Patent Publication Number: US-2021177093-A1

Title: Footwear midsole with warped lattice structure and method of making the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/898,000, filed Feb. 15, 2018, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 15/470,570, filed Mar. 27, 2017. Each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The described embodiments generally relate to midsoles for articles of footwear. In particular, described embodiments relate to midsoles including a three-dimensional mesh constructed of interconnected unit cells arranged in a warped cubic lattice structure and methods of making the same. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Individuals are often concerned with the amount of cushioning an article of footwear provides. This is true for articles of footwear worn for non-performance activities, such as a leisurely stroll, and for performance activities, such as running, because throughout the course of an average day, the feet and legs of an individual are subjected to substantial impact forces. When an article of footwear contacts a surface, considerable forces may act on the article of footwear and, correspondingly, the wearer&#39;s foot. The sole of an article of footwear functions, in part, to provide cushioning to the wearer&#39;s foot and to protect it from these forces. In addition to cushioning, individuals may be concerned with the durability, weight, and/or comfort of an article of footwear. Durable footwear will properly function for an extended period of time. Lightweight footwear minimizes the weight an individual has to carry on his or her feet and may be comfortable for an individual. Customized footwear may increase comfort for an individual because it is tailored to the individual&#39;s needs and/or foot anatomy. 
     The human foot is a complex and remarkable piece of machinery, capable of withstanding and dissipating many impact forces. The natural padding of fat at the heel and forefoot, as well as the flexibility of the arch, help to cushion the foot. Although the human foot possesses natural cushioning and rebounding characteristics, the foot alone is incapable of effectively overcoming many of the forces encountered during every day activity. Unless an individual is wearing shoes that provide proper cushioning and support, the soreness and fatigue associated with every day activity is more acute, and its onset may be accelerated. This discomfort for the wearer may diminish the incentive for further activity. Equally important, inadequately cushioned footwear can lead to injuries such as blisters; muscle, tendon, and ligament damage; and bone stress fractures. Improper footwear can also lead to other ailments, including back pain. 
     Proper footwear should be durable, comfortable, and provide other beneficial characteristics for an individual. Therefore, a continuing need exists for innovations in footwear. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Some embodiments are directed to a midsole for an article of footwear, the midsole including a three-dimensional mesh including a plurality of interconnected unit cells, each interconnected unit cell including a plurality of struts defining a three-dimensional shape and a plurality of nodes at which one or more struts are connected, where each node includes a valence number defined by the number of struts that are connected at that node and the valence number of the nodes varies in a longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole between a forefoot end of the midsole and a heel end of the midsole. 
     In some embodiments, the valence number of the nodes may vary in a transverse direction along the width of the midsole between a lateral side of the midsole and a medial side of the midsole. 
     In some embodiments, the average value for the valence numbers of nodes in a forefoot portion of the midsole may be greater than the average value for the valence numbers of nodes in a heel portion of the midsole. 
     In some embodiments, the size of the unit cells may vary in the midsole. In some embodiments, the average size of the unit cells positioned in a forefoot portion of the midsole may be less than the average size of the unit cells positioned in a heel portion of the midsole. 
     In some embodiments, the size of the unit cells may vary in the longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole between a forefoot end of the midsole and a heel end of the midsole. In some embodiments, the average size of the unit cells may increase in the longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole from the forefoot end of the midsole to the heel end of the midsole. 
     In some embodiments, the size of the unit cells may vary in a vertical direction between a top side of the midsole and a bottom side of the midsole. In some embodiments, the average size of the unit cells may increase in the vertical direction from the bottom side of the midsole to the top side of the midsole. 
     In some embodiments, each unit cell in a midsole may have the same base geometry. 
     In some embodiments, the unit cells may have a valence number in the range of 1 to 12. 
     In some embodiments, the midsole may include a plurality of unit cells having a first base geometry and a plurality unit cells having a second base geometry different from the first base geometry. In some embodiments, a plurality of unit cells having the first base geometry may be located in a forefoot portion of the midsole and a plurality of unit cells having the second base geometry may be located in a heel portion of the midsole. In some embodiments, a midfoot portion of the midsole may include a plurality of unit cells having the first base geometry and a plurality of unit cells having the second base geometry. 
     In some embodiments, 90% or more of all the unit cells in a midsole may be a complete unit cell. 
     In some embodiments, the variation in the valence number in the longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual. In some embodiments, the biometric data profile may include information about the individual&#39;s gait collected from motion sensors coupled to the individual&#39;s foot during a test procedure. 
     In some embodiments, the variation in the size of the unit cells in a midsole may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual. 
     In some embodiments, the location of the plurality of unit cells having the first base geometry and the location of the plurality of unit cells having the second base geometry may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a midsole for an article of footwear, the midsole including a three-dimensional mesh including a plurality of interconnected unit cells organized in a warped cubic lattice structure that defines a volume of the midsole, each interconnected unit cell including a plurality of struts defining a three-dimensional shape, and the warped cubic lattice structure including a plurality of warped cubic lattice cells having different volumes and cubic geometries, wherein the warped cubic lattice structure defines a plurality of nodes at which one or more struts are connected and the warped cubic lattice structure is warped in a longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole, in a transverse direction along the width of the midsole, and in a vertical direction along the height of the midsole. 
     In some embodiments, the size of the unit cells in the midsole may vary based on the volume of the cubic cell in which a unit cell is positioned. In some embodiments, the geometry of the unit cells in the midsole may vary based on the geometry of the cubic cell in which a unit cell is positioned. 
     In some embodiments, two or more interconnected unit cells may be positioned in a single warped cubic lattice cell. In some embodiments, the two or more interconnected unit cells positioned in a single warped cubic lattice cell may be unit cells having different base geometries. 
     In some embodiments, the volume and cubic geometry of the warped cubic lattice cells in the warped cubic lattice structure may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual. 
     Some embodiments are directed to a method of making a midsole for an article of footwear, the method including generating a warped cubic lattice structure based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual, the warped cubic lattice structure: defining a volume of the midsole, including a plurality of cubic lattice cells having different volumes and cubic geometries, and defining a plurality of nodes; populating each cubic lattice cell with one or more partial lattice unit cells based on the biometric data profile, the partial lattice unit cells forming a cell lattice including lattice unit cells connected to each other at one or more of the nodes; and forming a three-dimensional mesh based on the biometric data profile, the three-dimensional mesh including a plurality of interconnected unit cells, each unit cell including a plurality of struts defining a three-dimensional shape corresponding to the shape of a respective lattice unit cell, thereby forming the midsole. 
     In some embodiments, the biometric data profile may include information about the individual&#39;s gait collected from motion sensors coupled to the individual&#39;s foot during a testing procedure. In some embodiments, the motion sensors may include at least one of: acceleration sensors and magnetic field sensors. In some embodiments, the information about the individual&#39;s gait may include information about how the individual&#39;s foot rolls when it contacts the ground and information about how the individual&#39;s foot strikes the ground. 
     In some embodiments, forming the three-dimensional mesh may include an additive manufacturing process. 
     In some embodiments, forming the three-dimensional mesh may include a continuous liquid interface production process. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a medial side view of an article of footwear according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a medial side of an article of footwear according to some embodiments showing portions of the article of footwear. 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a midsole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a side view of a midsole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5A  is a top view of a midsole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5B  is an enlarged view of a portion of  FIG. 5A . 
         FIG. 6  is a bottom view of a midsole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a rear view of a midsole according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  are partial unit cells according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are unit cells according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  is a method of making a three-dimensional mesh according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  is an illustration of an individual having sensor modules coupled to articles of footwear. 
         FIG. 12A  is a collection of data maps according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 12B  is a lattice map according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 13  is a warped cubic lattice structure according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 14  is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of  FIG. 13 . 
         FIG. 15A  is a perspective view a warped cubic lattice structure according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 15B  is a cross-sectional segment taken from  FIG. 15A . 
         FIG. 16  is a cell lattice according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17A  is a medial perspective view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a forefoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17B  is a lateral perspective view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a forefoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17C  is a bottom side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a forefoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17D  is a top side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a forefoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17E  is a lateral side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a forefoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 17F  is a medial side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a forefoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18A  is a medial perspective view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a rearfoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18B  is a lateral perspective view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a rearfoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18C  is a bottom side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a rearfoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18D  is a top side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a rearfoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18E  is a lateral side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a rearfoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 18F  is a medial side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized for a rearfoot striker according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19A  is a medial perspective view of a three-dimensional mesh customized to provide arch support according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19B  is a lateral perspective view of a three-dimensional mesh customized to provide arch support according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19C  is a bottom side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized to provide arch support according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19D  is a top side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized to provide arch support according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19E  is a lateral side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized to provide arch support according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 19F  is a medial side view of a three-dimensional mesh customized to provide arch support according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20A  is a medial perspective view of a lightweight three-dimensional mesh according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20B  is a lateral perspective view of a lightweight three-dimensional mesh according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20C  is a bottom side view of a lightweight three-dimensional mesh according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20D  is a top side view of a lightweight three-dimensional mesh according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20E  is a lateral side view of a lightweight three-dimensional mesh according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 20F  is a medial side view of a lightweight three-dimensional mesh according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 21  is a midsole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 22  is a midsole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 23  is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary computer system in which embodiments may be implemented. 
         FIG. 24  is a sole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 25  is a sole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 26  is a sole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 27  is a sole according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 28  is a sole according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention(s) will now be described in detail with reference to embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an exemplary embodiment”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. 
     An article of footwear has many purposes. Among other things, an article of footwear may cushion a wearer&#39;s foot, support a wearer&#39;s foot, protect a wearer&#39;s foot (e.g., from injury), and optimize the performance of a wearer&#39;s foot. Each of these purposes, alone or in combination, provides for a comfortable article of footwear suitable for use in a variety of scenarios (e.g., exercise and every day activities). The features of an article of footwear (e.g., shape, components, and materials used to make footwear) may be altered to produce desired characteristics, for example, cushioning, support, stability, ride, and propulsion characteristics. 
     Stability provided by an article of footwear may protect a wearer&#39;s foot from injury, such as spraining his or her ankle. Propulsion provided by an article of footwear may optimize the performance of a wearer&#39;s foot by, for example, maximizing the energy transfer from the individual&#39;s foot to the surface his or her foot is in contact with (e.g., the ground) via the article of footwear. Maximizing the energy transfer between the individual&#39;s foot and a surface (i.e., reducing energy lost via and/or absorbed by an article of footwear) may help an athlete, for example, accelerate faster, maintain a higher maximum speed, change directions faster, and jump higher. Cushioning and ride characteristics provided by an article of footwear may provide comfort for an individual during an athletic or everyday activity. 
     The anatomy of the human foot creates a shape and contour for the bottom of the foot that results in varying degrees of pressure (force) on the bottom of the foot when the foot is in contact with the ground (e.g., while standing still, walking, running, etc.). The varying degrees of pressure create areas on the foot subject various pressure forces and stresses. Some areas may be subject to relatively high pressures/stresses and others may be subject to relatively low pressures/stresses. To provide comfort, areas subject to relatively high degrees of pressure/stress may require additional cushioning or support compared to areas subject to relatively low degrees of pressure/stress. 
     Moreover, the shape and contour of the bottom of different individuals&#39; feet create different pressure/stress profiles for different individuals&#39; feet. This may also be true for the left and right foot of a single individual. Accordingly, the cushioning and/or support needs for one individual&#39;s feet (or the left and right feet of a single individual) may be different. The cushioning and/or support needs may be dependent not only on an individual&#39;s foot anatomy, but also the individual&#39;s natural gait. 
     In some embodiments, the midsoles and articles of footwear having midsoles discussed herein may include a three-dimensional mesh composed of interconnected unit cells. The geometry, interconnection, and arrangement of the interconnected unit cells may be customized for a particular individual, or group of individuals. The geometry, interconnection, and arrangement of the interconnected unit cells may be based, in whole or in part, on a biometric data profile for an individual&#39;s foot. The interconnected unit cells may be arranged in a warped cubic lattice structure, which may also be based on the biometric data profile for an individual&#39;s foot. 
     The geometry, interconnection, and arrangement of the unit cells within a three-dimensional mesh may offer a multitude of different options for customizing (tailoring) a midsole to an individual&#39;s, or group of individuals&#39; needs. For example, one or more of the following may be tailored for an individual or group of individuals: (i) the volumetric shape of a midsole, (ii) the stiffness (including for example compressive strength, shear strength and/or bending strength and/or torsional stiffness) of struts defining interconnected unit cells, (iii) the number of unit cells per unit volume (i.e., the density of unit cells), (iv) the degree of interconnection between unit cells (referred to herein as “valence”) and (v) the base geometry of the unit cells. Each parameter (i)-(v) may vary between different zones or portions on a midsole to provide desired characteristics, for example cushioning, support, stability, ride, and/or propulsion characteristics for an individual, or group of individuals. 
     Midsoles including a three-dimensional mesh as discussed herein may be manufactured using one or more additive manufacturing methods. Additive manufacturing methods allow for fabrication of three-dimensional objects without the need for a mold. Instead, the objects may be manufactured layer by layer, e.g. from liquid material, or from a powder material. Additive manufacturing methods may reduce costs for a manufacturer, and in turn a consumer, of a product (e.g., a shoe) by reducing or eliminating the need for molds. Integral manufacturing of a midsole using additive manufacturing may make the assembly of separate elements of the midsole unnecessary. Similarly, an additively manufactured midsole may be fabricated from single material, which may facilitate easy recycling of the midsole. 
     Also, since molds are not required, additive manufacturing methods facilitate customization of products. For example, a midsole can be customized to a particular individual, or group of individuals, in a more cost effective way with an additive manufacturing method compared to a traditional molding method. 
     Due to the nature of additive manufacturing methods, additive manufacturing methods can be leveraged to provide customized and affordable footwear for individuals. Exemplary additive manufacturing techniques include for example, selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, selective heat sintering, stereo lithography, fused deposition modeling, or 3D printing in general. Various additive manufacturing techniques related to articles of footwear are described for example in US 2009/0126225, WO 2010/126708, US 2014/0300676, US 2014/0300675, US 2014/0299009, US 2014/0026773, US 2014/0029030, WO 2014/008331, WO 2014/015037, US 2014/0020191, EP 2 564 719, EP 2 424 398 and US 2012/0117825. 
     Using the additive manufacturing methods discussed herein, customized midsoles may be provided with short lead times. For example, a midsole may be customized for, among other things, the width and/or length of an individual&#39;s foot, the weight of an individual, an individual&#39;s gait, and/or the type of footwear with which a midsole is intended to be used. In some embodiments, a midsole may comprise at least two regions that have different physical properties, for example different unit cell densities, different stiffness, and/or different unit cell interconnection. In some embodiments, midsoles discussed herein may be formed using an additive manufacturing method that does not require post-formation processing steps, such as cutting away undesirable parts of a midsole. Eliminating post-formation processing steps facilitates manufacturing consistency and reproducibility. 
     In some embodiments, the physical properties of a three-dimensional mesh may be tailored by tailoring the volume, cell size, and/or warped geometry of a warped lattice structure in which unit cells of the three-dimensional mesh are arranged. In some embodiments, the physical properties of a three-dimensional mesh may be tailored by tailoring the thickness of struts defining the unit cells of the three-dimensional mesh. In some embodiments, the physical properties of a three-dimensional mesh may be tailored by tailoring the density of unit cells in the three-dimensional mesh. The density of unit cells may be tailored by tailoring at least one of: the size of the unit cells, the degree of interconnection between the unit cells, and the base geometry of the unit cells. In some embodiments, the physical properties of a three-dimensional mesh may be tailored by tailoring the material(s) used to form the three-dimensional mesh. 
     In some embodiments, the base geometry of unit cells may be approximately constant along the length and width of a midsole. For example, the base geometry (e.g., cubic, tetrahedral, dodecahedral, etc.) of unit cells may be approximately constant along the length and width of a midsole. In some embodiments, the base geometry of unit cells may vary in a three-dimensional mesh. In some embodiments, a three-dimensional mesh may include at least two unit cells with different base geometries. For example, a first base geometry (e.g. unit cells designed as rhombic dodecahedrons), may be combined with other unit cells including a second base geometry (e.g., pentagonal dodecahedrons, cubes, cuboids, prisms, parallelepipeds, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, a three-dimensional mesh may include a first region with a plurality of unit cells having a first base geometry and a second region with a plurality of unit cells having a second base geometry. The base geometries of the regions may be adapted to the specific requirements of that region. For example, a less dense unit cell geometry (e.g., cubic) may be used in a region with reduced density and/or stiffness requirements. Additionally or alternatively, one or more dimensions of the unit cells in the first region may differ from those of the unit cells in the second region. 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  show an article of footwear  100  according to some embodiments. Article of footwear  100  may include an upper  120  coupled to a midsole  130 . Article of footwear  100  includes a forefoot end  102 , a heel end  104 , a medial side  106 , and a lateral side  108  opposite medial side  106 . Also, as shown for example in  FIG. 2 , article of footwear  100  includes a forefoot portion  110 , a midfoot portion  112 , and a heel portion  114 . Portions  110 ,  112 , and  114  are not intended to demarcate precise areas of article of footwear  100 . Rather, portions  110 ,  112 , and  114  are intended to represent general areas of article of footwear  100  that provide a frame of reference. Although portions  110 ,  112 , and  114  apply generally to article of footwear  100 , references to portions  110 ,  112 , and  114  also may apply specifically to upper  120  or midsole  130 , or individual components of upper  120  or midsole  130 . 
     In some embodiments, article of footwear  100  may include an outsole  140  coupled to midsole  130 . Together, midsole  130  and outsole  140  may define a sole  150  of article of footwear  100 . In some embodiments, outsole  140  may be directly manufactured (e.g., 3-D printed) on the bottom side of midsole  130 . In some embodiments, outsole  140  and midsole  130  may be manufactured in one manufacturing process (e.g., one 3-D printing process) and no bonding, e.g. via adhesives, may be necessary. In some embodiments, outsole  140  may include a plurality of protrusions  142  to provide traction for article of footwear  100 . In some embodiments, midsole  130  may be the same as or similar to midsole,  300 , midsole  2100  or midsole  2200 . 
     As shown for example in  FIG. 1 , midsole  130  may include a three-dimensional mesh  132  composed of a plurality of interconnected unit cells  134 . In some embodiments, midsole  130  may be customized for an individual, or a group of individuals. In such embodiments, an individual&#39;s gait may be analyzed using, for example, a Vicon® Motion Capture system with force plates, or a Run Genie® system. Such gait analysis systems may produce a biometric data profile for an individual that may be used to customize midsole  130  (see e.g., method  1000  described in connection with  FIG. 10 ). 
     Based at least in part on the data collected, properties of midsole  130 , three-dimensional mesh  132 , and/or unit cells  134  may be customized to an individual&#39;s cushioning, support, stability, ride, and/or propulsion needs. In some embodiments, midsole  130 , three-dimensional mesh  132 , and/or unit cells  134  may also be customized based on an individual&#39;s athletic needs (e.g., the type of sport the individual plays and/or the amount of time the individual spends exercising). 
     Parameters of midsole  130  that may be customized to an individual&#39;s needs include, but are not limited to: i) the volumetric shape of midsole  130 , ii) the stiffness (including for example compressive strength, shear strength and/or bending strength and/or torsional stiffness) of struts defining the interconnected unit cells  134 , (iii) the number of unit cells  134  per unit volume (i.e., the density of unit cells), (iv) the degree of interconnection between unit cells  134  (referred to herein as “valence”), and (v) the base geometry of the unit cells  134 . Parameters (i)-(v) may vary between different zones or portions of midsole  130  (e.g., forefoot portion  110 , a midfoot portion  112 , and a heel portion  114 ) to provide targeted characteristics in different zones or portions of midsole  130  based on an individual&#39;s needs. 
     In some embodiments, one or more of these parameters may be customized based on an individual&#39;s objective athletic goals. For example, a long distance runner may desire a midsole  130  that provides a high degree of cushioning for long distance runs. As another example, a football player may desire a relatively stiff midsole  130  that resists deformation when upper  120  acts on midsole  130 , thereby providing a high degree of support for his or her feet (e.g., a high degree of support for his or her ankles). As a further example, a sprinter may desire a relative stiff and lightweight midsole  130  that provides a high a degree of propulsion (i.e., efficient energy transfer from the individual&#39;s foot to the ground). 
     In some embodiments, midsole  130  may be customized to a particular individual&#39;s foot or gait, or a particular group of individual&#39;s feet or gait. This customization may be based on unique user characteristics provided by, for example, a Run Genie® system. In some embodiments, midsole  130  may be customized for an individual to modify an irregularity in the individual&#39;s gait. In such embodiments, midsole  130  may provide stability and/or propulsion characteristics to modify the individual&#39;s gait (i.e., modify his or her gait to a preferred motion). Correcting/modifying an individual&#39;s gait to preferred motion may reduce discomfort for an individual during exercise. 
     In some embodiments, different zones or portions of midsole  130  (e.g., portions  110 ,  112 , and  114 ) may be customized or tuned to a particular individual&#39;s foot or gait, or a particular group of individual&#39;s feet or gait. Different zones or portions of midsole  130  may customized to an individual&#39;s gait by i) adjusting the volumetric shape of midsole  130 , ii) adjusting the stiffness (including for example compressive strength, shear strength and/or bending strength and/or torsional stiffness) of struts defining the interconnected unit cells  134 , (iii) adjusting the number of unit cells  134  per unit volume (i.e., the density of unit cells), (iv) adjusting the degree of interconnection between unit cells  134  (referred to herein as “valence”), and/or (v) adjusting the base geometry of the unit cells  134 . 
     For example, a heel striker may be best served by a midsole  130  having a heel portion  114  that provides a high degree of cushioning, but a forefoot striker may be best served by a midsole  130  having a forefoot portion  110  that provides a high degree of cushioning. As another example, a heel striker may be best served by a midsole  130  with a heel portion  114  having a perimeter zone with a large degree stability, but a forefoot striker may be best served by a forefoot portion  110  having a perimeter zone with a large degree of stability. 
     Upper  120  and sole  150  may be configured for a specific type of footwear, including, but not limited to, a running shoe, a hiking shoe, a water shoe, a training shoe, a fitness shoe, a dancing shoe, a biking shoe, a tennis shoe, a cleat (e.g., a baseball cleat, a soccer cleat, or a football cleat), a basketball shoe, a boot, a walking shoe, a casual shoe, or a dress shoe. Moreover, sole  150  may be sized and shaped to provide a desired combination of cushioning, stability, propulsion, and ride characteristics to article of footwear  100 . The term “ride” may be used herein in describing some embodiments as an indication of the sense of smoothness or flow occurring during a gait cycle including heel strike, midfoot stance, toe off, and the transitions between these stages. In some embodiments, sole  150  may provide particular ride features including, but not limited to, appropriate control of pronation and supination, support of natural movement, support of unconstrained or less constrained movement, appropriate management of rates of change and transition, and combinations thereof. 
     Sole  150  and portions thereof (e.g., midsole  130  and outsole  140 ) may comprise material(s) for providing desired cushioning, ride, propulsion, support, and stability. Suitable materials for sole  150  (e.g., midsole  130  and/or outsole  140 ) include, but are not limited to, a foam, a rubber, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), expanded thermoplastic polyurethane (eTPU), polyether block amide (PEBA), expanded polyether block amide (ePEBA), thermoplastic rubber (TPR), and a thermoplastic polyurethane (PU). In some embodiments, the foam may comprise, for example, an EVA based foam or a PU based foam and the foam may be an open-cell foam or a closed-cell foam. In some embodiments, midsole  130  and/or outsole  140  may comprise elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), foam-like plastics, gel-like plastics, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, midsole  130  and/or outsole  140  may comprise polyolefins, for example polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS) and/or polypropylene (PP). 
     The above-mentioned materials for sole  150  may be recycled materials, which could be for example reclaimed polymer material, e.g. reclaimed from an ocean, especially from maritime waste. Reclaimed polymer material could be any suitable plastic material, for example TPU, PEBA, PE, PS, PP etc. In some embodiments, more than 50%, or more than 90% reclaimed material may be used for midsole  130  and/or outsole  140 . 
     In some embodiments, midsole  130  and/or outsole  140  may comprise a plurality of different materials (from different classes of materials or from the same class of materials with slightly different properties). In some embodiments, portions of sole  150  (e.g., midsole  130  and outsole  140 ) may comprise different materials to provide different characteristics to different portions of sole  150 . In some embodiments, portions of sole  150  (e.g., midsole  130  and outsole  140 ) may comprise the same material, but with different material properties. In some embodiments, midsole  130  and outsole  140  may have different hardness characteristics. In some embodiments, the material density of midsole  130  and outsole  140  may be different. In some embodiments, the moduli of the materials used to make midsole  130  and outsole  140  may be different. As a non-limiting example, the material of outsole  140  may have a higher modulus than the material of midsole  130 . 
     Sole  150  and portions thereof (e.g., midsole  130  and outsole  140 ) may be formed using an additive manufacturing process, including, but not limited to, selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, selective heat sintering, stereo lithography, fused deposition modeling etc., or 3D-printing in general. In some embodiments, midsole  130  and/or outsole  140  may be formed using an additive manufacturing process including a continuous liquid interface production process. For example, the continuous liquid interface production process described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,453,142, issued on Sep. 27, 2016, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference thereto. In some embodiments, midsole  130  and outsole  140  may be formed as a single piece via an additive manufacturing process. In such embodiments, midsole  130  and outsole  140  may be a single integrally formed piece. 
     In some embodiments, outsole  140  may be formed by injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, or rotational molding. In such embodiments, midsole  130  and outsole  140  may be discrete components that are formed separately and attached. In some embodiments, midsole  130  may be attached to outsole  140  via, for example, but not limited to, adhesive bonding, stitching, welding, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, midsole  130  may be attached to outsole  140  via an adhesive disposed between midsole  130  and outsole  140 . Similarly, midsole  130  may be attached to upper  120  via, for example, but not limited to, adhesive bonding, stitching, welding, or a combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 3-7  show a midsole  300  manufactured by an additive manufacturing process according to some embodiments. Midsole  300  includes a forefoot end  302 , a heel end  304 , a medial side  306 , a lateral side  308 , a top side  310 , and a bottom side  312 . Midsole  300  may be defined, in whole or in part, by a three-dimensional mesh  320 . In some embodiments, at least 80% or at least 90% of the volume of midsole  300  may be defined by three-dimensional mesh  320 . In some embodiments, midsole  300  may include a rim  314  disposed around all or a portion of the perimeter of top side  310  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, rim  314  may be disposed around all or a portion of the perimeter of medial and lateral sides  306 / 308  of midsole  300 . In embodiments including rim  314 , rim  314  may be provide stability for the perimeter of midsole  300  and/or may facilitate attachment of midsole  300  to an upper (e.g., upper  120 ). 
     Three-dimensional mesh  320  includes a plurality of interconnected unit cells  322 . The interconnected unit cells  322  include a plurality of struts  324  defining a three-dimensional shape of a respective unit cell  322 . The interconnection (valence) between unit cells  322  may be defined by a plurality of nodes  326  at which one or more struts are connected. Nodes  326  may have a valence number defined by the number of struts  324  that are connected at that node  326 . In some embodiments, nodes  326  may have a valence number in the range of 1 to 12. 
     Each unit cell  322  may have a base geometry defined by the struts  324  of the unit cell  322 . As used herein “base geometry” means the base three-dimensional shape, connection, and arrangement of the struts  324  defining a unit cell  322 . A base geometry is the three-dimensional shape, connection, and arrangement of unit cell struts  324  in an unwarped state (e.g., before a unit cell  322  is conformed to a warped cubic lattice). The base geometry of a unit cell  322  may be, but is not limited to, a dodecahedron (e.g., rhombic), a tetrahedron, an icosahedron, a cube, a cuboid, a prism, or a parallelepiped. In some embodiments, unit cells  322  may be constructed by assembling partial unit cells (e.g., partial unit cells  800  and  810 ). Unit cells  322  may be the same as or similar to unit cells  900  or  920  shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
     Three-dimensional mesh  320  may define a volume of midsole  300 . In other words, three-dimensional mesh  320  may define all, or at least a significant portion of (e.g., at least 90% or 80% of), the length, width, and height of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, three-dimensional mesh  320  may include interconnected unit cells  322  organized in a warped lattice structure that defines a volume of midsole  300 . In such embodiments, interconnected unit cells  322  may be constructed of partial unit cells (e.g., partial unit cells  800  and  810 ) assembled and arranged within lattice cells of warped lattice structure. In such embodiments, respective unit cells  322  may occupy a plurality of lattice cells in a warped lattice structure. In some embodiments, the warped lattice structure may be a warped cubic lattice structure. In some embodiments, in a warped cubic lattice structure, each unit cell  322  may be arranged in a lattice cell having a purely cubic or warped cubic shape. In some embodiments, in a warped cubic lattice structure, one or more partial unit cells forming unit cells  322  may be arranged in a lattice cell having a purely cubic or warped cubic shape. As discussed below in connection with  FIGS. 13-15B , a warped lattice structure (e.g., a cubic warped lattice structure) is an invisible lattice structure used to arrange unit cells, or partial unit cells, and construct a three-dimensional mesh. In some embodiments, the warped lattice structure may be a warped tetrahedron lattice or a warped dodecahedron lattice in which unit cells, or partial unit cells, may be arranged. 
     A purely cubic shaped lattice cell is a three-dimensional lattice cell bound by six identical square faces joined along their edges. Three edges join at each corner to form vertexes of the purely cubic shaped lattice cell. A warped cubic shaped lattice cell is a three-dimensional lattice cell bound by six faces joined along their edges with at least one face being different from the others. Three edges join at each corner to form vertexes of the warped cubic shaped lattice. The side faces of a warped cubic shaped lattice cell need not have the same shape or area, and the side faces need not be squares. 
     Organizing unit cells  322  in a warped lattice structure may result in midsole  300  including only, or a significant portion of, complete unit cells. As used herein a “complete unit cell” means a unit cell that includes all the struts that define the unit cell&#39;s base geometry. A complete unit cell is not missing all or a portion of any strut that defines the unit cell&#39;s base geometry. In some embodiments, 90% or more of the unit cells  322  defining three-dimensional mesh  320  may be complete unit cells. Complete unit cells may facilitate manufacturing consistency and reproducibility because complete unit cells may behave more consistently than incomplete unit cells. Also, complete unit cells may be more durable than incomplete unit cells. Incomplete unit cells may be a by-product of post-formation processes such as cutting or trimming of unit cells. 
     Unit cells  322  may be arranged in a warped lattice structure including a plurality of warped lattice cells having different volumes and geometries. In some embodiments, a portion of a warped lattice structure may include unwrapped lattice cells (i.e. purely cubic lattice cells). In some embodiments, unit cells  322  may be arranged in a warped cubic lattice structure including a plurality of unwarped cubic lattice cells having different volumes and cubic geometries. The volume and geometry of the warped lattice cells, or unwarped lattice cells, may be based on a biometric data profile for an individual, or group of individuals. The warped lattice structure may define the plurality of nodes  326  at which one or more struts  324  are connected. The number and location of nodes  326 , and the valence of nodes  326 , may be based on a biometric data profile for an individual, or group of individuals. 
     In some embodiments, interconnected unit cells  322  may be arranged in a warped lattice structure that is warped in a longitudinal direction along the length of midsole  300  (i.e. between forefoot end  302  and heel end  304  of midsole  300 ). In some embodiments, interconnected unit cells  322  may be arranged in a warped lattice structure that is warped in a transverse direction along the width of midsole  300  (i.e., between medial side  306  and lateral side  308  of midsole  300 ). In some embodiments, interconnected unit cells  322  may be arranged in a warped lattice structure that is warped in a vertical direction along the height of midsole  300  (i.e., between top side  310  and bottom side  312  of midsole  300 ). In some embodiments, interconnected unit cells  322  may be arranged in a warped lattice structure that is warped in at least two of the longitudinal direction, the transverse direction, and the vertical direction. In some embodiments, interconnected unit cells  322  may be arranged in a warped lattice structure that is warped in the longitudinal direction, the transverse direction, and the vertical direction. A lattice structure that is warped in longitudinal, transverse, and/or vertical direction includes at least one lattice cell having a geometry warped in that direction (e.g., a side face warped in that direction). 
     In some embodiments, the valence number of nodes  326  in three-dimensional mesh  320  may vary. In some embodiments, the variation in the valence number of nodes may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual, or group of individuals. In some embodiments, the valence number of nodes  326  in three-dimensional mesh  320  may vary in a longitudinal direction along the length of midsole  300  between forefoot end  302  of midsole  300  and heel end  304  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the valence number of nodes  326  may vary in a transverse direction along the width of midsole  300  between lateral side  308  of midsole  300  and medial side  306  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the valence number of nodes  326  may vary in a vertical direction along the height of midsole  300  between top side  310  of midsole  300  and medial side  306  of midsole  300 . The variation in the valence number of nodes  326  in the longitudinal, transverse, and/or vertical direction may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual, or group of individuals. 
     In some embodiments, the average value for the valence numbers of nodes  326  in forefoot portion  110  of midsole  300  may be greater than the average value for the valence numbers of nodes  326  in heel portion  114  of midsole  300 . In such embodiments, forefoot portion  110  of midsole  300  may be stiffer than heel portion  114  and heel portion  114  of midsole  300  may provide a higher degree of cushioning. In some embodiments, the average value for the valence numbers of nodes  326  in forefoot portion  110  of midsole  300  may be less than the average value for the valence numbers of nodes  326  in heel portion  114  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the average value for the valence numbers of nodes  326  in midfoot portion  112  of midsole  300  may be less than the average value for the valence numbers of nodes in forefoot portion  110  and heel portion  114  of midsole  300 . In such embodiments, midfoot portion  112  of midsole  300  may provide a higher degree of cushioning than forefoot portion  110  and heel portion  114 . 
     In some embodiments, the average value for the valence numbers of nodes  326  in forefoot portion  110  may be X, the average value for the valence numbers of nodes  326  in midfoot portion  112  may be Y, and the average value for the valence numbers of nodes  326  in heel portion  114  may be Z, where X, Y, and Z have a value in the range from 2 to 12. In some embodiments, X may be greater than Y and Y may be greater than Z. In such embodiments, X may be in the range from 5 to 12, Y may be in the range from 4 to 8, and Z may be in the range from 3 to 7. In some embodiments, Z may be greater than Y and Y may be greater than X. In such embodiments, X may be in the range from 3 to 7, Y may be in the range from 4 to 8, and Z may be in the range from 5 to 12. In some embodiments, Y may be less than Z and X. In such embodiments, X may be in the range from 3 to 12, Y may be in the range from 2 to 7, and Z may be in the range from 3 to 8. 
     In some embodiments, the size of unit cells  322  may vary in three-dimensional mesh  320 . In some embodiments, the size of unit cells  322  may vary based a biometric data profile for an individual, or group of individuals. In some embodiments, the size of unit cells  322  may vary based on the volume of the lattice cell (e.g., warped cubic lattice cell) in which a unit cell  322  is positioned. In some embodiments, the volume of lattice cells may be based on a biometric data profile for an individual, or group of individuals. 
     In some embodiments, the size of unit cells  322  may vary in the longitudinal direction along the length of midsole  300  between forefoot end  302  of midsole  300  and heel end  304  of the midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the average size of unit cells  322  may increase in the longitudinal direction along the length of midsole  300  from the forefoot end  302  of midsole to heel end  304  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the average size of unit cells  322  positioned in forefoot portion  110  of midsole  300  may be less than the average size of unit cells  322  positioned in heel portion  114  of midsole  300 . In such embodiments, forefoot portion  110  of midsole  300  may be stiffer than heel portion  114  and heel portion  114  of midsole  300  may provide a higher degree of cushioning. 
     In some embodiments, the size of the unit cells  322  may vary in a vertical direction between top side  310  of midsole  300  and bottom side  312  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the average size of unit cells  322  may increase in the vertical direction from bottom side  312  of midsole  300  to top side  310  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the size of unit cells  322  may vary in a transverse direction between medial side  306  of midsole  300  and lateral side  308  of midsole  300 . Variations in the size of unit cells  322  in the longitudinal, transverse, and/or vertical direction may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual, or group of individuals. 
     In some embodiments, the thickness of struts  324  defining the unit cells  322  may vary in a vertical direction between top side  310  of midsole  300  and bottom side  312  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the thickness of struts  324  defining unit cells  322  may decrease in the vertical direction from bottom side  312  of midsole  300  to top side  310  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the thickness of struts  324  defining unit cells  322  may vary in a transverse direction between medial side  306  of midsole  300  and lateral side  308  of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the thickness of struts  324  defining unit cells  322  may vary in a longitudinal direction between forefoot end  302  of midsole  300  and heel end  304  of midsole  300 . Variations in the thickness of struts  324  in the longitudinal, transverse, and/or vertical direction may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual, or group of individuals. 
     In some embodiments, the geometry of unit cells  322  may vary in three-dimensional mesh  320 . In some embodiments, the geometry of unit cells  322  may vary based on a biometric data profile for an individual, or group of individuals. In some embodiments, the geometry of unit cells  322  may vary based on the geometry of the lattice cell (e.g., warped/unwarped cubic lattice cell) in which a unit cell  322  is positioned, which may be based on a biometric data profile for an individual, or group of individuals. In some embodiments, all unit cells  322  in three-dimensional mesh  320  may have the same base geometry that is unwarped or warped differently depending on the unwarped or warped geometry of the lattice cell in which a unit cell  322  is positioned. 
       FIG. 5B  shows interconnected unit cells  322  having the same base geometry arranged in a warped cubic lattice according to some embodiments. The labeled unit cells  322  have different sizes and warped geometry due to the different lattice cells in which they are positioned. Further, the valence of nodes  326  varies due to the different lattice cells in which the labeled unit cells  322  are positioned.  FIG. 5B  shows a first node  326   a  having a valence number of 4 and a second node  326   b  having a valence number of 5. 
     In some embodiments, unit cells  322  in three-dimensional mesh  320  may have different base geometries. In some embodiments, the geometry of unit cells  322 , and their respective positions in three-dimensional mesh  320 , may be based on a biometric data profile for an individual, or group of individuals. In some embodiments, three-dimensional mesh  320  may include a plurality of unit cells  322  having a first base geometry and a plurality of unit cells  322  having a second base geometry different from the first base geometry. In such embodiments, the location of the plurality of unit cells  322  having the first base geometry and the location of the plurality of unit cells  322  having the second base geometry may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual, or group of individuals. 
     In some embodiments, three-dimensional mesh  320  may include one or more transition zones  330  to provide for a gradual change in characteristics for midsole  300 . In some embodiments, a transition zone  330  may include unit cells having the first base geometry interspersed with unit cells having the second base geometry. In such embodiments, a transition zone  330  may provide for gradual change in from a relatively stiff characteristic provided by a first base geometry to a relatively flexible characteristic provided by a second base geometry. In some embodiments, a transition zone  330  may include unit cells having a first size interspersed with unit cells having a second size to provide for gradual change in unit cell size, and thus a gradual change in characteristics of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, a transition zone  330  may include unit cells having a first strut thickness interspersed with unit cells having a second strut thickness to provide for gradual change in characteristics of midsole  300 . In some embodiments, the strut thickness of struts in a transition zone  330  may gradually change in a longitudinal direction, lateral direction, and/or vertical direction to provide for a gradual change in characteristics of midsole  300 . A transition zone  330  may be located in forefoot portion  110 , midfoot portion  112 , and/or heel portion  114  of midsole  300 . 
     In some embodiments, three-dimensional mesh  320  may include a plurality of unit cells  322  having two or more, three or more, four or more, or five or more different base geometries. In some embodiments, a plurality of unit cells  322  having a first base geometry may be located in forefoot portion  110  of midsole  300  and a plurality of unit cells  322  having a second base geometry may be located in a heel portion  114  of midsole  300 . In such embodiments, the first base geometry and the second base geometry may be selected to provide desired characteristics for forefoot portion  110  and heel portion  114 . For example, a first base geometry may be selected to provide a high degree of stiffness and/or propulsion in forefoot portion  110  and a second base geometry may be selected to provide a high degree of cushioning in heel portion  114 . 
     In some embodiments, midfoot portion  112  of midsole  130  may include a plurality of unit cells  322  having the first base geometry and a plurality of unit cells  322  having the second base geometry. In some embodiments, midfoot portion  112  of midsole  300  may include a transition zone  330  including unit cells having the first base geometry interspersed with unit cells having the second base geometry. In some embodiments, midfoot portion  112  may include a plurality of unit cells  322  having a third base geometry different from the first base geometry and the second base geometry. 
     As shown for example in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , in some embodiments, an outsole  316  may be coupled to bottom side  312  of midsole  300 . Outsole  316  may include or more or more openings  318 . Openings  318  may provide desired ventilation and/or stiffness to different zones or portions of midsole  300 . Openings  318  may vary in size and shape to provide various degrees of ventilation and/or stiffness to different zones or portions of midsole  300 . 
     In some embodiments, midsole  300  and outsole  316  may be formed as a single piece via an additive manufacturing technique. In such embodiments, midsole  300  and outsole  316  may be a single integrally formed piece. In some embodiments, midsole  300  and outsole  316  may be manufactured separately attached, e.g., with an adhesive. In some embodiments, outsole  316  may include a plurality of protrusions the same as or similar to protrusions  142  to provide traction for midsole  300 . 
       FIG. 8A  shows a partial unit cell  800  according to some embodiments. Partial unit cell  800  includes a plurality of struts  802  connected at a node  804 . In some embodiments, for example as shown in  FIG. 8A , partial unit cell  800  may include four struts  802  connected at a node. In some embodiments, partial unit cell  800  may be a partial corner center lattice unit cell. In such embodiments, partial unit cell  800  may be used to build unit cells modeled after the chemical lattice structure of a face center cubic unit cell geometry of a solid crystalline material. 
     Struts  802  may include any suitable cross-sectional shape, such as but not limited to a triangular shape (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 8A ), a square shape, a hexagonal shape, a circular shape, or an oval shape. In some embodiments, struts  802  may be solid bar-like or tube-like elements. In some embodiments, struts  802  may be hollow bar-like or tube-like elements. 
       FIG. 8B  shows a partial unit cell  810  according to some embodiments. Partial unit cell  810  may be a mirror image of partial unit cell  800 . Similar to partial unit cell  800 , partial unit cell  810  includes a plurality of struts  812  connected at a node  814 . Partial unit cells  800  and  810  may be used to construct unit cells within a lattice structure (e.g., warped cubic lattice structure  1300 ). For example,  FIGS. 9A and 9B  show partial unit cells  914  and  934  (illustrated with cross-hatching for illustration purposes only) defining a portion of unit cells  900  and  920 , respectively. 
       FIG. 9A  shows a single unwarped unit cell  900  according to some embodiments. Unit cell  900  includes a plurality of struts  902  connected at nodes  904 . In some embodiments, struts  902  may be solid bar-like or tube-like elements. In some embodiments, struts  902  may be hollow bar-like or tube-like elements. Struts  902  shown in  FIG. 9A  are arranged in a dodecahedron shape, however struts  902  may be arranged to form different shapes, such as but not limited to, a tetrahedron, an icosahedron, a cube, a cuboid, a prism, and a parallelepiped. Struts  912  from adjacent unit cells (shaded gray for illustration purposes) are shown connected to some nodes  904  of unit cell  900 . The volume occupied by unit cell  900  may be for example 3 mm 3  to 30 mm 3 , 5 mm 3  to 20 mm 3 , 7 mm 3  to 15 mm 3 , or 8 mm 3  to 12 mm 3 . 
       FIG. 9B  shows another single unwarped unit cell  920  according to some embodiments. Similar to unit cell  900 , unit cell  920  includes a plurality of struts  922  connected at nodes  924 . However, the thickness of struts  922  may be less than struts  902 . In some embodiments, the thickness of struts  922  may be reduced by approximately 75% to 85%. In such embodiments, the weight, stiffness and cushioning provided by unit cell  920  may be different from unit cell  900 . Struts  932  from adjacent unit cells (shaded gray for illustration purposes) are shown connected to some nodes  924  of unit cell  920 . As discussed herein, unit cells  900  and  920  may be arranged in a warped lattice to produce a three-dimensional mesh (e.g., three-dimensional mesh  320 ) for a midsole. 
       FIG. 10  shows a method  1000  of making a midsole (e.g. midsole  300 ) according to some embodiments. In step  1002  a biometric data profile for an individual (e.g., individual  1100  shown in  FIG. 11 ) may be collected. In some embodiments, a biometric data profile may be collected using a physiological and personal characteristic collection and analysis system, such as a Run Genie® system. In some embodiments, the biometric data profile may be collected using the data collection and analysis system described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/579,226, filed on Dec. 22, 2014 and published as US 2016/0180440, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety by reference thereto. 
     The physiological characteristics collected may in step  1002  may include, but are not limited to, gait characteristics, such as foot strike type (e.g. heel, midfoot, forefoot, etc.), rate of pronation or supination, and degree of pronation and supination. In some embodiments, step  1002  may include receiving personal information about the individual before or after receiving physiological characteristics data about the individual. Personal information may include information such as their name, prior injury information, height, weight, gender, shoe size, an athletic goal, intended athletic environment or terrain, intended athletic activity duration, intended athletic activity frequency, intended athletic activity distance, quantitative or qualitative preferences about athletic equipment or footwear (such as level of cushion, preference of weight, materials and the like), and current athletic footwear. 
     In some embodiments, step  1002  may include receiving biometric data via a local wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments step  1002  may include monitoring individual  1100  in real time during an athletic activity, such as jogging. 
     Physiological characteristics may be collected using one or more sensor modules  1102 . A sensor module  1102  may include one or more sensors, and may be physically coupled to an object (e.g., article of footwear  1104 ) during an everyday or athletic activity conducted by individual  1100 . A sensor module  1102  may be used to monitor changes in the spatial orientation of an individual&#39;s body or a piece of the individual&#39;s athletic equipment or article of footwear in some embodiments. Sensor module  1102  may be used in combination with predetermined correlation data stored in a data structure to determine a correlation between body or equipment or article of footwear movement data and a characteristic such as a gait characteristic in some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, a sensor module  1102  is placed and/or built into article of footwear  1104  to measure, for example, a runner&#39;s running form and gait cycle (e.g., sensor is placed on, removably attached to, or built into the heel, midsole, or toe of article of footwear  1104 ). Additional sensors/motion monitors can also be placed on the runner&#39;s knee and hip, for example, to obtain more information about the runner&#39;s running form. 
     Sensor module  1102  may include a plurality of sensors, including but not limited to, one or more motion sensors, such as acceleration sensors and magnetic field sensors, or angular momentum sensors. In some embodiments, sensor module  1102  may include one or more temperature sensors, a heart rate monitoring device, a pedometer, and/or an accelerometer-based monitoring device. Sensors of sensor module  1102  may be capable of measuring a variety of athletic performance parameters. The term “performance parameters” may include physical parameters and/or physiological parameters associated with the individual&#39;s  1100  athletic activity. Physical parameters measured may include, but are not limited to, time, distance, speed, pace, pedal count, wheel rotation count, rotation generally, stride count, stride length, airtime, stride rate, altitude, temperature, strain, impact force, jump force, force generally, and jump height. Physiological parameters measured may include, but are not limited to, heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygen level, blood lactate level, blood flow, hydration level, calories burned, or body temperature. 
     An acceleration sensor may be adapted to measure the acceleration of the sensor module  1102 . Accordingly, when the sensor module  1102  is physically coupled to an object (such as an individual&#39;s  1100  body, article of footwear  1104 , or other a piece of athletic equipment), the acceleration sensor may be capable of measuring the acceleration of the object, including the acceleration due to the earth&#39;s gravitational field. In some embodiments, an acceleration sensor may include a tri-axial accelerometer that is capable of measuring acceleration in three orthogonal directions. In some embodiments one, two, three, or more separate accelerometers may be used. 
     A magnetic field sensor may be adapted to measure the strength and direction of magnetic fields in the vicinity of sensor module  1102 . Accordingly, when sensor module  1102  is physically coupled to an object (such as an individual&#39;s  1100  body, article of footwear  1104 , or other a piece of athletic equipment), a magnetic field sensor may be capable of measuring the strength and direction of magnetic fields in the vicinity of the object, including the earth&#39;s magnetic field. In some embodiments, a magnetic field sensor may be a vector magnetometer. In some embodiments, a magnetic field sensor may be a tri-axial magnetometer that is capable of measuring the magnitude and direction of a resultant magnetic vector for the total local magnetic field in three dimensions. In some embodiments one, two, three, or more separate magnetometers may be used. 
     In some embodiments, an acceleration sensor and a magnetic field sensor may be contained within a single accelerometer-magnetometer module bearing model number LSM303DLHC made by STMicroelectronics of Geneva, Switzerland. 
     An angular momentum sensor, which may be, for example, a gyroscope, may be adapted to measure the angular momentum or orientation of sensor module  1102 . Accordingly, when the sensor module  1102  is physically coupled to an object (such as an individual&#39;s  1100  body, article of footwear  1104 , or other athletic equipment), the angular momentum sensor may be capable of measuring the angular momentum or orientation of the object. In some embodiments, an angular momentum sensor may be a tri-axial gyroscope that is capable of measuring angular rotation about three orthogonal axes. In some embodiments one, two, three, or more separate gyroscopes may be used. In some embodiments, angular momentum sensor may be used to calibrate measurements made by one or more of an acceleration sensor and a magnetic field sensor. 
     A heart rate sensor may be adapted to measure individual&#39;s  1100  heart rate. A heart rate sensor may be placed in contact with the individual&#39;s  1100  skin, such as the skin of the individual&#39;s chest, and secured with a strap. A heart rate sensor may be capable of reading the electrical activity the individual&#39;s  1100  heart. 
     A temperature sensor may be, for example, a thermometer, a thermistor, or a thermocouple that measures changes in the temperature. In some embodiments, a temperature sensor may primarily be used for calibration other sensors, such as, for example, an acceleration sensor and a magnetic field sensor. 
     In some embodiments, sensor module  1102  may include a position receiver, such as an electronic satellite position receiver that is capable of determining its location (i.e., longitude, latitude, and altitude) using time signals transmitted along a line-of-sight by radio from satellite position system satellites. Known satellite position systems include the GPS system, the Galileo system, the BeiDou system, and the GLONASS system. In some embodiments, a position receiver may be an antenna that is capable of communicating with local or remote base stations or radio transmission transceivers such that the location of sensor module  1102  may be determined using radio signal triangulation or other similar principles. In some embodiments, position receiver data may allow sensor module  1102  to detect information that may be used to measure and/or calculate position waypoints, time, location, distance traveled, speed, pace, or altitude. 
     Data collected by sensor module  1102  may classify individuals based on their running style, utilizing data analysis such as an anterior-posterior plot angle vs. time; medial-lateral plot angle vs. time; and the like. Calculations of these characteristic many be used to group individuals into different categories (groups), such as a heel striker, a mid foot striker, a forefoot striker, a pronator, supinator, a neutral individual, or some combination of characteristics. In some embodiments, gait analysis may utilize personal information of individual  1100 , such a gender, shoe size, height, weight, running habits, and prior injuries. 
     In some embodiments, a regression analysis can be used to determine gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like based on acceleration data obtained from sensor module  1102 . In some embodiments, the regression analysis can be used to determine gait characteristics such as foot strike type, rate of pronation, degree of pronation, and the like based on other data such as magnetometer data, angular momentum sensor data, or multiple types of data. In some embodiments, the analysis can include other user-input information such as prior injury information, an athletic goal, intended athletic environment or terrain, intended athletic duration, and current athletic footwear. 
     Athletic goals may be, for example, training for a race, to stay healthy, to lose weight, and training for sports. Other examples of athletic goals may include training for a race, or other sporting event, improving individual fitness, simply enjoy running, or the like. Frequency intervals may include for example about 1 to 2 times per week, about 3 to 4 times per week, about 5 to 7 times per week, or the individual doesn&#39;t know. Length intervals may include for example about less than about 5 miles per week, about 5 to 10 miles per week, about 10 to 20 miles per week, greater than about 20 miles per week, or the individual doesn&#39;t know. Examples of intended athletic terrain environments may include roads, track, treadmill, trail, gym, or particular athletic fields designed for a specific sport. Examples of athletic equipment preferences may include for example more cushioning, less weight, better fit, strength, durability, intended athletic activity range, balance, weight balance, more color choices, and the like. 
     Information from sensor module(s)  1102  may be used to map areas of an individual&#39;s foot subject to different pressures or stresses. And information from sensor module(s)  1102  may be used to generate a biometric date profile map. For example, high stress areas may be associated with a heel portion, areas corresponding to the location of the ball of an individual&#39;s foot (i.e., at a position corresponding to a location near the anterior end of metatarsals), and a medial most portion of the individual&#39;s arch. Mild stress areas may be associated with a medial portion of the individual&#39;s arch and areas corresponding to the location of an individual&#39;s phalanges. And low stress areas may be associated with a lateral portion of the individual&#39;s arch. The size, location, and degree of stress areas for an individual will depend on, among other things, the anatomy of the individual&#39;s foot and the individual&#39;s gait.  FIG. 12A  illustrates sixteen different exemplary data profile maps that may be generated based on information from sensor module(s)  1102 . 
     In some embodiments, collecting a biometric data profile in step  1002  may include obtaining previously collected and stored data for an individual. In some embodiments, collecting biometric data may include obtaining a standard biometric data profile for a group of individuals. For example, a standard profile for individuals having a certain shoe size, weight, height, arch shape, stability characteristic, and/or touchdown characteristic may be retrieved in step  1002 . 
       FIG. 12A  shows sixteen exemplary biometric data profile maps  1200 . In some embodiments, biometric data profile maps  1200  may be one or more maps generated based on biometric profile collected for an individual. In some embodiments, biometric data profile maps  1200  may be standard biometric data profile maps for a group of individuals. For example, biometric data profile maps  1200  shown in  FIG. 12A  may be standard biometric profile maps for groups of individuals classified based on four stability characteristics (pronator, mild pronator, neutral, and supinator) and four touchdown characteristics (heavy heel striker, heel striker, midfoot striker, and forefoot striker), which results in sixteen classification groups. As used herein a “stability characteristic” refers to how an individual&#39;s foot rolls when it contacts the ground and a “touchdown characteristic” refers to how an individual&#39;s foot strikes the ground. 
     In embodiments including a biometric data profile map for an individual, map  1200  may include various stress areas  1202  associated with a particular individual. In embodiments including standard biometric data profile maps, maps  1200  may include various stress areas  1202  associated with different groups of individuals, based on information from sensor module(s)  1102 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 12A , certain combinations of stress areas  1202  may be associated with a heavy heel striker/pronator, a certain combination of stress areas  1202  may be associated with a heavy heel striker/mild pronator, a certain combination of stress areas  1202  may be associated with a heavy heel striker/neutral foot roll, and so on. Stress areas  1202  may be high stress areas, mild stress areas, or low stress areas typically associated groups of individual. And each of the sixteen classification groups may be associated with a particular combination of stress areas  1202 . In some embodiments, data collected from sensor module(s)  1102  for a particular individual may be utilized to assign the individual a standard biometric data profile map best suited to that individual. 
     A biometric data profile map  1200 , along with another information collected about an individual (e.g., athletic goals), may be used to create a lattice map, for example the lattice map  1250  shown in  FIG. 12B . Lattice map  1250  includes a plurality of different zones located, sized, and shaped to provide desired characteristics. For example, lattice map  1250  may include one or more of the following zones. A first zone type  1252  located in a medial side of lattice map  1250 . A second zone type  1254  located in a lateral heel portion and medial arch portion of lattice map  1250 . And a third zone type  1256  located in primarily a forefoot area and a lateral arch area of lattice map. And a fourth zone type  1258  located in a central heel area of lattice map  1250 . 
     Different zones of lattice map  1250  (e.g., zones  1252 / 1254 / 1256 / 1258 ) may designate different geometries, interconnections, and/or arrangements of the unit cells at different locations within a three-dimensional mesh. For example, a zone may designate: (i) that unit cells within that zone have a particular strut stiffness (e.g., thickness), (ii) the number of unit cells per unit volume, (iii) the valence of nodes within that zone, (iv) the base geometry(ies) of unit cells within the zone, and/or (v) the material(s) used to make unit cells within the zone. In some embodiments, zones of lattice map  1250  may occupy a volume that extends from a bottom side of lattice map  1250  to a top side of lattice map  1250  (i.e., the entire height of lattice map). In some embodiments, zones of a lattice map  1250  may occupy a volume having a height less than the height of lattice map  1250 . For example, a first zone may occupy a bottom half of a portion of lattice map  1250  and a second zone may occupy the top half of that portion of lattice map  1250 . As another example, a first zone may occupy a middle third of a portion of lattice map  1250  and a second zone may occupy the top and bottom thirds of that portion of lattice map  1250  (i.e. all or a portion of first zone may be sandwiched between the second zone). In some embodiments, a zone may designate a transition zone, such as a transition zone including unit cells having a first geometry interspersed with unit cells having a second geometry. 
     Once a biometric data profile is collected in step  1002 , a warped lattice structure may be generated based on the biometric data profile in step  1004 . A warped lattice structure maybe generated using computer modeling program such, as but not limited to Grasshopper 3D and/or Rhinoceros 3D CAD software.  FIGS. 13-15B  show a warped cubic lattice structure  1300  according to some embodiments. Warped cubic lattice structure  1300  defines a volume of a three-dimensional mesh (e.g., three-dimensional mesh  320 ) and an invisible lattice in which unit cells of a three-dimensional mesh (e.g., unit cells  322  of three-dimensional mesh  320 ) are populated and tailored for an individual, or group of individuals. 
     In some embodiments, the volume of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be defined by a plurality of warped cubic lattice cells  1302  and a plurality of unwarped cubic lattice cells  1303 . In some embodiments, the volume of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be defined by only warped cubic lattice cells  1302  (i.e., every cubic lattice cell in warped cubic lattice structure is warped). Nodes  1304  in warped cubic lattice structure  1300  are located at connection points of vertexes of one or more cubic lattice cells (warped or unwarped lattice cells). Nodes  1304  of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may define the location of nodes in a three-dimensional mesh (e.g., nodes  326  in three-dimensional mesh  320 ). Warped cubic lattice cells  1302  may be warped in a longitudinal direction along the length of warped cubic lattice structure  1300 , a transverse direction along the width of warped cubic lattice structure  1300 , and/or in a vertical direction along the height of warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . In some embodiments, the degree of warping for warped cubic lattice cells  1302  may decrease when moving from a forefoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  to a heel portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . 
     In some embodiments, warping cubic lattice cells increases the valence number of nodes  1304  in warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . In such embodiments, warping the cubic lattice cells increases the number of lattice cells having vertexes connected at a node  1304 . In some embodiments, warping cubic lattice cells increases the cubic lattice density in a warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . Increasing the valence number and the cell density in zones/portions of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may result in zones/portions of a three-dimensional mesh with a higher degree of stiffness. In some embodiments, as shown for example in  FIGS. 13 and 14 , a forefoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may include more warped cubic lattice cells  1302  than a midfoot portion and heel portion. In such embodiments, the midfoot and heel portions of a resulting three-dimensional mesh may provide a higher degree of cushioning compared to the forefoot portion. 
     In some embodiments, a perimeter region of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be defined warped cubic lattice cells  1302  to provide support and stability for a perimeter zone of a three-dimensional mesh. As shown for example in  FIGS. 15A and 15B , a perimeter zone of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  in a midfoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may include a plurality of columns of warped cubic lattice cells  1302  disposed on opposite sides of a central zone including a plurality of unwarped cubic lattice cells  1303 . In some embodiments, a heel portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may include a cross section similar to the one shown in  FIG. 15B . In some embodiments, a forefoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may include a cross section similar to the one shown in  FIG. 15B . 
     In some embodiments, the average volume of individual warped/unwarped cubic lattice cells  1302 / 1303  located in a forefoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be less than the average volume of individual warped/unwarped cubic lattice cells  1302 / 1303  located in a heel portion of warped cubic lattice structure. In such embodiments, individual warped/unwarped cubic lattice cells  1302 / 1303  located in the forefoot portion may have a smaller vertical dimension (i.e., may be thinner) than warped/unwarped cubic lattice cells  1302 / 1303  located in the heel portion. Smaller individual warped/unwarped cubic lattice cells  1302 / 1303  located in a forefoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may result in a three-dimensional mesh having a forefoot portion that is stiffer and provides a higher degree of propulsion compared to a heel portion of the three-dimensional mesh. 
     The volume of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be customized to the shape of an individual&#39;s foot, or group of individuals&#39; feet. The location and number of warped or unwarped cubic lattice cells  1302 / 1303  may be determined based on the biometric data profile collected in step  1002 . For example, warped cubic lattice cells  1302  may have different volumes and cubic geometries to accommodate the shape of an individual&#39;s foot, or a group of individuals&#39; feet. The volume and cubic geometries of warped cubic lattice cells may be based on the biometric data profile collected in step  1002 . And the volumes and cubic geometries of warped cubic lattice cells may dictate the volumetric characteristics of warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . 
     For example, the volume of individual warped cubic lattice cells  1302  located in a midfoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be larger for an individual having a relatively large midfoot arch compared to an individual having a relatively small midfoot arch (e.g., a flat-footed individual). As another example, the volume of individual warped cubic lattice cells  1302  located in a forefoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be larger for a forefoot striker compared to a heel striker. As another example, the volume of individual warped cubic lattice cells  1302  located in a forefoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be smaller for a sprinter compared to a casual jogger. In such embodiments, smaller volume warped cubic lattice cells  1302  may result in smaller unit cells for a forefoot portion of a three-dimensional mesh, which may provide increased propulsion for a sprinter. And the larger warped cubic lattice cells  1302  in the forefoot portion for the casual jogger may provide a higher degree of cushioning for the jogger, which may increase comfort. 
     In some embodiments, unwarped cubic lattice cells  1303  may have different volumes. As a non-limiting example, the volume of unwarped cubic lattice cells  1303  in a heel portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be larger for a heel striker compared to a forefoot striker. As another example, the volume of unwarped cubic lattice cells  1303  in a heel portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be smaller for a sprinter compared to a casual jogger. In such embodiments, smaller volume unwarped lattice cells  1303  may result in smaller unit cells for a heel portion of a three-dimensional mesh, which may reduce the weight of a midsole for the sprinter. 
     In some embodiments, the relative amount of warped and unwarped cubic lattice cells may be tailored for an individual, or group of individuals. For example, a larger percentage of lattice cells located at a perimeter of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may be warped unit cells for a narrow-footed individual compared to the percentage for a wide-footed individual. In such embodiments, the added warped lattice cells may serve conform a three-dimensional mesh the perimeter of an individual&#39;s foot and thus provide desired support and stability for perimeter portions of the foot. As another example, a larger percentage of lattice cells located at a perimeter of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  for a football player may be warped unit cells compared to the percentage for a casual jogger. In such embodiments, the added warped lattice cells may serve to provide a higher degree of perimeter support and stability for the football player to help avoid injury to the individual&#39;s foot, such as spraining his or her ankle 
     As shown for example in  FIGS. 14 and 15B , warped and unwarped cubic lattice cells  1302 / 1302  may be arranged in layers. The number of layers, the volume, and the cubic geometry of the lattice cells may be customized to the shape an individual&#39;s foot, or group of individual&#39;s feet. In some embodiments, the number of layers of lattice cells  1302 / 1303  may be smaller in a forefoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  than in a midfoot and/or a heel portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . For example, a forefoot portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may include three layers and a midfoot portion and a heel portion of warped cubic lattice structure  1300  may include four layers of lattice cells. In some embodiments, the number of layers of lattice cells  1302 / 1303  may be the same in the forefoot, midfoot, and heel portions of warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . 
     In some embodiments, generating a warped cubic lattice structure in step  1004  may include obtaining a previously generated warped cubic lattice structure for an individual. In some embodiments, generating a warped cubic lattice structure may include obtaining a standard warped cubic lattice structure for a group of individuals. For example, a standard warped cubic lattice structure for individuals having a certain shoe size, weight, height, stability characteristic, arch shape, and/or touchdown characteristic may be retrieved in step  1004 . 
     In some embodiments, the generation of a warped cubic lattice in step  1004  may be based on a lattice map (e.g., lattice map  1250 ). In such embodiments, zones of a lattice map may influence the volume, size, and location of warped and unwarped cells within a warped cubic lattice. Customizing a warped cubic lattice structure as discussed herein may facilitate manufacturing consistency and reproducibility by reducing or eliminating incomplete unit cells in a midsole. Customizing a warped cubic lattice structure may result in only complete unit cells being located in a three-dimensional mesh because the warped/unwarped cells define the full volume needed to manufacture a midsole for an individual, or group of individuals. And thus reduce or eliminate post-formation processing steps, such as cutting or trimming, needed to produce a midsole with the desired volumetric characteristics. 
     Additionally, customizing a warped a lattice structure may help equally distribute loads (e.g., pressures, stress, and stains) across all unit cells populated into a warped lattice structure like warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . Equally distributing loads may help provide desired cushioning, support, stability, ride, and/or propulsion characteristics for a midsole. Also, equally distributing loads may be prevent uneven wear across a midsole, which may maximize the lifetime of a midsole. 
     After a warped lattice structure is created in step  1004 , lattice unit cells may be populated into the warped lattice structure in step  1006 . Population of lattice unit cells may be based on the biometric data profile collected in step  1002 .  FIG. 16  shows a cell lattice  1600  with lattice unit cells  1602  populated into a warped cubic lattice structure according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the warped cubic lattice structure may be warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . For purposes of illustration, the warped cubic lattice structure in which lattice unit cells  1602  are populated is not shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     In some embodiments, partial lattice unit cells may be populated into cubic lattice cells (e.g., warped and unwarped cubic lattice cells  1302 / 1303 ) to construct lattice unit cells  1602 . For example, partial lattice unit cells having a geometry the same as or similar to partial unit cells  800  and  810  may be populated into cubic lattice cells to construct lattice unit cells  1602 . In such embodiments, respective lattice unit cells  1602  may occupy a plurality of cubic lattice cells. In some embodiments, entire lattice unit cells  1602  may be populated into cubic lattice cells. Partial lattice unit cells or lattice unit cells may be populated into a warped lattice structure using a computer modeling program such as, but not limited to, Grasshopper 3D. 
     Populating partial lattice unit cells into lattice cells of warped lattice structure may increase the ability to customize a midsole for an individual, or group of individuals, by increasing the level of control in making a midsole. Since partial lattice unit cells are smaller than complete lattice unit cells, strut stiffness (e.g., thickness), the number of unit cells per unit volume, the valence of nodes, the geometry(ies) of unit cells, and/or the material(s) used to make a midsole may be more precisely controlled. 
     The cell lattice  1600  created in step  1006  will define the location unit cells, struts, and nodes in a three-dimensional mesh (e.g., unit cells  322 , struts  324 , and nodes  326  in three-dimensional mesh  320 ). The location of at least a portion of nodes  1604  in cell lattice  1600  may correspond to the location of nodes  1304  in warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . In this manner, the base geometry of lattice unit cells  1602  may be warped based on warped cubic lattice structure  1300 . In some embodiments, the valence number of at least a portion of nodes  1604  of lattice unit cells  1602  may correspond to the valence number of nodes  1304  in warped cubic lattice structure  1300 .  FIG. 16  shows the valence number for six different nodes  1604  within cell lattice  1600 . In some embodiments, the creation of cell lattice  1600  in step  1006  may be based on a lattice map (e.g., lattice map  1250 ). Since cell lattice  1600  corresponds to the location of unit cells in a three-dimensional mesh, the size, volume, location, and interconnection between lattice unit cells  1602  influences: (i) the number of unit cells per unit volume (i.e., the density of unit cells), (ii) the degree of interconnection between unit cells (referred to herein as “valence”) and (iii) the base geometry of the unit cells. 
     In some embodiments, more than one partial lattice unit cell, or lattice unit cell  1602 , may be populated into a single warped or unwarped cubic lattice cell  1302 / 1303 . In such embodiments, those cell sites will have an increased unit cell density to provide, for example, a higher degree of stiffness and/or stability for portions or zones of a three-dimensional mesh. In some embodiments, two partial lattice unit cells, or two lattice unit cells  1602 , may be populated into a single warped or unwarped cubic lattice cell  1302 / 1303 . In such embodiments, the two partial lattice unit cells, or the two lattice unit cells  1602 , may be mirror images of each other. In some embodiments, more than two partial lattice unit cells or, more than two lattice unit cells  1602 , may be populated into a single warped or unwarped cubic lattice cell  1302 / 1303 . 
     In some embodiments, creating a cell lattice in step  1006  may include obtaining a previously generated cell lattice for an individual. In some embodiments, creating a cell lattice may include obtaining a standard cell lattice for a group of individuals. For example, a standard cell lattice for an individual having a certain shoe size, weight, height, stability characteristic, arch shape, and/or touchdown characteristic may be retrieved in step  1006 . 
     In step  1008 , a three-dimensional mesh (e.g., three-dimensional meshes  300 ,  1700 ,  1800 ,  1900 , or  2000 ) may be formed based on the cell lattice  1600  created in step  1006 . Characteristics of three-dimensional mesh formed in step  1008  may be based on the biometric data profile collected in step  1002 . In step  1008 , the lines of lattice unit cells  1602  are transformed into struts of a three-dimensional mesh. In this manner, the stiffness (including for example compressive strength, shear strength and/or bending strength and/or torsional stiffness) of struts defining interconnected unit cells may tailored based on a biometric data profile. The stiffness of struts may be tailored by at least one of: adjusting the thickness of struts, adjusting the thickness of the nodes where one or more struts are connected, and adjusting the material of struts. In some embodiments, the transformation of lattice unit cells  1602  to struts in step  1008  may be based on a lattice map (e.g., lattice map  1250 ). 
     In some embodiments, additional components of a midsole, or sole, may be formed in step  1008 . For example, a rim (e.g., rim  314 ) or an outsole (e.g., outsole  140 ) may be formed in step  1008 . Three-dimensional mesh and any other components formed in step  1008  may be formed using an additive manufacturing process, such as but not limited to, a continuous liquid interface production process, selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, selective heat sintering, stereo lithography, fused deposition modeling, or 3D-printing in general.  FIGS. 17A-20E  shoe various exemplary three-dimensional meshes that may be produced with method  1000 . 
       FIGS. 17A-17F  show an exemplary three-dimensional mesh  1700  customized for a forefoot striker according to some embodiments.  FIG. 17A  shows a medial bottom perspective view,  FIG. 17B  shows a lateral bottom perspective view,  FIG. 17C  shows a bottom side view,  FIG. 17D  shows a top side view,  FIG. 17E  shows a lateral side view, and  FIG. 17F  shows a medial side view of three-dimensional mesh  1700 . 
     Three-dimensional mesh  1700  includes a forefoot end  1702 , a heel end  1704 , a medial side  1706 , a lateral side  1708 , a top side  1710 , and a bottom side  1712 . And three-dimensional mesh  1700  is defined by a plurality of interconnected unit cells  1720  including struts  1722  connected at nodes  1724 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 17A-17F , three-dimensional mesh  1700  includes a first zone  1730 , second zone  1732 , and third zone  1734  having struts  1722  with relatively large thickness. Nodes  1724  within zones  1730 ,  1732 , and  1734  also have a relatively large thickness. Zones  1730 ,  1732 , and  1734  provide a high degree of support for zones of three-dimensional mesh  1700  associated with areas typically subject to large stresses for a forefoot striker. In some embodiments, third zone  1734  may be a transition zone having unit cells  1720  with varying strut  1722  and node  1724  thickness to gradually transition from relatively thicker unit cells  1720  in a forefoot portion of three-dimensional mesh  1700  to relatively thinner unit cells  1720  in midfoot and heel portions of three-dimensional mesh  1700 . 
     While  FIGS. 17A-17F  show zones  1730 ,  1732 , and  1734  as having struts  1722  and nodes  1724  within increased thickness, increased support in these zones may be alternatively or additionally be provided by relatively high valence numbers in the zones, making unit cells  1720  in these zones with a different material, increasing the unit cell density within the zone (e.g., by populating two unit cells  1720  in a single warped or unwarped lattice cell), or a combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 18A-18F  show an exemplary three-dimensional mesh  1800  customized for a rearfoot striker according to some embodiments.  FIG. 18A  shows a medial bottom perspective view,  FIG. 18B  shows a lateral bottom perspective view,  FIG. 18C  shows a bottom side view,  FIG. 18D  shows a top side view,  FIG. 18E  shows a lateral side view, and  FIG. 18F  shows a medial side view of three-dimensional mesh  1800 . 
     Three-dimensional mesh  1800  includes a forefoot end  1802 , a heel end  1804 , a medial side  1806 , a lateral side  1808 , a top side  1810 , and a bottom side  1812 . And three-dimensional mesh  1800  is defined by a plurality of interconnected unit cells  1820  including struts  1822  connected at nodes  1824 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 18A-18F , three-dimensional mesh  1800  includes a first zone  1830 , second zone  1832 , and third zone  1834  having struts  1822  with relatively large thickness. Nodes  1824  within zones  1830 ,  1832 , and  1834  also have a relatively large thickness. Zones  1830 ,  1832 , and  1834  provide a high degree of support for zones of three-dimensional mesh  1800  associated with areas typically subject to large stresses for a rearfoot striker. In some embodiments, as shown for example in  FIGS. 18B and 18C , bottom side  1812  of three-dimensional mesh  1800  may include a fourth zone  1836  having relatively large nodes  1724  in a heel portion and midfoot portion of three-dimensional mesh  1800  to provide additional support for a rearfoot striker. 
     While  FIGS. 18A-18F  show zones  1830 ,  1832 ,  1834 , and  1836  as having struts  1822  and/or nodes  1824  within increased thickness, increased support in these zones may be alternatively or additionally be provided by relatively high valence numbers in the zones, making unit cells  1820  in these zones with a different material, increasing the unit cell density within the zone (e.g., by populating two unit cells  1820  in a single warped or unwarped lattice cell), or a combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 19A-19F  show an exemplary three-dimensional mesh  1900  customized to provide arch support according to some embodiments.  FIG. 19A  shows a medial bottom perspective view,  FIG. 19B  shows a lateral bottom perspective view,  FIG. 19C  shows a bottom side view,  FIG. 19D  shows a top side view,  FIG. 19E  shows a lateral side view, and  FIG. 19F  shows a medial side view of three-dimensional mesh  1900 . 
     Three-dimensional mesh  1900  includes a forefoot end  1902 , a heel end  1904 , a medial side  1906 , a lateral side  1908 , a top side  1910 , and a bottom side  1912 . And three-dimensional mesh  1900  is defined by a plurality of interconnected unit cells  1920  including struts  1922  connected at nodes  1924 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 19A-19F , three-dimensional mesh  1900  includes a first zone  1930  and a second zone  1932  having struts  1922  with relatively large thickness. Nodes  1924  within zones  1930  and  1932  also have a relatively large thickness. Zones  1930  and  1932  provide a high degree of support for zones of three-dimensional mesh  1900  associated with areas typically subject to large stresses for an individual having a large midfoot arch. In some embodiments, as shown for example in  FIGS. 19C and 19D , a three-dimensional mesh  1900  may include a third zone  1934  having relatively thin struts  1922  and nodes  1924  located in a central midfoot area of three-dimensional mesh  1900  to provide additional cushioning for the arch of a high-arched individual. 
     While  FIGS. 19A-19F  show zones  1930 ,  1932 , and  1934  as having struts  1922  and nodes  1924  within increased or decreased thickness, increased support/cushioning in these zones may be alternatively or additionally provided by relatively high/low valence numbers in the zones, making unit cells  1820  in these zones with a different material, increasing/decreasing the unit cell density within the zone (e.g., by populating one or two unit cells  1920  in a single warped or unwarped lattice cell), or a combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 20A-20F  show an exemplary lightweight three-dimensional mesh  2000  according to some embodiments.  FIG. 20A  shows a medial bottom perspective view,  FIG. 20B  shows a lateral bottom perspective view,  FIG. 20C  shows a bottom side view,  FIG. 20D  shows a top side view,  FIG. 20E  shows a lateral side view, and  FIG. 20F  shows a medial side view of three-dimensional mesh  2000 . 
     Three-dimensional mesh  2000  includes a forefoot end  2002 , a heel end  2004 , a medial side  2006 , a lateral side  2008 , a top side  2010 , and a bottom side  2012 . And three-dimensional mesh  2000  is defined by a plurality of interconnected unit cells  2020  including struts  2022  connected at nodes  2024 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 20A-20F , top side  2010  and bottom side  2012  of three-dimensional mesh  2000  include zone a first zone  2030  and a second zone  2032 , respectively, with nodes  1924  with a relatively large thickness. Thick nodes  2024  on top side  2010  and bottom side  2012  provide support and propulsion for three-dimensional mesh while also allowing three-dimensional mesh to be lightweight. In such embodiments, three-dimensional mesh  2000  may have a smaller vertical dimension than other three-dimensional meshes without sacrificing support and/or propulsion characteristics, and in some cases provide improved propulsion characteristics. Also, in some embodiments, three-dimensional mesh  2000  may be made with a lighter weight material than other three-dimensional meshes without sacrificing support and/or propulsion characteristics, and in some cases provide improved support and/or propulsion characteristics. 
     While  FIGS. 20A-20F  show top side  2010  and bottom side  2012  having nodes  1724  with increased thickness, the weight of three-dimensional mesh  2000  may be alternatively or additionally be tailored by tailoring the valence numbers on top side  2010  and/or bottom side  2012 , making unit cells  2020  on top side  2010  and/or bottom side  2012  with a different material, increasing/decreasing the unit cell density on top side  2010  and/or bottom side  2012  (e.g., by populating one or two unit cells  2020  in a single warped or unwarped lattice cell), or a combination thereof. 
       FIG. 21  shows a perspective view of a midsole  2100  according to some embodiments. Midsole  2100  includes a three-dimensional mesh  2120  having a plurality of unit cells  2122 , a heel element  2130 , which three-dimensionally encompasses a heel of a wearer, and a base portion  2140  interconnecting heel element  2130  and three-dimensional mesh  2120 . In some embodiments, three-dimensional mesh  2120  may be the same as or similar to three-dimensional mesh  320 . 
     Base portion  2140  may include an extension arranged to connect to a plurality of adjacent unit cells  2122 . The plurality of unit cells  2122  includes a first plurality of adjacent unit cells  2122  positioned along an edge of the three-dimensional mesh  2120 , as well as a second plurality of adjacent unit cells  2122  not positioned along the edge of the three-dimensional mesh  2120 . The first and second pluralities of adjacent unit cells  2122  may be arranged adjacent to each other. Since base portion  2140  is connected to a plurality of adjacent unit cells  2122  not positioned at an edge of  2124  three-dimensional mesh  2120  (in addition to the plurality of adjacent unit cells  2122  positioned at edge  2124  of three-dimensional mesh  2120 ), forces and torques may be transferred to the three-dimensional mesh via an interface with unit cells  2122  effectively arranged in two dimensions. This may improve the transfer of forces and torques such that heel element  2130  is able to provide increased stability. It may also reduce the forces and torques that need to be transferred per unit cell  2122 . Hence, the individual unit cells  2122  may be less susceptible to breaking. 
     Heel element  2130  may be three-dimensionally shaped such that it can be adapted to the heel of a wearer and/or the expected force profile. In some embodiments, the heel element  2130  may be tapered, e.g. as shown in  FIG. 21 . In some embodiments, heel element  2130  may become thicker from a top side of the heel element  2130  towards the base portion  2140  connecting it to three-dimensional mesh  2120 . 
     In some embodiments, heel element  2130  may include two elevated portions  2132  and  2134 , which are arranged at the lateral and medial sides of the heel, respectively. Elevated portions  2132  and  2134  may help to provide a large degree of stability, especially in relation to lateral movements. 
     In some embodiments, midsole  2100  may include a rim  2150 . Rim  2150  may circulate along a rim of a top side of three-dimensional mesh  2120 , e.g. extending from a medial side of base portion  2140  along the rim of the midfoot and forefoot as well as toe regions of midsole  2100  until a lateral side of base portion  2140 . In some embodiments, rim  2150  may serve as a means for supporting the attachment of midsole  2100  to an upper (e.g., upper  120 ). 
     In some embodiments, midsole  2100  may include a solid front portion  2160  located at the forefoot end of midsole  2100 . Solid front portion  2160  may not comprise any lattice structure. Rather, solid front portion  2160  may be implemented as a continuous element. 
       FIG. 22  shows a perspective view of a midsole  2200  according to some embodiments. Similar to midsole  2100 , midsole  2200  may include a three-dimensional mesh  2220  with a plurality of unit cells  2222 , a heel element  2230 , a base portion  2240 , a rim  2250 , and a solid front portion  2260 . In some embodiments, three-dimensional mesh  2220  may be the same as or similar to three-dimensional mesh  320 . 
     In some embodiments, heel element  2230  may have a relatively constant height at the rear side of the heel as well as at the lateral and medial sides of the heel adjacent to the rear side. The height of heel element  2230  may only be reduced at its ends, both at the medial and laterals sides. Heel element  2230  may be three-dimensionally formed and its cross-section may increase from its top towards its bottom such that a relatively thick cross-section is provided at the interface towards base portion  2240  that connects heel element  2230  to three-dimensional mesh  2220 . 
     In some embodiments, heel elements  2130 / 2230 , rims  2150 / 2250 , and/or solid front portions  2160 / 2260  may be the same as or similar to the heel elements, rim elements, and front portions described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/195,694, filed on Jun. 28, 2016, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference thereto. 
     One or more aspects of the methods of manufacturing a midsole for an article of footwear discussed herein, or any part(s) or function(s) thereof, may be implemented using hardware, software modules, firmware, tangible computer readable media having instructions stored thereon, or a combination thereof and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates an exemplary computer system  2300  in which embodiments, or portions thereof, may be implemented as computer-readable code. For example, aspects of the methods discussed herein that may be implemented in one or more computer systems include, but are not limited to, collecting a biometric data profile, generating a warped cubic lattice based on the biometric data profile, obtaining an already generated warped cubic lattice structure, populating lattice cells with one or more lattice unit cells, and tailoring properties of the lattice unit cells (e.g., base geometry, size, and valence) may be implemented in computer system  2300  using hardware, software, firmware, tangible computer readable media having instructions stored thereon, or a combination thereof and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems. 
     If programmable logic is used, such logic may execute on a commercially available processing platform or a special purpose device. One of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate that embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can be practiced with various computer system configurations, including multi-core multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, and mainframe computers, computer linked or clustered with distributed functions, as well as pervasive or miniature computers that may be embedded into virtually any device. 
     For instance, at least one processor device and a memory may be used to implement the above described embodiments. A processor device may be a single processor, a plurality of processors, or combinations thereof. Processor devices may have one or more processor “cores.” 
     Various embodiments of the inventions may be implemented in terms of this example computer system  2300 . After reading this description, it will become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art how to implement one or more of the inventions using other computer systems and/or computer architectures. Although operations may be described as a sequential process, some of the operations may in fact be performed in parallel, concurrently, and/or in a distributed environment, and with program code stored locally or remotely for access by single or multi-processor machines. In addition, in some embodiments the order of operations may be rearranged without departing from the spirit of the disclosed subject matter. 
     Processor device  2304  may be a special purpose or a general purpose processor device. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art, processor device  2304  may also be a single processor in a multi-core/multiprocessor system, such system operating alone, or in a cluster of computing devices operating in a cluster or server farm. Processor device  2304  is connected to a communication infrastructure  2306 , for example, a bus, message queue, network, or multi-core message-passing scheme. 
     Computer system  2300  also includes a main memory  2308 , for example, random access memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory  2310 . Secondary memory  2310  may include, for example, a hard disk drive  2312 , or removable storage drive  2314 . Removable storage drive  2314  may include a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a flash memory, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive, or the like. The removable storage drive  2314  reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit  2318  in a well-known manner. Removable storage unit  2318  may include a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, etc. which is read by and written to by removable storage drive  2314 . As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art, removable storage unit  2318  includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data. 
     Computer system  2300  (optionally) includes a display interface  2302  (which can include input and output devices such as keyboards, mice, etc.) that forwards graphics, text, and other data from communication infrastructure  2306  (or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on display unit  2330 . 
     In alternative implementations, secondary memory  2310  may include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into computer system  2300 . Such means may include, for example, a removable storage unit  2322  and an interface  2320 . Examples of such means may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, or PROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units  2322  and interfaces  2320  which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit  2322  to computer system  2300 . 
     Computer system  2300  may also include a communication interface  2324 . Communication interface  2324  allows software and data to be transferred between computer system  2300  and external devices. Communication interface  2324  may include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communication port, a PCMCIA slot and card, or the like. Software and data transferred via communication interface  2324  may be in the form of signals, which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received by communication interface  2324 . These signals may be provided to communication interface  2324  via a communication path  2326 . Communication path  2326  carries signals and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link or other communication channels. 
     In this document, the terms “computer program medium” and “computer usable medium” are used to generally refer to media such as removable storage unit  2318 , removable storage unit  2322 , and a hard disk installed in hard disk drive  2312 . Computer program medium and computer usable medium may also refer to memories, such as main memory  2308  and secondary memory  2310 , which may be memory semiconductors (e.g. DRAMs, etc.). 
     Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored in main memory  2308  and/or secondary memory  2310 . Computer programs may also be received via communication interface  2324 . Such computer programs, when executed, enable computer system  2300  to implement the embodiments as discussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable processor device  2304  to implement the processes of the embodiments discussed here. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of the computer system  2300 . Where the embodiments are implemented using software, the software may be stored in a computer program product and loaded into computer system  2300  using removable storage drive  2314 , interface  2320 , and hard disk drive  2312 , or communication interface  2324 . 
     Embodiments of the inventions also may be directed to computer program products comprising software stored on any computer useable medium. Such software, when executed in one or more data processing device, causes a data processing device(s) to operate as described herein. Embodiments of the inventions may employ any computer useable or readable medium. Examples of computer useable mediums include, but are not limited to, primary storage devices (e.g., any type of random access memory), secondary storage devices (e.g., hard drives, floppy disks, CD ROMS, ZIP disks, tapes, magnetic storage devices, and optical storage devices, MEMS, nanotechnological storage device, etc.). 
       FIGS. 24-28  show exemplary soles  2400 ,  2500 ,  2600 ,  2700 , and  2800  having integrally formed midsoles and outsoles according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the midsoles may include strips as discussed herein. In some embodiments, the outsoles may include one or more ground contacting portions and/or one or more perimeter portions as discussed herein. While soles  2400 ,  2500 ,  2600 ,  2700 , and  2800  include different outsole and/or midsole constructions, one skilled in the art would understand that features of the different soles may be combined or substituted for each other in some embodiments. Further, one skilled in the art would understand that features of these soles may be incorporated into embodiments that do not include integrally formed midsoles and outsoles. The integrally formed midsoles and outsoles may be formed together as single pieces in an additive manufacturing process, such as a 3D-printing process including selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, selective heat sintering, stereo lithography, fused deposition modeling, or continuous liquid interface production. In other words, the outsoles and midsoles may be manufactured together and no bonding between the two, e.g. via adhesives, may be necessary. 
     Sole  2400  includes a midsole  2410  and an outsole  2420 . Midsole  2410  includes a three-dimensional mesh  2412  having interconnected unit cells  2414  as discussed herein. In some embodiments, midsole  2410  may include one or more strips  2416  formed on three-dimensional mesh  2412 . In such embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may define a portion of a perimeter side of sole  2400 . In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  do not define a portion of three-dimensional mesh  2414 , rather strip(s)  2416  are an additional component of midsole  2410  formed on mesh  2412 . Strip(s)  2416  may extend around all or a portion of a perimeter side of sole  2400 . For example, strips(s)  2416  may extend from a lateral perimeter side of sole  2400 , around a heel perimeter side of sole  2400 , and onto a medial perimeter side of sole  2400 . 
     Strip(s)  2416  may include any suitable cross-sectional shape, such as but not limited to a triangular shape, a square shape, a hexagonal shape, a circular shape, or an oval shape. In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may be solid bar-like or tube-like elements. In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may be hollow bar-like or tube-like elements. Strip(s)  2416  may be long, narrow elements having a length substantially larger than their thickness and/or width. 
     In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may extend between and connect adjacent nodes of unit cells  2414  on the perimeter of sole  2400 . In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may facilitate alignment and/or attachment of additional components on sole  2400 , for example, logos, textured/haptic elements, traction elements, and/or wear resistant elements. In some embodiments, textured/haptic elements, traction elements, and/or wear resistant elements may be polymeric elements (e.g., molded polymeric elements). In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may provide structural support, traction, and/or wear resistance for a perimeter side of sole  2400 . In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may provide desired texture or haptic characteristics to portions of sole  2400 . In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may be formed based a biometric data profile in a similar fashion as described herein for three-dimensional meshes. In other words, strip(s)  2416  may provide tailored footwear characteristics for an individual, or group of individuals. In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may not be formed based on a biometric data profile. In some embodiments, strip(s)  2416  may extend from outsole  2420 , for example, from a perimeter side portion  2424  or a ground contacting portion  2422  of outsole  2420 . 
     Outsole  2420  may include one or more portions  2422  defining ground contacting surface(s) of sole  2400  and one or more portions  2424  defining a perimeter side portion of sole  2400 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2422  and/or portion(s)  2424  may include traction elements (e.g., the same as or similar to protrusions  142  or traction elements  2826 ). Traction elements may be provided in a heel portion, a midfoot portion, and/or a forefoot portion of outsole  2420 . In some embodiments, traction elements may be disposed continuously from a heel side to a forefoot side of outsole  2420 . In some embodiments, traction elements may include cleats. 
     As shown in  FIG. 24 , portions  2424  may be formed over and cover two or more of the plurality of the interconnected unit cells  2414  of midsole  2410  at locations corresponding to portions  2424  on the perimeter side of sole  2400 . In some embodiments, outsole  2420  may include a plurality of perimeter side portions  2424 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2424  may be located in a forefoot portion, a midfoot portion, and/or a heel portion of sole  2400 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2424  may be located on a heel side, a forefoot side, a medial side, and/or a lateral side of sole  2400 . Perimeter side portion(s)  2424  may extend from ground contacting portion(s)  2422  and wrap around a perimeter side portion of sole  2400 . Perimeter portion(s)  2424  may have any suitable shape, such as but not limited to, square shapes, rectangular shapes, rounded shapes, and curved shapes. In some embodiments, portion(s)  2424  may provide desired texture or haptic characteristics to portions of sole  2400  (e.g., a smooth texture). 
     Sole  2500  includes a midsole  2510  and an outsole  2520 . Midsole  2510  includes a three-dimensional mesh  2512  having interconnected unit cells  2514  as discussed herein. In some embodiments, midsole  2510  may include one or more strips  2516  formed on three-dimensional mesh  2512 . In such embodiments, strip(s)  2516  may define a portion of a perimeter side of sole  2500 . In some embodiments, strip(s)  2516  do not define a portion of three-dimensional mesh  2514 , rather strip(s)  2516  are an additional component of midsole  2510  formed on mesh  2512 . Similar to strip(s)  2416 , strip(s)  2516  may extend around all or a portion of a perimeter side of sole  2500 . Strip(s)  2516  may have the same or similar shape and dimensions as strip(s)  2416 . 
     In some embodiments, strip(s)  2516  may extend between and connect adjacent nodes of unit cells  2514  on the perimeter side of sole  2500 . In some embodiments, strip(s)  2516  may facilitate alignment and/or attachment of additional components on sole  2500 , for example, logos, textured/haptic elements, traction elements, and/or wear resistant elements. In some embodiments, textured/haptic elements, traction elements, and/or wear resistant elements may be polymeric elements (e.g., molded polymeric elements). In some embodiments, strip(s)  2516  may provide structural support, traction, and/or wear resistance for a perimeter side of sole  2500 . In some embodiments, strip(s)  2516  may provide desired texture or haptic characteristics to portions of sole  2500 . In some embodiments, strip(s)  2516  may be formed based a biometric data profile in a similar fashion as described herein for three-dimensional meshes. In some embodiments, strip(s)  2516  may not be formed based on a biometric data profile. 
     Outsole  2520  may include one or more portions  2522  defining ground contacting surface(s) of sole  2500  and one or more portions  2524  defining a perimeter side portion of sole  2500 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2522  and/or portion(s)  2524  may include traction elements (e.g., the same as or similar to protrusions  142  or traction elements  2826 ). Traction elements may be provided in a heel portion, a midfoot portion, and/or a forefoot portion of outsole  2520 . In some embodiments, traction elements may be disposed continuously from a heel side to a forefoot side of outsole  2520 . In some embodiments, traction elements may include cleats. Similar to portions  2424 , portion(s)  2524  may be formed over and cover two or more of the plurality of the interconnected unit cells  2514  of midsole  2510  at locations corresponding to portion(s)  2524  on the perimeter of sole  2500 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2524  may provide desired texture or haptic characteristics to portions of sole  2500  (e.g., a smooth texture). 
     Sole  2600  includes a midsole  2610  and an outsole  2620 . Midsole  2610  includes a three-dimensional mesh  2612  having interconnected unit cells  2614  as discussed herein. Outsole  2620  may include one or more portions  2622  defining ground contacting surface(s) of sole  2600  and one or more portions  2624  defining a perimeter side portion of sole  2600 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2622  and/or portion(s)  2624  may include traction elements (e.g., the same as or similar to protrusions  142  or traction elements  2826 ). Traction elements may be provided in a heel portion, a midfoot portion, and/or a forefoot portion of outsole  2620 . In some embodiments, traction elements may be disposed continuously from a heel side to a forefoot side of outsole  2620 . In some embodiments, traction elements may include cleats. 
     As shown in  FIG. 26 , portions  2624  may be formed over and cover two or more of the plurality of the interconnected unit cells  2614  of midsole  2610  at locations corresponding to portions  2624  on the perimeter of sole  2600 . In some embodiments, outsole  2620  may include a plurality of perimeter side portions  2624 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2624  may be located in a forefoot portion, a midfoot portion, and/or a heel portion of sole  2600 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2624  may be located on a heel side, a forefoot side, a medial side, and/or a lateral side of sole  2600 . In some embodiments, perimeter side portions  2624  may extend from ground contacting portion(s)  2622  and wrap around a perimeter side portion of sole  2600 . Portions  2624  may have any suitable shape, such as but not limited to, square shapes, rectangular shapes, rounded shapes, and curved shapes. 
     In some embodiments, perimeter portion(s)  2624  may extend around all or a portion of a perimeter side of sole  2600 . For example, portion(s)  2624  may extend from a lateral perimeter side of sole  2600 , around a heel perimeter side of sole  2600 , and onto a medial perimeter side of sole  2600 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2624  may facilitate alignment and/or attachment of additional components on sole  2600 , for example, logos, textured/haptic elements, traction elements, and/or wear resistant elements. In some embodiments, textured/haptic elements, traction elements, and/or wear resistant elements may be polymeric elements (e.g., molded polymeric elements). In some embodiments, portion(s)  2624  may provide structural support, traction, and/or wear resistance for a perimeter side of sole  2600 . In some embodiments, portion(s)  2624  may provide desired texture or haptic characteristics to portions of sole  2600  (e.g., a smooth texture). In some embodiments, nodes  2615  of interconnected unit cells  2614  covered by portion(s)  2624  may protrude from portion(s)  2624 . In such embodiments, nodes  2615  may provide traction and/or wear resistance for a perimeter side of sole  2600 . 
     Sole  2700  includes a midsole  2710  and an outsole  2720 . Midsole  2710  includes a three-dimensional mesh  2712  having interconnected unit cells  2714  as discussed herein. In some embodiments, midsole  2710  may include one or more strips  2716  formed on three-dimensional mesh  2712 . In such embodiments, strip(s)  2716  may be the same as or similar to strip(s)  2416 . Outsole  2720  may include one or more portions  2722  defining ground contacting surface(s) of sole  2700  and one or more portions  2724  defining a perimeter side portion of sole  2700 . Ground contacting portion(s)  2722  and perimeter portion(s)  2724  may be the same as or similar to ground contacting portion(s)  2422  and perimeter portion(s)  2424 , respectively. 
     Sole  2800  includes a midsole  2810  and an outsole  2820 . Midsole  2810  includes a three-dimensional mesh  2812  having interconnected unit cells  2814  as discussed herein. Outsole  2820  includes a portion  2822  defining ground contacting surface(s) of sole  2800 . In some embodiments, ground contacting portion  2822  may include traction elements  2826 . In some embodiments, traction elements  2826  may be disposed within an outsole frame  2824 . Traction elements may be provided in a heel portion, a midfoot portion, and/or a forefoot portion of outsole  2820 . In some embodiments, traction elements may be disposed continuously from a heel side to a forefoot side of outsole  2820 . In some embodiments, traction elements may include cleats. 
     In some embodiments, traction elements  2826  may be spaced-apart protrusions or ribs. In some embodiments, traction elements  2826  may be spaced apart such that they define openings  2827  in ground contacting portion  2822 . In such embodiments, openings  2827  may be through holes and three-dimensional mesh  2812  may be visible through openings  2827 . In some embodiments, ground contacting portion  2822  may include one or more crossbars  2825  extending from outsole frame  2824 . Crossbars  2825  may extend between opposite sides of frame  2824  (e.g., between a medial side and a lateral side of frame  2824  or between a heel side and a forefoot side of frame  2824 ). Crossbars  2825  may provide traction and/or structural support for outsole  2820 . In some embodiments, crossbars  2825  may be curved or rounded. In some embodiments, crossbars  2825  may be straight. 
     Some embodiments may include a midsole for an article of footwear, the midsole including a three-dimensional mesh including a plurality of interconnected unit cells, each interconnected unit cell including a plurality of struts defining a three-dimensional shape and a plurality of nodes at which one or more struts are connected, where each node includes a valence number defined by the number of struts that are connected at that node and the valence number of the nodes varies in a longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole between a forefoot end of the midsole and a heel end of the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the valence number of nodes in a midsole may vary in a transverse direction along the width of the midsole between a lateral side of the midsole and a medial side of the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the average value for the valence numbers of nodes in a forefoot portion of a midsole may be greater than the average value for the valence numbers of nodes in a heel portion of the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the size of the unit cells in a midsole may vary in the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the average size of the unit cells positioned in a forefoot portion of a midsole may be less than the average size of the unit cells positioned in a heel portion of the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the size of the unit cells in a midsole may vary in the longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole between a forefoot end of the midsole and a heel end of the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the average size of the unit cells in a midsole may increase in the longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole from the forefoot end of the midsole to the heel end of the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the size of the unit cells in a midsole may vary in a vertical direction between a top side of the midsole and a bottom side of the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the average size of the unit cells in a midsole may increase in a vertical direction from the bottom side of the midsole to the top side of the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, each unit cell in a midsole may have the same base geometry. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the unit cells in a midsole may have a valence number in the range of 1 to 12. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, a midsole may include a plurality of unit cells having a first base geometry and a plurality unit cells having a second base geometry different from the first base geometry. In some embodiments, a plurality of unit cells having the first base geometry may be located in a forefoot portion of the midsole and a plurality of unit cells having the second base geometry may be located in a heel portion of the midsole. In some embodiments, a midfoot portion of the midsole may include a plurality of unit cells having the first base geometry and a plurality of unit cells having the second base geometry. 
     In any of the various embodiment discussed herein, 90% or more of all the unit cells in a midsole may be a complete unit cell. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the variation in the valence number in the longitudinal direction along the length of a midsole may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual. In some embodiments, the biometric data profile may include information about the individual&#39;s gait collected from motion sensors coupled to the individual&#39;s foot during a test procedure. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, variation in the size of the unit cells in a midsole may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the location of a plurality of unit cells having a first base geometry and the location of a plurality of unit cells having a second base geometry may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual. 
     Some embodiments may include a midsole for an article of footwear, the midsole including a three-dimensional mesh including a plurality of interconnected unit cells organized in a warped cubic lattice structure that defines a volume of the midsole, each interconnected unit cell including a plurality of struts defining a three-dimensional shape, and the warped cubic lattice structure including a plurality of warped cubic lattice cells having different volumes and cubic geometries, where the warped cubic lattice structure defines a plurality of nodes at which one or more struts are connected and the warped cubic lattice structure is warped in a longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole, in a transverse direction along the width of the midsole, and in a vertical direction along the height of the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the size of the unit cells in a midsole may vary based on the volume of the cubic cell in which a unit cell is positioned. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the geometry of the unit cells in a midsole may vary based on the geometry of the cubic cell in which a unit cell is positioned. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, two or more interconnected unit cells may be positioned in a single warped cubic lattice cell. In some embodiments, the two or more interconnected unit cells positioned in a single warped cubic lattice cell may be unit cells having different base geometries. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, the volume and cubic geometry of the warped cubic lattice cells in a warped cubic lattice structure may be based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual. 
     Some embodiments may include a sole for an article of footwear, the sole including a 3-D printed outsole having a portion defining a ground contacting surface of the sole and a portion defining a perimeter side portion of the sole, and a 3-D printed midsole integrally formed with the outsole and having a three-dimensional mesh including a plurality of interconnected unit cells, each interconnected unit cell including a plurality of struts defining a three-dimensional shape, and a plurality of nodes at which one or more struts are connected, where each node includes a valence number defined by the number of struts that are connected at that node, the valence number of the nodes varies in a longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole between a forefoot end of the midsole and a heel end of the midsole, and the perimeter side portion of the sole defined by the outsole is formed over and covers two or more of the plurality of the interconnected unit cells at the perimeter side portion. 
     Some embodiments may include a sole for an article of footwear, the sole including a 3-D printed outsole having a portion defining a ground contacting surface of the sole and a portion defining a perimeter side portion of the sole, and a 3-D printed midsole integrally formed with the outsole and having a three-dimensional mesh including a plurality of interconnected unit cells organized in a warped cubic lattice structure that defines a volume of the midsole, each interconnected unit cell including a plurality of struts defining a three-dimensional shape, and the warped cubic lattice structure including a plurality of warped cubic lattice cells having different volumes and cubic geometries, where the warped cubic lattice structure defines a plurality of nodes at which one or more struts are connected, the warped cubic lattice structure is warped in a longitudinal direction along the length of the midsole, in a transverse direction along the width of the midsole, and in a vertical direction along the height of the midsole, and where the perimeter side portion of the sole defined by the outsole is formed over and covers two or more of the plurality of the interconnected unit cells at the perimeter side portion. 
     Some embodiments may include a method of making a midsole for an article of footwear, the method including generating a warped cubic lattice structure based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual, the warped cubic lattice structure: defining a volume of the midsole, including a plurality of cubic lattice cells having different volumes and cubic geometries, and defining a plurality of nodes; populating each cubic lattice cell with one or more partial lattice unit cells based on the biometric data profile, the partial lattice unit cells forming a cell lattice including lattice unit cells connected to each other at one or more of the nodes; and forming a three-dimensional mesh based on the biometric data profile, the three-dimensional mesh including a plurality of interconnected unit cells, each unit cell including a plurality of struts defining a three-dimensional shape corresponding to the shape of a respective lattice unit cell, thereby forming the midsole. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, a biometric data profile may include information about the individual&#39;s gait collected from motion sensors coupled to the individual&#39;s foot during a testing procedure. In some embodiments, the motion sensors may include at least one of: acceleration sensors and magnetic field sensors. In some embodiments, the information about the individual&#39;s gait may include information about how the individual&#39;s foot rolls when it contacts the ground and information about how the individual&#39;s foot strikes the ground. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, forming a three-dimensional mesh may include an additive manufacturing process. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, forming a three-dimensional mesh may include a continuous liquid interface production process. 
     Some embodiments include a method of making a sole for an article of footwear, the method including generating a warped cubic lattice structure based on a biometric data profile collected for an individual, the warped cubic lattice structure: defining a volume of a midsole for the sole, including a plurality of cubic lattice cells having different volumes and cubic geometries, and defining a plurality of nodes; populating each cubic lattice cell with one or more partial lattice unit cells based on the biometric data profile, the partial lattice unit cells forming a cell lattice including lattice unit cells connected to each other at one or more of the nodes; printing a three-dimensional mesh based on the biometric data profile, the three-dimensional mesh including a plurality of interconnected unit cells, each unit cell including a plurality of struts defining a three-dimensional shape corresponding to the shape of a respective lattice unit cell, thereby forming the midsole; and printing an outsole with the midsole, the outsole including a portion defining a ground contacting surface of the sole and a portion defining a perimeter side portion of the sole, where the perimeter side portion of the sole defined by the outsole is formed over and covers two or more of the plurality of the interconnected unit cells at the perimeter side portion. 
     In any of the various embodiments discussed herein, printing the three-dimensional mesh and the outsole may include a continuous liquid interface production process. 
     It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Summary and Abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the present invention(s) and the appended claims in any way. 
     The present invention(s) have been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. 
     The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention(s) that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention(s). Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance. 
     The breadth and scope of the present invention(s) should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.