Patent Publication Number: US-2022232629-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for determining channel access in a wireless communication system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/139,529 filed on Jan. 20, 2021, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     This disclosure generally relates to wireless communication networks, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for determining channel access in a wireless communication system. 
     BACKGROUND 
     With the rapid rise in demand for communication of large amounts of data to and from mobile communication devices, traditional mobile voice communication networks are evolving into networks that communicate with Internet Protocol (IP) data packets. Such IP data packet communication can provide users of mobile communication devices with voice over IP, multimedia, multicast and on-demand communication services. 
     An exemplary network structure is an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). The E-UTRAN system can provide high data throughput in order to realize the above-noted voice over IP and multimedia services. A new radio technology for the next generation (e.g., 5G) is currently being discussed by the 3GPP standards organization. Accordingly, changes to the current body of 3GPP standard are currently being submitted and considered to evolve and finalize the 3GPP standard. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with the present disclosure, one or more devices and/or methods are provided. In an example from the perspective of a User Equipment (UE), the UE performs a first transmission without Listen Before Talk (LBT), wherein the first transmission is a preamble transmission. The UE performs LBT for a second transmission for a signal other than preamble. 
     In an example from the perspective of a UE, the UE transmits a first signal on a channel without sensing the channel, wherein the first signal comprises a preamble. The UE senses the channel for a transmission of a second signal, wherein the second signal does not comprise a preamble. The UE transmits the second signal on the channel after sensing the channel. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a diagram of a wireless communication system according to one exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a transmitter system (also known as access network) and a receiver system (also known as user equipment or UE) according to one exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a functional block diagram of a communication system according to one exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a functional block diagram of the program code of  FIG. 3  according to one exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating uplink-downlink timing relation according to one exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow chart according to one exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a flow chart according to one exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a flow chart according to one exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow chart according to one exemplary embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The exemplary wireless communication systems and devices described below employ a wireless communication system, supporting a broadcast service. Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be based on code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) LTE (Long Term Evolution) wireless access, 3GPP LTE-A or LTE-Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced), 3GPP2 UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband), WiMax, 3GPP NR (New Radio) wireless access for 5G, or some other modulation techniques. 
     In particular, the exemplary wireless communication systems devices described below may be designed to support one or more standards such as the standard offered by a consortium named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” referred to herein as 3GPP, including: 3GPP TS 38.211 V15.7.0, “NR physical channels and modulation”; Draft 3GPP TS 37.213 V16.4.0, “NR Physical layer procedures for shared spectrum channel access”; RP-202925, “Revised WID: Extending current NR operation to 71 GHz”; 3GPP TS 38.214 V16.4.0, “NR Physical layer procedures for data”. The standards and documents listed above are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
       FIG. 1  presents a multiple access wireless communication system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the disclosure. An access network  100  (AN) includes multiple antenna groups, one including  104  and  106 , another including  108  and  110 , and an additional including  112  and  114 . In  FIG. 1 , only two antennas are shown for each antenna group, however, more or fewer antennas may be utilized for each antenna group. Access terminal  116  (AT) is in communication with antennas  112  and  114 , where antennas  112  and  114  transmit information to access terminal  116  over forward link  120  and receive information from access terminal  116  over reverse link  118 . AT  122  is in communication with antennas  106  and  108 , where antennas  106  and  108  transmit information to AT  122  over forward link  126  and receive information from AT  122  over reverse link  124 . In a frequency-division duplexing (FDD) system, communication links  118 ,  120 ,  124  and  126  may use different frequencies for communication. For example, forward link  120  may use a different frequency than that used by reverse link  118 . 
     Each group of antennas and/or the area in which they are designed to communicate is often referred to as a sector of the access network. In the embodiment, antenna groups each may be designed to communicate to access terminals in a sector of the areas covered by access network  100 . 
     In communication over forward links  120  and  126 , the transmitting antennas of access network  100  may utilize beamforming in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of forward links for the different access terminals  116  and  122 . Also, an access network using beamforming to transmit to access terminals scattered randomly through its coverage may normally cause less interference to access terminals in neighboring cells than an access network transmitting through a single antenna to its access terminals. 
     An access network (AN) may be a fixed station or base station used for communicating with the terminals and may also be referred to as an access point, a Node B, a base station, an enhanced base station, an eNodeB (eNB), a Next Generation NodeB (gNB), or some other terminology. An access terminal (AT) may also be called user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, terminal, access terminal or some other terminology. 
       FIG. 2  presents an embodiment of a transmitter system  210  (also known as the access network) and a receiver system  250  (also known as access terminal (AT) or user equipment (UE)) in a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) system  200 . At the transmitter system  210 , traffic data for a number of data streams may be provided from a data source  212  to a transmit (TX) data processor  214 . 
     In one embodiment, each data stream is transmitted over a respective transmit antenna. TX data processor  214  formats, codes, and interleaves the traffic data for each data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected for that data stream to provide coded data. 
     The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed with pilot data using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques. The pilot data may typically be a known data pattern that is processed in a known manner and may be used at the receiver system to estimate the channel response. The multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream may then be modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK), or M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)) selected for that data stream to provide modulation symbols. The data rate, coding, and/or modulation for each data stream may be determined by instructions performed by processor  230 . 
     The modulation symbols for data streams are then provided to a TX MIMO processor  220 , which may further process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). TX MIMO processor  220  then provides N T  modulation symbol streams to N T  transmitters (TMTR)  222   a  through  222   t.  In certain embodiments, TX MIMO processor  220  may apply beamforming weights to the symbols of the data streams and to the antenna from which the symbol is being transmitted. 
     Each transmitter  222  receives and processes a respective symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and/or upconverts) the analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the MIMO channel. N T  modulated signals from transmitters  222   a  through  222   t  may then be transmitted from N T  antennas  224   a  through  224   t,  respectively. 
     At receiver system  250 , the transmitted modulated signals are received by N R  antennas  252   a  through  252   r  and the received signal from each antenna  252  may be provided to a respective receiver (RCVR)  254   a  through  254   r.  Each receiver  254  may condition (e.g., filters, amplifies, and downconverts) a respective received signal, digitize the conditioned signal to provide samples, and/or further process the samples to provide a corresponding “received” symbol stream. 
     An RX data processor  260  then receives and/or processes the N R  received symbol streams from N R  receivers  254  based on a particular receiver processing technique to provide N T  “detected” symbol streams. The RX data processor  260  may then demodulate, deinterleave, and/or decode each detected symbol stream to recover the traffic data for the data stream. The processing by RX data processor  260  may be complementary to that performed by TX MIMO processor  220  and TX data processor  214  at transmitter system  210 . 
     A processor  270  may periodically determine which pre-coding matrix to use (discussed below). Processor  270  formulates a reverse link message comprising a matrix index portion and a rank value portion. 
     The reverse link message may comprise various types of information regarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. The reverse link message may then be processed by a TX data processor  238 , which may also receive traffic data for a number of data streams from a data source  236 , modulated by a modulator  280 , conditioned by transmitters  254   a  through  254   r,  and/or transmitted back to transmitter system  210 . 
     At transmitter system  210 , the modulated signals from receiver system  250  are received by antennas  224 , conditioned by receivers  222 , demodulated by a demodulator  240 , and processed by a RX data processor  242  to extract the reserve link message transmitted by the receiver system  250 . Processor  230  may then determine which pre-coding matrix to use for determining the beamforming weights and may then process the extracted message. 
       FIG. 3  presents an alternative simplified functional block diagram of a communication device according to one embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the communication device  300  in a wireless communication system can be utilized for realizing the UEs (or ATs)  116  and  122  in  FIG. 1  or the base station (or AN)  100  in  FIG. 1 , and the wireless communications system may be the LTE system or the NR system. The communication device  300  may include an input device  302 , an output device  304 , a control circuit  306 , a central processing unit (CPU)  308 , a memory  310 , a program code  312 , and a transceiver  314 . The control circuit  306  executes the program code  312  in the memory  310  through the CPU  308 , thereby controlling an operation of the communications device  300 . The communications device  300  can receive signals input by a user through the input device  302 , such as a keyboard or keypad, and can output images and sounds through the output device  304 , such as a monitor or speakers. The transceiver  314  is used to receive and transmit wireless signals, delivering received signals to the control circuit  306 , and outputting signals generated by the control circuit  306  wirelessly. The communication device  300  in a wireless communication system can also be utilized for realizing the AN  100  in  FIG. 1 . 
       FIG. 4  is a simplified block diagram of the program code  312  shown in  FIG. 3  in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. In this embodiment, the program code  312  includes an application layer  400 , a Layer  3  portion  402 , and a Layer  2  portion  404 , and is coupled to a Layer  1  portion  406 . The Layer  3  portion  402  may perform radio resource control. The Layer  2  portion  404  may perform link control. The Layer  1  portion  406  may perform and/or implement physical connections. 
     One or more frame structures associated with Radio Access Technology (RAT) and/or New RAT (NR) (associated with 5G) may accommodate various requirements associated with time resources and/or frequency resources (e.g., ultra-low latency (e.g., ˜0.5 ms)) to delay-tolerant traffic for Machine Type Communication (MTC), from a high peak rate for enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) to a very low data rate for MTC. Low latency (e.g., short Transmission Time Interval (TTI)) and/or mixing/adapting different TTIs may be important for various applications. In addition to diverse services and requirements, forward compatibility is an important consideration in an initial NR frame structure design as not all features of NR would be included in the beginning phase/release of NR. 
     Reducing protocol latency may be an important improvement between different generations/releases, which can improve efficiency as well as meeting new application requirements (e.g., real-time service). An effective method adopted to reduce latency is to reduce a length of TTIs from 10 milliseconds (ms) in 3G to 1 ms in LTE. 
     Backward compatibility may not be required in an NR system. Numerology may be adjusted such that reducing a symbol number of a TTI is not the only way to change TTI length. In an example associated with LTE numerology,  14  Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols may be associated with 1 ms and/or a subcarrier spacing of 15 KHz. When the subcarrier spacing increases to 30 KHz, where a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) size and/or a cyclic prefix (CP) structure may not change, there may be 28 OFDM symbols in 1 ms and/or the TTI may become 0.5 ms if the number of OFDM symbol in a TTI is kept the same. Accordingly, a design between different TTI lengths may be kept common, with scalability performed on the subcarrier spacing. One or more of FFT size, Physical Resource Block (PRB) definition/number, CP design, supportable system bandwidth, subcarrier spacing selection, etc. may be configured in association with subcarrier spacing selection. As NR is associated with a larger system bandwidth and/or a larger coherence bandwidth, inclusion of a larger subcarrier spacing may be beneficial. 
     More details of NR frame structure, channel and/or numerology design are provided in 3GPP TS 38.211 V15.7.0. Notably, FIG. 4.3.1-1 of Section 4.3.1 of 3GPP TS 38.211 V15.7.0, entitled “Uplink-downlink timing relation”, is reproduced herein as FIG. 5. One or more parts of 3GPP TS 38.211 V15.7.0 are quoted below: 
     4 Frame Structure and Physical Resources 
     4.1 General 
     Throughout this specification, unless otherwise noted, the size of various fields in the time domain is expressed in time units T c =1/(Δf max ·N f ) where Δf max =480·10 3  Hz and N f =4096. The constant κ=T s /T c =64 where T s =1/Δf ref ·N f,ref ), Δf ref =15·10 3  Hz and N f,ref =2048. 
     4.2 Numerologies 
     Multiple OFDM numerologies are supported as given by Table 4.2-1 where μ and the cyclic prefix for a bandwidth part are obtained from the higher-layer parameter subcarrierSpacing and cyclicPrefix, respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.2-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Supported transmission numerologies. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 μ 
                 Δf = 2 μ  · 15 [kHz] 
                 Cyclic prefix 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 15 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 30 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 Normal, Extended 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 120 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 240 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     4.3 Frame Structure 
     4.3.1 Frames and Subframes 
     Downlink and uplink transmissions are organized into frames with T f =(Δf max N f /100·T c =10 ms duration, each consisting of ten subframes of T sf =(Δf max N f /1000)·T c =1 ms duration. The number of consecutive OFDM symbols per subframe is N symb   subframe,μ =N symb   slot N slot   subframe,μ . Each frame is divided into two equally- sized half-frames of five subframes each with half-frame 0 consisting of subframes 0-4 and half-frame 1 consisting of subframes 5-9. 
     There is one set of frames in the uplink and one set of frames in the downlink on a carrier. 
     Uplink frame number i for transmission from the UE shall start T TA =(N TA +N TA,offset )T c  before the start of the corresponding downlink frame at the UE where N TA,Offset  is given by [5, TS 38.213]. 
     FIG.  4 . 3 . 1 - 1 : Uplink-Downlink Timing Relation 
     4.3.2 Slots 
     For subcarrier spacing configuration μ, slots are numbered n s   μ ∈{0, . . . , N slot   subframe,μ −1} in increasing order within a subframe and n s,f   μ ∈{0, . . . N slot   frame,μ −1} in increasing order within a frame. There are N symb   slot  consecutive OFDM symbols in a slot where N symb   slot  depends on the cyclic prefix as given by Tables 4.3.2-1 and 4.3.2-2. The start of slot n s   μ  in a subframe is aligned in time with the start of OFDM symbol n s   μ N symb   slot  the same subframe. 
     OFDM symbols in a slot can be classified as ‘downlink’, ‘flexible’, or ‘uplink’. Signaling of slot formats is described in subclause 11.1 of [5, TS 38.213]. 
     In a slot in a downlink frame, the UE shall assume that downlink transmissions only occur in ‘downlink’ or ‘flexible’ symbols. 
     In a slot in an uplink frame, the UE shall only transmit in ‘uplink’ or ‘flexible’ symbols. 
     A UE not capable of full-duplex communication and not supporting simultaneous transmission and reception as defined by paremeter simultaneousRxTxInterBandENDC, simultaneousRxTxlnterBandCA or simultaneousRxTxSUL [10, TS 38.306] among all cells within a group of cells is not expected to transmit in the uplink in one cell within the group of cells earlier than N Rx-Tx T c  after the end of the last received downlink symbol in the same or different cell within the group of cells where N Rx-Tx  is given by Table 4.3.2-3. 
     A UE not capable of full-duplex communication and not supporting simultaneous transmission and reception as defined by parameter simultaneousRxTxlnterBandENDC, simultaneousRxTxlnterBandCA or simultaneousRxTxSUL [10, TS 38.306] among all cells within a group of cells is not expected to receive in the downlink in one cell within the group of cells earlier than N Tx-Rx T c  after the end of the last transmitted uplink symbol in the same or different cell within the group of cells where N Tx-Rx  is given by Table 4.3.2-3. 
     A UE not capable of full-duplex communication is not expected to transmit in the uplink earlier than N Rx-Tx T c  after the end of the last received downlink symbol in the same cell where N Rx-Tx  is given by Table 4.3.2-3. 
     A UE not capable of full-duplex communication is not expected to receive in the downlink earlier than N Tx-Rx T c  after the end of the last transmitted uplink symbol in the same cell where N Tx-Rx  is given by Table 4.3.2-3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.3.2-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Number of OFDM symbols per slot, slots per frame, 
               
