Patent Publication Number: US-10316997-B2

Title: Fitting assembly evaluating apparatus and methods

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of pending U.S. Ser. No. 14/645,517, filed on Mar. 12, 2015, titled FITTING EVALUATING APPARATUS AND METHODS, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 13/201,936, filed Aug. 17, 2011, titled FITTING ASSEMBLY EVALUATING APPARATUS AND METHODS, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,997,325, which is the U.S. national phase entry of PCT/US2010/024886, with an international filing date of Feb. 22, 2010, expired, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/298,179 filed on Jan. 25, 2010, expired, for APPARATUS FOR SWAGING FERRULES; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/154,136 filed on Feb. 20, 2009, expired, for CONDUIT FITTING WITH SPLIT TORQUE COLLAR; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/154,165 filed on Feb. 20, 2009, expired, for APPARATUS FOR SWAGING FERRULES; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/154,172 filed on Feb. 20, 2009, expired, for APPARATUS FOR SWAGING FERRULES; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/154,139 filed on Feb. 20, 2009, expired, for CONDUIT FITTING WITH GROOVED TORQUE COLLAR; and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/154,144 filed on Feb. 20, 2009, expired, for CONDUIT FITTING WITH TORQUE COLLAR, the entire disclosures all of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present application relates to methods and apparatus used to evaluate or determine the nature of a mechanically attached connection installed on a conduit. More particularly, the application relates to methods and apparatus for evaluating such an assembly by determining or evaluating one or more characteristics of a component of the mechanically attached connection, the conduit or both. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Mechanically attached connections such as fittings, joints, couplings, unions and so on are used in fluid systems to contain fluid flow. Such mechanically attached connections may be conduit fittings for tube, pipe or any other type of conduit. The conduit fittings may connect a conduit end to either another conduit end or to another portion of a fluid system. For simplicity and clarity, the term ‘fitting’ as used herein is intended to be all inclusive of other terms, for example coupling, connection, union, joint and so on, that could alternatively be used to refer to a mechanically attached connection. Such mechanically attached connections are characterized by a fluid tight seal and mechanical strength to hold the connection together including sufficient grip of the conduit under vibration, stress and pressure. Fluids may include gas, liquid and any variation or combination thereof. 
     Fluid systems typically use mechanically attached connections to interconnect conduit ends to each other and to flow devices which may control flow, contain flow, regulate flow, measure one or more characteristics of the fluid or fluid flow, or otherwise influence the fluid within the fluid system. The term ‘mechanically attached connection’ as used herein means any connection for or in a fluid system that involves at least one connection that is held in place by mechanically applied force, stress, pressure, torque, or the like, such as, for example, a threaded connection, a clamped connection, a bolted or screwed together connection and so on. This is distinguished from a metallurgical or chemical connection most commonly practiced as welding, brazing, soldering, adhesive and so forth. A connection may include a combination of mechanical and metallurgical connections, and often do, and such connections are also within the term ‘mechanically attached connections’ as they include at least one such connection. 
     One example of a mechanically attached connection involves a conduit gripping device, such as, for example, a collet or one or more ferrules, which may be installed on an outer surface of a conduit for assembly with a fitting. In a conventional ferrule type fitting, first and second coupling members (e.g., a fitting body and nut) may be assembled together and tightened (or pulled up) to install the ferrule or ferrules in gripping and sealing engagement with the conduit by plastically deforming the ferrule or ferrules on the conduit. The installed ferrule or ferrules provide a fluid tight seal with the assembled fitting, particularly under pressure, as well as adequate grip of the conduit and protection against vibration fatigue. 
     Ferrule type fittings are well known and characteristically include a threaded coupling nut, a threaded coupling body and one or more ferrules that fit inside the coupling nut. The coupling body typically includes a camming surface that engages a camming surface on a ferrule. A cylindrical conduit such as, for example, a tube end, is slid into the coupling body with the ferrules closely surrounding the outer wall of the conduit end. When the coupling nut is installed onto the threaded end of the coupling body (or vice versa when the coupling body includes female threads), an axial force is applied to the ferrule or ferrules which causes the camming surfaces of the ferrule and body to engage to produce a swaging action thereby causing a radial displacement of portions of each ferrule, causing the ferrules to tightly grip the outer wall of the conduit end. In many applications the fitting can be assembled with the use of simple hand tools such as wrenches. 
     In some circumstances, a fitting&#39;s conduit gripping device may be “pre-installed” or “pre-swaged” on a conduit (using, for example, the fitting with which the conduit gripping device is to subsequently be assembled, another fitting, or an installation tool) to facilitate subsequent installation of a fitting to the conduit in the fluid system. For example, tools may be used to “pre-install” or “pre-swage” the such one or more ferrules on the conduit, which holds the one or more ferrules and the coupling nut on the conduit as a subassembly. This subassembly of the ferrules, coupling nut, and the conduit are later assembled with a fitting body to form a final fitting assembly. One example of a tool for installing ferrules onto a conduit is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 6,834,524 to Johnston, titled “Apparatus for Swaging Ferrules,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Another example of a mechanically attached connection is known as a flared fitting. In a flared fitting, an end of the tube that seals with a fitting body is flared radially outward. Some existing flared fittings include a body, a sleeve, and a nut. The nut and sleeve are placed over the tube and the tube end is flared radially outward. After the flaring operation, the flared tube end is clamped between the fitting body and the sleeve by the nut. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present application discloses methods and apparatus for installing fitting components, such as a conduit gripping device, on a conduit to form an assembly. The assembly is joinable with at least one other fitting component to form a fitting. The present application also discloses methods and apparatus for evaluating characteristics of components of a mechanically attached connection. Characteristics that may be evaluated include, but are not limited to, the position of a conduit gripping device on a conduit, an amount of axial compression or stroke of the conduit gripping device, an amount of clamping force applied to the conduit gripping device as the conduit gripping device is axially compressed, and an amount of torque applied to members that axially compresses the conduit gripping device. 
     In one embodiment, a conduit gripping device is installed on a conduit by applying the same predetermined torque that is used to pull up a fitting that includes the assembly. For example, a predetermined torque may be applied between a first fitting component and a member to axially advance the first fitting component with respect to the member. This axial advancing causes a first amount of compression of the conduit gripping device that causes the conduit gripping device to grip onto a conduit. The first fitting component is separated from the member and assembled with a second fitting component. The predetermined torque is applied between the first fitting component and the second fitting component to axially advance the first fitting component with respect to the second fitting component. This axial advancing causes a second amount of compression of the conduit gripping device that causes the conduit gripping device to grip and seal the conduit. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, torque is monitored to determine whether one or more conduit gripping device components are present, properly oriented, and/or in a proper order. For example, torque may be applied between a first member and a second member to cause relative axial movement of the first member toward the second member to clamp the conduit gripping device. A position of the first member with respect to the second member is monitored during the relative axial movement. Also, a torque applied between the first member and the second member is monitored during the relative axial movement. Whether one or more components of the conduit gripping device are disposed between the first member and the second member, are properly oriented and/or are properly ordered is determined based on the monitored position and the monitored torque. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other inventive aspects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent to one skilled in the art to which the present invention relates upon consideration of the following description of the exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  illustrates an exemplary conduit gripping device positioned around a conduit at a first axial location; 
         FIG. 1B  illustrates the exemplary conduit gripping device positioned around the conduit at a second axial location; 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates a component of the exemplary conduit gripping device positioned around the conduit, while a second component of the conduit gripping device is missing; 
         FIG. 1D  illustrates the exemplary conduit gripping device positioned around the conduit, with the order of the components of the conduit gripping device reversed; 
         FIG. 1E  illustrates the exemplary conduit gripping device positioned around the conduit, with an orientation of a front ferrule of the conduit gripping device reversed; 
         FIG. 1F  illustrates the exemplary conduit gripping device positioned around the conduit, with an orientation of a rear ferrule of the conduit gripping device reversed; and 
         FIG. 1G  illustrates the exemplary conduit gripping device positioned around the conduit, with an orientation of a front ferrule and a rear ferrule of the conduit gripping device reversed. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a side cross-sectional schematic view of a fitting assembly evaluation apparatus assembled with a conduit and conduit gripping device; 
         FIG. 2A  illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a fitting assembly evaluation apparatus; 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of the apparatus of  FIG. 2A , assembled with a conduit, conduit gripping device, and fitting coupling member; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a side cross-sectional schematic view of another fitting assembly evaluation apparatus, assembled with a conduit, conduit gripping device, and fitting coupling member; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a side cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of a fitting assembly evaluation apparatus, assembled with a conduit, conduit gripping device, and fitting coupling member. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a conduit gripping device disposed around a conduit in an apparatus for installing conduit gripping devices on conduits of a first exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 5A  is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a clamping device used in an apparatus for installing conduit gripping devices on conduits; 
         FIG. 5B  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of a clamping device used in an apparatus for installing conduit gripping devices on conduits, in an installation position; 
         FIG. 5C  is a side view of the clamping device shown in  FIG. 5B ; 
         FIG. 5D  is a sectioned perspective view of the clamping device shown in  FIG. 5B ; 
         FIG. 5E  is a perspective view of the clamping device shown in  FIG. 5B  in a conduit accepting position; 
         FIG. 5F  is a side view of the clamping device shown in  FIG. 5E ; 
         FIG. 5G  is a sectioned perspective view of the clamping device shown in  FIG. 5B ; 
         FIG. 6  is a sectioned perspective view of the apparatus as shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of an anvil and sensor assembly of the apparatus as shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a sectioned perspective view of the anvil and sensor assembly as shown in  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 8A  is a sectioned perspective view illustrating an embodiment of an adjustable nut sensing arrangement; 
         FIG. 8B  is a perspective view illustrating an anvil support member that includes a component of an adjustable nut sensing arrangement; 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a conduit sensor assembly of the anvil and sensor assembly as shown in  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a sectioned perspective view of the conduit sensor assembly as shown in  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of  FIG. 5  in a clamped position that causes the conduit gripping device to be installed on the conduit end; 
         FIG. 12  is a sectioned perspective view of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of an anvil and sensor assembly of the apparatus as shown in  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 14  is a sectioned perspective view of the anvil and sensor assembly as shown in  FIG. 13 ; 
         FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view of a conduit sensor assembly of the anvil and sensor assembly as shown in  FIG. 13 ; 
         FIG. 16  is a sectioned perspective view of the conduit sensor assembly as shown in  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 17  is a cross-sectional view of a conduit gripping device disposed around a conduit in an apparatus for installing conduit gripping devices on conduits of a second exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 17A  is an enlarged portion of  FIG. 17 ; 
         FIG. 18  is a sectioned perspective view of the apparatus as shown in  FIG. 17 ; 
         FIG. 19  is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of  FIG. 17  with the conduit in a bottomed position in an anvil of the apparatus; 
         FIG. 19A  is an enlarged portion of  FIG. 17 ; 
         FIG. 20  is a sectioned perspective view of the apparatus as shown in  FIG. 19 ; 
         FIG. 21  is an illustration of a pre-installed fitting pre-assembly in a gauge; 
         FIG. 22  is a cross-sectional view of a conduit gripping device disposed around a conduit in an apparatus for installing conduit gripping devices on conduits of another exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 23A  is a sectional view of a ferrule-type fitting that is adapted to provide a torque rise that is indicative of completed pull-up at an appropriate predetermined axial advance 
         FIG. 23B  is an enlarged view showing the portion indicated in  FIG. 23A ; 
         FIG. 23C  is a view similar to  FIG. 23B  showing the fitting in a pulled-up position; 
         FIG. 24  is a flow chart illustrating a method of assembling a conduit gripping device on a conduit; and 
         FIG. 25  is an electrical diagram of a circuit for assembling a conduit gripping device on a conduit. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     While the inventions are described herein with specific reference to a variety of structural and material features, such descriptions are intended to be exemplary in nature and should not be construed in a limiting sense. For example, the exemplary embodiments are described primarily in terms of a stainless steel tube fitting utilizing two ferrules. Those skilled in the art, however, will readily appreciate that any one or more of the aspects and features of the inventions may be used with different mechanically attached connections for conduits, including but not limited to, other conduit gripping arrangements (e.g., single ferrule designs) and flared conduit fittings, with materials other than stainless steel, and with many different conduits including, but not limited to, tube or pipe. Moreover, many of the aspects of the inventions may be used for fittings intended for use in a variety of system pressures and temperatures, and with a variety of system fluids. Still further, many of the exemplary embodiments herein illustrate components of what is commonly known as a male-style fitting, meaning that a male (i.e. externally) threaded component receives and abuts the conduit end. Many aspects of the male-style embodiments will find application in female-style fittings as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The inventions will also find application for fitting assemblies that do not require threaded connections between the fitting components, for example the inventions may be applied to clamped and/or bolted fittings. The inventions will also find application far beyond the exemplary embodiments herein as to mechanically attached connections that can be made to a wide and ever expansive variety of fluid components including, but not limited to, other conduits, flow control devices, containers, manifolds and so on. 
     Many types of fitting arrangements may be used to provide a fitting connection, including, for example, push-to-connect, tool-tightened (e.g., crimping or clamping), or threaded arrangements. Referring to  FIG. 1A , an exemplary fitting assembly includes a conduit gripping device  12  positioned around a conduit  14 . The illustrated conduit gripping device  12  includes a front ferrule  18  and a rear ferrule  20 . However, the conduit gripping device  12  may take any form and may include any number of ferrules when the conduit gripping device is a ferrule-type conduit gripping device. The conduit gripping device  12  is positioned between a drive surface  17  and a camming surface  30 . The drive surface  17  and the camming surface  30  are moved relatively toward one another to engage the conduit gripping device  12  and drive the conduit gripping device into gripping and/or sealing engagement with the conduit by plastically deforming the conduit gripping device. This relative axial movement is referred to herein as “stroke” or “axial stroke”. 
     The movement of the drive surface  17  toward the camming surface  30  will cause the conduit gripping device  12  to become attached to the conduit  14 . This attachment is referred to herein as installation or pre-installation. The amount of axial movement or stroke of the drive surface  17  toward the camming surface  30  needed to attach the conduit gripping device  12  to the conduit  14  may be less than the amount of axial movement or stroke needed to cause the conduit gripping device to seal with the conduit. A conduit  14  with pre-installed conduit gripping device  12  may be assembled with a fitting body and nut such that the conduit gripping device grips and seals the conduit and seals with the fitting body to form a pulled-up fitting. 
     The attachment of the conduit gripping device  12  to the conduit  14  may be achieved during a clamping operation, where a drive surface  17  is forced relatively toward the camming surface  30  or stroked by a pre-installation apparatus. The pre-installation apparatus may include a pre-installation drive surface  17  and/or camming surface  30  or the drive surface  17  and/or the camming surface  30  may be the drive surface and/or camming surface of a later pulled-up fitting assembly. The pre-installation surface  17  may be moved linearly along the axis X, or the preinstallation drive surface  17  may be rotated to axially advance the pre-installation drive surface  17  along the axis (i.e. the pre-installation drive surface  17  may be part of a threaded member). 
     The present application relates to methods and apparatus for installing a conduit gripping device  12  on a conduit  14  and methods and apparatus for evaluating one or more characteristics of a conduit gripping device  12  installed or being installed on an end portion of a conduit  14 . The conduit gripping device  12  may be, for example, used with one or more coupling members of an associated fitting. A wide variety of characteristics of the conduit and/or conduit gripping device may be evaluated. Examples of characteristics of the conduit  14  and/or conduit gripping device that may be evaluated include, but are not limited to, the position of the conduit gripping device  12  on the conduit  14 , an amount of compression or clamping of the conduit gripping device, an amount of rotation/axial advance of a threaded member, and an amount of force and/or torque applied during the compression or clamping. The characteristic(s) can be evaluated after the conduit gripping device grips the end of the conduit and/or can be evaluated during installation of the conduit gripping device on the end of the conduit. 
     In  FIG. 1A , the position of the conduit gripping device  12  on the conduit  14  is represented by the dimension labeled CP. In the illustrated example, the conduit position CP is a relative distance between the conduit end  32  and the conduit gripping device  12  (determined based on a relative distance between the conduit end and the camming surface  30 ). The stroke of compression or clamping of the conduit gripping device  12  can be determined based on the position of the drive surface  17  relative to the camming surface  30 . The position of the drive surface  17  relative to the camming surface  30  is represented by the dimension labeled S in  FIG. 1A . 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the conduit position CP is evaluated to determine whether the conduit is positioned within a predetermined range of acceptable conduit positions. This may be done for a variety of different reasons. For example, the conduit position CP may be evaluated to confirm or ensure proper bottoming of the conduit  14  in a fitting body. For example, the fitting body may have a stop shoulder  37  that the conduit abuts when the fitting is pulled-up and/or the fitting body may have a tapered surface  36  axially inward of the camming mouth that the conduit engages when the fitting is pulled-up (See  FIG. 1B ). The conduit is properly “bottomed” if the conduit engages the stop shoulder  37  or engages the tapered surface  36 .  FIG. 1B  illustrates an example of a situation where the conduit end  32  has not reached an acceptable position relative to the conduit gripping device  12 . Since the conduit end  32  does not extend all the way through the conduit gripping device  12 , it does not “bottom” on the tapered surface, or the shoulder. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the relative position S is evaluated to determine whether the drive surface  17  is positioned within a predetermined range of acceptable positions with respect to the camming surface  30 . This may be done for a variety of different reasons. The relative position S may be evaluated to confirm or ensure proper compression of the conduit gripping device  12  on the conduit  14 . In one exemplary embodiment, a clamping force between the drive surface  17  and the camming surface  30  is evaluated while the relative position S is evaluated. In another embodiment, a torque applied between a first member and a second member required to axially advance the drive surface  17  relatively toward the camming surface  30  is evaluated while the relative position S is evaluated. The monitoring of the clamping force and/or the torque required for axial advancement may be performed for a variety of different reasons. For example, by evaluating both the clamping force and/or torque and the relative position S, missing components can be detected, too many components can be detected, incorrect component positioning can be detected, and incorrect component orientation can be detected. 
     In  FIG. 1C , the rear ferrule  20  is missing. This condition can be detected by evaluating the clamping force and/or torque and the relative position S. The clamping force and/or torque required for further axial advancement would be expected to rise (or be required to rise) at the relative position S where the front ferrule  18  and the rear ferrule  20  are first engaged by the drive surface  17  and the camming surface  30 . Since rear ferrule  20  is not present, the clamping force and/or torque will not increase at the expected position S and the missing ferrule condition is indicated. A missing front ferrule  18  can be detected in the same manner. 
     Similarly, the condition where more than the prescribed number of ferrules are present can be detected by evaluating the clamping force and/or torque and the relative position S. The clamping force would be expected to rise (or be required to rise) at the relative position S where the front ferrule  18  and the rear ferrule  20  are first engaged by the drive surface  17  and the camming surface  30 . Since an additional ferrule is present, the clamping force and/or torque will increase earlier than the expected position S and the additional ferrule condition is indicated. 
     In  FIG. 1D , the front ferrule  18  is positioned behind the rear ferrule  20 . This condition can be detected by evaluating the clamping force and/or torque and the relative position S. The clamping force and/or torque would be expected to rise (or be required to rise) by a predetermined amount at the relative position S where the front ferrule  18  and the rear ferrule  20  are first engaged by the drive surface  17  and the camming surface  30 . The clamping force and/or torque will increase at a position S that is different than expected and/or by a different amount than expected and the incorrect component positioning is indicated. 
     In  FIG. 1E , the front ferrule  18  is oriented backwards. In  FIG. 1F , the rear ferrule  20  is oriented backwards. In  FIG. 1G , both the front and rear ferrules are oriented backwards. Each of these conditions can be detected by evaluating the clamping force and the relative position S. The clamping force would be expected to rise (or be required to rise) at the relative position S where the front ferrule  18  and the rear ferrule  20  are first engaged by the drive surface  17  and the camming surface  30 . The clamping force will increase at a position S that is different than expected and/or by a different amount than expected and the incorrect component orientation is indicated. 
     In some circumstances, the conduit gripping device, such as a ferrule or ferrules, may be pre-installed or “pre-swaged” onto the conduit prior to final assembly of the fitting body with the conduit. The conduit gripping device may be “pre-installed” on a conduit by camming a portion or portions of the conduit gripping device into gripping engagement with the conduit, creating a conduit, conduit gripping device and nut (optional) pre-assembly or subassembly that may be assembled with a fitting body to form a final fitting. For example, the fitting may be assembled by tightening a fitting body and nut of the pre-assembly. By pre-tightening or pre-installing the conduit gripping device on the conduit and optionally retaining the nut on the conduit with the conduit gripping device, the time and/or effort to assemble the final fitting in a fluid system may be reduced. 
     Pre-installation of the conduit gripping device on the conduit may, but need not, include pre-camming a portion or portions of the conduit gripping device against the conduit and optionally retaining the nut on the conduit with the conduit gripping device. The pre-camming is provided by an axial stroke of a drive surface  17  relatively toward a camming surface  30  (i.e. a reduction of the dimension S in  FIG. 1 ). The drive surface  17  and/or camming surface  30  may be the same surfaces of a final fitting (i.e. a drive surface of a fitting nut and a camming surface of a fitting body), or one or both of the surfaces may be part of a pre-installation apparatus. The axial stroke provides a gripping force of the conduit gripping device with the conduit  14 . The axial stroke and gripping force is less than the axial stroke and resulting gripping force of the conduit gripping device in a finally assembled fitting. The pre-installation axial stroke and resulting gripping force is sufficient to retain the conduit gripping device on the conduit as a subassembly. In such an arrangement, an additional axial stroke that results in additional gripping force may be applied to the conduit gripping device when the fitting body is assembled with the conduit and ferrule sub-assembly. The fitting may be configured such that a predetermined amount of axial stroke of the drive surface  17  toward the camming surface is sufficient for proper make-up of the fitting. 
     In one exemplary method, by “pre-installing” the conduit gripping device with a predetermined axial stroke between a drive surface  17  and a camming surface  30 , proper subsequent make-up of a fitting may be achieved by tightening a fitting nut a predetermined number of turns beyond a finger tight position. In one exemplary embodiment, the fitting may be configured to be pulled up by a first predetermined number of turns if there is no “pre-installation” of the conduit gripping device onto the conduit and the fitting and the pre-installation assembly may be configured such that the fitting is pulled up by a second, smaller, predetermined number of turns if the conduit gripping device is “pre-installed” onto the conduit. For example, a fitting may be configured to be pulled up by tightening the fitting nut with respect to the fitting body 1¼ to 1½ turns past finger tight if there is no pre-installation of the conduit gripping device onto the conduit. The “pre-installation” may be configured such that, after the conduit gripping device is pre-installed onto the conduit, the fitting may be pulled up by tightening the fitting nut with respect to the fitting body by ½ turn. That is, the axial stroke of the drive surface  17  with respect to the camming surface  30  during the pre-installation operation corresponds the axial stroke achieved by rotating the fitting nut with respect to the fitting body a predetermined number of turns. For example, when a fitting is normally (without pre-installation) pulled up by tightening 1¼ turns past finger tight and a corresponding pre-installed fitting is pulled up by tightening ½ turns past finger tight, the pre-installation operation is configured to compress the conduit gripping device substantially the same amount as the conduit gripping device would have normally been compressed by tightening a non-pre-installed fitting ¾ turns past finger tight. 
     This “pre-installation” of a conduit gripping device  12  to a conduit  14  may be performed using fitting coupling components, such as a fitting body and nut, assembled with the conduit and the conduit gripping device. One or both of the fitting body and nut used for pre-installing may be the same fitting body and/or nut subsequently used with the conduit in a final fluid assembly. Alternatively, one or both of the fitting body and nut may be replaced by another fitting body and/or nut when the conduit is assembled in the fluid system. In other ferrule pre-installation arrangements, a tool or anvil may be used to “pre-install” a conduit gripping device onto a conduit. The anvil may be any type of member or assembly that includes a camming surface. Many different types of tools may be used to “pre-install” a conduit gripping device onto a conduit, including, for example, electrical installation tools, pneumatic installation tools, hydraulic installation tools, and manually operated installation tools. One such exemplary installation tool includes a clamping device that axially compresses or strokes the conduit gripping device against a camming surface  30  to radially compress at least a portion of the conduit gripping device to “pre-install” the conduit gripping device to grip the conduit at a desired axial position of the conduit  14 . Another exemplary installation tool is configured to rotate a threaded fitting body, fitting nut, and/or anvil to axially compress or stroke at least a portion of the conduit gripping device against a camming surface to radially compress at least a portion of the conduit gripping device to “pre-install” the conduit gripping device to grip the conduit at a desired axial position of the conduit  14 . 
     The installation tool may be provided in many different configurations for “pre-installing” a conduit gripping device (e.g., a ferrule or ferrules) onto a conduit, including, for example, a clamping arrangement with first and second clamping members that move axially toward one another without substantial relative rotation, compressing arrangements with radially inward clamping member(s) that radially compress the conduit gripping device without substantial axial movement of the clamping member(s), or threaded arrangements with first and second clamping members that rotate to move axially toward one another. In one embodiment, the installation tool may be provided with threaded portions and internal surface geometries configured to “install” a conduit gripping device onto a conduit. As described herein, threaded components may include, for example, the body and nut of a fitting or the body portion and an anvil of an installation tool. However, it should be noted that many of the inventive aspects described herein may also be applied to other installation processes for conduit gripping devices involving, for example, clamping or compressing components (as opposed to threaded components), and hydraulic, pneumatic, or electric installation apparatus, other manual installation apparatus, or compressing of a conduit gripping device by pull-up of a fitting. 
     The present application contemplates evaluation, verification, or inspection of the axial position of an installed conduit gripping device on a conduit, whether the conduit gripping device is installed on the conduit during final assembly of the associated fitting or in a “pre-installation” operation prior to subsequent fitting assembly. The evaluation, verification, or inspection may occur after the assembly or pre-assembly is complete, and/or the evaluation, inspection, or verification may be performed while the conduit gripping device is being “swaged” or “pre-installed” onto the conduit. A variety of axial positions of an installed conduit gripping device may be desired for a variety of reasons. In one embodiment, the installed conduit gripping device is positioned such that the end of the conduit abuts or bottoms against a shoulder and/or engages a tapered surface in the fitting body during fitting installation. According to an inventive aspect of the present application, an apparatus may be provided for evaluating the axial position of the installed or pre-installed conduit gripping device on the conduit end (after the installation or pre-installation and/or during the installation or pre-installation), for example, to verify that the conduit end was or will be bottomed in the fitting body. 
