Patent Publication Number: US-7585424-B2

Title: Pattern reversal process for self aligned imprint lithography and device

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of forming semiconductor devices and, in particular, to an improved pattern reversal process for the making of at least one thin film device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Socially and professionally, most people rely upon video displays in one form or another for at least a portion of their work and/or recreation. With a growing demand for large screens and high definition television (HDTV), cathode ray tubes (CRTs) have largely given way to displays composed of liquid crystal devices (LCDs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), plasma and front and rear projection systems. 
     A CRT operates by a scanning electron beam exciting phosphorous-based materials on the back side of a transparent screen, wherein the intensity of each pixel is commonly tied to the intensity of the electron beam. With an LED and plasma display, each pixel is an individual light-emitting device capable of generating its own light. With an LCD display, each pixel is a transient light-emitting device, individually adjusted to permit light to shine through or reflect through the pixel by altering the polarization of the transmitted or reflected light. 
     As LCD, plasma and LED screens do not utilize a large tube, as in a CRT, LCD, plasma and LED screens may be quite thin and, in many cases, are lighter than comparable CRT displays. As such, large and small flat screen displays can be provided to improve the portability of laptop computers, video displays in vehicles and airplanes, and information displays that are mounted or set in eye catching locations. 
     A plurality of thin film devices, such as transistors, are typically incorporated into the screens of such flat screen devices as LCD, plasma and LED displays. Specifically, one or more transistors are commonly used to control the behavior of each pixel within the display. The individual nature of each pixel of an LED, plasma or LCD display introduces the possibility that each pixel may provide a different quantity of light. One pixel may be brighter or darker than another, a difference that may be quite apparent to the viewer. 
     As a flat screen display may incorporate hundreds of thousands of transistors, great care is generally applied in the fabrication of LED, plasma and LCD displays in an attempt to ensure that the pixels (and more specifically the backplane transistors controlling the pixels) are as uniform and consistently alike as is possible. Frequently, especially with large displays, quality control measures discard a high percentage of displays before they are fully assembled. As such, displays are generally more expensive than they otherwise might be, as the manufacturers must recoup the costs for resources, time and precise tooling for both the acceptable displays as well as the unacceptable displays. 
     Traditionally, thin film devices have been formed through processes such as photolithography. In a photolithographic process, a substrate is provided and at least one material layer is uniformly deposited upon the substrate. A photo-resist layer, also commonly known simply as a photoresist, or even a resist, is deposited upon the material layer, typically by a spin coating machine. A mask is then placed over the photoresist and light, typically ultra-violet (UV) light, is applied through the mask to expose portions of the photoresist. During the process of exposure, the photoresist undergoes a chemical reaction. Generally, the photoresist will react in one of two ways. 
     With a positive photoresist, UV light changes the chemical structure of the photoresist so that it is soluble in a developer. What “shows” therefore goes, and the mask provides an exact copy of the patterns which are to remain—such as, for example the trace lines of a circuit. Photolithography may also be considered a 2D process, in that each layer of material is deposited and then masked. Although 3D structure may be created by stacking layers patterned via the 2D process, there is no inherent alignment feature between the layers. 
     A negative photoresist behaves in the opposite manner—the UV exposure causes it to polymerize and not dissolve in the presence of a developer. As such, the mask is a photographic negative of the pattern to be left. Following the developing with either a negative or positive photoresist, blocks of photoresist remain. These blocks may be used to protect portions of the original material layer, or serve as isolators or other components. 
     Very commonly, these blocks serve as templates during an etching process, wherein the exposed portions of the material layer are removed, such as, for example, to establish a plurality of conductive rows. 
     The process may be repeated several times to provide the desired thin film devices. As such, new material layers are set down on layers that have undergone processing. Such processing may inadvertently leave surface defects and/or unintended contaminant particles in the prior layers. 
     With respect to transistors, there are two types—bottom-gate transistors and top gate transistors. Bottom-gate transistors incorporating amorphous silicon are generally more desirable then top gate amorphous silicon transistors. This is due in part to better device performance in terms of a higher electron field effect mobility and a lower off-state leakage current. 
     Although desirable, the fabrication of bottom-gate amorphous silicon transistors requires precise alignment between source/drain contacts and the gate electrode. In a typical bottom-gate transistor structure, a metal gate material is formed on a substrate. A desired gate electrode is then formed by a conventional photolithographic process. 
