Patent Publication Number: US-2013244678-A1

Title: Methods and apparatus for facilitating inter-cell interference coordination via over the air load indicator and relative narrowband transmit power

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a divisional of patent application Ser. No. 13/007,955, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FACILITATING INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE COORDINATION VIA OVER THE AIR LOAD INDICATOR AND RELATIVE NARROWBAND TRANSMIT POWER” filed Jan. 17, 2011, pending, which claimed priority to Provisional Application No. 61/295,828, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FACILITATING INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE COORDINATION VIA OVER THE AIR LOAD INDICATOR AND RELATIVE NARROWBAND TRANSMIT POWER” filed on Jan. 18, 2010, both of which are assigned to the assignee hereof, and both of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This application is directed generally to wireless communications systems. More particularly, but not exclusively, the application relates to methods, apparatus and systems for providing over the air (OTA) load indication information and Relative Narrowband Transmit Power (RNTP) information to facilitate inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) and associated scheduling in wireless communication systems such as LTE systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, data, video and the like, and deployments are likely to increase with introduction of new data oriented systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems. Wireless communications systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems and other orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. 
     Generally, a wireless multiple-access communication system can simultaneously support communication for multiple wireless terminals (also know as user equipments (UEs), or access terminals (ATs). Each terminal communicates with one or more base stations (also know as access points (APs), eNodeBs or eNBs) via transmissions on forward and uplinks. The forward link (also referred to as a downlink or DL) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the terminals, and the uplink (also referred to as a reverse link or UL) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the base stations. 
     Base station nodes, also referred to as enhanced Node Bs or eNBs, have different capabilities for deployment in a network. This includes transmission power classes, access restriction, and so forth. In one aspect, heterogeneous network characteristics may create wireless coverage dead spots (e.g., Donut coverage hole). This may cause severe inter-cell interference requiring undesirable user equipment cell association. In general, heterogeneous network characteristics require deep penetration of physical channels, which may cause unwanted interference between nodes and equipment on the respective network. 
     As the number of mobile stations deployed increases, the need for proper bandwidth utilization becomes more important. Moreover, with the introduction of semiautonomous base stations for managing small cells, such as femtocells, in systems such as LTE, interference with existing base stations may become an increasing problem. 
     SUMMARY 
     Various aspects of this disclosure, as performed by access terminals (ATs) or user equipments (UEs) in wireless communication systems, such as LTE systems, relate to interference and path loss determinations for surrounding transmitters that may be in adjacent or neighboring cells. These determinations may be employed in identifying network base stations, performing handoff determinations, managing interference between network cells, or other inter-network or ICIC functions. Depending on various conditions (e.g., current network load, prevailing wireless conditions, channel quality, path loss on one or more wireless links, etc.), it may be desirable to schedule UE transmissions on particular resources and/or at particular transmit powers in a manner that mitigates interference to neighboring cells and associated base stations. 
     In order to control scheduling, it may be desirable to provide over the air (OTA) load indication signaling to UEs and/or other wireless nodes in adjacent or neighboring cells. The UEs may use this information, and/or additional information, to determine a transmit power metric, which may be reported to a serving base station, such as an eNB. In addition, it may be desirable to minimize interference over thermal noise (IoT), and maximize data throughput for wireless communications in various aspects. 
     This disclosure is directed generally to inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) in a wireless communication system using Load Indication (LI) information and/or Relative Narrowband Transmit Power (RNTP) information for facilitating resource partitioning. 
     For example, in one aspect the disclosure relates to a method for interference mitigation in a wireless communication system. The method may include, for example, determining interference information applicable to at least one of a serving cell and a neighbor cell. The method may further include scheduling signal transmission within the serving cell based at least in part upon the interference information. 
     The interference information may include, for example, an interference value corresponding to an amount of uplink interference experienced at a serving base station in the serving cell. The method may further include comparing the interference value to a target value, and communicating, based upon the comparing, at least one load indicator (LI) signal to one or more devices in the neighboring cell. The at least one load indicator signal may be communicated to the neighboring cell using over the air (OTA) signaling. 
     The method may further include, for example, receiving a transmit power metric from a served UE. The scheduling may further include generating, based at least in part on the transmit power metric, an uplink scheduling assignment for the served UE. The method may further include communicating a resource partitioning request to one or more nodes in the neighboring cell. The method may further include receiving a resource partitioning response. The resource partitioning request may relate to uplink subband partitioning between the serving cell and the neighboring cell. 
     The scheduling may be based, for example, upon a partitioning of uplink communication resources between the serving cell and the neighbor cell. The partitioning may be predetermined and communicated to the serving cell and the neighbor cell. Alternately or in addition, the partitioning may be dynamically determined based on information provided from a served user terminal in the serving cell. Alternately, or in addition, the partitioning may be negotiated between the serving cell and the neighbor cell. 
     The interference information may relate, for example, to resources to be used in transmission of one or more downlink signals from the neighbor cell. The interference information may relate to an expected amount of downlink interference experienced at a user terminal served in the serving cell. The interference information may relate, for example, to relative narrowband transmit power (RNTP) information associated with future transmissions in one or more subbands of the neighbor cell, power per antenna information associated with future transmissions in one or more subbands of the neighbor cell, phase or phase offset per antenna information associated with future transmissions in one or more subbands of the neighbor cell, and/or other information related to future transmissions from a neighbor cell. The interference information may be sent from the neighboring cell using Over the Air (OTA) signaling. 
     The method may further include, for example, receiving adjusted Channel State Information (CSI) from a served UE. The scheduling may include generating, based at least in part on the Adjusted CSI, a downlink schedule for the serving base station. The downlink schedule may be based on a subband resource partition between the serving cell and the neighbor cell. 
     The method may further include, for example, communicating a resource partitioning request to one or more nodes in the neighboring cell. The method may further include receiving a resource partitioning response. The resource partitioning request may relate to a proposed downlink subband partitioning between the serving cell and the neighboring cell. 
     The scheduling may be based, for example, in part upon a negotiated partitioning of downlink communication resources between the serving cell and the neighboring cell. The partitioning may be predetermined and communicated to the serving cell and the neighbor cell. Alternately or in addition, the partitioning is predetermined and communicated to the serving cell and the neighbor cell. Alternately or in addition, the partitioning may be dynamically determined based on information provided from a served user terminal in the serving cell. Alternately or in addition, the partitioning may be negotiated between the serving cell and the neighbor cell. 
     In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for interference mitigation in a wireless communication system. The method may include, for example, determining Future Scheduling Information (F SI) including data defining planned future use of one or more downlink subband resources. The method may further include sending the FSI. The method may further include sending control signaling. The control signaling may be done at a fixed offset relative to a Common Reference Signal (CRS). 
     The FSI may include, for example, RNTP information. The RNTP Information may be an RNTP bitmap. The control signaling may include one or more of PDCCH, PHICH, and PCFCH. The control signaling may be Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) signaling. The fixed offset may include a predetermined fixed power offset relative to the CRS. The fixed offset is predefined. Alternately or in addition, the fixed offset may be dynamically determined. 
     In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for facilitating interference mitigation in a multi-cell environment. The method may include, for example, receiving interference information. The method may further include determining a parameter based at least in part upon the interference information, and transmitting the parameter to a serving network node of a serving cell. 
     The interference information may relate, for example, to signal transmission from at least one neighbor cell. The interference information may relate to uplink interference at the serving cell. The interference information may relate to one or more load indicator (LI) signals. The receiving may include, for example, receiving the one or more load indicator signals from a corresponding one or more network nodes operating in one or more neighbor cells. 
     The parameter may include, for example, a transmit power metric. The determining may include, for example, determining the transmit power metric based at least in part on the one or more load indicator signals. 
     The interference information may relate, for example, to downlink interference at a user terminal served by the serving cell. The interference information may relate to future scheduling information (FSI), which may include information regarding planned future downlink transmissions in one or more subbands. The FSI may include RNTP information which may be related to a planned downlink transmission in the neighbor cell. The FSI may include power per antenna information associated with future downlink transmissions, phase or phase offset per antenna information, and/or other information related to future transmissions from the neighbor cell. The interference information may be sent from the neighboring cell using Over the Air (OTA) signaling. 
     The parameter may include, for example, adjusted channel state information (CSI). The adjusted CSI may include CQI information that may be adjusted based at least in part on the FSI. The adjusted channel state information may include one or more of CQI, PMI and RI. 
     In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a computer program product. The computer program product may be configured to cause a computer to perform one or more the above-described processes. 
     In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a communications device. The communication device may be configured to implement one or more of the above-described processes. 
     In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a communications device. The communication device may include means for implementing one or more the above-described processes. 
     Various additional aspects and details are further described below in conjunction with the appended Drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present application may be more fully appreciated in connection with the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates details of a wireless communications system. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates details of a wireless communications system having multiple cells and associated wireless network nodes. 
         FIG. 3A  illustrates details of one embodiment of inter-cell coordination between wireless network nodes. 
         FIG. 3B  illustrates details of another embodiment of inter-cell coordination between wireless network nodes. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates details of an embodiment of a wireless communication system on which embodiments of inter-cell interference coordination may be implemented. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates details of an embodiment of a transmit power apparatus. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates details of an embodiment of a database on which various data and information may be stored. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates details of an embodiment of a functional mapping of load indicator values for loaded and not-loaded states. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates details of an embodiment of a loading indicator apparatus. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates details of a process for performing load indicator processing to facilitate inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process for providing resource scheduling for use in facilitating inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process for providing transmit power metrics for use in facilitating inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process for generating a transmit power metric for use in facilitating inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process for generating uplink scheduling for use in facilitating inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process for providing load indication signaling for use in facilitating inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates example information elements (IE) for embodiments of system information broadcast (SIB) data. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates details of an embodiment of a communication system on which uplink resource partitioning may be implemented. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a timing diagram for backhaul coordination between base stations to facilitate inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates details of an embodiment of a communication system on which downlink resource partitioning may be implemented. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process for facilitating inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process for facilitating inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process for facilitating inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process for facilitating inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates a timing diagram for backhaul coordination between base stations to facilitate inter-cell interference coordination. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates details of embodiments of a base station and user terminal on which embodiments of aspects may be implemented. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This disclosure is directed generally to wireless communications systems. More particularly, but not exclusively, the application relates to methods and apparatus for providing over the air (OTA) load indication and relative narrowband transmit power (RNTP) signaling to facilitate inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) and associated processing and scheduling in wireless communications systems. In various embodiments, the techniques and apparatus described herein may be used for wireless communication networks such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) networks, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) networks, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) networks, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks, LTE networks, as well as other communications networks. As described herein, the terms “networks” and “systems” may be used interchangeably. 
     Before describing aspects, details and terminology associated with various communication systems on which embodiments may be implemented are further described below. 
     Radio technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000 and the like. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR) may be implemented using DDMA. Cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. Radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) may be implemented using TDMA. Radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM and the like, may be implemented using OFDMA. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). In particular, Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, GSM, UMTS and LTE are described in documents provided from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP), and cdma2000 is described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). These various radio technologies and standards are known or are being developed in the art. 
     For clarity, certain aspects of the apparatus and techniques are described below for LTE implementations, and LTE terminology is used in much of the description below; however, the description is not intended to be limited to LTE applications. Accordingly, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the apparatus and methods described herein may be applied to various other communications systems and applications. 
     Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), which utilizes single carrier modulation and frequency domain equalization, is a technique that may be used in 3GTPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) or other communication systems. SC-FDMA has similar performance and essentially the same overall complexity as OFDMA implementations. SC-FDMA signal has lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) because of its inherent single carrier structure, and is currently a working assumption for uplink multiple access scheme in LTE. 
     Logical channels in wireless communications systems may be classified into Control Channels and Traffic Channels. Logical Control Channels may include a Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) which is a downlink (DL) channel for broadcasting system control information, a Paging Control Channel (PCCH) which is a DL channel that transfers paging information and a Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) which is a point-to-multipoint DL channel used for transmitting Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS) scheduling and control information for one or several MTCHs. Generally, after establishing a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection this channel is only used by UEs that receive MBMS. A Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is a point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information and is used by UEs having an RRC connection. 
     Logical Traffic Channels may include a Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) which is point-to-point bi-directional channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user information, and a Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) for Point-to-multipoint DL channel for transmitting traffic data. 
     Transport Channels may be classified into downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) Transport Channels. DL Transport Channels may include a Broadcast Channel (BCH), Downlink Shared Data Channel (DL-SDCH) and a Paging Channel (PCH). The PCH may be used for support of UE power saving (when a DRX cycle is indicated by the network to the UE) broadcast over an entire cell and mapped to Physical Layer (PHY) resources which can be used for other control/traffic channels. The UL Transport Channels may include a Random Access Channel (RACH), a Request Channel (REQCH), an Uplink Shared Data Channel (UL-SDCH) and a plurality of PHY channels. The PHY channels may include a set of DL channels and UL channels. 
     In addition, the DL PHY channels may include the following: 
     Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 
     Synchronization Channel (SCH) 
     Common Control Channel (CCCH) 
     Shared DL Control Channel (SDCCH) 
     Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) 
     Shared UL Assignment Channel (SUACH) 
     Acknowledgement Channel (ACKCH) 
     DL Physical Shared Data Channel (DL-PSDCH) 
     UL Power Control Channel (UPCCH) 
     Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 
     Load Indicator Channel (LICH) 
     The UL PHY Channels may include the following: 
     Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) 
     Channel Quality Indicator Channel (CQICH) 
     Acknowledgement Channel (ACKCH) 
     Antenna Subset Indicator Channel (ASICH) 
     Shared Request Channel (SREQCH) 
     UL Physical Shared Data Channel (UL-PSDCH) 
     Broadband Pilot Channel (BPICH) 
     The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect and/or embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects and/or embodiments. 
     For purposes of explanation of various aspects and/or embodiments, the following terminology and abbreviations may be used herein: 
     AM Acknowledged Mode 
     AMD Acknowledged Mode Data 
     ARQ Automatic Repeat Request 
     BCCH Broadcast Control CHannel 
     BCH Broadcast CHannel 
     C- Control- 
     CCCH Common Control CHannel 
     CCH Control CHannel 
     CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport Channel 
     CP Cyclic Prefix 
     CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 
     CTCH Common Traffic CHannel 
     DCCH Dedicated Control CHannel 
     DCH Dedicated CHannel 
     DL DownLink 
     DSCH Downlink Shared CHannel 
     DTCH Dedicated Traffic CHannel 
     FACH Forward link Access CHannel 
     FDD Frequency Division Duplex 
     L 1  Layer  1  (physical layer) 
     L 2  Layer  2  (data link layer) 
     L 3  Layer  3  (network layer) 
     LI Length Indicator 
     LSB Least Significant Bit 
     MAC Medium Access Control 
     MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 
     MCCH MBMS point-to-multipoint Control CHannel 
     MRW Move Receiving Window 
     MSB Most Significant Bit 
     MSCH MBMS point-to-multipoint Scheduling CHannel 
     MTCH MBMS point-to-multipoint Traffic CHannel 
     PCCH Paging Control CHannel 
     PCH Paging CHannel 
     PDU Protocol Data Unit 
     PHY PHYsical layer 
     PhyCH Physical CHannels 
     RACH Random Access CHannel 
     RLC Radio Link Control 
     RRC Radio Resource Control 
     SAP Service Access Point 
     SDU Service Data Unit 
     SHCCH SHared channel Control CHannel 
     SN Sequence Number 
     SUFI SUper FIeld 
     TCH Traffic CHannel 
     TDD Time Division Duplex 
     TFI Transport Format Indicator 
     TM Transparent Mode 
     TMD Transparent Mode Data 
     TTI Transmission Time Interval 
     U- User- 
     UE User Equipment 
     UL UpLink 
     UM Unacknowledged Mode 
     UMD Unacknowledged Mode Data 
     UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 
     UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access 
     UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 
     MBSFN Multicast broadcast single frequency network 
     MCE MBMS coordinating entity 
     MCH Multicast channel 
     DL-SCH Downlink shared channel 
     MSCH MBMS control channel 
     PDCCH Physical downlink control channel 
     PDSCH Physical downlink shared channel 
     System designs may support various time-frequency reference signals for the downlink and uplink to facilitate beamforming and other functions. A reference signal is a signal generated based on known data and may also be referred to as a pilot, preamble, training signal, sounding signal and the like. A reference signal may be used by a receiver for various purposes such as channel estimation, coherent demodulation, channel quality measurement, signal strength measurement and the like. MIMO systems using multiple antennas generally provide for coordination of sending of reference signals between antennas, however, LTE systems do not in general provide for coordination of sending of reference signals from multiple base stations or eNBs. 
     3GPP Specification 36211-900 defines in Section 5.5 particular reference signals (RSs) for demodulation, associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH, as well as sounding, which is not associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH. For example, Table 1 lists some reference signals for LTE implementations that may be transmitted on the downlink and uplink and provides a short description for each reference signal. A cell-specific reference signal may also be referred to as a common pilot, a broadband pilot and the like. A UE-specific reference signal may also be referred to as a dedicated reference signal. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Reference 
                   
               
               
                 Link 
                 Signal 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Downlink 
                 Cell Specific 
                 Reference signal sent by a base station/ 
               
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 eNode B and used by the UEs for channel 
               
               
                   
                 Signal (CRS) 
                 estimation and channel quality measurement. 
               
               
                 Downlink 
                 UE Specific 
                 Reference signal sent by a base station/ 
               
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 eNode B to a specific UE and used for 
               
               
                   
                 Signal 
                 demodulation of a downlink transmission 
               
               
                   
                   
                 from the Node B. 
               
               
                 Uplink 
                 Sounding 
                 Reference signal sent by a UE and used by a 
               
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 Node B for channel estimation and channel 
               
               
                   
                 Signal 
                 quality measurement. 
               
               
                 Uplink 
                 Demodulation 
                 Reference signal sent by a UE and used by a 
               
               
                   
                 Reference 
                 Node B for demodulation of an uplink 
               
               
                   
                 Signal 
                 transmission from the UE. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some implementations a system may utilize time division duplexing (TDD). For TDD, the downlink and uplink share the same frequency spectrum or channel, and downlink and uplink transmissions are sent on the same frequency spectrum. The downlink channel response may thus be correlated with the uplink channel response. A reciprocity principle may allow a downlink channel to be estimated based on transmissions sent via the uplink. These uplink transmissions may be reference signals or uplink control channels (which may be used as reference symbols after demodulation). The uplink transmissions may allow for estimation of a space-selective channel via multiple antennas. 
     Time frequency physical resource blocks (also denoted here in as resource blocks or “RBs” for brevity) may be defined in OFDM systems as groups of transport carriers (e.g. sub-carriers) or intervals that are assigned to transport data. The RBs are defined over a time and frequency period. Resource blocks are comprised of time-frequency resource elements (also denoted here in as resource elements or “REs” for brevity), which may be defined by indices of time and frequency in a slot. Additional details of LTE RBs and REs are described in 3GPP TS 36.211. 
     UMTS LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths from 20 MHz down to 1.4 MHZ. In LTE, an RB is defined as 12 sub-carriers when the sub-carrier bandwidth is 15 kHz, or 24 sub-carriers when the sub-carrier bandwidth is 7.5 kHz. In an exemplary implementation, in the time domain there is a defined radio frame that is 10 ms long and consists of 10 sub frames of 1 ms each. Every sub frame consists of 2 slots, where each slot is 0.5 ms. The subcarrier spacing in the frequency domain in this case is 15 kHz. Twelve of these subcarriers together (per slot) constitutes an RB, so in this implementation one resource block is 180 kHz. 6 Resource blocks fit in a carrier of 1.4 MHz and 100 resource blocks fit in a carrier of 20 MHz. 
     In the downlink there are typically a number of physical channels as described above. In particular, the PDCCH is used for sending control, the PHICH for sending ACK/NACK, the PCFICH for specifying the number of control symbols, the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) for data transmission, the Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) for broadcast transmission using a Single Frequency Network, and the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) for sending important system information within a cell. Supported modulation formats on the PDSCH in LTE are QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. 
     In the uplink there are typically three physical channels. While the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is only used for initial access and when the UE is not uplink synchronized, the data is sent on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). If there is no data to be transmitted on the uplink for a UE, control information would be transmitted on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). Supported modulation formats on the uplink data channel are QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. 
     In 3GPP LTE, a mobile station or device may be referred to as a “user device” or “user equipment” (UE). A base station may be referred to as an evolved NodeB or eNB. A semi-autonomous base station may be referred to as a home eNB or HeNB. An HeNB may thus be one example of an eNB. The HeNB and/or the coverage area of an HeNB may be referred to as a femtocell, an HeNB cell or a closed subscriber group (CSG) cell (where access is restricted). 
     One function performed by access terminals (ATs) or user equipments (UEs) in wireless communication systems, such as LTE systems, relates to interference and path loss determinations for surrounding transmitters that may be in adjacent or neighboring cells. These determinations may be employed in identifying network base stations, performing handoff determinations, managing interference between network cells, or other inter-network or ICIC functions. Depending on various conditions (e.g., current network load, prevailing wireless conditions, channel quality, path loss on one or more wireless links, etc.), it may be desirable to schedule UE transmissions on particular resources and/or at particular transmit powers in a manner that mitigates interference to neighboring cells and associated base stations. In order to control scheduling, it may be desirable to provide over the air (OTA) load indication signaling to UEs or other wireless nodes in adjacent or neighboring cells. The UEs may use this information, and/or additional information, to determine a transmit power metric, which may be reported to a serving base station, such as an eNB. In addition, it may be desirable to minimize interference over thermal noise (IoT), and maximize data throughput for wireless communications in various aspects. 
     To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the one or more aspects. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects can be employed and the described aspects are intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Accordingly, it should be apparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosed herein is merely representative. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein may be implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented or such a method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. Furthermore, an aspect may comprise at least one element of a claim. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates details of aspects of an example multiple access wireless communication system, such as an LTE system. An evolved Node B (eNB)  100  (which may also be denoted as an access point or AP) includes multiple antenna groups, one including  104  and  106 , another including  108  and  110 , and an additional including  112  and  114 . In  FIG. 1 , only two antennas are shown for each antenna group, however, more or fewer antennas may be utilized for each antenna group. A user equipment (UE)  116  (also known as a user terminal, access terminal, or AT) is in communication with antennas  112  and  114 , where antennas  112  and  114  transmit information to UE  116  over downlink  120  and receive information from UE  116  over uplink  118 . A second UE  122  is in communication with antennas  106  and  108 , where antennas  106  and  108  transmit information to UE  122  over downlink  126  and receive information from access terminal  122  over uplink  124 . In a frequency division duplex (FDD) system, communication links  118 ,  120 ,  124  and  126  may use different frequency for communication. For example, downlink  120  may use a different frequency then that used by uplink  118 . In a time division duplex (TDD) system, downlinks and uplinks may be shared. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates details of aspects of an example multiple access wireless communication system  200 , such as an LTE communication system. The multiple access wireless communication system  200  includes multiple cells, including cells  202 ,  204 , and  206  that may be neighboring or adjacent. In one aspect, one or more of the cells  202 ,  204 , and  206  may include an eNB that includes multiple sectors. The multiple sectors can be formed by groups of antennas with each antenna responsible for communication with UEs in a portion of the cell, such as described previously with respect to  FIG. 1 . For example, in cell  202 , antenna groups  212 ,  214 , and  216  may each correspond to a different sector. In cell  204 , antenna groups  218 ,  220 , and  222  each correspond to a different sector. In cell  206 , antenna groups  224 ,  226 , and  228  each correspond to a different sector. The cells  202 ,  204  and  206  can include several wireless communication devices, e.g., user equipment (UEs), which communicate with one or more sectors of each cell  202 ,  204  or  206 . For example, UEs  230  and  232  can be in communication with eNB  242 , UEs  234  and  236  can be in communication with eNB  244 , and UEs  238  and  240  can be in communication with eNB  246 . UEs may be able to receive signals from adjacent cells and associated eNBs. For example, UE  234  may be associated with serving node eNB  244 , however, UE  234  may also be able to receive signals from adjacent cells  202  and  206  from corresponding eNBs  242  and  246 . These signals may include Loading Indicator (LI, which may also be denoted as Overloading Indicator) signaling and/or Future Scheduling Information (FSI), which may be Relative Narrowband Transmit Power (RNTP) signaling, as well as other signaling as further described below. eNBs such as eNBs  242 ,  244 , and  246  may be in communication with a system controller  250 , which may further provided connectivity to backhaul and Core Network (CN) components and functions. 
     Certain distributed functions and processing may be done in some implementations by direct communications or negotiations between eNBs such as those shown in  FIG. 2 . For example, eNBs may communicate directly to coordinate orthogonalization to mitigate inter-cell interference as further described subsequently herein. 
       FIG. 3A  illustrates details of an embodiment of a network  300 A illustrating details of example eNB interconnection with other eNBs, such as may be used to facilitate coordination for inter-cell orthogonalization and interference cancellation using direct and/or backhaul connectivity. Network  300 A includes a macro-eNB  302  and multiple additional eNBs, which may be picocell or femtocell eNBs  310 . Network  300 A may include an HeNB gateway  334  for scalability reasons. The macro-eNB  302  and the gateway  334  may each communicate with a pool  340  of mobility management entities (MME)  342  and/or a pool  344  of serving gateways (SGW)  346 . The eNB gateway  334  may appear as a C-plane and a U-plane relay for dedicated S1 backhaul connections  336 . An S1 connection may be a logical interface specified as the boundary between an evolved packet core (EPC) and an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network (EUTRAN). As such, it provides an interface to a core network or CN (not shown) which may be further coupled to other networks. The eNB gateway  334  may act as a macro-eNB  302  from an EPC point of view. The C-plane interface may be S1-MME and the U-plane interface may be S1-U. 
     The eNB gateway  334  may act towards an eNB  310  as a single EPC node and may ensure S1-flex connectivity for an eNB  310 . The eNB gateway  334  may provide a 1:n relay functionality such that a single eNB  310  may communicate with n MMEs  342 . The eNB gateway  334  registers towards the pool  340  of MMEs  342  when put into operation via the S1 setup procedure. The eNB gateway  334  may support setup of S1 connections  336  with the eNBs  310 . 
     Network  300 A may also include a self-organizing network (SON) server  338 . The SON server  338  may provide automated optimization of a 3GPP LTE network. The SON server  338  may be a key driver for improving operation, administration, and maintenance (OA&amp;M) functionality in wireless communication system  300 A. 
     An X2 link  320  may exist between the macro-eNB  302  and the eNB gateway  334 . X2 links  320  may also exist between each of the eNBs  310  connected to a common eNB gateway  334 . The X2 links  320  may be set up based on input from the SON server  338 . An X2 link  320  may convey ICIC information. If an X2 link  320  cannot be established, the S1 connection  336  may be used to convey ICIC information. Backhaul signaling may be used in system  300 A to manage various functionality, such as described further herein, between base stations or eNBs. For example, these connections may be used as further described successively herein to facilitate subband orthogonalization coordination and scheduling. 
       FIG. 3B  illustrates a similar network configuration  300 A without an SON server. In this configuration, eNBs, such as macro-eNB  302  and pico or femto eNBs  310  may communicate directly via an X2 connection  320  as shown. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates details of an example embodiment of a wireless communication system  400  on which embodiments of inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) in accordance with various aspects may be implemented. System  400  includes a UE  402  in communication with a serving eNB (or base station or equivalent wireless network node)  404  via wireless link  418 , which may include an uplink (UL) and a downlink (DL) connection. eNB  404  may be associated with a serving cell  410 . In addition, UE  402  may be in wireless range of one (or more) adjacent or neighboring cells  420  and/or  430 , which may be served by eNBs  424  and  434  respectively. Cell to cell communication may be done via an inter-cell link, such as an S1 or X2 connection  460  as shown between cells  410  and  420  and associated eNBs  404  and  424 . Other X2 connections between cells, such as between cells  410  and  430 , or  420  and  430  (not shown) may also be configured. 
     UE  402  may receive system data from serving cell node  404  in furtherance of the inter-cell interference coordination via a downlink component of link  418 , and may also receive other data or information depending on the connection mode. UE  402  may also send data to node  404  via an uplink component of link  418  to further inter-cell interference coordination as further described subsequently herein. 
     For example, the system data may include receiver sensitivity information for one or more of the neighboring cells  420 ,  430 , aggregated receiver sensitivity data (e.g., average receiver sensitivity), and/or nominal sensitivity data where specific data is not available. Additionally, the system data may include transmit power of nodes of the respective neighboring cells  420  and  430  (e.g., nodes  424  and  434 ), and/or other cells and associated nodes not shown. 
     The system data may be employed by a transmit power apparatus  406  which may be incorporated as a module in UE  402  for determining a suitable transmit power metric to be used to facilitate interference mitigation with neighboring cells  420 ,  430  (or other cells not shown). The transmit power metric may be based at least in part on receiver sensitivity data and/or other data as described further herein. In addition, the transmit power metric may be based at least in part on a measure of network interference observed by the respective neighboring cells  420 ,  430  (and/or other cells not shown). For example, a downlink signal may be received at UE  402  from signal path  428 , which may then be used to generate transmit power metric data based on the signal. Likewise, a downlink signal  438  may be received from eNB  434  of cell  430  and similarly used either alone or in conjunction with the signal from eNB  424  to generate transmit metric data. The transmit power metric may also be based on wireless conditions, such as path loss or other information as further described herein. The transmit power metric may be based on wireless conditions, such as path loss or other information as further described herein. 
     UE  402  may send information based on signals received from neighboring cells such as cells  420  and/or  430  to serving base station  404 . This information may be, for example, adjusted Channel State Information (CSI) and/or other information related to signals received from adjacent cells that may be used to facilitate inter-cell interference coordination. For example, a downlink signal may be received at UE  402  from downlink  429 , which may then be used to generate adjusted CQI report information and/or other information for facilitating ICIC. Likewise, a downlink signal may be received from downlink  439  from eNB  434  of cell  430  and similarly used either alone or in conjunction with the signal from eNB  424  to generate adjusted CQI report information and/or other information for facilitating ICIC. The transmit power metric may also be based on wireless conditions, such as path loss or other information as further described herein. CSI adjustment apparatus  407  may be configured to receive a signal including Future Scheduling Information (FSI), which may include RNTP data, such as data associated with transmit power and/or other information, such as information associated with power per antenna, power per phase, and/or other similar or related information, from an adjacent base station and may use this information to generate adjusted CSI data or information, such as, for example, CQI report information adjusted based on the FSI. 
     eNB  404  may also include a Downlink Orthogonalization Module  451 , which may be configured to receive information related to interference generated on a downlink from an adjacent cell node, such as eNB  424  and/or eNB  434 , and orthogonalize downlink data transmissions to facilitate inter-cell interference mitigation. eNBs  424  and  434  may include similar Orthogonalization Modules  427  and  437  (not shown), respectively. In addition, neighbor cell base stations eNB  424  and/or eNB  434  may include an FSI/RNTP apparatus configured to generate and transmit, such as to UE  402 , Future Scheduling Information. The FSI may be in the form of RNTP data, such as an RNTP bitmap as described subsequently herein. eNB  404  may similar include an FSI/RNTP apparatus (not shown). 
       FIG. 5  illustrates details of one embodiment of a transmit power apparatus  406 . Power apparatus  406  may include a data processor element  412 , which may be a standalone processor and/or a processing element of UE  402 . Apparatus  406  may further include a receiver module  409  configured to receive signals from serving base stations, such as eNB  404 , as well as other base stations, such as adjacent base stations  424  and  434 . Processor  412  may be configured to activate transmit power apparatus  406  when UE  402  wakes up, such as from an inactive state. In this case, transmit power apparatus  406  may analyze loading indicator information and/or system data or information upon activating or transitioning to a new cell. 
     In another aspect, a discontinuous receive (DRX) procedure may be modified such that the data processor activates transmit power apparatus  406  in between active receive states. Alternately, variations of the foregoing aspects may be used, as well as other activation procedures based on appropriate operational events or conditions. 
     System data may be parsed by processor  412 , and parsed data may be stored in memory  401 . A receiver sensitivity module  414  may be included to identify receiver sensitivity data for respective neighboring cells  404 A,  404 B, and/or aggregated/nominal data. The sensitivity data may be forwarded to a calculation module  416 , which may employ the sensitivity data in determining a transmit power metric for the UE  402 . Additionally, calculation module  416  may employ a loading indicator (LI) signal and/or associated data provided by the respective neighboring cells  404 A,  404 B for the transmit power metric determination, as well as path loss data for the transmit power metric determination. 
     For example, calculation module  416  may employ a processing method of the following form for generating a transmit power metric. Assuming, for example, that there are k neighboring cells, for each neighboring cell, a computation of a maximum power per resource block (P RBmax ) each subframe, i (for each reporting subband) may be done. For example, the P RBmax  for each adjacent cell may be computed in accordance with the following: 
         P   RBmax ( i,k )= Po   PUSCH int( k )+ PL ( i,k )+ f ( i,k ); 
     where Po PUSCHint(   k ) is a receiver sensitivity value at the corresponding neighboring base station (eNB), k is the neighboring cell, i is the subframe index, PL(i, k) is a path loss metric that represents an estimated path loss towards the neighboring eNB, k, and f(i,k) is an accumulated over the air (OTA) interference correction, which may be determined as further described below. 
     In one implementation, the receiver sensitivity Po PUSCH int(k) value may be determined as follows: 
         Po   PUSCH int( k )= Po   PUSCHnom int( k )+ Po   PUSCHUE int; 
     Where Po PUSCHnom int(k) is a nominal receiver sensitivity associated with cell k, and Po PUSCHUE int is a UE specific offset value. 
     In some implementations, PL(i,k) and/or f(i,k) may be omitted or replaced with other similar, equivalent or additional parameters. 
     Subsequent to determining P RBmax  (i, k) for each neighboring cell, a P RBmax  per subframe value (P RBmax (i)) may be generated at the UE. This metric may be based on a minimum P RBmax  value among all neighboring or adjacent eNBs, for example; 
         P   RBmax ( i )=min k ( P   RBmax ( i,k )). 
     The UE (e.g., UE  402 ) may then send the P RBmax (i) value as the transmit power metric. 
     In some implementations, PL(i,k) and/or f(i,k) may be omitted or replaced with other similar, equivalent or additional parameters. For example, in some embodiments, the nominal receiver sensitivity parameter PL(i, k) may also be a function of path loss difference, or may be a path loss value alone. 
     The accumulated OTA interference correction, f(i,k), represents accumulated correction. In one embodiment, it may be generated based on processing a one bit value as shown in  FIG. 7  using a predefined function, g(i), where g(i) may be a function of f(i−1) (e.g., the loading associated with a previous subframe, i−1), as shown. It is noted that, while  FIG. 7  illustrates a particular functional relationship (e.g., linear interpolation between boundary values f min  and f max ) for the loaded and unloaded case, other functions, such as nonlinear functional relationships for g(i) where f min ≦f(i−1)≦f max  may alternately be used in various implementations. For example, exponential, square law, power law, or other functions may be used. 
     For an OTA Load Indicator above a threshold target: 
       at  f ( i− 1)= f   min   ,g ( i )=0; and 
       at  f ( i− 1)= f   max   ,g ( i )=−δ max  
 
     For an OTA Load Indicator below the threshold target: 
       at  f ( i− 1)= f   max   ,g ( i )=δ max  and
 
       at  f ( i− 1)= f   max   ,g ( i )=0 
     where g(i) is a function of f(i−1), and f(i)=sum from j=0 to j=i of g(j). 
     For the above or equivalent processing, an interference correction f(i) for a given resource block may be based on current wireless conditions, and/or on the previous subframe ‘i−1,’ and/or a combination of prior subframes. Additionally, if the OTA loading indicator (physical broadcast channel—PBCH) is erased, the processing can assume the loading indicator is above the threshold target if, at f(i−1), g(i)&gt;0, assume the loading indicator is below the threshold target if, at f(i−1), g(i)&lt;0, and set g(i)=0 if f(i−1)=0. An example mapping between f(i−1) and g(i) is illustrated in  FIG. 7 , where the mapping is linear. However, other functional relationships, such as exponential, square law or other power law, and/or other relationships that are monotonically increasing or decreasing may be used in various embodiments. 
     In addition, although the above example described processing based on a one-bit algorithm, two-bit or larger bit size processing logic may be used in some implementations. For example, a two-bit processing algorithm may be employed instead of the one-bit algorithmic logic. For one example two-bit processing algorithm, four states may be provided, which may be very high load, above-target load, below-target load and very light load. 
     For the very high load state, the previously described OTA Load Indicator processing can, for example, be performed twice, potentially resulting in two interference offset corrections based on g(i). For the load above target and load below target states, the OTA Load Indicator processing may be performed once, and may therefore be the same as the one-bit processing described previously. 
     For the very light load state, the processing may also be executed twice, and in some implementations may result in two interference offset corrections (upward) based on g(i). 
     In either of these cases (i.e., whether for the one-bit case, two-bit case or other bit configurations), the results may be used by calculation module  412  to generate the transmit power metric, per resource block in subframe ‘i’, per neighboring cell ‘k,’ which may result in a minimum value metric as described previously. 
     The transmit power metric may then be sent to a base station (e.g., eNB)  404  in serving cell  410 . The base station/serving cell may then calculate an uplink (UL) transmit policy and allocations for UE  402 . This policy may be based on the transmit power metric, and the policy and allocation may be forwarded to UE  402 . Upon receipt, UE  402  may implement the transmit policy, and then continue to monitor LI transmissions from neighboring cells and then generate transmit power metrics for subsequent subframes (e.g., subframe ‘i+1’). 
     In some implementations, serving cell base station  404  may be coupled with a database  408  configured to store data pertaining to the inter-cell interference coordination, with an example database  408  configuration illustrated in  FIG. 6 . For example, receiver sensitivity data may be stored in a first set of database entries or files  408 A correlating wireless network nodes from the neighboring cells  420 ,  430  with respective receiver sensitivity data. Further, transmit power data submitted by UEs served by serving cell  410 , such as UE  402 , may be stored in a UE transmit power entry or file  408 B. Additionally, UL schedules or other related data generated by the base station  404  may be stored in a UE scheduling entry or file  408 C. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the respective files  408 A,  408 B,  408 C may be updated over time, or appended over time, to include time-varying sensitivity, transmit power, scheduling information, and/or other information (not shown in  FIG. 6 ). Such data may then be employed in adaptive inter-cell interference coordination, which may employ time-varying data as an optimization input. 
       FIG. 8  shows a block diagram of details of an embodiment of a loading indicator apparatus  450 , according to aspects of the disclosure. Loading indicator apparatus  450  may be coupled to or incorporated into a base station, such as eNB  404  of  FIG. 4 . 
     In some implementations, loading indicator apparatus may be implemented as a component or element internal to the wireless network. For instance, apparatus  450  may be part of a terrestrial radio access network (e.g., coupled with an eNode B, a base station controller, or the like), or can be part of a wireless operator&#39;s core network coupled with the terrestrial radio access network (e.g., at a network gateway or other connection point). 
     In either case, loading indicator apparatus  450  may be configured to employ a communication interface  452  for wired or wireless signaling at least with the base station. In some aspects, the communication interface  452  may be further be coupled with a backhaul network connecting the base station with a set of neighboring base stations, such as, for example, is illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . In other aspects, the communication interface  452  may be further coupled with a base station controller managing the set of neighboring base stations (not shown). In one embodiment, the communication interface  452  may include a wireless interface that can be employed to wirelessly communicate with neighboring base stations, such as, for example, via an X2 connection, or to one or more user equipment (UEs) served by the base station. In one embodiment, communication interface  452  includes a transmit-receive chain of a wireless base station or eNB (such as, for example, is shown in  FIG. 16  and described subsequently herein), or is coupled with such a transmit-receive chain. 
     In one aspect, communication interface  452  can be employed by loading indicator apparatus  450  to obtain receiver sensitivity information from the subset of nearby base stations. For example, this sensitivity information may be measured at each respective base station receiver and submitted to apparatus  450  (e.g., via communication interface  452 ), shared among the base stations (e.g., via a backhaul network or other interconnection configuration). 
     In another aspect, the sensitivity information may be nominal sensitivity information generated for the respective base stations by loading indicator apparatus  450 . 
     The receiver sensitivity information may be stored in memory  456 . The information may be stored per base station. Alternately or in addition, an average or other suitable aggregate of the sensitivity information may be stored in memory  456 . The sensitivity data may be employed by an analysis module  458 , executed by and/or incorporated with data processor  454 . Specifically, analysis module  458  may be configured to attempt to identify base stations within a wireless range of one or more UEs served by loading indicator apparatus  450 , and distribute receiver sensitivity information for in-range base stations to the respective UEs. 
     In another aspect, analysis module  456  may be configured to send aggregate sensitivity data (e.g., average sensitivity data, nominal sensitivity data where base station-specific data is not available, or other stored sensitivity data) to UEs served by loading indicator apparatus  450 . In either case, the sensitivity data may be distributed with other system information, including transmit strength of the respective base stations (for path loss calculations), or other parameters such as those described elsewhere herein. 
     Analysis module  458  may employ a particular physical downlink channel (PDCH) dedicated for loading information to convey the receiver sensitivity data. Optionally, a physical uplink channel (PUCH) can be established for response information transmitted by UEs served by loading indicator apparatus  450 . Communication interface  452  may be configured to monitor the PUCH for a response to the system information distributed by analysis module  458 . In another aspect, where no dedicated PUCH is established, UEs may employ an uplink control channel or other uplink channel to transmit the responses to the base station coupled with loading indicator apparatus  450 . 
     A response provided by a UE may include a transmit power metric  490 , which may be determined per resource block for each neighboring base station analyzed by the UE as a minimum value of a maximum power per resource block across a plurality of cells (P RBmax ). Examples of this processing are described elsewhere herein. 
     The transmit power metric may be forwarded to a scheduling module  462  that may be configured to generate a UL transmit schedule  464  for the UE, which may be based at least in part on the transmit power metric. The transmit schedule  464  may be stored in memory  456 , and transmitted to a UE, such as UE  402 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . In general, the UE transmit schedule  464  is configured to facilitate reduction of inter-cell interference among the set of base stations. As one example, the UL transmit schedule  464  may specify a transmit power for the UE on selected UL resources. Optionally, the UL transmit schedule  464  may be configured to assign the UE to particular resources for mitigation of interference in the network. In either case, the UL transmit schedule  464  may be generated according to an inter-cell interference coordination methodology among multiple neighboring or adjacent base stations and associated cells so as to reduce network interference. 
     Although the aforementioned systems and modules illustrated in  FIGS. 4-8  have been described with respect to interaction between several components, modules and/or communication interfaces, it should be appreciated that such systems and components/modules/interfaces can include those components/modules or sub-modules specified therein, some of the specified components/modules or sub-modules, and/or additional modules (not shown). For example, in one aspect a system may include UE  402 , serving cell base station  404 , database  408 , and loading indicator apparatus  450 , or a different combination of these or other modules. Sub-module may also be implemented as modules communicatively coupled to other modules rather than included within parent modules. Additionally, it should be noted that one or more modules could be combined into a single module providing aggregate functionality. For example, analysis module  458  may include scheduling module  462 , or vice versa, to facilitate analyzing respective UE transmit power data and generating respective UE UL schedules based on that data by way of a single component. The components can also interact with one or more other components not specifically described herein but known by those of skill in the art. 
     Furthermore, as will be appreciated, various portions of the disclosed systems above and methods below may include or consist of artificial intelligence or knowledge or rule based components, sub-components, processes, means, methodologies, or mechanisms (e.g., support vector machines, neural networks, expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, fuzzy logic, data fusion engines, classifiers . . . ). Such components, inter alia, and in addition to that already described herein, can automate certain mechanisms or processes performed thereby to make portions of the systems and methods more adaptive as well as efficient and intelligent. 
     In view of the exemplary systems described previously herein, methodologies that may be implemented in accordance with the disclosed subject matter will be better appreciated with reference to  FIG. 9  and  FIG. 10 . While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are shown and described as a series of blocks, it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methodologies described hereinafter. Additionally, it should be further appreciated that the methodologies disclosed hereinafter and throughout this specification are capable of being stored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting and transferring such methodologies to computers. The term article of manufacture, as used, is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, device in conjunction with a carrier, or storage medium. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of an example process  900  related to OTA-based loading and interference coordination according to various aspects. At stage  902 , a wireless receiver may be employed to obtain receiver sensitivity information and/or load indicator information associated with a set of neighboring base stations, such as eNBs in adjacent or neighboring cells. The information may be obtained at a network node such as a UE. At stage  904 , a data processor may be employed to calculate a transmit power metric, such as a maximum transmit power per resource block of the respective eNBs, such as described elsewhere herein. At stage  906 , a wireless transmitter may be employed to forward the calculated transmit power, for example from a UE to a serving eNB. Further, at stage  908 , a transmit schedule may be obtained, where the schedule may include uplink channel allocation(s) or assignments, which may be based at least in part on the transmit power metric and interference loading requirements of an inter-cell interference coordination mechanism, such as described previously herein. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of an example process  1000  for providing resource scheduling based on OTA power determinations and loading coordination according to one or more aspects. At stage  1002 , a communication interface may be employed to obtain receiver sensitivity information pertaining to one or more neighboring eNBs. At stage  1004 , a transmitter may be employed to forward the receiver sensitivity information with system data to at least one served network node, such as a UE. The system data may further include transmit power information associated with the neighboring eNB. In an alternate aspect, the transmit power of the neighboring eNB can be set equal to a transmit power of a serving eNB. At stage  1006 , a wireless receiver may be employed to obtain a calculated transmit power metric from the UE, which may be based in part on the system data. Furthermore, at stage  1008 , a data processor may be employed to generate a transmit schedule for the UE, which may be based on the transmit power and/or interference loading requirements and/or other parameters. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of an example process  1100  for providing transmit power metrics for inter-cell interference coordination according to various aspects. Process  1100  may begin at stage  1110  where one or more over the air (OTA) load indicator signals (LI) are received, which may be at a UE. The LI signals may be provided by one or a plurality of adjacent cells, such as from eNBs or other base stations in the adjacent cells. At stage  1120 , a transmit power metric may be determined, such as described previously herein. The metric may be based on the LI signals, and/or may further be based on other parameters such as receiver sensitivity, path loss, or other data or information. The metric may be based on a minimum of a maximum transmit power level determined for each of the adjacent cells, or may be based on other functions of the adjacent cells, or may be a composite of information received from adjacent cells. 
     At stage  1130 , the transmit power metric may be send to a serving network base station, such as an eNB associated with the cell. Upon receipt at the base station, the transmit power metric may be used to determine scheduling, such as for scheduling uplink transmission from the UE or other network nodes. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of an example process  1200  for generating a transmit power metric in accordance with various aspects. At stage  1210 , ones of a plurality of maximum power metrics may be determined. This may be done at a UE based on OTA LI signaling received from a plurality of adjacent or neighboring cells. At stage  1220 , a transmit power metric may be generated, such as described previously herein. The transmit power metric may be a function of the LI signals received from the adjacent or neighboring stations. The transmit power metric may be further based on a receiver sensitivity value and/or on a path loss value, and/or on other related or associated parameters, such as a UE offset metric. The generating may further include correction for accumulated OTA correction. At stage  1230 , the transmit power metric may be stored in a memory, which may be a memory element of a UE, such as shown in  FIG. 16 . In addition, the transmit power metric may be sent to a serving base station, such as an associated eNB, for further use in providing functions such as UE uplink scheduling and allocation. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of an example process  1300  for generating uplink (UL) scheduling in accordance with various aspects. At stage  1310 , a transmit power metric may be received, such as at a cell base station such as an eNB. The transmit power metric may be received from a served terminal, such as a UE. At stage  1320 , a schedule may be generated. The schedule may be based in part on the transmit power metric. The schedule may be based on other data or information provided to the base station. At stage  1330 , the scheduling information, which may include uplink channel assignments, power levels, or other uplink-related signaling data or information may be provided to the served UE. The UE may then provide uplink transmission in accordance with the schedule so as to facilitate inter-cell interference mitigation. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of an example process  1400  for providing load indication signaling in accordance with various aspects. At stage  1410 , a load indication signal (LI) may be generated. This may be done at a network node, such as base station or eNB, and may be further configured to provide OTA loading (or overloading) information to nodes in adjacent cells, such as UEs associated with adjacent or neighboring cells. At stage  1420 , the LI signal may be transmitted. The transmission may be based on particular downlink channel configurations that may be shared or may be dedicated to OTA LI signaling. In addition, the base station may provide information to nodes in adjacent cells, such as adjacent eNBs. The information may relate to receiver sensitivity, path loss, or other data or information. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates examples of system information provided to facilitate inter-cell interference coordination. System information block (SIB)  1510 , denoted as SIB 2 , may be transmitted from a cell base station such as an eNB. SIB 2  may include information elements (IEs)  1512 ,  1514 ,  1516 , and  1518 . IE(s)  1512  includes legacy SIB 2  information. IE  1514  includes information such as a subband reporting configuration, which may be a P RBmax  subband reporting configuration in accordance with transmit power metric determination described previously herein. IE  1516  may include an OTA interference correction value, and may further include a range for each configured subband. IE  1518  may include receiver sensitivity information, such as a default nominal receiver sensitivity for neighboring eNBs, which may be determined or provided as described previously herein. 
     SIB  1520  illustrates an example configuration of a SIB denoted as SIB 3  including IEs  1522 ,  1524 ,  1526 , and  1528 . As with SIB  1510 , SIB  1520  includes legacy SIB information (in this case SIB 2  information as IE(s)  1522 ), along with IE  1524 , which may include data related to transmit power of neighboring cells/eNBs. IE  1526  includes information associated with OTA LI subband configuration of neighboring cells/eNBs. IE  1528  include information associated with receiver sensitivity of neighboring cells/eNBs. 
     Block  1530  illustrates an example configuration of a signaling radio bearer (SRB), denoted as SRB 1 . SRB  1  may include legacy information  1532 , and may further include data or information  1534  related to UE offsets for neighboring eNB receiver sensitivity. 
     In accordance with another aspect, LI-based signaling, such as described previously herein, may be used to facilitate inter-cell coordination to mitigate interference by performing resource partitioning. For example, on uplink connections (e.g., transmissions from a user terminal or UE to a base station or eNB), a UE may be allocated a particular amount of total transmit power (rather than power density), which may then be used across the entire system bandwidth, or may be used in a particular subband or subbands (resulting in higher power density within those subbands). Allocating subbands may be done between eNBs through resource partitioning, which may use LI signaling as described previously herein. 
     As one example, if a UE of a neighboring cell is adjacent to a base station of another cell, such as in a heterogeneous network configuration, the downlink may significantly impact the UE. An example of this is shown in communications system  1600  of  FIG. 16 . In this example system, base station or eNB  1610  may be serving user terminal or UE  1615 , but may have another user terminal UE  1625  in proximity. eNB  1610  may correspond with eNB  404  of  FIG. 4 , and UE  1605  may correspond to UE  402 . 
     UE  1625  may be served by a neighbor base station eNB  1620  (e.g., a neighbor relative to eNB  1610  and its corresponding cell) eNB  1620  may correspond to eNB  424  or eNB  434  of  FIG. 4 . Alternately, or in addition, UE  1615  may be in proximity to eNB  1620 . eNB  1610  and/or eNB  1620  may be femtocell or picocell base stations in some heterogeneous network implementations. In other implementations, eNB  1610  and/or  1620  may be macro cell base stations or other base station types. 
     eNB  1610  and/or eNB  1620  may be subject to interference on the uplink from UEs  1625  and  1615 , respectively. For example, eNB  1610  may receive uplink interference  1614 , which may potentially be very strong and which may interfere with desired signal  1612  from UE  1620 . Similarly, eNB  1620  may experience uplink interference  1624  from UE  1615 , which may impact desired signal  1622  from UE  1625 . 
     To compensate for this interference, eNB  1610  and eNB  1620  may coordinate uplink transmission allocations and/or scheduling so as to orthogonalize uplink signaling, such as by partitioning resources across subbands. For example, as shown in graph  1670 , which illustrates an allocated UE transmission profile between eNBs  1610  and  1620  (from the perspective if eNB  1610 ), the aggregate bandwidth may be partitioned into subbands that may be allocated between the associated UEs, such as UEs  1615  and  1625 , based on desired or targeted average interference levels in particular subbands. 
     For example, if subband  1  has a targeted interference level (which may be based on signaling from UE  1625  and/or other nodes (not shown), such as may be reflected in LI signaling) as shown, UE  1615  may not be able to communicate with eNB  1610  at a suitable Signal to Noise and Interference Level (SINR), since the total power available would result in a received signal below the received interference level. 
     However, if UE  1625  is restricted to subband  1  rather than subband  2 , with UE  1615  allocated solely to subband  2 , signaling from UE  1615  in subband  2  may be received at a suitable level at eNB  1610  relative to the target interference level, as shown in graph  1670 . Similarly, graph  1680  illustrates an example of received signaling at eNB  1620 , where desired signal  1622  from UE  1625  will be received in subband  1  above a targeted interference level for the subband. 
     Uplink scheduling to facilitate resource partitioning may be implemented at a base station such as eNB  1610  or  1620  using received LI information, such as described previously herein. Based on the received information (which may be subband specific, as described previously), a scheduling module of the eNB may assess potential uplink subbands, which may be based on the received LI information, and/or other information received by or provided to the eNB, such as scheduling information from neighboring eNBs. The eNB may then schedule and transmit UE uplink transmission allocations in a smaller subband or smaller number of resource blocks (RBs) than the available uplink bandwidth. In addition, in some implementations, frequency hopping may be combined with subband scheduling and allocation to mitigate high interference levels over a small number of RBs. 
     In order to facilitate coordination for subband scheduling, certain system information may be provided in a serving cell, such as, for example, at UEs of a serving cell such as UE  402  of  FIG. 4 . As described previously, the serving base station, such as eNB  404  of  FIG. 4 , may receive P_RB_max (as described previously herein) allocation information, which defines the associated subband configuration. In an exemplary implementation, 1 subband may be defined as being equal to the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) bandwidth. 
     A UE, such as UE  402  of  FIG. 4 , which may correspond with UEs  1615  and/or  1620  of  FIG. 16 , reports a determined P_RB_max value per subband, which may be based on the processing algorithms described previously. The reporting may use, for example, a Media Access Control (MAC) Protocol Data Unit (PDU) format that corresponds to the configured number of subbands. 
     Additional information in the serving cell may include, for example, an initial correction value and/or range for each subband. This may be generated based on a process such as described previously with respect to  FIG. 7 . A nominal receiver sensitivity value of neighboring base stations, such as P_Pusch_nom_int as described previously may also be used in the serving cell. 
     Additional information that may be available in either the serving cell or neighbor cell may include information related to transmit power of neighboring eNBs. A UE in the serving cell may use this information to compute a path loss towards neighboring eNBs (based on, for example, reciprocity). The value may be set to a default value corresponding to the serving cell if the information is not available. 
     Likewise, the OTA LI subband configuration of neighboring cell eNBs may be used if available. If not available, it may be set to a default value corresponding to the serving cell configuration. In addition, the nominal receiver sensitivity of neighboring cell eNBs (e.g., P_Pusch_nom_int) may be used by a serving cell UE to generate P_RB_max. If not available, it may similarly be set to a default value, such as a default value that may be signaled in a System Information Block (SIB) of the serving cell. In one implementation, the information may be in an Information Element (IE) of SIB 2 . 
     In some cases the UE may have difficulty decoding information on the target cell, such as SIBs. In this case, the UE may request measurement gaps (i.e., time/resource allocations where transmissions are omitted, for example from the serving cell). In some implementations, the UE may autonomously tune out neighboring cells without an explicit request to the corresponding eNB. In general, the serving cell UE will need to be aware of system information associated with the neighboring cells and will need to be notified if the system information changes. 
     Transmission of LI information and associated signal processing may be configured between multiple base stations or eNBs, such as in a heterogeneous network, for resource partitioning. For example, configuration may include providing information related to proposed subbands, noise values such as IoT values, and/or other data or information. In some cases, configuration may be predefined or may be done as part of an OA&amp;M function or during other configuration operations. However, in accordance with one aspect, configuration may be done dynamically, such as during addition or relocation of base stations in a heterogeneous network, based on loading, or other operational conditions or events. 
     If a backhaul connection is available between base stations, signaling of LI configuration information for use in resource partitioning may be done using the backhaul connection, such as via an S1 connection or X2 connection.  FIG. 17  illustrates an example timing diagram  1700  of signaling to configure two eNBs, which may correspond with those of  FIG. 16 . UE  1715  may correspond with UE  1615 , and eNBs  1710  and  1720  may correspond with eNBs  1610  and  1620 , respectively. 
     In this example, eNB  1710  may have been initialized or relocated in the proximity of eNB  1720 . For example, eNB  1710  may monitor signaling either directly or via communication from UE  1715  or other network nodes, and may generate a backhaul Partitioning Request message  1733  for transmission to neighbor cell eNB  1720 . Message  1733  may include information related to proposed configuration parameters, such as, for example, proposed high and low subbands, IoT configuration, and/or other information. 
     The Partitioning Request message  1712  may be sent via a backhaul connection, such as an S1 or X2 connection. Upon receipt of Message  1712 , eNB  1720  may review the message and perform one of several possible functions. For example, eNB  1720  may generate a Resource Partition Reject message (not shown), rejecting the resource partitioning proposed by eNB  1710  and/or any associated signaling. 
     Alternately, or in addition, eNB  1720  may propose an alternate configuration (not shown) or one or more alternate parameters. If the configuration request is acceptable, eNB  1720  may send a Resource Partitioning Response Message  1722 , which may include acceptance of proposed configuration parameters, etc., and/or alternate proposals. The back and fourth signaling process may include sending additional requests and replies to further negotiate the configuration. 
     Once the base stations are configured, serving eNB  1710  may send a RRC/MAC Configuration Message  1714 , which may include information associated with the negotiated configuration, such as the IoT configuration, and/or subband configuration or other information to configure LI processing. eNB  1720  may then send OTA LI transmissions  1724 , such as described previously herein, which may be received and processed at serving UE  1715 . 
     In some cases, no backhaul connection may be established between base stations. In this case, configuration may be standardized or incorporated in an OA&amp;M function. In another implementation, the configuration information may be incorporated in an Information Element (IE) in a System Information Block (SIB) transmitted from the neighbor cell. For example, in system  1600  of  FIG. 16 , UE  1615  may receive and decode a SIB, such as SIB 2  or SIB 3 , from base station  1620 , with the SIB including the OTA LI configuration information. The UE may then extract the information and use it to process received LI information. In addition, UE  1625  may communicate the generated information, such as P_RB_max data, to eNB  1610 , where it may be used as part of the orthogonalization partitioning processing. 
     On the downlink in a wireless communication system such as an LTE system, it may also be desirable to orthogonalize signaling by partitioning with respect to nodes such as eNBs of other cells. Loading indicators cannot be used for this purpose with respect to the downlink (since eNB schedule UEs on the uplink); however, other mechanisms for downlink resource coordination may be used in various embodiments. 
     An eNB will typically have a certain allocated transmit power density for downlink transmission, which may be fixed (e.g., power density across all subbands is fixed, but data may or may not be sent in particular subbands). This is different than a typical uplink scenario, where a UE may be allocated a particular amount of total transmit power (rather than power density), which is then allocated to the entire band or to a particular subband or subbands (resulting in higher power density within those subbands). However, within these constraints, orthogonalization may still be implemented and may provide potential performance advantages. 
     For example, in an implementation with two sets of users (e.g., two eNBs and their associated UEs), where each eNB is using the entire bandwidth for downlink transmission, transmissions from neighboring cells may interfere, resulting in a possible SNR of, for example, 0 dB. This may be particularly likely in a heterogeneous network configuration where smaller base stations, such as femto or pico eNBs, are used. 
     If instead each user occupies half of the bandwidth, their dimensionality may be reduced; however, their SINR may improve, for example, to 20 dB (limited due to thermal noise rather than interference). Operation at a higher SINR may then allow more data throughput than in the interfering case, thereby increasing overall system performance. 
     As one example, if a UE of a neighboring cell is adjacent to a base station of another cell, such as in a heterogeneous network configuration, the downlink may significantly impact the UE. An example of this is shown in communications system  1800  of  FIG. 18 . In this example system, base station or eNB  1810  may be serving user terminal or UE  1815 , but may have another user terminal UE  1825  in proximity. UE  1825  may be served by a neighbor base station eNB  1820  (relative to eNB  1810  and its corresponding cell). Alternately, or in addition, UE  1815  may be in proximity to eNB  1820 . eNB  1810  and/or eNB  1820  may be femtocell or picocell base stations in some heterogeneous network implementations. In other implementations, eNB  1810  and/or  1820  may be macro cell base stations or other base station types. 
     UE  1815  and/or UE  1825  may be subject to interference on the downlink from base stations  1820  and  1810 , respectively. For example, UE  1825  may receive downlink interference  1814 , which may potentially be very strong and which may interfere with desired signal  1822  from eNB  1820 . Similarly, UE  1815  may experience interference  1824  from eNB  1820 , which may impact downlink signal  1812  from eNB  1810 . 
     To compensate, eNB  1810  and eNB  1820  may coordinate transmission so as to orthogonalize signaling, such as across subbands. For example, as shown in graph  1870  illustrating an eNB  1810  transmission profile, the transmit power level in subband  1  may be higher than in subband  2  so as to mitigate interference with UE  1825  with respect to data received in subband  2  from eNB  1820 . Similarly, as shown in graph  1880  illustrating an eNB  1820  transmission profile, transmitted power in subband  1  may be lower than in subband  2  so as to mitigate interference to UE  1815 . 
     Power may be adjusted between two or more subbands in various ways. For example, in some implementations, the subband transmit power level may be a total amount of power allocated to a particular subband. In other cases, power density per subband may be fixed, but resource element usage for data transmission may be limited. 
     Coordination between two or more base stations, such as eNB  1810  and eNB  1820  as shown in  FIG. 18 , may be done directly, such as via X2 communication or via S1 backhaul connections. Alternately, or in addition, coordination may be done indirectly, such as by using signaling provided by one or both base stations to UEs, such as served UEs or neighbor cell UEs. 
     While orthogonalized scheduling may be coordinated between base stations, it does not necessarily need to be directly coordinated. For example, random assignment of subbands between base stations may still allow for improved performance over full bandwidth operation if the eNBs can receive information about channel usage of adjacent cell base stations and then adjust its usage in response. In this way, eNBs may iterate to an optimal usage scenario, which may be continuously updated dynamically, without necessitating direct coordination. 
     In order to facilitate inter-base station coordination and frequency orthogonalization, in one implementation according to certain aspects, a base station or eNB may advertise its planned power information for future transmissions (e.g., per resource element(s), subbands, other time-frequency resources, etc.). This information may be denoted generally as Future Scheduling Information (FSI) and may be used by a receiving device to determine future planned resource usage, such as planned future subband usage, power per subband, power per antenna, phase per antenna, and/or other similar or related data or information. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the FSI may use Relative Narrowband Transmit Power (RNTP) data and signaling. RNTP data and signaling may include, for example, power information. Alternately, or in addition, RNTP data may include related information such as, for example, power per antenna information, phase per antenna information, and/or other information. In some cases, transmission of FSI information may be coordinated between base stations, such as a serving base station and neighbor base station, however, it does not generally need to be coordinated across cells. 
     The FSI may be, for example, in a binary or on/off form indicating on which subbands there will be a future transmission (ON) and on which subbands there will be no transmission (OFF), along with associated timing information (e.g., when in the future the particular subbands will be on and off). Alternately, or in addition, the FSI may include additional information, such as a particular power level or power density level per subband, phase or phase offset information, such as phase offset per antenna, which may be determined relative to a reference such as a common reference signal or other signal, and/or additional power, timing, phase, and/or other information timing information, etc. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the FSI information comprises RNTP information, including an RNTP bitmap. The bitmap may be based on a single bit per resource element or subband. In some cases, additional bits may be used to increase granularity. Alternately, or in addition, the FSI information may include phase offset per antenna information, power per subband, and/or other power, phase, timing, or related information. 
     The FSI will generate relate to downlink data transmission, such as in the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). However, in some implementations, it may also relate to other channels, such as downlink control channels, etc. 
     As noted previously, in general, the power density allocated to an eNB will be fixed. However, in some cases, power density may be variably configured across subbands. In this case, information on the variable power density may also be included in the FSI, however, this need not be done. For example, if Reference Signals (RSs), such as CRSs, are sent by an eNB at different power levels (e.g., corresponding to equivalent data transmission power levels in those subbands) a UE, such as UE  1815  or UE  1825  of  FIG. 18  may receive these RSs from eNBs  1820  and  1810 , respectively, and make a determination as to relative power levels in various subbands, which may be reported as part of the Channel State Information (CSI) to the serving eNB, such as eNBs  1810  and  1820 , respectively. At the serving eNB, the variable power levels may then be taken into account in future scheduling. Although  FIG. 18  illustrates a network configuration having only two base stations (eNB  1810  and eNB  1820 ), in various other implementations, additional base stations of the same or different types may also be deployed and may coordinate downlink transmissions to mitigate inter-cell interference. 
     Upon receiving FSI from one or more neighbor base stations, a user terminal, such as UE  1815  or UE  1825  of  FIG. 18  may then use this information to report CSI or other information. In accordance with one aspect, the user terminal may generate Adjusted CSI information which incorporates or accounts for the received FSI, and reporting this information to a serving base station. In this way, the serving base station may determine downlink transmission based on the FSI information. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates details of an embodiment of process  1900  for providing information usable in interference coordination between cells, such as in communication system  1600  and/or  1800 . At stage  1210 , interference-related information may be received at a user terminal, such as UE  1615  or UE  1815 . Based at least in part on the interference information, an interference adjustment parameter or metric may be determined or generated at stage  1920 . For example, the parameter may relate to LI information received at the user terminal, to FSI information, such as OTA RNTP information, to combinations of this information, and/or to other received data or information associated with interference. The interference may be associated with a node of a neighboring cell, such as a base station such as eNB  1620  or  1820 . 
     At stage  1930 , the parameter may be sent to a network node, such as a base station serving the user terminal. The parameter may be used by the serving base station to coordinate resource partitioning and allocation, such as described previously herein. 
     The interference information may relate, for example, to signal transmission from at least one neighbor cell. The interference information may relate to uplink interference at the serving cell. The interference information may relate to one or more load indicator (LI) signals. The receiving may include, for example, receiving the one or more load indicator signals from a corresponding one or more network nodes operating in one or more neighbor cells. 
     The parameter may include, for example, a transmit power metric. The determining may include, for example, determining the transmit power metric based at least in part on the one or more load indicator signals. 
     The interference information may relate, for example, to downlink interference at a user terminal served by the serving cell. The interference information may relate to future scheduling information (F SI), which may include information regarding planned future downlink transmissions in one or more subbands. The FSI may include RNTP information which may be related to a planned downlink transmission in the neighbor cell. 
     The parameter may include, for example, adjusted channel state information (CSI). The adjusted CSI may include CQI information that may be adjusted based at least in part on the FSI. The adjusted channel state information may include one or more of CQI, PMI and RI. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates an embodiment of a process  2000  that may be used to generate an adjusted Channel State Information (CSI) report (e.g., CQI/PMI/RI information) at a user terminal such as UE  1815 . At stage  2010 , Future Scheduling Information (FSI) may be received from another wireless network node, such as from a neighboring base station or eNB  1825 . The UE may receive and decode the FSI, which may be formatted, for example, as RNTP information, such as an RNTP bitmap or other resource element or subband map or information, including data on subband usage and timing information. For example, the RNTP bitmap may include information on use of particular subband(s) (e.g., ON/OFF, or power density levels) as well as associated timing information as described previously. 
     At stage  2020 , CSI information may be generated at the UE. This may include, for example, Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) information, Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) information, and/or Rank Indicator (RI) information. 
     At stage  2030 , the CSI information may be adjusted, or scaled, based at least in part on the received FSI, so as to generate Adjusted CSI Information. The Adjusted CSI Information may include, for example, adjustments to data or information regarding predicted future channel characteristics, such as signal and interference levels. For example, Adjusted CQI data in the Adjusted CSI Information may indicate that a subband may support a higher MCS, thereby allowing a serving eNB to adjust future data transmission accordingly (e.g., by scheduling more data in the subband, etc.). 
     In general, adjusted CSI reporting timing may be configured to be relatively slow (e.g., on the order of multiple 10 s or 100 s of milliseconds) to avoid excessive CSI reporting from the UE. In some cases, faster reporting may be used (e.g., on the order of 1 ms), however this will require very frequent reporting, which may be undesirable for overhead reasons, power consumption, etc. 
     At stage  2040 , the Adjusted CSI Information may then be sent to a serving base station, such as an eNB. The serving base station may then use the adjusted CSI information to determine future downlink scheduling, which may be adjusted based at least in part on the Future Scheduling Information (e.g., coordinated based on future scheduling information from the neighbor base station). 
     In some cases, transmission of FSI/RNTP may be omitted. For example, if Reference Signal (e.g., Common Reference Signal (CRS)) power is scaled across subbands, transmission of FSI may not be needed. In this case, the base station is not transmitting at a constant power density across the system bandwidth (e.g., certain subbands at a lower power, while some are at higher power). At the UE a determination may be made as to which subbands are being used by a neighbor cell and/or at what relative power level. This may then be incorporated into adjusted CSI report information provided by the UE. Alternately, the UE may merely report CSI information to the eNB in a normal fashion, and the eNB may then make a determination as to which subbands are being used by the neighbor cell and at what power level (or levels). 
       FIG. 21  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process  2100  for scheduling transmissions based on interference information, such as at a base station such as eNB  1610  or  1810  of  FIGS. 16 and 18 , respectively. The interference information may be determined at stage  2110  based on received information provided from a user terminal, such as, for example, UE  1615  or  1815 . The received information may relate to, for example, LI information, FSI information, both LI and FSI information, and/or other data or information. 
     At stage  2120 , one or more signal transmissions within a served cell may be scheduled based at least in part on the determined interference information. The signal transmissions may relate to uplink transmissions, for example from a served UE to a serving base station, and/or to downlink transmissions, such as from a serving base station to a served UE. 
     The interference information may include, for example, an interference value corresponding to an amount of uplink interference experienced at a serving base station in the serving cell. The process may further include comparing the interference value to a target value, and communicating, based upon the comparing, at least one load indicator (LI) signal to one or more devices in the neighboring cell. The at least one load indicator signal may be communicated to the neighboring cell using over the air (OTA) signaling. 
     The process may further include, for example, receiving a transmit power metric from a served UE. The scheduling may further include generating, based at least in part on the transmit power metric, an uplink scheduling assignment for the served UE. The process may further include communicating a resource partitioning request to one or more nodes in the neighboring cell. The process may further include receiving a resource partitioning response. The resource partitioning request may relate to uplink subband partitioning between the serving cell and the neighboring cell. 
     The scheduling may be based, for example, upon a partitioning of uplink communication resources between the serving cell and the neighbor cell. The partitioning may be predetermined and communicated to the serving cell and the neighbor cell. Alternately or in addition, the partitioning may be dynamically determined based on information provided from a served user terminal in the serving cell. Alternately, or in addition, the partitioning may be negotiated between the serving cell and the neighbor cell. 
     The interference information may relate, for example, to resources to be used in transmission of one or more downlink signals from the neighbor cell. The interference information may relate to an expected amount of downlink interference experienced at a user terminal served in the serving cell. The interference information may relate, for example, to relative narrowband transmit power (RNTP) information associated with future transmissions in one or more subbands of the neighbor cell. The RNTP information may be sent from the neighboring cell using Over The Air (OTA) signaling. 
     The process may further include, for example, receiving adjusted Channel State Information (CSI) from a served UE. The scheduling may include generating, based at least in part on the Adjusted CSI, a downlink schedule for the serving base station. The downlink schedule may be based on a subband resource partition between the serving cell and the neighbor cell. 
     The process may further include, for example, communicating a resource partitioning request to one or more nodes in the neighboring cell. The process may further include receiving a resource partitioning response. The resource partitioning request may relate to a proposed downlink subband partitioning between the serving cell and the neighboring cell. 
     The scheduling may be based, for example, in part upon a negotiated partitioning of downlink communication resources between the serving cell and the neighboring cell. The partitioning may be predetermined and communicated to the serving cell and the neighbor cell. Alternately or in addition, the partitioning is predetermined and communicated to the serving cell and the neighbor cell. Alternately or in addition, the partitioning may be dynamically determined based on information provided from a served user terminal in the serving cell. Alternately or in addition, the partitioning may be negotiated between the serving cell and the neighbor cell. 
       FIG. 22  illustrates details of an embodiment of a process  2200  for performing transmission of Future Scheduling Information (FSI), such as may be done by a base station, such as eNB  1810  or eNB  1820  of  FIG. 18 . At stage  2210 , future scheduling information may be generated at the base station. This information may be, for example, generated based in part on interference coordination information received from another network node, such as a served UE such as UE  1815  and/or a neighboring cell base station, such as UE  1820 , or from other network node. In some implementations, the FSI may be generated solely at the base station and not based on any particular interference coordination information received from another network node. 
     The FSI may be, for example, in the form of RNTP information, such as an RNTP bitmap defining intended future usage of particular subbands, such as an ON/OFF bitmap of planned future resource usage as described previously with respect to  FIG. 20 . For example, the bitmaps may indicate usage of subbands for the data transmission, such as on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), in a predefined radio frame or number of radio frames. In one implementation the RNTP bitmap may use reserved Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) bits and/or reserved PDSCH Resource Blocks (RBs) in a predefined RB region. The predefined RB region may be a middle six RB region of the allocated RBs. 
     At stage  2220 , the FSI information may be transmitted over the air (OTA), to one or more UEs in a cell served by the base station, and/or to UEs in one or more neighbor cells. If the UE is in a neighbor cell, it may incorporate the FSI information, such as into CSI information as described with respect to  FIG. 20 , and provide this information to a base station serving the neighboring cell UE (e.g., FSI information received from base station  1810  at UE  1825  may be reported to serving base station  1820 ). At stage  2230 , future scheduled transmissions may be sent from the base station consistent with the FSI information. 
     The FSI may include, for example, RNTP information. The RNTP Information may be an RNTP bitmap. The control signaling may include one or more of PDCCH, PHICH, and PCFCH. The control signaling may be Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) signaling. The fixed offset may include a predetermined fixed power offset relative to the CRS. The fixed offset is predefined. Alternately or in addition, the fixed offset may be dynamically determined 
     In some implementations, FSI, such as an RNTP bitmap, may be pseudo randomly generated in which case it need not be transmitted from a base station to a UE. For example, in one embodiment, a UE may generate a pseudo-random RNTP bitmap, which it may then use to adjust current CSI information (e.g., CQI, PMI, RI) to generated adjusted CSI information, which may then be transmitted and used by an associated serving eNB to generate orthogonalized data scheduling and corresponding downlink transmissions. The serving eNB may further generate and send FSI information associated with its own planned transmission, which may be received by UEs of neighboring cells and transmitted to their corresponding eNBs for use in coordinating scheduling. This approach may be combined with direct communication with neighboring cells to coordinate downlink scheduling, such as via X2 or S1 connections, and/or for use by neighboring cells and associated base stations to iteratively adjust downlink scheduling based on further FSI transmissions from one or both cells. 
     In some implementations, the base station or eNB may omit transmission of FSI information and utilize a Channel Quality Indicator Reference Signal (CQI-RS). In this approach, instead of transmitting a relative power ratio to the eNB so that a UE can use this information to compute proper CQI, the eNB may scale transmit power of a new Reference Signal, which may be denoted as a CQI Reference Signal (RQI-RS). In this case the UE may then use existing measurements to determine CQI information. To implement this, downlink signaling and associated reference signals may have fixed offsets. For example, Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Resource Elements (REs) and Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS, which are reference signals defined for LTE Advanced implementations for use in channel state information estimation) may have a fixed offset. referred to CQI-RS and then UE need not to do anything special, it simply utilizes existing measurements to compute CQI. 
     Transmission of FSI/RNTP information may be configured between multiple base stations or eNBs, such as in a heterogeneous network. For example, configuration may include information related to the number of subbands being reported in the FSI, what the various values of the FSI relate to, for example, what RNTP values in an RNTP bitmap relate to (e.g., channel ON/OFF, values, etc.). Other parameters may also be configured, such as, for example, FSI periodicity, etc. 
     In some cases, configuration may be predefined or may be done as part of an OA&amp;M function or during other configuration operations. However, in accordance with one aspect, configuration may be done dynamically, such as during addition or relocation of base stations in a heterogeneous network, based on loading, or other operational conditions or events. 
     If a backhaul connection is available between base stations, signaling of FSI information may be done using the backhaul such as via an S1 connection or X2 connection.  FIG. 23  illustrates an example timing diagram  2300  of signaling to configure two eNBs, which may correspond with system  1800 , with UE  2315  corresponding with UE  1815 , and eNBs  1810  and  1820  corresponding with eNBs  2310  and  2320 , respectively. In this example, eNB  2310  may have been initialized or relocated in the proximity of eNB  2320 . eNB  2310  may monitor signaling either directly or via communication from UE  2315  or other network nodes, and may generate a Partitioning Request message  2312  for transmission to neighbor cell eNB  2320 . Message  2312  may include information related to proposed configuration parameters, such as, for example, proposed high and low subbands (such as are shown in  FIG. 18 ), FSI/RNTI messaging configuration information, and/or other configuration information. 
     The Partitioning Request message  2312  may be sent via a backhaul connection, such as an S1 or X2 connection. Upon receipt of Message  2312 , eNB  2320  may review the message and perform one of several possible functions. For example, eNB  2320  may generate a Resource Partition Reject message (not shown), rejecting the resource partitioning proposed by eNB  2310  and/or any associated signaling. 
     Alternately, or in addition, eNB  2320  may propose an alternate configuration (not shown) or one or more alternate parameters. If the configuration request is acceptable, eNB  2320  may send a Resource Partitioning Response Message  2322 , which may include acceptance of proposed configuration parameters, etc., and/or alternate proposals. The back and fourth signaling process may include sending additional requests and replies to further negotiate the configuration. 
     Once the base stations are configured, the serving eNB  2310  may send a RRC/MAC Configuration Message  2324 , which may include information associated with the negotiated configuration between eNB  2310  and eNB  2320  so as to allow UE  2315  to process received FSI/RNTP messages from eNBs  2310  and  2320 . eNBs  2310  and  2320  may then send FSI/RNTP transmissions  2316  and  2326 , respectively, consistent with the negotiated configuration. This process may be repeated subsequently, for example, based on further CSI information reported from UE  2315 , etc. 
     In some cases, no backhaul connection may be established between base stations. In this case, configuration may be standardized or incorporated in an OA&amp;M function. In another implementation, the configuration information may be incorporated in an Information Element (IE) in a System Information Block (SIB) transmitted from the neighbor cell. For example, in system  1800  of  FIG. 18 , UE  1825  may receive and decode a SIB, such as SIB 2  or SIB 3 , from base station  1820 , with the SIB including the FSI/RNTI configuration information. The UE may then extract the information and use it to process received FSI/RNTI information, such as described previously with respect to  FIG. 20 . In addition, UE  1825  may communicate the configuration information to eNB  1810 , where it may be used as part of the orthogonalization processing. 
       FIG. 24  illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a base station  2410  (i.e., an eNB or HeNB) and a terminal  2450  (i.e., a user terminal, AT or UE) in an example communication system  2400 , which may be an LTE communications system. These systems may correspond to those shown elsewhere herein, such as in  FIGS. 1-4 ,  16 , and  18 , and may be configured to implement the processes illustrated previously herein in  FIGS. 9-15 , and  19 - 22 . 
     Various functions may be performed in the processors and memories as shown in base station  2410  (and/or in other components not shown), such as receipt of transmit signal metrics and determination of UE uplink scheduling and resource partitioning, and/or base station downlink scheduling and resource partitioning, as well as various other functions as described previously herein. 
     UE  2450  may include one or more modules to receive signals from base station  2410  to determine channel characteristics, interference information, and/or or other data or information, such as receipt and processing of load indicator signals, FSI/RNTP signals, and/or other system data, and to generate corresponding transmit power metrics, interference data and information, such as adjusted CSI information, and/or other data or information, such as power and interference level information, and/or other information associated with base station  2410  or other base stations, such as base stations in adjacent or neighboring cells (not shown in  FIG. 24 ). 
     In one embodiment, base station  2410  may generate scheduling information based on information received from UE  2450  and/or from backhaul signaling from another base station or a core network element (not shown in  FIG. 24 ) as described previously herein. This may be done in one or more components (or other components not shown) of base station  2410 , such as processors  2414 ,  2430  and memory  2432 . 
     Base station  2410  may also include a transmit module including one or more components (or other components not shown) of eNB  2410 , such as transmit modules  2424 . Base station  2410  may include an interference cancellation module including one or more components (or other components not shown), such as processors  2430 ,  2442 , demodulator module  2440 , and memory  2432  to provide interference cancellation functionality, such as described previously herein. Base station  2410  may include a resource partition coordination module including one or more components (or other components not shown), such as processors  2430 ,  2414  and memory  2432  to perform partition and resource allocation functions as described previously herein and/or manage the transmitter module and/or direct user terminal transmission based on the resource partition information. 
     Base station  2410  may also include a control module for controlling receiver functionality. Base station  2410  may include a network connection module  2490  to provide networking with other systems, such as backhaul systems in the core network or other components as shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B . 
     Likewise, UE  2450  may include a receive module including one or more components of UE  2450  (or other components not shown), such as receivers  2454 . UE  2450  may also include a signal information module including one or more components (or other components not shown) of UE  2450 , such as processors  2460  and  2470 , and memory  2472 . In one embodiment, one or more signals received at UE  2450  are processed to estimate channel characteristics, power information, spatial information and/or other information regarding eNBs, such as base station  2410  and/or other base stations (not shown). Measurements may be performed during particular subframes that are noticed to UE  2450  by base station  2410 . Memories  2432  and  2472  may be used to store computer code for execution on one or more processors, such as processors  2460 ,  2470  and  2438 , to implement processes associated with channel measurement and information, interference level or information, power level and/or spatial information determination, cell ID determination and selection, inter-cell coordination, interference cancellation control, as well as other functions related to resource allocation, partitioning, interlacing, and associated transmission and reception of signals in the presence of interference as are described herein. 
     In operation, at the base station  2410 , traffic data for a number of data streams may be provided from a data source  2412  to a transmit (TX) data processor  2414 , where it may be processed and transmitted to one or more UEs  2450 . The transmitted data may be controlled as described previously herein so as to provide interlaced subframe transmissions and/or perform associated signal measurements at one or more UEs  2450 . 
     In one aspect, each data stream is processed and transmitted over a respective transmitter sub-system (shown as transmitters  2424   1 - 2424   Nt ) of base station  2410 . TX data processor  2414  receives, formats, codes, and interleaves the traffic data for each data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected for that data stream so as to provide coded data. In particular, base station  2410  may be configured to determine a particular reference signal and reference signal pattern and provide a transmit signal including the reference signal and/or beamforming information in the selected pattern. 
     The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed with pilot data using OFDM techniques. The pilot data is typically a known data pattern that is processed in a known manner and may be used at the receiver system to estimate the channel response. For example, the pilot data may include a reference signal. Pilot data may be provided to TX data processor  2414  as shown in  FIG. 24  and multiplexed with the coded data. The multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream may then be modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., BPSK, QSPK, M-PSK, M-QAM, etc.) selected for that data stream so as to provide modulation symbols, and the data and pilot may be modulated using different modulation schemes. The data rate, coding, and modulation for each data stream may be determined by instructions performed by processor  2430  based on instructions stored in memory  2432 , or in other memory or instruction storage media of UE  2450  (not shown). 
     The modulation symbols for all data streams may then be provided to a TX MIMO processor  2420 , which may further process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM implementations). TX MIMO processor  2420  may then provide Nt modulation symbol streams to N t  transmitters (TMTR)  2422   1  through  2422   Nt . The various symbols may be mapped to associated RBs for transmission. 
     TX MIMO processor  2430  may apply beamforming weights to the symbols of the data streams and corresponding to the one or more antennas from which the symbol is being transmitted. This may be done by using information such as channel estimation information provided by or in conjunction with the reference signals and/or spatial information provided from a network node such as a UE. For example, a beam B=transpose([b 1  b 2  . . . b Nt ]) composes of a set of weights corresponding to each transmit antenna. Transmitting along a beam corresponds to transmitting a modulation symbol x along all antennas scaled by the beam weight for that antenna; that is, on antenna t the transmitted signal is bt*x. When multiple beams are transmitted, the transmitted signal on one antenna is the sum of the signals corresponding to different beams. This can be expressed mathematically as B 1   x   1 +B 2   x   2 +BN S xN S , where N S  beams are transmitted and xi is the modulation symbol sent using beam Bi. In various implementations beams could be selected in a number of ways. For example, beams could be selected based on channel feedback from a UE, channel knowledge available at the eNB, or based on information provided from a UE to facilitate interference mitigation, such as with an adjacent macrocell. 
     Each transmitter sub-system  2422   1  through  2422   Nt  receives and processes a respective symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and upconverts) the analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the MIMO channel. N t  modulated signals from transmitters  2422   1  through  2422   Nt  are then transmitted from N t  antennas  2424   1  through  2424   Nt , respectively. 
     At UE  2450 , the transmitted modulated signals are received by N r  antennas  2452   1  through  2452   Nr  and the received signal from each antenna  2452  is provided to a respective receiver (RCVR)  2454   1  through  2452   Nr . Each receiver  2454  conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies and downconverts) a respective received signal, digitizes the conditioned signal to provide samples, and further processes the samples to provide a corresponding “received” symbol stream. 
     An RX data processor  2460  then receives and processes the N r  received symbol streams from N r  receivers  2454   1  through  2452   Nr  based on a particular receiver processing technique so as to provide N S  “detected” symbol streams so at to provide estimates of the N S  transmitted symbol streams. The RX data processor  2460  then demodulates, deinterleaves, and decodes each detected symbol stream to recover the traffic data for the data stream. The processing by RX data processor  2460  is typically complementary to that performed by TX MIMO processor  2420  and TX data processor  2414  in base station  2410 . 
     A processor  2470  may periodically determine a precoding matrix for use as is described further below. Processor  2470  may then formulate an uplink message that may include a matrix index portion and a rank value portion. In various aspects, the uplink message may include various types of information regarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. The uplink message may then be processed by a TX data processor  2438 , which may also receive traffic data for a number of data streams from a data source  2436  which may then be modulated by a modulator  2480 , conditioned by transmitters  2454   1  through  2454   Nr , and transmitted back to base station  2410 . Information transmitted back to base station  2410  may include power level and/or spatial information for providing beamforming to mitigate interference from base station  2410 . 
     At base station  2410 , the modulated signals from UE  2450  are received by antennas  2424 , conditioned by receivers  2422 , demodulated by a demodulator  2440 , and processed by a RX data processor  2442  to extract the message transmitted by UE  2450 . Processor  2430  then determines which pre-coding matrix to use for determining beamforming weights, and then processes the extracted message. 
     It is noted that in certain implementations apparatus and modules as described herein may be employed with a UE or other fixed or mobile device, and can be, for instance, implemented as a module such as an SD card, a network card, a wireless network card, a computer (including laptops, desktops, personal digital assistants PDAs), mobile phones, smart phones, or any other suitable device that can be utilized to access a network. The UE may access the network by way of an access component. 
     In one example, a connection between the UE and the access components may be wireless in nature, in which access components may be a serving eNB (or other base station) and the mobile device may be a wireless terminal. For instance, the terminal and base station may communicate by way of any suitable wireless protocol, including but not limited to Time Divisional Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), FLASH OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), or any other suitable protocol. 
     Access components can be an access node associated with a wired network or a wireless network. To that end, access components can be, for instance, a router, a switch, and the like. The access component can include one or more interfaces, e.g., communication modules, for communicating with other network nodes. Additionally, the access component can be a base station such as an eNB (or other wireless access point) in a cellular network, wherein base stations (or wireless access points) are utilized to provide wireless coverage areas to a plurality of subscribers. 
     In some configurations, the apparatus for wireless communication includes means for performing various functions as described herein. In one aspect, the aforementioned means may be a processor or processors and associated memory in which embodiments reside, such as are shown in  FIGS. 16-18 , and which are configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means. The may be, for example, modules or apparatus residing in UEs, eNBs or other network nodes such as are shown herein and configured to perform the inter-cell interference related functions described herein. In another aspect, the aforementioned means may be a module or any apparatus configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means. 
     In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions, methods and processes described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps or stages in the processes and methods disclosed are examples of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented. 
     Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. 
     Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the disclosure. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     The steps or stages of a method, process or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal 
     The claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. A phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a; b; c; a and b; a and c; b and c; and a, b and c. 
     The previous description of the disclosed aspects is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. It is intended that the following claims and their equivalents define the scope of the disclosure.