Patent Publication Number: US-11652597-B2

Title: Determining phase tracking reference signals in multiple transmission points

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/405,263 filed on Aug. 18, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/106,684 filed on Nov. 30, 2020, issued as U.S. patent Ser. No. 11/128,428 on Sep. 21, 2021, which is a continuation of PCT International Application No. PCT/SE2020/050988 filed on Oct. 16, 2020, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/932,779 filed on Nov. 8, 2019, the disclosures and content of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to communications, and more particularly to communication methods and related devices and nodes supporting wireless communications. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The new generation mobile wireless communication system (5G) or new radio (NR) supports a diverse set of use cases and a diverse set of deployment scenarios. NR uses CP-OFDM (Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) in the downlink (i.e. from a network node, gNB, eNB, or base station) to a communication device (e.g., user equipment or UE) and both CP-OFDM and DFT-spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) in the uplink (i.e. from communication device to gNB). In the time domain, NR downlink and uplink physical resources are organized into equally-sized subframes of 1 ms each. A subframe is further divided into multiple slots of equal duration. 
     The slot length depends on subcarrier spacing. For subcarrier spacing of Δf=15 kHz, there is only one slot per subframe, and each slot consists of 14 OFDM symbols, irrespectively of the subcarrier spacing. 
     Typical data scheduling in NR are per slot basis, an example is shown in  FIG.  1    where the first two symbols contain physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and the remaining 12 symbols contains physical data channel (PDCH), either a PDSCH (physical downlink data channel) or PUSCH (physical uplink data channel). 
     Different subcarrier spacing values are supported in NR. The supported subcarrier spacing (SCS) values (also referred to as different numerologies) are given by Δf=(15×2{circumflex over ( )}α) kHz where α∈(0,1,2,4,8). Δf=15 kHz is the basic subcarrier spacing that is also used in LTE, the corresponding slot duration is 1 ms. For a given SCS, the corresponding slot duration is 1/(2{circumflex over ( )}α) ms. 
     In the frequency domain physical resource definition, a system bandwidth is divided into resource blocks (RBs), each corresponding to 12 contiguous subcarriers. The basic NR physical time-frequency resource grid is illustrated in  FIG.  2   , where only one resource block (RB) within a 14-symbol slot is shown. One OFDM subcarrier during one OFDM symbol interval forms one resource element (RE). 
     Downlink transmissions can be dynamically scheduled, i.e., in each slot the gNB transmits downlink control information (DCI) over PDCCH about which communication device data is to be transmitted to and which RBs and OFDM symbols in the scheduled downlink slot the data is transmitted on. PDCCH is typically transmitted in the first one or two OFDM symbols in each slot in NR. The communication device data are carried on PDSCH. A communication device first detects and decodes PDCCH and if the decoding is successful, it then decodes the corresponding PDSCH based on the decoded control information in the PDCCH. 
     Time Domain Resource Allocation 
     When the communication device is scheduled to receive PDSCH by a DCI, the Time domain resource assignment (TDRA) field value m of the DCI provides a row index m+1 to an allocation table. The determination of the used resource allocation table is defined in sub-clause 5.1.2.1.1 of 3GPP TS 38.214 v15.6.0. When a DCI is detected in a communication device specific search space for PDCCH, the PDSCH time domain resource allocation is according to a radio resource control (RRC) configured TDRA list by an RRC parameter pdsch-TimeDomainAllocationList provided in a communication device specific PDSCH configuration, pdsch-Config. Each TDRA entry in the TDRA list defines a slot offset K 0  between the PDSCH and the PDCCH scheduling the PDSCH, a start and length indicator SLIV, and the PDSCH mapping type (either Type A or Type B) to be assumed in the PDSCH reception. 
     Demodulation Reference Signals (DMRSs) and Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI) State 
     Demodulation reference signals (DMRSs) are used for coherent demodulation of physical layer data channels, PDSCH (DL) and PUSCH (UL), as well as of physical layer downlink control channel PDCCH. The DM-RS is confined to resource blocks carrying the associated physical layer data channel and is mapped on allocated resource elements (REs) of the OFDM time-frequency grid in NR such that the receiver can efficiently handle time/frequency-selective fading radio channels. A PDSCH or PUSCH can have one or multiple DMRS, each associated with an antenna port. Thus, a DMRS is also referred to a DMRS port. 
     Several signals can be transmitted from different antenna ports of the same base station. These signals can have the same large-scale properties, for instance in terms of Doppler shift/spread, average delay spread, or average delay, when measured at the receiver. These antenna ports are then said to be quasi co-located (QCL). The network can then signal to the communication device that two antenna ports are QCL. If the communication device knows that two antenna ports are QCL with respect to a certain parameter (e.g. Doppler spread), the communication device can estimate that parameter based on a reference signal transmitted to one of the antenna ports and use that estimate when receiving another reference signal or physical channel the other antenna port. Typically, the first antenna port is represented by a measurement reference signal such as a channel-state information reference signal (CSI-RS) (known as source RS) and the second antenna port is a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) (known as target RS) for PDSCH or PDCCH reception. 
     In NR, a QCL relationship between a DMRS port in PDSCH and other reference signals is described by a TCI state. A communication device can be configured through RRC signalling with M TCI states, where M is up to 128 in frequency range 2 (FR2) for the purpose of PDSCH reception and up to 8 in FR1, depending on communication device capability. Each TCI state contains QCL information. 
     A communication device can be dynamically signaled one or two TCI states in the TCI field in a DCI scheduling a PDSCH. 
     Phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) 
     In NR, phase tracking reference signals (PT-RS) have been introduced for downlink and uplink and multiple different RS densities in time and frequency are supported. 
     The PT-RS resource elements are mapped to a single subcarrier in every K PT-RS :th scheduled resource block where K PT-RS =2,4. So the inverse frequency density is every K PT-RS :th scheduled resource block. Note that a resource block has 12 subcarriers. 
     Table 1 shows an example of a table that determines the inverse frequency density to use for PT-RS, depending on the scheduled bandwidth. Hence, if the communication device is scheduled a PDSCH bandwidth N PRB  between ptrsthRB1&lt;=N PRB &lt;ptrsthRB2 then PT-RS is present in every 2nd RB, i.e. K PT-RS =2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Rel.15 NR inverse frequency density of PT-RS 
               
               
                 as a function of scheduled PDSCH bandwidth 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Scheduled bandwidth 
                 Inverse frequency density (K PT-RS ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N PRB  &lt; ptrsthRB0 
                 PT-RS is not present 
               
               
                 ptrsthRB0 &lt;= N PRB  &lt; ptrsthRB1 
                 present on every 2nd PRB 
               
               
                 ptrsthRB1 &lt;= N PRB   
                 present on every 4th PRB 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The network can signal to the communication device using RRC signaling, the scheduling bandwidth thresholds in such table, e.g. ptrsthRBn, n=0,1, per configured bandwidth part to adapt to phase noise characteristics of the transmitter and receiver. 
     Furthermore, when PTRS is configured to be present or not by a RRC parameter and if configured to be present, then PTRS can be present in every 2nd RB by default, unless DL/UL density tables thresholds are explicitly configured by RRC. 
     Furthermore, if two thresholds are configured as equal, then the associated density is not used at all (disabled). For example, in Table 1 below, if ptrsthRB0=ptrsthRB1 in the RRC configuration of thresholds, then “present on every 2nd RB” is not used for this communication device. Moreover, if ptrsthRB0=1, then PT-RS may always be present since the “PT-RS is not present” field can never be selected as the scheduled bandwidth must be positive. In addition, if ptrsthRB1=273, the maximal scheduling bandwidth (BW) in NR, for the last row of the table, then that row cannot be selected, i.e. that density is disabled. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to some embodiments of inventive concepts, a method for a UE in a multiple transmission points communication system, mTRP, scheme, is provided. The method includes receiving a higher layer configuration of a mTRP scheme. The method further includes receiving downlink control information, DCI, indicating a first and a second Transmission Configuration Indicator, TCI, state in one Code Division Multiplexing, CDM, group for a scheduled data transmission on physical resource blocks, PRBs. The PRBs includes at least a first subset of PRBs, associated with the first TCI state, and a second subset of PRBs, associated with the second TCI state. The method further includes determining a first Phase Tracking Reference Signal, PT-RS, frequency density for the first subset of PRBs based on the number of PRBs in the first subset of PRBs and a second PT-RS frequency density for the second subset of PRBs based on the number of PRBs in the second subset of PRBs. 
     According to some embodiments of inventive concepts, a UE operable in a multiple transmission points communication system, mTRP, scheme, is provided. The UE includes a transceiver and processing circuitry configured to receive a higher layer configuration of a mTRP scheme and to receive downlink control information, DCI, indicating a first and a second Transmission Configuration Indicator, TCI, state in one Code Division Multiplexing, CDM, group for a scheduled data transmission on physical resource blocks, PRBs. The PRBs includes at least a first subset of PRBs, associated with the first TCI state, and a second subset of PRBs, associated with the second TCI state. The transceiver and processing circuitry are further configured to determine a first Phase Tracking Reference Signal, PT-RS, frequency density for the first subset of PRBs based on the number of PRBs in the first subset of PRBs and a second PT-RS frequency density for the second subset of PRBs based on the number of PRBs in the second subset of PRBs. 
     According to some embodiments of inventive concepts, a method for a base station in a multiple transmission points communication system, mTRP, scheme, is provided. The method includes transmitting a higher layer configuration of a mTRP scheme. The method further includes transmitting downlink control information, DCI, indicating a first and a second Transmission Configuration Indicator, TCI, state in one Code Division Multiplexing, CDM, group for a scheduled data transmission on physical resource blocks, PRBs. The PRBs includes at least a first subset of PRBs, associated with the first TCI state, and a second subset of PRBs, associated with the second TCI state. The PT-RS frequency density for the first set of PRBs is obtainable based on the number of PRBs in the first set of PRBs and a PT-RS frequency density for the second set of PRBs is obtainable based on the number of PRBs in the second set of PRBs. 
     According to some embodiments of inventive concepts, a base station in a multiple transmission points communication system, mTRP, scheme, is provided. The base station includes a transceiver and processing circuitry configured to transmit a higher layer configuration of a mTRP scheme and to transmit a downlink control information, DCI, indicating a first and a second Transmission Configuration Indicator, TCI, state in one Code Division Multiplexing, CDM, group for a scheduled data transmission on physical resource blocks, PRBs. The PRBs includes at least a first subset of PRBs, associated with the first TCI state, and a second subset of PRBs, associated with the second TCI state. The PT-RS frequency density for the first set of PRBs is obtainable based on the number of PRBs in the first set of PRBs and a PT-RS frequency density for the second set of PRBs is obtainable based on the number of PRBs in the second set of PRBs. 
     Corresponding embodiments of inventive concepts for computer products, and computer programs are also provided. 
     An advantage provided by the inventive concepts is that the inverse frequency density is correctly determined for multiple transmission points to a communication device leading to enhanced performance when receiving PDSCH in the presence of phase noise. 
     The inventive concepts provide a solution to the problem of determining an inverse frequency density for FDM schemes 2a and  2   b  with multiple transmission points since the inverse frequency density depends on the scheduling bandwidth for a single transmission point transmission. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate certain non-limiting embodiments of inventive concepts. In the drawings: 
         FIG.  1    is an illustration of a NR time-domain structure with 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; 
         FIG.  2    is an illustration of a NR physical resource grid; 
         FIG.  3    is an illustration of an example of data transmission over multiple TRPs for increasing reliability according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  4    is an illustration of an example of FDM Scheme 2a according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  5    is an illustration of an example of FDM Scheme 2b according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    is an illustration of using a single PTRS port for Schemes 2a or 2b with PRG size of 2 or 4 RBs according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  7    is an illustration of using two PTRS ports for Schemes 2a or 2b with PRG size of 2 or 4 RBs according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  8    is an illustration of an example of PTRS RB allocation in Scheme 2a with K PT-RS =4 and PRG size of 4 RBs according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  9    is an illustration of an example of PTRS for scheme 2a with {circumflex over (K)} PT-RS =└K PT-RS /2┘, K PT-RS =4 and PRG size of 4 RBs according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  10    is an illustration of an example of PT-RS present every 4th PRB when the PRG size is 2 and PDSCH scheduled from two TRPs associated with two TCI states according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  11    is an illustration of an example of PT-RS present every 2nd PRB when the PRG size is 2 and PDSCH scheduled from two TRPs associated with two TCI states according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  12    is a block diagram illustrating a communication device according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  13    is a block diagram illustrating a radio access network RAN node (e.g., a base station eNB/gNB) according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  14    is a block diagram illustrating a core network CN node (e.g., an AMF node, an SMF node, etc.) according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  15    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a communications device according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  16    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a RAN node according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  17    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a communications device according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  18    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a RAN node according to some embodiments of inventive concepts; 
         FIG.  19    illustratively shows different K values suitable for different slot formats; 
         FIG.  20    illustratively shows different K values suitable for the same slot format when different L values are used; 
         FIG.  21    is a block diagram of a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  22    is a block diagram of a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments 
         FIG.  23    is a block diagram of a virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  24    is a block diagram of a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  25    is a block diagram of a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  26    is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  27    is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  28    is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments; and 
         FIG.  29    is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Inventive concepts will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which examples of embodiments of inventive concepts are shown. 
     Inventive concepts may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of present inventive concepts to those skilled in the art. It should also be noted that these embodiments are not mutually exclusive. Components from one embodiment may be tacitly assumed to be present/used in another embodiment. 
     The following description presents various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. These embodiments are presented as teaching examples and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosed subject matter. For example, certain details of the described embodiments may be modified, omitted, or expanded upon without departing from the scope of the described subject matter. 
       FIG.  12    is a block diagram illustrating elements of a communication device  1200  (also referred to as a mobile terminal, a mobile communication terminal, a wireless communication device, a wireless terminal, mobile device, a wireless communication terminal, user equipment, UE, a user equipment node/terminal/device, etc.) configured to provide wireless communication according to embodiments of inventive concepts. (Communication device  1200  may be provided, for example, as discussed below with respect to wireless device  4110  of  FIG.  21   .) As shown, the communication device may include an antenna  1207  (e.g., corresponding to antenna  4111  of  FIG.  21   ), and transceiver circuitry  1201  (also referred to as a transceiver, e.g., corresponding to interface  4114  of  FIG.  21   ) including a transmitter and a receiver configured to provide uplink and downlink radio communications with a base station(s) (e.g., corresponding to network node  4160  of  FIG.  21   , also referred to as a RAN node) of a radio access network. The communication device  1200  may also include processing circuitry  1203  (also referred to as a processor, e.g., corresponding to processing circuitry  4120  of  FIG.  21   ) coupled to the transceiver circuitry, and memory circuitry  1205  (also referred to as memory, e.g., corresponding to device readable medium  4130  of  FIG.  21   ) coupled to the processing circuitry. The memory circuitry  1205  may include computer readable program code that when executed by the processing circuitry  1203  causes the processing circuitry to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, processing circuitry  1203  may be defined to include memory so that separate memory circuitry is not required. The communication device  1200  may also include an interface (such as a user interface) coupled with processing circuitry  1203 , and/or wireless device UE may be incorporated in a vehicle. 
     As discussed herein, operations of communication device  1200  may be performed by processing circuitry  1203  and/or transceiver circuitry  1201 . For example, processing circuitry  1203  may control transceiver circuitry  1201  to transmit communications through transceiver circuitry  1201  over a radio interface to a radio access network node (also referred to as a base station) and/or to receive communications through transceiver circuitry  1201  from a RAN node over a radio interface. Moreover, modules may be stored in memory circuitry  1205 , and these modules may provide instructions so that when instructions of a module are executed by processing circuitry  1203 , processing circuitry  1203  performs respective operations (e.g., operations discussed below with respect to Example Embodiments relating to communication devices). 
       FIG.  13    is a block diagram illustrating elements of a radio access network RAN node  1300  (also referred to as a network node, base station, eNodeB/eNB, gNodeB/gNB, etc.) of a Radio Access Network (RAN) configured to provide cellular communication according to embodiments of inventive concepts. (RAN node  1300  may be provided, for example, as discussed below with respect to network node  4160  of  FIG.  21   .) As shown, the RAN node  1300  may include transceiver circuitry  1301  (also referred to as a transceiver, e.g., corresponding to portions of interface  4190  of  FIG.  21   ) including a transmitter and a receiver configured to provide uplink and downlink radio communications with mobile terminals. The RAN node may include network interface circuitry  1307  (also referred to as a network interface, e.g., corresponding to portions of interface  4190  of  FIG.  21   ) configured to provide communications with other nodes (e.g., with other base stations) of the RAN and/or core network CN. The network node  1300  may also include processing circuitry  1303  (also referred to as a processor, e.g., corresponding to processing circuitry  4170 ) coupled to the transceiver circuitry, and memory circuitry  1305  (also referred to as memory, e.g., corresponding to device readable medium  4180  of  FIG.  21   ) coupled to the processing circuitry. The memory circuitry  1305  may include computer readable program code that when executed by the processing circuitry  1303  causes the processing circuitry to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, processing circuitry  1303  may be defined to include memory so that a separate memory circuitry is not required. 
     As discussed herein, operations of the RAN node  1300  may be performed by processing circuitry  103 , network interface  1307 , and/or transceiver  1301 . For example, processing circuitry  1303  may control transceiver  1301  to transmit downlink communications through transceiver  1301  over a radio interface to one or more communication devices and/or to receive uplink communications through transceiver  1301  from one or more communication devices over a radio interface. Similarly, processing circuitry  1303  may control network interface  1307  to transmit communications through network interface  1307  to one or more other network nodes and/or to receive communications through network interface from one or more other network nodes. Moreover, modules may be stored in memory  1305 , and these modules may provide instructions so that when instructions of a module are executed by processing circuitry  1303 , processing circuitry  1303  performs respective operations (e.g., operations discussed below with respect to Example Embodiments relating to RAN nodes). 
     According to some other embodiments, a network node may be implemented as a core network CN node  1400  without a transceiver. In such embodiments, transmission to a communication device may be initiated by the network node so that transmission to the communication device is provided through a network node including a transceiver (e.g., through a base station or RAN node). According to embodiments where the network node is a RAN node including a transceiver, initiating transmission may include transmitting through the transceiver. 
       FIG.  14    is a block diagram illustrating elements of a core network CN node (e.g., an SMF node, an AMF node, etc.) of a communication network configured to provide cellular communication according to embodiments of inventive concepts. As shown, the CN node may include network interface circuitry  1407  (also referred to as a network interface) configured to provide communications with other nodes of the core network and/or the radio access network RAN. The CN node may also include a processing circuitry  1403  (also referred to as a processor) coupled to the network interface circuitry, and memory circuitry  1405  (also referred to as memory) coupled to the processing circuitry. The memory circuitry  1405  may include computer readable program code that when executed by the processing circuitry  1403  causes the processing circuitry to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, processing circuitry  1403  may be defined to include memory so that a separate memory circuitry is not required. 
     As discussed herein, operations of the CN node may be performed by processing circuitry  1403  and/or network interface circuitry  1407 . For example, processing circuitry  1403  may control network interface circuitry  1407  to transmit communications through network interface circuitry  1407  to one or more other network nodes and/or to receive communications through network interface circuitry from one or more other network nodes. Moreover, modules may be stored in memory  1405 , and these modules may provide instructions so that when instructions of a module are executed by processing circuitry  1403 , processing circuitry  1403  performs respective operations (e.g., operations discussed below with respect to Example Embodiments relating to core network nodes). 
     Reliable data transmission with multiple panels or multiple transmission points (TRPs) has been proposed in 3GPP for Rel-16, in which a data packet may be transmitted over multiple TRPs (multi-TRP) to achieve diversity. An example is shown in  FIG.  3   , where the two PDSCHs carry the same encoded data payload but with the same or different redundancy versions (RVs) so that the UE can do soft combining of the two PDSCHs to achieve more reliable reception. The two PDSCHs can be frequency division multiplexed (FDM) in a same slot, or time division multiplexed (TDM) in different slots or mini-slots within a slot. 
     Different schemes have been identified in 3GPP for PDSCH transmissions from multiple TRPs, including, for example, Scheme 2a and Scheme 2b as defined below:
         Scheme 2 (FDM): two TCI states within a single slot, with non-overlapped frequency resource allocation.
           Each non-overlapped frequency resource allocation is associated with one TCI state.   Same single/multiple DMRS port(s) are associated with all non-overlapped frequency resource allocations.   Scheme 2a:
               Single codeword with one RV is used across full resource allocation. From UE perspective, the common RB mapping (codeword to layer mapping as in Rel-15) is applied across full resource allocation.   
               Scheme 2b:
               Single codeword with one RV is used for each non-overlapped frequency resource allocation. The RVs corresponding to each non-overlapped frequency resource allocation can be the same or different.   
               
