Patent Publication Number: US-10775969-B2

Title: System and method for notifying a softphone of navigation change events

Description:
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material, which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND 
     “Cloud computing” services provide shared network-based resources, applications, and information to computers and other devices upon request. In cloud computing environments, services can be provided by servers to users&#39; computer systems via the Internet and wireless networks rather than installing software locally on users&#39; computer systems. A user can interact with social networking systems, email systems, and instant messaging systems, by way of example, in a cloud computing environment. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The included drawings are for illustrative purposes and serve only to provide examples of possible structures and process operations for the disclosed inventive systems, apparatus, and methods for interfacing with phone systems and related services. These drawings in no way limit any changes in form and detail that may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  shows a system  100  for interfacing with a phone system in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  shows a system  200  for interfacing with a phone system in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  shows a system  300  for interfacing with a phone system in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  shows a graphical user interface (GUI)  400  generated on a display device of a client machine in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  shows a GUI  500  generated on a display device of a client machine in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  shows a GUI  600  generated on a display device of a client machine in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  shows a flow diagram of a method  700  for notifying a softphone of navigation change events, in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 8A  shows a system diagram  800  illustrating architectural components of an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 8B  shows a system diagram further illustrating architectural components of an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 9A  shows a system diagram  900  illustrating the architecture of a multi-tenant database environment, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 9B  shows a system diagram  900  further illustrating the architecture of a multi-tenant database environment, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIGS. 10A and 10B  show flow diagrams illustrating interactions of pages within a web browser program, in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Examples of systems, apparatus, methods and computer program products according to the disclosed implementations are described in this section. These examples are being provided solely to add context and aid in the understanding of the disclosed implementations. It will thus be apparent to one skilled in the art that implementations may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, certain operations have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring implementations. Other applications are possible, such that the following examples should not be taken as definitive or limiting either in scope or setting. 
     In the following detailed description, references are made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the description and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific implementations. Although these implementations are described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the art to practice the disclosed implementations, it is understood that these examples are not limiting, such that other implementations may be used and changes may be made without departing from their spirit and scope. For example, the operations of methods shown and described herein are not necessarily performed in the order indicated. It should also be understood that the methods may include more or fewer operations than are indicated. In some implementations, operations described herein as separate operations may be combined. Conversely, what may be described herein as a single operation may be implemented in multiple operations. 
     Various implementations described or referenced herein are directed to different methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program products for facilitating the configuration of a softphone in an on-demand service environment. In some implementations, the disclosed methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program products may be configured or designed for use in a multi-tenant database environment. 
     The disclosed implementations generally relate to an on demand architecture for notifying a softphone of a user&#39;s change in location (e.g., URL). The softphone may then render information that is pertinent to the user&#39;s current context. The disclosed methods, apparatus, and systems are further configured to render interfaces or parts of interfaces in web browser processes running on client machines in the cloud. 
     In some implementations, a client machine or softphone part of the user interface registers as a listener to navigation change events, while the data provider or data provider part of the user interface registers as a subscriber to the listener. The subscriber fires a navigation change event when a user navigates to a different location, e.g., URL. The client machine or softphone part of the user interface receives and processes a message regarding the navigation change event, and the softphone part of the user interface is updated according to the navigation change event. Therefore, the softphone is configured to provide information and/or functionality that is specifically pertinent to the location of the user. 
     By way of illustration, John is a sales employee within a Sales group at an organization, Salesforce, Inc. John accesses a console application via his computing device. The console application presents a user interface that includes various tabs that facilitate access to information pertaining to leads, cases, and contacts. A first part, i.e., softphone part, of the user interface enables John to receive and initiate calls via a “softphone.” The softphone part of the user interface may include a visual representation of a keypad corresponding to numbers that can be dialed via interaction with the first part of the user interface. A second part, i.e., data provider part, of the user interface includes information received from a data provider (e.g., the organization). For example, the information can include tabs that can be selected by a user, as well as data that is rendered upon selection of one of the tabs. Tabs can correspond to various categories or sub-categories of data, e.g., leads, cases, and/or contacts. 
     John decides to initiate a call via the softphone to a contact Jane for a lead, XYZ, via the first part of the interface. While John is on the call, John selects a “Leads” tab, and then selects another tab corresponding to Lead “ABC.” The first part of the user interface is updated to include the name and phone number for each of the contacts for the lead, ABC. John calls one of the contacts by entering the corresponding phone number via the keypad of the first part of the user interface. 
       FIG. 1  shows a system  100  for interfacing with a phone system in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one embodiment. The system  100  includes one or more application programming interface (API) servers  104   a  and one or more “push” servers  104   b . A data provider, such as salesforce.com®, operates the API servers  104   a . In some embodiments, the push servers  104   b  are also operated by or on behalf of the same data provider. Thus, a single organization, such as salesforce.com®, can simultaneously provide the services of both sets of servers  104   a  and  104   b , as described in greater detail below. The various servers  104   a  and  104   b  can be parts of a multi-tenant server configuration in an on-demand service environment, as further described below. 
     In one embodiment, the servers  104   a  and  104   b  cooperate to function as a proxy server. Thus, in this embodiment, “proxy server” is intended to refer collectively to one or more of the API servers  104   a  in combination with one or more of the servers  104   b . As described herein, the proxy server generally provides services to relay phone event information between a phone system  108  and a client machine  112 , such as a computer operated at a customer call center. In some implementations, phone system  108  is local with respect to an organization at which the client machine is located, while in other embodiments, phone system  108  is at a remote geographic location. 
     In another embodiment, the proxy server is implemented only as one or more of the push servers  104   b , while the API servers  104   a , operated by or otherwise associated with the data provider, are configured to retrieve and deliver data from the multi-tenant system managed by the data provider to client machines separate from the phone-related data delivered by push servers  104   b  between client machine  112  and phone system  108 . In another alternative embodiment, illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the servers  104   a  and  104   b  are integrated into a single proxy server  104  operated by the data provider. For instance, the single server  104  could be configured to perform communications with both phone system  108  and client machine  112 . 
     In the various configurations described above, it can be desirable in some implementations to have the one or more servers  104   a  and  104   b  sharing the same network domain, such as www.salesforce.com. For instance, a user of client machine  112  can have a single account at salesforce.com®. By logging into this single account, the user can access the various services provided by both API server(s)  104   a  and push server(s)  104   b , in  FIG. 1 . Such an implementation is convenient and desirable both for the users of the client machines and the data provider controlling the one or more servers  104   a  and  104   b.    
     In  FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, one or more of the API servers  104   a  are in communication with client machine  112 , and one or more of the push servers  104   b  are also in communication with client machine  112 . The same can be true for multiple additional client machines in the network. In this way, for example, data stored in a multi-tenant database system can be delivered to the client by servers  104   a , while phone-related data can be delivered to the client by servers  104   b . Thus, client machine  112  can be running a web browser program  118  which receives information separately from one or more data provider servers  104   a  and one or more servers  104   b . In  FIG. 1 , the servers  104   a  and  104   b  are connected as part of a data network  110 , which can be defined according to the desired implementation. For example, data network  110  can be the Internet. In another example, data network  110  comprises one or more local area networks (LAN) in communication with one or more wide area networks (WAN) such as the Internet. Additional possible configurations of data network  110  are described below. 
     Embodiments described herein are often implemented in a cloud computing environment, in which the data network  110 , servers  104   a  and  104   b , and possible additional apparatus and systems such as multi-tenant databases and even phone system  108  are all considered part of the “cloud,” as further explained below with reference to  FIGS. 7A and 7B . The client machines themselves can also be considered part of the cloud. In such implementations, a user operating a client machine can be unaware of the back-end server configuration and communications with phone system  108 . From the user&#39;s perspective, data is simply requested from the “cloud,” in this embodiment, data network  110 , and appropriate data can be delivered by the data provider. Thus, in  FIG. 1 , the servers  104   a  and  104   b  are illustrated as part of the cloud  110 . 
     In  FIG. 1 , the phone system  108  provides phone calls, as described in greater detail below, and is operated by a phone provider. The data provider/API servers  104   a  are in communication with phone system  108  via an appropriate API. For instance, in  FIG. 1 , a computer telephony integration (CTI) API  113  allows phone system  108  to communicate with data provider servers  104   a . Via the API  113 , phone system  108  is capable of communicating phone events occurring in a phone call and related information to API servers  104   a.    
     The API servers  104   a  are configured to communicate with phone system  108  using outbound messaging  114 . The phone system  108  connecting to the API servers  104   a  should therefore be capable of receiving outbound messages from the particular data provider, such as salesforce.com®. For instance, an endpoint Uniform Resource Locator (URL) at phone system  108  can be adapted to receive SOAP messages. On the server side, salesforce.com® server(s)  104   a  is configured to send outbound messages to the phone system  108  to process. Phone system  108  can call the CTI API  113  to send inbound information. For instance, when API  113  is invoked by phone system  108 , phone event information can be passed to API servers  104   a , relayed from servers  104   a  to push servers  104   b , and then passed to browser program  118  as one or more Comet events. 
     In some embodiments, the data provider and the phone provider are different entities. Such can be desirable, for example, when the data provider is operating a multi-tenant database in an on-demand service environment to provide application-related data to clients in the network, but is not in the business of delivering phone calls, that is, the actual audio communications and content of a telephone conversation. In such embodiments, the data provider interfaces with the phone provider via system  108 , for instance, to communicate phone-related event data to clients via the cloud, but the phone provider otherwise manages the phone calls using conventional telephone lines and equipment. 
     In  FIG. 1 , clients such as client machine  112  are in communication with the proxy server, in this embodiment, comprising both API servers  104   a  and push servers  104   b . In this way, a client  112  can communicate with the data provider via the data network  110 . The client machine has appropriate input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a camera, a microphone, and other peripherals connected to receive inputs from operators of the client machine. The input devices can be hard-wired and in a local location with respect to the client machine, or they can be wireless and thus be local or carried to remote locations with respect to the client machine. 
