Patent Publication Number: US-2023133729-A1

Title: Security for communication protocols

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Various example embodiments relate generally to communication networks and, more particularly but not exclusively, to security for communications protocols in communication networks. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In communication systems, various communications technologies may be used to support communications, including use of communication security capabilities to support security for communications of communication systems. 
     SUMMARY 
     In at least some example embodiments, an apparatus includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus to at least support communication of a packet, wherein the packet includes a payload, a header of a first communication protocol at a first communication layer, and a header of a second communication protocol at a second communication layer above the first communication layer, wherein a first portion of the packet, including the payload, is encrypted based on the first communication protocol, wherein a second portion of the packet, including the payload and the header of the first communication protocol, is authenticated based on the first communication protocol, wherein a third portion of the packet, including the header of the second communication protocol, remains unencrypted based on the first communication protocol and unauthenticated based on the first communication protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the first communication layer is at Layer 2. In at least some example embodiments, the first communication protocol is a network security protocol configured to support encryption functions and authentication functions. In at least some example embodiments, the network security protocol supports features of an IEEE 802.1AE protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication layer is above Layer 2. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication layer is at Layer 2.5 or Layer 3. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol or a Layer 3 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) or supports features of Internet Protocol (IP). In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). In at least some example embodiments, the header of the second communication protocol includes a set of MPLS labels. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 3 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Internet Protocol (IP). In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol includes at least one of source and destination Media Access Control (MAC) addresses or at least one Ethernet related tag. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at a third communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication layer is at Layer 2.5 and the third communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a fourth communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the fourth communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the fourth communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the fourth communication protocol includes at least one of source and destination Media Access Control (MAC) addresses or at least one Ethernet related tag. In at least some example embodiments, the first portion of the packet, the second portion of the packet, and the third portion of the packet are identified based on an encryption offset associated with the packet and an authentication offset associated with the packet. In at least some example embodiments, to support communication of the packet, the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least perform, by an encrypting node, encryption of the first portion of the packet and authentication over the second portion of the packet and send, by the encrypting node toward a destination node, the packet. In at least some example embodiments, to support communication of the packet, the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive, by a node, the packet and determine, by the node based on the third portion of the packet, handling of the packet at the node. In at least some example embodiments, to support communication of the packet, the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least modify, by the node, at least one aspect of the third portion of the packet to form a modified packet and send, by the node, toward a destination node, the modified packet. In at least some example embodiments, to support communication of the packet, the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive, by a decrypting node, the packet and perform, by the decrypting node, authentication over the second portion of the packet and decryption of the first portion of the packet. 
     In at least some example embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium includes computer program code configured to cause an apparatus to at least support communication of a packet, wherein the packet includes a payload, a header of a first communication protocol at a first communication layer, and a header of a second communication protocol at a second communication layer above the first communication layer, wherein a first portion of the packet, including the payload, is encrypted based on the first communication protocol, wherein a second portion of the packet, including the payload and the header of the first communication protocol, is authenticated based on the first communication protocol, wherein a third portion of the packet, including the header of the second communication protocol, remains unencrypted based on the first communication protocol and unauthenticated based on the first communication protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the first communication layer is at Layer 2. In at least some example embodiments, the first communication protocol is a network security protocol configured to support encryption functions and authentication functions. In at least some example embodiments, the network security protocol supports features of an IEEE 802.1AE protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication layer is above Layer 2. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication layer is at Layer 2.5 or Layer 3. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol or a Layer 3 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) or supports features of Internet Protocol (IP). In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). In at least some example embodiments, the header of the second communication protocol includes a set of MPLS labels. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 3 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Internet Protocol (IP). In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol includes at least one of source and destination Media Access Control (MAC) addresses or at least one Ethernet related tag. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at a third communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication layer is at Layer 2.5 and the third communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a fourth communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the fourth communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the fourth communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the fourth communication protocol includes at least one of source and destination Media Access Control (MAC) addresses or at least one Ethernet related tag. In at least some example embodiments, the first portion of the packet, the second portion of the packet, and the third portion of the packet are identified based on an encryption offset associated with the packet and an authentication offset associated with the packet. In at least some example embodiments, to support communication of the packet, the computer program code is configured to cause the apparatus to at least perform, by an encrypting node, encryption of the first portion of the packet and authentication over the second portion of the packet and send, by the encrypting node toward a destination node, the packet. In at least some example embodiments, to support communication of the packet, the computer program code is configured to cause the apparatus to at least receive, by a node, the packet and determine, by the node based on the third portion of the packet, handling of the packet at the node. In at least some example embodiments, to support communication of the packet, the computer program code is configured to cause the apparatus to at least modify, by the node, at least one aspect of the third portion of the packet to form a modified packet and send, by the node, toward a destination node, the modified packet. In at least some example embodiments, to support communication of the packet, the computer program code is configured to cause the apparatus to at least receive, by a decrypting node, the packet and perform, by the decrypting node, authentication over the second portion of the packet and decryption of the first portion of the packet. 
     In at least some example embodiments, a method includes supporting communication of a packet, wherein the packet includes a payload, a header of a first communication protocol at a first communication layer, and a header of a second communication protocol at a second communication layer above the first communication layer, wherein a first portion of the packet, including the payload, is encrypted based on the first communication protocol, wherein a second portion of the packet, including the payload and the header of the first communication protocol, is authenticated based on the first communication protocol, wherein a third portion of the packet, including the header of the second communication protocol, remains unencrypted based on the first communication protocol and unauthenticated based on the first communication protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the first communication layer is at Layer 2. In at least some example embodiments, the first communication protocol is a network security protocol configured to support encryption functions and authentication functions. In at least some example embodiments, the network security protocol supports features of an IEEE 802.1AE protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication layer is above Layer 2. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication layer is at Layer 2.5 or Layer 3. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol or a Layer 3 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) or supports features of Internet Protocol (IP). In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). In at least some example embodiments, the header of the second communication protocol includes a set of MPLS labels. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 3 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Internet Protocol (IP). In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol includes at least one of source and destination Media Access Control (MAC) addresses or at least one Ethernet related tag. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at a third communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication layer is at Layer 2.5 and the third communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a fourth communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the fourth communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the fourth communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the fourth communication protocol includes at least one of source and destination Media Access Control (MAC) addresses or at least one Ethernet related tag. In at least some example embodiments, the first portion of the packet, the second portion of the packet, and the third portion of the packet are identified based on an encryption offset associated with the packet and an authentication offset associated with the packet. In at least some example embodiments, supporting communication of the packet includes performing, by an encrypting node, encryption of the first portion of the packet and authentication over the second portion of the packet and sending, by the encrypting node toward a destination node, the packet. In at least some example embodiments, supporting communication of the packet includes receiving, by a node, the packet and determining, by the node based on the third portion of the packet, handling of the packet at the node. In at least some example embodiments, supporting communication of the packet includes modifying, by the node, at least one aspect of the third portion of the packet to form a modified packet and sending, by the node, toward a destination node, the modified packet. In at least some example embodiments, supporting communication of the packet includes receiving, by a decrypting node, the packet and performing, by the decrypting node, authentication over the second portion of the packet and decryption of the first portion of the packet. 
     In at least some example embodiments, an apparatus includes means for supporting communication of a packet, wherein the packet includes a payload, a header of a first communication protocol at a first communication layer, and a header of a second communication protocol at a second communication layer above the first communication layer, wherein a first portion of the packet, including the payload, is encrypted based on the first communication protocol, wherein a second portion of the packet, including the payload and the header of the first communication protocol, is authenticated based on the first communication protocol, wherein a third portion of the packet, including the header of the second communication protocol, remains unencrypted based on the first communication protocol and unauthenticated based on the first communication protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the first communication layer is at Layer 2. In at least some example embodiments, the first communication protocol is a network security protocol configured to support encryption functions and authentication functions. In at least some example embodiments, the network security protocol supports features of an IEEE 802.1AE protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication layer is above Layer 2. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication layer is at Layer 2.5 or Layer 3. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol or a Layer 3 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) or supports features of Internet Protocol (IP). In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). In at least some example embodiments, the header of the second communication protocol includes a set of MPLS labels. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol is a Layer 3 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the second communication protocol supports features of Internet Protocol (IP). In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol includes at least one of source and destination Media Access Control (MAC) addresses or at least one Ethernet related tag. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a third communication protocol at a third communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication layer is at Layer 2.5 and the third communication protocol is a Layer 2.5 protocol. In at least some example embodiments, the third communication protocol supports features of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). In at least some example embodiments, the header of the third communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the packet includes a header of a fourth communication protocol at the first communication layer. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the fourth communication protocol is included in the third portion of the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the fourth communication protocol supports features of Ethernet. In at least some example embodiments, the header of the fourth communication protocol includes at least one of source and destination Media Access Control (MAC) addresses or at least one Ethernet related tag. In at least some example embodiments, the first portion of the packet, the second portion of the packet, and the third portion of the packet are identified based on an encryption offset associated with the packet and an authentication offset associated with the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the means for supporting communication of the packet includes means for performing, by an encrypting node, encryption of the first portion of the packet and authentication over the second portion of the packet and means for sending, by the encrypting node toward a destination node, the packet. In at least some example embodiments, the means for supporting communication of the packet includes means for receiving, by a node, the packet and means for determining, by the node based on the third portion of the packet, handling of the packet at the node. In at least some example embodiments, the means for supporting communication of the packet includes means for modifying, by the node, at least one aspect of the third portion of the packet to form a modified packet and means for sending, by the node, toward a destination node, the modified packet. In at least some example embodiments, the means for supporting communication of the packet includes means for receiving, by a decrypting node, the packet and means for performing, by the decrypting node, authentication over the second portion of the packet and decryption of the first portion of the packet. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The teachings herein can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    depicts an example embodiment of a system configured to support security for communications; 
         FIG.  2    depicts an example embodiment of a packet format for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE; 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  depict example embodiments of packet formats for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE; 
         FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  depict example embodiments of packet formats for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE; 
         FIG.  5    depicts an example embodiment of a method for supporting security for communications; and 
         FIG.  6    depicts an example embodiment of a computer suitable for use in performing various functions presented herein. 
     
    
    
     To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used herein, wherever possible, in order to designate identical elements that are common among the various figures. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications are presented. Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols at various Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Layers. Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating above Layer 2 using a Layer 2 network security protocol. Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 2.5 (e.g., Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) protocols or other suitable Layer 2.5 protocols) using a Layer 2 network security protocol (e.g., an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 protocol such as IEEE 802.1AE or other suitable type of Layer 2 network security protocol). Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 3 (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP), such as IP version 4 (IPv4) or IP version 6 (IPv6), or other suitable Layer 3 protocols) using a Layer 2 network security protocol. Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating above Layer 2, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, where the communications of the communications protocols operating above Layer 2 are transported using a communications protocol operating at Layer 2 (e.g., Ethernet or other suitable Layer 2 communication protocols). Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may enable support for security for communications of a communication protocol operating above Layer 2, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, in a manner that enables devices along the communication path that operate using the communication protocol above Layer 2 to operate on the header of the communication protocol operating above Layer 2 (e.g., operate on the header such as by reading and modifying the header, such that a Layer 2.5 MPLS-capable router can make decisions based on the MPLS header, a Layer 3 IP-capable router can make decisions based on the IP header, and so forth). Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating above Layer 2, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, where the Layer 2 network security protocol is configured to support encryption functions and authentication functions (e.g., an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 protocol such as IEEE 802.1AE or other suitable type of Layer 2 network security protocol). It will be appreciated that these and various other example embodiments and advantages or potential advantages of supporting network security for packets may be further understood by way of reference to the various figures, which are discussed further below. 
       FIG.  1    depicts an example embodiment of a system configured to support security for communications. 
     The system  100  includes a pair of communication devices  110 -A and  110 -Z (collectively, communication devices  110 ) which may communicate over a communication path  120 . The communication devices  110  may be any devices which may communicate over a communication path and the communication path  120  may be any path over which communication devices may communicate and, thus, the communication devices  110  and the communication path  120  may be associated with various communication contexts. For example, the communication devices  110  may include end user devices, routers, switches, or the like. For example, the communication path  120  may represent a single link, multiple links, a portion of a communication network, a communication network, multiple communication networks, or the like. For example, the communication devices  110 -A and  110 -Z may be, respectively, a customer router and a provider router, a pair of provider routers, a pair of customer routers communicating over a communication network (e.g., customer routers associated with Enterprise networks, customer routers associated with data center networks, or the like), or the like. It will be appreciated that the foregoing examples are merely a few of the ways in which example embodiments may be used to support security for communications of communication devices. 
     The communication devices  110  are configured to support security for communications exchanged between the communication devices  110  over the communication network  120 . The communication devices  110  may be configured to support security for communications based on a network security protocol that supports encryption functions and authentication functions. For example, for packets being sent from the communication device  110 -A to the communication device  110 -Z, the communication device  110 -A may apply encryption and authentication to the packets based on the network security protocol and the communication device  110 -Z may validate the authentication and perform decryption based on the network security protocol. Similarly, for example, for packets being sent from the communication device  110 -Z to the communication device  110 -A, the communication device  110 -Z may apply encryption and authentication to the packets based on the network security protocol and the communication device  110 -A may validate the authentication and perform decryption based on the network security protocol. 
     The communication devices  110  may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating above Layer 2 using a Layer 2 network security protocol. The communication devices  110  may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 2.5 (e.g., Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) protocols or other suitable Layer 2.5 protocols) using a Layer 2 network security protocol. The communication devices  110  may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 3 (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP), such as IP version 4 (IPv4) or IP version 6 (IPv6), or other suitable Layer 3 protocols) using a Layer 2 network security protocol. The communication devices  110  may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating above Layer 2, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, where the communications of the communications protocols operating above Layer 2 are transported using a communications protocol operating at Layer 2 (e.g., Ethernet or other suitable Layer 2 communication protocols). The communication devices  110  may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating above Layer 2, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, where the Layer 2 network security protocol is configured to support encryption functions and authentication functions (e.g., an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 protocol such as IEEE 802.1AE or other suitable type of Layer 2 network security protocol). The communication devices  110  may be configured to support security for communications in a manner that enables portions of the packets to be left in the clear (i.e., unencrypted and unauthenticated) such that devices along the communication path  120  can handle the packets based on the portions of the packets left in the clear (e.g., switching MPLS labels where the packets are MPLS packets, routing based on IP addresses where the packets are IP packets, or the like, as well as various combinations thereof). 
     The communication devices  110  may be configured to support security for communications based on use of communication security elements  111 . More specifically, the communication device  110 -A may be configured to support security for packets transmitted toward communication device  110 -Z (e.g., encryption and authentication computation functions) and packets received from communication device  110 -Z (e.g., decryption and authentication verification functions) based on a communication security element  111 -A and, similarly, the communication device  110 -Z may be configured to support security for packets transmitted toward communication device  110 -A (e.g., encryption and authentication computation functions) and packets received from communication device  110 -A (e.g., decryption and authentication verification functions) based on a communication security element  111 -Z. The communication security elements  111  may be configured to support various other functions for supporting security for communications according to various example embodiments presented herein. 
     It will be appreciated that the system  100 , although primarily presented within the context of a relatively simple arrangement of elements, may be any system including any elements (e.g., devices, networks, or the like) which may support secure communications according to various example embodiments presented herein. 
     Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 2.5 (e.g., MPLS) using a Layer 2 network security protocol (e.g., IEEE 802.1AE). 
     Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may enable support for security for communications of a Layer 2.5 communication protocol such as MPLS, using a Layer 2 network security protocol such as IEEE 802.1AE, in a manner enabling devices along the communication path that operate using the Layer 2.5 communication protocol to operate on the Layer 2.5 communication protocol header (e.g., operating on the header, such as by reading and modifying the header, such that a Layer 2.5 MPLS-capable router can make decisions based on the MPLS header). In this manner, throughout the network, the MPLS header is left in clear and unauthenticated so that any LSR router can read and modify the MPLS header in order to forward the packet from one PE to the next PE. It will be appreciated that this operation may be quite dynamic, and the user may be able to dictate, via configuration, which MPLS tunnels or services should be encrypted (although it will be appreciated that this type of selective application of embodiments for supporting security for MPLS communications also may be automated in various ways). 
     Many networks use MPLS as a transport layer and, thus, moving forward, security and encryption are expected to be important for MPLS transport in many contexts. For example, with increasing numbers of cyberattacks, there is an increasing need for low latency and high throughput encryption to secure the MPLS transport layer. Encryption, however, consumes a significant amount of resources in the network (e.g., increased use of central processing unit (CPU) power, increased latency that is added to the transport for performing the encryption action, and so forth) and thus, is a relatively expensive operation in the network. Additionally, MPLS encryption generally is not used in networks since most encryption is done at Layer 3 IP (i.e., IPSec) and Layer 2 Ethernet (i.e., MACSec). 
     Various example embodiments may be configured to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE in a manner that supports MPLS datapath security, supporting encryption and authentication of MPLS packets at line rate at the tunnel layer or service layer, with relatively low CPU resource usage and introduction of relatively small additional latency for the encryption and authentication functions. The MPLS encryption may be based on use of the IEEE 802.1AE standard (which typically is used in Layer 2 Ethernet encryption (i.e., MACSec)) and an Advanced Encryption Standard Galois/Counter Mode (AES-GCM) algorithm (e.g., based on AES-128, AES-256, or the like) to encrypt any MPLS packet at the tunnel layer or service layer. 
     In various example embodiments, in order to enable MPLS security via IEEE 802.1AE the following capabilities may be used. 
     In order to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the desired tunnel or service to be encrypted may be identified. The desired tunnel or service to be encrypted may be identified based on label values. If a tunnel is being encrypted, the service label can be encrypted or left in clear. If a service is being encrypted, the service label needs to be in clear text. For example, the hardware used for encryption may be configured to lock into the label stack of the tunnel or the label stack of the tunnel and service and identify the tunnel or the service as being encryption-enabled (e.g., an encryption-enabled tunnel or encryption-enabled service) and only encrypt that tunnel or service via AES-GCM-128/256. 
     In order to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the MPLS label stack for the tunnel or tunnel and service will be placed on top of the 802.1AE header and will not be encrypted or authenticated. This enables the MPLS network to read the MPLS header and operate on the MPLS header, 
     For example, leaving the MPLS header unencrypted and unauthenticated enables the MPLS network to read the MPLS label stack and make the appropriate forwarding decision based on the MPLS label stack. If the MPLS label stack is encrypted then the MPLS network will not be able to read the MPLS label stack to read the label values and make the appropriate forwarding decisions based on the label values. 
     For example, leaving the MPLS header unencrypted and unauthenticated enables the MPLS network to manipulate the MPLS label stack as needed, such as where labels will be removed from the MPLS label stack and/or added to the MPLS label stack (e.g., based on MPLS forwarding standards like MPLS fast re-route (FRR) or segment routing (SR) where certain labels are popped and/or pushed on the path of the LSP). If the authentication is calculated over the MPLS label stack and the MPLS label stack changes along the path of the MPLS packet, then the CRC calculated at the destination will fail. In order to avoid this type of authentication failure while still permitting manipulation of the MPLS label stack, as noted above, authentication is not calculated over the MPLS label stack. 
     In order to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, if the MPLS packet is being transported over an Ethernet technology, the Ethernet header also may be left unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling operations on the Ethernet header without causing a failure of the CRC check at the destination. 
     It will be appreciated that application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE may be further understood by way of reference to the packet format of  FIG.  2   . 
       FIG.  2    depicts an example embodiment of a packet format for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE. As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , the packet  200  includes a payload, an 802.1AE Header prepended to the payload, an MPLS header prepended to the 802.1AE header (including a First Label prepended to the 802.1AE Header and a Second Label prepended to the First Label), an Ethernet header prepended to the MPLS header (including an EtherType MPLS field prepended to the Second Label, an SMAC field prepended to the EtherType MPLS field, and a DMAC field prepended to the SMAC field), an Integrity Check Value (ICV) field appended to the payload, and a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) field appended to the ICV field. The packet  200  includes a first portion which is encrypted (including the payload), a second portion which is authenticated (including the payload and the 802.1AE header), and a third portion which is neither encrypted nor authenticated (including the MPLS header, the Ethernet header, and the ICV and CRC fields). It will be appreciated that, although primarily presented with respect to example embodiments in which specific types of MPLS labels are left unencrypted and unauthenticated for supporting MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, various other types of MPLS labels may be left unencrypted and unauthenticated in order to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE for various types of MPLS solutions (e.g., Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)-Labeled Unicast (BGP-LU) labels, Entropy Label Indicator (ELI) labels, Entropy Labels (ELs), or the like, as well as various combinations thereof. As indicated herein, this leaves the MPLS header unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling devices along the path to operate on the MPLS header as needed. 
     In order to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the label edge routers (LERs) involved in communication of the MPLS packet—namely, the ingress LER (ILER) and egress LER (ELER)—may be configured to support various functions for supporting MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE. 
     In order to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the ILER is configured to encrypt and authenticate a specific MPLS tunnel or service. The ILER pushes the appropriate MPLS labels for the MPLS tunnel or service on top of the packet. The ILER programs the hardware with this MPLS label stack to be encrypted and authenticated and appropriate AES-GCM-128/256 keys to identify and encrypt this MPLS tunnel or service as an encrypted MPLS tunnel or service. The packet is built with the appropriate MPLS labels and passed through 802.1AE MPLS encryption (e.g., using 802.1AE MPLS encryption capable hardware). The ILER examines each MPLS packet and, if an MPLS packet matches the MPLS label stack of this specific MPLS tunnel or service, encrypts the packet. The ILER adds an 802.1AE header after the MPLS label stack as per IEEE 802.1AE standard and then encrypts the payload of the packet (i.e., the data after the MPLS stack and 802.1AE header) as per IEEE 802.1AE and using AES-GCM-128/256. The ILER also runs authentication (e.g., using an authentication algorithm) over the 802.1AE header and the payload, but does not run any authentication over the MPLS label stack or the Ethernet header, thereby allowing the MPLS label stack to be examined and manipulated via the MPLS LSR routers connecting the MPLS encrypting and decrypting routers. 
     In order to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the ILER may support use of encryption and authentication offsets in order to apply encryption and authentication to the portions of the packet to be encrypted and authenticated, respectively. The encryption and authentication offsets may be specified in various ways (e.g., using start byte/bit location and length, start and end byte/bit locations, or the like). The ILER may support use of programmable and flexible encryption and authentication offsets to identify the portions of the packet to be encrypted and authenticated, respectively. The ILER may calculate the encryption and authentication offsets based on the set of MPLS labels included in the MPLS header of the MPLS tunnel or service (e.g., the software calculates the encryption and authentication offsets). The ILER (e.g., hardware and/or software) may be flexible enough and programmable enough to allow programming of any offset for encryption and any offset for authentication, thereby allowing any packet to be encrypted and authenticated at the appropriate offset based on the flow encryption and authentication needs. The ILER, given various network scenarios that may be applied for a given MPLS tunnel or service, may maintain multiple sets of encryption and authentication offsets for the given MPLS tunnel or service in order to support proper application of encryption and authentication to the MPLS tunnel or service for the various network scenarios that may be applied for the given MPLS tunnel or service. It will be appreciated that encryption and authentication offsets for few or more, as well as different, network scenarios may be maintained by the ILER for various MPLS tunnel or service supported by the ILER. 
     In order to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the encrypted packet is forwarded through an MPLS forwarding network, from the ILER to the ELER, with LSR routers capable of performing various operations on the encrypted packet based on the appropriate OSI Layer header(s) being in the clear. For example, these LSR routers can make switching decisions based on the MPLS label stack. For example, these LSR routers can manipulate the MPLS label stack as needed and as per IETF MPLS standards (e.g., removing and/or adding labels for FRR, traffic engineering (TE), or the like, as well as various combinations thereof). It will be appreciated that the LSR routers may be capable of performing these, as well as various other, operations on the encrypted packet based on the MPLS header being unencrypted and unauthenticated. 
     In order to support MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the ELER is configured to decrypt a specific MPLS tunnel or service and support authentication for the specific MPLS tunnel or service. When the packet reaches the ELER, the MPLS label stack will identify this router as an ELER router. The ELER will be IEEE 802.1AE aware, such that it is capable of decrypting the MPLS tunnel or service packet. The ELER is programmed with an arriving MPLS label stack such that the arriving MPLS label stack may be used by the ELER to identify the MPLS tunnel or the service as an encrypted MPLS tunnel or service. The ELER, based on identification of the MPLS label stack in the packet as matching the arriving MPLS label stack which indicates that the MPLS label stack is associated with an MPLS tunnel or the service and based on the presence of the IEEE 802.1AE header, uses IEEE 802.1AE procedures to decrypt the packet and run authentication over the 802.1AE header and the payload in order to ensure that there are no CRC errors. The ELER may then process the packet via the normal MPLS datapath. 
     It will be appreciated that various example embodiments for supporting MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE, by performing encryption and authentication on portions of the packet excluding the MPLS header (as opposed to encrypting any byte after the 802.1AE header even if it includes the IP and MPLS headers and running authentication over the entire packet), enable MPLS capable routers to selectively use the Layer 2.5 MPLS header to forward encrypted packets through an MPLS domain (e.g., between provider edge routers). 
     It will be appreciated that, although primarily presented with respect to example embodiments in which MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE includes encryption and authentication, in at least some example embodiments MPLS security based on IEEE 802.1AE may include authentication without encryption. 
     It will be appreciated that various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 2.5, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, may be configured to support various other functions for supporting security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 2.5 based on use of the Layer 2 network security protocol. 
     Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 3 (e.g., IP) using a Layer 2 network security protocol (e.g., IEEE 802.1AE). 
     Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may enable support for security for communications of a Layer 3 communication protocol such as IP, using a Layer 2 network security protocol such as IEEE 802.1AE, in a manner enabling devices along the communication path that operate using the Layer 3 communication protocol to operate on the Layer 3 communication protocol header (e.g., operating on the header, such as by reading and modifying the header, such that a Layer 3 IP-capable router can make decisions based on the IP header). In this manner, throughout the network, the IP header is left in clear and unauthenticated so that any IP router can read and, optionally, modify the IP header in order to forward the packet from one PE to the next PE. It will be appreciated that, while an IP header typically is not modified unless in a Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6) network, the packet may still be tunneled via MPLS and IP tunneling technologies that might need modification of the header. It will be appreciated that this operation may be quite dynamic, and the user may be able to dictate, via configuration, which IP flows should be encrypted (although it will be appreciated that this type of selective application of embodiments for supporting security for IP communications also may be automated in various ways). 
     Many networks that use IP provide security for IP based on use of security protocols such as IP Security (IPSec) and the IPSec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). IPSec, however, generally consumes significant CPU resources without providing true hardware encryption support and is not at line rate and, further, IPSec ESP results in relatively high latency in packet forwarding. This makes IPSec unsuitable for latency-sensitive networking applications such as Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) in which relatively low latency is needed. 
     Various example embodiments may be configured to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE in a manner that supports IP datapath security, supporting encryption and authentication of IP packets at line rate for selected IP flows, with relatively low CPU resource usage and introduction of relatively small additional latency for the encryption and authentication functions. The IP encryption may be based on use of the IEEE 802.1AE standard (which typically is used in Layer 2 Ethernet encryption (i.e., MACSec)) and an AES-GCM algorithm (e.g., based on AES-128, AES-256, or the like) to encrypt any IP packet at the IP flow layer. 
     In various example embodiments, in order to enable IP security via IEEE 802.1AE the following capabilities may be used. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the desired IP flow to be encrypted may be identified. The desired IP flow to be encrypted may be identified based various IP flow matching techniques, such as IP header matching in the form of tuple matching or byte matching (e.g., matching the source and destination IP addresses, matching the destination IP address, or the like), deep packet inspection, or the like. For example, the hardware used for encryption may match certain portions of IP packets (e.g., based on a hardware ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM)) to determine whether the IP packets belong to IP flows to which IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE should be applied. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the IP header for the IP flow will be placed on top of the 802.1AE header and the IP header will not be encrypted or authenticated. This enables the IP network to read the IP header and operate on the IP header. 
     For example, leaving the IP header unencrypted and unauthenticated enables the IP network to read the IP header and make the appropriate routing decision based on the IP header. If the IP header is encrypted then the IP network will not be able to read the IP header to read the IP header fields and make the appropriate forwarding decisions based on the IP header fields. 
     For example, leaving the IP header unencrypted and unauthenticated enables the IP network to manipulate the IP header as needed, such as by modifying header fields of the IP header as needed (e.g., decrementing the Time-to-Live (TTL) field, changing the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) field based on the quality-of-service (QoS) configuration of the transit IP router, or the like, as well as various combinations thereof). If the authentication is calculated over the IP header and the IP header changes along the path of the IP packet, then the CRC calculated at the destination will fail. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, if the IP flow is being transported over an MPLS technology (e.g., shortcuts, VPRNs, or the like), the MPLS header also may be left unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling operations on the MPLS header (e.g., based on MPLS forwarding standards like MPLS FRR or SR where certain labels are popped and/or pushed on the path) without causing a failure of the CRC check at the destination. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, if the IP flow is being transported over a dot1q technology, the dot1q header may be left unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling operations on the dot1q tags (e.g., adding and/or removing dot1q tags) without causing a failure of the CRC check at the destination. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, if the IP flow is being transported over an Ethernet technology, the Ethernet header may be left unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling operations on the Ethernet header without causing a failure of the CRC check at the destination. 
     It is noted that leaving the MPLS header and the Ethernet header in the clear enables transport of the IP flow (e.g., IP transport and tunneling) over any technology (e.g., a dot1q VLAN-switched network, an MPLS network via tunneling the IP packets over an MPLS tunnel, or the like, as well as various combinations thereof). 
     It will be appreciated that application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE may be further understood by way of reference to the packet formats of  FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  and  FIGS.  4 A- 4 C . 
       FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  depict example embodiments of packet formats for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE. The packet formats of  FIG.  3    are configured to support encryption and authentication of the IP packet payload via IEEE 802.1AE in a manner that leaves the Layer 3 header, the Layer 2.5 header, and the Layer 2 header in the clear and unauthenticated such that the packet is routable through an IP network and devices along the path can perform operations based on any of these fields that are unencrypted and unauthenticated without any issue or failure at the decrypting router (e.g., removal, modification, and/or addition of various fields or headers at various Layers). 
       FIG.  3 A  depicts an example embodiment of a packet format for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security for an IPv4 packet based on IEEE 802.1AE. As illustrated in  FIG.  3 A , the packet  300 -A includes a payload, an EtherType (ETYPE) field prepended to the payload, an 802.1AE Header prepended to the ETYPE field, an IPv4 header prepended to the 802.1AE header, an Ethernet header prepended to the IPv4 header (including an EtherType IPv4 field prepended to the IPv4 header, an SMAC field prepended to the EtherType IPv4 field, and a DMAC field prepended to the SMAC field), an Integrity Check Value (ICV) field appended to the payload, and a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) field appended to the ICV field. The packet  300 -A includes a first portion which is encrypted (including the payload and the ETYPE field), a second portion which is authenticated (including the payload, the ETYPE field, and the 802.1AE header), and a third portion which is neither encrypted nor authenticated (including the IPv4 header and the Ethernet header, as well as the ICV and CRC fields). As indicated herein, this leaves the IPv4 header and the Ethernet header unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling devices along the path to operate on the IPv4 header and/or the Ethernet header as needed. 
       FIG.  3 B  depicts an example embodiment of a packet format for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security for an IPv6 packet based on IEEE 802.1AE. As illustrated in  FIG.  3 B , the packet  300 -B includes a payload, an EtherType (ETYPE) field prepended to the payload, an 802.1AE Header prepended to the ETYPE field, an IPv6 header prepended to the 802.1AE header, an Ethernet header prepended to the IPv6 header (including an EtherType IPv6 field prepended to the IPv6 header, an SMAC field prepended to the EtherType IPv6 field, and a DMAC field prepended to the SMAC field), an Integrity Check Value (ICV) field appended to the payload, and a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) field appended to the ICV field. The packet  300 -B includes a first portion which is encrypted (including the payload and the ETYPE field), a second portion which is authenticated (including the payload, the ETYPE field, and the 802.1AE header), and a third portion which is neither encrypted nor authenticated (including the IPv6 header and the Ethernet header, as well as the ICV and CRC fields). As indicated herein, this leaves the IPv6 header and the Ethernet header unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling devices along the path to operate on the IPv6 header and/or the Ethernet header as needed. 
       FIG.  3 C  depicts an example embodiment of a packet format for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security for an IP packet based on IEEE 802.1AE where the IP packet is transported based on MPLS. For example, the IP packet may be transported over some portion of the network or across the entire network via an MPLS tunnel. As illustrated in  FIG.  3 C , the packet  300 -C includes a payload, an EtherType (ETYPE) field prepended to the payload, an 802.1AE Header prepended to the ETYPE field, an IP header (which could be IPv4 or IPv6) prepended to the 802.1AE header, an MPLS header prepended to the 802.1AE header (including a First Label prepended to the IP header and a Second Label prepended to the First Label), an Ethernet header prepended to the MPLS header (including an EtherType MPLS field prepended to the Second Label, an SMAC field prepended to the EtherType MPLS field, and a DMAC field prepended to the SMAC field), an Integrity Check Value (ICV) field appended to the payload, and a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) field appended to the ICV field. The packet  300 -C includes a first portion which is encrypted (including the payload and the ETYPE field), a second portion which is authenticated (including the payload, the ETYPE field, and the 802.1AE header), and a third portion which is neither encrypted nor authenticated (including the IP header, the MPLS header, and the Ethernet header, as well as the ICV and CRC fields). As indicated herein, this leaves the IP header, the MPLS header, and the Ethernet header unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling devices along the path to operate on one or more of the IP header, the MPLS header, and/or the Ethernet header as needed. 
       FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  depict example embodiments of packet formats for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE. The packet formats of  FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  are configured to support encryption and authentication of the IP packet payload via IEEE 802.1AE in a manner that leaves the Layer 3 header, the Layer 2.5 header, dot1q tags, and the Layer 2 header in the clear and unauthenticated such that the packet is routable through an IP network and devices can perform operations based on any of these fields that are unencrypted and unauthenticated without any issue or failure at the decrypting router (e.g., removal, modification, and/or addition of various fields or headers at various Layers). The packet formats of  FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  are similar to the packet formats of  FIGS.  3 A- 3 C , with the exception that the packet formats of  FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  also include dot1q tags between the Layer 3 IP header and the Layer 2 Ethernet header (illustratively, an 802.1Q tag on the IP header and an Ethertype dot1q tag on the 802.1Q tag, followed by the SMAC and DMAC of the Layer 2 header). 
       FIG.  4 A  depicts an example embodiment of a packet format for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security for an IPv4 packet based on IEEE 802.1AE where the packet also includes dot1q tags. As illustrated in  FIG.  4 A , the packet  400 -A includes a payload, an EtherType (ETYPE) field prepended to the payload, an 802.1AE Header prepended to the ETYPE field, an IPv4 header prepended to the 802.1AE header, an 802.1Q tag prepended to the IPv4 header, an Ethernet header prepended to 802.1Q tag (including an EtherType dot1q field prepended to the 802.1Q tag, an SMAC field prepended to the EtherType dot1q field, and a DMAC field prepended to the SMAC field), an Integrity Check Value (ICV) field appended to the payload, and a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) field appended to the ICV field. The packet  400 -A includes a first portion which is encrypted (including the payload and the ETYPE field), a second portion which is authenticated (including the payload, the ETYPE field, and the 802.1AE header), and a third portion which is neither encrypted nor authenticated (including the IPv4 header, the 802.1Q tag, and the Ethernet header, as well as the ICV and CRC fields). As indicated herein, this leaves the IPv4 header, the 802.1Q tag, and the Ethernet header unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling devices along the path to operate on the IPv4 header, the 802.1Q tag, and/or the Ethernet header as needed. 
       FIG.  4 B  depicts an example embodiment of a packet format for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security for an IPv6 packet based on IEEE 802.1AE where the packet also includes dot1q tags. As illustrated in  FIG.  4 B , the packet  400 -B includes a payload, an EtherType (ETYPE) field prepended to the payload, an 802.1AE Header prepended to the ETYPE field, an IPv6 header prepended to the 802.1AE header, an 802.1Q tag prepended to the IPv6 header, an Ethernet header prepended to 802.1Q tag (including an EtherType dot1q field prepended to the 802.1Q tag, an SMAC field prepended to the EtherType dot1q field, and a DMAC field prepended to the SMAC field), an Integrity Check Value (ICV) field appended to the payload, and a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) field appended to the ICV field. The packet  400 -B includes a first portion which is encrypted (including the payload and the ETYPE field), a second portion which is authenticated (including the payload, the ETYPE field, and the 802.1AE header), and a third portion which is neither encrypted nor authenticated (including the IPv6 header, the 802.1Q tag, and the Ethernet header, as well as the ICV and CRC fields). As indicated herein, this leaves the IPv6 header, the 802.1Q tag, and the Ethernet header unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling devices along the path to operate on the IPv6 header, the 802.1Q tag, and/or the Ethernet header as needed. 
       FIG.  4 C  depicts an example embodiment of a packet format for illustrating application of encryption and authentication to a packet in a manner for supporting IP security for an IP packet based on IEEE 802.1AE where the IP packet is transported based on MPLS and where the packet also includes dot1q tags. As illustrated in  FIG.  4 C , the packet  400 -C includes a payload, an EtherType (ETYPE) field prepended to the payload, an 802.1AE Header prepended to the ETYPE field, an IP header (which could be IPv4 or IPv6) prepended to the 802.1AE header, an MPLS header prepended to the 802.1AE header (including a First Label prepended to the IP header and a Second Label prepended to the First Label), an 802.1Q tag prepended to the MPLS header, an Ethernet header prepended to the 802.1Q tag (including an EtherType dot1q field prepended to the 802.1Q tag, an SMAC field prepended to the EtherType dot1q field, and a DMAC field prepended to the SMAC field), an Integrity Check Value (ICV) field appended to the payload, and a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) field appended to the ICV field. The packet  400 -C includes a first portion which is encrypted (including the payload and the ETYPE field), a second portion which is authenticated (including the payload, the ETYPE field, and the 802.1AE header), and a third portion which is neither encrypted nor authenticated (including the IP header, the MPLS header, the 802.1Q tag, and the Ethernet header, as well as the ICV and CRC fields). As indicated herein, this leaves the IP header, the MPLS header, the 802.1Q tag, and the Ethernet header unencrypted and unauthenticated, thereby enabling devices along the path to operate on one or more of the IP header, the MPLS header, the 802.1Q tag, and/or the Ethernet header as needed. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the IP routers involved in communication of the IP packet—namely, the ingress IP router and egress IP router—may be configured to support various functions for supporting IP encryption based on IEEE 802.1AE. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the ingress IP router is configured to encrypt a specific IP flow and support authentication for the specific IP flow for routing through a Layer 3 network. The IP flow to which IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE is to be applied may be configured in various ways, such as by a user, automatically, or the like. The IP flow to which IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE is to be applied may be identified based on various criteria (e.g., a combination of source IP address and destination IP address, destination IP address only, or the like). The ingress IP router is programmed with the IP flow matching criteria associated with application of IP security (e.g., the software may program the IP flow matching criteria into the hardware, such that the hardware can match packets going through the hardware based on the IP flow matching criteria). The ingress IP router is programmed with the IEEE 802.1AE Secure Authentication Key (SAK) for encryption (e.g., the hardware is also programmed with the IEEE 802.1AE SAK via 802.1AE procedures). It will be appreciated that each IP flow to be encrypted may be configured to have its own encryption key for use by the IEEE 802.1AE methods. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the ingress IP router may support use of encryption and authentication offsets in order to apply encryption and authentication to the portions of the packet to be encrypted and authenticated, respectively. The encryption and authentication offsets may be specified in various ways (e.g., using start byte/bit location and length, start and end byte/bit locations, or the like). The ingress IP router may support use of programmable and flexible encryption and authentication offsets. The ingress IP router may calculate the encryption and authentication offsets based on the IP address family (e.g., IPv4 or IPv6) of the IP flow (e.g., the software calculates the encryption and authentication offsets). The ingress IP router may determine whether the IP packet is encapsulated over an MPLS tunnel (e.g., IP over MPLS, IP Fast Reroute (FRR) over MPLS for Loop-Free Alternate (LFA) or Topology Independent-LFA (TILFA), or the like) and program the appropriate encryption and authentication offsets for the MPLS tunnel (e.g., a user or the software can indicate if the IP packet is encapsulated over an MPLS tunnel and the software can program appropriate encryption and authentication offsets for the MPLS tunnel into the hardware). The ingress IP router (e.g., hardware and/or software) may be flexible enough and programmable enough to allow programming of any offset for encryption and any offset for authentication, thereby allowing any packet to be encrypted and authenticated at the appropriate offset based on the flow encryption and authentication needs. The ingress IP router, given various network scenarios that may be applied for a given IP flow, may maintain multiple sets of encryption and authentication offsets for the given IP flow in order to support proper application of encryption and authentication to the IP flow for the various network scenarios that may be applied for the given IP flow. For example, the ingress IP router may maintain encryption and authentication offsets as follows: (1) MAC+IP header alone encryption and authentication offset, where the IP flow is going out of an untagged interface, (2) MAC+dot1q vlan tags+IP header encryption and authentication offset, where the IP flow is going out of a dot1q tagged interface, (3) and MAC+MPLS+IP header encryption and authentication offset (e.g., for tunneling or IP FRR over MPLS), where the IP flow has been fast rerouted over an MPLS tunnel or is resolved via an MPLS tunnel. It will be appreciated that encryption and authentication offsets for few or more, as well as different, network scenarios may be maintained by the ingress IP router for various IP flows supported by the ingress IP router. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the encrypted packet is forwarded through an IP network, from the ingress IP router to the egress IP router, with transit IP routers capable of performing various operations on the encrypted packet based on the appropriate OSI Layer header(s) being in the clear. For example, the transit IP routers may remove header fields from the packet (e.g., the MAC header and, optionally, dot1q tags) in order to make a Layer 3 routing decision and then add header fields to the packet (e.g., the MAC header of the next segment and, optionally, dot1q tags) after the Layer 3 routing decision. For example, the transit IP routers can modify one or more fields in the IP header (e.g., decrementing the TTL field, changing the DSCP field based on the QoS configuration of the transit IP router, or the like). For example, the transit IP routers can add or remove MPLS labels for tunneling the IP packet over MPLS or IP FRR over MPLS. For example, the transit IP routers can add or remove dot1q tags depending on the incoming and outgoing port. It will be appreciated that the transit IP routers may be capable of performing these, as well as various other, operations on the encrypted packet based on the IP header, MPLS header, and Ethernet header being unencrypted and unauthenticated. 
     In order to support IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, the egress IP router is configured to decrypt a specific IP flow and support authentication for the specific IP flow for routing through a Layer 3 network. The egress IP router, like the ingress IP router, may be programmed with the appropriate IP flow that needs to be decrypted on the datapath, so the datapath can match the IP flow and initiate decryption procedures based on IEEE 802.1AE procedures. This programming of the IP flow to be decrypted can be done manually, via signaling, or the like. The egress IP router, upon matching the IP flow when packets of the IP flow are received at the egress IP router, can identify the IP flow as an encrypted flow and decrypt the packets of the IP flow based on the IEEE 802.1AE header and IEEE 802.1AE procedures. The egress IP router may then forward the clear text packet based on the forwarding rules of the egress IP router. 
     It will be appreciated that, although primarily described with respect to example embodiments in which IP flows are encrypted and authenticated based on IEEE 802.1AE, various example embodiments for supporting IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE may be applied selectively such that at least some of the IP flows supported by the network may be encrypted and authenticated while at least some of the IP flows supported by the network may not be encrypted and authenticated. 
     It will be appreciated that various example embodiments for supporting IP security based on IEEE 802.1AE, by performing encryption and authentication on portions of the packet excluding the IP header any MPLS header which may be present (as opposed to encrypting any byte after the 802.1AE header even if it includes the IP and MPLS headers and running authentication over the entire packet), enable IP capable routers to selectively use the Layer 3 IP header to forward encrypted packets through an IP domain (e.g., between provider edge routers), may enable MPLS capable routers to selectively use the Layer 2.5 MPLS header to forward encrypted packets through an MPLS domain where the IP packet is transported over MPLS, and may enable Ethernet capable devices to selectively use the L2 Ethernet header to forward encrypted packets through an Ethernet domain where the IP packet is transported over Ethernet. 
     It will be appreciated that various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may be configured to support security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 3, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, may be configured to support various other functions for supporting security for communications of communication protocols operating at Layer 3 based on use of the Layer 2 network security protocol. 
       FIG.  5    depicts an example embodiment of a method for supporting security for communications. It will be appreciated that, although primarily presented herein as being performed serially, at least a portion of the functions of the method  500  may be performed contemporaneously or in a different order than as presented in  FIG.  5   . At block  501 , the method  500  begins. At block  510 , support communication of a packet, wherein the packet includes a payload, a header of a first communication protocol at a first communication layer, and a header of a second communication protocol at a second communication layer above the first communication layer, wherein a first portion of the packet, including the payload, is encrypted based on the first communication protocol, wherein a second portion of the packet, including the payload and the header of the first communication protocol, is authenticated based on the first communication protocol, wherein a third portion of the packet, including the header of the second communication protocol, remains unencrypted based on the first communication protocol and unauthenticated based on the first communication protocol. The first portion of the packet, the second portion of the packet, and the third portion of the packet may be identified based on an encryption offset associated with the packet and an authentication offset associated with the packet. The support for communication of the packet may include performing, by an encrypting node, encryption of the first portion of the packet and authentication over the second portion of the packet and sending, by the encrypting node toward a destination node, the packet. The support for communication of the packet may include receiving, by a node, the packet and determining, by the node based on the third portion of the packet, handling of the packet at the node. The support for communication of the packet may include modifying, by the node, at least one aspect of the third portion of the packet to form a modified packet and send, by the node toward a destination node, the modified packet. The support for communication of the packet may include receiving, by a decrypting node, the packet and performing, by the decrypting node, authentication over the second portion of the packet and decryption of the first portion of the packet. The first communication layer may be at Layer 2. The first communication protocol may be a network security protocol configured to support encryption functions and authentication functions. The network security protocol supports features of an IEEE 802.1AE protocol. The second communication layer may be above Layer 2. The second communication layer may be at Layer 2.5 or Layer 3. The second communication protocol may be a Layer 2.5 protocol or a Layer 3 protocol. The second communication protocol may support features of MPLS or support features of IP. The second communication protocol may be a Layer 2.5 protocol. The second communication protocol may support features of MPLS. The header of the second communication protocol may include a set of MPLS labels. The packet may include a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. The header of the third communication protocol may be included in the third portion of the packet. The third communication protocol may support features of Ethernet. The second communication protocol may be a Layer 3 protocol. The second communication protocol may support features of IP. The packet may include a header of a third communication protocol at the first communication layer. The header of the third communication protocol may be included in the third portion of the packet. The third communication protocol may support features of Ethernet. The header of the third communication protocol may include source and destination MAC addresses. The header of the third communication protocol may include at least one Ethernet related tag. The packet may include a header of a third communication protocol at a third communication layer. The third communication layer may be at Layer 2.5. The third communication protocol may be a Layer 2.5 protocol. The third communication protocol may support features of MPLS. The header of the third communication protocol may be included in the third portion of the packet. The packet may include a header of a fourth communication protocol at the first communication layer. The header of the fourth communication protocol may be included in the third portion of the packet. The fourth communication protocol may support features of Ethernet. The header of the fourth communication protocol may include source and destination MAC addresses. The header of the fourth communication protocol includes at least one Ethernet related tag. It will be appreciated that the packet may include various other portions, headers, fields, values, arrangements, or the like, as well as various combinations thereof. At block  599 , the method  500  ends. It will be appreciated that support for communication of the packet also may be described as supporting communication of a packet, wherein the packet includes a payload, a header of a first communication protocol at a first communication layer, and a header of a second communication protocol at a second communication layer above the first communication layer, wherein a first portion of the packet, encrypted based on the first communication protocol, includes the payload, wherein a second portion of the packet, authenticated based on the first communication protocol, includes the payload and the header of the first communication protocol, and wherein a third portion of the packet, neither encrypted based on the first communication protocol nor authenticated based on the first communication protocol, includes the header of the second communication protocol. 
     Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may provide various advantages or potential advantages. For example, various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may enable support for security for communications of a communication protocol operating above Layer 2, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, in a manner that enables devices along the communication path that operate using the communication protocol above Layer 2 to operate on the header of the communication protocol operating above Layer 2 (e.g., a Layer 2.5 MPLS-capable router can make decisions based on the MPLS header, a Layer 3 IP-capable router can make decisions based on the IP header, and so forth). For example, various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may enable support for security for communications of communication protocols operating above Layer 2, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, in a manner that enables devices along the communication path that operate using the communication protocols above Layer 2 to operate on the headers of the communication protocols operating above Layer 2 without having to first decrypt the packet in order to access the headers of the communication protocols operating above Layer 2 and then re-encrypt the packet before forwarding (e.g., by ensuring that the Layer 2 network security protocol does not apply encryption to the headers of the communication protocols operating above Layer 2). For example, various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may enable support for security for communications of communication protocols operating above Layer 2, using a Layer 2 network security protocol, in a manner that enables devices along the communication path that operate using the communication protocols above Layer 2 to operate on the headers of the communication protocols operating above Layer 2 (e.g., making changes to fields of the headers) without causing a CRC failure and drop of the packet. For example, various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may enable application of IEEE 802.1AE in a manner that makes it suitable for use in end-to-end MPLS tunnel or service encryption/authentication and forwarding, may enable application of IEEE 802.1AE in a manner that makes it suitable for use in end-to-end IP flow encryption/authentication and forwarding, or the like, as well as various combinations thereof. For example, various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may enable application of IEEE 802.1AE in a manner that enables support for multi-hop Layer 3 encryption with IEEE 802.1AE (e.g., based on leaving the Layer 3 IP header, Layer 2.5 MPLS header, and Layer 2 headers (e.g., the Ethernet MAC header, the 802.1X header, or the like) in the clear), which may be useful in many types of applications such as Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) transport tunnels (e.g., where Layer 2 Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) over Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) or Layer 3 GRE Virtual Private Routed Network (VPRN) can be transporting customer data multi-hop encrypted), transport latency sensitive applications (e.g., Precision Time Protocol (PTP) G.8275.2 where sync information over IP can traverse the network multi-hop), or the like, as well as various combinations thereof. For example, various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may enable application of IEEE 802.1AE to communications of various communication protocols above Layer 2 in a manner that enables various relatively strong attributes of IEEE 802.1AE (e.g., low latency, line rate throughput, suitability for Time Sensitive Networking (TSN), and so forth) to be leveraged while securing the communications of the communication protocols above Layer 2. Various example embodiments for supporting security for communications may provide various other advantages or potential advantages. 
       FIG.  6    depicts an example embodiment of a computer suitable for use in performing various functions presented herein. 
     The computer  600  includes a processor  602  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a processor, a processor having a set of processor cores, a processor core of a processor, or the like) and a memory  604  (e.g., a random access memory, a read only memory, or the like). The processor  602  and the memory  604  may be communicatively connected. In at least some example embodiments, the computer  600  may include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer product code, wherein the at least one memory and the computer product code are configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the computer  600  to perform various functions presented herein. 
     The computer  600  also may include a cooperating element  605 . The cooperating element  605  may be a hardware device. The cooperating element  605  may be a process that can be loaded into the memory  604  and executed by the processor  602  to implement various functions presented herein (in which case, for example, the cooperating element  605  (including associated data structures) can be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, such as a storage device or other suitable type of storage element (e.g., a magnetic drive, an optical drive, or the like)). 
     The computer  600  also may include one or more input/output devices  606 . The input/output devices  606  may include one or more of a user input device (e.g., a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a microphone, a camera, or the like), a user output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, or the like), one or more network communication devices or elements (e.g., an input port, an output port, a receiver, a transmitter, a transceiver, or the like), one or more storage devices (e.g., a tape drive, a floppy drive, a compact disk drive, a hard disk drive, a solid state drive, or the like), or the like, as well as various combinations thereof. 
     It will be appreciated that computer  600  may represent a general architecture and functionality suitable for implementing functional elements described herein, portions of functional elements described herein, or the like, as well as various combinations thereof. For example, computer  600  may provide a general architecture and functionality that is suitable for implementing one or more elements presented herein, such as a communication device  110 , a portion of a communication device  110 , a communication security element  111 , a portion of a communication security element  111 , or the like, as well as various combinations thereof. 
     It will be appreciated that at least some of the functions presented herein may be implemented in software (e.g., via implementation of software on one or more processors, for executing on a general purpose computer (e.g., via execution by one or more processors) so as to provide a special purpose computer, and the like) and/or may be implemented in hardware (e.g., using a general purpose computer, one or more application specific integrated circuits, and/or any other hardware equivalents). 
     It will be appreciated that at least some of the functions presented herein may be implemented within hardware, for example, as circuitry that cooperates with the processor to perform various functions. Portions of the functions/elements described herein may be implemented as a computer program product wherein computer instructions, when processed by a computer, adapt the operation of the computer such that the methods and/or techniques described herein are invoked or otherwise provided. Instructions for invoking the various methods may be stored in fixed or removable media (e.g., non-transitory computer-readable media), transmitted via a data stream in a broadcast or other signal bearing medium, and/or stored within a memory within a computing device operating according to the instructions. 
     It will be appreciated that the term “or” as used herein refers to a non-exclusive “or” unless otherwise indicated (e.g., use of “or else” or “or in the alternative”). 
     It will be appreciated that, although various embodiments which incorporate the teachings presented herein have been shown and described in detail herein, those skilled in the art can readily devise many other varied embodiments that still incorporate these teachings.