               

     The scheduled bandwidth can be divided into odd and even groups of adjacent RBs, known as precoding resource block groups (PRGs). For example TRP1 may be using odd PRGs and TRP2 may be using even PRGs (or vice versa). In specification language, TCI state #1/#2 is associated with reception in even/odd PRGs respectively. The PRG size can be 2 or 4 resource blocks (RBs) where a RB consists of 12 subcarriers. One exception is that PRG size can also be configured as wideband. When PRG size is configured as wideband, the first half of the scheduled bandwidth for PDSCH may be assigned to TCI state #1 (i.e. TRP1) and second half of the scheduled bandwidth for PDSCH may be assigned to TCI state #2 (i.e., TRP2). 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an example of a FDM scheme with a single CW (Scheme 2a) in which a PDSCH is scheduled in a bandwidth of 11 PRGs and is transmitted in PRG #1,3,5,7,9 from TRP1 and PRG #0,2,4,6,8,10 from TRP2. In this example, the 1st TCI state is associated with TRP2 and the 2nd TCI state is associated with TRP1. 
       FIG.  5    shows the corresponding example of FDM scheme 2b with 2 CWs (2 PDSCH) in which PDSCH #1 with CW #1 is transmitted in PRG #1,3,5,7,9 from TRP1 and PDSCH #2 with CW #2 is transmitted in PRG #0,2,4,6,8,10 from TRP2. In this example, the 1st TCI state is associated with TRP2 and the 2nd TCI state is associated with TRP1. Both PDSCH #1 and PDSCH #2 are for a same transport block, TB and may have a same RV or different RVs. 
     The PT-RS inverse frequency density K PT-RS  depends on the scheduling bandwidth for single TRP transmission (as in Rel.15). In previous systems, a problem is how to determine K PT-RS  for the case of FDM Scheme 2a and FDM Scheme 2b with multi-TRP. 
     According to some embodiments of inventive concepts, in scheme 2a and/or 2b, the value used for the scheduled bandwidth N PRB  when determining K PT-RS  from Table 1 is a function of X, for example ceil(X/2), where X is the total number of scheduled resource blocks in the scheme 2a and/or 2b resource allocation as indicated by DCI. One advantage is that the PT-RS density is correctly assigned also for multi-TRP transmissions leading to enhanced performance when receiving PDSCH from different TRPs in the presence of phase noise. 
     In Scheme 2a and 2b, each PRG is utilized for transmission by one of the two TRPs only (i.e., each PRG is associated with only one of the two TCI states indicated in DCI). Also, the DM-RS ports are from one CDM group only according to agreement with a comb-based frequency allocation transmission, divided into odd and even PRGs (except in the case of wideband PRG, in which case two continuous chunks or RBs are used per TRP). The same DM-RS port number(s) is used in the odd and even PRGs, hence there is no need to configure two PT-RS ports in scheme 2a and 2b. 
     In Scheme 2a and 2b, in one embodiment, a single PT-RS port is used. If two PT-RS ports have been configured (in case dynamic switching between schemes, e.g., between scheme 1a (in which two PT-RS ports are needed) and scheme 2a/2b, is supported), then only the PT-RS port associated with the lowest index DM-RS port is transmitted. An example is shown in  FIG.  6   , where 11 PRGs are allocated for PDSCH. PTRS port #0 in PRG #1,3,5,7,9 is transmitted from TRP 1 and PTRS port #0 in PRG #0,2,4,6,8,10 is transmitted from TRP2. In an alternative embodiment, two PT-RS ports are used but only one of the port is transmitted in any given PRG hence even numbered PRGs transmit one PT-RS port while odd numbered PRG transmit the alternative PT-RS port. The UE thus receive only one PT-RS port per RB (or PRG). An example is shown in  FIG.  7    where two PTRS ports are used. PTRS port #0 is only transmitted in PRG #1,3,5,7,9 from TRP 1 while PTRS port #1 is only transmitted in PRG #0,2,4,6,8,10 from TRP2 
     In scheme 2a, the communication device should not assume that the communication device can use the PT-RS transmissions (i.e. the PT-RS in those subcarriers) from PDSCH PRG associated with different TCI states in a joint manner, when using PT-RS for tracking the phase. Hence, phase tracking may need to be estimated for each of the two groups of odd and even PRG separately. (Or the lower and higher set of RB in case of wideband PRG configuration). The communication device thus performs phase tracking on the PT-RS received in the odd PRG to demodulate the PDSCH (or part of the PDSCH) received in the odd PRGs. 
     In scheme 2a a single PDSCH is scheduled, but only half of the frequency domain PT-RS samples in an OFDM symbol containing the PDSCH can be used for phase tracking, for the PDSCH received on the same PRGs as the PT-RS associated with each TCI state, as explained above. An example is shown in  FIG.  8   , which is an example of PTRS RB allocation in Scheme 2a with K PT-RS =4 and PRG size of 4 RBs. Here, a total of 6 PRGs are scheduled but due to the use of two TRPs, only three PRGs are allocated for each TRP and three samples are available for the PT-RS reception of the transmission from one TRP. 
     Thus, the number of PT-RS samples in frequency may be too low for good performance To compensate for this loss, the PT-RS density may be increased when PDSCH of Scheme 2a is scheduled. 
     For example, in scheme 2a, the determined K PT-RS  from Table 5.1.6.3-2 in 3GPP TS 38.214 v15.6.0 may be modified such that the modified PT-RS density {circumflex over (K)} PT-RS  is used for the scheduled PDSCH. For example, the inverse frequency density may be modified as {circumflex over (K)} PT-RS =└αK PT-RS ┘ where α can be ½ or ⅓ as typical values. Another example on how to modify the inverse frequency density is {circumflex over (K)} PT-RS =K PT-RS −1. Table 5.1.6.3-2 of 3GPP TS 38.214 v15.6.0 is reproduced below where N RB0  and N RB1  are threshold values as discussed above with respect to Table 1. 
                                             Scheduled bandwidth   Frequency density (K PT-RS )                          N RB  &lt; N RB0     PT-RS is not present           N RB0  ≤ N RB  &lt; N RB1     2           N RB1  ≤ N RB     4                        
3GPP TS38.214 Table 5.1.6.3-2: Frequency density of PT-RS as a function of scheduled bandwidth
 
     An example with {circumflex over (K)} PT-RS =└K PT-RS /2┘ is shown in  FIG.  9    for the same PTRS configuration as in  FIG.  8   .  FIG.  9    illustrates an example of PTRS for scheme 2a with {circumflex over (K)} PT-RS =└K PT-RS /2┘, K PT-RS =4 and PRG size of 4 RBs. 
     In another embodiment, when scheme 2a is signaled, the scheduled bandwidth, N RB , in Table 1 (corresponding to Table 5.1.6.3-2 of 3GPP TS 38.214 v15.6.0, which is reproduced below) for PTRS frequency density configuration is defined as the number of RBs associated with the first TCI state (or equivalently the second could also be the choice) indicated in a DCI. For the example shown in  FIG.  8   , N RB =12 would be used instead of N RB =24. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Scheduled bandwidth 
                 Frequency density (K PT-RS ) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 N RB  &lt; N RB0   
                 PT-RS is not present 
               
               
                   
                 N RB0  ≤ N RB  &lt; N RB1   
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 N RB1  ≤ N RB   
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     3GPP TS 38.214 Table 5.1.6.3-2: Frequency density of PT-RS as a function of scheduled bandwidth 
     Alternatively, in scheme 2a, the value used for the bandwidth N RB  when determining K PT-RS  from Table 5.1.6.3-2 in TS 38.214 is the number of resource blocks (RB) for the PRGs of the PDSCH which are associated with one of the TCI states, for example the PRG associated with the first of the two TCI states. 
     For Scheme 2b, the procedure may be simpler, as there are two CW transmitted, and thus possibly this can be specified so that two PDSCH transmitted (or alternatively as one PDSCH with two CW that map to different RB respectively). A rule can then be based on the following: 
     In scheme 2b, the PT-RS resource element mapping is established for each of the two PDSCH independently (i.e. to the scheduled resources of the PDSCH). The communication device should not use PT-RS of one PDSCH as the PT-RS for the other PDSCH. 
     Moreover, in scheme 2b, the actual number of RBs used for transmission from one TRP, i.e. per PDSCH, is roughly 50% of the total number of scheduled RBs since the resource allocation indicates the total resources used for both PDSCH. Hence, to correctly assign the inverse frequency density K PT-RS  of the PT-RS for each PDSCH, only 50% of the total scheduled bandwidth should be assumed per PDSCH. 
     Hence, in scheme 2b, the value used for the bandwidth N RB  when determining K PT-RS  from Table 5.1.6.3-2 in TS 38.214 is a function of X, for example ceil(X/2) or floor (X/2) where X is the total number of scheduled resource blocks in the scheme 2b resource allocation, which is indicated in the scheduling DCI. 
     Alternatively, in scheme 2b, the value used for the bandwidth N RB  when determining K PT-RS  from Table 5.1.6.3-2 in TS 38.214 is the number of resource blocks (RBs) for the PDSCH associated with one of the TCI states, for example the PDSCH associated with the first TCI state. 
     In another embodiment of scheme 2b, the value used for the bandwidth N RB  when determining K PT-RS  from Table 5.1.6.3-2 in TS 38.214 is the actual indicated value in the DCI. The determined K PT-RS  from Table 5.1.6.3-2 in TS 38.214 is then modified to the PT-RS density {circumflex over (K)} PT-RS  to be used for the scheduled PDSCH. For example {circumflex over (K)} PT-RS =└αK PT-RS ┘ where α can be ½ or ⅓ as typical values. Another example on how to modify the inverse frequency density is {circumflex over (K)} PT-RS =K PT-RS −1. 
     Determination of PT-RS Density Taking into Account PRG Size 
     Using the NR Rel-15 procedure, the inverse frequency density (K PT-RS ) is determined taking into account the scheduled PDSCH bandwidth, and the two thresholds ptrsthRB0 and ptrsthRB1 as per function defined in Table 1. Based on the procedure, it may be determined that the PT-RS is present on every 4 th  PRB. Further consider in this case that the PRG size is two and PRGs 0 to 11 are used to schedule PDSCH with schemes 2a or 2b. As shown in  FIG.  10   , PRGs 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 are allocated to TRP2 which is associated with the 1 st  TCI state, and PRGs 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 are allocated to TRP1 which is associated with the 2 nd  TCI state. However, following NR Rel-15 procedure with PTRS being determined to be present in every 4 th  PRB results in the case that PT-RS is only transmitted in RBs corresponding to the 1 st  TCI state (i.e., RBs transmitted from TRP 2). There will be no PTRS transmitted on RBs scheduled for TRP1 which is associated with the 2 nd  TCI state. 
     This issue of no PTRS transmitted on RBs scheduled for TRP1 which is associated with the 2 nd  TCI state can be resolved if the PRG size is also taken into account when determining the inverse frequency density of PT-RS for multi-TRP FDM schemes 2a/2b. In one embodiment, the inverse frequency density of PT-RS is not expected to exceed PRG size for schemes 2a/2b. For instance, if PRG size is 2 for multi-TRP FDM schemes 2a/2b, then the UE does not expect the thresholds ptrsthRB0 and ptrsthRB1 to be configured which results in PT-RS being present on every 4 th  PRB. Alternatively stated, when PRG size is 2 for multi-TRP FDM schemes 2a/2b, the following are the only valid possibilities:
         PT-RS is not present   PT-RS is present on every 2 nd  PRB       