     In  FIG. 1 , one or more of the data provider servers  104   a  are configured to receive and process request messages  116  from browser programs  118  running on clients, such as client machine  112 . In the present embodiment, the data provider/API servers  104   a  are configured to respond to such requests  116  by sending requested data back to a client  112 , for instance, after retrieving the requested data from database system  120  in the multi-tenant system. In the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , the data provider/API servers  104   a  can be configured to relay all or certain designated request messages to push servers  104   b , which are configured to push appropriate information back to the web browser  118  running on client  112 . The information delivered to the browser  118  can be displayed in an appropriate part of a user interface provided in the browser  118 , as described in greater detail below. In some embodiments, one or more of the data provider servers, such as push servers  104   b , are in communication with the web browser  118  via a persistent connection, such as Comet. In such embodiments, the push servers  104   b  are capable of sending information to web browser  118  as Comet events  122 . 
     In accordance with various implementations, client machine  112  communicates the data provider via API servers  104   a  to request that it update client machine  112  regarding activities of the user on the web site of the data provider. More particularly, client machine  112  registers with the data provider as an event listener of navigation change events that each pertains to a corresponding Uniform Resource Locator (URL) visited by a user of the client machine. The data provider may subsequently subscribe to the event listener so that it can fire navigation change events. The data provider can subsequently notify client machine  112  regarding navigation change events via servers  104   a  or  104   b . Such a notification can include information pertaining to a navigation change event. In some implementations the data provider/API servers  104   a  can be configured to relay all or certain designated registration request messages to push servers  104   b , which are configured to push information pertaining to navigation change events back to the web browser  118  running on client  112 . 
     Client machine  112  may process the information it receives from the data provider and update the user interface according to the information it receives, as will be described in further detail below. The information can include, but is not limited to, a URL, content rendered within the URL, a record identifier, and/or data obtained from record(s). For example, data obtained from record(s) can include contact name(s), contact phone number(s), and/or notes pertaining to prior conversations with contacts. In some implementations, the user interface can be updated to support functionality via buttons or other user interface objects. Such functionality can include, but is not limited to, the initiation of a phone call or other communication or retrieval of data. 
     As used herein, phone events generally refer to events occurring in relation to a phone call. These include actions a phone can take and events occurring in response to those actions. For instance, the phone event may be an incoming telephone call or an outgoing telephone call. Further phone events include the initiation or termination of a call and associated events such as a phone ringing, the call connecting, and a call being dropped. The phone event may include various events that occur during a call, such as placing the call on hold, transferring the call, a teleconference with multiple participants, etc. The phone event may also refer to an input, e.g., key-based, voice-based, etc., from the caller as further discussed below. 
       FIG. 2  shows a system  200  for interfacing with a phone system in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with another embodiment. The system  200  has some of the same apparatus, networks, and interfaces described above with respect to  FIG. 1 . Common elements are indicated by common reference numerals. In  FIG. 2 , the various data provider servers  104   a  and  104   b  are integrated into a single proxy server  104 , as described above. 
     In  FIG. 2 , when phone event information is delivered from proxy server  104  to client computer  112   a , for instance, as a Comet event, a “softphone” interface  204  is generated as a part of a user interface displayed in a web browser program on a display device of the client computer  112   a . The softphone state can be represented as XML, for example, presented to the user via XSLT transformation. The displayed data in softphone interface  204  can include phone event information such as the status of the call being answered and active. In some implementations, the softphone interface is also configured to display related phone event information, such as caller ID, the dialed number, and the duration of the call. Such information can also be relayed by proxy server  104  in near real-time as the information is received by proxy server  104  from phone system  108 . In some implementations, phone providers through phone system  108  interact with on-demand salesforce.com® server(s), such as API servers  104   a , using API  113 , as described above with reference to  FIG. 1 . Phone events occurring in relation to a phone call are received by the phone system and the corresponding CTI API is called. This translates into a corresponding state of softphone interface  204 . The state can be parsed by salesforce.com® and the phone event information, including softphone state, is sent to the client&#39;s browser. The push servers  104   b  send the information to the user&#39;s browser. This information is processed at client machines, for example, using a client-side Comet event handling library. Such a library will then update the softphone interface  204  based on the corresponding API call. 
     In further implementations, when information pertaining to a navigation change event is delivered from proxy server  104  to client computer  112   a , for instance, as a Comet event, “softphone” interface  204  is generated or updated according to the information that is received by client computer  112   a . In some implementations, softphone interface  204  can be configured to display information pertaining to navigation change events, as described in further detail below. 
     In some implementations, push servers  104   b  send the information pertaining to the navigation change event to the user&#39;s browser. This information is processed at client machines, for example, using a client-side Comet event handling library. Such a library can then update the softphone interface  204  based on the information received from push servers  104   b.    
     In  FIG. 2 , in some implementations, the computer code generating the softphone interface is also configured to display graphical buttons as user selections. These selections can pertain to a phone event such as “End Call” button  208  in interface  204 . When the user clicks on such a button  208 , the selection of “End Call” is communicated as an action, a particular type of phone event, back to proxy server  104 , which can then relay the action back to phone system  108 . The phone system  108  can then handle the phone call delivered to the operator at a telephone  212  appropriately. As with the embodiment of  FIG. 1 , in  FIG. 2 , the phone call itself is delivered by phone system  108  to the telephone  212 , and the phone provider thus carries out the phone events. The proxy server  104  provides a gateway for the web-based softphone interface  204 , so an operator at a client machine can view phone event information regarding the phone call in a displayed user interface, and can use the interface to relay phone events back to the phone system  108  via the proxy server  104 . Telephone  212  can be implemented as a conventional “hard” telephone or as a softphone, for instance, on the client computer  112   a.    
     In further implementations, the computer code generating the softphone interface is also configured to display graphical buttons or other user interface objects in interface  204  as user selections that pertain to a navigation change event. These buttons may enable a user to initiate various functions, which may relate to a URL or record identified in the message received from the data provider. In some instances, the buttons may enable the user to access data from data record(s) pertaining to the navigation change event. More particularly, the buttons may enable the user to open a tab, initiate a communication such as a telephone or video call, or access data from record(s) that are identified in the message or that otherwise pertain to the URL. 
     As one example, the user visits a URL corresponding to the Lead ABC, e.g., by selecting a Leads tab followed by an ABC sub-tab. A button may enable the user to initiate a phone call to a contact of the lead, ABC. In response to the change in location, the softphone interface is updated to include a button that enables the user to initiate a phone call to particular contact of the lead ABC. Responsive to the user clicking on such a button to initiate a phone call, proxy server  104  can then relay the action back to phone system  108 . In some implementations, an action is communicated to data provider via API server(s)  104   a  and data may be transmitted back to client machine  112  by push server(s)  104   b.    
     In  FIGS. 1 and 2 , in some embodiments, responsive to call-related user interactions with the softphone interface  204 , or when salesforce.com® otherwise sends messages to the phone provider, Salesforce® proprietary outbound messaging is used. In the case of a user interaction, the browser request  116  is sent from client computer  112  to one or more of the data provider servers  104   a . The action is then relayed back to the phone system  108  via the outbound messaging  114 . In some instances, in which the phone provider specifies acknowledgement (“ACK”) for API calls or responses that do not require user interaction or browser communication, ACK messages can be sent from data provider servers  104   a  to phone system  108  directly via outbound messaging  114 . 
     In  FIG. 2 , in one implementation in a call center environment, one or more call center agents operate client machines, such as computer  112   a , and a supervisor is the user of supervisor&#39;s computer  112   b . For instance, supervisor computer  112   b  can be coupled as part of a LAN and be provided with access permission levels and capabilities to monitor operator activity on other client machines such as computer  112   a . Thus, in this embodiment, the supervisor computer  112   b  is coupled to receive the same phone event information received by computer  112   a , and display the information in a user interface in a web browser running on the computer  112   b . The supervisor&#39;s computer is also coupled to receive user-generated messages, such as phone events, entered by the user on computer  112   a.    
       FIG. 3  shows a system  300  for interfacing with a phone system in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with an alternative embodiment. The system  300  is different from systems  100  and  200 , in that there is no proxy server in system  300  acting as an intermediary between the phone system  108  and the web browser  118  running on the client machine. In  FIG. 3 , data provider server(s)  312  communicate directly with web browser program  118  over a first communications path in the cloud, and the phone system  108  communicates directly with web browser program  118  over a suitable second communications path. 
     In one implementation of  FIG. 3 , the phone provider is granted a JavaScript toolkit describing appropriate CTI components. The phone system  108  can thus be provided with an API allowing it to communicate phone event information to the browser program  118 . Thus, a softphone interface  204 , for instance, can be immediately updated by phone system  108  to reflect the current state of a phone call. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 3 , phone event information received at the web browser  118  from phone system  108  can be displayed in a softphone part  304   a  of a user interface  306  on a display device of the client machine. In addition, the softphone part  304   a  of user interface  306  can be updated to include information pertaining to a navigation change event that has been received at the web browser  118  from the data provider servers  312 . A data provider part  304   b  of user interface  306  displays information received from the data provider servers  312 . 
     In  FIG. 3 , within the web browser program, the softphone part  304   a  of the user interface  306  and the data provider part  304   b  of user interface  306  are adapted to communicate with one another. Thus, the softphone part  304   a  is capable of passing information to the data provider part  304   b , and vice versa. For example, the softphone part  304   a  can send a message including phone event information received directly from phone system  108  to the data provider part  304   b . The data provider part  304   b  is capable of processing the message and, for example, displaying the phone event information as part of a softphone interface  204 , which can be a further part of the user interface displayed in the web browser program  118 . 
