Patent Publication Number: US-9837458-B2

Title: Crosstalk improvement through P on N structure for image sensor

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/185,710, filed Feb. 20, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 8,669,133, filed May 14, 2010, which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 7,732,844, filed Mar. 6, 2007, which claims priority to provisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/864,271, filed on Nov. 3, 2006, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     In semiconductor technologies, image sensors are used for sensing a volume of exposed light projected towards the semiconductor substrate. Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor devices are widely used in various applications such as digital still camera (DSC) applications. These devices utilize an array of active pixels or image sensor cells, including photodiode elements and MOS transistors, to collect photo energy to convert images to streams of digital data. However, image sensor devices suffer from electrical cross-talk. 
     For example, consider optical applications such as DSC, which require high-performance imaging with low electrical cross-talk, low noise, and superior optical performance. An image sensor including photodiodes and MOS transistors can be used in these applications. The photodiodes and MOS transistors can be formed in a P −  silicon semiconductor layer disposed on a P +  silicon substrate, and an incident light generates electron-hole pairs in the P −  silicon layer. The generated electrons outside depletion region will diffuse into neighboring photodiode and causes electrical cross-talk. The electrical cross-talk will degrade spatial resolution, reduce overall optical sensitivity and result in poor color separation. The electrical signal of light targeted for one image sensor element also may spread to other image sensors, which causes crosstalk. Improvements of the image sensor and/or the corresponding substrate are desired. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion. 
         FIGS. 1-7  illustrate sectional views of embodiments of a semiconductor device having at least one image sensor element at various fabrication stages constructed according to aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It is to be understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the invention. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. Moreover, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. 
     An image sensor device and a method making the same will be described below with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 7 . Referring to  FIG. 1 , provided is a semiconductor device  100  having a semiconductor substrate  110  of a first type of dopant as illustrated. In the present embodiment, the semiconductor substrate  110  includes silicon. The substrate  110  may alternatively or additionally include other elementary semiconductor such as germanium. The substrate  110  may also include a compound semiconductor such as silicon carbide, gallium arsenic, indium arsenide, and indium phosphide. The first type of dopant is negative-type (N-type) dopants in one embodiment. The substrate  110  of the N-type dopants is doped by phosphorus or arsenic. The dopant concentration and resistivity is optimized so as to reduce impact to photodiode junction profile through bulk diffusion. The substrate  110  can be heavily doped or lightly doped. In one embodiment, the substrate  110  has a dopant concentration ranging from about 10 14  to about 10 20  cm −3 . The resistivity of the substrate  110  may range between about 0.002 and about 50 ohm-cm. The doping may be implemented using a process such as ion implantation or diffusion in various steps and techniques. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a semiconductor layer  115  having a second type of dopant is formed on the semiconductor substrate  110 , in which the second type of dopant is different from the first type of dopant. For example, when the substrate  110  is N-type doped, then the semiconductor layer is positive type (P-type). Boron or BF2 may be utilized to introduce P-type dopants. The semiconductor layer  115  may be also a silicon layer if the semiconductor substrate  110  is a silicon substrate. The semiconductor layer  115  may have a proper thickness and dopant concentration for better image sensor performance. The semiconductor layer  115  may have a thickness ranging between about 1 and about 20 micrometer. Preferably, the semiconductor layer  115  may have a thickness from about 1 to about 10 micrometer. More preferably, the semiconductor layer  115  may have a thickness from about 2 to about 8 micrometer. A semiconductor layer that is too thin is subject to degraded optical performance of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor or other sensor formed therein. The semiconductor layer  115  may have resistivity ranging from about 1 to about 50 ohm-cm, preferably about 8 to about 12 ohm-cm in one embodiment. The semiconductor layer  115  may have a dopant concentration ranging from about 10 14  to about 10 16  cm −3 . The semiconductor layer  115  may be formed by an epitaxy growth of a layer of crystalline silicon on the silicon substrate or other semiconductor material. In one embodiment, the epitaxy growth of the silicon layer may be implemented by utilizing a silane (SiH 4 ) gas. In furtherance of the embodiment, the silane gas has a temperature about 1000° C. and gas pressure ranging between about 40 and about 760 Torr. The epitaxy growth may further utilize another gas (or gases) with a proper pressure to introduce dopants. 
     Alternatively, the semiconductor layer  115  may be formed by applying an ion implantation process to the semiconductor substrate  110  with a proper dose and energy to form a reverse doped semiconductor layer from the semiconductor substrate  110 . 
     Since the semiconductor layer  115  has a reverse type of dopant from the dopants of the semiconductor substrate  110 , minority diffusion is reduced during applications. Furthermore, the semiconductor substrate is designed operable to have a voltage bias applied thereon during applications. For example, a positive voltage such as V dd  may be applied to the N-type semiconductor substrate  110  through a guard ring formed in the substrate. The voltage bias will generate a depletion region having an electrical field between the N-type substrate and the P-type semiconductor layer. The electrical field will attract electrons moving downward to the substrate and prevent electrons diffusing into neighboring image sensors (such as photodiodes). The electrical cross-talk is thus greatly reduced. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , a plurality of isolation features  120  such as shallow trench isolation (STI) are formed in the semiconductor layer  115  to define various regions for making image sensor elements and various transistors. In one example, the image sensor elements include photodiodes. The shallow trench isolation features  120  may be formed by a suitable technique known in the art. For example, the STI features may be formed by a set of processes including patterning the semiconductor layer by a conventional photolithography, etching the semiconductor layer by a plasma etching process to form various trenches, and filling the trenches by a dielectric material such as silicon oxide by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The CVD process may utilize a high density plasma CVD (HDPCVD) to achieve a better planar surface of the STI features. Additionally, a sacrificial layer  125  may be formed on the semiconductor layer  115  for subsequent processes. The sacrificial layer  125  may have a thickness more than about 100 angstrom and may include a silicon oxide layer thermally grown on the silicon semiconductor layer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , a P-type well (P-well)  135  is formed in the semiconductor layer of the P-type of dopant. The formation of the P-well may implement forming a patterned photoresist layer  130  on the sacrificial layer  125  and performing an ion implantation process to the semiconductor layer through the exposed sacrificial layer  125  within the openings of the patterned photoresist layer  130 . The ion implantation process may utilize boron as doping impurity, and further utilize an implantation energy ranging between about 100 and about 200 KeV, and implantation dose ranging between 10 13  and 3×10 13  cm −2 . The P-well  135  has a depth from about 0.5 micrometer to about 1 micrometer in one embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , various transistors  145  are formed in the P-well  135  after removing the patterned photoresist layer  130  by wet stripping or plasma ashing. The various transistors may include a transfer gate transistor, a reset gate transistor, a source follower, a row select transistor, and may further include other MOS transistors such as N-type MOS (NMOS) transistors. The NMOS may include NMOS transistor designed operable under different electrical voltages. In one example, a group of NMOS transistors are designed for 3.3V operation and another group of NMOS transistors are designed for 1.8V operation. Each transistor may include a source, a drain and a gate, wherein the gate further include a gate dielectric and a gate electrode. Furthermore, a N-well  140  may be formed in the semiconductor layer  115 . approximate to the P-well  135 . Various p-type MOS (PMOS) transistors may be formed in the N-well  140 . The sacrificial layer  125  can be removed during the formation of the various NMOS and PMOS transistors. In one embodiment, transistor  145   a  is an exemplary 3.3V NMOS transistor,  145   b  a row select transistor,  145   c  a source follower transistor,  145   d  a reset gate transistor,  145   e  a transfer gate transistor,  145   f  an 1.8V NMOS transistor,  145   g  an 1.8V PMOS transistor, and  145   h  a 3.3V PMOS transistor. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , an n-type photodiode  150  is formed in the p-type semiconductor layer  115 . The n-type impurity such as phosphorus or arsenic can be introduced into the semiconductor layer using an ion implantation process to form n-type doped region  150   a . In one example for 0.18 micrometer technology node, the implant energy ranges from about 50 to about 500 KeV, and the implant dose ranges from about 10 12  to about 10 13  cm −2 . The n-type photodiode  150  has a depth from about 0.05 micrometer to about 0.1 micrometer in one example. A p-type doped region  150   b , also referred to as a p-type pinned layer, is formed in the photodiode  150  using p-type impurity such as boron or BF 2 . The pinned layer helps to achieve better optical performance such as low leakage current. The implant energy for the pinned layer ranges from about 10 to about 100 KeV, and the implant dose ranges from about 10 13  to about 10 14  cm −2 . The pinned layer may have a thickness ranging from about 0.02 micrometer to about 0.05 micrometer. Alternatively, the photodiode  150  may be formed in a second P-well having a dopant concentration less than that of the P-well  135  and formed separately. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , other features such as a multi-layer interconnect (MLI) structure  160  and a dielectric layer  165  separating the MLI structure are formed on the semiconductor layer  115 . In one example, the MLI structure  160  includes exemplary metal layer one  160   a , metal layer two  160   b , metal layer three  160   c , and top metal  160   d . The MLI structure  160  further includes a contact  160   e  to connect the various features on the semiconductor layer and the metal layer one. The MLI structure  160  further includes a via  160   f  to connect between metal layers. The dielectric layer  165  is formed within the MLI structure and may include multiple layers such as inter-level dielectric and inter-metal dielectric. 