     In an alternate embodiment, if it is determined using NR Rel-15 procedures that PT-RS is present in every N th  PRB, where N is greater than the PRG size, then the determined inverse frequency density of PTRS is overridden and N is set equal to the PRG size. 
     As shown in  FIG.  11   , when PTRS inverse frequency density is set equal to the PRG size, PT-RS is transmitted in RBs corresponding to both the 1 st  TCI state (i.e., RBs transmitted from TRP 2) and 2 nd  TCI state (i.e., RBs transmitted from TRP 1). 
     In a further embodiment, a second set of thresholds ptrsthRB0 and ptrsthRB1 as used in Table 2, are signaled from the network to the communication device. Hence the communication can be configured with two sets of PT-RS thresholds where the first set is used for “normal” mobile broadband services such as defined in Rel.15, while the second set is used when Scheme 2a or 2b is scheduled. Thus, depending on the service type (i.e. the transmission scheme), different thresholds applies in determining the PT-RS density. This allows for increasing the PT-RS density (as a function of scheduled PDSCH bandwidth N PRB  as indicated in the scheduling DCI) when Scheme 2a or 2b is scheduled, and use the normal PT-RS density when Scheme 2a or 2b is not scheduled (e.g. when normal Rel.15 PDSCH is scheduled). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 NR inverse frequency density of PT-RS as a function of scheduled 
               
               
                 PDSCH bandwidth when Scheme 2a or 2b is scheduled 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Scheduled bandwidth 
                 Inverse frequency density (K PT-RS ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 N PRB  &lt; ptrsthRB2 
                 PT-RS is not present 
               
               
                 ptrsthRB2 &lt;= N PRB  &lt; ptrsthRB3 
                 present on every 2nd PRB 
               
               
                 ptrsthRB3 &lt;= N PRB   
                 present on every 4th PRB 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Thus, when the communication device is configured to receive a multi-TRP scheme 2a or 2b (i.e. FDM scheme) with two TCI states, the DCI indicates the scheduled resource blocks, which are divided into two non-overlapping subsets. Each subset is associated with its individual TCI state, to allow transmission from two different transmission points respectively. In this case, the determination of K PT-RS  includes at least one of the following steps:
         The scheduling bandwidth X as indicated in the DCI is modified (e.g. reduced)   The inverse frequency density is reduced   Taking into account PRG size while determining K PT-RS  such that K PT-RS  is not expected to exceed PRG size for schemes 2a/2b (only applicable when wideband PRG size is not configured).       

     Now that the details of the schemes 2a and 2b have been described, operations of the communication device  1200  to utilize the schemes 2a and 2b (implemented using the structure of the block diagram of  FIG.  12   ) will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of  FIG.  15    according to some embodiments of inventive concepts. For example, modules may be stored in memory  1205  of  FIG.  12   , and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by respective communication device processing circuitry  1203 , processing circuitry  1203  performs respective operations of the flow chart. 
     In block  1501  of  FIG.  15    the processing circuitry  1203  may receive, via transceiver  1201  and/or antenna(s)  1207 , a higher layer configuration of a mTRP scheme. The higher layer configuration may be a RRC configuration. 
     In block  1503 , the processing circuitry  1203  may receive, via transceiver  1201  and antenna(s)  1207 , downlink control information (DCI). The DCI maybe a Format 1_1 or 1_2. The DCI may indicate at least two transmission points scheme for a scheduled data transmission on physical resource blocks, for example, in the DCI the UE is indicated with two TCI states in a codepoint of the DCI field ‘Transmission Configuration Indication’. A TCI state corresponds to a transmission point. Through-out the embodiments a TCI state and a transmission point may be used interchangeably. Similarly, the DCI may indicate a first and a second Transmission Configuration Indicator, TCI, state in one Code Division Multiplexing, CDM, group for a scheduled data transmission on physical resource blocks, PRBs. The PRBs comprise at least a first subset of PRBs, associated with the first TCI state, and a second subset of PRBs, associated with the second TCI state. In a preferred embodiment the indicated scheme is FDM scheme 2a. However, other schemes such as FDM scheme 2b may also apply. The scheduled data transmission may include a PDSCH transmission from a RAN node  1300  such as base station. The data transmission may also be scheduled by the DCI. 
     The physical resource blocks (PRBs) may include at least a first subsets of PRBs, associated with a first transmission point, and a second subset of PRBs, associated with a second transmission point as shown in  FIGS.  8  and  9   . In  FIG.  8    the PRBs of the scheduled PDSCH belong to a Precoding resource block group (PRG). The scheduled bandwidth is divided into odd and even groups PRGs. The PRBs belonging to even numbered PRGs are associated with a first transmission point, TRP1, i.e. a first TCI state, and the PRBs belonging to odd numbered PRGs are associated with a second transmission point, TRP 2, i.e. a second TCI state. 
     In block  1505 , the processing circuitry  1203  may determine a first PT-RS frequency density for the first set of PRBs based on the number of PRBs in the first set of PRBs and a second PT-RS frequency density based on the number of PRBs in the second set of PRBs. For example, in the embodiments shown in  FIGS.  8  and  9   , a PT-RS frequency density is determined for the PRBs associated with TRP 1 and another PT-RS frequency density is determined for the PRBs associated with TRP 2. The PT-RS frequency density may include the inverse frequency density. 
     Operations of a RAN node  1300  (implemented using the structure of  FIG.  13   ) will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of  FIG.  16    according to some embodiments of inventive concepts. For example, modules may be stored in memory  1305  of  FIG.  13   , and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by respective RAN node processing circuitry  1303 , processing circuitry  1303  performs respective operations of the flow chart. 
     In block  1601 , the processing circuitry  1303  may transmit, via network interface  1307  and/or transceiver  1301  a higher layer configuration of a mTRP scheme. The higher layer configuration may be a RRC configuration. 
     In block  1603 , the processing circuitry  1303  may transmit, via network interface  1307  and/or transceiver  1301 , DCI to the communication device. The DCI maybe a Format 1_1 or 1_2. The DCI may indicate at least two transmission points scheme for a scheduled data transmission on physical resource blocks, for example, in the DCI the UE is indicated with two TCI states in a codepoint of the DCI field ‘Transmission Configuration Indication’. A TCI state corresponds to a transmission point. Through-out the embodiments a TCI state and a transmission point may be used interchangeably. Similarly, the DCI may indicate a first and a second Transmission Configuration Indicator, TCI, state in one Code Division Multiplexing, CDM, group for a scheduled data transmission on physical resource blocks, PRBs. The PRBs comprise at least a first subset of PRBs, associated with the first TCI state, and a second subset of PRBs, associated with the second TCI state. In a preferred embodiment indicated scheme is FDM scheme 2a. However, other schemes such as FDM scheme 2b may also apply. The scheduled data transmission may include a PDSCH transmission from the RAN node  1300 . The data transmission may also be scheduled by the DCI. 
     Thereby, the PT-RS frequency density for the first set of PRBs is obtainable based on the number of PRBs in the first set of PRBs and a PT-RS frequency density for the second set of PRBs is obtainable based on the number of PRBs in the second set of PRBs. 
     FURTHER EMBODIMENTS 
     Further exemplary embodiments of the communication device  1200  and RAN node  1300  are described below. The various embodiments of  FIGS.  17  and  18    may be optional. 
     Turning to  FIG.  17   , in block  1500 , the processing circuitry  1203  may receive, via transceiver  1201  and antenna(s)  1207 , information including a transmission scheme. The transmission scheme can be a normal operation transmission scheme, a scheme 2a, or a scheme 2b. The scheme 2a and the scheme 2b may be indicated by the information indicating that the scheme receives two physical downlink data channel, PDSCH, simultaneously in different frequency resources, where each PDSCH is associated with a transmission configuration indicator, TCI, state specified in the information. 
     Thus, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine that the transmission scheme is a scheme receiving two physical downlink data channel, PDSCH, simultaneously in different frequency resources, where each PDSCH is associated with a transmission configuration indicator, TCI, state. This indicates that the transmission scheme is scheme 2a or scheme 2b. In block  1502 , the processing circuitry  1203  may determine if the transmission scheme is a scheme receiving two physical downlink data channel, PDSCH, simultaneously in different frequency resources, where each PDSCH is associated with a transmission configuration indicator, TCI, state specified in the information received (e.g., the transmission scheme is scheme 2a or scheme 2b). 
     In block  1504 , the processing circuitry  1203  may receive an indication of a set of threshold values from a plurality of sets of threshold values to use in determining the inverse frequency density described herein. Receiving the indication may include receiving a first set of threshold values of the plurality of sets of threshold values responsive to the transmission scheme being the scheme 2b. Receiving the indication may include receiving a second set of threshold values of the plurality of sets of threshold values responsive to the transmission scheme being other than the scheme 2b. 
     In block  1506 , the processing circuitry  1203  may divide a scheduled bandwidth into odd and even groups of adjacent resource blocks to form odd precoding resource block groups, PRGs, of size N and even PRGs of size N. 
     In block  1508 , the processing circuitry  1203  may determine an inverse frequency density based on a number of scheduled resource blocks specified in the information. In one embodiment, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine the inverse frequency density based on half of the number of scheduled resource blocks. In one embodiment, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine the inverse frequency density based on a third of the number of scheduled resource blocks. In another embodiment, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine the inverse frequency density based on a number of scheduled resource blocks by comparing a modification (e.g., ⅓, ½, etc.) of the number of scheduled resource blocks to threshold values to determine the inverse frequency density. In a further embodiment, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine the inverse frequency density based on a number of scheduled resource blocks by determining the inverse frequency density based on a subset of the scheduled resource blocks that are associated to one of two TCI states. 
     In another embodiment, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine the inverse frequency density based on a number of scheduled resource blocks by comparing the number of scheduled resource blocks to the set of threshold values. Responsive to the number of scheduled resource blocks being above a first threshold number of the set of threshold values and below a second threshold number of the set of threshold values, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine that the PT-RS is present on every second resource block. Responsive to the number of scheduled resource blocks being above the first threshold number of the set of threshold values and above the second threshold number of the set of threshold values, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine that the PT-RS is present on every fourth resource block. 
     In block  1510 , responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2a, the processing circuitry  1203  may modify the inverse frequency density relative to the inverse frequency density determined to increase a number of PT-RS samples across frequency in the scheduled resources. 
     In block  1512 , based on the inverse frequency density, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine which resource blocks a subcarrier containing PT-RS resource elements are present. For example, as described above, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine a PT-RS is present on every second PRB or present on every fourth PRB. Thus, the processing circuitry  1203  may compare the number of scheduled resource blocks to the set of threshold values. Responsive to the number of scheduled resource blocks being above a first threshold number of the set of threshold values and below a second threshold number of the set of threshold values, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine that the PT-RS is present on every second resource block. Responsive to the number of scheduled resource blocks being above the first threshold number of the set of threshold values and above the second threshold number of the set of threshold values, the processing circuitry  1203  may determine that the PT-RS is present on every fourth resource block. 
     The processing circuitry  1203  may determine that the PT-RS is present in every Mth resource block. In block  1514 , the processing circuitry  1203  may, responsive to determining that PT-RS is present in every Mth resource block where M is greater than N, set M to be equal to size N. For example, when PRG size is 2 (i.e., the size N is 2) for multi-TRP FDM schemes 2a/2b, the following are the only valid possibilities: PT-RS is not present or PT-RS is present on every second PRB. If the processing circuitry  1203  determines that the PT-RS is present in every fourth block (e.g., is present on every fourth PRB) when the PRG size is 2, then the processing circuitry  1203  resets M to be 2 such that the PT-RS is present on every second PRB. 
     Various operations from the flow chart of  FIG.  17    may be optional with respect to some embodiments of wireless devices and related methods. Regarding methods of example embodiments 1, 12, 14, 16, and 18 (set forth below), for example, operations of blocks  1504 ,  1506 ,  1510 , and  1514  of  FIG.  17    may be optional. 
     Operations of a RAN node  1300  (implemented using the structure of  FIG.  13   ) will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of  FIG.  18    according to some embodiments of inventive concepts. For example, modules may be stored in memory  1305  of  FIG.  13   , and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by respective RAN node processing circuitry  1303 , processing circuitry  1303  performs respective operations of the flow chart. 
     In block  1600 , the processing circuitry  1303  may determine a transmission scheme to transmit data to a communication device. In block  1602 , responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2b where two transmission configuration indicator, TCI, states are used, the processing circuitry  1303  may transmit, via network interface  1307  and/or transceiver  1301  to the communication device, information including a TCI state, an identification that scheme 2b is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the TCI state. 
     In block  1604 , responsive to the transmission scheme being the scheme 2b, the processing circuitry  1303  may transmit a first set of threshold values to the communication device. The communication device may use the first set of threshold values in determining the inverse frequency intensity. 
     In block  1606 , responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2a, may transmit, via network interface  1307  and/or transceiver  1301  to the communication device, information including an identification that scheme 2a is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the scheme 2a. 
     In block  1608 , responsive to the transmission scheme being a normal scheme, the processing circuitry  1303  may transmit a second set of threshold values to the communication device. This allows the RAN node to use a different set of threshold values for scheme 2b than for normal operation. 
     Various operations from the flow chart of  FIG.  18    may be optional with respect to some embodiments of RAN nodes and related methods. Regarding methods of example embodiments 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28 (set forth below), for example, operations of blocks  1604  and  1608  of  FIG.  18    may be optional. 
     Example embodiments are discussed below. 
     1. A method in a communication device for determining resource blocks where phase tracking reference signals, PT-RS, resource elements are present in a communication network, the method comprising: 
     receiving ( 1500 ) information including a transmission scheme; 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme receiving two physical downlink data channel, PDSCH, simultaneously in different frequency resources, where each PDSCH is associated with a transmission configuration indicator, TCI, state specified in the information ( 1502 ):
         for each PDSCH:
           determining ( 1508 ) an inverse frequency density based on a number of scheduled resource blocks specified in the information; and   based on the inverse frequency density, determining ( 1512 ) which resource blocks a subcarrier containing PT-RS resource elements are present.
 
2. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein determining the inverse frequency density based on the number of scheduled resource blocks comprises determining the inverse frequency density based on half of the number of scheduled resource blocks.
 
3. The method of Embodiment 1 wherein determining the inverse frequency density based on the number of scheduled resource blocks comprises determining the inverse frequency density based on a third of the number of scheduled resource blocks.
 
4. The method of any of Embodiments 1-3 wherein determining the inverse frequency density comprises comparing a modification of the number of scheduled resource blocks to threshold values to determine the inverse frequency density.
 
5. The method of Embodiments 1-4 wherein determining the inverse frequency density based on the number of scheduled resource blocks comprises determining the inverse frequency density based on a subset of the scheduled resource blocks that are associated to one of two TCI states.
 
6. The method of any of Embodiments 1-5, further comprising
   
               

     receiving ( 1504 ) an indication of a set of threshold values from a plurality of sets of threshold values to use in determining the inverse frequency density. 
     7. The method of any of Embodiment 6 wherein determining the inverse frequency density based on the number of scheduled resource blocks comprises 
     comparing the number of scheduled resource blocks to the set of threshold values; 
     responsive to the number of scheduled resource blocks being above a first threshold number of the set of threshold values and below a second threshold number of the set of threshold values, determining that the PT-RS is present on every second resource block; and 
     responsive to the number of scheduled resource blocks being above the first threshold number of the set of threshold values and above the second threshold number of the set of threshold values, determining that the PT-RS is present on every fourth resource block. 
     8. The method of any of Embodiments 6-7 wherein receiving the indication of the set of threshold values comprises: 
     receiving a first set of threshold values of the plurality of sets of threshold values responsive to the transmission scheme being the scheme 2b; and 
     receiving a second set of threshold values of the plurality of sets of threshold values responsive to the transmission scheme being other than the scheme 2b. 
     9. The method of any of Embodiments 1-6 further comprising: 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2a, modifying ( 1510 ) the inverse frequency density relative to the inverse frequency density determined to increase a number of PT-RS samples across frequency in the scheduled resources. 
     10. The method of any of Embodiments 1-9, further comprising: 
     dividing ( 1506 ) a scheduled bandwidth into odd and even groups of adjacent resource blocks to form odd precoding resource block groups, PRGs, of size N and even PRGs of size N. 
     11. The method of any of Embodiments 1-10, further comprising: 
     responsive to determining that PT-RS is present in every Mth resource block where M is greater than N, setting ( 1514 ) M to be equal to size N. 
     12. A communications device ( 1200 ) comprising: 
     processing circuitry ( 1203 ); and 
     memory ( 1205 ) coupled with the processing circuitry, wherein the memory includes instructions that when executed by the processing circuitry causes the communication device to perform operations comprising:
         receiving ( 1500 ) information including a transmission scheme;   responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme receiving two physical downlink data channel, PDSCH, simultaneously in different frequency resources, where each PDSCH is associated with a transmission configuration indicator, TCI, state specified in the information ( 1502 ):
           for each PDSCH:
               determining ( 1508 ) an inverse frequency density based on a number of scheduled resource blocks specified in the information; and   based on the inverse frequency density, determining ( 1512 ) which resource blocks a subcarrier containing PT-RS resource elements are present.
 
13. The communication device ( 1200 ) of Embodiment 12, wherein the memory includes instructions that when executed by the processing circuitry causes the communication device to perform operations according to any of Embodiments 2-11.
 
14. A communication device ( 1200 ) adapted to perform operations comprising:
   
               
               

     receiving ( 1500 ) information including a transmission scheme; 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme receiving two physical downlink data channel, PDSCH, simultaneously in different frequency resources, where each PDSCH is associated with a transmission configuration indicator, TCI, state specified in the information ( 1502 ):
         for each PDSCH:
           determining ( 1508 ) an inverse frequency density based on a number of scheduled resource blocks specified in the information; and   based on the inverse frequency density, determining ( 1512 ) which resource blocks a subcarrier containing PT-RS resource elements are present.
 
15. The communication device ( 1200 ) of Embodiment 14 adapted to perform according to any of Embodiments 2-11.
 
16. A computer program comprising program code to be executed by processing circuitry ( 1203 ) of a communication device ( 1200 ), whereby execution of the program code causes the communication device ( 1200 ) to perform operations comprising:
   
               

     receiving ( 1500 ) information including a transmission scheme; 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme receiving two physical downlink data channel, PDSCH, simultaneously in different frequency resources, where each PDSCH is associated with a transmission configuration indicator, TCI, state specified in the information ( 1502 ):
         for each PDSCH:
           determining ( 1508 ) an inverse frequency density based on a number of scheduled resource blocks specified in the information; and   based on the inverse frequency density, determining ( 1512 ) which resource blocks a subcarrier containing PT-RS resource elements are present.
 
17. The computer program of Embodiment 16 whereby execution of the program code causes the communication device ( 1200 ) to perform operations according to any of Embodiments 2-11.
 
18. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium including program code to be executed by processing circuitry ( 1203 ) of a communication device ( 1200 ), whereby execution of the program code causes the communication device ( 1200 ) to perform operations comprising:
   
               

     receiving ( 1500 ) information including a transmission scheme; 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme receiving two physical downlink data channel, PDSCH, simultaneously in different frequency resources, where each PDSCH is associated with a transmission configuration indicator, TCI, state specified in the information ( 1502 ):
         for each PDSCH:
           determining ( 1508 ) an inverse frequency density based on a number of scheduled resource blocks specified in the information; and   based on the inverse frequency density, determining ( 1512 ) which resource blocks a subcarrier containing PT-RS resource elements are present.
 
19. The computer program product of Embodiment 18 whereby execution of the program code causes the communication device ( 1200 ) to perform operations according to any of embodiments 2-11.
 
20. A method of operating a radio access network, RAN, node ( 1300 ) in a communication network, the method comprising:
   
               

     determining ( 1600 ) a transmission scheme to transmit data to a communication device; 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2b where two transmission configuration indicator, TCI, states are used, transmitting ( 1602 ), to the communication device, information including a TCI state, an identification that scheme 2b is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the TCI state; and 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2a, transmitting ( 1606 ), to the communication device, information including an identification that scheme 2a is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the scheme 2a. 
     21. The method of Embodiment 19, further comprising: 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being the scheme 2b, transmitting ( 1604 ) a first set of threshold values to the communication device; and 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a normal scheme, transmitting ( 1608 ) a second set of threshold values to the communication device. 
     22. A radio access network, RAN, node ( 1300 ) comprising: 
     processing circuitry ( 1303 ); and 
     memory ( 1305 ) coupled with the processing circuitry, wherein the memory includes instructions that when executed by the processing circuitry causes the RAN node to perform operations comprising: 
     determining ( 1600 ) a transmission scheme to transmit data to a communication device; 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2b where two transmission configuration indicator, TCI, states are used, transmitting ( 1602 ), to the communication device, information including a TCI state, an identification that scheme 2b is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the TCI state; and 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2a, transmitting ( 1604 ), to the communication device, information including an identification that scheme 2a is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the scheme 2a. 
     23. The RAN node of Embodiment 22 wherein the memory includes further instructions that when executed by the processing circuitry causes the RAN node to perform operations according to Embodiment 21. 
     24. A radio access network, RAN, node ( 1300 ) adapted to perform operations comprising: 
     determining ( 1600 ) a transmission scheme to transmit data to a communication device; 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2b where two transmission configuration indicator, TCI, states are used, transmitting ( 1602 ), to the communication device, information including a TCI state, an identification that scheme 2b is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the TCI state; and 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2a, transmitting ( 1604 ), to the communication device, information including an identification that scheme 2a is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the scheme 2a. 
     25. The RAN node ( 1300 ) of Embodiment 24 wherein the RAN node is further adapted to perform according to Embodiment 21. 
     26. A computer program comprising program code to be executed by processing circuitry ( 1303 ) of a radio access network, RAN, node ( 1300 ), whereby execution of the program code causes the RAN node ( 1300 ) to perform operations comprising: 
     determining ( 1600 ) a transmission scheme to transmit data to a communication device; 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2b where two transmission configuration indicator, TCI, states are used, transmitting ( 1602 ), to the communication device, information including a TCI state, an identification that scheme 2b is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the TCI state; and 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2a, transmitting ( 1604 ), to the communication device, information including an identification that scheme 2a is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the scheme 2a. 
     27. The computer program of Embodiment 26 whereby execution of the program code causes the RAN node ( 1300 ) to perform further operations according to embodiment 21. 
     28. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory storage medium including program code to be executed by processing circuitry ( 1303 ) of a radio access network, RAN, node ( 1300 ), whereby execution of the program code causes the RAN node ( 1300 ) to perform operations comprising: 
     determining ( 1600 ) a transmission scheme to transmit data to a communication device; 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2b where two transmission configuration indicator, TCI, states are used, transmitting ( 1602 ), to the communication device, information including a TCI state, an identification that scheme 2b is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the TCI state; and 
     responsive to the transmission scheme being a scheme 2a, transmitting ( 1604 ), to the communication device, information including an identification that scheme 2a is being used, and a number of resource blocks for the scheme 2a. 
     29. The computer program product of Embodiment 28 whereby execution of the program code causes the RAN node ( 1300 ) to perform operations according to embodiment 21. 
     Explanations are provided below for various abbreviations/acronyms used in the present disclosure. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Abbreviation 
                 Explanation 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 SCS 
                 subcarrier spacing 
               
               
                   
                 NR 
                 new radio 
               
               
                   
                 RB 
                 resource block 
               
               
                   
                 OFDM 
                 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 
               
               
                   
                 CP 
                 cyclic prefix 
               
               
                   
                 DFT 
                 discrete Fourier transform 
               
               
                   
                 PDCCH 
                 physical downlink control channel 
               
               
                   
                 PDCH 
                 physical data channel 
               
               
                   
                 PDSCH 
                 physical downlink data channel 
               
               
                   
                 PUSCH 
                 physical uplink data channel 
               
               
                   
                 DCI 
                 downlink control information 
               
               
                   
                 TDRA 
                 time domain resource assignment 
               
               
                   
                 RRC 
                 radio resource control 
               
               
                   
                 SLIV 
                 start and length indicator 
               
               
                   
                 DM-RS 
                 demodulation reference signal 
               
               
                   
                 TCI 
                 transmission configuration indicator 
               
               
                   
                 RE 
                 resource element 
               
               
                   
                 QCL 
                 quasi co-located 
               
               
                   
                 CSI-RS 
                 channel-state information reference signal 
               
               
                   
                 PT-RS 
                 phase tracking reference signal 
               
               
                   
                 TRP 
                 transmission point 
               
               
                   
                 FDM 
                 frequency division multiplexed 
               
               
                   
