Patent Publication Number: US-2021188680-A1

Title: Waste treatment device

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Various embodiments generally relate to a waste treatment device. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Sewage or waste from a toilet or a lavatory, and/or waste from livestock farm, generally contains a mixture of solids (such as faeces) and liquid (such as urine and/or flush water). The solids from the sewage or waste generally contains total coliform bacteria such as faecal coliform, and the liquid from the sewage or waste generally contains contaminants. Accordingly, sewage or waste is not suitable for direct disposal or application in agriculture. This is because the coliform bacteria from the solids and the contaminants in the liquid can be harmful to the environment and public health if the sewage or waste is not treated to remove these harmful substances before being disposed or application in agriculture. Further, the high moisture content of the solids may also make it unsuitable for direct agriculture application. Generally, in urban places, sewage or waste would be treated in large sewage treatment facilities before being disposed and/or reused. However, in rural places, sewage or waste is generally left untreated and may pose a risk to the environment and public health if directly disposed and/or reused. 
     Accordingly, there is still a need for a waste treatment device that addresses at least some of the issues identified above. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to various embodiments, there is provided a waste treatment device. The waste treatment device may include a solid-liquid separator which is configured to receive and separate waste into solids and liquid. The waste treatment device may further include a solids treatment arrangement which is configured to receive the solids from the solid-liquid separator, wherein the solids treatment arrangement comprises a disinfection unit having a heating mechanism configured to heat, without burning, the solids so as to disinfect the solids to convert the solids into pathogen-free-treated-solids. The waste treatment device may further include a liquid treatment arrangement which is configured to receive the liquid from the solid-liquid separator and to treat the liquid so as to convert the liquid into pathogen-free-effluent. The solid-liquid separator may include a curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface configured to set the waste into spiral motion as the waste moves towards a spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface and a frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface. The spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface and a narrower end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface may be directed towards each other. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the following description, various embodiments are described with reference to the following drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of a waste treatment device according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 2A  shows a schematic diagram of a waste treatment device according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 2B  shows a curvature of a curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface of a solid-liquid separator of the waste treatment device of  FIG. 2A  according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 3  shows a waste treatment device according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 4  shows a casing structure of the waste treatment device of  FIG. 3  without covers according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 5  shows a casing structure of the waste treatment device of  FIG. 3  without three removable covers and without a support frame according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 6  shows the waste treatment device of  FIG. 3  with part of the casing structure cut away to show the interior of the waste treatment device according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 7  shows a top view of  FIG. 6  according to various embodiments; 
         FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  shows a waste treatment device according to various embodiments; and 
         FIG. 9A  and  FIG. 9B  shows a perspective view and a top view of the liquid treatment arrangement of the waste treatment device of  FIG. 8  with a cover removed according to various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments described below in the context of the apparatus are analogously valid for the respective methods, and vice versa. Furthermore, it will be understood that the embodiments described below may be combined, for example, a part of one embodiment may be combined with a part of another embodiment. 
     It should be understood that the terms “on”, “over”, “top”, “bottom”, “down”, “side”, “back”, “left”, “right”, “front”, “lateral”, “side”, “up”, “down” etc., when used in the following description are used for convenience and to aid understanding of relative positions or directions, and not intended to limit the orientation of any device, or structure or any part of any device or structure. In addition, the singular terms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     Various embodiments generally relate to a waste treatment device. In particular, various embodiments relate to a waste treatment device for treating waste or sewage collected from a toilet or a lavatory or a livestock farm. Further, various embodiments relate to a single compact portable standalone waste treatment device that may be brought to rural places for direct treatment of waste or sewage collected in-situ before disposal or reusing the treated waste for agriculture. According to various embodiments, waste or sewage may refer to a mixture of solids and liquid from the waste or sewage collected. 
     Various embodiments seek to provide a waste treatment device that addresses the above-identified issues. Various embodiments seek to provide a waste treatment device that provides easy and fuss-free portable standalone all-in-one solution for direct treatment of waste or sewage in-situ in rural places without the need to fix up or install or connect multiple devices for processing the waste or sewage collected to separate the solids and liquid, and for separately treating the solids and liquid. 
     Various embodiments seek to provide a waste treatment device which is independent of city sewage treatment system. Various embodiments may be configured to be installed directly to independent toilet or lavatory found in rural areas for direct independent treatment of waste or sewage. Accordingly, various embodiments may be configured to be portable or easily transportable. Various embodiments seek to provide a compact portable all-in-one solution for separation of the solids and the liquid as well as treatment of both the solids and the liquid from the waste or sewage in one single device. 
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of a waste treatment device  100  according to various embodiments. As shown, the waste treatment device  100  may include a solid-liquid separator  120 . According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120  may be configured to receive waste or sewage from the toilet or the lavatory or the livestock farm. Further, the solid-liquid separator  120  may be configured to separate waste into solids and liquid. Accordingly, waste or sewage from the toilet or the lavatory or the livestock farm may be supplied, or deposited, or fed into the waste treatment device  100  and may enter the solid-liquid separator  120 . The solid-liquid separator  120  may separate the solids and liquid, and direct them to separate discharge outlets  122 ,  124 . 
     According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  100  may include a solids treatment arrangement  130 . The solids treatment arrangement  130  may be configured to receive the solids from a solid discharge outlet  122  of the solid-liquid separator  120 . Further, the solids treatment arrangement  130  may be configured to disinfect the solids so as to convert the solids into pathogen-free-treated-solids. The solids treatment arrangement  130  may include a disinfection unit  232  (see  FIG. 2A ) having a heating mechanism  231  configured to heat, without burning, the solids so as to subject the solids to thermal disinfection to convert the solids into pathogen-free-treated-solids. The heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  may also be configured to heat, without burning, the solids to remove moisture content from the solids so as to dry the solids. Accordingly, the solids treatment arrangement  130  may process or treat the solids such that pathogen, such as total coliform bacteria etc., may be removed from the solids. Hence, the solids treatment arrangement  130  may remove substances harmful to the environment and public health from the solids so that the pathogen-free-treated-solids may be safely disposed or reused. According to various embodiments, ‘heat, without burning,’ may refer to a state of a body having a high degree of warmth or a higher temperature, and exclude the state of the body being incinerated, cremated, combusted, ignited, set on fire, set ablaze, or reduced to ashes etc. Accordingly, the solids may be heated such that a temperature of the solids is raised, however, the solids are not in the state of being (or the solids are in a state free from being) burned, incinerated, cremated, combusted, ignited, set on fire, set ablaze, or reduced to ashes etc. 
     According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  100  may include a liquid treatment arrangement  140 . The liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be configured to receive the liquid from a liquid discharge outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120 . Further, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be configured to treat the liquid so as to convert the liquid into pathogen-free-effluent. Accordingly, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may process or treat the liquid such that pathogen and contaminants, such as total coliform bacteria etc., may be removed from the liquid. Hence, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may remove substances harmful to the environment and public health from the liquid so that the pathogen-free-effluent may be safely disposed or reused. 
     According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130 , and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be of separate modular construction such that the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130 , and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be contained within respective individual housing. Accordingly, each of the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130 , and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be a single module connectable with each other so as to form the waste treatment device  100 . According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130 , and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be placed side-by-side to each other or in separate locations and may be joined or connected to each other via a piping arrangement. According to various embodiments, solid-liquid separator  120  may be integrated with either the solids treatment arrangement  130  or the liquid treatment arrangement  140  to form a single integral unit or module (i.e. contain within the same housing). Accordingly, the single module having the solid-liquid separator  120  and the solids treatment arrangement  130  (i.e. contain within the same housing) may be connected to a separate liquid treatment arrangement  140  external to the single module. On the other hand, single module having the solid-liquid separator  120  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  (i.e. contain within the same housing) may be connected to a separate solids treatment arrangement  130  external to the single module. According to various embodiments, the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be integrated to form a single integral unit or module (i.e. contain within the same housing). Accordingly, the single module having the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  (i.e. contain within the same housing) may be connected to a separate solid-liquid separator  120  external to the single module. According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  100  formed by interconnecting the various modules may provide an easy and simple plug-and-play solution for the separation of the waste or sewage into solids and the liquid as well as the treatment of both the solids and the liquid. According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  100  formed by interconnecting the various modules may be contained within a single housing to form a single complete device. 
       FIG. 2A  shows a schematic diagram of a waste treatment device  200  according to various embodiments. The waste treatment device  200  of  FIG. 2A  contains all the features of the waste treatment device  100  of  FIG. 1 . Accordingly, all features, changes, modifications, and variations that are applicable to the waste treatment device  100  of  FIG. 1  are also applicable to the waste treatment device  200  of  FIG. 2A . According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  200  of  FIG. 2A  differs from the waste treatment device  100  of  FIG. 1  in that the waste treatment device  200  of  FIG. 2A  may include the following additional features and/or limitations. 
