate  200 . In some embodiments the collecting wand  600  has a pointed tip  610  or sharp edge to scrape the sample. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the amount of sample required will depend on the sensitivity of the detecting assay. The detection assay described herein is highly sensitive and thus only a very small amount of sample is required. 
     With particular reference to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , a collecting wand  600  has been developed that efficiently collects and delivers analyte  310  from an analyte encoded security fluid  100 . A preferred collecting wand  600  includes: an absorbent tip  610  loaded with the solvent; a housing  620  having a chamber  630  with fenestrations  640  configured for delivering wash fluid from the chamber  630  to the tip  610 , and a pump  650 , optionally embodied as a plunger  660 , that pumps the wash fluid through the fenestrations  640 , and a removable cap  670  configured to seal the fenestrations  640  when closed and open the fenestrations  640  when removed. 
     The absorbent tip  610  is preferably preloaded with solvent. Depending on the formulation of the analyte encoded security fluid  100 , the solvent can be polar or non-polar, include a detergent or any other formulation that is able to at least partially dissolve the analyte encoded security fluid  100  and/or free the analyte  312  from the substrate  200 . Removing the cap  670  exposes the absorbent tip  610  preloaded with solvent. The tip  610  is rubbed along the dried analyte encoded security fluid  100  thereby partially dissolving the dried fluid  100 , which carries the analyte  310 . The release of the analyte  310  from the absorbent tip  610  is by way of activating the pump  650 , such as for example, pressing a plunger  660  to pressurize the chamber  630 . Pressurizing the chamber  630  pushes the wash fluid through the fenestrations  640  and the causes the wash fluid to flow along the absorbent tip  310 , thereby washing the analyte from the tip  310  and into an analyte detection device. The wash fluid can be any suitable fluid, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or other wash solutions known in the art to which the invention belongs. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 4 and 8A -D, in preferred embodiments, the sample is tested to detect the presence or absence of the analyte  310  on a microfluidic device or on a test device  300  using a test strip  380 . Microfluidic devices can be formed by injection molding, or laser ablation of a substrate, or curing a polymer-based substrate using ultraviolet light with a suitable masking to form channels of appropriate depths and widths and lengths. Within the channels can be one or more mixing zones and detection zones consistent with the description of the following test strip  380 . Migration through the microfluidic device may be by capillary flow or by positively or negatively pressuring the system 
     In preferred embodiments, the analyte detection device (test device  300 ) is uses a test strip  380 . An exemplary test device  300  includes a sample mixing zone  330  and a test strip  380  having a sample application zone  390  and a detection zone  340 . The test strip  380  may also be joined to a sink  395  at the terminal end for absorbing fluid that entirely traverses the test strip  380 . The typical assay takes about 2 minutes. 
     The sample mixing zone  330  is typically a chamber distinct from the test strip  380  that is accessible using the collecting wand  600 . In preferred embodiments, the analyte  310  is flushed into the sample mixing zone  330  by pumping wash fluid from the chamber  630  of the collecting wand  600 , through the absorbent tip  610  of the collecting wand  600  and into the test device  300 . The sample mixing zone  330  can be separated from the test strip  380  using any suitable approach such as a puncturable barrier that requires puncturing to permit flow of the migration fluid to the test strip  380  or a valve as known in the art to which the invention belongs. The sample mixing zone  330  is preferably preloaded with a detectable reagent  335  (e.g. binding partner  360  with label  370 ) that binds the analyte  310  or a binding moiety  350  conjugated to the analyte  310 . A variety of techniques can be used to position the detectable reagent  335  (e.g. binding partner  360  with label  370 ) within the sample mixing zone  330 . Among these include lyphilizing the detectable reagent  335  (e.g. binding partner  360  with label  370 ) such that contact with the wash solution of the collecting wand  600  solubilizes the reagent  335  (binding partner  360  with label  370 ). 
     In some embodiments, the detectable reagent  335  includes a labeled single stranded nucleic acid molecule. In other embodiments, the detectable reagent  335  includes a labeled polypeptide, such as an antibody or antibody fragment. In some embodiments detectable reagent  335  has a colored bead as a label  370 . In other embodiments, the detectable reagent  335  has an enzyme label  370 . Detectable labels  370  can bind the analyte  310  using known binding pairs (e.g. binding moiety  350  and binding partner  360 ), such as biotin-avidin pairs. 
     The sample mixing zone  330  can include a detectable label  370 , such as a latex bead conjugated to a complementary binding partner  360  that itself is configured to bind a binding moiety-analyte  350 ,  312  conjugate. Examples of such binding interactions include bio-agent aided interaction and others. Binding interactions can be antibody-antigen interactions, biotin-avidin binding and others known in the art to which the invention belongs. In preferred embodiments, a labeled-complementary binding partner  360 ,  370  conjugate is preferably suspended in a solvent (also referred to as a migration fluid or wash fluid) that permits binding, migration along the test strip  380  by wicking or chromatographic transport, and capture of the analyte  310  at the detection zone  340 . Nonlimiting examples of such migration fluids include pH adjusted phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 
     In preferred embodiments, a sample application zone  390  introduces the migration fluid, such as the wash fluid from the collecting wand  600 , to the test strip  380  and is typically formed from a pad configured to absorb the entire contents of the mixing zone to reducing spilling. By contacting the nitrocellulose to the sample application zone  390 , the sample will naturally begin to migrate along the test strip  380 . 
     The test strip  380  transports fluid from the mixing zone  330  for assaying in the detection zone  340 . The test strip  380  can be formed from any material that permits chromatographic flow, microfluidic flow or wicking. A non-limiting example includes nitrocellulose. In some embodiments the nitrocellulose is coated with a block and lubricant, such as a sugar to improve fluid flow along the test strip  380 . 
     The migrating fluid, which is typically composed of wash fluid from the collecting wand  600 , transports labeled analyte  310  to a detection zone  340  for capture, which provides a visual readout of the presence or absence of the analyte  310  in the sample. Preferably, the detection zone  340  includes an array of immobilized capture reagents  320  with specificity for binding to the analyte  310 . The dense loading of the capture reagent  320  in the detection zone  340  causes dense binding of the analyte-label complex thereby visually revealing the detectable label  370 , which itself confirms the presence of the analyte  310  and the authenticity of the substrate  200 . The lack of binding is indicative of the substrate  200  being a counterfeit. One of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs will appreciate that two or more analytes  310  may contain one or a combination of a plurality of distinct analyte-labels  370 , which can be differentiated based on their label  370 , such as differently colored bead or the immobilized position within the array. 
     Preferably, the detection zone  340  includes an array of immobilized capture reagents  320  configured to capture a same or different analyte  310 . In some embodiments, the array of immobilized capture reagents  320  includes capture reagents  320  positioned at different regions of the detection zone  340  to form a capture pattern  410 . In further embodiments, the array of immobilized capture reagents  320  comprises capture reagents  320  positioned at different regions of the detection zone  340  to form different capture patterns  410  for different analytes  310 . Thus, by increasing the complexity of the array, the anti-counterfeiting measures can also be increased. 
     In preferred embodiments the capture pattern  410  is revealed by migrating the labeled analyte  310  over the longitudinal extent of the detection zone  340 . In some embodiments, the test device  300  includes a plurality of distinct channels, where each channel has a different sample mixing zone  330  for mixing a same or different detectable reagent  335 , and where migration of corresponding labeled analytes  310  is parallel to one another, whether along the longitudinal extent of the test strip  380  or perpendicular to the longitudinal extent of the test strip  380 . This approach provides a capture pattern  410  through migration over different pathways. 
     In instances where the analyte  310  is a polypeptide, the capture reagent  320  can be an antibody or antibody fragment against the polypeptide. Antibodies and antibody fragments can be generated and immobilized using a variety of approaches well known in the art to which the invention belongs. 