                 PRG 
                 precoding resource block group 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     References are identified below. 
     3GPP TS 38.214 v15.6.0-3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Physical layer procedures for data (Release 15) 
     Additional explanation is provided below. 
     Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description. 
     Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art. 
       FIG.  21    illustrates a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments. 
     Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a wireless network, such as the example wireless network illustrated in  FIG.  21   . For simplicity, the wireless network of  FIG.  21    only depicts network  4106 , network nodes  4160  and  4160   b , and WDs  4110 ,  4110   b , and  4110   c  (also referred to as mobile terminals). In practice, a wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, network node  4160  and wireless device (WD)  4110  are depicted with additional detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices&#39; access to and/or use of the services provided by, or via, the wireless network. 
     The wireless network may comprise and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and/or radio network or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to specific standards or other types of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular embodiments of the wireless network may implement communication standards, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 standards; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave and/or ZigBee standards. 
     Network  4106  may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), packet data networks, optical networks, wide-area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices. 
     Network node  4160  and WD  4110  comprise various components described in more detail below. These components work together in order to provide network node and/or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connections in a wireless network. In different embodiments, the wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. 
     As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a wireless device and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the wireless network to enable and/or provide wireless access to the wireless device and/or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and may then also be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Yet further examples of network nodes include multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), core network nodes (e.g., MSCs, MMEs), O&amp;M nodes, OSS nodes, SON nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., E-SMLCs), and/or MDTs. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node as described in more detail below. More generally, however, network nodes may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a wireless device with access to the wireless network or to provide some service to a wireless device that has accessed the wireless network. 
     In  FIG.  21   , network node  4160  includes processing circuitry  4170 , device readable medium  4180 , interface  4190 , auxiliary equipment  4184 , power source  4186 , power circuitry  4187 , and antenna  4162 . Although network node  4160  illustrated in the example wireless network of  FIG.  211    may represent a device that includes the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node  4160  are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, a network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., device readable medium  4180  may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules). 
     Similarly, network node  4160  may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which network node  4160  comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeB&#39;s. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, network node  4160  may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device readable medium  4180  for the different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna  4162  may be shared by the RATs). Network node  4160  may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node  4160 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node  4160 . 
     Processing circuitry  4170  is configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by processing circuitry  4170  may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry  4170  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Processing circuitry  4170  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node  4160  components, such as device readable medium  4180 , network node  4160  functionality. For example, processing circuitry  4170  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium  4180  or in memory within processing circuitry  4170 . Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry  4170  may include a system on a chip (SoC). 
     In some embodiments, processing circuitry  4170  may include one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry  4172  and baseband processing circuitry  4174 . In some embodiments, radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry  4172  and baseband processing circuitry  4174  may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  4172  and baseband processing circuitry  4174  may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units. 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB or other such network device may be performed by processing circuitry  4170  executing instructions stored on device readable medium  4180  or memory within processing circuitry  4170 . In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry  4170  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable medium, such as in a hard-wired manner In any of those embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry  4170  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry  4170  alone or to other components of network node  4160 , but are enjoyed by network node  4160  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Device readable medium  4180  may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry  4170 . Device readable medium  4180  may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry  4170  and, utilized by network node  4160 . Device readable medium  4180  may be used to store any calculations made by processing circuitry  4170  and/or any data received via interface  4190 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry  4170  and device readable medium  4180  may be considered to be integrated. 
     Interface  4190  is used in the wired or wireless communication of signalling and/or data between network node  4160 , network  4106 , and/or WDs  4110 . As illustrated, interface  4190  comprises port(s)/terminal(s)  4194  to send and receive data, for example to and from network  4106  over a wired connection. Interface  4190  also includes radio front end circuitry  4192  that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, antenna  4162 . Radio front end circuitry  4192  comprises filters  4198  and amplifiers  4196 . Radio front end circuitry  4192  may be connected to antenna  4162  and processing circuitry  4170 . Radio front end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna  4162  and processing circuitry  4170 . Radio front end circuitry  4192  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry  4192  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters  4198  and/or amplifiers  4196 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna  4162 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna  4162  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry  4192 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry  4170 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     In certain alternative embodiments, network node  4160  may not include separate radio front end circuitry  4192 , instead, processing circuitry  4170  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna  4162  without separate radio front end circuitry  4192 . Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of RF transceiver circuitry  4172  may be considered a part of interface  4190 . In still other embodiments, interface  4190  may include one or more ports or terminals  4194 , radio front end circuitry  4192 , and RF transceiver circuitry  4172 , as part of a radio unit (not shown), and interface  4190  may communicate with baseband processing circuitry  4174 , which is part of a digital unit (not shown). 
     Antenna  4162  may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals. Antenna  4162  may be coupled to radio front end circuitry  4192  and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, antenna  4162  may comprise one or more omni-directional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between, for example, 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omni-directional antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals from devices within a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line of sight antenna used to transmit/receive radio signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, antenna  4162  may be separate from network node  4160  and may be connectable to network node  4160  through an interface or port. 
     Antenna  4162 , interface  4190 , and/or processing circuitry  4170  may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, antenna  4162 , interface  4190 , and/or processing circuitry  4170  may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. 
     Power circuitry  4187  may comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry and is configured to supply the components of network node  4160  with power for performing the functionality described herein. Power circuitry  4187  may receive power from power source  4186 . Power source  4186  and/or power circuitry  4187  may be configured to provide power to the various components of network node  4160  in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). Power source  4186  may either be included in, or external to, power circuitry  4187  and/or network node  4160 . For example, network node  4160  may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry  4187 . As a further example, power source  4186  may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry  4187 . The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used. 
     Alternative embodiments of network node  4160  may include additional components beyond those shown in  FIG.  21    that may be responsible for providing certain aspects of the network node&#39;s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node  4160  may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into network node  4160  and to allow output of information from network node  4160 . This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node  4160 . 
     As used herein, wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably herein with user equipment (UE). Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information through air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the network. Examples of a WD include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless cameras, a gaming console or device, a music storage device, a playback appliance, a wearable terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a tablet, a laptop, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), a laptop-mounted equipment (LME), a smart device, a wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE), a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, etc. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and may in this case be referred to as a D2D communication device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another WD and/or a network node. The WD may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances (e.g. refrigerators, televisions, etc.) personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. A WD as described above may represent the endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, a WD as described above may be mobile, in which case it may also be referred to as a mobile device or a mobile terminal. 
     As illustrated, wireless device  4110  includes antenna  4111 , interface  4114 , processing circuitry  4120 , device readable medium  4130 , user interface equipment  4132 , auxiliary equipment  4134 , power source  4136  and power circuitry  4137 . WD  4110  may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies supported by WD  4110 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to mention a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or set of chips as other components within WD  4110 . 
     Antenna  4111  may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals, and is connected to interface  4114 . In certain alternative embodiments, antenna  4111  may be separate from WD  4110  and be connectable to WD  4110  through an interface or port. Antenna  4111 , interface  4114 , and/or processing circuitry  4120  may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a network node and/or another WD. In some embodiments, radio front end circuitry and/or antenna  4111  may be considered an interface. 
     As illustrated, interface  4114  comprises radio front end circuitry  4112  and antenna  4111 . Radio front end circuitry  4112  comprise one or more filters  4118  and amplifiers  4116 . Radio front end circuitry  4112  is connected to antenna  4111  and processing circuitry  4120 , and is configured to condition signals communicated between antenna  4111  and processing circuitry  4120 . Radio front end circuitry  4112  may be coupled to or a part of antenna  4111 . In some embodiments, WD  4110  may not include separate radio front end circuitry  4112 ; rather, processing circuitry  4120  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna  4111 . Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of RF transceiver circuitry  4122  may be considered a part of interface  4114 . Radio front end circuitry  4112  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry  4112  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters  4118  and/or amplifiers  4116 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna  4111 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna  4111  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry  4112 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry  4120 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     Processing circuitry  4120  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other WD  4110  components, such as device readable medium  4130 , WD  4110  functionality. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry  4120  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium  4130  or in memory within processing circuitry  4120  to provide the functionality disclosed herein. 
     As illustrated, processing circuitry  4120  includes one or more of RF transceiver circuitry  4122 , baseband processing circuitry  4124 , and application processing circuitry  4126 . In other embodiments, the processing circuitry may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. In certain embodiments processing circuitry  4120  of WD  4110  may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry  4122 , baseband processing circuitry  4124 , and application processing circuitry  4126  may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, part or all of baseband processing circuitry  4124  and application processing circuitry  4126  may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and RF transceiver circuitry  4122  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In still alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  4122  and baseband processing circuitry  4124  may be on the same chip or set of chips, and application processing circuitry  4126  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  4122 , baseband processing circuitry  4124 , and application processing circuitry  4126  may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry  4122  may be a part of interface  4114 . RF transceiver circuitry  4122  may condition RF signals for processing circuitry  4120 . 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by a WD may be provided by processing circuitry  4120  executing instructions stored on device readable medium  4130 , which in certain embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry  4120  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry  4120  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry  4120  alone or to other components of WD  4110 , but are enjoyed by WD  4110  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Processing circuitry  4120  may be configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations, as performed by processing circuitry  4120 , may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry  4120  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored by WD  4110 , and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Device readable medium  4130  may be operable to store a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry  4120 . Device readable medium  4130  may include computer memory (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM) or Read Only Memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., a hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry  4120 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry  4120  and device readable medium  4130  may be considered to be integrated. 
     User interface equipment  4132  may provide components that allow for a human user to interact with WD  4110 . Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, audial, tactile, etc. User interface equipment  4132  may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to WD  4110 . The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface equipment  4132  installed in WD  4110 . For example, if WD  4110  is a smart phone, the interaction may be via a touch screen; if WD  4110  is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., the number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). User interface equipment  4132  may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, and output interfaces, devices and circuits. User interface equipment  4132  is configured to allow input of information into WD  4110 , and is connected to processing circuitry  4120  to allow processing circuitry  4120  to process the input information. User interface equipment  4132  may include, for example, a microphone, a proximity or other sensor, keys/buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. User interface equipment  4132  is also configured to allow output of information from WD  4110 , and to allow processing circuitry  4120  to output information from WD  4110 . User interface equipment  4132  may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibrating circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits, of user interface equipment  4132 , WD  4110  may communicate with end users and/or the wireless network, and allow them to benefit from the functionality described herein. 
     Auxiliary equipment  4134  is operable to provide more specific functionality which may not be generally performed by WDs. This may comprise specialized sensors for doing measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communications etc. The inclusion and type of components of auxiliary equipment  4134  may vary depending on the embodiment and/or scenario. 
     Power source  4136  may, in some embodiments, be in the form of a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic devices or power cells, may also be used. WD  4110  may further comprise power circuitry  4137  for delivering power from power source  4136  to the various parts of WD  4110  which need power from power source  4136  to carry out any functionality described or indicated herein. Power circuitry  4137  may in certain embodiments comprise power management circuitry. Power circuitry  4137  may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source; in which case WD  4110  may be connectable to the external power source (such as an electricity outlet) via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power circuitry  4137  may also in certain embodiments be operable to deliver power from an external power source to power source  4136 . This may be, for example, for the charging of power source  4136 . Power circuitry  4137  may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from power source  4136  to make the power suitable for the respective components of WD  4110  to which power is supplied. 
       FIG.  22    illustrates a user Equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  22    illustrates one embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, a user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter). UE  4200  may be any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a NB-IoT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. UE  4200 , as illustrated in  FIG.  22   , is one example of a WD configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP&#39;s GSM, UMTS, LTE, and/or 5G standards. As mentioned previously, the term WD and UE may be used interchangeably. Accordingly, although  FIG.  22    is a UE, the components discussed herein are equally applicable to a WD, and vice-versa. 
     In  FIG.  22   , UE  4200  includes processing circuitry  4201  that is operatively coupled to input/output interface  4205 , radio frequency (RF) interface  4209 , network connection interface  4211 , memory  4215  including random access memory (RAM)  4217 , read-only memory (ROM)  4219 , and storage medium  4221  or the like, communication subsystem  4231 , transmitter  4233 , and/or any other component, or any combination thereof. Storage medium  4221  includes operating system  4223 , application program  4225 , and data  4227 . In other embodiments, storage medium  4221  may include other similar types of information. Certain UEs may utilize all of the components shown in  FIG.  22   , or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc. 
     In  FIG.  22   , processing circuitry  4201  may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuitry  4201  may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute machine instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored program, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry  4201  may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer. 
     In the depicted embodiment, input/output interface  4205  may be configured to provide a communication interface to an input device, output device, or input and output device. UE  4200  may be configured to use an output device via input/output interface  4205 . An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from UE  4200 . The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. UE  4200  may be configured to use an input device via input/output interface  4205  to allow a user to capture information into UE  4200 . The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, another like sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and an optical sensor. 
     In  FIG.  22   , RF interface  4209  may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. Network connection interface  4211  may be configured to provide a communication interface to network  4243   a . Network  4243   a  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network  4243   a  may comprise a Wi-Fi network. Network connection interface  4211  may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, SONET, ATM, or the like. Network connection interface  4211  may implement receiver and transmitter functionality appropriate to the communication network links (e.g., optical, electrical, and the like). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     RAM  4217  may be configured to interface via bus  4202  to processing circuitry  4201  to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during the execution of software programs such as the operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM  4219  may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to processing circuitry  4201 . For example, ROM  4219  may be configured to store invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions such as basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokes from a keyboard that are stored in a non-volatile memory. Storage medium  4221  may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives. In one example, storage medium  4221  may be configured to include operating system  4223 , application program  4225  such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine or another application, and data file  4227 . Storage medium  4221  may store, for use by UE  4200 , any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     Storage medium  4221  may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), floppy disk drive, flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity module (SIM/RUIM), other memory, or any combination thereof. Storage medium  4221  may allow UE  4200  to access computer-executable instructions, application programs or the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied in storage medium  4221 , which may comprise a device readable medium. 
     In  FIG.  22   , processing circuitry  4201  may be configured to communicate with network  4243   b  using communication subsystem  4231 . Network  4243   a  and network  4243   b  may be the same network or networks or different network or networks. Communication subsystem  4231  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with network  4243   b.    
     For example, communication subsystem  4231  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN) according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.42, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, or the like. Each transceiver may include transmitter  4233  and/or receiver  4235  to implement transmitter or receiver functionality, respectively, appropriate to the RAN links (e.g., frequency allocations and the like). Further, transmitter  4233  and receiver  4235  of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the communication functions of communication subsystem  4231  may include data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. For example, communication subsystem  4231  may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth communication, and GPS communication. Network  4243   b  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network  4243   b  may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or a near-field network. Power source  4213  may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to components of UE  4200 . 
     The features, benefits and/or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of UE  4200  or partitioned across multiple components of UE  4200 . Further, the features, benefits, and/or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software or firmware. In one example, communication subsystem  4231  may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Further, processing circuitry  4201  may be configured to communicate with any of such components over bus  4202 . In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that when executed by processing circuitry  4201  perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be partitioned between processing circuitry  4201  and communication subsystem  4231 . In another example, the non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware. 
       FIG.  23    illustrates a virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  23    is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment  4300  in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device or any other type of communication device) or components thereof and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks). 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments  4300  hosted by one or more of hardware nodes  4330 . Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node), then the network node may be entirely virtualized. 
     The functions may be implemented by one or more applications  4320  (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications  4320  are run in virtualization environment  4300  which provides hardware  4330  comprising processing circuitry  4360  and memory  4390 - 1 . Memory  4390 - 1  contains instructions  4395  executable by processing circuitry  4360  whereby application  4320  is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and/or functions disclosed herein. 
     Virtualization environment  4300 , comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices  4330  comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry  4360 , which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory  4390 - 1  which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions  4395  or software executed by processing circuitry  4360 . Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs)  4370 , also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface  4380 . Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media  4390 - 2  having stored therein software  4395  and/or instructions executable by processing circuitry  4360 . Software  4395  may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers  4350  (also referred to as hypervisors), software to execute virtual machines  4340  as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. 
     Virtual machines  4340 , comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer  4350  or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance  4320  may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines  4340 , and the implementations may be made in different ways. 
     During operation, processing circuitry  4360  executes software  4395  to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer  4350 , which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer  4350  may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine  4340 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  23   , hardware  4330  may be a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware  4330  may comprise antenna  43225  and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware  4330  may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or customer premise equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration (MANO)  43100 , which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications  4320 . 
     Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment. 
     In the context of NFV, virtual machine  4340  may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of virtual machines  4340 , and that part of hardware  4330  that executes that virtual machine, be it hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and/or hardware shared by that virtual machine with others of the virtual machines  4340 , forms a separate virtual network elements (VNEs). 
     Still in the context of NFV, Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more virtual machines  4340  on top of hardware networking infrastructure  4330  and corresponds to application  4320  in  FIG.  23   . 
     In some embodiments, one or more radio units  43200  that each include one or more transmitters  43220  and one or more receivers  43210  may be coupled to one or more antennas  43225 . Radio units  43200  may communicate directly with hardware nodes  4330  via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. 
     In some embodiments, some signalling can be effected with the use of control system  43230  which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes  4330  and radio units  43200 . 
       FIG.  24    illustrates a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments. 
     With reference to  FIG.  24   , in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes telecommunication network  4410 , such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises access network  4411 , such as a radio access network, and core network  4414 . Access network  4411  comprises a plurality of base stations  4412   a ,  4412   b ,  4412   c , such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area  4413   a ,  4413   b ,  4413   c . Each base station  4412   a ,  4412   b ,  4412   c  is connectable to core network  4414  over a wired or wireless connection  4415 . A first UE  4491  located in coverage area  4413   c  is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station  4412   c . A second UE  4492  in coverage area  4413   a  is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station  4412   a . While a plurality of UEs  4491 ,  4492  are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station  4412 . 
     Telecommunication network  4410  is itself connected to host computer  4430 , which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computer  4430  may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections  4421  and  4422  between telecommunication network  4410  and host computer  4430  may extend directly from core network  4414  to host computer  4430  or may go via an optional intermediate network  4420 . Intermediate network  4420  may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network  4420 , if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate network  4420  may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown). 
     The communication system of  FIG.  24    as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs  4491 ,  4492  and host computer  4430 . The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection  4450 . Host computer  4430  and the connected UEs  4491 ,  4492  are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via OTT connection  4450 , using access network  4411 , core network  4414 , any intermediate network  4420  and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. OTT connection  4450  may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which OTT connection  4450  passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, base station  4412  may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from host computer  4430  to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE  4491 . Similarly, base station  4412  need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE  4491  towards the host computer  4430 . 
       FIG.  25    illustrates a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments. 
     Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to  FIG.  25   . In communication system  4500 , host computer  4510  comprises hardware  4515  including communication interface  4516  configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system  4500 . Host computer  4510  further comprises processing circuitry  4518 , which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, processing circuitry  4518  may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Host computer  4510  further comprises software  4511 , which is stored in or accessible by host computer  4510  and executable by processing circuitry  4518 . Software  4511  includes host application  4512 . Host application  4512  may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE  4530  connecting via OTT connection  4550  terminating at UE  4530  and host computer  4510 . In providing the service to the remote user, host application  4512  may provide user data which is transmitted using OTT connection  4550 . 
     Communication system  4500  further includes base station  4520  provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware  4525  enabling it to communicate with host computer  4510  and with UE  4530 . Hardware  4525  may include communication interface  4526  for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system  4500 , as well as radio interface  4527  for setting up and maintaining at least wireless connection  4570  with UE  4530  located in a coverage area (not shown in  FIG.  45   ) served by base station  4520 . Communication interface  4526  may be configured to facilitate connection  4560  to host computer  4510 . Connection  4560  may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in  FIG.  45   ) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, hardware  4525  of base station  4520  further includes processing circuitry  4528 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Base station  4520  further has software  4521  stored internally or accessible via an external connection. 
     Communication system  4500  further includes UE  4530  already referred to. Its hardware  4535  may include radio interface  4537  configured to set up and maintain wireless connection  4570  with a base station serving a coverage area in which UE  4530  is currently located. Hardware  4535  of UE  4530  further includes processing circuitry  4538 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UE  4530  further comprises software  4531 , which is stored in or accessible by UE  4530  and executable by processing circuitry  4538 . Software  4531  includes client application  4532 . Client application  4532  may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE  4530 , with the support of host computer  4510 . In host computer  4510 , an executing host application  4512  may communicate with the executing client application  4532  via OTT connection  4550  terminating at UE  4530  and host computer  4510 . In providing the service to the user, client application  4532  may receive request data from host application  4512  and provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connection  4550  may transfer both the request data and the user data. Client application  4532  may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides. 
     It is noted that host computer  4510 , base station  4520  and UE  4530  illustrated in  FIG.  25    may be similar or identical to host computer  4430 , one of base stations  4412   a ,  4412   b ,  4412   c  and one of UEs  4491 ,  4492  of  FIG.  24   , respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in  FIG.  25    and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of  FIG.  24   . 
     In  FIG.  25   , OTT connection  4550  has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between host computer  4510  and UE  4530  via base station  4520 , without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from UE  4530  or from the service provider operating host computer  4510 , or both. While OTT connection  4550  is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network). 
     Wireless connection  4570  between UE  4530  and base station  4520  is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments may improve the performance of OTT services provided to UE  4530  using OTT connection  4550 , in which wireless connection  4570  forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the random access speed and/or reduce random access failure rates and thereby provide benefits such as faster and/or more reliable random access. 
     A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection  4550  between host computer  4510  and UE  4530 , in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection  4550  may be implemented in software  4511  and hardware  4515  of host computer  4510  or in software  4531  and hardware  4535  of UE  4530 , or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connection  4550  passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software  4511 ,  4531  may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connection  4550  may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc. The reconfiguring need not affect base station  4520 , and it may be unknown or imperceptible to base station  4520 . Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer  4510 &#39;s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that software  4511  and  4531  causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connection  4550  while it monitors propagation times, errors etc. 
       FIG.  26    illustrates methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  26    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  24  and  25   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  26    will be included in this section. In step  4610 , the host computer provides user data. In substep  4611  (which may be optional) of step  4610 , the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  4620 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step  4630  (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  4640  (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer. 
       FIG.  27    illustrates methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  27    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  24  and  25   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  27    will be included in this section. In step  4710  of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  4720 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  4730  (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission. 
       FIG.  28    illustrates methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  28    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  24  and  25   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  28    will be included in this section. In step  4810  (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step  4820 , the UE provides user data. In substep  4821  (which may be optional) of step  4820 , the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep  4811  (which may be optional) of step  4810 , the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in step  4830  (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step  4840  of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. 
       FIG.  29    illustrates methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  29    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  24  and  25   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  29    will be included in this section. In step  4910  (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step  4920  (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step  4930  (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station. 
     Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     The term unit may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and/or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and/or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and/or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and/or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein. 
     Abbreviations 
     At least some of the following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. If there is an inconsistency between abbreviations, preference should be given to how it is used above. If listed multiple times below, the first listing should be preferred over any subsequent listing(s).
         1×RTT CDMA2000 1× Radio Transmission Technology   3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project   5G 5th Generation   ABS Almost Blank Subframe   ARQ Automatic Repeat Request   AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise   BCCH Broadcast Control Channel   BCH Broadcast Channel   CA Carrier Aggregation   CC Carrier Component   CCCH SDU Common Control Channel SDU   CDMA Code Division Multiplexing Access   CGI Cell Global Identifier   CIR Channel Impulse Response   CP Cyclic Prefix   CPICH Common Pilot Channel   CPICH Ec/No CPICH Received energy per chip
           divided by the power density in the band   
           CQI Channel Quality information   C-RNTI Cell RNTI   CSI Channel State Information   DCCH Dedicated Control Channel   DL Downlink   DM Demodulation   DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal   DRX Discontinuous Reception   DTX Discontinuous Transmission   DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel   DUT Device Under Test   E-CID Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method)   E-SMLC Evolved-Serving Mobile Location Centre   ECGI Evolved CGI   eNB E-UTRAN NodeB   ePDCCH enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel   E-SMLC evolved Serving Mobile Location Center   E-UTRA Evolved UTRA   E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN   FDD Frequency Division Duplex   FFS For Further Study   GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network   gNB Base station in NR   GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System   GSM Global System for Mobile communication   HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request   HO Handover   HSPA High Speed Packet Access   HRPD High Rate Packet Data   LOS Line of Sight   LPP LTE Positioning Protocol   LTE Long-Term Evolution   MAC Medium Access Control   MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services   MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency Network   MBSFN ABS MBSFN Almost Blank Subframe   MDT Minimization of Drive Tests   MIB Master Information Block   MME Mobility Management Entity   MSC Mobile Switching Center   NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel   NR New Radio   OCNG OFDMA Channel Noise Generator   OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing   OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access   OSS Operations Support System   OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival   O&amp;M Operation and Maintenance   PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel   P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel   PCell Primary Cell   PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel   PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel   PDP Profile Delay Profile   PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel   PGW Packet Gateway   PHICH Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel   PLMN Public Land Mobile Network   PMI Precoder Matrix Indicator   PRACH Physical Random Access Channel   PRS Positioning Reference Signal   PSS Primary Synchronization Signal   PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel   PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel   RACH Random Access Channel   QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation   RAN Radio Access Network   RAT Radio Access Technology   RLM Radio Link Management   RNC Radio Network Controller   RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier   RRC Radio Resource Control   RRM Radio Resource Management   RS Reference Signal   RSCP Received Signal Code Power   RSRP Reference Symbol Received Power OR
           Reference Signal Received Power   
           RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality OR
           Reference Symbol Received Quality   
           RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator   RSTD Reference Signal Time Difference   SCH Synchronization Channel   SCell Secondary Cell   SDU Service Data Unit   SFN System Frame Number   SGW Serving Gateway   SI System Information   SIB System Information Block   SNR Signal to Noise Ratio   SON Self Optimized Network   SS Synchronization Signal   SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal   TDD Time Division Duplex   TDOA Time Difference of Arrival   TOA Time of Arrival   TSS Tertiary Synchronization Signal   TTI Transmission Time Interval   UE User Equipment   UL Uplink   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System   USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module   UTDOA Uplink Time Difference of Arrival   UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access   UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network   WCDMA Wide CDMA   WLAN Wide Local Area Network       

