Patent Publication Number: US-2011078824-A1

Title: Compositions and Methods for Increasing Plant Tolerance to High Population Density

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE 
     This utility application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 11/682,909 filed on Mar. 7, 2007, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/779,720, filed Mar. 7, 2006, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is drawn to the genetic manipulation of plants, particularly to manipulating plants to increase tolerance to high population density. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Light plays a vital role in plant growth and development. Plants perceive light in the environment using a number of photoreceptor systems that control developmental processes such as germination, photomorphogenesis, flowering and senescence, as well as metabolic processes such as photosynthesis. Plant cells not only obtain energy and chemical disturbance from photons, they also obtain information. The excitation of chlorophyll molecules by visible light provides the energy for CO 2  reduction and for maintenance of metabolic activities. 
     In environments with high primary productivity, the single most important determinant of the light climate experienced by a plant is most often its neighbors. Plants acclimate morphologically and biochemically to the light environment of their neighborhood. They forage for light in the three-dimensional canopy space using a battery of informational photoreceptors. Phytochromes represent a family of red-light-absorbing photoreceptors that can exist in the physiologically inactive Pr form and the active Pfr form. Pr and Pfr are interconvertible by red or far-red (FR) light, respectively. This absorption profile is extremely useful for the detection of shade or the presence of neighboring plants. At high proportions of FR radiation under shade conditions or in dense plant populations, the photoequilibrium is shifted toward the inactive Pr form. Under these conditions, green plants exhibit various symptoms of the shade-avoidance response, such as promotion of stem and petiole elongation, reduced leaf thickness, reduced chlorophyll synthesis and increased apical dominance. The shade-avoidance response reduces the availability of resources for storage and reproduction. 
     The ability of plants to adjust their morphology in response to crowding is almost certainly a key element to success for the individual plant in environments of high primary productivity. Increases in yield over the last several decades have been attributed largely to increased density tolerance. Transgenic strategies will be required to further increase the productivity of plants beyond what is possible with conventional breeding. Thus, genes and methods for improving the plant response to density planting are needed. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Compositions and methods for suppressing the shade-avoidance response of plants and improving plant growth and yield are provided. In particular, the compositions and methods of the invention alter the plant response to light quality and increase the plant tolerance to conditions of limited light, including that caused by high population density. Compositions of the invention include an early flowering 3 (ELF3) maize gene as well as an  Arabidopsis  basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (bHLH-041) and fragments and variants thereof. The bHLH-041 is a member of a class of transcription factors involved in a large number of plant responses, including some members that directly interact with phytochromes involved in light perception. The methods of the invention involve manipulating expression of the ELF3 and bHLH-041 genes to alter the response of a plant to light quality and suppress the high-density-invoked survival mode of development. Particularly, the methods involve expression or overexpression of the ELF3 gene in plants and down-regulation of the bHLH-041 gene or gene coding for a similar transcription factor to suppress the shade-avoidance response. Plants so modified will tolerate conditions of low light, such as those that occur indoors, in shady landscapes and in conditions of high population density. In crop situations the modification will result in higher yields under high plant density, relative to a control plant. The polynucleotides of the invention can be used alone, in combination or with other genes and mechanisms for increasing plant yield. The invention provides methods for growing crop plants at high population densities for yield enhancement. 
     Additionally, a promoter sequence is provided. The maize ELF3 promoter sequence is useful for driving expression of polynucleotides of interest in a plant. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an alignment of the maize ELF3 protein sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) with the  Arabidopsis thaliana  ELF3 sequence (At2g25930; GenBank Accession Number NM — 128153; SEQ ID NO: 7) and the  Oryza sativa  ELF3 sequence (GenBank Accession Number BAA83571; SEQ ID NO: 8). Conserved residues are indicated in the consensus sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10). 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  show the effects of over-expression of ZM-ELF3 on leaf length ( FIG. 2A ) and leaf number at flowering ( FIG. 2B ) in transgenic  Arabidopsis  grown at high density. 
         FIG. 3A  shows elements within the ZM-ELF3 promoter that resemble the “evening element” present in a number of circadian clock associated genes. Nucleotide positions are relative to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. The  Arabidopsis thaliana  evening element (SEQ ID NO: 9) is shown for comparison.  FIG. 3B  shows the upstream sequence of the ZM-ELF3 gene with putative evening elements underlined in bold. A putative CAAT box is italicized, and the transcription start site is italicized and double underlined. Nucleotides 1-459 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; nucleotides 460-625 correspond to nucleotides 1-166 of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
         FIG. 4  shows effects of plant density in  Arabidopsis . Wild-type (Columbia) plants were grown under a range of densities (1: one plant in 4 cm 2 ; 2: one plant in 3 cm 2 ; 3 one plant in 2 cm 2 ; 4: one plant in 1 cm 2 ). Overall bolt height in cm at flowering (panel A), number of bolts at flowering (B), longest leaf length (C) and silique length (D). 
         FIG. 5  shows the effect of density on flowering time in  Arabidopsis . Increasing density from left to right decreases time to flowering and size of plant at flowering. Ten plants were measured from each treatment. 
         FIG. 6  describes activation tagging of the ELF3 mutant. Panel A provides a map of the genomic sequence surrounding ELF3 and shows the location of the 35S activation tag. Panel B shows analysis of three positive and one negative plant demonstrating over-expression of ELF3 in the activation tagged lines (144-1 to 3). Panel C shows a PstI-digested Southern blot of DNA isolated from three ELF3 activation tagged lines, indicating that a single T-DNA copy is present. 
         FIG. 7  shows the effect of density on activation-tagged lines in an interplanting experiment. Activation-tagged lines 50-1 (bHLH-041 protein) and 144-1 (ELF3) have different responses to high plant density as indicated by leaf length (upper panel) and bolt height (lower panel). Activation-tagged seeds were inter-planted with wild-type plants at the second highest density (one plant in 2 cm 2 ) and measured at mid-flowering (stage 6.5). Interplanting involved seeding experimental plants amongst control plants where every fifth plant was experimental. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Compositions and methods for increasing yield in a plant or crop are provided. In particular, the compositions and methods of the invention suppress the shade-avoidance response of the plant by altering the plant response to light quality and increasing the plant tolerance to density. In this manner, the plant can be grown in a high density setting without sacrificing yield, thus increasing the overall yield of the crop. Compositions of the invention include the early flowering 3 (ELF3) promoter and coding sequence from maize, the coding sequence for a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (bHLH-041) from  Arabidopsis  and variants and fragments thereof, as well as polynucleotides and constructs for suppression of expression of the bHLH-041 gene and genes for similar transcription factors in plants. The coding sequence for the maize ELF3 gene is set forth as nucleotides 167 through 2444 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and as SEQ ID NO: 2, and the amino acid sequence for the encoded ELF3 polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. The ELF3 promoter sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. The coding sequence for the  Arabidopsis  bHLH-041 gene is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 and the amino acid sequence for the encoded bHLH-041 polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. 
     In particular, the present invention provides for isolated polynucleotides comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 6. Further provided are polypeptides having an amino acid sequence encoded by a polynucleotide described herein, for example those set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 5, and fragments and variants thereof. The invention also provides isolated polynucleotides comprising the promoter sequence for the ELF3 gene from maize as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. Nucleic acid molecules comprising the complements of these nucleotide sequences are also provided. It is recognized that the coding sequence for the bHLH-041 gene (see, SEQ ID NO: 5) can be expressed in a plant for overexpression of the bHLH-041 transcription factor. However, for purposes of suppressing the shade-avoidance response of a plant, the coding sequence will be used to design constructs for suppression of expression of the bHLH-041 transcription factor. Thus, polynucleotides, in the context of suppressing the shade-avoidance response, refers to ELF3 coding sequences and to polynucleotides that when expressed suppress expression of the bHLH-041 gene, for example, via direct or indirect suppression as noted herein below. Expression of the polynucleotides of the invention in plants prevents those plants from undergoing extensive reprogramming of their morphological development under limited light conditions, particularly when shaded by their neighbors or when grown in high density. Plants forage for light in plant canopies using a variety of photosensory systems. Far-red radiation reflected by neighbors is an early signal of competition that elicits anticipatory shade-avoidance responses. Shade-avoidance responses include symptoms such as promotion of stem and petiole elongation, reduced leaf thickness, reduced chlorophyll synthesis, accelerated flowering and increased apical dominance. The shade-avoidance response reduces the availability of resources for storage and reproduction. Shade-avoidance is a mechanism where plants grown in close proximity respond to far-red (FR) radiation reflected from the leaves of neighboring plants by increasing significantly their stem length at the expense of leaf, fruit and storage organ development, adversely affecting the yield of harvestable components. The shade-avoidance response may also have detrimental effects on ornamental plants grown indoors or in limited-light areas of a landscape. 
       FIG. 4  shows the effect of increasing population density on vegetative and reproductive development in  Arabidopsis . Wild-type (Columbia) plants were grown under a range of densities (1: one plant in 4 cm 2 ; 2: one plant in 3 cm 2 ; 3 one plant in 2 cm 2 ; 4: one plant in 1 cm 2 ). With increased density, overall bolt height at flowering was reduced (panel A), number of bolts at flowering was reduced (B), leaf length was reduced (C) and silique length was reduced (D). 
     Plant density or population density varies from crop to crop as well as from growing region to growing region and year to year. The term “high density” or “high population density” is defined as a plant density at least about 10% higher than the average prevailing plant density of a given crop in a given growing region. In some embodiments, the high population density is at least 20% higher, at least 30% higher, at least 40% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 60% higher, at least 70% higher, at least 80% higher, at least 90% higher or at least 100% higher than the average prevailing density for the given crop in the given growing area. The “average prevailing density” is defined as the average plant density used by a majority of farmers in a region. For example, according to the National Agricultural Statistics Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, the average prevailing density for corn in ten Midwestern states in 2004 was 26,200 plants per acre (ppa). Thus for that region, high population density is preferably at least about 28,800, at least 30,000, at least 32,000, at least 34,000, at least 36,000, at least 38,000 or at least 40,000 plants per acre. It is recognized that planting density, i.e., number of seeds planted, will exceed the desired target plant population. For example, the average planting density for corn in North America in 2004 was 28,590 plants per acre. 
     The average prevailing densities of selected crop plants in the USA include corn at 20,000-29,000 plants per acre, wheat at 1,000,000-1,500,000 plants per acre, rice at 650,000-900,000 plants per acre, soy bean at 150,000-200,000 plants per acre, canola at 260,000-350,000 plants per acre and sunflower at 17,000-23,00 plants per acre. In the same manner, average densities of any crop can be determined for any growing region. 
     By yield is intended the output or amount produced by a plant or crop. Yield can be measured in terms of number and/or size of fruit, seed or other tissues harvested. Typically yield of crop plants is measured on a bushel-per-acre basis. Grain yield in agronomic crops is typically measured on a bushel-per-acre or kilogram-per-hectare basis. 
     An early flowering 3 (elf3) mutation was previously identified in  Arabidopsis . It was proposed that ELF3 mediates an interaction between light and the circadian clock. Defects in ELF3 function lead to light-dependent arrhythmia. See, Covington, et al., (2001)  Plant Cell  13:1305-1315, herein incorporated by reference. ELF3 appears to be an integral component of light input to the clock and likely gates both light input to the clock and acute induction of the circadian outputs by restricting the light sensitivity of these pathways in the evening. Overexpression of the ELF3 protein results in decreased sensitivity to the resetting stimulus, suggesting that ELF3 antagonizes light input to the clock during the night. ELF3 may represent a mechanism by which the oscillator modulates light resetting. Additionally, ELF3 proteins may be responsible for the circadian regulation of photoreceptor activity. 
     The invention provides maize ELF3 nucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2) and an ELF3 protein encoded thereby (SEQ ID NO: 3). The maize ELF3 protein (also referred to as ZM-ELF3) shares 19.4% identity with the  Arabadopsis thaliana  ELF3 protein designated At2g25930 (SEQ ID NO: 7; GenBank Accession Number NM — 128153; see also, SEQ ID NO: 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,903,192), with four conserved regions across these two sequences (see, the alignment in  FIG. 1 ; region I, corresponding to residues 20-57 of SEQ ID NO: 3; region II, corresponding to residues 362 to 410 of SEQ ID NO: 3; region III, corresponding to residues 516-535 of SEQ ID NO: 3 and region IV, corresponding to residues 728-754 of SEQ ID NO: 3) that are shared among previously identified ELF3 proteins (see, Liu, et al., (2001)  Plant Cell  13:1293-1304, herein incorporated by reference). PFAM analysis reveals a domain within region II with similarity to Ribosome-binding factor A (InterPRO PS01319 IPR000238) suggesting that ELF3 may perform functions related to control of protein synthesis. 
     The ZM-ELF3 protein also shares homology with other proteins, for example, the putative early flowering 3 protein from  Oryza sativa , included in the alignment shown in  FIG. 1  (SEQ ID NO: 8; see also, GenBank Accession Number BAA83571; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AP000399); putative early flowering 3 protein from  Oryza sativa  (derived from BAA83571; see, GenBank Accession Number XP — 493738; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number XM — 493738); hypothetical protein designated P0697C12.15 from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number NP — 918455; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number NM — 193566.1); nematode responsive protein-like protein from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Number BAD45081; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AP003296); early flowering 3 protein from  Mesembryanthemum crystallinum  (GenBank Accession Number AAQ73529; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AY371292; the sequence for an unknown protein from  Arabidopsis thaliana  (GenBank Accession Number AAM15042; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AC005395); hypothetical protein At3g21320 from  Arabidopsis thaliana  (GenBank Accession Number AAX23847; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AY924772; hypothetical protein AT3G21320 from  Arabidopsis thaliana  (GenBank Accession Number AAV68859; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AY800623); nematode responsive protein from  Arabidopsis thaliana  (GenBank Accession Number CAA72719; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number Y11994; ELF3 homologue from  Lemna gibba  (GenBank Accession Number BAD97872; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AB210851 and an unnamed protein product from  Arabidopsis thaliana  (GenBank Accession Number BAB01726; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AB023045). 
     The methods of the invention include expression of the ELF3 sequence of the invention in a plant of interest. While not bound by any mechanism of action, expression/overexpression of the ELF3 sequence inhibits or suppresses the plant shade-avoidance response. In this manner, a plant can be transformed with a DNA construct comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleotide sequence comprising the ELF3 coding sequence (e.g., nucleotides 167-2443 of SEQ ID NO: 1, set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2) or fragment or variant thereof, increasing the level or activity of the ELF3 polypeptide. A promoter may be chosen to express the sequence in select tissues, at select times or for constitutive expression. 
     In response to shade, horizontal blue light gradients guide plant shoots to canopy gaps in patchy vegetation. These B light signals are perceived by specific photoreceptors. Plants possess at least two types of photoreceptors whose main physiological function is the acquisition of information. One of these, the phytochromes, absorb maximally in the red (R) and far-red (FR) regions of the spectrum. Phytochromes are regulatory proteins that control plant gene expression in response to light. Recent work has demonstrated the conservation of photoreceptor function across divergent evolutionary boundaries. 
     The phytochromes are a family of plant photoreceptor proteins that control several adaptive developmental strategies. For example, the phytochromes perceive far-red light (wave lengths between 700 and 800 nm) reflected or scattered from the leaves of nearby vegetation. This provides an early warning of potential shading, and triggers a series of shade-avoidance responses by which the plant attempts to outgrow its neighbors. The circadian clock gates this rapid shade-avoidance response. (See, e.g., Blazquez, et al., (2000)  J. Cell. Sci.  113:3547). One of the rapidly responsive genes encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein. The gene product is required for the accelerated growth associated with the shade-avoidance response. 
     The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a superfamily of transcription factors that bind as dimers to specific DNA target sites. The family is defined by the bHLH signature domain, which consists of about 60 amino acids with two functionally distinct regions. The basic region is located at the N-terminal end of the domain and is involved in DNA binding. The basic region consists of about 15 amino acids including a high number of basic residues. The HLH region is located at the C-terminal end and functions as a dimerization domain. The HLH region consists mainly of hydrophobic residues that form two amphipathic α-helices separated by a loop region of variable sequence and length. Outside of the conserved bHLH signature domain, the proteins exhibit considerable sequence divergence. 
     The bHLH genes have been studied in  Arabidopsis  and over 140 genes have been identified, constituting one of the largest families of transcription factors in  Arabidopsis . See, Toledo-Ortiz, et al., (2003)  Plant Cell  15:1749-1770, herein incorporated by reference. Twenty-one sub-families have been identified having conserved amino acid sequence motifs outside the DNA binding domain. It is predicted that this family of transcription factors has a diverse range of roles in plant cell and tissue development as well as plant metabolism. Some bHLH proteins (e.g., PIF3 and related bHLH proteins; see, for example, Ni, et al., (1998)  Cell  95(5):657-667) physically interact with phytochrome. In addition, a related bHLH, called PIL1, is involved in the circadian clock (see, for example, Makino, et al., (2002)  Plant Cell Physiol.  43(1):58-69 and Salter, et al., (2003)  Nature  426(6967):680-683). 
     The invention provides the  Arabidopsis thaliana  bHLH-041 nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the bHLH-041 protein encoded thereby (SEQ ID NO: 6). The bHLH-041 protein shares homology with a number of bHLH proteins, including, for example, a bHLH-like protein from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number BAD61929; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AP005460); the protein designated as B1112D09.4 from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number NP — 918505; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number NM — 193616); another bHLH-like protein from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number BAD72434; coding sequence shown in report for GenBank Accession Number AP003417); the protein designated as P0498B01.27 from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number NP — 913134; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number NM — 188245); another bHLH-like protein from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number BAD72431; coding sequence shown in report for GenBank Accession Number AP003417); the protein designated as P0498B01.20 from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number NP — 913129; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number NM — 188240); another bHLH-like protein from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number BAD72430; coding sequence shown in report for GenBank Accession Number AP003417); the protein designated as P0498B01.17 from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number NP — 913126; coding sequence shown as GenBank Accession Number NM — 188237); the bHLH protein family-like protein from  Oryza sativa  (GenBank Accession Number XP — 464694; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number XM — 464694) and the sequence for an unknown protein from  Arabidopsis thaliana  (GenBank Accession Number AAM63723; coding sequence shown in GenBank Accession Number AY086666). 
     While not being bound by theory or mechanism of action, it is believed that the bHLH transcription factor of the invention, bHLH-041 (shown in SEQ ID NO: 6), interacts with phytochromes involved in light perception. Therefore, suppression of expression of the bHLH-041 gene or genes for other members of the transcription factor class would prevent interaction with phytochromes and suppress the plant shade-avoidance response. In this manner, the invention provides for suppressing the expression of the bHLH-041 gene or genes for similar transcription factors that act in the same manner. Therefore, for purposes of suppression of the shade-avoidance response, bHLH-041 polynucleotides include those polynucleotides that when expressed in a plant suppress the expression of the bHLH-041 gene or genes for similar transcription factors that act on phytochromes. Expression of the polynucleotide reduces or eliminates the level or activity of bHLH-041 in a plant. The expression may reduce or eliminate the level of bHLH-041 in any of various ways; for example, by influencing the level of bHLH-041 RNA transcript; by influencing translation and thereby affecting the level of the encoded bHLH-041 polypeptide or by interfering with the function of the encoded bHLH-041 polypeptide, such as by competitive binding to a DNA target sequence. 
     It is recognized that RNA suppression sequences, as discussed below, may be designed to specifically target bHLH-041 gene expression or alternatively target genes for those transcription factors sharing homology with bHLH-041. In this manner, for selective suppression of the bHLH-041 protein, suppression sequences will be designed based on sequences outside of the conserved bHLH signature domain of this protein, which resides at residues 287-339 of SEQ ID NO: 6. bHLH is a helix-loop-helix transcription factor and as such has a basic region (PFAM: PF00010; IPRO01092) that determines specificity of interaction with regulatory regions of target genes. In the case of bHLH-041, the basic region (SERKRREKLN; residues 293-302 of SEQ ID NO: 6) is the most conserved and is diagnostic of this group of transcription factors. 
     The ELF3 and bHLH-041 polynucleotides of the invention may be used alone or in combination to decrease or reduce the plant shade-avoidance response in plants and increase yield in plants. That is, the methods of the invention prevent the shade-avoidance response of plants and counterbalance the effects of asymmetric competition for light. The methods have important implications for the yield-density and productivity-density relationships of plants. The plants of the invention exhibit altered photomorphogenesis and improved yield but do not exhibit the characteristics of typical plants grown in high-density settings. 
     The invention encompasses isolated or substantially purified polynucleotide or protein compositions. An “isolated” or “purified” polynucleotide or protein, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany or interact with the polynucleotide or protein as found in its naturally occurring environment. Thus, an isolated or purified polynucleotide or protein is substantially free of other cellular material or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Optimally, an “isolated” polynucleotide is free of sequences (optimally protein encoding sequences) that naturally flank the polynucleotide (i.e., sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the polynucleotide) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the polynucleotide is derived. For example, in various embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequence that naturally flank the polynucleotide in genomic DNA of the cell from which the polynucleotide is derived. A protein that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of protein having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or 1% (by dry weight) of contaminating protein. When the protein of the invention or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, optimally culture medium represents less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or 1% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-protein-of-interest chemicals. 
     Fragments and variants of the disclosed polynucleotides and proteins encoded thereby are also encompassed by the present invention. By “fragment” is intended a portion of the polynucleotide or a portion of the amino acid sequence and hence protein encoded thereby. Fragments of a polynucleotide may encode protein fragments that retain the biological activity of the native protein and hence have ELF3 protein or bHLH-041 protein activity. Measurement of bHLH-041 protein activity is described elsewhere herein. Alternatively, fragments of a polynucleotide that are useful as hybridization probes generally do not encode fragment proteins retaining biological activity. Thus, fragments of a nucleotide sequence may range from at least about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, about 100 nucleotides and up to the full-length polynucleotide encoding the proteins of the invention. 
     A fragment of an ELF3 polynucleotide that encodes a biologically active portion of an ELF3 protein of the invention will encode at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750 contiguous amino acids or up to the total number of amino acids present in a full-length ELF3 protein of the invention (for example, 759 amino acids for SEQ ID NO: 3). In some embodiments, a fragment of an ELF3 polynucleotide that encodes a biologically active portion of an ELF3 protein of the invention will encode an ELF3 polypeptide fragment comprising at least region I, corresponding to residues 20-57 of SEQ ID NO: 3, at least region II, corresponding to residues 362 to 410 of SEQ ID NO: 3, at least region III, corresponding to residues 516-535 of SEQ ID NO: 3, at least region IV, corresponding to residues 728-754 of SEQ ID NO: 3), or any combination of regions I, II, III and IV of SEQ ID NO: 3, where each of these regions is encoded by the corresponding codons set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or alternative codons due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. Thus, for example, the encoded ELF3 polypeptide fragment could comprise residues corresponding to regions I and II of SEQ ID NO: 3, regions I and III of SEQ ID NO:3, regions I and IV of SEQ ID NO:3, regions I, II and III of SEQ ID NO: 3, regions I, III and IV of SEQ ID NO: 3, regions I, II, III and IV of SEQ ID NO: 3, regions II and III of SEQ ID NO: 3, regions II and IV of SEQ ID NO: 3, regions II, III and IV of SEQ ID NO: 3 or regions III and IV of SEQ ID NO: 3, where each of these regions is encoded by the corresponding codons set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or alternative codons due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. However, fragments of a polynucleotide of the invention that are useful as hybridization probes or PCR primers generally need not encode a biologically active portion of an ELF3 protein. 
     A fragment of a bHLH-041 polynucleotide that encodes a biologically active portion of a bHLH-041 protein of the invention will encode at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 contiguous amino acids or up to the total number of amino acids present in a full-length bHLH-041 protein of the invention (for example, 466 amino acids for SEQ ID NO: 6). In some embodiments, a fragment of a bHLH-041 polynucleotide that encodes a biologically active portion of a bHLH-041 protein of the invention will encode a bHLH-041 polypeptide fragment comprising at least the basic region of the bHLH signature domain, where the basic region corresponds to residues 293-302 of SEQ ID NO: 6, at least the HLH region of the bHLH signature domain, where the bHLH signature domain corresponds to residues 287-339 of SEQ ID NO: 6 or both of these regions, where each of these regions is encoded by the corresponding codons set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or alternative codons due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. In other embodiments, a fragment of a bHLH-041 polynucleotide that encodes a biologically active portion of a bHLH-041 protein of the invention will encode a polypeptide comprising the bHLH signature domain, corresponding to residues 287-339 of SEQ ID NO: 6, where this region is encoded by the corresponding codons set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or alternative codons due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. However, fragments of a polynucleotide of the invention that are useful as hybridization probes or PCR primers generally need not encode a biologically active portion of a bHLH-041 protein. 
     Thus, a fragment of an ELF3 or bHLH-041 polynucleotide may encode a biologically active portion of an ELF3 or bHLH-041 protein, respectively or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below. A biologically active portion of an ELF3 or bHLH-041 protein can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the ELF3 or bHLH-041 polynucleotides of the invention, respectively, expressing the encoded portion of the ELF3 or bHLH-041 protein (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the ELF3 or bHLH-041 polypeptide. Polynucleotides that are fragments of an ELF3 or bHLH-041 nucleotide sequence comprise at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 1,100, 1,200, 1,300 or 1,400 contiguous nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length ELF3 or bHLH-041 polynucleotide disclosed herein (for example, 2496, 2277 and 1401 nucleotides for SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 5, respectively). 
     “Variants” is intended to mean substantially similar sequences. For polynucleotides, a variant comprises a deletion and/or addition of one or more nucleotides at one or more sites within the native polynucleotide and/or a substitution of one or more nucleotides at one or more sites in the native polynucleotide. As used herein, a “native” polynucleotide or polypeptide comprises a naturally occurring nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence, respectively. For polynucleotides, conservative variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the amino acid sequence of one of the ELF3 or bHLH-041 polypeptides of the invention. Naturally occurring allelic variants such as these can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques as outlined below. Variant polynucleotides also include synthetically derived polynucleotides, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis but which still encode an ELF3 or bHLH-041 protein of the invention. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide of the invention (for example, SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 5) will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to that particular polynucleotide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein. 
     Variants of a particular polynucleotide of the invention (i.e., the reference polynucleotide) can also be evaluated by comparison of the percent sequence identity between the polypeptide encoded by a variant polynucleotide and the polypeptide encoded by the reference polynucleotide. Thus, for example, an isolated polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide with a given percent sequence identity to the ELF3 or bHLH-041 polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively, is disclosed. Percent sequence identity between any two polypeptides can be calculated using sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein. Where any given pair of polynucleotides of the invention is evaluated by comparison of the percent sequence identity shared by the two polypeptides they encode, the percent sequence identity between the two encoded polypeptides is at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity. 
     “Variant” protein is intended to mean a protein derived from the native protein by deletion or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein and/or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein. Variant proteins encompassed by the present invention are biologically active, that is they continue to possess the desired biological activity of the native protein, that is, transcription factor activity for bHLH-041 and regulation of photoreceptor activity for ELF3 as described herein. Such variants may result from, for example, genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation. Biologically active variants of a native ELF3 or bHLH-041 protein of the invention will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence for the native protein as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein. A biologically active variant of a protein of the invention may differ from that protein by as few as 1-15 amino acid residues, as few as 1-10, such as 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2 or even 1 amino acid residue. 
     The proteins of the invention may be altered in various ways including amino acid substitutions, deletions, truncations and insertions. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in the art. For example, amino acid sequence variants and fragments of the ELF3 and bHLH-041 proteins can be prepared by mutations in the DNA. Methods for mutagenesis and polynucleotide alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel, (1985)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  82:488-492; Kunkel, et al., (1987)  Methods in Enzymol.  154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983)  Techniques in Molecular Biology  (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the protein of interest may be found in the model of Dayhoff, et al., (1978)  Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure  (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.), herein incorporated by reference. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, may be optimal. 
     Thus, the genes and polynucleotides of the invention include both the naturally occurring sequences as well as mutant forms. Likewise, the proteins of the invention encompass both naturally occurring proteins as well as variations and modified forms thereof. Such variants will continue to possess the desired activity. Obviously, the mutations that will be made in the DNA encoding the variant must not place the sequence out of reading frame and optimally will not create complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure. See, EP Patent Application Publication Number 75,444. 
     The deletions, insertions and substitutions of the protein sequences encompassed herein are not expected to produce radical changes in the characteristics of the protein. However, when it is difficult to predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion or insertion in advance of doing so, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the effect will be evaluated by routine screening assays. That is, the activity can be evaluated by routine transgenic plant analysis, observed as a disruption in the plant density response or appearance of a desired phenotypic change, such as inhibition of the shade-avoidance response and increased tolerance to plant density. 
     Variant polynucleotides and proteins also encompass sequences and proteins derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more different ELF3 or bHLH-041 coding sequences can be manipulated to create a new ELF3 or bHLH-041 protein possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated from a population of related sequence polynucleotides comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. For example, using this approach, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest may be shuffled between the ELF3 or bHLH-041 gene of the invention and other known ELF3 or bHLH transcription factor genes, respectively, to obtain a new gene coding for a protein with an improved property of interest. Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art. See, for example, Stemmer, (1994)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  91:10747-10751; Stemmer, (1994)  Nature  370:389-391; Crameri, et al., (1997)  Nature Biotech.  15:436-438; Moore, et al., (1997)  J. Mol. Biol.  272:336-347; Zhang, et al., (1997)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  94:4504-4509; Crameri, et al., (1998)  Nature  391:288-291 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458. 
     The compositions of the invention also include isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising the maize ELF3 promoter (also referred to as the ZM-ELF3 promoter) nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. By “promoter” is intended a regulatory region of DNA usually comprising a TATA box capable of directing RNA polymerase II to initiate RNA synthesis at the appropriate transcription initiation site for a particular coding sequence. A promoter may additionally comprise other recognition sequences generally positioned upstream or 5′ to the TATA box, referred to as upstream promoter elements, which influence the transcription initiation rate. Such elements include a putative CAAT element present at nucleotides 402-405 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In addition six sequence motifs with approximately 50% identity to the “evening element motif,” which is correlated with circadian control of plant genes, are present within the upstream ZM-ELF3 sequence. See,  FIG. 3 . 
     It is recognized that having identified the nucleotide sequence for the promoter region disclosed herein, it is within the state of the art to isolate and identify additional regulatory elements in the 5′ untranslated region upstream from the particular promoter region defined herein. Thus for example, the promoter region disclosed herein may further comprise upstream regulatory elements that confer tissue-preferred expression of heterologous nucleotide sequences operably linked to the disclosed promoter sequence. See particularly, Australian Patent Number AU-A-77751/94 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,466,785 and 5,635,618. 
     Fragments and variants of the disclosed ZM-ELF3 promoter nucleotide sequence are also encompassed by the present invention. By “fragment” is intended a portion of the nucleotide sequence. Fragments of a promoter nucleotide sequence may retain biological activity and hence retain their transcriptional regulatory activity. Thus, for example, less than the entire promoter sequence disclosed herein may be utilized to drive expression of an operably linked nucleotide sequence of interest, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous protein. Alternatively, fragments of a promoter nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes generally do not retain biological activity. Thus, fragments of a promoter nucleotide sequence may range from at least about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, about 100 nucleotides and up to the full-length promoter nucleotide sequence of the invention. 
     Thus, a fragment of an ELF3 promoter nucleotide sequence may encode a biologically active portion of the ELF3 promoter or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below. A biologically active portion of an ELF3 promoter can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the ELF3 promoter nucleotide sequences of the invention and assessing the activity of the portion of the ELF3 promoter. Nucleic acid molecules that are fragments of an ELF3 promoter nucleotide sequence comprise at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 nucleotides or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length ELF3 promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein (for example, 459 nucleotides for the ZM-ELF3 promoter shown in SEQ ID NO: 4). Assays to determine the activity of a promoter sequence are well known in the art. For example, an ELF3 promoter fragment or variant may be operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding any reporter protein, such as the β-glucuronidase protein (GUS reporter) or the luciferase protein. The DNA construct is inserted into the genome of a plant or plant cell and the mRNA or protein level of the reporter sequence is determined. See, for example, Eulgem, et al., (1999)  EMBO Journal  18:4689-4699. 
     The polynucleotides of the invention can be used to isolate corresponding sequences from other organisms, particularly other plants, more particularly other monocots. In this manner, methods such as PCR, hybridization, and the like can be used to identify such sequences based on their sequence homology to the sequences set forth herein. Sequences isolated based on their sequence identity to the entire ELF3 or bHLH-041 sequences set forth herein or to variants and fragments thereof are encompassed by the present invention. Such sequences include sequences that are orthologs of the disclosed sequences. “Orthologs” is intended to mean genes derived from a common ancestral gene and which are found in different species as a result of speciation. Genes found in different species are considered orthologs when their nucleotide sequences and/or their encoded protein sequences share at least 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater sequence identity. Functions of orthologs are often highly conserved among species. Thus, isolated polynucleotides that encode an ELF3 or bHLH-041 protein or isolated polynucleotides that confer promoter activity and which hybridize under stringent conditions to the respective ELF3 or bHLH-041 nucleotide sequences disclosed herein or to variants or fragments thereof, are encompassed by the present invention. 
     In a PCR approach, oligonucleotide primers can be designed for use in PCR reactions to amplify corresponding DNA sequences from cDNA or genomic DNA extracted from any plant of interest. Methods for designing PCR primers and PCR cloning are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook, et al., (1989)  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual  (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). See also, Innis, et al., eds. (1990)  PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications  (Academic Press, New York); Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1995)  PCR Strategies  (Academic Press, New York) and Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1999)  PCR Methods Manual  (Academic Press, New York). Known methods of PCR include, but are not limited to, methods using paired primers, nested primers, single specific primers, degenerate primers, gene-specific primers, vector-specific primers, partially-mismatched primers and the like. 
     In hybridization techniques, all or part of a known polynucleotide is used as a probe that selectively hybridizes to other corresponding polynucleotides present in a population of cloned genomic DNA fragments or cDNA fragments (i.e., genomic or cDNA libraries) from a chosen organism. The hybridization probes may be genomic DNA fragments, cDNA fragments, RNA fragments, or other oligonucleotides and may be labeled with a detectable group such as  32 P, or any other detectable marker. Thus, for example, probes for hybridization can be made by labeling synthetic oligonucleotides based on the ELF3 or bHLH-041 polynucleotides of the invention. Methods for preparation of probes for hybridization and for construction of cDNA and genomic libraries are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook, et al., (1989)  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual  (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). 
     For example, an entire ELF3 or bHLH-041 polynucleotide disclosed herein, or one or more portions thereof, may be used as a probe capable of specifically hybridizing to corresponding elf3 or bHLH-041 polynucleotides and messenger RNAs. To achieve specific hybridization under a variety of conditions, such probes include sequences that are unique among ELF3 or bHLH-041 polynucleotide sequences and are optimally at least about 10 nucleotides in length and most optimally at least about 20 nucleotides in length. Such probes may be used to amplify corresponding polynucleotides from a chosen plant by PCR. This technique may be used to isolate additional coding sequences from a desired plant or as a diagnostic assay to determine the presence of coding sequences in a plant. Hybridization techniques include hybridization screening of plated DNA libraries (either plaques or colonies; see, for example, Sambrook, et al., (1989)  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual  (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). 
     Hybridization of such sequences may be carried out under stringent conditions. By “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” is intended conditions under which a probe will hybridize to its target sequence to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences that are 100% complementary to the probe can be identified (homologous probing). Alternatively, stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologous probing). Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length, optimally less than 500 nucleotides in length. 
     Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 37° C., and a wash in 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1.0 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C. and a wash in 0.5× to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C. and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60 to 65° C. Optionally, wash buffers may comprise about 0.1% to about 1% SDS. Duration of hybridization is generally less than about 24 hours, usually about 4 to about 12 hours. The duration of the wash time will be at least a length of time sufficient to reach equilibrium. 
     Specificity is typically the function of post-hybridization washes, the critical factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution. For DNA-DNA hybrids, the T m  can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl, (1984)  Anal. Biochem.  138:267-284: T m =81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61 (% form)−500/L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, % GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. The T m  is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T m  is reduced by about 1° C. for each 1% of mismatching; thus, T m , hybridization, and/or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desired identity. For example, if sequences with &gt;90% identity are sought, the T m  can be decreased 10° C. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T m ) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, severely stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1, 2, 3 or 4° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T m ); moderately stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T m ); low stringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T m ). Using the equation, hybridization and wash compositions, and desired T m , those of ordinary skill will understand that variations in the stringency of hybridization and/or wash solutions are inherently described. If the desired degree of mismatching results in a T m  of less than 45° C. (aqueous solution) or 32° C. (formamide solution), it is optimal to increase the SSC concentration so that a higher temperature can be used. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993)  Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes , Part I, Chapter 2 (Elsevier, New York) and Ausubel, et al., eds. (1995)  Current Protocols in Molecular Biology , Chapter 2 (Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York). See, Sambrook, et al., (1989)  Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual  (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). 
     The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides: (a) “reference sequence”, (b) “comparison window”, (c) “sequence identity” and (d) “percentage of sequence identity.” 
     (a) As used herein, “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison. A reference sequence may be a subset or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence or the complete cDNA or gene sequence. 
     (b) As used herein, “comparison window” makes reference to a contiguous and specified segment of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two polynucleotides. Generally, the comparison window is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides in length and optionally can be 30, 40, 50, 100 or longer. Those of skill in the art understand that to avoid a high similarity to a reference sequence due to inclusion of gaps in the polynucleotide sequence a gap penalty is typically introduced and is subtracted from the number of matches. 
     Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Thus, the determination of percent sequence identity between any two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. Non-limiting examples of such mathematical algorithms are the algorithm of Myers and Miller, (1988)  CABIOS  4:11-17; the local alignment algorithm of Smith, et al., (1981)  Adv. Appl. Math.  2:482; the global alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, (1970)  J. Mol. Biol.  48:443-453; the search-for-local alignment method of Pearson and Lipman, (1988)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  85:2444-2448; the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, (1990)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  872264, modified as in Karlin and Altschul, (1993)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  90:5873-5877. 
     Computer implementations of these mathematical algorithms can be utilized for comparison of sequences to determine sequence identity. Such implementations include, but are not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program (available from Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.); the ALIGN program (Version 2.0) and GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA and TFASTA in the GCG Wisconsin Genetics Software Package®, Version 10 (available from Accelrys Inc., 9685 Scranton Road, San Diego, Calif., USA). Alignments using these programs can be performed using the default parameters. The CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins, et al., (1988)  Gene  73:237-244 (1988); Higgins, et al., (1989)  CABIOS  5:151-153; Corpet, et al., (1988)  Nucleic Acids Res.  16:10881-90; Huang, et al., (1992)  CABIOS  8:155-65 and Pearson, et al., (1994)  Meth. Mol. Biol.  24:307-331. The ALIGN program is based on the algorithm of Myers and Miller, (1988) supra. A PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4 can be used with the ALIGN program when comparing amino acid sequences. The BLAST programs of Altschul, et al., (1990)  J. Mol. Biol.  215:403 are based on the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, (1990), supra. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the BLASTN program, score=100, wordlength=12, to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of the invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the BLASTX program, score=50, wordlength=3, to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein or polypeptide of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be utilized as described in Altschul, et al., (1997)  Nucleic Acids Res.  25:3389. Alternatively, PSI-BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be used to perform an iterated search that detects distant relationships between molecules. See, Altschul, et al., (1997) supra. When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, PSI-BLAST, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., BLASTN for nucleotide sequences, BLASTX for proteins) can be used. See, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Alignment may also be performed manually by inspection. 
     Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values provided herein refer to the value obtained using GAP Version 10 using the following parameters: % identity and % similarity for a nucleotide sequence using GAP Weight of 50 and Length Weight of 3, and the nwsgapdna.cmp scoring matrix; % identity and % similarity for an amino acid sequence using GAP Weight of 8 and Length Weight of 2 and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix. 
     GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, (1970)  J. Mol. Biol.  48:443-453, to find the alignment of two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. GAP considers all possible alignments and gap positions and creates the alignment with the largest number of matched bases and the fewest gaps. It allows for the provision of a gap creation penalty and a gap extension penalty in units of matched bases. GAP must make a profit of gap creation penalty number of matches for each gap it inserts. If a gap extension penalty greater than zero is chosen, GAP must, in addition, make a profit for each gap inserted of the length of the gap times the gap extension penalty. Default gap creation penalty values and gap extension penalty values in Version 10 of the GCG Wisconsin Genetics Software Package® (Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) for protein sequences are 8 and 2, respectively. For nucleotide sequences the default gap creation penalty is 50 while the default gap extension penalty is 3. The gap creation and gap extension penalties can be expressed as an integer selected from the group of integers consisting of from 0 to 200. Thus, for example, the gap creation and gap extension penalties can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 or greater. 
     GAP presents one member of the family of best alignments. There may be many members of this family, but no other member has a better quality. GAP displays four figures of merit for alignments: Quality, Ratio, Identity and Similarity. The Quality is the metric maximized in order to align the sequences. Ratio is the quality divided by the number of bases in the shorter segment. Percent Identity is the percent of the symbols that actually match. Percent Similarity is the percent of the symbols that are similar. Symbols that are across from gaps are ignored. A similarity is scored when the scoring matrix value for a pair of symbols is greater than or equal to 0.50, the similarity threshold. The scoring matrix used in Version 10 of the GCG Wisconsin Genetics Software Package® is BLOSUM62 (see, Henikoff and Henikoff, (1989)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89:10915). 
     (c) As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. When sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences that differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or “similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.). 
     (d) As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. 
     The use of the term “polynucleotide” is not intended to limit the present invention to polynucleotides comprising DNA. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that polynucleotides, can comprise ribonucleotides and combinations of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. Such deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides include both naturally occurring molecules and synthetic analogues. The polynucleotides of the invention also encompass all forms of sequences including, but not limited to, single-stranded forms, double-stranded forms, hairpins, stem-and-loop structures, and the like. 
     The ELF3 and bHLH-041 polynucleotides can be provided in expression cassettes for expression in the plant of interest. As indicated above, for suppression of the shade-avoidance response, for manipulation of levels of ELF3, the cassettes will provide for expression of the ELF3 polypeptide while for manipulation of levels of bHLH-041, the constructs will be prepared to suppress the expression of the bHLH-041 polypeptide in transgenic plants. The cassette will include 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences operably linked to an ELF3 coding sequence or a polynucleotide that when expressed is capable of reducing or eliminating expression of the bHLH polypeptide of the invention or related bHLH transcription factor. “Operably linked” is intended to mean a functional linkage between two or more elements. For example, an operable linkage between a polynucleotide of interest and a regulatory sequence (i.e., a promoter) is a functional link that allows for expression of the polynucleotide of interest. Operably linked elements may be contiguous or non-contiguous. When used to refer to the joining of two protein coding regions, by operably linked is intended that the coding regions are in the same reading frame. The cassette may additionally contain at least one additional gene to be cotransformed into the organism. Alternatively, the additional gene(s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes. Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites and/or recombination sites for insertion of the polynucleotide to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette may additionally contain selectable marker genes. 
     The expression cassette will generally include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region (i.e., a promoter), a polynucleotide of the invention and a transcriptional and translational termination region (i.e., termination region) functional in plants. The regulatory regions (i.e., promoters, transcriptional regulatory regions, and translational termination regions) and/or the polynucleotide of the invention may be native/analogous to the host cell or to each other. Alternatively, the regulatory regions and/or the polynucleotide of the invention may be heterologous to the host cell or to each other. As used herein, “heterologous” in reference to a sequence is a sequence that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention. For example, a promoter operably linked to a heterologous polynucleotide is from a species different from the species from which the polynucleotide was derived, or, if from the same/analogous species, one or both are substantially modified from their original form and/or genomic locus, or the promoter is not the native promoter for the operably linked polynucleotide. As used herein, a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence. 
     While it may be optimal to express the sequences using heterologous promoters, the native promoter sequences may be used. Such constructs can change expression levels of ELF3 or bHLH-041 in the plant or plant cell. Thus, the phenotype of the plant or plant cell can be altered. 
     The termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the operably linked polynucleotide of interest, may be native with the plant host, or may be derived from another source (i.e., foreign or heterologous to the promoter, the polynucleotide of interest, the plant host, or any combination thereof. Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of  A. tumefaciens , such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also, Guerineau, et al., (1991)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  262:141-144; Proudfoot, (1991)  Cell  64:671-674; Sanfacon, et al., (1991)  Genes Dev.  5:141-149; Mogen, et al., (1990)  Plant Cell  2:1261-1272; Munroe, et al., (1990)  Gene  91:151-158; Ballas, et al., (1989)  Nucleic Acids Res.  17:7891-7903 and Joshi, et al., (1987)  Nucleic Acids Res.  15:9627-9639. 
     Where appropriate, the polynucleotides may be optimized for increased expression in the transformed plant. That is, the polynucleotides can be synthesized using plant-preferred codons for improved expression. See, for example, Campbell and Gowri, (1990)  Plant Physiol.  92:1-11 for a discussion of host-preferred codon usage. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing plant-preferred genes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831 and 5,436,391 and Murray, et al., (1989)  Nucleic Acids Res.  17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference. 
     Additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence is modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures. 
     The expression cassettes may additionally contain 5′ leader sequences. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein, et al., (1989)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  86:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Gallie, et al., (1995)  Gene  165(2):233-238), MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) ( Virology  154:9-20) and human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP) (Macejak, et al., (1991)  Nature  353:90-94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) (Jobling, et al., (1987)  Nature  325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) (Gallie, et al., (1989) in  Molecular Biology of RNA , ed. Cech (Liss, New York), pp. 237-256) and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel, et al., (1991)  Virology  81:382-385). See also, Della-Cioppa, et al., (1987)  Plant Physiol.  84:965-968. 
     In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers may be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions, may be involved. 
     A number of promoters can be used in the practice of the invention, including the native promoter of the polynucleotide sequence of interest. The promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. That is, the nucleic acids can be combined with constitutive promoters, tissue-preferred promoters, including but not limited to leaf-preferred promoters, light-regulated or light-inducible promoters, circadian clock-regulated promoters or other promoters for expression in plants. Constitutive or vegetative-tissue-preferred promoters would be preferred. 
     Such constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050; the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell, et al., (1985)  Nature  313:810-812); rice actin (McElroy, et al., (1990)  Plant Cell  2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen, et al., (1989)  Plant Mol. Biol.  12:619-632 and Christensen, et al., (1992)  Plant Mol. Biol.  18:675-689); pEMU (Last, et al., (1991)  Theor. Appl. Genet.  81:581-588); MAS (Velten, et al., (1984)  EMBO J.  3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026) and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142; 6,177,611; 6,670,467 and 6,504,083. 
     Tissue-preferred promoters can be utilized to target expression within a particular plant tissue. Tissue-preferred promoters include Yamamoto, et al., (1997)  Plant J.  12(2):255-265; Kawamata, et al., (1997)  Plant Cell Physiol.  38(7):792-803; Hansen, et al., (1997)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  254(3):337-343; Russell, et al., (1997)  Transgenic Res.  6(2):157-168; Rinehart, et al., (1996)  Plant Physiol.  112(3):1331-1341; Van Camp, et al., (1996)  Plant Physiol.  112(2):525-535; Canevascini, et al., (1996)  Plant Physiol.  112(2):513-524; Yamamoto, et al., (1994)  Plant Cell Physiol.  35(5):773-778; Lam (1994)  Results Probl. Cell Differ.  20:181-196; Orozco, et al., (1993)  Plant Mol. Biol.  23(6):1129-1138; Matsuoka, et al., (1993)  Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  90(20):9586-9590 and Guevara-Garcia, et al., (1993)  Plant J.  4(3):495-505. Such promoters can be modified, if necessary, for weak expression. 
     Leaf-preferred promoters are known in the art. See, for example, Yamamoto, et al., (1997)  Plant J.  12(2):255-265; Kwon, et al., (1994)  Plant Physiol.  105:357-67; Yamamoto, et al., (1994)  Plant Cell Physiol.  35(5):773-778; Gotor, et al., (1993)  Plant J.  3:509-18; Orozco, et al., (1993)  Plant Mol. Biol.  23(6):1129-1138 and Matsuoka, et al., (1993)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  90(20):9586-9590. 
     Light-regulated or light-inducible promoters provide for expression of operably linked nucleotide sequences in response to quantity and/or quality of light in the plant&#39;s environment. Light-regulated promoters are known in the art, including, but not limited to, the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) small subunit (rbcS) gene promoters from a variety of species (see, for example, Kyozuka, et al., (1993)  Plant Physiol.  102:991-1000 discussing the rice and tomato rbcS promoters; Bansal, et al., (1992)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  89:3654-3658 and Schaffner and Sheen, (1991)  Plant Cell  3(9):997-1012, both discussing the maize rbcS promoter; and Timko, et al., (1985)  Nature  318:579-582 and Coruzzi, et al., (1984)  EMBO J.  3(8):1671-1679, both discussing the pea rbcS promoter); phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene promoters (see, for example, Matsuoka, et al., (1994)  Plant J.  6(3):311-319 discussing the PEPC promoter from maize); chlorophyll at binding protein gene promoters (see, for example, Bansal, et al., (1992)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  89:3654-3658 discussing the maize cab-m1 promoter sequence), and the like. 
     Other promoters of interest include, but are not limited to, promoters that are responsive to circadian rhythms, referred to herein as circadian clock-regulated promoters. Examples include, but are not limited to, promoters of genes of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) (see, for example, Piechulla, (1998)  Chronobiol. Int  16(2):15-128 and Piechulla, et al., (1998)  Plant Mol. Biol.  38(4):655-662); chalcone synthase (CHS) promoters (see, for example, Thain, et al., (2002)  Plant Physiol.  130(1):102-110); phytochrome and cryptochrome gene promoters (see, for example, Toth, et al., (2001)  Plant Physiol.  127:1607-1616, and the like. 
     The expression cassette can also comprise a selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are utilized for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Marker genes include genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), as well as genes conferring resistance to herbicidal compounds, such as glufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, imidazolinones and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). Additional selectable markers include phenotypic markers such as β-galactosidase and fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Su, et al., (2004)  Biotechnol Bioeng  85:610-9 and Fetter, et al., (2004)  Plant Cell  16.215-28), cyanofluorescent protein (CYP) (Bolte, et al., (2004)  J. Cell Science  117:943-54 and Kato, et al., (2002)  Plant Physiol.  129:913-42) and yellow fluorescent protein (PhiYFP™ from Evrogen, see, Bolte, et al., (2004)  J. Cell Science  117:943-54). For additional selectable markers, see generally, Yarranton, (1992)  Curr. Opin. Biotech.  3:506-511; Christopherson, et al., (1992)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89:6314-6318; Yao, et al., (1992)  Cell  71:63-72; Reznikoff, (1992)  Mol. Microbiol.  6:2419-2422; Barkley, et al., (1980)  The Operon , pp. 177-220; Hu, et al., (1987)  Cell  48:555-566; Brown, et al., (1987)  Cell  49:603-612; Figge, et al., (1988)  Cell  52:713-722; Deuschle, et al., (1989)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Aci. USA  86:5400-5404; Fuerst, et al., (1989)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  86:2549-2553; Deuschle, et al., (1990)  Science  248:480-483; Gossen, (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Reines, et al., (1993)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  90:1917-1921; Labow, et al., (1990)  Mol. Cell. Biol.  10:3343-3356; Zambretti, et al., (1992)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89:3952-3956; Baim, et al., (1991)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  88:5072-5076; Wyborski, et al., (1991)  Nucleic Acids Res.  19:4647-4653; Hillenand-Wissman, (1989)  Topics Mol. Struc. Biol.  10:143-162; Degenkolb, et al., (1991)  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.  35:1591-1595; Kleinschnidt, et al., (1988)  Biochemistry  27:1094-1104; Bonin, (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Gossen, et al., (1992)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  89:5547-5551; Oliva, et al., (1992)  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.  36:913-919; Hlavka, et al., (1985)  Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology , Vol. 78 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); Gill, et al., (1988)  Nature  334:721-724. Such disclosures are herein incorporated by reference. 
     The above list of selectable marker genes is not meant to be limiting. Any selectable marker gene can be used in the present invention. 
     The methods of the invention involve introducing a polypeptide or polynucleotide into a plant. “Introducing” is intended to mean presenting to the plant the polynucleotide or polypeptide in such a manner that the sequence gains access to the interior of a cell of the plant. The methods of the invention do not depend on a particular method for introducing a sequence into a plant, only that the polynucleotide or polypeptides gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the plant. Methods for introducing polynucleotide or polypeptides into plants are known in the art including, but not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods and virus-mediated methods. 
     “Stable transformation” is intended to mean that the nucleotide construct introduced into a plant integrates into the genome of the plant and is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof. “Transient transformation” is intended to mean that a polynucleotide is introduced into the plant and does not integrate into the genome of the plant or a polypeptide is introduced into a plant. 
     Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing polypeptides or polynucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing polypeptides and polynucleotides into plant cells include microinjection (Crossway, et al., (1986)  Biotechniques  4:320-334), electroporation (Riggs, et al., (1986)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  83:5602-5606,  Agrobacterium -mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840), direct gene transfer (Paszkowski, et al., (1984)  EMBO J.  3:2717-2722) and ballistic particle acceleration (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,918; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,886,244; and 5,932,782; Tomes, et al., (1995) in  Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods , ed. Gamborg and Phillips, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); McCabe, et al., (1988)  Biotechnology  6:923-926) and Lec1 transformation (WO 00/28058). Also see, Weissinger, et al., (1988)  Ann. Rev. Genet.  22:421-477; Sanford, et al., (1987)  Particulate Science and Technology  5:27-37 (onion); Christou, et al., (1988)  Plant Physiol.  87:671-674 (soybean); McCabe, et al., (1988)  Bio/Technology  6:923-926 (soybean); Finer and McMullen, (1991)  In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol.  27P:175-182 (soybean); Singh, et al., (1998)  Theor. Appl. Genet.  96:319-324 (soybean); Datta, et al., (1990)  Biotechnology  8:736-740 (rice); Klein, et al., (1988)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  85:4305-4309 (maize); Klein, et al., (1988)  Biotechnology  6:559-563 (maize); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,240,855; 5,322,783 and, 5,324,646; Klein, et al., (1988)  Plant Physiol.  91:440-444 (maize); Fromm, et al., (1990)  Biotechnology  8:833-839 (maize); Hooykaas-Van Slogteren, et al., (1984)  Nature  ( London ) 311:763-764; U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369 (cereals); Bytebier, et al., (1987)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  84:5345-5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet, et al., (1985) in  The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues , ed. Chapman, et al., (Longman, N.Y.), pp. 197-209 (pollen); Kaeppler, et al., (1990)  Plant Cell Reports  9:415-418 and Kaeppler, et al., (1992)  Theor. Appl. Genet.  84:560-566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D&#39;Halluin, et al., (1992)  Plant Cell  4:1495-1505 (electroporation); Li, et al., (1993)  Plant Cell Reports  12:250-255 and Christou and Ford, (1995)  Annals of Botany  75:407-413 (rice); Osjoda, et al., (1996)  Nature Biotechnology  14:745-750 (maize via  Agrobacterium tumefaciens ), all of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     In other embodiments, the polynucleotide of the invention may be introduced into plants by contacting plants with a virus or viral nucleic acids. Generally, such methods involve incorporating a nucleotide construct of the invention within a viral DNA or RNA molecule. It is recognized that an ELF3 or bHLH-041 protein of the invention may be initially synthesized as part of a viral polyprotein, which later may be processed by proteolysis in vivo or in vitro to produce the desired recombinant protein. Further, it is recognized that promoters of the invention also encompass promoters utilized for transcription by viral RNA polymerases. Methods for introducing polynucleotides into plants and expressing a protein encoded therein, involving viral DNA or RNA molecules, are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,889,191, 5,889,190, 5,866,785, 5,589,367, 5,316,931 and Porta, et al., (1996)  Molecular Biotechnology  5:209-221, herein incorporated by reference. 
     Methods are known in the art for the targeted insertion of a polynucleotide at a specific location in the plant genome. In one embodiment, the insertion of the polynucleotide at a desired genomic location is achieved using a site-specific recombination system. See, for example, WO 99/25821, WO 99/25854, WO 99/25840, WO 99/25855 and WO 99/25853, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, the polynucleotide of the invention can be contained in a transfer cassette flanked by two non-recombinogenic recombination sites. The transfer cassette is introduced into a plant having stably incorporated into its genome a target site which is flanked by two non-recombinogenic recombination sites that correspond to the sites of the transfer cassette. An appropriate recombinase is provided and the transfer cassette is integrated at the target site. The polynucleotide of interest is thereby integrated at a specific chromosomal position in the plant genome. 
     The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick, et al., (1986)  Plant Cell Reports  5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains and the resulting progeny having expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved. In this manner, the present invention provides transformed seed (also referred to as “transgenic seed”) having a polynucleotide of the invention, for example, an expression cassette of the invention, stably incorporated into their genome. 
     As used herein, the term plant cell includes plant protoplasts, as well as cells in plant tissue cultures from which plants can be regenerated, including plant calli and plant clumps. Plant cells may be intact in plants or parts of plants such as embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, leaves, flowers, branches, fruit, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, and the like. 
     Grain is intended to mean the mature seed produced by commercial growers for purposes other than growing or reproducing the species. 
     Progeny, variants, and mutants of the regenerated plants are also included within the scope of the invention, provided that these parts comprise the introduced polynucleotides. 
     The present invention may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Examples of plant species of interest include, but are not limited to, corn ( Zea mays ),  Brassica  sp. (e.g.,  B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea ), particularly those  Brassica  species useful as sources of seed oil, alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), rye ( Secale cereale ), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare ), millet (e.g., pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ), proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum ), foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ), finger millet ( Eleusine coracana )), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ), safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), soybean ( Glycine max ), tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea ), cotton ( Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum ), sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatus ), cassaya ( Manihot esculenta ), coffee ( Coffea  spp.), coconut ( Cocos nucifera ), pineapple ( Ananas comosus ), citrus trees ( Citrus  spp.), cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ), tea ( Camellia sinensis ), banana ( Musa  spp.), avocado ( Persea americana ), fig ( Ficus casica ), guava ( Psidium guajava ), mango ( Mangifera indica ), olive ( Olea europaea ), papaya ( Carica papaya ), cashew ( Anacardium occidentale ),  macadamia  ( Macadamia integrifolia ), almond ( Prunus amygdalus ), sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris ), sugarcane ( Saccharum  spp.), oats, barley, vegetables, ornamentals and conifers. 
     Vegetables include tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), lettuce (e.g.,  Lactuca sativa ), green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), lima beans ( Phaseolus limensis ), peas ( Lathyrus  spp.) and members of the genus  Cucumis  such as cucumber ( C. sativus ), cantaloupe ( C. cantalupensis ) and musk melon ( C. melo ). Ornamentals include azalea ( Rhododendron  spp.), hydrangea ( Macrophylla hydrangea ), hibiscus ( Hibiscus rosasanensis ), roses ( Rosa  spp.), tulips ( Tulipa  spp.), daffodils ( Narcissus  spp.), petunias ( Petunia hybrida ), carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ), poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima ) and chrysanthemum. 
     Conifers that may be employed in practicing the present invention include, for example, pines such as loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ), slash pine ( Pinus elliotii ), ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ), lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ) and Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ); Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ); Western hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ); Sitka spruce ( Picea glauca ); redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ); true firs such as silver fir ( Abies amabilis ) and balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) and cedars such as Western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ) and Alaska yellow-cedar ( Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ). In specific embodiments, plants of the present invention are crop plants (for example, corn, alfalfa, sunflower,  Brassica , soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, millet, tobacco, etc.). In other embodiments, corn and soybean plants are optimal and in yet other embodiments corn plants are optimal. 
     A “subject plant” or “subject plant cell” is one in which genetic alteration, such as transformation, has been affected as to a gene of interest or is a plant or plant cell which is descended from a plant or plant cell so altered and which comprises the alteration. A “control” or “control plant” or “control plant cell” provides a reference point for measuring changes in the subject plant or plant cell. 