     Summarized, a dielectric layer is formed over the gate metal, and a layer of active material in which a channel will be formed is deposited over the dielectric layer. In many instances a contact layer, such as, for example a—Si:H doped to be N+, is deposited over the dielectric layer prior to the deposition of a top metal layer. 
     Lithography, or a similar process, and subsequent etching processes are then employed to remove a section of the top metal layer and contact layer (if provided), lying roughly over the gate metal. This removal forms the gate and drain contact electrodes. Since photolithography processes and etching process may introduce at least 1μ alignment error, there are overlaps between source/drain contacts and the gate electrode by design to ensure the electrical continuity between the source and drain when the TFT channel is at an on state. 
     While leaving the overlaps alleviates the alignment problem, there are several drawbacks and therefore reasons to minimize the amount of overlap. For example, the overlap causes the channel to be longer than otherwise would be necessary, which in turn limits the reduction in size of the overall structure. The TFT source to drain current is proportional to the ratio of the channel width to the channel length. Reducing the overlaps shrinks the length of the transistor, and thus provides more room for other components that may be required for an eventual device. 
     Furthermore, and perhaps most importantly, parasitic capacitance is established between the source/drain electrode material and the gate material in the areas of overlap. This parasitic capacitance results in feed-through voltage. When the TFT is incorporated into a display backplane to control a display pixel, this may result in inadvertent turning on of the pixel. This uncontrolled behavior results in image flicker (inaccuracy in the Off-to-On transition of the TFT), and sticking (inaccuracy in the On-to-Off transition of the TFT) in the case of a display device. In the case of a sensor device, parasitic capacitance results in readout noise. 
     Further, due to variations in the substrate, resolution of the lithography, alignment of the lithographic mask and other factors, the overlap may vary from TFT to TFT in an array. Such variance thus permits a variance in feed-through voltage from TFT to TFT. More simply stated, the plurality of TFTs in the array will have a range of different performance factors. 
     Photolithography is a precise process applied to small substrates. In part, this small-scale application is due to the high cost of the photo masks. For the fabrication of larger devices, typically, rather than employing a larger and even more costly photo mask, a smaller mask is repeatedly used—a process that requires precise alignment. 
     As a photolithographic process typically involves multiple applications of materials, repeated masking and etching, issues of alignment between the thin film layers is of high importance. A photolithographic process is not well suited for formation of thin film devices on flexible substrates, where expansion, contraction or compression of the substrate may result in significant misalignment between material layers, thereby leading to inoperable thin film devices. In addition, a flexible substrate is not flat—it is difficult to hold flat during the imprinting process and thickness and surface roughness typically cannot be controlled as well as they can in glass or other non-flexible substrates. 
     The issue of flatness in photolithography can be a problem because the minimum feature size that can be produced by a given imaging system is proportional to the wavelength of the illumination divided by the numerical aperture of the imaging system. However, the depth of field of the imaging system is proportional to the wavelength of the illumination divided by the square of the numerical aperture. Therefore, as resolution is increased, the flatness of the substrate quickly becomes the critical issue. 
     With respect to the flat screen displays introduced above, use of flexible substrates for the internal backplane controlling the pixels is often desired. Such a flexible substrate can provide a display with flexible characteristics. A flexible substrate may also be easier to handle during fabrication and provide a more mechanically robust display for the user. 
     Hence, there is a need for a process to provide at least one thin film device that overcomes one or more of the drawbacks identified above. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure advances the art by providing a pattern reversal process in forming at least one thin film device. 
