Patent Publication Number: US-11041005-B2

Title: Methods for detecting autoantibodies against a GABA(A) receptor alpha 1 subunit and/or beta 3 subunit in autoimmune seizure and/or encephalitis

Description:
This application is a National Stage of co-pending PCT/EP2014/072252 filed Oct. 16, 2014, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 13189172.3 filed Oct. 17, 2013. 
     SEQUENCE LISTING 
     The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been filed electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jan. 9, 2018, is named 000174US_SL.txt and is 18,901 bytes in size. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of a newly identified autoimmune disorder, providing a novel cell-surface autoantigen and associated means and methods for detection and treatment of said autoimmune disorder. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     There is evidence that seizures and status epilepticus can result from immunological responses to excitatory or inhibitory synaptic receptors or proteins that associate to these receptors. 6  These include the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), the gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABA(B)R), leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), and DPPX, a regulatory subunit of the Kv4.2 potassium channels. 21  The epileptic seizures that accompany any of these disorders are often refractory to antiepileptic therapy unless the immune mechanism is identified and treated. 2,15,22  In some patients, seizures or status epilepticus can be the first manifestation of the disease, requiring heavy sedation or prolonged pharmacological coma. 3,17  These treatments may conceal other symptoms such as dyskinesias or psychiatric alterations causing delay in recognizing the disease. Until recently, the main epilepsy-related inhibitory receptor target of autoimmunity was the GABA(B)R. 22  Most patients with GABA(B)R antibodies develop early and prominent seizures or status epilepticus as a component of limbic encephalitis. Approximately 50% of these patients have an underlying small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). 11,16    
     Considering that until recently these autoimmune disorders were unknown, the relative high frequency of some has been surprising. For example, in a center focused in the diagnosis and epidemiology of encephalitis (California Encephalitis Project) the frequency of anti-NMDAR encephalitis surpassed that of any individual viral encephalitis. 32  For these reasons, similar immune mechanisms are increasingly being considered in patients who develop rapidly progressive neuropsychiatric symptoms in the context of encephalitis of unknown etiology, a situation that occurs frequently. Nowadays about 70% of encephalitis of unclear etiology remain undiagnosed after extensive evaluation for infectious etiologies. 33  In this setting, the identification of autoantibodies against neuronal cell surface antigens shifts the management to the use of immunotherapy and may extend the intensive care support in cases that otherwise might be considered futile. 
     In view of the above, the problem underlying the present invention resides in providing means for diagnosis and treatment of a previously unidentified autoimmune encephalitis, or encephalitis of unknown etiology, respectively. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This problem is solved by the subject matter of the claims, in particular by providing a gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor (GABA(A)R), a novel autoantigen implicated in autoimmune diseases, which is for use in a method of prognosis, diagnosis or treatment of an autoimmune disease in a subject, in particular encephalitis, to a cell expressing such GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof, an antibody binding to said GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof, to a method for isolating such antibody, to an in vitro prognostic or diagnostic method and test kit involving such GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof or such cell or antibody, to a pharmaceutical composition comprising such GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof or such cell, to a medical device coated with such GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof, such cell, such antibody or such pharmaceutical composition and to methods for treating an autoimmune disorder, in particular encephalitis, in a subject. 
     While the GABA(B)R, referred to herein above, belongs to the category of metabotropic, G protein-coupled receptors, the GABA(A)R is a ligand gated ion channel that has not been previously recognized as target of autoimmunity. We report here the identification of the GABA(A)R as the target of antibodies from 18 patients comprising two immunological groups: one characterized by high levels of antibodies in serum and CSF occurring in association with prominent seizures or status epilepticus, and the other characterized by low levels of antibodies in serum or absent antibodies in CSF occurring in association with a broader spectrum of symptoms in which the frequency of seizures, opsoclonus, stiff-person syndrome and overlapping autoimmunities is high. In addition, we demonstrate that patient&#39;s antibodies specifically alter the levels of synaptic GABA(A)R in cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. 
     One advantage of the present invention resides in the fact that diagnosis of encephalitis of unknown etiology enables identification of the disease as autoimmune encephalitis, distinction from other (non-autoimmune) forms of encephalitis or other diseases or related symptoms, respectively, and thus provides for specific treatment of the patients with, for example, immunosuppressive agents. 
     Another advantage of the present invention lies in opening up therapeutical options alternative or in addition to immunosuppression, e.g. by targeting specific autoantibodies. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  shows brain MRI images from patient 1; 
         FIG. 2  shows brain MRI images from patient 2; 
         FIG. 3  shows EEG recordings from patients 1 and 2; 
         FIG. 4  shows CSF antibody reactivity with rat brain; 
         FIG. 5  shows reactivity of patient&#39;s CSF with rat hippocampus and cerebellum at high magnification; 
         FIG. 6  shows CSF antibody reactivity with GABA(A)R expressing HEK cells; 
         FIG. 7  shows results of immunoabsorption using GABA(A)R expressing HEK cells; 
         FIG. 8  shows the results of immunocompetition studies with patient&#39;s antibodies; and 
         FIG. 9  shows selectivity and effects of patient&#39;s antibodies binding the GABA(A)R. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A “polypeptide”, according to the present invention, is understood to be a polymer of two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight or more or up to thousands of amino acids, which may include standard amino acids as well as non standard amino acids. The terms polypeptide, peptide and protein are used interchangeably herein. 
     The term “fragment”, with regard to the polypeptides, peptides and proteins of the invention, refers to a less than full length sequence of said polypeptide, peptide or protein, encompassing e.g. an amino acid sequence which is truncated at one or both termini by one or more amino acids. Alternatively or in addition, such peptide sequence may comprise internal deletions of one or more amino acids. Thereby the residual length of the fragment equals or exceeds the length of one or more continuous or conformational epitopes. When relating to a complex comprising more than one polypeptide, peptide or protein, the term “fragment” refers to a complex with only a subset of its constituents, meaning that the number of the polypeptides, peptides or proteins i.e. the subunits constituting the complex is reduced and/or that one or more of the subunits in the complex is terminally truncated and/or bearing internal deletions as described above. 
     The term “homolog”, with regard to the polypeptides, peptides and proteins of the invention, is understood to relate to a polypeptide, peptide and protein, which exhibits one or more deviations in the amino acid sequence compared to the original sequence. Those deviations may be exchanges or insertions of one or more amino acids or protein motifs or protein domains. For example, a homolog may have at least 70, 75, 80, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98 or 99% sequence identity to the respective original sequence. Alternatively, the stretch of homology may be restricted to 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more amino acids of the original sequence. Also in such case, e.g. in case of homology of a single protein domain or motif in the context of a larger non-homologous protein, the homolog may have at least 70, 75, 80, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98 or 99% sequence identity to the respective original sequence. When relating to a complex comprising more than one polypeptide, peptide or protein or fragments thereof, the term “homolog” refers to a complex with at least one of its subunits being replaced by a homolog as described herein above. 
     The term “autoimmune disease”, with regard to the present invention relates to diseases in association with antibodies against a GABA(A)R. As reported herein below, patients exhibiting such autoimmune disease suffer from symptoms including Memory problems, confusion, fatigue, lethargy, social anxiety, behavioral changes, psychosis, depression, mutism, cognitive dysfunction, nausea, vertigo, scintillating scotomas, headache, seizures, epilepsia partialis continua, status epilepticus, opsoclonus, opsoclonus-myoclonus, stiff-person syndrome, dystonic movements of the tongue, chorea affecting the limbs and trunk, progressive hemiparesis, ataxia, chorea affecting the limbs and trunk. These symptoms primarily affect the nervous system and, more specifically, are at least in part associated with defects in the central nervous system. Therefore, the autoimmune disease according to the invention may be an autoimmune encephalitis. 
     An “epitope”, within the scope of the present invention, is understood to be a fragment of one or several proteins which can be specifically recognized (i.e. bound) by an antibody. The epitope may be a conformational epitope, composed of discontinuous sections from a single protein&#39;s amino acid sequence or discontinuous sections derived from several different proteins, or a linear epitope, composed of a continuous section of certain length from a single protein&#39;s amino acid sequence. For example, linear MHC class I epitopes are about 8 to 11 amino acids in length. In addition to the above the term “epitope” also encompasses epitopes derived from the original sequence of the protein or proteins. 
     The term “derived”, with regard to epitopes, within the scope of the present invention relates to epitopes formed from discontinuous or continuous sections of the primary amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or protein. It is known in the art, that one or more amino acids in epitopes may be replaced e.g. by conservative amino acid replacement (e.g. glutamate to aspartate E→D, glutamine to asparagines Q→N, phenylalanine to tyrosine F→Y, leucine to isoleucine L→I) substantially without changing antibody-binding strength or specificity. Accordingly, the term “derived” relates also to such epitopes that, while featuring differences in the amino acid sequence, exhibit an unchanged or substantially unchanged or enhanced antibody-binding strength or specificity when compared to epitopes with the original amino acid sequence. 
     “Nucleic acid”, according to the present invention, relates to a DNA or RNA polymer including also chemical derivatives thereof or synthetic analogs such as Peptide nucleic acids or Morpholino nucleic acids. It is known in the art that, due to the degeneration of the genetic code, certain changes of the nucleic acid code do not result in changes of the peptide sequence encoded therein. Accordingly, the term “nucleic acid” also encompasses nucleic acid sequences differing in sequence from the original nucleic acid sequences as long as coding for the same peptide sequence, e.g. sequences with a codon usage optimized for expression in certain expression systems. 
     A “vector” according to the present invention is understood to be a circular or linear nucleic acid sequence including an insert, for example a gene or nucleic acid sequence encoding a desired protein, and other features such as sequences required for vector replication, expression of the insert, positive selection of vector bearing host cells or the expression of marker proteins. Such vectors and sequences are extensively known from the prior art. 
     A “cell” within the scope of the present invention is any prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell capable of being transformed with a vector. For example, a cell may be a bacterial cell such as an  Escherichia coli  cell or a eukaryotic cell such as an immortalized human culture cell. One example for an immortalized human culture cell is a HEK293 cell. 
     A “subject” within the scope of the present invention is a mammal, in particular a human. 
     The terms “gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor”, “GABA(A) receptor” “GABA A R” or “GABA(A)R” relate to the receptor including all its known subunits and subunit combinations. The GABA(A)R, as mentioned in the outset, is a ligand gated ion channel, which responds to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. As will be discussed herein below in greater detail, the receptor is comprised of 5 subunits which originate from eight gene families that encode for 19 different known subunit types. The GABA(A)R occurs in neural tissue, primarily in the central nervous system and the spinal cord. It can be found also in the peripheral nervous system, for example in motor neurons. The most abundant subunits are alpha- and beta-type subunits, which are mandatory constituents of any GABA(A)R. The GABA(A)R is highly conserved so that even GABA(A)R from species only distantly related to human is suitable for eliciting specific binding by human anti-GABA(A)R antibodies. This holds true for subunits of the GABA(A)R. As mentioned herein above, for example, linear MHC class I epitopes are about 8 to 11 amino acids in length. Hence, in a GABA(A)R homolog already regions of between 8 to 11 amino acids in length, conserved between the respective species and human, are in principle sufficient to elicit specific binding by human anti-GABA(A)R antibodies. In this connection, conserved sequences making up a conformational epitope may be even shorter. Accordingly, “GABA(A)R”, “GABA A R” or “GABA(A)R” with regard to the present invention relates to any known isoforms of the protein subunits of GABA(A)R originating from vertebrates, preferably mammals or more preferably  Homo sapiens.    
     The present inventors have identified GABA(A)R as target antigen of autoimmune encephalitis. 18 patients with antibodies against GABA(A)R are described and it is demonstrated that patient&#39;s antibodies remove GABA(A)R from synaptic sites. These findings are important because high titers of antibodies are usually associated with prominent seizures and refractory status epilepticus that require pharmacologically-induced coma, while low titers may occur with seizures, opsoclonus-myoclonus, or stiff-person syndrome, frequently accompanying antibodies against other gabaergic proteins (GAD), or TPO suggesting propensitiy to autoimmunity. 
     Five sets of experiments, discussed in greater detail in the examples herein below, establish the GABA(A)R as a relevant autoantigen in patients with high levels of antibodies in serum and CSF: 1) direct immunoprecipitation of the receptor by patient&#39;s antibodies, 2) specific immunostaining of HEK cells expressing the alpha 1 and/or beta 3 subunits of the GABA(A)R with patient&#39;s antibodies, 3) abrogation of patient&#39;s antibody reactivity with brain neuropil after immunoabsorption with alpha 1/beta 3 subunits of the GABA(A)R, 4) competition of patients&#39; antibodies for the same GABA(A)R epitopes, and 5) demonstration that patient&#39;s antibodies cause selective removal of synaptic GABA(A)R, without affecting gephyrin (the scaffold protein that anchors the receptor at post-synaptic sites). 
     The majority of fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the mature brain is mediated by ligand-gated GABA(A)R. 29  These receptors are pentamers whose five subunits originate from eight gene families that contain multiple isoforms (alpha 1-6, beta 1-3, gamma 1-3, delta, epsilon, theta, pi and rho 1-3). The subunit composition of the receptor governs the intrinsic properties of the channel such as affinity for GABA, receptor conductance, kinetics, and modulation. 10 □ These 19 subunits can combine in many different ways to form functional receptors, but most receptors at synaptic sites contain two alpha subunits (alpha 1-3 iso forms), two beta subunits, and a gamma subunit arranged in the order gamma-beta-alpha-beta-alpha. In contrast, the receptors located at perisynaptic or extrasynaptic sites are mainly composed of alpha 4 or alpha 6 subunits combined with beta and delta subunits. 31  The antibodies identified in the serum and CSF of all 18 patients reacted with cells co-expressing alpha 1/beta 3 subunits, and when the reactivity with individual subunits could be assessed, the alpha 1 was always recognized by the CSF. Using cultures of rat hippocampal neurons, patient&#39;s CSF antibodies produced a decrease of the density of GABA(A)R specifically located at synaptic sites. The total density of GABA(A)R, including synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors was not affected, suggesting a relocation of receptors from synaptic to extrasynaptic sites. This is in contrast with the effects of antibodies associated to other autoimmune encephalitis, such as anti-NMDAR or AMPA receptor encephalitis in which the decrease of the corresponding receptors occurs at synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. 
     Four dominant mutations in the alpha 1 subunit of the GABA(A)R associate with generalized epilepsy; in vitro studies have demonstrated that each of these mutations results in a substantial loss of alpha 1 subunit function or levels of expression. 31  In addition, mutations of the beta 3 subunit have also been reported in children with absence epilepsy. 28  In line with these findings a frequent feature of the patients with high titer of serum and CSF antibodies against the alpha 1/beta 3 subunits of GABA(A)R was the frequent development of seizures, status epilepticus, or epilepsia partialis continua. Other symptoms, including altered behavior and cognition, confusion, or focal neurological deficits, and the presence of CSF pleocytosis or oligoclonal bands were similar in most respects to those occurring in other forms of encephalitis either viral or immune mediated. 9    