     A control plant or control plant cell may comprise, for example: (a) a wild-type plant or plant cell, i.e., of the same genotype as the starting material for the genetic alteration which resulted in the subject plant or subject plant cell; (b) a plant or plant cell of the same genotype as the starting material but which has been transformed with a null construct (i.e. with a construct which has no known effect on the trait of interest, such as a construct comprising a marker gene); (c) a plant or plant cell which is a non-transformed segregant among progeny of a subject plant or subject plant cell; (d) a plant or plant cell genetically identical to the subject plant or subject plant cell but which is not exposed to conditions or stimuli that would induce expression of the gene of interest or (e) the subject plant or subject plant cell itself, under conditions in which the gene of interest is not expressed. 
     In certain species, such as maize, the control and reference plants may represent two hybrids, where the first hybrid is produced from two parent inbred lines and the second hybrid is produced from the same two parental inbred lines except that one of the parent inbred lines contains a recombinant DNA construct. Performance of the second hybrid would typically be measured relative to the first hybrid. 
     Further, where a plant comprising a recombinant DNA construct is assessed or measured relative to a control plant not comprising the recombinant DNA but otherwise having a comparable genetic background to the plant, the control and reference plant may share at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity of nuclear genetic material. There are many laboratory-based techniques available for the analysis, comparison and characterization of plant genetic backgrounds; among these are isozyme electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as microsatellites. 
     In the present case, for example, in various embodiments, changes in ZmELF3 or bHLH-041 activity and/or changes in one or more traits such as leaf size or shape, seed production, stem or petiole elongation, chlorophyll synthesis or branching could be measured by comparing a subject plant or subject plant cell to a control plant or control plant cell. 
     A method is provided for modulating the concentration and/or activity of the ELF3 polypeptide of the present invention, i.e., ZmELF3 protein activity, in a plant. In general, concentration and/or activity is increased by at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% relative to a native control plant, plant part or plant cell that did not have the sequence of the invention introduced. Modulation in the present invention may occur in a temporal or developmental pattern. In specific embodiments, the polypeptides of the present invention are increased in crop plants. 
     The expression level of the ELF3 polypeptide may be measured directly, for example, by assaying for the level of the ELF3 polypeptide in the plant or plant cell or indirectly, for example, by determining the effect in a transgenic plant at the phenotypic level, i.e., by transgenic plant analysis, observed as a disruption in the plant density response or the appearance of a desired phenotypic change, such as inhibition of the shade-avoidance response and increased tolerance to plant density. 
     In specific embodiments, the polypeptide or the polynucleotide of the invention is introduced into the plant cell. Subsequently, a plant cell having the introduced sequence of the invention is selected using methods known to those of skill in the art such as, but not limited to, Southern blot analysis, DNA sequencing, PCR analysis or phenotypic analysis. A plant or plant part altered or modified by the foregoing embodiments is grown under plant forming conditions for a time sufficient to modulate the concentration and/or activity of polypeptides of the present invention in the plant. Plant forming conditions are well known in the art and discussed briefly elsewhere herein. 
     In some embodiments, the activity of the bHLH-041 polypeptide of the invention or its ortholog, is reduced or eliminated by transforming a plant cell with an expression cassette that expresses a polynucleotide that inhibits the expression of bHLH-041. The polynucleotide may inhibit the expression of bHLH-041 directly, by preventing transcription or translation of the bHLH-041 messenger RNA or indirectly, by encoding a polypeptide that inhibits the transcription or translation of a gene encoding bHLH-041 or by encoding a polypeptide that interferes with function of the endogenous bHLH-041 protein. Methods for inhibiting or eliminating the expression of a gene in a plant are well known in the art and any such method may be used in the present invention to inhibit the expression of bHLH-041, thereby altering bHLH-041 protein activity. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the expression of a bHLH-041 gene is inhibited if the protein level of the bHLH-041 is statistically lower than the protein level of the same bHLH-041 in a plant that has not been genetically modified or mutagenized to inhibit the expression of that bHLH-041. In particular embodiments of the invention, the protein level of the bHLH-041 in a modified plant according to the invention is less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10% or less than 5% of the protein level of the same bHLH-041 in a plant that is not a mutant or that has not been genetically modified to inhibit the expression of that bHLH-041. The expression level of the bHLH-041 may be measured directly, for example, by assaying for the level of bHLH-041 expressed in the plant cell or plant or indirectly, for example, by observing the effect in a transgenic plant at the phenotypic level, i.e., by transgenic plant analysis, observed as a disruption in the plant density response or the appearance of a desired phenotypic change, such as inhibition of the shade-avoidance response and increased tolerance to plant density. 
     In addition, or in the alternative, the expression level of bHLH-041 may be measured indirectly by monitoring expression level of genes whose expression is modulated by the expression of bHLH-041. In this manner, changes in the expression level of these related genes would be indicative of changes in expression level of bHLH-041, and thus these related genes could serve as markers for bHLH-041 activity. Without being bound by theory, examples of such related genes could include ELF3 itself or light and circadian rhythm genes (for example, phytochromes, catalase, nitrate reductase). 
     In other embodiments of the invention, the activity of bHLH-041 is reduced or eliminated by transforming a plant cell with an expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide that inhibits the activity of bHLH-041. The activity of a bHLH-041 is inhibited according to the present invention if the activity of the bHLH-041 is statistically lower than the activity of the same bHLH-041 in a plant that has not been genetically modified to inhibit the activity of that bHLH-041. In particular embodiments of the invention, the activity of the bHLH-041 in a modified plant according to the invention is less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10% or less than 5% of the activity of the same bHLH-041 in a plant that has not been genetically modified to inhibit the expression of that bHLH-041. The activity of a bHLH-041 is “eliminated” according to the invention when it is not detectable by the assay methods described elsewhere herein. 
     In other embodiments, the activity of a bHLH-041 may be reduced or eliminated by disrupting the gene encoding the bHLH-041 protein. The invention encompasses mutagenized plants that carry mutations in bHLH-041 genes, where the mutations reduce expression of the bHLH-041 gene or inhibit the activity of the encoded bHLH-041. 
     Thus, many methods may be used to reduce or eliminate the activity of a bHLH-041. More than one method may be used to reduce the activity of a single plant bHLH-041. Non-limiting examples of methods of reducing or eliminating the expression of a plant bHLH-041 are given below. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, a plant cell is transformed with an expression cassette that is capable of expressing a polynucleotide that inhibits the expression of bHLH-041. The term “expression” as used herein refers to the biosynthesis of a gene product, including the transcription and/or translation of said gene product. For example, for the purposes of the present invention, an expression cassette capable of expressing a polynucleotide that inhibits the expression of at least one bHLH-041 is an expression cassette capable of producing an RNA molecule that inhibits the transcription and/or translation of at least one bHLH-041. The “expression” or “production” of a protein or polypeptide from a DNA molecule refers to the transcription and translation of the coding sequence to produce the protein or polypeptide, while the “expression” or “production” of a protein or polypeptide from an RNA molecule refers to the translation of the RNA coding sequence to produce the protein or polypeptide. 
     Examples of polynucleotides that inhibit the expression of a bHLH-041 are given below. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, inhibition of the expression of bHLH-041 may be obtained by sense suppression or cosuppression. For cosuppression, an expression cassette is designed to express an RNA molecule corresponding to all or part of a messenger RNA encoding a bHLH-041 in the “sense” orientation. Overexpression of the RNA molecule can result in reduced expression of the native gene. Accordingly, multiple plant lines transformed with the cosuppression expression cassette are screened to identify those that show the greatest inhibition of bHLH-041 expression. 
     The polynucleotide used for cosuppression may correspond to all or part of the sequence encoding the bHLH-041, all or part of the 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated region of a bHLH-041 transcript or all or part of both the coding sequence and the untranslated regions of a transcript encoding bHLH-041. In some embodiments where the polynucleotide comprises all or part of the coding region for the bHLH-041 protein, the expression cassette is designed to eliminate the start codon of the polynucleotide so that no protein product will be transcribed. 
     Cosuppression may be used to inhibit the expression of plant genes to produce plants having undetectable protein levels for the proteins encoded by these genes. See, for example, Broin, et al., (2002)  Plant Cell  14:1417-1432. Cosuppression may also be used to inhibit the expression of multiple proteins in the same plant. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,657. Methods for using cosuppression to inhibit the expression of endogenous genes in plants are described in Flavell, et al., (1994)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  91:3490-3496; Jorgensen, et al., (1996)  Plant Mol. Biol.  31:957-973; Johansen and Carrington, (2001)  Plant Physiol.  126:930-938; Broin, et al., (2002)  Plant Cell  14:1417-1432; Stoutjesdijk, et al., (2002)  Plant Physiol.  129:1723-1731; Yu, et al., (2003)  Phytochemistry  63:753-763 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,323, 5,283,184 and 5,942,657, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. The efficiency of cosuppression may be increased by including a poly-dT region in the expression cassette at a position 3′ to the sense sequence and 5′ of the polyadenylation signal. See, US Patent Application Publication Number 2002/0048814, herein incorporated by reference. Typically, such a nucleotide sequence has substantial sequence identity to the sequence of the transcript of the endogenous gene, optimally greater than about 65% sequence identity, more optimally greater than about 85% sequence identity, most optimally greater than about 95% sequence identity. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,283,184 and 5,034,323, herein incorporated by reference. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, inhibition of the expression of bHLH-041 may be obtained by antisense suppression. For antisense suppression, the expression cassette is designed to express an RNA molecule complementary to all or part of a messenger RNA encoding the bHLH-041 polypeptide. Overexpression of the antisense RNA molecule can result in reduced expression of the native gene. Accordingly, multiple plant lines transformed with the antisense suppression expression cassette are screened to identify those that show the greatest inhibition of bHLH-041 expression. 
     The polynucleotide for use in antisense suppression may correspond to all or part of the complement of the sequence encoding the bHLH-041, all or part of the complement of the 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated region of the bHLH-041 transcript or all or part of the complement of both the coding sequence and the untranslated regions of a transcript encoding the bHLH-041. In addition, the antisense polynucleotide may be fully complementary (i.e., 100% identical to the complement of the target sequence) or partially complementary (i.e., less than 100% identical to the complement of the target sequence) to the target sequence. Antisense suppression may be used to inhibit the expression of multiple proteins in the same plant. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,657. Furthermore, portions of the antisense nucleotides may be used to disrupt the expression of the target gene. Generally, sequences of at least 50 nucleotides, 100 nucleotides, 200 nucleotides, 300, 400, 450, 500, 550 or greater may be used. Methods for using antisense suppression to inhibit the expression of endogenous genes in plants are described, for example, in Liu, et al., (2002)  Plant Physiol.  129:1732-1743 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,759,829 and 5,942,657, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Efficiency of antisense suppression may be increased by including a poly-dT region in the expression cassette at a position 3′ to the antisense sequence and 5′ of the polyadenylation signal. See, US Patent Application Publication Number 2002/0048814, herein incorporated by reference. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, inhibition of the expression of a bHLH-041 may be obtained by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) interference. For dsRNA interference, a sense RNA molecule like that described above for cosuppression and an antisense RNA molecule that is fully or partially complementary to the sense RNA molecule are expressed in the same cell, resulting in inhibition of the expression of the corresponding endogenous messenger RNA. 
     Expression of the sense and antisense molecules can be accomplished by designing the expression cassette to comprise both a sense sequence and an antisense sequence. Alternatively, separate expression cassettes may be used for the sense and antisense sequences. Multiple plant lines transformed with the dsRNA interference expression cassette or expression cassettes are then screened to identify plant lines that show the greatest inhibition of bHLH-041 expression. Methods for using dsRNA interference to inhibit the expression of endogenous plant genes are described in Waterhouse, et al., (1998)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  95:13959-13964, Liu, et al., (2002)  Plant Physiol.  129:1732-1743 and WO 99/49029, WO 99/53050, WO 99/61631 and WO 00/49035, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, inhibition of the expression of bHLH-041 may be obtained by hairpin RNA (hpRNA) interference or intron-containing hairpin RNA (ihpRNA) interference. These methods are highly efficient at inhibiting the expression of endogenous genes. See, Waterhouse and Helliwell, (2003)  Nat. Rev. Genet.  4:29-38 and the references cited therein. 
     For hpRNA interference, the expression cassette is designed to express an RNA molecule that hybridizes with itself to form a hairpin structure that comprises a single-stranded loop region and a base-paired stem. The base-paired stem region comprises a sense sequence corresponding to all or part of the endogenous messenger RNA encoding the gene whose expression is to be inhibited and an antisense sequence that is fully or partially complementary to the sense sequence. Thus, the base-paired stem region of the molecule generally determines the specificity of the RNA interference. hpRNA molecules are highly efficient at inhibiting the expression of endogenous genes and the RNA interference they induce is inherited by subsequent generations of plants. See, for example, Chuang and Meyerowitz, (2000)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  97:4985-4990; Stoutjesdijk, et al., (2002)  Plant Physiol.  129:1723-1731 and Waterhouse and Helliwell, (2003)  Nat. Rev. Genet.  4:29-38. Methods for using hpRNA interference to inhibit or silence the expression of genes are described, for example, in Chuang and Meyerowitz, (2000)  Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA  97:4985-4990; Stoutjesdijk, et al., (2002)  Plant Physiol.  129:1723-1731; Waterhouse and Helliwell, (2003)  Nat. Rev. Genet.  4:29-38; Pandolfini, et al.,  BMC Biotechnology  3:7 and US Patent Application Publication Number 2003/0175965, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. A transient assay for the efficiency of hpRNA constructs to silence gene expression in vivo has been described by Panstruga, et al., (2003)  Mol. Biol. Rep.  30:135-140, herein incorporated by reference. 
     For ihpRNA, the interfering molecules have the same general structure as for hpRNA, but the RNA molecule additionally comprises an intron that is capable of being spliced in the cell in which the ihpRNA is expressed. The use of an intron minimizes the size of the loop in the hairpin RNA molecule following splicing, and this increases the efficiency of interference. See, for example, Smith, et al., (2000)  Nature  407:319-320. In fact, Smith, et al., show 100% suppression of endogenous gene expression using ihpRNA-mediated interference. Methods for using ihpRNA interference to inhibit the expression of endogenous plant genes are described, for example, in Smith, et al., (2000)  Nature  407:319-320; Wesley, et al., (2001)  Plant J.  27:581-590; Wang and Waterhouse, (2001)  Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.  5:146-150; Waterhouse and Helliwell, (2003)  Nat. Rev. Genet.  4:29-38; Helliwell and Waterhouse, (2003)  Methods  30:289-295 and US Patent Publication Number 2003/0180945, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     The expression cassette for hpRNA interference may also be designed such that the sense sequence and the antisense sequence do not correspond to an endogenous RNA. In this embodiment, the sense and antisense sequence flank a loop sequence that comprises a nucleotide sequence corresponding to all or part of the endogenous messenger RNA of the target gene. Thus, it is the loop region that determines the specificity of the RNA interference. See, for example, WO 02/00904, herein incorporated by reference. 
     Transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) may be accomplished through use of hpRNA constructs wherein the inverted repeat of the hairpin shares sequence identity with the promoter region of a gene to be silenced. Processing of the hpRNA into short RNAs which can interact with the homologous promoter region may trigger degradation or methylation to result in silencing (Aufsatz, et al., (2002)  PNAS  99 (Suppl. 4):16499-16506; Mette, et al., (2000)  EMBO J.  19(19):5194-5201). 
