Patent Publication Number: US-2005143199-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for monitoring and determining the position of a football

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      1. Field of the Invention  
      The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for tracking the position of a ball, such as a football, relative to a playing field during a game, for selectively recording the position of the ball at times during the game and thereafter providing location information about the game ball to a game official.  
      2. Related Art  
      Football is a game in which play frequently is temporarily stopped by game officials and the ball used for the game may be repositioned prior to the resumption of play. A ball is placed in an initial position, which is the same at the beginning of every game. Thereafter, the ball is kicked downfield to the opposing team which tries to return the football to the end of the field from which it was kicked. Once the receiving team gets the football, the player with the ball may run until such time as he is tackled by the kicking team, the player runs out of bounds, or some other event occurs that is witnessed by a game official and for which game rules require the official to stop the live action. Once the play is stopped, the game official must position the football based upon where he last saw the ball at the moment the live action was stopped.  
      One problem is inherent, however, in traditional methods of positioning the ball in the game of football, and in many other sports: often the game official&#39;s view of the ball is obscured. For example, if the player carrying the football is tackled by several other players, the game official often does not see the position of the ball because it is hidden beneath the tackling players. Similarly, it is sometimes difficult to discern when a player has stepped out of bounds and where the ball was located when the player went out of bounds. While the game official may have a general idea of where the ball should be positioned, relying on the discretion of the official remains an inaccurate method of locating the ball. The importance of properly positioning the ball and, thus, the official&#39;s judgment, becomes greater as the ball&#39;s position nears the goal line. Millions of dollars in employment compensation, advertising fees and promotional costs may be at stake in professional athletic contests. A mistake of only a couple of inches in positioning the ball could affect the outcome of the game and thus affect the amount of money earned or lost by parties with an interest in the game. As such, it is the object of the invention to remove the need for game official discretion by creating a method and apparatus for the tracking, recording and relaying of the location of a game ball relative to the playing surface at any given moment during a game.  
      Methods have previously been disclosed for locating a ball or other similar object during game play. Several such methods, however, allow only for locating of ball relative to its previous placement. See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,675,816; 5,346,210; 6,141,060; and Pub. No. 2002/0089674. Further, these methods of locating objects still require a game official to exercise discretion in “spotting” or positioning the ball relative to the field. Since such methods do not allow for the live tracking of the ball and continue to require the discretion of the gaming official in positioning the football or other object after a break in live action, the accuracy of the placement or “spotting” of the ball is not improved.  
      Other methods, such as the ones disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,150,895, 5,564,698, and PCT Publication No. WO 89/00066, use a variety of methods to track a ball or similar object in motion during game play. These inventions lack the ability to record and relay to game officials the location of the ball or similar object at any given moment during the game.  
      What is needed is a method and apparatus that permits the ball&#39;s position to be stored and recorded and then communicated to a game official, thereby removing the need for game officials to exercise discretion in “spotting” or placing the ball at the end of a given play. Removing the officials&#39; discretion is desirable as it allows for an accurate placement of the ball should the officials&#39; lines of sight be obstructed in the normal course of the game.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for the live tracking of a ball and players relative to a playing field which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art.  
      In addition, it is an object and advantage of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for recording and relaying to the game official the location of the ball and players at any given moment during a game.  
      Therefore, it is a further object of the invention to reduce the need for game official discretion by presenting a method and apparatus for tracking, recording and relaying the location of a ball relative to the playing field at any given moment during a game.  
      Other objects and advantages of the present invention will in part be obvious and in part appear hereinafter.  
      As set forth hereinafter, the present invention comprises positioning transmitting devices into a game ball, such as a football. Alternately, the transmitters can be positioned in the padding, clothing, or shoes or otherwise attached to the players instead of locating them within the football, allowing each player to be tracked independently in place of or in addition to tracking the game ball.  
      The signals from the transmitter are detected by an antenna, which is either positioned below the playing surface or erected above ground and is attached to a receiver and microcomputer. The receiver and microcomputer use the signals detected by the antenna to compute the location of the transmitter. At any time during a game, in response to an event that requires the end of play, a game official may transmit a signal from a second transmitter, which signal is detected by the antenna and received by the receiver and microcomputer. The official&#39;s signal directs the microcomputer to store the position information associated with the ball at the moment the official sends the signal.  
