Patent Publication Number: US-10791148-B2

Title: System in communication with a managed infrastructure

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the priority benefit of all of the following: This application is a Continuation-In-Part of patent application Ser. No. 15/432,081, filed on Feb. 14, 2017, which is a Continuation-In-Part of patent application Ser. No. 15/348,731, filed Nov. 10, 2016, which is a Continuation-In-Part of patent application Ser. No. 14/262,870, filed Apr. 28, 2014, Now U.S. Pat. No. 9,529,890, issued Dec. 27, 2016, which claims benefit of 61/816,867, filed Apr. 29, 2013, for which applications are fully incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates generally to event/message processing for a managed infrastructure, and more particularly to systems and associated methods for event/message processing of a managed infrastructure and security. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     The World Wide Web is increasingly becoming a more important and more frequently used form of communication between people. The primary form of web-based communication is electronic mail. Other forms of communication are also used, however, such as news groups, discussion groups, bulletin boards, voice-over IP, and so on. Because of the vast amount of information that is available on the web, it can be difficult for a person to locate information that may be of interest. For example, a person who receives hundreds of electronic mail messages/events from infrastructure a day may find it impractical to take the time to store the messages/events from infrastructure in folders of the appropriate topic. As a result, it may be difficult for the person to later find and retrieve all messages/events from infrastructure related to the same topic. A similar situation arises when a person tries to locate news groups or discussion groups of interest. Because there may be no effective indexing of these groups, it can be difficult for the person to find groups related to the topic of interest. 
     Some attempts have been made to help the retrieval of information of interest by creating web directories that provide a hierarchical organization of web-based information. The process of creating the directories and deciding into which directory a particular piece of information (e.g., a news group) should go is typically not automated. Without an automated approach it is impractical to handle the massive amounts of web-based information that are being generated on a daily basis. Moreover, because a person may not be fully aware of the entire web directory hierarchy or may not fully understand the semantics of information, the person may place the information in a directory that is not the most appropriate, making later retrieval difficult. It would be desirable to have an automated technique that would help organize such information. 
     The advent of global communications networks such as the Internet has provided alternative forms of communicating worldwide. Additionally, it has increased the speed at which communications can be sent and received. Not only can written or verbal messages/events from infrastructure be passed through the Internet, but documents, sound recordings, movies, and pictures can be transmitted by way of the Internet as well. As can be imagined, inboxes are being inundated with countless items. The large volume can more than difficult to manage and/or organize for most users. 
     In particular, a few of the more common activities that a user performs with respect to email, for example, are: sorting of new messages/events from infrastructure, task management of using messages/events from infrastructure that can serve as reminders, and retrieval of past messages/events from infrastructure. Retrieval of recent messages/events from infrastructure can be more common than older messages/events from infrastructure. Traditional systems employed today support at least some aspect of these three activities using folders such as an inbox, task-oriented folders, and user-created folders, respectively. However, this as well as other existing approaches present several problems. The folders make stark divisions between the three activities which are not conducive or coincident with user behavior, in general. For example, tasks are not visible to the user, or rather are “out of sight, out of mind”, and thus can be easily, if not frequently, neglected, overlooked, or forgotten. In addition, in many current systems any given message can only be in one folder at a time. Hence, the particular message cannot serve multiple activities at once. Other current systems have attempted to ease these problems; however, they fall short as well for similar reasons. 
     A user can communicate using one or more different messaging techniques known in the art: email, instant messaging, social network messaging, cellular phone messages/events from infrastructure, etc. Typically, the user can accumulate a large collection of messages/events from infrastructure using one or more of these different messaging techniques. This user collection of messages/events from infrastructure can be presented as a large collection of messages/events from infrastructure with limited options of grouping or clustering the messages/events from infrastructure. 
     One way of grouping messages/events from infrastructure is to group multiple emails into an email thread. An email thread is a collection of emails that are related based on the subjects of the emails. For example, one user sends an email to one or more users based on a given subject. Another user replies to that email and a computer would mark those two emails as belonging to a thread. Another way for grouping messages/events from infrastructure is put the messages/events from infrastructure into folders. This can be done manually by the user or can be done automatically by the user setting up rules for message processing. 
     Document clustering and classification techniques can provide an overview or identify a set of documents based upon certain criteria, which amplifies or detects certain patterns within its content. In some applications these techniques lead to filtering unwanted email and in other applications they lead to effective search and storage strategies. An identification strategy may for example divide documents into clusters so that the documents in a cluster are similar to one another and are less similar to documents in other clusters, based on a similarity measurement. One refers to the process of clustering and classification as labeling. In demanding applications labeling can greatly improve the efficiency of an enterprise, especially for storage and retrieval applications, provided that it is stable, fast, efficient, and accurate. 
     Users of information technology must effectively deal with countless unwanted emails, unwanted text messages/events from infrastructure and crippling new viruses and worms every day. This largely unnecessarily high volume of network traffic decreases worker productivity and slows down important network applications. One of the most serious problems in today&#39;s digital economy has to do with the increasing volume of spam. As such, recipients of email as well as the service providers need effective solutions to reduce its proliferation on the World Wide Web. However, as spam detection becomes more sophisticated, spammers invent new methods to circumvent detection. For example, one prior art methodology provides a centralized database for maintaining signatures of documents having identified attributes against which emails are compared, however, spammers now modify the content of their email either slightly or randomly such that the message itself may be intelligible, but it evades detection under various anti-spam filtering techniques currently employed. 
     At one time, at least 30 open relays dominated the world, bursting messages/events from infrastructure at different rates and different levels of structural variation. Because certain types of email mutate or evolve, as exemplified by spam, spam-filtering detection algorithms must constantly adjust to be effective. In the case of spam email, for example, the very nature of the spam corpus undergoes regime changes. Therefore, clustering optimality depends heavily on the nature of the data corpus and the changes it undergoes. 
     Decomposing a traffic matrix has proven to be challenging. In one method, a matrix factorization system is used to extract application dependencies in an enterprise network, a cloud-based data center, and other like data centers, using a temporal global application traffic graph dynamically constructed over time and spatial local traffic observed at each server of the data center. The data center includes a plurality of servers running a plurality of different applications, such as e-commerce and content delivery. Each of the applications has a number of components such as a, web server, application server and database server, in the application&#39;s dependency path, where one or more of the components are shared with one or more of the other applications. 
     Because such data centers typically host a large number of multi-tier applications, the applications requests are overlapped, both in the spatial and temporal domains, making it very difficult for conventional pairwise statistical correlation techniques to correctly extract these interleaved but independent applications. A matrix-based representation of application traffic is used which captures both system snapshots and their historical evolution. The system and method decompose a matrix representation of application graphs into small sub-graphs, each representing a single application. 
     The number of applications is usually unknown a priori due to interleaving and overlapping application requests, which further imposes a challenge to discovery of the individual application sub-graphs. In one prior method and system, the number of applications is determined using low rank matrix estimation either with singular value decomposition or power factorization-based solvers, under complete and incomplete traffic data scenarios, with theoretical bound guarantee. 
     Traffic tapping from switches is limited by the capability of switches as well as the monitoring hosts. A switch typically can mirror only a few ports at the same time. In addition, monitoring data collected over multiple switches, each with multiple ports may result in high-volume aggregate network traffic and potentially packet loss. Both cases lead to significant loss in the monitoring data. 
     One system and method to overcome this problem utilizes historical data to provide redundancy and employs power factorization-based techniques to provide resilience to data loss and estimation errors. In one system and method, a distributed network monitors and centralizes data processing to determine application dependency paths in a data center. 
     The majority of current service management solutions are rule based. The concept behind rule-based systems is that you start with the system you are monitoring, analyze and model it, turning it into a series of business logic rules that respond to events as they occur. For example, in response to some logged text, you apply logic that turns the text into a database record to which you apply more logic that turns it into an alert, before applying again more logic to connect the alert to a trouble ticket. 
     The fundamental problem with this approach is that the rules are dependent on a point in time snapshot of what is out there that you are managing, which is subject to continual change. So, every time the infrastructure alters the business logic must be modified. Clearly the rule-based approach is not a scalable way of running a business. 
     SUMMARY 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a system in communication with a managed infrastructure, wherein in response to production of the clusters security of the managed infrastructure is maintained. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a system in communication with a managed infrastructure, wherein in response to production of the clusters security of the managed infrastructure is maintained and security includes at least one of managed infrastructure: breach, intrusion or propagation. 
     A further object of the present invention is to provide a system in communication with a managed infrastructure, wherein in response to production of the clusters security of the managed infrastructure is maintained and security includes managed infrastructure: access control, intrusion detection and threat propagation. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a system in communication with a managed infrastructure, wherein in response to production of the clusters security of the managed infrastructure and security includes authentication of a subject. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide a system in communication with a managed infrastructure, wherein in response to production of the clusters security of the managed infrastructure is maintained and security includes authorization of a subject. 
     These and other objects of the present invention are achieved in a system in communication with a managed infrastructure comprising. At least a first engine one engine receives message data from managed infrastructure that includes managed infrastructure physical hardware that supports the flow and processing of information. The at least first engine one engine determines common characteristics of events, and produces clusters of events relating to the failure of errors in the managed infrastructure. A second engine uses a source address for each of an event and a graph topology of the managed infrastructure that represents a node to node connectivity and a graph coordinate for each of an event, with an optional subset of attributes extracted for each of an event. The second engine provides a list of connections between components or nodes in the managed infrastructure. A display computer system has a collaborative interface (UI) accessible by at least two parties for situations relative to clustered messages relating to the managed infrastructure. The collaborative interface allows the at least two parties to take an action relative to a clustered message. In response to production of the clusters, one or more physical changes in a managed infrastructure hardware is made. In response to the production of the clusters, security of the managed infrastructure is maintained. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates one embodiment of an event clustering system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a token counter, text extraction and implementation of Shannon entropy in one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate embodiments of dashboards that can be accessed by users of the event clustering system. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates processing of alerts, and a matrix M, in one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of a signalizer engine and the creation of alerts where member of cluster indicates common factors in one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates k-mean decomposition, a created graph with graph coordinates in one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates one embodiment of alert mapping and vector generation in one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates NMF decomposition in one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates the interaction of link access modules with a message bus, algorithm engines, cluster creation and a situation room in one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates one embodiment of a deduplication engine that can be used with the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates one embodiment of actions that can be taken following event clustering generation. 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram of a processing system according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is an example process that may be implemented using the systems shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 14  is an example software architecture diagram that may be implemented using the systems shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 15  is a screen display of a dashboard display system that may be used to configure a dashboard. 
         FIG. 16  is a screen display of the dashboard external interface screen that may allow another software program to transmit data in the data range. 
         FIG. 17  is a screen display that allows a user to choose a chart view in order to display data in a graphical format. 
         FIG. 18  is an example screen display showing the data mapping feature of the dashboard configuration screen. 
         FIG. 19  is an example screen display showing the graphical display of the data using the dashboard configuration shown in  FIGS. 4-7 . 
         FIGS. 20 through 22  illustrate one embodiment of a mobile device infrastructure that can be used with the clustering system of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As used herein, the term engine refers to software, firmware, hardware, or other component that can be used to effectuate a purpose. The engine will typically include software instructions that are stored in non-volatile memory (also referred to as secondary memory) and a processor with instructions to execute the software. When the software instructions are executed, at least a subset of the software instructions can be loaded into memory (also referred to as primary memory) by a processor. The processor then executes the software instructions in memory. The processor may be a shared processor, a dedicated processor, or a combination of shared or dedicated processors. A typical program will include calls to hardware components (such as I/O devices), which typically requires the execution of drivers. The drivers may or may not be considered part of the engine, but the distinction is not critical. 
     As used herein, the term database is used broadly to include any known or convenient means for storing data, whether centralized or distributed, relational or otherwise. 
     As used herein a mobile device includes, but is not limited to, a cell phone, such as Apple&#39;s iPhone®, other portable electronic devices, such as Apple&#39;s iPod Touches®, Apple&#39;s iPads®, and mobile devices based on Google&#39;s Android® operating system, and any other portable electronic device that includes software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof that is capable of at least receiving a wireless signal, decoding if needed, and exchanging information with a server to send and receive cultural information data including survey data. Typical components of mobile device may include but are not limited to persistent memories like flash ROM, random access memory like SRAM, a camera, a battery, LCD driver, a display, a cellular antenna, a speaker, a BLUETOOTH® circuit, and WIFI circuitry, where the persistent memory may contain programs, applications, and/or an operating system for the mobile device. 
     As used herein, the term “computer” is a general-purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. A computer can include of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. Computer also includes a graphic display medium. 
     As used herein, the term “Internet” is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email. The communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. 
     As used herein, the term “extranet” is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside. An extranet can be an extension of an organization&#39;s intranet that is extended to users outside the organization in isolation from all other Internet users. An extranet can be an intranet mapped onto the public Internet or some other transmission system not accessible to the general public, but managed by more than one company&#39;s administrator(s). Examples of extranet-style networks include but are not limited to: [0055] LANs or WANs belonging to multiple organizations and interconnected and accessed using remote dial-up [0056] LANs or WANs belonging to multiple organizations and interconnected and accessed using dedicated lines Virtual private network (VPN) that is comprised of LANs or WANs belonging to multiple organizations, and that extends usage to remote users using special “tunneling” software that creates a secure, usually encrypted network connection over public lines, sometimes via an ISP. 
