Patent Publication Number: US-11037367-B2

Title: Digital media environment for intuitive modifications of digital graphics

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/852,924, filed Dec. 22, 2017, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Vector artwork is becoming increasingly more common to create digital graphics that are smooth and can be scaled indefinitely without loss of quality. Digital graphics can be difficult to manipulate once created, however, even when the digital graphics are created using vector artwork. For instance, conventional digital graphics editing systems do not provide a way to accurately or intuitively manipulate a vector artwork when a user wants to move only a portion of the vector artwork without moving other parts of the vector artwork. On the other hand, conventional digital graphics editing systems often require users to manually change individual components of the vector artwork, such as Bezier curves that make up the vector artwork. More specifically, changes to digital graphics in many conventional digital graphics editing systems rely on user-specified modification of individual control points of the digital graphics, which requires precise interaction that is time consuming, tedious, and undesirable for users. 
     SUMMARY 
     Techniques for intuitive modifications of digital graphics in a digital media environment are described. For instance, a digital graphic includes a set of Bezier curves, which are used in conjunction with user-defined handles to edit a shape of the digital graphic. The user-defined handles can be used to control a direction of a Bezier curve or other components of the digital graphic without restricting the user to predefined handles. User interaction with the handles results in intuitive modifications to underlying Bezier curves in the shape, without explicit selection of specific points and/or curves as required by conventional digital graphics editing systems. 
     In one example, a digital graphics creation system accesses a vector artwork having at least one vector object, such as a Bezier curve. The digital graphics creation system receives user inputs, including a user input defining handles on the vector object and a user input interacting with the handles indicating a desired change to the vector object. The user input interacting with the handles causes a change in a location of at least one of the handles in a user interface. The digital graphics creation system then modifies the vector artwork, including the vector object, based on the interaction. To do so, the digital graphics creation system accounts for topology of the vector object and maintains connections between connected segments of the vector object. By accounting for topology and maintaining connections between connected segments, the digital graphics creation system preserves features of digital graphics such as the vector artwork across deformations, including preserving smoothness of curves in input geometry of digital graphics after deformations. The digital graphics creation system outputs the modified vector artwork, including the vector object, such as in the user interface. 
     This Summary introduces a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. As such, this Summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. Entities represented in the figures may be indicative of one or more entities and thus reference may be made interchangeably to single or plural forms of the entities in the discussion. 
         FIG. 1  is an illustration of an environment in an example implementation that is operable to employ techniques for intuitive modifications of digital graphics as described herein. 
         FIG. 2  depicts an example implementation showing operation of a graphic modification module of  FIG. 1  in greater detail. 
         FIG. 3A  depicts an example of control points of a cubic Bezier curve. 
         FIG. 3B  depicts an example of retracted control points of a cubic Bezier curve. 
         FIG. 4  depicts an example of a digital graphic as transformed using a process without applied continuity constraints compared to the digital graphic as transformed using a process incorporating inferred continuity constraints. 
         FIG. 5  depicts an example of a digital graphic before and after a skinning transformation is applied in response to a user input to create a deformed mesh. 
         FIG. 6  depicts an example of a digital graphic before and after a deformation with re-parameterization, and before and after a deformation without re-parameterization. 
         FIG. 7  depicts examples of a digital graphic being deformed using a quadratic energy minimization technique versus being deformed using the techniques for intuitive modifications of digital graphics described herein. 
         FIG. 8  depicts examples of a deformed digital graphic with inferred continuity constraints and curve fitting versus the deformed digital graphic without inferred continuity constraints and without curve fitting. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow diagram depicting a procedure in an example implementation in which vector artwork is modified by accounting for topology of the vector object and maintaining connections between connected segments of the vector object in a digital image creation system. 
         FIG. 10  is a flow diagram depicting a procedure in an example implementation in which a vector artwork is generated based on a deformed Bezier curve having refitted segments in a digital image creation system. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example system including various components of an example device that can be implemented as any type of computing device as described and/or utilized with reference to  FIGS. 1-10  to implement embodiments of the techniques described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Overview 
     Digital graphics are becoming increasingly common, providing users with new and innovative ways to generate and manipulate digital graphics. Many forms of digital graphics, such as vector artwork, utilize paths, which are the underlying lines of an object, to create the object. For instance, a path may be a black line that appears when a line is drawn in a content editing application, such as Adobe Illustrator™. A path is made up of a series of points, referred to herein as “control points,” connected by line segments between the control points. Control points may have control handles which can be used to control a direction of a curved path. Control points allow control of how tightly or loosely the curve of the path can be bent at each control point, and may be represented by small squares on the path. Control handles are tangent lines that allow a direction of the path to bend. 
     Paths give content creators immense freedom to generate innovative digital graphics. However, as a vector artwork increases in detail, so too do the number and complexity of control points of the vector artwork. This can make editing digital graphics in later stages of workflow, or after a digital graphic has been completed, incredibly time consuming and tedious, as numerous control points of multiple paths typically must be taken into consideration with each edit made to a digital graphic. 
     Conventional techniques to alleviate the tedious nature of digital graphics editing include Linear Blend skinning, which is used for deforming geometry of digital graphics represented by triangle meshes, or bounding resulting geometry by a set of cubic Bezier curves formulated as a quadratic energy minimization problem instead of a triangle mesh or raster. These conventional techniques, however, do not generate aesthetically pleasing results, are not fast enough to give real-time feedback when an edit is made to a digital graphic, can fail to converge in practical use cases, and are often slow in real-world scenarios and applications. 
     Accordingly, techniques and systems are described in which a digital graphics creation system provides intuitive modifications to digital graphics by refitting Bezier segments to transformed points subject to constraints derived from input curves of the digital graphics. The digital graphics creation system, for instance, may be configured to allow creation and editing of digital graphics and vector artwork as part of an application of a computing device in a variety of different ways. Examples of digital graphics creation and editing include use as part of an online application (via a subscription-based service system), provide opportunities to purchase a good or service, online storage, or other web service that is accessible via a network. Digital graphics and vector artwork may include a variety of different content that may be stored digitally or electronically, e.g., movies, books, documents, games, applications, images, audio files, and so on. 
