Patent Publication Number: US-2015067918-A1

Title: Citrus plants resistant to citrus huanglongbing (ex greening) caused by candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (las) and bacterial canker caused by (xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) (xac)

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application relates to and claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/871,089, entitled CITRUS PLANTS RESISTANT TO CITRUS HUANGLONGBING (EX GREENING) CAUSED BY  CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER ASIATICUS  (LAS) AND BACTERIAL CANKER CAUSED BY ( XANTHOMONAS AXONOPODIS  PV.  CITRI ) (XAC), filed on Aug. 28, 2013. The disclosure of the above-identified co-pending provisional application is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Citrus greening, also called Huanglongbing or yellow dragon disease, is one of the more serious diseases of citrus. This bacterial disease is thought to have originated in China in the early 1900s. The disease is primarily spread by two species of psyllid insects. One species, the Asian citrus pysllid,  Diaphorina citri , has been present in Florida since 1998. The bacteria itself is not harmful to humans but the disease has harmed trees in Asia, Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Brazil. There are three strains of the bacteria, an Asian, an African version, and a recently described American strain discovered in Brazil. 
     The Asian strain,  Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus  was found in Florida in early September, 2005. To respond to the problem, USDA, APHIS, PPQ and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services deployed a Unified Command under the Incident Command Structure, and delimiting survey crews are working in southern Florida to define the extent of the problem. 
     Citrus greening disease is a threat to the U.S. citrus industry. Other than tree removal, there is no effective control once a tree is infected and there is no known cure for the disease. Infected trees may produce misshapen, unmarketable, bitter fruit. Citrus greening reduces the quantity and quality of citrus fruits, eventually rendering infected trees useless. In areas of world affected by citrus greening the average productive lifespan of citrus trees has dropped from 50 or more years to 15 or less. The trees in the orchards usually die 3-5 years after becoming infected and require removal and replanting. An infected tree produces fruit that is unsuitable for sale as fresh fruit or for juice. 
     Citrus plants infected by the citrus greening bacteria may not show symptoms for years following infection. Initial symptoms frequently include the appearance of yellow shoots on a tree. As the bacteria move within the tree, the entire canopy progressively develops a yellow color. The most characteristic symptoms of citrus greening are a blotchy leaf mottle and vein yellowing that develop on leaves attached to shoots showing the overall yellow appearance. These foliar symptoms may superficially resemble a zinc deficiency although the green and yellow contrast is not as vivid with greening as it is with zinc deficiency or another disease, citrus variegated chlorosis. Leaves with citrus greening have a mottled appearance that differs from nutrition-related mottling in that greening-induced mottling usually crosses leaf veins. Nutrition related mottles usually are found between or along leaf veins and leaves may be small and upright. 
     Fruit from diseased trees are small, often misshapen, and typically some green color remains on ripened fruit. On Mandarin orange, fruit may develop an uneven ripening such that they appear half orange and half yellow. This symptom is the origin of the common name “greening.” Yields are almost non-existent, and remaining fruit is rendered worthless due to small size, poor color, and bad taste. 
     The only definitive method of diagnosis of trees suspected of infection by citrus greening pathogens is by analysis of DNA in an authorized plant diagnostic laboratory. 
     Citrus greening has been reported from the following countries in Africa, Asia and South America: Bangladesh, Belize, Bhutan, Brazil, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, China, Comoros, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Laos, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Reunion, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen, and Zimbabwe. 
     There is currently no known preventment or treatment of infected trees. Growers have tried various nutritional programs and foliar sprays but to no avail. At present, there are no Citrus cultivars resistant to bacterial canker ( Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  citri ) (Xac), and/or citrus Huanglongbing (ex greening) caused by  Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus  (Las). Indeed, no genetic resistance to these microbial pathogens has ever been found within the  Citrus  genus. Conventional cross-breeding efforts to produce resistant cultivars have been hindered by the complex reproductive biology and long life cycle of  Citrus  spp. 
     The present invention meets this need as it provides a suitable viral vector that can provide long term expression of a spinach defensin gene(s) in citrus trees which when expressed provides the citrus plant resistance to bacterial canker ( Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  citri ) (Xac), and/or citrus Huanglongbing (ex greening) caused by  Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus  (Las). 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention is based on the use of a citrus tristeza virus (“CTV”) vector to express codon enhanced spinach defensin genes as well as native spinach defensin genes in a citrus plant that can produce enough gene product to be useful in imparting resistance to bacterial canker ( Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  citri ) (Xac), and/or citrus Huanglongbing (ex greening) caused by  Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus  (Las). Vector constructs of the present invention can continue to replicate and spread effectively in the plant; and remain stable in the plant long enough to be useful. In one embodiment, gene cassettes are introduced into the CTV genome as replacement of the p13 gene. In other embodiments, a spinach defensin gene(s) is inserted at different locations (e.g., p13-p20, p20-p23 and p23-3′NTR (non-translated region)). In another embodiment, a fusion to p23 and protease processing can be used. In alternative embodiments, a spinach defensin gene(s) is inserted behind IRES sequences to create bi-cistronic messages. 
     The genetic constructs of the invention preferably spread systemically in plants, and produce the spinach defensin peptide(s). Examples of the expression vectors include the “add a gene” constructs having an insertion of the spinach defensin gene between the p13 and p20 genes or between the p23 gene and the 3′NTR. Similarly, the present invention provides CTV vectors with the spinach defensin gene(s) replacing the p13 gene, or after the p13 gene, or after the p23 gene or between the minor coat protein (CPm) and the coat protein (CP). 
     The novel CTV constructs disclosed herein have genomes with unique elasticity capable of accommodating and expressing more than one foreign gene/s by and preferably more than one spinach defensin gene. 
     Engineering an effective vector requires a balance between different factors. The vector needs to be designed such that replication and systemic movement in the plant are reduced minimally while the level of expression of the foreign protein is maximal (Shivprasad et al., 1999). The final factor is the stability of the vector. In general, the vector&#39;s usefulness is directly correlated with its stability. Stability is a product of reduced recombination and increased competitiveness of the vector with the resulting recombinants that have lost part or all of the inserted sequences. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       CTV Vector Figures: 
         FIG. 1 . GFP replacement of p13 to produce CTV based expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33(Boxes represent open reading frames with blue outline of boxes represent the replication gene block whereas the red outline represent the closterovirus conserved gene block (Karasev, 2000). The black circle and black boxes outline represent silencing suppressors (Lu et al., 2004). Gold box outline represent genes dispensible for the infection of some citrus genotypes (Tatineni et al., 2008). Filled black rectangle represents the deletion of the p33 controller elements and ORF (nts 10858-11660 Genebank Accession #AY170468) (Satyanarayana et al., 1999; 2000; 2003)). Arrows indicate the processing of the leader proteases of CTV, LP1 and LP2 are two tandem leader protease, MT (methyl transferase), Hel (Helicase), RdRp (RNA dependent RNA polymerase, Δp33(deletion of the 33kda protein sequence), p6 (6kda protein), Hsp7Oh (heat shock protein 70 homologue), p61 (61kda protein), CPm (minor coat protein), CP (major coat protein, inter cellular silencing suppressor), p18 (18 kda protein), p13 (13 kda protein), p20 (20 kda protein, inter/intra cellular silencing suppressor), p23 (23 kda protein, intracellular silencing suppressor) and modification to produce expression vectors CTV33-Δ13-BY-GFP-57 (C57), CTV33-Δ13-G-GFP-65 (C65), CTV33-Δ13-B-GFP-66 (C66) with the CP-CE of BYSV, GLRaV-2 and BYV driving GFP, respectively. (B) Northern blot analysis of wild type CTV (WT) and CTV based expression vector transfected to  N. benthamiana  protoplast (T) and passaged to a new set of protoplasts (P). (C) Representative sample of fluorescence in  N. benthamiana  infected with either of the three constructs CTV33-Δ13-BY-GFP-57, CTV33-Δ13-G-GFP-65, CTV33-Δ13-B-GFP-66 magnified under a fluorescent stereoscope. (D) Representative sample of fluorescence in the phloem of citrus bark pieces infected with constructs CTV33-Δ13-G-GFP-65 and CTV33-Δ13-B-GFP-66 with high (left) and low (right) magnification under a fluorescent stereoscope. 
         FIG. 2  GUS replacement of p13 to produce CTV based expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and its modification creating expression vector CTV33-Δ13-BY-GUS-61 in which the p13 and its controller element is replaced by GUS under the control of CP-CE of BYSV. (B) Northern blot hybridization analysis of wild type CTV (WT) and CTV based expression vector CTV33-Δ13-BY-GUS-61 (C61) transfected to  N. benthamiana  protoplast (T) and passaged to a new set of protoplasts (P). (C) Representative sample of GUS activity in the bark pieces of citrus trees infected with construct CTV33-Δ13-BY-GUS-61(right) and the GUS solution before fixing of the bark pieces (left) (A=Healthy control, B=infect). 
         FIG. 3  GFP insertion between p13 and p20 to produce CTV based expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and modification by inserting between p13 and p20 of GFP ORF under the control of BYSV creating expression vector CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69 (B) Northern blot hybridization analysis of transfected protoplast with the wild type virus (WT) and expression vector CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69 (C69) from transcripts (T) and their passages (P). Representative sample of fluorescence in  N. benthamiana  (C) and peeled bark phloem pieces of  C. macrophylla  (D) infected with CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69 magnified under a fluorescent stereoscope. 
         FIG. 4  GFP insertion between p20 and p23 to produce CTV based expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and its modification producing expression vector CTV33-20-B-GFP-49 and CTV33-20-BY-GFP-58, respectively. (B) Northern blot hybridization analysis of transfected protoplast with the wild type virus (WT) and expression vectors CTV33-20-B-GFP-49 (C49) and CTV33-20-BY-GFP-58 (C58) from transcripts (T) and their passages (P). (C) Flourescence under UV light of protoplast (right) and the leaf (left) showing lack of efficient movement of the vector. (D) Western blot analysis of the same gene inserted at different locations in the CTV genome. BCN5 (Folimonov et al., 2007) original CTV vector (contains GFP under BYV promoter between CPm and CP), constructs CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37 (C37, insertion of BYSV driving GFP behind p23), CTV33-20-BY-GFP-58 (C58, insertion of BYSV driving GFP between p20 and p23), CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69 (C69, insertion of BYSV driving GFP between p13 and p20), CTV33-Δ13-BY-GFP-57(C57, replacement of p13 gene with BYSV CP-CE driving GFP) and CTV33-27-BY-GFP-63 (C63, Insertion of BYSV CP-CE driving GFP ORF between CPm and CP). 
         FIG. 5  GFP insertion between p23 and 3′NTR to produce CTV based expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and its modification by insertion of GFP behind p23 under control of CP-CE of BYSV, GLRaV-2 and BYV creating expression CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37 (C37), CTV33-23-G-GFP-40 (C40) and CTV33-23-B-GFP-42 (C42), respectively. (B) Northern blot hybridization analysis of transfected protoplast with the wild type virus (WT) and expression vectors CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37, CTV33-23-G-GFP-40 and CTV33-23-B-GFP-42 from transcripts (T) and their passages (P). (C) Representative sample of fluorescence in  N. benthamiana  infected with either of the three constructs CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37, CTV33-23-G-GFP-40 and CTV33-23-B-GFP-42 magnified under a fluorescent stereoscope. (D) Representative sample of fluorescence in the phloem tissue of  Citrus macropylla  infected with constructs CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37 and CTV33-23-G-GFP-40. 
         FIG. 6  GUS insertion between p23 and 3′NTR insertion between p23 and 3′NTR to produce CTV based expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and modification by insertion of GUS ORF under control of BYSV CP-CE between p23 and 3′NTR creating expression vector CTV33-23-BY-GUS-60 (C60). (B) Northern blot hybridization analysis of transfected protoplast with the wild type virus (WT) and expression vectors CTV33-23-BY-GUS-60 from transcripts (T). (C) Enzymatic activity of the GUS protein in  N. benthamiana  tissue and citrus phloem bark pieces (Blue color indicate infected plant and colorless tissue and solution indicate healthy control and GUS solution subject to the same treatment. 
         FIG. 7  GFP inserted behind IRES sequences to create CTV based expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and CTVΔCla 333R and their modification behind p23 creating expression vectors CTV33-23-ITEV-GFP-41;CTV33-23-I3XARC-GFP-43 represent the TEV 5′NTR IRES and 3xARC-1 IRES, respectively and CTVp333R-23-ITEV-GFP; CTVp333R-23-I3XARC-GFP representing the TEV 5′NTR IRES and 3xARC-1 IRES, respectively. (B) 1-Northern blot hybridization analysis from tranfected  N. benthamiana  protoplast with wild type virus (WT), CTV33-23-ITEV-GFP-41 (C41) and CTV33-23-I3XARC-GFP-43 (C43); T=RNA isolated from transcript transfected protoplast and P=RNA isolated from virion transfected protoplast isolated from RNA transfected protoplast. 2-Northern blot hybridization analysis from protoplast transfected with CTVp333R-23-ITEV-GFP (Lane A); CTVp333R-23-I3XARC-GFP (lane B), CTVp333R (lane C) and CTVp333R-23-B-GFP (BYV CP-CE driving the expression of GFP behind p23) (Lane D). 
         FIG. 8  GFP and a protease fused to p23 to create CTV based expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and the modifications by fusing two TEV proteases (NIa and HC-Pro) and their recognition sequences to create expression vectors CTV33-23-HC-GFP-72, CTV33-23-NIa-GFP-73, CTV33-23-HCØ-GFP-74 and CTV33-23-NIaØ-GFP-75. 
         FIG. 9  Comparison of Florescence in  N. benthamiana . (A) Comparison of fluorescence in infiltrated leaves of representative samples of constructs CTV33-23-HC-GFP-72, CTV33-23-NIa-GFP-73, CTV33-23-HCØ-GFP-74 and CTV33-23-NIaØ-GFP-75 (GFP fused) and CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37, CTV33-23-G-GFP-40 and CTV33-23-B-GFP-42 (free GFP) under hand held UV light (Right) and the same leaves under white light (left). (B) Comparison on whole plant level between representative samples of constructs CTV33-23-HC-GFP-72 and CTV33-23-NIa-GFP-73 (fused GFP) and CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37, CTV33-23-G-GFP-40 and CTV33-23-B-GFP-42 (GFP under its own controller element behind p23 (Free GFP)) under hand held UV light (Right) and same plants under white light (Left). (C) Comparison between the abaxial (Lower) and adaxial (upper) leaf surfaces of the same representative leaf sample of constructs CTV33-23-HC-GFP-72 and CTV33-23-NIa-GFP-73 under hand held UV light (Right) and white light (Left). 
         FIG. 10  Western blot analysis of different expression vectors infiltrated into  N. benthamiana  leaves using GFP antibody. A=CTV9RΔp33GFP (GFP inserted under the BYV CP-CE controller element between CPm and CP (produces free GFP) (Tatineni et al., 2008)), B=CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-51, C=CTV33-23-G-GFP-NIa-GUS-54, D=Empty well; E=CTV33-Δ13-BY-GFP-NIa-GUS-78, F=CTV33-23-HC-GFP-72, G=CTV33-23-NIa-GFP-73. 
         FIG. 11  Hybrid gene (GFP/Protease/GUS fusion) replacement of p13 to create expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9R Δp33 and its modification to create expression vectors CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-HC-GUS-77 and CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-NIa-GUS-78 with the two fusion genes under the control of BYSV CP-CE with TEV HC-Pro and NIa spanned by their proteolysis recognition sequence separating GFP and GUS, respectively. (B) Activity of the reporter genes in  N. benthamiana  and  Citrus macrophylla.  (a.) Representative sample of  N. benthamiana  plant infected with either CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-HC-GUS-77 or CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-NIa-GUS-78  N. benthamiana  under white light and (b.) the same plant under UV light (c.) Two pictures of peeled phloem bark pieces of  C. macrophylla  infected with construct CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-NIa-GUS-78 under a fluorescent stereoscope (d.) Representative sample of GUS activity in systemic  N. benthamiana  leaves, control leaf (Left) and infected leaf (right) (e.) Peeled bark phloem pieces and GUS solution of healthy  C. macrophylla  plant (f.) Peeled bark phloem pieces of  C. macrophylla  plant infected with construct CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-NIa-GUS-78. 
         FIG. 12  Stability of Constructs in  N. benthamiana . (A) Upper leaf from Agro-inoculated  N. benthamiana  plants carrying the binary vector CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-HC-GUS-77 (GFP/HC-Pro/GUS) pictured under fluorescent microscope. (B) The same leaf was tested for GUS activity indicating almost perfect overlap between the two reporter genes. 
         FIG. 13  Hybrid gene (GFP/Protease/GUS fusion) between p23 and 3′NTR to create expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9R Δp33 and its modification to produce expression vectors CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-51 and CTV33-23-BY-GFP-NIa-GUS-52 has the BYSV CP-CE driving the hybrid genes that contain HC-Pro and NIa proteases respectively; CTV33-23-G-GFP-HC-GUS-53 (C53) and CTV33-23-G-GFP-NIa-GUS-54 (C54) are GLRaV-2 driven fusion genes that contain the HC-Pro and NIa proteases, respectively; CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-55 (C55) and CTV33-23-BY-GFP-NIa-GUS-56 (C56) are BYV driven fusion genes that contain HC-Pro and NIa proteases, respectively. (B) Northern blot hybridization analysis of transfected protoplast with wild type virus (WT), C53, C54, C55 and C56 constructs. 
         FIG. 14  Activity of reporter genes generated by insertion of the Hybrid gene (GFP/Protease/GUS fusion) behind p23. (A) Activity of the reporter genes in  N. benthamiana  plants (a.) Representative sample of  N. benthamiana  plant infected with CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-51, CTV33-23-G-GFP-HC-GUS-53, CTV33-23-BY-GFP-NIa-GUS-52 or CTV33-23-G-GFP-NIa-GUS-54 under white light and (b.) the same plant under hand held UV light (c.) Representative sample of GUS activity in infected systemic  N. benthamiana  leaves and control leaves (tubes 1 &amp; 2 represent the solution before fixing and tissues in fixing solution, respectively from healthy leaves whereas 3&amp; 4 represent the solution and tissues from infected leaves, respectively, G tube is the GUS assay buffer (B.) Activity of reporter genes in  C. macrophylla  (a.) Picture of peeled phloem bark pieces of  C. macrophylla  infected with construct CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-51 under a fluorescent stereoscope (b.) Peeled bark phloem pieces GUS activity in infected and healthy  C. macrophylla  plants (tubes 1 &amp; 2 represent the solution and tissues in fixing solution from healthy leaves whereas 3 &amp; 4 represent the solution and tissues from infected leaves, respectively. 
         FIG. 15  Bimolecular Fluorescence complementation (BiFC) prove of concept. (A) Schematic representation of CTVΔ Cla 333R (Gowda et al., 2001, Satyanarayana et al., 2003) replicon and its modification to create expression replicons: (a.) Insertion of both BiFC genes between p23 and 3′NTR giving rise to CTVp333R-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC and the controls with one gene behind p23, CTVp333R-23-BYbJunN(b.) or CTVp333R-23-GbFosC(c.). (B) Northern blot hybridization analysis of transfected protoplast with CTVp333R-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC (Lane a.), CTVp333R-23-BYbJunN (Lane c.) and CTVp333R-23-GbFosC (Lane b.). (C) Fluorescence of a transfected protoplast when pictured under a stereoscope (Upper) or a laser scanning confocal microscope (lower) indicating the fluorescence from the nucleus. 
         FIG. 16  BiFC gene replacement of p13 to produce CTV based expression vectors. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and modification to produce vector CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 and the control vectors CTV33-23-G-bFosC-98 and CTV33-23-BY-bJunN-97 (insertion behind p23 nts 19020-19021). (B) Representative sample of  N. benthamiana  fluorescence in systemically infected plants. 
         FIG. 17  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express two genes from two controller elements. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and its modification to produce expression vectors CTV33-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC-59 and CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-23-GbFosC-67. (B) Northern blot hybridization analysis of the RNA transfected protoplast with the wild type virus (WT,T), two clones of CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-23-GbFosC-67(C67,T1 and T2) and two clones of CTV33-23-BY-bJunN-Gb-FosC-59 (C59, T3 and T4) probed with 3′NTR+p23 (Satyanarayana et al., 1999). (C) Fluorescence of  N. benthamiana  plant parts under a flourescent stereo microscope (CTV33-23-BY-bJunN-Gb-FosC-59=a., b., c. and d; CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-23-GbFosC-67=e.) (a.) bud (b.) Corolla, (c.) systemic leaves, (d.) peeled bark phloem pieces and (e.) infiltrated leaf 
         FIG. 18  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express two genes from two controller elements. (A) Schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33and its modification to produce expression vectors CTV33-Δ13-BYGUS-23-GGFP-71. (B) Northern blot hybridization analysis of the RNA transfected protoplast with the wild type virus (WT) and the CTV33-Δ13-BYGUS-23-GGFP-71 (C71) expression vector probed with 3′NTR +p23 (Satyanarayana et al., 1999). (C) Biological activity of reporter genes in  N. benthamiana  and Citrus.  N. benthamiana  plant under white light (a.) and hand held UV light (b.). (c.) GUS activity from healthy (tube 1 (assay solution) &amp;2 (tissue) and infected  N. benthamiana  (tube 3 (assay solution) and tube 4 (tissue). (d.) Peeled bark phloem pieces under fluorescent microscope and (e.) GUS assay activity in citrus similar to (c.) 
         FIG. 19  Western blot analysis of the different constructs in citrus to evaluate the expression of GFP and GUS. (A) GFP and CP antibody used to determine the level of expression of GFP relative to CP in citrus 708 plant infected with Δp33CTV9R (Tatineni et al., 2008), 1808 plant infected with BCN5 (Folimonov et al., 2007), 1916 plant infected with CTV33-23-G-GFP-40, 1874 plant infected with CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37, 1934, 1935, 1937 infected with CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69, 1931 and 1939 infected with construct CTV33-Δ13-G-GFP-65 and CTV33-Δ13-B-GFP-66, respectively. (B) GUS and CP antibody used to determine the level of expression of GUS relative to CP in citrus 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087 plants infected with construct CTV33-Δ13-BYGUS-61, 2132 plant infected with construct CTV33-23-BYGUS-60, 2096 plant infected with expression vector CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-NIa-GUS-78, E=empty well and buffer=−iveC. 
         FIG. 20  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express four genes from four controller elements. (A) A schematic representation of CTV9R. (B) Modification of CTV9R to create expression vector CTVΔ13-BRFP-GbFosC-BYbJunN-CTMVCP-118 which expresses 4 genes from different locations within the CTV genome. The first gene is the red fluorescent protein gene (tagRFP) expressed from between the minor and major coat proteins under the control of the Beet yellows virus (BYV) coat protein controller element (CP-CE), the second and third genes are the truncated mammalian transcription factors bFos and bJun fused to the C and N terminus of EYFP (Hu et al., 2002) under the control of Grape vine leaf roll associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) and Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) CP-CE respectively replacing the p13 gene and the fourth gene is the CP of TMV expressed from behind p23 under the control of the duplicated major CP-CE of CTV. 
       FIG.  21 CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express three genes from three controller elements. (A) A schematic representation of CTV9R. (B) Modification of CTV9R to create expression vector CTVΔ13-GbFosC-BYbJunN-CTMVCP-129 which expresses 3 genes from different locations within the CTV genome. The first and second genes are the truncated mammalian transcription factors bFos and bJun fused to the C and N terminus of EYFP (Hu et al., 2002) under the control of Grape vine leaf roll associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) and Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) CP-CE respectively replacing the p13 gene and the fourth gene is the CP of TMV expressed from behind p23 under the control of the duplicated major CP-CE of CTV. 
         FIG. 22  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express three genes from three controller elements. (A) A schematic representation of CTV9R. (B) Modification of CTV9R to create expression vector CTV-BRFP-BYGFP-CTMVCP-117 which expresses 3 genes from different locations within the CTV genome. The first gene is the red fluorescent protein gene (tagRFP) expressed from between the minor and major coat proteins under the control of the Beet yellows virus (BYV) coat protein controller element (CP-CE), the second gene is the Green fluorescent protein (GFPC3) under the control of Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) CP-CE inserted between p13-p20 gene and the third gene is the CP of TMV expressed from behind p23 under the control of the duplicated major CP-CE of CTV. 
         FIG. 23  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express three genes from three controller elements. (A) A schematic representation of CTV9R. (B) Modification of CTV9R to create expression vector CTV-BASL-BYPTA-CP7-119 which expresses 3 genes from different locations within the CTV genome. The first gene is a lectin from  Allium sativum  (ASL) expressed from between the minor and major coat proteins under the control of the Beet yellows virus (BYV) coat protein controller element (CP-CE), the second gene is an agglutinin from  Pinellia ternata  (PTA) under the control of Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) CP-CE inserted between p13-p20 gene and the third gene is an antimicrobial peptide from  Tachypleus tridentatus  (P7) expressed from behind p23 under the control of the duplicated major CP-CE of CTV. 
         FIG. 24  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express three genes from three controller elements. (A) A schematic representation of CTV9R. (B) Modification of CTV9R to create expression vector CTV-BASL-BYPTA-CP10-120 which expresses 3 genes from different locations within the CTV genome. The first gene is a lectin from  Allium sativum  (ASL) expressed from between the minor and major coat proteins under the control of the Beet yellows virus (BYV) coat protein controller element (CP-CE), the second gene is an agglutinin from  Pinellia ternata  (PTA) under the control of Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) CP-CE inserted between p13-p20 gene and the third gene is an antimicrobial peptide from  Sus scorfa  (P10) expressed from behind p23 under the control of the duplicated major CP-CE of CTV. 
         FIG. 25  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express three genes from three controller elements. (A) A schematic representation of CTV9R. (B) Modification of CTV9R to create expression vector CTV-BASL-BYP10-CP7-131 which expresses 3 genes from different locations within the CTV genome. The first gene is a lectin from  Allium sativum  (ASL) expressed from between the minor and major coat proteins under the control of the Beet yellows virus (BYV) coat protein controller element (CP-CE), the second gene is an antimicrobial peptide from  Sus scorfa  (P10) under the control of Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) CP-CE inserted between p13-p20 gene and the third gene is a second antimicrobial peptide from  Tachypleus tridentatus  (P7) expressed from behind p23 under the control of the duplicated major CP-CE of CTV. 
         FIG. 26  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express three genes from three controller elements. (A) A schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33. (B) Modification of CTV9R Δp33to create expression vector CTV33-BGFP-BYGUS-GTMVCP-79 which expresses 3 genes from different locations within the CTV genome. The first gene is a green fluorescent protein expressed from between the minor and major coat proteins under the control of the Beet yellows virus (BYV) coat protein controller element (CP-CE), the second gene is a β-Glucuronidase (GUS) gene from  Escherichia coli  under the control of Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) CP-CE inserted between p13-p20 gene and the third gene is the CP of TMV expressed from behind p23 under the control of Grape vine leaf roll associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) CP-CE. 
         FIG. 27  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express four genes from four controller elements. (A) A schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33. (B) Modification of CTV9RΔp33to create expression vector CTV33-BGFP-GbFosC-BYbJunN-81 which expresses 3 genes from different locations within the CTV genome. The first gene is the green fluorescent protein gene (GFPC3) expressed from between the minor and major coat proteins under the control of the Beet yellows virus (BYV) coat protein controller element (CP-CE), the second and third genes are the truncated mammalian transcription factors bFos and bJun fused to the C and N terminus of EYFP (Hu et al., 2002) under the control of Grape vine leaf roll associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) and Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) CP-CE respectively. The bFosC gene is inserted behind p23 gene. 
         FIG. 28  CTV based expression vector built to simultaneously express four genes from four controller elements. (A) A schematic representation of CTV9RΔp33. (B) Modification of CTV9RΔp33to create expression vector CTV33-Δ13-BGFP-BYbJunN-GbFosC-82 which expresses 3 genes from different locations within the CTV genome. The first gene is the green fluorescent protein gene (GFPC3) expressed from between the minor and major coat proteins under the control of the Beet yellows virus (BYV) coat protein controller element (CP-CE), the second gene is the truncated mammalian transcription factor bJun to the N terminus of EYFP (bJunN) (Hu et al., 2002) under the control of Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) CP-Ce replacing the p13 gene of CTV and the third gene is the truncated mammalian transcription factor bFos fused to the C-terminus of EYFP (bFosC) under the control of Grape vine leaf roll associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) CP-CE inserted behind p23. 
         FIG. 29  Negative staining Electron microscopy pictures from leaf dips of infiltrated  N. benthamiana  leaves. (A) Leaf dips from infiltrated  N. benthamiana  leaves with construct CTV33-BGFP-BYGUS-GTMVCP-79 reveals the formation of CTV vector virions and TMV pseudo virions indicating the expression of the TMV coat protein gene. (B) Leaf dip from Infiltrated  N. benthamiana  leaves with construct CTV33-Δ13-BGFP-BYbJunN-GbFosC-82 reveals the formation of virions. 
         FIG. 30  provides a map of the CTV genome and a CTV-based expression vector. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING 
     Spinach Defensin Sequences: 
     SEQ ID NO: 1 illustrates an amino acid sequence of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 2 illustrates an amino acid sequence of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD7) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 3 illustrates a GenScript-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 4 illustrates a GenScript-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD7) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 5 illustrates a CODA-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 6 illustrates a CODA-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD7) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 7 illustrates an amino acid sequence of a chimeric peptide comprising a PR-1b signal peptide and a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 8 illustrates an amino acid sequence of a chimeric peptide comprising a PR-1b signal peptide and a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD7) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 9 illustrates a chimeric nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acd sequence encoding a PR-1b signal peptide and a GenScript-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 10 illustrates a chimeric nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acd sequence encoding a PR-1b signal peptide and a GenScript-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD7) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 11 illustrates a chimeric nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acd sequence encoding a PR-1b signal peptide and a CODA-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 12 illustrates a chimeric nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acd sequence encoding a PR-1b signal peptide and a CODA-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD7) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 13 illustrates an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a PR-1b signal peptide and a GenScript-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 14 illustrates an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a PR-1b signal peptide and a GenScript-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD7) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 15 illustrates an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a PR-1b signal peptide and a CODA-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 16 illustrates an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a PR-1b signal peptide and a CODA-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD7) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 17 illustrates an expression control sequence (CaMV 35S promoter) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 18 illustrates an untranslated region (TEV 5′UTR) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 19 illustrates an expression control sequence (CaMV 35S terminator) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 20 illustrates a nucleic acid sequence of a primer designated Zn5 according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 21 illustrates a nucleic acid sequence of a primer designated Zn6 according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 22 illustrates a nucleic acid sequence of a primer designated Fcp according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 23 illustrates a nucleic acid sequence of a primer designated Rcp according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 24 illustrates a nucleic acid sequence of a primer designated GUSF according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 25 illustrates a nucleic acid sequence of a primer designated GUSR according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 26 illustrates an amino acid sequence of a chimeric peptide comprising a modified PR-1b signal peptide and a GenScript-optimized nucleic acid sequence having a single deletion for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 27 illustrates a chimeric nucleic acid sequence comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a modified PR-1b signal peptide and a GenScript-optimized nucleic acid sequence having a single deletion for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 28 illustrates a core amino acid sequence of a defensin according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 29 illustrates a nucleic acid sequence for expression of a core defensin according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; 
     SEQ ID NO: 30 illustrates a DNA 2.0-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD2) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure; and 
     SEQ ID NO: 31 illustrates a DNA 2.0-optimized nucleic acid sequence for expression of a spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) defensin (SoD7) according to a specific example embodiment of the disclosure. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the invention provide citrus plants resistant to citrus Huanglongbing (ex greening) caused by  Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus  (Las) and bacterial canker caused by ( Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  citri ) (Xac) by using a citrus tristeza virus (“CTV”) based vector comprising spinach defensin genes. Innoculation of the citrus plants with the vectors of the present invention protect the citrus plants against citrus greening disease and/or bacterial canker. 
     Ongoing efforts have been underway to create virus-based vectors for citrus trees based on Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The CTV vector is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/624,294 and is incorporated herein in its entirety. Spinach defensin genes are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/751,936 and is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
     CTV Vectors 
     CTV has the largest reported RNA of a plant virus of approximately 20 kb (Karasev et al., 1995; Pappu et al., 1994). It has two conserved gene blocks associated with replication and virion formation (Karasev, 2000). The replication gene block occupies the 5′ half of the genome. Its proteins are expressed from the genomic RNA via a poly protein strategy with a +1 ribosomal frame shift to occasionally express the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (Karasev et al., 1995). The filamentous virions of CTV are encapsidated by two coat proteins, with the major coat protein (CP) encapsidating about 97% of the virion and the 5′˜700 nts encapsidated by the minor coat protein (CPm) (Satyanarayana et al., 2004). Virion formation is a complex process requiring two proteins (Hsp70h and p61) in addition to the coat proteins (Satyanarayana et al., 2000, 2004; Tatineni et al., 2010). These four genes as well as the 6 remaining genes are differentially expressed via a nested set of 3′ co-terminal sub genomic (sg) RNAs (Hilf et al., 1995). Upstream of each ORF there is a controller element (CE) that determines the transcription level (Gowda et al., 2001). Levels of transcription are also associated with the +1 transcription start site (Ayllon et al., 2003), the presence of a non-translated region upstream of the ORF (Gowda et al., 2001), and the closeness of the ORF to the 3′ terminus (Satyanarayana et al., 1999). 
     The first generations of CTV vector examined three different strategies that were fusion of the CP gene, insertion of an extra gene, and replacement of the p13 ORF (Folimonov et al., 2007). Replacement of the p13 ORF and fusion to the coat protein ORF did not result in effective vectors, but the addition of an extra gene resulted in viable vectors that produce relative large amounts of foreign gene and were stable in citrus trees for years. However, the first efforts in designing vectors based on CTV examined only a few of the many possibilities for expressing foreign genes in this large virus. In this work, Dawson&#39;s lab attempted to examine the limitations of CTV to be manipulated into a vector. Dawson&#39;s lab examined whether the virus allowed insertions in different positions within the genome and which resulted in maximal expression with different sizes of inserts. Dawson&#39;s lab also examined whether different fusion strategies with different viral genes are viable and whether multiple foreign genes can be expressed. The CTV constructs disclosed herein are amazingly tolerant to manipulation at several positions within the genome giving a multitude of different vector strategies that are viable. 
     Once citrus is infected with a CTV vector containing a foreign gene, it is easy to move the vector to other citrus trees by grafting. However, a limitation of the CTV vector system is the difficulty of initially getting citrus infected with new vector constructs. Directly inoculating citrus from the cDNA clones, either by agro-inoculation, particle bombardment, or mechanical inoculation with RNA transcripts is extremely difficult and unpredictable (Gowda et al., 2005; Satyanarayana et al., 2001). An alternative has been to inoculate with virions purified from  Nicotiana benthamiana  protoplasts (Folimonov et al., 2007; Robertson et al., 2005; Satyanarayana et al., 2001; Tatineni et al., 2008). However, infection of only approximately 0.01-0.1% of protoplasts with in vitro transcribed RNA has been achieved (Satyanarayana et al., 2001). Yet, since virions are much more infectious to the protoplasts than RNA (Navas-Castillo et al., 1997), Dawson&#39;s lab was able to amplify the infection by sequential passage in protoplasts (Folimonov et al., 2007; Robertson et al., 2005; Satyanarayana et al., 2001; Tatineni et al., 2008). Although workable, this is an extremely difficult system. Dawson&#39;s lab is now able to agro-inoculate  N. benthaminana  plants that result in systemic infection. This result allows analysis of the vector constructs more quickly in these plants and provides copious amounts of recombinant virus for inoculation of citrus. 
     According to one embodiment, the invention pertains to a CTV viral vector engineered to comprise a gene cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding a spinach defensin peptide(s). The gene cassette is located at a targeted position on the CTV genome. In a more specific embodiment, the CTV viral vector is engineered such that the gene cassette is positioned at CTV genome regions p13-p20, p20-p23 or p23-3′NTR. In other embodiments, the CTV viral vector is engineered to include multiple genes at one or multiple positions. It is shown herein that CTV viral vectors can successfully be engineered to include up to 3 or at least 4 genes that are expressible by the vector, while maintaining the proper function and infectivity of the vector. 
     In related embodiments, the invention pertains to a plant that includes at least one cell transfected with the CTV viral vector engineered to comprise a gene cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding a spinach defensin peptide(s), the CTV viral vector engineered such that one or more gene cassettes are positioned at CTV genome regions p13-p20, p20-p23 or p23-3′NTR. Other related embodiments pertain to methods of expressing at least one spinach defensin peptide(s) in a plant by infecting the plant with the specified vector. 
     In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to a CTV viral vector engineered to comprise at least one gene cassette that includes a polynucleotide encoding a spinach defensin peptide(s), wherein the CTV viral vector engineered such that the gene cassette is inserted in place of the CTV p13 gene. In related embodiments, the invention pertains to a plant that includes at least one cell transfected with the CTV viral vector or to methods of expressing the spinach defensin peptide(s) in a plant by infecting the plant with the specified vector. 
     In another embodiment, the invention relates to a CTV viral vector engineered to comprise at least one gene cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding spinach defensin peptide(s) and IRES sequence conjugated thereto. In related embodiments, the invention pertains to a plant that includes at least one cell transfected with the CTV viral vector or to methods of expressing the spinach defensin peptide(s) in a plant by infecting the plant with the specified vector. 
     In further embodiments, the invention relates to a CTV viral vector engineered to comprise a gene cassette comprising a polynucleotide sequence with continuous amino acid codons extending from the p23 ORF encoding a protease with cleavage sites on each side plus a spinach defensin peptide(s). In related embodiments, the invention pertains to a plant that includes at least one cell transfected with the CTV viral vector or to methods of expressing the spinach defensin peptide(s) in a plant by infecting the plant with the specified vector. 
     In further embodiments, the polynucleotide further comprises a sequence encoding a first control element upstream of said first spinach defensin peptide(s), a second sequence encoding a protease with cleavage sites engineered on each side, and a sequence encoding a second spinach defensin peptide(s). 
     According to another embodiment, the invention is directed to CTV viral vector engineered to comprise a first gene cassette comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a first spinach defensin peptide(s) and a first controller element upstream of said first spinach defensin peptide(s) encoding sequence; and a second gene cassette comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a second spinach defensin peptide(s) and a second control element upstream of said second spinach defensin peptide(s) encoding sequence. Optionally, the CTV viral vector further comprises a third gene cassette comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a third spinach defensin peptide(s) and a third controller element upstream of said third spinach defensin peptide(s) encoding sequence; and a fourth gene cassette comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a fourth spinach defensin peptide(s) and a fourth controller element upstream of said fourth spinach defensin peptide(s) encoding sequence. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that additional gene cassettes can be added to the vector so long as function and infectivity of the vector is maintained. In related embodiments, the invention pertains to a plant that includes at least one cell transfected with the CTV viral vector or to methods of expressing the spinach defensin peptide(s) in a plant by infecting the plant with the specified vector. 
     Examples of controller elements (CE) useful in accordance with the teachings herein include but are not limited to controller elements homologous to CTV or heterologous control elements. Heterologous controller elements include, but are not limited to, coat protein controller elements (CP-CEs) of three closteroviruses: Beet yellows virus (BYV) (94 nts from 13547-13640 Genbank accession #AF190581) (Peremyslov et al., 1999), Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) (101 nts from 8516-8616 Genbank accession #U51931) (Karasev et al., 1996) and Grape vine leaf roll associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) (198 nts from 9454-9651 Genbank accession #DQ286725). It will be evident to those skilled in the art, in view of the teachings herein, that other controller elements may be implemented, and in particular control elements having strong promoter like activity. 
     These and other embodiments are further described below and encompassed within the appended claims. 
     Materials and Methods for Examples 1-8 Below 
     Plasmids Construction 
     pCTV9RΔp33and pCTVΔCla 333R (Gowda et al., 2001; Satyanarayana et al., 1999, 2000, 2003; Tatineni et al., 2008) were used as base plasmids for developing all expression vectors that were used in the protoplast reverse genetics system. The numbering of the nucleotides (nts) is based on the full length T36 clone (Genbank Accession #AY170468) (Satyanarayana et al., 1999, 2003). CTVp333R-23-ITEV-GFP and CTVp333R-23-I3XARC-GFP ( FIG. 7A ) were created by fusing 5′ non translated region (NTR) of Tobacco etch virus (TEV) (nucleotides (nts) 2-144 Genbank accession #DQ986288) (Carrasco et al., 2007) and 3xARC-1 (Active ribosome complementary sequence) (Akergenov et al., 2004) behind the p23 stop codon (between nts19020-19021 in full length T36 clone) using overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Horton et al., 1989). For creating expression vectors by gene addition and/or substitution at different locations, heterologous controller elements (CE) were selected from coat protein controller elements (CP-CEs) of three closteroviruses: Beet yellows virus (BYV) (94 nts from 13547-13640 Genbank accession #AF190581) (Peremyslov et al., 1999), Beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) (101 nts from 8516-8616 Genbank accession #U51931) (Karasev et al., 1996) and Grape vine leaf roll associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) (198 nts from 9454-9651 Genbank accession #DQ286725) to drive the ORFs for cycle 3 GFP (GFP) (Chalife et al., 1994; Crameri et al., 1996), β-Glucuronidase (GUS) ORF of  Eisherchia coli,  bFosYC155-238 (bFosC), bJunYN1-154 (bJunN). CTVp333R-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC, CTVp333R-23-BYbJunN, CTVp333R-23-GbFosC ( FIG. 15A ) were created by overlap extension PCR from plasmids pBiFC-bFosYC155 and pBiFC-bJunYN155 (Hu et al., 2002) and CTV9R (Satyanarayana et al., 1999; 2003). Since two NotI sites exist within the bimolecular fluorescence genes (BiFC), the overlap extension PCR products were digested partially by NotI restriction endonuclease. The PCR products were introduced into a StuI and NotI digested pCTVΔCla 333R (FIGS.  7 A &amp;  3 - 15 A). 
     The expression vectors created in pCTV9RΔp33were introduced into the CTV genome by digesting the plasmid with PstI (nts 17208-17213) and NotI or StuI (introduced behind 19,293 the final CTV nucleotide). Overlap extension PCR (Horton et al., 1989) was used to introduce the appropriate genes at the different locations. Replacement of the p13 gene was done by deletion of nts 17293-17581 in the p13 ORF and (CE) by overlap extension PCR ( FIGS. 3-1A ,  3 - 2 A,  3 - 11 A,  3 - 16 A,  3 - 17 A &amp;  3 - 18 A). Similarly, insertion between p13 and p20 (nts #17685-17686) ( FIG. 3A ), p20-p23 (nts #18312-18313) ( FIG. 4A ) and p23-3′NTR (nts #19020-19021) ( FIGS. 3-5A ,  3 - 6 A,  3 - 13 A,  3 - 16 A,  3 - 17 A &amp;  3 - 18 A) were done by overlap extension PCR. A hybrid gene created by fusing the GFP ORF (Chalife et al., 1994; Crameri et al., 1996) and GUS ORF separated by the HC-Pro protease motif (nts 1966-2411 Genbank accession #M11458) (Allison et al., 1985; Carrington et al., 1989) and its recognition sequence fused to the N terminus of GUS (ATGAAAACTTACAATGTTGGAGGGATG (nts 2412-2438 Genbank accession #M11458) (Allison et al., 1985; Carrington et al., 1989) (Amino acid sequence (A.A.) MKTYNVG↓GM) (arrow indicate processing site) and C terminus of GFP (ATGAAGACCTATAACGTAGGTGGCATG) was created and inserted behind p23 ( FIG. 13A ) or as replacement of p13 ( FIG. 3-11A ) under different controller elements. A similar hybrid gene was created by using the NIa protease motif of TEV (nts 6270-6980 Genbank accession #M11458) (Allison et al., 1985) and its recognition sequence (GAGAATCTTTATTTTCAGAGT (nts 8499-8519 Genbank accession #M11458) (A.A. ENLYFQ↓S) (arrow indicate processing site) (Carrington and Dougherty, 1988) at C terminus of GFP and GAAAACCTATACTTCCAATCG at N terminus of GUS). The redundancy of the amino acid genetic code was used to eliminate complete duplication of the nucleotide sequences of the recognition motifs. A similar strategy was used to create a hybrid gene between p23 ORF and GFP ORF in construct CTV33-23-HC-GFP-72 and CTV33-23-NIa-GFP-73 ( FIG. 8 ). Switching the recognition motif of the proteases generated control vectors CTV33-23-HCØ-GFP-74 and CTV33-23-NIaØ-GFP-75 ( FIG. 8 ). 
     The binary plasmid pCAMBIACTV9R (Gowda et al., 2005) was modified to eliminate the p33 gene by deleting nts 10858-11660 (Satyanarayana et al., 2000; Tatineni et al., 2008) and introducing a SwaI site behind the ribozyme engineered based on subterranean clover mottle virusoid (Turpen et al., 1993). PCR products amplified from the expression vectors in the pCTV9RΔp33 back-bone were introduced into the modified binary plasmid pCAMBIACTV9RΔp33digested with PstI (Forward primer C-749) and SwaI (Reverse primer C-1894). When introducing the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) genes into constructs CTV33-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC-59 ( FIG. 17 ), CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-23-GbFosC-67 ( FIG. 17 ) , CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 ( FIG. 16 ), CTV33-23-GbFosC-98 ( FIG. 16 ) and CTV33-23-BYbJunN-97 ( FIG. 16 ) a primer was used switching the PstI to the compatible NsiI (primer C-2085) for ease of cloning (the bFosC gene sequence contains one PstI site while the bJunN gene sequence contains two PstI sites). Preliminary screening for the right inserts in the different expression vectors was done by restriction digestion using the appropriate enzymes. The junctions where the foreign genes were introduced into the expression vectors were confirmed by sequencing at the Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR) (University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.). All primers are listed in Table 1-1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 List of primers used in building expression vector 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Primer name 
                 Sequence 5′-3′* 
                 Description* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-749 
                 AGT CCT CGA GAA CCA CTT AGT TGT 
                 3′end of p18 (CTV T36 clones 
               
               
                   
                 TTA GCT ATC 
                 nts # 17121-17145) with an 
               
               
                   
                   
                 added XhoI site before nt 
               
               
                   
                   
                 #17121) (downstream of this 
               
               
                   
                   
                 primer there exist within CTV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 genome a PstI site (nts 17208- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 17213 of CTV T36) used for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 cloning) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1358 
                 TTA TGC GGC CGC AGG CCT TGG ACC 
                 3′end of 3′NTR (nts 19,270- 
               
               
                   
                 TAT GTT GGC CCC CCA TAG 
                 19,293 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 contain (StuI and NotI sites) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1568 
                   TAA TCG TAC TTG AGT TCT AAT  ATG 
                 5′end of GFP (nts 1-21) with 
               
               
                   
                 GCT AGC AAA GGA GAA GAA 
                 extension into 3′ end of BYV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CP IR (nts # 13620-13640 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AF190581) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1894 
                 GCC GCA  CTA GTA TTT AAA T CC CGT 
                 3′end of 3′NTR (nts 19,262- 
               
               
                   
                 TTC GTC CTT TAG GGA CTC GTC AGT 
                 19,293 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                 GTA CTG ATATAA GTA CAG ACT GGA 
                 with extensions that include a 
               
               
                   
                 CCT ATG TTG GCC CCC CAT AGG GAC 
                 ribozyme of subterranean 
               
               
                   
                 AGT G 
                 clover virusoid (underlined) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Turpen et al., 1993) and SwaI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and SpeI restriction sites 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1973 
                 ATG GAT GAG CTC TAC AAA TGA TTG 
                 5′end of 3′NTR (nts 19021- 
               
               
                   
                 AAGTGG ACG GAATAA GTT CC 
                 19043 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into GFP 3′end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 700-720) (underlined) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1974 
                 GGA ACT TAT TCC GTC CACTTC AAT 
                 3′end of GFP (nts 700- 
               
               
                   
                 CAT TTG TAG AGCTCA TCC AT 
                 720) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into 5′end of 3′NTR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 19021-19043 of CTV T36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1975 
                 GCA CGT TGT GCT ATA GTA CGT GCC 
                 GLRaV-2 intergenic region of 
               
               
                   
                 ATA ATA GTG AGT GCT AGC AAA 
                 CP (nts 9568-9651 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                 GTATAA ACG CTG GTGTTT AGC GCA 
                 Accession number 
               
               
                   
                 TAT TAA ATA CTA ACG 
                 DQ286725) (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1976 
                 CAG CTT GCT TCT ACCTGA CAC AGT 
                 BYSV CP intergenic region of 
               
               
                   
                 TAA GAA GCG GCATAA ATC GAA GCC 
                 (nts 8516-8616 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                 AAA CCCTAA ATT TTG CAA 
                 accesion # U51931) 
               
               
                   
                 CTC GAT CAATTG TAA CCT AGA GCG 
                 (underlined) (F.P). 
               
               
                   
                 AAGTGC AAT CA 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1977 
                   TTT AGC GCA TAT TAA ATA CTA A CG 
                 5′ end of GFP (nts 1- 
               
               
                   
                 ATG GCT AGC AAA GGA GAA GAA 
                 21) (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 3′end of GLRaV-2 CP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 intergenic region (nts 9628- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 9651 Genbank Accession 
               
               
                   
                   
                 number DQ286725) (italics) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1979 
                 ACT GTG TCA GGT AGA AGC AAG CTG 
                 3′end of p23 (nts 19,000- 
               
               
                   
                 TCA GAT GAA GTG GTGTTC ACG 
                 19,020 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into 5′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BYSV CP IR (nts 8516-8539 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank accesion # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U51931) (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1982 
                 TTG  GAT TTA GGT GAC ACT ATA G TG 
                 Sp6 promoter (underlined and 
               
               
                   
                 GAC CTATGTTGG CCC CCC ATA 
                 Italics) with 3′ end of 3′NTR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 19271-19293 of CTV T36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone) used to develop dig 
               
               
                   
                   
                 labeled probe (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1983 
                 
                   GTA ACCTAG AGC GAA GTG CAA TCA 
                 
                 5′end of GFP (nts 1- 
               
               
                   
                 ATG GCT AGC AAA GGA GAA GAA 
                 23) (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into 3′end of BYSV IR of CP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 8593-8616 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # U51931) (italics) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1984 
                 GCC TAA GCT TAC AAA TAC TCC CCC 
                 3X active ribosome complementary 
               
               
                   
                 ACA ACA GCT TAC AAT ACT CCC CCA 
                 sequence (3XARC-1 nts 1-86 ) 
               
               
                   
                 CAC AGC TTA CAA ATA CTC CCC CAC 
                 (Akbergenov et al., 2004) 
               
               
                   
                 AAC AGCTTG TCG AC 
                 (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1985 
                 CTC CGT GAA CAC CACTTC ATC TGA 
                 5′ end of TEV 5′NTR (nts 1- 
               
               
                   
                 AAA TAA CAA ATC TCA ACA CAA 
                 21 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into 3′ end of p23 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 18997-19020 of CTV T36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1986 
                 TTG TGT TGA GAT TTG TTA TTT TCA 
                 3′end of p23 (nts 18997- 
               
               
                   
                 GAT GAA GTG GTG TTC ACG GAG 
                 19020 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into 5′ end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TEV 5′NTR (nts 1-21 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1989 
                 GGA GTATTT GTA AGCTTA GGC TCA 
                 3′end of p23 (nts 18997- 
               
               
                   
                 GAT GAA GTG GTGTTC ACG GAG 
                 19020 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into 5′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3XARC-1 (nts 1- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 21) (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-1990 
                 CCC CAC AAC AGCTTG TCG AC A TGG   
                 5′end of GFP (nts 1- 
               
               
                   
                 
                   CTA GCA AAG GAG AAG AAC TTT 
                 
                 25) (italics) with extension into 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3′end of 3XARC-1 (nts 66- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 86) (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2007 
                 CGT GAA CAC CACTTC ATC TGA TTC 
                 BYV 3′end of CPm and the 
               
               
                   
                 GAC CTC GGT CGT CTT AGT TAA 
                 intergenic region of CP (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 13547-13570 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AF190581) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into p23 3′end (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 19,000-19,020 of CTV T36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2008 
                 TTA ACT AAG ACG ACC GAG GTC GAA 
                 3′end of p23 (nts 19,000- 
               
               
                   
                 TCA GAT GAA GTG GTG TTC ACG 
                 19,020 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into the 3′end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of CPm and CP intergenic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 region of BYV (nts 13,547- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 13,570 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AF190581) (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2009 
                 GGC GAT CAC GAC AGA GCC GTGTCA 
                 GLRaV-2 3′end of CPm and 
               
               
                   
                 ATT GTC GCG GCT AAG AAT GCT GTG 
                 5′ end of CP intergenic region 
               
               
                   
                 GAT CGC AGC GCT TTC ACT GGA GGG 
                 (nts 9454-9590 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                 GAG AGA AAA ATA GTT AGT TTG TAT 
                 Accession number 
               
               
                   
                 GCCTTA GGA AGG AACTAA GCA CGT 
                 DQ286725) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
                 TGT GCT ATA GTA CGT GC 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2010 
                 TGA CAC GGC TCT GTC GTG ATC GCC 
                 3′end of p23 (nts 19,000- 
               
               
                   
                 TCA GAT GAA GTG GTGTTC ACG 
                 19,020 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into the 3′end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of GLRaV-2 CPm coding 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence (nts 9454-9477 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQ286725) (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2011 
                 GCC ACC TAC GTT ATA GGT CTT CAT 
                 3′end of GFP (nts 697-717) 
               
               
                   
                 
                   TTT GTA GAG CTC ATC CAT GCC 
                 
                 (italics) with extension into 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the TEV HC-Pro protease 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recognition sequence (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2412-2435(genetic code 
               
               
                   
                   
                 redundancy used to eliminate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 duplication Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2012 
                 AAG ACC TAT AAC GTA GGT GGC ATG 
                 5′ end of TEV HC-Pro 
               
               
                   
                 
                   AAG GCT CAATAT TCG GAT CTA 
                 
                 protease motif (nts 1959-1979 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (italics) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the HC-Pro 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recognition sequence (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2415-2438 genetic code 
               
               
                   
                   
                 redundancy used to eliminate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 duplication Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2013 
                 ATG AAA ACT TAC AAT GTT GGA GGG 
                 5′end of GUS (nts 4-21) 
               
               
                   
                 ATG  TTA CGT CCT GTA GAA ACC   
                 (italics) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the TEV HC-Pro 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recognition sequence and 3′ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 end of TEV HC-Pro protease 
               
               
                   
                   
                 motif (nts 2412-2438 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2014 
                   GGT TTC TAC AGG ACG TAA  CAT CCC 
                 TEV HC-Pro recognition 
               
               
                   
                 TCC AAC ATT GTA AGT TTT CAT 
                 sequence (nts 2412-2438 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the 5′ end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GUS ORF sequence (nts 4- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 21) (italics) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2015 
                 CCG CAG CAG GGA GGC AAA CAA 
                 5′ end of 3′NTR (nts 19021- 
               
               
                   
                 TGA TTG AAGTGG ACG GAA TAA GTT 
                 19041 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into the 3′ end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of GUS ORF (nts 1789- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1812) (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2016 
                 AAC TTA TTC CGT CCA CTT CAA TCA 
                 3′ end of GUS (nts 1789- 
               
               
                   
                 TTG TTT GCCTCC CTG CTG CGG 
                 1812) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the 5′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3′NTR (nts 19021-19041 of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTV T36 clone) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2017 
                   CTT  ACT CTG AAA ATA AAG ATT CTC 
                 3′end of GFP (nts 697- 
               
               
                   
                 TTT GTA GAG CTC ATC CAT GCC 
                 717) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the 5′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TEV-NIa protease recognition 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence (nts 8499-8519 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) and 5′ end of TEV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NIa protease motif (nts 6270- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6272 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (italics) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2018 
                   AAA  GAG AAT CTT TAT TTT CAG AGT 
                 5′ end of TEV NIa protease 
               
               
                   
                 AAG GGA CCA CGT GAT TAC AAC 
                 motif (nts 6270-6290 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into its recognition 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence (nts 8499-8519 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) and 3′ end of GFP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 715-717) (italics) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2019 
                 CGA TTG GAA GTA TAG GTT TTC TTG 
                 3′end of TEV NIa motif (nts 
               
               
                   
                 CGA GTA CAC CAA TTC ACT CAT 
                 6961-6980 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into NIa recognition 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence (nts 8499-8519 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # M11458 
               
               
                   
                   
                 genetic code redundancy used 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to eliminate duplication) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2020 
                   CAA  GAA AAC CTA TAC TTC CAA TCG 
                 5′end of GUS with extension 
               
               
                   
                 ATG TTA CGT CCT GTA GAA ACC 
                 into the TEV NIa recognition 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence (nts 8499-8519 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # M11458 
               
               
                   
                   
                 genetic code redundancy used 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to eliminate duplication) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) and 3′ end of TEV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NIa protease motif (nts 6978-6980 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # M11458) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (italics) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2021 
                 GTC ACT TTG TTT AGC GTG ACT TAG 
                 5′end of BYSV CP IR (nts 
               
               
                   
                 CAG CTT GCT TCT ACC TGA CAC 
                 8516-8536 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U51931) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into 3′end of p18 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 17269-17292 of CTV T36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2022 
                 GTG TCA GGT AGA AGC AAG CTG CTA 
                 3′ end of p18 (nts 17269- 
               
               
                   
                 AGT CAC GCT AAA CAA AGT GAC 
                 17292 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into 5′ end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BYSV CP IR (nts 8516-8536 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U51931) (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2023 
                 TTA GTC TCT CCA TCT TGC GTG TAG 
                 5′end of BYSV CP IR (nts 
               
               
                   
                 CAG CTT GCT TCT ACC TGA CAC 
                 8516-8536 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # U51931) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 3′end of p20 (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18286-18309 of CTV T36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2024 
                 GTG TCA GGT AGA AGC AAG CTG CTA 
                 3′end of p20 (nts 18286- 
               
               
                   
                 CAC GCA AGATGG AGA GAC TAA 
                 18309 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into the 5′ end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of BYSV CP IR (nts 8516- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8536 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U51931) (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2025 
                 ATG GAT GAG CTC TAC AAA TGA-- 
                 3′end of p13 ORF (nts 17581- 
               
               
                   
                 GTT TCA GAA ATT GTC GAATCG CAT 
                 17604 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into the 3′end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of GFP ORF (nts 700-720) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2026 
                 ATG CGA TTC GAC AAT TTC TGA AAC 
                 3′end of GFP ORF (nts 700-720) 
               
               
                   
                 TCA TTT GTA GAG CTC ATC CAT 
                 (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the 3′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 p13 ORF (nts 17581-17604 of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTV T36 clone) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2027 
                 ATG GAT GAG CTC TAC AAA TGA GTT 
                 5′end of p23 IR (nts 18,310- 
               
               
                   
                 AAT ACG CTT CTC AGA ACG TGT 
                 18,330 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into 3′ end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GFP (nts 700-720) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2028 
                 ACA CGT TCT GAG AAG CGT ATT AAC 
                 3′end of GFP (nts 700-720) 
               
               
                   
                 TCA TTT GTA GAG CTC ATC CAT 
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into p23 IR (nts 18310-18330 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of CTV T36 clone) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2029 
                 TTT AGC GCATAT TAA ATA CTA ACG 
                 5′ end of HA TAG (21 nts) in 
               
               
                   
                 ATG TAC CCATAC GAT GTT CCA 
                 pHA-CMV carrying bFos (AA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 118-210)-YC ( AA 155-238) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Hu et al., 2002) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the GLRaV-2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CP IR 3′ end (nts 9628-9651 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession number 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQ286725) (underlined) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2030 
                 TGG AAC ATC GTATGG GTA CAT CGT 
                 3′ end of CPm GLRaV-2 (nts 
               
               
                   
                 TAGTAT TTA ATATGC GCT AAA 
                 9628-9651 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession number 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQ286725) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into 5′ end of HA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 tag (21 nts) in pHA-CMV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 carrying bFos (AA 118-210)- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 YC (AA 155-238) (Hu et al., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2002) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2031 
                 ACT GTGTCA GGT AGA AGC AAG CTG 
                 3′end EYFP-YC (AA 232- 
               
               
                   
                 TTA CTT GTA CAG CTC GTC CAT 
                 238) (underlined) (Hu et al., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2002) with extension into the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BYSV CP 5′IR (nts 8516- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8539 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U51931) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2032 
                 GTA ACCTAG AGC GAA GTG CAATCA 
                 5′end of FLAG tag (21 nts) 
               
               
                   
                 ATG GACTAC AAA GAC GAT GAC 
                 from pFLAG-CMV2 carrying 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bJunN (Hu et al., 2002) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the 3′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BYSV CP IR (nts 8593-8616 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U51931) (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2051 
                 GTC ACT TTG TTT AGC GTG ACT TAG 
                 3′end of GLRaV-2 CPm (nts 
               
               
                   
                 GGC GAT CAC GAC AGA GCC GTG 
                 9454-9474 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # DQ286725) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into 3′end of p18 (nts 17269- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 17292 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2052 
                 CAC GGC TCT GTC GTG ATC GCC CTA 
                 3′end of p23 (nts 19,000- 
               
               
                   
                 AGT CAC GCT AAA CAA AGT GAC 
                 19,020) with extension into 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the 3′end of GLRaV-2 CPm 
               
               
                   
                   
                 coding sequence (nts 9454- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 9474 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 DQ286725) (underlined) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2053 
                 GTC ACT TTG TTT AGC GTG ACT TAG 
                 BYV 3′end of CPm and the 
               
               
                   
                 TTC GAC CTC GGT CGT CTT AGT 
                 intergenic region of CP (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 13547-13567 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # AF190581) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into 3′end of p18 (nts 17269- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 17292 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2054 
                 ACT AAG ACG ACC GAG GTC GAA CTA 
                 3′end of p18 (nts 17269- 
               
               
                   
                 AGT CAC GCT AAA CAA AGT GAC 
                 17292 of T36 CTV clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into BYV 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3′end of CPm and the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 intergenic region of CP (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 13547-13567 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # AF190581) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2055 
                 CAC AAC GTC TAT ATC ATG GCC TAG 
                 3′end of p13 ORF (nts 17581- 
               
               
                   
                 GTT TCA GAA ATT GTC GAA TCG 
                 17601 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 3′end of EYFP- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 YN(AA 147-154) from pFlag- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CMV2 carrying bJun-YN (Hu 
               
               
                   
                   
                 et al., 2002) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2056 
                 CGA TTC GAC AAT TTC TGA AAC CTA 
                 3′end of EYFP-YN(AA 147- 
               
               
                   
                 GGC CAT GAT ATA GAC GTT GTG 
                 154) (underlined) from pFlag- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CMV2 carrying bJun-YN (Hu 
               
               
                   
                   
                 et al., 2002) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 3′end of p13 (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 17581-17601 of CTV T36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2057 
                 GGC ATG GAC GAG CTG TAC AAGTAA 
                 3′end EYFP-YC (AA 231- 
               
               
                   
                 TTG AAGTGG ACG GAATAA GTT 
                 238) (underlined) (Hu et al., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2002) with extension into 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5′end of 3′NTR (nts 19021- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 19041 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2058 
                 AAC TTA TTC CGT CCA CTT CAA TTA 
                 5′end of 3′NTR (nts 19021- 
               
               
                   
                 CTT GTA CAG CTC GTC CAT GCC 
                 19041 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into 3′end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EYFP-YC (AA 231-238) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) (Hu et al., 2002) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2059 
                 TCG CTC TTA CCT TGC GAT AAC TAG 
                 BYSV CP 5′IR (nts 8516- 
               
               
                   
                 CAG CTT GCT TCT ACCTGA CAC 
                 8536 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U51931) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the 3′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 p13 (nts 17,662-17,685 of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTV T36 clone) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2063 
                 GTA ACCTAG AGC GAA GTG CAA TCA 
                 5′end of GUS ORF (nts 1-21) 
               
               
                   
                 ATG TTA CGT CCT GTA GAA ACC 
                 with extension into the 3′ end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of BYSV CP IR (with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the 3′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BYSV CP IR (nts 8593-8616 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U51931) (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2064 
                 GGT TTC TAC AGG ACG TAA CAT TGA 
                 3′end of BYSV CP IR (nts 
               
               
                   
                 TTG CACTTC GCT CTA GGTTAC AA 
                 8591-8616 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # U51931) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 5′ end of GUS ORF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 1-21) (R.P) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2067 
                 CCG CAG CAG GGA GGC AAA CAA 
                 3′end of p13 (nts 17581- 
               
               
                   
                 TGA GTT TCA GAA ATT GTC GAATCG 
                 17601 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into the 3′end 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of GUS (nts 1789-1812) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2068 
                 CGA TTC GAC AAT TTC TGA AAC TCA 
                 3′end of GUS (nts 1789-1812) 
               
               
                   
                 TTG TTT GCCTCC CTG CTG CGG 
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 3′end of p13 (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 17581-17601 of CTV T36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2069 
                 GTG TCA GGT AGA AGC AAG CTG CTA 
                 3′end of p13 (nts 17662- 
               
               
                   
                 GTT ATC GCA AGG TAA GAG CGA 
                 17685 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with extension into 5′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 BYSV IR CP 5′IR (nts 8516- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8536 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 U51931) (underlined) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2070 
                 ATG GAT GAG CTC TAC AAATGA AGT 
                 5′IR of p20 (nts 17686-17709 
               
               
                   
                 CTA CTC AGT AGT ACG TCT ATT 
                 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 3′end of GFP (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 700-720) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2071 
                 AAT AGA CGT ACT ACT GAGTAG ACT 
                 3′end of GFP (nts 700-720) 
               
               
                   
                 TCA TTT GTA GAG CTC ATC CAT 
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 5′IR of p20 (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 17686-17709 of CTV T36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 clone) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2085 
                 GCG G ATGCAT TATTT GGTTTT ACA 
                 3′end of p18 (nts 17201- 
               
               
                   
                 ACA ACG GTA CGT TTC AAA ATG 
                 17245 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with two point mutations (C- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 A(17205) and G-T(17210)) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 creating NsiI (underlined) site 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to replace the PstI site (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2087 
                 AAG ACC TAT AAC GTA GGT GGC ATG 
                 5′ end of TEV HC-Pro 
               
               
                   
                 AAG GCT CAA TAT TCG GAT CTA 
                 protease motif (nts 1959-1979 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the HC-Pro 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recognition sequence (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2415-2438 genetic code 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence redundancy was 
               
               
                   
                   
                 used to eliminate duplication 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # M11458 (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2088 
                 ATG AAA ACT TAC AAT GTT GGA GGG 
                 5′end of GFP ORF(nts 4-21) 
               
               
                   
                 ATG GCT AGC AAA GGA GAA GAA 
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the TEV HC-Pro 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recognition sequence (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2412-2438 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2089 
                 TTC TTC TCC TTT GCT AGC CAT CCC 
                 TEV HC-Pro recognition 
               
               
                   
                 TCC AAC ATT GTA AGT TTT CAT 
                 sequence (nts 2412-2438 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the 5′ end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GFP ORF sequence (nts 4-21) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2091 
                 GAG AAT CTT TAT TTT CAG AGT AAG 
                 5′ end of TEV NIa protease 
               
               
                   
                 GGA CCA CGT GAT TAC AAC C 
                 motif (nts 6270-6291 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into its recognition sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 8499-8519 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2092 
                 GAA AAC CTA TACTTC CAATCG ATG 
                 5′end of GFP ORF (nts 1-23) 
               
               
                   
                 GCT AGC AAA GGA GAA GAA CT 
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the TEV- NIa protease 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recognition sequence (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8499-8519 genetic code 
               
               
                   
                   
                 seqence redundancy used to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 eliminate duplication Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2093 
                 AGT TCT TCT CCT TTG CTA GC CAT 
                 TEV NIa protease recognition 
               
               
                   
                 CGA TTG GAA GTA 
                 sequence (nts 8499-8519 
               
               
                   
                 TAG GTT TTC 
                 genetic code sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 redundancy used to eliminate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 duplication Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the GFP ORF sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 1-23) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2094 
                 AAG ACCTAT AAC GTA GGT GGC ATG 
                 5′ end of TEV-NIa protease 
               
               
                   
                 AAG GGA CCA CGT GAT TAC AAC 
                 motif sequence nts 6270-6291 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the HC-Pro 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recognition sequence (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2415-2438 genetic code 
               
               
                   
                   
                 sequence redundancy was 
               
               
                   
                   
                 used to eliminate duplication 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2095 
                 CCC TCC AAC ATT GTA AGT TTT CAT 
                 3′end of TEV NIa protease 
               
               
                   
                 TTG CGA GTA CAC CAATTC ACT 
                 motif(nts 6959-6981 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 accession # DQ986288) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the TEV HC-Pro protease 
               
               
                   
                   
                 motif (nts 2415-2438 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 accession # M11458) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2096 
                 GAG AAT CTT TAT TTT CAG AGT AAG 
                 5′end of TEV HC-Pro 
               
               
                   
                 GCT CAATAT TCG GAT CTA AAG 
                 protease motif (nts 1959-1979 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (underlined) with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extension into the TEV NIa 
               
               
                   
                   
                 protease recognition sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 8499-8519 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 accession # M11458) (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2097 
                 CGA TTG GAA GTATAG GTT TTC TTC 
                 3′end of HC-Pro protease 
               
               
                   
                 GGATTC CAA ACCTGA ATG AAC 
                 motif (nts 2388-2411 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 accession # M11458) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the TEV NIa protease 
               
               
                   
                   
                 recognition sequence (nts 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8499-8519 Genbank accession 
               
               
                   
                   
                 # M11458) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2098 
                 GCC ACCTAC GTT ATA GGT CTT CAT 
                 3′end of p23(nts 18997-19017 
               
               
                   
                 GAT GAA GTG GTGTTC ACG GAG 
                 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 5′end of TEV HC-Pro 
               
               
                   
                   
                 protease recognition sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 2412-2435 (genetic code 
               
               
                   
                   
                 seqence redundancy used to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 eliminate duplication) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # 
               
               
                   
                   
                 M11458) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C-2099 
                 ACT CTG AAA ATA AAG ATT CTC GAT 
                 3′end of p23(nts 18994-19017 
               
               
                   
                 GAA GTG GTGTTC ACG GAG AAC 
                 of CTV T36 clone) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (underlined) with extension 
               
               
                   
                   
                 into the 5′end of TEV NIa 
               
               
                   
                   
                 protease recognition sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (nts 8499-8519 Genbank 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Accession # M11458) (R.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 M-804 
                 CAT TTA CGA ACG ATA GCC ATG GCT 
                 5′end of GFP (nts 1-20) 
               
               
                   
                 AGC AAA GGA GAA GAA 
                 (underlined) with 3′end of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TEV 5′NTR (nts 126-143 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Genbank Accession # M11458) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (F.P.) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 
     PCR was performed using diluted plasmids (1:50) as templates using Vent DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) according to the manufacturer recommendations. 
     Agro-Injection/Infiltration 
     Agro-inoculation of  Nicotiana benthamiana  was performed according to the procedure developed by Gowda et al., (2005) with minor modifications. Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA 105 was transformed with the binary plasmid containing CTV, variants (expression vectors) and silencing suppressors (p19 of Tomato bushy stunt virus (Gowda et al., 2005); p24 of GLRaV-2 (Chiba et al., 2007), P1/HC-Pro of Turnip mosaic virus (Kasschau et al., 2003) and p22 of Tomato chlorosis virus (Cañizares et al., 2008) by heat shock method (37° C. for 5 minuntes) and subsequently were grown at 28° C. for 48 hours (hrs) on luria burtani (LB) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, Mo.) plates supplemented with antibiotics (kanamycin (50microgram (μg)/milliliter (ml)) and Rifampicilin ((50 μg/ml)). The colonies (two individual colonies per construct) were grown overnight as seed cultures in LB medium supplemented with antibiotics. On the next day 0.5 ml of the seed culture was used to inoculate 35 ml of LB medium supplemented with antibiotics for overnight growth. The bacterial culture was centrifuged at 6,000 rotation per minute (rpm) and resuspended in 10 milli molar (mM) MgCL 2  and 10 mM MES. The pellet was washed with 10 mM MgCL 2  and 10 mM MES and suspended in induction medium; 10 mM MgCL 2  and 10 mM MES containing acetosyringone at a final concentration of 150 μM. The suspension was incubated in the induction medium for at least 5 hrs before injection into the stem or infiltration into the abaxial (lower) surface of  N. benthamiana  leaves. 
     Plant Growth Conditions 
       N. benthmaiana  plants maintained in a growth-room (21° C. with 16 hrs of light in a 24 hr period) were used for agro-injection/agro-infiltration four weeks after tansplanting. 
     Infection of Citrus Plants 
     Recombinant virions of CTV for infection of citrus plants were obtained from infiltrated and/or systemic leaves of  N. benthamiana . The virions were partially purified and enriched by concentration over a sucrose cushion in a TL 100 or SW41 rotor (Robertson et al., 2005). Virions of constructs expressing two foreign proteins were concentrated two times over a step gradient followed by a cushion gradient in SW28 and SW41 rotors, respectively (Garnsey and Henderson, 1982). Inoculation of citrus plants was carried out by bark flap inoculation into 1-1.5 year old  Citrus macrophylla  seedlings (Robertson et al., 2005) which were grown in a greenhouse with temperatures ranging between approximately 25-32° C. 
     Protoplast Preparation, Transfection, RNA Isolation and Northern Blot Analysis 
       N. benthamiana  leaf mesopyhll protoplasts were prepared according to the procedure previously developed by Nava-Castillo et al., (1997). Surface sterilized leaves from three week old  N. benthamiana  plants were gently slashed on the lower side with a sterile blade and incubated overnight in the dark (16-20 hrs) in 0.7M MMC (0.7M mannitol, 5 mM MES, 10 mM CaCl 2 ) supplemented with the 1% cellulose (Yakult Honsh, Tokyo, Japan) and 0.5% macerase pectinase enzymes (Calbiochem, La Jolla, Calif.). 
     Capped in vitro RNA transcripts from NotI or StuI linearized plasmid DNA were generated (Satyanarayana et al., 1999) using Sp6 RNA polymerase (Epicentre Technologies, Wis.) and were transfected into the protoplasts using PEG (poly ethylene glycol) as described by Satyanarayana et al., (1999). Four days after transfection, protoplasts were used for preparation of total RNA for northern blot hybridization analysis and isolation of virions. Protoplasts were pelleted in equal amounts in two 1.5 ml eppendorf tubes. The first tube was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. for isolation of virions to subsequently inoculate a new batch of protoplasts to amplify virions (Satyanarayana et al., 2000). The second tube was used for RNA isolation by the buffard buffer disruption of protoplasts followed by phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) extraction and ethanol precipitation as previously described by Navas-Castillo et al., (1997) and Robertson et al., (2005). Total RNA was resuspended in 20 μl DNAse/RNAase free water and used in Northern blot hybridization analysis as previously described by Lewandowski and Dawson (1998). In brief, isolated RNA was heat denatured in denaturing buffer (8.6% formaldehyde, 67% formamide in 1×MOPS (5 mM sodium acetate, 1 mM EDTA, 0.02M MOPS pH=7.0) separated in a 0.9% agarose gel in 1×MOPS containing 1.9% formaldehyde, and transferred onto a nylon membrane (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) by electroblotting. Pre-hybridization (at least 1 hr) and hybridization (overnight) were carried out in a hybridization oven (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) at 68° C. A 900 nts digoxigenin labeled RNA probe corresponding to the 3′ end of the CTV genome (plus strand specific CTV RNA probe) (Satyanarayana et al., 1999) was used for hybridization except when the insertion of the foreign genetic material was behind p23 in which case a digoxigenin labeled RNA probe was produced from PCR amplified DNA (reverse primer contain 3′NTR of CTV and SP6 phage promoter (C-1982) according to the manufacturer recommendation (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) that is complimentary to the sequence inserted behind p23 in addition to the 3′NTR sequence of CTV. 
     Western Blots 
     After powdering the plant tissue in liquid nitrogen via grinding in a mortar and pestle, laemmli buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 6.8, 2.5% 2-mercaptoethanol, 2% SDS, 0.1% bromophenol blue, 10% glycerol) was added (1000 per 100mg tissue). The sample was transferred to a 1.5 ml centrifuge tube and boiled in a water bath for 3 minutes followed by centrifugation at maximum speed for 2 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube and stored at −20° C. until further use. The electrophoresis was carried out in a 12% SDS-Polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.) followed by two hours of semi-dry blotting to transfer the protein onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). The membrane was blocked for 1 hr at room temperature followed by incubation with the primary antibody of either CP (1:5000), GFP (1:100) (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.) or GUS (1:1000) (Molecular probes, Eugene, Oreg.) for an hour followed incubation for 1 hr in horseradish peroxidase conjugated donkey anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:10,000) (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom). Finally, the chemiluminescent system for western blot (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) development on an X-ray film (Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.) was used according to the manufacturer recommendations. 
     Plant and Protoplast Photos 
     Plant pictures under UV or white light were taken with a Canon Camera (Canon EOS Digital Rebel XTi 400D, Lake Success, N.Y.). Close up fluorescent pictures of plant parts or protoplast were taken using a fluorescent dissecting microscope (Zeiss Stemi SV 11 UV-fluorescence dissecting microscope, Carl Zeiss Jena, GmbH., Jena, Germany). High resolution protoplast pictures were taken using a confocal scanning microscope (Leica TCS SL, Leica Microsystems, Inc., Exton, Pa.). 
     Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 
     Double antibody sandwiched ELISA was used according to the procedure developed by Garnsey and Cambra (1991). A rabbit polyclonal antibody (1 μg/ml) was used for coating the ELISA plate. The plant tissue sample was diluted at a 1:20 in PBS-T (phosphate buffer saline-1% Tween 20) extraction buffer. The detection antibody used was Mab ECTV 172 (1:100K dilution). 
     GUS Assay 
     Citrus bark pieces or systemic leaves from Agro-inoculated  N. benthamiana  plants that were surface sterilized in alcohol (70% ethanol) followed by Sodium hypo chloride (10% solution) and washing three times in sterile distilled water before staining for GUS. The samples were incubated overnight in an EDTA-phosphate buffer (0.1M Na 2 HPO 4 , 1 mM Na 2 EDTA) containing 1 mg/ml X-gluc (cyclohexylammounium salt: Gold Biotechnology, St Louis, Mo.). Fixing of the tissue was done in 95% ethanol: glacial acetic acid solution (3:1). 
     Discussion Related to CTV Vector Examples 1-8 
     In this work, CTV constructs that are extraordinarily permissive in allowing insertion of foreign sequences at different places in the 3′ portion of the genome are disclosed. Numerous different potential vector constructs to express foreign genes via additional subgenomic RNAs, di-cistronic mRNAs, or protease processing of fusion proteins were created and examined. Remarkably, most of these constructs functioned as vectors. Additionally, that the CTV constructs disclosed herein are capable of simultaneously producing large amounts of multiple foreign proteins or peptides. 
     The ultimate goal was to develop high expressing and stable vectors for the natural CTV host, citrus. Thus, virions were concentrated from  N. benthamiana  plants infected with 12 different constructs that spread and expressed moderate to high levels of the foreign protein(s) and used to inoculate citrus.  C macrophylla  plants became positive for infection between 6-60 weeks after inoculation depending on the insert length in the virus and the amount of virions concentrated from the  N. benthamiana  leaves that were used for inoculation. Most of the constructs that infected citrus produced moderate levels of the reporter gene/s. 
     Several approaches were examined for expression of foreign genes from CTV. The first approach was the “add-a-gene” strategy that involved the addition or duplication of a controller element and an additional ORF, which resulted in an additional subgenomic RNA. The “add-a-gene” approach was developed initially in TMV via duplicating the CP subgenomic promoter controlling a foreign gene (Dawson et al., 1989; Donson et al., 1991; Shivprasad et al., 1999). An advantage of this strategy is that it expresses the exact protein with no additional amino acids added to the N or/and C terminus which could affect its biological activity, at relatively high levels. However, there are limitations of this strategy that should be considered. Duplication of the controller element can lead to homologous recombination resulting in the loss of the gene of interest (Chapman et al., 1992; Dawson et al., 1989). Although this made the TMV insert unstable, it appeared to have little effect on the stability in CTV (Folimonov et al., 2007). The use of a heterologous controller element from related viruses stabilized the TMV insertions. However, heterologous controller elements usually are differentially recognized by the replicase complex of the virus (Folimonov et al., 2007; Shivprasad et al., 1999). This observation can be utilized to regulate the levels of desired gene expression (Shivprasad et al., 1999). An important consideration is that there can be competition between the different subgenomic RNAs of a virus. With TMV, the extra gene competed with the coat protein gene and the movement gene. There appeared to be a maximal capacity for production of subgenomic RNAs that was divided among the three RNAs. Manipulations that resulted in increases in one resulted in decreases in the others. One solution was to reduce coat protein production to allow optimal foreign gene and movement gene expression (Shivprasad et al., 1999; Girdishivelli et al., 2000). Yet, CTV subgenomic mRNAs appeared to be much less competitive (Folimonov et al., 2007; Ayllón et al., 2003). 
     In previous work, a CTV vector was created that expressed an extra gene between the CP and CPm genes that was an effective and stable vector in citrus trees. The foreign gene was in position 6 from the 3′ terminus (Folimonov et al., 2007). The position of the extra gene was chosen arbitrarily. Vector design was continued in an attempt to define the limits of manipulation of the CTV genome in producing extra proteins or peptides. The virus expresses its ten 3′ genes via sg mRNAs (Hilf et al., 1995). One rule of CTV gene expression is that genes nearer the 3′ terminus are transcribed higher than internal genes. For example, transcription of the p33 gene, which is at position 10 from the 3′ terminus, is very low in its native position, but transcription became very high when the p33 gene was moved near the 3′ terminus (Satyanarayana et al., 1999). Thus, expression of foreign genes from positions nearer the 3′ terminus might result in higher levels than from the position 6 arbitrarily chosen in the first vector (Folimonov et al., 2007). Yet, based on results from other viruses, only certain positions within the viral genome are likely to tolerate extra gene insertions. For example, with TMV or Alfalfa mosaic virus the location between CP and 3′NTR did not accommodate an insert (Dawson et al., 1989; Lehto and Dawson, 1990; Sanchez-Navarro et al., 2001). Remarkably, almost all of the constructs with insertions in CTV within the p13 deletion, between p13 and p20, and between p23 and the 3′ NTR were viable. In contrast, it was found that the only position the virus did not tolerate insertions was between the p20 and p23 genes. It is possible that these insertions interfered with the transcription of either of the adjacent genes. 
     Another strategy to express foreign genes in a viral vector consists of in-frame fusion of an ORF of interest to a viral ORF at either the N or C terminus. The two proteins can be released by engineering a protease and processing sites between the two proteins (Dolja et al., 1997; Gopinath et al., 2000). It was first adapted in the potyviridae, tobacco etch virus (Dolja et al., 1992). The major advantage of polyprotein fusion strategy is that the foreign protein is expressed in 1:1 ratio with the viral protein. A major limitation is that this process adds extra amino acids at the N and/or C termini of both proteins, which may affect their biological activities. 
     A series of constructs utilizing the HC-Pro or NIa proteases from potyviruses to enable post translational processing of the engineered polyprotein to release free GFP, protease, and the p23 protein were created. These vectors were able to systemically infect  N. benthamiana . The systemic movement of these constructs was slower than the expression vector constructs containing only the GFP ORF as an extra gene. The slower systemic movement and the lower levels of GFP expression in the systemic leaves partially could be attributed to the extra C-terminal amino acids of p23 reduced its activity in RNA silencing suppression or amplification of viral RNAs or the protease processing delayed its activity. Although these constructs did not produce the maximal levels of foreign protein, they were viable vectors expressing substantial amounts of GFP. 
     Upon identifying the locations within the CTV genome that could accommodate foreign gene inserts, strategies were designed to construct viral vectors that express multiple genes. The first strategy depended on the use of a single controller element driving the transcription of a polypeptide gene. The fusion gene that consisted of GFP/Pro/GUS, ranged in size from 3127 nts to 3480 nts. Other strategies utilized two extra CEs to produce two extra sg RNAs simultaneously. This strategy gave the flexibility to insert the two genes in tandem in the same location or in two different locations. Both strategies worked. 
     Heterologous protein expression in whole plant is usually accomplished by development of transgenic plants by insertion of foreign DNA into the plastid or nuclear genome. Plastid transformation has been successful for only a few annual crops. Time and success of nuclear transformation varies among the different crops. Certain plants are more recalcitrant to transformation and subsequent regeneration than others. There are other disadvantages, particularly in perennial crops. For example, citrus has a long juvenile stage after regeneration that prolongs the time necessary to evaluate the horticultural characteristics and delays the time to commercial use. Another major disadvantage is that transformation is limited to the next generation of plants. 
     A series of different CTV vectors was developed, each with different characteristics that are more effective under specific conditions. For example, with the “add-a-gene” vectors, the expression of a small gene occurs when placed 3′ of the p23 gene in CTV for maximal expression. A medium gene could be more efficiently expressed from within the p13 area. A large gene probably would be better accommodated as an insertion between CP and CPm where it would disrupt the viral subgenomic RNAs less and result in better systemic invasion of the plant. For expression of smaller proteins, peptides, or RNAs to target RNA silencing, it is possible that the virus could accommodate 3 or 4 different genes. Different combinations of extra sg RNAs and protease processing can be chosen. Although two foreign proteins have been produced from other viruses, CTV is unique in usefulness because of its stability. The original vector has been continuously producing GFP for 8 years. 
     The uses of the CTV based expression vector have evolved since its inception. It was initially developed as a laboratory tool for citrus improvement. The vector was designed to express potential genes for transformation of citrus. Results of the effect of the heterologous gene in citrus, particularly if the effect was expected in mature tissue or fruit, could be obtained by the virus years before results would come from direct transformation. However, conditions and needs of the citrus industry have changed due to the invasion of a new bacterial disease referred to as Huanglongbing (HLB). This disease has spread so rapidly and is so damaging that the survival of the citrus industry is threatened. Initially, the CTV vector was used to identify antimicrobial peptides with activity against the HLB bacterium for transformation into citrus. However, the disease is spreading so rapidly that transgenic plants may not be available in time to save the industry. Due to the remarkable stability, the CTV vector now is being considered for use in the field to protect citrus trees and to treat infected trees until resistant transgenic plants become available. The CTV vector as a tool in the field to fight an invading disease of citrus is only one example of what viral vectors can do for agriculture. The possibilities are many for very stable vectors like those of CTV and perennial crops, particularly trees. Many trees are productive for 100 years or more. During the lifespan of the trees technologies changes and disease and pest pressures change. To improve trees by traditional transformation methods requires removing all of the present trees from the field and replanting. The use of a viral vector could add new genes to the existing trees. 
     CTV VECTOR EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Systems Used to Examine CTV-Based Expression Vectors 
     CTV-based expression vectors were examined in three systems,  N. benthamiana  mesophyll protoplasts as well as whole plants of  N. benthaminia  and  Citrus macropylla.  The full-length cDNA clone of CTV (pCTV9R) and a mutant with most of the p33 gene deleted (pCTV9RΔp33), which has a PstI restriction site removed making cloning easier and still retaining the ability to infect most citrus varieties (Tatineni et al., 2008), was used for building constructs to infect whole plants. Relatively quick assays were done in  N. benthamiana  protoplasts, which require constructs to be built in the SP6 transcription plasmid (Satyanarayana et al., 1999). A mini-replicon pCTVΔCla 333R (Gowda et al., 2001), with most of the 3′ genes removed, was convenient to use in protoplasts. The ultimate goal to obtain citrus trees infected with the different CTV expression vectors was much more difficult and time consuming. So far, agro-inoculate citrus trees has proven difficult. Thus, to avoid this difficulty virions are amplified and concentrated for inoculation of citrus trees by stem-slashing or bark-flap inoculation (Robertson et al., 2005; Satyanarayana et al., 2001).  N. benthamiana  protoplasts can be inoculated with in vitro produced transcripts of recombinant CTV constructs and the virus amplified by successively passaging virions in crude sap through a series of protoplasts (Folimonov et al., 2007; Satyanarayana et al., 2001; Tatineni et al., 2008). Also, recombinant CTV can be amplified in  N. benthamiana  plants after agro-inoculation (Gowda et al., 2005). The virus can infect mesophyll cells of agro-inoculated areas of leaves, but as the virus moves systemically into upper non-inoculated leaves, it is limited to vascular tissues and usually induces vein clearing and later vein necrosis. All of the vector constructs were examined during systemic infection of  N. benthamiana  plants. Since CTV virions do not resuspend after centrifugation to a pellet, virions have to be concentrated by centrifugation through a sucrose step gradient (Garnsey et al., 1977; Robertson et al., 2005). After inoculation, the tops of citrus plants were removed, and viral systemic infections were monitored in new growth after 2-3 months. Once trees were infected, inoculum (buds, leaf pieces, or shoots) from the first infected plants was then used to propagate new plants for experimentation. The whole process takes approximately one year. 
     Example 2 
     Addition of an Extra Gene at Different Locations Within the CTV Genome 
     Insertions at the p13 Gene Site 
     The effective CTV vector developed previously (Folimonov et al., 2007) has the additional gene inserted between the two coat protein genes, positioning the foreign gene as the sixth gene from the 3′ terminus. Yet, the most highly expressed genes of CTV tend to be closer to the 3′ terminus. Thus, it appeared that positioning an inserted gene closer to the 3′ terminus could result in higher levels of expression. P13, the third gene from the 3′ terminus, is a relatively highly expressed gene that is not necessary for the infection of most of the CTV host range (Tatineni et al., 2008; Tatineni et al., in preparation). Yet, replacement of the p13 ORF with the GFP ORF was not successful in previous attempts (Folimonov et al., 2007). There were possible reasons for the failure. The previous construct was designed with the assumption that translation initiated at the first start codon, but the p13 ORF has a second in-frame AUG. Translation might normally start at the second AUG. However, fusion of the GFP ORF behind the second in frame AUG also did not express the reporter gene (Gowda et al., unpublished result). A second possibility is that the p13 controller element (CE) might extend into the p13 ORF or that ribosome recruitment is directed from within the ORF. The p13 CE and ORF were deleted and a new ORF was inserted behind a heterologous CE in the p13 position. The GFP ORF controlled by the CP-CE from BYSV (101 nts from 8516-8616 accession #U51931), GLRaV-2 (198 nts from 9454-9651 accession #DQ286725) or BYV were engineered into pCTV9RΔp33as a replacement for nts 17293-17581 (CTV33-Δ13-BY-GFP-57, CTV33-Δ13-G-GFP-65, CTV33-Δ13-B-GFP-66 respectively) ( FIG. 1A ). RNA transcripts were used to inoculate a series of protoplasts to determine whether the constructs could replicate and whether virions formed sufficiently for passage in crude sap to a new batch of protoplasts. The fluorescence of infected protoplasts (data not presented) and northern blot hybridization analysis demonstrated the successive passage of the expression vectors through the protoplast transfers ( FIG. 1B ). Furthermore, the level of the GFP mRNA was similar to that of CP. Vectors sequences CTV33-Δ13-BY-GFP-57, CTV33-Δ13-G-GFP-65 and CTV33-Δ13-B-GFP-66 then were transferred into the  Agrobacterium  binary plasmid for agro-inoculation of  N. benthamiana  plants. All three vectors infected and moved systemically in vascular tissue of the  N. benthamiana  plants as indicated by fluorescence in leaves, buds, flowers and corolla ( FIG. 1C ), vein clearing phenotype in early stages, as well as confirmed by ELISA (Data not presented). 
     CTV33-Δ13-G-GFP-65 and CTV33-Δ13-B-GFP-66 were amplified and used to inoculate  Citrus macrophylla  plants. The initially infected plants exhibited bright fluorescence in vascular tissue ( FIG. 1D ). Fluorescence continued in these plants 2 years after inoculation. 
     The GFP ORF (720 nts) was replaced with the GUS ORF (1812 nts) in the same position to examine the expression of a larger foreign gene. The BYSV CP-CE was selected to drive the GUS ORF in expression vector CTV33-Δ13-BY-GUS-61 ( FIG. 2A ). RNA transcripts of this construct were transfected into protoplast where the virus replicated and passaged efficiently from one protoplast batch to another as indicated by northern blot hybridization analysis ( FIG. 2B ). In addition, it revealed that the level of accumulation of GUS mRNA was identical to the CP mRNA, and the CP and CPm mRNAs of vector were similar to that of the wild type virus. Agro-inoculation of  N. benthamiana  plants revealed that the construct infected and spread throughout the vascular tissue of the plants based on GUS staining and confirmed by ELISA (Data not presented) and the vein clearing phenotype. 
     Virions isolated from infiltrated leaves of  N. benthamiana  plants of CTV33-Δ13-BY-GUS-61 infected  Citrus macrophylla  plants as confirmed by ELISA (Data not presented) and the bioactivity of the GUS protein ( FIG. 2C ). The GUS gene was still biologically active in citrus 1.5 year after inoculation. 
     Technically, the above constructs replaced a gene (p13) rather than added an extra gene. To examine a vector with an extra gene between p13 and p20, the CP-CE of BYSV controlling the GFP ORF was inserted between nts 17685-17686 to yield CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69 ( FIG. 3A ). This vector should produce an extra subgenomic RNA between the subgenomic RNAs of p13 and p20. Vector CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69 was examined in  N. benthamiana  protoplasts and plants. In the protoplast system, CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69 replicated efficiently and was successfully passaged from one protoplast batch to another demonstrating efficient replication and virion formation as indicated by fluorescence (Data not presented) and northern blot hybridization analysis ( FIG. 3B ). The foreign mRNA accumulated at a relatively high level but the CP mRNA was reduced. Similar to the replacement of p13 constructs, agro-inoculation of the expression vector CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69 into  N. benthamiana  plants enabled the new vector to infect and spread throughout the vascular tissue ( FIG. 3C ). 
     Construct CTV33-13-BY-GFP-69 infected  C. macrophylla  plants as indicated by strong fluorescence throughout the vascular tissue ( FIG. 3C ) and confirmed by ELISA (Data not presented). The plants were still fluorescencing 2 years after inoculation. 
     Insertion Between p20 and p23 
     To examine expression of a foreign gene closer to the 3′ NTR of CTV, an extra gene was inserted between the p20 and p23 genes (nts 18312-18313). The BYV or BYSV CP-CE was used to drive the GFP mRNA in two vectors based on T36 CTV9RΔp33(CTV33-20-B-GFP-49 and CTV33-20-BY-GFP-58) ( FIG. 3-4A ). The new vectors produced an extra sgRNA mRNA between the p20 and p23 sgRNAs ( FIG. 4B ). However, the accumulation of the p20 sg mRNA was substantially reduced. Both vectors replicated and were passaged in protoplasts, but the protoplast passage was reduced as demonstrated by reduced numbers of cells with GFP fluorescence and northern blot hybridization ( FIGS. 4B  &amp; C). When both CTV33-20-B-GFP-49 or CTV33-20-BY-GFP-58 vectors were infiltrated into  N. benthamiana  leaves for transient expression, the vectors replicated and produced abundant amounts of GFP as indicated by fluorescence (Data not presented) and western blot analysis ( FIG. 4D).However , when agro-inoculated into  N. benthamiana  plants, the constructs replicated but movement into upper non-inoculated leaves was random and often unsuccessful. Since systemic infection of  N. benthamiana  plants was marginal, no attempt was made to inoculate citrus. 
     Insertion Between p23 and 3′NTR 
     The next position to be examined was to make the inserted gene the 3′-most gene. Since CTV gene expression tends to be highest for genes positions nearer the 3′ terminus, this position could be expected to result in the highest level of expression of a foreign gene (Navas-Castillo et al., 1997; Hilf et al., 1995). Although the 3′ NTR has been analyzed (Satyanarayana et al., 2002a), it was not known what effect an extra gene in this area would have on the efficiency of replication. The insertion of an extra gene between the CP gene and the 3′NTR in Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) failed to produce viable vectors (Dawson et al., 1989; Sánchez-Navarro et al., 2001). The CP-CE of BYSV, GLRaV-2 or BYV in front of the GFP ORF was inserted between nucleotides 19020 and 19021 creating vectors CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37, CTV33-23-G-GFP-40 and CTV33-23-B-GFP-42, respectively ( FIG. 5A ). All of the constructs when transfected into the protoplast replicated and were passaged efficiently as indicated by northern blot hybridization analysis ( FIG. 5B ) and GFP fluorescence (Data not presented). The GFP mRNA was the highest accumulating mRNA, with only slight decreases to the other mRNAs compared to that of the wild type virus ( FIG. 5B ). Furthermore, the constructs with a GFP insertion 3′ of the p23 ORF had the highest accumulation of the foreign gene mRNA among the constructs examined. CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37, CTV33-23-G-GFP-40 and CTV33-23-B-GFP-42 constructs were agro-inoculated into  N. benthamiana  plants. The infections spread systemically throughout the vascular tissue as demonstrated by the fluorescence ( FIG. 5C ), phenotype (vein clearing followed by necrosis), and ELISA (Data not presented). The fluorescence in the vascular tissue of  N. benthamiana  plants was extremely bright and continued for the life of the infected plants ( FIG. 5C ) 
     Construct CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37 was amplified by passage through 12 protoplast sets before citrus inoculation. C macrophylla plants that were bark-flap inoculated with the concentrated virions became infected. The infection of citrus was confirmed by fluorescence of GFP ( FIG. 3-5D ) and ELISA (Data not presented). Inoculation of citrus with constructs CTV33-23-G-GFP-40 was done via amplification in agro-inoculated  N. benthamiana  plants. The infection rate was in 1 of 4  C. macrophylla  plants as indicated by fluorescence ( FIG. 5D ) and confirmed by ELISA (Data not presented). Similar to  N. benthamiana , citrus plants expressed bright fluorescence in the vascular tissue 12 weeks after inoculation and were still fluorescing 2.5 years later ( FIG. 5D ). 
     To examine the ability of the vector to express a larger gene at this position, the GUS ORF behind the BYSV CP-CE was inserted 3′ of the p23 gene resulting in construct CTV33-23-BY-GUS-60 ( FIG. 6A ). The construct replicated in successfully transfected protoplasts. However, the accumulation levels of all the CTV subgenomic RNAs were decreased profoundly compared to the wild type virus as demonstrated by northern blot hybridization analysis ( FIG. 6B ). Also, the CTV33-23-BY-GUS-60 construct passaged poorly in protoplasts (Data not presented). Yet, after agro-inoculation of  N. benthamiana  plants, the vector replicated and moved systemically as demonstrated by the systemic symptoms (vein clearing followed by necrosis), ELISA (Data not presented) and GUS assays. The activity of GUS in the  N. benthamiana  plants was continuously produced in old and new leaves until the death of the plant ( FIG. 7C ). Similar to CTV33-Δ13-BY-GUS-61, the location between p23 and 3′NTR was able to accommodate moderately to long genes albeit with a differential effect on sg RNA levels of upstream genes ( FIG. 5B  &amp;  FIG. 6B ) 
     Concentrated virions from Construct CTV33-23-GUS-60 were used to inoculate  C. macropyhlla  plants, which became infected as confirmed by ELISA (Data not presented) and activity of the GUS gene ( FIG. 6C ). Furthermore, GUS activity and western blot analysis revealed the presence of the GUS gene in citrus 1.3 years after inoculation ( FIG. 6C ,  FIG. 19 ). 
     Example 3 
     Production of an Extra Polypeptide Without Producing an Extra Subgenomic mRNA 
     Internal Ribosome Entry Site Strategy (IRES) 
     The Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) IRES 
     The 5′NTR of TEV mediates cap independent translation of the viral mRNA. Studies on the 5′NTR of TEV demonstrate its ability to initiate translation at an internal ORF in a bi-cistronic mRNA (Gallie, 2001; Niepel and Gallie, 1999). The 5′NTR of TEV (nts 2-144 Genbank accession #DQ986288) was inserted into a CTV mini-replicon behind the p23 ORF (between nts 19020-19021) followed by the GFP ORF (CTVp333R-23-ITEV-GFP) ( FIG. 7A ) to examine whether a bicistronic subgenomic mRNA would work with this virus. Although northern blot hybridization analysis demonstrated that the mini-replicon replicated and produced abundant amounts of the bicistronic mRNA in transfected  N. benthamiana  protoplasts ( FIG. 7C ), GFP fluorescence was not observed, suggesting a lack of translation of the second ORF in the bicistronic mRNA. The 5′NTR TEV IRES construct in full length CTV was examined in  N. benthamiana  protoplasts and plants. Construct CTV33-23-ITEV-GFP-41 was passaged efficiently from protoplast to the next protoplast sets ( FIG. 7B ), indicating the good replication and formation of virions, but no fluorescing protoplasts were observed demonstrating that this IRES did not work well in CTV (data not presented). This construct infected and moved systemically in  N. benthamiana  plants based on the systemic symptoms of vein clearing followed by necrosis and ELISA (Data not presented), but no GFP fluorescence was observed under UV light (Data not presented). 
     Active Ribosome Complementary Sequence (ARC) IRES 
     Insertion of an IRES consensus sequence obtained from analysis of host and viral mRNAs (the engineered 3xARC-1 (86 nts) IRES (Akbergenov et al., 2004)) was next examined for activity in CTV. This IRES was fused behind the p23 ORF (nts 19020-19021) in both the CTV mini-replicon (CTVp333R-23-I3XARC-GFP) and Δp33CTV9R (CTV33-23-I3XARC-GFP-43) as described above ( FIG. 7A ). However, after infection of protoplasts and plants, no GFP fluorescence was observed even though the virus replicated well in both ( FIGS. 7B&amp;C ) 
     Poly-Peptide Fusion 
     P23, the highest expressed gene of CTV, is a multifunctional protein that is essential for citrus infection. P23 is a silencing suppressor and controls plus to minus RNA ratio in infected cells via an RNA binding domain constituted of positive charged amino acid residues and Zn finger domain present between amino acid 50-86 (Lopez et al., 2000; Satyanarayana et al., 2002b; Lu et al., 2004). In order to create a gene fusion the HC-Pro or NIa protease motifs of TEV were selected to be fused at the C-terminus of p23 (between nts 19017 and 19018) ( FIG. 8 ). The protease recognition sequence of the HC-Pro and NIa was duplicated between p23 and the protease and between the protease and GFP creating vectors CTV33-23-HC-GFP-72 and CTV33-23-NIa-GFP-73, respectively ( FIG. 8 ). The processing of the protease motif from p23 should release the p23 with 7 extra amino acids at its C-terminus in the case of HC-Pro and 6 amino acids in the case of NIa. The GFP protein should have two extra and one extra amino acid after being cleaved from HC-Pro and NIa, respectively. The recognition sequences were switched between HC-Pro and NIa creating vectors CTV33-23-HCØ-GFP-74 and CTV33-23-NIaØ-GFP-75 as controls that are unable to be cleaved ( FIG. 8 ). All the polypeptide fusion vectors were created in CTV binary vectors for infection of plants because in protoplast it was shown that p23 fusion did not affect the ability to replicate and pass between protoplast sets (Tatineni and Dawson, unpublished result). In  N. benthamiana  infiltrated leaves, all constructs fluoresced similarly to each other and to the free GFP constructs behind p23 ( FIG. 9A ). Furthermore, western immune-blot analysis from infiltrated leaves indicated a near-perfect processing of the reporter gene from the polypeptide fusion ( FIG. 10 ). The GFP protein did not localize to the nucleus unlike the fusion to p23 without a protease processing releasing the reporter gene. Upon agro-inoculation of plants, only constructs with the protease and its homologous processing sites were able to move systemically into upper non-inoculated leaves. The fluorescence in upper non-inoculated leaves was weaker than those for the expression vectors CTV33-23-BY-GFP-37, CTV33-23-G-GFP-40 and CTV33-23-B-GFP-42 carrying GFP under its own controller element ( FIG. 9B ). Furthermore, it was easier to visualize fluorescence on the abaxial rather than the adaxial leaf surface ( FIG. 9C ). Upon inoculation of citrus with construct CTV33-23-HC-GFP-72, one plant became positive with relatively low ELISA value compared to others (Data not presented). The reporter gene activity was not detected. 
     Example 4 
     Production of More Than One Extra Foreign Protein from CTV Vectors 
     Use of Single Controller Elements to Express Multiple Proteins 
     In order to exploit the polypeptide strategy to express multiple genes driven by the same controller element in a CTV based vector, a fusion polypeptide was created consisting of GFP/Protease (Pro)/GUS. Two different protease motifs were used in the different constructs, HC-Pro and NIa, with their proteolytic motifs and recognition sequences separating GFP ORF from the GUS ORF (FIGS.  14 A &amp;  3 - 16 ) (Carrington and Dougherty, 1988; Carrington et al., 1989). Theoretically, in case the NIa was the protease motif in the fusion, six extra amino acids are coupled with the N-terminal protein (GFP) at its C-terminus whereas only one extra amino acid is added to the N-terminus of GUS. Similarly, where HC-Pro was the protease within the fusion poly-peptide, 7 extra amino acids are added to the C-terminus of GFP and two extra amino acids added to the N-terminus of GUS. The fusion genes ranged in size between 3127 and 3480 nts. 
     Replacement of p13 Gene 
     The two fusions of GFP/Pro/GUS described above were engineered into the p13 site of CTV in the agro-inoculation binary vector under the control of the BYSV CP-CE (CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-HC-GUS-77 with HC-Pro protease motif and CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-NIa-GUS-78 with NIa protease motif) ( FIG. 11A ). The constructs were agro-inoculated to  N. benthamiana  for monitoring the ability to systemically infect the plant and produce GUS and GFP. Both genes were produced based on their assays ( FIG. 11B ). Western immune-blot analysis indicated the efficient processing of the GFP protein from the polypeptide fusion ( FIG. 10 ). The virus multiplied and spread to high titers in  N. benthamiana  plants as indicated by symptom development in the upper leaves ( FIG. 11B ) and ELISA. However, the level of GFP fluorescence was less than that of vectors CTV33-Δ13-BY-GFP-57, CTV33-Δ13-G-GFP-65 and CTV33-Δ13-B-GFP-66 expressing the GFP alone and spread more slowly into the upper non-inoculated leaves than those vectors (Data not presented). In  N. benthamiana  plants, overlapping fluorescence and enzymatic activity of GUS were demonstrated 7 months after the injection of the construct revealing their stability ( FIG. 12 ). 
     Insertion Between p23 and 3′NTR 
     In an attempt to improve the expression level of GFP and GUS, the fusion polypeptide was moved closer to the 3′NTR. The fusion gene with either BYSV, GLRaV-2 or BYV CP-CE with the protease of HC-Pro was inserted between p23 and 3′NTR referred to as CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-51, CTV33-23-G-GFP-HC-GUS-53 and CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-55 whereas with the NIa protease constructs were named, CTV33-23-BY-GFP-NIa-GUS-52, CTV33-23-G-GFP-NIa-GUS-54 and CTV33-23-BY-GFP-NIa-GUS-56, respectively ( FIG. 13 ). After  N. benthamiana  plants were agro-inoculated, all the constructs multiplied and spread into the upper non-inoculated leaves as indicated by GFP fluorescence ( FIG. 14A ) and GUS activity ( FIG. 14A ). Similar to constructs CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-HC-GUS-77 and CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-NIa-GUS-78, fluorescence overlapping with GUS enzymatic activity was demonstrated 7 months after injection indicating the stability of the fusion. However,  C. macrophylla  plants infected with construct CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-51 revealed only faint fluorescence and almost no GUS activity ( FIG. 14B ) and high ELISA values. 
     Example 5 
     Use of Multiple Promoters to Express Foreign Genes Simultaneously 
     Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) in CTV. 
     For examination of the insertion of two CP-CE controlling different ORFs, the BiFC system, which produces visible fluorescence only when the two proteins accumulate in the same cell, was used. This system was developed using the bJun fused to N-terminus of EYFP (A.A. 1-154) (referred to as bJunN) and bFos ORF fused to C-terminus of EYFP (A.A. 155-238) (referred to as bFosC) (Hu et al., 2002). 
     Both proteins are transported to the nucleus where they directly interact enabling the EYFP protein to regain its wild type folding pattern and results in emission of fluorescence upon activation by a blue light source (Excitation wave length is 525 nm and emission wavelength is 575 nm) (Hu et al., 2002). One or both components of BiFC were introduced into the CTV mini-replicon 3′ of the p23 ORF (between nts #19020 and 19021 Genbank Accession #AY170468) referred to as CTVp333R-23-BYbJunN, CTVp333R-23-GbFosC and CTVp333R-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC ( FIG. 15A ). Northern blot hybridization analysis demonstrates the successful transfection of all three constructs into  N. benthamiana  protoplast ( FIG. 15B ). The two transcription factors interacted in the plant cell as demonstrated by nuclear fluorescence observed only in protoplasts infected with CTVp333R-23-BYbJunN-GBFosC ( FIG. 15C ). It is worth noting that the size of the two inserted genes is approximately identical to that of the GUS ORF. 
     As a control for the BiFC experiments, the genes were introduced individually into Δp33CTV9R behind p23 creating vectors CTV33-23-BYbJunN-97 and CTV33-23-GbFosC-98 so that only one component would be produced ( FIG. 16B ). Neither construct exhibited fluorescence in the nucleus. 
     Expression of Multiple Foreign Genes Simultaneously at the Same Location 
     P13 Replacement. 
     Both genes were introduced into a Δp33CTV9R (Satyanarayana et al., 1999, 2000, 2003; Tatineni et al., 2008) as a replacement of the p13 gene (replacement of the nucleotides deleted between 17292 and 17581), resulting in CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 ( FIG. 16A ). Transfection of protoplasts with the RNA transcripts of CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 resulted in the nuclear fluorescence of infected protoplasts (Data not presented). Similarly, infiltrated leaves of  N. benthamiana  plants with full length CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 emitted nuclear fluorescence ( FIG. 16B ). On the contrary, infiltrated leaves with constructs CTV33-23-BYbJunN-97 and CTV33-23-GbFosC-98 did not show any nuclear fluorescence (Data not presented). Monitoring stem phloem and leaf veins of  N. benthamiana  plants infiltrated with CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 seven weeks after infiltration revealed fluorescence of the vascular tissue indicating the ability of this construct to systemically infect upper leaves of  N. benthamiana  ( FIG. 16B ). 
     Insertion Between p23 and 3′NTR. 
     The next step was to examine expression of the two genes when positioned closer to the 3′ terminus. The two gene components of the BiFC system were introduced into CTVΔp33behind p23 (between nts #19020 and 19021), CTV33-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC-59 ( FIG. 3-17A ). Upon RNA transfection of construct CTV33-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC-59, nuclear flourescence of infected protoplast was observed under the fluorescent microscope. However, it was difficult to pass the new construct from one protoplast batch to another, similar to GUS and the GFP/Pro/GUS fusion genes inserted at the same location. Upon agro-infiltration of  N. benthamiana  plants with CTV33-23-BYbJun-GbFosC-59 in full length CTV, fluorescence was observed in infiltrated areas. Systemic symptoms similar to that expected for infection of  N. benthamiana  by CTV was extremely delayed. However, monitoring upper non-inoculated leaves and phloem tissue of the stem at seven weeks after agro-infiltration of leaves revealed fluorescence of nuclei of the vascular tissue, demonstrating systemic infection by the vector ( FIG. 17C ). These results confirmed by ELISA, indicate that the position between p23 and 3′NTR can accommodate two extra genes without affecting the ability of CTV to systemically invade the plants. Similar to both genes replacing p13 in construct CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 there was a delay in the time frame of colonizing the upper vascular tissues by construct CTV33-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC-59. Nuclear fluorescence of systemic stem phloem tissue indicates that CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 infected more cells than construct CTV33-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC-59 ( FIG. 16B  &amp;  FIG. 17C ). This difference in the number of cells infected indicates the better ability of CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 to move in  N. benthamiana  as compared to CTV33-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC-59. 
     Example 6 
     Expression of Multiple Foreign Genes Simultaneously from Different Locations 
     To express multiple foreign genes from two different positions, p13 gene was placed and a second gene was inserted behind p23. CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-23-GbFosC-67 ( FIG. 17A ) was created via replacement of the p13 gene with the BYSV CP-CE driving the bJunN ORF and the GLRaV-2 CP-CE controlling the bFosC ORF inserted between the p23 ORF and the 3′NTR. CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-23-GbFosC-67 was transfected into protoplasts and Northern blot analysis revealed the replication of the virus ( FIG. 17B ). However, accumulation of the p23 mRNA was greatly reduced. CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-23-GbFosC-67 was agro-inoculated into  N. benthamiana . The infiltration into the leaves indicated nuclear fluorescence of infected cells ( FIG. 17C ) which were much fewer in number compared to constructs CTV33-Δ13-BYbJunN-GbFosC-76 and CTV33-23-BYbJunN-GbFosC-59. Isolation of virions from leaves and transfection of protoplast was carried out resulting in nuclear fluorescence of infected protoplast indicating the successful formation of biologically active virions. However, systemic infection was not achieved in  N. benthamiana  as indicated by the lack of nuclear fluorescence in the stem and upper non-inoculated leaves of  N. benthamiana  and confirmed by ELISA. 
     In order to further study simultaneous multiple gene expression from the different locations as above, CTV33-Δ13-BYGUS-23-GGFP-71 was engineered such that the GUS ORF under the control of the BYSV CP-CE replaced the p13 gene(nts 17292-17582) and the GFP ORF under the control of the GLRaV-2 CP-CE was inserted between the p23 and 3′NTR (nts 19020 and 19021) ( FIG. 18A ). RNA transcripts of CTV33-Δp13-BYGUS-23-GGFP-71 were transfected into  N. benthamiana  protoplasts and northern blot analysis indicated efficient replication of the construct in protoplasts ( FIG. 18B ). Leaf infiltration of  N. benthamiana  plants with construct CTV33-Δp13-BYGUS-23-GGFP-71 resulted in replication of the virus as indicated by visible fluorescence under a UV light and by GUS activity (Data not presented). The agro-inoculated plants began to exhibit GUS activity and fluorescence in the upper non-inoculated leaves 6 weeks after infiltration ( FIG. 3-18C ). The systemic infection of upper leaves was slightly slower than constructs with only GFP alone. Also, the phenotype of vein clearing followed by necrosis associated with CTV infection of  N. benthamiana  vascular tissue occurred later than that of single gene vectors. The level of fluorescence when observed UV light appeared to be slightly less than that of the single gene constructs. However, the GFP fluorescence was more in plants infected with construct CTV33-Δp13BYGUS-23GGFP-71, which was controlled by its own CE, compared to that of the fusion in constructs (CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-51, CTV33-23-BY-GFP-NIa-GUS-52, CTV33-23-G-GFP-HC-GUS-53, CTV33-23-G-GFP-NIa-GUS-54, CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-HC-GUS-77 and CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-NIa-GUS-78). The activity of both genes continued until the death of the  N. benthamiana  plants. Similarly, in citrus the expression of both genes were better than the same genes in constructs CTV33-Δ13-BYGFP-NIa-GUS-78 and CTV33-23-BY-GFP-HC-GUS-51. 
     Example 7 
     Level of Foreign Gene Expression of the Different Constructs in Citrus 
     It is difficult to directly compare foreign gene expression from the different vectors in citrus due to the differences in the times of infection, the ages of the tissue and the effects of the inserted foreign gene cassette on the replication of the virus. Yet, protein presence in citrus is the best measure of expression level. Thus, western blot analysis was used to compare the relative level of expression of the different GFP and GUS constructs in citrus to that of CP protein, a house keeping gene to determine the replication levels. Western blots using the GFP antibodies and the CP antibody revealed a trend which confirms the relative higher expression levels near the 3′end of the genome and a lower expression level when the inserted gene is moved further away from the 3′end with the exception for the insertion between p13 and p20 ( FIG. 19A ). In contrary, the GUS expression in citrus revealed a higher relative expression level as replacement of p13 rather than insertion behind p23 ( FIG. 19B ). 
     Example 8 
     Multiple Gene Vectors 
     Plasmid Construction: 
     Three and four gene vectors were developed by introducing different combination of gene cassettes into the CTV genome at different locations. Three of the vectors were developed in CTV9RΔp33in the pCAMBIA 1380 background (CTV33-BGFP-BYGUS-GTMVCP-79, CTV33-BGFP-GbFosC-BYbJunN-81 and CTV33-Δ13-BGFP-BYbJunN-GbFosC-82). The other three three gene vectors (CTV-BASL-BYPTA-CP7-119, CTV-BASL-BYP10-CP7-131, CTV-BASL-BYPTA-CP10-120 and CTV-BRFP-BYGFP-CTMVCP-117) and one four gene vector (CTVΔ13-BRFP-GbFosC-BYbJunN-CTMVCP-118) were developed by modifying CTV9R in the background of pCAMBIΔ1380 altered by replacing the hygromycin ORF with the p22 ORF of Tomato chlorosis virus. For the ease of cloning the PstI restriction site in p33 ORF in full length CTV9R was eliminated by introducing a silent mutation using overlap extension PCR using primers 1749 and 1750 in combination with primer C-1436 and C-253 followed by digestion of both the overlap PCR product and CTV9R with XmaI and PmeI. Most of the gene cassettes were introduced into their locations by overlap extension PCR using the primers listed in table 1. The only exception was the insertion of green fluorescent protein cycle 3 in between the CPm and CP gene. Introducing the GFPC3 gene cassette into that location was done by restriction digestion of 9-47RGFP plasmid and point mutated CTV9R in pCAMBIΔ1380 with PmeI and PstI. 
     Expression of Three and Four Foreign Genes Simultaneously 
     After successfully expressing two genes in  N. benthamiana  and citrus with one and two different controller elements we are building vectors to express three and four foreign genes from three and four different controller elements, respectively. The reporter genes used in different combinations were the green fluorescent protein (cycle 3 GFP, GFPC3), red fluorescent protein (tag red fluorescent protein, RFP), Bimolecular fluorescence complementation using the bFos and bJun mammalian transcription factors (Hu et al., 2002), β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene from  Escherichia coli  and the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein gene (CP). Similarly, three gene vectors were built in different combinations to express two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from  Tachypleus tridentatus  and  Sus scorfa, Allium sativum  lectin (ASL) and  Pinellia ternata  agglutinin (PTA). The three gene vectors were either expressed from two or three locations within the CTV genome 
     Expression of Three Foreign Genes from Three Different Locations Simultaneously: 
     Six vectors were built to express three foreign genes from three different locations. The vectors were built to express the genes either from CTV9RΔp33or full length CTV9R. 
     Vectors Built to Express Three Genes from Three Different Locations in CTV9RΔp33 
     Two vectors were built by inserting the three extra gene cassettes into CTV9RΔp33 creating expression vectors CTV33-BGFP-BYGUS-GTMVCP-79 ( FIG. 26 ) and CTV33-Δ13-BGFP-BYbJunN-GbFosC-82 ( FIG. 28 ). CTV33-BGFP-BYGUS-GTMVCP-79 expresses the three ORFs of GFP (insertion between CPm and CP), GUS (insertion between p13 and p20) and the coat protein of TMV (insertion between p23 and 3′UTR) under the CP-CE of BYV, BYSV and GLRaV-2, respectively. CTV33-Δ13-BGFP-BYbJunN-GbFosC-82 expresses the three ORFs of GFP (insertion between CPm and CP), bJunN ORF (replacement of p13) and bFosC (insertion between p23 and 3′UTR) under the CP-CE of BYV, BYSV and GLRaV-2, respectively. The two vectors were infiltrated into  N. benthamiana  leaves in combination with silencing suppressors and inoculated into citrus using the procedure of Gowda et al., 2005. As leaves were cut and grinded to isolate virions over 70% sucrose cushion gradient just 5 days after infiltration into the  N. benthamiana  leaves it was not likely that these plants will get systemically infected, thus they were discarded. The fluorescence of infiltrated leaves under hand held UV indicated the expression of the GFP protein in both CTV33-BGFP-BYGUS-GTMVCP-79 and CTV33-Δ13-BGFP-BYbJunN-GbFosC-82 indicating the ability of the created vector to replicate in the  N. benthamiana  leaves. Electron microscope grids prepared from leaf dips of infiltrated  N. benthamiana  leaves for construct CTV33-BGFP-BYGUS-GTMVCP-79 and CTV33-Δ13-BGFP-BYbJunN-GbFosC-82 indicated the formation of virions a prerequisite for the successful mechanical inoculation of citrus seedlings with CTV. Furthermore, in the case of CTV33-BGFP-BYGUS-GTMVCP-79 and not CTV33-Δ13-BGFP-BYbJunN-GbFosC-82 there was the formation of rod-shaped structures referred to as TMV pseudo-virions a characteristic of the expression of the TMV coat protein. 
     Vectors Built to Express Three Genes from Three Different Locations in CTV9R 
     Four vectors were built to express three foreign genes from the same three different locations within the CTV genome. The three locations selected were insertion between CPm and CP, p13 and p20 and p23 and 3′UTR. For the ease of cloning into the full length CTV infectious clone a the PstI site within the p33 ORF was eliminated by introducing a silent point mutation by overlap extension PCR. Three of the four vectors were created by using different combinations of the two AMPs, ASL and PTA resulting in expression vectors CTV-BASL-BYPTA-CP7-119, CTV-BASL-BYP10-CP7-131 and CTV-BASL-BYPTA-CP10-120. The fourth vector named CTV-BRFP-BYGFP-CTMVCP-117 was created by inserting the ORFs of GFP, RFP and TMV CP under the control of BYV, BYSV and duplicated CP-CE of CTV. All the vectors were infiltrated into  N. benthamiana  to monitor the development of systemic infection. CTV-BASL-BYPTA-CP7-119 developed efficient systemic infection in 1  N. benthamiana  plant. Plants infiltrated with vector CTV-BRFP-BYGFP-CTMVCP-117 revealed fluorescence in systemic leaves under hand held UV. Upon development of pronounced systemic infection, virions from CTV-BRFP-BYGFP-CTMVCP-117 will be concentrated over a sucrose step gradient and a sucrose cushion in order to inoculate citrus plants similar to the procedure recently followed for vector CTV-BASL-BYPTA-CP7-119 
     Expression of Three Foreign Genes from Two Different Locations Simultaneously: 
     Two vectors were created for the simultaneous expression of three genes from two different locations within the CTV genome. One vector was built in CTV9RΔp33creating expression vector CTV33-BGFP-GbFosC-BYbJunN-81 whereas the other vector was built in full length CTV9R named CTVΔ13-GbFosC-BYbJunN-CTMVCP-129. 
     Vector Built to Express Three Genes from Two Different Locations in CTV9RΔp33: 
     CTV33-BGFP-GbFosC-BYbJunN-81 ( FIG. 27 ) was engineered through modifying CTV9RΔp33by inserting a single gene cassette between CPm and CP (GFP ORF under the control of BYV CP-CE) and a double gene cassette (bFosC ORF followed by bJunN ORF under the control of GLRaV-2 and BYSV CP-CE, respectively) as an insertion between p23 and 3′UTR. A 1:1 mixture of 4 different silencing suppressors and CTV33-BGFP-GbFosC-BYbJunN-81 were infiltrated into  N. benthamiana  leaves. Electron microscopy from grids of leaf dips revealed the formation of virions similar to constructs CTV33-BGFP-BYGUS-GTMVCP-79 and CTV33-Δ13-BGFP-BYbJunN-GbFosC-82. In addition, the infiltrated leaves revealed strong fluorescence under hand held UV light. Infiltrated leaves were used to concentrate virions on a 70% sucrose cushion in an attempt to infect citrus seedlings. 
     Vector Built to Express Three Genes from Two Different Locations in CTV9R: 
     CTV9R was modified by inserting a double gene cassette (bFosC ORF followed by bJunN ORF under the control of GLRaV-2 and BYSV CP-CE, respectively) as replacement of p13 and a gene cassette (TMV CP ORF under the control of the duplicated CP-CE) as an insertion between p23 and 3′UTR creating expression vector CTVΔ13-GbFosC-BYbJunN-CTMVCP-129 ( FIG. 21 ). This vector is recently infiltrated into  N. benthamiana  leaves. After systemic infection of  N. benthamiana  the virions will be concentrated to enable the inoculation of citrus plants. 
     Expression of Four Foreign Genes from Three Different Locations Simultaneously: 
     In order to build the four gene vector we used four gene cassettes located at three different locations within the CTV genome. The RFP ORF was introduced between CPm and CP under the control of the BYV CP-CE, the two BiFC components bFosC and bJunN under the control of GLRaV-2 and BYSV respectively were introduced as a replacement of the p13 gene and the TMV ORF under the control of the duplicated CP-CE of CTV was introduced behind p23. The four gene vector named CTVΔ13-BRFP-GbFosC-BYbJunN-CTMVCP-118 was infiltrated into the  N. benthamiana  leaves for the development of systemic infection. Upon systemic infection virion concentration will be carried out over a sucrose step gradient and cushion for the infection of the citrus trees. 
     Spinach Defensin Genes 
     I. Compositions 
     A. Antimicrobial Peptides 
     The present disclosure relates, one or more antimicrobial-peptides belonging to the family of plant defensins. These polypeptides were originally isolated from spinach leaves ( Spinacia oleracea ). In some embodiments, a defensin may be small (about 5 kDa), may be basic and/or may be cysteine-rich. In some embodiments, a defensin may comprise a peptide having an amino acid sequence sharing at least about 95% identity, at least about 96% identity, at least about 97% identity, at least about 98% identity, at least about 99% identity, and/or about 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, an antimicrobial peptide may further comprise one or more amino acids that are independently and/or collectively either neutral (e.g., do not adversely impact antibacterial functionality) and/or augment antibacterial functionality (e.g., by directing the peptide to a desired location (e.g., cellular and/or extracellular). For example, a defensin may comprise a signal peptide derived from the tobacco pathogenesis-related (PR)-1b protein that allows the transport of the peptides into the apoplast of plant cells (e.g., via the secretory pathway) and/or accumulation in the intercellular spaces of leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, and/or roots. A defensin may comprise, according to some embodiments, a peptide having an amino acid sequence sharing at least about 95% identity, at least about 96% identity, at least about 97% identity, at least about 98% identity, at least about 99% identity, and/or about 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 7 and/or SEQ ID NO: 8. 
     B. Nucleic Acids 
     The present disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to nucleic acids (e.g., cassettes, vectors) comprising one or more sequences encoding one or more antimicrobial peptides. For example, a nucleic acid may comprise a cassette comprising a synthetic nucleic acid sequence of SoD2 and/or SoD7 genes. Synthetic SoD2 and/or SoD7 codons may specify the same amino acid sequences as native spinach, having their codons optimized for citrus codon usage. A nucleic acid comprising a SoD2 and/or SoD7 coding sequence may comprise a sequence encoding a signal peptide (e.g., PR-1b). In some embodiments, expression of a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide may be optimized by positioning an initiation codon in a favorable (e.g., optimal) 5′ context. According to some embodiments, a nucleic acid may comprise an expression control sequence (e.g., operably linked to a coding sequence). For example, a nucleic acid may comprise a coding gene sequence under the control of a dual enhanced CaMV 35S promoter with a 5′ UTR from TEV plant potyvirus (e.g., to provide a translation-enhancing activity to the defensin genes). 
     According to some embodiments, a nucleic acid may comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least about 75% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31, at least about 80% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 29, at least about 85% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31, at least about 90% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31, at least about 95% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31, at least about 97% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31, at least about 98% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31, at least about 99% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31, and/or about 100% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31. A nucleotide sequence may encode, in some embodiments, an amino acid sequence having at least about 98% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 7, 8, and/or 28, at least about 99% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 7, 8, and/or 28, and/or about 100% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 7, 8, and/or 28. According to some embodiments, a nucleic acid may have a first measure of sequence identity to a reference nucleic acid sequence and may encode an amino acid sequence having a second measure of sequence identity to a reference amino acid sequence. For example, a nucleic acid may have about 85% identity to SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31 and encode an amino acid sequence having about 100% identity with SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 7, 8, and/or 28, according to some embodiments. 
     A nucleic acid sequence, according to some embodiments, may hybridize to a nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31 under stringent conditions. Stringent conditions may include, for example, (a) 4×SSC at 65° C. followed by 0.1×SSC at 65° for 60 minutes and/or (b) 50% formamide, 4×SSC at 65° C. A nucleic acid may comprise a deletion fragment (e.g., a deletion of from about 1 to about 12 bases) of a nucleic acid having a sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31 that retains antimicrobial activity against at least one microorganism capable of infecting a citrus plant. One of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure may prepare one or more deletion fragments of a nucleic acid having a sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, and/or 31 and screen the resulting fragments for antimicrobial activity against at least one microorganism capable of infecting a citrus plant. 
     A nucleic acid sequence having a sequence like SEQ ID NOS: 3, 4, 5, 6, 30, and/or 31 may be identified by database searches using the sequence or elements thereof as the query sequence using the Gapped BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al., 1997  Nucl. Acids Res.  25:3389-3402) with the BLOSUM62 Matrix, a gap cost of 11 and persistence cost of 1 per residue and an E value of 10. Sequence identity may be assessed by any available method according to some embodiments. For example, two sequences may be compared with either ALIGN (Global alignment) or LALIGN (Local homology alignment) in the FASTA suite of applications (Pearson and Lipman, 1988  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.  85:2444-2448; Pearson, 1990  Methods in Enzymology  183:63-98) with the BLOSUM50 matrix and gap penalties of −16, −4. Sequence similarity may be assessed according to ClustalW (Larkin et al., 2007,  Bioinformatics  23(21): 2947-2948), BLAST, FASTA or similar algorithm. 
     C. Expression Cassettes and Vectors 
     In some embodiments, to expression vectors and/or expression cassettes for expressing a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a coding sequence) in a cell and comprising an expression control sequence and the nucleic acid sequence operably linked to the expression control sequence. Thus, for example, an expression cassette may comprise a heterologous coding sequence, the expression of which may be desired in a plant. Preferred expression vectors and cassettes are described above regarding CTV vectors. 
     1. Expression Vectors 
     The disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to an expression vector which may comprise, for example, a nucleic acid having an expression control sequence and a coding sequence operably linked to the expression control sequence. In some embodiments, an expression control sequence may comprise one or more promoters, one or more operators, one or more enhancers, one or more ribosome binding sites, and/or combinations thereof. An expression control sequence may comprise, for example, a nucleic acid having promoter activity. An expression control sequence, according to some embodiments, may be constitutively active or conditionally active in (a) an organ selected from root, leaf, stem, flower, seed, and/or fruit, and/or (b) active in a tissue selected from epidermis, periderm, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, and/or secretory structures. An expression control sequence, according to some embodiments, may be operable to drive expression of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a coding sequence) in a cell. Metrics for expression may include, for example, rate of appearance and/or accumulation of a gene product (e.g., RNA and/or protein) and/or total accumulation of a gene product as of one or more time points (e.g., elapsed time after a starting point and/or a stage of development). Comparative assays for gene products may be qualitative, semi-quantitative, and/or quantitative in some embodiments. Comparative assays may indirectly and/or directly assess the presence and/or amount of gene product. In some embodiments, an expression control sequence may be sensitive to one or more stimuli (e.g., one or more small molecules, one or more plant defense-inducing agents, mechanical damage, temperature, pressure). For example, activity of an expression control sequence may be enhanced or suppressed upon infection with a microorganism (e.g., a bacteria or a virus). 
     An expression vector may be contacted with a cell (e.g., a plant cell) under conditions that permit expression (e.g., transcription) of the coding sequence. Examples of expression vectors may include the Agrobacterium transformation constructs shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . An expression control sequence may be contacted with a plant cell (e.g., an embryonic cell, a stem cell, a callous cell) under conditions that permit expression of the coding sequence in the cell and/or cells derived from the plant cell according to some embodiments. An expression vector may be contacted with a cell (e.g., a plant cell), in some embodiments, under conditions that permit inheritance of at least a portion of the expression vector in the cell&#39;s progeny. According to some embodiments, an expression vector may include one or more selectable markers. For example, an expression vector may include a marker for selection when the vector is in a bacterial host, a yeast host, and/or a plant host. 
     2. Expression Cassettes 
     According to some embodiments, the disclosure relates to an expression cassette which may comprise, for example, a nucleic acid having an expression control sequence and a coding sequence operably linked to the expression control sequence. An expression cassette may be comprised in an expression vector. A coding sequence, in some embodiments, may comprise any coding sequence expressible in at least one plant cell. For example, a coding sequence may comprise a plant sequence, a yeast sequence, a bacterial sequence, a viral sequence (e.g., plant virus), an artificial sequence, an antisense sequence thereof, a fragment thereof, a variant thereof, and/or combinations thereof. A coding sequence may comprise, in some embodiments, a sequence encoding one or more gene products with insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, and/or antiviral activity. A coding sequence may comprise, in some embodiments, a start codon, an intron, and/or a translation termination sequence. According to some embodiments, a coding sequence may comprise one or more natural or artificial coding sequences (e.g., encoding a single protein or a chimera). According to some embodiments, an expression cassette may optionally comprise a termination sequence. A coding sequence, in some embodiments, may comprise a sequence at least partially codon optimized for expression in an organism of interest (e.g., a citrus plant). 
     An expression control sequence may be used, in some embodiments, to construct an expression cassette comprising, in the 5′ to 3′ direction, (a) the expression control sequence, (b) a heterologous gene or a coding sequence, or sequence complementary to a native plant gene under control of the expression control sequence, and/or (c) a 3′ termination sequence (e.g., a termination sequence comprising a polyadenylation site). Examples of expression cassettes may include, in some embodiments, the cassettes shown in SEQ ID NOS: 13-16. An expression cassette may be incorporated into a variety of autonomously replicating vectors in order to construct an expression vector. An expression cassette may be constructed, for example, by ligating an expression control sequence to a sequence to be expressed (e.g., a coding sequence). 
     Some techniques for construction of expression cassettes are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, a variety of strategies are available for ligating fragments of DNA, the choice of which depends on the nature of the termini of the DNA fragments. An artisan of ordinary skill having the benefit of the present disclosure, a coding sequence (e.g., having antimicrobial activity) and/or portions thereof may be provided by other means, for example chemical or enzymatic synthesis. A nucleic acid may comprise, in a 5′ to 3′ direction, an expression control sequence, a linker (optional), and a coding sequence according to some embodiments. A nucleic acid may comprise, in some embodiments, one or more restriction sites and/or junction sites between an expression control sequence, a linker, and/or a coding sequence. 
     II. Microorganisms 
     The present disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to a microorganism comprising an antimicrobial peptide (e.g., a heterologous antimicrobial peptide) and/or a nucleic acid (e.g., a heterologous and/or expressible nucleic acid) comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide. For example, a microorganism may comprise a bacteria, a yeast, and/or a virus. Examples of microorganisms may include, without limitation,  Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Escherichia coli,  a lepidopteran cell line, a Rice tungro bacilliform virus, a Commelina yellow mosaic virus, a Banana streak virus, a Taro bacilliform virus, and/or baculovirus. According to some embodiments, an antimicrobial peptide may be tolerated by and/or innocuous to its host microorganism. A microorganism may comprise an expression control sequence and an antimicrobial peptide coding sequence operably linked to the expression control sequence. A nucleic acid (e.g., a heterologous and/or expressible nucleic acid) comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide may be present, in some embodiments, on a genomic nucleic acid and/or an extra-genomic nucleic acid. 
     III. Plants 
     The present disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to a plant cell (e.g., an embryonic cell, a stem cell, a callous cell), a tissue, and/or a plant comprising an antimicrobial peptide (e.g., a heterologous antimicrobial peptide) and/or a nucleic acid (e.g., a heterologous and/or expressible nucleic acid) comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide. A plant and/or plant cell may be a dicot in some embodiments. Examples of a dicot may include, without limitation, coffee, tomato, pepper, tobacco, lima bean,  Arabidopsis,  rubber, orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime, tangerine, mandarin, pummelo, potato, squash, peas, and/or sugar beet. A plant cell may be included in a plant tissue, a plant organ, and/or a whole plant in some embodiments. A plant cell in a tissue, organ, and/or whole plant may be adjacent, according to some embodiments, to one or more isogenic cells and/or one or more heterogenic cells. In some embodiments, a plant may include primary transformants and/or progeny thereof. A plant comprising a nucleic acid (e.g., a heterologous and/or expressible nucleic acid) comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide may further comprise an expression control sequence operably linked to the nucleic acid, in some embodiments. A nucleic acid sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide may be expressed, according to some embodiments, in a plant in one or more up to all (e.g., substantially all) organs, tissues, and/or cell types including, without limitation, stalks, leaves, roots, seeds, flowers, fruit, meristem, parenchyma, storage parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermis, mesophyll, bundle sheath, guard cells, protoxylem, metaxylem, phloem, phloem companion, and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid and/or its gene product (e.g., an antimicrobial peptide) may be located in and/or translocated to one or more organelles (e.g., vacuoles, chloroplasts, mitochondria, plastids). 
     Preferred plants are citrus plants and include all plant parts and progeny, including, but not limited to fruit, juice, leaves, seeds, etc. that contain the expression vectors comprising spinach defensin genes. 
     IV. Methods 
     A. Transforming a Plant 
     The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to methods for independent transformation of citrus (e.g., a native genome of a citrus plant). For example, a method may comprise independent transformation, using  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  (At), of the native genome of a citrus plant, such as an orange plant ( Citrus sinensis ). A transformation method may comprise contacting a nucleic acid comprising a SoD2 and/or SoD7 sequence (e.g., a SoD2 and/or SoD7 synthetic gene sequence) with a citrus plant according to some embodiments. A transformed plant (e.g., a transformed genome of a new orange cultivar) may independently contain, in some embodiments a sequence of a SoD2 gene and/or a SoD7 gene encoding microbial resistance not found within the native gene pool of the  Citrus  genus. 
     According to some embodiments, a transformed orange cultivar plant may comprise a peptide encoded by a SoD2 gene and/or a SoD7 gene. A transformed plant comprising a sequence of a SoD2 gene and/or a SoD7 gene and/or comprising a peptide encoded by a SoD2 gene and/or a SoD7 gene may display resistance to a range (e.g., a broad range) of bacterial and/or fungal pathogens in some embodiments. For example, a transformed plant comprising a sequence of a SoD2 gene and/or a SoD7 gene and/or comprising a peptide encoded by a SoD2 gene and/or a SoD7 gene may display resistance to bacterial canker ( Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  citri ) (Xac), and/or citrus Huanglongbing (ex greening) caused by  Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus  (Las). See EXAMPLE section below. 
     B. Grafting 
     The present disclosure relates to grafting at least a portion of a first plant (e.g., a citrus plant) with at least a portion of a second plant (e.g., a citrus plant), according to some embodiments. A first plant may be in any desired condition including, without limitation, a healthy condition, a diseased condition, an injured condition, a stressed condition (e.g., heat, cold, water, and the like), and/or combinations thereof. A first plant may have any desired genotype including, without limitation, wild type, transgenic, mutant, and/or the like with respect to a gene and/or trait of interest. 
     A second plant may be in any desired condition including, without limitation, a healthy condition, a diseased condition, an injured condition, a stressed condition (e.g., heat, cold, water, and the like), and/or combinations thereof. A second plant may have any desired genotype including, without limitation, wild type, transgenic, mutant, and/or the like with respect to a gene and/or trait of interest. A first and/or a second plant may comprise at least one antimicrobial peptide and/or at least one nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding at least one antimicrobial peptide. Where both a first plant comprises at least one antimicrobial peptide and/or at least one nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding at least one antimicrobial peptide and a second plant comprises at least one antimicrobial peptide and/or at least one nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding at least one antimicrobial peptide, it may be desirable for the first and second plants to have the same and/or different antimicrobial peptides and/or nucleic acids encoding antimicrobial peptides. Grafting may comprise cutting a portion of a first plant to form a fresh cut site, cutting a portion of a second plant to create a second cut site, and/or contacting a first cut site with a second cut site. A cut site may comprise at least one vascular bundle. Grafting may comprise forming a graft junction and/or, optionally, sealing the graft junction (e.g., by coating the periphery of the graft junction with one or more barrier materials). 
     C. Treating Plant Disease 
     The present disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to compositions, organisms, systems, and methods for preventing, ameliorating, and/or treating a plant disease (e.g., a citrus disease) and/or at least one symptom of a plant disease. For example, a method may comprise grafting at least a portion of a plant (e.g., a citrus plant) having a plant disease and/or expressing at least one symptom of a plant disease with at least a portion of a plant (e.g., a citrus plant) comprising an antimicrobial peptide. Examples of a plant disease include, without limitation, bacterial canker ( Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  citri ) (Xac), and/or citrus Huanglongbing (ex greening) caused by  Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus  (Las). According to some embodiments, preventing, ameliorating, and/or treating a plant disease (e.g., a citrus disease) and/or at least one symptom of a plant disease may comprise treating and/or curing one or more devastating bacterial diseases of citrus. For example, plants comprising stably integrated SoD2 and SoD7 transgenes in expressible form may display resistance to, without limitation, bacterial canker ( Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  citri ) (Xac), and/or citrus Huanglongbing (ex greening) caused by  Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus  (Las). Such resistance has been observed as described in the Examples below. 
     According to some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to compositions, organisms, systems, and methods for augmenting a plant&#39;s native resistance to and/or conferring on a plant resistance to a plant disease (e.g., a citrus disease). For example, a method may comprise contacting a plant with an antimicrobial peptide and/or an expressible nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide. An expressible nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide may be and/or comprise an expression cassette in some embodiments. Contacting may comprise, according to some embodiments, grafting at least a portion of a target plant with a plant comprising an antimicrobial peptide and/or an expressible nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide. In some embodiments, contacting may comprise contacting at least a portion of a target plant with a vector (e.g., via  Agrobacterium -mediated transformation) comprising an antimicrobial peptide and/or an expressible nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antimicrobial peptide. Examples of a plant disease include, without limitation, bacterial canker ( Xanthomonas axonopodis  pv.  citri ) (Xac), and/or citrus Huanglongbing (ex greening) caused by  Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus  (Las). 
     D. Making a Citrus-Expressible Antimicrobial Peptide 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to compositions, organisms, systems, and methods for forming a citrus-expressible nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one spinach-derived antimicrobial peptide. For example, a method may comprise identifying an amino acid sequence of an antimicrobial peptide of interest, reverse translating the amino acid sequence to produce a first nucleic acid sequence; codon-optimizing the first nucleic acid sequence for expression in citrus to produce a second nucleic acid sequence, and/or synthesizing a nucleic acid having the second nucleic acid sequence. A method may comprise, in some embodiments, covalently bonding a nucleic acid having the second nucleic acid sequence with one or more nucleic acids having expression control sequences that are operable in citrus in an operable orientation and/or position relative to the nucleic acid having the second nucleic acid sequence. 
     As will be understood by those skilled in the art who have the benefit of the instant disclosure, other equivalent or alternative pathogen resistant citrus compositions, organisms, systems, and methods can be envisioned without departing from the description contained herein. Accordingly, the manner of carrying out the disclosure as shown and described is to be construed as illustrative only. 
     Persons skilled in the art may make various changes in the shape, size, number, and/or arrangement of parts without departing from the scope of the instant disclosure. For example, the position and number of expression control sequences, coding sequences, linkers, and/or terminator sequences may be varied. Each disclosed method and method step may be performed in association with any other disclosed method or method step and in any order according to some embodiments. Where the verb “may” appears, it is intended to convey an optional and/or permissive condition, but its use is not intended to suggest any lack of operability unless otherwise indicated. Persons skilled in the art may make various changes in methods of preparing and using a composition, device, and/or system of the disclosure. For example, a composition, device, and/or system may be prepared and or used as appropriate for microbial and/or plant (e.g., with regard to sanitary, infectivity, safety, toxicity, biometric, and other considerations). Where desired, some embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced to the exclusion of other embodiments. For example, some polypeptide embodiments may be practiced to the exclusion of a particular amino acid sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:26) and/or some nucleic acid embodiments may be practiced to the exclusion of a particular nucleic acid sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:27). 
     Also, where ranges have been provided, the disclosed endpoints may be treated as exact and/or approximations as desired or demanded by the particular embodiment. Where the endpoints are approximate, the degree of flexibility may vary in proportion to the order of magnitude of the range. For example, on one hand, a range endpoint of about 50 in the context of a range of about 5 to about 50 may include 50.5, but not 52.5 or 55 and, on the other hand, a range endpoint of about 50 in the context of a range of about 0.5 to about 50 may include 55, but not 60 or 75. In addition, it may be desirable, in some embodiments, to mix and match range endpoints. Also, in some embodiments, each figure disclosed (e.g., in one or more of the examples, tables, and/or drawings) may form the basis of a range (e.g., depicted value+/−about 10%, depicted value+/−about 50%, depicted value+/−about 100%) and/or a range endpoint. With respect to the former, a value of 50 depicted in an example, table, and/or drawing may form the basis of a range of, for example, about 45 to about 55, about 25 to about 100, and/or about 0 to about 100. 
     These equivalents and alternatives along with obvious changes and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoing disclosure is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the disclosure as illustrated by the appended claims. 
     SPINCACH DEFENSIN EXAMPLES 
     Some specific example embodiments of the disclosure may be illustrated by one or more of the examples provided herein. 
     Plant materials (e.g.,  Citrus sinensis ) were generally prepared for transformation as described by Yang et al.,  Plant Cell Reports  (2000) 19:1203 et seq. Plasmid construction and bacterial strains were generally performed as described by Yang et al.,  Plant Cell Reports  (2000) 19:1203 et seq.  Agrobacterium  co-culture and plant transformation were generally performed as described by Yang et al.,  Plant Cell Reports  (2000) 19:1203 et seq. Selection and regeneration of transgenic shoots were generally performed as described by Yang et al.,  Plant Cell Reports  (2000) 19:1203 et seq. Grafting of transgenic shoots were generally performed as described by Yang et al.,  Plant Cell Reports  (2000) 19:1203 et seq. Southern and northern analysis were generally performed as described by Yang et al., Plant Cell Reports (2000) 19:1203 et seq. 
     Example 1 
     Expression in Citrus Trees 
     Table 1 illustrates specific example embodiments of nucleic acid sequences codon-optimized for citrus. Signal peptides and structural gene coding sequences shown are flanked on either side by specific restriction enzyme sites. These sequences were used to construct expression cassettes, vectors, and transformed  Agrobacterium  for preparation of transgenic plants. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example embodiments of specific nucleotide sequences of antimicrobial genes. 
               
               
                 The nucleotide sequences were optimized for codon usage in Citrus. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Source of the 
                 Antimicrobial genes specific nucleotide sequences. 
               
               
                   
                 Optimized 
                 The 5′ nucleotides include the cloning site and a 
               
               
                 Antimicrobial 
                 Synthetic Gene 
                 preferred context for the start codon. The 3′ 
               
               
                 Gene 
                 (code) 
                 nucleotides include the cloning site. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SoD2 
                 GenScript (07) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 9 
               
               
                   
                 CODA (09) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 11 
               
               
                 SoD7 
                 GenScript (08) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 10 
               
               
                   
                 CODA (10) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 12 
               
               
                 SoD2 
                 DNA 2.0 (11) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 30 
               
               
                 SoD7 
                 DNA 2.0 (12) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 31 
               
               
                 SoD2 + SoD7 
                 GenScript (13) 
                 SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10 
               
               
                 SoD2 + SoD7 
                 DNA 2.0 (16) 
                 SEQ ID NO: 30 and 31 
               
               
                 no SP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following cultivars were selected for transformation: Orange: Hamlin (“04”), Rohde Red (“05”), and Marrs (“06”); Grapefruit: Ruby Red (“01”) and Rio Red; Carrizo Citrange (“CC”); Flying Dragon rootstock (“13” and “16”); Frost Eureka and Frost Lisbon (13” and “16”); Swingle rootstock (13” and “16”); and C22 rootstock. Constructs used for each cultivar are shown in Table 2 of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/751,936 (incorporated by reference). Citrus plants and citrus rootstock were transformed as described in example 7 and FIGS. 4-12 of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/751,936 (incorporated by reference). 
     Example 2 
     Canker Disease Resistance Assay 
     Canker disease resistance was assessed using a detached leaf assay generally as described by Francis M I et al., 2010,  Eur J Plant Pathol  127:571-578. Briefly, detached immature leaves (˜75% expanded) were triple rinsed in sterile water to remove debris, sanitized by brief immersion in 70% ethanol followed by 0.5% sodium hypochloride, and again triple rinsed in sterile water. Sanitized leaves (3-4 per replicate×3 replicates) were infiltrated on their abaxial surface with an aqueous suspension of an Xcc strain isolated in Dade County Florida. Innoculated leaves were pressed on the surface of soft water agar plates, parafilm sealed, and incubated in an environmentally-controlled growth chamber. A large reduction in the size and number of lesion on the transgenic can be seen. See FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B of U.S. Ser. No. 13/751,936. 
     Example 3 
     Citrus Greening (HLB) Disease Resistance Assay by Grafting 
     FIG. 14 of U.S. Ser. No. 13/751,936 shows the result of graft inoculating non-transgenic ‘Rio Red’ (two trees on the left) or transgenic ‘Rio Red’ expressing SoD2 one tree on the right) with the citrus greening pathogen. A non-transgenic rootstock (Cleopatra mandarin) infected with HLB is used. Onto this rootstock several buds of transgenic ‘Rio Red’ are grafted and this is replicated. The same protocol is followed for non-transgenic buds of ‘Rio Red’. After 8 weeks, vigorous growth can be seen from the transgenic graft, where there is no growth on the controls. 
     Example 4 
     Citrus Greening (HLB) Disease Resistance Assay by Psyllid Inoculation 
     Resistance to bacterial infection and growth was assessed by two metrics. First, resistance was evaluated by the percentage of infection, namely the number of exposed plants that were infected. Second, a PCR-based method was used to amplify bacterial sequences. In this method, the relative degree of infection influences the number of PCR cycles required to produce detectable signal. For example a heavily infested plant might only require a few cycles while a plant with a low bacterial titer may require more cycles. In general, a plant that requires 30 or more cycles to observe detectable signal is regarded to be uninfected. Since some infections of citrus progress slowly, samples were collected for testing at 5 to 11 months after the time of first exposure and thereafter over a period of 6-9 months. The frequency of sample collection may vary from about every 45 days to about every 120 days. Ten to 15 replicates of each transgenic event plus non-transgenic controls are placed haphazardly in an insect proof green house that contains thousands&#39; of psyllids carrying the citrus greening pathogen. The first PCR testing is done about five months after continuous exposure to psyllids. DNA extraction and PCR to detect the pathogen is essentially as described by Trey M S et al., 2006,  Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc.  119:89-93. 
     Propagation and Resistance of Generation 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 is discussed in Examples 11-15 of U.S. Ser. No. 13/751,936. 
     Example 5 
     Expression of Defensin Constructs in Various Plants 
     Stable expression of defensin constructs comprising nucleic acid sequences codon-optimized for citrus has been confirmed in the following: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Cultivar 
                 Gene Code 
                 # Events 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Rio Red Grapefruit 
                 13 
                 18 
               
               
                 Ruby Red Grapefruit 
                 11 and 12 
                 12 
               
               
                 Hamlin Sweet Orange 
                 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 
                 over 86 
               
               
                   
                 12, 13, and 16 
                   
               
               
                 Marrs Sweet Orange 
                 07 and 08 
                 13 
               
               
                 Rohde Red Valencia Orange 
                 07, 08, 09, 10, 13 
                 over 48 
               
               
                 Frost Eureka Lemon 
                 13 and 16 
                 over 30 
               
               
                 Frost Lisbon Lemon 
                 13 and 16 
                 over 33 
               
               
                 C22 and Carrizo Citrange  
                 07, 08, 13 
                 42 
               
               
                 Rootstocks 
               
               
                 Flying dragon and Swingle  
                 13 
                 Multiple GUS+ 
               
               
                 Rootstocks 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For all constructs, individual transformation events have been found spanning a range of expression levels from no expression (e.g., since Southern results demonstrate the gene is present, often in multiple copies, it may be that the transgene has been silenced) to low expression to high expression. 
     Combination of Spinach Defensin Genes in CTV Vector 
     The present invention provides CTV vectors comprising spinach defensin genes that can be stably expressed and offer the plant having been transformed with the vector resistance to Citrus Huanglongbing (Ex Greening) Caused By  Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus  (Las) and Bacterial Canker Caused By ( Xanthomonas Axonopodis  pv.  Citri ) (Xac). 
     The CTV vector can be delivered to already existing trees or in the budwood used to create new trees. The vector containing the spinach defensin gene could be grafted into nursery trees with vector-infected budwood and the resulting trees could be grown by methods prior to the introduction of HLB. This approach avoids problems of juvenility of transgenic trees and the need for horticultural evaluation. The vector could be graft inoculated to existing trees in the field. The vector, because it can express any effective protein or peptide found by any laboratory is an alternative to genetic transformation of citrus. With the spinach defensin gene, it is possible that the vector could be used to treat HLB infected trees by graft inoculation into trees already infected with HLB. 
     Example 1 
     Testing of Orange Trees Infected with the CTV Vector Construct of the Invention 
     Test trees infected with the CTV vector construct of the invention will be planted in 16 rows×155 trees to provide 218 trees per acre. The trees will receive one of three different treatments One with SoD2 gene, one with SoD7 gene and one untreated (no viral vector). Thus, within each plot there will healthy plants and infected plants. The healthy plants are protected plants and have an increased tolerance due the CTV vector constructs of the present invention and the infected plants are cured by the CTV vector constructs of the present invention. 
     Optionally trees could be infected with a vector comprising both the SoD2 and the SoD7 gene. Another option is to treat trees with a CTV vector containing one or more spinach defensin genes (SoD2 and SoD7) in addition to a gene offering resistance to the psyllid. 
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