               
                 and slots per subframe for normal cyclic prefix. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 μ 
                 N symb   slot   
                 N slot   frame, μ   
                 N slot   subframe, μ   
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 14 
                 10 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 14 
                 20 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 14 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 14 
                 80 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 14 
                 160 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.3.2-2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Number of OFDM symbols per slot, slots per frame, 
               
               
                 and slots per subframe for extended cyclic prefix. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 μ 
                 N symb   slot   
                 N slot   frame, μ   
                 N slot   subframe, μ   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 12 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.3.2-3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Transition time N Rx−Tx  and N Tx−Rx   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Transition time 
                 FR1 
                 FR2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 N Tx−Rx   
                 25600 
                 13792 
               
               
                   
                 N Rx−Tx   
                 25600 
                 13792 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     4.4 Physical Resources 
     4.4.5 Bandwidth Part 
     A bandwidth part is a subset of contiguous common resource blocks defined in subclause 4.4.4.3 for a given numerology μ i  in bandwidth part i on a given carrier. The starting position N BWP,i   start,μ  and the number of resource blocks N BWP,i   size,μ  in a bandwidth part shall fulfil N grid,x   start,μ ≤N BWP,i   start,μ &lt;N grid,x   start,μ +N grid,x   size,μ  and N grid,x   start,μ &lt;N BWP,i   start,μ +N BWP,i   size,μ ≤N grid,x   start,μ +N grid,x   size,μ , respectively. Configuration of a bandwidth part is described in clause 12 of [5, TS 38.213]. 
     A UE can be configured with up to four bandwidth parts in the downlink with a single downlink bandwidth part being active at a given time. The UE is not expected to receive PDSCH, PDCCH, or CSI-RS (except for RRM) outside an active bandwidth part. 
     A UE can be configured with up to four bandwidth parts in the uplink with a single uplink bandwidth part being active at a given time. If a UE is configured with a supplementary uplink, the UE can in addition be configured with up to four bandwidth parts in the supplementary uplink with a single supplementary uplink bandwidth part being active at a given time. The UE shall not transmit PUSCH or PUCCH outside an active bandwidth part. For an active cell, the UE shall not transmit SRS outside an active bandwidth part. 
     Unless otherwise noted, the description in this specification applies to each of the bandwidth parts. When there is no risk of confusion, the index μ may be dropped from N BWP,i   start,μ , N BWP,i   start,μ , N grid,x   start,μ , and N grid,x   size,μ . 
     When accessing an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., a shared spectrum) one or more mechanisms for determining whether or not a device (e.g., a UE and/or a base station, such as an access node) may access the unlicensed spectrum (e.g., whether or not the device can perform a transmission, such as a transmission in the unlicensed spectrum) may be required (to ensure fairness for some and/or all devices on the unlicensed spectrum, for example). For example, a device may detect and/or receive a signal on the unlicensed spectrum (e.g., on a serving cell associated with the unlicensed spectrum) to determine (e.g., judge) whether or not the spectrum is available for utilization. In some examples, when a device detects nothing and/or silence (e.g., for a certain period of time), the device may consider the unlicensed spectrum to be available and/or may perform a transmission (e.g., a transmission in the unlicensed spectrum). On the other hand, when a device detects one or more signals on the spectrum (e.g., one or more signals, with one or more strengths exceeding a threshold, from one or more other devices), the device may consider the spectrum to be currently occupied and may delay (e.g., hold off) a transmission of the device. This kind of mechanism may be known as listen before talk (LBT). There may be one or more additional aspects regarding how LBT is implemented, such as a threshold for a device to determine (e.g., judge) whether or not the channel is currently occupied (e.g., a device may consider a signal with a strength less than a threshold to be silence), how long the device performs detection and/or how to proceed following a device failing a trial of LBT (e.g., when and/or how to perform another trial of detection). More details of channel accessing scheme may be found in one or more parts of Draft 3GPP TS 37.213 V16.4.0 quoted below: 
     4 Channel Access Procedure 
     4.0 General 
     Unless otherwise noted, the definitions below are applicable for the following terminologies used in this specification:
         A channel refers to a carrier or a part of a carrier consisting of a contiguous set of resource blocks (RBs) on which a channel access procedure is performed in shared spectrum.   A channel access procedure is a procedure based on sensing that evaluates the availability of a channel for performing transmissions. The basic unit for sensing is a sensing slot with a duration T sl  =9 us. The sensing slot duration T sl  is considered to be idle if an eNB/gNB or a UE senses the channel during the sensing slot duration, and determines that the detected power for at least 4 us within the sensing slot duration is less than energy detection threshold X Thresh . Otherwise, the sensing slot duration T sl  is considered to be busy.   A channel occupancy refers to transmission(s) on channel(s) by eNB/gNB/UE(s) after performing the corresponding channel access procedures in this clause.   A Channel Occupancy Time refers to the total time for which eNB/gNB/UE and any eNB/gNB/UE(s) sharing the channel occupancy perform transmission(s) on a channel after an eNB/gNB/UE performs the corresponding channel access procedures described in this clause. For determining a Channel Occupancy Time, if a transmission gap is less than or equal to 25 us, the gap duration is counted in the channel occupancy time. A channel occupancy time can be shared for transmission between an eNB/gNB and the corresponding UE(s).   A DL transmission burst is defined as a set of transmissions from an eNB/gNB without any gaps greater than 16 us. Transmissions from an eNB/gNB separated by a gap of more than 16 us are considered as separate DL transmission bursts. An eNB/gNB can transmit transmission(s) after a gap within a DL transmission burst without sensing the corresponding channel(s) for availability.   A UL transmission burst is defined as a set of transmissions from a UE without any gaps greater than 16 us. Transmissions from a UE separated by a gap of more than 16 us are considered as separate UL transmission bursts. A UE can transmit transmission(s) after a gap within a UL transmission burst without sensing the corresponding channel(s) for availability.   A discovery burst refers to a DL transmission burst including a set of signal(s) and/or channel(s) confined within a window and associated with a duty cycle. The discovery burst can be any of the following:   Transmission(s) initiated by an eNB that includes a primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS) and cell-specific reference signal(s)(CRS) and may include non-zero power CSI reference signals (CSI-RS).   Transmission(s) initiated by a gNB that includes at least an SS/PBCH block consisting of a primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), physical broadcast channel (PBCH) with associated demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) and may also include CORESET for PDCCH scheduling PDSCH with SIB 1 , and PDSCH carrying SIB 1  and/or non-zero power CSI reference signals (CSI-RS).       

     4.1 Downlink Channel Access Procedures 
     An eNB operating LAA Scell(s) on channel(s) and a gNB performing transmission(s) on channel(s) shall perform the channel access procedures described in this clause for accessing the channel(s) on which the transmission(s) are performed. 
     In this clause, X Thresh  for sensing is adjusted as described in clause 4.1.5 when applicable. 
     A gNB performs channel access procedures in this clause unless the higher layer parameter ChannelAccessMode-r16 is provided and ChannelAccessMode-r16=‘semistatic’. 
     4.1.1 Type 1 DL Channel Access Procedures 
     This clause describes channel access procedures to be performed by an eNB/gNB where the time duration spanned by the sensing slots that are sensed to be idle before a downlink transmission(s) is random. The clause is applicable to the following transmissions:
         Transmission(s) initiated by an eNB including PDSCH/PDCCH/EPDCCH, or   Transmission(s) initiated by a gNB including unicast PDSCH with user plane data, or unicast PDSCH with user plane data and unicast PDCCH scheduling user plane data, or   Transmission(s) initiated by a gNB with only discovery burst or with discovery burst multiplexed with non-unicast information, where the transmission(s) duration is larger than 1ms or the transmission causes the discovery burst duty cycle to exceed 1/20.       

     The eNB/gNB may transmit a transmission after first sensing the channel to be idle during the sensing slot durations of a defer duration T d  and after the counter N is zero in step 4. The counter N is adjusted by sensing the channel for additional sensing slot duration(s) according to the steps below:
         1) set N=N init , where N init  is a random number uniformly distributed between 0 and CW p , and go to step 4;   2) if N&gt;0 and the eNB/gNB chooses to decrement the counter, set N=N−1;   3) sense the channel for an additional sensing slot duration, and if the additional sensing slot duration is idle, go to step 4; else, go to step 5;       

     4) if N=0, stop; else, go to step 2. 
     5) sense the channel until either a busy sensing slot is detected within an additional defer duration T d  or all the sensing slots of the additional defer duration T d  are detected to be idle; 
     6) if the channel is sensed to be idle during all the sensing slot durations of the additional defer duration T d , go to step 4; else, go to step 5; 
     If an eNB/gNB has not transmitted a transmission after step 4 in the procedure above, the eNB/gNB may transmit a transmission on the channel, if the channel is sensed to be idle at least in a sensing slot duration T sl  when the eNB/gNB is ready to transmit and if the channel has been sensed to be idle during all the sensing slot durations of a defer duration T d  immediately before this transmission. If the channel has not been sensed to be idle in a sensing slot duration T sl  when the eNB/gNB first senses the channel after it is ready to transmit or if the channel has been sensed to be not idle during any of the sensing slot durations of a defer duration T d  immediately before this intended transmission, the eNB/gNB proceeds to step 1 after sensing the channel to be idle during the sensing slot durations of a defer duration T d . 
     The defer duration T d  consists of duration T s =16 us immediately followed by m p  consecutive sensing slot durations T sl , and T f  includes an idle sensing slot duration T sl  at start of T f . 
     CW min,p ≤CW p ≤CW max,p  is the contention window. CW p  adjustment is described in clause 4.1.4. 
     CW min,p  and CW max,p  are chosen before step 1 of the procedure above. 
     m p , CW min,p , and CW max,p  are based on a channel access priority class p associated with the eNB/gNB transmission, as shown in Table 4.1.1-1. 
     An eNB/gNB shall not transmit on a channel for a Channel Occupancy Time that exceeds T m cot,p  where the channel access procedures are performed based on a channel access priority class p associated with the eNB/gNB transmissions, as given in Table 4.1.1-1. 
     If an eNB/gNB transmits discovery burst(s) as described in clause 4.1.2 when N&gt;0 in the procedure above, the eNB/gNB shall not decrement N during the sensing slot duration(s) overlapping with discovery burst(s). 
     A gNB may use any channel access priority class for performing the procedures above to transmit transmission(s) including discovery burst(s) satisfying the conditions described in this clause. 
     A gNB shall use a channel access priority class applicable to the unicast user plane data multiplexed in PDSCH for performing the procedures above to transmit transmission(s) including unicast PDSCH with user plane data. 
     For p=3 and p=4, if the absence of any other technology sharing the channel can be guaranteed on a long term basis (e.g. by level of regulation), T m cot,p =10 ms, otherwise, T m cot,p =8 ms. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.1.1-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Channel Access Priority Class (CAPC) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Channel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Access 
               
               
                 Priority 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 allowed 
               
               
                 Class (p) 
                 m p   
                 CW min, p   
                 CW max, p   
                 T mcot, p   
                 CW p sizes 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 1 
                 3 
                 7 
                 2 ms 
                 {3, 7}  
               
               
                 2 
                 1 
                 7 
                 15 
                 3 ms 
                 {7, 15} 
               
               
                 3 
                 3 
                 15 
                 63 
                 8 or 10 ms 
                 {15, 31, 63} 
               
               
                 4 
                 7 
                 15 
                 1023 
                 8 or 10 ms 
                 {15, 31, 63, 127, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 255, 511, 1023} 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     4.1.1.1 Regional Limitations on Channel Occupancy Time 
     In Japan, if an eNB/gNB has transmitted a transmission after N=0 in step 4 of the procedure above, the eNB/gNB may transmit the next continuous transmission, for duration of maximum T j =4 ms, immediately after sensing the channel to be idle for at least a sensing interval of T js =34 us and if the total sensing and transmission time is not more than 
     
       
         
           
             
               1000 
               · 
               
                 T 
                 mcot 
               
             
             + 
             
               
                 
                   ⌈ 
                   
                     
                       
                         T 
                         mcot 
                       
                       
                         T 
                         j 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                   ⌉ 
                 
                 · 
                 
                   T 
                   js 
                 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 us 
                 . 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The sensing interval T js  consists of duration T f =16 us immediately followed by two sensing slots and T f  includes an idle sensing slot at start of T f . The channel is considered to be idle for T is  if it is sensed to be idle during the sensing slot durations of T js . 
     4.1.2 Type 2 DL Channel Access Procedures 
     This clause describes channel access procedures to be performed by an eNB/gNB where the time duration spanned by sensing slots that are sensed to be idle before a downlink transmission(s) is deterministic. 
     If an eNB performs Type 2 DL channel access procedures, it follows the procedures described in clause 4.1.2.1. 
     Type 2A channel access procedures as described in clause 4.1.2.1 are applicable to the following transmission(s) performed by an eNB/gNB:
         Transmission(s) initiated by an eNB including discovery burst and not including PDSCH where the transmission(s) duration is at most 1 ms, or   Transmission(s) initiated by a gNB with only discovery burst or with discovery burst multiplexed with non-unicast information, where the transmission(s) duration is at most 1 ms, and the discovery burst duty cycle is at most 1/20, or   Transmission(s) by an eNB/ gNB following transmission(s) by a UE after a gap of 25 us in a shared channel occupancy as described in clause 4.1.3.       

     Type 2B or Type 2C DL channel access procedures as described in clause 4.1.2.2 and 4.1.2.3, respectively, are applicable to the transmission(s) performed by a gNB following transmission(s) by a UE after a gap of 16 us or up to 16 us, respectively, in a shared channel occupancy as described in clause 4.1.3. 
     4.1.2.1 Type 2A DL Channel Access Procedures 
     An eNB/gNB may transmit a DL transmission immediately after sensing the channel to be idle for at least a sensing interval T short_dl =25 us. T short_dl  consists of a duration T f =16 us immediately followed by one sensing slot and T f  includes a sensing slot at start of T f . The channel is considered to be idle for T short,dl  if both sensing slots of T short,dl  are sensed to be idle. 
     4.1.2.2 Type 2B DL Channel Access Procedures 
     A gNB may transmit a DL transmission immediately after sensing the channel to be idle within a duration of T f =16 us. T f  includes a sensing slot that occurs within the last 9 us of T f . The channel is considered to be idle within the duration T f  if the channel is sensed to be idle for a total of at least 5 us with at least 4 us of sensing occurring in the sensing slot. 
     4.1.2.3 Type 2C DL Channel Access Procedures 
     When a gNB follows the procedures in this clause for transmission of a DL transmission, the gNB does not sense the channel before transmission of the DL transmission. The duration of the corresponding DL transmission is at most 584 us. 
     4.1.3 DL Channel Access Procedures in a Shared Channel Occupancy 
     If a gNB shares a channel occupancy initiated by a UE using the channel access procedures described in clause 4.2.1.1 on a channel, the gNB may transmit a transmission that follows a UL transmission on scheduled resources or a PUSCH transmission on configured resources by the UE after a gap as follows:
         The transmission shall contain transmission to the UE that initiated the channel occupancy and can include non-unicast and/or unicast transmissions where any unicast transmission that includes user plane data is only transmitted to the UE that initiated the channel occupancy.   If the higher layer parameters ul-toDL-COT-SharingED-Threshold-r16 is not provided, the transmission shall not include any unicast transmissions with user plane data and the transmission duration is not more than the duration of 2, 4 and 8 symbols for subcarrier spacing of 15, 30 and 60 kHz of the corresponding channel, respectively.   If the gap is up to 16 us, the gNB can transmit the transmission on the channel after performing Type 2C DL channel access as described in clause 4.1.2.3.   If the gap is 25 us or 16 us, the gNB can transmit the transmission on the channel after performing Type 2A or Type 2B DL channel access procedures as described in clause 4.1.2.1 and 4.1.2.2, respectively.       

