Patent Publication Number: US-2002005377-A1

Title: Filter cartridge for gravity-fed water treatment devices

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] This invention relates to filter cartridges for use in gravity-fed water treatment systems. In particular, this invention relates to a filter cartridge having novel filter media.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] Domestic water treatment devices are known in the art. Among these devices are self-contained systems which process water in batches. Examples of batch devices are pitchers/carafes and larger reservoirs where treated water is poured, for example, from a spigot. These self-contained systems typically have upper and lower chambers separated by a filter cartridge. They rely on gravity to force water from the upper chamber, through the cartridge, and into the lower chamber, thereby producing treated water.  
       [0003] The presence of unwanted and potentially harmful contaminants in water, especially drinking water, is of concern to many people. This concern creates a desire for water treatment devices in the home and elsewhere. Many water treatment devices and methods have been developed to remove or neutralize chemical and particulate contaminants. Some of these devices and methods incorporate chemically active materials to treat the water. For example, activated carbon is capable of removing the bad taste and odor from water as well as chlorine and other reactive chemicals. Ion exchange resins are useful for removing metal and other ions from water. However, no single material or chemical has been found that will remove all contaminants.  
       [0004] In addition to chemical and particulate contaminants, water often contains biological contaminants. These contaminants often can not be entirely removed by activated carbon, ion exchange resins, or other chemically active water purifiers. The biological contaminants may be susceptible to harsher chemical treatment, but such chemicals are, typically, themselves contaminants or can not be easily incorporated in gravity-fed treatment devices, especially those for household use. In addition to being resistant to removal by standard chemical means, many of these biological contaminants, such as protozoan cysts like cryptosporidium, are only a few microns in size.  
       [0005] Because of their small size and the relative unavailability of suitable chemical removal methods for these biological contaminants, a gravity-fed water treatment device which can remove protozoan cysts and still retain satisfactory flow rate has been very difficult to develop. Present devices which filter cysts out of water require pressurization, either from the tap or by manual pumping, to achieve a satisfactory flow rate. However, such devices are relatively complex and expensive, and in the case of manual pressurization systems, harder to operate. Thus, there is a need for a gravity-fed water treatment device that is capable of removing biological contaminants, including cysts like cryptosporidium, while providing an acceptable flow rate.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006] According to the present invention, a filter cartridge for a gravity-fed water treatment is provided. In one aspect of the invention, the filter cartridge includes a porous particulate filter that has an open upper end, a closed lower end, and sidewalls between the two ends. The porous particulate filter is sealed to a portion of the filter cartridge by a connecting member. Water is treated as the water flows into the open upper end and through the sidewalls of the porous particulate filter. Air within the filter, that is displaced by incoming water, flows out of the open upper end of the filter.  
       [0007] In another aspect of invention, the filter cartridge includes a porous particulate filter with sidewalls and an inlet. Granular media is contained within the sidewalls of the filter. Water is treated as it flows through the inlet of the filter, through the granular media, and radially outward through the sidewalls of the filter.  
       [0008] In a further aspect of the invention, the filter cartridge includes a porous particulate filter which includes glass fibers and a hydrophilic binder. The porous particulate filter is sealed to a portion of the filter cartridge by a connecting member. Water that is treated by the filter cartridge has greater than 99.95% of 3-5 micron cysts particles removed.  
       [0009] These and other advantages and features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto. However, for a better understanding of the invention and its advantages, reference should be made to the drawings which form a further part hereof, and to the accompanying descriptive matter in which there is illustrated and described a preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0010] A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals identify corresponding parts:  
     [0011]FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a filter cartridge according to the present invention; and  
     [0012]FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the filter cartridge shown in FIG. 1. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
     [0013] The filter cartridge  20  described herein can be used in a variety of gravity-fed water treatment devices. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, this preferred embodiment of the filter cartridge  20  contains a porous particulate filter  24  with granular media  26  disposed within particulate filter  24 . Filter cartridge  20  also has a shell  22  which surrounds porous particulate filter  24  to provide mechanical support for the particulate filter. Shell  22  has a collar  36  which seals porous particulate filter  24  to cartridge  20  so that water flowing through the cartridge must pass through porous particulate filter  24  and is, thereby, treated.  
     [0014] Porous particulate filter  24  mechanically filters particles and biological contaminants, such as protozoan cysts, out of the water. To effectively filter biological contaminants, porous particulate filter  24  should have pores smaller than the size of the contaminants that are to be filtered. Biological cysts, such as cryptosporidium, are only a few microns in size. An effective cryptosporidium filter must have pores that are less than about 5 microns, and preferably less than about 2 microns, in diameter. Thus, porous particulate filter  24  is, preferably, microporous, which means that the particulate filter has pores which are approximately 1-3 microns or smaller in size.  
     [0015] Preferably porous particulate filter  24  removes greater than 99.95% of 3-4 micron cysts particles from water treated with the filter cartridge. The level of cyst filtration is determined using the protocols of NSF 53 §6.5 and 6.12, incorporated herein by reference.  
     [0016] Porous particulate filter  24  is preferably formed in a shape having sidewalls  25  and an open upper end. Sidewalls  25  of porous particulate filter  24  are substantially cylindrical. However, other shapes of the sidewalls are also included within the scope of the invention. Moreover, sidewalls  25  of particulate filter  24  may be flat or pleated, as shown in FIG. 1. Pleated sidewalls provide greater filter surface area than do flat sidewalls for an otherwise identical filter configuration. However, the pleats should not be closely spaced or the flow rate through the pleats will be decreased.  
     [0017] The upper end of particulate filter  24  is at least partially open so that water can flow into particulate filter  24  and air within particulate filter  24  can escape as it is displaced by the water. The bottom end of porous particulate filter may be closed (not shown) or open (see FIGS. 1 and 2). If the bottom end is open then porous particulate filter  24  should be attached to an object, such as a bottom cap  29  of shell  22 , which will prevent the flow of water out of the open bottom end of particulate filter  24 .  
     [0018] Porous particulate filter  24  can be formed from a wide variety of materials. Preferably, sidewalls  25  of porous particulate filter  24  are made from a hydrophilic, microporous filter media. Optionally, if the bottom end of porous particulate filter  24  is closed, then the bottom can also be made from the hydrophilic, microporous filter media. One example of a suitable hydrophilic, microporous filter media is a carbon block which has been hollowed out to create sidewalls and a open upper end.  
     [0019] The preferred hydrophilic, microporous filter media for the construction of porous particulate filter  24  is fibrous sheet filter media. The fibers of this sheet filter media can be either natural, such as fiber made of cellulose or cellulose derivatives, or synthetic, such as fibers made from polymers or glass. Preferably, the fibers are synthetic fibers, and more preferably, the fibers are glass microfibers. Often natural fibers, such as cellulose fibers, are thicker than synthetic fibers resulting in fewer pores and a correspondingly slower flow rate.  
     [0020] The flow rate of water through a given porous particulate filter is of critical importance in determining the acceptability of porous particulate filter  24  for a gravity-fed water treatment device. Flow rate is typically determined by the size of the pores, the pressure applied to the water to push it through the pores, and the composition of the filter. In gravity-fed devices, such as carafes or household water storage containers, the pressure exerted on water to push it through filter cartridge  20  is due only to a gravitational force on the water itself. For household gravity-fed water treatment devices, such as carafes, the pressure exerted on the water is typically less than about 0.5 lb/in 2 . Consequently, the gravity-induced flow rate through a typical microporous particulate filter is very slow and not practical for a gravity-fed water treatment device.  
     [0021] To overcome this limitation, the preferred porous particulate filters  24  of the invention contain hydrophilic material. Hydrophilic materials, as defined for purposes of the present invention, are those materials, which when dry, are quickly wetted (i.e., they absorb droplets of water quickly). The hydrophilicity of these materials is due to an attractive force between the hydrophilic material and water which is greater than the surface tension of the water at the water/filter interface (i.e. the attractive force between the individual water molecules at the interface).  
     [0022] The hydrophilicity of porous particulate filter  24  may be a result of the hydrophilic nature of the fibers or other material of the porous particulate filter. Alternatively, the hydrophilicity of the filter may be due to an additive to the material of the filter. Such an additive may be capable of creating a hydrophilic particulate filter even if the filter contains non-hydrophilic or hydrophobic fibers.  
     [0023] A hydrophilic additive to the filter may also serve other functions within the filter material. One example of such an additive is a hydrophilic binder which is added to the media, not only to impart hydrophilicity to the binder, but also to bind the microfibers of the media together to form a sheet. Hydrophilic sheet filter media having these properties is available from Alhstrom, Mt. Holly Springs, Pa. (Grade 2194-235). Suitable hydrophilic binder for use in binding glass microfibers is available from Goodrich (Part No. 26450).  
     [0024] Sheet filter media was obtained from the above-named source. The sheet filter media had an average pore size of about 1.2 μm and a thickness of about 0.024 in. The porous particulate filter was about 3 in. tall and had a 1.75 in. outer diameter. The porous particulate filter was pleated to give  40  pleats uniformly spaced around the filter with a pleat depth of about 0.25 in., giving the filter an inner diameter of 1.25 in.  
     [0025] To protect porous particulate filter  24  from damage, a shell  22  may be disposed around filter  24 . Shell  22  has three connectable pieces, a top cap  28 , a bottom cap  29 , and a body  30 , as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. This configuration allows for easy placement of particulate filter  24  in filter cartridge  20 . Other shell configurations may be used and are included within the scope of the invention.  
     [0026] Shell  22  also has one or more inlet apertures  32  and one or more outlet apertures  34  through which water enters and exits filter cartridge  20 , respectively. Inlet apertures  32  are positioned in an upper portion of shell  22  in either top cap  28  (see FIGS. 1 and 2) or an upper portion of body  30  (not shown).  
     [0027] Outlet apertures  34  are typically located in the bottom cap  29 , but could also be on the side of body  30 . Inlet apertures  32  and outlet apertures  34  are positioned within shell  22  so that water flowing into inlet apertures  32  goes through granular media  26  and porous particulate filter  24  prior to exiting out outlet apertures  34 .  
     [0028] Porous particulate filter  24  is adhesively connected to bottom cap  29  to provide a seal to prevent water from flowing around the bottom of filter  24 . Bottom cap  29  also contains one or more ridged columns  31  which, when bottom cap  29  is slid into body  30 , will contact a lip of an indentation  35  in the interior portion of body  30  to firmly hold cap  29  in place. There are spaces between ridged columns  31  of cap  29  to allow water to flow out of filter cartridge  20  through outlet apertures  34  in bottom cap  29 .  
     [0029] Shell  22  also has a collar  36  acting as a connecting member, which provides a seal between porous particulate filter  24  and filter cartridge  20  so that water flowing through inlet apertures  32  must pass through porous particulate filter  24  before exiting through outlet apertures  34 . Collar  36  has an annular cup formed by a cylinder  37  and a base  39 . Porous particulate filter  24  is adhesively attached within the annular cup formed by cylinder  37  and base  39  to provide a water-tight connection to collar  36 . Other methods of sealing porous particulate filter  24  to cartridge  20  are also included within the scope of the invention.  
     [0030] Shell  22  is typically constructed of a plastic or polymeric material. Shell  22  is preferably made from a molded plastic.  
     [0031] The flow rate of water through porous particulate filter  24  is often diminished by the presence of air adjacent to porous particulate filter  24 . Air trapped near particulate filter  24  forms an interface with the water in particulate filter  24 . There will be a surface tension associated with this interface. Unless there is enough pressure to break this surface tension, the water will not flow. Thus, it is desirable that there be a path for the escape of air as it is displaced by water flowing into filter cartridge  20 . One advantage of the filter configuration depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 is that air in the interior of the shape formed by porous particulate filter  24  can flow out the open upper end of porous particulate filter  24  and exit filter cartridge  20  through inlet apertures  32 .  
     [0032] When shell  22  is provided around porous particulate filter  24 , air may also be trapped in gap  38  between shell  22  and particulate filter  24 . The presence of trapped air may reduce the flow rate through filter  24  as the water level within gap  38  rises.  
     [0033] Air outlet apertures  40  are provided in shell  22  so that the air can escape from gap  38 , especially when outlet apertures  34  are below the water level of the water treatment device. Air outlet apertures  40  are often provided near the upper end of gap  38  which is proximate the sealed connection between shell  22  and porous particulate filter  24 . This configuration will allow most or all of the air to escape the cartridge as air will naturally rise to the highest possible level due to the buoyancy of air in water. In addition to providing an escape path for air, air outlet apertures  38  may also function as water outlet apertures.  
     [0034] Granular media  26  is typically disposed within shell  22  to provide additional water purification. As shown in FIG. 2, granular media  26  is preferably disposed within porous particulate filter  24 . This configuration is advantageous because particulate filter  24  will prevent granular media  26  from coming out of filter cartridge  20 . In addition, granular media can be disposed within a separate granular media containment region  41  of shell  22  (see FIG. 2).  
     [0035] Granular media  26  comprises chemicals or materials that are suitable for treating water. Granular media  26  typically includes chemicals or other materials that are capable of removing, reducing, or deactivating one or more of the following elements: bad odor, bad taste, organic contaminants, chemical contaminants, and metal or other unwanted ions, such as chlorine. Suitable granular media  26  includes carbon, zeolites, an ion exchange resin, or a combination thereof. A preferred form of carbon for use as granular media is granular activated carbon. A preferred granular media for use in the filter cartridges of the invention is a mixture of a weak-acid cation exchange resin and granular activated carbon.  
     [0036] In one embodiment of the invention, at least a portion of granular media  26  is hydrophilic. Hydrophilic granular media includes granular activated carbon. A hydrophilic granular media disposed within porous particulate filter  24  may facilitate the flow of water through porous particulate filter  24 . Hydrophilic granular media in contact with porous particulate filter  24  may provide a less resistive flow path for water into and through the (preferably hydrophilic) sidewalls  25  of porous particulate filter  24 .  
     [0037] It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiment described above, which is illustrative only. Changes may be made in detail, especially matters of shape, size, arrangement of parts, or materials of components within the principles of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meanings of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.