Patent Publication Number: US-2023162796-A1

Title: Program scheme for edge data wordlines in a memory device

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/281,328, filed Nov. 19, 2021, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Embodiments of the disclosure relate generally to memory sub-systems, and more specifically, relate to an improved program scheme for edge data wordlines in a memory device of a memory sub-system. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A memory sub-system can include one or more memory devices that store data. The memory devices can be, for example, non-volatile memory devices and volatile memory devices. In general, a host system can utilize a memory sub-system to store data at the memory devices and to retrieve data from the memory devices. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  1 A  illustrates an example computing system that includes a memory sub-system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  1 B  is a block diagram of a memory device in communication with a memory sub-system controller of a memory sub-system, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic of portions of an array of memory cells as could be used in a memory of the type described with reference to  FIG.  1 B  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram illustrating a wordline configuration of a block in a memory device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is a diagram illustrating the channel potential for a string of memory cells in a memory device implementing an improved program scheme for edge data wordlines, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    is a flow diagram of an example method of a program scheme for edge data wordlines in a memory device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  6 A- 6 D  are charts illustrating voltage steps and timing for an improved program scheme for edge data wordlines in a memory device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    is a block diagram of an example computer system in which embodiments of the present disclosure can operate. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an improved program scheme for edge data wordlines in a memory device of a memory sub-system. A memory sub-system can be a storage device, a memory module, or a hybrid of a storage device and memory module. Examples of storage devices and memory modules are described below in conjunction with  FIG.  1   . In general, a host system can utilize a memory sub-system that includes one or more components, such as memory devices that store data. The host system can provide data to be stored at the memory sub-system and can request data to be retrieved from the memory sub-system. 
     A memory sub-system can include high density non-volatile memory devices where retention of data is desired when no power is supplied to the memory device. For example, NAND memory, such as 3D flash NAND memory, offers storage in the form of compact, high density configurations. A non-volatile memory device is a package of one or more dice, each including one or more planes. For some types of non-volatile memory devices (e.g., NAND memory), each plane includes a set of physical blocks. Each block includes of a set of pages. Each page includes of a set of memory cells (“cells”). A cell is an electronic circuit that stores information. Depending on the cell type, a cell can store one or more bits of binary information, and has various logic states that correlate to the number of bits being stored. The logic states can be represented by binary values, such as “0” and “1”, or combinations of such values. 
     A memory device can be made up of bits arranged in a two-dimensional or a three-dimensional grid. Memory cells are formed onto a silicon wafer in an array of columns (also hereinafter referred to as bitlines) and rows (also hereinafter referred to as wordlines). A wordline can refer to one or more rows of memory cells of a memory device that are used with one or more bitlines to generate the address of each of the memory cells. The intersection of a bitline and wordline constitutes the address of the memory cell. A block hereinafter refers to a unit of the memory device used to store data and can include a group of memory cells, a wordline group, a wordline, or individual memory cells. 
     Memory pages (also referred to herein as “pages”) store one or more bits of binary data corresponding to data received from the host system. The memory cells of a block can be arranged along a number of separate wordlines. Each block can include a number of sub-blocks, where each sub-block is defined by an associated pillar (e.g., a vertical conductive trace) extending from a shared bitline. Since the sub-blocks can be accessed separately (e.g., to perform program or read operations), the block can include a structure to selectively enable the pillar associated with a certain sub-block, while disabling the pillars associated with other sub-blocks. This structure can include one or more select gate devices positioned at either or both ends of each pillar. Depending on a control signal applied, these select gate devices can either enable or disable the conduction of signals through the pillars. 
     During a programming operation, a selected memory cell(s) can be programmed with the application of a programming voltage to a corresponding selected wordline. Due to the wordline being common to multiple memory cells, unselected memory cells can be subject to the same programming voltage as the selected memory cell(s). In addition, unselected memory cells associated with other wordlines in the memory device can be affected. If not otherwise preconditioned, the unselected memory cells can experience effects from the programming voltage on the common wordline. These programming voltage effects can include the condition of charge being stored in the unselected memory cells which are expected to maintain stored data. This programming voltage effect is termed a “programming disturbance” or “program disturb” effect. The program disturb effect can render the charge stored in the unselected memory cells unreadable altogether or, although still apparently readable, the contents of the memory cell can be read as a data value different than the intended data value stored before application of the programming voltage. 
     The presence of electrons, such as electrons inside the poly-silicon channel of a charge storage structure can contribute to the program disturb effect. For example, the data wordlines can suffer from hot-electron (“hot-e”) disturb where a large voltage differential between the gate and source causes the channel electrons to be injected from a drain depletion region into the floating gate. In addition, this voltage differential can initiate an electrostatic field of sufficient magnitude to change the charge on the selected wordline and cause the contents of the memory cell to be programmed inadvertently or read incorrectly. Furthermore, the electrostatic field can cause local electron-hole pair generation in the channel region, leading to even more electrons that can be injected into the selected wordline. 
     Certain memory devices are arranged in blocks having a number of vertically stacked wordlines associated with the memory cells. A given block, for example, can include a number of wordlines at the bottom of the stack and a number of wordlines at the top of the stack which are not used to store host or system data. These unused wordlines can be referred to as “dummy wordlines.” The actual data wordlines associated with memory cells used to store host and/or system data can be arranged, for example, in a number of decks between the top and bottom dummy wordlines. Each deck of data wordlines can further be separated by one or more dummy wordlines. Such a memory device can typically program each block starting with the wordlines at the bottom of the stack and finishing at the top of the stack, for example. The data wordlines within each deck that are adjacent to the surrounding dummy wordlines can be referred to as “edge data wordlines.” In certain memory devices, the edge data wordlines often experience stronger program disturb effects than other data wordlines. In particular, the last data wordline to be programmed in a programming operation (e.g., the top edge data wordline of a top deck in the block) can experience a shift in measured threshold voltage while other data wordlines lower down in the stack are programmed. Like all other unselected wordlines, the last data wordlines to be programmed receives a pass voltage when another wordline in the block is being programmed, but the proximity of the last data wordline to the select gate devices at the top of the stack and the associated voltage differential in the channel region causes hot-e injection leading to possible corruption of data stored or to be stored on the last data wordline. Attempts to smooth the voltage differential by fine tuning voltages applied to the dummy wordlines between the last data wordline and the select gate devices have practical limits (e.g., due to oxide-nitride layer pitch scaling) that cannot always counteract the program disturb effects. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure address the above and other deficiencies by providing an improved program scheme for edge data wordlines in a memory device of a memory sub-system. In one embodiment, control logic in the memory device can perform a programming operation to be performed on memory cells in a block of the memory device associated with corresponding wordlines. In one embodiment, the wordlines are arranged in a vertical stack, and the programming operation is performed sequentially from a first data wordline at a bottom of the vertical stack to a last data wordline at a top of the vertical stack. This last data wordline can be adjacent to one or more dummy wordlines at the top of the vertical stack, for example. To perform the programming operation, the control logic can cause a program voltage to be applied to a selected data wordline of the block for a certain pulse duration period. Concurrently, the control logic can cause one or more pass voltages to be applied to unselected data wordlines of the block. For example, the control logic can cause a first pass voltage to be applied to most of the unselected data wordlines of the block for the pulse duration period, and can cause a second pass voltage to be applied to the last unselected data wordline for at least a first portion of the pulse duration period. In one embodiment, the second pass voltage has a lower magnitude than the first pass voltage. 
     Advantages of this approach include, but are not limited to, improved program performance in the memory device. The second pass voltage applied to the last data wordline for at least a portion of the pulse duration period having a lower magnitude than the first pass voltage applied to other unselected wordlines causes a voltage potential in the channel region at the last data wordline to be lower, thereby reducing a voltage differential in the channel region between the last data wordline, the adjacent dummy wordlines, and a select gate device at the top of the vertical stack. The reduced voltage differential reduces or eliminates the hot-e injection which reduces or eliminates the program disturb effects at the last data wordline. This can result in more accurate programming at the edge data wordlines with fewer errors being produced. 
       FIG.  1 A  illustrates an example computing system  100  that includes a memory sub-system  110  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The memory sub-system  110  can include media, such as one or more volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device  140 ), one or more non-volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device  130 ), or a combination of such. 
     A memory sub-system  110  can be a storage device, a memory module, or a hybrid of a storage device and memory module. Examples of a storage device include a solid-state drive (SSD), a flash drive, a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive, an embedded Multi-Media Controller (eMMC) drive, a Universal Flash Storage (UFS) drive, a secure digital (SD) card, and a hard disk drive (HDD). Examples of memory modules include a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a small outline DIMM (SO-DIMM), and various types of non-volatile dual in-line memory modules (NVDIMMs). 
     The computing system  100  can be a computing device such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, network server, mobile device, a vehicle (e.g., airplane, drone, train, automobile, or other conveyance), Internet of Things (IoT) enabled device, embedded computer (e.g., one included in a vehicle, industrial equipment, or a networked commercial device), or such computing device that includes memory and a processing device. 
     The computing system  100  can include a host system  120  that is coupled to one or more memory sub-systems  110 . In some embodiments, the host system  120  is coupled to different types of memory sub-system  110 .  FIG.  1 A  illustrates one example of a host system  120  coupled to one memory sub-system  110 . As used herein, “coupled to” or “coupled with” generally refers to a connection between components, which can be an indirect communicative connection or direct communicative connection (e.g., without intervening components), whether wired or wireless, including connections such as electrical, optical, magnetic, etc. 
     The host system  120  can include a processor chipset and a software stack executed by the processor chipset. The processor chipset can include one or more cores, one or more caches, a memory controller (e.g., NVDIMM controller), and a storage protocol controller (e.g., PCIe controller, SATA controller). The host system  120  uses the memory sub-system  110 , for example, to write data to the memory sub-system  110  and read data from the memory sub-system  110 . 
     The host system  120  can be coupled to the memory sub-system  110  via a physical host interface. Examples of a physical host interface include, but are not limited to, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface, a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) interface, universal serial bus (USB) interface, Fibre Channel, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), a double data rate (DDR) memory bus, Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), a dual in-line memory module (DIMM) interface (e.g., DIMM socket interface that supports Double Data Rate (DDR)), etc. The physical host interface can be used to transmit data between the host system  120  and the memory sub-system  110 . The host system  120  can further utilize an NVM Express (NVMe) interface to access the memory components (e.g., memory devices  130 ) when the memory sub-system  110  is coupled with the host system  120  by the PCIe interface. The physical host interface can provide an interface for passing control, address, data, and other signals between the memory sub-system  110  and the host system  120 .  FIG.  1 A  illustrates a memory sub-system  110  as an example. In general, the host system  120  can access multiple memory sub-systems via a same communication connection, multiple separate communication connections, and/or a combination of communication connections. 
     The memory devices  130 ,  140  can include any combination of the different types of non-volatile memory devices and/or volatile memory devices. The volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device  140 ) can be, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM). 
     Some examples of non-volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device  130 ) include negative-and (NAND) type flash memory and write-in-place memory, such as three-dimensional cross-point (“3D cross-point”) memory. A cross-point array of non-volatile memory can perform bit storage based on a change of bulk resistance, in conjunction with a stackable cross-gridded data access array. Additionally, in contrast to many flash-based memories, cross-point non-volatile memory can perform a write in-place operation, where a non-volatile memory cell can be programmed without the non-volatile memory cell being previously erased. NAND type flash memory includes, for example, two-dimensional NAND (2D NAND) and three-dimensional NAND (3D NAND). 
     Each of the memory devices  130  can include one or more arrays of memory cells. One type of memory cell, for example, single level cells (SLC) can store one bit per cell. Other types of memory cells, such as multi-level cells (MLCs), triple level cells (TLCs), and quad-level cells (QLCs), can store multiple bits per cell. In some embodiments, each of the memory devices  130  can include one or more arrays of memory cells such as SLCs, MLCs, TLCs, QLCs, or any combination of such. In some embodiments, a particular memory device can include an SLC portion, and an MLC portion, a TLC portion, or a QLC portion of memory cells. The memory cells of the memory devices  130  can be grouped as pages that can refer to a logical unit of the memory device used to store data. With some types of memory (e.g., NAND), pages can be grouped to form blocks. 
     Although non-volatile memory components such as a 3D cross-point array of non-volatile memory cells and NAND type flash memory (e.g., 2D NAND, 3D NAND) are described, the memory device  130  can be based on any other type of non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), phase change memory (PCM), self-selecting memory, other chalcogenide based memories, ferroelectric transistor random-access memory (FeTRAM), ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM), magneto random access memory (MRAM), Spin Transfer Torque (STT)-MRAM, conductive bridging RAM (CBRAM), resistive random access memory (RRAM), oxide based RRAM (OxRAM), negative-or (NOR) flash memory, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). 
     A memory sub-system controller  115  (or controller  115  for simplicity) can communicate with the memory devices  130  to perform operations such as reading data, writing data, or erasing data at the memory devices  130  and other such operations. The memory sub-system controller  115  can include hardware such as one or more integrated circuits and/or discrete components, a buffer memory, or a combination thereof. The hardware can include a digital circuitry with dedicated (i.e., hard-coded) logic to perform the operations described herein. The memory sub-system controller  115  can be a microcontroller, special purpose logic circuitry (e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.), or other suitable processor. 
     The memory sub-system controller  115  can include a processor  117  (e.g., a processing device) configured to execute instructions stored in a local memory  119 . In the illustrated example, the local memory  119  of the memory sub-system controller  115  includes an embedded memory configured to store instructions for performing various processes, operations, logic flows, and routines that control operation of the memory sub-system  110 , including handling communications between the memory sub-system  110  and the host system  120 . 
     In some embodiments, the local memory  119  can include memory registers storing memory pointers, fetched data, etc. The local memory  119  can also include read-only memory (ROM) for storing micro-code. While the example memory sub-system  110  in  FIG.  1 A  has been illustrated as including the memory sub-system controller  115 , in another embodiment of the present disclosure, a memory sub-system  110  does not include a memory sub-system controller  115 , and can instead rely upon external control (e.g., provided by an external host, or by a processor or controller separate from the memory sub-system). 
     In general, the memory sub-system controller  115  can receive commands or operations from the host system  120  and can convert the commands or operations into instructions or appropriate commands to achieve the desired access to the memory devices  130 . The memory sub-system controller  115  can be responsible for other operations such as wear leveling operations, garbage collection operations, error detection and error-correcting code (ECC) operations, encryption operations, caching operations, and address translations between a logical address (e.g., logical block address (LBA), namespace) and a physical address (e.g., physical block address) that are associated with the memory devices  130 . The memory sub-system controller  115  can further include host interface circuitry to communicate with the host system  120  via the physical host interface. The host interface circuitry can convert the commands received from the host system into command instructions to access the memory devices  130  as well as convert responses associated with the memory devices  130  into information for the host system  120 . 
     The memory sub-system  110  can also include additional circuitry or components that are not illustrated. In some embodiments, the memory sub-system  110  can include a cache or buffer (e.g., DRAM) and address circuitry (e.g., a row decoder and a column decoder) that can receive an address from the memory sub-system controller  115  and decode the address to access the memory devices  130 . 
     In some embodiments, the memory devices  130  include local media controllers  135  that operate in conjunction with memory sub-system controller  115  to execute operations on one or more memory cells of the memory devices  130 . An external controller (e.g., memory sub-system controller  115 ) can externally manage the memory device  130  (e.g., perform media management operations on the memory device  130 ). In some embodiments, a memory device  130  is a managed memory device, which is a raw memory device  130  having control logic (e.g., local controller  135 ) on the die and a controller (e.g., memory sub-system controller  115 ) for media management within the same memory device package. An example of a managed memory device is a managed NAND (MNAND) device. Memory device  130 , for example, can represent a single die having some control logic (e.g., local media controller  135 ) embodied thereon. In some embodiments, one or more components of memory sub-system  110  can be omitted. 
     In one embodiment, memory sub-system  110  includes a memory interface component  113 . Memory interface component  113  is responsible for handling interactions of memory sub-system controller  115  with the memory devices of memory sub-system  110 , such as memory device  130 . For example, memory interface component  113  can send memory access commands corresponding to requests received from host system  120  to memory device  130 , such as program commands, read commands, or other commands. In addition, memory interface component  113  can receive data from memory device  130 , such as data retrieved in response to a read command or a confirmation that a program command was successfully performed. In some embodiments, the memory sub-system controller  115  includes at least a portion of the memory interface  113 . For example, the memory sub-system controller  115  can include a processor  117  (e.g., a processing device) configured to execute instructions stored in local memory  119  for performing the operations described herein. In some embodiments, the memory interface component  113  is part of the host system  110 , an application, or an operating system. 
     In one embodiment, memory device  130  includes local media controller  135  and a memory array  104 . As described herein, the memory array  104  can include a number of blocks, where each block includes a number of sub-blocks. Each sub-block can include a number of vertical memory strings including memory cells coupled to corresponding wordlines. In one embodiment, the wordlines in the block can be arranged in a vertical stack, where programming operations are typically performed sequentially from a first data wordline at a bottom of the vertical stack to a last data wordline at the top of the vertical stack. Local media controller  135  can be responsible for overseeing, controlling, and/or managing data access operations, such as programming operations, performed on the memory array  104  of memory device  130 . In one embodiment, local media controller  135  can cause a program voltage to be applied to a selected data wordline of a block in memory array  104  for a certain pulse duration period. Concurrently, local media controller  135  can cause one or more pass voltages to be applied to unselected data wordlines of the block. For example, local media controller  135  can cause a first pass voltage to be applied to most of the unselected data wordlines of the block for the pulse duration period, and can cause a second pass voltage to be applied to the last unselected data wordline for at least a first portion of the pulse duration period. In one embodiment, the second pass voltage has a lower magnitude than the first pass voltage. Depending on which selected wordline in the block is being programmed, local media controller  135  can vary a length of the first portion of the pulse duration period. In some instances, the first portion of the pulse duration period includes the entire pulse duration period (i.e., only the second lower pass voltage is applied to the last data wordline). In other instances, the first portion of the pulse duration period is shorter than the entire pulse duration period, and local media controller  135  can cause the first higher pass voltage to be subsequently applied to the last data wordline for a second portion of the pulse duration period. Further details with regard to the operations of local media controller  135  are described below. 
       FIG.  1 B  is a simplified block diagram of a first apparatus, in the form of a memory device  130 , in communication with a second apparatus, in the form of a memory sub-system controller  115  of a memory sub-system (e.g., memory sub-system  110  of  FIG.  1 A ), according to an embodiment. Some examples of electronic systems include personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, digital media players, digital recorders, games, appliances, vehicles, wireless devices, mobile telephones and the like. The memory sub-system controller  115  (e.g., a controller external to the memory device  130 ), may be a memory controller or other external host device. 
     Memory device  130  includes an array of memory cells  104  logically arranged in rows and columns. Memory cells of a logical row are typically connected to the same access line (e.g., a wordline) while memory cells of a logical column are typically selectively connected to the same data line (e.g., a bit line). A single access line may be associated with more than one logical row of memory cells and a single data line may be associated with more than one logical column. Memory cells (not shown in  FIG.  1 B ) of at least a portion of array of memory cells  104  are capable of being programmed to one of at least two target data states. 
     Row decode circuitry  108  and column decode circuitry  109  are provided to decode address signals. Address signals are received and decoded to access the array of memory cells  104 . Memory device  130  also includes input/output (I/O) control circuitry  160  to manage input of commands, addresses and data to the memory device  130  as well as output of data and status information from the memory device  130 . An address register  114  is in communication with I/O control circuitry  160  and row decode circuitry  108  and column decode circuitry  109  to latch the address signals prior to decoding. A command register  124  is in communication with I/O control circuitry  160  and local media controller  135  to latch incoming commands. 
     A controller (e.g., the local media controller  135  internal to the memory device  130 ) controls access to the array of memory cells  104  in response to the commands and generates status information for the external memory sub-system controller  115 , i.e., the local media controller  135  is configured to perform access operations (e.g., read operations, programming operations and/or erase operations) on the array of memory cells  104 . The local media controller  135  is in communication with row decode circuitry  108  and column decode circuitry  109  to control the row decode circuitry  108  and column decode circuitry  109  in response to the addresses. In one embodiment, the local media controller  135  implements the improved program scheme for edge data wordlines the array of memory cells  104 . 
     The local media controller  135  is also in communication with a cache register  172 . Cache register  172  latches data, either incoming or outgoing, as directed by the local media controller  135  to temporarily store data while the array of memory cells  104  is busy writing or reading, respectively, other data. During a program operation (e.g., write operation), data may be passed from the cache register  172  to the data register  170  for transfer to the array of memory cells  104 ; then new data may be latched in the cache register  172  from the I/O control circuitry  160 . During a read operation, data may be passed from the cache register  172  to the I/O control circuitry  160  for output to the memory sub-system controller  115 ; then new data may be passed from the data register  170  to the cache register  172 . The cache register  172  and/or the data register  170  may form (e.g., may form a portion of) a page buffer of the memory device  130 . A page buffer may further include sensing devices (not shown in  FIG.  1 B ) to sense a data state of a memory cell of the array of memory cells  104 , e.g., by sensing a state of a data line connected to that memory cell. A status register  122  may be in communication with I/O control circuitry  160  and the local memory controller  135  to latch the status information for output to the memory sub-system controller  115 . 
     Memory device  130  receives control signals at the memory sub-system controller  115  from the local media controller  135  over a control link  132 . For example, the control signals can include a chip enable signal CE #, a command latch enable signal CLE, an address latch enable signal ALE, a write enable signal WE #, a read enable signal RE #, and a write protect signal WP #. Additional or alternative control signals (not shown) may be further received over control link  132  depending upon the nature of the memory device  130 . In one embodiment, memory device  130  receives command signals (which represent commands), address signals (which represent addresses), and data signals (which represent data) from the memory sub-system controller  115  over a multiplexed input/output (I/O) bus  134  and outputs data to the memory sub-system controller  115  over I/O bus  134 . 
     For example, the commands may be received over input/output (I/O) pins [7:0] of I/O bus  134  at I/O control circuitry  160  and may then be written into command register  124 . The addresses may be received over input/output (I/O) pins [7:0] of I/O bus  134  at I/O control circuitry  160  and may then be written into address register  114 . The data may be received over input/output (I/O) pins [7:0] for an 8-bit device or input/output (I/O) pins [15:0] for a 16-bit device at I/O control circuitry  160  and then may be written into cache register  172 . The data may be subsequently written into data register  170  for programming the array of memory cells  104 . 
     In an embodiment, cache register  172  may be omitted, and the data may be written directly into data register  170 . Data may also be output over input/output (I/O) pins [7:0] for an 8-bit device or input/output (I/O) pins [15:0] for a 16-bit device. Although reference may be made to I/O pins, they may include any conductive node providing for electrical connection to the memory device  130  by an external device (e.g., the memory sub-system controller  115 ), such as conductive pads or conductive bumps as are commonly used. 
     It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additional circuitry and signals can be provided, and that the memory device  130  of  FIG.  1 B  has been simplified. It should be recognized that the functionality of the various block components described with reference to  FIG.  1 B  may not necessarily be segregated to distinct components or component portions of an integrated circuit device. For example, a single component or component portion of an integrated circuit device could be adapted to perform the functionality of more than one block component of  FIG.  1 B . Alternatively, one or more components or component portions of an integrated circuit device could be combined to perform the functionality of a single block component of  FIG.  1 B . Additionally, while specific I/O pins are described in accordance with popular conventions for receipt and output of the various signals, it is noted that other combinations or numbers of I/O pins (or other I/O node structures) may be used in the various embodiments. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic of portions of an array of memory cells  104 , such as a NAND memory array, as could be used in a memory of the type described with reference to  FIG.  1 B  according to an embodiment. Memory array  104  includes access lines, such as wordlines  202   0  to  202   N , and data lines, such as bit lines  204   0  to  204   M . The wordlines  202  can be connected to global access lines (e.g., global wordlines), not shown in  FIG.  2   , in a many-to-one relationship. For some embodiments, memory array  104  can be formed over a semiconductor that, for example, can be conductively doped to have a conductivity type, such as a p-type conductivity, e.g., to form a p-well, or an n-type conductivity, e.g., to form an n-well. 
     Memory array  104  can be arranged in rows (each corresponding to a wordline  202 ) and columns (each corresponding to a bit line  204 ). Each column can include a string of series-connected memory cells (e.g., non-volatile memory cells), such as one of NAND strings  206   0  to  206   M . Each NAND string  206  can be connected (e.g., selectively connected) to a common source (SRC)  216  and can include memory cells  208   0  to  208   N . The memory cells  208  can represent non-volatile memory cells for storage of data. The memory cells  208  of each NAND string  206  can be connected in series between a select gate  210  (e.g., a field-effect transistor), such as one of the select gates  210   0  to  210   M  (e.g., that can be source select transistors, commonly referred to as select gate source), and a select gate  212  (e.g., a field-effect transistor), such as one of the select gates  212   0  to  212   M  (e.g., that can be drain select transistors, commonly referred to as select gate drain). Select gates  210   0  to  210   M  can be commonly connected to a select line  214 , such as a source select line (SGS), and select gates  212   0  to  212   M  can be commonly connected to a select line  215 , such as a drain select line (SGD). Although depicted as traditional field-effect transistors, the select gates  210  and  212  can utilize a structure similar to (e.g., the same as) the memory cells  208 . The select gates  210  and  212  can represent a number of select gates connected in series, with each select gate in series configured to receive a same or independent control signal. 
     A source of each select gate  210  can be connected to common source  216 . The drain of each select gate  210  can be connected to a memory cell  208   0  of the corresponding NAND string  206 . For example, the drain of select gate  210   0  can be connected to memory cell  208   0  of the corresponding NAND string  206   0 . Therefore, each select gate  210  can be configured to selectively connect a corresponding NAND string  206  to the common source  216 . A control gate of each select gate  210  can be connected to the select line  214 . 
     The drain of each select gate  212  can be connected to the bit line  204  for the corresponding NAND string  206 . For example, the drain of select gate  212   0  can be connected to the bit line  204   0  for the corresponding NAND string  206   0 . The source of each select gate  212  can be connected to a memory cell  208   N  of the corresponding NAND string  206 . For example, the source of select gate  212   0  can be connected to memory cell  208   N  of the corresponding NAND string  206   0 . Therefore, each select gate  212  can be configured to selectively connect a corresponding NAND string  206  to the corresponding bit line  204 . A control gate of each select gate  212  can be connected to select line  215 . 
     The memory array  104  in  FIG.  2    can be a quasi-two-dimensional memory array and can have a generally planar structure, e.g., where the common source  216 , NAND strings  206  and bit lines  204  extend in substantially parallel planes. Alternatively, the memory array  104  in  FIG.  2    can be a three-dimensional memory array, e.g., where NAND strings  206  can extend substantially perpendicular to a plane containing the common source  216  and to a plane containing the bit lines  204  that can be substantially parallel to the plane containing the common source  216 . 
     Typical construction of memory cells  208  includes a data-storage structure  234  (e.g., a floating gate, charge trap, and the like) that can determine a data state of the memory cell (e.g., through changes in threshold voltage), and a control gate  236 , as shown in  FIG.  2   . The data-storage structure  234  can include both conductive and dielectric structures while the control gate  236  is generally formed of one or more conductive materials. In some cases, memory cells  208  can further have a defined source/drain (e.g., source)  230  and a defined source/drain (e.g., drain)  232 . The memory cells  208  have their control gates  236  connected to (and in some cases form) a wordline  202 . 
     A column of the memory cells  208  can be a NAND string  206  or a number of NAND strings  206  selectively connected to a given bit line  204 . A row of the memory cells  208  can be memory cells  208  commonly connected to a given wordline  202 . A row of memory cells  208  can, but need not, include all the memory cells  208  commonly connected to a given wordline  202 . Rows of the memory cells  208  can often be divided into one or more groups of physical pages of memory cells  208 , and physical pages of the memory cells  208  often include every other memory cell  208  commonly connected to a given wordline  202 . For example, the memory cells  208  commonly connected to wordline  202   N  and selectively connected to even bit lines  204  (e.g., bit lines  204   0 ,  204   2 ,  204   4 , etc.) can be one physical page of the memory cells  208  (e.g., even memory cells) while memory cells  208  commonly connected to wordline  202   N  and selectively connected to odd bit lines  204  (e.g., bit lines  204   1 ,  204   3 ,  204   5 , etc.) can be another physical page of the memory cells  208  (e.g., odd memory cells). 
     Although bit lines  204   3 - 204   5  are not explicitly depicted in  FIG.  2   , it is apparent from the figure that the bit lines  204  of the array of memory cells  104  can be numbered consecutively from bit line  204   0  to bit line  204   M . Other groupings of the memory cells  208  commonly connected to a given wordline  202  can also define a physical page of memory cells  208 . For certain memory devices, all memory cells commonly connected to a given wordline can be deemed a physical page of memory cells. The portion of a physical page of memory cells (which, in some embodiments, could still be the entire row) that is read during a single read operation or programmed during a single programming operation (e.g., an upper or lower page of memory cells) can be deemed a logical page of memory cells. A block of memory cells can include those memory cells that are configured to be erased together, such as all memory cells connected to wordlines  202   0 - 202   N  (e.g., all NAND strings  206  sharing common wordlines  202 ). Unless expressly distinguished, a reference to a page of memory cells herein refers to the memory cells of a logical page of memory cells. Although the example of  FIG.  2    is discussed in conjunction with NAND flash, the embodiments and concepts described herein are not limited to a particular array architecture or structure, and can include other structures (e.g., SONOS, phase change, ferroelectric, etc.) and other architectures (e.g., AND arrays, NOR arrays, etc.). 
       FIG.  3    is a block diagram illustrating a wordline configuration of a block  300  in a memory device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, block  300  represents a portion of memory array  104 , as shown in  FIG.  1 A ,  FIG.  1 B , and  FIG.  2   . As illustrated in  FIG.  3   , block  300  can include a number of wordlines WL 0 -WL 185 , arranged in a vertical stack. These wordlines can represent some portion of wordlines  202   0  to  202   N , for example. In one embodiment, block  300  further includes a select line coupled to a source select gate device (SGS) at the bottom of the vertical stack and a select line coupled to a drain select gate device (SGD) at the top of the vertical stack. Each of the wordlines WL 0 -WL 185  can be coupled to one or more memory cells which form vertical memory strings in block  300  surrounding pillars of channel material, and can receive control signals to perform memory access operations on the associated memory cells. Depending on the embodiment, block  300  can include some other number of wordlines and/or select lines. 
     In one embodiment, wordlines WL 0 -WL 2 , WL 92 -WL 93 , and WL 183 -WL 185  are referred to as dummy wordlines and are generally not used for storing data. Wordlines WL 3 -WL 91  and WL 94 -WL 182  can be referred to as data wordlines which are used for storing data (e.g., host data or system data). In one embodiment, the data wordlines are arranged into two contiguous decks, separated by dummy wordlines WL 92 -WL 93 . The data wordlines in each deck can generally be coupled to memory cells configured as a higher-level memory, such as QLC memory for example. In order to improve performance and reliability, however, the edge wordlines in each deck, such as data wordlines WL 3 , WL 91 , WL 94 , and WL  182  (i.e., the data wordlines in each deck immediately adjacent to the surrounding dummy wordlines) can be configured as a lower-level memory, such as MLC memory for example. 
     In one embodiment, control logic, such as local media controller  135  of memory device  130 , can perform a memory access operation, such as a programming operation, on block  300  sequentially starting from a first data wordline WL 3  at the bottom of the vertical stack to a last data wordline WL 182  at the top of the vertical stack. Thus, the last data wordline WL 182  will be disposed on the top of the top deck of data wordlines, immediately below the dummy wordlines WL 183 - 185  at the top of the vertical stack, and will be the last data wordline to be programmed in a sequential programming operation. If, for example, block  300  had some other arrangement of wordlines, and/or if the programming operation were to progress from the top down, the last data wordline could be some other wordline in the block  300 . 
     As will be discussed in more detail below, when a programming operation is being performed, the control logic can cause a program voltage to be applied to a selected data wordline (e.g., WL 3 ) for a certain amount of time, referred to herein as a pulse duration period. The control logic can concurrently cause a first pass voltage to be applied to one or more unselected data wordlines (e.g., WL 4 -WL 90  and WL 94 -WL 181 ) for the pulse duration period, and cause a second pass voltage to be applied to the last unselected data wordline (i.e., WL 182 ) for at least a first portion of the pulse duration period. In one embodiment, the second pass voltage has a lower magnitude than the first pass voltage. 
       FIG.  4    is a diagram illustrating the channel potential for a string of memory cells  400  in a memory device implementing an improved program scheme for edge data wordlines, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the string  400  can be part of a block of a memory device, such as block  300  of memory device  130 . In one embodiment, the string  400  includes a drain select gate (SGD) device and a number of memory cells, each connected to a separate word line (WL). In one embodiment, one or more of the memory cells are connected to a dummy wordline (DWL) and are generally not used for storing data. A least one of the memory cells in string  200  can be connected to a selected wordline (i.e., the wordline being programmed (WLn)) and each remaining memory cell can be connected to wordlines referred to as data wordlines (WLn- 1 , WL 180 -WL 182 ) or dummy wordlines (WL 183 -WL 185 ). Depending on the embodiment, there can be any number of data wordlines and/or dummy wordlines. In one embodiment, string  400  represents one sub-block of a block  300  of memory cells of memory device  130 . As described above, the block can include additional sub-blocks having additional strings of memory cells which are coupled to the same wordlines as the corresponding memory cells and/or other devices of string  400 . 
     In one embodiment, each of the devices in string  400  has an associated threshold voltage (Vt) which represents a voltage at which each device switches from an “off” state to an “on” state, or vice versa. For example, SGD can have a threshold voltage of 2V, and the memory cells connected the wordlines WLn- 1  . . . WL 185  can have a threshold voltage of 0V. In other embodiments, other threshold voltages are possible. In one embodiment, the channel potential  405  of the string  400  represents a difference between a voltage applied at the control gate of each device (i.e., a gate voltage (Vg)) and the associated threshold voltage. 
     As described above, in one embodiment, control logic, such as local media controller  135  can cause different voltage signals to be applied to the gate terminals of different devices during a memory access operation, such as a programming operations. These voltage signals can be referred to as the respective gate voltages (Vg). As illustrated in  FIG.  4   , in one embodiment, the control logic can cause a program voltage (e.g., 20V) to be applied to a selected data wordline (e.g., WLn) for a certain pulse duration period. Concurrently, the control logic can cause a first pass voltage (e.g., 10V) to be applied to one or more unselected data wordlines (e.g., WLn- 1  and WL  180 -WL 181 ) for the pulse duration period, and cause a second pass voltage (e.g., 7V) to be applied to the last unselected data wordline (i.e., WL 182 ) for at least a first portion of the pulse duration period. In addition, the control logic can cause other lower voltages (e.g., 6V, 4V, 2V) to be applied to the dummy wordlines (e.g., WL 183 -WL 185 ) and a ground voltage (i.e. 0V) to be applied to the select line of the drain select gate device SGD. 
     As a result, the channel potential  405  at the drain select gate device is −2V (i.e., a gate voltage of 0V minus the threshold voltage of 2V) and the channel potential  405  at unselected wordlines WL 180 -WL 181  is 10V (i.e., a gate voltage of 10V minus the threshold voltage of 0V). The intervening wordlines, including the last data wordline WL 182  and dummy wordlines WL 183 -WL 185  can be used to transition the channel potential  405  through the 12V differential (i.e., 10V minus −2V). For example, by causing certain voltage to be applied to the last data wordline WL 182  and dummy wordlines WL 183 -WL 185 , the control logic can soften the transition by forming a number of potential gradient steps  410  between the unselected wordlines WL 180 -WL 181  and the select gate device (SGD). Applying the second pass voltage having a lower magnitude (e.g., 7V) on the last data wordline WL 182  reduces the channel potential at that point to 7V (i.e., a gate voltage of 7V minus the threshold voltage of 0V). Accordingly, the differential between that point is reduced from 12V to 9V (i.e., 7V minus −2V). Thus, the size of the potential gradient steps  410  associated with dummy wordlines WL 183 -WL 185  can be reduced as the channel potential  405  transitions to −2V at the select gate device (SGD). If the first pass voltage having the higher magnitude (e.g.,  10 C) were applied on the last data wordline WL 182 , the differential between that point and the select gate device (SGD) would remain at 12V and the potential gradient steps  410  would be larger and steeper leading to additional hot-e injection and program disturb at the last data wordline WL 182 . 
       FIG.  5    is a flow diagram of an example method of a program scheme for edge data wordlines in a memory device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method  500  can be performed by processing logic that can include hardware (e.g., processing device, circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, hardware of a device, integrated circuit, etc.), software (e.g., instructions run or executed on a processing device), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method  500  is performed by local media controller  135  of  FIG.  1 A  and  FIG.  1 B . Although shown in a particular sequence or order, unless otherwise specified, the order of the processes can be modified. Thus, the illustrated embodiments should be understood only as examples, and the illustrated processes can be performed in a different order, and some processes can be performed in parallel. Additionally, one or more processes can be omitted in various embodiments. Thus, not all processes are required in every embodiment. Other process flows are possible. 
     At operation  505 , a program voltage is applied. For example, control logic (e.g., local media controller  135 ) can cause a program voltage (e.g., 20V) to be applied to a selected data wordline (e.g., WLn) of a plurality of wordlines of a block of the memory array, such as block  300  of memory array  104 , for a pulse duration period during a programming operation. The program voltage can cause charge to be stored at one or more memory cells associated with the selected data wordline. The pulse duration period can be a set period of time defined by the local media controller  135  of memory device  130  to enable sufficient charge to be stored at the one or more memory cells representing a desired value to be programmed. 
     At operation  510 , a first pass voltage is applied. For example, the control logic can cause a first pass voltage (e.g., 10V) to be applied to one or more unselected data wordlines of the plurality of wordlines of the block for the pulse duration period. The one or more unselected data wordlines can include other wordlines in the block  300  that are not currently being programmed, except for a last data wordline in the block  300 . In one embodiment, the block, such as block  300  includes one or more strings of memory cells surrounding a pillar of channel material. The pass voltage boosts a memory pillar channel voltage (e.g., due to gate to channel capacitive coupling) a higher boost voltage to inhibit the memory cells associated with the unselected data wordlines from being programmed. 
     At operation  515 , a second pass voltage is applied. For example, the control logic can cause a second pass voltage (e.g., 7V) to be applied to the last unselected data wordline of the plurality of wordlines of the block for at least a first portion of the pulse duration period. Although, the second pass voltage has a lower magnitude than the first pass voltage, the second pass voltage can still boots the memory pillar channel voltage high enough to inhibit the associated memory cells from being programmed. The magnitude of the second pass voltage is low enough, however, to decrease the channel voltage differential between the last unselected data wordline and a source select gate device (SGD) and reduce the occurrence of hot-e injection and program disturb at the last unselected data wordline. In one embodiment, the last data wordline WL 182  will be disposed on the top of a top deck of data wordlines, immediately below one or more dummy wordlines WL 183 - 185  at the top of a vertical stack, and will be the last data wordline to be programmed in a sequential programming operation. 
     At operation  520 , a determination is made. For example, the control logic can determine whether a number of wordlines separating the selected data wordline and the last unselected data wordline satisfies a threshold criterion. In one embodiment, the threshold criterion is satisfied when the number of wordlines separating the selected data wordline and the last unselected data wordline is greater than a threshold number.  FIG.  6 C  is a chart illustrating one example. For example, if the last data wordline is WL 182 , if the selected wordline being programed is any wordline less than WLx, the threshold criterion is satisfied. Thus, in this example, the threshold number is WL 182 -WLx. Therefore, if the selected wordline being programmed is any wordline greater than WLx, the threshold criterion is not satisfied. 
     At operation  525 , responsive to the number of wordlines separating the selected data wordline and the last unselected data wordline satisfying the threshold criterion, the control logic can cause the first portion of the pulse duration period during which the second pass voltage is applied to the last unselected data wordline to be equal to the pulse duration period. As illustrated in  FIG.  6 A , the second pass voltage (Vpass_lo) can be applied to the last unselected data wordline from a time t 0  to a time t 1 , which in this case is equal to the pulse duration period (t_pulse). 
     At operation  530 , responsive to the number of wordlines separating the selected data wordline and the last unselected data wordline not satisfying the threshold criterion, the control logic can cause the first portion of the pulse duration period during which the second pass voltage is applied to the last unselected data wordline to be less than the pulse duration period. As illustrated in  FIG.  6 B , the second pass voltage (Vpass_lo) can be applied to the last unselected data wordline for the first portion (i.e., from a time t 0  to a time t 1 , which in this case is less than the pulse duration period (t_pulse)). 
     At operation  535 , the first pass voltage is applied. For example, the control logic can cause the first pass voltage (e.g., 10V) to be applied to the last unselected data wordline of the plurality of wordlines of the block for a second portion of the pulse duration period, wherein the second portion of the pulse duration period is subsequent to the first portion of the pulse duration period. As illustrated in  FIG.  6 B , the first pass voltage (Vpass_hi) can be applied to the last unselected data wordline for the second portion (i.e., from a time t 1  until the end of the pulse duration period t_pulse)). Since the channel potential boosting effects from the second pass voltage can degrade over the course of the pulse duration period, it can be beneficial to apply the higher first pass voltage for the second portion, thereby forming a two-stage inhibit signal with a step-up in magnitude. In one embodiment, a length of the first portion of the pulse duration period during which the second pass voltage is applied to the last unselected data wordline is variable based on the number of wordlines in the vertical stack separating the selected data wordline and the last unselected data wordline. For example, as shown in  FIG.  6 C , once the selected wordline being programed reaches WLx, the time t 1  starts decreasing linearly from being equal to the pulse duration period (t_pulse) until the selected wordline reaches WL 181  (i.e., the wordline immediately preceding the last data wordline). In another embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  6 D , the time t 1  defining the first portion of the pulse duration period can be equal to the pulse duration period (t_pulse) as long as the selected wordline is less than or equal to WLx. Once the selected wordline reaches WLx, however, the time t 1  decreases to some intermediate value (e.g., t 1 _int) less than the pulse duration period up until WL 181 . Other variations are possible depending on the embodiment. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates an example machine of a computer system  700  within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, can be executed. In some embodiments, the computer system  700  can correspond to a host system (e.g., the host system  120  of  FIG.  1   ) that includes, is coupled to, or utilizes a memory sub-system (e.g., the memory sub-system  110  of  FIG.  1   ) or can be used to perform the operations of a controller (e.g., to execute an operating system to perform operations corresponding to the local media controller  135  of  FIG.  1   ). In alternative embodiments, the machine can be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, and/or the Internet. The machine can operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in client-server network environment, as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment, or as a server or a client machine in a cloud computing infrastructure or environment. 
     The machine can be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a server, a network router, a switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The example computer system  700  includes a processing device  702 , a main memory  704  (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), etc.), a static memory  706  (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage system  718 , which communicate with each other via a bus  730 . 
     Processing device  702  represents one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device can be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or a processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Processing device  702  can also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. The processing device  702  is configured to execute instructions  726  for performing the operations and steps discussed herein. The computer system  700  can further include a network interface device  708  to communicate over the network  720 . 
     The data storage system  718  can include a machine-readable storage medium  724  (also known as a computer-readable medium) on which is stored one or more sets of instructions  726  or software embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions  726  can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  704  and/or within the processing device  702  during execution thereof by the computer system  700 , the main memory  704  and the processing device  702  also constituting machine-readable storage media. The machine-readable storage medium  724 , data storage system  718 , and/or main memory  704  can correspond to the memory sub-system  110  of  FIG.  1   . 
     In one embodiment, the instructions  726  include instructions to implement functionality corresponding to the local media controller  135  of  FIG.  1   ). While the machine-readable storage medium  724  is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media. 
     Some portions of the preceding detailed descriptions have been presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the ways used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. 
     It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. The present disclosure can refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage systems. 
     The present disclosure also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus can be specially constructed for the intended purposes, or it can include a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program can be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, each coupled to a computer system bus. 
     The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems can be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it can prove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the method. The structure for a variety of these systems will appear as set forth in the description below. In addition, the present disclosure is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages can be used to implement the teachings of the disclosure as described herein. 
     The present disclosure can be provided as a computer program product, or software, that can include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which can be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present disclosure. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). In some embodiments, a machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) medium includes a machine (e.g., a computer) readable storage medium such as a read only memory (“ROM”), random access memory (“RAM”), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory components, etc. 
     In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the disclosure have been described with reference to specific example embodiments thereof. It will be evident that various modifications can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of embodiments of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.