Patent Publication Number: US-11376083-B2

Title: Determining robotic surgical assembly coupling status

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to robotic surgical systems. Robotic surgical systems can include a central control unit, a surgeon&#39;s command console, and a robot having one or more robotic arms. Robotic surgical tools can be releasably mounted to the robotic arm(s). The number and type of robotic surgical tools can depend on the type of surgical procedure. Robotic surgical systems can be used in connection with one or more displays and/or one or more handheld surgical instruments during a surgical procedure. 
    
    
     
       FIGURES 
       The features of various aspects are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The various aspects, however, both as to organization and methods of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings as follows. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a surgical system being used to perform a surgical procedure in an operating room, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is a surgical hub paired with a visualization system, a robotic system, and an intelligent instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic of a robotic surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4A  illustrates another exemplification of a robotic arm and another exemplification of a tool assembly releasably coupled to the robotic arm, according to one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of control components for the robotic surgical system of  FIG. 4 , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic of a robotic surgical system during a surgical procedure including a plurality of hubs and interactive secondary displays, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a detail view of the interactive secondary displays of  FIG. 6 , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a surgical data network comprising a modular communication hub configured to connect modular devices located in one or more operating theaters of a healthcare facility, or any room in a healthcare facility specially equipped for surgical operations, to the cloud, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a surgical hub comprising a plurality of modules coupled to the modular control tower, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates one aspect of a Universal Serial Bus (USB) network hub device, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a logic diagram of a control system of a surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a control circuit configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a combinational logic circuit configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a sequential logic circuit configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a surgical instrument or tool comprising a plurality of motors which can be activated to perform various functions, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic diagram of a robotic surgical instrument configured to operate a surgical tool described herein, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a block diagram of a surgical instrument programmed to control the distal translation of a displacement member, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 19  is a schematic diagram of a surgical instrument configured to control various functions, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 20  is a simplified block diagram of a generator configured to provide inductorless tuning, among other benefits, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates an example of a generator, which is one form of the generator of  FIG. 20 , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic of a robotic surgical system, in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 23  is an exploded view of a robotic surgical assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 24  is a perspective view of a carriage and a slide rail of a robotic surgical assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 25  is a side elevational view of a carriage and a slide rail of a robotic surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 26  is a sectional view of an instrument drive unit, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 27  is a perspective view of motors and respective motor couplers of a motor pack, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 28  is a perspective view of an instrument drive unit comprising a cooling unit, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 29  is an exploded view of an instrument drive unit comprising a cooling unit, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 30  is a side elevational view of a robotic arm comprising an air-based cooling system for an instrument drive unit, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 31  is a side elevational view of a robotic arm comprising a fluid-based cooling system for an instrument drive unit, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 32  is a perspective view of a fluid-based, enclosed cooling system for an instrument drive unit, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 33  is a schematic view of robotic surgical assembly circuitry comprising a heat sink assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 34  is a schematic view of robotic surgical assembly circuitry comprising a fluid cooling system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 35  is a perspective view of an instrument drive unit comprising a heat sink assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 36  is a sectional view of the instrument drive unit and heat sink assembly of  FIG. 35 , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 37  is a perspective view of a sterile drape securable to a robotic arm, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 38A  is a detail view of a first attachment assembly for the sterile drape, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 38B  is a detail view of a second attachment assembly for the sterile drape, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 39A  is a perspective view of a segmented sterile drape positioned on a robotic arm, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 39B  is a detail view of a portion of  FIG. 39A , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 39C  is a detail view of a portion of  FIG. 39B , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 40  is a perspective view of an adapter interface for a sterile drape, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 41A  is a perspective view of a sterile drape comprising a release cord positioned on a robotic arm, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 41B  is a perspective view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 41A  with the release cord being pulled proximally, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 41C  is a perspective view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 41A  released from the robotic arm, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 41D  is a perspective view of a replacement sterile drape being positioned over the robotic arm, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 42A  is a perspective view of a sterile drape comprising a release cord positioned on a robotic arm, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 42B  is a perspective view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 42A  being released from the robotic arm and a replacement sterile drape being deployed from the sterile drape holder, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 42C  is a perspective view of a replacement sterile drape being fully deployed from the sterile drape holder, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 43A  is a perspective view of a sterile drape comprising a support skeleton positioned on a robotic arm, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 43B  is a detail view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 43A , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 44  is a perspective view of a sterile drape comprising joint zones, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 45A  is a detail view of a sterile drape comprising a moisture-detecting layer, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 45B  is a perspective view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 45A  positioned on a robotic arm, where the sterile drape has been breached, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 46A-46B  are detail views of a sterile drape comprising pressurized air pockets, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 46C-46D  are detail views of the sterile drape of  FIGS. 46A-46B , where the sterile drape has been breached, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 47A  is a perspective view of a pressurized sterile drape positioned on a robotic arm, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 47B  is a perspective view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 47A , where the sterile drape has been breached, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 47C  is a graph of sterile drape air pressure verse time for breached and non-breached sterile drapes, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 48A  is a detail view of a sterile drape comprising a color-changing layer, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 48B  is a perspective view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 48A , where the sterile drape has not been experienced a temperature above a threshold temperature, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 48C  is a perspective view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 48A , where the sterile drape has been experienced a temperature above a threshold temperature, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 48D  is a graph of temperature verse time for a color-changing sterile drape, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 49A  is a sectional view of a self-healing sterile drape, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 49B  is a sectional view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 49A , where the sterile drape has been breached, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 49C  is a sectional view of the sterile drape of  FIG. 49B , where the sterile drape has healed the breach, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 50  is a perspective view of a sterile drape comprising a colored underlayer, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 51  is a sectional view of a portion of a robotic surgical assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 52  is an exploded view of a robotic surgical assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 53  is a perspective view of a sterile interface module of a robotic surgical assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 54A  is a side elevational view of a surgical instrument being coupled to a sterile interface module, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 54B  is a detail view of the surgical instrument in a first uncoupled position with the sterile interface module, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 54C  is a detail view of the surgical instrument in a second uncoupled position with the sterile interface module, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 54D  is a detail view of the surgical instrument in a coupled position with the sterile interface module, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 55A  is a perspective view of a proximal end of a surgical instrument comprising an alignment electrical contact, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 55B  is a sectional view of the surgical instrument of  FIG. 55A  uncoupled to a sterile interface module, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 55C  is a sectional view of the surgical instrument of  FIG. 55A  coupled to a sterile interface module, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 56  is a logic flow diagram of a process for verifying that a surgical instrument is fully coupled to the robotic surgical assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 57A  is an exploded view of a robotic surgical assembly and surgical instrument comprising coupling sensors, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 57B  is a side elevational view of a surgical instrument coupled to the robotic surgical assembly of  FIG. 57A , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 58  is a logic flow diagram of a process for verifying that a surgical instrument is fully coupled to the robotic surgical assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 59  is an exploded view of a robotic surgical assembly comprising continuity circuits, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 60  is an exploded view of a robotic surgical assembly comprising proximity sensors, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 61A  is an overhead elevational view of the robotic surgical assembly of  FIG. 60 , where the surgical instrument is in a first orientation, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 61B  is an overhead elevational view of the robotic surgical assembly of  FIG. 60 , where the surgical instrument is in a second orientation, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 61C  is an overhead elevational view of the robotic surgical assembly of  FIG. 60 , where the surgical instrument is in a third orientation, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 62A  is a perspective view of a robotic grasper comprising a surgical instrument identification sensor assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 62B  is an overhead elevational view of the robotic grasper of  FIG. 62A  grasping a surgical instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 63A  is a perspective view of a robotic grasper comprising a surgical instrument identification sensor, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 63B  is a detail view of a surgical instrument comprising a first identification element, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 63C  is a detail view of a surgical instrument comprising a second identification element, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 63D  is a detail view of a surgical instrument comprising a third identification element, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 64  is a logic flow diagram of a process for determining whether a compatible trocar is coupled to the robotic surgical assembly, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 65  is a logic flow diagram of a process for controlling surgical tool movement according to scope visualization, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 66A  is a perspective view of a surgical instrument comprising an irregular gripping interface, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 66B  is an overhead elevational view of a robotic grasper comprising a vacuum source grasping the surgical instrument of  FIG. 66A , where the surgical instrument is not properly aligned, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 66C  is an overhead elevational view of a robotic grasper comprising a vacuum source grasping the surgical instrument of  FIG. 66A , where the surgical instrument is properly aligned, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 66D  is a graph of vacuum pressure and device power verse time for a robotic surgical system configured to control device power according to surgical instrument alignment, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 67A  is a side elevational view of a safety envelope defined about a patient for a robotic surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 67B  is an overhead elevational view of the robotic surgical system of  FIG. 67A , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 68  is a perspective view of a sensor tag, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 69A  is a schematic view of a sensor tag positioned on a patient, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 69B  is a schematic view of a sensor of sensor tags positioned on a patient and an operating table, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 69C  is a schematic view of a sensor of sensor tags positioned on a first patient and an operating table, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 69D  is a schematic view of a sensor of sensor tags positioned on a second patient and an operating table, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 69E  is a schematic view of a sensor of sensor tags positioned on a third patient and an operating table, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 70  is a schematic view of a robotic surgical system comprising an image sensor to sense a robotic arm positioned within a detection zone, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 71  is a perspective view of a pair of scrubs comprising a reflective material, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 72  is an overhead view of a surgical staff member wearing the scrubs of  FIG. 71  violating a detection zone with respect to the robotic arm, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 73  is a schematic view of a robotic surgical system comprising a sensor to sense an identifier position, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 74  is a graph of object distance and robotic surgical system power verse time, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 75  is a schematic view of a motor pack comprising interchangeable motor assemblies, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 76  is a perspective view of a motor pack housing comprising a removable cap, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 77  is an exploded view of a motor pack assembly comprising a removable motor, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 78  is an exploded view of the motor pack assembly of  FIG. 77  being coupled to a surgical instrument handle, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 79  is an exploded view of the surgical instrument handle of  FIG. 78  being coupled to an end effector assembly of  FIG. 80 , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 80  is a perspective view of an end effector assembly drivable via a three motor system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 81A  is perspective view of a motor pack sterile barrier, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 81B  is perspective view of a motor pack sterile barrier, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 82A  is a perspective view of a motor pack comprising an alignment tab, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 82B  is a perspective view of a motor pack sterile barrier configured to receive the motor pack of  FIG. 82A , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 82C  is a perspective view of the motor pack sterile barrier of  FIG. 82B , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 83A  is a side elevational view of a sterile interface module of a robotic surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 83B  is a detail view of portion C of  FIG. 83A , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 84A  is an overhead elevational view of a sterile interface module, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 84B  is a sectional view of an instrument drive unit comprising an interface couplable to the drive couplers of a sterile interface module, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 84C  is a perspective view of the instrument drive unit of  FIG. 84B , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 85A  is a perspective view of an instrument drive unit comprising a bailout lever, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 85B  is a cutaway view of the instrument drive unit of  FIG. 85A , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. patent applications, filed on Jun. 27, 2019, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,702, titled METHOD OF USING A SURGICAL MODULAR ROBOTIC ASSEMBLY, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405603;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,710, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH INTERCHANGEABLE MOTOR PACKS, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,013,569;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,715, titled COOPERATIVE ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405404;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,740, titled HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS FOR ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405415;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,780, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLY COUPLING SAFETY MECHANISMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405408;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,707, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM WITH SAFETY AND COOPERATIVE SENSING CONTROL, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405375;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,726, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING CLOSE OPERATION OF END-EFFECTORS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405414;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,737, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM WITH LOCAL SENSING OF FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF MULTIPLE PHYSICAL INPUTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 16/454,737;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,751, titled COOPERATIVE OPERATION OF ROBOTIC ARMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405417;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,760, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT DRIVE SYSTEMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405407;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,769, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT DRIVE SYSTEMS WITH CABLE-TIGHTENING SYSTEM, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405422;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,727, titled VISUALIZATION SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATIC CONTAMINATION DETECTION AND CLEANING CONTROLS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405401; and   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,741, titled MULTI-ACCESS PORT FOR SURGICAL ROBOTIC SYSTEMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0405416.   

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. patent applications, filed on Dec. 4, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,385, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, STORAGE AND DISPLAY;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,395, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,403, titled METHOD OF CLOUD BASED DATA ANALYTICS FOR USE WITH THE HUB;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,407, titled METHOD OF ROBOTIC HUB COMMUNICATION, DETECTION, AND CONTROL;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,423, titled METHOD OF COMPRESSING TISSUE WITHIN A STAPLING DEVICE AND SIMULTANEOUSLY DISPLAYING THE LOCATION OF THE TISSUE WITHIN THE JAWS;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,427, titled METHOD OF USING REINFORCED FLEXIBLE CIRCUITS WITH MULTIPLE SENSORS TO OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE OF RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICES;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,433, titled METHOD OF SENSING PARTICULATE FROM SMOKE EVACUATED FROM A PATIENT, ADJUSTING THE PUMP SPEED BASED ON THE SENSED INFORMATION, AND COMMUNICATING THE FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF THE SYSTEM TO THE HUB;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,447, titled METHOD FOR SMOKE EVACUATION FOR SURGICAL HUB;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,453, titled METHOD FOR CONTROLLING SMART ENERGY DEVICES;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,458, titled METHOD FOR SMART ENERGY DEVICE INFRASTRUCTURE;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,465, titled METHOD FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL SCHEMES FOR SURGICAL NETWORK CONTROL AND INTERACTION;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,478, titled METHOD FOR SITUATIONAL AWARENESS FOR SURGICAL NETWORK OR SURGICAL NETWORK CONNECTED DEVICE CAPABLE OF ADJUSTING FUNCTION BASED ON A SENSED SITUATION OR USAGE;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,490, titled METHOD FOR FACILITY DATA COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATION; and   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,491, titled METHOD FOR CIRCULAR STAPLER CONTROL ALGORITHM ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS.   

     Before explaining various aspects of surgical devices and generators in detail, it should be noted that the illustrative examples are not limited in application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. The illustrative examples may be implemented or incorporated in other aspects, variations and modifications, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Further, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the illustrative examples for the convenience of the reader and are not for the purpose of limitation thereof. Also, it will be appreciated that one or more of the following-described aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples, can be combined with any one or more of the other following-described aspects, expressions of aspects and/or examples. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a computer-implemented interactive surgical system  100  includes one or more surgical systems  102  and a cloud-based system (e.g., the cloud  104  that may include a remote server  113  coupled to a storage device  105 ). Each surgical system  102  includes at least one surgical hub  106  in communication with the cloud  104  that may include a remote server  113 . In one example, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the surgical system  102  includes a visualization system  108 , a robotic system  110 , and a handheld intelligent surgical instrument  112 , which are configured to communicate with one another and/or the hub  106 . In some aspects, a surgical system  102  may include an M number of hubs  106 , an N number of visualization systems  108 , an O number of robotic systems  110 , and a P number of handheld intelligent surgical instruments  112 , where M, N, O, and P are integers greater than or equal to one. 
       FIG. 3  depicts an example of a surgical system  102  being used to perform a surgical procedure on a patient who is lying down on an operating table  114  in a surgical operating room  116 . A robotic system  110  is used in the surgical procedure as a part of the surgical system  102 . The robotic system  110  includes a surgeon&#39;s console  118 , a patient side cart  120  (surgical robot), and a surgical robotic hub  122 . The patient side cart  120  can manipulate at least one removably coupled surgical tool  117  through a minimally invasive incision in the body of the patient while the surgeon views the surgical site through the surgeon&#39;s console  118 . An image of the surgical site can be obtained by a medical imaging device  124 , which can be manipulated by the patient side cart  120  to orient the imaging device  124 . The robotic hub  122  can be used to process the images of the surgical site for subsequent display to the surgeon through the surgeon&#39;s console  118 . 
     Other types of robotic systems can be readily adapted for use with the surgical system  102 . Various examples of robotic systems and surgical tools that are suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,339, titled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Various examples of cloud-based analytics that are performed by the cloud  104 , and are suitable for use with the present disclosure, are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,340, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In various aspects, the imaging device  124  includes at least one image sensor and one or more optical components. Suitable image sensors include, but are not limited to, Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) sensors and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors. 
     The optical components of the imaging device  124  may include one or more illumination sources and/or one or more lenses. The one or more illumination sources may be directed to illuminate portions of the surgical field. The one or more image sensors may receive light reflected or refracted from the surgical field, including light reflected or refracted from tissue and/or surgical instruments. 
     The one or more illumination sources may be configured to radiate electromagnetic energy in the visible spectrum as well as the invisible spectrum. The visible spectrum, sometimes referred to as the optical spectrum or luminous spectrum, is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (i.e., can be detected by) the human eye and may be referred to as visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths in air that are from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. 
     The invisible spectrum (i.e., the non-luminous spectrum) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies below and above the visible spectrum (i.e., wavelengths below about 380 nm and above about 750 nm). The invisible spectrum is not detectable by the human eye. Wavelengths greater than about 750 nm are longer than the red visible spectrum, and they become invisible infrared (IR), microwave, and radio electromagnetic radiation. Wavelengths less than about 380 nm are shorter than the violet spectrum, and they become invisible ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray electromagnetic radiation. 
     In various aspects, the imaging device  124  is configured for use in a minimally invasive procedure. Examples of imaging devices suitable for use with the present disclosure include, but not limited to, an arthroscope, angioscope, bronchoscope, choledochoscope, colonoscope, cytoscope, duodenoscope, enteroscope, esophagogastro-duodenoscope (gastroscope), endoscope, laryngoscope, nasopharyngo-neproscope, sigmoidoscope, thoracoscope, and ureteroscope. 
     In one aspect, the imaging device employs multi-spectrum monitoring to discriminate topography and underlying structures. A multi-spectral image is one that captures image data within specific wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelengths may be separated by filters or by the use of instruments that are sensitive to particular wavelengths, including light from frequencies beyond the visible light range, e.g., IR and ultraviolet. Spectral imaging can allow extraction of additional information the human eye fails to capture with its receptors for red, green, and blue. The use of multi-spectral imaging is described in greater detail under the heading “Advanced Imaging Acquisition Module” in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Multi-spectrum monitoring can be a useful tool in relocating a surgical field after a surgical task is completed to perform one or more of the previously described tests on the treated tissue. 
     It is axiomatic that strict sterilization of the operating room and surgical equipment is required during any surgery. The strict hygiene and sterilization conditions required in a “surgical theater,” i.e., an operating or treatment room, necessitate the highest possible sterility of all medical devices and equipment. Part of that sterilization process is the need to sterilize anything that comes in contact with the patient or penetrates the sterile field, including the imaging device  124  and its attachments and components. It will be appreciated that the sterile field may be considered a specified area, such as within a tray or on a sterile towel, that is considered free of microorganisms, or the sterile field may be considered an area, immediately around a patient, who has been prepared for a surgical procedure. The sterile field may include the scrubbed team members, who are properly attired, and all furniture and fixtures in the area. 
     In various aspects, the visualization system  108  includes one or more imaging sensors, one or more image processing units, one or more storage arrays, and one or more displays that are strategically arranged with respect to the sterile field, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In one aspect, the visualization system  108  includes an interface for HL7, PACS, and EMR. Various components of the visualization system  108  are described under the heading “Advanced Imaging Acquisition Module” in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , a primary display  119  is positioned in the sterile field to be visible to an operator at the operating table  114 . In addition, a visualization tower  111  is positioned outside the sterile field. The visualization tower  111  includes a first non-sterile display  107  and a second non-sterile display  109 , which face away from each other. The visualization system  108 , guided by the hub  106 , is configured to utilize the displays  107 ,  109 , and  119  to coordinate information flow to operators inside and outside the sterile field. For example, the hub  106  may cause the visualization system  108  to display a snap-shot of a surgical site, as recorded by an imaging device  124 , on a non-sterile display  107  or  109 , while maintaining a live feed of the surgical site on the primary display  119 . The snap-shot on the non-sterile display  107  or  109  can permit a non-sterile operator to perform a diagnostic step relevant to the surgical procedure, for example. 
     In one aspect, the hub  106  is also configured to route a diagnostic input or feedback entered by a non-sterile operator at the visualization tower  111  to the primary display  119  within the sterile field, where it can be viewed by a sterile operator at the operating table. In one example, the input can be in the form of a modification to the snap-shot displayed on the non-sterile display  107  or  109 , which can be routed to the primary display  119  by the hub  106 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a surgical instrument  112  is being used in the surgical procedure as part of the surgical system  102 . The hub  106  is also configured to coordinate information flow to a display of the surgical instrument  112 . For example, in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. A diagnostic input or feedback entered by a non-sterile operator at the visualization tower  111  can be routed by the hub  106  to the surgical instrument display  115  within the sterile field, where it can be viewed by the operator of the surgical instrument  112 . Example surgical instruments that are suitable for use with the surgical system  102  are described under the heading “Surgical Instrument Hardware” and in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, for example. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a hub  106  is depicted in communication with a visualization system  108 , a robotic system  110 , and a handheld intelligent surgical instrument  112 . The hub  106  includes a hub display  135 , an imaging module  138 , a generator module  140 , a communication module  130 , a processor module  132 , and a storage array  134 . In certain aspects, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the hub  106  further includes a smoke evacuation module  126  and/or a suction/irrigation module  128 . 
     During a surgical procedure, energy application to tissue, for sealing and/or cutting, is generally associated with smoke evacuation, suction of excess fluid, and/or irrigation of the tissue. Fluid, power, and/or data lines from different sources are often entangled during the surgical procedure. Valuable time can be lost addressing this issue during a surgical procedure. Detangling the lines may necessitate disconnecting the lines from their respective modules, which may require resetting the modules. The hub modular enclosure  136  offers a unified environment for managing the power, data, and fluid lines, which reduces the frequency of entanglement between such lines. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure present a surgical hub for use in a surgical procedure that involves energy application to tissue at a surgical site. The surgical hub includes a hub enclosure and a combo generator module slidably receivable in a docking station of the hub enclosure. The docking station includes data and power contacts. The combo generator module includes two or more of an ultrasonic energy generator component, a bipolar RF energy generator component, and a monopolar RF energy generator component that are housed in a single unit. In one aspect, the combo generator module also includes a smoke evacuation component, at least one energy delivery cable for connecting the combo generator module to a surgical instrument, at least one smoke evacuation component configured to evacuate smoke, fluid, and/or particulates generated by the application of therapeutic energy to the tissue, and a fluid line extending from the remote surgical site to the smoke evacuation component. 
     In one aspect, the fluid line is a first fluid line and a second fluid line extends from the remote surgical site to a suction and irrigation module slidably received in the hub enclosure. In one aspect, the hub enclosure comprises a fluid interface. 
     Certain surgical procedures may require the application of more than one energy type to the tissue. One energy type may be more beneficial for cutting the tissue, while another different energy type may be more beneficial for sealing the tissue. For example, a bipolar generator can be used to seal the tissue while an ultrasonic generator can be used to cut the sealed tissue. Aspects of the present disclosure present a solution where a hub modular enclosure  136  is configured to accommodate different generators, and facilitate an interactive communication therebetween. One of the advantages of the hub modular enclosure  136  is enabling the quick removal and/or replacement of various modules. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure present a modular surgical enclosure for use in a surgical procedure that involves energy application to tissue. The modular surgical enclosure includes a first energy-generator module, configured to generate a first energy for application to the tissue, and a first docking station comprising a first docking port that includes first data and power contacts, wherein the first energy-generator module is slidably movable into an electrical engagement with the power and data contacts and wherein the first energy-generator module is slidably movable out of the electrical engagement with the first power and data contacts. 
     Further to the above, the modular surgical enclosure also includes a second energy-generator module configured to generate a second energy, different than the first energy, for application to the tissue, and a second docking station comprising a second docking port that includes second data and power contacts, wherein the second energy-generator module is slidably movable into an electrical engagement with the power and data contacts, and wherein the second energy-generator module is slidably movable out of the electrical engagement with the second power and data contacts. 
     In addition, the modular surgical enclosure also includes a communication bus between the first docking port and the second docking port, configured to facilitate communication between the first energy-generator module and the second energy-generator module. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , aspects of the present disclosure are presented for a hub modular enclosure  136  that allows the modular integration of a generator module  140 , a smoke evacuation module  126 , and a suction/irrigation module  128 . The hub modular enclosure  136  further facilitates interactive communication between the modules  140 ,  126 ,  128 . The generator module  140  can be a generator module with integrated monopolar, bipolar, and ultrasonic components supported in a single housing unit slidably insertable into the hub modular enclosure  136 . In various aspects, the hub modular enclosure  136  can be configured to facilitate the insertion of multiple generators and interactive communication between the generators docked into the hub modular enclosure  136  so that the generators would act as a single generator. 
     In one aspect, the hub modular enclosure  136  comprises a modular power and communication backplane with external and wireless communication headers to enable the removable attachment of the modules  140 ,  126 ,  128  and interactive communication therebetween. 
     In various aspects, the imaging module  138  comprises an integrated video processor and a modular light source and is adapted for use with various imaging devices. In one aspect, the imaging device is comprised of a modular housing that can be assembled with a light source module and a camera module. The housing can be a disposable housing. In at least one example, the disposable housing is removably coupled to a reusable controller, a light source module, and a camera module. The light source module and/or the camera module can be selectively chosen depending on the type of surgical procedure. In one aspect, the camera module comprises a CCD sensor. In another aspect, the camera module comprises a CMOS sensor. In another aspect, the camera module is configured for scanned beam imaging. Likewise, the light source module can be configured to deliver a white light or a different light, depending on the surgical procedure. 
     During a surgical procedure, removing a surgical device from the surgical field and replacing it with another surgical device that includes a different camera or a different light source can be inefficient. Temporarily losing sight of the surgical field may lead to undesirable consequences. The module imaging device of the present disclosure is configured to permit the replacement of a light source module or a camera module midstream during a surgical procedure, without having to remove the imaging device from the surgical field. 
     In one aspect, the imaging device comprises a tubular housing that includes a plurality of channels. A first channel is configured to slidably receive the camera module, which can be configured for a snap-fit engagement with the first channel. A second channel is configured to slidably receive the light source module, which can be configured for a snap-fit engagement with the second channel. In another example, the camera module and/or the light source module can be rotated into a final position within their respective channels. A threaded engagement can be employed in lieu of the snap-fit engagement. 
     In various examples, multiple imaging devices are placed at different positions in the surgical field to provide multiple views. The imaging module  138  can be configured to switch between the imaging devices to provide an optimal view. In various aspects, the imaging module  138  can be configured to integrate the images from the different imaging device. 
     Various image processors and imaging devices suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,995,045, titled COMBINED SBI AND CONVENTIONAL IMAGE PROCESSOR, which issued on Aug. 9, 2011, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 7,982,776, titled SBI MOTION ARTIFACT REMOVAL APPARATUS AND METHOD, which issued on Jul. 19, 2011, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes various systems for removing motion artifacts from image data. Such systems can be integrated with the imaging module  138 . Furthermore, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0306840, titled CONTROLLABLE MAGNETIC SOURCE TO FIXTURE INTRACORPOREAL APPARATUS, which published on Dec. 15, 2011, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0243597, titled SYSTEM FOR PERFORMING A MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURE, which published on Aug. 28, 2014, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Robotic Surgical System 
     An example robotic surgical system is depicted in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . With reference to  FIG. 4 , the robotic surgical system  13000  includes robotic arms  13002 ,  13003 , a control device  13004 , and a console  13005  coupled to the control device  13004 . As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the surgical system  13000  is configured for use on a patient  13013  lying on a patient table  13012  for performance of a minimally invasive surgical operation. The console  13005  includes a display device  13006  and input devices  13007 ,  13008 . The display device  13006  is set up to display three-dimensional images, and the manual input devices  13007 ,  13008  are configured to allow a clinician to telemanipulate the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003 . Controls for a surgeon&#39;s console, such as the console  13005 , are further described in International Patent Publication No. WO2017/075121, filed Oct. 27, 2016, titled HAPTIC FEEDBACK FOR A ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM INTERFACE, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Each of the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  is made up of a plurality of members connected through joints and includes a surgical assembly  13010  connected to a distal end of a corresponding robotic arm  13002 ,  13003 . Support of multiple arms is further described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0071693, filed Nov. 11, 2016, titled SURGICAL ROBOTIC ARM SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF USE, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Various robotic arm configurations are further described in International Patent Publication No. WO2017/044406, filed Sep. 6, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL CONTROL SCHEME FOR MANIPULATING ROBOTIC END EFFECTORS, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In an exemplification, the surgical assembly  13010  includes a surgical instrument  13020  supporting an end effector  13023 . Although two robotic arms  13002 ,  13003 , are depicted, the surgical system  13000  may include a single robotic arm or more than two robotic arms  13002 ,  13003 . Additional robotic arms are likewise connected to the control device  13004  and are telemanipulatable via the console  13005 . Accordingly, one or more additional surgical assemblies  13010  and/or surgical instruments  13020  may also be attached to the additional robotic arm(s). 
     The robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  may be driven by electric drives that are connected to the control device  13004 . According to an exemplification, the control device  13004  is configured to activate drives, for example, via a computer program, such that the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  and the surgical assemblies  13010  and/or surgical instruments  13020  corresponding to the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003 , execute a desired movement received through the manual input devices  13007 ,  13008 . The control device  13004  may also be configured to regulate movement of the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  and/or of the drives. 
     The control device  13004  may control a plurality of motors (for example, Motor I . . . n) with each motor configured to drive a pushing or a pulling of one or more cables, such as cables coupled to the end effector  13023  of the surgical instrument  13020 . In use, as these cables are pushed and/or pulled, the one or more cables affect operation and/or movement of the end effector  13023 . The control device  13004  coordinates the activation of the various motors to coordinate a pushing or a pulling motion of one or more cables in order to coordinate an operation and/or movement of one or more end effectors  13023 . For example, articulation of an end effector by a robotic assembly such as the surgical assembly  13010  is further described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0303743, filed Jun. 6, 2016, titled WRIST AND JAW ASSEMBLIES FOR ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS and in International Patent Publication No. WO2016/144937, filed Mar. 8, 2016, titled MEASURING HEALTH OF A CONNECTOR MEMBER OF A ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In an exemplification, each motor is configured to actuate a drive rod or a lever arm to affect operation and/or movement of end effectors  13023  in addition to, or instead of, one or more cables. 
     Driver configurations for surgical instruments, such as drive arrangements for a surgical end effector, are further described in International Patent Publication No. WO2016/183054, filed May 10, 2016, titled COUPLING INSTRUMENT DRIVE UNIT AND ROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, International Patent Publication No. WO2016/205266, filed Jun. 15, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM TORQUE TRANSDUCTION SENSING, International Patent Publication No. WO2016/205452, filed Jun. 16, 2016, titled CONTROLLING ROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH BIDIRECTIONAL COUPLING, and International Patent Publication No. WO2017/053507, filed Sep. 22, 2016, titled ELASTIC SURGICAL INTERFACE FOR ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The modular attachment of surgical instruments to a driver is further described in International Patent Publication No. WO2016/209769, filed Jun. 20, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Housing configurations for a surgical instrument driver and interface are further described in International Patent Publication No. WO2016/144998, filed Mar. 9, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS, INSTRUMENT DRIVE UNITS, AND DRIVE ASSEMBLIES, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Various surgical instrument configurations for use with the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  are further described in International Patent Publication No. WO2017/053358, filed Sep. 21, 2016, titled SURGICAL ROBOTIC ASSEMBLIES AND INSTRUMENT ADAPTERS THEREOF and International Patent Publication No. WO2017/053363, filed Sep. 21, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES AND INSTRUMENT DRIVE CONNECTORS THEREOF, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Bipolar instrument configurations for use with the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  are further described in International Patent Publication No. WO2017/053698, filed Sep. 23, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES AND ELECTROMECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS THEREOF, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Shaft arrangements for use with the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  are further described in International Patent Publication No. WO2017/116793, filed Dec. 19, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENT DRIVE ASSEMBLIES, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The control device  13004  includes any suitable logic control circuit adapted to perform calculations and/or operate according to a set of instructions. The control device  13004  can be configured to communicate with a remote system “RS,” either via a wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LTE, etc.) and/or wired connection. The remote system “RS” can include data, instructions and/or information related to the various components, algorithms, and/or operations of system  13000 . The remote system “RS” can include any suitable electronic service, database, platform, cloud “C” (see  FIG. 4 ), or the like. The control device  13004  may include a central processing unit operably connected to memory. The memory may include transitory type memory (e.g., RAM) and/or non-transitory type memory (e.g., flash media, disk media, etc.). In some exemplifications, the memory is part of, and/or operably coupled to, the remote system “RS.” 
     The control device  13004  can include a plurality of inputs and outputs for interfacing with the components of the system  13000 , such as through a driver circuit. The control device  13004  can be configured to receive input signals and/or generate output signals to control one or more of the various components (e.g., one or more motors) of the system  13000 . The output signals can include, and/or can be based upon, algorithmic instructions which may be pre-programmed and/or input by a user. The control device  13004  can be configured to accept a plurality of user inputs from a user interface (e.g., switches, buttons, touch screen, etc. of operating the console  13005 ) which may be coupled to remote system “RS.” 
     A memory  13014  can be directly and/or indirectly coupled to the control device  13004  to store instructions and/or databases including pre-operative data from living being(s) and/or anatomical atlas(es). The memory  13014  can be part of, and/or or operatively coupled to, remote system “RS.” 
     In accordance with an exemplification, the distal end of each robotic arm  13002 ,  13003  is configured to releasably secure the end effector  13023  (or other surgical tool) therein and may be configured to receive any number of surgical tools or instruments, such as a trocar or retractor, for example. 
     A simplified functional block diagram of a system architecture  13400  of the robotic surgical system  13010  is depicted in  FIG. 5 . The system architecture  13400  includes a core module  13420 , a surgeon master module  13430 , a robotic arm module  13440 , and an instrument module  13450 . The core module  13420  serves as a central controller for the robotic surgical system  13000  and coordinates operations of all of the other modules  13430 ,  13440 ,  13450 . For example, the core module  13420  maps control devices to the arms  13002 ,  13003 , determines current status, performs all kinematics and frame transformations, and relays resulting movement commands. In this regard, the core module  13420  receives and analyzes data from each of the other modules  13430 ,  13440 ,  13450  in order to provide instructions or commands to the other modules  13430 ,  13440 ,  13450  for execution within the robotic surgical system  13000 . Although depicted as separate modules, one or more of the modules  13420 ,  13430 ,  13440 , and  13450  are a single component in other exemplifications. 
     The core module  13420  includes models  13422 , observers  13424 , a collision manager  13426 , controllers  13428 , and a skeleton  13429 . The models  13422  include units that provide abstracted representations (base classes) for controlled components, such as the motors (for example, Motor I . . . n) and/or the arms  13002 ,  13003 . The observers  13424  create state estimates based on input and output signals received from the other modules  13430 ,  13440 ,  13450 . The collision manager  13426  prevents collisions between components that have been registered within the system  13010 . The skeleton  13429  tracks the system  13010  from a kinematic and dynamics point of view. For example, the kinematics item may be implemented either as forward or inverse kinematics, in an exemplification. The dynamics item may be implemented as algorithms used to model dynamics of the system&#39;s components. 
     The surgeon master module  13430  communicates with surgeon control devices at the console  13005  and relays inputs received from the console  13005  to the core module  13420 . In accordance with an exemplification, the surgeon master module  13430  communicates button status and control device positions to the core module  13420  and includes a node controller  13432  that includes a state/mode manager  13434 , a fail-over controller  13436 , and a N-degree of freedom (“DOF”) actuator  13438 . 
     The robotic arm module  13440  coordinates operation of a robotic arm subsystem, an arm cart subsystem, a set up arm, and an instrument subsystem in order to control movement of a corresponding arm  13002 ,  13003 . Although a single robotic arm module  13440  is included, it will be appreciated that the robotic arm module  13440  corresponds to and controls a single arm. As such, additional robotic arm modules  13440  are included in configurations in which the system  13010  includes multiple arms  13002 ,  13003 . The robotic arm module  13440  includes a node controller  13442 , a state/mode manager  13444 , a fail-over controller  13446 , and a N-degree of freedom (“DOF”) actuator  13348 . 
     The instrument module  13450  controls movement of an instrument and/or tool component attached to the arm  13002 ,  13003 . The instrument module  13450  is configured to correspond to and control a single instrument. Thus, in configurations in which multiple instruments are included, additional instrument modules  13450  are likewise included. In an exemplification, the instrument module  13450  obtains and communicates data related to the position of the end effector or jaw assembly (which may include the pitch and yaw angle of the jaws), the width of or the angle between the jaws, and the position of an access port. The instrument module  13450  has a node controller  13452 , a state/mode manager  13454 , a fail-over controller  13456 , and a N-degree of freedom (“DOF”) actuator  13458 . 
     The position data collected by the instrument module  13450  is used by the core module  13420  to determine when the instrument is within the surgical site, within a cannula, adjacent to an access port, or above an access port in free space. The core module  13420  can determine whether to provide instructions to open or close the jaws of the instrument based on the positioning thereof. For example, when the position of the instrument indicates that the instrument is within a cannula, instructions are provided to maintain a jaw assembly in a closed position. When the position of the instrument indicates that the instrument is outside of an access port, instructions are provided to open the jaw assembly. 
     Additional features and operations of a robotic surgical system, such as the surgical robot system depicted in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , are further described in the following references, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
     U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0303743, filed Jun. 6, 2016, titled WRIST AND JAW ASSEMBLIES FOR ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS;   U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0071693, filed Nov. 11, 2016, titled SURGICAL ROBOTIC ARM SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF USE;   International Patent Publication No. WO2016/144937, filed Mar. 8, 2016, titled MEASURING HEALTH OF A CONNECTOR MEMBER OF A ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM;   International Patent Publication No. WO2016/144998, filed Mar. 9, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS, INSTRUMENT DRIVE UNITS, AND DRIVE ASSEMBLIES;   International Patent Publication No. WO2016/183054, filed May 10, 2016, titled COUPLING INSTRUMENT DRIVE UNIT AND ROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT;   International Patent Publication No. WO2016/205266, filed Jun. 15, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM TORQUE TRANSDUCTION SENSING;   International Patent Publication No. WO2016/205452, filed Jun. 16, 2016, titled CONTROLLING ROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH BIDIRECTIONAL COUPLING;   International Patent Publication No. WO2016/209769, filed Jun. 20, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES;   International Patent Publication No. WO2017/044406, filed Sep. 6, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL CONTROL SCHEME FOR MANIPULATING ROBOTIC END EFFECTORS;   International Patent Publication No. WO2017/053358, filed Sep. 21, 2016, titled SURGICAL ROBOTIC ASSEMBLIES AND INSTRUMENT ADAPTERS THEREOF;   International Patent Publication No. WO2017/053363, filed Sep. 21, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES AND INSTRUMENT DRIVE CONNECTORS THEREOF;   International Patent Publication No. WO2017/053507, filed Sep. 22, 2016, titled ELASTIC SURGICAL INTERFACE FOR ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS;   International Patent Publication No. WO2017/053698, filed Sep. 23, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES AND ELECTROMECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS THEREOF;   International Patent Publication No. WO2017/075121, filed Oct. 27, 2016, titled HAPTIC FEEDBACK CONTROLS FOR A ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM INTERFACE;   International Patent Publication No. WO2017/116793, filed Dec. 19, 2016, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENT DRIVE ASSEMBLIES.   

     The robotic surgical systems and features disclosed herein can be employed with the robotic surgical system of  FIGS. 4 and 5 . The reader will further appreciate that various systems and/or features disclosed herein can also be employed with alternative surgical systems including the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  100 , the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200 , the robotic surgical system  110 , the robotic hub  122 , and/or the robotic hub  222 , for example. 
     In various instances, a robotic surgical system can include a robotic control tower, which can house the control unit of the system. For example, the control unit  13004  of the robotic surgical system  13000  ( FIG. 4 ) can be housed within a robotic control tower. The robotic control tower can include a robotic hub such as the robotic hub  122  ( FIG. 2 ) or the robotic hub  222  ( FIG. 9 ), for example. Such a robotic hub can include a modular interface for coupling with one or more generators, such as an ultrasonic generator and/or a radio frequency generator, and/or one or more modules, such as an imaging module, suction module, an irrigation module, a smoke evacuation module, and/or a communication module. 
     A robotic hub can include a situational awareness module, which can be configured to synthesize data from multiple sources to determine an appropriate response to a surgical event. For example, a situational awareness module can determine the type of surgical procedure, step in the surgical procedure, type of tissue, and/or tissue characteristics, as further described herein. Moreover, such a module can recommend a particular course of action or possible choices to the robotic system based on the synthesized data. In various instances, a sensor system encompassing a plurality of sensors distributed throughout the robotic system can provide data, images, and/or other information to the situational awareness module. Such a situational awareness module can be incorporated into a control unit, such as the control unit  13004 , for example. In various instances, the situational awareness module can obtain data and/or information from a non-robotic surgical hub and/or a cloud, such as the surgical hub  106  ( FIG. 1 ), the surgical hub  206  ( FIG. 10 ), the cloud  104  ( FIG. 1 ), and/or the cloud  204  ( FIG. 9 ), for example. Situational awareness of a surgical system is further disclosed herein and in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,340, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In certain instances, the activation of a surgical tool at certain times during a surgical procedure and/or for certain durations may cause tissue trauma and/or may prolong a surgical procedure. For example, a robotic surgical system can utilize an electrosurgical tool having an energy delivery surface that should only be energized when a threshold condition is met. In one example, the energy delivery surface should only be activated when the energy delivery surface is in contact with the appropriate, or targeted, tissue. As another example, a robotic surgical system can utilize a suction element that should only be activated when a threshold condition is met, such as when an appropriate volume of fluid is present. Due to visibility restrictions, evolving situations, and the multitude of moving parts during a robotic surgical procedure, it can be difficult for a clinician to determine and/or monitor certain conditions at the surgical site. For example, it can be difficult to determine if an energy delivery surface of an electrosurgical tool is in contact with tissue. It can also be difficult to determine if a particular suctioning pressure is sufficient for the volume of fluid in the proximity of the suctioning port. 
     Moreover, a plurality of surgical devices can be used in certain robotic surgical procedures. For example, a robotic surgical system can use one or more surgical tools during the surgical procedure. Additionally, one or more handheld instruments can also be used during the surgical procedure. One or more of the surgical devices can include a sensor. For example, multiple sensors can be positioned around the surgical site and/or the operating room. A sensor system including the one or more sensors can be configured to detect one or more conditions at the surgical site. For example, data from the sensor system can determine if a surgical tool mounted to the surgical robot is being used and/or if a feature of the surgical tool should be activated. More specifically, a sensor system can detect if an electrosurgical device is positioned in abutting contact with tissue, for example. As another example, a sensor system can detect if a suctioning element of a surgical tool is applying a sufficient suctioning force to fluid at the surgical site. 
     When in an automatic activation mode, the robotic surgical system can automatically activate one or more features of one or more surgical tools based on data, images, and/or other information received from the sensor system. For example, an energy delivery surface of an electrosurgical tool can be activated upon detecting that the electrosurgical tool is in use (e.g. positioned in abutting contact with tissue). As another example, a suctioning element on a surgical tool can be activated when the suction port is moved into contact with a fluid. In certain instances, the surgical tool can be adjusted based on the sensed conditions. 
     A robotic surgical system incorporating an automatic activation mode can automatically provide a scenario-specific result based on detected condition(s) at the surgical site. The scenario-specific result can be outcome-based, for example, and can streamline the decision-making process of the clinician. In certain instances, such an automatic activation mode can improve the efficiency and/or effectiveness of the clinician. For example, the robotic surgical system can aggregate data to compile a more complete view of the surgical site and/or the surgical procedure in order to determine the best possible course of action. Additionally or alternatively, in instances in which the clinician makes fewer decisions, the clinician can be better focused on other tasks and/or can process other information more effectively. 
     Referring primarily to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , hubs  13380 ,  13382  include wireless communication modules such that a wireless communication link is established between the two hubs  13380 ,  13382 . Additionally, the robotic hub  13380  is in signal communication with the interactive secondary displays  13362 ,  13364  within the sterile field. The hub  13382  is in signal communication with the handheld surgical instrument  13366 . If the surgeon  13371  moves over towards the patient  13361  and within the sterile field (as indicated by the reference character  13371 ′), the surgeon  13371  can use one of the wireless interactive displays  13362 ,  13364  to operate the robot  13372  away from the remote command console  13370 . The plurality of secondary displays  13362 ,  13364  within the sterile field allows the surgeon  13371  to move away from the remote command console  13370  without losing sight of important information for the surgical procedure and controls for the robotic tools utilized therein. 
     The interactive secondary displays  13362 ,  13364  permit the clinician to step away from the remote command console  13370  and into the sterile field while maintaining control of the robot  13372 . For example, the interactive secondary displays  13362 ,  13364  allow the clinician to maintain cooperative and/or coordinated control over the powered handheld surgical instrument(s)  13366  and the robotic surgical system at the same time. In various instances, information is communicated between the robotic surgical system, one or more powered handheld surgical instruments  13366 , surgical hubs  13380 ,  13382 , and the interactive secondary displays  13362 ,  13364 . Such information may include, for example, the images on the display of the robotic surgical system and/or the powered handheld surgical instruments, a parameter of the robotic surgical system and/or the powered handheld surgical instruments, and/or a control command for the robotic surgical system and/or the powered handheld surgical instruments. 
     In various instances, the control unit of the robotic surgical system (e.g. the control unit  13113  of the robotic surgical system  13110 ) is configured to communicate at least one display element from the surgeon&#39;s command console (e.g. the console  13116 ) to an interactive secondary display (e.g. the displays  13362 ,  13364 ). In other words, a portion of the display at the surgeon&#39;s console is replicated on the display of the interactive secondary display, integrating the robot display with the interactive secondary display. The replication of the robot display on to the display of the interactive secondary display allows the clinician to step away from the remote command console without losing the visual image that is displayed there. For example, at least one of the interactive secondary displays  13362 ,  13364  can display information from the robot, such as information from the robot display and/or the surgeon&#39;s command console  13370 . 
     In various instances, the interactive secondary displays  13362 ,  13364  are configured to control and/or adjust at least one operating parameter of the robotic surgical system. Such control can occur automatically and/or in response to a clinician input. Interacting with a touch-sensitive screen and/or buttons on the interactive secondary display(s)  13362 ,  13364 , the clinician is able to input a command to control movement and/or functionality of the one or more robotic tools. For example, when utilizing a handheld surgical instrument  13366 , the clinician may want to move the robotic tool  13374  to a different position. To control the robotic tool  13374 , the clinician applies an input to the interactive secondary display(s)  13362 ,  13364 , and the respective interactive secondary display(s)  13362 ,  13364  communicates the clinician input to the control unit of the robotic surgical system in the robotic hub  13380 . 
     In various instances, a clinician positioned at the remote command console  13370  of the robotic surgical system can manually override any robot command initiated by a clinician input on the one or more interactive secondary displays  13362 ,  13364 . For example, when a clinician input is received from the one or more interactive secondary displays  13362 ,  13364 , a clinician positioned at the remote command console  13370  can either allow the command to be issued and the desired function performed or the clinician can override the command by interacting with the remote command console  13370  and prohibiting the command from being issued. 
     In certain instances, a clinician within the sterile field can be required to request permission to control the robot  13372  and/or the robotic tool  13374  mounted thereto. The surgeon  13371  at the remote command console  13370  can grant or deny the clinician&#39;s request. For example, the surgeon can receive a pop-up or other notification indicating the permission is being requested by another clinician operating a handheld surgical instrument and/or interacting with an interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364 . 
     In various instances, the processor of a robotic surgical system, such as the robotic surgical systems  13000  ( FIG. 4 ),  13400  ( FIG. 5 ),  13360  ( FIG. 6 ), and/or the surgical hub  13380 ,  13382 , for example, is programmed with pre-approved functions of the robotic surgical system. For example, if a clinician input from the interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364  corresponds to a pre-approved function, the robotic surgical system allows for the interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364  to control the robotic surgical system and/or does not prohibit the interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364  from controlling the robotic surgical system. If a clinician input from the interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364  does not correspond to a pre-approved function, the interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364  is unable to command the robotic surgical system to perform the desired function. In one instances, a situational awareness module in the robotic hub  13370  and/or the surgical hub  13382  is configured to dictate and/or influence when the interactive secondary display can issue control motions to the robot surgical system. 
     In various instances, an interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364  has control over a portion of the robotic surgical system upon making contact with the portion of the robotic surgical system. For example, when the interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364  is brought into contact with the robotic tool  13374 , control of the contacted robotic tool  13374  is granted to the interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364 . A clinician can then utilize a touch-sensitive screen and/or buttons on the interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364  to input a command to control movement and/or functionality of the contacted robotic tool  13374 . This control scheme allows for a clinician to reposition a robotic arm, reload a robotic tool, and/or otherwise reconfigure the robotic surgical system. In a similar manner as discussed above, the clinician  13371  positioned at the remote command console  13370  of the robotic surgical system can manually override any robot command initiated by the interactive secondary display  13362 ,  13364 . 
     In one aspect, the robotic surgical system includes a processor and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, as described herein. The memory stores instructions executable by the processor to receive a first user input from a console and to receive a second user input from a mobile wireless control module for controlling a function of a robotic surgical tool, as described herein. 
     In various aspects, the present disclosure provides a control circuit to receive a first user input from a console and to receive a second user input from a mobile wireless control module for controlling a function of a robotic surgical tool, as described herein. In various aspects, the present disclosure provides a non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer readable instructions which, when executed, cause a machine to receive a first user input from a console and to receive a second user input from a mobile wireless control module for controlling a function of a robotic surgical tool, as described herein. 
     A robotic surgical system may include multiple robotic arms that are configured to assist the clinician during a surgical procedure. Each robotic arm may be operable independently of the others. A lack of communication may exist between each of the robotic arms as they are independently operated, which may increase the risk of tissue trauma. For example, in a scenario where one robotic arm is configured to apply a force that is stronger and in a different direction than a force configured to be applied by a second robotic arm, tissue trauma can result. For example, tissue trauma and/or tearing may occur when a first robotic arm applies a strong retracting force to the tissue while a second robotic arm is configured to rigidly hold the tissue in place. 
     In various instances, one or more sensors are attached to each robotic arm of a robotic surgical system. The one or more sensors are configured to sense a force applied to the surrounding tissue during the operation of the robotic arm. Such forces can include, for example, a holding force, a retracting force, and/or a dragging force. The sensor from each robotic arm is configured to communicate the magnitude and direction of the detected force to a control unit of the robotic surgical system. The control unit is configured to analyze the communicated forces and set limits for maximum loads to avoid causing trauma to the tissue in a surgical site. For example, the control unit may minimize the holding force applied by a first robotic arm if the retracting or dragging force applied by a second robotic arm increases. 
       FIG. 4 a    illustrates an exemplification of a robotic arm  13120  and a tool assembly  13130  releasably coupled to the robotic arm  13120 . The robotic arm  13120  can support and move the associated tool assembly  13130  along one or more mechanical degrees of freedom (e.g., all six Cartesian degrees of freedom, five or fewer Cartesian degrees of freedom, etc.). 
     The robotic arm  13120  can include a tool driver  13140  at a distal end of the robotic arm  13120 , which can assist with controlling features associated with the tool assembly  13130 . The robotic arm  13120  can also include a movable tool guide  13132  that can retract and extend relative to the tool driver  13140 . A shaft of the tool assembly  13130  can extend parallel to a threaded shaft of the movable tool guide  13132  and can extend through a distal end feature  13133  (e.g., a ring) of the movable tool guide  13132  and into a patient. 
     In order to provide a sterile operation area while using the surgical system, a barrier can be placed between the actuating portion of the surgical system (e.g., the robotic arm  13120 ) and the surgical instruments (e.g., the tool assembly  13130 ) in the sterile surgical field. A sterile component, such as an instrument sterile adapter (ISA), can also be placed at the connecting interface between the tool assembly  13130  and the robotic arm  13120 , The placement of an ISA between the tool assembly  13130  and the robotic arm  13120  can ensure a sterile coupling point for the tool assembly  13130  and the robotic arm  13120 . This permits removal of tool assemblies  13130  from the robotic arm  13120  to exchange with other tool assemblies  13130  during the course of a surgery without compromising the sterile surgical field. 
     The tool assembly  13130  can be loaded from a top side of the tool driver  13140  with the shaft of the tool assembly  13130  being positioned in a shaft-receiving channel  13144  formed along the side of the tool driver  13140 . The shaft-receiving channel  13144  allows the shaft, which extends along a central axis of the tool assembly  13130 , to extend along a central axis of the tool driver  13140  when the tool assembly  13130  is coupled to the tool driver  13140 , In other exemplifications, the shaft can extend through on opening in the tool driver  13140 , or the two components can mate in various other configurations. 
     As discussed above, the robotic surgical system can include one or more robotic arms with each robotic arm having a tool assembly coupled thereto. Each tool assembly can include an end effector that has one or more of a variety of features, such as one or more tools for assisting with performing a surgical procedure. For example, the end effector can include a cutting or boring tool that can be used to perforate or cut through tissue (e.g., create an incision). 
     Furthermore, some end effectors include one or more sensors that can sense a variety of characteristics associated with either the end effector or the tissue. Each robotic arm and end effector can be controlled by a control system to assist with creating a desired cut or bore and prevent against undesired cutting of tissue. As an alternative to (or in addition to) controlling the robotic arm, it is understood that the control system can control either the tool itself or the tool assembly. 
     One or more aspects associated with the movement of the robotic arm can be controlled by the control system, such as either a direction or a velocity of movement. For example, when boring through tissue, the robotic arm can be controlled to perform jackhammer-like movements with the cutting tool. Such jackhammer movements can include the robotic arm moving up and down along an axis (e.g., an axis that is approximately perpendicular to the tissue being perforated) in a rapid motion while also advancing the cutting tool in a downward direction towards the tissue to eventually perforate the tissue with the cutting tool (e.g. an ultrasonic blade). While performing such movements in a robotic surgical procedure, not only can it be difficult to see the tissue being perforated to thereby determine a relative position of the cutting tool, but it can also be difficult to determine when the cutting tool has completed perforating the tissue. Such position of the cutting tool relative to the tissue can include the cutting tool approaching or not yet in contact with the tissue, the cutting tool drilling down or cutting into the tissue, and the cutting tool extending through or having perforated the tissue. These positions can be difficult for either a user controlling the robotic arm or the robotic surgical system to determine which can result in potential harm to the patient due to over or under-penetrating the tissue, as well as result in longer procedure times. As such, in order to reduce procedure time and surgical errors, the robotic surgical system includes a control system that communicates with at least one sensor assembly configured to sense a force applied at a distal end of the end effector or cutting tool. The control system can thereby determine and control, based on such sensed forces, one or more appropriate aspects associated with the movement of the robotic arm, such as when boring or cutting into tissue, as will be described in greater detail below. 
     Although a cutting tool for perforating tissue is described in detail herein, the sensor assembly of the present disclosure that is in communication with the control system can be implemented in any number of robotic surgical systems for detecting any number of a variety of tools and/or end effectors used for performing any number of a variety of procedures without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, any number of movements can be performed by the robotic arm to perforate or cut tissue using the robotic surgical system including the sensor assembly and control system described herein and is not limited to the jackhammering or boring of tissue. 
       FIG. 4 a    and additional exemplifications are further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/237,753, entitled CONTROL OF ADVANCEMENT RATE AND APPLICATION FORCE BASED ON MEASURED FORCES, filed Aug. 16, 2016, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. 
     The entire disclosures of:
     U.S. Pat. No. 9,072,535, filed May 27, 2011, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENTS WITH ROTATABLE STAPLE DEPLOYMENT ARRANGEMENTS, which issued Jul. 7, 2015;   U.S. Pat. No. 9,072,536, filed Jun. 28, 2012, entitled DIFFERENTIAL LOCKING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROTARY POWERED SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, which issued Jul. 7, 2015;   U.S. Pat. No. 9,204,879, filed Jun. 28, 2012, entitled FLEXIBLE DRIVE MEMBER, which issued on Dec. 8, 2015;   U.S. Pat. No. 9,561,038, filed Jun. 28, 2012, entitled INTERCHANGEABLE CLIP APPLIER, which issued on Feb. 7, 2017;   U.S. Pat. No. 9,757,128, filed Sep. 5, 2014, entitled MULTIPLE SENSORS WITH ONE SENSOR AFFECTING A SECOND SENSOR&#39;S OUTPUT OR INTERPRETATION, which issued on Sep. 12, 2017;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/640,935, entitled OVERLAID MULTI SENSOR RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) ELECTRODE SYSTEM TO MEASURE TISSUE COMPRESSION, filed Mar. 6, 2015, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0256071;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/382,238, entitled MODULAR BATTERY POWERED HANDHELD SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH SELECTIVE APPLICATION OF ENERGY BASED ON TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION, filed Dec. 16, 2016, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0202591; and   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/237,753, entitled CONTROL OF ADVANCEMENT RATE AND APPLICATION FORCE BASED ON MEASURED FORCES, filed Aug. 16, 2016 are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their respective entireties.   

     The surgical devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein can be implemented with a variety of different robotic surgical systems and surgical devices. Surgical devices include robotic surgical tools and handheld surgical instruments. The reader will readily appreciate that certain devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein are not limited to applications within a robotic surgical system. For example, certain systems, devices, and methods for communicating, detecting, and/or control a surgical device can be implemented without a robotic surgical system. 
     Surgical Network 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a surgical data network  201  comprising a modular communication hub  203  configured to connect modular devices located in one or more operating theaters of a healthcare facility, or any room in a healthcare facility specially equipped for surgical operations, to a cloud-based system (e.g., the cloud  204  that may include a remote server  213  coupled to a storage device  205 ). In one aspect, the modular communication hub  203  comprises a network hub  207  and/or a network switch  209  in communication with a network router. The modular communication hub  203  also can be coupled to a local computer system  210  to provide local computer processing and data manipulation. The surgical data network  201  may be configured as passive, intelligent, or switching. A passive surgical data network serves as a conduit for the data, enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to another and to the cloud computing resources. An intelligent surgical data network includes additional features to enable the traffic passing through the surgical data network to be monitored and to configure each port in the network hub  207  or network switch  209 . An intelligent surgical data network may be referred to as a manageable hub or switch. A switching hub reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the packet to the correct port. 
     Modular devices  1   a - 1   n  located in the operating theater may be coupled to the modular communication hub  203 . The network hub  207  and/or the network switch  209  may be coupled to a network router  211  to connect the devices  1   a - 1   n  to the cloud  204  or the local computer system  210 . Data associated with the devices  1   a - 1   n  may be transferred to cloud-based computers via the router for remote data processing and manipulation. Data associated with the devices  1   a - 1   n  may also be transferred to the local computer system  210  for local data processing and manipulation. Modular devices  2   a - 2   m  located in the same operating theater also may be coupled to a network switch  209 . The network switch  209  may be coupled to the network hub  207  and/or the network router  211  to connect to the devices  2   a - 2   m  to the cloud  204 . Data associated with the devices  2   a - 2   n  may be transferred to the cloud  204  via the network router  211  for data processing and manipulation. Data associated with the devices  2   a - 2   m  may also be transferred to the local computer system  210  for local data processing and manipulation. 
     It will be appreciated that the surgical data network  201  may be expanded by interconnecting multiple network hubs  207  and/or multiple network switches  209  with multiple network routers  211 . The modular communication hub  203  may be contained in a modular control tower configured to receive multiple devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m . The local computer system  210  also may be contained in a modular control tower. The modular communication hub  203  is connected to a display  212  to display images obtained by some of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m , for example during surgical procedures. In various aspects, the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may include, for example, various modules such as an imaging module  138  coupled to an endoscope, a generator module  140  coupled to an energy-based surgical device, a smoke evacuation module  126 , a suction/irrigation module  128 , a communication module  130 , a processor module  132 , a storage array  134 , a surgical device coupled to a display, and/or a non-contact sensor module, among other modular devices that may be connected to the modular communication hub  203  of the surgical data network  201 . 
     In one aspect, the surgical data network  201  may comprise a combination of network hub(s), network switch(es), and network router(s) connecting the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  to the cloud. Any one of or all of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  coupled to the network hub or network switch may collect data in real time and transfer the data to cloud computers for data processing and manipulation. It will be appreciated that cloud computing relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle software applications. The word “cloud” may be used as a metaphor for “the Internet,” although the term is not limited as such. Accordingly, the term “cloud computing” may be used herein to refer to “a type of Internet-based computing,” where different services—such as servers, storage, and applications—are delivered to the modular communication hub  203  and/or computer system  210  located in the surgical theater (e.g., a fixed, mobile, temporary, or field operating room or space) and to devices connected to the modular communication hub  203  and/or computer system  210  through the Internet. The cloud infrastructure may be maintained by a cloud service provider. In this context, the cloud service provider may be the entity that coordinates the usage and control of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  located in one or more operating theaters. The cloud computing services can perform a large number of calculations based on the data gathered by smart surgical instruments, robots, and other computerized devices located in the operating theater. The hub hardware enables multiple devices or connections to be connected to a computer that communicates with the cloud computing resources and storage. 
     Applying cloud computer data processing techniques on the data collected by the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m , the surgical data network provides improved surgical outcomes, reduced costs, and improved patient satisfaction. At least some of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may be employed to view tissue states to assess leaks or perfusion of sealed tissue after a tissue sealing and cutting procedure. At least some of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may be employed to identify pathology, such as the effects of diseases, using the cloud-based computing to examine data including images of samples of body tissue for diagnostic purposes. This includes localization and margin confirmation of tissue and phenotypes. At least some of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may be employed to identify anatomical structures of the body using a variety of sensors integrated with imaging devices and techniques such as overlaying images captured by multiple imaging devices. The data gathered by the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m , including image data, may be transferred to the cloud  204  or the local computer system  210  or both for data processing and manipulation including image processing and manipulation. The data may be analyzed to improve surgical procedure outcomes by determining if further treatment, such as the application of endoscopic intervention, emerging technologies, a targeted radiation, targeted intervention, and precise robotics to tissue-specific sites and conditions, may be pursued. Such data analysis may further employ outcome analytics processing, and using standardized approaches may provide beneficial feedback to either confirm surgical treatments and the behavior of the surgeon or suggest modifications to surgical treatments and the behavior of the surgeon. 
     In one implementation, the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n  may be connected to the modular communication hub  203  over a wired channel or a wireless channel depending on the configuration of the devices  1   a - 1   n  to a network hub. The network hub  207  may be implemented, in one aspect, as a local network broadcast device that works on the physical layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. The network hub provides connectivity to the devices  1   a - 1   n  located in the same operating theater network. The network hub  207  collects data in the form of packets and sends them to the router in half duplex mode. The network hub  207  does not store any media access control/internet protocol (MAC/IP) to transfer the device data. Only one of the devices  1   a - 1   n  can send data at a time through the network hub  207 . The network hub  207  has no routing tables or intelligence regarding where to send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection and to a remote server  213  ( FIG. 9 ) over the cloud  204 . The network hub  207  can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks. 
     In another implementation, the operating theater devices  2   a - 2   m  may be connected to a network switch  209  over a wired channel or a wireless channel. The network switch  209  works in the data link layer of the OSI model. The network switch  209  is a multicast device for connecting the devices  2   a - 2   m  located in the same operating theater to the network. The network switch  209  sends data in the form of frames to the network router  211  and works in full duplex mode. Multiple devices  2   a - 2   m  can send data at the same time through the network switch  209 . The network switch  209  stores and uses MAC addresses of the devices  2   a - 2   m  to transfer data. 
     The network hub  207  and/or the network switch  209  are coupled to the network router  211  for connection to the cloud  204 . The network router  211  works in the network layer of the OSI model. The network router  211  creates a route for transmitting data packets received from the network hub  207  and/or network switch  211  to cloud-based computer resources for further processing and manipulation of the data collected by any one of or all the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m . The network router  211  may be employed to connect two or more different networks located in different locations, such as, for example, different operating theaters of the same healthcare facility or different networks located in different operating theaters of different healthcare facilities. The network router  211  sends data in the form of packets to the cloud  204  and works in full duplex mode. Multiple devices can send data at the same time. The network router  211  uses IP addresses to transfer data. 
     In one example, the network hub  207  may be implemented as a USB hub, which allows multiple USB devices to be connected to a host computer. The USB hub may expand a single USB port into several tiers so that there are more ports available to connect devices to the host system computer. The network hub  207  may include wired or wireless capabilities to receive information over a wired channel or a wireless channel. In one aspect, a wireless USB short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio communication protocol may be employed for communication between the devices  1   a - 1   n  and devices  2   a - 2   m  located in the operating theater. 
     In other examples, the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may communicate to the modular communication hub  203  via Bluetooth wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks (PANs). In other aspects, the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may communicate to the modular communication hub  203  via a number of wireless or wired communication standards or protocols, including but not limited to Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE 802.20, long-term evolution (LTE), and Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, and Ethernet derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless and wired protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. The computing module may include a plurality of communication modules. For instance, a first communication module may be dedicated to shorter-range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and a second communication module may be dedicated to longer-range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others. 
     The modular communication hub  203  may serve as a central connection for one or all of the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  and handles a data type known as frames. Frames carry the data generated by the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m . When a frame is received by the modular communication hub  203 , it is amplified and transmitted to the network router  211 , which transfers the data to the cloud computing resources by using a number of wireless or wired communication standards or protocols, as described herein. 
     The modular communication hub  203  can be used as a standalone device or be connected to compatible network hubs and network switches to form a larger network. The modular communication hub  203  is generally easy to install, configure, and maintain, making it a good option for networking the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m.    
       FIG. 9  illustrates a computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200 . The computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200  is similar in many respects to the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  100 . For example, the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200  includes one or more surgical systems  202 , which are similar in many respects to the surgical systems  102 . Each surgical system  202  includes at least one surgical hub  206  in communication with a cloud  204  that may include a remote server  213 . In one aspect, the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200  comprises a modular control tower  236  connected to multiple operating theater devices such as, for example, intelligent surgical instruments, robots, and other computerized devices located in the operating theater. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the modular control tower  236  comprises a modular communication hub  203  coupled to a computer system  210 . As illustrated in the example of  FIG. 9 , the modular control tower  236  is coupled to an imaging module  238  that is coupled to an endoscope  239 , a generator module  240  that is coupled to an energy device  241 , a smoke evacuator module  226 , a suction/irrigation module  228 , a communication module  230 , a processor module  232 , a storage array  234 , a smart device/instrument  235  optionally coupled to a display  237 , and a non-contact sensor module  242 . The operating theater devices are coupled to cloud computing resources and data storage via the modular control tower  236 . A robot hub  222  also may be connected to the modular control tower  236  and to the cloud computing resources. The devices/instruments  235 , visualization systems  208 , among others, may be coupled to the modular control tower  236  via wired or wireless communication standards or protocols, as described herein. The modular control tower  236  may be coupled to a hub display  215  (e.g., monitor, screen) to display and overlay images received from the imaging module, device/instrument display, and/or other visualization systems  208 . The hub display also may display data received from devices connected to the modular control tower in conjunction with images and overlaid images. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a surgical hub  206  comprising a plurality of modules coupled to the modular control tower  236 . The modular control tower  236  comprises a modular communication hub  203 , e.g., a network connectivity device, and a computer system  210  to provide local processing, visualization, and imaging, for example. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the modular communication hub  203  may be connected in a tiered configuration to expand the number of modules (e.g., devices) that may be connected to the modular communication hub  203  and transfer data associated with the modules to the computer system  210 , cloud computing resources, or both. As shown in  FIG. 10 , each of the network hubs/switches in the modular communication hub  203  includes three downstream ports and one upstream port. The upstream network hub/switch is connected to a processor to provide a communication connection to the cloud computing resources and a local display  217 . Communication to the cloud  204  may be made either through a wired or a wireless communication channel. 
     The surgical hub  206  employs a non-contact sensor module  242  to measure the dimensions of the operating theater and generate a map of the surgical theater using either ultrasonic or laser-type non-contact measurement devices. An ultrasound-based non-contact sensor module scans the operating theater by transmitting a burst of ultrasound and receiving the echo when it bounces off the perimeter walls of an operating theater as described under the heading “Surgical Hub Spatial Awareness Within an Operating Room” in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, in which the sensor module is configured to determine the size of the operating theater and to adjust Bluetooth-pairing distance limits. A laser-based non-contact sensor module scans the operating theater by transmitting laser light pulses, receiving laser light pulses that bounce off the perimeter walls of the operating theater, and comparing the phase of the transmitted pulse to the received pulse to determine the size of the operating theater and to adjust Bluetooth pairing distance limits, for example. 
     The computer system  210  comprises a processor  244  and a network interface  245 . The processor  244  is coupled to a communication module  247 , storage  248 , memory  249 , non-volatile memory  250 , and input/output interface  251  via a system bus. The system bus can be any of several types of bus structure(s) including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, 9-bit bus, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Charmel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), USB, Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association bus (PCMCIA), Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI), or any other proprietary bus. 
     The processor  244  may be any single-core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the processor may be an LM4F230H5QR ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core, available from Texas Instruments, for example, comprising an on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), an internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with StellarisWare® software, a 2 KB electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and/or one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more quadrature encoder inputs (QEI) analogs, one or more 12-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with 12 analog input channels, details of which are available for the product datasheet. 
     In one aspect, the processor  244  may comprise a safety controller comprising two controller-based families such as TMS570 and RM4x, known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. The safety controller may be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while delivering scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options. 
     The system memory includes volatile memory and non-volatile memory. The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines to transfer information between elements within the computer system, such as during start-up, is stored in non-volatile memory. For example, the non-volatile memory can include ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), EEPROM, or flash memory. Volatile memory includes random-access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. Moreover, RAM is available in many forms such as SRAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). 
     The computer system  210  also includes removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media, such as for example disk storage. The disk storage includes, but is not limited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, Jaz drive, Zip drive, LS-60 drive, flash memory card, or memory stick. In addition, the disk storage can include storage media separately or in combination with other storage media including, but not limited to, an optical disc drive such as a compact disc ROM device (CD-ROM), compact disc recordable drive (CD-R Drive), compact disc rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive), or a digital versatile disc ROM drive (DVD-ROM). To facilitate the connection of the disk storage devices to the system bus, a removable or non-removable interface may be employed. 
     It is to be appreciated that the computer system  210  includes software that acts as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in a suitable operating environment. Such software includes an operating system. The operating system, which can be stored on the disk storage, acts to control and allocate resources of the computer system. System applications take advantage of the management of resources by the operating system through program modules and program data stored either in the system memory or on the disk storage. It is to be appreciated that various components described herein can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     A user enters commands or information into the computer system  210  through input device(s) coupled to the I/O interface  251 . The input devices include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processor through the system bus via interface port(s). The interface port(s) include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a USB. The output device(s) use some of the same types of ports as input device(s). Thus, for example, a USB port may be used to provide input to the computer system and to output information from the computer system to an output device. An output adapter is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices like monitors, displays, speakers, and printers, among other output devices that require special adapters. The output adapters include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device and the system bus. It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices, such as remote computer(s), provide both input and output capabilities. 
     The computer system  210  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as cloud computer(s), or local computers. The remote cloud computer(s) can be a personal computer, server, router, network PC, workstation, microprocessor-based appliance, peer device, or other common network node, and the like, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer system. For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device is illustrated with the remote computer(s). The remote computer(s) is logically connected to the computer system through a network interface and then physically connected via a communication connection. The network interface encompasses communication networks such as local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit-switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet-switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL). 
     In various aspects, the computer system  210  of  FIG. 10 , the imaging module  238  and/or visualization system  208 , and/or the processor module  232  of  FIGS. 9-10 , may comprise an image processor, image processing engine, media processor, or any specialized digital signal processor (DSP) used for the processing of digital images. The image processor may employ parallel computing with single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) or multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) technologies to increase speed and efficiency. The digital image processing engine can perform a range of tasks. The image processor may be a system on a chip with multicore processor architecture. 
     The communication connection(s) refers to the hardware/software employed to connect the network interface to the bus. While the communication connection is shown for illustrative clarity inside the computer system, it can also be external to the computer system  210 . The hardware/software necessary for connection to the network interface includes, for illustrative purposes only, internal and external technologies such as modems, including regular telephone-grade modems, cable modems, and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a functional block diagram of one aspect of a USB network hub  300  device, according to one aspect of the present disclosure. In the illustrated aspect, the USB network hub device  300  employs a TUSB2036 integrated circuit hub by Texas Instruments. The USB network hub  300  is a CMOS device that provides an upstream USB transceiver port  302  and up to three downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  in compliance with the USB 2.0 specification. The upstream USB transceiver port  302  is a differential root data port comprising a differential data minus (DM 0 ) input paired with a differential data plus (DP 0 ) input. The three downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  are differential data ports where each port includes differential data plus (DP 1 -DP 3 ) outputs paired with differential data minus (DM 1 -DM 3 ) outputs. 
     The USB network hub  300  device is implemented with a digital state machine instead of a microcontroller, and no firmware programming is required. Fully compliant USB transceivers are integrated into the circuit for the upstream USB transceiver port  302  and all downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308 . The downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  support both full-speed and low-speed devices by automatically setting the slew rate according to the speed of the device attached to the ports. The USB network hub  300  device may be configured either in bus-powered or self-powered mode and includes a hub power logic  312  to manage power. 
     The USB network hub  300  device includes a serial interface engine  310  (SIE). The SIE  310  is the front end of the USB network hub  300  hardware and handles most of the protocol described in chapter 8 of the USB specification. The SIE  310  typically comprehends signaling up to the transaction level. The functions that it handles could include: packet recognition, transaction sequencing, SOP, EOP, RESET, and RESUME signal detection/generation, clock/data separation, non-return-to-zero invert (NRZI) data encoding/decoding and bit-stuffing, CRC generation and checking (token and data), packet ID (PID) generation and checking/decoding, and/or serial-parallel/parallel-serial conversion. The  310  receives a clock input  314  and is coupled to a suspend/resume logic and frame timer  316  circuit and a hub repeater circuit  318  to control communication between the upstream USB transceiver port  302  and the downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  through port logic circuits  320 ,  322 ,  324 . The SIE  310  is coupled to a command decoder  326  via interface logic to control commands from a serial EEPROM via a serial EEPROM interface  330 . 
     In various aspects, the USB network hub  300  can connect  127  functions configured in up to six logical layers (tiers) to a single computer. Further, the USB network hub  300  can connect to all peripherals using a standardized four-wire cable that provides both communication and power distribution. The power configurations are bus-powered and self-powered modes. The USB network hub  300  may be configured to support four modes of power management: a bus-powered hub, with either individual-port power management or ganged-port power management, and the self-powered hub, with either individual-port power management or ganged-port power management. In one aspect, using a USB cable, the USB network hub  300 , the upstream USB transceiver port  302  is plugged into a USB host controller, and the downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  are exposed for connecting USB compatible devices, and so forth. 
     Surgical Instrument Hardware 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a logic diagram of a control system  470  of a surgical instrument or tool in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The system  470  comprises a control circuit. The control circuit includes a microcontroller  461  comprising a processor  462  and a memory  468 . One or more of sensors  472 ,  474 ,  476 , for example, provide real-time feedback to the processor  462 . A motor  482 , driven by a motor driver  492 , operably couples a longitudinally movable displacement member to drive the I-beam knife element. A tracking system  480  is configured to determine the position of the longitudinally movable displacement member. The position information is provided to the processor  462 , which can be programmed or configured to determine the position of the longitudinally movable drive member as well as the position of a firing member, firing bar, and I-beam knife element. Additional motors may be provided at the tool driver interface to control I-beam firing, closure tube travel, shaft rotation, and articulation. A display  473  displays a variety of operating conditions of the instruments and may include touch screen functionality for data input. Information displayed on the display  473  may be overlaid with images acquired via endoscopic imaging modules. 
     In one aspect, the microcontroller  461  may be any single-core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the main microcontroller  461  may be an LM4F230H5QR ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core, available from Texas Instruments, for example, comprising an on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle SRAM, and internal ROM loaded with StellarisWare® software, a 2 KB EEPROM, one or more PWM modules, one or more QEI analogs, and/or one or more 12-bit ADCs with 12 analog input channels, details of which are available for the product datasheet. 
     In one aspect, the microcontroller  461  may comprise a safety controller comprising two controller-based families such as TMS570 and RM4x, known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. The safety controller may be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while delivering scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options. 
     The microcontroller  461  may be programmed to perform various functions such as precise control over the speed and position of the knife and articulation systems. In one aspect, the microcontroller  461  includes a processor  462  and a memory  468 . The electric motor  482  may be a brushed direct current (DC) motor with a gearbox and mechanical links to an articulation or knife system. In one aspect, a motor driver  492  may be an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use in the tracking system  480  comprising an absolute positioning system. A detailed description of an absolute positioning system is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0296213, titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, which published on Oct. 19, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The microcontroller  461  may be programmed to provide precise control over the speed and position of displacement members and articulation systems. The microcontroller  461  may be configured to compute a response in the software of the microcontroller  461 . The computed response is compared to a measured response of the actual system to obtain an “observed” response, which is used for actual feedback decisions. The observed response is a favorable, tuned value that balances the smooth, continuous nature of the simulated response with the measured response, which can detect outside influences on the system. 
     In one aspect, the motor  482  may be controlled by the motor driver  492  and can be employed by the firing system of the surgical instrument or tool. In various forms, the motor  482  may be a brushed DC driving motor having a maximum rotational speed of approximately 25,000 RPM. In other arrangements, the motor  482  may include a brushless motor, a cordless motor, a synchronous motor, a stepper motor, or any other suitable electric motor. The motor driver  492  may comprise an H-bridge driver comprising field-effect transistors (FETs), for example. The motor  482  can be powered by a power assembly releasably mounted to the handle assembly or tool housing for supplying control power to the surgical instrument or tool. The power assembly may comprise a battery which may include a number of battery cells connected in series that can be used as the power source to power the surgical instrument or tool. In certain circumstances, the battery cells of the power assembly may be replaceable and/or rechargeable. In at least one example, the battery cells can be lithium-ion batteries which can be couplable to and separable from the power assembly. 
     The motor driver  492  may be an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc. The A3941  492  is a full-bridge controller for use with external N-channel power metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) specifically designed for inductive loads, such as brush DC motors. The driver  492  comprises a unique charge pump regulator that provides full (&gt;10 V) gate drive for battery voltages down to 7 V and allows the A3941 to operate with a reduced gate drive, down to 5.5 V. A bootstrap capacitor may be employed to provide the above battery supply voltage required for N-channel MOSFETs. An internal charge pump for the high-side drive allows DC (100% duty cycle) operation. The full bridge can be driven in fast or slow decay modes using diode or synchronous rectification. In the slow decay mode, current recirculation can be through the high-side or the lowside FETs. The power FETs are protected from shoot-through by resistor-adjustable dead time. Integrated diagnostics provide indications of undervoltage, overtemperature, and power bridge faults and can be configured to protect the power MOSFETs under most short circuit conditions. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use in the tracking system  480  comprising an absolute positioning system. 
     The tracking system  480  comprises a controlled motor drive circuit arrangement comprising a position sensor  472  according to one aspect of this disclosure. The position sensor  472  for an absolute positioning system provides a unique position signal corresponding to the location of a displacement member. In one aspect, the displacement member represents a longitudinally movable drive member comprising a rack of drive teeth for meshing engagement with a corresponding drive gear of a gear reducer assembly. In other aspects, the displacement member represents the firing member, which could be adapted and configured to include a rack of drive teeth. In yet another aspect, the displacement member represents a firing bar or the I-beam, each of which can be adapted and configured to include a rack of drive teeth. Accordingly, as used herein, the term displacement member is used generically to refer to any movable member of the surgical instrument or tool such as the drive member, the firing member, the firing bar, the I-beam, or any element that can be displaced. In one aspect, the longitudinally movable drive member is coupled to the firing member, the firing bar, and the I-beam. Accordingly, the absolute positioning system can, in effect, track the linear displacement of the I-beam by tracking the linear displacement of the longitudinally movable drive member. In various other aspects, the displacement member may be coupled to any position sensor  472  suitable for measuring linear displacement. Thus, the longitudinally movable drive member, the firing member, the firing bar, or the I-beam, or combinations thereof, may be coupled to any suitable linear displacement sensor. Linear displacement sensors may include contact or non-contact displacement sensors. Linear displacement sensors may comprise linear variable differential transformers (LVDT), differential variable reluctance transducers (DVRT), a slide potentiometer, a magnetic sensing system comprising a movable magnet and a series of linearly arranged Hall effect sensors, a magnetic sensing system comprising a fixed magnet and a series of movable, linearly arranged Hall effect sensors, an optical sensing system comprising a movable light source and a series of linearly arranged photo diodes or photo detectors, an optical sensing system comprising a fixed light source and a series of movable linearly, arranged photo diodes or photo detectors, or any combination thereof. 
     The electric motor  482  can include a rotatable shaft that operably interfaces with a gear assembly that is mounted in meshing engagement with a set, or rack, of drive teeth on the displacement member. A sensor element may be operably coupled to a gear assembly such that a single revolution of the position sensor  472  element corresponds to some linear longitudinal translation of the displacement member. An arrangement of gearing and sensors can be connected to the linear actuator, via a rack and pinion arrangement, or a rotary actuator, via a spur gear or other connection. A power source supplies power to the absolute positioning system and an output indicator may display the output of the absolute positioning system. The displacement member represents the longitudinally movable drive member comprising a rack of drive teeth formed thereon for meshing engagement with a corresponding drive gear of the gear reducer assembly. The displacement member represents the longitudinally movable firing member, firing bar, I-beam, or combinations thereof. 
     A single revolution of the sensor element associated with the position sensor  472  is equivalent to a longitudinal linear displacement d 1  of the of the displacement member, where d 1  is the longitudinal linear distance that the displacement member moves from point “a” to point “b” after a single revolution of the sensor element coupled to the displacement member. The sensor arrangement may be connected via a gear reduction that results in the position sensor  472  completing one or more revolutions for the full stroke of the displacement member. The position sensor  472  may complete multiple revolutions for the full stroke of the displacement member. 
     A series of switches, where n is an integer greater than one, may be employed alone or in combination with a gear reduction to provide a unique position signal for more than one revolution of the position sensor  472 . The state of the switches are fed back to the microcontroller  461  that applies logic to determine a unique position signal corresponding to the longitudinal linear displacement d 1 +d 2 + . . . dn of the displacement member. The output of the position sensor  472  is provided to the microcontroller  461 . The position sensor  472  of the sensor arrangement may comprise a magnetic sensor, an analog rotary sensor like a potentiometer, or an array of analog Hall-effect elements, which output a unique combination of position signals or values. 
     The position sensor  472  may comprise any number of magnetic sensing elements, such as, for example, magnetic sensors classified according to whether they measure the total magnetic field or the vector components of the magnetic field. The techniques used to produce both types of magnetic sensors encompass many aspects of physics and electronics. The technologies used for magnetic field sensing include search coil, fluxgate, optically pumped, nuclear precession, SQUID, Hall-effect, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance, magnetic tunnel junctions, giant magnetoimpedance, magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composites, magnetodiode, magnetotransistor, fiber-optic, magneto-optic, and microelectromechanical systems-based magnetic sensors, among others. 
     In one aspect, the position sensor  472  for the tracking system  480  comprising an absolute positioning system comprises a magnetic rotary absolute positioning system. The position sensor  472  may be implemented as an AS5055EQFT single-chip magnetic rotary position sensor available from Austria Microsystems, AG. The position sensor  472  is interfaced with the microcontroller  461  to provide an absolute positioning system. The position sensor  472  is a low-voltage and low-power component and includes four Hall-effect elements in an area of the position sensor  472  that is located above a magnet. A high-resolution ADC and a smart power management controller are also provided on the chip. A coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) processor, also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder&#39;s algorithm, is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate hyperbolic and trigonometric functions that require only addition, subtraction, bitshift, and table lookup operations. The angle position, alarm bits, and magnetic field information are transmitted over a standard serial communication interface, such as a serial peripheral interface (SPI) interface, to the microcontroller  461 . The position sensor  472  provides 12 or 14 bits of resolution. The position sensor  472  may be an AS5055 chip provided in a small QFN 16-pin 4×4×0.85 mm package. 
     The tracking system  480  comprising an absolute positioning system may comprise and/or be programmed to implement a feedback controller, such as a PID, state feedback, and adaptive controller. A power source converts the signal from the feedback controller into a physical input to the system: in this case the voltage. Other examples include a PWM of the voltage, current, and force. Other sensor(s) may be provided to measure physical parameters of the physical system in addition to the position measured by the position sensor  472 . In some aspects, the other sensor(s) can include sensor arrangements such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,345,481, titled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, which issued on May 24, 2016, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263552, titled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, which published on Sep. 18, 2014, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/628,175, titled TECHNIQUES FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF MOTOR VELOCITY OF A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, filed Jun. 20, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In a digital signal processing system, an absolute positioning system is coupled to a digital data acquisition system where the output of the absolute positioning system will have a finite resolution and sampling frequency. The absolute positioning system may comprise a compare-and-combine circuit to combine a computed response with a measured response using algorithms, such as a weighted average and a theoretical control loop, that drive the computed response towards the measured response. The computed response of the physical system takes into account properties like mass, inertial, viscous friction, inductance resistance, etc., to predict what the states and outputs of the physical system will be by knowing the input. 
     The absolute positioning system provides an absolute position of the displacement member upon power-up of the instrument, without retracting or advancing the displacement member to a reset (zero or home) position as may be required with conventional rotary encoders that merely count the number of steps forwards or backwards that the motor  482  has taken to infer the position of a device actuator, drive bar, knife, or the like. 
     A sensor  474 , such as, for example, a strain gauge or a micro-strain gauge, is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector, such as, for example, the amplitude of the strain exerted on the anvil during a clamping operation, which can be indicative of the closure forces applied to the anvil. The measured strain is converted to a digital signal and provided to the processor  462 . Alternatively, or in addition to the sensor  474 , a sensor  476 , such as, for example, a load sensor, can measure the closure force applied by the closure drive system to the anvil. The sensor  476 , such as, for example, a load sensor, can measure the firing force applied to an !-beam in a firing stroke of the surgical instrument or tool. The I-beam is configured to engage a wedge sled, which is configured to upwardly cam staple drivers to force out staples into deforming contact with an anvil. The I-beam also includes a sharpened cutting edge that can be used to sever tissue as the I-beam is advanced distally by the firing bar. Alternatively, a current sensor  478  can be employed to measure the current drawn by the motor  482 . The force required to advance the firing member can correspond to the current drawn by the motor  482 , for example. The measured force is converted to a digital signal and provided to the processor  462 . 
     In one form, the strain gauge sensor  474  can be used to measure the force applied to the tissue by the end effector. A strain gauge can be coupled to the end effector to measure the force on the tissue being treated by the end effector. A system for measuring forces applied to the tissue grasped by the end effector comprises a strain gauge sensor  474 , such as, for example, a micro-strain gauge, that is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector, for example. In one aspect, the strain gauge sensor  474  can measure the amplitude or magnitude of the strain exerted on a jaw member of an end effector during a clamping operation, which can be indicative of the tissue compression. The measured strain is converted to a digital signal and provided to a processor  462  of the microcontroller  461 . A load sensor  476  can measure the force used to operate the knife element, for example, to cut the tissue captured between the anvil and the staple cartridge. A magnetic field sensor can be employed to measure the thickness of the captured tissue. The measurement of the magnetic field sensor also may be converted to a digital signal and provided to the processor  462 . 
     The measurements of the tissue compression, the tissue thickness, and/or the force required to close the end effector on the tissue, as respectively measured by the sensors  474 ,  476 , can be used by the microcontroller  461  to characterize the selected position of the firing member and/or the corresponding value of the speed of the firing member. In one instance, a memory  468  may store a technique, an equation, and/or a lookup table which can be employed by the microcontroller  461  in the assessment. 
     The control system  470  of the surgical instrument or tool also may comprise wired or wireless communication circuits to communicate with the modular communication hub as shown in  FIGS. 8-11 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a control circuit  500  configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool according to one aspect of this disclosure. The control circuit  500  can be configured to implement various processes described herein. The control circuit  500  may comprise a microcontroller comprising one or more processors  502  (e.g., microprocessor, microcontroller) coupled to at least one memory circuit  504 . The memory circuit  504  stores machine-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor  502 , cause the processor  502  to execute machine instructions to implement various processes described herein. The processor  502  may be any one of a number of single-core or multicore processors known in the art. The memory circuit  504  may comprise volatile and non-volatile storage media. The processor  502  may include an instruction processing unit  506  and an arithmetic unit  508 . The instruction processing unit may be configured to receive instructions from the memory circuit  504  of this disclosure. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a combinational logic circuit  510  configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool according to one aspect of this disclosure. The combinational logic circuit  510  can be configured to implement various processes described herein. The combinational logic circuit  510  may comprise a finite state machine comprising a combinational logic  512  configured to receive data associated with the surgical instrument or tool at an input  514 , process the data by the combinational logic  512 , and provide an output  516 . 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a sequential logic circuit  520  configured to control aspects of the surgical instrument or tool according to one aspect of this disclosure. The sequential logic circuit  520  or the combinational logic  522  can be configured to implement various processes described herein. The sequential logic circuit  520  may comprise a finite state machine. The sequential logic circuit  520  may comprise a combinational logic  522 , at least one memory circuit  524 , and a clock  529 , for example. The at least one memory circuit  524  can store a current state of the finite state machine. In certain instances, the sequential logic circuit  520  may be synchronous or asynchronous. The combinational logic  522  is configured to receive data associated with the surgical instrument or tool from an input  526 , process the data by the combinational logic  522 , and provide an output  528 . In other aspects, the circuit may comprise a combination of a processor (e.g., processor  502 ,  FIG. 13 ) and a finite state machine to implement various processes herein. In other aspects, the finite state machine may comprise a combination of a combinational logic circuit (e.g., combinational logic circuit  510 ,  FIG. 14 ) and the sequential logic circuit  520 . 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a surgical instrument or tool comprising a plurality of motors which can be activated to perform various functions. In certain instances, a first motor can be activated to perform a first function, a second motor can be activated to perform a second function, a third motor can be activated to perform a third function, a fourth motor can be activated to perform a fourth function, and so on. In certain instances, the plurality of motors of robotic surgical instrument  600  can be individually activated to cause firing, closure, and/or articulation motions in the end effector. The firing, closure, and/or articulation motions can be transmitted to the end effector through a shaft assembly, for example. 
     In certain instances, the surgical instrument system or tool may include a firing motor  602 . The firing motor  602  may be operably coupled to a firing motor drive assembly  604  which can be configured to transmit firing motions, generated by the motor  602  to the end effector, in particular to displace the I-beam element. In certain instances, the firing motions generated by the motor  602  may cause the staples to be deployed from the staple cartridge into tissue captured by the end effector and/or the cutting edge of the I-beam element to be advanced to cut the captured tissue, for example. The I-beam element may be retracted by reversing the direction of the motor  602 . 
     In certain instances, the surgical instrument or tool may include a closure motor  603 . The closure motor  603  may be operably coupled to a closure motor drive assembly  605  which can be configured to transmit closure motions, generated by the motor  603  to the end effector, in particular to displace a closure tube to close the anvil and compress tissue between the anvil and the staple cartridge. The closure motions may cause the end effector to transition from an open configuration to an approximated configuration to capture tissue, for example. The end effector may be transitioned to an open position by reversing the direction of the motor  603 . 
     In certain instances, the surgical instrument or tool may include one or more articulation motors  606   a ,  606   b , for example. The motors  606   a ,  606   b  may be operably coupled to respective articulation motor drive assemblies  608   a ,  608   b , which can be configured to transmit articulation motions generated by the motors  606   a ,  606   b  to the end effector. In certain instances, the articulation motions may cause the end effector to articulate relative to the shaft, for example. 
     As described above, the surgical instrument or tool may include a plurality of motors which may be configured to perform various independent functions. In certain instances, the plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool can be individually or separately activated to perform one or more functions while the other motors remain inactive. For example, the articulation motors  606   a ,  606   b  can be activated to cause the end effector to be articulated while the firing motor  602  remains inactive. Alternatively, the firing motor  602  can be activated to fire the plurality of staples, and/or to advance the cutting edge, while the articulation motor  606  remains inactive. Furthermore the closure motor  603  may be activated simultaneously with the firing motor  602  to cause the closure tube and the I-beam element to advance distally as described in more detail hereinbelow. 
     In certain instances, the surgical instrument or tool may include a common control module  610  which can be employed with a plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool. In certain instances, the common control module  610  may accommodate one of the plurality of motors at a time. For example, the common control module  610  can be couplable to and separable from the plurality of motors of the robotic surgical instrument individually. In certain instances, a plurality of the motors of the surgical instrument or tool may share one or more common control modules such as the common control module  610 . In certain instances, a plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool can be individually and selectively engaged with the common control module  610 . In certain instances, the common control module  610  can be selectively switched from interfacing with one of a plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool to interfacing with another one of the plurality of motors of the surgical instrument or tool. 
     In at least one example, the common control module  610  can be selectively switched between operable engagement with the articulation motors  606   a ,  606   b  and operable engagement with either the firing motor  602  or the closure motor  603 . In at least one example, as illustrated in  FIG. 16 , a switch  614  can be moved or transitioned between a plurality of positions and/or states. In a first position  616 , the switch  614  may electrically couple the common control module  610  to the firing motor  602 ; in a second position  617 , the switch  614  may electrically couple the common control module  610  to the closure motor  603 ; in a third position  618   a , the switch  614  may electrically couple the common control module  610  to the first articulation motor  606   a ; and in a fourth position  618   b , the switch  614  may electrically couple the common control module  610  to the second articulation motor  606   b , for example. In certain instances, separate common control modules  610  can be electrically coupled to the firing motor  602 , the closure motor  603 , and the articulations motor  606   a ,  606   b  at the same time. In certain instances, the switch  614  may be a mechanical switch, an electromechanical switch, a solid-state switch, or any suitable switching mechanism. 
     Each of the motors  602 ,  603 ,  606   a ,  606   b  may comprise a torque sensor to measure the output torque on the shaft of the motor. The force on an end effector may be sensed in any conventional manner, such as by force sensors on the outer sides of the jaws or by a torque sensor for the motor actuating the jaws. 
     In various instances, as illustrated in  FIG. 16 , the common control module  610  may comprise a motor driver  626  which may comprise one or more H-Bridge FETs. The motor driver  626  may modulate the power transmitted from a power source  628  to a motor coupled to the common control module  610  based on input from a microcontroller  620  (the “controller”), for example. In certain instances, the microcontroller  620  can be employed to determine the current drawn by the motor, for example, while the motor is coupled to the common control module  610 , as described above. 
     In certain instances, the microcontroller  620  may include a microprocessor  622  (the “processor”) and one or more non-transitory computer-readable mediums or memory units  624  (the “memory”). In certain instances, the memory  624  may store various program instructions, which when executed may cause the processor  622  to perform a plurality of functions and/or calculations described herein. In certain instances, one or more of the memory units  624  may be coupled to the processor  622 , for example. 
     In certain instances, the power source  628  can be employed to supply power to the microcontroller  620 , for example. In certain instances, the power source  628  may comprise a battery (or “battery pack” or “power pack”), such as a lithium-ion battery, for example. In certain instances, the battery pack may be configured to be releasably mounted to a handle for supplying power to the surgical instrument  600 . A number of battery cells connected in series may be used as the power source  628 . In certain instances, the power source  628  may be replaceable and/or rechargeable, for example. 
     In various instances, the processor  622  may control the motor driver  626  to control the position, direction of rotation, and/or velocity of a motor that is coupled to the common control module  610 . In certain instances, the processor  622  can signal the motor driver  626  to stop and/or disable a motor that is coupled to the common control module  610 . It should be understood that the term “processor” as used herein includes any suitable microprocessor, microcontroller, or other basic computing device that incorporates the functions of a computer&#39;s central processing unit (CPU) on an integrated circuit or, at most, a few integrated circuits. The processor is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory. Processors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system. 
     In one instance, the processor  622  may be any single-core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In certain instances, the microcontroller  620  may be an LM 4F230H5QR, available from Texas Instruments, for example. In at least one example, the Texas Instruments LM4F230H5QR is an ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core comprising an on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle SRAM, an internal ROM loaded with StellarisWare® software, a 2 KB EEPROM, one or more PWM modules, one or more QEI analogs, one or more 12-bit ADCs with 12 analog input channels, among other features that are readily available for the product datasheet. Other microcontrollers may be readily substituted for use with the module  4410 . Accordingly, the present disclosure should not be limited in this context. 
     In certain instances, the memory  624  may include program instructions for controlling each of the motors of the surgical instrument  600  that are couplable to the common control module  610 . For example, the memory  624  may include program instructions for controlling the firing motor  602 , the closure motor  603 , and the articulation motors  606   a ,  606   b . Such program instructions may cause the processor  622  to control the firing, closure, and articulation functions in accordance with inputs from algorithms or control programs of the surgical instrument or tool. 
     In certain instances, one or more mechanisms and/or sensors such as, for example, sensors  630  can be employed to alert the processor  622  to the program instructions that should be used in a particular setting. For example, the sensors  630  may alert the processor  622  to use the program instructions associated with firing, closing, and articulating the end effector. In certain instances, the sensors  630  may comprise position sensors which can be employed to sense the position of the switch  614 , for example. Accordingly, the processor  622  may use the program instructions associated with firing the I-beam of the end effector upon detecting, through the sensors  630  for example, that the switch  614  is in the first position  616 ; the processor  622  may use the program instructions associated with closing the anvil upon detecting, through the sensors  630  for example, that the switch  614  is in the second position  617 ; and the processor  622  may use the program instructions associated with articulating the end effector upon detecting, through the sensors  630  for example, that the switch  614  is in the third or fourth position  618   a ,  618   b.    
       FIG. 17  is a schematic diagram of a robotic surgical instrument  700  configured to operate a surgical tool described herein according to one aspect of this disclosure. The robotic surgical instrument  700  may be programmed or configured to control distal/proximal translation of a displacement member, distal/proximal displacement of a closure tube, shaft rotation, and articulation, either with single or multiple articulation drive links. In one aspect, the surgical instrument  700  may be programmed or configured to individually control a firing member, a closure member, a shaft member, and/or one or more articulation members. The surgical instrument  700  comprises a control circuit  710  configured to control motor-driven firing members, closure members, shaft members, and/or one or more articulation members. 
     In one aspect, the robotic surgical instrument  700  comprises a control circuit  710  configured to control an anvil  716  and an I-beam  714  (including a sharp cutting edge) portion of an end effector  702 , a removable staple cartridge  718 , a shaft  740 , and one or more articulation members  742   a ,  742   b  via a plurality of motors  704   a - 704   e . A position sensor  734  may be configured to provide position feedback of the I-beam  714  to the control circuit  710 . Other sensors  738  may be configured to provide feedback to the control circuit  710 . A timer/counter  731  provides timing and counting information to the control circuit  710 . An energy source  712  may be provided to operate the motors  704   a - 704   e , and a current sensor  736  provides motor current feedback to the control circuit  710 . The motors  704   a - 704   e  can be operated individually by the control circuit  710  in an open-loop or closed-loop feedback control. 
     In one aspect, the control circuit  710  may comprise one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other suitable processors for executing instructions that cause the processor or processors to perform one or more tasks. In one aspect, a timer/counter  731  provides an output signal, such as the elapsed time or a digital count, to the control circuit  710  to correlate the position of the I-beam  714  as determined by the position sensor  734  with the output of the timer/counter  731  such that the control circuit  710  can determine the position of the I-beam  714  at a specific time (t) relative to a starting position or the time (t) when the I-beam  714  is at a specific position relative to a starting position. The timer/counter  731  may be configured to measure elapsed time, count external events, or time external events. 
     In one aspect, the control circuit  710  may be programmed to control functions of the end effector  702  based on one or more tissue conditions. The control circuit  710  may be programmed to sense tissue conditions, such as thickness, either directly or indirectly, as described herein. The control circuit  710  may be programmed to select a firing control program or closure control program based on tissue conditions. A firing control program may describe the distal motion of the displacement member. Different firing control programs may be selected to better treat different tissue conditions. For example, when thicker tissue is present, the control circuit  710  may be programmed to translate the displacement member at a lower velocity and/or with lower power. When thinner tissue is present, the control circuit  710  may be programmed to translate the displacement member at a higher velocity and/or with higher power. A closure control program may control the closure force applied to the tissue by the anvil  716 . Other control programs control the rotation of the shaft  740  and the articulation members  742   a ,  742   b.    
     In one aspect, the control circuit  710  may generate motor set point signals. The motor set point signals may be provided to various motor controllers  708   a - 708   e . The motor controllers  708   a - 708   e  may comprise one or more circuits configured to provide motor drive signals to the motors  704   a - 704   e  to drive the motors  704   a - 704   e  as described herein. In some examples, the motors  704   a - 704   e  may be brushed DC electric motors. For example, the velocity of the motors  704   a - 704   e  may be proportional to the respective motor drive signals. In some examples, the motors  704   a - 704   e  may be brushless DC electric motors, and the respective motor drive signals may comprise a PWM signal provided to one or more stator windings of the motors  704   a - 704   e . Also, in some examples, the motor controllers  708   a - 708   e  may be omitted and the control circuit  710  may generate the motor drive signals directly. 
     In one aspect, the control circuit  710  may initially operate each of the motors  704   a - 704   e  in an open-loop configuration for a first open-loop portion of a stroke of the displacement member. Based on the response of the robotic surgical instrument  700  during the open-loop portion of the stroke, the control circuit  710  may select a firing control program in a closed-loop configuration. The response of the instrument may include a translation distance of the displacement member during the open-loop portion, a time elapsed during the open-loop portion, the energy provided to one of the motors  704   a - 704   e  during the open-loop portion, a sum of pulse widths of a motor drive signal, etc. After the open-loop portion, the control circuit  710  may implement the selected firing control program for a second portion of the displacement member stroke. For example, during a closed-loop portion of the stroke, the control circuit  710  may modulate one of the motors  704   a - 704   e  based on translation data describing a position of the displacement member in a closed-loop manner to translate the displacement member at a constant velocity. 
     In one aspect, the motors  704   a - 704   e  may receive power from an energy source  712 . The energy source  712  may be a DC power supply driven by a main alternating current power source, a battery, a super capacitor, or any other suitable energy source. The motors  704   a - 704   e  may be mechanically coupled to individual movable mechanical elements such as the I-beam  714 , anvil  716 , shaft  740 , articulation  742   a , and articulation  742   b  via respective transmissions  706   a - 706   e . The transmissions  706   a - 706   e  may include one or more gears or other linkage components to couple the motors  704   a - 704   e  to movable mechanical elements. A position sensor  734  may sense a position of the I-beam  714 . The position sensor  734  may be or include any type of sensor that is capable of generating position data that indicate a position of the I-beam  714 . In some examples, the position sensor  734  may include an encoder configured to provide a series of pulses to the control circuit  710  as the I-beam  714  translates distally and proximally. The control circuit  710  may track the pulses to determine the position of the I-beam  714 . Other suitable position sensors may be used, including, for example, a proximity sensor. Other types of position sensors may provide other signals indicating motion of the I-beam  714 . Also, in some examples, the position sensor  734  may be omitted. Where any of the motors  704   a - 704   e  is a stepper motor, the control circuit  710  may track the position of the I-beam  714  by aggregating the number and direction of steps that the motor  704  has been instructed to execute. The position sensor  734  may be located in the end effector  702  or at any other portion of the instrument. The outputs of each of the motors  704   a - 704   e  include a torque sensor  744   a - 744   e  to sense force and have an encoder to sense rotation of the drive shaft. 
     In one aspect, the control circuit  710  is configured to drive a firing member such as the I-beam  714  portion of the end effector  702 . The control circuit  710  provides a motor set point to a motor control  708   a , which provides a drive signal to the motor  704   a . The output shaft of the motor  704   a  is coupled to a torque sensor  744   a . The torque sensor  744   a  is coupled to a transmission  706   a  which is coupled to the I-beam  714 . The transmission  706   a  comprises movable mechanical elements such as rotating elements and a firing member to control the movement of the I-beam  714  distally and proximally along a longitudinal axis of the end effector  702 . In one aspect, the motor  704   a  may be coupled to the knife gear assembly, which includes a knife gear reduction set that includes a first knife drive gear and a second knife drive gear. A torque sensor  744   a  provides a firing force feedback signal to the control circuit  710 . The firing force signal represents the force required to fire or displace the I-beam  714 . A position sensor  734  may be configured to provide the position of the I-beam  714  along the firing stroke or the position of the firing member as a feedback signal to the control circuit  710 . The end effector  702  may include additional sensors  738  configured to provide feedback signals to the control circuit  710 . When ready to use, the control circuit  710  may provide a firing signal to the motor control  708   a . In response to the firing signal, the motor  704   a  may drive the firing member distally along the longitudinal axis of the end effector  702  from a proximal stroke start position to a stroke end position distal to the stroke start position. As the firing member translates distally, an I-beam  714 , with a cutting element positioned at a distal end, advances distally to cut tissue located between the staple cartridge  718  and the anvil  716 . 
     In one aspect, the control circuit  710  is configured to drive a closure member such as the anvil  716  portion of the end effector  702 . The control circuit  710  provides a motor set point to a motor control  708   b , which provides a drive signal to the motor  704   b . The output shaft of the motor  704   b  is coupled to a torque sensor  744   b . The torque sensor  744   b  is coupled to a transmission  706   b  which is coupled to the anvil  716 . The transmission  706   b  comprises movable mechanical elements such as rotating elements and a closure member to control the movement of the anvil  716  from the open and closed positions. In one aspect, the motor  704   b  is coupled to a closure gear assembly, which includes a closure reduction gear set that is supported in meshing engagement with the closure spur gear. The torque sensor  744   b  provides a closure force feedback signal to the control circuit  710 . The closure force feedback signal represents the closure force applied to the anvil  716 . The position sensor  734  may be configured to provide the position of the closure member as a feedback signal to the control circuit  710 . Additional sensors  738  in the end effector  702  may provide the closure force feedback signal to the control circuit  710 . The pivotable anvil  716  is positioned opposite the staple cartridge  718 . When ready to use, the control circuit  710  may provide a closure signal to the motor control  708   b . In response to the closure signal, the motor  704   b  advances a closure member to grasp tissue between the anvil  716  and the staple cartridge  718 . 
     In one aspect, the control circuit  710  is configured to rotate a shaft member such as the shaft  740  to rotate the end effector  702 . The control circuit  710  provides a motor set point to a motor control  708   c , which provides a drive signal to the motor  704   c . The output shaft of the motor  704   c  is coupled to a torque sensor  744   c . The torque sensor  744   c  is coupled to a transmission  706   c  which is coupled to the shaft  740 . The transmission  706   c  comprises movable mechanical elements such as rotating elements to control the rotation of the shaft  740  clockwise or counterclockwise up to and over 360°. In one aspect, the motor  704   c  is coupled to the rotational transmission assembly, which includes a tube gear segment that is formed on (or attached to) the proximal end of the proximal closure tube for operable engagement by a rotational gear assembly that is operably supported on the tool mounting plate. The torque sensor  744   c  provides a rotation force feedback signal to the control circuit  710 . The rotation force feedback signal represents the rotation force applied to the shaft  740 . The position sensor  734  may be configured to provide the position of the closure member as a feedback signal to the control circuit  710 . Additional sensors  738  such as a shaft encoder may provide the rotational position of the shaft  740  to the control circuit  710 . 
     In one aspect, the control circuit  710  is configured to articulate the end effector  702 . The control circuit  710  provides a motor set point to a motor control  708   d , which provides a drive signal to the motor  704   d . The output shaft of the motor  704   d  is coupled to a torque sensor  744   d . The torque sensor  744   d  is coupled to a transmission  706   d  which is coupled to an articulation member  742   a . The transmission  706   d  comprises movable mechanical elements such as articulation elements to control the articulation of the end effector  702 ±65°. In one aspect, the motor  704   d  is coupled to an articulation nut, which is rotatably journaled on the proximal end portion of the distal spine portion and is rotatably driven thereon by an articulation gear assembly. The torque sensor  744   d  provides an articulation force feedback signal to the control circuit  710 . The articulation force feedback signal represents the articulation force applied to the end effector  702 . Sensors  738 , such as an articulation encoder, may provide the articulation position of the end effector  702  to the control circuit  710 . 
     In another aspect, the articulation function of the robotic surgical system  700  may comprise two articulation members, or links,  742   a ,  742   b . These articulation members  742   a ,  742   b  are driven by separate disks on the robot interface (the rack) which are driven by the two motors  708   d ,  708   e . When the separate firing motor  704   a  is provided, each of articulation links  742   a ,  742   b  can be antagonistically driven with respect to the other link in order to provide a resistive holding motion and a load to the head when it is not moving and to provide an articulation motion as the head is articulated. The articulation members  742   a ,  742   b  attach to the head at a fixed radius as the head is rotated. Accordingly, the mechanical advantage of the push-and-pull link changes as the head is rotated. This change in the mechanical advantage may be more pronounced with other articulation link drive systems. 
     In one aspect, the one or more motors  704   a - 704   e  may comprise a brushed DC motor with a gearbox and mechanical links to a firing member, closure member, or articulation member. Another example includes electric motors  704   a - 704   e  that operate the movable mechanical elements such as the displacement member, articulation links, closure tube, and shaft. An outside influence is an unmeasured, unpredictable influence of things like tissue, surrounding bodies, and friction on the physical system. Such outside influence can be referred to as drag, which acts in opposition to one of electric motors  704   a - 704   e . The outside influence, such as drag, may cause the operation of the physical system to deviate from a desired operation of the physical system. 
     In one aspect, the position sensor  734  may be implemented as an absolute positioning system. In one aspect, the position sensor  734  may comprise a magnetic rotary absolute positioning system implemented as an AS5055EQFT single-chip magnetic rotary position sensor available from Austria Microsystems, AG. The position sensor  734  may interface with the control circuit  710  to provide an absolute positioning system. The position may include multiple Hall-effect elements located above a magnet and coupled to a CORDIC processor, also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder&#39;s algorithm, that is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate hyperbolic and trigonometric functions that require only addition, subtraction, bitshift, and table lookup operations. 
     In one aspect, the control circuit  710  may be in communication with one or more sensors  738 . The sensors  738  may be positioned on the end effector  702  and adapted to operate with the robotic surgical instrument  700  to measure the various derived parameters such as the gap distance versus time, tissue compression versus time, and anvil strain versus time. The sensors  738  may comprise a magnetic sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a load cell, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, a torque sensor, an inductive sensor such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector  702 . The sensors  738  may include one or more sensors. The sensors  738  may be located on the staple cartridge  718  deck to determine tissue location using segmented electrodes. The torque sensors  744   a - 744   e  may be configured to sense force such as firing force, closure force, and/or articulation force, among others. Accordingly, the control circuit  710  can sense (1) the closure load experienced by the distal closure tube and its position, (2) the firing member at the rack and its position, (3) what portion of the staple cartridge  718  has tissue on it, and (4) the load and position on both articulation rods. 
     In one aspect, the one or more sensors  738  may comprise a strain gauge, such as a micro-strain gauge, configured to measure the magnitude of the strain in the anvil  716  during a clamped condition. The strain gauge provides an electrical signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the strain. The sensors  738  may comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure generated by the presence of compressed tissue between the anvil  716  and the staple cartridge  718 . The sensors  738  may be configured to detect impedance of a tissue section located between the anvil  716  and the staple cartridge  718  that is indicative of the thickness and/or fullness of tissue located therebetween. 
     In one aspect, the sensors  738  may be implemented as one or more limit switches, electromechanical devices, solid-state switches, Hall-effect devices, magneto-resistive (MR) devices, giant magneto-resistive (GMR) devices, magnetometers, among others. In other implementations, the sensors  738  may be implemented as solid-state switches that operate under the influence of light, such as optical sensors, IR sensors, ultraviolet sensors, among others. Still, the switches may be solid-state devices such as transistors (e.g., FET, junction FET, MOSFET, bipolar, and the like). In other implementations, the sensors  738  may include electrical conductorless switches, ultrasonic switches, accelerometers, and inertial sensors, among others. 
     In one aspect, the sensors  738  may be configured to measure forces exerted on the anvil  716  by the closure drive system. For example, one or more sensors  738  can be at an interaction point between the closure tube and the anvil  716  to detect the closure forces applied by the closure tube to the anvil  716 . The forces exerted on the anvil  716  can be representative of the tissue compression experienced by the tissue section captured between the anvil  716  and the staple cartridge  718 . The one or more sensors  738  can be positioned at various interaction points along the closure drive system to detect the closure forces applied to the anvil  716  by the closure drive system. The one or more sensors  738  may be sampled in real time during a clamping operation by the processor of the control circuit  710 . The control circuit  710  receives real-time sample measurements to provide and analyze time-based information and assess, in real time, closure forces applied to the anvil  716 . 
     In one aspect, a current sensor  736  can be employed to measure the current drawn by each of the motors  704   a - 704   e . The force required to advance any of the movable mechanical elements such as the I-beam  714  corresponds to the current drawn by one of the motors  704   a - 704   e . The force is converted to a digital signal and provided to the control circuit  710 . The control circuit  710  can be configured to simulate the response of the actual system of the instrument in the software of the controller. A displacement member can be actuated to move an I-beam  714  in the end effector  702  at or near a target velocity. The robotic surgical instrument  700  can include a feedback controller, which can be one of any feedback controllers, including, but not limited to a PID, a state feedback, a linear-quadratic (LQR), and/or an adaptive controller, for example. The robotic surgical instrument  700  can include a power source to convert the signal from the feedback controller into a physical input such as case voltage, PWM voltage, frequency modulated voltage, current, torque, and/or force, for example. Additional details are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/636,829, titled CLOSED LOOP VELOCITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR ROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, filed Jun. 29, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates a block diagram of a surgical instrument  750  programmed to control the distal translation of a displacement member according to one aspect of this disclosure. In one aspect, the surgical instrument  750  is programmed to control the distal translation of a displacement member such as the I-beam  764 . The surgical instrument  750  comprises an end effector  752  that may comprise an anvil  766 , an !-beam  764  (including a sharp cutting edge), and a removable staple cartridge  768 . 
     The position, movement, displacement, and/or translation of a linear displacement member, such as the I-beam  764 , can be measured by an absolute positioning system, sensor arrangement, and position sensor  784 . Because the I-beam  764  is coupled to a longitudinally movable drive member, the position of the I-beam  764  can be determined by measuring the position of the longitudinally movable drive member employing the position sensor  784 . Accordingly, in the following description, the position, displacement, and/or translation of the I-beam  764  can be achieved by the position sensor  784  as described herein. A control circuit  760  may be programmed to control the translation of the displacement member, such as the I-beam  764 . The control circuit  760 , in some examples, may comprise one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other suitable processors for executing instructions that cause the processor or processors to control the displacement member, e.g., the I-beam  764 , in the manner described. In one aspect, a timer/counter  781  provides an output signal, such as the elapsed time or a digital count, to the control circuit  760  to correlate the position of the I-beam  764  as determined by the position sensor  784  with the output of the timer/counter  781  such that the control circuit  760  can determine the position of the I-beam  764  at a specific time (t) relative to a starting position. The timer/counter  781  may be configured to measure elapsed time, count external events, or time external events. 
     The control circuit  760  may generate a motor set point signal  772 . The motor set point signal  772  may be provided to a motor controller  758 . The motor controller  758  may comprise one or more circuits configured to provide a motor drive signal  774  to the motor  754  to drive the motor  754  as described herein. In some examples, the motor  754  may be a brushed DC electric motor. For example, the velocity of the motor  754  may be proportional to the motor drive signal  774 . In some examples, the motor  754  may be a brushless DC electric motor and the motor drive signal  774  may comprise a PWM signal provided to one or more stator windings of the motor  754 . Also, in some examples, the motor controller  758  may be omitted, and the control circuit  760  may generate the motor drive signal  774  directly. 
     The motor  754  may receive power from an energy source  762 . The energy source  762  may be or include a battery, a super capacitor, or any other suitable energy source. The motor  754  may be mechanically coupled to the I-beam  764  via a transmission  756 . The transmission  756  may include one or more gears or other linkage components to couple the motor  754  to the I-beam  764 . A position sensor  784  may sense a position of the I-beam  764 . The position sensor  784  may be or include any type of sensor that is capable of generating position data that indicate a position of the !-beam  764 . In some examples, the position sensor  784  may include an encoder configured to provide a series of pulses to the control circuit  760  as the I-beam  764  translates distally and proximally. The control circuit  760  may track the pulses to determine the position of the I-beam  764 . Other suitable position sensors may be used, including, for example, a proximity sensor. Other types of position sensors may provide other signals indicating motion of the I-beam  764 . Also, in some examples, the position sensor  784  may be omitted. Where the motor  754  is a stepper motor, the control circuit  760  may track the position of the I-beam  764  by aggregating the number and direction of steps that the motor  754  has been instructed to execute. The position sensor  784  may be located in the end effector  752  or at any other portion of the instrument. 
     The control circuit  760  may be in communication with one or more sensors  788 . The sensors  788  may be positioned on the end effector  752  and adapted to operate with the surgical instrument  750  to measure the various derived parameters such as gap distance versus time, tissue compression versus time, and anvil strain versus time. The sensors  788  may comprise a magnetic sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, an inductive sensor such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector  752 . The sensors  788  may include one or more sensors. 
     The one or more sensors  788  may comprise a strain gauge, such as a micro-strain gauge, configured to measure the magnitude of the strain in the anvil  766  during a clamped condition. The strain gauge provides an electrical signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the strain. The sensors  788  may comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure generated by the presence of compressed tissue between the anvil  766  and the staple cartridge  768 . The sensors  788  may be configured to detect impedance of a tissue section located between the anvil  766  and the staple cartridge  768  that is indicative of the thickness and/or fullness of tissue located therebetween. 
     The sensors  788  may be is configured to measure forces exerted on the anvil  766  by a closure drive system. For example, one or more sensors  788  can be at an interaction point between a closure tube and the anvil  766  to detect the closure forces applied by a closure tube to the anvil  766 . The forces exerted on the anvil  766  can be representative of the tissue compression experienced by the tissue section captured between the anvil  766  and the staple cartridge  768 . The one or more sensors  788  can be positioned at various interaction points along the closure drive system to detect the closure forces applied to the anvil  766  by the closure drive system. The one or more sensors  788  may be sampled in real time during a clamping operation by a processor of the control circuit  760 . The control circuit  760  receives real-time sample measurements to provide and analyze time-based information and assess, in real time, closure forces applied to the anvil  766 . 
     A current sensor  786  can be employed to measure the current drawn by the motor  754 . The force required to advance the I-beam  764  corresponds to the current drawn by the motor  754 . The force is converted to a digital signal and provided to the control circuit  760 . 
     The control circuit  760  can be configured to simulate the response of the actual system of the instrument in the software of the controller. A displacement member can be actuated to move an I-beam  764  in the end effector  752  at or near a target velocity. The surgical instrument  750  can include a feedback controller, which can be one of any feedback controllers, including, but not limited to a PID, a state feedback, LQR, and/or an adaptive controller, for example. The surgical instrument  750  can include a power source to convert the signal from the feedback controller into a physical input such as case voltage, PWM voltage, frequency modulated voltage, current, torque, and/or force, for example. 
     The actual drive system of the surgical instrument  750  is configured to drive the displacement member, cutting member, or I-beam  764 , by a brushed DC motor with gearbox and mechanical links to an articulation and/or knife system. Another example is the electric motor  754  that operates the displacement member and the articulation driver, for example, of an interchangeable shaft assembly. An outside influence is an unmeasured, unpredictable influence of things like tissue, surrounding bodies and friction on the physical system. Such outside influence can be referred to as drag which acts in opposition to the electric motor  754 . The outside influence, such as drag, may cause the operation of the physical system to deviate from a desired operation of the physical system. 
     Various example aspects are directed to a surgical instrument  750  comprising an end effector  752  with motor-driven surgical stapling and cutting implements. For example, a motor  754  may drive a displacement member distally and proximally along a longitudinal axis of the end effector  752 . The end effector  752  may comprise a pivotable anvil  766  and, when configured for use, a staple cartridge  768  positioned opposite the anvil  766 . A clinician may grasp tissue between the anvil  766  and the staple cartridge  768 , as described herein. When ready to use the instrument  750 , the clinician may provide a firing signal, for example by depressing a trigger of the instrument  750 . In response to the firing signal, the motor  754  may drive the displacement member distally along the longitudinal axis of the end effector  752  from a proximal stroke begin position to a stroke end position distal of the stroke begin position. As the displacement member translates distally, an I-beam  764  with a cutting element positioned at a distal end, may cut the tissue between the staple cartridge  768  and the anvil  766 . 
     In various examples, the surgical instrument  750  may comprise a control circuit  760  programmed to control the distal translation of the displacement member, such as the I-beam  764 , for example, based on one or more tissue conditions. The control circuit  760  may be programmed to sense tissue conditions, such as thickness, either directly or indirectly, as described herein. The control circuit  760  may be programmed to select a firing control program based on tissue conditions. A firing control program may describe the distal motion of the displacement member. Different firing control programs may be selected to better treat different tissue conditions. For example, when thicker tissue is present, the control circuit  760  may be programmed to translate the displacement member at a lower velocity and/or with lower power. When thinner tissue is present, the control circuit  760  may be programmed to translate the displacement member at a higher velocity and/or with higher power. 
     In some examples, the control circuit  760  may initially operate the motor  754  in an open loop configuration for a first open loop portion of a stroke of the displacement member. Based on a response of the instrument  750  during the open loop portion of the stroke, the control circuit  760  may select a firing control program. The response of the instrument may include, a translation distance of the displacement member during the open loop portion, a time elapsed during the open loop portion, energy provided to the motor  754  during the open loop portion, a sum of pulse widths of a motor drive signal, etc. After the open loop portion, the control circuit  760  may implement the selected firing control program for a second portion of the displacement member stroke. For example, during the closed loop portion of the stroke, the control circuit  760  may modulate the motor  754  based on translation data describing a position of the displacement member in a closed loop manner to translate the displacement member at a constant velocity. Additional details are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/720,852, titled SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING A DISPLAY OF A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, filed Sep. 29, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       FIG. 19  is a schematic diagram of a surgical instrument  790  configured to control various functions according to one aspect of this disclosure. In one aspect, the surgical instrument  790  is programmed to control distal translation of a displacement member such as the I-beam  764 . The surgical instrument  790  comprises an end effector  792  that may comprise an anvil  766 , an I-beam  764 , and a removable staple cartridge  768  which may be interchanged with an RF cartridge  796  (shown in dashed line). 
     In one aspect, sensors  788  may be implemented as a limit switch, electromechanical device, solid-state switches, Hall-effect devices, MR devices, GMR devices, magnetometers, among others. In other implementations, the sensors  638  may be solid-state switches that operate under the influence of light, such as optical sensors, IR sensors, ultraviolet sensors, among others. Still, the switches may be solid-state devices such as transistors (e.g., FET, junction FET, MOSFET, bipolar, and the like). In other implementations, the sensors  788  may include electrical conductorless switches, ultrasonic switches, accelerometers, and inertial sensors, among others. 
     In one aspect, the position sensor  784  may be implemented as an absolute positioning system comprising a magnetic rotary absolute positioning system implemented as an AS5055EQFT single-chip magnetic rotary position sensor available from Austria Microsystems, AG. The position sensor  784  may interface with the control circuit  760  to provide an absolute positioning system. The position may include multiple Hall-effect elements located above a magnet and coupled to a CORDIC processor, also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder&#39;s algorithm, that is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate hyperbolic and trigonometric functions that require only addition, subtraction, bitshift, and table lookup operations. 
     In one aspect, the I-beam  764  may be implemented as a knife member comprising a knife body that operably supports a tissue cutting blade thereon and may further include anvil engagement tabs or features and channel engagement features or a foot. In one aspect, the staple cartridge  768  may be implemented as a standard (mechanical) surgical fastener cartridge. In one aspect, the RF cartridge  796  may be implemented as an RF cartridge. These and other sensors arrangements are described in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/628,175, titled TECHNIQUES FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF MOTOR VELOCITY OF A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, filed Jun. 20, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The position, movement, displacement, and/or translation of a linear displacement member, such as the I-beam  764 , can be measured by an absolute positioning system, sensor arrangement, and position sensor represented as position sensor  784 . Because the I-beam  764  is coupled to the longitudinally movable drive member, the position of the I-beam  764  can be determined by measuring the position of the longitudinally movable drive member employing the position sensor  784 . Accordingly, in the following description, the position, displacement, and/or translation of the I-beam  764  can be achieved by the position sensor  784  as described herein. A control circuit  760  may be programmed to control the translation of the displacement member, such as the I-beam  764 , as described herein. The control circuit  760 , in some examples, may comprise one or more microcontrollers, microprocessors, or other suitable processors for executing instructions that cause the processor or processors to control the displacement member, e.g., the I-beam  764 , in the manner described. In one aspect, a timer/counter  781  provides an output signal, such as the elapsed time or a digital count, to the control circuit  760  to correlate the position of the I-beam  764  as determined by the position sensor  784  with the output of the timer/counter  781  such that the control circuit  760  can determine the position of the I-beam  764  at a specific time (t) relative to a starting position. The timer/counter  781  may be configured to measure elapsed time, count external events, or time external events. 
     The control circuit  760  may generate a motor set point signal  772 . The motor set point signal  772  may be provided to a motor controller  758 . The motor controller  758  may comprise one or more circuits configured to provide a motor drive signal  774  to the motor  754  to drive the motor  754  as described herein. In some examples, the motor  754  may be a brushed DC electric motor. For example, the velocity of the motor  754  may be proportional to the motor drive signal  774 . In some examples, the motor  754  may be a brushless DC electric motor and the motor drive signal  774  may comprise a PWM signal provided to one or more stator windings of the motor  754 . Also, in some examples, the motor controller  758  may be omitted, and the control circuit  760  may generate the motor drive signal  774  directly. 
     The motor  754  may receive power from an energy source  762 . The energy source  762  may be or include a battery, a super capacitor, or any other suitable energy source. The motor  754  may be mechanically coupled to the I-beam  764  via a transmission  756 . The transmission  756  may include one or more gears or other linkage components to couple the motor  754  to the I-beam  764 . A position sensor  784  may sense a position of the I-beam  764 . The position sensor  784  may be or include any type of sensor that is capable of generating position data that indicate a position of the !-beam  764 . In some examples, the position sensor  784  may include an encoder configured to provide a series of pulses to the control circuit  760  as the I-beam  764  translates distally and proximally. The control circuit  760  may track the pulses to determine the position of the I-beam  764 . Other suitable position sensors may be used, including, for example, a proximity sensor. Other types of position sensors may provide other signals indicating motion of the I-beam  764 . Also, in some examples, the position sensor  784  may be omitted. Where the motor  754  is a stepper motor, the control circuit  760  may track the position of the I-beam  764  by aggregating the number and direction of steps that the motor has been instructed to execute. The position sensor  784  may be located in the end effector  792  or at any other portion of the instrument. 
     The control circuit  760  may be in communication with one or more sensors  788 . The sensors  788  may be positioned on the end effector  792  and adapted to operate with the surgical instrument  790  to measure the various derived parameters such as gap distance versus time, tissue compression versus time, and anvil strain versus time. The sensors  788  may comprise a magnetic sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a strain gauge, a pressure sensor, a force sensor, an inductive sensor such as an eddy current sensor, a resistive sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor for measuring one or more parameters of the end effector  792 . The sensors  788  may include one or more sensors. 
     The one or more sensors  788  may comprise a strain gauge, such as a micro-strain gauge, configured to measure the magnitude of the strain in the anvil  766  during a clamped condition. The strain gauge provides an electrical signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the strain. The sensors  788  may comprise a pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure generated by the presence of compressed tissue between the anvil  766  and the staple cartridge  768 . The sensors  788  may be configured to detect impedance of a tissue section located between the anvil  766  and the staple cartridge  768  that is indicative of the thickness and/or fullness of tissue located therebetween. 
     The sensors  788  may be is configured to measure forces exerted on the anvil  766  by the closure drive system. For example, one or more sensors  788  can be at an interaction point between a closure tube and the anvil  766  to detect the closure forces applied by a closure tube to the anvil  766 . The forces exerted on the anvil  766  can be representative of the tissue compression experienced by the tissue section captured between the anvil  766  and the staple cartridge  768 . The one or more sensors  788  can be positioned at various interaction points along the closure drive system to detect the closure forces applied to the anvil  766  by the closure drive system. The one or more sensors  788  may be sampled in real time during a clamping operation by a processor portion of the control circuit  760 . The control circuit  760  receives real-time sample measurements to provide and analyze time-based information and assess, in real time, closure forces applied to the anvil  766 . 
     A current sensor  786  can be employed to measure the current drawn by the motor  754 . The force required to advance the I-beam  764  corresponds to the current drawn by the motor  754 . The force is converted to a digital signal and provided to the control circuit  760 . 
     An RF energy source  794  is coupled to the end effector  792  and is applied to the RF cartridge  796  when the RF cartridge  796  is loaded in the end effector  792  in place of the staple cartridge  768 . The control circuit  760  controls the delivery of the RF energy to the RF cartridge  796 . 
     Additional details are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/636,096, titled SURGICAL SYSTEM COUPLABLE WITH STAPLE CARTRIDGE AND RADIO FREQUENCY CARTRIDGE, AND METHOD OF USING SAME, filed Jun. 28, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       FIG. 20  is a simplified block diagram of a generator  800  configured to provide inductorless tuning, among other benefits. Additional details of the generator  800  are described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,060,775, titled SURGICAL GENERATOR FOR ULTRASONIC AND ELECTROSURGICAL DEVICES, which issued on Jun. 23, 2015, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The generator  800  may comprise a patient isolated stage  802  in communication with a non-isolated stage  804  via a power transformer  806 . A secondary winding  808  of the power transformer  806  is contained in the isolated stage  802  and may comprise a tapped configuration (e.g., a center-tapped or a non-center-tapped configuration) to define drive signal outputs  810   a ,  810   b ,  810   c  for delivering drive signals to different surgical instruments, such as, for example, an ultrasonic surgical instrument, an RF electrosurgical instrument, and a multifunction surgical instrument which includes ultrasonic and RF energy modes that can be delivered alone or simultaneously. In particular, drive signal outputs  810   a ,  810   c  may output an ultrasonic drive signal (e.g., a 420V root-mean-square (RMS) drive signal) to an ultrasonic surgical instrument, and drive signal outputs  810   b ,  810   c  may output an RF electrosurgical drive signal (e.g., a 100V RMS drive signal) to an RF electrosurgical instrument, with the drive signal output  810   b  corresponding to the center tap of the power transformer  806 . 
     In certain forms, the ultrasonic and electrosurgical drive signals may be provided simultaneously to distinct surgical instruments and/or to a single surgical instrument, such as the multifunction surgical instrument, having the capability to deliver both ultrasonic and electrosurgical energy to tissue. It will be appreciated that the electrosurgical signal, provided either to a dedicated electrosurgical instrument and/or to a combined multifunction ultrasonic/electrosurgical instrument may be either a therapeutic or sub-therapeutic level signal where the sub-therapeutic signal can be used, for example, to monitor tissue or instrument conditions and provide feedback to the generator. For example, the ultrasonic and RF signals can be delivered separately or simultaneously from a generator with a single output port in order to provide the desired output signal to the surgical instrument, as will be discussed in more detail below. Accordingly, the generator can combine the ultrasonic and electrosurgical RF energies and deliver the combined energies to the multifunction ultrasonic/electrosurgical instrument. Bipolar electrodes can be placed on one or both jaws of the end effector. One jaw may be driven by ultrasonic energy in addition to electrosurgical RF energy, working simultaneously. The ultrasonic energy may be employed to dissect tissue, while the electrosurgical RF energy may be employed for vessel sealing. 
     The non-isolated stage  804  may comprise a power amplifier  812  having an output connected to a primary winding  814  of the power transformer  806 . In certain forms, the power amplifier  812  may comprise a push-pull amplifier. For example, the non-isolated stage  804  may further comprise a logic device  816  for supplying a digital output to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuit  818 , which in turn supplies a corresponding analog signal to an input of the power amplifier  812 . In certain forms, the logic device  816  may comprise a programmable gate array (PGA), a FPGA, programmable logic device (PLD), among other logic circuits, for example. The logic device  816 , by virtue of controlling the input of the power amplifier  812  via the DAC circuit  818 , may therefore control any of a number of parameters (e.g., frequency, waveform shape, waveform amplitude) of drive signals appearing at the drive signal outputs  810   a ,  810   b ,  810   c . In certain forms and as discussed below, the logic device  816 , in conjunction with a processor (e.g., a DSP discussed below), may implement a number of DSP-based and/or other control algorithms to control parameters of the drive signals output by the generator  800 . 
     Power may be supplied to a power rail of the power amplifier  812  by a switch-mode regulator  820 , e.g., a power converter. In certain forms, the switch-mode regulator  820  may comprise an adjustable buck regulator, for example. The non-isolated stage  804  may further comprise a first processor  822 , which in one form may comprise a DSP processor such as an Analog Devices ADSP-21469 SHARC DSP, available from Analog Devices, Norwood, Mass., for example, although in various forms any suitable processor may be employed. In certain forms the DSP processor  822  may control the operation of the switch-mode regulator  820  responsive to voltage feedback data received from the power amplifier  812  by the DSP processor  822  via an ADC circuit  824 . In one form, for example, the DSP processor  822  may receive as input, via the ADC circuit  824 , the waveform envelope of a signal (e.g., an RF signal) being amplified by the power amplifier  812 . The DSP processor  822  may then control the switch-mode regulator  820  (e.g., via a PWM output) such that the rail voltage supplied to the power amplifier  812  tracks the waveform envelope of the amplified signal. By dynamically modulating the rail voltage of the power amplifier  812  based on the waveform envelope, the efficiency of the power amplifier  812  may be significantly improved relative to a fixed rail voltage amplifier schemes. 
     In certain forms, the logic device  816 , in conjunction with the DSP processor  822 , may implement a digital synthesis circuit such as a direct digital synthesizer control scheme to control the waveform shape, frequency, and/or amplitude of drive signals output by the generator  800 . In one form, for example, the logic device  816  may implement a DDS control algorithm by recalling waveform samples stored in a dynamically updated lookup table (LUT), such as a RAM LUT, which may be embedded in an FPGA. This control algorithm is particularly useful for ultrasonic applications in which an ultrasonic transducer, such as an ultrasonic transducer, may be driven by a clean sinusoidal current at its resonant frequency. Because other frequencies may excite parasitic resonances, minimizing or reducing the total distortion of the motional branch current may correspondingly minimize or reduce undesirable resonance effects. Because the waveform shape of a drive signal output by the generator  800  is impacted by various sources of distortion present in the output drive circuit (e.g., the power transformer  806 , the power amplifier  812 ), voltage and current feedback data based on the drive signal may be input into an algorithm, such as an error control algorithm implemented by the DSP processor  822 , which compensates for distortion by suitably pre-distorting or modifying the waveform samples stored in the LUT on a dynamic, ongoing basis (e.g., in real time). In one form, the amount or degree of pre-distortion applied to the LUT samples may be based on the error between a computed motional branch current and a desired current waveform shape, with the error being determined on a sample-by-sample basis. In this way, the pre-distorted LUT samples, when processed through the drive circuit, may result in a motional branch drive signal having the desired waveform shape (e.g., sinusoidal) for optimally driving the ultrasonic transducer. In such forms, the LUT waveform samples will therefore not represent the desired waveform shape of the drive signal, but rather the waveform shape that is required to ultimately produce the desired waveform shape of the motional branch drive signal when distortion effects are taken into account. 
     The non-isolated stage  804  may further comprise a first ADC circuit  826  and a second ADC circuit  828  coupled to the output of the power transformer  806  via respective isolation transformers  830 ,  832  for respectively sampling the voltage and current of drive signals output by the generator  800 . In certain forms, the ADC circuits  826 ,  828  may be configured to sample at high speeds (e.g., 80 mega samples per second (MSPS)) to enable oversampling of the drive signals. In one form, for example, the sampling speed of the ADC circuits  826 ,  828  may enable approximately 200× (depending on frequency) oversampling of the drive signals. In certain forms, the sampling operations of the ADC circuit  826 ,  828  may be performed by a single ADC circuit receiving input voltage and current signals via a two-way multiplexer. The use of high-speed sampling in forms of the generator  800  may enable, among other things, calculation of the complex current flowing through the motional branch (which may be used in certain forms to implement DDS-based waveform shape control described above), accurate digital filtering of the sampled signals, and calculation of real power consumption with a high degree of precision. Voltage and current feedback data output by the ADC circuits  826 ,  828  may be received and processed (e.g., first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer, multiplexer) by the logic device  816  and stored in data memory for subsequent retrieval by, for example, the DSP processor  822 . As noted above, voltage and current feedback data may be used as input to an algorithm for pre-distorting or modifying LUT waveform samples on a dynamic and ongoing basis. In certain forms, this may require each stored voltage and current feedback data pair to be indexed based on, or otherwise associated with, a corresponding LUT sample that was output by the logic device  816  when the voltage and current feedback data pair was acquired. Synchronization of the LUT samples and the voltage and current feedback data in this manner contributes to the correct timing and stability of the pre-distortion algorithm. 
     In certain forms, the voltage and current feedback data may be used to control the frequency and/or amplitude (e.g., current amplitude) of the drive signals. In one form, for example, voltage and current feedback data may be used to determine impedance phase. The frequency of the drive signal may then be controlled to minimize or reduce the difference between the determined impedance phase and an impedance phase setpoint (e.g., 0°), thereby minimizing or reducing the effects of harmonic distortion and correspondingly enhancing impedance phase measurement accuracy. The determination of phase impedance and a frequency control signal may be implemented in the DSP processor  822 , for example, with the frequency control signal being supplied as input to a DDS control algorithm implemented by the logic device  816 . 
     In another form, for example, the current feedback data may be monitored in order to maintain the current amplitude of the drive signal at a current amplitude setpoint. The current amplitude setpoint may be specified directly or determined indirectly based on specified voltage amplitude and power setpoints. In certain forms, control of the current amplitude may be implemented by control algorithm, such as, for example, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm, in the DSP processor  822 . Variables controlled by the control algorithm to suitably control the current amplitude of the drive signal may include, for example, the scaling of the LUT waveform samples stored in the logic device  816  and/or the full-scale output voltage of the DAC circuit  818  (which supplies the input to the power amplifier  812 ) via a DAC circuit  834 . 
     The non-isolated stage  804  may further comprise a second processor  836  for providing, among other things user interface (UI) functionality. In one form, the UI processor  836  may comprise an Atmel AT91SAM9263 processor having an ARM 926EJ-S core, available from Atmel Corporation, San Jose, Calif., for example. Examples of UI functionality supported by the UI processor  836  may include audible and visual user feedback, communication with peripheral devices (e.g., via a USB interface), communication with a foot switch, communication with an input device (e.g., a touch screen display) and communication with an output device (e.g., a speaker). The UI processor  836  may communicate with the DSP processor  822  and the logic device  816  (e.g., via SPI buses). Although the UI processor  836  may primarily support UI functionality, it may also coordinate with the DSP processor  822  to implement hazard mitigation in certain forms. For example, the UI processor  836  may be programmed to monitor various aspects of user input and/or other inputs (e.g., touch screen inputs, foot switch inputs, temperature sensor inputs) and may disable the drive output of the generator  800  when an erroneous condition is detected. 
     In certain forms, both the DSP processor  822  and the UI processor  836 , for example, may determine and monitor the operating state of the generator  800 . For the DSP processor  822 , the operating state of the generator  800  may dictate, for example, which control and/or diagnostic processes are implemented by the DSP processor  822 . For the UI processor  836 , the operating state of the generator  800  may dictate, for example, which elements of a UI (e.g., display screens, sounds) are presented to a user. The respective DSP and UI processors  822 ,  836  may independently maintain the current operating state of the generator  800  and recognize and evaluate possible transitions out of the current operating state. The DSP processor  822  may function as the master in this relationship and determine when transitions between operating states are to occur. The UI processor  836  may be aware of valid transitions between operating states and may confirm if a particular transition is appropriate. For example, when the DSP processor  822  instructs the UI processor  836  to transition to a specific state, the UI processor  836  may verify that requested transition is valid. In the event that a requested transition between states is determined to be invalid by the UI processor  836 , the UI processor  836  may cause the generator  800  to enter a failure mode. 
     The non-isolated stage  804  may further comprise a controller  838  for monitoring input devices (e.g., a capacitive touch sensor used for turning the generator  800  on and off, a capacitive touch screen). In certain forms, the controller  838  may comprise at least one processor and/or other controller device in communication with the UI processor  836 . In one form, for example, the controller  838  may comprise a processor (e.g., a Meg168 8-bit controller available from Atmel) configured to monitor user input provided via one or more capacitive touch sensors. In one form, the controller  838  may comprise a touch screen controller (e.g., a QT5480 touch screen controller available from Atmel) to control and manage the acquisition of touch data from a capacitive touch screen. 
     In certain forms, when the generator  800  is in a “power off” state, the controller  838  may continue to receive operating power (e.g., via a line from a power supply of the generator  800 , such as the power supply  854  discussed below). In this way, the controller  838  may continue to monitor an input device (e.g., a capacitive touch sensor located on a front panel of the generator  800 ) for turning the generator  800  on and off. When the generator  800  is in the power off state, the controller  838  may wake the power supply (e.g., enable operation of one or more DC/DC voltage converters  856  of the power supply  854 ) if activation of the “on/off” input device by a user is detected. The controller  838  may therefore initiate a sequence for transitioning the generator  800  to a “power on” state. Conversely, the controller  838  may initiate a sequence for transitioning the generator  800  to the power off state if activation of the “on/off” input device is detected when the generator  800  is in the power on state. In certain forms, for example, the controller  838  may report activation of the “on/off” input device to the UI processor  836 , which in turn implements the necessary process sequence for transitioning the generator  800  to the power off state. In such forms, the controller  838  may have no independent ability for causing the removal of power from the generator  800  after its power on state has been established. 
     In certain forms, the controller  838  may cause the generator  800  to provide audible or other sensory feedback for alerting the user that a power on or power off sequence has been initiated. Such an alert may be provided at the beginning of a power on or power off sequence and prior to the commencement of other processes associated with the sequence. 
     In certain forms, the isolated stage  802  may comprise an instrument interface circuit  840  to, for example, provide a communication interface between a control circuit of a surgical instrument (e.g., a control circuit comprising handpiece switches) and components of the non-isolated stage  804 , such as, for example, the logic device  816 , the DSP processor  822 , and/or the UI processor  836 . The instrument interface circuit  840  may exchange information with components of the non-isolated stage  804  via a communication link that maintains a suitable degree of electrical isolation between the isolated and non-isolated stages  802 ,  804 , such as, for example, an IR-based communication link. Power may be supplied to the instrument interface circuit  840  using, for example, a low-dropout voltage regulator powered by an isolation transformer driven from the non-isolated stage  804 . 
     In one form, the instrument interface circuit  840  may comprise a logic circuit  842  (e.g., logic circuit, programmable logic circuit, PGA, FPGA, PLD) in communication with a signal conditioning circuit  844 . The signal conditioning circuit  844  may be configured to receive a periodic signal from the logic circuit  842  (e.g., a 2 kHz square wave) to generate a bipolar interrogation signal having an identical frequency. The interrogation signal may be generated, for example, using a bipolar current source fed by a differential amplifier. The interrogation signal may be communicated to a surgical instrument control circuit (e.g., by using a conductive pair in a cable that connects the generator  800  to the surgical instrument) and monitored to determine a state or configuration of the control circuit. The control circuit may comprise a number of switches, resistors, and/or diodes to modify one or more characteristics (e.g., amplitude, rectification) of the interrogation signal such that a state or configuration of the control circuit is uniquely discernable based on the one or more characteristics. In one form, for example, the signal conditioning circuit  844  may comprise an ADC circuit for generating samples of a voltage signal appearing across inputs of the control circuit resulting from passage of interrogation signal therethrough. The logic circuit  842  (or a component of the non-isolated stage  804 ) may then determine the state or configuration of the control circuit based on the ADC circuit samples. 
     In one form, the instrument interface circuit  840  may comprise a first data circuit interface  846  to enable information exchange between the logic circuit  842  (or other element of the instrument interface circuit  840 ) and a first data circuit disposed in or otherwise associated with a surgical instrument. In certain forms, for example, a first data circuit may be disposed in a cable integrally attached to a surgical instrument handpiece or in an adaptor for interfacing a specific surgical instrument type or model with the generator  800 . The first data circuit may be implemented in any suitable manner and may communicate with the generator according to any suitable protocol, including, for example, as described herein with respect to the first data circuit. In certain forms, the first data circuit may comprise a non-volatile storage device, such as an EEPROM device. In certain forms, the first data circuit interface  846  may be implemented separately from the logic circuit  842  and comprise suitable circuitry (e.g., discrete logic devices, a processor) to enable communication between the logic circuit  842  and the first data circuit. In other forms, the first data circuit interface  846  may be integral with the logic circuit  842 . 
     In certain forms, the first data circuit may store information pertaining to the particular surgical instrument with which it is associated. Such information may include, for example, a model number, a serial number, a number of operations in which the surgical instrument has been used, and/or any other type of information. This information may be read by the instrument interface circuit  840  (e.g., by the logic circuit  842 ), transferred to a component of the non-isolated stage  804  (e.g., to logic device  816 , DSP processor  822 , and/or UI processor  836 ) for presentation to a user via an output device and/or for controlling a function or operation of the generator  800 . Additionally, any type of information may be communicated to the first data circuit for storage therein via the first data circuit interface  846  (e.g., using the logic circuit  842 ). Such information may comprise, for example, an updated number of operations in which the surgical instrument has been used and/or dates and/or times of its usage. 
     As discussed previously, a surgical instrument may be detachable from a handpiece (e.g., the multifunction surgical instrument may be detachable from the handpiece) to promote instrument interchangeability and/or disposability. In such cases, conventional generators may be limited in their ability to recognize particular instrument configurations being used and to optimize control and diagnostic processes accordingly. The addition of readable data circuits to surgical instruments to address this issue is problematic from a compatibility standpoint, however. For example, designing a surgical instrument to remain backwardly compatible with generators that lack the requisite data reading functionality may be impractical due to, for example, differing signal schemes, design complexity, and cost. Forms of instruments discussed herein address these concerns by using data circuits that may be implemented in existing surgical instruments economically and with minimal design changes to preserve compatibility of the surgical instruments with current generator platforms. 
     Additionally, forms of the generator  800  may enable communication with instrument-based data circuits. For example, the generator  800  may be configured to communicate with a second data circuit contained in an instrument (e.g., the multifunction surgical instrument). In some forms, the second data circuit may be implemented in a many similar to that of the first data circuit described herein. The instrument interface circuit  840  may comprise a second data circuit interface  848  to enable this communication. In one form, the second data circuit interface  848  may comprise a tri-state digital interface, although other interfaces may also be used. In certain forms, the second data circuit may generally be any circuit for transmitting and/or receiving data. In one form, for example, the second data circuit may store information pertaining to the particular surgical instrument with which it is associated. Such information may include, for example, a model number, a serial number, a number of operations in which the surgical instrument has been used, and/or any other type of information. 
     In some forms, the second data circuit may store information about the electrical and/or ultrasonic properties of an associated ultrasonic transducer, end effector, or ultrasonic drive system. For example, the first data circuit may indicate a burn-in frequency slope, as described herein. Additionally or alternatively, any type of information may be communicated to second data circuit for storage therein via the second data circuit interface  848  (e.g., using the logic circuit  842 ). Such information may comprise, for example, an updated number of operations in which the instrument has been used and/or dates and/or times of its usage. In certain forms, the second data circuit may transmit data acquired by one or more sensors (e.g., an instrument-based temperature sensor). In certain forms, the second data circuit may receive data from the generator  800  and provide an indication to a user (e.g., a light emitting diode indication or other visible indication) based on the received data. 
     In certain forms, the second data circuit and the second data circuit interface  848  may be configured such that communication between the logic circuit  842  and the second data circuit can be effected without the need to provide additional conductors for this purpose (e.g., dedicated conductors of a cable connecting a handpiece to the generator  800 ). In one form, for example, information may be communicated to and from the second data circuit using a one-wire bus communication scheme implemented on existing cabling, such as one of the conductors used transmit interrogation signals from the signal conditioning circuit  844  to a control circuit in a handpiece. In this way, design changes or modifications to the surgical instrument that might otherwise be necessary are minimized or reduced. Moreover, because different types of communications implemented over a common physical channel can be frequency-band separated, the presence of a second data circuit may be “invisible” to generators that do not have the requisite data reading functionality, thus enabling backward compatibility of the surgical instrument. 
     In certain forms, the isolated stage  802  may comprise at least one blocking capacitor  850 - 1  connected to the drive signal output  810   b  to prevent passage of DC current to a patient. A single blocking capacitor may be required to comply with medical regulations or standards, for example. While failure in single-capacitor designs is relatively uncommon, such failure may nonetheless have negative consequences. In one form, a second blocking capacitor  850 - 2  may be provided in series with the blocking capacitor  850 - 1 , with current leakage from a point between the blocking capacitors  850 - 1 ,  850 - 2  being monitored by, for example, an ADC circuit  852  for sampling a voltage induced by leakage current. The samples may be received by the logic circuit  842 , for example. Based changes in the leakage current (as indicated by the voltage samples), the generator  800  may determine when at least one of the blocking capacitors  850 - 1 ,  850 - 2  has failed, thus providing a benefit over single-capacitor designs having a single point of failure. 
     In certain forms, the non-isolated stage  804  may comprise a power supply  854  for delivering DC power at a suitable voltage and current. The power supply may comprise, for example, a 400 W power supply for delivering a 48 VDC system voltage. The power supply  854  may further comprise one or more DC/DC voltage converters  856  for receiving the output of the power supply to generate DC outputs at the voltages and currents required by the various components of the generator  800 . As discussed above in connection with the controller  838 , one or more of the DC/DC voltage converters  856  may receive an input from the controller  838  when activation of the “on/off” input device by a user is detected by the controller  838  to enable operation of, or wake, the DC/DC voltage converters  856 . 
       FIG. 21  illustrates an example of a generator  900 , which is one form of the generator  800  ( FIG. 21 ). The generator  900  is configured to deliver multiple energy modalities to a surgical instrument. The generator  900  provides RF and ultrasonic signals for delivering energy to a surgical instrument either independently or simultaneously. The RF and ultrasonic signals may be provided alone or in combination and may be provided simultaneously. As noted above, at least one generator output can deliver multiple energy modalities (e.g., ultrasonic, bipolar or monopolar RF, irreversible and/or reversible electroporation, and/or microwave energy, among others) through a single port, and these signals can be delivered separately or simultaneously to the end effector to treat tissue. 
     The generator  900  comprises a processor  902  coupled to a waveform generator  904 . The processor  902  and waveform generator  904  are configured to generate a variety of signal waveforms based on information stored in a memory coupled to the processor  902 , not shown for clarity of disclosure. The digital information associated with a waveform is provided to the waveform generator  904  which includes one or more DAC circuits to convert the digital input into an analog output. The analog output is fed to an amplifier  1106  for signal conditioning and amplification. The conditioned and amplified output of the amplifier  906  is coupled to a power transformer  908 . The signals are coupled across the power transformer  908  to the secondary side, which is in the patient isolation side. A first signal of a first energy modality is provided to the surgical instrument between the terminals labeled ENERGY1 and RETURN. A second signal of a second energy modality is coupled across a capacitor  910  and is provided to the surgical instrument between the terminals labeled ENERGY2 and RETURN. It will be appreciated that more than two energy modalities may be output and thus the subscript “n” may be used to designate that up to n ENERGYn terminals may be provided, where n is a positive integer greater than 1. It also will be appreciated that up to “n” return paths RETURNn may be provided without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     A first voltage sensing circuit  912  is coupled across the terminals labeled ENERGY1 and the RETURN path to measure the output voltage therebetween. A second voltage sensing circuit  924  is coupled across the terminals labeled ENERGY2 and the RETURN path to measure the output voltage therebetween. A current sensing circuit  914  is disposed in series with the RETURN leg of the secondary side of the power transformer  908  as shown to measure the output current for either energy modality. If different return paths are provided for each energy modality, then a separate current sensing circuit should be provided in each return leg. The outputs of the first and second voltage sensing circuits  912 ,  924  are provided to respective isolation transformers  916 ,  922  and the output of the current sensing circuit  914  is provided to another isolation transformer  918 . The outputs of the isolation transformers  916 ,  928 ,  922  in the on the primary side of the power transformer  908  (non-patient isolated side) are provided to a one or more ADC circuit  926 . The digitized output of the ADC circuit  926  is provided to the processor  902  for further processing and computation. The output voltages and output current feedback information can be employed to adjust the output voltage and current provided to the surgical instrument and to compute output impedance, among other parameters. Input/output communications between the processor  902  and patient isolated circuits is provided through an interface circuit  920 . Sensors also may be in electrical communication with the processor  902  by way of the interface circuit  920 . 
     In one aspect, the impedance may be determined by the processor  902  by dividing the output of either the first voltage sensing circuit  912  coupled across the terminals labeled ENERGY1/RETURN or the second voltage sensing circuit  924  coupled across the terminals labeled ENERGY2/RETURN by the output of the current sensing circuit  914  disposed in series with the RETURN leg of the secondary side of the power transformer  908 . The outputs of the first and second voltage sensing circuits  912 ,  924  are provided to separate isolations transformers  916 ,  922  and the output of the current sensing circuit  914  is provided to another isolation transformer  916 . The digitized voltage and current sensing measurements from the ADC circuit  926  are provided the processor  902  for computing impedance. As an example, the first energy modality ENERGY1 may be ultrasonic energy and the second energy modality ENERGY2 may be RF energy. Nevertheless, in addition to ultrasonic and bipolar or monopolar RF energy modalities, other energy modalities include irreversible and/or reversible electroporation and/or microwave energy, among others. Also, although the example illustrated in  FIG. 21  shows a single return path RETURN may be provided for two or more energy modalities, in other aspects, multiple return paths RETURNn may be provided for each energy modality ENERGYn. Thus, as described herein, the ultrasonic transducer impedance may be measured by dividing the output of the first voltage sensing circuit  912  by the current sensing circuit  914  and the tissue impedance may be measured by dividing the output of the second voltage sensing circuit  924  by the current sensing circuit  914 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 21 , the generator  900  comprising at least one output port can include a power transformer  908  with a single output and with multiple taps to provide power in the form of one or more energy modalities, such as ultrasonic, bipolar or monopolar RF, irreversible and/or reversible electroporation, and/or microwave energy, among others, for example, to the end effector depending on the type of treatment of tissue being performed. For example, the generator  900  can deliver energy with higher voltage and lower current to drive an ultrasonic transducer, with lower voltage and higher current to drive RF electrodes for sealing tissue, or with a coagulation waveform for spot coagulation using either monopolar or bipolar RF electrosurgical electrodes. The output waveform from the generator  900  can be steered, switched, or filtered to provide the frequency to the end effector of the surgical instrument. The connection of an ultrasonic transducer to the generator  900  output would be preferably located between the output labeled ENERGY1 and RETURN as shown in  FIG. 21 . In one example, a connection of RF bipolar electrodes to the generator  900  output would be preferably located between the output labeled ENERGY2 and RETURN. In the case of monopolar output, the preferred connections would be active electrode (e.g., pencil or other probe) to the ENERGY2 output and a suitable return pad connected to the RETURN output. 
     Additional details are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0086914, titled TECHNIQUES FOR OPERATING GENERATOR FOR DIGITALLY GENERATING ELECTRICAL SIGNAL WAVEFORMS AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, which published on Mar. 30, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Robotic surgical systems can be used in minimally invasive medical procedures. During such medical procedures, a patient can be placed on a platform adjacent to a robotic surgical system, and a surgeon can be positioned at a console that is remote from the platform and/or from the robot. For example, the surgeon can be positioned outside the sterile field that surrounds the surgical site. The surgeon provides input to a user interface via an input device at the console to manipulate a surgical tool coupled to an arm of the robotic system. The input device can be a mechanical input devices such as control handles or joysticks, for example, or contactless input devices such as optical gesture sensors, for example. 
     The robotic surgical system can include a robot tower supporting one or more robotic arms. At least one surgical tool (e.g. an end effector and/or endoscope) can be mounted to the robotic arm. The surgical tool(s) can be configured to articulate relative to the respective robotic arm via an articulating wrist assembly and/or to translate relative to the robotic arm via a linear slide mechanism, for example. During the surgical procedure, the surgical tool can be inserted into a small incision in a patient via a cannula or trocar, for example, or into a natural orifice of the patient to position the distal end of the surgical tool at the surgical site within the body of the patient. Additionally or alternatively, the robotic surgical system can be employed in an open surgical procedure in certain instances. 
     A schematic of a robotic surgical system  15000  is depicted in  FIG. 22 . The robotic surgical system  15000  includes a central control unit  15002 , a surgeon&#39;s console  15012 , a robot  15022  including one or more robotic arms  15024 , and a primary display  15040  operably coupled to the control unit  15002 . The surgeon&#39;s console  15012  includes a display  15014  and at least one manual input device  15016  (e.g., switches, buttons, touch screens, joysticks, gimbals, etc.) that allow the surgeon to telemanipulate the robotic arms  15024  of the robot  15022 . The reader will appreciate that additional and alternative input devices can be employed. 
     The central control unit  15002  includes a processor  15004  operably coupled to a memory  15006 . The processor  15004  includes a plurality of inputs and outputs for interfacing with the components of the robotic surgical system  15000 . The processor  15004  can be configured to receive input signals and/or generate output signals to control one or more of the various components (e.g., one or more motors, sensors, and/or displays) of the robotic surgical system  15000 . The output signals can include, and/or can be based upon, algorithmic instructions which may be pre-programmed and/or input by the surgeon or another clinician. The processor  15004  can be configured to accept a plurality of inputs from a user, such as the surgeon at the console  15012 , and/or may interface with a remote system. The memory  15006  can be directly and/or indirectly coupled to the processor  15004  to store instructions and/or databases. 
     The robot  15022  includes one or more robotic arms  15024 . Each robotic arm  15024  includes one or more motors  15026  and each motor  15026  is coupled to one or more motor drivers  15028 . For example, the motors  15026 , which can be assigned to different drivers and/or mechanisms, can be housed in a carriage assembly or housing. In certain instances, a transmission intermediate a motor  15026  and one or more drivers  15028  can permit coupling and decoupling of the motor  15026  to one or more drivers  15028 . The drivers  15028  can be configured to implement one or more surgical functions. For example, one or more drivers  15028  can be tasked with moving a robotic arm  15024  by rotating the robotic arm  15024  and/or a linkage and/or joint thereof. Additionally, one or more drivers  15028  can be coupled to a surgical tool  15030  and can implement articulating, rotating, clamping, sealing, stapling, energizing, firing, cutting, and/or opening, for example. In certain instances, the surgical tools  15030  can be interchangeable and/or replaceable. Examples of robotic surgical systems and surgical tools are further described herein. 
     The reader will readily appreciate that the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  100  ( FIG. 1 ) and the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200  ( FIG. 9 ) can incorporate the robotic surgical system  15000 . Additionally or alternatively, the robotic surgical system  15000  can include various features and/or components of the computer-implemented interactive surgical systems  100  and  200 . 
     In one exemplification, the robotic surgical system  15000  can encompass the robotic system  110  ( FIG. 2 ), which includes the surgeon&#39;s console  118 , the surgical robot  120 , and the robotic hub  122 . Additionally or alternatively, the robotic surgical system  15000  can communicate with another hub, such as the surgical hub  106 , for example. In one instance, the robotic surgical system  15000  can be incorporated into a surgical system, such as the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  100  ( FIG. 1 ) or the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200  ( FIG. 9 ), for example. In such instances, the robotic surgical system  15000  may interact with the cloud  104  or the cloud  204 , respectively, and the surgical hub  106  or the surgical hub  206 , respectively. In certain instances, a robotic hub or a surgical hub can include the central control unit  15002  and/or the central control unit  15002  can communicate with a cloud. In other instances, a surgical hub can embody a discrete unit that is separate from the central control unit  15002  and which can communicate with the central control unit  15002 . 
     Robotic Surgical Assembly 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 23-25 and 27 , the robotic surgical assembly  40100  is connectable to an interface panel or carriage  40042 , which is slidably mounted onto the rail  40040 . The carriage  40042  supports or houses a motor “M” ( FIG. 26 ) that receives controls and power from the control device  13004  ( FIG. 4 ). The carriage  40042  may be moved along the rail  40040  via a motor driven chain or belt  40041  or the like. Alternatively, the carriage  40042  may be moved along the rail  40040  via a threaded rod/nut arrangement. For example, the carriage  40042  may support a threaded nut or collar, which receives a threaded rod therethrough. In use, as the threaded rod is rotated, the threaded collar, and in turn, the carriage  40042  are caused to be translated along the rail  40040 . A coupling, or the like, is connected to a drive shaft of the motor M, and may be rotated clockwise or counter clockwise upon an actuation of the motor M. While a chain/belt  40041  or threaded rod and collar arrangement are described, it is contemplated that any other systems capable of achieving the intended function may be used (e.g., cable drives, pulleys, friction wheels, rack and pinion arrangements, etc.). 
     The carriage  40042  includes a coupling flange  40043  extending or projecting from a rear panel thereof and from the rail  40040 . The coupling flange  40043  of the carriage  40042  defines an opening or bore  40043   a  therethrough and rotatably supports an instrument rotation gear or pulley  40048 . The pulley  40048  has ring-shaped, non-circular, transverse cross-sectional profile passage or opening therethrough (e.g., substantially D-shaped, or the like) which defines a key-way for non-rotational receipt of a drive transfer assembly  40140  of the sterile barrier housing  40130 . The pulley  40048  is rotatably supported in the coupling flange  40043  by journal bearings or the like. 
     A sterile shell or barrier  40060  is provided, which shrouds or covers the carriage  40042 . Shell  40060  includes a rear shell portion  40060   a  configured and adapted to cover the rear panel of the carriage  40042  and an annular shell portion  40060   b  extending from rear shell portion  40060   a  and configured to cover the coupling flange  40043  of the carriage  40042 . The annular shell portion  40060   b  of the shell  40060  defines an opening  40060   c  in registration with a passage or opening  40048   a  of the pulley  40048  having a non-circular, transverse cross-sectional profile (e.g., substantially D-shaped, or the like). A sterile drape  40061  or the like may be secured or adhered to the shell  40060  and may be pulled over the rail  40040  and the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  ( FIG. 4 ) to establish and maintain a sterile barrier between the patient  13013  ( FIG. 4 ), the surgical field, and/or the robotic surgical system  13000  ( FIG. 4 ). 
     The robotic surgical assembly  40100  includes a sterile barrier housing  40130  configured to mate with or otherwise connect to the shell  40060 . The sterile barrier housing  40130  includes a hollow shell or body  40132  defining a cavity therein. The sterile barrier housing  40130  pivotally or hingedly supports a proximal cap or cover  40134  configured and adapted to selectively close a proximal end of the body  40132 . The sterile barrier housing  40130  further includes a drive transfer assembly  40140  supported on, or connected to, a distal end of the body  40132 . 
     The cavity of the body  40132  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  is configured to slidably receive a motor pack  40050  or the like therein. The motor pack  40050  may include four motors  40052 ,  40054 ,  40056 ,  40058  arranged in a rectangular formation such that respective drive shafts  40052   a ,  40054   a ,  40056   a ,  40058   a  thereof are all parallel to one another and all extend in a common direction. The drive shaft  40052   a ,  40054   a ,  40056   a ,  40058   a  of each motor  40052 ,  40054 ,  40056 ,  40058 , respectively, may operatively interface with a respective drive coupler (of which only driver coupler  44144   a  is shown in  FIG. 81B ) of the drive transfer assembly  44140  ( FIG. 81A ) of the sterile barrier housing  40130 . The motor pack  40050  may include four canister motors or the like, each having a drive shaft having a non-circular transverse cross-sectional profile (e.g., substantially D-shaped, or the like). 
     For an exemplary motor pack  40050  for use in the robotic surgical assembly  40100 , reference may be made to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/181,817, filed on Jun. 19, 2015, entitled “Robotic Surgical Assemblies,” the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
     The motor couplers  40052   b ,  40054   b ,  40056   b ,  40058   b  may be non-rotatably connected to a respective drive shaft  40052   a ,  40054   a ,  40056   a ,  40058   a  of each motor  40052 ,  40054 ,  40056 , and  40058 , respectively. Each motor coupler  40052   b ,  40054   b ,  40056   b ,  40058   b  may have a substantially tubular configuration defining a lumen therethrough having a non-circular, transverse cross-sectional profile. The lumen of each motor coupler  40052   b ,  40054   b ,  40056   b ,  40058   b  is configured to non-rotatably engage and/or receive respective drive shaft  40052   a ,  40054   a ,  40056   a ,  40058   a  of each motor  40052 ,  40054 ,  40056 ,  40058 , respectively, wherein the lumens may have a substantially D-shaped, transverse cross-sectional profile. 
     Each motor coupler  40052   b ,  40054   b ,  40056   b ,  40058   b  includes one or more distally extending tab  40052   c ,  40054   c ,  40056   c ,  40058   c , which is/are configured to engage a respective mating feature or slot of the drive couplers (e.g., drive coupler  44144   a ) of the drive transfer shafts  44144 ,  44146 ,  44148 ,  44150  ( FIG. 81A ) of the sterile barrier housing  40130  to transmit rotational forces from the motors  40052 ,  40054 ,  40056 ,  40058  to respective drive transfer shafts  44144 ,  44146 ,  44148 ,  44150  of the drive transfer assembly  44140  in the manner of an “Oldham coupling.” This Oldham-type coupling limits backlash and enables autocorrecting when components thereof are slightly misaligned with one another. In some embodiments, one or more of these tabs and/or slots may have complementary V-shaped configurations. It is contemplated that any rotational force transmitting feature may be provided at the distal end of the motor couplers  40052   b ,  40054   b ,  40056   b ,  40058   b . In use, as any one of the motors  40052 ,  40054 ,  40056 ,  40058  is activated to rotate a respective drive shaft  40052   a ,  40054   a ,  40056   a ,  40058   a , the particular drive shaft drive shaft  40052   a ,  40054   a ,  40056   a ,  40058   a  transmits the rotation to the respective motor coupler  40052   b ,  40054   b ,  40056   b ,  40058   b , which in turn, transmits the rotation (via tabs  40052   c ,  40054   c ,  40056   c ,  40058   c ) to the respective drive couplers (e.g., drive coupler  44144   a ) of the drive transfer shafts  44144 ,  44146 ,  44148 ,  44150  of the drive transfer assembly  400140 . Such an arrangement and coupling permit a degree of flotation of the motor couplers  40052   b ,  40054   b ,  40056   b ,  40058   b  and the drive couplers (e.g., drive coupler  44144   a ) in any radial direction relative to a longitudinal axis thereof. 
     The robotic surgical assembly  40100  includes a lock ring or collar  40160  rotatably supported on the distal end of the body  40132  of the sterile barrier housing  40130 . The lock collar  40160  projects distally from the body  40132  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  and defines an internal thread configured for threadable connection to a proximal ring connector  40171  of the sterile barrier collar assembly  40170 , which is described below. 
     The robotic surgical assembly  40100  includes a sterile barrier collar assembly  40170  connectable to the annular shell  40060   b  of the shell  40060  and extendable through the D-shaped passage or opening of the pulley  40048 . Specifically, the sterile barrier collar assembly  40170  includes a tubular sleeve body  40172  having a non-circular, transverse cross-sectional outer profile (e.g., substantially D-shaped, or the like) and an inner bore  40172   a  having a complementary non-circular, transverse cross-sectional profile (e.g., substantially D-shaped, or the like). 
     The sterile barrier collar assembly  40170  further includes a semi-annular coupling cuff  40176  supported on or otherwise secured to a distal end of the tubular sleeve body  40172 . The coupling cuff  40176  includes a U-shaped body portion having an open side edge or instrument opening that opens distally and laterally and a pair of opposed side arms. Each side arm of the body portion includes a ramp surface formed in or projecting from an inner juxtaposed surface thereof. Each ramp increases in height from a distal end (near the open side edge) to a proximal end (near a back span of the body portion). It is contemplated that each ramp may be angled at approximately 10° relative to a planar distal surface of the coupling cuff  40176 . Each side arm of the body portion further includes a recess or channel formed in a surface thereof that is configured to slidably receive a respective arm or tab of a distal floating plate that is connected to or otherwise extending from a distal end of the tubular sleeve body  40172 . 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 26 and 28-29 , various views of a robotic surgical assembly, also referred to as an instrument drive unit (IDU)  41110 , are shown. As described above, the IDU  41110  transfers power and actuation forces from its motors to driven members (not shown) of electromechanical surgical instrument  41300  to ultimately drive movement of components of the end effector of electromechanical surgical instrument  41300 , for example, a movement of a knife blade (not shown) and/or a closing and opening of jaw members of the end effector, the actuation or firing of a stapler, and/or the activation or firing of an electrosurgical energy-based instrument, or the like. The motor assembly  41114  of the IDU  41110  is rotated by a motor “M” supported in the IDU holder  41102  and transfers its rotational motion to electromechanical surgical instrument  41300 . 
     The IDU holder  41102  of surgical assembly  41100  functions both to actuate a rotation of motor assembly  41114  of the IDU  41110  and to effect axial translation of IDU  41110  along the rail  40040  ( FIG. 24 ) of the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  ( FIG. 4 ). The IDU holder  41102  includes a back member or carriage  41104  and an outer member or outer housing  14106 , also referred to as a sterile shell or barrier  40060  ( FIG. 23 ), extending laterally (e.g., perpendicularly) from a distal end  41107  of carriage  41104 . In some embodiments, the housing  41106  may extend at various angles relative to carriage  41104  and from various portions of carriage  41104 . The carriage  41104  has a first side and a second side, opposite the first side. The first side of the carriage  41104  is detachably connectable to the rail  40040  of the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  to enable the IDU holder  41102  to slide or translate along rail  40040  of the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003 . The second side of the carriage  41104  is configured to support a housing  41112  or the like of the IDU  41110 . 
     The carriage  41104  of the IDU holder  41102  supports or houses a motor, such as, for example, canister motor “M” therein. Motor “M” receives controls and power from control device  13004  ( FIG. 4 ) to ultimately rotate internal motor assembly  41114  of IDU  41110 . Carriage  41104  includes a printed circuit board  41109  in electrical communication with motor “M” of carriage  41104  to control an operation of motor “M” of carriage  41104 . Carriage  41104  further includes a belt or gear drive mechanism  41111  that extends distally from motor “M.” Drive mechanism  41111  is configured to operably interface with motor assembly  41114  of IDU  41110  to effect a rotation of motor assembly  41114  upon actuation of motor “M” of carriage  41104 . 
     The housing  41112  of IDU  41110  is engaged to the second side of carriage  41104  of IDU holder  41102  so as to shroud, cover, and protect the inner components of IDU  41110  and carriage  41104 . Housing  41112  of IDU  41110  may have a generally cylindrical configuration, but in some embodiments, housing  41112  may assume a variety of configurations, such as, for example, squared, triangular, elongate, curved, semi-cylindrical, or the like. As mentioned above, housing  41112  protects or shields various components of IDU  41110  including motor assembly  41114  and a flex spool assembly  41200  for transferring power and data to components of IDU  41110 . Housing  41112  also provides a platform  41116  on which the inner components of IDU  41110  are attached. 
     IDU  41110  includes a fan  41150  disposed within a top portion thereof and is located above flex spool assembly  41200 . Fan  41150  is connected to flex spool assembly  41200  via a connector (not explicitly shown) to provide adjustable power to fan  41150 . A top portion  41112   a  of housing  41112  may define a plurality of vents or slits  41152  therein to allow for air to transfer out of IDU  41110 . Fan  41150  is configured to draw air through flex spool assembly  41200  and out of top portion  41112   a  of housing  41112  through slits  41152  to cool electronics during operation thereof and to maintain a negative pressure through IDU  41110 . The flex spool assembly  41200  is configured to adjust the amount of power delivered to fan  41150  based on the temperature within IDU  41110 . Speed controllers (not shown) associated with flex spool assembly  41200  and/or integrated circuit  41120  may be provided to control a speed of fan  41150  to adjust a cooling rate. For example, the speed control may adjust the electrical current that is delivered to fan  41150  to adjust a speed thereof. 
     The IDU  41110  includes the integrated circuit  41120  and the motor assembly  41114  each rotatably disposed therewithin. In some embodiments, IDU  41110  may include brackets and/or stops configured to compensate for loads directed on motor assembly  41114  and/or integrated circuit  41120  in a direction that is perpendicular or transverse to the longitudinal axis defined by IDU  41110 . Integrated circuit  41120  includes a top rigid printed circuit board or  nexus  and four elongate rigid printed circuit boards  41124   a ,  41124   b ,  41126   a ,  41126   b  that extend perpendicularly from top printed circuit board  41122 . Top printed circuit board  41122  has one or more male electrical connectors  41128  for coupling to one or more female electrical connectors  41216   a  of flex spool assembly  41200 . 
     The elongate printed circuit boards  41124   a ,  41124   b ,  41126   a ,  41126   b  are parallel with one another and are disposed along a longitudinal axis of IDU  41110 . Elongate printed circuit boards  41124   a ,  41124   b ,  41126   a ,  41126   b  include a first pair of elongate printed circuit boards  41124   a ,  41124   b  that oppose one another and a second pair of elongate printed circuit boards  41126   a ,  41126   b  that oppose one another. Elongate printed circuit boards  41124   a ,  41124   b ,  41126   a ,  41126   b  cooperatively form a rectangular configuration and define a cavity therein configured for slidable receipt of motor assembly  41114 . It should be appreciated that circuit boards  41124   a ,  41124   b ,  41126   a ,  41126   b  and nexus  41122  of integrated circuit  41122  may be configured in any number of structural combinations, such as, for example, first, second, third, and fourth circuit boards  41124   a ,  41124   b ,  41126   a ,  41126   b  being coupled, side-by-side, where one of first, second, third, or fourth circuit board  41124   a ,  41124   b ,  41126   a ,  41126   b  is further coupled to one side of a first, second, third, or fourth side of nexus  41122 . In some embodiments, integrated circuit  41120  may have various connectors, flex cables, or wires used to interconnect elongate printed circuit boards  41124   a ,  41124   b ,  41126   a ,  41126   b  to one another and/or to nexus  41122 . 
     First pair of elongate printed circuit boards  41124   a ,  41124   b  have a first end portion in electrical communication with nexus  41122  and a second end portion in electrical communication with motor assembly  41114  to transfer power from printed circuit assembly  41200  to motor assembly  41114 , as will be described in detail below. Second pair of elongate printed circuit boards  41126   a ,  41126   b  have a first end portion in electrical communication with nexus  41122  and a distal end in electrical communication with various electrical components of IDU  41110  and/or surgical instrument  41300  to transfer communication signals and/or power to the various electrical components of IDU  41110  and surgical instrument  41300 . 
     The electrical components of IDU  41110  may include, but are not limited to, transducers, encoders, gyroscopes, magnetometers, distal limit sensors, pressure sensors, torsional sensors, load cells, optical sensors, position sensors, heat sensors, illumination elements, cameras, speakers, audible emission components, motor controllers, LED components, microprocessors, sense resistors, accelerometers, switches to monitor, limit and control positional limits, etc. In some embodiments, each of these electrical components may be incorporated into flex spool assembly  41200  of IDU  41110 . 
     Motor assembly  41114  of IDU  41110  is non-rotatably disposed within the cavity of integrated circuit  41120 . Motor assembly  41114  may include four motors “M 1 -M 4 ,” for example, canister motors or the like, each having a drive shaft  41138 ,  41140  (only drive shafts of two motors of motors “M 1 -M 4 ” being shown in  FIG. 26 ) having a non-circular, transverse cross-sectional profile (e.g., substantially D-shaped, or the like), as is described above. The four motors “M 1 -M 4 ” are arranged in a rectangular formation such that respective drive shafts  41138 ,  41140  thereof are all parallel to one another and all extending in a common direction. As the motors “M 1 -M 4 ” of the motor assembly  41114  are actuated, rotation of the respective drive shafts  41138 ,  41140  of the motors “M 1 -M 4 ” is transferred to gears or couplers of drive assemblies of surgical instrument  41300  via respective drive transfer shafts to actuate various functions of surgical instrument  41300 . 
     Flex spool assembly  41200  of IDU  41110  is configured to transfer power and information (e.g., signals that direct actuation of certain functions of IDU  41110  and surgical instrument  41300 ) from control device  13004  to an integrated circuit  41120  of IDU  41110 . Flex spool assembly  41200  generally includes a first flex circuit  41210  and a second flex circuit  41220 . First flex circuit  41210  is configured to electrically interconnect control device  13004  and a plurality of electrical components (e.g., motors, various sensors, transducers, etc.) of IDU  41110  and/or surgical instrument  41300 . 
     IDU  41110  further includes a spindle assembly  41230  for transferring rotational motion from motor assembly  41114  to first flex circuit  41210 . Spindle assembly  41230  includes an outer annular member  41232 , and an inner annular member or ring member  41234 . Outer annular member  41232  is fastened to a proximal end portion of motor assembly  41114  via fasteners  41236 . Inner annular member  41234  is fastened to outer annular member  41232  via fasteners  41238  and is rotatable relative to platform  41116  such that outer annular member  41234  rotates relative to platform  41116 . In embodiments, outer and inner annular members  41232 ,  41234  of spindle assembly  41230  may be of a single integral construction. A lubricious coating may be applied to surfaces of spindle assembly  41230  that contact platform  41116  or to the surfaces of platform  41116  that contact spindle assembly  41230 , such that spindle assembly  41230  rotates relative to platform with limited friction. Accordingly, the lubricious coating may include any suitable material, such as, for example, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, nylon, acetal, or polytetrafluoroethylene. 
     Robotic Surgical Assembly Cooling 
     Cooling the IDU  40110  ( FIG. 23 ) of a robotic surgical assembly  41100  ( FIG. 23 ) for a robotic surgical system  13000  ( FIG. 4 ) can be challenging because of the fact that the instrument drive unit can be located at least partially within the sterile field during the course of a surgical procedure. As described above, the IDU  40110  can include a fan  41150  ( FIGS. 26 and 28-29 ) to promote air transfer out of the IDU  40110  for cooling the IDU  40110  during use; however, this can create two issues. First, if the air intake of the fan  41150  is from outside of the sterile field and the fan  41150  releases the circulated air into the sterile field, then the fan  41150  can be releasing nonsterile air into the sterile field, which can result in contamination of the sterile field. Second, if the air intake of the fan  41150  is from inside of the sterile field, then the fan  41150  could potentially intake a contaminant from the sterile field and then cause that contaminant to be proliferated through the surgical theater, outside of the bounds of the sterile field. Therefore, there is a need for robotic surgical assembly cooling systems that address these and other issues. 
     In various aspects, contamination of the surgical site, sterile field, and/or surgical theater by air-circulating cooling systems can be prevented by controlling heat transfer and air circulation within the robotic surgical system  13000  and/or IDU  40110 . For example, an air filter (e.g., an ultra-low particular air (ULPA) filter) can be integrated into or otherwise positioned at the air intake manifold to ensure that air exhausted from the robotic surgical system  13000  is sterile. As another example, the robotic surgical system  13000  can include a circulation path where the air intake and the exhaust are both directed to an area of the robotic surgical system  13000  outside of the sterile surgical area. In one aspect, the air circulation path could be directed towards or connected to the smoke evacuation system in order to leverage the smoke evacuation system&#39;s integral, high-quality air filters. As yet another example, the robotic surgical system  13000  can be configured to ionically collect particulates from air that is drawn into or exposed to the cooling system. In one aspect, the robotic surgical system  13000  can include an ionizing air filter configured to capture particulates within the air drawn into the cooling system. The ionizing air filter can include plates that are configured to collect charged particles that are drawn into the device. The removable charged plates could be cleaned and reused. Further, the charged plates could permit testing and identification of particulates captured from the indrawn air. The charged plates could have the capability of actively attracting a variety of different contaminants and particulates from the air passing through the ionizing air filter, including bacterial contaminants. These systems and other examples will be discussed in greater detail below. 
     In such aspects, dedicated heat management systems can be implemented within or in conjunction with the sterile barrier, such as by integrating a cooling apparatus within the air circulation flow path or coupling the cooling apparatus to the IDU  40110 . For example, the cooling system can be in thermal cooperation with the IDU  40110  and/or components thereof (including, for example, the motor assembly), but the cooling air circulation path can be isolated from the internal air of the IDU  40110 . As another example, the cooling system can include a cooling circulation system that can include fluid and/or vaporous aspects in order to transfer heat from the IDU  40110  to a location for venting to the atmosphere remote from the robotic arm  13120 . As another example, the cooling system can include a Peltier cooling element to extract heat from the IDU  40110  and other heat-generating components of the robotic surgical system  13000  for transfer to other surfaces exposed to convection from dedicated air-flow pathways. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 30 and 31 , in some aspects the sterile drape  3000  can be dimensioned or configured to cover the IDU  3002  when affixed to the robotic arm  13120 , as opposed to the IDU  3002  being exposed to the sterile field, as shown in  FIGS. 23-25 . For example,  FIG. 30  is a side elevational view of a robotic arm  13120  comprising an air-based cooling system for an IDU  3002  positioned within the sterile drape  3000 . In this aspect, the sterile drape  3000  includes an air intake filter  3004  through which ambient air (e.g., air from the sterile field) is indrawn into the interior  3008  of the sterile barrier  3000 . The filter  3004  can include, for example, an ULPA filter or an ionizing air filter. The filter  3004  is configured to remove contaminants and other particulates from the indrawn ambient air. Once it has been drawn through the filter  3004 , the air can pass into the IDU  3002  (e.g., through a port thereon) at which point it is heated by the electronics, motors, and other interior components of the IDU  3002  and then exhausted by the IDU fan  3006  (e.g., the fan  41150  from  FIGS. 26, 28, and 29 ) into the interior  3008  of the sterile drape  3000 , carrying thermal energy away from the IDU  3002 . The heated air is then drawn through the interior  3008  of the sterile drape  3000  and exhausted into or at a secondary location  3010  remote from the robotic surgical arm  13120 . The secondary location  3010  can include, for example, an enclosure. In one aspect, the secondary location  3010  can include a smoke evacuation system to which the interior  3008  of the sterile drape  3000  is fluidically coupled. In another aspect, the secondary location  3010  can include atmosphere within a room or another such enclosure. 
     In addition to air-based cooling systems, the robotic surgical system  13000  could also include fluid-based cooling systems. For example,  FIG. 31  is a side elevational view of a robotic arm  13120  comprising a fluid-based cooling system for an IDU  3002  positioned within the sterile drape  3000 . In this aspect, the robotic surgical system  13000  can define a fluid circulation path coupled to the IDU  3002  and that extends at least partially through the robotic arm  13120 . The fluid circulation path can include a first tube  3012   a  configured to transport a cooling fluid (e.g., water) to the IDU  3002  and/or a heat exchanger coupled to the IDU  3002  and a second tube  3012   b  configured to transport the fluid heated by the IDU  3002  to a secondary location  3010 , as described above. 
     In other aspects, the IDU  3002  can be positioned externally to the sterile drape  3000  and can be configured to include a sealed cooling system enclosed from the sterile field. For example,  FIG. 32  is a perspective view of a fluid-based, enclosed cooling system for an IDU  3002  positioned externally to the sterile drape  3000 . In this aspect, the first tube  3012   a  and the second tube  3012   b  are fluidically coupled to a pair of connectors  3020  disposed on the carriage  3016  (or the sterile barrier thereof) that is configured to receive and secure the IDU  3002 . Further, the IDU  3002  likewise includes a pair of connectors  3018  disposed thereon. The IDU connectors  3018  can be fluidically coupled to the carriage connectors  3020  via a first connector tube  3014   a  and a second connector tube  3014   b , in order to fluidically couple the first tube  3012   a  and the second tube  3012   b  to the IDU  3002  for providing cooling fluid thereto and removing heated fluid therefrom for cooling the IDU  3002 . In operation, the first tube  3012   a  can transport cooling liquid through the sterile drape  3000  to the first connector tube  3014   a  via a carriage connector  3020 , which in turn transports the cooling liquid to the IDU  3002  through the corresponding IDU connector  3018 . The cooling fluid is then passed through a heat exchanger or other assembly for transferring thermal energy from the motors, electronics, and/or other components of the IDU  3002  to the cooling liquid. At that point, the heated liquid is transported to the second connector tube  3014   b  via the corresponding IDU connector  3018 , which in turn transports the heated liquid to the second tube  3012   b  via the corresponding carriage connector  3020 . The second tube  3012   b  then carries then heated liquid to the secondary location  3010 , as described above. The cooling system can thus be entirely fluidically isolated from the sterile environment. 
     In various aspects, the robotic surgical system  1300  could also be configured to include cooling air inlets and outlets within the robotic surgical assembly  40100  that are oriented to mitigate the intake of contaminants from the sterile field. For example, the air inlets and outlets can be oriented so that the air drawn into the cooling system is directed either obliquely relative to or away from the surgical site so as to not create a substantial air differential within the sterile field, reducing the intake of fluids or aerosols that may be present within the sterile field. 
     In various aspects, contamination of the surgical site, sterile field, and/or surgical theater by air-circulating cooling systems can be prevented by integrating thermal management elements within the electronics systems of the robotic surgical system  13000  and/or IDU  3002  that are sealed and/or isolated from the sterile field. Referring now to  FIGS. 33 and 34 , the electronics  3022  of the IDU  3002  (e.g., the integrated circuit  41120  in  FIG. 26 ) can be fluidically sealed to prevent contamination and/or exposure to particulates from air and/or fluid circulated through the IDU  3002  for cooling. In various aspects, a sealing layer  3024  can thus be defined about the IDU electronics  3022 . The sealing layer  3024  can include, for example, epoxy, acrylate, ultraviolet-curable adhesive, polyurethane, polysulfide (or other solidifying resin), silicone, fluorosilicone (or other suitable polymers or elastomers), or combinations thereof. The materials of the sealing layer  3024  can be deposited via potting or encapsulation techniques, for example. Sealing the electronics  3022  can inhibit cooling and/or exacerbate thermal buildup; therefore, the IDU  3002  can include various cooling elements to mitigate these deleterious effects. 
     As one example,  FIG. 33  illustrates an aspect including heat sink fins  3026  in thermal communication with the electronics  3022  and extending through the sealing layer  3024  for dispersing heat generated from the electronics  3022 . The heat radiated by the fins can then be dispersed from the IDU  3002  via air- or fluid-based cooling systems, as described above. In one aspect, the illustrated assembly could be fabricated by adhesively bonding the heat sink fins  3026  to the electronics  3022  via a thermally conductive material (in order to promote thermal communication between the electronics  3022  and the heat sink fins  3026 ) and the sealing layer  3024  can then be applied thereover to cover the electronics  3022  to create a fluid and air barrier, while still enabling the heat sink fins  3026  to be placed into an air- or fluid-based circulation path to allow for thermal transfer from the electronics  3022 . In one aspect, the heat sink fins  3026  can be positioned at or adjacent to a particular structure or set of structures for which additional cooling is desired. In yet another aspect, the heat sink fins  3026  can be positioned at or adjacent to components of the IDU  3002  other than or in addition to the electronics  3022 . For example, the heat sink fins  3026  could be integrated into the housing of the motor pack  40050  such that they are in thermal communication with the motors  41052 ,  41054 ,  41056 ,  41056  ( FIG. 27 ), or other components of the motor assembly  41114  ( FIG. 26 ). 
     As another example,  FIG. 34  illustrates as aspect including one or more conduits  3028  extending through the sealing layer  3024  and in thermal communication with the electronics  3022 . The conduits  3028  can be part of the circulation path of the cooling system and thus be fed cooling fluid from an inlet  3030  (e.g., coupled to the first tube  3012   a ) and remove the heated fluid via an outlet  3032  (e.g., coupled to the second tube  3012   b ). The conduits  3028  can extend through the sealing layer  3024  such that at least a portion of the walls of the conduits  3028  are in contact or thermal communication with the electronics  3022 . Accordingly, as the cooling fluid travels through the conduits  3028 , thermal energy is transferred from the electronics  3022  to the fluid, which is then removed from the IDU  3002  via the outlet  3032 . In one aspect, a cleaning solution can be introduced through the conduits  3028  to clean and sterilize the air or fluid circulation path of the cooling system, without contacting the electronics  3022 , motor assembly  41114 , and/or other components of the IDU  3002 . 
     In any of the aspects described above where the cooling systems include air or fluid circulated through the IDU  3002 , the cooling systems can additionally include pumps, blowers, tubing, and other components necessary for driving the air or fluid through the circulation path. The pumps, blowers, and other such components can be located locally with respect to the robotic arm  13120  or positioned remotely therefrom. 
     As another example, a Peltier cooling element could be integrated into the sealing layer  3024 . In one aspect, the Peltier cooling element could be positioned in proximity to a critical structure within the IDU  3002  for which it was especially desirable or difficult (e.g., due to engineering constraints) to cool. Thus, the Peltier cooling element could be used to extract heat from the critical structure and transfer the heat to areas, either within the IDU  3002  and/or outside of the IDU  3002 , with a higher convective heat transfer rate than the area at or around the critical structure. 
     In other aspects, cooling systems for the IDU  3002  can be integrated into the sterile barrier components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  for cooling the nonsterile components housed thereby. For example, in an aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 35 and 36  the sterile barrier housing  40130  configured to receive a motor pack  40050  can include one or more heat sink fins  3034  that extend through the wall of the sterile barrier housing  40130  and contact the motor pack  40050  (when the motor pack  40050  is positioned therein) for dispersing heat generated by the motor pack  40050 . In one aspect, the heat sink fins  3034  can further be biased towards the interior of the sterile barrier housing  40130  via, for example, springs  3036 . The biasing of the heat sink fins  3034  ensures that they physically contact, and are thus in thermal communication with, the motor pack  40050  to maintain heat conduction from the motor pack  40050  to the heat sink fins  3034 . The portion of the heat sink fins  3034  interior to the sterile barrier housing  40130  can further include a chamfered edge  3038  in order to slidably direct the motor pack  40050  into position within the sterile barrier housing  40130  as the motor pack  40050  is received thereby. Due to the physical contact between the heat sink fins  3034  and the motor pack  40050 , the heat sink fins  3034  absorb heat generated by the motor pack  40050  and then convectively disperse the absorb heat into the surrounding environment (e.g., the surgical theater) to cool the motor pack  40050  and the IDU  3002  as a whole. 
     Sterile Drape 
     As described above, a sterile drape  3000  may be utilized in conjunction with the robotic arm  13120  and/or robotic surgical assembly  40100  ( FIG. 26 ) to establish and maintain a sterile barrier between the patient  13013  ( FIG. 4 ), the surgical field, and/or the robotic surgical system  13000  ( FIG. 4 ). The sterile drape  3000  can be deployable in a variety of different manners for enshrouding the robotic arm  13120  and/or various components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . Furthermore, the sterile drape  3000  can include a variety of different materials and structures for communicating information to the surgical staff, such as whether the sterile drape  3000  has suffered a breach (due to, e.g., a puncture or abrasion). 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIG. 37 , a sterile drape  3000  can include one or more first connectors  3040  positioned along a first edge  3039  and one or more second connectors  3042 , which are configured to removably engage the first connectors  3040 , positioned along an opposing second edge  3041 . The first connectors  3040  can include male connectors and the second connectors  3042  can include corresponding female connectors, or vice versa, for example. The first connectors  3040  and the second connectors  3042  can be arranged such that, when they are joined together, the sterile drape  3000  can form a generally tubular structure that is shaped and dimensioned to enshroud a robotic arm  13120  and/or other component(s) of the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . The removable connectors  3040 ,  3042  can thereby allow the sterile drape  3000  to be secured about the robotic arm  13120  and/or robotic surgical assembly  40100  after the sterile components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  (i.e., the sterile barrier housing  40130  for the motor pack  40050  and the sterile shell or barrier  40060  for the carriage  40042 ) are secured in place. The connectors  3040 ,  3042  can include a variety of different types and configurations of connectors or closure elements. For example, in the aspect illustrated in  FIG. 38A , the connectors  3040 ,  3042  can define a single, inter-meshable closure positioned longitudinally along the edges  3039 ,  3041  of the sterile drape  3000  that is joinable in the manner of a zip fastener. As another example, in the aspect illustrated in  FIG. 38A , the connectors  3040 ,  3042  can define corresponding male and female snap features that are positioned at discrete locations along the edges  3039 ,  3041  of the sterile drape  3000 . 
     In one aspect, the sterile drape  3000  can further include an adhesive layer positioned along at last one of the edges  3039 ,  3041  of the sterile drape  3000 . In operation, the adhesive layer could be exposed and then adhered over the connectors  3040 ,  3042  to provide additional securement to the line of connection of the sterile drape  3000 . In another aspect, the sterile drape  3000  can further include protuberances or grips located at or adjacent to the connectors  3040 ,  3042  in order to assist users in bringing the opposing edges  3039 ,  3041  of the sterile drape  3000  together and aligning the respective connectors  3040 ,  3042  while maintaining sterile technique. 
     In one aspect, the sterile drape  3000  can include a plurality of interlocking segments that are detachably connectable together to conform to a robotic arm  13120 . Such combinations of interlocking segments can allow a robotic arm  13120  to be progressively barriered off, for example. For example,  FIGS. 39A and 39B  illustrate a sterile barrier  3000  that includes a first segment  3000   a , a second segment  3000   b , a third segment  3000   c , and a fourth segment  3000   d  that are detachably connectable together at connection points  3044 . Each of the segments  3000   a ,  3000   b ,  3000   c ,  3000   d  of the sterile drape  3000  can be dimensioned or otherwise configured to conform to a specific portion or component of the robotic arm assembly. Further, although the sterile drape  3000  is illustrated as including four segments  3000   a ,  3000   b ,  3000   c ,  3000   d  in  FIGS. 39A-39C , this is simply for illustrative purposes and the sterile drape  3000  can, in various aspects, have any number of segments  3000   a ,  3000   b ,  3000   c ,  3000   d . In one aspect, the corresponding segments can be connected both to each other and the robotic arm  13120  at the connection points  3044 . For example, the robotic arm  13120  can include a first connector  3046  (e.g., a male connector) that is configured to engage with a corresponding second connector  3048  (e.g., a female connector) disposed on one of the sterile drape segments (which is the second segment  3000   b  in the detail view shown in  FIG. 39B ). That sterile drape segment can then also include a third connector  3050  (e.g., a male connector) that is configured to engage with a corresponding fourth connector (e.g., a female connector) disposed on the corresponding sterile drape segment (which is the first segment  3000   a  in the detail view shown in  FIG. 39B ). Further, the sterile drape segments can be constructed in different manners. For example, some of the sterile drape segments could include tubular structures (e.g., the first segment  3000   a  and the third segment  3000   b ), whereas other sterile drape segments could include flat structures that are folded over and sealed together (e.g., the second segment  3000   b  could include a flat segment that with opposing ends that are sealed around the Y-shaped junction between opposing members of the robotic arm  13120 ). 
     In other aspects, the sterile barrier  3000  can include segments having elastic sleeves at their the open ends, which enable a tight fit around the robotic arm  13120  in the regions where the sterile drape segments overlap and allow for attachment to hard plastic barrier component. The hard plastic barrier component(s) could include a circular groove that could serve as an attachment point for the elastic sleeve portion and would prevent slippage of the elastic sleeve with respect thereto. In still other aspects, the sterile barrier  3000  can include segments having accordion-like folds at joint and elbow locations, which can provide flexibility to the sterile drape  3000  without stretching or potentially damaging the sterile drape  3000 . 
     In one aspect, one or more sterile drape modules can be detachably connected to the sterile drape  3000  for supplementing or augmenting the sterile drape  3000 . For example,  FIGS. 39A and 39C  illustrate a module  3054  including a blower  3056  that is configured to transport air from a first location (e.g., within the sterile barrier  3000 ) to a second location via an outlet  3058 . The module  3054  can be configured to facilitate air movement through the sterile barrier  3000  for cooling of the robotic surgical assembly, for example. 
     The sterile barrier  3000  can include a variety of different modules and attachment points for facilitating the attachment of devices thereto. For example, in one aspect illustrated in  FIG. 40 , the sterile drape  43704  may be provided between a patient side cart (not shown), particularly over the manipulator arms  43140 , and the surgical instrument (not shown) in order to create a sterile boundary between the sterile field, which may include a sterile adapter  43700  of the actuation interface assembly  43706  to which a sterile surgical instrument is attached, and the non-sterile patient side cart. The sterile adapter  43700  of the sterile drape  43704  can include actuation interface assemblies  43706  that are configured to engage with transmission mechanisms provided at a proximal end of the surgical instruments. The surgical instrument and the actuation interface assembly  43706  may be mechanically and electrically connected to be able to operate the instrument. 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 41A-41D , multiple sterile drapes  3000  can be provided as a set that are detachably connected to each other at their proximal ends  3066  via, for example, perforated edges, zip fasteners, and other connectors or lines of connection. Accordingly, users can deploy a sterile drape  3000  on a robotic arm  13120  by drawing one of sterile drapes  3000  from the set over the robotic arm  13120  and then detaching the deployed sterile drape  3000  from the remaining members of the set, as is shown in  FIGS. 41B-41D . The sterile drape  3000  can further include a rip cord  3060  coupled to a line of connection  3062  extending longitudinally along the sterile drape  3000 . The rip cord  3060  can be configured to release the line of connection  3062  (as shown in  FIG. 41B ), opening the sterile drape  3000  lengthwise and thereby allowing the sterile drape  3000  to be released from the robotic arm  13120  on which it is deployed (as shown in  FIG. 41C ) in a convenient manner. Thereafter, a replacement sterile drape  3000  can be deployed along the robotic arm  13120  (as shown in  FIG. 41D ). 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 42A-42C , the sterile drape  3000  can be deployable from a container  3064  or cartridge that is positionable at the base of the robotic arm  13120  or is integral to the robotic arm  13120 . In this aspect, the container  3064  can house a set of sterile drapes  3000  that are detachably connected to each other at their proximal ends  3066  via, for example, perforated edges, zip fasteners, a rip cord (such as the rip cord  3060  described above), and other connectors or lines of connection. Accordingly, users can replace a sterile drape  3000  deployed on a robotic arm  13120  by withdrawing a new sterile drape  3000  from the container  3064  after or as the currently deployed sterile drape  3000  is removed, as is shown in  FIGS. 42B and 42C . The sterile drape  3000  can further include a rip cord  3060 , as described above in connection with  FIGS. 41A-41D . 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 43A and 43B , the sterile drape  3000  a skeleton  3068  configured to structurally reinforce the sterile drape  3000 . The skeleton  3068  can include structures that are positioned along an interior surface, along an exterior surface, and/or positioned between layers of the sterile drape  3000 . In the illustrated aspect, the skeleton  3068  includes a rigid or semi-rigid helical structure oriented coaxially with the sterile drape  3000 . The helical structure can be circular, ellipsoidal, rectangular, or any other shape in cross-section that conforms to the profile of the robotic arm  13120  with which the sterile drape  3000  is to be utilized. The skeleton  3068  can be beneficial in order to, for example, make the sterile drape  3000  easier to snake around joints than sterile drapes  3000  lacking the skeleton  3068 . Further, in aspects where the skeleton  3068  is utilized in conjunction with a segmented sterile barrier (e.g., such as the sterile barrier  3000  illustrated in  FIG. 39A ), the shape, structure, and/or configuration of the skeleton  3068  can be customized for the particular section of the robotic arm  13120  and/or robotic surgical assembly  40100  over which that section is to be deployed. 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIG. 44 , the sterile barrier  3000  can include one or more joint sections  3070 . The joint sections  3070  can be constructed from a material, have a particular arrangement or structure, or otherwise be configured to promote bending of the sterile drape  3000  at their locations as compared to the remaining portions of the sterile drape  3000 . For example, the joint sections  3070  can define gaps or a lack of the presence of a skeleton  3068 . Further, the joint sections  3070  can be positioned at regular or irregular intervals along the length of the sterile drape  3000 , for example. In one aspect, the joint sections  3070  can be positioned at locations corresponding to the locations of the joints of the robotic arm  13120  for which the sterile drape  3000  is intended to be utilized, thereby allowing the sterile drape  3000  to closely conform to the arrangement of the arm sections of the robotic arm  13120 . 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 45A and 45B , the sterile barrier  3000  can be configured to indicate when a liquid  3076  (e.g., body fluid) has breached the sterile barrier  3000 . In the illustrated example, the sterile barrier  3000  includes a first or exterior layer  3072  and a second or interior layer  3074 . The exterior layer  3072  can include a clear or translucent material. The interior layer  3074  can be configured to change color upon contact with moisture. For example, the interior layer  3074  can include a moisture-detecting dye. Accordingly, when a breach  3078  has formed in at least the exterior layer  3072  and liquid  3076  has come in contact with the interior layer  3074 , the portions  3080  of the interior layer  3074  coming in contact with the liquid  3076  are configured to change color. Therefore, the sterile barrier  3000  creates a visual indication  3082  that the sterile barrier  3000  has been breached and potentially contaminated by a liquid  3076  so that users can take corrective action (e.g., sealing the breach or having the robotic arm  13120  and/or other components of the robotic surgical system  13000  cleaned). 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 46A-46D , the sterile barrier  3000  can be configured to visually indicate when a breach  3088  has occurred in the sterile barrier  3000  or the surface of the sterile barrier  3000  has otherwise been physically disturbed. In the illustrated example, the sterile barrier  3000  includes a plurality of air- or fluid-filled pockets  3084  positioned along a surface  3086  of the sterile barrier  3000 . The pockets  3084  can include, for example, regularly spaced, protruding, air-filled hemispheres. Accordingly, when a breach  3088  has formed in the sterile barrier  3000 , the pockets  3084  deflate or collapse and thereby create a visual indication that the sterile barrier  300  has been breached so that users can take corrective action. 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 47A-47C , the sterile barrier  3000  can be configured to be pressurized or inflated from an air source  3090  in order to indicate when a breach  3091  has occurred in the sterile barrier  3000 . In the illustrated example, the sterile barrier  3000  can be configured to be airtight (or substantially airtight) when deployed on a robotic arm  13120  and can be pressurized via an air source  3090  that is fluidically couplable to the sterile barrier  3000 . In various aspects, the air source  3090 , sterile barrier  3000 , robotic arm  13120 , and/or another component of the robotic surgical system  13000  can include an air pressure sensor for sensing the internal air pressure of the sterile barrier  3000 . Accordingly, when a breach  3091  has formed in the sterile barrier  3000 , the sterile barrier  3000  can be depressurized and at least partially deflate, as illustrated in  FIG. 47B . The robotic surgical system  13000  can be configured to sense this depressurization based on the sensed air pressure profile of the sterile barrier. In one aspect, the control device  13004  ( FIG. 4 ) can be communicably connected to the air pressure sensor for receiving air pressure data therefrom. For example,  FIG. 47C  illustrates a prophetic graph  3092  where the vertical axis  3094  represents air pressure and the horizontal axis  3096  represents time. A first line  3098  indicates a surgical procedure where the sterile barrier  3000  was inflated from an initial pressure P 1  until it reached an operating pressure P 2  at t 1 . As can be seen, the first line  3098  maintains a flat profile until the sterile barrier  3000  begins being deflated at t 2  (which can represent the completion of the surgical procedure, for example). Therefore, it can be determined that the sterile barrier  3000  did not suffer a breach during the surgical procedure. Conversely, a second line  3100  indicates a surgical procedure where the sterile barrier  3000  was inflated to an operating pressure P 2 , but then suffered a breach at a point after t 1 , resulting in the air pressure of the sterile barrier  3000  decreasing prematurely. Therefore, it can be determined that the sterile barrier  3000  did suffer a breach  3091  during the surgical procedure. In this way, monitoring the internal air pressure of a pressurized sterile barrier  3000  can be utilized to monitor for breaches  3091 . Once a breach  3091  has been detected, the robotic surgical system  13000  (or a control device  13004  thereof) can be configured to provide a notification to the users (e.g., via a display device  13006  ( FIG. 4 )) or take some other corrective action (e.g., increase the air-flow rate provided by the air source  3090  to attempt to compensate for the breach  3091 ). 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 48A-48D , the sterile barrier  3000  can be configured to indicate whether a threshold temperature was reached or exceeded. In the illustrated example, the sterile barrier  3000  includes a first or exterior layer  3102  and a second or interior layer  3104 . The exterior layer  3102  can include a clear or translucent material. The interior layer  3104  can be configured to change color upon reaching or exceeding a threshold temperature T max . For example, the interior layer  3074  can include a thermosensitive or thermochromic dye that is configured to change color upon reaching the threshold temperature T max . The thermochromic dye can be applied to the interior layer  3074  in the form of microcapsules, for example. In one aspect, the thermosensitive dye can be configured to permanently change color upon reaching the threshold temperature T max  to visually alert users as to whether the sterile shield  3000  has ever been exposed to a temperature reaching the threshold temperature T max . For example,  FIG. 48D  illustrates a prophetic graph  9106  where the vertical axis  3108  represents the temperature experienced by the sterile barrier  3000  and the horizontal axis  3110  represents time. A line  3112  indicates the temperature experienced by the sterile barrier  3000  during the course of a particular surgical procedure. At time t 1  the temperature reaches or exceeds the temperature threshold T max , thereby causing the sterile barrier  3000  to transition from a first color (or translucent), as shown in  FIG. 48B , to a second color, as shown in  FIG. 48C . The color change can visually indicate that the sterile barrier  3000  has been exposed to temperatures outside of its acceptable operating range so that users can, for example, take corrective action. 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 49A-48C , the sterile barrier  3000  can be configured to self-heal breaches  3120 . In the illustrated example, the sterile barrier  3000  includes a first or interior layer  3114 , a third or exterior layer  3118 , and a second layer  3116  sandwiched between the first and third layers  3114 ,  3118 . The second layer  3116  can include a material that is configured to heal breaches  3120 , such as a liquid or gel polymer that is configured to crosslink and solidify when exposed to air. Accordingly, when a breach  3120  has formed in at least one of the first or second layers  3114 ,  3118  of the sterile barrier  3000  (as shown in  FIG. 49B ), the material from the second layer  3116  advances into the space opened by the breach  3120 , at which point it is exposed to air and forms a plug  3122  and thereby heals the breach  3120  (as shown in  FIG. 49C ). It can be useful for sterile barriers  3000  to include some type of self-healing mechanism in order to prevent or mitigate contamination of components enshrouded by the sterile barrier  3000  when a breach  3120  has occurred. 
     In one aspect illustrated in  FIG. 50 , the sterile barrier  3000  can be configured to visually indicate when a breach  3126  has occurred in the sterile barrier  3000 . In the illustrated example, the sterile barrier  3000  can include a first or exterior layer  3123  that is a first color and a second or interior layer  3124  that is a second color. The exterior layer  3123  can additionally be constructed from an opaque material such that the interior layer  3124  is not visible unless a breach  3126  is formed in the exterior layer  3123 . Accordingly, when the sterile barrier  3000  suffers a breach  3126 , the interior layer  3124 , which is a different color from the exterior layer  3123 , is revealed, visually indicating the presence of the breach  3126 . In one aspect, the color of the interior layer  3124  can be selected such that it highly contrasts or is especially visible against the color of the exterior layer  3123 . 
     Robotic Surgical Attachment Assemblies 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 51-53 , the robotic surgical assembly  43600  of the robotic surgical system  13000  ( FIG. 4 ) includes an instrument drive unit or housing  43610  supporting a motor assembly or motor pack  43050 , as described above under the heading ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLY. The housing  43610  of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  includes a connector assembly  43540 . 
     A collar assembly or sterile interface module  43630  is provided for selectively interconnecting the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and an electromechanical surgical instruments  43250 . In general, the sterile interface module  43630  functions to provide an interface between the instrument drive unit or housing  43610  and an electromechanical surgical instrument  43250 . This sterile interface module  43250  advantageously maintains sterility, provides a means to transmit electrical communication between the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and the electromechanical surgical instrument  43250 , provides a means for transferring rotational force from the robotic surgical assembly  43600  to the electromechanical surgical instrument  43250  for performing a function with the electromechanical surgical instrument  43250 , and/or provides a means to selectively attach/remove the electromechanical surgical instrument  43250  to the robotic surgical assembly  43600  (e.g., for rapid instrument exchange). 
     The collar assembly or sterile interface module  43630  includes electrical connectors  43532   a ,  43532   b  and an electrical ribbon  43534  coupled between the electrical connectors  43532   a ,  43532   b  to provide electrical communication between the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and any electromechanical surgical instrument, such as electromechanical surgical instrument  43250 , coupled thereto. 
     Ring member  43550  is configured for rotatable attachment to a distal end of the connector assembly  43640  (e.g., via snap fit) of the IDU or housing  43610 . The sterile drape  43552  can be arranged as desired about the housing  43610 , the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and the robotic arms  13002 ,  13003  ( FIG. 4 ) to provide a sterile barrier between the various aforementioned components and/or the surgical site/fluids and the electromechanical surgical instruments  43250 , as is described above. 
     The first and second drive transfer assemblies  43668 ,  43670  of the sterile interface module  43630  include respective drive couplers  43668   a ,  43670   a  defining coupling ends  43668   b ,  43670   b  engagable with coupling ends  41052   c ,  41054   c ,  41056   c ,  41058   c  ( FIG. 27 ) of respective motor couplers  41052   b ,  41054   b ,  41056   b ,  41058   b  ( FIG. 27 ) of the motor assembly  41114  ( FIG. 26 ) supported within the housing  43610 . The first and second drive transfer assemblies  43668 ,  43670  further include transfer shafts (not shown) that extend to a respective instrument engagement end (e.g., a gear or the like with distally extending teeth) at a distal end thereof for transmitting drive motions from the motor assembly  41114  to the electromechanical surgical instrument  43250  for driving various functions thereof. 
     Additional detail regarding coupling arrangements for robotic surgical assemblies and/or IDUs can be found in U.S. International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/033899, published as WO2017205308A1, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     As can be seen, the surgical system  13000  includes a number of different connection points between components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and between the electromechanical surgical instrument  43250  and the robotic surgical assembly  43600 . If any one of these components is not fully connected or seated to the corresponding component or components to which it is connectable, such incomplete connections can cause failures of the surgical system  13000  and unsafe operational conditions. Therefore, it can be desirable for various attachment assemblies of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  to promote connections between the components, only permit activation of the robotic arm  13120  or other powered components of the surgical system  13000  until all of the components are properly connected together, and otherwise ensure that each of the components and/or the electromechanical surgical instrument  43250  are fully connected together. 
     In one aspect, the various components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and/or surgical instrument  43250  can include connectors biased to resist connection between the corresponding connectable components (i.e., driving the components apart) up to a point at which the bias reverses, biasing the components into complete coupling between each other. For example, the aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 54A-54D  demonstrates a biased coupling arrangement between the sterile interface module  43630  and the surgical instrument  43250 . In this example, the sterile interface module  43630  includes a ramped surface  2300  that is dimensioned to receive a corresponding ramped surface  2302  of the surgical instrument  43250 . Further, the module ramped surface  2300  includes a biasing element  3204  and the instrument ramped surface  3202  includes a corresponding recess  3206  that is configured to receive and retain the biasing element  3204  therein when the surgical instrument  43250  is fully seated to the sterile interface module  43630 . It should be noted that in other aspects, the positions of the biasing element  3204  and the recess  3206  can be interchanged with each other. Accordingly, as the instrument ramped surface  3202  begins to be slid into position relative to the module ramped surface  3200  (as shown in  FIG. 54B ), the biasing element  3204  is configured to bear against a portion of the instrument ramped surface  3202  and provide a physical resistance to the continued insertion of the instrument ramped surface  3202  (as shown in  FIG. 54C ). However, as the biasing element  3204  gives way under an increased load from the insertion of the instrument ramped surface  3202 , the instrument ramped surface  3202  reaches a point at which it can be slid further past the module ramped surface  3200  without restriction from the biasing element  3204 . At that point, the biasing element  3204  snaps into engagement with the recess  3206  and thereby securely holds the surgical instrument  43250  in firm engagement with the sterile interface module  43630  (as shown in  FIG. 54D ). In one aspect, the position at which the biasing element  3204  securely engages the recess  3206  of the surgical instrument  43250  can correspond to the position at which the module electrical contacts  3210  are aligned and communicatively coupled to the corresponding instrument electrical contacts  3212  to ensure proper data and signal transmission between the sterile interface module  43630  and the surgical instrument  43250 . It should be noted that although this example depicts a biased coupling arrangement between the sterile interface module  43630  and the surgical instrument  43250 , this example was simply for illustrative purposes and the above concepts apply equally to coupling arrangements between any other components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600 . 
     In one aspect, the various components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and/or surgical instrument  43250  can include connectors having electronic or electrical lockouts for detecting when components are fully connected together. For example, the aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 55A-55C  demonstrates a biased coupling arrangement between the sterile interface module  43630  and the surgical instrument  43250 . In this example, the surgical instrument  43250  includes a first electrical contact  3214  disposed at its module engagement end and the sterile interface module  43630  includes a second electrode contact  3216  positioned such that it physically contacts the first electrical contact  3214  only when the surgical instrument  43250  is fully seated to the sterile interface module  43630 . In one aspect, one or more of the electrical contacts  3214 ,  3216  can be biased to make contact with the opposing electrical contact  3214 ,  3216 . In another aspect, the electrical contacts  3214 ,  3216  can be oriented such that they are the last electrical connection that is made between the components being coupled together (in this case, the sterile interface module  43630  and the surgical instrument  43250 ) during the attachment process. Therefore, as soon as the electrical circuit between the electrical contacts  3214 ,  3216  is completed, the robotic surgical system  13000  can be assured that the surgical instrument  43250  is fully seated on the sterile interface module  43630 . In one aspect, an ID chip or control circuit of the surgical instrument  43250  can be powered on by the contact between the electrical contacts  3214 ,  3216  and the control device  13004  of the robotic surgical system  13000  can be configured to transmit a query for response by the ID chip. Accordingly, once the control device  13004  receives a response to its query, the control device  13004  can be assured that the surgical instrument  43250  is fully seated on the sterile interface module  43630 . The control device  13004  can thereafter permit the robotic surgical system  13000  to be fully activated or operated. In another aspect, the surgical instrument  43250  can include a control program and/or set of parameters defining how the surgical instrument  43250  is to be operated by the robotic surgical system  13000 . The control program and/or set of parameters can be required for operation of the surgical instrument  43250 , for example. Since transmission of the control program and/or set of parameters is/are required to operate the surgical instrument  43250  in this example, the control device  13004  can therefore prevent the surgical system  13000  from being activated or operated until the electrical circuit between the electrical contacts  3214 ,  3216  is completed. Once the control program and/or set of parameters is/are received, then the control device  13004  can customize the motor controllers for the surgical instrument  43250  as dictated by the control program and/or set of parameters and then permit the activation or operation of the robotic surgical system  13000 . It should be noted that although this example depicts a lockout coupling arrangement between the sterile interface module  43630  and the surgical instrument  43250 , this example was simply for illustrative purposes and the above concepts apply equally to coupling arrangements between any other components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600 . 
     A control circuit, such as the processor  15004  of the robotic surgical system  15000  illustrated in  FIG. 22 , can be configured to monitor an attachment assembly, such as the attachment assembly illustrated in  FIGS. 55A-55C , for connecting two modules and control power to the robotic arm  13120  accordingly. The modules monitored by the control circuit can include any combination of components of the surgical robotic assembly  43600  and/or a surgical instrument  43250 . For example, the processor  15004  can be configured to execute the process  3218  illustrated in  FIG. 56 . The process  3218  can be embodied as, for example, instructions stored in a memory  15006  coupled to the processor  15004  that, when executed by the processor  15004 , cause the robotic surgical system  15000  to perform the process  3218 . 
     Accordingly, the processor  15004  executing the process  3218  can determine whether alignment of the electrical contact(s) has been completed. For example, the processor  15004  can determine whether a circuit has been completed by opposing electrical contacts  3214 ,  3216  or whether a module (e.g., a surgical instrument  43250 ) is responsive to a query generated by the processor  15004 , as described above. If the electrical contacts have not been aligned, then the process  3218  proceeds along the NO branch and the processor  15004  determines  3222  that the module is not fully seated and then continues monitoring for alignment of the electrical contacts. If the electrical contacts have been aligned, then the process  3218  proceeds along the YES branch and the processor  15004  determines  3224  that the module is fully seated. Accordingly, the processor  15004  then administers power  3226  to the robotic arm  13120  or otherwise permits the robotic arm  13120  to be operated by a user. 
     Robotic Surgical Detection Assemblies 
     As noted above with respect to  FIGS. 51-53 , the robotic surgical system  13000  includes a number of different connection points between components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and between the electromechanical surgical instrument  43250  and the robotic surgical assembly  43600 . Each of these connection points represents a potential failure point if a component of the robotic surgical system  13000  or the surgical instrument  43250  is improperly connected or misaligned. Improperly connected or misaligned components can cause failures of the surgical system  13000  and unsafe operational conditions. Therefore, it can be desirable for the robotic surgical system  13000  to include detection systems to ensure proper connections and alignment of components. In response to detecting an improper or misaligned connection, the robotic surgical system  13000  can take various actions, including providing alerts or prompts to users or preventing the robotic surgical system  13000  (or components thereof) from being activated until all components or the relevant components of the robotic surgical system  13000  are properly connected together. For example, the robotic surgical system  13000  can prevent the motor pack  40050  from activating until the electromechanical surgical instrument  43250  is properly connected to the robotic surgical assembly  43600 . The robotic surgical system  13000  can, in various aspects, be configured to detect coupling between corresponding components based upon detecting the presence of the components with respect to each other, detecting an actual coupling between components (e.g., via a continuity circuit, as described below), or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the robotic surgical system  13000  can control the components and/or provide alerts based on the detection of proper coupling between the components and knowledge of at least one more piece of information, such as firing status, cartridge authentication, cartridge identification, analysis for suitability of cartridge selection (e.g., based on situational awareness, as is described above), and so on. 
     In one aspect, the various components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and/or surgical instrument  43250  can include sensors configured to detect proximity and physical mating between corresponding components thereof. For example, in the aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 57A and 57B , the sterile shell or barrier  40060  can include a sensor assembly configured to detect whether a corresponding detection element is within a threshold proximity to the sensor assembly (or a particular sensor thereof). In the illustrated aspect, the sterile shell  40060  comprises a set of four sensors  3230   a ,  3230   b ,  3230   c ,  3230   d . This aspect further includes a corresponding detection element assembly that is configured to be detected by the sensor assembly. In the illustrated aspect, the IDU  43610  includes a first detection element  3228   a , the ring member  43550  includes a second detection element  3228   b , the sterile interface module  43630  includes a third detection element  3228   c , and the surgical instrument  43250  includes a fourth detection element  3228   d  disposed thereon. The first sensor  3230   a  is configured to detect the first detection element  3228   a , the second sensor  3230   b  is configured to detect the second detection element  3228   b , and so on. It should be understood that the sensor assembly is not limited to this particular number and arrangement of the sensors  3230   a ,  3230   b ,  3230   c ,  3230   d  and/or detection elements  3228   a ,  3228   b ,  3228   c ,  3228   d  as this aspect is simply for purposes of illustrating the concepts discussed herein. The sensors  3230   a ,  3230   b ,  3230   c ,  3230   d  can include any type of sensor configured to detect the presence of a corresponding detection element within a threshold proximity thereof. For example, the sensors  3230   a ,  3230   b ,  3230   c ,  3230   d  can include Hall effect sensors and the detection elements  3228   a ,  3228   b ,  3228   c ,  3228   d  can include magnets. As another example, the sensors  3230   a ,  3230   b ,  3230   c ,  3230   d  can include RFID readers and the detection elements  3228   a ,  3228   b ,  3228   c ,  3228   d  can include (passive or active) RFID tags. In certain examples, the sensors may comprise proximity sensors (e.g., ultrasonic, IR, inductive, capacitive, photoelectric, hall effect senor, etc.). In certain examples the sensors comprise pressure sensors such as, for example, piezoresistive, capacitive, strain gauges, or any other suitable sensor type, including combinations thereof. 
     Further, the components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and/or surgical instrument  43250  can include corresponding sets of electrical contacts  3231   a - 3231   h  are properly paired that are configured to detect proper mating and alignment between the components described above in connection with  FIGS. 55A-55C . As illustrated in  FIG. 57B , for example, proper pairing is achieved between the electrical contacts  3231   a ,  3231   b , between the electrical contacts  3231   c ,  3231   d , and between the electrical contacts  3231   e ,  3231   f , but not the electrical contacts  3231   g ,  3231   h . In various aspects, proper pairing, or lack of proper pairing, between corresponding ones of the electrical contacts  3231   a - 3231   h  can be detected by applying a voltage to electrical circuits that are formed by proper pairing of the electrical contacts  3231   a - 3231   h , and detecting current through the electrical circuits. Other suitable techniques for detecting proper pairing of the electrical contacts  3231   a - 3231   h  are contemplated by the present disclosure. 
     In one aspect, the interfaces between the surgical instrument  43250  and/or the robotic surgical assembly  40100  can be temperature-dependent. For example, the electrical contacts  3231   a - 3231   h  can include conductive rings disposed on the surgical instrument  43250  and/or the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . The conductive rings can be separated by a gap, but electrically coupled with a shape memory alloy that is configured to operate within a certain operating temperature, for example. If the component on which the conductive rings are disposed is heated beyond the operating temperature of the shape memory alloy, the shape memory alloy changes shape, thereby breaking the electrical coupling between the components and disengaging the components from each other. 
     In one aspect, the electrical contacts  3231   a - 3231   h  can include a series of springs configured to contact the corresponding components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  and/or the surgical instrument  43250  and inductance can be measured on the springs to determine proper coupling of the components. In particular, when the components are properly coupled, the components can compresses the springs, thereby changing the inductance, which can be measured by a control circuit coupled to the electrical contacts  3231   a - 3231   h . Accordingly, the control circuit can compare the change in inductance between the various springs of the electrical contacts  3231   a - 3231   h  and then control could various components of the robotic surgical system  13000  based on whether an inductance change for a spring or set of springs differs from the average of the springs and/or a baseline or threshold change in value. For example, the control circuit could determine or measure the inductance associated with a given spring for an electrical contact, compare the determined inductance to a threshold, and then enable or disable the motor pack  40050  according to the comparison between the determined inductance and the threshold. In this way, the springs could serve as switches to enable or disable the motor pack  40050 . 
     A control circuit, such as the processor  15004  of the robotic surgical system  15000  illustrated in  FIG. 22 , can be configured to monitor a detection assembly, such as the detection assembly illustrated in  FIGS. 57A and 57B . For example, the processor  15004  can be communicatively coupled to the sensors  3230   a ,  3230   b ,  3230   c ,  3230   d  described above. The modules monitored by the control circuit can include any combination of components of the surgical robotic assembly  43600  and/or a surgical instrument  43250 . For example, the processor  15004  can be configured to execute the process  3232  illustrated in  FIG. 58 . The process  3232  can be embodied as, for example, instructions stored in a memory  15006  coupled to the processor  15004  that, when executed by the processor  15004 , cause the robotic surgical system  15000  to perform the process  3232 . 
     Accordingly, the processor  15004  executing the process  3232  can determine  3234  whether mating components (e.g., the IDU  43610 , ring member  43550 , sterile interface module  43630 , or surgical instrument  43250 ) are within a sensed proximity to one another based on signals from the sensors  3230   a ,  3230   b ,  3230   c ,  3230   d . If proximity of mating components is not sensed, then the process  3232  proceeds along the NO branch and the processor  15004  causes  3236  a display (e.g., a surgeon console&#39;s display  15014  ( FIG. 22 )) to display that the component is missing and/or instructions for assembling the robotic surgical system  13000 . 
     If proximity of mating components is sensed, then the process  3232  proceeds along the YES branch and the processor  15004  determines  3238  whether an electrical connection is detected by determining whether electrical connections  3231   a - 3231   h  are properly paired. The processor  15004  can make this determination via the attachment assembly described in  FIGS. 55A-55C , for example. If an electrical connection is not detect, but proximity of mating components is sensed, the process concludes that the components are improperly connected, and the process  3232  proceeds along the NO branch causing  3240  a display to alert a user that the component is incorrectly coupled and/or instructions for unlocking and reassembling the components. If an electrical connection is detected, then the process  3232  proceeds along the YES branch and the processor  15004  receives  3242  the serial number and/or operational parameters from the surgical instrument  43250  for the operation of the surgical instrument  43250  by the surgical system  13000 . 
     In one aspect, various components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and/or surgical instrument  43250  can include a continuity circuit to determine when the components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and/or surgical instrument  43250  are coupled together. For example, the aspect of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  illustrated in  FIG. 59  includes a continuity circuit assembly configured to detect when the carriage shell  40060  is seated to the carriage  40042 , the ring connector  40171  (or another component of the sterile barrier collar assembly  40170  illustrated in  FIG. 23  or the collar assembly  43630  illustrated in  FIGS. 51-53 ) is seated to the carriage shell  40060 , the sterile barrier housing  40130  is seated to the ring connector  40171 , and the cap  40134  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  is closed. 
     In the example illustrated in  FIG. 59 , the carriage  40042  includes a first continuity circuit portion  3250 ; the carriage shell  40060  includes second, third, and fourth continuity circuit portions  3252 ,  3254 ,  3256 ; the ring connector  40171  includes a fifth continuity circuit portion  3258 ; and the sterile barrier housing  40130  includes sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth continuity circuit portions  3260 ,  3262 ,  3264 ,  3266 . The second, third, and fourth continuity circuit portions  3252 ,  3254 ,  3256  of the carriage shell  40060  are electrically coupled together. In one aspect, the second, third, and fourth continuity circuit portions  3252 ,  3254 ,  3256  can be different portions of a single continuity circuit extending through the carriage shell  40060 . Likewise, the sixth, seventh, and eighth continuity circuit portions  3260 ,  3262 ,  3264  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  are electrically coupled together. In one aspect, the sixth, seventh, and eighth continuity circuit portions  3260 ,  3262 ,  3264  can be different portions of a single continuity circuit extending through the sterile barrier housing  40130 . 
     The first continuity circuit portion  3250  is positioned to contact and electrically connect to the second continuity circuit portion  3252  disposed on the carriage shell  40060  when the carriage shell  40060  is seated on the carriage  40042 . The third continuity circuit portion  3254  is positioned to contact and electrically connect to the fifth continuity circuit portion  3258  disposed on the ring connect  40171  when the ring connect  40171  is seated on the carriage shell  40060 . The fourth continuity circuit portion  3256  is positioned to contact and electrically connect to the seventh continuity circuit portion  3262  disposed on the sterile barrier housing  40130  when the sterile barrier housing  40130  is seated on the carriage shell  40060 . The fifth continuity circuit portion  3258  is positioned to contact and electrically connect to the sixth continuity circuit portion  3260  disposed on the sterile barrier housing  40130  when the sterile barrier housing  40130  is seated on the ring connector  40171 . The eighth continuity circuit portion  3264  is positioned to contact and electrically connect to a ninth continuity circuit portion  3266  disposed on the cap  40134  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  when the cap  40134  is in the closed position. Accordingly, when each of the illustrated components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are properly seated together and the cap  40134  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  is in the closed position, the various circuit portions form a continuous electrical connection. 
     Accordingly, in one aspect, a control circuit coupled to the illustrated continuity circuit assembly can be configured to transmit a signal through the continuity circuit assembly at a first point and then control the robotic surgical system  15000  according to whether the signal is received at a second point. If the control circuit does not receive the input signal, that would indicate that one or more components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are not properly seated to each other and/or that the cap  40134  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  is open. If the control circuit does receive the input signal, that would indicate that all of the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are properly connected and the cap  40134  is closed. In another aspect, the control circuit can be configured to apply a voltage to the continuity circuit assembly and determine whether the continuity circuit assembly is an open circuit or a closed circuit. An open circuit would indicate that one or more components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are not properly seated to each other and/or that the cap  40134  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  is open. A closed circuit would indicate that all of the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are properly connected and the cap  40134  is closed. The control circuit can then control the robotic surgical system  15000  according to the engagement status between the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . For example, the control circuit could prevent the robotic arm to which the robotic surgical assembly  40100  is coupled from activating or moving unless it determines that all of the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are properly connected together. 
     In various examples, each of the continuity circuit portions described above comprises a unique resistive element with a different resistance, which can be connected in parallel or in series circuit. The resistive elements are configured to form a part of the continuity circuit only when their respective components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are properly connected. Accordingly, the resistive elements form a series of interruptible interconnections that provide a different detected value depending on which portion of the series is interrupted. A control circuit can determine which control circuit portion is interrupted based on the detected value. In at least one example, the detected value can be a current value. A predetermined voltage can be applied to the continuity circuit, and a current value can be measured to determine which, if any, of the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  is not properly connected thereby causing its control circuit portion to be interrupted. 
     In various examples, the continuity circuit portions are interrupted when their respective components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are properly connected. In other examples, the continuity circuit portions are interrupted when their respective components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are improperly connected. 
     In one aspect, various components of the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and/or surgical instrument  43250  can include one or more detection elements that are detectable by a sensor assembly  3270  to determine the location and orientation of each component. For example, the aspect of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  illustrated in  FIG. 60  includes a first detection element  3274  disposed on the carriage  40042  (or the sterile shell thereof), a second detection element  3276  disposed on the IDU  40110  (e.g., the motor pack assembly), a third detection element disposed on the sterile barrier collar assembly  40170  (which can include the collar assembly  40170  illustrated in  FIG. 23  or the collar assembly  43630  illustrated in  FIGS. 51-53 ), and a set of detection elements  3280 ,  3282 ,  3284  disposed on the surgical instrument  40200 . In the particular example shown in  FIG. 60 , the surgical instrument  40200  is a trocar  3273 . The same or different detection element assemblies or arrangements can be utilized in connection with other trocars  3273  or different surgical instruments  40200 . In particular, the trocar  3273  can include a fourth detection element  3280  disposed adjacently to its proximal engagement end, a fifth detection element  3282  disposed at its collar at which it is gripped by the grasper  3272  of the robotic arm  13120 , and a sixth detection element  3284  likewise disposed at its collar. Further, in this aspect the sensor assembly  3270  is located on the robotic arm  13120 . The sensor assembly  3270  can include a set of sensors configured to sense the detection elements disposed on the robotic surgical assembly  43600  and/or surgical instrument  43250 . In this particular aspect, the sensor assembly  3270  includes a first set of sensors  3270   a ,  3270   b  that are configured to detect the detection elements  3274 ,  3276 ,  3278  disposed on the robotic surgical assembly  40100  and a second set of sensors  3271   a ,  3271   b  that are configured to detect the detection elements  3280 ,  3282 ,  3284  disposed on the surgical instrument  40200 . The first set of sensors  3270   a ,  3270   b  can be positioned at or adjacently to the position on the robotic arm  13120  near which the carriage is secured  40042 , for example. The second set of sensors  3271   a ,  3271   b  can be positioned at or adjacently to the grasper  3272  for holding the surgical instrument  40200 , for example. The sensor assembly  3270  can include any type of sensor configured to detect the presence of a corresponding detection element within a threshold proximity thereof. For example, the sensors  3270   a ,  3270   b ,  3271   a ,  3271   b  can include RFID readers and the detection elements  3274 ,  3276 ,  3278 ,  3280 ,  3282 ,  3284  can include (passive or active) RFID tags. 
     In certain examples, the sensors of the sensor assembly  3270  comprise limited detection ranges that are capable of detecting their corresponding detection elements only when their respective components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  are in properly assembled, or at least partially assembled, configurations. In other words, placing the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  in properly assembled configurations causes the detection elements of such components to be in the detectable ranges of their corresponding sensors of the sensor assembly  3270 . In certain examples, the signals from RFID tags are detected by the RFID readers at predetermined signal strengths in the properly assembled configurations of their respective components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . Accordingly, a control circuit coupled to the RFID readers can assess proper assembly of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  by comparing signal strength of the signals transmitted from the RFID tags to predetermined signal strengths associated with properly assembled configurations of corresponding components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . 
     Accordingly, the sensor assembly  3270  can detect the presence of each of the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  and the surgical instrument  40200  based on whether the corresponding detection element(s) for the component are within detection range of the sensor assembly  3270 . However, as is illustrated in  FIGS. 61A-61C , the sensor assembly  3270  can also detect the orientation or arrangement of the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  and the surgical instrument  40200  based on the locations of the detection elements with respect to one or more sensors within the sensor assembly  3270 . For example,  FIG. 61A  illustrates the trocar  3273  in a first orientation where the distance from the third sensor  3271   a  and the fourth sensor  3271   b  to the fifth detection element  3282  is A 1  and B 1 , respectively. Further, the distance from the third sensor  3271   a  and the fourth sensor  3271   b  to the sixth detection element  3284  is C 1  and D 1 , respectively. By comparing the values for A 1  and B 1 , a control circuit coupled to the sensor assembly  3270  can triangulate the location of the fifth detection element  3282  and accordingly determine the orientation of the portion of the trocar  3273  to which the fifth detection element  3282  is attached. Likewise, by comparing the values for C 1  and D 1 , a control circuit coupled to the sensor assembly  3270  can triangulate the location of the sixth detection element  3284  and accordingly determine the orientation of the portion of the trocar  3273  to which the sixth detection element  3284  is attached (which, in the illustrated aspect, is the insufflation port attachment point). Therefore, the control circuit can determine that the trocar  3273  is in the first orientation. Further,  FIGS. 61B and 61C  illustrate the trocar  3273  in a second orientation and third orientation, respectively, and the corresponding detectable distances between the sensors  3271   a ,  3271   b  and the detection elements  3282 ,  3284 . By detecting the distances, the control circuit can differentiate between these different orientations and thereby determine whether the trocar  3273  is oriented correctly with respect to the robotic arm  13120 . 
     The sensor assembly  3270  can be communicably coupled to a control circuit, such as the processor  15004  of the robotic surgical system  15000  illustrated in  FIG. 22 , for receiving the sensor data from the sensor assembly  3270 . The control circuit can monitor the presence and orientation of the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  and the surgical instrument  40200  and control the robotic surgical system  15000  accordingly, such as by providing warnings and/or instructions to the users or only permitting the activation or operation of the robotic arm  13120  in the event that each of the components is connected and oriented correctly. 
     In one aspect, a surgical instrument  40200  (e.g., a trocar  3273 ) can include an electrical continuity circuit for detecting the orientation of the surgical instrument  40200 . For example, the grasper  3272  of the robotic arm  13120  could include one or more sensors that senses contact with the surgical instrument  40200 . The grasper  3272  could seek to establish electrical continuity from a first point on the surgical instrument  40200  to a second point on the surgical instrument  40200  via the current passing from the grasper  3272 , through the surgical instrument  40200 , and then back to the grasper  3272 . For example, in the aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 62A and 62B , the grasper  3272  includes a sensor  3290  configured to detect the presence of the trocar  3273  and a pair of electrical contacts  3292  disposed at a first location and a second location. The sensor  3290  can include an image sensor configured to read a detection element (e.g., a barcode or QR code) disposed on the trocar  3273  for identifying the trocar  3273 , for example. Further, the trocar  3273  can include an electrical contact  3296  that is sized and dimensioned to be contacted by both of the grasper electrical contacts  3292  when trocar  3273  is oriented correctly within the grasper  3272  when gripped thereby. Accordingly, when the trocar  3273  is oriented correctly within the grasper  3272 , the trocar electrical contact  3296  and the grasper electrical contacts  3292  establish electrical continuity, which can be detected via a control circuit coupled thereto, for example. When the trocar  3273  is not oriented correctly within the grasper  3272 , at least one of the grasper electrical contacts  3292  will not physically contact the trocar electrical contact  3296  and thus electrical continuity will not be established (which can likewise be detected via the control circuit). 
     The sensor  3290  can be communicably coupled to a control circuit, such as the processor  15004  of the robotic surgical system  15000  illustrated in  FIG. 22 , for receiving the sensor data from the sensor  3290  via, e.g., a first connection  3300 . Likewise, the electrical contacts  3292  can be coupled to the control circuit via, e.g., a second connection  3298  for transmitting a signal therethrough. If the control signal can receive the transmitted signal, then it can determine that there is electrical continuity between the trocar electrical contact  3296  and the grasper electrical contacts  3292  and that the trocar  3273  is therefore oriented correctly within the grasper  3272 . The control circuit can monitor the presence and orientation of a surgical instrument  40200  (or any other components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  that are gripped by a grasper  3272 ) and control the robotic surgical system  15000  accordingly, such as by providing warnings and/or instructions to the users or only permitting the activation or operation of the robotic arm  13120  in the event that the surgical instrument  40200  is connected and oriented correctly. 
     In one aspect, a surgical instrument  40200  (e.g., a trocar  3273 ) can include detection elements  3304  that indicate the identity or type of the surgical instrument  40200 . For example, in the aspect illustrated in  FIG. 63A , the grasper  3272  can include a sensor  3302  that is configured to sense the detection element  3304  disposed on the trocar  3273  when the trocar  3273  is grasped by or within a proximity to the grasper  3272 . The particular arrangement or type of the detection element  3304  can be configure to identify the type or identity of the trocar  3273 . Further, the detection element  3304  can be positioned or configured such that it is only detectable by the sensor  3302  when the trocar  3273  is oriented correctly within the grasper  3272 . In one aspect, the sensor  3302  can include a Hall effect sensor and the detection element  3304  can include one or more magnets that create a magnetic signature detectable by the Hall effect sensor, for example. In another aspect, the sensor  3302  can include an image sensor and the detection element  3304  can include a set of markings, barcode, or QR code that is visually distinguishable by the image sensor. For example,  FIG. 63B  illustrates a detection element  3304  in a first configuration,  FIG. 63C  illustrates a detection element  3304  in a second configuration, and  FIG. 63D  illustrates a detection element  3304  in a third configuration. The first configuration of the detection element  3304  can indicate that the trocar  3273  is an 8 mm trocar with a stop cock, the second configuration of the detection element  3304  can indicate that the trocar  3273  is an 8 mm trocar without a stop cock, and the third configuration of the detection element  3304  can indicate that the trocar  3273  is a 5 mm trocar without a stop cock, for example. Further, if the detection element  3304  is not detectable by the sensor  3302 , then that can indicate that an incompatible trocar  3273  is being utilized or that the trocar  3273  is not oriented correctly within the grasper  3272 . Accordingly, a control circuit communicably coupled to the sensor  3302 , such as the processor  15004  of the robotic surgical system  15000  illustrated in  FIG. 22 , can monitor the presence of a surgical instrument  40200  (or any other components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  that are gripped by a grasper  3272 ) and control the robotic surgical system  15000  accordingly, such as by providing warnings and/or instructions to the users or only permitting the activation or operation of the robotic arm  13120  in the event that the surgical instrument  40200  is connected and oriented correctly. 
     In various aspects discussed above and below, a control circuit can be configured to take various actions in response to detecting the presence and orientation of a surgical instrument  40200  and/or components of a robotic surgical system  40100 , such as providing instructions to users or only permitting activation or operation of the robotic surgical system  15000  when all components are properly connected together. In another aspect, a control circuit, such as the processor  15004  of the robotic surgical system  15000  illustrated in  FIG. 22 , can operate the robotic surgical system  15000  in different modes according to whether a compatible surgical instrument  40200  (e.g., a trocar) are connected to the robotic surgical system  15000  by, for example, executing the process  3310  illustrated in  FIG. 64 . 
     Accordingly, a processor  15004  executing the process  3310  can determine  3312  that the robotic surgical system  15000  has been activated and then energize  3314  or operate the robotic surgical system  15000  in an initial or first operational mode. Accordingly, the processor  15004  can determine  3316  whether a compatible surgical instrument  40200 , such as a trocar, is seated within the robotic surgical system  15000 . The processor  15004  can make this determination by reading a barcode or QR code via an image sensor as described in connection with  FIGS. 62A and 62B , identifying detection elements via a sensor as described in connection with  FIGS. 63A-63D , and so on, and then determining whether those elements correspond to a compatible surgical instrument  40200 . If the surgical instrument  40200  is compatible, then the process  3310  proceeds along the YES branch and the processor  15004  energizes  3320  the robotic surgical system  15000  to a second operational mode. In the second operational mode, the processor  15004  can control the surgical instrument  40200  according to parameters (e.g., grip strength or expected grip stroke) specific to the identified surgical instrument  40200 , for example. If the surgical instrument  40200  is not compatible or the processor  15004  is not able to determine whether the surgical instrument is compatible  40200  (e.g., due to the instrument being improperly oriented with respect to the robotic arm  13120 , causing the detection elements to not be identifiable), then the process  3310  proceeds along the NO branch and the processor  15004  alerts  3318  the surgical staff to attach the surgical instrument  40200  or confirm that the surgical instrument  40200  is attached properly. The processor  15004  can provide the alert via the surgeon console&#39;s display  15014 , for example. The processor  15004  can thereafter continue monitoring to determine  3316  whether the surgical instrument  40200  is fully seated and respond accordingly. 
     In addition to controlling the robotic surgical system  15000  according to the presence, position, orientation, and/or type of surgical instrument  40200  connected to the robotic surgical system  15000 , the robotic surgical system  15000  could also be controlled according to whether a camera (i.e., a scope, such as an endoscope  239  as shown in  FIG. 9 ) is engaged, what is being viewed by the camera, and/or image quality of the video feed provided by the camera. Controlling the robotic surgical system  15000  according to the camera status can be beneficial because insufficient visualization (i.e., no camera being attached or the camera having poor image quality) is indicative of situations where it would be desirable to prevent surgical instruments  40200  (or other components of the robotic surgical system  15000 ) from moving inadvertently. For example, a camera having poor image quality can indicate that the camera is being cleaned, either internally within the patient during a surgical procedure or externally to the patient. As another example, a camera not being connected to the robotic surgical system  15000  can indicate that the camera has been detached for cleaning or that the initial setup process for the robotic surgical system  15000  is ongoing. In any of these cases, it should not be necessary for the surgical instrument  40200 , robotic arm, or other components of the robotic surgical system  15000  to move. Therefore, it can be desirable to prevent movement of the robotic surgical system  15000  in these instances by locking out users from moving the surgical instruments  40200  and/or robotic arms until the camera status is resolved and sufficient image quality within the body of the patient has been (re)established. In one aspect, a control circuit, such as the processor  15004  of the robotic surgical system  15000  illustrated in  FIG. 22 , can operate the robotic surgical system  15000  according to what is being viewed by the camera by, for example, executing the process  3330  illustrated in  FIG. 65 . In one aspect, the control circuit could be coupled to a proximity sensor configured to detect the position of the camera and/or the robotic arm on which the camera is supported. In another aspect, the control circuit can be configured to execute various image processing algorithms for determining image quality and/or performing image recognition. 
     Accordingly, a processor  15004  executing the process  3330  can determine  3332  whether a camera is engaged to the robotic surgical system  15000 . The processor  15004  can make this determination by monitoring whether the robotic surgical system  15000  is actively receiving a video feed, by sensing for the presence of a camera using various detection arrangements (e.g., as described in connection with  FIGS. 62A-63D ), and so on. If a camera is not engaged, then the process  3330  proceeds along the NO branch and the processor  15004  prevents  3334  movement of a surgical tool, such as a surgical instrument  40200 , coupled to the robotic surgical system  15000 . If a camera is engaged, then the process  3330  proceeds along the YES branch and the processor  15004  determines whether the image or video feed from the camera are showing anatomy. The processor  15004  can identify anatomical structures using a variety of image recognition techniques, such as image overlay. If the image or video feed from the camera is not showing anatomy, then the process  3330  proceeds along the NO branch and the processor  150004  prevents  3334  movement of a surgical tool. If the image or video feed is showing anatomy, then the process  3330  proceeds along the YES branch and the processor  15004  enables  3338  movement of the coupled surgical tool. Thereafter, the processor  15004  monitors the quality of the image or video feed to ensure that it is maintained within acceptable bounds. Accordingly, the processor  15004  determines  3340  whether the image quality meets or exceeds a threshold image quality. The processor  15004  can make this determination by, for example, algorithmically analyzing the image or video feed data to ascertain the degree or noise or blur present in the data and then comparing the calculated noise or blur relative to a threshold. If the image quality does not satisfy the threshold, then the process  3330  proceeds along the NO branch and the processor  15004  prevents  3334  movement of a surgical tool. If the image quality does satisfy the threshold, then the process  3330  proceeds along the YES branch and the processor  15004  continues to enable  3338  movement of the surgical tool. In sum, this process  3330  only permits a surgical tool to be operated via the robotic surgical system  15000  when a camera is engaged and showing anatomy with an appropriate image quality. Therefore, this process  3330  prevents the surgical tool from being operated outside of the scope of the surgical procedure, during when there should be no or little reasons to operate the surgical tool. 
     In one aspect, a surgical instrument  40200  (e.g., a trocar  3273 ) can include a grip surface  3342  configured to cause differential vacuum pressure depending upon the orientation of the surgical instrument  40200  within a grasper  3272 . For example, in the aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 66A-66C , the grasper  3272  and/or robotic arm  13120  includes a vacuum source  3344  that is configured to cooperate with a grip surface  3342  of a trocar  3273  to generate a vacuum pressure when the trocar  3273  is gripped by the grasper  3272 . The vacuum source  3344  can include an opening that is configured to sealingly engage with the grip surface  3342  of the trocar  3273 . The grip surface  3342  can be irregular or non-uniform such that the grip surface  3342  causes different vacuum pressures to be generated depending upon the orientation of the trocar  3273 . For example, the grip surface  3342  can include a roughened portion  3342   a  that is not configured to create an air-tight seal with the vacuum source  3344  and a smooth portion  3342   a  that is configured to create an air-tight (or substantially air tight) seal with the vacuum source  3344 . To demonstrate these concepts, in  FIG. 66B  the roughened portion  3342   a  of the grip surface  3342  overlaps partially with the opening of the vacuum source  3344 , causing a pressure V 1  to be generated. Correspondingly, in  FIG. 66C  the smooth portion  3342   b  of the grip surface  3342  is aligned with the opening of the vacuum source  3344 , with no overlap from the roughened portion  3342   a , which thus causes a pressure V 2  to be generated. These pressures can be detected by a control circuit coupled to the vacuum source  3344  and/or a pressure source configured to detect the air pressure generated at the interface between the grip surface  3342  and the vacuum source  3344  to identify the orientation of the trocar  3273  relative to the grasper  3272 . 
       FIG. 66D  further illustrates a prophetic set of graphs  3350  indicating control of the robotic surgical system  15000  via a control circuit monitoring vacuum pressure from the aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 66A-66C . The graphs  3350  include a first vertical axis  3352  representing vacuum pressure and a second vertical axis  3354  representing power to a device coupled to or a component of the robotic surgical system  15000  (e.g., a surgical instrument or a robotic arm). Further, the graphs  335  include a horizontal axis  3356  representing time. A first line  3358  represents the vacuum pressure over time and a second line  3360  represents device power over time. In this example, a pressure value of V 2  indicates that the trocar  3273  (or other surgical instrument) is oriented properly within the grasper  3272  (as shown in  FIG. 66C ) and thus can serve as a threshold for powering the device. As indicated by the first line  3358 , the vacuum pressure initially increases to a first peak at or near V 1 , which indicates that the trocar  3273  is not correctly oriented at that time (as shown in  FIG. 66B ). Accordingly, the control circuit coupled to the vacuum source  3344  and/or pressure sensor can identify that the trocar  3273  is not oriented properly and present an alert or instructions to the surgical staff, for example. As further indicated by the first line  3358 , the surgical staff correct the orientation of the trocar  3273  and at time t 1  the vacuum pressure reaches or exceeds the pressure threshold V 2  indicative of the trocar  3273  being oriented correctly. Accordingly, the control circuit can activate, energize, or otherwise permit operation of the device controlled thereby, as indicated by the second line  3360  increasing from zero to a define value at time t 1 . The control circuit continues energizing the device until, at time t 2 , the vacuum pressure drops steeply (potentially indicating that the trocar  3273  has been disconnected from the grasper  3272 ). Accordingly, the control circuit deactivates the device, as indicated by the second line  3360  decreasing from the defined value to zero at time t 2 . In this way, a control circuit can control the operation of a surgical instrument and/or a component of the robotic surgical system  15000  according to detected vacuum pressure indicative of the orientation of a surgical tool, such as a trocar  3273 . 
     Robotic Detection Zones and Safety Thresholds 
     In various aspects, the movement and functions of the robotic surgical systems can be controlled based on the proximity of components of the robotic surgical systems to individuals or objects located within the operating room or the presence of individuals or objects located within the operating room within detection or safety zones defined within the operating room. For example,  FIGS. 67A-74  illustrate a variety of different illustrative detection arrangements for monitoring the position of surgical staff members, the patient  3380 , components of the robotic surgical systems  3370 , and/or surgical tools and controlling the robotic surgical systems  3370  accordingly. Further, each of these aspects can be utilized in conjunction with situationally aware systems, which are described above under the heading ROBOTIC SURGICAL SYSTEM. 
     In other aspects, various other activities occurring within the operating room can be visually monitored to provide additional information to the robotic surgical system regarding the placement and location of individuals and objects within the operating room. For example, the functional or operational workspace over or about the patient could be monitored by a camera or series of cameras positioned outside the patient&#39;s body (e.g., on the robotic arm(s) or throughout the operating room space). Further, the cameras configured to record the activities occurring outside the patient&#39;s body could be synchronized with the image or video feed from scopes positioned within the patient&#39;s body. By synchronizing the video feeds, the external cameras could provide the robotic surgical system with situational awareness regarding activities occurring in preparation for the next surgical task, tools being changed, or other devices used in tandem with the robot tools. Still further, the external cameras could be configured to track non-robotic instruments (e.g., handheld surgical instruments) utilized by the surgical staff during the course of the surgical procedure. The external cameras could also establish a detection zone or safety envelope around the surgical staff with respect to the range of motion of the robotic arm(s) and ensure the robotic arms never violate this space. The safety envelope can be updated real time (e.g., with a safety threshold) to ensure safety of the staff. Sensors or specialized equipment may be worn by the surgical staff to identify themselves and aid in their detection by the robotic surgical system. 
     In other aspects, various non-camera sensors can be utilized to detect and monitor the detection zones. For example, an alternative to optical mapping of the operating room and/or individuals within the operating room could include RF, acoustic, or millimeter radar detection mediums. For example, the functional or operational workspace could be acoustically mapped by generating a baseline acoustical map and then monitoring to detect changes in the acoustical characteristics of the mapped area, which could indicate the proximity of individuals or objects within the mapped area. As another example, antennae could be positioned at specific locations of the surgical tools, components of the robotic surgical system, and other devices. The antennae can be connected to fixed frequency oscillators in an LC circuit, for example. Accordingly, if an object is sufficiently distant from the given antenna, the inductive and capacitive reactance match, and the voltage through the inductor is at maximum. Moving a grounded object closer to the antenna (such as a person moving closer to the antenna) changes the capacitance, which lowers the voltage through the inductor. The change in voltage can be used to drive an amplifier and thus be utilized to detect the movement of individuals or objects through the operating room. A control circuit could then control the movement of the robotic arms and other components or the robotic surgical system accordingly. 
     In one aspect, a detection zone can be defined with respect to the operating table. For example,  FIGS. 67A and 67B  illustrate a robotic surgical system  3370  including a sensor  3271  actuated by a robotic arm  13120 . In one aspect, the sensor  3271  can be positioned adjacently to a surgical tool coupled to the robotic arm  13120 . The sensor  3271  is configured to detect a set of detection elements  3374  positioned at the corners of an operating table  3378 . The sensor  3271  can include any sensor type capable of identifying and determining the relative position or location of the corresponding detection elements  3274 . For example, the sensor  3271  can include an image sensor and the detection elements  3374  can include visually identifiable elements, for example. As another example, the sensor  3271  can include an RFID reader and the detection elements  3374  can include RFID tags, for example. In other examples, the sensor  3271  can include a Hall effect sensor and the detection elements  3274  can include magnets. In various other examples, the sensor  3271  can include a reed sensor, an ultra-high frequency RF sensor, and so on and the detection elements  3274  can include corresponding elements. 
     Further, the robotic surgical system  3370  can define a detection zone  3376  based on the position of the detection elements  3274  detected by the sensor  3271 . In one aspect, the detection zone  3376  can be coextensive with the detected boundary of the operating table  3378  as delineated by the detection elements  3274 . In other aspects, such as the aspect illustrated in  FIGS. 67A and 67B , the detection zone  3376  can be non-coextensive with the operating table. For example, the detection zone  3376  can be defined as extending a distance p from the detected boundary of the operating table  3378  and a height h thereabove. The detection zone  3376  can define a volume about the operating table  3378  and/or patient  3380  in which the robotic surgical system  3370  monitors for the presence of objects and/or individuals and then controls the surgical tools or components of the robotic surgical system  3370  accordingly. For example, if an individual (other than the patient  3380 ) is detected as being present within the detection zone  3376 , a control circuit coupled to the sensor  3271  can cause the robotic arm  13120  to cease movement, thereby preventing the robotic arm  13120  and/or a surgical tool coupled thereto from contacting the individual. As another example, if a surgical tool is detected as being present within the detection zone  3376 , the control circuit can slow the movement of the robotic arm  13120  or decrease the maximum allowable movement speed of the robotic arm  13120 , thereby seeking to mitigate the risk of the surgical tool being inadvertently brought into contact against the patient  3380 . 
     In one aspect, a detection zone can be defined with respect to removably attachable tags, thereby allowing users to freely define the scope and bounds of the detection zone. For example,  FIG. 68  illustrates a tag  3384  detectable by a sensor, as described above. The tags  3384  can be utilized to identify the space occupied by the patient  3380  or to establish other safety thresholds to ensure that the components of the robotic surgical system  3370  and/or surgical tools supported thereby do not violate that space or function differently within that space. The tags  3384  can be disposable or reusable. In operation, the tags  3384  could be placed by the user (e.g., a surgeon or nurse) on or around the patient  3380  to provide feedback to the robotic surgical system  3370  regarding the patient location or a desired safety zone (which may not necessarily be limited to a space defined by the patient&#39;s location). Accordingly, users can flag the operating table  3378 , the patient  3380 , the limbs or other body parts of the patient  3380 , and/or other critical or interfering objects within the operating envelope. In one aspect, the tags  3384  can include a detection element  3374  coupled to an attachment surface  3386 , such as an adhesive surface, affixable to the patient or objects. As shown in  FIG. 69A , a sensor  3382  supported by a robotic arm  13120  adjacently to the surgical tool (e.g., a trocar  3273 ) can detect the detection elements  3374  of the tags  3384  as they are positioned on the patient  3380  or other objects. Further, as shown in  FIGS. 69B-69D , the tags  3384  can be utilized to identify a detection zone or safety thresholds with respect to patients  3380  of different body dimensions. Such customizable detection zones or safety thresholds can be much safer than statically defined detection zones due to the inherent variation in patients&#39;  3380  anatomy. 
     In one aspect, a detection zone can be defined with respect to a component of the robotic surgical system itself, such as a robotic arm  13120 . For example, in  FIG. 70  the robotic surgical system includes a sensor  3388  (e.g., an image sensor) that is configured to detect the position of a surgical instrument  40250  or another surgical tool supported by a robotic arm  13120  with respect to a detection zone  3390  corresponding to the range of movement of the surgical instrument  40250 . In various aspects, the sensor  3388  can be mounted to the robotic arm  13120  or positioned at another location within the operating room. In one aspect, the scrubs  3394  provided to the surgical staff members can include reflective material  3393  to assist the camera  3388  or other image sensor in visually distinguishing the surgical staff members from the surrounding environment and thereby detecting when they are present within a detection zone  3390 . 
     In one aspect, the robotic surgical system can be configured to define multiple detection zones that delineate different manners in which the robotic arm  13120 , surgical instrument  40250 , or other components of the robotic surgical system are controlled. For example,  FIG. 72  illustrates an example where the sensor  3388  is configured to monitor both a first detection zone  3390  (which is also shown in  FIG. 70 ) and a second detection zone  3396  defined about the first detection zone  3390 . The first detection zone  3390  can correspond to the range of movement of the surgical instrument  40250  supported by the robotic arm  1310  and the second detection zone  3396  can correspond to a threshold distance about the first detection zone  3390 , for example. However, the various detection zones  3390 ,  3396  do not necessarily be defined in relation to each other and, in some aspects, can instead be separately defined from each other or defined according to separate locations, objects, or individuals. Further, as noted above, the robotic arm  13120  could be controlled differently depending upon which of the detection zones  3390 ,  3396  an individual is present within. For example, the sensor  3388  does not detect an individual in either of the detection zones  3390 ,  3396 , then a control circuit coupled to the sensor  3388  can permit the robotic arm  13120  and/or surgical instrument  40250  to operate normally. If the sensor  3388  detects an individual present within the second detection zone  3396 , but not the first detection zone  3390 , the control circuit can take a first action, such as slowing or limiting the maximum movement speed of the robotic arm  13120 . Finally, if the sensor  3388  detects an individual present within the first detection zone  3390 , the control circuit can take a second action, such as deactivating or preventing movement of the robotic arm  13120  and/or the surgical instrument  40250 . Therefore, the robotic surgical system can dictate its behavior based on the position of the surgical staff relative to the detection zones  3390 ,  3396 . 
     In another aspect, the robotic surgical system can be configured to detect an object or reference worn by surgical staff members during a surgical procedure. For example, the robotic surgical system in  FIG. 73  can include a sensor  3404  to sense the location and/or presence of a band  3400  worn by the surgical staff in the operating room and then control the robotic arm  13120  and/or the surgical instrument  40250  accordingly. The bands  3400  can include an elastomeric material, for example, and could be worn on the wrist, forearm, bicep, and so on. Further, the bands  3400  could be disposable or reusable. In one aspect, the sensor  3404  can include a thermal camera and the band  3400  can include a thermal band that is configured to emit thermal energy or has been heated to a particular temperature, for example. The thermal band can be set to a predefined temperature, such as 99° F. Having the bands  3400  set to a predefined temperature could be beneficial because it would allow the sensor  3404  to be calibrated to detect objects specifically at that temperature, thereby improving detection accuracy. On benefit of utilizing thermal data is that the operating room is often dimmed or dark during setup for a surgical procedure, which can interfere with the function of image sensors configured to work within the visual light spectrum. In another aspect, the sensor  3404  can include a magnetic or RF sensor and the band  3400  can include a magnetic or RF band, respectively. As noted above with respect to the robotic surgical system including a thermal camera for detecting a thermal band, such magnetic or RF detection mediums can be beneficial in situations where the room is darkened or dim. 
     In various other aspects, the robotic surgical system could also be configured to utilize multi-spectral imaging, passive IR, visual light, multi-spectral RF, and/or ultrasound and other detection mediums to monitor the operating room and its inhabitants and surgical tools. Such sensor data could also be utilized by the robotic surgical system to complement or augment contact sensor data (e.g., as described in connection with  FIGS. 54A-66D ). 
     As noted above, a control circuit coupled to the various described sensor assemblies can control the actions or operations of the robotic surgical system or surgical instruments coupled to the robotic surgical system in a variety of different manners. Such control circuits can include the processor  15004  of the robotic surgical system  15000  illustrated in  FIG. 22 , for example. Accordingly, the control of one such control algorithm executed by a control circuit is illustrated by  FIG. 74 , which is a set of graphs  3410 . The graphs  3410  include a first vertical axis  3412  representing distance between the detected object and a reference (e.g., the distance between a thermal band  3400  and a thermal camera  3404  or the distance between a surgical staff member and a defined detection zone), a second vertical axis  3414  representing power provided to the robotic surgical system, and a horizontal axis  3416  representing time. In this particular prophetic example, the relative position of three objects within the operating room are being monitored, one of which is represented by each of the first line  3418 , the second line  3420 , and the third line  3422 . In this implementation, the control circuit is configured to modulate the maximum allowable power providable to the robotic surgical system according to the relative positions of the objects. The distance d m  represents the maximum detection distance for the robotic surgical system and the distance d t  represents the safety or threshold distance between the monitored objects and the reference. As can be seen by the first line  3418 , the first object never violates the distance d t . As can be seen by the second line  3420 , the second object is detected as being within the threshold distance d t  at time t 1  (i.e., is within a safety zone or safety envelope defined with respect to the reference). Accordingly, the control circuit reduces the maximum allowable power to the robot from the “full” to the “low” value. As can be seen by the third line  3422 , the third object likewise moves within the distance d t  after t 1  and both of the second and third objects are within the distance d t  for a time period, prior to the second object moving away by at least the distance d t . However, at the time that the second object moves away by at least the distance d t , the third object is nonetheless still within the threshold distance d t  from the reference; therefore, the control circuit maintains the maximum allowable power at the “low” value. However, at time t 2 , the second object likewise moves away from the reference by at least the threshold distance d t . As there are no objects violating the threshold distance d t , the control circuit increases the maximum allowable power to the “full” value. The third object once again violates the threshold distance d t  between time t 3  and t 4 . In response, the control circuit once again decreases the maximum allowable power to the robotic surgical system to the “low” period during that time period. Further, at time t 5 , all three objects have moved past the maximum detection distance d m . Accordingly, the control circuit can determine that the surgical procedure has been completed and deactivates the robotic surgical system (as indicated by the maximum allowable power being decreased to zero). In sum, one or more functions of the robotic surgical system (e.g., the maximum allowable power) can be controlled according to the presence of one or more objects or individuals within particular zones or within particular proximities defined according to various reference objects. 
     Motor Pack Assemblies 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 23 and 25-27 , the robotic surgical assembly  40100  can include a motor pack  40050  configured to be received within the sterile barrier housing  40130 . The motor pack  40050  may include four motors  40052 ,  40054 ,  40056 ,  40058  with respective drive shafts  40052   a ,  40054   a ,  40056   a ,  40058   a  for driving various operations of a surgical instrument  40100  coupled to the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . Various alternative motor packs  40050  are described herebelow. 
     In one aspect, the motors of the motor pack  40050  may be reconfigurable or interchangeable. For example,  FIG. 75  illustrates a motor assembly  3430  supportable within a motor pack  40050 , wherein the motor assembly  3430  includes a set of modular motor units  3432 . In this aspect, the motor pack  40050  can be configured to support sets of modular motor units  3432 , as opposed to a singular set of motors, where each of the modular motor units  3432  could be individually swapped out of the motor pack  40050 . In the illustrated example, the modular motor units  3432  include a first motor  3434   a  and a second motor  3434   b  coupled to control circuitry  3436  and electrical connector  3438  for receiving control signals. However, the modular motor units  3432  can include any number of motors. Configuring the motor assembly  3430  as a collection of modular motor units  3432  provides several benefits compared to utilizing a singular, integral motor assembly, including improving the modularity of the motor pack  40050 , improving the ease with repairs can be performed on the motor pack  40050 , and permitting new or updated technologies to be integrated into previous versions of the motor pack  40050 . For example, the modular motor units  3432  could be swapped between a handheld surgical instrument (e.g., the surgical instrument shown in  FIGS. 79-80 ) and a robotically controlled surgical instrument (e.g., the surgical instruments  400200 ,  400250  shown in  FIG. 23 or 52 ). As another example, if there is a failure with one of the motors or the control circuitry of the motor pack  40050 , then the malfunctioning modular motor unit  3432  can be removed and repaired, without necessitating that the entire motor pack  40050  be disassembled or serviced. As yet another example, because each of the interchangeable modular motor units  3432  includes its own control circuitry  3436 , the control circuitry  3436  could include the necessary logic for controlling the modular motor unit  3432  and thus new versions of modular motor units  3432  could be integrated into prior versions of motor packs  40050  without requiring any further hardware upgrades to the robotic surgical system. Therefore, motors that are more efficient (e.g., requiring less power or providing more torque for the same amount of power), provide more torque, have higher hold loads, quieter drives, have longer operational lifespans, generate higher output speeds, have smaller external footprints, generate less heat, have improved water tight configurations, and so on could be integrated into prior versions of motor packs  40050  as these updated motor configurations are developed, without requiring any other hardware updates or other changes to the robotic surgical system architecture. Further, modular motor units  3432  from different manufacturers or even containing different types of motors could be swapped into a motor pack  40050 . 
     In one aspect, the motor pack  40050  can further be configured to assist in swapping out or servicing the modular motor units  3432 . For example,  FIG. 76  illustrates a motor pack  40050  that includes a body  3448  configured to receive a motor assembly therein, such as a motor assembly  3430  including one or more modular motor units  3432  as shown in  FIG. 75  or the motor assembly shown in  FIG. 27 , and a lid  3446  that is removably affixable to the body  3448 . Accordingly, users could remove the lid  3446  from the body  3448 , replace and/or service any modular motor units  3432  or other motor assemblies therein, and then replace the lid  3446 . The lid  3446  can be removably connectable to the body  3448  via one or more detents  3450  that are configured to engage corresponding slots  3452  disposed on the body  3448 , for example. 
     In another aspect, the motors of the motor pack  40050  may be re-orientable or reconfigurable into different configurations. For example, the motors can be swapped between a first configuration or a second configuration, which can in turn cause the motor to produce different effects or provide different functions. Referring again to  FIG. 75 , one of the motors (e.g., the first motor  3434   a ) within a modular motor unit  3432  can include a gear drive  3440  wherein the last stage  3442  drives an output shaft  3444  (e.g., a drive shaft  52   a ,  54   a ,  56   a , and  58   a  as illustrated in  FIG. 27 ) that is offset from or not aligned with the longitudinal axis of the motor  3434   a . Accordingly, the output shaft  3444  of the motor  3434   a  can positioned a first orientation or a second orientation with respect to the motor pack  40050  depending upon the orientation of the modular motor unit  3432  within the motor pack  40050 . In various aspects, one or multiple of the motors within a motor pack  40050  and/or a modular motor unit  3432  can be reconfigurable in this manner. Such reconfigurable motors could be utilized to, for example, allow users to configure which drive disk or sterile shell drive coupler (such as the drive coupler  44144   a  shown in  FIG. 81B ) is coupled to which modular motor unit  3432 , which would in turn change which function of the surgical instrument each motor was driving. Further, the use of reconfigurable motor packs  40500  within the IDU  40110  ( FIG. 23 ) would allow users to customize the IDU  40110  for different, more advance, and/or new surgical tools. Further, the motors within the motor pack  40500  could be constructed to have different sizes and/or different power outputs. Therefore, reconfigurable motors within the motor pack  40500  could allow users to align the differently sized motors with particular drive couplers depending upon the type of surgical instrument being coupled to the IDU  40110 . Having differently sized motors could be beneficial because not all surgical instrument functions require the same torque thresholds. Therefore, the motor within the motor pack  40050  could be constructed so that some of the motors were larger to produce higher output power/torque and some motors were smaller to produce lower output power/torque, without altering the overall size of the motor pack  40050 . During use, the motor pack  40050  could then be reconfigured to align the motors based on the particular desired or required output power/torque for the surgical instrument. In another aspect, for motor packs  40050  that include differentially sized motors or motors have offset output shafts  3444 , the motor pack  40050  could additionally include a gearing assembly that engages with the differentially aligned output shafts of the motors and places the output of the motor pack  40050  back on the centerline of the motors. 
     Generally speaking, the motor pack  40500  for a robotic surgical system includes a four-motor configuration (see, e.g.,  FIG. 27 ), whereas a motor assembly for a handheld surgical instrument is driven by a three-motor configuration. Therefore, motor assemblies for robotic surgical systems and handheld surgical instruments can be incompatible with each other. However, in one aspect, the motor assembly  3430  can be reconfigurable for use in connection with a robotic surgical system  13000  or a handheld surgical instrument. For example,  FIG. 77  illustrates a motor assembly  3430  supportable within a motor pack  40050 , wherein the motor assembly  3430  includes a first modular motor unit  3456  including a single motor and a second modular motor unit  3454  including three motors  3453 . In this example, the motor assembly  3430  can be provided in a first configuration where the first modular motor unit  3456  is utilized in conjunction with the second modular motor unit  3456  and a second configuration where the first modular motor unit  3456  is removed and the second modular motor unit  3454  is utilized alone. When in the first configuration, the motor assembly  3430  can be utilized to drive a robotic surgical system, for example. When in the second configuration, the motor assembly  3430  can be utilized to drive a handheld surgical instrument  3458 , as illustrated in  FIG. 79 , for example. In particular, the second modular unit  3454  can be arranged such that its motors  3453  are aligned with corresponding connectors  3455  or drive shafts of a handpiece  3457  for receiving and/or coupling the handpiece  3457  to the motors  3453 . Correspondingly, the motors  3453  of the second modular unit  3454  can be configured to engage and drive the proximal couplers  3461  of the drive assemblies of an electromechanical surgical instrument  3460 , as illustrated in  FIG. 80 , when the electromechanical surgical instrument  3460  is coupled to the handpiece  3457  (e.g., via a coupling collar  3462 ). Accordingly, depending upon which configuration the motor assembly  3430  is in (i.e., whether the first modular motor unit  3456  is present or remove), the motor assembly  3430  can interchangeably drive either a robotic surgical system or a handheld surgical instrument  3458 . 
     In another aspect, a handheld surgical instrument  3458  could be configured to have a single a non-replaceable, permanent, or integral motor and be configured to receive a modular motor unit containing two motors, such as the modular motor unit  3432  illustrated in  FIG. 75 . Accordingly, a modular motor units  3432  could interchangeably drive a handheld surgical instrument  3458  in combination with its integral motor or drive a robotic surgical system in combination with a second modular motor unit  3432 . The non-replaceable motor for the handheld surgical instrument  3458  could be utilized to drive a particular selected function for the handheld surgical instrument  3458 , such as rotation of the instrument&#39;s shaft. Further, the motors  3434   a ,  3434   b  of the modular motor unit  3432  could be higher capacity (i.e., capable of producing higher output powers or torques) and could therefore be utilized to drive the surgical functions of the handheld surgical instrument  3458 . In yet another aspect, a handheld surgical instrument  3458  could be configured to receive a motor pack  40050  comprising four motors, but lock out or not engage one of the motors that is unneeded. Alternatively, a handheld surgical instrument  3458  that is normally driven by three motors, but includes some manual function (e.g., manual rotation of the instrument&#39;s shaft), could engage all four motors of the motor pack  40050  and then convert the manual operation to a motor-driven operation. This aspect could include various adapters and/or additional controls for controlling the motor-driven operation. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 81A and 81B , the robotic surgical assembly  44100  includes a sterile barrier housing  40130  configured to mate with or otherwise connect to the shell  44060 . The sterile barrier housing  40130  includes a hollow shell or body  44132  defining a cavity  44132   a  therein. The sterile barrier housing  40130  pivotally or hingedly supports a proximal cap or cover  40134  configured and adapted to selectively close a proximal end of the body  44132 . The sterile barrier housing  40130  further includes a drive transfer assembly  44140  supported on, or connected to, a distal end of the body  44132 . The cavity of the body  44132  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  is configured to slidably receive a motor pack  40050  ( FIG. 23 ) or the like therein. 
     The drive transfer assembly  44140  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  includes a body portion  44142  extending from the distal end of the body  44132 . The body portion  44142  of the drive transfer assembly  44140  has a non-circular form (e.g., substantially D-shaped, as illustrated) outer profile for keyed receipt within a complementary non-circular (e.g., D-shaped, as illustrated) passage or opening of the pulley  40048  ( FIG. 23 ) of the carriage  40042  ( FIG. 23 ). While a D-shaped, transverse cross-sectional profile is shown and described, any non-circular, transverse cross-sectional profile may be used to provide a keyed connection, including and not limited to hex, Allen, star, cross, double “D”, “T”, torx, val, phillips, helix profiles. 
     The drive transfer assembly  44140  rotatably supports at least one, and as shown in  FIGS. 81A and 81B , four drive transfer shafts  44144 ,  44146 ,  44148 ,  44150 . As illustrated, a proximal end of each drive transfer shaft  44144 ,  44146 ,  44148 ,  44150  non-rotatably supports a respective drive coupler (of which only driver coupler  44144   a  is shown in  FIG. 81B ) that, via the motor couplers  41052   b ,  41054   b , etc. ( FIG. 27 ), are configured and adapted for non-rotatable connection to a drive shaft  41052   a ,  41054   a ,  41056   a ,  41058   a  ( FIG. 27 ) of a respective motor  41052 ,  41054 ,  41056 ,  41058  ( FIG. 27 ) of motor pack  40050 . In particular, each drive coupler is translatably supported on respective drive transfer shaft  44144 ,  44146 ,  44148 ,  44150  via a pin-slot arrangement such that the couplers may float on respective drive transfer shaft  44144 ,  44146 ,  44148 ,  44150 . Each drive coupler defines a respective mating feature configured to receive and transmit rotational forces from respective drive shafts  41052   a ,  41054   a ,  41056   a ,  41058   a  of the motors  41052 ,  41054 ,  41056 ,  41058  of the motor pack  40050 . A distal end of each drive transfer shaft  44144 ,  44146 ,  44148 ,  44150  supports a respective drive coupler  44144   b ,  44146   b ,  44148   b ,  44150   b , which are configured and adapted for non-rotatable connection to proximal couplers  3461  ( FIG. 80 ) of the drive assemblies of the electromechanical surgical instrument (e.g., the surgical instrument  40200  illustrated in  FIG. 23 , the surgical instrument  43250  illustrated in  FIG. 57A , or the surgical instrument  3460  illustrated in  FIG. 80 ). It is contemplated that each drive coupler  44144   b ,  44146   b ,  44148   b ,  44150   b  may resemble a crown gear or the like. 
     The motor pack  40050  and the sterile barrier housing  40130  can have different shapes and configurations than those illustrated in  FIGS. 81A and 81B , however. In one aspect, the motor pack  40050  and/or sterile barrier housing  40130  can be dimensioned or include alignment features configured to urge the motor pack  40050  into proper alignment with the sterile barrier housing  40130  when the motor pack  40050  is being inserted into the sterile barrier housing  40130  and/or when the sterile barrier housing  40130  is being closed, as opposed to the cavity  132   a  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  having a cylindrical profile as illustrated in  FIGS. 81A and 81B . For example,  FIGS. 82A-82C  illustrate a motor pack  40050  and a corresponding sterile barrier housing  40130  including a variety of characteristics to promote the alignment of the motor pack  40050  within the sterile barrier housing  40130 . 
     In one aspect, the body  3471  of the motor pack  40050  and the cavity  44132   a  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  can have a complementary non-radially symmetric shape, such as an oval. The protrusion body  3471  and/or cavity  44132   a  can have a symmetric profile or may be tapered, for example, to improve ease of use by allowing for the keyed interaction between the protrusion body  3471  and the cavity  44132   a  to get tighter the farther the motor pack  40050  is inserted into the sterile barrier housing  40130 . 
     In another aspect, the motor pack  40050  can include a protrusion  3470  or alignment feature extending from its body  3471  and the sterile barrier housing  40130  can include a corresponding recess  3472  that is configured or keyed to receive the protrusion  3470 . The protrusion  3470  can be dimensioned to physically prevent the motor pack  40050  from being inserted into the sterile barrier housing  40130  in any orientation except where the protrusion  3470  is aligned with the keyed recess  3472 . The protrusion  3470  and/or recess  3472  can have a symmetric profile or may be tapered, for example, to improve ease of use by allow for the keyed interaction between the protrusion  3470  and the recess  3472  to get tighter the farther the motor pack  40050  is inserted into the sterile barrier housing  40130 . 
     In another aspect, the motor pack  40050  can include a protrusion  3473  or alignment feature extending from its body  3471  and the cap  40134  of the sterile barrier housing  40130  can include a corresponding recess  3475  configured or keyed to receive the protrusion  3473  when the motor pack  40050  is positioned within the sterile barrier housing  40130  and the cap  40134  is being closed. The recess  3475  could thus be configured to physically interact with the protrusion  3473  of the motor pack  40050  as the cap  40134  is closed, aligning or seating the motor pack  40050  within the sterile barrier housing  40130 . In one further aspect, the protrusion  3473  can include an electrical connector and the recess  3475  can include a corresponding electrical connector configured to electrically and communicably couple the motor pack  40050  to the sterile barrier housing  40130  when the cap  40134  is closed, thereby allowing electrical signals and other controls signals to be transmitted to the motor pack  40050  through the corresponding electrical connectors. 
     Although the particular example illustrated in  FIGS. 82A-82C  includes all three of the aforementioned aspects, this example is merely for illustrative purposes and the motor pack  40050  and/or sterile barrier housing  40130  can include any combination of one or multiple of these aspects. 
     In various aspects, the motors of the various motor assemblies described herein can be inline or offline from the surgical tool, the IDU  40110 , and/or any other component of the robotic surgical system. In one aspect, if a particular type of motor pack  40500  is incapable of driving a desired function of a robotic surgical system and/or a handheld surgical instrument, then the motor pack  40500  could be supplemented with more than one motor operating in parallel to one another to increase the capabilities of the motor pack  40500 . Accordingly, a motor and/or motor pack  40500  could be configured to piggyback another primary motor pack  40500  being utilized to drive a robotic surgical system, allowing the robotic surgical system  40100  to operate inline from the macro perspective of the overall system and the motor pack  40500  relative to the surgical tool, but allow the offset motor and/or motor pack  40500  to boost the primary drive motor pack  40500  to which it is coupled and thereby preform at a level beyond the standard output configuration of that size and type of motor pack  40500 . Various inline motor assembly configurations are described in connection with PCT Application Publication No. WO2017/210516, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES AND INSTRUMENT DRIVE UNITS THEREOF; PCT Application Publication No. WO2017/205308, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2018/0168748, titled ROBOTIC SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Various offline motor assembly configurations are described in connection with PCT Application Publication No. WO2016/183054, titled COUPLING INSTRUMENT DRIVE UNIT AND ROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2018/0153628, titled OFFSET INSTRUMENT DRIVE UNIT; and PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO2016/043845, titled ROBOTICALLY CONTROLLING SURGICAL ASSEMBLIES, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     Robotic Surgical Assembly Adapter and Bailout Assemblies 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 23-27 , the robotic surgical assembly  40100  can include an IDU  40110  that is drivingly couplable to a sterile barrier collar assembly  40170  (or the sterile barrier collar assembly  43630  described in connection with  FIGS. 51-53 ), a carriage  40042  (or a sterile shell  40060  situated thereover), and an electromechanical surgical instrument  40200  for driving the various functions of the surgical instrument  40200  via a motor assembly supported within the IDU  40110 . The robotic surgical assembly  40100  described above can additionally include various integrated adapters, bailouts, or other mechanisms for limiting damage to the robotic surgical assembly  40100  and/or robotic surgical system  15000  ( FIG. 22 ), returning a damaged surgical instrument  40200  to a removal state, and performing various other functions. 
     In one aspect, the robotic surgical assembly  40100  can include motor torque fuses that are configured to limit the maximum force exertable from the motor pack  40050  on the surgical instrument  40200 . For example, the sterile barrier collar assembly  43630  could be configured to function as both a coupling mechanism (e.g., between the IDU  40100  and the surgical instrument  40200 ) and a fuse to prevent over torqueing of an attached surgical instrument  40200 . In particular, one or both of the drive transfer assemblies  43668 ,  43670  of the sterile interface module  43630  could have reduced cross-section along their length that would encourage the drive transfer assemblies  43668 ,  43670  to fusably fail before either the motor gear train of the motor pack  40050  or the drive train of the surgical instrument  40200  in the event that a high torque condition occurs. Accordingly, this would reduce the possibility of damage to the reusable components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  and the surgical instrument  40200 . Preventing damage to the surgical instrument  40200  in the event that a high torque condition occurs is especially desirable because if the drive train of the surgical instrument  40200  is damaged or jams during a surgical procedure, the surgical instrument  40200  could cause damage to any tissue grasped or being treated by the surgical instrument  40200 . Therefore, having the sterile barrier collar assembly  43630  or a component thereof fail is a much more desirable alternative. 
     In one aspect, the drive transfer assemblies  43668 ,  43670  of the sterile barrier collar assembly  43630  could be configured to reduce or eliminate built-up torque in the rotary driver due to the motor pack  40050 . For example,  FIGS. 83A and 83B  illustrate a sterile barrier collar assembly  43630  engaged with the rotary drivers  3480  from the motor pack  40050  (e.g., drive shafts  41052   a ,  41054   a ,  41056   a ,  41058   a  illustrated in  FIG. 27 ) or sterile barrier housing  40130  (e.g., the drive transfer shafts  44144 ,  44146 ,  44148 ,  44150  of the drive transfer assembly  44140  illustrated in  FIG. 81A ). In this aspect, the rotary drivers  3480  each include a tab  3482  having a tapered profile with beveled edges  3483 . Further, the drive couplers  3484  each include a recess  3486  and that is configured or keyed to receive the tab  3482  from a corresponding rotary driver  3480  and likewise includes beveled edges  3487 . This profile of the tabs  3482  of the rotary drivers  3480  and the corresponding recesses  3486  of the drive couplers  3484  allows for the reduction of built-up pressure in the robotic surgical assembly  40100  if the motor pack  40500  were to fail when the sterile barrier collar assembly  43630  is released from the driver carriage of the surgical instrument  40200 . In particular, the illustrated profile allows for complete engagement between the rotary drivers  3480  and the drive couplers  3484  when there is no force driving them apart, thereby allowing the rotary drivers  3480  and the drive couplers  3484  to function as normal. However, when the sterile barrier collar assembly  43630  is released from the surgical instrument  40200 , the distally slidable motion allows built up torque to be released from the coupling between the rotary drivers  3480  and the drive couplers  3484  because the tabs  3482  partially disengage from the corresponding recesses  3486  and the beveled edges  3483 ,  3487  allow for the rotary drivers  3480  and/or drive couplers  3484  to slip or move with respect to each other. The slippage thereby allows for the release of any built-up torque, which in turn allows for easy removal of the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . 
     In one aspect, the robotic surgical assembly  40100  can include a mechanism for physically actuating or manipulating a surgical instrument  40100  coupled to the robotic surgical assembly  40100  (or a portion thereof) during the operation thereof. In some situations, the motor pack  40050  can become jammed or suffer an electrical or mechanical failure that results in the surgical instrument  40200  not responding to the surgeon&#39;s controls, which can be especially problematic when the surgical instrument  40200  is inserted within a patient during a surgical procedure. In one aspect, the motor pack  40050  can be disengaged from the sterile interface module  43630 , leaving the sterile interface module  43630  connected to the surgical instrument  40200  such that the drive couplers  3484  (which are normally driven by the motor pack  40500 ) are visible and able to be accessed. When exposed, the drive couplers  3484  could be manually drivable to actuate the surgical instrument  40200  connected thereto. For example, in  FIGS. 84A-84C  the robotic surgical assembly  40100  can further include an interface module  3492  that is configured to engage with the drive couplers  3484  of the sterile interface module  43630  and allow the drive couplers  3484  to be manually driven by standard sterile OR tools (e.g., hemostats  3498 ) to manually actuate various functions of the surgical instrument  40200 , including allowing the surgical instrument  40200  to be manipulated such that it can be extracted from the patient. In one aspect, the interface module  3492  includes a driver  3490  that is configured to be manually actuatable drive a drive coupler  3484  that is coupled to the interface module  3492 . In the illustrated example, the driver  3490  includes a first end  3494  that is configured to engage with a corresponding mating portion of a driver coupler  3484  (e.g., the recess  3486  of the drive coupler  3484  as illustrated in  FIGS. 83A and 83B ) and a second end  3496  that is configured to extend to be manually grippable to actuatable by tools. The second end  3496  can include a tab or projection. In one aspect, the driver  3490  is positioned on the interface module  3492  to engage with a particular driver coupler  3484  of the sterile interface module  43630 . For example, the driver  3490  can be positioned in the interface module  3492  to engage with the drive coupler  3484  that is configured to control a critical function of the surgical instrument  43250 , such as the driver coupler  3484  that controls the I-beam shaft for a surgical stapling and cutting instrument. Although illustrated as including a single driver  3490 , in other aspects the sterile interface module  3492  can include multiple drivers  3490 . 
     In one aspect, the robotic surgical assembly  40100  can include a mechanism for manually bailing out the robotic surgical assembly  40100  during operation. For example, the robotic surgical assembly  40100  could include a bailout lever that, when actuated, either interrupts the drive train between the motor pack  40500  and the sterile collar assembly  43630  or causes the motor pack  40500  and the sterile collar assembly  43630  to counter-rotate. On such example is illustrated in  FIGS. 85A and 85B , which shows a sterile barrier housing  40130  including a bailout lever  3500  that is actuatable between a first position that permits normal operation of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  and a second position that interrupts the operation of the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . In particular, the bailout lever  3500  is coupled to a first or bailout gear  3502  that is transitioned from a first position that is disengaged from the drive train  3508  between the motor pack  40500  and the sterile collar assembly  43630  and a second position that is engaged with the drive train  3508  such that the operation of the drive train  3508  is interrupted as the bailout lever  3500  is actuated from its first position to its second position. As the bailout gear  3502  is transitioned to the second position, the bailout gear  3502  engages with a corresponding second or motor gear  3504 , as shown in  FIG. 85B . The engagement between the bailout gear  3502  and the motor gear  3504  locks the motor gear  3504 , which in turn prevents actuation or operation of the motor  3506  to which the motor gear  3504  is coupled and/or the motor assembly  41114  ( FIG. 26 ) as a whole. 
     In one aspect, the bailout lever  3500  could be configured such that actuating the bailout lever  3500  (i.e., transitioning the bailout lever  3500  to the second position) could permanently deform or otherwise render the sterile barrier housing  40130  no longer usable. In another aspect, the bailout lever  3500  could include a resetable feature that allows the bailout lever  3500  to be reset (and the sterile barrier housing  40130  utilized again) after it has been actuated, unless an excessive load was imparted upon the bailout gear  3502  when engaged with the motor gear  3504  and/or drive train  3508 . In one aspect, the bailout lever  3500  could have ergonomic features that are easily gripped. In another aspect, the bailout lever  3500  could include a connector that is configured to engage with a second lever member that allows the second lever member to be attached to the bailout lever  3500  to extend the length of the bailout lever  3500  and thereby provide an improved mechanical advantage. In one aspect, the bailout lever  3500  could include a unidirectional mechanism (e.g., a ratchet mechanism) that is configured to prevent the bailout lever  3500  from being actuated in the incorrect direction. The unidirectional mechanism could be engaged or disengaged according to the type of drive train  3508  to which the bailout lever  3500  is coupled (e.g., a drive train for articulating a surgical instrument  40200  or a drive train for actuating the jaw(s) of a surgical instrument). Further, the unidirectional mechanism could be configured selectably constrain counter-rotating movement of the drive train  3508  (or a component thereof). For example, in robotic surgical assemblies  40100  that permit manual actuation (e.g., for resetting the robotic surgical assembly  40100 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 84A-84C ), the unidirectional mechanism could be configured to constrain counter-rotating movement in the direction in which the robotic surgical assembly  40100  is manually actuatable. 
     In one aspect, the robotic surgical assembly  40100  can include interchangeable or replaceable bailout systems to allow for jammed or broken components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100  to be reset. The interchangeable bailout assemblies could be couplable to the sterile collar assembly  43630 , for example. In use, users could disconnect the sterile collar assembly  43630  from the IDU  41110 , couple an interchangeably bailout assembly to the sterile collar assembly  43630 , and then manually actuate the bailout assembly to reset the sterile collar assembly  43630  and/or a surgical instrument  40200  coupled thereto to a particular position (e.g., full retraction or centering of the drive assembly of the sterile collar assembly  43630 ). In one aspect, the bailout assembly could be configured to actuate all of the drive assembly members to their home positions simultaneously. In one aspect, the bailout assembly could include a return or resetting lever that is selectively couplable to a specific drive member, thereby allowing the user to individually actuate or retract each drive member to its home state. In one aspect, the bailout assembly could include a sensor configured to sense a parameter of the bailout assembly to know where the home position is of the drive assemblies are and controllably retract to the drive assemblies to their home positions, preventing and over-retraction or centering of the drive assemblies. In one aspect, the bailout assembly could include a control circuit configured to communicably connect to the surgical instrument  40200  when coupled to the robotic surgical assembly  40100  (e.g., through electrical contacts disposed on surgical instrument  40200  and the components of the robotic surgical assembly  40100 ). The control circuit could be configured to identify the surgical instrument  40200  and then control the bailout assembly according to the surgical instrument type (i.e., configure its parameters to return the drive assemblies to the home positions particular for that surgical instrument type). The control circuit could also be configured to mark the surgical instrument  40200  as damaged to prevent reuse of the surgical instrument  40200 . For example, the control circuit could write to a value to an EEPROM within the surgical instrument  40200  that marks the surgical instrument  40200  as damaged and thereby prevents the surgical instrument  40200  from operating thereafter. In one aspect, the bailout assembly could include a motor or other powered system for automatically actuating the drive assembly to which it is connected to its home position, rather than requiring that users manually actuate the bailout assembly to reset the robotic surgical assembly  40100 . Further, the bailout assembly could include controls or be communicably coupled to controls, such that users can cause the bailout assembly to reset the robotic surgical assembly  40100  to the desired position via actuation of the controls. 
     While several forms have been illustrated and described, it is not the intention of the applicant to restrict or limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Numerous modifications, variations, changes, substitutions, combinations, and equivalents to those forms may be implemented and will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the structure of each element associated with the described forms can be alternatively described as a means for providing the function performed by the element. Also, where materials are disclosed for certain components, other materials may be used. It is therefore to be understood that the foregoing description and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, combinations, and variations as falling within the scope of the disclosed forms. The appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, variations, changes, substitutions, modifications, and equivalents. 
     The foregoing detailed description has set forth various forms of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. Those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the forms disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as one or more program products in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative form of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. 
     Instructions used to program logic to perform various disclosed aspects can be stored within a memory in the system, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), cache, flash memory, or other storage. Furthermore, the instructions can be distributed via a network or by way of other computer readable media. Thus a machine-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer), but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, compact disc, read-only memory (CD-ROMs), and magneto-optical disks, read-only memory (ROMs), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or a tangible, machine-readable storage used in the transmission of information over the Internet via electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.). Accordingly, the non-transitory computer-readable medium includes any type of tangible machine-readable medium suitable for storing or transmitting electronic instructions or information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). 
     As used in any aspect herein, the term “control circuit” may refer to, for example, hardwired circuitry, programmable circuitry (e.g., a computer processor comprising one or more individual instruction processing cores, processing unit, processor, microcontroller, microcontroller unit, controller, digital signal processor (DSP), programmable logic device (PLD), programmable logic array (PLA), or field programmable gate array (FPGA)), state machine circuitry, firmware that stores instructions executed by programmable circuitry, and any combination thereof. The control circuit may, collectively or individually, be embodied as circuitry that forms part of a larger system, for example, an integrated circuit (IC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system on-chip (SoC), desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, servers, smart phones, etc. Accordingly, as used herein “control circuit” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof. 
     As used in any aspect herein, the term “logic” may refer to an app, software, firmware and/or circuitry configured to perform any of the aforementioned operations. Software may be embodied as a software package, code, instructions, instruction sets and/or data recorded on non-transitory computer readable storage medium. Firmware may be embodied as code, instructions or instruction sets and/or data that are hard-coded (e.g., nonvolatile) in memory devices. 
     As used in any aspect herein, the terms “component,” “system,” “module” and the like can refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. 
     As used in any aspect herein, an “algorithm” refers to a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result, where a “step” refers to a manipulation of physical quantities and/or logic states which may, though need not necessarily, take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It is common usage to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. These and similar terms may be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities and/or states. 
     A network may include a packet switched network. The communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using a selected packet switched network communications protocol. One example communications protocol may include an Ethernet communications protocol which may be capable permitting communication using a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The Ethernet protocol may comply or be compatible with the Ethernet standard published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) titled “IEEE 802.3 Standard”, published in December, 2008 and/or later versions of this standard. Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using an X.25 communications protocol. The X.25 communications protocol may comply or be compatible with a standard promulgated by the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using a frame relay communications protocol. The frame relay communications protocol may comply or be compatible with a standard promulgated by Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT) and/or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Alternatively or additionally, the transceivers may be capable of communicating with each other using an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) communications protocol. The ATM communications protocol may comply or be compatible with an ATM standard published by the ATM Forum titled “ATM-MPLS Network Interworking 2.0” published August 2001, and/or later versions of this standard. Of course, different and/or after-developed connection-oriented network communication protocols are equally contemplated herein. 
     Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the foregoing disclosure, it is appreciated that, throughout the foregoing disclosure, discussions using terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “displaying,” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     One or more components may be referred to herein as “configured to,” “configurable to,” “operable/operative to,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that “configured to” can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise. 
     The terms “proximal” and “distal” are used herein with reference to a clinician manipulating the handle portion of the surgical instrument. The term “proximal” refers to the portion closest to the clinician and the term “distal” refers to the portion located away from the clinician. It will be further appreciated that, for convenience and clarity, spatial terms such as “vertical”, “horizontal”, “up”, and “down” may be used herein with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and/or absolute. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. 
     In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flow diagrams are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise. 
     It is worthy to note that any reference to “one aspect,” “an aspect,” “an exemplification,” “one exemplification,” and the like means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one aspect. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one aspect,” “in an aspect,” “in an exemplification,” and “in one exemplification” in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same aspect. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more aspects. 
     Any patent application, patent, non-patent publication, or other disclosure material referred to in this specification and/or listed in any Application Data Sheet is incorporated by reference herein, to the extent that the incorporated materials is not inconsistent herewith. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material. 
     In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing the concepts described herein. The foregoing description of the one or more forms has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more forms were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the various forms and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope.