Patent Publication Number: US-9838143-B2

Title: Optical power source modulation system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,238, filed May 11, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. 
     The present application is related to and claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the “Priority applications”) (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC §119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Priority application(s)). 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,238 constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,232, entitled OPTICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND METHOD HAVING MULTIPLE OPTICAL POWER FORMS, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed May 11, 2010, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,238 constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,229, entitled OPTICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND METHOD HAVING CO-PROPAGATING CONTROL SIGNAL, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Muriel Y. 
     Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed May 11, 2010, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,238 constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,230, entitled OPTICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND METHOD HAVING COUNTER-PROPAGATING CONTROL SIGNAL, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. 
     Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed May 11, 2010, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,238 constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,240, entitled OPTICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND METHOD HAVING MULTIPLE OPTICAL POWER FORMS WITH PARTIAL FREE-SPACE TRANSMISSION, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed May 11, 2010, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,238 constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,239, entitled OPTICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed May 11, 2010, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending application Is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,238 constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,236, entitled OPTICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION DEVICE AND METHOD, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed May 11, 2010, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,238 constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,235, entitled OPTICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND METHODS, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed May 11, 2010, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
     For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,238 constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/800,237, entitled OPTICAL POWER TRANSMISSION PACKETING SYSTEMS AND METHODS, naming Alistair K. Chan, Roderick A. Hyde, Muriel Y. Ishikawa, Jordin T. Kare, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed May 11, 2010, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The description herein generally relates to the field of optical power systems. Further, the description generally relates to the field of optical power systems and advancements related to optical power systems for delivering optical power over a distance to devices. 
     Conventionally, there is a need for the delivery of multiple forms of optical power via optical fiber or other optical conduits in order to power devices. There is a need for improving such methods and providing customization and control of optical power in different forms, in different modes, and to different receivers and/or different devices or output nodes. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, a method of transmitting power includes providing at least a first optical power form and a second optical power form from at least one optical power source. The method also includes modulating the first optical power form with an information signal to form a first modulated optical power form. The method further includes transmitting at least the first modulated optical power form and the second optical power form through an optical conduit. The method further includes receiving at least the first modulated optical power form by an optical receiver. Further still, the method includes driving the output of the optical receiver by the modulated optical power signal. 
     In addition to the foregoing, other method aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In one or more various aspects, related systems include but are not limited to circuitry and/or programming for effecting the herein-referenced method aspects; the circuitry and/or programming can be virtually any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware configured to effect the herein-referenced method aspects depending upon the design choices of the system designer. Also various structural elements may be employed depending on design choices of the system designer. 
     In one aspect, a system for an optical power system includes at least one optical power source providing at least a first modulated optical power form and a second optical power form, the first optical power form being different than the second optical power form, the first optical power form including at least one characteristic that is modulated. The system also includes a device configured to receive at least the first modulated optical power form and to provide output driven by the modulated first optical power form. Further, the system includes an optical conduit coupled to the optical power source and the device and configured to transmit at least the first modulated optical power form and the second optical power form there between. 
     In another aspect, a system of transmitting power includes a means for providing at least a first optical power form and a second optical power form from at least one optical power source. The system also includes a means for modulating the first optical power form with an information signal to form a first modulated optical power form. The system further includes a means for transmitting at least the first modulated optical power form and the second optical power form through an optical conduit. Further still, the system includes a means for receiving at least the first modulated optical power form by an optical receiver. Yet further still, the system includes a means for driving the output of the optical receiver by the modulated optical power signal. 
     In addition to the foregoing, other system aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of the present disclosure. 
     In addition to the foregoing, various other method and/or system and/or program product aspects are set forth and described in the teachings such as text (e.g., claims and/or detailed description) and/or drawings of the present disclosure. 
     The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is NOT intended to be in any way limiting. Other aspects, features, and advantages of the devices and/or processes and/or other subject matter described herein will become apparent in the teachings set forth herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description, of which: 
         FIG. 1  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system using multiple optical power forms over an optical conduit. 
         FIG. 2  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system having a co-propagating control signal over an optical conduit. 
         FIG. 3  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system having a counter-propagating control signal over an optical conduit. 
         FIG. 4  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system having multiple optical power forms and using partial free-space transmission. 
         FIG. 5  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power distribution system. 
         FIG. 6  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system having an optical power driven device coupled directly thereto. 
         FIG. 7  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system utilizing a control circuit. 
         FIG. 8  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system on board an aircraft. 
         FIG. 9  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission used for delivering power over a long distance. 
         FIG. 10  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power distribution system being configured to be used in a building. 
         FIG. 11  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system utilizing power packeting methods. 
         FIG. 12  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system utilizing multiple optical power dividers and optical power receivers or loads. 
         FIG. 13  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system used for producing an alternating power output. 
         FIG. 14  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission system used to drive speakers. 
         FIG. 15  is an exemplary diagram of an optical power transmission network. 
         FIG. 16  is an exemplary process diagram for delivering optical power over a distribution network. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. Those having skill in the art will recognize that the state of the art has progressed to the point where there is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software can become significant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs. Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles by which the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies described herein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to the other in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon the context in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any of which may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that optical aspects of implementations will typically employ optically-oriented hardware, software, and or firmware. 
     Conduits for optical power may be configured for photovoltaic conversion and use at an electrical load. This may include receiving and interpreting feedback from a use-point to selectively alter the characteristics of the optical power signal or to command delivery of optical power to a particular device. An optical fiber or functional equivalent (e.g. photonic crystal fiber) may be used for conveying optical power from a source, distribution, or dispatch point to at least one location where it is to be converted into electrical power and then used without significant delay (e.g., with zero/minimal energy-storage or -buffering) to energize at-least-one electrical load, i.e., for other-than-signaling/data-transmitting purposes. Such an optical power system may be used for supplying optical power at two-or-more frequencies, or in a multiple access fashion. By controlling the optical power beam, optical power of differing polarities, phase, etc. may be provided to an electrically complex (e.g., AC or polyphase or other-than-purely-resistive) load or other loads which may be directly modulated by the optical power signal or which may demand specific power levels or specific power signal characteristics. 
     In one example of an advanced optical power system, it may be desirable to convert the optical power to electrical power via efficiency-optimized means, e.g., photovoltaic converters. It may also be desirable to separate optical power of differing frequencies or pulse-positions for servicing of differing components of a complex load. Further, it may be desirable to provide for electrical switchgear processing of electrical power to further condition or adapt it the power signal for at-least-one complex load. 
     It may also be desirable to include (quasi-) realtime feedback, on either the same or a different (optical, or other) conduit, of information pertaining to optical power-levels (or frequencies, phases, etc.) which may be desired or required. Such information may be applied so that optical power, etc. which is an input to the optical conduit at one-or-more locations distant from the load-point(s), corresponds to the optical power that is desired at the load point(s), either at the instantaneously or as forecasted or anticipated to be required at some future time, e.g., for load-following or -controlling purposes. 
     Further, the as-delivered optical power can be modulated with any desired frequency and waveform, such that the receiver directly outputs electrical power having the corresponding frequency and waveform, e.g., audio, RF, or microwave power, or such that the receiver outputs electrical power easily converted to a desired waveform, e.g., pulses of varying amplitude, width, or spacing which can be converted to audio-frequency power by low-pass filtering. Also, in an exemplary implementation, the as-delivered power can be converted to non-electrical forms of output power, including optical power differing in one or more characteristics from the as-delivered power, mechanical power, or thermal power. Further still, the as-delivered optical power can be converted directly into other forms of optical power by active or passive optical devices such as fluorescers, optically-pumped laser media, or optical parametric oscillators (OPOs). 
     In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, it may be desirable to transmit two or more forms of optical power via an optical fiber (also including but not limited to photonic crystal fiber, holey fiber, other types of optical power carrying conduit or other types of optical power transmission structures) from source end to receiver end. At receiver end, it may be desirable to convert the different optical forms to different electrical power signals. Forms of optical power may differ in mode structure, wavelength, polarization, phase, optical bandwidth, etc. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, it may be desirable to transmit optical power via optical fiber from source end to receiver end and simultaneously co-transmit one or more optical control signals from source end to receiver end. The control signals may differ from the power transmission in at least one of the following parameters: mode structure, wavelength, polarization, phase, optical bandwidth, etc. At the receiver end, the control signal may be used to control the conversion of the optical power signal into two or more different electrical power signals. 
     In yet another exemplary embodiment, it may be desirable to transmit optical power via optical fiber from source end to receiver end and simultaneously co-transmit one or more optical control signals from receiver end to source end. The optical carrier of the control signals may differ from the optical power transmission only in direction of propagation and power level or may differ in one or more of the following: wavelength, mode structure, polarization, optical bandwidth, etc. The control signal may carry information concerning the type and amount of optical or electrical power desired at the receiver end, or other information that may be sensed or otherwise determined at the receiver end. The control signal may also carry information concerning the type and amount of optical or electrical power received at the receiver end. The control signal may be used at the source end to control one or more parameters of the transmitted optical power: amplitude, amplitude-time profile, mode structure, wavelength, polarization, phase, optical bandwidth, etc. Different colors (wavelengths) polarizations, mode structures, etc. may be used to transmit multiple control signals simultaneously. Control signals may be transmitted using any of many forms of modulation know to those skilled in the art. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary optical power transmission system  100  is depicted. Optical power system  100  includes but is not limited to a first optical power source  120  providing a first optical power form and a second optical power source  140  providing a second optical power form. A first optical coupler  130  is configured to provide the first optical form and the second optical form to a common output  135  of the first optical coupler  130 . A second optical coupler  180  may be configured to receive the first and second optical power forms through a common input  185  and to divide the first optical power form and the second optical power form between a first output  186  and a second output  187  of second optical coupler  180 . An optical conduit  150  may be coupled to output  135  of first optical coupler  130  and input  185  to second optical coupler  180 . A first optical receiver  170  may be coupled to first output  186  of second optical coupler  180  and may be configured to convert at least the first optical power form into at least one first output power form. A second optical receiver  190  may be coupled to second output  187  of second optical coupler  180  and configured to convert at least the second optical power form into at least one second output power form. 
     In a particular embodiment it may be desirable to have the first optical power form and the second optical power form differ in characteristic, this may include but is not limited to differing in at least one of mode structure, wavelength, polarization, optical bandwidth, etc. Optical power systems shown and described may include optical power sources which may include at least one of an electrically-powered light source, a laser, a semiconductor laser, a fiber laser, a solid-state laser, etc. In one aspect, the optical power source may include a control element that controls the optical power output in response to a control signal. In another aspect, the optical receiver may be configured to convert the one or more of the optical power forms to electrical power having at least a first electrical power form. In yet another aspect, one or more of the optical power receivers includes a control circuit configure to control the operation of an optical power converter. The optical coupler may come in a variety of forms and may be configured to be at least one of a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM), a polarization combiner, or a mode combiner. 
     When multiple optical power forms are used and transmitted over the same optical transmission line or optical fiber, the first output power form and the second output power form may differ in any one of frequency, polarity, phase, etc. The optical conduit or optical power carrier may include any of a variety of structures including but not limited to optical fiber, photonic crystal fiber, holey fiber, etc. The optical conduit further may be any of single mode fiber, multimode fiber, over-moded fiber, polarization maintaining fiber, etc., depending on the application and the particular design specifications. 
     In a particular embodiment it may be desirable to utilize the differences in received optical power forms by using the first output power form and the second output power form in a combined manner to produce at least two components of an alternating current electrical power form. In one aspect, the first optical power form and the second optical power form may differ in polarization and at least the first output power form and the second output power form may be combined to produce at least two components of a multi-phase alternating current electrical power form. In one exemplary embodiment, it may be desirable for at least one characteristic of one of the optical power sources to be adjusted based on at least one characteristic of the optical conduit. For example, at least one characteristic of one of the optical power sources may be adjusted based on at least one characteristic of the optical conduit where the optical power sources may be adjusted by at least one of wavelength, power, or polarization. Also, the at least one characteristic of the optical conduit may include at least one of transmission efficiency or maximum power handling capability. Further, it may be desirable that the characteristic on which the optical power sources are adjusted, are based on characteristics or sensed conditions of a load receiving at least some of the power. In accordance with one such exemplary embodiment, transmission efficiency and/or maximum power handling may be monitored as a function of the wavelength or alternatively as a function of polarization. Thus, the optical power source wavelength or polarization may be adjusted accordingly, in order to achieve desired results. 
     A system such as that depicted in  FIG. 1  may be operative using one or more methodologies. For example, a method of providing power to a load coupled to the optical power system includes generating at least a first optical power form and a second optical power form. The optical power forms may have differing characteristics as defined above. Further, a method may include transmitting at least the first optical power form and the second optical power form through an optical conduit. As described above, the conduit may be any of a variety of optical power transmitting structures. On the opposite end of the optical power transmitting structure, one or more receivers maybe configured for receiving at least the first optical power form by a first optical receiver and the second optical power form by a second optical receiver. The receivers may include but are not limited to including one or more arrays of photovoltaic converters. Such converters may be configured for converting the first optical power form into a first power output having a first power form and a second power output having a second power form. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , an optical power system  200  includes a first optical power source  240  providing optical power having a first optical power form. A first optical information signal source  220  provides a first optical control signal having a first optical control form. The first optical power form may be different from the first optical control form, and therefore being simply distinguished on the receiver end. A first optical coupler  230  may be configured to provide the first optical power form and the first optical control form to a common output of the first optical coupler. A second optical coupler  280  may be configured to receive the first optical power form and the first optical control signal through a common input  285 . The first optical power form and the first optical control signal may be divided between a first output  286  and a second output  287  of the second optical coupler. An optical conduit  250  is coupled to first optical coupler  230  and the second optical coupler  280  and configured to transmit at least the first optical power signal and the first optical control signal there between. A portion of the optical power through optical coupler  280  is received by a first optical power receiver  270  which may be a photovoltaic converter or the like. A second portion of the optical power through optical coupler  280  is received by an optical receiver. Optical power coupler  280  may be controlled by control signal receiver  298  based on the first optical control signal. In one exemplary embodiment, a control signal source  296  may provide the control signal to optical coupler  230 . Such a control signal may be an optical control signal which may be delivered over conduit  250  for controlling optical coupler  280  and the like. 
     In one aspect, the first optical power form and the first optical control form differ in any of a variety of ways including but not limited to mode structure, wavelength, polarization, optical bandwidth, etc. In another aspect, the first optical power source may include a control element configured to control the optical output in response to the first optical control signal. In another aspect, the first optical receiver is configured to convert the first optical power form to electrical power of at least a first electrical power form, the first electrical power form being based on the co-propagating optical control signal. In yet another aspect, the first optical receiver may include a control circuit that may be configured to control the operation of at least one optical power converter based on the first optical control signal. For example, if a specific characteristic of electrical power signal is desired, controlling of the optical power converter may be used to produce the desired electrical power form. It may be possible to switch on and off certain portions of a photovoltaic array which could be used for constructing time varying power forms and the like. In one example, the switching device may be an opto-electrical conversion device yet in another example, the switching device may be an opto-mechanical switching device. Further, in another aspect the optical receivers may include energy storage or filtering circuitry. With such, the optical receivers may be capable of smoothing the power signals, storing at least some of the stored energy, or some combination thereof. 
     In one aspect, first optical coupler  230  may include at least one of a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM), a polarization combiner, or a mode combiner. The coupler is used to produce a co-propagating control signal through conduit  250  which is generally configured to deliver at least the first optical power form. In order to simply distinguish the first optical power form and the first control form, e.g. the first output power form and the first optical control form may differ in frequency, polarity, phase, etc. In further aspects, the control signals may have encoded therein at least one of but not limited to frequency information, polarity information, phase information, etc. 
     System  200  and the like may be utilized for the delivery of optical power using any of a variety of methods, including generating at least a first optical power having a first optical power form and a first optical control signal having a first optical control form. The optical power form is transmitted with the first optical control form through an optical conduit. A first optical receiver receives the first optical power form and a second optical receiver receives the first optical control form. The first optical power form is converted into a first power output having a first electrical power form. The electrical power form is based on the first control signal. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , an optical power system  300  is depicted. Optical power system  300  includes a first optical power source  340  providing at least a first optical power having a first optical power form. A first optical control signal receiver  320  may be configured to receive at least a first optical control signal. The first optical control signal has a first optical control form. The first optical power form is different from the first optical control form in order to simply distinguish the two. The first optical power form may be based on the first optical control signal. The first optical control signal is provided from a first optical information signal source  396 . An optical conduit  350  is coupled to the first optical coupler  330  and the second optical coupler  380  and is configured to transmit at least the first optical power signal in one direction and the first optical control signal in the opposite direction. The optical power signal and the optical control signals may differ in a variety of ways including but not limited to mode structure, wavelength, polarization, optical bandwidth, etc. In one exemplary embodiment an optical information source  396  may provide an optical control signal to optical coupler  380 . The optical control signal may be delivered over optical conduit  350  to optical power coupler  330  for use thereby, or to be distributed for other uses. The optical control signal may be used to control optical coupler  380  and optical power sources  320  and  340 . Optical coupler  380  determines how the optical power will be distributed to optical power receivers  370  and  390 . 
     In one aspect, the first optical power source may include a control element that is configured to control the optical output in response to the first optical control signal. In another aspect, the first optical receiver may be configured to convert the first optical power form to electrical power of at least a first electrical power form, for example, the control signal may be configured to control the at least one optical power converter. In a further aspect, at least one characteristic of one of the optical power sources is adjusted based on at least one characteristic of a load coupled to at least the first optical power receiver. The load may be configured with a sensor to sense a load condition and provide feedback to the control system. The control circuit may be configured with a control algorithm which may include but is not limited to any of a variety of applicable control algorithms such as at least one of classical control, linear control, nonlinear control, adaptive control, multivariable control, optimal control, intelligent control, fuzzy control, neural control, stochastic control, or look up table control. The control signal may include any of a variety of information including but not limited to frequency information, polarity information, phase information, duty cycle information, etc. 
     System  300  may be applicable to a method of transmitting power. The method may include generating at least a first optical power having a first optical power form minimally through the use of a transceiver  340  which includes an optical power source. At least a first optical control signal having a first optical control form is generated and at least the first optical power form and the first optical control form are transmitted through an optical conduit in opposite directions. The method further includes receiving at least the first optical power form by a first optical receiver and the first optical control form by a second optical receiver and converting the first optical power form into a first power output having a first electrical power form, the electrical power form being based on the first control signal. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , an exemplary optical power system  400  includes a first optical power source  420  providing a first optical power form and a second optical power source  440  providing a second optical power form. A first optical coupler  430  may be configured to provide the first optical form and the second optical form to a common output  435  of first optical coupler  430 . A second optical coupler  480  may be configured to receive the first and second optical power forms through a common input  485  and divide the first optical power form and the second optical power form between a first output  486  and a second output  487  of second optical coupler  480 . A free space transmitter  455  may be coupled to the first optical coupler for transmitting the first optical power form and the second optical power form over free space  457  for a distance. A free space receiver  482  may be configured to receive the first optical power form and the second optical power form and to provide the optical power forms to second optical coupler  480 . The generalized system  400  may have characteristics and capabilities similar to those systems shown and described in other portions of the disclosure. 
     System  400  may be applied to carry out a method of transmitting power. Such a method may generally include generating at least a first optical power form and a second optical power form by optical power sources  420  and  440 . At least the first optical power form and the second optical power form may be transmitted at least partially or entirely over free space. The first optical power form may be received by first optical receiver  470  and the second optical power form may be received by second optical receiver  490 . The first optical power form may be converted into a first power output having a first power form and a second power output having a second power form. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , an optical power distribution system  500  includes generally an optical power source  540 . Distribution system  500  also includes more than one optical power outlet node depicted as nodes  580 ,  585 , and  590 . An optical power switching unit (or central power command unit)  560  may be coupled to the optical power source and may be configured to receive optical power from the optical power source via optical conduit  550 . Optical power switching unit  560  may be configured to change the characteristics of the received optical power and to selectively provide optical power to one or more of the optical power outlet nodes. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, one or more nodes  580 ,  585 ,  590  may request optical power over communication lines  582 ,  587 , and  592  respectively. Control circuit  575  determines a scheme for providing the required power to the outlet nodes per the request or in a manner in which to best fulfill the requests. Information signals carried over lines  582 ,  587  and  592  are provided to control circuit  575  which provides an information signal to control circuit  530  via upstream conduit  552 , in order to control the output of power source  540 . 
     In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, optical power switching unit  560  may be configured to selectively provide a portion of the optical power to selected optical power outlet nodes. It may also be desirable that optical power switching unit  560  may deliver a percentage of optical power to one or more of outlet nodes  580 ,  585 , and  590  in accordance with commands from control circuit  575 . 
     In one aspect, system  500  may include a termination node which may be represented as any of the outlet nodes of system  500 . The termination unit is configured to accept and dispose of excess power provided to the system. In another aspect, an optical conduit coupling the optical power source and the optical power outlet nodes may carry both the optical power signal and optical control signals. Further, the switching unit may include beam splitting nodes. 
     An optical power distribution system  500  may also be configured with an optical power source  540  and more than one optical power outlet node  580 ,  585 , and  590 . At least one optical power outlet node may include a transmitter configured to communicate information related to the characteristics of the optical power needed at the at least one optical power outlet node. An optical power switching unit may be coupled to the optical power source and receives optical power from the optical power source. The optical power switching unit may be configured to change the characteristics of the received optical power based on the information received from the at least one optical power outlet node and to selectively provide optical power to one or more of the optical power outlet nodes substantially in accordance with the characteristics of the optical power needed. 
     System  500  may be used for a method of distributing optical power. Such a method may include generally providing optical power from optical power source  540  to optical power switching unit  560 . The method may also include receiving a request for optical power from an optical power outlet node and converting the optical power from the optical power source to an optical power form in accordance to the request. The optical power form is delivered to the requesting optical power outlet node. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , an optical power system  600  includes a first electrical device  610  configured to receive electrical power  605  and to convert the electrical power into at least a first optical power form using optical power source  620  and a second optical power form produced by a second optical power source  640 . The first optical power form may be different than the second optical power form. The first optical power form may be modulated and the second optical power form may also be modulated. An optical coupler may provide the two optical power forms over an optical conduit  650  to an optical divider  670  which divides the two optical power forms and delivers the two optical power forms to a first power driven device  660  which is driven by the modulated optical power signal to provide output and to a second optical power driven device  665 . An optical conduit may be coupled to the optical coupler and may be configured to transmit at least the first modulated optical power form and the second optical power form to optical divider  670 . 
     In one aspect the output may be based on the first modulated optical power form. In accordance with exemplary embodiments, the modulating is carried out using at least one of an amplitude modulator, a frequency modulator, a phase modulator, a polarization modulator, etc. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the first electrical device includes at least one of a speaker, an antenna, a display, a mechanical device, etc. 
     A method of transmitting power may also be carried out in the aforementioned system by receiving electrical power by a first electrical device configured to receive electrical power and converting the electrical power into at least a first optical power form and a second optical power form. The method also includes modulating the first optical power form with an information signal or variable signal to form a first modulated optical power form. Further, the method includes transmitting at least the first modulated optical power form and the second optical power form through an optical conduit. Further still, the method includes receiving at least the first modulated optical power form by a second electrical device and driving the output of the second electrical device by the modulated optical power signal. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , an optical power distribution device  700  is depicted. Device  700  includes an optical power receiver configured to receive one or more optical power signals  705  from one or more optical power sources. Device  700  also includes an optical power multiplexing device  740  that is configured to receive one or more optical power signals from the receiver and may be configured to distribute the received optical power signals selectively among more than one output  750 . A control circuit may be configured to provide signals to the optical power multiplexing device representative of the optical power output distribution desired. Device  700  may be but is not limited to being in an independent electronic package  760  which may be used as an individual component in an optical power system. 
     In one aspect, the optical power multiplexer may include, but is not limited to including any of a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM), a dense-wavelength division multiplexer (DWDM), an opto-electronic converter, etc. In another aspect, device  700  may include any of an optical amplifier  770 , an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, a semiconductor optical amplifier, a Raman amplifier, an optical parametric amplifier, a quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier. Amplifier  770  may receive optical power forms (OPI and OP 2 ) from multiplexer  740  and may deliver an amplified optical power form OP 2  back to multiplexer  740  for distribution. Further, device  700  may include in optical multiplexer  740  a beam separator, an adjustable beam separator, an optical power attenuator, etc. 
     Control circuit  730  may provide a signal representative of the percentage of power to be output for a specified output of the optical power multiplexer device, provide a signal representative of the wavelength of the optical power signal to be output for a specified output of the optical power multiplexer device, provide a signal representative of the polarization of the optical power signal to be output for a specified output of the optical power multiplexer device, provide a signal representative of the mode structure of the optical power signal to be output for a specified output of the optical power multiplexer device, provide a signal representative of the frequency of the optical power signal to be output for a specified output of the optical power multiplexer device, or provide a signal representative of the phase of the optical power signal to be output for a specified output of the optical power multiplexer device. 
     Control circuit  730  may also be configured to receive requests  732  from the optical power source, the requests being related to the output distribution desired, or configured to receive requests  733  from one or more optical power receiving devices, the requests being related to the output distribution desired. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , an aircraft  800  includes an optical power distribution system within fuselage  810 . Optical power distribution system may include an optical power source  820 . The optical power distribution system may also include more than one optical power outlet node  840  and  850  that are configured on board the vehicle. An optical power switching unit  830  may be coupled to optical power source  820  and receives optical power from optical power source  820 . Optical power switching unit  830  may be configured to selectively provide optical power to optical power outlet nodes  840  and  850 . An optical conduit couples optical power switching unit  830  to the optical power nodes  840  and  850 . Because multiple power signals may be sent over the optical conduits in the optical power distribution described, using an optical power distribution on board a vehicle has the advantage of saving weight and thereby providing a potential fuel savings. Such vehicles may include but are not limited to an aircraft, an airplane, a watercraft, a ship, a land-based vehicle, a bus, a train, etc. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , an exemplary optical power transmission system  900  is depicted. Transmission system  900  is designed to carry multiple optical power forms over a distance  910  which may include over land, under water, over water, or underground, or any combination thereof. System  920  includes one or more optical power sources  920  which provides multiple optical power forms over an optical conduit  930 . Optical conduit  930  may be any type of optical conduit as earlier discussed and additionally may include free-space. Optical conduit  930  is coupled to an optical power receiving unit  940  which may include multiplexing devices and may also include optical power conversion devices. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 10  a system  1000  may be retrofitted to a building, especially to buildings, such as castle  1010  where it may not be easy or may be impossible to run conventional wiring through walls. Using the optical power systems as described, may have the advantage of requiring less optical conduit  1030  to be run (as compared with conventional wiring) from optical power sources  1020  to outlet nodes  1040  throughout the building. 
     An exemplary method of transmitting power which may be applicable to any of the systems shown and described may include providing more than one optical power transmission station including an optical power receiver and an optical power transmitter. The method may also include transmitting optical power from at least one optical power transmission station having a first free-space transceiver and receiving optical power from at least one optical power transmission station including a second free-space transceiver and creating a free-space conduit with the free-space transceiver. The method may also include receiving one or more optical power requests over the free-space conduit by an optical power control unit. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11 , an optical power transmission system  1100  includes an optical power source  1110 . An optical power receiver  1130  may be configured to receive optical power from the optical power source. An optical conduit  1120  couples optical power source  1110  to optical power receiver  1130 . An optical power processing unit, which may be incorporated into optical power source system  1110 , may be configured to control the output of the optical power source by packeting the optical power signal for use in a multiple power access methodology. In one example, the multiple access methodology includes at least one of a frequency-based multiple access methodology  1150 , a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) methodology, a code-based multiple access methodology, a time-based multiple access methodology, a time division multiple access (TDMA) methodology  1140 , etc. 
     In another aspect, an optical power transmission system includes an optical power source. A first optical power node is coupled to the power source and a second optical power node is also coupled to the power source. An optical conduit couples the optical power source to the first optical power node and the second optical power node. The first optical powered node and the second optical powered node including controllers configured to accept or reject optical power packets based on information transmitted over the optical conduit and based on a multiple power access methodology. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , an optical power distribution system  1200  is depicted. Optical power distribution system  1200  includes an optical power source  1210 . System  1200  also includes more than one optical power outlet node which may include a power divider  1230  a power receiver or load  1240  and a control  1250 . Similarly another node may include a divider  1235 , receiver/load  1245 , and control  1255 . Optical power divider  1230  may be coupled to optical power source  1210  and may receive optical power from optical power source  1210 . Optical power divider  1230  may be configured to selectively provide a selected portion of the optical power from the optical power source to one or more of the optical power outlet nodes or loads. In an exemplary embodiment, the dividers may be part of the optical power outlet nodes or may be a separate component. 
     In system  1200  or other optical power distribution systems, receivers, loads, or optical power outlet nodes may all be referred to as optical sinks. Thus, an optical sink may be a final outlet port for optical power or may be an intermediate node in a distribution network. In an exemplary embodiment, a sink may provide information about what is needed by the sink itself or what may be needed by network nodes downstream of the particular sink. A controller may transmit such information back to the source, to distribution nodes, or to other optical sinks. 
     In an exemplary embodiment multiple sources may provide different optical power forms, e.g. the wavelengths may differ. These multiple power forms may be transmitted over the same or different optical conduits. In an exemplary embodiment, a controller may help in determining what power source the optical power comes from. This may be based on the efficiencies or characteristics of the optical power form and how the power will be ultimately used. 
     Nodes in the distribution networks shown and described may include more than one input port. Thus, if one source or conduit running to one input port fails, the power may be delivered to the node over another conduit through a redundant input port. Additional input ports may be used to supply additional optical power to a distribution node or sink, or to provide optical power in additional forms, such as different wavelengths or pulse formats. Further, additional input ports may be used to provide redundancy in power distribution. 
     In another exemplary embodiment an optical power subsystem may include various elements including but not limited to an optical power divider, an optical power receiver, and a controller designed to control the division of optical power by the divider based on information received by the controller. Such a subsystem may provide power to optical sinks or may be an optical sink itself. 
     In one aspect, the optical power divider may be configured to selectively provide a portion of the optical power to selected optical power outlet nodes in response to a control signal from at least one of the optical power outlet nodes. In another aspect the optical power divider may be configured to selectively provide a portion of the optical power to selected optical power outlet nodes in response to a control signal from a terminal load coupled to the optical power source. In yet another aspect, the system includes multiple optical power dividers with multiple optical power outlet nodes coupled to the dividers and each of the optical power outlet nodes communicates optical power demands to the optical power source. In still yet another aspect, the system includes multiple optical power dividers with multiple optical power outlet nodes coupled to the dividers and each of the optical power outlet nodes communicates optical power demands to each of the other optical power dividers. 
     System  1200  may also include a central controller configured to provide control signals to the switching unit and the control unit receiving command signals from at least one of the optical power outlet nodes. Further, system  1200  may include a termination unit configured to accept and dispose of excess power provided on the circuit. 
     In still yet another aspect, the more than one optical power divider may be coupled to the more than one optical power source and may receive optical power from the more than one optical power source. The optical power divider may be configured to divide the optical power from the more than one optical power source based on the information received from the at least one optical power outlet node and may selectively provide optical power to one or more of the optical power outlet nodes substantially in accordance with the demands of the optical power needed at each optical power outlet node. The more than one optical power source may receive information from the optical power outlet nodes. The received information may be used to control the optical power being delivered from the more than one optical power source. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 13 , an Optical Power System configured to provide an alternating power output. An optical power source A  1340  and an optical power source B  1320  receive Power inputs  1324  and  1322  respectively. A time varying control signal  1312  is divided such that optical power source A  1340  receives the positive half control signal  1313  and optical power source B  1320  receives the negative half control signal  1312 . Optical power source A  1340  and optical power source B  1320  provide optical power forms to optical power coupler  1330  which sends optical power signals over conduit  1350  through an outlet  1335  to an input of optical coupler  1380  which divides the power forms between optical receiver  1370  and optical receiver  1390 . Combined power output of Optical receivers  1370  and  1390  is provided at Power Out  1384 . As the signals are combined a sinusoidal output may be reconstructed. In alternative embodiments other types of time varying power outputs may be formed not limited to the sinusoidal output depicted as an example. For example, square waves, triangle waves or other periodic or aperiodic waveforms may be created. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 14 , an optically powered stereo speaker system  1400  is depicted. Speaker system  1400  includes an optical power source  1440  and an optical power source  1420 , which receive left and right stereo audio signals respectively (or alternatively other types of modulated signals). An optical coupler  1430  combines the optical power from optical power source  1420  and optical power source  1440  to be transmitted over optical conduit  1450 . An optical power coupler  1450  receives optical power from conduit  1450  and divides the optical power back into a right and left channel. A left channel photovoltaic converter  1460  and a right channel photovoltaic converter  1465  convert the incoming optical power signals to electrical signals which directly drive left speaker  1470  and right speaker  1475  respectively. In accordance with alternative embodiments, speakers  1470  and  1475  may be replaced with other loads which are to be driven directly with the modulated power signals. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 15  a modular optical power network  1500  is depicted. Network  1500  includes a plurality of network nodes including but not limited to nodes  1510 ,  1511 ,  1512 ,  1513 , and  1514 . Each of nodes  1510 ,  1511 ,  1512 ,  1513 , and  1514  are in communication with communication network  1540  which may be a telephone network, a wireless network, the internet, or any other dedicated or general purpose communication network. Each of nodes  1510 ,  1511 ,  1512 ,  1513 , and  1514  include control units  1520 ,  1521 ,  1522 ,  1523 , and  1524  respectively, which receive information signals from network  1540 . Each of nodes  1510 ,  1511 ,  1512 ,  1513 , and  1514  include distribution nodes  1550 ,  1551 ,  1552 ,  1553 , and  1554  respectively. The distribution nodes may include one or more optical power inlets and one or more optical power outlets, each of which may be coupled to other distribution nodes or to any of a variety of loads, such as but not limited to loads  1570 ,  1571 , and  1572 , and terminal load  1580 . Network  1500  may include any number or configuration of nodes  1510 ,  1511 ,  1512 ,  1513 , and  1514  or other nodes. Control of one or more of nodes  1510 ,  1511 ,  1512 ,  1513 , and  1514  may be controlled over network  1540  as to the distribution of optical power received by each distribution node. By having a modular network such as system  1500 , many configurations and applications may be made using nodes such as nodes  1510 ,  1511 ,  1512 ,  1513 , and  1514 . 
     Referring Now to  FIG. 16 , a method  1600  for delivering optical power over a distribution network is depicted. The left hand path of process  1600  illustrates the method with respect to a power outlet node (i.e., an edge node of the network), and includes detecting the change in a load (process  1610 ) via any type of observational method including but not limited to sensors and the like. Alternatively, process  1600  includes receiving a power request from the load (process  1612 ). The optical power required to drive the load may be calculated or otherwise determined (process  1620 ). In an alternative path, suited to a power distribution node (i.e., an internal node of the network) a request for a change in optical power may be received from one of the optical sinks (process  1614 ) coupled to the node. The total optical power required to supply all the sinks attached to that node may then be calculated or otherwise determined (process  1622 ). In either case, a request for change in optical power may then be transmitted from that node to one or more optical power sources connected to the node (process  1630 ). The changed level of optical power is received by one or more of the power inputs of the node (process  1640 ). Power may then be delivered to one or more loads (process  1650 ) or alternatively the power distribution may be changed to be delivered to one or more optical sinks (process  1660 ). If the correct level of optical power is not received for any reason, the node may either request additional changes ( 1630 ), e.g. from a different optical power source, or, if attached to two or more loads and/or sinks, may reallocate power among the attached loads and/or sinks according to a rule or any of a variety of applicable algorithms. 
     The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.). Further, those skilled in the art will recognize that the mechanical structures disclosed are exemplary structures and many other forms and materials may be employed in constructing such structures. 
     In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various embodiments described herein can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by various types of electro-mechanical systems having a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof; and a wide range of components that may impart mechanical force or motion such as rigid bodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, and electro-magnetically actuated devices, or virtually any combination thereof. Consequently, as used herein “electro-mechanical system” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, etc.), electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment), and any nonelectrical analog thereto, such as optical or other analogs. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that examples of electro-mechanical systems include but are not limited to a variety of consumer electronics systems, as well as other systems such as motorized transport systems, factory automation systems, security systems, and communication/computing systems. Those skilled in the art will recognize that electro-mechanical as used herein is not necessarily limited to a system that has both electrical and mechanical actuation except as context may dictate otherwise. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to implement devices and/or processes and/or systems in the fashion(s) set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering and/or business practices to integrate such implemented devices and/or processes and/or systems into more comprehensive devices and/or processes and/or systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes and/or systems described herein can be integrated into other devices and/or processes and/or systems via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that examples of such other devices and/or processes and/or systems might include—as appropriate to context and application—all or part of devices and/or processes and/or systems of (a) an air conveyance (e.g., an airplane, rocket, hovercraft, helicopter, etc.), (b) a ground conveyance (e.g., a car, truck, locomotive, tank, armored personnel carrier, etc.), (c) a building (e.g., a home, warehouse, office, etc.), (d) an appliance (e.g., a refrigerator, a washing machine, a dryer, etc.), (e) a communications system (e.g., a networked system, a telephone system, a Voice over IP system, etc.), (f) a business entity (e.g., an Internet Service Provider (ISP) entity such as Comcast Cable, Quest, Southwestern Bell, etc.), or (g) a wired/wireless services entity such as Sprint, Cingular, Nextel, etc.), etc. 
     One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., steps), devices, and objects and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are within the skill of those in the art. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar herein is also intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of such specific components (e.g., steps), devices, and objects herein should not be taken as indicating that limitation is desired. 
     With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. 
     The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components. 
     While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is defined by the appended claims. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, Band C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, Band C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.