Patent Publication Number: US-10324323-B2

Title: Display apparatus

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a display apparatus such as a liquid crystal display apparatus. 
     Description of the Background Art 
     Display apparatuses including a touch sensor, which has an input function by a touch operation, located on a display surface thereof have often been used. Projected capacitive (PCAP) touch panels include a conductive film located on a transparent substrate and include a technique for detecting a change in capacitance formed in the conductive film. The touch panels are formed by bonding two substrates together after a conductive film is formed on each of the two substrates, by forming conductive films opposed to each other on both sides of one substrate, or by forming a conductive film in two layers on one side of one substrate. 
     The display apparatus having the input function by the touch operation can be obtained by bonding the touch panel to the liquid crystal display apparatus or the like, but the display apparatus has a great thickness, which needs to be reduced. 
     To fill the need, an on-cell structure in which a sensor pattern formed of the conductive film is directly located on liquid crystal cells of the liquid crystal display apparatus and a polarizing film is bonded outside the sensor pattern has been examined (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-171599 (1998)). 
     A transparent conductive film has mainly been used as a material for a sensor pattern in a touch panel. The touch panel for a large display apparatus needs to have a reduced resistance of sensor wiring, so that application of metal wiring has been examined (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-277392 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-097536). 
     However, when the touch panel formed of the metal wiring has the on-cell structure, a polarization axis of light near the metal wiring is projected onto another axis due to the influence by the metal wiring. As a result, a light control state that needs to be controlled in the polarizing film changes. Particularly when polarized light perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizing film is projected onto another axis, part of the light that needs to be blocked under normal circumstances is allowed to pass. This causes black floating (phenomenon in which a black area of an image turns whitish), thereby reducing contrast. 
     The introduction of the sensor pattern of the metal wiring makes it difficult to simultaneously optimize the polarization axis of the polarizing filter set by viewing angle properties of an LCD and a polarizing direction of an edge of the sensor pattern set to prevent moiré of the sensor. Consequently, for the application of the on-cell structure to reduce the thickness of the display apparatus, the intensity of black increases due to the formation of the wiring pattern misaligned from the polarization axis of the polarizing filter, thereby reducing the contrast. 
     The problems do not occur only in the touch panel, and may similarly occur in, for example, an array substrate or a counter substrate of the liquid crystal display apparatus having patterns through which visible light is not allowed to pass, such as wiring including a metal film and a black matrix. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to increase contrast of a display apparatus. 
     A first display apparatus of the present invention includes a first polarizer, a first insulating substrate, a second insulating substrate, and a second polarizer that are located in the stated order in a light path from a light source toward a display surface. The second polarizer has a polarization axis parallel or perpendicular to a polarization axis of the first polarizer. The first insulating substrate and the second insulating substrate each include a transparent substrate having insulating properties. At least the first insulating substrate or the second insulating substrate includes a first electrode wiring pattern being opaque and a third polarizer. The first electrode wiring pattern is located on the transparent substrate. The third polarizer is located in a preceding stage or a subsequent stage of the first electrode wiring pattern in the light path and is opposed to the first electrode wiring pattern with a transparent insulating film therebetween. 
     According to the first display apparatus of the present invention, the third polarizer cancels out a change of the polarization axis due to the first electrode wiring pattern. Thus, light leakage can be suppressed, and contrast can increase. 
     A second display apparatus of the present invention includes a pixel array substrate including a first polarizer, a counter substrate, and a second polarizer that are located in the stated order in a light path from a light source toward a display surface. The second polarizer has a polarization axis parallel or perpendicular to a polarization axis of the first polarizer. The pixel array substrate includes a plurality of gate wires, a plurality of source wires, and a pixel electrode. The plurality of source wires are orthogonal to the gate wires. The pixel electrode is located in an opening of a pixel that is a region divided by the gate wires and the source wires intersecting each other. The first polarizer has a plurality of patterns of fine wiring. The plurality of patterns of fine wiring are located in a subsequent stage of at least the gate wires or the source wires in the light path and overlap at least part of the pixel electrode with an insulating film therebetween. 
     According to the second display apparatus of the present invention, the patterns of the fine wiring allow the entry of the polarized light, which is not affected by the projection of the axis polarized by the gate wires and the source wires onto another axis, into the subsequent stage of the pixel array substrate. Thus, the light leakage near the wiring can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     A third display apparatus of the present invention includes a pixel array substrate including a first polarizer, a counter substrate, and a second polarizer that are located in the stated order in a light path from a light source toward a display surface. The second polarizer has a polarization axis parallel or perpendicular to a polarization axis of the first polarizer. The pixel array substrate includes a plurality of gate wires, a plurality of source wires orthogonal to the gate wires, and a pixel electrode. The pixel electrode is located in an opening of a pixel that is a region divided by the gate wires and the source wires intersecting each other. The pixel electrode is the first polarizer that is located in a subsequent stage of at least the gate wires or the source wires in the light path and that has a plurality of patterns of fine wiring. 
     According to the third display apparatus of the present invention, the patterns of the fine wiring allow the entry of the polarized light, which is not affected by the projection of the axis polarized by the gate wires and the source wires onto another axis, into the subsequent stage of the pixel array substrate. Thus, the light leakage near the wiring can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. Further, the pixel electrode does not need to be formed of the transparent conductive film. Consequently, a decrease in transmittance due to the transparent conductive film can be prevented, allowing for increased intensity and reduced power consumption. 
     These and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a display apparatus  101  according to a first preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a top view showing a configuration of a pixel array pattern; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate; 
         FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C  are conceptual illustrations of a color filter pattern; 
         FIGS. 5 and 6  are block diagrams of sensor wiring in a touch sensor pattern; 
         FIG. 7  is a top view of the touch sensor pattern; 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are cross-sectional views of the touch sensor pattern; 
         FIG. 9  is a top view of the touch sensor pattern; 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  are cross-sectional views of the touch sensor pattern; 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram for describing polarization effects of a conventional touch sensor pattern; 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram for describing polarization effects of the touch sensor pattern in the first preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  is a top view showing an intersection of wiring patterns of the touch sensor pattern; 
         FIGS. 14A and 14B  are cross-sectional views of touch sensor patterns; 
         FIGS. 15A, 15B, 16A, and 16B  are cross-sectional views of a touch sensor pattern in a first modification of the first preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 17  is a top view of a touch sensor pattern in a second modification of the first preferred embodiment; 
         FIGS. 18A and 18B  are top views showing fine patterns of touch sensor patterns in a third modification of the first preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 19  shows polarization effects of the touch sensor pattern in the third modification of the first preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 20  shows a fine pattern of a touch sensor pattern in a fourth modification of the first preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 21  shows polarization effects of the touch sensor pattern in the fourth modification of the first preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 22  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a touch sensor pattern in a second preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 23  is a diagram for describing polarization effects of the touch sensor pattern in the second preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 24  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a touch sensor pattern in a first modification of the second preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 25  is a diagram for describing polarization effects of the touch sensor pattern in the first modification of the second preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 26  is a top view of a touch sensor pattern in a third preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 27  is a cross-sectional view of the touch sensor pattern in the third preferred embodiment; 
         FIGS. 28 and 29  are diagrams showing a method for positioning a long axis of a polarizer in a direction orthogonal to an extending direction of a wiring pattern; 
         FIG. 30  is a top view of a touch sensor pattern in a first modification of the third preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 31  is a cross-sectional view of the touch sensor pattern in the first modification of the third preferred embodiment; 
         FIGS. 32A and 32B  are block diagrams of a touch sensor pattern in a second modification of the third preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 33  is a cross-sectional view of the touch sensor pattern in the second modification of the third preferred embodiment; 
         FIGS. 34A and 34B  are block diagrams of a touch sensor pattern in a third modification of the third preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 35  is a cross-sectional view of the touch sensor pattern in the third modification of the third preferred embodiment; 
         FIGS. 36 to 38  are top views of wiring patterns of the touch sensor pattern; 
         FIG. 39  is a top view showing a pixel array substrate in a fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 40  is a cross-sectional view showing the pixel array substrate in the fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 41  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate according to a first modification of the fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 42  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate according to a second modification of the fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 43  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate according to a third modification of the fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 44  is a top view of a pixel array substrate according to a fourth modification of the fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 45  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate according to the fourth modification of the fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 46  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate according to a fifth modification of the fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 47  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate according to a sixth modification of the fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 48  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate according to a seventh modification of the fourth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 49  is a cross-sectional view exemplifying a configuration of a display apparatus according to a fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 50  is a top view showing a pixel array substrate according to the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIGS. 51 and 52  are cross-sectional views showing the pixel array substrate according to the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 53  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a display apparatus according to a first modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 54  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a display apparatus according to a second modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 55  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a display apparatus according to a third modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 56  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a display apparatus according to a fourth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 57  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a display apparatus according to a fifth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 58  is a top view of a pixel array substrate in a sixth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIGS. 59 and 60  are cross-sectional views of the pixel array substrate in the sixth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 61  is a top view of a pixel array substrate in a seventh modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIGS. 62 and 63  are cross-sectional views of the pixel array substrate in the seventh modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 64  is a top view of a pixel array substrate in an eighth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIGS. 65 and 66  are cross-sectional views of the pixel array substrate in the eighth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 67  is a top view of a pixel array substrate in a ninth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment; and 
         FIGS. 68 and 69  are cross-sectional views of the pixel array substrate in the ninth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     &lt;A. First Preferred Embodiment&gt; 
     &lt;A-1. Configuration&gt; 
       FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view exemplifying a configuration of a display apparatus  101  according to a first preferred embodiment. The display apparatus  101  includes a backlight unit  1 , an optical film  2  located on a top surface of the backlight unit  1 , a liquid crystal cell  3  located on the optical film  2 , a frame  4  housing the backlight unit  1 , the optical film  2 , and the liquid crystal cell  3 , and a protective glass  6  bonded to a display surface of the liquid crystal cell  3  with an adhesive  5  for protection. 
     The backlight unit  1  has a means of emitting light including a fluorescent tube, an LED, or an EL as a light source, and may have a light guide plate (not shown) as necessary. 
     The optical film  2  is a member having functions of improving a viewing angle. Light emitted from the backlight unit  1  passes through the optical film  2  and the liquid crystal cell  3  and is converted to light suitable for display. Then, the light is emitted from a top surface (display surface) of a liquid crystal module to become display light. In this specification, a structure combining the backlight unit  1 , the optical film  2 , and the liquid crystal cell  3  may be referred to as the liquid crystal module. 
     The liquid crystal cell  3  is exposed from an opening of the frame  4 , and the exposed portion of the liquid crystal cell  3  is bonded to the protective glass  6  with the adhesive  5 . In other words, both of the liquid crystal cell  3  and the frame  4  are bonded to the protective glass  6  with the adhesive  5 . Thus, this structure allows the protective glass  6  to protect the liquid crystal cell  3 . 
       FIG. 1  shows that the protective glass  6  is bonded to the liquid crystal module across the frame  4  and the liquid crystal cell  3 . However, the bonding of the protective glass  6  is not limited to this and may be appropriately selected according to the use. For example, the protective glass  6  may be bonded to only a specific region of the frame  4  or to only a specific region of the liquid crystal cell  3 . 
     Next, the liquid crystal cell  3  is described in detail. The liquid crystal cell  3  includes a polarizing film  11 , a pixel array substrate  7 , a liquid crystal layer  8 , a sealing agent  9 , a counter substrate  10 , and a polarizing film  17 . Liquid crystals are injected between the pixel array substrate  7  and the counter substrate  10  and sealed therebetween with the sealing agent  9 , to thereby form the liquid crystal cell  3 . 