     To begin, a digital graphics creation system accesses a vector artwork having at least one vector object. Vector objects are structures used to construct complex digital graphics for display on a display device. Vector objects may include, by way of example and not limitation, simple shapes such as points, lines, triangles, and polygons used to construct complex structures in digital graphics such as vector artwork or digital images. Vector objects also include intermediately complex structures such as Bezier curves, Bezier surfaces, Bezier objects, and groups of geometric primitives and/or Bezier shapes used to create complex geometry in digital graphics. Vector artwork uses the vector objects to represent images in digital graphics. Digital graphics may also include digital images, video, 3D modeling, animation, video games, implicit surface visualization, and so forth. 
     The digital graphics creation system receives user inputs, including a user input defining control handles (also referred to herein simply as “handles”) on the vector object and a user input interacting with the handles indicating a desired change to the vector object. As discussed above, a control handle can be used to control a direction of a curved path, such as a Bezier curve of the vector artwork. For example, a smooth control point of a path can be made up of two linked handles that prevent the path from changing direction abruptly, while a corner point where two straight lines meet does not have any handles. By allowing a user to indicate the location of the handles, the user has freedom to indicate how and where the vector object will be modified, without restricting the user to predefined handles. The user input interacting with the handles causes a change in a location of at least one of the handles in a user interface. The user input may indicate the change in location with a mouse input, keyboard input, touch input, voice input, and so forth. 
     The digital graphics creation system then modifies the vector artwork, including the vector object, based on the interacting. To do so, the digital graphics creation system accounts for topology of the vector object and maintains connections between connected segments of the vector object. In an example, the digital graphics creation system first determines continuity between segments of a Bezier curve using geometry of the segments of the Bezier curve. In some cases, either an input or output tangent of a control handle line may be retracted, which causes continuity constraints between segments of a Bezier curve to not be applied, despite smoothness of the geometry of the Bezier curve. When control handle lines are retracted, deformations to the curve (e.g., when a user input modifies the vector artwork) sharp edges occur in regions that were previously smooth. In this example, the digital image creation system determines, or infers, the correct continuity in the case of a retracted control handle line using geometry of segments of the curve. 
     Continuing with the above example, the digital graphics creation system may receive the user input defining handles on the Bezier curve and a user input to deform the Bezier curve by interacting with the handles as the user inputs described above. The digital graphics creation system then generates a mesh based on the deformed Bezier curve which represents visual changes to the vector artwork as a result of the user input to deform the Bezier curve. Using the mesh, the digital graphics creation system locates control points that represent the deformations. The control points can be located by modeling the inferred continuity constraints as a Least Squares Problem (LSQ), which maintains the inferred continuity constraints. A LSQ is an approach in regression analysis to an approximate solution of sets of equations in which there are more equations than unknowns, where the overall solution minimizes the sum of the squares of residuals made in results of the included equations. The digital graphics creation system refits the segments of the original Bezier curve to the deformed Bezier curve using the control points while maintaining continuity between the segments of the original Bezier curve. In other words, the described techniques maintain the topology of the original digital graphic such that even where handles are retracted (or there are no handles to begin with), desired characteristics of the digital graphic are maintained such as smoothness and sharpness at different locations. 
     The digital graphics creation system outputs the modified digital graphic, such as in a user interface. In some cases, digital graphics other than a vector artwork may be used as an input for modification, such as a raster file or other type of digital image. When other inputs are used, the techniques described herein may be used to generate a vector artwork based on the deformed Bezier curve having refitted segments as described above, and output the vector artwork. By accounting for topology and maintaining connections between connected segments, the digital graphics creation system preserves features of digital graphics across deformations, including preserving smoothness of curves in input geometry after deformations. 
     In the following discussion, an example environment is described that may employ the techniques described herein. Example procedures are also described which may be performed in the example environment as well as other environments. Consequently, performance of the example procedures is not limited to the example environment and the example environment is not limited to performance of the example procedures. 
     Example Environment 
       FIG. 1  is an illustration of a digital medium environment  100  in an example implementation that is operable to employ techniques for intuitive modifications of digital graphics as described herein. The illustrated environment  100  includes a computing device  102 , which may be configured in a variety of ways. 
     The computing device  102 , for instance, may be configured as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a mobile device (e.g., assuming a handheld configuration such as a tablet or mobile phone as illustrated), and so forth. Thus, the computing device  102  may range from full resource devices with substantial memory and processor resources (e.g., personal computers, game consoles) to a low-resource device with limited memory and/or processing resources (e.g., mobile devices). Additionally, although a single computing device  102  is shown, the computing device  102  may be representative of a plurality of different devices, such as multiple servers utilized by a business to perform operations “over the cloud” as described in  FIG. 11 . 
     The computing device  102  is illustrated as including a content editing application  104 . The content editing application  104  is implemented at least partially in hardware of the computing device  102  to process and transform digital graphics  106 , which are illustrated as maintained in a storage device  108  of the computing device  102 . Such processing includes creation of the digital graphics  106 , modification of the digital graphics  106 , and rendering of the digital graphics  106  in a user interface  110  for output, e.g., by a display device  112  and/or stored in the storage device  108 . Although illustrated as implemented locally at the computing device  102 , functionality of the content editing application  104  may also be implemented in whole or in part via functionality available via the network  114 , such as part of a web service or “in the cloud.” 
     The digital graphics  106  may take a variety of forms, such as any content that may be stored digitally or electronically, including digital images that are rendered for output by the display device  112 , vector artwork, movies, books, documents, games, applications, images, audio files, and so on. In one example, the content editing application  104  is a vector graphics editor that is configured to generate the digital graphics  106  as vector artwork  116 . Vector artwork is defined through the use of polygons to represent images in computer graphics. Vector artwork is based on vector objects  118 , which lead through vertices, also referred to as control points or nodes, that are defined using coordinates in two dimensions, e.g., X and Y axes, to define a direction of a path. Vector artwork may be defined using a variety of standards, examples of which include Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), Portable Document Format (PDF), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), Windows Metafile (WMF), Vector Markup Language (VML), and so forth. 
     As discussed above, a path of the vector objects  118  is made up of a series of control points connected by line segments between the control points. Control points of the vector objects  118  may have control handles which can be used to control a direction of a curved path. Control points allow control of how tightly or loosely the curve of the path can be bent at each control point. Control handles are tangent lines that allow a direction of the path to bend. One example of a vector object  118  is a Bezier curve, which are parametric curves used to model smooth curves in computer graphics, and can be combined to form paths. 
     The content editing application  104 , for instance, may include a vector tool that is user-selectable via the user interface  110  to create vector artwork  116  using the vector objects  118 . To do so, a user input may be received to define a location of a vector object  118  in the user interface  110  as X and Y coordinates, e.g., by “clicking” on a location in the user interface using a cursor control device or gesture. To delete the vector object  118 , a user input may also be received to select and then delete the vertex, e.g., through use of an “Alt-click” in Windows® or “Option-click” in a MacOS® also using a cursor control device and key combination. Locations and properties of the vector objects  118  may be changed through a click-and-drag operation through use of a cursor control device or gesture to interact with the user interface  110 , e.g., via touchscreen functionality. Vector artwork  116  may also be created by the content editing application  104  by converting other types of art, e.g., from bitmap art using a vector graphics conversion tool. 
     The illustrated user interface  110  includes examples of rendered first and second items of vector artwork  120 ,  122 . The vector artwork  120  depicts the vector artwork with fill and/or stroke attributes applied to the vector objects that make up the artwork, thus presenting a “finalized” output of the vector artwork. The vector artwork  122 , on the other hand, depicts the same vector artwork without the fill and/or stroke attributes applied to the vector objects that make up the vector artwork. Without the fill and/or stroke attributes applied, the vector artwork  122  provides a user with additional options in the user interface  110  to access individual vector objects for editing of the vector artwork. However, as discussed above, conventional systems for editing digital graphics and vector artwork require numerous control points of multiple paths to be taken into consideration with each edit made to the vector artwork. As shown in the vector artwork  122 , a single item of vector artwork can be made up of dozens, or even hundreds, of vector objects. Therefore, conventional techniques for editing vector artwork can be extremely tedious and time consuming for users. 
     Accordingly, the content editing application  104  includes a graphics modification module  124  that is configured to process user inputs and provide intuitive modifications and deformations of digital graphics as described above and below. In implementations, the graphics modification module  124  obtains a digital graphic, such as from the digital graphics  106  located in the storage  108  of the computing device  102 . Based on user inputs indicating a desired change to the digital graphic, the graphics modification module  124  modifies the digital graphic intuitively by maintaining connections between connected segments of the digital graphic and accounting for topology of the digital graphic. 
     By maintaining connections between connected segments of the digital graphic and accounting for topology of the digital graphic, the graphics modification module  124  preserves regular features of shapes present in the digital graphic across deformations while sustaining smoothness of curves of the input geometry and without adding additional degrees of freedom to components of the digital graphic. The digital graphic including the modifications can be output to a user interface of the computing device  102 , such as in real time. For instance, the graphics modification module  124  solves a set of linear constraints associated with the modifications to the digital graphic, making performance of the modifications faster than conventional systems and ensuring real time feedback during interactive sessions. 
     In general, functionality, features, and concepts described in relation to the examples above and below may be employed in the context of the example procedures described in this section. Further, functionality, features, and concepts described in relation to different figures and examples in this document may be interchanged among one another and are not limited to implementation in the context of a particular figure or procedure. Moreover, blocks associated with different representative procedures and corresponding figures herein may be applied together and/or combined in different ways. Thus, individual functionality, features, and concepts described in relation to different example environments, devices, components, figures, and procedures herein may be used in any suitable combinations and are not limited to the particular combinations represented by the enumerated examples in this description. 
       FIG. 2  depicts a system  200  in an example implementation showing operation of the graphics modification module  124  of  FIG. 1  in greater detail. As discussed in more detail below, the graphics modification module  124  may solve the following equations to provide intuitive modifications of digital graphics: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
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     Where C j  are control points of the j th  Bezier segment, t ij  is the i th  parametric point of the j th  Bezier segment, and d ij  is the i th  sample point of the j th  Bezier segment. The second equation imposes C 0  continuity, the third equation imposes C 1  continuity, and the fourth equation imposes G 1  continuity, which are described below. 
     To begin this example, a continuity module  204  of the graphics modification module  124  receives a digital graphic  202 , such as from the storage  108  of the computing device  102 . The digital graphic  202  may be a vector artwork that includes one or multiple vector objects, such as Bezier curves, as described above. In some cases, the digital graphic  202  may not contain Bezier curves, but instead includes other shapes such as those used for user interface icons or shapes found in digital images, for instance. 
     In cases where the digital graphic  202  contains one or multiple Bezier curves, the continuity module  204  determines continuity between segments of a Bezier curve using geometry of the segments of the Bezier curve. To do so, the continuity module  204  may sample and triangulate Bezier segments, such as cubic Bezier segments, of the input Bezier curves using conforming Delaunay triangulation. Delaunay triangulation is a triangulation such that no point in a given set of discrete points in a plane is inside a circumcircle of any triangle in the plane, while maximizing the minimum angle of all angles of the tringles in the triangulation. Continuity constraints of control points of the Bezier curves describe how the curves fit together, such as smooth points, straight corner points (e.g., the corners of a rectangle), curved corner points (e.g., the top dip of a heart shape), combination corner points (e.g., a straight corner point and a curved corner point meet), and so forth. Conventional vector graphics applications use first order continuity to ensure the smoothness of Bezier curves at joints. These effectively mean C 1  and G 1  continuity, where C 1  continuity implies that the derivative is continuous, (e.g., the left and right tangent at the point are same), and G 1  continuity implies unit tangent vector continuity (e.g., the left and right unit tangents at the point are same). C 1  continuity at a point inherently implies G 1  continuity. 
     For example, consider  FIG. 3A , which depicts an example of control points of a cubic Bezier curve  300 . The Bezier curve  300  includes a first segment  302  and a second segment  304 , which are connected at a control point  306 . The control point  306  in this example includes two control handles  308  and  310 , which are tangent lines to the control point and allow the direction of the path from the first segment  302  and the second segment  304  to bend. The control handle  308  represents the in-tangent, and the control handle  310  represents the out-tangent. C 1  continuity at the control point  306  would imply:
 
 C   31   −C   21   =C   12   −C   02   (6)
 
Whereas G 1  continuity at the control point  306  would imply:
 
                         C   31     -     C   21                C   31     -     C   21              =         C   12     -     C   02                C   12     -     C   02                      (   7   )               
Therefore, G 1  is independent of the length of the tangents of the control handles  308  and  310 , therefore satisfying the G 1  continuity constraint.
 
     In many user-created files, however, either the in-tangent (e.g., the control handle  308 ) or the out-tangent (e.g., the control handle  310 ) is retracted having a length of zero, even though the curve may still appear smooth. For example, consider  FIG. 3B , which depicts an example of retracted control points of a cubic Bezier curve  312 . Like the Bezier curve  300 , the Bezier curve  312  includes a first segment  314  and a second segment  316  connected at a control point  318 . The control point  318  includes only one control handle  320  in this example, however. In this case, either the in-tangent or the out-tangent of the control point  318  is retracted, having a length of zero, despite the appearance of the Bezier curve  312  remaining smooth. 
     When a control handle of a control point is retracted, the first order continuity constraints C 1  and G 1  are inadequate and many times, despite the inherent smoothness of the geometry, the continuity constraints are not applied. When either the in-tangent or the out-tangent is retracted, conventional techniques that apply deformation to a curve obtain sharp edges in regions of the curve that were originally smooth. Consequently, neither C 1  or G 1  are applicable, and the deformed curve loses its inherent smoothness. 
     Returning to a discussion of  FIG. 2 , the continuity module  204  resolves problems caused by retracted handles by determining, or inferring, correct continuity between segments of a Bezier curve using geometry of the segments of the curve. For instance, suppose C 01 , C 11 , C 21 , and C 31  are the control points of one curve and C 02 , C 12 , C 22 , and C 32  are the control points of an adjacent curve, where the two curves are C 0  continuous (e.g., C 31 =C 02 ). Even in cases where one of the tangents is retracted (e.g., length is zero) the continuity module  204  infers continuity where the curves meet. If the in-tangent is retracted, this implies that C 21 =C 31 . In such a scenario, the continuity module  204  checks for C 1  continuity using the following:
 
 C   31   −C   11   =C   12   −C   02   (8)
 
In other words, the continuity module  204  considers the out-tangent at the previous point (C 11 ) when determining continuity. Similarly, if the out-tangent is retracted, the continuity module  204  takes the in-tangent of the next point (C 22 ) into consideration, and C 1  continuity is checked using the following:
 
 C   31   −C   21   =C   22   −C   02   (9)
 
     If this continuity check passes, the continuity module  204  extends the retracted handle, such as to quarter-length of the corresponding segment. For example, if in-tangent is zero, C 21  is set to one-quarter of the length of the first segment, and if out-tangent is zero, C 12  is set to one-quarter of the length of the first segment, as follows: 
                   {             C   21     =     0.25   ⁢     (       C   11     -     C   31       )                 if   ⁢           ⁢     C   21       =     C   31                   C   12     =     0.25   ⁢     (       C   22     -     C   02       )                 if   ⁢           ⁢     C   12       =     C   02                     (   10   )               
Other lengths of extensions of the retracted handle are also considered, such as a set length, a length based on the non-retracted handle, different proportions of the corresponding segment, and so forth.
 
     For example, consider  FIG. 4 , which depicts an example of a digital graphic  400  as transformed using a process without applied continuity constraints, compared to the digital graphic as transformed via the continuity module  204  incorporating inferred continuity constraints. The digital graphic  400  includes a number of control points that have retracted handles, such as the control point  402 . Using conventional techniques that do not apply continuity constraints to retracted handles, deformations applied to the digital graphic  400  result in sharp edges after deformation to a digital graphic  404 . Furthermore, conventional techniques do not preserve C 1  or G 1  continuity following the deformation. 
     On the other hand, the techniques described herein that infer continuity constraints of retracted handles maintain topology and smoothness of the digital graphic  400  after deformation to a digital graphic  406 . Additionally, C 1  and G 1  continuity are maintained after the deformation utilizing the techniques described herein to generate the deformed digital graphic  406 . By maintaining C 1  and G 1  continuity, subsequent deformations to the deformed digital graphic  406  may be made immediately by a user, without having to correct for sharpness imposed with conventional techniques after a single deformation as is the case with conventional techniques. 
     Returning to the discussion of  FIG. 2 , the continuity module  204  generates continuity data  206  which includes the determined or inferred continuity between segments of one or multiple Bezier curves of the digital graphic  202 . A mesh generation module  208  receives the continuity data  206 , and also receives user input(s)  210 . The user inputs  210  may be, for instance, mouse input, keyboard input, touch input, voice input, and so forth. At least one of the user inputs  210  define handles on a vector object, such as a Bezier curve. The handles provide an indication of a portion of the digital graphic  202  that the user desires to deform or modify. Another of the user inputs  210  perform an interaction with the handles that indicate a desired change to the digital graphic  202 , such as a vector object of the digital graphic. For instance, if a first of the user inputs  210  defines handles on a vector object such as a Bezier curve, a second user input may deform the Bezier curve by interacting with the handles. By interacting with the handles, the user input  210  indicates a change in a location in one or more of the handles in a user interface. After receiving the user inputs  210 , the mesh generation module  208  generates a mesh based on the deformed Bezier curve, such as by utilizing a skinning transformation as described below. 
     For example, consider  FIG. 5 , which depicts an example of a digital graphic  500  before and after a skinning transformation is applied in response to user inputs to create a deformed mesh. In a first depiction  502  of the digital graphic  500 , the digital graphic includes three handles  504 ( a )-( c ) placed on the digital graphic by a user, such as via the user inputs  210 . For instance, the handles  504 ( a )-( c ) may be placed by a mouse input and/or a touch input in a user interface, to name a few examples. The handles  504 ( a )-( c ) provide an indication of a portion of the digital graphic  500  that the user desires to deform or modify. 
     In a second depiction  506  of the digital graphic  500 , an icon  508  representing a user input is shown at the handle  504 ( b ). In the second depiction  506 , the user input specifies an interaction with the handle  504 ( b ) indicating a desired change  510  to the digital graphic  500 , in this example by moving the handle down and to the left. The user input indicates that the user desires to deform or modify the digital graphic at the handle  504 ( b ) by changing the location of the handle in the user interface. The user input may be, for instance, a drag gesture by the icon  508  via a mouse input or touch input. 
     In response to the user input indicating the desired change  510  to the digital graphic  500 , the mesh generation module  208 , for instance, generates a mesh  512  based on the desired change. The mesh  512  retains the handles  504 ( a )-( c ) from the digital graphic  500 , with the handle  504 ( b ) now positioned at the location in the user interface indicated by the desired change  510 . In one example, the mesh generation module  208  applies a skinning transformation to the digital graphic  500  to generate the mesh  512  by first sampling the input segments of a Bezier curve of the digital graphic. Generally, a skinning transformation is a technique in which a surface representation used to draw an object (e.g., a skin or a mesh) and a hierarchical set of interconnected components of a rig (e.g., a skeleton or bones) are used to animate or fill the mesh. After sampling the input segments, the mesh generation module  208  creates a mesh representation using sample points from the input segments, and applies the skinning transformation to the mesh to compute new positons of the sample points. The mesh generation module  208  refits cubic Bezier segments over the newly positioned sample points. Other techniques for generating the mesh  512  are also contemplated. 
     Returning to the discussion of  FIG. 2 , the mesh generation module  208  outputs a mesh  212  that maps to a deformed curve  214  indicating the modification or deformation of the digital graphic  202  based on the user inputs  210 . A curve generation module  216  receives the mesh  212  and the deformed curve  214 , and uses the mesh and the deformed curve to locate control points of the mesh, while maintaining continuity constraints indicated in the continuity data  206 . The curve generation module  216  applies the inferred continuity constraints in the continuity data  206  to segments of the mesh  212  to generate refitted segments  218 . 
     To do so, the curve generation module  216  solves for the above C 1  continuity equation, with the following modification:
 
 C   31   −C   21 =α( C   12   −C   02 )  (11)
 
Where α is the ratio of the original tangent lengths. The modification above results in all continuity constraints being linear, which allows for the continuity constraints to be modeled as a Least Squares Problem (LSQ). When modeled as a LSQ, the continuity constraints preserve accuracy of curves with respect to the sample points, thus matching Bezier curves to the newly formed mesh  212 . The curve generation module  216  also applies C 0  continuity using the LSQ to maintain connectivity of segments in the input Bezier curves. Additionally, C 1  and G 1  constraints, if present in the input Bezier curve or inferred by the continuity module  204 , are applied by the curve generation module  216  to maintain smoothness of the segments using the LSQ.
 
     The curve generation module  216  can apply the LSQ to different numbers of samples per segment of a Bezier curve, along with supporting both hard and soft constraints, and applying different weights to continuity constraints to define precedence among the constraints. For example, the curve generation module  216  may use a low weight for curve accuracy as compared to continuity (C 0 , C 1 , G 1 ). Additionally, the curve generation module  216  computes a left hand side (LHS) of the LSQ only once, such as by resampling a cubic Bezier indicated by the deformed curve  214  at uniform parametric values dependent upon the length of the cubic Bezier, and using this uniform parameterization in the LHS. Consequently, the curve generation module  216  holds the LHS fixed throughout deformations, and can pre-factor the LHS for rapid solving of the LSQ. In this example, only the right hand side (RHS), which includes the location of the deformed sample points changes and is reassembled by the curve generation module  216 . By using a LSQ, deformations can be performed more rapidly than with conventional techniques, as the linear equations of the LSQ are faster to solve than minimizing an energy function iteratively in an odd-even manner in conventional systems. 
     Additionally, the curve generation module  216  refits the segments of a Bezier curve of the digital graphic  202  to the deformed curve  214  using the control points, while maintaining continuity between the segments of the Bezier curve. To do so, the curve generation module  216  fits piece-wise cubic Bezier segments on sets of the sample points of the deformed curve  214  that correspond to respective segments of the input Bezier curve of the digital graphic  202 . The curve generation module  216  minimizes error between the deformed sample points and the corresponding Bezier segment to be computed, without subdividing the segments of the deformed curve  214 . Conventional techniques do subdivide curves in Bezier cubic curve fitting when maximum error exceeds a threshold, which increases complexity of the digital graphic being manipulated, making it more difficult to perform subsequent editing operations at the original resolution. 
     On the other hand, the curve generation module  216  minimizes a squared distance between the deformed curve  214  and the input Bezier curve of the digital graphic  202  by treating both the control points and t ij  from Equation 1 as unknowns. The following is the error function to be minimized:
 
min Σ i=1   n ∥ ( t   ij ) C   j   −d   ij ∥ 2   (12)
 
Where  (.) is the Bernstein Polynomial, C ij  are the control points of the Bezier j th  curve computed and d ij  are the deformed (input) sample points. The above equation is minimized by taking both t ij  and C j  as unknowns and solving the equation iteratively. First, the curve generation module  216  estimates the parameter t ij  using arc-length parameterization, which is used to solve for the initial values of C:
 
 C   j =[ ( t   j )] −1   d   j   (13)
 
     In subsequent iterations, the curve generation module  216  refines the value of the initial solution by re-computing the value of the parameters t ij  by using Newton-Rhapson&#39;s method to minimize the error function with respect to t ij . Newton-Rhapson&#39;s method involves finding successively better approximations to the roots, or zeroes, of a real-valued function. The curve generation module  216  can alter the number of iterations performed based on the convergence of the error function to within permissible bounds. However, it may not always be possible to fit curve segments within a specified threshold, as the mesh may undergo any arbitrary deformation based on user inputs. Therefore, an upper bound may be placed on a maximum number of iterations to be performed before terminating, such as four iterations, although any number of iterations is contemplated. 
     Accordingly, the curve generation module  216  fits piecewise cubic Bezier segments using iterative re-parameterization which results in accurate curve fitting subject to continuity constraints of the original digital graphic. For example, consider  FIG. 6 , which depicts an example of a digital graphic  600  before and after a deformation with re-parameterization, and before and after a deformation without re-parameterization. The first example  602  shows the digital graphic  600  being deformed with the techniques described herein, applying iterative re-parameterization. With the iterative re-parameterization in the first example  602 , sharpness of the geometry of the digital graphic  600  is preserved due to better curve fitting. On the other hand, the second example  604  shows the digital graphic  600  being deformed using conventional techniques that do not make use of iterative re-parameterization. Without the iterative re-parameterization in the second example  604 , the digital graphic  600  loses sharpness of the geometry due to poor curve fitting, resulting in rounded edges that were not present in the original digital graphic in this example. 
     Returning to the discussion of  FIG. 2 , the curve generation module  216  may also transform shapes that are not represented as Bezier curves, which are expected to maintain their topology and regular properties under deformation. For example, a circle in an original vector graphic is expected to map to a circle in a deformed vector graphic. The ability of the curve generation module  216  to transform shapes that are not represented as Bezier curves is especially useful in cases such as icon design, where shapes are expected to maintain their original geometry despite deformations. 
     Rather than enforcing constraints of an original shape in the mesh deformation process, the curve generation module  216  adaptively samples an input shape from the digital graphic  202  and computes positions of these samples in the deformed mesh. Then, the curve generation module  216  determines correspondences between the input shape and the samples in the deformed mesh. The curve generation module  216  solves for an optimal scale along with a rigid transformation by minimizing a distance between a transformed shape and the deformed shape, such as by using a Kabsch algorithm. A Kabsch algorithm calculates an optimal rotation matrix that minimizes a root mean squared deviation (RMSD) between two paired sets of points. In this way, shapes map to a close-fitting version of the shape in the deformed mesh, allowing a user to control deformation in intuitive ways while preserving topology and regular properties of the shape. 
     The curve generation module  216  generates the refitted segments  218 , which refit the segments of the original Bezier curve of the digital graphic  202  to the deformed curve  214  using the control points located in the mesh  212 , such as by using the LSQ described above. The curve generation module  216  maintains continuity between the segments of the original Bezier curve of the digital graphic  202  when generating the refitted segments  218 , such as by utilizing the LSQ and iterative re-parameterization described above. A vector output module  220  receives the refitted segments  218 , and uses the refitted segments to generate a vector artwork  222  based on the deformed Bezier curve having the refitted segments. The vector artwork  222  generated by the vector output module  220 , for instance, has a new set of Bezier curves and control points corresponding to the refitted segments  218 . 
     In cases where the digital graphic  202  includes shapes that are not Bezier curves, the vector output module  220  generates the vector artwork  222  having new shapes corresponding to the input shapes of the digital graphic  202 . The new shapes in the vector artwork  222  also include control points corresponding to the refitted segments  218 . For example, if the digital graphic  202  includes an originally elliptical shape that is deformed by the user inputs  210 , the vector artwork  222  will also include a corresponding elliptical shape that is modified or deformed based on the refitted segments  218 . 
     The vector output module  220  outputs the vector artwork  222  for display, such as to a user interface module  224 . The user interface module  224  outputs the vector artwork  222  in a user interface  226  of the computing device  102 , such as in real time in response to the user inputs  210 . Output of the vector artwork  222  in real time, or near real time, is enabled by the graphics modification module  124  solving a set of linear constraints as described above, which is much faster than conventional techniques that utilize minimization of an energy function iteratively in an odd-even manner The user interface  226  may enable a user of the computing device  102  to provide additional user inputs  210  to further deform or modify the vector artwork  222  that is displayed. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 7 , an example of a digital graphic  700  being deformed using a quadratic energy minimization technique versus being deformed using the techniques for intuitive modifications of digital graphics described herein. The digital graphic  700  may correspond to the digital graphic  500  of  FIG. 5 , for example. In a first depiction  702  of the digital graphic  700 , the digital graphic includes three handles  704 ( a )-( c ) placed on the digital graphic by a user, such as via the user inputs  210 . The handles  704 ( a )-( c ) provide an indication of a portion of the digital graphic  700  that the user desires to deform or modify. 
     Similar to the discussion of  FIG. 5 , the mesh generation module  208 , for instance, generates a mesh  706  based on a user input indicating a desired change to the digital graphic  700 . The mesh  706  retains the handles  704 ( a )-( c ) from the digital graphic  700 , with the handle  704 ( b ) now positioned at the location in the user interface indicated by the desired change. The mesh generation module  208  in this example applies a skinning transformation to the digital graphic  700  to generate the mesh  706  by first sampling the input segments of a Bezier curve of the digital graphic. After sampling the input segments, the mesh generation module  208  creates a mesh representation using sample points from the input segments, and applies the skinning transformation to the mesh to compute new positons of the sample points, as described above. 
     A second depiction  708  of the digital graphic  700  shows a result of fitting Bezier curves of the deformed mesh using conventional techniques such as quadratic energy minimization, which increases degrees of freedom and in some cases can fail to converge. Increasing the degrees of freedom by some conventional systems includes segmenting the original Bezier curves of the digital graphic  700  into smaller curves to better fit the deformed mesh. However, adding degrees of freedom increases the size of the linear system to be solved when a modification or deformation is made, and can cause unwanted results when subsequent modifications are made with additional segments that were not present in the original digital graphic. Additionally, as seen in the second depiction  708 , conventional techniques do not infer continuity in digital graphics, which results in the U-shapes on the shorter sides of the digital graphic  700 . Without inferring continuity at the corners of the digital graphic  700 , and by increasing the degrees of freedom to allow for the desired modification, properties such as these corners result in undesired changes to the digital graphic as seen in the second depiction at  708 . 
     On the other hand, a third depiction  710  of the digital graphic  700  shows a result of the digital graphic being deformed using the techniques for intuitive modifications of digital graphics described herein. For instance, by inferring continuity at the corners of the digital graphic  700 , and maintaining the same number of segments from the digital graphic  700 , properties that define the shape of the digital graphic are maintained despite the deformation at the handle  704 ( b ). Furthermore, using linear constraints to solve for the deformation of the digital graphic  700  is faster and requires less processing resources than conventional techniques that utilize quadratic energy minimization, thus allowing for deformations and modifications to be made to digital graphics interactively and in real time. 
     In another illustration, consider  FIG. 8 , which depicts an example  800  of a deformed digital graphic with inferred continuity constraints and curve fitting versus the deformed digital graphic without inferred continuity constraints and without curve fitting. A first depiction  802  of the digital graphic after an applied deformation includes the deformations applied with inferred continuity constraints, such as when the original digital graphic included retracted handles or no handles at different locations. The first depiction  802  of the digital graphic also includes the deformations applied with curve fitting by fitting Bezier segments on deformed sample points corresponding to segments of the input curves of the digital graphic. Rather than subdividing the segments as in conventional systems, the curve fitting applied to the first depiction  802  utilizes iterative re-parameterization as described above, by minimizing the squared distance between the deformed curve and the input segments. 
     In contrast, a second depiction  804  of the digital graphic after an applied deformation does not include inferred continuity constraints or include curve fitting. Consequently, negative spaces  806  and  808 , for example, appear as a result of poor curve fitting of conventional systems, which do not recalculate t ij  as described above. Additionally, the digital graphic in the second depiction  804  includes sharp edges, such as where a retracted handle may have been present in the original digital graphic and was not remedied by inferring continuity at these particular locations by a conventional system. 
     Example Procedures 
     The following discussion describes techniques that may be implemented utilizing the previously described systems and devices. Aspects of each of the procedures may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. The procedures are shown as a set of blocks that specify operations performed by one or more devices and are not necessarily limited to the orders shown for performing the operations by the respective blocks. In portions of the following discussion, reference will be made to  FIGS. 1-8 . 
       FIG. 9  depicts a procedure  900  in an example implementation in which vector artwork is modified by accounting for topology of the vector object and maintaining connections between connected segments of the vector object. First, a vector artwork having at least one vector object is accessed (block  902 ). The vector artwork, for instance, is a digital graphic, and the vector object may be a Bezier curve or other shape as described above. The vector artwork may be accessed in a user interface in the content editing application  124 , such as from the storage  108  of the computing device  104 , for example. 
     A user input is received that defines handles on the vector object, and interacts with the handles to indicate a desired change to the vector object (block  904 ). The user input may be, for instance, mouse input, keyboard input, touch input, voice input, and so forth. The user input(s) defining the handles provide an indication of a portion of the vector object that the user desires to deform or modify. The interaction with the handles indicates a change in a location of one or more of the handles in a user interface. For instance, if a first of the user inputs defines handles on a vector object such as a Bezier curve, a second user input may deform the Bezier curve by interacting with the handles. 
     The vector artwork, including the vector object, are modified based on the interacting by accounting for topology of the vector object and maintaining connections between connected segments of the vector object (block  906 ). For instance, topology of the vector object may be accounted for by curve fitting utilizing iterative re-parameterization, which fits Bezier segments on deformed sample points corresponding to segments of an input Bezier curve. Alternatively or additionally, topology of the vector object may be accounted for by adaptively sampling an input shape (e.g., not a Bezier curve), and determining positions of the samples in a deformed mesh, thus building a set of correspondences between input samples and deformed samples. Further, the connections between the connected segments of the vector object are maintained by inferring continuity constraints between Bezier curves, such as where control handles are not present or are retracted. 
     The modified vector artwork, including the vector object, is then output (block  908 ). The vector output module  220 , for instance, generates the vector artwork  222  based on the topology of the vector artwork while maintaining the connections between the connected segments of the vector object. The vector artwork  222  generated by the vector output module  220 , for instance, has a new set of Bezier curves and control points corresponding to the modifications. In cases where the vector artwork includes shapes that are not Bezier curves, the vector output module  220  generates the vector artwork  222  having new shapes corresponding to the input shapes of the vector artwork. For example, if the vector artwork includes an originally elliptical shape that is deformed by the user inputs, the modified vector artwork  222  will also include a corresponding elliptical shape that is modified or deformed based utilizing inferred continuity and the curve fitting techniques described herein. The vector output module  220  outputs the vector artwork  222  for display in the user interface  226 , such as in real time in response to the user inputs. 
       FIG. 10  depicts a procedure  1000  in an example implementation in which a vector artwork is generated based on a deformed Bezier curve having refitted segments. First, continuity is determined (e.g., inferred) between segments of a Bezier curve using geometry of segments of the Bezier curve (block  1002 ). The Bezier curve may be a component of a vector object of a digital graphic, such as a vector artwork. In one example, the continuity module  204  may sample and triangulate Bezier segments, such as cubic Bezier segments, of the input Bezier curves using conforming Delaunay triangulation in determining the continuity. In cases where C 0  continuity exists between two curves and one of the tangents is retracted (e.g., length is zero), the continuity module  204  infers continuity where the curves meet. To do so, the continuity module  204  checks lengths of the tangents of control points adjacent to a particular point having a retracted handle, and extends the retracted handle in a direction where C 1  continuity exists. 
     Next, a user input is received defining handles on the Bezier curve, and a user input is received to deform the Bezier curve by interacting with the handles (block  1004 ). The user inputs may be, for instance, mouse input, keyboard input, touch input, voice input, and so forth. The user input(s) defining the handles provide an indication of a portion of the Bezier curve that the user desires to deform or modify. The interaction with the handles indicates a change in a location of one or more of the handles in a user interface, as discussed above. 
     A mesh is then generated based on the deformed Bezier curve (block  1006 ). In one example, the mesh generation module  208  applies a skinning transformation to a digital graphic that includes the Bezier curve to generate the mesh by first sampling the input segments of the Bezier curve. After sampling the input segments, the mesh generation module  208  creates a mesh representation using sample points from the input segments, and applies the skinning transformation to the mesh to compute new positons of the sample points. The mesh generation module  208  refits cubic Bezier segments over the newly positioned sample points. 
     Control points of the mesh are located (block  1008 ). For example, the curve generation module  216  receives the mesh and the deformed Bezier curve, and uses the mesh and the deformed Bezier curve to locate control points of the mesh, while maintaining the continuity constraints. The curve generation module  216  solves for C 1  continuity by modifying the continuity constraints to be linear, which allows for the continuity constraints to be modeled as a Least Squares Problem (LSQ). When modeled as a LSQ, the continuity constraints match Bezier curves to the newly formed mesh. The curve generation module  216  also applies C 0  continuity using the LSQ to maintain connectivity of segments in the input Bezier curves. Additionally, G 1  constraints, if present in the input Bezier curve or inferred by the continuity module  204 , are applied by the curve generation module  216  to maintain smoothness of the segments using the LSQ. 
     Segments of the Bezier curve are refitted to the deformed Bezier curve using the control points while maintaining continuity between the segments of the Bezier curve (block  1010 ). For example, the curve generation module  216  generates refitted segments, which refit the segments of the original Bezier curve to the deformed curve using the control points located in the mesh, such as by using the LSQ described above. The curve generation module  216  maintains continuity between the segments of the original Bezier curve when generating the refitted segments, such as by utilizing the LSQ and iterative re-parameterization as previously described. A vector artwork is then generated based on the deformed Bezier curve having the refitted segments, and the vector artwork is output (block  1012 ), such as in a user interface and in real time. 
     Using the techniques described herein, features of digital graphics are preserved across deformations, including preserving smoothness of curves in input geometry by accounting for topology and maintaining connections between connected segments of the digital graphics. Interacting with user-defined handles results in intuitive modifications to shapes of digital graphics, including implicit modification to underlying curves of the shapes, without needing explicit user selection of specific control points and/or curves. Further, the techniques described herein are faster and use less processing resources than conventional systems, which are not as robust especially across multiple deformations of a digital graphic. Consequently, users can quickly and easily modify and deform digital graphics without having to iteratively correct computational errors that were caused by modifications to digital graphics in conventional systems. 
     Example System and Device 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an example system generally at  1100  that includes an example computing device  1102  that is representative of one or more computing systems and/or devices that may implement the various techniques described herein. This is illustrated through inclusion of the graphics modification module  124 . The computing device  1102  may be, for example, a server of a service provider, a device associated with a client (e.g., a client device), an on-chip system, and/or any other suitable computing device or computing system. 
     The example computing device  1102  as illustrated includes a processing system  1104 , one or more computer-readable media  1106 , and one or more I/O interface  1108  that are communicatively coupled, one to another. Although not shown, the computing device  1102  may further include a system bus or other data and command transfer system that couples the various components, one to another. A system bus can include any one or combination of different bus structures, such as a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, a universal serial bus, and/or a processor or local bus that utilizes any of a variety of bus architectures. A variety of other examples are also contemplated, such as control and data lines. 
     The processing system  1104  is representative of functionality to perform one or more operations using hardware. Accordingly, the processing system  1104  is illustrated as including hardware element  1110  that may be configured as processors, functional blocks, and so forth. This may include implementation in hardware as an application specific integrated circuit or other logic device formed using one or more semiconductors. The hardware elements  1110  are not limited by the materials from which they are formed or the processing mechanisms employed therein. For example, processors may be comprised of semiconductor(s) and/or transistors (e.g., electronic integrated circuits (ICs)). In such a context, processor-executable instructions may be electronically-executable instructions. 
     The computer-readable storage media  1106  is illustrated as including memory/storage  1112 . The memory/storage  1112  represents memory/storage capacity associated with one or more computer-readable media. The memory/storage component  1112  may include volatile media (such as random access memory (RAM)) and/or nonvolatile media (such as read only memory (ROM), Flash memory, optical disks, magnetic disks, and so forth). The memory/storage component  1112  may include fixed media (e.g., RAM, ROM, a fixed hard drive, and so on) as well as removable media (e.g., Flash memory, a removable hard drive, an optical disc, and so forth). The computer-readable media  1106  may be configured in a variety of other ways as further described below. 
     Input/output interface(s)  1108  are representative of functionality to allow a user to enter commands and information to computing device  1102 , and also allow information to be presented to the user and/or other components or devices using various input/output devices. Examples of input devices include a keyboard, a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse), a microphone, a scanner, touch functionality (e.g., capacitive or other sensors that are configured to detect physical touch), a camera (e.g., which may employ visible or non-visible wavelengths such as infrared frequencies to recognize movement as gestures that do not involve touch), and so forth. Examples of output devices include a display device (e.g., a monitor or projector), speakers, a printer, a network card, tactile-response device, and so forth. Thus, the computing device  1102  may be configured in a variety of ways as further described below to support user interaction. 
     Various techniques may be described herein in the general context of software, hardware elements, or program modules. Generally, such modules include routines, programs, objects, elements, components, data structures, and so forth that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The terms “module,” “functionality,” and “component” as used herein generally represent software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof. The features of the techniques described herein are platform-independent, meaning that the techniques may be implemented on a variety of commercial computing platforms having a variety of processors. 
     An implementation of the described modules and techniques may be stored on or transmitted across some form of computer-readable media. The computer-readable media may include a variety of media that may be accessed by the computing device  1102 . By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may include “computer-readable storage media” and “computer-readable signal media.” 
     “Computer-readable storage media” may refer to media and/or devices that enable persistent and/or non-transitory storage of information in contrast to mere signal transmission, carrier waves, or signals per se. Thus, computer-readable storage media refers to non-signal bearing media. The computer-readable storage media includes hardware such as volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media and/or storage devices implemented in a method or technology suitable for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, logic elements/circuits, or other data. Examples of computer-readable storage media may include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, hard disks, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other storage device, tangible media, or article of manufacture suitable to store the desired information and which may be accessed by a computer. 
     “Computer-readable signal media” may refer to a signal-bearing medium that is configured to transmit instructions to the hardware of the computing device  1102 , such as via a network. Signal media typically may embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as carrier waves, data signals, or other transport mechanism. Signal media also include any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media. 
     As previously described, hardware elements  1110  and computer-readable media  1106  are representative of modules, programmable device logic and/or fixed device logic implemented in a hardware form that may be employed in some embodiments to implement at least some aspects of the techniques described herein, such as to perform one or more instructions. Hardware may include components of an integrated circuit or on-chip system, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), and other implementations in silicon or other hardware. In this context, hardware may operate as a processing device that performs program tasks defined by instructions and/or logic embodied by the hardware as well as a hardware utilized to store instructions for execution, e.g., the computer-readable storage media described previously. 
     Combinations of the foregoing may also be employed to implement various techniques described herein. Accordingly, software, hardware, or executable modules may be implemented as one or more instructions and/or logic embodied on some form of computer-readable storage media and/or by one or more hardware elements  1110 . The computing device  1102  may be configured to implement particular instructions and/or functions corresponding to the software and/or hardware modules. Accordingly, implementation of a module that is executable by the computing device  1102  as software may be achieved at least partially in hardware, e.g., through use of computer-readable storage media and/or hardware elements  1110  of the processing system  1104 . The instructions and/or functions may be executable/operable by one or more articles of manufacture (for example, one or more computing devices  1102  and/or processing systems  1104 ) to implement techniques, modules, and examples described herein. 
     The techniques described herein may be supported by various configurations of the computing device  1102  and are not limited to the specific examples of the techniques described herein. This functionality may also be implemented all or in part through use of a distributed system, such as over a “cloud”  1114  via a platform  1116  as described below. 
     The cloud  1114  includes and/or is representative of a platform  1116  for resources  1118 . The platform  1116  abstracts underlying functionality of hardware (e.g., servers) and software resources of the cloud  1114 . The resources  1118  may include applications and/or data that can be utilized while computer processing is executed on servers that are remote from the computing device  1102 . Resources  1118  can also include services provided over the Internet and/or through a subscriber network, such as a cellular or Wi-Fi network. 
     The platform  1116  may abstract resources and functions to connect the computing device  1102  with other computing devices. The platform  1116  may also serve to abstract scaling of resources to provide a corresponding level of scale to encountered demand for the resources  1118  that are implemented via the platform  1116 . Accordingly, in an interconnected device embodiment, implementation of functionality described herein may be distributed throughout the system  1100 . For example, the functionality may be implemented in part on the computing device  1102  as well as via the platform  1116  that abstracts the functionality of the cloud  1114 . 
     Conclusion 
     Although the invention has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claimed invention.