     In particular, and by way of example only, according to an embodiment, provided is a pattern reversal process for self aligned imprint lithography (SAIL) including: providing a substrate; depositing at least one layer of material upon the substrate; establishing a pattern upon the layer of material, the pattern providing at least one exposed area and at least one covered area of the layer of material; treating the at least one exposed area to provide at least one etch resistant area of material, the at least one covered area remaining etch susceptible; removing the pattern; etching the at least one layer of material to remove the etch susceptible area of material. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a high level flowchart of at least one method embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a substrate with a 3D structure in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a layer of material deposited upon the 3D structure in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a polymer deposited over the layer of material in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the polymer having a first portion removed to expose a first portion of the layer of material in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  are perspective views of the etching process removing the first portion of the layer of material in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of the polymer having a second portion removed to expose a second portion of the layer of material in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 8A-8C  are perspective views of the treatment performed to toughen the exposed portion of the layer of material ( FIG. 8A ), the removal of the polymer to expose treated and untreated areas of the layer of material ( FIG. 8B ) and the etching process removing untreated areas while treated areas remain in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of the remaining toughened material following removal of the polymer and subsequent etching in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIGS. 10A ,  10 B and  11 A,  11 B are perspective views illustrating the flexible alignment properties of the pattern reversal process in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 12  is a perspective view illustrating the subsequent deposition of thin film layers upon substrate and toughened material in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view illustrating the deposition of a polymer deposited over the layer of material in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 14  a perspective view of the polymer having a first portion removed to expose a first portion of the thin film layers in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 15  perspective view of the etching process removing the first portion of the thin film layers in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 16  a perspective view of the polymer having a second portion removed to expose a second portion of the thin film layers in accordance with an embodiment; 
         FIG. 17  is a perspective view showing the removal of the top most thin film layer in accordance with an embodiment; and 
         FIG. 18  is a perspective view of the resulting 3-dimensionally contoured thin film transistor with device isolation in accordance with an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before proceeding with the detailed description, it is to be appreciated that the present teaching is by way of example, not by limitation. Thus, although the instrumentalities described herein are for the convenience of explanation shown and described with respect to exemplary embodiments, it will be appreciated that the principles herein may be applied equally in other types of thin film devices (“TFDs”). 
     In at least one embodiment, the method for forming at least one TFD incorporates Self-Aligned Imprint Lithography (“SAIL”), a recently developed technique for producing multilayer patterns on flexible substrates. The basics of this process are set forth and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,861,365, entitled Method and System for Forming a Semiconductor Device, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The SAIL technique uses a 3D patterned resist and is typically employed in roll-to-roll processing. As the 3D resist is flexible, the pattern will stretch or distort to the same degree as the substrate. As such, a SAIL roll-to-roll fabrication process may be employed to provide low cost manufacturing solutions for devices such as flat and/or flexible displays, or other devices suitable for roll-to-roll processing. 
     Utilizing height differences in an imprinted 3D stamp or other provided 3D structure, multi-level pattern information is provided and self alignment maintained independent of the instability of a flexible substrate. It shall also be realized that the disclosed method may be employed upon a non-flexible substrate while remaining within the spirit and scope of at least one embodiment. 
     Referring now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  through  FIG. 18  conceptually illustrate at least one embodiment of a pattern reversal process for SAIL, as may be used in the forming of a semiconductor device, such as at least one TFD. It will be appreciated that the described process need not be performed in the order in which it is herein described, but that this description is merely exemplary of one preferred method of performing the pattern reversal and fabricating at least one TFD. In addition, it is understood and appreciated that the scale of the components and features illustrated in the Figures has been exaggerated to facilitate ease of discussion. 
       FIG. 1  is a high-level flowchart of a method for reversing the pattern in a SAIL process. As indicated in block  100 , the processes are generally commenced by providing a substrate. In at least one embodiment, the substrate is flexible. At least one layer of material is deposited upon the substrate, block  102 . A pattern is then established upon the layer of material, block  104 . The pattern provides at least one exposed area and at least one covered area of the layer of material. As will be further described and explained below, the pattern is physically joined to the layer of material. 
     As in block  106 , the exposed area is treated to provide at least one etch resistant area of material, the covered area remaining susceptible to etching. In at least one embodiment, the property of increasing etch resistance is described as toughening. In other words, in at least one embodiment, the exposed area is treated to provide at least one toughened area of material, the covered area remaining un-toughened. The pattern is then removed, block  108 . The layer of material is then etched, block  110 , to remove the un-toughened area(s) of material. More specifically, the toughened areas are now substantially more etch resistant than the un-toughened areas, and as such will remain during the etching process. 
     Turning to  FIG. 2 , provided is a more detailed illustration of the initial process described above. Specifically, there is shown a portion of a substrate  200 . Typically, the substrate  200  is chemically cleaned to remove any particulate matter, organic, ionic, and/or metallic impurities or debris which may be present upon the surface of the substrate  200 . 
     In at least one embodiment, substrate  200  is a flexible substrate, such as, for example, a polyimide plastic sheet with or without an inorganic coating. Further, substrate  200  may be transparent. In at least one alternative embodiment, substrate  200  is both flexible and transparent, such as polyethylene teraphathalate (PET). 