     The pixel array substrate  7  is a first insulating substrate that includes a transparent substrate  12  being a transparent insulating substrate. The pixel array substrate  7  includes a pixel array pattern  13  in addition to the transparent substrate  12 . The pixel array pattern  13  for driving pixels is located on a side, which contacts the liquid crystal layer  8 , of the transparent substrate  12 . An alignment film (not shown) is located on a top surface (on the liquid crystal layer  8  side) of the pixel array pattern  13 . The polarizing film  11  being a first polarizer is bonded to the pixel array substrate  7  opposite to the surface on which the pixel array pattern  13  is located. 
     The counter substrate  10  is a second insulating substrate that includes a transparent substrate  15  being a transparent insulating substrate. The counter substrate  10  includes a color filter pattern  14  and a touch sensor pattern  16  in addition to the transparent substrate  15 . The color filter pattern  14  is located on a side, which contacts the liquid crystal layer  8 , of the transparent substrate  15 . An alignment film (not shown) is located on a top surface (on the liquid crystal layer  8  side) of the color filter pattern  14 . The touch sensor pattern  16  is located on the transparent substrate  15  opposite to the color filter pattern  14 . The polarizing film  17  that has a polarization axis orthogonal to the polarizing film bonded to the pixel array substrate  7  and that is a second polarizer is bonded to a top surface (on the display surface side) of the touch sensor pattern  16 . 
     In addition, the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  is the twisted nematic (TN) mode, and is orthogonal to a polarization angle of the polarizing film  11  in the normally white type, but this is not restrictive. For example, in the normally black type of the TN mode, parallel axes are set in a case of a lateral electric field (such as an in-plane-switching or a fringe field switching (FFS) mode). In this manner, the relationship between the polarization axes of the polarizing film  11  and the polarizing film  17  may be set according to the liquid crystal mode and the display setting. 
       FIG. 2  is a top view showing a configuration of the pixel array pattern  13 . The pixel array pattern  13  includes gate wiring  18 A that selects pixels and extends in a first direction, source wiring  19 A that sends signals to the pixels and extends in a second direction, a switching element  20  (TFT) located at the intersection of the gate wiring  18 A and the source wiring  19 A, and a pixel connected to the switching element  20 . The pixel can also be called a region divided by the intersections of the gate wiring  18 A and the source wiring  19 A. 
     To improve display characteristics, common wiring  21 A extending in the same direction as the extending direction of the gate wiring  18 A or the source wiring  19 A and a common electrode (not shown) connected to the common wiring  21 A are typically located in a layer below the pixels, to thereby form capacitance. 
       FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of the pixel array substrate  7 . The pixel array pattern  13  includes, on the transparent substrate  12 , a gate electrode wire  18  that includes the gate wiring  18 A and a gate electrode  18 B and a common electrode wire  21  that includes the common wiring  21 A and the common electrode. A semiconductor layer  29  is positioned opposite to the gate electrode wire  18  with a gate insulating film  23  therebetween. A source electrode  19  and a drain electrode  25  branch off from the source wiring  19 A that is electrically connected to the semiconductor layer  29 . 
     An interlayer insulating film  27  is located so as to cover the source electrode  19 , the semiconductor layer  29 , and the drain electrode  25 . A pixel electrode  28  is located on the interlayer insulating film  27  and connected to the drain electrode  25  through an opening of the interlayer insulating film  27 . Herein, a configuration including the gate electrode wire  18 , the gate insulating film  23 , the semiconductor layer  29 , the source electrode  19 , and the drain electrode  25  is the switching element  20  (TFT). 
     The pixel electrode and the common electrode may have slits and be located close to each other in a planar arrangement as in the lateral electric field mode, depending on a method for driving liquid crystals. Further, as in the fringe field switching (FFS) mode, the common electrode having the slits may be located on the flat pixel electrode with the interlayer insulating film therebetween, or their positions may be reversed and the pixel electrode having the slits may also be located in the layer above the flat common electrode with the interlayer insulating film therebetween. 
     Next, the counter substrate  10  is described below in detail with reference to  FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C , which are conceptual illustrations of a color filter pattern. The color filter pattern  14  includes a black matrix (BM) for shielding wiring portion of the pixel array pattern  13  from light, as shown in  FIG. 4A . Further, color materials in red (R), green (G), and blue (B) overlap a top surface of the BM so as to be located in regions corresponding to the pixels. An overcoat (OC) is located on top surfaces of the color materials, and a transparent conductive film (not shown) is located on a top surface of the OC. The transparent conductive film on the OC functions as a counter electrode. 
     In addition, the color materials may not be disposed in a black-and-white display or in a case where the backlight has colors. Further, white (W, no color material) or yellow (Y), for example, may be added to the arrangement of RGB to enhance the reproducibility of colors ( FIGS. 4B and 4C ). 
     Next, the touch sensor pattern  16  located in the counter substrate  10  is described in detail with reference to  FIG. 5 , which is a block diagram of touch sensor wiring in the touch sensor pattern  16 . Hereinafter, a region including the touch sensor pattern  16  between the polarizing film  17  and the transparent substrate  15  may be referred to as a sensor portion. The touch sensor pattern  16  includes, as the touch sensor wiring, an X-direction detection wire  30  that extends in a vertical direction (Y direction) of the diagram and has a width of several millimeters and a Y-direction detection wire  31  that extends in a direction (horizontal direction of the diagram, X direction) orthogonal to the X-direction detection wire  30  and has a width of several millimeters. The X-direction detection wire  30  and the Y-direction detection wire  31  respectively include the required number of X-direction detection wires  30  and Y-direction detection wires  31  having required lengths that are repeated in the X direction and the Y direction according to a detection region. 
     The X-direction detection wires  30  and the Y-direction detection wires  31  have an arrangement pitch selected not to emphasize periodicity based on the relationship between the pitches of the gate wiring  18 A and the source wiring  19 A located in the pixel array substrate  7 . Thus, even when a wiring pattern, as shown in  FIG. 5 , of the touch sensor includes wiring extending in the same direction as the extending directions of the gate wiring  18 A and the source wiring  19 A, moiré generated by overlapping the lattice patterns can be reduced. 
       FIG. 6  shows such a wiring pattern. The gate wiring  18 A and the source wiring  19 A, which are not shown in  FIG. 6 , are assumed to respectively extend in the X direction and the Y direction in the diagram. The X-direction detection wires  30  and the Y-direction detection wires  31  respectively extend in the X direction and the Y direction also in the wiring pattern shown in  FIG. 6 , similarly to  FIG. 5 . However, each of wires forming the X-direction detection wire  30  and the Y-direction detection wire  31  extends diagonally with respect to the gate wiring  18 A or the source wiring  19 A. 
     As described above, the X-direction detection wire  30  and the Y-direction detection wire  31  have the combination of the wiring patterns in which the wires extend diagonally with respect to the extending direction of the gate wiring  18 A or the source wiring  19 A, and thus the visibility of the moiré can be reduced without emphasizing the periodicity. 
     The wiring pattern of the touch sensor including linear wires causes a phenomenon called a ray system in which a high-intensity light source typified by sunlight is scattered and diffracted at an edge of the wiring, causing reflected light to spread in a direction orthogonal to the wiring. Thus, as one of the techniques for preventing the phenomenon of the ray system, the wiring may include a curve having the effect of spreading the reflected light to all directions. The reason is to achieve the effect of spreading the reflected light at the curved portions to all the directions. 
     In addition,  FIG. 6  shows an image shape that indicates characteristics of each wiring having a diagonal straight line. The actual pattern is appropriately optimized. 
     The X-direction detection wires  30  or the Y-direction detection wires  31  are lower wiring while the other wires are upper wiring. The lower wiring is formed of a laminated film including, for example, an Al alloy film of 200 nm, a translucent highly-nitrided Al film of 50 nm, and an IZO film of 50 nm laminated in this order from the lowest. The lower wiring is located on the transparent substrate  15 . The lower wiring is coated with a laminated film, which includes, for example, a coating insulating film of 700 nm and a SiO 2  film of 100 nm laminated in this order from the lowest, as the interlayer insulating film. The upper wiring as a laminated film, which includes, for example, an Al alloy film of 200 nm, a translucent highly-nitrided Al film of 50 nm, and an IZO film of 50 nm laminated in this order from the lowest, is located on the interlayer insulating film. The upper wiring is coated with a laminated film, which includes, for example, a coating insulating film of 700 nm and a SiO 2  film of 100 nm laminated in this order from the lowest, as the protective insulating film. 
     When the X-direction detection wire  30  and the Y-direction detection wire  31  each have the laminated film structure, reflectivity at the surface of the wiring can be reduced and the visibility of the wiring under external light can be suppressed. The laminated structure of the Al alloy, the translucent highly-nitrided Al, and the IZO is assumed as the structural material for the sensor wiring. According to the characteristics needed for the sensor wiring, the structural material for the sensor wiring may be selected from structures including a low-resistance conductive film as a main material, for example, an Al alloy single layer, a structure including an Al alloy as a main material, a structure including a Cu alloy as a main material, and a structure including an Mo alloy as a main material. Further, the laminated film including the coating insulating film and the SiO 2  film is assumed as each of the insulating films, which may be made of a single-layer coating insulating film, a multilayer coating insulating film, a single-layer SiO 2  film, another inorganic insulating film, or a laminated film including inorganic insulating films. The above-mentioned insulating film preferably has a film configuration that can suppress reflection at an interface between a substrate, an adhesive, or an air layer, and the insulating film. 
     Next, the touch sensor pattern  16  is further described with reference to  FIGS. 7, 8A, and 8B .  FIG. 7  is a top view of the touch sensor pattern  16 .  FIG. 8A  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 8B  is a cross-sectional view taken along a B-B line in  FIG. 7 .  FIG. 8B  also shows a dependency graph of intensity of polarized light on a position together with the cross-sectional view, and the details are described below. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 7, 8A, and 8B , an interlayer insulating film  32  is located so as to cover lower wiring DL on the transparent substrate  15 , and a fine pattern  34  is located on the interlayer insulating film  32 . A protective insulating film  33  is located so as to cover the fine pattern  34 . The fine pattern  34  is made of a film in the same layer as upper wiring UL orthogonal to an extending direction of the lower wiring DL. The fine pattern  34  includes narrow rectangular isolated patterns each having a width W 1 . The isolated patterns are regularly located side by side at a pitch length P 1 , to thereby form a third polarizer. Herein, the lower wiring DL and the upper wiring UL have a relationship such that one of them includes an individual wire forming the above-described X-direction detection wire  30  and the other includes an individual wire forming the Y-direction detection wire  31 . 
     An extending direction of the lower wiring DL is referred to as a first direction, and a direction orthogonal to the first direction is referred to as a second direction, except where specifically noted. 
     Next, polarization as a precondition to the present invention is described before  FIG. 8B  is described. An optical axis of transmitted light incident on the transparent substrate  15  from the backlight unit  1  is aligned in one direction by passing through the polarizing film  11 . The one direction of the optical axis of the incident and transmitted light can be vectorially dispersed into the first direction and the second direction. 
     In  FIG. 8B , the light from the backlight unit  1  passes through the transparent substrate  15  and is applied to the lower wiring DL from below. The light having the light intensity in which the polarization axis is aligned in the one direction as described above is applied to a region where the lower wiring DL is not located. This is indicated by the flat area of the dotted portion in the graph of  FIG. 8B . 
     On the other hand, when the light mentioned above passes through the vicinity of the edge of the lower wiring DL, the light in the first direction parallel to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL is absorbed, and only the light in the second direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL is thus allowed to pass. The intensity of the polarized light is indicated by the declined portions of the solid line and the dotted line in  FIG. 8B . 
     The intensity of the polarized light having an axis perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL increases as the light approaches closer to the lower wiring DL, and the intensity of the polarized light decreases with distance farther from the lower wiring DL (solid line). In contrast, the intensity of the polarized light having the polarization axis at the time of the passage through the transparent substrate  15  decreases as the light approaches closer to the lower wiring DL because the light having an axis parallel to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL is absorbed and converted to light having an axis perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL (dotted line). 
     Herein, the term “convert” is used. The term here indicates a change in direction of a polarization axis before and after passage of light due to absorption of the light in a specific direction, which relatively increases intensity of light in other directions. Hereinafter, such an expression may be used. 
     In addition,  FIG. 8B  shows that the solid line and the dotted line have the same maximum heights of the vertical axis for the sake of convenience, but the polarized light (solid line) having the axis perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL actually have the lower maximum intensity. 
     Furthermore, when the light passes through the vicinity of the edge of the fine pattern  34  in the upper layer, the light having the optical axis perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL is absorbed because the end portion, which protrudes from the lower wiring DL in plan view, of the fine pattern  34  is perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL. Therefore, this greatly reduces the light polarized perpendicularly to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL to reach the polarizing film  17 . This is described below with reference to  FIGS. 11, 12, 18A, 18B, 19 to 21 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the fine pattern  34  is orthogonal to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL and includes a plurality of members arranged in the extending direction of the lower wiring DL. The fine pattern  34  has a wiring portion that overlaps the lower wiring DL in plan view and an non-wiring portion that does not overlap the lower wiring DL in plan view. A length of the non-wiring portion, namely, a protrusion amount L 1  of the fine pattern  34  protruding from the lower wiring DL is 200 nm. The fine pattern  34  has a pitch P 1  of 250 nm in the extending direction of the lower wiring DL and has a width W 1  of 100 nm. 
     The fine pattern  34  has the pattern pitch P 1  and the pattern width W 1  appropriately set by taking polarization efficiency, a polarized wavelength region, and a processing method into consideration. For example, to enhance the polarization efficiency with a wavelength of 400 nm to 750 nm (380 nm to 780 nm in some documents) in a visible range of light, an interval of wiring needs to be set narrower than a wavelength of a short wavelength. Moreover, to provide a polarization function stable in the visible range of light, a wavelength λ=p×(n+sin x) causing Rayleigh resonance needs to be set shorter than the wavelength of the short wavelength. Therefore, the wavelength λ on the short wavelength side=400 nm and the pitch P 1 ≤266 nm, assuming that a refractive index n of SiO 2 =approximately 1.5 and an incident angle x≈0° due to the incident light from the array substrate side. 
     L 1  is preferably more than twice as much as W 1 , and L 1  preferably has a length with consideration given to overlapping precision of the lower wiring DL and the fine pattern  34 . 
     In a case where the fine pattern  34  protrudes to the outside of a region where the polarized light having the polarization axis perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL is observed, a protruding region is preferably smaller than a region where a curve of the intensity of the polarized light in the direction of the polarization axis at the time of a black display after the passage through the lower wiring DL and a curve of the intensity of the polarized light having the polarization axis perpendicular to the lower wiring DL are the same in height in order to prevent a phenomenon in which light leakage newly occurs due to the polarized light having the polarization axis perpendicular to the extending direction of the fine pattern  34 . 
     When the extending direction of the lower wiring DL forms an angle closer to 0° or 180° with the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17 , the light leakage is more reduced because the conversion direction of the polarization axis by the lower wiring DL is made orthogonal to the polarizing film  17 . Thus, the protrusion amount L 1  of the fine pattern  34  may be reduced. When the extending direction of the lower wiring DL forms an angle closer to 90° with the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17 , the light leakage occurs because the conversion direction of the polarization axis by the lower wiring DL is made parallel to the polarizing film  17 . Thus, the effect of the fine pattern  34  is needed, and the protrusion amount L 1  may be increased. 
     To reduce (not completely shield) the influence of the projection of the polarization axis polarized at the wiring edge onto another axis, the pitch P 1  and W 1  may be fixed while a high priority is given to processability of the fine pattern  34 . 
     The positional relationship between the wiring pattern being a first electrode wiring pattern and the fine pattern forming the third polarizer may be reversed. This state is shown in  FIGS. 9, 10A, and 10B . As shown in  FIGS. 9, 10A, and 10B , a fine pattern  36  is made of a film in the same layer as the lower wiring DL orthogonal to an extending direction of the upper wiring UL.  FIG. 9  is a top view of the upper wiring UL and the fine pattern  36 , and  FIGS. 10A and 10B  are cross-sectional views thereof.  FIG. 10A  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 10B  is a cross-sectional view taken along a B-B line in  FIG. 9 . 
     The fine pattern  36  is orthogonal to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL and includes a plurality of members arranged in the extending direction of the upper wiring UL. The fine pattern  36  has a wiring portion that overlaps the upper wiring UL in plan view and an non-wiring portion that does not overlap the upper wiring UL in plan view. A length of the non-wiring portion, namely, a protrusion amount L 2  of the fine pattern  36  protruding from the upper wiring UL is 200 nm. The fine pattern  36  has a pitch P 2  of 250 nm in the extending direction of the upper wiring UL and has a width W 2  of 100 nm. The fine pattern  36  has the pattern pitch P 2  and the pattern width W 2  appropriately set by taking polarization efficiency, a polarized wavelength region, and a processing method into consideration. L 2  may have at least a width with consideration given to overlapping precision of the upper wiring UL and the fine pattern  36  and include a region greatly affected by the projection of the axis polarized by the upper wiring UL onto another axis. Moreover, L 2  is preferably shorter than L 2  in which the intensity of the polarized light having the polarization axis of the non-wiring pattern portion is equal to the intensity of the polarized light having the polarization axis parallel to the wiring pattern without the fine pattern  36 .  FIG. 10B  shows a dependency graph of intensity of polarized light on a position, which is the same as  FIG. 8B , so that the descriptions are omitted. 
     The effects described above, which can be obtained by the touch sensor pattern  16 , are described with reference to  FIGS. 11 and 12 .  FIG. 11  shows a conventional touch sensor pattern without the fine patterns  34 ,  36 .  FIG. 12  shows the touch sensor pattern  16  in the first preferred embodiment. 
     Both of  FIGS. 11 and 12  show how a polarization direction shifts as transmitted light passes through each layer. The shift in each of the layers is indicated in the horizontal direction in the diagram. 
     A polarization axis of the polarized light converted by the polarizing film  11  faces any direction due to voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer  8  before the light passes through the sensor portion. For this reason, the polarization axis of the light before passing through the sensor portion is collectively indicated by the vertical direction of the diagram, which represents a direction orthogonal to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17 , namely, a direction of the polarization axis at the time of a black display, for the sake of simplicity of description. The intensity of the light is indicated by a length of an arrow. 
       FIG. 11  shows a difference between with and without the touch sensor pattern  16  at the top and the bottom of the diagram. 
       FIG. 12  shows, at the top and the bottom of the diagram, comparisons between the case where the fine pattern  34  is located in the upper layer as shown in  FIG. 7  and the case where the fine pattern  36  is located in the lower layer as shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , the polarized light in the vertical direction in the preceding stage of the sensor portion has the intensity of almost zero in the subsequent stage of the polarizing film  17  in the region without the touch sensor pattern. (When light shielding efficiency of the polarizing film  17  is theoretically 100%, the intensity of light after passing through the polarizing film  17  is zero. It is, however, assumed to be “almost” zero herein because the light shielding efficiency of the polarizing film  17  is not actually 100%). This case indicates that there is no excess polarization component. This allows for an excellent black display without the light leakage when a black is intended to be displayed, and thus the contrast can also be improved. 
     On the other hand, in a case where the touch sensor pattern without the fine pattern is formed, the intensity of light having the polarization components in the horizontal direction remains even after the light passes through the polarizing film  17 . Thus, even when a black is intended to be displayed as described above, passage of part of the light prevents the excellent black display. The conceivable cause is that the light when passing through the touch sensor pattern is polarized at the edge of the individual wiring pattern and the polarization components, which are diverted from the direction orthogonal to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17 , are generated. In other words, for the conventional touch sensor pattern without the fine pattern, the light leakage occurs due to the projection of the axis polarized by the wiring pattern onto another axis. 
     Next, the polarization effects of the touch sensor pattern  16  in this preferred embodiment are described with reference to  FIG. 12 . As shown at the top of  FIG. 12 , when the light passes through the fine pattern  36  in the lower layer, the light is converted to the light having the polarization axis orthogonal to the extending direction of the fine pattern  36 . The extending direction of the fine pattern  36  is formed in the direction orthogonal to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL, so that the polarization axis of the light after passing through the fine pattern  36  coincides with the extending direction of the upper wiring UL. When the light having the polarization axis changed by the fine pattern  36  passes through the vicinity of the region in which the upper wiring UL is located, the polarization axis is converted by the upper wiring UL. The polarization axis of the light incident from below the upper wiring UL is orthogonal to the conversion direction of the polarization axis by the upper wiring UL. Thus, the incident light is shielded by the polarization effects, and the light does not pass through the vicinity of the region in which the upper wiring UL is located. 
     As shown at the bottom of  FIG. 12 , when the light incident from below the lower wiring DL passes through the vicinity of the region in which the lower wiring DL is located, the light is converted to the light having the polarization axis orthogonal to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL. Since the extending direction of the fine pattern  34  in the upper layer is formed in the direction orthogonal to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL, the conversion direction of the polarization axis by the fine pattern  34  is orthogonal to the polarization axis of the light having the polarization axis changed after passing through the vicinity of the region in which the lower wiring DL is located. The light shielding is thus achieved by the polarization effects when the light passes through the fine pattern  34 . Therefore, the light does not pass through the vicinity of the region in which the lower wiring DL is located. 
     As described above, the fine patterns  34 ,  36  described in this preferred embodiment are located above the lower wiring DL or below the upper wiring UL, so that the projection of the axis polarized at the edge of the wiring pattern of the touch sensor onto another axis is canceled out. Thus, a decrease in contrast can be suppressed. 
       FIG. 13  is a top view showing an intersection (a crossing portion) of the wiring patterns of the touch sensor pattern  16 .  FIG. 14A  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 14B  is a cross-sectional view of a touch sensor pattern, which has no fine pattern, of a comparative example. 
     In the absence of the fine pattern  36  as shown in  FIG. 14B , when the lower wiring DL has a film thickness of d 1 , a coating film on the lower wiring DL immediately after the application of a planarization film has a film thickness of d 2  and a coating film in an non-wiring formation portion has a film thickness of d 3 =d 1 +d 2 . When the rate of change of film thickness by curing (heat curing) is 1, a film thickness after curing on the lower wiring DL is d 4 =d 2 ×β and a film thickness after curing in the non-wiring formation portion is d 5 =d 3 ×β=d 1 ×β+d 2 ×β. In other words, the film thickness of the interlayer insulating film  32  on the lower wiring DL is thinner than that in the non-wiring formation portion only by d 1 ×β. Thus, the breakdown voltage of the interlayer insulating film  32  decreases. 
     On the other hand, for the touch sensor pattern  16  in this preferred embodiment including the fine pattern  36  located below the upper wiring UL as shown in  FIG. 14A , the interlayer insulating film  32  at the crossing portion of the lower wiring DL and the upper wiring UL has the film thickness greater than the film thickness in the structure shown in  FIG. 14B  such that a film thickness d 3 ′ during coating&gt;d 2  and a film thickness after curing d 5 ′&gt;d 4 . Thus, the breakdown voltage can increase. 
