Patent Publication Number: US-7914633-B1

Title: White propellant compositions

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 10/352,542, filed Jan. 28, 2003, entitled “Sulfur-Free Propellant Compositions”. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     None 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to propellants in firearms, munitions, pyrotechnics, and the like. More specifically, this invention relates to a blackpowder substitute which is white in color that forms combustion byproducts that are easily cleaned with water and that are free of corrosive sulfur compounds and of black residues. 
     Blackpowder was one of the first materials that could be used as a propellant, an explosive, and in pyrotechnic devices. The Chinese are credited with its development many centuries ago. As blackpowder characteristics became known, its uses expanded. It was first used in cannons and hand cannons in Europe in the 14 th  century. It began to be used in civil engineering projects in the 16 th  century and in coal mining operations during the 17 th  century. The forerunner of today&#39;s muzzleloading guns, the matchlock musket, was also invented in the 16 th  century. Following that matchlock, further developments in firearms made the use of blackpowder more effective and convenient. In rapid succession, better ignition systems were developed with both the wheellock and the flintlock during the 16 th  century. The percussion cap firearm, similar to that used today, was not developed until the 19 th  century. 
     Thus, for hundreds of years, blackpowder remained unchallenged as the only material of its type. Inventors directed their efforts to making better use of blackpowder. With the advent of nitro-cellulose smokeless powder in the latter part of the 19th century, blackpowder lost its preeminence as the only gun propellant. Smokeless powder burned cleaner and produced more energy than did blackpowder, and it was safer to use and handle. However, because of blackpowder&#39;s lower gun barrel pressures, ignition characteristics, and low cost of manufacture, blackpowder retained its place in the market as the only propellant for antique firearms such as muzzleloaders and the preferred material for use in fuse manufacture, ignition devices, cannon round igniters, fireworks, and the like. 
     In 1978, U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,443 was issued to Pawlak and Levenson for Deflagrating Propellant Compositions. Blackpowder was soon no longer the muzzleloading propellant of choice for many sportsmen. The principal product marketed as a result of the Pawlak et. al. patent is known as Pyrodex powder. This product does not detonate and is less prone to accidental ignition than is blackpowder. In addition to being used as a propellant in muzzleloading and cartridge guns, Pyrodex powder has been formulated as a delay powder, a fuse powder, a fireworks powder, and in some military applications. However, Pyrodex is not without its own drawbacks. It does not ignite satisfactorily in flintlock guns and, like blackpowder, it contains sulfur which results in combustion residues that are hard to remove and can cause corrosion if left in the gun barrel. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,676 issued in 1985 to Kurtz. It was the first in a number of patents on sulfur-free compositions utilizing potassium nitrate and ascorbic or erythorbic acid. Some of these patents used slurries in the manufacture thus requiring the subsequent removal of large quantities of water. Others required cooking or heating with the attendant high production cost and hazard. Many of these products had low energy content and were very hygroscopic with the result that the product coagulated in the container, becoming a single, unusable lump. 
     Cioffe further expanded on the use of ascorbic or erythorbic acid in U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,423 by adding potassium perchlorate. This product had reduced hygroscopicity and higher energy, however, it requires high energy inputs during manufacture for compaction and subsequent granulation. The resulting product has been known to detonate. Other similar products are known that have the same bad characteristics. 
     Several factors have combined to increase the market for a clean burning, high performance propellant composition. Deer population in many states has grown substantially due to good conservation management, and these states now have separate seasons for muzzleloading guns during a so-called primitive weapons season, as well as a regular season for conventional, high powered firearms. The same is true in many western states having elk herds. Due to the growing popularity of muzzleloaders, gun manufacturers have developed the “in-line” rifle which gives better ignition than the side-hammer percussion rifle, and these weapons are made to withstand higher gun barrel pressures. When Pyrodex powder was first introduced, the most popular projectile was the patched round ball. Today, modern projectiles using plastic sabots with a metal jacketed bullet are gaining acceptance and higher velocities are desirable. 
     The demand is growing for propellant compositions that will keep pace with expanding market of shooters and sportsmen having an interest in muzzleloading type weaponry. At the same time, the need remains for propellant compositions which solve the many disadvantages and drawbacks of corrosiveness and cleaning difficulty associated with blackpowder and conventional blackpowder substitutes such as Pyrodex powder. The primary objective of this invention is to meet these needs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     More specifically, an object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition as a sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation to eliminate the presence of corrosive, sulfur-containing byproducts of combustion. 
     A corollary object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition as a sulfur free substitute for conventional blackpowder and which may be loaded in firearms on a volumetric basis similar to the way that blackpowder is loaded, rather than on a weight basis. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described which is white in color and free of elemental carbon to eliminate the presence of black residues associated with conventional blackpowder and blackpowder substitutes. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition for which the combustion byproducts may be readily removed with water to provide easy cleanup of weaponry in which such propellant composition is utilized. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described which forms water soluble combustion products free of sulfur-containing compounds and of black carbonaceous residues. 
     An additional object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described with significant water formation in the combustion products as compared to blackpowder in order to facilitate cleaning of the firearm. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described having reliable and consistent performance characteristics of good ignition, no detonation, good burn rate, low hygroscopic properties, reasonable time to peak pressure, adequate fouler pressure, moderate peak pressure, and reproducible velocity performance and ballistics. 
     Yet another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described which can be manufactured from readily available chemicals, can be safely handled and stored, has an adequate shelf life, and can be manufactured in a modern gunpowder plant within industry standards for safety, handling, manufacture and storage. 
     In summary, an object of the invention is to provide sulfur-free and carbon-free, white propellant compositions for use as a blackpowder substitute in firearms, munitions, and pyrotechnics to form combustion byproducts that are water soluble and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds and black carbon residues. Formulations include a fuel agent selected from the group consisting of sodium benzoate, lactose, sodium salicylate, sodium m-nitrobenzoate, and mixtures thereof. The fuel agent is combined with dextrin, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, and tricalcium phosphate. Dicyanodiamide may be incorporated in the formulation as a burn rate modifier. 
     Other and further objects of the invention, together with the features of novelty appurtenant thereto, will appear in the following detailed description of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The important benefits of sulfur in various pyrotechnic mixtures such as blackpowder and modern blackpowder substitutes, such as Pyrodex powder as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,443 incorporated herein by reference, have long been known. However, the significant drawbacks and disadvantages of sulfur in pyrotechnic mixtures for firearms have also long been understood. The presence of sulfur in these prior art mixtures results in sulfur compounds being present in the combustion residue. In the case of blackpowder, such compounds include hydrogen sulfide, potassium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, and potassium sulfide. In the case of Pyrodex powder, the sulfur-containing byproducts include principally potassium sulfate and potassium thiosulfate. Such sulfur compounds are difficult to remove from gun barrels where repeated use of the firearms without intermediate cleaning is frequently practiced. Without cleaning, such sulfur compounds combine with moisture and are highly corrosive to the metal parts of the firearm. 
     In both blackpowder and Pyrodex, sulfur is a necessary component. The low melting point of sulfur (i.e., 244° F.) contributes to a lower autoignition temperature and promotes a faster burning rate in propellant mixtures. In the traditional formulation of blackpowder, charcoal represents 15% by weight, potassium nitrate represents 75% by weight and sulfur represents 10% by weight. The autoignition temperature of blackpowder is approximately 580° F. and the burn rate is about 2.3 seconds per inch at atmospheric pressure. 
     If sulfur is simply removed from blackpowder, in an effort to control production of the corrosive sulfur byproducts, the product is changed dramatically. The autoignition temperature rises from 580 to 750 or higher, the burn rate slows down form 2.3 seconds/inch to more than 4.1 seconds/inch, and the ignition properties become very poor. In other words, the modified blackpowder becomes ineffective for use as a propellant composition. 
     Although the numbers themselves change, the same relationship holds true for Pyrodex powder. When sulfur is removed from Pyrodex powder, the autoignition temperature rises, the burn rate slows down, and the ignition is poor. Therefore, it has heretofore not been possible to simply eliminate sulfur from Pyrodex powder and still maintain a propellant composition useful in muzzleloading weapons. 
     We have discovered that sulfur can be eliminated and still maintain a propellant by using a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt as an ignition aid to various mixtures of oxidizing and reducing agents known to those skilled in the art. It is also possible to combine these novel formulations with various propellant additives known to those skilled in the gunpowder arts, such as binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof. 
     The gluconic acid salts tested in formulations coming within the scope of this invention include sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate. Sodium gluconate has a chemical formula of C 6 H 11 NaO 7 , a molecular weight of 218.13 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #8372 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition), incorporated herein by reference. The form most commonly used and readily available is sodium D-gluconate. Potassium gluconate has a chemical formula of C 6 H 11 KO 7 , a molecular weight of 234.24 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7413 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an ignition aid, the gluconic acid salt may be present in the amount of 0 to 45% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 25% by weight, and is present in the amount of 2 to 15% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     The alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt tested in formulations within the scope of this invention include sodium meta-nitrobenzoate, or sodium 3-nitrobenzoate. 
     The compound has a chemical formula of C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na, a molecular weight of 189.11 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #6411 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an ignition aid, the sodium meta-nitrobenzoate may be present in the amount of 0 to 40% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 15% by weight, and is present in the amount of 2 to 12% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     The oxidizing and reducing or fuel agents useful in the formulations of this invention include carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof. Oxidizing and reducing agents specifically tested include carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof. 
     The element carbon has a chemical formula of C, a molecular weight of 12.01 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1814 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). The form most commonly used and readily available for use in this invention is charcoal. More specifically, the charcoal was air float charcoal derived from wood. 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a fuel in the propellant formulations, carbon may be present in the amount of 0 to 15% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 12% by weight, and is present in the amount of 3 to 7% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     Numerous sugars have served as fuels for prior art compositions of propellants. Lactose has specifically been tested and found useful as a fuel in the formulations of this invention. However, other known sugars, such as dextrose, sucrose and fuels derived therefrom, are expected to be useful when combined with ignition agents of gluconate or sodium nitrobenzoate salts, or mixtures thereof. Lactose has a chemical formula of C 12 H 22 O 11 , a molecular weight of 360.31 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #5192 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a fuel in the propellant formulations, lactose may be optionally present in the amount of 0 to 15% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 0 to 12% by weight, and may be optionally present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     Nitrate salts have served as oxidizing agents in prior art propellants. Potassium nitrate, known commonly as saltpeter, has been extensively tested and found useful as an oxidizing agent in the formulations of this invention. Potassium nitrate has a chemical formula of KNO 3 , a molecular weight of 101.10 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7432 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an oxidizing agent in the propellant formulations, potassium nitrate may be present in the amount of 0 to 60% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 20 to 50% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 30 to 45% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     Since the development of Pyrodex powder as a blackpowder substitute, perchlorate salts have also served as oxidizing agents in prior art propellants. Potassium perchlorate has been extensively tested and found useful as an oxidizing agent in the formulations of this invention. Potassium perchlorate has a chemical formula of KClO 4 , a molecular weight of 138.55 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7439 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an oxidizing agent in the propellant formulations, potassium perchlorate may be present in the amount of 0 to 70% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 15 to 50% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 20 to 40% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     The benzoate salts sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate have been tested and found useful in the formulations of this invention. Sodium benzoate has a chemical formula of C 7 H 5 NaO 2 , a molecular weight of 144.11 and the (9 th  recognized properties as indicated as reference #8326 of The Merck Index Edition). Potassium benzoate has a chemical formula of C 7 H 5 KO 2 , a molecular weight of 160.22 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1100 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use in the propellant formulations, benzoate salt may be present in the amount of 0 to 30% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 2 to 20% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 3 to 10% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     A broad range of various formulations of oxidizing and reducing agents with the ignitions agents of gluconic acid salts, or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt such as sodium nitrobenzoate or potassium nitrobenzoate, or mixtures thereof have been combined, without product degradation, with a variety of known propellant additives. Such additives include binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof. 
     Propellant binders may comprise simply water, but dextrin is an agent known to serve as an effective binder in gunpowders. Dextrin has a chemical formula of C 6 H 10 O 5 , a molecular weight of 162.14 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #2909 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a binder in the propellant formulations, dextrin may be present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 9% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 2 to 8% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     Likewise, water may also serve as a burning rate modifier. Dicyanodiamide is another agent known to modify burn rate in gunpowders. Dicyanodiamide has a chemical formula of C 2 H 4 N 4 , a molecular weight of 84.08 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #3068 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as burn rate modifier in the propellant formulations, dicyanodiamide may be present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 8% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 2 to 7% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     Tricalcium phosphate may serve as a flow agent in the propellant formulations. Tricalcium phosphate has a chemical formula of Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , a molecular weight of 310.20 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1695 of The Merck Index (9 th  Edition). 
     Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a flow agent in the propellant formulations, tricalcium phosphate may be present in the amount of 0 to 1% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 0.2 to 0.8% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications. 
     A small amount of carbon black may serve as a colorant in the propellant formulations. Blackpowder traditionalists and muzzleloading enthusiasts expect substitute powders to have a pleasing black color. Accordingly, an appropriate color shade may be achieved by adding up 0.5% by weight carbon black to the propellant formulations of this invention. 
     Likewise, coating agents such as graphite may be added to the propellant formulations of this invention. This may be done to improve the pouring and consistency of the product to better match the esthetics of traditional blackpowder characteristics. 
     Although the propellant formulations of this invention have not been found to be excessively hygroscopic, moisture retardants may be included in the product. Acceptable moisture retardants include silicon compounds known in the art for their moisture trapping and retaining properties. 
     Since the gluconic acid salts and alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt disclosed for use in this invention have not been previously known to have any use in pyrotechnic compositions, extensive tests have been conducted to attempt to understand the nature and scope of these compounds in various propellant formulations. A large number of the tested formulations are included in this application in Tables 1 through 3. 
     In the reported formulations of Tables 1 through 3, the raw materials of each formulation are given as a weight percentage. The combustion products are theoretically calculated and are likewise given as weight percentage. 
     In order to characterize the research compositions, the byproducts of the combustion reaction were calculated by a mass balance and a uniform method of determining the reaction byproducts. It is of course recognized that the uniform method does not necessarily yield correct absolute values due to the changes in byproducts that can occur from the reaction environment of high temperature and pressure to atmospheric conditions. Nonetheless, such method does give a good basis for relative comparison of one formulation with another. 
     The uniform method selected to calculate the reaction byproducts involves certain assumptions as follows. Materials that have very high melting points and are basically inert are considered to pass through the reaction unchanged. The inert portion of trace materials such as in charcoal are assumed to pass through the reaction unchanged. All hydrogen in the raw materials is assumed to be converted to water. All nitrogen in the raw materials is produced as nitrogen gas. All sodium in the raw materials is first produced as sodium chloride and secondly as sodium carbonate. All chlorine in the raw materials is first produced as sodium chloride and secondly as potassium chloride. Any remaining potassium after the above conversions is produced as potassium carbonate. Any remaining carbon is converted to carbon monoxide. Any remaining oxygen is used to convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. 
     The composition of combustion products given in Tables 1 through 3, therefore, were determined in accordance with the foregoing method with the exception of the combustion products for blackpowder which are well known to those skilled in the gunpowder art to have the accepted values as listed. 
     As reported under performance characteristics in each of Tables 1 through 3, various test procedures or observations were made for each propellant formulation. A brief description of the test procedure or observation of the reported results are given as follows. 
     Autoignition Temperature is given in degrees Fahrenheit. Grains of the composition were placed on a hot plate at various locations until a location was found that caused combustion. The temperature of that location on the plate was then measured and recorded. 
     In the Open Tube Burn test, a small quantity of the composition was placed in a ½″ diameter plastic tube which was taped at one end. A fuse was placed in the open end and ignited. The nature of combustion of the composition was observed and the results recorded. 
     Burn Rate is given in seconds per inch. A quantity of the composition was compressed in a ½″ diameter tube at consistent pressure by increments until a pressing of about 1½″ in length was obtained. The pressed composition was then ignited and the time of burning was measured. The walls of the tube restricted the burning to just the cross-sectional area of the tube so that the composition burned in a cigarette type manner. 
     The Bulk Density is given in grams per cubic centimeter (gms/cc). A known volume of the composition was weighed, and the bulk density was calculated and recorded. 
     Moisture content is given as a weight percentage. Moisture content was measured using an Ohaus-type scale. 
     Ballistic characteristics were taken for 80 grains volumetric samples which means that the same volume was used that was equal to the volume of 80 grains by weight of blackpowder. The ballistic data was recorded. 
     The projectile velocities of multiple tests were measured and recorded as feet per second. For each shot, the test gun was charged with a known quantity of composition and the projectile was fired through velocity screens separated by a known distance. The time for the projectile to pass through one screen to the next was measured and the velocity was then calculated and recorded. Lo velocity represents the lowest velocity in the range of tests for the particular powder formulation being studied, Hi velocity represents the highest in the range of tests, ES velocity represents the spread between Lo and Hi velocities, Av velocity represents the average velocity, and SD velocity is the standard deviation for the range of tests. 
     The TTP test is given in milliseconds and represents the time to peak pressure. An electronic device was used to measure the elapsed time from the onset of pressure rise until the maximum pressure occurs in the gun barrel breech. 
     The Pressure test is given in pounds per square inch. A piezometer was used to determine the pressure in the breech of the gun at each firing of the composition and the maximum of such readings was recorded. 
     The Fouler pressure test is given in pounds per square inch. The Fouler pressure is measured with the piezometer as above, but this reading represents the first shot in a group of firings and was normally done with a clean barrel. 
     The ability to clean any combustion residue with water alone was also observed as part of the tests. With the exception of the tests on blackpowder recorded for comparative purposes, all of the formulations of this invention formed combustion byproducts which were easily removed with gun cleaning patches dipped in plain water. 
     In the following Table 1 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which a gluconic acid salt alone serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gluconate Formulations 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Mole 
                 Black 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 Weight 
                 Powder 
                 #657 
                 #171 
                 #75 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                   
                 0.45 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                 15.00 
                 3.15 
                 3 
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 162.14 
                   
                 6.00 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 84.08 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 360.31 
                   
                   
                 6.1 
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 189.11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 101.10 
                 75.00 
                 16.63 
                 38 
                 53.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 138.55 
                   
                 48.83 
                 32.5 
                 21.2 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 144.11 
                   
                 21.00 
                 9.8 
                 14.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                 160.22 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 218.13 
                   
                 3.55 
                 3.7 
                 4 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                 234.24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                 32.06 
                 10.00 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 310.20 
                   
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100.00 
                 100.00 
                 100.0 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                 96.11 
                 0.97 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 44.01 
                 24.93 
                   
                 16.2 
                 19 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 28.01 
                 3.97 
                 38.20 
                 17.4 
                 9.3 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                 34.08 
                 0.69 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                 16.04 
                 0.49 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 28.02 
                 9.92 
                 2.30 
                 5.3 
                 7.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 138.20 
                 26.56 
                 22.40 
                 32.2 
                 44.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                 97.18 
                 1.97 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                 174.25 
                 12.34 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                 190.32 
                 15.40 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                 110.26 
                 2.23 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 74.56 
                   
                 14.30 
                 10.9 
                 2.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                 105.99 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 58.45 
                   
                 9.40 
                 5.1 
                 7.1 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 310.20 
                   
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 18.02 
                   
                 11.60 
                 11.6 
                 9.8 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                 0.53 
                 1.40 
                 0.9 
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100.00 
                 100.00 
                 100.0 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                   
                 580 
                 800 
                 760 
                 860 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                 just burn 
                 fast 
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                   
                 2.3 
                 5.3 
                 7.9 
                 9.1 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 0.84 
                 0.87 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 &lt;0.5 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1624 
                 1586 
                 1764 
                 1393 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1690 
                 only 
                 1863 
                 1426 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 66 
                 one 
                 99 
                 33 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1664 
                 shot 
                 1825 
                 1407 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 26 
                   
                 48 
                 15 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.2 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                   
                 11000 
                 29500 
                 6800 
                 3600 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4100 
                 1600 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 #85 
                 #165 
                 #175 
                 #663 
                 #664 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                   
                 6 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                 6.8 
                 7 
                 5.5 
                 7 
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 55.5 
                 37 
                 37.8 
                 37.8 
                 37.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 22.2 
                 31.5 
                 32.2 
                 32.2 
                 32.2 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 17.4 
                 10.8 
                 11 
                 11 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 4 
                 4 
                 4.1 
                 4.1 
                 4.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 25.5 
                 10.2 
                 13.7 
                 12.9 
                 13.5 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 2.2 
                 23.9 
                 20 
                 21 
                 20.2 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 7.7 
                 5.1 
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 47.3 
                 31.4 
                 32.5 
                 32.5 
                 31.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 1.7 
                 10.3 
                 10.1 
                 10.1 
                 11.2 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 8.1 
                 5.3 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 7.1 
                 12.5 
                 11.6 
                 10.7 
                 11.6 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 1.6 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 930 
                 740 
                 770 
                 770 
                 740 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 just burn fast 
                 burn fast 
                 burn fast 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 7.1 
                 6.9 
                 6.7 
                 7.2 
                 7.8 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.64 
                 0.84 
                 0.81 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1545 
                 1864 
                 1937 
                 1930 
                 1839 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1592 
                 1941 
                 1976 
                 1960 
                 1884 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 138 
                 77 
                 39 
                 30 
                 45 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1537 
                 1923 
                 1958 
                 1946 
                 1865 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 70 
                 33 
                 17 
                 11 
                 18 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 11100 
                 7700 
                 8800 
                 10400 
                 8900 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 6000 
                 5400 
                 8000 
                 7000 
                 6300 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 #665 
                 #158 
                 #680 
                 #685 
                 #677 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                 0.5 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 7 
                 3 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 4 
                 6 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 3 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 3.5 
                 7.4 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 37.8 
                 35.9 
                 39.4 
                 39.4 
                 37.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 32.2 
                 30.6 
                 30.7 
                 33.2 
                 32.2 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 11 
                 11.8 
                 10.5 
                 8 
                 11 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 4.1 
                 4.4 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 10.4 
                 3.6 
                 11.3 
                 21.4 
                 10.6 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 23.8 
                 30.3 
                 22.5 
                 12.9 
                 23.6 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 5.2 
                 5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.5 
                 31.6 
                 33.2 
                 32 
                 32.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 10.1 
                 8.8 
                 9.8 
                 12.4 
                 10.1 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.6 
                 5.9 
                 5.4 
                 4.3 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.8 
                 13.4 
                 9.8 
                 8.9 
                 9.8 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.2 
                 0.9 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 99.9 
                 100.1 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 770 
                 720 
                 720 
                 740 
                 720 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 fast 
                 just burn 
                 fast 
                   
                 fast 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.3 
                 7.3 
                 6.7 
                 8.1 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.82 
                 0.83 
                 0.8 
                 0.86 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1939 
                 1762 
                 1908 
                 1905 
                 1930 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1955 
                 1890 
                 1995 
                 1966 
                 2024 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 16 
                 128 
                 87 
                 61 
                 94 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1948 
                 1845 
                 1951 
                 1936 
                 1980 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 7 
                 52 
                 26 
                 27 
                 44 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 10900 
                 7300 
                 12600 
                 11000 
                 15400 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 6700 
                 4600 
                 8500 
                 6200 
                 11900 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 #147 
                 #151 
                 #679 
                 #164 
                 #58 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                   
                 0.5 
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 3 
                 3 
                 7 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 6 
                 6 
                 3 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 4.9 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 9.5 
                 8 
                 4.2 
                 9.6 
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 37.9 
                 34.8 
                 39.4 
                 34.2 
                 48.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 26.5 
                 29.7 
                 30.7 
                 32.9 
                 19.4 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 11.4 
                 12.8 
                 10.5 
                 11.5 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 4.8 
                 4.8 
                 4.8 
                 4.9 
                 5 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                   
                   
                 11.3 
                 8.8 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 33.1 
                 33.4 
                 22.4 
                 24.5 
                 26.3 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 5.3 
                 4.8 
                 5.5 
                 4.7 
                 10 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.9 
                 31.3 
                 33.4 
                 30.4 
                 39.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 6.7 
                 7.8 
                 9.4 
                 10.1 
                 3.4 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.9 
                 6.4 
                 5.6 
                 5.9 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 14.3 
                 14.3 
                 9.8 
                 15.2 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.3 
                 1.6 
                 2.2 
                   
                 1.6 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 99.9 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 740 
                 750 
                 710 
                 770 
                 840 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
                 fast 
                   
                 just burn 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 8.3 
                 8.5 
                 6.3 
                 9.5 
                 8.8 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.82 
                 0.84 
                 0.8 
                 0.84 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1571 
                 1655 
                 1917 
                 1713 
                 1346 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1616 
                 1698 
                 1970 
                 1811 
                 1442 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 45 
                 43 
                 53 
                 98 
                 96 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1592 
                 1676 
                 1942 
                 1765 
                 1384 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 19 
                 19 
                 20 
                 44 
                 39 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 1 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 4300 
                 5700 
                 12200 
                 6300 
                 3800 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 2900 
                 4600 
                 10000 
                 4500 
                 2100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 #675 
                 #159 
                 #176 
                 #177 
                 #115 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 7 
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 2 
                 6 
                 6 
                 4 
                 6 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 4.5 
                 10.4 
                 8.9 
                 9.1 
                 11.1 
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 37.8 
                 33.2 
                 30.6 
                 31.3 
                 32.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 32.2 
                 31.9 
                 33.1 
                 33.8 
                 30.9 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 11 
                 12.4 
                 14.2 
                 14.5 
                 13.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 5.1 
                 5.2 
                 5.3 
                 5.4 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 11 
                 2.7 
                   
                 2.2 
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 22.9 
                 30.7 
                 34.3 
                 32.2 
                 32.4 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 5.2 
                 4.6 
                 4.2 
                 4.3 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.9 
                 30 
                 29.3 
                 30.2 
                 30.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 9.7 
                 9.1 
                 8.8 
                 8.6 
                 7.8 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.9 
                 6.4 
                 7.1 
                 7.4 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.8 
                 16.1 
                 15.2 
                 14.3 
                 17 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.2 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.3 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 99.9 
                 99.9 
                 100.1 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 740 
                 740 
                 760 
                 760 
                 720 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 fast 
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 7 
                 9.4 
                 8.7 
                 8.2 
                 12 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.83 
                 0.85 
                 0.83 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1828 
                 1776 
                 1920 
                 1970 
                 1675 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1963 
                 1845 
                 1973 
                 2066 
                 1729 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 135 
                 69 
                 53 
                 96 
                 54 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1922 
                 1825 
                 1945 
                 2019 
                 1700 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 53 
                 28 
                 20 
                 36 
                 20 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 13000 
                 7100 
                 9100 
                 11800 
                 6100 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                   
                 6000 
                 9200 
                 14500 
                 2300 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 #673 
                 #117 
                 #676 
                 #674 
                 #660 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                 0.5 
                   
                   
                 0.38 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 7 
                   
                 7 
                 7 
                 3.15 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                   
                 6 
                 2 
                   
                 6.00 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 5.5 
                 9.6 
                 7.1 
                 8 
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 37.8 
                 31.9 
                 32.5 
                 32.8 
                 25.34 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 32.2 
                 30.9 
                 32.2 
                 32.2 
                 39.06 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 11 
                 13.3 
                 11 
                 11 
                 16.80 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 6.1 
                 7.4 
                 7.8 
                 8.6 
                 8.88 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 11.5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 22.3 
                 32 
                 34.8 
                 34.4 
                 36.00 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 5.2 
                 4.4 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 3.50 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 33 
                 30.6 
                 30.1 
                 30.7 
                 28.10 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 9.5 
                 7.2 
                 8.9 
                 8.4 
                 9.30 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 6.1 
                 7.4 
                 6.6 
                 6.9 
                 9.20 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.8 
                 17 
                 12.5 
                 12.5 
                 12.50 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.2 
                 1 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 720 
                 740 
                 740 
                 720 
                 800 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 fast 
                 just burn 
                 fast 
                 just burn 
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.6 
                 12.2 
                 6.6 
                 6.8 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.78 
                 0.85 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1152 
                 1726 
                 1846 
                 1654 
                 1660 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1727 
                 1760 
                 1951 
                 1852 
                 1907 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 575 
                 34 
                 105 
                 198 
                 four 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1530 
                 1748 
                 1896 
                 1800 
                 shots 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 327 
                 14 
                 38 
                 82 
                   
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.9 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 24200 
                 5800 
                 13500 
                 18400 
                 24100 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 14100 
                 5000 
                 11500 
                 13900 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 #662 
                 #162 
                 #83 
                 #157 
                 #170 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 0.38 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 5.25 
                 3 
                   
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 6.00 
                 6 
                   
                 6 
                 3 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 32.55 
                 37.4 
                 53.1 
                 36.3 
                 37.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 32.55 
                 30.8 
                 21.2 
                 29.9 
                 30.9 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 14.00 
                 12.4 
                 14.8 
                 13.6 
                 14.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 8.88 
                 9.5 
                 10 
                 10.3 
                 10.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                   
                 9.3 
                 22.5 
                 3 
                 9.6 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 35.00 
                 23.5 
                 5.2 
                 29.8 
                 23 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 4.50 
                 5.2 
                 7.4 
                 5 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 31.60 
                 34.6 
                 46.6 
                 34.6 
                 35.9 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 7.20 
                 6.9 
                 0.2 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 8.10 
                 7.6 
                 8.7 
                 8.4 
                 8.7 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 11.60 
                 11.6 
                 8.9 
                 12.5 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.60 
                 0.9 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 99.9 
                 100.1 
                 99.9 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 730 
                 710 
                 780 
                 720 
                 740 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 fast 
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 7.1 
                 6.9 
                 8.3 
                 6.9 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.81 
                 0.84 
                 0.71 
                 0.83 
                 0.77 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1923 
                 1909 
                 1561 
                 1799 
                 1741 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1953 
                 1958 
                 1691 
                 1888 
                 1856 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 30 
                 49 
                 130 
                 89 
                 115 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1937 
                 1931 
                 1638 
                 1855 
                 1817 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 11 
                 19 
                 48 
                 34 
                 47 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 1 
                 0.9 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 12400 
                 7400 
                 11900 
                 8200 
                 16900 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 10400 
                 5200 
                 5800 
                 5400 
                 13000 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 #136 
                 #148 
                 #152 
                 #155 
                 #140 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 3 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 27.1 
                 37.2 
                 31.2 
                 35.2 
                 28.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 36.2 
                 27.2 
                 32.6 
                 29 
                 35 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 15.6 
                 14.5 
                 15.1 
                 14.7 
                 15 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 11.2 
                 11.2 
                 11.2 
                 11.2 
                 11.9 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 34.3 
                 31.1 
                 32.9 
                 31.9 
                 34.3 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 3.8 
                 5.2 
                 4.3 
                 4.9 
                 3.9 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 29.5 
                 35.9 
                 32.3 
                 34.6 
                 30 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 7.6 
                 3.4 
                 5.7 
                 4.2 
                 7.2 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 9.4 
                 8.9 
                 9.2 
                 8.9 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 13.4 
                 13.4 
                 13.4 
                 13.4 
                 13.4 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.6 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100.1 
                 99.9 
                 100 
                 99.9 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 680 
                 730 
                 710 
                 730 
                 700 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 burn fast 
                 just burn 
                 burn fast 
                 just burn 
                 burn fast 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.7 
                 7.7 
                 7 
                 6.8 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.83 
                 0.81 
                 0.83 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1918 
                 1762 
                 1931 
                 1794 
                 1983 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 2123 
                 1795 
                 2026 
                 1808 
                 2010 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 205 
                 33 
                 95 
                 14 
                 27 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 2030 
                 1781 
                 1994 
                 1800 
                 1999 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 86 
                 14 
                 39 
                 5 
                 10 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 17000 
                 6300 
                 11800 
                 6700 
                 15800 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 15100 
                 4300 
                 13000 
                 5400 
                 14900 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 #661 
                 #143 
                 #88 
                 #87 
                 #678 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 0.33 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 3.15 
                 3 
                   
                   
                 5.70 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 6.00 
                 6 
                 6 
                 4 
                   
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 31.15 
                 29.3 
                 19.6 
                 20 
                 34.00 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 32.55 
                 33.6 
                 42.4 
                 43.3 
                 32.60 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 14.00 
                 14.5 
                 18.1 
                 18.5 
                 11.00 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 12.43 
                 12.7 
                 13 
                 13.3 
                 16.30 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 10.30 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 33.90 
                 34.2 
                 34.9 
                 34.9 
                 23.40 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 4.30 
                 4.1 
                 2.7 
                 2.8 
                 4.70 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.00 
                 30.9 
                 26.3 
                 26.5 
                 33.70 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 6.10 
                 6.3 
                 8.8 
                 9.5 
                 6.10 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 8.90 
                 9.2 
                 10.9 
                 10.9 
                 8.90 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 13.40 
                 13.4 
                 15.2 
                 14.3 
                 10.70 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.00 
                 1.5 
                   
                   
                 1.80 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 99.2 
                 100.1 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 750 
                 720 
                 700 
                 690 
                 670 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
                 just burn fast 
                 just burn fast 
                 just burn 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 8.3 
                 6.8 
                 6.7 
                 6.5 
                 7.6 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.83 
                 0.79 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1908 
                 1990 
                 1547 
                 1753 
                 1653 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1933 
                 2072 
                 1951 
                 2025 
                 1700 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 25 
                 82 
                 289 
                 272 
                 47 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1919 
                 2020 
                 1786 
                 1854 
                 1673 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 11 
                 31 
                 120 
                 148 
                 18 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 11100 
                 12800 
                 23600 
                 21200 
                 19100 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 10200 
                 12000 
                 23800 
                 19700 
                 19100 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 #98 
                 #103 
                 #105 
                 #116 
                 #99 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 25.1 
                 28 
                 29.4 
                   
                 30.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 35.8 
                 32.5 
                 30.9 
                 60.3 
                 29.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 15.4 
                 14 
                 13.3 
                 13.3 
                 12.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 16.8 
                 18.6 
                 19.5 
                 19.5 
                 20.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                 9.3 
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 32.9 
                 32.6 
                 32.2 
                 32.1 
                 31 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 3.5 
                 3.9 
                 4.1 
                   
                 4.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 29.7 
                 31.8 
                 32.9 
                 12.7 
                 33.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 5.7 
                 3.8 
                 2.9 
                 18.7 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 10.7 
                 10.7 
                 10.7 
                 10.7 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 16.1 
                 16.1 
                 16.1 
                 16.1 
                 17 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 99 
                 100.1 
                 100 
                 100 
                 99.1 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 700 
                 660 
                 670 
                 740 
                 700 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
                 just burn 
                 burn fast 
                 just burn 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 9.2 
                 10.1 
                 10.8 
                 6.7 
                 11 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.84 
                 0.85 
                 0.84 
                 0.88 
                 0.83 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1998 
                 1909 
                 1638 
                 only 
                 1475 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 2044 
                 1942 
                 1697 
                 one 
                 1603 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 46 
                 33 
                 59 
                 shot 
                 128 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 2021 
                 1922 
                 1667 
                 2151 
                 1537 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 20 
                 15 
                 25 
                   
                 45 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.3 
                 1 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 13000 
                 9000 
                 6200 
                 34900 
                 4900 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                   
                 9000 
                 4800 
                 34900 
                 3400 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Chemical  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Formula 
                 Ref #89 
                 Ref #580 
                 Ref #670 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 0.5 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 6 
                 6.00 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 36.3 
                   
                 55.50 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 22.8 
                 62.00 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 9.8 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 24.2 
                 31.60 
                 44.10 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
                 0.40 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100.00 
                 100.00 
               
               
                   
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                   
                 33.80 
                 23.60 
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 29.1 
                 6.90 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 5 
                   
                 7.70 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 36.2 
                 9.90 
                 38.00 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                   
                 22.70 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                 0.7 
                   
                 10.70 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 9.6 
                 8.40 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
                 0.40 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 17.9 
                 17.90 
                 19.60 
               
               
                   
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 98.9 
                 100.00 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 660 
                 740 
                 620 
               
               
                   
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 burn slow 
                 just burned 
                 slow burn 
               
               
                   
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 12.7 
                 8.3 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.79 
                 0.8 
                 0.63 
               
               
                   
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Ballistics 80 gr.vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1100 
                 1647 
                 low 
               
               
                   
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1140 
                 1847 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 40 
                 200 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1121 
                 1783 
                   
               
               
                   
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 140 
                 80 
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 1.1 
                 0.7-1.3 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 1600 
                 8300 
                 500 
               
               
                   
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 900 
                 3600 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the following Table 2 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which the sodium nitrobenzoate salt sodium meta-nitrobenzoate alone serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate Formulations 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Mole 
                 Black 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 Weight 
                 Powder 
                 #795 
                 #791 
                 #792 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                 15.00 
                 5.6 
                 5.7 
                 5.7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 162.14 
                   
                 8 
                 5.8 
                 6.8 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 84.08 
                   
                 4.9 
                 6 
                 5 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 360.31 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 189.11 
                   
                 7.3 
                 7.4 
                 7.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 101.10 
                 75.00 
                 38.7 
                 39.2 
                 39.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 138.55 
                   
                 29 
                 29.4 
                 29.4 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 144.11 
                   