     For the case where a gNB shares a channel occupancy initiated by a UE with configured grant PUSCH transmission, the gNB may transmit a transmission that follows the configured grant PUSCH transmission by the UE as follows:
         If the higher layer parameter ul-toDL-COT-SharingED-Threshold-r16 is provided, the UE is configured by cg-COT-SharingList-r16 where cg-COT-SharingList-r16 provides a table configured by higher layer. Each row of the table provides a channel occupancy sharing information given by higher layer parameter CG-COT-Sharing-r16. One row of the table is configured for indicating that the channel occupancy sharing is not available.   If the ‘COT sharing information’ in CG-UCI detected in slot n indicates a row index that corresponds to a CG-COT-Sharing-r16 that provides channel occupancy sharing information, the gNB can share the UE channel occupancy assuming a channel access priority class p=channelAccessPriority-r16, starting from slot n+0, where 0=offset-r16 slots, for a duration of D=duration-r16 slots where duration-r16, offset-r16, and channelAccessPriority-r16 are higher layer parameters provided by CG-COT-Sharing-r16.   If the higher layer parameter ul-toDL-COT-SharingED-Threshold-r16 is not provided, and if ‘COT sharing information’ in CG-UCI indicates ‘1’, the gNB can share the UE channel occupancy and start the DL transmission X=cg-COT-SharingOffset-r16 symbols from the end of the slot where CG-UCI is detected, where cg-COT-SharingOffset-r16 is provided by higher layer. The transmission shall not include any unicast transmissions with user plane data and the transmission duration is not more than the duration of 2, 4 and 8 symbols for subcarrier spacing of 15, 30 and 60 kHz of the corresponding channel, respectively.       

     For the case where a gNB uses channel access procedures as described in clause 4.1.1 to initiate a transmission and shares the corresponding channel occupancy with a UE that transmits a transmission as described in clause 4.2.1.2, the gNB may transmit a transmission within its channel occupancy that follows the UE&#39;s transmission if any gap between any two transmissions in the gNB channel occupancy is at most 25 us. In this case the following applies:
         If the gap is 25 us or 16 us, the gNB can transmit the transmission on the channel after performing Type 2A or 2B DL channel access procedures as described in clause 4.1.2.1 and 4.1.2.2, respectively.   If the gap is up to 16 us, the gNB can transmit the transmission on the channel after performing Type 2C DL channel access as described in clause 4.1.2.3.
 
4.1.4 Contention window adjustment procedures
       

     If an eNB/gNB transmits transmissions including PDSCH that are associated with channel access priority class p on a channel, the eNB/gNB maintains the contention window value CW p  and adjusts CW p  before step 1 of the procedure described in clause 4.1.1 for those transmissions as described in this clause. 
     4.1.4.2 Contention window adjustment procedures for DL transmissions by gNB 
     If a gNB transmits transmissions including PDSCH that are associated with channel access priority class p on a channel, the gNB maintains the contention window value CW p  and adjusts CW p  before step 1 of the procedure described in clause 4.1.1 for those transmissions using the following steps:
         1) For every priority class p∈{1,2,3,4}, set CW p =CW min,p .   2) If HARQ-ACK feedback is available after the last update of CW p , go to step 3. Otherwise, if the gNB transmission after procedure described in clause 4.1.1 does not include a retransmission or is transmitted within a duration T W  from the end of the reference duration corresponding to the earliest DL channel occupancy after the last update of CW p , go to step 5; otherwise go to step 4.   3) The HARQ-ACK feedback(s) corresponding to PDSCH(s) in the reference duration for the latest DL channel occupancy for which HARQ-ACK feedback is available is used as follows:
           a. If at least one HARQ-ACK feedback is ‘ACK’ for PDSCH(s) with transport block based feedback or at least 10% of HARQ-ACK feedbacks is ‘ACK’ for PDSCH CBGs transmitted at least partially on the channel with code block group based feedback, go to step 1; otherwise go to step 4.   
           4) Increase CW p  for every priority class p∈{1,2,3,4} to the next higher allowed value.   5) For every priority class p∈{1,2,3,4}, maintain CW p  as it is; go to step 2.       

     The reference duration and duration T w , in the procedure above are defined as follows:
         The reference duration corresponding to a channel occupancy initiated by the gNB including transmission of PDSCH(s) is defined in this clause as a duration starting from the beginning of the channel occupancy until the end of the first slot where at least one unicast PDSCH is transmitted over all the resources allocated for the PDSCH, or until the end of the first transmission burst by the gNB that contains unicast PDSCH(s) transmitted over all the resources allocated for the PDSCH, whichever occurs earlier. If the channel occupancy includes a unicast PDSCH, but it does not include any unicast PDSCH transmitted over all the resources allocated for that PDSCH, then, the duration of the first transmission burst by the gNB within the channel occupancy that contains unicast PDSCH(s) is the reference duration for CWS adjustment.   T W =max(T A , T B +1 MS) where T B  is the duration of the transmission burst from start of the reference duration in ms and T A =5 ms if the absence of any other technology sharing the channel can not be guaranteed on a long-term basis (e.g. by level of regulation), and T A =10 ms otherwise.       

     If a gNB transmits transmissions using Type 1 channel access procedures associated with the channel access priority class p on a channel and the transmissions are not associated with explicit HARQ-ACK feedbacks by the corresponding UE(s), the gNB adjusts CW p  before step 1 in the procedures described in subclase 4.1.1, using the latest CW p  used for any DL transmissions on the channel using Type 1 channel access procedures associated with the channel access priority class p. If the corresponding channel access priority class p has not been used for any DL transmissions on the channel, CW p =CW min,p  is used. 
     4.1.4.3 Common Procedures for CWS Adjustments for DL Transmissions 
     The following applies to the procedures described in clauses 4.1.4.1 and 4.1.4.2:
         If CW p =CW max,p , the next higher allowed value for adjusting CW p  is CW max,p .   If the CW p =CW max,p  is consecutively used K times for generation of N init , CW p  is reset to CW min,p  only for that priority class p p for which CW p =CW max,p  is consecutively used K times for generation of N init . K is selected by eNB/gNB from the set of values {1, 2, . . . ,8} for each priority class p∈{1,2,3,4}.       

     4.1.5 Energy Detection Threshold Adaptation Procedures 
     An eNB/gNB accessing a channel on which transmission(s) are performed, shall set the energy detection threshold (X Tresh ) to be less than or equal to the maximum energy detection threshold X Tresh_max . 
     X Thresh_max  is determined as follows:
         If the absence of any other technology sharing the channel can be guaranteed on a long-term basis (e.g. by level of regulation) then:       

     
       
         
           
             
               X 
               Thresh_max 
             
             = 
             
               min 
               ⁢ 
               
                 { 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             T 
                             
                               
                                 ma 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 x 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             10 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             dB 
                           
                         
                         , 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         X 
                         r 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 } 
               
             
           
         
       
         
         
           
             X r  is maximum energy detection threshold defined by regulatory requirements in dBm when such requirements are defined, otherwise X r =T max +10 dB; 
             otherwise, 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
             
               X 
               Thresh_max 
             
             = 
             
               max 
               ⁢ 
               
                 { 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             - 
                             72 
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               10 
                               · 
                               log 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             10 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   BWMHz 
                                   / 
                                   20 
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 MHz 
                               
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             dBm 
                           
                         
                         , 
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         min 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           { 
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     T 
                                     
                                       ma 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       x 
                                     
                                   
                                   , 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     T 
                                     
                                       m 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       ax 
                                     
                                   
                                   - 
                                   
                                     T 
                                     A 
                                   
                                   + 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       
                                         P 
                                         H 
                                       
                                       + 
                                       
                                         
                                           10 
                                           · 
                                           log 
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         10 
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                             
                                         
                                         ⁢ 
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             
                                               BWMHz 
                                               / 
                                               20 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             
                                                 
                                             
                                             ⁢ 
                                             MHz 
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                       
                                       - 
                                       
                                         P 
                                         TX 
                                       
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           } 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 } 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where:
         T A =5 dB for transmissions including discovery burst(s) as described in clause 4.1.2, and   T A =10 dB otherwise;   P H =23 dBm;   P TX  is the set maximum eNB/gNB output power in dBm for the channel;   eNB/gNB uses the set maximum transmission power over a single channel irrespective of whether single channel or multi-channel transmission is employed   T max (dBm)=10·log 10 (3.16228 10 −8  (mW/MHz)·BWMHz (MHz));   BWMHz is the single channel bandwidth in MHz.       

     4.2 Uplink Channel Access Procedures 
     A UE performing transmission(s) on LAA Scell(s), an eNB scheduling or configuring UL transmission(s) for a UE performing transmission(s) on LAA Scell(s), and a UE performing transmission(s) on channel(s) and a gNB scheduling or configuring UL transmission(s) for a UE performing transmissions on channel(s) shall perform the procedures described in this clause for the UE to access the channel(s) on which the transmission(s) are performed. 
     In this clause, transmissions from a UE are considered as separate UL transmissions, irrespective of having a gap between transmissions or not, and X Thresh  for sensing is adjusted as described in clause 4.2.3 when applicable. 
     A UE performs channel access procedures in this clause unless the higher layer parameter ChannelAccessMode-r16 is provided and ChannelAccessMode-r16=‘semistatic’. 
     If a UE fails to access the channel(s) prior to an intended UL transmission to a gNB, Layer 1 notifies higher layers about the channel access failure. 
     4.2.1 Channel Access Procedures for Uplink Transmission(s) 
     A UE can access a channel on which UL transmission(s) are performed according to one of Type 1 or Type 2 UL channel access procedures. Type 1 channel access procedure is described in clause 4.2.1.1. Type 2 channel access procedure is described in clause 4.2.1.2. 
     If a UL grant scheduling a PUSCH transmission indicates Type 1 channel access procedures, the UE shall use Type 1 channel access procedures for transmitting transmissions including the PUSCH transmission unless stated otherwise in this clause. 
     A UE shall use Type 1 channel access procedures for transmitting transmissions including the autonomous or configured grant PUSCH transmission on configured UL resources unless stated otherwise in this clause. 
     If a UL grant scheduling a PUSCH transmission indicates Type 2 channel access procedures, the UE shall use Type 2 channel access procedures for transmitting transmissions including the PUSCH transmission unless stated otherwise in this clause. 
     A UE shall use Type 1 channel access procedures for transmitting SRS transmissions not including a PUSCH transmission. UL channel access priority class p =1 in Table 4.2.1-1 is used for SRS transmissions not including a PUSCH. 
     If a DL assignment triggering SRS but not scheduling a PUCCH transmission indicates Type 2 channel access procedures, the UE shall use Type 2 channel access procedures. 
     If a UE is scheduled by an eNB/gNB to transmit PUSCH and SRS in contiguous transmissions without any gaps in between, and if the UE cannot access the channel for PUSCH transmission, the UE shall attempt to make SRS transmission according to uplink channel access procedures specified for SRS transmission. 
     If a UE is scheduled by a gNB to transmit PUSCH and one or more SRSs by a single UL grant in non-contiguous transmissions, or a UE is scheduled by a gNB to transmit PUCCH and/or SRSs by a single DL assignment in non-contiguous transmissions, the UE shall use the channel access procedure indicated by the scheduling DCI for the first UL transmission scheduled by the scheduling DCI. If the channel is sensed by the UE to be continuously idle after the UE has stopped transmitting the first transmission, the UE may transmit further UL transmissions scheduled by the scheduling DCI using Type 2 channel access procedures or Type 2A UL channel access procedures without applying a CP extension if the further UL transmissions are within the gNB Channel Occupancy Time. Otherwise, if the channel sensed by the UE is not continuously idle after the UE has stopped transmitting the first UL transmission or the further UL transmissions are outside the gNB Channel Occupancy Time, the UE may transmit the further UL transmissions using Type 1 channel access procedure, without applying a CP extension. 
     A UE shall use Type 1 channel access procedures for PUCCH transmissions unless stated otherwise in this clause. If a DL grant determined according to Clause 9.2.3 in [7, TS38.213] or a random access response (RAR) message for successRAR scheduling a PUCCH transmission indicates Type 2 channel access procedures, the UE shall use Type 2 channel access procedures. 
     When a UE uses Type 1 channel access procedures for PUCCH transmissions or PUSCH only transmissions without UL-SCH, the UE shall use UL channel access priority class p =1 in Table 4.2.1-1. 
     A UE shall use Type 1 channel access procedure for PRACH transmissions and PUSCH transmissions without user plane data related to random access procedure that initiate a channel occupancy. In this case, UL channel access priority class p=1 in Table 4.2.1-1 is used for PRACH transmissions, and UL channel access priority class used for PUSCH transmissions is determined according to Clause 5.6.2 in [9]. 
     When a UE uses Type 1 channel access procedures for PUSCH transmissions on configured resource, the UE determines the corresponding UL channel access priority p in Table 4.2.1-1 following the procedures described in Clause 5.6.2 in [9]. 
     When a UE uses Type 1 channel access procedures for PUSCH transmissions with user plane data indicated by a UL grant or related to random access procedure where the corresponding UL channel access priority p is not indicated, the UE determines p in Table 4.2.1-1 following the same procedures as for PUSCH transmission on configured resources using Type 1 channel access procedures. 
     When a UE uses Type 2A, Type 2B, or Type 2C UL channel access procedures for PUSCH transmissions indicated by a UL grant or related to random access procedures where the corresponding UL channel access priority p is not indicated, the UE assumes that the channel access priority class p=4 is used by the gNB for the Channel Occupancy Time. 
     A UE shall not transmit on a channel for a Channel Occupancy Time that exceeds T ulm cot,p  where the channel access procedure is performed based on the channel access priority class p associated with the UE transmissions, as given in Table 4.2.1-1. 
     The total Channel Occupancy Time of autonomous uplink transmission(s) obtained by the channel access procedure in this clause, including the following DL transmission if the UE sets ‘COT sharing indication’ in AUL-UCI to ‘1’ in a subframe within the autonomous uplink transmission(s) as described in Clause 4.1.3, shall not exceed T ulm,cot,p , where T ulm cot,p  is given in Table 4.2.1-1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.2.1-1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Channel Access Priority Class (CAPC) for UL 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Channel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Access 
               
               
                 Priority 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 allowed 
               
               
                 Class (p) 
                 m p   
                 CW min, p   
                 CW max, p   
                 T ulm cot, p   
                 CW p  sizes 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 7 
                 2 ms 
                 {3, 7}  
               
               
                 2 
                 2 
                 7 
                 15 
                 4 ms 
                 {7, 15} 
               
               
                 3 
                 3 
                 15 
                 1023 
                 6 ms or 
                 {15, 31, 63, 127, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 ms 
                 255, 511, 1023} 
               
               
                 4 
                 7 
                 15 
                 1023 
                 6 ms or 
                 {15, 31, 63, 127, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10 ms 
                 255, 511, 1023} 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 NOTE1: 
               
               
                 For p = 3, 4, T ulm cot, p  = 10 ms if the higher layer parameter absenceOfAnyOtherTechnology-r14 or absenceOfAnyOtherTechnology-r16 is provided, otherwise, T ulm cot, p  = 6 ms. 
               
