Patent Publication Number: US-9836203-B2

Title: Grid-based visual design environment

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Application No. 62/029,105 filed Jul. 25, 2014. The prior application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This document relates to generating a user interface. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Some application programs enable a user to design a user interface. For example, an application program can allow a user to create multiple slides for a presentation. For each slide, the application program can allow a user to place text in a user-selected area of a slide, and images or other multimedia content in other user-selected areas of the slide. The text and images can be dragged around the slide by user input, for example, with a mouse or stylus. The presentation may later be shown in a presentation mode, in which the location and content of the text and images of each slide may not be editable, and in which a computer may progress a display of the presentation from slide to slide automatically or in response to user input. 
     SUMMARY 
     This document describes techniques, methods, systems, and other mechanisms for generating a user interface. Particular implementations can, in certain instances, realize one or more of the following advantages. Users can design presentations more quickly. The design interface may be simpler than traditional design software. A design quality of presentations may be improved. Through use of the technology described within this document, an individual without extensive training in design may be able to create professional-grade, grid-based layouts. 
     The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1-18  show screens with which a user can create a user interface. 
         FIGS. 19 and 20  show flow charts of operations for generating a user interface. 
         FIG. 21  is a block diagram of computing devices that may be used to implement the systems and methods described in this document, as either a client or as a server or plurality of servers. 
     
    
    
     Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This document generally describes technology for generating a user interface. The technology may limit an ability of items in a presentation to be moved around, and may prevent images from being distorted or not aligned with other images or objects in the presentation. Rather, the technology may provide guidance for grid-based positioning, and may limit an amount of features and functions provided to a user. The technology may enable a user to expand and contract an area within which content is displayed within multi-dimensional grid of cells (e.g., a 2×2 or 3×2 grid of cells). 
       FIG. 1  shows a user interface  100  for designing a slide of a presentation. The user interface  100  includes a design area  102 , which illustrates a slide that is to be presented as part of a presentation and that is editable by user input. The design area  102  includes a slide title region  104 . A user may select the title region  104  with user input (e.g., by clicking on the title region  104  with a mouse or pressing the title region  104  on a region of a touchscreen) to enable a user to type characters into the title area  104  with a virtual or physical keyboard. 
     The user interface  100  also includes a design grid  106  (e.g., a 3×3 grid of cells  108   a - i ) in which additional slide elements may fit. User input can select a cell (e.g., through a touchscreen, mouse, or keyboard selection of a region at which the cell is being displayed on a display device). In response to user selection of the cell, the computing system may highlight the display of the cell to indicate that the cell has been selected. For example, a border of the cell may change color or a thick border around the cell may be presented or may change in color or shading. An interior of the cell may also be highlighted in a similar manner. Additionally or alternatively, a set of user interface elements with which the user can provide input to modify a content of the cell can appear. 
     As an illustration,  FIG. 2  shows an example display after user input has selected cell  108   c  (and also added content to cell  108   c  and  108   h ). In response to the user selection, a border  110  appears around the cell  108   c , and the bar  112  appears above the selected cell  108   c . The bar  112  includes the above-described set of user interface elements with which the user can provide input to modify a content of the cell. A location of the set of user interface elements (e.g., the bar  112 ) may depend on a location of the cell that is selected. For example, the same set of user interface elements may appear in response to user selection of any of multiple cells, but the location of the interface elements may be different based on the cell that is selected. In some examples the user interface elements may be displayed in the bar  110 , and the bar  110  may abut a top of the selected cell. In other examples, the user interface elements may not be displayed in the bar  110 . 
     Each of the user interface elements in the set may be associated with a function that is invoked upon user selection of the respective user interface element. The various functions include, for example, (a) increase text size (see element  114   a , which displays “A+”), (b) decrease text size (see element  114   b , which displays “A−”), (c) align text to the left (see element  114   c ), ( d ) center text (see element  114   d ), ( e ) align text to the right (see element  114   e ), ( f ) align text at top (see element  114   f , which displays a “T”), (g) align text at middle (see element  114   g , which shows a “M”), (h) align text at bottom (see element  114   h , which shows a “B”), (i) add color (see element  114   i ), ( j ) insert image (see element  114   j ), ( k ) edit object shape (see element  114   k ), and (l) edit object type (see element  114   l ). 
     Through interaction with element  114   j  in bar  112 , a user may insert an image into the selected cell. For example, in response to user input that selects element  114   j , a dialog box may appear with which a user is able to specify a location—on a local storage drive or on the internet—of an image that is be placed within the area defined by the border of cell  108   c . In  FIG. 2 , a user has already selected an image  116  to appear in cell  108   c.    
     Similarly, a user has previously selected cell  108   h  and inserted the phrase “The grid creates cells in which the user can type text,” by typing the same using a virtual or physical keyboard. The user may not have had to select any element in bar  112  to insert the text into the cell. Rather, the user may simply select the cell and then type the phrase once the cell is selected. Additionally or alternatively, the user may select an element in bar  112  to invoke a text entry mode. In this example, the typed text is centered in the cell and has a middle vertical positioning in the cell. Thus, the user may have selected elements  114   d  and  114   g  after or before the text was typed into the cell, in order to set text positioning settings for the cell (assuming that the default text alignment was different). 
       FIG. 3  shows a display of the user interface generating application program after user selection of the “Edit Object Shape” user interface element  114   k  ( FIG. 2 ). Selection of element  114   k  causes the computing system to present user interface elements  120   a  and  120   b  for expanding the content that is displayed in the cell from being presented in one cell to being presented in multiple cells. For example, user selection of element  120   a  may cause the image  116  to be presented in both of cells  108   b  and  108   c  (see  FIG. 1 ), and user selection of element  120   b  may cause the image  116  to be presented in both of cells  108   c  and  108   f  (see  FIG. 1 ). User selection of both elements  120   a  and  120   b  may cause the image  116  to be presented in all four of cells  108   b, c, e , and  f . The expansion of the image  116  to multiple cells may occur through user selection of one or more of elements  120   a - b  (e.g., through click, or click and drag, press, or press and drag selections of the “+” user interface elements  120   a - b ). In this description, the cells are referred to as fixed locations on the display into which content can appear, even though this technology could also be described as allow a user to change a size of the cells and the content therein. In various implementations, expanding the display of content from one cell to multiple cells may appear as though the original cell is changing in size. 
       FIG. 4  shows a display as a result of a user having selected the “+” user interface element  120   b  to the right of the selected cell (e.g., and dragged that interface element  120   b  one cell width to the right). The user did the same with the “+” user interface element  120   a  at the top of cell  108   c  to expand the image display region one cell length higher. In some examples, the resizing of the image display region may be limited to increments of full cells in the grid, such that an image display region can be expanded to occupy the area covered by multiple other contiguous cells (but possibly only in whole-cell increments). 
     After the image  116  has expanded to fill the area of cells  108   b, c, e , and  f , the computing system may display element  122  and  124   a - d . As shown in  FIG. 4 , element  122 , which includes a plus sign and an outward-facing arrow, may appear on the exterior of image  114 . Elements  124   a - d , which may each include an “X” sign and an inward-facing arrow, may appear on the interior of the displayed region of the image  114  and border  110 . 
     Interface element  122  may invoke a function similar to that of elements  120   a  and  120   b , in that it causes expansion of the display area of the image, for example, by expanding the display area for image  116  to all of cells  108   a - f  upon selection of element  122 . In this example, since the display area for the image is already two wide, user-selection of element  112  causes a two-cell-wide expansion of the display area upward. The computing system may have determined that user input already added content to cell  108   h , which is to the right of cells  108   b, c, e , and  f , and thus may not present an element to the right of the display area for expanding the content in that direction, because doing so may overwrite content previously specified by the user. 
     Elements  124   a - d  may enable a user to decrease the area within which the content (image  116  in this example) is displayed. For example, each user selection of element  124   a  may result in a one-cell-width decrease in the area in which the image  116  is displayed, while selection of element  124   d  may result in a similar decrease, but on the other side of the image. Elements  124   b  and  124   c  also cause a decrease in the size of the displayed region of the image  116 , but with a vertical reduction rather than a horizontal reduction. 
     In some examples, the size of the image in the cell may expand (e.g., by stretching) as the cell changes size or the display region expands or contracts to include more or fewer cells. In some examples, the image in a display region may not stretch, but the portion of the image that is displayed may expand or decrease as the size of the cell or the size of the display region changes, for example, because only a portion of the image may have been originally displayed before the cell or display area expanded. In some examples, a combination of displaying a cropped region of an image and stretching an image may occur. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates example depictions of cropping and scaling an image without distorting, squishing, or stretching the image. In this example, the original image may have dimensions illustrated by depiction  130   a . As a result of user input that selected image  130  for insertion into a single cell (e.g., cell  108   c ), the computing system may decrease or increase the overall scale of the image  130   a  (maintaining the same dimensions as the original image  130   a ) until the width or height fits within the single cell and all of the cell is filled with the image. As a result, some of the image  130   b  would extend outside of the cell, but the computing system may crop out or remove from display that portion of the image that does not fit within the cell. In the example shown in  FIG. 5 , the image is decreased in size until its width fits the size of a single cell, and the top and bottom of the image is removed so that the cell is shown full of image content, without any content outside of the cell. 
     Upon increasing the display area for the image to two cells (as shown with respect to depiction  130   c ), the display area is higher than it is wide. As a result, the computing system may increase a size of the image (maintaining its dimensions) until the top and bottom of the image fill the display area that covers the two cells, and may then crop away the sides of the image. The computing system may similarly crop the image if the display area is increased to three cells high, as shown with respect to depiction  130   d . Although the above operations are described as being provided by the computing system without user input, the user may manually adjust the scaling and positioning of the image within the image display area, as described below. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a user interface that enables user input to scale and reposition an image  116  within an image display area  136  that is defined by one or more cells. This user interface may be presented as a result of user selection of the image (e.g., by double clicking or tapping the image), or through user selection of a graphical interface element that results in a display of the screen shown in  FIG. 6 . In  FIG. 6 , a user may select the image and drag the image to reposition in the image within the image display area  136 . The user can also increase and decrease a scale of the image by selecting the zoom in and out buttons  138   a - b.    
       FIG. 7  illustrates a user interface after the user has scaled and repositioned image  116 , as described above with respect to  FIG. 6 , and then has selected the “Done” button  140   b . A user could also have selected the “Cancel” button  140   a  to revert to a previous scaling and positioning of image  140  within image display area  136 . The user interface shown in  FIG. 7  enables a user to expand or decrease the size of the image display area  136  through user selection of the user interface elements  142   a - b  and  144   a - b , as described above with respect to  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a user interface with which a user is able to modify the grid by adding or removing cells to the grid. The user interface of  FIG. 8  may be shown as a result of selecting a “grid” user interface element, which may be positioned outside of the grid of cells (e.g., in the bottom right of the user interface). Invoking this grid-modification user interface causes the computing system to present “+” graphical interface elements  144   a - h  on two of the edges of the grid (e.g., the left and bottom edges), positioned between and at the edges of each column and row but exterior to the grid. The computing system also presents “X” user interface elements  146   a - f  on two other edges of the grid (e.g., the top and right edges), positioned in the middle of each column and row. As an illustration, user selection of a “+” user interface element  144   c  may cause the computing system to insert a row of cells at the location of the selected interface element  144   c . The computing system may adjust a height of all rows (now four of them) to be equal, in some implementations. In some implementations, user may be unable to modify a height or width of a cell to be different than a height or width of any other cell in the grid. 
     Moreover, since the row of cells includes a cell that is being inserted in between two cells that contain a single image, that image may stretch to occupy all three cells. In other words, when a content display region stretches across two cells and a user adds a row or column between those two cells, the content display region may expand to cover three cells. Conversely, when a content display region borders a row or a column that is added by a user, that content display region may move as its underlying cell is moved with the addition of the row or column, and the content display region may not expand to cover the newly added adjacent cell. 
       FIGS. 9 and 10  illustrate the addition of a new column of cells and its effect on content already displayed in a 3×5 grid of cells  152 . The grid of cells  152  includes two content display regions  154   a  and  154   b . The rest of the cells in the grid may be considered in this example to include no content or content display regions (even though some cells include numbers for purposes of this illustration). In this illustration, a user provides user input to insert a column of cells at the location of bar  155 . This user input may be provided by selecting a user interface element such as element  144   f  ( FIG. 8 ). 
     As a result of user selection of such a column-adding user element, the extra row of cells  156  is added. As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the content display region  154   a  has expanded to cover a width of three cells, since the computing system identified that the inserted row of cells includes a cell within an interior of the content display region  154   a . On the other hand, while the content display region  154   b  continues to cover a width of two cells, the content display region  154   b  has shrunk in width because the addition of the column of cells  156  results in a decreasing width of each other cell in the grid. In other words, the four corners of a content display region may remain pinned to the respective corners of the cells that underlie the content display region (or the content display region may be considered a cell that grows in size). As such, should a user provide input to add a column or row to the side of a content display region (e.g., at the location of bar  158 ), a column or row may be added, but the content display region may not expand to include area that is part of the new column or row. 
     Stated another way, as shown by the transition between  FIGS. 9 and 10 , adding a column of cells between the first and second column of cells causes any content that is contained in cells that stretch across the first and second column to further stretch to cover three columns. Moreover, as shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , each individual cell is reduced in size, such that content in a single cell or content that is stretched across multiple cells (other than content into the interior of which a column is being introduced) will decrease in scale. 
     This addition of a column or row is further illustrated with reference to the data presentation views shown in  FIGS. 11-14 . In some examples, a content display region may present a chart of data values, for example, as a bar chart, a line chart, or various other graphical representations of data values. The computing system may illustrate a single data point per column or row (e.g., with a single bar in a bar graph). Thus, if a user expands a content display area to include an additional row or column of cells, the number of data points that the content display area presents can increase. As an illustration,  FIG. 11  shows a grid of cells  160  that includes content display regions  162   a  and  162   b . As a result of user input that adds a column of cells between columns  1  and  2  (as numbered in the figure), the computing system expands the content display region  162   a  to cover the width of three cells (the width of the two original columns, plus the width of the inserted cell column). This is as described above with respect to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , but in this instance the content presented in content display area  162   a  is graph data, which may result in a presentation that is modified differently than if the content were a static image. 
     For example, the computing system may be configured to display the graph data with a single data point represented within each column, or with each data point represented by a certain width (e.g., a certain number of pixels for each vertical bar). As such, in some implementations, increasing the width of the content display area may permit the computing system to add additional data points to the graph. In the example illustrated in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , the computing system adds an additional bar to correspond to the added column (although in some examples there could have been 6 bars presented in content display area  162   a  in  FIGS. 11 , and 9 bars presented in content display area  162   a  in  FIG. 12 ). The data from which the chart is generated may be a table, spreadsheet, or set of data values that include at least as many values, and maybe more values, than the data points presented by the chart, with the computing system selecting a subset of the values (or averaging sets of the values) in order to generate the representations of the data points in the content display area  162   a . As such, upon expanding the content display area, the computing system may be able to select a larger subset of the values for illustration in the content display area with a greater number of representations of the data points. A similar result may be achieved when user input adds a row through the interior of a content display area in which the graphical bars face side-to-side rather than top-to-bottom. 
       FIGS. 13 and 14  illustrate that the addition of a column that expands a content display area can increase a scale of the representations of the data values (rather than a number of the representations of the data values, as described with respect to  FIGS. 11 and 12 ). For example, because the representations of the data values in  FIG. 13  (e.g., the bars) are presented on their side, there are no additional data values (e.g., bars) to add when a column is added between columns  1  and  2 . Rather, the scale or length of the bars increases. 
       FIG. 15  presents a color selection screen that may be displayed in response to user selection of a “color” user interface element (e.g., element  114   i  in  FIG. 2 ). The color selection screen may present a set of determined color combination options for a cell. As a result of selecting a different set of color combinations, the background and text in the selected cell may change color to match the user selection, as illustrated by content display region  170  in  FIG. 16 . 
       FIG. 17  presents a screen that may be displayed in response to user selection of an edit object type button (e.g., element  114   l  in  FIG. 2 ). As an example, selection of the edit object type button  1141  may cause presentation of user interface elements labelled “Text,” “Column Chart,” “Bar Chart,” Stack Chart,” and “Connector,” which a user is able to select to cause a change in the type of content presented or designated for presentation within the selected cell. For example, if there is already text in the cell and a user selects “Column Chart,” that text may disappear and a column chart may appear. 
     As a further illustration, upon selection of the above-described “connector” interface element, the computing system may present the user interface shown in  FIG. 17 . A user may select any combination of segments  182   a - l  cause those segments to appear within the designated content selection area. For example,  FIG. 18  shows a bar extending across the content presentation area that results from user selection of segments  182   i  and  182   k . The displayed bars may be solid, even though the segments  182   a - l  in  FIG. 17  are shown with unshaded areas to designate the separation between the segments  182   a - l . Some segments (e.g., those on the periphery of the content display region) may be shared with the adjacent cells or content display regions, and thus may modifiable through the user interaction with multiple cells or content display regions. In some examples, the segments may be added to create a border around other content (e.g., an image) within a content display area. 
       FIG. 19  shows a flowchart for performing operations to generate a user interface. 
     At box  1910 , a computing system presents multiple cells that are arranged in a multi-dimensional grid of cells. For example, a computing system may display the user interface that is presented in  FIG. 1 . 
     At box  1915 , the computing system displays content in a first cell of the multiple cells without displaying the content in a second cell of the multiple cells. For example, the computing system may display the image  116  ( FIG. 2 ) in cell  108   c  without displaying the image (or any portion thereof) in any of the adjoining cells. 
     At box  1920 , the computing system presents a first user interface element that is to expand the display of the content from the first cell to both the first cell and the second cell. For example, the computing system may display the elements  120   a - b  ( FIG. 3 ). In some examples, the first user interface element is presented as a result of a user selecting the cell (e.g., by clicking on cell  108   c  in  FIG. 1 ), then selecting the image icon  114   j  that appears in the bar  112 , and then providing input that selects a particular image. 
     At box  1925 , the computing system receives first user input that selects the first user interface element. For example, a user may click or touch one or more of the elements  120   a - b  ( FIG. 3 ). 
     At box  1930 , the computing system displays the content in the first cell and the second cell. For example, the image  116  may now display in both cells  108   c  and  108   f  in response to user selection of element  120   b  ( FIG. 3 ).  FIG. 3  illustrates the result when a user has expanded the content display area for the image to four cells. 
     At box  1935 , the computing system receives user input that manipulates a position of the image with respect to a content display area (e.g., a single cell, or a collection of multiple cells) in which the image is displayed, and in response the computing system changes from presenting a portion of the image in the content display area to presenting a different portion of the image in the content display area. For example, in  FIG. 6 , a user provides input to reposition the portion of the image that is displayed within a particular display area (which may cover one cell or which may cover multiple cells). 
     At box  1940 , the computing system displays a user interface element to reduce the display of the content from both the first cell and the second cell to the first cell without display in the second cell. For example, the computing system may display elements  124   a - d  ( FIG. 4 ). 
     At box  1945 , the computing system receives user input that selects the user interface element to reduce the display of the content. For example, the computing system may receive user input that selects one or more of display elements  124   a - d.    
     At box  1950 , the computing system displays content in the first cell without displaying the content in the second cell. For example, the computing system may display content in just a single cell, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
       FIG. 20  shows a flowchart for performing operations to generate a user interface. 
     At box  2010 , the computing system displays a user interface element to add a row or column of additional cells to the multi-dimensional grid of cells. For example, the computing system may display the screen of  FIG. 8 , and receive user input that selects one of the “+” elements (e.g., element  144   f ). 
     At box  2020 , the computing system receives user input that selects the element, for example, by selecting the element with a mouse cursor or by touching the element on a touchscreen. 
     At box  2030 , the computing system identifies that the added row or column is to separate two cells across which content is not displayed. For example, with reference to  FIG. 9 , the computing system may identify that the column is to be added at the location of bar  155 , and that there is no content displayed across the cells that are identified as  1  and  2 . 
     At box  2040 , the computing system identifies that the added row or column is to separate two cells across which content is displayed. For example, with reference to  FIG. 9 , the computing system may identify that the column is to be added at the location of bar  155 , and that there is content displayed between each of the pairs of cells beneath the cells identified as  1  and  2 . 
     At box  2050 , the computing system presents the grid of cells with the row or column added. For example,  FIG. 10  shows that a column of cells has been added at the location of bar  155  in  FIG. 9 . The added column may include a blank or new cell between the two cells across which content was not displayed. For example, the cell between cells “ 1 ” and “ 2 ” is blank or new (in other words, it may not contain previously user-specified content, such as content that was specified by a user for inclusion in either of the adjacent cells). The added column may include a cell between two cells across which content was previously displayed, and include in that cell the content that was displayed across the two cells. For example, the cell that is added within display region  154   a  includes the shading and a portion of the text that was previously presented within display region  154   a.    
       FIG. 21  presents a block diagram of computing devices  2100 ,  2150  that may be used to implement the systems and methods described in this document, as either a client or as a server or plurality of servers. Computing device  2100  is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers. Computing device  2150  is intended to represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smartphones, and other similar computing devices. The components shown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to be examples only, and are not meant to limit implementations described and/or claimed in this document. 
     Computing device  2100  includes a processor  2102 , memory  2104 , a storage device  2106 , a high-speed interface  2108  connecting to memory  2104  and high-speed expansion ports  2110 , and a low speed interface  2112  connecting to low speed bus  2114  and storage device  2106 . Each of the components  2102 ,  2104 ,  2106 ,  2108 ,  2110 , and  2112 , are interconnected using various busses, and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. The processor  2102  can process instructions for execution within the computing device  2100 , including instructions stored in the memory  2104  or on the storage device  2106  to display graphical information for a GUI on an external input/output device, such as display  2116  coupled to high-speed interface  2108 . In other implementations, multiple processors and/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices  2100  may be connected, with each device providing portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system). 
     The memory  2104  stores information within the computing device  2100 . In one implementation, the memory  2104  is a volatile memory unit or units. In another implementation, the memory  2104  is a non-volatile memory unit or units. The memory  2104  may also be another form of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk. 
     The storage device  2106  is capable of providing mass storage for the computing device  2100 . In one implementation, the storage device  2106  may be or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices in a storage area network or other configurations. A computer program product can be tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product may also contain instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The information carrier is a computer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory  2104 , the storage device  2106 , or memory on processor  2102 . 
     The high-speed controller  2108  manages bandwidth-intensive operations for the computing device  2100 , while the low speed controller  2112  manages lower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of functions is by way of example only. In one implementation, the high-speed controller  2108  is coupled to memory  2104 , display  2116  (e.g., through a graphics processor or accelerator), and to high-speed expansion ports  2110 , which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, low-speed controller  2112  is coupled to storage device  2106  and low-speed expansion port  2114 . The low-speed expansion port, which may include various communication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet) may be coupled to one or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking device such as a switch or router, e.g., through a network adapter. 
     The computing device  2100  may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a standard server  2120 , or multiple times in a group of such servers. It may also be implemented as part of a rack server system  2124 . In addition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptop computer  2122 . Alternatively, components from computing device  2100  may be combined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), such as device  2150 . Each of such devices may contain one or more of computing device  2100 ,  2150 , and an entire system may be made up of multiple computing devices  2100 ,  2150  communicating with each other. 
     Computing device  2150  includes a processor  2152 , memory  2164 , an input/output device such as a display  2154 , a communication interface  2166 , and a transceiver  2168 , among other components. The device  2150  may also be provided with a storage device, such as a microdrive or other device, to provide additional storage. Each of the components  2150 ,  2152 ,  2164 ,  2154 ,  2166 , and  2168 , are interconnected using various buses, and several of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. 
     The processor  2152  can execute instructions within the computing device  2150 , including instructions stored in the memory  2164 . The processor may be implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate and multiple analog and digital processors. Additionally, the processor may be implemented using any of a number of architectures. For example, the processor  2152  may be a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) processor, a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processor, or a MISC (Minimal Instruction Set Computer) processor. The processor may provide, for example, for coordination of the other components of the device  2150 , such as control of user interfaces, applications run by device  2150 , and wireless communication by device  2150 . 
     Processor  2152  may communicate with a user through control interface  2158  and display interface  2156  coupled to a display  2154 . The display  2154  may be, for example, a TFT (Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) display or an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display, or other appropriate display technology. The display interface  2156  may comprise appropriate circuitry for driving the display  2154  to present graphical and other information to a user. The control interface  2158  may receive commands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor  2152 . In addition, an external interface  2162  may be provided in communication with processor  2152 , so as to enable near area communication of device  2150  with other devices. External interface  2162  may provide, for example, for wired communication in some implementations, or for wireless communication in other implementations, and multiple interfaces may also be used. 
     The memory  2164  stores information within the computing device  2150 . The memory  2164  can be implemented as one or more of a computer-readable medium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatile memory unit or units. Expansion memory  2174  may also be provided and connected to device  2150  through expansion interface  2172 , which may include, for example, a SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module) card interface. Such expansion memory  2174  may provide extra storage space for device  2150 , or may also store applications or other information for device  2150 . Specifically, expansion memory  2174  may include instructions to carry out or supplement the processes described above, and may include secure information also. Thus, for example, expansion memory  2174  may be provided as a security module for device  2150 , and may be programmed with instructions that permit secure use of device  2150 . In addition, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards, along with additional information, such as placing identifying information on the SIMM card in a non-hackable manner. 
     The memory may include, for example, flash memory and/or NVRAM memory, as discussed below. In one implementation, a computer program product is tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product contains instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The information carrier is a computer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory  2164 , expansion memory  2174 , or memory on processor  2152  that may be received, for example, over transceiver  2168  or external interface  2162 . 
     Device  2150  may communicate wirelessly through communication interface  2166 , which may include digital signal processing circuitry where necessary. Communication interface  2166  may provide for communications under various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls, SMS, EMS, or MMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, or GPRS, among others. Such communication may occur, for example, through radio-frequency transceiver  2168 . In addition, short-range communication may occur, such as using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other such transceiver (not shown). In addition, GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver module  2170  may provide additional navigation- and location-related wireless data to device  2150 , which may be used as appropriate by applications running on device  2150 . 
     Device  2150  may also communicate audibly using audio codec  2160 , which may receive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digital information. Audio codec  2160  may likewise generate audible sound for a user, such as through a speaker, e.g., in a handset of device  2150 . Such sound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recorded sound (e.g., voice messages, music files, etc.) and may also include sound generated by applications operating on device  2150 . 
     The computing device  2150  may be implemented in a number of different forms, some of which are shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a cellular telephone  2180 . It may also be implemented as part of a smartphone  2182 , personal digital assistant, or other similar mobile device. 
     Additionally computing device  2100  or  2150  can include Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drives. The USB flash drives may store operating systems and other applications. The USB flash drives can include input/output components, such as a wireless transmitter or USB connector that may be inserted into a USB port of another computing device. 
     Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various implementations can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. 
     These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium” refer to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniques described here can be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor) for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. 
     The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a data server), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the systems and techniques described here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, or front end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), peer-to-peer networks (having ad-hoc or static members), grid computing infrastructures, and the Internet. 
     The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. 
     Although a few implementations have been described in detail above, other modifications are possible. Moreover, other mechanisms for performing the systems and methods described in this document may be used. In addition, the logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. Other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.