Patent Publication Number: US-7224535-B2

Title: Zoom lens system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   This application is a Continuation-In-Part (CIP) application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/622,914, filed Jul. 18, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,961,188, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/397,882, filed Jul. 22, 2002, which application is specifically incorporated herein, in its entirety, by reference. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of the Invention 
   This invention relates to optical lens systems for cameras and other optical devices, and, in particular, to high performance zoom lens systems that produce a high quality image over a full zoom range of focal lengths and are capable of being provided with an extremely large zoom ratio. 
   2. Description of Related Art 
   General Background of the Invention. The use of zoom lens systems for all types of photography, such as broadcast television, high definition television (“HDTV”), advanced television (“ATV”), video camcorders, film cinematography and still photography has become increasingly popular. As the use of zoom lens systems has increased, the demand for wider ranges of zooming capability, i.e. large zoom ratios, has also increased. For example, the zoom lens systems used in broadcast television have steadily increased in zoom ratio capability over the years to a maximum of about 101 to 1 at present but there is a demand for a still larger zoom ratio. While the focal length range of a conventional zoom lens system may be increased by the use of a drop-in extender or other multiplier, such as a broadcast television zoom lens system with a focal length range of 8.9 mm to 900 mm being increased to 17.8 mm to 1800 mm to increase the telephoto capability, this does not change the zoom ratio of about 101 to 1. Moreover, for broadcast television zoom lens systems there are somewhat different requirements for “studio” (indoor) or “outside broadcast” (outdoor) use concerning the focal length range and acceptable “f” numbers, whereby it has become conventional practice to employ two different zoom lens systems for indoor and outdoor broadcast television uses to maximize the capabilities for both types of uses. 
   Further, in addition to the demand and desirability of using zoom lens systems with wider ranges of focal lengths, such lenses must retain superior optical characteristics and performance that previously has been accomplished only by using separate objective lenses of different fixed focal lengths or zoom lens systems with a limited zoom ratio. As the zoom ratio increases, the difficulty in providing a high performance optical system with superior characteristics and performance also increases. Even most previously available zoom lens systems of a limited zoom range have one or more undesirable limitations such as the inability to focus adequately over the entire focal length range, the inability to focus on close objects, the lack of adequate optical performance over the entire focal length range and focus distance, the cost, the large size for the limited zoom range achieved and the like. 
   Still further, as the zoom range of a lens system increases, generally the length and weight increases whereby the difficulty in maintaining the lens and camera steady also increases. Therefore image stabilization also becomes an issue for the design of a practical zoom lens system having a large focal length range and zoom ratio. 
   Moreover, as the focal length range of a zoom lens system increases, generally the focusing problems also increase. Although close focusing at long focal lengths of the zoom range is not absolutely necessary, it is required at lesser focal lengths. In the past, continuous focusing over a considerable conjugate range from infinity to objects at a very short distance such as about 8 feet or less has been difficult to achieve. Further, the problem of “breathing” of the final image (where the perceived size changes as the focus distance is changed) at shorter focal lengths must be minimized to avoid, for example, one person disappearing from the scene as the focus is changed to another person at a different distance from the lens. These focus performance requirements, including maintaining the quality of the final image, tend to increase substantially the weight and cost of the zoom lens system unless the size can be minimized and performance maximized by the overall lens design, including glass selection. 
   Background Information Concerning Zooming. As discussed above, zoom lens systems with a wide-range of focal lengths are very desirable in numerous photographic applications, including broadcast television, cinematography and video and still photography. One standard zoom lens system used in these applications has a four-group PN(P or N)P structure, where P stands for a group of at least one lens element wherein the lens group has positive power, N stands for a group of at least one lens element wherein the lens group has negative power, and the groups are identified consecutively from the object space toward the image space, as is conventional. The front positive group is often called the focusing group because it can be moved for focusing the zoom lens system at any focal length position without the need to refocus for any other focal length of the zoom lens. The second negative group is the variator, and it induces significant magnification change during zooming. The third group, which can in general have either positive or negative power, is the compensator, and it is movable to insure that the image plane remains stationary. It also can provide some of the magnification change to effect zooming. The final positive fourth group is often called the prime lens group because it forms a sharp image. 
   This basic zoom lens system is suitable for zoom ratios of 50:1 or even more. As the zoom ratio is extended to about 100:1, however, the variator is required to change its object magnification to such an extent during zooming that aberrations become impracticably large and difficult to correct. In addition, at such large zoom ratios there is a very large change in entrance pupil location during zooming, and this tends to make the front group very large and difficult to correct. Another problem derives from the fact that, to reduce the aberration change that results from a large change of magnification, it is desirable that the variator have reduced optical powers. Weaker optical power, however, also increases the lens travel and length of the optical system. For a narrow field-of-view this would not be a problem, but, for a wide field-of-view, large motions lead to an increase in the principal ray heights at the rear portion of the lens system. Since the requirements for either the front or the rear of the lens system can be satisfied, but not simultaneously, this results in no ideal place for the aperture stop. If the stop is placed near the front of the lens, the front lens element diameters, and resultant aberrations, are reduced, and if the aperture stop is placed nearer to the rear part of the lens system, the rear lens diameters and resultant aberrations are decreased. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   General Summary of the Invention. It is an object of the present invention to provide a zoom lens system that overcomes the problems and inefficiencies of prior zoom lens systems having large zoom ratios. A further object is to provide a zoom lens system with a wide zoom range of focal lengths and high performance characteristics for both indoor and outdoor use. A still further object of this invention is to provide a zoom lens system with a ratio of about 300 to 1 and a zoom range, for example, from about 7 mm to 2100 mm focal length, with continuous zooming between the focal lengths. Still another object of this invention is to provide a high performance zoom lens system with an optical system having a front zoom lens group for forming an intermediate image and a rear zoom lens group to magnify that image to thereby produce an extremely large zoom ratio. Still another object is to provide such a zoom lens system with optical image stabilization. Still another object is to provide such a zoom lens system with a focusing lens group capable of precise focusing over the entire focal length range of the zoom ratio. 
   Although of particular benefit for achieving large zoom ratios, the zoom lens systems of the invention can have conventional zoom ratios, e.g., zoom ratios associated with such consumer products as video camcorders, still cameras and the like. It is an additional object of the invention to produce zoom lens systems for these smaller zoom ratio applications. 
   Other and more detailed objects and advantages of the present invention will readily appear to those skilled in the art from the various preferred embodiments. 
   Summary of the Zoom Ratio Aspects of the Invention. The present invention overcomes the obstacles that currently limit zoom lens systems to a zoom ratio of about 101:1. The basic idea of the invention can be viewed as the use of a compound zoom lens system that consists of two separate zoom lens portions wherein the front zoom lens portion forms an intermediate image, and the rear zoom lens portion is a relay that transfers the intermediate image formed by the front zoom lens portion to the final image. The total zoom ratio of the complete compound zoom lens system is equal to the zoom ratio of the front zoom lens multiplied by the zoom ratio of the relay. Thus, if the zoom ratio of the front zoom lens portion is 20:1 and the zoom ratio of the relay is 15:1, then the zoom ratio of the entire compound zoom lens system is 300:1. The present invention can be used to achieve a zoom ratio of 300:1 or more, which greatly exceeds the practical limit of conventional zoom lens systems. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIGS. 1-5  are optical diagrams of compound zoom lens systems of the present invention for describing some of the principles and variations in the moving and fixed units employed in the system and some of the possible embodiments of the invention, with  FIGS. 1-3  illustrating a system having about a 300:1 zoom ratio,  FIGS. 4A and 4B  having about a 130:1 zoom ratio and  FIGS. 5A and 5B  having about a 13:1 zoom ratio in an ultra wide angle lens system; 
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  are optical diagrams of another embodiment of the zoom lens system of the present invention using three moving zoom lens groups, with the three zoom groups positioned for a short focal length in  FIG. 6A  and for a long focal length in  FIG. 6B ; 
       FIGS. 7A and 7B  are optical diagrams of another embodiment of the zoom lens system of the present invention using four moving zoom lens groups, with the four zoom groups positioned for a short focal length in  FIG. 7A  and for a long focal length in  FIG. 7B ; 
       FIGS. 8A and 8B  are optical diagrams of another embodiment of the zoom lens system of the present invention using four moving zoom lens groups, with the four zoom groups positioned for a short focal length in  FIG. 8A  and for a long focal length in  FIG. 8B ; 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  are optical diagrams of another embodiment of the zoom lens system of the present invention using three moving zoom lens groups, with the three zoom groups positioned for a short focal length in  FIG. 9A  and for a long focal length in  FIG. 9B ; 
       FIGS. 10-62  are figures that all relate to a single embodiment of the zoom lens system of the present invention that has a zoom ratio of about 300:1, with  FIG. 10  being an optical diagram of the entire lens system,  FIGS. 11-30  comprising optical diagrams of the lens system in 20 different representative positions of the movable lens elements,  FIGS. 31-34  comprising optical diagrams of only the lens elements of the focus unit in four of the representative positions,  FIGS. 35 and 36  illustrating only the front two zoom lens groups in two of the representative positions,  FIGS. 37 and 38  illustrating only the rear zoom lens group in two of the representative positions,  FIGS. 39-58  comprising ray aberration diagrams for the same 20 representative positions of all of the lens elements illustrated in  FIGS. 11-30 , respectively,  FIG. 59  comprising a graph of the focus cam movement relative to the focus distances from minimum (bottom) to infinity (top),  FIG. 60  comprising graphs of the three zoom cam movements relative to the system focal lengths,  FIG. 61  comprising a graph of the “f” numbers of the system at the final image relative to the system focal lengths, and  FIG. 62  comprising a graph of the stop diameters relative to the system focal lengths; 
       FIGS. 63 and 64  are an optical diagram and ray aberration graphs, respectively, for another embodiment of the zoom lens system of this invention incorporating a binary (diffractive) surface; 
       FIGS. 65 and 66  are an optical diagram and ray aberration graphs, respectively, for still another embodiment of the zoom lens system of this invention incorporating a binary (diffractive) surface; and 
       FIGS. 67-70  are figures that relate to a still further embodiment of the invention having a zoom ratio of about 400:1 with  FIGS. 67 and 68  being optical diagrams at focal lengths of 7.47 mm and 2983 mm, respectively, and  FIGS. 69 and 70  being ray aberration graphs at focal lengths of 7.47 mm and 2983 mm, respectively; 
     FIGS.  71  and  72 A- 72 D are optical diagrams for an example of still another embodiment of the zoom lens system of this invention incorporating a mirror for folding the lens for added compactness, with  FIGS. 72A-72D  showing the folded lens in a flat (unfolded) orientation for clarity, and illustrating various positions of the zoom groups; 
       FIGS. 73A-73C  are optical diagrams for an example of an infrared (IR) embodiment of the zoom lens system of this invention, illustrating various positions of the zoom groups; and 
       FIGS. 74-76  are ray aberration graphs corresponding to the position of the zoom groups shown in  FIGS. 73A-73C , respectively; 
       FIG. 77  illustrates an unfolded layout of a second example of an IR embodiment of the zoom lens system of this invention, with lens elements and surfaces identified; 
       FIGS. 78A-78F  illustrate an unfolded layout of the second example IR embodiment at Zoom Positions Z 1 -Z 6 ; and 
       FIGS. 79A-79F  illustrate the diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) of selected light rays for the second example IR embodiment at the zoom positions shown in  FIGS. 78A-78F . 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   In the following description of preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the preferred embodiments of the present invention. 
   In accordance with its general aspects, the invention provides a zoom lens system for forming a final image of an object, said system forming a first intermediate real image between the object and the final image, said system comprising: 
   (a) a first optical unit (e.g., lens elements  8  through  15  in  FIG. 10 ) located between the object and the first intermediate real image, said unit comprising at least one optical subunit which is moved to change the size (magnification) of the first intermediate real image (e.g., lens elements  8  through  11  are the primary source of magnification change for the first optical unit in  FIG. 10 ); and 
   (b) a second optical unit (e.g., lens elements  26  through  33  in  FIG. 10 ) located between the first intermediate real image and the final image at least a portion of which (e.g., one or more optical subunits or the entire second optical unit) is moved to change the size (magnification) of the final image (e.g., in  FIG. 10 , lens elements  26  through  28  of the second optical unit are moved to change the size of the final image). 
   Preferably, the zoom lens system includes one or more optical subunits in either or both of the first and second optical units which is moved to hold the axial position of the final image substantially stationary as the focal length of the system is changed (e.g., lens elements  12  through  15  are the primary source of this function in  FIG. 10 ). Such a subunit, however, may not be needed in all cases, e.g., if the overall optical system has an axially movable sensor. 
   Preferably, in addition to the first and second optical units, the zoom lens system comprises a focus unit (e.g., lens elements  1  through  7  in  FIG. 10 ), a pupil imaging unit (e.g., lens elements  16  through  25  in  FIG. 10 ), and/or an image stabilization unit (e.g., lens elements  34  through  39  in  FIG. 10 ). 
   Preferably, the focus unit is (1) positioned in front of the first optical unit, (2) comprises two optical subunits that are movable along the zoom lens system&#39;s optical axis (e.g., lens element  2  and elements  3  and  4  in  FIG. 10 ), and/or (3) comprises seven or less lens elements. 
   Preferably, the image stabilization unit comprises (1) at least one lens element that is laterally movable off the system&#39;s optical axis (e.g., lens elements  34  through  36  in  FIG. 10 ), and/or (2) at least one lens element that is movable along the optical axis (e.g., lens elements  37  through  39  in  FIG. 10 ). The light passing through the system is preferably substantially collimated between said laterally and axially movable lens elements of the image stabilization unit. 
   In addition to the first intermediate real image, the zoom lens systems of the invention can form additional intermediate real images between the object and the final image. The systems can include additional optical units besides the first and second units for changing the sizes (magnifications) of those additional intermediate real images. 
   Preferably, the first intermediate real image is formed in an air space between the optical elements of the zoom lens system (e.g., the lens elements, prisms, folding mirrors or the like used in the system) and does not pass through any surface of an optical element during zooming. When more than one intermediate real image is formed, this is also preferably true for all of the intermediate images. 
   The first optical unit in combination with other units of the system can have the form of a conventional zoom lens. Similarly, the second optical unit in combination with other units of the system can have a conventional zoom lens form. The overall system can thus be viewed as a “compounding” of two conventional zoom lenses with, in accordance with the invention, control of pupil imaging between the compounded zoom lenses. 
   The overall system can also be viewed as a front zoom lens which forms an intermediate image and a relay system which receives the intermediate image and changes its magnification to form the final image. 
   These approaches for describing the zoom lens systems of the invention are used herein in the detailed discussions of various aspects of the invention. Although these approaches provide a convenient way of describing the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these descriptions and various embodiments and applications of the invention may not be completely amenable to such descriptions. 
   In accordance with other aspects, the invention provides a zoom lens system for forming a final image of an object, said system having a range of focal lengths between a maximum focal length and a minimum focal length and forming at least a first intermediate real image between the object and the final image for all focal lengths within said range, said system comprising: 
   (a) a first lens unit having a focal length that is changed to change the size (magnification) of the first intermediate real image, said first lens unit being located between the object and the first intermediate real image for all focal lengths within said range; and 
   (b) a second lens unit for changing the size (magnification) of the final image, said second lens unit being located between the first intermediate real image and the final image for all focal lengths within said range. 
   In accordance with additional aspects, the invention provides a zoom lens system which comprises a variable focal length front lens unit which forms an intermediate real image and a variable magnification rear lens unit which forms an image (preferably, a real image) of the intermediate image. 
   In accordance with further aspects, the invention provides a compound zoom lens system that collects radiation from an object space and delivers the radiation to a final image in image space, said system comprising multiple zoom lens portions including a first zoom lens portion forming an intermediate image of the radiation from the object space and a last zoom lens portion forming the final image in the image space. 
   In accordance with still further aspects, the invention provides a zoom lens system for forming a final image of an object, said system having an optical axis, a front lens surface, an aperture stop, and a chief ray which crosses the optical axis at the aperture stop, said system comprising first and second lens units that are moved to change the focal length of the system, wherein: 
   (a) between the front lens surface and the final image, the chief ray crosses the optical axis at at least one other location besides said aperture stop for all focal lengths of the system; and 
   (b) the system forms an intermediate real image that is located between the first and second lens units for all focal lengths of the system. 
   Description of Some Zooming Principles and Systems of the Invention. There are some unique aspects to a compound zoom lens system (i.e., a front zoom/zoom relay system) that enables an extraordinarily high degree of optical correction to be achieved. Imagine for a moment a simplified scenario in which the complete zooming motion takes place in stages. In the first stage the relay is initially set at a short focal length position that provides a small magnification of the intermediate image. The object conjugate of the relay will then have a small numerical aperture NA and its image conjugate will have a large numerical aperture NA. (As conventionally defined, the numerical aperture “NA” is equal to the sine of the vertex angle of the largest cone of meridional rays that can enter or leave an optical system or element, multiplied by the refractive index of the medium in which the vertex of the cone is located; and in the lens system optical prescriptions set forth below the “f” number equals the inverse of twice NA, i.e. f=1/2×NA). Since the NA in object space for the relay is equal to the NA in image space for the front zoom lens portion, then it is clear that in this first stage, the front zoom lens portion need only be well corrected for a small NA. 
   In the second stage, the front zoom lens portion is stationary at its long focal length position, and the relay then zooms to magnify the intermediate image to a greater and greater extent. As the focal length of the system increases during this second stage, the image NA of the relay becomes smaller and the object NA of the relay becomes larger. Hence, the image NA of the front zoom lens portion must also become larger. However, at the same time, the radial part of the intermediate image that is actually used becomes smaller and smaller as the system focal length gets larger. 
   Thus, the front zoom lens portion need not be corrected for a simultaneously large intermediate image size and a large relative aperture (NA). Rather, it needs to be corrected for a large intermediate image size at a small aperture, and for a small intermediate image size at a large aperture. This makes the design of the front zoom lens portion considerably easier than the design of a traditional zoom lens system having the same zoom ratio as the front zoom lens system of the present invention. 
   Likewise, the relay need only be corrected for a large image NA and large object size at the small magnification end of its focal lengths. At the other end of its zoom range of focal lengths, the object size is small and the image NA is also small. 
   As discussed above, in addition to a front zoom lens portion and a relay, the zoom lens systems of the invention preferably also include a pupil imaging unit. This unit serves to image the exit pupil of the front zoom lens portion into the entrance pupil of the relay. By selecting the appropriate powers, not only can the lens diameters, and attendant aberrations, of the relay be minimized, but control of the exit pupil position of the system can be improved. 
   As also discussed above, the intermediate image formed by the front zoom lens portion is preferably located at a position where it does not pass through any lens surfaces as the system is zoomed from its minimum to its maximum focal lengths. By being between the front zoom lens portion and the rear relay, the intermediate image is automatically behind the axially moving lens unit or units that provide zooming in the front zoom lens portion and in front of any axially moving lens units that provide zooming in the rear zoom portion. Since in certain embodiments of the invention the intermediate image can move during zooming, the locations for the lens surfaces on either side of the intermediate image, whether those surfaces are fixed or moving, are preferably chosen so that notwithstanding the motion of the intermediate image, the surfaces remain spaced from the intermediate image throughout the zoom range of the system. 
   Various of the foregoing features of the invention are illustrated in  FIGS. 1-3  for a PNPP-PNPP compound zoom lens system with a zoom ratio of about 300:1. As indicated in  FIG. 1 , this compound zoom lens system has a front zoom lens portion with a zoom ratio of about 20:1 and a rear zoom lens portion (relay) with a zoom ratio of about 15:1. The groups and their positive or negative power signs are also indicated in  FIG. 1 . In this compound zoom lens system, the relay is stationary as the front zoom lens portion is operated from its shortest focal length position (shown in  FIG. 1 ) to its longest focal length position (shown in  FIG. 2 ). Once the front zoom lens portion reaches its long focal length position, the relay begins to vary the magnification of the intermediate image to further increase the focal length of the compound system.  FIG. 3  shows the system in its maximum focal length condition, in which the front zoom lens portion is at its maximum focal length position and the rear zoom (relay) lens portion is in its maximum magnification position. 
     FIGS. 1 and 2  show the small NA at the intermediate image plane and large NA at the final image plane that occurs during the initial phase of zooming from short to long. The size of the intermediate image is large during this phase, as shown in the figures.  FIG. 3  shows that the NA becomes larger at the intermediate image and smaller at the final image at the longest focal length position. 
   Note that in this example there are 8 zoom lens groups, but only 4 of them are independently movable for zooming. The 1st, 4th, 5th, and 8th groups are all stationary with respect to the final image. During focusing, however, one or more of these groups can be made to move. 
   The scenario sketched out here is for exemplary purposes. In practice, the zooming motion need not be clearly divided into two stages, and as a result the relay or a part of it can move during the initial zooming stages and not just near the long end of the focal lengths. 
   The example of  FIGS. 1-3  described above has a PNPP-PNPP construction in which the dash “-” signifies the end of the front zoom lens portion. Both the front zoom lens portion and rear zoom lens portion have variator and compensator zooming groups. One advantage of this configuration is that the intermediate image can be made absolutely stationary if desired. Rendering the image stationary will prevent it from passing through any optical surface that might reveal surface flaws and dust images that will appear at the final image. Using a four-group construction in the rear zoom lens portion also permits better control of the exit pupil position, which may be important for matching the telecentricity requirements of certain image sensors. 
   If movement of the intermediate image can be tolerated, then it is possible to eliminate one of the compensators. Removal of the rear compensator is preferred in this case because it only moves when the beam diameters are relatively small. The resulting construction will then be a PNPP-PNP configuration. 
   For both of these configurations care must be taken to match the exit pupil of the front zoom lens portion with the entrance pupil of the relay. For this purpose, an eyepiece-like group is beneficial for converting the diverging beams emanating from the intermediate image into approximately parallel beams entering a normal PNP- or PNPP-type zoom lens system corrected for infinite conjugates. 
   One aspect of high-speed (large aperture) ultra-wide-range of focal lengths compound zoom lens systems of this type is that the intermediate image and all of its image faults are highly magnified by the zoom groups in the relay at the long focal length position. This places stringent requirements on the correction of secondary color aberrations in the front zoom lens portion and especially the focusing group. In order to accomplish this correction, it is necessary to use at least one, and more likely several, fluor-crown glass elements. As an alternative, calcium fluoride or binary (diffractive) surfaces could also be used for this purpose. 
   A variety of binary (diffractive) surfaces (diffractive elements) can be used in the practice of the invention. For example, for certain applications, one or more diffractive optical elements of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,507,437, assigned to Canon, can be used, either alone or in combination with other approaches for correcting chromatic aberrations. 
   One big advantage of using a PNPP-PNPP or PNPP-PNP configuration over existing zoom lens systems is that both the front zoom lens portion and the rear zoom lens portion (relay) system can have very large zoom ratios. It is quite reasonable to have a zoom ratio of 20:1 or more for either the front zoom lens portion or the rear zoom lens portion in this case, so that a total zoom ratio of 400:1 or more is possible. However, if such a large zoom ratio is not required, it is possible to simplify the system significantly by instead using a relay with an NP configuration having two moving groups. Such a relay is very useful for large aperture applications with a total zoom ratio in the relay of about 3:1 to about 10:1. An example of a compound zoom lens system with a zoom ratio of about 130:1 having an about 20:1 zoom ratio PNPP front zoom lens portion and an about 6.5:1 zoom ratio relay is shown in  FIGS. 4A and 4B .  FIG. 4A  illustrates the minimum focal length of about 7 mm and  FIG. 4B  illustrates the maximum focal length of about 900 mm. One disadvantage of this configuration is that the rearmost lens group is not stationary; hence it must be designed to withstand a considerable change of magnification at large apertures, which makes it somewhat difficult to design. 
   An even further simplified construction consisting of an NP front zoom lens portion and an NP rear zoom lens portion (relay) can also be designed, although the maximum zoom ratio in this case will be lowered. Clearly, the technique can be generalized to include a large number of combinations of various zoom lens arrangements for the front zoom lens portion and for the rear zoom lens portion. For example, a high zoom ratio, ultra wide angle zoom lens system can be constructed by using an NP, NPP or NPNP ultra wide angle front zoom lens portion having a zoom ratio of about 2:1 with an NP rear zoom lens portion (relay) having a zoom ratio of about 6.5:1. The result would be a compound zoom lens system with a zoom ratio of about 13:1 with a maximum full field of view of up to 100 degrees or more.  FIGS. 5A and 5B  illustrate a 4.4 mm-57.2 mm, f/3-f/7 compound zoom lens system with a zoom ratio of about 13:1 for a ⅔″ sensor. The full-field angle at the wide-angle end of this compound zoom lens system is more than 102 degrees. Clearly, a PNPP-type rear zoom lens portion (relay) similar to the one used in  FIGS. 1-3  could be used with this same ultra wide angle front zoom lens portion to yield an ultra wide angle compound zoom lens system with a zoom ratio of about 30:1. 
   The existence of an intermediate image is common to all of these configurations, and this offers some unique opportunities for aberration correction that are not typically available in zoom lens system types of the prior art. For example, aspheric surfaces placed on elements located near the intermediate image can have a strong impact on distortion and other field aberrations without disturbing the spherical aberration correction. Advantages of placing an aspheric surface in this area include that the tolerances are generous because the beam diameters are small, and the elements themselves are small. This means that the cost of using aspheric surfaces in this region is minimal. 
   Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments. As described above in the section entitled “Description of Some Zooming Principles and Systems of the Invention”, each of the herein disclosed embodiments of the present invention includes a front zoom lens portion and a rear zoom lens portion thereby forming a compound zoom lens system. An intermediate image is formed after the front zoom lens portion whereby the rear zoom lens portion functions as a zoom relay to magnify the intermediate image so as to produce the magnified final image for capturing by film or any other kind of light detector or capture device, such as a charge coupled device (CCD), in a camera. For purposes of this application, the term “camera” is used generically to describe any kind of light detecting or capturing device that may be placed after the lens system of the present invention, including a still, video or movie capture device, whether containing film, videotape, optical disk, CMOS, CCD or another storage medium, or an eyepiece or the human eye. Any such “camera” may include additional lens elements. At present it is contemplated that the front zoom lens portion will be comprised of two moving zoom lens groups and the rear zoom lens portion will be comprised of either one or two moving zoom lens groups, but it is to be understood that more or fewer moving zoom lens groups may be used without departing from the present invention. Also, at present it is contemplated that only one intermediate image will be formed in the entire compound zoom lens system but other embodiments of the present invention may form more than one intermediate image. 
   In addition to the front and rear zoom lens portions, the compound zoom lens system of the present invention preferably includes a focus lens group. It is preferred that the focus lens group be positioned at the front of the lens system, as shown by each of the embodiments disclosed herein, although it is possible to accomplish some and maybe all of the focusing elsewhere in the compound zoom lens system in other embodiments of the invention. 
   When a single intermediate image is formed in this compound zoom lens system, the final image is upside down and reversed left-to-right from the conventional orientation produced by an objective lens and therefore the image orientation must be accommodated by the camera. For a video camera using a single chip for the detector, it is possible to merely rotate the chip 180 degrees about the optical axis so that the chip reads the final image as though it is conventionally oriented. Another solution to the orientation problem for a video camera is to reverse the order in which the data is scanned, i.e. instead of from left-to-right and top-to-bottom the data can be read right-to-left and bottom-to-top to achieve the conventional orientation. Still another solution to the orientation problem for a video camera that uses a “frame store” feature to store an entire frame on a memory chip before it is transmitted for use is to merely transmit the stored frame from the frame store memory in the reverse order. For a movie film camera, the entire camera with the film magazine may be turned upside down to, as a result, run the film upwardly for correcting the image orientation. Another solution for the orientation of the image in a movie film camera used in the conventional manner and employing the present zoom lens system is to use digital compositing wherein the film is digitally scanned and then, for example, after digital manipulation the image is imposed on new film in the conventional orientation. The use of a prism in or in connection with the lens system of this invention will also correct the orientation of the final image. For this approach, care must be taken so that the prism will not cause excessive deterioration of the quality of the final image, especially for high performance applications of the present lens system. 
   Due to the compound zoom arrangement of the zoom lens system of the present invention, the body of the compound lens system will often be of substantial length and therefore any deflection or vibration of the lens system relative to the camera may cause unacceptable deflection or vibration of the final image in the camera. Thus, at least for compound zoom lens systems of the present invention having large zoom ratios, long focal lengths and/or substantial length, it is contemplated that an image stabilization arrangement will be employed. While electronic image stabilization may be appropriate for some video camera applications, for higher performance zoom lens system applications it is preferred that an optical image stabilization arrangement be included in the body of the compound zoom lens system and preferably near the camera end of the lens system, such as is included in the embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62  described below. 
   Although it is more desirable to design and construct the compound zoom lens system of this invention as an integral unit for maximum performance, it is also possible to use two or more separable components to achieve the basic features. For example, a conventional zoom lens or a modified form thereof may be used as the front zoom lens portion and then the rear zoom lens portion may be comprised of a separate attachment that relays and varies the magnification of (e.g. zooms) the image formed by the front zoom lens portion, which image becomes the “intermediate” image, to form the final image. Thus, the front zoom lens portion will provide one zoom ratio and the rear attachment zoom portion will provide another zoom ratio. However, for such a combination, the pupil imaging should be controlled to obtain a final image of acceptable optical quality. Other such combinations of conventional and/or modified lens portions may also be used to provide the compound zoom lens system of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 6A through 9B  illustrate optical diagrams for four different embodiments of the zoom lens system of the present invention. At the far right of each of the  FIGS. 6A-9B  the two rectangular blocks represent the prism blocks for a conventional 3 CCD ⅔″ detector, which is part of the video camera and therefore not part of the zoom lens system. 
   The following tables list the lens system optical prescriptions, the variable thickness positions for various surfaces, and the focal lengths and magnifications for various surface groups for each of those four embodiments. For simplicity and clarity in view of the large number of surfaces and the small scale of the optical diagrams that include all of the elements, only some of the surfaces in  FIGS. 6A through 9B  that correspond to the surfaces set forth in the lens system optical prescriptions are identified. A more detailed explanation of the tables is provided following the tables. 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
             
               TABLES FOR FIGS. 6A &amp; 6B 
             
             
               LENS SYSTEM OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Glass 
               Glass 
             
             
                 
               Surface 
               Radius 
               Thickness 
               Index 
               Dispersion 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               OBJECT 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
               S1 
               925.010 
               10.000 
               1.90135 
               31.5 
             
             
                 
               S2 
               280.601 
               20.595 
             
             
                 
               S3 
               626.503 
               19.748 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S4 
               −2050.828 
               0.300 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               −2871.294 
               12.027 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S6 
               −624.468 
               0.300 
             
             
                 
               S7 
               266.779 
               14.079 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S8 
               497.283 
               0.300 
             
             
                 
               S9 
               351.230 
               16.228 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S10 
               1246.212 
               0.300 
             
             
                 
               S11* 
               185.443 
               25.083 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S12 
               839.856 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S13 
               301.162 
               5.346 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S14* 
               71.693 
               15.360 
             
             
                 
               S15 
               −3690.461 
               2.000 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S16 
               100.162 
               27.480 
             
             
                 
               S17 
               −70.544 
               5.456 
               1.80400 
               46.6 
             
             
                 
               S18 
               −3458.086 
               8.858 
               1.92286 
               18.9 
             
             
                 
               S19 
               −125.683 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S20 
               −257.845 
               12.063 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S21 
               −78.411 
               0.127 
             
             
                 
               S22 
               149.706 
               13.001 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S23 
               −98.095 
               2.000 
               1.80349 
               30.4 
             
             
                 
               S24 
               −266.962 
               0.100 
             
             
                 
               S25 
               114.669 
               6.712 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S26 
               485.498 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               STOP 
               Infinity 
               24.165 
             
             
                 
               S28* 
               −41.960 
               2.000 
               1.60311 
               60.7 
             
             
                 
               S29 
               40.078 
               31.156 
               1.69894 
               30.1 
             
             
                 
               S30 
               83.406 
               12.225 
             
             
                 
               S31 
               −64.844 
               2.590 
               1.60311 
               60.7 
             
             
                 
               S32 
               912.611 
               13.001 
               1.69894 
               30.1 
             
             
                 
               S33 
               −52.224 
               24.076 
             
             
                 
               S34 
               99.845 
               2.313 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S35 
               167.386 
               15.000 
             
             
                 
               S36 
               155.608 
               14.122 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S37 
               −47.886 
               9.568 
               1.87399 
               35.3 
             
             
                 
               S38 
               −67.571 
               0.018 
             
             
                 
               S39 
               381.504 
               2.000 
               1.87399 
               35.3 
             
             
                 
               S40 
               49.653 
               11.590 
               1.43875 
               95.0 
             
             
                 
               S41 
               −583.112 
               43.970 
             
             
                 
               S42* 
               50.132 
               14.235 
               1.43875 
               95.0 
             
             
                 
               S43 
               482.784 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S44 
               −23.147 
               2.000 
               1.69100 
               54.8 
             
             
                 
               S45* 
               32.021 
               1.889 
             
             
                 
               S46 
               52.655 
               21.412 
               1.84666 
               23.8 
             
             
                 
               S47 
               −380.467 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S48 
               102.416 
               11.302 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S49 
               −50.958 
               0.405 
             
             
                 
               S50* 
               34.098 
               13.134 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S51 
               43.222 
               1.521 
             
             
                 
               S52 
               58.738 
               10.784 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S53 
               −35.052 
               2.000 
               1.74319 
               49.3 
             
             
                 
               S54 
               43.422 
               1.334 
             
             
                 
               S55 
               57.389 
               10.079 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S56 
               −38.685 
               0.658 
             
             
                 
               S57 
               −35.272 
               3.772 
               1.78472 
               25.7 
             
             
                 
               S58 
               −56.940 
               0.500 
             
             
                 
               S59 
               166.529 
               4.833 
               1.69100 
               54.8 
             
             
                 
               S60 
               −100.192 
               0.250 
             
             
                 
               S61 
               83.273 
               5.608 
               1.69100 
               54.8 
             
             
                 
               S62 
               808.1 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S63 
               Infinity 
               13.200 
               1.51680 
               64.1 
             
             
                 
               S64 
               Infinity 
               2.000 
             
             
                 
               S65 
               Infinity 
               33.000 
               1.60859 
               46.4 
             
             
                 
               S66 
               Infinity 
               5.000 
             
             
                 
               IMAGE 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Note: Maximum image diameter = 11.0 mm 
             
             
               *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S11, S14, S28, S42, S45 and S50 are 
             
             
               governed by the following conventional equation: 
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Z 
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               CURV 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               2 
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         1 
                                         + 
                                         K 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         CURV 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       2 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       Y 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               
                                 1 
                                 / 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             A 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             4 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             B 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               Y 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           6 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             C 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             8 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             D 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             10 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               where: 
             
             
               CURV = 1/(Radius of Surface) 
             
             
               Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis 
             
             
               K, A, B, C, D = Coefficients 
             
             
               Z = Position of surface profile for a given Y value, 
             
             
               as measured along the optical axis from the pole 
             
             
               (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
             
             
                 
               the surface S11 are: 
                 
               the surface S42 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               −0.2197954 
               K = 
               −0.0460624 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               9.0593667e−009 
               A = 
               −2.6257869e−007 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               1.7844857e−013 
               B = 
               −2.5945471e−010 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               1.5060271e−017 
               C = 
               2.4316558e−013 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −9.7397917e−023 
               D = 
               −1.2995378e−016 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
             
             
                 
               the surface S14 are: 
                 
               the surface S45 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               0.7048333 
               K = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −3.0463508e−007 
               A = 
               −1.1056187e−005 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −1.1451797e−010 
               B = 
               2.8606310e−008 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               3.4844023e−014 
               C = 
               −1.2655154e−010 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −2.2107339e−017 
               D = 
               2.2826095e−013 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
             
             
                 
               the surface S28 are: 
                 
               the surface S50 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               −0.9252575 
               K = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −1.8743376e−007 
               A = 
               −1.8976230e−006 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −1.0562170e−009 
               B = 
               1.2489903e−009 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               2.8892387e−012 
               C = 
               −2.3703340e−012 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −3.6671423e−015 
               D = 
               3.0161146e−015 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P1 
               P2 
               P3 
               P4 
               P5 
               P6 
               P7 
               P8 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               EFL 
               7.257 
               9.008 
               16.013 
               36.022 
               82.023 
               174.970 
               399.652 
               900.099 
             
             
               F/No. 
               1.450 
               1.450 
               1.450 
               1.450 
               1.450 
               2.000 
               4.000 
               5.000 
             
             
               S12 
               1.000 
               23.202 
               72.004 
               118.539 
               150.121 
               162.578 
               162.380 
               162.474 
             
             
               S19 
               243.711 
               218.457 
               160.764 
               96.265 
               43.111 
               0.500 
               57.093 
               0.500 
             
             
               S26 
               1.000 
               4.080 
               12.979 
               30.924 
               52.631 
               82.760 
               26.357 
               82.523 
             
             
               S43 
               142.978 
               142.908 
               142.764 
               142.760 
               142.409 
               140.110 
               89.130 
               81.860 
             
             
               S47 
               8.255 
               8.273 
               8.377 
               8.434 
               8.540 
               4.765 
               3.198 
               5.165 
             
             
               S62 
               19.000 
               19.000 
               19.000 
               19.000 
               19.000 
               25.160 
               77.703 
               83.508 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Surface Groups 
               Focal Lengths 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               S1-S12 
               266.611 
             
             
                 
               S13-S19 
               −46.300 
             
             
                 
               S20-S26 
               91.566 
             
             
                 
               S27-S43 
               55.841 
             
             
                 
               S44-S47 
               −32.720 
             
             
                 
               S48-S62 
               42.594 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Surface Group Magnifications 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Surfaces 
               P1 M′ 
               P1 MP′ 
               P2 M′ 
               P2 MP′ 
               P3 M′ 
               P3 MP′ 
               P4 M′ 
               P4 MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               S1-S12 
               0.000 
               0.754 
               0.000 
               0.672 
               0.000 
               0.492 
               0.000 
               0.320 
             
             
               S13-S19 
               −0.238 
               7.670 
               −0.268 
               7.215 
               −0.374 
               6.275 
               −0.599 
               5.828 
             
             
               S20-S26 
               −0.350 
               0.876 
               −0.385 
               0.843 
               −0.495 
               0.746 
               −0.699 
               0.550 
             
             
               S27-S43 
               0.871 
               −1.159 
               0.870 
               −1.159 
               0.854 
               −1.159 
               0.844 
               −1.159 
             
             
               S44-S47 
               0.321 
               −2.846 
               0.322 
               −2.829 
               0.325 
               −2.794 
               0.327 
               −2.793 
             
             
               S48-S62 
               −1.170 
               −0.304 
               −1.170 
               −0.305 
               −1.170 
               −0.308 
               −1.170 
               −0.308 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Surfaces 
               P1 M′ 
               P5 MP′ 
               P6 M′ 
               P6 MP′ 
               P7 M′ 
               P7 MP′ 
               P8 M′ 
               P8 MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               S1-S12 
               0.000 
               0.195 
               0.000 
               0.123 
               0.000 
               0.163 
               0.000 
               0.124 
             
             
               S13-S19 
               −1.012 
               7.410 
               −1.390 
               −119.200 
               −1.382 
               4.682 
               −1.386 
               −141.400 
             
             
               S20-S26 
               −0.945 
               −0.312 
               −1.275 
               −0.017 
               −0.715 
               0.599 
               −1.279 
               −0.014 
             
             
               S27-S43 
               0.834 
               −1.159 
               0.833 
               −1.159 
               0.774 
               −1.159 
               0.826 
               −1.159 
             
             
               S44-S47 
               0.330 
               −2.712 
               0.338 
               −2.278 
               0.769 
               −0.501 
               0.856 
               −0.451 
             
             
               S48-S62 
               −1.170 
               −0.313 
               −1.315 
               −0.361 
               −2.549 
               −0.731 
               −2.693 
               −0.727 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Where, P1 M′ is lens group magnification of lens group which equals (entrance marginal ray angle)/exit marginal ray angle) and, P1 MP′ is lens group magnification which equals entrance principal ray angle/exit principal ray angle and so on, up to P8 M′ and P8 MP′; the first two characters representing position number, for example P1 M′ and P1 MP′ are for position 1. 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
             
               TABLES FOR FIGS. 7A &amp; 7B 
             
             
               LENS SYSTEM OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Glass 
               Glass 
             
             
                 
               Surface 
               Radius 
               Thickness 
               Index 
               Dispersion 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               OBJECT 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
               S1 
               1273.174 
               10.255 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S2 
               475.265 
               1.538 
             
             
                 
               S3 
               510.054 
               10.255 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S4 
               279.310 
               14.066 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               459.720 
               19.331 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S6 
               21434.630 
               0.308 
             
             
                 
               S7 
               800.941 
               10.451 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S8 
               27454.520 
               0.308 
             
             
                 
               S9 
               309.779 
               13.334 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S10 
               634.103 
               0.308 
             
             
                 
               S11 
               361.606 
               17.818 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S12 
               2023.306 
               0.308 
             
             
                 
               S13* 
               172.930 
               25.353 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S14 
               568.502 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S15 
               330.425 
               2.070 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S16* 
               73.838 
               18.829 
             
             
                 
               S17 
               726.741 
               2.051 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S18 
               102.189 
               25.577 
             
             
                 
               S19* 
               −73.683 
               6.352 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S20* 
               359.798 
               9.948 
               1.80809 
               22.8 
             
             
                 
               S21 
               −116.821 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S22 
               −176.211 
               5.797 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S23 
               −69.609 
               0.003 
             
             
                 
               S24 
               144.415 
               20.317 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S25 
               −85.878 
               2.051 
               1.80349 
               30.4 
             
             
                 
               S26 
               −282.651 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               S27 
               85.718 
               6.142 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S28 
               157.754 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               STOP 
               Infinity 
               22.498 
             
             
                 
               S30* 
               −34.201 
               2.051 
               1.60729 
               59.4 
             
             
                 
               S31 
               42.409 
               2.743 
               1.69894 
               30.1 
             
             
                 
               S32 
               101.162 
               4.085 
             
             
                 
               S33 
               −82.300 
               3.589 
               1.60311 
               60.7 
             
             
                 
               S34 
               −90.892 
               3.444 
               1.69894 
               30.1 
             
             
                 
               S35 
               −39.457 
               6.472 
             
             
                 
               S36 
               51.200 
               7.178 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S37 
               55.671 
               15.382 
             
             
                 
               S38 
               67.546 
               6.750 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S39 
               −47.804 
               3.076 
               1.87399 
               35.3 
             
             
                 
               S40 
               −74.620 
               0.018 
             
             
                 
               S41 
               95.357 
               3.076 
               1.87399 
               35.3 
             
             
                 
               S42 
               35.060 
               30.000 
               1.43875 
               95.0 
             
             
                 
               S43 
               −130.232 
               68.459 
             
             
                 
               S44 
               Infinity 
               2.051 
             
             
                 
               S45 
               Infinity 
               2.051 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S46 
               −341.189 
               8.763 
             
             
                 
               S47* 
               −30.765 
               4.102 
               1.78469 
               26.3 
             
             
                 
               S48 
               −36.525 
               21.109 
               1.51680 
               64.2 
             
             
                 
               S49 
               −30.389 
               0.308 
             
             
                 
               S50 
               −160.796 
               14.522 
               1.51680 
               64.2 
             
             
                 
               S51 
               −66.413 
               0.308 
             
             
                 
               S52 
               461.095 
               8.390 
               1.51680 
               64.2 
             
             
                 
               S53 
               −109.832 
               7.208 
             
             
                 
               S54* 
               247.113 
               3.076 
               1.84666 
               23.8 
             
             
                 
               S55 
               57.348 
               10.868 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S56 
               −56.360 
               0.289 
             
             
                 
               S57 
               −73.106 
               5.307 
               1.63853 
               55.4 
             
             
                 
               S58 
               −44.690 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S59 
               −28.736 
               3.076 
               1.83400 
               37.2 
             
             
                 
               S60 
               115.838 
               2.771 
             
             
                 
               S61 
               −31.347 
               2.871 
               1.83480 
               42.7 
             
             
                 
               S62 
               −73.220 
               2.468 
             
             
                 
               S63 
               −57.858 
               7.254 
               1.84665 
               23.9 
             
             
                 
               S64 
               −24.994 
               0.005 
             
             
                 
               S65 
               −29.067 
               2.871 
               1.80400 
               46.6 
             
             
                 
               S66 
               −49.737 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S67 
               507.291 
               2.051 
               1.74319 
               49.3 
             
             
                 
               S68 
               104.703 
               7.178 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S69 
               −76.662 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S70* 
               69.871 
               8.624 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S71 
               −663.734 
               8.908 
             
             
                 
               S72 
               −155.686 
               3.076 
               1.84665 
               23.9 
             
             
                 
               S73 
               −1137.705 
               0.202 
             
             
                 
               S74 
               54.109 
               8.050 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S75 
               −73.493 
               0.393 
             
             
                 
               S76 
               −66.184 
               2.871 
               1.74319 
               49.3 
             
             
                 
               S77 
               −99.535 
               19.484 
             
             
                 
               S78 
               Infinity 
               13.537 
               1.51633 
               64.1 
             
             
                 
               S79 
               Infinity 
               2.051 
             
             
                 
               S80 
               Infinity 
               33.841 
               1.60859 
               46.4 
             
             
                 
               S81 
               Infinity 
               5.019 
             
             
                 
               IMAGE 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Note: Maximum image diameter = 11.0 mm 
             
             
               *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S13, S16, S19, S20, S30, S47, S54 and 
             
             
               S70 are governed by the following conventional equation: 
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               Z 
                               = 
                                 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       CURV 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       Y 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                     1 
                                     + 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           - 
                                           
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               
                                                 1 
                                                 + 
                                                 K 
                                               
                                               ) 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 CURV 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                               2 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               Y 
                                               2 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       
                                         1 
                                         / 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     A 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     4 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     B 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       Y 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   6 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     C 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     8 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     D 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     10 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                                 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     E 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     12 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     F 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     14 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     G 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     16 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               where: 
             
             
               CURV = 1/(Radius of Surface) 
             
             
               Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis 
             
             
               K, A, B, C, D, E, F, G = Coefficients 
             
             
               Z = Position of surface profile for a given Y value, 
             
             
               as measured along the optical axis from the pole 
             
             
               (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for the 
               The coefficients for the  
               The coefficients for the 
             
             
                 
               surface S13 are: 
               surface S20 are: 
               surface S54 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               −0.1600976 
               K = 
               0.0 
               K = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               6.9210418e−009 
               A = 
               3.4619978e−008 
               A = 
               −2.743254e−006 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               2.2313210e−013 
               B = 
               4.2692157e−011 
               B = 
               −2.133804e−009 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               1.1852054e−017 
               C = 
               −7.0823340e−014 
               C = 
               1.668568e−011 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −2.0918949e−021 
               D = 
               −2.3957687e−017 
               D = 
               −1.9544629e014 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               2.2579263e−025 
               E = 
               5.4513203e−020 
               E = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
               F = 
               8.1799420e−030 
               F = 
               −1.4597367e−023 
               F = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
               G = 
               −1.2582071e−033 
               G = 
               −4.1263059e−027 
               G = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for the 
               The coefficients for the  
               The coefficients for the 
             
             
                 
               surface S16 are: 
               surface S30 are: 
               surface S70 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               0.9059289 
               K = 
               −0.8025959 
               K = 
               −2.3 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −4.3564263e−007 
               A = 
               −3.8556154e−007 
               A = 
               3.877213e−007 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −1.3760665e−010 
               B = 
               −5.4410316e−010 
               B = 
               4.916800e−010 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               1.1349273e−014 
               C = 
               7.0427510e−012 
               C = 
               −1.461192e−012 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −3.8588303e−017 
               D = 
               −8.5740313e−015 
               D = 
               −3.258352e−017 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               1.5211558e−020 
               E = 
               −5.2635786e−017 
               E = 
               4.664784e−018 
             
             
                 
               F = 
               −5.1726796e−025 
               F = 
               1.0608042e−019 
               F = 
               −4.216175e−021 
             
             
                 
               G = 
               −2.0900671e−027 
               G = 
               7.5783088e−023 
               G = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for the 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
             
             
                 
               surface S19 are: 
               surface S47 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               0.0 
               K = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −6.5866466e−008 
               A = 
               −1.2184510e−005 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −3.2305127e−011 
               B = 
               1.2115245e−007 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               −3.5095033e−014 
               C = 
               −3.0828524e−010 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               4.0315700e−017 
               D = 
               −5.7252449e−014 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               −6.1913043e−021 
               E = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
               F = 
               −2.4403843e−023 
               F = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
               G = 
               9.0865109e−027 
               G = 
               0.0 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P1 
               P2 
               P3 
               P4 
               P5 
               P6 
               P7 
             
             
                 
             
             
               EFL 
                7.257 
                12.152 
                35.981 
                82.040 
               145.068 
               736.934 
               2088.142 
             
             
               F/No. 
                1.450 
                1.450 
                1.450 
                1.450 
                1.450 
                7.200 
                12.500 
             
             
               S14 
                1.026 
                51.867 
               122.026 
               160.824 
               167.824 
               157.900 
                167.823 
             
             
               S21 
               262.564 
               202.199 
               103.948 
                49.493 
                0.000 
                34.351 
                 0.000 
             
             
               S28 
                1.563 
                11.088 
                39.178 
                55.576 
                97.329 
                72.903 
                97.329 
             
             
               S58 
                8.616 
                8.616 
                8.616 
                8.616 
                8.616 
                99.467 
                105.316 
             
             
               S66 
               111.358 
               111.358 
               111.358 
               111.358 
               111.358 
                53.699 
                 0.000 
             
             
               S69 
                38.387 
                38.387 
                38.387 
                38.387 
                38.387 
                5.195 
                53.100 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Surface Groups 
               Focal Lengths 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                S1-S14 
               283.564 
             
             
                 
               S15-S21 
               −52.598 
             
             
                 
               S22-S28 
               102.619 
             
             
                 
               S29-S58 
               51.668 
             
             
                 
               S59-S66 
               −29.319 
             
             
                 
               S67-S69 
               178.034 
             
             
                 
               S70-S77 
               70.650 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Surface Group Magnifications 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Surfaces 
               P1 M′ 
               P1 MP′ 
               P2 M′ 
               P2 MP′ 
               P3 M′ 
               P3 MP′ 
               P4 M′ 
               P4 MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               S1-S14 
               0.000 
               0.740 
               0.000 
               0.564 
               0.000 
               0.318 
               0.000 
               0.179 
             
             
               S15-S21 
               −0.260 
               7.365 
               −0.347 
               6.511 
               −0.644 
               6.193 
               −1.207 
               7.342 
             
             
               S22-S28 
               −0.369 
               0.833 
               −0.462 
               0.740 
               −0.736 
               0.466 
               −0.896 
               0.306 
             
             
               S29-S58 
               −2.392 
               −0.356 
               −2.392 
               −0.356 
               −2.392 
               −0.356 
               −2.392 
               −0.356 
             
             
               S59-S66 
               −0.282 
               25.995 
               −0.282 
               25.995 
               −0.282 
               25.993 
               −0.282 
               25.994 
             
             
               S67-S69 
               14680.000 
               0.231 
               14680.000 
               0.231 
               14680.000 
               0.231 
               14680.000 
               0.231 
             
             
               S70-S77 
               0.000 
               0.447 
               0.000 
               0.447 
               0.000 
               0.447 
               0.000 
               0.447 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Surfaces 
               P5 M′ 
               P5 MP′ 
               P6 M′ 
               P6 MP′ 
               P7 M′ 
               P7 MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
             
               S1-S14 
                 0.000 
                0.117 
                0.000 
                0.174 
                0.000 
                0.117 
             
             
               S15-S21 
                 −1.468 
               −19.350 
                −1.150 
               14.886 
               −1.468 
               −19.350 
             
             
               S22-S28 
                 −1.303 
                −0.101 
                −1.065 
                0.137 
               −1.303 
                −0.101 
             
             
               S29-S58 
                 −2.392 
                −0.356 
                −2.392 
               −0.356 
               −2.392 
                −0.356 
             
             
               S59-S66 
                 −0.282 
                25.994 
                −2.227 
                0.319 
               −4.006 
                0.300 
             
             
               S67-S69 
               14680.000 
                0.231 
               271.410 
                2.365 
               81.569 
                1.386 
             
             
               S70-S77 
                 0.000 
                0.447 
                −0.001 
               −0.374 
               −0.005 
                −1.131 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Where, P1 M′ is lens group magnification of lens group which equals (entrance marginal ray angle)/(exit marginal ray angle) and, P1 MP′ is lens group magnification which equals entrance principal ray angle/exit principal ray angle and so on, up to P7 M′ and P7 MP′; the first two characters representing position number, for example P1 M′ and P1 MP′ are for position 1. 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
             
               TABLES FOR FIGS. 8A &amp; 8B 
             
             
               LENS SYSTEM OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Glass 
               Glass 
             
             
                 
               Surface 
               Radius 
               Thickness 
               Index 
               Dispersion 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               OBJECT 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
               S1 
               −763.589 
               10.000 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S2 
               408.783 
               15.991 
             
             
                 
               S3 
               1218.452 
               22.500 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S4 
               −948.218 
               0.100 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               4440.119 
               19.600 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S6 
               −478.965 
               0.100 
             
             
                 
               S7 
               355.717 
               24.300 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S8 
               −1197.673 
               0.100 
             
             
                 
               S9 
               168.455 
               28.500 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S10 
               686.627 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S11 
               240.261 
               2.650 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S12* 
               58.196 
               12.668 
             
             
                 
               S13 
               307.706 
               2.900 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S14 
               100.924 
               19.233 
             
             
                 
               S15 
               −70.095 
               3.050 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S16 
               236.075 
               14.100 
               1.84666 
               23.8 
             
             
                 
               S17 
               −126.479 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S18 
               −420.335 
               9.200 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S19 
               −81.355 
               0.126 
             
             
                 
               S20 
               155.733 
               15.650 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S21 
               −98.523 
               2.750 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S22 
               −285.204 
               10.687 
             
             
                 
               S23 
               76.070 
               7.900 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S24 
               118.043 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               STOP 
               Infinity 
               6.800 
             
             
                 
               S26* 
               −35.243 
               6.500 
               1.60674 
               45.1 
             
             
                 
               S27 
               55.360 
               0.106 
             
             
                 
               S28 
               55.900 
               4.050 
               1.75519 
               27.5 
             
             
                 
               S29 
               155.439 
               4.934 
             
             
                 
               S30 
               −63.039 
               5.050 
               1.80518 
               25.4 
             
             
                 
               S31 
               −39.609 
               2.240 
             
             
                 
               S32 
               56.818 
               10.900 
               1.45599 
               90.3 
             
             
                 
               S33 
               −43.388 
               2.150 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S34 
               −61.503 
               2.158 
             
             
                 
               S35 
               107.501 
               2.100 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S36 
               29.896 
               11.600 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S37 
               166.103 
               78.890 
             
             
                 
               S38 
               59.002 
               9.670 
               1.83741 
               25.4 
             
             
                 
               S39 
               −405.826 
               20.924 
             
             
                 
               S40 
               −22.134 
               19.750 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S41 
               −33.299 
               5.803 
             
             
                 
               S42 
               −129.563 
               12.646 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S43 
               −52.914 
               0.152 
             
             
                 
               S44 
               59.828 
               5.419 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S45 
               −209.080 
               0.100 
             
             
                 
               S46 
               37.693 
               6.143 
               1.74099 
               52.7 
             
             
                 
               S47 
               177.702 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S48 
               −106.846 
               1.600 
               1.83480 
               42.7 
             
             
                 
               S49 
               21.576 
               6.448 
             
             
                 
               S50 
               −27.697 
               6.650 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S51 
               7367.260 
               0.829 
             
             
                 
               S52 
               129.249 
               5.126 
               1.84583 
               24.0 
             
             
                 
               S53 
               −46.358 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S54 
               538.505 
               1.500 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S55 
               95.344 
               11.395 
               1.60300 
               65.5 
             
             
                 
               S56 
               −60.650 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S57 
               87.009 
               5.185 
               1.48749 
               70.2 
             
             
                 
               S58 
               −165.647 
               1.434 
             
             
                 
               S59 
               −85.357 
               1.500 
               1.80518 
               25.4 
             
             
                 
               S60 
               −1236.715 
               0.100 
             
             
                 
               S61 
               50.007 
               7.563 
               1.69472 
               54.5 
             
             
                 
               S62 
               549.061 
               18.000 
             
             
                 
               S63 
               Infinity 
               13.537 
               1.51633 
               64.1 
             
             
                 
               S64 
               Infinity 
               2.051 
             
             
                 
               S65 
               Infinity 
               33.841 
               1.60859 
               46.4 
             
             
                 
               S66 
               Infinity 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               IMAGE 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Note: Maximum image diameter = 11.0 mm 
             
             
               *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S12 and S26 are 
             
             
               governed by the following conventional equation: 
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Z 
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               CURV 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               2 
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         1 
                                         + 
                                         K 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         CURV 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       2 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       Y 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               
                                 1 
                                 / 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             A 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             4 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             B 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               Y 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           6 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             C 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             8 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             D 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             10 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               where: 
             
             
               CURV = 1/(Radius of Surface) 
             
             
               Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis 
             
             
               K, A, B, C, D = Coefficients 
             
             
               Z = Position of surface profile for a given Y value, 
             
             
               as measured along the optical axis from the pole 
             
             
               (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface. 
             
             
               The coefficients for the surface S12 are: 
             
             
               K = 0.0 
             
             
               A = 1.3820532e−007 
             
             
               B = −2.7133115e−011 
             
             
               C = −9.2535195e−015 
             
             
               D = 3.3313103e−018 
             
             
               The coefficients for the surface S26 are: 
             
             
               K = −0.5520119 
             
             
               A = −1.0148386e−006 
             
             
               B = −5.9646048e−011 
             
             
               C = −1.3030573e−013 
             
             
               D = 3.2918363e−016 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P1 
               P2 
               P3 
               P4 
               P5 
               P6 
               P7 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               EFL 
               7.274 
               12.145 
               36.011 
               82.004 
               144.947 
               738.776 
               2095.406 
             
             
               F/No. 
               1.450 
               1.450 
               1.450 
               1.450 
               1.450 
               9.400 
               14.100 
             
             
               S10 
               3.154 
               50.878 
               126.861 
               163.460 
               167.963 
               167.403 
               168.654 
             
             
               S17 
               271.009 
               213.056 
               113.646 
               61.255 
               10.607 
               68.828 
               3.277 
             
             
               S24 
               2.350 
               12.345 
               35.982 
               51.876 
               97.922 
               40.276 
               104.616 
             
             
               S47 
               4.633 
               5.482 
               4.658 
               5.264 
               6.015 
               53.226 
               73.878 
             
             
               S53 
               105.364 
               104.868 
               105.482 
               104.798 
               103.775 
               14.725 
               2.050 
             
             
               S56 
               1.550 
               1.550 
               1.550 
               1.550 
               1.550 
               43.752 
               35.462 
             
             
               S66 
               4.969 
               4.799 
               4.853 
               4.815 
               5.202 
               4.818 
               5.114 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Surface Groups 
               Focal Lengths 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               S1-S10 
               262.599 
             
             
                 
               S11-S17 
               −50.895 
             
             
                 
               S18-S24 
               98.756 
             
             
                 
               S25-S47 
               37.686 
             
             
                 
               S48-S53 
               −25.559 
             
             
                 
               S54-S56 
               106.555 
             
             
                 
               S57−S62 
               81.336 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Surface Group Magnifications 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Surfaces 
               P1 M′ 
               P1 MP′ 
               P2 M′ 
               P2 MP′ 
               P3 M′ 
               P3 MP′ 
               P4 M′ 
               P4 MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               S1-S10 
               0.000 
               0.805 
               0.000 
               0.626 
               0.000 
               0.337 
               0.000 
               0.191 
             
             
               S11-S17 
               −0.248 
               7.962 
               −0.323 
               7.245 
               −0.625 
               7.155 
               −1.136 
               9.531 
             
             
               S18-S24 
               −0.349 
               0.734 
               −0.431 
               0.633 
               −0.680 
               0.394 
               −0.831 
               0.233 
             
             
               S25-S47 
               −1.752 
               −0.293 
               −1.612 
               −0.293 
               −1.683 
               −0.293 
               −1.613 
               −0.293 
             
             
               S48-S53 
               −0.505 
               5.934 
               −0.574 
               4.957 
               −0.532 
               5.900 
               −0.571 
               5.176 
             
             
               S54-S56 
               −1.558 
               1.108 
               −1.529 
               1.487 
               −1.539 
               1.120 
               −1.533 
               1.378 
             
             
               S57-S62 
               0.233 
               1.240 
               0.235 
               3.217 
               0.234 
               1.263 
               0.234 
               2.205 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Surfaces 
               P5 M′ 
               P5 MP′ 
               P6 M′ 
               P6 MP′ 
               P7 M′ 
               P7 MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               S1-S10 
               0.000 
               0.130 
               0.000 
               0.184 
               0.000 
               0.120 
             
             
               S11-S17 
               −1.263 
               −8.111 
               −1.246 
               6.886 
               −1.285 
               −6.384 
             
             
               S18-S24 
               −1.324 
               −0.233 
               −0.748 
               0.350 
               −1.444 
               −0.301 
             
             
               S25-S47 
               −1.813 
               −0.293 
               −1.890 
               −0.293 
               −2.412 
               −0.293 
             
             
               S48-S53 
               −0.496 
               4.492 
               −3.524 
               0.483 
               −4.060 
               0.347 
             
             
               S54-S56 
               −1.600 
               1.750 
               −1.939 
               2.244 
               −1.904 
               1.880 
             
             
               S57-S62 
               0.230 
               −29.370 
               0.234 
               −0.833 
               0.231 
               −1.610 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Where, P1 M′ is lens group magnification of lens group which equals (entrance marginal ray angle)/(exit marginal ray angle) and, P1 MP′ is lens group magnification which equals entrance principal ray angle/exit principal ray angle and so on, upto P7 M′ and P7 MP′; the first two characters representing position number, for example P1 M′ and P1 MP′ are for position 1. 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
             
               TABLES FOR FIGS. 9A &amp; 9B 
             
             
               LENS SYSTEM OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Glass 
               Glass 
             
             
                 
               Surface 
               Radius 
               Thickness 
               Index 
               Dispersion 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               OBJECT 
               Infinity 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S1 
               Infinity 
               50.000 
             
             
                 
               S2 
               −621.758 
               5.169 
               1.69350 
               53.2 
             
             
                 
               S3 
               457.301 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S4 
               −2452.883 
               4.799 
               1.80518 
               25.4 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               599.599 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S6 
               911.220 
               25.082 
               1.45599 
               90.3 
             
             
                 
               S7 
               −497.020 
               0.100 
             
             
                 
               S8 
               −2000.000 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               S9 
               1000.000 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               S10 
               2062.549 
               12.736 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S11 
               −1165.481 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S12 
               963.440 
               19.740 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S13 
               −560.694 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S14 
               382.994 
               19.312 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S15 
               −17187.180 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S16 
               191.959 
               26.185 
               1.43875 
               95.0 
             
             
                 
               S17 
               702.850 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               S18 
               324.818 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S19 
               130.133 
               3.120 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S20* 
               40.551 
               15.089 
             
             
                 
               S21 
               87.300 
               2.500 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S22 
               70.260 
               14.709 
             
             
                 
               S23 
               −76.831 
               2.730 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S24 
               108.868 
               11.313 
               1.84666 
               23.8 
             
             
                 
               S25 
               −166.114 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S26 
               2466.515 
               12.326 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S27 
               −72.273 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S28 
               114.639 
               17.864 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S29 
               −80.007 
               3.100 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S30 
               −402.245 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S31 
               56.927 
               6.364 
               1.48749 
               70.2 
             
             
                 
               S32 
               83.100 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               STOP 
               Infinity 
               6.855 
             
             
                 
               S34* 
               −32.543 
               2.000 
               1.60311 
               60.7 
             
             
                 
               S35 
               −178.894 
               11.407 
             
             
                 
               S36 
               −41.737 
               3.274 
               1.84666 
               23.8 
             
             
                 
               S37 
               −32.963 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S38 
               49.510 
               12.747 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S39 
               −39.721 
               2.400 
               1.80099 
               35.0 
             
             
                 
               S40 
               −53.729 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S41 
               −163.422 
               1.850 
               1.80439 
               39.6 
             
             
                 
               S42 
               26.111 
               9.221 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S43 
               −156.748 
               58.646 
             
             
                 
               S44 
               44.245 
               2.533 
               1.80439 
               39.6 
             
             
                 
               S45 
               1686.200 
               39.233 
             
             
                 
               S46 
               −21.116 
               6.938 
               1.77249 
               49.6 
             
             
                 
               S47 
               −21.969 
               14.095 
             
             
                 
               S48 
               92.954 
               2.220 
               1.60300 
               65.5 
             
             
                 
               S49 
               −59.449 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S50 
               20.331 
               2.228 
               1.62229 
               53.2 
             
             
                 
               S51 
               47.914 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S52 
               −116.378 
               0.950 
               1.83480 
               42.7 
             
             
                 
               S53 
               34.369 
               3.756 
             
             
                 
               S54 
               −16.771 
               0.950 
               1.81600 
               46.6 
             
             
                 
               S55 
               −36.990 
               1.142 
             
             
                 
               S56 
               −21.552 
               17.886 
               1.78469 
               26.3 
             
             
                 
               S57 
               −26.412 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S58 
               −293.612 
               4.856 
               1.60311 
               60.7 
             
             
                 
               S59 
               −78.391 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S60 
               272.204 
               5.642 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S61 
               −126.344 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S62 
               124.541 
               7.681 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S63 
               −102.092 
               2.500 
               1.80518 
               25.4 
             
             
                 
               S64 
               −874.268 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S65 
               400.000 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               S66 
               38.596 
               8.430 
               1.45599 
               90.3 
             
             
                 
               S67 
               211.910 
               6.207 
             
             
                 
               S68 
               Infinity 
               0.500 
             
             
                 
               S69 
               123.725 
               2.000 
               1.81600 
               46.6 
             
             
                 
               S70 
               39.478 
               7.176 
             
             
                 
               S71 
               −84.356 
               2.000 
               1.74099 
               52.7 
             
             
                 
               S72 
               36.196 
               18.326 
               1.84666 
               23.8 
             
             
                 
               S73 
               210.724 
               0.984 
             
             
                 
               S74 
               Infinity 
               7.645 
             
             
                 
               S75 
               105.952 
               3.999 
               1.49699 
               81.6 
             
             
                 
               S76 
               −91.250 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S77 
               46.317 
               5.948 
               1.60300 
               65.5 
             
             
                 
               S78 
               −69.543 
               1.500 
               1.84666 
               23.8 
             
             
                 
               S79 
               166.511 
               22.000 
             
             
                 
               S80 
               Infinity 
               13.200 
               1.51633 
               64.1 
             
             
                 
               S81 
               Infinity 
               2.000 
             
             
                 
               S82 
               Infinity 
               33.000 
               1.60859 
               46.4 
             
             
                 
               S83 
               Infinity 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               S84 
               Infinity 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               IMAGE 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Note: Maximum image diameter = 11.0 mm 
             
             
               *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S20 and S34 are governed by the 
             
             
               following conventional equation: 
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Z 
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               CURV 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               2 
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         1 
                                         + 
                                         K 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         CURV 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       2 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       Y 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               
                                 1 
                                 / 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             A 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             4 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             B 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               Y 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           6 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             C 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             8 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             D 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             10 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               where: 
             
             
               CURV = 1/(Radius of Surface) 
             
             
               Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis 
             
             
               K, A, B, C, D = Coefficients 
             
             
               Z = Position of surface profile for a given Y value, 
             
             
               as measured along the optical axis from the pole 
             
             
               (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface. 
             
             
               The coefficients for the surface S20 are: 
             
             
               K = −0.3254663 
             
             
               A = −3.65160e−007 
             
             
               B = −1.14704e−010 
             
             
               C = −5.60564e−014 
             
             
               D = −5.86283e−018 
             
             
               The coefficients for the surface S34 are: 
             
             
               K = 0.348034 
             
             
               A = 1.350560e−006 
             
             
               B = 2.453070e−009 
             
             
               C = −2.820340e−012 
             
             
               D = 4.745430e−015 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P1 
               P2 
               P3 
               P4 
               P5 
               P6 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               EFL 
               7.278 
               7.278 
               7.278 
               8.817 
               12.199 
               18.641 
             
             
                 
               F/No. 
               1.749 
               1.749 
               1.749 
               1.749 
               1.749 
               1.749 
             
             
                 
               SO 
               Infinity 
               5322.600 
               2499.900 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
               S3 
               17.233 
               50.424 
               82.285 
               17.233 
               17.233 
               17.233 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               3.856 
               8.913 
               13.211 
               3.856 
               3.856 
               3.856 
             
             
                 
               S11 
               74.605 
               36.357 
               0.200 
               74.605 
               74.605 
               74.605 
             
             
                 
               S18 
               0.200 
               0.200 
               0.200 
               26.070 
               64.733 
               106.272 
             
             
                 
               S25 
               300.191 
               300.191 
               300.191 
               272.377 
               230.274 
               183.410 
             
             
                 
               S32 
               1.334 
               1.334 
               1.334 
               3.266 
               6.708 
               12.035 
             
             
                 
               S51 
               1.647 
               1.647 
               1.647 
               1.647 
               1.647 
               1.647 
             
             
                 
               S57 
               80.778 
               80.778 
               80.778 
               80.778 
               80.778 
               80.778 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P7 
               P8 
               P9 
               P10 
               P11 
               P12 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               EFL 
               32.734 
               60.449 
               94.190 
               123.985 
               206.250 
               284.791 
             
             
                 
               F/No. 
               1.749 
               1.749 
               1.890 
               2.020 
               2.160 
               2.700 
             
             
                 
               SO 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
               S3 
               17.233 
               17.233 
               17.233 
               17.233 
               17.233 
               17.233 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               3.856 
               3.856 
               3.856 
               3.856 
               3.856 
               3.856 
             
             
                 
               S11 
               74.605 
               74.605 
               74.605 
               74.605 
               74.605 
               74.605 
             
             
                 
               S18 
               148.849 
               183.007 
               201.036 
               209.783 
               216.511 
               215.851 
             
             
                 
               S25 
               132.062 
               85.948 
               57.616 
               42.322 
               21.856 
               15.570 
             
             
                 
               S32 
               20.806 
               32.763 
               43.065 
               49.609 
               63.170 
               70.310 
             
             
                 
               S51 
               1.647 
               1.647 
               2.130 
               3.050 
               8.806 
               15.438 
             
             
                 
               S57 
               80.778 
               80.778 
               80.294 
               79.375 
               73.618 
               66.987 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P13 
               P14 
               P15 
               P16 
               P17 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               EFL 
               717.193 
               2092.160 
               2092.160 
               2092.160 
               2092.160 
             
             
                 
               F/No. 
               5.200 
               13.750 
               13.750 
               13.750 
               17.490 
             
             
                 
               SO 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               8708.000 
               4050.000 
               2499.900 
             
             
                 
               S3 
               17.233 
               17.233 
               37.759 
               59.403 
               82.285 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               3.856 
               3.856 
               7.178 
               10.305 
               13.211 
             
             
                 
               S11 
               74.605 
               74.605 
               50.757 
               25.988 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S18 
               211.275 
               208.261 
               208.261 
               208.261 
               208.261 
             
             
                 
               S25 
               5.736 
               0.200 
               0.200 
               0.200 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S32 
               84.680 
               93.262 
               93.262 
               93.262 
               93.262 
             
             
                 
               S51 
               39.946 
               82.225 
               82.225 
               82.225 
               82.225 
             
             
                 
               S57 
               42.480 
               0.200 
               0.200 
               0.200 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Surface Groups 
               Focal Lengths 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               S2-S3 
               −379.209 
             
             
                 
               S4-S5 
               −597.975 
             
             
                 
               S6-S11 
               484.131 
             
             
                 
               S12-S18 
               229.394 
             
             
                 
               S2-S18 
               262.190 
             
             
                 
               S19-S25 
               −49.050 
             
             
                 
               S26-S32 
               79.931 
             
             
                 
               S33-S51 
               41.254 
             
             
                 
               S52-S57 
               −26.810 
             
             
                 
               S58-S79 
               70.920 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Surface Group Magnifications 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               Surfaces 
               P1 M′ 
               P1 MP′ 
               P2 M′ 
               P2 MP′ 
               P3 M′ 
               P3 MP′ 
               P4 M′ 
               P4 MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
             
               S2-S3 
               0.000 
               1.732 
               0.066 
               1.710 
               0.129 
               1.696 
               0.000 
               1.971 
             
             
               S4-S5 
               0.599 
               1.754 
               0.594 
               1.563 
               0.59 
               1.425 
               0.599 
               2.388 
             
             
               S6-S11 
               2.150 
               0.529 
               2.229 
               0.608 
               2.304 
               0.682 
               2.150 
               0.374 
             
             
               S12-S18 
               −0.537 
               0.642 
               −0.537 
               0.642 
               −0.537 
               0.642 
               −0.537 
               0.53 
             
             
               S2-S18 
               0.000 
               1.030 
               −0.047 
               1.043 
               −0.094 
               1.058 
               0.000 
               0.934 
             
             
               S19-S25 
               −0.185 
               8.447 
               −0.185 
               8.447 
               −0.185 
               8.447 
               −0.206 
               7.952 
             
             
               S26-S32 
               −0.252 
               0.756 
               −0.252 
               0.756 
               −0.252 
               0.756 
               −0.252 
               0.731 
             
             
               S33-S51 
               −1.446 
               −0.378 
               −1.446 
               −0.378 
               −1.446 
               −0.378 
               −1.442 
               −0.378 
             
             
               S52-S57 
               −0.673 
               6.392 
               −0.673 
               6.392 
               −0.673 
               6.392 
               −0.676 
               6.392 
             
             
               S58-S79 
               −0.611 
               0.966 
               −0.611 
               0.966 
               −0.611 
               0.966 
               −0.611 
               0.966 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Surfaces 
               P5 M′ 
               P5 MP′ 
               P6 M′ 
               P6 MP′ 
               P37 M′ 
               P7 MP′ 
               P8 M′ 
               P8 MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
             
               S2-S3 
               0.000 
               2.695 
               0.000 
               6.440 
               0.000 
               −4.655 
               0.000 
               −1.279 
             
             
               S4-S5 
               0.599 
               −24.64 
               0.599 
               −0.414 
               0.599 
               0.216 
               0.599 
               0.403 
             
             
               S6-S11 
               2.150 
               −0.033 
               2.150 
               −1.271 
               2.150 
               −127.8 
               2.150 
               4.484 
             
             
               S12-S18 
               −0.537 
               0.365 
               −0.537 
               0.187 
               −0.537 
               0.004 
               −0.537 
               −0.147 
             
             
               S2-S18 
               0.000 
               0.788 
               0.000 
               0.633 
               0.000 
               0.473 
               0.000 
               0.341 
             
             
               S19-S25 
               −0.245 
               7.233 
               −0.31 
               6.531 
               −0.424 
               6.046 
               −0.601 
               6.421 
             
             
               S26-S32 
               −0.319 
               0.688 
               −0.386 
               0.622 
               −0.496 
               0.512 
               −0.646 
               0.362 
             
             
               S33-S51 
               −1.445 
               −0.378 
               −1.448 
               −0.378 
               −1.448 
               −0.378 
               −1.449 
               −0.378 
             
             
               S52-S57 
               −0.673 
               6.392 
               −0.671 
               6.392 
               −0.671 
               6.392 
               −0.67 
               6.392 
             
             
               S58-S79 
               −0.611 
               0.966 
               −0.612 
               0.966 
               −0.612 
               0.966 
               −0.612 
               0.966 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Surfaces 
               P9 M′ 
               P9 MP′ 
               P10 M′ 
               P10 MP′ 
               P11 M′ 
               P11MP′ 
               P12 M′ 
               P12MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
             
               S2-S3 
               0.000 
               −0.736 
               0.000 
               −0.549 
               0.000 
               −0.387 
               0.000 
               −0.365 
             
             
               S4-S5 
               0.599 
               0.468 
               0.599 
               0.496 
               0.599 
               0.522 
               0.599 
               0.526 
             
             
               S6-S11 
               2.150 
               3.296 
               2.150 
               2.964 
               2.150 
               2.701 
               2.150 
               2.668 
             
             
               S12-S18 
               −0.537 
               −0.234 
               −0.537 
               −0.279 
               −0.537 
               −0.330 
               −0.537 
               −0.338 
             
             
               S2-S18 
               0.000 
               0.265 
               0.000 
               0.225 
               0.000 
               0.180 
               0.000 
               0.173 
             
             
               S19-S25 
               −0.771 
               8.327 
               −0.894 
               11.79 
               −0.983 
               −18.95 
               −1.004 
               −14.68 
             
             
               S26-S32 
               −0.770 
               0.233 
               −0.846 
               0.152 
               −1.064 
               −0.084 
               −1.092 
               −0.107 
             
             
               S33-S51 
               −1.431 
               −0.378 
               −1.406 
               −0.378 
               −1.344 
               −0.378 
               −1.359 
               −0.378 
             
             
               S52-S57 
               −0.692 
               5.731 
               −0.728 
               4.790 
               −0.916 
               2.531 
               −1.194 
               1.491 
             
             
               S58-S79 
               −0.611 
               1.263 
               −0.611 
               2.227 
               −0.611 
               −2.992 
               −0.610 
               −1.604 
             
             
                 
             
             
               Surfaces 
               P13M′ 
               P13MP′ 
               P14M′ 
               P14MP′ 
               P15M′ 
               P15MP′ 
               P16M′ 
               P16MP′ 
             
             
                 
             
             
               S2-S3 
               0.000 
               −0.351 
               0.000 
               −0.348 
               0.041 
               −0.294 
               0.085 
               −0.24 
             
             
               S4-S5 
               0.599 
               0.529 
               0.599 
               0.529 
               0.596 
               0.529 
               0.593 
               0.529 
             
             
               S6-S11 
               2.150 
               2.646 
               2.150 
               2.642 
               2.199 
               2.691 
               2.250 
               2.742 
             
             
               S12-S18 
               −0.537 
               −0.344 
               −0.537 
               −0.345 
               −0.537 
               −0.345 
               −0.537 
               −0.345 
             
             
               S2-S18 
               0.000 
               0.169 
               0.000 
               0.168 
               −0.029 
               0.145 
               −0.061 
               0.12 
             
             
               S19-S25 
               −0.919 
               −5.386 
               −0.870 
               −3.955 
               −0.869 
               −3.955 
               −0.869 
               −3.955 
             
             
               S26-S32 
               −1.351 
               −0.287 
               −1.561 
               −0.395 
               −1.561 
               −0.395 
               −1.561 
               −0.395 
             
             
               S33-S51 
               −1.719 
               −0.378 
               −2.606 
               −0.378 
               −2.61 
               −0.378 
               −2.612 
               −0.378 
             
             
               S52-S57 
               −2.093 
               0.631 
               −3.758 
               0.316 
               −3.685 
               0.316 
               −3.626 
               0.316 
             
             
               S58–S79 
               −0.613 
               −1.659 
               −0.600 
               −7.955 
               −0.610 
               −7.955 
               −0.619 
               −7.955 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Surfaces 
               P17M′ 
               P17MP′ 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               S2-S3 
               0.129 
               −0.183 
             
             
                 
               S4-S5 
               0.590 
               0.528 
             
             
                 
               S6-S11 
               2.304 
               2.795 
             
             
                 
               S12-S18 
               −0.537 
               −0.345 
             
             
                 
               S2-S18 
               −0.094 
               0.093 
             
             
                 
               S19-S25 
               −0.869 
               −3.955 
             
             
                 
               S26-S32 
               −1.561 
               −0.395 
             
             
                 
               S33-S51 
               −2.612 
               −0.378 
             
             
                 
               S52-S57 
               −3.629 
               0.316 
             
             
                 
               S58-S79 
               −0.618 
               −7.955 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               Where, P1 M′ is lens group magnification of lens group which equals (entrance marginal ray angle)/(exit marginal ray angle) and, P1 MP′ is lens group magnification which equals entrance principal ray angle/exit principal ray angle and so on, upto P17 M′ and P17 MP′; the first two characters representing position number, for example P1 M′ and P1 MP′ are for position 1. 
             
             
                 
               The group of elements defined by surfaces 69 through 73 is translated in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis to compensate for image vibration 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   In the lens system optical prescriptions provided above for each of the four embodiments, each surface of a lens element identified in the left hand column (“Surface”), the radius of that surface in the second column (“Radius”), the thickness on the optical axis between that surface and the next surface, whether glass or air, in the third column (“Thickness”), the refractive indices of the glass lens elements set forth in the fourth column (“Glass Index”), and the dispersion values for the lens elements (“Glass Dispersion”) set forth in the fifth column. The surface numbers in the first column “Surface” represent the surfaces numbered from left-to-right in the Figures in the conventional manner, namely from object space to image space. 
   In the left hand or “Surface” column of each lens system optical prescription provided above, the object to be imaged (e.g., photographed) is identified as “OBJECT”, the adjustable iris or stop is identified as “STOP”, and the final image is identified as “IMAGE”. The adjustable spaces between lens elements, such as on either side of movable zoom groups, are identified as “Variable” in the third or Thickness column of the lens system optical prescription. The EFL, Radius and Thickness dimensions are given in millimeters with the Thickness being the distance after that surface on the optical axis. When two surfaces of adjacent elements have the same radius and are coincident, as in a doublet or triplet, only one surface is identified in the first or “Surf” column. 
   For each of the four embodiments, Aspheric Coefficients for each of the aspheric surfaces are provided following the table of optical prescriptions. 
   In addition, for each of the four embodiments, tables of the variable thickness positions for various surfaces in each lens system optical prescription are provided which identify positions in the format “Px” for various surfaces (corresponding to entries in the Surface column of the optical prescription tables). The effective focal length (EFL) and the “f” number (F/No.) are also provided for each position. 
   Now each of the four embodiments of  FIGS. 6A-9B  will be described briefly to identify some of their differences. The embodiment of  FIGS. 6A and 6B  has an effective focal length range of about 7.25 mm to 900 mm, which provides a zoom ratio of about 125:1, while using three movable zoom lens groups, namely, Zoom  1 , Zoom  2 , and Zoom  3 , with a focus lens group Focus at the object space end of the lens. The Zoom  3  group actually is comprised of two groups of elements that have a small amount of movement between surfaces S 47  and S 48  (compare  FIGS. 6A and 6B ). The embodiment of  FIGS. 7A and 7B  has an effective focal length range of about 7.27 mm to 2088 mm, which provides a zoom ratio of about 287:1, with four movable zoom lens groups (Zoom  1 ,  2 ,  3  and  4 ) and a focus lens group. The embodiment of  FIGS. 8A and 8B  has an effective focal length range of about 7.27 mm to 2095 mm, which also provides a zoom range of about 287:1, with four moving zoom lens groups and a focus lens group, which is very similar to the performance of the lens embodiment of  FIGS. 7A and 7B . Similarly, the embodiment of  FIGS. 9A and 9B  has an effective focal length range of about 7.27 mm to 2092 mm, which also provides a zoom ratio of about 287:1, but uses only three moving zoom lens groups. Each of these four embodiments includes plural aspheric surfaces with the embodiments of the  FIGS. 8A-8B  and  9 A- 9 B having only two such surfaces while the embodiment of  FIGS. 7A-7B  includes eight such surfaces, as indicated in the lens system optical prescriptions. The embodiment of  FIGS. 9A and 9B  also includes optical image stabilization lens elements near the camera end of the lens system similar to those included in the embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62 , which will be described below. 
   Detailed Description of the Embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62 . As noted above in the section entitled “Brief Description of the Drawings,”  FIGS. 10-62  all relate to a single embodiment of the present invention that is directly and immediately applicable to the broadcast television market, although other markets are also available and various other embodiments and modifications of the invention may be more applicable to other markets. This embodiment of the compound zoom lens system of this invention has a zoom range of approximately 7 mm to 2100 mm in focal length, thereby providing a zoom ratio of about 300:1, which is more than three times the zoom ratio presently available in broadcast television zoom lens systems. Referring more particularly to the optical diagram of  FIG. 10 , the zoom lens system ZL is comprised of a focus lens group FG, a front zoom group FZG and a rear zoom group RZG. For the description of this embodiment, the lens system&#39;s stop is used as a divider between the “front” and “rear” of the lens. In terms of the terminology used in the “Description of Various Features of the Invention and the Disclosed Embodiments” set forth above, the focus lens group FG is the focus unit, the front zoom group FZG is the first optical unit, and the rear zoom group RZG includes a pupil imaging unit and an image stabilization unit, as well as the second optical unit. 
   The focus group FG is comprised of seven lens elements  1 - 7  with the front lens element  1  being stationary whereby the lens may be sealed at the front by fixing and sealing element  1  to the lens barrel (not shown). Lens element  2  comprises a first focus group FG 1  and lens elements  3  and  4  comprise a second focus group FG 2 , both of which groups are independently movable for achieving the desired focus at each focal length. Elements  5 - 7  of the focus group FG are stationary. 
   The front zoom group FZG has a first zoom group ZG 1  comprised of lens elements  8 - 11  and a second zoom group ZG 2  comprised of lens elements  12 - 15 , both of which zoom groups are independently movable. An iris or aperture stop STOP is positioned between the second zoom group ZG 2  and a first group RG 1  that forms the front portion of the rear zoom group RZG. 
   First group RG 1  is comprised of lens elements  16 - 25 , which remain stationary. The intermediate image is formed between lens elements  22  and  23  in the first group RG 1 . Although all of the lens elements  16 - 25  of this first group RG 1  remain stationary at all times, the intermediate image moves along the optical axis between lens elements  22  and  23  at the longer focal lengths without touching either of those elements during the zooming of the lens system between the maximum and minimum focal lengths. The next lens group of the rear zoom group RZG is a third zoom group ZG 3  comprised of lens elements  26 - 28  that are movable axially. Next within the rear zoom group RZG is a second group RG 2  comprised of lens elements  29 - 33 , which are stationary. The next elements in the rear zoom group RZG comprise a stabilization group SG having a radial decentralization group SG 1  with lens elements  34 - 36  and an axially adjustable group SG 2  with lens elements  37 - 39 . The three zoom groups ZG 1 , ZG 2  and ZG 3  are independently movable along the optical axis for developing the full range of the focal lengths of about 7 mm to 2100 mm. Finally, although they are not part of the zoom lens system per se,  FIG. 10  also illustrates two prism blocks  40  and  41  that emulate the conventional three CCD ⅔″ detectors of a video camera for completing the optical diagram from object space to the final image. 
   The first or decentralization stabilization group SG 1  is movable radially from the system&#39;s optical axis in any direction by about 0.5 mm or more in response to sensed vibrations of the lens to maintain the final image at the image plane in a stabilized location. The sensing of vibrations and the movement of group SG 1  may be accomplished by any conventional means such as an accelerometer, a processor and a motor controlled by the processor in a closed loop system on a continuous basis. The second or axial stabilization group SG 2  is axially movable for axial adjustment of about 1.25 mm or more in either direction for back focus adjustment. The second stabilization group SG 2  may also be moved axially forward a greater amount for extended close focus at short focal lengths of the lens. The light rays between the first stabilization group SG 1  and the second stabilization group SG 2 , i.e. between lens elements  36  and  37 , are substantially collimated whereby the movements of those two groups for accomplishing stabilization, extending the close focus and adjusting the back focus do not cause any significant deterioration of the final image. 
   The decentralization stabilization group SG 1  may also be used for creating special effects by causing the lens group SG 1  to move radially in a shaking pattern to thereby simulate the shaking caused, for example, by an earthquake, a moving vehicle or explosions in a war movie. Such special effects can also be produced by moving the lens group SG 2  axially in an oscillatory fashion, which slightly defocuses the picture. Radial movement of SG 1  can also be combined with axial movement of SG 2  to create a different special effect. 
   The complete lens design of the zoom lens system ZL for the embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62  is set forth below in the tables generally entitled “Tables for  FIGS. 10  thru  62 .” The Lens System Optical Prescription table is similar to the foregoing lens prescriptions for the zoom lenses of  FIGS. 6A-9B . A more detailed explanation of the tables is provided following the tables. 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
             
               TABLES FOR FIGS. 10 thru 62 
             
             
               LENS SYSTEM OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Semi 
             
             
               Surface 
               Radius 
               Thickness 
               Glass Name 
               Manufacturer 
               Aperture 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               OBJECT 
               Infinity 
               Variable 
             
             
               S1 
               Infinity 
               50.000 
                 
                 
               142.85 
             
             
               S2 
               −553.385 
               5.200 
               SLAL13 
               OHARA 
               111.77 
             
             
               S3 
               436.730 
               Variable 
                 
                 
               103.81 
             
             
               S4 
               −1545.910 
               4.900 
               STIH6 
               OHARA 
               102.97 
             
             
               S5 
               682.341 
               Variable 
                 
                 
               101.63 
             
             
               S6 
               1644.762 
               19.482 
               SFPL52 
               OHARA 
               101.59 
             
             
               S7 
               −467.261 
               0.730 
                 
                 
               101.38 
             
             
               S8 
               −2000.000 
               0.000 
                 
                 
               99.83 
             
             
               S9 
               4000.000 
               0.000 
                 
                 
               99.22 
             
             
               S10 
               1463.863 
               12.601 
               SFPL51 
               OHARA 
               98.87 
             
             
               S11 
               −1094.948 
               Variable 
                 
                 
               98.22 
             
             
               S12 
               1092.461 
               20.386 
               SFPL51 
               OHARA 
               100.60 
             
             
               S13 
               −480.155 
               0.730 
                 
                 
               101.05 
             
             
               S14 
               362.425 
               21.232 
               SFPL51 
               OHARA 
               101.85 
             
             
               S15 
               −14624.000 
               0.730 
                 
                 
               101.37 
             
             
               S16 
               181.063 
               24.150 
               SFPL53 
               OHARA 
               97.84 
             
             
               S17 
               477.885 
               0.000 
                 
                 
               96.42 
             
             
               S18 
               324.818 
               Variable 
                 
                 
               95.12 
             
             
               S19 
               208.678 
               3.120 
               SLAH66 
               OHARA 
               38.27 
             
             
               S20* 
               40.147 
               6.111 
                 
                 
               32.19 
             
             
               S21 
               67.136 
               3.150 
               SLAH59 
               OHARA 
               32.03 
             
             
               S22 
               56.870 
               14.527 
                 
                 
               30.64 
             
             
               S23 
               −98.690 
               2.730 
               SLAH66 
               OHARA 
               30.54 
             
             
               S24 
               90.992 
               12.5065 
               STIH53 
               OHARA 
               33.74 
             
             
               S25 
               −174.619 
               Variable 
                 
                 
               34.43 
             
             
               S26 
               764.771 
               14.926 
               SFPL52 
               OHARA 
               36.34 
             
             
               S27 
               −66.842 
               0.400 
                 
                 
               36.91 
             
             
               S28 
               133.738 
               17.704 
               SFPL51 
               OHARA 
               36.84 
             
             
               S29 
               −69.988 
               3.100 
               SLAM66 
               OHARA 
               36.62 
             
             
               S30 
               −1580.221 
               0.400 
                 
                 
               36.97 
             
             
               S31 
               65.214 
               9.613 
               SNSL36 
               OHARA 
               37.33 
             
             
               S32 
               129.561 
               Variable 
                 
                 
               36.67 
             
             
               STOP 
               Infinity 
               8.811 
                 
                 
               20.27 
             
             
               S34* 
               −36.392 
               2.044 
               SBSM14 
               OHARA 
               20.44 
             
             
               S35 
               −425.016 
               6.131 
                 
                 
               21.70 
             
             
               S36 
               −43.308 
               5.233 
               STIH53 
               OHARA 
               21.88 
             
             
               S37 
               −33.861 
               0.200 
                 
                 
               22.78 
             
             
               S38 
               47.203 
               13.980 
               SFPL51 
               OHARA 
               22.84 
             
             
               S39 
               −41.565 
               2.400 
               SLAM66 
               OHARA 
               22.59 
             
             
               S40 
               −56.845 
               0.200 
                 
                 
               22.47 
             
             
               S41 
               −109.533 
               1.950 
               SLAH63 
               OHARA 
               21.13 
             
             
               S42 
               31.532 
               10.159 
               SFPL51 
               OHARA 
               19.56 
             
             
               S43 
               −173.403 
               45.721 
                 
                 
               19.51 
             
             
               S44 
               47.891 
               4.513 
               SLAH53 
               OHARA 
               15.23 
             
             
               S45 
               −2514.287 
               41.843 
                 
                 
               14.84 
             
             
               S46 
               −23.807 
               9.483 
               SLAH59 
               OHARA 
               8.45 
             
             
               S47 
               −24.610 
               12.719 
                 
                 
               9.87 
             
             
               S48 
               61.223 
               3.114 
               SFPL51 
               OHARA 
               8.86 
             
             
               S49 
               −45.071 
               0.150 
                 
                 
               8.71 
             
             
               S50 
               24.918 
               3.242 
               SBSM9 
               OHARA 
               8.83 
             
             
               S51 
               −516.606 
               Variable 
                 
                 
               8.67 
             
             
               S52 
               −72.073 
               1.059 
               SLAL54 
               OHARA 
               7.15 
             
             
               S53 
               23.513 
               2.783 
                 
                 
               6.65 
             
             
               S54 
               −18.951 
               0.900 
               SLAH59 
               OHARA 
               6.54 
             
             
               S55 
               −57.174 
               1.347 
                 
                 
               6.84 
             
             
               S56 
               −21.150 
               21.292 
               SLAH60 
               OHARA 
               6.98 
             
             
               S57 
               −31.181 
               Variable 
                 
                 
               12.67 
             
             
               S58 
               −138.459 
               4.401 
               SBAL22 
               OHARA 
               23.12 
             
             
               S59 
               −75.648 
               0.300 
                 
                 
               23.54 
             
             
               S60 
               606.713 
               5.842 
               SFPL51 
               OHARA 
               23.89 
             
             
               S61 
               −96.488 
               0.300 
                 
                 
               23.97 
             
             
               S62 
               113.288 
               7.382 
               SFPL51 
               OHARA 
               23.55 
             
             
               S63 
               −97.742 
               2.500 
               STIH6 
               OHARA 
               23.30 
             
             
               S64 
               −366.723 
               0.300 
                 
                 
               23.05 
             
             
               S65 
               400.000 
               0.000 
                 
                 
               22.80 
             
             
               S66 
               38.760 
               8.585 
               SFPL52 
               OHARA 
               21.88 
             
             
               S67 
               269.438 
               5.901 
                 
                 
               21.07 
             
             
               S68 
               115.000 
               0.450 
                 
                 
               18.30 
             
             
               S69 
               94.072 
               1.770 
               SLAL54 
               OHARA 
               18.00 
             
             
               S70 
               35.982 
               7.000 
                 
                 
               16.65 
             
             
               S71 
               −90.502 
               2.010 
               SLAL8 
               OHARA 
               16.35 
             
             
               S72 
               29.972 
               6.150 
               STIH53 
               OHARA 
               16.01 
             
             
               S73 
               82.308 
               2.725 
                 
                 
               15.75 
             
             
               S74 
               79.000 
               9.670 
                 
                 
               15.78 
             
             
               S75 
               76.232 
               6.100 
               SPHM52 
               OHARA 
               15.87 
             
             
               S76 
               −75.003 
               0.761 
                 
                 
               15.66 
             
             
               S77 
               45.420 
               7.170 
               SFSL5 
               OHARA 
               14.38 
             
             
               S78 
               −45.317 
               1.500 
               STIH53 
               OHARA 
               13.58 
             
             
               S79 
               348.342 
               18.544 
                 
                 
               12.98 
             
             
               S80 
               Infinity 
               13.200 
               SBSL7 
               OHARA 
               10.30 
             
             
               S81 
               Infinity 
               2.000 
                 
                 
               9.00 
             
             
               S82 
               Infinity 
               33.000 
               BAF52 
               SCHOTT 
               8.70 
             
             
               S83 
               Infinity 
               0.000 
                 
                 
               5.69 
             
             
               S84 
               Infinity 
               0.000 
             
             
               IMAGE 
               Infinity 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Note: Maximum image diameter = 11.0 mm 
             
             
               *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S20 and S34 are governed by the 
             
             
               following conventional equation: 
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Z 
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               CURV 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               2 
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         1 
                                         + 
                                         K 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         CURV 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       2 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       Y 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               
                                 1 
                                 / 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             A 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             4 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             B 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               Y 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           6 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             C 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             8 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             D 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             10 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               where: 
             
             
               CURV = 1/(Radius of Surface) 
             
             
               Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis 
             
             
               K, A, B, C, D = Coefficients 
             
             
               Z = Position of surface profile for a given Y value, as 
             
             
               measured along the optical axis from the pole 
             
             
               (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
             
             
                 
               the surface S20 are: 
                 
               the surface S34 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               −0.3564030 
               K = 
               0.4304790 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −8.06827e−07 
               A = 
               9.57697e−07 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −2.15109e−10 
               B = 
               1.31318e−09 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               −6.36649e−14 
               C = 
               −1.45592e−12 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −3.89379e−18 
               D = 
               3.19536e−15 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P1 
               P2 
               P3 
               P4 
               P5 
               P6 
               P7 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               EFL 
               7.391 
               8.820 
               12.231 
               19.219 
               32.730 
               64.634 
               −93.220 
             
             
               F/No. 
               1.949 
               1.949 
               1.949 
               1.949 
               1.949 
               1.949 
               2.010 
             
             
               S0 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               5322.630 
               2499.896 
               Infinity 
               5322.630 
               Infinity 
             
             
               S3 
               19.882 
               19.882 
               49.699 
               78.333 
               19.882 
               49.699 
               19.882 
             
             
               S5 
               5.690 
               5.690 
               10.880 
               15.384 
               5.690 
               10.879 
               5.690 
             
             
               S11 
               71.522 
               71.522 
               36.516 
               3.376 
               71.522 
               36.516 
               71.522 
             
             
               S18 
               1.350 
               26.428 
               67.051 
               110.745 
               155.094 
               189.151 
               203.856 
             
             
               S25  
               319.660 
               292.522 
               247.857 
               197.854 
               142.790 
               92.653 
               65.474 
             
             
               S32 
               9.625 
               11.684 
               15.727 
               22.036 
               32.751 
               48.830 
               61.304 
             
             
               S51 
               1.498 
               1.498 
               1.498 
               1.498 
               1.498 
               1.498 
               2.823 
             
             
               S57 
               63.257 
               63.257 
               63.257 
               63.257 
               63.257 
               63.257 
               61.933 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P8 
               P9 
               P10 
               P11 
               P12 
               P13 
               P14 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               EFL 
               145.184 
               206.228 
               490.401 
               717.511 
               2065.045 
               −3694.934 
               −920.968 
             
             
               F/No. 
               2.090 
               2.360 
               2.840 
               5.600 
               13.064 
               13.064 
               13.064 
             
             
               S0 
               5322.630 
               Infinity 
               5322.630 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               8708.002 
               4050.000 
             
             
               S3 
               49.699 
               19.882 
               49.699 
               19.882 
               19.882 
               38.428 
               57.882 
             
             
               S5 
               10.879 
               5.690 
               10.879 
               5.690 
               5.690 
               9.057 
               12.294 
             
             
               S11 
               36.516 
               71.522 
               36.516 
               71.522 
               71.522 
               49.608 
               26.917 
             
             
               S18 
               210.392 
               215.814 
               218.877 
               223.339 
               224.980 
               224.980 
               224.980 
             
             
               S25 
               50.046 
               33.074 
               24.338 
               10.235 
               1.719 
               1.719 
               1.719 
             
             
               S32 
               70.197 
               81.746 
               87.419 
               97.063 
               103.934 
               103.934 
               103.934 
             
             
               S51 
               4.711 
               9.572 
               14.559 
               31.080 
               63.536 
               63.536 
               63.536 
             
             
               S57 
               60.044 
               55.183 
               50.196 
               33.675 
               1.220 
               1.220 
               1.220 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P15 
               P16 
               P17 
               P18 
               P19 
               P20 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               EFL 
               −509.031 
               −1739.084 
               −387.928 
               7.227 
               114.357 
               377.554 
             
             
               F/No. 
               16.750 
               5.600 
               5.600 
               1.949 
               2.010 
               2.360 
             
             
               S0 
               2499.896 
               5322.630 
               2499.896 
               2499.896 
               2499.896 
               2499.896 
             
             
               S3 
               78.333 
               49.699 
               78.333 
               78.333 
               78.333 
               78.333 
             
             
               S5 
               15.384 
               10.879 
               15.384 
               15.384 
               15.384 
               15.384 
             
             
               S11 
               3.376 
               36.516 
               3.376 
               3.376 
               3.376 
               3.376 
             
             
               S18 
               224.980 
               223.339 
               223.339 
               1.350 
               203.856 
               215.814 
             
             
               S25 
               1.719 
               10.235 
               10.235 
               319.660 
               65.474 
               33.074 
             
             
               S32 
               103.934 
               97.063 
               97.063 
               9.625 
               61.304 
               81.746 
             
             
               S51 
               63.536 
               31.080 
               31.080 
               1.498 
               2.823 
               9.572 
             
             
               S57 
               1.220 
               33.675 
               33.675 
               63.257 
               61.933 
               55.183 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               Surface Groups 
               Focal Lengths 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               S2-S3 
               −349.648 
             
             
                 
               S4-S5 
               −581.962 
             
             
                 
               S6-S7 
               798.201 
             
             
                 
               S10-S11 
               1258.758 
             
             
                 
               S12-S13 
               672.072 
             
             
                 
               S14-S15 
               709.848 
             
             
                 
               S16-S17 
               646.676 
             
             
                 
               S19-S20 
               −64.565 
             
             
                 
               S21-S22 
               −526.211 
             
             
                 
               S23-S25 
               −554.999 
             
             
                 
               S26-S27 
               135.208 
             
             
                 
               S28-S30 
               113230.702 
             
             
                 
               S31-S32 
               240.348 
             
             
                 
               S34-S35 
               −65.863 
             
             
                 
               S36-S37 
               144.623 
             
             
                 
               S38-S40 
               60.255 
             
             
                 
               S41-S43 
               −70.987 
             
             
                 
               S44-S45 
               58.010 
             
             
                 
               S46-S47 
               205.873 
             
             
                 
               S48-S49 
               52.593 
             
             
                 
               S50-S51 
               38.634 
             
             
                 
               S52-S53 
               −27.000 
             
             
                 
               S54-S55 
               −34.933 
             
             
                 
               S56-S57 
               −2495.053 
             
             
                 
               S58-S59 
               284.851 
             
             
                 
               S60-S61 
               167.476 
             
             
                 
               S62-S64 
               292.466 
             
             
                 
               S66-S67 
               97.878 
             
             
                 
               S69-S70 
               −90.217 
             
             
                 
               S71-S73 
               −72.295 
             
             
                 
               S75-S76 
               61.902 
             
             
                 
               S77-S79 
               1261.227 
             
             
                 
               S80-S81 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
               S82-S83 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   The Lens System Optical Prescription table comprises the “Listing” for the lens specification and numerically lists each lens “SURFACE” in the left-hand column, but also includes dummy surfaces used in the design such as dummy surfaces S 1 , S 8 , S 9 , S 18 , S 65 , S 74  and S 84 . The second column “Radius” lists the radius of the respective surfaces with a negative radius indicating that the center of curvature is to the left. The third column “Thickness” lists the thickness of the lens element or space from that surface to the next surface on the optical axis. The fourth column “Glass Name” lists the type of glass and the fifth column “Manufacturer” lists the manufacturer of each glass material. The fifth column “Semi Aperture” provides a measurement of half the aperture diameter for each lens element. 
   In the left-hand column the legend “OBJECT” means the object to be imaged (e.g., photographed), the legend “STOP” means the iris or stop, and the legend “IMAGE” means the final image. Each of the surfaces is identified by a numeral preceded by “S” to distinguish the surfaces from the numerals that identify the lens elements set forth on the subsequent pages comprising the 39 glass lens elements described above with respect to  FIG. 10  and prisms  40  and  41  of the detector. 
   It should be noted that each of the thickness dimensions set forth in the third column of the table listing the surfaces is the element thickness or air space along the optical axis for the zoom lens system ZL set to the shortest focal lens (7.39 mm EFL) and focused at infinity. The air spaces adjacent the moving lens groups obviously will change in “thickness” for other focal lengths and focus distances. 
   For each aspheric surface, Aspheric Coefficients are provided following the table of optical prescriptions. 
     FIGS. 11-30  illustrate 20 representative positions for the zoom lens system of  FIG. 10 . These 20 positions are listed in the following Table of Lens Positions: 
   
     
       
         
             
          
             
                 
             
             
               TABLE OF LENS POSITIONS 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
               Paraxial EFL (mm) 
                 
               Focus Distance (mm) To Object* 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               @ Infinity Focus 
               “F” No. 
               INF. 
               8758 
               5372 
               4100 
               2550 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               7.3909 
               1.95 
               1 
                 
                 
                 
               18 
             
             
               8.8200 
               1.95 
               2 
             
             
               12.1938 
               1.95 
                 
                 
               3 
             
             
               18.6371 
               1.95 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               4 
             
             
               32.7300 
               1.95 
               5 
             
             
               60.2959 
               1.95 
                 
                 
               6 
             
             
               93.2199 
               2.01 
               7 
                 
                 
                 
               19 
             
             
               127.2902 
               2.09 
                 
                 
               8 
             
             
               206.2278 
               2.36 
               9 
                 
                 
                 
               20 
             
             
               297.4279 
               2.84 
                 
                 
               10 
             
             
               717.5114 
               5.60 
               11 
                 
               16 
                 
               17 
             
             
               2065.0447 
               13.06 
               12 
               13 
                 
               14 
                15# 
             
             
                 
             
             
               *The Focus Distance is measured to the Object from the first refractive surface of the zoom lens system. 
             
             
               #The “F” No. equals 16.75 at this position. 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   The twenty (20) positions were selected as representative of extreme positions of focal length and focus distance, as well as intermediate positions, for establishing the representative performances of the zoom lens system ZL of  FIG. 10 . In other words, position  1  is at the minimum paraxial focal length (wide angle) of about 7.4 mm and focused at infinity whereas position  18  is focused at 2550 mm (about eight feet) for the same focal length. Similarly, position  12  represents the longest paraxial focal length of about 2065 mm at infinity focus whereas position  15  represents the focus at 2550 mm at the same paraxial focal length. The paraxial EFL in the first column is at infinity focus. The “f” numbers are at any given focus and at full aperture. The 12 different focal lengths provide representative focal lengths over the full range of the zoom lens system ZL. Also, it should be noted that the actual field of view as a result of distortion and the available physical overtravel of the zoom groups beyond data in the lens system optical prescription set forth below produces an apparent focal length range of substantially 7.0 mm to 2100 mm, i.e. a zoom ratio of about 300:1, with the distortion primarily influencing the reduction in the minimum paraxial EFL and the overtravel primarily influencing the increase in the maximum paraxial EFL. At 2100 mm EFL with focus set at eight feet, the magnification is about 1.33:1.00 (object to image size). The nominal lens design for the embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62  as reflected in the lens optical prescription tables for  FIGS. 10-62  is given at 77° F. (25° C., 298 K) and standard atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg). 
   Referring now to  FIGS. 11-30 , the twenty positions  1 - 20  set forth in the foregoing lens system optical prescription and the preceding TABLE OF LENS POSITIONS are shown in that order. For example,  FIG. 11  is an optical diagram of the lens elements in Position  1 , namely, a paraxial effective focal length (EFL) of 7.391 mm and focused at infinity, wherein the first and second focus groups FG 1  and FG 2  are closely separated, the first and second zoom groups ZG 1  and ZG 2  are widely separated, and the third zoom group ZG 3  is in its most forward position. On the other hand,  FIG. 25  is the optical diagram representing Position  15  with the largest focal length and shortest focus distance, wherein the first and second focus groups FG 1  and FG 2  are both in their rearmost position, the first and second zoom groups ZG 1  and ZG 2  are in a closely spaced position but intermediately spaced between adjacent lens groups, and the third zoom group ZG 3  is in the rearmost position. 
     FIGS. 31-34  are enlarged optical diagrams of only the seven focus group FG elements  1 - 7  and illustrate representative Positions  1 ,  18 ,  12  and  15 , respectively. It should be noted that while the lens element positions in  FIGS. 32 and 34  are the same, representing the focus distance of 2550 mm, the ray tracings are different because of the difference in the paraxial focal lengths from the minimum of about 7.4 mm in  FIG. 32  to the maximum of about 2065 mm in  FIG. 34 . 
     FIGS. 35 and 36  are enlarged optical diagrams illustrating the last lens element  7  of the focus group FG and the first and second zoom groups ZG 1  and ZG 2  in Positions  1  and  12 , respectively, for the minimum and maximum paraxial focal lengths, respectively. Similarly,  FIGS. 37 and 38  represent the rear zoom group RZG with the third zoom group ZG 3  in the forwardmost and rearmost Positions  1  and  12  representing the minimum and maximum paraxial focal length positions, all respectively. 
   Referring now to  FIGS. 39-58 , the ray aberration graphs for Positions  1 - 20 , respectively, are shown in a conventional manner by five separate graphs with the maximum field height at the top and zero field height at the bottom and for five wavelengths, as listed thereon. As will readily appear to those skilled in the art, these performance curves establish that in all 20 positions the zoom lens system performs exceptionally well for current broadcast television NTSC quality and exceptionally well for HDTV broadcast television quality. While  FIG. 50  representing Position  12 , illustrates wide variations in the ray aberrations at this focal length and focused at infinity, the performance is satisfactory because the modulation transfer function is close to the diffraction limit. Similarly,  FIGS. 52 and 53 , representing Positions  14  and  15 , respectively, illustrate widely varying ray aberrations but are still acceptable relative to diffraction limits for these close focus and long focal length positions. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 59 , the cam graph for the first and second focus groups FG 1  and FG 2  are shown (left and right, respectively) for the full range of focus travel thereof from infinity to close focus, with object space being to the left. The first and second focus groups FG 1  and FG 2  move separately and not at precisely the same rate, even though the solid cam lines in  FIG. 59  look nearly parallel. The crosshatched portions at the top and bottom of  FIG. 59  allow for temperature changes, manufacturing tolerances and fabrication adjustments. Similarly,  FIG. 60  illustrates the cam graphs for the three zoom groups ZG 1 , ZG 2  and ZG 3  from left to right, respectively, and it is readily apparent that all three zoom groups move independently, although coordinated to achieve the desired focal lengths continuously over the entire range.  FIG. 61  is a graph of the “f” number of the open stop relative to the paraxial effective focal length. Similarly,  FIG. 62  is a graph of the full aperture full stop diameter relative to the paraxial effective focal length throughout the full range thereof. 
   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF OTHER EMBODIMENTS 
     FIGS. 63 and 64  illustrate an example of another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment of the zoom lens system is very similar to the embodiment of  FIGS. 8A and 8B , except that a binary (diffractive) surface is provided. Specifically, a binary surface is provided on the front surface (surface No.  3  in the prescription) of the second lens element. The lens system optical prescription is set forth below in the tables generally entitled “Tables for FIGS.  63  and  64 .” A more detailed explanation of the tables is provided following the tables. 
                           TABLES FOR FIGS. 63 and 64       LENS SYSTEM OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION                                                                    Glass           Surface   Radius   Thickness   Name                       OBJECT   Infinity   Infinity           S1   −731.222   10.000   LASF32           S2   390.798   15.991           S3#   827.075   22.500   BK7           S4   −1021.418   0.100           S5   −1257.463   −19.600   BK7           S6   −780.160   0.100           S7   436.979   24.300   BK7           S8   −835.454   0.100           S9   −170.301   28.500   BK7           S10   655.827   Variable           S11   278.083   2.650   S-LAH66           S12*   60.022   −12.668           S13   277.706   2.900   S-LAH66           S14   98.325   −19.233           S15   −70.105   3.050   S-LAH66           S16   234.965   −14.100   S-TIH53           S17   −127.001   Variable           S18   −404.763   9.200   S-FPL51           S19   −80.933   0.126           S20   −157.360   −15.650   S-FPL51           S21   −99.532   2.750   S-LAM66           S22   −284.625   −10.687           S23   76.300   7.900   S-FPL51           S24   −118.669   Variable           STOP   Infinity   6.800           S26*   −34.999   6.500   BAF4           S27   54.435   0.106           S28   55.347   4.050   S-TIH4           S29   −158.504   4.934           S30   −64.093   5.050   S-TIH6           S31   −39.812   2.240           S32   56.945   −10.900   S-FPL52           S33   −43.914   2.150   S-LAM66           S34   −61.923   2.158           S35   −106.356   2.100   S-LAM66           S36   30.350   −11.600   S-FPL51           S37   −151.277   78.890           S38   57.056   9.670   SF6           S39   −603.641   20.924           S40   −22.693   −19.750   S-LAM66           S41   −34.224   5.803           S42   −129.563   −12.646   S-FPL51           S43   −52.914   0.152           S44   59.828   5.419   S-FPL51           S45   −209.080   0.100           S46   37.693   6.143   S-LAL61           S47   −177.702   Variable           S48   −106.846   −1.600   S-LAH55           S49   21.S76   6.448           S50   −27.697   6.650   S-LAM66           S51   7367.260   0.829           S52   −129.249   5.126   S-TIH53           S53   −46.358   Variable           S54   538.505   −1.500   S-LAM66           S55   95.344   −11.395   S-PHM53           S56   −60.650   Variable           S57   87.009   5.185   S-FSL5           S58   −165.647   −1.434           S59   −85.357   −1.500   S-TIH6           S60   −1236.715   0.100           S61   50.067   7.563   S-LAL14           S62   539.692   −18.000           S63   Infinity   −13.537   S-BSL7           S64   Infinity   2.051           S65   Infinity   33.841   BAF52           S66   Infinity   Variable           IMAGE   Infinity                             Note: Maximum image diameter = 11.0 mm       *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S12 and S26 are governed by       the following conventional equation:               Z   =           (   CURV   )     ⁢     Y   2         1   +       (     1   -       (     1   +   K     )     ⁢       (   CURV   )     2     ⁢     Y   2         )       1   /   2           +       (   A   )     ⁢     Y   4       +       B   ⁡     (   Y   )       6     +       (   C   )     ⁢     Y   8       +       (   D   )     ⁢     Y   10                     where:       CURV = 1/(Radius of Surface)       Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis       K, A, B, C, D = Coefficients       Z = Position of surface profile for a given Y value, as measured       along the optical axis from the pole       (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface.                                     The coefficients for       The coefficients for               the surface S12 are:       the surface S26 are:                                                 K =   0.01925737   K =   −0.5574845           A =   −1.3531387e−007   A =   −1.0833227e−006           B =   −1.5274225e−011   B =   −9.1904879e−011           C =   −2.0209982e−014   C =   −1.4775967e−013           D =   5.4753514e−0i8   D =   6.5701323e−016                             #Surface profile of binary surface S3 is governed by the       following conventional equation:       Added Phase = A 1 p 2  + A 2 p 4  + A 3 p 6  + A 4 p 8  + A 5 p 10         where: A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 are coefficients and p is the normalized       radial coordinate at the surface.       The normalizing factor is set at unity and the p&#39;s become simply       radial coordinates.       A1 = −0.14123699       A2 = −8.7028052e−007       A3 = −1.2255122e−010       A4 = 5.9987370e−015       A5 = −1.2234791e−019                         VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA                                                 P1   P2   P3   P4   P5   P6   P7                                                         EFL   7.264   −12.117   35.980   81.979   −145.198   729.922   2100.036       F/No.   −1.450   −1.450   −1.450   −1.450   −1.450   9.400   −14.100       S10   3.154   50.878   −126.861   −163.460   −167.963   −167.403   168.654       S17   271.009   213.056   −113.646   61.255   −10.607   68.828   3.277       S24   2.350   −12.345   35.982   51.876   97.922   40.276   −104.616       S47   4.632   5.482   4.658   5.264   6.015   53.226   73.878       S53   −105.364   −104.868   −105.482   −104.798   −103.775   −14.725   2.050       S56   −1.550   −1.550   −1.550   −1.550   −1.550   43.752   35.462       S66   4.969   4.799   4.853   4.815   5.202   4.818   5.114                    
The prescription of binary surface  3  is included following the lens system optical prescription table listed above. The binary surface  3  adds phase to the wavefront. By providing binary surface  3 , the second through fifth lens elements  2 ,  3 ,  4  and  5  in the focus portion of the lens can be made from relatively inexpensive glass, such as BK7, rather than expensive optical glass having abnormal dispersion characteristics, such as SFPL 51. While it is advantageous to include this binary surface  3  near the front of the lens system where the axial beam diameters are largest, it will readily appear to those skilled in the art that the binary (diffractive) surface may be provided elsewhere and that more than one such surface may be provided. Other methods of aberration correction may also be used advantageously. It should be noted that this embodiment also incorporates two aspheric surfaces  12  and  26 .
 
     FIG. 63  shows the zoom lens system with the zoom groups positioned at the longest focal length and the focus group focused at infinity. Similarly, the ray aberration graphs of  FIG. 64  are at infinity focus and maximum focal length. It should be noted that the use of a binary surface in this embodiment is a modification that may be used in any of the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein or future variations of the invention. 
     FIGS. 65 and 66  illustrate an example of another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment of the zoom lens system of the present invention is very similar to the embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62 , except that a binary (diffractive) surface is provided. Specifically, the binary surface is provided on the front surface (surface No.  6  in the prescription) of the third lens element from the left. As described above with respect to  FIGS. 10-62 , that third lens element is the first (front) of two lens elements comprising the second focus group FG 2 , which is movable axially for accomplishing the focusing together with the movable first focus group FG 1  comprised of only the second lens element. The lens system optical prescription for the embodiment of  FIGS. 65 and 66  is set forth below in the tables generally entitled “Tables for FIGS.  65  and  66 .” 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
             
               TABLES FOR FIGS. 65 and 66 
             
             
               LENS SYSTEM OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Glass 
             
             
                 
               Surface 
               Radius 
               Thickness 
               Name 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               OBJECT 
               Infinity 
               Variable 
                 
             
             
                 
               S1 
               Infinity 
               50.000 
             
             
                 
               S2 
               −617.930 
               5.200 
               S-LAM60 
             
             
                 
               S3 
               425.207 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S4 
               −2291.780 
               4.900 
               S-TIH6 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               545.459 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S6# 
               961.467 
               19.482 
               BK7 
             
             
                 
               S7 
               −607.161 
               0.730 
             
             
                 
               S8 
               1355.262 
               12.601 
               BK7 
             
             
                 
               S9 
               −1118.653 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S10 
               986.310 
               20.386 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S11 
               −502.874 
               0.730 
             
             
                 
               S12 
               343.826 
               21.232 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S13 
               64586.450 
               0.730 
             
             
                 
               S14 
               181.736 
               24.150 
               S-FPL53 
             
             
                 
               S15 
               476.848 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S16 
               208.678 
               3.120 
               S-LAH66 
             
             
                 
               S17* 
               40.147 
               6.111 
             
             
                 
               S18 
               67.136 
               3.150 
               S-LAH59 
             
             
                 
               S19 
               56.870 
               14.527 
             
             
                 
               S20 
               −98.690 
               2.730 
               S-LAH66 
             
             
                 
               S21 
               90.992 
               12.506 
               S-TIH53 
             
             
                 
               S22 
               −174.619 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S23 
               764.771 
               14.926 
               S-FPL52 
             
             
                 
               S24 
               −66.842 
               0.400 
             
             
                 
               S25 
               133.738 
               17.704 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S26 
               −69.988 
               3.100 
               S-LAM66 
             
             
                 
               S27 
               −1580.221 
               0.400 
             
             
                 
               S28 
               65.214 
               9.613 
               S-NSL36 
             
             
                 
               S29 
               129.561 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               STOP 
               Infinity 
               8.811 
             
             
                 
               S31* 
               −36.392 
               2.044 
               S-BSM14 
             
             
                 
               S32 
               −425.016 
               6.131 
             
             
                 
               S33 
               −43.308 
               5.233 
               S-TIH53 
             
             
                 
               S34 
               −33.861 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S35 
               47.203 
               13.980 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S36 
               −41.565 
               2.400 
               S-LAM66 
             
             
                 
               S37 
               −56.845 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S38 
               −109.533 
               1.950 
               S-LAH63 
             
             
                 
               S39 
               31.532 
               10.159 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S40 
               −173.403 
               45.721 
             
             
                 
               S41 
               47.891 
               4.513 
               S-LAH53 
             
             
                 
               S42 
               −2514.287 
               41.843 
             
             
                 
               S43 
               −23.807 
               9.483 
               S-LAH59 
             
             
                 
               S44 
               −24.610 
               12.719 
             
             
                 
               S45 
               61.223 
               3.114 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S46 
               −45.071 
               0.150 
             
             
                 
               S47 
               24.918 
               3.242 
               S-BSM9 
             
             
                 
               S48 
               −516.606 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S49 
               −72.073 
               1.059 
               S-LAL54 
             
             
                 
               S50 
               23.513 
               2.783 
             
             
                 
               S51 
               −18.951 
               0.900 
               S-LAH59 
             
             
                 
               S52 
               −57.174 
               1.347 
             
             
                 
               S53 
               −21.150 
               21.292 
               S-LAH60 
             
             
                 
               S54 
               −31.181 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S55 
               −138.459 
               4.401 
               S-BAL22 
             
             
                 
               S56 
               −75.648 
               0.300 
             
             
                 
               S57 
               606.713 
               5.842 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S58 
               −96.488 
               0.300 
             
             
                 
               559 
               113.288 
               7.382 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               560 
               −97.742 
               2.500 
               S-TIH6 
             
             
                 
               S61 
               −366.723 
               0.300 
             
             
                 
               S62 
               400.000 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               S63 
               38.760 
               8.585 
               S-FPL52 
             
             
                 
               S64 
               269.438 
               5.901 
             
             
                 
               S65 
               115.000 
               0.450 
             
             
                 
               S66 
               94.072 
               1.770 
               S-LAL54 
             
             
                 
               S67 
               35.982 
               7.000 
             
             
                 
               S68 
               −90.502 
               2.010 
               S-LAL8 
             
             
                 
               S69 
               29.972 
               6.150 
               S-TIH53 
             
             
                 
               S70 
               82.308 
               2.725 
             
             
                 
               S71 
               79.000 
               9.670 
             
             
                 
               S72 
               76.232 
               6.100 
               S-PHM52 
             
             
                 
               S73 
               −75.003 
               0.761 
             
             
                 
               S74 
               45.420 
               7.170 
               S-FSL5 
             
             
                 
               S75 
               −45.317 
               1.500 
               S-TIH53 
             
             
                 
               S76 
               348.342 
               18.544 
             
             
                 
               S77 
               Infinity 
               13.200 
               S-BSL7 
             
             
                 
               S78 
               Infinity 
               2.000 
             
             
                 
               S79 
               Infinity 
               33.000 
               BAF52 
             
             
                 
               S80 
               Infinity 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               S81 
               Infinity 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
               IMAGE 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Note: Maximum image diameter = 11.3 mm 
             
             
               *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S17 and S31 are governed by the 
             
             
               following conventional equation: 
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Z 
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               CURV 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               2 
                             
                           
                           
                             1 
                             + 
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   - 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       
                                         1 
                                         + 
                                         K 
                                       
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         CURV 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       2 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       Y 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                               
                                 1 
                                 / 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             A 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             4 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             B 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               Y 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                           6 
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             C 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             8 
                           
                         
                         + 
                         
                           
                             ( 
                             D 
                             ) 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Y 
                             10 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               where: CURV = 1/(Radius of Surface) 
             
             
               Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis 
             
             
               K, A, B, C, D = Coefficients 
             
             
               Z = Position of surface profile for a given Y value, as 
             
             
               measured along the optical axis from the pole 
             
             
               (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
             
             
                 
               the surface S17 are: 
                 
               the surface S31 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               −0.3564029 
               K = 
               0.4304792 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −8.6827410e−007 
               A = 
               9.5769727e−007 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −2.1510889e−010 
               B = 
               1.3131850e−009 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               −6.3664850e−014 
               C = 
               −1.4559220e−012 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −3.8937870e−018 
               D = 
               3.1953640e−015 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               #Surface profile of binary surface S6 is governed by the 
             
             
               following conventional equation: 
             
             
               Added Phase =A 1 p 2  + A 2 p 4  + A 3 p 6  + A 4 p 8  + A 5 p 10   
             
             
               where: 
             
             
               A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4  and A 5  are coefficients and p is the 
             
             
               normalized radial coordinate at the surface. 
             
             
               The normalizing factor is set at unity and the p&#39;s become simply radial 
             
             
               coordinates. 
             
             
               A1 = −0.038094023 
             
             
               A2 = −2.7327913e−006 
             
             
               A3 = 5.0795942e−010 
             
             
               A4 = −5.0245151e−014 
             
             
               A5 = 1.5103625e−018 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P1 
               P2 
               P3 
               P4 
               P5 
               P6 
               P7 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               EFL 
               7.428 
               12.285 
               19.009 
               32.781 
               65.564 
               93.100 
               144.823 
             
             
               F/No. 
               1.949 
               1.949 
               1.949 
               1.949 
               1.949 
               2.010 
               2.090 
             
             
               S0 
               Infinity 
               5322.630 
               2499.896 
               Infinity 
               5322.630 
               Infinity 
               5322.630 
             
             
               S3 
               18.151 
               48.521 
               79.959 
               18.151 
               48.521 
               18.151 
               48.521 
             
             
               S5 
               6.399 
               10.135 
               15.000 
               6.399 
               10.135 
               6.399 
               10.135 
             
             
               S9 
               71.409 
               37.303 
               1.000 
               71.409 
               37.303 
               71.409 
               37.303 
             
             
               S15 
               1.350 
               67.051 
               110.745 
               155.094 
               189.151 
               203.856 
               210.392 
             
             
               S22 
               319.660 
               247.857 
               197.854 
               142.790 
               92.653 
               65.474 
               50.046 
             
             
               S29 
               9.625 
               15.727 
               22.036 
               32.751 
               48.830 
               61.304 
               70.197 
             
             
               S48 
               1.498 
               1.498 
               1.498 
               1.498 
               1.498 
               2.823 
               4.711 
             
             
               S54 
               63.257 
               63.257 
               63.257 
               63.257 
               63.257 
               61.933 
               60.044 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P8 
               P9 
               P10 
               P11 
               P12 
               P13 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               EFL 
               206.030 
               486.383 
               715.335 
               2050.042 
               4776.501 
               1890.393 
             
             
               F/No. 
               2.360 
               2.840 
               5.600 
               14.500 
               14.500 
               5.600 
             
             
               S0 
               Infinity 
               5322.630 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               8708.002 
               5322.630 
             
             
               S3 
               18.151 
               48.521 
               18.151 
               18.151 
               37.472 
               48.521 
             
             
               S5 
               6.399 
               10.135 
               6.399 
               6.399 
               8.770 
               10.135 
             
             
               S9 
               71.409 
               37.303 
               71.409 
               71.409 
               49.718 
               37.303 
             
             
               S15 
               215.814 
               218.878 
               223.339 
               224.980 
               224.980 
               223.339 
             
             
               S22 
               33.074 
               24.338 
               10.235 
               1.719 
               1.719 
               10.235 
             
             
               S29 
               81.746 
               87.419 
               97.063 
               103.934 
               103.934 
               97.063 
             
             
               S48 
               9.572 
               14.559 
               31.080 
               63.536 
               63.536 
               31.080 
             
             
               S54 
               55.183 
               50.196 
               33.675 
               1.220 
               1.220 
               33.675 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   The prescription of binary surface  6  is included following the lens system optical prescription table listed above. The addition of binary surface  6  to the basic lens system optical prescription of the embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62  allows the substitution of less expensive glass, such as BK7, for the fluor-crown glass of lens elements  3  and  4  (third and fourth from the left in  FIG. 65 ). Although other small changes are also made in the prescription, the zoom lens system of  FIGS. 65 and 66  has the same number of lens elements and the same number of moving groups for focusing and zoom as the embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62 .  FIG. 65  shows the zoom lens system with the zoom groups positioned at the longest focal length and the focus groups focused at infinity. Similarly, the ray aberration graphs of  FIG. 66  are at infinity focus and the longest focal length. 
     FIGS. 67-70  illustrate an example of another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment of the zoom lens system of the present invention has a zoom ratio of about 400:1. Specifically, this embodiment has a zoom range of focal lengths of about 7.47 mm (the position shown in  FIG. 67 ) to about 2983 mm (the position shown in  FIG. 68 ). As with the embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62 , this embodiment has three moving zoom lens groups ZG 1 , ZG 2  and ZG 3 , with two of them in the front zoom lens portion and one in the rear zoom lens portion. The ray aberration graphs of  FIGS. 69 and 70  are at paraxial effective focal lengths (EFL) of 7.47 mm and 2983 mm, respectively, and illustrate that this embodiment performs well, considering the extremely wide range of focal lengths and large zoom ratio which is similar to the performance characteristics of the embodiment of  FIGS. 10-62 . The optical diagrams of  FIGS. 67 and 68  and the ray aberration graphs of  FIGS. 69 and 70  are shown at infinity focus. 
   The lens system optical prescription of  FIGS. 67-70  is set forth below in the tables generally entitled “Tables for  FIGS. 67  thru  70 .” The following data in the lens system optical prescription is set forth in the same manner and the legends have the same meanings as in the preceding lens system optical prescriptions. 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
             
               TABLES FOR FIGS. 67 thru 70 
             
             
               LENS SYSTEM OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Glass 
             
             
                 
               Surface 
               Radius 
               Thickness 
               Name 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               OBJECT 
               Infinity 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S1 
               1018.780 
               15.000 
               LAH78 
             
             
                 
               S2 
               277.432 
               28.775 
             
             
                 
               S3 
               523.118 
               37.500 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S4 
               −634.022 
               1.500 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               323.390 
               30.000 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S6# 
               −2096.922 
               −0.001 
             
             
                 
               S7* 
               177.503 
               27.000 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S8 
               667.737 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S9 
               363.133 
               6.000 
               TAF1 
             
             
                 
               S10* 
               84.560 
               23.084 
             
             
                 
               S11 
               −1731.870 
               4.500 
               TAF1 
             
             
                 
               S12 
               117.736 
               21.933 
             
             
                 
               S13 
               −68.241 
               4.672 
               TAF1 
             
             
                 
               S14 
               1396.861 
               11.280 
               PBH71 
             
             
                 
               S15 
               −123.171 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S16 
               −351.922 
               21.562 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S17 
               −87.960 
               0.750 
             
             
                 
               S18 
               670.190 
               25.507 
               LAK21 
             
             
                 
               S19 
               −96.809 
               4.500 
               FD6 
             
             
                 
               S20 
               −253.794 
               18.318 
             
             
                 
               S21 
               112.307 
               6.052 
               FCS 
             
             
                 
               S22 
               345.143 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               STOP 
               Infinity 
               6.066 
             
             
                 
               S24* 
               −49.612 
               4.500 
               PSK53A 
             
             
                 
               S25 
               45.951 
               6.491 
               FD15 
             
             
                 
               S26 
               149.306 
               8.138 
             
             
                 
               S27 
               −53.675 
               2.556 
               PSK53A 
             
             
                 
               S28 
               −436.714 
               15.264 
               FD8 
             
             
                 
               S29 
               −53.001 
               30.067 
             
             
                 
               S30 
               96.369 
               40.439 
               S-FPL51 
             
             
                 
               S31 
               −47.937 
               4.500 
               S-LAH75 
             
             
                 
               S32 
               −65.887 
               0.018 
             
             
                 
               S33 
               314.723 
               4.500 
               S-LAH75 
             
             
                 
               S34 
               44.980 
               33.625 
               S-FPL53 
             
             
                 
               S35 
               −197.211 
               62.647 
             
             
                 
               S36* 
               59.624 
               15.000 
               S-FPL53 
             
             
                 
               S37 
               −45862.250 
               62.567 
             
             
                 
               S38 
               Infinity 
               2.000 
             
             
                 
               S39 
               −250.000 
               2.000 
               S-LAH66 
             
             
                 
               S40 
               38.600 
               21.997 
             
             
                 
               S41 
               −42.668 
               3.012 
               PBH23W 
             
             
                 
               S42 
               78.619 
               20.849 
               S-LAL8 
             
             
                 
               S43 
               −54.572 
               0.250 
             
             
                 
               S44 
               701.714 
               11.340 
               S-LAL8 
             
             
                 
               S45 
               −96.232 
               0.250 
             
             
                 
               S46 
               153.694 
               14.173 
               S-LAL8 
             
             
                 
               S47 
               −120.652 
               0.250 
             
             
                 
               S48 
               57.764 
               24.753 
               S-LAM2 
             
             
                 
               S49 
               −654.450 
               3.706 
               P8H6W 
             
             
                 
               S50 
               36.175 
               17.533 
             
             
                 
               S51 
               126.517 
               2.500 
               PBH53W 
             
             
                 
               S52 
               123.911 
               5.000 
               S-BSM14 
             
             
                 
               S53 
               −269.378 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S54 
               119.317 
               5.000 
               S-BSM18 
             
             
                 
               S55 
               249.395 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S56 
               77.473 
               2.500 
               S-LAH60 
             
             
                 
               S57 
               24.795 
               8.736 
             
             
                 
               S58 
               −17.880 
               2.000 
               S-LAH55 
             
             
                 
               S59 
               −73.667 
               1.561 
             
             
                 
               S60 
               −68.965 
               7.000 
               PBH53W 
             
             
                 
               S61 
               −23.620 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S62 
               −39.257 
               2.000 
               S-LAH65 
             
             
                 
               S63 
               −73.267 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S64* 
               40.900 
               24.089 
               S-BAL42 
             
             
                 
               S65* 
               −82.736 
               0.200 
             
             
                 
               S66 
               68.814 
               3.000 
               PBH53W 
             
             
                 
               S67 
               33.834 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S68 
               47.963 
               12.055 
               S-BSL7 
             
             
                 
               S69 
               −38.097 
               8.000 
               PBH6W 
             
             
                 
               S70 
               −61.203 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S71 
               Infinity 
               11.874 
               S-BSL7 
             
             
                 
               S72 
               Infinity 
               14.000 
             
             
                 
               IMAGE 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Note: Maximum image diameter = 11.0 mm 
             
             
               *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S7, S10, S24, S36, S64 and 
             
             
               S65 are governed by the following conventional equation 
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               Z 
                               = 
                                 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       CURV 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       Y 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                     1 
                                     + 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           - 
                                           
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               
                                                 1 
                                                 + 
                                                 K 
                                               
                                               ) 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 CURV 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                               2 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               Y 
                                               2 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       
                                         1 
                                         / 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     A 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     4 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     B 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       Y 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   6 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     C 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     8 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     D 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     10 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                                 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   E 
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   Y 
                                   12 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               where: CURV = 1/(Radius of Surface) 
             
             
               Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis 
             
             
               K, A, B, C, D, E = Coefficients 
             
             
               Z = Position of surface profile for a given Y value, as measured 
             
             
               along the optical axis from the pole 
             
             
               (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
             
             
                 
               the surface S7 are: 
                 
               the surface S10 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               −0.01834396 
               K = 
               0.1385814 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               4.6192051e−009 
               A = 
               −6.1078514e−008 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               2.9277175e−013 
               B = 
               −1.7110958e−012 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               −5.3760139e−018 
               C = 
               −1.4298682e−015 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               4.4429222e−022 
               D = 
               −7.3308393e−019 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               0 
               E = 
               0 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
             
             
                 
               the surface S24 are: 
                 
               the surface S36 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               −0.1283323 
               K = 
               0.009973727 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −2.7157663e−007 
               A = 
               3.3999271e−008 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               1.4568941e−010 
               B = 
               1.4717268e−010 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               −1.4055959e−012 
               C = 
               −1.0665963e−013 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               9.7130719e−016 
               D = 
               6.8463872e−017 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               0 
               E = 
               0 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
             
             
                 
               the surface S7 are: 
                 
               the surface S10 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               −4.594951 
               K = 
               −0.2743554 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               5.9382510e−006 
               A = 
               1.2036084e−006 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −4.3333569e−009 
               B = 
               3.8383867e−009 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               −2.6412286e−013 
               C = 
               −1.5101902e−011 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               5.0607811e−015 
               D = 
               2.3291313e−014 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               −3.8443669e−018 
               E = 
               −1.3549754e−017 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               #Surface profile of binary surface S6 is governed by the 
             
             
               following conventional equation: 
             
             
               Added Phase = A 1 p 2  + A 2 p 4  + A 3 p 6  + A 4 p 8  + A 5 p 10  + A 6 p 12   
             
             
               where: A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5  and A 6  are coefficients and p is 
             
             
               the normalized radial coordinate at the surface. 
             
             
               The normalizing factor is set at unity and the p&#39;s become simply radial 
             
             
               coordinates. 
             
             
               A1 = −0.0183497 
             
             
               A2 = 0.1385814 
             
             
               A3 = −0.1283323 
             
             
               A4 = 0.0099737 
             
             
               A5 = −4.5949510 
             
             
               A6 = −0.2743554 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P1 
               P2 
               P3 
               P4 
               P5 
               P6 
               P7 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
               EFL 
               7.471 
               11.746 
               18.475 
               29.059 
               45.676 
               649.701 
               2981.989 
             
             
               F/No. 
               1.600 
               1.600 
               1.600 
               1.600 
               1.600 
               6.000 
               18.000 
             
             
               S0 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
             
             
               S8 
               3.884 
               47.335 
               81.309 
               107.642 
               127.477 
               147.901 
               156.198 
             
             
               S15 
               243.496 
               190.547 
               145.303 
               105.453 
               68.586 
               39.080 
               0.104 
             
             
               S22 
               5.292 
               14.777 
               26.064 
               39.600 
               56.513 
               65.772 
               96.339 
             
             
               S55 
               1.000 
               1.000 
               1.000 
               1.000 
               1.000 
               98.702 
               111.239 
             
             
               S63 
               117.540 
               117.540 
               117.540 
               117.540 
               117.540 
               30.129 
               0.368 
             
             
               S67 
               42.175 
               42.175 
               42.175 
               42.175 
               42.175 
               20.670 
               63.421 
             
             
               S70 
               14.512 
               14.512 
               14.512 
               14.512 
               14.512 
               25.727 
               0.199 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   Detailed Description of Folded Lens Embodiment 
     FIG. 71  is an optical diagram illustrating an example of still another embodiment of the present invention incorporating one or more mirrors for folding the lens for added compactness. The example of  FIG. 71  is similar to the previously-described embodiments, with three general zoom groups identified as  50 ,  52  and  54 . An intermediate image is located at  56 . The focus group  66  is movable during focusing, but is stationary when the lens is at a constant focus. The aperture stop is located at  84 . Unique to the folded zoom lens embodiment of  FIG. 71  is a mirror  64  located between the front and rear zoom groups  52  and  54  for “folding” or bending the radiation rays. The embodiment of  FIG. 71  may be employed in any camera, but is particularly suited for small cameras such as point-and-shoot handheld cameras because the folded design enables the lens to fit into a smaller space.  FIG. 71  illustrates an SLR embodiment containing a reflex mirror  60  and an eyelens  62  for enabling a user to see the image while the reflex mirror  60  is in the position indicated in  FIG. 71 . 
   Embodiments of the present invention are particularly suited to folding because mirror  64  may be placed within the intermediate image space  58  in any area that does not interfere with the movement of the zoom groups  52  and  54 . In contrast, conventional compact zoom lenses have lens elements that must retract into the body of the camera, which eliminates most or all or the air gaps within the lens and precludes the insertion of a mirror. In the example of  FIG. 71 , the mirror  64  is located on the image side of the intermediate image  56 . However, in other embodiments, the mirror  64  may be located on the object side of the intermediate image  56 . It should be understood that other embodiments of the present invention may have multiple folds (mirrors), and that the mirrors need hot be oriented at 45 degrees with respect to the optical axis. 
   The folded lens illustrated in the example of  FIG. 71  enables several useful design possibilities and advantages. As mentioned above, the fold in the lens enables the zoom lens to take up less space. Furthermore, the folded zoom lens enables some or all of the lens elements to reside within the body of the camera, further improving compactness. In one embodiment, even the focus lens group  66  may reside entirely within the body of the camera, protecting the lens and making the camera even more compact. In addition, the folded zoom lens enables compact cameras to achieve a zoom ratio of about 10:1 or higher, compared to a maximum of about 4:1 in conventional compact cameras. Moreover, conventional SLR cameras require a bulky pentaprism for flipping the image, and thus compact cameras typically avoid through-the-lens viewing. However, because of the intermediate image  56  and mirrors  64  and  60  in the present invention, the final image is already properly oriented without the need for a bulky pentaprism, and through-the-lens viewing is made possible even in cameras of a compact size. 
   The exemplary folded zoom lens of  FIG. 71  provides an EFL of about 12 mm to 120 mm, a zoom ratio of about 10:1, an “f” number range of about f/3 to f/5 at full aperture and a maximum field of view angle in object space of about 84.1 degrees to 10.3 degrees, and receives radiation within a waveband of at least 486 nm to 588 nm. The image generated by the embodiment of  FIG. 71  is about 12 mm in height by about 18 mm in width with a diagonal dimension of about 21.65 mm, which is about half the size of the image in a conventional 35 mm still photography camera. 
     FIGS. 72A-72D  are optical diagrams illustrating the folded zoom lens example embodiment of  FIG. 71  at other zoom positions, with the folded lens shown in a flat (unfolded) orientation for clarity and the zoom groups in various exemplary positions. As in  FIG. 71 , the focus lens group  66  in the example of  FIGS. 72A-72D  is movable for focusing and stationary at a constant focus, and the mirror  64  and eyelens  62  are also stationary. The aperture stop is located at  84  and is movable during zooming. The zoom lens example of  FIGS. 72A-72D  is actually comprised of eight moving zoom groups  68 ,  70 ,  72 ,  74 ,  76 ,  78 ,  80  and  82 , although it should be understood that other embodiments of the folded zoom lens may include more or fewer zoom groups. The folded zoom lens example of  FIGS. 72A-72D  utilizes all spherical surfaces, but it should be understood that other embodiments may employ aspheres and/or binary (diffractive) surfaces. 
   Detailed Description of Infrared Embodiment 
     FIGS. 73A-73C  are optical diagrams for an example of an infrared (IR) embodiment of the zoom lens system of the present invention, illustrating various positions of the zoom groups. The intermediate image is located at  86 . The focus group  88  is movable during focusing, but is stationary at a constant focus. The final image plane is located at  90 , and the aperture stop is located at  92 . The embodiment of  FIGS. 73A-73C  may be employed in low light and surveillance cameras because the zoom lens system is designed for infrared wavelengths. The example of  FIGS. 73A-73C  provides an EFL of 6.68 mm to 1201.2 mm, an “f” number range of f/2.00 to f/5.84, an image diagonal of 8.0 mm, a maximum field of view angle in object space of 64.5 degrees to 0.388 degrees, and a vertex length of 902.28 mm. There is a −4.93% distortion at the 6.68 mm focal length position and +0.34% distortion at the 1201.2 mm focal length position. This distortion increases the effective zoom ratio to 190:1. There are a total of nine elements in the example of  FIGS. 73A-73C , with six elements ( 94 ,  96 ,  98 ,  100 ,  102  and  104 ) in the zoom kernel  106 , and three elements ( 108 ,  110  and  112 ) in the zoom relay  114 . Note that the “zoom kernel,” as referred to herein, represents all of the elements from object space to the intermediate image, while the “zoom relay,” as referred to herein, represents all of the elements from the intermediate image to the final image. 
   The lens system optical prescription for the IR embodiment of  FIGS. 73A-73C  is set forth below in the tables generally entitled “Tables for  FIGS. 73A ,  73 B and  73 C.” The following data in the lens system optical prescription is set forth in the same manner and the legends have the same meanings as in the preceding lens system optical prescriptions. 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
             
               TABLES FOR FIGS. 73A, 73B and 73C 
             
             
               LENS SYSTEM OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Refractive 
             
             
                 
               Surface 
               Radius 
               Thickness 
               Material 
             
             
                 
                 
             
             
                 
               OBJECT 
               Infinity 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
               S1 
               Infinity 
               25.000 
             
             
                 
               S2* 
               341.091 
               15.000 
               GERMANIUM 
             
             
                 
               S3# 
               442.256 
               14.496 
             
             
                 
               S4 
               628.089 
               15.000 
               ZNSE 
             
             
                 
               S5 
               817.176 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S6* 
               191.321 
               5.000 
               GERMANIUM 
             
             
                 
               S7 
               101.374 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S8 
               −108.986 
               5.000 
               GERMANIUM 
             
             
                 
               S9 
               −133.542 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S10* 
               132.195 
               10.000 
               GERMANIUM 
             
             
                 
               S11 
               215.451 
               106.451 
             
             
                 
               S12* 
               44.406 
               7.000 
               GERMANIUM 
             
             
                 
               S13* 
               47.364 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S14* 
               −146.583 
               5.000 
               GERMANIUM 
             
             
                 
               S15* 
               −103.306 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S16* 
               −48.015 
               6.000 
               ZNSE 
             
             
                 
               S17* 
               −54.690 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               S18* 
               −134.510 
               5.000 
               GERMANIUM 
             
             
                 
               S19* 
               −96.541 
               Variable 
             
             
                 
               STOP 
               Infinity 
               74.251 
             
             
                 
               IMAGE 
               Infinity 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               Note: Maximum image diameter = 8.0 mm 
             
             
               *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S2, S6, S10, S12, S13, 
             
             
               S14, S15, S16, S17, S18 and S19 
             
             
               are governed by the following conventional equation: 
             
             
                 
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               Z 
                               = 
                                 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       CURV 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       Y 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                     1 
                                     + 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           - 
                                           
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               
                                                 1 
                                                 + 
                                                 K 
                                               
                                               ) 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 CURV 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                               2 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               Y 
                                               2 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       
                                         1 
                                         / 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     A 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     4 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     B 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       Y 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   6 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     C 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     8 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                                 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     D 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     10 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     E 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     12 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     F 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     14 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     G 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     16 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
                 
             
             
               where: 
             
             
               CURV = 1/(Radius of Surface) 
             
             
               Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis 
             
             
               A, B, C, D, E, F, G = Coefficients 
             
             
               Z = Position of surface profile for a given V value, as 
             
             
               measured along the optical axis from the pole 
             
             
               (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
             
             
                 
               surface S2 are: 
                 
               surface S6 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               −0.3170663 
               K = 
               0.0000000 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               7.1675212e−010 
               A = 
               8.8834511e−009 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               4.6490286e−015 
               B = 
               −1.1017434e−012 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               3.1509558e−020 
               C = 
               4.2407818e−016 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −3.0230207e−026 
               D = 
               −4.5843672e−020 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               1.8711604e−043 
               E = 
               0 
             
             
                 
               F = 
               7.2023035e−034 
               F = 
               0 
             
             
                 
               G = 
               −1.6899714e−038 
               G = 
               0 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
             
             
                 
               surface S10 are: 
                 
               surface S12 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               0.0000000 
               K = 
               0.1424633 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −4.1468720e−008 
               A = 
               −1.3741884e−008 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −1.1864804e−012 
               B = 
               2.0574529e−010 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               1.0375271e−016 
               C = 
               2.2356569e−013 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               1.4819552e−020 
               D = 
               −9.2592205e−016 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               0 
               E = 
               0 
             
             
                 
               F = 
               0 
               F = 
               0 
             
             
                 
               G = 
               0 
               G = 
               0 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
             
             
                 
               surface S13 are: 
                 
               surface S14 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               0.1341907 
               K = 
               0.0000000 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               2.5853953e−007 
               A = 
               −2.3627230e−006 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               6.3040925e−010 
               B = 
               −3.2069853e−009 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               −8.9182471e−013 
               C = 
               1.9995538e−012 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −2.1087914e−016 
               D = 
               −4.1873811e−015 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               0 
               E = 
               −4.5598387e−018 
             
             
                 
               F = 
               0 
               F = 
               1.5355757e−021 
             
             
                 
               G = 
               0 
               G = 
               2.7742963e−025 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
             
             
                 
               surface S15 are: 
                 
               surface S16 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               0.0000000 
               K = 
               0.0000000 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −1.9992749e−006 
               A = 
               −5.5264489e−007 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −2.7451965e−009 
               B = 
               −3.4855834e−011 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               2.5915567e−012 
               C = 
               −1.5605019e−013 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −5.4747396e−015 
               D = 
               8.4346229e−016 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               1.0432409e−018 
               E = 
               −2.6930213e−019 
             
             
                 
               F = 
               −9.7041838e−023 
               F = 
               7.0886850e−022 
             
             
                 
               G = 
               3.5844261e−025 
               G = 
               −4.8763355e−025 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
               The coefficients for the 
                 
             
             
                 
               surface S17 are: 
                 
               surface S18 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               0.0000000 
               K = 
               0.0000000 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               −1.9256081e−007 
               A = 
               4.5197079e−007 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               9.7560057e−012 
               B = 
               −4.7688707e−010 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               −3.1406997e−013 
               C = 
               −2.2771179e−013 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −4.6996712e−016 
               D = 
               −7.3812375e−016 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               4.3471337e−019 
               E = 
               6.1621050e−019 
             
             
                 
               F = 
               −3.7957715e−022 
               F = 
               −2.9782920e−023 
             
             
                 
               G = 
               −2.4875152e−026 
               G = 
               −2.8295343e−026 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               The coefficients for 
                 
             
             
                 
               the surface S19 are: 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               K = 
               0.0000000 
             
             
                 
               A = 
               3.9066750e−007 
             
             
                 
               B = 
               −2.6768710e−010 
             
             
                 
               C = 
               −3.7378469e−013 
             
             
                 
               D = 
               −4.0450877e−016 
             
             
                 
               E = 
               3.9230103e−019 
             
             
                 
               F = 
               −3.7514135e−023 
             
             
                 
               G = 
               −8.0738327e−027 
             
             
                 
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               #Surface profile of binary surface S3 is governed by the 
             
             
               following conventional equation: 
             
             
               Added Phase = A 1 p 2  + A 2 p 4  + A 3 p 6  + A 4 p 8  + A 5 p 10   
             
             
               where: 
             
             
               A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4  and A 5  are coefficients and p is 
             
             
               the normalized radial coordinate at the surface. 
             
             
               The normalizing factor is set at unity and the p&#39;s become simply 
             
             
               radial coordinates. 
             
             
               A1 = −0.0085882326 
             
             
               A2 = −1.2587653e−008 
             
             
               A3 = −5.4668365e−013 
             
             
               A4 = 8.4183658e−018 
             
             
               A5 = 1.3774055e−022 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P1 
               P2 
               P3 
               P4 
               P5 
               P6 
             
             
                 
             
             
               EFL 
               6.677 
               7.583 
               9.331 
               11.805 
               14.069 
               23.805 
             
             
               F/No. 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
             
             
               S5 
               5.000 
               25.000 
               55.000 
               85.000 
               105.000 
               155.000 
             
             
               S7 
               239.848 
               216.543 
               180.384 
               143.845 
               119.259 
               58.715 
             
             
               S9 
               72.916 
               76.220 
               82.379 
               88.919 
               93.504 
               104.048 
             
             
               S13 
               276.674 
               276.674 
               276.674 
               276.674 
               276.674 
               276.674 
             
             
               S15 
               5.030 
               5.030 
               5.030 
               5.030 
               5.030 
               5.030 
             
             
               S17 
               29.517 
               29.517 
               29.517 
               29.517 
               29.517 
               29.517 
             
             
               S19 
               5.000 
               5.000 
               5.000 
               5.000 
               5.000 
               5.000 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P7 
               P8 
               P9 
               P10 
               P11 
               P12 
             
             
                 
             
             
               EFL 
               48.419 
               84.275 
               133.455 
               175.637 
               231.172 
               304.215 
             
             
               F/No. 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.300 
               2.900 
               3.400 
             
             
               S5 
               205.000 
               231.305 
               243.545 
               243.545 
               243.545 
               243.545 
             
             
               S7 
               16.543 
               30.757 
               72.218 
               72.218 
               72.218 
               72.218 
             
             
               S9 
               96.221 
               55.701 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
             
             
               S13 
               276.674 
               276.674 
               276.674 
               248.444 
               220.313 
               187.659 
             
             
               S15 
               5.030 
               5.030 
               5.030 
               42.180 
               79.972 
               109.931 
             
             
               S17 
               29.517 
               29.517 
               29.517 
               22.953 
               12.626 
               5.000 
             
             
               S19 
               5.000 
               5.000 
               5.000 
               2.644 
               3.310 
               13.631 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
                 
               VARIABLE THICKNESS POSITIONS AND DATA 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
               P13 
               P14 
               P15 
               P16 
               P17 
             
             
                 
             
             
               EFL 
               400.368 
               526.915 
               693.449 
               912.675 
               1201.182 
             
             
               F/No. 
               3.500 
               3.800 
               4.600 
               5.300 
               5.840 
             
             
               S5 
               243.545 
               243.545 
               243.545 
               243.545 
               243.545 
             
             
               S7 
               72.218 
               72.218 
               72.218 
               72.218 
               72.218 
             
             
               S9 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
               2.000 
             
             
               S13 
               146.432 
               112.380 
               97.552 
               94.304 
               95.940 
             
             
               S15 
               114.831 
               95.642 
               67.311 
               40.305 
               16.014 
             
             
               S17 
               10.137 
               19.763 
               26.212 
               25.615 
               18.454 
             
             
               S19 
               44.821 
               88.436 
               125.146 
               155.997 
               185.814 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
     FIGS. 74-76  are ray aberration graphs corresponding to the position of the zoom groups shown in  FIGS. 73A-73C , respectively. The ray aberration graphs of  FIGS. 74-76  are at paraxial effective focal lengths (EFL) of 6.68 mm, 133.46 mm, and 1201.18 mm, respectively, and a wavelength range of 8-12 microns. The optical diagrams of  FIGS. 73A-73C  and the ray aberration graphs of  FIGS. 74-76  are shown at infinity focus. 
   Detailed Description of 3-5 Micron Infrared Embodiment 
     FIG. 77  illustrates an unfolded layout of a second exemplary IR embodiment of the zoom lens system with lens elements and surfaces identified. Referring to  FIG. 77 , each lens element is identified by a numeral from 120 through 138 (by twos) and the general configuration of each lens element is depicted, but the actual radius of each lens surface is set forth below in the table entitled “TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F.” The lens surfaces are identified by the letter “S” followed by a numeral from S 0  through S 23 . The optical axis is identified by the symbol “Ø”. Each lens element has its opposite surfaces identified by a separate but consecutive surface number as, for example, lens element  120  has lens surfaces S 1  and S 2 , lens element  126  has lens surfaces S 7  and S 8  and so forth. The intermediate image is located between S 10  and S 12 . An optical stop is located at S 22 . The real image surface is identified by the numeral S 23 . All of the lens surfaces are spherical except lens surfaces S 2 , S 8 , S 9  and S 21  which are aspheric surfaces that are non-spherical, non-plano but rotationally symmetrical about the optical axis. 
   There are a total of 10 elements in the example of  FIG. 77 , with five elements ( 120 ,  122 ,  124 ,  126  and  128 ) in the zoom kernel or first lens group  151 , and five elements ( 130 ,  132 ,  134 ,  136  and  138 ) in the zoom relay or second lens group  156 . The optical design of the second exemplary IR embodiment can be characterized as an NPP kernel followed by an NNP relay. Note that the “zoom kernel,” as referred to herein, represents all of the elements from object space to the intermediate image, while the “zoom relay,” as referred to herein, represents all of the elements from the intermediate image to the final image. 
   The light rays entering the zoom lens system at the left are comprised of exemplary axial field beams  160  and exemplary off-axis field beams  162 ,  164  and  166 , with the outer light rays in each field beam referred to as rim rays and the inner light ray in each field beam referred to as a chief or principal light ray. The off-axis field beam whose rim ray is furthest from the optical axis is referred to as the off-axis field beam maximum rim ray. Note that the off-axis field beam chief ray first crosses the optical axis before the intermediate image, and later crosses the optical axis again at the optical stop. 
   Before describing the detailed characteristics of the lens elements, a broad description of the lens groups and their axial positions and movement will be given for the zoom lens system, generally designated  150 , of this second exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Beginning from the end facing the object to be photographed, i.e. the left end in  FIG. 77 , the first lens group  151  comprises a first lens subgroup  152 , a first zoom subgroup  153 , a second zoom subgroup  154 , and a third zoom subgroup  155 . The first lens subgroup  152  is a positive-powered subgroup and comprises singlet lens element  120  which gathers light from object space. The first lens subgroup  152  is movable during focusing, but is stationary and at a fixed distance with respect to the image plane S 23  at a constant focus. The first zoom subgroup  153  is a negative-powered subgroup and comprises singlet lens elements  122  and  124 . The second zoom subgroup  154  is a positive-powered subgroup and comprises a singlet lens element  126 . The third zoom subgroup  155  is a positive-powered subgroup and comprises a singlet lens element  128 . A second lens group  156  comprises a fourth zoom subgroup  157 , a fifth zoom subgroup  0 . 158 , and a sixth zoom subgroup  159 . The fourth zoom subgroup  157  is a negative-powered subgroup and comprises a singlet lens element  130 . The fifth zoom subgroup  158  is a negative-powered subgroup and comprises a singlet lens element  132 . The sixth zoom subgroup  159  is a positive-powered subgroup and comprises singlet lens elements  134 ,  136  and  138 , and includes an optical stop at S 22 . Although element  138  in the sixth zoom subgroup is rather thin in the example provided, in alternative embodiments this element may be thickened to improve its manufacturability. An axially movable intermediate image is located between the third zoom subgroup  155  and the fourth zoom subgroup  157 . The second exemplary IR embodiment of the zoom lens system is set forth below in the table entitled “TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F.” 
   There are six independently moving groups altogether, three on the object side and three on the image side of the intermediate image. The horizontal arrows with arrowheads on both ends in the upper portion of  FIG. 77  indicate that each of the zoom subgroups  153 - 159  are movable in both axial directions along the optical axis, some in a monotonic manner (i.e. in only one direction when progressing from one extreme to the other of adjustments) and others in a non-monotonic manner. While only the lens elements are physically shown in  FIG. 77 , it is to be understood that conventional mechanical devices and mechanisms are provided for supporting the lens elements and for causing axial movement of the movable groups in a conventional lens housing or barrel. 
   Note that the space between lens elements as shown in  FIG. 77  and  FIGS. 78A-78F  suggests that a fold mirror could be located between zoom subgroups  154  and  155  and/or between the optical stop at S 22  and the final image at S 23  to create a folded embodiment. 
   The embodiment of  FIG. 77  may be employed in low light and surveillance cameras because the zoom lens system is designed for IR wavelengths. The example of  FIG. 77  provides an EFL of about 11.8 mm to 1137.1 mm, an “f” number range of about f/2.80 to f/4.00, an image diagonal of about 18.0 mm, a maximum field of view angle in object space of about 0.45 degrees to 37.36 degrees, and a vertex length from the front vertex (i.e. surface S 1 ) to the final image (i.e. surface S 22 ) of about 945 mm. There is a 1.55% distortion at the 11.8 mm focal length position and 2.14% distortion at the 1137.1 mm focal length position. This distortion increases the effective zoom ratio to approach about 100:1. 
     FIGS. 78A-78F  are optical diagrams for the second exemplary IR embodiment of the zoom lens system, illustrating various positions of the zoom groups. It should be noted that lens elements  120  and  122  (the leftmost two elements) in  FIG. 78A , although apparently touching, are in fact separated by a gap. Note also that in  FIG. 78F , all rim rays for both the axial field beam and the off-axis field beams are roughly superimposed on each other, which enables the front lens element  120  to be made smaller and cheaper. In particular, the off-axis field beam maximum rim ray height (distance from rim ray to optical axis) is about 158.82 mm, and the axial field beam rim ray height is about 149.53 mm. The ratio of the off-axis field beam maximum rim ray distance to the axial field beam rim ray distance is about 1.062, which indicates that the first lens subgroup elements had to be made larger than ideal by only about 6.2%. It should be understood that a ratio of less than 1.25 is generally acceptable. Ideally, the off-axis field beam maximum rim rays and the axial field beam rim rays would be exactly superimposed on each other, resulting in a ratio of 1.000 and optimal size and cost for at least the first lens group. 
   The lens system optical prescription and fabrication data for the second exemplary IR embodiment of FIGS.  77  and  78 A- 78 F is set forth below in the table generally entitled “TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F.” In the TABLE FOR  FIGS. 78A-78F , the first column “ITEM” identifies each optical element, with the same numeral or label as used in  FIG. 77 . The second and third columns identify the “Group” and “Subgroup,” respectively, to which that optical element (lens) belongs with the same numerals used in  FIG. 77 . The fourth column “Surface” is a list of the surface numbers, of the object S 0 , the Stop (iris) S 22 , the image plane S 23  and each of the actual surfaces of the lenses, as identified in  FIG. 77 . The fifth column “Zoom Position” identifies six typical zoom positions (Z 1 -Z 6 ) of the zoom subgroups  153 - 159  (illustrated in  FIGS. 78A-78F ) wherein there are changes in the distance (separation) between some of the surfaces listed in the fourth column, as described below more thoroughly. The sixth column, headed by the legend “Radius of Curvature,” is a list of the optical surface radius of curvature for each surface, with a minus sign (−) meaning the center of the radius of curvature is to the left of the surface, as viewed in  FIG. 77 , and “Infinity” meaning an optically flat surface. The asterisk (*) for surfaces S 2 , S 8 , S 9  and S 21  indicate these are aspheric surfaces for which the “radius of curvature” is a base radius, and the formula and coefficients for those two surfaces are set forth as a footnote to the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F at the * (asterisk). The seventh column “Thickness or Separation” is the axial distance between that surface (fourth column) and the next surface. For example, the distance between surface S 3  and surface S 4  is 9.0 mm. 
   The eighth column of the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F provide the refractive material of each lens element. The last column of the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F headed “Aperture Diameter” provides the maximum diameter for each surface through which the light rays pass. All of the maximum aperture diameters, except for the Stop surface S 22 , are calculated assuming an image diagonal of 18 mm and a relative aperture ranging from f/2.8 at the shortest focal length to f/4.0 at the longest focal length. The maximum aperture diameters of the Stop surface S 22  for Zoom Positions Z 1 -Z 6  are 30.170 mm, 29.727 mm, 28.999 mm, 28.286 mm, 25.654 mm and 21.076 mm, respectively. The maximum relative apertures (f-number) for Zoom Positions Z 1 -Z 6  are f/2.80, f/2.86, f/2.93, f/3.00, f/3.30 and f/4.00, respectively. Depending on the choice of the value of the maximum relative apertures for Zoom Positions Z 1 -Z 6 , then in one or more zoom positions a very small negative air gap may occur at the edges of certain elements between zoom subgroups. Those skilled in the art will realize that the small negative air gap can be removed from the system by routine optimization without changing the basic design. 
   
     
       
         
             
           
             
                 
             
             
               TABLE FOR FIGS. 77 AND 78A-78F 
             
             
               OPTICAL PRESCRIPTION 
             
             
                 
             
           
          
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
          
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Radius of 
               Thickness or 
                 
               Aperture 
             
             
                 
                 
               Sub- 
                 
               Zoom 
               Curvature 
               Separation 
               Refractive 
               Diameter 
             
             
               Item 
               Group 
               Group 
               Surface 
               Position 
               (mm) 
               (mm) 
               Material 
               (mm) 
             
             
                 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S0 (Object) 
                 
               Infinity 
               25.000 
             
             
               120 
               151 
               152 
               S1 
               All 
               215.343 
               28.544 
               Silicon 
               317.642 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S2 
               Z1 
               269.106* 
               9.864 
                 
               308.262 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z2 
                 
               57.468 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z3 
                 
               108.517 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z4 
                 
               117.957 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z5 
                 
               132.937 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z6 
                 
               135.615 
             
             
               122 
               151 
               153 
               S3 
               All 
               637.888 
               9.000 
               Germanium 
               187.169 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S4 
               All 
               247.226 
               11.642 
                 
               174.123 
             
             
               124 
               151 
               153 
               S5 
               All 
               228.929 
               8.000 
               Silicon 
               166.617 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S6 
               Z1 
               161.278 
               244.587 
                 
               157.148 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z2 
                 
               220.842 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z3 
                 
               150.487 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z4 
                 
               74.335 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z5 
                 
               22.911 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z6 
                 
               11.974 
             
             
               126 
               151 
               154 
               S7 
               All 
               288.682 
               15.448 
               Silicon 
               176.490 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S8 
               Z1 
               1321.765* 
               212.856 
                 
               174.473 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z2 
                 
               233.828 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z3 
                 
               270.854 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z4 
                 
               362.883 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z5 
                 
               443.606 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z6 
                 
               460.309 
             
             
               128 
               151 
               155 
               S9 
               All 
               83.756* 
               11.053 
               Silicon 
               105.651 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S10 
               Z1 
               159.357 
               160.888 
                 
               103.666 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z2 
                 
               115.791 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z3 
                 
               97.933 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z4 
                 
               72.886 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z5 
                 
               28.278 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z6 
                 
               20.171 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S11 (dummy) 
               Z1 
               Infinity 
               74.210 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z2 
                 
               46.803 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z3 
                 
               3.191 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z4 
                 
               3.253 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z5 
                 
               57.219 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z6 
                 
               19.714 
             
             
               130 
               156 
               157 
               S12 
               All 
               −32.997 
               12.500 
               Silicon 
               29.867 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S13 
               Z1 
               −45.308 
               1.830 
                 
               36.698 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z2 
                 
               29.317 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z3 
                 
               74.625 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z4 
                 
               73.197 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z5 
                 
               0.800 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z6 
                 
               1.897 
             
             
               132 
               156 
               158 
               S14 
               All 
               −28.877 
               10.206 
               Germanium 
               23.882 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S15 
               Z1 
               −44.286 
               1.917 
                 
               30.694 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z2 
                 
               0.995 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z3 
                 
               0.100 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z4 
                 
               0.926 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z5 
                 
               4.846 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z6 
                 
               18.907 
             
             
               134 
               156 
               159 
               S16 
               All 
               6208.244 
               13.998 
               Germanium 
               37.741 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S17 
               All 
               264.338 
               0.400 
                 
               40.076 
             
             
               136 
                 
                 
               S18 
               All 
               171.855 
               11.452 
               Silicon 
               41.269 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S19 
               All 
               −84.226 
               0.400 
                 
               42.354 
             
             
               138 
                 
                 
               S20 
               All 
               −128.685 
               1.000 
               Silicon 
               41.072 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S21 
               Z1 
               −156.416* 
               1.254 
                 
               41.075 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z2 
                 
               1.696 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z3 
                 
               0.750 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z4 
                 
               1.699 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z5 
                 
               15.734 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
                 
               Z6 
                 
               38.441 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S22 (Stop) 
               All 
               Infinity 
               79.221 
             
             
                 
                 
                 
               S23 (Image) 
               All 
               Infinity 
               0.000 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
         
             
          
             
               *Surface profiles of aspheric surfaces S2, S8, S9 and S21 are governed by the following conventional equation: 
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               Z 
                               = 
                                 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       CURV 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                     ⁢ 
                                     
                                       Y 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                   
                                     1 
                                     + 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           - 
                                           
                                             
                                               ( 
                                               
                                                 1 
                                                 + 
                                                 K 
                                               
                                               ) 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               
                                                 ( 
                                                 CURV 
                                                 ) 
                                               
                                               2 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                               Y 
                                               2 
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       
                                         1 
                                         / 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     A 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     4 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     B 
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       Y 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                   6 
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     C 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     8 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                                 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     D 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     10 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     E 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     12 
                                   
                                 
                                 + 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     F 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   ⁢ 
                                   
                                     Y 
                                     14 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
             
             
               where: 
             
             
               CURV = 1/(Radius of Curvature) 
             
             
               Y = Aperture height, measured perpendicular to optical axis 
             
             
               K, A, B, C, D, E, F = Coefficients 
             
             
               Z = Position of surface profile for a given Y value, as measured along the optical 
             
             
               axis from the pole (i.e. axial vertex) of the surface. 
             
          
         
         
             
             
          
             
               The coefficients for the surface S2 of item 1 are: 
               The coefficients for the surface S9 of item 5 are: 
             
             
                 
             
             
               K = −0.23909 
               K = −0.321348 
             
             
               A = −1.20061E−09 
               A = −1.84849E−07 
             
             
               B = 7.10421E−15 
               B = −3.24508E−11 
             
             
               C = −6.54538E−21 
               C = 4.30816E−14 
             
             
               D = 1.74055E−26 
               D = −2.13370E−18 
             
             
               E = 2.64213E−29 
               E = −7.80714E−21 
             
             
               F = −1.38143E−33 
               F = 1.67339E−24 
             
             
                 
             
             
               The coefficients for the surface S8 of item 4 are: 
               The coefficients for the surface S21 of item 10 are: 
             
             
                 
             
             
               K = 28.74452 
               K = 1.125040 
             
             
               A = 1.70772E−09 
               A = 8.42238E−07 
             
             
               B = 6.46357E−14 
               B = 2.42138E−11 
             
             
               C = −6.99028E−18 
               C = 4.68290E−13 
             
             
               D = 2.65455E−21 
               D = 1.19515E−15 
             
             
               E = −4.37148E−25 
               E = −2.58757E−18 
             
             
               F = 2.27757E−29 
               F = 3.72479E−21 
             
             
                 
             
          
         
       
     
   
   The foregoing footnote * to the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F includes the equation for calculating the shape of the aspheric surfaces S 2 , S 8 , S 9  and S 21  for the value Z, wherein CURV is the curvature at the pole of the surface, Y is the height or distance from the optical axis of a specific point on the surface of the glass, K is the conic coefficient, and A, B, C, D, E and F are the 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th and 14th, respectively, order deformation coefficients. As noted above, for illustrating the scope and versatility of the present invention there are six different Zoom Positions Z 1 -Z 6  set forth in the data of the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F which provide specific data for six different positions for the six movable zoom subgroups. The Zoom Positions Z 1 -Z 6  are representative of six positions of the zoom subgroups  153 - 159  with Zoom Positions Z 1  and Z 6  being the extreme positions and Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4  and Z 5  being intermediate positions. Of course, it will be understood that continuous zooming is available between the extreme Zoom Positions Z 1  and Z 6 , and that any combination of continuous zooming is available within the described zoom ranges with the lens system  150 . In addition, continuous focusing is available over the full range of axial motion of the first lens group  152 . 
   The Effective Focal Length (EFL), Full Field Of View (FFOV) and F-number of the lens system  150  varies for the different Zoom Positions. Referring again to  FIGS. 78A-78F , the zoom lens system  150  is shown with the zoom groups in various Zoom Positions and with light ray traces for those positions.  FIG. 78A  represents the zoom position Z 1  for which data is set forth above in the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F with an EFL of about 11.787 mm, a FFOV of about 74.72°, and an F-number of about 2.8.  FIG. 78B  represents the zoom position Z 2  from the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F with an EFL of about 22.999 mm, a FFOV of about 42.74°, and an F-number of about 2.9.  FIG. 78C  represents the zoom position Z 3  from the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F with an EFL of about 54.974 mm, a FFOV of about 18.6°, and an F-number of about 2.9.  FIG. 78D  represents the zoom position Z 4  from the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F with an EFL of about 125.359 mm, a FFOV of about 8.22°, and an F-number of about 3.0.  FIG. 78E  represents the zoom position Z 5  from the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F with an EFL of about 359.536 mm, a FFOV of about 2.86°, and an F-number of about 3.3.  FIG. 78F  represents the zoom position Z 6  from the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F with an EFL of about 1137.054 mm, a FFOV of about 0.9°, and an F-number of about 4.0. 
   From the specifications for the individual lens elements (items  120 - 138  by twos) and the separation between lens elements set forth in the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F, the focal lengths of each lens element and then each group of lens elements (i.e. first lens group  152 , first zoom subgroup  153 , second zoom subgroup  154 , third zoom subgroup  155 , fourth zoom subgroup  157 , fifth zoom subgroup  158 , and sixth zoom subgroup  159 ) may be calculated by using CODE V® optical design software that is commercially available from Optical Research Associates, Inc., Pasadena, Calif., U.S.A., at a temperature of 20° C. (68° F.) and standard atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg), and those calculated group focal lengths are as follows:
         First lens subgroup  152  (element  120 )=322.994 mm;   First zoom subgroup  153  (elements  122  and  124 )=−88.338 mm;   Second zoom subgroup  154  (element  126 )=150.688 mm;   Third zoom subgroup  155  (element  128 )=65.962 mm; and   Fourth zoom subgroup  157  (element  130 )=−178.124 mm.   Fifth zoom subgroup  158  (element  132 )=−54.620 mm.   Sixth zoom subgroup  159  (elements  134 ,  136  and  138 )=35.153 mm.       

   As mentioned above, the zoom lens system  150  is provided with one optical stop at the surface S 22  which controls the diameter of the aperture through which light rays may pass at that point to thereby cause any light rays in the zoom lens system radially beyond that diameter to be stopped. The optical stop is the location at which a physical iris is located. The iris is located within or at an end of the sixth zoom subgroup  159 , and moves with that zoom subgroup. Note that in  FIG. 78A , for example, the rim rays pass through S 22  with room to spare, while in  FIG. 78F , the rim rays are almost touching the extreme edges of S 22  as they pass through the optical stop. This shows that the iris located at S 22  must open as the focal length increases. To maintain a constant f-number at the image, the iris must “zoom” or change. In other words, the iris must be adjusted for constant aperture. A separate cam may be used to open or close the iris during zooming. In addition, it should be noted that all of the lens element surface apertures, set forth in the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F, act as field stops at all focus and zoom positions as depicted in  FIGS. 78A-78F . The size of the aperture of iris S 22  is adjusted as the sixth zoom subgroup  159  moves axially, as described above, with respect to the maximum aperture diameters listed in the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F and is given with its largest value in the TABLE FOR FIGS.  77  AND  78 A- 78 F. 
   In the second exemplary IR embodiment of the zoom lens system, the sensor located at the image plane S 23  is responsive not to light but to the amount of heat given off by the objects being viewed, and captures differences in the heat given off by the objects down to a Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD). To do this, the sensor averages the temperature of elements in the scene being viewed. The sensor ideally should not “see” any lens structure, otherwise the temperature of the lens structure would be averaged into the scene and cause image errors. Therefore, in embodiments of the present invention, the stop (i.e. the iris located at the stop) is part of the detector, and the detector including the stop is cooled to reduce electronic noise, producing a “cold stop.” 
   The six zoom subgroups  153 - 159  are each axially movable independently and their respective movements are coordinated by any convenient means, such as conventional mechanical devices such as cams or the like, to accomplish the desired zooming function. 
     FIGS. 79A-79F  illustrate the diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) for the same light rays entering the lens system at the relative field heights shown in  FIGS. 78A-78F  according to embodiments of the present invention. In  FIGS. 79A-79F , the x-axis represents the spatial frequency (resolution) in cycles per millimeter, and the y-axis represents a relative modulation value (an indication of image quality). The diffraction MTF curves of  FIGS. 79A-79F  are polychromatic, using the same wavelengths and X and Y field fans, but with wavelength weights. Note that at a spatial frequency of about 15 cycles/mm, at the extreme right distal end of each of the plots, the diffraction MTF for all of the field fans in each of the plots are clustered with a modulation range of about 0.65 to 0.82. In general, diffraction MTFs greater than 0.50 are desired, and a lens is said to be “diffraction limited” (ideal) if the diffraction MTFs are greater than 80%. Thus, there is not much of a dropoff from the diffraction limit in the lens of the present invention. The maximum distortion in the six zoom positions of  FIGS. 79A-79F  is about 3.5%. 
   Although the present invention has been fully described in connection with embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.