     As used herein, the term “Intranet” is a network that is owned by a single organization that controls its security policies and network management. Examples of intranets include but are not limited to: [0059] A LAN [0060] A Wide-area network (WAN) that is comprised of a LAN that extends usage to remote employees with dial-up access [0061] A WAN that is comprised of interconnected LANs using dedicated communication lines [0062] A Virtual private network (VPN) that is comprised of a LAN or WAN that extends usage to remote employees or networks using special “tunneling” software that creates a secure, usually encrypted connection over public lines, sometimes via an Internet Service Provider (ISP). 
     For purposes of the present invention, the Internet, extranets and intranets collectively are referred to as (“Network Systems”). 
     For purposes of the present invention, the term “Infrastructure” means, information technology, the physical hardware used to interconnect computers and users, transmission media, including telephone lines, cable television lines, and satellites and antennas, and also the routers, aggregators, repeaters, computers, network devices, applications, and other devices that control transmission paths, software used to send, receive, and manage the signals that are transmitted, and everything, both hardware and software, that supports the flow and processing of information. 
     As used herein, “event message” or “event” is defined as a change in state. An event is anything that happens, or is contemplated as happening in message form or event form relating to infrastructure. An event can include a time stamp, and a name for the entity changing state. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a system  10  is provided for clustering events received from an infrastructure  14 . 
     In one embodiment the system  10  is an event clustering system  10  that includes an extraction engine  12  in communication with an infrastructure  14 . As a non-limiting example, infrastructure  14  includes, computers, network devices, appliances, mobile devices, applications, connections of any of the preceding, text or numerical values from which those text or numerical values indicate a state of any hardware or software component of the infrastructure  14 . The infrastructure  14  generates data that includes attributes. As a non-limiting example, the data is selected from at least one of, time, source a description of the event, textural or numerical values indicating a state of the infrastructure  14 . The extraction engine  12  breaks event messages into subsets of messages that relate to failures or errors in the infrastructure  14 . The subsets of messages can be grouped into clusters. 
     In one embodiment, the extraction engine  12  includes a server. The extraction engine  12  extracts text components from the event messages and converts them into words and subtexts. The extraction engine  12  then reformats data from the event messages to create reformatted data. In one embodiment, the reformatted data is received at a system bus. 
     The extraction engine  12  receives infrastructure  14  data and produces events and populates a database  16  with a dictionary of event entropy. This can be achieved with a token counter as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . As a non-limiting example, the database  16  can be a no-SQL relational database  16 . 
     In one embodiment, an entropy database  16  is generated with the word and subtexts. As a non-limiting example the entropy database is generated using Shannon Entropy, −ln(1/NGen) and normalizes the words and subtexts as follows:
 
−.SIGMA. P ( t )log  P ( t )
 
where, P(t,)=probability of each item is selected randomly from an entire dataset.
 
     An entropy database can be provided. In one embodiment, the entropy normalizes events across data, datasets, from the infrastructure  14 . As a non-limiting example, normalized entropy for events is mapped from a common, 0.0 and a non-common, 1.0, as discussed hereafter. Entropy is assigned to the alerts. The entropy for each event is retrieved from an entropy dictionary, as it enters the system  10 . This can be done continuously in parallel with other operation of the extraction engine  12  or run non-continuously. 
     In one embodiment the events are converted into words and subsets to group the events into clusters that relate to security of the managed infrastructure. In response to grouping the events, physical changes are made to at least a portion of the physical hardware. In response to the production of the clusters security of the managed infrastructure is maintained. 
     In one embodiment security includes at least one of managed infrastructure: breach, intrusion or propagation. In one embodiment security includes managed infrastructure: access control, intrusion detection and threat propagation. As non-limiting examples security includes at least one of: authentication of a subject; authorization to the managed infrastructure of a subject; authorization that specifies what a subject can do relative to the managed infrastructure; audit; identification and authentication to ensure that only authorized subjects can access the managed infrastructure; and access approval grants to the managed infrastructure by association of users with resources that they are allowed to access, based on an authorization policy. 
     In one embodiment, illustrated in  FIGS. 3( a ) and 3( b )  a dashboard  18 , associated with a situational room, is included which allows entities and/or people to manipulate messages/events from infrastructure, alerts or events. 
     An alert engine  20  receives the events and creates alerts that are mapped into a matrix “M” of events, as illustrated in  FIG. 4  and as more fully explained hereafter. As a non-limiting example, M.sub.ik is the matrix of events. 
     A signalizer engine  22  includes a plurality of engines as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . As non-limiting examples, an NMF engine  24 , a k-means clustering engine  26  and a topology proximity engine  28  are provided. Each signalizer engine  22  includes a processor and an arithmetic logic unit “ALU”. Examples of suitable ALUs are found in EP 0171190 and EP 0271255, fully incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the signalizer engine  22  determines one or more steps from events and produces clusters relating to the alerts and or events. 
     The signalizer engine  22  determines signalizer common steps to ascertain how many clusters to extract from events. Membership in a cluster indicates a common factor, which can be a failure or an actionable problem in the infrastructure  14 . The signalizer engine  22  generates clusters of alerts. In one embodiment, an independent failure count detection engine  29  is used for the production of common steps designated as “k” from events. The independent failure count detection engine  29  can use SVD decomposition. The SVD decomposition is a continuation of a determination of signalizer  22  common steps. 
     K is the number obtained from the common signalizer steps. As a non-limiting example, common signalizer steps are designated as M.sub.ij, where i are unique events and are the rows of M, j represents the time buckets in M. A value for M.sub.ij equals the number of occurrences of event i in time bucket j. This is the common input to the signalizer engines  22 . 
     The topology proximity  28  creates a graph coordinate system,  FIG. 6 . In one embodiment the topology proximity  28  uses a source address for each event to assign a graph coordinate  30  of a graph  32 , with nodes, to the event with an optional subset of attributes being extracted for each event and turned into a vector. The topology proximity engine  28  executes a graph topology and proximity algorithm. 
     M.sub.ik (undergoes K-means decomposition,  FIG. 7 . Each event is a transformed vector, where (V.sub.o is transformed time stamp, V.sub.i,−V.sub.n and so forth are transformed graph coordinates  30 ) are grouped into k clusters such that d(V.sub.i, V.sub.2,) is minimized. In one embodiment, the topology engine  28  inputs a list of devices and a list of hops, where hop is a connection between components or nodes in the infrastructure  14 . 
     As a non-limiting example, the graph  32  can be constructed of any number of points or nodes: A, B, C, and D, which relate to the source of an event. The result is a connecting graph  32 ,  FIG. 6 . 
     The topology proximity engine  28  receives the coordinate&#39;s mapping, and clusters are generated. V base nodes calculate a minimum hop to every other node which gives coordinate and the graph coordinates  30  are mapped. 
     In one embodiment, the k-means clustering engine  26  uses the graph coordinates  30  to cluster the events using a k-means algorithm to determine hop proximity of the source of the event. 
     M,k is processed by the signalizer engine  22 . M.sub.ab is transformed to A.sub.ak 
     B.sub.kb, where a equals rows, and b equals columns, x defines the normal operation of matrix multiplication. M is the matrix as stated above, and k is as recited above. 
     The NMF algorithm produces two matrices, A and B,  FIG. 8 . A represents by cluster (a common failure) and B represents time bucket by cluster (a common failure). In one embodiment, the NMF engine  24  factors the matrix M into A and B, where A are deemed to be significant and are extracted, e.g., clusters deemed significant are extracted. The system  10  looks for significantly high values as compared to statistically significant values in the A and B matrix. If they are not statistically significant, they are dropped. The statistically significant elements of M are used to determine a cluster. As a non-liming example, the determination of significance is based on high signatures in the matrix. As above, those that are not high enough are dropped and not included in the output of clusters which is produced. 
     Each alert is mapped to a vector, V.sub.0-V.sub.n, where V.sub.o is a time stamp t; V.sub.i is an attribute of alert. In one embodiment, attributes of an event are mapped to a vector V. 
     The vectors are grouped into k clusters using k-means such that d(V.sub.i, V.sub.2,) is a minimum in its own cluster. 
     In one embodiment the grouping is executed also using a standard Euclidian distance. In one embodiment, a weighting of components is supplied. The system  10  transforms the alert attributes into a number value that is used as the components of the vector. As a non-limiting example, an alert attribute is a textual value. In one embodiment, similar attributes are mapped to numbers that are also similar or close relative to the graph, with the closeness being dynamic and can be predetermined, changed, modified, set, and the like. 
     In one embodiment of the matrix, M, columns are slices in time and the rows are unique alerts. A unique alert is received from the deduplication engine which eliminates duplications and creates unique alerts. 
     In one embodiment, the matrix, M is created with alert/time and a fixed number of common alerts. The matrix M can be dynamic and change in time. The matrix M includes rows that can be unique alerts. The matrix includes columns that are time buckets, and a number of occurrences are plotted. 
     Evaluated events are either discarded or passed to clusters with alerts are collected into time buckets and mapped in the matrix M. In one embodiment, a bucket width is a parameter that can be an input to the signalizer engine  22 . 
     Outputs from the signalizer engines  22  are received at a compare and merge engine  34 . The compare and merge engine  34  communicate with one or more user interfaces  36  in the situation room  18 ,  FIG. 9 . The three signalizer algorithms are used with the comparison or merger engine  34  and clusters are published on a system bus  38  for display in the situation room  18 . 
     As a non-limiting example, the bus  38  can be a publication message bus. As a non-limiting example, the bus  38  processes anything that goes from A to B, and from B to A. In one embodiment, a data bus web server is coupled to user interfaces as illustrated in. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 9 , a plurality of link access modules  40  are in communication with the data bus  38  and receive messages/events. Events are received by a coordinator  42  that executes clustering of the events. 
     In one embodiment, normalized words and subtexts are mapped to a common, 0.0 and a non-common, 1.0, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     The alerts can be run in parallel with the activities of the system  10 . The alerts are passed to the signalizer engine  22 ,  FIG. 5 . 
     In one embodiment, a deduplication engine  44  is used for event messages of data streams received from the client,  FIG. 10 . The deduplication engine  44  eliminates duplicate copies of repeating data. In one embodiment, the deduplication engine reduces a number of bytes in network data transfers that need to be sent. 
     A computer scripting language script language can be included that alters the events or flow of events. As non-limiting examples, the scripting language can be, Java, C, C++, C#, Objective-C, PHP, VB, Python, Pearl, Ruby, Javascript and the like. 
     In one embodiment, the NMF, k-means, and/or topology proximity algorithms are optionally repeated. The repeating can be performed by varying k from the previously performed common steps in the signalizer engine  22 , and optionally along with the SVD decomposition. 
     Optionally, generated clusters are tested against a quality function supplied by the system  10  which evaluates a cluster&#39;s uniformity. In one embodiment, the system  10  selects a best set clusters against the quality clusters. 
     As a non-limiting example, clusters are examiner against a customer supplied configuration database for each source of an event. As a non-limiting example, the examining can be performed to determine: a type of device; impacted users; relevant support experts, and the like,  FIG. 11 . 
     Example 1 
     As a non-limiting example, the NMF algorithm can be executed as follows: Let M.sub.ij by a n.times.p non-negative matrix, (i.e., with M&gt;0, and k&gt;0 an integer). Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) consists in finding an approximation
 
 X=WH ( AB ),  (1)
 
where W, H are n k and k p non-negative matrices, respectively. In practice, the factorization rank r is often chosen such that r&lt;&lt;min(n, p) but is determined.
 
     The main approach to NMF is to estimate matrices W and H as a local minimum: 1) M=AB 
     A, B seed randomly tentatively adjusts A, B until the Frobenius distance. parallel.M-AB.parallel. is minimized where D is a loss function that measures the quality of the approximation. Common loss functions are based on either the Frobenius distance or the Kullback-Leibler divergence. R is an optional regularization function, defined to enforce desirable properties on matrices W and H, such as smoothness or sparsity. 
     Example 2 
     As a non-limiting example, a k-means algorithm is used as follows: Given a set of event vectors (x.sub.1, x.sub.2, . . . , x.sub.n), where each observation is a d-dimensional real vector, k-means clustering aims to partition the n observations into k sets (k.ltoreq.n) S={S.sub.1, S.sub.2, . . . , S.sub.k} so as to minimize the within-cluster sum of squares (WCSS):
 
arg min  S i= 1  k×j.di -elect cons.  S i×j−.mu. i  2  ##EQU00001##
 
where .mu..sub.i is the mean of points in S.sub.i.
 
     In one embodiment of the situation room  18 , as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a system  110  is provided for creating, and displaying in a dashboard directed to the system  10  from clustering messages received from the infrastructure  14 , also known as the dashboard system for the situation room  18 . 
     In one embodiment, the situation room  18  has a display that can be interactive. The situation room  18  can be coupled to or includes a dashboard design system  112 , display computer system  114 , and a data system  116 . 
     In one embodiment, the system includes dashboard converter logic  118 , data range determination logic  132 , dashboard component generator  122 , external interface logic  124 , graphic library  126 , and network interface logic  128 . In one embodiment, the system includes data processing computing systems. 
     In one embodiment, the dashboard file converter logic  118  converts the situations and alerts from system  10  from clustering messages received from the infrastructure  14  data structures and data, to be compatible with or match with the interface logic  124 . 
     In one embodiment, the logic  118  provides communication between the graphical dashboard and the problem walls from clustering messages received from the infrastructure  14 . 
     The problem walls from clustering messages received from the infrastructure  14  are provided as disclosed above. 
     In one embodiment, the logic  132 , dashboard component generator  122  and the external interface logic  124  are each used for designing the problem walls from clustering messages received from the infrastructure  14 . 
     A dashboard or SWF file can be included that establishes a data range, type of components and the external interface. In one embodiment, the logic  132  is used for a data range in a spreadsheet associated with the dashboard file used to generate a visual display. 
     In one embodiment, a dashboard component generator  122  is provided that allows a user to place problem walls from clustering messages received from the infrastructure  14  components with various attributes onto a canvas. The canvas can be a space where various visual components are. 
     In one embodiment, the user is able to choose components directed to problem walls from clustering messages received from infrastructure  14  elements from a different component. These can be included in a panel and the user can then place them on the canvas in any way that the user desires. 
     In one embodiment, the components are provided by the client, by the system, by third parties, and from third parties. Examples of other components include but are not limited to, graphs, style of presentation, additional information, comparisons, trends, artistic elements, text, and the like. In some embodiments, the user, or client can select the background, margins, presentation of elements and the like. 
     In one embodiment, an external interface logic  124  is provided. The interface logic allows a dashboard to provide data ranges, permutations, trends, activities, and the like associated with problem walls from clustering messages received from the infrastructure  14 . In one embodiment, interface logic  124  allows the business application software to export application data to be displayed in a dashboard in an interactive visual format. 
     In various embodiments, a network interface logic  128  and  130  allows for connectivity of the dashboard design system  112 , display computer system  114  and data system  116  to each other, or to public networks. In one embodiment, a graphical file that has been configured by the computer system  112  is stored in the data storage system  136 . In one embodiment, the graphic file is used for data mapping, both during and after design time, and can generate the display during a period of execution. The external adapter can be utilized for communication between the data storage system  136  and the graphical file. 
     In one embodiment, network interface logics  128  and  130  allow computer systems  112 ,  114  and  116  to connect to each other and the other computer systems. As a non-limiting example, the network interface logic  128  and  130  can be one or more computers or web servers that provide a graphical user interface for clients or third parties that access the subsystems of system  112 ,  114  or  116  through the internet or an intranet protocol. The network interface logic  128 , and  130  can include other logics configured to provide interfaces for other types of devices, including but not limited to mobile devices, server-based computing systems, and the like. 
     As a non-limiting example, in one embodiment, the display computer system  114  includes, network interface logic  130 , context viewer system  138 , data storage system  136  and dashboard display system  140 . 
     In another embodiment, the dashboard display system  140  is included in the context viewer system  138 , and be executed in a machine, one or more display and other computers, with machine-readable storage media, cache, memory, flash drive or internal or external hard drive or in a cloud computing environment, non-transitory computer readable media or non-transmissible computer-readable media, with stored instructions executed by the machine to perform the operations. In one embodiment, the context viewer system  138  is a program product that performs various processing functions. As non-limiting examples, these functions can include, receiving data from the data source, preparing data by aggregating, providing access to visualization capabilities, and the like. 
     In one embodiment, the data storage system  136  stores data related to problem walls from clustering messages received from the infrastructure  14  applications executed on the display computer system  114 . 
     In one embodiment, the data storage system  136  stores problem walls from clustering messages received from the infrastructure  14  data or statistical data. As a non-limiting example, the dashboard display system  140  communicates with the display computer system  114  to display problem walls from clustering messages received from infrastructure  14  data in a dashboard in a visual manner or in visual components using graphics. Displaying problem walls from clustering messages received from infrastructure  14  data graphically may include displaying bar graphs and/or pie charts or other visual displays. In order to generate the dashboard display, the client can map dashboard data fields to the problem walls from clustering messages received from infrastructure  14  data fields. This allows access of data from problem walls from clustering messages received from infrastructure  14  without data replication. 
     Embodiments of the data storage system  136  may store a variety of information including application data in database  130 . The application data database  130  may receive data from the data system  116 . The data storage system  136  may provide data to the context viewer system  138 . More specifically, the data storage system  136  may provide data to the data aggregation logic  142 . The data storage system  136  may receive appropriate data mapping instructions from the data mapping logic  144  and query the data system  116  to correlate the data from one mapped field in the dashboard tool to the mapped fields in the application data  146 . 
     Embodiments of the dashboard display system  140  may be provided on the display computer system  114 . In an example embodiment, the dashboard display system  140  may transfer data from various data sources or data from various applications to external data ranges of the graphic file and display the graphical interface during runtime operations. The dashboard display system  140  may include all of the features discussed above with regard to the dashboard design system  112 . Also, the dashboard display system  140  also includes a dashboard execution logic  148  and external interface logic  150 . The external interface logic  150  may have similar features as the external interface logic  124  of the dashboard design system  112 . The external interface logic  150  may expose selected data ranges of the dashboard to the business software data. The external interface logic  150  may allow the business application software to export application data to be displayed in the dashboard in a visual format instead of a textual format. During runtime when displaying the dashboard in the business application, the dashboard execution logic  148  is configured to receive the data from the business application and generate a Flash Island interactive display as designed by the dashboard design system  112  or dashboard display system  140 . 
     The data system  116  includes an application logic  152  and application data  146 . The data system  116  may be configured to provide data and communicate with the display computer system  114 . The application logic  152  is the server side of the application that provides back end information to the context viewer system  138 . For example, the application logic  152  may comprise an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relation Management (CRM) or Business Intelligence (BI) system. Business intelligence may refer to computer-based techniques used to analyze business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments or associated costs and incomes. The application data  146  may include relational or other types of databases. The application data  146  includes various fields that may be mapped to the fields exposed by the external dashboard interface. 
       FIG. 13  is an example process that may be implemented using the system shown in  FIG. 12 . Initially, at step  154 , in an example embodiment a dashboard design user may build a dashboard using a dashboard building software. The dashboard design user may configure the dashboard during design time. In an example embodiment, design time may include the design user configuring the dashboard layout and exposing a related data range. The dashboard design system  112  may be used to create a dashboard layout. Building the dashboard includes placing components on the canvas and configuring the properties associated with those components. As discussed above, the components may be among other components, a chart or graph. At step  156 , the dashboard design user may determine and specify using a graphical user interface the data ranges for the dashboard. After creating the dashboard, at step  158 , the dashboard may be exported automatically or by input from the dashboard design user to a SWF file format. Steps  154 ,  156  and  158  may be performed by the dashboard design user using the dashboard configuration system  112 . 
     A business user may perform the other steps of  FIG. 13  by using the display computer system  114 . In an example embodiment, the business user&#39;s steps may be performed during runtime. In this embodiment, runtime includes displaying of the dashboard in a business application using data from business application data sources. In another embodiment, the business user may perform the steps described above with regard to the dashboard design user. At step  160 , the business user may open the context viewer system where the business user may select a chart view  198  as shown in  FIG. 17 . In the chart view tab, the business user may assign the dashboard or SWF® file to a query view by specifying the location of the file. At step  162 , the dashboard data ranges that were determined at step  156  may be mapped to query view fields. In an example embodiment, the data from the data source  136  (or  116 ) is placed in the mapped location in the dashboard. In another example embodiment, the mapping between application data and graphical interface data may identify which application data may be shown in the reserved placeholder of the dashboard. After mapping the data ranges, at step  164  the dashboard may be displayed in the business application. In one embodiment the business application may be software applications that provide various functionalities such as, customer relationship management, enterprise resource management, product lifecycle management, supply chain management and supplier relationship management. In another embodiment, the dashboard may be configured to receive data from the data system  116  after the mapping has occurred or the data may be accessed during runtime. 
