Patent Publication Number: US-9425403-B2

Title: Light-emitting organic compound and EL display device utilizing the same

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a light-emitting organic compound (including a complex that contains a metal in its molecular formula) capable of providing Electro Luminescence (EL), and an EL display device utilizing the same. Typically, the present invention relates to a high-molecular type EL display device which utilizes a light-emitting organic compound made of a high-molecular compound. 
     The present invention also relates to an electronic apparatus including the above-mentioned EL display device as its display portion. It should be noted that the above-mentioned EL display device will be also referred to as the OLED (Organic Light-emitting Diode). 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Development of a display device including an EL layer as a self-light emitting element that utilizes EL phenomenon (i.e., the EL display device) has been proceeded in these years. Since the EL display device is of the self-light emitting type, no back light is required to be contained therein, unlike a liquid crystal display device or the like. Moreover, the EL display device exhibits a wide viewing angle. From the above features, the EL display device is advantageous to be used as a display portion for a portable device which is likely to be used outdoors. 
     A light-emitting layer as a principal portion of the EL element is made of an insulating material. When a voltage is applied across a cathode and an anode with the light-emitting layer interposed therebetween, carriers (electrons and holes) are injected into the light-emitting layer and recombined to emit light. Thus, a current flowing through the light-emitting layer is caused by the recombination of carriers. An EL material that can be used for the EL display device is described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 2-311591. 
     In a light-emitting element such as a light-emitting diode in which a semiconductor junction is formed, Na (sodium) that may exhibit an adverse effect as a movable ion causes a resistance value of the light-emitting layer to decrease, and therefore, can cause a current flow other than that caused by the carrier recombination. When such an unnecessary current flows, an amount of heat generation is increased and the light-emitting layer is more likely to deteriorate. The same disadvantage may occur in the EL device. However, any sufficient countermeasure against the disadvantage caused by the movable ion has not been provided for the EL material. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is intended to provide an EL display device with high reliability. The present invention is also intended to provide an electronic apparatus with a highly reliable display portion by utilizing such an EL display device as its display portion. 
     In accordance with the present invention, in order to prevent a current from flowing due to reasons other than the carrier recombination, a volume resistivity of a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound in an EL device is set to be in the range of 3×10 10  Ωcm or larger. A volume resistivity of a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound in an EL device is set to be in the range from 1×10 11  to 1×10 12  Ωcm (preferably, in the range from 1×10 12  to 1×10 13  Ωcm). In order to obtain the volume resistivity value in the above range, the concentration of ionic impurities contained in the thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound is set to be equal to 0.1 ppm or lower (preferably, equal to 0.01 ppm or lower). The ionic impurity refers to an element belonging to Group I or II in the periodic table, and typically to sodium (Na) or potassium (K). 
     Accordingly, in order to obtain the above-mentioned structure, it is necessary to use such a light-emitting organic compound that contains ionic impurities at the concentration of 0.1 ppm or lower (preferably, at the concentration of 0.01 ppm or lower). 
     In the case of sodium, the above-mentioned concentration range can be calculated to be 7×10 17  atoms/cm 3  or lower (preferably, 7×10 16  atoms/cm 3  or lower). However, it is appropriate to consider that the total concentration of all of the ionic impurities should meet the above-mentioned concentration range. 
     When a light-emitting organic compound made of a low-molecular compound (hereinafter, referred to as the low-molecular type EL compound) is used for obtaining the above-mentioned light-emitting organic compound, the low-molecular type EL compound can be purified by a zone purification method, a sublimation purification method, a recrystallization method, a distillation method, a filtration method, a column chromatography method, or a reprecipitation method. 
     On the other hand, when a light-emitting organic compound made of a high-molecular compound (hereinafter, referred to as the high-molecular type EL compound) is used, values of molecular weight are likely to vary over a certain range since degree of polymerization cannot be completely controlled. Thus, a melting temperature of the resultant material cannot be decided unambiguously at a certain value, and therefore, it becomes difficult to perform purification. In this case, it is appropriate to perform a dialysis method or a high-performance liquid chromatography method. In particular, it is appropriate to perform an electrodialysis method for efficiently eliminating ionic impurities in the dialysis method. 
     In either of the above-mentioned purification methods, a purification process is required to be repeated several times in order to reduce the concentration of the ionic impurities to a level of 0.1 ppm or lower. More specifically, it is desirable to repeat a purification process at least three times or more, and more preferably, five times or more. Instead of repeating the same purification process, it is of course possible to perform two or more different processes. 
     In the case where the filtration method is employed, it is preferable to use a filter provided with openings having a diameter of 0.1 μm (this diameter is particularly referred to as the diameter of particle-eliminating opening). Preferably, a filter with openings having a diameter of 0.05 μm is used. A filter provided with openings having a diameter of 0.1 μm only allows particles having a diameter of 0.1 μm or smaller to pass therethrough. Similarly, a filter provided with openings having a diameter of 0.05 μm only allows particles having a diameter of 0.05 μm or smaller to pass therethrough. 
     As set forth above, in accordance with the present invention, a light-emitting organic compound containing ionic impurities at the concentration of 0.1 ppm or lower (preferably, at the concentration of 0.01 ppm or lower) is formed, and by using it, an EL device including a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound having a volume resistivity in the range of 3×10 10  Ωcm or larger. A volume resistivity of a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound in an EL device is set to be in the range of 1×10 11  to 1×10 12  cm (preferably, in the range from 1×10 12  to 1×10 13  Ωcm) is formed so as to fabricate an EL display device by utilizing such an EL device. 
     For the light-emitting organic compound to be used in the present invention, as the low-molecular type EL compound, a compound having a molecular weight in the range of 1×10 2  to 8×10 2  g/mol (typically, in the range of 3×10 2  to 5×10 2  g/mol) can be used, while a compound having a molecular weight in the range of 8×10 2  to 2×10 6  g/mol (typically, in the range of 1×10 4  to 1×10 5  g/mol) can be used as the high-molecular type EL compound. 
     The typical low-molecular type EL compounds that can be used in the present invention include Alq 3  (tris-8-quinolinolato aluminum complex). Its molecular formula can be expressed as shown in Formula 1 below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The other possible compounds include distyl allylene amine derivative that can be obtained by adding amino-substituted DSA to DSA (distyl allylene derivative). DSA can be expressed by Formula 2 below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The typical high-molecular type EL compounds that can be used in the present invention include PPV (polyphenylenevinylene), which includes various types. For example, the molecular formulas 3 and 4, shown below, have been presented (in the article by H. Shenk, H. Becker, O. Gelsen, E. Kluge, W. Kreuder, and H. Spreitzer entitled “Polymers for Light-emitting Diodes” in Euro Display Proceedings 1999, pp. 33-37). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Alternatively, polyphenylvinyl having a molecular formula as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 10-92576, as shown in Formulas 5 and 6, below, can also be used. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Various methods can be employed for forming a thin film of the above-mentioned high-molecular type EL compounds. In particular, a spin coating method is preferred in view of simplicity in its process. More specifically, in the spin coating method, a solute which forms a thin film is dissolved in a solvent and the obtained solution is applied to an underlying member by means of a spinner or the like. Thereafter, the solvent is volatilized in a baking process to form a thin film. 
     In accordance with the present invention, a solvent containing a high-molecular type EL compound is applied by means of a spinner, and a heat treatment is then performed at a temperature that is sufficiently low for preventing crystallization of the high-molecular type EL compound (specifically, at a glass-transition temperature or lower) so as to volatilize the solvent. As a result, a thin film made of the high-molecular type EL compound can be formed on the substrate. 
     Furthermore, since a light-emitting organic compound is vulnerable to oxygen, a conductive film to be formed following formation of the thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound is desirably formed in such a condition that the thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound is not exposed to surrounding atmosphere containing water and/or oxygen. Accordingly, it can be preferable to form both the thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound and the conductive film to function as a cathode or an anode in the same thin-film formation apparatus. 
     For meeting the above-mentioned requirement, a thin-film formation apparatus of the multi-chamber type is suitable. In the present invention, it is preferable to form an EL display device having high reliability by utilizing such a thin-film formation apparatus. 
     With the above-mentioned structure, a current that is caused by reasons other than the carrier recombination can be prevented from flowing through a thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound that is contained in an EL device, and deterioration caused by unnecessary heat generation can be prevented. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain an EL display device with high reliability. Moreover, an electronic apparatus with a highly reliable display portion can be obtained by utilizing such an EL display device as its display portion. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the accompanying drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a view for illustrating a pixel portion of an EL display device; 
         FIGS. 2A through 2E  are views for illustrating the fabricating steps of an active matrix type EL display device; 
         FIGS. 3A through 3D  are views for illustrating the fabricating steps of an active matrix type EL display device; 
         FIGS. 4A through 4C  are views for illustrating the fabricating steps of an active matrix type EL display device; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view for illustrating the appearance of an EL display device; 
         FIG. 6A  is a top view for illustrating the appearance of the EL display device; 
         FIG. 6B  is a cross-sectional view for illustrating the structure of the EL display device; 
         FIG. 7  is a view for illustrating the cross-sectional configuration of a pixel portion of the EL display device; 
         FIGS. 8A to 8F  are views for respectively illustrating specific examples of an electronic apparatus; 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are views for respectively illustrating specific examples of an electronic apparatus; 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram for illustrating the configuration of an apparatus to be used for forming a cathode layer, an EL layer, an anode layer and the like; and 
         FIGS. 11A through 11F  are views for respectively illustrating suitable shapes of a substrate fixing head to be used in a spin coating method. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     One embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 1 , reference numeral  101  denotes a substrate having an insulating surface. As the substrate  101 , an insulating substrate such as a quartz substrate can be used. Alternatively, various kinds of substrate, such as a glass substrate, a ceramic substrate, a crystallized glass substrate, a metal substrate (preferably a stainless substrate), or a plastic substrate, can be used by providing an insulating film on a surface thereof. 
     On the substrate  101 , pixels  102  are formed. Although only three of the pixels are illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a higher number of pixels are actually arranged in matrix. For example, pixels are arranged in a matrix of 640×480 for a VGA class, and in a matrix of 1024×768 for an XGA class. In each of the pixels  102 , two TFTs are formed; one of them is a switching TFT  103 , and the other is a current-control TFT  104 . A drain of the switching TFT  103  is electrically connected to a gate of the current-control TFT  104 . Furthermore, a drain of the current-control TFT  104  is electrically connected to a pixel electrode  105  (which in this case, also functions as a cathode of an EL device). The pixel  102  is thus formed. 
     Respective wirings of the TFT as well as the pixel electrode can be formed of a metal film having a low resistivity. For example, an aluminum alloy film may be used for this purpose. In addition, the TFT can have any structure including a known structure. 
     Following the fabrication of the pixel electrode  105 , a compound  106  (which can be referred to as the cathode layer) that contains a metal having a low work function is formed over all of the pixel electrodes. It should be noted that the outline of the compound  106  is indicated by a dotted line in  FIG. 1 . This is because the compound  106  has a thickness which is as thin as several nm, and it cannot be clearly known whether the compound  106  is formed as a layer or in an island-shape. 
     As a material for the above-mentioned compound  106  that contains a metal having a low work function, lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), barium fluoride (BaF 2 ), barium oxide (BaO), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), calcium oxide (CaO), strontium oxide (SrO), or cesium oxide (Cs 2 O) can be used. Since these are insulating materials, short-circuiting between the pixel electrodes does not occur even when the compound  106  is formed as a layer. 
     It is of course possible to use a known conductive material such as a MgAg electrode instead of the above-mentioned compound  106 . However, in this case, the conductive material has to be selectively formed or patterned into a certain shape in order to avoid short-circuiting between the pixel electrodes. 
     Over the compound  106  that contains a metal having a low work function, an EL layer  107  (a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound) is formed. Although any known material and/or structure can be employed for the EL layer  107 , a material capable of emitting white light is used in the present invention. With respect to the structure of the EL layer, only a light-emitting layer (a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound) for providing sites for the carrier recombination may be included in the EL layer. Alternatively, if necessary, an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a hole element layer, or a hole injection layer may be further layered to form the EL layer. In the present specification, all of those layers intended to realize injection, transport or recombination of carriers are collectively referred to as the EL layer. 
     As a light-emitting organic compound to be used as the EL layer  107 , either a low-molecular type organic compound or a polymer type (high-molecular type) organic compound can be used. However, it is desirable to use a polymer type EL compound which can be formed by an formation technique that can be easily performed, such as a spin coating method, a printing method, or the like. The structure illustrated in  FIG. 1  is of the color display type in which an EL layer for emitting white light is combined with a color filter. Alternatively, a color display scheme in which an EL layer for emitting blue or blue-green light is combined with fluorescent material (fluorescent color conversion layer; CCM), or another color display scheme in which EL layers respectively corresponding to RGB are overlaid each other to provide a color display, can also be employed. 
     One of the features of the present invention is that a light-emitting organic compound purified to an extremely high degree of purity is used as a light-emitting layer. As a purification method, any known process for purification can be used. For example, a zone purification method, a sublimation purification method, a recrystallization method, a distillation method, a column chromatography method, or a reprecipitation method can be used for a low-molecular type EL compound. For a high-molecular type EL compound, a dialysis method or a high-performance liquid chromatography method can be used. In the case of the high-molecular type EL compound, it is also possible that a purification process similar to that for the low-molecular type EL compound is performed prior to polymerization, and a compound is then polymerized. 
     In the case where a high-molecular type EL compound is to be purified by means of a dialysis method, an electrodialysis method is particularly preferred for eliminating ionic impurities. 
     In the dialysis method, a polymerized high-molecular type EL material is put in a semi-permeable membrane made of a cellulose or the like, and immersed in a solvent, e.g., pure water. The semi-permeable membrane is usually fixed by being supported between fine metal mesh partitions, or by being attached to a porous supporting member such as a circle plate made of half-melt glass. In the electrodialysis method, a voltage is applied between metal mesh partitions supporting the semi-permeable membrane, thereby resulting in a higher moving speed for ionic impurities which can realize efficient purification. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the above-mentioned purification process is repeated so that the concentration of ionic impurities contained in the thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound reaches a level of 0.1 ppm or lower (preferably, a level of 0.01 ppm or lower). The above-mentioned concentration range of the ionic impurities provides the thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound, which functions as a light-emitting layer, with a volume resistivity in the range of 3×10 10  Ωcm or larger. A volume resistivity of a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound in an EL device is set to be in the range of 1×10 11  to 1×10 12  cm (preferably, in the range from 1×10 12  to 1×10 13  Ωcm). Thus, a current caused by reasons other than the carrier recombination is prevented from flowing. 
     In the case where the EL layer includes only a light-emitting layer, i.e., only a single layer of a thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound, the light-emitting layer is required to meet conditions in which the concentration of the contained ionic impurities is equal to or lower than 0.1 ppm (preferably, at 0.01 ppm or lower) and the volume resistivity is in the range of 3×10 10  Ωcm or larger. A volume resistivity of a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound in an EL device is set to be in the range from 1×10 11  to 1×10 12  Ωcm (preferably, in the range from 1×10 12  to 1×10 13  Ωcm). 
     It is of course critical to prevent ionic impurities from being mixed into the light-emitting organic compound from the surrounding atmosphere during a process step for purifying the light-emitting organic compound which forms the EL layer and a process step for forming a film thereof. 
     Over the thus formed EL layer  107 , a transparent conductive film is formed as an anode  108 . As the transparent conductive film, a compound of indium oxide and tin oxide (referred to as ITO), a compound of indium oxide and zinc oxide, tin oxide (SnO 2 ), or zinc oxide (ZnO) can be used. 
     Over the anode  108 , an insulating film as a passivation film  109  is provided. As the passivation film  109 , a silicon nitride film or a silicon nitride oxide film (represented as SiOxNy) is preferably used. 
     The substrate fabricated up to this stage is referred to as an active matrix substrate in the present specification. More specifically, the substrate on which a TFT, a pixel electrode electrically connected to the TFT, and an EL device (a capacitor composed of a cathode, an EL layer, and an anode) utilizing the pixel electrode as the cathode are formed is referred to as the active matrix substrate. 
     Furthermore, an opposing substrate  110  is attached to the active matrix substrate so that the EL devices are interposed therebetween. The opposing substrate  110  is provided with light-shielding films  112  and color filters  113   a  to  113   c . At this situation, each of the light-shielding films  112  is provided so that a gap  111  formed between the pixel electrodes  105  is unseen from the viewing direction of an observer (i.e., from a direction normal to the opposing substrate). More specifically, each of the light-shielding films  112  is provided to overlap (align with) the periphery of the pixel when viewed from the direction normal to the opposing substrate. This is because this portion is non-emitting portion, and furthermore, electric field becomes complicated at the edge portion of the pixel electrode and thus light cannot be emitted from this portion with a desired luminance or chromaticity. 
     More specifically, by providing the light-shielding film  112  at the position corresponding to the periphery (edge portion) of the pixel electrode  105  and the gap  111 , contour between the pixels can be made clear. It can be also said that in the present invention, the light-shielding film  112  is provided at the position corresponding to the periphery (edge portion) of the pixel because the contour of the pixel electrode corresponds to the contour of the pixel. It should be noted that the position corresponding to the periphery of the pixel refers to the position aligned with the periphery of the pixel when viewed from the aforementioned direction which is normal to the opposing substrate. 
     Among the color filters  113   a  to  113   c , the color filter  113   a  is the one for obtaining red light, the color filter  113   b  is the one for obtaining green light, and the color filter  113   c  is the one for obtaining blue light. These color filters are formed at positions respectively corresponding to the different pixels  102 , and thus, different color of light can be obtained for the respective pixels. In theory, this is the same as the color display scheme in a liquid crystal display device which uses color filters. It should be noted that the position corresponding to the pixel refers to the position aligned with the pixel when viewed from the direction which is normal to the opposing substrate. More specifically, the color filters  113   a  to  113   c  are provided so as to overlap the pixels respectively corresponding thereto when viewed from the direction normal to the opposing substrate. 
     It should be noted that the color filter is a filter for improving the color purity of light which has passed therethrough by extracting light of a specific wavelength. Accordingly, in the case where the light component of the wavelength to be extracted are not many, there may be disadvantages in which the light of that wavelength has an extremely small luminance or a deteriorated color purity. Thus, although no limitation is imposed to an EL layer for emitting white light which can be used in the present invention, it is preferable that the spectrum of the emitted white light includes emission spectrums of red, green and blue light components having purity of as high as possible. 
     The color filters  113   a  to  113   c , similarly to the light-shielding films  112 , can contain a drying agent such as barium oxide. In this case, a resin film containing a drying agent and a pigment of red, green or blue color may be used as a color filter. 
     It should be noted that although not illustrated herein, the opposing substrate  110  is adhered to the active matrix substrate by means of a sealing agent, so that a space designated with reference numeral  114  is a closed space. The closed space  114  may be filled with inert gas (noble gas or nitrogen gas), or with inert liquid. Alternatively, the closed space  114  may be filled with a transparent adhesive so as to adhere the whole surface of the substrate. Moreover, it is preferable to dispose a drying agent such as barium oxide in the closed space  114 . Since the EL layer  107  is very vulnerable to water, it is desirable to prevent water from entering the closed space  114  as much as possible. Furthermore, it is advantageous to fill the closed space  114  with inert liquid containing crown ether or cryptand. Crown ether has an ability to trap sodium by being combined with them, and thus a gettering effect can be expected to be realized. 
     As the opposing substrate  110 , it is necessary to use a transparent substrate so as not to prevent light from traveling. For example, a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, or a plastic substrate is preferably used. In addition, as the light-shielding film  112 , a thin film capable of satisfactorily shielding light, e.g., a titanium film, a resin film including a black-colored pigment or carbon, can be used. It is advantageous to use as the light-shielding film  112 , a resin containing a drying agent. 
     In the EL display device having the above-mentioned construction in accordance with the present invention, the thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound contains ionic impurities at the concentration of 0.1 ppm or lower (preferably, at the concentration of 0.01 ppm or lower) and a volume resistivity in the range of 3×10 10  Ωcm or larger. A volume resistivity of a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound in an EL device is set to be in the range of 1×10 11  to 1×10 12  Ωcm (preferably, in the range from 1×10 12  to 1×10 13  Ωcm). Accordingly, a current caused by reasons other than the carrier recombination can be prevented from flowing through a thin film made of the light-emitting organic compound that is contained in an EL device, and deterioration caused by unnecessary heat generation can be prevented. 
     Thus, it is possible to obtain an EL display device with high reliability. Moreover, an electronic apparatus with a highly reliable display portion can be obtained by utilizing such an EL display device as its display portion. 
     In the EL display device in accordance with the present invention, light emitted from the EL device passes through the opposing substrate to be emitted toward observer&#39;s eyes. Accordingly, the observer can recognize an image through the opposing substrate. In this situation, one of the features of the EL display device in accordance with the present invention is that the light-shielding film  112  is disposed between the EL device and the observer so as to conceal the gap  111  between the pixel electrodes  105 . Thus, the contour between the pixels can be made clear, thereby resulting in an image display with high definition. 
     Furthermore, the light-shielding films  112  and the color filters  113   a  to  113   c  are disposed on the opposing substrate  110 , and the opposing substrate  110  also functions as a ceiling material for suppressing deterioration of the EL device. When the light-shielding films  112  and the color filters  113   a  to  113   c  are disposed on the active matrix substrate, additional film-formation and patterning steps are required, thereby resulting in a reduced manufacturing yield. By providing the light-shielding films  112  and the color filters  113   a  to  113   c  on the opposing substrate, reduction in the manufacturing yield can be suppressed. 
     Furthermore, the structure in accordance with the present invention, in which the opposing substrate  110  is provided with the light-shielding films  112  and the color filters  113   a  to  113   c  and adhered to the active matrix substrate by means of the sealing agent, has, features common to the structure of a liquid crystal display device. Accordingly, it is possible to fabricate the EL display device of the present invention with most of an existing manufacturing line for liquid crystal display devices. Thus, an amount of equipment investment can be significantly reduced, thereby resulting in a reduction in the total manufacturing cost. 
     Embodiment 1 
     A first embodiment of the invention is described here. A description will be made here on a method for fabricating TFTs of a pixel portion and driving circuit portions provided around the same simultaneously. For simplicity of the description, only a CMOS circuit is shown which is a basic circuit for such driving circuits. 
     First, as shown in  FIG. 2A , an base film  301  having a thickness of 300 nm is formed on a glass substrate  300 . In the present embodiment, the a silicon oxinitride film is laminated as the base film  302 . At this time, the density of nitrogen in the region in contact with the glass substrate  300  is preferably in the range from 10 to 25 wt %. 
     Next, an amorphous silicon film (not shown) having a thickness of 50 nm is formed on the base film  301  using a known film forming method. The film is not limited to an amorphous silicon film, and it may be any semiconductor film (and any microcrystalline semiconductor film) including an amorphous structure. The film may alternatively be a compound semiconductor film including an amorphous structure such as an amorphous silicon germanium film. The thickness may be in the range from 20 to 100 nm. 
     The amorphous silicon film is then crystallized using known techniques to form a crystalline silicon film (also referred to “polycrystalline silicon film” or “polysilicon film”)  302 . Known methods for crystallization include thermal crystallization utilizing an electrically heated furnace, laser anneal crystallization utilizing laser light and lamp anneal crystallization utilizing infrared light. In the present embodiment, crystallization is performed using excimer laser light utilizing XeCl gas. While pulse-oscillated excimer laser light formed in a linear configuration is used in the present embodiment, a rectangular configuration may alternatively be used. Continuously oscillated argon laser light or continuously oscillated excimer laser light may be used. 
     When Nd-YAG laser (wavelength 1.06 μm) is used, second harmonic or third harmonic is used and the illumination with a beam is carried out to crystallize the above mentioned semiconductor film with 100 to 500 J/cm 2  energy density. The beam is formed in a linear or rectangular configuration by the optical light system. 
     In this embodiment, although the crystalline silicon film is used as the active layer of the TFT, it is also possible to use an amorphous silicon film. Note that it is possible to form the active layer of the switching TFT, in which there is a necessity to reduce the off current, by the amorphous silicon film, and to form the active layer of the current control TFT by the crystalline silicon film. Electric current flows with difficulty in the amorphous silicon film because the carrier mobility is low, and the off current does not easily flow. In other words, the most can be made of the advantages of both the amorphous silicon film, through which current does not flow easily, and the crystalline silicon film, through which current easily flows. 
     Then, as shown in  FIG. 2B , a protective film  303  constituted by a silicon oxide film is formed to a thickness of 130 nm on the crystalline silicon film  302 . A thickness within the range from 100 to 200 nm (preferably from 130 to 170 nm) may be chosen. Other types of insulation films may be used as long as silicon is included therein. The protective film  303  is provided to prevent direct exposure of the crystalline silicon film to plasma during doping with an impurity and to enable delicate density control. 
     Resist masks  304   a  through  304   b  are formed on the protective film to allow doping with an impurity element that provides n-type conductivity (hereinafter referred to as “n-type impurity element”) through the protective film  303 . As the n-type impurity element, an element belonging to the group XV, typically, phosphorous or arsenic may be used. In the present embodiment, phosphorous is added in a density of 1×10 18  atoms/cm 3  using a plasma doping process in which phosphine (PH 3 ) is plasma-excited without performing mass separation on the same. It is obviously possible to use an ion implantation process which involves mass separation. The dose is adjusted such that n-type impurity regions  305  and  306  formed at this step include the n-type impurity element in a density in the range from 2×10 16  to 5×10 19  atoms/cm 3  (typically, from 5×10 17  to 5×10 18  atoms/cm 3 ). 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 2C , the protective film  303  is removed to activate the added element belonging to the group XV. While any known technique may be used as means for activation, activation is carried out by means of illumination with excimer laser light. Obviously, the invention is not limited to excimer laser light, and pulse-oscillated or continuously oscillated laser light may be used. Since the purpose is to activate the added impurity element, illumination is preferably carried out with an energy at which the crystalline silicon film is not melted. The illumination with laser light may be carried out with the protective film  303  unremoved. 
     When the impurity element is activated with laser light, activation may be simultaneously performed using furnace annealing. Referring to activation using furnace annealing, a thermal process at a temperature in the range from 450 to 550° C. 
     As a result of this step, the edges of the n-type impurity regions  305  and  306 , i.e., the boundaries (bonding portions) between the n-type impurity regions  305  and  306  and the regions around the same which are not doped with the n-type impurity element becomes clear. Therefore, very preferable bonding portions can be formed between the LDD regions and the channel forming region when the TFT is completed later. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 2D , unnecessary portions of the crystalline silicon film are removed to form island-shaped semiconductor films (hereinafter referred to as “active layers”)  307  through  310 . Next, as shown in  FIG. 2E , a gate insulation film  311  is formed to cover the active layers  307  through  310 . An insulation film including silicon with a thickness in the range from 10 to 200 nm (preferably in the range from 50 to 150 mm) may be used as the gate insulation film  311 . This film may have either of single-layer or multi-layer structures. In the present embodiment, a 110 nm thick silicon oxinitride film is used, Next, a conductive film having a thickness of 200 to 400 nm is formed, and patterning is carried out to form gate electrodes  312  to  316 . The end portions of the gate electrodes  312  to  316  can also be made taper-shaped. Note that in this embodiment, the gate electrode and an extended wiring line (hereinafter referred to as a gate wiring line) electrically connected to the gate electrode are formed of different materials. Specifically, a material having a resistance lower than the gate electrode is used for the gate wiring line. This is because a material which can be finely worked is used for the gate electrode and a material which has a low wiring resistance though fine working can not be made is used for the gate wiring line. Of course, the gate electrode and the gate wiring line may be formed of the same material. 
     While the gate electrode may be constituted by single-layer conductive films, multi-layer films such as double-layer or triple-layer structures are preferably used as needed. Any known conductive film may be used as the material for the gate electrodes. However, as described above, it is preferable to use a material which can be finely worked, specifically, can be patterned into a line width of 2 μm or less. Specifically, it is possible to use thin films including tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), molybdenumn (Mo), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr) or conductive silicon (Si) or thin films which are nitrides of the same (typically tantalum nitride films, tungsten nitride films or titanium nitride films) or alloy films which are combinations of the above elements (typically Mo—W alloys or Mo—Ta alloys) or silicide films including the above elements (typically tungsten silicide films or titanium silicide films). Such films may be used in either of single-layer and multi-layer structures. 
     In the present embodiment, multi-layer films formed by a 50 nm thick tantalum nitride (WN) film and 350 nm thick tungsten (W) film are used. They may be formed using a sputtering process. An inert gas such as Xe, Ne or the like may be used as the sputtering gas to prevent the films from coming off due to stress. 
     At this time, the gate electrodes  313  and  316  are formed such that they overlap a part of the n-type impurity regions  305  and  306  respectively with the gate insulation film  311  interposed. Such overlaps become LDD regions which overlap the gate electrodes later. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3A , an n-type impurity element (which is phosphorous in the present embodiment) is added in a self-aligning manner using the gate electrodes  312  through  316  as masks. An adjustment is performed such that resultant impurity regions  317  through  323  are doped with phosphorous in a density in the range from ½ to 1/10 (typically from ⅓ to ¼) of that in the n-type impurity regions  305  and  306 . Specifically, a density in the range from 1×10 16  to 5×10 18  atoms/cm 3  (typically from 3×10 17  to 3×10 8  atoms/cm 3  is preferable. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3B , resist masks  324   a  through  324   c  are formed to cover the gate electrodes and the like, and an n-type impurity element (which is phosphorous in the present embodiment) is added to form impurity regions  325  through  331  heavily doped with phosphorous. An ion doping process utilizing phosphine (PH 3 ) is performed again, and the density of phosphorous in those regions is adjusted such that it is within the range from 1×10 20  to 1×10 21  atoms/cm 3  (typically from 2×10 20  to 5×10 21  atoms/cm 3 ). 
     While this step forms the source regions or drain regions of the n-channel type TFTs, a part of the n-type impurity regions  320  through  322  formed at the step shown in  FIG. 3A  is left for the switching TFT. 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3C , the resist masks  324   a  through  324   c  are removed to form a new resist mask  332 . A p-type impurity element (which is boron in the present embodiment) is added to form impurity regions  333  and  334  heavily doped with boron. An ion doping process utilizing diborane (B 2 H 6 ) is performed here to add boron in a density within the range from 3×10 20  to 3×10 21  atoms/cm 3  (typically from 5×10 20  to 1×10 21  atoms/cm 3 ). 
     While the impurity regions  333  and  334  have already been doped with phosphorous in a density within the range from 1×10 20  to 1×10 21  atoms/cm 3 , boron is added here in a density which is at least three times the same density. As a result, the previously formed n-type impurity regions are completely inverted into the p-type to serve as p-type impurity regions. 
     The n-type or p-type impurity element added in the respective density is activated after removing the resist mask  332 . The means for annealing may be furnace annealing, laser annealing or lamp annealing. In the present embodiment, a thermal process at 550° C. is performed for four hours in a nitrogen atmosphere in an electrically heated furnace. 
     At this time, it is critical to eliminate oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere to a level of as low as possible. This is because when oxygen of even only a small amount exists, an exposed surface of the gate electrode is oxidized, which results in an increased resistance and later makes it difficult to form an ohmic contact with the gate electrode. Accordingly, the oxygen concentration in the surrounding atmosphere for the above-mentioned activation process is set at 1 ppm or lower, preferably at 0.1 ppm or lower. 
     After the activation process is completed, the gate wiring  335  having a thickness of 300 nm is formed. As a material for the gate wiring  335 , a metal film containing aluminum (Al) or copper (Cu) as its main component (occupied 50 to 100% in the composition) can be used. The gate wiring  335  is arranged so as to provide electrical connection for the gate electrodes  314  and  315  of the switching TFT (see  FIG. 3D ). 
     The above-described structure can allow the wiring resistance of the gate wiring to be significantly reduced, and therefore, an image display region (pixel portion) with a large area can be formed. More specifically, the pixel structure in accordance with the present embodiment is advantageous for realizing an EL display device having a display screen with a diagonal size of 10 inches or larger (or 30 inches or larger). 
     Thereafter, a first interlayer insulating film  336  is formed, as shown in  FIG. 4A . As the first insulating film  336 , a single-layered insulating film containing silicon, or a layered film obtained through combination thereof, can be used. A thickness of the first insulating film  336  can be set in the range from 400 nm to 1.5 μm. In the present embodiment, the first interlayer insulating film  336  is formed to have a layered structure in which a silicon oxide film having thickness of 800 nm is formed on a silicon nitride oxide film having a thickness of 200 nm. 
     Furthermore, a heat treatment is performed in the atmosphere containing hydrogen of 3 to 100% at a temperature of 300 to 450° C. for 1 to 12 hours so as to realize a hydrogenation treatment. In this treatment, dangling bonds in the semiconductor film are terminated with thermally excited hydrogens. As other processes for hydrogenation, a plasma hydrogenation process can be performed in which hydrogens generated by plasma are used. It should be noted that the hydrogenation process may be performed during the formation of the first interlayer insulating film  336 . More specifically, the above-mentioned hydrogenation process can be performed after forming a silicon nitride oxide film having a thickness of 200 nm, followed by the formation of the remaining 800 nm portion of the silicon oxide film. 
     Then, contact holes are formed through the first interlayer insulating film  336 , and source wirings  337  to  340  and drain wirings  341  to  343  are then formed. In the present embodiment, the electrode is formed as a layered film with a three-layered structure, including a 100 nm thick Ti film, a 300 nm thick Al film containing Ti, and a 150 nm thick Ti film, that are continuously formed by a sputtering method. Other conductive films can be of course used. 
     Thereafter, a first passivation film  344  having a thickness in the range of 50 to 500 nm (typically, in the range of 200 to 300 nm) is formed. In the present embodiment, a silicon nitride oxide film having a thickness of 300 nm is used as the first passivation film  344 . Alternatively, a silicon nitride film may be instead used. 
     It is advantageous to perform a plasma treatment with a gas containing hydrogens such as H 2 , NH 3 , prior to the formation of the silicon nitride oxide film. Hydrogens excited in the pre-process are supplied to the first interlayer insulating film  336 . By performing the heat treatment in such a situation, the film properties of the first passivation film  344  are improved. Simultaneously, the hydrogens added to the first interlayer insulating film  336  are diffused downwards, thereby resulting in efficient hydrogenation of the active layer. 
     Then, a second interlayer insulating film  345  made of an organic resin is formed, as shown in  FIG. 4B . As the organic resin, polyimide, polyamide, acrylic, BCB (benzocyclobutene) or the like can be used. The second interlayer insulating film  345  is provided mainly for planarization, and thus, acrylic capable of exhibiting satisfactory planarizing properties is preferred. In the present embodiment, an acrylic film is formed so as to have a thickness sufficient for realizing the planarization of steps formed by the TFTs. Preferably, the acrylic film has a thickness in the range of 1 to 5 μm (more preferably, in the range of 2 to 4 μm). 
     Thereafter, a contact hole is formed in the second interlayer insulating film  345  and the first passivation film  344  to reach the drain wiring  343 , and then the pixel electrode  346  is formed. In the present embodiment, an aluminum alloy film (an aluminum film containing titanium of 1 wt %) having a thickness of 300 nm is formed as the pixel electrode  346 . Reference numeral  347  denotes an end portion of the adjacent pixel electrode. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a thin-film formation apparatus to be used for continuously forming the EL layer and the anode layer. More specifically,  FIG. 10  illustrates an apparatus to be used for continuously forming a transparent conductive film as the anode layer, a high-molecular type EL layer as the light-emitting layer, a metal film containing an element belonging to Group I or II in the periodic table as the cathode layer, and a silicon nitride film or a silicon nitride oxide film as the second passivation layer. 
     In  FIG. 10 , reference numeral  401  denotes a transportation chamber in which transportation of a substrate into and out of the apparatus is performed. The transportation chamber is also referred to as a load/unload chamber. A carrier  402  to which the substrate is mounted is placed in the transportation chamber  401 . Two of the transportation chambers  401  may be provided; one of them is used for transporting the substrate into the apparatus, while the other is for transporting the substrate out of the apparatus. Reference numeral  403  denotes a common chamber provided with a mechanism  405  for transporting the substrate  404  (hereinafter referred to as the transportation mechanism). The transportation mechanism  405  includes a robot arm or the like for handling a substrate. 
     A plurality of process chambers (designated as  407  to  411 , respectively) are coupled to the common chamber  403  via gates  406   a  to  406   f . In the configuration shown in  FIG. 10 , the pressure in the common chamber  403  is reduced to several mTorrs to several tens of mTorrs, and the respective process chambers are decoupled from the common chamber  403  by means of the gates  406   a  to  406   f . In this case, the process chamber  408  for solution application process is filled with inert gas so that the process is to be performed under a normal pressure. Accordingly, a process chamber  401  for vacuum evacuation is provided between the common chamber  403  and the process chamber  408  for solution application process. 
     Accordingly, when the respective chambers are provided with an evacuation pump, respective processes can be performed in vacuum. As an evacuation pump, an oil rotation pump, a mechanical booster pump, a turbo molecular pump, or a cryopump can be used, and in particular, the cryopump is preferred since it is effective for eliminating water. 
     Further by referring to  FIG. 10 , reference numeral  407  denotes a process chamber for forming the cathode layer (hereinafter referred to as the third film-formation process chamber). In this chamber  407 , an auxiliary electrode for assisting the cathode is formed. A vapor deposition method or a sputtering method is usually used, and among them, the vapor deposition method is more preferred since it introduces less damage to a substrate to be processed. In either case, the third film-formation process chamber  407  is decoupled from the common chamber  403  by the gate  406   b  so that the film formation process can be performed in vacuum. 
     On the other hand, in the case where the vapor deposition method is performed as a vapor-phase film-formation method, a vapor source has to be provided. A metal film to be often used as the cathode layer is made of an element belonging to Group I or II in the periodic table. However, this kind of metal film is likely to be oxidized, and therefore, it is desirable to protect a surface thereof. In addition, the required film thickness therefor is small. Thus, a conductive film having a low resistivity is auxiliarily provided to reduce a resistance value of the cathode as well as to protect the cathode. As the conductive film having a low resistivity, a metal film containing aluminum, copper or silver as its main component can be used. In the present embodiment, lithium fluoride is used for an electron injection layer  348  shown in  FIG. 4C , and the electron injection layer  348  is formed by a vacuum vapor deposition method to have a thickness of 5 nm. 
     By further referring to  FIG. 10 , reference numeral  408  denotes a process chamber for applying a solution containing the high-molecular type EL material by a spin coating method (hereinafter referred to as the solution application process chamber). As set forth above, since the EL material is very vulnerable against water, the solution application process chamber  408  is required to be always held in inert atmosphere. 
     For transportation of a substrate, the pressure in the vacuum evacuation process chamber  412  is reduced to the same level as the common chamber  403 . Thereafter, the gate  406   d  is opened under that condition, and a substrate is transported. The gate  406   d  is then closed, and the vacuum evacuation process chamber  412  is purged by inert gas to a normal pressure. Then, the gate  413  is opened at the time when the pressure returns to the normal level, and the substrate is transported to the solution application process chamber  408 . This transportation may be performed for every stage. Alternatively, the transportation may be performed by means of specially-dedicated transportation means. 
     The solution application process chamber  408  is provided with a fixed head for holding and rotating the substrate, and means for supplying a solvent containing a high-molecular type EL compound onto the substrate by an appropriate amount. The fixed head can be of the vacuum chuck type which has a simple configuration. However, the substrate may be deformed in a pattern corresponding to a shape of a suction port, resulting in a deviation in a thickness of the resultant EL layer. While the EL layer is to be formed to have a thickness in the range of 100 to 200 nm, the deviation of the film thickness thereof is likely to lead to deteriorated display quality in which, e.g., the intensity of light emission is varied. 
       FIGS. 11A through 11F  respectively illustrate various configurations of the fixed head to be used for reducing such a deviation in the film thickness to the minimum level. The suction port has a shape in which concentric grooves or a plurality of openings are provided. Evacuation to vacuum is performed through a coupling port provided beneath the suction port so that a suction force is scattered two-dimensionally. The fixed head with such a configuration is integrated with upper and lower plates. 
     More specifically,  FIG. 11A  illustrates a top view of an upper plate  1101  of the fixed head, and a plurality of openings  1103  are formed in concentric patterns.  FIG. 11B  illustrates a lower plate  1102  provided with an evacuation port  1105  combined with a cross-shaped common groove  1104 .  FIG. 11C  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ in  FIGS. 11A and 11B  in which the upper plate  1101  is overlaid the lower plate  1102 .  FIG. 11D  illustrates another example in which a plurality of openings  1108  are provided in an upper plate  1106  of the fixed head.  FIG. 11E  illustrates a lower plate  1107  provided with an evacuation port  1110  combined with a circular-shaped common groove  1109 .  FIG. 11F  illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B′ in  FIGS. 11D and 11E  in which the upper plate  1106  is overlaid the lower plate  1107 . 
     In the present embodiment, PVK (polyvinylcarbazole), Bu-PBD (2-(4′-tert-butyl phenyl)-5-(4″-biphenyl)-1,3,4-oxydiazole), coumarin6, DCM1 (4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p-dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran), TPB (tetraphenyl butadiene), or Nile Red is dissolved into 1,2-dichloromethane or chloroform, and the resultant solution is applied by a spin coating method. The number of revolutions is set in the range from about 500 to 1000 rpm, and the spinning continues for 20 to 60 seconds to obtain an uniformly applied film. 
     It should be noted that prior to the film formation of the above-mentioned organic compound, the purification process (typically, the dialysis method) is repeated at least three times or more, preferably five times or more, so that the concentration of the ionic impurities contained therein is reduced to 0.1 ppm or lower (preferably 0.01 ppm or lower). Thus, the concentration of the ionic impurities contained in the light-emitting layer  349  shown in  FIG. 4C  is reduced to 0.1 ppm or lower (preferably to 0.01 ppm or lower) and a volume resistivity of the light-emitting layer  349  is set in the range of 3×10 10  Ωcm or larger. A volume resistivity of a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound in an EL device is set to be in the range of 1×10 11  to 1×10 12  Ωcm (preferably, in the range from 1×10 12  to 1×10 13  Ωcm). 
     After completion of the solution application process, the gate  413  is opened and the substrate  412  is transported to the vacuum evacuation process chamber  412 . After the gates  413  and  406   d  are closed, vacuum evacuation is performed in such a condition. When the pressure in the vacuum evacuation process chamber  412  reaches the same reduced pressure condition as the common chamber  403 , the gate  406   d  is opened so that the substrate is transported into the common chamber. 
     Although a baking process chamber  409  is provided in the illustrated configuration, it is possible to provide the vacuum evacuation process chamber  412  with a susceptor that can be heated so that a baking process can be performed in the vacuum evacuation process chamber  412 . When the baking process is followed by vacuum evacuation, degassing can be prevented. 
     With further reference to  FIG. 10 , reference numeral  410  denotes a process chamber for forming the anode layer  350  (hereinafter referred to as the first film-formation process chamber). The vapor deposition method or the sputtering method can be preferably performed for the film formation in this case. It should be noted that since the process is used for forming the anode layer on the light-emitting layer  349 , the process is required not to damage the light-emitting layer  349 . In the case where the sputtering method is performed, a target made of the materials as set forth above, such as ITO, a compound of indium oxide and zinc oxide, SnO 2 , or ZnO, is used. The film is formed to have a thickness of 30 to 300 nm. 
     Upon the film formation by the sputtering method, a surface on which the film is to be formed (i.e., the surface with the light-emitting layer formed thereon) may face upward (face-up type) or downward (face-down type). In the case of the face-up type, the substrate transported from the common chamber  403  can be mounted onto the susceptor without being required to change its orientation, thereby resulting in a simplified operation. On the other hand, in the case of the face-down type, the transportation mechanism  405  or the first vapor-phase film-formation process chamber  410  is required to be provided with a certain mechanism for turning the substrate up-side down, thereby resulting in a complicated transportation mechanism. However, the face-down type has an advantage in which a less amount of dust is attached to the substrate. 
     In the case where the vapor deposition process is performed in the first film-formation process chamber  410 , a vapor source is required to be provided therein. A plurality of vapor sources may be provided. It should be also noted that a vapor source may be of the resistive-heating type or of the EB (electron beam) type. 
     With reference again to  FIG. 10 , reference numeral  411  denotes a process chamber for forming the second passivation film (hereinafter referred to as the second film-formation process chamber). As the second passivation film, a silicon nitride film or a silicon nitride oxide film is formed by a plasma CVD method. Accordingly, although not illustrated, a gas supply system for SiH 4 , N 2 O, NH 3  or the like, plasma generating means utilizing an RF power source of 13.56 to 60 MHz, as well as substrate heating means are provided for the second film-formation process chamber. Since the EL layer is vulnerable to water or moisture, it is preferable to form such a passivation film continuously after forming the EL layer without allowing the EL layer to be exposed to the surrounding atmosphere. 
     In the present embodiment, the layered structure including the electron injection layer  348  and the light-emitting layer  349  as shown in  FIG. 4C  is used as the EL layer. Alternatively, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, an electron blocking layer, or a hole blocking layer can be further formed in the EL layer, if necessary. 
     The second passivation film  351  made of a silicon nitride film is formed by a plasma CVD method to have a thickness of 100 nm. This second passivation film  351  is intended to provide protection for the light-emitting layer  349  against water or the like, and also function to release heat generated in the light-emitting layer  349 . In order to further enhance the heat radiation effect, it is advantageous to form the second passivation film by forming a silicon nitride film and a carbon film (preferably a diamond-like carbon film) into the layered structure. 
     Thus, the active matrix type EL display device having the configuration as shown in  FIG. 4C  is completed. The active matrix type EL display device in accordance with the present embodiment is provided with TFTs having appropriate structures not only in a pixel portion but also in a driver circuit portion. Accordingly, the EL display device can exhibit high reliability and improved operational characteristics. 
     As an n-channel TFT  205  in a CMOS circuit to be used for the driver circuit, a TFT having the structure suitable for reducing the injection of hot carriers so as not to decrease an operation speed is used. The driver circuit mentioned here includes a shift register, a buffer, a level shifter, a sampling circuit (sampling and holding circuit) or the like. A signal conversion circuit such as a D/A converter is also included therein for a digital driving. 
     In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 4C , an active layer of the n-channel TFT  205  includes a source region  355 , a drain region  356 , an LDD region  357 , and a channel-forming region  358 , wherein the LDD region  357  overlaps a gate electrode  313  via a gate insulating film  311  interposed therebetween. 
     The LDD region is provided only on the side closer to the drain region so as to prevent an operation speed from decreasing. An OFF current value does not have a significant adverse effect in the case of the n-channel TFT  205 . Rather, it is more preferable to place an emphasis upon the operation speed. Accordingly, it is desirable to dispose the LDD region  357  so as to completely overlap the gate electrode thereby resulting in a reduced resistance value. In other words, it is desirable that the LDD region is not offset with respect to the gate electrode. 
     Furthermore, deterioration of a p-channel TFT  206  in the CMOS circuit due to the injection of hot carriers is almost negligible, and thus, it is not necessary to provide any LDD region for the p-channel TFT  206 . It is of course possible to provide the LDD region for the p-channel TFT  206 , similarly for the n-channel TFT  205 , to exhibit countermeasure against the hot carriers. 
     In the actual process, after the structure shown in  FIG. 4C  is completed, the EL layer is sealed in the closed space by using the opposing substrate provided with the light-shielding films, as previously described with reference to  FIG. 1 . At this time, the reliability (lifetime) of the EL layer can be improved by setting an inert atmosphere within the closed space or disposing a moisture absorbing material (e.g., barium oxide) in the closed space. Such a sealing process of the EL layer can be performed by using the technique to be used in the cell assembly step for liquid crystal display devices. 
     After the sealing process of the EL layer is completed, a connector (flexible print circuit; FPC) is attached for connecting the terminals extended from the elements or circuits formed on the substrate to external signal terminals, thereby completing a final product. 
     With now reference to the perspective view of  FIG. 5 , the structure of the active matrix type EL display device in accordance with the present embodiment will be described. The active matrix type EL display device of the present embodiment includes a pixel portion  602 , a gate driver circuit  603 , and a source driver circuit  604  provided on a glass substrate  601 . Switching TFTs  605  in the pixel portion is of the n-channel, and are respectively disposed at crossing points between gate wirings  606  connected to the gate driver circuit  603  and source wirings  607  connected to the source driver circuit  604 . A drain of each of the switching TFTs  605  is connected to a gate of the corresponding current-control TFT  608 . 
     Furthermore, a source of each of the current-control TFTs  608  is connected to a power supply line  609 . In the structure in accordance with the present embodiment, the power supply line  609  is provided with a predetermined voltage. In addition, the EL device  610  is connected to a drain of the corresponding current-control TFT  608 . Since a cathode of the EL device  610  is connected to the drain of the current-control TFT  608 , it is desirable to use an n-channel TFT as the current-control TFT  608 . 
     The FPC  611  functioning as external input/output terminals is coupled with connection wirings  612  and  613  for transmitting signals to the driver circuits, and a connection wiring  614  that is in turn connected to the power supply line  609 . 
     Furthermore, the EL display device in accordance with the present embodiment will be described with reference to  FIGS. 6A and 6B . A substrate  1000  is an active matrix substrate. On the substrate, a pixel portion  1001 , a source driver circuit  1002 , and a gate driver circuit  1003  are formed. Various wirings from the respective driver circuits are extended via connection wirings  612  to  614  to reach the FPC  611  and be connected to an external device. 
     At this time, an opposing substrate  1004  is provided so as to surround at least the pixel portion, and more preferably, both the driver circuits and the pixel portion. The opposing substrate  1004  is adhered to the active matrix substrate  1000  by means of an adhesive (sealing agent)  1005  to form a closed space  1006  in cooperation with the active matrix substrate  1000 . Thus, the EL device is completely sealed in the closed space  1006  and shut out from the external air. 
     In the present embodiment, a photocurable epoxy-type resin is used as the adhesive  1005 . Alternatively, other adhesives such as an acrylate type resin can be also used. A thermosetting resin can be also used if acceptable in view of heat-resistance characteristics of the EL layer. It should be noted that the material is required to prevent oxygen and water from passing therethrough as perfectly as possible. The adhesive  1005  may be applied by a coating device such as a dispenser. 
     Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the closed space  1006  between the opposing substrate  1004  and the active matrix substrate  1000  is filed with nitrogen gas. Moreover, the opposing substrate  1004  is provided on its inner side (on the side closer to the closed space) with a light-shielding film  1007  and a color filter  1008 , as described previously with reference to  FIG. 1 . In the present embodiment, a resin film containing barium oxide and a black-colored pigment is used as the light-shielding film  1007 , and a resin film containing a red-colored, green-colored, or blue-colored pigment can be used as the color filter  1008 . 
     Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 6B , the pixel portion is provided with a plurality of pixels each including an individually separated EL device. All of these El devices share an anode  1009  as a common electrode. The EL layer may be provided only in the pixel portion, but is not required to be disposed over the driver circuits. In order to selectively provide the EL layer, a vapor deposition method employing a shadow mask, a lift-off method, a dry etching method, or a laser scribing method can be used. 
     The anode  1009  is electrically connected to a connection wiring  1010 . The connection wiring  1010  is a power supply line to be used for supplying a predetermined voltage to the anode  1009 , and is electrically connected to the FPC  611  via a conductive paste material  1011 . Although only the connection wiring  1010  is described herein, the other connection wirings  612  to  614  are also electrically connected to the FPC  611  in the similar manner. 
     As described above, the structure as shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  can display an image on its pixel portion by connecting the FPC  611  to terminals of an external device. In the present specification, the EL display device is defined as a module containing a product in which it becomes possible to display an image when an FPC is attached thereto, in other words, a product obtained by attaching an active matrix substrate to an opposing substrate (including the one provided with an FPC attached thereto). 
     Embodiment 2 
     In the present embodiment, the case where the present invention is applied to a simple-matrix type EL display device will be described with reference to  FIG. 7 . In  FIG. 7 , reference numeral  701  denotes a plastic substrate,  702  denotes a cathode made of a layered structure including an aluminum film and a lithium fluoride film (more specifically, the lithium fluoride film is provided so as to be in contact with the EL layer). In the present embodiment, the cathode  702  is formed by the vapor deposition method. Although not illustrated in  FIG. 7 , a plurality of the cathodes are arranged in stripes along in a direction perpendicular to the drawing sheet. 
     On the cathode  702 , an EL layer  703  (only including a light-emitting layer) made of a high-molecular type EL compound is formed by the printing method. In the present embodiment, PVK (polyvinylcarbazole), Bu-PBD (2-(4′-tert-butyl phenyl)-5-(4″-biphenyl)-1,3,4-oxydiazole), coumarin6, DCM1 (4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p-dimethylaminostiryl-4H-pyran), TPB (tetraphenyl butadiene), or Nile Red is dissolved into 1,2-dichloromethane, and the resultant solution is transferred onto the cathode  702  by the printing method and then baked to form the EL layer  703  for emitting white light. 
     It should be noted that prior to the film formation of the above-mentioned organic compound, the purification process (typically, the dialysis method) is repeated at least three times or more, preferably five times or more, so that the concentration of the ionic impurities contained in the high-molecular type EL compound is reduced to 0.1 ppm or lower (preferably, to 0.01 ppm or lower). Thus, the concentration of the ionic impurities contained in the EL layer  703  is reduced to 0.1 ppm or lower (preferably, to 0.01 ppm or lower), and a volume resistivity of the EL layer  703  is set in the range of 3×10 10  Ωcm or larger. A volume resistivity of a thin film made of a light-emitting organic compound in an EL device is set to be in the range of 1×10 11  to 1×10 12  Ωcm (preferably, in the range from 1×10 12  to 1×10 13  Ωcm). 
     In the present embodiment, the single-layered structure including only the light-emitting layer is used for the EL layer  703 . Alternatively, an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, an electron blocking layer, or a hole element layer can be further formed in the EL layer, if necessary. 
     After the formation of the EL layer  703 , an anode  704  made of a transparent conductive film is formed. In this embodiment, a compound of indium oxide and zinc oxide is formed as the transparent conductive film by a vapor deposition method. Although not illustrated in  FIG. 7 , a plurality of the anodes are arranged in stripes with the longitudinal direction thereof being perpendicular to the drawing sheet so as to be orthogonal to the cathodes. Furthermore, although not illustrated, in order to apply a predetermined voltage to the anodes, wirings are extended from the respective anodes  704  to a portion to which the FPC is to be attached. 
     Following the formation of the anodes  704 , a silicon nitride film is formed to have a thickness of 100 nm as the passivation film  705 . This passivation film  705  functions as a protective film for preventing the EL layer  704  from being exposed to the surrounding atmosphere during successive attachment of a cover member or the like. 
     Thus, the EL devices are formed on the substrate  701 . Thereafter, a plastic plate  706  is provided as the cover member  706 , and the light-shielding film  707  and the color filter  708  are formed on the surface thereof. A resin containing carbon is used as the light-shielding film  707 , and resins respectively containing either red-color pigment, green-color pigment, or blue-color pigment, are used as the respective color filters  708 . These films can be formed by an ink jet method, the spin coating method, or the printing method. 
     In the structure in accordance with the present embodiment, light emitted from the EL device passes through the cover member  706  to reach observer&#39;s eyes, and therefore, the cover member  706  is transparent. Instead of a plastic plate used in the present embodiment, any transparent substrate (or a transparent film) such as a glass plate, a PVF film can be used for the cover member  706 . 
     After providing the cover member  706 , the cover member  706  is attached by means of a filler agent  710  (functioning as adhesives) to which a drying agent  709  is added. The attachment process can be performed by employing a double-vacuum type attachment apparatus which is used for the fabrication of solar cells. Thereafter, frame members  712  are attached by means of frame members  711  made of a UV-curable resin. In the present embodiment, a stainless member is used as the sealing members  712 . Finally, the FPC  713  is attached, thereby completing the EL display device. 
     Embodiment 3 
     The EL display device fabricated in accordance with the present invention is of the self-emission type, and thus exhibits more excellent recognizability of the displayed image in a light place as compared to the liquid crystal display device. Furthermore, the EL display device has a wider viewing angle. Accordingly, the EL display device can be applied to a display portion in various electronic devices. For example, in order to view a TV program or the like on a large-sized screen, the EL display device in accordance with the present invention can be used as a display portion of an EL display (i.e., a display in which an EL display device is installed into a frame) having a diagonal size of 30 inches or larger (typically 40 inches or larger.) 
     The EL display includes all kinds of displays to be used for displaying information, such as a display for a personal computer, a display for receiving a TV broadcasting program, a display for advertisement display. Moreover, the EL display device in accordance with the present invention can be used as a display portion of other various electric devices. 
     Such electronic devices include a video camera, a digital camera, a goggles-type display (head mount display), a car navigation system, a sound reproduction device (an audio equipment), note-size personal computer, a game machine, a portable information terminal (a mobile computer, a portable telephone, a portable game machine, an electronic book, or the like), an image reproduction apparatus including a recording medium (more specifically, an apparatus which can reproduce a recording medium such as a compact disc (CD), a laser disc (LD), a digital video disc (DVD), and includes a display for displaying the reproduced image), or the like. In particular, in the case of the portable information terminal, use of the EL display device is preferable, since the portable information tenrminal that is likely to be viewed from a tilted direction is often required to have a wide viewing angle.  FIGS. 8A to 8F  respectively show various specific examples of such electronic devices. 
       FIG. 8A  illustrates an EL display which includes a frame  2001 , a support table  2002 , a display portion  2003 , or the like. The present invention is applicable to the display portion  2003 . The EL display is of the self-emission type and therefore requires no back light. Thus, the display portion thereof can have a thickness thinner than that of the liquid crystal display device. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates a video camera which includes a main body  2101 , a display portion  2102 , an audio input portion  2103 , operation switches  2104 , a battery  2105 , an image receiving portion  2106 , or the like. The EL display device in accordance with the present invention can be used as the display portion  2102 . 
       FIG. 8C  illustrates a portion (the right-half piece) of an EL display of head mount type, which includes a main body  2201 , signal cables  2202 , a head mount band  2203 , a display portion  2204 , an optical system  2205 , an EL display device  2206 , or the like. The present invention is applicable to the EL display device  2206 . 
       FIG. 8D  illustrates an image reproduction apparatus including a recording medium (more specifically, a DVD reproduction apparatus), which includes a main body  2301 , a recording medium (a CD, an LD, a DVD or the like)  2302 , operation switches  2303 , a display portion (a)  2304 , another display portion (b)  2305 , or the like. The display portion (a) is used mainly for displaying image information, while the display portion (b) is used mainly for displaying character information. The EL display device in accordance with the present invention can be used as these display portions (a) and (b). The image reproduction apparatus including a recording medium further includes a CD reproduction apparatus, a game machine or the like. 
       FIG. 8E  illustrates a portable (mobile) computer which includes a main body  2401 , a camera portion  2402 , an image receiving portion  2403 , operation switches  2404 , a display portion  2405 , or the like. The EL display device in accordance with the present invention can be used as the display portion  2405 . 
       FIG. 8F  illustrates a personal computer which includes a main body  2501 , a frame  2502 , a display portion  2503 , a key board  2504 , or the like. The EL display device in accordance with the present invention can be used as the display portion  2503 . 
     When the brighter luminance of light emitted from the EL material becomes available in the future, the EL display device in accordance with the present invention will be applicable to a front-type or rear-type projector in which light including output image information is enlarged by means of lenses or the like to be projected. 
     The aforementioned electronic devices are more likely to be used for display information distributed through a telecommunication path such as Internet, a CATV (cable television system), and in particular likely to display moving picture information. The EL display device is suitable for displaying moving pictures since the EL material can exhibit high response speed. However, if the contour between the pixels becomes unclear, the moving pictures as a whole cannot be clearly displayed. Since the EL display device in accordance with the present invention can make the contour between the pixels clear, it is significantly advantageous to apply the EL display device of the present invention to a display portion of the electronic devices. 
     A portion of the EL display device that is emitting light consumes power, so it is desirable to display information in such a manner that the light emitting portion therein becomes as small as possible. Accordingly, when the EL display device is applied to a display portion which mainly displays character information, e.g., a display portion of a portable information terminal, and more particular, a portable telephone or a car audio equipment, it is desirable to drive the EL display device so that the character information is formed by a light-emitting portion while a non-emission portion corresponds to the background. 
     With now reference to  FIG. 9A , a portable telephone is illustrated, which includes a main body  2601 , an audio output portion  2602 , an audio input portion  2603 , a display portion  2604 , operation switches  2605 , and an antenna  2606 . The EL display device in accordance with the present invention can be used as the display portion  2604 . The display portion  2604  can reduce power consumption of the portable telephone by displaying white-colored characters on a black-colored background. 
       FIG. 9B  illustrates a sound reproduction device, a car audio equipment in concrete term, which includes a main body  2701 , a display portion  2702 , and operation switches  2703  and  2704 . The EL display device in accordance with the present invention can be used as the display portion  2704 . Although the car audio equipment of the mount type is shown in the present embodiment, the present invention is also applicable to an audio of the set type. The display portion  2702  can reduce power consumption by displaying white-colored characters on a black-colored background, which is particularly advantageous for the audio of the portable type. 
     As set forth above, the present invention can be applied variously to a wide range of electronic devices in all fields. The electronic device in the present embodiment can be obtained by utilizing an EL display device having the configuration in which the structures in Embodiments 1 through 3 are freely combined. 
     As set forth above, in accordance with the present invention, deterioration of an EL device can be suppressed, resulting in improved reliability of an EL display device. Furthermore, by using the EL display device obtained in accordance with the present invention as a display portion of an electronic apparatus, reliability of the resultant electronic apparatus can be improved.