                 6.1 
                 6.1 
                 6.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                 160.22 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 218.13 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                 234.24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                 32.06 
                 10.00 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 310.20 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                 96.11 
                 0.97 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 44.01 
                 24.93 
                 7.1 
                 9.1 
                 9.3 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 28.01 
                 3.97 
                 25.4 
                 22.7 
                 23 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                 34.08 
                 0.69 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                 16.04 
                 0.49 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 28.02 
                 9.92 
                 9.2 
                 10 
                 9.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 138.20 
                 26.56 
                 32 
                 32.5 
                 32.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                 97.18 
                 1.97 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                 174.25 
                 12.34 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                 190.32 
                 15.40 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                 110.26 
                 2.23 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 74.56 
                   
                 9.5 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                 105.99 
                   
                 0 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 58.45 
                   
                 4.8 
                 4.8 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 310.20 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 18.02 
                   
                 9.9 
                 9.1 
                 9.3 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                 0.53 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                   
                 580 
                 800 
                 840 
                 800 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                 just burn 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                   
                 2.3 
                 6.3 
                 6.1 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 0.76 
                 0.75 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 &lt;0.5 
                 0.7 
                 1 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1624 
                 1869 
                 1737 
                 1739 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1690 
                 1948 
                 1977 
                 1857 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 66 
                 79 
                 240 
                 118 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1664 
                 1911 
                 1881 
                 1792 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 26 
                 37 
                 99 
                 59 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                   
                 11000 
                 11300 
                 15800 
                 17000 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                   
                   
                 7500 
                 11200 
                 9300 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Chemical  
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #783 
                 #694 
                 #825 
                 #824 
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 5.7 
                 4 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 5.9 
                 3.5 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 5 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                 8.5 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 7.5 
                 8 
                 30.00 
                 40.00 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 39.6 
                 39.4 
                   
                 59.60 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 29.7 
                 30.7 
                 69.60 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 6.2 
                 5.5 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
                 0.40 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100.00 
                 100.00 
               
               
                   
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 11.2 
                 18.6 
                 45.40 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 21 
                 15.7 
                   
                 28.00 
               
               
                   
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 9.4 
                 6.1 
                 2.20 
                 11.20 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.7 
                 32.5 
                 11.00 
                 40.60 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 9.9 
                 10.5 
                 25.50 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                 0 
                   
                   
                 11.30 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 4.8 
                 4.8 
                 9.40 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
                 0.40 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 8.8 
                 10.2 
                 5.60 
                 7.50 
               
               
                   
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.8 
                 1.2 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 99.5 
                 99.0 
               
               
                   
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 860 
                 750 
                 780 
                 740 
               
               
                   
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                 fast (693-) 
                 bvf. prop. 9′ 
                 just burn 
               
               
                   
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.9 
                 6 
                 4.2 
                 4.4 
               
               
                   
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.77 
                 0.83 
                 0.72 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.5 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1867 
                 1907 
                 1211 
                 794 
               
               
                   
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1955 
                 1924 
                 1461 
                 853 
               
               
                   
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 88 
                 17 
                 250 
                 59 
               
               
                   
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1931 
                 1914 
                 1320 
                 825 
               
               
                   
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 36 
                 7 
                 127 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 14000 
                 10200 
                 22900 
                 2000 
               
               
                   
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 7600 
                 8600 
                 21000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the following Table 3 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which a mixture of a gluconic acid salt and a sodium nitrobenzoate salt serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Gluconate with Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate Formulations 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Mole 
                 Black 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 Weight 
                 Powder 
                 #781 
                 #692 
                 #784 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                 15.00 
                 6.7 
                 7 
                 5.7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 162.14 
                   
                 5.4 
                 3.5 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 84.08 
                   
                 5 
                   
                 5 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 360.31 
                   
                   
                 4 
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 189.11 
                   
                 8.5 
                 8 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 101.10 
                 75.00 
                 38 
                 39.4 
                 39.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 138.55 
                   
                 29.6 
                 30.7 
                 29.6 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 144.11 
                   
                 5.2 
                 5.5 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                 160.22 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 218.13 
                   
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                 234.24 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                 32.06 
                 10.00 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 310.20 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt.% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                 96.11 
                 0.97 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 44.01 
                 24.93 
                 8 
                 16.8 
                 11.4 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 28.01 
                 3.97 
                 25 
                 18.2 
                 20.4 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                 34.08 
                 0.69 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                 16.04 
                 0.49 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 28.02 
                 9.92 
                 9.2 
                 6.1 
                 9.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 138.20 
                 26.56 
                 31.8 
                 32.9 
                 33.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                 97.18 
                 1.97 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                 174.25 
                 12.34 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O3 
                 190.32 
                 15.40 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K25 
                 110.26 
                 2.23 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCI 
                 74.56 
                   
                 9.5 
                 10.1 
                 9.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO 3   
                 105.99 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 58.45 
                   
                 5.1 
                 5.1 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 310.20 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 18.02 
                   
                 8.9 
                 8.2 
                 8.8 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                 0.53 
                 2.1 
                 2.2 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                   
                 580 
                 780 
                 750 
                 820 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                 just burn 
                   
                 fast 
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                   
                 2.3 
                 6.3 
                 5.1 
                 7.2 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                   
                 1 
                 0.77 
                 0.81 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 &lt;0.5 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1624 
                 1851 
                 1914 
                 1779 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1690 
                 1896 
                 1968 
                 1894 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 66 
                 45 
                 54 
                 115 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1664 
                 1873 
                 1935 
                 1840 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 26 
                 19 
                 20 
                 43 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                   
                 11000 
                 10400 
                 11800 
                 16800 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                   
                   
                 8100 
                 9000 
                 7800 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #810A 
                 #806 
                 #804 
                 #807 
                 #808 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 5.58 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 5.78 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 4.88 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                 0.35 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 3.29 
                 2.3 
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 39.57 
                 38.7 
                 38.7 
                 39.7 
                 39.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 27.90 
                 29 
                 29 
                 29 
                 28 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 10.06 
                 11.1 
                 10.1 
                 9.1 
                 10.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 2.19 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                   
                 2.2 
                 3.6 
                 7.1 
                 3 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                   
                 29.4 
                 28.1 
                 24.4 
                 28.5 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                   
                 8.8 
                 8.9 
                 9 
                 9 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                   
                 33.2 
                 33.1 
                 33.5 
                 33.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                   
                 8.2 
                 8.3 
                 8.7 
                 8.2 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                   
                 5.8 
                 5.7 
                 5.4 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                   
                 10.3 
                 10.2 
                 9.8 
                 10.2 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                   
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                   
                 800 
                 810 
                 820 
                 800 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                   
                 7.1 
                 7.6 
                 7.1 
                 7.2 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                   
                 0.84 
                 0.81 
                 0.8 
                 0.82 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1870 
                 1868 
                 1891 
                 1907 
                 1849 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1930 
                 1902 
                 1929 
                 1972 
                 1909 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 60 
                 34 
                 38 
                 65 
                 60 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1908 
                 1883 
                 1913 
                 1952 
                 1885 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 24 
                 15 
                 20 
                 26 
                 22 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 10300 
                 10000 
                 11200 
                 12000 
                 9900 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 6400 
                 7100 
                 8000 
                 7400 
                 6600 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #803 
                 #799 
                 #802 
                 #801 
                 #789 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 5.6 
                 3 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 5.8 
                 6 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 6.8 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 4.3 
                 5 
                 5.3 
                 6.3 
                 7.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 38.7 
                 38.7 
                 38.7 
                 38.7 
                 38.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 29 
                 29 
                 29 
                 29 
                 28.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 9.1 
                 10.8 
                 8.1 
                 7.1 
                 6 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 4.7 
                 5.2 
                 6 
                 6.9 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 27.2 
                 25.8 
                 25.9 
                 25.3 
                 25.6 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 8.9 
                 9 
                 9 
                 9.1 
                 9.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 33.1 
                 34.1 
                 33.1 
                 32.7 
                 32.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 8.3 
                 7.2 
                 8.3 
                 8.8 
                 8.6 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.7 
                 6.6 
                 5.7 
                 5.3 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 10 
                 10.8 
                 9.9 
                 9.8 
                 10.2 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.7 
                 0.9 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 780 
                 780 
                 780 
                 770 
                 770 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.8 
                 7.6 
                 7.2 
                 6.8 
                 7.7 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.79 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.77 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1901 
                 1896 
                 1891 
                 1859 
                 1823 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1988 
                 1968 
                 1912 
                 1945 
                 1866 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 87 
                 72 
                 21 
                 86 
                 43 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1944 
                 1942 
                 1898 
                 1902 
                 1839 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 37 
                 30 
                 8 
                 24 
                 15 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                   
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 13300 
                 13100 
                 10400 
                 11600 
                 8800 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 8500 
                 9800 
                 7000 
                 5800 
                 7300 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #782 
                 #788 
                 #812 
                 #786 
                 #776 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 6.1 
                 6.7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 5.8 
                 6.3 
                 5.8 
                 3.8 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 5.3 
                 5 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 7.3 
                 7.3 
                 7.3 
                 7.9 
                 8.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 38.7 
                 38.4 
                 38.7 
                 38.7 
                 37.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 29 
                 28.8 
                 29 
                 29 
                 29.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 6.1 
                 6.1 
                 6.6 
                 5.2 
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                 6.1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO4) 2    
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 8 
                 6.9 
                 9.9 
                 7.5 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 24.3 
                 25.4 
                 22.2 
                 24.7 
                 26.8 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 9.2 
                 9.1 
                 9.2 
                 9.5 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.7 
                 32.5 
                 32.4 
                 33 
                 31.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 8.8 
                 8.8 
                 12 
                 8.4 
                 9.1 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.3 
                 5.3 
                 2.8 
                 5.6 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.6 
                 9.9 
                 9.4 
                 9 
                 9.4 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.9 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                 40 gr vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 800 
                 780 
                 780 
                 810 
                 780 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 fast, blk. fstr. 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 4.9 
                 7.3 
                 6.7 
                 7.1 
                 7 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.98 
                 0.79 
                 0.82 
                 0.74 
                 0.77 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1676 
                 1892 
                 1975 
                 1800 
                 1871 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1706 
                 1931 
                 2012 
                 1868 
                 1901 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 30 
                 39 
                 37 
                 68 
                 30 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1695 
                 1908 
                 1986 
                 1842 
                 1890 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 12 
                 14 
                 14 
                 27 
                 12 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.2 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 13100 
                 10400 
                 11800 
                 12100 
                 10500 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 12600 
                 8500 
                 10000 
                 8100 
                 8400 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #800 
                 #780 
                 #809 
                 #805 
                 #815 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 3.3 
                 6.5 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 6 
                 5.2 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 5.4 
                 4.8 
                 3.9 
                 4.9 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 3 
                 8.1 
                 2.3 
                 4.3 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 38.7 
                 36.4 
                 38.7 
                 38.7 
                 38.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 29 
                 28.4 
                 29 
                 29 
                 29 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 11.8 
                 7.1 
                 11.1 
                 8.1 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 2.4 
                 3.1 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 3.6 
                   
                 2.7 
                 6 
                 8.2 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 26.9 
                 32.9 
                 29.2 
                 25.7 
                 23.8 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 9.2 
                 8.8 
                 8.1 
                 8.9 
                 9.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 34.1 
                 32 
                 33.6 
                 33.2 
                 32 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 7.3 
                 7.6 
                 7.8 
                 8.2 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 6.4 
                 6.1 
                 6.1 
                 5.7 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 11.1 
                 10.2 
                 10.4 
                 10.2 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1 
                 2 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 2 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 780 
                 780 
                 810 
                 780 
                 730 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 9.9 
                 7 
                 7.3 
                 7.1 
                 6 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.8 
                 0.82 
                 0.76 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1789 
                 1762 
                 1939 
                 1854 
                 1835 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1865 
                 1841 
                 1985 
                 1899 
                 1908 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 76 
                 79 
                 46 
                 45 
                 73 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1821 
                 1816 
                 1964 
                 1879 
                 1875 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 29 
                 31 
                 21 
                 18 
                 26 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 15300 
                 9200 
                 12000 
                 10700 
                 10000 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 7100 
                 7500 
                 8400 
                 7100 
                 6800 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #768 
                 #761 
                 #763 
                 #765 
                 #769 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 6.7 
                 7.6 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 5.4 
                 5.2 
                 6.3 
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 5 
                 4.9 
                 4.8 
                 5.9 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 7.3 
                 8.2 
                 8.2 
                 8.2 
                 8.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 37.6 
                 36.8 
                 36.8 
                 36.8 
                 38.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 29.3 
                 28.7 
                 28.7 
                 28.7 
                 28.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5.1 
                 5 
                 5.1 
                 5.1 
                 5 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 6.9 
                 2.5 
                 3.4 
                 2.6 
                 6.8 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 25.9 
                 30.8 
                 29.5 
                 29.7 
                 25.9 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 9.1 
                 9 
                 8.9 
                 9.6 
                 9.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 31.6 
                 31.4 
                 31.8 
                 31.8 
                 32.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 9.3 
                 8.6 
                 8.2 
                 8.2 
                 8.6 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.1 
                 5.3 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.6 
                 9.6 
                 10.2 
                 10.1 
                 9.6 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.1 
                 2.4 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 780 
                 790 
                 800 
                 780 
                 780 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.9 
                 6.7 
                 7.2 
                 7.2 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.81 
                 0.78 
                 0.85 
                 0.78 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1848 
                 1831 
                 1839 
                 1870 
                 1840 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1885 
                 1914 
                 1864 
                 1929 
                 1885 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 37 
                 83 
                 25 
                 59 
                 45 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1867 
                 1885 
                 1849 
                 1893 
                 1863 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 15 
                 32 
                 9 
                 22 
                 19 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 10400 
                 10600 
                 9200 
                 11200 
                 10300 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 8100 
                 7700 
                 7600 
                 8400 
                 7700 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #771 
                 #773 
                 #793 
                 #759 
                 #762 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
                 6.6 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 5.2 
                 5.3 
                 6.3 
                 5.3 
                 5.4 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 4.8 
                 4.8 
                 4.8 
                 4.9 
                 5 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 8.2 
                 8.2 
                 8.2 
                 8.3 
                 8.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 36.7 
                 36.8 
                 36.8 
                 37.2 
                 37.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 30 
                 28.7 
                 28.7 
                 29 
                 29.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5 
                 6.1 
                 5.1 
                 5.1 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 6.9 
                 2.8 
                 3.4 
                 5.2 
                 7.7 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 26.1 
                 30.2 
                 29.5 
                 27.4 
                 24.7 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 8.9 
                 8.9 
                 8.9 
                 9 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 31.3 
                 32.1 
                 31.8 
                 32.1 
                 32.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 9.5 
                 7.9 
                 8.2 
                 8.5 
                 8.6 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.3 
                 5.8 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.6 
                 9.9 
                 10.2 
                 9.7 
                 9.8 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2.1 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 790 
                 790 
                   
                 800 
                 800 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.8 
                 7.1 
                 6.8 
                 6.4 
                 7.3 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.78 
                 0.74 
                 0.77 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1818 
                 1829 
                 1823 
                 1885 
                 1882 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1912 
                 1850 
                 1852 
                 1948 
                 1908 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 94 
                 21 
                 29 
                 63 
                 26 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1873 
                 1844 
                 1841 
                 1913 
                 1896 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 40 
                 8 
                 12 
                 28 
                 12 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                   
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 12900 
                 9400 
                 10400 
                 10900 
                 10400 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 9200 
                 7300 
                 8000 
                 8300 
                 8500 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #764 
                 #766 
                 #770 
                 #772 
                 #774 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 6.7 
                 6.7 
                 6.7 
                 6.7 
                 6.7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 4.3 
                 5.4 
                 5.4 
                 5.4 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 5 
                 3.9 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 36.2 
                 37.7 
                 37.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 29.3 
                 29.3 
                 29.5 
                 28 
                 29.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5.1 
                 5.1 
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
                 4.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 7.1 
                 7.4 
                 4.1 
                 3.6 
                 7.6 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 25.5 
                 25.8 
                 29 
                 29.1 
                 25.2 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 9.2 
                 8.4 
                 9 
                 9.2 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.3 
                 32.2 
                 31.3 
                 32.2 
                 31.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 8.6 
                 8.7 
                 8.8 
                 8.1 
                 9.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.2 
                 9.4 
                 9.8 
                 9.8 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 790 
                 780 
                 780 
                 780 
                 790 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 7 
                 5.8 
                 7.1 
                 7 
                 6.8 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.77 
                 0.81 
                 0.74 
                 0.76 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1848 
                 1924 
                 1812 
                 1788 
                 1825 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1919 
                 1990 
                 1850 
                 1839 
                 1931 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 71 
                 66 
                 38 
                 51 
                 106 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1892 
                 1960 
                 1828 
                 1815 
                 1885 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 26 
                 28 
                 15 
                 24 
                 35 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 10800 
                 13400 
                 9100 
                 9300 
                 10100 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 8500 
                 9200 
                 7000 
                 7700 
                 6900 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #767 
                 #779 
                 #756 
                 #758 
                 #760 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 6.5 
                 6.7 
                 6.6 
                 6.6 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 5.2 
                 5.4 
                 4.3 
                 3.3 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 4.8 
                 5 
                 5 
                 6 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 9.3 
                 6.3 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 36.8 
                 38 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 28.7 
                 29.7 
                 29.3 
                 29.3 
                 29.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5.1 
                 5.2 
                 5.1 
                 5.1 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 3.2 
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 3.8 
                 8.5 
                 6.9 
                 6.6 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 29.1 
                 24.1 
                 25.7 
                 25.5 
                 25.4 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 9 
                 9.1 
                 9.2 
                 9.8 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.2 
                 31.6 
                 32.3 
                 32.3 
                 32.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 7.8 
                 9.9 
                 8.6 
                 8.6 
                 8.6 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.9 
                 4.8 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.8 
                 9.5 
                 9.3 
                 9.1 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2 
                 2.1 
                 2 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 770 
                 780 
                 790 
                 800 
                 810 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.5 
                 6.6 
                 6.6 
                 6.9 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.78 
                 0.81 
                 0.78 
                 0.77 
                 0.76 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                   
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1826 
                 1858 
                 1912 
                 1811 
                 1852 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1893 
                 1922 
                 1950 
                 1843 
                 1923 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 67 
                 64 
                 38 
                 32 
                 71 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1861 
                 1895 
                 1929 
                 1827 
                 1899 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 25 
                 27 
                 18 
                 14 
                 28 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                   
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 11000 
                 10600 
                 12200 
                 10400 
                 10900 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 7700 
                 6000 
                 8300 
                 8900 
                 8100 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #755 
                 #757 
                 #778 
                 #730 
                 #723 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 6.7 
                 6.7 
                 4.6 
                 5.7 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
                 5.4 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 5 
                 6 
                 5 
                 5 
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 3.7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 8.5 
                 8.5 
                 8.5 
                 7.3 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 38 
                 37.4 
                 38 
                 39.4 
                 40.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 29.6 
                 29.2 
                 29.5 
                 30.7 
                 31.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5.2 
                 5.2 
                 5.3 
                 4.4 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
                 3.6 
                 4.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 8.8 
                 6 
                 10.2 
                 17.3 
                 23.1 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 23.9 
                 26.2 
                 21.9 
                 14.6 
                 11.2 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 9.2 
                 9.8 
                 9.2 
                 9.3 
                 6 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.5 
                 32 
                 32.7 
                 32.9 
                 33 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 8.8 
                 8.8 
                 8.7 
                 10.1 
                 11.2 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.6 
                 5.5 
                 5.6 
                 5.1 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 8.7 
                 9.2 
                 9.9 
                 8.5 
                 8.5 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 2 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 800 
                 800 
                 790 
                 800 
                 720 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.8 
                 7.4 
                 7.2 
                 6.8 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.78 
                 0.74 
                 0.79 
                 0.81 
                 0.83 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1846 
                 1747 
                 1854 
                 1902 
                 1901 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1922 
                 1801 
                 1896 
                 1947 
                 1940 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 76 
                 54 
                 41 
                 45 
                 39 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1902 
                 1778 
                 1879 
                 1928 
                 1921 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 31 
                 24 
                 16 
                 19 
                 17 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.5 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 13100 
                 9600 
                 9800 
                 10900 
                 9700 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 10500 
                 6800 
                 7600 
                 9000 
                 6200 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #794 
                 #775 
                 #729A 
                 #747A 
                 #729 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 5.6 
                 6.5 
                 6.68 
                 6.68 
                 6.7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 3.8 
                 5.3 
                 3.29 
                 3.29 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 4.9 
                 4.8 
                 4.98 
                 2.49 
                 5 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 7.3 
                 8.2 
                 8.47 
                 8.47 
                 8.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 38.7 
                 36.8 
                 37.27 
                 37.27 
                 37.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 29 
                 28.7 
                 29.10 
                 29.10 
                 29.2 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 6.1 
                 5.1 
                 5.18 
                 7.67 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.28 
                 4.28 
                 4.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100.00 
                 100.00 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 9.3 
                 4.1 
                   
                 5.2 
                 6.7 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 22.6 
                 28.6 
                   
                 28.4 
                 26 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 9.2 
                 8.9 
                   
                 7.5 
                 9.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 33.4 
                 32.2 
                   
                 33.7 
                 32.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 8 
                 7.8 
                   
                 6.9 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                 0 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                   
                 6.9 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.5 
                 10.1 
                   
                 8.9 
                 9.2 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.7 
                 2 
                   
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 810 
                 780 
                   
                   
                 820 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.9 
                 7.2 
                   
                   
                 6.3 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.76 
                 0.79 
                   
                   
                 0.77 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                   
                   
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1826 
                 1795 
                   
                   
                 1789 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1865 
                 1843 
                   
                   
                 1899 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 39 
                 48 
                   
                   
                 110 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1843 
                 1830 
                   
                   
                 1849 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 15 
                 19 
                   
                   
                 39 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                   
                   
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 10000 
                 9200 
                   
                   
                 10600 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 9500 
                 6900 
                   
                   
                 6700 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #747 
                 #737A 
                 #688 
                 #687 
                 #697 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 6.7 
                 6.98 
                 7 
                 7 
                 11.6 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 3.3 
                 4.98 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 2.5 
                 2.49 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                 0.35 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H4NO 4 Na 
                 8.5 
                 4.98 
                 2 
                 5.0 
                 5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 37.4 
                 39.26 
                 39.4 
                 39.4 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 29.2 
                 30.60 
                 30.7 
                 30.7 
                 26.1 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 7.7 
                 5.48 
                 8.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 4.3 
                 4.48 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C6H11KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.00 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 5.2 
                   
                 12.9 
                 17.9 
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 28.4 
                   
                 20.9 
                 16.8 
                 35.6 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 7.5 
                   
                 5.6 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 33.7 
                   
                 33 
                 32.8 
                 33 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 6.9 
                   
                 9.9 
                 10.1 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 6.9 
                   
                 5.3 
                 5.1 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 8.9 
                   
                 9.8 
                 8.9 
                 9 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.1 
                   
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 3.6 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 800 
                   
                 710 
                 700 
                 680 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                 fast 
                 fast 
                 fast 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.5 
                   
                 6.5 
                 5.7 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.75 
                   
                 0.81 
                 0.85 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.9 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1846 
                   
                 1849 
                 1829 
                 1661 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1873 
                   
                 1890 
                 1898 
                 1692 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 27 
                   
                 41 
                 69 
                 31 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1858 
                   
                 1874 
                 1871 
                 1675 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 10 
                   
                 15 
                 29 
                 11 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 11100 
                   
                 10200 
                 10200 
                 7300 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 9200 
                   
                 7200 
                 6400 
                 5400 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #698 
                 #699 
                 #720 
                 #732 
                 #735 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 4 
                   
                 4 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 42.4 
                 43.4 
                 37.4 
                 39.4 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 27.7 
                 30.7 
                 32.7 
                 30.7 
                 30.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 9.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 15.9 
                 27.2 
                 17.9 
                 13.5 
                 14.8 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 17.8 
                 6.4 
                 17.2 
                 20.8 
                 20.4 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 6.2 
                 6.4 
                 5.6 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 35 
                 35.5 
                 31.4 
                 34.6 
                 32.9 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 8.4 
                 10.1 
                 11.2 
                 8.2 
                 10.1 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.1 
                 5.1 
                 5.1 
                 6.6 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9 
                 6.7 
                 9 
                 7.9 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 3 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 700 
                 760 
                 730 
                 730 
                 720 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.5 
                 6.3 
                 6.2 or 7.1? 
                 4.9 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.81 
                 0.83 
                 0.82 
                 0.79 
                 0.77 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1745 
                 1953 
                 1956 
                 1931 
                 1937 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1816 
                 1991 
                 2008 
                 2017 
                 2006 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 71 
                 38 
                 52 
                 86 
                 69 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1786 
                 1976 
                 1998 
                 1979 
                 1969 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 25 
                 15 
                 22 
                 41 
                 27 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 8200 
                 11600 
                 11700 
                 15800 
                 13000 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 4900 
                 7500 
                 9200 
                 10200 
                 8500 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #737 
                 #743 
                 #746 
                 #726 
                 #731 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
                 7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 5 
                 4.2 
                 5 
                 3 
                 5 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 2.5 
                 1.3 
                 2.5 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5.5 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 39.4 
                 41.4 
                 37.2 
                 39.4 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 30.7 
                 30.7 
                 28.9 
                 30.7 
                 30.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 9.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 15.9 
                 21.2 
                 1.2 
                   
                 17.5 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 17.3 
                 12 
                 32.2 
                   
                 17.1 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 7.5 
                 7 
                 7.2 
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.9 
                 34.3 
                 33.1 
                   
                 33.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 10.1 
                 10 
                 7.2 
                   
                 9.1 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.1 
                 5.2 
                 6.6 
                   
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                   
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 8.6 
                 7.7 
                 9.9 
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                   
                 2.2 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 0.0 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 790 
                 760 
                 820 
                 710 
                 730 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 7.5 
                 7.4 
                 7.2 
                 6.7 
                 5.1 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.82 
                 0.83 
                 0.82 
                 0.8 
                 0.83 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1880 
                 1851 
                 1859 
                 1841 
                 1971 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1933 
                 1888 
                 1885 
                 1910 
                 2018 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 53 
                 37 
                 26 
                 69 
                 47 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1908 
                 1863 
                 1878 
                 1874 
                 2002 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 20 
                 14 
                 10 
                 25 
                 19 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.65 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 10200 
                 8800 
                 9900 
                 10300 
                 12700 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 8000 
                 6600 
                 8500 
                 7700 
                 8400 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #691 
                 #725 
                 #733 
                 #748 
                 #706 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 4 
                 7 
                 7 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 4 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 4 
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 8 
                 9 
                 9 
                 10 
                 10.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 39.4 
                 39.4 
                 40.4 
                 35.9 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 30.7 
                 30.7 
                 29.7 
                 28.6 
                 30.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
                 8.6 
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 20.6 
                 18.4 
                 17.9 
                 0.5 
                 24.2 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 13.4 
                 16.5 
                 16.8 
                 33.5 
                 11.1 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 6.1 
                 6.1 
                 6.3 
                 7 
                 6.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 33.8 
                 34.1 
                 34.8 
                 33.7 
                 32.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 9.1 
                 8.8 
                 8.1 
                 5.5 
                 10.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.9 
                 6.1 
                 6.1 
                 7.8 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.5 
                 7.4 
                 7.4 
                 9.7 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 1.9 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 720 
                 720 
                 720 
                 780 
                 750 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 fast 
                   
                   
                   
                 fast 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 5.3 
                 5.5 
                 5.3 
                 6.3 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.8 
                 0.76 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1997 
                 1942 
                 1891 
                 1883 
                 1759 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 2050 
                 1972 
                 1963 
                 1910 
                 1791 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 53 
                 50 
                 72 
                 27 
                 32 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 2020 
                 1963 
                 1937 
                 1896 
                 1773 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 19 
                 23 
                 28 
                 11 
                 12 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 13000 
                 12200 
                 12500 
                 12300 
                 7800 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 10900 
                 8800 
                 9700 
                 12300 
                 5400 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #744 
                 #722 
                 #745 
                 #738 
                 #753 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 7.3 
                 7.5 
                 7.6 
                 7.6 
                 9 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O5 
                 5 
                 3.5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                 1.5 
                   
                 1.5 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                 4.3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 5.2 
                 5.4 
                 5.4 
                 8.1 
                 5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 39.4 
                 38.3 
                 38.4 
                 38.3 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 30.7 
                 29.8 
                 30.7 
                 29.8 
                 30.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5.8 
                 5.9 
                 6.1 
                 5.9 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 4.7 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 5 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 16.2 
                 11.5 
                 12.9 
                 11.8 
                 14.8 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 17.7 
                 23.5 
                 21.4 
                 23.3 
                 19.9 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 6.8 
                 5.7 
                 6.7 
                 5.9 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 33 
                 32.4 
                 32.3 
                 33.4 
                 32.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 9.9 
                 9.2 
                 9.9 
                 8.3 
                 10.3 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.3 
                 5.4 
                 5.3 
                 6.1 
                 5 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 8.4 
                 9.6 
                 8.7 
                 8.4 
                 7.6 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.3 
                 2.3 
                 2.4 
                 2.4 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 760 
                 710 
                 760 
                 720 
                 760 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.8 
                 6.1 
                 6.4 
                 5.6 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.79 
                 0.85 
                 0.82 
                 0.8 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1856 
                 1806 
                 1845 
                 1865 
                 1858 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1890 
                 1845 
                 1885 
                 1885 
                 1912 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 34 
                 39 
                 40 
                 20 
                 54 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1875 
                 1827 
                 1861 
                 1871 
                 1882 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 13 
                 16 
                 17 
                 8 
                 21 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 9300 
                 9100 
                 9200 
                 10200 
                 10400 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 5700 
                 6900 
                 6800 
                 7400 
                 6800 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #736 
                 #750 
                 #754 
                 #752A 
                 #752 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 8 
                 6.7 
                 7.7 
                 7.97 
                 8 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 5 
                 3.3 
                 3.3 
                 3.99 
                 4 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                 1 
                 1 
                 1.00 
                 1 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.35 
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 5 
                 8.5 
                 8.5 
                 4.98 
                 5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 39.4 
                 37.4 
                 37.4 
                 39.26 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 30.7 
                 29.2 
                 29.2 
                 30.59 
                 30.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 6.3 
                 7.7 
                 6.7 
                 5.48 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 5.2 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.98 
                 6 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100.00 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 15.7 
                 6.9 
                 6.6 
                 16.8 
                 16.8 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 19.1 
                 27.2 
                 27.9 
                 17.5 
                 17.5 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 5.8 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 33.4 
                 34.3 
                 33.7 
                 33 
                 33 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 9.4 
                 6.3 
                 6.9 
                 9.9 
                 9.9 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.6 
                 7.4 
                 6.9 
                 5.3 
                 5.3 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 8.1 
                 8.9 
                 8.7 
                 8.1 
                 8.1 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.5 
                 2.1 
                 2.4 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 720 
                 790 
                 780 
                   
                 760 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 5.9 
                 6 
                 5.4 
                   
                 6.4 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.76 
                   
                 0.81 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                   
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1917 
                 1866 
                 1735 
                   
                 1926 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1944 
                 1952 
                 1887 
                   
                 1941 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 27 
                 86 
                 152 
                   
                 15 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1926 
                 1917 
                 1833 
                   
                 1935 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 10 
                 35 
                 59 
                   
                 6 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                   
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 10800 
                 12900 
                 15200 
                   
                 11400 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 7200 
                 9800 
                 8800 
                   
                 8700 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #707 
                 #751 
                 #749A 
                 #734 
                 #749 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 7 
                 6.7 
                 6.98 
                 7 
                 7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 3.5 
                 3.3 
                 3.99 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                 1 
                 1.00 
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                 0.35 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 7.1 
                 8.5 
                 4.98 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 35.9 
                 37.4 
                 39.25 
                 39.4 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 28 
                 29.2 
                 30.59 
                 30.7 
                 30.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 7.8 
                 6.7 
                 5.48 
                 5.5 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 6.3 
                 6.8 
                 6.98 
                 7 
                 7 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100.00 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                   
                 8.5 
                 17.9 
                 18.4 
                 17.9 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 34.9 
                 25.6 
                 15.9 
                 16 
                 15.9 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 5.5 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
                 5.8 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 32.8 
                 34.1 
                 33.4 
                 33.4 
                 33.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 6.3 
                 6.5 
                 9.5 
                 9.5 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 7 
                 7.2 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 10.9 
                 9.1 
                 8.6 
                 8.7 
                 8.6 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 2.2 
                 2.1 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 700 
                 770 
                   
                 720 
                 790 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 fast 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 5.8 
                 6 
                   
                 6.2 
                 6.7 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                   
                 0.84 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1808 
                 1877 
                   
                 1848 
                 1862 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1844 
                 1929 
                   
                 1928 
                 1916 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 36 
                 52 
                   
                 80 
                 54 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1826 
                 1910 
                   
                 1901 
                 1886 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 12 
                 20 
                   
                 33 
                 21 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 9600 
                 12300 
                   
                 10400 
                 10400 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 7500 
                 9300 
                   
                 6300 
                 6200 (8100) 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #695 
                 #693A 
                 #693 
                 #728 
                 #696 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 4 
                 3.99 
                 4 
                 7 
                 7 
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 3.5 
                 3.49 
                 3.5 
                 3 
                 3.5 
               
               
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                 0.35 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                 4 
                   
                   
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 5 
                 7.97 
                 8 
                 8 
                 5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 39.4 
                 39.26 
                 39.4 
                 39.4 
                 39.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 30.7 
                 30.59 
                 30.7 
                 30.7 
                 23.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                 5.5 
                 5.48 
                 5.5 
                   
                 5.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 7.5 
                 8.47 
                 8.5 
                 11.5 
                 11.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.40 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.00 
                 100.0 
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 21.7 
                   
                 22.5 
                 26.8 
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 11.8 
                   
                 11 
                 7.6 
                 33.4 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 5.8 
                   
                 6.1 
                 6.1 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 33.7 
                   
                 35 
                 33.4 
                 35.2 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 9.1 
                   
                 7.8 
                 9.5 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 5.9 
                   
                 6.9 
                 5.6 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 10.4 
                   
                 9.1 
                 8.4 
                 12.3 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.2 
                   
                 1.2 
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100.0 
                   
                 100 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 720 
                   
                 710 
                 760 
                 660 
               
               
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                 just burn 
                   
                 fast 
                   
                 just burn 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.7 
                   
                 5.7 
                 6 
                 6.6 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.84 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.84 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.9 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1848 
                   
                 1899 
                 1610 
                 1483 
               
               
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1888 
                   
                 1990 
                 1676 
                 1517 
               
               
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 40 
                   
                 91 
                 66 
                 34 
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1874 
                   
                 1945 
                 1650 
                 1502 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 16 
                   
                 39 
                 27 
                 12 
               
               
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.7 
                   
                 0.65 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 9500 
                   
                 12600 
                 5900 
                 5000 
               
               
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 6100 
                   
                 9400 
                 3200 
                 3100 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 #727 
                 #811 
                 #813 
                 #814 
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Black 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 4 
                 5.6 
                 5.6 
                 6.6 
               
               
                   
                 Dextrin 
                 C 6 H 10 O 5   
                 3 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                 Dicyanodiamide 
                 C 2 H 4 N 4   
                   
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 5.9 
               
               
                   
                 Graphite 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lactose 
                 C 12 H 22 O 11   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C 7 H 4 NO 4 Na 
                 8 
                 7.3 
                 7.3 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO 3   
                 39.4 
                 38.7 
                 38.7 
                 38.7 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO 4   
                 30.7 
                 29 
                 29 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 NaO 2   
                   
                   
                 6.1 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Benzoate 
                 C 7 H 5 KO 2   
                   
                 6.1 
                   
                 5.1 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 NaO 7   
                 14.5 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Gluconate 
                 C 6 H 11 KO 7   
                   
                 2.2 
                 2.2 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 COMBUSTION  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO 2   
                 31.3 
                 9.6 
                 8.2 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 2 
                 22.3 
                 23.9 
                 23.6 
               
               
                   
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Methane 
                 CH 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Nitrogen 
                 N 2   
                 6.1 
                 9.2 
                 9.2 
                 9.8 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 34.5 
                 32.5 
                 32.7 
                 32.4 
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K 2 SO 4   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K 2 S 2 O 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K 2 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 8.4 
                 12.6 
                 9.5 
                 10.3 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na 2 CO 3   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 6.4 
                 2.3 
                 4.8 
                 4.1 
               
               
                   
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 Water 
                 H 2 O 
                 9.7 
                 9.4 
                 9.6 
                 9.4 
               
               
                   
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                 C 
                 1.2 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 PERFORMANCE  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 760 
                 790 
                 780 
                 820 
               
               
                   
                 Open tube burn 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.4 
                 6.8 
                 7.3 
                 6.9 
               
               
                   
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.79 
                 0.83 
               
               
                   
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lo velocity, fps 
                   
                 1426 
                 1947 
                 1762 
                 1904 
               
               
                   
                 Hi velocity, fps 
                   
                 1466 
                 2030 
                 1815 
                 1945 
               
               
                   
                 ES velocity, fps 
                   
                 40 
                 83 
                 83 
                 41 
               
               
                   
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1449 
                 1995 
                 1786 
                 1924 
               
               
                   
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 14 
                 33 
                 20 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                 TTP, ms. 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 3500 
                 12600 
                 9300 
                 10400 
               
               
                   
                 Fouler pressure, psi 
                   
                 1900 
                 8500 
                 6700 
                 7600 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition to the elimination of sulfur as previously disclosed in the teachings of our parent application, we have now discovered that it is possible to eliminate elemental carbon also in order to formulate a fully functional white propellant. Thus, two of the three traditional constituents of blackpowder can be omitted utilizing our new formulations. Sulfur and carbon have accounted for many of the problems associated with blackpowder since the products of combustion form corrosive sulfur compounds and black carbonaceous residues. 
     White propellants free of both sulfur and carbon can be formulated with a fuel agent selected from the group consisting of sodium benzoate, lactose, sodium salicylate, sodium m-nitrobenzoate, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the agent is sodium benzoate. It may be present in the working range of 17 to 25 percent by weight, with the most preferred range of 19 to 23 percent by weight. However, all or part of the sodium benzoate may be replaced by lactose, sodium salicylate, sodium m-nitrobenzoate, and mixtures, in the foregoing percentage by weight ranges, which are suitable substitutes for sodium benzoate by itself. 
     The remaining constituents of the white propellant formulations are dextrin, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate and tricalcium phosphate. Dextrin may be present in the working range of 4 to 8 percent by weight, with the most preferred range of 5.5 to 6.5 percent by weight. Potassium nitrate, the only component of traditional blackpowder included, may be present in the working range of 42 to 52 percent by weight, with the most preferred range of 45 to 49 percent by weight. Potassium perchlorate may be present in the working range of 21 to 31 percent by weight, with the most preferred range of 24 to 28 percent by weight. Lastly, tricalcium phosphate may be present in the working range of 0.1 to 0.7 percent by weight, with the most preferred range of 0.3 to 0.5 percent by weight. 
     In the event the foregoing propellant compositions prove to be too energetic for a particular application, then dicyanodiamide present in the range of 0 to 5 percent by weight may be employed as a burn rate modifier. 
     In the following Table 4 representative examples are shown of white propellant formulations which eliminate both sulfur and elemental carbon for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 White Powder Formulations 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Mole 
                 Black 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula  
                 Weight 
                 Powder 
                 862 
                 863 
                 865 
                 866 
                 867 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                 12.01 
                 15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                 32.06 
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 162.14 
                   
                 4 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2  
                 144.11 
                   
                 22.8 
                 22.3 
                 15.3 
                 23.9 
                 23.9 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 101.11 
                 75 
                 52 
                 50.9 
                 50.9 
                 43.7 
                 45.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 138.55 
                   
                 20.8 
                 20.4 
                 27.4 
                 26 
                 24 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 310.2 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                 360.31 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3  
                 160.11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                 189.11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                 84.08 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                   
                 75 
                 72.8 
                 71.3 
                 78.3 
                 69.7 
                 69.7 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                 96.11 
                 0.97 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                 44.01 
                 24.93 
                 5.2 
                 2.5 
                 29.3 
                 0 
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 28.01 
                 3.97 
                 22.5 
                 25.7 
                 0 
                 29.8 
                 28.9 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                 34.08 
                 0.69 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                 16.04 
                 0.49 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                 28.02 
                 9.92 
                 7.2 
                 7.1 
                 7.1 
                 6.1 
                 6.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                 138.2 
                 26.56 
                 45.9 
                 44.9 
                 42 
                 41.2 
                 42.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                 97.18 
                 1.97 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                 174.25 
                 12.34 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                 190.32 
                 15.4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                 142.31 
                 2.23 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 74.56 
                   
                   
                   
                 6.9 
                 1.7 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                 105.99 
                   
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 58.45 
                   
                 8.7 
                 8.6 
                 6.1 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 310.2 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                 18.02 
                   
                 9.6 
                 10.3 
                 8.2 
                 11.1 
                 11 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                 0.53 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.5 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 40 
                 44.5 
                 45.6 
                 44.6 
                 47 
                 46.2 
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 60 
                 55.5 
                 54.4 
                 55.4 
                 53 
                 53.8 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                   
                 580 
                   
                 870 
                 880 
                 870 
                 870 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                   
                 2.3 
                 6.2 
                 6.8 
                 7.5 
                 5.7 
                 6 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                   
                 1.00 
                 0.71 
                 0.71 
                 0.78 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 &lt;0.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 868 
                 870 
                 2876 
                 2883 
                 2886 
                 2887 
                 2891 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 6 
                 6 
                 3 
                 4.5 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2 
                 22.9 
                 20.9 
                 12.8 
                 11.3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 44.7 
                 46.7 
                 41.7 
                 43.7 
                 41.7 
                 41.7 
                 41.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
                 24 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 21.2 
                 26.1 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                   
                   
                 11.2 
                 11.2 
                 21.2 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                   
                   
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 70.7 
                 72.7 
                 67.7 
                 67.7 
                 67.7 
                 67.7 
                 67.7 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                 2.5 
                 9.1 
                 4.9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 27.3 
                 20.5 
                 24.4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                 6.2 
                 6.5 
                 9.9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                 41.5 
                 41.7 
                 38.9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 2.1 
                 3.4 
                 2.9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 9.4 
                 8.4 
                 8.6 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                 10.6 
                 10 
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                 46.6 
                 46.1 
                 49.2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                 53.4 
                 53.9 
                 50.8 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 870 
                 880 
                   
                 840 
                 790 
                 760 
                 700 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 5.7 
                 6.2 
                   
                 8.9 
                 6.7 
                   
                 10.2 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.77 
                 0.74 
                   
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.74 
                 0.70 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                   
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 1768 
                   
                 1849 
                 1893 
                 1087 
                 842 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                   
                 40 
                   
                 29 
                 27 
                 145 
                 123 
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 mf, hf 
                 poor 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                   
                 20400 
                   
                 20400 
                 26400 
                 4100 
                 3100 
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                   
                 15500 
                   
                 15100 
                 17400 
                 3000 
                 2600 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 2901 
                 2926 
                 2957 
                 2960 
                 2961 
                 4087 
                 4088 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 10 
                 6.8 
                 6.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2 
                   
                 10.4 
                   
                 9 
                 8 
                 13.1 
                 10.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 41.7 
                 40.2 
                 27.4 
                 25.9 
                 26.4 
                 35.4 
                 37.15 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 26 
                 25 
                 40.3 
                 38.3 
                 38.8 
                 32 
                 30.15 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.7 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                   
                   
                 21.9 
                 19.6 
                 19.6 
                 13 
                 15.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                 21.2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                   
                 13.3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 67.7 
                 65.2 
                 67.7 
                 64.2 
                 65.2 
                 67.4 
                 67.3 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                   
                 0.8 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                   
                 29 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                   
                 9.8 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                   
                 37.5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                   
                 2.7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                   
                 8.4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                   
                 0.4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                   
                 11.4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 51 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 49 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 700 
                 840 
                   
                 760 
                 770 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 9.2 
                 7.9 
                   
                 17 
                 17.2 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.85 
                 0.78 
                   
                 0.81 
                 0.82 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1519 
                 1802 
                   
                 1978 
                 1934 
                   
                   
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 28 
                 25 
                   
                 46 
                 46 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                   
                 shf 
                 shf 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 7000 
                 14000 
                   
                 18100 
                 16300 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                 6400 
                 12600 
                   
                 14500 
                 13000 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 4091 
                 4092 
                 4093 
                 4094 
                 4095 
                 4096 
                 4097 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2 
                 10.5 
                 10.5 
                 10.5 
                 10.5 
                 10.5 
                 10.5 
                 10.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 35.55 
                 37.55 
                 37.55 
                 34.1 
                 32.7 
                 32.1 
                 35.55 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 32.15 
                 30.15 
                 30.15 
                 34.0 
                 34 
                 34 
                 30.15 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                   
                 1.4 
                 2 
                 2.3 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                 15.7 
                 15.7 
                 15.7 
                 15.6 
                 15.6 
                 15.6 
                 15.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 67.7 
                 67.7 
                 67.7 
                 68.1 
                 66.7 
                 66.1 
                 65.7 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 11.5 
                 10.4 
                   
                 10.7 
                 9.7 
                 8.2 
                   
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.81 
                 0.80 
                   
                 0.82 
                 0.80 
                 0.82 
                   
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                   
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1902 
                 1911 
                   
                 1899 
                 1856 
                 1870 
                   
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 30 
                 6 
                   
                 41 
                 23 
                 32 
                   
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                   
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 15900 
                 17600 
                   
                 18800 
                 15700 
                 16800 
                   
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                 14800 
                 15900 
                   
                 15800 
                 14800 
                 15200 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 4127 
                 4146 
                 4171P 
                 4175 
                 4176 
                 4177 
                 4179 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 5.8 
                 7.8 
                 5.8 
                 6 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2 
                 10.5 
                 12.7 
                 17.5 
                 14.4 
                 12.2 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 35.1 
                 34.1 
                 37.6 
                 49.4 
                 36.3 
                 41.7 
                 36.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 31 
                 32 
                 29 
                 23.8 
                 30 
                 26 
                 31 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 0.5 
                 0.4 
                 0 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                 15.6 
                 11.4 
                 9.6 
                   
                 7.7 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                   
                   
                   
                 6 
                 6 
                 26.1 
                 21.2 
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 2 
                   
                 4.9 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 66.1 
                 66.1 
                 66.6 
                 73.2 
                 66.3 
                 67.7 
                 67.7 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                   
                 6.6 
                 0 
                 13.7 
                 0 
                 6.2 
                 8.3 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                   
                 26.6 
                 32.2 
                 15.6 
                 32.2 
                 26 
                 23.1 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                   
                 4.7 
                 5.2 
                 6.8 
                 6.4 
                 5.8 
                 8.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                   
                 29.3 
                 34.1 
                 43.3 
                 33 
                 39.6 
                 34.1 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                   
                 10.7 
                 6.5 
                 2.5 
                 7.2 
                 2.1 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                   
                 5.1 
                 7.1 
                 8.1 
                 7.1 
                 9.4 
                 7.6 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                   
                 2 
                 0.5 
                 0.4 
                 0 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                   
                 15 
                 14.4 
                 9.6 
                 14.1 
                 10.5 
                 11.2 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 52.9 
                 51.8 
                 45.7 
                 52.7 
                 48.5 
                 51 
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                 47.1 
                 48.2 
                 54.3 
                 47.3 
                 51.5 
                 49 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 860 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 10.2 
                 8.8 
                 9.5 
                 6.1 
                   
                 5.7 
                 11.1 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
                 0.89 
                 0.76 
                   
                 0.84 
                 0.82 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 0.8 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1559 
                 1685 
                 1762 
                 1711 
                   
                 1594 
                 1691 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 25 
                 37 
                 31 
                 24 
                   
                 13 
                 22 
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 9900 
                 13700 
                 14000 
                 16200 
                   
                 12900 
                 15500 
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                 8100 
                 12100 
                 13100 
                 14900 
                   
                 12400 
                 14600 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 4180 
                 4181 
                 4182 
                 4183 
                 4184 
                 4185 
                 4186 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6.2 
                 6.2 
                 6.2 
                 7 
                 6 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2 
                   
                 16.4 
                 18 
                 16 
                 19.6 
                 16.4 
                 17.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 43.7 
                 49.4 
                 48.1 
                 48.1 
                 46.7 
                 49.4 
                 49.4 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 27.8 
                 23.8 
                 23.1 
                 23.1 
                 22.5 
                 22.8 
                 23.8 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2  
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                 22.1 
                 4 
                 4.2 
                 6.2 
                 4.6 
                 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate  
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 71.5 
                 73.2 
                 71.2 
                 71.2 
                 69.2 
                 72.2 
                 73.2 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                 17.9 
                 12.7 
                 5.5 
                 6.7 
                 0 
                 9.3 
                 12.1 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 14 
                 16.5 
                 23.8 
                 22.8 
                 29 
                 19.9 
                 17.1 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                 6.1 
                 6.8 
                 6.7 
                 6.7 
                 6.5 
                 6.8 
                 6.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                 39.4 
                 43.3 
                 43.3 
                 43.1 
                 43.1 
                 43.3 
                 43.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 4.6 
                 2.5 
                 1.1 
                 1.3 
                 0 
                 1.9 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 8.1 
                 8.1 
                 8.9 
                 8.7 
                 9.6 
                 8.1 
                 8.1 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                 9.5 
                 9.7 
                 10.3 
                 10.3 
                 11 
                 10.3 
                 9.7 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.4 
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                 47.5 
                 45.7 
                 46.3 
                 46.5 
                 46.5 
                 46.3 
                 45.7 
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                 52.5 
                 54.3 
                 53.7 
                 53.5 
                 53.5 
                 53.7 
                 54.3 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 760 
                 860 
                   
                   
                 860 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 5.6 
                 5.7 
                 5.7 
                 5.5 
                 5.8 
                 6.2 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.82 
                 0.80 
                 0.78 
                 0.74 
                 0.78 
                 0.77 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1630 
                 1795 
                 1813 
                 1801 
                 1729 
                 1694 
                 1690 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 13 
                 39 
                 22 
                 120 
                 38 
                 36 
                 34 
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 15100 
                 20000 
                 21800 
                 33500 
                 19100 
                 15900 
                 13700 
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                 14400 
                 16500 
                 19000 
                 24300 
                 16600 
                 13900 
                 13000 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 4187 
                 4186 
                 4187 
                 4188 
                 4189 
                 4191 
                 4193 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 4 
                 6 
                 4 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2 
                 22.8 
                 17.4 
                 22.8 
                 20.8 
                 15.8 
                 22.8 
                 15.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 52 
                 49.4 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 50.6 
                 50.6 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 20.8 
                 23.8 
                 20.8 
                 20.8 
                 20.8 
                 20.2 
                 20.2 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2  
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                   
                 3 
                   
                   
                 5 
                   
                 7 
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate  
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 72.8 
                 73.2 
                 72.8 
                 72.8 
                 72.8 
                 70.8 
                 70.8 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                 5.2 
                 12.1 
                 5.2 
                 7.4 
                 10.2 
                 0 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 22.5 
                 17.1 
                 22.5 
                 20.6 
                 18.3 
                 28.2 
                 24.4 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                 7.2 
                 6.8 
                 7.2 
                 7.2 
                 7.2 
                 7 
                 7 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                 45.9 
                 43.3 
                 45.9 
                 45.6 
                 45.2 
                 44.7 
                 44.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                   
                 2.5 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.8 
                 0 
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                 0.5 
                   
                 0.5 
                   
                   
                 0.5 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 8.7 
                 8.1 
                 8.7 
                 8.4 
                 8.1 
                 8.6 
                 8.6 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                 9.6 
                 9.7 
                 9.6 
                 10 
                 9.8 
                 10.6 
                 10 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                 44.5 
                 45.7 
                 44.5 
                 45.2 
                 45.5 
                 45.8 
                 46 
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                 55.5 
                 54.3 
                 55.5 
                 54.8 
                 54.5 
                 54.2 
                 54 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 870 
                   
                 870 
                 870 
                 830 
                 850 
                 825 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.4 
                 6.5 
                 6.4 
                 6.7 
                 6.6 
                 6.6 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.71 
                 0.78 
                 0.71 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.75 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.85 
                 0.9 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.7 
                 0.75 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1562 
                 1690 
                 1562 
                 1543 
                 1643 
                 1626 
                 1647 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 50 
                 34 
                 50 
                 20 
                 18 
                 37 
                 31 
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 12700 
                 13700 
                 12700 
                 8600 
                 14700 
                 14000 
                 12400 
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                 11800 
                 13000 
                 11800 
                 8300 
                 13400 
                 12100 
                 11300 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 4195 
                 4198 
                 4199 
                 4200 
                 4203 
                 4205 
                 4206 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 8 
                 8 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2 
                 13.8 
                 22.8 
                 11.8 
                 11.8 
                 10.8 
                 17.8 
                 19.9 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 50.6 
                 46.6 
                 46.6 
                 45.3 
                 46.6 
                 54.1 
                 49.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 20.2 
                 24.2 
                 24.2 
                 23.5 
                 24.2 
                 21.7 
                 24 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2  
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                 9 
                   
                 11 
                 11 
                 10 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate  
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 70.8 
                 70.8 
                 70.8 
                 68.8 
                 70.8 
                 75.8 
                 73.7 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                 5.5 
                 8 
                 1.9 
                 3 
                 9.3 
                 18.7 
                 12.1 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 23.3 
                 21.9 
                 27.4 
                 27.5 
                 20.8 
                 9.4 
                 16.6 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                 7 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
                 6.3 
                 6.5 
                 7.5 
                 6.9 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                 44.7 
                 42.4 
                 42.8 
                 41.3 
                 41.5 
                 45.2 
                 43.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                   
                 1.7 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 2.7 
                 2.7 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                 0.2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 8.6 
                 8.9 
                 9.1 
                 8.9 
                 8.1 
                 7.1 
                 8.1 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                 10.3 
                 10.2 
                 10.6 
                 11.3 
                 10.7 
                 9 
                 9.7 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                 46.1 
                 46.6 
                 46.4 
                 48.1 
                 47.3 
                 44.6 
                 45.3 
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                 53.9 
                 53.4 
                 53.6 
                 51.9 
                 52.7 
                 55.4 
                 54.7 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 820 
                 850 
                 780 
                 740 
                 760 
                 900 
                 910 
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 6.3 
                 6.4 
                 6.3 
                 6.5 
                 6.8 
                 7.7 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.78 
                 0.75 
                 0.72 
                 0.73 
                 0.77 
                 0.80 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.85 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.8 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1626 
                 1708 
                 1665 
                 1680 
                 1712 
                 1179 
                 1639 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 16 
                 22 
                 60 
                 87 
                 80 
                 111 
                 39 
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 14100 
                 16200 
                 22700 
                 22300 
                 23500 
                 5700 
                 15700 
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                 12000 
                 15000 
                 16900 
                 15100 
                 15400 
                 n\a 
                 12100 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 4207 
                 4207A 
                 4207P 
                 4209 
                 4212 
                 4213 
                 4214 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 8 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2 
                 20.9 
                 20.9 
                 20.9 
                 21.9 
                 19.9 
                 21.9 
                 23.9 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 46.7 
                 46.7 
                 46.7 
                 43.7 
                 45.7 
                 41.7 
                 41.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
                 28 
                 26 
                 30 
                 28 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 72.7 
                 72.7 
                 72.7 
                 71.7 
                 71.7 
                 71.7 
                 69.7 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                 9.1 
                 9.1 
                   
                 6.9 
                 7.4 
                 7.4 
                 0 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 20.5 
                 20.5 
                   
                 23.2 
                 22.6 
                 23.3 
                 30.5 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                 6.5 
                 6.5 
                   
                 6.1 
                 6.3 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                 41.7 
                 41.7 
                   
                 40.3 
                 40.6 
                 39 
                 39.9 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 3.4 
                 3.4 
                   
                 3.8 
                 3.8 
                 4.8 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 8.4 
                 8.4 
                   
                 8.9 
                 8.1 
                 8.9 
                 9.7 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                 10 
                 10 
                   
                 10.4 
                 10.8 
                 10.4 
                 11 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                 46.1 
                 46.1 
                   
                 46.6 
                 47.1 
                 46.9 
                 47.3 
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                 53.9 
                 53.9 
                   
                 53.4 
                 52.9 
                 53.1 
                 52.7 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                 890 
                   
                   
                 905 
                 890 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 5.8 
                 6.4 
                 6.2 
                 6.1 
                 7.2 
                 6.1 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.86 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.80 
                 0.86 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 0.7 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1846 
                 1824 
                 1814 
                 1818 
                 1749 
                 1890 
                 1890 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 6 
                 14 
                 21 
                 13 
                 35 
                 22 
                 11 
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 17700 
                 15200 
                 16800 
                 18400 
                 14400 
                 20000 
                 21300 
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                 17100 
                 14800 
                 15900 
                 17600 
                 12900 
                 19300 
                 20800 
               
               
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 4215 
                 4216 
                 4220 
                 4221 
                 4223 
                 4224 
                 4225 
               
               
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2  
                 23.9 
                 21.9 
                 18.9 
                 21.9 
                 9.3 
                 12.3 
                 15.3 
               
               
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 39.7 
                 41.7 
                 46.7 
                 41.7 
                 41.7 
                 41.7 
                 41.7 
               
               
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 30 
                 28 
                 26 
                 28 
                 26 
                 26 
                 26 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2  
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                   
                   
                 2 
                 2 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate  
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 11.9 
                 8.9 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                   
                 2 
                   
                   
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 69.7 
                 69.7 
                 72.7 
                 69.7 
                 67.7 
                 67.7 
                 67.7 
               
               
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                 0 
                 0.8 
                 11.5 
                 1.6 
                 8.5 
                 5.5 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 31.1 
                 28.9 
                 18.3 
                 29.1 
                 21.4 
                 24 
                 27.3 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                 5.5 
                 7.1 
                 6.5 
                 5.8 
                 9.9 
                 9.7 
                 9.5 
               
               
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                 38.5 
                 38.9 
                 40.8 
                 38.9 
                 37.3 
                 37.5 
                 38 
               
               
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 3.8 
                 3.8 
                 4.4 
                 3.8 
                 4.6 
                 4.4 
                 3.8 
               
               
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 9.7 
                 8.9 
                 7.6 
                 8.9 
                 7.4 
                 7.6 
                 8.1 
               
               
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                 11 
                 11.2 
                 10.5 
                 11.5 
                 10.5 
                 10.9 
                 11.3 
               
               
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                 47.6 
                 48 
                 46.8 
                 48 
                 50.3 
                 50.1 
                 49.7 
               
               
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                 52.4 
                 52 
                 53.2 
                 52 
                 49.7 
                 49.9 
                 50.3 
               
               
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                   
                   
                 885 
                 875 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 5.9 
                 7.9 
                 7 
                 6.3 
                 8.2 
                 8.1 
                 10.1 
               
               
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.78 
                 0.75 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.83 
                 0.78 
                 0.83 
               
               
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.7 
                 0.85 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1886 
                 1812 
                 1786 
                 1895 
                 1922 
                 1845 
                 1844 
               
               
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 27 
                 25 
                 40 
                 16 
                 15 
                 26 
                 33 
               
               
                 Ignition 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
               
               
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 29200 
                 19200 
                 18600 
                 25500 
                 18800 
                 19700 
                 16900 
               
               
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                 24600 
                 18400 
                 15600 
                 23800 
                 18300 
                 16900 
                 15400 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Chemical 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
                 Ref 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % 
                 Formula 
                 4226 
                 4227 
                 7-63 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Charcoal 
                 C 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sulfur 
                 S 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Dextrin 
                 C6H10O5 
                 6 
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sodium Benzoate 
                 NaC7H5O2 
                 18.9 
                 13.9 
                 20.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Potassium Nitrate 
                 KNO3 
                 41.7 
                 41.7 
                 46.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Potassium Perchlorate 
                 KClO4 
                 28 
                 28 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Lactose 
                 C12H22O11 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sodium Salicylate 
                 NaC7H5O3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate 
                 C7H4NO4Na 
                 5 
                 10 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Dicyandiamide 
                 C2H4N4 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Oxidizer % 
                   
                 69.7 
                 69.7 
                 72.7 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 COMBUST PRODUCTS, wt. % 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Ammonium Carbonate 
                 (NH4)2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Carbon Dioxide 
                 CO2 
                 5.8 
                 12.4 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Carbon Monoxide 
                 CO 
                 25.5 
                 19.7 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Hydrogen Sulfide 
                 H2S 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Methane 
                 CH4 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Nitrogen 
                 N2 
                 6.1 
                 6.5 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Potassium Carbonate 
                 K2CO3 
                 39.2 
                 38.7 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Potassium Thiocyanate 
                 KCNS 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Potassium Sulfate 
                 K2SO4 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Potassium Thiosulfate 
                 K2S2O3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Potassium Sulfide 
                 K2S, K2S2 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Potassium Chloride 
                 KCl 
                 3.4 
                 4 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sodium Carbonate 
                 Na2CO3 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 NaCl 
                 9.2 
                 8.7 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tricalcium Phosphate 
                 Ca3(PO4)2 
                 0.4 
                 0.4 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Water 
                 H2O 
                 10.4 
                 9.6 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Ash or Unburned Carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 TOTAL 
                   
                 100 
                 100 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 GASES, wt. % 
                   
                 47.8 
                 48.2 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SOLIDS, wt. % 
                   
                 52.2 
                 51.8 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Autoignition Temp, ° F. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Burn rate, secs/in. 
                   
                 5.5 
                 5.2 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Bulk Density 
                   
                 0.80 
                 0.77 
                 0.86 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Moisture, wt. % 
                   
                 0.75 
                 0.8 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Ballistics for 100 gr. Sabot 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Av velocity, fps 
                   
                 1918 
                 1964 
                 1831 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SD velocity, fps 
                   
                 16 
                 41 
                 29 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Ignition 
                   
                 ok 
                 ok 
                 ok 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Pressure, psi max. 
                   
                 28200 
                 37000 
                 18800 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Pressure, avg 
                   
                 23000 
                 31500 
                 16600 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     From the foregoing it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects hereinabove set forth, together with the other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention. 
     It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. 
     Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is understood that all matter herein set forth is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.