Patent Publication Number: US-2023162656-A1

Title: Display device

Description:
This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0159994, filed on Nov. 19, 2021, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. §119, the content of which in its entirety is herein incorporated by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Embodiments relate generally to a display device. More particularly, embodiments of the disclosure relate to a display device that displays a display image by using a display image shift scheme. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Flat panel display devices are widely used as display devices in various fields due to lightweight and thin characteristics thereof. Such flat panel display devices may include a liquid crystal display device, an organic light emitting display device, a quantum dot display device, and the like, for example. 
     When a display device is driven for a long time, a pixel may deteriorate due to an increase in current stress, and an afterimage may occur in a portion where a fixed pattern or a logo of a display image is displayed. In such a display device, the display device may disperse stress applied to the pixel to reduce the afterimage by using a display image shift scheme (or a pixel shift scheme, an orbit driving scheme, etc.) for shifting an entire display image every preset time. For example, according to the display image shift scheme, the display image may be shifted in a predetermined direction, and black data may be displayed in an outer peripheral portion where the display image is not displayed due to the shift of the display image. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a conventional display device using a display image shift scheme, an origin of the display image (e.g., a center of the image) may be shifted in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction in the form of a rectangular helix. In such a display device, the origin of the display image may be shifted only in one direction as the origin of the display image moves from a center to an outer periphery of the rectangular helix, so that the stress may not be dispersed. In addition, a total amount of movements by which the display image is shifted may be relatively large so that there may be a difficulty in dispersing the stress. 
     Embodiments provide a display device. 
     According to embodiments of the disclosure, a display device includes a display panel and a display image shift controller. In such embodiments, the display panel includes a display area in which a display image is displayed and a shift area located within the display area. In such embodiments, the display image shift controller is configured to generate a route shift signal, where a reference point of the display image is shifted in the shift area based on the route shift signal. In such embodiments, the route shift signal includes first and second routes, each corresponding to a path through which the reference point of the display image is shifted. In such embodiments, the first route includes a first sub-route and a second sub-route. In such embodiments, the second route includes a third sub-route and a fourth sub-route. In such embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth sub-routes are different from each other. 
     In embodiments, when the display image is continuously displayed on the display panel, the reference point may be shifted based on the first route or the second route after a preset time in a way such that the display image is entirely shifted. 
     In embodiments, the shift area may have a grid shape having  13  rows and  13  columns, in which  13  imaginary horizontal lines intersect  13  imaginary vertical lines, and  169  intersection points in which the imaginary horizontal lines intersect the imaginary vertical lines may be defined in the shift area. In such embodiments, the reference point may be located at one intersection point among the intersection points, and the reference point located at the one intersection point may be shifted to one of eight intersection points that are adjacent to the one intersection point after a preset time. 
     In embodiments, the reference point may be initially located at a center of the display image. 
     In embodiments, shift the reference point may be shifted based on the first sub-route in an order of a first direction, a second direction, a third direction, a fourth direction, the first direction, and the second direction, and the reference point may be shifted based on the second sub-route in an order of the first direction, the second direction, the third direction, the fourth direction, and the first direction. 
     In embodiments, the second sub-route may start after the first sub-route ends. In such embodiments, a start coordinate of the first sub-route and an end coordinate of the second sub-route may be different from each other, and a start coordinate of the second sub-route and the end coordinate of the second sub-route may be identical to each other. 
     In embodiments, a center of the shift area may be defined as a zeroth coordinate, and a start coordinate of the first sub-route may correspond to the zeroth coordinate. 
     In embodiments, each of the first and second sub-routes may have a rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate by a preset angle. In such embodiments, a first length of a minor axis of the first sub-route and a second length of a minor axis of the second sub-route may be equal to each other, and a first length of a major axis of the first sub-route and a second length of a major axis of the second sub-route may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, the reference point may be shifted based on the third sub-route in an order of a first direction, a second direction, a third direction, a fourth direction, the first direction, and the second direction, and the reference point may be shifted based on the fourth sub-route in an order of the first direction, the second direction, the third direction, the fourth direction, and the first direction. 
     In embodiments, the fourth sub-route may start after the third sub-route ends. In such embodiments, a start coordinate of the third sub-route and an end coordinate of the fourth sub-route may be different from each other, and a start coordinate of the fourth sub-route and the end coordinate of the fourth sub-route may be identical to each other. 
     In embodiments, a center of the shift area may be defined as a zeroth coordinate, and each of the third and fourth sub-routes may have a rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate by a preset angle. In such embodiments, a third length of a minor axis of the third sub-route and a fourth length of a minor axis of the fourth sub-route may be equal to each other, and a third length of a major axis of the third sub-route and a fourth length of a major axis of the fourth sub-route may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, the route shift signal may further include a third route. In such embodiments, the third route may include a fifth sub-route, and the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth sub-routes may be different from each other. 
     In embodiments, the reference point may be shifted based on the fifth sub-route in an order of a first direction, a second direction, a third direction, a fourth direction, and the first direction. 
     In embodiments, the fifth sub-route may start after the fourth sub-route ends. In such embodiments, a start coordinate of the fifth sub-route and an end coordinate of the fifth sub-route may be different from each other. 
     In embodiments, a center of the shift area may be defined as a zeroth coordinate. In such embodiments, the fifth sub-route may have a rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate by a preset angle, and a fifth length of a minor axis of the fifth sub-route and a fifth length of a major axis of the fifth sub-route may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, the route shift signal may further include a fourth route. In such embodiments, the fourth route may include a sixth sub-route and a seventh sub-route, and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh sub-routes may be different from each other. 
     In embodiments, the reference point may be shifted based on the sixth sub-route in an order of a fifth direction, a second direction, a third direction, a fourth direction, a first direction, and the second direction, and the reference point may be shifted based on the seventh sub-route in an order of the first direction, the second direction, the third direction, the fourth direction, the first direction, and the second direction. 
     In embodiments, the seventh sub-route may start after the sixth sub-route ends. In such embodiments, a start coordinate of the sixth sub-route and an end coordinate of the seventh sub-route may be different from each other, and a start coordinate of the seventh sub-route and the end coordinate of the seventh sub-route may be different from each other. 
     In embodiments, a center of the shift area may be defined as a zeroth coordinate, and each of the sixth and seventh sub-routes may have a rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate by a preset angle. In such embodiments, a sixth length of a minor axis of the sixth sub-route and a seventh length of a minor axis of the seventh sub-route may be equal to each other, and a sixth length of a major axis of the sixth sub-route and a seventh length of a major axis of the seventh sub-route may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, the route shift signal may further include a fifth route. In such embodiments, the fifth route may include an eighth sub-route and a ninth sub-route, and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth sub-routes may be different from each other. 
     In embodiments, the reference point may be shifted based on the eighth sub-route in an order of a second direction, a third direction, a fourth direction, a first direction, and the second direction, and the reference point may be shifted based on the ninth sub-route in an order of the first direction, the second direction, the third direction, the fourth direction, the first direction, and the second direction. 
     In embodiments, the ninth sub-route may start after the eighth sub-route ends. In such embodiments, a start coordinate of the eighth sub-route and an end coordinate of the ninth sub-route may be different from each other, and a start coordinate of the ninth sub-route and the end coordinate of the ninth sub-route may be different from each other. 
     In embodiments, a center of the shift area may be defined as a zeroth coordinate, and each of the eighth and ninth sub-routes may have a rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate by a preset angle. In such embodiments, an eighth length of a minor axis of the eighth sub-route and a ninth length of a minor axis of the ninth sub-route may be equal to each other, and an eighth length of a major axis of the eighth sub-route and a ninth length of a major axis of the ninth sub-route may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, the route shift signal may further include a sixth route. In such embodiments, the sixth route may include a 10 th  sub-route and an 11 th  sub-route, and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, 10 th , and 11 th  sub-routes may be different from each other. 
     In embodiments, the reference point may be shifted based on the 10 th  sub-route in an order of a second direction, a third direction, a fourth direction, a first direction, and the second direction, and the reference point may be shifted based on the 11 th  sub-route in an order of the first direction, the second direction, the third direction, the fourth direction, the first direction, and a sixth direction. 
     In embodiments, the 11 th  sub-route may start after the 10 th  sub-route ends. In such embodiments, a start coordinate of the 10 th  sub-route and an end coordinate of the 11 th  sub-route may be different from each other, and a start coordinate of the 11 th  sub-route and the end coordinate of the 11 th  sub-route may be different from each other. 
     In embodiments, a center of the shift area may be defined as a zeroth coordinate, and each of the 10 th  and 11 th  sub-routes may have a rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate by a preset angle. In such embodiments, a 10 th  length of a minor axis of the 10 th  sub-route and an 11 th  length of a minor axis of the 11 th  sub-route may be equal to each other, and a 10 th  length of a major axis of the 10 th  sub-route and an 11 th  length of a major axis of the 11 th  sub-route may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, a start coordinate of the first sub-route and an end coordinate of the 11 th  sub-route may be identical to each other, and each of the start coordinate of the first sub-route and the end coordinate of the 11 th  sub-route may correspond to the zeroth coordinate. 
     In embodiments, the display device may further include a controller which receives the route shift signal from the display image shift controller, and generates input image data to which the route shift signal is applied, a data driver which selectively receives the input image data to which the route shift signal is applied to generate data voltages corresponding to the display image which is shifted, and provides the data voltages to the display panel, and a gate driver which generates a gate signal, and provides the gate signal to the display panel. 
     In embodiments, the shift area may have a grid shape having  13  rows and  13  columns, in which  13  imaginary horizontal lines intersect  13  imaginary vertical lines, and  169  intersection points in which the imaginary horizontal lines intersect the imaginary vertical lines may be defined in the shift area. In such embodiments, based on an imaginary horizontal line located in middle among the imaginary horizontal lines or an imaginary vertical line located in middle among the imaginary vertical lines, the first sub-route and the second sub-route may be symmetrical to each other, and the third sub-route and the fourth sub-route are symmetrical to each other. 
     In embodiments, the display panel may include a plurality of pixels disposed in the display area, and some of the pixels may be arranged to correspond to the intersection points. 
     According to embodiments of the disclosure, a display device includes a display panel and a display image shift controller. In such embodiments, the display panel includes a display area in which a display image is displayed and a shift area located within the display area. In such embodiments, the display image shift controller which generate a route shift signal, where a reference point of the display image is shifted in the shift area based on a preset route included in a route shift signal. In such embodiments, the preset route includes first to n th  sub-routes, where n is an integer that is greater than or equal to 2, and the first to n th  sub-routes are different from each other. 
     According to embodiments of the display device of the disclosure, the shift area may have a square shape corresponding to a matrix shape having  13  rows and  13  columns, first to 11 th  sub-routes included in the first to sixth routes may have mutually different movement paths in the shift area, and the first to 11 th  sub-routes may have mutually different shapes from each other. Accordingly, the reference point may be entirely shifted in the shift area so that the display device may effectively disperse stress applied to the pixel. 
     In such embodiments, each of the first to 11 th  sub-routes may have a rectangular or square shape rotated by a preset angle, so that the first to 11 th  sub-routes may shorten a time used to reach a maximum movement range through relatively few movement paths. Accordingly, the display device may disperse the stress applied to the pixel in a relatively rapid manner. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other features of the invention will become more apparent by describing in further detail embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram showing a display device according to embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is a plan view showing a display panel included in the display device of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  3 A  is a plan view showing a shift area included in the display panel of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  3 B  is a plan view showing pixels disposed in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIGS.  4  and  5    are plan views showing a first route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIGS.  6  and  7    are plan views showing a second route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIGS.  8  and  9    are plan views showing a third route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIGS.  10  and  11    are plan views showing a fourth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIGS.  12  and  13    are plan views showing a fifth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIGS.  14  and  15    are plan views showing a sixth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIGS.  16  and  17    are plan views showing an alternative embodiment of the fifth route of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  18    is a block diagram showing a display device according to embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG.  19    is a plan view showing a first route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  20    is a plan view showing a second route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  21    is a plan view showing a third route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  22    is a plan view showing a fourth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  23    is a plan view showing a fifth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  24    is a plan view showing a sixth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ; 
         FIG.  25    is a plan view showing an alternative of the fifth route of  FIG.  23   ; and 
         FIG.  26    is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device including a display device according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various embodiments are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms, and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. 
     It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present therebetween. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, “a first element,” “component,” “region,” “layer” or “section” discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings herein. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, “a”, “an,” “the,” and “at least one” do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are intended to include both the singular and plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, “an element” has the same meaning as “at least one element,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. “At least one” is not to be construed as limiting “a” or “an.” “Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” or “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element’s relationship to another element as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The term “lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of “lower” and “upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below. 
     “About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ± 30%, 20%, 10% or 5% of the stated value. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     Embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims. 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
       FIG.  1    is a block diagram showing a display device according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , an embodiment of a display device  100  may include a display panel  110  including a plurality of pixels P and a plurality of dummy pixels DP, a controller  150 , a data driver  120 , a gate driver  140 , a power supply unit  160 , a display image shift controller  180 , or the like. 
     The display panel  110  may include a plurality of data lines DL, a plurality of gate lines GL, a first power supply voltage line ELVDDL, a second power supply voltage line ELVSSL, and a plurality of pixels P and a plurality of dummy pixels DP, which are connected to the lines. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  1   , the pixels P may be disposed at a center of the display panel  110 , and the dummy pixels DP may surround the pixels P at an outer periphery of the display panel  110 . According to an alternative embodiment, only the pixels P may be provided, and the dummy pixels DP may not be provided. 
     According to embodiments, each of the pixel P and the dummy pixel DP may include at least two transistors, at least one capacitor, and a light emitting element, and the display panel  110  may be a light emitting display panel. According to embodiments, the display panel  110  may be a display panel of an organic light emitting display (“OLED”) device. According to alternative embodiments, the display panel  110  may include a display panel of an inorganic light emitting display (“ILED”) device, a display panel of a quantum dot display (“QDD”) device, a display panel of a liquid crystal display (“LCD”) device, a display panel of a field emission display (“FED”) device, a plasma display panel (“PDP”), or a display panel of an electrophoretic display (“EPD”) device. 
     The controller  150  (e.g., a timing controller) may receive image data IMG and an input control signal CON from an external host processor (e.g., an application processor (“AP”), a graphic processing unit (“GPU”), or a graphic card). The image data IMG may be RGB image data (or RGB pixel data) including red image data (or red pixel data), green image data (or green pixel data), and blue image data (or blue pixel data). In addition, the image data IMG may include information on a driving frequency. The control signal CON may include a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, an input data enable signal, a master clock signal, and the like, but the embodiments are not limited thereto. 
     The controller  150  may convert the image data IMG into input image data IDATA by applying an algorithm (e.g., dynamic capacitance compensation (“DCC”), etc.) for correcting image quality to the image data IMG supplied from the external host processor. In some embodiments, where the controller  150  does not include an algorithm for improving image quality, the image data IMG may be output as the input image data IDATA. The controller  150  may supply the input image data IDATA to the data driver  120 . 
     The controller  150  may generates a data control signal CTLD for controlling an operation of the data driver  120  and a gate control signal CTLS for controlling an operation of the gate driver  140  based on the input control signal CON. In an embodiment, for example, the gate control signal CTLS may include a vertical start signal, gate clock signals, and the like, and the data control signal CTLD may include a horizontal start signal, a data clock signal, and the like. 
     According to embodiments, when the display image is output from (or displayed on) the display panel  110  for a preset time (e.g., 60 seconds), the controller  150  may receive a route shift signal PS from the display image shift controller  180 . When the controller  150  receives the route shift signal PS, the controller  150  may supply the input image data IDATA to which the route shift signal PS is applied to the data driver  120  so that the display image is entirely shifted. 
     The gate driver  140  may generate gate signals GS based on the gate control signal CTLS received from the controller  150 . The gate driver  140  may output the gate signals GS to the pixels P and the dummy pixels DP, which are connected to the gate lines GL, respectively. 
     The power supply unit  160  may generate a first power supply voltage ELVDD and a second power supply voltage ELVSS, and may provide the first power supply voltage ELVDD and the second power supply voltage ELVSS to the pixels P and the dummy pixels DP through the first power supply voltage line ELVDDL and the second power supply voltage line ELVSSL. 
     The data driver  120  may receive the data control signal CTLD and the input image data IDATA (or the input image data IDATA to which the route shift signal PS is applied) from the controller  150 . In addition, the data driver  120  may receive a gamma reference voltage from a gamma reference voltage generator. The data driver  120  may convert digital input image data IDATA into an analog data voltage by using the gamma reference voltage. Herein, the analog data voltage obtained by the conversion will also be referred to as a data voltage VDATA. The data driver  120  may output data voltages VDATA to the pixels P and the dummy pixels DP, which are connected to the data lines DL, based on the data control signal CTLD. In an embodiment, for example, the data driver  120  may include a shift register, a data sampling latch, a data holding latch, a level shifter, a digital-to-analog converter, a buffer, and the like. According to embodiments, the display panel  110  may initially output the display image only through the pixels P without outputting the display image through the dummy pixels DP. In such embodiments, the data driver  120  may receive the input image data IDATA from the controller  150 . In embodiments, when the display image is output from (or displayed on) the display panel  110  for the preset time (e.g., 60 seconds), the data driver  120  may receive the input image data IDATA to which the route shift signal PS is applied from the controller  150 . In such embodiments, the display image may be entirely shifted in the display panel  110 , and the display image may be output through some of the dummy pixels DP. 
     In some embodiments, the data driver  120  and the controller  150  may be implemented as a single integrated circuit, and such an integrated circuit may be referred to as a timing controller-embedded data driver (“TED”). 
     The display image shift controller  180  may generate the route shift signal PS, and may supply the route shift signal PS to the controller  150 . The route shift signal PS may include information on a path through which the display image is shifted. In some embodiments, the display image shift controller  180  and the controller  150  may be implemented as a single integrated circuit. 
       FIG.  2    is a plan view showing a display panel included in the display device of  FIG.  1   ,  FIG.  3 A  is a plan view showing a shift area included in the display panel of  FIG.  1   , and  FIG.  3 B  is a plan view showing pixels disposed in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  2 ,  3 A, and  3 B , the display panel  110  may include a pixel area  10 , a dummy pixel area  20 , a peripheral area  30 , and a shift area  40  (or a route region). The pixels P may be disposed in the pixel area  10 . The dummy pixels DP may be disposed in the dummy pixel area  20 . Wires and pad electrodes  470  electrically connected to an external device may be disposed in the peripheral area  30 . In some embodiments, the controller  150 , the power supply unit  160 , the data driver  120 , and/or the gate driver  140  may be disposed in the peripheral area  30 . The shift area  40  may be located within the pixel area  10 . 
     The shift area  40  may include imaginary horizontal lines HL and imaginary vertical lines VL, an imaginary horizontal line HL located in the middle among the imaginary horizontal lines HL will be defined as an imaginary central horizontal line CHL, and an imaginary vertical line VL located in the middle among the imaginary vertical lines VL will be defined as an imaginary central vertical line CVL. Herein, although coordinates of the shift area  40  may be defined based on the imaginary horizontal lines HL and the imaginary vertical lines VL in the shift area  40  for convenience of description, the imaginary horizontal lines HL and the imaginary vertical lines VL are imaginary lines, and substantial components are not additionally provided to the display panel  110 . 
     According to embodiments, the number of the imaginary horizontal lines HL may be  13 , and the number of the imaginary vertical lines VL may also be  13 . In such embodiments, the shift area  40  may have a square shape. The pixels P may be disposed at intersection points in which  13  imaginary horizontal lines HL intersect  13  imaginary vertical lines VL. In such embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  3 B , the imaginary horizontal lines HL may correspond to pixel rows of the pixels P, and the imaginary vertical lines VL may correspond to pixel columns of the pixels P. In an embodiment, for example, coordinates of the intersection points may be formed to define an intersection point coordinate in which the imaginary central horizontal line CHL intersects the imaginary central vertical line CVL as (0, 0). In such embodiments, a coordinate located at a right end of the imaginary central horizontal line CHL may correspond to (6, 0), and a coordinate located at a left end of the imaginary central horizontal line CHL may correspond to (-6, 0). In such embodiments, a coordinate located at an upper end of the imaginary central vertical line (CVL) may correspond to (0, 6), and a coordinate located at a lower end of the imaginary central vertical line CVL may correspond to (0, -6). In such embodiments, the intersection points may be arranged in a matrix shape (or a grid shape) having 13 rows and 13 columns, and 169 pixels P may be arranged in the shift area  40  to correspond to the intersection points (see  FIG.  3 B ). In an embodiment, for example, each of the pixels P may include at least two sub-pixels. 
     The shift area  40  may include first, second, third, and fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44 . In the first area  41 , all numerical values of the coordinates may be positive values. In the second area  42 , a numerical value corresponding to the imaginary central horizontal line CHL may be a negative value, and a numerical value corresponding to the imaginary central vertical line CVL may be a positive value. In the third area  43 , a numerical value corresponding to the imaginary central horizontal line CHL may be a negative value, and a numerical value corresponding to the imaginary central vertical line CVL may be a negative value. In the fourth area  44 , a numerical value corresponding to the imaginary central horizontal line CHL may be a positive value, and a numerical value corresponding to the imaginary central vertical line CVL may be a negative value. 
     The display panel  110  may initially display the display image only in the pixel area  10 , and a center of the display image will be defined as a reference point CP. The reference point CP may initially correspond to (0, 0) in the shift area  40 . In some embodiments, the reference point CP may be located at a preset position of the display image. 
     When the display image is output from the display panel  110  for the preset time, the data driver  120  may receive the input image data IDATA, to which the route shift signal PS is applied, from the controller  150  such that the reference point CP may be shifted within the shift area  40 . When the reference point CP is shifted, the display image may be entirely shifted, and the display image may also be output through some of the dummy pixels DP. In such embodiments, the controller  150  may provide the input image data IDATA to which the route shift signal PS is applied to the data driver  120  to output the shifted display image, and the data driver  120  may provide data voltages VDATA corresponding to the shifted display image to the display panel  110  based on the input image data IDATA to which the route shift signal PS is applied. In some embodiments, the display panel  110  may not include the dummy pixels DP, and when the reference point CP is shifted in the shift area  40 , a portion of the display image may not be displayed on the display panel  110 . In an embodiment, for example, the shift area  40  may have a grid shape having  13  rows and  13  columns, in which  13  imaginary horizontal lines HL intersect  13  imaginary vertical lines VL,  169  intersection points in which the imaginary horizontal lines HL intersect the imaginary vertical lines VL may be generated in the shift area  40 , the reference point CP may be located at one intersection point among the intersection points, and the reference point CP located at the one intersection point may be shifted to one of eight intersection points that are adjacent to the one intersection point after the preset time. 
     In embodiments, as described above, each of the numbers of the imaginary horizontal lines HL and the imaginary vertical lines VL may be  13 , but the configuration of embodiments of the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an alternative embodiment, for example, each of the numbers of the imaginary horizontal lines HL and the imaginary vertical lines VL may be less than or equal to  12 , or greater than or equal to  14 . 
     In embodiments, as described above, the shift area  40  may have a square shape, but the shape of the shift area  40  is not limited thereto. In an alternative embodiment, for example, the shift area  40  may have a rectangular shape. 
     In embodiments, as described above, one pixel P may be disposed at the intersection point in which the imaginary horizontal line HL intersects the imaginary vertical line VL, as shown in  FIG.  3 B , but the configuration of embodiments of the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an embodiment, for example, one sub-pixel may be disposed at the intersection point. 
