Patent Publication Number: US-2013236614-A1

Title: Kitchen Appliance &amp; Method of Using Same

Description:
SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure relates generally to a kitchen appliance for heating foodstuff and, more particularly, to a slow cooker that simplifies and/or expedites the process of heating contents therein. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Kitchen appliances, and particularly slow cookers, are well known. Conventional slow cookers allow or require a user to select both a cooking temperature and a cooking time during which a heating element of the slow cooker operates. Other conventional slow cookers allow or require a user to select a cooking temperature or cooking level, which in turn correlates to a default cooking time. For example, conventional slow cookers include a control panel with a plurality of buttons. The buttons may allow a user to place the slow cooker in one of several different modes of operation, select a cooking time from a range of possible cooking times, and/or select or modify a cooking temperature from a range of possible cooking temperatures. 
       FIG. 1  shows a temperature versus time graph for a conventional slow cooker having a high heat setting (“HS”) and a low heat setting (“LS”). When using such a conventional slow cooker, a user is required to choose either the HS or the LS. When set to the HS, contents (i.e., foodstuff or another objection) within the conventional slow cooker reaches a temperature of approximately one hundred degrees Celsius (100° C.) in a relatively short period of time, such as approximately five hours (5 hrs). In contrast, when set to the LS, the contents within the conventional slow cooker reaches the same temperature of approximately one hundred degrees Celsius (100° C.) only after a longer period of time, such as approximately twelve hours (12 hrs). 
     At least certain conventional slow cookers may inadvertently over-heat the contents therein if a user is distracted and/or not aware of such a possibility. In particular, if a user does not carefully and/or periodically monitor certain conventional slow cookers during operation, the contents therein may be heated at a relatively high temperature for an undesirably long amount of time. 
     While the conventional slow cookers described above are quite acceptable and useful, users and consumers would always appreciate a simpler and less complicated kitchen appliance relative to conventional operation. It has heretofore not been discovered how to make the operation of a slow cooker more user friendly and less likely to over-heat or over-cook the contents therein. As such, there is an ongoing need for a slow cooker appliance that performs certain steps or functions automatically. The device and method of the present disclosure overcome and/or eliminate at least one of the above or other shortcomings of conventional appliances. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Briefly stated, one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of heating contents within a slow cooker for a user-selected duration. The slow cooker includes a heating element, a controller configured to control operation of the heating element, and a control interface operatively connected to the controller. The method includes engaging the control interface to energize the heating element to a first power level for a first time period. The method further includes automatically energizing the heating element to a second power level for a second time period following completion of the first time period to avoid over-heating the contents within the slow cooker, the second power level being lower than the first power level. The method also includes automatically energizing the heating element to a third power level for a third time period following completion of the second time period, the third power level being greater than the second power level. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a slow cooker having a housing with a base wall and a side wall extending therefrom. Portions of the base wall and side wall define a heating cavity within the housing. The housing has a housing rim at a free edge of the side wall defining an opening to the heating cavity. A heating element is disposed within the housing sufficiently proximate the heating cavity to heat the heating cavity. A container has a generally hollow interior and a container rim defining an opening for accessing the interior thereof. The interior of the container is capable of retaining contents therein. The container is sized and shaped to fit at least partially within the heating cavity of the housing. A lid is sized and shaped to at least partially cover the opening of the container when the lid is placed on the container. The lid has an exterior surface and an opposing interior surface facing the interior of the container when the lid is placed on the container. The controller is configured to control operation of the heating element in either a manual mode or a program mode. In the manual mode, the controller actuates the heating element to heat the container to a selected predetermined heat setting for a predetermined period of time. In the program mode, the controller actuates the heating element to heat the container at a first power level for a first time period, then automatically heat the container at a second power level for a second time period following completion of the first time period to avoid over-heating the contents in the interior of the container, and then automatically heat the container at a third power level for a third time period following completion of the second time period. 
     In yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method of heating contents within a slow cooker for a user-selected duration. The slow cooker including a heating element, a controller configured to control operation of the heating element, and a control interface operatively connected to the controller. The method includes engaging the control interface to heat the contents within the slow cooker for a user-selected duration. The method further includes energizing the heating element to a first power level for a first time period, the first time period being a predetermined value less than the user-selected duration. The method also includes automatically energizing the heating element to a second power level for a second time period following completion of the first time period to avoid over-heating the contents within the slow cooker. A summation of the first time period and the second time period is generally equal to the user-selected duration. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the disclosure, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the disclosure, there is shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the disclosure is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a temperature versus time graph of contents, such as foodstuff or another object, within a conventional slow cooker; 
         FIG. 2  is a top perspective view of a kitchen appliance in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a left side elevation view thereof; 
         FIG. 4  is a top plan view thereof; 
         FIG. 5  is an enlarged cross-sectional side elevation view thereof; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic block diagram of a controller and related components of the kitchen appliance shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a temperature versus time graph of contents, such as foodstuff or another object, within the kitchen appliance shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a temperature versus time graph of contents within the kitchen appliance according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, wherein intermediate and relatively long user-selected durations are displayed; 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram of certain components of the kitchen appliance; and 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram of certain operation or functional steps of the kitchen appliance. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting. The words “lower,” “bottom,” “upper” and “top” designate directions in the drawings to which reference is made. The words “inwardly” and “outwardly” refer to directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the kitchen appliance, and designated parts thereof, in accordance with the present disclosure. Unless specifically set forth herein, the terms “a,” “an” and “the” are not limited to one element, but instead should be read as meaning “at least one.” The terminology includes the words noted above, derivatives thereof and words of similar import. 
     Referring to the drawings in detail, wherein like numerals indicate like elements throughout,  FIGS. 2-7  illustrate one embodiment of a kitchen appliance, generally designated  10 , according to the present disclosure. The kitchen appliance  10  is illustrated as a slow cooker for warming and/or cooking (collectively referred to as “heating”) contents (none shown), such as foodstuff or another object, therein. However, the present disclosure is not limited to such a device or functionality. For example, the kitchen appliance  10  may be any of a variety of devices typically used in a kitchen, such as a deep fryer, roaster oven, or the like. In fact, the kitchen appliance  10  could be any type of device having a lid and a container, as described in detail below. The term “foodstuff” as used herein is sufficiently broad to cover any substance that is capable of being consumed by a user, such as a pork roast, vegetables, water, milk or the like, or combination thereof. The kitchen appliance  10  is also capable of heating one or more objects (not shown) other than foodstuff, such as a baby&#39;s bottle, one or more stones or towels for a massage, or the like. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2 ,  3  and  5 , the kitchen appliance  10  includes an outer shell or housing  14  having a base wall  14   a  and a side wall  14   b  extending therefrom. As shown in  FIG. 5 , interior portions of the base wall  14   a  and the side wall  14   b  define a heating cavity  18  within the housing  14 . The housing  14  is preferably generally ovular or elliptical in shape when viewed from above or below (see  FIG. 4 ). While the ovular or elliptical shape is preferred, the housing  14  may have a different shape, such as, but not limited to, circular in plan view. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14  preferably extends generally perpendicularly upwardly from the base wall  14   a.  The side wall  14   b  includes an exterior surface  13  that faces the external environment and an opposing interior surface  15  that surrounds and/or establishes the heating cavity  18 . 
     The housing  14  also includes a housing rim  14   c  at an upper, first, free edge of the side wall  14   b  that defines an opening to the heating cavity  18 . As shown in  FIG. 5 , at least a portion of the housing rim  14   c  preferably extends laterally inwardly from the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14 . The base wall  14   a  may include a support  17  or several spaced-apart, rounded protrusions or feet (not shown) extending downwardly from a bottom surface thereof for supporting the kitchen appliance  10  on a support surface  11  (see  FIG. 2 ), such as a countertop. The support or feet space the bottom surface of the base wall  14   a  at least slightly above the support surface  11 . Alternatively, the kitchen appliance  10  may include omit the support  17  or feet, such that the kitchen appliance  10  is supported by the bottom surface of the base wall  14   a  directly on the support surface  11 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , an inner liner  12  is positioned within the heating cavity  18  of the housing  14 . The inner liner includes a base wall  12   a,  a side wall  12   b  extending upwardly therefrom, and a top wall  12   c.  The base wall  12   a  and the top wall  12   c  preferably extend generally parallel to one another. The side wall  12   b  of the inner liner  12  preferably extends generally perpendicularly to both the base wall  12   a  and the top wall  12   c . The base wall  12   a  of the inner liner  12  is preferably vertically spaced-apart a predetermined distance from the base wall  14   a  of the housing  14  such that a gap or hollow spacing is defined therebetween. Similarly, the side wall  12   b  of the inner liner  12  is preferably laterally spaced-apart a predetermined distance from the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14  such that a gap or hollow space is defined therebetween. The top wall  12   c  of the inner liner  12  is preferably below the housing rim  14   c  of the housing  14 . More specifically, the top wall  12   c  of the inner liner  12  is preferably positioned approximately at a vertical midpoint of the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 2-4 , two spaced-apart handles  20  extend outwardly from opposing portions of the exterior surface  13  of the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14 . The handles  20  enable a user to grasp and/or lift the kitchen appliance  10  for movement thereof. The handles  20  may be in a diametrically opposed relation to one another and disposed along a major axis of the housing  14 . The handles  20  can be fixed to the housing  14 . Alternatively, at least a portion of each handle  20  may be pivotally attached to the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14  so that the handles  20  can at least partially fold or collapse to reduce the outer width of the kitchen appliance  10  for storage or shipping purposes. 
     At least some of the components of the kitchen appliance  10 , such as the inner liner  12  and the housing  14 , are preferably formed from one or more metallic materials, such as aluminum, stainless steel, or another suitable metallic material, or some combination of metallic materials. One or more of the other components of the kitchen appliance  10 , such as the handles  20 , may be formed from other, non-metallic materials, such as a polymeric or ceramic material, provided the housing  14  and/or kitchen appliance  10  is capable of functioning as described herein. 
     Referring specifically to  FIG. 5 , a heating element  16  is preferably disposed within the housing  14  sufficiently proximate the heating cavity  18  to heat the heating cavity  18 . In a preferred embodiment, the heating element  16  is fixed to and extends around an entire outer periphery of the side wall  12   b  of the inner liner  12 . However, the heating element  16  is not limited to such a configuration. For example, the heating element  16  may be disposed at or proximate to the base wall  14   a  of the housing  14 , or the heating element  16  may be located within or on the interior surface of the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14  in addition to or instead of the base wall  14   a  of the housing  14  or the side wall  12   b  of the inner shell  12 . The heating element  16  is preferably electrically powered and is a resistance-type heating element, such as a calrod or mica board heating element. However, a different type of heating element may be used, provided the heating element  16  functions to heat the heating cavity  18  of the housing  14 . Additionally or alternatively, the heating element  16  may function as a cooling element. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2 ,  3  and  5 , the kitchen appliance  10  preferably includes a container  22  having a base wall  28  and a side wall  30  extending upwardly therefrom. Interior portions of the base wall  28  and the side wall  30  define a generally hollow interior  22   a  of the container  22  (see  FIG. 5 ). The interior  22   a  is capable of retaining the foodstuff therein. A first, free edge of the side wall  30  of the container  22  includes a container rim  22   b  defining an opening for accessing the interior  22   a . At least the container rim  22   b  of the container  22  preferably extends upwardly beyond the housing rim  14   c  of the housing  14  when the container  22  is properly positioned within the housing  14 . Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 5 , it is preferred that at least a portion of the side wall  30  proximate the container rim  22   b  extends upwardly at least slightly beyond the housing rim  14   c  of the housing  14  when the container  22  is properly positioned within the housing  14 . The container  22  preferably includes a first ledge  34  positioned vertically below the container rim  22   b  on the side wall  30  thereof. The first ledge  34  preferably extends at least slightly inwardly toward and/or into the interior  22   a  of the container  22  and extends around the entire periphery of the opening of the container  22 . 
     The container  22  is preferably ovular or elliptical in shape and is sized and shaped to fit at least partially within the heating cavity  18  of the housing  14  for heating thereof by the heating element  16 . More specifically, an exterior of the container  22  is preferably at least slightly smaller than the interior of the heating cavity  18  of the housing  14 , such that at least a majority of the container  22  can fit within the heating cavity  18 . The container  22  is preferably completely and easily removable from the housing  14  and the inner liner  12  to facilitate cleaning thereof without exposing the housing  14 , and specifically the heating element  16  and other electrical components thereof, to water and/or cleaning detergents or solvents. However, in an alternative preferred embodiment, the container  22  may be fixed to or integrally and unitarily formed with the housing  14  and/or the inner liner  12 . The container  22  is preferably made of stoneware, ceramic or pottery. However, the container  22  may be made of a different material, such as metallic material. For example, the container  22  may be cast iron with a porcelain enamel coating, for instance, provided the container  22  is capable of functioning as described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the side wall  30  of the container  22  is preferably stepped or staggered. More specifically, the side wall  30  of the container  22  preferably includes a first or upper portion  30   a  and a second or lower portion  30   b . The first portion  30   a  is positioned laterally outwardly from the second portion  30   b  such that a generally horizontally extending second ledge  32  is positioned therebetween. The second ledge  32  preferably extends generally parallel to the base wall  14   a  of the housing  14  and the base wall  12   a  and the top wall  12   c  of the inner liner  12 . The first ledge  34 , the first portion  30   a , the second portion  30   b  and the second ledge  32  are preferably integrally, unitarily and monolithically formed. The second ledge  32  is preferably positioned vertically below the first ledge  34 , and the two ledges  34 ,  32  are preferably spaced-apart by the first portion  30   a  of the side wall  30  of the container  22 . When the container  22  is properly positioned within the heating cavity  18 , as least a portion of the second ledge  32  directly contacts and/or is supported by at least a portion of the top wall  12   c  of the inner liner  12 . The engagement of the second ledge  32  of the container  22  and the top wall  12   c  of the inner liner  12  creates a gap or hollow spacing between the base wall  28  of the container  22  and the base wall  14   a  of the housing  14 , which is generally closed to define an air volume between the container  22  and the inner liner  12 . Such a configuration is advantageous for efficient heating. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2-5 , the kitchen appliance  10  preferably includes a lid  40  sized and shaped to at least partially and preferably completely cover the opening of the container  22  when the lid  40  is placed on the first ledge  34 . In an alternative embodiment, the lid  40  and the container rim  22   b  may be sized and/or shaped such that the lid  40  rests on the container rim  22   b . The lid  40  includes a top or exterior surface  40   a  and an opposing bottom or interior surface  40   b  (see  FIG. 5 ) that faces the interior  22   a  of the container  22  when the lid  40  is placed on the first ledge  34  or the container rim  22   b . A lid handle  42  preferably extends outwardly from the exterior surface  40   a  of the lid  40 . The lid  40  preferably has at least a slightly arcuate shape, such that the exterior surface  40   a  is generally convex and the interior surface  40   b  is generally concave. The lid  40  is preferably generally ovular or elliptical when viewed from above or below to correspond to the shape of the opening of the container  22 . 
     When placed on the first ledge  34  or the container rim  22   b , the lid  40  preferably covers the entire opening of the container  22  such that an entire periphery of the lid  40  engages the container rim  22   b . The lid  40  is preferably predominantly made of glass, although the lid  40  may be made of a different, preferably transparent or translucent material, such as a polymeric material, for instance, provided the lid  40  functions as described herein. The lid  40  may include a gasket (not shown), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,928, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference, to sealingly engage the lid  40  with the container rim  22   b  when the lid  40  is placed thereon. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the heating element  16  and the kitchen appliance  10  are preferably operable in only a single cooking mode. Thus, the heating element  16  and the kitchen appliance  10  are distinguishable from those of the prior art, as shown in  FIG. 1 , which typically include at least separate two cooking modes, namely low and high, or sometimes three (or more) separate cooking modes, namely low, medium and high. More specifically, the heating element  16  of the present disclosure preferably has only one cooking setting in which the heating element  16  causes the contents within the container  22  to reach a first predetermined temperature (“FT”) of approximately ninety five degrees Celsius or two hundred three degrees Fahrenheit (95° C. or 203° F.). However, the FT may be higher or lower depending upon the intended functionality or cooking capabilities of the kitchen appliance  10 . For example, the FT may be approximately ninety degrees Celsius (90° C.). It is preferred that the FT cannot be modified or changed by the user or consumer. 
       FIG. 7  shows the contents within the container  22  reaching the FT at the completion or end of nine distinct or discrete time periods (sometimes referred to herein as “user-selected durations”) ranging from four through twelve hours (4-12 hrs). As described in detail below, the heating element  16  is capable of causing the contents within the container  22  to reach the FT at a specific time (e.g.,  8  hrs) within a range of times (e.g., 4-12 hrs). Once the contents within the container  22  reach the FT, the heating element  16  may automatically revert to the single warming mode, as described in detail below, or automatically shut-off. Alternatively, the heating element  16  may continue to operate such that the contents within the container  22  remain at the FT until a certain period of time has elapsed (i.e., until twelve full hours have elapsed) or until the user takes an affirmative step to cease operation of the heating element  16  in the single cooking mode. 
     The heating element  16  is also preferably operable in only a single warming mode. In the single warming mode, the heating element  16  heats the contents within the container  22  at or to a second predetermined temperature (“ST”). The FT is preferably greater than the ST. More specifically, the ST is preferably approximately eighty five degrees Celsius or one hundred eighty five degrees Fahrenheit ( 85 ° C. or  185 ° F.). However, the ST may be higher or lower depending upon the intended functionality or cooking capabilities of the kitchen appliance  10 . It is preferred that the ST cannot be modified or changed by the user or consumer. In other words, it is preferred that the first and second predetermined temperatures (FT, ST) are factory set based on research and development testing to determine the optimum value of each. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , a controller  36  is preferably mounted to the housing  14  for controlling operation of the heating element  16  in either the single cooking mode or the single warming mode. The controller  36  is not limited to being mounted to the housing  14 , but may be mounted to another component of the kitchen appliance  10 , such as the inner liner  12 . The controller  36  may be operatively connected to or associated with a speaker  74  or other audio device. The controller  36  may actuate the speaker  74  to emit a tone or alarm at the beginning or end, for example, of either or both of the single warming mode and the single cooking mode. For example, the speaker  74  may emit three short tones having a duration of one second (1 s) each and spaced by one second (1 s) silences. Alternatively, the speaker  74  may emit a single generally sustained tone. 
     The controller  36  may be nearly any variety of controller, such as a microprocessor, that is able to control the heating element  16  and/or the kitchen appliance  10 , as will be described in greater detail below, and withstand the normal operating conditions of the kitchen appliance  10 . Alternatively, the controller  36  may be a programmable controller and may be comprised of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that controls operation of the heating element  16  and/or the kitchen appliance  10 . 
     The controller  36  preferably pulses the heating element  16  so that the contents within the container  22  reach the FT at or substantially close to the time selected by the user (e.g., the user-selected duration). That is, the controller  36  intermittently actuates the heating element  16  “on” and “off” with sufficient “on” durations so that the heating element  16  eventually raises the temperature of the contents within the container  22  to the FT. Such intermittent actuation is commonly referred to as a duty cycle, in which the heating element is “off” at a duty cycle of 0% and “on” at a duty cycle of 100%. Stated another way, pulse rates for each time setting (i.e., 4-12 hrs) are preferably selected to achieve the same end temperature (e.g., the FT) of the contents within the container  22  at each time setting in the single cooking mode. 
     For example, at the 4 hr cook time shown in  FIG. 7 , the duty cycle is preferably at a relatively high rate, such as 70%. At the 70% duty cycle, the heating element  16  is “on” for 70% of the time period (i.e., “on” for 2.8 hrs of the selected 4 hr time period) and “off” for 30% of the time period (i.e., “off” for 1.2 hrs of the selected 4 hr time period). Conversely, at the 12 hr cook time shown in  FIG. 7 , the duty cycle is preferably at a relatively low rate, such as 35%. At the 35% duty cycle, the heating element  16  is “on” for 35% of the time period (i.e., “on” for 4.2 hrs of the selected 12 hr time period) and “off” for 65% of the time period (i.e., “off” for 7.8 hrs of the selected 12 hr time period). At one of the periods of time between the minimum cook time (i.e., 4 hrs) and the maximum cook time (i.e., 12 hrs), the duty cycle of the heating element  16  is preferably at some predetermined value between the high rate and the low rate. The kitchen appliance  10  may function in the above manner through preprogramming without any temperature feedback. Alternatively, the kitchen appliance  10  may include temperature feedback that allows the controller  36  to alter the duty cycles dependent upon one or more variables, such as the volume and/or type of contents within the container  22 . 
       FIG. 7  shows minimal or no overlap for the increase in temperature for the various selected periods of time. However, to comply with certain government or industry regulations, the programmed duty cycle or rate of temperature rise for each selected period of time (4 hrs, 5 hrs, 6 hrs, 7 hrs, etc.) may be approximately the same or identical until a certain temperature and/or time is reached, at which point the duty cycle or rate of temperature rise would vary or diverge. For example, a government or industry regulation for slow cookers may require that foodstuff be heated to at least sixty degrees Celsius (60° C.) after four hours (4 hrs) of cook time. To conform to such a requirement, the duty cycle or rise in temperature for each of the selected periods of time (4 hrs, 5 hrs, 6 hrs, 7 hrs, etc.) may overlap or be identical from the initial start-up or actuation of the heating element  16  until the contents within the container  22  reach sixty degrees Celsius (60° C.) at four hours (4 hrs) of cook time. After the target temperature and time are satisfied, the duty cycle or rise in temperature for each of the selected periods of time (4 hrs, 5 hrs, 6 hrs, 7 hrs, etc.) would differ, such that a larger selected period of time (i.e., 10 hrs) would have a lower duty cycle or slower temperature increase than a smaller selected period of time (i.e., 7 hrs). 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2 ,  3  and  5 , the kitchen appliance preferably includes a control interface to enable a user to control operation of the heating element  16  through the controller  36 . The control interface may be a control knob  52  that extends at least partially outwardly from the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14  to enable a user to control the heating element  16 . The control knob  52  is not limited to being mounted to the housing  14 , but may be mounted to another component of the kitchen appliance  10 , such as the container  22 . The control knob  52  is preferably operatively connected to the controller  36  through a rotary switch  56  (see  FIG. 5 ). The control knob  52  is preferably rotatable with respect to the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14  in both a first rotational direction (i.e., clockwise) and a second rotational direction (i.e., counterclockwise). When electrical power is supplied to the kitchen appliance  10 , rotation of the control knob  52  preferably causes and/or initiates the controller  36  to actuate the heating element  16  to cause the contents within the container  22  to reach the FT at or substantially close to the selected amount or period of time. Although the following disclosure describes the control interface as being the control knob  52 , the control interface may be in any of a variety of different or alternative forms, such as one or more depressible buttons, slidable switches or the like. 
     In a preferred embodiment, rotation of the control knob  52  preferably allows a user to select a cooking time in thirty minute (30 min) increments between four to twelve hours (4-12 hrs). However, the kitchen appliance  10  is not limited to such a configuration, as rotation of the control knob  52  may select any preprogrammed time increment between any range of time periods, such as one hour (1 hr) increments between one to ten hours (1-10 hrs) or much smaller increments like 1 minute increments. A beneficial feature of the kitchen appliance  10  of the present disclosure is that a user is prevented from adjusting the FT or the ST, which expedites and simplifies the heating process. Instead, the user&#39;s options include selecting between the single cooking mode or the single warming mode, and/or selecting the length of time that the heating element  16  operates in the single cooking mode. 
     Another beneficial feature is that the contents within the container  22  reaches a completely cooked state as close to the time when the user expects to remove the contents from the kitchen appliance  10  (e.g., following completion of the user-selected duration). Stated differently, as shown in  FIG. 7 , any foodstuff or other object within the container  22  reaches the FT at or approximately the time selected by the user through rotation of the control knob  52 . The contents within the container  22  do not reach the FT significantly before the user selected period of time, and the heating element  16  does not continue to operate to maintain the contents within the container  22  at the FT significantly after the user selected period of time has elapsed. This feature prevents overcooking of foodstuff or overheating of another object within the container  22 . In this manner, a user that cannot attend to their appliance until  5 + hours after starting the cooking process (i.e., activating the heating element  16 ) will not have exposed the foodstuff to the highest temperature setting for an unnecessary amount of time (see, for comparison, line HS in  FIG. 1 , wherein foodstuff is subjected to and/or reaches the highest temperature in the HS long after the five hours of cooking have elapsed). Moreover, a user that needs the foodstuff to be prepared or ready to be consumed within 4 to 12 hours can be assured that the proper cooking temperature was reached (see, for comparison, line LS in  FIG. 1 , wherein the maximum temperature is not reached at the LS until the twelve hours of cooking time have elapsed.). In other words, it is desirable that the user&#39;s foodstuff is fully cooked, but should not be overcooked. To the user, the present disclosure presents an “intelligent” appliance that properly prepares the foodstuff based on a single variable (i.e., the time the foodstuff should be ready to be consumed). 
     In one embodiment, the entire control knob  52  is depressible or transversely movable with respect to the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14 . More specifically, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the control knob  52  is preferably movable in a direction D into and away from the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14 . Depression of the control knob  52  may cause and/or initiate one or more steps through the controller  36 . For example, depression of the control knob  52  preferably causes the controller  36  to place the heating element  16  in one of an operating condition (i.e., “on”) and a non-operating condition (i.e., “off”). In the non-operating condition, electrical power may be supplied to the kitchen appliance  10  by a conventional power cord (not shown), but the heating element  16  is prevented from operating. Alternatively or additionally, depression of the control knob  52  may switch the heating element  16  from the single cooking mode to the single warming mode, or vice versa. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2 ,  5  and  6 , the kitchen appliance  10  preferably includes time indicia to allow a user to select an amount of time to operate the kitchen appliance. The time indicia may be a display  50  mounted to or integrally formed with the housing  14 . The display  50  is preferably a light emitting diode (LED) or other electronic display positioned above the control knob  52  on the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14 . The display  50  preferably illuminates a cook time indicator or countdown timer  72  in the form of hours and minutes until the selected amount of time lapses. More specifically, the cook time indicator  72  preferably includes seven-segment characters indicating hours and minutes in the format “hh:mm,” which is sometimes known as a 4½ digit display. Alternatively, the time indicia may simply be static numerals, letters and/or symbols attached to the kitchen appliance  10  that represent various cooking times. Such indicia could be positioned on the exterior surface  13  of the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14  proximate to or at least partially surrounding the control knob  52 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2 and 4 , one preferred embodiment of the kitchen appliance  10  includes a warm mode button  54  preferably depressible with respect to the side wall  14   b  of the housing  14 . In such an embodiment, depression of the warm mode button  54  preferably causes the controller  36  to actuate the heating element  16  to place the heating element  16  in the single warming mode or out of the single warming mode. For example, depressing the warm mode button  54  when the heating element  16  is in the single cooking mode causes the controller  36  to place the heating element  16  in the single warming mode. 
     The warm mode button  54  is preferably spaced-apart from the control knob  52  on the housing  14 . However, the warm mode button  54  is not limited to the above-described configuration, and the kitchen appliance  10  is not limited to the inclusion of the control knob  52  and the separate warm mode button  54 . For example, the warm mode button  54  may be embedded or located within the control knob  52 , or the warm mode button  54  could even be a rotatable dial. Furthermore, the warm mode button  54  may be completely eliminated, such that depression of the control knob  52  could perform the functionality of the warm mode button  54  described above. The kitchen appliance  10  may include the warm mode button  54  in an alternative embodiment in which the control knob  52  is not depressible, such that the warm mode button  54  is the only means by which a user can effectuate the single warming mode, aside from allowing the controller  36  to automatically change the heating element  16  from the single cooking mode to the single warming mode, as described in detail below. In such an alternative embodiment, depression of the control knob  52  may only function to place the heating element in the operating condition (i.e., “on”) or the non-operating condition (i.e., “off.”). 
     In use, the container  22  is preferably placed at least partially within the heating cavity  18  of the housing  14  and contents are inserted into the hollow interior  22   a  of the container  22  for cooking, warming and/or cooling thereof. The lid  40  is preferably placed on the container rim  22   b . The power cord may be connected to an electrical outlet (not shown) before or after any of the above steps. In an embodiment that includes the electronic display  50 , the display  50  is preferably not illuminated until a user performs at least one of the following steps. However, in an alternative embodiment, the display  50  may illuminate once the power cord is inserted into the electrical outlet, or once power is supplied to the kitchen appliance  10 . 
     To place the heating element  16  in the single cooking mode, a user engages the control interface to select a cooking time. The cooking time may be selected from one of a plurality of possible cooking times statically displayed or printed on the kitchen appliance  10 , or from a plurality of preprogrammed periods of time illuminated by the display  50 . More specifically, the user may depress the control knob  52  to first place the heating element  16  in the operating condition. Alternatively, the heating element  16  may be placed in the operating condition after the control knob  52  is first rotated. Once the kitchen appliance  10  is in the operating condition, the display  50  may initially illuminate and/or flash a default cooking time, such as ten hours (10 hrs), to cook the contents within the container  22  to the FT. If a user desires to change the cooking time, the control knob  52  may be turned or rotated to increase (i.e., clockwise rotation) or decrease (i.e., counterclockwise rotation) the desired time to cook the foodstuff at the FT. 
     As the control knob  52  is rotated, the display  50  preferably scrolls through and/or illuminates the various preprogrammed cooking times (i.e., 4 hrs, 5 hrs, 6 hrs, etc.). The selected cooking time commences preferably after several seconds of the control knob  52  being stationary. In other words, following a brief pause, the controller  36  may be automatically actuated to activate the heating element  16  in response to the user-selected period of time (i.e., the user-selected duration) to cause the contents within the container  22  to reach the FT at or near the selected period of time. Alternatively, the selected cooking time may commence by depressing the control knob  52 , for example. Operation and/or actuation of the controller  36  is dependent upon and/or modified by the specific period of cooking time selected by the user, as any one selected period of time effectuates a unique preprogrammed duty cycle or pulse rate of the heating element  16  through the controller  36 . It is preferred that the cooking time cannot be changed once cooking has commenced. To prematurely cease a selected cooking time, the power cord may be unplugged or the control knob  52  may be depressed, for example, to clear the selected cooking time. 
     Following actuation of the controller  26  and activation of the heating element  16  in response to the user-selected period of time, the heating element  16  increases a temperature of the contents within the container  22  to the FT. After the selected cooking time commences, the display  50  preferably counts down in one minute (1 min.) increments. The contents within the container  22  preferably reach the FT at or substantially near an end of the selected cooking time. When the display  50  counts down to zero minutes (0 min.), the display preferably illuminates or flashes the term “WARM” and the controller  36  is automatically actuated to active the heating element  16  in the single warming mode to heat the contents within the container  22  at the ST. In other words, the temperature of the contents within the container  22  is permitted and/or required to decrease to the ST at or shortly following completion of the selected period of time. 
     In one mode of operation, the single warming mode automatically commences immediately or shortly after the selected time period has elapsed, which prevents the foodstuff from being overcooked. In one embodiment, the user may not have the ability to manually shift to the single warming mode or a warming level once the single cooking mode or a particular heating cycle has commenced. In such an embodiment, the user would be required to turn the heating element  16  and/or the kitchen appliance “off” (such as by pressing and holding the control knob  52 ), then turn the heating element  16  and/or the kitchen appliance  10  “on” (such as by pressing and holding the control knob  52 ), and then select manually select the single warming mode via the control interface. In such an embodiment, the warm mode button  54  does not exist or is inoperable. 
     Alternatively, in a separate embodiment, the user may initiate the single warming mode prior to completion of the selected period of time, thereby prematurely stopping or cutting short the single cooking mode. In other words, the user may engage the control interface prior to completion of the selected period of time to permit or require the temperature of the contents within the container  22  to decrease to the ST prior to completion of the selected period of time. It is preferred that the single warming mode operates for four hours (4 hrs) if there is no intervention by a user, and the heating element  16  preferably automatically shuts off after the single warming mode has completed. Alternatively, in one optional embodiment, while the kitchen appliance  10  is operating at the selected cooking time in the single cooking mode, a user may depress the warm mode button  54  or depress the control knob  52  to place the heating element  18  in the single warming mode. 
       FIGS. 8-10  illustrate certain features of another embodiment of the kitchen appliance  210 . The reference numerals of the present embodiment are distinguishable from those of the previous embodiment by a factor of two-hundred ( 200 ), but otherwise indicate the same elements as indicated in the previous embodiment, except as otherwise specified. The kitchen appliance  210  of the present embodiment is substantially similar to that of the previous embodiment. The description of certain similarities between the embodiments may be omitted herein for the sake of brevity and convenience, and, therefore, is not limiting. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the kitchen appliance  10  preferably heats contents within a container (not shown) thereof to a predetermined temperature at or close to the completion of certain time period, such as a user-selected duration. To accomplish the above, at least for certain user-selected durations, the kitchen appliance  10  preferably modifies a heating curve, as shown in  FIG. 8 , depending upon the user-selected duration. For example, for longer user-selected durations, such as twelve hours, the heating curve preferably includes a longer duration at a moderate or reduced temperature, as compared to shorter user-selected durations, such as ten hours. For longer user-selected durations, there is a greater likelihood of inadvertently over-heating the contents within the container. The duration of the moderate or reduced temperature is greater during longer user-selected durations to at least reduce the likelihood of inadvertent over-heating (e.g., burning or charring) of the contents within the container. With shorter user-selected durations, the likelihood of inadvertent over-heating is lower, and, therefore, the duration of the moderate or reduced temperature is shorter. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9  and in the flow diagram of  FIG. 10 , a power cord  276  of the kitchen appliance  210  is preferably operatively connected to a power switching unit  278 , which in turn is operatively connected to both the controller  236  and the heating element  216 . In operation of one embodiment of the present invention, the kitchen appliance  210  preferably includes at least two and possibly more separate and distinct modes of heating, such as a manual mode and a program mode. In such an embodiment, once power is supplied to the kitchen appliance  210  (step  1002 ), a user engages the control interface  252  to select between the manual mode and the program mode (step  1004 ). In particular, rotation of the control knob (not shown) allows a user to select between the manual mode and the program mode, or at least select between settings or options within each mode. Power or wattage may be supplied and/or sent to at least certain portions of the kitchen appliance  210  by depressing the control knob, so as to operate the heating element  216  and/or the kitchen appliance  210  at one or more power levels. A “power level” is defined herein as a percentage of the total wattage available to the heating element  216 . 
     In the above-described embodiment, in response to the user&#39;s selection of the manual mode (step  1006 ), the controller  236  preferably actuates the heating element  216  to heat the container (not shown) to one of preferably several predetermined temperatures and/or power levels (e.g., preprogrammed settings of “WARM,” “LOW,” “MED” and “HIGH”) for a predetermined period of time (e.g., fourteen hours) (step  1008 ). In such an embodiment, once a user selects a setting in the manual mode and commences a heating cycle, the temperature and/or power level of the heating element  216  is preferably at least generally constant throughout the entire heating cycle. The manual mode may or may not include a lower, “keep-warm” heating level, in which power to the heating element  216  is reduced, following completion of any one of the above-described settings. For example, the kitchen appliance  210  may automatically cut all power to the heating element  216  following completion of the selected setting in the manual mode (step  1010 ). 
     The program mode of the kitchen appliance  210  of the second embodiment may be generally similar to the single cooking mode of the kitchen appliance  10  of the first embodiment, as described above. In particular, in such an embodiment, after selecting the program mode, a user preferably only selects a heating time (e.g., a heating cycle) and not a heating temperature (step  1012 ). After selecting the heating time (i.e., a user-selected duration), the heating element  216  preferably causes the contents within the container to generally reach a particular temperature (e.g., the FT) at or substantially close to the user-selected duration. 
     As an alternative to the separate and distinct modes of heating described in detail above, the programmed heating times and power/temperature levels may be visible on a display  250  of the kitchen appliance  210  and selected by the user as a single, one-step operation. In particular, instead of requiring a two-step process (e.g., 1. selecting between a “program mode” and a “manual mode” (step  1004 ) and then 2. choosing the desired setting in the chosen mode (Steps  1012  and  1006 )), a user may select a setting from a scrollable list provided on the display  250  via a rotary encoder. For example, the first several settings in the list may be the program mode settings (i.e., duration of heating time) and the remaining settings in the list may be the manual mode settings (i.e., power or temperature level). The settings are preferably displayed in a sequential order, such that the lower heating times of the program mode are visible or displayed prior to (or even to the left of, for example) the higher heating times of the program mode, which in turn are visible or displayed prior (or to the left of) the lower power or temperature levels of the manual mode. In such an embodiment, steps  1004 ,  1006  and  1012 , as shown in  FIG. 10 , would essentially be combined into a single step. Otherwise, the remaining steps described below and shown in  FIG. 10  would be the same. Alternatively, instead of a scrollable list, the control interface  252  or another portion of the kitchen appliance  210  may have a plurality (such as twenty one) separate and spaced-apart buttons, each representing one of the program mode settings or the manual mode settings. 
     In response to the user&#39;s selection of one of the time durations of the program mode, the controller  236  preferably actuates the heating element  216  at different power levels, which improves heating results by at least reducing the possibility of inadvertently over-heating the contents with the container. In the program mode, the heating element  216  of the kitchen appliance  210  preferably has at least two, and possible three, four or even more, different power levels or profiles during any of the user-selected durations. The different power profiles may be employed for any user-selected duration (e.g., a selected value at thirty minute increments within the range of four to twelve hours), but may be used for only certain user-selected durations, such as those greater or less than eight hours. The heating element  216  preferably does not pulse (i.e., duty cycle), as is found in certain prior art devices. Instead, programming of the kitchen appliance  10  adjusts wattage, for example, through a triode for alternating current (TRIAC) (not shown), which creates different power levels during different user-selected durations. 
     In at least the program mode, the kitchen appliance  210  preferably relies on the principles of Ohm&#39;s Law (V=IR), wherein V is the potential different in volts, I is the current and R is the resistance, to accomplish the above-described objective. The kitchen appliance  210  utilizes Ohm&#39;s Law to provide or change between the different power levels, wherein power P is equal to the resistance R multiplied by the square of the current I (i.e., P=I 2 R). The resistance R of the heating element  216  is a constant or fixed value. Therefore, to change or modify the power P supplied to the heating element  216 , the current I must be changed or modified accordingly. In other words, the kitchen appliance  210  preferably changes the power level of the heating element  216  (e.g., the power P consumed by the heating element  216  to generate heat) by adjusting the amount of current I supplied to the heating element  216 . 
     When operating in the program mode, there are preferably three general categories of user-selected durations, namely relatively short, intermediate, and relatively long. The phrase “relatively short user-selected duration” is defined as any user-selected duration that is less than a predetermined time period. One example of a “predetermined time period” is eight hours, such that the relatively short user-selected durations include durations from approximately four hours to and including approximately seven and one-half hours. The phrase “intermediate user-selected duration” is defined as any user-selected duration that is at or near the predetermined time period. One example of an intermediate user-selected duration is approximately eight hours. The phrase “relatively long user-selected duration” is defined as any user-selected duration that is greater than the predetermined time period. Examples of relatively long user-selected durations include approximately eight and one-half hours to and including approximately twelve hours.  FIG. 8  illustrates one example of the intermediate and relatively long user-selected durations. The time period(s) described above may be modified, as desired, to optimize the heating results of the contents within the kitchen appliance  10 . 
     The following is a description of the operation of the kitchen appliance  210  in the program mode during each of the above-described general categories of user-selected durations. 
     Relatively Short User-Selected Durations 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , for at least relatively short user-selected durations, it is preferred that the controller  236  actuates or otherwise energizes the heating element  216  to a first power level for a first time period (step  1014 ). The user-selected duration is preferably selected by the user prior to the controller  236  energizing the heating element  216  to the first power level. The first power level may be generally equal to a maximum value (e.g., 100%) of power able to be supplied to the heating element  216 . However, it is preferred that the first power level is dependent upon the user-selected duration. In other words, it is preferred that longer user-selected durations within the range of relatively short user-selected durations automatically result in lower first power levels. 
     For example, for a user-selected duration of four hours, the first power level is preferably at approximately one hundred percent (100%) of capacity or the total available power. For a user-selected duration of six hours, the first power level is preferably at least approximately eighty three percent (83%) of capacity. For a user-selected duration of seven and one-half hours, the first power level is preferably at least approximately seventy four percent (74%) of capacity. As a result, inadvertent over-heating of the contents within the kitchen appliance  210  is less likely during longer user-selected durations within the range of relatively short user-selected durations. 
     The first time period is preferably a predetermined value that is less than the user-selected duration. Thus, the first time period is preferably independent of the user-selected duration. In particular, the first time period is preferably thirty minutes less than the user-selected duration. For example, if the user selects a five hour heating cycle (i.e., duration), the first time period is preferably at least approximately four and one-half hours. If the user selects a seven hour heating cycle (i.e., duration), the first time period is preferably at least approximately six and one-half hours. As described above with respect to the first embodiment, at or near the end of the first time period, the temperature of the heating element  216  preferably reaches the temperature selected by the user. 
     To avoid inadvertently over-heating the contents with the container, following completion of the first time period, the controller  236  preferably actuates or otherwise energizes the heating element  216  to a second power level for a second time period (step  1016 ). For any given user-selected duration within the range of the relatively short user-selected durations, the second power level is preferably lower than the first power level. The lower, second power level preferably results in a reduced operating temperature of the heating element  216 . 
     The second power level may be dependent upon the user-selected duration. In other words, at least certain longer user-selected durations within the range of relatively short user-selected durations automatically result in lower second power levels. For example, if the user selects a four hour or four and one-half hour heating cycle (i.e., duration), the second power level is preferably at least approximately eighty percent (80%) of capacity. If the user selects a five hour heating cycle (i.e., duration), the second power level is preferably at least approximately seventy five percent (75%) of capacity. If the user selects a heating cycle (i.e., duration) within the range of five and one-half hour to and including seven and one-half hour, the second power level is preferably at least approximately seventy one percent (71%) of capacity. 
     Longer user-selected durations within the range of relatively short user-selected durations preferably have closer first and second power levels than shorter user-selected durations within the range of relatively short user-selected durations. For example, the first and second power levels for a four and one-half heating cycle are preferably approximately ninety six percent (96%) and eighty percent (80%) respectively. The difference between the two power levels for a four and one-half hour heating cycle being approximately sixteen percent (16%). However, the first and second power levels for a seven hour heating cycle are preferably approximately seventy seven percent (77%) and seventy one percent (71%), respectively. The difference between the two power levels for a seven hour heating cycle being approximately sixteen percent (6%). 
     The second time period is preferably a fixed or constant value for any of the user-selected durations within the range of relatively short user-selected durations. In other words, the second time period is preferably independent of the user-selected duration. For example, the second time period is preferably approximately thirty minutes. For at least relatively short user-selected durations, a summation of the first time period and the second time period is generally equal to the user-selected duration. More particularly, for at least the relatively short user-selected durations, power is preferably automatically cut or otherwise reduced prior to the end of the heating cycle (i.e., duration) to at least reduce the possibility of inadvertently over-heating the contents within the kitchen appliance  210 . 
     Following completion of the relatively short user-selected duration and/or the second time period, power may be automatically cut to the heating element  216  (step  1018 ). Alternatively, following completion of the relatively short user-selected duration and/or the second time period, the controller  236  may automatically actuate or otherwise energize the heating element  216  to a power level (e.g., a “keep-warm” level) lower than the second power level for a predetermined period of time (e.g., four hours), and then power may be automatically cut to the heating element  216  (step  1018 ). 
     Intermediate User-Selected Durations 
     Referring to  FIGS. 8 and 10 , it is preferred that for at least intermediate user-selected durations, the controller  236  actuates or otherwise energizes the heating element  216  to a first power level for a first time period (step  1020 ). The first power level is preferably at least approximately seventy one percent (71%) of capacity. Thus, the first power level during an intermediate user-selected duration may have a value generally equal to the second power level during at least certain of the relatively short user-selected durations, as described above. The user-selected duration is preferably selected by the user prior to energizing the heating element  216  to the first power level. 
     To avoid over-heating the contents within the container, following completion of the first time period, the controller  236  may actuate or otherwise energize the heating element  216  to a second power level for a second time period (step  1022 ). A summation of the first time period and the second time period is preferably at least generally equal to the intermediate user-selected duration. The first and second time periods are preferably at least generally equal. More specifically, each of the first and second time periods are preferably approximate four hours. 
     The second power level may be only slightly lower than the first power level. Alternatively, the second power level may be generally equal to or even identical to the first power level. For example, the second power level may be at least approximately seventy one percent (71%) of capacity. In such an embodiment, a reduced, second power level may not be necessary because it may be difficult to inadvertently over-heat the contents within the container during the intermediate time period. As described above with respect to the previous embodiment described in detail above, at or near the end of the second time period, the temperature of the heating element  216  preferably reaches the temperature selected by the user. 
     Following completion of the intermediate user-selected duration and/or the second time period, power may be automatically cut to the heating element  216  (step  1018 ). Alternatively, following completion of the intermediate user-selected duration and/or the second time period, the controller  236  may automatically actuate or otherwise energize the heating element  216  to a power level (e.g., a “keep-warm” level) lower than the second power level for a predetermined period of time (e.g., four hours), and then power may be automatically cut to the heating element  216  (step  1018 ). 
     Relatively Lone User-Selected Durations 
     Referring to  FIGS. 8 and 10 , it is preferred that for at least relatively long user-selected durations, the controller  236  actuates or otherwise energizes the heating element  216  to a first power level for a first time period (step  1024 ). The first power level is preferably constant throughout each of the relatively long user-selected durations. In other words, the first power level is preferably independent of the user-selected duration. For example, the first power level for each of the relatively long user-selected durations is preferably at least approximately seventy one percent (71%) of capacity. The user-selected duration is preferably selected by the user prior to energizing the heating element  216  to the first power level. 
     A length of the first time period is preferably also independent of the user-selected duration. In other words, regardless of whether the user selects an eight, a nine and one-half, or an eleven hour heating cycle, for example, the length of the first time period is preferably approximately the same. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the length of the first time period may be approximately four hours. 
     To avoid over-heating the contents with the container, following completion of the first time period, the controller  236  preferably automatically actuates or otherwise energizes the heating element  216  to a second power level for a second time period (step  1026 ). The second power level is preferably significantly lower than the first power level, and is preferably independent of the user-selected duration. For example, the second power level for any of the relatively long user-selected durations is preferably at least approximately thirty one percent (31%). As shown in  FIG. 8 , the second power level preferably maintains a temperature of the heating element  216  at an approximately constant level during the second period of time. 
     For the relatively long user-selected durations, the second time period is preferably dependant upon the user-selected duration. In other words, the longer the user-selected duration, the longer the second time period. For example, as shown in  FIG. 8 , if the user-selected duration is eleven and one-half hours, the second time period is preferably at least approximately four hours. However, if the user-selected duration is ten hours, the second time period is preferably at least approximately two hours. 
     In addition, for the relatively long user-selected durations, the second time period preferably increases by approximately thirty minutes with every thirty minutes that the user-selected duration is increased. For example, as shown in  FIG. 8 , if the user-selected duration is nine hours, the second time period is preferably at least approximately one hour. However, if the user-selected duration is nine and one-half hours, the second time period is preferably at least approximately one and one-half hours. 
     Following completion of the second time period, the controller  236  preferably automatically actuates or otherwise energizes the heating element to a third power level for a third time period (step  1028 ). The third power level is preferably greater than the second power level and is preferably generally equal the first power level. Thus, for at least relatively long user-selected durations, the kitchen appliance  210  pauses at a relatively lower power level (i.e., the second power level) at some point during the heating cycle so that the desired temperature of the contents in the kitchen appliance  210  is reached or otherwise approximated at the end of the heating cycle (i.e., duration). 
     A length of the third time period is preferably independent of the user-selected duration. In other words, regardless of whether the user selects an eight, a nine and one-half, or an eleven hour heating cycle, for example, the length of the third time period is preferably approximately the same. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the length of the third time period may be approximately four hours. As described above with respect to the first embodiment, at or near the end of the third time period, the temperature of the heating element  216  preferably reaches the temperature selected by the user. The user-selected duration is preferably a summation of the first, second and third time periods. 
     Following completion of the third time period, the controller  236  preferably automatically actuates or otherwise energizes the heating element to a fourth power level (e.g., a “keep-warm” level) for a fourth time period (step  1030 ). The fourth power level is preferably less than any of the first, second and third power levels. Following completion of the fourth time period, power may be automatically cut to the heating element  216 . The fourth time period is preferably a constant value, such as at least approximately four hours. Alternatively, the fourth power level may be omitted, as power may be automatically cut to the heating element  216  following completion of the third time period (step  1032 ). 
     To use the kitchen appliance  10 , power is preferably initially supplied to the kitchen appliance  10  by plugging the power cord  276  into a conventional electrical outlet (not shown) (step  1002 ). At this point, the display  250  is preferably “off” or blank. When the display  250  and/or the kitchen appliance  210  is “off,” it is preferred that no power is supplied to the heating element  216 . Next, the user preferably depresses the control knob of the control interface  252 , which preferably turns the display  250  and/or the kitchen appliance  250  “on.” The display  250  may then flash a default heating setting or cycle. 
     For example, the display  250  may illuminate or repeatedly flash “WARM” to indicate that the kitchen appliance  250  will soon commence a “WARM” setting in the manual mode if the control interface  252  is not further engaged. To change from the “WARM” setting of the manual mode to one of the other settings of the manual mode or to one of the various heating cycles provided in the program mode, the control knob is preferably rotated (clockwise and/or counterclockwise) to select the desired setting within the manual mode or heating cycle within the program mode. The settings of the manual mode and the heating cycles of the program mode are preferably illuminated sequentially on the display  250 , such that a user can continuously cycle in one direction through all of the options, or rotate the control knob back-and-fourth to change between adjacent options (i.e., toggle). Once the user chooses an option, the user may once again depress the control knob to commence the heating setting or heating cycle. Alternatively, after a given amount of time (e.g., three seconds) of no rotation of the control knob, the illuminated option commences. 
     Alternatively, upon initially turning the display  252  and/or the kitchen appliance  210  “on,” the display  252  may illuminate indicia the allows or requires the user to first select between the manual mode and the program mode (step  1004 ). For example, after being turned “on,” the display  252  may initially illuminate “MANUAL.” The control knob may then be rotated to toggle between the manual mode and the program mode. Once the desired mode is illuminated on the display  252 , the control knob may be depressed to selected the desired mode. In a modified embodiment, after a given amount of time (e.g., three seconds) of no engagement or movement of the control knob, the illuminated mode is automatically selected. Following selection of the mode, the display  252  may illuminate one of the options within the selected mode. For example, if the user selects the program mode, the display  252  may initially illuminate “4 hrs” to indicate that the kitchen appliance  250  will soon commence the four hour heating cycle in the program mode if the control interface  252  is not further engaged. The user may change or select the heating cycle by rotating, depressing and/or not further engaging the control knob, as described above. 
     Once the selected option is commenced, the display  250  preferably stops flashing and steadily illuminates the selected option. One or more tones are preferably simultaneously or subsequently emitted from the speaker  274 , and a timer (not shown) begins to count down on the display  252  in certain increments, such as one minute increments. The kitchen appliance  210  preferably operates as described in detail above for each selected setting or heating cycle (steps  1006 - 1032 ). To turn the kitchen appliance  210  off prior to completion of the selected setting or heating cycle, the user may once again depress the control knob. 
     It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiment described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.