     According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130 , and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be integrated into a single casing structure  210  as represented by a rectangular outline in  FIG. 2A . It is understood that the rectangular outline in  FIG. 2A  is for illustration purposes only and does not limit the shape or the configuration of the single casing structure  210 . The single casing structure  210  may be of any shapes and configurations. According to various embodiments, the single casing structure  210  may include two or more parts (or a plurality of parts) joined together to form a structural whole so as to provide an unitary exterior housing for the waste treatment device  100  such that the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130 , and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be incorporated into waste treatment device  100  and assembled or combined within or inside the single casing structure  210 . Accordingly, the assemblage or combination of the single casing structure  210 , the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130 , and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may form a single complete whole device or an integral device which may provide a compact fuss-free portable standalone all-in-one solution for separation of the waste or sewage into solids and the liquid as well as treatment of both the solids and the liquid. According to various embodiments, the single casing structure  210  may be configured to be portable and of a compact size suitable to be transported or conveyed or carried to remote rural area by hand or other suitable manner. 
     According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120  may be configured to separate the waste or sewage into solids and liquid based on centrifugal force and gravity. The solid-liquid separator  120  may be configured to facilitate movement of the waste or sewage (i.e. a mixture of solids and liquid) in a manner whereby the solids and the liquid may be separated due to difference in momentum resulting in different movements between the solids and the liquid. The solid-liquid separator  120  may be configured to guide or direct or differentiate or demarcate different regions for collecting the solids and the liquid due to the resultant difference in movements of the solids and the liquid which cause the solids and the liquid to exit at the different regions of the solid-liquid separator  120 . According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120  may be configured such that the waste or sewage may be set into a spiral motion as the waste or sewage enters the solid-liquid separator  120 . Due to the difference in nature of the solids and the liquid, the gravity and the centrifugal force may influence the solids and the liquid differently such that the solids and the liquid may result in different momentum and spiral motion. Accordingly, the solids and liquid may move along different paths and may be separately collected from the solid-liquid separator  120  or separated by the solid-liquid separator  120 . According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120  may be disposed within the single casing structure  210 . 
     According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120  may include a hollow structure  221 . The hollow structure  221  of the solid-liquid separator  120  may include a curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . The curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  may be an inner surface of the hollow structure  221  having a shape resembling a curved funnel, a vortex funnel, a curved cone, a trumpet shape (i.e. conical but with flaring at the broad end) or other similar shapes. According to various embodiments, the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  may be configured to set the waste into spiral motion as the waste moves towards a spout of the curved-funnel-shaped separator surface. Accordingly, as the waste or the sewage moves along the curved-funnel-shaped separator surface, the gravity and the centrifugal force may influence the solids and the liquid differently so as to result in the difference in momentum of the solids and liquid such that the solids and the liquid move along different paths which may allow the solids and the liquid to be separately collected or separated. For example, the solids may move in a curve path towards the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  and fall through the center of the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . On the other hand, the liquid may flow or travel along the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  in a spiral motion, resembling a vortex, while maintaining contact with the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  as the liquid reaches the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . According to various embodiments, the solids may fall through a centre of the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped separator surface while the liquid may flow along the curved-funnel-shaped separator surface to a rim of the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped separator surface. 
     According to various embodiments, a curvature of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  of the solid-liquid separator  120  may be defined by a smooth curve fitted to at least three straight lines arranged in a series.  FIG. 2B  shows the curvature of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  of the solid-liquid separator  120  of  FIG. 2A  according to various embodiments. According to various embodiments, respective angles of each successive straight line of the at least three straight lines with respect to the axis  229  of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  may be of increasing magnitude from an innermost straight line of the at least three straight lines to an outermost straight line of the at least three straight lines. Accordingly, an angle of the innermost straight line with respect to the axis  229  of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  may be smaller than an angle of an intermediate straight line with respect to the axis  229  of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 , and the angle of the intermediate straight line with respect to the axis  229  of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  may be smaller than an angle of the outermost straight line with respect to the axis  229  of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2B , the curvature of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  of the solid-liquid separator  120  may be defined by a smooth curve fitted to three straight lines  292 ,  294 ,  296  arranged in sequence one after another. Accordingly, the at least three straight lines may include the three successive straight lines  292 ,  294 ,  296  in a sequence of a first straight line  292  (or the innermost straight line) followed by a second straight line  294  (or the intermediate straight line) and followed by a third straight line  296  (or the outermost straight line). The first straight line  292  may form an angle between 20° to 35°, or between 25° to 30° with respect to the axis  229  of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . The second straight line  294  may form an angle between 50° to 65°, or between 55° to 60° with respect to the axis  229  of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . The third straight line  296  may form an angle between 65° to 75°, or between 67° to 72° with respect to the axis  229  of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . According to various embodiments, a lateral distance of the first straight line  292  may be approximately 15% of the entire lateral distance between the spout and the mouth of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . According to various embodiments, a lateral distance of the second straight line  294  may be approximately 40% of the entire lateral distance between the spout and the mouth of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . According to various embodiments, a lateral distance of the third straight line  296  may be approximately 45% of the entire lateral distance between the spout and the mouth of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . According to various embodiments, the curvature of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  as defined above may effectively separate the solids and the liquid as the solid-liquid mixture move along the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  from the mouth of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  to the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223 . 
     According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120  may include a frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 . Referring back to  FIG. 2A , the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  may be an inner surface of the hollow structure  221  having a shape resembling a frustum of a cone, a truncated cone, or a tapering circular sidewall. According to various embodiments, the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  and a narrower end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  may be directed towards each other. According to various embodiments, the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  may receive the liquid flowing or travelling from the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  and further guide the liquid to flow or travel along the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  from the narrower end to a broader end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 . Accordingly, liquid may continue to flow onto the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  upon exiting the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped separator surface. On the other hand, solids falling though the centre of the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped separator surface may continue to fall along a centre axis of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 . Thus, liquid may be collected at a periphery of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 , while the solids may be collected along the centre axis of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 . 
     According to various embodiments, a ratio of a difference in radius between the broader end and the narrower end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  to a height of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  may be between 1.2 to 2.75, or between 1.43 to 2.14. Accordingly, the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  may form an angle of between 50° to 70°, or between 55° to 65° with respect to the axis of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 . According to various embodiments, the slant of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  as defined above may effectively guide most of the liquid along the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  from the narrower end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  to the broader end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 . 
     According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120  further comprises a conduit portion  227 . The spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  may be directly connected to a first end of the conduit portion  227  and the narrower end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  may be directly connected to a second end of the conduit portion  227 . Accordingly, the conduit portion  227  may be disposed between the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  and the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  such that the conduit portion  130  forms a connection or linkage between the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  and the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  for fluid communication. Hence, the solids and the liquid may pass through the conduit portion from the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  to the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 . Accordingly, the solids which is separated from the liquid as a result of the waste or sewage being set to motion on the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  and which fall through the center of the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  may continue its falling motion through the center of the conduit portion  223  and through the center of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 . On the other hand, the liquid which is separated from the solids as a result of the waste or sewage being set to motion on the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  and which flows or travels along the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  in a spiral motion to the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  may continue to flow or travel along the inner surface of the conduit portion  227  (i.e. continue to remain in contact with the inner surface of the conduit portion  227 ) to the narrower end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  and may then continue to flow or travel along the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  towards the broader end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  (i.e. continue to remain in contact with the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 ). Thus, according to various embodiments, the solids may be collected from a centre of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  and the liquid may be collected from the periphery of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225 . 
     According to various embodiments, a ratio of a length of the conduit portion  227  to a height of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  may be equal or less than 0.2, or between 0.1 to 0.2. According to various embodiments, a short length of the conduit portion  227  may minimise the re-mixing of the solids with the liquid while both the solids and the liquid are passing through the conduit portion  227 . The short length of the conduit portion  227  may also allow the liquid flowing or travelling from the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  to cross over to the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  upon exiting the conduit portion  227  while maintaining contact with the respective inner surfaces. 
     According to various embodiments, which are not shown, various embodiments may also have negligible conduit portion or may not even include a conduit portion. Accordingly, the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  of the solid-liquid separator  120  may be directly connected to the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  of the solid-liquid separator  120 . 
     According to various embodiments, the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  and/or the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  and/or the inner surface of the conduit portion  227  of the solid-liquid separator  120  may be coated with hydrophobic material. According to various embodiments, the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface  223  and/or the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface  225  and/or the inner surface of the conduit portion  227  may be made of hydrophobic material. According to various embodiments, the solid-liquid separator  120  according to the various embodiments may be made of hydrophobic material. According to various embodiment, due to the hydrophobicity of the respective inner surfaces as described above, liquid may form droplets (with a contact angle between 150° to 170° with respect to the respective inner surfaces) as the liquid flows or travels along the respective inner surfaces such that the liquid may remain in contact with the respective inner surfaces as the liquid flows or travels. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2A , the solids treatment arrangement  130  may include the disinfection unit  232 . According to various embodiments, the disinfection unit  232  may be disposed within the single casing structure  210 . Further, the disinfection unit  232  may be configured to apply thermal disinfection and/or drying to the solids. According to various embodiments, the solids separated by the solid-liquid separator  120  may be supplied or fed or deposited into the disinfection unit  232  of the solids treatment arrangement  130 . A solid discharge outlet  122  of the solid-liquid separator  120  may be connected to an inlet of the disinfection unit  232  of the solids treatment arrangement  130 . Accordingly, solids may be supplied or fed or deposited into the disinfection unit  232  of the solids treatment arrangement  130  via the connection between the solid discharge outlet  122  of the solid-liquid separator  120  and the inlet of the disinfection unit  232  of the solids treatment arrangement  130 . According to various embodiments, the disinfection unit  232  may be configured to subject the solids received from the solid-liquid separator  120  to a predetermined disinfection temperature. Accordingly, the disinfection unit  232  may be configured to heat, without burning, the solids to disinfect the solids so as to provide the pathogen-free-treated-solids. According to various embodiments, the predetermined disinfection temperature may be a temperature that is sufficient to kill the pathogen and may not be a temperature that would burn or incinerate the solids. Thus, the disinfection unit  232  may be configured to thermal disinfect the solids without burning or incinerating or cremating or combusting or igniting or setting ablaze the solids, or setting the solids on fire, or reducing the solids to ashes. Accordingly, the disinfection unit  232  of the solids treatment arrangement  130  may convert the solids into the pathogen-free-treated-solids. According to various embodiments, the disinfection unit  232  may also be configured to heat, without burning, the solids to remove moisture content from the solids so as to dry the solids. Accordingly, the predetermined disinfection temperature may be a temperature that is sufficient to kill the pathogen and to dry the solids without burning the solids. Hence, the pathogen-free-treated-solids may also be dried by the disinfection unit  232  during the thermal disinfection process. According to various embodiments, the predetermined disinfection temperature may be at least 70° C., or between 70° C. to 200° C., or between 90° C. to 200°, or between 100° C. to 200°, or between 70° C. to 150° C., or between 90° C. to 150°, or between 100° C. to 150°, or between 70° C. to 130° C., or between 90° C. to 130°, or between 100° C. to 130° or between 115° C. to 125° C., or about 120° C. For example, a temperature above 70° C. may already be suitable for thermal disinfection. Further, a temperature above 100° C. may be suitable for both thermal disinfection and drying. 
     According to various embodiments, the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  may be configured to heat an elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  so as to heat an internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  to create a heated environment to apply thermal disinfection and/or drying to the solids received inside the elongate housing  233  from the solid-liquid separator  120 . Accordingly, the heating mechanism  231  may transfer heat to the elongate housing  233  such that the heated elongate housing  233  may heat the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  to provide the heated environment for thermal disinfection and/or drying. Hence, the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  may be heated to the predetermined disinfection temperature to provide the heated environment for thermal disinfection and/or drying. Thus, the solids which is deposited into the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  may be exposed to the heated environment inside the elongate housing  233 , without being burned or incinerate or cremated or combusted or ignited or set on fire or set ablaze or reduced to ashes, for thermal disinfection and/or drying of the solids. According to various embodiments, the elongate housing  233  may include an inlet and an outlet. 
     According to various embodiments, the heating mechanism  231  may be configured to apply direct contact heating to the elongate housing  233 . According to various embodiments, the heating mechanism  231  may be configured to wrap around or surround the elongate housing  233  such that heating mechanism  231  may provide a uniform heating around the elongate housing  233  or circumferentially. According to various embodiments, the heating mechanism  231  may include one or more heating elements (or a plurality of heating elements) lined in sequence along the length of the elongate housing  233  to provide a uniform heating along the length of the elongate housing  233  or lengthwise. Accordingly, the heating mechanism  231  may include one or more heating elements directly coupled to the elongate housing  233 . According to various embodiments, the heating mechanism may include a band heater, or a heater pad, or a heater plate, or a heating net, or a heater coil, or a heater wire, or a heater rod, or a heater fin, or any combination thereof. According to various embodiments, the one or more heating mechanism, preferably, include the band heater. 
     According to various embodiments, the disinfection unit  232  may include a conveying mechanism  237  configured to move the solids along and within the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232 . The conveying mechanism  237  may extend at least substantially along a length of the elongate housing  233  from the inlet of the elongate housing  233  to the outlet of the elongate housing  233 . Accordingly, the conveying mechanism  237  may be contained inside the elongate housing  233  and may be disposed such that the extent of the conveying mechanism  237  stretches from the inlet of the housing  233  to the outlet of the housing  233 . Hence, the solids which enters the inlet of the housing  233  may be conveyed or transported or carried or moved or transferred by the conveying mechanism  237  along the elongate housing  233  and/or to the outlet of the elongate housing  233 . According to various embodiments, the conveying mechanism  237  may include a screw conveyor mechanism, or a bucket conveyor mechanism, or a drag chain conveyor mechanism, or a belt conveyor mechanism, or a wire mesh conveyor mechanism, or a roller conveyor mechanism, or a spiral conveyor mechanism, or any other suitable conveyor mechanism that may convey or transport or carry or move or transfer solids from a first longitudinal end portion of the elongate housing  233  to a second opposite longitudinal end portion of the housing  233 . According to various embodiments, the conveying mechanism  237  may, preferably, include the screw conveyor mechanism. 
     According to various embodiments, the disinfection unit  232  may further include one or more temperature sensors  239  disposed and configured to measure a temperature of the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233 . Accordingly, the one or more temperature sensors  239  may provide feedback regarding a temperature of the heated environment within the elongate housing  233 . According to various embodiments, the one or more temperature sensors  239  may be disposed at or within the elongate housing  233 . According to various embodiments, the one or more temperature sensors  239  may be located or disposed at any point or position at or within the housing  233 . According to various embodiments, the one or more temperature sensors  239  may include thermocouple, or resistance temperature detector, or semiconductor-based sensor, or temperature detector with multiple sensing points, or other suitable type of temperature sensing devices. 
     According to various embodiments, the solids treatment arrangement  130  may further include a collector unit  234 . The collector unit  234  may be disposed within the single casing structure  210 . Further, the collector unit  234  may be configured to receive the pathogen-free-treated-solids from the disinfection unit  232 . According to various embodiments, an outlet of the elongate housing of the disinfection unit  232  may be connected to an inlet of the collector unit  234 . Accordingly, pathogen-free-treated-solids (which may also be dried) may be supplied or fed or deposited into the collector unit  234  of the solids treatment arrangement  130  via the connection between the outlet of the elongate housing of the disinfection unit  232  and the inlet of the collector unit  234 . The collector unit  234  may function as a storage for the pathogen-free-treated-solids such that pathogen-free-treated-solids may be accumulated to a certain amount before it is disposed or re-used. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2A , the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may include a biological treatment unit  242 . According to various embodiments, the biological treatment unit  242  may be disposed within the single casing structure  210 . According to various embodiments, the biological treatment unit  242  may be configured to remove organic substances in the liquid. 
     Accordingly, the biological treatment unit  242  may remove or reduce organic contaminants in the liquid. According to various embodiments, the liquid separated by the solid-liquid separator  120  may be supplied or fed or flow into the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . A liquid discharge outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120  may be in fluid communication with an inlet of the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . Accordingly, the liquid may be supplied or fed or flow into the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  via the fluid communication between the liquid discharge outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120  and the inlet of the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . 
     According to various embodiments, the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may include a filtration chamber  241 , or an anaerobic treatment chamber  243 , or an aerobic treatment chamber  245 , or an anoxic treatment chamber  247 , or any combination thereof. According to various embodiments, the filtration chamber  241  may be configured to receive the liquid from the solid-liquid separator  120 . The filtration chamber  241  may be configured to filter away solid particles that may have accidentally exit from the liquid outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120 . According to various embodiments, the filtration chamber  241  may include a plurality of plastic media. According to various embodiments, each of the plurality of plastic media may be of about 5 cm in size. According to various embodiments, the anaerobic treatment chamber  243  may be configured to expose the liquid to anaerobic bacteria (in a no oxygen condition) to remove organic matter from the liquid. According to various embodiments, the anaerobic treatment chamber  243  may include a plurality of plastic media and spherical clay media. According to various embodiments, each of the plurality of plastic media may be of about 5 cm in size and each of the spherical clay media may be of about 2 cm in diameter According to various embodiments, the aerobic treatment chamber  245  may be configured to expose the liquid to bacteria that require oxygen to remove organic matter. According to various embodiments, the aerobic treatment chamber  245  may include a plurality of spherical clay media and an aeration mechanism to supply air bubbling in the aerobic treatment chamber  245 . The air bubbling may help to remove the organic substances in the liquid. According to various embodiments, each of the plurality of spherical clay media may be of about 1 cm in diameter. According to various embodiments, the aeration mechanism may be an air pump. According to various embodiments, the anoxic treatment chamber  247  may be configured to remove nitrogen from liquid (in a no oxygen condition) via biological nitrogen removal process (or denitrification). According to various embodiments, the anoxic treatment chamber  247  may include a plurality of zeolite. According to various embodiments, each of the plurality of zeolite may be between 0.3 cm to 2 cm in size. According to various embodiments, the biological treatment unit  242  may include the filtration chamber  241 , the anaerobic treatment chamber  243 , the aerobic treatment chamber  245 , and the anoxic treatment chamber  247 . Further, the biological treatment unit  242  may be configured to flow the liquid through the respective chambers in a sequence of the filtration chamber  241  followed by the anaerobic treatment chamber  243 , followed by the aerobic treatment chamber  245 , and followed by the anoxic treatment chamber  247 . Accordingly, the biological treatment unit  242  may be arranged with the filtration chamber  241 , the anaerobic treatment chamber  243 , the aerobic treatment chamber  245 , and the anoxic treatment chamber  247  in a series such that the liquid may flow through the filtration chamber  241  into the anaerobic treatment chamber  243 , through the anaerobic treatment chamber  243  into the aerobic treatment chamber  245 , and through the aerobic treatment chamber  245  into the anoxic treatment chamber  247 . According to various embodiments, the biological treatment unit  242  may include a holding chamber  249  after the anoxic treatment chamber  247 . Accordingly, the liquid may flow through the anoxic treatment chamber  247  into the holding chamber  249 . 
     According to various embodiments, the biological treatment unit  242  may include a recirculation pump  251  configured to recirculate the liquid through the respective chambers  243 ,  245 ,  247 . According to various embodiments, the recirculation pump  251  may be in fluid communication with the holding chamber  249  and the anaerobic treatment chamber  243 . Accordingly, the recirculation pump  251  may be configured to draw some of the liquid from the holding chamber  249  and pump into the anaerobic treatment chamber  243  such that the liquid may be recirculated through the anaerobic chamber  243 , the aerobic treatment chamber  245 , and the anoxic treatment chamber  247 . 
     According to various embodiments, the respective chambers of the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be internal spaces partitioned within the single casing structure  210  of the waste treatment device  200 . Accordingly, the single casing structure  210  of the waste treatment device  200  may include a plurality of partition walls  370  (see  FIG. 4 ) to divide the internal spaces of the single casing structure  210  into the respective chambers of the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . 
     According to various embodiments, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may include a sedimentation unit  244 . The sedimentation unit  244  may be is disposed within the single casing structure  210 . Further, the sedimentation unit  244  may be configured to remove suspension particle in the liquid. According to various embodiments, the sedimentation unit  244  may be configured to remove suspended particle via gravity whereby the suspended particles are allowed to settle at the bottom of the sedimentation unit  244 . According to various embodiments, the liquid treated by biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be supplied or fed or flow into the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . An outlet of the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be in fluid communication with an inlet of the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . For example, an outlet of the holding chamber  249  of the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be in fluid communication with an inlet of the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . Accordingly, the liquid treated by the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be supplied or fed or flow into the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  via the fluid communication between the outlet of the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  and the inlet of the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . 
     According to various embodiments, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may include an electrochemical unit  246 . The electrochemical unit  246  may be disposed within the single casing structure  210 . Further, the electrochemical unit  246  may be configured to oxidize chloride-ion in the liquid to chlorine for disinfection of the liquid. Accordingly, direct electrolysis may be applied to the liquid, which may have passed through the biological treatment unit  242  and the sedimentation unit  244 , so as to oxidize chloride dissolved in the liquid to free chlorine for disinfection of the liquid. According to various embodiments, the liquid from the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be supplied or fed or flow into the electrochemical unit  246  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . An outlet of the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be in fluid communication with an inlet of the electrochemical unit  246  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . Accordingly, the liquid from sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be supplied or fed or flow into the electrochemical unit  246  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  via the fluid communication between the outlet of the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  and the inlet of the electrochemical unit  246  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . 
     According to various embodiments, the sedimentation unit  244  and the electrochemical unit  246  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be separate chambers formed within the single casing structure  210  of the waste treatment device  200 . Accordingly, the sedimentation unit  244  and the electrochemical unit  246  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be internal spaces partitioned within the single casing structure  210  of the waste treatment device  200 . Hence, the single casing structure  210  of the waste treatment device  200  may include a plurality of partition walls  370  to divide the internal spaces of the single casing structure  210  into the sedimentation unit  244  and the electrochemical unit  246 . 
     According to various embodiments, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may include the biological treatment unit  242 , or the sedimentation unit  244 , or the electrochemical unit  246 , or any combination thereof. According to various embodiments, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may include the biological treatment unit  242 , the sedimentation unit  244 , and the electrochemical unit  246 . Accordingly, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be configured to flow the liquid through the respective units in a sequence of the biological treatment unit  242  followed by the sedimentation unit  244  and followed by the electrochemical unit  246 . Hence, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be arranged with the biological treatment unit  242 , the sedimentation unit  244 , and the electrochemical unit  246  in a series along a fluid communication line such that the liquid may flow through the biological treatment unit  242  into the sedimentation unit  244 , and through the sedimentation unit  244  into the electrochemical unit  246 . Thus, the liquid may be treated by the liquid treatment arrangement  140  to convert the liquid into pathogen-free-effluent. 
     According to various embodiments, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may further include an effluent outlet  248  configured to discharge the pathogen-free-effluent out of the single casing structure  210  of the waste treatment device  200 . Accordingly, the effluent outlet  248  may be in fluid communication with the electrochemical unit  246  such that pathogen-free-effluent obtained after the final treatment may be discharged through the effluent outlet  248 . 
     According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  200  may include a controller  250 . The controller  250  may be understood as any kind of a logic implementing entity, which may be special purpose circuitry or a processor executing software stored in a memory, firmware, or any combination thereof. Thus, the controller  250  may be a hard-wired logic circuit or a programmable logic circuit such as a programmable processor (e.g. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)), e.g. a microprocessor (e.g. a Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processor or a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processor). The controller may also be a processor executing software, e.g. any kind of computer program, e.g. a computer program using a virtual machine code such as e.g. Java. According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be integrated in the device of the various embodiments or may be a separate device connected to the device of the various embodiments. 
     According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  200  may also include a fluid sensing sensor  254  (or a fluid sensing switch) disposed any point from the liquid discharge outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120  to the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . For example, the fluid sensing sensor  254  may be disposed at the liquid discharge outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120  or along the fluid communication between the solid-liquid separator  120  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . According to various embodiments, the fluid sensing sensor  254  may be configured to detect presence of liquid. Accordingly, the fluid sensing sensor  254  may detect the liquid separated from the solid-liquid separator  120  as the liquid is being discharged from the liquid discharge outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120  into the liquid treatment arrangement  140  each time the waste (or a mixture of solids and liquid) is passed through the solid-liquid separator  120 . Hence, the fluid sensing sensor  254  may be configured as a measure to detect or indicate or register each time waste is passed through the solid-liquid separator  120 . According to various embodiments, when the waste treatment device  200  is installed to a toilet or a lavatory, the waste from the toilet or the lavatory may pass through the solid-liquid separator  120  whenever the toilet or the lavatory is flushed. Thus, the fluid sensing sensor  254  may be configured as a measure to detect or indicate or register each flush of the toilet or the lavatory. According to various embodiments, the fluid sensing sensor  254  may include a normally opened circuit with two contact points disposed at the liquid discharge outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120  or along the fluid communication between the solid-liquid separator  120  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . Accordingly, when liquid passes through the liquid discharge out  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120  to the liquid treatment arrangement  140 , the liquid may spread across the two contact points to close the circuit. Thus the normally opened circuit, which may be closed by the liquid stretching across the two contact points, may detect the presence of the liquid. According to various other examples, the fluid sensing sensor  254  may include optical sensor or capacitive sensor or float switch or resistance (or impedance) detection sensor or any other suitable sensors. 
     According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be electrically coupled to the one or more temperature sensors  239  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 , or the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 , or the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement, or the electrochemical unit  246  of the liquid treatment arrangement  130 , or the fluid sensing sensor  254 , or any combination thereof. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2A , according to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be electrically coupled to the one or more temperature sensors  239  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 , the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 , the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement, the electrochemical unit  246  of the liquid treatment arrangement  130 , and the fluid sensing sensor  254 . 
     Accordingly, the controller  250  may be configured to receive signals from the fluid sensing sensor  254  regarding the detection of the flow of liquid from the solid-liquid separator  120  to the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . The controller  250  may also be configured to receive signals from the one or more temperature sensors  139  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  regarding the temperature detected in the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 . Further, the controller  250  may be configured to send instructions to the electrochemical unit  246  of the liquid treatment arrangement  130 , the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  and the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  to operate, or activate, or control, or command the electrochemical unit  246 , the heating mechanism  231  and the conveying mechanism  237  respectively. 
     According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to control the electrochemical unit  246  based on feedback from the fluid sensing sensor  254 . Accordingly, the controller  250  may be configured to activate or operate the electrochemical unit  246  to start the electrolysis process upon detection of liquid flow from the solid-liquid separator  120  to the liquid treatment arrangement  140  by the fluid sensing sensor  254 . Hence, the electrochemical unit  246  may be activated or operated each time the waste is passed through the solid-liquid separator  120 . Thus, when the waste treatment device  200  is installed to a toilet or a lavatory, the electrochemical unit  246  may be activated or operated each time the toilet or the lavatory is flushed since waste may pass through the solid-liquid separator  120  each time the toilet or the lavatory is flushed. According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to activate or operate the electrochemical unit  246  for a predetermined duration before the electrochemical unit  246  is turned off or put on standby or put on power saving mode etc. Accordingly, the electrochemical unit  246  may be turned off or put on standby or put on power saving mode etc. after the predetermined duration each time electrochemical unit  246  is activated or operated. 
     According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to control the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  based on feedback from the fluid sensing sensor  254 . According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to count the number of times the fluid sensing sensor  254  detects liquid flow from the solid-liquid separator  120  to the liquid treatment arrangement  140  as a measure of the number of times waste is passed through the solid-liquid separator  120 . According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to activate or operate the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  based on a predetermined number of times the fluid sensing sensor  254  detects flow of liquid from the solid-liquid separator  120  to the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . Accordingly, the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  may be configured to be activated or operated by the controller  250  after the predetermined number of times waste is passed through the solid-liquid separator  120 . According to various embodiments, when the waste treatment device  200  is installed to a toilet or a lavatory, the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  may be configured to be activated or operated by the controller  250  after the predetermined number of times the toilet or the lavatory is flushed since waste may pass through the solid-liquid separator  120  each time the toilet or the lavatory is flushed. According to various embodiments, the predetermined number of times may be between 10 times to 20 times. According to various embodiments, when the conveying mechanism  237  is activated or operated after the predetermined number of times, the conveying mechanism  237  may be configured to move the solids inside the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  for a predetermined distance along the elongate housing  233  so as to free up a space in the inlet region of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  such that more solids may be accumulated in the housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  from subsequent waste input to the waste treatment device  200 . 
     According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to activate or operate the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  based on a pre-set timing. According to various embodiments, the pre-set timing may be 12 midnight, or lam, or 2 am, etc. Accordingly, the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  may be activated or operated at a certain pre-specified time of each day. 
     According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to control the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  based on feedback from the one or more temperature sensors  239  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  to control the temperature of the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  for thermal disinfection and/or drying of the solids. Hence, the controller  250  may be configured to control the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  based on feedback from the one or more temperature sensors  239  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  to maintain the heated environment within the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  at the predetermined disinfection temperature. Accordingly, the controller  250 , the one or more temperature sensors  239  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 , and the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  may form a closed-loop temperature control system to manage the temperature of the internal space  235  within the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 . Hence, the temperature of the internal space  235  within the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  may be maintained or regulated such that the heated environment is at a constant predetermined disinfection temperature. Thus, the controller  250  may be configured to control the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  to maintain the temperature of the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  at the predetermined disinfection temperature so as to maintain the heated environment within the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 . 
     According to various embodiments, when the heated environment with the predetermined disinfection temperature is formed within the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 , the controller  250  may be configured to control the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  to repeatedly move in a first operation direction (or first direction) and in a second reverse direction (or second direction) so as to move the solids in a first longitudinal direction and in a second opposite longitudinal direction along the elongate housing of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  based on a predetermined sequence. According to various embodiments, the first longitudinal direction and the second opposite longitudinal direction may be along the length of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 . Accordingly, the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  may be controlled to move the solids up and down along the length of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  based on the predetermined sequence. According to various embodiments, when the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  is a screw conveyor mechanism, the first operation direction may be a clockwise direction of the screw of the conveying mechanism  237  and the second reverse direction may be a counter-clockwise direction of the screw of the conveying mechanism  237 . Accordingly, the screw of the screw conveyor mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  may be controlled to rotate clockwise and counter-clockwise based on the predetermined sequence so as to move the waste up (or in the first longitudinal direction) and down (or in the second longitudinal direction) along the length of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 . According to various embodiments, the predetermined sequence may include an order of movement of the conveying mechanism  237  in the respective directions and time allocated to each movement. According to various embodiments, an equal amount of time may be allocated to each movement. According to various embodiments, the sequence of movement of the conveying mechanism  237  to move the waste up and down along the length of the elongate housing  233  may repeatedly mix and stir the solids in order to uniformly heat the solids to enhance the thermal disinfection and/or drying process of the solids. 
     According to various embodiments, the predetermined sequence may be performed or conducted within a predetermined period of time. Accordingly, the predetermined sequence may be performed or conducted by the controller during the predetermined period of time. According to various embodiments, at the end of the predetermined sequence and/or at the end of the predetermined period of time, the controller may be configured to control the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  to convey or transport or carry or move or transfer the solids along the elongate housing  233  to the outlet of the elongate housing  233  such that the solids may exit the elongate housing  233  through the outlet. According to various embodiments, the predetermined period of time may be approximately between 60 minutes to 120 minutes (1 hour to 2 hours), or about 120 minutes (2 hours). According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to control the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  to heat the internal space  235  within the housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  so as to maintain or regulate the temperature of the internal space  235  within the housing  233  at the predetermined disinfection temperature of the heated environment while the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  is in operation. 
     According to various other embodiments, when the heated environment with the predetermined disinfection temperature is formed within the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 , the controller  250  may be configured to activate the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  only after the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  is maintained at the predetermined disinfection temperature for the predetermined period of time. Accordingly, the solids are accumulated in the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  may be kept or maintained or retained inside the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  for the predetermined period of time in the heated environment to undergo thermal disinfection and/or drying, before the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  is activated by the controller  250  to convey or transport or carry or move or transfer the solids along the elongate housing  233  or to the outlet of the elongate housing  233  such that the solids may exit the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  through the outlet. According to various embodiments, the predetermined period of time may be approximately between 60 minutes to 120 minutes (1 hour to 2 hours), or about 120 minutes (2 hours). 
     According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to maintain the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  at the predetermined disinfection temperature (i.e. maintain the heated environment within the elongate housing  233 ) while the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  is in operation. Accordingly, after the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  is activated by the controller  250  to convey or transport or carry or move or transfer the waste, the controller  250  may continue to control the temperature of the internal space  235  inside the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  via controlling the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  based on feedback from the one or more temperature sensors  239  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  so as to maintain the internal space  235  of the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  at the predetermined disinfection temperature to maintain the heated environment for further thermal disinfection and/or drying of the solids as the solids is in motion. 
     According to various embodiments, the controller  250  may be configured to control the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  and the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  so as to disinfect and/or dry the solids deposited, supplied or fed into the elongate housing  233  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130 . Accordingly, the controller  250  may be configured to control the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  and the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  to remove pathogen, such as total coliform bacteria etc., from the solids. Further, the controller  250  may be configured to control the heating mechanism  231  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  and the conveying mechanism  237  of the disinfection unit  232  of the solid treatment arrangement  130  to reduce moisture content of the waste from 84% to 99% of total mass to 41% to 52% of total mass (as measured based on the standard test methods for moisture—ASTM D 2974-87). 
       FIG. 3  shows a waste treatment device  300  according to various embodiments. The waste treatment device  300  of  FIG. 3  contains all the features of the waste treatment device  100  of  FIG. 1  and the waste treatment device  200  of  FIG. 2A . Accordingly, all features, changes, modifications, and variations that are applicable to the waste treatment device  100  of  FIG. 1  and the waste treatment device  200  of  FIG. 2A  are also applicable to the waste treatment device  300  of  FIG. 3 . According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  300  of  FIG. 3  differs from the waste treatment device  100  of  FIG. 1  and the waste treatment device  200  of  FIG. 2A  in that the waste treatment device  300  of  FIG. 3  may include the following additional features and/or limitations. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the waste treatment device  300  may be a single complete whole device or an integral device which may be a compact fuss-free portable standalone all-in-one device for waste treatment. In  FIG. 3 , only the exterior of the single casing structure  310  may be seen. The solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130 , and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  which are integrated into the single casing structure  310  and which are contained within the single casing structure  310  are not visible from  FIG. 3 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the single casing structure  310  may include a base part  312  and a cover part  314  which may be joined together to form a single structural whole. Accordingly, the base part  312  and the cover part  314  may be joined together to form a single complete casing for the waste treatment device  300 . According to various embodiments, the base part  312  may be a one-piece container structure and the cover part  314  may include one or more cover members. Accordingly, the base part  312  may include an opening in the one-piece container structure which may be covered over or concealed by the one or more cover members of the cover part  314 . According to various embodiments, the one or more cover members of the cover part  314  may be of any shape and sizes, and may be pieced together along respective boundaries to form the cover part  314  for covering or concealing the opening of the base part  312 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , according to various embodiments, the cover part  314  may include five cover members  350 ,  352 ,  354 ,  356 ,  358 . Four of the cover members may be flat or panel-like lids  352 ,  354 ,  356 ,  358 . One of the cover members may be a protruding hollow cover  350  (or a shell-like enclosing type cover) which may enclose an additional space above the base part  312  to extend the internal space of the single casing structure  310  beyond the space confined by the base part  312  of the single casing structure  310 . 
     According to various embodiments, the single casing structure  310  may include an upper level  360  and a lower level  362 . The upper level  360  may be configured to define a space for the solid-liquid separator  120  such that the solid-liquid separator  120  may be housed in the upper level  360 . Further, the lower level  362  may be configured to define a separate space for the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  such that the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be co-located in the lower level  362 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , the upper level  360  may be defined by the protruding hollow cover  350  which encloses the additional space above the base part  312  while the lower level  362  may be defined by the space confined by the base part  312 . 
     According to various embodiments, the lower level  362  may include at least one partitioning wall  370  (see  FIG. 4 ) to divide the lower level into two or more chambers for demarcating separate areas (or separate portions of the space) for the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  within the lower level  362 . Accordingly, at least one chamber may be assigned or allocated to the solids treatment arrangement  130  and at least one other chamber may be assigned or allocated to the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . 
     According to various embodiments, the single casing structure  310  may be partitioned into three or more internal spaces for separately locating the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  within the single casing structure  310 . Accordingly, the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be assigned or allocated to different or separate portions (or areas) of the internal space within the single casing structure  310 . According to various embodiments, the different or separate portions (or areas) of the internal space within the single casing structure  310  may be demarcated or marked by physical barriers or boundaries. 
       FIG. 4  shows the casing structure  310  of the waste treatment device  300  of  FIG. 3  without covers according to various embodiments. As shown, the lower level  362  may be partitioned by partitioning walls  370  into eight chambers  371 ,  372 ,  373 ,  374 ,  375 ,  376 ,  377 ,  378 . The lower level  362  may be partitioned to have a middle chamber  371  configured to define a space for accommodating the solids treatment arrangement  130 . Further, the lower level  362  may be partitioned to have four side chambers  372 ,  373 ,  374 ,  375  on a first side of the middle chamber  371  and another three side chambers  376 ,  377 ,  378  on opposite second side of the middle chamber  371 , whereby the first side and the second side are on opposite sides of the middle chamber  371 . Accordingly, the side chambers  372 ,  373 ,  374 ,  375 ,  376 ,  377 ,  378  may be assigned or allocated to the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . For example, the four side chambers  372 ,  373 ,  374 ,  375  on the first side of the middle chamber  371  may be assigned or allocated for the various chambers (e.g. the anaerobic treatment chamber  243 , the aerobic treatment chamber  245 , the anoxic treatment chamber  247 , and the holding chamber  249 ) of the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . Further, a first side chamber  376  of the three side chambers on the second side of the middle chamber  371  may be assigned or allocated for the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . A second side chamber  377  of the three side chambers on the second side of the middle chamber  371  may be assigned or allocated for the electrochemical unit  246 . A third side chamber  378  of the three side chambers on the second side of the middle chamber  371  may be the filtration chamber  251  of the biological treatment unit  242  for receiving and filtering the liquid from the solid-liquid separator  120  before supplying or feeding or flowing the liquid into the remaining chambers of the biological treatment unit  242 . 
     According to various embodiments, the single casing structure  310  may include a suspended support frame  380 . The suspended support frame  380  may separate the lower level  362  and the upper lever  360 . Further, the suspended support frame  380  may be configured to support the solid-liquid separator  120 . Accordingly, the suspended support frame  380  may be configured to be fitted to the base part  312  of the single casing structure  310  so as to be suspended at a portion of the opening of the base part  312  and may be configured to have sufficient rigidity to support the solid-liquid separator  120  which may be placed or fitted on the suspended support frame  380 . According to various embodiments, the suspended support frame  380  may be overhanging from a side wall of the base part  312  of the single casing structure  310 . Accordingly, the suspended support frame  380  may extend perpendicularly from the side wall of the base part  312  of the single casing structure  310 . 
     According to various embodiments, the single casing structure  310  may include one or more removable covers. The one or more removable covers may be configured to be easily removed by a user of the waste treatment device  300  for accessing the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130 , and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  within the single casing structure  310  for maintenance or repair or removal of pathogen-free-treated-solids. Out of the five cover members  350 ,  352 ,  354 ,  356 ,  358  of the cover part  314  of the single casing structure  310 , three cover members  350 ,  352 ,  354  may be made removable.  FIG. 5  shows the single casing structure  310  of the waste treatment device  300  of  FIG. 3  without the three removable cover members  350 ,  352 ,  354  according to various embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the three removable cover members  350 ,  352 ,  354  have been removed and only two cover members  356 ,  358  remains. Accordingly, the cover member  350  of the single casing structure  310  may be a removable cover for enclosing the solid-liquid separator  120 . The single casing structure  310  may also include two other removable cover members  352 ,  354  (or at least one other removable cover) to cover over a portion of the lower level  362  of the single casing structure  310  for enclosing a portion of the solids treatment arrangement  130  and a portion of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . Further, in  FIG. 5 , it is also shown that the suspended support frame  380  may be made removable such that the solid-liquid separator  120  may be removed for maintenance or repair. 
       FIG. 6  shows the waste treatment device  300  of  FIG. 3  with part of the single casing structure  310  cut away to show the interior of the waste treatment device  300  according to various embodiments.  FIG. 7  shows a top view of  FIG. 6  according to various embodiments. As shown, the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be integrated into the single casing structure  310 . Accordingly, the disinfection unit  232  and the collector unit  234  of the solids treatment arrangement  130  may be disposed or located within the single casing structure  310 . The biological treatment unit  242 , the sedimentation unit  244 , and the electrochemical unit  246  may also be disposed or located within the single casing structure  310 . As shown, the solid-liquid separator  120  may be assigned or allocated to the upper level  360  of the single casing structure  310 . The disinfection unit  232  and the collector unit  234  of the solids treatment arrangement  130  may be assigned or allocated to the middle chamber  371  of the lower level  362  (or the base part  312 ) of the single casing structure  310 . The biological treatment unit  242  (with the anaerobic treatment chamber  243 , the aerobic treatment chamber  245 , the anoxic treatment chamber  247 , and the holding chamber  249 ) of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be assigned or allocated to the four side chambers  372 ,  373 ,  374 ,  375  on the first side of the middle chamber  371  of the lower level  362  (or the base part  312 ) of the single casing structure  310 . The filtration chamber  241  of the biological treatment unit  242  may be assigned or allocated to the first side chamber  378  on the second side of the middle chamber  371  of the lower level  362  (or the base part  312 ) of the single casing structure  310 . The electrochemical unit  246  may be assigned or allocated to the second side chamber  377  of the three side chambers on the second side of the middle chamber  371  of the lower level  362  (or the base part  312 ) of the single casing structure  310 . The sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be assigned or allocated to the third side chamber  376  of the three side chambers on the second side of the middle chamber  371  of the lower level  362  (or the base part  312 ) of the single casing structure  310 . 
     While an arrangement or an assignment or an allocation of space of the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  within the single casing structure  310  of the waste treatment device  300 , and/or the partitioning of the single casing structure  310  are shown in  FIG. 3  to  FIG. 7 , it is understood that  FIG. 3  to  FIG. 7  are provided for illustration purposes and various embodiments may include changes, modification, variation in the arrangement or the assignment or the allocation of space of the solid-liquid separator  120 , the solids treatment arrangement  130  and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  within the single casing structure  310  of the waste treatment device  300 , and/or the partitioning of the single casing structure  310 . 
       FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  shows a waste treatment device  800  according to various embodiments. The waste treatment device  800  of  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  contains all the features of the waste treatment device  100  of  FIG. 1 . Accordingly, all features, changes, modifications, and variations that are applicable to the waste treatment device  100  of  FIG. 1  are also applicable to the waste treatment device  800  of  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B . According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  800  of  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  differs, mainly, from the waste treatment device  200  of  FIG. 2A  and the waste treatment device  300  of  FIG. 3  in that the waste treatment device  800  of  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  has the solid-liquid separator  120  and the solids treatment arrangement  130  integrated to form a single integral unit or module (i.e. contain within the same housing) and the liquid treatment arrangement  140  forms a separate unit or module (i.e. having its own separate housing) in a manner such that the single integral unit or module having the solid-liquid separator  120  and the solids treatment arrangement  130  (i.e. contain within the same housing) may be connected externally to the separate liquid treatment arrangement  140  (i.e. having its own separate housing), for example, via piping arrangements. Accordingly, other than features relating to the above main difference, the waste treatment device  800  of  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  may contain the remaining features of the waste treatment device  200  of  FIG. 2A  and the waste treatment device  300  of  FIG. 3 . In view of the above main difference, the waste treatment device  800  of  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  may include the following additional features and/or limitations. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8A , the waste treatment device  800  may include two separate units  811   a ,  811   b  (or modules) which may be interconnected via a piping  808 . According to various embodiments, the waste treatment device  800  formed by interconnecting the two separate units  811   a ,  811   b  may provide an easy and simple compact fuss-free portable plug-and-play solution for waste treatment. In  FIG. 8A , only the exterior of casing structure  810   a ,  810   b  of the respective units  811   a ,  811   b  may be seen. The solid-liquid separator  120  and the solids treatment arrangement  130  may be integrated into the first casing structure  810   a  to form the first unit  811   a . The liquid treatment arrangement  140  may be embodied by the second casing structure  810   b  to form the second unit  811   b.    
     According to various embodiments, the first casing structure  810   a  of the first unit  811   a  may include an upper level  860  and a lower level  862 . The upper level  860  may be configured to define a space for the solid-liquid separator  120  such that the solid-liquid separator  120  may be housed in the upper level  860 . Further, the lower level  862  may be configured to define a separate space for the solids treatment arrangement  130  such that the solids treatment arrangement  130  may be housed in the lower level  362 . According to various embodiments, the first casing structure  810   a  of the waste treatment device  800  may include a cover member  850  which is disposed in the upper level  860  and which removably cover the solid-liquid separator  120 .  FIG. 8B  shows the cover member  850  being removed. As shown in  FIG. 8B , according to various embodiments, the liquid discharge outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120  may be connected to a first end of the piping  808 . A second end of the piping  808  may be coupled to an inlet of the second casing structure  810   b  so as to direct the liquid separated by the solid-liquid separator  120  into the liquid treatment arrangement  140  embodied by the second casing structure  810   b.    
       FIG. 9A  and  FIG. 9B  shows a perspective view and a top view of the liquid treatment arrangement  140  of the waste treatment device  800  (which is embodied by the second casing structure  810   b ) with a cover  814  removed according to various embodiments. As shown, the second casing structure  810   b  may be of a cylindrical shape. According to various embodiments, the second casing structure  810   b  may include a cylindrical wall  813 . The cylindrical wall  813  may include a plurality of raised ridges  813   a  and grooves  813   b  encircling the cylindrical wall  813  so as to form a series of corrugation around the cylindrical wall. Accordingly, the plurality of raised ridges  813   a  may be in the form of protruding rings around the cylindrical wall  813  and the plurality of grooves  813   b  may be in the form of recessed rings around the cylindrical wall  813 . According to various embodiments, the protruding rings alternate with the recessed rings. According to various embodiments, the plurality of raised ridges  813   a  and grooves  813   b  may allow better adhesion and grip with the soil when the second casing structure  810   b  (i.e. the liquid treatment arrangement  140 ) is embedded in the ground. 
     As shown, according to various embodiments, the second casing structure  810   b  may be partitioned by partitioning walls  870  into nine chambers  871 ,  872 ,  873 ,  874 ,  875 ,  876 ,  877 ,  878 ,  879 . The second casing structure  810   b  may be partitioned to have a middle chamber  879  configured to define a space in the centre of the cylindrically shape second casing structure  810   b . Further, the second casing structure  810   b  may be partitioned to have eight side chambers  871 ,  872 ,  873 ,  874 ,  875 ,  876 ,  877 ,  878  distributed to surround the middle chamber  879 . According to various embodiments, the eight side chambers  871 ,  872 ,  873 ,  874 ,  875 ,  876 ,  877 ,  878  may be assigned or allocated to the various processes of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 , and the middle chamber  879  may be assigned or allocated to collect or store treated liquid. 
     For example, the first and second side chambers  871 ,  872  may be assigned or allocated to be the filtration chamber  241  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . The first side chamber  871  may be an up-flow filter chamber whereby liquid separated by the solid-liquid separator  120  flows into the up-flow filter chamber (i.e. the first side chamber  871 ) upon entering the second casing structure  810   b  (i.e. the liquid treatment arrangement  140 ). The first side chamber  871  may include a plurality of plastic media for trapping residual solid waste or other solids constituents. The second side chamber  872  may be a first sedimentation chamber. Liquid from the first side chamber  871  may flow into the second side chamber  872  via a short upper pipeline. The second side chamber  872  may also include a plurality of plastic media for trapping residual solid waste or other solids constituents via a sedimentation process. 
     The third to sixth side chambers  873 ,  874 ,  875 ,  876  may be assigned or allocated for the various chambers (e.g. the anaerobic treatment chamber  243 , the aerobic treatment chamber  245 , the anoxic treatment chamber  247 , and the holding chamber  249 ) of the biological treatment unit  242  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . The third side chamber  873  may be the anaerobic treatment chamber  243  and may include a layer of a plurality of plastic media at the bottom and a layer of a plurality of spherical clay media at the bottom on top of the layer of the plurality of plastic media. The diameter of the spherical clay may be about 2 cm. The plurality of spherical clay media in the third side chamber  873  may decrease the value of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen of the liquid. Liquid from the second side chamber  872  may flow into the third side chamber  873  via an inverted U pipeline. The fourth side chamber  874  may be the aerobic treatment chamber  245 . The fourth side chamber  874  may include an aeration mechanism configured to supply air micro-bubbling so as to produce nitrogen dioxide and/or nitrate ion in the liquid. Liquid from the third side chamber  873  may flow into the fourth side chamber  874  via a short upper pipeline. The fifth side chamber  875  may be the anoxic treatment chamber  247 . The fifth side chamber  875  may include a plurality of plastic media and spherical clay media, similar to the third side chamber  873  and the fourth side chamber  874 . The diameter of the spherical clay in the fifth side chamber  875  may be about 1 cm. Under the no oxygen condition in the fifth side chamber  875 , the nitrogen dioxide and/or nitrate ion in the liquid may be eliminated by biological nitrogen removal process to form Nitrogen. Liquid from the fourth side chamber  874  may flow into the fifth side chamber  875  via a short lower pipeline. The sixth side chamber  876  may be the holding chamber  249  (or the recirculation chamber). The sixth side chamber  876  may include a recirculation pump configured to circulate liquid back to the third side chamber  873  via a re-circulation pipeline  881  for re-treatment. Liquid from the fifth side chamber  875  may flow into the sixth side chamber  876  via a short upper pipeline. 
     The seventh side chamber  877  may be assigned or allocated for the sedimentation unit  244  of the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . The seventh side chamber  877  may include a plurality of plastic media. Liquid from the sixth side chamber  876  may flow into the seventh side chamber  877  via an inverted U pipeline. The eight side chamber  878  may be assigned or allocated for the electrochemical unit  246 . The electrochemical unit  246  may oxidize chloride ion in the liquid to chlorine for disinfection. Liquid from the seventh side chamber  877  may flow into eight side chamber  878  via a short upper pipeline. The middle chamber  879  which is the treated water chamber may receive liquid from the eight side chambers  878  via a short upper pipeline. 
     According to various embodiments, the liquid treatment arrangement  140  may include a backwash pipeline system  883 . The backwash pipeline system  883  may connect the middle chamber  879  to the second side chamber  872 , the third side chamber  873 , and/or the fifth side chamber  875  for sending treated water back into the respective side chambers  872 ,  873 ,  875  for cleaning and/or washing the plastic media and/or spherical clay media. According to various embodiments, backwash cleaning may be performed at a frequency of once a year. 
     The following examples pertain to various embodiments. 
     Example 1 is a waste treatment device, including:
         a solid-liquid separator configured to receive and separate waste into solids and liquid;   a solids treatment arrangement configured to receive the solids from the solid-liquid separator, wherein the solids treatment arrangement may include a disinfection unit having a heating mechanism configured to heat, without burning, the solids so as to disinfect the solids to convert the solids into pathogen-free-treated-solids; and   a liquid treatment arrangement which may be configured to receive the liquid from the solid-liquid separator and to treat the liquid so as to convert the liquid into pathogen-free-effluent,   wherein the solid-liquid separator comprises a curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface configured to set the waste into spiral motion as the waste moves towards a spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface,   wherein the solid-liquid separator comprises a frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface, and wherein the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface and a narrower end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface are directed towards each other.       

     In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 may optionally include a single casing structure wherein the solid-liquid separator, the solids treatment arrangement and the liquid treatment arrangement may be integrated into the single casing structure. 
     In Example 3, the subject matter of Example 2 may optionally include that the single casing structure may include an upper level and a lower level, wherein the upper level may be configured to house the solid-liquid separator and the lower level may be configured to co-locate the solids treatment arrangement and the liquid treatment arrangement. 
     In Example 4, the subject matter of Example 3 may optionally include that the lower level may include at least one partitioning wall to divide the lower level into two or more chambers for demarcating separate areas for the solids treatment arrangement and the liquid treatment arrangement within the lower level. 
     In Example 5, the subject matter of any one of Examples 2 to 4 may optionally include that the single casing structure may be partitioned into three or more internal spaces for separately locating the solid-liquid separator, the solids treatment arrangement and the liquid treatment arrangement within the single casing structure. 
     In Example 6, the subject matter of any one of Examples 3 to 5 may optionally include that the single casing structure may include a suspended support frame which may separate the lower level and the upper level, and which may be configured to support the solid-liquid separator. 
     In Example 7, the subject matter of any one of Examples 2 to 6 may optionally include that the single casing structure may include a removable cover to enclose the solid-liquid separator. 
     In Example 8, the subject matter of Example 7 may optionally include that the single casing structure may include at least one other removable cover to cover over a portion of the lower level of the single casing structure. 
     In Example 9, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 8 may optionally include that the solid-liquid separator may be configured to separate the waste into solids and liquid based on centrifugal force and gravity. 
     In Example 10, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 9 may optionally include that the solid-liquid separator may further include a conduit portion, wherein the spout of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface may be directly connected to a first end of the conduit portion and the narrower end of the frustoconically-shaped inner liquid guide surface may be directly connected to a second end of the conduit portion. 
     In Example 11, the subject matter of Example 10 may optionally include that a ratio of a length of the conduit portion to a height of the curved-funnel-shaped inner separator surface may be equal or less than 0.2. 
     In Example 12, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 11 may optionally include that the heating mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement may be further configured to heat, without burning, the solids to remove moisture content from the solids so as to dry the solids. 
     In Example 13, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 12 may optionally include that the heating mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement may be configured to heat an elongate housing of the disinfection unit so as to heat an internal space of the elongate housing to create a heated environment to apply thermal disinfection to the solids received inside the elongate housing from the solid-liquid separator. 
     In Example 14, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 13 may optionally include that the heating mechanism may include one or more heating elements directly coupled to the elongate housing, and wherein the one or more heating elements may include a band heater, or a heater pad, or a heater plate, or a heating net, or a heater coil, or a heater wire, or a heater rod, or a heater fin, or any combination thereof, preferably the one or more heating elements may include the band heater. 
     In Example 15, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 14 may optionally include that the disinfection unit may include a conveying mechanism configured to move the solids along and within the elongate housing, and wherein the conveying mechanism may include a screw conveyor mechanism, or a bucket conveyor mechanism, or a drag chain conveyor mechanism, or a belt conveyor mechanism, or a wire mesh conveyor mechanism, or a roller conveyor mechanism, or a spiral conveyor mechanism, preferably, the conveying mechanism may include the screw conveyor mechanism. 
     In Example 16, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 15 may optionally include that the solids treatment arrangement may further include a collector unit which may be configured to receive the pathogen-free-treated-solids from the disinfection unit. 
     In Example 17, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 16 may optionally include that the liquid treatment arrangement may include a biological treatment unit which may be configured to remove organic substances in the liquid. 
     In Example 18, the subject matter of Example 17 may optionally include that the biological treatment unit may include a filtration chamber, or an anaerobic treatment chamber, or an aerobic treatment chamber, or an anoxic treatment chamber, or any combination thereof. 
     In Example 19, the subject matter of Example 18 may optionally include that the biological treatment unit may include the filtration chamber, the anaerobic treatment chamber, the aerobic treatment chamber, and the anoxic treatment chamber, wherein the biological treatment unit may be configured to flow the liquid through the respective chambers in a sequence of the filtration chamber followed by the anaerobic treatment chamber followed by the aerobic treatment chamber and followed by the anoxic treatment chamber. 
     In Example 20, the subject matter of Example 18 or 19 may optionally include that the biological treatment unit may further include a recirculation pump configured to recirculate the liquid through the anaerobic treatment chamber, the aerobic treatment chamber, and the anoxic treatment chamber. 
     In Example 21, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 20 may optionally include that the liquid treatment arrangement may include a sedimentation unit which may be configured to remove suspension particle in the liquid. 
     In Example 22, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 21 may optionally include that the liquid treatment arrangement may include an electrochemical unit which may be configured to oxidize chloride-ion in the liquid to chlorine. 
     In Example 23, the subject matter of any one of Examples 17 to 22 may optionally include that the liquid treatment arrangement may further include a sedimentation unit and an electrochemical unit, and wherein the liquid treatment arrangement may be configured to flow the liquid through the respective units in a sequence of the biological treatment unit followed by the sedimentation unit and followed by the electrochemical unit. 
     In Example 24, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 23 may optionally include that the liquid treatment arrangement may include an outlet configured to discharge the pathogen-free-effluent. 
     In Example 25, the subject matter of any one of Examples 22 to 24 may optionally include a fluid sensing sensor disposed at any point from the liquid discharge outlet  124  of the solid-liquid separator  120  to the liquid treatment arrangement  140 . 
     In Example 26, the subject matter of Example 25 may optionally include that the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement may further include one or more temperature sensors configured to measure a temperature of the internal space of the housing of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement. 
     In Example 27, the subject matter of Example 26 may optionally include a controller electrically coupled to the one or more temperature sensors of the disinfection unit of the solid treatment arrangement, the heating mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solid treatment arrangement, the conveying mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solid treatment arrangement, the electrochemical unit of the liquid treatment arrangement, the fluid sensing sensor, or any combination thereof. 
     In Example 28, the subject matter of Example 26 may optionally include a controller electrically coupled to the one or more temperature sensors of the disinfection unit of the solid treatment arrangement, the heating mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solid treatment arrangement, the conveying mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solid treatment arrangement, the electrochemical unit of the liquid treatment arrangement, and the fluid sensing sensor. 
     In Example 29, the subject matter of Example 28 may optionally include that the controller may be configured to activate the electrochemical unit upon detection of liquid flow from the solid-liquid separator to the liquid treatment arrangement by the fluid sensing sensor. 
     In Example 30, the subject matter of Example 29 may optionally include that the controller may be configured to count the number of times the fluid sensing sensor detects liquid flow from the solid-liquid separator to the liquid treatment arrangement. 
     In Example 31, the subject matter of Example 29 may optionally include that the controller may be configured to activate the conveying mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement based on a predetermined number of times the fluid sensing sensor detects liquid flow from the solid-liquid separator to the liquid treatment arrangement. The predetermined number of times may be between 10 to 20 times. 
     In Example 32, the subject matter of any one of Examples 28 to 31 may optionally include that the controller may be configured to activate the heating mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement based on a pre-set timing. The pre-set timing may be 12 midnight. 
     In Example 33, the subject matter of Example 32 may optionally include that the controller may be configured to control the heating mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement to maintain the temperature of the internal space of the elongate housing of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement at a predetermined disinfection temperature so as to maintain the heated environment within the elongate housing of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement. The predetermined disinfection temperature may be at least 70° C. 
     In Example 34, the subject matter of Example 33 may optionally include that the controller may be configured to control the conveying mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement to repeatedly move the solids in a first longitudinal direction and in a second longitudinal direction along the elongate housing of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement based on a predetermined sequence. 
     In Example 35, the subject matter of Example 33 or 34 may optionally include that the controller may be configured to activate the conveying mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement after the internal space of the elongate housing of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement is maintained at the predetermined temperature for a predetermined period of time. 
     In Example 36, the subject matter of Example 34 or 35 may optionally include that the controller may be configured to maintain the internal space of the housing of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement at the predetermined temperature while the conveying mechanism of the disinfection unit of the solids treatment arrangement is in operation. 
     Various embodiments have provided a waste treatment device that addresses the various issues identified earlier. For example, various embodiments have provided a single compact portable standalone waste treatment device that may be brought to rural places for direct treatment of waste or sewage collected in-situ before disposal or reusing the treated waste for agriculture. Various embodiments have also provided a waste treatment device that provides easy and fuss-free portable standalone all-in-one solution for direct treatment of waste or sewage in-situ in rural places without the need to fix up or install or connect multiple devices for processing the waste or sewage from toilet or lavatory or livestock farm to separate the solids and liquid, and for separately treating the solids and the liquid. Various embodiments have also provided a waste treatment device that may be configured to be installed directly to independent toilet or lavatory found in rural areas for direct independent treatment of waste or sewage. Various embodiments have also provided a compact portable all-in-one solution for separation of the solids and the liquid as well as treatment of both the solids and the liquid from the sewage of toilet or lavatory or livestock farm in one single device. Further, various embodiments have provided a waste treatment device that is capable of separating waste into solids and liquid, as well as treating the solids to disinfect and/or remove moisture from the solids so as to convert the solids into pathogen-free-treated-solids for direct agriculture application and treat the liquid to remove contaminants and organic substances so as to convert the liquid into pathogen-free-effluent. 
     While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modification, variation in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced.