Patent Publication Number: US-2022232042-A1

Title: System and method for cybersecurity analysis and protection using distributed systems

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Priority is claimed in the application data sheet to the following patents or patent applications, the entire written description of each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: 
     Ser. No. 16/887,304 
     Ser. No. 16/837,551 
     Ser. No. 15/818,733 
     Ser. No. 15/725,274 
     Ser. No. 15/655,113 
     Ser. No. 15/616,427 
     Ser. No. 15/237,625 
     Ser. No. 15/206,195 
     Ser. No. 15/186,453 
     Ser. No. 15/166,158 
     Ser. No. 15/141,752 
     Ser. No. 15/091,563 
     Ser. No. 14/986,536 
     Ser. No. 14/925,974 
     Ser. No. 16/777,270 
     Ser. No. 16/720,383 
     Ser. No. 15/823,363 
     Ser. No. 10,609,079 
     Ser. No. 14/925,974 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Art 
     The disclosure relates to the field of cybersecurity, and more particularly to the field cybersecurity data gathering, scoring, and active protection against port scans. 
     Discussion of the State of the Art 
     Data and services available on the Internet have become an indispensable part of modern life. Individuals and groups have come to rely on Internet connectivity to manage their activities. Large organizations have become especially reliant on the Internet to conduct business, and their networks may comprise many thousands of networked devices. Attacks on business and governmental agency networks have become commonplace, resulting in numerous instances of data loss, data corruption, compromised assets, data theft, loss of funds or resources, and in some cases increased intelligence by rival groups. However, the complexity of organizational networks and their connections to the Internet make it difficult to comprehensively survey, analyze, and score an organization&#39;s vulnerability to attack. The scale of the problem for larger networks quickly becomes unmanageable. 
     What is needed is a system and method for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and scoring that uses distributed, cloud-based computing services to provide sufficient scalability for analysis of larger networks by making observations of publicly accessible features of the IT enterprise. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the inventor has conceived and reduced to practice a system and method for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and scoring that uses distributed, cloud-based computing services to provide sufficient scalability for analysis of enterprise IT networks using only publicly available characterizations. The system and method comprise an in-memory associative array which manages a queue of vulnerability search tasks through a public-facing proxy network. The public-facing proxy network has search nodes configurable to present the network to search tools in a desired manner to control certain aspects of the search to obtain the desired results. A distributed data processing engine and cloud-based storage are used to provide scalable computing power and storage. A data packet modifier is used to reveal the IP address of a threat actor behind a port scan and subsequently block the threat actor. Each of the cloud-based computing services is containerized and orchestrated for management and efficient scaling purposes. 
     According to a first preferred embodiment, a system for cybersecurity analysis and protection using distributed computing services is disclosed, comprising: a cloud computing platform comprising a hardware memory, a hardware processor, and a non-volatile storage device; an in-memory associative array stored in the hardware memory; a cloud-based storage bin stored on the non-volatile storage device; a proxy server operating on the cloud computing platform configured to act as a public-facing proxy network, the public-facing proxy network comprising one or more selectable attribute nodes; a user application comprising a first plurality of programming instructions stored in the memory which, when operating on the processor, causes the cloud computing platform to: receive a domain name for reconnaissance and scoring; create a first queue of Internet search tasks for the domain name using an in-memory associative array service, the search tasks comprising searches for, and receipt of search results for, one or more domain name system records; implement the first queue of Internet search tasks through the one or more selectable attribute nodes of the public-facing proxy network; identify Internet protocol addresses associated with the domain name from the one or more domain name system records; create a second queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks for the identified Internet protocol addresses, the scanning tasks comprising an open port scan for each Internet protocol address identified and a vulnerability scan for each open port; implement the second queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks and receive a list of open ports, associated vulnerabilities, and a baseline and service fingerprint profile for the domain name; create a third queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks for the identified Internet protocol addresses, the scanning tasks comprising a port scan detection task for each Internet protocol address identified; implement the third queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks wherein a data packet associated with a detected port scan is sent to a data packet modifier; and store the search results received from the first queue of Internet search tasks and the list of open ports, associated vulnerabilities, and baseline and service fingerprint profile from the second queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks; a distributed data processing engine comprising a second plurality of programming instructions stored in the memory which, when operating on the processor, causes the cloud computing platform to: receive a cybersecurity scoring model, the cybersecurity scoring model comprising category weights for the one or more domain name system records, the list of open ports, and associated vulnerabilities and further comprising an algorithm for combining the categories using the category weights; calculate a cybersecurity score by applying the algorithm to the weighted categories; and generate a cybersecurity portion of the baseline and service fingerprint profile for the domain name based on the cybersecurity score; and the data packet modifier comprising a third plurality of programming instructions stored in the memory which, when operating on the processor, causes the cloud computing platform to: receive the data packet associated with a detected port scan; generate and send a reply data packet with a modified header, the modified header comprising a flag and a bad sequence number to compel a sniffing machine to return a response data packet, the response data packet revealing the sniffing machine&#39;s Internet protocol address; and block the sniffing machine&#39;s Internet protocol address. 
     According to a second preferred embodiment, a method for cybersecurity analysis and protection using distributed computing services is disclosed, comprising the steps of: receiving a domain name for reconnaissance and scoring; creating a first queue of Internet search tasks for a domain name using an in-memory associative array service, the search tasks comprising searches for, and receipt of search results for, one or more domain name system records; implementing the first queue of Internet search tasks through one or more selectable attribute nodes of a public-facing proxy network; identifying Internet protocol addresses associated with the domain name from the one or more domain name system records; creating a second queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks for the identified Internet protocol addresses, the scanning tasks comprising an open port scan for each Internet protocol address identified and a vulnerability scan for each open port; implementing the second queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks and receiving a list of open ports, associated vulnerabilities, and a baseline and service fingerprint profile for the domain name; creating a third queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks for the identified Internet protocol addresses, the scanning tasks comprising a port scan detection task for each Internet protocol address identified; implementing the third queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks wherein a data packet associated with a detected port scan is sent to a data packet modifier; storing the search results received from the first queue of 
     Internet search tasks and the list of open ports, associated vulnerabilities, and baseline and service fingerprint profile from the second queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks; receiving a cybersecurity scoring model, the cybersecurity scoring model comprising category weights for the one or more domain name system records, the list of open ports, and associated vulnerabilities and further comprising an algorithm for combining the categories using the category weights; calculating a cybersecurity score by applying the algorithm to the weighted categories; generating a cybersecurity portion of the baseline and service fingerprint profile for the domain name based on the cybersecurity score; receiving at the data packet modifier the data packet associated with a detected port scan; generating and sending a reply data packet with a modified header, the modified header comprising a flag and bad sequence number to compel a sniffing machine to return a response data packet, the response data packet revealing the sniffing machine&#39;s Internet protocol address; and blocking the sniffing machine&#39;s Internet protocol address. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
       The accompanying drawings illustrate several aspects and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention according to the aspects. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the particular arrangements illustrated in the drawings are merely exemplary, and are not to be considered as limiting of the scope of the invention or the claims herein in any way. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a system for the capture and storage of time series data from sensors with heterogeneous reporting profiles according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a business operating system according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a cybersecurity analysis system according to an embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a method diagram illustrating key steps in passive cyber reconnaissance activities, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 5  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in network and internet active reconnaissance, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 6  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in gathering leaked 
       Domain Name Serve (“DNS”) information for reconnaissance and control purposes, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 7  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in gathering information on web applications and technologies through active reconnaissance, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 8  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in reconnaissance and information gathering on Internet-of-Things (“IOT”) devices and other device endpoints, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 9  is a method diagram illustrating activities and key steps in gathering intelligence through reconnaissance of social network and open-source intelligence feeds (“OSINT”), according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 10  is a method diagram illustrating the congregation of information from previous methods into a comprehensive cybersecurity score, using a scoring engine, according to an aspect. 
         FIG. 11  is diagram illustrating how the scoring system can be used as a feedback loop to establish and maintain a level of security appropriate to a given organization. 
         FIG. 12  is diagram illustrating the use of data from one client to fill gaps in data for another client to improve cybersecurity analysis and scoring. 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating cross-referencing and validation of data across different aspects of a cybersecurity analysis. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating parametric analysis of an aspect of cybersecurity analysis. 
         FIG. 15  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware architecture of a computing device. 
         FIG. 16  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary logical architecture for a client device. 
         FIG. 17  is a block diagram showing an exemplary architectural arrangement of clients, servers, and external services. 
         FIG. 18  is another block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware architecture of a computing device. 
         FIG. 19  is block diagram showing an exemplary system architecture for a system for cybersecurity profiling and rating. 
         FIG. 20  is a relational diagram showing the relationships between exemplary 3 rd  party search tools, search tasks that can be generated using such tools, and the types of information that may be gathered with those tasks. 
         FIG. 21  is a block diagram showing an exemplary system architecture for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 22  is a relational diagram showing relations between exemplary types of information that may be gathered by a software agent for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation. 
         FIG. 23  is a flow diagram showing an exemplary process for gathering domain name system information for a network for purposes of cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation. 
         FIG. 24  is a message flow diagram showing an exemplary messaging between components of a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 25  is a diagram showing an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 25A  is a diagram showing additional detail for the network configuration component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 25B  is a diagram showing additional detail for the technical security component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 25C  is a diagram showing additional detail for the documentation and controls component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 25D  is a diagram showing additional detail for the system integrity component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 25E  is a diagram showing additional detail for the data and information management component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 25F  is a diagram showing additional detail for the installed software component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 26  is a block diagram showing an exemplary system architecture for a system for cybersecurity analysis and protection using distributed systems. 
         FIG. 27  is a method for analyzing and protecting a network using distributed computing services. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The inventor has conceived, and reduced to practice, a system and method for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and scoring that uses distributed, cloud-based computing services to provide sufficient scalability for analysis of enterprise IT networks using only publicly available characterizations. The system and method comprise an in-memory associative array which manages a queue of vulnerability search tasks through a public-facing proxy network. The public-facing proxy network has search nodes configurable to present the network to search tools in a desired manner to control certain aspects of the search to obtain the desired results. A distributed data processing engine and cloud-based storage are used to provide scalable computing power and storage. A data packet modifier is used to reveal the IP address of a threat actor behind a port scan and subsequently block the threat actor. Each of the cloud-based computing services is containerized and orchestrated for management and efficient scaling purposes. 
     One or more different aspects may be described in the present application. Further, for one or more of the aspects described herein, numerous alternative arrangements may be described; it should be appreciated that these are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not limiting of the aspects contained herein or the claims presented herein in any way. One or more of the arrangements may be widely applicable to numerous aspects, as may be readily apparent from the disclosure. In general, arrangements are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice one or more of the aspects, and it should be appreciated that other arrangements may be utilized and that structural, logical, software, electrical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the particular aspects. Particular features of one or more of the aspects described herein may be described with reference to one or more particular aspects or figures that form a part of the present disclosure, and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific arrangements of one or more of the aspects. It should be appreciated, however, that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular aspects or figures with reference to which they are described. The present disclosure is neither a literal description of all arrangements of one or more of the aspects nor a listing of features of one or more of the aspects that must be present in all arrangements. 
     Headings of sections provided in this patent application and the title of this patent application are for convenience only, and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way. 
     Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more communication means or intermediaries, logical or physical. 
     A description of an aspect with several components in communication with each other does not imply that all such components are required. To the contrary, a variety of optional components may be described to illustrate a wide variety of possible aspects and in order to more fully illustrate one or more aspects. Similarly, although process steps, method steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes, methods and algorithms may generally be configured to work in alternate orders, unless specifically stated to the contrary. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described in this patent application does not, in and of itself, indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of described processes may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to one or more of the aspects, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. Also, steps are generally described once per aspect, but this does not mean they must occur once, or that they may only occur once each time a process, method, or algorithm is carried out or executed. Some steps may be omitted in some aspects or some occurrences, or some steps may be executed more than once in a given aspect or occurrence. 
     When a single device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that more than one device or article may be used in place of a single device or article. Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that a single device or article may be used in place of the more than one device or article. 
     The functionality or the features of a device may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices that are not explicitly described as having such functionality or features. Thus, other aspects need not include the device itself 
     Techniques and mechanisms described or referenced herein will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, it should be appreciated that particular aspects may include multiple iterations of a technique or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise. Process descriptions or blocks in figures should be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process. Alternate implementations are included within the scope of various aspects in which, for example, functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. 
     Definitions 
     As used herein, a “swimlane” is a communication channel between a time series sensor data reception and apportioning device and a data store meant to hold the apportioned data time series sensor data. A swimlane is able to move a specific, finite amount of data between the two devices. For example, a single swimlane might reliably carry and have incorporated into the data store, the data equivalent of 5 seconds worth of data from 10 sensors in 5 seconds, this being its capacity. Attempts to place 5 seconds worth of data received from 6 sensors using one swimlane would result in data loss. 
     As used herein, a “metaswimlane” is an as-needed logical combination of transfer capacity of two or more real swimlanes that is transparent to the requesting process. Sensor studies where the amount of data received per unit time is expected to be highly heterogeneous over time may be initiated to use metaswimlanes. Using the example used above that a single real swimlane can transfer and incorporate the 5 seconds worth of data of 10 sensors without data loss, the sudden receipt of incoming sensor data from 13 sensors during a 5 second interval would cause the system to create a two swimlane metaswimlane to accommodate the standard 10 sensors of data in one real swimlane and the 3 sensor data overage in the second, transparently added real swimlane, however no changes to the data receipt logic would be needed as the data reception and apportionment device would add the additional real swimlane transparently. 
     Conceptual Architecture 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a system for the capture and storage of time series data from sensors with heterogeneous reporting profiles according to an embodiment of the invention  100 . In this embodiment, a plurality of sensor devices  110   a - n  stream data to a collection device, in this case a web server acting as a network gateway  115 . These sensors  110   a - n  can be of several forms, some non-exhaustive examples being: physical sensors measuring humidity, pressure, temperature, orientation, and presence of a gas; or virtual such as programming measuring a level of network traffic, memory usage in a controller, and number of times the word “refill” is used in a stream of email messages on a particular network segment, to name a small few of the many diverse forms known to the art. In the embodiment, the sensor data is passed without transformation to the data management engine  120 , where it is aggregated and organized for storage in a specific type of data store  125  designed to handle the multidimensional time series data resultant from sensor data. Raw sensor data can exhibit highly different delivery characteristics. Some sensor sets may deliver low to moderate volumes of data continuously. It would be infeasible to attempt to store the data in this continuous fashion to a data store as attempting to assign identifying keys and store real time data from multiple sensors would invariably lead to significant data loss. In this circumstance, the data stream management engine  120  would hold incoming data in memory, keeping only the parameters, or “dimensions” from within the larger sensor stream that are pre-decided by the administrator of the study as important and instructions to store them transmitted from the administration device  112 . The data stream management engine  120  would then aggregate the data from multiple individual sensors and apportion that data at a predetermined interval, for example, every 10 seconds, using the timestamp as the key when storing the data to a multidimensional time series data store over a single swimlane of sufficient size. This highly ordered delivery of a foreseeable amount of data per unit time is particularly amenable to data capture and storage but patterns where delivery of data from sensors occurs irregularly and the amount of data is extremely heterogeneous are quite prevalent. In these situations, the data stream management engine cannot successfully use strictly single time interval over a single swimlane mode of data storage. 
     In addition to the single time interval method the invention also can make use of event based storage triggers where a predetermined number of data receipt events, as set at the administration device  112 , triggers transfer of a data block consisting of the apportioned number of events as one dimension and a number of sensor ids as the other. In the embodiment, the system time at commitment or a time stamp that is part of the sensor data received is used as the key for the data block value of the value-key pair. The invention can also accept a raw data stream with commitment occurring when the accumulated stream data reaches a predesigned size set at the administration device  112 . 
     It is also likely that that during times of heavy reporting from a moderate to large array of sensors, the instantaneous load of data to be committed will exceed what can be reliably transferred over a single swimlane. The embodiment of the invention can, if capture parameters pre-set at the administration device  112 , combine the data movement capacity of two or more swimlanes, the combined bandwidth dubbed a metaswimlane, transparently to the committing process, to accommodate the influx of data in need of commitment. All sensor data, regardless of delivery circumstances are stored in a multidimensional time series data store  125  which is designed for very low overhead and rapid data storage and minimal maintenance needs to sap resources. The embodiment uses a key-value pair data store examples of which are Risk, Redis and Berkeley DB for their low overhead and speed, although the invention is not specifically tied to a single data store type to the exclusion of others known in the art should another data store with better response and feature characteristics emerge. Due to factors easily surmised by those knowledgeable in the art, data store commitment reliability is dependent on data store data size under the conditions intrinsic to time series sensor data analysis. The number of data records must be kept relatively low for the herein disclosed purpose. As an example, one group of developers restrict the size of their multidimensional time series key-value pair data store to approximately 8.64×10 4  records, equivalent to 24 hours of 1 second interval sensor readings or 60 days of 1 minute interval readings. In this development system the oldest data is deleted from the data store and lost. This loss of data is acceptable under development conditions but in a production environment, the loss of the older data is almost always significant and unacceptable. The invention accounts for this need to retain older data by stipulating that aged data be placed in long term storage. In the embodiment, the archival storage is included  130 . This archival storage might be locally provided by the user, might be cloud based such as that offered by Amazon Web Services or Google or could be any other available very large capacity storage method known to those skilled in the art. 
     Reliably capturing and storing sensor data as well as providing for longer term, offline, storage of the data, while important, is only an exercise without methods to repetitively retrieve and analyze most likely differing but specific sets of data over time. The invention provides for this requirement with a robust query language that both provides straightforward language to retrieve data sets bounded by multiple parameters, but to then invoke several transformations on that data set prior to output. In the embodiment isolation of desired data sets and transformations applied to that data occurs using pre-defined query commands issued from the administration device  112  and acted upon within the database by the structured query interpreter  135 . Below is a highly simplified example statement to illustrate the method by which a very small number of options that are available using the structured query interpreter  135  might be accessed. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  SELECT [STREAMING | EVENTS] data_spec FROM [unit] timestamp TO 
               
               
                 timestamp GROUPBY (sensor_id, identifier) FILTER [filter_identifier] FORMAT [sensor [AS 
               
               
                 identifier] [, sensor [AS identifier]] ... ] (TEXT | JSON | FUNNEL | KML | GEOJSON | 
               
               
                 TOPOJSON); 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Here “data_spec” might be replaced by a list of individual sensors from a larger array of sensors and each sensor in the list might be given a human readable identifier in the format “sensor AS identifier”. “unit” allows the researcher to assign a periodicity for the sensor data such as second (s), minute (m), hour (h). One or more transformational filters, which include but a not limited to: mean, median, variance, standard deviation, standard linear interpolation, or Kalman filtering and smoothing, may be applied and then data formatted in one or more formats examples of with are text, JSON, KML, GEOJSON and TOPOJSON among others known to the art, depending on the intended use of the data. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram of an exemplary architecture of a business operating system  200  according to an embodiment of the invention. Client access to the system  205  both for system control and for interaction with system output such as automated predictive decision making and planning and alternate pathway simulations, occurs through the system&#39;s highly distributed, very high bandwidth cloud interface  210  which is application driven through the use of the Scala/Lift development environment and web interaction operation mediated by AWS ELASTIC BEANSTALK™, both used for standards compliance and ease of development. Much of the business data analyzed by the system both from sources within the confines of the client business, and from cloud based sources, also enter the system through the cloud interface  210 , data being passed to the analysis and transformation components of the system, the directed computational graph module  255 , high volume web crawling module  215  and multidimensional time series database  220 . The directed computational graph retrieves one or more streams of data from a plurality of sources, which includes, but is in no way not limited to, a number of physical sensors, web based questionnaires and surveys, monitoring of electronic infrastructure, crowd sourcing campaigns, and human input device information. Within the directed computational graph, data may be split into two identical streams, wherein one sub-stream may be sent for batch processing and storage while the other sub-stream may be reformatted for transformation pipeline analysis. The data is then transferred to general transformer service  260  for linear data transformation as part of analysis or decomposable transformer service  250  for branching or iterative transformations that are part of analysis. The directed computational graph  255  represents all data as directed graphs where the transformations are nodes and the result messages between transformations edges of the graph. These graphs which contain considerable intermediate transformation data are stored and further analyzed within graph stack module  245 . High volume web crawling module  215  uses multiple server hosted preprogrammed web spiders to find and retrieve data of interest from web based sources that are not well tagged by conventional web crawling technology. Multiple dimension time series database module  220  receives data from a large plurality of sensors that may be of several different types. The module is designed to accommodate irregular and high volume surges by dynamically allotting network bandwidth and server processing channels to process the incoming data. Data retrieved by the multidimensional time series database  220  and the high volume web crawling module  215  may be further analyzed and transformed into task optimized results by the directed computational graph  255  and associated general transformer service  250  and decomposable transformer service  260  modules. 
     Results of the transformative analysis process may then be combined with further client directives, additional business rules and practices relevant to the analysis and situational information external to the already available data in the automated planning service module  230  which also runs powerful predictive statistics functions and machine learning algorithms to allow future trends and outcomes to be rapidly forecast based upon the current system derived results and choosing each a plurality of possible business decisions. Using all available data, the automated planning service module  230  may propose business decisions most likely to result is the most favorable business outcome with a usably high level of certainty. Closely related to the automated planning service module in the use of system derived results in conjunction with possible externally supplied additional information in the assistance of end user business decision making, the business outcome simulation module  225  coupled with the end user facing observation and state estimation service  240  allows business decision makers to investigate the probable outcomes of choosing one pending course of action over another based upon analysis of the current available data. For example, the pipelines operations department has reported a very small reduction in crude oil pressure in a section of pipeline in a highly remote section of territory. Many believe the issue is entirely due to a fouled, possibly failing flow sensor, others believe that it is a proximal upstream pump that may have foreign material stuck in it. Correction of both of these possibilities is to increase the output of the effected pump to hopefully clean out it or the fouled sensor. A failing sensor will have to be replaced at the next maintenance cycle. A few, however, feel that the pressure drop is due to a break in the pipeline, probably small at this point, but even so, crude oil is leaking and the remedy for the fouled sensor or pump option could make the leak much worse and waste much time afterwards. The company does have a contractor about 8 hours away, or could rent satellite time to look but both of those are expensive for a probable sensor issue, significantly less than cleaning up an oil spill though and then with significant negative public exposure. These sensor issues have happened before and the business operating system  200  has data from them, which no one really studied due to the great volume of columnar figures, so the alternative courses  225 ,  240  of action are run. The system, based on all available data predicts that the fouled sensor or pump are unlikely the root cause this time due to other available data and the contractor is dispatched. She finds a small breach in the pipeline. There will be a small cleanup and the pipeline needs to be shut down for repair but multiple tens of millions of dollars have been saved. This is just one example of a great many of the possible use of the business operating system, those knowledgeable in the art will easily formulate more. 
       FIG. 3  is a system diagram, illustrating the connections between crucial components, according to an aspect of the invention. Core components include a scheduling task engine  310  which will run any processes and continue with any steps desired by the client, as described in further methods and diagrams in the disclosure. Tasks may be scheduled to run at specific times, or run for certain given amounts of time, which is commonplace for task scheduling software and systems in the art. This task engine  310  is then connected to the internet, and possibly to a single or plurality of local Multi-Dimensional Time-Series Databases (MDTSDB)  125 . It is also possible to be connected to remotely hosted and controlled MDTSDB&#39;s  125  through the Internet, the physical location or proximity of the MDTSDB for this disclosure not being a limiting factor. In such cases as the MDTSDB  125  is not hosted locally, it must also maintain a connection to the Internet or another form of network for communication with the task engine  310 . Device endpoints  330 , especially Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, are also by definition connected to the internet, and in methods described in later figures will be used for cybersecurity analysis and risk assessment. The task engine  310  which will perform the scheduling and running of the methods described herein also maintains a connection to the scoring engine  320 , which will be used to evaluate data gathered from the analysis and reconnaissance tasks run by the task scheduling engine  310 . 
       FIG. 4  is a method diagram illustrating basic reconnaissance activities to establish network information for any given client. A first activity in establishing network boundaries and information is to identify Internet Protocol (“IP”) addresses and subdomains  410  of the target network, to establish a scope for the remainder of activities directed at the network. Once you have established network “boundaries” by probing and identifying the target IP addresses and subdomains  410 , one can probe for and establish what relationships between the target and third-party or external websites and networks exist  420 , if any. It is especially important to examine trust relationships and/or authoritative DNS record resolvers that resolve to external sites and/or networks. A next key step, according to an aspect, is to identify personnel involved with the target network, such as names, email addresses, phone numbers, and other personal information  430 , which can be useful for social engineering activities, including illegal activities such as blackmail in extreme cases. After identifying personnel affiliated with the target network, another process in the method, according to an aspect, could be to identify versions and other information about systems, tools, and software applications in use by the target organization  440 . This may be accomplished in a variety of ways, whether by examining web pages or database entries if publicly accessible, or by scraping information from the web about job descriptions associated with the organization or similar organizations other methods to attain this information exist and may be used however. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, may be to identify content of interest  450  associated with the target, such as web and email portals, log files, backup or archived files, or sensitive information contained within Hypertext Markup Language (“HTML”) comments or client-side scripts, such as ADOBE FLASH™ scripts for example. Using the gathered information and other publicly available information (including information which will be gathered in techniques illustrated in other figures), it is possible and critical to then identify vulnerabilities  460  from this available data, which can be exploited. 
       FIG. 5  is a method diagram illustrating and describing many activities and steps for network and internet based reconnaissance for cybersecurity purposes. The first step, according to an aspect, would be to use Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to resolve what IP address each domain of the target resolves as  501 . According to an aspect, another process in the method would be to perform a DNS forward lookup  502 , using the list of subdomains of the target as input, generating a list of IP addresses as output. It is then possible to see if the IP addresses returned are within the net ranges discovered by a whois—which is a protocol used for querying databases for information related to assignees of an internet resource, including an IP address block, or domain name—check of the target&#39;s domain  503 , and if not, perform additional whois lookups to determine if new associated net ranges are of interest, and then you may run a reverse DNS Lookup to determine the domains to which those addresses belong. A second use for whois lookups  503  is to determine where the site is hosted, and with what service—for example in the cloud, with Amazon Web Services, Cloudflare, or hosted by the target corporation itself The next overall step in the process, according to an aspect, is to examine DNS records  504 , with reverse IP lookups, and using certain tools such as dnscheck.ripe.net it is possible to see if other organizations share hosting space with the target. Other DNS record checks  504  include checking the Mail Exchange (“MX”) record, for the Sender Policy Framework (“SPF”) to determine if the domain is protected against emails from unauthorized domains, known commonly as phishing or spam, and other forms of email attack. Further examining the DNS MX record  504  allows one to examine if the target is self-hosting their email or if it is hosted in the cloud by another service, such as, for example, Google. DNS text records  504  may also be gathered for additional information, as defined by an aspect. The next overall step in the process is to conduct a port scan on the target network  505  to identify open TCP/UDP ports, and of any devices immediately recognizable, to find insecure or open ports on target IP addresses. Multiple tools for this exist, or may be constructed. Next, collecting the identity of the target&#39;s DNS registrar  506  should be done, to determine more information about their hosting practices. Another action in the method, according to an aspect, is to leverage the technology and technique of DNS sinkholing  507 , a situation where a DNS server is set up to spread false information to clients that query information from it. For these purposes, the DNS sinkhole  507  may be used to redirect attackers from examining or connecting to certain target IP addresses and domains, or it can be set up as a DNS proxy for a customer in an initial profiling phase. There are possible future uses for DNS sinkholes  507  in the overall cybersecurity space, such as potentially, for example, allowing a customer to route their own requests through their own DNS server for increased security. The next overall step in network and internet reconnaissance, according to an aspect, is to use Réseaux IP Européens (“RIPE”) datasets  508  for analytics, as seen from https://www.ripe.net/analyse/raw-data-sets which comprises: RIPE Atlas Raw Data, RIS Raw Data, Reverse DNS Delegations, IPv6 Web Statistics, RIPE NCC Active Measurements Of World IPv6 Day Dataset, RIPE NCC Active Measurements of World IPv6 Launch Dataset, iPlane traceroute Dataset, NLANR AMP Data, NLANR PMA Data, and WITS Passive Datasets. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to collect information from other public datasets  509  from scanning projects produced by academia and the government, including https://scans.io, and https://ant.isi.edu/datasets/all.html. These projects, and others, provide valuable data about the internet, about publicly accessible networks, and more, which may be acquired independently or not, but is provided for the public regardless to use for research purposes, such as cybersecurity evaluations. Another action in the method, according to an aspect, is to monitor the news events from the root server  510 , for anomalies and important data which may be relevant to the security of the server. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to collect data from DatCat  511 , an internet measurement data catalogue, which publicly makes available measurement data gathered from various scans of the internet, for research purposes. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to enumerate DNS records  512  from many groups which host website traffic, including Cloudflare, Akamai, and others, using methods and tools already publicly available on websites such as github. Technologies such as DNSRecon and DNSEnum exist for this purpose as well, as recommended by Akamai. Another action in the method, according to an aspect, is to collect and crawl Google search results  513  in an effort to build a profile for the target corporation or group, including finding any subdomains still not found. There is an entire category of exploit with Google searches that exploits the Google search technique and may allow access to some servers and web assets, such as exploits found at https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database/, and other exploits found online which may be used to help assess a target&#39;s security. It is important to see if the target is vulnerable to any of these exploits. Another action in the method, according to an aspect, is to collect information from Impact Cyber Trust  514 , which possesses an index of data from many internet providers and may be useful for analyzing and probing certain networks. 
       FIG. 6  is a method diagram illustrating key steps in collection of DNS leak information. A first step in this process would be, according to an aspect, to collect periodic disclosures of DNS leak information  601 , whereby a user&#39;s privacy is insecure because of improper network configuration. A second step, according to an aspect, is to top-level domain records and information about top-level domain record health  602 , such as reported by open-source projects available on websites such as Github. Another process in the method is to create a Trust Tree map  603  of the target domain, which is an open-source project available on Github (https://Github.com/mandatoryprogrammer/TrustTrees) but other implementations may be used of the same general process. A Trust Tree in this context is a graph generated by following all possible delegation paths for the target domain and generating the relationships between nameservers it comes across. This Trust Tree will output its data to a Graphstack Multidimensional Time-Series Database (“MDTSDB”), which grants the ability to record data at different times so as to properly understand changing data and behaviors of these records. The next step in this process is anomaly detection  604  within the Tree Trust graphs, using algorithms to detect if new references are being created in records (possible because of the use of MDTSDB&#39;s recording data over time), which may help with alerting one to numerous vulnerabilities that may be exploited, such as if a top level domain is hijacked through DNS record manipulation, and other uses are possible. 
       FIG. 7  is a method diagram illustrating numerous actions and steps to take for web application reconnaissance. A first step, according to an aspect, is to make manual Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”) requests  701 , known as HTTP/1.1 requests. Questions that are useful for network reconnaissance on the target that may be answered include whether the web server announces itself, and version number returned by the server, how often the version number changes which often indicates patches or technology updates, as examples of data possibly returned by such a request. A second step in the process is to look for a robots.txt file  702 , a common type of file used to provide metadata to search engines and web crawlers of many types (including Google). This allows, among other possible things, to possibly determine what content management system (if any) the target may be using, such as Blogger by Google, or the website creation service Wix. Another process in the method for intelligence gathering on the target, is to fingerprint the application layer by looking at file extensions  703 , HTML source, and server response headers, to determine what methods and technologies are used to construct the application layer. Another step is to examine and look for /admin pages  704  that are accessible and open to the public internet, which may be a major security concern for many websites and web-enabled technologies. The next step in this category of reconnaissance is to profile the web application of the target based on the specific toolset it was constructed with  705 , for example, relevant information might be the WORDPRESS™ version and plugins they use if applicable, what version of ASP.NET™ used if applicable, and more. One can identify technologies from the target from many sources, including file extensions, server responses to various requests, job postings found online, directory listings, login splash pages (many services used to create websites and web applications have common templates used by many users for example), the content of a website, and more. Profiling such technology is useful in determining if they are using outdated or vulnerable technology, or for determining what manner of attacks are likely or targeted towards their specific technologies and platforms. 
       FIG. 8  is a method diagram illustrating steps to take for scanning the target for Internet Of Things (IoT) devices and other user device endpoints. The first step, according to an aspect, is to scan the target network for IoT devices  801 , recognizable often by data returned upon scanning them. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to check IoT devices reached to see if they are using default factory-set credentials and configurations  802 , the ability to do this being available in open-source scanners such as on the website Github. Default settings and/or credentials for devices in many times may be exploited. The next step, according to an aspect, is to establish fingerprints for user endpoint devices  803 , meaning to establish identities and information about the devices connected over Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (“TCP/IP”) that are often used by users such as laptops or tablets, and other devices that are internet access endpoints. It is important to establish versions of technology used by these devices when fingerprinting them, to notice and record changes in the MDTSDB in future scans. 
       FIG. 9  is a method diagram illustrating steps and actions to take to gather information on, and perform reconnaissance on, social networks and open-source intelligence feeds (OSINT). A first step is to scrape the professional social network LinkedIn  901  for useful information, including job affiliations, corporate affiliations, affiliations between educational universities, and more, to establish links between many actors which may be relevant to the security of the target. A second step to take, according to an aspect, is to perform a sentiment analysis on the popular social networks Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter  902 . A sentiment analysis may, with proper technology and precision, provide information on potential attackers and agents which may be important to the security of the target, as well as establishing a time-series graph of behavioral changes which may affect the environment of the cybersecurity of the target. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to perform a job description analysis/parse  903 , from the combination of social networks reviewed, so as to identify multiple pieces of relevant information for the target such as known technologies used by the target, and possible actors that may be relevant to the target&#39;s cybersecurity. More than this, it is also possible that one can find information on actors related to the target that may be used against the target, for example in cases of industrial espionage. Other uses for such information exist relevant to the field of the invention, as in most cases of reconnaissance mentioned thus far. Another process in the method, according to an aspect, is to search domains on Pastebin and other open-source feeds  904 . Finding useful information such as personal identifying information, domains of websites, and other hidden information or not-easily-obtained information on public sources such as Pastebin, is of incredible use for cybersecurity purposes. Such feeds and sources of public information are known as OSINT and are known to the field. Other information scrapable from Pastebin includes credentials to applications, websites, services, and more  905 , which must be scraped and identified in order to properly mitigate such security concerns. Of particular importance is the identification of leaked credentials, specific to a target domain, that are found to be disclosed in previous breach incidents using open internet/dark web breach collection tools  905 . 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a basic system for congregating information from several previous methodologies into a comprehensive cybersecurity score of the analyzed target/customer. It is important to note that this scoring only aggregates information and thus scores the security of the target based on externally visible data sets. Once complete and comprehensive reconnaissance has been performed, all information from the internet reconnaissance  1010 ,  FIG. 2 , web application security  1020 ,  FIG. 7 , patching frequency of the target websites and technologies  1030 ,  FIG. 7 , Endpoint and IoT security  1040 ,  FIG. 8 , social network security and sentiment analysis results  1050 ,  FIG. 9 , and OSINT reconnaissance results  1060 ,  FIG. 9 . All of these sources of information are gathered and aggregated into a score, similar to a credit score, for cybersecurity  1070 , the scoring method of which may be changed, fine-tuned, and otherwise altered either to suit customer needs or to suit the evolving field of technologies and information relevant to cybersecurity. This score represents the sum total of security from the reconnaissance performed, as far as externally visible data is concerned, a higher score indicating higher security, from a range of 250 to 850. Up to 400 points may be accrued for internet security  1010 , up to 200 points may be accrued for web application security  1020 , 100 points may be gained for a satisfactory patching frequency of technologies  1030 , and all remaining factors  1040 ,  1050 ,  1060  of the score may award up to 50 points for the target, if perfectly secure. 
       FIG. 11  is diagram illustrating how the scoring system can be used as a feedback loop  1100  to establish and maintain a level of security appropriate to a given organization. This feedback loop is similar in function to feedbacks for control systems, and may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of the two, and aspects of the control system may be automatically or manually implemented. A scoring system  1110  can be represented as a system comprising subsystems for various aspects of cybersecurity scoring, i.e., self-reporting/self-attestation  1111 , internet reconnaissance  1112 , web application security  1113 , software/firmware updates and patching frequency  1114 , endpoint security  1115 , social networks  1116 , and open source intelligence (OSINT)  1117 . Each subsystem representing an aspect of cybersecurity may analyze data gathered for that aspect and generate its own score related to that aspect. The scores from each subsystem may be combined in some fashion to arrive at an overall cybersecurity score  1120  for a given computer system or computer network. This combination may take any number of forms, for example, summation, averaging, weighted averaging, or any other appropriate algorithm or methodology for creating a single score from multiple scores. The overall cybersecurity score  1120  is compared against a score setting  1125 , which may be set automatically by the system based on certain parameters, or may be set manually by a user of the system knowledgeable about the organization&#39;s infrastructure, risk tolerance, resources, etc. Based on the comparison, network security changes  1130  are recommended, including a recommendation for no change where the overall cybersecurity score  1120  is at or close to the score setting. Where the score  1120  is above or below the set score  1125 , changes to network security may be implemented  1140 , either automatically or manually, to loosen or tighten network security to bring the score  1120  back into equilibrium with the set score  1125 . A change to any one of the aspects of cybersecurity  1111 - 1117  would constitute a change in the network security state  1105  which, similar to control systems, would act as an input disturbance to the system and propagate through the feedback loop until equilibrium between the score  1120  and set score  1125  is again achieved. 
     As in control systems, the feedback loop may be dynamically adjusted in order to cause the overall cybersecurity score  1120  to come into equilibrium with the set score  1125 , and various methods of accelerating or decelerating network security changes may be used. As one example, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller or a state-space controller may be implemented to predictively reduce the error between the score  1120  and the set score  1125  to establish equilibrium. Increases in the magnitude of the error, accelerations in change of the error, and increases in the time that the error remains outside of a given range will all lead to in corresponding increases in tightening of network security (and vice-versa) to bring the overall cybersecurity score  1120  back in to equilibrium with the set score  1125 . 
       FIG. 12  is diagram illustrating the use of data from one client to fill gaps in data for another client  1200  to improve cybersecurity analysis and scoring. In any given group of organizations, some organizations will have a more complete set of data regarding some aspects of cybersecurity analysis and scoring than other organizations. For example, large corporate clients will have extensive network security logs, a large Internet profile, frequently patched and updated systems, and a large staff of IT professionals to self-report data. Smaller clients and individuals will have little or none of those characteristics, and therefore a much smaller set of data on which to base cybersecurity analyses, recommendations, and scoring. However, generalized data and trends from larger and/or more “data rich” organizations can be used to fill in gaps in data for smaller and/or more “data poor” organizations. In this example, Client A  1210  is a large organization with an extensive Internet presence and a large staff of IT professionals. Thus, the Internet reconnaissance data  1212  for Client A  1210  will contain a broad spectrum of data regarding the organization&#39;s online presence and vulnerabilities of that and similar organizations, and the social network data  1226  of Client A will contain a rich set of data for many employees and their usage of social media. Client A&#39;s  1210  self-reporting  1211  and other aspects of cybersecurity analysis  1212 - 1217  are likely to contain much more detailed data than a smaller organization with fewer resources. Client B  1220 , on the other hand, is a much smaller organization with no dedicated IT staff. Client B  1220  will have a much smaller 
     Internet presence, possibly resulting in Internet reconnaissance data  1222  containing little or no information available other than whois and DNS records. Client B  1220  is also unlikely to have any substantial social network data  1226 , especially where Client B  1220  does not require disclosure of social media usage. Client B&#39;s  1220  self-reporting data  1221  and other aspects  1222 - 1227  are also likely to contain substantially less data, although in this example it is assumed that Client B&#39;s  1220  self-reporting data  1221 , web app security data  1223 , version, update, and patching frequency data  1224 , endpoint security  1225 , social network data  1226 , and OSINT data  1227  are sufficient for cybersecurity analysis. 
     Extraction of data (e.g., distribution curves) and gap filling  1230  may be used to fill in missing or insufficient data in order to perform more accurate or complete analyses. The distribution, trends, and other aspects  1231  of Client B&#39;s  1220  Internet reconnaissance data  1212  and the distribution, trends, and other aspects  1232  of Client B&#39;s  1220  social network data  1212  may be extracted and use to fill gaps in Client A&#39;s  1210  Internet reconnaissance data  1222  and social network data  1226  to improve cybersecurity analyses for Client A  1210  without requiring changes in Client A&#39;s  1210  infrastructure or operations. In some embodiments, synthetic data will be generated from the distributions, trends, and other aspects to use as gap-filling data in a format more consistent with the data for Client A  1210 . While a single Client A  1210  and Client B  1220  are shown for purposes of simplicity, this process may be expanded to any number of clients with greater data representation and any number of clients with lesser data representation. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram illustrating cross-referencing and validation of data across different aspects of a cybersecurity analysis  1300 . For any given parameter, cross-referencing and validation may be performed across data sets representing various aspects of cybersecurity analysis. In this example, a certain parameter  1310  (e.g., number of security breaches in a given area or aspect) is selected from self-reported data  1311 , and compared against the same or a similar parameter for other data sets representing aspects of cybersecurity analysis  1312 - 1317 . A range or threshold may be established for the parameter  1310 , as represented by the dashed line. The relative distance from the self-reported data  1311  may be calculated, and aspects of cybersecurity falling outside of the range or threshold may be identified. In this example, for instance, versions, updates, and patching frequency  1314  are relatively close to the self-reported data  1311 , and fall within the threshold established for the parameter  1310 . Endpoint security  1315  and web app security  1313  are further from the self-reported value  1311 , but still within the range or threshold of the parameter  1310 . However, the values for Internet reconnaissance  1312 , social networks  1316 , and OSINT  1317  fall outside of the range or threshold of the parameter  1310 , and therefore warrant further action. The action may be, for example, re-assessing the scores associated with patching frequency  1314 , endpoint security  1315 , and social networks  1316  to ensure that the data for those aspects is consistent and/or valid, or other measures designed to improve scoring accuracy and consistency. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating parametric analysis of an aspect of cybersecurity analysis  1400 . Parametric analysis is the process of iterating an analysis over a range of values of a parameter to see how the different values of the parameter affect the overall system in which the parameter is used. In this example, patching frequency  1414  is used as the parameter with the range of value  1410  ranging, for example, from none to daily. As the patching frequency  1414  parameter is iterated over the range of values  1410 , its impact is evaluated on web app security  1413 , which is likely to have a broader impact and range of values  1420  which, in turn, will have knock-on impacts and a likely broader range of values  1430  for endpoint security  1415 . While it is not necessarily the case that parametric analysis will increase the range of values at each stage of analysis of the overall system, parametric analysis over complex systems tends to have an exponentially-increasing set of possible outcomes. Various methodologies may be used to reduce complexity, state space, and uncertainty in parametric analyses of complex systems. 
       FIG. 19  is block diagram showing an exemplary system architecture  1900  for a system for cybersecurity profiling and rating. The system in this example contains a cyber-physical graph  1902  which is used to represent a complete picture of an organization&#39;s infrastructure and operations including, importantly, the organization&#39;s computer network infrastructure particularly around system configurations that influence cybersecurity protections and resiliency. 
     The system further contains a directed computational graph  1911 , which contains representations of complex processing pipelines and is used to control workflows through the system such as determining which 3 rd  party search tools  1915  to use, assigning search tasks, and analyzing the cyber-physical graph  1902  and comparing results of the analysis against reconnaissance data received from the reconnaissance engine  1906  and stored in the reconnaissance data storage  1905 . In some embodiments, the determination of which 3 rd  party search tools  1915  to use and assignment of search tasks may be implemented by a reconnaissance engine  1906 . The cyber-physical graph  1902  plus the analyses of data directed by the directed computational graph on the reconnaissance data received from the reconnaissance engine  1906  are combined to represent the cyber-security profile  1918  of the client organization whose network  1907  is being evaluated. A queuing system  1912  is used to organize and schedule the search tasks requested by the reconnaissance engine  1906 . A data to rule mapper  1904  is used to retrieve laws, policies, and other rules from an authority database  1903  and compare reconnaissance data received from the reconnaissance engine  1906  and stored in the reconnaissance data storage  1905  against the rules in order to determine whether and to what extent the data received indicates a violation of the rules. Machine learning models  1901  may be used to identify patterns and trends in any aspect of the system, but in this case are being used to identify patterns and trends in the data which would help the data to rule mapper  1904  determine whether and to what extent certain data indicate a violation of certain rules. A scoring engine  1910  receives the data analyses performed by the directed computational graph  1911 , the output of the data to rule mapper  1904 , plus event and loss data  1914  and contextual data  1909  which defines a context in which the other data are to be scored and/or rated. A public-facing proxy network  1908  (typically implemented through a proxy server) is established outside of a firewall  1917  around the client network  1907  both to control access to the client network from the Internet  1913 , and to provide the ability to change the outward presentation of the client network  1907  to the Internet  1913 , which may affect the data obtained by the reconnaissance engine  1906 . In some embodiments, certain components of the system may operate outside the client network  1907  and may access the client network through a secure, encrypted virtual private network (VPN)  1916 , as in a cloud-based or platform-as-a-service implementation, but in other embodiments some or all of these components may be installed and operated from within the client network  1907 . 
     As a brief overview of operation, information is obtained about the client network  1907  and the client organization&#39;s operations, which is used to construct a cyber-physical graph  1902  representing the relationships between devices, users, resources, and processes in the organization, and contextualizing cybersecurity information with physical and logical relationships that represent the flow of data and access to data within the organization including, in particular, network security protocols and procedures. The directed computational graph  1911  containing workflows and analysis processes, selects one or more analyses to be performed on the cyber-physical graph  1902 . Some analyses may be performed on the information contained in the cyber-physical graph, and some analyses may be performed on or against the cyber-physical graph using information obtained from the Internet  1913  from reconnaissance engine  1906 . The workflows contained in the directed computational graph  1911  select one or more search tools to obtain information about the organization from the Internet  1915 , and may comprise one or more third party search tools  1915  available on the Internet. As data are collected, they are fed into a reconnaissance data storage  1905 , from which they may be retrieved and further analyzed. Comparisons are made between the data obtained from the reconnaissance engine  1906 , the cyber-physical graph  1902 , the data to rule mapper, from which comparisons a cybersecurity profile of the organization is developed. The cybersecurity profile is sent to the scoring engine  1910  along with event and loss data  1914  and context data  1909  for the scoring engine  1910  to develop a score and/or rating for the organization that takes into consideration both the cybersecurity profile, context, and other information. 
       FIG. 20  is a relational diagram showing the relationships between exemplary 3 rd  party search tools  1915 , search tasks  2010  that can be generated using such tools, and the types of information that may be gathered with those tasks  2011 - 2014 , and how a public-facing proxy network  1908  (typically implemented through a proxy server) may be used to influence the search task results. While the use of 3 rd  party search tools  1915  is in no way required, and proprietary or other self-developed search tools may be used, there are numerous 3 rd  party search tools  1915  available on the Internet, many of them available for use free of charge, that are convenient for purposes of performing external and internal reconnaissance of an organization&#39;s infrastructure. Because they are well-known, they are included here as examples of the types of search tools that may be used and the reconnaissance data that may be gathered using such tools. The search tasks  2010  that may be generated may be classified into several categories. While this category list is by no means exhaustive, several important categories of reconnaissance data are domain and internet protocol (IP) address searching tasks  2011 , corporate information searching tasks  2012 , data breach searching tasks  2013 , and dark web searching tasks  2014 . Third party search tools  1915  for domain and IP address searching tasks  2011  include, for example, DNSDumpster, Spiderfoot HX, Shodan, VirusTotal, Dig, Censys, ViewDNS, and CheckDMARC, among others. These tools may be used to obtain reconnaissance data about an organization&#39;s server IPs, software, geolocation; open ports, patch/setting vulnerabilities; data hosting services, among other data  2031 . Third party search tools  1915  for corporate information searching tasks  2012  include, for example, Bloomberg.com, Wikipedia, SEC.gov, AnnualReports.com, DNB.com, Hunter.io, and MarketVisual, among others. These tools may be used to obtain reconnaissance data about an organization&#39;s addresses; corp info; high value target (key employee or key data assets) lists, emails, phone numbers, online presence  2032 . Third party search tools  1915  for data breach searching tasks  2013  include, for example, DeHashed, WeLeakInfo, Pastebin, Spiderfoot, and BreachCompilation, among others. These tools may be used to obtain reconnaissance data about an organization&#39;s previous data breaches, especially those involving high value targets, and similar data loss information  2033 . Third party search tools  1915  for deep web (reports, records, and other documents linked to in web pages, but not indexed in search results . . . estimated to be 90% of available web content) and dark web (websites accessible only through anonymizers such as TOR . . . estimated to be about 6% of available web content) searching tasks  2014  include, for example, Pipl, MyLife, Yippy, SurfWax, 
     Wayback machine, Google Scholar, DuckDuckGo, Fazzle, Not Evil, and Start Page, among others. These tools may be used to obtain reconnaissance data about an organization&#39;s lost and stolen data such as customer credit card numbers, stolen subscription credentials, hacked accounts, software tools designed for certain exploits, which organizations are being targeted for certain attacks, and similar information  2034 . A public-facing proxy network  1908  may be used to change the outward presentation of the organization&#39;s network by conducting the searches through selectable attribution nodes  2021   a - n , which are configurable to present the network to the Internet in different ways such as, but not limited to, presenting the organization network as a commercial IP address, a residential IP address, or as an IP address from a particular country, all of which may influence the reconnaissance data received using certain search tools. 
       FIG. 21  is a block diagram showing an exemplary system architecture  2100  for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. In this embodiment, the system comprises distributed computing services on two cloud computing services platforms  2100 ,  2120 . The core of the system comprises several distributed systems constructed on a cloud computing service platform  1   2110 , which is the primary cloud computing platform. The distributed systems comprise a user application  2111 , an optional container orchestration service  2112 , a distributed data processing engine  2113 , cloud-based storage bins  2114 , and a public-facing proxy network  2116 . For certain tasks that are restricted or not supported by cloud computing services platform  1   2110 , those tasks may be offloaded to cloud computing services platform  2   2120 , through an internal gateway  2121 , which manages the offloaded tasks and sends back task results. 
     The user application  2111  provides the interface and control system from which cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and scoring activities may be managed. The user application  2111  may be used to enter network parameters for investigation (e.g., a particular domain name), initiate the reconnaissance process, receive reconnaissance reports, and display scoring results. Advanced features allow the user to containerize each of the distributed services and scale the system by creating multiple instances of the distributed services. 
     The in-memory associative array service  2115  provides a high-performance means of database storage and access via a RESTful interface. In effect, it acts simultaneously as data storage and a data cache, such that data is instantly available without having to read it from non-volatile storage such as a hard drive. Data from an in-memory associative array service  2115  is backed up to non-volatile storage, but is always accessed in-memory during usage. The in-memory associative array service  2115  is used to queue an arbitrary number of vulnerability search tasks. An example of an in-memory associative array service  2115  implementation is Redis which is open source, in-memory data structure store, that can be used as a database, cache and message broker. 
     The cloud-based storage bin  2114  (e.g., Amazon S3 storage) are used to store the results of vulnerability searches produced through the public-facing proxy network  2116 . Cloud-based storage bins  2114  provide a highly convenient means of utilizing dynamically-scalable storage, such that storage of vulnerability search results can be scaled as necessary to keep up with the queue of search tasks generated by the in-memory associative array service  2115 . 
     After vulnerability search results have been obtained and stored in the cloud-based storage bin  2114 , they may be analyzed using a distributed data processing engine (e.g., Apache Spark or serverless infrastructure). The advantage of using a distributed data processing engine  2113  to conduct the analyses is that it can be scaled to perform parallel processing of the large amount of data that will be retrieved for large, complex networks. 
     The public-facing proxy network  2116  may be used to change the outward presentation of the organization&#39;s network by conducting the searches through selectable attribution nodes  2116   a - n , which are configurable to present the network to the Internet in different ways such as, but not limited to, presenting the organization network as a commercial IP address, a residential IP address, or as an IP address from a particular country, all of which may influence the reconnaissance data received using certain search tools. Vulnerabilities search tasks queued by the in-memory associative array service  2115  send out queries and receive results through an appropriate selectable attribution node  2116   a - n . The search results are stored in the cloud-based storage bin  2114 . 
     Each of these distributed services may be instantiated in a container, and the set of containers may be created and managed using a container orchestration service  2112  (e.g., Kubernetes). While not necessarily required, containerization of the various distributed system components provides a number of advantages, including scalability, efficiency, portability, and security. 
     Some cloud-based systems either restrict or do not support certain operations within their platforms. For example, Amazon Web Services restricts network scanning on its platform. In such cases, a portion of the operations of the system may need to be offloaded to a different cloud-based platform. In this embodiment, for example, a cloud computing services platform  2   2120  is used to perform the network scanning activities not allowed on cloud computing services platform  1   2110 . An internal gateway  2121  is used to manage the offloaded scanning tasks and return the scan results. An internal gateway is an interface on the internal network configured as a gateway for applying security policy for access to internal resources. When used in conjunction with user identification and host intrusion prevention (HIP) checks, an internal gateway can be used to provide a secure, accurate method of identifying and controlling traffic by user and/or device state. The scanning tasks queued by the in-memory associative array  2155  and offloaded to the cloud computing services platform  2   2120  through the internal gateway  2121  are completed using a series of service workers  2122   a - n , which execute the scanning tasks and return the results. While not shown, a public-facing proxy network  2116  may also be used to execute the offloaded scanning tasks. 
       FIG. 22  is a relational diagram showing relations between exemplary types of information  2200  that may be gathered by a software agent for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation. A software agent  2210  is instantiated to implement one or more of the vulnerability search tasks in the queue of such tasks managed by the in-memory associative array service  2115 . A non-exhaustive list of types of information that may be gathered by the software agent includes domain names  2220 , domain name system (DNS) information  2230 , open port scan results  2240 , and email addresses and related information  2250 . 
     An internal gateway is an interface on the internal network configured to apply security policy for access to internal resources. When used in conjunction with User-ID and/or HIP checks, an internal gateway can be used to provide a secure, accurate method of identifying and controlling traffic by user and/or device state. 
     Domain names  2220  are a primary input for reconnaissance, and from them subdomain  2221  and related domain information may be obtained as search results. 
     Domain name system (DNS) records  2230  can be searched to obtain a number of different types of DNS information. A records  2231 , are the numerical IP address(es) (in the format xxx.xx.xx.xxx) assigned to a given domain name (e.g., www.example.com) and may be used to observe specific malware indicators  2232 . Sender policy framework (SPF) records  2233  are used to indicate to mail exchanges which hosts are authorized to send mail for a domain. SPF records  2233  are typically defined using plain text. Domain-based message authentication, reporting, and conformance (DMARC) records  2234  are email authentication, policy, and reporting protocols that help email receivers determine if the purported message aligns with what the receiver knows about the sender, making it easier to identify spam or phishing messages, and filter them out of inboxes. DNS zone transfers records (AXFR) are protocols  2235  used to replicate DNS records across DNS servers. To avoid the need to edit information on multiple DNS servers, information can be edited on one server and copied to other servers using AXFR protocols. Unprotected servers containing AXFR information can disclose information about related host servers. 
     A primary avenue of cyberattack uses open ports to gain access to networks. Open port scans  2240  probe the ports of a network to determine whether any ports are left open, providing an avenue of attack on the network. Open port scans  2240  can also reveal information about services  2241  connected to those ports, and further version information  2242 , header information  2243  and TLS certificate information  2244  about those services. Any discovered TLS certificates can be checked for validity  2245 . 
     Email addresses  2250  can be provided by the organization, which may be checked against breach records  2251  in the public domain containing lists of compromised email addresses. 
       FIG. 23  is a flow diagram showing an exemplary process  2300  for gathering domain name system information for a network for purposes of cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation. At the start of the process  2301 , one or more domain names is specified for searching  2302 , DNS records are pulled  2303  for the domain name, which may include any type of DNS information such as, but not limited to, DNS A records  2303   a,  DNS SPF records  2303   b,  DNS DMARC records  2303   c,  and DNS AXFR records  2303   d.  After pulling of the DNS records, the DNS A records  2303   a  containing numerical IP addresses may be used to perform port scanning and service discovery  2304 . All open ports are identified and sent to collection storage  2309 . If a service is identified, additional checks are performed. If the service is an HTTP service,  2305  the HTTP code may be grabbed from the service for analysis  2306 . If that HTTP service uses TLS  2307 , the TLS certificate may be validated  2308  either by parsing the certificate  2308   a  to extract the text of the certificate, or by validation of the certificate using a validation service  2308   b,  or both. All information gathered throughout the process is sent to collection storage  2309 . 
       FIG. 24  is a message flow diagram showing an exemplary messaging between components of a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. A user  2410  initiates the process by initiating an inquiry  2420  which includes a target domain name, which inquiry is received by a collection service tool  2411 . The collection service tool  2411  returns a scan identifier to the user  2421 . The collection service tool may be one of any number of third-party search tools such as those described in  FIG. 19 . The inquiry  2420  may pass through other components on its way from the user  2410  to the service  2411  (for example, through a queue established by the in-memory associative array service  2115 ). The service  2411  publishes the inquiry  2422  to a message bus  2412 . One or more software agents configured to conduct network scanning queries the message bus  2423  and receives back a scan request  2424 . The software agent  2411  performs the indicated network scan (e.g., an open port scan)  2425 , and sends the results  2426  of the scan to storage  2414 . Simultaneously, the software agent  2413  may request preparation of a report of the scan results  2427 . A report engine  2415  generates the report of the scan results and writes the report  2428  to storage  2414 . The user may request a status update  2429  from the service  2411 , which will return a notice  2430  that the data has been gathered  2430 . The user  2410  may request a copy of the report  2431 , and a message is sent to storage  2414  asking for retrieval of the report  2432 . The report is retrieved and returned to the service  2411  as a report object  2433 . The service  2411  returns a copy of the report  2434  to the user  2410 . 
       FIG. 25  is a diagram showing an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. While many scoring models may be used, the model in this example uses six categories of information  2520 - 2570 , each approximately equally weighted: network configuration (R C )  2520 , technical security (R TS )  2530 , documentation and controls (R MD )  2540 , system integrity (R P )  2550 , data and information management (R DI )  2560 , and installed software (R PA )  2570 . Each includes a number of factors that will be described below, and a score is generated for each category. The cybersecurity risk score  2510  is an adjusted, weighted composite of high, medium, and low estimates for the combinations of scores from each category  2520 - 2570 , as shown in the exemplary weighting formulas shown in  2511  for the cybersecurity risk score  2510 . 
       FIG. 25A  is a diagram showing additional detail for the network configuration component  2520  of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. The score, R C , for the network configuration  2520  category is an average of the impact value (e), the likelihood value (t), and the number of elements (N) for each of a number of factors  2521  impacting cybersecurity as shown in  2522 . A non-limiting list of which includes domain keys identified mail (DKIM), sender policy framework (SPF) records, open ports, domain-based message authentication, reporting, and conformance (DMARC) records, DNS security extensions (DNSSEC) implementation, mobile application security implementation, open business port information, and public document metadata information, as shown in  2522 . 
       FIG. 25B  is a diagram showing additional detail for the technical security component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. The score, R TS , for the technical security  2530  category is an average of the impact value (e), the likelihood value (t), and the number of elements (N) for each of a number of factors  2531  impacting cybersecurity as shown in  2532 . A non-limiting list of which includes transport layer security (TLS) and secure socket layer (SSL) strengths, TLS/SSL host configurations, code discoverable from outside the network, and publicly-accessible code repositories. 
       FIG. 25C  is a diagram showing additional detail for the documentation and controls component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. The score, R MD , for the documentation and controls  2540  category is an average of the impact value (e), the likelihood value (t), and the number of elements (N) for each of a number of factors  2541  impacting cybersecurity as shown in  2542 . A non-limiting list of which includes patch management, lists of insecure systems, publicly-available personnel records, personnel social media records, spam propagation, and unsolicited communications. 
       FIG. 25D  is a diagram showing additional detail for the system integrity component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. The score, R P , for the technical security  2550  category is an average of the impact value (e), the likelihood value (t), and the number of elements (N) for each of a number of factors  2551  impacting cybersecurity as shown in  2552 . A non-limiting list of which includes lists of servers exhibiting malware infection, compromised systems, and potentially exploited systems. 
       FIG. 25E  is a diagram showing additional detail for the data and information management component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. The score, R DI , for the data and information management  2560  category is an average of the impact value (e), the likelihood value (t), and the number of elements (N) for each of a number of factors  2561  impacting cybersecurity as shown in  2562 . A non-limiting list of which includes discoverable personnel, publicly-available personnel records, lists of high-value personnel, board members, management team members, property owned by the organization, operating locations of the organization, physical locations (e.g., offices, warehouses, etc.) of the organization, business partners, corporate culture, publicly-available document intelligence, Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, state-level corporate (SCC) filings, company reviews (internal and publicly-posted), discoverable career postings and resumes, observed email addresses, and email format and security configurations. 
       FIG. 25F  is a diagram showing additional detail for the installed software component of an exemplary cybersecurity scoring model for a system for cybersecurity reconnaissance, analysis, and score generation using distributed systems. The score, R PA , for the installed software  2570  category is an average of the impact value (e), the likelihood value (t), and the number of elements (N) for each of a number of factors  2571  impacting cybersecurity as shown in  2572 . A non-limiting list of which includes desktop software installations, server software installations, and web applications and headers. 
       FIG. 26  is a block diagram showing an exemplary system architecture for a system for cybersecurity analysis and protection using distributed systems. In this embodiment, the system comprises distributed computing services on three cloud computing services platforms  2100 ,  2120 , and  2600 . The core of the system comprises several distributed systems constructed on a cloud computing service platform  1   2110 , which is the primary cloud computing platform. The distributed systems comprise a user application  2111 , an optional container orchestration service  2112 , a distributed data processing engine  2113 , cloud-based storage bins  2114 , and a public-facing proxy network  2116 . For certain tasks that are restricted or not supported by cloud computing services platform  1   2110 , those tasks may be offloaded to cloud computing services platform  2   2120 , through an internal gateway  2121 , which manages the offloaded tasks and sends back task results. A cloud computing service platform  3   2600  comprising a data packet modifier  2601  may be used when a port scan is detected via a network scanning queue port scan detection task, sending a modified-header data packet which compels a threat actor&#39;s computing device to reveal its own Internet protocol address. 
     In addition to the network scanning queues described in  FIG. 21 , this embodiment amends the second queue by adding a vulnerability search for each specific open port, identifying specific vulnerabilities associated with each specific open port. For example, port  22  is prone to brute-force attacks. This embodiment also amends the implementation of the second queue by adding a baseline and service fingerprint aspect to the cybersecurity profile, which in previous embodiments was generated after calculating a cybersecurity score. However, in this embodiment, a baseline, service fingerprint, and cybersecurity profile may be generated as soon as any of the aspects are known, e.g., domain records, port baseline, network and service fingerprint, or cybersecurity score. 
     The baseline aspect of the profile uses the open port scan task to make a baseline measure of the frequency, type, source, and destination of data traffic on an open port. This baseline aspect can be used to augment the cybersecurity score but may also be used for detecting anomalous port behavior indicative of a port scan and other malicious attacks. Baselines may be scanned for anomalous behavior to avoid storing a comprised baseline. A baseline update task may be included in a network scanning queue if the monitored device has a change to the opening or closing of a port. 
     The service fingerprint aspect of the profile uses network and service fingerprint tools such as DNS, SSH, and SSL commands to create a unique fingerprint for each domain. This network and service fingerprint augmentation enhances the fingerprint aspect from  FIG. 8  component  803 . Service fingerprints may be used to show weaknesses in a domain&#39;s cybersecurity posture and may also be used to monitor domains for suspicious activity. 
     The baseline and service fingerprint profile may be created during the completion of the second queue. Afterwards, any other scanning or scoring—e.g., domain scanning and cybersecurity scoring—may be appended to the profile. However, as mentioned before, a baseline, service fingerprint, and cybersecurity profile may be generated as soon as any of the aspects are known, e.g., domain records, port baseline, network and service fingerprint, or cybersecurity score. 
     In addition to the network scanning queues described above and in  FIG. 21 , this embodiment implements a third queue comprising a port scan detection task for each Internet address associated with a domain name from domain name system records. The port scan detection task monitors for typical port scan data packet, e.g., a synchronization (SYN) packet. The source IP address of the SYN packet is likely a spoofed (non-existent) machine or a compromised incidental/sacrificial victim&#39;s machine. Blocking the incidental/sacrificial victim&#39;s machine is good practice but will not stop a threat actor who is not associated with the source IP address because he or she is likely passively snooping/sniffing the network for the return data packet from the intended victim&#39;s computer. 
     The purpose of a data packet modifier  2601  is to intercept the return data packet of the intended victim&#39;s computer, modify the header information with a finish (FIN) flag and include a bad sequence number, i.e., a sequence number so far out of range that any receiving machine such as the snooping/sniffing threat actor will automatically attempt to reconnect and respond with a acknowledge (ACK) data packet. That ACK data packet will contain the threat actor&#39;s IP address thus allowing the data packet modifier  2601  to send the threat actor&#39;s IP address to a capable network device or gateway  2121  for blacklisting of the threat actor&#39;s IP address. 
       FIG. 27  is a method for analyzing and protecting a network using distributed computing services. In a first step  2701 , receive a domain name for reconnaissance and scoring. This can be sent to the embodiments described above as well as manually input through a user interface. In a second step  2702 , create a first queue of Internet search tasks for the domain name and implement the first queue of Internet search tasks through one or more selectable attribute nodes of a public-facing proxy network, according to one embodiment. The search tasks comprising searches for, and receipt of search results for, one or more domain name system records such as the exemplary ones described herein  2703 . In a fourth step  2704 , identify the IP addresses associated with the domain name. Each IP address typically corresponding to a computing device belonging to that domain. 
     In a fifth step  2705 , creating a second queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks for the identified Internet protocol addresses, the scanning tasks comprising an open port scan for each Internet protocol address identified and a vulnerability scan for each open port. Vulnerability scans may use third-party databases of known vulnerabilities such as NIST and other exploit databases. Next, implement the second queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks and receive a list of open ports  2706 , associated vulnerabilities  2707 , and a baseline and service fingerprint profile for the domain name  2708 . The baseline and service fingerprint comprising a snapshot of the available information during the scans, such as network packet header information, DNS, SSH, and SSL query results, and other retrievable information (Operating system, running services, browser type, software versions, etc.) 
     In a ninth step  2709 , create a third queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks for the identified Internet protocol addresses, the scanning tasks comprising a port scan detection task  2710  for each Internet protocol address identified. Implement the third queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks, wherein a data packet associated with a detected port scan  2715  is intercepted  2716 , i.e., sent to a data packet modifier, modified using a flag and bad sequence number  2717 , and released into the network to compel a threat actor behind the port scan to respond with the threat actor&#39;s IP address  2718 . In another embodiment, the threat actor&#39;s MAC address is determinable as well and may be used alone or in combination with the threat actor&#39;s IP address to blacklist the threat actor&#39;s machine. Blacklisting the threat actor may be adding a firewall rule, isolating the threat actor&#39;s machine in a VLAN, or adding to a blacklist on a capable piece of networking equipment  2719 . The port scan incident and associated metadata may be stored in the domain&#39;s baseline, fingerprint, and cybersecurity profile  2708 . 
     In an eleventh step  2711 , store the search results received from the first queue of Internet search tasks and the list of open ports, associated vulnerabilities, and baseline and service fingerprint profile from the second queue of Internet protocol address scanning tasks. In a twelfth step  2712 , receive a cybersecurity scoring model, the cybersecurity scoring model comprising category weights for the one or more domain name system records, the list of open ports, any previous or ongoing port scan attacks or other cybersecurity related events, and associated vulnerabilities and further comprising an algorithm for combining the categories using the category weights. In a thirteenth step  2713 , calculate a cybersecurity score by applying the algorithm to the weighted categories and in a fourteenth step  2714 , generate a cybersecurity portion of the baseline and service fingerprint profile for the domain name based on the cybersecurity score. 
     Hardware Architecture 
     Generally, the techniques disclosed herein may be implemented on hardware or a combination of software and hardware. For example, they may be implemented in an operating system kernel, in a separate user process, in a library package bound into network applications, on a specially constructed machine, on an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or on a network interface card. 
     Software/hardware hybrid implementations of at least some of the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on a programmable network-resident machine (which should be understood to include intermittently connected network-aware machines) selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in memory. Such network devices may have multiple network interfaces that may be configured or designed to utilize different types of network communication protocols. A general architecture for some of these machines may be described herein in order to illustrate one or more exemplary means by which a given unit of functionality may be implemented. According to specific aspects, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on one or more general-purpose computers associated with one or more networks, such as for example an end-user computer system, a client computer, a network server or other server system, a mobile computing device (e.g., tablet computing device, mobile phone, smartphone, laptop, or other appropriate computing device), a consumer electronic device, a music player, or any other suitable electronic device, router, switch, or other suitable device, or any combination thereof In at least some aspects, at least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented in one or more virtualized computing environments (e.g., network computing clouds, virtual machines hosted on one or more physical computing machines, or other appropriate virtual environments). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 15 , there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary computing device  10  suitable for implementing at least a portion of the features or functionalities disclosed herein. Computing device  10  may be, for example, any one of the computing machines listed in the previous paragraph, or indeed any other electronic device capable of executing software- or hardware-based instructions according to one or more programs stored in memory. Computing device  10  may be configured to communicate with a plurality of other computing devices, such as clients or servers, over communications networks such as a wide area network a metropolitan area network, a local area network, a wireless network, the Internet, or any other network, using known protocols for such communication, whether wireless or wired. 
     In one aspect, computing device  10  includes one or more central processing units (CPU)  12 , one or more interfaces  15 , and one or more busses  14  (such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus). When acting under the control of appropriate software or firmware, CPU  12  may be responsible for implementing specific functions associated with the functions of a specifically configured computing device or machine. For example, in at least one aspect, a computing device  10  may be configured or designed to function as a server system utilizing CPU  12 , local memory  11  and/or remote memory  16 , and interface(s)  15 . In at least one aspect, CPU  12  may be caused to perform one or more of the different types of functions and/or operations under the control of software modules or components, which for example, may include an operating system and any appropriate applications software, drivers, and the like. 
     CPU  12  may include one or more processors  13  such as, for example, a processor from one of the Intel, ARM, Qualcomm, and AMD families of microprocessors. In some aspects, processors  13  may include specially designed hardware such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and so forth, for controlling operations of computing device  10 . In a particular aspect, a local memory  11  (such as non-volatile random access memory (RAM) and/or read-only memory (ROM), including for example one or more levels of cached memory) may also form part of CPU  12 . However, there are many different ways in which memory may be coupled to system  10 . Memory  11  may be used for a variety of purposes such as, for example, caching and/or storing data, programming instructions, and the like. It should be further appreciated that CPU  12  may be one of a variety of system-on-a-chip (SOC) type hardware that may include additional hardware such as memory or graphics processing chips, such as a QUALCOMM SNAPDRAGON™ or SAMSUNG EXYNOS™ CPU as are becoming increasingly common in the art, such as for use in mobile devices or integrated devices. 
     As used herein, the term “processor” is not limited merely to those integrated circuits referred to in the art as a processor, a mobile processor, or a microprocessor, but broadly refers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, an application-specific integrated circuit, and any other programmable circuit. 
     In one aspect, interfaces  15  are provided as network interface cards (NICs). Generally, NICs control the sending and receiving of data packets over a computer network; other types of interfaces  15  may for example support other peripherals used with computing device  10 . Among the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, graphics interfaces, and the like. In addition, various types of interfaces may be provided such as, for example, universal serial bus (USB), Serial, Ethernet, FIREWIRE™, THUNDERBOLT™, PCI, parallel, radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTH™, near-field communications (e.g., using near-field magnetics), 802.11 (WiFi), frame relay, TCP/IP, ISDN, fast Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, Serial ATA (SATA) or external SATA (ESATA) interfaces, high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), digital visual interface (DVI), analog or digital audio interfaces, asynchronous transfer mode 
     (ATM) interfaces, high-speed serial interface (HSSI) interfaces, Point of Sale (POS) interfaces, fiber data distributed interfaces (FDDIs), and the like. Generally, such interfaces  15  may include physical ports appropriate for communication with appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor (such as a dedicated audio or video processor, as is common in the art for high-fidelity A/V hardware interfaces) and, in some instances, volatile and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., RAM). 
     Although the system shown in  FIG. 15  illustrates one specific architecture for a computing device  10  for implementing one or more of the aspects described herein, it is by no means the only device architecture on which at least a portion of the features and techniques described herein may be implemented. For example, architectures having one or any number of processors  13  may be used, and such processors  13  may be present in a single device or distributed among any number of devices. In one aspect, a single processor  13  handles communications as well as routing computations, while in other aspects a separate dedicated communications processor may be provided. In various aspects, different types of features or functionalities may be implemented in a system according to the aspect that includes a client device (such as a tablet device or smartphone running client software) and server systems (such as a server system described in more detail below). 
     Regardless of network device configuration, the system of an aspect may employ one or more memories or memory modules (such as, for example, remote memory block  16  and local memory  11 ) configured to store data, program instructions for the general-purpose network operations, or other information relating to the functionality of the aspects described herein (or any combinations of the above). Program instructions may control execution of or comprise an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. Memory  16  or memories  11 ,  16  may also be configured to store data structures, configuration data, encryption data, historical system operations information, or any other specific or generic non-program information described herein. 
     Because such information and program instructions may be employed to implement one or more systems or methods described herein, at least some network device aspects may include nontransitory machine-readable storage media, which, for example, may be configured or designed to store program instructions, state information, and the like for performing various operations described herein. Examples of such nontransitory machine-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as optical disks, and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM), flash memory (as is common in mobile devices and integrated systems), solid state drives (SSD) and “hybrid SSD” storage drives that may combine physical components of solid state and hard disk drives in a single hardware device (as are becoming increasingly common in the art with regard to personal computers), memristor memory, random access memory (RAM), and the like. It should be appreciated that such storage means may be integral and non-removable (such as RAM hardware modules that may be soldered onto a motherboard or otherwise integrated into an electronic device), or they may be removable such as swappable flash memory modules (such as “thumb drives” or other removable media designed for rapidly exchanging physical storage devices), “hot-swappable” hard disk drives or solid state drives, removable optical storage discs, or other such removable media, and that such integral and removable storage media may be utilized interchangeably. Examples of program instructions include both object code, such as may be produced by a compiler, machine code, such as may be produced by an assembler or a linker, byte code, such as may be generated by for example a JAVA™ compiler and may be executed using a Java virtual machine or equivalent, or files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter (for example, scripts written in Python, Perl, Ruby, Groovy, or any other scripting language). 
     In some aspects, systems may be implemented on a standalone computing system. Referring now to  FIG. 16 , there is shown a block diagram depicting a typical exemplary architecture of one or more aspects or components thereof on a standalone computing system. Computing device  20  includes processors  21  that may run software that carry out one or more functions or applications of aspects, such as for example a client application  24 . Processors  21  may carry out computing instructions under control of an operating system  22  such as, for example, a version of MICROSOFT WINDOWS™ operating system, APPLE macOS™ or iOS™ operating systems, some variety of the Linux operating system, ANDROID™ operating system, or the like. In many cases, one or more shared services  23  may be operable in system  20 , and may be useful for providing common services to client applications  24 . Services  23  may for example be WINDOWS™ services, user-space common services in a Linux environment, or any other type of common service architecture used with operating system  21 . Input devices  28  may be of any type suitable for receiving user input, including for example a keyboard, touchscreen, microphone (for example, for voice input), mouse, touchpad, trackball, or any combination thereof Output devices  27  may be of any type suitable for providing output to one or more users, whether remote or local to system  20 , and may include for example one or more screens for visual output, speakers, printers, or any combination thereof Memory  25  may be random-access memory having any structure and architecture known in the art, for use by processors  21 , for example to run software. Storage devices  26  may be any magnetic, optical, mechanical, memristor, or electrical storage device for storage of data in digital form (such as those described above, referring to  FIG. 15 ). Examples of storage devices  26  include flash memory, magnetic hard drive, CD-ROM, and/or the like. 
     In some aspects, systems may be implemented on a distributed computing network, such as one having any number of clients and/or servers. Referring now to  FIG. 17 , there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary architecture  30  for implementing at least a portion of a system according to one aspect on a distributed computing network. According to the aspect, any number of clients  33  may be provided. Each client  33  may run software for implementing client-side portions of a system; clients may comprise a system  20  such as that illustrated in  FIG. 16 . In addition, any number of servers  32  may be provided for handling requests received from one or more clients  33 . Clients  33  and servers  32  may communicate with one another via one or more electronic networks  31 , which may be in various aspects any of the Internet, a wide area network, a mobile telephony network (such as CDMA or GSM cellular networks), a wireless network (such as WiFi, WiMAX, LTE, and so forth), or a local area network (or indeed any network topology known in the art; the aspect does not prefer any one network topology over any other). Networks  31  may be implemented using any known network protocols, including for example wired and/or wireless protocols. 
     In addition, in some aspects, servers  32  may call external services  37  when needed to obtain additional information, or to refer to additional data concerning a particular call. Communications with external services  37  may take place, for example, via one or more networks  31 . In various aspects, external services  37  may comprise web-enabled services or functionality related to or installed on the hardware device itself. For example, in one aspect where client applications  24  are implemented on a smartphone or other electronic device, client applications  24  may obtain information stored in a server system  32  in the cloud or on an external service  37  deployed on one or more of a particular enterprise&#39;s or user&#39;s premises. In addition to local storage on servers  32 , remote storage  38  may be accessible through the network(s)  31 . 
     In some aspects, clients  33  or servers  32  (or both) may make use of one or more specialized services or appliances that may be deployed locally or remotely across one or more networks  31 . For example, one or more databases  34  in either local or remote storage  38  may be used or referred to by one or more aspects. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that databases in storage  34  may be arranged in a wide variety of architectures and using a wide variety of data access and manipulation means. For example, in various aspects one or more databases in storage  34  may comprise a relational database system using a structured query language (SQL), while others may comprise an alternative data storage technology such as those referred to in the art as “NoSQL” (for example, HADOOP CASSANDRA™, GOOGLE BIGTABLE™, and so forth). In some aspects, variant database architectures such as column-oriented databases, in-memory databases, clustered databases, distributed databases, or even flat file data repositories may be used according to the aspect. It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that any combination of known or future database technologies may be used as appropriate, unless a specific database technology or a specific arrangement of components is specified for a particular aspect described herein. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the term “database” as used herein may refer to a physical database machine, a cluster of machines acting as a single database system, or a logical database within an overall database management system. Unless a specific meaning is specified for a given use of the term “database”, it should be construed to mean any of these senses of the word, all of which are understood as a plain meaning of the term “database” by those having ordinary skill in the art. 
     Similarly, some aspects may make use of one or more security systems  36  and configuration systems  35 . Security and configuration management are common information technology (IT) and web functions, and some amount of each are generally associated with any IT or web systems. It should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that any configuration or security subsystems known in the art now or in the future may be used in conjunction with aspects without limitation, unless a specific security  36  or configuration system  35  or approach is specifically required by the description of any specific aspect. 
       FIG. 18  shows an exemplary overview of a computer system  40  as may be used in any of the various locations throughout the system. It is exemplary of any computer that may execute code to process data. Various modifications and changes may be made to computer system  40  without departing from the broader scope of the system and method disclosed herein. Central processor unit (CPU)  41  is connected to bus  42 , to which bus is also connected memory  43 , nonvolatile memory  44 , display  47 , input/output (I/O) unit  48 , and network interface card (NIC)  53 . I/O unit  48  may, typically, be connected to peripherals such as a keyboard  49 , pointing device  50 , hard disk  52 , real-time clock  51 , a camera  57 , and other peripheral devices. NIC  53  connects to network  54 , which may be the Internet or a local network, which local network may or may not have connections to the Internet. The system may be connected to other computing devices through the network via a router  55 , wireless local area network  56 , or any other network connection. Also shown as part of system  40  is power supply unit  45  connected, in this example, to a main alternating current (AC) supply  46 . Not shown are batteries that could be present, and many other devices and modifications that are well known but are not applicable to the specific novel functions of the current system and method disclosed herein. It should be appreciated that some or all components illustrated may be combined, such as in various integrated applications, for example Qualcomm or Samsung system-on-a-chip (SOC) devices, or whenever it may be appropriate to combine multiple capabilities or functions into a single hardware device (for instance, in mobile devices such as smartphones, video game consoles, in-vehicle computer systems such as navigation or multimedia systems in automobiles, or other integrated hardware devices). 
     In various aspects, functionality for implementing systems or methods of various aspects may be distributed among any number of client and/or server components. For example, various software modules may be implemented for performing various functions in connection with the system of any particular aspect, and such modules may be variously implemented to run on server and/or client components. 
     The skilled person will be aware of a range of possible modifications of the various aspects described above. Accordingly, the present invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.