Patent Publication Number: US-2023155927-A1

Title: Route Management Method, Apparatus, and System

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/CN2021/106689, filed on Jul. 16, 2021, which claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202010706089.9, filed on Jul. 21, 2020 and Chinese Patent Application No. 202010954759.9, filed on Sep. 11, 2020. All of the aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates to the communication field, and provides a route management method, an apparatus, and a system. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In a current autonomous system (AS) management solution, an AS, a business announcement relationship between ASes, or original route information of a route is usually managed. However, these management methods have problems such as incomplete information. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of this application provide a route management method, an apparatus, and a system, to reduce a problem such as incomplete information. 
     The technical solutions are as follows. 
     According to a first aspect, a route management method is provided. The method includes obtaining a correspondence, where the correspondence includes a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier, and the correspondence indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, and performing route management based on the correspondence. 
     In the route management, information indicating that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes is considered, so that information for the route management is more comprehensive. 
     In a possible design, the performing route management based on the correspondence includes determining that a route message is valid based on the correspondence. 
     In a process of determining whether the route message is valid, information about the sibling ASes is considered, so that a problem of misjudgment is reduced, and accuracy of a result of determining the route message is further improved. 
     In a possible design, before the determining that a route message is valid based on the correspondence, the method further includes determining that the route message is invalid based on route origination authorization (ROA) information, where that the route message is invalid herein includes a route of the route message is hijacked, or determining that the route message is invalid based on business relationship information, where that the route message is invalid herein includes route leakage occurs on the route message. 
     Through combining existing ROA or business relationship information, a route message that may be originally misjudged as invalid may be determined as valid, and the accuracy of the result of determining the route message becomes higher. 
     In a possible design, the route message includes a first route prefix and a third AS identifier, and the route message indicates that a third AS is an origin AS of the first route prefix. The determining that the route message is invalid based on ROA information includes determining, based on the ROA information, that the first route prefix is hijacked by the third AS, where the ROA information indicates that an origin AS of a second route prefix is a second AS, and the first route prefix corresponds to the second route prefix. The determining that a route message is valid based on the correspondence includes when the third AS identifier is the same as the first AS identifier, determining that the route message is not hijacked by the third AS identifier. 
     Through combining the existing ROA information, a route message that may be originally misjudged as a route message on which route hijacking occurs may be determined as valid, and the accuracy of the result of determining the route message becomes higher. 
     In a possible design, the route message includes a first route prefix, a third AS identifier, and a fourth AS identifier, and the third AS identifier is adjacent to the fourth AS identifier on an AS path of the route message. The determining that the route message is invalid based on business relationship information includes validating that the first route prefix is leaked by a third AS to a fourth AS. The determining that a route message is valid based on the correspondence includes determining, based on that the fourth AS identifier is the same as the first AS identifier and that a first condition is met, that the route message is not leaked by the third AS, where the first condition includes the third AS identifier is the same as the second AS identifier, or an origin AS identifier (ID) included in the route message is the same as the second AS identifier. The origin AS ID may be the fourth AS, or may be another AS. 
     Through combining the existing ROA information, a route message that may be originally misjudged as a route message on which route leakage occurs may be determined as valid, and the accuracy of the result of determining the route message becomes higher. 
     In a possible design, after determining that the route message is valid, the method further includes updating a validation status corresponding to the route message to valid. 
     After the validation status of the route message is updated to valid, the route message does not need to be validated for a plurality of times, to reduce a possibility that another device or another functional module performs validation again or performs misjudgment again. 
     In a possible design, the obtaining a correspondence includes receiving a first message, where the first message includes the correspondence. 
     The correspondence may be obtained in a manner in which the foregoing correspondence management is directly carried in a received message, to reduce local processing pressure. 
     In a possible design, the first message is sent by a resource public key infrastructure (RPM) server, the first message includes a sibling AS protocol data unit (PDU), and the PDU includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier. 
     In a possible design, the first message further includes an organization identifier and/or a sibling AS count. 
     Through receiving a message sent by the RPKI server, the technical solution is integrated into an existing system, and practicability of the technical solution is further improved. Through defining a format of a message directly exchanged with the RPKI server, difficulty in applying the technical solution can be further reduced. 
     In a possible design, the route message is a border gateway protocol (BGP) message. 
     In a possible design, the performing route management based on the correspondence includes sending a message to a receiving device, where the message includes the correspondence, and the message is used by the receiving device to perform route analysis based on the correspondence. 
     Indirect route management is performed through sending the correspondence indicating the sibling ASes, so that information obtained when a device that receives the correspondence performs route management is more comprehensive. 
     In a possible design, the obtaining a correspondence includes obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, determining that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes, and generating the correspondence. 
     The sibling ASes are determined based on the obtained first AS identifier and the obtained second AS identifier, and the correspondence is generated, so that a more intelligent solution is provided. 
     In a possible design, technologies in the first aspect and the various possible designs of the first aspect are applied to a RPKI system. 
     Through integrating the technical solution into the existing RPKI system, the practicability of the technical solution can be further improved. 
     According to a second aspect, a route management method is provided. The method includes obtaining a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier, and sending a message, where the message includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, and the message indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. 
     In a possible design, the message further includes an organization identifier and/or an AS count. 
     In a possible design, the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are carried in a sibling AS PDU in the message. 
     Indirect route management is performed through sending a correspondence indicating the sibling ASes, so that information obtained when a device that receives the correspondence performs route management is more comprehensive. 
     According to a third aspect, a route management apparatus is provided, and includes a processing unit. The processing unit is configured to obtain a correspondence, where the correspondence includes a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier, and the correspondence indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. The processing unit is further configured to perform route management based on the correspondence. 
     In a possible design, the processing unit is configured to determine that a route message is valid based on the correspondence. 
     In a possible design, before the processing unit is configured to determine that the route message is valid, the processing unit is further configured to determine that the route message is invalid based on ROA information, where that the route message is invalid includes a route of the route message is hijacked, or determine that the route message is invalid based on business relationship information, where that the route message is invalid includes route leakage occurs on the route message. 
     In a possible design, the route message includes a first route prefix and a third AS identifier, and the route message indicates that a third AS is an origin AS of the first route prefix. The processing unit is configured to determine, based on the ROA information, that the first route prefix is hijacked by the third AS, where the ROA information indicates that an origin AS of a second route prefix is a second AS, and the first route prefix corresponds to the second route prefix. The processing unit is further configured to when the third AS identifier is the same as the first AS identifier, determine that the route message is not hijacked by the third AS identifier. 
     In a possible design, the route message includes a first route prefix, a third AS identifier, and a fourth AS identifier, and the third AS identifier is adjacent to the fourth AS identifier on an AS path of the route message. The processing unit is configured to determine that the first route prefix is leaked by a third AS to a fourth AS. The processing unit is further configured to determine, based on that the fourth AS identifier is the same as the first AS identifier and that a first condition is met, that the route message is not leaked by the third AS, where the first condition includes the third AS identifier is the same as the second AS identifier, or an origin AS identifier included in the route message is the same as the second AS identifier. 
     In a possible design, the processing unit is further configured to update a determining status corresponding to the route message to valid. 
     In a possible design, the route management apparatus further includes a receiving unit, where the receiving unit is configured to receive a first message, and the first message includes the correspondence. 
     In a possible design, the route management apparatus further includes a sending unit, configured to send a message to a receiving device, where the message includes the correspondence, and the message is used by the receiving device to perform route analysis based on the correspondence. 
     In a possible design, the processing unit is further configured to obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, determine that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes, and generate the correspondence. 
     According to a fourth aspect, an AS management apparatus is provided, where the apparatus includes a processing unit and a sending unit. The processing unit is configured to obtain a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier. The sending unit is configured to send a message, where the message includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, and the message indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. 
     In a possible design, the message further includes an organization identifier and/or an AS count. 
     In a possible design, the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are carried in a sibling AS PDU in the message. 
     According to a fifth aspect, a route management device is provided. The route management device includes a processor and a communication interface. The processor is configured to execute instructions, so that the route management device performs the method according to any one of the first aspect or the optional manners of the first aspect. The communication interface is configured to receive or send a packet. For specific details of the route management device provided in the fifth aspect, refer to any one of the first aspect or the optional manners of the first aspect. Details are not described herein again. 
     According to a sixth aspect, an AS management device is provided. The AS management device includes a processor and a communication interface. The processor is configured to execute instructions, so that the AS management device performs the method according to any one of the second aspect or the optional manners of the second aspect. The communication interface is configured to receive or send a packet. For specific details of the AS management device provided in the sixth aspect, refer to any one of the second aspect or the optional manners of the second aspect. Details are not described herein again. 
     According to a seventh aspect, a computer-readable storage medium is provided. The storage medium stores at least one instruction, and the instruction is read by a processor, so that a route management device performs the method according to any one of the first aspect or the optional manners of the first aspect. 
     According to an eighth aspect, a computer-readable storage medium is provided. The storage medium stores at least one instruction, and the instruction is read by a processor, so that an AS management device performs the method according to any one of the second aspect or the optional manners of the second aspect. 
     According to a ninth aspect, a computer program product is provided. The computer program product includes computer instructions, and the computer instructions are stored in a computer-readable storage medium. A processor of a route management device reads the computer instructions from the computer-readable storage medium, and the processor executes the computer instructions, so that the route management device performs the method according to any one of the first aspect or the optional manners of the first aspect. 
     According to a tenth aspect, a computer program product is provided. The computer program product includes computer instructions, and the computer instructions are stored in a computer-readable storage medium. A processor of an AS management device reads the computer instructions from the computer-readable storage medium, and the processor executes the computer instructions, so that the AS management device performs the method according to any one of the second aspect or the optional manners of the second aspect. 
     According to an eleventh aspect, a chip is provided. When the chip runs on a route management device, the route management device performs the method according to any one of the first aspect or the optional manners of the first aspect. 
     According to a twelfth aspect, a chip is provided. When the chip runs on an AS management device, the AS management device performs the method according to any one of the second aspect or the optional manners of the second aspect. 
     According to a thirteenth aspect, a route management device is provided. The route management device includes a main control board and an interface board, and may further include a switching board. The route management device is configured to perform the method according to any one of the first aspect or the possible implementations of the first aspect. Specifically, the route management device includes a unit configured to perform the method according to any one of the first aspect or the possible implementations of the first aspect. 
     According to a fourteenth aspect, an AS management device is provided. The AS management device includes a main control board and an interface board, and may further include a switching board. The AS management device is configured to perform the method according to any one of the second aspect or the possible implementations of the second aspect. Specifically, the AS management device includes a unit configured to perform the method according to any one of the second aspect or the possible implementations of the second aspect. 
     According to a fifteenth aspect, a communication system is provided. The communication system includes a route management device and/or an AS management device. For example, the communication system includes the route management device in any one of the third aspect, the fifth aspect, and the thirteenth aspect, or the communication system includes the AS management device in any one of the fourth aspect, the sixth aspect, and the fourteenth aspect. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of a route hijacking misjudgment scenario according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram of a network system according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  3   a    is a schematic diagram of a route management method according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  3   b    is a schematic diagram of an AS management method according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic diagram of a protocol data unit format according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  5    is a schematic diagram of a method for preventing route hijacking misjudgment according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic diagram of a structure of a route management apparatus according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic diagram of a structure of a route management apparatus according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  8    is a schematic diagram of a structure of an AS management apparatus according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  9    is a schematic diagram of a structure of a network device according to an embodiment of this application; 
         FIG.  10    is a schematic diagram of a structure of a network device according to an embodiment of this application; and 
         FIG.  11    is a schematic diagram of a structure of a route management system according to an embodiment of this application. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     Terms used in implementations of this application are only used to explain specific embodiments of this application, but are not intended to limit this application. 
     In this application, terms such as “first”, “second”, and “third” are used to distinguish between same items or similar items that have basically same purposes or functions. It should be understood that there is no logical or time sequence dependency between “first”, “second”, and “third”, and a quantity and an execution sequence are not limited. 
     The following describes terms used in this application. 
     Sibling autonomous system (AS): Two or more ASes managed or operated by a single organization or different organizations may be referred to as sibling ASes. The organization may include an operator, a network group, an Internet service provider (ISP), a company, and the like. The following describes the sibling ASes by using examples. 
     1. Organization A has two subsidiary organizations. Two or more ASes managed or operated by the two subsidiary organizations can be sibling ASes. 
     2. Organization A is responsible for operating networks for organizations B and C, where the two organizations have different AS identifiers. In some cases, for example, with consent from organizations B and C, ASes that belong to organizations B and C and that are operated by organization A can be considered as sibling ASes. 
     3. Organization A and organization B respectively have and manage different networks, and correspond to different AS identifiers. In some cases, for example, with consent from organizations A and B, the AS identifiers corresponding to organizations A and B can also be considered as sibling ASes. 
     Origin AS: A route announcement message or route information usually includes a route prefix and AS path information. The AS path information may be carried in a corresponding BGP attribute. An AS path includes an origin AS identifier. In an example, the 1 st  AS identifier from the last on the AS path may be considered as an origin AS of the route prefix, that is, it indicates that the route prefix is advertised by the origin AS. In an example, the 1 st  AS identifier from the last on the AS path may usually be the rightmost AS on the AS path. For example, when the AS path is ( 123   456   567 ),  567  can be considered as the origin AS. For example, when the AS path is (ABC ABC DEF DEF GHI GHI), GHI can be considered as the origin AS. 
     Neighboring AS: On an AS path of a route message, if two AS identifiers are in a sequential order, it may be considered that the two AS identifiers are adjacent. For example, when an AS path is ( 123   456   567 ), it may be considered that  123  is adjacent to  456 ,  456  is adjacent to  123  and  567 , and  567  is adjacent to  456 . For example, when an AS path is (ABC ABC DEF DEF GHI GHI), it may be considered that ABC is adjacent to DEF, DEF is adjacent to ABC and GHI, and GHI is adjacent to DEF. 
     Route hijacking: In a route announcement process, AS path information of a corresponding route in a route announcement packet, namely, a route message, may be changed. When an origin AS identifier ID of the route is changed to another ID value by another AS domain or device that the route passes through, it may be considered that route hijacking occurs, to be specific, the route is hijacked by a changed origin AS. For related content of the route hijacking, refer to detailed descriptions in the following related technology part. 
     Route leakage: In an AS neighbor business relationship, a rule for advertising route information is specified. Once content of at least two AS identifiers included on an AS path of a route does not comply with the rule for advertising route information, it is considered that route leakage may occur. For related content of the route leakage, refer to detailed descriptions in the following related technology part. 
     The following briefly describes related technologies in embodiments of this application. 
     Current Internet infrastructure mainly includes inter-domain route systems, such as a border gateway protocol (BGP), a domain name system (DNS), and a public key certificate system, such as public key infrastructure (PKI). Almost all Internet services rely on infrastructure to ensure network connectivity, service availability, and service trustworthiness. 
     In this architecture, BGP route-based security attacks occur every day, and tens of thousands of attacks, such as origin hijacking, path hijacking, and route leakage, occur every year. The BGP does not have a security authentication mechanism for route learning. Therefore, to resolve a problem of BGP route hijacking, the industry provides a solution, namely, resource public key infrastructure (RPKI), for validating whether an origin of a BGP route is correct. A distributed RPKI server is used to collect information such as an origin AS identifier, a route prefix, and a mask of a BGP route initiated by an Internet service provider (ISP). A router establishes a connection with the RPM server and locally stores a copy of route origination authorization (ROA) data for validating whether a BGP prefix received from an external neighbor is valid. This ensures that a host in a management domain of the router can securely access an external service. 
     The following describes a route hijacking misjudgment scenario. 
     A router receives a BGP route update packet from an external BGP neighbor. Before adding a route in the packet to a BGP route table, the router validates whether an origin AS is correct based on a route prefix and an AS identifier. Then, the router may adjust a route attribute based on a validation result, which affects a BGP route selection result. If the validation result of the route is valid, the router may advertise a preferred route and the validation result to an internal neighbor via a BGP route according to an extended community attribute defined in a standard. If the validation result of the route is invalid, it may be considered that the route is hijacked. In this case, the route is to be discarded or a priority of the route is to be lowered. 
     The following uses an example to describe a route hijacking misjudgment case.  FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of a route hijacking misjudgment scenario according to an embodiment of this application. As shown in  FIG.  1   , ISP 1  has two networks. An AS identifier of a backbone network is AS1, and an AS identifier of a metropolitan area network is AS11. In some cases, the backbone network advertises a route prefix (for example, 10.132.0.0/17) including a large address block, and arranges a subnet of the ISP, such as the metropolitan area network, to advertise a sub-route prefix of the route prefix. For example, 10.132.51.0/24 is assigned to the metropolitan area network. 
     ISP 1  issues, for AS1, ROA: 10.132.0.07-17, AS1. The ROA can be understood as: A route prefix is 10.132.0.0, a mask is 17, an allowed maximum mask length is 17, and an origin AS is AS1. ISP does not issue ROA, for example, 10.132.51.0/24, for the subnet. Table 1 shows issued ROA information. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AS 
                 Prefix (Prefix)/Mask (Mask) 
                 Issued ROA 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Backbone 
                 AS1 
                  10.132.0.0/17 
                 10.132.0.0/17-17, AS1 
               
               
                 network 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Subnet 1 
                 AS11 
                 10.132.51.0/24 
                 Not issued 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     After the backbone network AS1 and subnet 1, namely, AS11, respectively advertise route prefixes in the network, these route prefixes are received by using route messages by each network, for example, a network of ISP 2  whose AS identifier is AS2, connected to the Internet. 
     After receiving the route messages corresponding to the two route prefixes, a device in an ROA-enabled network, for example, AS2 in the network of ISP 2 , performs origin validation on the received route messages. 
     Route message  1  includes route prefix 10.132.0.0/17, where an AS path included in the route message is, for example, (AS11 AS1), indicating that an origin AS corresponding to route prefix 10.132.0.0/17 is AS1. In this case, the device may use (AS1, 10.132.0.0/17) to query an ROA database. An ROA entry 10.132.0.07-17, AS1 is matched. Therefore, the validation result is valid (Valid). 
     Route message  2  includes route prefix 10.132.51.0/24, where an AS path included in the route message is, for example, (AS2 AS11), indicating that an origin AS corresponding to route prefix 10.132.51.0/24 is AS11. In this case, the device may use (AS11, 10.132.51.0/24) to query the ROA database. No ROA entry is matched. Therefore, the validation result is invalid (Invalid), indicating that route hijacking occurs. 
     In this case, the backbone network AS1 and the metropolitan area network AS11 belong to a same company, but there is a problem with internet protocol (IP) address space allocation and ROA registration. As a result, it is determined that “route hijacking” occurs on the route prefix advertised by the metropolitan area network. Actually, the route hijacking is “fake route hijacking”, which may cause serious network connectivity problems. 
     The following describes a route leakage misjudgment scenario. 
     Based on a principle of maximizing commercial benefits, route advertisement policy rules in an ISP network are as follows. 
     i) A route announced by a customer AS can be transferred to a customer, a peer, and a provider. 
     2) A route announced by a peer AS can be transferred to a customer, but cannot be announced to another peer or provider. 
     3) A route announced by a provider AS can be transferred to a customer, but cannot be announced to another peer or provider. 
     If the foregoing route advertisement policy is violated, it may be considered that route leakage occurs. In related technologies, it may be misjudged that route leakage occurs on a route transmitted between different ASes of a same company. For example, provider A purchases a service from provider B. For example, a route prefix of a route message announced by company B to A is 10.132.51.0/24, and a value of an AS path (Path) of the route message is (AS1 AS11 AS2). AS2 is an origin AS of the route prefix, indicating that a route is announced by AS2 to AS11, and then announced to AS1 via AS11. AS2 is an AS of company B, and AS11 is an AS identifier of provider A. When performing route analysis based on a business relationship, a network device or a route analysis system considers that a route announced by provider B can be transferred to provider A but cannot be announced to another peer and provider. Therefore, it is determined that the route prefix is leaked to AS1 by AS11. However, in this example, AS1 is also an AS identifier of another network of provider A. In this case, it is determined (where “determined” herein may also be referred to as “validated”) that route leakage occurs on the route, which violates the route announcement rule, and may cause serious network connectivity problems. 
     Embodiments of this application provide a technical solution for AS management. Through constructing sibling AS information, comprehensiveness of information for an AS management solution is improved, and a problem such as route leakage/route hijacking misjudgment is further avoided. In the technical solution, when a device processes route (route hijacking or route leakage) analysis, a sibling AS dataset is used as one of key factors to be considered, to improve analysis accuracy. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram of a network scenario according to this application. The network scenario includes three ASes: AS1, AS11, and AS2. AS1 and AS11 belong to a same ISP, in other words, AS1 and AS2 are sibling ASes. AS1 includes network device  1 , AS11 includes network device  2 , and AS2 includes network device  3  and network device  4 . Network device  1  is connected to network device  2  and network device  3 . Network device  2  is connected to network device  1  and network device  3 . Network device  3  is connected to network device  1 , network device  2 , and network device  4 . Network device  1  and network device  2  may be considered as external border gateway protocol peers of network device  3 , where the peer may also be referred to as a neighbor. Network device  4  and network device  3  may be internal border gateway protocol (IBGP) peers. In the foregoing, network device  1 , network device  2 , network device  3 , and network device  4  may be a router, a switch, or any other physical or virtual network device that supports a routing function. The network may further include more ASes or more network devices, which are not shown one by one herein. Optionally, the network may further include an RPKI cache server. The RPKI server may also be referred to as an RP server, for example, RP 1 , RP 2 , or RPn. Network device  1 , network device  2 , or network device  3  may obtain ROA information from a connected RPKI cache server, to validate whether a BGP route message obtained by network device  1 , network device  2 , or network device  3  is valid. In  FIG.  2   , a deployment location of the RPKI cache server is merely an example, and the RPKI cache server may be deployed by the ISP. Optionally, the network may further include a route analysis device, where the route analysis device includes any one or more of a controller, a network management device, or a centralized route analysis device. The route analysis device may be a device such as a server or a router that has a route analysis function, and may be a specific entity device or a virtual device. The route analysis device may perform route analysis based on route information including a route and an AS path and AS information including an AS identifier that are obtained from a network device or any other place (for example, from an administrator who inputs or imports route information or from another system). Optionally, the network may further include a trust anchor (TA). The TA may synchronize information with the RP server, so that the RP can obtain various AS-related information from the TA. 
     The foregoing briefly describes the related technologies in embodiments of this application, and the following describes method embodiments of this application by using examples.  FIG.  3   a    is a flowchart of a route management method according to an embodiment of this application. A method embodiment  300  shown in  FIG.  3   a    includes the following steps. 
     S 303 : Obtain a correspondence, where the correspondence includes a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier, and the correspondence indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. 
     In an example, after obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, a device may determine that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes, and generate the correspondence, where the correspondence includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, and the correspondence indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes. 
     In another example, a device may alternatively receive a message sent by another device, where the message includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, and the message indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes. That is, herein, receiving the message by the device may be considered as receiving the foregoing correspondence. The device may store the correspondence after receiving the message. Alternatively, the device may immediately use the correspondence after receiving the message. 
     The device in the foregoing two examples may include a route management device. 
     With reference to the scenario shown in  FIG.  2   , the following describes an example of the step in which the device obtains the correspondence. This step may include but is not limited to the following four cases. 
     Case 1: A TA of a regional Internet registry (RIR) obtains a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier. 
     In an example, the process is as follows. Each organization that has an AS identifier reports AS data information of the organization to an RIR to which the organization belongs. In an example, the information reported by the organization includes an organization identifier and a sibling AS list. The sibling AS list includes a plurality of AS identifiers managed by the organization, that is, includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier. 
     In another example, after allocating an AS to the organization, the RIR may alternatively store the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier information in the TA, to generate the foregoing correspondence. 
     Case 2: An RP server obtains a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier. 
     Manners of obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by the RP server include but are not limited to the following two manners. 
     Manner 1: The RP server or an administrator corresponding to the RP server generates one or more pieces of AS information having a sibling relationship by analyzing a global Internet route table and various Internet public data, where the AS information includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier. For example, in the Internet route table, prefixes of two routes are almost the same, a difference between quantities of corresponding mask bits is only 2, and corresponding origin ASes are respectively AS1 and AS2. In this case, the RP server may determine, based on the route table, that AS1 and AS2 are sibling ASes. For example, if the Internet discloses that a company has AS1 and a subsidiary of the company has AS2, the RP server may determine, based on the information, that AS1 and AS2 are sibling ASes. If the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are obtained by the administrator through analysis, the administrator may configure the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier on the RP server in a configuration manner. That is, the RP server may obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier through analysis or manual configuration. When the RP server performs analysis, related program code may be preconfigured on the RP server to obtain the foregoing correspondence through analysis. 
     Manner 2: The RP server may be connected to one or more TA servers, and obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier that are sent by each TA server. In an example, the TA may send the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by sending a certificate. To be specific, the RP server may obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier from the certificate sent by the TA, and generate a sibling AS relationship based on information including same organization information or information indicating that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. 
     Case 3: A network device in a network obtains a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier. 
     In the scenario shown in  FIG.  2   , the network device may be network device  1 , network device  2 , network device  3 , or network device  4  in  FIG.  2   . 
     Manners of obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by the network device include but are not limited to the following two manners. 
     Manner 1: The network device obtains the configured first AS identifier and the configured second AS identifier, for example, receives the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier that are configured by an administrator through a network management system, a device management interface, or a command line, or in another manner, and configures the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier as sibling ASes. 
     Manner 2: The network device may obtain a correspondence sent by an RP server. 
     Optionally, when sending the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier to the network device, the RP server may send the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier information to the network device through an RPKI router protocol. A message sent by the RP server indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. That is, a manner in which the network device obtains the correspondence includes receiving the correspondence sent by the RP server. For specific details of the RPKI router protocol, refer to a definition in Request For Comments (RFC) 8210. All content of RFC 8210 is incorporated in this application by reference. 
     In an example, a sibling AS protocol data unit (PDU) may be defined for carrying the foregoing correspondence, and a format of the sibling AS PDU may be shown in  FIG.  4   . 
     Field definitions are as follows. 
     Protocol Version: indicates a protocol version number, and occupies 1 byte, where a value is a value to be officially allocated by a standards organization, and a currently allocated value is 2. 
     PDU Type: indicates a type of a protocol data unit, and occupies 1 byte, where a value is a value to be officially allocated by the standards organization, and a currently allocated value is 11. 
     zero 1 : indicates zero area  1 , and may occupy 2 bytes and may be padded with 0. 
     Length: indicates a length field. 
     zero 2 : indicates zero area  2 , and may occupy 1 byte and may be padded with 0. 
     Sibling AS count: indicates a quantity of sibling ASes encapsulated in the PDU, and may occupy 2 bytes. 
     Organization identifier: occupies 4 bytes. 
     Sibling Autonomous System Number(s): indicates one or more AS numbers, where the AS number is an AS identifier in embodiments of this application or this field may be understood as a sibling AS list, a quantity of AS numbers included in the sibling AS list is determined by the foregoing sibling AS count, and each AS number occupies 4 bytes. 
     The sibling AS PDU herein is only one of possible examples of a manner of carrying the correspondence, and a format may change, provided that information indicating that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes can be carried in a protocol packet. 
     Case 4: A route analysis device in a network obtains a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier. 
     Similarly, manners of obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by the route analysis device include but are not limited to the following several manners. 
     Manner 1: Obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier that are sent by the network device. In an example, the network device further sends an organization identifier corresponding to the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier. The route analysis device may determine, based on the obtained first AS identifier, second identifier, and organization identifier, that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, and generate a correspondence indicating that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes. In another example, a message sent by the network device includes a correspondence, where the correspondence indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, and the route analysis device obtains the correspondence from the message. 
     Manner 2: Obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier that are sent by the RP server. In an example, the RP server further sends an organization identifier corresponding to the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier. The route analysis device may determine, based on the obtained first AS identifier, second identifier, and organization identifier, that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, and generate a correspondence indicating that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes. In another example, a message sent by the RP server includes a correspondence, where the correspondence indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, and the route analysis device obtains the correspondence from the message. 
     Manner 3: Obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier that are sent by the TA. In an example, the TA further sends an organization identifier corresponding to the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier. The route analysis device may determine, based on the obtained first AS identifier, second identifier, and organization identifier, that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, and generate a correspondence indicating that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes. In another example, a message sent by the TA includes a correspondence, where the correspondence indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, and the route analysis device obtains the correspondence from the message. 
     Manner 4: Obtain a correspondence configured by the administrator, where the correspondence includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier. 
     Manner 5: Obtain a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier that are reported by a person of each organization, and generate a correspondence based on the obtained first AS identifier and second identifier, or obtain a correspondence from a reported message. 
     These manners are similar to content of related parts of obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier in the foregoing three cases. Details are not described herein again in this application. 
     In the foregoing, when there are a plurality of manners of obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, the correspondence and more sibling AS information may also be obtained in a plurality of manners. 
     In an example, when the device receives a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier that are sent by a related device, the information may be encrypted information, and the device may obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier in plaintext by performing an operation such as decryption. 
     Optionally, the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are carried in a sibling AS list. 
     The device may obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by using one message, or may obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by using different messages. When the device obtains the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by using a same message, the device may determine that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes when obtaining the first AS identifier or the second AS identifier. When the device obtains the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by using different messages, the device may alternatively determine, based on other related information through analysis, that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. For example, the other related information includes organization information corresponding to the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier is the same, or there is an inclusion relationship between route prefix information related to the first AS identifier and route prefix information related to the second AS identifier. 
     In correspondence to the foregoing cases, after obtaining the foregoing correspondence, the device may store the corresponding correspondence indicating that a first AS and a second AS are sibling ASes. Manners of generating the correspondence by the device in the foregoing case 1 to case 4 are similar. Only an example is provided herein for description. Details are not described for the cases one by one. In an example, the stored correspondence includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier. The correspondence may be referred to as a sibling AS dataset, which may be represented in the following Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Organization identifier (ID) 
                 Sibling AS number (Number) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 ID1 
                 AS11 AS12 AS13 
               
               
                 ID2 
                 AS21 AS22 
               
               
                 ID3 
                 AS31 AS32 AS33 AS34 
               
               
                 . . . 
                 . . . 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in the first row, an organization whose organization ID is ID1 includes three AS numbers: AS11, AS12, and AS13. The three ASes are sibling ASes. To be specific, the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier each may be either of the ASes. The AS number is a specific example of an AS identifier. As shown in the second row, an organization whose organization ID is ID2 includes two ASes: AS21 and AS22. The two ASes are sibling ASes. To be specific, the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier each may be either of the ASes. As shown in the third row, an organization whose organization ID is ID3 includes four ASes: AS31, AS32, AS33, and AS34. The four ASes are sibling ASes. To be specific, the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier each may be either of the ASes. 
     In the scenario shown in  FIG.  2   , a correspondence stored by network device  3  may be shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Organization identifier 
                 Sibling AS number(s) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 ID1 
                 AS1 AS11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It indicates that AS1 and AS2 are sibling ASes of an organization whose ID number is ID1, where the first AS identifier may be AS1 or AS2, and the second AS identifier is any AS that is in the sibling AS list and that is different from the first AS identifier. 
     In another possible example, the correspondence stored by the device may alternatively be shown in Table 3 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Prefix/mask 
                 Origin AS 
                 Sibling AS number(s) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 10.132.0.0/17 
                 AS1 
                 AS11 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It indicates that AS1 is an origin AS that advertises 10.132.0.0/17, and AS11 is a sibling AS of AS1. In this example, the message received by the device may further include the route prefix, or the device has obtained the route prefix and origin AS information. 
     In another possible example, the correspondence stored by the device may alternatively be shown in Table 4 and Table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Organization identifier 
                 AS number 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 ID1 
                 AS1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Organization identifier 
                 AS number 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 ID1 
                 AS11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 4 indicates that an AS number corresponding to an organization with ID1 is AS1. Table 5 indicates that an AS number corresponding to an organization with ID1 is AS11. To be specific, the correspondence obtained by the device may be directly represented by using one table or in a specific form, or may be represented by using two or more tables or in any other form, provided that the device can determine, based on the correspondence, that two ASes are sibling ASes. 
     S 305 : Perform route management based on the correspondence. 
     After obtaining the correspondence between the sibling ASes, the device may perform route management based on the correspondence. That the device performs route management based on the correspondence includes the device performs direct route management or indirect route management. 
     In an example, that the device performs indirect route management may include after obtaining the correspondence, the device further sends the correspondence to another device, for example, the route analysis device, so that the device receiving the correspondence may perform direct route management, for example, route analysis, based on the correspondence. For example, network device  3  may send the correspondence obtained by network device  3  to the route analysis device, so that the route analysis device may perform route analysis based on the correspondence. Alternatively, the RP server may send the correspondence obtained by the RP server to network device  3 , so that network device  3  may perform route message validation based on the correspondence. 
     In another example, that the device performs direct route management based on the correspondence may include performing route analysis based on the correspondence, to reduce cases such as incomplete analysis, or route hijacking or route leakage misjudgment caused by a lack of AS information on the device. The following describes a direct route management scenario with reference to S 307  to S 311 . 
     S 307 : Obtain a route message, where the route message includes a route prefix and a third AS identifier. 
     Before performing S 305 , the device may perform S 307  first. 
     In correspondence to the foregoing case 1 to case 4, manners of obtaining the route message by various devices are similar, which include but are not limited to one or more of receiving a route message sent by another device, for example, a network device, or obtaining one or more route messages imported and configured by an administrator. The obtained route message includes the route prefix and the third AS identifier. In an example, the route message is a BGP update message. After obtaining the route message, the device may store the route message for use or validation, or perform validation immediately after receiving the route message. 
     An execution sequence of S 307  and S 303  is not limited in this application. To be specific, the device may first obtain the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, or may first obtain the route message. 
     In an example, that the device performs direct route management may include the following content, that is, S 305  may include the following S 309  and/or S 311 . 
     S 309 : Validate that the route message is invalid based on ROA or business relationship information. 
     The device may validate, based on obtained ROA information, whether the route prefix included in the route message is hijacked. In this scenario, the third AS identifier is an origin AS in the route message. 
     The ROA information obtained by the device also includes a route prefix. For ease of understanding, the route prefix in the route message obtained by the device is referred to as a first route prefix, and the route prefix in the ROA obtained by the device is referred to as a second route prefix. The first route prefix corresponds to the second route prefix, and each of these route prefixes includes a mask. That the two route prefixes correspond to each other may be understood as follows. Mask lengths of the first route prefix and the second route prefix are different. However, IP address ranges corresponding to the first route prefix and the second route prefix have an inclusion relationship. That is, the second route prefix may match the first route prefix using the longest match rule, or the first route prefix may match the second route prefix using the longest match rule. 
     Example A: In the route hijacking misjudgment scenario described in the foregoing related technology part, the device incorrectly validates, based on the ROA information, that route prefix 10.132.51.0/24 is hijacked by AS11. 
     The device may alternatively validate, based on the business relationship information, whether route leakage occurs on the route message. In this scenario, the third AS identifier is an AS that is in the route message and that is determined to have leaked a route. The route message further includes a fourth AS, where the fourth AS may be an origin AS in the route message, or may be an AS that is adjacent to the third AS identifier and that is after the third AS identifier. 
     The following describes, by using an example, a neighboring relationship and a sequence relationship between ASes. For example, an AS path is (AS1 AS11 AS2). In this case, it may be considered that AS1 is adjacent to AS11, and AS11 is adjacent to AS2, where AS1 is after AS11, and AS11 is after AS2. Herein, a sequence is defined based on a sequence of passing through the ASes announced by the route prefix. To be specific, in this example, an announcement path of the route prefix is as follows. The route prefix originates from AS2, is announced to AS11, and then is announced to AS1 via AS11. 
     Example B: In the route leakage misjudgment scenario described in the foregoing related technology part, the device incorrectly validates route prefix 10.132.51.0/24 based on the business relationship information. The AS path in the route message is (AS1 AS11 AS2), and the device validates that the route prefix is leaked by AS11 to AS1. That is, in this example, the third AS identifier is AS11, and the fourth AS is AS1. 
     Example C: It is assumed that the route prefix of the route message is 10.132.51.0/24, and an AS path in the route message is (AS1 AS2 AS11), where AS1 and AS11 belong to a same organization, and are sibling ASes. However, it is validated that the route prefix is leaked by AS2 to AS1. 
     Optionally, after validating that the route message is invalid, the device further changes a validation status of the route message to invalid. 
     S 311 : Validate whether the route message is valid based on the correspondence. 
     After the device receives the route message, after the device validates that the route message is invalid, or when route analysis needs to be performed, the device may validate whether the route message is valid based on the correspondence generated in step S 305 . 
     The device may perform this step after validating that the route message is invalid, or may perform this step without performing S 309 . In this case, the correspondence may be shown in Table 3, and the device may determine, based on a relationship between a route prefix and sibling ASes, that the route message is valid. 
     The following describes this step with reference to the examples in step S 309 . 
     In correspondence to Example A: The device may validate whether route prefix 10.132.51.0/24 is hijacked by AS11, and then determine that route hijacking does not occur and the route message is valid based on the origin AS of the route prefix is AS1 in the ROA, and the correspondence shown in  FIG.  2    indicates that AS11 and AS1 are sibling ASes. That is, in the correspondence herein, the first AS identifier is AS11, the second AS identifier is AS1, the origin AS included in the ROA is the second AS identifier, namely, AS1, and the route prefix of the origin AS is 10.132.0.0/17. The third AS identifier in the route message is AS11. The device may determine, based on that the third AS identifier is the same as the first AS identifier, and that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, that route hijacking does not occur and the route message is valid. 
     In correspondence to Example B: The device may validate whether route prefix 10.132.51.0/24 is leaked by AS11 to AS1, and then determine that route leakage does not occur and the route message is valid based on that the correspondence shown in Table 2 indicates that AS11 and AS1 are sibling ASes. That is, in the correspondence herein, the first AS identifier is AS11, and the second AS identifier is AS1. The third AS identifier included in the route message is AS11, and the fourth AS is AS1. The device may determine, based on that the fourth AS is the same as the second AS identifier, that the third AS identifier is the same as the first AS identifier, and that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, that route leakage does not occur and the route message is valid. 
     Optionally, the third AS identifier may alternatively be an origin AS corresponding to the route prefix in the route message. That is, the route message may include only the third AS identifier and the fourth AS. 
     In correspondence to Example C: The device may validate whether route prefix 10.132.51.0/24 is leaked by AS2 to AS1, and then determine that route leakage does not occur and the route message is valid based on that the correspondence shown in Table 2 indicates that AS11 and AS1 are sibling ASes. That is, in the correspondence herein, the first AS identifier is AS11, and the second AS identifier is AS1. The third AS identifier included in the route message is AS11, and the fourth AS is AS1. The device may determine, based on that the fourth AS is the same as the second AS identifier, that the third AS identifier is the same as the first AS identifier, and that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, that route leakage does not occur and the route message is valid. 
     In the foregoing, a manner in which the device validates the route message includes one or both of the two steps S 309  and S 311 . To be specific, the device may first perform S 309  and then perform S 311 , or may not perform S 309  but perform S 311 , or in a process of performing S 311 , the device further validates the route message based on the ROA or the business relationship information. 
     The foregoing describes, by using an example, the route management method based on the technical solutions in embodiments of this application.  FIG.  3   b    is a flowchart of an AS management method according to an embodiment of this application. A method embodiment  400  shown in  FIG.  3   b    includes the following steps. 
     This method may be applied to an AS management device, and the route management device in the method embodiment  300  may alternatively be the AS management device. The AS management device may alternatively be the route management device in the method embodiment  300 . 
     S 401 : Obtain a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier. 
     The AS management device obtains the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, and determines that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. For a manner of obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by the AS management device, refer to related descriptions of obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier by the route management device in the method  300 . Details are not described herein again in this application. 
     S 402 : Send a message, where the message includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, and the message indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. 
     The AS management device sends the message to a receiving device, where the message includes the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier, and the message indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes. The message may be used by the receiving device to obtain a correspondence based on the message, so that the receiving device performs direct route management, such as route analysis, on a route message based on the message. 
     For detailed descriptions of a manner in which the AS management device sends the message indicating that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes, refer to related descriptions in the method embodiment  300 . Details are not described herein again. 
     With reference to a flowchart of a route management method shown in  FIG.  5   , the following describes in detail that the methods in the foregoing method embodiment  300  and method embodiment  400  are applied to a scenario of preventing route hijacking misjudgment. A method embodiment  500  shown in  FIG.  5    includes the following steps. 
     In this method embodiment, an example in which an RP server serves as an AS management device and a first network device serves as a route management device is used for description. It should be understood that the AS management device may be the RP server, the TA server, the network device, the route analysis device, or another device having an AS management function mentioned in the foregoing method embodiment  300 , and the route management device may also be the RP server, the TA server, the network device, the route analysis device, or another device having a route management function mentioned in the foregoing method embodiment  300 . 
     S 501 : The RP server sends a first message to the first network device, where the first message includes a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier. 
     In the scenario shown in  FIG.  2   , the method embodiment  500  is described by using an example in which network device  3  is the first network device and the RP server is the server herein. 
     The RP server sends the first message to network device  3  through the RPKI router protocol in the method embodiment  300  (which is referred to as the method  300  for short in the following) described in  FIG.  3   a   . The first message may include a sibling AS PDU, and the PDU may further include information such as a sibling AS count and an organization identifier. 
     The first message indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes. 
     S 503 : The first network device obtains a correspondence. 
     Network device  3  receives the first message, obtains the correspondence from the first message, and stores the correspondence, where the correspondence indicates that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are the sibling ASes. 
     For detailed descriptions of steps S 501  and S 503 , refer to related descriptions of step S 303  in the method  300 . Details are not described herein again. 
     S 507 : A second network device sends a route message to the first network device, where the route message includes a first route prefix and a third AS identifier. 
     Accordingly, the first network device receives the route message sent by the second network device. 
     In the scenario shown in  FIG.  2   , the second network device may be network device  1 . In this case, network device  3  may receive the route message sent by network device  1 , and the route message may be a BGP update message. In the update message, the route prefix may be 10.132.51.0/24, and an AS path in the update message may be (AS1 AS11). The route message indicates that AS11 is an origin AS of 10.132.51.0/24, and is announced to AS1 via network device  2 , and then to network device  3  via network device  1 . In this example, the third AS identifier is AS11. 
     S 509 : The first network device validates, based on obtained ROA information, whether the route message is valid. If the route message is invalid, step S 511  is performed. 
     This step is an optional step. For detailed descriptions about how network device  3  obtains the ROA information and how network device  3  validates, based on the obtained ROA information, that the route message is invalid, refer to the descriptions in step S 309  in the foregoing method  300 . Details are not described herein again. 
     Optionally, after validating that the route message is invalid, network device  3  may set a validation status of route information corresponding to the route message to invalid. In related technologies, if the following steps S 511 , S 513 , and the like do not exist, network device  3  may reduce a priority of the route message based on that the validation status is invalid, and then does not announce the route. Alternatively, network device  3  may announce the route to a device such as a BGP peer of network device  3 . When announcing the route, network device  3  sets an attribute of the route, for example, an original route attribute, to invalid. 
     S 511 : The first network device determines, based on the correspondence, that the route message is valid. 
     For how network device  3  determines, based on the correspondence, that the route message is valid, refer to related descriptions of step S 311  in the method  300 . Details are not described herein again in this application. 
     S 513 : The first network device sets the status of the route message to valid. 
     Network device  3  may set the validation status of the route information to invalid in S 309 , and then set the validation status of the route information to valid in this step. 
     If network device  3  needs to announce the route information to the peer of network device  3 , network device  3  may set a status of a related attribute part in the route message that announces the route information to valid. 
     S 515 : The first network device sends the route message to a third network device. 
     Optionally, when network device  3  further needs to announce the route information corresponding to the route message to the peer of network device  3 , network device  3  may send the route message, namely, the route information corresponding to the route message, to the peer of network device  3 , for example, network device  4  in  FIG.  2   . 
     The foregoing mainly describes embodiments of this application by using an AS identifier as an example. It should be understood that this solution may also be applied to another similar or related scenario, for example, another non-BGP autonomous system scenario, or another existing or future domain-based management scenario. 
       FIG.  6    is a schematic diagram of a structure of a route management apparatus  600  according to an embodiment of this application. The apparatus  600  has any function of the route management device in the method  300  or the first network device in the method  500 . As shown in  FIG.  6   , the apparatus  600  includes a processing unit  601 , configured to perform S 303 , S 305 , S 509 , S 511 , S 513 , or the like. Optionally, the apparatus  600  further includes a receiving unit  602  and a sending unit  603 . The receiving unit  602  is configured to perform a related step of receiving the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier or a related step of receiving the route message in S 303  and S 503 . The sending unit  603  is configured to perform S 515 . 
     The route management apparatus  600  corresponds to the route management device in the foregoing method embodiments, for example, the first network device. Modules in the route management apparatus  600  and the foregoing other operations and/or functions are respectively intended to implement various steps and methods implemented by the route management device in the method embodiments. For specific details, refer to the foregoing method  300  or method  500 . For brevity, details are not described herein again. 
     When the route management apparatus  600  performs route management, division into the foregoing functional modules is only used as an example for description. During actual application, the foregoing functions may be allocated to different functional modules for implementation based on a requirement, in other words, an internal structure of the route management apparatus  600  is divided into different functional modules, to complete all or a part of the functions described above. 
       FIG.  7    is a schematic diagram of a structure of a route management apparatus  700  according to an embodiment of this application. The apparatus  700  has any function of the route management device in the method  300  or the first network device in the method  500 . The apparatus  700  includes a BGP module, a route validation module, and an RPKI module. The RPKI module may be configured to perform a related step of receiving the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier or a related step of receiving the route message and a corresponding step of obtaining the correspondence in S 303  and S 503 . The route validation module may be configured to perform S 305 , S 509 , S 511 , S 513 , or the like. The BGP module may be configured to perform steps such as S 507  and S 515 . The apparatus  700  corresponds to the apparatus  600 . In this case, it may be considered that the receiving unit  602  and the sending unit  603  of the apparatus  60   o  may include the BGP module and the RPKI module of the apparatus  700 , the BGP module and the RPKI module of the apparatus  700  may have a receiving and sending function, and the processing unit  601  of the apparatus  60   o  may include the route validation module of the apparatus  700 . The apparatus  700  is another apparatus division manner for the route management device and the first network device in the foregoing method embodiments. Modules in the route management apparatus  700  and the foregoing other operations and/or functions are respectively intended to implement various steps and methods implemented by the route management device in the method embodiments. For specific details, refer to the foregoing method  300  or method  500 . For brevity, details are not described herein again. 
       FIG.  8    is a schematic diagram of a structure of an AS management apparatus  800  according to an embodiment of this application. The apparatus  800  has any function of the AS management device in the method  400  or the RP server in the method  500 . As shown in  FIG.  8   , the apparatus  80   o  includes a processing unit  801  and a sending unit  803 . The processing unit  801  is configured to perform a related step of obtaining the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier in S 401 . The sending unit  803  is configured to perform S 402  or S 501 . Optionally, the apparatus  800  further includes a receiving unit  802 , configured to receive a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier that are sent by another device. 
     The apparatus  800  corresponds to the AS management device, such as the RP server, in the foregoing method embodiment  400  and method embodiment  500 . Modules in the apparatus  800  and the foregoing other operations and/or functions are respectively intended to implement various steps and methods implemented by the AS management device in the method embodiments. For specific details, refer to the foregoing method  400  or method  500 . For brevity, details are not described herein again. 
     When the apparatus  800  performs AS management, division into the foregoing functional modules is only used as an example for description. During actual application, the foregoing functions may be allocated to different functional modules for implementation based on a requirement, in other words, an internal structure of the apparatus  800  is divided into different functional modules, to complete all or a part of the functions described above. In addition, the apparatus  800  provided in the foregoing embodiment and the method  400  or the method  500  are based on a same idea. For a specific implementation process of the apparatus  800 , refer to the method  400  or the method  500 . Details are not described herein again. 
     In correspondence to the method embodiments and the virtual apparatus embodiments provided in this application, an embodiment of this application further provides a network device. The following describes a hardware structure of the network device. 
     A network device  900  or a network device  1000  described in the following corresponds to the route management device or the AS management device in the foregoing method embodiments. Hardware, modules, and the foregoing other operations and/or functions in the network device  900  or the network device  1000  are respectively intended to implement various steps and methods implemented by the network device  900  or the network device  1000  in the method embodiments. For a detailed procedure of how the network device  900  or the network device  100  implements AS management or route management based on sibling ASes, refer to the foregoing method embodiments. For brevity, details are not described herein again. The steps of the method  300 , the method  400 , or the method  500  are implemented by using an integrated logic circuit of hardware in a processor of the network device  900  or the network device  1000 , or by using instructions in a form of software. The steps of the methods disclosed with reference to embodiments of this application may be performed by a hardware processor, or may be performed by using a combination of hardware in the processor and a software module. The software module may be located in a mature storage medium in the art, such as a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, or a register. The storage medium is located in the memory, and the processor reads information in the memory and completes the steps of the foregoing methods in combination with hardware of the processor. To avoid repetition, details are not described herein again. 
     The network device  900  or the network device  1000  corresponds to the apparatus  600 , the apparatus  700 , or the apparatus  800  in the foregoing virtual apparatus embodiments. Each functional module in the apparatus  600 , the apparatus  700 , or the apparatus  800  is implemented by using software of the network device  900  or the network device  1000 . In other words, the functional module included in the apparatus  600 , the apparatus  700 , or the apparatus  800  is generated after the processor of the network device  900  or the network device moo reads program code stored in a memory. 
       FIG.  9    is a schematic diagram of a structure of the network device  900  according to an example embodiment of this application. The network device  900  may be configured as a route management device or an AS management network device. The network device  900  may be implemented by using a general bus architecture. 
     The network device  900  includes at least one processor  901 , a communication bus  902 , a memory  903 , and at least one communication interface  904 . 
     The processor  901  may be a general-purpose central processing unit (CPU), a network processor (NP), a microprocessor, or may be one or more integrated circuits configured to implement the solutions of this application, for example, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a combination thereof. The PLD may be a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a generic array logic (GAL), or any combination thereof. 
     The communication bus  902  is configured to transfer information between the foregoing components. The communication bus  902  may be classified into an address bus, a data bus, a control bus, and the like. For ease of representation, only one thick line is used to represent the bus in the figure, but this does not mean that there is only one bus or only one type of bus. 
     The memory  903  may be a read-only memory (ROM) or another type of static storage device capable of storing static information and instructions, or may be a random access memory (RAM) or another type of dynamic storage device capable of storing information and instructions, or may be an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) or other compact disc storage, optical disc storage (including a compressed optical disc, a laser disc, an optical disc, a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc, or the like), a magnetic disk storage medium or another magnetic storage device, or any other medium capable of carrying or storing expected program code in a form of an instruction or a data structure and capable of being accessed by a computer. This is not limited thereto. The memory  903  may exist independently, and is connected to the processor  901  through the communication bus  902 . Alternatively, the memory  903  may be integrated with the processor  901 . 
     The communication interface  904  uses any apparatus such as a transceiver, and is configured to communicate with another device or a communication network. The communication interface  904  includes a wired communication interface, and may include a wireless communication interface. The wired communication interface may be, for example, an Ethernet interface. The Ethernet interface may be an optical interface, an electrical interface, or a combination thereof. The wireless communication interface may be a wireless local area network (WLAN) interface, a cellular network communication interface, a combination thereof, or the like. 
     During specific implementation, in an embodiment, the processor  901  may include one or more CPUs, for example, a CPU  0  and a CPU  1  in  FIG.  9   . 
     During specific implementation, in an embodiment, the network device  900  may include a plurality of processors, for example, the processor  901  and a processor  905  shown in  FIG.  9   . Each of the processors may be a single-core processor (single-CPU) or may be a multi-core processor (multi-CPU). The processor herein may refer to one or more devices, circuits, and/or processing cores configured to process data (for example, computer program instructions). 
     During specific implementation, in an embodiment, the network device  900  may further include an output device  906  and an input device  907 . The output device  906  communicates with the processor  901 , and may display information in a plurality of manners. For example, the output device  906  may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED) display device, a cathode ray tube (CRT) display device, or a projector. The input device  907  communicates with the processor  901 , and may receive a user input in a plurality of manners. For example, the input device  907  may be a mouse, a keyboard, a touchscreen device, a sensing device, or the like. 
     In some embodiments, the memory  903  is configured to store program code  910  for performing the solutions in this application, and the processor  901  can execute the program code  910  stored in the memory  903 . In other words, the network device  900  may implement, by using the processor  901  and the program code  910  in the memory  903 , the method  300 , the method  400 , or the method  500  provided in the method embodiments. 
     The network device  900  in this embodiment of this application may correspond to the route management device or the AS management device in the foregoing method embodiments. In addition, the processor  901 , the communication interface  904 , and the like in the network device  900  may implement functions of the devices and/or various steps and methods implemented by the devices in the foregoing method embodiments. For brevity, details are not described herein again. 
     The receiving unit  602  and the sending unit  603  in the apparatus  600  may be equivalent to the communication interface  904  in the network device  900 . The processing unit  601  in the apparatus  600  may be equivalent to the processor  901  in the network device  900 . 
     The receiving unit  802  and the sending unit  803  in the apparatus  800  may be equivalent to the communication interface  904  in the network device  900 . The processing unit  801  in the apparatus  800  may be equivalent to the processor  901  in the network device  900 . 
       FIG.  10    is a schematic diagram of a structure of the network device  1000  according to an example embodiment of this application. The network device  1000  may be configured as a route management device or an AS management device. The network device  1000  includes a main control board  1010  and an interface board  1030 . 
     The main control board  1010  is also referred to as a main processing unit (MPU) or a route processor card. The main control board  1010  is configured to control and manage components in the network device  1000 , including functions such as route computation, device management, device maintenance, and protocol processing. The main control board  1010  includes a central processing unit  1011  and a memory  1012 . 
     The interface board  1030  is also referred to as a line processing unit (line processing unit, LPU) card, a line card (line card), or a service board. The interface board  1030  is configured to provide various service interfaces and forward a data packet. The service interface includes but is not limited to an Ethernet interface, a POS (Packet over SONET/SDH) interface, and the like. The Ethernet interface is, for example, a flexible Ethernet service interface (Flexible Ethernet Clients, FlexE Clients). The interface board  1030  includes a central processing unit  1031 , a network processor  1032 , a forwarding entry memory  1034 , and a physical interface card (PIC)  1033 . 
     The central processing unit  1031  on the interface board  1030  is configured to control and manage the interface board  1030 , and communicate with the central processing unit  1011  on the main control board  1010 . 
     The network processor  1032  is configured to forward a packet. A form of the network processor  1032  may be a forwarding chip. Specifically, the network processor  1032  is configured to forward a received packet based on a forwarding table stored in the forwarding entry memory  1034 . If a destination address of the packet is an address of the network device  1000 , the network processor  1032  sends the packet to a CPU (for example, the central processing unit ion) for processing. If a destination address of the packet is not an address of the network device  1000 , the network processor  1032  searches for, based on the destination address, a next hop and an outbound interface corresponding to the destination address in the forwarding table, and forwards the packet to the outbound interface corresponding to the destination address. Processing an uplink packet includes a packet is processed on an inbound interface, and the forwarding table is searched. Processing a downlink packet includes the forwarding table is searched. 
     The physical interface card  1033  is configured to implement a physical layer interconnection function. Original traffic enters the interface board  1030  from the physical interface card  1033 , and a processed packet is sent out from the physical interface card  1033 . The physical interface card  1033 , also referred to as a subcard, may be mounted on the interface board  1030 , and is responsible for converting an optical/electrical signal into a packet, performing validity check on the packet, and forwarding the packet to the network processor  1032  for processing. In some embodiments, the central processing unit may alternatively perform a function of the network processor  1032 , for example, implement software forwarding based on a general CPU. Therefore, the network processor  1032  is not necessary in the physical interface card  1033 . 
     Optionally, the network device  1000  includes a plurality of interface boards. For example, the network device  1000  further includes an interface board  1040 , and the interface board  1040  includes a central processing unit  1041 , a network processor  1042 , a forwarding entry memory  1044 , and a physical interface card  1043 . 
     Optionally, the network device  1000  further includes a switching board  1020 . The switching board  1020  may also be referred to as a switch fabric unit (SFU). When the network device includes a plurality of interface boards  1030 , the switching board  1020  is configured to complete data exchange between the interface boards. For example, the interface board  1030  and the interface board  1040  may communicate with each other via the switching board  1020 . 
     The main control board  1010  is coupled to the interface board  1030 . For example, the main control board  1010 , the interface board  1030 , the interface board  1040 , and the switching board  1020  are connected to a system backboard through a system bus. In this way, interworking is implemented. In a possible implementation, an inter-process communication (IPC) channel is established between the main control board  1010  and the interface board  1030 , and the main control board  1010  communicates with the interface board  1030  through the IPC channel. 
     Logically, the network device  1000  includes a control plane and a forwarding plane. The control plane includes the main control board  1010  and the central processing unit  1031 . The forwarding plane includes components that perform forwarding, such as the forwarding entry memory  1034 , the physical interface card  1033 , and the network processor  1032 . The control plane performs functions such as routing, generating a forwarding table, processing signaling and a protocol packet, and configuring and maintaining a device status. The control plane delivers the generated forwarding table to the forwarding plane. On the forwarding plane, based on the forwarding table delivered from the control plane, the network processor  1032  looks up the table, and forwards a packet received by the physical interface card  1033 . The forwarding table delivered by the control plane may be stored in the forwarding entry memory  1034 . In some embodiments, the control plane and the forwarding plane may be completely separated, and are not on a same device. 
     If the network device  1000  is configured as the route management device, the physical interface card  1033  receives a message carrying a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier, and sends the message to the network processor  1032 . The network processor  1032  obtains information such as a correspondence based on the message, and after processing a route message based on the correspondence, sends the route message via the physical interface card  1033 . 
     If the network device  1000  is configured as the AS management device, the physical interface card  1033  receives a first AS identifier and a second AS identifier, and sends the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier to the network processor  1032 . The network processor  1032  determines that the first AS identifier and the second AS identifier are sibling ASes, generates a message, and sends the message to a route management device via the physical interface card  1033 . 
     The receiving unit  602  and the sending unit  603  in the apparatus  600  are equivalent to the physical interface card  1033  in the network device  1000 . The processing unit  601  in the apparatus  600  may be equivalent to the network processor  1032  or the central processing unit  1011 . 
     The receiving unit  802  and the sending unit  803  in the apparatus  800  are equivalent to the physical interface card  1033  in the network device  1000 . The processing unit  801  in the apparatus  800  may be equivalent to the network processor  1032  or the central processing unit  1011 . 
     Operations performed on the interface board  1040  are consistent with the operations performed on the interface board  1030  in this embodiment of this application. For brevity, details are not described. The network device  1000  in this embodiment may correspond to the route management device or the AS management device in the foregoing method embodiments. The main control board  1010  and the interface board  1030  and/or the interface board  1040  in the network device  1000  may implement the functions and/or various steps implemented by the route management device or the AS management device in the foregoing method embodiments. For brevity, details are not described herein again. 
     It should be noted that, there may be one or more main control boards. When there are a plurality of main control boards, the main control boards may include an active main control board and a standby main control board. There may be one or more interface boards, and a network device having a stronger data processing capability provides more interface boards. There may also be one or more physical interface cards on the interface board. There may be no switching board or one or more switching boards. When there are a plurality of switching boards, load balancing and redundancy backup may be implemented together. In a centralized forwarding architecture, the network device may not need the switching board, and the interface board provides a function of processing service data in an entire system. In a distributed forwarding architecture, the network device may have at least one switching board, and data exchange between a plurality of interface boards is implemented by the switching board, to provide a large-capacity data exchange and processing capability. Therefore, a data access and processing capability of a network device in the distributed architecture is better than that of a device in the centralized architecture. Optionally, the network device may alternatively be in a form in which there is only one card. To be specific, there is no switching board, and functions of the interface board and the main control board are integrated on the card. In this case, the central processing unit on the interface board and the central processing unit on the main control board may be combined into one central processing unit on the card, to perform functions obtained after the two central processing units are combined. The device in this form (for example, a network device such as a low-end switch or router) has a weak data exchange and processing capability. A specific architecture that is to be used depends on a specific networking and deployment scenario. This is not limited herein. 
     In some possible embodiments, the route management device or the AS management device may be implemented as a virtualized device. 
     For example, the virtualized device may be a virtual machine (VM) on which a program having a packet sending function is run, and the virtual machine is deployed on a hardware device (for example, a physical server). The virtual machine is a complete software-simulated computer system that has complete hardware system functions and that runs in an entirely isolated environment. The virtual machine may be configured as a first network device or a second network device. For example, the route management device or the AS management device may be implemented based on a general-purpose physical server in combination with a network functions virtualization (NFV) technology. The route management device or the AS management device is a virtual host, a virtual router, or a virtual switch. After reading this application, with reference to the NFV technology, a person skilled in the art may virtualize, on the general-purpose physical server, the route management device or the AS management device having the foregoing functions. Details are not described herein. 
     For example, the virtualized device may be a container, and the container is an entity configured to provide an isolated virtualized environment. For example, the container may be a docker container. The container may be configured as the route management device or the AS management device. For example, the route management device or the AS management device may be created by using a corresponding image. For example, two container instances, namely, a container instance proxy-container  1  and a container instance proxy-container  2 , may be created for a proxy-container (which is a container that provides a proxy service) by using an image of the proxy-container. The container instance proxy-container  1  is provided as the route management device, and the container instance proxy-container  2  is provided as the AS management device. When the container technology is used for implementation, the route management device or the AS management device may operate by using a kernel of a physical machine, and a plurality of route management devices or AS management devices may share an operating system of the physical machine. Different route management devices or AS management devices may be isolated by using the container technology. The containerized route management device or AS management device may operate in a virtualized environment, for example, may operate in a virtual machine. The containerized route management device or AS management device may directly operate in a physical machine. 
     For example, the virtualized device may be a pod. The pod is a basic unit of Kubernetes (where Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration engine of Google, and is briefly referred to as K8 s  in English) for deploying, managing, and orchestrating a containerized application. The pod may include one or more containers. All containers in a same pod are usually deployed on a same host. Therefore, all the containers in the same pod may communicate with each other via the host, and may share storage resources and network resources of the host. A pod may be configured as a route management device or an AS management device. For example, specifically, a container as a service (CaaS, a container-based platform a a service (PaaS) service) may be instructed to create a pod, and the pod is provided as the route management device or the AS management device. 
     Certainly, the route management device or the AS management device may alternatively be another virtualized device, which is not enumerated one by one herein. 
     In some possible embodiments, the route management device or the AS management device may alternatively be implemented by a general-purpose processor. For example, the general-purpose processor may be in a form of a chip. Specifically, the general-purpose processor that implements the route management device or the AS management device includes a processing circuit, and an input interface and an output interface that are internally connected to and communicate with the processing circuit. The processing circuit is configured to perform a packet generation step in the foregoing method embodiments through the input interface, perform a receiving step in the foregoing method embodiments through the input interface, and perform a sending step in the foregoing method embodiments through the output interface. Optionally, the general-purpose processor may further include a storage medium. The processing circuit is configured to perform a storing step in the foregoing method embodiments via the storage medium. The storage medium may store instructions to be executed by the processing circuit. The processing circuit is configured to execute the instructions stored in the storage medium, to perform the foregoing method embodiments. 
     Refer to  FIG.  11   . An embodiment of this application provides a network system  1100 . The system  1100  includes a route management device  1101  and/or an AS management device  1102 . Optionally, the route management device  1101  is, for example, the apparatus  600 , the apparatus  700 , the network device  900 , or the network device  1000 , and the AS management device  1102  is, for example, the apparatus  800 , the network device  900 , or the network device  1000 . 
     An embodiment of this application provides a computer program product. When the computer program product runs on a route management device or an AS management device, the route management device or the AS management device performs the method  300 , the method  400 , or the method  500  in the foregoing method embodiments. 
     The apparatuses in the foregoing product forms separately have any function of the route management device or the AS management device in the foregoing method embodiments. Details are not described herein again. 
     A person of ordinary skill in the art may be aware that, in combination with the examples described in embodiments disclosed in this specification, method steps and units may be implemented by electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination thereof. To clearly describe the interchangeability between the hardware and the software, the foregoing has generally described steps and compositions of each embodiment according to functions. Whether the functions are performed by hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraints of the technical solutions. A person of ordinary skill in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for each particular application, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this application. 
     It may be clearly understood by a person skilled in the art that, for the purpose of convenient and brief description, for a detailed working process of the foregoing system, apparatus, and unit, refer to a corresponding process in the foregoing method embodiments. Details are not described herein again. 
     In the several embodiments provided in this application, the disclosed system, apparatus, and method may be implemented in other manners. For example, the described apparatus embodiments are merely examples. For example, division into units is merely logical function division and may be other division during actual implementation. For example, a plurality of units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not performed. In addition, the displayed or discussed mutual couplings or direct couplings or communication connections may be implemented through some interfaces, indirect couplings or communication connections between the apparatuses or units, or electrical connections, mechanical connections, or connections in other forms. 
     The units described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate, and parts displayed as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one position, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. All or a part of the units may be selected based on actual requirements to achieve the objectives of the solutions of embodiments in this application. 
     In addition, functional units in embodiments of this application may be integrated into one processing unit, each of the units may exist alone physically, or two or more units may be integrated into one unit. The integrated unit may be implemented in a form of hardware, or may be implemented in a form of a software functional unit. 
     When the integrated unit is implemented in the form of a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, the integrated unit may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on such an understanding, the technical solutions of this application essentially, or the part contributing to the conventional technology, or all or a part of the technical solutions may be implemented in a form of a software product. The computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions for indicating a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, a network device, or the like) to perform all or a part of the steps of the methods in embodiments of this application. The foregoing storage medium includes any medium that can store program code, such as a USB flash drive, a removable hard disk, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disc. 
     The foregoing descriptions are merely specific implementations of this application, but are not intended to limit the protection scope of this application. Any equivalent modification or replacement readily figured out by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in this application shall fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims. 
     All or a part of the foregoing embodiments may be implemented by using software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. When software is used to implement embodiments, all or a part of the embodiments may be implemented in a form of a computer program product. The computer program product includes one or more computer program instructions. When the computer program instructions are loaded and executed on a computer, all or a part of the procedures or functions according to embodiments of this application are generated. The computer may be a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, a computer network, or other programmable apparatuses. The computer instructions may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium or may be transmitted from a computer-readable storage medium to another computer-readable storage medium. For example, the computer program instructions may be transmitted from a website, computer, server, or data center to another website, computer, server, or data center in a wired or wireless manner. The computer-readable storage medium may be any usable medium accessible by the computer, or a data storage device, such as a server or a data center, integrating one or more usable media. The usable medium may be a magnetic medium (for example, a floppy disk, a hard disk, or a magnetic tape), an optical medium (for example, a digital video disc (DVD)), a semiconductor medium (for example, a solid-state drive), or the like. 
     A person of ordinary skill in the art may understand that all or a part of the steps of embodiments may be implemented by hardware or a program instructing related hardware. The program may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may include a read-only memory, a magnetic disk, an optical disc, or the like. 
     The foregoing descriptions are merely optional embodiments of this application, but are not intended to limit this application. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made without departing from the spirit and principle of this application shall fall within the protection scope of this application.