     In the case of an analyte  310  embodied as a nucleic acid, the capture reagent  320  can be a complementary nucleic acid strand. Immobilizing a complementary strand to the test strip  380  can be performed by inkjet printing a suspension of the complementary strand at the detection zone  340 , then treating the test strip  380  until the suspension is well dried and adhered to the test strip  380 . Alternatively, the capture reagent  320  can be chemically bound to the test strip  380  at the detection zone  340  using techniques known in the art to which the invention belongs. 
     When the analyte  312  is embodied as a nucleic acid, in some embodiments the test device  380  includes a heating element that heats the detection zone  340  to a temperature that is near the melting temperature of the analyte  310  and capture reagent  320  to ensure the captured analyte  320  is the proper complement to the immobilized strand. Such embodiments may be of interest when the collected sample also includes masking DNA that may be captured under low temperatures thereby reducing the availability of the capture reagent  320  for capturing the analyte  310 . The heating element can be a resistor such that resisting current traveling through a simple circuit causes the resister to heat to the desired temperature. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8A , in some embodiments, a test device  300  can be exclusive to a particular fluid, where the capture pattern  410  provides only a yes/no indication (such as by yes=+ and no=−). A shown in  FIG. 8B , a test device  300  can have a capture pattern  410  that reveals an alphanumeric display. In  FIG. 8C , the capture pattern  410  is a series of lines in alignment. In  FIG. 8D , the capture pattern  410  provides an array of varying positions in a multi-tiered approach. In each approach of  FIGS. 8B-8D  a test device  300  is encoded with a device code  305  and the array of immobilized reagents  320  is arranged differently across different device codes  305 . This approach permits use of a same capture reagent  320  in different capture patterns  410  for added security. In such embodiments, the device code  305  is paired with a particular capture pattern  410 . Thus, test devices  300  can vary in that they can be exclusive by provide a yes/no indication ( FIG. 8A ), they can reveal a separate activation code ( FIG. 8B ), and they can be multi-tiered ( FIG. 8D ) and include a tracer. 
     Accordingly, the test device  300  can also add to the anti-counterfeiting capabilities of the method and system by providing a test device code  305  that that associates the particular test device  300  with the capture pattern  410 . Thus, the presence of a label  370  may require further authentication with the corresponding test device code  305  to confirm authentication. The test device code  305  can be a string of numbers under a tear away cover so that the test device code  305  is not revealed until testing. In other embodiments, the test code  305  is revealed by migration of the fluid itself, which develops a readable code on the test strip  380 , such as by chemical reaction. In still other embodiments, the test device code  305  is written in a computer readable format, such as a matrix bar code, a quick respond code (QR code)  306 , an augmented reality code (AR code), and a barcode. 
     A QR code  306  is a matrix bar code that is a machine readable optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached. A QR code  306  uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to efficiently store data. Typically a QR code  306  has black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera, and processed using Reed-Solomon error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted. Data is then extracted from the patterns that are present in both the horizontal and vertical components of the image. To this end, the test device code  305  can be encoded in a QR code  306  for pairing with a capture pattern  410 . Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 9 , the QR code  306  can be configured to direct a web browser to an Internet web page for authentication of test results. 
     An AR code provides added features to QR codes  306 . In such embodiments, the QR code  306  can open a url to AR.js content. The imaging device then displays  3   d  content on top of it. AR is essentially all in javascript and can run on a variety of platforms. In some embodiments, the displayed content is an image of the capture pattern  410  for authentication. In other embodiments, the displayed content is an image of the substrate security feature  200  for authentication. 
     In some embodiments, authentication is self-evident, such as by visually viewing a positive or negative test result. However, anti-counterfeiting methods can be improved by analyzing test results using an electronic device able to communicatively connect to an authentication authority  450 . The authentication authority  450  is a computerized system that communicates with users and intermediaries to authenticate goods. 
     Authentication itself can be by way of comparing a plurality of data fields received by the test results to those stored in a database. Information stored in the database can include sets of analytes  310  assigned to particular analyte encoded security fluid formulation, capture pattern  410  configurations and test device codes  305  incorporating combinations. By comparing both the acquired test results or capture pattern  410  and the test device codes  305  themselves to data stored in the database, the authentication authority  450  is able to reliably authenticate goods. 
     As shown more dearly in  FIGS. 1 and 9 , in preferred embodiments, authentication involves communication between the authentication authority  450  and an electronic device, such as a mobile phone  400 , in which the electronic device reads a device code  305  (e.g. QR code  306 ), transmits a device code  305  to the authentication authority  450 , and receives a data file providing authenticating test results for comparison. In some embodiments, the data file displays an authenticating array or capture pattern  410  of immobilized capture reagents  320  on a graphical user interface for visual comparison to the test results and optionally a substrate security feature  200 . The user can then visually confirm the authentication. 
     In another preferred approach, the test results are transferred to the authentication authority  450  for authentication, and the authentication authority  450  notifies the electronic device or mobile phone  400  of authenticity after comparison with an authentication database of authentic test results. In further embodiments the authentic test results are predetermined by a user during a setup process and/or includes the assignment of particular analytes  310  to an analyte encoded security fluid  100  and particular patterning of capture reagents  320  for a collection pattern  410 . 
     Test results are preferably transferred to the authentication authority  450  by way of the Internet  460 . In some embodiments, the test results are manually inputted into the electronic device. In further embodiments, inputting the test results includes selecting positions within a graphical user interface corresponding to a viewed array pattern. That is, once connected to the authentication authority  450 , the authentication authority  450  can query the characteristics of the capture pattern  410  viewable on the test device  300 . In some embodiments, inputting the test results includes inputting a series of numbers characterized as a series of fields within a capture pattern  410  indicating the presence of the analyte  310 . In some embodiments, the pattern  410  is presented as option among a plurality of potential patterns  410  displayed by the authentication authority for choosing by the user. That is, the authentication authority  450  can present a series of selectable options for selection by the user. 
     In other embodiments, the test results are uploaded to the authentication authority  450  as an image file formed by the electronic device. In particular, imaging features can be used to upload an image or photograph of the array. The uploading of images is an approach well known in the art as are software applications that provide guidelines for aligning images. To this end, the authentication authority can provide electronic instructions for camera alignment by the electronic device. 
     In view of the above and with reference to  FIGS. 1-9 , a method of authenticating a good can include providing an authentication authority  450  communicatively coupled to a database; assigning a set of nucleic acid markers as analytes  310  to a printable analyte encoded security fluid  100  and storing nucleic acid marker identifiers in the database; providing a test device  300  that detects the presence of the analytes  310 , wherein the test device  300  has a test device code stored in the database; printing the analyte encoded security fluid  100  onto a substrate  200  to form printed indicia; collecting a sample of the printed indicia; testing the sample for the presence of the analytes  310  using the test device  300  to acquire test results; and transferring the test results and test device code  305  to the authentication authority  450  for authentication. In such embodiments, communication with the authentication authority  450  is preferably through the Internet  460 , where the authentication authority  450  is configured as a server with website access for data transfer. 
     In some embodiments test results are preferably transmitted electronically to the authentication authority through a mobile phone  400  loaded with a suitable software application. In further embodiments the software application together with a camera built into the mobile device captures a complete or near complete image depicting the set of data for authentication, which includes an image depicting the capture pattern  410  or positioning of identifying marks representing the presence of analyte  310  and optionally the test device code  305  associated with the test device  300 . Naturally, the test device code  305  could be provided separately by transmitting a QR code  306 , which then launches the camera function. Such an approach merely requires the user to line up the test device  300  with the mobile phone  400  and take a picture. The software application then transmits the image. In some embodiments time/date/location of the image is also transmitted for further authentication. 