      According to the present invention, the stored location is then communicated to the official to allow the official to properly position the ball for resumption of play. Preferably, the location information is transmitted to the official by a third transmitter connected to the microcomputer and is received by the official using a receiver connected to a portable display that depicts the location of the ball relative to the playing field. In addition or in the alternative to communicating the signal to a game official, the location can be communicated to broadcasters or spectators. As disclosed herein, the present invention encompasses alternate means of communicating the location information to the official.  
      Such tracking and recording will prove useful when, as often occurs, an event that temporarily ends live action can be seen by an official but the location of the ball at that moment cannot be accurately determined. Until now, such an event required the official to guess or estimate the actual location of the ball.  
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING  
      The present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated by reading the following Detailed Description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:  
       FIG. 1  is a schematic representation of the apparatus of the preferred embodiment.  
       FIG. 2  is a schematic representation of the game official&#39;s remote and microcomputer.  
       FIG. 3  is a side direction view of a football configured for one embodiment.  
       FIG. 4  is a schematic representation of the relative positions of components according to one embodiment of the invention.  
       FIG. 5  is a flow chart showing the method of the present invention.  
       FIG. 6  is a side view of an alternate embodiment of the apparatus. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      Referring now to the drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout, there is seen in  FIG. 1 , a ball transmitter  10 , an antenna  12 , a receiver/computer  14 , a referee transmitter  16  and means for communicating ball position information from the receiver/computer  14  to a game official. Means for communicating ball position information may comprise, for example, a receiver/display  18 . During a game, the ball transmitter  10  sends a signal that is detected by the antenna  12  and processed by the receiver/computer  14  to determine the location of the ball transmitter  10 . At any time during a game, a game official can activate the referee transmitter  16  to direct the receiver/computer  14  to store the ball&#39;s position information, which information is then conveyed to the official, for example by being displayed on the receiver/display  18 , to allow proper placement of the game ball.  
      The ball transmitter  10  consists of a small, lightweight radio frequency transmitter positioned inside a game ball as shown in  FIG. 3 , without substantially affecting the weight or other playing characteristics of the ball. The preferred embodiment includes two ball transmitters placed within opposing ends of the game ball as shown in  FIG. 3 .  
      The ball transmitter  10  can be any transmitter that is small enough to be securely positioned within a game ball and has sufficient range to transmit a signal that is detectable by the antenna  12 . Preferably, the ball transmitter  10  is powered by a lightweight, long-lasting power source, such as a lithium battery is sufficient to last the useful life of the ball. To conserve power, the ball transmitter  10  can preferably be selectively turned on and off using a transmitter control  20 , such as a magnet or a coded remote control, as is known to those skilled in the art.  
      Preferably, the ball transmitter  10  is inserted in the game ball when it is manufactured. In a football, preferably two ball transmitters  10  are used, which are round or conical so that they can be securely fastened to the interior of the football as seen in  FIG. 3 . Two ball transmitters  10 , positioned in the opposing ends of the football  11 , are preferred to avoid changing the balance of the football  11  and affecting its playing characteristics. Alternatively, one can install a single transmitter  10  in one end of the ball and secure a counterbalance of similar weight in the opposing end. Other shapes of transmitters and methods of insertion are of course available and would vary from ball to ball, depending on the size and shape of the ball used for the sport.  
      The antenna  12  comprises an above ground array as shown in  FIG. 4  capable of receiving the signal transmitted by the ball transmitter  10 . According to the preferred embodiment, the antenna  12  comprises an array of four antenna segments, located at the corners of the playing field. Alternately, the antenna  12  can be a subsurface metallic grid or an array of parallel subsurface antenna segments capable of receiving the signal transmitted by the ball transmitter  10 . In one embodiment the antenna  12  consists of parallel antenna segments spaced approximately 10 yards apart and parallel to the yard lines of a football field. The antenna  12  must be constructed of weather-resistant and non-corrosive materials to ensure reliability and durability.  
      Each segment of the antenna  12  is connected to a receiver/computer  14 , as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 4 . The receiver is capable of receiving signals in the frequency range used by the ball transmitter  10 . The receiver/computer  14  is programmed to analyze the received signals so that it can determine the location of the ball transmitter  10 . As is known by those skilled in the art, the location of a single transmitter can be triangulated using two or more antennas for receiving the transmitter&#39;s signal. For example, location information for the ball transmitter  10  relative to the antenna  12  can be determined by analyzing the signals received by any two segments of the antenna array. While the antenna  12  of the preferred embodiment comprises four antenna segments, those skilled in the art will recognize that triangulation information can be obtained using only two antenna segments. Two antenna elements, for example, located at diagonally opposed corners of a playing field will produce sufficient location information to locate the ball transmitter  10  at any location on the field. Additional antenna segments, however, provided redundancy and a higher level of precision in locating the ball transmitter  10 .  
      Where the antenna  12  consists of antenna segments that are parallel to the field surface (as would be the case in a subsurface array), triangulation from two parallel antenna segments will produce useful location information only in a plane that is perpendicular to the axes of the parallel antenna segments. That is, if the antenna  12  consists of horizontal antenna segments parallel to a football field&#39;s goal lines, triangulation can only determine the location of the ball transmitter  10  relative to the goal lines; it cannot determine the location of the ball relative to the field&#39;s sidelines. An antenna  12  comprising a below-ground array of segments parallel to the goal lines will suffice to provide ball location information only relative to the goal lines. If, however, the array includes one or more separate underground segments parallel to the field&#39;s sidelines, it will be possible to also triangulate the location of the ball transmitter  10  relative to the sidelines.  
      The receiver/computer  14  is provided with a storage memory that allows ball position information to be stored. In addition, when used for sports such as football, in which the teams switch sides of the field during the game, the receiver/computer  14  can be programmed to convert ball position information to provide correct ball position information after the teams switch ends of the field. Preferably, the receiver/computer  14  has storage memory capable of recording and storing continuous ball position information for an entire game. At a minimum, the storage memory must be capable of storing position information for at least one ball location in response to a remote command from a game official.  
      According to the present invention, game officials use a referee transmitter  16  to transmit a distinct signal to be detected by the antenna  12  and processed by the receiver/computer  14 . Alternatively, the distinct signal can be detected by a second antenna (not shown) and processed by the receiver/computer  14 . The referee transmitter  16  can be activated by a pushbutton or similar switch. In the preferred embodiment, the referee transmitter  16  is sufficiently small as to not encumber the official and may be mounted on a wrist. The receiver/computer  14  is programmable to store the current ball position information in response to a signal from the referee transmitter  16 . Thus, when a game official observes an event that requires play to be temporarily stopped, the official activates the referee transmitter  16 , causing the receiver/computer  14  to store the current ball location. The signal of the referee transmitter  16  must be distinct from that of the ball transmitter  10  so that the referee transmitter  16  does not affect the process of determining the location of the ball transmitter  10 . This is achieved if the referee transmitter  16  transmits on a different frequency than the ball transmitter  10 . The referee transmitter  16  may be capable of sending a clearing signal that directs the receiver/computer  14  to clear its storage memory location and prepare to receive a new storage signal from the referee transmitter  16 . In this case, the receiver/computer  14  should be programmed to receive the clearing signal. The clearing signal can be a signal transmitted on a unique frequency or any unique combination of signals that the receiver/computer  14  has been programmed to recognize as a command to clear its memory storage. Alternatively, the receiver/computer  14  can be programmed to automatically clear its storage memory before storing the ball location in response to a signal from referee transmitter  16 .  
      The present invention also includes means for communicating to the game official the ball location information stored by the receiver/computer  14 . Preferably, the ball location information is transmitted over radio frequency from the receiver/computer  14  to a receiver/display  18  operated by the game official. Alternatively, the ball location information can be displayed visually at the receiver/computer  14  and communicated verbally or by hand signals to the game official on the field. In the preferred embodiment, the receiver/display  18  includes a microprocessor that can process the ball location information and display it visually on a display screen. In one embodiment, the display screen presents the ball location information in numerical format, such as the yard-line at which the game official should position the ball. In another embodiment, the display screen presents the game official with directional signals such as arrows, such that when the official moves in the direction indicated by the signals, he arrives at the proper ball location. Alternatively, the receiver/display  18  can provide an audible signal that changes with the referee&#39;s distance from the proper ball location; when the referee arrives at the position where the ball should be located the receiver/display  18  provides another audible signal to indicate that the referee is at the proper position. In yet another embodiment, the receiver/display  18  includes a display screen that is large enough to graphically display the continuous motion of the ball relative to the field. Such a display can be used to follow the path of the ball during play and can show whether the ball&#39;s movement during play has violated the rules. For example, whether the ball has been carried out of bounds or if the ball has been advanced using a forward pass forward of the line of scrimmage.  