     A 3D structure  202  is provided upon substrate  200 . In at least one embodiment, a polymer, such as an imprint polymer or resist, is deposited upon the substrate  200  and then imprinted by a stamping tool to provide 3D structure  202 . In an alternative embodiment, substrate  200  itself may be suitable for imprinting. The resist or polymer may incorporate any of a variety of commercially available polymers. For example, a polymer from the Norland optical adhesives (NOA) family of polymers could be used. A silicone material may also be used as is described in patent application Ser. No. 10/641,213 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005-0038180 A1, entitled “A Silicone Elastomer Material for High-Resolution Lithography” which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     A method for utilizing a stamping tool to generate a 3D Structure in a layer of material is described in patent application Ser. No. 10/184,567, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,861,365 B2, entitled “A Method and System for Forming a Semiconductor Device” which is herein incorporated by reference. A stamping tool is further described in patent application Ser. No. 10/903,300 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006-0021533 A1, entitled “Imprint Stamp” which is herein incorporated by reference. With further respect to roll-to-roll processing where substrate  200  may be of arbitrary size, yet another method for providing a 3D Structure is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,646 entitled “Method of Replicating a High Resolution Three-Dimension Imprint Pattern on a Compliant Media of Arbitrary Size” which is also herein incorporated by reference. 
     For purposes of discussion, the fabrication of a bottom-gate thin film transistor (TFT) will be used as an example. It is, of course, understood and appreciated that the pattern reversal process is not limited to the fabrication of bottom-gate TFTs, but may be employed in a variety of different fabrication settings. 
     Generally speaking, when employing a stamp and polymer, a stamping tool is brought into contact with the polymer, thereby displacing the polymer layer into the 3D pattern provided by the stamping tool. Typically the displaced polymer is then cured, such as by ultra-violet (UV) light exposure, or any other suitable curing means. As shown, in at least one embodiment, 3D structure provides three levels of substantially different vertical heights, levels  0 ,  1 , and  2 . The source and drain electrodes will ultimately be defined by level  0  and the gate electrode will be defined by level  1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , a layer of material  300  is deposited upon a flexible substrate  200  and, more specifically, in the embodiment shown, upon the 3D structure  202 . As is made further apparent from the description below, layer of material  300  is understood and appreciated to be a thin film material layer intended to provide one or more elements of a thin film device and not a polymer material layer or other masking layer serving a principle purpose to mask and/or define areas of another layer. Indeed the principle purpose of the layer of material  300  is ultimately to be a specific element of the resulting thin film device, as the following description exemplifies in describing the formation of a gate electrode from a specific portion of layer of material  300 . Moreover, the layer of material  300  is used to pattern itself. Deposition of the layer of material  300  may be done by vacuum deposition, gravure coating, sputtering, roll-to-roll deposition equipment, spin casting, ion beam deposition, electron beam evaporation, metal organic deposition (MOD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or such other method as is appropriate for the material being deposited. In at least one embodiment, layer of material  300  includes chrome (Cr). 
     It is understood and appreciated that layer of material  300  is deposited uniformly upon substrate  200 . Further, substantially vertical sidewall areas, such as sidewall  302 , receive a deposition that is substantially thinner then non-vertical areas, such as non-vertical areas  304 ,  306 ,  308 , and  310 . For ease of discussion and illustration, the thickness has been exaggerated in areas  302 . 
     A material  400 , such as a polymer or spin-on-glass (SOG) is then deposited over layer of material  300  and 3D structure  202  by an appropriate deposition method, see  FIG. 4 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , material  400  is then planarized to form a flat surface. In at least one embodiment, the planarization is accomplished via a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process. 
     In a typical CMP process, the top layer is exposed to an abrasive medium under controlled chemical, pressure, velocity, and temperature conditions. Abrasive media include slurry solutions and polishing pads. In another embodiment, the planarization is accomplished by a gravure coating process. The gravure coating process relies on an engraved roller running in a coating bath, which fills the engraved dots or lines of the roller with a coating precursor material. The excess coating on the roller is wiped off by a doctor blade and the coating is then deposited onto the layer of material  300  as it passes between the engraved roller and a pressure roller. The coated material is then cured and forms a flat surface above layer  300 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , material  400  is then etched down to expose the upper-most portions of layer of material  300 , specifically layer of material  300  at level  2 . The etching can be accomplished by a reactive ion etching process (RIE). 
     It is generally understood that an ion etching process may be accomplished by either of two traditional processes—a physical process or an assisted physical process. In a physical etching environment, no chemical agent is provided. Rather, the removal of material is entirely dependent upon the physical impact of the ions knocking atoms off the material surface by physical force alone. Physical ion etching is commonly referred to as ion milling or ion beam etching. Physical ion etching is also typically referred to as a dry process. A physical etching process is typically very anisotropic. 
