Patent Publication Number: US-9406093-B2

Title: Determining an image layout

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure generally relates to image layouts. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A social-networking system, which may include a social-networking website, may enable its users (such as persons or organizations) to interact with it and with each other through it. The social-networking system may, with input from a user, create and store in the social-networking system a user profile associated with the user. The user profile may include demographic information, communication-channel information, and information on personal interests of the user. The social-networking system may also, with input from a user, create and store a record of relationships of the user with other users of the social-networking system, as well as provide services (e.g., wall posts, photo-sharing, event organization, messaging, games, or advertisements) to facilitate social interaction between or among users. 
     The social-networking system may send over one or more networks content or messages related to its services to a mobile or other computing device of a user. A user may also install software applications on a mobile or other computing device of the user for accessing a user profile of the user and other data within the social-networking system. The social-networking system may generate a personalized set of content objects to display to a user, such as a newsfeed of aggregated stories of other users connected to the user. 
     SUMMARY OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS 
     Particular embodiments comprise determining a layout for an ordered sequence of image elements based on the minimization of total cost for the layout as determined by a cost function. The image elements are to be laid out according to their ordered sequence into an arrangement that may be constrained in one dimension and vary in the other dimension. Image elements may be in landscape or portrait format, with any aspect ratio. When determining a preferred layout for the image elements, the ordered sequence of image elements may be grouped into clusters by insertion of line breaks at selected positions in the sequence. Image elements in the ordered sequence may be mapped to a graph, where transitions between nodes in the graph represent candidate line break positions, and each node represents a candidate cluster of image elements. The determination of where to insert the line breaks (and thereby which images will be clustered together) may be determined by evaluating each potential cluster according to a cost function. The total cost for a particular image layout equals the sum of costs for each cluster that makes up that image layout. A preferred layout of image elements corresponds to a path through the graph that minimizes total cost. Before analyzing the graph to find a lowest-cost path, image-element clusters that do not meet certain criteria may be removed from further consideration. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example ordered sequence of image elements. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates example image clusters that can be formed from the ordered sequence of image elements in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the image clusters from  FIG. 2  arranged in an example graph. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example display of image elements based on a lowest-cost path through the graph in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the graph of  FIG. 3  with particular image-element clusters removed from consideration. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates the graph of  FIG. 5  with the addition of an example cost for each node that represents a cost from a start node of the graph. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example display of image elements based on a lowest-cost path through the graph in  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example method for determining a preferred layout of an ordered sequence of image elements. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an example method for finding a lowest-cost path through a graph. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an example network environment associated with a social-networking system. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example social graph. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates an example computer system. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     Particular embodiments comprise rendering a layout of image elements based on an ordered sequence of image elements. Image elements may be laid out in an arrangement where the ordered sequence of image elements is not changed from its original order. Additionally, while an image element can be scaled larger or smaller than its original size, the aspect ratio and format of each image element is preserved, and image elements are not cropped. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example ordered sequence of image elements  100  consisting of five image elements  110 . Associated with each image element  110  is a list of image attributes  120 . Image attributes  120  may contain a variety of information about an image element  110 , including but not limited to image size, image dimensions, image aspect ratio, color or tone of image, or event or location where image was taken. Image attributes  120  may also contain a variety of social-networking information related to an image element  110 , including but not limited to relevance of image to the user, number of times the image has been viewed, number of times the image has received a “like” (the “like” feature is described below), number of comments the image has received, a social-networking score for the image, or an affinity coefficient (discussed below) for the image. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular image attributes  120 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable image attributes. Image elements  110  may have various sizes, formats, and aspect ratios, where aspect ratio is the ratio of the width of an image element  110  to its height. For example, image element  110   a  is in landscape format with an aspect ratio of 2.4, while image element  110   e  is in portrait format with an aspect ratio of 0.9. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates an example ordered sequence  100  having five example image elements  110 , this disclosure contemplates any ordered sequence of image elements having any suitable number of image elements. 
     An image element  110  may include an image of any type of visual content, such as, by way of example and not limitation, a picture, a video frame, a video, a map, a text block, a page of a document, a screenshot, or any thumbnail image representation. An ordered sequence of image elements  100  may consist of any type or combination of types of image elements  110 . The dimensional parameters height and width as applied to image elements  110  or clusters  210  (defined below) may be indicated in terms of an actual measure of dimension (e.g., inches or centimeters), an arbitrary measure proportional to dimension, a measure based on a number of pixels, a measure based on image element size in terms of memory (e.g., kilobytes or megabytes), a measure based on the display dimensions where image elements are to be rendered, or any other suitable measure of dimension. 
     The layout of image elements  110  may be constrained in one dimension and vary in the other dimension. In one example embodiment, image elements  110  may be placed sequentially into a series of rows oriented horizontally, where each row has substantially the same width, and each row is made up of one or more image elements  110  arranged in a line. In such an example embodiment, image elements  110  in a particular row all have substantially the same height, but different rows can have different heights. In another example embodiment, image elements  110  may be placed into a series of columns oriented vertically where each column has substantially the same height, and each column consists of one or more image elements  110  arranged in a line. Image elements  110  in a single column all have substantially the same width, but different columns can have different widths. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates image layouts with image elements  110  arranged horizontally in rows, this disclosure contemplates image layouts with image elements  110  arranged vertically in columns or with image elements  110  arranged in a line along any suitable orientation. 
     To determine a preferred layout for an ordered sequence of image elements  100 , ordered sequence  100  may be grouped into candidate clusters of image elements  110  by insertion of line breaks at selected positions in ordered sequence  100 . A cluster of image elements  110  is made up of one or more image elements  110  from ordered sequence  100 , where the order of image elements  110  within a cluster is the same as the order within ordered sequence  100 . In general, for an ordered sequence  100  having n image elements  110 , there are 
               ∑     i   =   1     n     ⁢   i         
possible clusters that can be formed. So, for an ordered sequence  100  that consists of n=5 image elements  110 , there are 15 possible clusters.
 
       FIG. 2  illustrates all 15 possible example image clusters  210  that can be formed from example ordered sequence  100  of  FIG. 1 . In the example of  FIG. 2 , each candidate cluster  210  is made up of one to five image elements  110 , and image elements  110  within a particular cluster  210  may be scaled so that all clusters  210  have substantially the same width. All image elements  110  within a particular cluster  210  have substantially the same height (which is also the cluster height), but the height of image elements  110  can vary for different clusters  210 . For example, cluster  210   o  consists of a single image element  110   e , where image element  110   e  has been scaled to have the width of one cluster  210 . In contrast, in cluster  210   e  image element  110   e  is one of five image elements  110 , and image element  110   e  is scaled down considerably compared with its size in cluster  210   o . While image elements  110  may be scaled from their original size to fit into a particular cluster  210 , in the example of  FIG. 2 , the aspect ratio and format of each image element  110  is preserved, and image elements  110  are not cropped. Within each cluster  210 , the order of image elements  110  is the same as in ordered sequence  100  of  FIG. 1 . For example, cluster  210   h  consists of, in order, image elements  110   b ,  110   c , and  110   d . Cluster  210   h  corresponds to a line break between image elements  110   a  and  110   b  and another line break between image elements  110   d  and  110   e.    
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example rendering algorithm to determine a preferred layout for an ordered sequence of image elements  100  based on a cost function. While  FIG. 3  illustrates an example ordered sequence  100  having five image elements  110 , the rendering algorithm described here can be generalized and applied to any ordered sequence having any number of image elements. The example rendering algorithm illustrated in  FIG. 3  begins by assigning a cost to each candidate cluster  210  from  FIG. 2  according to a cost function. Any conventional cost function may be utilized. 
     In the example of  FIG. 3 , the cost function is based on an example target height  320 , where the greater the difference between cluster height and target height  320 , the greater the cluster cost. Thus, the cost function penalizes clusters more (by assigning higher costs) the more they differ from target height  320 . In this example, the cost function for a particular cluster  210  identified by an index m and having a cluster height ClusterHeight(m) can be expressed as ClusterCost(m)=abs[ClusterHeight(m)−TargetHeight], where “abs” gives the absolute value of the expression in brackets and TargetHeight is target height  320 . Thus, a cluster  210  having a height the same as target height  320  has a cost equal to zero. The larger the difference between the height of a cluster  210  and target height  320 , the larger the cost for that particular cluster  210 . In the example of  FIG. 3 , ClusterCost( 210   e )=13, and ClusterCost( 210   o )=88. In the example of  FIG. 3 , clusters  210   h ,  210   l , and  210   b  have relatively low costs of 2, 3, and 4, respectively, indicating that clusters  210   h ,  210   l , and  210   b  are close to target height  320 . In contrast, clusters  210   f ,  210   m , and  210   o  exceed target height  320  and thus have relatively high costs of 57, 58, and 88, respectively. Similarly, clusters  210   d  and  210   e  are below target height  320  and also have relatively high costs of 11 and 13, respectively. Thus, for example, a rendering algorithm that identifies a preferred layout based on a target cluster height may tend to favor clusters  210   h ,  210   l , and  210   b  and tend to not favor clusters  210   f ,  210   m ,  210   o ,  210   d , and  210   e . Target height  320  is a fixed parameter that can be selected in a variety of ways, including but not limited to consideration of one or more of the following factors: preferences of the user; one or more attributes  120  of image elements  110  that make up ordered sequence  100 ; or the dimensions or resolution of the display screen where image elements  110  are to be rendered. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular example target height  320 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable target height  320  and any suitable method for selecting a particular target height  320 . 
     As shown in the example of  FIG. 3 , a graph may be constructed such that candidate clusters  210  may be linked according to the various ways image elements  110  can be laid out. Each node (or vertex) of the graph may represent a cluster  210  with an associated cost, and transitions  310  (or edges) between nodes may represent line breaks between clusters  210 . The graph may be a directed acyclic graph, where each transition  310  (edge) has a direction indicated by an arrow, and it is not possible to follow a path that loops back on itself. The total cost associated with a particular layout of image elements  110  may be defined as the sum of cluster costs obtained when traversing a path on the graph from start to end that corresponds to that particular layout of image elements  110 . For example, one possible path travels from the start to cluster  210   b  (cost: 4) along transition  310   b , then to cluster  210   j  (cost: 37) along transition  310   g , then to cluster  210   n  (cost: 19) along transition  310   o , and finally to the end along transition  310   s . This path corresponds to a layout made up of clusters  210   b ,  210   j , and  210   n , and the total cost associated with this layout is 60 (=4+37+19). 
     For a given cost function, a path that traverses the graph from start to end with a minimum total cost corresponds to a preferred layout of image elements  110 . For the example of  FIG. 3 , the lowest-cost path through the graph, made up of transitions  310   b ,  310   g , and  310   q  (indicated by bold lines), travels to clusters  210   b  and  210   l  and has a total cost of 7. In an example situation where a graph may have two or more paths each having the same lowest cost, the rendering algorithm to determine a preferred layout may arbitrarily choose any one of the lowest-cost paths, or the rendering algorithm may apply any suitable criteria to select one of the lowest-cost paths. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an example layout of image elements  110  rendered on an example display  400 , where the layout corresponds to the lowest-cost path through the graph in  FIG. 3 . The example preferred layout shown in  FIG. 4  is made up of clusters  210   b  and  210   l , and the preferred layout represents the minimum total cost according to the example target-height cost function as defined above. While image elements  110  may have been resized from their original sizes, the aspect ratio of each image element  110  has been preserved, and image elements  110  have not been cropped. The order of image elements  110  in the layout is the same as the order of image elements  110  in ordered sequence  100  of  FIG. 1 . Clusters  210   b  and  210   l  have the same width. Image elements  110  within a particular cluster (e.g., image elements  110   c ,  110   d , and  110   e  in cluster  210   l ) have the same height, but clusters  210   b  and  210   l  have different heights. Note that another cost function, different from the target-height cost function defined above, may produce a different lowest-cost path through the graph and thus, a different preferred layout of image elements  110 . 
     In the examples of  FIGS. 2 and 3 , each cluster  210  with more than one image element  110  is shown having a gap between adjacent image elements  110 . This disclosure contemplates clusters  210  having no gap or gaps of any suitable size between adjacent image elements  110 . In the example layout of  FIG. 4 , there are gaps between adjacent image elements  110  as well as a gap between clusters  210   b  and  210   l . This disclosure contemplates layouts having no gap or gaps of any suitable size between adjacent image elements  110  and between adjacent clusters  210 . 
     Example pseudo-code is presented below for example embodiments of three example cost functions. Before applying the cost function, image elements  110  in a cluster  210  are scaled so that all image elements  110  have the same height and so that the width of cluster  210  matches the desired row width. One example cost function, discussed above, is based on an example target height  320 , and example pseudo-code for that cost function is presented below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 function cluster.cost.1(cluster,n) //cluster contains n images 
               
               
                   
                 return Math.abs(TARGET_HEIGHT − cluster.height) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Another example target-height cost function can be defined as the square of the difference between cluster height and target height  320 . For this example cost function, as the difference between cluster height and target height  320  increases, cluster cost increases quadratically, rather than linearly as with the target-height cost function defined previously. Pseudo-code for an example quadratic target-height cost function is presented below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 function cluster.cost.2(cluster,n) 
               
               
                   
                 return Math.power(TARGET_HEIGHT − cluster.height, 2) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A third example cost function that assigns cost based on the difference between the area of each image element  110  in cluster  210  and a target area is presented below: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 function cluster.cost.3(cluster,n) 
               
               
                 diff = 0 
               
               
                 for i = 1 to n 
               
               
                   area = cluster[i].height * cluster[i].width  //area of the i-th image 
               
               
                   in cluster 
               
               
                   diff += Math.abs(TARGET_AREA − area) 
               
               
                 next n 
               
               
                 return diff 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The target-height and target-area cost functions described above are just some examples of many possible cost functions that can be used to achieve an image layout with clusters  210  having heights close to a target height  320  or target area. Moreover, in particular embodiments, many cost functions may be defined that consider any number of factors, including but not limited to one or more of the following: a target cluster height; a minimum cluster height; a maximum cluster height; a target area for each image element; a minimum number of image elements per cluster (e.g., each cluster must have at least two image elements); a maximum number of image elements per cluster (e.g., no more than four image elements per cluster); preservation of aspect ratio; image format (landscape or portrait); color or tone of image elements in a cluster; the dimensions and resolution of the display screen where image elements are to be rendered; preferences of the viewing user; social-networking information related to image elements; social-networking information of the user associated with image elements; or social-networking information of the user whom the image elements are to be displayed to. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular example cost functions, this disclosure contemplates any suitable cost function that may be related to one or more of the factors listed above or to any other suitable factors. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the graph of  FIG. 3  with some image-element clusters  210  removed from consideration. Prior to calculating a cost for each cluster  210  and constructing a graph, some clusters  210  that do not meet certain criteria may be removed from further consideration. Removing a cluster  210  from consideration means that cluster  210  may not be available as a node on the graph. This process of evaluating and removing certain clusters  210  from consideration may simplify the graph and the process of finding the lowest-cost path that traverses the graph. In the example of  FIG. 5 , clusters  210  with heights above a maximum height threshold  510  (i.e., clusters  210   f ,  210   j ,  210   m , and  210   o ) and below a minimum height threshold  520  (i.e., clusters  210   d ,  210   e , and  210   i ) have been removed from consideration. By disallowing some clusters  210 , certain other clusters  210  are now unreachable from the start or are along paths that do not connect to the end (i.e.,  210   h  and  210   k ), and these clusters  210  can also be removed from the graph. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular criteria for removing clusters  210  from consideration, this disclosure contemplates any suitable criteria for removing clusters from consideration. 