     In the group of patients with low titers of antibodies in serum or absent antibodies in CSF, seizures occurred in 50% of the cases. All patients with a clinical picture of non-focal encephalitis developed seizures; the youngest patient (a 3-year old child) required pharmacologic induced coma for refractory status epilepticus. In this group the frequent presence of other relevant autoimmunities could explain the broader spectrum of symptoms. Indeed two of the 4 patients with stiff-person syndrome (a disorder that occurs in association with autoantibodies against other inhibitory receptors or associated proteins) had coexisting GAD65 antibodies, and another patient had NMDAR antibodies which drove the clinical picture (typical anti-NMDAR encephalitis). Interestingly, the CSF of the patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis showed high titer of NMDAR antibodies, but did not reveal GABA(A)R antibodies. In said patient GABA(A)R antibodies were only identified in serum, suggesting different compartmentalization of the immune responses. In addition, two findings are remarkable, 1) the identification of opsoclonus-myoclonus in 2/12 (17%) patients of the low titer group ( 3/18 [17%] of the entire series), which makes the GABA(A)R one of the most common neuronal antigens reported in patients with opsoclonus-myoclonus, and 2) the unexpected number of cases with anti-GAD associated encephalitis or seizures (⅗, 60%, in the low titer group) compared with other more frequently recognized anti-GAD associations (e.g., stiff-person syndrome) which occurred in 2/4 (50%) of cases. These findings emphasize that in patients with encephalitis or seizures attributed to GAD antibodies the presence of more relevant antibodies against cell surface or synaptic proteins, such as the GABA receptors, should be considered. 4,24  Increasing numbers of patients previously characterized as Hashimoto&#39;s encephalitis due to the detection of TPO antibodies in the context of encephalitis of unclear etiology are found to have other disorders. 8,22  In the current study 4/18 patients (22%) had TPO antibodies. 
     Most of the patients with GABA(A)R antibodies and seizures had an abnormal EEG that frequently showed multifocal epileptic activity, and in two cases generalized periodic discharges. These findings were associated with extensive brain MRI abnormalities in 6/6 (100%) patients with high titer serum GABA(A)R antibodies (all with CSF antibodies), and in 3/12 (25%) patients with low antibody titers. These MRI abnormalities predominantly involved cortical and subcortical regions; however, the involvement of basal ganglia, brainstem or cerebellum in a few patients suggests that any area of the brain can show radiological abnormalities. Therefore, compared with patients with other types of antibody-associated encephalitis, those with antibodies to GABA(A)R and seizures show more often extensive and diverse brain MRI abnormalities. As an example, only 30% of the patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis have initial MRI abnormalities (usually transient and less extensive), 28  and most patients with AMPAR, 19  GABA(B)R, 11,16  or LGI1 antibodies 14,20  have abnormal MRI findings highly restricted to medial temporal lobes, consistent with typical limbic encephalitis. 
     Comparison with other types of autoimmune synaptic encephalitis shows several additional differences. Thirty nine percent of patients with GABA(A)R antibodies are younger than 18 years, while most of the other types of encephalitis (except anti-NMDAR) occur in adults and elder individuals. 21  Moreover, patients with GABA(A)R antibodies rarely had an underlying tumor, whereas in some other encephalitis (AMPAR, GABA(B)R) about 50% of the patients had a tumor, 23  or in the case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis the frequency of a tumor varies according patients&#39; age and gender. 28    
     There is evidence that status epilepticus and other forms of brain injury may lead to chronic epilepsy. The development of chronic epilepsy is usually preceded by a silent period during which there is increasing hyperexcitability in association with a progressive decrease of the clusters of synaptic GABA(A)R. 10  This effect has been attributed in part to a disruption of the GABA(A)R-anchoring protein, gephyrin. 10,25  These data and the antibody-mediated decrease of synaptic GABA(A)R reported here suggest a model whereby the receptors are removed from synapses by patient&#39;s antibodies leading to seizures and status epilepticus which in turn would lead to a further decrease of receptors resulting in a pathogenic reinforcement. This would explain the severity and refractoriness of the seizures associated with high levels of GABA(A)R antibodies in serum and CSF. Despite this, 9/12 assessable patients had partial or complete response to immunotherapy (7), symptomatic therapy (2) and prolonged intensive care support. 
     A prospective assessment of patients to better characterize the high versus low titer groups is important, as well as to assess the CSF of all patients, including those with opsoclonus-myoclonus and stiff-person syndrome. In addition, prompt and more aggressive immunotherapy is likely to lead to better outcomes. 
     Overall, the presence of GABA(A)R antibodies should be considered in patients with (1) severe seizures or status epilepticus of unclear etiology, associated with MRI and CSF findings suggesting an inflammatory process, (2) subgroups with patients with opsoclonus-myoclonus or stiff-person syndrome, (3) any of the above with GAD or TPO antibodies, or other features suggesting a propensity to autoimmunity. Future studies should prospectively determine the incidence of GABA(A)R autoimmunity among patients with new onset seizures or status epilepticus of unclear etiology, and opsoclonus-myoclonus. In addition, it is plausible that patients with stiff-person syndrome and GABA(A)R antibodies may respond better to immunotherapy than patients with antibodies to GAD65 (an intracellular protein). Our finding that patient&#39;s antibodies specifically eliminate GABA(A)R from synapses, provide a useful reagent (purified IgG antibodies) to determine how selective disruption of these receptors lead to neuronal hyperexcitability, seizures, chronic epilepsy, or opsoclonus. 
     Against this background, the present invention provides a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof for use in a method of prognosis, diagnosis or treatment of an autoimmune disease in a subject. Homologues according to the present invention include homologues of the GABA(A)R as well as homologues of the GABA(A)R fragments or subunits mentioned herein. In this connection, it is understood that GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof may comprise a mixture of subunits, homologs or protein fragments originating from different organisms or, more generally, may comprise a mixture of homologs and non-homologs. Preferably, the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof comprises at least one human GABA(A)R subunit, more preferably two or more GABA(A)R subunits. In this connection, two subunits which occur at neighboring positions inside GABA(A)R in human tissues may be bound by autoantibodies more strongly than single subunits because of forming conformational epitopes spanning surfaces from both subunits. 
     In addition, the present invention provides a cell for use in a method of prognosis, diagnosis or treatment of an autoimmune disease in a subject characterized in that the cell expresses a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof. The cell according to the invention may either constitute a cell, which has been isolated from an organism but has not been genetically modified, or a cell which has been genetically modified. Preferably, the cell for use according to the invention is a eukaryotic cell. More preferably, the cell is a cell of neural origin or a cell which has been artificially induced to assuming neural fate, such as a somatic cell or adult stem cell. According to another embodiment of the invention, the cell has been genetically altered by transfection, preferably, the cell has been transfected in order to express or overexpress a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof according to the invention. Such cell may constitute a diagnostic means for the detection of the binding of an antibody to the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof e.g. by presenting the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof on its surface. 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof for use or cell for use according to the invention, are characterized in that said GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof comprises a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and/or SEQ ID NO: 5. 
     SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponds to the human GABA(A)R subunit alpha 1 while SEQ ID NO: 2 corresponds to the human GABA(A)R subunit beta 3 and SEQ ID NO: 5 corresponds to the human GABA(A)R subunit gamma 2. 
     In this connection, according to a preferred embodiment the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof according to the invention, comprises one or more alpha 1 subunits, one or more beta 3 subunits and/or one or more gamma 2 subunits. 
     In another embodiment, the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof comprises a sequence having at least 70%, at least 75, at least 80, at least 90, at least 92, at least 94, at least 96, at least 98 or at least 99% sequence identity to the sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and/or SEQ ID NO: 5. 
     In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to one or more fragments of the GABA(A)R, said fragments comprising at least 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 or more successive amino acids of the sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and/or SEQ ID NO: 5 or of the sequences having at least 70%, at least 75, at least 80, at least 90, at least 92, at least 94, at least 96, at least 98 or at least 99% sequence identity to the sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and/or SEQ ID NO: 5. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the GABA GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof comprises further amino acids, which are N-terminally or C-terminally attached and facilitate purification of the GABA-A receptor or fragment thereof. 
     In case of the GABA(A)R or a homolog thereof or in case of the fragment of the GABA(A)R or a homolog thereof is comprised of several polypeptides, peptides or proteins, the additional amino acids may be added to at least one or up to all of the polypeptides, peptides or proteins constituting the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof. If additional amino acids are attached to only one polypeptide, peptide or protein in the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof, it is preferred that said polypeptide, peptide or protein be an alpha 1 subunit or a fragment of thereof. However, it is also possible that the additional amino acids are added to a different polypeptide, peptide or protein that is bound to the alpha 1 subunit or fragment of thereof by direct or indirect protein-protein interaction. In this connection, e.g. when protein complexes are to be used in methods involving conditions potentially affecting direct or indirect protein-protein interaction, it may be preferable to crosslink the polypeptides, peptides or proteins of the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof, including the alpha 1 subunit or fragment of thereof, with each other. Methods for crosslinking proteins are known in the art. 
     Such additional amino acids may, for example, constitute certain sequences or tags that are specifically recognized by other molecules, preferably proteins, more preferably antibodies. Such tags are extensively known in the art and comprise, for example, flag-tags, myc-tags or strep-tags. 
     According to another preferred embodiment, the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof or cell according to the invention is linked to a reporter-molecule or a solid phase. 
     Analogous to the additional amino acids described herein above, at least one or up to all of the polypeptides, peptides or proteins constituting the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof may be linked to the reporter molecule or solid phase. If only one polypeptide, peptide or protein in the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof is linked to the reporter molecule or solid phase, it is preferred that said polypeptide, peptide or protein be an alpha 1 subunit or a fragment of thereof. However, it is also possible that a different polypeptide, peptide or protein, which is bound to the alpha 1 subunit or fragment thereof by direct or indirect protein-protein interaction is linked to the reporter molecule or solid phase. Also in this connection, e.g. when protein complexes are to be used in methods involving conditions potentially affecting direct or indirect protein-protein interaction, it may be preferable to crosslink the polypeptides, peptides or proteins of the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof, including the alpha 1 subunit or fragment of thereof, with each other. 
     A cell according to the invention may be linked to a reporter molecule or solid phase in a way depending on the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof expressed therein, e.g. if the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof constitutes a fusion molecule including one of the alterations described herein and/or acting as a target for a specific antibody. In addition, a cell according to the invention may be linked e.g. to a reporter molecule or solid phase independently from the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof expressed therein, e.g. by binding to antibodies or by chemical cross linking 
     A reporter molecule, within the scope of the present invention, is understood to be a molecule that allows direct or indirect detection of either the absence or presence of GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof it is linked to, or the absence or presence of an antibody bound thereto. Many kinds of reporter molecules are known in the art, including for example radioactive labels, fluorescent dyes or proteins (e.g. fluorescine, tetramethylrodamine, green fluorescent protein (GFP)), haptenes (e.g. biotin) or enzymes (e.g. alpha-galactosidase A, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase, suitable for detection using enzyme convertible dyes). Such reporter molecules may be added to the target-protein either during protein synthesis (inclusion of radioactively labeled amino acids, generation of fusion proteins) or after protein synthesis by chemical coupling. 
     A solid phase in connection to the present invention relates to any solid substrate, to which a polypeptide can be linked for example by direct or indirect covalent binding or by affinity binding via hydrogen bonds and/or lipophilic interaction. For example, the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof of the present invention may be linked to the material of a microtiter plate, the surface of magnetic beads, a membrane (e.g. a Nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane) or to the solid phase of a chromatography column or sheet. 
     In addition, the present invention provides an antibody binding to the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof according to the invention, wherein the antibody is an autoantibody and/or is for use in a method of prognosis or diagnosis of an autoimmune disease in a subject. According to a preferred embodiment, the antibody according to the invention is in isolated or immobilized form. 
     The present invention also provides a nucleic acid and a vector encoding a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof according to the invention. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, such nucleic acid or vector is characterized in that said such comprises a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4 and/or SEQ ID NO: 6 or a complement thereof. 
     SEQ ID NO: 3 corresponds to the ORF encoding human GABA(A)R subunit alpha 1 while SEQ ID NO: 4 corresponds to the ORF encoding human GABA(A)R subunit beta 3 and SEQ ID NO: 6 corresponds to the ORF encoding human GABA(A)R subunit gamma 2. 
     In another embodiment, the nucleic acid or vector according to the invention comprises a sequence having at least 70%, at least 75, at least 80, at least 90, at least 92, at least 94, at least 96, at least 98 or at least 99% sequence identity to the sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4 and/or SEQ ID NO: 6 or the complements thereof. 
     In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a nucleic acid or vector comprising a sequence having at least 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 or more successive bases or, respectively, basepairs of the sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4 and/or SEQ ID NO: 6 or the complements thereof or of the sequences having at least 70%, at least 75, at least 80, at least 90, at least 92, at least 94, at least 96, at least 98 or at least 99% sequence identity to the sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4 and/or SEQ ID NO: 6 or the complements thereof. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the vector according to the present invention is adjusted for expression of the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof according to the invention. In this connection, for expression of the GABA(A)R, a homolog thereof, a the fragment of the GABA(A)R comprised of several polypeptides or a homolog thereof, it is possible to either combine coding sequences for all polypeptides, peptides or proteins constituting the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof on a single vector or to provide a set of different vectors which, e.g. when transferred into a cell or a population of cells, may serve to express the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof including all respective constituents. Of course, it is also possible to express different constituents of the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof in separate cell populations. 
     In this connection a cell genetically modified to express or overexpress the (A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof according to the invention may be comprising one or more vectors (e.g. a set of vectors as described above) according to the invention. Such cell may be utilized by methods known in the art to produce copies of the vector or to express the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof according to the invention. In this connection, it is preferred if the cell is a eukaryotic cell, more preferably a mammalian cell, even more preferably a human cell and, most preferably, an immortalized human cell such as a HEK cell. 
     The present invention also provides an in vitro method for prognosticating or diagnosing an autoimmune disease, comprising the steps:
         a. bringing a liquid sample comprising an antibody from a subject into contact with a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof or with the cell according to the invention or bringing a tissue sample from the subject into contact with an antibody according to the invention, and   b. detecting the binding of the antibody to the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof, to the cell or to the tissue sample.       

     Accordingly, the in vitro method according to the invention covers a method in which, in a first step, a liquid sample comprising an antibody from a subject is brought into contact with a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof according to the invention, and, in a second step, the binding of an antibody from the liquid sample to the ABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof or to the cell according to the invention, i.e. a cell expressing or overexpressing the ABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof, is detected. 
     As well, the in vitro method according to the invention covers a method in which, in a first step, a tissue sample from a subject is brought into contact with an antibody of the invention, and, in a second step, the binding of said antibody to said tissue sample is detected. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, in a step preceding step a described above, a liquid or tissue sample from a subject is provided. 
     A liquid sample according to the invention may be any body fluid, as long as it contains antibodies. For example a sample may be cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood or blood plasma, lymph, insterstitial fluid. 
     A tissue sample according to the invention may be constituted of single cells or an aggregation of cells either attached to each other directly or through an extracellular matrix. According to a preferred embodiment, the tissue sample is of neural origin, e.g. from the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system or the autonomic nervous system. Alternatively, the tissue sample may be lymph node tissue. 
     The binding of an antibody to the GABA(A)R, a fragment of homolog thereof in line with the inventive teachings may be exploited using a variety of detection methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example immunofluorescence microscopy or spectroscopy, luminescence, NMR spectroscopy, radioactivity, chemical crosslinking, surface plasmon resonance, native gel electrophoresis or enzymatic activity. While some of these methods allow for the direct detection of the complex, it is preferred that one of the binding partners, preferably the antibody or, more preferably, a second antibody binding to the antibody, is labeled to the effect that the complex may be detected specifically owing to intrinsic properties of the label, for example fluorescence, radioactivity, enzymatic activity, visibility in NMR or MRI spectra or the like. In a preferred embodiment the diagnosis or prognosis is carried out using a method selected from the group comprising western blot, dot blot, protein microarray, ELISA, line blot, indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Alternatively, more than one of these methods may be used in a complementary manner for more reliable results. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the prognosis, diagnosis, methods or test kit in line with the inventive teachings contemplate the use of a line blot. The person skilled in the art is familiar with the experimental setup up of line blots, which is described in the state of the art. 34,35  Briefly, the one or more antigen of interest, in the case of the present invention the GABA(A)R, a fragment of homolog thereof comprising at least part of the alpha one subunit, may be attached to a carrier, for example nitrocellulose membrane, and often in combination with further antigens and controls. The nitrocellulose carrier is subsequently exposed to a patient sample comprising antibodies such as diluted serum. If the sample comprises an antibody binding to the antigen, a complex is formed which may be detected, preferably by incubation with a secondary antibody binding to the constant region of the first antibody, which secondary antibody comprises a detectable label, for example a radioactive isotope, a fluorescent dye or, in a preferred embodiment, an active enzyme fused or linked to the secondary antibody, such as alkaline phosphatase which may be readily assayed using chromogenic substrates followed by simple visual examination. Suitable reagents, devices and software packages are commercially available, for example from EUROIMMUN, Lubeck, Germany. 
     In another preferred embodiment, the prognosis, diagnosis, methods or test kit in line with the inventive teachings contemplate the use of indirect immunofluorescence. The person skilled in the art is familiar with such techniques and the preparation of suitable samples, which are described in the state of the art. 36,37,38  Briefly, a carrier, such as a cover glass for use in microscopy, is coated with cells or tissue sections comprising the antigen, in the case of the present invention the GABA(A)R, a fragment of homolog thereof comprising at least part of the alpha one subunit. The carrier comprising the antigen is exposed to a patient sample comprising antibodies such as diluted serum. If the sample comprises an antibody binding to the antigen, the resulting complex may be detected, preferably by incubation with a secondary antibody comprising a fluorescent dye such as fluorescein, followed by visual examination using fluorescence microscopy. Suitable reagents, devices and software packages are commercially available, for example from EUROIMMUN, Lubeck, Germany. 
     Furthermore, a test kit is provided in the context of the present invention, which test kit comprises one or more GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragments or homologs thereof, a cell and/or an antibody according to the invention. According to a preferred embodiment, the test kit is for the detection of antibodies and comprises antigens in the form of one or more GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragments or homologs thereof or cells according to the invention. In this connection, a test kit may comprise e.g. different single subunits of the GABA(A)R or potentially immunogenic fragments or homologs thereof, or combinations of such compounds. According to an alternative embodiment, a test kit of the invention is for use in detecting the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragments or homologs thereof in a sample, e.g. a tissue sample from a subject, and comprises the antibody of the invention. It is of course possible to provide a test kit useful for detecting antibodies as well as GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragments or homologs thereof. 
     In addition, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof and/or a cell according to the invention. 
     A pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may comprise one or more pharmaceutically active substances in addition to the polypeptide according to the invention. In addition, a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may comprise one or more pharmaceutical excipients. The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is particularly useful for binding/absorbtion of antibodies of different classes (IgA, IgG) from a subject&#39;s blood or plasma and in particular for extracorporeal treatment of an autoimmune disorder. For example, said pharmaceutical composition may be employed in immunopheresis. In this connection, the present invention also provides a medical device coated with a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention. For example, said medical device may be a device employed in conventional plasma exchange or immunopheresis and comprising surfaces coming into contact with blood or plasma of the subject to be treated. 
     In addition, the present invention provides a medical or diagnostic device coated with a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof, with a cell, with an antibody and/or with a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention. 
     Such medical or diagnostic device may be a device which can be brought in contact with a liquid or tissue sample from a subject, such as a microscopic slide, a cover glass, magnetic bead or other carrier, a microtiter plate or a device for culturing cells therein, e.g. a petri dish or culture plate. According to another embodiment, such a device may be a device used in plasmapheresis or immunopheresis, which device is brought into contact with a patient&#39;s plasma to bind and extract autoantibodies. Suitable diagnostic devices such as biochips, microplates for ELISA, line blots or coated beads are commercially available, for example from EUROIMMUN, Lubeck, Germany. 
     Moreover, the present invention also provides a method for treating an autoimmune disease in a subject, the method comprising the steps of 
     a. subjecting a liquid sample comprising antibodies from a subject to an in vitro diagnostic method of the invention, and 
     b. treating the subject with at least one suitable pharmaceutical substance and/or plasma exchange. 
     A suitable pharmaceutical substance, according to the invention may include a substance modulating, in particular suppressing, a subject&#39;s immune system or a specific part thereof. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the suitable pharmaceutical substance may be an immunosuppressant drug such as selected from the group consisting of Rituximab, prednisone, methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolatemofetil, intravenous immunoglobulin, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, methotrexate and azathioprine. 
     In addition to the administration of immunosuppressants, the patient may also be treated with suitable pharmaceutical substances for treatment of symptoms and conditions related to or caused by the autoimmune disorder to be treated. According to a preferred embodiment, step b. referred to above therefore includes also the administration of other compounds such as antiepileptic drugs. Such antiepileptic drugs may be selected from the group consisting of clonazepam, phenytoin, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, valproic acid, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, tiagabine, felbamate, pregabalin, primidone and gabapentin. 
     According to a further preferred embodiment, the immunosuppressants and antiepileptic drugs may be administered to the patient in parallel or in succession. 
     In addition, the present invention provides a method for treating an autoimmune disease in a subject the method comprising the steps of 
     a. taking blood or plasma from a subject, 
     b. bringing the blood or plasma into contact with the pharmaceutical composition or the medical device of the invention in order to remove disease associated antibodies, and 
     c. readministering the blood or plasma to the subject. 
     In such a method, e.g. immunopheresis, disease associated antibodies are removed from the subject&#39;s plasma by bringing the blood or plasma into contact with the immobilized GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment, or homolog thereof according to the invention. Corresponding methods have been described e.g. for the treatment of a dilative cardiomyopathy based on the sequence of the beta-adrenergic receptor. 39    
     According to a preferred embodiment, immunopheresis may be combined with other modes of treatment, for example the administration of immunosuppressive compounds or compounds for the treatment of symptoms associated with the autoimmune disease described herein. 
     The present invention also provides a method for isolating an antibody binding to a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof, the method comprising the steps 
     a. bringing a sample comprising an antibody binding to a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof into contact with the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof according to any one of claim  1 ,  3  or  4  or the cell according to any one of claims  2  to  4 , 
     b. isolating a complex comprising the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof and the antibody, 
     c. dissociating the complex isolated in step c. and 
     d. separating the antibody from the GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof or cell. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, step A is preceded by a further step of providing a sample comprising an antibody binding to a GABA(A)R, GABA(A)R fragment or homolog thereof, e.g. the antibody of the invention. Such sample can be, for example, a liquid sample as mentioned herein above, or e.g. a supernatant from a tissue sample or cell culture. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the autoimmune disease is an autoimmune disease of the nervous system, preferably autoimmune encephalitis. Alternatively, the invention relates to an autoimmune disease of the peripheral or autonomic nervous system. 
     LEGENDS TO THE FIGURES 
       FIG. 1 : MRI findings in patient #1 
     On day #3 of admission the MRI of this patient showed multiple cortical-subcortical abnormalities with increased FLAIR/T2 signal involving the left temporal lobe and frontal parasagittal regions (A, E). On day #10, a repeat MRI shows an increase of the size of the temporal lesion and a new cortical lesion in the left frontal lobe (B, F). Repeat MRIs on days #22 and 48 did not show substantial changes (not shown). Another MRI obtained 4 months after disease onset shows numerous new multifocal abnormalities along with diffuse atrophy and increase of the size of the ventricles (C, G). A repeat MRI two months later, 6 months after symptom onset shows substantial improvement and resolution of the abnormalities as well as improvement of the ventricular dilatation (D, H). 
       FIG. 2 : MRI findings in index patient #2 
     On day #2 of admission the MRI of this patient showed multiple areas of FLAIR/T2 signal abnormality predominantly involving cortical regions (A-C), without edema, mass effect, or contrast enhancement (not shown), but with blurring of the grey-white matter junction. On day 14, repeat MRI shows interval increase of the cortical-subcortical involvement, with edema in the right temporal lobe (D-F). Subsequent MRIs showed a marked worsening of these abnormalities now extensively involving cortical and subcortical regions (G-I). 
       FIG. 3 : Generalized periodic discharges in patients with encephalitis and antibodies to GABA(A)R 
     The recording in A corresponds to the EEG of patient #1 obtained one month after admission; note the presence of generalized epileptiform discharges. The recording in B corresponds to patient #2; this patient initially showed epileptiform activity in the right temporal lobe with tendency to generalization in posterior recordings, as shown in B. 
       FIG. 4 : Reactivity of CSF of a patient with GABA(A)R antibodies with rat brain 
     The patient&#39;s CSF shows extensive and diffuse immunostaining of the neuropil of cortical and subcortical regions (A). This pattern of neuropil reactivity suggested the presence of antibodies against a neuronal cell surface antigen, which was confirmed in cultures of live rat hippocampal neurons (B). Panels C and D show a similar study using CSF of a control individual without GABA(A)R antibodies. In B and D the nucleus of the neurons was counterstained with DAPI. Scale bar in C=2 mm and in D=20 micrometers. 
       FIG. 5 : Reactivity of patient&#39;s CSF with rat hippocampus and cerebellum shown at high magnification 
     Panels A and B show the reactivity of a patient&#39;s CSF (1:4) with rat hippocampus and cerebellum. Panels C and show the lack of reactivity of a control CSF. Scale bar=500 micrometers. 
       FIG. 6 : Reactivity of a patient&#39;s serum with live HEK cells expressing GABA(A)R 
     Reactivity of live HEK cells expressing human alpha 1 and beta 3 subunits of the GABA(A)R with a patient&#39;s serum and a monoclonal antibody against the alpha 1 subunit (B). The merged reactivities are shown in C. A similar assay with serum from a normal individual is shown in (D-F). The nuclei of the cells are shown with DAPI in C and F. Note the specific reactivity of patient&#39;s antibodies with cells expressing GABA(A)R and the good co-localization with the reactivity of the commercial antibody. Scale bar=20 micrometers. 
       FIG. 7 : GABA(A)R immunoabsorption of serum antibody brain and neuronal reactivity 
     Panels A and C show the reactivity of a patient&#39;s serum after immunoabsorption with non-transfected HEK cells. Panels B and D show that this reactivity is abolished after the serum has been immunoabsorbed with HEK cells expressing the GABA(A)R. Scale bar in A and C=500 micrometers, Scale bar in B and D=20 micrometers. 
       FIG. 8 : Immunocompetition studies demonstrating that patients&#39; antibodies recognize the same epitopes of the GABA(A)R 
     Reactivity with rat brain of biotinylated IgG from a patient with GABA(A)R antibodies in which the tissue has been pre-incubated with serum from a normal individual (A and B), the serum from the same patient whose IgG has been biotinylated (C, D), and the serum of another patient with GABA(A)R antibodies. Note the dramatic decrease of reactivity (competition for the same GABA(A)R epitopes) in panels E and F compared with A and B. Panels C and D (competition with same patient&#39;s serum serves to demonstrate the background reactivity). Scale bar for A, C, E=1 mm; Scale bar for B, D and E=200 micrometers. 
       FIG. 9 : Patient&#39;s antibodies selectively bind GABA(A)R and alter the localization of GABA(A)R in live neurons 
     A) Live 14 div neurons were stained with patient&#39;s CSF containing GABA(A)R antibodies (green, right panel, uppermost image), then fixed and stained with commercial GABA(A)R antibodies (red, right panel, middle image). B) Quantification of colocalization between patient&#39;s CSF antibodies and the commercial GABA(A)R antibody shows that 89±3% of receptors labeled by patient&#39;s antibodies were co-labeled with the commercial antibody against GABA(A)R, and 11±3% were not. C) 14 div neurons were incubated with patient&#39;s CSF for 48 hours and subsequently stained for postsynaptic GABA(A)R (green, left panel) and presynaptic vGAT (red, right panel, overlayed with signal from left panel). The synaptic GABA(A)R (shown as yellow puncta in control conditions) were greatly reduced after treatment with patient&#39;s CSF. 
     D) The number of GABA(A)R clusters along dendrites of neurons treated with patient&#39;s CSF is not different from neurons treated with control CSF (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.6). E) In contrast, the number of GABA(A)R localized in synapses decreased significantly in neurons treated with patient&#39;s CSF compared to neurons treated with control CSF (40%±0.3 compared to control as 100%, Mann-Whitney test, p&lt;0.0001). 
     F) Patient&#39;s CSF did not affect the clusters of gephyrin (post-synaptic) co-labeled with vGAT (pre-synaptic) along a dendrite when compared with the effects of control CSF (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.5). 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1: Patients 
     From August 2012 until February 2013, two patients with encephalitis, refractory seizures, and CSF showing a similar pattern of reactivity with cell surface proteins of the neuropil of rat brain were prospectively identified (index patients 1 and 2). The severity of the clinical picture and unknown identity of the antigen prompted us to isolate and characterize it and to retrospectively review the clinical and immunological information of patients with similar features. 
     From April 2006 until April 2013, the serum and CSF of 1134 patients with encephalitis and seizures suspected to be autoimmune were studied in the Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania or in the Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona (currently, Center of Neuroimmunology, Institut d′Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer [IDIBAPS]). 
     Of these 1134 patients, 356 (44%) had serum or CSF antibodies that reacted with known cell surface/synaptic antigens, and 140 had the triad encephalitis, seizures, and antibodies against unknown antigens of the neuropil of rat brain. Serum and CSF of these patients were re-examined for antibody reactivity with similar features to those of the index cases. In addition, serum of 30 normal individuals (blood donors) and serum or CSF of 217 patients with diverse disorders were similarly tested, including 65 with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), 25 with NMDAR antibodies, 21 with GABA(B)R antibodies, 23 with opsoclonus-myoclonus, 12 with LGI1 antibodies, 12 with Hu antibodies, 9 with post-herpes simplex virus encephalitis, 30 with multiple sclerosis, and 20 with non-inflammatory degenerative disorders. 
     Studies were approved by the institutional review boards of the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Barcelona. 
     a) Index Case 1 
     This 16 year-old girl presented to the hospital with a four-day history of severe fatigue and headache, accompanied by vertigo, nausea, and scintillating scotomas. She complained of several months of memory difficulties, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, depressed mood and fatigue. Her past medical history was significant for Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma which was in remission since completing chemotherapy and radiation 10 months earlier. On the fifth day of admission, she had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure and rapidly progressed to having frequent seizures. Complete blood cell count, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were normal. Testing for anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-thyroglobulin, anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and paraneoplastic antibodies (Hu, Ri, Yo, CRMP5, amphiphysin) were negative. Brain MRI on day 3 demonstrated multiple foci of increased T2/FLAIR signal in both hemispheres ( FIG. 1A , E). CSF analysis showed normal opening pressure, 23 white blood cells (WBC)/mm 3  (69% lymphocytes), normal cytology, and protein and glucose concentrations. Gram stain, routine cultures and PCR testing for herpes simplex virus, Enterovirus and  Mycoplasma pneumoniae  were negative. Serology for Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Arbovirus,  Bartonella henselae , and Lyme disease were negative. 
     Treatment with high-dose methylprednisolone was initiated on day 7. Very high doses of phenobarbital were required to suppress electrographic seizures. A subsequent course of plasmapheresis on alternating days for one week failed to improve the seizure pattern. On day 10, repeat brain MRI showed increase of the size of the FLAIR/T2 abnormalities, mainly in the left temporal lobe, and multifocal new cortical and subcortical lesions in both cerebral hemispheres ( FIG. 1B , F). Brain biopsy on day 14 demonstrated intense diffuse reactive astrocytic gliosis throughout the cortex associated with microglial activation and a population of reactive T lymphocytes. Several days later, antibodies against neuronal cell-surface antigens were identified in her CSF. She received high-dose corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab and cyclophosphamide. Phenobarbital coma was continued for four months during which time breakthrough seizures occurred if the phenobarbital level was allowed to decrease. EEG recordings demonstrated generalized periodic discharges late in the first month of admission ( FIG. 3 , A). 
     After three months, the EEG showed more focal left-sided epileptiform discharges. The phenobarbital dose was weaned and she began a slow neurological recovery with gradual resolution of the encephalopathic EEG pattern. Four months after admission a repeat lumbar puncture showed resolution of the leukocytosis; however, repeat MRI showed numerous new multifocal lesions throughout the brain with diffuse atrophy and moderate ex-vacuo ventricular dilatation ( FIG. 1  C, G). Six months after her initial presentation, she began to show more rapid neurological recovery. Repeat MRI demonstrated no new lesions, improvement or resolution of all previous lesions, and reduction of the previous seen diffuse atrophy ( FIG. 1  D, H). She was transferred to an inpatient rehabilitation facility seven months after presentation and over the subsequent three months made significant gains to the point that she was able to communicate, eat, dress and groom herself. She could walk short distances with minimal assistance. Ten months after she first presented, she was discharged home able to carry out most activities of daily living independently. 
     b) Index Case 2 
     A 51 year-old man was admitted to the hospital for rapidly progressive symptoms of change of behavior and new-onset psychosis. Prior to admission the patient was seen several times in the emergency department of another hospital where he was diagnosed with new onset depression and treated with sertraline and alprazolam. In addition, he had complained of generalized pruritis and developed worsening high blood pressure. On several occasions the family heard the patient saying he was going to kill other people and himself. A few days prior to admission, he refused to get out of bed, and became apathetic with almost total reduction of verbal output. His past medical history was relevant for high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, stroke (from which he had fully recovered), and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura treated a few years earlier with splenectomy and steroids. 
     At admission, the clinical picture resembled akinetic mutism, with brief periods in which the patient spontaneously uttered a few incoherent sentences. The day of admission, he was noted to have clonic seizures involving the left side of the face and left arm that resolved with intravenous diazepam and levetiracetam. Over the next 24 hours he developed acute respiratory failure due to pneumonia, requiring intubation and admission to intensive care unit. Two days later he developed status epilepticus characterized by clonic movements of the left side of the face and left arm, associated with continuous saccadic eye movements to the left that were refractory to all treatments, including levetiracetam, lacosamide, and phenytoin. The patient was maintained in a pharmacological coma, sequentially using midazolam, propofol, and thiopental. The seizures persisted until the patients&#39; death 10 weeks after presentation. 
     The initial EEG showed epileptiform activity in the right temporal lobe with a tendency to generalization that in subsequent recordings progressed to a pattern of generalized periodic wave activity ( FIG. 3 , B). The MRI showed multiple increased FLAIR/T2 signal abnormalities, extensively involving cortex without mass effect or contrast enhancement, blurring the grey-white matter junction ( FIG. 2  A-C). The initial CSF study was normal, but a repeat CSF analysis several days later showed IgG and IgM oligoclonal bands without matching serum bands. The following tests were negative: 1) Blood infectious disease studies for syphilis, hepatitis virus B and C,  Brucella melitensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Toxoplasma gondii, Streptococcus pneumonia , and  Legionella pneumophila;  2) CSF studies for bacterial and fungal infections, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2; human herpesvirus 6, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, JC virus and enterovirus, 3) panel for paraneoplastic antibodies, and rheumatologic/connective tissue disorders (antibodies to DNAdc, Sm, Rib-P, PCNA, U1-RNP, SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, Sc1-70, CENP-B, RNA Pol III, Jo-1, Mi-2, PM-Scl, and ANCA), complement levels, 4) serum protein electrophoresis, 5) tumor markers: CEA, AFP, Ca 19.9, PSA, and B-2-microglobulina. The patient was found to have low levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (156 IU/ml) and thyroglobulin antibodies (158 IU/ml). 
     After excluding an infectious etiology, the patient was started on corticosteroids and IVIG without significant effect. One week later, he received 5 plasma exchange treatments without clinical effect and no change in the MRI ( FIG. 2  D-F). By this time laboratory studies revealed serum and CSF antibodies against the cell surface of neurons, and he was started on cyclophosphamide (1 g per m 2 /month) and rituximab (1 g every 2 weeks). Despite these treatments the patient showed no clinical or radiological improvement and continued with electrographic status epilepticus. Repeat MRIs showed new FLAIR/T2 abnormalities diffusely involving cortex ( FIG. 2  G-I), and the patient died two months after admission. 
     c) Results 
     Six patients including the two index cases whose serum was used for immunoprecipitation and 4 additional cases whose serum was used for immunocompetition studies led to the initial characterization of GABA(A)R as the autoantigen of the disorder (described below). All 6 patients (5 male; age range, 3-63 years, median 22) with serum and CSF showing similar reactivity with the neuropil of rat brain (each blocking the reactivity of the others in immunocompetition studies) developed a rapidly progressive encephalopathy that eventually resulted in refractory seizures in all patients, and status epilepticus and/or epilepsia partialis continua in 5 (Table 1). In all patients the epileptic symptoms were preceded or associated with change of behavior or cognition; in addition some patients developed confusion, dyskinesias, psychiatric symptoms, verbal dysfunction, or focal motor deficits. One of the youngest patients (male 3 years old) had additional antibodies against the GABA(B)R; in addition to seizures, he also developed confusion, opsoclonus, ataxia and chorea. Five patients had abnormal CSF, including mild pleocytosis (median 75 WBC/microliter, range 23-154), increased protein concentration (median 60, range 59-60 mg/dL) and/or oligoclonal bands. All six patients had abnormal brain MRI, frequently showing extensive FLAIR/T2 abnormalities, with multifocal or diffuse cortical involvement without contrast enhancement ( FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ); one patient also had involvement of basal ganglia. In all patients the EEG showed epileptic activity; two of them with periodic generalized discharges ( FIG. 3 ). In addition to GABA(A)R antibodies, 3 patients had thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies, one glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibodies, and two GABA(B)R antibodies (see below). Other findings suggesting a propensity to autoimmunity or immune dysregulation included a past history of Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma in one patient, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in another. 
     Treatment and follow-up were assessable in all 6 patients: 1 child received levetiracetam without immunotherapy and had substantial recovery (long-term follow-up not available). The other 5 received immunotherapy and multiple anti-epileptics, 4 of them requiring pharmacologic induced coma. Three of these patients had total or partial recovery, and 2 died as a result of sepsis during hospitalization for status epilepticus. One of them was the child with concomitant GABA(B)R antibodies indicated above (GABA(A)R antibodies were identified after his death in archived serum and CSF samples; clinical and pathological details previously described 18 ). The oldest patient of the series (63 years) also had GABA(B)R antibodies; he fully recovered from the severe GABA(A) and GABA(B)-associated encephalopathy, and 7 years later developed diplopia and hemiataxia with GAD antibodies from which he also fully recovered. 
     In addition to the 6 patients with high serum and CSF titers of GABA(A)R antibodies, 12 patients had low titers of antibodies in serum. Three of these patients had negative CSF antibody studies and from the other 9 no CSF was available. In these 12 patients the presence of GABA(A)R antibodies could only be demonstrated with live CBA (HEK cells expressing alpha 1/beta 3 subunits of the GABA(A)R); no GABA(A)R-related reactivity was detected with sections of rat brain and only samples 7-13 showed mild reactivity with cultured neurons. Clinical information is shown in Table 3. In brief, all 6 patients with encephalitis had seizures, one of them (case #7; 2 year-old male) with refractory status epilepticus that required pharmacologic induced coma. Among the other 6 patients, 2 had opsoclonus-myoclonus, and 4 stiff-person syndrome. 
     Overall, 6 out of 12 patients had other neuronal antibodies in addition to GABA(A)R antibodies: 5 had GAD and 1 NMDAR antibodies. Additional findings suggesting a propensity to autoimmunity or immune dysregulation included, TPO antibodies in 1 patient, type 1 diabetes mellitus in 2, and Hashimoto&#39;s thyroiditis in 1. 
     Treatment and follow-up were assessable in 6 patients. Immunotherapy was used in ⅚ patients: 1 had full recovery, 3 partial recovery and 1 died. The patient who did not receive immunotherapy had stiff-person syndrome that was controlled symptomatically with clobazam and baclo fen. 
     Example 2: Immunohistochemistry of Rat Brain 
     Adult female Wistar rats were sacrificed without perfusion, and the brain was removed and fixed by immersion in 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 hour at 4° C., cryoprotected in 40% sucrose for 48 hours, embedded in freezing compound media, and snap frozen in isopentane chilled with liquid nitrogen. Seven-micrometer-thick tissue sections were then sequentially incubated with 0.3% H 2 O 2  for 15 minutes, 5% goat serum for 1 hour, and patient or control serum (1:200), CSF (1:5) at 4° C. overnight. After using the appropriate secondary biotinylated antibodies (goat anti-human BA-3000, dilution 1:2000), the reactivity was developed with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method, as reported. 1    
     Example 3: Immunocytochemistry on Neuronal Cultures 
     Rat hippocampal neuronal cultures were prepared as reported. 5  Live neurons grown on coverslips were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with patient or control serum (final dilution 1:200) or CSF (1:10). After removing the media and extensive washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), neurons were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100, and immunolabeled with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-human IgG (dilution 1:1000, Invitrogen, A11013). Results were photographed under a fluorescence microscope using Zeiss Axiovision software (Zeiss, Thornwood, N.Y.). 
     Example 4: Immunocytochemistry on HEK293 Cells 
     a) Fixed Cells 
     HEK293 cells were transfected with plasmids containing the human alpha 1 subunit of the GABA(A)R (accession number: NM 000806.3; Origene catalog number: SC119668; SEQ ID NO.: 1) or the human beta 3 subunit of the receptor (accession number: NM 000814.3; Origene catalog number: SC125324; SEQ ID NO: 2); cells transfected with a plasmid without insert was used as control. Cells were grown for 24 hours after transfection before assessment. Transfected cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.3% Triton X-100 and then incubated with patients&#39; serum (1:20 and higher serial dilutions) or CSF (1:5 and higher serial dilutions) along with a commercial mouse antibody against the alpha 1 subunit of the GABA(A)R (dilution 1:5000, Millipore, MAB339) or beta 3 subunits (dilution 1:5000, Abcam AB4046) for 2 hours at room temperature, and the corresponding fluorescent secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-human IgG, A11013, dilution 1:1000; and Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-mouse IgG, A11032, dilution 1:1000; both from Invitrogen). Results were photographed under a fluorescence microscope using Zeiss Axiovision software. 
     b) Live Cells 
     Live HEK cells were incubated with serum (1:20 and higher serial dilutions) or CSF (1:5 and higher serial dilutions) of the patient together with the same commercial antibodies against GABA(A)R indicated above for 1 hour at 37° C., washed, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 5 minutes. After washing cells were then incubated with the corresponding Alexa Fluor secondary antibodies indicated above. 
     Example 5: Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblot 
     Live neurons obtained as above, were grown in 100 mm plates (density 1.5×10 6  neurons/plate), and incubated at 37° C. with filtered patient serum (dilution 1:200) for 1 hour. Neurons were then washed with PBS, lysed with buffer (NaCl 150 mM, EDTA 1 mM, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane [Tris]-HCl 100 mM, deoxycholate acid 0.5%, 1% Triton X-100, pH 7.5) containing protease inhibitors (P8340; Sigma Labs), and centrifuged at 16.1×10 3  g for 20 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant was retained and incubated with protein A/G agarose beads (20423; Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) overnight at 4° C., centrifuged, and the pellet containing the beads with patients&#39; antibodies bound to the target cell surface antigen was then washed with lysis buffer, aliquoted, and kept at −80° C. An aliquot of this pellet was resuspended in Laemmli buffer, boiled for 5 minutes, separated in a 4 to 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the proteins visualized with EZBlue gel staining (G1041; Sigma Labs). Due to the lack of differences between the EZBlue-visible bands between patient&#39;s and control samples, all precipitated proteins run along the gel were analyzed using mass spectrometry. 
     Example 6: Mass Spectrometry 
     Mass spectrometry was performed at the Proteomics Facility at the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Protein bands were trypsin digested and analyzed with a nano liquid chromatography (nano LC)/nanospray/linear ion trap (LTQ) mass spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corporation, San Jose, Calif.) as reported. 27  Briefly, 3 ml trypsin digested sample was injected with autosampler from Eksigent (Dublin, Calif.). The digested samples were separated on a 10 cm C18 column, using nano LC from Eksigent with 200 ml/minute flow rate, 45 minute gradient. Online nanospray was used to spray the separated peptides into LTQ, and Xcalibur software (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) was utilized to acquire the raw data. The raw data files were searched using Mascot (Matrix Science, Boston, Mass.) against the NCBI and Swissprot databases (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (Basel, Switzerland). 
     Example 7: Immunoabsorption and Immunocompetition Studies 
     In order to determine whether the brain reactivity of patient&#39;s antibodies was specifically due to GABA(A)R binding, six 60 mm plates of HEK 293 cells expressing GABA(A) were sequentially incubated with patient&#39;s serum (1:200), each plate for 1 hour at 37° C. After incubation with the six plates, the immunoabsorbed serum was incubated with sections of rat hippocampus, as above. Patient&#39;s serum absorbed with non-transfected HEK 293 cells served as control. 
     To determine whether patients&#39; antibodies were directed against similar antigens and epitopes of GABA(A)R, immunocompetition studies were performed. IgG was isolated from a patient whose serum contained high levels of IgG antibodies against GABA(A)R using protein A and G sepharose beads, and subsequently eluted and labeled with biotin, as reported (ref). Then, sections of rat brain were incubated with other patients&#39; or control sera (diluted 1:5) overnight at 4° C., washed in PBS, and subsequently incubated with the indicated human biotinylated IgG containing GABA(A)R antibodies (dilution 1:40) for 1 hour at room temperature, and the reactivity was developed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Two sera were considered to compete for the same GABA(A)R epitopes, when pre-incubation of the tissue with one serum abrogated the reactivity of the other patient&#39;s IgG. 
     Example 8: Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal GABA(A)R Immunolabeling by Patient&#39;s Antibodies 
     To determine the degree of immunolabeling of GABA(A)R by patient&#39;s antibodies, 14-day in vitro (div) rat hippocampal neurons were incubated with a representative patient&#39;s CSF (dilution 1:20) for 30 minutes, then washed, fixed, and incubated with a commercial mouse monoclonal antibody (Millipore 05-474; 1:500) against a sequence contained in the beta ⅔ subunit (which is a component of most GABA(A)R 30 ) followed by appropriate fluorescent-conjugated secondary antibodies, Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-human IgG (A11013; dilution 1:200) and Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-mouse IgG (A21203; dilution 1:200, both from Invitrogen). Images were obtained with a laser-scanning confocal microscope (Leica TCS SP5). Laser light levels and detector gain and offset were adjusted in every experiment so that no pixel values were saturated in any treatment conditions. Images were thresholded, and the number of individual clusters along neuronal dendrites was determined using interactive software (ImageJ). 
     Example 9: Analysis of the Structural Effects of Patient&#39;s Antibodies on GABA(A)R Clusters 
     To determine the effects of patient&#39;s antibodies on the number and localization of GABA(A)R clusters, 14 div rat hippocampal neurons were treated with patient&#39;s or control CSF (1:20 dilution in Neuro-Basal+B27 medium; GIBCO, Carlsbad, Calif.) for 2 days. Every day, 20 of the 300 microliters medium in each culture well were removed and replaced with 20 microliters fresh patient or control CSF. On 16 div, neurons were fixed in freshly made paraformaldehyde (4% paraformaldehyde, 4% sucrose in phosphate-buffered saline) for 5 minutes, permeabilized in 0.25% Triton X-100 for 10 minutes, and blocked in 5% normal goat serum for 1 hour. Neurons were then incubated with the indicated monoclonal antibody against the GABA(A)R beta ⅔ (dilution 1:500), or a mouse monoclonal antibody against Gephyrin (dilution 1:200, Synaptic Systems, 147011), or a guinea pig polyclonal antibody against vesicular-GABA transporter (VGAT, dilution 1:1000; Synaptic Systems, 131004) or a rabbit antibody against GluN1 (anti-NMDAR1, dilution 1:100; Millipore, AB9864R) for 2 hours, followed by the appropriate fluorescent-conjugated secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti mouse IgG, A-11001, dilution 1:200; Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-guinea pig IgG, A-11076, dilution 1:200; Cy5 donkey anti-rabbit IgG, dilution 1:200, Jackson ImmunoResearch 711-175-152). Images were obtained and analyzed as above. 
     Example 10: Identification of the Target Antigen as the GABA(A)R 
     Using rat brain immunohistochemistry the serum and CSF of the two index patients and 4 additional patients produced a similar pattern of neuropil reactivity ( FIG. 4 , A;  FIG. 5 ). Subsequent studies with cultures of live rodent hippocampal neurons demonstrated that the target antigen was on the cell surface ( FIG. 4 , B). Immunoprecipitation of the target antigen using a patient&#39;s serum, followed by electrophoretic protein separation and EZBlue gel staining did not produce any specific band compared with the control serum (data not shown). Mass spectrometry of all separated proteins demonstrated that the patient&#39;s serum, but not the control serum, had precipitated protein fragments containing three sequences of the GABA(A)R (beta 3 subunit; Table 2). 
     Example 11: Patients&#39; Antibodies Recognize a GABA(A)R Subunit Expressed on HEK Cells (Cell Based Assay) 
     Because the beta 3 subunits form complexes with the alpha 1 subunit of the GABA(A)R, we tested the reactivity of patients&#39; antibodies with HEK cells transfected with the human alpha 1 or beta 3 subunits, or a combination of both. These experiments showed that all patients serum or CSF recognized the co-expression of alpha 1/beta 3 subunits, but when the subunits were individually assessed, four patients&#39; samples recognized both the alpha 1 and beta 3 subunits, one only the alpha 1 subunit, and another required the co-expression of alpha 1/beta 3. For this reason the co-expression of both subunits was used for the determination of titers (Table 1). To optimize the CBA, we compared the sensitivity of the assay using live or fixed and permeabilized HEK cells (live-CBA, or fixed-CBA) expressing the alpha 1/beta 3 subunits of the GABA(A)R. These studies showed that all patients CSF antibodies were detectable with live or fixed CBA, but serum antibodies were predominantly visible with live CBA ( FIG. 6 ). 
     Immunoabsorption of a representative serum (that competed with the other 5 patients&#39; antibodies for the same brain epitopes) with HEK cells expressing the alpha 1/beta 3 subunits of the GABA(A)R resulted in abrogation of reactivity with rat brain and cultures of neurons, further confirming that this reactivity was with the GABA(A)R ( FIG. 7 ). 
     Example 12: Identification of Two Immunological Groups of Patients 
     Using the indicated live CBA, 12 additional patients with antibodies against the GABA(A)R subunit were identified. In these 12 patients the serum antibody titer using serial dilutions of samples was always &lt;1:160; from 3 of these patients (cases #7, 12 and 18) the CSF was available and all were negative; from the other 9 patients no CSF was available. A summary of these patients is discussed herein above and shown in table 3. In brief, 5 patients had encephalitis with prominent seizures (one with refractory status epilepticus required pharmacologically-induced coma), 1 had anti-NMDAR encephalitis, 2 opsoclonus-myoclonus, and 4 stiff-person syndrome (2 of them in association with GAD antibodies). 
     Overall, these experiments revealed two immunological groups of patients, (1) the 6 patients described above with high titers of antibodies in serum (&gt;1:160) and CSF, and (2) the 12 patients with low titers of antibodies in serum and/or absent antibodies in CSF. While the antibodies in patients of the first group were demonstrated with three techniques (immunohistochemistry with rat brain, cultured neurons, and CBA), the antibodies in patients of the second group were only detectable with live CBA (all cases) and cultured live neurons (cases #7-13). 
     Example 13: Patient&#39;s Antibodies Selectively Bind to Neuronal GABA(A)R and Remove the Receptors from Synapses 
     The following studies were performed with CSF of a representative patient which brain reactivity was specific for only GABA(A)R antibodies. The reactivity was abrogated by pre-absorption with HEK cells expressing GABA(A)R (similar as  FIG. 7 ), and by immunocompetition assays with antibodies from the other 5 patients with high titer antibodies, indicating that all patients&#39; antibodies targeted the same epitopes ( FIG. 8 ). To examine the extent of recognition of GABA(A)R by patient&#39;s CSF antibodies, the GABA(A)R immunolabeling was quantified by confocal microscopy ( FIG. 9A ). These results suggest that 89% of patient&#39;s antibodies labeled GABA(A)R-containing clusters ( FIG. 9B ). In order to examine the effects of patient&#39;s antibodies on inhibitory synapses containing GABA(A)R, neurons were treated with patient&#39;s CSF antibodies or a control CSF for 48 hours. These studies showed that the density of GABA(A)R clusters along dendrites was not significantly decreased ( FIG. 9  C, left panel, green puncta,  FIG. 9D ), but the clusters of GABA(A)R in synapses, measured as puncta density co-labeled by the presynaptic marker vGAT were greatly reduced ( FIG. 9  C, right panel yellow puncta as overlay between green and red puncta,  FIG. 9E ). This finding suggests that antibodies present in patient&#39;s CSF, but not control CSF, removed. GABA(A)R from synaptic sites. The effect was specific to GABA(A)R since the cluster density of other synaptic markers such as gephyrin ( FIG. 9  F) and the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR (data not shown) were not affected. 
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         14. Irani S R, Alexander S, Waters P, Kleopa K A, Pettingill P, Zuliani L, Peles E, Buckley C, Lang B, Vincent A. Antibodies to Kvl potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan&#39;s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. Brain 2010; 133:2734-2748. 
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                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Clinical features of patients with GABA(A)R antibodies 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sex 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Subunit target alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                 # 
                 age 
                 Main Symptoms 
                 Other 
                 CSF 
                 MRI 
                 EEG 
                 Treatment 
                 Outcome 
                 3 titers 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 F, 16 
                 Several months of 
                 Hodgkin&#39;s 
                 23 WBC/μL 
                 Multiple foci of 
                 Initial EEG 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 Three months after 
                 Serum: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 memory problems, 
                 lymphoma treated 
                 (69% 
                 high T2/FLAIR 
                 generalized 
                 Levetiracetam, 
                 admission, progressive 
                 alpha 1, beta 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cognitive dysfunction, 
                 with 
                 lymphocytes); 
                 signal in both 
                 slowing with 
                 topiramate, midazolam, 
                 neurological recovery 
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 worsening social 
                 chemotherapy and 
                 protein 60 mg/dL; 
                 hemispheres, 
                 bitemporal 
                 phenobarbital coma for 
                 with gradual resolution 
                 3 (&gt;1/1280) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 anxiety, depressed 
                 radiotherapy. At 
                 Repeat study 
                 without diffusion 
                 epileptiform 
                 4 months 
                 of the EEG pattern. Six 
                 CSF: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 mood and fatigue. 
                 presentation she 
                 after 5 months: 
                 restriction. 
                 activity. 
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                 months after admission 
                 alpha 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Four days before 
                 had been cancer 
                 normal 
                 Repeat study at 5 
                 Late in the 
                 High-dose 
                 more rapid neurological 
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 admission developed 
                 free for 10 
                   
                 months: 
                 first month of 
                 methylprednisolone, 
                 recovery. Discharged to 
                 3 (&gt;1/320) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 headache, fatigue, 
                 months. 
                   
                 Numerous new 
                 admission 
                 IVIG, plasma exchange, 
                 rehabilitation at 7 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 vertigo, nausea, and 
                 Brain biopsy on 
                   
                 multifocal lesions 
                 generalized 
                 rituximab, 
                 months, and home at 10 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 scintillating scotomas. 
                 day 14 showed 
                   
                 and diffuse 
                 periodic 
                 cyclophosphamide, 
                 months; able to walk 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Five days after 
                 intense diffuse 
                   
                 cortical atrophy. 
                 epileptiform 
                 mycophenolate mofetil 
                 with limited assistance, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 admission developed 
                 reactive astrocytic 
                   
                 Repeat study at 6 
                 discharges 
                   
                 communicate, and 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 tonic-clonic seizures 
                 gliosis, microglial 
                   
                 months: no new 
                   
                   
                 perform most daily 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 that rapidly 
                 activation, and a 
                   
                 lesions, 
                   
                   
                 activities independently. 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 progressed to frequent 
                 population of 
                   
                 improvement or 
                   
                   
                 She continues to have 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 seizures and status 
                 reactive T 
                   
                 resolution of all 
                   
                   
                 improvements in 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 epilepticus 
                 lymphocytes 
                   
                 previous lesions 
                   
                   
                 cognitive function and 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and reduction of 
                   
                   
                 short term memory. 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 diffuse atrophy 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 M, 51 
                 Behavioral changes, 
                 Ischemic stroke of 
                 Normal WBC 
                 Multifocal 
                 Temporal 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 Status epilepticus 
                 Serum: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 initially with 
                 right middle 
                 and protein 
                 T2/FLAIR 
                 epileptiform 
                 Levetiracetam, 
                 persisted for more than 
                 alpha 1, beta 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 depressive features 
                 cerebral artery at 
                 concentration; 
                 hyperintensities 
                 activity with 
                 diazepam, lacosamide, 
                 10 weeks, when the 
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 progressing to 
                 age 46 (multiple 
                 OB positive 
                 with generalized 
                 secondary 
                 phenytoin, midazolam, 
                 patient died of sepsis 
                 3 (&gt;1/1280) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 psychotic symptoms 
                 cardio-vascular 
                   
                 cortical 
                 generalization. 
                 propofol, thiopental 
                   
                 CSF: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and mutism. 
                 risk factors), 
                   
                 involvement 
                 Repeat studies 
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                   
                 alpha 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Generalized pruritis. 
                 idiopathic 
                   
                   
                 showed 
                 Steroids, IVIG, plasma 
                   
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Several weeks after 
                 thrombocytopenic 
                   
                   
                 periodic 
                 exchange, 
                   
                 3 (&gt;1/320) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 presentation 
                 purpura 
                   
                   
                 generalized 
                 cyclophosphamide and 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 developed epilepsia 
                 (splenectomy) 
                   
                   
                 discharges 
                 rituximab 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 partialis continua and 
                 Low titers of TPO 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 status epilepticus 
                 and Tg antibodies 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 M, 28 
                 Behavioral and 
                 Positive TPO 
                 &lt;5 WBC/μL; 
                 Persistent bilateral 
                 Epileptiform 
                 Anticonvulsants 
                 8 week ICU admission. 
                 Serum: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cognitive changes, 
                 antibodies 
                 protein 
                 mesiotemporal 
                 activity, 
                 Propofol, midazolam, 
                 Discharged to 
                 alpha 1, beta 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 complex partial 
                   
                 &lt;45 mg/dL 
                 hyperintensity on 
                 pharmacological 
                 levetiracetam, 
                 rehabilitation center for 
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 seizures, status 
                   
                   
                 FLAIR 
                 induced burst 
                 phenytoin, 
                 management of critical 
                 3 (&gt;1/640) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 epilepticus 
                   
                   
                   
                 suppression 
                 phenobarbital, 
                 illness myopathy and 
                 CSF: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 topiramate, clobazam, 
                 cognitive impairment 
                 alpha 1, beta 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 thiopental 
                 and gradually returned 
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                 to baseline function. At 
                 3 (&gt;1/160) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 IV corticosteroids 
                 last follow-up, 18 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 then oral taper 
                 months from 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 presentation the patient 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 was well, seizure free, 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 on no medications, and 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 had returned to his 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 previous employment. 
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 M, 3 
                 Confusion, lethargy, 
                 Positive 
                 154 WBC/μL 
                 Multifocal DWI 
                 Diffuse delta 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 Electrographic seizures 
                 Serum: n/a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 opsoclonus, dystonic 
                 GABA(B)R 
                 (94% L); 
                 hyperintensities 
                 range slowing 
                 Multiple. 
                 persisted despite 
                 CSF: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tongue movements, 
                 antibodies in 
                 228 RBC/μL; 
                 within the 
                 and bilateral 
                 Pentobarbital induced 
                 administration of 
                 alpha 1, beta 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ataxia and chorea 
                 serum and CSF 
                 protein 
                 brainstem and 
                 occipital spike- 
                 coma. Due to 
                 multiple anticonvulsants 
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 affecting limbs and 
                 Cerebellar biopsy 
                 59 mg/dL 
                 cerebellum 
                 wave discharges 
                 worsening cerebral 
                 and were eventually 
                 3 (&gt;1/320) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 trunk. Within 24 
                 demonstrated 
                   
                 without 
                 with rapid 
                 edema, a 
                 controlled with 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 hours developed 
                 widespread 
                   
                 corresponding 
                 secondary 
                 decompressive 
                 continuous infusion of 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 frequent complex 
                 astrogliosis and 
                   
                 ADC restriction. 
                 generalization 
                 posterior craniectomy 
                 pentobarbital. Status 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial seizures and 
                 microglial 
                   
                 Repeat study: 
                 into poly-spike 
                 was performed. 
                 epilepticus recurred 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 status epilepticus 
                 activation with 
                   
                 evolution of 
                 and slow wave 
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                 when weaning was 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Purkinje and 
                   
                 lesions to 
                 discharges 
                 High-dose 
                 attempted. Despite 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 granule cell loss 
                   
                 T2/FLAIR 
                 followed by 
                 intravenous 
                 intensive supportive 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hyperintensity 
                 attenuation 
                 corticosteroids and 
                 care and aggressive 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with involvement 
                   
                 IVIG without clear 
                 seizure management, 4 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of the basal 
                   
                 benefit. 
                 weeks after the initial 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ganglia and 
                   
                   
                 presentation the patient 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hippocampi 
                   
                   
                 developed 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 overwhelming sepsis 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and died. No autopsy 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 was performed. 
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 M, 4 
                 Progressive right 
                   
                 Increased WBC 
                 Abnormal FLAIR 
                 Initially 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 Status epilepticus was 
                 Serum: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 hemiparesis followed 
                   
                 and protein 
                 MRI changes 
                 generalized 
                 Levetiracetam 
                 controlled with 
                 alpha 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 months later with 
                   
                 concentration 
                 suggesting 
                 slowing. 
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                 anticonvulsants and 
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 partial complex 
                   
                   
                 encephalitis 
                 Repeat study 
                 No 
                 seizures did not recur 
                 3 (&gt;1/320) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 seizures that evolved 
                   
                   
                   
                 showed slow 
                   
                 during admission. 
                 CSF: negative 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to status epilepticus 
                   
                   
                   
                 activity with 
                   
                   
                 with alpha 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 epileptiform 
                   
                   
                 and beta 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 discharges 
                   
                   
                 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3 (&gt;1/40) 
               
               
                 6 
                 M, 63 
                 Subacute onset of 
                 Type 2 Diabetes 
                 75 WBC/μL; 
                 T2/FLAIR 
                 Epileptic 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 After being symptom 
                 Serum: n/a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 short term memory 
                 mellitus, 
                 increased 
                 increased signal in 
                 activity in 
                 Valproate, 
                 free for 7 years, he 
                 CSF: negative 
               
               
                   
                   
                 loss, gustatory and 
                 hypertension 
                 protein 
                 the, right temporal 
                 frontotemporal 
                 levetiracetam, 
                 developed diplopia and 
                 with alpha 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 olfactory 
                 Hypothyroidism 
                 concentration; 
                 cortex without 
                 regions 
                 barbiturate 
                 hemiataxia without 
                 and beta 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 hallucinations, facial 
                 Positive 
                 OB positive 
                 gadolinium 
                   
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                 opsoclonus which 
                 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cramps, progressive 
                 GABA(B)R, 
                 Repeat studies 
                 enhancement or 
                   
                 Oral corticosteroids 
                 spontaneously resolved. 
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 deterioration with 
                 GAD, TPO and 
                 at relapse 7 
                 diffusion 
                   
                   
                 During the relapse 
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                 increasing 
                 Tg antibodies 
                 years later: &lt;5 
                 restriction 
                   
                   
                 GABA(A)R and 
                 3 (&gt;1/20) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 psychomotor 
                   
                 WBC/μL; 
                   
                   
                   
                 GABA(B)R antibodies 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 agitation, tinnitus 
                   
                 protein &lt;45 mg/dL; 
                   
                   
                   
                 were not found but 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OB positive 
                   
                   
                   
                 GAD antibodies 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 persisted. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *CSF = cerebrospinal fluid, EEG = electroencephalography, F = female, FLAIR = fluid attenuated inversion recovery, GABA = gamma-aminobutyric acid, GAD = glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, IVIG = intravenous immunoglobulin, M = male, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, NA = not available, NMDA = N-methyl-D-aspartate, OB = oligoclonal bands, Tg = thyroglobulin, TPO = thyroid peroxidase, WBC = white blood cells count, DWI = diffusion weighted imaging, ADC = apparent diffusion coefficient 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequences isolated by immunoprecipitation with patient&#39;s serum 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Beta 3 subunit of the 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 GABA(A)R, peptide 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID 
                 identification 
                 Sequest 
                 Sequest 
               
               
                 Sequence 
                  NO 
                 probability 
                 XCorr 
                 deltaCn 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (R)LHPDGTVLYGLR(I) (+3H) 
                 SEQ ID  
                 95% 
                 2.97 
                 0.21 
               
               
                   
                 NO: 7 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 R)NVVFATGAYPR(L) (+2H) 
                 SEQ ID  
                 95% 
                 3.21 
                 0.55 
               
               
                   
                 NO: 8 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (R)VADqLWVPDTYFLnDKK(S) (+3H)  
                 SEQ ID  
                 95% 
                 2.98 
                 0.42 
               
               
                   
                 NO: 9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Mass spectral data was analyzed using the search engine Sequest. Peptide confidence was determined by the cross-correlation scoring which represent sensitivity, comparing the experimental fragmentation spectrum of the peptides against the theoretical predicted fragmentation spectrum; and by the DeltaCn, which represents specificity for the peptide identification. Xcorr&gt;2 (+2H), 2.5 (+3H) and deltaCn&gt;0.2) indicate a good spectrum. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Main clinical features of 12 patients with low titer of GABA(A)R antibodies in serum and/or no antibodies in CSF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sex, 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 # 
                 age 
                 Main Symptoms 
                 Other 
                 Initial CSF 
                 MRI 
                 EEG 
                 Treatment 
                 Outcome 
                 Subunit target alpha 1/beta 3 titers 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 7 
                 M, 2 
                 Subacute onset of 
                 Muscle 
                 Normal WBC 
                 First MRI normal, 
                 Epileptic activity 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 Partial response with 
                 Serum: beta 3 
               
               
                   
                 year 
                 partial seizures, 4 
                 biopsy and 
                 and protein 
                 repeat studies 
                 with right parietal 
                 Carbamazepine, 
                 ketogenic diet and 
                 alpha 1/beta 3: 
               
               
                   
                 and 9 
                 month later 
                 extensive 
                 concentration 
                 showed cortical 
                 predominance, 
                 valproate, 
                 corticosteroids, slow 
                 1/160) 
               
               
                   
                 month 
                 developed 
                 metabolic 
                   
                 atrophy attributed 
                 generalized 
                 midazolam, 
                 progressive impairment of 
                 CSF: negative 
               
               
                   
                 (12- 
                 refractory status 
                 studies: 
                   
                 to steroids 
                 slowing. Burst 
                 levetiracetam, 
                 cognitive and motor skills. 
                   
               
               
                   
                 218) 
                 epilepticus, 
                 Normal 
                   
                   
                 suppression 
                 phenobarbital, 
                 Partial seizures persisted at 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 neurological 
                   
                   
                   
                 during 
                 pentobarbital induced 
                 18 month of follow up 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 deterioration and 
                   
                   
                   
                 pentobarbital 
                 coma 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 abnormal 
                   
                   
                   
                 induced coma. 
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 choreathetotic 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 High-dose 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 movements 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 intravenous 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 corticosteroids and 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 oral taper 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Other: ketogenic diet, 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 thiamine, riboflavine, 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 clonidine, biperiden 
                   
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 M, 41 
                 Subacute onset of 
                 GAD 
                 Normal WBC 
                 First: mild 
                 Epileptic 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 Partial response to high- 
                 Serum: alpha1 
               
               
                   
                 (08- 
                 secondary 
                 antibodies. 
                 and protein 
                 increased signal in 
                 abnormalities in 
                 Valproate, 
                 dose intravenous 
                 alpha 1/beta 3: 
               
               
                   
                 758) 
                 generalized 
                   
                 concentration 
                 T2/FLAIR in left 
                 bilateral 
                 oxcarbamazepine, 
                 corticosteroids. Two years 
                 1/160) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 seizures and fever. 
                   
                 OB negative 
                 frontal lobe. 
                 (left&gt;right) frontal 
                 levetiractam 
                 after presentation 
                 CSF: n/a 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Progressive 
                   
                   
                 Repeat study: 
                 areas 
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                 developed status 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 development of 
                   
                   
                 multiple lesions in 
                   
                 High-dose 
                 epilepticus with good 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 epilepsia partialis 
                   
                   
                 cortex and white 
                   
                 intravenous 
                 response to anticonvulsants 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 continua and 
                   
                   
                 matter in left 
                   
                 corticosteroids, low 
                 adjustment and high-dose 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 aphasia. After 2 
                   
                   
                 frontal, temporal 
                   
                 dose oral steroid long 
                 intravenous corticosteroids; 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 years developed 
                   
                   
                 and occipital lobes 
                   
                 term treatment 
                 GABA(A)R and GAD 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 several episodes of 
                   
                   
                 Repeat study after 
                   
                   
                 antibodies were negative 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 status epilepticus 
                   
                   
                 7 months normal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and remains normal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 after 2 years 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 F, 15 
                 Diminished verbal 
                 GAD 
                 8 WBC/μL; 
                 Bilateral 
                 Multifocal 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 Serum: alpha 1, 
               
               
                   
                 (10- 
                 output, seizures. 
                 antibodies 
                 protein 34 mg/dL 
                 frontotemporal, 
                 epileptiform 
                   
                   
                 beta 3 
               
               
                   
                 494) 
                   
                   
                   
                 right parietal and 
                 activity 
                   
                   
                 alpha 1/beta 3: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 left frontal foci of 
                   
                   
                   
                 1/160) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 increased 
                   
                   
                   
                 CSF: n/a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 T2/FLAIR signal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 leptomeningeal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 enhancement 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 F, 32 
                 Multifocal 
                 Type 1 
                 Normal WBC 
                 Initial and 
                 Multifocal 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 Seven years after onset still 
                 Serum: negative 
               
               
                   
                 (10- 
                 refractory seizures. 
                 diabetes 
                 and protein 
                 subsequent MRI 
                 epileptic waves, 
                 Oxcarbazepine, 
                 has uncontrolled seizures 
                 with alpha 1 and 
               
               
                   
                 530) 
                   
                 mellitus, 
                 concentration 
                 studies normal. 
                 independent 
                 carbamazepine, 
                 (treated with phenytoin and 
                 beta 3 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Hashimoto&#39;s 
                   
                   
                 bilateral temporal 
                 lacosamide, 
                 lamotrigine), severe 
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 thyroiditis 
                   
                   
                 lobe seizures 
                 levetiracetam, 
                 gastrointestinal dysmotility. 
                 (alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAD, TPO 
                   
                   
                   
                 zonisamide, 
                 Urticaria resolved. 
                 3: 1/40) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 and Tg 
                   
                   
                   
                 topiramate, 
                   
                 CSF: n/a 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 antibodies 
                   
                   
                   
                 clobazam, phenytoin, 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 lamotrigine 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 IVIG, Omalizumab 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 corticosteroids, 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 cyclosporine, 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 hydroxychloroquine 
                   
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 F, 74 
                 Subacute onset of 
                 Previous 
                 Normal WBC 
                 Normal, repeat 
                 Normal (at the 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 Serum: negative 
               
               
                   
                 (06- 
                 lethargy and 
                 history of 
                 and protein 
                 study also normal 
                 time the patient 
                   
                   
                 with alpha 1 and 
               
               
                   
                 178) 
                 alternating changes 
                 ovarian 
                 concentration 
                   
                 was alert) 
                   
                   
                 beta 3 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 in level of 
                 cancer 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 consciousness, 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alpha 1/beta 3: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 suspected temporal 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1/40) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 lobe seizures 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CSF: n/a 
               
               
                 12 
                 F, 16 
                 Insomnia, 
                 Positive 
                 17 WBC/μL 
                 First MRI normal, 
                 Moderate to 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 Seizure free after valproate. 
                 Serum: negative 
               
               
                   
                 (12- 
                 progressive 
                 serum and 
                 protein 24 mg/dL 
                 repeat study 2 
                 severe nonspecific 
                 Valproate 
                 No clear benefit to first line 
                 with alpha 1 and 
               
               
                   
                 518) 
                 behavior 
                 CSF 
                   
                 month later showed 
                 diffuse slowing 
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                 immunosuppressive drugs. 
                 beta 3 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 abnormalities, 
                 NMDAR 
                   
                 increased signal 
                   
                 High-dose 
                 Three months after 
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 decreased level of 
                 antibodies 
                   
                 intensity (cortical 
                   
                 intravenous 
                 rituximab was initiated, 
                 alpha 1/beta 3: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 consciousness, 
                   
                   
                 FLAIR, subcortical 
                   
                 corticosteroids, 
                 dysautonomia, dyskinesia, 
                 1/20) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 orofacial 
                   
                   
                 T1 in left superior 
                   
                 IVIG, 
                 and seizures resolved. 
                 CSF: negative 
               
               
                   
                   
                 dyskinesia, brief 
                   
                   
                 temporal gyms 
                   
                 plasmapheresis, 
                 Gradual improvement of 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 seizures 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 rituximab 
                 neuropsychiatric/behavioral 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and language abnormalities 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 over many months. 
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 M, 19 
                 GAD-associated 
                 Type 1 
                 No lumbar 
                 Normal 
                 Not done 
                 Anticonvulsants: 
                 Stable, independent for 
                 Serum: negative 
               
               
                   
                 (02- 
                 stiff-person 
                 diabetes 
                 puncture 
                   
                   
                 Clonazepam 
                 daily activities 
                 with alpha 1 and 
               
               
                   
                 699) 
                 syndrome 
                 mellitus, 
                 performed 
                   
                   
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                   
                 beta 3 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 GAD 
                   
                   
                   
                 No 
                   
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 antibodies 
                   
                   
                   
                 Other: baclofen 
                   
                 alpha 1/beta 3: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1/40) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CSF n/a 
               
               
                 14 
                 M, 12 
                 GAD-associated 
                 GAD 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 Serum: negative 
               
               
                   
                 (10- 
                 stiff-person 
                 antibodies 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with alpha 1 and 
               
               
                   
                 260) 
                 syndrome 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 beta 3 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (7 years of 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 symptoms) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alpha 1/beta 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 3:1/20) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CSF n/a 
               
               
                 15 
                 M, 21 
                 Stiff-person 
                 Antinuclear 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 Serum: negative 
               
               
                   
                 (02- 
                 syndrome 
                 antibodies 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with alpha 1 and 
               
               
                   
                 527) 
                 (5 years of 
                 1/640 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 beta 3 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 symptoms) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alpha 1/beta 3: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1/20) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CSF n/a 
               
               
                 16 
                 M, ? 
                 Stiff-person 
                   
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 Serum: negative 
               
               
                   
                 (00- 
                 syndrome 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with alpha 1 and 
               
               
                   
                 125) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 beta 3 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alpha 1/beta 3: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1/20) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CSF n/a 
               
               
                 17 
                 F, 34 
                 Opsoclonus- 
                 Idiopathic 
                 NA 
                 Normal 
                 Not done 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 Serum: negative 
               
               
                   
                 (00-151) 
                 myoclonus 
                 what? 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 with alpha 1 and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 syndrome 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 beta 3 expressed 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alone 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 alpha 1/beta 3: 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1/40) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CSF n/a 
               
               
                 18 
                 M, 65 
                 Opsoclonus 
                 Heavy 
                 Normal WBC 
                 Normal 
                 Not done 
                 Immunosuppressants: 
                 No response, died a few 
                 Serum: beta 3 
               
               
                   
                 (94-131) 
                 myoclonus 
                 smoker, 
                 and protein 
                   
                   
                 Corticosteroids 
                 months after onset 
                 alpha 1/beta 3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 syndrome 
                 ANA 
                 concentration 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (1/20) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 positive, 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 CSF negative 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Negative 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 screening for 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 neoplasia 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ** All 12 patients had low titer (=&lt;1/160) of GABA(A)R antibodies in serum; from patients #7, 12, and 18 CSF was available and was found negative for GABA(A)R antibodies; from the other 9 patients CSF was not available. 
               
               
                 CSF = cerebrospinal fluid, 
               
               
                 EEG = electroencephalography, 
               
               
                 F = female, 
               
               
                 FLAIR = fluid attenuated inversion recovery, 
               
               
                 GABA = gamma-aminobutyric acid, 
               
               
                 GAD = glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, 
               
               
                 IVIG = intravenous immunoglobulin, 
               
               
                 M = male, 
               
               
                 MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, 
               
               
                 NA = not available, 
               
               
                 NMDA = N-methyl-D-aspartate, 
               
               
                 OB = oligoclonal bands, 
               
               
                 Tg = thyroglobulin, 
               
               
                 TPO = thyroid peroxidase, 
               
               
                 WBC = white blood cells count