     &lt;A-2. Modifications&gt; 
     In a case where the individual wiring patterns that form the X-direction detection wire  30  and the Y-direction detection wire  31  have widths sufficiently greater than the widths W 1 , W 2  of the fine patterns, the measures against the polarized light in the wiring patterns are not needed. For this reason, the fine patterns  34 ,  36  are each divided on the wiring in a first modification.  FIGS. 15A and 15B  are cross-sectional views of the lower wiring DL and the fine pattern  34  in the first modification of the first preferred embodiment.  FIGS. 15A and 15B  are the cross-sectional views in the directions corresponding to the directions of  FIGS. 8A and 8B , respectively.  FIGS. 16A and 16B  are cross-sectional views of the upper wiring UL and the fine pattern  36  in the first modification.  FIGS. 16A and 16B  are the cross-sectional views in the directions corresponding to the directions of  FIGS. 8A and 8B , respectively. In the first modification, an overlapping amount L 3  ( FIG. 15B ) between the pattern edge of the lower wiring DL and the fine pattern  34  and an overlapping amount L 4  ( FIG. 16B ) between the pattern edge of the upper wiring UL and the fine pattern  36  may be designed with consideration given to overlapping precision in the pattern formation. 
       FIG. 17  is a top view of a touch sensor pattern in a second modification of the first preferred embodiment. The wiring (the upper wiring UL and the lower wiring DL) has the linear shape in the descriptions above while the wiring has the curved shape as shown in  FIG. 17  in the second modification. In this case, the fine patterns  34 ,  36  are located in the direction orthogonal to the curved upper wiring UL and the curved lower wiring DL. The fine patterns  34 ,  36  may have a width W 3 , a protrusion amount L 5 , an interval P 3   a , and an interval P 3   b  set to be the same as the widths W 1 , W 2 , the protrusion amounts L 1 , L 2 , and the interval P 1  (P 2 ) as shown in  FIGS. 7 and 9 . 
       FIGS. 18A and 18B  are top views showing fine patterns  65 ,  66  in a third modification. The fine patterns  34 ,  36  have the rectangular shape and have the polarization axis in the fixed direction in the descriptions above while the direction of polarization axis of the fine patterns  65 ,  66  can be changed at tip portions thereof in the third modification.  FIG. 18A  is a top view showing the upper wiring UL and the fine pattern  65  located below the upper wiring UL.  FIG. 18B  is a top view showing the lower wiring DL and the fine pattern  66  located above the lower wiring DL. 
     As shown in  FIG. 18A , the fine pattern  65  has the tip portions bent continuously or discontinuously. Thus, the direction of the polarization axis of the fine pattern  65  in a position overlapping the upper wiring UL in plan view is parallel to the wiring direction of the upper wiring UL while the direction of the polarization axis of the fine pattern  65  at the tip portion is parallel to a polarization axis  63  of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10 . 
     The fine pattern  66  similar to the fine pattern  65  also has the tip portions bent as shown in  FIG. 18B . Thus, the direction of the polarization axis of the fine pattern  66  in a position overlapping the lower wiring DL in plan view is parallel to the wiring direction of the lower wiring DL while the direction of the polarization axis of the fine pattern  66  at the tip portion is parallel to the polarization axis  63  of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10 . 
       FIG. 19  shows polarization effects of the third modification. A left portion of  FIG. 19  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 18A  and shows the polarization effects of this structure. A right portion of  FIG. 19  is a cross-sectional view taken along a B-B line in  FIG. 18B  and shows the polarization effects of this structure. In the left portion of  FIG. 19 , a “polarization axis parallel to wiring pattern” represents an axial direction parallel to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL. “Polarized light in a black display after passing through a lower layer pattern” represents light that has a polarization axis at the time of a black display and has passed through a lower layer in the left portion and the right portion of  FIG. 19 . “Polarized light in a black display after passing through an upper layer pattern” represents light that has passed through an upper layer after having passed through the lower layer in the left portion and the right portion of  FIG. 19 . “Polarized light in a black display after passing through a polarizing filter” represents light that has passed through the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10  after having passed through the upper layer in the left portion and the right portion of  FIG. 19 . 
     In the left portion of  FIG. 19 , a region [A] represents a region that does not include the fine pattern  65  in the lower layer. A region [B] represents a region where the polarization axis of the light after passing through the lower layer does not coincide with the direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL, in the region including the fine pattern  65  in the lower layer. A region [C] represents a region where the polarization axis of the light after passing through the lower layer coincides with the direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL. 
     In the right portion of  FIG. 19 , a region [D] represents a region that does not include the fine pattern  66  in the upper layer. A region [E 1 ] represents a region where the polarization axis of the light after passing through the lower layer is in the state between the state of the region [D] described above and a state of a region [E 2 ] described below. The region [E 2 ] represents a region where the light after passing through the lower layer is converted to the light having the polarization axis perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL. A region [F] represents a region below the lower wiring DL. 
     In the left portion of  FIG. 19 , since the region [A] does not include the fine pattern  65 , the polarization axis and the intensity of the light are not changed by the passage through the lower layer. The tip region of the fine pattern  65  at the left of the diagram in the region [B] extends in the direction perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10 , so that the conversion direction of the polarization axis is the same as the polarizing film  17 . Therefore, the light is shielded by the polarization effects of the fine pattern  65 . Since the fine pattern  65  has the pattern orthogonal to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL from the left to the right of the diagram in the region [B], the direction of the axis changes orthogonally to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL after the light passes through the fine pattern  65  while the intensity of the light increases. In the region [C], the light after passing through the fine pattern  65  is converted to the light having the optical axis orthogonal to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL by the fine pattern  65 . 
     Since the region [A] does not include the upper wiring UL, the polarization axis and the intensity of the light are not changed by the passage through the upper layer. In the region [B], a proportion of the influence by the conversion of the polarization axis of the light increases from the left to the right of the diagram, and the light is shielded by the polarization effects in the direction exactly orthogonal to the polarization axis of the light after passing through the lower layer. Since the light is converted to the light having the polarization axis orthogonal to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL in the vicinity of the upper wiring UL in the region [C], the light is shielded by the polarization effects, and the light in the portion of the upper wiring UL is shielded by the upper wiring UL. 
     In the region [A], the light orthogonal to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  is incident on the polarizing film  17 , and the light is shielded by the polarization effects of the polarizing film  17 . The regions [B], [C] are already in the light shielding state, and thus the light does not change by passing through the polarizing film  17 . 
     The actions of the lower layer in the right portion of  FIG. 19  are described. Since the region [D] does not include the lower wiring DL, the polarization axis and the intensity of the light do not change. In the region [E 1 ], the polarization axis is converted by the lower wiring DL, and the direction of the converted polarization axis changes from the direction of the polarization axis at the time of the black display to the axial direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL from the left to the right of the diagram. In the region [E 2 ], the light is converted to the light having the polarization axis perpendicular to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL. In the region [F], the light is shielded by the lower wiring DL. 
     Next, the actions of the upper layer in the right portion of  FIG. 19  are described. Since the region [D] does not include the fine pattern  66  in the upper layer, the polarization axis and the intensity of the light do not change. In the region [E 1 ], the tip portion of the fine pattern  66  at the left of the diagram extends in the direction perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10 , so that the conversion direction of the polarization axis is the same as the polarizing film  17 . Therefore, the light having the polarization axis in the same direction as that of the polarization axis in the black display is shielded by the polarization effects. The polarization axis of the fine pattern  66  is converted from the axis parallel to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  to the axis parallel to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL from the left to the right of the diagram in the region [E 1 ], so that the light is shielded by the polarization effects in the direction exactly orthogonal to the polarization axis of the light after passing through the lower layer. The region [F] is already in the light shielding state, and thus there is no change. 
     Next, the actions of the polarizing film  17  are described in the right portion of  FIG. 19 . The light orthogonal to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  enters the region [D], thereby being shielded by the polarization effects. The regions [E 1 ], [E 2 ], [F] are already in the light shielding state, and thus there is no change. 
     In addition, the fine patterns  65 ,  66  may have bent portions at a plurality of tips and have polarization axes changed discontinuously. The fine patterns  65 ,  66  may have curved tips and have polarization axes changed continuously. These configurations can suppress a decrease in intensity of black in a wide region near wiring, and also have a processing margin due to the elimination of the need to limit an upper limit on protrusion amounts L 1 ′, L 2 ′. 
       FIG. 20  is a top view showing a fine pattern according to a fourth modification. A fine pattern above the lower wiring DL in the fourth modification is the same as that in the third modification shown in  FIG. 18B  while the fine pattern below the upper wiring UL in the fourth modification is different from that in the third modification. As shown in  FIG. 20 , a polarization axis of a polarizer formed by a fine pattern  62  in the lower layer is set to be parallel to the polarization axis  63  of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10  (polarization axis orthogonal to polarized light incident on the color filter pattern  14  at the time of a black display) in the fourth modification. 
       FIG. 21  shows polarization effects of the fourth modification.  FIG. 21  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 20  and shows the polarization effects of this structure. 
     In  FIG. 21 , “polarized light in a black display after passing through a lower layer pattern” represents light that has a polarization axis at the time of a black display and has passed through the lower layer in  FIG. 20 . In  FIG. 21 , “polarized light in a black display after passing through an upper layer pattern” represents light that has passed through the upper layer after having passed through the lower layer in  FIG. 20 . In  FIG. 21 , “polarized light in a black display after passing through a polarizing filter” represents light that has passed through the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10  after having passed through the upper layer in  FIG. 20 . 
     In  FIG. 21 , a region [A] represents a region that does not include the fine pattern  62  in the lower layer. A region [B] represents a region, which does not include the upper wiring UL, of the region including the fine pattern  62  in the lower layer. A region [C] represents a region including the fine pattern  62  and the upper wiring UL. 
     Next, the action of the lower layer are described. Since the region [A] does not include the fine pattern  62 , the polarization axis and the intensity of the light do not change by the lower layer. Since the fine pattern  62  extends in the direction perpendicular to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10  in the regions [B], [C], the conversion direction of the polarization axis is the same as the polarization film  17 . Thus, the light is shielded by the polarization effects. 
     Next, the actions of the upper layer are described. Since the region [A] does not include the upper wiring UL, the polarization and the intensity of the light do not change. There is no change in the regions [B] and [C], which are already in the light shielding state. 
     Next, the actions of the polarizing film  17  are described. In the region [A], the light orthogonal to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  is incident on the polarizing film  17 , so that the light is shielded by the polarization effects. There is no change in the regions [B] and [C], which are already in the light shielding state. 
     This configuration allows a width of a protrusion amount L 2 ″ protruding from the upper wiring UL to be greater than or equal to a width with consideration given to overlapping precision. This configuration can have a processing margin due to the elimination of the need to limit an upper limit on the protrusion amount L 2 ″. 
     &lt;A-3. Effects&gt; 
     The display apparatus  101  according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention includes the polarizing film  11  (first polarizer), the pixel array substrate  7  (first insulating substrate), the counter substrate  10  (second insulating substrate), and the polarizing film  17  (second polarizer) that are located in the stated order in the light path from the light source toward the display surface. The second polarizer has the polarization axis parallel or perpendicular to the polarization axis of the first polarizer. The first insulating substrate and the second insulating substrate include the transparent substrates  12 ,  15  having insulating properties. At least the first insulating substrate or the second insulating substrate includes: the lower wiring DL (first electrode wiring pattern) that is located on the transparent substrates  12 ,  15  and is opaque; and the fine pattern  34  (third polarizer) that is located in the preceding stage or the subsequent stage of the first electrode wiring pattern in the light path and is opposed to the first electrode wiring pattern with the transparent insulating film therebetween. At least the third polarizer located in the subsequent stage of the first electrode wiring pattern has the polarization axis parallel to the extending direction of the edge of the first electrode wiring pattern. Therefore, the third polarizer cancels out a change of the polarization axis due to the wiring pattern. Thus, the light leakage can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     At least the third polarizer located in the subsequent stage of the first electrode wiring pattern has the long axis in the direction substantially perpendicular to the extending direction of the edge of the first electrode wiring pattern, and has the plurality of isolated patterns that overlap the edge and that do not allow the visible light beam to pass therethrough. Therefore, the isolated patterns cancel out a change of the polarization axis due to the wiring pattern. Thus, the light leakage can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     The isolated patterns each have the average pitch length of less than or equal to 266 nm in the short-axis direction, allowing for the stable polarization function in the visible range of light. 
     The isolated patterns may be metal patterns or conductive particles. This configuration can also suppress the light leakage and increase the contrast. 
     The third polarizer located in the subsequent stage of the first electrode wiring pattern has part of the polarization axis parallel to the polarization axis of the second polarizer. Thus, the protrusion amount of the third polarizer protruding from the lower wiring DL may be greater than or equal to a dimension with consideration given to the overlapping precision. This configuration eliminates the need to limit the upper limit on the protrusion amount, thereby having the processing margin. 
     The third polarizer located in the subsequent stage of the first electrode wiring pattern has the polarization axis parallel to the polarization axis of the second polarizer at the tip toward the side where the first electrode wiring pattern is not located. Thus, the protrusion amount of the third polarizer protruding from the lower wiring DL may be greater than or equal to a dimension with consideration given to the overlapping precision. This configuration eliminates the need to limit the upper limit on the protrusion amount, thereby having the processing margin. 
     The third polarizer located in the preceding stage of the first electrode wiring pattern has at least part of the polarization axis parallel to the polarization axis of the second polarizer. Thus, the protrusion amount of the third polarizer from the upper wiring UL may be greater than or equal to a dimension with consideration given to the overlapping precision. This configuration eliminates the need to limit the upper limit on the protrusion amount, thereby having the processing margin. 
     The display apparatus  101  further includes the liquid crystal layer sealed between the first insulating substrate and the second insulating substrate. The first insulating substrate further includes the pixel array layer located on the transparent substrate. The second insulating substrate further includes the touch panel layer located on the transparent substrate. The touch panel layer includes the first electrode wiring pattern as the touch sensor wiring and includes the third polarizer. Therefore, the third polarizer cancels out a change of the polarization axis due to the touch sensor wiring. Thus, the light leakage can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     The first electrode wiring pattern includes the curve. Thus, the phenomenon of the ray system in the first electrode wiring pattern can be suppressed. 
     The length in the long-axis direction of the region, which does not overlap the first electrode wiring pattern, of each of the isolated patterns is more than twice as much as the length of the short axis of each of the isolated patterns. Thus, the light leakage can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     &lt;B. Second Preferred Embodiment&gt; 
     &lt;B-1. Configuration&gt; 
     In the first preferred embodiment, the fine pattern for preventing the influence of the projection of the polarization axis onto another axis is located in the film in the same layer as the lower wiring DL located on the upper wiring UL with the insulating film therebetween, and is located in the film in the same layer as the upper wiring UL located on the lower wiring DL with the insulating film therebetween. In the second preferred embodiment, however, the fine pattern is located in the different layer from the lower wiring DL or the upper wiring UL. 
       FIG. 22  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a touch sensor pattern  16 A in the second preferred embodiment. The touch sensor pattern  16 A includes lower wiring DL being a first electrode wiring pattern located on a transparent substrate  15 , an interlayer insulating film  32  covering the lower wiring DL, upper wiring UL being a second electrode wiring pattern located on the interlayer insulating film  32 , a protective insulating film  33  covering the upper wiring UL, a fine pattern  42  being a third polarizer located on the protective insulating film  33 , and a protective film  43  covering the fine pattern  42 . 
     This structure eliminates the need to simultaneously form the fine pattern  42  and the lower wiring DL or the upper wiring UL. Thus, the structure is applicable in a case where a dimension or precision needed for patterning the fine pattern is finer or higher than a dimension or precision needed for patterning the wiring pattern. For example, in patterning the lower wiring DL and the upper wiring UL, an appropriate degree of precision can be obtained by patterning a resist by exposure using gh-line or i-line and by forming a pattern by wet etching. 
     The fine pattern  42  is orthogonal to an extending direction of the lower wiring DL above the lower wiring DL and orthogonal to an extending direction of the upper wiring UL above the upper wiring UL, to thereby serve as the third polarizer. The fine pattern  42  is made of an Al alloy having, for example, a film thickness of 200 nm such that the Al alloy has the same pattern pitch, pattern width, and protrusion amount protruding from the end of the wiring as those described in the first preferred embodiment. The fine pattern  42  is patterned with a high degree of precision by electronic drawing or dry etching with a high-resolution resist, and thus the fine pattern  42  having a desirable polarization function can be obtained. 
       FIG. 23  is a diagram for describing polarization effects of the touch sensor pattern  16 A in the second preferred embodiment. The touch sensor pattern  16 A includes the fine pattern  42  located in the upper portion of the sensor pattern. The fine pattern  42  has the polarization action perpendicular to the polarization axis, which has been converted by the sensor pattern, so that the light can be shielded by the fine pattern  42 . Therefore, light leakage can be suppressed, and thus a decrease in contrast can be suppressed, similarly to the first preferred embodiment. 
     In the second preferred embodiment, the fine pattern  42  is located in the different layer from the layer of the lower wiring DL or the upper wiring UL, resulting in one more step of patterning than the first preferred embodiment. Instead, however, a low-cost formation process other than the processing of the fine pattern  42  can be introduced for the processing of the lower wiring DL and the upper wiring UL. Therefore, the manufacturing cost can be reduced. 
     &lt;B-2. Modifications&gt; 
       FIG. 22  shows the fine pattern  42  located above the protective insulating film  33 . However, the fine pattern  42  is located in the layer below the lower wiring DL in a first modification.  FIG. 24  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a touch sensor pattern  16 B according to the first modification of the second preferred embodiment. The touch sensor pattern  16 B includes the fine pattern  42  serving as the third polarizer on the transparent substrate  15  and a mark  44  for alignment in the same layer as the fine pattern  42 . The fine pattern  42  and the mark  44  are covered with the protective film  43  having insulating properties. The lower wiring DL is located on the protective film  43  with reference to the mark  44  and covered with the interlayer insulating film  32 . The upper wiring UL is located on the interlayer insulating film  32  with reference to the mark  44  and covered with the protective insulating film  33 . 
       FIG. 25  is a diagram for describing polarization effects of the touch sensor pattern  16 B in the first modification of the second preferred embodiment. The touch sensor pattern  16 B includes the fine pattern  42  located in the lower portion of the sensor pattern. Consequently, the change of the polarization axis by the fine pattern  42  and the change of the polarization axis by the sensor pattern cancel each other out. Thus, the light leakage can be suppressed, and the decrease in contrast can be suppressed. 
     The third modification of the first preferred embodiment is also applicable to this preferred embodiment. In other words, the direction of the polarization axis may be changed, at the protruding portion of the fine pattern  42  protruding from the sensor pattern, so as to be parallel to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10  from the region of the wiring pattern toward the tip of the protruding portion. 
     The fourth modification of the first preferred embodiment is also applicable to the configuration of the first modification of this preferred embodiment. In other words, the polarization axis of the fine pattern  42  may be parallel to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10 . 
     &lt;C. Third Preferred Embodiment&gt; 
     &lt;C-1. Configuration&gt; 
       FIG. 26  is a top view of a touch sensor pattern  16 C in a third preferred embodiment.  FIG. 27  is a cross-sectional view of the touch sensor pattern  16 C. The touch sensor pattern  16 C includes conductive particulates  45  instead of the fine pattern  42  in the configuration of the touch sensor pattern  16 A in the second preferred embodiment, and the other configurations are the same. 
     The conductive particulate  45  above the lower wiring DL being the first electrode wiring pattern has a long axis orthogonal to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL. The conductive particulate  45  above the upper wiring UL being the second electrode wiring pattern has a long axis orthogonal to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL. Thus, the conductive particulate  45  above the lower wiring DL functions as a polarizer (third polarizer) having a polarization axis parallel to the extending direction of the lower wiring DL while the conductive particulate  45  above the upper wiring UL functions as a polarizer (fourth polarizer) having a polarization axis parallel to the extending direction of the upper wiring UL. 
     The conductive particulates  45  are made of a silver compound, for example. The conductive particulates  45  preferably have a length L 7  of 100 to 500 nm and a width W 3  of less than or equal to ½ of the length L 7  and less than or equal to 50 nm. The conductive particulates  45  are located in the arrangement region at a density of approximately 5 wt %. The conductive particulates  45  are located across the region, which is extended outward by only L 6   a  from the end of the lower wiring DL and by only L 6   b  from the end of the upper wiring UL. In addition, L 6   a  and L 6   b  may be set from the same viewpoint of L 1  in the first preferred embodiment. 
     In the configuration described above similar to those in the first and second preferred embodiments, the conductive particulates  45  cancels out the change of the polarization axis due to the wiring pattern, so that the light leakage can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     The material for the conductive particulates  45  is assumed to be the silver compound in the description above, but a conductive material, such as copper, suitable for processing and formation may be selected instead. A conductive material having a high aspect ratio, such as conductive nanofibers, and quenching particles or quenching fibers having a high aspect ratio may be dispersed so as to have a long axis orthogonal to the extending direction of each wiring, similarly to the conductive particulates. Herein, “quenching” indicates inability to pass light in a direction perpendicular to a polarization axis (absorption and reflection due to oscillation of electrons). Further, a conductive polymer, a quenching polymer (for example, a dye polymer), and a quenching compound (for example, an iodine compound) that have a high aspect ratio may be selected. 
     A method for positioning a long axis of a polarizer in a direction orthogonal to an extending direction of a wiring pattern is described with reference to  FIGS. 28 and 29 . As shown in  FIG. 28 , a current passes through sensor wiring to generate a magnetic field orthogonal to the sensor wiring, and thus a long-axis direction of a material for a polarizer, such as a polymer having polarity, can be positioned in a direction orthogonal to the wiring. A region in the vicinity of the wiring in such a state is fixed, and the material for the polarizer in a region except for the vicinity of the wiring (outside a region indicated by a distance L 8   a  and a distance L 8   b  in  FIG. 32A  described below) is also removed, to thereby form a desirable polarizer pattern (a polarization functioning region). Further, control of the current controls a range affected by the magnetic field, and a region including the arrangement of the material for the polarizer having the polarity can be limited. 
     As shown in  FIG. 29 , in a case where a shrinkage by heat generated in the wiring portion is greater than a shrinkage by heat generated in the non-wiring portion, providing a heat cycle can position the long-axis direction of the material for the polarizer, such as particulates, gradually in the direction orthogonal to the wiring in the region having the great difference in shrinkage (at the edge of the wiring region). The region in such a state is fixed. A degree of alignment of particulates and a range of alignment of particulates from wiring can be adjusted by a difference between raising temperature and lowering temperature and the number of cycles. Although the material for the polarizer in the method shown in  FIG. 28  is limited to the material having the polarity, the method shown in  FIG. 29  does not have the limitation and allows the material for the polarizer to be selected from a wide variety of materials. 
     &lt;C-2. Modifications&gt; 
       FIG. 30  is a top view of a touch sensor pattern  16 D in a first modification of the third preferred embodiment.  FIG. 31  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 30 . In the touch sensor pattern  16 C, the conductive particulates  45  in the region above the lower wiring DL and the conductive particulates  45  in the region above the upper wiring UL are located in the same layer. In contrast, the touch sensor pattern  16 D includes conductive particulates separated in different layers with a protective film  43 A having insulating properties therebetween. 
     As shown in  FIG. 31 , conductive particulates  45 A are located on the protective insulating film  33  covering the upper wiring UL and are covered with the protective film  43 A. Conductive particulates  45 B are located on the protective film  43 A and covered with a protective film  43 B. The other configurations are the same as those of the touch sensor pattern  16 C. Herein, the conductive particulates  45 A and the conductive particulates  45 B are respectively located below and above the protective film  43 A, and their positions may be reversed. 
       FIGS. 32A and 32B  are block diagrams of a touch sensor pattern  16 E in a second modification of the third preferred embodiment.  FIG. 32A  is a top view of the touch sensor pattern  16 E.  FIG. 32B  is a top view of the counter substrate  10 .  FIG. 33  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 32A . The touch sensor pattern  16 E includes the conductive particulates  45  located in a layer below the lower wiring DL. In other words, the conductive particulates  45  are located on the transparent substrate  15 , and a mark  46  is located in the same layer as the conductive particulates  45 . The conductive particulates  45  and the mark  46  are covered with the protective film  43  having the insulating properties. The lower wiring DI, is located on the protective film  43  with reference to the mark  46  and covered with the interlayer insulating film  32 . The upper wiring UL is located on the interlayer insulating film  32  with reference to the mark  46  and covered with the protective insulating film  33 . 
     A length L 9  and a width W 4  of the conductive particulate  45  in the second modification are set to be the same as the length L 7  and the width W 3  shown in  FIG. 26 . In other words, the conductive particulate  45  preferably has the length L 9  of 100 to 500 nm and the width W 4  of less than or equal to ½ of the length L 7  and less than or equal to 50 nm. A distance L 8   a  from an end portion of a conductive particulate  45  protruding from one side of the upper wiring UL to an end portion of another conductive particulate  45  protruding from the other side of the upper wiring UL may be an area that L 2  described in the first preferred embodiment is added to both sides of the wiring width of the upper wiring UL. A distance L 8   b  from an end portion of a conductive particulate  45  protruding from one side of the lower wiring DL to an end portion of another conductive particulate  45  protruding from the other side of the lower wiring DL may be an area that L 2  described in the first preferred embodiment is added to both sides of the wiring width of the lower wiring DL. 
       FIGS. 34A and 34B  are block diagrams of a touch sensor pattern  16 F in a third modification of the third preferred embodiment.  FIG. 34A  is a top view of the touch sensor pattern  16 F.  FIG. 34B  is a top view of the counter substrate  10 .  FIG. 35  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 34A . The touch sensor pattern  16 F similar to the touch sensor pattern  16 E includes the conductive particulates  45  in the layer below the lower wiring DL. However, the difference is that the conductive particulates  45 A in the region below the lower wiring DL and the conductive particulates  45 B in the region below the upper wiring UL are separated in different layers with the protective film  43 A therebetween. In other words, the conductive particulates  45 A are located on the transparent substrate  15 , and the mark  46  is located in the same layer as the conductive particulates  45 A. The conductive particulates  45 A and the mark  46  are covered with the protective film  43 A, and the conductive particulates  45 B are located on the protective film  43 A with reference to the mark  46 . The conductive particulates  45 B are covered with the protective film  43 B having the insulating properties. The configuration above the protective film  43 B is the same as that of the touch sensor pattern  16 E. Herein, the conductive particulates  45 A are located in the layer below the conductive particulates  45 B, and their positions may be reversed. 
     The third modification of the first preferred embodiment is also applicable to the third preferred embodiment and the modifications thereof. In other words, the direction of the polarization axis is changed so as to be parallel to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10  from the region of the wiring pattern toward the end of the formation region of the polarizer. 
     Furthermore, a degree of polarization may be changed instead of the polarization axis, that is to say, transmittances in the direction of the polarization axis and the direction orthogonal to the polarization axis may be changed. A method for changing a transmittance is described with reference to  FIGS. 36 to 38 .  FIGS. 36 to 38  are top views of wiring patterns of the touch sensor pattern, and show that materials for polarizers for forming a polarization functioning region are located side by side in an edge portion of the wiring pattern. 
     As the method for changing a transmittance, in a polarization functioning region in which the conductive particulates  45  function as polarizers, a density of arrangement of the conductive particulates  45  may decrease from an end portion of the upper wiring UL (lower wiring DL) toward an end portion of the polarization functioning region opposite to the wiring ( FIG. 36 ). Alternatively, a degree of arrangement of the conductive particulates  45  may decrease from the end portion of the upper wiring UL (lower wiring DL) toward the end portion of the polarization functioning region opposite to the wiring ( FIG. 37 ). Alternatively, an aspect ratio of the conductive particulates  45  may decrease to 1 from the end portion of the upper wiring UL (lower wiring DL) toward the end portion of the polarization functioning region opposite to the wiring ( FIG. 38 ), and another method may be used. A “high degree of arrangement” represents a high proportion of the conductive particulates  45  facing the same direction. A “low degree of arrangement” represents a high proportion of the conductive particulates  45  facing different directions. In  FIG. 36 , the end portion of the polarization functioning region opposite to the wiring is referred to as an end opposite to wiring. 
     The fourth modification of the first preferred embodiment is also applicable to the configurations of the second and third modifications of this preferred embodiment. In other words, the polarization axis of the polarizer being the conductive particulate  45  may be parallel to the polarization axis of the polarizing film  17  of the counter substrate  10 . 
     &lt;C-3. Effects&gt; 
     In the display apparatus according to the third preferred embodiment of the present invention, the density of arrangement of the conductive particulates, which are located at least in the preceding stage or the subsequent stage of the first electrode wiring pattern and have the high aspect ratio, at the edge of the first electrode wiring pattern may be higher than the density of arrangement of the conductive particulates in the region where the conductive particulates do not overlap the first electrode wiring pattern. This configuration can suppress the decrease in intensity of black in the wide region near the wiring, and also have the processing margin due to the elimination of the need to limit the upper limit on the arrangement distance from the conductive particulates having the high aspect ratio to the first electrode wiring pattern. 
     The degree of alignment of the long axes of the conductive particulates, which are located at least in the preceding stage or the subsequent stage of the first electrode wiring pattern and have the high aspect ratio, at the edge of the first electrode wiring pattern may be higher than the degree of alignment of the long axes of the conductive particulates in the region where the conductive particulates do not overlap the first electrode wiring pattern. This configuration can suppress the decrease in intensity of black in the wide region near the wiring, and also have the processing margin due to the elimination of the need to limit the upper limit on the arrangement distance from the conductive particulates having the high aspect ratio to the first electrode wiring pattern. 
     At least the first insulating substrate or the second insulating substrate includes: the upper wiring UL (second electrode wiring pattern) located in the subsequent stage of the lower wiring DL (first electrode wiring pattern) in the light path; and the conductive particulate  45  (fourth polarizer) that is located in the preceding stage or the subsequent stage of the second electrode wiring pattern and is opposed to the second electrode wiring pattern with the transparent insulating film therebetween. At least the fourth polarizer located in the subsequent stage of the second electrode wiring pattern has the polarization axis parallel to the extending direction of the edge of the second electrode wiring pattern. Therefore, the fourth polarizer cancels out the change of the polarization axis due to the second electrode wiring pattern. Thus, the decrease in contrast can be suppressed. 
     The conductive particulate  45  (fourth polarizer) has the polarization axis parallel to the polarization axis of the second polarizer at the tip toward the side where the second electrode wiring pattern is not located, and thus the protruding amount of the fourth polarizer from the second electrode wiring pattern may be greater than or equal to a dimension with consideration given to the overlapping precision. This configuration eliminates the need to limit the upper limit on the protrusion amount, thereby having the processing margin. 
     At least the conductive particulate  45  (fourth polarizer) located in the subsequent stage of the second electrode wiring pattern has the long axis in the direction substantially perpendicular to the extending direction of the edge of the second electrode wiring pattern, and has the plurality of isolated patterns that overlap the edge and that do not allow the visible light beam to pass therethrough. Therefore, the isolated patterns cancel out the change of the polarization axis due to the wiring pattern. Thus, the light leakage can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     The isolated patterns each have the average pitch length of less than or equal to 266 nm in the short-axis direction, allowing for the stable polarization function in the visible range of light. 
     &lt;D. Fourth Preferred Embodiment&gt; 
       FIG. 39  is a top view showing a pixel array substrate  7 A in a fourth preferred embodiment.  FIG. 40  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 39 . The first to third preferred embodiments show the measures against the decrease in contrast by the wiring pattern of the touch panel layer in an on-cell PCAP LCD module. However, the phenomenon in which a polarization axis is projected onto another axis due to array wiring similarly occurs in pixel array substrates. As the measure against the phenomenon, it is normally conceivable that a region for a BM located in a color filter pattern is expanded, but, as a result, an aperture ratio decreases more than necessary. An opening of the BM in this case is indicated by a broken line  71  in  FIG. 39 . In the fourth preferred embodiment, instead of the measures against the BM, the same structure as the polarizer for the wiring pattern of the touch panel layer described in the first to third preferred embodiment is also used on the pixel array substrate side. Thus, a decrease in contrast is suppressed while the opening of the BM is expanded. The opening of the BM in the fourth preferred embodiment is indicated by a broken line  70  in  FIG. 39 . 
     &lt;D-1. Configuration&gt; 
     The pixel array substrate  7 A is a TN mode. A transparent substrate  12  is located on a polarizing film  11 . A pixel array pattern  13 A is located on the transparent substrate  12 . 
     The pixel array pattern  13 A includes common wiring (electrode)  21  and gate wiring (electrode)  18  being a first electrode wiring pattern that are located on the transparent substrate  12 . The common wiring (electrode)  21  and the gate wiring (electrode)  18  are covered with a gate insulating film  23 A. A polarizer  47  (third polarizer) having a polarization axis parallel to an extending direction of each pattern is located in a region, which includes edges of the patterns of at least the gate wiring (electrode)  18  and the common electrode  21  facing an opening of a pixel, on the gate insulating film  23 A. The polarizer  47  is covered with a gate insulating film  23 B. A structure of a layer above the gate insulating film  23 B has a vertical configuration similar to configurations of a normal TN pixel array. In other words, the gate insulating film  23 B covers the polarizer  47 , and source wiring  19  is located on the gate insulating film  23 B. The source wiring  19  is covered with an interlayer insulating film  27 , and a pixel electrode  28  is located on the interlayer insulating film  27 . 
     It is sufficient that the polarizer  47  includes the isolated patterns made of the fine pattern described in the second preferred embodiment, conductive particulates, a conductive material having a high aspect ratio, such as conductive nanofibers, quenching particles having a high aspect ratio, quenching fibers having an aspect ratio, a conductive polymer having a high aspect ratio, a quenching polymer (for example, a dye polymer) having a high aspect ratio, or a quenching compound (for example, an iodine compound) having a high aspect ratio. 
     For the pixel array substrate of the TN mode, the gate wiring (electrode)  18  and the common wiring (electrode)  21  define most of the outline of the opening of the pixel. Therefore, the polarizer  47  can block the influence of the projection of the polarization axis onto another axis at the pattern edge facing the opening of the pixel in the gate wiring layer as described above. Consequently, the light shielding region by the BM is reduced to increase an aperture ratio, and power consumption can be reduced. The aperture ratio can be further increased by locating the polarizer  47  also below an edge portion of a drain electrode  25  located in the same layer as the source wiring  19 . 
     &lt;D-2. Modifications&gt; 
       FIG. 41  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate  7 B according to a first modification of the fourth preferred embodiment in the same section as  FIG. 40 . The pixel array substrate  7 A includes the polarizer  47  located in the layer between the common electrode  21  and the source wiring  19 . In contrast, the pixel array substrate  7 B includes the polarizer  47  in a layer above the source wiring  19 . The pixel array substrate  7 B includes the common electrode  21  covered with a gate insulating film  23  on which the source wiring  19  is located. The source wiring  19  is covered with an interlayer insulating film  27 A on which the polarizer  47  is located. The polarizer  47  is covered with an interlayer insulating film  27 B. The pixel electrode  28  is located on the interlayer insulating film  27 B. 
       FIG. 42  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate  7 C according to a second modification of the fourth preferred embodiment in the same section as  FIG. 40 . The pixel array substrate  7 C includes the polarizer  47  as a fine pattern that is made of the same material for the source wiring  19  and is located in the same layer as the source wiring  19 . In other words, the pixel array substrate  7 C includes the source wiring  19  and the polarizer  47  located above the common wiring  21 . The interlayer insulating film  27  is located on the source wiring  19  and the polarizer  47 . The pixel electrode  28  is located on the interlayer insulating film  27 . The second modification preferably uses a processing method that increases patterning precision in a step of forming the source wiring  19 . 
       FIG. 43  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate  7 D according to a third modification of the fourth preferred embodiment in the same section as  FIG. 40 . The pixel array substrate  7 D includes the polarizer  47  in the layer below the common electrode  21 . In other words, the polarizer  47  and a mark  48  are previously located in the region, which defines the outline of the opening of the pixel, on the transparent substrate  12 . The polarizer  47  and the mark  48  are covered with a protective film  49 . The configuration subsequent to the gate wiring  18  and the common electrode  21  is located on the protective film  49  with reference to the mark  48 . 
     The pixel array substrates  7 A to  7 D described in the fourth preferred embodiment are the pixel array substrates of the TN mode, and the present invention is also applicable to pixel array substrates of an IPS mode or an FFS mode.  FIG. 44  is a top view of a pixel array substrate  7 E according to a fourth modification of the fourth preferred embodiment.  FIG. 45  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 44 . The pixel array substrate  7 E is the pixel array substrate of the FFS mode. It is shown that the pixel array substrate  7 E includes the pixel electrode  28  as a lower layer and a common electrode  21 B as an upper layer. 
     The pixel array substrate  7 E includes common wiring  21 A located on the transparent substrate  12 . The common wiring  21 A is covered with the gate insulating film  23 . The source wiring  19  is located on the gate insulating film  23  and covered with the interlayer insulating film  27 A. Up to this point, the structure is the same as the pixel array substrate of the normal FFS mode. The polarizer  47  having the polarization axis parallel to the extending direction of the pattern is located in a region, which includes edges of the patterns of at least gate wiring (electrode)  18 , the common wiring  21 A, and the source wiring  19  defining the outline of the opening of the pixel, on the gate insulating film  27 A. The polarizer  47  is covered with the interlayer insulating film  27 B. The pixel electrode  28  is located on the interlayer insulating film  27 B and covered with an interlayer insulating film  27 C. A common electrode  21 B is located on the interlayer insulating film  27 C. A contact hole  50 A penetrates the interlayer insulating films  27 A,  27 B and reaches the drain electrode  25 . The pixel electrode  28  electrically connected to the drain electrode  25  through the contact hole  50 A is located on the interlayer insulating film  27 B. A contact hole  50 B penetrates the interlayer insulating films  27 A,  27 B,  27 C and the gate insulating film  23  and reaches the common wiring  21 A. The common electrode  21 B has slits and is electrically connected to the common wiring  21 A through the contact hole  50 B. The common electrode  21 B may be located below the interlayer insulating film  27 C, and the pixel electrode  28  having the slits may be located above the interlayer insulating film  27 C. 
     For the pixel array substrate of the FFS (IPS) mode, the gate wiring (electrode)  22 , the common wiring  21 , and the source wiring  19  define most of the outline of the opening of the pixel. Therefore, the polarizer  47  can block the influence of the projection of the polarization axis onto another axis at the pattern edge facing the opening of the pixel in the gate wring layer and the source wiring layer. Consequently, the light shielding region by the BM is reduced to increase an aperture ratio, and power consumption can be reduced. 
     Fifth to seventh modifications described below are conceivable for the arrangement of the polarizer  47  in the pixel array substrate  7 E.  FIG. 46  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate  7 F according to a fifth modification of the fourth preferred embodiment. The pixel array substrate  7 F includes the gate insulating film  23 A and the gate insulating film  23 B in two layers, and the polarizer  47  is located in the layer on the gate insulating film  23 A. The polarizer  47  is covered with the gate insulating film  23 B. The other configurations are the same as those of the pixel array substrate  7 E. 
       FIG. 47  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate  7 G according to a sixth modification of the fourth preferred embodiment. In the sixth modification, the polarizer has the fine pattern, and the polarizer is made of the same material for the source wiring  19  and the common wiring  21 A and located in the same layer as the source wiring  19  and the common wiring  21 A. A polarizer  47 A made of the same material for the common wiring  21 A is located in the same layer as the common wiring  21 A. A polarizer  47 B made of the same material for the source wiring  19  is located in the same layer as the source wiring  19 . The sixth modification preferably uses a processing method that increases patterning precision in steps of forming the gate wiring  18  and forming the source wiring  19 . The other configurations are the same as those of the pixel array substrate  7 E. 
       FIG. 48  is a cross-sectional view of a pixel array substrate  7 H according to a seventh modification of the fourth preferred embodiment. In the seventh modification, the polarizer  47  is located in the layer below the common wiring  21 A. In other words, the polarizer  47  is previously located in the region, which defines the outline of the opening of the pixel, on the transparent substrate  12  while the mark  48  is located. The protective film  49  covering the polarizer  47  and the mark  48  is located, and the configuration subsequent to the gate wiring is located on the protective film  49  with reference to the mark  48 . 
     &lt;D-3. Effects&gt; 
     The display apparatus according to the fourth preferred embodiment includes the liquid crystal layer  8  sealed between the pixel array substrate  7  (first insulating substrate) and the counter substrate  10  (second insulating substrate). The first insulating substrate includes the pixel array pattern  13  (pixel array layer) located on the transparent substrate  12 . The pixel array pattern  13  includes the first electrode wiring pattern and the polarizer  47  (third polarizer). Therefore, the polarizer  47  can cancel out the change of the polarization axis due to the first electrode wiring pattern. Thus, the light leakage can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     The pixel array pattern  13  (pixel array layer) includes: the plurality of gate wires  18 ; the plurality of source wires  19  orthogonal to the gate wires  18 ; the pixel electrode  28  located in the opening of the pixel that is the region divided by the gate wires  18  and the source wires  19  intersecting each other; and the common electrode wire  21  opposed to the pixel electrode  28  with the interlayer insulating film  27  therebetween. The first electrode wiring pattern is at least any one of the gate wire  18 , the source wire  19 , and the common electrode wire  21 . Therefore, the polarizer  47  can cancel out the change of the polarization axis due to the first electrode wiring pattern. Thus, the light leakage can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     &lt;E. Fifth Preferred Embodiment&gt; 
     &lt;E-1. Configuration&gt; 
       FIG. 49  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a display apparatus  102  according to a fifth preferred embodiment. The display apparatus  102  includes an on-cell projected capacitive (PCAP) LCD module. The display apparatus  102  eliminates the polarizing film  11  in the layer below the transparent substrate  12  from the pixel array substrate  7  of the configuration of the display apparatus  101  in the first preferred embodiment, and includes a pixel array pattern  13 A having a polarization function instead of the pixel array pattern  13 . The other configurations of the display apparatus  102  are the same as those of the display apparatus  101 . 
     A polarizer (first polarizer) is located at least in an opening of a pixel in the pixel array pattern  13 A. An alignment processing is performed on an alignment film located on an upper surface of the pixel array pattern  13 A with reference to a mark indicating a polarization axis of the polarizer or a mark indicating a cross relationship with the polarization axis. 
     The configuration of the counter substrate  10  described in the first to third preferred embodiments is used, and the polarizer preferably eliminates the influence of the projection of the polarization axis onto another axis at the edge of the sensor wiring in the touch panel layer. In other words, the fine pattern and the conductive particulates are located to form the third polarizer. In this case, the polarization axes of the first polarizer and the second polarizer are parallel or perpendicular to each other according to a liquid crystal driving mode. 
       FIG. 50  is a top view showing a pixel array substrate  7 A according to the fifth preferred embodiment.  FIG. 51  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 50 . The pixel array substrate  7 A is the TN mode. A pixel array extending to the source wiring  19  is covered with the interlayer insulating film  27 A. A pattern of fine wiring  53  having electrical conductivity is located on the interlayer insulating film  27 A, to thereby form the first polarizer. The fine wiring  53  extends in the direction orthogonal to the polarization axis in plan view in 150 nm line-and-space (L/S) pattern, for example. The pattern of the fine wiring  53  has a border on the gate wiring  18  and the source wiring  19 A and is electrically connected to adjacent fine wiring  53 . The pattern of the fine wiring  53  has an opening (hole  51 ) on the drain electrode  25 . The polarizer formed by the pattern of the fine wiring  53  is covered with the interlayer insulating film  27 B. A contact hole  50  that penetrates the interlayer insulating films  27 A,  27 B and reaches the drain electrode  25  is located in the hole  51 . The pixel electrode  28  that is electrically connected to the drain electrode  25  through the contact hole  50  is located in a layer on the interlayer insulating film  27 B. 
     The structure described above allows the entry of the polarized light, which is not affected by the projection of the axis polarized by the gate wiring  18  and the source wiring  19  of the pixel array substrate  7 A onto another axis, into the liquid crystal layer. Thus, the BM on the color filter side does not need to shield light for preventing light leakage in the vicinity of the wiring, so that an aperture ratio of the BM can increase, and power consumption can decrease. 
     As a pixel array substrate  7 A shown in  FIG. 52 , when an insulating film located in a layer below the fine wiring  53  has a laminated structure of the inorganic interlayer insulating film  27 A and a planarization film  52 , flatness of a surface in which the fine wiring  53  is formed increases, to thereby increase precision in processing the pattern. 
       FIGS. 51 and 52  show the closed pattern of the fine wiring  53  within each pixel, but the pattern of the fine wiring  53  may be continuously formed across the entire display region. 
     The fine wiring  53  is patterned, with reference to alignment marks  64  for forming the gate wiring  18 , such that the polarization axis thereof forms an angle of θ with a straight line connecting between the marks  64 . The fine wiring  53  may be patterned by direct drawing such as electronic drawing or by etching such as dry etching with a high-resolution resist. 
     The fine wiring  53  has a laminated layer including, for example, highly-nitrided Al having a thickness of 50 nm and an Al alloy having a thickness of 200 nm in this order from the display surface side. However, when the film on the display surface side has a low-reflective and conductive structure, the other materials may be used. The display surface side may not need to be low-reflective according to required quality of display, and thus a conductive material having excellent processability such as a single layer of the Al alloy and a Cu alloy may be used. An aspect ratio between a film thickness and a wiring width of the fine wiring  53  is preferably greater than or equal to 1. A wiring pitch and a wiring interval of the pattern of the fine wiring may be set to be the same as those of the fine patterns  34 ,  36  described in the first preferred embodiment. A wiring width of the fine wiring  53  is preferably less than or equal to ½ of a pitch for the use of transmitted light. The fine wiring  53  has a minimum line width of approximately 10 nm when being processed by electronic drawing, or around 100 nm when being dry-etched, and a line width may thus be determined by taking a processing method and a pitch into consideration. When the Cu alloy is used as a material for the fine wiring  53 , the fine wiring  53  may be processed by a damascene method. 
     As described above, the pattern of the fine wiring  53  forms the polarizer, which may have the structure having the polarization function shown in the second preferred embodiment. 
     &lt;E-2. Modifications&gt; 
     When the counter substrate  10  does not have the configuration in which the polarizer eliminates the influence of the projection of the axis polarized at the edge of the sensor wiring in the touch panel layer onto another axis, a transparent substrate  15 A or a color filter pattern  14 A may preferably be provided with the polarization function instead of providing the polarizing film  17 .  FIG. 53  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a display apparatus  103  according to a first modification of the fifth preferred embodiment that provides the transparent substrate  15 A with the polarization function.  FIG. 54  is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a display apparatus  104  according to a second modification of the fifth preferred embodiment that provides the color filter pattern  14 A with the polarization function. 
     As a display apparatus  105  according to a third modification of the fifth preferred embodiment whose cross-sectional view is shown in  FIG. 55 , a counter substrate  10 C may not include the touch sensor pattern  16 , and the polarizing film  17  (second polarizer) may be located on a display surface of the counter substrate  10 C. 
     As a display apparatus  106  according to a fourth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment whose cross-sectional view is shown in  FIG. 56 , a counter substrate  10 D may not include the touch sensor pattern  16  and the polarizing film  17 , and may include a transparent substrate  15 A (second polarizer) having the polarization function instead of the transparent substrate  15 . 
     As a display apparatus  107  according to a fifth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment whose cross-sectional view is shown in  FIG. 57 , a counter substrate  10 E may not include the touch sensor pattern  16  and the polarizing film  17 , and may include a color filter pattern  14 A (second polarizer) having the polarization function instead of the color filter pattern  14 . 
       FIG. 58  is a top view of a pixel array substrate  7 A 1  in a sixth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment.  FIG. 59  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 58 . In the pixel array substrate  7 A 1 , an opening (contact hole  54 ) that penetrates the gate insulating film  23  and the interlayer insulating film  27 A is located above the common wiring  21 , and the common wiring  21  and the fine wiring  53  are electrically connected to each other through the contact hole  54 , so that the fine wiring  53  serves as a common electrode. Thus, an aperture ratio of the common electrode located in the region along the source wiring  19  can increase. 
     When the film for the common wiring  21  is etched in formation of the pattern of the fine wiring  53 , at least a region exposing the common electrode in the contact hole  54  preferably has a solid pattern. Further, patterns of the fine wiring adjacent to each other preferably have a border therebetween on the gate wiring and the source wiring that are electrically connected to the fine wiring. Also in the pixel array substrate  7 A 1 , an insulating film located in a layer below the fine wiring  53  may have a laminated structure of the inorganic interlayer insulating film  27 A and the planarization film  52  ( FIG. 60 ). 
       FIG. 61  is a top view of a pixel array substrate  7 A 2  in a seventh modification of the fifth preferred embodiment.  FIG. 62  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 61 . In the pixel array substrate  7 A 2 , the polarizer formed by the pattern of the conductive fine wiring  53  also serves as a pixel electrode, and the patterns of the fine wiring have a border therebetween on the common electrode  21 , for example, and are electrically connected to the common electrode  21 . The source wiring  19  is covered with the interlayer insulating film  27 A. The contact hole  50  penetrating the interlayer insulating film  27 A is located on the drain electrode  25 . The fine wiring  53  is electrically connected to the drain electrode  25  through the contact hole  50 . 
     When the film for the drain electrode  25  is etched in formation of the pattern of the fine wiring  53 , at least a region exposing the drain electrode  25  in the contact hole  50  preferably has a solid pattern. Also in the pixel array substrate  7 A 2 , an insulating film located in a layer below the fine wiring  53  may have a laminated structure of the inorganic interlayer insulating film  27 A and the planarization film  52  ( FIG. 63 ). 
     The structure described above eliminates the need to form the pixel electrode with the transparent conductive film. Consequently, a decrease in transmittance due to the transparent conductive film can be prevented, allowing for increased intensity or reduced power consumption. An amount of indium consumed can also be reduced. 
     The fifth preferred embodiment described above gives the descriptions of the present invention applied to the pixel array substrate of the TN mode, but the present invention is also applicable to pixel array substrates of the IPS mode or the FFS mode. 
       FIG. 64  is a top view of a pixel array substrate  7 A 3  in an eighth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment.  FIG. 65  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 64 . The pixel array substrate  7 A 3  is the pixel array substrate of the FFS mode. The pixel array substrate  7 A 3  includes the gate electrode (wiring)  18  and the common wiring  21 A located on the transparent substrate  12 , and the gate insulating film  23  covers the gate electrode  18  and the common wiring  21 A. A semiconductor layer  29  is positioned opposite to the gate electrode (wiring)  18  with the gate insulating film  23  therebetween. The source electrode (wiring)  19  and the drain electrode (wiring)  25  are located on the semiconductor layer  29 . The source wiring  19  is located on the gate insulating film  23 . The source electrode (wiring)  19 , the drain electrode (wiring)  25 , and the semiconductor layer  29  are covered with the interlayer insulating film  27 A on which the planarization film  52  is further located. The conductive fine wiring  53  in 150 nm line-and-space pattern, for example, is located on the planarization film  52 . The polarizer formed by the pattern of the fine wiring  53  has a pattern extending in a direction orthogonal to the polarization axis in plan view, and also has a border of the pattern on the gate wiring  18  and the source wiring  19  to which the polarizer is electrically connected. The pattern of the fine wiring  53  has an opening (hole  57 ) above the drain electrode  25  and an opening (hole  59 ) above the common wiring. 
     The pattern of the fine wiring  53  is covered with a protective film  60  on which the pixel electrode  28  is located. The pixel electrode  28  is covered with the interlayer insulating film  27 B on which the common electrode  21 B is located. A contact hole  56  that penetrates the interlayer insulating film  27 A, the planarization film  52 , and the protective film  60  and reaches the drain electrode  25  is located in the hole  57 . The pixel electrode  28  is electrically connected to the drain electrode  25  through the contact hole  56 . 
     A contact hole  58  that penetrates the interlayer insulating film  27 B, the protective film  60 , the planarization film  52 , the interlayer insulating film  27 A, and the gate insulating film  23  and reaches the common wiring  21 A is located in the hole  59 . The common electrode  21 B is electrically connected to the common wiring  21 A through the contact hole and has slits therein above the pixel electrode  28 . 
     The structure described above allows the entry of the polarized light, which is not affected by the change of the axis polarized by the gate wiring  18  and the source wiring  19  of the pixel array, into the liquid crystal layer  8  also in the pixel array substrate of the FFS mode. Therefore, the BM on the color filter pattern  3  does not need to shield light for preventing the light leakage in the vicinity of the wiring, so that an aperture ratio of the BM can increase, and power consumption can decrease. 
     In addition,  FIG. 65  shows that the insulating film located in the layer below the fine wiring  53  has the laminated structure of the interlayer insulating film  27 A and the planarization film  52 , but the insulating film may be formed of only the interlayer insulating film  27 A. The fine wiring  53  has the closed pattern within each pixel in the description above, but the pattern of the fine wiring  53  may be continuously formed across the entire display region. The patterns of the fine wiring  53  adjacent to each other are electrically connected to each other on the gate wiring  18  or the source wiring  19 , for example. 
       FIG. 65  shows that the common electrode as the upper layer and the pixel electrode as the lower layer, but their positions may be reversed. As shown in  FIG. 66 , the pixel electrode and the common electrode may be respectively located as the upper layer and the lower layer. 
       FIG. 67  is a top view of a pixel array substrate  7 A 4  in a ninth modification of the fifth preferred embodiment.  FIG. 68  is a cross-sectional view taken along an A-A line in  FIG. 67 . The pixel array substrate  7 A 4  is the pixel array substrate of the FFS mode and includes the polarizer formed of the conductive fine wiring  53  as the pixel electrode. The configuration of the pixel array substrate  7 A 4  eliminates the pixel electrode  28  and the interlayer insulating film  27 B of the configuration of the pixel array substrate  7 A 3  described in  FIG. 65 . The configuration of the pixel array substrate  7 A 4  has a contact hole  56  that penetrates the interlayer insulating film  27 A and the planarization film  52  located on the drain electrode  25 . The pattern of the fine wiring  53  is electrically connected to the drain electrode  25  through the contact hole  56 . The patterns of the fine wiring adjacent to each other have an electrical connection therebetween at edges of the pixels, for example. The other configurations are the same as those of the pixel array substrate  7 A 3 . 
     When the film for the drain electrode  25  is etched in formation of the pattern of the fine wiring  53 , at least a region exposing the drain electrode  25  in the contact hole  56  preferably has a solid pattern. 
     The structure described above eliminates the need to form the pixel electrode with the transparent conductive film. Consequently, a decrease in transmittance due to the transparent conductive film can be prevented, allowing for increased intensity or reduced power consumption. An amount of indium consumed can also be reduced. 
       FIG. 68  shows that the common electrode as the upper layer and the pixel electrode as the lower layer, but their positions may be reversed. As shown in  FIG. 69 , the pixel electrode and the common electrode may be respectively located as the upper layer and the lower layer. In this case, the pattern of the fine wiring  53  is electrically connected to the common wiring  21 A through the contact hole  58  and serves as the common electrode. The patterns of the fine wiring  53  adjacent to each other are electrically connected to each other on the gate wiring  18  or the source wiring  19 , for example. 
     The fourth and fifth preferred embodiments show the structure in which the common electrode and the common wiring are directly connected to each other and the drain electrode and the pixel electrode are directly connected to each other, but they may be indirectly connected to each other. 
     Some diagrams show the transistor of the reverse staggered type and the back channel type as a switching element, but the switching element may have the other structures. The switching element may be made of a material having a switching function such as a-Si, p-Si, oxide semiconductor, and organic semiconductor. 
     &lt;E-3. Effects&gt; 
     The display apparatus according to the fifth preferred embodiment includes the pixel array substrate  7 A including the first polarizer, the counter substrate  10 , and the polarizing film  17  (second polarizer) that are located in the stated order in the light path from the light source toward the display surface. The polarizing film  17  has the polarization axis parallel or perpendicular to the polarization axis of the first polarizer. The pixel array substrate  7 A includes: the plurality of gate wires  18 ; the plurality of source wires  19  orthogonal to the gate wires  18 ; and the pixel electrode  28  located in the opening of the pixel that is the region divided by the gate wires  18  and the source wires  19  intersecting each other. The first polarizer has the plurality of patterns of the fine wiring  53  that are located in the subsequent stage of at least the gate wires  18  or the source wires  19  in the light path and that overlap at least part of the pixel electrode  28  with the insulating film therebetween. Therefore, the patterns of the fine wiring  53  allow the entry of the polarized light, which is not affected by the projection of the axis polarized by the gate wiring  18  and the source wiring  19  onto another axis, into the subsequent stage of the pixel array substrate  7 A. Thus, the light leakage near the wiring can be suppressed, and the contrast can increase. 
     Alternatively, the first polarizer having the plurality of patterns of the fine wiring  53  may be the pixel electrode. In this case, the pixel electrode does not need to be formed with the transparent conductive film. Consequently, the decrease in transmittance due to the transparent conductive film can be prevented, allowing for the increased intensity and the reduced power consumption. 
     The fine wiring  53  may have the pitch of less than or equal to 266 nm, allowing for the stable polarization function in the visible range of light. 
     The fine wiring may have the width of less than or equal to ½ of the pitch of the fine wiring, allowing for the use of transmitted light. 
     In addition, according to the present invention, the above preferred embodiments can be arbitrarily combined, or each preferred embodiment can be appropriately varied or omitted within the scope of the invention. 
     While the invention has been shown and described in detail, the foregoing description is in all aspects illustrative and not restrictive. It is therefore understood that numerous modifications and variations can be devised without departing from the scope of the invention.