     Further definitions and embodiments are discussed below. 
     In the above-description of various embodiments of present inventive concepts, it is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of present inventive concepts. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which present inventive concepts belong. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     When an element is referred to as being “connected”, “coupled”, “responsive”, or variants thereof to another element, it can be directly connected, coupled, or responsive to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly coupled”, “directly responsive”, or variants thereof to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Furthermore, “coupled”, “connected”, “responsive”, or variants thereof as used herein may include wirelessly coupled, connected, or responsive. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity. The term “and/or” (abbreviated “/”) includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     It will be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements/operations, these elements/operations should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element/operation from another element/operation. Thus a first element/operation in some embodiments could be termed a second element/operation in other embodiments without departing from the teachings of present inventive concepts. The same reference numerals or the same reference designators denote the same or similar elements throughout the specification. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprise”, “comprising”, “comprises”, “include”, “including”, “includes”, “have”, “has”, “having”, or variants thereof are open-ended, and include one or more stated features, integers, elements, steps, components or functions but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, elements, steps, components, functions or groups thereof. Furthermore, as used herein, the common abbreviation “e.g.”, which derives from the Latin phrase “exempli gratia,” may be used to introduce or specify a general example or examples of a previously mentioned item, and is not intended to be limiting of such item. The common abbreviation “i.e.”, which derives from the Latin phrase “id est,” may be used to specify a particular item from a more general recitation. 
     Example embodiments are described herein with reference to block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations of computer-implemented methods, apparatus (systems and/or devices) and/or computer program products. It is understood that a block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions that are performed by one or more computer circuits. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor circuit of a general purpose computer circuit, special purpose computer circuit, and/or other programmable data processing circuit to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus, transform and control transistors, values stored in memory locations, and other hardware components within such circuitry to implement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks, and thereby create means (functionality) and/or structure for implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block(s). 
     These computer program instructions may also be stored in a tangible computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks. Accordingly, embodiments of present inventive concepts may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) that runs on a processor such as a digital signal processor, which may collectively be referred to as “circuitry,” “a module” or variants thereof. 
     It should also be noted that in some alternate implementations, the functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the flowcharts. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. Moreover, the functionality of a given block of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be separated into multiple blocks and/or the functionality of two or more blocks of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be at least partially integrated. Finally, other blocks may be added/inserted between the blocks that are illustrated, and/or blocks/operations may be omitted without departing from the scope of inventive concepts. Moreover, although some of the diagrams include arrows on communication paths to show a primary direction of communication, it is to be understood that communication may occur in the opposite direction to the depicted arrows. 
     Many variations and modifications can be made to the embodiments without substantially departing from the principles of the present inventive concepts. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included herein within the scope of present inventive concepts. Accordingly, the above disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the examples of embodiments are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the spirit and scope of present inventive concepts. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of present inventive concepts are to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the present disclosure including the examples of embodiments and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description. 
     Appendix 1 is part of this specification. 
     APPENDIX 1 
     3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 Meeting #99 Tdoc R1-19xxxxx 
     Reno, USA, Nov. 18-22, 2019 
     Agenda Item: 7.2.8.2 
     Source: Ericsson 
     Title: Finalizing issues for mTRP 
     Document for: Discussion, Decision 
     1 Introduction 
     This contribution discusses remaining issues for multi-TRP/multi-panel (mTRP) operation in NR Rel-16. 
     2 Remaining Issues for Single Pdcch Based Multi-Trp Scheduling 
     2.1 LTE CRS Rate Matching 
     
         
         Proposal 1 For single PDCCH case, if two overlapping LTE CRS patterns are configured, the UE shall rate match PDSCH around both LTE CRS, for all received layers. 
       
    
     2.1 Default TCI State 
     An open issue is related to K1 value and which TCI state to apply. When K1 is smaller than the threshold, what is the default TCI state? From our understanding, the threshold was introduced to allow a UE in FR2 to possibly use a known wide Rx beam for PDSCH reception if the UE doesn&#39;t have enough time to switch to a beam indicated by the TCI. In case of Multi-TRP, a UE would be indicated with 2 TCI states, corresponding to 2 Rx beams. The main use case of indicating a K1 value below the threshold would be for fast PDSCH scheduling over the PDCCH beam such that the UE can receive it without beam switching. Therefore, we have the following proposal:
     Proposal 2 When 2 TCI states are indicated in DCI and the K1 value in the same DCI is below the threshold, the default TCI states are the TCI states indicated in the DCI or TCIs associated to 2 CORESETs.   

     2.2 Combination of 2 TCI States and 1 or 3 CDM Groups 
     A remaining open issue is how the UE shall handle the case of 2 indicated TCI states and 3 CDM groups. Our preferred resolution is the following:
     Proposal 3 If a TCI codepoint indicates two TCI states and indicated DMRS ports are from single CDM group, and if repetition scheme is not enabled (i.e. URLLC based scheme not enabled), then the UE applies the first TCI state and ignores the second TCI state in the codepoint.   

     And in the case of 3 CDM groups:
     Proposal 4 If a TCI codepoint indicates two TCI states and indicated DMRS ports are from three CDM groups, then the UE associates the first TCI state to the first CDM group (λ=0) and the second TCI states to the second and third CDM group (λ=1,2).   

     2.3 PT-RS Port to DM-RS Port Association for Rank 5 and 6 
     In Rel.15 downlink PT-RS procedures, in case of two CW is scheduled to be transmitted (rank 5 or 6), the PT-RS port is associated to the DM-RS port that belongs to the CW with the highest MCS. This increases the probability that the SNR for the layer that PT-RS is associated with has a high SNR and as evaluations have shown during Rel.15, this improves phase tracking performance and throughput. 
     In the previous meeting, it was agreed for the case of two PT-RS ports, the first/second PTRS port is associated with the lowest indexed DMRS port within the DMRS ports corresponding to the first/second indicated TCI state, respectively. However, this agreement implies that for 2 CW transmission, the PT-RS ports may in some cases be mapped to the layer with the worst SNR. 
     Therefore, we propose the following for rank 5 and 6 case:
     Proposal 5 If a UE is scheduled with two codewords and two PTRS ports is configured for single-PDCCH based multi-TRP/Panel transmission at least for eMBB and URLLC scheme 1a, and if two TCI states are indicated by one TCI code point, and for each TCI state
       if the TCI state is associated to two MCSs (i.e. the TCI state is associated with two code words) then the first PTRS port is associated with the lowest indexed DMRS port assigned for the codeword with the higher MCS within the DMRS ports corresponding to the TCI state, and   if the MCS indices of the two codewords are the same, then the first/second PTRS port is associated with the lowest indexed DMRS port within the DMRS ports corresponding to the first/second indicated TCI state   
       

     We provide an example on how this proposal affects the association rule: For Type 1 DMRS, ports 0,1,4,5 belong to first CDM group (first TCI state) and ports 2,3,6,7 belong to second CDM group (second TCI state). Assume rank 5 scheduling where ports 0-4 are used, then according to CW2L mapping, CW0 use port 0,1 and CW1 use port 2,3,4. This leads to the following cases:
         If MCS is higher for CW0 compared to CW1, then port 0 and port 2 are associated with PT-RS for the 1 st  TCI state and 2 nd  TCI state, respectively.   If MCS is higher for CW1 compared to CW0, then port 4 and port 2 are associated with PT-RS for the 1 st  TCI state and 2 nd  TCI state, respectively.   If MCS is same for CW1 and CW0, then port 0 and port 2 are associated with PT-RS for the 1 st  TCI state and 2 nd  TCI state, respectively.       

     2.4 the Case of Single CDM Group, 2 TCI States and 2 PT-RS Ports 
     Furthermore, we propose the following fallback in case of 2 PT-RS ports, 2 TCI states are configured but a single CDM group is used for the PDSCH.
     Proposal 6 If a TCI codepoint indicates two TCI states and indicated DMRS ports are from single CDM group, and if two PT-RS ports are enabled, then a single PT-RS port is transmitted.   

     3 Reliability/Robustness Specific Extensions for PDSCH 
     3.1 Remaining Issues for FDM Schemes 
     3.1.1 on the Issue of Two PTRS Ports for Scheme 2A/2B 
     In Scheme 2a and 2b, each PRG is utilized for transmission by one of the two TRP only. Also, the DM-RS ports are from one CDM group only according to agreement with a comb-based frequency allocation transmission, divided into odd and even PRGs (except in the case of wideband PRG, in which case two continuous chunks or RBs are used per TRP). The same DM-RS port number(s) is used in the odd and even PRGs, hence there is no need to configure two PT-RS ports in scheme 2a and 2b.
     Proposal 7 In Scheme 2a and 2b, a single PT-RS port is used. If two PT-RS ports have been configured (in case dynamic switching between schemes is supported), then only the PT-RS port associated with the lowest index DM-RS port is transmitted.   

     The network may transmit the PT-RS port from each of the two TRPs respectively. It may in some cases be so that phase noise contributions come also from the transmitter side, i.e. gNB. This is particularly the case if lower complexity gNBs are used, which doesn&#39;t have the same local oscillator stability as advanced macro gNBs. Hence, the UE may not jointly use PT-RS transmissions from PRGs that are transmitted from different TRPs, as they may have very different phase noise characteristics. Hence, we propose:
     Proposal 8 In scheme 2a, the UE shall not assume that it can use the PT-RS transmissions from PDSCH resources associated with different TCI states in a joint manner, when using PT-RS for tracking the phase. Hence, phase tracking needs to be estimated for each of the two groups of PDSCH resources separately.   

     For Scheme 2b on the other hand, the procedure is simpler, as there are two CW transmitted, and thus two PDSCHs transmitted. A simple rule is then the following:
     Proposal 9 In scheme 2b, the PT-RS resource element mapping is established for each of the two PDSCHs independently (i.e. to the scheduled resources of the PDSCH). The UE shall not use PT-RS of one PDSCH as the PT-RS for the other PDSCH.   

     Moreover, in scheme 2b, the actual number of RB used for transmission from one TRP, i.e. per PDSCH, is roughly 50% of the total number of scheduled RB since the resource allocation indicates the total resources used for both PDSCH. Hence, to correctly assign the frequency density K PT-RS  of the PT-RS for each PDSCH, only 50% of the total scheduled bandwidth should be assumed per PDSCH. Hence,
     Proposal 10 In scheme 2b, the value used for the bandwidth N RB  when determining K PT-RS  from Table 5.1.6.3-2 in TS 38.214 is ceil(X/2) where X is the total number of scheduled resource blocks in the scheme 2b resource allocation.   

     3.1.2 RV Sequence for Scheme 2B 
     For Scheme 2b, agreement last meeting was: 
     Agreement 
     For single-DCI based M-TRP URLLC scheme 2b 
     
         
         
           
             For a RV sequence to be applied to RBs associated with two TCI states sequentially,
           RV id  indicated by the DCI is used to select one out of four RV sequence candidates, whereas sequences are predefined in spec (FFS exact sequences)   
         
           
         
       
    
     Based on simulation results provided in the previous meetings, e.g., [6], it seems that at least (RV1,RV2)=(0,2) and (0,0) should be supported. (0,0) can be used in case of blocking while (0,2) can be used when there is no blocking. This is because RV0 is self-decodable while RV2 isn&#39;t. Thus, when one of the TRPs has the risk of being completely blocked, it is better to transmit RV0 from both TRPs, so that a self-decodable RV can be received. However, when the TRPs are experiencing fading dips rather than blocking, it is better to transmit different RVs to achieve incremental redundancy rather than chase combining and (RV1,RV2)=(0,2) was shown to be the best combination. 
     Additionally, (2,2) and (1,3) may be included to support retransmission. For example, (2,2) may be used for retransmission when (0,0) was used in the initial transmission to have (0,2) for each TRP in case one TRP is blocked. Similarly, (1,3) may be used for retransmission when (0,2) was used in the initial transmission to have a combined RV sequence of (0,2,3,1) over two transmissions to maximize soft combining gain. The resulted 4 RV sequences are shown in Table 1.
     Proposal 11 For Scheme 2b, use the 4 RV sequences listed in Table 1.   

     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 An example of RV configuration for Scheme 2b 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 RV field in DCI 
                 RV1 
                 RV2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 1 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     3.2 Remaining Issues for TDM Schemes 
     3.2.1 Repetition Indication for Scheme 3 
     In RAN1 #98bis, the following was agreed for scheme 3. 
     Agreement
         For single-DCI based M-TRP URLLC scheme 3, the starting symbol of the second transmission occasion has K symbol offset relative to the last symbol of the first transmission occasion, whereas the value of K can be optionally configured by RRC. If not configured, K=0.
           The starting symbol and length of the first transmission occasion is indicated by SLIV.   The length of the second transmission occasion is the same with the first transmission occasion.   Exact candidate value of K can be decided in RAN1 #99   FFS: Any restrictions on the possible value pairs for K and SLIV   
               

     In NR Rel-15, the starting symbol (S) and length (L) are jointly encoded as specified in clause 5.1.2.1 of TS 38.214 such that the time domain resource allocation does not cross the slot boundary. This means there is a constraint 0&lt;L≤14−S that must be met in NR Rel-15. 
     As already agreed in RAN1 #98bis, for scheme 3, the number of transmission occasions is two when a codepoint of the TCI field indicates two TCI states. Hence, the constraint related to SLIV should be modified taking into account the higher layer configured value of K. An appropriate constraint for the case when there is two transmission occasions is 0&lt;2L≤14−S−K. This constraint ensures that the time domain resource allocation for the two transmission occasions does not cross the slot boundary. 
     Furthermore, in the email discussion [98b-NR-22] related to the Rel-16 NR eURLLC work item, the following agreement was made: 
     Agreement
         For time domain resource allocation indication for PDSCH for Rel-16 URLLC in new DCI format, using the starting symbol of the PDCCH monitoring occasion in which the DL assignment is detected as the reference of the SLIV is supported.
           A RRC parameter is used to enable the utilization of the new reference   When the RRC parameter enables the utilization of the new reference, the new reference is applied for TDRA entries with K 0 =0
               FFS: Other entries with K 0 &gt;0 can also be included in the same TDRA table   For other entries (if any) in the same TDRA table, the reference is slot boundary as in Rel-15.   
               
               

     In NR Rel-15, the starting symbol S is relative to the start of the slot (i.e., reference point is the start of the slot). However, according to the above eURLLC agreement, the starting symbol S is relative to the starting symbol of the PDCCH monitoring occasion in which the DL assignment is detected. Furthermore, as agreed above, the use of this new reference point is enabled/disabled by a new RRC parameter. It should be noted that when the use of the new reference point is enabled, the restrictions related to SLIV and K will be impacted. An appropriate constraint for this case when there is two transmission occasions is 0&lt;2L≤14−S−S 0 −K where S 0  denotes the starting symbol of the PDCCH monitoring occasion in which the DL assignment is detected.
     Proposal 12 With regards to restrictions on the possible value pairs for K and SLIV for Scheme 3, the following restrictions apply, and if the UE receives K and SLIV values in the scheduling DCI that do not satisfy the conditions below, then the UE can assume that only the first repetition in the slot is transmitted:
       If using the starting symbol of the PDCCH monitoring occasion in which the DL assignment is detected as the reference point for starting symbol S is not enabled, then the restriction 0&lt;2L≤14−S−K applies.   If using the starting symbol of the PDCCH monitoring occasion in which the DL assignment is detected as the reference point for starting symbol S is enabled, then the restriction 0&lt;2L≤14−S−S 0 −K applies wherein S 0  is the starting symbol of the PDCCH monitoring occasion in which the DL assignment is detected.   
       

     One of the reasons for introducing a configurable symbol offset K is to allow transmission of scheme 3 in a slot containing both DL and UL symbols. Particularly, the use case for having a non-zero K value is to allow the case where there are UL symbols (and flexible symbols) in between the DL symbols allocated for the first transmission occasion and the DL symbols allocated for the second transmission occasion. Considering Table 11.1.1-1 of TS 38.213, slot formats 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, and 54 offer the possibility of 1 st  transmission occasion in a set of DL symbols and the 2 nd  transmission occasion in another set of DL symbol wherein the two sets of DL symbols are separated by UL/flexible symbols. 
     Another motivation is to avoid collisions between PDSCH DMRS and reserved resources such as LTE CRS.  FIG.  19    shows an illustration of different K values suitable for different slot formats. As shown in the figure, K values in the range from 0 to 6 are useful. Hence, we propose the following:
     Proposal 13 Support a value range from 0 to 6 for the configurable symbol offset K.   

     It should be noted that a single configured value of K is not suitable for different slot formats particularly in the case when slot format is dynamically indicated. For instance, a K value of 6 which is suitable for slot format 55 in  FIG.  19    is not suitable for slot format 46. Furthermore, the same value of K is not suitable even within the same slot format when different L values are used for scheme 3. 
       FIG.  20    shows a second illustration when different K values are needed when different L values are used within the same slot format. In the top part of this figure, scheme 3 is used with L=4 which requires a K value of 2. In the bottom part of the figure, scheme 3 is used with L=2 which requires a K value of 0. Hence, to maintain the scheduling flexibility, different values of K should allow to be dependent on the SLIV. Since SLIV is indicated as part of PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation, we propose to also indicate the K value as part of PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation.
     Proposal 14 In NR Rel-16, the symbol offset K for multi-TRP scheme 3 is configured as part of PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation.   

     3.2.2 Repetition Indication for Scheme 4 
     In RAN1 #98bis, the following was agreed. 
     Agreement
         For single-DCI based M-TRP URLLC schemes, the number of transmission occasions is indicated by following:
           For scheme 3, the number of transmission occasions is implicitly determined by the number of TCI states indicated by a code point whereas one TCI state means one transmission occasion and two states means two transmission occasions.   For scheme 4, TDRA indication is enhanced to additionally indicate the number of PDSCH transmission occasions by using PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation field.   The maximum number of repetition is FFS.   
               

     According to Clause 11.1 of TS 38.213, when a UE is scheduled by DCI format 1-1 to receive PDSCH over multiple slots, and if a slot among the multiple slots contains at least one symbol from a set of symbols where the UE is scheduled to receive PDSCH is an uplink symbol, then the UE does not receive PDSCH in that slot. Hence, in multi-TRP scheme 4, some of the transmission occasions may not be received by the UE in some slots if at least one of the scheduled symbols for PDSCH happens to be an uplink symbol. These transmission occasions that are not received by the UE are still counted as ‘one reception’ towards the indicated number of transmission occasions. This may limit the reliability of scheme 4 for certain TDD configurations. In Rel-15, the maximum number of repetitions is 8. However, to ensure the reliability of scheme 4 for various TDD configuration, it is desirable to set the maximum number of repetitions to 16 in NR Rel-16.
     Proposal 15 In NR Rel-16, the maximum number of repetitions for scheme 4 is 16.   

     In NR Rel-16 eURLLC, the following agreement is made for PUSCH: 
     Agreements:
         For the dynamic indication of the number of repetitions for dynamic grant:
           Jointly coded with SLIV in TDRA table, by adding an additional column for the number of repetitions in the TDRA table   The maximum TDRA table size is increased to 64   No other spec impact is expected   
               

     Similar to the above agreement, for scheme 4, we have agreed that the number of repetitions will be dynamically indicated by using the PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation field which also provides the SLIV. Hence, a similar level of scheduling flexibility is desired for PDSCH in the case of scheme 4. Thus, in the case of scheme 4, the maximum TDRA table size is 64.
     Proposal 16 In NR Rel-16, the maximum TDRA table size given by ‘maxNrofDL-Allocations’ in TS38.331 is 64.   

     3.2.3 RV Sequence for Scheme 3 
     Different RV sequences may be beneficial for different scenarios. For example, (0,0) may be used in case there is a high probability that one TRP is blocked, while (0,2) may be used when blocking is a low probability. Up to 4 different RV sequences may be predefined and RV field of DCI can be used to select one of the sequences, similar to Rel-15. For Scheme 3 with only two repetitions, the same RV sequences in Table 1 for Scheme 2b may be used.
     Proposal 17 Up to 4 RV sequences are predefined and the RV field in DCI is re-used to select one of the sequences for Schemes 3 and the same RV sequences as for Scheme 2b are used.   

     4 the Configuration of a Single Trp as a Special Case 
     For scheme 4, it has been agreed to dynamically 
     
         
         
           
             For scheme 4, TDRA indication is enhanced to additionally indicate the number of PDSCH transmission occasions by using PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation field. 
           
         
       
    
     5 On Dynamic Switching Between Schemes 
     Talk about switching between URLLC-Single TRP-Multi-TRP-EMBB 
     In RAN1 #98b, the following agreement was reached: 
     Agreement
         For single-DCI based M-TRP URLLC scheme differentiation among schemes 2a/2b/3, from the UE perspective:
           A new RRC parameter is introduced to enable [one scheme/multiple schemes] among 2a/2b/3.
               FFS on details   
               
           Note: dynamic switching between schemes (including fallback) is a separate discussion       

     If RRC is used to select one scheme among schemes 2a/2b/3, then there is no need for dynamic scheme selection principle among 2a/2b/3. If on the other hand, RRC is used to select either Scheme 2a/2b or Scheme 3, then dynamic selection between Schemes 2a and 2b would be needed. 
     From latency perspective, Schemes 2a/2b/3 are rather similar. For the same amount of resource utilization per OFDM symbol, Scheme 3 would provide more frequency diversity but double the DMRS overhead. In our view, Scheme 3 is mainly beneficial for FR2 while Schemes 2a/2b are mainly beneficial for FR1. 
     Therefore, having RRC configuration of either Schemes 2a/2b or Scheme 3 should be sufficient. Then, comparing Schemes 2a and 2b, it is noticed they are very similar in performance when the code rate is low such that systematic bits are transmitted from each TRP. At high code rate, Scheme 2a is slightly better when there is no deep fading or presence of channel blocking, otherwise, Scheme 2b is better. Given that Scheme 2b also needs additional UE capability signaling, RRC signaling is sufficient in practice. Thus, this leads us to the following proposal:
     Proposal 18 Either of Scheme 2a, 2b or 3 is semi-statically enabled by RRC. No dynamic switching between these three different schemes is supported. Dynamic fallback to single TRP and/or single repetition is supported.   

     6 Remaining Issues for Multi-DCI Based Multi-Trp 
     6.1 Remaining Issues Related to RRC Signalling 
     From email discussion 
     6.2 Remaining Issues Related to Pucch 
     From last meeting, we have this agreement with two options for down-selection in the Multi-TRP agenda: 
     Agreement 
     With regarding to PUCCH resource group for M-DCI NCJT transmission, select one of following options in RAN1 #98bis 
     
         
         
           
             Option 1: Support configuring explicit PUCCH resource grouping over resource or resource sets 
             Option 2: Support implicit PUCCH resource grouping up to NW implementation whereas PUCCH may or may not be overlapped. 
           
         
       
    
     Furthermore, in RAN1 #97, the following working assumption was reached in the Multi-Beam agenda: 
     Working Assumption 
     For the supported feature of simultaneous update/indication of a single spatial relation per group of PUCCH by using one MAC CE, the following configuration options for the group are supported: 
     
         
         
           
             At least up to two groups per BWP
           FFS: Details on configuring the groups including whether to use implicit method or explicit method
               For example, each corresponding to different TRP/panel, at least for multi-TRP/panel case   Another example, each corresponding to different active spatial relation at least for single TRP case   
               If there is no consensus to support more than two groups, only up to two groups will be supported in Rel-16   
         
           
         
       
    
     Currently, whether to introduce explicit PUCCH resource groups or not is being discussed in parallel in both the Multi-TRP and the Multi-Beam agendas. From our perspective, there may be a potential for conflicting agreements if such parallel discussions continue in RAN1 #98bis. Given that there is a working assumption in the Multi-Beam agenda, our preference is to discuss whether or not to introduce explicit PUCCH resource groups in the Multi-Beam agenda.
     Observation 1 Whether to introduce explicit PUCCH resource groups or not is currently being discussed parallelly in both the Multi-TRP and the Multi-Beam agendas, and if such discussions continue, may result in conflicting agreements.   Proposal 19 Whether or not to introduce explicit PUCCH resource groups or not should be decided in the Multi-beam agenda.   

     There is a remaining FFS related PUCCH resource groups given below which was already supposed to be concluded in RAN1 #98
         FFS whether/how to associate PUCCH resource groups and configured higher layer signaling indices of CORESETs (to be concluded in RAN1 98)       

     In the multi-DCI based multi-TRP case, a scheduler corresponding to each TRP will indicate to the UE which PUCCH resource to use for HARQ ACK/NACK feedback via the PUCCH resource indicator field in the scheduling DCI. Hence, the association between PUCCH resource group (if agreed) and configured higher layer signaling index in CORESET is already implicit, and we do not see the need to explicitly associate PUCCH resource groups and configured higher layer signaling indices of CORESET. In fact, we fail to see what benefit such explicit association would bring.
     Proposal 20 In NR Rel-16, explicit association between PUCCH resource groups (if agreed in MB agenda) and higher layer signaling indices of CORESETs is not supported.   

     6.3 Remaining Issues Related to Dynamic HARQ-ACK Codebooks 
     From last meeting we have this agreement with two alternatives for down-selection for joint HARQ A/N feedback with multi-DCI: 
     Agreement 
     For joint dynamic HARQ-ACK codebook among M-TRP, select one from following alternatives in RAN1 #98bis 
     
         
         
           
             Alt 1: counter DAI is jointly counted across two TRPs (i.e. different higher layer index configured per CORESET (if configured)), and total DAI should count total number of DCIs in a PDCCH monitoring occasion across CCs and TRPs. 
             Alt 2: counter DAI is counted per TRP, and total DAI should count total number of DCIs in a PDCCH monitoring occasion across CCs for each TRP. HARQ-ACK information bits are then concatenated by the increasing order of TRPs (i.e. different higher layer index configured per CORESET (if configured)). 
           
         
       
    
     The use case of joint HARQ ACK feedback is, in our view, mainly for ideal backhaul with a single scheduler so that the HARQ A/N can be sent to a single TRP. Since the scheduling is done by a single scheduler, it makes sense to count the DCIs jointly across two TRPs for both counter DAI and total DAI. This would also ease UE processing as it only needs to deal with a single set of counters and minimal change is required from Rel-15 procedure. Therefore, Alt 1 is preferred.
     Proposal 21 Alt 1 is supported for joint HARQ ACK codebook with multi-DCI.   

     For separate HARQ A/N feedback with multi-DCI based multi-TRP transmission, we have the following agreement from last RAN1 meeting: 
     Agreement 
     For multi-DCI based multi-TRP transmission with separate ACK/NACK feedback 
     
         
         
           
             UE is allowed to transmit two TDMed long PUCCHs within a slot 
             UE is allowed to transmit TDMed short PUCCH and long PUCCH within a slot 
             UE is allowed to transmit TDMed short PUCCH and short PUCCH within a slot FFS whether/how to use PRI indication with the granularity of sub-slot for eMBB with M-TRP 
           
         
       
    
     In our understanding, the sub-slot based PUCCH resource allocation discussed in eURLLC session is mainly related to the granularity of K1. When a UL sub-slot is indicated, the PUCCH resource indicator (PRI) field in DCI would point to a PUCCH resource within the sub-slot. Therefore, the FFS item is not an issue in our view. For sub-slot based PUCCH resource allocation and K1, we can reuse the mechanism that has been agreed in eURLLC. 
     6.4 Remaining Issues Related to PDSCH Rate Matching 
     From last meeting we have this agreement 
     Agreement 
     For multi-DCI based multi-TRP/panel transmission, the UE shall rate match around: 
     
         
         
           
             Configured CRS patterns which optionally associated with a higher layer signaling index per CORESET (if configured) and are applied to the PDSCH scheduled with a DCI detected on a CORESET with the same higher layer index.
           This is a UE optional feature with separate UE capability signalling   If UE does not support this feature, the default UE behaviour is the following:
               For multi-DCI based multi-TRP/panel transmission, the UE shall rate match PDSCH around configured CRS patterns from multiple TRPs
 
FFS: Whether/How to handle DMRS shifting if CRS patterns are configured.
   
               
         
           
         
       
    
     To simplify the operation, if LTE CRS pattern is configured in any of the TRPs, the DMRS is shifted according to Rel.15 procedure for both TRPs. Hence
     Proposal 22 For multi-DCI based multi-TRP/panel transmission, if at least one LTE CRS patterns is configured, then PDSCH DM-RS is shifted according to Rel.15 procedure when DM-RS symbol collides with LTE CRS symbol and the shift is always applied for both received PDSCH.   

     6.4.1 Overlapping DMRS and PDSCH 
     For DMRS, different TCI states (i.e., TRPs) use different CDM groups. Hence, it is reasonable to also add the condition that PDSCH from one TRP is not simultaneously overlapping with DMRS transmitted from another TRP. Whether to map PDSCH to REs not used for DMRS is controlled by selecting the corresponding row in the antenna port indication table. Hence, we propose:
     Proposal 23 A UE receiving downlink NC-JT scheduling assignments of two PDSCHs can ignore both scheduling assignments in case one of the scheduled PDSCH is mapped to REs used for DMRS to the other scheduled PDSCH to the same UE.   

     6.5 Remaining Issues Related to DCI Format 1_0 
     In RAN1 #96, the following agreement was made: 
     Agreement 
     For a UE supporting multiple-PDCCH based multi-TRP/panel transmission and each PDCCH schedules one PDSCH, at least for eMBB with non-ideal backhaul, support following restrictions: 
     
         
         
           
             The UE may be scheduled with fully/partially/non-overlapped PDSCHs at time and frequency domain by multiple PDCCHs with following restrictions:
           . . .   The UE is not expected to have more than one TCI index with DMRS ports within the same CDM group for fully/partially overlapped PDSCHs   . . .   
         
           
         
       
    
     In RAN1 #96, the following agreement was made: 
     Agreement 
     For a UE supporting multiple-PDCCH based multi-TRP/panel transmission and each PDCCH schedules one PDSCH, at least for eMBB with non-ideal backhaul, support following restrictions: 
     
         
         
           
             The UE may be scheduled with fully/partially/non-overlapped PDSCHs at time and frequency domain by multiple PDCCHs with following restrictions:
           . . .   The UE is not expected to have more than one TCI index with DMRS ports within the same CDM group for fully/partially overlapped PDSCHs   . . .   
         
           
         
       
    
     The PDSCHs transmitted from different TRPs will have different TCI states associated with them. Therefore, according to the above agreement, the PDSCH DM-RSs from the different TRPs need to belong to different DM-RS CDM groups according to this restriction. 
     In the case when the PDSCHs are scheduled via DCI format 1-1, the Antenna ports field in the DCI indicates the PDSCH DMRS ports. Hence, in the case of DCI format 1-1, it can be easily ensured by proper indication of the PDSCH DMRS ports that the two PDSCH DM-RSs from the two TRPs belong to different DM-RS CDM groups. 
     However, the case when the PDSCHs are scheduled via DCI format 1-0 is problematic for multi-PDCCH based NC-JT as there is no Antenna ports field in DCI format 1-0. In the case of DCI format 1-0, the PDSCH DM-RS is assumed to use DM-RS port 0 which corresponds to CDM group 0. Hence, in the scenario when one or both TRPs are scheduling PDSCH using DCI format 1-0, then there is a strong possibility that both TRPs&#39; PDSCH DMRS end up in CDM group 0. For Multi-PDCCH based NC-JT, this violates the restriction of having different TRPs&#39; PDSCH DM-RS in different DM-RS CDM groups. Hence, a solution should be studied on how to ensure the above agreed restriction is satisfied when multi-PDCCH based NC-JT scheduling involves DCI format 1-0.
     Observation 2 For Multi-PDCCH based NC-JT, scheduling PDSCH using DCI format 1_0 from one or both TRPs violates the restriction of having different TRPs&#39; PDSCH DM-RS in different DM-RS CDM groups.   

     Hence, some solutions to handle this issue should be discussed in RAN1. 
     6.6 Clarification on Number of TCI States Per DCI 
     For multi-DCI scheduling over two TRPs, the original motivation was that each TRP schedules its PDSCH independently. In that case, each DCI acts in the same way as in Rel-15. Therefore, only one TCI state is instated in each DCI. Also, multi-DCI operation is distinguished from single DCI when there are two higher layer indices configured for the CORESETs. So, we have the following proposal
     Proposal 24 Multi-DCI is enabled when two higher layer indices for the CORESETs are configured.   Proposal 25 When multi-DCI is enabled, only a single TCI state is indicated in each DCI.   Proposal 26 When multi-DCI is enabled and two PDSCHs are scheduled by two DCIs in a slot, the two PDSCHs are indicated with two different HARQ process IDs.   

     6.7 PDSCH Type Combinations Supported 
     
         
         
           
             (which combinations should be supported: type A+type A, type B+type B, type A+type B). 
           
         
       
    
     6.8 Default TCI State 
     CONCLUSION 
     In the previous sections we made the following observations: 
     Observation 1 Whether to introduce explicit PUCCH resource groups or not is currently being discussed parallelly in both the Multi-TRP and the Multi-Beam agendas, and if such discussions continue, may result in conflicting agreements. 
     Observation 2 For Multi-PDCCH based NC-JT, scheduling PDSCH using DCI format 1_0 from one or both TRPs violates the restriction of having different TRPs&#39; PDSCH DM-RS in different DM-RS CDM groups. 
     Based on the discussion in the previous sections we propose the following: 
     Proposal 1 For single PDCCH case, if two overlapping LTE CRS patterns are configured, the UE shall rate match PDSCH around both LTE CRS, for all received layers. 
     Proposal 2 When 2 TCI states are indicated in DCI and the K1 value in the same DCI is below the threshold, the default TCI states are the TCI states indicated in the DCI or TCIs associated to 2 CORESETs. 
     Proposal 3 If a TCI codepoint indicates two TCI states and indicated DMRS ports are from single CDM group, and if repetition scheme is not enabled (i.e. URLLC based scheme not enabled), then the UE applies the first TCI state and ignores the second TCI state in the codepoint. 
     Proposal 4 If a TCI codepoint indicates two TCI states and indicated DMRS ports are from three CDM groups, then the UE associates the first TCI state to the first CDM group (λ=0) and the second TCI states to the second and third CDM group (=1,2). 
     Proposal 5 If a UE is scheduled with two codewords and two PTRS ports is configured for single-PDCCH based multi-TRP/Panel transmission at least for eMBB and URLLC scheme 1a, and if two TCI states are indicated by one TCI code point, and for each TCI state
         if the TCI state is associated to two MCSs (i.e. the TCI state is associated with two code words) then the first PTRS port is associated with the lowest indexed DMRS port assigned for the codeword with the higher MCS within the DMRS ports corresponding to the TCI state, and   if the MCS indices of the two codewords are the same, then the first/second PTRS port is associated with the lowest indexed DMRS port within the DMRS ports corresponding to the first/second indicated TCI state       

     Proposal 6 If a TCI codepoint indicates two TCI states and indicated DMRS ports are from single CDM group, and if two PT-RS ports are enabled, then a single PT-RS port is transmitted. 
     Proposal 7 In Scheme 2a and 2b, a single PT-RS port is used. If two PT-RS ports have been configured (in case dynamic switching between schemes is supported), then only the PT-RS port associated with the lowest index DM-RS port is transmitted. 
     Proposal 8 In scheme 2a, the UE shall not assume that it can use the PT-RS transmissions from PDSCH resources associated with different TCI states in a joint manner, when using PT-RS for tracking the phase. Hence, phase tracking needs to be estimated for each of the two groups of PDSCH resources separately. 
     Proposal 9 In scheme 2b, the PT-RS resource element mapping is established for each of the two PDSCHs independently (i.e. to the scheduled resources of the PDSCH). The UE shall not use PT-RS of one PDSCH as the PT-RS for the other PDSCH. 
     Proposal 10 In scheme 2b, the value used for the bandwidth N RB  when determining K PT-RS  from Table 5.1.6.3-2 in TS 38.214 is ceil(X/2) where X is the total number of scheduled resource blocks in the scheme 2b resource allocation. 
     Proposal 11 For Scheme 2b, use the 4 RV sequences listed in Table 1. 
     Proposal 12 With regards to restrictions on the possible value pairs for K and SLIV for Scheme 3, the following restrictions apply, and if the UE receives K and SLIV values in the scheduling DCI that do not satisfy the conditions below, then the UE can assume that only the first repetition in the slot is transmitted:
         If using the starting symbol of the PDCCH monitoring occasion in which the DL assignment is detected as the reference point for starting symbol S is not enabled, then the restriction 0&lt;2L≤14−S−K applies.   If using the starting symbol of the PDCCH monitoring occasion in which the DL assignment is detected as the reference point for starting symbol S is enabled, then the restriction 0&lt;2L≤14−S−S 0 −K applies wherein S0 is the starting symbol of the PDCCH monitoring occasion in which the DL assignment is detected.       

     Proposal 13 Support a value range from 0 to 6 for the configurable symbol offset K. 
     Proposal 14 In NR Rel-16, the symbol offset K for multi-TRP scheme 3 is configured as part of PDSCH-TimeDomainResourceAllocation. 
     Proposal 15 In NR Rel-16, the maximum number of repetitions for scheme 4 is 16. 
     Proposal 16 In NR Rel-16, the maximum TDRA table size given by ‘maxNrofDL-Allocations’ in TS38.331 is 64. 
     Proposal 17 Up to 4 RV sequences are predefined and the RV field in DCI is re-used to select one of the sequences for Schemes 3 and the same RV sequences as for Scheme 2b are used. 
     Proposal 18 Either of Scheme 2a, 2b or 3 is semi-statically enabled by RRC. No dynamic switching between these three different schemes is supported. Dynamic fallback to single TRP and/or single repetition is supported. 
     Proposal 19 Whether or not to introduce explicit PUCCH resource groups or not should be decided in the Multi-beam agenda. 
     Proposal 20 In NR Rel-16, explicit association between PUCCH resource groups (if agreed in MB agenda) and higher layer signaling indices of CORESETs is not supported. 
     Proposal 21 Alt 1 is supported for joint HARQ ACK codebook with multi-DCI. 
     Proposal 22 For multi-DCI based multi-TRP/panel transmission, if at least one LTE CRS patterns is configured, then PDSCH DM-RS is shifted according to Rel.15 procedure when DM-RS symbol collides with LTE CRS symbol and the shift is always applied for both received PDSCH. 
     Proposal 23 A UE receiving downlink NC-JT scheduling assignments of two PDSCHs can ignore both scheduling assignments in case one of the scheduled PDSCH is mapped to REs used for DMRS to the other scheduled PDSCH to the same UE. 
     Proposal 24 Multi-DCI is enabled when two higher layer indices for the CORESETs are configured. 
     Proposal 25 When multi-DCI is enabled, only a single TCI state is indicated in each DCI. 
     Proposal 26 When multi-DCI is enabled and two PDSCHs are scheduled by two DCIs in a slot, the two PDSCHs are indicated with two different HARQ process IDs. 
     REFERENCES 
     
         
         [1] R1-1901702 “Further discussion on multi TRP transmission” vivo. 
         [2] R1-1903043, “Multi-TRP Enhancements” Qualcomm Incorporated. 
         [3] R1-1905166, “NC-JT performance with layer restriction between TRPs”, Ericsson, 3GPP RAN1 #96bis. 
         [4] R1-1907423, “On MAC-CE signaling impact of Rel-16 TCI indication framework”, Ericsson, 3GPP RAN1 #97. 
         [5] R1-1907422, “Performance evaluation of NC-JT with different clustering approaches”, Ericsson, RAN1 #97. 
         [6] R1-1905165, “Performance comparison of different RV combinations for SDM and FDM based schemes”, Ericsson, RAN1 #96bis. 
         [7] R1-1907425, “Additional evaluation results on multi-TRP schemes for reliable PDSCH transmission in URLLC”, Ericsson, RAN1 #97. 
         [8] R1-1907421, “On the number of TRPs for high reliability at 4 GHz”, Ericsson, RAN1 #97. 
         [9] R1-1907420, “Additional evaluation results on NC-JT performance with layer restriction between TRPs”, Ericsson, RAN1 #97. 
         [10] R1-1907515, “On schemes 3 and 4 for URLLC with Multi-TRP”, Ericsson, RAN1 #97. 
         [11] R1-1907426, “On Multi-TRP based URLLC Schemes for Downlink SPS”, Ericsson, RAN1 #97. 
         [12] RP-191599, “Enhancements for dynamic spectrum sharing in Rel-16”, Ericsson, RAN #84. 
         [13] R1-1909465, “On multi-TRP and multi-panel”, Ericsson, RAN1 #98. 
         [14] R1-1909423, “Preliminary results on PDCCH over multi-TRP for URLLC”, Ericsson, RAN1 #98.
       [13] R2-1910143, “Protocol structure for Multi-TRP operation”, Ericsson, RAN2 #107.   [14] R1-1908066, “Enhancements on Multi-TRP/panel transmission”, Huawei, HiSilicon.