     Embodiments of methods and apparatus for installing conduit gripping devices onto a conduit will be described herein in an exemplary manner for causing two ferrules of a conventional conduit fitting to grip a conduit end at a desired axial location. However, this is for purposes of illustration and explanation and should not be construed in a limiting sense. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the installation methods and apparatus described herein can be used to pre-install single ferrules onto conduit ends, and further can be used to pre-install ferrules onto cylindrical members other than just conduit ends, among them being cylindrical members such as tubing extensions on flow control devices to name one example. Further, the pre-installation operation may take place at the site where final assembly with a fitting body occurs or the pre-installation operation may take place at a first site to form a pre-assembly that includes a conduit, conduit gripping device, and nut that is transported to a second site where the pre-assembly is assembled with a fitting body. 
     While various inventive aspects, concepts and features of the inventions may be described and illustrated herein as embodied in combination in the exemplary embodiments, these various aspects, concepts and features may be used in many alternative embodiments, either individually or in various combinations and sub-combinations thereof. Unless expressly excluded herein all such combinations and sub-combinations are intended to be within the scope of the present inventions. Still further, while various alternative embodiments as to the various aspects, concepts and features of the inventions—such as alternative materials, structures, configurations, methods, circuits, devices and components, software, hardware, control logic, alternatives as to form, fit and function, and so on—may be described herein, such descriptions are not intended to be a complete or exhaustive list of available alternative embodiments, whether presently known or later developed. Those skilled in the art may readily adopt one or more of the inventive aspects, concepts or features into additional embodiments and uses within the scope of the present inventions even if such embodiments are not expressly disclosed herein. Additionally, even though some features, concepts or aspects of the inventions may be described herein as being a preferred arrangement or method, such description is not intended to suggest that such feature is required or necessary unless expressly so stated. Still further, exemplary or representative values and ranges may be included to assist in understanding the present disclosure, however, such values and ranges are not to be construed in a limiting sense and are intended to be critical values or ranges only if so expressly stated. Moreover, while various aspects, features and concepts may be expressly identified herein as being inventive or forming part of an invention, such identification is not intended to be exclusive, but rather there may be inventive aspects, concepts and features that are fully described herein without being expressly identified as such or as part of a specific invention, the inventions instead being set forth in the appended claims. Descriptions of exemplary methods or processes are not limited to inclusion of all steps as being required in all cases, nor is the order that the steps are presented to be construed as required or necessary unless expressly so stated. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a schematic view of an apparatus  20  for evaluating the axial position of a conduit gripping device  12  (e.g., ferrules  15 ,  15 ′) installed on a conduit  14 . The apparatus  20  may conveniently be realized in the form of a tool, such as a hand-held tool. When the apparatus is configured as a hand-held tool, the apparatus is portable and may be used at a wide variety of different locations to evaluate fitting characteristics. 
     The apparatus  20  may include a conduit end accepting portion  21  having one or more conduit gripping device engaging features  25  configured to engage a portion of the conduit gripping device  12  to limit axial movement of the conduit gripping device and attached conduit  14  with respect to the conduit end accepting portion  21 . The conduit end accepting portion  21  may be provided with many different structures or arrangements shaped to accommodate a conduit end, including, for example, a bore, recess, or planar wall. Likewise, the conduit gripping device engaging feature  25  may be provided in many different configurations, including, for example, a ridge, shoulder, or projection. In one embodiment, a conduit end accepting portion includes a bore  27  sized to receive an end of the conduit  14  and a camming surface  30  extends from the bore  27 . The camming surface  30  may function as the schematically illustrated conduit gripping device engaging feature  25 . 
     The exemplary apparatus  20  may include a conduit position reference feature, shown schematically at  22 . According to an inventive aspect of the present application, the conduit position reference feature  22  may be positioned such that an axial distance (or range of distances) defined between the conduit gripping device engaging feature  25  and the conduit position reference feature  22  corresponds to a distance (or range of distances) between a desired axial position of the conduit gripping device  12  and a reference position (for example, a marked position or an end face  11 ) of the conduit  14 . This axial distance or range of distances may correspond to acceptable conduit position dimensions CP (see  FIG. 1 ). As a result, when the assembly of the conduit  14  and conduit gripping device  12  is positioned such that the conduit gripping device engages the conduit gripping device engaging feature  25 , as shown in  FIG. 2 , alignment of the conduit end face  11  (or other predetermined reference point of the conduit) with the conduit position reference feature  22  is an indication that the conduit gripping device  12  was installed in a desired axial position on the conduit. If the conduit end face  11  (or other predetermined reference point of the conduit) does not align with the conduit position reference feature  22  upon engagement of the conduit gripping device  12  with the conduit gripping device engaging feature  25 , the misalignment is an indication that the conduit gripping device  12  is not in a desired axial position on the conduit. As used herein, “alignment” of the conduit end face  11  with the conduit position reference feature  22  may include, for example, abutment against or contact with the position reference feature, a visible overlap with the position reference feature, or obscuring of the position reference feature. The position reference feature may take a wide variety of different forms. For example, the position reference feature may include a stop shoulder, a tapered surface, and may be fixed or moveable between a predetermined range of positions. In one exemplary embodiment, the apparatus  20  is a unitary structure that includes both the gripping device engaging feature  25  and the position reference feature  22 . 
     The position reference feature  22  may be provided in many different configurations, and may provide for many different types of evaluation, verification, or inspection of axial position of the conduit gripping device  12 . As one example, the position reference feature  22  may include a visible marking, projection or other such feature that provides a visible indication of the axial position of the conduit gripping device  12  relative to the conduit end face  11 . In this example, the position reference feature  22  and the conduit end face may both be visible to the user, allowing the user to visually determine whether or not the axial position CP (see  FIG. 1 ) of the conduit  14  relative to the conduit gripping device  12  is a desired predetermined position. In one example, an aperture (e.g., a hole, slot, or cut-out) may be provided in the apparatus through which the conduit end face  11  and position reference feature  22  may be viewed to provide a visible indication of the axial position of the conduit gripping device  12  relative to the conduit end face  11 . 
     As another example, the position reference feature  22  may include a projection, abutment or other surface feature that provides a tactile indication of the axial position of the conduit gripping device  12  relative to the conduit end face  11 . In this example, the position reference feature may contact the conduit to allow the user to feel whether or not the axial position CP (see  FIG. 1 ) of the conduit  14  relative to the conduit gripping device  12  is a desired predetermined position. For example, the position reference feature  22  may include a “no-go” pin that is prevented from full insertion in an opening in the apparatus when the conduit gripping device  12  is installed in the desired axial position. As still another example, a position reference feature  22  may include a slidable or rotatable stop collar assembled with the apparatus  20 , such that the conduit end face  11  abuts the stop collar when the conduit gripping device  12  is installed in the desired axial position (or within an acceptable range of positions), impeding movement of the stop collar to indicate positioning of the conduit end at the desired axial position (or range of positions). 
     As still another example, the position reference feature  22  may include a mechanical or electrical gauging mechanism, such as, for example, a micrometer gauge, a spring-loaded dial gauge, an electrical switch, sensor, or other such electrical mechanism that generates an electrical signal to provide an indication of the axial position of the conduit gripping device  12  relative to the conduit end face  11  (e.g., when the conduit end face  11  contacts the electrical mechanism). In these examples, the position reference feature  22  is configured to sense the position of the conduit end face  11  and provide an output that indicates to the user whether or not the axial position CP (see  FIG. 1 ) of the conduit  14  relative to the conduit gripping device  12  is a desired predetermined position. The position reference feature  22  may be configured to generate an electrical signal that indicates the axial position of the conduit gripping device  12  with respect to the conduit end face  11 . An electronic interface of the position reference feature  22  may provide a visible or audible indication of the axial position based on the electrical signal. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a fitting assembly evaluation apparatus  40  for evaluating the axial position of a conduit gripping device  12 , such as ferrules  35 ,  35 ′, installed on a conduit  14  (see  FIG. 2B ). The fitting assembly evaluation apparatus may be used to verify that the ferrules are properly pre-installed on the conduit. For example, the apparatus may be used to determine whether the distance between the drive surface  17  and the camming surface  30  is within an acceptable range and/or whether the position of the conduit gripping device  12  on the conduit is within an acceptable range (See  FIG. 1A ). As shown, the apparatus  40  includes a conduit end accepting portion  41  that defines a bore  43  in which the conduit end  14  may be inserted. At an outer end of the bore  43 , a conduit gripping device engaging portion  45  of the apparatus  40  is positioned to engage the conduit gripping device  12  (for example, ferrules  35 ,  35 ′) when the conduit end is inserted in the bore  43 . As shown, the conduit gripping device engaging portion  45  may be tapered to accommodate (e.g., to prevent marring of) the conduit gripping device  12 . In one example, the tapered surface may match or otherwise accommodate an outer profile of the conduit gripping device (e.g., a tapered outer surface of a front ferrule  35 ). In some fitting assemblies, the installed conduit gripping device may experience some elastic relaxation or “spring-back” upon loosening the assembled fitting or installation apparatus. Accordingly, the depth of the bore  43  and the contour of the conduit gripping device engaging portion  45  may be configured to allow the conduit gripping device  12  to be forced back into an axial position of pre-determined gripping engagement (i.e. either a fully swaged or installed position—the position of the ferrules corresponding to an initial pull-up or a pre-installation position—the position of the ferrules corresponding to a pre-installation operation) with the conduit  14 . The apparatus may be used to check for proper axial stroke of the drive surface  17  relative to the camming surface  30  after the pre-installation process. 
     The conduit end accepting portion  41  may be sized to accommodate a fitting coupling member  32  (e.g., a female threaded fitting nut) that remains captive on the conduit  14  upon installation of the conduit gripping device  12  on the conduit. For example, the outer diameter of the conduit end accepting portion  41  may be sized such that the open end of a female threaded fitting nut  32  fits over the conduit end accepting portion  41 . 
     To verify the axial position of the conduit gripping device  12  on the conduit  14  (for example, with respect to the conduit end face), a position reference feature  22  may be positioned such that the axial distance (CP in  FIG. 1 ) between the conduit gripping device engaging portion  25  and the position reference feature  22  corresponds to the axial distance (or range of acceptable distances) between a correctly installed conduit gripping device  12  and the conduit end face  31 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , a position reference feature  22  may include a radially extending base portion  42  of the apparatus  40 . The base portion  42  is positioned such that when the conduit  14  is inserted in the bore  43  and the conduit gripping device  12  engages the conduit gripping device engaging portion  45 , abutment of the conduit end face  31  with the base portion  42  or positioning of the conduit end face within a predetermined distance of the base portion  42  provides an indication that the conduit gripping device  12  has been installed on the conduit  14  in a desired axial position (e.g., a position consistent with bottoming of the conduit end  14  in a fitting body). To facilitate visual verification of the position of the conduit end face  31  with respect to the base portion  42 , one or more inspection apertures may be provided in the apparatus. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , one or both of a wedge shaped slice  47  and a radially extending hole  48  may be provided in the apparatus  40  to intersect the bore  43  for visual verification of the position of the conduit end face  31  with respect to the base portion  42 . While the exemplary wedge-shaped slice  47  extends approximately 90° around the circumference of the apparatus  40 , different sized slices may be utilized. 
     In an embodiment where the apparatus is used to confirm proper axial stroke and/or conduit position during the pre-installation process, a slice  47  will typically not be included. Rather, the hole  48  may be included for visual confirmation of the positioning of the conduit before the clamping of the pre-installation operation begins. This allows for a camming surface that extends completely around a perimeter of the apparatus. 
     According to another inventive aspect of the present application, a fitting assembly evaluation apparatus may additionally or alternatively be provided for evaluating an amount of axial compression of the conduit gripping device  12  (i.e. the reduction of the dimension S of  FIG. 1 ) during installation of a conduit gripping device on a conduit end. In many fitting assemblies, as the conduit gripping device (e.g., ferrule or ferrules) is plastically deformed on the conduit during pull-up, the axial position of the fitting coupling member being tightened (e.g., a fitting nut and/or fitting body) with respect to the conduit gripping device changes. As such, an amount of axial stroke may be verified by inspecting the axial position of the fitting coupling member with respect to the conduit gripping device. 
     A fitting assembly evaluation apparatus may also be utilized to evaluate an amount of axial stroke of a fitting coupling member during installation of a conduit gripping device on a conduit. This may be done concurrently with the installation and/or after the fitting assembly or installation apparatus has been separated from the conduit gripping device. In one such embodiment, the amount of axial advance or stroke may be gauged without threading the coupling member onto a mating coupling component.  FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic view of a apparatus  60  for monitoring fitting member axial stroke during (i.e. while the conduit gripping device is being axially compressed by the drive surface  17  and the camming surface  17 ) installation of a conduit gripping device (e.g., ferrules  55 ,  55 ′) on a conduit  50  or for confirming fitting member axial stroke after (i.e. after the pre-installation clamping operation) installation of the conduit gripping device on the conduit. The apparatus  60  includes a conduit end accepting portion  61  having one or more conduit gripping device engaging features  65  configured to engage a portion of the conduit gripping device  12  (for example, ferrules  55 ,  55 ′) to limit axial movement of the conduit gripping device  12  with respect to the conduit end accepting portion  61 . The conduit end accepting portion  61  may be provided with many different structures or arrangements shaped to accommodate a conduit end, including, for example, a bore, recess, or planar wall. Likewise, the conduit gripping device engaging feature  65  may be provided in many different configurations, including, for example, a ridge, shoulder, or projection. In one embodiment, a conduit end accepting portion includes a bore sized to receive a conduit end, with an outer end of the bore including an edge or surface that functions as a conduit gripping device engaging feature. As shown, the apparatus  60  may be configured to accommodate a fitting coupling member  52  (e.g., a female threaded fitting nut) engaged with the conduit gripping device  12 . 
