Patent Publication Number: US-2020301179-A1

Title: Liquid crystal display

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/288,553, filed on May 28, 2014, which claims priority to Korean Patent Applications No. 10-2013-0092200 filed on Aug. 2, 2013, No. 10-2013-0092203, filed on Aug. 2, 2013, No. 10-2013-0101907 filed on Aug. 27, 2013, No. 10-2013-0109223 filed on Sep. 11, 2013, No. 10-2013-0110647 filed on Sep. 13, 2013, and No. 10-2013-0123515 filed on Oct. 16, 2013, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     The invention relates to a liquid crystal display (“LCD”). More particularly, the invention relates to an LCD having a curved shape. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     As one of flat panel displays, a liquid crystal display (“LCD”) is applied to various electronic appliances, such as a television set, a monitor, a notebook, a mobile phone, etc., to display an image. In recent years, an LCD having a curved shape has been developed. The curved LCD displays the image through a curved display area and provides a user with improved three-dimensional (“3D”) effect, a sense of immersion, and virtual presence. 
     SUMMARY 
     The invention provides a liquid crystal display (“LCD”) having improved display quality of an image displayed through a curved display area thereof. 
     Embodiments of the invention provide an LCD including a display substrate, an opposite substrate, and a liquid crystal layer. The display substrate includes a plurality of pixel areas and is curved in a first direction. The opposite substrate faces the display substrate. The opposite substrate is coupled to the display substrate and curved along the display substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the display substrate and the opposite substrate. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, domains are defined in each of the plurality of pixel areas and directions in which liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer are aligned are different from each other in at least two domains among the domains. In an exemplary embodiment, the domains are arranged in a second direction crossing the first direction. 
     According to the above, although a misalignment occurs between the display substrate and the opposite substrate when the display substrate and the opposite substrate are curved, a lower alignment direction and an upper alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules may be uniformly maintained by alignments layers respectively disposed on the display substrate and the opposite substrate. Therefore, alignment defects caused when the lower alignment direction and the upper alignment direction are different from each other may be effectively prevented. As a result, a transmittance of the light may be effectively prevented from being deteriorated in the domains, and thus the display quality of the LCD may be improved. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, two branch portions disposed in two domains adjacent to each other are connected to each other by a domain connection portion disposed between the two branch portions, and the two branch portions and the domain connection portion are connected to each other in a zigzag shape. Accordingly, the two branch portions may be effectively prevented from serving as one branch portion in the two domains. As a result, directions in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned are clearly distinct from each other in the two domains, so that the display quality of the LCD may be improved. 
     Further, intensity of the inner fringe field is increased by the structure of the auxiliary branch portions, and the intensity of the inner fringe field may become stronger than that of external electric field acting in opposition to the inner fringe field. Therefore, since the inner fringe field more strongly acts on the domains than the external electric field, the liquid crystal molecules may be easily aligned even though the inner fringe field is overlapped with the external electric field in the domains. 
     In addition, a variation in brightness of the image displayed on the display substrate, which is caused by the viewing direction, may be minimized. Accordingly, a difference between the brightness perceived in a left side of the display substrate and the brightness perceived in a right side of the display substrate is effectively reduced, and thus the display quality of the display substrate is improved. 
     Further, since the spacers are overlapped with the light blocking layer, the thickness of the spacers is effectively reduced by the thickness of the light blocking layer. Therefore, the thickness of each of the spacers is effectively reduced and the size of bottom surface of each of the spacers is effectively reduced, thereby effectively reducing the size of each of the spacers in a plan view. Thus, the spacers may be easily disposed in the non-pixel area. As a result, the aperture ratio of the plurality of pixel areas may be effectively prevented from being lowered. 
     In addition, the column spacer is disposed on the display substrate, and thus the column spacer may be effectively prevented from moving by the misalignment between the display substrate and the opposite substrate. Consequently, the cell gap between the display substrate and the opposite substrate may be effectively prevented from being varied. As a result, the display quality of the LCD may be improved. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other advantages of the invention will become readily apparent by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a perspective view showing an exemplary embodiment of a liquid crystal display (“LCD”) according to the invention; 
         FIG. 1B  is a plan view showing the LCD shown in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 1C  is a side view showing the LCD shown in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2  is a plan view showing a pixel of the LCD shown in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II′ of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D  are perspective views showing liquid crystal molecules aligned by an electric field generated between a display substrate and an opposite substrate; 
         FIG. 5  is a view showing domains defined in a pixel area and alignment directions of liquid crystal molecules; 
         FIG. 6A  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 6B  is a view showing domains of the pixel shown in  FIG. 6A ; 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 8A  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 8B  is an enlarged view showing a first horizontal stem portion shown in  FIG. 8A ; 
         FIG. 9  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 10A  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 10B  is an enlarged view showing a first vertical stem portion shown in  FIG. 10A ; 
         FIG. 11  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a portion of a first sub-pixel electrode of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 13  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 14  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 15A  is an enlarged view showing a first sub-pixel electrode shown in  FIG. 14 ; 
         FIG. 15B  is an enlarged view showing a second sub-pixel electrode shown in  FIG. 14 ; 
         FIG. 16  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 18  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 19  is an enlarged view showing a portion of a first sub-pixel electrode shown in  FIG. 18 ; 
         FIG. 20  is an enlarged view showing another exemplary embodiment of a portion of a first sub-pixel electrode of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 21  is an enlarged view showing to another exemplary embodiment of a portion of a first sub-pixel electrode of an LCD according the invention; 
         FIG. 22  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel electrode of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 23  is a view showing another exemplary embodiment of alignment directions of liquid crystal molecules in domains defined in pixels according to the invention; 
         FIG. 24  is a view showing another exemplary embodiment of alignment directions of liquid crystal molecules in domains defined in pixels according to the invention; 
         FIG. 25  is a view showing another exemplary embodiment of alignment directions of liquid crystal molecules in domains defined in pixels according to the invention; 
         FIG. 26  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a pixel of an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 27A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line IV-IV′ of  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 27B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line V-V′ of  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 27C  is a cross-sectional view taken along line VI-VI′ of  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 28  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a position relation between a thin film transistor (“TFT”), a color pixel, and a spacer in an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 29  is a cross-sectional view taken along line VII-VII′ of  FIG. 28 ; 
         FIG. 30  is a graph showing a relation between a smear and an area ratio of a column spacer; 
         FIG. 31  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a position relation between a TFT, a color pixel, and a spacer in an LCD according to the invention; 
         FIG. 32  is a cross-sectional view taken along line VIII-VIII′ of  FIG. 31 ; and 
         FIG. 33  is a plan view showing another exemplary embodiment of a position relation between a TFT, a color pixel, and a spacer in an LCD according to the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various embodiments are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms, and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
     It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the invention. 
     Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath”, “below”, “lower”, “above”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms, “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes” and/or “including”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     “About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     Hereinafter, the invention will be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG. 1A  is a perspective view showing a liquid crystal display (“LCD”) according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention,  FIG. 1B  is a plan view showing the LCD shown in  FIG. 1A , and  FIG. 1C  is a side view showing the LCD shown in  FIG. 1A . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C , an LCD  500  includes a display area DA in which an image is displayed and has a curved shape. Accordingly, the LCD  500  may displays the image with improved three-dimensional (“3D”) effect, a sense of immersion, and virtual presence through the display area DA provided in the curved shape. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the LCD  500  includes a display substrate  100 , an opposite substrate  300 , and a liquid crystal layer LC (refer to  FIG. 3A ). The opposite substrate  300  is coupled to the display substrate  100  and faces the display substrate  100 . The liquid crystal layer LC is interposed between the display substrate  100  and the opposite substrate  300 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the LCD  500  may further include other elements in addition to the display substrate  100  and the opposite substrate  300 , but it should not be limited thereto or thereby. In an exemplary embodiment, the LCD  500  may further include a backlight assembly (not shown) to provide a light to the display substrate  100  and the opposite substrate  300 , but a light source for the LCD  500  should not be limited to the backlight assembly. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the LCD  500  is curved in a first direction D 1 . Therefore, a portion or all of the display substrate  100  is curved in the first direction D 1 , and the display area DA has a curved shape curved in the first direction D 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, the opposite substrate  300  is curved as the display substrate  100  is curved. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1C , a first point CP 1  is defined on the curved portion of the display substrate  100 , a normal line  10  crossing the first point CP 1  is defined, and a second point CP 2  is defined on the opposite substrate  300  to meet the normal line  10 . In an exemplary embodiment, a gaze line  15  substantially parallel to a gaze direction of a user is defined to cross the first point CP 1  and a third point P 3  is defined on the opposite substrate  300  to meet the gaze line  15 . In this case, since the display substrate  100  and the opposite substrate  300  are curved, a position of the second point CP 2  may be different from a position of the third point P 3  on the opposite substrate  300 . 
     As described above, a phenomenon in which the position of the second point CP 2  does not match with the position of the third point P 3  is referred to as a misalignment between the display substrate  100  and the opposite substrate  300 . Hereinafter, a structure of the LCD  500 , which prevents a display quality of the image displayed in the display area DA from being deteriorated due to the misalignment, will be described in detail. 
       FIG. 2  is a plan view showing a pixel of the LCD  500  shown in  FIG. 1A ,  FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line I-I′ of  FIG. 2 , and  FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-IP of  FIG. 2 . 
     The LCD  500  includes a plurality of pixels, but only one pixel disposed in one corresponding pixel area is shown in  FIG. 2  and details of others will be omitted since the pixels have the same structure and function. In an exemplary embodiment, the display substrate  100  will be mainly described and the opposite substrate  300  will be described with reference to  FIGS. 3A and 3B . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 2, 3A, and 3B , the display substrate  100  includes a first base substrate S 1 , a gate line GL, a first data line DL 1 , a second data line DL 2 , a first thin film transistor (“TFT”) TR 1 , a second TFT TR 2 , a pixel electrode PE, and a first alignment layer  110 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the first base substrate S 1  may include an insulating substrate having a light transmitting property and a flexible property, e.g., a plastic substrate. The gate line GL is disposed on the first base substrate S 1  and connected to the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  to apply a gate signal to the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the pixel area PA includes a first sub-pixel area PA 1  and a second pixel area PA 2 . In this case, the pixel electrode PE includes a first sub-pixel electrode PE 1  disposed in a first sub-pixel area PA 1  and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 2  disposed in a second sub-pixel area PA 2 . 
     The first and second data lines DL 1  and DL 2  are disposed on the first base substrate S 1  and insulated from the gate line GL. The first data line DL 1  transmits a first data signal and the second data line DL 2  transmits a second data signal. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first data line DL 1  extends along one side (e.g., left side) of the first and second sub-pixel electrodes PE 1  and PE 2  and the second data line DL 2  extends along the other side (e.g., right side) of the first and second sub-pixel electrodes PE 1  and PE 2 . Thus, the first and second sub-pixel electrodes PE 1  and PE 2  are disposed between the first and second data lines DL 1  and DL 2 . However, the invention is not limited thereto, and the first and second sub-pixel electrodes PE 1  and PE 2  may not be disposed between the first and second data lines DL 1  and DL 2 . 
     The first TFT TR 1  is electrically connected to the gate line GL, the first data line DL 1 , and the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 . Accordingly, when the first TFT TR 1  is turned on in response to the gate signal, the first data signal is applied to the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 . 
     The first TFT TR 1  includes a first gate electrode GE 1 , a first active pattern AP 1 , a first source electrode SE 1 , and a first drain electrode DE 1 . The first gate electrode GE 1  is branched from the gate line GL and the first active pattern AP 1  is disposed on the first gate electrode GE 1  such that the first insulating layer L 1  is disposed between the first active pattern AP 1  and the first gate electrode GE 1 . The first source electrode SE 1  is branched from the first data line DL 1  to make contact with the first active pattern AP 1 , and the first drain electrode DE 1  is spaced apart from the first source electrode SE 1  to make contact with the first active pattern AP 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, the first source electrode SE 1  and the first drain electrode DE 1  may be disposed on both ends of the first active pattern AP 1 , respectively. 
     A second insulating layer L 2  covers the first TFT TR 1  and a third insulating layer L 3  is disposed on the second insulating layer L 2 . The first sub-pixel electrode PE 1  is disposed on the third insulating layer L 3  and makes contact with the first drain electrode DE 1  through a contact hole defined through the second and third insulating layers L 2  and L 3 . The second TFT TR 2  is electrically connected to the gate line GL, the second data line DL 2 , and the second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 . Therefore, when the second TFT TR 2  is turned on in response to the gate signal, the second signal is applied to the second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 . 
     The second TFT TR 2  includes a second gate electrode GE 2 , a second active pattern AP 2 , a second source electrode SE 2 , and a second drain electrode DE 2 . The second gate electrode GE 2  is branched from the gate line GL and the second active pattern AP 2  is disposed on the second gate electrode GE 2  such that the first insulating layer L 1  is disposed between the second active pattern AP 2  and the second gate electrode GE 2 . The second source electrode SE 2  is branched from the second data line DL 2  to make contact with the second active pattern AP 2 , and the second drain electrode DE 2  is spaced apart from the second source electrode SE 2  to make contact with the second active pattern AP 2 . 
     The second sub-pixel electrode PE 2  is disposed on the third insulating layer L 3  and makes contact with the second drain electrode DE 2  through a contact hole defined through the second and third insulating layers L 2  and L 3 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, each of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  includes a semiconductor material, e.g., amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon, etc., but it should not be limited to the semiconductor material. In an exemplary embodiment, each of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may include oxide semiconductor, such as indium gallium zinc oxide (“IGZO”), ZnO, SnO 2 , In 2 O 3 , Zn 2 SnO 4 , Ge 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , etc., or compound semiconductor, such as GaAs, GaP, InP, etc. 
     As described above, the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are turned on in response to the gate signal. In this case, the first data signal is applied to the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1  through the first TFT TR 1  and the second data signal different from the first data signal is applied to the second sub-pixel electrode PE 2  through the second TFT TR 2 . Thus, the first and second sub-pixel electrodes PE 1  and PE 2  are driven in response to different data signals, and thus different gray scales are displayed in the first and second sub-pixel areas PA 1  and PA 2 . 
     The first alignment layer  110  is disposed above the pixel electrode PE and makes contact with the liquid crystal layer LC. When electric field does not exist between the display substrate  100  and the opposite substrate  300 , the first alignment layer  100  aligns liquid crystal molecules RM (refer to  FIGS. 4A to 4D ) of the liquid crystal layer LC to be inclined with respect to the first alignment layer  110 . In this case, the liquid crystal molecules aligned inclined with respect to the first alignment layer  110  become more inclined by the electric field, and thus the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in a direction substantially in parallel to the display substrate  100 . The above-described operation mode of the liquid crystal molecules against the electric field is called a super vertical alignment (“SVA”) mode, and in this case, a response time required to display the image on the LCD  500  may be improved. 
     The opposite substrate  300  includes a second base substrate S 2 , a color filter CF, a light blocking layer BM, a common electrode CE, and a second alignment layer  310 . In an exemplary embodiment, the second base substrate S 2  may be an insulating substrate having a light transmitting property and a flexible property. 
     The common electrode CE is disposed on the second base substrate S 2  to generate the electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer LC in cooperation with the pixel electrode PE. The light blocking layer BM is disposed on the second base substrate S 2  to correspond to the gate line GL, the first and second data lines DL 1  and DL 2 , and the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, the color filter CF is disposed on the second base substrate S 2  to filter the light passing through the liquid crystal layer LC to a color light. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the light blocking layer BM and the color filter CF are disposed on the second base substrate S 2 , but the light blocking layer BM and the color filter CF should not be limited thereto or thereby. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the light blocking layer BM and the color filter CF may be disposed on the first base substrate S 1 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1  includes a first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , a second horizontal stem portion HS 2 , a first vertical stem portion VS 1 , a second vertical stem portion VS 2 , and first, second, third, and fourth branch portions B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B 4 . 
     The first vertical stem portion VS 1  is connected to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , edges of the first branch portions B 1 , and edges of the second branch portions B 2 , and the second vertical stem portion VS 2  is connected to the second horizontal stem portion HS 2 , edges of the third branch portions B 3 , and edges of the fourth branches B 4 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, each of the first and second vertical stem portions VS 1  and VS 2  extends in the second direction D 2  crossing the first direction D 1  in which the LCD  500  is curved. In an exemplary embodiment, the second direction D 2  may be substantially perpendicular to the first direction D 1  when viewed in a plan view, for example. 
     The first horizontal stem portion HS 1  is connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 , edges of the first branch portions B 1 , and edges of the second branch portions B 2 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  extends in the first direction D 1  and is branched from a center portion of the first vertical stem portion VS 1  in a plan view. The first branch portions B 1  are symmetrical with the second branch portions B 2  with respect to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , and the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  is disposed between first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ). 
     The second horizontal stem portion HS 2  is connected to the second vertical stem portion VS 2 , edges of the third branch portions B 3 , and edges of the fourth branch portions B 4 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the second horizontal stem portion HS 2  extends in the first direction D 1  and is branched from a center portion of the second vertical stem portion VS 2 . The third branch portions B 3  are symmetrical with the fourth branch portions B 4  with respect to the second horizontal stem portion HS 2 , and the second horizontal stem portion HS 2  is disposed between third and fourth domains DM 3  and DM 4  (refer to  FIG. 5 ). 
     A portion of the first branch portions B 1  is branched from the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  and the other portion of the first branch portions B 1  is branched from the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, each of the first branch portions B 1  extends in the third direction D 3  inclined with respect to the first direction D 1  and the second direction D 2  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the first branch portions B 1  is arranged to be spaced apart from each other. 
     A portion of the second branch portions B 2  is branched from the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  and the other portion of the second branch portions B 2  is branched from the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, each of the second branch portions B 2  extends in the fourth direction D 4  inclined with respect to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the second branch portions B 2  is arranged to be spaced apart from each other. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the fourth direction D 4  crosses the third direction D 3  when viewed in a plan view. In an exemplary embodiment, the third and fourth directions D 3  and D 4  are substantially perpendicular to each other when viewed in a plan view, and each of the third and fourth directions D 3  and D 4  defines an angle of about 45 degrees with respect to the first direction D 1  or the second direction D 2 . 
     A portion of the third branch portions B 3  is branched from the second horizontal stem portion HS 2  and the other portion of the third branch portions B 3  is branched from the second vertical stem portion VS 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, each of the third branch portions B 3  extends in a fifth third direction D 5  inclined with respect to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the third branch portions B 3  is arranged to be spaced apart from each other. 
     A portion of the fourth branch portions B 4  is branched from the second horizontal stem portion HS 2  and the other portion of the fourth branch portions B 4  is branched from the second vertical stem portion VS 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, each of the fourth branch portions B 4  extends in the sixth direction D 6  inclined with respect to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the fourth branch portions B 4  is arranged to be spaced apart from each other. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the sixth direction D 6  crosses the fifth direction D 5  when viewed in a plan view. In an exemplary embodiment, the fifth and sixth directions D 5  and D 6  are substantially perpendicular to each other when viewed in a plan view, and each of the fifth and sixth directions D 5  and D 6  defines an angle of about 45 degrees with respect to the first direction D 1  or the second direction D 2 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the second sub-pixel electrode PE 2  may have a size different from that of the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 , but have a shape similar to that of the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 . 
     The second sub-pixel electrode PE 2  includes a third horizontal stem portion HS 3 , a fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4 , a third vertical stem portion VS 3 , a fourth vertical stem portion VS 4 , and fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth branch portions B 5 , B 6 , B 7 , and B 8 . 
     The third vertical stem portion VS 3  extends in the second direction D 2  and is connected to the third horizontal stem portion HS 3 , edges of the fifth branch portions B 5 , and edges of the sixth branch portions B 6 . The fourth vertical stem portion VS 4  extends in the second direction D 2  and is connected to the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4 , edges of the seventh branch portions B 7 , and edges of the eighth branch portions B 8 . 
     The third horizontal stem portion HS 3  is branched from the third vertical stem portion VS 3  and extends in the first direction D 1 , and the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4  is branched from the fourth vertical stem portion VS 4  and extends in the first direction D 1 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the third horizontal stem portion HS 3  is branched from a center portion of the third vertical stem portion VS 3  and the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4  is branched from a center portion of the fourth vertical stem portion VS 4  in a plan view. 
     A portion of the fifth branch portion B 5  is branched from the third horizontal stem portion HS 3  and the other portion of the fifth branch portion B 5  is branched from the third vertical stem portion VS 3 . Each of the fifth branch portions B 5  extends in the third direction D 3  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the fifth branch portions B 5  is arranged to be spaced apart from each other. 
     A portion of the sixth branch portion B 6  is branched from the third horizontal stem portion HS 3  and the other portion of the sixth branch portion B 6  is branched from the third vertical stem portion VS 3 . Each of the sixth branch portions B 6  extends in the fourth direction D 4  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the sixth branch portions B 6  is arranged to be spaced apart from each other. 
     A portion of the seventh branch portion B 7  is branched from the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4  and the other portion of the seventh branch portion B 7  is branched from the fourth vertical stem portion VS 4 . Each of the seventh branch portions B 7  extends in the fifth direction D 5  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the seventh branch portions B 7  is arranged to be spaced apart from each other. 
     A portion of the eighth branch portion B 8  is branched from the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4  and the other portion of the eighth branch portion B 8  is branched from the fourth vertical stem portion VS 4 . Each of the eighth branch portions B 8  extends in the sixth direction D 6  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the eighth branch portions B 8  is arranged to be spaced apart from each other. 
     When the first to eighth branch portions B 1  to B 8  have the above-described structure, first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) are defined in the first sub-pixel area PA 1  and fifth to eighth domains DM 5  to DM 8  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) are defined in the second sub-pixel area PA 2 . These will be described in detail later with reference to  FIGS. 4A to 4D and 5 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, when the first to eighth domains are defined in the first and second sub-pixel areas PA 1  and PA 2  as described above, the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1  further includes a first domain connection portion LP 1  and the second sub-pixel electrode PE 2  further includes a second domain connection portion LP 2 . 
     The first domain connection portion LP 1  is disposed between the second domain and the third domain to connect the second and third branch portions B 2  and B 3 , and the second domain connection portion LP 2  is disposed between the sixth domain and the seventh domain to connect the sixth and seventh branch portions B 6  and B 7 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first domain connection portion LP 1  is disposed at a center portion of a boundary area between the second and third domains, and the second domain connection portion LP 2  is disposed at a center portion of a boundary area between the sixth and seventh domains. 
       FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D  are perspective views showing liquid crystal molecules aligned by the electric field generated between the display substrate and the opposite substrate and  FIG. 5  is a view showing the domains defined in the pixel area and alignment directions of the liquid crystal molecules. 
     In detail,  FIG. 4A  is a perspective view showing an alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules disposed on the first branch portions B 1  by the electric field,  FIG. 4B  is a perspective view showing an alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules disposed on the second branch portions B 2  by the electric field,  FIG. 4C  is a perspective view showing an alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules disposed on the third branch portions B 3  by the electric field, and  FIG. 4D  is a perspective view showing an alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules disposed on the fourth branch portions B 4  by the electric field. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4A and 5 , the first branch portions B 1  extend in the third direction D 3 . When electric field is not generated between the display substrate  100  (refer to  FIG. 3A ) and the opposite substrate  300  (refer to  FIG. 3A ), a portion of the liquid crystal molecules RM, which is disposed adjacent to the first alignment layer  110 , is aligned at a first pre-tilt angle A 1  by the first alignment layer  110 , and a portion of the liquid crystal molecules RM, which is disposed adjacent to the second alignment layer  310 , is aligned at a first pre-tilt angle A 1  by the second alignment layer  310 . 
     When a direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the first alignment layer  110  in a plan view is referred to as a first lower alignment direction LD 1  and a direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the second alignment layer  310  in a plan view is referred to as a first upper alignment direction UD 1 , the first upper alignment direction UD 1  and the first lower alignment direction LD 1  are substantially parallel to the third direction D 3 . That is, the first lower alignment direction LD 1  is the same as the first upper alignment direction UD 1 . 
     When the electric field is generated, the liquid crystal molecules RM become more inclined by the electric field, and thus the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned in the third direction D 3  substantially parallel to the first branch portions B 1 . That is, the pre-tilted liquid crystal molecules RM by the first and second alignment layers  110  and  310  become more inclined toward the third direction D 3  by the electric field. 
     Different from the illustrated exemplary embodiment, when the first upper alignment direction UD 1  and the first lower alignment direction LD 1  are different from each other, directions, in which the liquid crystal molecules RM disposed adjacent to the first and second alignment layers  110  and  310  are inclined in response to the electric field, are opposite to each other. In this case, the number of the liquid crystal molecules RM aligned in the third direction D 3  by the electric field is reduced, and thus alignment defects occur in the liquid crystal layer LC. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, however, the first upper alignment direction UD 1  is the same as the first lower alignment direction LD 1  and the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned in the same direction by the electric field, so that the alignment defects in the liquid crystal layer LC may be prevented. 
     Accordingly, when an area in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the first branch portions B 1  is referred to as the first domain DM 1  and a direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned in the first domain DM 1  by the electric field is referred to as a first liquid crystal alignment direction DR 1 , the first liquid crystal alignment direction DR 1  may be the third direction D 3  that is the same as the first lower alignment direction LD 1  and the first upper alignment direction UD 1  in the first domain DM 1 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4B and 5 , the second branch portions B 2  extend in the fourth direction D 4 . Therefore, when electric field is not generated, a portion of the liquid crystal molecules RM, which is disposed adjacent to the first alignment layer  110 , is aligned at the second pre-tilt angle A 2  by the first alignment layer  110 , and a portion of the liquid crystal molecules RM, which is disposed adjacent to the second alignment layer  310 , is aligned at the second pre-tilt angle A 2  by the second alignment layer  310 . 
     When a direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the first alignment layer  110  in a plan view is referred to as a second lower alignment direction LD 2  and a direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the second alignment layer  310  in a plan view is referred to as a second upper alignment direction UD 2 , the second upper alignment direction UD 2  and the second lower alignment direction LD 2  are substantially parallel to the fourth direction D 4 . That is, the second lower alignment direction LD 2  is the same as the second upper alignment direction UD 2 . 
     When the electric field is generated, the liquid crystal molecules RM become more inclined by the electric field, and thus the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned in the fourth direction D 4  substantially parallel to the second branch portions B 2 . Thus, the second upper alignment direction UD 2  and the second lower alignment direction LD 2  are the same and directions in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the electric field are the same. As a result, a second liquid crystal alignment direction DR 2  may be the fourth direction D 4  that is the same as the second lower alignment direction LD 2  and the second upper alignment direction UD 2  in the second domain DM 2 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4C and 5 , the third branch portions B 3  extend in the fifth direction D 5 . Therefore, when electric field is not generated, a portion of the liquid crystal molecules RM, which is disposed adjacent to the first alignment layer  110 , is aligned at a third pre-tilt angle A 3  by the first alignment layer  110 , and a portion of the liquid crystal molecules RM, which is disposed adjacent to the second alignment layer  310 , is aligned at the third pre-tilt angle A 3  by the second alignment layer  310 . 
     When a direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the first alignment layer  110  in a plan view is referred to as a third lower alignment direction LD 3  and a direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the second alignment layer  310  in a plan view is referred to as a third upper alignment direction UD 3 , the third upper alignment direction UD 3  and the third lower alignment direction LD 3  are substantially the same as the fifth direction D 5 . That is, the third lower alignment direction LD 3  is the same as the third upper alignment direction UD 3 . 
     When the electric field is generated, the liquid crystal molecules RM become more inclined by the electric field, and thus the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned in the fifth direction D 5  substantially parallel to the third branch portions B 3 . Thus, the third upper alignment direction UD 3  and the third lower alignment direction LD 3  are the same and directions in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the electric field are the same. As a result, a third liquid crystal alignment direction DR 3  may be the fifth direction D 5  that is the same as the third lower alignment direction LD 3  and the third upper alignment direction UD 3  in the third domain DM 3 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 4D and 5 , the fourth branch portions B 4  extend in the sixth direction D 6 . Therefore, when electric field is not generated, a portion of the liquid crystal molecules RM, which is disposed adjacent to the first alignment layer  110 , is aligned at a fourth pre-tilt angle A 4  by the first alignment layer  110 , and a portion of the liquid crystal molecules RM, which is disposed adjacent to the second alignment layer  310 , is aligned at the fourth pre-tilt angle A 4  by the second alignment layer  310 . 
     When a direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the first alignment layer  110  in a plan view is referred to as a fourth lower alignment direction LD 4  and a direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the second alignment layer  310  in a plan view is referred to as a fourth upper alignment direction UD 4 , the fourth upper alignment direction UD 4  and the fourth lower alignment direction LD 4  are substantially the same as the sixth direction D 6 . That is, the fourth lower alignment direction LD 4  is the same as the fourth upper alignment direction UD 4 . 
     When the electric field is generated, the liquid crystal molecules RM become more inclined by the electric field, and thus the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned in the sixth direction D 6  substantially parallel to the fourth branch portions B 4 . Thus, the fourth upper alignment direction UD 4  and the fourth lower alignment direction LD 4  are the same and directions in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the electric field are the same. As a result, a fourth liquid crystal alignment direction DR 4  may be the sixth direction D 6  that is the same as the fourth lower alignment direction LD 4  and the fourth upper alignment direction UD 4  in the fourth domain DM 4 . 
     As described above, the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  sequentially arranged in the second direction D 2  are defined in the first sub-pixel area PA 1  and the liquid crystal alignment directions in the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4 , in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the electric field, are different from each other. Accordingly, a viewing range about the first sub-pixel area PA 1  may be expanded. In an exemplary embodiment, when the electric field is not generated, the alignment defects do not occur in the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  since the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the first alignment layer  110  in each of the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  is substantially the same as the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the second alignment layer  310 . 
     Similar to the first sub-pixel area PA 1 , the second sub-pixel area PA 2  includes the fifth to eighth domains DM 5  to DM 8  sequentially arranged in the second direction D 2  and the liquid crystal alignment directions, in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the electric field in the fifth to eighth domains DM 5  to DM 8  are different from each other. In an exemplary embodiment, when the electric field is not generated, the alignment defects do not occur in the fifth to eighth domains DM 5  to DM 8  since the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the first alignment layer  110  in each of the fifth to eighth domains DM 5  to DM 8  is substantially the same as the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the second alignment layer  310 . 
     Hereinafter, effects obtained when the first to eighth domains DM 1  to DM 8  are defined in the first and second sub-pixel areas PA 1  and PA 2  will be described through the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1C, 4A, and 5 , when the LCD  500  is curved in the first direction D 1 , the misalignment occurs between the display substrate  100  and the opposite substrate  300  by a first length L 1 . 
     According to the illustrated exemplary embodiment, however, since the first to eighth domains DM 1  to DM 8  are arranged in the second direction D 2  substantially vertical to the first direction D 1 , the alignment defects which are caused by the misalignment do not occur in the first domain DM 1 . 
     In more detail, when an area AR 1  in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the first alignment layer  110  disposed on the display substrate  100  is referred to as a lower alignment area AR 1  and an area AR 2  in which the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned by the second alignment layer  310  disposed on the opposite substrate  300  is referred to as an upper alignment area AR 2 , the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned in the first lower alignment direction LD 1  in the lower alignment area AR 1  and aligned in the first upper alignment direction UD 1  in the upper alignment area AR 2 . In this case, when the opposite substrate  300  is shifted by the first length L 1  by the misalignment, a position of the lower alignment area AR 1  matches with a position of the first domain DM 1 , but a position of the upper alignment area AR 2  is shifted from the position of the first domain DM 1  to the first direction D 1  by the first length L 1 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, although the position of the lower alignment area AR 1  does not match with the upper alignment area AR 2  by the shift of the opposite substrate  300 , the lower alignment area AR 1  is overlapped with the upper alignment area AR 2  in the first domain DM 1 . That is, the lower alignment area AR 1  is not overlapped with another upper alignment area, which is aligned in a different direction from the upper alignment area AR 2 , in the first domain DM 1 . 
     Accordingly, alignment defects, which are caused by the overlap between the upper alignment area and the lower alignment area aligned in the different direction from the upper alignment area, do not occur in the first domain DM 1 . As a result, a transmittance of the light passing through the first domain DM 1  may be prevented from being lowered due to the alignment defects. 
     Hereinafter, a structure of first and second sub-pixel electrodes according to another exemplary embodiment will be described. 
       FIG. 6A  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  501  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention and  FIG. 6B  is a view showing domains of the pixel shown in  FIG. 6A . In  FIGS. 6A and 6B , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6A and 6B , different from the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1  shown in  FIG. 2 , each of second branch portions B 2 ′ of a first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 1  extends in a sixth direction D 6  and each of fourth branch portions B 4 ′ of the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 1  extends in a fourth direction D 4 . In an exemplary embodiment, each of sixth branch portions B 6 ′ of a second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 _ 1  extends in the sixth direction D 6  and each of eighth branch portions B 8 ′ of the second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 _ 1  extends in the fourth direction D 4 . 
     As a result, a first liquid crystal alignment direction DR 1  substantially parallel to the third direction D 3  may be defined in the first domain DM 1 , a second liquid crystal alignment direction DR 2  substantially parallel to the sixth direction D 6  may be defined in the second domain DM 2 , a third liquid crystal alignment direction DR 3  substantially parallel to the fifth direction D 5  may be defined in the third domain DM 3 , and a fourth liquid crystal alignment direction DR 4  substantially parallel to the fourth direction D 4  may be defined in the fourth domain DM 2 . Accordingly, the first, second, third, and fourth liquid crystal alignment directions DR 1 , DR 2 , DR 3 , and DR 4 , which are different from each other, may be defined in the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4 . 
       FIG. 7  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  502  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 7 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , a first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 2  includes a first stem connection portion SP 1  and a second stem connection portion SP 2  and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 - 2  includes a third stem connection portion SP 3  and a fourth stem connection portion SP 4 . Since the first to fourth stem connection portions SP 1  to SP 4  have the similar structure, the first stem connection portion SP 1  will be described in detail as a representative example and details of the second to fourth stem connection portions SP 2  to SP 4  will be omitted. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first stem connection portion SP 1  is disposed at a position, at which a first vertical stem portion VS 1  cross a first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , and connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1  and the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, the first stem connection portion SP 1  may have a triangular shape when viewed in a plan view. 
     Different from the illustrated exemplary embodiment, when the first stem connection portion SP 1  is omitted from the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 2 , an angle between the first vertical stem portion VS 1  and the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1  is about 90 degrees, and thus an intensity of a first fringe field generated at the position at which the first vertical stem portion VS 1  crosses the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  is increased. In this case, since the first fringe field and a second fringe field having a different direction from that of the first fringe field act in opposition to each other, the alignment defects occur in the liquid crystal molecules in the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ). In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, however, the angle between the first vertical stem portion VS 1  and the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1  is smaller than 90 degrees by the first stem connection portion SP 1 . As a result, the intensity of the first fringe field is reduced and the first and second fringe fields may be prevented from acting in opposition to each other, thereby preventing the occurrence of the alignment defects. 
       FIG. 8A  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  503  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention and  FIG. 8B  is an enlarged view showing a first horizontal stem portion shown in  FIG. 8A . In  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 8A and 8B , a first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 3  includes first and second horizontal stem portions HS 1 ′ and HS 2 ′ and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 _ 3  includes third and fourth horizontal stem portions HS 3 ′ and HS 4 ′. Since the first, second, third, and fourth horizontal stem portions HS 1 ′, HS 2 ′, HS 3 ′, and HS 4 ′ have the similar shape, the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ will be described in detail as a representative example. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, a width of the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ becomes smaller as it is farther away from the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . In more detail, a first width W 1  of the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ is greater than a second width W 2  of the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ as shown in  FIG. 8B . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, when a reference line LT 1  crossing a center portion of the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ is defined and a first auxiliary line LT 2  crossing an edge of the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ and a second auxiliary line LT 3  crossing an edge of the other edge of the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ are defined, a slope between the reference line LT 1  and the first auxiliary line LT 2  is in a range from about 0.5 degree to about 2.0 degrees and a slope between the reference line LT 1  and the second auxiliary line LT 3  is in a range from about 0.5 degree to about 2.0 degrees. 
     As the width of the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ is decreased, the intensity of the fringe field acting to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ is increased. Accordingly, when the width of the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ becomes smaller as it is farther away from the first vertical stem portion VS 1 , the intensity of the fringe filed becomes stronger as it is farther from one end of and closer to the other end of each of the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ). As a result, the fringe fields acting in different directions at both ends of the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 ′ have the same intensity, and thus the alignment defects may be prevented from occurring in the liquid crystal molecules due to the fringe fields acting in opposition to each other. 
       FIG. 9  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  504  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 9 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , a first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 4  includes a first branch connection portion HL 1 , a second branch connection portion HL 2 , a first domain connection portion LP 11 , and a second domain connection portion LP 12 , and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 _ 4  includes a third branch connection portion HL 3 , a fourth branch connection portion HL 4 , a third domain connection portion LP 13 , and a fourth domain connection portion LP 14 . 
     Since the first to fourth branch connection portions HL 1  to HL 4  have the similar structure and function, the first and second branch connection portions HL 1  and HL 2  will be described in detail as representative examples. In an exemplary embodiment, since the first and second domain connection portions LP 11  and LP 12  have the similar structure and function as those of the third and fourth domain connection portions LP 13  and LP 14 , the first and second domain connection portions LP 11  and LP 12  will be described in detail as representative examples. 
     Each of the first and second branch connection portions HL 1  and HL 2  extends in a first direction D 1 . The first branch connection portion HL 1  connects edges of the second branch portions B 2  to each other and the second branch connection portion HL 2  connects edges of the third branch portions B 3 . As a result, a fringe field acting to the edges of the second branch portions B 2  may be prevented from acting to the third domain DM 3  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) by the first branch connection portion HL 1 , and a fringe field acting to the edges of the third branch portions B 3  may be prevented from acting to the second domain DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) by the second branch connection portion HL 2 . Thus, the second and third domains DM 2  and DM 3  may be clearly distinct from each other by the first and second branch connection portions HL 1  and HL 2 . 
     In the above-described embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the domain connection portion LP 1  (refer to  FIG. 2 ) that connects the second branch portions B 2  and the third branch portions B 3  is disposed at the center portion of the boundary area between the second and third domains. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 9 , however, the first and second domain connection portions LP 11  and LP 12  are disposed at both ends of the boundary area to connect the second branch portions B 2  to the third branch portions B 3 . 
       FIG. 10A  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  505  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention and  FIG. 10B  is an enlarged view showing a first vertical stem portion shown in  FIG. 10A . In  FIGS. 10A and 10B , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 10A and 10B , a first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 5  includes first and second vertical stem portions VS 1 ′ and VS 2 ′ and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 _ 5  includes third and fourth vertical stem portions VS 3 ′ and VS 4 ′. Since the first to fourth vertical stem portions VS 1 ′ to VS 4 ′ have the similar structure and function, the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ will be described in detail as a representative example. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, a width of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ becomes smaller as it is farther away from a center portion thereof and closer to an edge thereof in a plan view. In more detail, a first width W 11  of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ is greater than a second width W 12  of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ as shown in  FIG. 10B . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, when a reference line LT 11  crossing the center portion of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ is defined and an auxiliary line LT 12  crossing the edge of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ is defined, a slope between the reference line LT 11  and the auxiliary line LT 12  is in a range from about 0.5 degree to about 2.0 degrees. 
     As the width of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ is decreased, the intensity of the fringe field acting to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ is increased. Accordingly, when the edge of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ corresponds to one end of the first domain DM 1  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) and the center portion of the first vertical horizontal portion VS 1 ′ corresponds to the other end of the first domain, the width of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ becomes smaller as it is closer to the edge from the center portion, and thus the intensity of the fringe field acting to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ becomes stronger as it is closer to the one end of the first domain DM 1  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) from the other end of the first domain DM 1 . As a result, the fringe fields acting in different directions at both ends of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 ′ have the same intensity, and thus the alignment defects may be prevented from occurring in the liquid crystal molecules due to the fringe fields acting in opposition to each other at both ends of the first domain. 
       FIG. 11  is a plan view showing a portion of a first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 6  of an LCD  506  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 11 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , the first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 6  includes first branch portions B 1 ′ and second branch portions B 2 ′. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, a width of each of the first branch portions B 1 ′ becomes smaller as it is farther away from the first vertical stem portion VS 1  or the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , and a width of each of the second branch portions B 2 ′ becomes smaller as it is farther away from the first vertical stem portion VS 1  or the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 . Hereinafter, one first branch portion B 1 ′ of the first branch portions Br will be described in detail as a representative example. 
     A first width W 21  of the first branch portion Br is greater than a second width W 22  of the first branch portion B 1 ′. In an exemplary embodiment, when a reference line LT 13  crossing one edge of the first branch portion Br is defined and an auxiliary line LT 14  crossing the other edge of the first branch portion B 1 ′ is defined, a slope between the reference line LT 13  and the auxiliary line LT 14  is in a range from about 0.1 degree to about 0.5 degree. 
     As the width of the first branch portion Br is decreased, the intensity of the fringe field acting to the first branch portion Br is increased. Accordingly, when the first branch portion B 1 ′ has the above-described structure, the intensity of the fringe field acting to the first branch portion Br becomes stronger as it is closer to the other end of the first domain DM 1  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) from the one end of the first domain DM 1 . As a result, the fringe fields acting in different directions at both ends of the first branch portion Br have the same intensity, and thus the alignment defects may be prevented from occurring in the liquid crystal molecules due to the fringe fields acting in opposition to each other at both ends of the first domain. 
       FIG. 12  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  507  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 12 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , a first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 7  includes first, second, third, and fourth branch portions B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , and B 4  and first, second, third, and fourth sub-branch portions B 11 , B 12 , B 13 , and B 14 , and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 _ 7  includes fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth branch portions B 5 , B 6 , B 7 , and B 8  and fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth sub-branch portions B 15  B 16 , B 17 , and B 18 . Since the first to eighth sub-branch portions B 11  to B 18  have the similar structure and function, one first sub-branch portion B 11  will be described in detail as a representative example. 
     A width of the first sub-branch portion B 11  is greater than a width of each of the first branch portions B 1 , and thus an intensity of a first fringe field acting to the first sub-branch portion B 11  is smaller than an intensity of a second fringe field acting to each of the first branch portions B 1 . Therefore, since the first sub-branch portion B 11  is disposed between two adjacent first branch portions B 1  to each other in the first domain DM 1  (refer to  FIG. 5 ), the fringe field acting to the first domain may be easily induced from an edge to a center portion of the first domain DM 1 . Thus, alignment defects caused by the unclear direction of the fringe field in the first domain DM 1  may be prevented. 
       FIG. 13  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  508  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 13 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , the LCD  508  includes a first sub-pixel electrode PE 1 _ 8 , a second sub-pixel electrode PE 2 _ 8 , and first, second, third, and fourth light blocking members BM 11 , BM 12 , BM 13 , and BM 14 . Since the first to fourth light blocking members BM 11  to BM 14  have the similar structure and function, the first light blocking member BM 11  will be described in detail as a representative example. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, a first vertical stem portion VS 1  is spaced apart from edges of the first branch portions B 1  and edges of the second branch portions B 2  and connected to the first and second branch portions B 1  and B 2 , and a second vertical stem portion VS 2  is spaced apart from edges of the third branch portions B 3  and edges of the fourth branch portions B 4  and connected to the third and fourth branch portions B 3  and B 4 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, a portion of the first branch portions B 1  disposed at one side of the first vertical stem portion VS 1  extends in a third direction D 3  and a portion of the first branch portions B 1  disposed at the other side of the first vertical stem portion VS 1  extends in a fourth direction D 4 . In an exemplary embodiment, a portion of the second branch portions B 2  disposed at one side of the first vertical stem portion VS 1  extends in the fourth direction D 4  and a portion of the second branch portions B 2  disposed at the other side of the first vertical stem portion VS 1  extends in the third direction D 3 . 
     When the first vertical stem portion VS 1 , the first branch portions B 1 , and the second branch portions B 2  have the above-described structure in the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ), the liquid crystal alignment directions may be defined by the directions in which the first and second branch portions B 1  and B 2  extend in the first and second domains. Thus, the liquid crystal alignment directions crossing each other in each of the first and second domains with respect to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . When the LCD  508  is curved in the first direction D 1 , abnormal alignments may partially occur in each of the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2 . 
     Therefore, the first light blocking member BM 11  may be overlapped with a portion of the first branch portions B 1 , which extends in the fourth direction, and a portion of the second branch portions B 2 , which extends in the third direction. As a result, the first light blocking member BM 11  covers the portions in which the abnormal alignments occurs in each of the first and second domains, and thus the abnormal alignments of the LCD  508  is not perceived by the user. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, each of the first to fourth light blocking members BM 11  to BM 14  may include a material that blocks the light, e.g., a black matrix, and the first to fourth light blocking members BM 11  to BM 14  may be disposed on the second base substrate S 2  (refer to  FIG. 3A ), but the first to fourth light blocking members BM 11  to BM 14  should not be limited thereto or thereby. According to another exemplary embodiment, the first to fourth light blocking members BM 11  to BM 14  may be disposed on the first base substrate S 1  (refer to  FIG. 3A ) of the LCD  508 . 
       FIG. 14  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 14 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 14 , an LCD  510  includes a pixel electrode PE- 1  including a first sub-pixel electrode PE 10  and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 20 . In an exemplary embodiment, the first sub-pixel electrode PE 10  includes first domain connection portions LP 20  and the second sub-pixel electrode PE 20  includes second domain connection portions LP 21 . 
     The first domain connection portions LP 20  is disposed between the second domain DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) and the third domain DM 3  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) and each of the first domain connection portions LP 20  connects the second and third branch portions B 2  and B 3 . The second domain connection portions LP 21  is disposed between the sixth domain DM 6  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) and the seventh domain DM 7  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) and each of the second domain connection portions LP 21  connects the sixth and seventh branch portions B 6  and B 7 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first domain connection portions LP 20  is disposed at a center portion between the second and third domains, and the second domain connection portions LP 21  is disposed at a center portion between the sixth and seventh domains. 
     Hereinafter, the structure of the first domain connection portions LP 20  and the second domain connection portions LP 21  will be described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 15A  and  15 B. 
       FIG. 15A  is an enlarged view showing the first sub-pixel electrode shown in  FIG. 14  and  FIG. 15B  is an enlarged view showing the second sub-pixel electrode shown in  FIG. 14 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 15A , the first sub-pixel electrode PE 10  includes first domain connection portions LP 20 , e.g., two first domain connection portions. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, since the first domain connection portions LP 20  have the similar structure and function, one first domain connection portion LP 20  will be described in detail as a representative example. 
     The first domain connection portion LP 20  connects one of the second branch portions B 2  to one of the third branch portions B 3 . For the convenience of explanation, when the one second branch portion B 2  connected to the first domain connection portion LP 20  is referred to as a first connection branch portion B 2 - 11  and one third branch portion B 3  connected to the first domain connection portion LP 20  is referred to as a second connection branch portion B 3 - 11 , one end of the first domain connection portion LP 20  is connected to the first connection branch portion B 2 - 11  and the other end of the first domain connection potion LP 20  is connected to the second connection branch portion B 3 - 11 . 
     The first domain connection portion LP 20  extends in a direction inclined with respect to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2  when viewed in a plan view, and the first connection branch portion B 2 - 11 , the first domain connection portion LP 20 , and the second connection branch portion B 3 - 11  are connected to each other in a zigzag shape. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, a first connection angle A 11  between the first domain connection portion LP 11  and the first connection branch portion B 2 - 11  is in a range from about 60 degrees to about 120 degrees and a second connection angle A 12  between the first domain connection portion LP 20  and the second connection branch portion B 3 - 11  is in a range from about 60 degrees to about 120 degrees. In an exemplary embodiment, when an acute angle between the first direction D 1  and the direction in which each of the first connection branch portion B 2 - 11 , the second connection branch portion B 3 - 11 , and the first domain connection portion LP 20  extends is about 45 degrees, each of the first and second connection angles A 11  and A 12  is about 90 degrees, for example. 
     When the first connection branch portion B 2 - 11 , the first domain connection portion LP 20 , and the second connection branch portion B 3 - 11  are connected to each other in the zigzag shape, the following effects occur. 
     As described with reference to  FIGS. 4B and 4C , the liquid crystal molecules RM (refer to  FIG. 4B ) are aligned in the second liquid crystal alignment direction DR 2  in response to the electric field generated between the common electrode CE (refer to  FIG. 4B ) and the first sub-pixel electrode PE 10  in the second domain DM 2 , and the liquid crystal molecules RM are aligned in the third liquid crystal alignment direction DR 3  in the third domain DM 3  in response to the electric field. That is, the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the second domain DM 2  is different from the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the third domain DM 3 , and the display quality of the LCD may be improved as the directions in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned are clearly distinct from each other. 
     Different from the illustrated exemplary embodiment, when each of the first and second connection angles A 11  and A 12  exceeds about 120 degrees, i.e., in a range from about 135 degrees to about 180 degrees, the first domain connection portion LP 20  is connected to the first and second connection branches B 2 - 11  and B 3 - 11  at a gradual degree. Therefore, the first and second connection branch portions B 2 - 11  and B 3 - 11  are connected to each other by the first domain connection portion LP 20  may serve as one branch portion extending from the second domain DM 2  to the third domain DM 3 . As a result, due to the first and second connection branch portions B 2 - 11  and B 3 - 11  crossing through the second and third domains DM 2  and DM 3  and acting as one branch portion, the directions in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned are not clearly distinct from each other in the second and third domains DM 2  and DM 3 , and thus the display quality of the LCD including the first sub-pixel area PA 1  may be deteriorated. According to the illustrated exemplary embodiment, however, since the first connection branch portion B 2 - 11 , the first domain connection portion LP 20 , and the second connection branch portion B 3 - 11  are connected to each other in the zigzag shape, the first and second connection branch portions B 2 - 11  and B 3 - 11  may be prevented from acting as one branch portion that extends from the second domain DM 2  to the third domain DM 3 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 15B , the second sub-pixel electrode PE 20  includes second domain connection portions LP 21 , e.g., two second domain connection portions. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the second domain connection portions LP 21  are disposed at a center portion of a boundary area between the sixth domain DM 6  and the seventh domain DM 7 . 
     Hereinafter, one second domain connection portion LP 21  will be described in detail as a representative example. The second domain connection portion LP 21  connects one of sixth branch portions B 6  and one of seventh branch portions B 7 . When one sixth branch portion B 6  connected to the second domain connection portion LP 21  is referred to as a third connection branch portion B 6 - 11  and one seventh branch portion B 7  connected to the second domain connection portion LP 21  is referred to as a fourth connection branch portion B 7 - 11 , one end of the second domain connection portion LP 21  is connected to the third connection branch portion B 6 - 11  and the other end of the second domain connection portion LP 21  is connected to the fourth connection branch portion B 7 - 11 . 
     The second domain connection portion LP 21  extends in a direction inclined with respect to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2 , and the third connection branch portion B 6 - 11 , the second domain connection portion LP 21 , and the fourth connection branch portion B 7 - 11  are connected to each other in a zigzag shape. Similar to the first and second connection angles A 11  and A 12  (refer to  FIG. 6A ) described with reference to  FIG. 6 , each of third and fourth connection angles A 13  and A 14  may be in a range from about 60 degrees to about 120 degrees. 
     As described above, since the third connection branch portion B 6 - 11 , the second domain connection portion LP 21 , and the fourth connection branch portion B 7 - 11  are connected to each other in the zigzag shape over the sixth and seventh domains DM 6  and DM 7 , the third and fourth connection branch portions B 6 - 11  and B 7 - 11  may be prevented from acting as one branch portion that extends from the sixth domain DM 6  to the seventh domain DM 7 . As a result, the directions in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned are clearly distinct from each other in the sixth and seventh domains DM 6  and DM 7 , and thus the display quality of the LCD including the second sub-pixel area PA 2  may be improved. 
       FIG. 16  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  511  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 16 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 16 , the LCD  511  includes a first sub-pixel electrode PE 11  and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 21 , the first sub-pixel electrode PE 11  includes first domain connection portions LP 22 , and the second sub-pixel electrode PE 21  includes second domain connection portions LP 23 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first domain connection portions LP 22  have the similar shape and function as those of the second domain connection portions LP 23 , the first domain connection portions LP 22  will be described in detail as representative examples. 
     According to the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 15A , the first domain connection portions LP 20  are disposed at the center portion of the boundary area BA, but the first domain connection portions LP 22  are disposed at edges of the boundary area in a one-to-one correspondence in the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     Similar to the exemplary embodiment described with reference to  FIG. 15A , each of the first domain connection portions LP 22  is connected to the second branch portion B 2  and the third branch portion B 3  in a zigzag shape. Accordingly, the directions in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned are clearly distinct from each other in the domain in which the second branch portion B 2  is disposed and in the domain in which the third branch portion B 3  is disposed by the first domain connection portions LP 22 , the display quality of the LCD  511  may be improved. 
       FIG. 17  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  512  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 17 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 17 , the LCD  512  includes a first sub-pixel electrode PE 12  and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 22 , the first sub-pixel electrode PE 12  includes first domain connection portions LP 24 , and the second sub-pixel electrode PE 22  includes second domain connection portions LP 25 . 
     The first domain connection portions LP 24  are arranged in a boundary area between the second and third domains DM 2  and DM 3  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) and spaced apart from each other at a regular pitch, and the second domain connection portions LP 25  are arranged in a boundary area between the sixth and seventh domains DM 6  and DM 7  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) and spaced apart from each other at a regular pitch 
     Similar to the exemplary embodiment described with reference to  FIG. 15A , each of the first domain connection portions LP 24  is connected to the second branch portion B 2  and the third branch portion B 3  in a zigzag shape, and each of the second domain connection portions LP 25  is connected to the sixth branch portion B 6  and the seventh branch portion B 7  in the zigzag shape. Accordingly, the directions in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned are clearly distinct from each other in the domain in which the second branch portion B 2  is disposed and in the domain in which the third branch portion B 3  is disposed by the first domain connection portions LP 24 , and the directions in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned are clearly distinct from each other in the domain in which the sixth branch portion B 6  is disposed and in the domain in which the seventh branch portion B 7  is disposed by the second domain connection portions LP 25 , thereby improving the display quality of the LCD  512 . 
       FIG. 18  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  513  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 18 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     The LCD  513  includes a pixel electrode PE- 2  including a first sub-pixel electrode PE 13  and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 23 . 
     The first sub-pixel electrode PE 13  includes first, second, third, and fourth branch portions B 1 - 1 , B 2 - 1 , B 3 - 1 , and B 4 - 1  and first, second, third, and fourth sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 , B 2 - 2 , B 3 - 2 , and B 4 - 2 . 
     A first vertical stem portion VS 1  is connected to a first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , edges of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 , and edges of the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2 , and a second vertical stem portion VS 2  is connected to a second horizontal stem portion HS 2 , edges of the third sub-branch portions B 3 - 2 , and edges of the fourth sub-branch portions B 4 - 2 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, each of the first and second vertical stem portions VS 1  and VS 2  extends in a second direction D 2  and crosses a first direction D 1  in which the LCD  513  is curved. In an exemplary embodiment, the second direction D 2  may be substantially perpendicular to the first direction D 1 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  are symmetrical with the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2  with respect to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  when viewed in a plan view, and the third sub-branch portions B 3 - 2  are symmetrical with the fourth sub-branch portions B 4 - 2  with respect to the second horizontal stem portion HS 2  when viewed in a plan view. 
     The first horizontal stem portion HS 1  is connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 , edges of the first branch portions B 1 - 1 , and edges of the second branch portions B 2 - 1 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  extends in the first direction D 1  and is branched from a center portion of the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . The first branch portions B 1 - 1  are symmetrical with the second branch portions B 2 - 1  with respect to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , and the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  is disposed between the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ). 
     The second horizontal stem portion HS 2  is connected to the second vertical stem portion VS 2 , edges of the third branch portions B 3 - 1 , and edges of the fourth branch portions B 4 - 1 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the second horizontal stem portion HS 2  extends in the first direction D 1  and is branched from a center portion of the second vertical stem portion VS 2 . The third branch portions B 3 - 1  are symmetrical with the fourth branch portions B 4 - 1  with respect to the second horizontal stem portion HS 2 , and the second horizontal stem portion HS 2  is disposed between the third and fourth domains DM 3  and DM 4  (refer to  FIG. 5 ). 
     Each of the first branch portions B 1 - 1  and each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  extend in a third direction D 3  inclined with respect to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2  when viewed in a plan view. Each of the second branch portions B 2 - 1  and each of the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2  extend in a fourth direction D 4  inclined with respect to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2  when viewed in a plan view. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the fourth direction D 4  may cross the third direction D 3 . In an exemplary embodiment, the third and fourth directions D 3  and D 4  may be substantially perpendicular to each other when viewed in a plan view, and each of the third and fourth directions D 3  and D 4  may define an angle of about 45 degrees with the first direction D 1  or the second direction D 2 . 
     Each of the third branch portions B 3 - 1  and each of the third sub-branch portions B 3 - 2  extend in a fifth direction D 5  inclined with respect to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2  when viewed in a plan view. Each of the fourth branch portions B 4 - 1  and each of the fourth sub-branch portions B 4 - 2  extend in a sixth direction D 6  inclined with respect to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2  when viewed in a plan view. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the sixth direction D 6  may cross the fifth direction D 5 . In an exemplary embodiment, the fifth and sixth directions D 5  and D 6  may be substantially perpendicular to each other when viewed in a plan view, and each of the fifth and sixth directions D 5  and D 6  may define an angle of about 45 degrees with the first direction D 1  or the second direction D 2 . 
     The second sub-pixel electrode PE 23  includes a third horizontal stem portion HS 3 , a fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4 , a third vertical stem portion VS 3 , a fourth vertical stem portion VS 4 , fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth branch portions B 5 - 1 , B 6 - 1 , B 7 - 1 , and B 8 - 1 , and fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth sub-branch portions B 5 - 2 , B 6 - 2 , B 7 - 2 , and B 8 - 2 . 
     The third vertical stem portion VS 3  extends in the second direction D 2  and is connected to the third horizontal stem portion HS 3 , edges of the fifth sub-branch portions B 5 - 2 , and edges of the sixth sub-branch portions B 6 - 2 . The fourth vertical stem portion VS 4  extends in the second direction D 2  and is connected to the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4 , edges of the seventh sub-branch portions B 7 - 2 , and edges of the eighth sub-branch portions B 8 - 2 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the fifth sub-branch portions B 5 - 2  are symmetrical with the sixth sub-branch portions B 6 - 2  with respect to the third horizontal stem portion HS 3  when viewed in a plan view, and the seventh sub-branch portions B 7 - 2  are symmetrical with the eighth sub-branch portions B 8 - 2  with respect to the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4  when viewed in a plan view. 
     The third horizontal stem portion HS 3  is connected to the third vertical stem portion VS 3 , edges of the fifth branch portions B 5 - 1 , and edges of the sixth branch portions B 6 - 1 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the third horizontal stem portion HS 3  extends in the first direction D 1  and is branched from a center portion of the third vertical stem portion VS 3 . The fifth branch portions B 5 - 1  are symmetrical with the sixth branch portions B 6 - 1  with respect to the third horizontal stem portion HS 3 , and the third horizontal stem portion HS 3  is disposed between the fifth and sixth domains DM 5  and DM 6  (refer to  FIG. 5 ). 
     The fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4  is connected to the fourth vertical stem portion VS 4 , edges of the seventh branch portions B 7 - 1 , and edges of the eighth branch portions B 8 - 1 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4  extends in the first direction D 1  and is branched from a center portion of the fourth vertical stem portion VS 4 . The seventh branch portions B 7 - 1  are symmetrical with the eighth branch portions B 8 - 1  with respect to the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4 , and the fourth horizontal stem portion HS 4  is disposed between the seventh and eighth domains DM 7  and DM 8  (refer to  FIG. 5 ). 
     Each of the fifth branch portions B 5 - 1  and each of the fifth sub-branch portions B 5 - 2  extend in the third direction D 3  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the sixth branch portions B 6 - 1  and each of the sixth sub-branch portions B 6 - 2  extend in the fourth direction D 4  when viewed in a plan view. In an exemplary embodiment, each of the seventh branch portions B 7 - 1  and each of the seventh sub-branch portions B 7 - 2  extend in the fifth direction D 5  when viewed in a plan view, and each of the eighth branch portions B 8 - 1  and each of the eighth sub-branch portions B 8 - 2  extend in the sixth direction D 6  when viewed in a plan view. 
       FIG. 19  is an enlarged view showing a portion of the first sub-pixel electrode shown in  FIG. 18 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 19 , the first sub-pixel electrode PE 13  includes the first vertical stem portion VS 1 , the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , the first branch portions B 1 - 1 , and the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 . The first branch portions B 1 - 1  are connected to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  and the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  are connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . 
     When each of the first branch portions B 1 - 1  has a first width W 1 - 1  and each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  has a second width W 2 - 1 , the second width W 2 - 1  is greater than the first width W 1 - 1 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the second width W 2 - 1  corresponds to about 3 percent (%) to about 50% of the first width W 1 - 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, when the first width W 1 - 1  is about 3 micrometers (μm), the second width W 2 - 1  may be about 0.10 μm to about 1.5 μm. In an exemplary embodiment, similar to the first branch portions B 1 - 1  and the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 , a width of each of the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2  is smaller than a width of each of the second branch portions B 2 - 1 . 
     As described above, when the width of each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  is smaller than the width of each of the first branch portions B 1 - 1 , a first distance L 1 - 1  between two adjacent first sub-branch portions among the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  is greater than a second distance L 2 - 1  between two adjacent first branch portions among the first branch portions B 1 - 1 . Therefore, the intensity of the fringe field applied to each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  may be greater than the intensity of the fringe field applied to each of the first branch portions B 1 - 1 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, since the width of the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2  is smaller than the width of each of the second branch portions B 2 - 1 , a distance between two adjacent second sub-branch portions among the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2  is greater than a distance between two adjacent second branch portions among the second branch portions B 2 - 1 . Thus, the intensity of the fringe field applied to each of the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2  may be greater than the intensity of the fringe field applied to each of the second branch portions B 2 - 1 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, an electric field generated by the first branch portions B 1 - 1 , the second branch portions B 2 - 1 , the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 , and the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2  and directed to the first vertical stem portion VS 1  from an inner side of the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) is referred to as an inner fringe field. The intensity of the inner fringe field may be increased by the structure of the first and second sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  and B 2 - 2 . As a result, when an electric field directed to the first vertical stem portion VS 1  from an outer side of the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2  is referred to as an outer electric field, the intensity of the inner fringe field may be stronger than the intensity of the outer electric field. 
     When the intensity of the inner fringe field is stronger than the intensity of the outer electric field, the following effects may be obtained. When the intensity of the inner fringe field is equal to or smaller than the intensity of the outer electric field while the liquid crystal molecules are aligned by the inner fringe field in the first and second domains, the liquid crystal molecules are not normally aligned in an area in which the inner fringe field is overlapped with the outer electric field since the inner fringe field acts in opposite direction to the outer electric field. However, when the intensity of the inner fringe field becomes stronger by using the structure of the first and second sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  and B 2 - 2  as described in the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the intensity of the inner fringe field becomes greater than the intensity of the outer electric field. As a result, the inner fringe field more strongly acts on the first and second domains than the outer electric field, and thus the liquid crystal molecules may be easily aligned. 
       FIG. 20  is an enlarged view showing a portion of a first sub-pixel electrode of an LCD according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 20 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 20 , a first sub-pixel electrode PE 14  includes a first vertical stem portion VS 1 , a first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , first branch portions B 1 - 1 , second branch portions B 2 - 1 , first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 ′, and second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2 ′. The first branch portions B 1 - 1  are connected to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  and the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 ′ are connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, the second branch portions B 2 - 1  are connected to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1  and the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2 ′ are connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . 
     Hereinafter, a structure of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 ′ will be described in detail. Each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 ′ includes a first portion P 1  and a second portion P 2 . The first portion P 1  is connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1  and the second portion P 2  is connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1  while the first portion P 1  is disposed between the second portion P 2  and the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . 
     A width of the first portion P 1  is smaller than a width of the second portion P 2 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the width of the first portion P 1  corresponds to about 3% to about 50% of the width of the second portion P 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, a length L 3  of the first portion P 1  may be smaller than a length L 4  of the second portion P 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, the length L 3  of the first portion P 1  corresponds to about 10% to about 50% of the length L 4  of the second portion P 2 . 
     Since each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 ′ and each of the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2 ′ include the first portion P 1  with the width smaller than that of the second portion P 2 , the intensity of the inner fringe field described with reference to  FIG. 19  may be increased. As a result, the intensity of the inner fringe field may be greater than the intensity of the outer electric field described with reference to  FIG. 19 , and thus the inner fringe field more strongly acts on the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) than the outer electric field, thereby easily aligning the liquid crystal molecules. 
       FIG. 21  is an enlarged view showing a portion of a first sub-pixel electrode of an LCD according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 21 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , a first sub-pixel electrode PE 15  of the LCD includes first branch portions B 1 - 1 , second branch portions B 2 - 1 , first sub-branch portions B 1 - 20 , and second sub-branch portions B 2 - 20 . The first branch portions B 1 - 1  are connected to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 20  are connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 , the second branch portions B 2 - 1  are connected to the first horizontal stem portion HS 1 , and the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 20  are connected to the first vertical stem portion VS 1 . 
     Among the first and second sub-branch portions B 1 - 20  and B 2 - 20 , the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 20  will be described in detail. Each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 20  includes a first branch electrode B 1 - 21 , a second branch electrode B 1 - 22 , a third branch electrode B 1 - 23 , and a fourth branch electrode B 1 - 24 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first, second, third, and fourth branch electrodes B 1 - 21 , B 1 - 22 , B 1 - 23 , and B 1 - 24  are sequentially arranged from an outer side of the first sub-pixel electrode PE 15  to an inner side of the first sub-pixel electrode PE 15 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, a width of each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 20  is smaller than a width of each of the first branch portions B 1 - 1 . That is, a width of each of the first, second, third, and fourth branch electrodes B 1 - 21 , B 1 - 22 , B 1 - 23 , and B 1 - 24  is smaller than a width of each of the first branch portions B 1 - 1 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 20  may have different widths from each other. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the width of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 20  becomes smaller as it is closer to the outer side of the first sub-pixel electrode PE 15 . That is, a width of the first branch electrode B 1 - 21  is smaller than a width of the second branch electrode B 1 - 22 , the width of the second branch electrode B 1 - 22  is smaller than a width of the third branch electrode B 1 - 23 , and the width of the third branch electrode B 1 - 23  is smaller than a width of the fourth branch electrode B 1 - 24 . 
     Similarly, the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 20  may have different widths from each other. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the width of the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 20  becomes smaller as it is closer to the outer side of the first sub-pixel electrode PE 15 . That is, a width of the first branch electrode B 2 - 21  is smaller than a width of the second branch electrode B 2 - 22 , the width of the second branch electrode B 2 - 22  is smaller than a width of the third branch electrode B 2 - 23 , and the width of the third branch electrode B 2 - 23  is smaller than a width of the fourth branch electrode B 2 - 24 . 
     When the first and second sub-branch portions B 1 - 20  and B 2 - 20  have the above-described structure, the width of each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 20  is smaller than the width of each of the first branch portions B 1 - 1  and the width of each of the second sub-branch portions B 2 - 20  is smaller than the width of each of the second branch portion B 2 - 1  as described with reference to  FIG. 19 . Accordingly, the intensity of the inner fringe field described with reference to  FIG. 19  may be increased. As a result, the intensity of the inner fringe field may be greater than that of the outer electric field and the inner fringe field more strongly acts on the first and second domains DM 1  and DM 2  (refer to  FIG. 5 ) than the outer electric field, thereby easily aligning the liquid crystal molecules. 
       FIG. 22  is a plan view showing a pixel electrode of an LCD  514  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. In  FIG. 22 , the same reference numerals denote the same elements in the above-described figures, and thus detailed descriptions of the same elements will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , the LCD  514  includes a pixel electrode PE- 3  which is disposed in a pixel area PA and includes a first sub-pixel electrode PE 16  disposed in a first sub-pixel area PA 1  and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 26  disposed in a second sub-pixel area PA 2 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first sub-pixel electrode PE 16  includes first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 , second sub-branch portions B 2 - 2 , third sub-branch portions B 3 - 2 , and fourth sub-branch portions B 4 - 2 , and the second sub-pixel electrode PE 26  includes fifth sub-branch portions B 5 - 2 ′, sixth sub-branch portions B 6 - 2 ′, seventh sub-branch portions B 7 - 2 ′, and eighth sub-branch portions B 8 - 2 ′. 
     As described with reference to  FIG. 19 , each of the first branch portions B 1 - 1  has the first width W 1 - 1  (refer to  FIG. 19 ) and each of the first sub-branch portions B 1 - 2  has the second width W 2 - 1  (refer to  FIG. 19 ) smaller than the first width. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, a width of each of the fifth branch portions B 5 - 1  is equal to the first width W 1 - 1 , a width of the fifth sub-branch portions B 5 - 2 ′ is smaller than the second width W 2 - 1 , a width of each of the sixth sub-branch portions B 6 - 2 ′ is smaller than the second width W 2 - 1 , a width of each of the seventh sub-branch portions B 7 - 2 ′ is smaller than the second width W 2 - 1 , and a width of each of the eighth sub-branch portions B 8 - 2 ′ is smaller than the second width W 2 - 1 . 
     As described above, when the width of each of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth sub-branch potions B 5 - 2 ′, B 6 - 2 ′, B 7 - 2 ′ and B 8 - 2 ′ is smaller than the width of each of the first, second, third, and fourth sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 , B 2 - 2 , B 3 - 2 , and B 4 - 2  of the first sub-pixel electrode PE 16 , the degree in increase of the intensity of the second inner fringe field acting on the fifth to eighth domains DM 5  to DM 8  by the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth sub-branch portions B 5 - 2 ′, B 6 - 2 ′, B 7 - 2 ′, and B 8 - 2 ′ is greater than the degree in increase of the intensity of the first inner fringe field acting on the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  by the first, second, third, and fourth sub-branch portions B 1 - 2 , B 2 - 2 , B 3 - 2 , and B 4 - 2 . 
     Thus, as described above, when the second inner fringe field becomes stronger by using the structure of the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth sub-branch portions B 5 - 2 ′, B 6 - 2 ′, B 7 - 2 ′, and B 8 - 2 ′, the liquid crystal molecules arranged corresponding to the second sub-pixel electrode PE 26  may be easily aligned by using the second inner fringe field that becomes strong even though the size of the second sub-pixel electrode PE 26  is smaller than the size of the first sub-pixel electrode PE 16 . 
       FIG. 23  is a view showing alignment directions of liquid crystal molecules in domains defined in pixels according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
       FIG. 23  shows eight pixel areas defined in the display area DA (refer to  FIG. 1B ) of the display substrate  100  (refer to  FIG. 1B ) as representative examples. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the eight pixel areas will be referred to as first to eighth pixel areas PA 11  to PA 18 . 
     As described above, each of the first to eighth pixel areas PA 11  to PA 18  includes the first sub-pixel area PA 1  and the second sub-pixel area PA 2 , and a unit domain group UDM configured to include first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  is defined in each of the first and second sub-pixel areas PA 1  and PA 2 . In this case, the unit domain group UDM is defined in the first to eighth pixel areas PA 11  to PA 18 , and thus the number of the unit domain group UDM is sixteen. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal alignment directions of the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  are different from each other in each unit domain group UDM. In an exemplary embodiment, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the first liquid crystal alignment direction DR 1  in the first domain DM 1 , the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the second liquid crystal alignment direction DR 2  in the first domain DM 2 , the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the third liquid crystal alignment direction DR 3  in the third domain DM 3 , and the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in the fourth liquid crystal alignment direction DR 4  in the fourth domain DM 4 . 
     A plurality of groups each configured to include first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  defined in each of the first to eighth pixel areas PA 11  to PA 18  is arranged in a matrix form. A row direction of the matrix form is substantially parallel to the first direction D 1  and a column direction of the matrix form is substantially parallel to the second direction D 2 . As a result, the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  are arranged in sixteen rows by four columns in the matrix form. 
     Hereinafter, an arrangement pattern of the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  in the matrix form will be described in detail. 
     In the matrix form, the liquid crystal alignment directions are different from each other in at least two domains among domains arranged in the same row direction. That is, the liquid crystal alignment directions are different from each other in the domains arranged in the same row direction of the matrix form. In an exemplary embodiment, the first domain DM 1  and the third domain DM 3  are alternately arranged with each other in a first row and the second domain DM 2  and the fourth domain DM 4  are alternately arranged with each other in a second row, for example. That is, any one of the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  is not successively arranged in the first row or the second row of the matrix form. 
     Different from the illustrated exemplary embodiment, when the liquid crystal alignment directions are the same in the domains arranged in the same row direction, a refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal molecules is varied depending on a viewing direction against the display substrate. As a result, a brightness perceived in a left side of the display substrate  100  is different from a brightness perceived in a right side of the display substrate  100 . However, according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment, when the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  are arranged in the above-described arrangement pattern in the matrix form, the variation in the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal molecules, which is caused by the viewing direction against the display substrate, may be minimized. Therefore, a difference in brightness between the left and right sides of the display substrate  100  (refer to  FIG. 1B ) is reduced, and thus the display quality of the display substrate is improved. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the arrangement of the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  is constant in the unit domain groups UDM as shown in  FIG. 23 . In an exemplary embodiment, according to two unit domain groups UDM adjacent to each other in a first column of the matrix form, the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  are sequentially arranged in each of the two unit domain groups UDM along the second direction D 2 . 
       FIG. 24  is a view showing alignment directions of liquid crystal molecules in domains defined in pixels according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 23 and 24 , the arrangement pattern of the domains arranged in the same column of the matrix form according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 23  is the same as the arrangement pattern of the domains arranged in the same column of the matrix form according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 24 , but the arrangement pattern of the domains arranged in the same row according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 23  is different from the arrangement pattern of the domains arranged in the same row according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 24 . Hereinafter, the arrangement pattern of the domains arranged in the same row will be described in detail with reference to  FIG. 24 . 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, m (“m” is a natural number equal to or larger than 2) first domains DM 1  successively arranged are alternately arranged with k (“k” is a natural number equal to or larger than 2) third domains DM 3  successively arranged in an n-th (“n” is a natural number) row of the matrix form. In an exemplary embodiment, m second domains DM 2  successively arranged are alternately arranged with k fourth domains DM 4  successively arranged in an (n+1)th row of the matrix form. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, two first domains DM 1  are successively arranged and two third domains DM 3  are successively arranged in the first row of the matrix form, for example. Although not shown in figures, another two first domains DM 1  are successively arranged following the two third domains DM 3 , and then another two third domains DM 3  are successively arranged. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, two second domains DM 2  are successively arranged and two fourth domains DM 4  are successively arranged in the second row of the matrix form, for example. Although not shown in figures, another two second domains DM 2  are successively arranged following the two fourth domains DM 4 , and then another two fourth domains DM 4  are successively arranged. 
     According to another exemplary embodiment, six first domains DM 1  successively arranged may be alternately arranged with six third domains DM 3  successively arranged in the first row of the matrix form, and six second domains DM 2  successively arranged may be alternately arranged with six fourth domains DM 6  successively arranged in the second row of the matrix form. 
       FIG. 25  is a view showing alignment directions of liquid crystal molecules in domains defined in pixels according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 23 and 25 , the arrangement pattern of the domains arranged in the same row of the matrix form according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 23  is the same as the arrangement pattern of the domains arranged in the same row of the matrix form according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 25 , but the arrangement pattern of the domains arranged in the same column according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 23  is different from the arrangement pattern of the domains arranged in the same column according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 24 . 
     In detail, the arrangements of the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  are the same in the unit domain groups UDM according to the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 23 , but the arrangements of the first to fourth domains DM 1  to DM 4  are different from each other in at least two unit domain groups UDM of the unit domain groups UDM. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the first, second, third, and fourth domains DM 1 , DM 2 , DM 3 , and DM 4  are sequentially arranged in one unit domain group of two adjacent unit domain groups UDM to each other in the first column of the matrix form along the second direction D 2 . The third, fourth, first, and second domains DM 3 , DM 4 , DM 1 , and DM 2  are sequentially arranged in the other unit domain group of two adjacent unit domain groups UDM to each other in the first column of the matrix form along the second direction D 2 . 
       FIG. 26  is a plan view showing a pixel of an LCD  515  according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention,  FIG. 27A  is a cross-sectional view taken along line IV-IV′ of  FIG. 26 ,  FIG. 27B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line V-V′ of  FIG. 26 , and  FIG. 27C  is a cross-sectional view taken along line VI-VI′ of  FIG. 26 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 26, 27A, 27B, and 27C , a display substrate  100 - 1  of the LCD  515  includes a first base substrate S 1 , a gate line GL, a first data line DL 1 , a second data line DL 2 , a first TFT TR 1 , a second TFT TR 2 , a pixel electrode PE- 4 , a color filter CF, a first alignment layer  110 , a first shielding electrode SCE 1 , and a second shielding electrode SCE 2 . 
     The pixel electrode PE- 4  includes a first sub-pixel electrode PE 17  disposed in a first sub-pixel area PA 1  and a second sub-pixel electrode PE 27  disposed in a second sub-pixel area PA 2 . 
     The color filter CF is disposed on the second insulating layer L 2  to correspond to an optical path of the liquid crystal layer LC, through which the light passes, and filters the light into the color light. The first sub-pixel electrode PE 17  is disposed on the color filter CF and makes contact with the first drain electrode DE 1  through a contact hole defined through the second insulating layer L 2  and the color filter CF. 
     The second sub-pixel electrode PE 27  is disposed on the color filter CF and makes contact with the second drain electrode DE 2  through a contact hole defined through the second insulating layer L 2  and the color filter CF. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the first and second shielding electrodes SCE 1  and SCE 2  include a transparent conductive material, such as indium tin oxide, and are disposed to be spaced apart from the first and second sub-pixel electrodes PE 17  and PE 27 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, each of the first and second shielding electrodes SCE 1  and SCE 2  extends in a second direction D 2 , the first and second shielding electrodes SCE 1  and SCE 2  are overlapped with the first and second data lines DL 1  and DL 2  in a one-to-one correspondence, and the pixel electrode PE- 4  is disposed between the first and second shielding electrodes SCE 1  and SCE 2 . The first and second shielding electrodes SCE 1  and SCE 2  will be described in detail later. 
     An opposite substrate  300 - 1  of the LCD  515  includes a light blocking layer BM, and the light blocking layer BM is disposed in the non-display area N-PA between the first sub-pixel area PA 1  and the second sub-pixel area PA 2 . 
     The LCD  515  includes a plurality of spacers disposed between the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1 . In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the spacers include a first main spacer MS 1 , a second main spacer MS 2 , a first auxiliary spacer SS 1 , and a second auxiliary spacer SS 2 . The first and second main spacers MS 1  and MS 2  and the first and second auxiliary spacers SS 1  and SS 2  are disposed in the non-pixel area N-PA to overlap with the light blocking layer BM. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the first main spacer MS 1  is disposed between the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1  to overlap with the first TFT TR 1 , and the second main spacer MS 2  is disposed between the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1  to overlap with the second TFT TR 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, the first auxiliary spacer SS 1  is disposed between the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1  to overlap with the first data line DL 1 , and the second auxiliary spacer SS 2  is disposed between the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1  to overlap with the second data line DL 2 . 
     Each of the first and second main spacers MS 1  and MS 2  makes contact with the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1 , but each of the first and second auxiliary spacers SS 1  and SS 2  makes contact with one of the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1  and is spaced apart from the other one of the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1 . As the first auxiliary spacer SS 1  shown in  FIG. 27C , each of the first and second auxiliary spacers SS 1  and SS 2  makes contact with the display substrate  100 - 1  and is spaced apart from the opposite substrate  300 - 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, a distance LD between the opposite substrate  300 - 1  and each of the first and second auxiliary spacers SS 1  and SS 2  is in a range from about 0.4 μm to about 0.6 μm, for example. 
     Accordingly, external impacts applied to the LCD  515  are absorbed by the first and second main spacers MS 1  and MS 2 , and then further absorbed by the first and second auxiliary spacers SS 1  and SS 2 . That is, since the external impacts are absorbed by the spacers twice according to the structures of the spacers, the external impacts may be effectively absorbed. 
     As described above, the spacers are disposed in the non-display area N-PA to overlap with the light blocking layer BM, and thus a thickness of each of the spacers may be reduced by a first thickness T 1  of the light blocking layer BM. In more detail, a second thickness T 2  of each of the first and second main spacers MS 1  and MS 2  is reduced by the first thickness T 1 , and a third thickness T 3  of each of the first and second auxiliary spacers SS 1  and SS 2  is reduced by the first thickness T 1 . When the thickness of each of the spacers is reduced by the thickness of the light blocking layer BM, the following effects are obtained. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, each of the spacers has a taper shape, for example. In this case, a size of bottom surface of each spacer is reduced in accordance with the reduction of the thickness of each spacer, and thus the size of each spacer may be reduced when viewed in a plan view. Therefore, the spacers may be easily disposed in the non-display area N-PA. As a result, an aperture ratio of the first and second sub-pixel areas PA 1  and PA 2  may be prevented from being decreased due to the spacers that infiltrate the first and second sub-pixel areas PA 1  and PA 2 . 
     As described above, the light passing through the non-display area N-PA is blocked by the light blocking layer BM disposed in the non-pixel area N-PA, but the light passing through the other non-display area N-PA is required to be blocked except for the non-display area N-PA. In more detail, when the non-display area extending in the second direction D 2  and being overlapped with the first and second data lines DL 1  and DL 2  is referred to as a sub-non pixel area N-PA 1 , a member or structure is required to block the light passing through the sub-non pixel area N-PA 1 . 
     To this end, the first and second shielding electrodes SCE 1  and SCE 2  are disposed in the sub-non pixel area N-PA 1 . The first shielding electrode SCE 1  has a width greater than that of the first data line DL 1  and is overlapped with the first data line DL 1  when viewed in a plan view, and the second shielding electrode SCE 2  has a width greater than that of the second data line DL 2  and is overlapped with the second data lines DL 2  when viewed in a plan view. 
     In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, an electric potential generated by the first shielding electrode SCE 1  and the common electrode CE is equal to an electric potential generated by the second shielding electrode SCE 2  and the common electrode CE. Accordingly, the electric field is not generated between the first shielding electrode SCE 1  and the common electrode CE as shown in  FIG. 27C , and therefore, the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules RM pre-tilted by the first and second alignment layers  110  and  310  are aligned may be substantially vertical to the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1 . 
     As described above, when the liquid crystal molecules RM are vertically aligned to the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1 , the light passing through the sub-non pixel area N-PA 1  may be blocked. Thus, similar to the non-pixel area N-PA defined by the light blocking layer BM, the areas in which the first and second shielding electrodes SCE 1  and SCE 2  are disposed may serve as areas to block the light. As a result, the light blocking layer BM does not need to be disposed in the sub-non pixel area N-PA 1 . 
     Accordingly, as described with reference to  FIGS. 1A to 1C , although at least one of the first and second shielding electrodes SCE 1  and SCE 2  enter the first and second sub-pixel areas PA 1  and PA 2  due to the misalignment generated when the display substrate  100 - 1  and the opposite substrate  300 - 1  are curved, the aperture ratio of the first and second sub-pixel areas PA 1  and PA 2  may be prevented from being lowered since the first and second shielding electrodes SCE 1  and SCE 2  have the light transmittance. 
       FIG. 28  is a plan view showing a position relation between a TFT, a color pixel, and a spacer in an LCD according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention and  FIG. 29  is a cross-sectional view taken along line VII-VII′ of  FIG. 28 . 
       FIG. 28  shows nine pixels arranged in three rows by three columns of the LCD  516 , and only transistor areas TA 11 , TA 12 , TA 13 , TA 21 , TA 22 , TA 23 , TA 31 , TA 32 , and TA 33  each including first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are disposed are shown in each pixel, for example. Therefore, nine transistor areas TA 11 , TA 12 , TA 13 , TA 21 , TA 22 , TA 23 , TA 31 , TA 32 , and TA 33  arranged in three rows by three columns have been shown in  FIG. 28 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 28 , blue, green, and red color pixels B, G, and R are sequentially arranged in the same row and color pixels having the same color are arranged in the same column. That is, the blue color pixel B is disposed in the transistor areas TA″, TA 12 , and TA 13 , the green color pixel G is disposed in the transistor areas TA 21 , TA 22 , and TA 23 , and the red color pixel R is disposed in the transistor areas TA 31 , TA 32 , and TA 33 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are disposed in each of the transistor areas TA 11  to TA 33 . According to another exemplary embodiment, one or three or more TFTs may be disposed in each of the transistor areas TA 11  to TA 33 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 29 , the LCD  516  includes a column spacer CS disposed on the display substrate  100 . In an exemplary embodiment, the column spacer CS includes a main spacer MS and a sub-spacer SS. The main spacer MS is disposed in the transistor area TA 11  in which the blue color pixel B is disposed, and the sub-spacer SS is disposed in the transistor areas TA 21 , TA 22 , TA 23 , TA 31 , TA 32 , and TA 33  each in which the green or red color pixel G or R is disposed. 
     The main spacer MS has a first height h 1  and a first width w 1 ′ and the sub-spacer SS has a second height h 2  smaller than the first height h 1 . Accordingly, an upper surface of the main spacer MS makes contact with the opposite substrate  300 , but an upper surface of the sub-spacer SS is spaced apart from the opposite substrate  300  by a predetermined distance. In an exemplary embodiment, a difference in height between the main spacer MS and the sub-spacer SS is about 0.2 μm, for example. In an exemplary embodiment, the sub-spacer SS has a second width w 2 ′ equal to or smaller than the first width w 1 ′. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the blue color pixel B has a first thickness t 1 ′, but the green and red color pixels G and R have a second thickness t 2 ′ smaller than the first thickness t 1 . In an exemplary embodiment, a difference in thickness between the blue color pixel B and each of the green and red color pixels G and R is about 0.2 μm, for example. 
     When a desired step difference between the upper surface of the main spacer MS and the upper surface of the sub-spacer SS is about 0.4 μm, for example, the desired step difference between the upper surface of the main spacer MS and the upper surface of the sub-spacer SS may be secured by adjusting the height difference between the main spacer MS and the sub-spacer SS and the thickness difference between the blue color pixel B and each of the green and red color pixels G and R. As described above, when the blue color pixel B is disposed on the main spacer MS, a process time required to provide the column spacer CS on the display substrate  100  may be shortened and a process required to provide the column spacer CS on the display substrate  100  may be simplified. 
     In an another exemplary embodiment, when the thickness of the blue color pixel B is equal to the thickness of each of the green and red color pixels G and R, the position of the main spacer MS may be disposed in the areas of the green and red color pixels G and R without being limited to the area of the blue color pixel B. 
     For the convenience of explanation, the layers between the first base substrate S 1  and the color filter CF and the layers disposed on the second base substrate S 2  of the opposite substrate  300  are omitted from  FIG. 29 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 29 , the areas in which the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are disposed are relatively higher than the areas in which the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are not disposed in each of the transistor areas TA 11  to TA 33 . The main and sub spacers MS and SS are disposed in areas corresponding to the areas in which the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are disposed, i.e., an area in which first or second gate electrode GE 1  or GE 2  is disposed, in each of the transistor areas TA 11  to TA 33  to face the first or second gate electrode GE 1  or GE 2 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the main spacer MS is disposed on the first TFT TR 1  of one transistor area TA 11 , in which the blue color pixel B is disposed, among three successive transistor areas TA 11 , TA 12 , and TA 13  in the column direction. That is, the number of the main spacers MS disposed in the pixels arranged in three rows by three columns is one. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the sub-spacer SS is disposed on the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  of each of six transistor areas TA 21 , TA 22 , TA 23 , TA 31 , TA 32 , and TA 33  each in which the green and red color pixels G and R are disposed. That is, the number of the sub-spacers SS disposed in the pixels arranged in three rows by three columns is twelve. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the sub-spacers SS have the same height in  FIG. 29 , but the height difference may exist between the sub-spacers SS. 
       FIG. 30  is a graph showing a relation between a smear and an area ratio of a column spacer. In  FIG. 30 , an x-axis represents an area ratio in terms of percentage (%) of the column spacer CS and a y-axis represents a size of smear in terms of kilogram-force (kgf). Here, the area ratio (%) of the column spacer CS indicates a ratio of a contact area between the column spacer CS and the display substrate  100  to the display area of the LCD  516  shown in  FIG. 28 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 30 , as the area ratio (%) of the column spacer CS increases, the size of the smear (kgf) applied to the LCD  516  increases. To secure a smear margin of about 6 kgf or more, the LCD has the area ratio of the column spacer CS of about 0.914% or more. In this case, a variation in cell gap, i.e., reduction of the cell gap, does not occur until the size of smear reaches about 6 kgf, and thus the LCD is normally operated. 
     Therefore, the column spacer CS may be provided to have the area ratio of about 0.914% in the illustrated exemplary embodiment. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, to secure the smear margin of about 7 kgf, the LCD has the area ratio of the column spacer CS in a range from 1% to 1.2%. 
       FIG. 31  is a plan view showing a position relation between a TFT, a color pixel, and a spacer in an LCD according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention and  FIG. 32  is a cross-sectional view taken along line VIII-VIII′ of  FIG. 31 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 31 and 32 , the blue color pixel B is disposed in the transistor areas TA 11 , TA 12 , and TA 13 , the green color pixel G is disposed in the transistor areas TA 21 , TA 22 , and TA 32 , and the red color pixel R is disposed in the transistor areas TA 31 , TA 32 , and TA 33 . The first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are disposed in each of the transistor areas TA 11  to TA 33 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 32 , the LCD  517  includes a column spacer disposed on the display substrate  100 . In an exemplary embodiment, the column spacer includes first, second, and third main spacers MS 1 , MS 2 , and MS 3  and a plurality of sub-spacers SS. The first to third main spacers MS 1  to MS 3  are disposed in the transistor areas TA 11 , TA 12 , and TA 13  in which the blue color pixel B is disposed, and the sub-spacers SS are disposed in the transistor areas TA 21 , TA 22 , TA 23 , TA 31 , TA 32 , and TA 33  in which the green and red color pixels G and R are disposed. 
     The first to third main spacers MS 1  to MS 3  have a first height h 1  and a first width w 1 ′ and each of the sub-spacers SS has a second height h 2  smaller than the first height h 1 . The sub-spacers SS have a second width w 2 ′ equal to or smaller than the first width w 1 ′. 
     As shown in  FIG. 32 , the areas in which the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are disposed are relatively higher than the areas in which the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are not disposed in each of the transistor areas TA 11  to TA 33 . 
     The first main spacer MS 1  is disposed in the area of the transistor area TA 11 , in which the first TFT TR 1  is disposed, the second main spacer MS 2  is disposed in the area of the transistor area TA 12 , in which the second TFT TR 2  is disposed, and the third main spacer MS 3  is disposed in the area of the transistor area TA 13 , in which the first TFT TR 1  is disposed. That is, the first, second, and third main spacers MS 1 , MS 2 , and MS 3  are arranged in a zigzag shape when viewed in a plan view. Is an exemplary embodiment, the number of the main spacers disposed in the pixels arranged in three rows by three columns may be three. As described above, as the number of the main spacers MS 1 , MS 2 , and MS 3  disposed on the LCD  517  increases, a relatively high smear margin may be secured. 
     The sub-spacers SS are disposed in areas, in which the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are disposed, among the transistor areas TA 21  to TA 33 . That is, the number of the sub-spacers SS disposed in the pixels arranged in three rows by three columns may be twelve.  FIG. 33  is a plan view showing a position relation between a TFT, a color pixel, and a spacer in an LCD according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 33 , an LCD  518  includes a column spacer disposed on the display substrate. In an exemplary embodiment, the column spacer includes first, second, and third main spacers MS 1 , MS 2 , and MS 3  and a plurality of sub-spacers SS. The first to third main spacers MS 1  to MS 3  are disposed in the transistor areas TA″, TA 12 , and TA 13  in which the blue color pixel B is disposed, and the sub-spacers SS are disposed in the transistor area TA 21 , TA 22 , TA 23 , TA 31 , TA 32 , and TA 33  in which the green and red color pixels G and R are disposed. 
     The first main spacer MS 1  is disposed in the area of the transistor area TA 11 , in which the first TFT TR 1  is disposed, the second main spacer MS 2  is disposed in the area of the transistor area TA 12 , in which the second TFT TR 2  is disposed, and the third main spacer MS 3  is disposed in the area of the transistor area TA 13 , in which the first TFT TR 1  is disposed. 
     That is, the first, second, and third main spacers MS 1 , MS 2 , and MS 3  are arranged in a straight line shape when viewed in a plan view. In an exemplary embodiment, the number of the main spacers disposed in the pixels arranged in three rows by three columns may be three. 
     The sub-spacers SS are disposed in areas, in which the first and second TFTs TR 1  and TR 2  are disposed, among the transistor areas TA 21  to TA 33 . That is, the number of the sub-spacers SS disposed in the pixels arranged in three rows by three columns may be twelve. 
     Although the illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention have been described, it is understood that the invention should not be limited to these exemplary embodiments but various changes and modifications can be made by one ordinary skilled in the art within the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.