Patent Publication Number: US-8531297-B2

Title: High-speed RFID circuit placement method and device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/148,676 filed Jun. 9, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,623,034. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/148,676 claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/674,429 filed Apr. 25, 2005. All of said applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to the assembly of electronic devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to the assembly of radio frequency identification (RFID) interposers, inlays, tags and labels. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and labels (collectively referred to herein as RFID “devices”) are widely used to associate an object with an identification code. RFID devices generally have a combination of antennas and analog and/or digital electronics, which may include, for example, communications electronics, data memory, and control logic. RFID devices typically further include structures to support and protect the antennas and electronics, and to mount or attach them to objects. For example, RFID tags may be used in conjunction with the security-locks of cars, for access control to buildings, and for tracking inventory and parcels. Some examples of RFID tags and labels are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,107,920, 6,206,292, and 6,262,292, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     As noted above, RFID devices are generally categorized as labels or tags. RFID labels are typically substantially planar RFID devices that are adhesively or otherwise attached directly to objects. RFID tags, in contrast, are secured to objects by other means, for example, by use of a plastic fastener, a band, or by other fastening means. 
     In many applications, the size and shape (i.e., the form factor) of RFID devices, and their mechanical properties, such as flexibility, are critical. For reasons such as security, aesthetics, and manufacturing efficiency, there is a strong tendency toward smaller form factors. Where thinness and flexibility are desired, it is important to avoid materials (such as bulky electronics) and constructions that add undue thickness or stiffness to the RFID tag or label. On the other hand, RFID devices must have robust electrical connections, mechanical support, and appropriate positioning of the components (i.e., the chips, chip connectors, antennas) to withstand, e.g., the rigors of shipping and handling. Structures for these purposes can add complexity, thickness and inflexibility to an RFID device. 
     Another significant form factor, for example, in thin flat tags and labels, is the area of the device, and the performance requirements of the antenna can affect this factor significantly. For example, in the case of a dipole antenna, the antenna typically should have a physical length approximately one-half wavelength of the RF device&#39;s operating frequency. 
     RFID tags and labels typically include an integrated circuit microchip (“chip”) electrically coupled to an antenna. Typically, the antennas are provided on a continuous sheet or web, and the RFID circuit is precisely placed onto a particular antenna using commercially available pick-and-place machines. These machines are relatively slow, and usually require an intermittent indexing process whereby the antenna web stops for a short period of time while the chip is placed onto an antenna on the antenna web. Since the spacing of antennas on the antenna web can be relatively large, for example, 5 to 8 cm (2 to 3 inches) apart, the speed of the production process is further reduced because the antenna web must move a relatively large distance for the next placement operation to take place. Pick and place equipment generally has the highest placement rate when the chip placement locations are very close together. 
     In many applications it is desirable to reduce the size of the electronics as much as possible. In order to interconnect very small chips with antennas in RFID inlays, it is known to use an intermediate interconnective or coupling structure, variously called an “interposer”, “strap”, and “carrier”, to facilitate device manufacture. Interposers include conductive leads or pads that are electrically coupled to the input/output (“1/0”) contact pads of the chips for coupling to the antennas. These pads may be used to provide a larger effective electrical contact area than a chip precisely aligned for direct placement without an interposer. The larger coupling area provided by the interposer effectively reduces the accuracy required for the placement of a chip during manufacture while still providing an effective electrical connection between the chip and an antenna. Chip placement and mounting are serious limitations for high-speed manufacture. The prior art discloses a variety of RFID strap or interposer structures, typically using a flexible substrate that carries the strap&#39;s contact pads or leads. RFID devices incorporating straps or interposers are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,247 and in European Patent Publication 1 039 543, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
     One method for forming an RFID device is described in International Application Serial No. PCT/US03/01513 filed on 17 Jan. 2003. In PCT/US03/01513 chips or interposers are singulated from a first web and transferred to antennas on a second web. The pitch of the chips or interposers on the first web is generally smaller than the pitch of the antennas on the second web. The chips or interposers are generally singulated and transferred to the second web by a continuously moving transfer member that picks and places the chips or straps onto the antennas on the second web. The chips or straps are indexed to the antennas by the transfer member. 
     Another method of placing an RFID circuit onto an electrical component is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/947,010 filed on 22 Sep. 2004. In Ser. No. 10/947,010, a transfer drum transfers chips or interposers to a moving web of electrical components by picking a chip when the transfer drum is stationary, and transferring the chip to the moving web when the transfer drum is rotating such that a tangential velocity of the transfer drum is substantially equal to the linear velocity of the moving web. By varying the rate of rotation of the transfer drum, the transfer drum can pick a chip while stationary and place the chip onto an electrical component on the moving web thereby indexing the chip to the electrical component. 