               
                 NOTE 2: 
               
               
                 When T ulm cot, p  = 6 ms it may be increased to 8 ms by inserting one or more gaps. The minimum duration of a gap shall be 100 us. The maximum duration before including any such gap shall be 6 ms. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     4.2.1.0 Channel Access Procedures and UL Related Signaling 
     4.2.1.0.0 Channel Access Procedures Upon Detection of a Common DCI 
     If a UE detects ‘UL duration and offset’ field in DCI Format 1C as described in clause 5.3.3.1.4 of [5], the following are applicable:
         If the ‘UL duration and offset’ field indicates an ‘UL offset’ l and an ‘UL duration’ d for subframe n, then the scheduled UE may use channel access procedures Type 2 for transmissions in subframes n+1+i where i=0,1, . . . d−1, irrespective of the channel access Type signalled in the UL grant for those subframes, if the end of UE transmission occurs in or before subframe n+l+d−1.   If the ‘UL duration and offset’ field indicates an ‘UL offset’ l and an ‘UL duration’ d for subframe n and the ‘COT sharing indication for AUL’ field is set to ‘1’, then a UE configured with autonomous UL may use channel access procedures Type 2 for autonomous UL transmissions assuming any priority class in subframes n+l+i where i=0,1, . . . d−1, if the end of UE autonomous UL transmission occurs in or before subframe n+l+d−1 and the autonomous UL transmission between n+l and n+l+d−1 shall be contiguous.   If the ‘UL duration and offset’ field indicates an ‘UL offset’ l and an ‘UL duration’ d for subframe n and the ‘COT sharing indication for AUL’ field is set to ‘0’, then a UE configured with autonomous UL shall not transmit autonomous UL in subframes n+l+i where i=0,1, . . . d−1.       

     If a UE determines the duration in time domain and the location in frequency domain of a remaining channel occupancy initiated by the gNB from a DCI format 2_0 as described in clause 11.1.1 of [7], the following is applicable:
         The UE may switch from Type 1 channel access procedures as described in clause 4.2.1.1 to Type 2A channel access procedures as described in clause 4.2.1.2.1 for its corresponding UL transmissions within the determined duration in time and location in frequency domain of the remaining channel occupancy. In this case, if the UL transmissions are PUSCH transmissions on configured resources, the UE may assume any priority class for the channel occupancy shared with the gNB.       

     4.2.1.0.1 Channel Access Procedures for Consecutive UL Transmission(s) 
     For contiguous UL transmission(s), the following are applicable:
         If a UE is scheduled to transmit a set of UL transmissions including PUSCH using a UL grant, and if the UE cannot access the channel for a transmission in the set prior to the last transmission according to one of Type 1, Type 2, or Type 2A UL channel access procedures, the UE shall attempt to transmit the next transmission according to the channel access type indicated in the UL grant. Otherwise, if the UE cannot access the channel for a transmission in the set prior to the last transmission according to Type 2B UL channel access procedure, the UE shall attempt to transmit the next transmission according to Type 2A UL channel access procedure.   If a UE is scheduled by a gNB to transmit a set of UL transmissions including PUSCH or SRS symbol(s) using a UL grant, the UE shall not apply a CP extension for the remaining UL transmissions in the set after the first UL transmission after accessing the channel.   If a UE is scheduled to transmit a set of consecutive UL transmissions without gaps including PUSCH using one or more UL grant(s), PUCCH using one or more DL grant(s), or SRS with one or more DL grant(s) or UL grant(s) and the UE transmits one of the scheduled UL transmissions in the set after accessing the channel according to one of Type 1, Type 2, Type 2A, Type 2B or Type 2C UL channel access procedures, the UE may continue transmission of the remaining UL transmissions in the set, if any.   If a UE is configured to transmit a set of consecutive PUSCH or SRS transmissions on resources configured by the gNB, the time domain resource configuration defines multiple transmission occasions, and if the UE cannot access the channel according to Type 1 UL channel access procedure for transmitting in a transmission occasion prior to the last transmission occasion, the UE shall attempt to transmit in the next transmission occasion according to Type 1 UL channel access procedure. If the UE transmits in one of the multiple transmission occasions after accessing the channel according to Type 1 UL channel access procedure, the UE may continue transmission in the remaining transmission occasions in the set, wherein each transmission occasion starts at the starting symbol of a configured grant PUSCH within the duration of the COT.   If a UE is configured by the gNB to transmit a set of consecutive UL transmissions without gaps including PUSCH, periodic PUCCH, or periodic SRS and the UE transmits one of the configured UL transmissions in the set after accessing the channel according to Type 1 UL channel access procedures, the UE may continue transmission of the remaining UL transmissions in the set, if any.   A UE is not expected to be indicated with different channel access types for any consecutive UL transmissions without gaps in between the transmissions, except if Type 2B or Type 2C UL channel access procedures are identified for the first of the consecutive UL transmissions.       

     For contiguous UL transmissions(s) including a transmission pause, the following are applicable:
         If a UE is scheduled to transmit a set of consecutive UL transmissions without gaps using one or more UL grant(s), and if the UE has stopped transmitting during or before one of these UL transmissions in the set and prior to the last UL transmission in the set, and if the channel is sensed by the UE to be continuously idle after the UE has stopped transmitting, the UE may transmit a later UL transmission in the set using Type 2 channel access procedures or Type 2A UL channel access procedures without applying a CP extension.   If a channel sensed by a UE is not continuously idle after the UE has stopped transmitting, the UE may transmit a later UL transmission in the set using Type 1 channel access procedure with the UL channel access priority class indicated in the DCI corresponding to the UL transmission.       

     For UL transmission(s) following configured grant UL transmission(s), the following are applicable:
         If a UE is scheduled to transmit UL transmission(s) starting from symbol i in slot n using Type 1 channel access procedures without CP extension with a corresponding CAPC, and if the UE starts configured grant UL transmissions before symbol i in slot n using Type 1 channel access procedures with a corresponding CAPC, and the scheduled UL transmission(s) occupies all the RBs of the same channels occupied by the configured grant UL transmission(s) or all the RBs of a subset thereof, the UE may directly continue to transmit the scheduled UL transmission(s) to the corresponding CAPC from symbol i in slot n without a gap, if the CAPC value of the performed channel access procedure is larger than or equal to the CAPC value corresponding to the scheduled UL transmission(s). The sum of the transmission durations of the configured grant UL transmission(s) and the scheduled UL transmission(s) shall not exceed the MCOT duration corresponding to the CAPC value used to transmit the configured grant UL transmission(s). Otherwise, the UE shall terminate the configured grant UL transmission(s) by dropping the transmission on the symbols of at least the last configured grant UL transmission before symbol i in slot n and attempt to transmit the scheduled UL transmission(s) according to the corresponding CAPC. The symbols of the PUSCH transmission with a configured grant in a slot is dropped according to the mechanism in Clause 11.1 of [7, TS 38.213] relative to a last symbol of a CORESET where the UE detected the scheduling DCI. In this case, if the UE cannot terminate the configured grant UL transmission(s), the UE ignores the scheduling DCI.       

     4.2.1.0.2 Conditions for Maintaining Type 1 UL Channel Access Procedures 
     If a UE receives a DCI indicating a UL grant scheduling a PUSCH transmission using Type 1 channel access procedures or indicating a DL assignment scheduling a PUCCH transmission using Type 1 channel access procedures, and if the UE has an ongoing Type 1 channel access procedures before the PUSCH or PUCCH transmission starting time:
         If the UL channel access priority class value p 1  used for the ongoing Type 1 channel access procedures is same or larger than the UL channel access priority class value p 2  indicated in the DCI, the UE may transmit the PUSCH transmission in response to the UL grant by accessing the channel by using the ongoing Type 1 channel access procedure.   If the UL channel access priority class value p 1  used for the ongoing Type 1 channel access procedure is smaller than the UL channel access priority class value p 2  indicated in the DCI, the UE shall terminate the ongoing channel access procedure.   The UE may transmit the PUCCH transmission in response to the DL grant by accessing the channel by using the ongoing Type 1 channel access procedures.       

     4.2.1.0.3 Conditions for Indicating Type 2 Channel Access Procedures 
     An eNB/gNB may indicate Type 2 channel access procedures in the DCI of a UL grant or DL assignment scheduling transmission(s) including PUSCH or PUCCH on a channel, respectively, as follows: 
     If the UL transmissions occur within the time interval starting at t 0  and ending at t 0 +T CO , where
         T CO =T m cot,p +T g ,   t 0  is the time instant when the eNB/gNB has started transmission on the carrier according to the channel access procedure described in clause 4.1.1,   T m cot,p  value is determined by the eNB/gNB as described in clause 4.1.1,   T g  is the total duration of all gaps of duration greater than 25 us that occur between the DL transmission of the eNB/gNB and UL transmissions scheduled by the eNB/gNB, and between any two UL transmissions scheduled by the eNB/gNB starting from t 0 ,
 
then,
   the eNB/gNB may indicate Type 2 channel access procedures in the DCI if the eNB/gNB has transmitted on the channel according to the channel access procedures described in clause 4.1.1, or   the eNB/gNB may schedule UL transmissions on a channel, that follow a transmission by the eNB/gNB on that channel with Type 2A channel access procedures for the UL transmissions as described in clause 4.2.1.2.1 after a duration of 25 us.       

     The eNB/gNB shall schedule UL transmissions between t 0  and t 0 +T CO  without gaps between consecutive UL transmissions if they can be scheduled contiguously. For a UL transmission on a channel that follows a transmission by the eNB/gNB on that channel using Type 2A channel access procedures as described in clause 4.2.1.2.1, the UE may use Type 2A channel access procedure for the UL transmission. 
     If the eNB/gNB indicates Type 2 channel access procedure for the UE in the DCI, the eNB/gNB indicates the channel access priority class used to obtain access to the channel in the DCI. 
     For indicating a Type 2 channel access procedure, if the gap is at least 25 us, or equal to 16 us, or up to 16 us, the gNB may indicate Type 2A, or Type 2B, or Type 2C UL channel procedures, respectively, as described in clauses 4.2.1.2. 
     4.2.1.0.4 Channel Access Procedures for UL Multi-Channel Transmission(s) 
     If a UE
         is scheduled to transmit on a set of channels C, and if Type 1 channel access procedure is indicated by the UL scheduling grants for the UL transmissions on the set of channels C, and if the UL transmissions are scheduled to start transmissions at the same time on all channels in the set of channels C, or   intends to perform an uplink transmission on configured resources on the set of channels C with Type 1 channel access procedure, and if UL transmissions are configured to start transmissions on the same time all channels in the set of channels C, and
 
if the channel frequencies of set of channels C is a subset of one of the sets of channel frequencies defined in clause 5.7.4 in [2]
   the UE may transmit on channel c i ∈C using Type 2 channel access procedure as described in clause 4.2.1.2,   if Type 2 channel access procedure is performed on channel c i  immediately before the UE transmission on channel c j ∈C, i≠j, and   if the UE has accessed channel c j  using Type 1 channel access procedure as described in clause 4.2.1.1,   where channel c j  is selected by the UE uniformly randomly from the set of channels C before performing Type 1 channel access procedure on any channel in the set of channels C.   the UE may not transmit on channel c i ∈C within the bandwidth of a carrier, if the UE fails to access any of the channels, of the carrier bandwidth, on which the UE is scheduled or configured by UL resources.       

     4.2.1.1 Type 1 UL Channel Access Procedure 
     This clause describes channel access procedures by a UE where the time duration spanned by the sensing slots that are sensed to be idle before a UL transmission(s) is random. The clause is applicable to the following transmissions:
         PUSCH/SRS transmission(s) scheduled or configured by eNB/gNB, or   PUCCH transmission(s) scheduled or configured by gNB, or   Transmission(s) related to random access procedure.       

     A UE may transmit the transmission using Type 1 channel access procedure after first sensing the channel to be idle during the slot durations of a defer duration T d , and after the counter N is zero in step 4. The counter N is adjusted by sensing the channel for additional slot duration(s) according to the steps described below.
         1) set N=N init , where N init  is a random number uniformly distributed between 0 and CW p , and go to step 4;   2) if N&gt;0 and the UE chooses to decrement the counter, set N=N−1;   3) sense the channel for an additional slot duration, and if the additional slot duration is idle, go to step 4; else, go to step 5;   4) if N=0, stop; else, go to step 2.   5) sense the channel until either a busy slot is detected within an additional defer duration T d  or all the slots of the additional defer duration T d  are detected to be idle;   6) if the channel is sensed to be idle during all the slot durations of the additional defer duration T d , go to step 4; else, go to step 5;       

     If a UE has not transmitted a UL transmission on a channel on which UL transmission(s) are performed after step 4 in the procedure above, the UE may transmit a transmission on the channel, if the channel is sensed to be idle at least in a sensing slot duration T sl  when the UE is ready to transmit the transmission and if the channel has been sensed to be idle during all the slot durations of a defer duration T d  immediately before the transmission. If the channel has not been sensed to be idle in a sensing slot duration T sl  when the UE first senses the channel after it is ready to transmit, or if the channel has not been sensed to be idle during any of the sensing slot durations of a defer duration T d  immediately before the intended transmission, the UE proceeds to step 1 after sensing the channel to be idle during the slot durations of a defer duration T d . 
     The defer duration T d  consists of duration T f =16 us immediately followed by m p  consecutive slot durations where each slot duration is T sl =9 us, and T f  includes an idle slot duration T sl  at start of T f . 
     CW min,p ≤CW p ≤CW max,p  is the contention window. CW p  adjustment is described in clause 4.2.2. 
     CW min,p  and CW max,p  are chosen before step 1 of the procedure above. 
     CW min,p , and CW max,p  are based on a channel access priority class p as shown in Table 4.2.1-1, that is signalled to the UE. 
     4.2.1.2 Type 2 UL Channel Access Procedure 
     This clause describes channel access procedures by UE where the time duration spanned by the sensing slots that are sensed to be idle before a UL transmission(s) is deterministic. 
     If a UE is indicated by an eNB to perform Type 2 UL channel access procedures, the UE follows the procedures described in clause 4.2.1.2.1. 
     4.2.1.2.1 Type 2A UL Channel Access Procedure 
     If a UE is indicated to perform Type 2A UL channel access procedures, the UE uses Type 2A UL channel access procedures for a UL transmission. The UE may transmit the transmission immediately after sensing the channel to be idle for at least a sensing interval T short_ul =25 us. T short_ul  consists of a duration T f =16 us immediately followed by one slot sensing slot and T f  includes a sensing slot at start of T f . The channel is considered to be idle for T short_ul  if both sensing slots of T short_ul  are sensed to be idle. 
     4.2.1.2.2 Type 2B UL Channel Access Procedure 
     If a UE is indicated to perform Type 2B UL channel access procedures, the UE uses Type 2B UL channel access procedure for a UL transmission. The UE may transmit the transmission immediately after sensing the channel to be idle within a duration of T f =16 us. T f  includes a sensing slot that occurs within the last 9 us of T f . The channel is considered to be idle within the duration T f  if the channel is sensed to be idle for total of at least 5 us with at least 4 us of sensing occurring in the sensing slot. 
     4.2.1.2.3 Type 2C UL Channel Access Procedure 
     If a UE is indicated to perform Type 2C UL channel access procedures for a UL transmission, the UE does not sense the channel before the transmission. The duration of the corresponding UL transmission is at most 584 us. 
     4.2.2 Contention Window Adjustment Procedures 
     If a UE transmits transmissions using Type 1 channel access procedures that are associated with channel access priority class p on a channel, the UE maintains the contention window value CW p  and adjusts CW p  for those transmissions before step 1 of the procedure described in clause 4.2.1.1, as described in this clause. 
     4.2.2.2 Contention Window Adjustment Procedures for UL Transmissions Scheduled/Configured by gNB 
     If a UE transmits transmissions using Type 1 channel access procedures that are associated with channel access priority class p on a channel, the UE maintains the contention window value CW p  and adjusts CW p  for those transmissions before step 1 of the procedure described in clause 4.2.1.1, using the following steps:
         1) For every priority class p∈{1,2,3,4}, set CW p =CW min,p ;   2) If HARQ-ACK feedback is available after the last update of CW p , go to step 3. Otherwise, if the UE transmission after procedure described in clause 4.2.1.1 does not include a retransmission or is transmitted within a duration T w  from the end of the reference duration corresponding to the earliest UL channel occupancy after the last update of CW p , go to step 5; otherwise go to step 4.   3) The HARQ-ACK feedback(s) corresponding to PUSCH(s) in the reference duration for the latest UL channel occupancy for which HARQ-ACK feedback is available is used as follows:
           a. If at least one HARQ-ACK feedback is ‘ACK’ for PUSCH(s) with transport block (TB) based feedback or at least 10% of HARQ-ACK feedbacks are ‘ACK’ for PUSCH CBGs transmitted at least partially on the channel with code block group (CBG) based feedback, go to step 1; otherwise go to step 4.   
           4) Increase CW p  for every priority class p∈{1,2,3,4} to the next higher allowed value;   5) For every priority class p∈{1,2,3,4}, maintain CW p  as it is; go to step 2.       

     The HARQ-ACK feedback, reference duration and duration T w  in the procedure above are defined as the following:
         For the purpose of contention window adjustment in this clause, HARQ-ACK feedback for PUSCH(s) transmissions are expected to be provided to UE(s) explicitly or implicitly where explicit HARQ-ACK is determined based on the valid HARQ-ACK feedback in a corresponding CG-DFI as described in clause 10.5 in [7], and implicit HARQ-ACK feedback is determined based on the indication for a new transmission or retransmission in the DCI scheduling PUSCH(s) as follows:
           If a new transmission is indicated, ‘ACK’ is assumed for the transport blocks or code block groups in the corresponding PUSCH(s) for the TB-based and CBG-based transmission, respectively.   If a retransmission is indicated for TB-based transmissions, ‘NACK’ is assumed for the transport blocks in the corresponding PUSCH(s).   If a retransmission is indicated for CBG-based transmissions, if a bit value in the code block group transmission information (CBGTI) field is ‘0’ or ‘1’ as described in clause 5.1.7.2 in [8], ‘ACK’ or ‘NACK’ is assumed for the corresponding CBG in the corresponding PUSCH(s), respectively.   
           The reference duration corresponding to a channel occupancy initiated by the UE including transmission of PUSCH(s) is defined in this clause as a duration starting from the beginning of the channel occupancy until the end of the first slot where at least one PUSCH is transmitted over all the resources allocated for the PUSCH, or until the end of the first transmission burst by the UE that contains PUSCH(s) transmitted over all the resources allocated for the PUSCH, whichever occurs earlier. If the channel occupancy includes a PUSCH, but it does not include any PUSCH transmitted over all the resources allocated for that PUSCH, then, the duration of the first transmission burst by the UE within the channel occupancy that contains PUSCH(s) is the reference duration for CWS adjustment.   T W =max(T A , T B +1 MS) where T B  is the duration of the transmission burst from start of the reference duration in ms and T A =5 ms if the absence of any other technology sharing the channel cannot be guaranteed on a long-term basis (e.g. by level of regulation), and T A =10 ms otherwise.       

     If a UE transmits transmissions using Type 1 channel access procedures associated with the channel access priority class p on a channel and the transmissions are not associated with explicit or implicit HARQ-ACK feedbacks as described above in this clause, the UE adjusts CW p  before step 1 in the procedures described in clause 4.2.1.1, using the latest CW p  used for any UL transmissions on the channel using Type 1 channel access procedures associated with the channel access priority class p. If the corresponding channel access priority class p has not been for any UL transmission on the channel, CW p =CW min,p  is used. 
     4.2.2.3 Common Procedures for CWS Adjustments for UL Transmissions 
     The following applies to the procedures described in clauses 4.2.2.1 and 4.2.2.2:
         If CW p =CW max,p , the next higher allowed value for adjusting CW p  is CW max,p .   If the CW p =CW max,p  is consecutively used K times for generation of N init , CW p  is reset to CW min,p  only for that priority class p for which CW p =CW max,p  is consecutively used K times for generation of N init . K is selected by UE from the set of values {1, 2, . . . ,8} for each priority class p∈{1,2,3,4}.       

     4.2.3 Energy Detection Threshold Adaptation Procedure 
     A UE accessing a channel on which UL transmission(s) are performed, shall set the energy detection threshold (X Thresh ) to be less than or equal to the maximum energy detection threshold X Thresh_max . 
     X Thresh_max  is determined as follows:
         If the UE is configured with higher layer parameter maxEnergyDetectionThreshold-r14 or maxEnergyDetectionThreshold-r16,
           X Thresh_max  is set equal to the value signalled by the higher layer parameter;   
           otherwise
           the UE shall determine X′ Thresh_max  according to the procedure described in clause 4.2.3.1;   if the UE is configured with higher layer parameter energyDetectionThresholdOffset-r14 or energyDetectionThresholdOffset-r16
               X Thresh_max  is set by adjusting X′ Thresh_max  according to the offset value signalled by the higher layer parameter;   
               otherwise
               the UE shall set X Thresh_max =X′ Thresh_max .   
               
               

     If the higher layer parameter absenceOfAnyOtherTechnology-r16 is not configured to a UE, and the higher layer parameter ul-toDL-COT-SharingED-Threshold-r16 is configured to the UE, the gNB should use the gNB&#39;s transmit power in determining the resulting energy detection threshold ul-toDL-COT-SharingED-Threshold-r16. 
     For the case where a UE performs channel access procedures as described in clause 4.2.1.1 for a UL transmission and CG-UCI is absent in the UL transmission or CG-UCI is present in the UL transmission and indicates COT-sharing information other than ‘COT sharing not available’, X Thresh max  is set equal to the value provided by the higher layer parameter ul-toDL-COT-SharingED-Threshold-r16, if provided. 
     4.2.3.1 Default Maximum Energy Detection Threshold Computation Procedure 
     If the higher layer parameter absenceOfAnyOtherTechnology-r14 or absenceOfAnyOtherTechnology-r16 is provided 
     
       
         
           
             
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             X r  is Maximum energy detection threshold defined by regulatory requirements in dBm when such requirements are defined, otherwise X r =T max +10 dB
 
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     where
         T A =10 dB;   P H =23 dBm;   P Tx  is the set to the value of P CMAX_H_c  as defined in [3];   T max(dBm) =10·log 10 (3.16228·10 −8 (mW/MHz)·BWMHz(MHz));   BWMHz is the single channel bandwidth in MHz.       

     4.3 Channel Access Procedures for Semi-Static Channel Occupancy 
     Channel assess procedures based on semi-static channel occupancy as described in this Clause, are intended for environments where the absence of other technologies is guaranteed e.g., by level of regulations, private premises policies, etc. If a gNB provides UE(s) with higher layer parameters ChannelAccessMode-r16=‘semistatic’ by SIB1 or dedicated configuration, a periodic channel occupancy can be initiated by the gNB every T x  within every two consecutive radio frames, starting from the even indexed radio frame at i·T x  with a maximum channel occupancy time T y =0.95 T x , where T x =period in ms, is a higher layer parameter provided in SemiStaticChannelAccessConfig and i∈ 
     
       
         
           
             
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     In the following procedures in this clause, when a gNB or UE performs sensing for evaluating a channel availability, the sensing is performed at least during a sensing slot duration T sl =9 us. The corresponding X Thresh  adjustment for performing sensing by a gNB or a UE is described in clauses 4.1.5 and 4.2.3, respectively. 
     A channel occupancy initiated by a gNB and shared with UE(s) shall satisfy the following:
         The gNB shall transmit a DL transmission burst starting at the beginning of the channel occupancy time immediately after sensing the channel to be idle for at least a sensing slot duration T sl =9 us. If the channel is sensed to be busy, the gNB shall not perform any transmission during the current period.   The gNB may transmit a DL transmission burst(s) within the channel occupancy time immediately after sensing the channel to be idle for at least a sensing slot duration T sl =9 us if the gap between the DL transmission burst(s) and any previous transmission burst is more than 16 us.   The gNB may transmit DL transmission burst(s) after UL transmission burst(s) within the channel occupancy time without sensing the channel if the gap between the DL and UL transmission bursts is at most 16 us.   A UE may transmit UL transmission burst(s) after detection of a DL transmission burst(s) within the channel occupancy time as follows:   If the gap between the UL and DL transmission bursts is at most 16 us, the UE may transmit UL transmission burst(s) after a DL transmission burst(s) within the channel occupancy time without sensing the channel.   If the gap between the UL and DL transmission bursts is more than 16 us, the UE may transmit UL transmission burst(s) after a DL transmission burst(s) within the channel occupancy time after sensing the channel to be idle for at least a sensing slot duration T sl =9 us within a 25 us interval ending immediately before transmission.   The gNB and UEs shall not transmit any transmissions in a set of consecutive symbols for a duration of at least T z =max(0.05 T x 100 us) before the start of the next period.       

     If a UE fails to access the channel(s) prior to an intended UL transmission to a gNB, Layer 1 notifies higher layers about the channel access failure. 
     There is a study of operation in frequency band higher than 52.6 gigahertz (GHz). Some changes and/or amendments are under consideration as there are several characteristics different from lower conventional frequency bands (e.g., at least one of wider available bandwidth, larger noise such as larger phase noise, different, such as greater, intercell interference (ICI), etc.). Therefore, it may be expected that a larger subcarrier spacing (e.g., up to 960 kHz) and a bandwidth of a cell may be increased to GHz level, (e.g., 1 or 2 GHz). Alternatively and/or additionally, since there may be unlicensed spectrum in the considered frequency band, whether or not there is any change required for channel accessing scheme is under discussion. For example, there may be some cases in which a device accesses the channel and/or spectrum without LBT (e.g., No-LBT). Alternatively and/or additionally, one or more adjustments on LBT may be considered, such as directional LBT and/or receiver assistant LBT. Information related to frequency bands, LBT and/or one or more adjustments on LBT is provided in one or more parts of RP-202925 quoted below: 
     According to the outcome of the study item on Supporting NR above 52.6 GHz and leveraging FR2 design to the extent possible, this WI extends NR operation up to 71 GHz considering, both, licensed and unlicensed operation, with the following objectives:
         Physical layer aspects including [RAN1]:
           In addition to 120 kHz SCS, specify new SCS, 480 kHz and 960 kHz, and define maximum bandwidth(s), for operation in this frequency range for data and control channels and reference signals, only NCP supported.    Note: Except for timing line related aspects, a common design framework shall be adopted for 480 kHz to 960 kHz   Time line related aspects adapted to 480 kHz and 960 kHz, e.g., BWP and beam switching timeing, HARQ timing, UE processing, preparation and computation timelines for PDSCH, PUSCH/SRS and CSI, respectively.   Support of up to 64 SSB beams for licensed and unlicensed operation in this frequency range.   Supports 120 kHz SCS for SSB and 120 kHz SCS for initial access related signals/channels in an initial BWP.
               Study and specify, if needed, additional SCS (240 kHz, 480 kHz, 960 kHz) for SSB, and additional SCS(480 kHz, 960 kHz) for initial access related signals/channels in initial BWP.   Study and specify, if needed, additional SCS (480 kHz, 960 kHz) for SSB for cases other than initial access.   Note: coverage enhancement for SSB is not pursued.   
               Specify timing associated with beam-based operation to new SCS (i.e., 480 kHz and/or 960 kHz), study, and specify if needed, potential enhancement for shared spectrum operation
               Study which beam management will be used as a basis: R15/16 or R17 in RAN #91-e   
               Support enhancement for PUCCH format 0/1/4 to increase the number of RBs under PSD limitation in shared spectrum operation.   Support enhancements for multi-PDSCH/PUSCH scheduling and HARQ support with a single DCI    Note: coverage enhancement for multi-PDSCH/PUSCH scheduling is not pursued   Support enhancement to PDCCH monitoring, including blind detection/CCE budget, and multi-slot span monitoring, potential limitation to UE PDCCH configuration and capability related to PDCCH monitoring.   Specify support for PRACH sequence lengths (i.e. L=139, L=571 and L=1151) and study, if needed, specify support for RO configuration for non-consecutive RACH occasions (RO) in time domain for operation in shared spectrum   Evaluate, and if needed, specify the PTRS enhancement for 120 kHz SCS, 480 kHz SCS and/or 960 kHz SCS, as well as DMRS enhancement for 480 kHz SCS and/or 960 kHz SCS.   
           Physical layer procedure(s) including [RAN1]:
           Channel access mechanism assuming beam based operation in order to comply with the regulatory requirements applicable to unlicensed spectrum for frequencies between 52.6 GHz and 71 GHz.
               Specify both LBT and No-LBT related procedures, and for No-LBT case no additional sensing mechanism is specified.   Study, and if needed specify, omni-directional LBT, directional LBT and receiver assistance in channel access   Study, and if needed specify, energy detection threshold enhancement   
               