      In one embodiment of the present invention, the receiver/computer  14  can be programmed to determine when the ball transmitter  10  crosses a linear boundary of the playing field, for example the left or right sideline or one of the goal lines. According to this embodiment, the receiver/computer  14  is also programmed to transmit a signal to receiver/display  18  to alert a game official that the ball transmitter  10  has crossed a linear boundary so that the official can take appropriate action.  
      As disclosed above, the receiver/computer  14  can be constructed to have storage memory capable of storing continuous ball location information for the entire game. According to an alternate embodiment, each of the receiver/display  18  and receiver/computer  14  include clocks that are synchronized to each other. The ball location information stored in the storage memory of the receiver/computer  14  can be associated with clock information as the data is stored in the storage memory. According to this embodiment, when directed by the game official the receiver/display  18  stores the time for which the official wishes to record ball location data. When positioning the ball, the receiver/display  18  communicates with the receiver/computer to retrieve ball location information for the time stored in the receiver/display  18 . The receiver/display  18  presents the ball location information visually to the game official as described above.  
      Preferably, the referee transmitter  16  and receiver/display  18  are combined in a single unit that allows game officials to both signal the receiver/computer  14  to store ball location information and to display ball location information. In an alternate embodiment, however, the devices may be separate. This may be necessary, for example, if a plurality of game officials have referee transmitters  4  while only one game official has a receiver/display  18 .  
      In an alternate embodiment, a player transmitter  21  is placed in the padding, clothing, or shoes of a player or is otherwise attached to the player, for example in the cleat&#39;s of a player&#39;s shoes as shown in  FIG. 6 . In this embodiment, the location of the ball is determined from the location of the player transmitter  21  of the player that is carrying the ball. According to this embodiment, a plurality of player transmitters  21  is provided for positioning in each player&#39;s uniform. Each player transmitter  21  transmits a distinct signal, differentiated from other transmitters by frequency, modulation, or other methods known in the art. According to this embodiment, the antenna  12  detects the plurality of signals from the plurality of player transmitters  21  and conveys the signals to the receiver/computer  14  which analyzes the signals to determine the position information of each player transmitter  21 . The receiver/computer  14  stores each location in response to a signal from referee transmitter  16 . According to this embodiment, the invention further comprises means for the referee to select a single player transmitter  21  position information from the plurality of position information stored by the receiver/computer  14 . The referee would select the player transmitter  21  position information associated with the player that the referee observed carrying the ball at the time the referee sent the signal directing that ball location information be stored and recorded. As in the preferred embodiment, the invention comprises means for communicating to the game official the ball location information stored by the receiver/computer.  
      While the present invention has been described for use by game officials to improve the accuracy of ball placement during play of a football game, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention can also be used by a broadcaster or spectator to enable the broadcaster or spectator to determine if a game official has properly positioned a football during play of a football game. When used in this fashion, referee transmitter  16  and the receiver/display  18  would be employed by the broadcaster or spectator rather than (or in addition to) the game official.  
      The method of monitoring and determining the position of a football according to this invention comprises steps  50 - 62  as depicted in flow chart form in  FIG. 5 . First, the ball transmitter  10  sends a first signal to be detected by the antenna  12 . Once detected by the antenna  12 , the first signal is processed by the receiver/computer to determine the location of the ball transmitter  10 . When a game official sees an event that requires the official to temporarily suspend play, such as a knee touching the ground or a player running out of bounds, the game official activates the referee transmitter  16 . When the referee transmitter  16  is activated, it sends a second signal, which is for the receiver/computer  14 . In response to the second signal, the receiver/computer  14  stores the location information of the ball at that time. During the temporary suspension of play, the receiver/computer  14  communicates the stored ball location information to the receiver/display  18 , where it is displayed for the game official to view. The official uses the ball location information from the receiver/display  18  to accurately position the ball so it is ready for resumption of play. The game official then activates the referee transmitter  16  to send a clearing signal to the receiver/computer  14 .  
      While there has been illustrated and described what is at present considered to be the preferred embodiment of the invention, it should be appreciated that numerous changes and modifications are likely to occur to those skilled in the art. It is intended in the appended claims to cover all those changes and modifications that fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.