       FIGS.  4  and  5    are plan views showing a first route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ,  FIGS.  6  and  7    are plan views showing a second route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ,  FIGS.  8  and  9    are plan views showing a third route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ,  FIGS.  10  and  11    are plan views showing a fourth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ,  FIGS.  12  and  13    are plan views showing a fifth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A , and  FIGS.  14  and  15    are plan views showing a sixth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 , and  4  to  16   , in embodiments, the route shift signal PS generated by the display image shift controller  180  may include information on first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth routes ROUTE1, ROUTE2, ROUTE3, ROUTE4, ROUTE5, and ROUTE6. The first to sixth routes ROUTE1, ROUTE2, ROUTE3, ROUTE4, ROUTE5, and ROUTE6 may correspond to paths through which the reference point CP is shifted. In such embodiments, the reference point CP may be shifted along the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth routes ROUTE 1, ROUTE2, ROUTE3, ROUTE4, ROUTE5, and ROUTE6, so that the data voltage VDATA to be provided to the pixel P corresponding to the reference point CP may also be provided to the pixel P shifted along the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth routes ROUTE1, ROUTE2, ROUTE3, ROUTE4, ROUTE5, and ROUTE6. In such embodiments, the data voltages VDATA to be provided to the pixels P corresponding to the display image may be provided to some of the pixels P and some of the dummy pixels DP as the display image is entirely shifted. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  4  and  5   , the display panel  110  may initially display the display image only in the pixel area  10 , the reference point CP may be initially located at (0, 0) in the shift area  40 , and a position corresponding to (0, 0) will be defined as a zeroth coordinate P0. In other words, the reference point CP may be located at the center of the display image. 
     When the display image is consistently (or continuously) output from (or displayed on) the display panel  110 , after a preset time, the data driver  120  may receive the input image data IDATA, to which the route shift signal PS is applied, from the controller  150 . The data driver  120  may provide the data voltages VDATA corresponding to the shifted display image to the display panel  110  based on the input image data IDATA to which the route shift signal PS is applied. In such embodiments, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP to (1, 1) in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1, and (1, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a first coordinate P1. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the zeroth coordinate P0 to the first coordinate P1, the display image may be entirely shifted in an upper right direction (e.g., a first direction D1). As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the zeroth coordinate P0 to the first coordinate P1 will be defined as a first path PA1. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted from the zeroth coordinate P0 to the first coordinate P1, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in an upper left direction (e.g., a second direction D2) of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the zeroth coordinate P0 to (0, 2), (-1, 3), (-2, 4), (-3, 5), and (-4, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-4, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a second coordinate P2. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the first coordinate P1 to the second coordinate P2, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the first coordinate P1 to the second coordinate P2 will be defined as a second path PA2. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the second coordinate P2, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in a lower left direction (e.g., a third direction D3) in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the second coordinate P2 to (-5, 5) and (-6, 4) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a third coordinate P3. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the second coordinate P2 to the third coordinate P3, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the second coordinate P2 to the third coordinate P3 will be defined as a third path PA3. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the third coordinate P3, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in a lower right direction (e.g., a fourth direction D4) in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the third coordinate P3 to (-5, 3), (-4, 2), (-3, 1), (-2, 0), (-1, -1), (0, -2), (1, -3), (2, -4), (3, -5), and (4, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (4, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a fourth coordinate P4. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the third coordinate P3 to the fourth coordinate P4, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the third coordinate P3 to the fourth coordinate P4 will be defined as a fourth path PA4. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the fourth cordinate P4, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the fourth coordinate P4 to (5, -5) and (6, -4) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, -4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a fifth coordinate P5. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the fourth coordinate P4 to the fifth coordinate P5, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the fourth coordinate P4 to the fifth coordinate P5 will be defined as a fifth path PA5. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the fifth coordinate P5, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the fifth coordinate P5 to (5, -3), (4, -2), (3, -1), and (2, 0) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (2, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a sixth coordinate P6. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the fifth coordinate P5 to the sixth coordinate P6, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the fifth coordinate P5 to the sixth coordinate P6 will be defined as a sixth path PA6, and the first path PA1, the second path PA2, the third path PA3, the fourth path PA4, the fifth path PA5, and the sixth path PA6 will be defined as a first sub-route SUB-ROUTE1. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the sixth coordinate P6, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the sixth coordinate P6 to (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), and (6, 4) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a seventh coordinate P7. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the sixth coordinate P6 to the seventh coordinate P6, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the sixth coordinate P6 to the seventh coordinate P7 will be defined as a seventh path PA7. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the seventh coordinate P7, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the seventh coordinate P7 to (5, 5) and (4, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (4, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as an eighth coordinate P8. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the seventh coordinate P7 to the eighth coordinate P8, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the seventh coordinate P7 to the eighth coordinate P8 will be defined as an eighth path PA8. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the eighth coordinate P8, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the eighth coordinate P8 to (3, 5), (2, 4), (1, 3), (0, 2), (-1, 1), (-2, 0), (-3, -1), (-4, -2), (-5, -3), and (-6, -4) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, -4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a ninth coordinate P9. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the eighth coordinate P8 to the ninth coordinate P9, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the eighth coordinate P8 to the ninth coordinate P9 will be defined as a ninth path PA9. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the ninth coordinate P9, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the ninth coordinate P9 to (-5, -5) and (-4, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-4, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 10 th  coordinate P10. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the ninth coordinate P9 to the 10 th  coordinate P10, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the ninth coordinate P9 to the 10 th  coordinate P10 will be defined as a 10 th  path PA10. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 10 th  coordinate P10, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction in the shift area  40  based on the first route ROUTE1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP the 10 th  coordinate P10 to (-3, -5), (-2, -4), (-1, -3), (0, -2), (1, -1), and (2, 0) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (2, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as an 11 th  coordinate P11, and the sixth coordinate P6 and the 11 th  coordinate P11 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 10 th  coordinate P10 to the 11 th  coordinate P11, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  5   , a path from the 10 th  coordinate P10 to the 11 th  coordinate P11 will be defined as an 11 th  path PA11, the seventh path PA7, the eighth path PA8, the ninth path PA9, the 10 th  path PA10, and the 11 th  path PA11 will be defined as a second sub-route SUB-ROUTE2, and the first route ROUTE1 may include the first sub-route SUB-ROUTE1 and the second sub-route SUB-ROUTE2. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  5   , according to embodiments, a start coordinate (i.e., the zeroth coordinate P0) of the first sub-route SUB-ROUTE1 and an end coordinate (i.e., the 11 th  coordinate P11) of the second sub-route SUB-ROUTE2 may be different from each other, and a start coordinate (i.e., the sixth coordinate P6) of the second sub-route SUB-ROUTE2 and the end coordinate (i.e., the 11 th  coordinate P11) of the second sub-route SUB-ROUTE2 may be identical to each other. In such embodiments, each of the first and second sub-routes SUB-ROUTE1 and SUB-ROUTE2 may have a substantially rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate P0 by a preset angle. In an embodiment, for example, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the third path PA3 or the fifth path PA5) of the first sub-route SUB-ROUTE1 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a first width LW1, a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the fourth path PA4) of the first sub-route SUB-ROUTE1 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a first length LL1, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the eighth path PA8 or the 10 th  path PA10) of the second sub-route SUB-ROUTE2 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a second width LW2, and a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the ninth path PA9, or the seventh and 11 th  paths PA7 and PA11) of the second sub-route SUB-ROUTE2 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a second length LL2. In such embodiments, the first width LW1 and the second width LW2 may be substantially equal to each other, and the first length LL1 and the second length LL2 may be substantially equal to each other. In such embodiments, the first sub-route SUB-ROUTE1 and the second sub-route SUB-ROUTE2 may be substantially symmetrical to each other based on the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL). In an embodiment, for example, an angle formed by each of the major axes of the first and second sub-routes SUB-ROUTE1 and SUB-ROUTE2 and the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL) passing through the zeroth coordinate P0 may be about 45 degrees (or about 135 degrees). In such embodiments, total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, as described above, (1, 1) may be defined as the first coordinate P1 in the shift area  40 , but the configuration of embodiments of the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an alternative embodiment, for example, (1, -1), (-1, -1), or (-1, 1) may be defined as the first coordinate P1 in the shift area  40 . In such an embodiment where the first coordinate P1 is changed as described above, the shape of each of the first and second sub-routes SUB-ROUTE1 and SUB-ROUTE2 may be partially changed, whereas an 11 th  coordinate P11 may be identical to the 11 th  coordinate P11 (e.g., (2, 0) in the shift area 40) shown in  FIGS.  4  and  5   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  6  and  7   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 11 th  coordinate P11, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 11 th  coordinate P11 to (3, 1) in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 after a preset time, and (3, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 12 th  coordinate P12. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 11 th  coordinate P11 to the 12 th  coordinate P12, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 11 th  coordinate P11 to the 12 th  coordinate P12 will be defined as a 12 th  path PA12. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 12 th  coordinate P12, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller may shift the reference point CP from the 12 th  coordinate P12 to (2, 2), (1, 3), (0, 4), (-1, 5), and (-2, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-2, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 13 th  coordinate P13. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 12 th  coordinate P12 to the 13 th  coordinate P13, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 12 th  coordinate P12 to the 13 th  coordinate P13 will be defined as a 13 th  path PA13. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 13 th  coordinate P13, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 13 th  coordinate P13 to (-3, 5), (-4, 4), (-5, 3), and (-6, 2) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 14 th  coordinate P14. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 13 th  coordinate P13 to the 14 th  coordinate P14, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 13 th  coordinate P13 to the 14 th  coordinate P14 will be defined as a 14 th  path PA14. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 14 th  coordinate P14, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 14 th  coordinate P14 to (-5, 1), (-4, 0), (-3, -1), (-2, -2), (-1, -3), (0, -4), (1, -5), and (2, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (2, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 15 th  coordinate P15. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 14 th  coordinate P14 to the 15 th  coordinate P15, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 14 th  coordinate P14 to the 15 th  coordinate P15 will be defined as a 15 th  path PA15. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 15 th  coordinate P15, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 15 th  coordinate P15 to (3, -5), (4, -4), (5, -3), and (6, -2) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, -2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 16 th  coordinate P16. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 15 th  coordinate P15 to the 16 th  coordinate P16, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 15 th  coordinate P15 to the 16 th  coordinate P16 will be defined as a 16 th  path PA16. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 16 th  coordinate P16, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 16 th  coordinate P16 to (5, -1) and (4, 0) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (4, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 17 th  coordinate P17. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 16 th  coordinate P16 to the 17 th  coordinate P17, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 16 th  coordinate P16 to the 17 th  coordinate P17 will be defined as a 17 th  path PA17, and the 12 th  path PA12, the 13 th  path PA13, the 14 th  path PA14, the fifteenth path PA15, the 16 th  path PA16, and the 17 th  path PA17 will be defined as a third sub-route SUB-ROUTE3. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 17 th  coordinate P17, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 17 th  coordinate P17 to (5, 1) and (6, 2) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as an 18 th  coordinate P18. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 17 th  coordinate P17 to the 18 th  coordinate P18, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 17 th  coordinate P17 to the 18 th  coordinate P18 will be defined as an 18 th  path PA18. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 18 th  coordinate P18, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 18 th  coordinate P18 to (5, 3), (4, 4), (3, 5), and (2, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (2, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 19 th  coordinate P19. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 18 th  coordinate P18 to the 19 th  coordinate P19, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 18 th  coordinate P18 to the 19 th  coordinate P19 will be defined as a 19 th  path PA19. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 19 th  coordinate P19, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 19 th  coordinate P19 to (1, 5), (0, 4), (-1, 3), (-2, 2), (-3, 1), (-4, 0), (-5, -1), and (-6, -2) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, -2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 20 th  coordinate P20. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 19 th  coordinate P19 to the 20 th  coordinate P20, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 19 th  coordinate P19 to the 20 th  coordinate P20 will be defined as a 20 th  path PA20. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 20 th  coordinate P20, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 20 th  coordinate P20 to (-5, -3), (-4, -4), (-3, -5), and (-2, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-2, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 21 st  coordinate P21. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 20 th  coordinate P20 to the 21 st  coordinate P21, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 20 th  coordinate P20 to the 21 st  coordinate P21 will be defined as a 21 st  path PA21. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 21 st  coordinate P21, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction in the shift area  40  based on the second route ROUTE2 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 21 st  coordinate P21 to (-1, -5), (0, -4), (1, -3), (2, -2), (3, -1), and (4, 0) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (4, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 22 nd  coordinate P22, and the 17 th  coordinate P17 and the 22 nd  coordinate P22 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 21 st  coordinate P21 to the 22 nd  coordinate P22, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  7   , a path from the 21 st  coordinate P21 to the 22 nd  coordinate P22 will be defined as a 22 nd  path PA22, the 18 th  path PA18, the 19 th  path PA19, the 20 th  path PA20, the 21 st  path PA21, and the 22 nd  path PA22 will be defined as a fourth sub-route SUB-ROUTE4, and the second route ROUTE2 may include the third sub-route SUB-ROUTE3 and the fourth sub-route SUB-ROUTE4. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7   , according to embodiments, a start coordinate (i.e., the 11 th  coordinate P11) of the third sub-route SUB-ROUTE3 and an end coordinate (i.e., the 22 nd  coordinate P22) of the fourth sub-route SUB-ROUTE4 may be different from each other, and a start coordinate (i.e., the 17 th  coordinate P17) of the fourth sub-route SUB-ROUTE4 and the end coordinate (i.e., the 22 nd  coordinate P22) of the fourth sub-route SUB-ROUTE4 may be identical to each other. In such embodiments, each of the third and fourth sub-routes SUB-ROUTE3 and SUB-ROUTE4 may have a substantially rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate P0 by a preset angle. In an embodiment, for example, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 14 th  path PA14 or the 16 th  path PA16) of the third sub-route SUB-ROUTE3 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a third width LW3, a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 15 th  path PA15) of the third sub-route SUB-ROUTE3 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a third length LL3, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 19 th  path PA19 or the 21 st  path PA21) of the fourth sub-route SUB-ROUTE4 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a fourth width LW4, and a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 20 th  path PA20, or the 18 th  and 22 nd  paths PA18 and PA22) of the fourth sub-route SUB-ROUTE4 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a fourth length LL4. In such embodiments, the third width LW3 and the fourth width LW4 may be substantially equal to each other, and the third length LL3 and the fourth length LL4 may be substantially equal to each other. In such embodiments, the third sub-route SUB-ROUTE3 and the fourth sub-route SUB-ROUTE4 may be substantially symmetrical to each other based on the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL). In an embodiment, for example, an angle formed by each of the major axes of the third and fourth sub-routes SUB-ROUTE3 and SUB-ROUTE4 and the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL) passing through the zeroth coordinate P0 may be about 45 degrees (or about 135 degrees). Furthermore, total numbers of movements (i.e., 10 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, as described above, (3, 1) may be defined as the 12 th  coordinate P12 in the shift area  40 , but the configuration of embodiments of the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an alternative embodiment, for example, (3, -1) may be defined as the 12 th  coordinate P12 in the shift area  40 . In such an embodiment where the 12 th  coordinate P12 is changed as described above, the shape of each of the third and fourth sub-routes SUB-ROUTE3 and SUB-ROUTE4 may be partially changed, whereas a 22 nd  coordinate P22 may be identical to the 22 nd  coordinate P22 (e.g., (4, 0) in the shift area 40) shown in  FIGS.  7  and  8   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  8  and  9   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 22 nd  coordinate P22, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 22 nd  coordinate P22 to (5, 1) in the shift area  40  based on the third route ROUTE3 after a preset time, and (5, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 23 rd  coordinate P23. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 22 nd  coordinate P22 to the 23 rd  coordinate P23, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  9   , a path from the 22 nd  coordinate P22 to the 23 rd  coordinate P23 will be defined as a 23 rd  path PA23. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 23 rd  coordinate P23, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the third route ROUTE3 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 23 rd  coordinate P23 to (4, 2), (3, 3), (2, 4), (1, 5), and (0, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (0, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 24 th  coordinate P24. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 23 rd  coordinate P23 to the 24 th  coordinate P24, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  9   , a path from the 23 rd  coordinate P23 to the 24 th  coordinate P24 will be defined as a 24 th  path PA24. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 24 th  coordinate P24, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the third route ROUTE3 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 24 th  coordinate P24 to (-1, 5), (-2, 4), (-3, 3), (-4, 2), (-5, 1), and (-6, 0) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 25 th  coordinate P25. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 24 th  coordinate P24 to the 25 th  coordinate P25, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  9   , a path from the 24 th  coordinate P24 to the 25 th  coordinate P25 will be defined as a 25 th  path PA25. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 25 th  coordinate P25, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the third route ROUTE3 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP to from the 25 th  coordinate P25 (-5, -1), (-4, -2), (-3, -3), (-2, -4), (-1, -5), and (0, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (0, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 26 th  coordinate P26. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 25 th  coordinate P25 to the 26 th  coordinate P26, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  9   , a path from the 25 th  coordinate P25 to the 26 th  coordinate P26 will be defined as a 26 th  path PA26. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 26 th  coordinate P26, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the third route ROUTE3 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 26 th  coordinate P26 to (1, -5), (2, -4), (3, -3), (4, -2), (5, -1), and (6, 0) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 27 th  coordinate P27. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 26 th  coordinate P26 to the 27 th  coordinate P27, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  9   , a path from the 26 th  coordinate P26 to the 27 th  coordinate P27 will be defined as a 27 th  path PA27, the 23 rd  path PA23, the 24 th  path PA24, the 25 th  path PA25, the 26 th  path PA26, and the 27 th  path PA27 will be defined as a fifth sub-route SUB-ROUTE5, and the third route ROUTE3 may include the fifth sub-route SUB-ROUTE5. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , according to embodiments, a start coordinate (i.e., the 22 nd  coordinate P22) of the fifth sub-route SUB-ROUTE5 and an end coordinate (i.e., the 27 th  coordinate P27) of the fifth sub-route SUB-ROUTE5 may be different from each other. In addition, the fifth sub-route SUB-ROUTE5 may have a substantially square shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate P0 by a preset angle. In an embodiment, for example, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 25 th  path PA25 or the 27 th  path PA27) of the fifth sub-route SUB-ROUTE5 having the square shape will be defined as a fifth width LW5, and a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 26 th  path PA26) of the fifth sub-route SUB-ROUTE5 having the square shape will be defined as a sixth length LL6. In this case, the fifth width LW5 and the fifth length LL5 may be substantially equal to each other. In an embodiment, for example, an angle formed by the fifth sub-route SUB-ROUTE5 and the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL) passing through the zeroth coordinate P0 may be about 45 degrees (or about 135 degrees). In such embodiments, total numbers of movements (i.e., 6 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, as described above, (5, 1) may be defined as the 23 rd  coordinate P23 in the shift area  40 , but the configuration of embodiments of the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an alternative embodiment, for example, (5, -1) may be defined as the 23 rd  coordinate P23 in the shift area  40 . In such an embodiment where the 23 rd  coordinate P23 is changed as described above, the shape of the fifth sub-route SUB-ROUTE5 may be partially changed, whereas a 27 th  coordinate P27 may be identical to the 27 th  coordinate P27 (e.g., (6, 0) in the shift area 40) shown in  FIGS.  8  and  9   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  10  and  11   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 27 th  coordinate P27, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 27 th  coordinate P27 to (5, 0) in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 after a preset time, and (5, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 28 th  coordinate P28. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 27 th  coordinate P27 to the 28 th  coordinate P28, the display image may be entirely shifted in a left direction (e.g., a fifth direction D5). As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 27 th  coordinate P27 to the 28 th  coordinate P28 will be defined as a 28 th  path PA28. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 28 th  coordinate P28, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 28 th  coordinate P28 to (4, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3), (1, 4), (0, 5), and (-1, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-1, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 29 th  coordinate P29. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 28 th  coordinate P28 to the 29 th  coordinate P29, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 28 th  coordinate P28 to the 29 th  coordinate P29 will be defined as a 29 th  path PA29. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 29 th  coordinate P29, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 29 th  coordinate P29 to (-2, 5), (-3, 4), (-4, 3), (-5, 2), and (-6, 1) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 30 th  coordinate P30. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 29 th  coordinate P29 to the 30 th  coordinate P30, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 29 th  coordinate P29 to the 30 th  coordinate P30 will be defined as a 30 th  path PA30. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 30 th  coordinate P30, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 30 th  coordinate P30 to (-5, 0), (-4, -1), (-3, -2), (-2, -3), (-1, -4), (0, -5), and (1, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (1, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 31 st  coordinate P31. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 30 th  coordinate P30 to the 31 st  coordinate P31, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 30 th  coordinate P30 to the 31 st  coordinate P31 will be defined as a  31   st  path PA31. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 31 st  coordinate P31, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 31 st  coordinate P31 to (2, -5), (3, -4), (4, -3), (5, -2), and (6, -1) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, -1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 32 nd  coordinate P32. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 31 st  coordinate P31 to the 32 nd  coordinate P32, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 31 st  coordinate P31 to the 32 nd  coordinate P32 will be defined as a 32 nd  path PA32. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 32 nd  coordinate P32, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 32 nd  coordinate P32 to (5, 0) in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 after a preset time, (5, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 33 rd  coordinate P33, and the 28 th  coordinate P28 and the 33 rd  coordinate P33 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 32 nd  coordinate P32 to the 33 rd  coordinate P33, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 32 nd  coordinate P32 to the 33 rd  coordinate P33 will be defined as a 33 rd  path PA33, and the 28 th  path PA28, the 29 th  path PA29, the 30 th  path PA30, the 31 st  path PA31, the 32 nd  path PA32, and the 33 rd  path PA33 will be defined as a sixth sub-route SUB-ROUTE6. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 33 rd  coordinate P33, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 33 rd  coordinate P33 to (6, 1) in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 after a preset time, and (6, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 34 th  coordinate P34. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 33 rd  coordinate P33 to the 34 th  coordinate P34, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 33 rd  coordinate P33 to the 34 th  coordinate P34 will be defined as a 34 th  path PA34. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 34 th  coordinate P34, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 34 th  coordinate P34 to (5, 2), (4, 3), (3, 4), (2, 5), and (1, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (1, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 35 th  coordinate P35. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 34 th  coordinate P34 to the 35 th  coordinate P35, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 34 th  coordinate P34 to the 35 th  coordinate P35 will be defined as a 35 th  path PA35. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 35 th  coordinate P35, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 35 th  coordinate P35 to (0, 5), (-1, 4), (-2, 3), (-3, 2), (-4, 1), (-5, 0), and (-6, -1) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, -1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 36 th  coordinate P36. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 35 th  coordinate P35 to the 36 th  coordinate P36, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 35 th  coordinate P35 to the 36 th  coordinate P36 will be defined as a 36 th  path PA36. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 36 th  coordinate P36, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 36 th  coordinate P36 to (-5, -2), (-4, -3), (-3, -4), (-2, -5), and (-1, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-1, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 37 th  coordinate P37. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 36 th  coordinate P36 to the 37 th  coordinate P37, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 36 th  coordinate P36 to the 37 th  coordinate P37 will be defined as a 37 th  path PA37. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 37 th  coordinate P37, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 37 th  coordinate P37 to (0, -5), (1, -4), (2, -3), (3, -2), and (4, -1) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (4, -1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 38 th  coordinate P38. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 37 th  coordinate P37 to the 38 th  coordinate P38, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 37 th  coordinate P37 to the 38 th  coordinate P38 will be defined as a 38 th  path PA38. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 38 th  coordinate P38, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 38 th  coordinate P38 to (3, 0) in the shift area  40  based on the fourth route ROUTE4 after a preset time, and (3, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 39 th  coordinate P39. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 38 th  coordinate P38 to the 39 th  coordinate P39, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  11   , a path from the 38 th  coordinate P38 to the 39 th  coordinate P39 will be defined as a 39 th  path PA39, the 34 th  path PA34, the 35 th  path PA35, the 36 th  path PA36, the 37 th  path PA37, the 38 th  path PA38, and the 39 th  path PA39 will be defined as a seventh sub-route SUB-ROUTE7, and the fourth route ROUTE4 may include the sixth sub-route SUB-ROUTE6 and the seventh sub-route SUB-ROUTE7. 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , according to embodiments, a start coordinate (i.e., the 27 th  coordinate P27) of the sixth sub-route SUB-ROUTE6 and an end coordinate (i.e., the 39 th  coordinate P39) of the seventh sub-route SUB-ROUTE7 may be different from each other, and a start coordinate (i.e., the 33 rd  coordinate P33) of the seventh sub-route SUB-ROUTE7 and the end coordinate (i.e., the 39 th  coordinate P39) of the seventh sub-route SUB-ROUTE7 may be different from each other. In such embodiments, each of the sixth and seventh sub-routes SUB-ROUTE6 and SUB-ROUTE7 may have a substantially rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate P0 by a preset angle. In an embodiment, for example, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 30 th  path PA30 or the 32 nd  path PA32) of the sixth sub-route SUB-ROUTE6 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a sixth width LW6, a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 29 th  and 33 rd  paths PA29 and PA33, or the 31 st  path PA31) of the sixth sub-route SUB-ROUTE6 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a sixth length LL6, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 35 th  path PA35 or the 37 th  path PA37) of the seventh sub-route SUB-ROUTE7 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a seventh width LW7, and a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 36 th  path PA36) of the seventh sub-route SUB-ROUTE7 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a seventh length LL7. In such embodiments, the sixth width LW6 and the seventh width LW7 may be substantially equal to each other, and the sixth length LL6 and the seventh length LL7 may be substantially equal to each other. In such embodiments, the sixth sub-route SUB-ROUTE6 and the seventh sub-route SUB-ROUTE7 may be substantially symmetrical to each other based on the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL). In an embodiment, for example, an angle formed by each of the major axes of the sixth and seventh sub-routes SUB-ROUTE6 and SUB-ROUTE7 and the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL) passing through the zeroth coordinate P0 may be approximately 45 degrees (or 135 degrees). In such embodiments, total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other (except for the 28 th  path PA28). 
     In embodiments, as described above,, (-1, 6) may be defined as the 29 th  coordinate P29 in the shift area  40 , but the configuration of embodiments of the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an alternative embodiment, for example, (6, 1), (-1, -6), or (6, -1) may be defined as the 29 th  coordinate P29 in the shift area  40 . In an embodiment where the 29 th  coordinate P29 is changed as described above, the shape of each of the sixth and seventh sub-routes SUB-ROUTE6 and SUB-ROUTE7 may be partially changed, whereas a 39 th  coordinate P39 may be identical to the 39 th  coordinate P39 (e.g., (3, 0) in the shift area 40) shown in  FIGS.  10  and  11   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  12  and  13   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 39 th  coordinate P39, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to (2, 1), (1, 2), (0, 3), (-1, 4), (-2, 5), and (-3, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-3, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 40 th  coordinate P40. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to the 40 th  coordinate P40, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to the 40 th  coordinate P40 will be defined as a 40 th  path PA40. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 40 th  coordinate P40, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 40 th  coordinate P40 to (-4, 5), (-5, 4), and (-6, 3) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, 3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 41 st  coordinate P41. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 40 th  coordinate P40 to the 41 st  coordinate P41, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 40 th  coordinate P40 to the 41 st  coordinate P41 will be defined as a 41 st  path PA41. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 41 st  coordinate P41, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 41 st  coordinate P41 to (-5, 2), (-4, 1), (-3, 0), (-2, -1), (-1, -2), (0, -3), (1, -4), (2, -5), and (3, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (3, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 42 nd  coordinate P42. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 41 st  coordinate P41 to the 42 nd  coordinate P42, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 41 st  coordinate P41 to the 42 nd  coordinate P42 will be defined as a 42 nd  path PA42. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 42 nd  coordinate P42, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 42 nd  coordinate P42 to (4, -5), (5, -4), and (6, -3) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, -3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 43 rd  coordinate P43. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 42 nd  coordinate P42 to the 43 rd  coordinate P43, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 42 nd  coordinate P42 to the 43 rd  coordinate P43 will be defined as a 43 rd  path PA43. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 43 rd  coordinate P43, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 43 rd  coordinate P43 to (5, -2), (4, -1), and (3, 0) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (3, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 44 th  coordinate P44, and the 39 th  coordinate P39 and the 44 th  coordinate P44 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 43 rd  coordinate P43 to the 44 th  coordinate P44, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 43 rd  coordinate P43 to the 44 th  coordinate P44 will be defined as a 44 th  path PA44, and the 40 th  path PA40, the 41 st  path PA41, the 42 nd  path PA42, the 43 rd  path PA43, and the 44 th  path PA44 will be defined as an eighth sub-route SUB-ROUTES. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 44 th  coordinate P44, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 44 th  coordinate P44 to (4, 1), (5, 2), and (6, 3) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, 3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 45 th  coordinate P45. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 44 th  coordinate P44 to the 45 th  coordinate P45, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 44 th  coordinate P44 to the 45 th  coordinate P45 will be defined as a 45 th  path PA45. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 45 th  coordinate P45, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route ROUTE5 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 45 th  coordinate P45 to (5, 4), (4, 5), and (3, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (3, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 46 th  coordinate P46. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 45 th  coordinate P45 to the 46 th  coordinate P46, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 45 th  coordinate P45 to the 46 th  coordinate P46 will be defined as a 46 th  path PA46. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 46 th  coordinate P46, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route ROUTE5 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 46 th  coordinate P46 to (2, 5), (1, 4), (0, 3), (-1, 2), (-2, 1), (-3, 0), (-4, -1), (-5, -2), and (-6, -3) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, -3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 47 th  coordinate P47. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 46 th  coordinate P46 to the 47 th  coordinate P47, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 46 th  coordinate P46 to the 47 th  coordinate P47 will be defined as a 47 th  path PA47. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 47 th  coordinate P47, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route ROUTE5 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 47 th  coordinate P47 to (-5, -4), (-4, -5), and (-3, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-3, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 48 th  coordinate P48. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 47 th  coordinate P47 to the 48 th  coordinate P48, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 47 th  coordinate P47 to the 48 th  coordinate P48 will be defined as a 48 th  path PA48. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 48 th  coordinate P48, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route ROUTE5 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 48 th  coordinate P48 to (-2, -5), (-1, -4), (0, -3), (1, -2), and (2, -1) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (2, -1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 49 th  coordinate P49. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 48 th  coordinate P48 to the 49 th  coordinate P49, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 48 th  coordinate P48 to the 49 th  coordinate P49 will be defined as a 49 th  path PA49. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 49 th  coordinate P49, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 49 th  coordinate P49 to (1, 0) in the shift area  40  based on the fifth route ROUTE5 after a preset time, and (1, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 50 th  coordinate P50. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 49 th  coordinate P49 to the 50 th  coordinate P50, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  13   , a path from the 49 th  coordinate P49 to the 50 th  coordinate P50 will be defined as a 50 th  path PA50, the 45 th  path PA45, the 46 th  path PA46, the 47 th  path PA47, the 48 th  path PA48, the 49 th  path PA49, and the 50 th  path PA50 will be defined as a ninth sub-route SUB-ROUTE9, and the fifth route ROUTE5 may include the eighth sub-route SUB-ROUTE8 and the ninth sub-route SUB-ROUTE9. 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , according to embodiments, a start coordinate (i.e., the 39 th  coordinate P39) of the eighth sub-route SUB-ROUTE8 and an end coordinate (i.e., the 50 th  coordinate P50) of the ninth sub-route SUB-ROUTE9 may be different from each other, and a start coordinate (i.e., the 44 th  coordinate P44) of the ninth sub-route SUB-ROUTE9 and the end coordinate (i.e., the 50 th  coordinate P50) of the ninth sub-route SUB-ROUTE9 may be different from each other. In such embodiments, each of the eighth and ninth sub-routes SUB-ROUTE8 and SUB-ROUTE9 may have a substantially rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate P0 by a preset angle. In an embodiment, for example, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 41 st  path PA41 or the 43 rd  path PA43) of the eighth sub-route SUB-ROUTE8 having the rectangular shape will be defined as an eighth width LW8, a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 40 th  and 44 th  paths PA40 and PA44, or the 42 nd  path PA42) of the eighth sub-route SUB-ROUTE8 having the rectangular shape will be defined as an eighth length LL8, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 46 th  path PA46 or the 48 th  path PA48) of the ninth sub-route SUB-ROUTE9 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a ninth width LW9, and a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 47 th  path PA47) of the ninth sub-route SUB-ROUTE9 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a ninth length LL9. In such embodiments, the eighth width LW8 and the ninth width LW9 may be substantially equal to each other, and the eighth length LL8 and the ninth length LL9 may be substantially equal to each other. In such embodiments, the eighth sub-route SUB-ROUTE8 and the ninth sub-route SUB-ROUTE9 may be substantially symmetrical to each other based on the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL). In an embodiment, for example, an angle formed by each of the major axes of the eighth and ninth sub-routes SUB-ROUTE8 and SUB-ROUTE9 and the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL) passing through the zeroth coordinate P0 may be about 45 degrees (or about 135 degrees). In such embodiments, total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, as described above, (-3, 6) may be defined as the 40 th  coordinate P40 in the shift area  40 , but the configuration of embodiments of the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an alternative embodiment, for example, (6, 3), (6, -3), or (-3, -6) may be defined as the 40 th  coordinate P40 in the shift area  40 . In such an embodiment where the 40 th  coordinate P40 is changed as described above, the shape of each of the eighth and ninth sub-routes SUB-ROUTE8 and SUB-ROUTE9 may be partially changed, whereas a 50 th  coordinate P50 may be identical to the 50 th  coordinate P50 (e.g., (1, 0) in the shift area 40) shown in  FIGS.  12  and  13   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  14  and  15   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 50 th  coordinate P50, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 50 th  coordinate P50 to (0, 1), (-1, 2), (-2, 3), (-3, 4), (-4, 5), and (-5, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-5, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 51 st  coordinate P51. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 50 th  coordinate P50 to the 51 st  coordinate P51, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 50 th  coordinate P50 to the 51 st  coordinate P51 will be defined as a 51 st  path PA51. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 51 st  coordinate P51, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 51 st  coordinate P51 to (-6, 5) in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 after a preset time, and (-6, 5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 52 nd  coordinate P52. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 51 st  coordinate P51 to the 52 nd  coordinate P52, the display image may be entirely shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 51 st  coordinate P51 to the 52 nd  coordinate P52 will be defined as a 52 nd  path PA52. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted from the 52 nd  coordinate P52 to the 52 nd  coordinate P52, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP to (-5, 4), (-4, 3), (-3, 2), (-2, 1), (-1, 0), (0, -1), (1, -2), (2, -3), (3, -4), (4, -5), and (5, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (5, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 53 rd  coordinate P53. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 52 nd  coordinate P52 to the 53 rd  coordinate P53, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 52 nd  coordinate P52 to the 53 rd  coordinate P53 will be defined as a 53 rd  path PA53. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 53 rd  coordinate P53, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 53 rd  coordinate P53 to (6, -5) in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 after a preset time, and (6, -5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 54 th  coordinate P54. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 53 rd  coordinate P53 to the 54 th  coordinate P54, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 53 rd  coordinate P53 to the 54 th  coordinate P54 will be defined as a 54 th  path PA54. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 54 th  coordinate P54, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 54 th  coordinate P54 to (5, -4), (4, -3), (3, -2), (2, -1), and (1, 0) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (1, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 55 th  coordinate P55, and the 50 th  coordinate P50 and the 55 th  coordinate P55 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 54 th  coordinate P54 to the 55 th  coordinate P55, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 54 th  coordinate P54 to the 55 th  coordinate P55 will be defined as a 55 th  path PA55, and the 51 st  path PA51, the 52 nd  path PA52, the 53 rd  path PA53, the 54 th  path PA54, and the 55 th  path PA55 will be defined as a 10 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE10. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 55 th  coordinate P55, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 55 th  coordinate P55 to (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3), (5, 4), and (6, 5) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, 5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 56 th  coordinate P56. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 55 th  coordinate P55 to the 56 th  coordinate P56, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 55 th  coordinate P55 to the 56 th  coordinate P56 will be defined as a 56 th  path PA56. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 56 th  coordinate P56, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 56 th  coordinate P56 to (5, 6) in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 after a preset time, and (5, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 57 th  coordinate P57. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 56 th  coordinate P56 to the 57 th  coordinate P57, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 56 th  coordinate P56 to the 57 th  coordinate P57 will be defined as a 57 th  path PA57. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 57 th  coordinate P57, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 57 th  coordinate P57 to (4, 5), (3, 4), (2, 3), (1, 2), (0, 1), (-1, 0), (-2, -1), (-3, -2), (-4, -3), (-5, -4), and (-6, -5) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, -5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 58 th  coordinate P58. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 57 th  coordinate P57 to the 58 th  coordinate P58, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 57 th  coordinate P57 to the 58 th  coordinate P58 will be defined as a 58 th  path PA58. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 58 th  coordinate P58, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 58 th  coordinate P58 to (-5, -6) in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 after a preset time, and (-5, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 59 th  coordinate P59. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 58 th  coordinate P58 to the 59 th  coordinate P59, the display image may be entirely shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 58 th  coordinate P58 to the 59 th  coordinate P59 will be defined as a 59 th  path PA59. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 59 th  coordinate P59, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 59 th  coordinate P59 to (-4, 5), (-3, 4), (-2, 3), (-1, 2), and (0, -1) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (0, -1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 60 th  coordinate P60. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 59 th  coordinate P59 to the 60 th  coordinate P60, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction (e.g., a sixth direction D6). As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 59 th  coordinate P59 to the 60 th  coordinate P60 will be defined as a 60 th  path PA60. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 60 th  coordinate P60, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP to the zeroth coordinate P0 in the shift area  40  based on the sixth route ROUTE6 after a preset time. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 60 th  coordinate P60 to the zeroth coordinate P0, the display image may be entirely shifted in an upper direction. As shown in  FIG.  15   , a path from the 60 th  coordinate P60 to the zeroth coordinate P0 will be defined as a 61 st  path PA61, the 56 th  path PA56, the 57 th  path PA57, the 58 th  path PA58, the 59 th  path PA59, the 60 th  path PA60, and the 61 st  path PA61 will be defined as an 11 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE11, and the sixth route ROUTE6 may include the 10 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE10 and the 11 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE11. 