     The exemplary apparatus  60  also includes an installation inspection feature, shown schematically at  66 . According to an inventive aspect of the present application, the inspection feature  66  may be positioned such that an axial distance (or range of distances) between the conduit gripping device engaging feature  65  and the axial advance or stroke inspection feature  66  corresponds to a distance (or range of acceptable distances) between an axial position of the conduit gripping device  12  and a reference portion  53  (e.g., a leading end) of a coupling member  52  engaged with the conduit gripping device  12  when the coupling member has been axially advanced or stroked to a predetermined position during installation of the conduit gripping device  12 . As a result, when the conduit  50  is positioned to engage the conduit gripping device  12  with the fitting engaging feature  65 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , the coupling member leading end  53  aligns with the axial advance or stroke inspection feature  66  to provide an indication that the coupling member was axially advanced a predetermined amount during installation of the conduit gripping device  12  on the conduit  50 . If the coupling member leading end  53  does not align with the axial advance or stroke inspection feature  66  upon engagement of the conduit gripping device  12  with the fitting engaging feature  65 , an indication that the predetermined axial advance or stroke is not correct is provided. As used herein, “alignment” of the coupling member leading end  53  with the axial advance or stroke inspection feature  66  may include, for example, abutment against or contact with the axial advance inspection feature, a visible overlap with the axial advance or stroke inspection feature, or obscuring of the axial advance or stroke inspection feature. 
     The axial advance evaluation feature  66  may be provided in many different configurations, and may provide for many different types of verification of axial position of the coupling member  52  relative to the conduit gripping device  12 . As one example, the axial advance evaluation feature  66  may include a visible marking, projection or other such feature that provides a visible indication of the axial position of the coupling member  52  relative to the conduit gripping device  12 . As another example, the axial advance or stroke evaluation feature  66  may include a projection, abutment or other surface feature that provides a tactile indication of the axial position of the coupling member  52  relative to the conduit gripping device  12 . As still another example, the axial advance or stroke inspection feature  66  may include a mechanical or electrical gauging mechanism, such as, for example, a micrometer gauge, a spring-loaded dial gauge, an electrical switch, sensor, or other such electrical mechanism that generates an electrical signal to provide an indication of the axial position of the coupling member  52  relative to the conduit gripping device  12  (e.g., when the coupling member  52  contacts the electrical mechanism  66 ). 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a fitting assembly evaluation apparatus  80  for verifying an amount of axial advance or stroke of a fitting coupling member after installation (i.e. after a clamping operation where the conduit gripping device is compressed by axial advance of the drive surface  17  relatively toward the camming surface  30 ) or during installation (i.e. during the clamping operation) of a conduit gripping device  12  (e.g., ferrules  75 ,  75 ′) on a conduit  70 . As shown, the apparatus  80  includes a conduit end accepting portion  81  that defines a bore  83  in which the conduit end  70  may be inserted. At an outer end of the bore  83 , a conduit gripping device engaging portion  85  of the apparatus  80  is positioned to engage the conduit gripping device  12  when the conduit end  70  is inserted in the bore  83 . As shown, the conduit gripping device engaging portion  85  may be tapered to accommodate (e.g., to prevent marring of) the conduit gripping device and/or to act as the camming surface for pre-installing the conduit gripping device onto the conduit. In one example, the tapered surface of the engaging portion  85  may accommodate an outer profile of the conduit gripping device  12  (e.g., a tapered outer surface of a front ferrule  75 ). In some fitting assemblies, the installed conduit gripping device may experience some elastic relaxation or “spring-back” upon spreading apart of the drive surface and camming surface of the assembled fitting or installation apparatus. Accordingly, the position of the bore  83  and the contour of the fitting engaging portion  85  may be configured to allow the conduit gripping device to be forced back into an axial position of full previous gripping engagement with the conduit. Further, the conduit end accepting portion  81  is sized to accommodate a fitting coupling member  72  (e.g., a female threaded fitting nut) that remains captive on the conduit  70  upon installation of the conduit gripping device  12  on the conduit. In the illustrated embodiment, the outer diameter of the conduit end accepting portion  81  may be sized such that the open leading end  73  of the coupling member  72  fits over the conduit end accepting portion  81 . 
     An axial advance or stroke inspection feature  89  is included to evaluate whether the fitting coupling member is axially advanced or stroked by the predetermined amount during installation of the conduit gripping device  12  on the conduit  70  (by gauging the axial position of the coupling member with respect to the conduit gripping device). The axial advance or stroke inspection feature  89  comprises a radially extending shoulder in  FIG. 4 . The axial advance inspection feature  89  may be positioned such that the leading end of the coupling member  72  is in engagement with or is within a predetermined distance of the inspection feature when a conduit gripping device has been axially compressed a predetermined distance or within a predetermined range of distances. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , the apparatus  80  may, but need not, also be configured to allow for verification of the axial position of a conduit gripping device installed on the conduit, consistent with the apparatus  40  of  FIG. 2 . As such, the apparatus  80  may include a position reference feature (such as, for example, a radially extending base portion  82 ) positioned such that when the conduit is inserted in the bore  83  to engage the conduit gripping device with the fitting engaging portion  85  of the apparatus  80 , abutment of the conduit end face  71  with the base portion  82  or positioning of the conduit end face  71  within a predetermined distance from the base portion provides an indication that the conduit gripping device has been installed on the conduit in a desired axial position (e.g., a position consistent with bottoming of the conduit end in a fitting body). To facilitate visual verification of the position of the conduit end face with respect to the base portion  82 , one or more evaluation apertures may be provided in the apparatus  80 . For example, one or both of a wedge shaped slice (not shown) and a radially extending hole  88  may be provided in the apparatus  80  to intersect the bore  83  for visual verification of the position of the conduit end face with respect to the base portion  82 . 
       FIGS. 5-16  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of an apparatus  510  for pre-installing a conduit gripping device  512  onto an outer wall  516  of a conduit  514  where a position of a drive surface  517  and/or a position of an end  532  of the conduit is sensed during the pre-installation. In the example illustrated by  FIGS. 5-16 , the drive surface  517  is the drive surface of a fitting nut  522 . A such, the position of the drive surface  517  may be sensed by sensing the position of the fitting nut  522 . In one exemplary embodiment, the position of the fitting nut  522  and/or the position of the conduit end  532  relative to a camming surface  530  for pre-installing the conduit gripping device  512  is sensed. In the example illustrated by  FIGS. 5-16 , the camming surface  530  is a surface of an anvil  526 . These positions may be sensed by a nut position sensor  550  and a conduit end position sensor  552 . Referring to  FIG. 5 , the conduit gripping device  512  includes a front ferrule  518 , and a rear ferrule  520 . However, as is noted above, the conduit gripping device  512  can take a wide variety of different forms. The conduit gripping device  512  can be any arrangement that grips a conduit  514  and facilitates fluid tight sealing with a fitting body (see  FIG. 23A , ref no.  2312 ). In the illustrated embodiment, the fitting nut  522  is disposed around the conduit  514  and the conduit gripping device  512 . The fitting nut  522  facilitates assembly of the conduit gripping device  512  and the conduit  514  with a fitting body as is well known in the art. The illustrated fitting nut  522  is a female threaded nut with internal threads, but could also be a male threaded nut with external threads. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 11 , the apparatus  510  includes the anvil  526  and a clamping device  528 . The anvil  526  can take a wide variety of different forms and can be used with or without the nut position sensor  550  and/or the conduit end position sensor  552 . For example, the anvil  526  can take any configuration that forces at least a portion of the conduit gripping device  512  radially inward to retain the conduit gripping device  512  on the conduit. The anvil  526  may be any member or assembly that includes a camming mouth or surface. In an exemplary embodiment, the anvil  526  is configured such that after the conduit gripping device  512  is retained on the conduit  514 , the conduit gripping device  512  can be assembled with a fitting body (not shown) and be forced further radially inward such that the conduit gripping device grips and seals the conduit and forms a seal with the fitting body. Referring to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the illustrated anvil  526  includes a frusto-conical camming mouth  530  that forms a camming angle with respect to a longitudinal axis X (See  FIG. 5 ) of the conduit  514 . In an exemplary embodiment, the angle that the camming mouth  530  forms with respect to the longitudinal axis X is the same angle that a camming mouth of a fitting body (not shown) will form with respect to the conduit when the conduit gripping device  512  is assembled with the fitting body. However, in other embodiments, the camming mouth  530  may be formed at a different angle than the camming mouth of the fitting body that the conduit gripping device will be assembled in. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the anvil  526  is optionally configured to control the stroke of the nut  522  during the clamping operation of the apparatus  510 . Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 11 , the stroke is the axial distance the nut  522  moves toward the anvil  526  as the nut drives the rear ferrule  520 , which drives the front ferrule  518  into the camming mouth  530 . 
     In many applications, proper assembly of conduit fittings is ensured by controlling axial advancement of the nut toward the fitting body. This can be done in a variety of different ways. For example, a fitting that has not been pre-installed onto the conduit by the apparatus of the present application or by another pre-installing apparatus can be installed on a conduit and the nut is tightened to a finger tight position. Then, the nut is tightened a specified number of turns (one and a half turns, for example) to axially advance the nut a controlled distance and ensure proper pull-up of the fitting (i.e. to ensure proper gripping and sealing of the conduit gripping device with the conduit and proper sealing of the conduit gripping device with the fitting body, typically at the caroming mouth  30 ). However, when the conduit gripping device  512  is pre-installed or on the conduit  514 , the axial advance needed to properly pull-up the fitting is less than the axial advance of the nut that is needed when the conduit gripping device is not pre-installed on the conduit. In the embodiment illustrated by  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the anvil  526  includes a stop surface  534  that controls the stroke of the nut during clamping by the apparatus  510 , for example by engaging the nut at the appropriate stroke. This engagement controls the amount of compression of the conduit gripping device. The position of the stop surface  534  may be set at any predetermined position such that after the conduit gripping device  512  is installed by the apparatus  510 , a predetermined additional axial advance needed to properly pull-up the fitting is set. For example, the position of the stop surface  534  may be set such that when the pre-installed conduit gripping device  512  is installed in a fitting body, the nut is assembled to a finger tight position and then rotated a prescribed number of turns (½ turn for example) to properly pull-up the fitting. Alternatively, the position of the stop surface  534  may be set such that when the pre-installed conduit gripping device  512  is installed in a fitting body a predetermined torque (which may be a discrete value or range of torque values to account for tolerances in torque application tools) may be applied to properly pull up the fitting. 
     Other manners in which the axial advance of the nut with respect to the fitting body can be controlled are providing the fitting with a positive stop or a torque rise at a predetermined axial advance. Examples of ways a fitting may provide a positive stop include, but are not limited to, configuring the nut to engage the fitting body or engage a stop ring assembled with the fitting body at the predetermined axial advance. Examples of ways a fitting may provide a torque rise include, but are not limited to, configuring the nut to engage the fitting body at the predetermined axial advance, configuring the nut to engage a stop ring assembled with the fitting body at the predetermined axial advance, providing inclined surfaces that are engaged at the predetermined axial advance, configuring the nut to engage a stop ring that has one or more inclined surfaces that is assembled with the fitting body at a predetermined axial advance, providing a member that is elastically or plastically deformed at the predetermined axial advance. The structures disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,066,496, for FITTING WITH SEPARABLE GRIPPING DEVICE FOR PIPE AND TUBE, U.S. Pat. No. 7,497,483 for FITTING FOR TUBE AND PIPE WITH CARTRIDGE, United States Patent Application Publication Pub. No.: 2009/0289452 for PULL-UP BY TORQUE FITTING, World Intellectual Property Organization International Publication Number WO 2009/020900 A2, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/154,144 filed on Feb. 20, 2009, for CONDUIT FITTING WITH TORQUE COLLAR, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/154,139 filed on Feb. 20, 2009, for CONDUIT FITTING WITH GROOVED TORQUE COLLAR, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/154,136 filed on Feb. 20, 2009, for CONDUIT FITTING WITH SPLIT TORQUE COLLAR, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/709,084 filed on Feb. 19, 2010, for CONDUIT FITTING WITH TORQUE COLLAR, International application no. PCT/US10/24767 filed on Feb. 19, 2010 for CONDUIT FITTING WITH TORQUE COLLAR, and International application no. PCT/US10/24770 filed on Feb. 19, 2010 for CONDUIT FITTING WITH SPLIT TORQUE COLLAR are adapted to control axial advance of a nut with respect to a fitting body or may be adapted to control axial advance of a nut with respect to a fitting body, and are all fully incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
       FIGS. 23A-23C  illustrate one of the many ways a fitting may be adapted to provide a torque rise that is indicative of completed pull-up at an appropriate predetermined axial advance. In one embodiment, a torque collar  2340  may be included with a fitting  2310  to facilitate pull up by torque. The torque collar  2340  may be realized for example, in the form of an annular ring-like body  2342 . 
     The torque collar  2340  concept works in part because the torque collar achieves two interrelated effects. First, during pull up and/or after a desired amount of axial displacement or stroke of the nut relative to the body, the torque collar  2340  will come into contact with the nut  522 , thus establishing a known axial displacement or stroke of the nut  522  relative to a fitting body  2312  past the finger-tight position. As is explained above, the finger tight position may be the position where the nut  522  first begins compressive engagement of the conduit gripping device  512  after pre-installation on a conduit  514 . Alternatively, the finger tight position may be the position where the nut  522  first begins compressive engagement of the conduit gripping device  512  that has not been pre-installed on a conduit. Second, the torque collar  2340  will effect a significant and perceptible increase in pull up torque when the nut  522  has advanced sufficiently to assure that the fitting  2310  has been completely pulled up. This torque increase will be sensed as a distinct and optionally sharp rise in torque needed to further turn the nut  522  relative to the body  2312 . Stated another way, the assembler will feel or sense a significant increase in resistance of the nut  522  to turning relative to the body  2312 . There will be a distinct limiting of the stroke of the nut  522  accompanied by a readily apparent increase in torque that would be needed to try to further advance the nut. This distinct rise in torque will be preferably greater than the usual increase in torque that naturally occurs as a fitting is tightened to its final completed pulled up position, but in any event will be accompanied by a limiting of the nut stroke. 
     As is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/709,084 filed on Feb. 19, 2010, for CONDUIT FITTING WITH TORQUE COLLAR, International application no. PCT/US10/24767 filed on Feb. 19, 2010 for CONDUIT FITTING WITH TORQUE COLLAR, and International application no. PCT/US10/24770 filed on Feb. 19, 2010 for CONDUIT FITTING WITH SPLIT TORQUE COLLAR the fitting may be pulled up or pulled up and remade one or more times before the toque collar  2340  is engaged to provide a further torque rise. For example, the fitting may be pulled up by turns with a space or gap remaining between the torque collar and the fitting body and/or a gap remaining between the torque collar and the nut. One or more additional remakes by turns or by applying a predetermined torque may be possible before the torque collar is engaged. Further, the fitting may be pulled up by torque with a space or gap remaining between the torque collar and the fitting body and/or a gap remaining between the torque collar and the nut. One or more additional remakes by turns or by applying a predetermined torque may be possible before the torque collar is engaged. The torque collar  2340  may be integral with the fitting body and/or the nut or the torque collar may be separate. Details of this embodiment are disclosed in the applications referred to above that were filed on Feb. 19, 2010, and is therefore not repeated here. 
     The illustrated torque collar  2340  also includes a wedge surface  2348  that contacts a nut taper surface  2350  at the open end of the nut  522 . The wedge surface  2350  may be, for example, a frusto-conical surface although other shapes and profiles may be used as needed. The nut taper surface  2350  may also be frusto-conical or any other shape as needed. As viewed in cross-section, the wedge surface  2348  may be formed at an angle α relative to the central axis X ( FIG. 23B ) of the torque collar  2340 . As viewed in cross-section, the nut taper surface  2350  may be formed at an angle β relative to the central longitudinal axis of the nut, which in the case of most fittings is also the axis X. 
     As evident from  FIGS. 23A and 23B , when the fitting  2310  is in the finger-tight position, the nut taper surface  2350  is axially spaced from the wedge surface  2348 , and after a completed pull up, the nut taper surface  2350  is axially pressed against the wedge surface  2348 . We refer to the torque collar surface  2348  as a wedge surface because that surface acts to significantly resist axial advance of the nut after the nut taper surface  2350  first makes contact with the wedge surface  2348 . This contact produces a distinct and optionally sharp increase in torque that can be either sensed by the assembler or that will allow a torque wrench to be used to make up the fitting  2310 . The angles α and β may be but need not be the same. We have found that an angle α of about 45 degrees works particularly well, but many different angle values may be used. As the angle α approaches ninety degrees, the torque collar  2340  basically acts as a positive stop. While this is acceptable for an initial pull up by torque, it does not allow for remakes, especially a number of remakes of about twenty-five or more. As the angle α approaches zero, the torque collar  2340  will present less and less resistance to axial advancement of the nut  522  relative to the body and therefore might not present a distinct enough limit on the stroke of the nut with increasing torque. However, depending on the material of the torque collar  2340  and the surface  2348  hardness and friction (similarly for the nut taper surface  2350 ), shallow angles as low as ten degrees may work fine in many applications. The upper bound on the angle α will also depend on the desired number of remakes and the amount of torque increase that is desired, but angle values for a may be as high as seventy-five degrees or more depending on the overall required performance. 
     The nut taper surface  2350  will initially contact the wedge surface  2348  as the fitting  2310  is pulled up. Further advance of the nut  522  relative to the body  2312  will cause the forward portion  2356  of the torque collar  2340  to enter the frusto-conical recess defined by the nut taper surface  2350  with tighter and tighter engagement between the wedge surface  2348  and the nut taper surface  2350 . This will result in a distinct and significant increase in torque compared to the torque that would otherwise be noted for the same nut stroke if the torque collar  2340  were not present. The torque collar  2340  and the nut  522  cooperate during pull up to produce a distinct and perceptible increasing torque to a torque value that will correspond with proper make up of the fitting  2310 . In other words, the torque collar  2340  and the nut  522  are designed to produce a distinct torque value due to the increasing load between the nut  522  and the torque collar  2340  that corresponds to a desired or needed axial displacement or stroke of the nut  522  relative to the body to effect proper conduit grip and seal for a completely made up fitting. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 23C , this cooperation between the torque collar  2340  and the nut  522  may result in significant surface to surface contact and load between the wedge surface  2348  and the nut taper surface  2350 , but this drawing is only intended to be exemplary. The actual amount of contact for initial pull up as well as one or more remakes will be determined by overall design criteria for the fitting  2310 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 23C , upon complete pull up, the front ferrule  518  has been radially compressed by the body camming surface  2330  to form a fluid-tight seal against the camming surface  2330  and against the conduit  514 . A forward portion of the back ferrule  20  has also been radially compressed so that the back ferrule preferably bites into the conduit  514  to form the shoulder S (see  FIG. 23C ). However, the inventions herein may be used with fitting designs in which the back ferrule does not necessarily bite into the conduit. 
     Another aspect of the torque collar  2340  is to allow remakes of the fitting  2310 . This is accomplished by designing the torque collar  2340  to allow further axial advance of the nut  522  relative to the body  2312  for each remake, relative to the axial position of the nut  522  relative to the body  2312  for the just prior remake. For example, assume that  FIG. 23C  represents the initial or first complete pull up of the fitting  10 . The nut  522  has axially advanced from a position P 1  when the fitting  2310  was in the finger-tight position ( FIG. 23B ) to a position P 2  for the fitting  2310  in the complete pulled up position. At the complete pulled up position P 2 , the conduit gripping device  512  is compressed by an amount that causes the conduit gripping device to grip and seal the conduit. The distance D 1  (from P 1  to P 2 ) corresponds then to the axial advance of the nut  522  relative to the body  512  for a complete pull up. Next assume the fitting  2310 , having been initially pulled up, is then disassembled. For remake of the fitting  2310 , the parts are reassembled and the nut  522  typically can be easily turned to position the nut  522  at P 2  because the conduit and ferrules have already been compressed and plastically deformed somewhat. This will also mean that the torque collar  2340  is in contact with the nut  522 , but there likely will be a rather low load between the two. The nut  522  can then be further axially advanced until the torque again distinctly increases. For example, the nut  522  may advance to position P 3  in order to effect adequate seal and grip (i.e. remake). At the remake position P 3 , the conduit gripping device  512  is compressed by an amount that causes the conduit gripping device to grip and reseal the conduit. The amount of compression of the conduit gripping device  512  at the position P 3  is greater than the amount of compression of the conduit gripping device at position P 2 . In  FIG. 23C  the distance from P 2  to P 3  is exaggerated for clarity. In practice, each remake typically causes a small further axial advance of the nut  522  relative to the body  2312 . For example, for a quarter inch tube fitting (meaning for example that the nominal conduit outside diameter is about a quarter inch), each remake may require further advance of about 0.1 thousandth of an inch to about ten thousandths of an inch to properly remake the fitting  2310 . 
     In this embodiment then, the wedge surface  2348  thus allows for remakes by allowing for further axial advance of the nut  522  relative to the body  2312 . However, other surface profiles may be used to provide the desired torque increase relative to stroke of the nut while also allowing for one or more remakes. We have found that the angle α of about forty-five degrees can result in twenty-five or more remakes. The torque increase is also a function of the shape of the nut taper surface  2350 . The designer may choose those shapes and angles that best achieve the desired performance for pull up by torque and remakes. 
     Many factors will influence the final design, including but not limited to the hardness of the torque collar  2340 , surface characteristics of the wedge surface  2348  and the nut taper surface  2350  to effect desired friction between the torque collar  2340  and the nut  522 , and the angles α and β. As general criteria, for fittings that will be used with high strength alloy metal conduits such as stainless steel, the body and nut are commonly also made of stainless steel. The torque collar  40  will therefore need to be able to withstand the rather substantial loads that will be incurred as the fitting  2310  is pulled up. A torque collar  2340  may then typically be made of stainless steel as well, and in some cases hardened stainless steel, so as to provide low creep with a desired amount of friction when in contact with the nut  522 . The torque collar  2340  should be able to withstand the loads applied to it when the fitting  2310  has been fully assembled, and also have a high yield strength in order to be able to withstand remakes of the fitting  2310 . But, the torque collar  2340  must also provide for allowing further axial advance of the nut relative to the body should remakes by torque be desired. Of course, the strength of the torque collar and its material characteristics will depend on the performance criteria of the fitting  2310  itself and the nature of the materials of the fitting parts and the conduit. 
     Because the torque collar  2340  allows for one or more remakes, the wedge surface  2348  may be thought of as a dynamic wedge in that the torque collar permits additional axial advance or stroke of the nut for each remake, meaning that the contact position of the nut taper surface  2350  against the wedge surface  2348  will change, even ever so slightly, with each remake. The torque collar  2340  therefore will preferably be characterized by a high yield strength but will yield somewhat, especially axially, to facilitate remakes when such is a desired performance characteristic of the fitting  2310 . 
     We have found that the dynamic wedge concept optionally facilitates another inventive aspect. Not only may the fitting  2310  be initially pulled up by torque, and remade by torque, but significantly and quite unexpectedly the fitting  2310  may be initially pulled up and remade multiple times to the same torque value. We have achieved this even if the fitting is pulled up one or more times by turns. This aspect has tremendous advantages for low cost implementation in that assemblers need only have a single torque wrench or other tool to pull up the fitting  2310 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , when the axial advance of the nut with respect to the fitting body is controlled by providing a positive stop or a torque rise, the apparatus  510  may not need to control the stroke of the nut  522  as precisely during the clamping operation. For example, the apparatus  510  may be configured to provide sufficient stroke to cause the conduit gripping device  512  to maintain its position on the conduit when the conduit gripping device is removed from the apparatus and configured to limit stroke to allow for enough axial movement of the nut and conduit gripping device toward the fitting body to grip and seal the conduit when assembled with the fitting body. As such, when axial advance of the nut with respect to the fitting body are controlled by providing the fitting with a positive stop or a torque rise, the stroke of the apparatus  510  can optionally be set to have a relatively wide acceptable range. For example, the stroke can be set to the minimum stroke needed to keep the conduit gripping device on the conduit, can be set to the maximum stroke that still allows the conduit gripping device to grip and seal the conduit when assembled with a fitting body, or any stroke in between. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the anvil  526  is also configured to set the position of the end  532  of the conduit  514  such that the end  532  is at an appropriate position relative to the conduit gripping device  512 . For example, the anvil  526  can be configured to allow the conduit  514  to extend through the conduit gripping device  512  and to prevent the conduit end  532  from moving more than a predetermined axial distance past the conduit gripping device. In one embodiment, the anvil  526  is configured to set the position of the end  532  of the conduit  514  to appropriately “bottom” in the fitting body when the conduit gripping device is assembled in the fitting body. The term “bottom” means that the end  532  of the conduit is at an acceptable axial position with respect to the fitting body when the fitting is pulled up. For example, the fitting body may have a stop shoulder that the conduit abuts when the fitting is pulled-up and/or the fitting body may have a tapered surface axially inward of the camming mouth that the conduit engages when the fitting is pulled-up. In an exemplary embodiment, when the fitting body has a tapered surface for bottoming of the conduit, the conduit is properly “bottomed” if the conduit engages the tapered surface at any point along the length of the tapered surface. 
     Referring to  FIG. 13 , the illustrated anvil  526  may include a tapered conduit bottoming surface  536  that forms a camming angle with respect to the longitudinal axis X of the conduit  514 . In an exemplary embodiment, the angle that the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536  forms with respect to the longitudinal axis X may be the same angle that a tapered conduit bottoming surface of a fitting body (not shown) will form with respect to the conduit when the conduit gripping device  512  is assembled with the fitting body. Also, the axial length and position of the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536  of the anvil  526  may be the same as the length and position of the tapered conduit bottoming surface of the fitting body. As such, the interior surfaces of the anvil  526  may match or substantially match the interior surfaces of the fitting body that the conduit  514  and conduit gripping device  512  will be installed in. However, in other embodiments, one or more interior surfaces of the anvil  526  may be different than the interior surfaces of the fitting body that the conduit  514  and conduit gripping device  512  will be installed in. For example, the angle, length or position of the conduit bottoming surface  536  may be different than the conduit bottoming surface of the fitting body that the conduit gripping device will be assembled in. 
     The clamping device  528  can take a wide variety of different forms. For example, the clamping device  528  can be any arrangement that forces the anvil  526  relatively toward the fitting nut  522 . Examples of acceptable clamping devices include, but are not limited to, mechanisms that axially force the fitting nut  522  relatively toward the anvil  526  by rotating the nut and mechanisms that axially force the fitting nut toward the anvil without rotation of the nut. 
     In the embodiment illustrated by  FIGS. 5 and 11 , the clamping device  528  is a mechanism that axially forces the fitting nut  522  toward the anvil  526  without rotation of the nut. In this embodiment, a cylindrical outer wall  538  of the anvil  526  is sized to clear the threads of the nut  522 . However, the illustrated clamping device  528  can be replaced with a device that rotates the nut to axially force the nut toward the anvil  526 . For example, the outer wall  538  can be provided with threads that mate with threads of the nut, with the clamping device  528  configured to rotate the nut. 
     The clamping device  528  is illustrated schematically in  FIGS. 5 and 11 . A wide variety of different clamping devices  528  can be used to force the nut  522  relatively toward the anvil  526 . The clamping device  528  may comprise a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, a pneumatic over hydraulic actuator, an electric actuator, or any other manual or powered actuator capable of forcing the nut  522  relatively toward the anvil  526  and/or capable of rotating the nut  522 . A wide variety of different existing presses, actuators, and rotary tools can be adapted to be used as the clamping device shown schematically in  FIGS. 5 and 11 . When the clamping device  528  is operated, the clamping device applies a clamping force that forces the anvil relatively toward the fitting nut. The movement of the anvil  526  relatively toward the nut  522  compresses the conduit gripping device  512  to force at least a portion of the conduit gripping device radially inward to retain the conduit gripping device on the conduit  514  at a desired axial position on the conduit. The clamping device  528  then returns to its initial position, and the preassembly of the nut, conduit gripping device, and conduit are removed from the apparatus. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates an embodiment of the apparatus  510  that includes a clamping device  528  that comprises a pump  529  and an actuator  531 . The pump  529  provides fluid under pressure to the actuator  531  to move a first clamping member  541 , which is coupled to the anvil  526 , relative to a second clamping member  543 , which is positioned behind the nut  522  (the clamping member  543  is moved downward to a disengaged position in  FIG. 5A ). The pump  529  may take a wide variety of different forms. For example, any arrangement that provides pressurized fluid to the actuator  531  may be used. In the example illustrated by  FIG. 5A , the pump  529  uses air pressure to pressurize hydraulic fluid that is provided to the actuator  531 . The pump  529  includes an inlet port  533  that receives the pressurized air and an outlet port  535  that delivers the pressurized hydraulic fluid to the actuator  531 . The actuator  531  may take a wide variety of different forms. The illustrated actuator  531  includes an inlet port  537  that receives the hydraulic fluid under pressure. When the hydraulic fluid under pressure is provided to the actuator, the actuator may be operated to move the anvil  526  relative to the clamping member  543  to pre-install the conduit gripping device (under the nut  522  in  FIG. 5A ). 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the clamping member  543  that drives the nut can be moved to a position that makes it easier to load and remove the conduit  514 , conduit gripping device  512 , and nut  522  into the apparatus  510  and makes it easier to remove the assembly from the apparatus  510 . For example, the clamping member  543  can be moved up, down, left, right, split or moved in any manner that makes positioning the conduit  514 , conduit gripping device  512 , and nut  522  in the apparatus for installation and/or removing the assembly from the apparatus after the installation clamping easier. In the example illustrated by  FIG. 5A , the clamping member  543  slides up and down between a lowered conduit accepting position, that makes it easier to load the conduit  514 , conduit gripping device  512 , and nut  522  into the apparatus  510  and unload assembly from the apparatus  510  and a raised installation position (indicated by arrow  539 ), where the clamping member can be moved into clamping engagement with the nut. 
     In the example illustrated by  FIGS. 5B-5G , the clamping device  528  includes a modified clamping assembly  543 ′ that is pivotable between an installation position ( FIGS. 5B-5D ) and a conduit accepting/removal position ( FIGS. 5E-5G ). The clamping assembly  543 ′ includes a holding member  700 , a nut engagement member  702 , a pivot pin  704 , a retention member  706 , a pair of retention pins  708 , and a release assembly  710 . The nut engagement member  702  is secured to the holding member  700 . A variety of different nut engagement members  702  can be used with the holding member  700  to allow the apparatus to install conduit gripping devices of fittings having a variety of different sizes and types of nuts. The holding member  700  is pivotally coupled to a piston  705  by the pivot pin  704  (see  FIG. 5D ). 
     An anvil support member  712  supports the anvil  526 . For example, arms  713  may connect the anvil  526  to the anvil support member  712 . The piston  705  moves the holding member  700  relative to the anvil support member  712  to perform the clamping operation. The anvil  526  in the embodiment illustrated by  FIGS. 5B-5G  includes a camming member  750  that engages the conduit gripping device during the installation operation and a base member  752  that supports the camming member  750 . By making the anvil  526  from two pieces, when the camming member  750  becomes worn, it can be removed from the base member  752  and replaced. 
     The retention member  706  is fixed with respect to the anvil support member  712 . The retention pins  708  are disposed in the holding member  700  and are spring loaded. The spring loading biases the pins  708  in the direction indicated by arrow  714  in  FIGS. 5B and 5F . The retention pins  708  are accepted by openings  716  in the retention member  706  to latch the holding member  700  in the installation position illustrated by  FIGS. 5B-5D . During the clamping operation, the holding member  700  is pulled by the piston  705  ( FIG. 5D ) and moves along the pins  708  toward the retention member  706 . 
     The release assembly  710  includes a release handle  720  that is pivotally coupled to the retention member  706  at pivot  721 . A pair of release pins  722  are connected to the release handle (see  FIG. 5C ). The release pins  722  are in alignment with the openings  716  and the retention pins  708 . Referring to  FIG. 5C , the release handle  520  is pulled in the direction indicated by arrow  730  to disengage the holding member  700  from the retention member. More specifically, the release handle  720  presses the pins  722  against the retention pins  708 , to press the retention pins out of the openings  716 . Once the retention pins  708  are out of the openings  716 , the holding member  700  can be moved to the position shown by  FIGS. 5E-5G . 
     The modified clamping assembly  543 ′ illustrated by  FIGS. 5B-5G  can be easily moved between the conduit accepting position ( FIGS. 5E-5G ) and installation position ( FIGS. 5B-5D ). This ease of use allows a single operator to easily place a conduit, conduit gripping device, and nut in the apparatus while the clamping assembly  543 ′ is in the conduit accepting position/removal position, move the clamping assembly  543 ′ to the installation position, move the conduit to the appropriate axial position in the clamping device  528  (which optionally causes the installation operation to occur), move the clamping assembly  543 ′ back to the conduit accepting/removal position, and remove the completed pre-assembly. For example, an operator can use one or both hands to place a conduit, conduit gripping device, and nut in the apparatus while the clamping assembly  543 ′ is in the conduit accepting position/removal position. Once in place, the operator can hold the conduit  514  with one hand and easily pivot the holding member up to the installation position with the other hand, where it latches in place. Next, the operator simply pushes the conduit axially into the apparatus  510  to the appropriate position, which optionally causes the installation operation to automatically commence. Once the installation operation is complete, the operator can hold the conduit of the finished assembly with one hand and disengage the holding member  700  with the handle  720  to return the clamping assembly  543 ′ to the conduit accepting/removal position. Once in the conduit accepting/removal position, the finished assembly can easily be removed. 
     The apparatus illustrated by  FIGS. 5 and 6  also includes the first position sensor  550  positioned to sense a position of the fitting nut  522  relative to the anvil  526  and the second position sensor  552  positioned to sense a position of the end  532  of the conduit  514  relative to the anvil. In some applications, it may not be necessary to sense both the position of the fitting nut  520  and the position of conduit end  532 . As such, the first position sensor  550  or the second position sensor  552  may be omitted. 
     The fitting nut position sensor  550  may take a wide variety of different forms. For example, in one embodiment the fitting nut position sensor  550  is a binary device that is configured to be in a first state before the fitting nut  522  reaches a predetermined position relative to the anvil  526  and to be in a second state once the fitting nut reaches the predetermined position. Examples of binary fitting nut positions sensors include, but are not limited to, switches, proximity sensors, hall effect sensors, inductive sensors, and the like. Any type of sensor capable of changing states when the fitting nut  522  reaches a predetermined position relative to the anvil  526  can be used. 
     In another embodiment the fitting nut position sensor  550  provides a continuous output that is indicative of the position of the fitting nut  522  relative to the anvil  526  for a portion of the stroke of the clamping device  528  or the entire stroke of the clamping device. A wide variety of different continuous output position sensors can be used as the fitting nut position sensor  550 . For example, a linear variable displacement transducer can be used or some clamping presses include outputs that indicate the position of a clamping member. In this application, analog sensors, digital sensors that provide outputs at predetermined displacement intervals and/or time intervals, and multiple discrete switches arranged to sense multiple positions of the nut with respect to the anvil are considered to be continuous sensors. 
     In the example illustrated by  FIGS. 5-8 , the fitting nut position sensor  550  is a plunger type switch. The plunger type switch includes a pin or plunger  553 , an insulating bushing  554 , and a spring loaded contact  556 . The contact pin or plunger  553  is positioned to be engaged by the fitting nut  522  and switch the spring loaded contact  556  from a first state to a second state when the fitting nut  522  is moved to within a predetermined distance of the stop surface  534 . For example, the spring loaded contact  556  may close a circuit when the fitting nut  522  is moved to within 0.005 inches of the stop surface  534 . 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the fitting nut position sensor  550  is adapted to be used with a variety of different sizes and/or types of nuts. This can be accomplished in a variety of different ways. For example, the position of the nut position sensor  550  may be adjustable and/or the nut position sensor may be sized and/or shaped to engage more than one size and/or type of nut. 
     In the example illustrated by  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the nut position sensor  550  includes an elongated contactor  850  disposed in an anvil support member  712  and a pin assembly  857 . The elongated contactor  850  is configured to mate with the pin assembly  857 , which is secured in an opening  856  of anvil  526  (In the embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 8A , a portion of the anvil that engages the ferrules and the ferrules are not shown to simplify the drawing). When the nut is in the proper installation position, the nut causes a pin  858  of the pin assembly  857  to contact the elongated contactor  850 . The contact between the pin  858  and the elongated contactor  850  causes the position sensor  550  to provide an indication that the nut has reached the proper axial position. Different anvils  526  will be used with different fitting sizes. The position of the opening  856  in the anvil is selected to place the pin assembly  857  in alignment with both the nut  522  and the elongated contactor  850 . 
     The conduit end position sensor  552  may take a wide variety of different forms. For example, in one embodiment the conduit end position sensor  552  is a binary device that is configured to be in a first state before the conduit end  532  reaches a predetermined position relative to the anvil  526  and to be in a second state once the conduit end reaches the predetermined position. In an exemplary embodiment, the predetermined position of the conduit end relative to the anvil  526  may be any position that is axially past the conduit gripping device  512 , but not so far past the conduit gripping device that the conduit end  532  prevents the conduit gripping device from properly engaging the camming surface of the fitting body during pull-up. Examples of binary conduit end position sensors include, but are not limited to, switches, proximity sensors, hall effect sensors, inductive sensors, and the like. Any type of sensor capable of changing states when the conduit end  532  reaches a predetermined position relative to the anvil  526  can be used. 
     In another embodiment the conduit end position sensor  552  provides a continuous output that is indicative of the position of the conduit end  532  relative to the anvil  526  for a portion of the axial movement of the conduit end  532  into the anvil or all axial movement of the conduit end  532  into the anvil. A wide variety of different continuous output position sensors can be used as the conduit end position sensor  552 . For example, a linear variable displacement transducer can be used. In this application, analog sensors, digital sensors that provide outputs at predetermined displacement intervals and/or time intervals, and multiple discrete switches arranged to sense multiple positions of the conduit end with respect to the anvil are considered to be continuous sensors. 
     In the embodiment illustrated by  FIGS. 5-16 , the conduit end position sensor  552  is configured to be in a first state when the conduit end  532  is outside the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536  and to be in a second state when the conduit end  532  is in the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536 . The conduit end position sensor  552  is in the second state regardless of where in the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536  the conduit end  532  is positioned. In the illustrated embodiment, the conduit end position sensor  552  is also configured prevent the conduit end  532  from moving axially past the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536 . 
     The conduit end position sensor  552  is assembled with the anvil  526 . Referring to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , the conduit end position sensor  552  includes a base block  560 , a backing member  561 , a conduit end engagement assembly  562 , and a contact assembly  564 . The conduit end engagement assembly  562  includes a conduit end engagement member  566 , a stop member  568 , and a biasing member  570 , such as a spring. The contact assembly  564  includes a contact  572  and a biasing member  574 , such as a spring. Referring to  FIG. 9 , the base block  560  includes a stepped bore  576  having a first cylindrical portion  578  and a second cylindrical portion  580  that is diametrically larger than the first portion to define an annular stop shoulder  582  or step therebetween. The contact  572  includes a cylindrical contact portion  584  and a cylindrical stop flange  586  that extends radially outward from the cylindrical contact portion  584 . A central bore  585  extends through the contact  572 . The contact  572  is slideably disposed in the stepped bore  576  of the base block  560 . The biasing member  574  is disposed in the second cylindrical portion  580  of the stepped bore  576  between the cylindrical stop flange  586  of the contact and the backing member  561 . The biasing member  574  biases the cylindrical contact flange  586  into engagement with the stop shoulder  582  such that the contact portion  584  extends into the first cylindrical portion  578  of the stepped bore  576 . The stop member  568  includes a threaded portion  588  and a head  590 . The threaded portion  588  extends through the central bore  585  of the contact  572  with the head  590  disposed in the second cylindrical portion  580  of the stepped bore. The conduit end engagement member  566  is connected to the threaded portion  588  of the stop member  568 . Referring to  FIG. 13 , the conduit end engagement member  566  is disposed in a bore  592  of the anvil  526 . Referring to  FIG. 7 , the biasing member  570  biases the stop member  568  into engagement with the contact  572 . The biasing member  574  is disposed around the biasing member  570  and the head  590  of the stop member  568 . Referring to  FIG. 9 , the conduit engagement member  566  includes a stepped outer surface having a first cylindrical portion  600  and a second cylindrical portion  602  that is diametrically larger than the first portion to define an annular stop shoulder  604  or step therebetween. The conduit engagement member  566  is moveable toward the contact  572 , until the conduit engagement member  566  engages the contact. When the conduit end engagement member  566  is spaced apart from the contact  572 , the conduit end position sensor  552  is in a first state. When the conduit end engagement member  566  is in contact with the contact  572 , the conduit end position sensor  552  changes to a second state. For example, a circuit may be closed when the conduit end engagement member  566  engages the contact  572 . 
       FIGS. 5 and 11  illustrate operation of the conduit end position sensor  552 . In  FIG. 5 , the conduit  514  is disposed in the bore  492 , but the end  532  of the conduit has not yet reached the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536 . In this position, the conduit end  532  is in contact with the conduit end engagement member  566 , which is spaced apart from the contact  572 . The conduit  514  will then be pressed further into the bore  592  of the anvil  526  as indicated by arrow  610 . As the conduit  514  is advanced in the bore  592 , the engagement member  566  is moved toward the contact  572  against the biasing force of the inner biasing member  570 , while the outer biasing member  574  maintains the flange  586  of the contact  572  against the shoulder  582 . At the point the conduit end  532  enters the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536 , the engagement member  566  comes into contact with the contact  572 . This contact between the engagement member  566  and the contact changes the state of the conduit end position sensor. Referring to  FIG. 11 , if the conduit end  532  is advanced further into the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536 , the engagement member  566  remains in contact with the contact  572  and moves the contact  572  axially into the stepped bore  576  against the biasing forces of the biasing members  570 ,  574 . The advancement of the conduit end  532  into the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536  may continue until the conduit end reaches the end  612  of the tapered conduit bottoming surface. When the conduit end reaches the end  612  of the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536 , the annular stop shoulder  604  engages the block  560  to prevent further axial advancement of the conduit end  532 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , in one exemplary embodiment, an output device  620  is in communication with the first position sensor  550  and the second position sensor  552 . The output device  620  is configured to output a first signal  621  or nut position signal that indicates whether the fitting nut  522  has reached the predetermined position relative to the anvil  526 . The output device  620  is also configured to output a second signal or conduit end position signal  622  that indicates whether the conduit end  532  has reached the predetermined position relative to the anvil  526  or is in an acceptable range of predetermined positions relative to the anvil. 
     The output device  620  may take a wide variety of different forms. The output device  620  may be a single device that outputs a nut position signal  621  and the conduit end position signal  622  or two separate devices that output the nut position signal and the end position signal. The output signals may take a wide variety of different forms. The output signal(s) may be visual, audible, and/or tactile signals that indicate to an operator of the apparatus  510  whether or not the nut  522  and/or the conduit end  532  have reached their appropriate predetermined positions relative to the anvil  526 . The output signal(s) may be wired or wireless signals that are used to automatically or semi-automatically control operation of the apparatus  510 . For example, the conduit end position signal  622  may be used to prevent the clamping device  528  from operating, until the conduit end  532  is in an appropriate bottomed position in the anvil  526 . Further, the conduit end position signal  622  may be used to automatically start operation of the clamping device  528  when the conduit end  532  is in an appropriate bottomed position in the anvil  526  Once the conduit end  532  is appropriately bottomed, the clamping device forces the nut  522  relatively toward the anvil  526  to compress the conduit gripping device  512  onto the conduit  514 . The nut position signal  621  may be used to stop operation of the clamping device  528  when the nut  522  has reached the appropriate pre-assembly relative to the anvil  526  (i.e. an appropriate axial stroke has been achieved). 
     A wide variety of control algorithms and/or circuits can be used with the conduit end position sensor  552  and the nut position sensor  550  to control the installation of the conduit gripping device  512  onto the outer wall  516  of the conduit  514 .  FIG. 24  is a flow chart that illustrates one exemplary control algorithm  1900 . In the embodiments of  FIGS. 5A-5G , the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ can be moved to a lowered, conduit accepting position that makes it easier to load the conduit  514 , conduit gripping device  512 , and nut  522  into the apparatus  510 . In an exemplary embodiment, the installation operation cannot occur until the clamping member is returned to the installation position (see  FIG. 5B ). 
     Referring to  FIG. 24 , the method determines  1910  whether the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ is in the installation position. If the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ is not in the installation position, the method does not continue until movement of the clamping member or assembly to the installation position is sensed. 
     If the clamping member or assembly is in the installation position, the method determines  1912  whether the conduit  514  is in the proper axial position. This determination can be performed with the conduit end position sensor  552 . If the conduit  514  is not in the proper position, the method does not continue until movement of the conduit to the correct position is sensed. Once the clamping member or assembly  543 ,  543 ′ is in the installation position and the conduit  514  is in the proper position, a clamping force is applied  1914  to axially advance the clamping member or assembly  543  or  543 ′ and install the conduit gripping device  512  onto the conduit  514 . This application  1914  of clamping force may be automatically triggered or initiated by the conduit end position sensor  552  or a separate user input may be required (in addition to the input from the sensor  552 ) to apply  1914  the clamping force. 
     While the clamping force is being applied  1914 , the method monitors  1916  whether the nut  522  has reached the axial position that corresponds to proper installation on the conduit (referred to as “nut installed” on the drawing). This monitoring  1916  can be performed with the nut position sensor  550 . If the nut does not reach the proper installation position, the clamping force is maintained or continued. The clamping force may automatically be removed after a predetermined period of time after the clamping force is applied and the method does not sense that the conduit has reached the proper pre-installation position. 
     When the method determines that the nut  522  has reached the position that corresponds to proper installation on the conduit, the clamping force is removed  1918  and the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ returns to its original axial position. After the installation, the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ can be returned to the lowered conduit accepting position/removal position to allow the conduit gripping device, and nut installed on the conduit to be removed from the apparatus. 
     The method determines  1920  whether the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ is moved to the conduit accepting/removal position after the removal  1918  of the clamping force. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated by  FIG. 24 , if the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ is not moved to the conduit accepting/removal position after the removal  1918  of the clamping force, the method does not continue until movement of the clamping member to the accepting/removal position is sensed. This prevents the full clamping force from being applied to the conduit gripping device  512  again, after the nut  522  has reached the position that corresponds to proper installation on the conduit  514 . Once the clamping member is in the lowered conduit accepting/removal position, another conduit, conduit gripping device, and nut can be positioned in the apparatus and the method can start  1901  again. 
     The method illustrated by  FIG. 24  can be performed in a wide variety of different ways.  FIG. 25  is an electrical schematic of one circuit  2000  that can perform the method illustrated by  FIG. 24 . Electrical power is selectively supplied to the circuit  2000  by a power supply  2010 . The electrical power is selectively applied to the circuit  2000  by a momentary switch  2012  that operates a relay switch  2014 . However, any type of switch can be used. For example, the momentary switch and relay switch can be replaced with a single mechanical switch. 
     The circuit  2000  controls a valve solenoid  2002  that controls the clamping device. For example, the valve solenoid  2002  may selectively apply fluid under pressure to a fluid driven actuator, such as an air over hydraulic actuator. The circuit includes a conduit end position sensor  552 , a nut position sensor  550 , a first clamping member sensor  2016  that detects when the clamping member is in the clamping position, a second clamping member sensor  2018  that detects when the clamping member is in the conduit accepting position, and a valve relay  2020 . The conduit end position sensor  552 , the nut position sensor  550 , the first clamping member sensor  2016 , and the second clamping member sensor  2018  are schematically illustrated as switches, but any type of sensor may be used and the sensors may be different types from one another. 
     If the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ is not in the clamping position, the first clamping member sensor  2016  prevents power from being supplied to the valve solenoid  2002 . For example, the first clamping member sensor  2016  may be a switch that is open when the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ is not in the clamping position. Once the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ is in the clamping position, the first clamping member sensor  2016  changes state. For example, the first clamping member sensor  2016  may be a switch that is closed when the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ is in the clamping position. 
     If the conduit is not properly positioned, the conduit end position sensor  552  prevents power from being supplied to the valve solenoid  2002 . For example, conduit end position sensor  552  may be a switch that is open, and power cannot be supplied to the valve solenoid  2002 . Once the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ is in the clamping position and the conduit is properly positioned, power is applied to the valve solenoid  2002  to apply clamping force to axially advance the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ and install the conduit gripping device on the conduit. The clamping force is applied until the relay  2020  contacts change positions. The solid lines illustrate the positions of the contacts of the relay  2020  that allow power to be applied to the solenoid valve. The broken lines show the position of the contacts of the relay  2020  that prevent power from being applied to the solenoid valve. The contacts of the relay  2020  will remain in the positions illustrated by solid lines, until the nut causes the nut position sensor  550  to sense movement of the nut  522  to the appropriate axial position and provides a path to the relay  2020 . For example, the nut position sensor  550  may be a switch that closes upon movement of the nut  522  to the appropriate axial position. 
     Once the nut position sensor  550  provides a path to the relay  2020 , the relay contacts will change to the positions shown in broken lines, after a delay determined by a timing device, such a as a capacitor  2030 , to de-energize the solenoid valve  2002  and remove the clamping force. The contacts of the valve relay  2020  will remain in the positions indicated by the dashed lines, until the sensor  2018  detects that the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ has been moved to the conduit accepting position. Movement of the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ to the conduit accepting position causes sensor  2018  to close a path. For example, the sensor  2018  may be a switch that is closed by moving the clamping member  543  or clamping assembly  543 ′ to the conduit accepting position, which causes the contacts of the relay  2020  to move back to the positions indicated by solid lines. Once the contacts have returned to the positions illustrated by solid lines, the circuit can be operated again to install another conduit gripping device and nut on a conduit. 
     It should be appreciated that the circuit can be configured in a wide variety of manners, other than as illustrated. A chassis or frame of the installation unit may be electrically connected to the common of the power source  2010 . With this arrangement, connection of the conduit end position sensor  52 , nut position sensor  50 , clamping member switch  2016 , clamping member switch  2018  and/or valve relay  2020  to common can be made via the frame or chassis. In this arrangement, one or more of the conduit end position sensor  552 , nut position sensor  550 , first clamping member switch  2016  and second clamping member switch  2018  may include only single lead wires that connect to other components of the circuit  2000  and connections to common made through a body of the sensor. 
       FIGS. 17-20  illustrate a second exemplary embodiment of an apparatus  1310  for installing a conduit gripping device  512  onto an outer wall  516  of a conduit  514 . The apparatus  1310  includes an anvil  526 , a clamping device  1328 , and a load cell  1329 . The anvil  526  may be as described with respect to the embodiment of  FIGS. 5-16 , and is therefore not described in detail again. 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 17-20 , the clamping device  1328  is an arrangement that forces the anvil  526  relatively toward the fitting nut  522 . The illustrated clamping device  1328  axially forces the fitting nut  522  toward the anvil  526  without rotation of the nut. However, the illustrated clamping device  1328  can be replaced with a device that rotates the nut to axially force the nut toward the anvil  526 . For example, the outer wall  538  can be provided with threads that mate with threads of the nut, with the clamping device  1328  configured to rotate the nut. 
     Referring to  FIG. 18 , the clamping device  1328  may include an output  1330  that provides a clamping position output signal  1331 . The clamping position output signal is indicative of the position of the fitting nut  522  relative to the anvil  526 . In an exemplary embodiment, the clamping position output signal is continuous for a portion of the stroke or for the entire stroke of the clamping device  1328 . 
     The load cell  1329  is configured to measure the load or clamping force applied by the clamping device  1328 . Referring to  FIG. 18 , the load cell may include an output  1332  that provides a clamping force output signal  1333  that is indicative of the clamping force applied by the clamping device  1328 . In another embodiment, the clamping device, when configured to rotate the nut (see ref. no.  1328 ′ in  FIG. 18  and  FIG. 22 ) is configured to measure the torque applied to the nut. For example, a sensor  1327  ( FIG. 18 ) may be included to measure the torque applied between the nut  522  and the anvil  526 . Such a torque sensor  1327  may take a wide variety of different forms. This torque measurement may take the place of the clamping force measurement, or the torque measurement may be done in addition to the clamping force measurement. The torque measurement may also be communicated by an output signal  1335 . In an exemplary embodiment, the clamping force output signal and/or torque output signal are continuous for a portion of the stroke or for the entire stroke of the clamping device  1328 . In another embodiment, the clamping force output signal and/or the torque output signal may comprise one or more discrete outputs at different time intervals, displacements and/or torque values. The clamping force output signal  1333  and/or the torque output signal  1335  may be associated with the clamping position output signal  1331 . This association allows the monitored clamping force and/or torque to be compared to an expected clamping force and/or torque along the stroke of the clamping device. 
     By continuously monitoring the nut position relative to the anvil and the clamping force and/or clamping torque at each position of the nut with respect to the anvil, a variety of condition(s) of the nut  522 , conduit gripping device  512 , and/or the anvil  526  can be determined. Prior to the clamping of the pre-installation operation or at the beginning of the clamping operation, proper fitting component quantity, type, orientation, and position can be detected, and the condition of the anvil can be detected. This may be achieved by applying a small portion of the clamping force and/or clamping torque with the clamping device  1328  and checking for errors before the full clamping force and/or clamping torque that would typically permanently deform one or more of the components is applied. This test can be used to determine whether the clamping operation will start at the correct position. For example, a clamping force and/or clamping torque that is lower than expected at the expected beginning of the stroke of the clamping device may indicate that one or more components (a conduit gripping device component for example) of the conduit gripping device is missing (See  FIG. 1C  for example) or is the wrong type of component or may indicate that the anvil is worn. This expected beginning of the stroke may be determined, because the total axial length of the components of the conduit gripping device, assembled in the correct order, in the correct orientation is known (See  FIG. 1A  for example). The detection of a clamping force and/or clamping torque before the expected beginning position may indicate that too many components are present, the wrong type of components are present, the orientation of one or more components is incorrect, or the position of one or more components is incorrect (See  FIGS. 1D-1G  for example). 
     Each conduit gripping device and conduit combination will have an expected displacement vs. force (or torque) curve for the stroke of the clamping device  1328 . The actual displacement vs. force (or torque) for each clamping operation may be monitored to determine whether there is a potential problem with the conduit gripping device or the anvil. Further, each incorrect assembly will also have an expected displacement vs. force (or torque) curve. In one embodiment, when a potential problem is detected, for example, by detecting a deviation from the expected displacement vs. force (or torque) curve, the apparatus  1310  compares the measured displacement vs. force (or torque) with displacement vs. force (or torque) curves of known incorrect assemblies to identify the type of incorrect assembly. 
     The apparatus illustrated by  FIGS. 17-20  also includes a continuous conduit end position sensor  1352  positioned to continuously sense a position of the end  532  of the conduit  514  relative to the anvil  526 . The continuous conduit end position sensor  1352  may comprise, for example, a linear variable differential transformer. Referring to  FIG. 18 , the continuous conduit end position sensor  1352  provides a conduit position output  1353  that is indicative of the position of the end  532  of the conduit in the anvil  526 . In one exemplary embodiment, the apparatus  1310  is configured to provide an alert or prevent operation of the clamping device  1328  if the conduit is not in a proper predetermined position in the anvil. For example, the alert may be provided or operation of the clamping device  1328  may be prevented if the conduit end  532  is outside the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536 . 
     In the example illustrated by  FIGS. 17-20 , the conduit end position sensor  1352  is disposed in a base  1360  of the clamping device  1328 . A conduit end engagement member  1366  is connected to a shaft  1368  of the conduit end position sensor  1352 . The conduit end engagement member  1366  is disposed in the bore  592  of the anvil  526  (see  FIG. 17A ). The conduit engagement member  1366  includes a stepped outer surface having a first cylindrical portion  1300  and a second cylindrical portion  1302  that is diametrically larger than the first portion to define an optional annular stop shoulder  1304  or step therebetween. 
     Referring to  FIG. 19A  the conduit end  532  may be moved into the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536  until the conduit end reaches the end  612  of the tapered conduit bottoming surface (unless the tapered surface  536  prevents further insertion first). When the conduit end reaches the end  612  of the tapered conduit bottoming surface  536 , the optional annular stop shoulder  1304  engages the block  60  to prevent further axial advancement of the conduit end  532 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 18 , in one exemplary embodiment, an output device  1420  is in communication with one or more of the nut position output  1330  of the clamping device, the load cell  1329 , the torque sensor  1327 , and the conduit end position sensor  1352 . In one exemplary embodiment, the output device  1420  comprises a processor or other logic applying device. The output device may use the nut position signal, clamping force signal and/or torque signal, and conduit end position signal in a wide variety of different ways. Proper insertion of the conduit can be determined before or during the clamping of the pre-installation operation, proper component quantity, type, and orientation can be determined before or during the clamping of the pre-installation operation, the condition of the anvil  526  can be determined before or during the clamping of the pre-installation operation, and sufficient nut stroke in the clamping of the pre-installation operation can be determined. The output device  1420  may count each instance of clamping of the pre-installation operation and may measure and record the extent of conduit insertion and/or nut stroke with each clamping. The output device  1420  can send an alert or block the progress or completion of a clamping of a pre-installation operation if the conduit insertion is insufficient or if the nut stroke is incomplete. By applying a slight load and/or torque before the clamping of the pre-installation operation, the output device  1420  can determine a starting position where clamping force and/or torque is first applied to verify proper component quantity, type, orientation, and position. The starting position can also be used to detect wear of the anvil. If the sensed starting position is incorrect, the output device  1420  may send an alert and/or stop or block the progress of the clamping of the pre-installation operation. Additional signals and sensors may provide input to the output device  1420 . For example, the apparatus  1310  may include additional sensors that monitor conditions of the conduit gripping device, such as the position of the conduit gripping device on the conduit, the depth of the grip on the conduit, an amount of strain in a portion of the conduit gripping device and/or conduit, and a maximum strain of the conduit gripping device and/or conduit. 
       FIG. 22  illustrates an embodiment of an apparatus  2210  where the anvil  2226  includes threads  2211  that mate with the threads  2212  of the nut when the clamping device  2228  is a mechanism that rotates the fitting nut  22 . When the anvil  2226  includes threads  2211 , the clamping device  2228  may be a hand operated wrench or a powered wrench. The wrench may be any device that has a nut engaging surface or surfaces  2214  that are configured to engage and rotate a driven surface  2216  of the nut  22  as is well known in the art. In  FIG. 22 , arrow  2218  indicates that the wrench may be placed on the nut and arrow  2220  indicates that the wrench may be rotated to axially advance the nut  22 . The wrench may include a handle, or may be a device, such as a socket that is rotated by a powered shaft. The wrench may be a torque wrench that rotates the fitting nut  22  onto the anvil  2226  until a predetermined torque required to further turn and axially advance the nut is reached. When the predetermined torque is reached, the torque wrench automatically stops turning the nut. The anvil may be configured to sharply increase the torque required to turn the nut when the nut has reached a predetermined stroke. For example, the anvil may have the positive stop surface  2234  as illustrated or the anvil may be otherwise configured to provide a torque rise when the predetermined stroke is reached. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the torque wrench may be set to the same torque that is used when the conduit gripping device  512  and fitting nut  522  are pulled up with a fitting body. This use of the same torque for the preassembly and the final assembly may be accomplished with an anvil that has a positive stop surface or that is otherwise configured to provide a torque rise. Referring to  FIG. 23C , the torque collar  2340  and the nut  522  are designed to produce a distinct torque value T 1  due to the increasing load between the nut  522  and the torque collar  2340  that corresponds to a desired or needed axial displacement or stroke of the nut  522  relative to the body to effect proper pull-up. This occurs at a position P 2  for the fitting  2310  in the complete pulled up position. The torque required to compress a conduit gripping device, such as the ferrules  518 ,  520 , to the pulled up position P 2  may vary significantly from fitting to fitting. In one exemplary embodiment, the torque collar  2340  is configured to provide a torque value T 1  that is equal to or greater than a maximum expected torque required to compress the conduit gripping device, such as the ferrules  518 ,  520 , and axially advance the fitting nut  522  to the pulled up position P 2 . This assures that the application of the torque T 1  to the fitting  2310  will axially advance the nut  522  all the way to the position P 2  where the nut engages the torque collar  2340 . The torque collar  2340  engages the nut  522  while the predetermined torque T 1  is applied to set the amount of compression of the conduit gripping device  512  to correspond to position P 2 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 22 and 23C , the axial advance or stroke of the nut during the preassembly process is less than the axial advance required to properly pull-up the fitting. For example, in  FIG. 23C  position P 1  may represent a position when the fitting  2310  is in a finger-tight position after the preassembly process. At position P 1 , the conduit gripping device  512  is compressed by an amount that causes the conduit gripping device to grip onto the conduit. Position P 2  is the pulled-up position. At the complete pulled up position P 2 , the conduit gripping device  512  is compressed by an amount that causes the conduit gripping device to grip and seal the conduit. The amount of compression of the conduit gripping device at the position P 2  is greater than the amount of compression at the position P 1 . As a result, when the anvil has a positive stop surface  2234  that corresponds to the position P 1 , application of the predetermined torque T 1  required to pull up the fitting to position P 2  is sufficient to bring the nut into engagement with the positive stop surface  2234 . Thus, the positive stop  2234  engages the nut  522  while the torque T 1  is applied between the anvil  2226  and the nut  522  to set the amount of compression of the conduit gripping device  512 . This assumes that the anvil  2226  has a configuration that is substantially the same as the fitting body  2312 . For example, the camming mouth  2230  and threads  2211  of the anvil  2226  have substantially the same configuration (i.e. size, shape, coefficient of friction, etc.) as the camming mouth  2330  and threads of the fitting body  2312 . When the torque T 1  required to pull up the fitting  2310  to the pulled up position P 2  is sufficient to bring the nut  522  on the anvil  2226  into engagement with the positive stop surface  2234 , the same predetermined torque T 1  can be used to preassemble the conduit gripping device and nut on the conduit and pull-up the fitting. This provides a number of advantages. For example, the same tool or type of tool with the same torque setting can be used for both the preassembly operation and pull-up of the fitting. 
     Also, as is described above, the torque collar  2340  may allow the fitting  2310  to be initially pulled up and remade multiple times to the same torque value. That is, after the fitting is pulled up at the position P 2 , the fitting can be disassembled, such that the nut  522  is separated from the body  2312  and then reassembled. In this embodiment, reapplication of the same torque T 1  further axially advances the nut  522  with respect to the fitting body to the position P 3 . At the remake position P 3 , the conduit gripping device  512  is compressed by an amount that causes the conduit gripping device to grip and reseal the conduit. The amount of compression for the conduit gripping device  512  is greater at the remake position P 3  than at the pull up position P 2 . The torque collar  2340  engages the nut  522  while the predetermined torque T 1  is applied to set the amount of compression of the conduit gripping device  512  to correspond to position P 3 . In one exemplary embodiment, the same torque value is selected for preassembling the fitting, initial pull-up of the fitting, and one or more remakes of the fitting. This aspect has tremendous advantages for low cost implementation in that assemblers need only have a single torque wrench or other tool to preassemble the conduit gripping device and nut on the conduit, pull up the fitting, and remake the fitting. 
     After the fitting nut  22  reaches the predetermined stroke with respect to the anvil  2226 , the wrench turns the nut in the opposite direction to remove the nut  522  from the anvil  2226 , to allow the preassembly of the nut  22 , conduit gripping device  512 , and conduit  514  to be removed. The anvil  2226  can be used with or without the nut position sensor  2250  and/or the conduit end position sensor  2252 . When included, the nut position sensor  2250  may provide an indication of the position of the nut  22  relative to the anvil  2226  and/or the conduit end position sensor  2252  may provide an indication of the position of the conduit end relative to the anvil  2226 . When included, the nut position sensor  2250  and/or conduit end position sensor  2252  can be any of the nut position sensors or conduit end position sensors described in this application or any other sensors capable of detecting the position of the nut  522  relative to the anvil  2226  or the position of the conduit  514  relative to the anvil. 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , in one exemplary embodiment gauging of the nut  522 , conduit gripping device  512 , and conduit  514  is performed to ensure that the nut  522  and the conduit gripping device is properly pre-installed at the desired axial location on the conduit  514 . The gauging is performed by assembling the pre-assembly (conduit  514 , nut  522 , and gripping device  512 ) in a gauging tool  1710 . The gauging tool  1710  may be the anvil  526  of apparatus  510  or  1310  or the gauging tool may be a separate tool. A predetermined clamping force as indicated by arrows  1312  is applied to the nut  522  and the tool  1710  and the position of the nut  522  relative to the tool  1710  is measured, for example as indicated at  1714 , and/or the position of the conduit end  532  relative to the tool is measured, for example as indicated at  1716 . The clamping force  1312  is a force that is smaller than the force required to further compress the conduit gripping device  512  onto the conduit  514 . For example, the clamping force may be 100 lbs. The gauging illustrated by  FIG. 21  may be performed after the pre-assembly is removed from the apparatus  510  or apparatus  1310  or the apparatus  510  or the apparatus  1310  may be operated to perform the gauging after the pre-installation operation, but before the pre-assembly is removed. 
     The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Modifications and alterations will occur to others upon a reading and understanding of this specification. It is intended to include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.