               

     As discussed above, there may be at least two channel access modes (e.g., Listen Before Talk (LBT) and No-LBT) for at least some frequency bands (e.g., higher frequency bands, such as frequency bands higher than 52.6 gigahertz (GHz)). There may be different types of LBT, such as at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, etc. There may be tradeoffs between the different types of LBT and/or channel access modes (e.g., the at least two channel access modes). For example, No-LBT mode may reduce latency of a transmission so as to result in benefits in terms of throughput. For example, the reduced latency and/or the throughput benefits may be provided when there is no collision between the transmission and one or more other transmissions (e.g., there is no collision of the transmission with one or more other transmissions from one receiver perspective, such as where the transmission is transmitted to one receiver and does not collide with one or more other transmissions transmitted to the one receiver). On the other hand, LBT may be a better choice if transmissions (e.g., transmissions to one receiver) were to collide with each other resulting in decoding failure (e.g., decoding failure from one receiver perspective, such as where the one receiver to which the transmissions are transmitted is not able to successfully decode the transmissions due to collision of the transmissions with each other). There may be one or more criteria for a device to properly determine (e.g., judge) whether or not to perform LBT and/or how to perform LBT. For example, based on the one or more criteria and/or using one or more of the techniques herein, the device may determine whether to perform LBT channel access mode or to perform No-LBT channel access mode for a transmission, and/or the UE may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT channel access mode for the transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, etc.) to perform for the transmission. 
     A concept of the present disclosure is determining whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission and/or how to perform LBT for a transmission based on one or more properties of the transmission. For example, based on the one or more properties, the device may determine whether or not to perform LBT for the transmission, and/or the UE may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT for the transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, etc.) to perform for the transmission. The one or more properties may comprise a priority of the transmission. The one or more properties may comprise a channel used for the transmission. The one or more properties may comprise a signal used for the transmission. The one or more properties may comprise content of the transmission. The one or more properties may comprise information carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmitting the information). In an example, the information (carried by the transmission, for example) may comprise (e.g., may be) a broadcast information (e.g., information transmitted to multiple receiving devices via a broadcast transmission). Alternatively and/or additionally, the information may comprise (e.g., may be) a unicast information (e.g., information transmitted to a single receiving device via a unicast transmission). Alternatively and/or additionally, the information may comprise (e.g., may be) a control information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the information may comprise (e.g., may be) a data information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the information may comprise (e.g., may be) LBT related information. 
     In some examples, the device determines whether or not to perform LBT for the transmission based on one or more first properties of the transmission. 
     In an example (e.g., an example in which the one or more first properties comprise a priority of a transmission), the device determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission based on a priority of the transmission. For example, the device may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a low priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is lower than a threshold, such as a threshold priority). Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may not perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a high priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is higher than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). The threshold (e.g., the threshold priority) may be defined (e.g., predefined), configured (e.g., preconfigured), and/or indicated (e.g., indicated by a base station). For example, the device may be configured (e.g., pre-configured) with the threshold (e.g., the device may be configured with a configuration comprising the threshold). Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may configure the threshold. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device (e.g., a UE) may receive (from a base station, for example) an indication of the threshold. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device (e.g., a base station) may transmit an indication of the threshold (to a UE, for example). 
     In an example (e.g., an example in which the one or more first properties comprise a channel for a transmission), the device determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission based on a channel used for the transmission. For example, the device may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first channel is used for the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may not perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second channel is used for the transmission. 
     The first channel may be a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first channel may be a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first channel may be a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first channel may be a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first channel may be a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first channel may be a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first channel may be a Synchronization Signal Block (SSB). Herein, “SSB” may refer to Synchronization Signal/PBCH Block. The second channel may be a PUSCH. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second channel may be a PUCCH. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second channel may be a PRACH. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second channel may be a PDCCH. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second channel may be a PDSCH. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second channel may be a PBCH. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second channel may be a SSB. 
     In an example (e.g., an example in which the one or more first properties comprise a signal used for a transmission), the device determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission based on a signal used for the transmission. For example, the device may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first signal is used for the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may not perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second signal is used for the transmission. 
     The first signal may be Sounding Reference Signal (SRS). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first signal may be Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first signal may be Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first signal may be SSB. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first signal may be preamble. Alternatively and/or additionally, preamble is carried on a PRACH. The second signal may be SRS. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second signal may be PSS. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second signal may be SSS. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second signal may be SSB. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second signal may be preamble. 
     In an example (e.g., an example in which the one or more first properties comprise information carried by a transmission), the device determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission based on information carried by the transmission (e.g., information that is transmitted via the transmission). For example, the device may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first information is carried by the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may not perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second information is carried by the transmission. 
     The first information may comprise (e.g., may be) a broadcast information (e.g., broadcasted information). Alternatively and/or additionally, the first information may comprise (e.g., may be) a unicast information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first information may comprise (e.g., may be) control information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first information may comprise (e.g., may be) data information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first information may comprise (e.g., may be) LBT related information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first information may comprise (e.g., may be) information not related to LBT. The second information may comprise (e.g., may be) a broadcast information (e.g., broadcasted information). Alternatively and/or additionally, the second information may comprise (e.g., may be) a unicast information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second information may comprise (e.g., may be) control information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second information may comprise (e.g., may be) data information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second information may comprise (e.g., may be) LBT related information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second information may comprise (e.g., may be) information not related to LBT. 
     In an example, the device may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) broadcast information is carried by the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may not perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) unicast information is carried by the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) data is carried by the transmission. An example of data is user plane data. Another example of data is unicast data. Still another example of data is data on a data channel scheduled by a control channel. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may not perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) control information is carried by the transmission. The control information may comprise (e.g., may be) Channel State Information (CSI). Alternatively and/or additionally, the control information may comprise (e.g., may be) Acknowledgment (ACK)/Negative Acknowledgment (NACK) information (e.g., ACK/NACK information may comprise an ACK indication and/or a NACK information and/or may correspond to feedback indicative of whether or not a transmission is successfully received). Alternatively and/or additionally, the control information may comprise (e.g., may be) slot formation information. Alternatively and/or additionally, the control information may comprise (e.g., may be) Delayed Feedback Information (DFI). Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) information carried by the transmission is not related to LBT. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may not perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is carried by the transmission. 
     In some examples, the device determines how to perform LBT for a transmission based on one or more second properties of the transmission. For example, the determination of how to perform LBT for a transmission may correspond to a determination of a type of LBT to perform for the transmission and/or a determination of a value of a LBT parameter to use for performing LBT for the transmission. In some examples, the determination of how to perform LBT for a transmission may be performed in response to (and/or after) a determination to perform LBT for the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the determination of how to perform LBT for a transmission may be performed concurrently (or before) a determination to perform LBT for the transmission. In an example, the device determines whether to perform a first type of LBT or a second type of LBT for a transmission based on the one or more second properties of the transmission. 
     In an example (e.g., an example in which the one or more second properties comprise a priority of a transmission), the device determines how to perform LBT for a transmission based on a priority of the transmission. For example, the device may determine whether to perform the first type of LBT or the second type of LBT for a transmission based on a priority of the transmission. In an example, the device may perform the first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a low priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is lower than a threshold, such as a threshold priority). Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform the second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a high priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is higher than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). 
     In an example (e.g., an example in which the one or more second properties comprise a channel/signal used for a transmission), the device determines how to perform LBT for a transmission based on a channel/signal used for the transmission. For example, the device may determine whether to perform the first type of LBT or the second type of LBT for a transmission based on a channel/signal used for the transmission. In an example, the device may perform the first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first channel/signal is used for the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform the second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second channel/signal is used for the transmission. Herein, the term “channel/signal” may refer to a channel and/or a signal. For example, a first channel/signal may correspond to a first channel and/or a first signal. A second channel/signal may correspond to a second channel and/or a second signal. 
     In an example (e.g., an example in which the one or more second properties comprise information carried by a transmission), the device determines how to perform LBT for a transmission based on information carried by the transmission. For example, the device may determine whether to perform the first type of LBT or the second type of LBT for a transmission based on information carried by the transmission. In an example, the device may perform the first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first information is carried by the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform the second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second information is carried by the transmission. 
     In an example, the device may perform the first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) data is carried by the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform the second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) control information is carried by the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform the first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a broadcast information is carried by the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform the second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a unicast information is carried by the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform the first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a LBT related information is carried by the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may perform the second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) information carried by the transmission does not comprise LBT related information. 
     The first type of LBT may be omni-directional LBT. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be directional LBT. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be receiver-assistant LBT. The second type of LBT may be omni-directional LBT. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be directional LBT. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be receiver-assistant LBT. 
     In some examples, different types of LBT may be associated with different values of one or more LBT parameters. In an example, the first type of LBT may be associated with a first value of a LBT parameter. The second type of LBT may be associated with a second value of the LBT parameter. The LBT parameter may be a threshold (e.g., an energy detection threshold) for LBT. Alternatively and/or additionally, the LBT parameter may be a window size (e.g., a contention window size) for LBT. 
     In some examples, the first type of LBT is different than the second type of LBT. In an example, the first type of LBT may be omni-directional LBT and the second type of LBT may be directional LBT or receiver-assistant LBT. In an example, the first type of LBT may be directional LBT and the second type of LBT may be omni-directional LBT or receiver-assistant LBT. In an example, the first type of LBT may be receiver-assistant LBT and the second type of LBT may be omni-directional LBT or directional LBT. In an example, both the first type of LBT and the second type of LBT may be omni-directional LBT, wherein a first value of a LBT parameter of the first type of LBT is different than a second value of a LBT parameter of the second type of LBT. In an example, both the first type of LBT and the second type of LBT may be directional LBT, wherein a first value of a LBT parameter of the first type of LBT is different than a second value of a LBT parameter of the second type of LBT. In an example, both the first type of LBT and the second type of LBT may be receiver-assistant LBT, wherein a first value of a LBT parameter of the first type of LBT is different than a second value of a LBT parameter of the second type of LBT. 
     With respect to one or more embodiments provided herein, such as examples provided above, the device may be a base station. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may be a UE. 
     With respect to one or more embodiments provided herein, such as examples provided above, the transmission may be a PUSCH transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission may be a PUCCH transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission may be a PRACH transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission may be a SRS transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission may be a preamble transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission may be a PDCCH transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission may be a PDSCH transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission may be a PBCH transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission may be a SSB transmission. 
     In an example, the first type of LBT may be a downlink (DL) channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 1 DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 2 DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 2A DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 2B DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 2C DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type A multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type A1 multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type A2 multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type B multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type B1 multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type B2 multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be an uplink (UL) channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 1 UL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 2 UL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 2A UL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 2B UL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first type of LBT may be a type 2C UL channel access procedure. 
     In an example, the second type of LBT may be a DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 1 DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 2 DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 2A DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 2B DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 2C DL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type A multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type A1 multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type A2 multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type B multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type B1 multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type B2 multi-channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be an UL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 1 UL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 2 UL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 2A UL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 2B UL channel access procedure. Alternatively and/or additionally, the second type of LBT may be a type 2C UL channel access procedure. 
     In a first embodiment, a UE determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the transmission based on one or more properties of the transmission, wherein the one or more properties comprise a priority of the transmission. For example, based on the priority of the transmission, the UE may determine whether or not to perform LBT for the transmission, and/or the UE may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT for the transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, a first type of LBT, a second type of LBT, LBT with a first value of a LBT parameter, LBT with a second value of a LBT parameter, etc.) to perform for the transmission. 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a low priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is lower than a threshold, such as a threshold priority). The UE may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the UE may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a high priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is higher than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). 
     In an example, the UE may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a low priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is lower than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). The UE may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a high priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is higher than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a low priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is lower than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). The UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a high priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is higher than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). 
     In some examples, the threshold (e.g., the threshold priority) may be defined (e.g., predefined), configured (e.g., preconfigured), and/or indicated (e.g., indicated by a base station). For example, the UE may be configured (e.g., pre-configured) with the threshold (e.g., the UE be configured with a configuration comprising the threshold). Alternatively and/or additionally, the UE may configure the threshold. Alternatively and/or additionally, the UE may receive (from a base station, for example) an indication of the threshold. 
     In a second embodiment, a base station determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the transmission based on one or more properties of the transmission, wherein the one or more properties comprise a priority of the transmission. For example, based on the priority of the transmission, the base station may determine whether or not to perform LBT for the transmission, and/or the base station may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT for the transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, a first type of LBT, a second type of LBT, LBT with a first value of a LBT parameter, LBT with a second value of a LBT parameter, etc.) to perform for the transmission. 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a low priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is lower than a threshold, such as a threshold priority). The base station may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the base station may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a high priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is higher than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). 
     In an example, the base station may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a low priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is lower than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). The base station may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a high priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is higher than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a low priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is lower than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). The base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) the transmission has a high priority (e.g., a priority of the transmission is higher than a threshold, such as the threshold priority). 
     In some examples, the threshold (e.g., the threshold priority) may be defined (e.g., predefined), configured (e.g., preconfigured), and/or indicated. For example, the base station may be configured (e.g., pre-configured) with the threshold (e.g., the base station be configured with a configuration comprising the threshold). Alternatively and/or additionally, the base station may configure the threshold. Alternatively and/or additionally, the base station may transmit (to a UE, for example) an indication of the threshold. 
     In a third embodiment, a UE determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the transmission based on one or more properties of the transmission, wherein the one or more properties comprise a channel/signal used for the transmission. For example, based on the channel/signal used for the transmission, the UE may determine whether or not to perform LBT for the transmission, and/or the UE may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT for the transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, a first type of LBT, a second type of LBT, LBT with a first value of a LBT parameter, LBT with a second value of a LBT parameter, etc.) to perform for the transmission. 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a first channel and/or a first signal). The UE may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the UE may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a second channel and/or a second signal, wherein the second channel is different than the first channel and/or the second signal is different than the first signal). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a PUSCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PUSCH). The UE may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the UE may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a PUCCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PUCCH). 
     In an example, the UE may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a first channel and/or a first signal). The UE may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a second channel and/or a second signal, wherein the second channel is different than the first channel and/or the second signal is different than the first signal). 
     In an example, the UE may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) PUSCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PUSCH). The UE may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) PUCCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PUCCH). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a first channel and/or a first signal). The UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a second channel and/or a second signal, wherein the second channel is different than the first channel and/or the second signal is different than the first signal). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) PUSCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PUSCH). The UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) PUCCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PUCCH). 
     In a fourth embodiment, a base station determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the transmission based on one or more properties of the transmission, wherein the one or more properties comprise a channel/signal used for the transmission. For example, based on the channel/signal used for the transmission, the base station may determine whether or not to perform LBT for the transmission, and/or the base station may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT for the transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, a first type of LBT, a second type of LBT, LBT with a first value of a LBT parameter, LBT with a second value of a LBT parameter, etc.) to perform for the transmission. 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a first channel and/or a first signal). The base station may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the base station may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a second channel and/or a second signal, wherein the second channel is different than the first channel and/or the second signal is different than the first signal). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a PDSCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PDSCH). The base station may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the base station may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a PDCCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PDCCH). 
     In an example, the base station may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a first channel and/or a first signal). The base station may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a second channel and/or a second signal, wherein the second channel is different than the first channel and/or the second signal is different than the first signal). 
     In an example, the base station may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) PDSCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PDSCH). The base station may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) PDCCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PDCCH). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a first channel and/or a first signal). The base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second channel/signal is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a second channel and/or a second signal, wherein the second channel is different than the first channel and/or the second signal is different than the first signal). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) PDSCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PDSCH). The base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) PDCCH is used for the transmission (e.g., the transmission is performed via a PDCCH). 
     In a fifth embodiment, a UE determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the transmission based on information carried by the transmission (e.g., information that is transmitted via the transmission). For example, based on the information carried by the transmission, the UE may determine whether or not to perform LBT for the transmission, and/or the UE may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT for the transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, a first type of LBT, a second type of LBT, LBT with a first value of a LBT parameter, LBT with a second value of a LBT parameter, etc.) to perform for the transmission. 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the first information). The UE may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the UE may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the second information, wherein the second information is different than the first information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a broadcast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the broadcast information). The UE may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the UE may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a unicast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the unicast information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) data is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the data). The UE may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the UE may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) control information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the control information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is not carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission does not comprise transmission of LBT related information). The UE may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the UE may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of LBT related information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the first information). The UE may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the second information, wherein the second information is different than the first information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a broadcast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the broadcast information). The UE may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a unicast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the unicast information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) data is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the data). The UE may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) control information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the control information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is not carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission does not comprise transmission of LBT related information). The UE may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of LBT related information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the first information). The UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the second information, wherein the second information is different than the first information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a broadcast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the broadcast information). The UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a unicast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the unicast information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) data is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the data). The UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) control information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the control information). 
     In an example, the UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is not carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission does not comprise transmission of LBT related information). The UE may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of LBT related information). 
     In a sixth embodiment, a base station determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the transmission based on information carried by the transmission (e.g., information that is transmitted via the transmission). For example, based on the information carried by the transmission, the base station may determine whether or not to perform LBT for the transmission, and/or the base station may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT for the transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, a first type of LBT, a second type of LBT, LBT with a first value of a LBT parameter, LBT with a second value of a LBT parameter, etc.) to perform for the transmission. 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the first information). The base station may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the base station may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the second information, wherein the second information is different than the first information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a broadcast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the broadcast information). The base station may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the base station may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a unicast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the unicast information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) data is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the data). The base station may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the base station may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) control information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the control information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is not carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission does not comprise transmission of LBT related information). The base station may not perform LBT for a transmission (e.g., the base station may perform the transmission directly without LBT) if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of LBT related information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the first information). The base station may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the second information, wherein the second information is different than the first information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a broadcast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the broadcast information). The base station may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a unicast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the unicast information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) data is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the data). The base station may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) control information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the control information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform a first type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is not carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission does not comprise transmission of LBT related information). The base station may perform a second type of LBT for a transmission if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of LBT related information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a first information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the first information). The base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a second information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the second information, wherein the second information is different than the first information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a broadcast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the broadcast information). The base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) a unicast information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the unicast information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) data is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the data). The base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) control information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of the control information). 
     In an example, the base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is not carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission does not comprise transmission of LBT related information). The base station may perform LBT, for a transmission, with a second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT if (and/or when and/or based on a determination that) LBT related information is carried by the transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of LBT related information). 
     One, some and/or all of the foregoing techniques and/or embodiments can be formed to a new embodiment. 
     In some examples, embodiments disclosed herein, such as embodiments described with respect to the first embodiment, the second embodiment, the third embodiment, the fourth embodiment, the fifth embodiment and the sixth embodiment, may be implemented independently and/or separately. Alternatively and/or additionally, a combination of embodiments described herein, such as embodiments described with respect to the first embodiment, the second embodiment, the third embodiment, the fourth embodiment, the fifth embodiment and/or the sixth embodiment, may be implemented. Alternatively and/or additionally, a combination of embodiments described herein, such as embodiments described with respect to the first embodiment, the second embodiment, the third embodiment, the fourth embodiment, the fifth embodiment and/or the sixth embodiment, may be implemented concurrently and/or simultaneously. 
     Various techniques, embodiments, methods and/or alternatives of the present disclosure may be performed independently and/or separately from one another. Alternatively and/or additionally, various techniques, embodiments, methods and/or alternatives of the present disclosure may be combined and/or implemented using a single system. Alternatively and/or additionally, various techniques, embodiments, methods and/or alternatives of the present disclosure may be implemented concurrently and/or simultaneously. 
     With respect to one or more embodiments herein, such as one or more embodiments provided with respect to the first embodiment, the second embodiment, the third embodiment, the fourth embodiment, the fifth embodiment, the sixth embodiment and/or other embodiments of the present disclosure, in an example in which a device (e.g., the UE and/or the base station) performs a type of LBT (e.g., the first type of LBT and/or the second type of LBT), the device may perform LBT according to the type of LBT (e.g., if the type of LBT corresponds to omni-directional LBT, the device may perform omni-directional LBT). 
     With respect to one or more embodiments herein, in some examples, the first type of LBT is different than the second type of LBT. 
     With respect to one or more embodiments herein, in some examples, the first value for a LBT parameter is different than the second value for a LBT parameter. 
     With respect to one or more embodiments herein, in an example in which a device (e.g., the UE and/or the base station) performs LBT, for a transmission, with a value (e.g., the first value and/or the second value) for a LBT parameter of the LBT, the device performs the LBT with the LBT parameter set to the value. In an example in which the device performs LBT, for a transmission, with the first value for a LBT parameter of the LBT, the device performs the LBT with the LBT parameter set to the first value. Alternatively and/or additionally, in an example in which the device performs LBT, for a transmission, with the second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT, the device performs the LBT with the LBT parameter set to the second value. In an example in which the LBT parameter is energy detection threshold and the device performs LBT, for a transmission, with the first value for the LBT parameter of the LBT, the device performs the LBT with the energy detection threshold set to the first value. Alternatively and/or additionally, in an example in which the LBT parameter is energy detection threshold and the device performs LBT, for a transmission, with the second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT, the device performs the LBT with the energy detection threshold set to the second value. In an example in which the LBT parameter is a window size (e.g., a contention window size) and the device performs LBT, for a transmission, with the first value for the LBT parameter of the LBT, the device performs the LBT with the window size set to the first value. Alternatively and/or additionally, in an example in which the LBT parameter is a window size (e.g., a contention window size) and the device performs LBT, for a transmission, with the second value for a LBT parameter of the LBT, the device performs the LBT with the window size set to the second value. 
     With respect to one or more embodiments herein, in an example in which a device (e.g., the UE and/or the base station) determines to perform LBT for a transmission (and/or performs LBT for the transmission), the LBT may be performed (by the device) prior to performing the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, performing the LBT for the transmission may comprise determining whether or not a channel and/or a spectrum (on which the transmission is to be performed, for example) are available for utilization. In an example, performing the LBT (and/or determining whether or not the channel and/or the spectrum are available for utilization) may comprise detecting presence or absence of one or more signals on the channel and/or the spectrum. The device may determine that the channel and/or the spectrum are available for utilization based on detecting absence of one or more signals on the channel and/or the spectrum (e.g., detecting silence of the channel and/or the spectrum). Detecting absence of one or more signals on the channel and/or the spectrum may comprise detecting no signal on the channel and/or the spectrum. Alternatively and/or additionally, detecting absence of one or more signals on the channel and/or the spectrum may comprise detecting one or more signals, on the channel and/or the spectrum, with one or more strength levels that are less than a threshold strength level (e.g., an energy detection threshold). The device may determine that the channel and/or the spectrum are not available for utilization based on detecting presence of one or more signals (e.g., one or more signals with one or more strength levels that exceed a threshold strength level, such as the energy detection threshold) on the channel and/or the spectrum. The device may perform the transmission upon and/or after determining that the channel and/or the spectrum are silent and/or are available for utilization. In an example, the device may perform the transmission upon and/or after determining that the channel and/or the spectrum are silent and/or are available for utilization for a period of time (e.g., the period of time may be based on, such as equal to, a window size of the LBT, such as a contention window size of the LBT). In an example in which it is determined that the channel and/or the spectrum are not available for utilization, the device may delay the transmission (e.g., the transmission may be delayed to upon and/or after a time in which the device determines that the channel and/or the spectrum are available for utilization). 
     With respect to one or more embodiments herein, in an example in which a device (e.g., the UE and/or the base station) determines not to perform LBT for a transmission (and/or does not perform LBT for the transmission), the device may perform the transmission without performing LBT. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission may be performed without determining whether or not a channel and/or a spectrum (on which the transmission is performed, for example) is available for utilization. Alternatively and/or additionally, the transmission (and/or a time at which the transmission is performed) may not be based on a determination of whether or not a channel and/or a spectrum (on which the transmission is performed, for example) is available for utilization. Alternatively and/or additionally, sensing may not be performed on a channel and/or a spectrum (on which the transmission is performed, for example) to determine whether or not to perform the transmission. Alternatively and/or additionally, the device may not attempt to detect presence of one or more signals on a channel and/or a spectrum (on which the transmission is performed, for example) to determine whether or not to delay the transmission. 
     Throughout the present disclosure, LBT may be replaced with a channel access scheme. 
     Throughout the present disclosure, LBT may be replaced with a channel access mechanism. 
     The present disclosure may describe behavior and/or operation of a single serving cell unless otherwise noted. Techniques and/or systems provided herein may be applicable to behavior and/or operation of a single serving cell. Techniques and/or systems provided herein may be implemented on a single serving cell. 
     The present disclosure may describe behavior and/or operation of multiple serving cells unless otherwise noted. Techniques and/or systems provided herein may be applicable to behavior and/or operation of multiple serving cells. Techniques and/or systems provided herein may be implemented on multiple serving cells. 
     The present disclosure may describe behavior and/or operation of a single bandwidth part unless otherwise noted. Techniques and/or systems provided herein may be applicable to behavior and/or operation of a single bandwidth part. Techniques and/or systems provided herein may be implemented on a single bandwidth part. 
     Throughout the present disclosure, a base station may configure multiple bandwidth parts to the UE (e.g., the base station configures the UE with multiple bandwidth parts) unless otherwise noted. 
     Throughout the present disclosure, a base station may configure a single bandwidth part to the UE (e.g., the base station configures the UE with a single bandwidth part) unless otherwise noted. 
       FIG. 6  is a flow chart  600  according to one exemplary embodiment from the perspective of a UE. In step  605 , the UE determines whether or not to perform LBT for a first transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the first transmission based on one or more properties of the first transmission. In an example, in step  605 , based on the one or more properties of the first transmission, the UE may determine whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission, and/or the UE may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT for the first transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, a first type of LBT, a second type of LBT, LBT with a first value of a LBT parameter, LBT with a second value of a LBT parameter, etc.) to perform for the first transmission. 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in one exemplary embodiment of a UE, the device  300  includes a program code  312  stored in the memory  310 . The CPU  308  may execute program code  312  to enable the UE to determine whether or not to perform LBT for a first transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the first transmission based on one or more properties of the first transmission. Furthermore, the CPU  308  can execute the program code  312  to perform one, some and/or all of the above-described actions and steps and/or others described herein. 
       FIG. 7  is a flow chart  700  according to one exemplary embodiment from the perspective of a base station. In step  705 , the base station determines whether or not to perform LBT for a first transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the first transmission based on one or more properties of the first transmission. In an example, in step  705 , based on the one or more properties of the first transmission, the base station may determine whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission, and/or the base station may determine (in response to determining to perform LBT for the first transmission, for example) which type of LBT (e.g., at least one of omni-directional LBT, directional LBT, receiver-assistant LBT, a first type of LBT, a second type of LBT, LBT with a first value of a LBT parameter, LBT with a second value of a LBT parameter, etc.) to perform for the first transmission. 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in one exemplary embodiment of a base station, the device  300  includes a program code  312  stored in the memory  310 . The CPU  308  may execute program code  312  to enable the base station to determine whether or not to perform LBT for a first transmission and/or how to perform LBT for the first transmission based on one or more properties of the first transmission. Furthermore, the CPU  308  can execute the program code  312  to perform one, some and/or all of the above-described actions and steps and/or others described herein. 
     With respect to  FIGS. 6-7 , in one embodiment, the one or more properties of the first transmission comprise a priority of the first transmission. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more properties of the first transmission comprise a channel used for the first transmission. In an example, the first transmission comprises transmission of information on the channel. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more properties of the first transmission comprise a signal used for the first transmission. In an example, the first transmission comprises transmission of information via the signal. 
     In one embodiment, the one or more properties of the first transmission comprise information carried by the first transmission (e.g., information that is transmitted via the first transmission). 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that the first transmission has a priority that is lower than a threshold (e.g., a threshold priority). For example, based on the determination that the priority of the first transmission is lower than the threshold, LBT may be performed for the first transmission. 
     In one embodiment, LBT is performed for a transmission if the transmission has a priority that is lower than a threshold (e.g., a threshold priority). 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining not to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that the first transmission has a priority that is higher than a threshold (e.g., the threshold priority). For example, based on the determination that the priority of the first transmission is higher than the threshold, LBT may not be performed for the first transmission (e.g., the first transmission may be performed without LBT). 
     In one embodiment, LBT is not performed for a transmission if the transmission has a priority that is higher than a threshold (e.g., the threshold priority). 
     In one embodiment, the threshold priority is indicated to the UE and/or the base station (by a second base station, for example). For example, the second base station may transmit an indication of the threshold priority to the UE (and/or the base station). 
     In one embodiment, the base station indicates the threshold priority to one or more UEs. For example, the base station may transmit an indication of the threshold priority to the one or more UEs. 
     In one embodiment, the threshold priority is defined (e.g., predefined) and/or fixed (e.g., the threshold priority is a fixed value). 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that a first channel/signal is used for the first transmission, such as based on a determination that the first transmission comprises transmission of information on a first channel of the first channel/signal and/or in a first signal of the first channel/signal. For example, based on the determination that the first channel/signal is used for the first transmission, LBT may be performed for the first transmission. 
     In one embodiment, LBT is performed for a transmission if a first channel/signal is used for the transmission. 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining not to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that a second channel/signal is used for the first transmission, such as based on a determination that the first transmission comprises transmission of information on a second channel of the second channel/signal and/or in a second signal of the second channel/signal. For example, based on the determination that the second channel/signal is used for the first transmission, LBT may not be performed for the first transmission (e.g., the first transmission may be performed without LBT). 
     In one embodiment, LBT is not performed for a transmission if a second channel/signal is used for the transmission. 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that a data channel is used for the first transmission, such as based on a determination that the first transmission comprises transmission of information on the data channel. An example of data channel could be PDSCH. Another example of data channel could be PDSCH. The data channel could be a unicast data channel. The data channel could carry user plane data. The data channel could be scheduled by a control channel. For example, based on the determination that the data channel is used for the first transmission, LBT may be performed for the first transmission. 
     In one embodiment, LBT is performed for a transmission if a data channel is used for the transmission. 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining not to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that a control channel/signal is used for the first transmission, such as based on a determination that the first transmission comprises transmission of information on a control channel of the control channel/signal and/or in a control signal of the control channel/signal. For example, based on the determination that the control channel/signal is used for the first transmission, LBT may not be performed for the first transmission (e.g., the first transmission may be performed without LBT). 
     In one embodiment, LBT is not performed for a transmission if a control channel/signal is used for the transmission. 
     In one embodiment, a control channel of the control channel/signal may be at least one of PUCCH, PDCCH, etc. A control signal of the control channel/signal may be at least one of a PUCCH signal, a PDCCH signal, etc. 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that a first information is carried by the first transmission, such as based on a determination that the first transmission comprises transmission of the first information. For example, based on the determination that the first information is carried by the first transmission, LBT may be performed for the first transmission. 
     In one embodiment, LBT is performed for a transmission if a first information is carried by the transmission. 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining not to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that a second information is carried by the first transmission, such as based on a determination that the first transmission comprises transmission of the second information. For example, based on the determination that the second information is carried by the first transmission, LBT may not be performed for the first transmission (e.g., the first transmission may be performed without LBT). 
     In one embodiment, LBT is not performed for a transmission if a second information is carried by the transmission. 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that broadcast information is carried by the first transmission, such as based on a determination that the first transmission comprises transmission of the broadcast information. For example, based on the determination that the broadcast information is carried by the first transmission, LBT may be performed for the first transmission. 
     In one embodiment, LBT is performed for a transmission if broadcast information is carried by the transmission. 
     In one embodiment, determining whether or not to perform LBT for the first transmission comprises determining not to perform LBT for the first transmission based on a determination that a unicast information is carried by the first transmission, such as based on a determination that the first transmission comprises transmission of the unicast information. For example, based on the determination that the unicast information is carried by the first transmission, LBT may not be performed for the first transmission (e.g., the first transmission may be performed without LBT). 
     In one embodiment, LBT is not performed for a transmission if a unicast information is carried by the transmission. 
       FIG. 8  is a flow chart  800  according to one exemplary embodiment from the perspective of a UE. In step  805 , the UE performs a first transmission without LBT, wherein the first transmission is a preamble transmission (e.g., the first transmission comprises transmission of a preamble). For example, the UE does not perform LBT for the first transmission. In an example, the UE may perform the first transmission without performing LBT to determine whether or not a channel and/or a spectrum (on which the first transmission is performed, for example) is available for utilization. Alternatively and/or additionally, the first transmission (and/or a time at which the UE performs the first transmission) may not be based on LBT and/or may not be based on a determination of whether or not a channel and/or a spectrum (on which the first transmission is performed, for example) is available for utilization. Alternatively and/or additionally, the UE may not attempt to detect presence of one or more signals on a channel and/or a spectrum (on which the first transmission is performed, for example) to determine whether or not to delay the first transmission. In step  810 , the UE performs LBT for a second transmission for a signal other than preamble (e.g., the signal other than preamble does not comprise a preamble and the second transmission does not comprise transmission of a preamble). In an example, the UE performs the second transmission (e.g., the second transmission comprises transmitting the signal other than preamble). In an example, the LBT for the second transmission is performed prior to performing the second transmission. In an example, performing the LBT for the second transmission comprises determining whether or not a channel and/or a spectrum (on which the second transmission is to be performed, for example) are available for utilization. In an example, performing the LBT (and/or determining whether or not the channel and/or the spectrum are available for utilization) may comprise detecting presence or absence of one or more signals on the channel and/or the spectrum. The UE may determine that the channel and/or the spectrum are available for utilization based on detecting absence of one or more signals on the channel and/or the spectrum (e.g., detecting silence of the channel and/or the spectrum). Detecting absence of one or more signals on the channel and/or the spectrum may comprise detecting no signal on the channel and/or the spectrum. Alternatively and/or additionally, detecting absence of one or more signals on the channel and/or the spectrum may comprise detecting one or more signals, on the channel and/or the spectrum, with one or more strength levels that are less than a threshold strength level. The UE may determine that the channel and/or the spectrum are not available for utilization based on detecting presence of one or more signals (e.g., one or more signals with one or more strength levels that exceed a threshold strength level) on the channel and/or the spectrum. The UE may perform the second transmission upon and/or after determining that the channel and/or the spectrum are available for utilization. In an example in which it is determined that the channel and/or the spectrum are not available for utilization, the UE may delay the second transmission (e.g., the second transmission may be delayed to upon and/or after a time in which the UE determines that the channel and/or the spectrum are available for utilization). 
     In one embodiment, the signal other than preamble is a SRS. In an example, the second transmission comprises transmission of the SRS. 
     In one embodiment, the signal other than preamble is a PUCCH (e.g., a PUCCH signal). In an example, the second transmission comprises transmission of the PUCCH. 
     In one embodiment, the UE operates in a shared spectrum (e.g., an unlicensed spectrum). In an example, the UE performs the first transmission and the second transmission in the shared spectrum. 
     In one embodiment, the UE determines whether or not to perform LBT for a transmission based on whether or not the transmission is a preamble transmission (e.g., based on whether or not the transmission comprises transmission of a preamble). In an example, the UE may determine to perform LBT for a transmission based on a determination that the transmission is not a preamble transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of a signal other than a preamble and/or the transmission does not comprise transmission of a preamble). In an example, the UE may determine not to perform LBT for a transmission based on a determination that the transmission is a preamble transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of a preamble). 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs a transmission without LBT if the transmission is a preamble transmission (e.g., if the transmission comprises transmission of a preamble). 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs the first transmission without LBT based on the first transmission being a preamble transmission (e.g., the UE performs the first transmission without LBT based on the first transmission comprising transmission of a preamble). 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs LBT for a transmission if the transmission is not a preamble transmission (e.g., if the transmission does not comprise transmission of a preamble). 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs LBT for the second transmission based on the second transmission not being a preamble transmission (e.g., the UE performs LBT for the second transmission based on the second transmission not comprising transmission of a preamble). 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs LBT for a transmission if the transmission is a SRS transmission (e.g., if the transmission comprises transmission of a SRS). 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs LBT for the second transmission based on the second transmission being a SRS transmission (e.g., the UE performs LBT for the second transmission based on the second transmission comprising transmission of a SRS). 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs LBT for a transmission if the transmission is a PUCCH transmission (e.g., if the transmission comprises transmission of a PUCCH). 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs LBT for the second transmission based on the second transmission being a PUCCH transmission (e.g., the UE performs LBT for the second transmission based on the second transmission comprising transmission of a PUCCH). 
     In one embodiment, the first transmission and the second transmission are on a same serving cell. 
     In one embodiment, the first transmission and the second transmission are on a same spectrum. 
     In one embodiment, the first transmission and the second transmission are on a same carrier. 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in one exemplary embodiment of a UE, the device  300  includes a program code  312  stored in the memory  310 . The CPU  308  may execute program code  312  to enable the UE (i) to perform a first transmission without LBT, wherein the first transmission is a preamble transmission, and (ii) to perform LBT for a second transmission for a signal other than preamble. Furthermore, the CPU  308  can execute the program code  312  to perform one, some and/or all of the above-described actions and steps and/or others described herein. 
       FIG. 9  is a flow chart  900  according to one exemplary embodiment from the perspective of a UE. In step  905 , the UE transmits a first signal on a channel without sensing the channel, wherein the first signal comprises a preamble (e.g., the first signal is a preamble). In an example, prior to transmitting the first signal, the UE does not sense the channel to determine whether or not the channel is available for utilization (e.g., available for utilization for transmitting the first signal). In an example, the UE transmits the first signal without determining whether or not the channel is available for utilization for transmitting the first signal. In an example, the UE does not sense the channel for transmitting the first signal. In step  910 , the UE senses the channel for a transmission of a second signal, wherein the second signal does not comprise a preamble. In an example, the transmission of the second signal does not comprise transmission of a preamble. In step  915 , the UE transmits the second signal on the channel after sensing the channel. In an example, the UE transmits the second signal in response to sensing the channel. In an example, sensing the channel for the transmission of the second signal is performed to determine whether or not the channel (on which the transmission of the second signal is to be performed, for example) is available for utilization. In an example, the UE may sense the channel to detect presence or absence of one or more signals on the channel. The UE may determine that the channel is available for utilization based on detecting (via sensing the channel) absence of one or more signals on the channel (e.g., detecting silence of the channel). Detecting absence of one or more signals on the channel may comprise detecting no signal on the channel. Alternatively and/or additionally, detecting absence of one or more signals on the channel may comprise detecting one or more signals, on the channel, with one or more strength levels that are less than a threshold strength level. The UE may determine that the channel is not available for utilization based on detecting (via sensing the channel) presence of one or more signals (e.g., one or more signals with one or more strength levels that exceed a threshold strength level) on the channel. The UE may perform the transmission of the second signal upon and/or after determining that the channel is available for utilization. In an example in which it is determined that the channel is not available for utilization, the UE may delay the transmission of the second signal (e.g., the transmission of the second signal may be delayed to upon and/or after a time in which the UE determines that the channel is available for utilization). 
     In one embodiment, the second signal is a SRS. 
     In one embodiment, the second signal is a PUCCH (e.g., a PUCCH signal). 
     In one embodiment, the UE operates in a shared spectrum (e.g., an unlicensed spectrum). In an example, the UE transmits the first signal and the second signal in the shared spectrum. 
     In one embodiment, the UE determines whether or not to sense the channel for a transmission (e.g., a transmission on the channel) based on whether or not the transmission is a preamble transmission (e.g., based on whether or not the transmission comprises transmission of a preamble). In an example, the UE may determine to sense the channel for a transmission (e.g., a transmission on the channel) based on a determination that the transmission is not a preamble transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of a signal other than a preamble and/or the transmission does not comprise transmission of a preamble). In an example, the UE may determine not to sense the channel for a transmission (e.g., a transmission on the channel) based on a determination that the transmission is a preamble transmission (e.g., the transmission comprises transmission of a preamble). 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs a transmission, on the channel, without sensing the channel (e.g., without sensing the channel for the transmission) if the transmission is a preamble transmission. 
     In one embodiment, the UE transmits the first signal on the channel without sensing the channel based on the first signal comprising a preamble. 
     In one embodiment, the UE performs a transmission (e.g., a transmission on the channel) after sensing the channel (e.g., after sensing the channel for the transmission) if the transmission is not a preamble transmission. 
     In one embodiment, the UE senses the channel for the transmission of the second signal based on the second signal not comprising a preamble (e.g., based on the transmission of the second signal not comprising transmission of a preamble). 
     In one embodiment, the first signal and the second signal are transmitted on a same serving cell. 
     In one embodiment, the first signal and the second signal are transmitted on a same spectrum. 
     In one embodiment, the first signal and the second signal are transmitted on a same carrier. 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , in one exemplary embodiment of a UE, the device  300  includes a program code  312  stored in the memory  310 . The CPU  308  may execute program code  312  to enable the UE (i) to transmit a first signal on a channel without sensing the channel, wherein the first signal comprises a preamble, (ii) to sense the channel for a transmission of a second signal, wherein the second signal does not comprise a preamble; and (iii) to transmit the second signal on the channel after sensing the channel. Furthermore, the CPU  308  can execute the program code  312  to perform one, some and/or all of the above-described actions and steps and/or others described herein. 
     With respect to one or more of the embodiments provided with respect to  FIGS. 8-9 , in some examples, preamble may be replaced with a type of signal other than preamble, such as at least one of a SRS, a PUCCH signal, a PUSCH signal, etc. In an example, the UE may perform a transmission of a signal on a channel without performing LBT for the transmission (and/or without sensing the channel for the transmission) based on the signal being the type of signal. In an example, the UE may perform LBT (and/or may sense a channel) for a transmission based on the transmission comprising transmission of a signal other than the type of signal (and/or based on the transmission not comprising transmission of a signal that is the type of signal). 
     A communication device (e.g., a UE, a base station, a network node, etc.) may be provided, wherein the communication device may comprise a control circuit, a processor installed in the control circuit and/or a memory installed in the control circuit and coupled (e.g., operatively coupled) to the processor. The processor may be configured to execute a program code stored in the memory to perform method steps illustrated in  FIGS. 6-9 . Furthermore, the processor may execute the program code to perform one, some and/or all of the above-described actions and steps and/or others described herein. 
     A computer-readable medium may be provided. The computer-readable medium may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may comprise a flash memory device, a hard disk drive, a disc (e.g., a magnetic disc and/or an optical disc, such as at least one of a digital versatile disc (DVD), a compact disc (CD), etc.), and/or a memory semiconductor, such as at least one of static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), etc. The computer-readable medium may comprise processor-executable instructions, that when executed cause performance of one, some and/or all method steps illustrated in  FIGS. 6-9 , and/or one, some and/or all of the above-described actions and steps and/or others described herein. 
     It may be appreciated that applying one or more of the techniques presented herein may result in one or more benefits including, but not limited to, increased efficiency and/or increased speed of communication between devices (e.g., a UE and/or a base station). The increased efficiency and/or the increased speed may be a result of enabling a device to more efficiently perform channel access and/or transmission with or without LBT and/or with different types of LBT. Alternatively and/or additionally, the increased efficiency and/or increased speed may be a result of enabling the device to determine whether or not to perform LBT and/or to select a type of LBT for channel access and/or transmission. 
     Various aspects of the disclosure have been described above. It should be apparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosed herein is merely representative. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein may be implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented or such a method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. As an example of some of the above concepts, in some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on pulse repetition frequencies. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on pulse position or offsets. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on time hopping sequences. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on pulse repetition frequencies, pulse positions or offsets, and time hopping sequences. 
     Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. 
     Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware (e.g., a digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two, which may be designed using source coding or some other technique), various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions (which may be referred to herein, for convenience, as “software” or a “software module”), or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In addition, the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit (“IC”), an access terminal, or an access point. The IC may comprise a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, electrical components, optical components, mechanical components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructions that reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of steps in any disclosed process is an example of a sample approach. Based on design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented. 
     The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module (e.g., including executable instructions and related data) and other data may reside in a data memory such as RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of computer-readable storage medium known in the art. A sample storage medium may be coupled to a machine such as, for example, a computer/processor (which may be referred to herein, for convenience, as a “processor”) such the processor can read information (e.g., code) from and write information to the storage medium. A sample storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in user equipment. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in user equipment. Alternatively and/or additionally, in some aspects any suitable computer-program product may comprise a computer-readable medium comprising codes relating to one or more of the aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects a computer program product may comprise packaging materials. 
     While the disclosed subject matter has been described in connection with various aspects, it will be understood that the disclosed subject matter is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses or adaptation of the disclosed subject matter following, in general, the principles of the disclosed subject matter, and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within the known and customary practice within the art to which the disclosed subject matter pertains.