     Referring to  FIG.  15   , according to embodiments, a start coordinate (i.e., the 50 th  coordinate P50) of the 10 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE10 and an end coordinate (i.e., the zeroth coordinate P0) of the 11 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE11 may be different from each other, and a start coordinate (i.e., the 55 th  coordinate P55) of the 11 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE11 and the end coordinate (i.e., the zeroth coordinate P0) of the 11 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE11 may be different from each other. In such embodiments, each of the 10 th  and 11 th  sub-routes SUB-ROUTE10 and SUB-ROUTE11 may have a substantially rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate P0 by a preset angle. In an embodiment, for example, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 54 th  path PA54 or the 52 nd  path PA52) of the 10 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE10 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a 10 th  width LW10, a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 51 st  and 55 th  paths PA51 and PA55, or the 53 rd  path PA53) of the 10 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE10 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a 10 th  length LL10, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 57 th  path PA57 or the 59 th  path PA59) of the 11 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE11 having the rectangular shape will be defined as an 11 th  width LW11, and a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 58 th  path PA58) of the 11 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE11 having the rectangular shape will be defined as an 11 th  length LL11. In such embodiments, the 10 th  width LW10 and the 11 th  width LW11 may be substantially equal to each other, and the 10 th  length LL10 and the 11 th  length LL11 may be substantially equal to each other. In such embodiments, the 10 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE10 and the 11 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE11 may be substantially symmetrical to each other based the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL). In an embodiment, for example, an angle formed by each of the major axes of the 10 th  and 11 th  sub-routes SUB-ROUTE10 and SUB-ROUTE11 and the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL) passing through the zeroth coordinate P0 may be about 45 degrees (or about 135 degrees). In such embodiments, total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other. 
     In embodiments, as described above, (-5, 6) may be defined as the 51 st  coordinate P51 in the shift area  40 , but the configuration of embodiments of the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an alternative embodiment, for example, (6, 5), (6, -5), or (-5, -6) may be defined as the 51 st  coordinate P51 in the shift area  40 . In an embodiment where the 51 st  coordinate P51 is changed as described above, the shape of each of the 10 th  and 11 th  sub-routes SUB-ROUTE10 and SUB-ROUTE11 may be partially changed, whereas a zeroth coordinate P0 may be identical to the zeroth coordinate P0 (e.g., (0, 0) in the shift area 40) shown in  FIGS.  14  and  15   . 
     In embodiments, as described above, the reference point CP starting from the zeroth coordinate P0 may return to the zeroth coordinate P0 through the first to sixth routes ROUTE1, ROUTE2, ROUTE3, ROUTE4, ROUTE5, and ROUTE6. Such a process will be defined as one cycle, and the display device  100  may repeatedly perform the process. 
     A conventional display device may disperse stress applied to a pixel by using a display image shift scheme for shifting an entire display image every preset time. In a conventional display device using an orbit driving scheme, for example, a display image may be shifted in a predetermined direction, and black data may be displayed in an outer peripheral portion where the display image is not displayed due to the shift of the display image. At this point, according to the orbit driving scheme, an origin of the display image (e.g., a center of the image) may be shifted in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction in the form of a rectangular helix. In this case, the origin of the display image may be shifted only in one direction as the origin of the display image moves from a center to an outer periphery of the rectangular helix, such that the stress may not be dispersed. In addition, a total amount of movements by which the display image is shifted may be relatively large so that there may be a difficulty in dispersing the stress. In such a conventional display device, a shift area may have a size of  32  rows and  26  columns, for example, and  832  pixels may be arranged in the shift area. In such a conventional display device, the preset time may be set as about 3 minutes, and a time used to move through an entire orbit having a rectangular helix shape may be relatively long. 
     According to embodiments of the display device  100  according to the disclosure, the shift area  40  may have a square shape corresponding to a matrix shape having  13  rows and  13  columns, first to 11 th  sub-routes SUB-ROUTE1, SUB-ROUTE2, SUB-ROUTE3, SUB-ROUTE4, SUB-ROUTE5, SUB-ROUTE6, SUB-ROUTE7, SUB-ROUTE8, SUB-ROUTE9, SUB-ROUTE10, and SUB-ROUTE11 included in the first to sixth routes ROUTE1, ROUTE2, ROUTE3, ROUTE4, ROUTE5, and ROUTE6 may have mutually different movement paths in the shift area  40 , and the first to 11 th  sub-routes SUB-ROUTE1, SUB-ROUTE2, SUB-ROUTE3, SUB-ROUTE4, SUB-ROUTE5, SUB-ROUTE6, SUB-ROUTE7, SUB-ROUTE8,SUB-ROUTE9, SUB-ROUTE10, and SUB-ROUTE11 may have mutually different shapes. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the reference point CP may be entirely shifted (e.g., to substantially all the intersection points) in the shift area  40  such that the display device  100  may effectively disperse stress applied to the pixel P. 
     In such embodiments, each of the first to 11 th  sub-routes SUB-ROUTE1, SUB-ROUTE2, SUB-ROUTE3, SUB-ROUTE4, SUB-ROUTE5, SUB-ROUTE6, SUB-ROUTE7, SUB-ROUTE8,SUB-ROUTE9, SUB-ROUTE10, and SUB-ROUTE11 may have a rectangular or square shape rotated by a preset angle, so that the first to 11 th  sub-routes SUB-ROUTE1, SUB-ROUTE2, SUB-ROUTE3, SUB-ROUTE4, SUB-ROUTE5, SUB-ROUTE6, SUB-ROUTE7, SUB-ROUTE8,SUB-ROUTE9, SUB-ROUTE10, and SUB-ROUTE11 may shorten a time used to reach a maximum movement range (e.g., an outermost periphery of the shift area 40) through relatively few movement paths. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the display device  100  may disperse the stress applied to the pixel P in a relatively rapid manner. 
       FIGS.  16  and  17    are plan views showing an alternative embodiment of the fifth route of  FIG.  13   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  to  11   , the reference point CP may be shifted from the zeroth coordinate P0 to the 39 th  coordinate P39 through the first to fourth routes ROUTE1, ROUTE2, ROUTE3, and ROUTE4. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  16  and  17   , in an alternative embodiment, when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 39 th  coordinate P39, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to (2, 0) in the shift area  40  based on an alternative fifth route (hereinafter, will be referred to as 5_1 th  route) ROUTE5_1 after a preset time, and (2, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 40 th  coordinate P40. In such an embodiment, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to the 40 th  coordinate P40, the display image may be entirely shifted in the left direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to the 40 th  coordinate P40 will be defined as a 40 th  path PA40. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 40 th  coordinate P40, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 40 th  coordinate P40 to (1, 1), (0, 2), (-1, 3), (-2, 4), (-3, 5), and (-4, 6) in the shift area  40  at every preset time, and (-4, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 41 St  coordinate P41. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 40 th  coordinate P40 to the 41 st  coordinate P41, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 40 th  coordinate P40 to the 41 st  coordinate P41 will be defined as a 41 St  path PA41. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 41 st  coordinate P41, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 41 St  coordinate P41 to (-5, 5) and (-6, 4) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 42 nd  coordinate P42. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 41 st  coordinate P41 to the 42 nd  coordinate P42, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 41 st  coordinate P41 to the 42 nd  coordinate P42 will be defined as a 42 nd  path PA42. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 42 nd  coordinate P42, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 42 nd  coordinate P42 to (-5, 3), (-4, 2), (-3, 1), (-2, 0), (-1, -1), (0, -2), (1, -3), (2, -4), (3, -5), and (4, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (4, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 43 rd  coordinate P43. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 42 nd  coordinate P42 to the 43 rd  coordinate P43, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 42 nd  coordinate P42 to the 43 rd  coordinate P43 will be defined as a 43 rd  path PA43. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 43 rd  coordinate P43, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 43 rd  coordinate P43 to (5, -5) and (6, -4) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, -4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 44 th  coordinate P44. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 43 rd  coordinate P43 to the 44 th  coordinate P44, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 43 rd  coordinate P43 to the 44 th  coordinate P44 will be defined as a 44 th  path PA44. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 44 th  coordinate P44, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 44 th  coordinate P44 to (5, -3), (4, -2), (3, -1), and (2, 0) in the shift area  40  at every preset time, (2, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 45 th  coordinate P45, and the 40 th  coordinate P40 and the 45 th  coordinate P45 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 44 th  coordinate P44 to the 45 th  coordinate P45, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 44 th  coordinate P44 to the 45 th  coordinate P45 will be defined as a 45 th  path PA45, and the 40 th  path PA40, the 41 st  path PA41, the 42 nd  path PA42, the 43 rd  path PA43, the 44 th  path PA44, and the 45 th  path PA45 will be defined as an alternative eighth sub-route (hereinafter, will be referred to as 8­_1 th  sub-route) SUB-ROUTE8_1. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 45 th  coordinate P45, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 45 th  coordinate P45 to (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), and (6, 4) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (6, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 46 th  coordinate P46. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 45 th  coordinate P45 to the 46 th  coordinate P46, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 45 th  coordinate P45 to the 46 th  coordinate P46 will be defined as a 46 th  path PA46. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 46 th  coordinate P46, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 46 th  coordinate P46 to (5, 5) and (4, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (4, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 47 th  coordinate P47. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 46 th  coordinate P46 to the 47 th  coordinate P47, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 46 th  coordinate P46 to the 47 th  coordinate P47 will be defined as a 47 th  path PA47. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 47 th  coordinate P47, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 47 th  coordinate P47 to (3, 5), (2, 4), (1, 3), (0, 2), (-1, 1), (-2, 0), (-3, -1), (-4, -2), (-5, -3), and (-6, -4) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-6, -4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 48 th  coordinate P48. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 47 th  coordinate P47 to the 48 th  coordinate P48, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 47 th  coordinate P47 to the 48 th  coordinate P48 will be defined as a 48 th  path PA48. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 48 th  coordinate P48, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP shifted from the 48 th  coordinate P48 to (-5, -5) and (-4, -6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (-4, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 49 th  coordinate P49. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 48 th  coordinate P48 to the 49 th  coordinate P49, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower right direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 48 th  coordinate P48 to the 49 th  coordinate P49 will be defined as a 49 th  path PA49. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 49 th  coordinate P49, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper right direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 49 th  coordinate P49 to (-3, -5), (-2, -4), (-1, -3), (0, -2), and (1, -1) in the shift area  40  every preset time, and (1, -1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 50 th  coordinate P50. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 49 th  coordinate P49 to the 50 th  coordinate P50, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper right direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 49 th  coordinate P49 to the 50 th  coordinate P50 will be defined as a 50 th  path PA50. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 50 th  coordinate P50, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP to the zeroth coordinate P0 in the shift area  40  based on the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 after a preset time. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 50 th  coordinate P50 to the zeroth coordinate P0, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper left direction. As shown in  FIG.  17   , a path from the 50 th  coordinate P50 to the zeroth coordinate P0 will be defined as a 51 st  path PA51, the 46 th  path PA46, the 47 th  path PA47, the 48 th  path PA48, the 49 th  path PA49, the 50 th  path PA50, and the 51 st  path PA51 will be defined as an alternative ninth sub-route (hereinafter, will be referred to as 9_1 th  sub-route) SUB-ROUTE9_1, and the 5_1 th  route ROUTE5_1 may include the 8­_1 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE8_1 and the 9_1 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE9_1. 
     Referring to  FIG.  17   , according to embodiments, each of the 8­_1 th  and 9_1 th  sub-routes SUB-ROUTE8_1 and SUB-ROUTE9_1 may have a substantially rectangular shape rotated about the zeroth coordinate P0 by a preset angle. In an embodiment, for example, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 42 nd  path PA42 or the 44 th  path PA44) of the 8_1 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE8_1 having the rectangular shape will be defined as an eighth width LW8, a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 41 st  and 45 th  paths PA41 and PA45, or the 43 rd  path PA43) of the 8_1 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE8_1 having the rectangular shape will be defined as an eighth length LL8, a minor axis (e.g., corresponding to the 47 th  path PA47 or the 49 th  path PA49) of the 9_1 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE9_1 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a ninth width LW9, and a major axis (e.g., corresponding to the 48 th  path PA48) of the 9_1 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE9_1 having the rectangular shape will be defined as a ninth length LL9. In such embodiments, the eighth width LW8 and the ninth width LW9 may be substantially equal to each other, and the eighth length LL8 and the ninth length LL9 may be substantially equal to each other. In such embodiments, the 8_1 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE8_1 and the 9_1 th  sub-route SUB-ROUTE9_1 may be symmetrical to each other based on the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL). In an embodiment, for example, an angle formed by each of the major axes of the 8_1 th  and 9_1 th  sub-routes SUB-ROUTE8_1 and SUB-ROUTE9_1 and the imaginary central vertical line CVL (or the imaginary central horizontal line CHL) passing through the zeroth coordinate P0 may be about 45 degrees (or about 135 degrees). In such embodiments, total numbers of movements (i.e., 10 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other (except for the 40 th  path PA40). 
     In embodiments, as described above, the reference point CP starting from the zeroth coordinate P0 may return to the zeroth coordinate P0 through the first, second, third, fourth, and 5_1 th  routes ROUTE1, ROUTE2, ROUTE3, ROUTE4, and ROUTE5_1. Such a process will be defined as one cycle, and the display device may repeatedly perform the process. 
       FIG.  18    is a block diagram showing a display device according to embodiments of the disclosure,  FIG.  19    is a plan view showing a first route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ,  FIG.   20    is a plan view showing a second route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ,  FIG.  21    is a plan view showing a third route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ,  FIG.  22    is a plan view showing a fourth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A ,  FIG.  23    is a plan view showing a fifth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A , and  FIG.  24    is a plan view showing a sixth route in the shift area of  FIG.  3 A . A display device  600  illustrated in  FIGS.  18  to  24    may have a configuration that is substantially identical or similar to the configuration of embodiments of the display device  100  described with reference to  FIGS.  1  to  15    except for a direction in which the reference point CP is shifted. In  FIGS.  18  to  24   , any repetitive detailed descriptions of the same or like components as the components described above with reference to  FIGS.  1  to  15    will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG.  18   , a display device  600  may include a display panel  110  including a plurality of pixels P and a plurality of dummy pixels DP, a controller  150 , a data driver  120 , a gate driver  140 , a power supply unit  160 , a display image shift controller  180 , and the like. 
     The display image shift controller  180  may generate a route shift signal PS′, and may supply the route shift signal PS′ to the controller  150 . The route shift signal PS’ may include information on a path through which a display image is shifted. 
     The route shift signal PS’ generated by the display image shift controller  180  may include information on alternative first to fifth routes (hereinafter, will be referred to as 1_2 th , 2_2 th , 3_2 th , 4_2 th , 5_2 th , and 6 2 th  routes, respectively). The 1_2 th  to 6_2 th  routes may correspond to paths through which a reference point CP is shifted. 
     Referring to  FIG.  19   , the display panel  110  may initially display the display image only in a pixel area  10 , the reference point CP may be initially located at (0, 0) in a shift area  40 , and a position corresponding to (0, 0) will be defined as a zeroth coordinate P0. In an embodiment, the reference point CP may be located at a center of the display image. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110 , after a preset time, the data driver  120  may receive input image data IDATA to which the route shift signal PS’ is applied from the controller  150 . The data driver  120  may provide data voltages VDATA corresponding to the shifted display image to the display panel  110  based on the input image data IDATA to which the route shift signal PS’ is applied. In such an embodiment, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the zeroth coordinate P0 to (0, 2) in the shift area  40  based on the 1_2 th  route, and (0, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a first coordinate P1. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the zeroth coordinate P0 to the first coordinate P1, the display image may be entirely shifted in an upper direction. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the first coordinate P1, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in an upper left direction, a lower left direction, a lower right direction, an upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 1_2 th  route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the first coordinate P1 to (-1, 3), (-2, 4), (-3, 5), (-4, 6), (-5, 5), (-6, 4), (-5, 3), (-4, 2), (-3, 1), (-2, 0), (-1, -1), (0, -2), (1, -3), (2, -4), (3, -5), (4, -6), (5, -5), (6, -4), (5, -3), (4, -2), (3, -1), (2, 0), (1, 1), (0, 2), (-1, 1), (-2, 0), (-3, -1), (-4, -2), (-5, -3), (-6, -4), (-5, -5), (-4, -6), (-3, -5), (-2, -4), (-1, -3), (0, -2), (1, -1), (2, 0), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (6, 4), (5, 5), (4, 6), (3, 5), (2, 4), (1, 3), and (0, 2) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (-4, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a second coordinate P2, (-6, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a third coordinate P3, (4, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a fourth coordinate P4, (6, -4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a fifth coordinate P5, (0, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a sixth coordinate P6, (-6, -4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a seventh coordinate P7, (-4, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as an eighth coordinate P8, (6, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a ninth coordinate P9, (4, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 10 th  coordinate P10, (0, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as an 11 th  coordinate P11, and the first coordinate P1, the sixth coordinate P6, and the 11 th  coordinate P11 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the first coordinate P1 to the 11 th  coordinate P11, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction. 
     Total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other (except for the movement from the zeroth coordinate P0 to the first coordinate P1). 
     Referring to  FIG.  20   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 11 th  coordinate P11, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP to (0, 4) in the shift area  40  based on the 2_2 th  route, and (0, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 12 th  coordinate P12. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 11 th  coordinate P11 to the 12 th  coordinate P12, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper direction. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 12 th  coordinate P12, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 2_2 th  route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 12 th  coordinate P12 to (-1, 5), (-2, 6), (-3, 5), (-4, 4), (-5, 3), (-6, 2), (-5, 1), (-4, 0), (-3, -1), (-2, -2), (-1, -3), (0, -4), (1, -5), (2, -6), (3, -5), (4, -4), (5, -3), (6, -2), (5, -1), (4, 0), (3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3), (0, 4), (-1, 3), (-2, 2), (-3, 1), (-4, 0), (-5, -1), (-6, -2), (-5, -3), (-4, -4), (-3, -5), (-2, -6), (-1, -5), (0, -4), (1, -3), (2, -2), (3, -1), (4, 0), (5, 1), (6, 2), (5, 3), (4, 4), (3, 5), (2, 6), (1, 5), and (0, 4) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (-2, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 13 th  coordinate P13, (-6, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 14 th  coordinate P14, (2, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 15 th  coordinate P15, (6, -2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 16 th  coordinate P16, (0, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 17 th  coordinate P17, (-6, -2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 18 th  coordinate P18, (-2, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 19 th  coordinate P19, (6, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 20 th  coordinate P20, (2, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 21 st  coordinate P21, (0, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 22 nd  coordinate P22, and the 12 th  coordinate P12, the 17 th  coordinate P17, and the 22 nd  coordinate P22 may be the same position. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 12 th  coordinate P12 to the 22 nd  coordinate P22, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction. 
     Total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other (except for the movement from the 11 th  coordinate P11 to the 12 th  coordinate P12). 
     Referring to  FIG.  21   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 22 nd  coordinate P22, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 22 nd  coordinate P22 to (0, 6) in the shift area  40  based on the 2_2 th  route, and (0, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 23 rd  coordinate P23. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 22 nd  coordinate P22 to the 23 rd  coordinate P23, the display image may be entirely shifted in the upper direction. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 23 rd  coordinate P23, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, and the upper left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 3_2 th  route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 23 rd  coordinate P23 to (-1, 5), (-2, 4), (-3, 3), (-4, 2), (-5, 1), (-6, 0), (-5, -1), (-4, -2), (-3, -3), (-2, -4), (-1, -5), (0, -6), (1, -5), (2, -4), (3, -3), (4, -2), (5, -1), (6, 0), (5, 1), (4, 2), (3, 3), (2, 4), (1, 5), and (0, 6) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (-6, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 24 th  coordinate P24, (0, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 25 th  coordinate P25, (6, 0) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 26 th  coordinate P26, (0, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 27 th  coordinate P27, and the 23 rd  coordinate P23 and the 27 th  coordinate P27 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 23 rd  coordinate P23 to the 27 th  coordinate P27, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, and the upper left direction. 
     Total numbers of movements (i.e., 6 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other (except for the movement from the 22 nd  coordinate P22 to the 23 rd  coordinate P23). 
     Referring to  FIG.  22   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 27 th  coordinate P27, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP to (0, 5) in the shift area  40  based on the 4_2 th  route, and (0, 5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 28 th  coordinate P28. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 27 th  coordinate P27 to the 28 th  coordinate P28, the display image may be entirely shifted in a lower direction. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 28 th  coordinate P28, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 4_2 th  route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 28 th  coordinate P28 to (-1, 6), (-2, 5), (-3, 4), (-4, 3), (-5, 2), (-6, 1), (-5, 0), (-4, 1), (-3, -2), (-2, -3), (-1, -4), (0, -5), (1, -6), (2, -5), (3, -4), (4, -3), (5, -2), (6, -1), (5, 0), (4, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3), (1, 4), (0, 5), (-1, 4), (-2, 3), (-3, 2), (-4, 1), (-5, 0), (-6, -1), (-5, -2), (-4, -3), (-3, -4), (-2, -5), (-1, -6), (0, -5), (1, -4), (2, -3), (3, -2), (4, -1), (5, 0), (6, 1), (5, 2), (4, 3), (3, 4), (2, 5), (1, 6), and (0, 5) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (-1, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 29 th  coordinate P29, (-6, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 30 th  coordinate P30, (1, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 31 st  coordinate P31, (6, -1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 32 nd  coordinate P32, (0, 5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 33 rd  coordinate P33, (-6, -1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 34 th  coordinate P34, (-1, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 35 th  coordinate P35, (6, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 36 th  coordinate P36, (1, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 37 th  coordinate P37, (0, 5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 38 th  coordinate P38, and the 28 th  coordinate P28, the 33 rd  coordinate P33, and the 38 th  coordinate P38 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 28 th  coordinate P28 to the 38 th  coordinate P38, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 38 th  coordinate P38, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP shifted from the 38 th  coordinate P38 to (0, 3) in the shift area  40  based on the 4_2 th  route, and (0, 3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 39 th  coordinate P39. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 38 th  coordinate P38 to the 39 th  coordinate P39, the display image may be entirely shifted in the lower direction. 
     Total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other (except for the movement from the 27 th  coordinate P27 to the 28 th  coordinate P28 and the movement from the 38 th  coordinate P38 to the 39 th  coordinate P39). 
     Referring to  FIG.  23   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 39 th  coordinate P39, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_2 th  route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  moves the reference point CP from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to (-1, 4), (-2, 5), (-3, 6), (-4, 5), (-5, 4), (-6, 3), (-5, 2), (-4, 1), (-3, 0), (-2, -1), (-1, -2), (0, -3), (1, -4), (2, -5), (3, -6), (4, -5), (5, -4), (6, -3), (5, -2), (4, -1), (3, 0), (2, 1), (1, 2), (0, 3), (-1, 2), (-2, 1), (-3, 0), (-4, -1), (-5, -2), (-6, -3), (-5, -4), (-4, -5), (-3, -6), (-2, -5), (-1, -4), (0, -3), (1, -2), (2, -1), (3, 0), (4, 1), (5, 2), (6, 3), (5, 4), (4, 5), (3, 6), (2, 5), (1, 4), and (0, 3) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (-3, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as the 40 th  coordinate P40, (-6, -3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 41 st  coordinate P41, (3, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 42 nd  coordinate P42, (6, -3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 43 rd  coordinate P43, (0, 3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 44 th  coordinate P44, (-6, -3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 45 th  coordinate P45, (-3, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 46 th  coordinate P46, (6, 3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 47 th  coordinate P47, (3, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 48 th  coordinate P48, (0, 3) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 49 th  coordinate P49, and the 39 th  coordinate P39, the 44 th  coordinate P44, and the 49 th  coordinate P49 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to the 49 th  coordinate P49, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 49 th  coordinate P49, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 49 th  coordinate P49 to (0, 1) in the shift area  40  based on the 5_2 th  route, and (0, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 50 th  coordinate P50. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 49 th  coordinate P49 to the 50 th  coordinate P50, the display image may be entirely shifted in the lower direction. 
     Total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other (except for the movement from the 49 th  coordinate P49 to the 50 th  coordinate P50). 
     Referring to  FIG.  24   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 50 th  coordinate P50, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 6 2 th  route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 50 th  coordinate P50 to (-1, 2), (-2, 3), (-3, 4), (-4, 5), (-5, 6), (-6, 5), (-5, 4), (-4, 3), (-3, 2), (-2, 1), (-1, 0), (0, -1), (1, -2), (2, -3), (3, -4), (4, -5), (5, -6), (6, -5), (5, -4), (4, -3), (3, -2), (2, -1), (1, 0), (0, 1), (-1, 0), (-2, -1), (-3, -2), (-4, -3), (-5, -4), (-6, -5), (-5, -6), (-4, -5), (-3, -4), (-2, -3), (-1, -2), (0, -1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3), (5, 4), (6, 5), (5, 6), (4, 5), (3, 4), (2, 3), (1, 2), and (0, 1) in the shift area  40  every preset time, (-5, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 51 st  coordinate P51, (-6, 5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 52 nd  coordinate P52, (5, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 53 rd  coordinate P53, (6, -5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 54 th  coordinate P54, (0, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 55 th  coordinate P55, (-6, -5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 56 th  coordinate P56, (-5, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 57 th  coordinate P57, (6, 5) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 58 th  coordinate P58, (5, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 59 th  coordinate P59, (0, 1) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 60 th  coordinate P60, and the 50 th  coordinate P50, the 55 th  coordinate P55, and the 60 th  coordinate P60 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 50 th  coordinate P50 to the 60 th  coordinate P60, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 60 th  coordinate P60, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP to the zeroth coordinate P0 in the shift area  40  based on the 6 2 th  route. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 60 th  coordinate P60 to the zeroth coordinate P0, the display image may be entirely shifted in the lower direction. 
     Total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other (except for the movement from the 60 th  coordinate P60 to the zeroth coordinate P0). 
     As described above, in an embodiment, the reference point CP starting from the zeroth coordinate P0 may return to the zeroth coordinate P0 through the 1_2 th  to 6 2 th  routes. Such a process will be defined as one cycle, and the display device  600  may repeatedly perform the process. 
     According to embodiments of the display device  600 , the shift area  40  may have a square shape corresponding to a matrix shape having  13  rows and  13  columns, the 12 th  to 6_2 th  routes may have mutually different movement paths in the shift area  40 , and the 1_2 th  to 6 2 th  routes may have mutually different shapes. Accordingly, the reference point CP may be entirely shifted (e.g., to substantially all intersection points) in the shift area  40  such that the display device  600  may effectively disperse stress applied to the pixel P. 
     In addition, the 1_2 th  to 6 2 th  routes may shorten a time required to reach a maximum movement range (e.g., an outermost periphery of the shift area 40) through relatively few movement paths. Accordingly, the display device  600  may disperse the stress applied to the pixel P in a relatively rapid manner. 
       FIG.  25    is a plan view showing an alternative embodiment of the fifth route of  FIG.  23   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  18  to  22   , in an alternative embodiment, the reference point CP may be shifted from the zeroth coordinate P0 to the 39 th  coordinate P39 through the 1_2 th  to 4_2 th  routes. 
     Referring to  FIG.  25   , when the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 39 th  coordinate P39, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to (0, 2) in the shift area  40  based on another alternative fifth route (hereinafter, will be referred to as 5_3 th  route), and (0, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 40 th  coordinate P40. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to the 40 th  coordinate P40, the display image may be entirely shifted in the lower direction. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 40 th  coordinate P40, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction of the display panel  110  in the shift area  40  based on the 5_3 th  route every preset time. In an embodiment, for example, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP from the 40 th  coordinate P40 to (-1, 3), (-2, 4), (-3, 5), (-4, 6), (-5, 5), (-6, 4), (-5, 3), (-4, 2), (-3, 1), (-2, 0), (-1, -1), (0, -2), (1, -3), (2, -4), (3, -5), (4, -6), (5, -5), (6, -4), (5, -3), (4, -2), (3, -1), (2, 0), (1, 1), (0, 2), (-1, 1), (-2, 0), (-3, -1), (-4, -2), (-5, -3), (-6, -4), (-5, -5), (-4, -6), (-3, -5), (-2, -4), (-1, -3), (0, -2), (1, -1), (2, 0), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (6, 4), (5, 5), (4, 6), (3, 5), (2, 4), (1, 3), and (0, 2) in the shift area  40  at every preset time, (-4, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 41 st  coordinate P41, (-6, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 42 nd  coordinate P42, (4, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 43 rd  coordinate P43, (6, -4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 44 th  coordinate P44, (0, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 45 th  coordinate P45, (-6, -4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 46 th  coordinate P46, (-4, -6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 47 th  coordinate P47, (6, 4) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 48 th  coordinate P48, (4, 6) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 49 th  coordinate P49, (0, 2) that is a position to which the reference point CP is shifted will be defined as a 50 th  coordinate P50, and the 40 th  coordinate P40, the 45 th  coordinate P45, and the 50 th  coordinate P50 may be a same position as each other. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 40 th  coordinate P40 to the 50 th  coordinate P50, the entire display image may be gradually shifted in the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, the lower left direction, the lower right direction, the upper right direction, the upper left direction, and the lower left direction. 
     When the display image is consistently output from the display panel  110  after the reference point CP is shifted to the 50 th  coordinate P50, the controller  150  may shift the reference point CP to the zeroth coordinate P0 in the shift area  40  based on the 5_3 th  route. In this case, since the reference point CP is shifted from the 50 th  coordinate P50 to the zeroth coordinate P0, the display image may be entirely shifted in the lower direction. 
     Total numbers of movements (i.e., 12 times) by which the reference point CP is shifted in the first to fourth areas  41 ,  42 ,  43 , and  44  may be equal to each other (except for the movement from the 39 th  coordinate P39 to the 40 th  coordinate P40 and the movement from the 50 th  coordinate P50 to the zeroth coordinate P0). 
     In embodiments, as described above, the reference point CP starting from the zeroth coordinate P0 may return to the zeroth coordinate P0 through the 1_2 th  route, the 2_2 th  route, the 3_2 th  route, the 4_2 th  route, and the 5_3 th  route. Such a process will be defined as one cycle, and the display device may repeatedly perform the process. 
       FIG.  26    is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device including a display device according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  26   , embodiments of an electronic device 1100 may include a processor 1110, a memory device 1120, a storage device 1130, an input/output (I/O) device 1140, a power supply 1150, and a display device 1160. The electronic device 1100 may further include a plurality of ports for communicating with a video card, a sound card, a memory card, a universal serial bus (“USB”) device, other electric devices, etc. 
     The processor 1110 may perform various computing functions or tasks. The processor 1110 may be an application processor (“AP”), a micro processor, a central processing unit (“CPU”), etc. The processor 1110 may be coupled to other components via an address bus, a control bus, a data bus, etc. Further, in embodiments, the processor 1110 may be further coupled to an extended bus such as a peripheral component interconnection (PCI) bus. 
     The memory device 1120 may store data for operations of the electronic device 1100. In an embodiment, for example, the memory device 1120 may include at least one non-volatile memory device such as an erasable programmable read-only memory (“EPROM”) device, an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (“EEPROM”) device, a flash memory device, a phase change random access memory (“PRAM”) device, a resistance random access memory (“RRAM”) device, a nano floating gate memory (“NFGM”) device, a polymer random access memory (“PoRAM”) device, a magnetic random access memory (“MRAM”) device, a ferroelectric random access memory (“FRAM”) device, etc., and/or at least one volatile memory device such as a dynamic random access memory (“DRAM”) device, a static random access memory (“SRAM”) device, a mobile DRAM device, etc. 
     The storage device 1130 may be a solid state drive (“SSD”) device, a hard disk drive (“HDD”) device, a CD-ROM device, etc. The I/O device 1140 may be an input device such as a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch screen, etc., and an output device such as a printer, a speaker, etc. The power supply 1150 may supply power for operations of the electronic device 1100. The display device 1160 may be coupled to other components through the buses or other communication links. 
     The display device 1160 may include a display panel including a plurality of pixels and a plurality of dummy pixels, a controller, a data driver, a gate driver, a power supply unit, a display image shift controller, and the like. In embodiments, the display image shift controller may generate the route shift signal, and may supply the route shift signal to the controller. The route shift signal may include information on a path through which the display image is shifted, and the information on the path may include first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth routes. 
     When the display image is output from the display panel for the preset time, the data driver may receive the input image data to which the route shift signal is applied from the controller so that the reference point may be shifted within the shift area. When the reference point is shifted, the display image may be entirely shifted. The shift area may be defined to entirely shift the display image, and the shift area may have a square shape corresponding to a matrix shape having  13  rows and  13  columns. The reference point of the display image may be shifted in the shift area based on the first to sixth routes. First to 11 th  sub-routes included in the first to sixth routes may have mutually different movement paths in the shift area. Accordingly, the display device 1160 may disperse the stress applied to the pixel in a relatively rapid manner. 
     According to embodiments, the electronic device 1100 may be any electronic device including the display device 1160 such as a smart phone, a wearable electronic device, a tablet computer, a mobile phone, a television (“TV”), a digital TV, a three-dimensional (“3D”) TV, a personal computer, a home appliance, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant, a portable multimedia player, a digital camera, a music player, a portable game console, a navigation device, or the like. 
     Embodiments of the disclosure may be applied to various electronic devices including a display device, for example, vehicle-display devices, ship-display devices, aircraft-display devices, portable communication devices, exhibition display devices, information transfer display devices, medical-display devices, etc. 
     The invention should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the concept of the invention to those skilled in the art. 
     While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.