Patent Publication Number: US-2023152420-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for performing das-based positioning

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Field of the Disclosure 
     This disclosure relates to a wireless communication system. 
     Related Art 
     Sidelink (SL) communication is a communication scheme in which a direct link is established between User Equipments (UEs) and the UEs exchange voice and data directly with each other without intervention of an evolved Node B (eNB). SL communication is under consideration as a solution to the overhead of an eNB caused by rapidly increasing data traffic. 
     Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) refers to a communication technology through which a vehicle exchanges information with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an object having an infrastructure (or infra) established therein, and so on. The V2X may be divided into 4 types, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). The V2X communication may be provided via a PC5 interface and/or Uu interface. 
     Meanwhile, as a wider range of communication devices require larger communication capacities, the need for mobile broadband communication that is more enhanced than the existing Radio Access Technology (RAT) is rising. Accordingly, discussions are made on services and user equipment (UE) that are sensitive to reliability and latency. And, a next generation radio access technology that is based on the enhanced mobile broadband communication, massive Machine Type Communication (MTC), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC), and so on, may be referred to as a new radio access technology (RAT) or new radio (NR). Herein, the NR may also support vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. 
       FIG.  1    is a drawing for describing V2X communication based on NR, compared to V2X communication based on RAT used before NR. The embodiment of  FIG.  1    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Regarding V2X communication, a scheme of providing a safety service, based on a V2X message such as Basic Safety Message (BSM), Cooperative Awareness Message (CAM), and Decentralized Environmental Notification Message (DENM) is focused in the discussion on the RAT used before the NR. The V2X message may include position information, dynamic information, attribute information, or the like. For example, a UE may transmit a periodic message type CAM and/or an event triggered message type DENM to another UE. 
     For example, a CAM may include basic vehicle information such as vehicle dynamic state information such as direction and speed, vehicle static data such as dimensions, external lighting conditions, and route details. For example, a UE may broadcast a CAM, and CAM latency may be less than 100 ms. For example, when an unexpected situation such as a breakdown of a vehicle or an accident occurs, a UE may generate a DENM and transmit it to another UE. For example, all vehicles within the transmission range of a UE may receive a CAM and/or a DENM. In this case, a DENM may have a higher priority than a CAM. 
     Thereafter, regarding V2X communication, various V2X scenarios are proposed in NR. For example, the various V2X scenarios may include vehicle platooning, advanced driving, extended sensors, remote driving, or the like. 
     For example, based on vehicle platooning, vehicles can be dynamically grouped and moved together. For example, to perform platoon operations based on vehicle platooning, vehicles belonging to a group may receive periodic data from a leading vehicle. For example, the vehicles belonging to the group may reduce or widen the distance between the vehicles by using periodic data. 
     For example, based on improved driving, a vehicle can be semi-automated or fully automated. For example, each vehicle may adjust trajectories or maneuvers based on data obtained from local sensors of the proximate vehicle and/or proximate logical entity. Also, for example, each vehicle may share driving intention with adjacent vehicles. 
     For example, based on an extended sensors, raw data or processed data, or live video data obtained through local sensors, may be interchanged between vehicles, logical entities, pedestrian terminals and/or V2X application servers. For example, a vehicle may recognize an environment that is improved compared to an environment that can be detected using its own sensor. 
     F or example, based on remote driving, for a person who cannot drive or a remote vehicle located in a dangerous environment, a remote driver or V2X application may operate or control the remote vehicle. For example, when a route can be predicted, such as in public transportation, cloud computing-based driving may be used to operate or control the remote vehicle. Also, for example, access to a cloud-based back-end service platform may be considered for remote driving. 
     Meanwhile, a method of specifying service requirements for various V2X scenarios such as vehicle platooning, enhanced driving, extended sensors, and remote driving is being discussed in NR-based V2X communication. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Technical Solutions 
     According to an embodiment, an operation method of a first device  100  in a wireless communication system may be proposed. The method may include: receiving a first positioning reference signal (PRS) from a second device  2  based on a first antenna  106 - 1 , a second antenna  106 - 2 , and a third antenna  106 - 3 ; obtaining a first time difference based on a first reception time where the first PRS is received based on the first antenna  106 - 1  and a second reception time where the first PRS is received based on the second antenna  106 - 2 ; obtaining a second time difference based on a third reception time where the first PRS is received based on the third antenna  106 - 3  and the first reception time; and obtaining a position of the first device  100  based on the first time difference and the second time difference. 
     Effects of the Disclosure 
     The user equipment (UE) can efficiently perform SL communication. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a drawing for describing V2X communication based on NR, compared to V2X communication based on RAT used before NR. 
         FIG.  2    shows a structure of an NR system, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    shows a radio protocol architecture, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    shows a structure of a radio frame of an NR, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    shows a structure of a slot of an NR frame, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    shows an example of a BWP, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    shows a UE performing V2X or SL communication, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    shows a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a UE based on a transmission mode, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  9    shows three cast types, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  10    shows an example of an architecture in a 5G system in which positioning for a UE connected to a Next Generation-Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) or E-UTRAN is possible, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    shows an implementation example of a network for measuring a position of a UE, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    shows an example of a protocol layer used to support LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) message transmission between an LMF and a UE, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  13    shows an example of a protocol layer used to support NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) PDU transmission between an LMF and an NG-RAN node, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  14    shows an Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) positioning method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  15    shows an example of positioning performed by a vehicle equipped with a DAS, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  16    shows an example of positioning performed by a terminal on which three DAS antennas are mounted, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  17    shows an example of positioning performed by a terminal equipped with two DAS antennas according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  18    shows an example of a reference point of DAS and a terminal, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  19    shows a procedure in which a first device performs wireless communication, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  20    shows a procedure in which a second device performs wireless communication, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  21    shows a communication system  1 , based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  22    shows wireless devices, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  23    shows a signal process circuit for a transmission signal, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  24    shows another example of a wireless device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  25    shows a hand-held device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  26    shows a vehicle or an autonomous vehicle, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     In the present specification, “A or B” may mean “only A”, “only B” or “both A and B.” In other words, in the present specification, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and/or B”. For example, in the present specification, “A, B, or C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, C”. 
     A slash (/) or comma used in the present specification may mean “and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Accordingly, “A/B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. For example, “A, B, C” may mean “A, B, or C”. 
     In the present specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. In addition, in the present specification, the expression “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and/or B” may be interpreted as “at least one of A and B”. 
     In addition, in the present specification, “at least one of A, B, and C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, and C”. In addition, “at least one of A, B, or C” or “at least one of A, B, and/or C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and C”. 
     In addition, a parenthesis used in the present specification may mean “for example”. Specifically, when indicated as “control information (PDCCH)”, it may mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”. In other words, the “control information” of the present specification is not limited to “PDCCH”, and “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of the “control information”. In addition, when indicated as “control information (i.e., PDCCH)”, it may also mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”. 
     A technical feature described individually in one figure in the present specification may be individually implemented, or may be simultaneously implemented. 
     The technology described below may be used in various wireless communication systems such as code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and so on. The CDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA-2000. The TDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as global system for mobile communications (GSM)/general packet ratio service (GPRS)/enhanced data rate for GSM evolution (EDGE). The OFDMA may be implemented with a radio technology, such as institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), and so on. IEEE 802.16m is an evolved version of IEEE 802.16e and provides backward compatibility with a system based on the IEEE 802.16e. The UTRA is part of a universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) is part of an evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using the E-UTRA. The 3GPP LTE uses the OFDMA in a downlink and uses the SC-FDMA in an uplink. LTE-advanced (LTE-A) is an evolution of the LTE. 
     5G NR is a successive technology of LTE-A corresponding to a new Clean-slate type mobile communication system having the characteristics of high performance, low latency, high availability, and so on. 5G NR may use resources of all spectrum available for usage including low frequency bands of less than 1 GHz, middle frequency bands ranging from 1 GHz to 10 GHz, high frequency (millimeter waves) of 24 GHz or more, and so on. 
     For clarity in the description, the following description will mostly focus on LTE-A or 5G NR. However, technical features according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will not be limited only to this. 
       FIG.  2    shows a structure of an NR system, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  2    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , a next generation-radio access network (NG-RAN) may include a BS  20  providing a UE  10  with a user plane and control plane protocol termination. For example, the BS  20  may include a next generation-Node B (gNB) and/or an evolved-NodeB (eNB). For example, the UE  10  may be fixed or mobile and may be referred to as other terms, such as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a subscriber station (SS), a mobile terminal (MT), wireless device, and so on. For example, the BS may be referred to as a fixed station which communicates with the UE  10  and may be referred to as other terms, such as a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point (AP), and so on. 
     The embodiment of  FIG.  2    exemplifies a case where only the gNB is included. The BSs  20  may be connected to one another via xn interface. The BS  20  may be connected to one another via 5th generation (5G) core network (5GC) and NG interface. More specifically, the BSs  20  may be connected to an access and mobility management function (AMF)  30  via NG-C interface, and may be connected to a user plane function (UPF)  30  via NG-U interface. 
     Layers of a radio interface protocol between the UE and the network can be classified into a first layer (layer 1, L1), a second layer (layer 2, L2), and a third layer (layer 3, L3) based on the lower three layers of the open system interconnection (OSI) model that is well-known in the communication system. Among them, a physical (PHY) layer belonging to the first layer provides an information transfer service by using a physical channel, and a radio resource control (RRC) layer belonging to the third layer serves to control a radio resource between the UE and the network. For this, the RRC layer exchanges an RRC message between the UE and the BS. 
       FIG.  3    shows a radio protocol architecture, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  3    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, (a) of  FIG.  3    shows a radio protocol stack of a user plane for Uu communication, and (b) of  FIG.  3    shows a radio protocol stack of a control plane for Uu communication. (c) of  FIG.  3    shows a radio protocol stack of a user plane for SL communication, and (d) of  FIG.  3    shows a radio protocol stack of a control plane for SL communication. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , a physical layer provides an upper layer with an information transfer service through a physical channel. The physical layer is connected to a medium access control (MAC) layer which is an upper layer of the physical layer through a transport channel. Data is transferred between the MAC layer and the physical layer through the transport channel. The transport channel is classified according to how and with what characteristics data is transmitted through a radio interface. 
     Between different physical layers, i.e., a physical layer of a transmitter and a physical layer of a receiver, data are transferred through the physical channel. The physical channel is modulated using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, and utilizes time and frequency as a radio resource. 
     The MAC layer provides services to a radio link control (RLC) layer, which is a higher layer of the MAC layer, via a logical channel. The MAC layer provides a function of mapping multiple logical channels to multiple transport channels. The MAC layer also provides a function of logical channel multiplexing by mapping multiple logical channels to a single transport channel. The MAC layer provides data transfer services over logical channels. 
     The RLC layer performs concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of Radio Link Control Service Data Unit (RLC SDU). In order to ensure diverse quality of service (QoS) required by a radio bearer (RB), the RLC layer provides three types of operation modes, i.e., a transparent mode (TM), an unacknowledged mode (UM), and an acknowledged mode (AM). An AM RLC provides error correction through an automatic repeat request (ARQ). 
     A radio resource control (RRC) layer is defined only in the control plane. The RRC layer serves to control the logical channel, the transport channel, and the physical channel in association with configuration, reconfiguration and release of RBs. The RB is a logical path provided by the first layer (i.e., the physical layer or the PHY layer) and the second layer (i.e., a MAC layer, an RLC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer) for data delivery between the UE and the network. 
     Functions of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer in the user plane include user data delivery, header compression, and ciphering. Functions of a PDCP layer in the control plane include control-plane data delivery and ciphering/integrity protection. 
     A service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer is defined only in a user plane. The SDAP layer performs mapping between a Quality of Service (QoS) flow and a data radio bearer (DRB) and QoS flow ID (QFI) marking in both DL and UL packets. 
     The configuration of the RB implies a process for specifying a radio protocol layer and channel properties to provide a particular service and for determining respective detailed parameters and operations. The RB can be classified into two types, i.e., a signaling RB (SRB) and a data RB (DRB). The SRB is used as a path for transmitting an RRC message in the control plane. The DRB is used as a path for transmitting user data in the user plane. 
     When an RRC connection is established between an RRC layer of the UE and an RRC layer of the E-UTRAN, the UE is in an RRC_CONNECTED state, and, otherwise, the UE may be in an RRC_IDLE state. In case of the NR, an RRC_INACTIVE state is additionally defined, and a UE being in the RRC_INACTIVE state may maintain its connection with a core network whereas its connection with the BS is released. 
     Data is transmitted from the network to the UE through a downlink transport channel. Examples of the downlink transport channel include a broadcast channel (BCH) for transmitting system information and a downlink-shared channel (SCH) for transmitting user traffic or control messages. Traffic of downlink multicast or broadcast services or the control messages can be transmitted on the downlink-SCH or an additional downlink multicast channel (MCH). Data is transmitted from the UE to the network through an uplink transport channel. Examples of the uplink transport channel include a random access channel (RACH) for transmitting an initial control message and an uplink SCH for transmitting user traffic or control messages. 
     Examples of logical channels belonging to a higher channel of the transport channel and mapped onto the transport channels include a broadcast channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), a multicast traffic channel (MTCH), etc. 
       FIG.  4    shows a structure of a radio frame of an NR, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  4    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , in the NR, a radio frame may be used for performing uplink and downlink transmission. A radio frame has a length of 10 ms and may be defined to be configured of two half-frames (HFs). A half-frame may include five 1 ms subframes (SFs). A subframe (SF) may be divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots within a subframe may be determined based on subcarrier spacing (SCS). Each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclic prefix (CP). 
     In case of using a normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols. In case of using an extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. Herein, a symbol may include an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) and a Single Carrier-FDMA (SC-FDMA) symbol (or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol). 
     Table 1 shown below represents an example of a number of symbols per slot (N slot   symb ), a number slots per frame (N frame,u   slot ), and a number of slots per subframe (N subframe,u   slot ) based on an SCS configuration (u), in a case where a normal CP is used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SCS (15*2 u ) 
                 N slot   symb   
                 N frame, u   slot   
                 N subframe, u   slot   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 15 KHz (u = 0) 
                 14 
                 10 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 30 KHz (u = 1) 
                 14 
                 20 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 60 KHz (u = 2) 
                 14 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 120 KHz (u = 3)  
                 14 
                 80 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 240 KHz (u = 4)  
                 14 
                 160 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 2 shows an example of a number of symbols per slot, a number of slots per frame, and a number of slots per subframe based on the SCS, in a case where an extended CP is used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SCS (15*2 u ) 
                 N slot   symb   
                 N frame, u   slot   
                 N subframe, u   slot   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 60 KHz (u = 2) 
                 12 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an NR system, OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on) between multiple cells being integrate to one UE may be differently configured. Accordingly, a (absolute time) duration (or section) of a time resource (e.g., subframe, slot or TTI) (collectively referred to as a time unit (TU) for simplicity) being configured of the same number of symbols may be differently configured in the integrated cells. 
     In the NR, multiple numerologies or SCSs for supporting diverse 5G services may be supported. For example, in case an SCS is 15 kHz, a wide area of the conventional cellular bands may be supported, and, in case an SCS is 30 kHz/60 kHz a dense-urban, lower latency, wider carrier bandwidth may be supported. In case the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, a bandwidth that is greater than 24.25 GHz may be used in order to overcome phase noise. 
     An NR frequency band may be defined as two different types of frequency ranges. The two different types of frequency ranges may be FR1 and FR2. The values of the frequency ranges may be changed (or varied), and, for example, the two different types of frequency ranges may be as shown below in Table 3. Among the frequency ranges that are used in an NR system, FR1 may mean a “sub 6 GHz range”, and FR2 may mean an “above 6 GHz range” and may also be referred to as a millimeter wave (mmW). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Frequency Range 
                 Corresponding frequency 
                   
               
               
                 designation 
                 range 
                 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 FR1 
                  450 MHz-6000 MHz 
                 15, 30, 60 kHz 
               
               
                 FR2 
                 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 
                 60, 120, 240 kHz  
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As described above, the values of the frequency ranges in the NR system may be changed (or varied). For example, as shown below in Table 4, FR1 may include a band within a range of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz. More specifically, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and so on) and higher. For example, a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and so on) and higher being included in FR1 mat include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used for diverse purposes, e.g., the unlicensed band for vehicle-specific communication (e.g., automated driving). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Frequency Range 
                 Corresponding frequency 
                   
               
               
                 designation 
                 range 
                 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 FR1 
                  410 MHz-7125 MHz 
                 15, 30, 60 kHz 
               
               
                 FR2 
                 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 
                 60, 120, 240 kHz  
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  5    shows a structure of a slot of an NR frame, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  5    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , a slot includes a plurality of symbols in a time domain. For example, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 14 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 12 symbols. Alternatively, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 7 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 6 symbols. 
     A carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain. A Resource Block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive subcarriers (e.g., 12 subcarriers) in the frequency domain. A Bandwidth Part (BWP) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive (Physical) Resource Blocks ((P)RBs) in the frequency domain, and the BWP may correspond to one numerology (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on). A carrier may include a maximum of N number BWPs (e.g., 5 BWPs). Data communication may be performed via an activated BWP. Each element may be referred to as a Resource Element (RE) within a resource grid and one complex symbol may be mapped to each element. 
     Hereinafter, a bandwidth part (BWP) and a carrier will be described. 
     The BWP may be a set of consecutive physical resource blocks (PRBs) in a given numerology. The PRB may be selected from consecutive sub-sets of common resource blocks (CRBs) for the given numerology on a given carrier 
     For example, the BWP may be at least any one of an active BWP, an initial BWP, and/or a default BWP. For example, the UE may not monitor downlink radio link quality in a DL BWP other than an active DL BWP on a primary cell (PCell). For example, the UE may not receive PDCCH, physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), or channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) (excluding RRM) outside the active DL BWP. For example, the UE may not trigger a channel state information (CSI) report for the inactive DL BWP. For example, the UE may not transmit physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) outside an active UL BWP. For example, in a downlink case, the initial BWP may be given as a consecutive RB set for a remaining minimum system information (RMSI) control resource set (CORESET) (configured by physical broadcast channel (PBCH)). For example, in an uplink case, the initial BWP may be given by system information block (SIB) for a random access procedure. For example, the default BWP may be configured by a higher layer. For example, an initial value of the default BWP may be an initial DL BWP. For energy saving, if the UE fails to detect downlink control information (DCI) during a specific period, the UE may switch the active BWP of the UE to the default BWP. 
     Meanwhile, the BWP may be defined for SL. The same SL BWP may be used in transmission and reception. For example, a transmitting UE may transmit an SL channel or an SL signal on a specific BWP, and a receiving UE may receive the SL channel or the SL signal on the specific BWP. In a licensed carrier, the SL BWP may be defined separately from a Uu BWP, and the SL BWP may have configuration signaling separate from the Uu BWP. For example, the UE may receive a configuration for the SL BWP from the BS/network. For example, the UE may receive a configuration for the Uu BWP from the BS/network. The SL BWP may be (pre-)configured in a carrier with respect to an out-of-coverage NR V2X UE and an RRC_IDLE UE. For the UE in the RRC_CONNECTED mode, at least one SL BWP may be activated in the carrier. 
       FIG.  6    shows an example of a BWP, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  6    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. It is assumed in the embodiment of  FIG.  6    that the number of BWPs is 3. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , a common resource block (CRB) may be a carrier resource block numbered from one end of a carrier band to the other end thereof. In addition, the PRB may be a resource block numbered within each BWP. A point A may indicate a common reference point for a resource block grid. 
     The BWP may be configured by a point A, an offset N start   BWP  from the point A, and a bandwidth N size   BWP . For example, the point A may be an external reference point of a PRB of a carrier in which a subcarrier 0 of all numerologies (e.g., all numerologies supported by a network on that carrier) is aligned. For example, the offset may be a PRB interval between a lowest subcarrier and the point A in a given numerology. For example, the bandwidth may be the number of PRBs in the given numerology. 
     Hereinafter, V2X or SL communication will be described. 
     A sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) may include a primary sidelink synchronization signal (PSSS) and a secondary sidelink synchronization signal (SSSS), as an SL-specific sequence. The PSSS may be referred to as a sidelink primary synchronization signal (S-PSS), and the SSSS may be referred to as a sidelink secondary synchronization signal (S-SSS). For example, length-127 M-sequences may be used for the S-PSS, and length-127 gold sequences may be used for the S-SSS. For example, a UE may use the S-PSS for initial signal detection and for synchronization acquisition. For example, the UE may use the S-PSS and the S-SSS for acquisition of detailed synchronization and for detection of a synchronization signal ID. 
     A physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) may be a (broadcast) channel for transmitting default (system) information which must be first known by the UE before SL signal transmission/reception. For example, the default information may be information related to SLSS, a duplex mode (DM), a time division duplex (TDD) uplink/downlink (UL/DL) configuration, information related to a resource pool, a type of an application related to the SLSS, a subframe offset, broadcast information, or the like. For example, for evaluation of PSBCH performance, in NR V2X, a payload size of the PSBCH may be 56 bits including 24-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC). 
     The S-PSS, the S-SSS, and the PSBCH may be included in a block format (e.g., SL synchronization signal (SS)/PSBCH block, hereinafter, sidelink-synchronization signal block (S-SSB)) supporting periodical transmission. The S-SSB may have the same numerology (i.e., SCS and CP length) as a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH)/physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) in a carrier, and a transmission bandwidth may exist within a (pre-)configured sidelink (SL) BWP. For example, the S-SSB may have a bandwidth of 11 resource blocks (RBs). For example, the PSBCH may exist across  11  RBs. In addition, a frequency position of the S-SSB may be (pre-)configured. Accordingly, the UE does not have to perform hypothesis detection at frequency to discover the S-SSB in the carrier. 
       FIG.  7    shows a UE performing V2X or SL communication, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  7    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7   , in V2X or SL communication, the term ‘UE’ may generally imply a UE of a user. However, if a network equipment such as a BS transmits/receives a signal according to a communication scheme between UEs, the BS may also be regarded as a sort of the UE. For example, a UE 1 may be a first apparatus  100 , and a UE 2 may be a second apparatus  200 . 
     For example, the UE 1 may select a resource unit corresponding to a specific resource in a resource pool which implies a set of series of resources. In addition, the UE 1 may transmit an SL signal by using the resource unit. For example, a resource pool in which the UE 1 is capable of transmitting a signal may be configured to the UE 2 which is a receiving UE, and the signal of the UE 1 may be detected in the resource pool. 
     Herein, if the UE 1 is within a connectivity range of the BS, the BS may inform the UE 1 of the resource pool. Otherwise, if the UE 1 is out of the connectivity range of the BS, another UE may inform the UE 1 of the resource pool, or the UE 1 may use a pre-configured resource pool. 
     In general, the resource pool may be configured in unit of a plurality of resources, and each UE may select a unit of one or a plurality of resources to use it in SL signal transmission thereof. 
     Hereinafter, resource allocation in SL will be described. 
       FIG.  8    shows a procedure of performing V2X or SL communication by a UE based on a transmission mode, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  8    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the transmission mode may be called a mode or a resource allocation mode. Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, in LTE, the transmission mode may be called an LTE transmission mode. In NR, the transmission mode may be called an NR resource allocation mode. 
     For example, (a) of  FIG.  8    shows a UE operation related to an LTE transmission mode 1 or an LTE transmission mode 3. Alternatively, for example, (a) of  FIG.  8    shows a UE operation related to an NR resource allocation mode 1. For example, the LTE transmission mode 1 may be applied to general SL communication, and the LTE transmission mode 3 may be applied to V2X communication. 
     For example, (b) of  FIG.  8    shows a UE operation related to an LTE transmission mode 2 or an LTE transmission mode 4. Alternatively, for example, (b) of  FIG.  8    shows a UE operation related to an NR resource allocation mode 2. 
     Referring to (a) of  FIG.  8   , in the LTE transmission mode 1, the LTE transmission mode 3, or the NR resource allocation mode 1, a BS may schedule an SL resource to be used by the UE for SL transmission. For example, the BS may perform resource scheduling to a UE 1 through a PDCCH (e.g., downlink control information (DCI)) or RRC signaling (e.g., Configured Grant Type 1 or Configured Grant Type 2), and the UE 1 may perform V2X or SL communication with respect to a UE 2 according to the resource scheduling. For example, the UE 1 may transmit a sidelink control information (SCI) to the UE 2 through a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), and thereafter transmit data based on the SCI to the UE 2 through a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH). 
     Referring to (b) of  FIG.  8   , in the LTE transmission mode 2, the LTE transmission mode 4, or the NR resource allocation mode 2, the UE may determine an SL transmission resource within an SL resource configured by a BS/network or a pre-configured SL resource. For example, the configured SL resource or the pre-configured SL resource may be a resource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select or schedule a resource for SL transmission. For example, the UE may perform SL communication by autonomously selecting a resource within a configured resource pool. For example, the UE may autonomously select a resource within a selective window by performing a sensing and resource (re)selection procedure. For example, the sensing may be performed in unit of subchannels. In addition, the UE 1 which has autonomously selected the resource within the resource pool may transmit the SCI to the UE 2 through a PSCCH, and thereafter may transmit data based on the SCI to the UE 2 through a PSSCH. 
       FIG.  9    shows three cast types, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  9    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, (a) of  FIG.  9    shows broadcast-type SL communication, (b) of  FIG.  9    shows unicast type-SL communication, and (c) of  FIG.  9    shows groupcast-type SL communication. In case of the unicast-type SL communication, a UE may perform one-to-one communication with respect to another UE. In case of the groupcast-type SL transmission, the UE may perform SL communication with respect to one or more UEs in a group to which the UE belongs. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, SL groupcast communication may be replaced with SL multicast communication, SL one-to-many communication, or the like. 
     Hereinafter, positioning will be described. 
       FIG.  10    shows an example of an architecture in a 5G system in which positioning for a UE connected to a Next Generation-Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) or E-UTRAN is possible, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  10    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  10   , an AMF may receive a request for a location service related to a specific target UE from a different entity such as a gateway mobile location center (GMLC), or may determine to start the location service in the AMF itself instead of the specific target UE. Then, the AMF may transmit a location service request to a location management function (LMF). Upon receiving the location service request, the LMF may process the location service request and return a processing request including an estimated position or the like of the UE to the AMF. Meanwhile, if the location service request is received from the different entity such as GMLC other than the AMF, the AMF may transfer to the different entity the processing request received from the LMF. 
     A new generation evolved-NB (ng-eNB) and a gNB are network elements of NG-RAN capable of providing a measurement result for position estimation, and may measure a radio signal for a target UE and may transfer a resultant value to the LMF. In addition, the ng-eNB may control several transmission points (TPs) such as remote radio heads or PRS-dedicated TPs supporting a positioning reference signal (PRS)-based beacon system for E-UTRA. 
     The LMF may be connected to an enhanced serving mobile location centrer (E-SMLC), and the E-SMLC may allow the LMF to access E-UTRAN. For example, the E-SMLC may allow the LMF to support observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA), which is one of positioning methods of E-UTRAN, by using downlink measurement obtained by a target UE through a signal transmitted from the gNB and/or the PRS-dedicated TPs in the E-UTRAN. 
     Meanwhile, the LMF maybe connected to an SUPL location platform (SLP). The LMF may support and manage different location determining services for respective target UEs. The LMF may interact with a serving ng-eNB or serving gNB for the target UE to obtain location measurement of the UE. For positioning of the target UE, the LMF may determine a positioning method based on a location service (LCS) client type, a requested quality of service (QoS), UE positioning capabilities, gNB positioning capabilities, and ng-eNB positioning capabilities, or the like, and may apply such a positioning method to the serving gNB and/or the serving ng-eNB. In addition, the LMF may determine additional information such as a position estimation value for the target UE and accuracy of position estimation and speed. The SLP is a secure user plane location (SUPL) entity in charge of positioning through a user plane. 
     The UE may measure a downlink signal through NG-RAN, E-UTRAN, and/or other sources such as different global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and terrestrial beacon system (TBS), wireless local access network (WLAN) access points, Bluetooth beacons, UE barometric pressure sensors or the like. The UE may include an LCS application. The UE may communicate with a network to which the UE has access, or may access the LCS application through another application included in the UE. The LCS application may include a measurement and calculation function required to determine a position of the UE. For example, the UE may include an independent positioning function such as a global positioning system (GPS), and may report the position of the UE independent of NG-RAN transmission. Positioning information obtained independently as such may be utilized as assistance information of the positioning information obtained from the network. 
       FIG.  11    shows an implementation example of a network for measuring a position of a UE, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  11    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     When the UE is in a connection management (CM)-IDLE state, if an AMF receives a location service request, the AMF may establish a signaling connection with the UE, and may request for a network trigger service to allocate a specific serving gNB or ng-eNB. Such an operational process is omitted in  FIG.  11   . That is, it may be assumed in  FIG.  11    that the UE is in a connected mode. However, due to signaling and data inactivation or the like, the signaling connection may be released by NG-RAN while a positioning process is performed. 
     A network operation process for measuring a position of a UE will be described in detail with reference to  FIG.  11   . In step S 1110 , a 5GC entity such as GMLC may request a serving AMF to provide a location service for measuring a position of a target UE. However, even if the GMLC does not request for the location service, based on step S 1115 , the serving AMF may determine that the location service for measuring the position of the target UE is required. For example, to measure the position of the UE for an emergency call, the serving AMF may determine to directly perform the location service. 
     Thereafter, the AMF may transmit the location service request to an LMF based on step S 1120 , and the LMF may start location procedures to obtain position measurement data or position measurement assistance data together with a serving ng-eNB and a serving gNB. Additionally, based on step S 1135 , the LMF may start location procedures for downlink positioning together with the UE. For example, the LMF may transmit assistance data defined in 3GPP TS 36.355, or may obtain a position estimation value or a position measurement value. Meanwhile, step S 1135  may be performed additionally after step S 1130  is performed, or may be performed instead of step S 1130 . 
     In step S 1140 , the LMF may provide a location service response to the AMF. In addition, the location service response may include information on whether position estimation of the UE is successful and a position estimation value of the UE. Thereafter, if the procedure of  FIG.  11    is initiated by step S 1110 , the AMF may transfer the location service response to a 5GC entity such as GMLC, and if the procedure of  FIG.  11    is initiated by step S 1115 , the AMF may use the location service response to provide a location service related to an emergency call or the like. 
       FIG.  12    shows an example of a protocol layer used to support LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) message transmission between an LMF and a UE, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  12    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     An LPP PDU may be transmitted through a NAS PDU between an AMF and the UE. Referring to  FIG.  12   , an LPP may be terminated between a target device (e.g., a UE in a control plane or an SUPL enabled terminal (SET) in a user plane) and a location server (e.g., an LMF in the control plane and an SLP in the user plane). The LPP message may be transferred in a form of a transparent PDU through an intermediary network interface by using a proper protocol such as an NG application protocol (NGAP) through an NG-control plane (NG-C) interface and NAS/RRC or the like through an NR-Uu interface. The LPP protocol may enable positioning for NR and LTE by using various positioning methods. 
     For example, based on the LPP protocol, the target device and the location server may exchange mutual capability information, assistance data for positioning, and/or location information. In addition, an LPP message may be used to indicate exchange of error information and/or interruption of the LPP procedure. 
       FIG.  13    shows an example of a protocol layer used to support NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) PDU transmission between an LMF and an NG-RAN node, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  13    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , the NRPPa may be used for information exchange between the NG-RAN node and the LMF. Specifically, the NRPPa may exchange an enhanced-cell ID (E-CID) for measurement, data for supporting an OTDOA positioning method, and a cell-ID, cell location ID, or the like for an NR cell ID positioning method, transmitted from the ng-eNB to the LMF. Even if there is no information on an associated NRPPa transaction, the AMF may route NRPPa PDUs based on a routing ID of an associated LMR through an NG-C interface. 
     A procedure of an NRPPa protocol for location and data collection may be classified into two types. A first type is a UE associated procedure for transferring information on a specific UE (e.g., position measurement information or the like), and a second type is a non UE associated procedure for transferring information (e.g., gNB/ng-eNB/TP timing information, etc.) applicable to an NG-RAN node and associated TPs. The two types of the procedure may be independently supported or may be simultaneously supported. 
     Meanwhile, examples of positioning methods supported in NG-RAN may include GNSS, OTDOA, enhanced cell ID (E-CID), barometric pressure sensor positioning, WLAN positioning, Bluetooth positioning and terrestrial beacon system (TBS), uplink time difference of arrival (UTDOA), etc. 
     (1) OTDOA (Observed Time Difference Of Arrival) 
       FIG.  14    shows an Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) positioning method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  14    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  14   , the OTDOA positioning method uses measurement timing of downlink signals received by a UE from an eNB, an ng-eNB, and a plurality of TPs including a PRS-dedicated TP. The UE measures timing of downlink signals received by using location assistance data received from a location server. In addition, a position of the UE may be determined based on such a measurement result and geometric coordinates of neighboring TPs. 
     A UE connected to a gNB may request for a measurement gap for OTDOA measurement from the TP. If the UE cannot recognize a single frequency network (SFN) for at least one TP in the OTDOA assistance data, the UE may use an autonomous gap to obtain an SNF of an OTDOA reference cell before the measurement gap is requested to perform reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement. 
     Herein, the RSTD may be defined based on a smallest relative time difference between boundaries of two subframes received respectively from a reference cell and a measurement cell. That is, the RSTD may be calculated based on a relative time difference between a start time of a subframe received from the measurement cell and a start time of a subframe of a reference cell closest to the start time of the subframe received from the measurement cell. Meanwhile, the reference cell may be selected by the UE. 
     For correct OTDOA measurement, it may be necessary to measure a time of arrival (TOA) of a signal received from three or more TPs or BSs geometrically distributed. For example, a TOA may be measured for each of a TP1, a TP2, and a TP3, and RSTD for TP 1-TP 2, RSTD for TP 2-TP 3, and RSTD for TP 3-TP 1 may be calculated for the three TOAs. Based on this, a geometric hyperbola may be determined, and a point at which these hyperbolas intersect may be estimated as a position of a UE. In this case, since accuracy and/or uncertainty for each TOA measurement may be present, the estimated position of the UE may be known as a specific range based on measurement uncertainty. 
     For example, RSTD for two TPs may be calculated based on Equation 1. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Herein, c may be the speed of light, {xt, yt} may be a (unknown) coordinate of a target UE, {xi, yi} may be a coordinate of a (known) TP, and {x1, y1} may be a coordinate of a reference TP (or another TP). Herein, (Ti-T1) may be referred to as “real time differences (RTDs)” as a transmission time offset between two TPs, and ni, n1 may represent values related to UE TOA measurement errors. 
     (2) E-CID (Enhanced Cell ID) 
     In a cell ID (CID) positioning method, a position of a UE may be measured through geometric information of a serving ng-eNB, serving gNB, and/or serving cell of the UE. For example, the geometric information of the serving ng-eNB, serving gNB, and/or serving cell may be obtained through paging, registration, or the like. 
     Meanwhile, in addition to the CID positioning method, an E-CID positioning method may use additional UE measurement and/or NG-RAN radio resources or the like to improve a UE position estimation value. In the E-CID positioning method, although some of the measurement methods which are the same as those used in a measurement control system of an RRC protocol may be used, additional measurement is not performed in general only for position measurement of the UE. In other words, a measurement configuration or a measurement control message may not be provided additionally to measure the position of the UE. Also, the UE may not expect that an additional measurement operation only for position measurement will be requested, and may report a measurement value obtained through measurement methods in which the UE can perform measurement in a general manner. 
     For example, the serving gNB may use an E-UTRA measurement value provided from the UE to implement the E-CID positioning method. 
     Examples of a measurement element that can be used for E-CID positioning may be as follows.
         UE measurement: E-UTRA reference signal received power (RSRP), E-UTRA reference signal received quality (RSRQ), UE E-UTRA Rx-Tx Time difference, GSM EDGE random access network (GERAN)/WLAN reference signal strength indication (RSSI), UTRAN common pilot channel (CPICH) received signal code power (RSCP), UTRAN CPICH Ec/Io   E-UTRAN measurement: ng-eNB Rx-Tx Time difference, timing advance (TADV), angle of arrival (AoA)       

     Herein, the TADV may be classified into Type 1 and Type 2 as follows. 
     TADV Type 1=(ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference)+(UE E-UTRA Rx-Tx time difference) 
     TADV Type 2=ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference 
     Meanwhile, AoA may be used to measure a direction of the UE. The AoA may be defined as an estimation angle with respect to the position of the UE counterclockwise from a BS/TP. In this case, a geographic reference direction may be north. The BS/TP may use an uplink signal such as a sounding reference signal (SRS) and/or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for AoA measurement. In addition, the larger the arrangement of the antenna array, the higher the measurement accuracy of the AoA. When the antenna arrays are arranged with the same interval, signals received from adjacent antenna elements may have a constant phase-rotate. 
     (3) UTDOA (Uplink Time Difference of Arrival) 
     UTDOA is a method of determining a position of a UE by estimating an arrival time of SRS. When calculating an estimated SRS arrival time, the position of the UE may be estimated through an arrival time difference with respect to another cell (or BS/TP) by using a serving cell as a reference cell. In order to implement the UTDOA, E-SMLC may indicate a serving cell of a target UE to indicate SRS transmission to the target UE. In addition, the E-SMLC may provide a configuration such as whether the SRS is periodical/aperiodical, a bandwidth, frequency/group/sequence hopping, or the like. 
     The above-described existing positioning method uses a method in which a UE performs positioning for a UE by applying the TDOA method to a PRS transmitted by anchor nodes, in the state that the position of three or more anchor nodes is known in advance or the position information is transmitted to the UE, or a method in which a UE transmits PRS to anchor nodes and applies TDOA so that a positioning server performs positioning on the UE. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a UE equipped with a distributed antenna system (DAS) as a method of removing the restriction condition for the three or more anchor nodes may perform positioning for the UE even by using a smaller number of anchor nodes. In the present disclosure, a UE may include a vehicle having the characteristics described with respect to a UE. For example, a UE equipped with a DAS may include a vehicle equipped with a DAS. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the case of a UE equipped with a DAS configured with two or more antennas, positioning of the UE may be performed using two or more anchor nodes as follows. 
     A DAS-equipped UE may determine the position of the UE even if the number of gNB/roadside units (RSUs) related to positioning is reduced. For example, the reference signal time difference (RSTD) measured at each antenna is combined with the absolute position information of an RSU/gNB to calculate the absolute position of a UE even if the number of RSU/gNBs required in the existing OTDoA method is less than three. 
       FIG.  15    shows an example of positioning performed by a vehicle equipped with a DAS, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  15    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  15   , a UE may be equipped with two antennas. For example, based on the known distance between the two antennas, the UE may perform its own positioning through two gNB/RSUs. For example, the UE may perform its own positioning based on less than 3 gNB/RSU. 
     For example, assuming that a UE uses a DAS and there is no timing error of a network, an RSTD may be expressed as Equation 2 below regarding coordinates of a UE. 
       RSTD i,j   m =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     j     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     j     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c+e   m  
 
       RSTD i,j   n =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   n ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   n ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     j     −x   n ) 2 +( y   RSU     j     −y   n ) 2 )}/ c+e   m   [Equation 2]
 
     For example, (x RSUi , y RSUi ) and (x RSUj , y RSUj ) may be known coordinates of the i-th RSU and the j-th RSU, respectively. And, (x m , y m ) and (x n , y n ) may be coordinates of the m-th antenna and the n-th antenna, respectively. Since the displacement between all two antennas is known, the coordinates of the n-th antenna can be expressed based on the coordinates of the m-th antenna. Accordingly, new unknown values may not be generated. Accordingly, since unknown values are only two independent equations and two values of (x m , y m ), the solution of the equation can be found. That is, for example, coordinates of the m-th antenna may be obtained based on Equation 2 above. As a result, for example, when two DAS antennas are mounted on one UE, only two RSUs may be required for absolute positioning of the UE. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the case of a UE equipped with a DAS configured with three or more antennas, positioning may be performed for the UE as follows even using one RSU. 
     For example, two different DAS antenna pairs may provide two independent RSTD equations as shown in Equation 3 below. 
       RSTD i   m,n =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   n ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   n ) 2 )}/ c+e   m,n  
 
       RSTD i   m,k =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   k ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   k ) 2 )}/ c+e   m,k   [Equation 3]
 
     For example, RSTD i   m,n  may be RSTD between the m-th antenna and the n-th antenna from the i-th RSU. And, e m,n  may be estimation errors for using the m-th antenna and the n-th antenna. As described above, coordinates of all antennas may be expressed based on coordinates of a reference antenna and displacement from the reference antenna. For example, as in the case of Equation 2, Equation 3 has two unknown values of (x m ,y m ) and two independent equations, and thus, solutions of the equations can be obtained. That is, for example, coordinates of the m-th antenna may be obtained based on the Equation 3 above. As a result, when more than two DAS antennas are mounted in a UE, only one RSU may be required for absolute positioning of the UE. 
       FIG.  16    shows an example of positioning performed by a UE on which three DAS antennas are mounted, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  16    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  16   , a UE may include three DAS antennas. For example, the UE may be a vehicle. For example, the UE may receive a signal transmitted by one gNB/RSU through three DAS antennas for its own positioning. For example, the UE may perform absolute positioning based on the signal. For example, the signal may be a PRS. For example, absolute positioning of the UE may be performed based on an RSTD related to each of two DAS antenna pairs included in the UE. 
     In the present disclosure, a method in which a UE equipped with a DAS configured with two or three or more antennas can perform positioning of the UE itself based on two RSUs or one RSU has been proposed. For example, considering the position and installed density of an anchor node (e.g., RSU or base station) that can transmit and receive with a vehicle when driving on a road, Through the proposed method, the constraint on the existing positioning method requiring three or more anchor nodes can be relaxed, and efficient positioning can be performed. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, in general, the positions of antennas may be appropriately determined and utilized for the purpose of enhancement of positioning. For example, locating antennas can be implemented on two sides. For example, it may be implemented in the form of antenna distribution on a UE side, or it may appear as RSU deployment on an infrastructure side. For example, the form of antenna distribution on a UE side may include DAS. 
     A DAS of a UE is considered as an important solution for increasing communication capabilities such as antenna coverage. For example, considering two antenna panels, each panel may be respectively installed on a front bumper and a rear bumper (or a front roof top and a rear roof top). 
       FIG.  17    shows an example of positioning performed by a UE equipped with two DAS antennas according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  17    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  17   , a UE may include two DAS antennas. For example, the UE may be a vehicle. For example, the two DAS antennas may be installed on a front bumper and a rear bumper of a vehicle, respectively. 
     The goal of antenna distribution technology may be to utilize DAS to improve positioning performance such as accuracy, reliability and availability. When the measurement values of the distributed antenna are properly combined according to an embodiment to be described below, positional accuracy and reliability of positioning may be improved. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, in general, the position of a UE may be indicated as a reference point of the UE. For example, the reference point may be the center of the UE. For example, the position of the UE may be signaled through a CAM message. For example, after the positions of the respective antennas are estimated based on the TDOA method or the like, the estimated positions of the antennas may be converted into the position of the UE based on the geometry of DAS. 
       FIG.  18    shows an example of a reference point of DAS and a UE, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  18    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  18   , it may be assumed that a plurality of DAS antennas are mounted in a UE. For example, the number and position of DAS antennas may vary according to the shape/design of the UE and V2X performance/coverage requirements. For example, (x i ,y i ) may be the position of the i-th antenna, di may be the distance from a reference point to the i-th antenna, θ i  may be the angle between the direction of a UE and the coordinate direction of the i-th antenna. In this case, transformed from (x i ,y i ), which is the position of the i-th antenna, (x Ri ,y Ri ), which is the position of the reference point, may be obtained based on Equation 4 below. 
       ( x   Ri   ,y   Ri )=( x   i   ,y   i )−( d   i  cos(θ i ), d   i  sin(θ i ))  [Equation 4]
 
     As described above, the position of the UE can be estimated independently from the position of each antenna of DAS. For example, in order to improve the accuracy of UE positioning, the independently estimated positions of the UEs from the positions of the respective antennas may be combined. For example, as one method, there may be applied a weighting factor based on the reliability of each estimate. For example, the reliability of each estimate may be determined based on a received signal quality or the number of gNB/RSUs used for antenna positioning. For example, the final reference point, that is, the position of the UE (x R , y R ) may be determined based on Equation 5 below. 
       ( x   R   ,y   R )−Σβ Ri ·( x   Ri   ,y   Ri )  [Equation 5]
 
     For example, 0δβ Ri ≤1 may represent a weighting factor of estimated reference point (x Ri ,y Ri ), ΣβR Ri =1 needs to be satisfied. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, for example, when TDoA-based positioning such as OTDoA is supported from gNB/RSU, the accuracy and reliability of UE positioning may be lowered due to incomplete synchronization between gNB/RSUs. For example, by subtracting two TDoA measurement results measured by two distributed antennas, the effect of the timing error may be removed. For example, the two TDoA measurement results may be measured and obtained for the same gNB/RSU pair. 
     For example, it may be assumed that there are a plurality of RSUs in the vicinity of a UE on which a plurality of DAS antennas are mounted. For example, the plurality of RSUs may be at least three. For example, the timing error between the i-th RSU and the j-th RSU, te i,j  may be canceled from the two RSTDs estimated at the m-th antenna and the n-th antenna of the DAS based on Equation 6 below. 
       RSTD i,j   m =τ RSU     i     m −τ RSU     j     m   +te   i,j   +e   m  
 
       RSTD i,j   n =τ RSU     i     n −τ RSU     j     n   +te   i,j   +e   n  
 
       RSTD i,j   m −RSTD i,j   n (τ RSU     i     m −τ RSU     j     m )−(τ RSU     i     n −τ RSU     j     n )+ e   [Equation 6]
 
     For example, e m  and e n  may be an estimation error at each of the m-th antenna and the n-th antenna, e=e m −e n  may be resulting estimation error. For example, if more than two of the above equations are obtained from different pairs of RSUs, the position of a UE can be estimated without degradation due to a timing synchronization error of a network. For high-accuracy positioning, it may be an important benefit of DAS that it does not require any network synchronization condition. 
       FIG.  19    shows a procedure in which a first device performs wireless communication, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  19    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  19   , in step S 1910 , a first device may receive a first positioning reference signal (PRS) from a second device based on a first antenna, a second antenna, and a third antenna. In step S 1920 , the first device may obtain a first time difference based on a first reception time where the first PRS is received based on the first antenna and a second reception time where the first PRS is received based on the second antenna. In step S 1930 , the first device may obtain a second time difference based on a third reception time where the first PRS is received based on the third antenna and the first reception time. In step S 1940 , the first device may obtain a position of the first device based on the first time difference and the second time difference, wherein the first device may include the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna. 
     For example, the position of the first device may be obtained based on a following equation: 
       RSTD i   m,n =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   n ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   n ) 2 )}/ c  
 
       RSTD i   m,k =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   k ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   k ) 2 )}/ c  
 
     the RSTD i   m,n  may represent the first time difference, the RSTD i   m,k  may represent the may represent the second time difference, the x RSUi  and the y RSUi  may represent coordinates of the second device, the x m  and the y m  may represent coordinates of the first antenna, the x n  and the y R  may represent coordinates of the second antenna, the x k  and the y k  may represent coordinates of the third antenna, the C may represent a speed of light, and the position of the first device may be obtained based on the coordinates of the first antenna. 
     For example, the Xv and the y n  may be expressed based on the coordinates of the first antenna, and the x k  and the y k  may be expressed based on the coordinates of the first antenna. 
     For example, the position of the first device may be obtained based on a position of at least one of the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna. 
     For example, the position of the first device may be obtained based on a following equation: 
       ( x   Ri   ,y   Ri )=( x   i   ,y   i )−( d   i  cos(θ i ), d   i  sin(θ i ))
 
     the x Ri  and the y Ri  may represent coordinates of the first device obtained based on the (x i ,y i ), the x i  and the y i  may represent coordinates of at least one of the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna, the d i  may represent a distance between the (x Ri ,y Ri ) and the (x i ,y i ), the θ i  may represent an angle between a reference direction of an axis passing through the (x Ri ,y Ri ) and a direction of a straight line passing the (x i ,y i ) from the (x Ri ,y Ri ), and the position of the first device may be obtained based on the coordinates of the first device. 
     For example, the position of the first device may be obtained based on a following equation: 
       ( x   Ri   ,y   Ri )=( x   i   ,y   i )−( d   i  cos(θ i ), d   i  sin(θ i ))
 
       ( x   R   ,y   R )−Σβ Ri ·( x   Ri   ,y   Ri ),
 
     the x R  and the y R  may represent an estimate of the coordinates of the first device, the x Ri  and the y Ri  may represent first reference position, second reference position, or third reference position of the first device based on estimate of coordinates of each of the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna, the β Ri  may represent first weighting factor, second weighting factor, or third weighting factor related to each of the first reference position, the second reference position, or the third reference position, the x i  and the y i  may represent the estimate of coordinates of each of the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna, the d i  may represent a distance between the position of the first device and a position of each of the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna, the θ i  may represent an angle between a reference direction of an axis passing through the (x Ri ,y Ri ) and a direction of a straight line passing the (x i ,y i ) from the (x Ri ,y Ri ), and the position of the first device may be obtained based on the estimate of the coordinates of the first device. 
     For example, a sum of the first weighting factor, the second weighting factor, and the third weighting factor may be 1. 
     For example, the first weighting factor, the second weighting factor, and the third weighting factor may be real numbers between greater than or equal to 0 and smaller than or equal to 1. 
     For example, the first weighting factor, the second weighting factor, and the third weighting factor may be related to a receiving signal quality of the first PRS, related to each obtainment of the first reference position, the second reference position, and the third reference position. 
     For example, the first device may be a vehicle including the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna. 
     For example, the second device may be a base station or a road side unit (RSU). 
     For example, additionally, the first device may receive a second PRS from a third device, receive a third PRS from a fourth device, obtain a third time difference based on the first reception time and a fourth reception time where the second PRS is received based on the first antenna, obtain a fourth time difference based on the second reception time and a fifth reception time where the second PRS is received based on the second antenna, obtain a fifth time difference based on the first reception time and a sixth reception time where the third PRS is received based on the first antenna, obtain a sixth time difference based on the second reception time and a seventh reception time where the third PRS is received based on the second antenna, and obtain the position of the first device based on the third time difference, the fourth time difference, the fifth time difference, and the sixth time difference. 
     For example, the position of the first device may be obtained based on a following equation: 
       RSTD i,j   m −RSTD i,j   n (τ RSU     i     m −τ RSU     j     m )−(τ RSU     i     n −τ RSU     j     n )
 
       RSTD i,j   m −RSTD i,k   n (τ RSU     i     m −τ RSU     k     m )−(τ RSU     i     n −τ RSU     k     n )
 
       τ RSU     i     m =√{square root over (( x   m   −x   RSU     i   ) 2 +( y   m   −y   RSU     i   ) 2 )}/ c  
 
       τ RSU     j     m =√{square root over (( x   m   −x   RSU     j   ) 2 +( y   m   −y   RSU     j   ) 2 )}/ c  
 
       τ RSU     k     m =√{square root over (( x   m   −x   RSU     k   ) 2 +( y   m   −y   RSU     k   ) 2 )}/ c  
 
       τ RSU     i     n =√{square root over (( x   n   −x   RSU     i   ) 2 +( y   n   −y   RSU     i   ) 2 )}/ c  
 
       τ RSU     j     n =√{square root over (( x   n   −x   RSU     j   ) 2 +( y   n   −y   RSU     j   ) 2 )}/ c  
 
       τ RSU     k     n =√{square root over (( x   n   −x   RSU     k   ) 2 +( y   n   −y   RSU     k   ) 2 )}/ c  
 
     the RSTD i,j   m  may represent the third time difference, the RSTD i,j   J  may represent the fourth time difference, the RSTD i,k   m  may represent the fifth time difference, the RSTD i,k   n  may represent the sixth time difference, the τ RSU     i     m  may represent the first reception time, the τ RSU     j     m  may represent the fourth reception time, the τ RSU     k     m  may represent the sixth reception time, the τ RSU     i     n  may represent the second reception time, the τ RSU     j     n  may represent the fifth reception time, the τ RSU     k     n  may represent the seventh reception time, the x m  and the y m  may represent coordinates of the first antenna, the x n  and the y n  may represent coordinates of the second antenna, the x RSUi  and the y RSUi  may represent coordinates of the second device, the x RSUj  and the y RSUj  may represent coordinates of the third device, the z RSU     k    and the y RSU     k    may represent coordinates of the fourth device, the C may represent a speed of light, and the position of the first device may be obtained based on the coordinates of the first antenna and the coordinates of the second antenna. 
     The above-described embodiment can be applied to various devices to be described below. For example, a processor  102  of a first device  100  may receive a first positioning reference signal (PRS) from a second device  200  based on a first antenna  106 - 1 , a second antenna  106 - 2 , and a third antenna  106 - 3 . And, the processor  102  of the first device  100  may obtain a first time difference based on a first reception time where the first PRS is received based on the first antenna  106 - 1  and a second reception time where the first PRS is received based on the second antenna  106 - 2 . And, the processor  102  of the first device  100  may obtain a second time difference based on a third reception time where the first PRS is received based on the third antenna  106 - 3  and the first reception time. And, the processor  102  of the first device  100  may obtain a position of the first device  100  based on the first time difference and the second time difference. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a first device for performing wireless communication may be proposed. For example, the first device may comprise: one or more memories storing instructions; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors connected to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers. For example, the one or more processors may execute the instructions to: receive a first positioning reference signal (PRS) from a second device based on a first antenna, a second antenna, and a third antenna; obtain a first time difference based on a first reception time where the first PRS is received based on the first antenna and a second reception time where the first PRS is received based on the second antenna; obtain a second time difference based on a third reception time where the first PRS is received based on the third antenna and the first reception time; and obtain a position of the first device based on the first time difference and the second time difference, wherein the first device may include the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a device adapted to control a first user equipment (UE) may be proposed. For example, the device may comprise: one or more processors; and one or more memories operably connectable to the one or more processors and storing instructions. For example, the one or more processors may execute the instructions to: receive a first positioning reference signal (PRS) from a second UE based on a first antenna, a second antenna, and a third antenna; obtain a first time difference based on a first reception time where the first PRS is received based on the first antenna and a second reception time where the first PRS is received based on the second antenna; obtain a second time difference based on a third reception time where the first PRS is received based on the third antenna and the first reception time; and obtain a position of the first UE based on the first time difference and the second time difference, wherein the first UE may include the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions may be proposed. For example, the instructions, when executed, may cause a first device to: receive a first positioning reference signal (PRS) from a second device based on a first antenna, a second antenna, and a third antenna; obtain a first time difference based on a first reception time where the first PRS is received based on the first antenna and a second reception time where the first PRS is received based on the second antenna; obtain a second time difference based on a third reception time where the first PRS is received based on the third antenna and the first reception time; and obtain a position of the first device based on the first time difference and the second time difference, wherein the first device may include the first antenna, the second antenna, and the third antenna. 
       FIG.  20    shows a procedure in which a second device performs wireless communication, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  20    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  20   , in step S 2010 , a second device may transmit a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a first device. For example, the first device may include a first antenna, a second antenna, and a third antenna, a first time difference may be obtained based on a first reception time where the first device receives the PRS based on the second antenna and a second reception time where the first device receives the PRS based on the second antenna, a second time difference may be obtained based on the first reception time and a third reception time where the first device receives the PRS based on the third antenna, and a position of the first device may be obtained based on the first time difference and the second time difference. 
     For example, the position of the first device may be obtained based on a following equation: 
       RSTD i   m,n =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   n ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   n ) 2 )}/ c  
 
       RSTD i   m,k =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   k ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   k ) 2 )}/ c,  
 
     the RSTD i   m,n  represent the first time difference, the RSTD i   m,k  may represent the second time difference, the x RSUi  and the y RSUi  may represent coordinates of the second device, the x m  and the y n  may represent coordinates of the first antenna, the x n  and the y n  may represent coordinates of the second antenna, the x k  and the y k  may represent coordinates of the third antenna, the C may represent a speed of light, and the position of the first device may be obtained based on the coordinates of the first antenna. 
     The above-described embodiment may be applied to various devices to be described below. For example, a processor  202  of a second device  200  may transmit a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a first device  100 . 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a second device for performing wireless communication may be proposed. For example, the second device may comprise: one or more memories storing instructions; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors connected to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers. For example, the one or more processors may execute the instructions to: transmit a positioning reference signal (PRS) to a first device, wherein the first device may include a first antenna, a second antenna, and a third antenna, wherein a first time difference may be obtained based on a first reception time where the first device receives the PRS based on the second antenna and a second reception time where the first device receives the PRS based on the second antenna, wherein a second time difference may be obtained based on the first reception time and a third reception time where the first device receives the PRS based on the third antenna, and wherein a position of the first device may be obtained based on the first time difference and the second time difference. 
     For example, the position of the first device may be obtained based on a following equation: 
       RSTD i   m,n =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   n ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   n ) 2 )}/ c  
 
       RSTD i   m,k =√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   m ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   m ) 2 )}/ c −√{square root over (( x   RSU     i     −x   k ) 2 +( y   RSU     i     −y   k ) 2 )}/ c,  
 
     the RSTD i   m,n  may represent the first time difference, the RSTD i   m,k  may represent the second time difference, the x RSUi  and the y RSUi  may represent coordinates of the second device, the x m  and the y m  may represent coordinates of the first antenna, the x n  and the y n  may represent coordinates of the second antenna, the x k  and the y k  may represent coordinates of the third antenna, the c may represent a speed of light, and the position of the first device may be obtained based on the coordinates of the first antenna. 
     Hereinafter, device(s) to which various embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied will be described. 
     The various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts of the present disclosure described in this document may be applied to, without being limited to, a variety of fields requiring wireless communication/connection (e.g., 5G) between devices. 
     Hereinafter, a description will be given in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings/description, the same reference symbols may denote the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or functional blocks unless described otherwise. 
       FIG.  21    shows a communication system  1 , based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of  FIG.  21    may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  21   , a communication system  1  to which various embodiments of the present disclosure are applied includes wireless devices, Base Stations (BSs), and a network. Herein, the wireless devices represent devices performing communication using Radio Access Technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G New RAT (NR)) or Long-Term Evolution (LTE)) and may be referred to as communication/radio/5G devices. The wireless devices may include, without being limited to, a robot  100   a , vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2 , an eXtended Reality (x R ) device  100   c , a hand-held device  100   d , a home appliance  100   e , an Internet of Things (IoT) device  100   f , and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) device/server  400 . For example, the vehicles may include a vehicle having a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, and a vehicle capable of performing communication between vehicles. Herein, the vehicles may include an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The x R  device may include an Augmented Reality (AR)/Virtual Reality (VR)/Mixed Reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a Head-Mounted Device (HMD), a Head-Up Display (HUD) mounted in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), and a computer (e.g., a notebook). The home appliance may include a TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine. The IoT device may include a sensor and a smartmeter. For example, the BSs and the network may be implemented as wireless devices and a specific wireless device  200   a  may operate as a BS/network node with respect to other wireless devices. 
     Here, wireless communication technology implemented in wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  of the present disclosure may include Narrowband Internet of Things for low-power communication in addition to LTE, NR, and 6G. In this case, for example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology and may be implemented as standards such as LTE Cat NB1, and/or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the name described above. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  of the present disclosure may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. In this case, as an example, the LTE-M technology may be an example of the LPWAN and may be called by various names including enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC), and the like. For example, the LTE-M technology may be implemented as at least any one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-Bandwidth Limited (non-BL), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and/or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the name described above. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  of the present disclosure may include at least one of Bluetooth, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), and ZigBee considering the low-power communication, and is not limited to the name described above. As an example, the ZigBee technology may generate personal area networks (PAN) related to small/low-power digital communication based on various standards including IEEE 802.15.4, and the like, and may be called by various names. 
     The wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the network  300  via the BSs  200 . An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  and the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the AI server  400  via the network  300 . The network  300  may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g., NR) network. Although the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may communicate with each other through the BSs  200 /network  300 , the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) with each other without passing through the BSs/network. For example, the vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  may perform direct communication (e.g. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)/Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). The IoT device (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f.    
     Wireless communication/connections  150   a ,  150   b , or  150   c  may be established between the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f /BS  200 , or BS  200 /BS  200 . Herein, the wireless communication/connections may be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlink communication  150   a , sidelink communication  150   b  (or, D2D communication), or inter BS communication (e.g. relay, Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB)). The wireless devices and the BSs/the wireless devices may transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through the wireless communication/connections  150   a  and  150   b . For example, the wireless communication/connections  150   a  and  150   b  may transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least a part of various configuration information configuring processes, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, and resource mapping/demapping), and resource allocating processes, for transmitting/receiving radio signals, may be performed based on the various proposals of the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  22    shows wireless devices, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  22   , a first wireless device  100  and a second wireless device  200  may transmit radio signals through a variety of RATs (e.g., LTE and NR). Herein, {the first wireless device  100  and the second wireless device  200 } may correspond to {the wireless device  100   x  and the BS  200 } and/or {the wireless device  100   x  and the wireless device  100   x } of  FIG.  21   . 
     The first wireless device  100  may include one or more processors  102  and one or more memories  104  and additionally further include one or more transceivers  106  and/or one or more antennas  108 . The processor(s)  102  may control the memory(s)  104  and/or the transceiver(s)  106  and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s)  102  may process information within the memory(s)  104  to generate first information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the first information/signals through the transceiver(s)  106 . The processor(s)  102  may receive radio signals including second information/signals through the transceiver  106  and then store information obtained by processing the second information/signals in the memory(s)  104 . The memory(s)  104  may be connected to the processor(s)  102  and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s)  102 . For example, the memory(s)  104  may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s)  102  or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s)  102  and the memory(s)  104  may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s)  106  may be connected to the processor(s)  102  and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  108 . Each of the transceiver(s)  106  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s)  106  may be interchangeably used with Radio Frequency (RF) unit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip. 
     The second wireless device  200  may include one or more processors  202  and one or more memories  204  and additionally further include one or more transceivers  206  and/or one or more antennas  208 . The processor(s)  202  may control the memory(s)  204  and/or the transceiver(s)  206  and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s)  202  may process information within the memory(s)  204  to generate third information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the third information/signals through the transceiver(s)  206 . The processor(s)  202  may receive radio signals including fourth information/signals through the transceiver(s)  106  and then store information obtained by processing the fourth information/signals in the memory(s)  204 . The memory(s)  204  may be connected to the processor(s)  202  and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s)  202 . For example, the memory(s)  204  may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s)  202  or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s)  202  and the memory(s)  204  may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s)  206  may be connected to the processor(s)  202  and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  208 . Each of the transceiver(s)  206  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s)  206  may be interchangeably used with RF unit(s). In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip. 
     Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices  100  and  200  will be described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may be implemented by, without being limited to, one or more processors  102  and  202 . For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, and SDAP). The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Unit (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document and provide the generated signals to the one or more transceivers  106  and  206 . The one or more processors  102  and  202  may receive the signals (e.g., baseband signals) from the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  and acquire the PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. 
     The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software and the firmware or software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, or functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202  or stored in the one or more memories  104  and  204  so as to be driven by the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands. 
     The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and/or commands. The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be configured by Read-Only Memories (ROMs), Random Access Memories (RAMs), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives, registers, cash memories, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be located at the interior and/or exterior of the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  through various technologies such as wired or wireless connection. 
     The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of this document, to one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, from one or more other devices. For example, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more antennas  108  and  208  and the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, through the one or more antennas  108  and  208 . In this document, the one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert received radio signals/channels etc. from RF band signals into baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. using the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. processed using the one or more processors  102  and  202  from the base band signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters. 
       FIG.  23    shows a signal process circuit for a transmission signal, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  23   , a signal processing circuit  1000  may include scramblers  1010 , modulators  1020 , a layer mapper  1030 , a precoder  1040 , resource mappers  1050 , and signal generators  1060 . An operation/function of  FIG.  23    may be performed, without being limited to, the processors  102  and  202  and/or the transceivers  106  and  206  of  FIG.  22   . Hardware elements of  FIG.  23    may be implemented by the processors  102  and  202  and/or the transceivers  106  and  206  of  FIG.  22   . For example, blocks  1010  to  1060  may be implemented by the processors  102  and  202  of  FIG.  22   . Alternatively, the blocks  1010  to  1050  may be implemented by the processors  102  and  202  of  FIG.  22    and the block  1060  may be implemented by the transceivers  106  and  206  of  FIG.  22   . 
     Codewords may be converted into radio signals via the signal processing circuit  1000  of  FIG.  23   . Herein, the codewords are encoded bit sequences of information blocks. The information blocks may include transport blocks (e.g., a UL-SCH transport block, a DL-SCH transport block). The radio signals may be transmitted through various physical channels (e.g., a PUSCH and a PDSCH). 
     Specifically, the codewords may be converted into scrambled bit sequences by the scramblers  1010 . Scramble sequences used for scrambling may be generated based on an initialization value, and the initialization value may include ID information of a wireless device. The scrambled bit sequences may be modulated to modulation symbol sequences by the modulators  1020 . A modulation scheme may include pi/2-Binary Phase Shift Keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-Phase Shift Keying (m-PSK), and m-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (m-QAM). Complex modulation symbol sequences may be mapped to one or more transport layers by the layer mapper  1030 . Modulation symbols of each transport layer may be mapped (precoded) to corresponding antenna port(s) by the precoder  1040 . Outputs z of the precoder  1040  may be obtained by multiplying outputs y of the layer mapper  1030  by an N*M precoding matrix W. Herein, N is the number of antenna ports and M is the number of transport layers. The precoder  1040  may perform precoding after performing transform precoding (e.g., DFT) for complex modulation symbols. Alternatively, the precoder  1040  may perform precoding without performing transform precoding. 
     The resource mappers  1050  may map modulation symbols of each antenna port to time-frequency resources. The time-frequency resources may include a plurality of symbols (e.g., a CP-OFDMA symbols and DFT-s-OFDMA symbols) in the time domain and a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain. The signal generators  1060  may generate radio signals from the mapped modulation symbols and the generated radio signals may be transmitted to other devices through each antenna. For this purpose, the signal generators  1060  may include Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) modules, Cyclic Prefix (CP) inserters, Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs), and frequency up-converters. 
     Signal processing procedures for a signal received in the wireless device may be configured in a reverse manner of the signal processing procedures  1010  to  1060  of  FIG.  23   . For example, the wireless devices (e.g.,  100  and  200  of  FIG.  22   ) may receive radio signals from the exterior through the antenna ports/transceivers. The received radio signals may be converted into baseband signals through signal restorers. To this end, the signal restorers may include frequency downlink converters, Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), CP remover, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) modules. Next, the baseband signals may be restored to codewords through a resource demapping procedure, a postcoding procedure, a demodulation processor, and a descrambling procedure. The codewords may be restored to original information blocks through decoding. Therefore, a signal processing circuit (not illustrated) for a reception signal may include signal restorers, resource demappers, a postcoder, demodulators, descramblers, and decoders. 
       FIG.  24    shows another example of a wireless device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The wireless device may be implemented in various forms according to a use-case/service (refer to  FIG.  21   ). 
     Referring to  FIG.  24   , wireless devices  100  and  200  may correspond to the wireless devices  100  and  200  of  FIG.  22    and may be configured by various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules. For example, each of the wireless devices  100  and  200  may include a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , and additional components  140 . The communication unit may include a communication circuit  112  and transceiver(s)  114 . For example, the communication circuit  112  may include the one or more processors  102  and  202  and/or the one or more memories  104  and  204  of  FIG.  22   . For example, the transceiver(s)  114  may include the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  and/or the one or more antennas  108  and  208  of  FIG.  22   . The control unit  120  is electrically connected to the communication unit  110 , the memory  130 , and the additional components  140  and controls overall operation of the wireless devices. For example, the control unit  120  may control an electric/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on programs/code/commands/information stored in the memory unit  130 . The control unit  120  may transmit the information stored in the memory unit  130  to the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit  110  through a wireless/wired interface or store, in the memory unit  130 , information received through the wireless/wired interface from the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit  110 . 
     The additional components  140  may be variously configured according to types of wireless devices. For example, the additional components  140  may include at least one of a power unit/battery, input/output (I/O) unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit. The wireless device may be implemented in the form of, without being limited to, the robot ( 100   a  of  FIG.  21   ), the vehicles ( 100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  of  FIG.  21   ), the x R  device ( 100   c  of  FIG.  21   ), the hand-held device ( 100   d  of  FIG.  21   ), the home appliance ( 100   e  of  FIG.  21   ), the IoT device ( 100   f  of  FIG.  21   ), a digital broadcast terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medicine device, a fintech device (or a finance device), a security device, a climate/environment device, the AI server/device ( 400  of  FIG.  21   ), the BSs ( 200  of  FIG.  21   ), a network node, etc. The wireless device may be used in a mobile or fixed place according to a use-example/service. 
     In  FIG.  24   , the entirety of the various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules in the wireless devices  100  and  200  may be connected to each other through a wired interface or at least a part thereof may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit  110 . For example, in each of the wireless devices  100  and  200 , the control unit  120  and the communication unit  110  may be connected by wire and the control unit  120  and first units (e.g.,  130  and  140 ) may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit  110 . Each element, component, unit/portion, and/or module within the wireless devices  100  and  200  may further include one or more elements. For example, the control unit  120  may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control unit  120  may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), a graphical processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory  130  may be configured by a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM)), a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof. 
     Hereinafter, an example of implementing  FIG.  24    will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. 
       FIG.  25    shows a hand-held device, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a notebook). The hand-held device may be referred to as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS), a Subscriber Station (SS), an Advanced Mobile Station (AMS), or a Wireless Terminal (WT). 
     Referring to  FIG.  25   , a hand-held device  100  may include an antenna unit  108 , a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , a power supply unit  140   a , an interface unit  140   b , and an I/O unit  140   c . The antenna unit  108  may be configured as a part of the communication unit  110 . Blocks  110  to  130 / 140   a  to  140   c  correspond to the blocks  110  to  130 / 140  of  FIG.  24   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from other wireless devices or BSs. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling constituent elements of the hand-held device  100 . The control unit  120  may include an Application Processor (AP). The memory unit  130  may store data/parameters/programs/code/commands needed to drive the hand-held device  100 . The memory unit  130  may store input/output data/information. The power supply unit  140   a  may supply power to the hand-held device  100  and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The interface unit  140   b  may support connection of the hand-held device  100  to other external devices. The interface unit  140   b  may include various ports (e.g., an audio I/O port and a video I/O port) for connection with external devices. The I/O unit  140   c  may input or output video information/signals, audio information/signals, data, and/or information input by a user. The I/O unit  140   c  may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit  140   d , a speaker, and/or a haptic module. 
     As an example, in the case of data communication, the I/O unit  140   c  may acquire information/signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, images, or video) input by a user and the acquired information/signals may be stored in the memory unit  130 . The communication unit  110  may convert the information/signals stored in the memory into radio signals and transmit the converted radio signals to other wireless devices directly or to a BS. The communication unit  110  may receive radio signals from other wireless devices or the BS and then restore the received radio signals into original information/signals. The restored information/signals may be stored in the memory unit  130  and may be output as various types (e.g., text, voice, images, video, or haptic) through the I/O unit  140   c.    
       FIG.  26    shows a vehicle or an autonomous vehicle, based on an embodiment of the present disclosure. The vehicle or autonomous vehicle may be implemented by a mobile robot, a car, a train, a manned/unmanned Aerial Vehicle (AV), a ship, etc. 
     Referring to  FIG.  26   , a vehicle or autonomous vehicle  100  may include an antenna unit  108 , a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a driving unit  140   a , a power supply unit  140   b , a sensor unit  140   c , and an autonomous driving unit  140   d . The antenna unit  108  may be configured as a part of the communication unit  110 . The blocks  110 / 130 / 140   a  to  140   d  correspond to the blocks  110 / 130 / 140  of  FIG.  24   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from external devices such as other vehicles, BSs (e.g., gNBs and road side units), and servers. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling elements of the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100 . The control unit  120  may include an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The driving unit  140   a  may cause the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100  to drive on a road. The driving unit  140   a  may include an engine, a motor, a powertrain, a wheel, a brake, a steering device, etc. The power supply unit  140   b  may supply power to the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100  and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. The sensor unit  140   c  may acquire a vehicle state, ambient environment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit  140   c  may include an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, a slope sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/backward sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illumination sensor, a pedal position sensor, etc. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may implement technology for maintaining a lane on which a vehicle is driving, technology for automatically adjusting speed, such as adaptive cruise control, technology for autonomously driving along a determined path, technology for driving by automatically setting a path if a destination is set, and the like. 
     For example, the communication unit  110  may receive map data, traffic information data, etc. from an external server. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may generate an autonomous driving path and a driving plan from the obtained data. The control unit  120  may control the driving unit  140   a  such that the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100  may move along the autonomous driving path according to the driving plan (e.g., speed/direction control). In the middle of autonomous driving, the communication unit  110  may aperiodically/periodically acquire recent traffic information data from the external server and acquire surrounding traffic information data from neighboring vehicles. In the middle of autonomous driving, the sensor unit  140   c  may obtain a vehicle state and/or surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may update the autonomous driving path and the driving plan based on the newly obtained data/information. The communication unit  110  may transfer information about a vehicle position, the autonomous driving path, and/or the driving plan to the external server. The external server may predict traffic information data using AI technology, etc., based on the information collected from vehicles or autonomous vehicles and provide the predicted traffic information data to the vehicles or the autonomous vehicles. 
     Claims in the present description can be combined in a various way. For instance, technical features in method claims of the present description can be combined to be implemented or performed in an apparatus, and technical features in apparatus claims can be combined to be implemented or performed in a method. Further, technical features in method claim(s) and apparatus claim(s) can be combined to be implemented or performed in an apparatus. Further, technical features in method claim(s) and apparatus claim(s) can be combined to be implemented or performed in a method.