     In an assisted physical process such as a reactive ion etching process, or RIE, removal of material comes as a combined result of chemical reactions and physical impact. Generally, the ions are accelerated by a voltage applied in a vacuum. The effect of their impact is aided by the introduction of a chemical which reacts with the surface being etched. In other words, the reaction attacks and removes the exposed surface layers of the material being etched. 
     The reactive ion etching process may have a high selectivity of etching one material over other materials. For example, oxygen plasma may have a high etch selectivity of polymer over silicon or metal materials. In other words, an RIE process advantageously permits accurate etching of one or more material layers with little appreciable effect upon other material layers. The layer of material  300  at level  2  may also be exposed in an alternative embodiment, by ion etching, more fully described with respect to FIGS  6 A and  6 B. 
     FIGS  6 A and  6 B illustrate the removal of layer of material  300  from level  2 . In at least one embodiment, this removal is accomplished by ion-etching. As shown by arrows  600  in  FIG. 6A , the etching process is applied across the surface to remove exposed portions of layer of material  300 . Preferably, the etching process is an over-etching process, such that, in addition to removing the exposed layer of material from level  2 , the sidewalls  602  are also substantially reduced. 
     This type of RIE process may be used in at least one embodiment to reduce material  400  and expose layer of material  300  at level  2  before the layer of material  300  at level  2  itself is etched. In at least one embodiment RIE may be preferred as it permits the level of the material  400  to be dropped so as to be between level  2  and level  1 , so as to further expose and facilitate removal of the sidewall  602 . 
     In at least one embodiment, the removal or etching of layer of material  300  exposed at level  2  is accomplished with RIE. Although ion etching and RIE have been described in conjunction with at least one embodiment, it is understood and appreciated that one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a variety of different etch processes could be utilized without departing from the scope and spirit herein disclosed. 
     In another embodiment, the removal or etching of layer of material  300  exposed at level  2  is accomplished with a wet chemical etch process. For example, the exposed Cr layer can be etched in a Cr etchant such as CR-7S made by Cyantek. 
     Etching, specifically RIE, is then further performed upon material  400  to expose layer of material  300  at level  1 , shown in  FIG. 7 . As indicated above, the layer of material  300  at level  1  will ultimately provide the gate electrode in the example embodiment herein described. To provide such a gate electrode, and reduce the occurrence of parasitic capacitance between the gate, source and drain, it is generally necessary to remove the layer of material  300  from level  0  so as to reduce the occurrence of overlap between the source/drain and gate electrodes. To accomplish this removal with advantageous precision, the pattern is reversed so that what shows stays. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a pattern  700  provided by material  400 , providing at least one exposed area  702  and at least one covered area  704 . Typically areas of material exposed are removed, while areas of material that are covered are not removed. Pattern  700  providing exposed areas  702  and covered areas  704  is utilized to enhance the etch resistance properties of the exposed material. In other words, the exposed areas are toughened (i.e. made more resilient and able to withstand strain and wear without eroding or breaking) while the un-exposed areas remain etch susceptible as they remain un-toughened. To state it most simply, pattern  700  is reversed. As used herein, the term “toughened” is understood and appreciated to include the properties of being etch resistant, and/or having enhanced etch resistance. Moreover, layer of material  300  is continuous though existing at different levels (vertical heights), e.g., level  1  and  0 , such that the exposed area  702  of layer of material  300  is laterally adjacent to the covered areas  704  of layer of material  300 . As the exposed area  702  is toughened and the covered areas  704  therefore remain un-toughened, the etch susceptible area, e.g. area  704 , is laterally adjacent to the etch resistant area, e.g. area  702 . It is also appreciated that the exposed area  702  is at a different level (e.g., level  1 ) then are the covered areas  704  (e.g. level  0 ). 
     Establishing pattern  700  may be summarized as follows. A material, such as material  400 , is deposited upon the layer of material  300 . A first portion of the material  400  is removed to expose a first portion of the layer of material  300 . Specifically, removal of the first portion of material  400  exposes the layer of material  300  at level  2 . 
     The first portion of the layer of material  300  is then removed. A second portion of the material  400  is then removed to expose a second portion of the layer of material  300 . Specifically, removal of the second portion of material  400  exposes the layer of material  300  at level  1 . 