       FIG. 14  is an example software architecture that may be implemented using the system in  FIG. 12 . The software architecture diagram shown in  FIG. 14 , shows various software layers, such as, graphic player  166 , component Dynamic HTML or Java™ Script  168 , and Server (Java™ or Java™ based or other high-level programming language based)  170  layers. In particular, the generic adapter  172  may be built with the Flash Island library, which may facilitate the client-side communication between HTML and JavaScript™ The Dynamic HTML  168  may load the generated dashboard in a graphic file, or Flash/SWF representation. The generic adapter  172  may convert the Java™ context into structures that match the dashboard&#39;s external interface format or the dashboard format. The generic adapter  172  allows the business user to generate a dashboard in a business analytic software using the most updated data from a data source without writing any customized software. The generic adapter  172  may load dashboard data ranges and convert the associated data into an XML™ string that may be used for further conversion into an ABAP™ string, which may be used by the business analytic software. 
     In another embodiment, the generic adapter  172  may convert the Flash Island properties into dashboard structures. In an example embodiment, the generic adapter  172  may be used to load external dashboard ranges during the configuration stage, at step  162 . In this embodiment, the generic adapter  172  may push application data to the data ranges defined in step  162 . In another embodiment, the generic adapter  172  may provide an application programming interface between the graphic player  166  and the server  170 . The generic adapter  172  may load dashboard ranges automatically and the dashboard data ranges may be converted into XML strings. The XML string may be converted into Java™ or ABAP™ code which may be executed by the business application  174 , to display a dashboard. The server  170  may include NetWeaver™, ABAP™ or Java™ language programming and the server may include various systems that are supported in the business software suit, the runtime  382 , application  174 , database  176  and business intelligence application  178 . In another embodiment, the functionality of the server  170  may be implemented by the display computing system  114 . In yet another embodiment the functionality of server  170  may be divided between the display computing system  114  and data system  116 . In another embodiment, the graphic player  166  may be implemented on the dashboard design system  112 . Additionally, or alternatively, the functionality of the graphic player  166  may be implemented on the display computing system  114 . 
       FIG. 15  shows a screen display  180  of the dashboard designer that may be used to design a dashboard display according to the system shown in  FIG. 12 . The dashboard designer may be executed by the dashboard design system  112 . The dashboard may be created on the canvas  182 . A dashboard design user may place the components from the component panel on the canvas  182 . As shown in  FIG. 15 , the canvas  182  has a bar graph  184  and a pie chart  186  that are displayed in this example dashboard. The dashboard  180  shown in  FIG. 15  is using example data from the spreadsheet shown at the bottom of  FIG. 15 . For example, the labels of the bar graph “Incorrect labeling”, “Wrong component” and “Material defects” are from the spreadsheet shown below. In particular, the cell range from B 4  to D 5   440  was selected as input into the properties of the bar graph and the pie chart. Next, the data in the bar graph and the pie chart is received from cell range B 5  to D 5 . In order to generate this dashboard, the dashboard design user may associate various data fields with particular component properties. 
       FIG. 16  is a screen display of the dashboard external interface that can permit another software program to access the dashboard controls and display. The external interface connection  188  may allow data from the application system to be passed to a cell range of the dashboard or SWF file, using push technology. During the execution of the dashboard or runtime, data may be pushed or sent from the data source, based on the mapping, to the dashboard. In this embodiment, the data may be transferred in tabular form across an interface. In another embodiment the external interface connection  188  may allow the use of pull technology, where the data is pulled by the context viewer system  138 . In another embodiment, during the configuration of the dashboard when the “Generate XC Fields” button is clicked, the defined data ranges will be pulled to the system  150 , for example in  FIG. 16 . The external interface connection  188  may be configured using a definition tab  190 , range name  192 , range type, range  194  and access type properties. External interface connections allow a dashboard design user to expose selected data ranges relating to the dashboard display. The range name  192  in  FIG. 16  is shown as Labels and the range  194  being assigned, “Table 1!$B$4:$D$4” which is the cell range from B 4  to D 4 . In this example embodiment, the labels from B 4  to D 4  will be used for mapping the Labels field. After specifying the data range, the dashboard design user may export the dashboard as a file, the file may be executed by various software program including business software. 
       FIG. 17  is a screen display that allows a user to choose a chart view in order to display a dashboard. In particular, the query view  196  is part of the context viewer application and includes various data types from a business analytics database. If the user chooses to view a chart, the user may select the chart view  198 . After a user selects the chart view  198  then the user may be presented with a screen shown in  FIG. 18 . 
       FIG. 18  is an example screen display showing the data mapping for the dashboard configuration screen. Screen  210  shows a user interface where the user may select (using a pull-down menu) the type of technology  212  the user plans to use for the chart view display. Here, the user may select the type of dashboard file that was created as the technology. Next, the file path  214  of the exported dashboard or SWF file may be specified. After choosing a SWF file, the user may select the “Upload file to repository” button  730  in order to save a graphic file (SWF file) in the system  138 . After selecting button  740  “Generate XC Fields”, may be the name of the dashboard external data ranges (e.g. “Damages” and “Labels” in  FIG. 16 ). In the mapping shown in  FIG. 18 , the user may enter or browse for the name of data source (Query ID). For example, the Query ID shown in this example is “ZOK_QN”. This entry is mapped against the data source that may be stored in the application data  146 . The user may search for the Query Field ID, which is a specific field of data source Query ID (e.g. field “CODE TEXT” of Query ID “ZOK_QN” in the provided example). Creating this mapping allows the dashboard to utilize the data in the application data  146  or  130 . As can be appreciated that programming in a textual or visual manner is not required and the user may create the dashboard, export the dashboard, map the fields and display the dashboard as shown in  FIG. 19  using a graphical user interface that responds to a pointing device (e.g. mouse, pen or display device that is sensitive to touch or ocular movement). 
       FIG. 19  is an example screen display showing the graphical display of the data using the dashboard configuration from  FIGS. 15-18 .  FIG. 19  shows a dashboard  216  that includes the bar graph  218  and pie chart  220 . The labels and the value data in the bar and the pie charts  218  and  220  are from the business software and are different than the data used in  FIG. 15 . Therefore, the user can create a display of a dashboard in another application by using an external connection that may expose data fields to permit the visualization of any type of data. 
     The embodiments refer to a dashboard that may be a web-based or other technology-based display on which real time data is collated, processed and displayed from multiple data sources that belong to one or more businesses. Other terms that may be used to describe a dashboard, include, digital dashboard, enterprise dashboard, business dashboard, executive dashboard, operational dashboard, BI dashboard, database dashboard, Web dashboard, performance dashboard, score card, KPI dashboard, metrics dashboard and so on. Dashboards may be designed to help any user monitor what&#39;s happening or has happened in the past visually or at a glance. Dashboards may provide the user a means to rapidly monitor the current status. Accordingly, dashboards must be designed to take advantage of the strengths of visual perception, cognition and work around or augment the user&#39;s weaknesses. 
     Embodiments can include a system for displaying data stored on computer readable non-transitory media. The system configured to access one or more data fields within a file. The file having been configured using an external connection adapter. The system may include a display computer system configured to map the accessed one or more data fields to data from one or more data sources, the mapping being performed based on a user input via a graphical user interface. In this embodiment, the system may be configured to display on the display computer system a dashboard according to the configuration setting stored in the file, the dashboard may show a graphical representation of the data from the one or more data sources and information from the one or more data fields. 
     In another embodiment, the dashboard includes dashboard display system that processes the data from the one or more data sources and displays a visual representation of the data in a graph or chart form. Alternatively, or additionally, the dashboard includes a component that is modified by using a graphical user interface such that the dashboard display or components are modified. 
     In another embodiment, the file is generated by a first software program located in the dashboard design system that is configured to generate the dashboard. The display computing system may further comprise executing a second software program on the display computer system to retrieve the data from the one or more data sources and displaying the dashboard. The display computing system may include converting, using a generic adapter, the data from the one or more data sources into data structures that are compatible with a format of the graphic file. 
     In another embodiment the data is converted from the one or more data sources into data structures that are compatible with a format of the file using the external connection adapter. The file can be a short web format file that exposes one or more data fields that may be mapped to fields in one or more data sources. In another embodiment, the mapping may occur via a graphical user interface free of receiving textual programming code from the user. 
     In another embodiment, a computer-implemented method is stored on a computer readable media. Visualization software is integrated with a data processing application that includes configuring a dashboard display using a dashboard design system. The dashboard display can use one or more first data ranges from a spreadsheet as example data. An external connection adapter can be used to provide access to one or more first data ranges that are to be displayed in the dashboard display. 
     In other embodiments, the dashboard display is exported in a graphic file format. In certain embodiments, one or more first data ranges are accessed from the dashboard display using a display computing system. In one embodiment, one or more first data ranges are connected to one or more second data ranges from one or more data sources. The dashboard can display using data from the one or more second data ranges. 
     In one embodiment, the dashboard displays with the problem walls from clustering messages received from infrastructure  14  data can use a graphical user interface that is free from receiving textual or textual programming code from the client. In this embodiment the method may include processing place problem walls from clustering messages received from managed infrastructure  14  from the one or more data sources and displaying a visual representation of the data in a graph or chart form. This can include a method that includes a component that may be modified by using a graphical user interface that results in a modification of the dashboard display. 
     In one embodiment, a method is provided that includes a dashboard display generated by a first software program that generates a visual display. This can include, executing a second software program on the display computer system to retrieve the data from the one or more data sources and displaying the dashboard and the method may include converting, using a generic adapter, the data from the one or more data sources into data structures that are compatible with a format of the file. 
     In one embodiment, the exporting can include converting the place problem walls from clustering messages received from infrastructure  14  data from the one or more second data sources into data structures that are compatible with the graphic file format. In one embodiment, this can include converting using an external interface adapter. A graphic file format can be a short web format that allows a software to access the one or more first data ranges. 
     In another embodiment, a user interface system has an external connection adapter configured to provide access to one or more data fields within a file. As a non-limiting example, this can include a display computer system that maps using a graphical user interface the one or more data fields to data from one or more data sources. The display computer system can generate a dashboard display from a configuration in the file. In one embodiment, the display includes place problem walls from clustering messages received from infrastructure  14  data from one or more data sources and information from one or more data fields. A graphical user interface can be provided that is free of receiving textual programming code from the user. 
     In one embodiment, a first software executed on a display computer system that generates the dashboard in a visual graphic display. A second software program can be included to execute on the display computer system and retrieve the data from the one or more data sources and display the dashboard display. A generic adapter can be utilized to convert the data from the one or more data sources into one or more data structures that are compatible with a format of the file. 
     In one embodiment, a graphical user interface can modify a component and this can be used to modify the dashboard display. 
     In one embodiment, an external connection adapter converts the data from the one or more data sources into data structures that are compatible with a format of the file using the external connection adapter. 
     The logics can be machine-readable media for carrying or have machine-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. The machine-readable media can be any available media that may be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer or other machine with a processor. As a non-limiting example, a variety of machine-readable media can be utilized, including but not limited to: RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, non-transitory computer readable media or non-transmissible computer-readable media or any other medium which may be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of machine-executable instructions or data structures and which may be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer or other machine with a processor. With the dashboard system, any such type of connection is termed a machine-readable medium. It will be appreciated that the machine-readable medium can include combinations of the preceding. 
     As non-limiting examples, with the dashboard system, machine-executable instructions can be: instructions and data which cause a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing machines to perform a certain function or group of functions, and the like. 
     The dashboard system can be implemented by a program product including machine-executable instructions, such as program code. As a non-limiting example, this can be program modules executed by machines in networked environments. As non-limiting examples, the program modules can include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like, that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. As non-limiting examples the dashboard system can utilize, machine-executable instructions, associated data structures, and program modules as program code for executing steps of the methods disclosed herein. 
     As non-limiting examples, the dashboard system can be executed in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers having processors. AS non-limiting examples, suitable network computing environments can be, computers, including personal computers, mobile devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. 
     In certain embodiments, the dashboard system can be executed in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by local and remote processing devices that are linked. As non-limiting examples, the linking can be by, hardwired links, wireless links, combination of hardwired or wireless links, and the like, through a communications network. In one embodiment, computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     As a non-limiting example, one embodiment of a system for implementing the overall system or portions of the embodiments can include a general-purpose computing computer in the form of computers, including a processing unit, a system memory or database, and a system bus that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit. The database or system memory cam include read only memory (ROM) and random-access memory (RAM). 
     As a non-limiting example, the database can be a magnetic hard disk drive for reading from and writing to a magnetic hard disk, a magnetic disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk, and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk such as a CD ROM or other optical media, and the like. 
     As a non-limiting example, the drives and their associated machine-readable media can be used to provide nonvolatile storage of machine-executable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer. It should also be noted that the word “terminal” as used herein is intended to encompass computer input and output devices. User interfaces, as described herein may include a computer with monitor, keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, joystick or other input devices performing a similar function. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 20 through 22 , diagrams are provided illustrating embodiments of a mobile or computing device that can be used as infrastructure  14  with system  10 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 20-22 , the mobile or computing device can include a display that can be a touch sensitive display. The touch-sensitive display is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and may also be known as or called a touch-sensitive display system. The mobile or computing device may include a memory (which may include one or more computer readable storage mediums), a memory controller, one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s), a peripherals interface, Network Systems circuitry, including but not limited to RF circuitry, audio circuitry, a speaker, a microphone, an input/output (I/O) subsystem, other input or control devices, and an external port. The mobile or computing device may include one or more optical sensors. These components may communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines. 
     It should be appreciated that the mobile or computing device is only one example of a portable multifunction mobile or computing device, and that the mobile or computing device may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or a may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIG. 21  may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory may include high-speed random-access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory by other components of the mobile or computing device, such as the CPU and the peripherals interface, may be controlled by the memory controller. 
     The peripherals interface couples the input and output peripherals of the device to the CPU and memory. The one or more processors run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory to perform various functions for the mobile or computing device and to process data. 
     In some embodiments, the peripherals interface, the CPU, and the memory controller may be implemented on a single chip, such as a chip. In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     The Network System circuitry receives and sends signals, including but not limited to RF, also called electromagnetic signals. The Network System circuitry converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. The Network Systems circuitry may include well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. The Network Systems circuitry may communicate with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. 
     The wireless communication may use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), BLUETOOTH™, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for email (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), and/or Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS)), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     The audio circuitry, the speaker, and the microphone provide an audio interface between a user and the mobile or computing device. The audio circuitry receives audio data from the peripherals interface, converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to the speaker. The speaker converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. The audio circuitry also receives electrical signals converted by the microphone from sound waves. The audio circuitry converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to the peripherals interface for processing. Audio data may be retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory and/or the Network Systems circuitry by the peripherals interface. In some embodiments, the audio circuitry also includes a headset jack ( FIG. 20 ). The headset jack provides an interface between the audio circuitry and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). 
     The I/O subsystem couples input/output peripherals on the mobile or computing device, such as the touch screen and other input/control devices, to the peripherals interface. The I/O subsystem may include a display controller and one or more input controllers for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  1  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices. The other input/control devices may include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, and joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) may be coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons may include an up/down button for volume control of the speaker and/or the microphone. The one or more buttons may include a push button. A quick press of the push button may disengage a lock of the touch screen or begin a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button may turn power to the mobile or computing device on or off. The user may be able to customize a functionality of one or more of the buttons. The touch screen is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards. 
     The touch-sensitive touch screen provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. The display controller receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to the touch screen. The touch screen displays visual output to the user. The visual output may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects, further details of which are described below. 
     A touch screen has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. The touch screen and the display controller (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on the touch screen and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on the touch screen. In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between a touch screen and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     The touch screen may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, or LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. The touch screen and the display controller may detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with a touch screen. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of the touch screen may be analogous to the multi-touch sensitive tablets described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. However, a touch screen displays visual output from the portable mobile or computing device, whereas touch sensitive tablets do not provide visual output. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of the touch screen may be as described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 12, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement on a Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation of a Computer with a Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys of a Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     The touch screen may have a resolution in excess of 1000 dpi. In an exemplary embodiment, the touch screen has a resolution of approximately 1060 dpi. The user may contact the touch screen using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which are much less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, the mobile or computing device may include a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the touch screen or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     In some embodiments, the mobile or computing device may include a physical or virtual click wheel as an input control device. A user may navigate among and interact with one or more graphical objects (henceforth referred to as icons) displayed in the touch screen by rotating the click wheel or by moving a point of contact with the click wheel (e.g., where the amount of movement of the point of contact is measured by its angular displacement with respect to a center point of the click wheel). The click wheel may also be used to select one or more of the displayed icons. For example, the user may press down on at least a portion of the click wheel or an associated button. User commands and navigation commands provided by the user via the click wheel may be processed by an input controller as well as one or more of the modules and/or sets of instructions in memory. For a virtual click wheel, the click wheel and click wheel controller may be part of the touch screen and the display controller, respectively. For a virtual click wheel, the click wheel may be either an opaque or semitransparent object that appears and disappears on the touch screen display in response to user interaction with the device. In some embodiments, a virtual click wheel is displayed on the touch screen of a portable multifunction device and operated by user contact with the touch screen. 
     The mobile or computing device also includes a power system for powering the various components. The power system may include a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     The mobile or computing device may also include one or more sensors, including not limited to optical sensors.  FIG. 30  illustrates how an optical sensor coupled to an optical sensor controller in I/O subsystem. The optical sensor may include charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. The optical sensor receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with an imaging module  58  (also called a camera module); the optical sensor may capture still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of the mobile or computing device, opposite the touch screen display on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display may be used as a viewfinder for either still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image may be obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of the optical sensor can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor may be used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition. 
     The mobile or computing device may also include one or more proximity sensors. In one embodiment, the proximity sensor is coupled to the peripherals interface. Alternately, the proximity sensor may be coupled to an input controller in the I/O subsystem. The proximity sensor may perform as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector in Handheld Device,” filed Sep. 30, 2005; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector in Handheld Device,” filed Sep. 30, 2005; Ser. No. 13/096,386, “Using Ambient Light Sensor to Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 13/096,386, “Automated Response to and Sensing of User Activity in Portable Devices,” filed Oct. 24, 2006; and Ser. No. 11/638,251, “Methods and Systems for Automatic Configuration of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables the touch screen when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). In some embodiments, the proximity sensor keeps the screen off when the device is in the user&#39;s pocket, purse, or other dark area to prevent unnecessary battery drainage when the device is a locked state. 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory may include an operating system, a communication module (or set of instructions), a contact/motion module (or set of instructions), a graphics module (or set of instructions), a text input module (or set of instructions), a Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions), and applications (or set of instructions). 
     The operating system (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     The communication module facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports and also includes various software components for handling data received by the Network Systems circuitry and/or the external port. The external port (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used on iPod (trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.) devices. 
     The contact/motion module may detect contact with the touch screen (in conjunction with the display controller) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). The contact/motion module includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred, determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch screen, and determining if the contact has been broken (i.e., if the contact has ceased). Determining movement of the point of contact may include determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations may be applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, the contact/motion module and the display controller also detect contact on a touchpad. In some embodiments, the contact/motion module and the controller detect contact on a click wheel. 
     Examples of other applications that may be stored in memory include other word processing applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen, display controller, contact module, graphics module, and text input module, a contacts module may be used to manage an address book or contact list, including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone, video conference, e-mail, or IM; and so forth. 
     The foregoing description of various embodiments of the claimed subject matter has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the claimed subject matter to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to the practitioner skilled in the art. Particularly, while the concept “component” is used in the embodiments of the systems and methods described above, it will be evident that such concept can be interchangeably used with equivalent concepts such as, class, method, type, interface, module, object model, and other suitable concepts. Embodiments were chosen and described in order to best describe the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the relevant art to understand the claimed subject matter, the various embodiments and with various modifications that are suited to the particular use contemplated.