Patent Publication Number: US-8993148-B2

Title: Rechargeable lithium ion button cell battery

Description:
REFERENCES CITED 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
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     FIELD OF INVENTION 
     This invention relates to rechargeable lithium-ion electrochemical battery, and more particularly to a very small size Lithium-Ion battery used in small electronic devices such as hearing aids, earphones or watches, in a shape of coin or button like, commonly known as rechargeable Lithium-Ion button cell battery. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Rechargeable lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries are used widely. Big batteries are used in electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles, storage batteries for solar or wind mill. Small batteries are used in notebook computers, mobile phones and other portable devices such as MP3 player, GPS receivers, and bluetooth earphones. These batteries have electrodes of lithium intercalating materials which is safe as there are no lithium in the form of metal exists in the batteries. The energy density is also much higher than other rechargeable technology like Ni—MH or Ni—Cd batteries. The trend to use rechargeable lithium based batteries to replace the primary batteries or other chemistry rechargeable batteries, in many aspects, is clear and present. 
     For portable electronic devices, batteries with higher volumetric energy density are always preferred. Such devices do not have space to contain a big battery. Soft pouch or lithium polymer prismatic battery in bluetooth earphones are one of the typical application. One example as U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,472 described, the spiral wound electrodes are pressed into prismatic shape and put into pouch, then using heat to melt the rim of plastic coated on aluminum foil core layer to complete the seal. Such batteries could be as small as 0.3 cubic centimeters at size of 4 mm×8 mm×10 mm, to its typical size of bluetooth earphone battery of about 1 cubic centimeter at size of 4 mm×11 mm×22 mm. Said battery has at least 3 sealing rims, two side rims, and one top rim, where the terminals come through. At this small volume, these sealing rims usually at a thickness of 0.15 mm to 0.50 mm, occupy quite a significant volume and leave less space for the active materials or the electrodes inside the battery pouch. So this kind of soft pouch battery is not the ideal candidate for very small electronic devices like hearing aid. 
     Button cell design for lithium based rechargeable batteries could be a better solution for very small electronic devices, while it has to have the least non-active volume for its casing and sealing configuration. In lithium based batteries, different sealing methods are used including glass-to-metal seal, laser welding or plasma welding, one example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,468. These sealing methods using thick casing design occupying significant volume so not suitable for lithium based button cell batteries, which commonly sealed by mechanical crimping of the outer casing pressed on the gasket and inner casing. Different from zinc air batteries, the inner casing side wall are folded double side walls for these lithium based button cells, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,107, U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,215 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,276,092. 
     Such folded double side walls give reliable seal of the battery because it has the highest closing pressure between the ending rim of the folded double side wall and the insulation gasket. The rim of the folded side wall is actually projected into the gasket by closing crimping force. Obviously the disadvantage is that the inner volume for active materials is reduced by these double walls. 
     Alternative button cell design uses single side wall, examples for hearing aid primary zinc air battery which being used for 3 decades very successfully, as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,582,930 and 6,248,476. These zinc air button cells use every efforts to reduce its non-active casing space, by using thinner casing materials, by using single side wall anode top casing, to have high volumetric energy density. Such battery is also sealed by mechanical crimping of the battery outer casing to press the gasket firmly on the inner casing. 
     In U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,100 a rechargeable lithium button cell is described. It has an outer casing, but the inner casing or inner top does not have a side wall at all, it is just a flat round plate. How to seal such a battery was not discussed. No mechanical crimping means is available on the battery housing, no glass-to-metal seal or welding being applied. The inner space could be maximized by such design but how to realize the closing to seal the battery is quite questioned. 
     The volumetric energy density of rechargeable lithium based button cell is not only affected by the casing design and the sealing means design, but also affected by the inner electrodes arrangement. Some prior arts are:
     a. Two solid plates of electrode, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,215 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,276,092, not with thin film type of electrodes. Such design is not suitable for lithium-ion rechargeable button cells.   b. Thin film type of electrodes piece by piece in stack, all layers parallel to battery top or bottom, one commercial product with brand name PowerDisc detail PD2032 at www.powercellkorea.com. Route JD company, Korea. Another design example is as U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,100. Such design uses multi-layers round thin film electrodes stacked with separators. The stack is round and occupies most space of the inner volume of the battery. However it has to leave a ring-like free space to let the current collectors of each layer folded and linked to gather together and connecting to the casings.   c. Thin film type of electrodes spiral wound to be a roll and pressed to prismatic shape, like the prismatic soft pouch battery design, roll axis is parallel to battery top or bottom. This design is simple than stack, but as the pressed roll is in rectangular shape, to put it into round battery casing wastes four arcing space between the electrodes and battery casing, hence the energy density is low. Such design is widely used in China made lithium ion rechargeable button cell batteries available in the market.   d. Thin film electrodes spiral wound roll, in its cylindrical shape, axis is vertical to battery top or bottom, just like the traditional cylindrical lithium-ion batteries one example as U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,874. Similar design was also mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,100. No actual lithium-ion button cell is made in this way yet.   

     This last spiral wound electrodes arrangement with axis vertically to the button cell flat top or bottom, has high utility of the inner volume of the cylindrical cell. The prior arts electrodes width is constant at its full length and after being wound, the roll height is constant. This is not an issue in cylindrical lithium ion batteries as they are quite tall and the closing means is at the very top of the battery and does not interfere with the electrodes, structure example as U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,874. But for button cell, the space is very limited and the closing means is different from cylindrical cell. The button cell cap is only flat in the middle area, as it has to have a closing rim or closing shoulder wherein the height is lower than the flat top area, the electrodes figuration also need to be carefully designed to adapt to this height change. So the electrodes with constant width are not suitable or could not fully utilize the inner space of the battery. This was not mentioned in any prior arts. 
     Such vertical wound electrodes also need to be connected to the battery casing in a reliable, low impedance, space-saving, and easy-to-assembly way, which is another challenge to have a high performance button cell. The best solution for reliable connection is by welding, to connect the electrodes current collectors to the battery casings. This is similar like the cylindrical cell design but very difficult to be implemented in the same way into the very small button cell. The other solution could be by a face-to-face contact, to have the electrode roll outer surface to contact the inner surface of battery casing, but such design does not have stable impedance in battery cycles, because the electrodes will shrink in discharge and expand in charge, so the contact tightness varies with such shrink/expand cycle, and the battery performance is not stable. 
     Another consideration for high performance rechargeable lithium-ion button cell is the cycle life, it is preferred to be as long as possible, at least several hundreds cycles. The lithium-ion batteries are charged at 4.2V or even higher, at this potential, the cathode current collector and cathode casing metal wherein contacting the electrolyte are easy to be oxidized. The electrons will be lost from these metals then the metals become metal ions and resolve into electrolyte. These ions are impurities to the active materials and hence the battery may fail or has low cycle life. And so, aluminum or aluminum coated material is commonly used as the cathode current collector and cathode casing, because aluminum is very resistant to such oxidizing potential due to its surface oxidation film which protect it from being further oxidized. 
     In the lithium button cell casing design, stainless steel is commonly used, which also has some level of resistant to the oxidizing potential during charge, but not as good as aluminum. The lithium ion button cell batteries in the market with stainless steel casings usually have the cycle life of 300 cycles at 80% remaining capacity. This is good, but not good enough. Aluminum casing is not preferred because they are quite soft and it would be too thick occupying too much space for button cell if they having enough strength. Clad metal with stainless steel and aluminum could be used to combine the benefits of strength and anti-corrosion of each metal. Coating of aluminum or carbon on the cathode casing could be another solution as mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,102. By other words, if the button cell is required to have long cycle life, cathode current collector and casing have to be carefully chosen using anti-corrosion means and/or materials. 
     Therefore, it is the object of the present invention to provide a reliable and minimized sealing means, for the rechargeable lithium-ion button cell, to leave maximum space for inner materials, to make the battery with high energy density. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide novel electrodes configuration and arrangement in the battery housing, to fully utilize the inner volume, so the battery will have even higher energy density. 
     It is still another object of the present invention to provide reliable connection means of electrodes to the casings, to have stable low impedance, so the battery is high performance. 
     It is yet another object of the present invention to provide the right material and design of the cathode current collector and the cathode casing, to make them free from corrosion or oxidation during cycles, and provide long cycle life for such lithium-ion button cell battery. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The objects of the present invention are attained in an electrochemical rechargeable lithium-ion button cell battery briefly described below: 
     A sealed housing comprises an inner casing and an outer casing, both casings having at least one small flat area as top or bottom of the battery, and a round or oval side wall vertically formed to the flat area. Said side walls are single wall not folded double walls. The inner casing has a shoulder on the rim of the flat top area connecting its flat top area to the side wall. An insulation gasket is positioned between said inner casing and said outer casing side walls, and the outer casing opening rim is mechanically crimped to press the gasket firmly on the inner casing shoulder to complete the seal of the battery. 
     Inside the sealed housing the anode &amp; cathode electrodes are spiral wound with separator to be a round or oval roll. Said roll axis is vertical to the flat area of the casing top and bottom, and parallel to the casing side walls. The electrodes are tapered in width, to adapt the inner space height changes from the center of the casing to the shoulder rim. The two electrodes comprise current collectors of metal foils coated with lithium-intercalating active materials. Commonly the anode current collector is copper foil, the cathode current collector is aluminum foil. The foils are not fully coated with active materials, areas of small projected tabs are uncoated, for welding the current collector to the battery casings. The anode copper tab is designed at the wider end of the tapered electrode, and welded to the anode casing at its center. The cathode aluminum tab is designed at the narrower end of the tapered electrode, for the convenience of battery assembly, and it could be connected to the cathode casing in two options: 
     One option is to weld it to an aluminum round flake, and said flake be pressed by said battery gasket in next assembly step to have reliable contact with the outer casing. This option uses quite small tab to be welded easily on the aluminum flake which is flat and round and not interfere with welding head during assembly. This option also has great advantage in battery cycle life because the aluminum flake covers the inner surface of battery outer casing commonly stainless steel, to prevent it from being oxidized by the charging potential and electrolyte. 
     The other option is to weld the tab directly to the said outer casing. This option needs much longer tab because if not, the side wall of outer casing would interfere with welding head during assembly. If the inner surface of the outer casing is stainless steel, such design would also sacrifice some cycle life because the electrolyte will directly contact with the inner surface on this cathode side, and in battery charging process, the high charging potential with electrolyte could oxidize the stainless steel. However this is acceptable in many applications as the cycle life still could be several hundreds. If the cathode casing uses the clad metal or plated material with aluminum layer at the inner surface, or use other anti-corrosion materials coated on the inner surface, battery cycle life also could be very good. But these materials or processes are complicated or quite thick and may not be preferred. 
     Two adhesive insulation washers made by thin polymeric materials could be applied to the inner top and bottom surfaces of the inner and outer casings respectively. The washer attached to the inner casing is ring shape, leaving a hole at the center for the welding of one electrode tab to the inner casing, usually anode electrode and anode casing. The other washer applied to the outer casing is round shape, attaching to the said welded aluminum flake, or directly to the welded inner surface of the outer casing. These washers could prevent short circuit between the edges of wound electrodes and the casings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a lithium-polymer soft pouch battery for portable electronics like bluetooth earphones. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a rechargeable lithium-ion button cell battery available on the market with double wall casing and electrodes are parallel to the top and bottom flat area. 
         FIG. 3  is the structure of the electrodes of the battery of  FIG. 2 , stacked electrodes. 
         FIG. 4  is the structure of the electrodes of the battery of  FIG. 2 , wound electrodes pressed to be flat. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the present invention rechargeable lithium-ion button cell battery. 
         FIG. 6  is the electrodes configuration of present invention, tapered in width with welding tabs. 
         FIG. 7  is the spiral wound electrodes roll of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of the present invention in another embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  is the prior art lithium-ion soft pouch battery also commercially called lithium polymer battery, which is the most popular power source for today&#39;s mini portable electronics like bluetooth earphones. The main body  43  is compact and has quite high energy density, but when including the sealing area  42  and  43 , current collector  41 , these non-reactive volumes will make the whole energy density lower significantly. 
       FIG. 2  is the prior art lithium-ion rechargeable button cell available in the market. The double side wall  45  occupies significant volume, and the inner electrodes structure  47  could be in two designs: One is as  FIG. 3 , the stacked electrodes, which are in round shape, leaving the ring-like space  46  for cathode current collectors  49  to be gathered and welded to cathode casing, and the anode electrodes are stacked with folded current collectors  50  which linking each piece of the round electrodes also at space  46 , leaving the top piece of anode to contact the anode casing, without welding. Another design is as  FIG. 4 , the spiral wound electrodes  47  are pressed into flat and rectangle in shape, which leave even more wasted arcing space at  46  between the electrode roll edges and the inner rim of the casing side wall  45 . Cathode electrode is welded to casing and anode electrode is in face-to-face contact to the anode casing.  48   a  is the cathode bottom flat area of outer casing  48  and clearly the  48   a  is not fully occupied. In both designs the electrodes are parallel to the flat top or bottom of the battery. These kinds of button cell batteries are not competitive to  FIG. 1  batteries on the energy density and not being used widely. 
       FIG. 5  is the detailed illustration of the present invention embodiment. The battery inner casing  1  usually stainless steel, has at least one small flat area  1   a , side wall  1   c  vertical to  1   a  and it is single wall not folded at its opening, and a shoulder  1   b  connecting them. The side wall  1   c  is usually round and could be oval, for an oval shape button cell. The inner casing  1  is usually anode casing. The outer casing  3  usually stainless steel, also has a flat area  3   a  and vertical side wall  3   b ,  3   b  is usually round and could be oval, for an oval shape button cell. The outer casing is usually cathode casing. The insulation gasket  2  usually made by polypropylene coated with battery sealant is positioned between side wall  1   c  and  3   b , covering the opening end of inner gasket  1   c  by its footing rim, and the outer casing opening rim  3   c  is mechanically crimped to press the gasket firmly on the inner casing shoulder  1   b  to complete the seal of the battery. 
     Inside the sealed housing the anode electrode  5  &amp; cathode electrode  4  are spiral wound with separator  6  to be a round or oval roll as  FIG. 7 . The spiral drawing line in  FIG. 7  represents multi-layers of electrodes and separators and just to show the profile of the roll. Said roll is inserted into inner casing  1  and its axis is vertical to the flat top  1   a  and bottom  3   a  of the casings, and parallel to the casing side walls. Electrolyte usually having LiPF 6  and other solvents is metering pumped into the roll in the inner casing  1  before final battery closing and the electrolyte is absorbed by the electrodes and separator. Some of electrolyte may also spread to the free space in the battery housing after the battery is closed. The electrodes are tapered in width as  FIG. 6  with projected welding tabs. The anode electrode  5  is made by a core layer of copper foil as current collector, double side coated with graphite or other lithium intercalating material, and leaving the area of welding tab  13  uncoated. The tab  13  is projected up from the wider end of electrode  5   c  and further projected from the wound roll of the electrodes, to be welded with inner casing  1   a  at its center  14 , to form a reliable contact of anode to the battery casing. The cathode electrode  4  is made by a core layer of aluminum foil as current collector, double side coated with lithium intercalating materials such as LiCoO 2 , or Li(Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 )O 2 , and leave the area of welding tab  7  uncoated. The tab  7  is projected to the other direction opposite to  13  at the narrower end of electrode  4   c  and further projected from the wound roll of the electrodes. It can be welded with aluminum flake  10  as  FIG. 5 , and the flake  10  further to be pressed by gasket  2  on cathode casing  3  to have a reliable connection, after the battery is sealed. Or, the tab  7  can be welded directly to cathode casing  3  as  FIG. 8  to form a reliable connection. 
     As the inner casing  1  has a shoulder  1   b  for the seal of the battery, the inner height of the battery housing is taller at the center flat area  1   a  than at the shoulder area  1   b . To fully utilize the inner space, the electrodes are designed to be in a tapered shape. For anode  5 ,  5   a  is wider and will be in the center of the roll after winding,  5   b  is tapered to be in the shoulder area after winding, and  5   c  is narrower to be at the end of the roll after winding. For cathode  4  after winding,  4   a  in the center is wider to fit  1   a ,  4   b  is tapered to adapt  1   b , and  4   c  is narrower at the end of the roll. The width difference between  5   a / 5   c  and  4   a / 4   c  is about 0.2 mm to 3 mm, more preferably about 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. The electrodes roll after being wound is as  FIG. 7   
     Separator  6  usually using single layer PE or laminated layers of PP/PE/PP micro-porous membrane at about 12 um to 25 um thickness, is positioned in between of the anode  5  and cathode  4  and wound together to form the roll of round or oval, for different shape of button cell. The width of separator  6  is greater than the width of the electrodes, and the wider separator is pushed down during battery assembly to be wrinkled at the edges as shown in  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 8 . 
     Two adhesive insulation washers  11  and  12  made by thin polymeric materials could be applied. One is to the inner side of casing  1 , and the other one is to the aluminum flake  10  in  FIG. 5  or casing  3  in  FIG. 8 . These insulation washers are extra anti-short means in the button cell, to prevent the short circuit of the electrodes  4  and  5  at its edge to the flat area of the casings or to the aluminum flake  10 . Most of such short circuit could be prevented by the extra wider separator  6  at its wrinkled edges, but still the washers could improve further of the reliability of the battery by thoroughly eliminate the possibility of any short of the electrodes to the casings. The washer  12  attached to the inner casing is ring shape, leave a hole at the center for the welding of tab  13  to the inner casing. The other washer  11  applied to the outer casing is round, and is attached to the aluminum flake  10  after the welding of tab  7 , as in  FIG. 5 , or directly attached to the inner surface of  3   a  after the welding of tab  7 , as in  FIG. 8 . These insulation washers are not essential elements for such battery but are additional means for high reliability. 
     An aluminum flake  10  in  FIG. 5  is applied, and the inventors prefer this embodiment for 2 reasons. First is that the cathode welding tab  7  is quite short in this way, to be welded on the out rim area of  8  of flake  10 , because the flake is flat and does not interfere with ultrasonic welding head. This is convenient in assembly process. The flake  10  has the same diameter as the inner diameter of outer casing  3 , and just fit into the bottom of  3   a  when the battery is closed, and the closing force gives pressure at area  9  between  10  and  3   a , and forms a reliable contact. The second reason is that such aluminum flake covers the inner surface of  3   a , prevents it from contacting to the electrolyte after battery sealed. So during the charge discharge cycles, the inner surface of  3   a  will not be oxidized by the charging potential and the electrolyte. The battery cycle life is extended. The material of  3   a  could be selected more freely and usually to use stainless steel commercial grade 316 or 304 or 430. The aluminum flake  10  itself is very resistant to oxidation, because of the nature of aluminum which has compact surface oxidized film protecting it from being further oxidized. 
     If the flake  10  is not applied, as  FIG. 8 , which is the illustration of the present invention in another embodiment, the cathode welding tab  7  need to be much longer, because if not, the side wall  3   b  of outer casing  3  would interfere with welding head during assembly. The long tab  7  needs to be folded when the battery is assembled. The  3   a  inner surface of the cathode casing is exposed to electrolyte after the battery is sealed, and during cycles, the charging potential and the electrolyte could oxidize the  3   a  inner surface. Usually stainless steel type 316, 304 or 430 is used as the material of casing  3 , they are also capable to resist the oxidation of the charging potential and electrolyte but not as good as aluminum. Lithium ion button cell similar to such cathode casing design still could be used, and actually, widely used in the commercial market as  FIG. 2 , that has about 300 cycles at its 80% remain capacity, and is acceptable for most of the applications. 
     If the battery is required to have longer cycle life, and in the  FIG. 8  configuration, still it could be achieved, by carefully selecting of the cathode casing materials. The principle is to use anti-corrosion material as the inner surface material of cathode casing  3  or at least  3   a . One way is to use pure aluminum as the casing  3 , the other is to use clad metal or plated metal with aluminum as its surface layer of at least one side, more choice is to use coated metal wherein the coating material is resistant to oxidation such as carbon. The difficulties for these designs are that either pure aluminum or clad metal with aluminum could be quite thick to maintain the strength, and such thickness occupies a significant volume of the battery so the energy density is lowered. Aluminum film by aqueous electrical plating or vacuum spattering coating on stainless steel could be ideal material for the cathode casing  3 , but these processes are quite difficult and expensive. Carbon coated metals can also be used, and they are also difficult to make and the coating is fragile in processing. 
     The “cathode” and “anode” definition could also be swapped in the embodiments of  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 8 . Then the inner casing  1  is cathode, outer casing  3  is anode, electrode  4  is anode, electrode  5  is cathode. In such swapped configuration of  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 8  the inner casing  1  could be simply stainless steel, and if required with long cycle life, aluminum clad or plated metals, or other anti-corrosion material coated metals could be used. The outer casing  3  is anode and could be simply stainless steel or plated steel, and the flake  10  in  FIG. 5  could be more freely selected from metals such as copper, nickel or stainless steel besides aluminum. Those skilled in the art could see such swapped electrodes designs are equivalent to above detailed explained embodiments. 
     Example 1 
     As per  FIG. 5 , inventors of the present invention manufactured some lithium-ion rechargeable button cell size 7840 at diameter 7.8 mm height 4.0 mm as per the details disclosed in the above description. 
     Battery casings  1  and  3  are made by stainless steel grade 316, 304 or 430, preferably 304, of 0.10 mm to 0.15 mm thick, preferably at 0.125 mm thick. The anode casing side wall  1   c  is single wall. Gasket  2  is made by injected polypropylene at 0.06 mm to 0.15 mm thick, preferably at 0.12 mm thick. 
     Vacuum mix the cathode lithium-intercalating materials preferably Li(Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 )O 2  and other functional additives in NMP solvent thoroughly, and coat the slurry double sided on the aluminum foil usually 10 um to 25 um thick preferably 16 um thick, heat to dry the coated materials and press it by a calendering machine to get the desired thickness usually 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm. The coating is not on full area of the aluminum foil leaving a blank area uncoated for the battery tab  7 . Then the electrode is cut by punching machine or preferably by laser cutting machine to be desired figuration as  FIG. 6 . Anode electrode is made in the similar way except the coating lithium-intercalating material is graphite and the current collector metal foil is copper at 8 um to 12 um thick most preferably at 10 um. 
     Both electrodes  4  and  5  are spiral wound on winding machine together with separator  6 , usually 12 um to 25 um thick PE or PP/PE/PP laminated microspores membrane, preferably 20 um. The separator  6  is about 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm wider than the electrodes  4  and  5  to prevent short. The finished wound roll is as  FIG. 7  with 2 welding tabs projected. Turn and press down the anode tab  13  on the winding hole and insert the roll into anode casing  1  wherein a ring-like insulation washer  12  already attached. Spot weld the tab  13  on casing  1  by insert the welding pin into the winding hole. Put the gasket  2  pre-coated with battery sealant onto the outside surface of anode casing  1  till the footing rim touching the opening edge of  1   c . Aluminum flake  10  at thickness 0.02 mm to 0.10 mm preferably 0.05 mm and at diameter same as the inner diameter of cathode casing  3  is welded at its out rim  8  with cathode tab  7  by ultrasonic. Then attach the insulation washer  11  to cover the welded side of the flake  10 . 
     Such sub-assembly is put into vacuum oven to dry for 24 hours to eliminate water. Then put it into dry glove box wherein the relative humidity of the air is less than 1% to fill electrolyte usually LiPF 6  in solvents by a metering pump. Properly turn the flake  10  down at the center of the roll to cover the opening end of said sub-assembly, then put the cathode casing  3  onto the sub-assembly and press them down together to the right height. Then use closing machine to crimp the outer casing opening  3   c  down to finally seal the battery. After that the battery is stored for 48 hours aging and to the formation process to be very slowly charged and the battery is ready to be tested. 
     The 7840 batteries were tested at room temperature. The capacity is 16 mAh at 8 mA discharge average voltage 3.6V to end voltage 2.75V after being fully charged to 4.2V. Total energy 58 mWh and volumetric energy density is 300 Wh/L. Remaining capacity is 90% after 400 cycles and test ongoing. Estimate it will have 800 to 1000 cycles to 80% remaining capacity. Impedance is about 1.2 to 2.0 Ohms at AC 1000 Hz. Such battery is small enough to fit into the mini hearing aid and capable to power it for 2 to 3 years. 
     Example 2 
     As per  FIG. 8 , most of the parts, materials and procedures are the same as example 1, except that the cathode tab  7  is longer and welded directly to the inside of  3   a , and folded when put the outer casing  3  closing together with the sub-assembled electrodes and inner casing  1 . The insulation washer  11  is attached on the electrodes roll edges at the outer casing side, after the electrolyte is filled. The material of  3   a  is using stainless steel grade 304 in this example, and it could be other grade stainless steel, or other materials like aluminum coated or laminated clad metals, or other anti-corrosion material coated metals. 
     The 7840 battery made in this example has the similar performance as example 1, except that the remaining capacity is lower than example 1 after same number of cycles. Estimate it will have 400 to 600 cycles to 80% remaining capacity.