Patent Publication Number: US-2022221665-A1

Title: Devices, systems, and methods with a piezoelectric-driven light intensity modulator

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/136,415, filed Jan. 12, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/189,870, filed May 18, 2021, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure is directed to piezoelectric-driven light intensity monitors that can be used in magnetic field measurement systems and other applications. The present disclosure is also directed to the area of magnetic field measurement systems including systems for magnetoencephalography (MEG). 
     BACKGROUND 
     In the nervous system, neurons propagate signals via action potentials. These are brief electric currents which flow down the length of a neuron causing chemical transmitters to be released at a synapse. The time-varying electrical currents within an ensemble of neurons generate a magnetic field. Magnetoencephalography (MEG), the measurement of magnetic fields generated by the brain, is one method for observing these neural signals. 
     Existing systems for observing or measuring MEG typically utilize superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) or collections of discrete optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs). SQUIDs require cryogenic cooling which is bulky and expensive and requires a lot of maintenance which preclude their use in mobile or wearable devices. 
     OPMs utilize light from a light source. Often the light is delivered from the light source using a fiber-optic arrangement. The intensity of the light delivered by the fiber-optic arrangement can vary for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, fluctuations by the light source. Arrangements for achieving intensity control in fiber-optic arrangements often involve one or more of the following: deflection of light via devices, such as MEMs mirrors; electro-optic effects to rotate optical polarization in crystals; or diffraction of light by acousto-optic modulators. Although these techniques are effective, commercially available devices are often not cost effective at scale. In the case of MEMs mirrors, elevated noise also is frequently observed. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     One embodiment is a light intensity modulator that includes an input optical fiber; an output optical fiber; an optical arrangement having a lens, where the optical arrangement is configured to receive light from the input optical fiber, pass the light through the lens, and direct the light to the output optical fiber; and a piezoelectric device coupled to the lens, where the piezoelectric device is configured for moving the lens to alter overlap of the output optical fiber and the light directed to the output optical fiber to modulate intensity of light in the output optical fiber. 
     In at least some embodiments, the lens is a GRIN lens. In at least some embodiments, the piezoelectric device is configured to move the lens in a direction transverse to an optical axis of a distal portion of the input optical fiber. In at least some embodiments, the piezoelectric device is configured to move the lens in a direction parallel to an optical axis of a distal portion of the input optical fiber. In at least some embodiments, the piezoelectric device is configured to move the lens in a direction transverse to an optical axis of a distal portion of the input optical fiber and configured to move the lens in a direction parallel to an optical axis of a distal portion of the input optical fiber. 
     In at least some embodiments, the optical arrangement further includes a mirror or mirrored surface positioned to receive light from the lens and reflect the light back through the lens. In at least some embodiments, the light intensity modulator further includes a detector configured to receive a portion of the light in the output optical fiber and produce a monitor signal; and a controller coupled to the detector and the piezoelectric device and configured to use the monitor signal to operate the piezoelectric device to modulate the intensity of the light in the output optical fiber. In at least some embodiments, the lens is disposed between the input optical fiber and the output optical fiber. 
     Another embodiment is a method for modulation light intensity. The method includes directing light into the input optical fiber of any of the light intensity modulators described above; transmitting the light through the optical arrangement and into the output optical fiber; and operating the piezoelectric device to move the lens to maintain an intensity of light in the output optical fiber within a selected range. 
     In at least some embodiments, operating the piezoelectric device includes operating the piezoelectric device to move the lens in a direction transverse to an optical axis of a distal portion of the input optical fiber. In at least some embodiments, operating the piezoelectric device includes operating the piezoelectric device to move the lens in a direction parallel to an optical axis of a distal portion of the input optical fiber. 
     A further embodiment is a light intensity modulator that includes an input optical fiber; an output optical fiber; and a piezoelectric device coupled to either the input optical fiber or the output optical fiber, where the piezoelectric device is configured for moving the input optical fiber or the output optical fiber to alter overlap of the output optical fiber and the light emitted by the input optical fiber to modulate intensity of light in the output optical fiber. 
     In at least some embodiments, the piezoelectric device is configured to move the input optical fiber or the output optical fiber in a direction transverse to an optical axis of a distal portion of the input optical fiber. In at least some embodiments, the piezoelectric device is configured to move the input optical fiber or the output optical fiber in a direction parallel to an optical axis of a distal portion of the input optical fiber. 
     In at least some embodiments, the light intensity modulator further includes a detector configured to receive a portion of the light in the output optical fiber and produce a monitor signal; and a controller coupled to the detector and the piezoelectric device and configured to use the monitor signal to operate the piezoelectric device to modulate the intensity of the light in the output optical fiber. 
     Yet another embodiment is a method for modulation light intensity. The method includes directing light into the input optical fiber of any of the light intensity modulators described above; transmitting the light into the output optical fiber; and operating the piezoelectric device to move the lens to maintain an intensity of light in the output optical fiber within a selected range. 
     Another embodiment is an optically pumped magnetometer that includes at least one light source; a vapor cell; and any of the light intensity modulators described above disposed between the at least one light source and the vapor cell, where the input optical fiber is configured to receive light emitted by the at least one light source and the output optical fiber is configured to transmit light for illumination of the vapor cell. 
     A further embodiment is a magnetic field measurement system that includes the optically pumped magnetometer described above; and a detector configured to measure light transmitted through the vapor cell. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified. 
       For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will be made to the following Detailed Description, which is to be read in association with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a magnetic field measurement system, according to the invention; 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a magnetometer, such as an OPM module, according to the invention; 
         FIG. 2  shows a magnetic spectrum with lines indicating dynamic ranges of magnetometers operating in different modes; 
         FIG. 3  shows a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a light intensity modulator, according to the invention; 
         FIG. 4  shows a schematic illustration of a second embodiment of a light intensity modulator, according to the invention; 
         FIG. 5  shows a schematic illustration of a third embodiment of a light intensity modulator, according to the invention; 
         FIG. 6  shows a schematic illustration of a fourth embodiment of a light intensity modulator, according to the invention; 
         FIG. 7  shows a schematic illustration of a fifth embodiment of a light intensity modulator, according to the invention; 
         FIG. 8  shows a schematic illustration of a sixth embodiment of a light intensity modulator, according to the invention; and 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of an input optical fiber and an output optical fiber in a V-groove substrate, according to the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure is directed to piezoelectric-driven light intensity monitors that can be used in magnetic field measurement systems and other applications. The present disclosure is also directed to the area of magnetic field measurement systems including systems for magnetoencephalography (MEG). 
     Although the present disclosure utilizes magnetoencephalography (MEG) to exemplify the light intensity modulators, systems, and methods described herein, it will be understood that the light intensity modulators, systems, and methods can be used in any other suitable application. 
     Herein the terms “ambient background magnetic field” and “background magnetic field” are interchangeable and used to identify the magnetic field or fields associated with sources other than the magnetic field measurement system and the magnetic field sources of interest, such as biological source(s) (for example, neural signals from a user&#39;s brain) or non-biological source(s) of interest. The terms can include, for example, the Earth&#39;s magnetic field, as well as magnetic fields from magnets, electromagnets, electrical devices, and other signal or field generators in the environment, except for the magnetic field generator(s) that are part of the magnetic field measurement system. 
     The terms “gas cell”, “vapor cell”, and “vapor gas cell” are used interchangeably herein. Below, a gas cell containing alkali metal vapor is described, but it will be recognized that other gas cells can contain different gases or vapors for operation. 
     An optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) is a basic component used in optical magnetometry to measure magnetic fields. While there are many types of OPMs, in general magnetometers operate in two modalities: vector mode and scalar mode. In vector mode, the OPM can measure one, two, or all three vector components of the magnetic field; while in scalar mode the OPM can measure the total magnitude of the magnetic field. 
     Vector mode magnetometers measure a specific component of the magnetic field, such as the radial and tangential components of magnetic fields with respect the scalp of the human head. Vector mode OPMs often operate at zero-field and may utilize a spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) mode to reach femto-Tesla sensitivities. A SERF mode OPM is one example of a vector mode OPM, but other vector mode OPMs can be used at higher magnetic fields. These SERF mode magnetometers can have high sensitivity but may not function in the presence of magnetic fields higher than the linewidth of the magnetic resonance of the atoms of about 10 nT, which is much smaller than the magnetic field strength generated by the Earth. As a result, conventional SERF mode magnetometers often operate inside magnetically shielded rooms that isolate the sensor from ambient magnetic fields including Earth&#39;s magnetic field. 
     Magnetometers operating in the scalar mode can measure the total magnitude of the magnetic field. (Magnetometers in the vector mode can also be used for magnitude measurements.) Scalar mode OPMs often have lower sensitivity than SERF mode OPMs and are capable of operating in higher magnetic field environments. 
     The magnetic field measurement systems described herein can be used to measure or observe electromagnetic signals generated by one or more magnetic field sources (for example, neural signals or other biological sources) of interest. The system can measure biologically generated magnetic fields and, at least in some embodiments, can measure biologically generated magnetic fields in an unshielded or partially shielded environment. Aspects of a magnetic field measurement system will be exemplified below using magnetic signals from the brain of a user; however, biological signals from other areas of the body, as well as non-biological signals, can be measured using the system. This technology can also be applicable for uses outside biomedical sensing. In at least some embodiments, the system can be a wearable MEG system that can be used outside a magnetically shielded room. Examples of wearable MEG systems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,983,177 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 63/031,469; 63/076,015; and 63/170,892, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     A magnetic field measurement system can utilize one or more magnetic field sensors. Magnetometers will be used herein as an example of magnetic field sensors, but other magnetic field sensors may also be used.  FIG. 1A  is a block diagram of components of one embodiment of a magnetic field measurement system  140 . The system  140  can include a computing device  150  or any other similar device that includes a processor  152 , a memory  154 , a display  156 , an input device  158 , one or more magnetometers  160  (for example, an array of magnetometers) which can be OPMs, one or more magnetic field generators  162 , and, optionally, one or more other sensors  164  (e.g., non-magnetic field sensors). The system  140  and its use and operation will be described herein with respect to the measurement of neural signals arising from one or more magnetic field sources of interest in the brain of a user as an example. It will be understood, however, that the system can be adapted and used to measure signals from other magnetic field sources of interest including, but not limited to, other neural signals, other biological signals, as well as non-biological signals. 
     The computing device  150  can be a computer, tablet, mobile device, field programmable gate array (FPGA), microcontroller, or any other suitable device for processing information or instructions. The computing device  150  can be local to the user or can include components that are non-local to the user including one or both of the processor  152  or memory  154  (or portions thereof). For example, in at least some embodiments, the user may operate a terminal that is connected to a non-local computing device. In other embodiments, the memory  154  can be non-local to the user. 
     The computing device  150  can utilize any suitable processor  152  including one or more hardware processors that may be local to the user or non-local to the user or other components of the computing device. 
     Any suitable memory  154  can be used for the computing device  150 . The memory  154  illustrates a type of computer-readable media, namely computer-readable storage media. Computer-readable storage media may include, but is not limited to, volatile, nonvolatile, non-transitory, removable, and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer-readable storage media include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (“DVD”) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a computing device. 
     Communication methods provide another type of computer readable media; namely communication media. Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave, data signal, or other transport mechanism and include any information delivery media. The terms “modulated data signal,” and “carrier-wave signal” includes a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information, instructions, data, and the like, in the signal. By way of example, communication media includes wired media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, wave guides, and other wired media and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media. 
     The display  156  can be any suitable display device, such as a monitor, screen, or the like, and can include a printer. In some embodiments, the display is optional. In some embodiments, the display  156  may be integrated into a single unit with the computing device  150 , such as a tablet, smart phone, or smart watch. In at least some embodiments, the display is not local to the user. The input device  158  can be, for example, a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, track ball, joystick, voice recognition system, or any combination thereof, or the like. In at least some embodiments, the input device is not local to the user. 
     The magnetic field generator(s)  162  can be, for example, Helmholtz coils, solenoid coils, planar coils, saddle coils, electromagnets, permanent magnets, or any other suitable arrangement for generating a magnetic field. As an example, the magnetic field generator  162  can include three orthogonal sets of coils to generate magnetic fields along three orthogonal axes. Other coil arrangements can also be used. The optional sensor(s)  164  can include, but are not limited to, one or more position sensors, orientation sensors, accelerometers, image recorders, or the like or any combination thereof. 
     The one or more magnetometers  160  can be any suitable magnetometer including, but not limited to, any suitable optically pumped magnetometer. Arrays of magnetometers are described in more detail herein. In at least some embodiments, at least one of the one or more magnetometers (or all of the magnetometers) of the system is arranged for operation in the SERF mode. Examples of magnetic field measurement systems, such as MEG systems, or methods of making such systems or components for such systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,627,460; 10,976,386; 10,983,177; 10,996,293; 11,022,658; 11,131,729 and 11,136,647; U.S. Patent Application Publications Nos. 2020/0057116; 2019/0391213; 2020/0088811; 2020/0109481; 2020/0123416; 2020/0191883; 2020/0241094; 2020/0309873; 2020/0334559; 2020/0341081; 2020/0381128; US 2021/0011094; 2021/0015385; 2021/0041512; 2021/0063510; 2021/0139742; 2021/0369165; 2021/0373092; 2021/0369201; and 2021/0369166; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/338,429; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 62/689,696; 62/699,596; 62/719,471; 62/719,475; 62/719,928; 62/723,933; 62/732,327; 62/732,791; 62/741,777; 62/743,343; 62/747,924; 62/745,144; 62/752,067; 62/776,895; 62/781,418; 62/796,958; 62/798,209; 62/798,330; 62/804,539; 62/826,045; 62/827,390; 62/836,421; 62/837,574; 62/837,587; 62/842,818; 62/855,820; 62/858,636; 62/860,001; 62/865,049; 62/873,694; 62/874,887; 62/883,399; 62/883,406; 62/888,858; 62/895,197; 62/896,929; 62/898,461; 62/910,248; 62/913,000; 62/926,032; 62/926,043; 62/933,085; 62/960,548; 62/971,132; 62/983,406; 63/031,469; 63/052,327; 63/076,015; 63/076,880; 63/080,248; 63/089,456; 63/135,364; 63/136,093; 63/136,415; 63/140,150; 63/158,700; 63/159,823; 63/170,892; 63/189,870; 63/224,768; and 63/257,491, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The OPMs, OPM modules, and other system components described in these references can be used in the MEG and other magnetic field measurement systems and methods described herein. 
       FIG. 1B  is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a magnetometer, such as an OPM module  160   a , which includes one or more vapor cells  170  (also referred to as “cells”) such as alkali metal vapor cells; a heating device  176  to heat the vapor cell(s)  170 ; one or more light sources  172  (which can include multiple different light sources, such as a pump light source and a probe light source); and one or more detectors  174 . In addition, coils of a magnetic field generator  162  can be positioned around the vapor cell(s)  170 . The vapor cell(s)  170  can include, for example, an alkali metal vapor (for example, rubidium in natural abundance, isotopically enriched rubidium, potassium, or cesium, or any other suitable alkali metal such as lithium, sodium, or francium) and, optionally, one, or both, of a quenching gas (for example, nitrogen) and a buffer gas (for example, nitrogen, helium, neon, or argon). In some embodiments, the vapor cell may include the alkali metal atoms in a prevaporized form prior to heating to generate the vapor. 
     The light source(s)  172  can each include, for example, a laser to, respectively, optically pump the alkali metal atoms and probe the vapor cell. The light source(s)  172  may also include optics (such as lenses, waveplates, collimators, polarizers, and objects with reflective surfaces) for beam shaping and polarization control and for directing the light from the light source to the cell and detector. Examples of suitable light sources include, but are not limited to, a diode laser (such as a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), distributed Bragg reflector laser (DBR), distributed feedback laser (DFB)), external cavity diode laser (ECDL), light-emitting diode (LED), lamp, or any other suitable light source. In at least some embodiments, light can be delivered to the vapor cell via free-space optics or through a fiber optic arrangement with optical fibers. 
     The detector(s)  174  can include, for example, an optical detector to measure the optical properties of the transmitted probe light field amplitude, phase, or polarization, as quantified through optical absorption and dispersion curves, spectrum, or polarization or the like or any combination thereof. Examples of suitable detectors include, but are not limited to, a photodiode, charge coupled device (CCD) array, CMOS array, camera, photodiode array, single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array, avalanche photodiode (APD) array, or any other suitable optical sensor array that can measure the change in transmitted light at the optical wavelengths of interest. 
       FIG. 2  shows the magnetic spectrum from 1 fT to 100 μT in magnetic field strength on a logarithmic scale. The magnitude of magnetic fields generated by the human brain are indicated by range  201  and the magnitude of the background ambient magnetic field, including the Earth&#39;s magnetic field, by range  202 . The strength of the Earth&#39;s magnetic field covers a range as it depends on the position on the Earth as well as the materials of the surrounding environment where the magnetic field is measured. Range  210  indicates the approximate measurement range of a magnetometer (e.g., an OPM) operating in the SERF mode (e.g., a SERF magnetometer) and range  211  indicates the approximate measurement range of a magnetometer operating in a scalar mode (e.g., a scalar magnetometer.) Typically, a SERF magnetometer is more sensitive than a scalar magnetometer, but many conventional SERF magnetometers typically only operate up to about 0 to 200 nT while the scalar magnetometer starts in the 10 to 100 fT range but extends above 10 to 100 μT. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1B , the light source(s)  172  provides light for illumination of the vapor cell(s)  170 . In at least some embodiments, the light intensity of a light source, such as a laser diode, can fluctuate. Such fluctuation can reduce the accuracy of the magnetic field measurement. Light intensity modulators for light intensity control in a fiber optic delivery system are disclosed herein. The light intensity modulator and fiber optic delivery system can be disposed between the light source(s)  172  and the vapor cell(s)  170 . The light intensity modulators use piezoelectric devices (for example, piezoelectric chips or stages). In at least some embodiments, a light intensity modulators provides control of light intensity by modulating the position of a lens or fiber tip using a piezoelectric device. 
     One embodiment of a light intensity modulator  305  is illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Light, originating from the light source(s)  172  ( FIG. 1B ), is transmitted by an input optical fiber  310  and exits the input optical fiber to be collimated by a lens  312  of an optical arrangement. The lens  312  is mounted or otherwise coupled to a piezoelectric device  314  (such as a piezoelectric stage.) The light beam is reflected by a mirrored surface  316  (or other mirror or reflector) of the optical arrangement behind the lens  312 . The reflected light beam is directed to an output optical fiber  318 . For example, the reflected light beam can be focused to a spot at a tip or end of the output optical fiber  318 . 
     Operation of the piezoelectric device  314  can move the lens  312  to steer the reflected light beam relative to the output optical fiber  318 . The amount of light coupled into the output optical fiber  318  depends on the overlap of the reflected light beam with the core of the output optical fiber, thereby enabling control of the intensity of the light injected into the output optical fiber by changing the position of the lens  312  using the piezoelectric device  314 . In at least some embodiments, the piezoelectric device  314  and lens  312  can be used to change the position of the focus of the reflected light beam relative to the output optical fiber  318 . 
     In at least some embodiments, application of a voltage to (or other operation of) the piezoelectric device  314  translates or moves the lens  312  in a direction  320  transverse (e.g., up or down in  FIG. 3 ) to an optical axis  321  of the distal portion of the input optical fiber  310 . In at least some embodiments, the piezoelectric device  314  only translates or moves the lens in the transverse direction  320 . In at least some embodiments, operation of the piezoelectric device  314  can translate or move the lens  312  in a direction  322  parallel to the optical axis  321  of the distal portion of the input optical fiber  310 . In at least some embodiments, the piezoelectric device  314  only translates or moves the lens in the parallel direction  320  or only in either the parallel direction or the transverse direction. In at least some embodiments, operation of the piezoelectric device  314  can translate or move the lens  312  in a direction that is neither transverse, nor parallel (or is a combination of transverse and parallel) to the optical axis  321  of the distal portion of the input optical fiber  310 . 
     The input optical fiber  310  and output optical fiber  312  can be provided in any suitable arrangement including adjacent to each other. In at least some embodiments, a V-groove substrate  320  can accommodate the input optical fiber  310  and output optical fiber  312 , as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . 
     Another embodiment of a piezoelectric-driven light intensity modulator  305  is illustrated in  FIG. 4 . Light from the input optical fiber  310  is directed to a GRIN (gradient-index) lens  312 ′ with an integrated mirrored surface  316  (or other mirror or reflector) at the back face of the GRIN lens. The GRIN lens  312 ′ is mounted or otherwise coupled to the piezoelectric device  314 . Operation of the piezoelectric device  314  translates or moves the GRIN lens  312  to steer the reflected light beam relative to the output optical fiber  318 . The options for the direction of translation/movement described above for the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3  are also applicable to this embodiment and all of the other embodiments described herein unless indicated otherwise. This embodiment of the light intensity modulator  305  may be advantageous from a device fabrication perspective due to the lower number of discrete elements for alignment. 
     The light intensity modulators  305  of  FIGS. 3 and 4  can be operated in open loop as shown above in  FIGS. 3 and 4  or in a closed loop as shown in  FIG. 5  (using the embodiment of  FIG. 4  as an example). In the closed loop arrangement, the light intensity modulator  305  is arranged so that a portion of the reflected light beam is directed from the output optical fiber  318  along another optical fiber  323  (or through open space) to a detector  324 , such as a photodiode, that provides a monitor signal to a controller  326 . The monitor signal changes with changes in the light intensity. The controller  326  uses the monitor signal, as feedback, to control operation of the piezoelectric device  314  and move the GRIN lens  312 ′ to stabilize the light intensity provided to the output optical fiber  318 . 
     In at least some embodiment, closed loop operation of the piezoelectric-driven light intensity modulator  305  may mitigate hysteresis or creep or the like from the piezoelectric device  314 . In at least some embodiments, in open loop operation, these effects may be otherwise compensated. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates another embodiment of a piezoelectric-driven light intensity modulator  305 . The input optical fiber  310  and the output optical fiber  318  are placed on opposite sides of the lens  312  which is mounted or otherwise coupled to the piezoelectric device  314 . In at least some embodiments, the input optical fiber  310  and the output optical fiber  318  are positioned in a  2   f - 2   f  imaging configuration (i.e., the tips or ends of the optical fibers  310 ,  318  are placed at a distance equal to twice the effective focal length of the lens  312 ). The piezoelectric device  314  translates or moves the lens  312  to steer the light beam exiting the lens, thereby modulating the intensity of the light in the output optical fiber  318 . 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a further embodiment of a piezoelectric-driven light intensity modulator  305 . In this embodiment, the tips or ends of the input optical fiber  310  and the output optical fiber  318  are placed in close proximity (for example, within a few micrometers or tens or hundreds of micrometers) relative to each other. A piezoelectric device  314  translates or moves the output optical fiber  318  (or, alternatively, the input optical fiber  310 ) to steer the light beam relative to the output optical fiber. In this embodiment, the movement is parallel to the optical axes of the end portions of the two optical fibers  310 ,  318 . Because the light expands rapidly as a function of distance from the tip of the input optical fiber  310 , control of the distance between the two optical fibers  310 ,  318  provides control of the optical intensity in the output optical fiber  318 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates another embodiment similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 7  except that the output optical fiber  318  (or, alternatively, the input optical fiber  210 ) is translated by the piezoelectric device  314  in the direction transverse to the fiber axis of the input optical fiber  310  to provide intensity control. 
     In at least some embodiments, the light intensity modulators described herein have reduced cost compared to commercially available intensity modulators. In at least some embodiments, the light intensity modulators described herein provide reduced cost and complexity compared to microfabricated devices. In at least some embodiments, the light intensity modulators described herein provide higher speed than traditionally actuated mechanical shutters, like those based on solenoid motion. In at least some embodiments, the light intensity modulators described herein provide higher speed than liquid crystal displays (LCDs). 
     As described above, in at least some embodiments, the piezoelectric-driven light intensity modulator can be used to stabilize the intensity of light delivered to optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs). Such OPMs can be used for magnetic field measurement or recording systems such as, for example, magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems. Examples of magnetic field measurement or recording systems in which the embodiments described herein can be incorporated are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,627,460; 10,976,386; 10,983,177; 10,996,293; 11,022,658; 11,131,729 and 11,136,647; U.S. Patent Application Publications Nos. 2020/0057116; 2019/0391213; 2020/0088811; 2020/0109481; 2020/0123416; 2020/0191883; 2020/0241094; 2020/0309873; 2020/0334559; 2020/0341081; 2020/0381128; US 2021/0011094; 2021/0015385; 2021/0041512; 2021/0063510; 2021/0139742; 2021/0369165; 2021/0373092; 2021/0369201; and 2021/0369166; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/338,429; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 62/689,696; 62/699,596; 62/719,471; 62/719,475; 62/719,928; 62/723,933; 62/732,327; 62/732,791; 62/741,777; 62/743,343; 62/747,924; 62/745,144; 62/752,067; 62/776,895; 62/781,418; 62/796,958; 62/798,209; 62/798,330; 62/804,539; 62/826,045; 62/827,390; 62/836,421; 62/837,574; 62/837,587; 62/842,818; 62/855,820; 62/858,636; 62/860,001; 62/865,049; 62/873,694; 62/874,887; 62/883,399; 62/883,406; 62/888,858; 62/895,197; 62/896,929; 62/898,461; 62/910,248; 62/913,000; 62/926,032; 62/926,043; 62/933,085; 62/960,548; 62/971,132; 62/983,406; 63/031,469; 63/052,327; 63/076,015; 63/076,880; 63/080,248; 63/089,456; 63/135,364; 63/136,093; 63/136,415; 63/140,150; 63/158,700; 63/159,823; 63/170,892; 63/189,870; 63/224,768; and 63/257,491, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The piezoelectric-driven fiber optic intensity modulator may also find application in many other areas that require precise control of optical intensity, for example in atomic clocks, gyroscopes, or accelerometers. 
     The above specification provides a description of the invention and its manufacture and use. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention also resides in the claims hereinafter appended.