     In  FIG. 3 , the softphone part  304   a  and the data provider part  304   b  of the user interface communicate with one another via a suitable API  308 , such as a cross-domain API, described in greater detail below. Thus, the phone system  108  and the data provider server(s)  312  can have different network domains. In alternative embodiments, other cross-domain communication techniques can be used, as described below. In one implementation, a JavaScript library is configured to call a JavaScript API to provide the desired messaging. The softphone part  304   a , data provider part  304   b , and further parts of the user interface displayed in browser program  118  can be configured to subscribe to messages from one another using the appropriate API to provide the desired communications, as described herein. 
     In  FIG. 3 , when phone event information is received at the softphone part  304   a  and/or the data provider part  304   b , a suitable softphone interface such as interface  204  can be generated in the user interface to display phone event information, that is, the phone event itself and any related data. The display and updating of softphone interface  204  can be controlled by the data provider via the web browser  118 . In some embodiments, the data provider part  304   b  of the user interface can change the state of the softphone interface  204  on-demand. More particularly, the data provider part  304   b  of the user interface can change the state of the softphone interface  204  responsive to information received from the phone system  108  via softphone part  304   a  or responsive to a navigation change event that occurs when a user interacts with the data provider part  304   b.    
     In one example, a user&#39;s selection, e.g., a mouse click of a displayed selection in the softphone interface  204  is delivered to data provider part  304   b  of the user interface. In another example, a user&#39;s interaction with the data provider part  304   b , e.g., selecting a tab within the data provider part  304   b  of the user interface  306 , is detected. The data provider identifies information or user interface objects to present via the softphone interface  204  based upon the user&#39;s selection in the softphone interface  204  or interaction with the data provider part  304   b . The data provider part  304   b  sends a message to the softphone part  304   a  to instruct the softphone part  304   a  to render the information or user interface objects. When the user initiates a call via softphone part  304   a , the web browser  118  can immediately send the user&#39;s selection as a phone event back to phone system  108 , without going through a proxy server. Methods of interfacing with a phone call at a client machine are further described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/878,288 titled, “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR INTERFACING WITH A PHONE SYSTEM IN AN ON-DEMAND SERVICE ENVIRONMENT,” by Casalaina et al., filed Sep. 9, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. 
       FIG. 4  shows a graphical user interface (GUI)  400  generated on a display device of a client machine in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with one or more embodiments. In this example, the user accesses the home page of the parent website, which represents the data provider part  402  of the user interface. A message pertaining to the navigation change event may notify the web browser of the client machine to update the softphone part  404  of the user interface. As shown at  404 , the softphone part  404  of the user interface is updated to reflect the navigation change event. More particularly, the words “Hello John” of the data provider part  402  of the interface are replicated in the softphone part  404  of the user interface. 
     The user then navigates to a calendar web page of the parent web site, which is reflected in the data provider part  406  of the user interface. In this example, the data provider part  406  notifies the user of two appointments scheduled for today. The softphone part  408  of the user interface is updated to reflect the navigation change event. More particularly, phone numbers pertaining to the two appointments are rendered within the softphone part  408  of the user interface. The user may click on one of the phone numbers to initiate a call. 
     In some implementations, the softphone part of the user interface is rendered as a web page within a part of the user interface. More particularly, the web page may be implemented as an HTML iframe, as will be described in further detail below. 
       FIG. 5  shows a graphical user interface (GUI)  500  generated on a display device of a client machine in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with embodiments described herein. The data provider part of the user interface  500  is adapted to display retrieved data in various panes. In  FIG. 5 , a number of tabs  502   a - 502 H are provided in the web browser program, allowing a user to select different panes or parts of the user interface  500 . In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5 , when the “Home” tab  502   b  is selected, a softphone interface  504  is displayed in one portion of the user interface. The softphone interface  504  can be generated or updated in response to phone event information including state information delivered by proxy server  104 , similar to softphone interface  204  as described with reference to  FIG. 2 . In the alternative embodiment of  FIG. 3 , softphone interface  504  can be generated or updated in response to phone event data and related information delivered to the web browser program from the phone system  108 . 
     In  FIG. 5 , softphone interface  504  displays similar information and selections as softphone interface  204  of  FIG. 2 . For instance, when the phone event information indicates an incoming call, the user can be provided with selections to either answer the call or end the call. Phone event information can include information such as caller ID, dialed number, and contact name. Phone event information or a portion thereof may be rendered within softphone interface  504 . In addition, the softphone interface  504  will generally include a keypad  512 . 
     In accordance with various implementations, the data provider part of the user interface  500  initiates the generation, update, and/or rendering of the softphone interface  504  responsive to a navigation change event. The data provider part of the user interface  500  can include the portion of the user interface  500  that excludes the softphone interface  504 . A navigation change event can indicate the change of the user&#39;s location, e.g., while navigating a web site. For example, the navigation change event can indicate that the user has accessed a particular web page or portion thereof, e.g., by clicking on a tab within the provider part of the interface  500 . 
     In this example, the user has selected the Accounts tab  502   g , and subsequently selects a tab corresponding to Account CTI-2.0. For this account, the user selects the tab corresponding to Contact2, as shown at  508 . The navigation change event indicates that the user is accessing information pertaining to Contact2 of Account CTI-2.0. 
     The data provider part of the user interface  500  can then update the softphone interface  504  to reflect the navigation change event (e.g., the user&#39;s current location). The softphone interface  504  can be updated to include data retrieved from the data provider part of the user interface, other data retrieved from the data provider servers  104   a , and/or user interface object(s) that support additional functionality, e.g., calling a particular individual. The user interface object(s) can pertain to data received or retrieved from the data provider servers  104   a  and/or data rendered within the data provider part of the user interface  500 . In this example, the softphone interface  504  is updated to include a user interface object  510  that enables the user to call Contact  2  by interacting with the user interface object  510  (e.g., by clicking on or otherwise selecting the user interface object  510 ). The softphone interface  504  may be rendered as one contiguous area within user interface  500 , or may be comprised of two or more distinct areas within user interface  500 . 
     Some of the dat data can be retrieved by a data provider part of the interface  500  from an appropriate database  120  using the phone number or other phone event information to access appropriate records. In addition, some of the data can be retrieved using information pertaining to a navigation change event. For example, the data provider part can retrieve the phone number for Contact2 from the database  120 . While the retrieved phone number can be displayed in the softphone interface  504 , the phone number is not displayed within the softphone interface  504  in this example. 
     When GUI  500  is implemented in the context of system  300 , softphone interface  504  can share phone event information with the data provider part, as described above with reference to  FIG. 3 . The embodiments described above with respect to  FIGS. 1 and 2  can also incorporate the intra-browser messaging described with reference to  FIG. 3 . Thus, for example, the identity of an incoming call can be shared with the data provider part to retrieve a record of data from a multi-tenant database system  120  corresponding to the incoming call. 
     The softphone interface  504  can receive information pertaining to an incoming call or outgoing phone call from phone system  108  directly and/or via a proxy server  104 . This information can be shared with a data provider part  508  of the user interface. The shared information can include phone event information received from the phone system  108 , and can also include data entered by a user of the GUI  500 . Thus, for example, a telephone number entered by a user who selects soft keys  512  on the softphone interface  504  can be shared with data provider part  508  of the user interface, and used to retrieve a corresponding record from a multi-tenant database  120  managed by the data provider. In some implementations, when the user enters a certain customer&#39;s phone number on the soft keypad  512 , that customer&#39;s record can be retrieved and information from the customer&#39;s record can be displayed in data provider part  508  of the interface or within the softphone interface  504 . 
       FIG. 6  shows a graphical user interface (GUI)  600  generated on a display device of a client machine in an on-demand service environment, in accordance with embodiments described herein. For example, the navigation change event can indicate that the user has accessed a particular web page or portion thereof, e.g., by clicking on a tab within the provider part of the interface  500 . In this example, the user has selected the Leads tab  502   e , and subsequently selects a tab corresponding to the Lead JEB. For this lead, the user selects the tab corresponding to Contact2, as shown at  508 . 
     In response to the navigation change event, the data provider part of the user interface  600  generates or updates the softphone interface  504  to include contact information for all contacts for the lead, JEB, as shown at  602 . In some implementations, the data provider part of the user interface  600  communicates via an API with the softphone part of the user interface, softphone interface  504 , to generate or update the softphone interface  504 , as shown. 
     A variety of types of information can be rendered within the softphone interface  504 . The type of information that is rendered can be determined based, at a least in part, on the current location of the user. For example, where the user is viewing a feed, a feed item or portion thereof, can be rendered within the softphone interface. As another example, a phone number of an individual who generated or transmitted a feed item being viewed by the user can be rendered within the softphone interface  504 . 
     Various types of user interface objects may be rendered within the softphone interface  504  based, at least in part, on the current location of the user. A user interface object can include a button, menu, or other user interface element with which a user can interact to cause a corresponding function to be executed. Example functions include, but are not limited to, initiating a telephone call or video call. 
       FIG. 7  shows a flow diagram of a method  700  for notifying a softphone of navigation change events, in accordance with one or more embodiments. A client machine registers, with a data provider via a network, as a listener of navigation change events at  702 . Each of the navigation change events pertains to a corresponding Uniform Resource Locator (URL) visited by a user of the client machine. In addition, the data provider may register as a subscriber to the event listener. When the user of the client machine visits a particular URL, the data provider may fire a navigation change event by sending a message including event information regarding the navigation event to the client machine. Event information can include, but is not limited to, information regarding the URL visited by a user of the client machine, a record identifier of a pertinent data record accessible via the URL, or data retrieved from a data record accessible via the URL. 
     The client machine processes a message received from the data provider via a network at  704 . More particularly, the client machine may obtain the event information or portion thereof from the message. For example, the client machine may ascertain the URL visited by the user, a record identifier of a data record, or data retrieved from a data record. Where the event information within the message includes a record identifier, the client machine may retrieve data from the data record by requesting the data for the data record from the data provider. 
     The client machine updates a first part of a user interface in a web browser on a display device of the client machine at  706  based, at least in part, on the event information, where a second part of the user interface displays information received from the data provider. The first part of the user interface is configured to receive input initiating outgoing phone calls and display phone event information pertaining to incoming phone calls received from a phone system via a proxy server in communication with the client machine, the phone system being operated by a phone provider separate from the data provider. 
     The first part of the user interface may be updated to include information pertaining to contact(s) associated with the URL. For example, the first part of the user interface may be updated to include a phone number and name of each contact associated with the URL. The event information may include the contact information or a record identifier that may be used to retrieve the contact information from a database. 
     In some implementations, the client machine updates the first part of the user interface to include one or more user interface objects, where each of the user interface objects represents corresponding functionality implemented in response to user interaction with the user interface object. For example, when a user interacts with the user interface object, a logging function may be called to log information pertaining to the navigation change event. As another example, when a user interacts with the user interface object, a phone or video call to a particular phone number pertaining to the visited URL may be initiated. 
     In some implementations, the message received from the data provider indicates the URL visited by the user of the client machine and specifies a callback function. The client device may determine whether a domain of the URL is a trusted domain and execute the callback function according to whether the domain of the URL is a trusted domain. 
     As described above, the URL that is visited may be associated with a tab of the user interface. Example tabs include, but are not limited to, a Leads Tab, an Opportunities Tab, a Contacts Tab, and an Accounts tab. 
     In some implementations, the first part of the user interface is rendered as a web page within the second part of the user interface. As described above, the first part of the user interface and the second part of the user interface may communicate via APIs. In some implementations, the first part of the user interface may register as a listener of navigation change events, while the second part of the user interface may subscribe to the event listener. 
     Some embodiments may include a hidden HTML iframe technique for providing cross-domain communication between frames. Methods of providing cross-domain communication between frames will be described in further detail below with reference to  FIGS. 10A and 10B . 
     Techniques described or referenced herein can be implemented using or in conjunction with a social networking system. Social networking systems have become a popular way to facilitate communication among people, any of whom can be recognized as users of a social networking system. One example of a social networking system is Chatter®, provided by salesforce.com, inc. of San Francisco, Calif. salesforce.com, inc. is a provider of social networking services, CRM services and other database management services, any of which can be accessed and used in conjunction with the techniques disclosed herein in some implementations. In some but not all implementations, these various services can be provided in a cloud computing environment, for example, in the context of a multi-tenant database system. Thus, the disclosed techniques can be implemented without having to install software locally, that is, on computing devices of users interacting with services available through the cloud. While the disclosed implementations are often described with reference to Chatter®, those skilled in the art should understand that the disclosed techniques are neither limited to Chatter® nor to any other services and systems provided by salesforce.com, inc. and can be implemented in the context of various other database systems and/or social networking systems such as Facebook®, LinkedIn®, Twitter®, Google+®, Yammer® and Jive® by way of example only. 
     Some social networking systems can be implemented in various settings, including organizations. For instance, a social networking system can be implemented to connect users within an enterprise such as a company or business partnership, or a group of users within such an organization. For instance, Chatter® can be used by employee users in a division of a business organization to share data, communicate, and collaborate with each other for various social purposes often involving the business of the organization. In the example of a multi-tenant database system, each organization or group within the organization can be a respective tenant of the system, as described in greater detail below. 
     In some social networking systems, users can access one or more social network feeds, which include information updates presented as items or entries in the feed. Such a feed item can include a single information update or a collection of individual information updates. A feed item can include various types of data including character-based data, audio data, image data and/or video data. A social network feed can be displayed in a graphical user interface (GUI) on a display device such as the display of a computing device as described below. The information updates can include various social network data from various sources and can be stored in a database system. In some but not all implementations, the disclosed methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program products may be configured or designed for use in a multi-tenant database environment. 
     In some implementations, a social networking system may allow a user to follow data objects in the form of CRM records such as cases, accounts, or opportunities, in addition to following individual users and groups of users. The “following” of a record stored in a database, as described in greater detail below, allows a user to track the progress of that record when the user is subscribed to the record. Updates to the record, also referred to herein as changes to the record, are one type of information update that can occur and be noted on a social network feed such as a record feed or a news feed of a user subscribed to the record. Examples of record updates include field changes in the record, updates to the status of a record, as well as the creation of the record itself. Some records are publicly accessible, such that any user can follow the record, while other records are private, for which appropriate security clearance/permissions are a prerequisite to a user following the record. 
     Information updates can include various types of updates, which may or may not be linked with a particular record. For example, information updates can be social media messages submitted by a user or can be otherwise generated in response to user actions or in response to events. Examples of social media messages include: posts, comments, indications of a user&#39;s personal preferences such as “likes” and “dislikes”, updates to a user&#39;s status, uploaded files, and user-submitted hyperlinks to social network data or other network data such as various documents and/or web pages on the Internet. Posts can include alpha-numeric or other character-based user inputs such as words, phrases, statements, questions, emotional expressions, and/or symbols. Comments generally refer to responses to posts or to other information updates, such as words, phrases, statements, answers, questions, and reactionary emotional expressions and/or symbols. Multimedia data can be included in, linked with, or attached to a post or comment. For example, a post can include textual statements in combination with a JPEG image or animated image. A like or dislike can be submitted in response to a particular post or comment. Examples of uploaded files include presentations, documents, multimedia files, and the like. 
     Users can follow a record by subscribing to the record, as mentioned above. Users can also follow other entities such as other types of data objects, other users, and groups of users. Feed tracked updates regarding such entities are one type of information update that can be received and included in the user&#39;s news feed. Any number of users can follow a particular entity and thus view information updates pertaining to that entity on the users&#39; respective news feeds. In some social networks, users may follow each other by establishing connections with each other, sometimes referred to as “friending” one another. By establishing such a connection, one user may be able to see information generated by, generated about, or otherwise associated with another user. For instance, a first user may be able to see information posted by a second user to the second user&#39;s personal social network page. One implementation of such a personal social network page is a user&#39;s profile page, for example, in the form of a web page representing the user&#39;s profile. In one example, when the first user is following the second user, the first user&#39;s news feed can receive a post from the second user submitted to the second user&#39;s profile feed. A user&#39;s profile feed is also referred to herein as the user&#39;s “wall,” which is one example of a social network feed displayed on the user&#39;s profile page. 
     In some implementations, a social network feed may be specific to a group of users of a social networking system. For instance, a group of users may publish a feed. Members of the group may view and post to this group feed in accordance with a permissions configuration for the feed and the group. Information updates in a group context can also include changes to group status information. 
     In some implementations, when data such as posts or comments input from one or more users are submitted to a social network feed for a particular user, group, object, or other construct within a social networking system, an email notification or other type of network communication may be transmitted to all users following the user, group, or object in addition to the inclusion of the data as a feed item in one or more feeds, such as a user&#39;s profile feed, a news feed, or a record feed. In some social networking systems, the occurrence of such a notification is limited to the first instance of a published input, which may form part of a larger conversation. For instance, a notification may be transmitted for an initial post, but not for comments on the post. In some other implementations, a separate notification is transmitted for each such information update. 
     The term “multi-tenant database system” generally refers to those systems in which various elements of hardware and/or software of a database system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows of data such as feed items for a potentially much greater number of customers. 
     An example of a “user profile” or “user&#39;s profile” is a database object or set of objects configured to store and maintain data about a given user of a social networking system and/or database system. The data can include general information, such as name, title, phone number, a photo, a biographical summary, and a status, e.g., text describing what the user is currently doing. As mentioned below, the data can include social media messages created by other users. Where there are multiple tenants, a user is typically associated with a particular tenant. For example, a user could be a salesperson of a company, which is a tenant of the database system that provides a database service. 
     The term “record” generally refers to a data entity having fields with values and stored in database system. An example of a record is an instance of a data object created by a user of the database service, for example, in the form of a CRM record about a particular (actual or potential) business relationship or project. The record can have a data structure defined by the database service (a standard object) or defined by a user (custom object). For example, a record can be for a business partner or potential business partner (e.g., a client, vendor, distributor, etc.) of the user, and can include information describing an entire company, subsidiaries, or contacts at the company. As another example, a record can be a project that the user is working on, such as an opportunity (e.g., a possible sale) with an existing partner, or a project that the user is trying to get. In one implementation of a multi-tenant database system, each record for the tenants has a unique identifier stored in a common table. A record has data fields that are defined by the structure of the object (e.g., fields of certain data types and purposes). A record can also have custom fields defined by a user. A field can be another record or include links thereto, thereby providing a parent-child relationship between the records. 
     The terms “social network feed” and “feed” are used interchangeably herein and generally refer to a combination (e.g., a list) of feed items or entries with various types of information and data. Such feed items can be stored and maintained in one or more database tables, e.g., as rows in the table(s), that can be accessed to retrieve relevant information to be presented as part of a displayed feed. The term “feed item” (or feed element) generally refers to an item of information, which can be presented in the feed such as a post submitted by a user. Feed items of information about a user can be presented in a user&#39;s profile feed of the database, while feed items of information about a record can be presented in a record feed in the database, by way of example. A profile feed and a record feed are examples of different types of social network feeds. A second user following a first user and a record can receive the feed items associated with the first user and the record for display in the second user&#39;s news feed, which is another type of social network feed. In some implementations, the feed items from any number of followed users and records can be combined into a single social network feed of a particular user. 
     As examples, a feed item can be a social media message, such as a user-generated post of text data, and a feed tracked update to a record or profile, such as a change to a field of the record. Feed tracked updates are described in greater detail below. A feed can be a combination of social media messages and feed tracked updates. Social media messages include text created by a user, and may include other data as well. Examples of social media messages include posts, user status updates, and comments. Social media messages can be created for a user&#39;s profile or for a record. Posts can be created by various users, potentially any user, although some restrictions can be applied. As an example, posts can be made to a wall section of a user&#39;s profile page (which can include a number of recent posts) or a section of a record that includes multiple posts. The posts can be organized in chronological order when displayed in a GUI, for instance, on the user&#39;s profile page, as part of the user&#39;s profile feed. In contrast to a post, a user status update changes a status of a user and can be made by that user or an administrator. A record can also have a status, the update of which can be provided by an owner of the record or other users having suitable write access permissions to the record. The owner can be a single user, multiple users, or a group. 
     In some implementations, a comment can be made on any feed item. In some implementations, comments are organized as a list explicitly tied to a particular feed tracked update, post, or status update. In some implementations, comments may not be listed in the first layer (in a hierarchal sense) of feed items, but listed as a second layer branching from a particular first layer feed item. 
     A “feed tracked update,” also referred to herein as a “feed update,” is one type of information update and generally refers to data representing an event. A feed tracked update can include text generated by the database system in response to the event, to be provided as one or more feed items for possible inclusion in one or more feeds. In one implementation, the data can initially be stored, and then the database system can later use the data to create text for describing the event. Both the data and/or the text can be a feed tracked update, as used herein. In various implementations, an event can be an update of a record and/or can be triggered by a specific action by a user. Which actions trigger an event can be configurable. Which events have feed tracked updates created and which feed updates are sent to which users can also be configurable. Social media messages and other types of feed updates can be stored as a field or child object of the record. For example, the feed can be stored as a child object of the record. 
     A “group” is generally a collection of users. In some implementations, the group may be defined as users with a same or similar attribute, or by membership. In some implementations, a “group feed”, also referred to herein as a “group news feed”, includes one or more feed items about any user in the group. In some implementations, the group feed also includes information updates and other feed items that are about the group as a whole, the group&#39;s purpose, the group&#39;s description, and group records and other objects stored in association with the group. Threads of information updates including group record updates and social media messages, such as posts, comments, likes, etc., can define group conversations and change over time. 
     An “entity feed” or “record feed” generally refers to a feed of feed items about a particular record in the database. Such feed items can include feed tracked updates about changes to the record and posts made by users about the record. An entity feed can be composed of any type of feed item. Such a feed can be displayed on a page such as a web page associated with the record, e.g., a home page of the record. As used herein, a “profile feed” or “user&#39;s profile feed” generally refers to a feed of feed items about a particular user. In one example, the feed items for a profile feed include posts and comments that other users make about or send to the particular user, and status updates made by the particular user. Such a profile feed can be displayed on a page associated with the particular user. In another example, feed items in a profile feed could include posts made by the particular user and feed tracked updates initiated based on actions of the particular user. 
     Some non-limiting examples of systems, apparatus, and methods are described below for implementing database systems and enterprise level social networking systems in conjunction with the disclosed techniques. Such implementations can provide more efficient use of a database system. For instance, a user of a database system may not easily know when important information in the database has changed, e.g., about a project or client. Such implementations can provide feed tracked updates about such changes and other events, thereby keeping users informed. 
       FIG. 8A  shows a block diagram of an example of an environment  10  in which an on-demand database service exists and can be used in accordance with some implementations. Environment  10  may include user systems  12 , network  14 , database system  16 , processor system  17 , application platform  18 , network interface  20 , tenant data storage  22 , system data storage  24 , program code  26 , and process space  28 . In other implementations, environment  10  may not have all of these components and/or may have other components instead of, or in addition to, those listed above. 
     A user system  12  may be implemented as any computing device(s) or other data processing apparatus such as a machine or system used by a user to access a database system  16 . For example, any of user systems  12  can be a handheld and/or portable computing device such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, or a tablet. Other examples of a user system include computing devices such as a work station and/or a network of computing devices. As illustrated in  FIG. 8A  (and in more detail in  FIG. 8B ) user systems  12  might interact via a network  14  with an on-demand database service, which is implemented in the example of  FIG. 8A  as database system  16 . 
     An on-demand database service, implemented using system  16  by way of example, is a service that is made available to users who do not need to necessarily be concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system. Instead, the database system may be available for their use when the users need the database system, i.e., on the demand of the users. Some on-demand database services may store information from one or more tenants into tables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). A database image may include one or more database objects. A relational database management system (RDBMS) or the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information against the database object(s). Application platform  18  may be a framework that allows the applications of system  16  to run, such as the hardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In some implementations, application platform  18  enables creation, managing and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the on-demand database service, users accessing the on-demand database service via user systems  12 , or third party application developers accessing the on-demand database service via user systems  12 . 
     The users of user systems  12  may differ in their respective capacities, and the capacity of a particular user system  12  might be entirely determined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. For example, when a salesperson is using a particular user system  12  to interact with system  16 , the user system has the capacities allotted to that salesperson. However, while an administrator is using that user system to interact with system  16 , that user system has the capacities allotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at one permission level may have access to applications, data, and database information accessible by a lower permission level user, but may not have access to certain applications, database information, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level. Thus, different users will have different capabilities with regard to accessing and modifying application and database information, depending on a user&#39;s security or permission level, also called authorization. 
     Network  14  is any network or combination of networks of devices that communicate with one another. For example, network  14  can be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. Network  14  can include a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) network, such as the global internetwork of networks often referred to as the Internet. The Internet will be used in many of the examples herein. However, it should be understood that the networks that the present implementations might use are not so limited. 
     User systems  12  might communicate with system  16  using TCP/IP and, at a higher network level, use other common Internet protocols to communicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTP is used, user system  12  might include an HTTP client commonly referred to as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP signals to and from an HTTP server at system  16 . Such an HTTP server might be implemented as the sole network interface  20  between system  16  and network  14 , but other techniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations, the network interface  20  between system  16  and network  14  includes load sharing functionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balance loads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality of servers. At least for users accessing system  16 , each of the plurality of servers has access to the MTS&#39; data; however, other alternative configurations may be used instead. 
     In one implementation, system  16 , shown in  FIG. 8A , implements a web-based CRM system. For example, in one implementation, system  16  includes application servers configured to implement and execute CRM software applications as well as provide related data, code, forms, web pages and other information to and from user systems  12  and to store to, and retrieve from, a database system related data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system, data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical database object in tenant data storage  22 , however, tenant data typically is arranged in the storage medium(s) of tenant data storage  22  so that data of one tenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that one tenant does not have access to another tenant&#39;s data, unless such data is expressly shared. In certain implementations, system  16  implements applications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. For example, system  16  may provide tenant access to multiple hosted (standard and custom) applications, including a CRM application. User (or third party developer) applications, which may or may not include CRM, may be supported by the application platform  18 , which manages creation, storage of the applications into one or more database objects and executing of the applications in a virtual machine in the process space of the system  16 . 
     One arrangement for elements of system  16  is shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , including a network interface  20 , application platform  18 , tenant data storage  22  for tenant data  23 , system data storage  24  for system data  25  accessible to system  16  and possibly multiple tenants, program code  26  for implementing various functions of system  16 , and a process space  28  for executing MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes, such as running applications as part of an application hosting service. Additional processes that may execute on system  16  include database indexing processes. 
     Several elements in the system shown in  FIG. 8A  include conventional, well-known elements that are explained only briefly here. For example, each user system  12  could include a desktop personal computer, workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol (WAP) enabled device or any other computing device capable of interfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other network connection. The term “computing device” is also referred to herein simply as a “computer”. User system  12  typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., a browsing program, such as Microsoft&#39;s Internet Explorer browser, Netscape&#39;s Navigator browser, Opera&#39;s browser, or a WAP-enabled browser in the case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like, allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system) of user system  12  to access, process and view information, pages and applications available to it from system  16  over network  14 . Each user system  12  also typically includes one or more user input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch screen, pen or the like, for interacting with a GUI provided by the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, LCD display, OLED display, etc.) of the computing device in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other information provided by system  16  or other systems or servers. Thus, “display device” as used herein can refer to a display of a computer system such as a monitor or touch-screen display, and can refer to any computing device having display capabilities such as a desktop computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone, a television set-top box, or wearable device such Google Glass® or other human body-mounted display apparatus. For example, the display device can be used to access data and applications hosted by system  16 , and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow a user to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to a user. As discussed above, implementations are suitable for use with the Internet, although other networks can be used instead of or in addition to the Internet, such as an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network, any LAN or WAN or the like. 
     According to one implementation, each user system  12  and all of its components are operator configurable using applications, such as a browser, including computer code run using a central processing unit such as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system  16  (and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) and all of its components might be operator configurable using application(s) including computer code to run using processor system  17 , which may be implemented to include a central processing unit, which may include an Intel Pentium® processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units. Non-transitory computer-readable media can have instructions stored thereon/in, that can be executed by or used to program a computing device to perform any of the methods of the implementations described herein. Computer program code  26  implementing instructions for operating and configuring system  16  to intercommunicate and to process web pages, applications and other data and media content as described herein is preferably downloadable and stored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotating media including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, and magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any other type of computer-readable medium or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is well known, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection as is well known (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as are well known. It will also be appreciated that computer code for the disclosed implementations can be realized in any programming language that can be executed on a client system and/or server or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language, Java™, JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scripting language, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as are well known may be used. (Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.). 
     According to some implementations, each system  16  is configured to provide web pages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client) systems  12  to support the access by user systems  12  as tenants of system  16 . As such, system  16  provides security mechanisms to keep each tenant&#39;s data separate unless the data is shared. If more than one MTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another (e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or they may be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one or more servers located in city A and one or more servers located in city B). As used herein, each MTS could include one or more logically and/or physically connected servers distributed locally or across one or more geographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant to refer to one type of computing device such as a system including processing hardware and process space(s), an associated storage medium such as a memory device or database, and, in some instances, a database application (e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also be understood that “server system” and “server” are often used interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database objects described herein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, a collection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online or offline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include a distributed database or storage network and associated processing intelligence. 
       FIG. 8B  shows a block diagram of an example of some implementations of elements of  FIG. 8A  and various possible interconnections between these elements. That is,  FIG. 8B  also illustrates environment  10 . However, in  FIG. 5B  elements of system  16  and various interconnections in some implementations are further illustrated.  FIG. 8B  shows that user system  12  may include processor system  12 A, memory system  12 B, input system  12 C, and output system  12 D.  FIG. 8B  shows network  14  and system  16 .  FIG. 8B  also shows that system  16  may include tenant data storage  22 , tenant data  23 , system data storage  24 , system data  25 , User Interface (UI)  30 , Application Program Interface (API)  32 , PL/SOQL  34 , save routines  36 , application setup mechanism  38 , application servers  50   1 - 50   N , system process space  52 , tenant process spaces  54 , tenant management process space  60 , tenant storage space  62 , user storage  64 , and application metadata  66 . In other implementations, environment  10  may not have the same elements as those listed above and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above. 
     User system  12 , network  14 , system  16 , tenant data storage  22 , and system data storage  24  were discussed above in  FIG. 8A . Regarding user system  12 , processor system  12 A may be any combination of one or more processors. Memory system  12 B may be any combination of one or more memory devices, short term, and/or long term memory. Input system  12 C may be any combination of input devices, such as one or more keyboards, mice, trackballs, scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks. Output system  12 D may be any combination of output devices, such as one or more monitors, printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown by  FIG. 8B , system  16  may include a network interface  20  (of  FIG. 8A ) implemented as a set of application servers  50 , an application platform  18 , tenant data storage  22 , and system data storage  24 . Also shown is system process space  52 , including individual tenant process spaces  54  and a tenant management process space  60 . Each application server  50  may be configured to communicate with tenant data storage  22  and the tenant data  23  therein, and system data storage  24  and the system data  25  therein to serve requests of user systems  12 . The tenant data  23  might be divided into individual tenant storage spaces  62 , which can be either a physical arrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within each tenant storage space  62 , user storage  64  and application metadata  66  might be similarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of a user&#39;s most recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage  64 . Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is a tenant might be stored to tenant storage space  62 . A UI  30  provides a user interface and an API  32  provides an application programmer interface to system  16  resident processes to users and/or developers at user systems  12 . The tenant data and the system data may be stored in various databases, such as one or more Oracle® databases. 
     Application platform  18  includes an application setup mechanism  38  that supports application developers&#39; creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage  22  by save routines  36  for execution by subscribers as one or more tenant process spaces  54  managed by tenant management process  60  for example. Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL  34  that provides a programming language style interface extension to API  32 . A detailed description of some PL/SOQL language implementations is discussed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,730,478, titled METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ALLOWING ACCESS TO DEVELOPED APPLICATIONS VIA A MULTI-TENANT ON-DEMAND DATABASE SERVICE, by Craig Weissman, issued on Jun. 1, 2010, and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or more system processes, which manage retrieving application metadata  66  for the subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a virtual machine. 
     Each application server  50  may be communicably coupled to database systems, e.g., having access to system data  25  and tenant data  23 , via a different network connection. For example, one application server  50   1  might be coupled via the network  14  (e.g., the Internet), another application server  50   N-1  might be coupled via a direct network link, and another application server  50   N  might be coupled by yet a different network connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between application servers  50  and the database system. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other transport protocols may be used to optimize the system depending on the network interconnect used. 
     In certain implementations, each application server  50  is configured to handle requests for any user associated with any organization that is a tenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove application servers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there is preferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to a specific application server  50 . In one implementation, therefore, an interface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the application servers  50  and the user systems  12  to distribute requests to the application servers  50 . In one implementation, the load balancer uses a least connections algorithm to route user requests to the application servers  50 . Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as round robin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, in certain implementations, three consecutive requests from the same user could hit three different application servers  50 , and three requests from different users could hit the same application server  50 . In this manner, by way of example, system  16  is multi-tenant, wherein system  16  handles storage of, and access to, different objects, data and applications across disparate users and organizations. 
     As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs a sales force where each salesperson uses system  16  to manage their sales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., all applicable to that user&#39;s personal sales process (e.g., in tenant data storage  22 ). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since all of the data and the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system having nothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her sales efforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example, if a salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internet access in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates as to that customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby. 
     While each user&#39;s data might be separate from other users&#39; data regardless of the employers of each user, some data might be organization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users or all of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, there might be some data structures managed by system  16  that are allocated at the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keep data, applications, and application use separate. Also, because many tenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their own system, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions that may be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data and tenant-specific data, system  16  might also maintain system level data usable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data might include industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharable among tenants. 
     In certain implementations, user systems  12  (which may be client systems) communicate with application servers  50  to request and update system-level and tenant-level data from system  16  that may involve sending one or more queries to tenant data storage  22  and/or system data storage  24 . System  16  (e.g., an application server  50  in system  16 ) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information. System data storage  24  may generate query plans to access the requested data from the database. 
     Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, such as a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefined categories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may be used herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and custom objects according to some implementations. It should be understood that “table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one or more data categories logically arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRM database applications, such standard entities might include tables for case, account, contact, lead, and opportunity data objects, each containing pre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” may also be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”. 
     In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to create and store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standard entities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standard objects, including custom index fields. Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,779,039, titled CUSTOM ENTITIES AND FIELDS IN A MULTI-TENANT DATABASE SYSTEM, by Weissman et al., issued on Aug. 17, 2010, and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects as well as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system. In certain implementations, for example, all custom entity data rows are stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may contain multiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to customers that their multiple “tables” are in fact stored in one large table or that their data may be stored in the same table as the data of other customers. 
       FIG. 9A  shows a system diagram of an example of architectural components of an on-demand database service environment  900 , in accordance with some implementations. A client machine located in the cloud  904 , generally referring to one or more networks in combination, as described herein, may communicate with the on-demand database service environment via one or more edge routers  908  and  912 . A client machine can be any of the examples of user systems  12  described above. The edge routers may communicate with one or more core switches  920  and  924  via firewall  916 . The core switches may communicate with a load balancer  928 , which may distribute server load over different pods, such as the pods  940  and  944 . The pods  940  and  944 , which may each include one or more servers and/or other computing resources, may perform data processing and other operations used to provide on-demand services. Communication with the pods may be conducted via pod switches  932  and  936 . Components of the on-demand database service environment may communicate with a database storage  956  via a database firewall  948  and a database switch  952 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , accessing an on-demand database service environment may involve communications transmitted among a variety of different hardware and/or software components. Further, the on-demand database service environment  900  is a simplified representation of an actual on-demand database service environment. For example, while only one or two devices of each type are shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , some implementations of an on-demand database service environment may include anywhere from one to many devices of each type. Also, the on-demand database service environment need not include each device shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , or may include additional devices not shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
     Moreover, one or more of the devices in the on-demand database service environment  900  may be implemented on the same physical device or on different hardware. Some devices may be implemented using hardware or a combination of hardware and software. Thus, terms such as “data processing apparatus,” “machine,” “server” and “device” as used herein are not limited to a single hardware device, but rather include any hardware and software configured to provide the described functionality. 
     The cloud  904  is intended to refer to a data network or combination of data networks, often including the Internet. Client machines located in the cloud  904  may communicate with the on-demand database service environment to access services provided by the on-demand database service environment. For example, client machines may access the on-demand database service environment to retrieve, store, edit, and/or process information. 
     In some implementations, the edge routers  908  and  912  route packets between the cloud  904  and other components of the on-demand database service environment  900 . The edge routers  908  and  912  may employ the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The BGP is the core routing protocol of the Internet. The edge routers  908  and  912  may maintain a table of IP networks or ‘prefixes’, which designate network reachability among autonomous systems on the Internet. 
     In one or more implementations, the firewall  916  may protect the inner components of the on-demand database service environment  900  from Internet traffic. The firewall  916  may block, permit, or deny access to the inner components of the on-demand database service environment  900  based upon a set of rules and other criteria. The firewall  916  may act as one or more of a packet filter, an application gateway, a stateful filter, a proxy server, or any other type of firewall. 
     In some implementations, the core switches  920  and  924  are high-capacity switches that transfer packets within the on-demand database service environment  900 . The core switches  920  and  924  may be configured as network bridges that quickly route data between different components within the on-demand database service environment. In some implementations, the use of two or more core switches  920  and  924  may provide redundancy and/or reduced latency. 
     In some implementations, the pods  940  and  944  may perform the core data processing and service functions provided by the on-demand database service environment. Each pod may include various types of hardware and/or software computing resources. An example of the pod architecture is discussed in greater detail with reference to  FIG. 6B . 
     In some implementations, communication between the pods  940  and  944  may be conducted via the pod switches  932  and  936 . The pod switches  932  and  936  may facilitate communication between the pods  940  and  944  and client machines located in the cloud  904 , for example via core switches  920  and  924 . Also, the pod switches  932  and  936  may facilitate communication between the pods  940  and  944  and the database storage  956 . 
     In some implementations, the load balancer  928  may distribute workload between the pods  940  and  944 . Balancing the on-demand service requests between the pods may assist in improving the use of resources, increasing throughput, reducing response times, and/or reducing overhead. The load balancer  928  may include multilayer switches to analyze and forward traffic. 
     In some implementations, access to the database storage  956  may be guarded by a database firewall  948 . The database firewall  948  may act as a computer application firewall operating at the database application layer of a protocol stack. The database firewall  948  may protect the database storage  956  from application attacks such as structure query language (SQL) injection, database rootkits, and unauthorized information disclosure. 
     In some implementations, the database firewall  948  may include a host using one or more forms of reverse proxy services to proxy traffic before passing it to a gateway router. The database firewall  948  may inspect the contents of database traffic and block certain content or database requests. The database firewall  948  may work on the SQL application level atop the TCP/IP stack, managing applications&#39; connection to the database or SQL management interfaces as well as intercepting and enforcing packets traveling to or from a database network or application interface. 
     In some implementations, communication with the database storage  956  may be conducted via the database switch  952 . The multi-tenant database storage  956  may include more than one hardware and/or software components for handling database queries. Accordingly, the database switch  952  may direct database queries transmitted by other components of the on-demand database service environment (e.g., the pods  940  and  944 ) to the correct components within the database storage  956 . 
     In some implementations, the database storage  956  is an on-demand database system shared by many different organizations. The on-demand database service may employ a multi-tenant approach, a virtualized approach, or any other type of database approach. On-demand database services are discussed in greater detail with reference to  FIGS. 9A and 9B . 
       FIG. 9B  shows a system diagram further illustrating an example of architectural components of an on-demand database service environment, in accordance with some implementations. The pod  944  may be used to render services to a user of the on-demand database service environment  900 . In some implementations, each pod may include a variety of servers and/or other systems. The pod  944  includes one or more content batch servers  964 , content search servers  968 , query servers  982 , file servers  986 , access control system (ACS) servers  980 , batch servers  984 , and app servers  988 . Also, the pod  944  includes database instances  990 , quick file systems (QFS)  992 , and indexers  994 . In one or more implementations, some or all communication between the servers in the pod  944  may be transmitted via the switch  936 . 
     The content batch servers  964  may handle requests internal to the pod. These requests may be long-running and/or not tied to a particular customer. For example, the content batch servers  964  may handle requests related to log mining, cleanup work, and maintenance tasks. 
     The content search servers  968  may provide query and indexer functions. For example, the functions provided by the content search servers  968  may allow users to search through content stored in the on-demand database service environment. 
     The file servers  986  may manage requests for information stored in the file storage  998 . The file storage  998  may store information such as documents, images, and basic large objects (BLOBs). By managing requests for information using the file servers  986 , the image footprint on the database may be reduced. 
     The query servers  982  may be used to retrieve information from one or more file systems. For example, the query system  982  may receive requests for information from the app servers  988  and then transmit information queries to the NFS  996  located outside the pod. 
     The pod  944  may share a database instance  990  configured as a multi-tenant environment in which different organizations share access to the same database. Additionally, services rendered by the pod  944  may call upon various hardware and/or software resources. In some implementations, the ACS servers  980  may control access to data, hardware resources, or software resources. 
     In some implementations, the batch servers  984  may process batch jobs, which are used to run tasks at specified times. Thus, the batch servers  984  may transmit instructions to other servers, such as the app servers  988 , to trigger the batch jobs. 
     In some implementations, the QFS  992  may be an open source file system available from Sun Microsystems® of Santa Clara, Calif. The QFS may serve as a rapid-access file system for storing and accessing information available within the pod  944 . The QFS  992  may support some volume management capabilities, allowing many disks to be grouped together into a file system. File system metadata can be kept on a separate set of disks, which may be useful for streaming applications where long disk seeks cannot be tolerated. Thus, the QFS system may communicate with one or more content search servers  968  and/or indexers  994  to identify, retrieve, move, and/or update data stored in the network file systems  996  and/or other storage systems. 
     In some implementations, one or more query servers  982  may communicate with the NFS  996  to retrieve and/or update information stored outside of the pod  944 . The NFS  996  may allow servers located in the pod  944  to access information to access files over a network in a manner similar to how local storage is accessed. 
     In some implementations, queries from the query servers  922  may be transmitted to the NFS  996  via the load balancer  928 , which may distribute resource requests over various resources available in the on-demand database service environment. The NFS  996  may also communicate with the QFS  992  to update the information stored on the NFS  996  and/or to provide information to the QFS  992  for use by servers located within the pod  944 . 
     In some implementations, the pod may include one or more database instances  990 . The database instance  990  may transmit information to the QFS  992 . When information is transmitted to the QFS, it may be available for use by servers within the pod  944  without using an additional database call. 
     In some implementations, database information may be transmitted to the indexer  994 . Indexer  994  may provide an index of information available in the database  990  and/or QFS  992 . The index information may be provided to file servers  986  and/or the QFS  992 . 
     In some implementations, one or more application servers or other servers described above with reference to  FIGS. 8A and 8B  include a hardware and/or software framework configurable to execute procedures using programs, routines, scripts, etc. Thus, in some implementations, one or more of application servers  50   1 - 50   N  of  FIG. 8B  can be configured to initiate performance of one or more of the operations described above by instructing another computing device to perform an operation. In some implementations, one or more application servers  50   1 - 50   N  carry out, either partially or entirely, one or more of the disclosed operations. In some implementations, app servers  988  of  FIG. 9B  support the construction of applications provided by the on-demand database service environment  900  via the pod  944 . Thus, an app server  988  may include a hardware and/or software framework configurable to execute procedures to partially or entirely carry out or instruct another computing device to carry out one or more operations disclosed herein. In alternative implementations, two or more app servers  988  may cooperate to perform or cause performance of such operations. Any of the databases and other storage facilities described above with reference to  FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9A and 9B  can be configured to store lists, articles, documents, records, files, and other objects for implementing the operations described above. For instance, lists of available communication channels associated with share actions for sharing a type of data item can be maintained in tenant data storage  22  and/or system data storage  24  of  FIGS. 5A and 5B . By the same token, lists of default or designated channels for particular share actions can be maintained in storage  22  and/or storage  24 . In some other implementations, rather than storing one or more lists, articles, documents, records, and/or files, the databases and other storage facilities described above can store pointers to the lists, articles, documents, records, and/or files, which may instead be stored in other repositories external to the systems and environments described above with reference to  FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9A and 9B . 
     While some of the disclosed implementations may be described with reference to a system having an application server providing a front end for an on-demand database service capable of supporting multiple tenants, the disclosed implementations are not limited to multi-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers. Some implementations may be practiced using various database architectures such as ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope of the implementations claimed. 
     It should be understood that some of the disclosed implementations can be embodied in the form of control logic using hardware and/or computer software in a modular or integrated manner. Other ways and/or methods are possible using hardware and a combination of hardware and software. 
     Any of the disclosed implementations may be embodied in various types of hardware, software, firmware, and combinations thereof. For example, some techniques disclosed herein may be implemented, at least in part, by computer-readable media that include program instructions, state information, etc., for performing various services and operations described herein. Examples of program instructions include both machine code, such as produced by a compiler, and files containing higher-level code that may be executed by a computing device such as a server or other data processing apparatus using an interpreter. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to: magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as flash memory, compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD); magneto-optical media; and hardware devices specially configured to store program instructions, such as read-only memory (ROM) devices and random access memory (RAM) devices. A computer-readable medium may be any combination of such storage devices. 
     Any of the operations and techniques described in this application may be implemented as software code to be executed by a processor using any suitable computer language such as, for example, Java, C++ or Perl using, for example, object-oriented techniques. The software code may be stored as a series of instructions or commands on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media encoded with the software/program code may be packaged with a compatible device or provided separately from other devices (e.g., via Internet download). Any such computer-readable medium may reside on or within a single computing device or an entire computer system, and may be among other computer-readable media within a system or network. A computer system or computing device may include a monitor, printer, or other suitable display for providing any of the results mentioned herein to a user. 
     While various implementations have been described herein, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present application should not be limited by any of the implementations described herein, but should be defined only in accordance with the following and later-submitted claims and their equivalents. 
     The embodiments disclosed herein may include a cross-domain API situated at a client machine that allows pages served from external domains to perform certain actions, such as exchanging information with one another, within a web browser program running on the client machine. These pages may be referred to as “third party pages.”  FIGS. 10A and 10B  show flow diagrams illustrating interactions of third party pages, in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     Because communication between frames from different domains presents a security risk within the browsers, this functionality is explicitly restricted in some modern browsers. In other modern browsers, however, cross-domain communication is enabled, for instance, in HTML 5 (available from W3.org at http://www.w3.org/TR/htm15/comms.html) with the postMes sage framework. However, HTML 5 is currently supported in only a limited number of browsers, such as Internet Explorer 8, Firefox 3, and Opera 9. 
     In some embodiments, the cross-domain API may be used to facilitate integration with third party pages within salesforce.com® itself. Given the potential security concerns, it may be desirable to avoid exposing the ability for a third-party domain to directly perform data manipulation. For example, in salesforce.com® it may be possible to open an edit page, make modifications to an object, and save it, all by opening a single URL with a set of parameters in the query string. However, this type of operation may not be permitted by the cross-domain API, as it could open up a means for attackers to modify data without the user&#39;s knowledge or consent. 
     The third party page communication methods shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B  may be used to facilitate secure cross-domain communication. These methods may be run in a web browser at a client machine in communication with one or more servers that provide data to the browser. However, some or all of the individual processing steps shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B  may be performed without communication with the server. Thus, cross-domain communications may be facilitated without requiring the additional latency or computational burdens that would exist if cross-domain communications were accomplished using a proxy or other type of server communication. 
     In one embodiment, in  1004 , a service cloud console application from the data provider is loaded from a first domain, such as www.salesforce.com. The console application may be loaded by sending instructions from one or more data provider servers  312  hosting the first domain, as shown in  FIG. 3 , to a web browser at a client machine. When the console application is loaded, records served from the first domain may be visible in the console application. 
     In  1008 , a third party web page is loaded from a second domain, for instance, from phone system  108 , in a portion of a user interface also displaying the console application. In some embodiments, the third party web page may be loaded as a primary or secondary tab within the console application. The third party web page may also be automatically loaded in response to receiving data from the phone system  108 . 
     In some embodiments, the first domain is controlled by a data provider, e.g., salesforce.com®, while the second domain may be controlled by a different entity, such as the phone provider. For example, the console application may be loaded from a first domain controlled by salesforce.com®, while the third party page is loaded from a second domain controlled by a phone provider unaffiliated with the service provider controlling the first domain. 
     In  1012 , the console application is configured to listen to events from a first set of safe domains. The first set of safe domains identifies the one or more trusted domains from which the console application may safely accept cross-domain messages. In some embodiments, the first set of safe domains may be limited to a particular group of domains, such as those provided by the data provider of the console application. The first set of safe domains may also include domains identified as trusted, such as the second domain associated with the phone provider/phone system  108 . 
     In some embodiments, wildcards may be used to identify groups of domains using a single string. For example, the first set of safe domains may include domains such as na1.force.com, *.na2.force.com, and/or *.salesforce.com. 
     In  1016 , the third party page may detect an event of some type, such as the receipt of phone event information from some source, as described above. The detected event may include any type of occurrence that causes cross-domain communication. In some embodiments, the event may be a scripting event triggered directly by a user action, such as clicking a link or button within the third party page. Alternately, or additionally, the event may be generated by code running within the third party page that identifies a triggering condition. 
     In  1020 , the event triggers a message that is sent to the console application. The message may include a JavaScript® event message, or other type of event message. The message may be sent to a JavaScript® Event Listener operating in the console application served from the first domain. Alternately, or additionally, a different type of scripting language may be used, such as VBScript. 
     When the event message is received, the console application identifies the domain from which the event message was sent (i.e. the second domain), as shown at  1024 . The domain may be identified by retrieving a value associated with the event message. After the second domain is identified as the source of the event, the second domain is compared to the first set of safe domains, as shown at  1028 . 
     As shown at  1032 , if the second domain is not within the first set of safe domains, then the message is ignored. In this case, the second domain has not been identified as a “safe” domain from which to receive messages. By only accepting messages sent from an identified subset of domains, the security risks inherent in cross-domain communications may be mitigated. 
     In some embodiments, receiving a cross-domain event message from a third party domain not in the first set of safe domains may cause one or more security or logging actions to be taken. For example, the event message may be logged in a security record to help identify unauthorized attempts to access the service cloud console application. 
     As shown at  1036 , the event message is processed if the second domain is within the first set of safe domains. The event message may be processed according to one or more event handlers in the console application. 
     In some embodiments, even domains included in the first set of safe domains may be limited to triggering particular actions or types of actions within the console application, in order to provide further protection against unauthorized access. Examples of such actions are discussed below. However, different embodiments may allow various actions or types of actions in response to an event message. 
     Regardless of whether the event message is processed, the service cloud console may continue monitoring for additional messages transmitted from third party domains. Continual monitoring for cross-domain event messages may be accomplished using, for example, an Observer design pattern. Thus, the third party page may be able to send messages to the service cloud console, while the security of the console application is maintained. 
       FIG. 10B  shows a complementary third party page communication method B for transmitting messages from the console application to a third party page. The method shown in  FIG. 10B  is similar to the method shown in  FIG. 10A  in some respects, with like reference numerals indicating like operations. 
     In some embodiments, a different set of safe domains may be identified at  1062  than at  1012 . For example, the second set of safe domains may be limited to domains associated with the service cloud console (e.g., *.force.com, *.salesforce.com), while the first set of safe domains may include one or more domains associated with third party service providers. By using different sets of safe domains, the security of the third party pages may be maintained because the third party pages may not be operable to communicate with each other. 
     In  1066 , an event within the console application is detected, similar to  1016 . In  1070 , an event message from the console application is communicated to the third party page, similar to  1020 . In some embodiments, a different set of actions or types of actions may be allowed in response to receiving an event message from an accepted domain, as shown at  1086 . In both  FIGS. 10A and 10B , the set of allowable actions or types of actions may be strategically determined based on security concerns and the type of cross-domain communication that is needed to facilitate integration. 
     In some embodiments, the methods shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B  may be performed concurrently, thus allowing for secure cross-domain two-way communication between the console application and the third party page. Alternately, one of the methods shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B  may be omitted so that only one-way cross-domain communication is allowed. 
     The cross-domain API is described with reference to a pseudocode implementation according to some embodiments. However, the pseudocode is provided only as an example, and some embodiments may employ a different implementation. For example, cross-domain API methods may be specified using methods, method names, parameters, and/or parameter names (e.g., method(parameter1:type, parameter2:type):returntype). However, different methods, method names, parameters, and/or parameters names may be used in different embodiments. As another example, at least part of the cross-domain API pseudocode here may appear as methods that return values synchronously. However, some embodiments may include one or more methods that return values asynchronously (e.g., via a callback method). 
     Developers may be able to import one or more libraries into various pages, but some methods within these libraries may be prevented from operating unless the pages are run in a designated context. 
     Third party pages may have the ability to open primary tabs, subtabs, or both. Primary tabs and subtabs opened from third party pages may follow navigation rules similar to standard pages. For example, duplicate pages may not be allowed by default. However, developers may be permitted to allow duplicate pages. As another example, third party pages may behave with back, forward, and/or refresh buttons in a manner similar to standard pages. 
     In some embodiments, more than one technique may be used to facilitate cross-domain communication between HTML iframes. Accordingly, some embodiments may include JavaScript® libraries that abstract the handling of event passing between cross-domain HTML iframes. The code may determine whether to use the cross-domain scripting API, the postMessage method provided by HTML 5, the hidden HTML iframe method based on the browser, or any other method. Events that are fired within the console may be captured and re-fired to cross-domain HTML iframes and/or vice versa using one of these methods. 
     Some embodiments may include a server push framework, such as the VOMET technology developed by salesforce.com®, for providing cross-domain communication between frames. Events from the browser may be passed to VOMET software on a server, which would then push the events directly to the cross-domain frames. 
     Some embodiments may include a hash (or HTML anchor) technique for providing cross-domain communication between frames. The hash technique relies on two browser behaviors: 1) the location of a window can be modified cross-domain, and 2) the page is not reloaded when only the anchor is modified. The hash technique may require the particular window or frame to poll for changes to the URL. 
     Some embodiments may include a hidden HTML iframe technique for providing cross-domain communication between frames. Using the hidden HTML iframe technique, messages may be passed through the hash as with the hash technique. In contrast to the hash technique, however, the messages are passed to a hidden HTML iframe that points to a proxy page within the same domain as the target frame. Since the hidden HTML iframe and the target HTML iframe are in the same domain, they can safely communicate with each other. Because code is placed on the target domain when using the hidden HTML iframe technique, this technique does not break browser security. However, the developer may need access to both domains. Using the hidden HTML iframe technique, events can be pushed instead of pulled to the target frame by taking advantage of the iframe resize event. Since messages only change the URL of the hidden HTML iframe, they do not modify the parent window URL. In some embodiments, the communication iframe may only be created on an as-needed basis, which may result in improved performance. 
     Some embodiments may incorporate various technologies for constructing pages. For example, one or more components or pages may be constructed using Lumen, Ext, ExtJS, Flex, and/or VisualForce™ technologies available from Salesforce.com®. As another example, one or more components or pages may be constructed using Flash, Ajax, HTML, JavaScript®, or other publicly available technologies. 
     In some embodiments, one or more technologies developed by Salesforce.com®, such as the Web Services API, VisualForce™, and/or Apex Service-oriented Architecture (“SOA”) may be used to display and/or integrate disparate data sources from across multiple systems. The apparatus and methods described herein may be designed or configured for use with various web browsers, such as IE 7+, Firefox 3.5+, Safari, etc. 
     In some embodiments, performance may be improved by optimizing pages for high performance in a browser environment. Some web analytics and/or on-line business optimization platforms such as Omniture® may be used to measure the performance and adjust it as needed. In some embodiments, a network operations center (“NOC”) may be used to monitor performance and react quickly to performance degradation. 
     Ext is a JavaScript® platform developed by Salesforce.com® that includes a broad variety of UI components that can be used to develop highly interactive browser UIs. Ext may allow a complex layout. It also has a well-defined event model which facilitates component communication. JavaScript components may be created by subclassing Ext&#39;s components. 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the content viewable through the service cloud console will be inside of HTML iframes. The content included inside HTML iframes may include, but is not limited to: detail/edit pages, enhanced list views, customer and Salesforce®-created VisualForce™ pages and any random sites that customers put into custom links. HTML iframes may be useful because putting content of multiple detail/edit pages on the same browser page. Without iframes, for example, there may be conflicting ids and/or broken JavaScript®. 
     In some embodiments, the client machine may communicate with a server via Ajax. The workspace context panel may display a layout-driven grid of fields from the detail page to the user. The HTML for these fields may differ from that in the Detail page because, for example, some complex elements (e.g., lookup) may have specific HTML IDs and output JavaScript® that references those HTML IDs. In order to reconstruct those elements and reassign HTML IDs to redisplay them, the workspace context panel may request the HTML for its fields from a servlet that resolves the HTML ID and JavaScript® issues. 
     It should be noted that some of the embodiments described herein may be equipped with one or more of the features set forth in the following published applications: US 2003/0233404, US 2004/0210909, US 2005/023022, US2005/0283478, US2006/0206834, and/or US2005/0065925, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. 
     While the present embodiments are described with reference to an on-demand service environment capable of supporting multiple tenants, these embodiments are not limited to multi-tenant databases or deployment on application servers. Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, for instance, ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM, and the like without departing from the scope of the embodiments claimed. 
     While various embodiments have been described herein, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present application should not be limited by any of the embodiments described herein, but should be defined only in accordance with the following and later-submitted claims and their equivalents.