     Although the use of straps or interposers involves an extra step in the process of attaching an RFID circuit to an antenna, straps or interposers offer an advantage in speed of transfer to the web of antenna structures. A second advantage to the interposer is a reduced requirement for placement accuracy onto the antenna. The respective contact pads of the interposer and antenna can be much larger than those required for the RFID circuit to antenna connection, thereby enabling the use of interposer placement equipment operating at higher speeds and with lower precision requirements. 
     Interposers offer the advantage that they may be attached to an antenna on a moving web. However, the web speed and production rate are still quite low. Some of the difficulty arises from the difference in spacing of the straps or interposers on the carrier web, and the spacing of the antenna structures to which the interposers will be attached. PCT Application WO 2004/088571 A2, for example, describes a process and apparatus for attaching RFID “modules”, i.e., interposer assemblies, to antennas on a moving web. 
     One method of assembling interposers begins with a web of interposer leads or pads and a web of RFID chips. Typically the RFID chips are separated from the web and placed onto the interposer leads using pick-place techniques. The chip may be placed onto the interposer leads with a rotary pick-place device for picking RFID chips and placing the chips on interposer leads on a web, thereby forming an interposer assembly. Alternatively, a web of chips may be laminated directly to a web of interposer leads. 
     As used in the specification and claims of the present patent application, the term “RFID circuit” encompasses both an interposer, and an RFID chip electrically coupled to the interposer. 
     Often the “pitch” of the RFID circuits on a first web, also referred to as the center-to-center distance between adjacent elements, may be different than the pitch of the interposer leads or other electrical components on a second web. The pitch of chips may be different than the pitch of an array of RFID tags or labels to be formed: (a) in the longitudinal (also called the “down web”) direction; (b) in the transverse (or “cross web”) direction, or (c) in both directions. The difference in pitch may be due to, for example, the size of the elements themselves, manufacturing considerations, and/or efficiency considerations. In general, it is preferable from an efficiency standpoint to have the smallest pitch possible between chips on the first web. Due to the relatively small size of the chips or strap compared to antenna or other electrical elements, the chips or straps are relatively much more closely spaced together. Thus, when placing RFID circuits from a web having a first pitch to an antenna on a web having a second pitch, the chips must be indexed to the antennas, or vice versa. In the interest of efficiency, the indexing process should be performed as seamlessly as possible, preferably without interfering with the advance of the web containing antenna structures. 
     Therefore, a high-speed method and device is provided for singulating or separating interposers from a first web having a first pitch and transferring the interposers to a transfer device whereby the interposers can be indexed and placed onto electrical components on a second web having a second pitch. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a method is provided for placing an RFID circuit onto an electrical component. The method includes separating an RFID circuit from a web of RFID circuits and placing the RFID circuit onto an electrical component with a placement device. The separating includes directing the RFID circuit onto a transfer drum of the placement device and separably coupling the RFID circuit to the transfer drum. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, a novel machine for making an RFID device is provided including an RFID circuit separation device and a rotary placement device. The RFID circuit separation device includes a punch member configured to separate at least one RFID circuit from a web of RFID circuits and direct the at least one RFID circuit onto a transfer drum of the rotary placement device. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, a machine is provided for making an RFID device including a web advancement device configured to advance a web of RFID circuits through an RFID circuit separation device, and a scrap web removal device downstream of the RFID circuit separation device. The web advancement device and scrap web removal device are configured to cooperatively advance the web of RFID circuits through the RFID circuit separation device to prevent buckling of the web of RFID circuits as the web of RFID circuits passes through the RFID circuit separation device. 
     In yet another exemplary embodiment, a method is provided for making an RFID device. The method includes testing an RFID circuit that is on a web of RFID circuits. If the RFID circuit is determined by the testing to be non-defective, then positioning the non-defective RFID circuit in an RFID circuit separation device, separating the non-defective RFID circuit from the web of RFID circuits with a punch member, directing the non-defective RFID circuit onto a rotary placement device with the punch member, and placing the non-defective RFID circuit onto an electrical component with the rotary placement device. If the RFID circuit is determined by the testing to be defective, then advancing the defective RFID circuit to a scrap RFID web removal device, and removing the defective RFID circuit from the web with the scrap RFID web removal device. 
     To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the invention comprises the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative embodiments of the invention. These embodiments are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed. Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to identify like elements illustrated in one or more of the figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a flow chart illustrating a method of picking a chip or an interposer from a supply device and placing it on an electrical component disposed on a moving web in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2A  is a partial side elevation view of a single drum, one nozzle placement device according to the present invention, shown disposed in a first rotational position; 
         FIG. 2B  is a partial side elevation view of the single drum, one nozzle placement device of  FIG. 2A , shown disposed in a second rotational position; 
         FIG. 3A  is a graph illustrating one possible velocity profile of a transfer drum; 
         FIG. 3B  is a graph illustrating another possible velocity profile of a transfer drum; 
         FIG. 4  is a partial side elevation view of a single drum, three nozzle placement device according to the present invention, shown disposed in a first rotational position; 
         FIG. 5  is a partial side elevation view of the single drum, three nozzle placement device of  FIG. 4 , shown disposed in a second rotational position; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a partial side elevation view of another exemplary embodiment of apparatus in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is an enlarged detail view of the apparatus of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 9  is an oblique view of another exemplary embodiment in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  is an enlarged view of the interposer web of the embodiment of FIG. 
         FIG. 11  is enlarged view of an interposer on the antenna web of the embodiment of  FIG. 9 ; and 
         FIG. 12  is a flow chart illustrating a method in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A high-speed machine and method for placing an RFID circuit onto an electrical component includes separating an RFID circuit from a web of RFID circuits, and placing the RFID circuit onto an electrical component with a placing device. The separating includes directing the RFID circuit onto a transfer drum of the placement device and separably coupling the RFID circuit to the transfer drum. According to one method, a separator device separates and directs chips or interposers onto a placement device. According to another method, chips or interposers are tested before being separated from a web, and if good, are separated from the web, directed onto a placement device, and placed on an electrical component. If defective, the chips or interposers are not directed onto a placement device and are removed by a scrap web removal device. 
     In  FIG. 1 , a flow chart is shown depicting a method  5  of placing an RFID circuit onto an antenna disposed on a moving web. The method  5  of  FIG. 1  will be described in relation to a transfer drum having a single vacuum port or nozzle. However, it should be understood that the method  5 , with certain modifications, is equally applicable to any single nozzle of a multi-nozzle transfer drum. In the case of a multi-nozzle transfer drum the accelerate step  16  and the decelerate step  20  would be repeated over multiple cycles (generally corresponding to the number of nozzles) before the given nozzle returns to the 12 o&#39;clock position. The step  18  of placing the chip/interposer onto a moving web would take place following the accelerate step  16  of one of these cycles. Further, while the method is described with reference to nozzles or ports actuated by negative or positive pressures to respectively grasp and release the transferred components, the method does not require such nozzles or ports, but is compatible with other component grasp and release mechanisms, as well. 
     The method  5  begins in process step  14  wherein an RFID circuit, comprising an RFID chip or an RFID interposer circuit, dispensed from, e.g., a supply magazine of such circuits, is picked up by a nozzle on a transfer drum. In this embodiment, the transfer drum is momentarily stationary when an RFID circuit is picked up by the nozzle in the 12 o&#39;clock position on the transfer drum. In process step  16 , the transfer drum is accelerated such that the tangential velocity of the nozzle is substantially equal to the linear velocity of a moving web of electronic components when the nozzle reaches the 6 o&#39;clock position. The RFID circuit is then transferred from the nozzle to the moving web of electronic components in process step  18 . After the RFID circuit is transferred to the moving web of electronic devices, the transfer drum is decelerated, in process step  20 , such that the nozzle is returned to the 12 o&#39;clock position, whereat the nozzle is in position to pick up another chip for transfer to the moving web of electrical components. 
     In one implementation of the nozzle of the transfer drum, the nozzle is a vacuum holder that engages and releases RFID circuits using negative and positive pressures, respectively. However, the invention also encompasses mechanical separable coupling of the RFID circuit to the transfer drum, and as used in this patent application the term “nozzle” encompasses not only vacuum separable coupling but also mechanical, electromagnetic and electrostatic separable coupling of RFID circuits. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 2A and 2B , a high-speed placement device  30  is shown, including an RFID circuit supply device  32 , such as a interposer magazine, a transfer drum  34  having a single vacuum port or nozzle  36  for transferring RFID circuits  38  from the supply device  32  to a moving web  40  of electronic components  42 , and a base roller  44 . As shown in  FIG. 2A , the transfer drum  34  is positioned between the RFID circuit supply device  32  and the base roller  44 , with the nozzle  36  disposed at the 12 o&#39;clock position. The base roller  44  typically rotates clockwise at a suitable speed, thereby advancing the web  40  of electrical components  42  at a constant rate from left to right in the figure. The base roller  44  also can be an idler roller. When rotating, the transfer drum  34  rotates counterclockwise. In the particular embodiment illustrated, the nozzle  36 , through the selective application of negative pressure, picks an RFID circuit  38  from the supply device  32  while the transfer drum  34  is momentarily stationary, with the nozzle  36  at the 12 o&#39;clock position. Once an RFID circuit  38  is separably coupled to the nozzle  36 , the transfer drum  34  rotates counterclockwise while accelerating to a placement velocity, at which time the nozzle  36  and the RFID circuit  38  have a tangential velocity substantially equal to the linear velocity of the moving web  40 . In  FIG. 2B , the nozzle  36  with an RFID circuit  38  separably coupled thereto is shown in the 6 o&#39;clock position, with the transfer drum  34  rotating such that the tangential velocity of the nozzle  36  and the RFID circuit  38  is substantially equal to the linear speed of the moving web  40 . The RFID circuit  38  is then transferred to an electronic component  42  on the web  40  by selective removal of the negative pressure and/or the application of a positive pressure thereto. In some embodiments, the pressure change on the nozzle may be accompanied by a change in an electrostatic charge on the nozzle to assist in or effect the release of the RFID circuit therefrom. The transfer drum  34  may be situated such that the nozzle  36  forces the RFID circuit  38  against the electrical component  42  on the web  40 . The electrical component may include an adhesive that effects a “tacking” of the RFID circuit to the component during the placement. After the RFID circuit  38  is placed, the transfer drum  34  continues rotating counterclockwise, thereby returning the nozzle  36  to the 12 o&#39;clock position, whereat the nozzle  36  is once again stationary and in position to pick up another RFID circuit  38  from the supply device  32 . 
     In the embodiment illustrated, the transfer drum accelerates from zero revolutions per minute (RPM&#39;s) at the 12 o&#39;clock position, to the placing velocity at the 6 o&#39;clock position, and back to zero RPM&#39;s at the 12 o&#39;clock position. Thus, the transfer drum  34  must accelerate from stationary to placing velocity within 180 degrees of rotation (i.e., between the 12 o&#39;clock picking position and the 6 o&#39;clock placing position). It will be appreciated that the manner in which the placing drum  34  is accelerated and decelerated during one revolution, also referred to herein as the velocity profile of the placing drum, may be any suitable manner depending on a variety of factors such as the total throughput rate of the placement device  30 , the rate at which RFID circuits  38  can be supplied to the transfer drum  34 , the minimum time required for an RFID circuit  38  to be separably coupled to a vacuum port or nozzle  36  of the transfer drum  34 , the pitch of the electrical components, and the like. In some embodiments, the placing drum  34  can be rotated at intermediate velocities faster than the placing velocity at the 6 o&#39;clock position. 
     In an embodiment in which an RFID circuit is first singulated and then separably coupled to the transfer drum, the velocity profile of the transfer drum typically will include a dwell time, or time interval during which the transfer drum is held stationary to receive and hold the singulated RFID circuit.  FIGS. 3A and 3B  show two possible exemplary velocity profiles for the transfer drum  34  of  FIGS. 2A and 2B .  FIG. 3A  shows a velocity profile with a straight line increase in velocity from stationary to full speed, while  FIG. 3B  shows an example of an arcuate velocity profile. Each of these transfer drum velocity profiles are for transfer drums with three nozzles, and the profiles thus include dwell regions at 0°, 120°, and 240° of the rotation cycle. Other transfer drum configurations may also have similar velocity profiles. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , a high-speed placement device  50  having a three nozzle transfer drum  54  is illustrated. In this particular embodiment the nozzles  56   a ,  56   b ,  56   c  are arranged around the circumference of the transfer drum  54  at 120 degree intervals. Thus, nozzle  56   a  is positioned at 12 o&#39;clock, nozzle  56   b  is positioned at 8 o&#39;clock, and nozzle  56   c  is positioned at 4 o&#39;clock, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 . An RFID circuit supply device  52  is located above the 12 o&#39;clock position of the transfer drum  54 . A web  60  of electrical components  62  moves from left to right below the transfer drum  54  via the base roller  64 . In  FIG. 4 , the transfer drum  54  is momentarily stationary, allowing nozzle  56   a  to pick up an RFID circuit  58  from the supply device  52 . 
     Once the RFID circuit  58  is separably coupled to the nozzle  56   a , the transfer drum  54  commences accelerating counter-clockwise rotation. In the three nozzle embodiment illustrated, the transfer drum  54  must accelerate from stationary to placing velocity, possibly rotating intermediately with a higher velocity than the placing velocity, and then decelerate back to stationary through an arc of 120 degrees. Thus, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the transfer drum  54  must achieve placing velocity within the 60 degree arc A, thereby rotating nozzle  56   b  to the 6 o&#39;clock position for placing the RFID circuit  58  previously picked up from the RFID circuit supply device  52 . The tangential velocity of the RFID circuit  52  separably coupled to nozzle  56   b  when it reaches the 6 o&#39;clock position is substantially equal to the linear velocity of the moving web  60  of electronic components  62 . After the RFID circuit  58  is placed, the transfer drum  54  decelerates to zero RPM&#39;s within the 60-degree arc B shown in  FIG. 5 , possibly rotating intermediately with a higher velocity than the placing velocity, thereby bringing nozzle  56   c  to the 12 o&#39;clock position. 
     It will be appreciated that in the present embodiment, the transfer drum  54  intermittently rotates in 120-degree increments. During each 120 degree increment, a first nozzle in the 12 o&#39;clock position, which may be anyone of nozzles  56   a ,  56   b , or  56   c , picks up an RFID circuit  58  from the supply device  52  when the transfer drum  54  is stationary. The transfer drum  54  then accelerates through an arc of 60 degrees until a second nozzle  56   a ,  56   b , or  56   c  as appropriate is rotating, such that the tangential velocity of the nozzle is substantially equal to the linear velocity of the moving web  60 , at which time an RFID circuit  58  is transferred to an electrical component  62  on the web  60 . After the RFID circuit  58  is placed, the transfer drum  54  decelerates over a 60 degree arc until a third nozzle  56   a ,  56   b , or  56   c  as appropriate is rotated into position to pick up an RFID circuit  58  from the supply device  52 . As above, it will be appreciated that other configurations of nozzles and/or multiple RFID circuit supply devices  52  are possible. Further, while the above description begins with nozzle  56   a  in the 12 o&#39;clock position, anyone of the nozzles  56   a ,  56   b , or  56   c  could begin in the 12 o&#39;clock position, with the remaining two nozzles assuming the remaining two relative positions as appropriate. Therefore, the above description describes but one of a many possible nozzle configurations that may be used in conjunction with the present invention. 
     As an alternative to the above described transfer drum configuration including three nozzles, other configurations and numbers of nozzles are possible. Configurations with odd numbers of nozzles, evenly spaced around the transfer drum, are compatible with the preferred type of velocity profile in which the transfer drum receives RFID devices at the 12 o&#39;clock position while stationary, accelerates to the placing velocity at the 6 o&#39;clock position and back to zero RPM&#39;s at the 12 o&#39;clock position (possibly including over a series of sub-cycles, as illustrated in  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B). Configurations with even numbers of nozzles also are possible, such as a two nozzle configuration with dwell regions at nine o&#39;clock (where RFID circuits are separably coupled to the transfer drum) and at three o&#39;clock. However, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, increasing the number of nozzles beyond a few may be undesirable as it would reduce the angular interval over which transfer drum acceleration and deceleration would occur, and hence, increase the required amount of acceleration and deceleration of the drum. 
     It will further be appreciated that, to aid in placement of the RFID circuits onto the antenna structures, vision systems may be advantageously employed to read fiducial marks and/or antenna positions and provide feedback to the control systems controlling the transfer drum, the RFID circuit carrier web, and/or the web of antenna structures. Further, any suitable method may be used to singulate the RFID circuits from the carrier web. For example, the carrier web may be die cut, thereby singulating the RFID circuits prior to picking by the transfer drum. Alternatively, the carrier web may pass between a cutter member and the transfer drum, wherein the cutter member singulates the RFID circuits by cutting the web using the transfer drum as an anvil. 
     The placing device described above enables RFID circuits of a first pitch (typically, relatively small) on a first carrier web to be transferred to antennas or other electrical components on a second web having a second pitch (typically, relatively large), with no change in speed of the second web. The RFID circuit carrier web may have constant, intermittent or variable speed as required to provide a suitable number of RFID circuits to the transfer drum. Similarly, the transfer drum may have constant, intermittent, or variable rotational speed as required to receive adequate RFID circuits from the carrier web and supply adequate RFID circuits to the second web. 
     It will be appreciated that in anyone of the above embodiments, the tangential or peripheral velocity of an RFID circuit separably coupled to a transfer drum may be substantially equal to the linear velocity of a moving web during placement. Throughout the foregoing description, reference has been made to a tangential or peripheral velocity of a drum&#39;s surface being substantially equal to a linear velocity of a web when an RFID circuit is placed onto an electrical component on the web. However, in some configurations, particularly in a configuration employing nozzles that extend outward from the peripheral surface of a drum, it will be appreciated that it is the tangential velocity of the nozzles and/or RFID circuits separably coupled thereto that is substantially equal to the linear velocity of the moving web of electrical components. Therefore, it will be understood that a drum&#39;s surface is intended to be the surface to which an RFID circuit is separably coupled. 
     It will be further appreciated that during the placement of an RFID circuit onto an antenna structure, a permanent bond may be formed between the RFID circuit and antenna structure. In an alternative embodiment adapted to high-speed motion of the antenna web, the RFID circuit may be temporarily secured to an antenna structure, and a permanent bond may be formed between these structures in a subsequent process. For example, pressure may be used for temporary securement, and a permanent bond may be formed using heat, actinic radiation or other means in subsequent processing. 
     In  FIG. 6 , a schematic diagram illustrates a placement device  400  including a transfer drum  470 , a motor  478  coupled to the transfer drum  470 , and a vacuum source  479  coupled to the transfer drum  470 . Any suitable motor may be used to provide rotational force to the transfer drum  470 . For example, electric stepper or servo driven motors or hydraulic motors may be coupled to the drums to provide rotational force. In addition, suitable gearing and transmission assemblies may be used to couple a motor or other drive means to the drum. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , another exemplary embodiment of a high-speed placement device  500  is shown, including an interposer separator device  510 , a rotary transfer drum  512 , a web advancement device  514 , and a scrap interposer web removal device  516 . The rotary transfer drum  512  may be similar in operation to the transfer drums described above. In operation, the web advancement device  514 , in cooperation with the scrap web removal device  516 , advances a web of interposers  520  as appropriate from left to right through the machine  500 . 
     It will be appreciated that the web advancement device  514  in the illustrated embodiment is located upstream of the interposer separator device  510  while the scrap interposer web removal device  516  is located downstream of the interposer separator device  510 . The web advancement device  514  and scrap web removal device  516  may be nip rollers, belts, or any suitable device for advancing a web of material therethrough. In the illustrated embodiment, the advancement device  514  includes a pair of opposing belts that may compressively or otherwise engage the interposer web  520  to advance the interposer web  520  therethrough. The scrap web removal device  516  includes a pair of opposing wheels or drums that also compressively or otherwise engage the interposer web  520  to advance the interposer web  520  therethrough. 
     It will be appreciated that the advancement device  514  and scrap web removal device  516  cooperate to advance the interposer web  520  through the interposer separator device  510 . In some cases, particularly when the web  520  is thin and/or flexible, it can be advantageous to operate the scrap web removal device  516  so as to prevent buckling of the interposer web  520  as the web  520  is advanced through the interposer separator device  510  by the advancement device  514 . This may be achieved by operating the scrap interposer web removal device  516  at a rate equal or slightly greater than the rate at which the advancement device  514  advances the web  520 . In doing so, a slight tension can be imparted or maintained in the web  520  thereby preventing buckling. Thicker and/or more rigid interposer webs  520  may not require the assistance of the scrap interposer web removal device  516  to prevent buckling. 
     In some applications, it can be advantageous to advance the web  520  using only the scrap web removal device  516  to pull the strap web  520  through the interposer separator device  510 . In such applications, the web advancement device  514  can be disengaged from the web  520  or removed from the high-speed machine  500  altogether. 
     The interposers  521  on the interposer web  520  are singulated and transferred from the interposer web  520  to the rotary transfer drum  512  by the separator device  510 . Once an interposer  521  is transferred to the rotary transfer drum  512 , the rotary transfer drum  512  rotates and places the interposer  521  on to a web of antenna devices  526  or other electrical components in substantially the same manner as in the embodiments described above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , a web of interposers  520  is wound through a series of rollers and tension adjustment stages prior to entering the web advancement device  514 . The series of rollers and tension adjustment stages can be used to ensure that the web of interposers  520  is suitably aligned and at a proper tension prior to entering the web advancement device  516 . At predetermined intervals, the web of interposers  520  is fed into the separator device  510  by the web advancement device  514 . Suitable position detection (sensors) of the interposers  521  may influence the above mentioned predetermined interval resulting in a more favorable positioning of the interposer  521  in the separator device  510 . The web advancement device  514  includes an upper belt  517  and a lower belt  518  that cooperate to intermittently advance the web of interposers  520  into the separator device  510 . The advancement device  514  advances the web of interposers  520  such that an interposer  521  is suitably positioned for separation from the web of interposers  520  by the separator device  510 . 
     The separator device  510  includes a punch  530  having a cutting end  532  and a vacuum port  534 . The punch  530  is mounted in a separator device housing  536  and is configured for reciprocal orthogonal movement relative to the transfer drum  512  to effect a cutting or punching action. The cutting end  532  of the punch  530  is configured to singulate an interposer  521  from the interposer web  520  when the punch  530  is forced against the interposer  521  and/or interposer web  520 . Once singulated from the interposer web  520 , a singulated interposer  521  may be separably coupled to the punch  530  via the vacuum port  534 . Separably coupling the singulated interposer  521  to the punch  530  may be advantageous for stabilizing the singulated interposer  521  during subsequent movement of the punch  530 . 
     It will be appreciated that the housing  536  of the separator device  510  can include a guide or guides for guiding and/or aligning the interposer web  520  as the web is advanced through the separator device  510 . For example, such guides can be an appropriately sized slot or channel in the housing  536  through which the interposer web  520  is directed. To accommodate interposer webs  520  of different dimensions, the guides can be adjustable or, alternatively, the guides can be of an interchangeable design whereby a guide or guides can be installed in the housing  536  for use with an interposer web  520  of a particular size. 
     After the separator device  510  singulates an interposer  521  from the interposer web  520 , the punch  530  continues extending downward thereby directing the singulated interposer  521  onto a nozzle  542  on the rotary transfer drum  512 . The singulated interposer  521  may then be transferred to the nozzle  542  of the rotary transfer drum  512  by simultaneously removing the vacuum from the vacuum port  534  on the punch  530  and applying a vacuum to the interposer  521  via the vacuum port  544  on the nozzle  542  of the rotary transfer drum  512 . The singulation and transfer of an interposer  521  from the interposer web  520  can be effected while the interposer web  520  and the rotary transfer drum  512  are momentarily stationary. 
     As described in previous embodiments, once the interposer  521  is singulated and transferred to a nozzle  542  of the rotary transfer drum  512 , the rotary transfer drum  512  may commence accelerating rotation such that the tangential velocity of the nozzle  542  is substantially equal to the linear velocity of the web of electrical components  524  when the nozzle is at the 6 o&#39;clock position of the transfer drum  512 . The singulated interposer  521  may then be placed onto the web of electrical components in the manner described previously. 
     It will be appreciated that the interposer  521  may be severed from the web of interposers  520  in any suitable manner, such as by cutting or punching. Thus, the punch member  530  can be configured to cut, shear, punch or otherwise separate interposers  521  from the web  520 . A laser can also be used to separate an interposer  521  from the web  520 . In some applications, the interposer  521  may be singulated from the web of interposers  520  by crosscutting the web  520 . In such case, the singulated interposer  521  including the portion of the web  520  containing the same is transferred to the rotary transfer drum  512  for placement on the web of electrical components  524 , and the scrap interposer web removal device  516  is not necessary. In other applications, the interposer  521  may be singulated from the web of interposers  520  leaving behind a portion or all of the web  520 . In such case, the scrap interposer web removal device  516  may be employed to remove the scrap web. 
     In  FIG. 9 , an oblique view of another exemplary embodiment in accordance with the present invention is shown. The high-speed machine  500  includes an interposer separator device  510 , a rotary transfer drum  512 , and an advancement device  514  located upstream of the interposer separator device  510 . A scrap interposer web removal device  516  is located downstream of the interposer separator device  510 . The rotary transfer drum  512  may be similar in operation to the transfer drums described above. In operation, the advancement device  514 , in cooperation with the scrap web removal device  516 , advances a web of interposers  520  as appropriate from left to right through the machine  500 . 
     It will be appreciated that the advancement device  514  in the illustrated embodiment is located upstream of the interposer separator device  510  while the scrap interposer web removal device  516  is located downstream of the interposer separator device  510 . Similar to the previous embodiment, the advancement device  514  and scrap web removal device  516  may be nip rollers, belts, or any suitable device for advancing a web of material therethrough. 
     It also will be appreciated that the advancement device  514  and scrap web removal device  516  can cooperate to advance the interposer web  520  through the interposer separator device  510 . In some cases, particularly when the web  520  is thin and/or flexible, it can be advantageous to operate the scrap web removal device  516  so as to prevent buckling of the interposer web  520  as the web  520  is advanced through the interposer separator device  510  by the web advancement device  514 . This can be achieved by operating the scrap interposer web removal device  516  at a rate equal or slightly greater than the rate at which the web advancement device  514  advances the web  520 . In doing so, a slight tension can be imparted or maintained in the web  520  thereby preventing buckling. Thicker and/or more rigid interposer webs  520  may not require the assistance of the scrap interposer web removal device  516  to prevent buckling. 
     In connection with the removal of the scrap interposer web  556 , a sheeter  570  and a receptacle  572 , located downstream of the scrap interposer web removal device  516 , can be employed to sever and discard the scrap interposer web. The sheeter  570  can be a blade, laser, or any other suitable device for severing the web  520 . A receptacle  572  can be configured to receive the severed scrap interposer web. It will be appreciated that any suitable method of removing the scrap interposer web  556  may be employed including a vacuum or spooler device. 
     The scrap interposer web removal device  516  may also remove interposers  521  that are determined to be defective. For example, prior to separating an interposer  521  from the web  520 , the interposer  521  can be tested to determine whether the interposer is defective. If the interposer  521  is determined to be defective, the known defective interposer  521  may be advanced beyond the punch  530  by the advancement device  514  until the known defective interposer  521  is downstream of the scrap interposer web removal device  516 . The sheeter may then sever the scrap interposer web portion  556  containing the known defective interposer. The scrap interposer web portion  556  containing the known defective interposer  521  may then be collected in the receptacle or otherwise removed in a suitable manner, such as with a vacuum. Alternatively, a vacuum take-up spooler or a driven rewinder can also be employed to remove scrap interposer web portion  556  without the need for the sheeting operation. 
     It will be appreciated that the interposers  521  may be tested immediately prior to being advanced into the interposer separator device  510  and advanced through the interposer separator device  510  without being separated from the web  520  if determined to be defective. Alternatively, an interposer web  520  may be tested and the positions of defective interposers  521  can be marked on the web  520  or stored in a memory device. The web advancement device  514  can include suitable vision systems to read the marked defective interposers  521 . Alternatively, a control system can be employed to control the web advancement device  514  and, utilizing the data stored in the memory device, advance the web  520  in a manner that ensures only non-defective interposers  521  are singulated from the web  520 . The remaining defective interposers  521  can be removed by the scrap web removal device  516 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , the interposers  521  on the interposer web  520  generally include a chip  522  and leads  523 . The leads  523  typically are relatively coplanar with the interposer web  520  with the chip  522  extending upwardly from the interposer web  520 . The interposers  521  are singulated and transferred from the interposer web  520  to the rotary transfer drum  512  by the separator device  510  such that the chip  522  of the interposer  521  is positioned on the transfer drum  512 . Once an interposer  521  is transferred to the rotary transfer drum  512 , the rotary transfer drum  512  rotates and places the interposer  521  on to a web  524  of antenna components  526  or other electrical components in substantially the same manner as in the embodiments described above. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the web of antenna devices  526  can include a recess  527  between the antenna portions configured to receive the chip  522  when the interposer  521  is placed on the web  524 , thereby achieving a relatively flat profile as shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 9-11 , the interposers  521  are arranged with the chip  522  oriented upwardly as they enter the interposer separator device  510 . The singulated interposers  521  are separably coupled to the rotary transfer drum  512  with the chip  522  oriented radially outwardly from the surface of the rotary transfer drum  512 . Once transferred to the web  524 , the interposers are oriented with the chip  522  facing downwardly. As mentioned, the interposer  521  can be placed on the web  524  with the chip  522  in a recess  527 . 
     Turning to  FIG. 12 , a flowchart of the interposer testing process  600  is shown. The process begins with process step  610  wherein an interposer is tested. Any suitable testing device may be used to test a wide variety of interposer parameters to determine whether an interposer is defective. If the interposer is determined to be defective, or a pretested and marked defective interposer is identified, the web of interposers is advanced through the interposer separator device without singulation from the web, such that the defective interposer is positioned downstream of the interposer separator device  510  in process step  630 , and such that only known good interposers are singulated from the interposer web for placement onto antennas. In process step  632 , the defective interposer is removed by the scrap interposer removal device. If the interposer is determined to be good, the interposer is positioned within the interposer separator device in process step  640 . In process step  642 , the interposer is separated from the web of interposers and directed onto a placement device. The interposer is then placed on an electrical component in process step  644 . 
     It will be appreciated that suitable interposer testing devices and methods may be employed to identify a defective interposer prior to the interposer being separated from the web of interposers by the punch. When a defective interposer is detected, the advancement device may advance the web of interposers  520  at a faster rate such that a known good interposer is present in the separator device  510  without delay. For example, where the pitch between interposers  521  on the interposer web  520  is X and the rate of advance of the interposer web  520  is Y, upon detection of a defective interposer the advancement device  516  would advance the web  520  a distance two times X at a rate twice the speed Y. In this manner, an interposer  521  will be in position for singulation and placement without the need to delay subsequent operations and/or without wasting other materials. This arrangement may be particularly advantageous in connection with the rotary transfer drums described in this application wherein the web of electrical components to which the interposers are ultimately placed is moving. 
     It will be appreciated that in any of the above embodiments, the interposer separator device may singulate an interposer or, alternatively, a plurality of interposers may be separated from the web of interposers as desired. 
     Certain modifications and improvements will occur to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the foregoing description. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to any particular type of wireless communication device, or interposers. The term “electrical component” may comprise an electrical circuit or an electrical device, and in the preferred embodiment comprises an antenna. The antenna may include a single antenna portion, or a plurality of separate antenna portions. Further, a wide variety of antenna designs may be used with the present invention such as loop, slot, or patch antennas. For the purposes of this application, couple, coupled, or coupling may encompass both mechanical coupling and electrical coupling. Mechanical coupling includes physically securing the interposer to an electronic component. Electrical coupling includes forming an electrical connection between the interposer and the electronic component. The electrical connection between the interposer and the electronic component may comprise an ohmic, capacitive, or inductive connection, or combinations of the foregoing. Reactive coupling is defined as either capacitive or inductive coupling, or a combination of both. Capacitive coupling may involve placing the interposer into close proximity with an electronic component, with dielectric pads disposed therebetween, to enable capacitive coupling between the interposer and the electronic component to occur at RF Signal frequencies. The dielectric pads may include a non-conductive adhesive, such as a pressure-sensitive adhesive, for example Fasson adhesives 84800 and 8333, available from Avery Dennison Corporation, and a high dielectric constant material, such as a titanium compound, for example, titanium dioxide or barium titanate. In such an embodiment, the dielectric pads have an effective dielectric constant that is a non-constant function of the thickness of the dielectric pads. For example, the dielectric pads may include conductive particles, such as aluminum and/or nickel particles, to minimize the effect of changes in thickness on the capacitive coupling. The dielectric pads may have a thickness of about 0.025 mm (0.001 inches) or less. 
     As those of skill in the art will appreciate, the methods of the invention, though described in relation to RFID circuits, straps, interposers and antenna structures, may be used advantageously for placing chips directly to antennas, or for placing chips onto interposer leads. For example, in any of the above embodiments, interposer leads may be substituted for an antenna structure, and a chip may be placed onto the interposer leads instead of on an antenna structure. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that there are different manners in which these elements can accomplish the present invention. The present invention is intended to cover what is claimed and any equivalents. The specific embodiments used herein are to aid in the understanding of the present invention, and should not be used to limit the scope of the invention in a manner narrower than the claims and their equivalents. 
     Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain embodiment or embodiments, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described elements (components, assemblies, devices, compositions, etc.), the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such elements are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any element which performs the specified function of the described element (Le., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary embodiment or embodiments of the invention. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been described above with respect to only one or more of several illustrated embodiments, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other embodiments, as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.