     By incorporating an authentication authority  450 , still further security measures have been developed to protect against counterfeits. Among these include user specific identification keys and user specific analyte encoded security fluids  100 . Further, a registration process has been developed where users are able to generate user exclusive analyte encoded security fluids  100  to secure products. As an example, a user-exclusive analyte encoded security fluid  100  can require setup of a member account with the authentication authority and registration of one or multiple exclusive ID&#39;s from a near unlimited inventory of unique codes—each of which is linked to a specific analyte  312 . Authorized members have the ability to generate unique use codes from a near unlimited inventory of codes associated with IDs, and submit a brief use profile associated with each use code. Acquisition of user exclusive analyte encoded security fluids requires unique acquisition codes which must be requested by the system-verified member from the authentication authority, one for each line item of a prospective ink acquisition available through analyte encoded security fluid certified suppliers. The subscriber will forward the acquisition code to the supplier who will ship ink and acquisition code to the authentication authority  450  for verification of authorization, database update and final delivery to a user authorized location. The members are entitled to acquire exclusive test devices  300  which are unique-number encoded and associated with specific use codes. The test devices  300  can be used by examiners, enforcement and the users of end products for testing and reporting of results using the a smartphone software application or directly at the online portal of the authentication authority  450 . 
     Alternatively to the user exclusive analyte encoded security fluid identification method, the user may opt to enable public authentication of the security fluid  100 . Rather than enabling only select parties with authentication keys for a users&#39; specific analytes  310  the public authentication option is based on a predefined limited inventory of analytes  310  which can be identified using public test devices with built-in ability to authenticate all public analytes  310 . To prevent predictability of public device test results each test device  300  is uniquely numbered with a test device code  305  and differentiated by a random-patterned a grid configuration of dots and dashes of varying length and diameter from captured analytes in the detection zone. Each random pattern is database recorded and associated with the test device code(s). 
     As further security features, the authentication authority  450  is programmed with a random generator to randomize the grouping of available analytes  310  (e.g. nucleic acid markers) for a particular analyte encoded security fluid  100  and can randomize the positioning of capture agents  320  along capture array within the detection zone  340  of the test device  300 . 
     In some embodiments, the authentication authority  450  also maintains tracking information to track the progress of a good through commerce. This can be by way of saving test results and test device codes throughout the transfer of goods. 
     In embodiments where a substrate security feature  210  is provided, the electronic device (or mobile phone  400 ) can also be communicatively coupled to a spectrophotometric analyzer  700  that emits ultra-violet and/or near infra-red wavelengths and detects the presence of a substrate security feature  210  when present (as shown more clearly in  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). An exemplary method of authentication includes providing an authentication authority  450  communicatively coupled to a database, wherein a substrate security feature  210  is stored in memory; printing the substrate security feature  210  onto a substrate  200  using a security fluid  100  to form security indicia, wherein the security indicia displays the security feature  210  when exposed to ultra-violet or near infra-red wavelengths; testing the substrate  200  for the presence of the substrate security feature  210  using a test system, which includes a spectrophotometric analyzer  700  that emits ultra-violet and/or near infra-red wavelengths and detects the presence of the security feature  210  when present, and a mobile device  400  communicatively coupled to the spectrophotometric analyzer  700 , wherein the mobile device  400  is loaded with a software application to query the authentication authority as to the authenticity of the security feature  210  or security indicia; and thus the method further including querying the authentication authority  450  to authenticate the tested substrate. 
     Authentication of substrate security features  210  can be performed using the mobile device  400  to communicate or compare the detected security features  210  with data files previously saved and accessible by the authentication authority  450 . The security feature  210  can be arranged in multiple information layers. The security feature  210  may be aligned linearly, or aligned in non-linear, randomly real-time computed security patterns. The security features can be alphanumeric strings or images. In some embodiments, the authentication authority  450  receives a query including the detected substrate security feature  210  from the mobile device  400 , compares it to a file stored in memory, and confirms or denies the authentication query in a response. In another embodiments, the authentication authority  450  receives a query including a partially detected security feature  210  from the mobile device  400 , retrieves the full or additional security feature  210  stored in memory, and transfers the full or additional security feature  210  to the mobile device  400 . The mobile device  400  or user can then confirm or deny the authenticity of the good by comparing the remaining security features  210  with the transferred file. 
     The invention described herein may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The specific embodiments previously described are therefor to be considered as illustrative of, and not limiting, the scope of the invention