       FIGS. 8 through 11  illustrate the process and result of this pattern reversal. As shown in  FIG. 8A , substrate  200  is treated, indicated by arrows  800 , so as to provide etch resistance, or enhanced etch resistance to the layer of material  300  in exposed area  702 . Moreover, in at least one embodiment, the substrate  200  is treated to toughen the layer of material  300  in exposed area  702 . Such toughening treatment may be accomplished by a variety of different methods, such as, but not limited to, electroforming, photo interaction, ion implantation, plasma treatment, and combinations thereof. Other methods of providing etch resistant properties or enhanced etch resistance properties may also be employed. 
     With respect to the specific methods listed, electroforming is understood and appreciated to be similar to plating. For example, where the layer of material  300  is chrome, the exposed chrome will act to seed the growth of nickel or other metal. This additional metal enhances the area that will form the gate electrode and provides etch resistant toughness to the exposed chrome. 
     When photo interaction is employed, there are actually two thin film layers involved, such as, for example, a chrome layer with a photoresist disposed on top. The pattern  700  therefore exposes the stacked chrome and photoresist. Exposure to a light source, such as an ultra-violet light source, will harden the exposed photoresist, and, thus, provide toughened protection to the chrome directly beneath. It is of course understood and appreciated that this added layer of photoresist is different from material  400  (which may be a resist). In addition, so as to react to UV light, when such a layer of photoresist is incorporated, it is an active photoresist. Unexposed photoresist remains un-hardened and as such provides no toughened protection to the chrome directly beneath. Although similar to a traditional photolithographic process, this embodied process is advantageously distinguished as no separate mask is employed requiring separate alignment. 
     Ion implantation is well know and frequently employed in doping layers. Typically the layer of material  300  is subjected to an ion source in a vacuum. For doping, a proper ion energy is used to introduce dopants in exposed area  702 . In the embodiment described, introducing dopants toughens the layer of material  300 . The introduction of dopants to toughen the layer of material  300  may be accomplished with an ion energy greater than would be appropriate for traditional doping (i.e., without imparting a toughening quality). 
     Plasma treatment involves creating a vacuum about layer of material  300  and subjecting layer of material  300  to a plasma gas such as, for example, SF 6  or CHF 3 . In at least one embodiment, the plasma gas is CHF 3 . The plasma gas induces a surface protection for the layer of material  300  resulting in toughness. Typically, 100 sccm CHF 3  with operation pressure of 100 mTorr is applied. The plasma power is about 100 W. These conditions are for a particular plasma system. An optimum condition may vary depending on a specific plasma system. In at least one embodiment, the toughening process is by plasma treatment. 
     In at least one embodiment, following the toughening process, pattern  700  (the remaining material  400 ) is removed and the layer of material  300  is etched. The etching of layer of material  300  may be by substantially the same type of RIE process or wet chemical process described above to remove the layer of material  300  from level  2 . More specifically, the same etching process is performed on un-toughened material in previously covered area  704  and toughened material in exposed area  702 . Moreover, in  FIG. 8B  the polymer  400  has been removed such that untreated areas  704  are now exposed, as is the treated area  702  of material  300 . No additional masking material is present to shield or otherwise protect the illustrated portions of material  300 , e.g., the treated area  702  or the untreated areas  704 . As is shown in  FIG. 8C , the etching process, indicated by arrows  802 , removes material from the untreated areas  704  but is substantially ineffective at removing material from the treated area  702 . The substrate  200  is also substantially unaffected by the etching process  802 . Further, as shown for at least one embodiment, the etching  802  removes etch susceptible material from an elevation, e.g. level  0 , that is below the elevation of the etch resistant material, e.g. level  1 . 
     It is realized that any remaining sidewall portions of layer of material  300  may also have been toughened contemporaneously with the layer of material  300  exposed at level  1 . However, the sidewalls are of such thinness that any toughening is inconsequential and the etching process is capable of removing them. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the pattern has been reversed such that of the original layer of material  300  only the toughened material  900  now exists only in the intended location of level  1 , the un-toughened portions having been removed. Moreover, the expectation of what shows goes in pattern  700  has been reversed so that what shows stays. In the example illustrated, this is to provide a gate electrode. In the case of CHF 3  treatment, the original material properties of  300  can now be substantially recovered by oxygen plasma treatment in order to ensure a proper conductance for the gate electrode.  FIGS. 10 and 11  illustrate the highly advantageous nature of the SAIL process and the pattern reversal process to effectively provide alignment without respect to distortions in substrate  200  and or 3D structure  202 . 
     More specifically,  FIG. 10A  and  FIG. 10B  illustrate the toughening process (indicated by arrows  800  in  FIG. 10A ) being performed when substrate  200  and 3D structure are distorted outward, and the resulting properly aligned toughened material  900  at level  1  in  FIG. 10B .  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B  illustrate the toughening process treatment  800  ( FIG. 11A ) being performed when substrate  200  and 3D structure are distorted inwardly, and the resulting properly aligned toughened material  900  at level  1  in  FIG. 11B . 
     Traditional lithographic processes, such as photolithography involving the deposition of a layer, subsequent 2-D masking, and etching cannot tolerate substrate distortion without undermining the functionality of the intended device. In addition, the pattern reversal process advantageously provides precise distortion tolerant alignment without requiring additional processing steps. 
     Moreover, the pattern reversal process for SAIL is performed in at least one embodiment as a roll-to-roll process, also referred to as web processing. In roll-to-roll processing, the substrate  200  (and resulting layered structure) may be several meters wide and several meters long. Roll-to-roll processing is therefore an advantageous method when fabricating large devices such as backplanes for video displays. 
     Although illustrated as reversing the pattern upon layer of material  300  adjacent to substrate  200  and/or 3D structure  202 , it is understood and appreciated that the pattern reversal process may be performed upon mid-level layers stacked above substrate  200  and/or 3D structure  202 . In addition, the toughening process provides a tough but not brittle quality to toughened material  900 , such that it remains flexible and is advantageously able to conform to distortions as well. 
     In at least one embodiment the toughening or etch resistant properties may also be reversed or removed prior to the deposition of additional materials, such as for example thin film layers. For example, where electroforming is performed to add a covering of nickel to the chrome, the nickel may be removed. Likewise in a photo interaction process incorporating the use of a photoresist, the protecting areas of photoresist are generally removed. 
     As etch resistant properties, or toughness is typically at issue only for the purposes of reversing the pattern, subsequent reversal or removal of these properties does not diminish the advantageous nature of this process. Indeed, although referred to as etch resistant areas or toughened material  900  in  FIG. 9 through 18 , this material may in actuality have etch susceptibility substantially equivalent to the original untreated layer of material  300 . So as to help distinguish before and after states in the pattern reversal process it is identified the following description and figures as if the etch resistant (i.e. toughness) properties remain. 
       FIG. 12 through 18  further illustrate the advantageous properties of the pattern reversal process in the fabrication of at least one thin film transistor. As shown in  FIG. 12 , a plurality of thin film layers  1200  are deposited upon the substrate  200  and toughened material  900  (gate electrode) as a stack. The process of deposition is a matter of fabrication preference with respect to the materials being deposited. 
     In at least one embodiment, the thin film layers  1200  include a dielectric layer  1202 , a semiconductor layer  1204 , and a top metal layer  1206 . Under appropriate circumstances, a contact layer may also be deposited so as to lay between the semiconductor layer  1204  and the top metal layer  1206 . 
     In at least one embodiment, the thin film layers  1200  is a stack of Silicon Nitride, Amorphous Silicon, N+ doped microcrystalline or amorphous Silicon, and Aluminum. In embodiments where substrate  200  is transparent, and the resulting device is intended to be transparent or semi-transparent as well, transparent conductive materials such as Indium Tin Oxide may be used. Other transparent conductive and semiconductor materials may also be used such as, for example, ZnO as well as certain organic and doped semiconductor materials. Transparent dielectrics, such as, for example, SiN or AL 2 O 3  may also be used. 
     In  FIG. 13 , a polymer  1300  is deposited over the thin film layers  1200 , and planarized and/or etched to expose the thin film layers  1200  at level  2 , see  FIG. 14 . As with  FIG. 6  above, the exposed thin film layers  1200  at level  2  are etched. Again, preferably the etching processes are performed as over-etching processes, so as to substantially remove the sidewall thin film layers  1400  rising vertically from level  0  to level  2 . 
       FIG. 15  illustrates the structure following the etching process to remove the thin film layers  1200  at level  2  and the sidewalls. The height of polymer  1300  is then lowered by appropriate etching so as to expose top metal layer  1206 ,  FIG. 16 . As illustrated, the exposed section of top metal layer  1206  is vertically in line with toughened material  900 . 
     The exposed portion of top metal layer  1206  is now removed,  FIG. 17 . In at least one embodiment, such removal is again performed by etching. With the portion of top metal layer  1206  vertically above toughened material  900  now removed, the top metal layer  1206  now provides electrical conductors on either side of toughened material  900 . Semiconductor layer  1204  is now exposed, and, as shown, is on top of dielectric layer  1202 , which in turn is on top of toughened material  900  (the gate electrode). 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , the remaining portions of the polymer  1300  may be removed. A bottom-gate TFT  1900  may now be fully appreciated. More specifically, TFT  1900  is characterized by a 3D contour substrate  1902  providing at least 3 substantially different vertical heights. The source  1904  and drain  1906  areas are provided proximate to the lowest height (level  0 ). The gate  1908  is provided proximate to the intermediate height (level  1 ), as is the channel  1910 . Device isolation is provided by the highest height (level  2 ) existing along at least a portion of the periphery of the source  1904  and drain  1906 . The 3D contour with peripheral device isolation components  1912  is a highly durable structure advantageously suited for flexible environments and applications. 
     In further addition, the pattern reversal process, when combined with a SAIL process, permits the fabrication of TFDs on smaller scales than are traditionally possible with photo-lithographic techniques. With respect to the exampled TFT  1900 , such high resolution permits the establishment of a high quality channel. Channel length and uniformity are important factors in determining TFT performance. Minimum channel length and uniformity are only limited by imprint resolution. The SAIL imprinting process and pattern reversal process described above advantageously permit the fabrication of channel lengths less than one micron. 
     As the physical structure of the TFT  1900  is established by the 3D contour substrate  1902 , which in turn is established by an imprinting process, there is minimal overlap between the source/drain electrodes  1904 ,  1906  and the gate electrode  1908 . More specifically, in at least one embodiment, there is no appreciable overlap between the source, drain and gate electrodes  1904 ,  1906 ,  1908 . 
     Moreover, the alignment of the source, drain and gate electrodes  1904 ,  1906 ,  1908  is established at the outset, or at least very early on in the fabrication process, and is not subject to skew or later misalignment as occurs with traditional lithographic processes. As such, TFT  1900  advantageously minimizes parasitic capacitance. Further, there is enhanced uniformity between the plurality of TFTs  1900  when established in an array, thus providing enhanced device performance. 
     Although discussed with respect to a TFT  1900 , it is understood and appreciated that embodiments of the pattern reversal process may also provide via contacts and other structures that are otherwise difficult to achieve in roll-to-roll processing. Further, although illustrated and discussed with respect to a single TFT  1900 , it will be understood and appreciated that the above pattern reversal process may be performed substantially simultaneously across a large substrate to provide a plurality of TFDs, or other pattern reversed structures, such as, for example, a plurality of conductors. Further, the plurality of TFDs or other structure may be established as an interconnected array. 
     As an array of TFTs, the exposed source  1904  and drain  1906  contacts may be used as pixel electrodes in a display screen. More specifically, a plurality of TFD&#39;s may be provided as an active matrix backplane for a display screen. In such embodiments, the TFD&#39;s control the display pixels (at least one TFD per pixel). It is understood and appreciated that, with respect to the viewer, the pixels may be in front of the backplane, and, thus, facing the viewer, or behind the transparent backplane, and, thus, shining through the backplane to reach the viewer. 
     With large pixels or small pixels, it is possible to achieve transparent or semi-transparent display screens via the use of transparent materials discussed above. Depending upon the thickness of the etched thin film layers  1200 , to some extent, TFDs made with common materials such as Al, Au, Cu, Si SiN, Cr, or the like may also be used to provide TFD&#39;s and matrix conductors of sufficiently small and thin size so as not to be visually obvious or intrusive. In other words, the TFD&#39;s may be designed to have small enough thicknesses and small enough widths and intervening aperture spacing between components that they are either nearly transparent and/or the loss of light due to absorption is minimal. 
     Moreover, a transparent TFD may be provided by utilizing transparent materials; by providing devices of such minute scale and with intervening aperture spacing; or by combining both transparent materials with a minute scale. The ability to provide a matrix of high quality TFD&#39;s as transparent or semi-transparent backplane displays may be highly desirable in the fabrication of video displays. For example, heads up displays as might be used to display navigation information on the windshield of a vehicle (car, aircraft, submarine, etc. . . . ) may be advantageously easily fabricated. 
     Changes may be made in the above methods, systems and structures without departing from the scope thereof. It should thus be noted that the matter contained in the above description and/or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims address all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method, system and structure, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.