Patent Publication Number: US-2023137901-A1

Title: Techniques to Modify Content and View Content on Mobile Devices

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/225,366, filed Jul. 14, 2009 and entitled, “SYSTEMS AND METHODS PROVIDING TECHNIQUES TO MODIFY CONTENT AND VIEW CONTENT ON MOBILE DEVICES,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Comic books, graphic novels, and other graphic media are quite popular among some readers. Some graphic media include sequential, rectangular cells where the story is told as the sequence of cells progresses from right to left. More modern forms of the media often include cells that have irregularly shaped boundaries and/or arrange the cells in irregular patterns upon the page that do not progress from right to left. 
     Recently, there have been attempts to adapt comic book reader interfaces to handheld devices, such as the iPhone™, available from Apple, Inc. Currently, most comic book readers on the iPhone™ do the same thing. They have a series of sequential images that are cropped from a comic book, and the user reads the comics in the same way that a user browses photos in the photo library. In other words, a user drags his or her finger across the display screen to go left or right to an adjacent square located to the left or right. However, such a technique is not suitable for a page that has irregularly-shaped cells and/or an irregular arrangement of cells. Furthermore, the cropping and rearranging of cells often destroys the look and feel that was intended by the author. A more intuitive and less destructive comic book reading interface is, therefore, desirable. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Various embodiments of the invention are directed to systems, methods, and computer program products for editing existing content to be viewed on mobile device screens. In one example, a computer-based tool allows a designer to edit content so that the content is more conveniently and intuitively consumed on small screens (e.g., screens of mobile devices). In one embodiment, there is an application for providing metadata to pre-existing media content where the application allows a designer (or other user) to indicate salient visual features for portions of visual content. The application uses vision algorithms to automatically generate other kinds of metadata based on the positions of the salient features and other characteristics of the graphical content. The designer would then approve or modify the generated metadata. Additionally or alternatively, any of the metadata can be manually entered by the designer using the computer-based tool. 
     In another aspect, various embodiments are directed to systems, methods, and computer program products for viewing graphic and/or textual media on small screens. In one example, a viewing application receives graphical content and metadata (such as that produced using the tool described above) and renders the graphical content according to the metadata. For instance, for each portion that has a salient feature (e.g., each cell on a page of a comic book), there is a pan, a rotation, and a magnification associated therewith. When a selected portion is the focus, other portions that may appear on the screen can be modified to increase focus on the first portion (e.g., by adjusting opacity of the portions that are not the focus). A first screen may show many portions from which a user can select a portion to view. When a user has selected, and is viewing, a particular portion, the user can move to a previous or subsequent portion by, e.g., a finger swipe on a display screen. A camera view on the first portion then moves to the next selected portion as the next selected portion is displayed according to the metadata. 
     The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       An example embodiment of a viewing application, being run on a handheld device and rendering content upon a display screen, is shown in  FIGS.  1 - 9   ; 
         FIGS.  10 - 16    show a second example of the viewing application using different graphical content; 
         FIG.  17    is an illustration of exemplary computer-based tool adapted according to one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG.  18    is an illustration of an exemplary method, according to one embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG.  19    illustrates an example computer system adapted according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     An example embodiment of a viewing application, being run on a handheld device and rendering content upon a display screen, is shown in  FIGS.  1 - 9   .  FIG.  1    shows handheld device  101  with display screen  102  (in this case, a touch-screen that receives user input through user touching of the screen). Control features  111 ,  112 ,  113  and  190  are rendered upon screen  102  and are described further below. The view shown in  FIG.  1    includes cells  121 - 126 , which in this example are individually viewable portions of the page. Also included in the view are text boxes  131 - 138 . 
     An example of a handheld device that can be used in some embodiments is the iPhone™ by Apple Inc., though other handheld devices can be used as well. However, not all embodiments are limited to handheld devices, as some embodiments use a larger display screen for rendering graphical content. Furthermore, devices without touch screens can be adapted for use in some embodiments, by, e.g., mapping keys to control features and frames. Additionally, some embodiments may be adapted for rendering graphical content upon a screen of a tablet computer, such as an iPad™ from Apple, Inc. 
     Typically it is difficult to come up with a pattern for reading a page such as that shown in  FIG.  1    on a mobile phone. In this view, the text is too small to view, and the cells are shaped irregularly and are arranged in a sequential fashion that follows their irregular shapes. Various embodiments of the present invention are different from conventional approaches and provide a better way to render graphical content, as shown in  FIGS.  2 - 9   . 
     By selecting next  111 , the user can step through the comic book.  FIG.  2    shows a view after the user selects next  111 . The transition (not shown) includes an animated zoom and pan into the upper left hand corner of the page shown in  FIG.  1   . Cell  121  is the focus of  FIG.  2   , and it is placed and zoomed according to metadata associated with the graphical content (as explained in more detail below). When the user clicks next  111  again, the whole page pans and rotates to present the content shown in  FIG.  3   , where cell  122  is the focus. In  FIG.  3   , cells  121  and  123 , which are not the focus of the view of  FIG.  3   , are faded out slightly. 
     In one example, the fading effect is implemented by rendering a semi-transparent, or semi-opaque, mask on top of the cells that are not the focus. Applying a mask may be preferable in some embodiments, since it may not be necessary to modify the underlying existing content when a mask can be applied on top of the content. However, some embodiments may include modifying the content itself. 
     As the user continues to go from cell-to-cell, similar positioning, zooming, panning, rotating (if applicable) and fading are performed to give the user an appealing feel one that is organic and intuitive. When the user selects next  111  again, the view shown in  FIG.  4    is rendered. In  FIG.  4   , the text box  135  is enlarged and moved to make it easier to read.  FIGS.  2 - 9    show the views that are rendered as the user selects next  111  to view all cells on the page. The cell that is the focus of  FIG.  7    is actually a landscape screen—wider than it is tall—and the application assumes that the user is going to rotate the device so that the user will be able to view cell  125  in a more natural, larger way. As the user selects next  111  again, the next view is portrait ( FIG.  8   ), and the application assumes that the user is going to rotate the device back to its portrait view. As the user walks through a page like this, the idea is that the user, as part of experiencing the content, will rotate the phone back and forth as the user goes from cell to cell. 
     The application shown in  FIGS.  1 - 9    addresses a problem in current comic book readers. A comic is created as an artistic, creative expression often without awareness that it might be consumed on a device with a small fixed-size screen, so sometimes the content items are wider than they are tall and sometimes they are taller than they are wide. Various embodiments of the present invention make an effective use of the screen so that the content is visually perceivable and the text is readable. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  1   , there is control  113 . At any point, a user can zoom out the entire page (i.e., go back to the view shown in  FIG.  1   ) by selecting control  113 . Furthermore, the various cells  121 - 126  are selectable items where a user can select one of the cells, and the viewing application will take the user directly into that cell and still do an appealing transition with a camera view that moves until the appropriate placement, size, rotation, and fading are rendered. So some users might actually choose to read the comic in that way, by stepping in and out of the cells. 
     While not easily shown in  FIG.  1 - 9   , various embodiments support commonly accepted touch-based gestures. Similar to current viewers, the viewing application of  FIGS.  1 - 9    transitions back and forth between cells with a finger swipe from one side to the next. Thus, finger swipes may be used instead of, or in addition to, control features  111  and  112 . In the present case, a finger swipe from one side of screen  102  to the other is effective to cause a transition to an adjacent cell even though the page is arranged substantially vertically (rather than horizontally). In this way, various embodiments can be adapted for use with any of a variety of arbitrary shapes and arrangements. Furthermore, in many embodiments, the orientation of gestures are adjusted to correspond to orientation of the screen. Thus, a side-to-side finger swipe is still a side-to-side finger swipe whether the device is arranged portrait-style or landscape-style. 
       FIGS.  10 - 16    show a second example using different graphical content. In  FIGS.  10 - 16   , the cells are rectangles and are, therefore, more regular than the cells of  FIGS.  1 - 9   .  FIG.  10    shows the whole page, where a user can select a particular cell and where the user can return by selecting control  113 .  FIGS.  11 - 16    show a sequential transition among the cells, including at least one portrait-landscape-portrait transition, and extensive use of zooming. 
     Automatic portrait-landscape-portrait transitioning is unconventional, but provides a good use of screen space. However, such automatic transitioning may not be preferred by all users. Some embodiments include a control, such as control  190  of  FIG.  1   , allowing a user to disable automatic portrait-landscape-portrait transitioning. In such case, the application may split a landscape cell into multiple portrait views, or split a portrait cell into multiple landscape views. 
     In another aspect, some embodiments include a computer-based tool that allows a designer, developer, author, artist, or other user to add metadata to existing media content to prepare the media content for display according to the concepts discussed above. There are variety of different types of metadata that can be added to existing content, and the present examples list a few. The original image has a sequence of views cells in the case of comic books—that the end-user will perceive, and there is metadata associated with each of those viewpoints. One metadata item is referred to as a viewpoint, which includes a center point of that view, a magnification, and a rotation. Another metadata item includes a sequence of polygons to adjust opacity of items that surround a given cell, referred to as polygonal overlays, and they form the basis of the masks. 
     Yet another example of metadata includes an indication of the visually most salient point in that cell. Often, the visually most salient point is determined by a developer or other user, who uses intuition or other technique to decide which point is most likely the most salient to end-users. The viewing application supports random access into any cell by tapping directly onto a portion of the cell to zoom right into it. So in order to support that feature, viewing applications receive the indications of salient points because the cells can actually be overlapping. In order to know which cell an end-user selects, it is assumed that users are most likely to tap on the visually most salient characteristic of one of those cells (e.g., the main figure&#39;s face). When a user selects a point on the screen, the viewing application looks for the closest salient point and goes to the cell associated with that closest salient point. The computer based tool of various embodiments allows a user to designate salient points in the various portions of the page. 
       FIG.  17    is an illustration of exemplary computer-based tool  1700 , adapted according to one embodiment of the invention. In the example embodiment, computer-based tool  1700  includes interface  1701 , where for each page a user defines at least the viewpoint, the polygonal overlay, and the salient points. In this example, the interface includes rectangle  1702 , which is sized to correspond to the screen of a given handheld device (e.g., an iPhone™). The user drags rectangle  1702  around on the screen, rotates it, and resizes it to define a given viewpoint. Interface  1701  also provides polygon tool  1703  to draw polygons to cover the portions of the view that are the parts that the user wants to de-emphasize in order to define the polygonal overlay. Interface  1701  also supports a user&#39;s selection (by mouse, touchscreen or otherwise) in order to specify the salient portion of the screen that will be used for navigation. The user defines the metadata for each of the views or cells manually in this way. 
     One issue with the embodiment described above is that it can be somewhat time consuming because these views can be arbitrarily shaped and arranged with different angles and different sizes. For instance, it might take a relatively long time for a human user to draw the polygonal overlay to cover up one of these strangely shaped lines or triangular views that can be part of the source image. Another embodiment uses automated image processing techniques to increase efficiency. In such an example, interface  1701  allows the user to select the salient points for the viewpoints (or for a single viewpoint if the user prefers to go viewpoint-by-viewpoint). Tool  1700  includes computer vision to analyze the image, looking for the boxes and lines and likely interesting areas and it makes a best estimation as to the viewpoint metadata item and the polygonal overlay metadata item. Tool  1700  makes a best estimation as to the best view and as to the polygons that should be generated in order to hide the uninteresting parts. In many cases, the image processing has a particularly good chance of working because, for many kinds of content, such as comics and other visually-oriented books, such content typically has white backgrounds or solid or simple gradient backgrounds with lines that typically follow the black lines that define the area as well. It is possible to do computer vision or image processing algorithms that identify those lines with high accuracy. While the examples herein mention comic book material for the underlying content, it is noted that any of a variety of graphical content can be modified by, or viewed by, various embodiments of the invention. 
     When the first estimate is acceptable, the user indicates acceptance and moves the process on to the next task (e.g., moving on to the next cell). If the user does not think that the computer&#39;s estimate is acceptable, then the user can manually manipulate the view and/or the polygons. In such a case the computer has already identified the lines and the polygons and the underlying image, giving the human user more to work with in defining the viewpoint and/or the polygonal overlay. In fact, some embodiments include a snap-to feature to automatically snap views on polygons to the next best item, so when a user drags a view, tool  1700  snaps it to the next set of lines. In some instance, the computer might get it all right, and the user might just verify the computer&#39;s estimates. Thus, for simpler source images, the automatic embodiment has the potential to be quite efficient. For more complex and difficult source images, the process might simply be manual in the worst-case scenario. 
       FIG.  18    is an illustration of exemplary method  1800  according to one embodiment of the invention. Method  1800  can be performed, for example, by a computer-based tool to add metadata to graphical content. The graphical content is divided into a plurality of portions (e.g., cells). As explained above, the user indicates the salient points of the cells, and the tool makes a best estimate of other types of metadata items, such as polygonal overlays, rotation, magnification, and position (at blocks  1801 - 1803 ). The user can then accept the computer&#39;s metadata, reject some, or reject all of the metadata at block  1804 . For metadata that is rejected, the user is given an opportunity to modify the items manually at block  1805 . The tool associates metadata with each of the cells and makes the content available to end-users (e.g., by publishing to an Internet resource) at blocks  1806 - 1807 . 
     Other types of metadata may be indicated manually and/or generated automatically by the computer-based tool. An additional type of metadata can refer to pixels of a cell that correspond to text, whether the text is by itself, in a balloon, or included in another arbitrary shape. Such data can be used to “pop-out” the text, moving it and/or making it larger to increase readability. For instance, in some situations, text (at least in its original form) may be too small to read on a handheld device screen. Various embodiments identify where the text is located and magnify the text. The degree of magnification can be determined from a combination of design and end-user preference. In one example, an end-user might prefer fourteen-point font, so the text is marked to be magnified to fourteen-point font by the viewing application. Additionally or alternatively, there may be a default where the text is marked to magnify it ten or twenty percent or thirty percent to make it still larger and still visually more salient. 
     One variation of popping out the text is, instead of popping the text out automatically at the viewing application, allowing the end-user to select the text to pop the text out. Some embodiments may add other visual schemes to enhance aesthetic or artistic effect by, e.g., enlarging text with a bounce or other animated sequence make the experience more like video. In fact, any of a variety of visual effects can be added to the underlying content through use of metadata. 
     In one example, the images are preprocessed to generate views wherein the text, itself is the focus (e.g., as in  FIG.  4   ). In other examples, the text is magnified within a graphic cell. In some instances where there are multiple text boxes, magnifying them all in place would cause them to overlap. One such solution is to add metadata that specifies parts of the image that a given text box should not cover. 
     When implemented via computer-executable instructions, various elements of embodiments of the present invention are in essence the software code defining the operations of such various elements. The executable instructions or software code may be obtained from a readable medium (e.g., a hard drive media, optical media, RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, tape media, cartridge media, flash memory, ROM, memory stick, and/or the like). In fact, readable media can include any medium that can store information. 
       FIG.  19    illustrates an example computer system  1900  adapted according to one embodiment of the present invention. That is, computer system  1900  comprises an example system on which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented (such as a viewing application or a tool to modify graphical content). Central processing unit (CPU)  1901  is coupled to system bus  1902 . CPU  1901  may be any general purpose or specialized purpose CPU. However, the present invention is not restricted by the architecture of CPU  1901  as long as CPU  1901  supports the inventive operations as described herein. CPU  1901  may execute the various logical instructions according to embodiments of the present invention. For example, one or more CPUs, such as CPU  1901 , may execute machine-level instructions according to the exemplary operational flows described above regarding the respective operation of the viewer application and/or the content-modifying tool. 
     Computer system  1900  also preferably includes random access memory (RAM)  1903 , which may be SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, or the like. In this example, computer system  1900  uses RAM  1903  to buffer  302  of  FIG.  3   . Computer system  1900  preferably includes read-only memory (ROM)  1904  which may be PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, or the like. RAM  1903  and ROM  1904  hold user and system data and programs, as is well known in the art. 
     Computer system  1900  also preferably includes input/output (I/O) adapter  1905 , communications adapter  1911 , user interface adapter  1908 , and display adapter  1909 . I/O adapter  1905 , user interface adapter  1908 , and/or communications adapter  1911  may, in certain embodiments, enable a user to interact with computer system  1900  in order to input information, such as indicating salient features (e.g., with respect to a tool to modify the graphical content) or select a cell to view (e.g., with respect to a viewing application). 
     I/O adapter  1905  preferably connects to storage device(s)  1906 , such as one or more of hard drive, compact disc (CD) drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, etc. to computer system  1900 . The storage devices may be utilized when RAM  1903  is insufficient for the memory requirements associated with storing media data. Communications adapter  1911  is preferably adapted to couple computer system  1900  to network  1912  (e.g., the Internet, a LAN, a cellular network, etc.). User interface adapter  1908  couples user input devices, such as keyboard  1913 , pointing device  1907 , and microphone  1914 , a touch screen (such as  102  of  FIG.  1   ) and/or output devices, such as speaker(s)  1915  to computer system  1900 . Display adapter  1909  is driven by CPU  1901  to control the display on display device  1910  to, for example, display the media as it is played. 
     While  FIG.  19    shows a general-purpose computer, it should be noted that the exact configuration of a portion of a system according to various embodiments may be slightly different. For example, devices that run a viewing application according to one or more embodiments may be any kind of processor-based device that includes a small screen, such as a cell phone, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), and/or the like. Additionally, devices that run metadata tool applications according to one or more embodiments may be any kind of processor-based device, such as a personal computer, a server-type computer, a handheld device, and the like. Moreover, embodiments of the present invention may be implemented on application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. In fact, persons of ordinary skill in the art may utilize any number of suitable structures capable of executing logical operations according to the embodiments of the present invention. 
     Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.