     In the example graph of  FIG. 5 , a new example cost function, different from that described above, has been applied to clusters  210 . The cost function depends on a social-networking score for each image element  110 , where the social-networking score may be calculated using image attributes  120  related to social networking, such as for example one or more of the following: relevance of image to the user, number of times the image has been viewed, number of times the image has received a “like,” number of comments the image has received, or an affinity coefficient (discussed below) for the image. Lower costs indicate a higher social-networking score, so that a cluster  210  with a lower cost may have image elements  110  with a higher number of views, likes, or comments. In the example graph of  FIG. 5 , cluster  210   a  has a cost of 3, indicating a relatively high social-networking score for image element  110   a , while cluster  210   c  has a cost of 20, indicating a relatively low social-networking score for the combination of image elements  110   a ,  110   b , and  110   c . Thus, although image element  110   a  may have a relatively high social-networking score, the combined social-networking score for image elements  110   a ,  110   b , and  110   c  may be relatively low due to the relatively low social-networking score for image elements  110   b  and  110   c . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular social-networking-based cost function, this disclosure contemplates any suitable social-networking cost function that may be related to any suitable social-networking factors. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates the example graph of  FIG. 5  redrawn in a different example format but with the same vertices and edges and with the addition of a cost at each node that represents the cost to travel from the start to that particular node. The path through the graph with the lowest total cost is highlighted in bold and travels from the start to cluster  210   a , then to cluster  210   g , then to cluster  210   n , and then finishes at the end. The total cost to traverse the graph along that path is 26, which is the sum of the costs of clusters  210   a ,  210   g , and  210   n . There are two other paths through the graph that each have higher costs. One of these higher-cost paths travels to clusters  210   b  and  210   l  (total cost 27), and the other travels to clusters  210   c  and  210   n  (total cost 28). 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example layout of image elements  110  rendered on an example display  400 , where the layout corresponds to a lowest-cost path through the graph in  FIG. 6 . The example preferred layout shown in  FIG. 7  is made up of clusters  210   a ,  210   g , and  210   n , and the preferred layout represents a minimum total cost according to a social-networking cost function as discussed above. While image elements  110  may have been resized from their original sizes, the aspect ratio of each image element  110  has been preserved, and image elements  110  have not been cropped. The order of image elements  110  in the layout is the same as the order of image elements  110  in ordered sequence  100  of  FIG. 1 . Clusters  210   a ,  210   g , and  210   n  have the same width. Image elements  110  within a particular cluster (e.g., image elements  110   b  and  110   c  in cluster  210   g ) have the same height, but each cluster may have a different height. Note that the example social-networking cost function applied to image elements  110  results in the example preferred layout of  FIG. 7 , while the example target-height cost function discussed above results in a different example preferred layout of  FIG. 4 . Thus, a preferred layout that is identified by a rendering algorithm may depend on the particular cost function that is selected. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an example method for determining a preferred layout of an ordered sequence  100  made up of image elements  110 . The method may begin at step  810 , where an ordered sequence of image elements  100  may be accessed. In step  820 , clusters  210  containing one or more image elements  110  that can be formed from ordered sequence  100  may be determined. Image elements  110  within each cluster  210  may preserve the same order as image elements  110  in ordered sequence  100 . Image elements  110  within each cluster  210  may be scaled so that clusters  210  have substantially the same width, image elements  110  within any cluster  210  have substantially the same height, and image elements  110  maintain their original aspect ratio. Each cluster  210  contains image elements  110  having substantially the same height, but image elements  110  in different clusters  210  may have different heights. In step  830 , any clusters  210  that do not meet certain criteria may be removed from consideration. For example, clusters  210  that are too tall, too short, contain too many image elements, or contain too few image elements may be removed from consideration. This disclosure contemplates any suitable criteria for evaluating and removing certain clusters  210  from consideration. In step  840 , a cost for each cluster  210  may be determined based on a cost function. In step  850 , a graph may be constructed, where each node (or vertex) of the graph may represent a cluster  210 , and transitions  310  (or edges) between nodes may represent line breaks between clusters  210 . Transitions  310  between nodes may preserve the original order of ordered sequence  100 . The graph may consist of a number of paths that traverse the graph from start to end, where each path represents a possible layout of image elements  110 , and each path has a total cost based on the costs of clusters  210  along the path. 
     In step  860 , a path that traverses the graph from the start to the end and has a lowest total cost may be identified. This lowest-cost path corresponds to a preferred layout of ordered sequence  100  based on a cost function. An example of step  860  is described and illustrated in more detail below and in  FIG. 9  (and in steps  862 - 876 ). In step  880 , the information for displaying ordered sequence  100  in a preferred layout may be provided to a user or a client system, at which point the method may end. Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the method of  FIG. 8 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of  FIG. 8  as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 8  occurring in any suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates an example method for determining a preferred layout of an ordered sequence  100  made up of image elements  110  including the particular steps of the method of  FIG. 8 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable method for determining a preferred layout of an ordered sequence  100  made up of image elements including any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the steps of the method of  FIG. 8 , where appropriate. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of  FIG. 8 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of  FIG. 8 . As an example, the method of  FIG. 8  may be carried out by a client computing device (such as a smartphone), a server computing device (such as a server computing device of a social-networking system that is providing to the client computing device a structured document including ordered sequence  100  made up of image elements  110 ), or a combination of the two, where appropriate. 
