Patent Publication Number: US-10323068-B2

Title: Hepatitis B virus pre-S1 derived synthetic polypeptides and uses thereof

Description:
This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/571,175, filed Aug. 9, 2012, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/014,070, filed Jan. 26, 2011, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/641,066, filed Dec. 19, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,754, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/484,923, having a U.S. filing date of Jul. 13, 2004, the date of completion of all requirements under 35 U.S.C. 371, and which is a National Stage application of PCT/IB02/02915, filed Jul. 26, 2002, which claims priority to European Application No. 01402048.1, filed Jul. 27, 2001, all of said applications incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     The present invention relates to new polypeptides and derivatives thereof that block Hepatitis B infection at an early step. 
     Hepadnaviruses are a group of small-enveloped partially double stranded DNA viruses, which have been found in mammals and birds. The human hepatitis B virus (HBV), representing the prototype of this group, causes acute and chronic hepatitis in man. Infections with the HBV represent a severe health problem, leading to an estimated one million death per year. 
     The intracellular replication cycle of hepadnaviruses, in particular transcription of the viral DNA, packaging and reverse transcription of genomic RNA and establishment of an intracellular pool of covalently closed circular HBV-DNA has been elucidated in some detail (Nassal et al, 1993; Nassal et al, 1996). However, until now the lack of an HBV-infectable cell line and the restricted availability of primary human hepatocytes for in vitro infection studies relentlessly prevented progress in the understanding of the early steps of the HBV-infection. Accordingly a variety of HBV-receptor candidates have been proposed on the bases of binding studies (reviewed by DeMeyer et al, 1997), but none of them could be convincingly demonstrated to be involved in the entry process. 
     However, more progress has been made recently in determining the sequence requirements for infection in the envelope proteins of duck and human hepatitis B virus (Urban et al., 1998, LeSeyec et al., 1998, LeSeyec et al., 1999). 
     The virus shell of HBV contains the large (L-), the middle (M-) and the small (S-) viral envelope proteins. Avian hepadnaviruses comprise only L- and S-protein. The surface proteins of all hepadnaviruses are encoded in single open reading frames of the viral DNA such that the L-protein contains the complete S-domain which serves as an anchor in the ER membrane-derived lipid bilayer. In the case of HBV, L- and M-proteins differ from S-protein in an hydrophilic N-terminal extension of 163 to 174 amino acids, termed pre-S. This pre-S extension is further divided into a pre-S2 (55 amino acids) and a pre-S1 (108 amino acids in subtype ayw) domain, towards the amino terminus. Depending on the HBV subtype, the pre-S1 domain shows some sequence variation and in case of subtype adr carries an insertion of additional 11 amino acids. 
     The analysis of the infectivity of pseudotyped HBVs carrying mutations in the exterior pre-S part of the L-protein has shown that the infection depends on an extended sequence within the pre-S1 domain of the HBV L-protein (Le Seyec, 1999). In contrast, major parts of the pre-S2 domain turned out to be dispensable for infectivity (Le Seyec et al, 1998). This indicates that the sequence between amino acids 3 and 77 of the pre-S1 domain is involved in the infection step. 
     Due to the availability of primary duck hepatocytes more progress has been achieved in the related duck hepatitis B virus model system. Using this system it was shown that  E. coli -derived preS-polypeptides of the duck hepatitis B virus L-protein inhibit DHBV-infection of primary duck hepatocytes by interfering with receptor binding (Urban et al., 1998). It was further demonstrated that the DHBV-preS binding protein Carboxypeptidase D, initially identified by Kuroki et al., (1994) functions as a common receptor component for avian HBVs (Urban et al, 1998; Breiner et al, 1998; Urban et al, 2000). 
     In the case of HBV infection, a similar state of knowledge is still missing and there is yet no experimental evidence for peptide components that efficiently interfere with early steps of an HBV-infection. 
     The authors of the present invention have investigated whether recombinant,  E. coli  derived preS-polypeptides and chemically synthesized preS-peptides of HBV L-protein could interfere with a HBV-infection. 
     They have identified a group of synthetic peptides that exhibits at the same time an excellent direct inhibitory activity against HBV infection and makes it possible to elicit immune protection against HBV. 
     These polypeptides were designed from the sequence of the pre-S1 amino acids 1 to 78 (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the Hepatitis B virus subtype ayw. However, although these polypeptides are shorter than the pre-S1 region, they surprisingly show a better inhibitory activity than longer polypeptides that would mimic the entire pre-S1 region. 
     The isolated synthetic polypeptides, or variant thereof, of the present invention have an amino acid sequence of the formula:
 
X—Y—Z  (I)
 
     wherein:
         X is an amino acid, for instance a methionine, or absent;   Y is the amino acid sequence 2 to 48 of pre-S1 region shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, or a N-terminally and/or C-terminally truncated form of this sequence, or variants thereof;   Z, linked to the —CO— group of the last residue of Y, is an amino acid sequence comprising 1 to 30 consecutive amino acids from the pre-S1 region shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, or absent;
 
said polypeptides being optionally chemically modified to bear a hydrophobic moiety.
       

     Preferably, when Y is a C-terminally, and optionally N-terminally, truncated form of sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant thereof, Z is absent. 
     Preferably, the hydrophobic moiety corresponds to the acyl rest of a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having at least 4 carbon atoms, preferably at least 6 carbon atoms, more preferably at least 8 carbon atoms, such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleate, linoleate, linolenate or arachidonate for instance, or the hydrophobic moiety corresponds to a cholesterol group or the like. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptides of the present invention are myristoylated. More preferably, the polypeptides comprise the entire amino acid sequence from 2 to 48 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acid 2 (glycine) carrying a myristyl group: Myr-GQNLSTSNPLGFFPDHQLDPAFRANTANPDWDFNPNKDTWPDANKVG (Myr 2-48, SEQ ID NO: 7). 
     In another embodiment, the polypeptide of the invention has the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 7. 
     The term “variant” refers to the homologous polynucleotidic sequences found in the different viral species, strains or subtypes of the hepadnavirus genus, such as HBV strain alpha1, HBV strain LSH (chimpanzee isolate), woodchuck HBV, Woolly Monkey HBV (WMHBV), or strains selected from the group consisting of the HBV subtypes AD, ADR, ADW, ADYW, AR and AYW. 
     Any analogs to the pre-S1 synthetic polypeptides are part of the present invention. Analogs involve amino acid deletions, amino acid substitutions such as conservative or non conservative replacement by other amino acids or by isosteres (modified amino acids that bear close structural and spatial similarity to protein amino acids), amino acid additions or isostere additions, as long as the sequences elicit 70% inhibition of human hepatocyte primary cultures HBV infection with a peptide concentration below 100 μM, preferably below 10 μM, and preferably below 1 μM. 
     Conservative amino acid substitutions typically relates to substitutions among amino acids of the same class. These classes include, for example, amino acids having uncharged polar side chains, such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine and tyrosine; amino acids having basic side chains, such as lysine, arginine, and histidine; amino acids having acidic side chains, such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and amino acids having nonpolar side chains, such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, and cysteine. 
     Advantageously, peptides according to the invention are modified to resist proteolysis. This can be achieved for instance by substituting L-amino acids at exposed sites with their D-amino acid counterpart. 
     In another embodiment, the polypeptides of the invention can incorporate short peptidic or non peptidic linkers so as to design three-dimensionally constrained peptides (Root M. J. et al., 2001). 
     The polypeptides of this invention can be prepared by a variety of procedures readily known to those skilled in the art. Such procedures include more particularly the solid phase sequential and block synthesis (B. W. Erickson and R. B. Merrifield, 1976). The solid phase sequential procedure can be performed using established automated methods such as by use of an automated polypeptide synthesizer. In this procedure an α-amino protected amino acid is bound to a resin support. The resin support employed can be any suitable resin conventionally employed in the art for the solid phase preparation of polypeptides, preferably polystyrene which has been copolymerized with polyoxyethylene to provide sites for ester formation with the initially introduced o-amino protected amino acid. This optimized method, applied by the inventors, has been explicitly described by Gausepohl et al, 1989 and 1990. 
     The amino acids are introduced one by one. Each synthesis cycle corresponding to the introduction of one amino acid includes a deprotection step, successive washing steps, a coupling step with activation of the amino acid, and subsequent washing steps. Each of these steps is followed by a filtration. 
     The reactive agents for coupling are the classical reactive agents for polypeptide synthesis such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, hydroxybenzotriazole, benzotriazil-1-yl-oxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, and diphenylphosphorylazide. 
     After synthesis of the polypeptide on the resin, the polypeptide is separated from the resin by a treatment with a strong acid such as trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of anisole, ethanedithiol or 2-methylindole. The compound is then purified by the classical techniques of purification, in particular by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). 
     The polypeptides of the present invention may also be obtained by coupling polypeptide fragments that are selectively protected, this coupling being effected in a solution. 
     The polypeptide can further be produced by genetic engineering techniques. An eukaryotic expression system, such as the baculovirus system, is particularly suitable. According to this procedure proteins are expressed in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heterologous protein and regulating nucleic acid sequences, such as a promoter. Several cell-lines are available for infection with recombinant baculovirus, such as cell line SF-9, available from the American Type Culture Collection (CRL 1711). 
     The polypeptides of the present invention can be used to inhibit in vitro or in vivo hepatocyte infection by HBV through preventing binding and/or internalisation of HBV particles to hepatocytes. 
     Accordingly, the invention provides a method of in vitro inhibition of hepatocyte infection by HBV comprising using a polypeptide as described above. 
     Suitable hepatocytes include human primary hepatocytes or the hepatoma derived cell line called HepaRG (described in the patent application FR 0109044), which is also susceptible to HBV infection. 
     The invention further relates to a method for in vitro and/or in vivo identification of a hepatocyte receptor involved in the attachment and/or penetration of HBV and/or quantitation of the expression of said receptor that comprises using a peptide as described above. 
     In particular, said method comprises the steps consisting of:
         contacting a liver biopsy or a hepatocyte with a polypeptide of the invention under conditions and for a period of time sufficient to allow specific binding of said polypeptide to a receptor expressed at the surface of a hepatocyte;   detecting binding of said polypeptide to a receptor; and   identifying said receptor.       

     This can be achieved according to classical procedures well-known by the skilled in the art. For instance, this could involve radioactive, enzyme or fluorescent labelling of the polypeptides of the invention, and subsequent detection with an appropriate method. A number of fluorescent materials are known and can be utilized as labels. These include, for example, fluorescein, rhodamine, auramine, Texas Red. Enzyme labels consists in conjugation of an enzyme to a molecule of interest, e.g. a polypeptide, and can be detected by any of colorimetric, spectrophotometric, or fluorospectrophotometric techniques. 
     The present invention also relates to antibodies directed against a polypeptide according to the invention, or a fragment of said polypeptide. The antibodies of the present invention can be chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, or antigen binding fragments Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2 and Fv. They can also be immunoconjugated or labelled antibodies. 
     Polyclonal antibodies can be obtained from serum of an animal immunized against a polypeptide of the invention, according to standard methods well-known by one skilled in the art. The specificity of the polyclonal serum can be further increased through immuno-affinity chromatography using polypeptides of the formula (I), or fragment thereof, immobilised on a solid phase. The antibody is contacted with the immobilised immunising polypeptide during a time sufficient to allow the formation of a complex antibody-immobilised polypeptide. 
     Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained according to the standard method of hybridoma culture (Kohler and Milstein, 1975). 
     Said antibodies are particularly useful for inhibiting in vitro or in vivo HBV infection of hepatocytes, or for ex vivo assessing the infectivity of HBV particles. 
     Accordingly, the invention provides a method for assessing ex vivo the infectivity of HBV particles comprising using an antibody according to the invention. 
     In another embodiment, the polypeptides or antibodies of the invention can be used as a drug. Such a drug can be particularly useful for blocking or preventing HBV infection. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions comprising, in a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier, either a polypeptide or an antibody according to the invention are within the scope of the invention. 
     Accordingly, the invention provides a therapeutical method for the prevention or the treatment of HBV infection that comprises administration of a peptide or antibody of the invention to a patient in need thereof. 
     The invention further relates to the use of a polypeptide or an antibody of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament intended for the in vivo inhibition of HBV infection. As used herein, the term “treatment” is intended for the improvement or the stabilisation of the condition of a patient. This include for instance prevention of HBV propagation to uninfected cells of an organism. 
     The invention further provides a therapeutical composition that comprises a polypeptide or antibody of the invention associated to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of vaccination against HBV infection that comprises administration of a peptide of the invention to a patient in need thereof. 
     Accordingly, the present invention includes a vaccinal composition comprising, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a polypeptide disclosed herein. 
     In the context of the present application, “vaccination” is intended for prophylactic or therapeutical vaccination. “Therapeutical vaccination” is meant for vaccination of a patient with HBV infection. 
     In further aspect, the invention provides a immunogenic composition comprising in a pharmaceutical acceptable support, a polypeptide disclosed herein. 
     Preferably, the peptide(s) of the vaccine method/composition or immunogenic composition is myristoylated. Myristoylation indeed makes it possible to enhance the immune response elicited toward the peptide antigen. 
     The polypeptides of the invention can be modified to have increased immunogenic properties. Such increased immunogenic properties refer for instance to increasing the range of antibodies elicited following immunization, or to allowing the production of antibodies capable of neutralizing infection by various viral strains. 
     In another embodiment, the polypeptides of the invention can be modified to decrease their immunogenic properties. Such polypeptides would be particularly useful in a therapeutical application to inhibit in vivo HBV infection while avoiding or limiting adverse effects. 
     A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any vehicle wherein the pharmaceutical or vaccine compositions according to the invention may be formulated. It includes a saline solution such as phosphate buffer saline. In general, a diluent or carrier is selected on the basis of the mode and route of administration, and standard pharmaceutical practice. 
     According to the invention, the term “patient” is meant for any human likely to be infected with HBV. 
     Polypeptides of the invention can be used for ex vivo diagnosis of HBV infection through detecting the interaction of said polypeptides with antibodies present in a biological sample and directed against a fragment of the pre-S1 region of HBV viral particles. The specific interaction of said polypeptides with endogenous antibodies can be detected by any suitable detection method readily known by the skilled in the art. 
     The invention thus provides a method for ex vivo diagnosis of HBV infection comprising the steps consisting of:
         contacting a biological sample with a polypeptide of the invention under conditions and for a period of time sufficient to allow formation of complexes between said polypeptide and an antibody present in a biological sample and directed against a fragment of the pre-S1 region of HBV viral particles;   detecting said complexes, the presence of which is indicative of HBV infection.       

     The diagnosis method of the invention is useful as a predictive method of HBV infection development. Accordingly, repetitions at different points in time of the above ex vivo diagnosis method make it possible to reveal an increase or a decrease in the number of antibodies against a fragment of the pre-S1 region of HBV viral particles that are detected. An increase in the number of said antibodies usually indicates an improvement of the patient&#39;s condition. In particular, such a method allows assessment of a patient&#39;s response to a treatment. 
     Detection can be achieved through any means, e.g. radioactive, enzyme or fluorescent labelling of the polypeptides of the invention combined with appropriate means of detection, readily known by one skilled in the art. 
     The present invention is also directed to diagnostic methods relating to the detection antibodies to pre-S1 gene-encoded HBV antigens. Such antibodies can be detected ex vivo in a biological sample with the synthetic peptidic immunogens disclosed herein by both sandwich type immunoassays and competition type immunoassays, such as those immunoassays in which antigen in the sample competes with labelled immunogen for antibody. 
     Therefore, the invention further concerns a method for detecting a HBV infection comprising effecting quantitative immunoassays on a serum taken form a human to determine the amount of antibodies present therein, which are antibodies to an antigen coded by the pre-S1 region, employing the above-described HBV peptide immunogen and comparing the value with a known standard. 
     The invention also relates to a method for detecting the presence of HBV infection comprising effecting quantitative immunoassays on a serum taken form a human to determine the amount of antigens coded by the pre-S1 region, employing the above-described antibodies to the HBV peptide immunogen and comparing the value with a known standard. 
     Both peptides or antibodies according to the invention can similarly be used to determine the outcome of HBV infection by periodically carrying out an immunoassay on a biological sample from a patient so as to assess the amount of antibodies to an antigen coded by the pre-S1 region, or antigens coded by the pre-S1 region. 
    
    
     
       The invention will be further understood in view of the following examples and the annexed figures wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is the comparison of HBV infectivity of human hepatocytes cultured in the presence of a myristoylated or non myristoylated peptide corresponding to a pre-S1 region domain (1-78). The infection efficiency was evaluated by measuring HBsAg in the supernatant of infected cells, 14 days post-infection. Values are expressed as a % of the control (no peptide). 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the comparison of inhibitory activity of C-terminally truncated myristoylated peptides. Human hepatocytes were HBV infected in the presence of myristoylated or non-myristoylated peptides corresponding to parts of the Pre-S1 domain of the HBV L protein. The concentration of peptides ranged from 0.8 to 800 nM. Infection efficiency was evaluated by measuring HBsAg secretion 7 days after infection and expressed as a % of the positive control. 
         FIG. 3  is the comparison of the inhibitory activity of C-terminally truncated peptides shorter than Myr 2-48. The concentration of peptides ranged from 0.8 to 8 μM. Infection efficiency was evaluated by measuring HBsAg secretion 8 days after infection and expressed in ng/ml. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the comparative inhibitory activity of WMHBV and HBV derived myristoylated 2-48 peptides. Infection of human primary human hepatocytes with HBV was performed in the presence of decreasing concentration of peptides. The supernatant of infected cells was collected at day 10 post-infection and analysed for the presence of HbsAg. 
         FIG. 5  is a Dot Blot analysis of duck HBV (DHBV) in the serum of ducks treated with duck preS Myr 2-41 (DpreS2-41 myr ), heron preS Myr 2-44 (HepreS2-44 myr ), human preS Myr 2-68 (HupreS2-68 myr ), duck preS Myr 2-21 (DpreS2-21 myr ) or ddH 2 O, 5, 9, 15 and 28 days post-infection (p.i.) with DHBV. 
         FIG. 6  is a Western Blot analysis of DHBV L protein in the serum of ducks 35 days post infection. 
     
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1: MATERIAL AND METHODS FOR THE INHIBITION OF HBV INFECTION WITH PRE-S1-HBV SYNTHETIC POLYPEPTIDES 
     a) Establishment of HBV-Infectable Cell Culture 
     Fragments of normal adult human liver were obtained from patients undergoing hepatic resection for liver metastases (the fragments were taken at a distance from the metastasis in macroscopically normal liver). Access to this biopsy material was in agreement with French laws and satisfied the requirements of the French National Ethics Committee. Hepatocytes were isolated by the procedure of Guguen-Guillouzo and Guillouzo and cultured in H medium supplemented with 3.5×10 −6  M hydrocortisone hemisuccinate, 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 mg of gentamicin per liter, 2% dimethyl sulfoxide, 5% adult human serum, and 5% FCS. Three days after seeding, the cells were infected. 
     Alternatively, for some experiments, instead of using primary cultures, we made use of a new hepatoma derived cell line, called HepaRG, which is also susceptible to HBV infection (patent application FR 0109044). Before the infection procedure cells were allowed to differentiate, allowing cells to gain an hepatocyte-like morphology (patent application FR 0109044). Cells were then infected. 
     b) HBV Infection of Cell Culture 
     As an infectious inoculum, a 50-fold concentrated culture medium of HepG2 clone 2.2.15 cells was used, because of an unlimited supply and a constant quality. 
     It was prepared as described previously. Differentiated cells were incubated with the concentrated infectious source, 10-fold diluted in culture medium supplemented with 5% PEG 8000 (Sigma), for 20 h at 37° C. as described previously (Gripon et al., 1988; Gripon et al., 1993). Control cultures were incubated with 5% PEG and 25% FCS diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) instead of the infectious source. At the end of the incubation, cells were washed three times with the culture medium and maintained in the presence of 2% DMSO and 5×10 −5  M hydrocortisone hemisuccinate and harvested at indicated times. 
     c) Polypeptide Competition Assays 
     Polypeptide competition assays were performed by pre-incubating cells with the analyzed polypeptide for 30 min, at 37° C., prior to the addition of the infectious source. 
     d) Inhibition of HBV Infection Assessment 
     HBsAg assay 
     HBsAg was detected in the medium by an ELISA kit (Monolisa AgHBs plus) obtained from Bio-Rad Laboratories. Values are expressed in ng/ml of supernatant or percent of control (absence of peptide). 
     RNA Extraction and Analysis 
     Total cellular RNA was extracted by Total SV RNA kit (Promega, France), fractionated on a 1.5% agarose gel and analyzed by standard Northern blot procedure (Sambrook et al., 1989). Control of the RNA amount transferred onto filters was performed after methylene blue staining. Hybridization was performed with P 32  labeled HBV DNA. 
     EXAMPLE 2: RESULTS OF HBV INFECTION INHIBITION WITH PRE-S1-HBV SYNTHETIC POLYPEPTIDES 
     a) Influence of the Myristoylation of Pre-S1 Synthetic Peptides on HBV Infection Inhibition 
     Mutagenesis experiments have previously shown that a part (amino acids (AA) 3-77) of the pre-S1 region was essential for HBV infectivity (Le Seyec et al., 1999). In addition we have also demonstrated that myristoylation of the AA 2, a glycine residue, associated with the removal of AA 1, a methionine residue, was also critical (Gripon et al., 1995). We have therefore postulated that a peptide comprising amino acids 2-77, with a myristoylated glycin, could interfere with the HBV infection process. To evaluate this hypothesis two peptides were synthesized: PreS 1-78 and Myr PreS 2-78. These peptides were then added prior and during the infection process of human hepatocyte cultures, the infection level was evaluated by measuring the HBsAg secretion of infected cells.  FIG. 1  displays that although the non-myristoylated peptide has only a faint effect on HBV infectivity at 1 μM, the same amount of the myristoylated peptide did almost completely abolish it, lower doses were partly inhibitory. These results were confirmed by RNA analysis. 
     Other experiments conducted with higher peptide concentrations (up to 100 μM) indicate that myristoylation is not absolutely required for the inhibition of HBV infection but strongly enhances the activity of the peptides by a factor of about 100 fold. 
     b) Activity of C-Terminally Truncated Pre-S1 Synthetic Peptides 
     Human hepatocytes were HBV infected in the presence of myristoylated or non-myristoylated peptides corresponding to parts of the Pre-S1 domain of the HBV L protein. The concentration of peptides ranged from 0.8 to 800 nM.  FIG. 2  shows the inhibition activity of myristoylated truncated peptides. Results obtained with non-myristoylated peptides are displayed in Table 1 (infra). 
     It appears that peptide Myr 2-48 shows the highest inhibitory activity. The larger peptides, Myr 2-68 and Myr 2-78, although very efficient at 800 nM are less active at lower doses. The smaller peptide Myr 2-28 is largely less active although a 50% inhibition is observed at 800 nM. 
     As some activity still persists for the peptide smaller than 2-48, in order to evaluate the contribution of the N-terminal amino acids, we have produced and evaluated a new set of short peptides. The results are shown on  FIG. 3 . From this figure it is obvious that Myr 2-38 and Myr 2-28 peptides still retain a significant inhibitory activity as they almost completely blocks HBV infection at 8 μM. By contrast the 2 shorter peptides are no longer active and the shorter one tends to increase HBV infectivity, for unknown reasons. 
     The effect of myristoylation and C-terminal truncation of pre-S1 peptides was also studied through RNA analysis. The results confirm that myristoylated truncated peptides displayed enhanced inhibitory activity as compared to the corresponding non myristoylated peptides, and that the highest inhibitory activity is obtained with Myr 2-48. 
     c) HBV Infection Inhibitory Activity of Pre-S1 Homologous Sequences 
     A recently discovered primate hepadnavirus, the Wolly Monkey Hepatitis B virus (WMHBV) has been shown very poorly infectious for Chimpanzee and for human hepatocyte primary cultures. The WMHBV pre-S 1-78 polypeptidic sequence shows 66% sequence identity to the original HBV derived peptide. We have investigated the inhibitory activity of a WMHBV derived Myr 2-48 peptide (SEQ ID NO: 14) towards HBV infection of human cells. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates the comparative inhibitory activity of WMHBV and HBV derived myristoylated 2-48 peptides (64% sequence identity). This experiment clearly shows that the WMHBV derived peptide is surprisingly nearly as efficient as the HBV derived peptide in inhibiting the HBV infection. This result is in contrast with the complete absence of activity of a DHBV derived peptide (PreS Myr 2-41 (SEQ ID NO: 16), see table 1) on HBV infection although this peptide is a strong inhibitor of DHBV infection. 
     From these results we can conclude that it is possible to efficiently inhibit the HBV infection. The tolerance of up to 46% variations in the peptide sequence suggests that it will be possible to inhibit the infection of HBV viruses of all genotypes with a single peptide. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1  
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 summary of the results of the competition 
               
               
                 experiments. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 HBV 
                   
                 HBV 
               
               
                   
                 infec- 
                   
                 infec- 
               
               
                   
                 tivity 
                   
                 tivity 
               
               
                   
                 of 
                   
                 of 
               
               
                   
                 human 
                   
                 human 
               
               
                 Non  
                 hepato- 
                   
                 hepato- 
               
               
                 myristoylated 
                 cytes 
                 Myristoylated 
                 cytes 
               
               
                 polypeptides 
                 inhi- 
                 polypeptides 
                 inhi- 
               
               
                 (100 μM) 
                 bition 
                 (1 μM) 
                 bition 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HBV PreS 1-78 
                 ND 
                 HBV Myr PreS 2-78 
                 ++++ 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HBV PreS 1-68 
                 ND 
                 HBV Myr PreS 2-68 
                 ++++ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HBV PreS 1-48 
                 +++ 
                 HBV Myr PreS 2-48 
                 +++++ 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HBV PreS 1-38 
                 ND 
                 HBV Myr PreS 2-38 
                 +++ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HBV PreS 1-28 
                 + 
                 HBV Myr PreS 2-28 
                 ++ 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HBV PreS 1-18 
                 ND 
                 HBV Myr PreS 2-18 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HBV PreS 1-8 
                 ND 
                 HBV Myr PreS 2-8 
                 − 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HBV PreS 19-48 
                 − 
                 HBV Myr PreS 19-48 
                 − 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 WMHBV PreS 1-48 
                 +++ 
                 WMHBV Myr PreS 2-48 
                 +++++ 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DHBV PreS 1-41 
                 − 
                 DHBV Myr PreS 2-41 
                 − 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ND: Not Determined 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 3: IN VIVO DHBV INFECTION INHIBITION WITH PRE-S-HBV SYNTHETIC POLYPEPTIDES 
     Ducks are simultaneously injected with DHBV and duck preS Myr 2-41 (DpreS2-41 myr ), heron preS Myr 2-44 (HepreS2-44 myr ), human preS Myr 2-68 (HupreS2-68 myr ), duck preS Myr 2-21 (DpreS2-21 myr ) or ddH 2 O. The viremia of infected animals is assessed by Dot Blot analysis of viral DNA, 5, 9, 15 and 28 days post-infection. The results displayed in  FIG. 5  show that viral DNA is detected in control animals treated with ddH 2 O, indicated a successful infection of these animals. On the contrary, a transitory viremia can be observed at days 9 and 15 post-infection in ducks treated with either DpreS2-41 myr  or DpreS2-21 myr . At day 28, viral DNA is decreased or no longer detectable which suggests that the animals eliminated the virus. This analysis is further supported by the Western Blot analysis shown in  FIG. 6  that shows the L protein of DHBV is not detected in the serum of ducks treated with either DpreS2-41 myr  or DpreS2-21 myr  35 days post-infection. 
     On the contrary, the human peptide HupreS2-68 myr  seems to delay but do not prevent infection of ducks with DHBV ( FIGS. 5 and 6 ). 
     Since peptide DpreS2-21 myr  was shown to have no in vitro inhibitory activity towards DHBV infection of primary duck hepatocytes, the in vivo protection observed with this peptide would result from an indirect effect of the peptide, i.e. enhancement of the immune response through eliciting antibodies directed against DpreS2-21 myr . 
     This experiment illustrates that myristoylated synthetic peptides can confer protection against hepatitis B virus infection. 
     THE FOLLOWING CITATIONS ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY REFERENCE 
     
         
         
           
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