     The multilayer interconnect may include conductive materials such as aluminum, aluminum/silicon/copper alloy, titanium, titanium nitride, tungsten, polysilicon, metal silicide, or combinations, being referred to as aluminum interconnects. Aluminum interconnects may be formed by a process including physical vapor deposition (or sputtering), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or combinations thereof. Other manufacturing techniques to form the aluminum interconnect may include photolithography processing and etching to pattern the conductive materials for vertical (via and contact) and horizontal connects (conductive line). Still other manufacturing processes such as thermal annealing may be used to form metal silicide. Alternatively, a copper multilayer interconnect may be used and include copper, copper alloy, titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, tungsten, polysilicon, metal silicide, or combinations. The copper multilayer interconnect may be formed by a technique such as CVD, sputtering, plating, or other suitable processes. The metal silicide used in multilayer interconnects may include nickel silicide, cobalt silicide, tungsten silicide, tantalum silicide, titanium silicide, platinum silicide, erbium silicide, palladium silicide, or combinations thereof. 
     The dielectric layer is configured to isolate the multilayer interconnect disposed therein. The dielectric layer can be a material of a low dielectric constant such as a dielectric constant less than about 3.5. The dielectric layer may include silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, polyimide, spin-on glass (SOG), fluoride-doped silicate glass (FSG), carbon doped silicon oxide, Black Diamond® (Applied Materials of Santa Clara, Calif.), Xerogel, Aerogel, amorphous fluorinated carbon, Parylene, BCB (bis-benzocyclobutenes), SiLK (Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich.), polyimide, and/or other suitable materials. The dielectric layer may be formed by a technique including spin-on, CVD, sputtering, or other suitable processes. The MLI and dielectric layer may be formed in an integrated process such as a damascene process or lithography/plasma etching process. 
     A color filter  170  and a microlens  175  may also be formed on the substrate and are properly configured operable to collect optical light and filter there through, respectively and direct the light to the photodiode  150 . Openings  180  may be further formed to expose the top metal layer for bonding pads to be formed therein. 
     The image sensor device  100  and the method of making the same may have other embodiments, alternatives, and variations. For example, the above provided embodiment includes an n-type semiconductor substrate, a p-type semiconductor layer, and various wells, transistors, and photodiodes of certain doping types and profiles accordingly. In an alternative embodiment, a p-type semiconductor substrate and an n-type semiconductor layer may be used. All other doping type may be reversed accordingly for proper configuration and functionality. Furthermore, the substrate may be electrically biased to a negative voltage to generate a depletion region during applications. 
     Examples of image sensor  150  may alternatively include charged coupling device (CCD) sensors, active sensor, passive sensor, and/or other devices diffused or otherwise formed in the substrate  110 . As such, the sensor elements  150  may comprise conventional and/or future-developed image sensing devices. The semiconductor device  100  may include a plurality of sensor elements disposed in an array or other proper configuration. The plurality of sensor elements may be designed to have various sensor types. For example, one group of sensor elements may be CMOS image sensors and another group of sensor elements may be passive sensors. Moreover, the sensor elements may include color image sensors and/or monochromatic image sensors. 
     In the disclosed structures and the methods to make the same, the illuminated light that the device  100  or  200  to be receive during applications may not be limited to visual light beam, but can be extended to other optical light such as infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV), and other proper radiation beam. Accordingly, the sensor element and various transistors may be properly designed and configured for effectively reflecting and/or absorbing the corresponding radiation beam. The semiconductor device  100  may include a passivation layer disposed over the MLI. 
     Thus, the present disclosure provides an image sensor semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate having a first type of dopant; a semiconductor layer having a second type of dopant different from the first type of dopant and disposed on the semiconductor substrate; and an image sensor formed in the semiconductor layer. 
     In the image sensor semiconductor device, the semiconductor layer includes a thickness ranging between about 1 and about 20 micrometer. Preferably, the thickness of the semiconductor layer may range between about 1 and about 10 micrometer. More preferably, the thickness of the semiconductor layer may range between about 2 and about 8 micrometer. The image sensor may further include a first doped region of the first type of dopant formed in the semiconductor layer; and a second doped region of the second type of dopant formed in the semiconductor layer and overlying the first doped region. The semiconductor device may further include various microelectronic units formed in the semiconductor layer, wherein the various microelectronic units include one selected from the group consisting of a transfer gate transistor, a reset gate transistor, a source follower transistor, a row select transistor, a N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor (NMOS), a P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor (PMOS), and combinations thereof. The various microelectronic units may be isolated from each other by shallow trench isolation (STI) features. The semiconductor substrate may be operable to be electrically biased to prevent crosstalk during applications. The semiconductor layer may be formed by implementing one method selected from the group consisting of epitaxy growth, ion implantation, and combinations thereof. The semiconductor layer may include a resistivity ranging from about 1 to about 50 ohm-cm. The semiconductor layer may include a doping concentration ranging between about 10 14  and about 10 16  cm −3 . The semiconductor substrate may have a resistivity ranging from about 0.002 to about 50 ohm-cm. The semiconductor substrate may include a doping concentration ranging between about 10 14  and about 10 20  cm −3 . In the image sensor semiconductor device, one of the first type of dopant and the second type of dopant is negative-type and another is positive-type. The semiconductor device may further include a color filter configured on the semiconductor layer overlying the image sensor and substantially vertically aligned thereto, and may further include a microlens disposed on the semiconductor layer overlying the color filter and substantially vertically aligned to the image sensor. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides an image sensor semiconductor device, which includes a semiconductor substrate having a first type of dopant and operable to be electrically biased during applications; a semiconductor layer having a second type of dopant different from the first type of dopant and disposed on the semiconductor substrate; and a photodiode formed in the semiconductor layer, wherein the photodiode includes a first doped region having the first type of dopant; and a second doped region overlying the first doped region and having the second type of dopant. 
     In the semiconductor device, the semiconductor substrate may be light doped with the first type of dopant. The semiconductor substrate may be alternatively heavily doped with the first type of dopant. The first doped region may be a N-type region and the second doped region is a P-type pinned layer. The semiconductor layer may include a thickness ranging between about 2 and about 8 micrometer and the photodiode may include a depth ranging from about 0.05 micrometer to about 0.1 micrometer. The semiconductor layer may include a thickness ranging between about 2 and about 8 micrometer and the second doped region may include a depth ranging from about 0.02 micrometer to about 0.05 micrometer. 
     The present disclosure also provides a method for fabricating an image sensor semiconductor device. The method includes providing a silicon substrate having a first type of dopant; forming, on the silicon substrate, a silicon layer of a second type of dopant different from the first type of dopant; forming various wells and microelectronic units therein; and forming an image sensor in the silicon layer. 
     The method may further include forming a multi-layer interconnect (MLI) structure on the semiconductor layer; forming a color filter disposed on the MLI structure and vertically aligned with the image sensor; and forming a microlens disposed overlying the color filter and vertically aligned with the image sensor. The forming of the semiconductor layer may include forming an epitaxy semiconductor layer of the second type of dopant. The forming of the semiconductor layer may include implementing an epitaxy growth with a silane gas of a pressure ranging between about 40 and about 760 Torr and a growth temperature about 1000° C. The forming of the semiconductor layer may alternatively include implementing an ion implantation process utilizing the second type of dopant. The forming of the silicon layer may include forming a silicon layer of a thickness ranging from about 1 micrometer to about 20 micrometer. The forming of the image sensor may include forming a photodiode in the silicon layer. 
     The foregoing has outlined features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description that follows. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.