     Amplicon expression cassettes comprise a plant virus-derived sequence that contains all or part of the target gene but generally not all of the genes of the native virus. The viral sequences present in the transcription product of the expression cassette allow the transcription product to direct its own replication. The transcripts produced by the amplicon may be either sense or antisense relative to the target sequence (i.e., the messenger RNA for bHLH-041). Methods of using amplicons to inhibit the expression of endogenous plant genes are described, for example, in Angell and Baulcombe, (1997)  EMBO J.  16:3675-3684, Angell and Baulcombe, (1999)  Plant J.  20:357-362 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,646,805, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     In some embodiments, the polynucleotide expressed by the expression cassette of the invention is catalytic RNA or has ribozyme activity specific for the messenger RNA of bHLH-041. Thus, the polynucleotide causes the degradation of the endogenous messenger RNA, resulting in reduced expression of the bHLH-041. This method is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071, herein incorporated by reference. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, inhibition of the expression of bHLH-041 may be obtained by RNA interference by expression of a gene encoding a micro RNA (miRNA). miRNAs are regulatory agents consisting of about 22 ribonucleotides. miRNA are highly efficient at inhibiting the expression of endogenous genes. See, for example, Javier, et al., (2003)  Nature  425:257-263, herein incorporated by reference. 
     For miRNA interference, the expression cassette is designed to express an RNA molecule that is modeled on an endogenous miRNA gene. The miRNA gene encodes an RNA that forms a hairpin structure containing a 22-nucleotide sequence that is complementary to another endogenous gene (target sequence). For suppression of bHLH-041 expression, the 22-nucleotide sequence is selected from a bHLH-041 transcript sequence and contains 22 nucleotides of said bHLH-041 sequence in sense orientation and 21 nucleotides of a corresponding antisense sequence that is complementary to the sense sequence. miRNA molecules are highly efficient at inhibiting the expression of endogenous genes and the RNA interference they induce is inherited by subsequent generations of plants. 
     In one embodiment, the polynucleotide encodes a zinc finger protein that binds to a gene encoding a bHLH-041, resulting in reduced expression of the gene. In particular embodiments, the zinc finger protein binds to a regulatory region of a bHLH-041 gene. In other embodiments, the zinc finger protein binds to a messenger RNA encoding a bHLH-041 and prevents its translation. Methods of selecting sites for targeting by zinc finger proteins have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,453,242 and methods for using zinc finger proteins to inhibit the expression of genes in plants are described, for example, in US Patent Application Publication Number 2003/0037355, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     In some embodiments of the invention, the polynucleotide encodes an antibody that binds to at least one bHLH-041 and reduces the activity of the bHLH-041. In another embodiment, the binding of the antibody results in increased turnover of the antibody-bHLH-041 complex by cellular quality control mechanisms. The expression of antibodies in plant cells and the inhibition of molecular pathways by expression and binding of antibodies to proteins in plant cells are well known in the art. See, for example, Conrad and Sonnewald, (2003)  Nature Biotech.  21:35-36, incorporated herein by reference. 
     In other embodiments, a dominant negative approach to downregulation is employed, wherein a plant is transformed with a polynucleotide encoding a partial bHLH-041 transcription factor. The encoded partial transcription factor, which may be lacking the DNA binding domain or the transactivating domain, competes for binding sites, reducing the functional effect of the native transcription factor. See, for example, Kuhlmann, et al., (2003)  J. Biol. Chem.  278(10):8786-8794; Heinekamp, et al., (2004)  Plant J.  38:298-309; King, et al., (1999)  Internatl. Immun.  11(8):1203-1215. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the activity of bHLH-041 is reduced or eliminated by disrupting the gene encoding the bHLH-041. The gene encoding the bHLH-041 may be disrupted by any method known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, the gene is disrupted by transposon tagging. In another embodiment, the gene is disrupted by mutagenizing plants using random or targeted mutagenesis and selecting for plants that have reduced bHLH-041 activity. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, transposon tagging is used to reduce or eliminate the activity of bHLH-041. Transposon tagging comprises inserting a transposon within an endogenous bHLH-041 gene to reduce or eliminate expression of the bHLH-041. “bHLH-041 gene” is intended to mean the gene that encodes a bHLH-041 according to the invention. 
     In this embodiment, the expression of bHLH-041 is reduced or eliminated by inserting a transposon within a regulatory region or coding region of the gene encoding the bHLH-041. A transposon that is within an exon, intron, 5′ or 3′ untranslated sequence, a promoter or any other regulatory sequence of a bH LH-041 gene may be used to reduce or eliminate the expression and/or activity of the encoded bHLH-041. 
     Methods for the transposon tagging of specific genes in plants are well known in the art. See, for example, Maes, et al., (1999)  Trends Plant Sci.  4:90-96; Dharmapuri and Sonti, (1999)  FEMS Microbiol. Lett.  179:53-59; Meissner, et al., (2000)  Plant J.  22:265-274; Phogat, et al., (2000)  J. Biosci.  25:57-63; Walbot, (2000)  Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.  2:103-107; Gai, et al., (2000)  Nucleic Acids Res.  28:94-96; Fitzmaurice, et al., (1999)  Genetics  153:1919-1928). In addition, the TUSC process for selecting Mu insertions in selected genes has been described in Bensen, et al., (1995)  Plant Cell  7:75-84; Mena, et al., (1996)  Science  274:1537-1540 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,764, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     Additional methods for decreasing or eliminating the expression of endogenous genes in plants are also known in the art and can be similarly applied to the instant invention. These methods include other forms of mutagenesis, such as ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutagenesis, deletion mutagenesis and fast neutron deletion mutagenesis used in a reverse genetics sense (with PCR) to identify plant lines in which the endogenous gene has been deleted. For examples of these methods see Ohshima, et al., (1998)  Virology  243:472-481; Okubara, et al., (1994)  Genetics  137:867-874 and Quesada, et al., (2000)  Genetics  154:421-436, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. In addition, a fast and automatable method for screening for chemically induced mutations, TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes), using denaturing HPLC or selective endonuclease digestion of selected PCR products is also applicable to the instant invention. See, McCallum, et al., (2000)  Nat. Biotechnol.  18:455-457, herein incorporated by reference. 
     In another embodiment of this invention, dominant mutants can be used to trigger RNA silencing due to gene inversion and recombination of a duplicated gene locus. See, for example, Kusaba, et al., (2003)  Plant Cell  15:1455-1467. 
     The invention encompasses additional methods for reducing or eliminating the activity of bHLH-041. Examples of other methods for altering or mutating a genomic nucleotide sequence in a plant are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the use of RNA:DNA vectors, RNA:DNA mutational vectors, RNA:DNA repair vectors, mixed-duplex oligonucleotides, self-complementary RNA:DNA oligonucleotides and recombinogenic oligonucleobases. Such vectors and methods of use are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,350; 5,731,181; 5,756,325; 5,760,012; 5,795,972 and 5,871,984, each of which are herein incorporated by reference. See also, WO 98/49350, WO 99/07865, WO 99/25821 and Beetham, et al., (1999)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  96:8774-8778, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. 
     In certain embodiments the polynucleotides of the present invention can be stacked with any combination of polynucleotide sequences of interest in order to create plants with a desired trait. A trait, as used herein, refers to the phenotype derived from a particular sequence or groups of sequences. For example, the polynucleotides of the present invention may be stacked with any other polynucleotides encoding polypeptides having pesticidal and/or insecticidal activity, such as other  Bacillus thuringiensis  toxic proteins (described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,366,892; 5,747,450; 5,737,514; 5,723,756; 5,593,881 and Geiser, et al., (1986)  Gene  48:109), lectins (Van Damme, et al., (1994)  Plant Mol. Biol.  24:825, pentin (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,722), and the like. The combinations generated can also include multiple copies of any one of the polynucleotides of interest. The polynucleotides of the present invention can also be stacked with any other gene or combination of genes to produce plants with a variety of desired trait combinations including, but not limited to, traits desirable for animal feed such as high oil genes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529); balanced amino acids (e.g., hordothionins (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,990,389; 5,885,801; 5,885,802 and 5,703,409); barley high lysine (Williamson, et al., (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 165:99-106 and WO 98/20122) and high methionine proteins (Pedersen, et al., (1986)  J. Biol. Chem.  261:6279; Kirihara, et al., (1988)  Gene  71:359 and Musumura, et al., (1989)  Plant Mol. Biol.  12:123)); increased digestibility (e.g., modified storage proteins (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/053,410, filed Nov. 7, 2001) and thioredoxins (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/005,429, filed Dec. 3, 2001)), the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     The polynucleotides of the present invention can also be stacked with traits desirable for disease or herbicide resistance (e.g., fumonisin detoxification genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931); avirulence and disease resistance genes (Jones, et al., (1994)  Science  266:789; Martin, et al., (1993)  Science  262:1432; Mindrinos, et al., (1994)  Cell  78:1089); acetolactate synthase (ALS) mutants that lead to herbicide resistance such as the S4 and/or Hra mutations; inhibitors of glutamine synthase such as phosphinothricin or basta (e.g., bar gene) and glyphosate resistance (EPSPS gene)) and traits desirable for processing or process products such as high oil (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529); modified oils (e.g., fatty acid desaturase genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,544; WO 94/11516)); modified starches (e.g., ADPG pyrophosphorylases (AGPase), starch synthases (SS), starch branching enzymes (SBE) and starch debranching enzymes (SDBE)); and polymers or bioplastics (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,321; beta-ketothiolase, polyhydroxybutyrate synthase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (Schubert, et al., (1988)  J. Bacteriol.  170:5837-5847) facilitate expression of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)), the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. One could also combine the polynucleotides of the present invention with polynucleotides providing agronomic traits such as male sterility (e.g., see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,210), stalk strength, flowering time or transformation technology traits such as cell cycle regulation or gene targeting (e.g., WO 99/61619, WO 00/17364 and WO 99/25821), the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     These stacked combinations can be created by any method including, but not limited to, cross-breeding plants by any conventional or TopCross methodology or genetic transformation. If the sequences are stacked by genetically transforming the plants, the polynucleotide sequences of interest can be combined at any time and in any order. For example, a transgenic plant comprising one or more desired traits can be used as the target to introduce further traits by subsequent transformation. The traits can be introduced simultaneously in a co-transformation protocol with the polynucleotides of interest provided by any combination of transformation cassettes. For example, if two sequences will be introduced, the two sequences can be contained in separate transformation cassettes (trans) or contained on the same transformation cassette (cis). Expression of the sequences can be driven by the same promoter or by different promoters. In certain cases, it may be desirable to introduce a transformation cassette that will suppress the expression of the polynucleotide of interest. This may be combined with any combination of other suppression cassettes or overexpression cassettes to generate the desired combination of traits in the plant. It is further recognized that polynucleotide sequences can be stacked at a desired genomic location using a site-specific recombination system. See, for example, WO99/25821, WO99/25854, WO99/25840, WO99/25855 and WO99/25853, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. 
     The nucleotide sequence for the ELF3 promoter disclosed in the present invention, as well as variants and fragments thereof, are useful in the genetic manipulation of any plant when assembled with a DNA construct such that the promoter sequence is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous protein of interest. In this manner, the nucleotide sequence of the ELF3 promoter of the invention is provided in expression cassettes along with heterologous nucleotide sequences for expression in the plant of interest. 
     The promoter for the ELF3 gene may regulate expression of operably linked nucleotide sequences in an inducible manner. That is, expression of the operably linked nucleotide sequences in a plant cell may be induced in response to a stimulus. By “stimulus” is intended a chemical, which may be applied externally or may accumulate in response to another external stimulus or other factor such as environmental cues, including but not limited to, light quality and light quantity. 
     Synthetic hybrid promoter regions are known in the art. Such regions comprise upstream promoter elements of one nucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter element of another nucleotide sequence. In an embodiment of the invention, heterologous gene expression is controlled by a synthetic hybrid promoter comprising the ELF3 promoter sequence of the invention, or a variant or fragment thereof, operably linked to upstream promoter element(s) from a heterologous promoter. Upstream promoter elements have been identified and may be used to generate a synthetic promoter. See, for example, Rushton, et al., (1998)  Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.  1:311-315. Alternatively, a synthetic ELF3 promoter sequence may comprise duplications of the upstream promoter elements found within the ELF3 promoter sequence. Such elements include the six sequence motifs with approximately 50% identity to the “evening element” that are present within the upstream ZM-ELF3 sequence as noted herein above ( FIG. 3 ). It is recognized that the promoter sequence of the invention may be used with its native ELF3 coding sequence. A DNA construct comprising the ZM-ELF3 promoter operably linked with its native ELF3 sequence may be used to transform any plant of interest to bring about a desired phenotypic change, such as inhibition of the shade-avoidance response and increased tolerance to plant density. Where the promoter and its native gene are naturally occurring within the plant, i.e., in maize, transformation of the plant with these operably linked sequences also results in either a change in phenotype, such as inhibition of the shade-avoidance response and increased tolerance to plant density, or the insertion of operably linked sequences within a different region of the chromosome thereby altering the plant&#39;s genome. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, expression cassettes will comprise a transcriptional initiation region comprising the ZM-ELF3 promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein, or variant or fragment thereof, operably linked to the heterologous nucleotide sequence whose expression is to be controlled by the ZM-ELF3 promoter of the invention. 
     The promoter nucleotide sequence and methods disclosed herein are useful in regulating expression of any heterologous nucleotide sequence in a host plant in order to vary the phenotype of a plant. Various changes in phenotype are of interest including modifying the fatty acid composition in a plant, altering the amino acid content of a plant, altering a plant&#39;s pathogen defense mechanism, and the like. These results can be achieved by providing expression of heterologous products or increased expression of endogenous products in plants. Alternatively, the results can be achieved by providing for a reduction of expression of one or more endogenous products, particularly enzymes or cofactors in the plant. These changes result in a change in phenotype of the transformed plant. 
     EXPERIMENTAL 
     Example 1 
     Identification and Cloning of ZM-ELF3 and bHLH-041 Genes 
     Activation tagging can be used to identify genes with the ability to affect a trait of interest. Insertions of transcriptional enhancer elements can dominantly activate and/or elevate the expression of nearby endogenous genes. By making a large population with these enhancer elements randomly inserted throughout the genome, one can assess the ability of nearly every gene to modify the trait of interest. This approach has been successfully used in the model plant species  Arabidopsis thaliana . (Weigel, et al., 2000  Plant Physiol.  122:1003-1013). Isolation of genes associated with density response followed established protocols for activation tagging (Aukerman and Sakai, (2003)  Plant Cell  15(11):2730-2741). 
     An 18.4 kb T-DNA based binary construct, pHSbarENDs, that contains four multimerized enhancer elements derived from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter, corresponding to nucleotides −341 to −64, as defined by Odell, et al., (1985)  Nature  313:810-812. The construct also contains vector sequences (pUC9) to allow plasmid rescue, transposon sequences (Ds) to remobilize the T-DNA and the bar gene to allow for glufosinate selection of transgenic plants. In principle, only the 10.8 kb segment from the right border (RB) to left border (LB) inclusive will be transferred into the host plant genome. Since the enhancer elements are located near the RB, they can induce cis-activation of genomic loci following T-DNA integration. 
     Two  Arabidopsis  activation-tagged populations were created by whole plant  Agrobacterium  transformation: Population 1 and Population 2. 
     For Population 1, the pHSbarENDs construct was transformed into  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  strain C58, grown in LB at 25° C. to OD600˜1.0. Cells were then pelleted by centrifugation and resuspended in an equal volume of 5% sucrose/0.05% Silwet L-77 (OSI Specialties, Inc.). At early bolting, soil-grown  Arabidopsis thaliana  ecotype Col-0 plants were top-watered with the  Agrobacterium  suspension. A week later, the same plants were top-watered again with the same  Agrobacterium  strain in sucrose/Silwet. The plants were then allowed to set seed normally. The resulting T 1  seed were sown on soil, and transgenic T 1  seedlings were selected by spraying with glufosinate (Finale®; Agrevo; Bayer Environmental Science). T 2  seed was collected from approximately 35,000 individual glufosinate-resistant T 1  plants. T 2  plants were grown and equal volumes of T 3  seed from 96 separate T 2  lines were pooled, creating 360 sub-populations. 
     For Population 2, the plasmid was altered slightly to add restriction sites and renamed pHSbarENDs2. Transformation of the  Agrobacterium strain  and  Arabidopsis  plants were performed as described for Population 1. 
     A total of 100,000 glufosinate-resistant T 1  seedlings were selected. T 2  seed from each line was kept separate. 
     An activation tagging screen was performed with an  Arabidopsis  population containing transgenic inserts designed to activate proximal genes, in order to understand the response of plants to high density populations as well as to isolate genes that confer a density-insensitive phenotype. The activation tagged population was screened for variants in density response by planting seeds in soil at a density of approximately one plant per centimeter. Individual plants that differed significantly from their neighbors in terms of overall plant morphology and visual phenotype were selected at the flowering stage. Seed from these plants were re-screened in a second density experiment under similar conditions. Flanking sequence contiguous with the activation tag was isolated by plasmid rescue. Southern blotting, Northern blotting and PCR were used to verify that the variant activation-tagged line contained a single tag and that the closest flanking gene was activated. Several activation-tagged lines were isolated, the majority of which were late flowering. See Aukerman and Sakai, (2003)  Plant Cell  15(11):2730-2741. 
     Two genes were characterized from plants with altered phenotype when grown under high plant density. One gene corresponded to a circadian clock gene, ELF3, indicating that manipulation of genes involved in the circadian rhythm is a means to transgenically enhance yield of plants grown at high density. See,  FIG. 6 . 
     The maize ELF3 homologue has been cloned and is disclosed herein (coding sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3, upstream regulatory sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4). The  Arabidopsis  ELF3 (At-ELF3) protein sequence was used to identify maize homologues using tBLASTn (Gish and States, (1993)  Nature Genet.  3:266-272) to screen proprietary EST libraries. A partial maize sequence was identified with homology to At-ELF3, and the full length Zm-ELF3 was cloned by designing oligonucleotide primers to the N- and C-terminus of the protein and amplifying a complete coding sequence. The Zm-ELF3 gene was subsequently cloned into a plant transformation vector and transferred into  Arabidopsis  by the floral dip method (Clough and Bent, (1998)  Plant Journal  16(6):735-743). 
     The second activation-tagged line had a density hypersensitive response: plants were less vigorous under high density, but largely unchanged in low density. Cloning of the gene from this activation-tagged line isolated an uncharacterized basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, bHLH-041 (coding sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; see also, GenBank Accession Number BAA97026). This class of transcription factors is involved in a large number of plant responses, including some members that directly interact with phytochromes, involved in light perception.  Arabidopsis  sequence contiguous with the activation tag was cloned by plasmid rescue and sequence analysis revealed the tag inserted 807 by from the bHLH-041 translational start. Activation was confirmed in this line by RT-PCR. 
     Example 2 
     Overexpression of ZM-ELF3 in Transgenic  Arabidopsis  Confers Density Tolerance 
     A full-length ZM-ELF3 was over-expressed in transgenic  Arabidopsis  using the SCP promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 6,555,673). The plants were transformed using the floral dip method (Clough and Bent, (1998)  Plant Journal  16(6):735-743). In this manner, the plants were dipped in a culture of  Agrobacterium  transformed with a co-integrate vector containing the ZM-ELF3 gene. Transgenic plants were identified by glufosinate resistance and grown to the subsequent generation, where seed were collected. Several transgenic lines and wild-type (WT) plants were assayed for density tolerance by determining their yield and plant performance under high density planting. High density in this screen was one plant per cm 2 , which is about four times the density of optimal  Arabidopsis  growth. 
     Transgenic plants were less susceptible to high plant density-induced decreases in leaf length ( FIG. 2A ) and leaf number at flowering ( FIG. 2B ). 
     ZmELF-3 transgenics were also evaluated in a delayed-planting experiment in which a grid of control plants were sown at high density. After ten days, the experimental material was planted amongst the control plants as an assessment of how well the plants could compete with neighboring plants further ahead in development. The activation-tagged line overexpressing ZmELF3 produced plants that were larger and had a more vigorous phenotype than the wild-type. 
     Example 3 
     Transformation and Regeneration of Transgenic Maize Plants Overexpressing the ZM-ELF3 Protein 
     Immature maize embryos from greenhouse donor plants are bombarded with a plasmid containing the ZM-ELF3 nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 operably linked to the maize ubiquitin-1 (UBI1) promoter and the selectable marker gene PAT (Wohlleben, et al., (1988)  Gene  70:25-37), which confers resistance to the herbicide Bialaphos. Alternatively, the selectable marker gene is provided on a separate plasmid. Transformation is performed as follows. Media recipes follow below. 
     Preparation of Target Tissue 
     The ears are husked and surface sterilized in 30% Clorox® bleach plus 0.5% Micro detergent for 20 minutes and rinsed two times with sterile water. The immature embryos are excised and placed embryo axis side down (scutellum side up), 25 embryos per plate, on 560Y medium for 4 hours and then aligned within the 2.5 cm target zone in preparation for bombardment. 
     A plasmid vector comprising the ZM-ELF3 nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 operably linked to the maize ubiquitin-1 (UBI1) promoter is made. This plasmid DNA plus plasmid DNA containing a PAT selectable marker is precipitated onto 1.1 μm (average diameter) tungsten pellets using a CaCl 2  precipitation procedure as follows: 100 μl prepared tungsten particles in water; 10 μl (1 μg) DNA in Tris EDTA buffer (1 μg total DNA); 100 μl 2.5 M CaCl 2  and, 10 μl 0.1 M spermidine. 
     Each reagent is added sequentially to the tungsten particle suspension, while maintained on the multitube vortexer. The final mixture is sonicated briefly and allowed to incubate under constant vortexing for 10 minutes. After the precipitation period, the tubes are centrifuged briefly, liquid removed, washed with 500 ml 100% ethanol and centrifuged for 30 seconds. Again the liquid is removed, and 105 μl 100% ethanol is added to the final tungsten particle pellet. For particle gun bombardment, the tungsten/DNA particles are briefly sonicated and 10 μl spotted onto the center of each macrocarrier and allowed to dry about 2 minutes before bombardment. 
     The sample plates are bombarded at level #4 in a particle gun. All samples receive a single shot at 650 PSI, with a total of ten aliquots taken from each tube of prepared particles/DNA. 
     Following bombardment, the embryos are kept on 560Y medium for 2 days, then transferred to 560R selection medium containing 3 mg/liter Bialaphos and subcultured every 2 weeks. After approximately 10 weeks of selection, selection-resistant callus clones are transferred to 288J medium to initiate plant regeneration. Following somatic embryo maturation (2-4 weeks), well-developed somatic embryos are transferred to medium for germination and transferred to the lighted culture room. Approximately 7-10 days later, developing plantlets are transferred to 272V hormone-free medium in tubes for 7-10 days until plantlets are well established. Plants are then transferred to inserts in flats (equivalent to 2.5″ pot) containing potting soil and grown for 1 week in a growth chamber, subsequently grown an additional 1-2 weeks in the greenhouse, then transferred to classic 600 pots (1.6 gallon) and grown to maturity. Plants are monitored for density tolerance by determining their yield and plant performance under high density planting. 
     Bombardment medium (560Y) comprises 4.0 g/l N6 basal salts (SIGMA C-1416), 1.0 ml/l Eriksson&#39;s Vitamin Mix (1000×SIGMA-1511), 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl, 120.0 g/l sucrose, 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D and 2.88 g/l L-proline (brought to volume with D-I H 2 O following adjustment to pH 5.8 with KOH); 2.0 g/l Gelrite® (added after bringing to volume with D-I H 2 O) and 8.5 mg/l silver nitrate (added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to room temperature). Selection medium (560R) comprises 4.0 g/l N6 basal salts (SIGMA C-1416), 1.0 ml/l Eriksson&#39;s Vitamin Mix (1000×SIGMA-1511), 0.5 mg/l thiamine HCl, 30.0 g/l sucrose and 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D (brought to volume with D-I H 2 O following adjustment to pH 5.8 with KOH); 3.0 g/l Gelrite® (added after bringing to volume with D-I H 2 O) and 0.85 mg/l silver nitrate and 3.0 mg/l bialaphos (both added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to room temperature). 
     Plant regeneration medium (288J) comprises 4.3 g/l MS salts (GIBCO 11117-074), 5.0 ml/l MS vitamins stock solution (0.100 g nicotinic acid, 0.02 g/l thiamine HCL, 0.10 g/l pyridoxine HCL and 0.40 g/l glycine brought to volume with polished D-I H 2 O) (Murashige and Skoog, (1962)  Physiol. Plant.  15:473), 100 mg/l myo-inositol, 0.5 mg/l zeatin, 60 g/l sucrose and 1.0 ml/l of 0.1 mM abscisic acid (brought to volume with polished D-I H 2 O after adjusting to pH 5.6); 3.0 g/l Gelrite® (added after bringing to volume with D-I H 2 O) and 1.0 mg/l indoleacetic acid and 3.0 mg/l bialaphos (added after sterilizing the medium and cooling to 60° C.). Hormone-free medium (272V) comprises 4.3 g/l MS salts (GIBCO 11117-074), 5.0 ml/l MS vitamins stock solution (0.100 g/l nicotinic acid, 0.02 g/l thiamine HCL, 0.10 g/l pyridoxine HCL and 0.40 g/l glycine brought to volume with polished D-I H 2 O), 0.1 g/1 myo-inositol and 40.0 g/l sucrose (brought to volume with polished D-I H 2 O after adjusting pH to 5.6) and 6 g/l Bacto™-agar (added after bringing to volume with polished D-I H 2 O), sterilized and cooled to 60° C. 
     Example 4 
     Overexpression of ZM-ELF3 in Transgenic Maize 
     A full-length ZM-ELF3 is over-expressed in transgenic maize. For  Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of maize with the ZM-ELF3 nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2), the method of Zhao is employed (U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840 and PCT Patent Publication WO98/32326, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). Briefly, immature embryos are isolated from maize and the embryos contacted with a suspension of  Agrobacterium , where the bacteria are capable of transferring the ZM-ELF3 nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 to at least one cell of at least one of the immature embryos (step 1: the infection step). The embryos are co-cultured for a time with the  Agrobacterium  (step 2: the co-cultivation step). Following this co-cultivation period an optional “resting” step is contemplated. In this resting step, the embryos are incubated in the presence of at least one antibiotic known to inhibit the growth of  Agrobacterium  without the addition of a selective agent for plant transformants (step 3: resting step). Next, inoculated embryos are cultured on medium containing a selective agent and growing transformed callus is recovered (step 4: the selection step). The callus is then regenerated into plants (step 5: the regeneration step) and calli grown on selective medium are cultured on solid medium to regenerate the plants. Effect of overexpression of the ZM-ELF3 protein on plant density response is evaluated by determining transgenic plant yield and plant performance under high density planting. 
     Example 5 
     Soybean Embryo Transformation for Overexpression of ZM-ELF3 Culture Conditions 
     Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures (cv. Jack) are maintained in 35 ml liquid medium SB196 (see, recipes below) on rotary shaker, 150 rpm, 26° C. with cool white fluorescent lights on 16:8 hr day/night photoperiod at light intensity of 60-85 pE/m2/s. Cultures are subcultured every 7 days to two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 ml of fresh liquid SB196 (the preferred subculture interval is every 7 days). 
     Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures are transformed with the plasmids and DNA fragments described in the following examples by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein, et al., (1987)  Nature  327:70). 
     Soybean Embryogenic Suspension Culture Initiation 
     Soybean cultures are initiated twice each month with 5-7 days between each initiation. 
     Pods with immature seeds from available soybean plants 45-55 days after planting are picked, removed from their shells and placed into a sterilized magenta box. The soybean seeds are sterilized by shaking them for 15 minutes in a 5% Clorox® solution with 1 drop of ivory soap (95 ml of autoclaved distilled water plus 5 ml Clorox® and 1 drop of soap). Mix well. Seeds are rinsed using 2 1-liter bottles of sterile distilled water and those less than 4 mm are placed on individual microscope slides. The small end of the seed is cut and the cotyledons pressed out of the seed coat. Cotyledons are transferred to plates containing SB1 medium (25-30 cotyledons per plate). Plates are wrapped with fiber tape and stored for 8 weeks. After this time secondary embryos are cut and placed into SB196 liquid media for 7 days. 
     Preparation of DNA for Bombardment 
     Either an intact plasmid or a DNA plasmid fragment containing the ZM-ELF3 nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, operably linked to the promoter of interest and the selectable marker gene are used for bombardment. Plasmid DNA for bombardment are routinely prepared and purified using the method described in the Promega™ Protocols and Applications Guide, Second Edition (page 106). Fragments of the plasmids carrying the ZM-ELF3 nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, operably linked to the promoter of interest and the selectable marker gene are obtained by gel isolation of double digested plasmids. In each case, 100 μg of plasmid DNA is digested in 0.5 ml of the specific enzyme mix that is appropriate for the plasmid of interest. The resulting DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis on 1% SeaPlaque GTG agarose (BioWhitaker Molecular Applications) and the DNA fragments containing the ZM-ELF3 nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, operably linked to the promoter of interest and the selectable marker gene are cut from the agarose gel. DNA is purified from the agarose using the GELase digesting enzyme following the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
     A 50 μl aliquot of sterile distilled water containing 3 mg of gold particles is added to 5 μl of a 1 μg/μl DNA solution (either intact plasmid or DNA fragment prepared as described above), 50 μl 2.5M CaCl 2  and 20 μl of 0.1 M spermidine. The mixture is shaken 3 min on level 3 of a vortex shaker and spun for 10 sec in a bench microfuge. After a wash with 400 μl 100% ethanol the pellet is suspended by sonication in 40 μl of 100% ethanol. Five μl of DNA suspension is dispensed to each flying disk of the Biolistic PDS1000/HE instrument disk. Each 5 μl aliquot contains approximately 0.375 mg gold per bombardment (i.e., per disk). 
     Tissue Preparation and Bombardment with DNA 
     Approximately 150-200 mg of 7 day old embryonic suspension cultures are placed in an empty, sterile 60×15 mm petri dish and the dish covered with plastic mesh. Tissue is bombarded 1 or 2 shots per plate with membrane rupture pressure set at 1100 PSI and the chamber evacuated to a vacuum of 27-28 inches of mercury. Tissue is placed approximately 3.5 inches from the retaining/stopping screen. 
     Selection of Transformed Embryos 
     Transformed embryos are selected either using hygromycin (when the hygromycin phosphotransferase, HPT, gene is used as the selectable marker) or chlorsulfuron (when the acetolactate synthase, ALS, gene is used as the selectable marker). 
     Hygromycin (HPT) Selection 
     Following bombardment, the tissue is placed into fresh SB196 media and cultured as described above. Six days post-bombardment, the SB196 is exchanged with fresh SB196 containing a selection agent of 30 mg/L hygromycin. The selection media is refreshed weekly. Four to six weeks post-selection, green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated, green tissue is removed and inoculated into multiwell plates to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. 
     Chlorsulfuron (ALS) Selection 
     Following bombardment, the tissue is divided between 2 flasks with fresh SB196 media and cultured as described above. Six to seven days post-bombardment, the SB196 is exchanged with fresh SB196 containing selection agent of 100 ng/ml Chlorsulfuron. The selection media is refreshed weekly. Four to six weeks post-selection, green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated, green tissue is removed and inoculated into multiwell plates containing SB196 to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. 
     Regeneration of Soybean Somatic Embryos into Plants 
     In order to obtain whole plants from embryogenic suspension cultures, the tissue must be regenerated. 
     Embryo Maturation 
     Embryos are cultured for 4-6 weeks at 26° C. in SB196 under cool white fluorescent (Phillips cool white Econowatt F40/CW/RS/EW) and Agro (Phillips F40 Agro) bulbs (40 watt) on a 16:8 hr photoperiod with light intensity of 90-120 μE/m 2 s. After this time embryo clusters are removed to a solid agar media, SB166, for 1-2 weeks. Clusters are then subcultured to medium SB103 for 3 weeks. During this period, individual embryos can be removed from the clusters and screened for ZM-ELF3 expression. It should be noted that any detectable phenotype, resulting from the expression of the genes of interest, could be screened at this stage. 
     Embryo Desiccation and Germination 
     Matured individual embryos are desiccated by placing them into an empty, small petri dish (35×10 mm) for approximately 4-7 days. The plates are sealed with fiber tape (creating a small humidity chamber). Desiccated embryos are planted into SB71-4 medium where they were left to germinate under the same culture conditions described above. Germinated plantlets are removed from germination medium and rinsed thoroughly with water and then planted in Redi-Earth in 24-cell pack tray, covered with clear plastic dome. After 2 weeks the dome is removed and plants hardened off for a further week. If plantlets looked hardy they are transplanted and the effect of overexpression of the ZM-ELF3 protein on plant density response is evaluated by determining transgenic plant yield and plant performance under high density planting. 
     Media Recipes 
     SB 196—FN Lite liquid proliferation medium (per liter)— 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 MS FeEDTA-100x Stock 1 
                 10  
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 MS Sulfate-100x Stock 2 
                 10  
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 FN Lite Halides-100x Stock 3 
                 10  
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 FN Lite P, B, Mo-100x Stock 4 
                 10  
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 B5 vitamins (1 ml/L) 
                 1.0  
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 2,4-D (10 mg/L final concentration) 
                 1.0  
                 ml 
               
               
                   
                 KNO 3   
                 2.83  
                 gm 
               
               
                   
                 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4   
                 0.463  
                 gm 
               
               
                   
                 Asparagine 
                 1.0  
                 gm 
               
               
                   
                 Sucrose (1%) 
                 10  
                 gm 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 pH 5.8 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     FN Lite Stock Solutions 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Stock # 
                   
                 1000 ml 
                 500 ml 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 MS Fe EDTA 100x Stock 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Na 2  EDTA* 
                 3.724  
                 g 
                 1.862  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 FeSO 4 —7H 2 O 
                 2.784  
                 g 
                 1.392  
                 g 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 2 
                 MS Sulfate 100x stock 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MgSO 4 —7H 2 O 
                 37.0  
                 g 
                 18.5  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 MnSO 4 —H 2 O 
                 1.69  
                 g 
                 0.845  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 ZnSO 4 —7H 2 O 
                 0.86  
                 g 
                 0.43  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 CuSO 4 —5H 2 O 
                 0.0025  
                 g 
                 0.00125  
                 g 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 3 
                 FN Lite Halides 100x Stock 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CaCl 2 —2H 2 O 
                 30.0  
                 g 
                 15.0  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 KI 
                 0.083  
                 g 
                 0.0715  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 CoCl 2 —6H 2 O 
                 0.0025  
                 g 
                 0.00125  
                 g 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 FN Lite P, B, Mo 100x Stock 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 KH 2 PO 4   
                 18.5  
                 g 
                 9.25  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 H 3 BO 3   
                 0.62  
                 g 
                 0.31  
                 g 
               
               
                   
                 Na 2 MoO 4 —2H 2 O 
                 0.025  
                 g 
                 0.0125  
                 g 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Add first, dissolve in dark bottle while stirring 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     SB1 solid medium (per liter) comprises: 1 pkg. MS salts (Gibco/BRL—Cat#11117-066); 1 ml B5 vitamins 1000× stock; 31.5 g sucrose; 2 ml 2,4-D (20 mg/L final concentration); pH 5.7 and 8 g TC agar. 
     SB 166 solid medium (per liter) comprises: 1 pkg. MS salts (Gibco/BRL—Cat#11117-066); 1 ml B5 vitamins 1000× stock; 60 g maltose; 750 mg MgCl 2  hexahydrate; 5 g activated charcoal; pH 5.7 and, 2 g Gelrite®. 
     SB 103 solid medium (per liter) comprises: 1 pkg. MS salts (Gibco/BRL—Cat#11117-066); 1 ml B5 vitamins 1000× stock; 60 g maltose; 750 mg MgCl 2  hexahydrate; pH 5.7 and 2 g Gelrite®. 
     SB 71-4 solid medium (per liter) comprises: 1 bottle Gamborg&#39;s B5 salts w/sucrose (Gibco/BRL—Cat#21153-036); pH 5.7 and, 5 g TC agar. 
     2,4-D stock is obtained premade from Phytotech cat# D 295—concentration is 1 mg/ml. 
     B5 Vitamins Stock (per 100 ml) which is stored in aliquots at −20° C. comprises: 10 g myo-inositol; 100 mg nicotinic acid; 100 mg pyridoxine HCl and 1 g thiamine. If the solution does not dissolve quickly enough, apply a low level of heat via the hot stir plate. Chlorsulfuron Stock comprises 1 mg/ml in 0.01 N Ammonium Hydroxide. 
     Example 6 
     Sunflower Transformation 
     Sunflower meristem tissues are transformed with an expression cassette containing the ZM-ELF3 nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 operably linked to the promoter of interest as follows (see also, European Patent Number EP 0 486233, herein incorporated by reference and Malone-Schoneberg, et al., (1994)  Plant Science  103:199-207). Mature sunflower seed ( Helianthus annuus  L.) are dehulled using a single wheat-head thresher. Seeds are surface sterilized for 30 minutes in a 20% Clorox® bleach solution with the addition of two drops of Tween® 20 per 50 ml of solution. The seeds are rinsed twice with sterile distilled water. 
     Split embryonic axis explants are prepared by a modification of procedures described by Schrammeijer, et al., (Schrammeijer, et al., (1990)  Plant Cell Rep.  9:55-60). Seeds are imbibed in distilled water for 60 minutes following the surface sterilization procedure. The cotyledons of each seed are then broken off, producing a clean fracture at the plane of the embryonic axis. Following excision of the root tip, the explants are bisected longitudinally between the primordial leaves. The two halves are placed, cut surface up, on GBA medium consisting of Murashige and Skoog mineral elements (Murashige, et al., (1962)  Physiol. Plant.,  15:473-497), Shepard&#39;s vitamin additions (Shepard (1980)  Emergent Techniques for the Genetic Improvement of Crops  University of Minnesota Press, St. Paul, Minn.), 40 mg/l adenine sulfate, 30 g/l sucrose, 0.5 mg/l 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP), 0.25 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 0.1 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), pH 5.6 and 8 g/l Phytagar. 
     The explants are subjected to microprojectile bombardment prior to  Agrobacterium  treatment (Bidney, et al., (1992)  Plant Mol. Biol.  18:301-313). Thirty to forty explants are placed in a circle at the center of a 60×20 mm plate for this treatment. Approximately 4.7 mg of 1.8 mm tungsten microprojectiles are resuspended in 25 ml of sterile TE buffer (10 mM Tris HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) and 1.5 ml aliquots are used per bombardment. 
     Each plate is bombarded twice through a 150 mm nytex screen placed 2 cm above the samples in a PDS1000® particle acceleration device. 
     Disarmed  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  strain EHA105 is used in all transformation experiments. A binary plasmid vector comprising the expression cassette that contains the ZM-ELF3 nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 operably linked to the promoter of interest is introduced into  Agrobacterium  strain EHA105 via freeze-thawing as described by Holsters, et al., (1978)  Mol. Gen. Genet.  163:181-187. This plasmid further comprises a kanamycin selectable marker gene (i.e., nptII). Bacteria for plant transformation experiments are grown overnight (28° C. and 100 RPM continuous agitation) in liquid YEP medium (10 gm/l yeast extract, 10 gm/l Bacto®peptone and 5 gm/l NaCl, pH 7.0) with the appropriate antibiotics required for bacterial strain and binary plasmid maintenance. The suspension is used when it reaches an OD 600  of about 0.4 to 0.8. The  Agrobacterium  cells are pelleted and resuspended at a final OD 600  of 0.5 in an inoculation medium comprised of 12.5 mM MES pH 5.7, 1 gm/l NH 4 Cl and 0.3 gm/l MgSO 4 . 
     Freshly bombarded explants are placed in an  Agrobacterium  suspension, mixed and left undisturbed for 30 minutes. The explants are then transferred to GBA medium and co-cultivated, cut surface down, at 26° C. and 18-hour days. After three days of co-cultivation, the explants are transferred to 374B (GBA medium lacking growth regulators and a reduced sucrose level of 1%) supplemented with 250 mg/l cefotaxime and 50 mg/l kanamycin sulfate. The explants are cultured for two to five weeks on selection and then transferred to fresh 374B medium lacking kanamycin for one to two weeks of continued development. Explants with differentiating, antibiotic-resistant areas of growth that have not produced shoots suitable for excision are transferred to GBA medium containing 250 mg/l cefotaxime for a second 3-day phytohormone treatment. Leaf samples from green, kanamycin-resistant shoots are assayed for the presence of NPTII by ELISA and for the presence of transgene expression by assaying for ZM-ELF3 activity. 
     NPTII-positive shoots are grafted to Pioneer® hybrid 6440 in vitro-grown sunflower seedling rootstock. Surface sterilized seeds are germinated in 48-0 medium (half-strength Murashige and Skoog salts, 0.5% sucrose, 0.3% Gelrite®, pH 5.6) and grown under conditions described for explant culture. The upper portion of the seedling is removed, a 1 cm vertical slice is made in the hypocotyl and the transformed shoot inserted into the cut. The entire area is wrapped with Parafilm® to secure the shoot. Grafted plants can be transferred to soil following one week of in vitro culture. Grafts in soil are maintained under high humidity conditions followed by a slow acclimatization to the greenhouse environment. Transformed sectors of T 0  plants (parental generation) maturing in the greenhouse are identified by NPTII ELISA and/or by ZM-ELF3 activity analysis of leaf extracts while transgenic seeds harvested from NPTII-positive T 0  plants are identified by ZM-ELF3 activity analysis of small portions of dry seed cotyledon. 
     An alternative sunflower transformation protocol allows the recovery of transgenic progeny without the use of chemical selection pressure. Seeds are dehulled and surface-sterilized for 20 minutes in a 20% Clorox® bleach solution with the addition of two to three drops of Tween® 20 per 100 ml of solution, then rinsed three times with distilled water. Sterilized seeds are imbibed in the dark at 26° C. for 20 hours on filter paper moistened with water. The cotyledons and root radical are removed, and the meristem explants are cultured on 374E (GBA medium consisting of MS salts, Shepard vitamins, 40 mg/l adenine sulfate, 3% sucrose, 0.5 mg/l 6-BAP, 0.25 mg/l IAA, 0.1 mg/l GA and 0.8% Phytagar at pH 5.6) for 24 hours under the dark. The primary leaves are removed to expose the apical meristem, around 40 explants are placed with the apical dome facing upward in a 2 cm circle in the center of 374M (GBA medium with 1.2% Phytagar) and then cultured on the medium for 24 hours in the dark. 
     Approximately 18.8 mg of 1.8 μm tungsten particles are resuspended in 150 μl absolute ethanol. After sonication, 8 μl of it is dropped on the center of the surface of macrocarrier. Each plate is bombarded twice with 650 psi rupture discs in the first shelf at 26 mm of Hg helium gun vacuum. 
     The plasmid of interest is introduced into  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  strain EHA105 via freeze thawing as described previously. The pellet of overnight-grown bacteria at 28° C. in a liquid YEP medium (10 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l Bacto®peptone and 5 g/l NaCl, pH 7.0) in the presence of 50 μg/l kanamycin is resuspended in an inoculation medium (12.5 mM 2-mM 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid, MES, 1 g/l NH 4 Cl and 0.3 g/l MgSO 4  at pH 5.7) to reach a final concentration of 4.0 at OD 600. Particle-bombarded explants are transferred to GBA medium (374E) and a droplet of bacteria suspension is placed directly onto the top of the meristem. The explants are co-cultivated on the medium for 4 days, after which the explants are transferred to 374C medium (GBA with 1% sucrose and no BAP, IAA, GA3 and supplemented with 250 μg/ml cefotaxime). The plantlets are cultured on the medium for about two weeks under 16-hour day and 26° C. incubation conditions. 
     Explants (around 2 cm long) from two weeks of culture in 374C medium are screened for ZM-ELF3 activity using assays known in the art. After positive (i.e., for ZM-ELF3 expression) explants are identified, those shoots that fail to exhibit ZM-ELF3 activity are discarded and every positive explant is subdivided into nodal explants. One nodal explant contains at least one potential node. The nodal segments are cultured on GBA medium for three to four days to promote the formation of auxiliary buds from each node. Then they are transferred to 374C medium and allowed to develop for an additional four weeks. Developing buds are separated and cultured for an additional four weeks on 374C medium. Pooled leaf samples from each newly recovered shoot are screened again by the appropriate protein activity assay. At this time, the positive shoots recovered from a single node will generally have been enriched in the transgenic sector detected in the initial assay prior to nodal culture. 
     Recovered shoots positive for ZM-ELF3 expression are grafted to Pioneer hybrid 6440 in vitro-grown sunflower seedling rootstock. The rootstocks are prepared in the following manner. Seeds are dehulled and surface-sterilized for 20 minutes in a 20% Clorox® bleach solution with the addition of two to three drops of Tween® 20 per 100 ml of solution, and are rinsed three times with distilled water. The sterilized seeds are germinated on the filter moistened with water for three days, then they are transferred into 48 medium (half-strength MS salt, 0.5% sucrose, 0.3% Gelrite® pH 5.0) and grown at 26° C. under the dark for three days, then incubated at 16-hour-day culture conditions. The upper portion of selected seedling is removed, a vertical slice is made in each hypocotyl and a transformed shoot is inserted into a V-cut. The cut area is wrapped with Parafilm®. After one week of culture on the medium, grafted plants are transferred to soil. In the first two weeks, they are maintained under high humidity conditions to acclimatize to a greenhouse environment. 
     The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one or more element. 
     All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.