Patent Publication Number: US-2011065616-A1

Title: Shape memory composition comprising starch

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the field of shape memory polymers, and in particular a process to obtain new compositions comprising 30 to 100% of starch with a shape in memory and use of these compositions. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Shape memory materials are an interesting class of materials which have been investigated in the recent years. Shape memory functionality is the ability of a material to temporarily fix a second shape after an elastic deformation and only recover its original permanent shape if an external stimulus is applied. The advantageous and intriguing properties of these materials are in particular the possibility to initiate a desired change in shape by an appropriate external stimulus, so that an original shape, after deformation, is re-established, and the possibility to deform and program these materials so that highly specific configurations and shape changes can be obtained. The deformed shape is often called the temporary shape (or visible shape). In the art, this effects by a combination of particular polymer segments (called co-polymers) and a specific functionalization process. 
     The first materials known to have these properties were shape memory metal alloys (SMAs), including TiNi(Nitinol), CuZnAl, and FeNiAl alloys. The structure phase transformation of these materials is known as a martensitic transformation. These materials have been proposed for various uses, including vascular stents, medical guidewires, orthodontic wires, vibration dampers, pipe couplings, electrical connectors, thermostats, actuators, eyeglass frames, and brassiere underwires. These materials have not yet been widely used, in part because they are relatively expensive. 
     In the recent past shape memory polymers (SMPs) have been developed in order to widen the fields of application for shape memory materials and replace the use of SMAs, in part because the polymers are light, high in shape recovery ability, easy to manipulate, and economical as compared with SMAs. Typical shape memory polymers are for example phase segregated linear block copolymers having a hard segment and a switching segment. The hard segment is typically crystalline, with a defined melting point, while the switching segment is typically amorphous, with a defined glass transition temperature (Tg). In other embodiments, shape memory polymers may, however, possess a different structure. Conventional shape memory polymers generally are segmented polyurethanes, although other polymer structures are possible. However, only a few memory polymer systems have been described: representatives of these types of materials are for example disclosed in the international publications WO 99/42147 and WO 99/42528. 
     The phenomenon of shape memory property is generally defined as a bulk property of the material after suitable programming steps (deformation and fixation in the deformed state). One important drawback of such conventional shape memory polymers, however, is the fact that such polymers are prepared by laborious chemical synthesis involving relatively expensive starting materials. For example, the shape memory polymers based on ester segments, linked by urethane moieties are disadvantageous in that high priced starting materials have to be reacted with further compounds which require specific measures during the reaction, in particular the isocyanates required for the preparation of the urethane units. 
     Consequently there is a need for less expensive shape memory polymers, with a more simple synthesis than SMAs and existing shape-memory polymer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method of forming a composition with a shape in memory comprising the following steps:
         a) Preparing a composition comprising 30% to 100% of starch and/or starch derivatives and having a Tg   b) Bringing or maintaining this composition above its Tg   c) Shaping the composition to form a desired first shape   d) Shaping the composition to form a desired second shape   e) Fixing the second shape of the composition by bringing this composition below its Tg.       

     In a second aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a composition comprising 30 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives and having a Tg for preparing a composition with a shape in memory. 
     In a third aspect, the present invention relates to a composition with a shape in memory which can be obtained by the method according to the present invention. 
     In a fourth aspect, the present invention relates to a method for restoring a shape memorized in a composition which can be obtained by the method according to the present invention. 
     In a fifth aspect, the present invention relates to the use of starch or starch derivatives as polymer with a shape in memory. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The  FIG. 1  shows the scheme of one process according to claim  2  of the present invention for the formation of a composition comprising starch or starch derivatives with a shape in memory. 
       The  FIG. 2  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 1. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
         FIG. 2A  shows the shape F 1  after the step c) of the method according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 2B  shows the shape F 2  after the step d) of the method according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 2C  shows the shape F 1  after the method for restoring the shape F 1  memorized in the composition. 
       The  FIG. 3  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 6. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 4  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 7. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 5  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 8. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 6  (A, B) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 9. FIG. A shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. FIG. B shows the shape F 1  which was in memory in the composition, after recovering. 
       The  FIG. 7  (A, B) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 10. FIG. A shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. FIG. B shows the shape F 1  which was in memory in the composition, after recovering. 
       The  FIG. 8  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 11. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 9  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 12. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 10  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 13. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 11  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 14. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 12  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 15. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 13  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 16. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 14  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 17. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 15  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 18. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 16  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 19. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 17  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 20. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 18  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 21. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  (without characters) in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2  with characters, visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 19  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 22. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 20  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 23. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 21  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 24. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 22  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 25. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 23  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 26. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 24  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 27. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1  in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the shape F 1  in memory. 
       The  FIG. 25  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 28 on the left of each picture. On the right of each picture, the starchy material does not content plasticizer (glycerol), as for the example 1. FIG. A show the initial shape F 1 . FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the compositions with the shape F 1  in memory. FIG. C shows that only the composition including the plasticizer (on the left of the picture) recovers its invisible shape F 1 . 
       The  FIG. 26  (A, B, C, D, E) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 29. FIG. A shows the initial shape F 1  in memory in the composition. FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition. FIGS. C, D and E show the progressive recovering at ambient conditions (20° C.) of the shape F 1  in memory (after 5 minutes, 1 hour and 4 hours, respectively). 
       The  FIG. 27  (A, B, C) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 30. FIGS. A and C show the shape F 1 ′ (flat shape F 1  with holes) in memory in the composition, and FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition with the drilled shape F 1 ′ in memory. 
       The  FIG. 28  shows the evolution of the recovery rate with the recovering time, for high moisture conditions (Relative Humidity, RH=97%) at 20° C., of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 31. Results are plotted for 5 samples presenting different initial deformations. 
       The  FIG. 29  shows the recovery rate after seven days in high moisture conditions (Relative Humidity, RH=97%) at 20° C., of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 31. Results are plotted for different cuttings of samples, with various initial deformations. 
       The  FIG. 30  (A, B, C, D, E) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 32. FIG. A shows the initial shape F 1  in memory in the composition. FIG. B shows the shape F 2 , visible, of the composition. FIGS. C, D and E show the progressive recovering at physiological conditions (37° C., in a simulated body fluid) of the shape F 1  in memory (after 60 minutes, 150 minutes and 18 hours, respectively). 
       The  FIG. 31  (A, B, C, D) shows the shape of the composition obtained by the method according to Example 33. FIGS. A and D show the initial shape F 1  in memory in the composition, in visible light. FIG. B shows the shape F 2  (flat barrel: 35×10×0.8 mm 3 ) of the composition in visible light. FIG. C shows the shape F 2  of the composition in polarized light. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Surprisingly the inventors have discovered that starch, and starch derivatives, can be processed to have a shape in memory by a simple method. Moreover, starch and starch derivative have the advantage to be cheap and easily disposable, biodegradable, non-toxic and edible. 
     Accordingly, a first object of the present invention is directed to a method of forming a composition with a shape in memory comprising the following steps:
         a) Preparing a composition comprising 30% to 100% of starch and/or starch derivatives and having a Tg   b) Bringing or maintaining this composition above its Tg   c) Shaping the composition to form a desired first shape   d) Shaping the composition to form a desired second shape   e) Fixing the second shape of the composition by bringing this composition below its Tg.       

     A composition is a “composition with a shape in memory” if the original shape of the composition is recovered by bringing the composition above its Tg even if the original shape of the polymer has previously been strained mechanically at a higher temperature than its Tg and then fixed at a lower temperature than its Tg. 
     The step of bringing the composition above its Tg can be done by heating and/or hydrating. As an example, said step can correspond to:
         heating the composition at a temperature above the Tg of said composition;   hydrating the composition to decrease the Tg of said composition to obtain a new glass transition temperature Tg′(Tg′&lt;Tg) under the room temperature; or   hydrating the composition to decrease the Tg of said composition to obtain a Tg′(Tg′&lt;Tg) and heating said composition at a temperature above its Tg′ (heating and hydrating the composition can be done simultaneously).       

     The expression “composition comprising 30% to 100% of starch and/or starch derivatives” refers to composition comprising 30 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives and which may contain, substantially uniformly distributed therein, other components such as plasticiser, colouring or flame-retardant agents, dyes, lubricants or antioxidants, aroma, fillers, in particular inorganic fillers, organic fillers, reinforcing filler, or nanofiller, softening agents, water-repelling agents, surfactants, polymer other than starch, in particular shape memory polymers other than starch, stabilizers, anti-blocking agent or lubricants, antistatic agents, UV-ray absorbers, active ingredients, in particular therapeutic agents, and/or extractable material (a liquid, at least at elevated temperature, which is a latent solvent for the composition). 
     Preferably, the composition comprises 50 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives, more preferably 70 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives. 
     The composition can comprise a starchy product or a combination of starchy products. The expression “starchy product” refers to natural starch (i.e. starch), modified starch (i.e. starch derivatives), and flour. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said composition comprises natural starch, and “starchy product” refers to natural starch. 
     The expression “starch” refers to polymeric compounds composed of anhydroglucose. 
     Starch (chemical formula (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n ,) is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin (usually in 70:30 to 1:99 ratios). These are both complex carbohydrate polymers of glucose, making starch a glucose polymer as well, as seen by the chemical formula for starch, regardless of the ratio of amylose:amylopectin. 
     According to the present invention, starch with a ratio of amylose:amylopectin between 1:99 and 99:1, preferably 20:80 and 80:20, more preferably 20:80 and 30:70 and more preferably 1:99 and 70:30 is preferred. 
     Starch or starchy product are obtained from plant material and may be isolated from sources such as cereals, roots, tubers and beans that include, but are not limited to, corn, in particular maize, wheat, potato, tapioca, arracacha, buckwheat, banana, barley, cassaya, kudzu, oca, sago, sorghum, sweet potato, taro, yams, favas, lentils, guar, peas and a combination thereof. 
     The starch used may be a maize starch, such as the maize starch marketed by ROQUETTE FRERES with a ratio of amylose:amylopectin of 25:75, the maize starch marketed by the same company with a ratio of amylose:amylopectin of 70:30 under the trademark Eurylon 7®, the maize starch marketed by the same company with a ratio of amylose:amylopectin of 1:99 under the trademark Waxilys®, a wheat starch such as the starch marketed by the same company, a potato starch, or a mixture of such starches. 
     The expression “starch derivatives” refers to chemically modified starch polymer. Accordingly, starch derivatives include, but are not limited to, pre-gelatinised starches; starch esters (such as starch n-octenyl succinate); starch ethers; cross-bonded starches; retrograded starches; bleached starches; cationised or anionised starches; amphoteric starches; starch phosphates; hydroxyalkylated starches and a combination thereof. 
     The International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS) discloses various starch derivatives, which can be used according to the present invention. As an example of such starch derivatives, we can cite: 
     1410 Monostarch phosphate
 
1411 Distarch glycerol
 
1412 Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium trimetaphosphate
 
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate
 
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate
 
1420 Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride
 
1421 Starch acetate esterified with vinyl acetate
 
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate
 
1423 Acetylated distarch glycerol
 
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch
 
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
 
1443 Hydroxypropyl distarch glycerol
 
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate
 
and combinations thereof.
 
     For simplicity&#39;s sake, any references herein to starch will be understood to include both native starch and starch derivatives. 
     The purpose of step a) of the method of the present invention is to obtain a Tg for a composition comprising 30% to 100% of starch and/or starch derivatives. 
     The step a) of preparing a composition comprising 30% to 100% of starch and/or starch derivatives and having a Tg can be done by mixing the components of the composition, that is to say 30 to 100% of starch and/or starch derivatives and 0 to 70% of other components and heating said mix to obtain the melting of starch and/or starch derivatives. 
     Without being bound to theories, it is assume that the step of melting starch and/or starch derivatives allows the transformation of starch and/or starch derivatives, which is/are in a crystalline state, in an amorphous state, characterized by a Tg. Starch and/or starch derivatives in a crystalline state do not have a Tg. 
     The melting temperature and efficiency of transformation of crystalline starch and/or starch derivatives in the amorphous state (having a Tg) can be assessed by checking the loss of starch and/or starch derivatives crystals. 
     The absence of starch and/or starch derivatives crystals in the composition prepared by step a) of the method of the present invention can be simply determined by method well known from the skilled person, including: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) according to the method described by BARRON et al (“Microscopical study of the destructuring of waxy maize and smooth pea starches by shear and heat at low hydration”, Journal of Cereal Science 2001, vol. 33, pp. 289-300 in particular page 291 from the beginning of the paragraph “DSC and WAXS measurements” to “sealed pans” and page 294 from “for both starches” to “(61-76%)”, which is incorporated herewith by reference). 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the step a) of preparing a composition comprising 30% to 100% of starch and/or starch derivatives and having a Tg is done by mixing and heating the ingredients of the composition, more preferably by extrusion. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention step a) and step b) are executed simultaneously, for example by extrusion in an extruder. More preferably, step a), step b) and step c) are executed by extrusion in an extruder. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, step a), step b) and step c) are executed by extrusion at a temperature above 90° C. and at a specific mechanical energy above 100 J·g −1  for an initial composition with moisture content between 20 and 40% wb (total wet basis). 
     The expression “Tg” refers to glass transition temperature. Tg is the temperature at which the composition in an amorphous form, becomes brittle on cooling, or soft on heating. More specifically, Tg defines a pseudo second order phase transition in which a supercooled melt yields, on cooling, a glassy structure and properties similar to those of crystalline materials e.g. of an isotropic solid material. Tg is function of the humidity of the composition: Tg can be decreased by increasing the moisture content of the composition (i.e. hydrating the composition) or, on the contrary Tg can be increased by decreasing the moisture content of the composition (i.e. drying the composition). 
     The Tg of the composition can be simply determined by method well known from the skilled person, including:
         Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) according to the method described by BIZOT H. et al. (“Calorimetric evaluation of the glass transition in hydrated, linear and branched polyanhydroglucose compounds” Carbohydrate polymers 1997, vol. 32, no 1, pp. 33-50, in particular from page 35, second paragraph (Water content adjustment) to the end of page 35 (Kalichevsky et al. (1993) which is incorporated herewith by reference) or described by LOURDIN D., BIZOT H. et al. (“Antiplasticization” in starch-glycerol films? “Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 63 (8) (1997) pp. 1047-1053, in particular from page 1048 last paragraph (Measurements of the glass transition), to page 1049 end of the first paragraph (of the order +/−3° C.) which is incorporated herewith by reference);       

     or
         Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) according to the method described by LOURDIN D., BIZOT H. et al. (“Antiplasticization” in starch-glycerol films? “Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 63 (8), (1997), pp. 1047-1053, in particular at page 1049 second paragraph (“thermomechanical measurements” to “transition region”) which is incorporated herewith by reference).       

     Alternatively, LOURDIN D. et al. (“Influence of equilibrium relative humidity and plasticizer concentration on the water content and glass transition of starch materials” Polymer, 38 (21) (1997) pp. 5401-5406), show that Tg of the composition can be calculated from the Tg of pure components. In particular, page 5404 second paragraph (A smoothing) to page 5405 end of second paragraph (additive concentrations) is incorporated herewith by reference as a method to calculate Tg of a composition from the Tg of pure components comprised in said composition. As an example, the Tg range of a composition containing potato starch/plasticizer (glycerol)/water has been determined and published in the Article LOURDIN D. et al. (1997) previously cited. For example the Tg variation is comprised between 20° C. and 100° C. when glycerol content varied from 34% to 0% respectively. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the composition has a Tg between −20 and 150° C., more preferably between 20 and 100° C. 
     The step b) of the method according to the present invention is done by bringing or maintaining the composition above its Tg. 
     The step a) of the method according to the present invention preferably comprises a step of heating ingredients of the composition comprising 30% to 100% of starch and/or starch derivatives in order to obtain melting of starch and/or starch derivatives, and thus obtain a composition with a Tg. The temperature of heating during step a) can be maintained during step b), if this temperature is already above the Tg of the composition. 
     The step of bringing the composition above its Tg can be done by heating and/or hydrating: As an example, said step can be done by
         heating the composition at a temperature above the Tg of said composition;   hydrating the composition to decrease the Tg of said composition to obtain a Tg′(Tg′&lt;Tg) below the room temperature; or   hydrating the composition to decrease the Tg of said composition to obtain a Tg′(Tg′&lt;Tg) and heating said composition at a temperature above its Tg′ (heating and hydrating the composition can be done simultaneously).       

     The expression “hydrating” refers to the addition of water to the composition or to the increase of the humidity of atmosphere surrounding the composition. 
     The expression “Shaping” refers to the step of giving a shape to the composition. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the step(s) of shaping is/are realized by extrusion, co-extrusion, injection molding, blowing, thermomoulding, thermoshaping (for example lamination), or cutting. As exemplified, thermomoulding can be understood as character punching. 
     In particular the co-extrusion allows obtaining a co-extruded hollow composition. 
     The expression “first shape” refers to the invisible shape that is in memory in the composition which can be obtained by the process according to the present invention. 
     The expression “second shape” refers to the visible shape of the composition which can be obtained by the process according to the present invention. 
     The step of fixing the second shape of the composition is obtained by bringing this composition below its Tg. This step can be done by cooling and/or drying said composition. As an example, said fixing step can be realized by:
         cooling the composition at a temperature below the Tg of said composition;   drying the composition to increase the Tg of said composition to obtain a Tg′(Tg′&gt;Tg) above the room temperature; or   drying the composition to increase the Tg of said composition to obtain a Tg′ (Tg′&gt;Tg) above the room temperature and cooling said composition at a temperature below the Tg′ of said composition (cooling and drying the composition can be done simultaneously).       

     The expression “drying” refers to removing of water from the composition, or by decreasing of the hygrometry of air surrounding the composition. 
     The term “biodegradable” refers to materials that are bioresorbable and/or degrade and/or break down by mechanical degradation upon interaction with a physiological environment into components that are metabolizable or excretable, over a period of time from minutes to three years, preferably less than one year, while maintaining the requisite structural integrity. As used herein in reference to composition, the term “degrade” refers to cleavage of the polymer chain, such that the molecular weight stays approximately constant at the oligomer level and particles of polymer remain following degradation. The term “completely degrade” refers to cleavage of the polymer at the molecular level such that there is essentially complete mass loss. The term “degrade” as used herein includes “completely degrade” unless otherwise indicated. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the method according to the present invention further comprises a step c′), after step c) and before step d), of bringing the composition below its Tg for at least 10 seconds and then bringing the composition above its Tg. 
     The step c′) of bringing the composition below its Tg can be done by cooling and/or drying said composition. As an example, said fixing step can be realized by:
         cooling the composition at a temperature below the Tg of said composition;   drying the composition to increase the Tg of said composition to obtain a Tg′(Tg′&gt;Tg) above the room temperature; or   drying the composition to increase the Tg of said composition to obtain a Tg&#39;(Tg′&gt;Tg) above the room temperature and cooling said composition at a temperature below the Tg′ of said composition (cooling and drying the composition can be done simultaneously).       

     According to a preferred embodiment, the composition can further comprises plasticiser, coloring or flame-retardant agents, dyes, lubricants or antioxidants, aroma, fillers, in particular inorganic fillers, organic fillers, reinforcing filler, or nanofiller, softening agents, water-repelling agents such as those of organosilicon nature and, for example, alkali or alkaline-earth metal siliconates, silicone oils, silicone resins, surfactants, polymer other than starch and/or starch derivatives, in particular other shape memory polymers, stabilizers, anti-blocking agent or lubricants such as fatty acid amides, ethylene bisstearoamide, etc., antistatic agents such as sorbitane monostearate, saturated fatty acid esters of fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters of pentaerythritol, etc., UV-ray absorbers such as p-t-butylphenylsalicylate, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5 ′-methyl-phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′-t-butyl-5′-methyl-phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2,5-bis-[5′-t-butylbenzoxazolyl-(2)]thiophene, acacia gum, sucrose-ester etc., active ingredients, in particular therapeutic agents, extractable material (a liquid, at least at elevated temperature, which is a latent solvent for the composition) and other compounds as described in “Practical Handbook of Additives for Plastics and Rubber” (Kagaku Kogyosha), or combination thereof. 
     Examples of shape memory polymers other than starch and/or starch derivatives are disclosed in Table 2 and Table 3 page 1548, Table 4 page 1550, and Table 5 page 1551 of Liu et al. (“Review of progress in shape-memory polymers”, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 17 (16), 1543-1558, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007), incorporated herewith by reference. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the amount of shape memory polymers other than starch and/or starch derivatives in the composition is less than 5% in weight of the composition, preferably less than 4%, more preferably less than 3% and even more preferably less than 2%. 
     According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition according to the present invention does not comprise any shape memory polymer other than starch and/or starch derivatives. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the amount of filler, in particular inorganic filler, in the composition is less than 20% in weight of the composition preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 5% and even more preferably less than 2%. Examples of inorganic filler may include titanium, mica, silicon or aluminium oxides, talc, calcium carbonate, bentonite, clay, calcium carbonate. 
     Use of inorganic filler in excess of 30% by weight of the composition is not desirable, because shape memorizing performance or impact resistance of the obtained composition with a shape in memory will be lowered. 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, the composition according to the present invention does not comprise any filler. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the amount of plasticizer in the composition is less than 40% in weight of the composition preferably less than 30%, more preferably less than 20% and even more preferably less than 10%. 
     A plasticiser is a substance which, when added to the composition, produces a product which is flexible, resilient and easier to handle. They are often based on oligosaccharides, disaccharides or monosaccharides, esters of polycarboxylic acids with linear or branched aliphatic alcohols of moderate chain length. Plasticizers work by embedding themselves between the chains of polymers, spacing them apart (increasing of the “free volume”), and thus significantly lowering the glass transition temperature of the composition according to the present invention. 
     Thus, when employed in the composition according to the present invention, a specific quantity of plasticizers permits to select a specific temperature or humidity rate to activate the return of the composition to the shape in memory. Examples of plasticizer according to the present invention may include sorbitol, glycerol, lactic acid sodium, urea, ethylene glycol, diethylen glycol, polyethylene glycol and combinations thereof. 
     The preferred plasticizer according to the present invention is glycerol. 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, the composition according to the present invention does not comprise any plasticiser. 
     Further, the composition with a shape in memory of the present invention can suitably contain additives generally added to polymer resin materials in the similar way to that in the resin materials of the prior art. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the method according to the present invention further comprises a step of expanding the composition. 
     Said expanding step of the composition can be made simultaneously to step c), or simultaneously with the method for restoring the shape of the composition. 
     If made simultaneously to step c), expanding the composition can be obtained by increasing temperature during extrusion, relaxing pressure, injection of air, dissolution of supercritical fluid (CO2, nitrogen) during step c). 
     If made simultaneously with the method for restoring the shape of the composition expanding the composition is realised by increasing temperature, in particular with hot oil bath, frying, microwave, toasting (Infrared radiation). 
     According to another embodiment of the present invention, the method comprises the following steps:
         a) Preparing a composition comprising 30% to 100% of starch and/or starch derivatives and having a Tg;   b) Bringing or maintaining this composition above its Tg;   c) Shaping the composition to form a desired first shape;   c′) Fixing the first shape of the composition by bringing the composition below its Tg;   c″) Remove substance from the composition (for example make holes);   c′″) Bringing the composition above its Tg;   d) Shaping the composition to form a desired second shape;   e) Fixing the second shape of the composition by bringing the composition below its Tg.       

     A second object of the present invention is directed to the use of a composition comprising 30 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives and having a Tg for preparing a composition with a shape in memory. 
     Expressions “starch”, “starch derivatives”, “shape in memory”, are the same as previously described. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, it is preferably used starch as polymer with a shape in memory. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, said composition comprised 30 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives. 
     Preferably, a composition comprising 30 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives and having a Tg is prepared, brought or maintain above its Tg, in particular by heating and/or hydrating, shaped to form a desired first shape, optionally this first shape is fixed by bringing the composition below its Tg, in particular by drying and/or cooling and then brought again above the Tg, shaped to form a desired second shape, and finally the second shape of the composition is fixed by bringing the composition to a temperature below its Tg to obtain manufacturing products with a shape in memory. 
     Preferably said composition comprises 30 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives, more preferably 70 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives. 
     Preferably said composition has a Tg between −20 and 150° C., more preferably between 20 and 100° C. 
     As an example, said composition can have the form of thermal and/or humidity indicators, electronic components, electric components, sutures, orthodontic materials, dentistry materials, bone screws, nails, plates, meshes, prosthetics, pumps, catheters, tubes, films, stents, orthopedic braces, splints, tape for preparing casts, and scaffolds for tissue engineering, contact lenses, drug delivery devices, implants, foams, packaging for foodstuffs, thermoformable packaging, heat-shrinkable packaging, polymer composites, textiles, humidity permeable clothes, diapers, shoe inner lining materials, pipe joints, mask core materials, heat shrinkable tubes, clamping pins, temperature sensors, damping materials, footbed and protective equipment, toys, bonding materials, artificial flowers, cork, food product, fishing lures. 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, said composition can be coated with a hydrophobic compound. The hydrophobic compound according to the present invention can be watertight rubberized polymer, such as silicon or flexible varnish. 
     Said coated compositions are interesting in order to be only sensitive to temperature, and not or less sensitive to hygrometry. 
     Applications of such coated compositions are for example thermal indicators. 
     A third object of the present invention is directed to a composition with a shape in memory which can be obtained by the method previously described. 
     As an example, said composition can have the form of thermal and/or humidity indicators, electronic components, electric components, sutures, orthodontic materials, dentistry materials, bone screws, nails, plates, meshes, prosthetics, pumps, catheters, tubes, films, stents, orthopedic braces, splints, tape for preparing casts, and scaffolds for tissue engineering, contact lenses, drug delivery devices, implants, foams, packaging for foodstuffs, thermoformable packaging, heat-shrinkable packaging, polymer composites, textiles, humidity permeable clothes, diapers, shoe inner lining materials, pipe joints, mask core materials, heat shrinkable tubes, clamping pins, temperature sensors, damping materials, footbed and protective equipment, toys, bonding materials, artificial flowers, cork, food product. 
     According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, said composition with a shape in memory is an expanded composition. Preferably, the expanded composition according to the present invention is an expanded food product. More preferably, the expanded food product is expanded cereal or expanded noodles. 
     For example expanded cereal with a shape in memory according to the present invention can be breakfast cereals composition which shape in memory will be restored by putting said cereals in water or in milk, or in water, hot or cold, depending of the Tg of the breakfast cereals composition. 
     Accordingly, the shape in memory noodles or expanded noodles will be restored by putting said noodles in water, hot or cold, depending of the Tg of the noodles composition. 
     According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition with a shape in memory is a food composition, in particular it can be a candy bar, its shape in memory being restored by putting said food composition in the mouth (for example for such composition Tg of the composition can be above the room temperature but below 37° C., temperature in the mouth). 
     According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition with a shape in memory is transparent or translucid. For example, such composition may be obtained from composition comprising potato and/or wheat starch, with an extrusion step made at moderated temperature (90-120° C.). 
     Particularly, optical properties of such composition with a shape in memory can change when the shape memorized in the composition is restored. 
     In certain cases, the shape in memory in the composition is invisible at naked eyes but visible under polarised light. This is the case in particular for impressed characters on laminated plate, as exemplified. 
     Thus, according to another embodiment, the invention concerns a method to see the shape in memory in a composition according to the present invention, by placing it under polarised light. 
     This can be particularly interesting to control the shape in memory in a composition according to the present invention. 
     According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition with a shape in memory is a cohesive object, which, when its shape in memory will be restored, lost its cohesive property and become several smaller objects. 
     According to another preferred embodiment of the invention the composition is coated with a hydrophobic compound. 
     The hydrophobic compound according to the present invention can be watertight rubberized polymer, such as silicon or flexible varnish. 
     Said coated compositions are interesting in order to be only sensitive to temperature, and not or less sensitive to hygrometry. 
     Applications of such coated compositions are for example thermal indicators. 
     According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition can be reused at least two, preferably three times as a composition with a shape memory according to the present invention. 
     A fourth object of the present invention is directed to a method for restoring a shape memorized in a composition as previously described characterized in that the composition is returned in said shape (the first shape in memory) by bringing the composition above its Tg. The step of bringing the composition above its Tg can be done by heating and/or hydrating: As an example, said step can be done by
         heating the composition at a temperature above the Tg of said composition;   hydrating the composition to decrease the Tg of said composition to obtain a Tg′(Tg′&lt;Tg) below the room temperature; or   hydrating the composition to decrease the Tg of said composition to obtain a Tg′(Tg′&lt;Tg) and heating said composition at a temperature above its Tg′ (heating and hydrating the composition can be done simultaneously).       

     Particularly, a composition coated with a hydrophobic compound as previously described is returned to said shape (the first shape in memory) by heating the composition at a temperature above its Tg. 
     The method is characterized in that the shape restored from a composition obtained by the method according to the present invention and comprising steps c′, c″ and c″′ is the first shape with removal of substance, (for example the first shape with the holes). 
     A fifth object of the present invention is directed to the use of starch or starch derivatives as polymer with a shape in memory. 
     Expressions “starch”, “starch derivatives”, “shape in memory”, are the same as previously described. 
     According to a preferred embodiment, it is preferably used starch as polymer with a shape in memory. 
     According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, said polymer with a shape in memory comprised 30 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives. Particularly, said polymer has a Tg. 
     According to a more preferred embodiment of the invention, said polymer with a shape in memory is used for the preparation of manufacturing products with a shape in memory. 
     Preferably, a composition comprising 30 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives and having a Tg is prepared, brought or maintain above its Tg, in particular by heating and/or hydrating, shaped to form a desired first shape, optionally this first shape is fixed by bringing the composition below its Tg, in particular by drying and/or cooling and then brought again above the Tg, shaped to form a desired second shape, and finally the second shape of the composition is fixed by bringing the composition to a temperature below its Tg to obtain manufacturing products with a shape in memory. 
     Preferably the polymer with a shape in memory comprises 30 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives, more preferably 70 to 100% of starch or starch derivatives. 
     Preferably the composition has a Tg between −20 and 150° C., more preferably between 20 to 100° C. 
     Preferably, the manufacturing products are thermal and/or humidity indicators, electronic components, electric components, sutures, orthodontic materials, dentistry materials, bone screws, nails, plates, meshes, prosthetics, pumps, catheters, tubes, films, stents, orthopedic braces, splints, tape for preparing casts, and scaffolds for tissue engineering, contact lenses, drug delivery devices, implants, foams, packaging for foodstuffs, thermoformable packaging, heat-shrinkable packaging, polymer composites, textiles, humidity permeable clothes, diapers, shoe inner lining materials, pipe joints, mask core materials, heat shrinkable tubes, clamping pins, temperature sensors, damping materials, footbed and protective equipment, toys, bonding materials, artificial flowers, cork, food product. 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, the composition is coated with a hydrophobic compound. The hydrophobic compound according to the present invention can be watertight rubberized polymer, such as silicon or flexible varnish. 
     Said coated compositions are interesting in order to be only sensitive to temperature, and not or less sensitive to hygrometry. 
     Applications of such coated compositions are for example thermal indicators. 
     In the following, the invention is described in more detail with examples. Yet, no limitation of the invention is intended by the details of the examples. Rather, the invention pertains to any embodiment, which comprises details which are not explicitly mentioned in the examples herein, but which the skilled person finds without undue effort. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Starchy materials were submitted to a thermo-mechanical treatment, such as the extrusion-cooking in the present work, under usual conditions: 110° C.&lt;T&lt;160° C., for a moisture content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis. 
     At the exit of the die of the extruder when the temperature of the material is &gt;Tg, the first shape F 1  (see the general scheme on  FIG. 1 ) was given and fixed during the cooling and drying of the sample (T&lt;Tg). 
     The first shape F 1  was “cancelled” at T&gt;Tg, during a heating or a wetting of the sample, combined with its mechanical straining to obtain the second shape F 2 . 
     The second shape F 2  shape was maintained at T&lt;Tg, during a cooling or a drying of the sample. 
     The recovery from the second shape F 2  to first shape F 1  occurs at T&gt;Tg, by a heating (frying in hot oil bath, or micro-waving) or a wetting (high humidity storing, or immersing in water) of the sample. 
     The operating conditions, such as the duration of the thermal treatment, varied with the shape and the amount of materials. 
     Examples 1 to 5 
     Starch-Based Materials 
     Example 1 
     “Cancelling” the Initial Shape and Recovering by Frying 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch, in the present trials issued from potato (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62), was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 4 to 5 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 2A ). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 110° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 201 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 13%, wb. Tg of the sample measured by DSC was about 75° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes, for 6 g starch. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week) (see  FIG. 2B ). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes, for 6 g starch. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 2C ). 
     Example 2 
     “Cancelling” the Initial Shape by Frying and Recovering by Micro-Waves Heating 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch, in the present trials issued from potato (Roquette Frères, Lestrem, F62), was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 4 to 5 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 300 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, cylinders were stored in dessicators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes, for 6 g starch. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was heated at T&gt;Tg by a micro-waves heating: 750 W, during 10 seconds, for 6 g starch. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1 . 
     Example 3 
     “Cancelling” the Initial Shape and Recovering the Shape by Micro-Waves Heating 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch, in the present trials issued from potato (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62), was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 4 to 5 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 300 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, cylinders were stored in dessicators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was heated at T&gt;Tg by a micro-waves heating: 750 W, during 10 seconds, for 6 g starch. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was heated at T&gt;Tg by a micro-waves heating: 750 W, during 10 seconds, for 6 g starch. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1 . 
     Example 4 
     “Cancelling” the Initial Shape and Recovering the Shape by Wetting 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch, in the present trials issued from potato (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62), was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 4 to 5 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 300 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, cylinders were stored in dessicators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Wetting the Sample 
     The sample was conditioning at relative humidity of 97% at 20° C. After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 23%, wb. Then the sample presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder. Its shape was maintained on a tensile device. 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties. It was dried at low humidity level, RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week. 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Wetting the Sample 
     The sample was conditioning at relative humidity of 97% at 20° C. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1 , after 5 days. 
     Example 5 
     “Cancelling” the Initial Shape by Frying and Recovering by Wetting 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch, in the present trials issued from potato (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62), was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 4 to 5 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the die was set at 110° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 201 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, cylinders were stored in dessicators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 13%, wb. Tg of the sample measured by DSC was about 75° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes, for 6 g starch. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Wetting the Sample 
     The sample was conditioning at relative humidity of 97% at 20° C. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered after 5 days the shape F 1 . 
     The examples 1 to 5 have been carried out with wheat starch (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) extruded at the same temperatures, for a specific mechanical energy at 530 J/g. The same shape recovering phenomenon was obtained. 
     Possible industrial applications of starch-based compositions according to example 1-5 are for example temperature or humidity sensitive materials (sensors). 
     Examples 6 to 8 
     Flour-Based Materials 
     Example 6 
     “Cancelling” the Initial Shape by Frying and Recovering by Wetting 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Maize flour (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of maize flour and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 3 to 4 mm (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 3A ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 20 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 147 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in dessicators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 12%, wb. Tg of the sample measured by DSC was about 70° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes, for 5 g extruded sample. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 3B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Wetting the Sample 
     The sample was conditioning at relative humidity of 97% at 20° C. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered after 5 days the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 3C ). 
     Example 7 
     “Cancelling” the Initial Shape by Frying and Recovering by Immersion 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Maize flour (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of maize flour and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 3 to 4 mm (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 4A ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 20 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 147 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in dessicators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 12%, wb. Tg of the sample measured by DSC was about 70° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes, for 5 g extruded sample. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 4B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Immersing the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in water at 19° C. Then the sample recovered the shape F 1  after 120 minutes (see  FIG. 4C ). A similar processed sample was also immersed in hot water, at 90° C. Then the sample recovered the shape F 1  after 1 minute. 
     Example 8 
     Expanded Product and “Cancelling” the Initial Shape by Frying and Recovering by Frying 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Maize flour (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Expanded Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of maize flour and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 5 to 6 mm (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 5A ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the die was set at 140° C. to expand the extrudates for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 20 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 136 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in dessicators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 12%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes, for 5 g extruded sample. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 5B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes, for 5 g expanded sample. Then the expanded material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 5C ). 
     Possible industrial applications of starch-based compositions according to example 6-8 are for example food products with a shape in memory, especially in the case of cereals: breakfast cereals, noodles, funny snacks. 
     Examples 9 to 10 
     Alternative Processing for Starch-Based Materials 
     Example 9 
     “Cancelling” the Initial Shape by Thermo-Moulding and Recovering by Wetting 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Wheat starch (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 3 to 4 mm (the shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 307 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in dessicators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 12%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     One big piece, or two or three little pieces of extruded cylinders (F 1 ) were weighted to obtain exactly 0.5 g sample. Then they were put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 300 bar, 120° C., during 2 minutes. After cooling under pressure the rigid flat barrel (35×10×1 mm 3 ), the sample was removed from the mould (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 6A ). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Wetting the Sample 
     The sample was conditioning at relative humidity of 97% at 20° C. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the cylindrical shape: F 1 , after 3 days. The number of initial pieces of cylinder was recovered for each flat thermo-moulded barrel (see  FIG. 6B ). 
     Example 10 
     Continuous Process for “Cancelling” the Initial Shape and Frying for Recovering 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch, in the present trials issued from potato (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62), was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) Followed by Lamination 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as straight cylinders, Ø from 4 to 5 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 20 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 251 J·g −1 . The lamination was carried out on the hot sample, at 5 cm from the die, with a roller-flattener (gap=0.8 mm). The flat sample obtained corresponds to the shape F 2  (see  FIG. 7A : a straight flattened extrudate on the left of the picture and a curved flattened extrudate on the right of the picture). 
     Maintaining F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature. After cooling, samples were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the cylindrical shape F 1 , as given when flowing through the die during the extrusion (see  FIG. 7B : a straight cylindrical sample on the left of the picture and a curved cylindrical sample on the right of the picture). 
     The examples 9 and 10 illustrate applications of different starches and their continuous processing for obtaining biodegradable shape-memory polymers in the case of sensitive materials to humidity and temperature. 
     Examples 11 to 18 
     Formulated Starch-Based Materials 
     Example 11 
     Starch/Zein (85%/15%) Blend 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch flour, in the present trials issued from maize, was purchased from ROQUETTE FRERES (Lestrem, F62). Zein powder, a mixture of two alcohol-soluble polypeptides with molecular masses of 25,000 and 29,000 Da, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh (Munich, Germany). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     Starch flour (85% of the dry based weight) was blended with zein powder (15% of the dry based weight). 500 g of this starch-zein blend were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=4 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 8A ). The temperature was 110° C. and 120° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 130° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 162 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for three weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 9.1%, wb. Tg of the sample measured by DSC was about 95° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample, weighting 2.3 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 2 minutes, see  FIG. 8B . 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 8C ). 
     Example 12 
     Starch/Zein/Acacia Gum (84.5%/14.5%/1%) Blend 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch flour, in the present trials issued from maize, was purchased from ROQUETTE FRERES (Lestrem, F62). Zein powder, a mixture of two alcohol-soluble polypeptides with molecular masses of 25,000 and 29,000 Da, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh (Munich, Germany). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     Starch flour (84.5% of the dry based weight) was blended with zein powder (14.5% of the dry based weight) and acacia gum (1% of the dry based weight). 500 g of this blend were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=4 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 9A ). The temperature was 110° C. and 120° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 130° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 220 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for three weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 9.2%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample, weighting 2.5 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 2 minutes, see  FIG. 9B . 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 9C ). 
     Example 13 
     Starch/Zein/Acacia Gum (82.5%/12.5%/5%) Blend 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch flour, in the present trials issued from maize, was purchased from ROQUETTE FRERES (Lestrem, F62). Zein powder, a mixture of two alcohol-soluble polypeptides with molecular masses of 25,000 and 29,000 Da, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh (Munich, Germany). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     Starch flour (82.5% of the dry based weight) was blended with zein powder (12.5% of the dry based weight) and acacia gum (5% of the dry based weight). 500 g of this blend were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=3 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 10A ). The temperature was 110° C. and 120° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 130° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 493 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for three weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 9.1%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample, weighting 1.7 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 2 minutes, see  FIG. 10B . 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 10C ). 
     Example 14 
     Starch/Zein/Sucrose Ester (84.5%/14.5%/1%) Blend 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch flour, in the present trials issued from maize, was purchased from ROQUETTE FRERES (Lestrem, France). Zein powder, a mixture of two alcohol-soluble polypeptides with molecular masses of 25,000 and 29,000 Da, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh (Munich, Germany). Sucrose ester (SP30 in the present trials) was purchased from Sisterna (Roosendaal, The Netherlands). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     Starch flour (84.5% of the dry based weight) was blended with zein powder (14.5% of the dry based weight) and sucrose ester SP30 (1% of the dry based weight). 500 g of this blend were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=3 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 11A ). The temperature was 110° C. and 120° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 130° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 247 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for three weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 9.5%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample, weighting 0.5 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 90 seconds. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 1 minute, see  FIG. 11B . 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 11C ). 
     Example 15 
     Starch/Zein/Sucrose Ester (84.5%/14.5%/1%) Blend 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch flour, in the present trials issued from maize, was purchased from ROQUETTE FRERES (Lestrem, France). Zein powder, a mixture of two alcohol-soluble polypeptides with molecular masses of 25,000 and 29,000 Da, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh (Munich, Germany). Sucrose ester (PS750 in the present trials) was purchased from Sisterna (Roosendaal, The Netherlands). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     Starch flour (84.5% of the dry based weight) was blended with zein powder (14.5% of the dry based weight) and sucrose ester PS750 (1% of the dry based weight). 500 g of this blend were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=3 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 12A ). The temperature was 110° C. and 120° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 130° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 457 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for three weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 8.8%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample, weighting 0.7 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 90 seconds. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 90 seconds (see  FIG. 12B ). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 12C ). 
     Example 16 
     Starch/Zein/Sucrose Ester (84.5%/14.5%/1%) Blend 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch flour, in the present trials issued from maize, was purchased from ROQUETTE FRERES (Lestrem, France). Zein powder, a mixture of two alcohol-soluble polypeptides with molecular masses of 25,000 and 29,000 Da, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh (Munich, Germany). Sucrose ester (SP70 in the present trials) was purchased from Sisterna (Roosendaal, The Netherlands). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     Starch flour (84.5% of the dry based weight) was blended with zein powder (14.5% of the dry based weight) and sucrose ester SP70 (1% of the dry based weight). 500 g of this blend were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=3 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 13A ). The temperature was 110° C. and 120° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 130° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 441 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for three weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 9.4%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample, weighting 0.8 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 90 seconds. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 2 minutes (see  FIG. 13B ). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 13C ). 
     Example 17 
     Starch/Sucrose Ester (99%/1%) Blend 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch flour, in the present trials issued from maize, was purchased from ROQUETTE FRERES (Lestrem, France). Sucrose ester (SP30 in the present trials) was purchased from Sisterna (Roosendaal, The Netherlands). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     Starch flour (99% of the dry based weight) was blended with sucrose ester SP30 (1% of the dry based weight). 500 g of this blend were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=4 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 14A ). The temperature was 110° C. and 120° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 130° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 767 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for three weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 10.1%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the sample 
     The sample, weighting 1.2 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 90 seconds. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 2 minutes (see  FIG. 14B ). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 14C ). 
     Example 18 
     Starch/Acacia Gum (99%/1%) Blend 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch flour, in the present trials issued from maize, was purchased from ROQUETTE FRERES (Lestrem, France). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     Starch flour (99% of the dry based weight) was blended with acacia gum (1% of the dry based weight). 500 g of this blend were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=4 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 15A ). The temperature was 110° C. and 120° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 130° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 110 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for three weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 10.2%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample, weighting 2.2 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 90 seconds. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 2 minutes (see  FIG. 15B ). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 15C ). 
     Examples 19 and 20 
     Materials based on Starch rich in Amylopectin and Starch Rich in Amylose 
     Example 19 
     Waxy Maize Starch 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Waxy maize starch (Waxilys 200, &gt;99% Amylopectin), was purchased from ROQUETTE FRERES (Lestrem, France). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of the waxy maize starch flour were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=3 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 16A ). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 189 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for four weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 9.0%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample, weighting 0.7 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 90 seconds. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 2 minutes (see  FIG. 16B ). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 16C ). 
     Example 20 
     Wrinkled Pea Starch (Rich in Amylose) 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Pea starch rich in amylose (Amylose KG, 70% amylose), was purchased from Stauderer and Co. (Altenmarkt, Germany). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of the starch flour rich in amylose were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=3 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 17A ). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 288 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for four weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 9.9%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample, weighting 0.9 g, was immersed in an oil bath at 110° C., during 45 seconds. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled at room temperature during 2 minutes (see  FIG. 17B ). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 110° C., during 45 seconds. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 17C ). 
     Example 21 
     Printing Characters and Deleting them 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Maize flour (M.C. Technologies, Ennezat, France) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. Its fibres content is in the range from 0.5% to 2% of the dry weight basis. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of maize flour and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=3 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 281 J·g −1 . 
     Flat samples (as ribbons: length=200 mm) were maintained for 2 weeks at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples, measured by thermogravimetry, was 12.2%, wb. Tg of the sample measured by DSC was about 69° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Then, one piece was cut as length=25 mm, and width=10 mm (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 18A ). 
     Obtaining the Printed Shape F 2 : Heating the Sample and Punching 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 90 seconds. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was punched with “1” and “2” metal-made characters (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 18B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled under Tg at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Non-Printed Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 1 minute and 30 seconds. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the non-printed shape F 1 (see  FIG. 18C ). 
     Examples 22 to 27 
     Artificial Edible Coloring and Printing/Recovering Characters 
     Example 22 
     Starch and Green artificial edible coloring [E102 (Yellow) and E131 (Blue)] 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Potato starch (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) and Printing Characters with a Punch 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Before mixing, 10 drips of a commercial edible green coloring [E102 and E131] (Vahiné, McCormick France SAS, Avignon, F84) were added per 100 ml of water. 
     Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=3.5 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 382 J·g −1 . 
     The Sample was cut as a parallelepiped (Length=30 mm, width=9 mm, weight=1.4 g). The text “INRA” was punched with rigid characters (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 19A ). Samples were maintained for 1 week at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     Each sample (shape F 1 ) was put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 300 bar, 120° C., during 2 minutes. After cooling under pressure the rigid flat barrel (length=35 mm and width=10 mm), it was removed from the mould (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 19B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled under Tg at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Printed Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 1 minute and 30 seconds. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  presenting characters (see  FIG. 19C ). 
     Example 23 
     Starch and Red artificial edible coloring [E122] 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Potato starch (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) and Printing Characters with a Punch 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Before mixing, 10 drips of a commercial red edible coloring [E122] (Vahiné, McCormick France SAS, Avignon, F84) were added per 100 ml of water. 
     Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=3.5 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 346 J·g −1 . 
     The sample was cut as a parallelepiped (Length=30 mm, width=9 mm, weight=1.1 g). The text “INRA” was punched with rigid characters (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 20A ). Samples were maintained for 1 week at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     Each sample (shape F 1 ) was put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 300 bar, 120° C., during 2 minutes. After cooling under pressure the rigid flat barrel (length=35 mm and width=10 mm), it was removed from the mould (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 20B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled under Tg at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Printed Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 1 minute and 30 seconds. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 20C ). 
     Example 24 
     Maize Flour and Red Edible Artificial Coloring [E122] 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Maize flour (M.C. Technologies, Ennezat, France) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. Its fibres content is in the range from 0.5% to 2% of the dry weight basis. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) and Printing Characters with a Punch 
     500 g of maize flour and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Before mixing, 10 drips of a commercial red coloring [E122] (Vahiné, McCormick France SAS, Avignon, F84) were added per 100 ml of water. 
     Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=1.5 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 314 J·g −1 . 
     The sample was cut as a parallelepiped (Length=30 mm, width=9 mm, weight=0.6 g). The text “INRA” was punched with rigid characters (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 21A ). Samples were maintained for 1 week at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     Each sample (shape F 1 ) was put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 300 bar, 120° C., during 2 minutes. After cooling under pressure the rigid flat barrel (length=35 mm and width=10 mm), it was removed from the mould (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 21B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled under Tg at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Printed Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 1 minute and 30 seconds. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 21C ). 
     Example 25 
     Starch and Green Artificial Edible Coloring [E102 (Yellow) and E131 (Blue)] 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Potato starch (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) and Printing Characters with a Punch 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Before mixing, 10 drips of a commercial edible green coloring [E102 and E131] (Vahiné, McCormick France SAS, Avignon, F84) were added per 100 ml of water. 
     Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=3.5 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 382 J·g −1 . 
     The sample was cut as a parallelepiped (Length=30 mm, width=9 mm, weight=1.3 g). The text “INRA” was punched with rigid characters (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 22A ). Samples were maintained for 1 week at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     Each sample (shape F 1 ) was put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 300 bar, 120° C., during 2 minutes. After cooling under pressure the rigid flat barrel (length=35 mm and width=10 mm), it was removed from the mould (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 22B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled under Tg at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Printed Shape F 1 : Wetting the Sample 
     The sample was conditioned at relative humidity of 97% at 20° C. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1 , after 3 days (see  FIG. 22C ). 
     Example 26 
     Starch and Red Artificial Edible Coloring [E122] 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Potato starch (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) and Printing Characters with a Punch 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Before mixing, 10 drips of a commercial red edible coloring [E122] (Vahiné, McCormick France SAS, Avignon, F84) were added per 100 ml of water. 
     Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=3.5 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 346 J·g −1 . 
     The sample was cut as a parallelepiped (Length=30 mm, width=9 mm, weight=1.2 g). The text “INRA” was punched with rigid characters (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 23A ). Samples were maintained for 1 week at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     Each sample (shape F 1 ) was put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 300 bar, 120° C., during 2 minutes. After cooling under pressure the rigid flat barrel (length=35 mm and width=10 mm), it was removed from the mould (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 23B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled under Tg at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Printed Shape F 1 : Wetting the Sample 
     The sample was conditioned at relative humidity of 97% at 20° C. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1 , after 3 days (see  FIG. 23C ). 
     Example 27 
     Maize Flour and Red Edible Artificial Coloring [E122] 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Maize flour (M.C. Technologies, Ennezat, France) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. Its fibres content is in the range from 0.5% to 2% of the dry weight basis. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) and Printing Characters with a Punch 
     500 g of maize flour and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Before mixing, 10 drips of a commercial red coloring [E122] (Vahiné, McCormick France SAS, Avignon, F84) were added per 100 ml of water. 
     Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=1.5 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 314 J·g −1 . 
     The sample was cut as a parallelepiped (Length=30 mm, width=9 mm, weight=0.6 g). The text “INRA” was punched with rigid characters (shape F 1 , see  FIG. 24A ). Samples were maintained for 1 week at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     Each sample (shape F 1 ) was put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 300 bar, 120° C., during 2 minutes. After cooling under pressure the rigid flat barrel (length=35 mm and width=10 mm), it was removed from the mould (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 24B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled under Tg at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Printed Shape F 1 : Wetting the Sample 
     The sample was conditioned at relative humidity of 97% at 20° C. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1 , after 2 days (see  FIG. 24C ). 
     Examples 28 to 29 
     Adding Plasticizer 
     Example 28 
     Potato Starch+10% Glycerol 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Natural starch, in the present trials issued from potato (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62), was used as raw material to prepare samples. Glycerol was added as plasticizer (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie, Saint-Quentin Fallavir, F38). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of starch, 50 g of glycerol and water (Moisture Content, MC=27%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 4 to 5 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 25A , on the left part of the picture). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 110° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 20 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 201 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for one month, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 11.4%, wb. Tg of the sample measured by DSC was about 48° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour at ambient temperature (20° C.). 
     The present composition is compared to a similar one without plasticizer (glycerol), as the composition presented in the example 1, with Tg=75° C. and moisture content=13%,wb (sample on the right of the picture on the  FIG. 25A ). 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The samples were immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 2 minutes. Then the samples were removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. They were unrolled, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the samples had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below their Tg. They were cooled at room temperature during 10 minutes. Please see  FIG. 25B : composition with glycerol on the left part of the picture, and without glycerol on the right part. 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The samples were immersed in an oil bath at 60° C., during 15 minutes. Then the composition including glycerol presented a ductile mechanical behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 25C , on the left part of the picture). The sample without glycerol remained with the shape F 2  (see  FIG. 25C , on the right part of the picture) and did not recover its shape F 1 . 
     Example 29 
     Maize Flour+20% Glycerol 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Maize flour (M.C. Technologies, Ennezat, France) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. Its fibres content is in the range from 0.5% to 2% of the dry weight basis. Glycerol was added as plasticizer (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie, Saint-Quentin Fallavir, F38). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of maize flour, 100 g of glycerol and water (Moisture Content, MC=27%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø from 3 to 4 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91), see  FIG. 26A . 
     The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 110° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 20 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 108 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     The sample was cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, the ravelled cylinder was stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for 10 days, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the sample measured by thermogravimetry was 12.8%, wb. Tg of the sample measured by DSC was about 5° C. The plasticized sample (0.7 g) showed then a ductile mechanical behaviour at ambient temperature. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Straining the Sample 
     The sample was unrolled at ambient temperature, in order to obtain a linear cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Freezing During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was frozen at −24° C., during 4 days, for T&lt;Tg. Then, the sample presented a rigid mechanical behaviour. See  FIG. 26B  (F 2  shape). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was placed at ambient temperature. Then the composition presented a ductile mechanical behaviour and progressively recovered the shape F 1  at 20° C. (see  FIGS. 26C ,  26 D and  26 E, after 5 minutes, 1 hour and 4 hours, respectively). 
     Example 30 
     Drilling Holes in a Rigid Starchy Sample (Shape F 1 ′), Cancelling Holes by Thermo-Moulding (Shape F 2 ) and Holes Recovering by Frying (Shape F 1 ′) 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Maize flour (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) and Drilling Holes 
     500 g of maize flour and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were first mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=3 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 281 J·g −1 . 
     Flat samples (as ribbons: length=200 mm) were maintained for 2 weeks at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples, measured by thermogravimetry, was 12.2%, wb. Tg of the sample measured by DSC was about 69° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     One piece was cut in the rigid sample as length=20 mm and width=10 mm (shape F 1 ), then 2 holes were drilled in the sample (shape F 1 ′, see  FIG. 27A ). 
     Obtaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     The drilled sample (shape F 1 ′) was put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 300 bar, 120° C., during 2 minutes. After cooling under pressure the rigid flat barrel (length=35 mm and width=10 mm), it was removed from the mould (shape F 2 , see  FIG. 27B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled under Tg at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 1 minute and 30 seconds. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the drilled shape F 1 ′ (see  FIG. 27C ). 
     Example 31 
     Measurement of the Shape Recovery Rate of Extruded Potato Starch 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Potato starch (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Extrusion-Cooking of the Material 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=26%, wb, the total wet basis) were mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=6 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder, respectively. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 353 J·g −1 . 
     Samples were cut as parallelepipeds (width=9 mm), following the parallel axis or the perpendicular axis of the extrusion flow: shape F 1 . They were cut with various lengths, from 4.1 mm (weight=0.34 g) to 21.1 mm (weight=1.49 g), in order to obtain different deformation rates during the following thermo-moulding stage. 
     Then, samples were maintained for 2 weeks at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     Each sample was put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 400 bar, 120° C., during 5 minutes. After cooling at room temperature under pressure the rigid flat barrel (shape F 2 : length=35 mm and width=10 mm), it was removed from the mould. 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled at room temperature and maintained under Tg at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). The moisture content after one week is 12%, wb. 
     Recovery of the Shape F 1 : Wetting the Sample 
     Samples were put in a closed vessel at a high humidity level (HR=97%, T=20° C.), during one week. The samples slowly presented a ductile behaviour, after many hours, and progressively recovered the shape F 1 . The final moisture content of the samples (MC), after 7 days in these high humidity conditions is MC=26%, wb, the total wet basis. 
     The length of each sample was measured during the recovery from the thermo-moulded shape (F 2 ) to the initial shape (F 1 ). 
     The recovery rate (noted “RR”) was defined as following: RR=[deformation recovered by the sample]/[initial fixed deformation]. Then, in percent: RR=((L0-L)/(L0−Li))×100, with “L0” the length of the sample at the beginning of the recovery (shape F 2 ), “L” the length of the sample at the considered time, and “Li” the initial length of the extruded sample (shape F 1 ). 
     The initial deformation of the sample, noted “ID” is defined as followed, in percent: ID=((L0−Li)/Li)×100. 
     The evolution of RR was plotted for five samples presenting various initial deformations ( FIG. 28 ). It increased with time following a sigmoid, and the shape recovery kinetic depended on the thickness of sample. The thickest they are (low initial deformation), the slowest. The final recovery rate is more important for a low initial deformation of the samples. 
     The evolution of the recovery rate after seven days in high humidity conditions, noted “RR7”, is presented with the initial deformation (ID) on the  FIG. 29 . RR7 is more important for samples cut following the parallel axis to the extrusion flow, than the perpendicular axis. Moreover, the recovery rate decreased with the initial deformation of the sample. The final recovery rate, after 7 days at HR=97% and 20° C., is more than 90% for initial deformations lower than 200%. 
     Example 32 
     Recovery for Physiological Conditions, at 37° C. in a Simulated Body Fluid. Wrinkled Pea Starch (Rich in Amylose) 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Pea starch rich in amylose (Amylose KG, 70% amylose), was purchased from Stauderer and Co. (Altenmarkt, Germany). 
     Obtaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) 
     500 g of the starch flour rich in amylose were mixed with water to obtain a constant Moisture Content (MC=27%, wb, the total wet basis). A laboratory kneading machine was used to obtain this polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. 
     Samples were extruded as ravelled cylinders, Ø=3 mm (shape F 1 ), using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91) (see  FIG. 30A ). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the cylindrical die (the third part of the extruder) was set at 120° C. for the present trials. 
     The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 300 J·g −1 . 
     Maintaining F 1 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     Samples were cooled to room temperature at the exit of the die of the extruder. After cooling, ravelled cylinders were stored in desiccators at stable low relative humidity (Relative Humidity, RH=59% at 20° C.) for two weeks, in order to reduce the residual water equilibrium (drying). After equilibrium humidity the moisture content of the samples measured by thermogravimetry was 10%, wb. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 120° C., during 30 seconds. Then the sample was removed from the bath and presented a ductile mechanical behaviour. It was bended, in order to obtain a curved cylinder (shape F 2 ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , the sample had now to get rigid mechanical properties, at temperature below its Tg. It was cooled by a fast freezing aerosol at −50° C., during 5 seconds (see  FIG. 30B ). Then the sample was let at ambient temperature during 5 minutes. 
     Recovering the Shape F 1 : Immersing the Sample in Simulated Body Fluid, at 37° C. 
     The sample was immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF), at 37° C., during 18 hours. The SBF is a Dulbecco&#39;s PBS (1×), without Ca and Mg, purchased from PAA Laboratories GmbH (Pasching, Austria). The material presented a ductile mechanical behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  (see  FIG. 30C  after 60 minutes in SBF,  FIG. 30D  after 150 minutes in SBF and  FIG. 30E  after 18 hours in SBF). 
     Examples 33 
     Potato Starch and Optical Properties 
     Material and Methods 
     Raw Materials 
     Potato starch (ROQUETTE FRERES, Lestrem, F62) was used alone, as raw material to prepare samples. 
     Obtaining and Maintaining F 1 : Thermo-Mechanical Processing of the Material (Extrusion-Cooking) and Printing Characters with a Punch 
     500 g of starch and water (Moisture Content, MC=25%, wb, the total wet basis) were mixed in a laboratory kneading machine to obtain a polymeric composition, prior to extrusion. Samples were extruded as flat extrudates, width=25 mm, thickness=3.5 mm, using a SCAMIA single-screw machine (Scamex, Crosne, F91). The temperature was 100° C. and 110° C. in the two first parts of the barrel of the extruder. The barrel of the extruder was 200 mm long (features of the screw: Length/Diameter=10). Temperature at the flat die was set at 120° C. for the present trials. The screw speed was set at 25 rpm. Specific mechanical energy, measured from the torque of the shaft, was 380 J·g −1 . 
     The Sample was cut as a parallelepiped (Length=30 mm, width=9 mm, weight=1.4 g). The text “INRA” was punched with rigid characters (shape F 1  in visible light, see  FIG. 31A ). 
     Samples were maintained for 1 week at low humidity level (Relative Humidity, RH=59%), at 20° C. The samples showed then a rigid mechanical behaviour. 
     Obtaining F 2 : Thermo-Moulding 
     Each sample (shape F 1 ) was put in a barrel-like mould and then submitted to the thermo-moulding: 300 bar, 120° C., during 2 minutes. After cooling under pressure the rigid flat barrel (length=35 mm and width=10 mm), it was removed from the mould (transparent shape F 2  in visible light, see  FIG. 31B ). 
     Maintaining the Shape F 2 : Cooling and Drying During the Storage of the Sample 
     To maintain the shape F 2 , it was cooled under Tg at room temperature and maintained at low humidity level, for T&lt;Tg (RH=59% at 20° C., during 1 week). In polarized light, a birefringent effect inside the shape F 2  leads to making appear “INRA” (see  FIG. 31C ). 
     Recovering the Printed Shape F 1 : Heating the Sample 
     The sample was immersed in an oil bath at 95° C., during 1 minute and 30 seconds. Then the material presented a ductile behaviour and recovered the shape F 1  presenting characters (see  FIG. 31D ). The birefingent effect disappeared simultaneously to the initial shape (F 1 ) recovery.