     There are numerous algorithms for identifying a lowest-cost path that traverses a graph from a start node to an end node. Examples of some algorithms include but are not limited to Djikstra&#39;s algorithm, Bellman-Ford algorithm, A* (pronounced “A star”) algorithm, and Floyd-Warshall algorithm.  FIG. 9  illustrates details of an example method (corresponding to step  860  in  FIG. 8 ) for identifying a path that traverses a graph from start to end and has a lowest total cost. The example method illustrated in  FIG. 9  is based on Djikstra&#39;s algorithm. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular algorithm for finding a lowest-cost path that traverses a graph, this disclosure contemplates any suitable algorithm for finding a lowest-cost path. An example method, based on Djikstra&#39;s algorithm, for identifying a lowest-cost path that traverses a graph may begin at step  862 , where the start node may be added to a set that contains all nodes that have been visited. In step  864 , a node connected to the start node and having a lowest cost may be identified. In step  866 , the lowest-cost node identified in step  864  may be labeled with its cost and added to the set of visited nodes. At this point, the set of visited nodes may contain the start node and the one node identified in step  864 . 
     In step  868 , the set of visited nodes may be assessed to determine whether it contains the end node. If not, the method proceeds to step  870 , where neighbor nodes that are directly connected (i.e., connected by a single transition  310 ) to a node in the set of visited nodes may be identified. In step  872 , each neighbor node may be temporarily labeled with its minimum cost from the start node. In step  874 , a neighbor node with a lowest cost from the start node may be permanently labeled with its cost from the start node and added to the set of visited nodes. The method may then return to step  868  to assess whether the set of visited nodes contains the end node. If not, the method may continue exploring the graph in steps  870 ,  872 , and  874 . In step  868 , if the set of visited nodes contains the end node, the method proceeds to step  876 , where the lowest-cost path through the graph may be identified by retracing the lowest-cost path from the end back to the start. At this point the example method for identifying a lowest-cost path that traverses a graph may end. 
     In particular embodiments, accessing ordered sequence  100  or image elements  110  may comprise retrieving or requesting ordered sequence  100  or image elements  110  from one or more local data stores, from one or more remote data stores, from one or more databases, from one or more third-party servers, or by accessing one or more application programming interfaces (APIs). In particular embodiments, retrieval of ordered sequence  100  or image elements  110  may comprise generating screenshots, generating thumbnails, extracting video frames, cropping images, scaling images, converting images from one format to another (e.g., vector to raster, or Portable Networking Graphics (PNG) to Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)). 
     The set of image elements  110  in ordered sequence  100  may include image elements  110  from a social-networking system. Such image elements  110  may include image elements  110  associated with the viewer, image elements  110  associated with other users connected to the viewer in a social graph (which may be limited to users connected to the viewer within a particular degree of separation, users within a particular group or organization, users sharing particular interests or affinities with the viewer, or users having a similar profile as the user or a target demographic profile) or image elements  110  associated with particular users or concepts that the viewer is following. Example embodiments of a social-networking system are described in further detail with respect to  FIG. 10 . Example embodiments of a social graph are described in further detail with respect to  FIG. 11 . 
     The set of image elements  110  in ordered sequence  100  may include a set of captured image elements  110  of online content. In particular embodiments, an image element  110  may represent a screenshot of a website, a portion of a website, or a screenshot of some other type of online content. For example, image elements  110  may include screenshots of current news stories for topics, companies, politicians, or celebrities that the user is following. Upon clicking on image element  110 , the viewer may be taken to the website for the screenshot. Such captured image elements  110  may be generated by a web crawler or received from third-party servers. 
     A social-networking score may be assigned to image elements  110  according to relevance to the user, user preferences, or other factors. In particular embodiments, image elements  110  may have social-networking scores assigned in accordance with social-networking information. A social-networking system may have determined a relevance score for an image element  110  based at least in part on a connection value for image element  110 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a number of people depicted in image element  110  who are associated with user nodes connected to the viewer in the social graph may affect the connection value. As an example and not by way of limitation, a degree of separation between user nodes of the social graph and the viewer may affect the connection value. As another example, the type of connection between the viewer and the user nodes of the social graph user may affect the connection value. As an example and not by way of limitation, “friendship”-type connections may be associated with a higher connection value than a “work colleague”-type connection. 
     A social-networking system may determine a relevance score for an image element  110  based at least in part on an interest value for image element  110 . The interest value may be based at least in part on whether a category or categories assigned to image element  110  coincide with the category or categories associated with the viewer&#39;s interests. The interest value may be based at least in part on whether a category or categories assigned to people, locations, objects, or actions depicted in image element  110  coincide with the category or categories associated with the viewer&#39;s interests. The interest value may be based at least in part on whether a category or categories assigned to social-networking information, third-party information, or metadata associated with image element  110  coincide with the category or categories associated with the viewer&#39;s interests. 
     As an example and not by way of limitation, an object in the social graph may include a user or concept profile, or information associated with a user node that is connected to the user. As another example, an action may include friending/unfriending a user node, “liking” a content object, becoming a fan of a third party, joining a group or community of users on social-networking system  1060 , or visiting a website of a third party. As another example, third-party information may include information of activity of the user or purchases by the user on a third-party website. 
     Determination of relevance scores is discussed in further detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/976,859, filed 22 Dec. 2010 and titled “Timing for Providing Relevant Notifications for a User Based on User Interaction with Notifications,” which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The relevance score may be based at least in part to an affinity for the user with respect to the object of the social graph, as described below. As an example and not by way of limitation, affinity for past, present, or future content may be determined by the processing module of the content engine based on user activities, activities of the user nodes of the social graph, or associated connections, or any combination thereof. Affinity may be calculated using a weighted set of predictor functions. Predictor functions predict whether the user will perform a particular action. The predictor functions may predict any number of actions, which may be within or outside of the social networking system. Any type of variable may be considered when determining affinity to weight the aggregated consolidated data. Determination and use of measures of affinity are discussed in further detail in the following U.S. patent applications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/502,757, filed on 11 Aug. 2006, titled “Generating a Feed of Stories Personalized for Members of a Social Network,” and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,827,208; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/645,481, filed on 23 Dec. 2009 and titled “Selection and Presentation of Related Social Networking System Content and Advertisements;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/247,825, filed on 28 Sep. 2011 and titled “Instantaneous Recommendation of Social Interactions in a Social Networking System;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/976,755, filed on 22 Dec. 2010 and titled “Pricing Relevant Notifications Provided to a User Based on Location and Social Information;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/978,265, filed on 23 Dec. 2010 and titled “Contextually Relevant Affinity Prediction in a Social Networking System;” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/632,869, filed on 1 Oct. 2012 and titled “Mobile Device-Related Measures of Affinity.” 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example network environment  1000  associated with a social-networking system. Network environment  1000  includes a user  1001 , a client system  1030 , a social-networking system  1060 , and a third-party system  1070  connected to each other by a network  1010 . Although  FIG. 10  illustrates a particular arrangement of user  1001 , client system  1030 , social-networking system  1060 , third-party system  1070 , and network  1010 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable arrangement of user  1001 , client system  1030 , social-networking system  1060 , third-party system  1070 , and network  1010 . As an example and not by way of limitation, two or more of client system  1030 , social-networking system  1060 , and third-party system  1070  may be connected to each other directly, bypassing network  1010 . As another example, two or more of client system  1030 , social-networking system  1060 , and third-party system  1070  may be physically or logically co-located with each other in whole or in part. Moreover, although  FIG. 10  illustrates a particular number of users  1001 , client systems  1030 , social-networking systems  1060 , third-party systems  1070 , and networks  1010 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable number of users  1001 , client systems  1030 , social-networking systems  1060 , third-party systems  1070 , and networks  1010 . As an example and not by way of limitation, network environment  1000  may include multiple users  1001 , client system  1030 , social-networking systems  1060 , third-party systems  1070 , and networks  1010 . 
     In particular embodiments, user  1001  may be an individual (human user), an entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third-party application), or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or communicates with or over social-networking system  1060 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may be a network-addressable computing system hosting an online social network. Social-networking system  1060  may generate, store, receive, and send social-networking data, such as, for example, user-profile data, concept-profile data, social-graph information, or other suitable data related to the online social network. Social-networking system  1060  may be accessed by the other components of network environment  1000  either directly or via network  1010 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may include an authorization server (or other suitable component(s)) that allows users  1001  to opt in to or opt out of having their actions logged by social-networking system  1060  or shared with other systems (e.g., third-party systems  1070 ), for example, by setting appropriate privacy settings. A privacy setting of a user may determine what information associated with the user may be logged, how information associated with the user may be logged, when information associated with the user may be logged, who may log information associated with the user, whom information associated with the user may be shared with, and for what purposes information associated with the user may be logged or shared. Authorization servers may be used to enforce one or more privacy settings of the users of social-networking system  30  through blocking, data hashing, anonymization, or other suitable techniques as appropriate. In particular embodiments, third-party system  1070  may be a network-addressable computing system that can host content servers. Third-party system  1070  may generate, store, receive, and send content, including multimedia content, such as, for example, images, video, text, websites, interactive content, live streaming content, etc. Third-party system  1070  may be accessed by the other components of network environment  1000  either directly or via network  1010 . In particular embodiments, one or more users  1001  may use one or more client systems  1030  to access, send data to, and receive data from social-networking system  1060  or third-party system  1070 . Client system  1030  may access social-networking system  1060  or third-party system  1070  directly, via network  1010 , or via a third-party system. As an example and not by way of limitation, client system  1030  may access third-party system  1070  via social-networking system  1060 . Client system  1030  may be any suitable computing device, such as, for example, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, or a tablet computer. 
     This disclosure contemplates any suitable network  1010 . As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more portions of network  1010  may include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a cellular telephone network, or a combination of two or more of these. Network  1010  may include one or more networks  1010 . 
     Links  1050  may connect client system  1030 , social-networking system  1060 , and third-party system  1070  to communication network  1010  or to each other. This disclosure contemplates any suitable links  1050 . In particular embodiments, one or more links  1050  include one or more wireline (such as for example Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)), wireless (such as for example Wi-Fi or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), or optical (such as for example Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)) links. In particular embodiments, one or more links  1050  each include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a VPN, a LAN, a WLAN, a WAN, a WWAN, a MAN, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the PSTN, a cellular technology-based network, a satellite communications technology-based network, another link  1050 , or a combination of two or more such links  1050 . Links  1050  need not necessarily be the same throughout network environment  1000 . One or more first links  1050  may differ in one or more respects from one or more second links  1050 . 
       FIG. 11  illustrates example social graph  1100 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may store one or more social graphs  1100  in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments, social graph  1100  may include multiple nodes—which may include multiple user nodes  1102  or multiple concept nodes  1104 —and multiple edges  1106  connecting the nodes. Example social graph  1100  illustrated in  FIG. 11  is shown, for didactic purposes, in a two-dimensional visual map representation. In particular embodiments, a social-networking system  1060 , client system  1030 , or third-party system  1070  may access social graph  1100  and related social-graph information for suitable applications. The nodes and edges of social graph  1100  may be stored as data objects, for example, in a data store (such as a social-graph database). Such a data store may include one or more searchable or queryable indexes of nodes or edges of social graph  1100 . 
     In particular embodiments, a user node  1102  may correspond to a user of social-networking system  1060 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may be an individual (human user), an entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third-party application), or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or communicates with or over social-networking system  1060 . In particular embodiments, when a user registers for an account with social-networking system  1060 , social-networking system  1060  may create a user node  1102  corresponding to the user, and store the user node  1102  in one or more data stores. Users and user nodes  1102  described herein may, where appropriate, refer to registered users and user nodes  1102  associated with registered users. In addition or as an alternative, users and user nodes  1102  described herein may, where appropriate, refer to users that have not registered with social-networking system  1060 . In particular embodiments, a user node  1102  may be associated with information provided by a user or information gathered by various systems, including social-networking system  1060 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user may provide his or her name, profile picture, contact information, birth date, sex, marital status, family status, employment, education background, preferences, interests, or other demographic information. In particular embodiments, a user node  1102  may be associated with one or more data objects corresponding to information associated with a user. In particular embodiments, a user node  1102  may correspond to one or more webpages. 
     In particular embodiments, a concept node  1104  may correspond to a concept. As an example and not by way of limitation, a concept may correspond to a place (such as, for example, a movie theater, restaurant, landmark, or city); a website (such as, for example, a website associated with social-network system  1060  or a third-party website associated with a web-application server); an entity (such as, for example, a person, business, group, sports team, or celebrity); a resource (such as, for example, an audio file, video file, digital photo, text file, structured document, or application) which may be located within social-networking system  1060  or on an external server, such as a web-application server; real or intellectual property (such as, for example, a sculpture, painting, movie, game, song, idea, photograph, or written work); a game; an activity; an idea or theory; another suitable concept; or two or more such concepts. A concept node  1104  may be associated with information of a concept provided by a user or information gathered by various systems, including social-networking system  1060 . As an example and not by way of limitation, information of a concept may include a name or a title; one or more images (e.g., an image of the cover page of a book); a location (e.g., an address or a geographical location); a website (which may be associated with a URL); contact information (e.g., a phone number or an email address); other suitable concept information; or any suitable combination of such information. In particular embodiments, a concept node  1104  may be associated with one or more data objects corresponding to information associated with concept node  1104 . In particular embodiments, a concept node  1104  may correspond to one or more webpages. 
     In particular embodiments, a node in social graph  1100  may represent or be represented by a webpage (which may be referred to as a “profile page”). Profile pages may be hosted by or accessible to social-networking system  1060 . Profile pages may also be hosted on third-party websites associated with a third-party server  1070 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a profile page corresponding to a particular external webpage may be the particular external webpage and the profile page may correspond to a particular concept node  1104 . Profile pages may be viewable by all or a selected subset of other users. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user node  1102  may have a corresponding user-profile page in which the corresponding user may add content, make declarations, or otherwise express himself or herself. As another example and not by way of limitation, a concept node  1104  may have a corresponding concept-profile page in which one or more users may add content, make declarations, or express themselves, particularly in relation to the concept corresponding to concept node  1104 . 
     In particular embodiments, a concept node  1104  may represent a third-party webpage or resource hosted by a third-party system  170 . The third-party webpage or resource may include, among other elements, content, a selectable or other icon, or other inter-actable object (which may be implemented, for example, in JavaScript, AJAX, or PHP codes) representing an action or activity. As an example and not by way of limitation, a third-party webpage may include a selectable icon such as “like,” “check in,” “eat,” “recommend,” or another suitable action or activity. A user viewing the third-party webpage may perform an action by selecting one of the icons (e.g., “eat”), causing a client system  130  to send to social-networking system  1060  a message indicating the user&#39;s action. In response to the message, social-networking system  1060  may create an edge (e.g., an “eat” edge) between a user node  1102  corresponding to the user and a concept node  1104  corresponding to the third-party webpage or resource and store edge  1106  in one or more data stores. 
     In particular embodiments, a pair of nodes in social graph  1100  may be connected to each other by one or more edges  1106 . An edge  1106  connecting a pair of nodes may represent a relationship between the pair of nodes. In particular embodiments, an edge  1106  may include or represent one or more data objects or attributes corresponding to the relationship between a pair of nodes. As an example and not by way of limitation, a first user may indicate that a second user is a “friend” of the first user. In response to this indication, social-networking system  1060  may send a “friend request” to the second user. If the second user confirms the “friend request,” social-networking system  1060  may create an edge  1106  connecting the first user&#39;s user node  1102  to the second user&#39;s user node  1102  in social graph  1100  and store edge  1106  as social-graph information. In the example of  FIG. 11 , social graph  1100  includes an edge  1106  indicating a friend relation between user nodes  1102  of user “A” and user “B” and an edge indicating a friend relation between user nodes  1102  of user “C” and user “B.” Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular edges  1106  with particular attributes connecting particular user nodes  1102 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges  1106  with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes  1102 . As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge  1106  may represent a friendship, family relationship, business or employment relationship, fan relationship, follower relationship, visitor relationship, subscriber relationship, superior/subordinate relationship, reciprocal relationship, non-reciprocal relationship, another suitable type of relationship, or two or more such relationships. Moreover, although this disclosure generally describes nodes as being connected, this disclosure also describes users or concepts as being connected. Herein, references to users or concepts being connected may, where appropriate, refer to the nodes corresponding to those users or concepts being connected in social graph  1100  by one or more edges  1106 . 
     In particular embodiments, an edge  1106  between a user node  1102  and a concept node  1104  may represent a particular action or activity performed by a user associated with user node  1102  toward a concept associated with a concept node  1104 . As an example and not by way of limitation, as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , a user may “like,” “attended,” “played,” “listened,” “cooked,” “worked at,” or “watched” a concept, each of which may correspond to a edge type or subtype. A concept-profile page corresponding to a concept node  1104  may include, for example, a selectable “check in” icon (such as, for example, a clickable “check in” icon) or a selectable “add to favorites” icon. Similarly, after a user clicks these icons, social-networking system  1060  may create a “favorite” edge or a “check in” edge in response to a user&#39;s action corresponding to a respective action. As another example and not by way of limitation, a user (user “C”) may listen to a particular song (“Imagine”) using a particular application (SPOTIFY, which is an online music application). In this case, social-networking system  1060  may create a “listened” edge  1106  and a “used” edge (as illustrated in  FIG. 11 ) between user nodes  1102  corresponding to the user and concept nodes  1104  corresponding to the song and application to indicate that the user listened to the song and used the application. Moreover, social-networking system  1060  may create a “played” edge  1106  (as illustrated in  FIG. 11 ) between concept nodes  1104  corresponding to the song and the application to indicate that the particular song was played by the particular application. In this case, “played” edge  1106  corresponds to an action performed by an external application (SPOTIFY) on an external audio file (the song “Imagine”). Although this disclosure describes particular edges  1106  with particular attributes connecting user nodes  1102  and concept nodes  1104 , this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges  1106  with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes  1102  and concept nodes  1104 . Moreover, although this disclosure describes edges between a user node  1102  and a concept node  1104  representing a single relationship, this disclosure contemplates edges between a user node  1102  and a concept node  1104  representing one or more relationships. As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge  1106  may represent both that a user likes and has used at a particular concept. Alternatively, another edge  1106  may represent each type of relationship (or multiples of a single relationship) between a user node  1102  and a concept node  1104  (as illustrated in  FIG. 11  between user node  1102  for user “E” and concept node  1104  for “SPOTIFY”). 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may create an edge  1106  between a user node  1102  and a concept node  1104  in social graph  1100 . As an example and not by way of limitation, a user viewing a concept-profile page (such as, for example, by using a web browser or a special-purpose application hosted by the user&#39;s client system  1030 ) may indicate that he or she likes the concept represented by the concept node  1104  by clicking or selecting a “Like” icon, which may cause the user&#39;s client system  1030  to send to social-networking system  1060  a message indicating the user&#39;s liking of the concept associated with the concept-profile page. In response to the message, social-networking system  1060  may create an edge  1106  between user node  1102  associated with the user and concept node  1104 , as illustrated by “like” edge  1106  between the user and concept node  1104 . In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may store an edge  1106  in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments, an edge  1106  may be automatically formed by social-networking system  1060  in response to a particular user action. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user uploads a picture, watches a movie, or listens to a song, an edge  1106  may be formed between user node  1102  corresponding to the first user and concept nodes  1104  corresponding to those concepts. Although this disclosure describes forming particular edges  1106  in particular manners, this disclosure contemplates forming any suitable edges  1106  in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may determine the social-graph affinity (which may be referred to herein as “affinity”) of various social-graph entities for each other. Affinity may represent the strength of a relationship or level of interest between particular objects associated with the online social network, such as users, concepts, content, actions, advertisements, other objects associated with the online social network, or any suitable combination thereof. Affinity may also be determined with respect to objects associated with third-party systems  1070  or other suitable systems. An overall affinity for a social-graph entity for each user, subject matter, or type of content may be established. The overall affinity may change based on continued monitoring of the actions or relationships associated with the social-graph entity. Although this disclosure describes determining particular affinities in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates determining any suitable affinities in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may measure or quantify social-graph affinity using an affinity coefficient (which may be referred to herein as “coefficient”). The coefficient may represent or quantify the strength of a relationship between particular objects associated with the online social network. The coefficient may also represent a probability or function that measures a predicted probability that a user will perform a particular action based on the user&#39;s interest in the action. In this way, a user&#39;s future actions may be predicted based on the user&#39;s prior actions, where the coefficient may be calculated at least in part a the history of the user&#39;s actions. Coefficients may be used to predict any number of actions, which may be within or outside of the online social network. As an example and not by way of limitation, these actions may include various types of communications, such as sending messages, posting content, or commenting on content; various types of a observation actions, such as accessing or viewing profile pages, media, or other suitable content; various types of coincidence information about two or more social-graph entities, such as being in the same group, tagged in the same photograph, checked-in at the same location, or attending the same event; or other suitable actions. Although this disclosure describes measuring affinity in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates measuring affinity in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may use a variety of factors to calculate a coefficient. These factors may include, for example, user actions, types of relationships between objects, location information, other suitable factors, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, different factors may be weighted differently when calculating the coefficient. The weights for each factor may be static or the weights may change according to, for example, the user, the type of relationship, the type of action, the user&#39;s location, and so forth. Ratings for the factors may be combined according to their weights to determine an overall coefficient for the user. As an example and not by way of limitation, particular user actions may be assigned both a rating and a weight while a relationship associated with the particular user action is assigned a rating and a correlating weight (e.g., so the weights total 100%). To calculate the coefficient of a user towards a particular object, the rating assigned to the user&#39;s actions may comprise, for example, 60% of the overall coefficient, while the relationship between the user and the object may comprise 40% of the overall coefficient. In particular embodiments, the social-networking system  1060  may consider a variety of variables when determining weights for various factors used to calculate a coefficient, such as, for example, the time since information was accessed, decay factors, frequency of access, relationship to information or relationship to the object about which information was accessed, relationship to social-graph entities connected to the object, short- or long-term averages of user actions, user feedback, other suitable variables, or any combination thereof. As an example and not by way of limitation, a coefficient may include a decay factor that causes the strength of the signal provided by particular actions to decay with time, such that more recent actions are more relevant when calculating the coefficient. The ratings and weights may be continuously updated based on continued tracking of the actions upon which the coefficient is based. Any type of process or algorithm may be employed for assigning, combining, averaging, and so forth the ratings for each factor and the weights assigned to the factors. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may determine coefficients using machine-learning algorithms trained on historical actions and past user responses, or data farmed from users by exposing them to various options and measuring responses. Although this disclosure describes calculating coefficients in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates calculating coefficients in any suitable manner. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may calculate a coefficient based on a user&#39;s actions. Social-networking system  1060  may monitor such actions on the online social network, on a third-party system  1070 , on other suitable systems, or any combination thereof. Any suitable type of user actions may be tracked or monitored. Typical user actions include viewing profile pages, creating or posting content, interacting with content, tagging or being tagged in images, joining groups, listing and confirming attendance at events, checking-in at locations, liking particular pages, creating pages, and performing other tasks that facilitate social action. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may calculate a coefficient based on the user&#39;s actions with particular types of content. The content may be associated with the online social network, a third-party system  1070 , or another suitable system. The content may include users, profile pages, posts, news stories, headlines, instant messages, chat room conversations, emails, advertisements, pictures, video, music, other suitable objects, or any combination thereof. Social-networking system  1060  may analyze a user&#39;s actions to determine whether one or more of the actions indicate an affinity for subject matter, content, other users, and so forth. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user may make frequently posts content related to “coffee” or variants thereof, social-networking system  1060  may determine the user has a high coefficient with respect to the concept “coffee”. Particular actions or types of actions may be assigned a higher weight and/or rating than other actions, which may affect the overall calculated coefficient. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user emails a second user, the weight or the rating for the action may be higher than if the first user simply views the user-profile page for the second user. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may calculate a coefficient based on the type of relationship between particular objects. Referencing the social graph  1100 , social-networking system  1060  may analyze the number and/or type of edges  1106  connecting particular user nodes  1102  and concept nodes  1104  when calculating a coefficient. As an example and not by way of limitation, user nodes  1102  that are connected by a spouse-type edge (representing that the two users are married) may be assigned a higher coefficient than a user nodes  1102  that are connected by a friend-type edge. In other words, depending upon the weights assigned to the actions and relationships for the particular user, the overall affinity may be determined to be higher for content about the user&#39;s spouse than for content about the user&#39;s friend. In particular embodiments, the relationships a user has with another object may affect the weights and/or the ratings of the user&#39;s actions with respect to calculating the coefficient for that object. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user is tagged in first photo, but merely likes a second photo, social-networking system  1060  may determine that the user has a higher coefficient with respect to the first photo than the second photo because having a tagged-in-type relationship with content may be assigned a higher weight and/or rating than having a like-type relationship with content. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may calculate a coefficient for a first user based on the relationship one or more second users have with a particular object. In other words, the connections and coefficients other users have with an object may affect the first user&#39;s coefficient for the object. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user is connected to or has a high coefficient for one or more second users, and those second users are connected to or have a high coefficient for a particular object, social-networking system  1060  may determine that the first user should also have a relatively high coefficient for the particular object. In particular embodiments, the coefficient may be based on the degree of separation between particular objects. The lower coefficient may represent the decreasing likelihood that the first user will share an interest in content objects of the user that is indirectly connected to the first user in the social graph  1100 . As an example and not by way of limitation, social-graph entities that are closer in the social graph  1100  (i.e., fewer degrees of separation) may have a higher coefficient than entities that are further apart in the social graph  1100 . 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may calculate a coefficient based on location information. Objects that are geographically closer to each other may be considered to be more related or of more interest to each other than more distant objects. In particular embodiments, the coefficient of a user towards a particular object may be based on the proximity of the object&#39;s location to a current location associated with the user (or the location of a client system  1030  of the user). A first user may be more interested in other users or concepts that are closer to the first user. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user is one mile from an airport and two miles from a gas station, social-networking system  1060  may determine that the user has a higher coefficient for the airport than the gas station based on the proximity of the airport to the user. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may perform particular actions with respect to a user based on coefficient information. Coefficients may be used to predict whether a user will perform a particular action based on the user&#39;s interest in the action. A coefficient may be used when generating or presenting any type of objects to a user, such as advertisements, search results, news stories, media, messages, notifications, or other suitable objects. The coefficient may also be utilized to rank and order such objects, as appropriate. In this way, social-networking system  1060  may provide information that is relevant to user&#39;s interests and current circumstances, increasing the likelihood that they will find such information of interest. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may generate content based on coefficient information. Content objects may be provided or selected based on coefficients specific to a user. As an example and not by way of limitation, the coefficient may be used to generate media for the user, where the user may be presented with media for which the user has a high overall coefficient with respect to the media object. As another example and not by way of limitation, the coefficient may be used to generate advertisements for the user, where the user may be presented with advertisements for which the user has a high overall coefficient with respect to the advertised object. In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may generate search results based on coefficient information. Search results for a particular user may be scored or ranked based on the coefficient associated with the search results with respect to the querying user. As an example and not by way of limitation, search results corresponding to objects with higher coefficients may be ranked higher on a search-results page than results corresponding to objects having lower coefficients. 
     In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may calculate a coefficient in response to a request for a coefficient from a particular system or process. To predict the likely actions a user may take (or may be the subject of) in a given situation, any process may request a calculated coefficient for a user. The request may also include a set of weights to use for various factors used to calculate the coefficient. This request may come from a process running on the online social network, from a third-party system  1070  (e.g., via an API or other communication channel), or from another suitable system. In response to the request, social-networking system  1060  may calculate the coefficient (or access the coefficient information if it has previously been calculated and stored). In particular embodiments, social-networking system  1060  may measure an affinity with respect to a particular process. Different processes (both internal and external to the online social network) may request a coefficient for a particular object or set of objects. Social-networking system  1060  may provide a measure of affinity that is relevant to the particular process that requested the measure of affinity. In this way, each process receives a measure of affinity that is tailored for the different context in which the process will use the measure of affinity. 
     In connection with social-graph affinity and affinity coefficients, particular embodiments may utilize one or more systems, components, elements, functions, methods, operations, or steps disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/503,093, filed 11 Aug. 2006, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/977,027, filed 22 Dec. 2010, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/978,265, filed 23 Dec. 2010, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/632,869, field 1 Oct. 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates an example computer system  1200 . In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems  1200  perform one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems  1200  provide functionality described or illustrated herein. In particular embodiments, software running on one or more computer systems  1200  performs one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein or provides functionality described or illustrated herein. Particular embodiments include one or more portions of one or more computer systems  1200 . Herein, reference to a computer system may encompass a computing device, and vice versa, where appropriate. Moreover, reference to a computer system may encompass one or more computer systems, where appropriate. 
     This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer systems  1200 . This disclosure contemplates computer system  1200  taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation, computer system  1200  may be an embedded computer system, a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, for example, a computer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, a tablet computer system, or a combination of two or more of these. Where appropriate, computer system  1200  may include one or more computer systems  1200 ; be unitary or distributed; span multiple locations; span multiple machines; span multiple data centers; or reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer systems  1200  may perform without substantial spatial or temporal limitation one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems  1200  may perform in real time or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. One or more computer systems  1200  may perform at different times or at different locations one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein, where appropriate. 
     In particular embodiments, computer system  1200  includes a processor  1202 , memory  1204 , storage  1206 , an input/output (I/O) interface  1208 , a communication interface  1210 , and a bus  1212 . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular computer system having a particular number of particular components in a particular arrangement, this disclosure contemplates any suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable components in any suitable arrangement. 
     In particular embodiments, processor  1202  includes hardware for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer program. As an example and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions, processor  1202  may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, memory  1204 , or storage  1206 ; decode and execute them; and then write one or more results to an internal register, an internal cache, memory  1204 , or storage  1206 . In particular embodiments, processor  1202  may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor  1202  including any suitable number of any suitable internal caches, where appropriate. As an example and not by way of limitation, processor  1202  may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or more translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). Instructions in the instruction caches may be copies of instructions in memory  1204  or storage  1206 , and the instruction caches may speed up retrieval of those instructions by processor  1202 . Data in the data caches may be copies of data in memory  1204  or storage  1206  for instructions executing at processor  1202  to operate on; the results of previous instructions executed at processor  1202  for access by subsequent instructions executing at processor  1202  or for writing to memory  1204  or storage  1206 ; or other suitable data. The data caches may speed up read or write operations by processor  1202 . The TLBs may speed up virtual-address translation for processor  1202 . In particular embodiments, processor  1202  may include one or more internal registers for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor  1202  including any suitable number of any suitable internal registers, where appropriate. Where appropriate, processor  1202  may include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs); be a multi-core processor; or include one or more processors  1202 . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular processor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable processor. 
     In particular embodiments, memory  1204  includes main memory for storing instructions for processor  1202  to execute or data for processor  1202  to operate on. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system  1200  may load instructions from storage  1206  or another source (such as, for example, another computer system  1200 ) to memory  1204 . Processor  1202  may then load the instructions from memory  1204  to an internal register or internal cache. To execute the instructions, processor  1202  may retrieve the instructions from the internal register or internal cache and decode them. During or after execution of the instructions, processor  1202  may write one or more results (which may be intermediate or final results) to the internal register or internal cache. Processor  1202  may then write one or more of those results to memory  1204 . In particular embodiments, processor  1202  executes only instructions in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory  1204  (as opposed to storage  1206  or elsewhere) and operates only on data in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory  1204  (as opposed to storage  1206  or elsewhere). One or more memory buses (which may each include an address bus and a data bus) may couple processor  1202  to memory  1204 . Bus  1212  may include one or more memory buses, as described below. In particular embodiments, one or more memory management units (MMUs) reside between processor  1202  and memory  1204  and facilitate accesses to memory  1204  requested by processor  1202 . In particular embodiments, memory  1204  includes random access memory (RAM). This RAM may be volatile memory, where appropriate Where appropriate, this RAM may be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). Moreover, where appropriate, this RAM may be single-ported or multi-ported RAM. This disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory  1204  may include one or more memories  1204 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular memory, this disclosure contemplates any suitable memory. 
     In particular embodiments, storage  1206  includes mass storage for data or instructions. As an example and not by way of limitation, storage  1206  may include a hard disk drive (HDD), a floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a combination of two or more of these. Storage  1206  may include removable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate. Storage  1206  may be internal or external to computer system  1200 , where appropriate. In particular embodiments, storage  1206  is non-volatile, solid-state memory. In particular embodiments, storage  1206  includes read-only memory (ROM). Where appropriate, this ROM may be mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory or a combination of two or more of these. This disclosure contemplates mass storage  1206  taking any suitable physical form. Storage  1206  may include one or more storage control units facilitating communication between processor  1202  and storage  1206 , where appropriate. Where appropriate, storage  1206  may include one or more storages  1206 . Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular storage, this disclosure contemplates any suitable storage. 
     In particular embodiments, I/O interface  1208  includes hardware, software, or both, providing one or more interfaces for communication between computer system  1200  and one or more I/O devices. Computer system  1200  may include one or more of these I/O devices, where appropriate. One or more of these I/O devices may enable communication between a person and computer system  1200 . As an example and not by way of limitation, an I/O device may include a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, scanner, speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch screen, trackball, video camera, another suitable I/O device or a combination of two or more of these. An I/O device may include one or more sensors. This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O devices and any suitable I/O interfaces  1208  for them. Where appropriate, I/O interface  1208  may include one or more device or software drivers enabling processor  1202  to drive one or more of these I/O devices. I/O interface  1208  may include one or more I/O interfaces  1208 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular I/O interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O interface. 
     In particular embodiments, communication interface  1210  includes hardware, software, or both providing one or more interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based communication) between computer system  1200  and one or more other computer systems  1200  or one or more networks. As an example and not by way of limitation, communication interface  1210  may include a network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network, such as a WI-FI network. This disclosure contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication interface  1210  for it. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system  1200  may communicate with an ad hoc network, a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or one or more portions of the Internet or a combination of two or more of these. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be wired or wireless. As an example, computer system  1200  may communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular telephone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network), or other suitable wireless network or a combination of two or more of these. Computer system  1200  may include any suitable communication interface  1210  for any of these networks, where appropriate. Communication interface  1210  may include one or more communication interfaces  1210 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular communication interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable communication interface. 
     In particular embodiments, bus  1212  includes hardware, software, or both coupling components of computer system  1200  to each other. As an example and not by way of limitation, bus  1212  may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a front-side bus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBAND interconnect, a low-pin-count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express (PCIe) bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association local (VLB) bus, or another suitable bus or a combination of two or more of these. Bus  1212  may include one or more buses  1212 , where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular bus, this disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or interconnect. 
     Herein, a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium or media may include one or more semiconductor-based or other integrated circuits (ICs) (such, as for example, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific ICs (ASICs)), hard disk drives (HDDs), hybrid hard drives (HHDs), optical discs, optical disc drives (ODDs), magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives, floppy diskettes, floppy disk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes, solid-state drives (SSDs), RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards or drives, any other suitable computer-readable non-transitory storage media, or any suitable combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile, where appropriate. 
     Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B” means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. 
     The scope of this disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. The scope of this disclosure is not limited to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates respective embodiments herein as including particular components, elements, functions, operations, or steps, any of these embodiments may include any combination or permutation of any of the components, elements, functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative.