Patent Publication Number: US-9890554-B2

Title: Hanging structures having zome geometry

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 61/857,752, filed Jul. 24, 2013 and entitled HANGING STRUCTURES HAVING ZOME GEOMETRY, which provisional application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to a hanging structure. More particularly, the present invention relates to structures which have zome geometry and may be suspended from a suitable support to facilitate free movement of the structures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Illustrative embodiments of the disclosure are generally directed to hanging structures for forming a scalable zome design. An illustrative embodiment of the hanging structures includes a structure frame, the structure frame having a substantially convex polyhedron shape, the structure frame comprising at least one facet, at least one level and a ratio; a plurality of compressive members being disposed to align along a substantially horizontal alignment on the structure frame and configured to absorb a compressive force, the plurality of compressive members further being disposed to delineate each of the at least one level; and a plurality of tensile members carrying the plurality of compressive members, the plurality of tensile members being disposed to align along a substantially vertical or diagonal alignment on the structure frame. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Illustrative embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C  illustrate detailed perspective views of exemplary hanging structures, where  FIG. 1A  illustrates a six level hanging structure,  FIG. 1B  illustrates an exemplary five level hanging structure, and  FIG. 1C  illustrates an exemplary hanging structure carrying a load, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  presents a close up view of an exemplary fastener attaching an exemplary tensile member to an exemplary compressive member, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIGS. 3A-3J  illustrate top views and plan views of exemplary hanging structures having variable facets, levels, and ratios, where  FIG. 3A  illustrates a [8×6×1] variable ratio;  FIG. 3B  illustrates a [9×6×1] variable ratio;  FIG. 3C  illustrates a [10×6×1] variable ratio;  FIG. 3D  illustrates a [8×5×1] variable ratio;  FIG. 3E  illustrates a [8×6×1] variable ratio;  FIG. 3F  illustrates a [8×7×1] variable ratio;  FIG. 3G  illustrates a [8×6×0.5] variable ratio;  FIG. 3H  illustrates a [8×6×1] variable ratio;  FIG. 3I  illustrates a [8×6×2] variable ratio; and  FIG. 3J  illustrates a [8×6×3] variable ratio. 
         FIG. 4  is a top view of a typical zome configuration having 8 facet divisions and which is suitable for implementation of the hanging structures; 
         FIG. 4A  is a top view of an alternative typical zome configuration having 9 facet divisions and which is suitable for implementation of the hanging structures; 
         FIG. 5  is a side view of the zome configuration illustrated in  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 5A  is a side view of the zome configuration illustrated in  FIG. 4A ; 
         FIG. 6  is a side view of the zome configuration illustrated in  FIG. 4  with the nodes triangulated for enhanced structural stability; 
         FIG. 6A  is a side view of the zome configuration illustrated in  FIG. 4A  with the nodes triangulated for enhanced structural stability. 
         FIG. 7  is a front perspective view of an illustrative chair embodiment of the hanging structures having zome geometry, with the hanging structure suspended from a typical support frame; 
         FIG. 8  is a side view of the illustrative hanging structure and support frame of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a top view of the illustrative hanging structure and support frame of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a sectional view of a typical suspension assembly which is suitable for suspending the hanging structures from a support frame; 
         FIG. 11  is a top view of the typical suspension assembly of  FIG. 10 ; 
         FIG. 12  is an enlarged sectional view of a typical node and node plate which secures multiple tensile members to multiple compressive members of the hanging structure; 
         FIG. 13  is an enlarged sectional view of an alternative node plate with shackles which attach the tensile members to the node plate and compressive members; 
         FIG. 14  is a sectional perspective view of a typical base frame member and multiple base shackles and shackle node plates attaching the tensile members to the base frame member; 
         FIG. 15  is a front perspective view of an illustrative lounge/bed embodiment of the hanging structures; 
         FIG. 16  is a top view of a frame of the hanging structure illustrated in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 17  is a front perspective view of the frame of the hanging structure illustrated in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 18  is a side view of the frame of the hanging structure illustrated in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 19  is a front view of the frame of the hanging structure illustrated in  FIG. 15  with a portion of the structure canopy on a lower portion of the frame; 
         FIG. 20  is a front view of the frame of the hanging structure illustrated in  FIG. 15  with a portion of the structure canopy on lower and upper portions of the frame; 
         FIG. 21  is a front perspective view of an illustrative tree house embodiment of the hanging structures deployed on a tree; 
         FIG. 22  is a front perspective view of an illustrative event zome/awning space embodiment of the hanging structures deployed in a lowered position on a support; and 
         FIG. 23  is a front perspective view of the illustrative hanging structure of  FIG. 22  deployed in a raised position on the support. 
     
    
    
     Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views of the drawings. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the described embodiments or the application and uses of the described embodiments. As used herein, the word “exemplary” or “illustrative” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as “exemplary” or “illustrative” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. All of the implementations described below are exemplary implementations provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims. For purposes of description herein, the terms “upper,” “lower,” “left,” “rear,” “right,” “front,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as oriented in  FIGS. 1A-1C . Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise. 
     A hanging structure is described in  FIGS. 1A through 3J . The hanging structure  124  may include a structure frame  100 . A suspension assembly  130  may attach the structure frame  100  to support line  110 . The structure frame  100  may be configured to provide a structure having a substantially convex polyhedron shape. The structure frame  100  may include at least one facet  109 , at least one level and a ratio. The structure frame  100  may include a plurality of compressive members  102 , the plurality of compressive members  102  being generally parallel and spaced-apart along a vertical axis and disposed to align along a substantially horizontal alignment on the structure frame  100 . The plurality of compressive members  102  may further be disposed to delineate each level of the structure frame  100 . In some embodiments, each of the plurality of compressive members  102  may include a rigid horizontal ring which is configured to absorb a compressive force applied to the structure frame  100 . 
     The structure frame  100  may further include a plurality of tensile members  104 , the plurality of tensile members  104  being disposed to align along a generally vertical or diagonal alignment on the structure frame  100 . In some embodiments, each of the plurality of tensile members  104  may include one or more cords configured to resist a tensile force applied to the structure frame  100 . The tensile members  104  may be configured to intersect the plurality of compressive members  102  at at least one node  163 . Multiple nodes  163  may be spaced around the circumference or perimeter of each compressive member  102 . The structure frame  100  may further include at least one fastener  105  for joining the plurality of compressive members  102  with the plurality of tensile members  104  at each node  163 . Multiple facets  109  may be formed by and between the compressive members  102  and the tensile members  104 . The structure frame  100  may further include a frame upper section  114 , the frame upper section  114  having at least one support point  106  which is configured to join with a support line  110  for suspending the structure frame  100  from an external support structure  118 . The structure frame  100  may further include a frame lower section  112  having a base  108  which is configured to support a load  120  inside the hanging structure  124 . 
     In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may be directed to a free moving, suspended structure that conforms to principles of zome geometry to provide a variety of novel functions and designs. 
     The hanging structure  124  may attach to an elevated external support structure  118  through a support line  110  such as a cord, for example and without limitation. The support line  110  may join with the hanging structure  124  from at least one support point  106  on the hanging structure  124 . In this manner, a gravitational force may pull and extend the hanging structure  124  downwardly, creating tension on the support line  110 . 
     In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may move freely in alternate directions or in either direction around a fixed point. The free movement of the hanging structure  124  may include, for example and without limitation, lateral, oscillating, swaying to and fro, and a swinging path. However, additional free movement paths of the hanging structure  124  may be utilized based on the location of the attachment with the support line  110 , the dimensions of the hanging structure  124  and the length of the support line  110 . External factors, such as wind and movement form the external support structure  118  may also affect the free movement of the hanging structure  124 . 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that the free movement created by suspending the hanging structure  124  provides greater flexibility than with a rigidly attached structure. This flexibility serves to help minimize damage to the hanging structure  124 . The flexibility may also facilitate more functional uses for the hanging structure  124 . In some embodiments, the multifaceted, convex patterns, and pointed terminal points of the hanging structure  124  may provide additional support points  106  for hanging the hanging structure  124 . As additional support lines  110  join with the hanging structure  124 , the flexibility and free movement may become more restricted and increase in strength and structural integrity. In this manner, the free movement of the hanging structure  124 , and the rigidity of the hanging structure  124  itself, may be adjusted as desired. 
     In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may be suspended from any elevated external support structure  118  having sufficient strength, including, without limitation, a tree branch, rope string between two trees, a man-made support structure, a tripod, a roof beam, and another hanging structure  124 . The hanging structure  124  may also be formed around the external support structure  118 , such as a tree, a flag pole, and a center post, whereby the free play of suspension is reduced, yet movement and flexibility for the hanging structure  124  in relation to the external support structure  118  still exist. 
     In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may utilize a zome geometric pattern to form a three dimensional structure frame  100 . The structure frame  100  may create a defined space that suspends above a ground surface. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the structure frame  100  may be a zonohedron having a substantially dome shape to create space and structure in terms of volume rather than points, lines or planes. The zonohedron may include a convex polyhedron having multiple facets  109 , where each facet  109  comprises a polygon with point symmetry, or equivalently, symmetry under rotations through 180°. In this manner, the structure frame  100  may include regular polygons having equal face angles and equal edge lengths that meet identically at each vertex. 
     Nonetheless, despite the regular symmetry of the structure frame  100 , the concave, polyhedral shape of the zonohedron may result in a structure frame  100  having unorthodox or unusual shapes and spaces. These unusual geometries may differ significantly from a standard building structure comprised of a series of rectangular boxes. These unusual geometries are efficacious for providing greater flexibility in functionality and aesthetics for the hanging structure  124  than a standard planar structure might otherwise provide. In some embodiments, the structure frame  100  may include irregular polygons lacking the symmetry of regular polyhedra. 
     In some embodiments, the polyhedral shapes utilized by the structure frame  100  may include, for example and without limitation, a tetrahedron composed of four equilateral triangles with three triangles meeting at every vertex; an octahedron composed of eight equilateral triangles with four triangles meeting at every vertex; a cube composed of six squares with three squares meeting at every vertex; an icosahedron composed of twenty equilateral triangles with five triangles meeting at every vertex and; and a dodecahedron composed of twelve regular pentagons with three pentagons meeting at every vertex. 
     In some embodiments, the zome geometric pattern of the hanging structure  124  may follow mathematical equations. The mathematical equations are recognized by those skilled in the art as zome geometry, which is essentially the geometry of three dimensional spaces. These equations may be manipulated to alter the dimensions of the structure frame  100 . 
     In some embodiments of the hanging structure  124 , the size and dimension of the structure frame  100  may be formed and manipulated by altering any of three components. The components may include facets, levels, and ratios. The combinative effect of all three components may be altered through a variable ratio. The capability to adjust any of these components may allow the hanging structure  124  to have scalability. The scalability may allow the hanging structure  124  to increase in size without compromising structural integrity. 
     In some embodiments, each facet  109  may be a polygon having point symmetry. The level refers to the hanging structure  124  as a whole. The hanging structure  124  may be separated into various sections, or levels, along a longitudinal axis. The ratio refers to the relative size of the facet  109 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that these variables may form a synergy and may be interdependent on each other to create the final shape and dimension of the structure frame  100 . The variables may be mathematically represented as follows:
 
[Facet]×[Level]×[Ratio], or, for example, [8×6×1].
 
     From a plan view, as referenced in  FIG. 3A , the above variable ratio represents a structure frame  100  having 8 polygons, 6 levels, and each polygon having a ratio of 1, or [8×6×1]  302 . The number of facets  109  may be increased or decreased in the structure frame  100 , thereby increasing or decreasing the overall size of the hanging structure  124 . This facility allows the hanging structure  124  to be scalable. Those skilled in the art will recognize that increasing the size of the hanging structure  124  by adding facets  109  causes the structural system to become more redundant with reinforcement elements, which increase strength and safety. This contributes to the effective scalability of the hanging structure  124 . The number of facets  109  can also be increased without compromising structural integrity due to the zome geometry, flexibility, compressive resistance, tensile resistance, and force equalizing fasteners  105 . Example of these variable ratios are referenced in  FIGS. 3A-3C , and include a [9×6×1]  304 , and [10×6×1]  306 . 
     In some embodiments, the number of levels of the hanging structure  124  can be increased or decreased. The levels can have equal or unequal lengths. Any of the levels, either individually, or in conjunction, can be shortened or lengthened to adjust the length of the structure frame  100  as a whole. Example of these variable ratios are referenced in  FIGS. 3D-3F , and include a [8×5×1] 308, [8×6×1] 310, and [8×7×1] 312. 
     In some embodiments, the ratio can be manipulated, with a ratio less than 1 providing a more slender structure frame  100 , and a ratio greater than 1 providing a wider structure frame  100 . Example of these variable ratios are referenced in  FIGS. 3G-3J , and include a [8×6×0.5] 314, [8×6×1] 316, and [8×6×2] 318, and [8×6×3] 320. 
     In some embodiments, the structure frame  100  may include vertical and horizontal members that attach together to provide tensile and compressive integrity to the hanging structure  124 . A plurality of compressive members  102  may be disposed to align along a substantially horizontal alignment in the structure frame  100 . In some embodiments, the plurality of compressive members  102  may include rigid horizontal rings configured to absorb inward, or compressive forces. The rigidity of the compressive members  102  may help to resist deformation and stress from the weight of the structure frame  100  and a load  120  inside the structure frame  100 . The compressive member may include rings that completely encompass the structure frame  100  and form the different levels, whereby each compressive member delineates two levels. The length of the levels can be adjusted by spacing the plurality of compressive members  102  accordingly. The plurality of compressive members  102  may also be segmented, or faceted into straight lines between at least one node  202 . Suitable materials for the plurality of compressive members  102  may include, without limitation, wood, high density polymers, steel, metal alloys, and fiberglass. 
     In some embodiments, a plurality of tensile members  104  may be disposed to align along a substantially vertical or diagonal alignment in the structure frame  100 . The plurality of tensile members  104  may include flexible cords configured to resist outwardly pulling forces that attempt to pull the tensile members  104  apart. The flexible properties of the tensile members  104  may provide additional free play to the structure frame  100  and allow for the support of the load  120 . The plurality of tensile members  104  may also help support and space the plurality of compressive members  102 . For example and without limitation, the plurality of tensile members  104  and compressive members  102  may join to form a stable skeleton structure frame  100  of a having teardrop shape. Suitable materials for the plurality of tensile members  104  may include, without limitation, polycord, rope, chains, rubber, elastic cords, bamboo, wood, and nonwoven materials. 
     The levels that layer the structure frame  100  may be adjustable. Any of the levels, either individually, or in conjunction, may be shortened or lengthened to adjust the length of the structure frame  100  as a whole. For example, without limitation, the plurality of tensile members  104  between a level 3 and a level 4 may be lengthened to give the hanging structure  124  a long waist. The plurality of compressive members  102  may also be brought into proximity to shorten a level. In another configuration, two hanging structures  124  having a substantially convex shape may stack atop each other to create a double zome or hourglass shape. 
     In some embodiments, a substantially horizontal, planar base  108  positions on a frame lower section  112 . The base  108  provides a surface for the load  120  to rest within the structure frame  100 . The base  108  may attach to the structure frame  100  or to an external support structure  118  that positions independently of the structure frame  100 . The plurality of tensile members  104  may attach to the base  108  and loop back up, towards a frame upper section  114 . In some embodiments, the frame lower section  112  may extend to a full point, or be placed horizontally at any level of the zome geometry. 
     In some embodiments, at least one support point  106  may be provided on the frame upper section  114 . The at least one support point  106  may provide a junction for receiving the support line  110  from above the structure frame  100 . The at least one support point  106  may be positioned at a frame apex  116  or at any point along the frame upper section  114 . The at least one support point  106  may include, without limitation, a ring, a hook, a rod, a magnet, and an anchoring member. 
     The plurality of tensile members  104  may intersect with the plurality of compressive members  102  at at least one node  163 , forming a substantially perpendicular junction. In some embodiments, at least one fastener  105  secures the plurality of compressive members  102  to the plurality of tensile members  104  at each moment resisting node  163 . Those skilled in the art will recognize that the at least one fastener  105  shaped as a ring may self-equalize, center, and evenly distribute the compressive and tensile forces that form at each moment resisting node  163 . This equal distribution of weight and forces help the hanging structure  124  to carry loads more efficiently. Other suitable fasteners  105  may be used to secure the plurality of compressive members  102  to the plurality of tensile members  104 . These fasteners  105  may include, for example and without limitation, nails, screws, sleeves, slides, rings, hooks, clips, staples, ropes, adhesives, magnets, and nonwoven materials. In one alternative embodiment, the plurality of compressive members  102  and the plurality of tensile members  104  may join by snapping or sliding together, without the use of the at least one fastener  105 . The fastener  105  may also capable of resisting moment (torsional) forces. This type of fastener system, combined with the substantially vertical elements also being able to resist moment forces, thereby eliminates purely horizontal, compressive elements. 
     In some embodiments, the structure frame  100  may include at least one aperture for providing, without limitation, doors, windows, and spaces throughout the structure frame  100 . The at least one aperture does not compromise the integrity of the structure frame  100 . Adequate transfer forces around the aperture are readily obtained by combining tensile and compressive elements, or moment resisting elements. The structure frame  100  may further be covered with at least one canopy (not illustrated). The at least one canopy may be easily detachable from the structure frame  100  and interchangeable. Each canopy may have canopy panels which are sized to match a single facet  109  or cover the whole structure frame  100 . Suitable materials for the at least one canopy may include, for example and without limitation, wood, metal, rigid plastic, silicone, canvas, fabric, and mesh. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the interchangeable aspect of the at least one wall increases the functionality of the hanging structure  124 . For example, without limitation, mesh may be utilized during hot weather, and a solid fiberglass panel may be utilized during cold weather, serving as a barrier to the cold. 
     The structure frame  100  may thereby form a defined space suspended from the ground, which provides both functional and aesthetic uses for the hanging structure  124 . For example and without limitation, the hanging structure  124  may include a geometrically zome-shaped chair that suspends from an elevated horizontal beam, whereby a user may swing freely while sitting in the zome chair. In yet another example, the hanging structure  124  may at least partially encompass a tree trunk. An inner, open area of the hanging structure  124  then has sufficient free play to swing and rotate around and with the tree, yet also remain within proximity of the tree. Additional uses for the hanging structure  124  may include, without limitation, a novel chair, a hang-out area, an elevated storage, a sleeping platform, a suspended couch, a housing structure, a living area, a residence, a hanging merry-go-round structure, a hanging climbing structure for playgrounds, and an integrated tree house that encircles a tree trunk. 
     In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may be utilized as a beehive. The hanging structure  124  may provide a more natural shape and structure than the typical bee box. The zome beehive may be suspended, covered in fabric and clay mud, and the structure frame  100  top section may detach from the structure frame  100  lower section  112  to provide access to a hanging honey comb panel within. The structure frame  100  may also be sectional, having interchangeable sections connecting at each horizontal ring. This structure may impart flexibility to the beehive shape to facilitate the needs of the hive, that is, longer “middle” section for hanging comb and taller “top” section to provide a brooding chamber, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may be configured in a tree, as a tree house. In this configuration, the hanging structure  124  may not be suspended from the support line  110 , but may rather encompass the tree. The hanging structure  124  may be cut horizontally at A top level to remove the apex  116 . The zome tree house may be assembled around the tree, forming an enclosed cocoon that can position higher on the tree than any other type of structure. The geometry of the zome tree house may allow it to be more dynamic in its response to wind and tree movement, lightweight yet spacious, and capable of connecting to the tree using bolts. The bolts may be used to hang cables from, and can be placed in a position optimized by the tree&#39;s needs, rather than the hanging structure&#39;s needs. 
     In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may include a suspended chair. The suspended chair may be ergonomic with an efficient back support angle and spaciousness due to the flexible nature of zome geometry, and can be utilized both indoors and outdoors. The horizontal plurality of compression members, in the form of rings, may have a double use as a shelf and armrest. The base  108  may serve as the actual seat with an extendable leg support, thus allowing for a lounge chair. Access to the hanging structure  124  would be through the aperture in the side of the hanging structure  124 , and therefore additional structural elements, mainly compression members, would have to define the opening and transfer loads. In yet another embodiment, the hanging structure  124  may be utilized as a suspended love seat, lounge, or bed. The suspended love seat/lounge/bed may be similar to the hanging chair, except it has increased width. The hanging bed may be spacious inside, rather than a confining and claustrophobic conical shape. 
     In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may further be formed as a hanging tent that provides shade and an insect screen for camping and outdoor recreational activities. The hanging tent may be permanent or temporary. The hanging tent may assemble and dissemble quickly and may be used for car camping or backpacking structures. 
     In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may form an umbrella, or sun shade. The hanging structure  124  may be cut horizontally at a level in the structure frame  100  upper section  114 , thereby creating a shallow umbrella which is efficacious to serve as a sun shade on a patio and to receive lighting, making it an outdoor decorative ornament. The zome umbrella may hang from a cable above or from a center support post underneath the hanging structure  124 . 
     Those skilled in the art, in light of the present teachings, will recognize that myriad combinations of the above hanging structures  124  may be combined to form additional structures. For example and without limitation, the zome umbrella may be fixed on a rotating center pole. Each node  163  along the edge of the zome umbrella may attach to a zome chair. This arrangement may produce a zome-shaped merry-go-round. Additionally, the hanging structure  124  may be utilized to form a playground, a climbing structure, a trampoline, or an amusement ride. 
     In some embodiments, the compressive members  102  of the hanging structure  124  may serve as a type of spring or shock absorber providing that with any structure movement, the springs or shock absorber will be displaced. At these displacement points, electric generation could occur using techniques such as by simple magnets, wrapped coils, linear displacements, or other electrical generation systems known in the art. The entire hanging structure  124  may have a defined use as described above, but also may provide a framework for an energy generating device. 
     A first aspect of the present invention provides a hanging structure  124  that comprises a substantially convex polygon and dome configured to conform to the mathematics and laws of zome geometry. 
     In a second aspect, the hanging structure  124  may be scalable. The hanging structure  124  may have any number or quantity of facets  109 , levels and ratios to increase or decrease its size. The zome geometry, flexibility, compressive resistance, tensile resistance, and force equalizing fastener  105  may allow the hanging structure  124  to retain structural integrity even after the size and dimension has increased. 
     In another aspect, the variable ratio changes the number of facets  109  and/or levels and/or the ratio in the structure frame  100 . In this manner, the shape and dimension of the structure frame  100  may be altered. 
     In another aspect, the hanging structure  124  may be suspended from an external support structure  118  by at least one support point  106 , usually, but not necessarily, from the frame upper section  114 . 
     In yet another aspect, the plurality of compressive members  102  may include rigid horizontal rings which are configured to absorb inward or compressive forces. The rigidity of the compressive members  102  may help resist deformation and stress from the weight of the structure frame  100  and any object inside the structure frame  100 . 
     In yet another aspect, the hanging structure  124  may include flexible cords configured to resist outwardly pulling forces that attempt to pull the tensile members  104  apart. The flexible properties of the tensile members  104  may provide additional free play to the structure frame  100  and allow for the support of heavier loads  120 . 
     One benefit of the hanging structure  124  is that the zome geometry allows the hanging structure  124  to provide both functions and aesthetics. The functions depend on the flexibility and space provided through zome geometry and allow for carrying the load  120 . The aesthetics are based on the polygonal facets  109 , which may include numerous unusual designs. 
     Another benefit of the hanging structure  124  may include relatively low maintenance and manufacturing costs. 
     Yet another benefit of the hanging structure  124  may include the capacity to either hang from an external support structure  118  or be built around a vertical external support structure  118  such as a tree, for example and without limitation. 
     Referring next to  FIGS. 4-6A  of the drawings, a first hanging structure  124  and a second hanging structure  124   a  are illustrated. The first hanging structure  124  has 8 facet divisions  109  (n=8), and the second hanging structure  124   a  has 9 facet divisions  109  (n=9). Each level is labeled (k), with the top most level being level 0. The n=8 zome has an equator  113  at level 4 and ends at k=8, while the n=9 zome has an equator  113  at level 4.5 and ends at k=9. Unless all members and connections can resist compressive, tensile, and moment forces, the structure itself at this point is unstable, as each facet  109  is a diamond shape. As illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 6A , bisecting each facet  109  with horizontal members  102  results in each diamond facet  109  being divided into equal triangular pieces, and the resultant triangulation provides potential for inherent structural stability. By suspending the hanging structure  124  from above, the hanging structure  124  uses gravity to help form the shape of the hanging structure  124 . This method of structural engineering is incredibly efficient, as the hanging structure  124  requires no strength to resist gravity, and instead uses the force of gravity as a structural component that adds to the structural strength. Similar to how a suspension bridge can span large distances with minimal structure, so too does the hanging structure  124  work with, rather than against, gravity. 
     With the triangulated facets  109 , it can now clearly be seen that when suspended from above, the substantially vertical/diagonal elements  104  need only resist tensile forces. This allows this material to be collapsible, such as rope, webbing, wire cable, metal chain, etc. Each horizontal compressive member  102  is then essentially a compression ring, “pushing” outward from the hollow center of the hanging structure  124 . While the compressive members  102  may also resist some bending and tensile forces, especially below the equator where greater tensile forces may occur, they can for the most part be considered compression rings. This combination of the purely tensile members  104 , and substantially horizontal compression members  102 , and bending moment resisting nodes  163 , and bound by the top and bottom tension rings  111 , comprise the basics of the zome shaped structural suspended system. 
     At the top and bottom (level 0 and level k=n) of the hanging structure  124 , a tension member  111  connects all of the tensile members  104 . At level 0 ( FIGS. 6 and 6A ), this tension member  111  equalizes all horizontal forces and transfers all of the vertical (gravity) load to the anchor point above. 
     The combination of the entirely tensile members  104  and the mostly compressive members  102  result in an incredibly minimal and efficient structure. These two elements may be connected together at each zome moment resisting node  163 . This connection ensures that the hanging structure  124  maintains its zome shape and provides structural strength and stability. The fastener  105  at each zome node  163  may include at least one slide, strap, carabineer, welded ring and/or any other suitable fastening mechanism or device known by those skilled in the art. 
     From the full zome shape, the hanging structure  124  may be “sliced” in many directions. The most simple and useful of these slices occurs horizontally, where then only the upper portion of the hanging structure  124  remains. The horizontal bottommost layer of the remaining hanging structure  124  may then be reinforced to resist compressive, tensile, and bending forces. Once reinforced, this bottom then may stay open to below, creating a covering or umbrella shape. If horizontally “sliced” below the equator, this bottommost layer must take the place of and resist the forces of the bottom tension ring  111 . If a solid floor is placed at this horizontal cut, then the hanging structure  124  may easily hold objects, including people, and can then include such embodiments as furniture, relaxation spaces, rooms, and houses. When an opening is “sliced” in the side of the hanging structure  124 , then again this slice must be reinforced and creates a side opening such as doors, windows, etc. 
     In summary, using zome equations, 3D coordinates or nodes  163  are determined and a shape is defined. Each level of nodes  163  is connected to the adjacent node level in a zigzag pattern. This zigzag pattern is the location of the tension only structural elements. Then, triangulating the diamond pattern that is formed by these tensile elements with a rigid horizontal structural member, a compression ring is formed, and created the basis of the structural system. The rigid node connections  163  where each tensile member  104  intersects with a compressive member  102  may use a variety of connections, with several embodiments described in this patent. As with many suspended structures, the hanging structure  124  may use the force of gravity as a structural component. This use of gravity concept allows for hanging structures  124  to be extremely efficient and have large strength-to-weight ratios. This suspended zome structural system may be able to support its weight as well as the weight of occupants and objects. From a hanging lampshade to a hanging house, the system is scalable, redundant and efficient. 
     The hanging structure  124  creates the possibility for a truly tension-only structural element. The tension-only element, usually located on the outside of the compressive members  102 , may be rope, webbing, chain, etc. or can also form a “skin” around the hanging structure  124 , such as in a full exterior covering or canopy. This canopy in tension pushes on the skeletal structure below, which are the compressive members  102 . Just as the atmosphere exerts pressure on skin, the skin pushes inward into the body. The bones of the skeletal system push back against the skin, thereby giving the shape and form to the body. The skin may be considered the tensile canopy covering  104 , while the bones may be considered the compressive member  102  and nodes  163 . The border of the openings in the hanging structure  124  may require additional force-resisting elements. This facility may allow for an embodiment of the hanging structure  124  in which the outer covering or canopy becomes the tensile members  104 . High-performance fabrics such as a para-aramid synthetic fiber (KEVLAR), for example and without limitation, may be used to create an ultra-durable and strong collapsible hanging structure  124 . In some embodiments, the tensioning canopy may also be located on the inside of the compression members  102  as an exoskeleton, having a strap or other type of tensile member connector connecting at each node  163 . 
     A lower center of gravity of the hanging structure  124  provides correctly balanced mass for pendulum inertia. The hanging structure  124  may be fabricated with redundant structural components such that if any one component fails, the other components will compensate. For example and without limitation, the n=8 hanging structure  124  has 16 separate tensile members  104 . As the system scales larger, the number of facets  109  may be increased, keeping member lengths short and increasing redundancy. For example and without limitation, an n=16 hanging structure  124  will have 32 tensile members  104 , and each compressive member  102  may be divided to 16 segments. In some embodiments, the hanging structure  124  may be easily disassembled, allowing for packaging and shipping via UPS or other courier service. This ability to be easily shipped allows embodiments suitable for commercial sales and distribution. 
     The hanging structure  124  may use gravity itself as part of the structural system. Thus, rather than using members to resist gravity forces and balancing effects, suspension of the hanging structure  124  from above may utilize gravity to self-center and self-right the hanging structure  124 . Thus, the hanging structure  124  requires only the tensile members  104  to resist this gravity. The rest of the hanging structure  124  may merely maintain the shape of the hanging structure  124  while the tensile members  104  resist gravity, which helps form the shape of the hanging structure  124 . 
     Referring next to  FIGS. 7-14  of the drawings, an illustrative chair embodiment of the hanging structure is generally indicated by reference numeral  224 . In the hanging structure  224 , elements which are analogous to the respective elements of the hanging structure  124  that was heretofore described with respect to  FIGS. 1A-6A  are designated by the same numeral in the 201-299 series in  FIGS. 7-14 . In some embodiments, the hanging structure  224  may include a support frame  271  from which the structure frame  200  is suspended. The support frame  271  may include a support frame base  272 . At least one suspension frame member  273  may be upward-standing from the support frame base  272 . A suspension cable  242  may suspend the structure frame  200  from the suspension frame member  273  via a suspension bolt  243 . A suspension assembly  230  may attach the structure frame  200  to the suspension cable  242 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , in some embodiments, the suspension assembly  230  may include an eyebolt  231  having an eyebolt body  232 . An eye  233  may be provided on the eyebolt body  232 . An elongated eyebolt shaft  234  may extend downwardly from the eyebolt body  232 . An eyebolt flange  235  may be provided on the eyebolt shaft  234  at the eyebolt body  232 . A bearing washer  236  may be provided on the eyebolt shaft  234  in spaced-apart relationship to the eyebolt flange  235 . Multiple stacked spacer washers  238  may be sandwiched between the eyebolt flange  235  and the bearing washer  236 . 
     A tension ring  240  may be provided between the eyebolt flange  235  and the bearing washer  236  in encircling relationship to the spacer washers  238 . Multiple tensile members  204  may be attached to the tension ring  240  in spaced-apart relationship to each other around the circumference of the tension ring  240 . Each tensile member  204  may be attached to the tension ring  240  by looping each tensile member  204  through the tension ring  240  and stitching or otherwise attaching the looped end to the main segment of the tensile member  204 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 7-9 , in some embodiments, the hanging structure  224  may include an uppermost compressive member  202   a , an upper compressive member  202   b , a middle compressive member  202   c  and a lower compressive member  202   d . A base frame member  248  may be disposed beneath the lower compressive member  202   d . As illustrated in  FIGS. 7-9 , in some embodiments, a base panel  249  may be supported by the base frame member  248 . A base panel extension  250  may extend from the base frame member  248  in some embodiments. The tensile members  204  may connect the uppermost compressive member  202   a  to the tension ring  240  ( FIG. 10 ) of the suspension assembly  230 , the upper compressive member  202   b  to the uppermost compressive member  202   a , the middle compressive member  202   c  to the upper compressive member  202   b , the lower compressive member  202   d  to the middle compressive member  202   c  and the base frame member  248  to the lower compressive member  202   d . The tensile members  204  may be attached to each of the compressive members  202  according to any suitable attachment technique which is known by those skilled in the art. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , in some embodiments, each of the compressive members  202  may be fabricated of multiple, elongated, tubular frame elements  262 . A moment resisting node  263  may connect adjacent tubular frame elements  262  in end-to-end relationship to each other. A node plate  264  having a pair of upper and lower node plate slots  265  may be fastened, welded and/or otherwise attached to each node  263 . Accordingly, each tensile member  204  may be extended through a corresponding node plate slot  265  in the node plate  264 . As illustrated in  FIG. 13 , in some alternative embodiments, a node bracket  258  may be provided on each node  263  of the compression member  202 . A pair of upper and lower shackles  259  may be attached to the node bracket  258 . Accordingly, a pair of adjacent tensile members  204  may be attached to each of the upper and lower shackles  259 . 
     The tensile members  204  may be attached to the base frame member  248  according to any suitable technique which is known by those skilled in the art. As illustrated in  FIG. 14 , in some embodiments, multiple eye hook plates  253  may be provided on the base frame member  248  at spaced-apart intervals to each other. A base eye hook or shackle  252  may extend from each eye hook plate  253 . Each tensile member  204  may extend through a corresponding base eye hook or shackle  252 . In some embodiments, a base plate  247  may be attached to the base frame member  248  according to any suitable technique. The base plate  247  allows the base floor  249  (not shown) to be located inside the base frame member  248 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 7-9 , in some embodiments, the uppermost compressive member  202   a  may be continuous while the upper compressive member  202   b , the middle compressive member  202   c  and the lower compressive member  202   d  may be elongated, discontinuous and generally C-shaped. The respective ends of the upper compressive member  202   b , the middle compressive member  202   c  and the lower compressive member  202   d  may terminate on a pair of spaced-apart front frame members  254 , the lower ends of which terminate at the base frame member  248  and the upper ends of which terminate at the uppermost compressive member  202   a . A structure opening  268  may be formed by and between the front frame members  254 . 
     In exemplary application, the hanging structure  224  may be used as a chair. The base panel  249  may be rigid (wood, plastic metal or the like) or flexible (fabric or the like) and may be slanted in some embodiments for enhanced ergonomics. A backrest (not illustrated) may be provided on the compressive members  202  opposite the structure opening  268  to support a the back of a user as the user sits on the base panel  249 . In some embodiments, the backrest may be adjustable for different angles of inclination using simple hinge and adjustable length tension members known by those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, accessories such as retractable foot/leg rests, armrests, cup holders, canopies, sunshades, cushions or the like may be fitted to the suspension assembly  230 . 
     Referring next to  FIGS. 15-20  of the drawings, an illustrative love seat/lounge embodiment of the hanging structure is generally indicated by reference numeral  324 . In the hanging structure  324 , elements which are analogous to the respective elements of the hanging structure  124  that was heretofore described with respect to  FIGS. 1A-6A  are designated by the same numeral in the 301-399 series in  FIGS. 15-20 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 16-18 , in some embodiments, the structure frame  300  of the hanging structure  324  may include an uppermost compressive member  302   a , an upper compressive member  302   b , a middle compressive member  302   c , a lower compressive member  302   d  and a lowermost compressive member  302   e . A structure canopy  376  may be provided on the structure frame  300 . The structure canopy  376  may include multiple canopy panels  377  which correspond to the respective facets of the hanging structure  324 . As illustrated in  FIG. 15 , in some embodiments, the structure canopy  376  may cover substantially the entire structure frame  300 . As illustrated in  FIG. 19 , in other embodiments, the structure canopy  376  may cover only the lower portion of the structure frame  300 . In still other embodiments, the structure canopy  376  may cover only the upper portion of the structure frame  300  or may cover the lower and upper portions of the structure frame  300 , as illustrated in  FIG. 20 . 
     A support frame cap  374  may connect the suspension frame members  373  to each other at the top of the support frame  371 . A suspension assembly  330  may suspend the structure frame  300  from the support frame cap  374 . 
     In exemplary application, the hanging structure  324  may be used as lounge furniture or as a bed. In some embodiments, the hanging structure  324  may include interchangeable structure canopies  376 , sunshade, cushions, indoor/outdoor applications, hinged doors or the like. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 21  of the drawings, an illustrative tree house embodiment of the hanging structures is generally indicated by reference numeral  424 . The structure frame  400  of the hanging structure  424  may be secured to a tree  482  using typical treehouse attachment bolts  425  (also known as TAB&#39;s) and cables  481 , or other support according to the knowledge of those skilled in the art. Using the tree  482  or other support as the center support anchor, an opening (not illustrated) may be provided in the base panel  449  to facilitate passage of the tree  482  through the hanging structure  424 . In some embodiments, a trap door (not illustrated) provides a person  485  access to the interior of the hanging structure  424  from below. 
     The hanging structure  424  may be fabricated with multiple independent anchor points. Treehouse attachment bolts  425  can be placed in the tree  482  anywhere above the hanging structure  424 , with cables  481  connecting the anchors  425  to the top ring of the structure frame  402   a . Therefore, the structure  424  need not dictate the location of the attachment bolts  425 , rather the anchoring points can be placed to avoid limbs, knots, or other undesirable location. Further, locating the attachment bolts  425  at varied heights on the tree  482  above the structure  424  ensures the tree will not be girdled and weakened by the anchors. The structure frame  400  may include an uppermost member  402   a  which is strengthened to resist tension and bending moment forces, and becomes the interface between the tree anchors  425  and cables  481  and the zome geometry structural suspension system of the hanging structure  424 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , the tension ring  240  ( FIG. 10 ) on the suspension assembly  230  of the hanging structure  424  at level 0 may be eliminated. Instead, level 1 becomes the tension ring  240 . The tension ring  240  may be designed to receive tensile members  481  from the anchors above (typically steel wire rope), and also receive the typical tensile members  404  from below. The level 1 tension ring  240  may be centered around the tree  482  and may incorporate pads (not illustrated) to soften any impact that may occur during swaying of the tree  482 . At level 6 ( FIG. 5 ), corresponding to the floor level of the hanging structure  424 , the compressive member  402  may be reinforced to resist compressive, tensile, bending and torsion forces. An opening (not illustrated) may be provided in the floor to allow for pass-thru of the tree  482 . Pads (not illustrated) may provide protection from impact caused by tree movement. Properly designed and adjusted, the hanging structure  424  may sway in perfect resonance with the tree  482  and may not impact at the top or bottom rings or compressive members  402 . 
     As the tree  482  grows, the anchors which attach the structure frame  400  to the tree  482  may be consumed by the tree  482 . This is considered typical in treehouse construction, and may be designed into the life-span of the hanging structure  424 . This consumption of the anchors may result in a stronger anchor until the point where the tree  482  begins to consume either the support cable or the hanging structure  424  itself, however 
     As the tree  482  grows, the hanging structure  424  need not be consumed since the horizontal members  402  may be fabricated with a larger diameter than the trunk of the tree  482  and the pads may be adjustable, allowing substantial tree growth. When the tree  482  grows to the size of the horizontal members  402 , the entire hanging structure  424  may be disassembled and re-used on an appropriately-sized tree  482 . Therefore, at the end of the life-cycle of the hanging structure  424 , the tree  482  remains healthy with anchors embedded within the growth, and the hanging structure  424  is recycled. 
     The hanging structure  424  may be lightweight and the structural connections in the hanging structure  424  may be dynamic, or designed to sway with any tree movement. The hanging structure  424  may be fabricated without any rigid connections between the tree  482  and the hanging structure  424 . In some applications, the hanging structure  424  may also double as a safety enclosure. 
     The amount of mass which may be removed by limbing the tree  482  may be equivalent to the additional mass of the hanging structure  424  such that the tree  482  assumes little change in mass, which may be concentrated at the centerline of the tree  482 . 
     In some embodiments, independent anchors above with wire rope connected to the tension ring of the hanging structure  424  may allow the anchors to move independently during tree movement. Since trees resist wind forces via 2 main systems—swaying and torsional rotation—the anchors may not interfere with or impede any torsion of the tree trunk itself. 
     With a cover or canopy removed from the structure frame  400 , wind passes easily through the hanging structure  424 , providing little (or less) wind sail than the branches that were removed. With the cover or canopy deployed on the structure frame  400 , the round shape of the hanging structure  424  deflects much of the wind forces which impinge against the canopy. In embodiments in which the hanging structure  424  lacks large flat facets has a symmetric shape, there is no large “sail effect” from wind loads as compared with a conventional rectangular or square-shaped treehouse. 
     In some applications, the hanging structure  424  may be used as a temporary treehouse without requiring that the anchors be drilled into the tree  482 . Using webbing or cable, a weave can be created to secure the level 1 tension ring to the trunk of the tree  482  in a manner which is similar to “Chinese fingercuffs” or the log pulling chokers that loggers use in forestry operations. Several lengths of webbing or cable can be wrapped around the tree  482 , interweaving with each other. Then, when gravitational force is exerted on the weave from the weight of the hanging structure  400  below, the weave tightens and cinches itself on the trunk of the tree  482 . This may be considered a more temporary installation since the girdling and restriction of the weave could harm the tree  482  over longer periods of time. This type of installation may be appropriate in scientific research projects or other short-term uses. 
     Referring next to  FIGS. 22 and 23  of the drawings, an illustrative event zome/awning space embodiment of the hanging structure is generally indicated by reference numeral  524 . In the hanging structure  524 , elements which are analogous to the respective elements of the hanging structure  124  that was heretofore described with respect to  FIGS. 1A-6A  are designated by the same numeral in the 501-599 series in  FIGS. 22 and 23 . The hanging structure  524  may be supported by a pole  582  or other support. The hanging structure  524  may be sufficiently sized to accommodate at least one person  585 . As illustrated in  FIG. 22 , in some embodiments, a pulley system  580  may include multiple cables  581  which are attached to the structure frame  500  of the hanging structure  524 . A control box  584  ( FIG. 23 ) may interface with the pulley system  580  according to the knowledge of those skilled in the art to selectively lower ( FIG. 22 ) and raise ( FIG. 23 ) the hanging structure  524  on the tree  582 . In some embodiments, multiple anchor lines  583  may anchor the hanging structure  524  to the ground. The pole  582  may also be a telescoping pole system, whereby the structure  524  need not have a hole in the top for the pole  582  to extend through. Instead, the structure  524  can be raised and lowered by the pole  582  telescoping up and down. 
     Using a pole  582  or other support as the center support structure but eliminating the base panel  549  results in a tent covering. In the raised position ( FIG. 23 ), the lightweight, cool looking shade structure can be braced against wind with the anchor lines  583  which may be length-adjustable. The control box  584  may be used to selectively operate the raising and lowering of the hanging structure  524  and may be manual or power-operated. 
     In embodiments in which a base panel  549  is included at the bottom of the structure frame, the hanging structure  524  may provide a habitable space. The hanging structure  524  may be completely supported from above, via the support  582 . In some embodiments, the hanging structure  524  may be customized to allow for specific uses such as a personal yoga zome, a children&#39;s play space, an aerial acrobatic art zome, a simulated beehive, a lamp shade, etc. 
     These and other advantages of the invention will be further understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art by reference to the following written specification, claims and appended drawings. 
     Since many modifications, variations, and changes in detail can be made to the described preferred embodiments of the invention, it is intended that all matters in the foregoing description and shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalence.