Patent Publication Number: US-6218473-B1

Title: Sulfur cured rubber composition containing chlorosulfonated polyethylene and carboxylated nitrile rubber

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A pneumatic tire is a polymeric composite and is a complex system of interacting components, each with specific properties for maximum effectiveness. One of the more important components of a tire is the tread. Since the tread of a tire comes into contact with the road, it is particularly compounded for abrasion and tear resistance. For example, abrasion resistance can correlate to tread wear and tear resistance can correlate to the tread&#39;s ability to resist chunking or tearing of the ground contacting tread elements. With the ever present need to improve the performance of tires, there is a continuous need for a rubber composition which improves both abrasion resistance and tear values. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a sulfur cured rubber composition particularly suited for the tread of a pneumatic tire. The sulfur cured rubber composition is composed of, based on 100 parts by weight of rubber, 1.0 to 15 parts by weight of chlorosulfonated polyethylene; 1.0 to 15 parts by weight of a carboxylated nitrile rubber; and 98 to 70 parts by weight of a rubber selected from the group consisting of medium vinyl polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber, synthetic cis 1,4-polyisoprene, synthetic 3,4-polyisoprene, natural rubber, cis-1,4-polybutadiene, styrene-isoprene rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and mixtures thereof. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is disclosed a pneumatic tire having an outer circumferential tread wherein said tread is a sulfur cured composition composed of, based on 100 parts by weight of rubber (phr) (a) 1.0 to 15 parts by weight of a chlorosulfonated polyethylene; (b) 1.0 to 15 parts by weight of a carboxylated nitrile rubber and 98 to 70 parts by weight of a rubber selected from the group consisting of medium vinyl polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber, synthetic cis 1,4-polyisoprene, synthetic 3,4-polyisoprene, natural rubber, cis-1,4-polybutadiene, styrene-isoprene rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and mixtures thereof. 
     The chlorosulfonated polyethylene useful in this invention is typically a material having from about 20 to about 48 weight percent chlorine and from about 0.4 to about 3.0 weight percent sulfur. Typical preparations of chlorosulfonated polyethylene are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,586,363 and 2,503,252. Commercially available chlorosulfonated polyethylene which may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, those obtained from E. I. du Pont de Nemours, Inc., under the designation Hypalon™, such as Hypalon™ 20, Hypalon™ 40, Hypalon™ 40 HS, Hypalon™ 4085 and Hypalon™ HPG 6525. 
     Based on 100 parts by weight of the total rubber in the sulfur-cured rubber composition, from 1.0 to 15 phr, is the chlorosulfonated polyethylene. Preferably, from 2.5 to 10 parts by weight is the chlorosulfonated polyethylene. 
     The second component contained in the present invention is a carboxylated nitrile rubber. Based on 100 parts by weight of the total rubber in the sulfur-cured rubber composition, from 1.0 to 15 parts by weight, is the carboxylated nitrile rubber. Preferably, from 2.5 to 10 parts by weight is the carboxylated nitrile rubber. 
     The carboxylated nitrile rubbers (elastomers) contain chain linkages derived from unsaturated carboxylic acids of the acrylic acid type (unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers). Some representative examples of unsaturated carboxylic acids of the acrylic acid type include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, sorbic acid, β-acryloxypropanoic acid, ethacrylic acid, 2-ethyl-3-propyl acrylic acid, vinyl acrylic acid, cinnamnic acid, maleic acid, filmaric acid and the like. Carboxylated nitrile rubbers generally contain from about 0.75 percent to 15 percent by weight chain linkages (repeat units) which are derived from unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers. 
     The carboxylic nitrile rubbers can be synthesized using any conventional polymerization technique. Emulsion polymerization of carboxylated nitrile elastomers is generally preferred and is used almost exclusively in industrial production. This type of a synthesis generally utilizes a charge composition comprising water, monomers, an initiator and an emulsifier (soap). Such polymerizations can be run over a very wide temperature range from about 0° C. to as high as 100° C. It is more preferred for these polymerizations to be run at a temperature from about 5° C. to 60° C. 
     The amount of carboxylic acid monomer (unsaturated carboxylic acid of the acrylic acid type) incorporated in a carboxylated nitrite rubber may be varied over a wide range. The monomer charge ratio between the carboxylic monomer and the comonomers employed in a polymerization may also be varied over a very wide range. Generally, the charge composition used in the synthesis of carboxylated nitrile rubbers will contain 60 percent to 75 percent by weight butadiene, 15 percent to 35 percent by weight of acrylonitrile and 1 percent to 15 percent by weight methacrylic acid, based upon the total monomer charge. A typical charge composition for a carboxylated nitrile rubber will contain 65 to 69 weight butadiene, 24 to 28 weight percent acrylonitrile and 5 to 9 weight percent methacrylic acid. 
     The emulsifiers used in the polymerization of such polymers may be charged at the outset of the polymerization or may be added incrementally or by proportioning as the reaction proceeds. Generally, anionic emulsifier systems provide good results; however, any of the general types of anionic, cationic or nonionic emulsifiers may be employed in the polymerization. 
     Among the anionic emulsifiers that can be employed in emulsion polymerizations are fatty acids and their alkali metal soaps such as caprylic acid, capric acid, pelargonic acid, lauric acid, undecylic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid and the like; amine soaps of fatty acids such as those formed from ammonia, mono- and dialkyl amines, substituted hydrazines, guanidine and various low molecular weight diamines; chain-substituted derivatives of fatty acids such as those having alkyl substituents; naphthenic acids and their soaps and the like; sulfuric esters and their salts, such as the tallow alcohol sulfates, coconut alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol sulfates, such as oleyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate and the like; sterol sulfates; sulfates of alkylcyclohexanols, sulfation products of lower polymers of ethylene as C 10  to C 20  straight chain olefins, and other hydrocarbon mixtures, sulfuric esters of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols having intermediate linkages, such as ether, ester or amide groups such as alkylbenzyl (polyethyleneoxy) alcohols, the sodium salt or tridecyl ether sulfate; alkane sulfonates, esters and salts, such as alkylchlorosulfonates with the general formula RSO2C1, wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to carbon atoms, and alkylsulfonates with the general formula RSO2—OH, wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; sulfonates with intermediate linkages such as ester and ester-linked sulfonates such as those having the formula RCOOC2H4SO3H and ROOC—CH2—SO3H, wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as dialkyl sulfosuccinates; ester salts with the general formula:                    
     wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms; alkaryl sulfonates in which the alkyl groups contain preferably from 10 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. dodecylbenzenesulfonates, such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkyl phenol sulfonates; sulfonic acids and their salts such as acids with the formula RSO3Na, wherein R is an alkyl and the like; sulfonamides, sulfamido methylenesulfonic acids; rosin acids and their soaps; sulfonated derivatives of rosin and rosin oil; and lignin sulfonates and the like. 
     Rosin acid soap has been used with good success at a concentration of about 5 percent by weight in the initial charge composition used in the synthesis of carboxylated elastomers. Of rosin acids, about 90 percent are isomeric with abietic acid and the other 10 percent is a mixture of dehydro abietic acid and dihydro abietic acid. 
     The polymerization of these carboxylated nitrile rubbers may be initiated using free radical catalysts, ultraviolet light or radiation. To ensure a satisfactory polymerization rate, uniformity and a controllable polymerization, free radical initiators are generally used with good results. Free radical initiators which are conmnonly used include the various peroxygen compounds such as potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, benzoyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, p-menthane hydroperoxide, t-butylhydroperoxide, acetyl acetone peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, succinic acid peroxide, dicetyl peroxydicarbonate, t-butyl peroxyacetate, t-butyl peroxymaleic acid, t-butyl peroxybenzoate, acetyl cyclohexyl sulfonyl peroxide and the like; the various azo compounds such as 2-t-butylazo-2-cyanopropane, dimethyl azodiisobutyrate, azodiisobutyronitrile, 2-t-butylazo-1-cyanocyclohexane, 1-t-amylazo-1-cyanocyclohexane and the like; the various alkyl perketals, such as 2,2-bis-(t-butylperoxy)butane, ethyl 3,3-bis(t-butylperoxy)butyrate, 1,1-di-(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane and the like. Cumene hydroperoxide can be used as an initiator to obtain very good results in the polymerization of carboxylated nitrile rubber. 
     The emulsion polymerization system used in the synthesis of carboxylated nitrile rubbers can be treated at the desired degree of conversion with shortstopping agents, such as hydroquinone. Typical shortstopping agents will not interfere with the action of the succinic acid derivative salts as scorch inhibitors. Typical stabilizing agents and standard antioxidants can also be added to the emulsion of a carboxylated nitrile rubber. 
     After the emulsion polymerization has been completed, most conventional coagulating techniques for carboxylated nitrile rubbers can be employed. A review of coagulation techniques for nitrile rubbers is presented in Hofmann, Werner “Nitrile Rubber,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 37, no. 2, part 2 (April-June 1964), pp. 94-96, which is incorporated herein by reference. Normally such latexes are coagulated with reagents which ensure the preservation of the carboxyl groups of the elastomers as acidic moieties. Coagulation with acid or blends of salts with acids is usually very satisfactory. For example, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, blends of sodium chloride with sulfuric acid and blends of hydrochloric acids with methanol are very effective as coagulating agents for carboxylated rubber emulsions. Calcium chloride solutions which are free of calcium hydroxide have also been used as coagulants with great success. 
     After coagulation, washing may be employed to remove excess soap and/or electrolyte from the carboxylated rubber. Sometimes washing is also useful in adjusting the pH of the carboxylated elastomer that has been synthesized. After washing, if it is desired, the elastomer can be dewatered. If it is desirable to do so, the carboyxlated rubber can also be dried and baled after dewatering using conventional techniques. 
     Example of commercially available carboxylated nitrile rubber are HYCAR® 1072 (Bd/ACN=65/34, with 1 percent carboxylic acid) marketed by B. F. Goodrich and CHEMIGUM® NX-775 (Bd/ACN-55/38 with 7 percent carboxylic acid) previously marketed by The Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Company and now available from Zeon Chemicals. These carboxylated copolymers contain approximately 0.5 to 10 percent by weight terminal carboxyl groups. 
     The sulfur cured rubber composition also contains a natural or synthetic diene derived rubber. Representative of the rubbers include medium vinyl polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber, synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene, synthetic 3,4-polyisoprene, natural rubber, cis-polybutadiene, styrene-isoprene rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the rubber is natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber or cis-polybutadiene. This rubber, other than the chlorosulfonated polyethylene and carboxylated nitrite rubber, may be used in amounts ranging from 98 to 70 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of total rubber. Preferably, this rubber is used in amounts ranging from about 95 to about 80 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of total rubber. 
     The compositions of the present invention may be compounded by conventional means including a Banbury®, mill, extruder, etc. It has been found to be preferred to add the carboxylated nitrite rubber at a separate stage than the chlorosulfonated polyethylene. 
     In addition to the above-identified and required components of the sulfur cured rubber compositions of the present invention, one may also use a siliceous pigment (alternatively referred to herein as silica filler). The silica filler that can be used include both pyrogenic and precipitated finely-divided silicas of the type heretofore employed for rubber compounding. The silica filler, however, is preferably of the type obtained by precipitation from a soluble silicate, such as sodium silicate. For example, silica fillers produced according to the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,940,830 can be used. These precipitated, hydrated silica pigments have a SiO2 content of at least 50% and usually greater than 80% by weight on anhydrous basis. The silica filler may have an ultimate particle size in the range of from about 50 to 10,000 angstroms, preferably between 50 and 400 and, more preferably, between 100 and 300 angstroms. The silica may be expected to have an average ultimate particle size in a range of about 0.01 to 0.05 microns as determined by electron microscope, although the silica particles may even be smaller in size. The BET surface area of the filler as measured using nitrogen gas is preferably in the range of 40 to 600 square meters per gram, usually 50 to 300 square meters per gram. The BET method of measuring surface area is described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol.60, page 304 (1930). The silica also has a dibutyl (DBP) absorption value in a range of about 200 to about 400, with a range of from about 220 to 300 being preferred. 
     Various commercially available silicas may be considered, for example, silicas commercially available from PPG Industries under the Hi-Sil trademark such as, for example, those with designations 210, 243, etc.; silicas available from Rhone-Poulenc, with designations of Z1165MP and Z165GR and silicas available from Degussa AG with designations VN2 and VN3, etc. The Rhone-Poulenc Z1165MIP silica is a preferred silica which is reportedly characterized by having a BET surface area of about 160-170 and by a DBP value of about 250-290 and by having a substantially spherical shape. 
     The amount of silica filler used as the reinforcing filler can vary widely. Generally speaking, the amount may range between about 5 and about 85 parts by weight of siliceous pigment per 100 parts by weight of total rubber are used. More typically, between about 10 and 50 parts by weight of siliceous pigment per  100 parts of rubber are used.    
     In compounding a silica filled rubber composition, one generally uses a coupling agent. Such coupling agents, for example, may be premixed, or pre-reacted, with the silica particles or added to the rubber mix during the rubber/silica processing, or mixing, stage. If the coupling agent and silica are added separately to the rubber mix during the rubber/silica mixing, or processing stage, it is considered that the coupling agent then combines in situ with the silica. 
     In particular, such coupling agents are generally composed of a silane which has a constituent component, or moiety, (the silane portion) capable of reacting with the silica surface and, also, a constituent component, or moiety, capable of reacting with the rubber, particularly a sulfur vulcanizable rubber which contains carbon-to-carbon double bonds, or unsaturation. In this manner, then the coupler acts as a connecting bridge between the silica and the rubber and thereby enhances the rubber reinforcement aspect of the silica. 
     The silane of the coupling agent apparently forms a bond to the silica surface, possibly through hydrolysis, and the rubber reactive component of the coupling agent combines with the rubber itself. Usually the rubber reactive component of the coupler is temperature sensitive and tends to combine with the rubber during the final and higher temperature sulfur vulcanization stage and, thus, subsequent to the rubber/silica/coupler mixing stage and, therefore, after the silane group of the coupler has combined with the silica. However, partly because of typical temperature sensitivity of the coupler, some degree of combination, or bonding, may occur between the rubber-reactive component of the coupler and the rubber during an initial rubber/silica/coupler mixing stages and, thus, prior to a subsequent vulcanization stage. 
     The rubber-reactive group component of the coupler may be, for example, one or more of groups such as mercapto, amino, vinyl, epoxy, and sulfur groups, preferably a sulfur or mercapto moiety and more preferably sulfur. 
     Representative examples of suitable coupling agents are sulfur containing organosilicon compounds. Specific examples of suitable sulfur containing organosilicon compounds are of the formula: 
     
       
         Z—Alk—S n —Alk—Z  I  
       
     
     in which Z is selected from the group consisting of                    
     where 
     R 1  is an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, cyclohexyl or phenyl; 
     R 2  is alkoxy of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or cycloalkoxy of 5 to 8 carbon atoms; 
     Alk is a divalent hydrocarbon of 1 to 18 carbon atoms and n is an integer of 2 to 8. 
     Specific examples of sulfur containing organosilicon compounds which may be used in accordance with the present invention include: 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis (tfiethoxysilyipropyl) disulfide, 3,3-bis (triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) octasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(triethoxysilylethyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) triasulfide, 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) triasulfide, 3,3′-bis(tributoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilyipropyl) hexasufide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) octasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trioctoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trihexoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(tri-2″-ethylhexoxysilylpropyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(triisooctoxysilyipropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(tri-t-butoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 2,2′-bis(methoxy diethoxy silyl ethyl) tetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(tripropoxysilylethyl) pentasulfide, 3,3′-bis(tricyclohexoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(tricyclopentoxysilylpropyl) trisulfide, 2,2′-bis(tri-2″-methylcyclohexoxysilylethyl) tetrasulfide, bis(trimethoxysilylmethyl) tetrasulfide, 3-methoxy ethoxy propoxysilyl 3′-diethoxybutoxy-silylpropyltetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(dimethyl methoxysilylethyl) disulfide, 2,2′-bis(dimethyl sec.butoxysilylethyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(methyl butylethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(di t-butylmethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(phenyl methyl methoxysilylethyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(diphenyl isopropoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(diphenyl cyclohexoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(dimethyl ethylmercaptosilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 2,2′-bis(methyl dimethoxysilylethyl) trisulfide, 2,2′-bis(methyl ethoxypropoxysilylethyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(diethyl methoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(ethyl di-sec. butoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(propyl diethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3′-bis(butyl dimethoxysilylpropyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(phenyl dimethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3-phenyl ethoxybutoxysilyl 3′-trimethoxysilyipropyl tetrasulfide, 4,4′-bis(trimethoxysilylbutyl) tetrasulfide, 6,6′-bis(triethoxysilylhexyl) tetrasulfide, 12,12′-bis(triisopropoxysilyl dodecyl) disulfide, 18,18′-bis(trimethoxysilyloctadecyl) tetrasulfide, 18,18′-bis(tripropoxysilyloctadecenyl) tetrasulfide, 4,4′-bis(trimethoxysilyl-buten-2-yl) tetrasulfide, 4,4′-bis(trimethoxysilylcyclohexylene) tetrasulfide, 5,5′-bis(dimethoxymethylsilylpentyl) trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilyl-2-methylpropyl) tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(dimethoxyphenylsilyl-2-methylpropyl) disulfide. 
     The preferred sulfur containing organosilicon compounds are the 3,3′-bis(trimethoxy or triethoxy silyipropyl) sulfides. The most preferred compounds are 3,3′-bis (triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide and 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide. Therefore, as to Formula I, preferably Z is                    
     where R 2  is an alkoxy of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, with 2 carbon atoms being particularly preferred; Alk is a divalent hydrocarbon of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, with 3 carbon atoms being particularly preferred; and n being an integer of from 2 to 4 being particularly preferred. 
     The amount of the sulfur containing organosilicon compound of Formula I in a rubber composition may vary. Generally speaking, the amount of the organosilicon compound of formula I will range from 0.5 to 15 phr. Preferably, the amount will range from 1 to 6 phr. 
     The sulfur cured rubber composition may also contain conventional additives including reinforcing agents, fillers, peptizing agents, pigments, stearic acid, accelerators, sulfur vulcanizing agents, antiozonants, antioxidants, processing oils, activators, initiators, plasticizers, waxes, prevulcanization inhibitors, extender oils and the like. Representative of reinforcing agents include carbon black, which is typically added in amounts ranging from about 5 to 100 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of total rubber (phr). Preferably, carbon black is used in amounts ranging from about 15 to 85 phr. Typical carbon blacks that are used include N110, N121, N220, N231, N234, N242, N293, N299, N326, N330, M332, N339, N343, N347, N351, N358, N375, N472, N539, N550, N660, N683, N754, and N765. Depending on the particular use of the compound, the appropriate carbon black may be selected. Representative of conventional accelerators are anines, guanidines, thioureas, thiols, thiurams, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates and xanthates which are typically added in amounts of from about 0.2 to about 5 phr. Representative of sulfur vulcanizing agents include element sulfur (free sulfur) or sulfur donating vulcanizing agents, for example, an amine disulfide, polymeric polysulfide or sulfur olefin adducts. The amount of sulfur vulcanizing agent will vary depending on the type of rubber and particular type of sulfur vulcanizing agent but generally range from about 0.1 phr to about 5 phr with a range of from about 0.5 phr to about 2 phr being preferred. Representative of the antidegradants which may be in the rubber composition include monophenols, bisphenols, thiobisphenols, polyphenols, hydroquinone derivatives, phosphites, phosphate blends, thioesters, naphthylamines, diphenol amines as well as other diaryl amine derivatives, paraphenylene diamines, quinolines and blended amines. Antidegradants are generally used in an amount ranging from about 0.1 phr to about 10 phr with a range of from about 2 to 6 phr being preferred. Representative of a peptizing agent that may be used is pentachlorophenol which may be used in an amount ranging from about 0.1 phr to 0.4 phr with a range of from about 0.2 to 0.3 phr being preferred. Representative of processing oils which may be used in the rubber composition of the present invention include aliphatic-naphthenic aromatic resins, polyethylene glycol, petroleum oils, ester plasticizers, vulcanized vegetable oils, pine tar, phenolic resins, petroleum resins, polymeric esters and rosins. These processing oils may be used in a conventional amount ranging from about 0 to about 50 phr with a range of from about 5 to 5 phr being preferred. Representative of an initiator that may be used is stearic acid. Initiators are generally used in a conventional amount ranging from about 1 to 4 phr with a range of from about 2 to 3 phr being preferred. 
     Accelerators may be used in a conventional amount. In cases where only a primary accelerator is used, the amounts range from about 0.5 to 2.5 phr. In cases where combinations of two or more accelerators are used, the primary accelerator is generally used in amounts ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 phr and a secondary accelerator is used in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to 0.5 phr. Combinations of accelerators have been known to produce a synergistic effect. Suitable types of conventional accelerators are amines, disulfides, guanidines, thioureas, thiazoles, thiurams, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. Preferably, the primary accelerator is a sulfenamide. If a secondary accelerator is used, it is preferably a guanidine, dithiocarbamate or thiuram compound. 
     Pneumatic tires are conventionally comprised of a generally toroidal shaped carcass with an outer circumferential tread adapted to the ground contacting space beads and sidewalls extending radially from and connecting said tread to said beads. The tread may be built, shaped, molded and cured by various methods which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     The sulfur cured rubber composition may be used to form a tread rubber which can then be applied in the building of a green tire in which the uncured, shaped tread is built unto the carcass following which the green tire is shaped and cured. Alternatively, the tread can be applied to a cured tire carcass from which the previously tread has been buffed or abraded away and the tread cured thereon as a retread. 
     The practice of this invention is further illustrated by reference to the following examples which are intended to be representative rather than restrictive of the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Rubber compositions containing the materials set out in Table I were prepared in a BR Banbury® using three separate stages of addition. Table I also sets out the cure behavior and vulcanizate properties for the compounds. The control samples are A through C, F and G. Samples D, E and H represent embodiments of the present invention since each compound contains polyisoprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene and carboxylated nitrile rubber. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 D 
                 E 
                 F 
                 G 
                 H 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 NP-1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Polyisoprene 1   
                 100 
                 95 
                 90 
                 80 
                 85 
                 90 
                 95 
                 90 
               
               
                 COOH—NBR 2   
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
                 35 
               
               
                 Processing Oil 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Fatty Acid 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 Zinc Oxide 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 Antioxidant 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 NP-2 
               
               
                 Carbon Black 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
                 15 
               
               
                 CSPE 3   
                 0 
                 5 
                 10 
                 10 
                 5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 5 
               
               
                 P 
               
               
                 Sulfenamide Accelerator 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 Sulfur 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Rheometer, 150 C. 
               
               
                 Max Torq 
                 37 
                 40 
                 43.4 
                 38 
                 36.4 
                 35.1 
                 37.1 
                 38.8 
               
               
                 Min Torq 
                 7.6 
                 9.1 
                 10.2 
                 12 
                 1.7 
                 9.6 
                 8.6 
                 9.9 
               
               
                 Del Torq 
                 29.4 
                 30.9 
                 33.2 
                 26 
                 25.7 
                 25.5 
                 28.5 
                 28.9 
               
               
                 T90 
                 15.3 
                 18 
                 27.5 
                 19.5 
                 16.8 
                 13 
                 14.3 
                 16.5 
               
               
                 T25 
                 11.5 
                 11.3 
                 11 
                 10.8 
                 11 
                 8.5 
                 10.3 
                 11.3 
               
               
                 Rev, 60 
                 1.7 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.4 
                 2 
                 1.7 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Stress — Strain 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength (MPa) 
                 20.9 
                 20.1 
                 20.3 
                 16.2 
                 16.4 
                 16.8 
                 18.69 
                 19.4 
               
               
                 Elongation @ Break (%) 
                 524 
                 495 
                 483 
                 446 
                 466 
                 487 
                 503 
                 512 
               
               
                 M100 (MPa) 
                 2.12 
                 2.65 
                 3.34 
                 4.17 
                 3.41 
                 2.91 
                 2.54 
                 3.02 
               
               
                 M300 (MPa) 
                 10.9 
                 11.7 
                 12.8 
                 11.6 
                 10.7 
                 10 
                 10.6 
                 11 
               
               
                 Rebound 
               
               
                 RT 
                 46.1 
                 40.3 
                 37.5 
                 28 
                 29.2 
                 32 
                 37.2 
                 34 
               
               
                 100° C. 
                 61.9 
                 55.3 
                 52.9 
                 49.3 
                 48.6 
                 49 
                 53.6 
                 53.1 
               
               
                 Strebler to Self (N) 
                 140 
                 106 
                 67 
                 36 
                 120 
                 207 
                 175 
                 167 
               
               
                 E′ @ 60° C. (MPa) 
                 16.6 
                 30 
                 31.7 
                 28.9 
                 26.2 
                 22.5 
                 20 
                 26.3 
               
               
                 Tan Delta 
                 0.085 
                 0.091 
                 0.084 
                 0.153 
                 0.161 
                 0.125 
                 0.11 
                 0.115 
               
               
                 DIN Abrasion (% Std.) 
                 114 
                 132 
                 134 
                 109 
                 103 
                 71 
                 68 
                 82 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 Natsyn ® 2200 obtained from The Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Company  
               
               
                   2 Chemigum ® NX775 obtained from The Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Company  
               
               
                   3 Hypalon 20 obtained from E. I duPont de Nemours, Inc.  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The addition of 5 phr (Sample B) or 10 phr (Sample C) chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) to a 100 phr cis-1,4-polyisoprene control polymer composition gave improved (higher) low strain modulus (E′@60° C.), but also gave a reduction in tear strength as well as a loss of abrasion resistance (lower is better). When 10 phr of carboxylated butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer was added along with 10 phr CSPE (Sample D) or 5 phr CSPE (Sample 3), the higher values of low strain modulus were retained along with an improvement in abrasion resistance verses control Sample A. 
     Although the tear resistance for Sample D was reduced (10 phr CSPE/10 phr carboxylated NBR), the tear resistance for Sample E was kept at a higher value (5 phr CSPE/10 phr carboxylated NBR). Samples F and G containing 10 and 5 phr carboxylated NBR, respectively, and no CSPE exhibit good abrasion and tear strength but lower values for low strain modulus (E′@6 0 ° C.). Sample H, which contains 5 phr CSPE and 5 phr carboxylated NBR, gave the best combination of tear strength, low strain modulus and DIN abrasion resistance. This could be used to produce a tread compound having good chip/chunk resistance, good wear and excellent handling properties.