Patent Publication Number: US-2020297602-A1

Title: Oral care composition

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/820,154 filed on Mar. 18, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present invention relates to an oral care composition, such as a toothpaste or gel solution. In particular, the present invention relates to a toothpaste or gel solution having minimally-irritating properties. 
     Seniors and cancer patients typically have weak and sensitive oral mucosa. Irritated tissues can thin and waste away, causing sores in the mouth (i.e., ulcerative oral mucositis). Toothpaste is often one of the culprits for causing tissue irritation in the mouth. Moreover, toothpaste typically includes surfactant, and many common surfactants are known to cause tissue irritation. Surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (i.e., SLS) is an exemplary surfactant that is generally known to irritate the oral mucosa and other tissues within the mouth. Accordingly, there is a need in the industry for irritation-free or mild toothpaste. While there are some toothpastes that claim “mildness” on the market, studies show that these are not mild enough for vulnerable oral mucosa for some populations. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment, the invention provides an oral care composition including a base composition, and a nonionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, and a combination thereof in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5.0% by weight of the oral care composition. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides an oral care composition including a base composition being essentially free of anionic surfactants and a nonionic surfactant wherein the nonionic surfactant is a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, or a combination thereof. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of reducing irritation of an oral care composition including mixing a base composition and a nonionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, and a combination thereof. 
     Other aspects of the invention will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a sample calculation for determining HC 50 . 
         FIG. 2  shows the results of Experiment 1. 
         FIG. 3  shows the results of Experiment 2. 
         FIG. 4  shows the results of Experiment 3. 
         FIG. 5  shows the results of Experiment 4. 
     
    
    
     While specific embodiments are explained below, it should be understood that the invention is capable of other embodiments. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     One embodiment of an oral care composition, such as toothpaste or a gel solution, comprises a base composition and a nonionic surfactant that includes monoglycerides, diglycerides, or a combination thereof (i.e., a monoglyceride and diglyceride mixture). In one embodiment, the oral care composition may include about 0.5% to about 8.0% by weight of a nonionic surfactant that is a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the oral care composition may include about 0.5% to about 5.0% by weight of a nonionic surfactant that is a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, or a combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, the oral care composition may include about 2.0% to about 4.0% by weight of a nonionic surfactant that is a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, or a combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, the oral care composition may include about 3.0% to about 4.0% by weight of a nonionic surfactant that is a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, or a combination thereof. In yet another embodiment, the oral care composition may include about 4.0% by weight of a nonionic surfactant that is a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, or a combination thereof. The term “about” as used herein generally means plus or minus 0.05%. Suitable monoglyceride surfactants include, but are not limited to, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monohydroxystearate, glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl monotallate, glyceryl monolaurate, glyceryl monobehenate, glyceryl monocaprylate, glyceryl monocapriate, glyceryl monoelaidate, esters of monoglycerides, modified monoglycerides (e.g., acetylated monoglycerides, glycerol diacetomonolaurate, glycerol monoacetomonostearate, succinylated monoglycerides), and organic acid monoglycerides (e.g., diacetyltartaric, fatty acid esters of glyceride, lactic acid ester of monoglyceride, citric acid esters of monoglyceride). Suitable diglyceride surfactants include, but are not limited to, glyceryl diacetomonolaurate, glyceryl distearate, organic acid diglycerides (e.g., lactic acid ester of diglycerides, citric acid ester of diglycerides. Other suitable nonionic surfactants for use as a monoglyceride or diglyceride include, but are not limited to, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl hydroxystearate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl tallate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl caprylate, glyceryl capriate, glyceryl elaidate. Monoglyceride and diglyceride mixtures may include one or more of the monoglyceride or diglyceride surfactants listed above. Alternatively, the monoglyceride and diglyceride mixture may include mono- and di-glycerides. A definition of mono- and di-gylcerides is set forth in 2020 U.S. Pharmacopeia National Formulary, NF38, “Mono- and Di-glycerides”, page 5890. Mono- and di-glycerides include monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides and glycerin. The raw material is made from edible oil and not completely purified to one single chemical. In other or additional embodiments, the mono- and di-glycerides may include 30% monoglycerides, 42% monoglycerides, 46% monogylcerides, 52% monoglycerides or any other suitable percentage of monogylcerides. 
     In one embodiment, the monoglycerides, diglycerides, or monoglyceride and diglyceride mixture is the only surfactant used in the oral care composition. That is, the oral care composition is essentially free of other surfactants. Preferably, the composition is essentially free of anionic surfactants, which are known in the industry to cause irritation of mouth tissue. In particular, the oral care composition is essentially free of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), which is a common anionic surfactant. The term “essentially free” generally means an amount that is less than 0.01% by weight, such as less than 0.005%, less than 0.001%, less than 0.0005%, or less than 0.0001% by weight. 
     The oral care composition may optionally include other surfactants. These optional surfactants, when present, may include nonionic surfactants, cationic, zwitterionic and/or amphoteric surfactants in small amounts (such as from 0.01% to 2.00% by weight). 
     The oral care composition may optionally include one or more of the following nonionic surfactants: sugar fatty acid esters (e.g., sucrose fatty acid esters and maltose fatty acid esters), sugar alcohol fatty acid esters (e.g., maltitol fatty acid ester), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g., sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan polyoxyethylene), sorbitan, fatty acid esters of monostearate, fatty acid alkanolamides (e.g., lauric acid diethanolamide, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether), polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers (e.g., polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyethylene glycol monooleate, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, polyethylene) glycol fatty acid esters, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene glycerin fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, alkyl glucosides, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers and the like, poly polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers, alkyl glucosides, polyoxyethylene glycerin fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, fatty alkanolamides, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol ether (e.g., isoceteth-20). The oral care composition may also or alternatively include one or more of the following zwitterionic and/or amphoteric surfactants: amino acid type, betaine type, alkylamide betaine type, sulfobetaine type, an imidazoline type and the like, 2-alkyl-N-carboxymethyl-N-hydroxyethyl imidazolinium betaine or coconut such as oil fatty acid amide propyl betaine. 
     The base composition may optionally include other soothing or desensitizing agents to prevent or reduce irritation of the tissues of the mouth. The soothing agent can be selected from aloe extract, allantoin, alpha lipoic acid, arnica extract, azulene, basil extract, berry extract, beta glucan, bisabolol, black cumin extract, burdock extract, calendula extract, cardamom extract, chamomile extract, clover extract, cornflower extract, echinacea extract, feverfew extract, geranium extract, garlic extract, ginger extract, glucosamine, glycosyl trehalose, glycyrrhizin, goldenseal extract, gotu kola extract, grape extract, green/white tea extract, horseradish extract, lavender extract, lichochalcone extract, licorice extract, magnolia extract, mallow extract, meadowsweet extract, mugwort extract, mulberry extract, mushroom extract, neem extract, oat extract, passionflower extract, pomegranate extract, purslane extract, red clover extract, red hogweed extract, resveratrol, rose geranium extract, rose hips extract, sea buckthorn extract, sea whip extract, sneezeweed extract, soybean extract, urea, willow herb extract, yucca extract. One exemplary desensitizing agent is 4-t-butylcyclohexanol. Some embodiments include one or a plurality of soothing agents in total amounts ranging between about 0.01% and about 5%, about 0.1% and about 3%, or about 0.5% and about 2%, by weight (inclusive of any amount falling between those numbers). Similarly, some embodiments include one or a plurality of desensitizing agents in total amounts ranging between about 0.01% and about 5%, about 0.1% and about 3%, or about 0.25% and about 1.5%, by weight (inclusive of any amount falling between those numbers). 
     The base composition may optionally include a flavoring agent. Suitably, the base compositions described herein comprise a flavoring agent or a combination of two or more flavoring agents. A substantial variety of flavoring agents are known. The flavoring agent can be selected from any appropriate flavoring agent known in the art for use in oral care compositions. Flavoring agents can include natural, nature-identical, natural/artificial and artificial flavorants and flavoring substances (e.g., oils, oleoresin, extracts, distillate, essence, and the like) that function primarily as a flavor and provide little or no nutritional value. Examples of a suitable flavoring agent include fruit flavor such as, for example, melon, cherry, berry (e.g., raspberry, strawberry, blueberry, cranberry, etc.) banana, grape, citrus (e.g., orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, etc.), pear, apple, pineapple, mango, passion fruit, papaya, coconut, and the like; mint such as, for example, peppermint, spearmint, wintergreen, and the like; herbal/savory/sweet (e.g., cinnamon, anise, sassafras, sarsaparilla, vanilla, chocolate, nutmeg, acacia, molasses, clove, honey, fennel, ginger, caraway, coriander, eucalyptus, rosemary, basil, oregano, thyme and the like). Combining flavors can be performed by one of skill to achieve any desired flavor profile, (e.g., a mixed berry, fruit punch, tropical fruit, bubblegum, sweet mint, herbal mint, etc.). Other flavoring agents/components can be added as desired. Such components include floral, earthy, woody, pine, herbal, tea-like, musty and cheesy aroma and taste nuances. One of skill in the art will be able to determine the amounts and combination of flavor components that can be added in order to achieve a desired flavor profile. Some embodiments provide for one or a plurality of flavoring agents in total amounts ranging between about 0.01% and about 5%, about 0.05% and about 3%, or about 0.1% and about 1%, by weight (inclusive of any amount falling between those numbers). 
     The base composition may optionally include a sweetening agent. Sweetening agents may be used in addition to, or in place of, one or more flavoring agents, which helps to make the oral care composition more pleasant and palatable. Accordingly, the amount of the sweetener will be dependent on the sweetness level of the particular sweetener used in the formulation. Suitable examples of sweetening agents include saccharin, saccharin sodium, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, neotame, sucralose, L-phenylalanine, stevia extract, stevioside, monk fruits extract, neohesperidyl dihydrochalcone, glycyrrhizin, perillartine, thaumatin, aspartyl phenylalanine methyl ester, methoxy cinnamic aldehyde, palatinose, palatinit, isomalt, erythritol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol, and the like. Some embodiments provide for a sweetener in amounts ranging between about 0.001% and about 10%, about 0.01% and about 8%, or about 0.02% and about 5%, by weight (inclusive of any ranges and amounts falling between those numbers). As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the amount of sweetener can vary depending on the particular sweetener used in the formulation. The relative sweetness of a number of sweetening agents are known in the art (e.g., aspartame is about 200 times as sweet as sugar; saccharin about 300-500 times, sucralose about 600 times, acesulfame about 200 times, and neotame about 8000 times). 
     The base composition may optionally include a humectant agent, such as glycerin, sorbitol, propanediol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (e.g. PEG 400, PEG 4000, etc.), and polypropylene glycol, lactitol, and the like. The amount of humectant agent is added such that the desired physical characteristic(s) of the toothpaste is achieved. Some embodiments provide for a humectant agent in amounts ranging between about 20% and about 85%, about 40% and about 80%, or about 50% and about 70%, by weight (inclusive of any amount falling between those numbers). 
     The base composition may optionally include one or a plurality of coloring agents that may be natural or synthetic dyes and pigments, suitable for use in the oral cavity of humans (e.g., adults and/or small children). Examples of colorants include dyes, lakes, and pigments and may include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide, iron oxides, dyes such as, for example, FD&amp;C Lakes, Carmine Lake, D&amp;C Yellow 10, FD&amp;C Blue no. 1, FD&amp;C Blue no. 2, FD&amp;C Red no. 3, FD&amp;C Red no. 40, FD&amp;C Yellow no. 5, FD&amp;C Yellow no. 6, FD&amp;C Green no. 3, alumina, talc, annatto extract, calcium carbonate, canthaxanthin, caramel, (3-carotene, carmine, dihydroxyacetone, turmeric oleoresin, cochineal extract, gardenia yellow, gardenia blue, beet powder, grape skin extract, riboflavin, purple sweet potato, red sweet potato, chlorophyll-containing extracts, purple blend, carmine high tint, pearlescent pigments, natural colorants, and the like. Other examples of colorants are found in 21 C.F.R. §§ 73 and 74. Suitable quantities of coloring agent will depend largely on the individual characteristics of the agent, which is generally provided in an amount such that a pleasing color is generated. Some embodiments can include amounts ranging between about 0.00001% and about 2%, about 0.00005% and about 1.0%, or about 0.00008% and about 0.8%, by weight (inclusive of any amount falling between those numbers). 
     The base composition may optionally include polishing or abrasive materials, such as any suitable synthetic or natural abrasive material to gently remove plaque and/or biofilm from teeth. Examples include silicas, hydrated silicas, aluminas, calcium carbonates, sodium bicarbonate (i.e., baking soda), dicalciumphosphates, calcium pyrophosphates, hydroxyapatites, trimetaphosphates, insoluble hexametaphosphates, and also including agglomerated particulate abrasive materials. Some embodiments provide for polishing or abrasive agents in amounts ranging between about 0.1% and about 35%, about 1% and about 25%, or about 5% and about 20%, by weight (inclusive of any amount falling between those numbers). 
     In some embodiments, the base composition can optionally include binders and/or thickening agents such as the non-limiting examples of sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose, cellulose, xanthan gum, gum arabic, karaya gum, bentonite, sodium alginate, methylcellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, carrageenan, as well as synthetic polymers such as carbomers, polyacrylates, modified acrylic polymers, and carboxyvinyl polymers such as Carbopol®. Suitably, embodiments provide for a binder/thickener in amounts ranging between about 0.05% and about 8.0%, about 0.1% and about 4.5%, or about 0.5% and about 3.0%, by weight (inclusive of any amount falling between those numbers). 
     In some embodiments the base composition contains no fluoride, while in embodiments the base composition optionally comprises an effective amount of fluoride (e.g., a source of fluoride ion) to help prevent or slow tooth decay. In any of these embodiments, the oral care composition can provide for the general cleaning of the teeth as well as the overall oral cavity (e.g., gums, tongue, palate, lips, and/or teeth). In such embodiments, the amount of fluoride provided in the base composition is adequate to comply with various local requirements for fluoride-containing dentifrices, such as, for example, the requirements of the U.S. or Canadian monographs. In some embodiments the amount of fluoride in the base composition can range from about 500 ppm to about 6000 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 7000 ppm or about 850 ppm to about 6000 ppm. The fluoride in the base compositions described herein can be provided by any suitable fluoride source and, in some embodiments, comprises a fluoride compound that has been approved by a regulatory agency for safety and efficacy. Examples of suitable fluorides are stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, amine fluorides, sodium monofluorophosphate, and the like, or any suitable combination thereof. 
     The base composition also optionally comprises an amount of water, suitably in an amount that is able to solubilize added salts and other water-soluble compounds. 
     Other optional ingredients that can be included in the base composition are, for example, antimicrobial agents such as cetylpyridinium chloride, eucalyptol, menthol, methyl salicylate, thymol and chlorhexidine, bleaching agents such as peroxy compounds (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, organic peracids, potassium peroxydiphosphate, and the like); effervescing systems such as sodium bicarbonate/citric acid systems (i.e., citric acid monohydrate), color change systems, and the like, such as those known in the art. The base compositions may, furthermore, comprise (colored) microcapsules which contain a solid or liquid core, to impart a speckled appearance to the oral care compositions, particularly when the latter are in gel form. 
     Embodiments provide for oral care compositions and formulations that are storable and/or have an extended shelf life capacity. Accordingly, embodiments relate to oral care compositions that optionally include one or more preservatives such as, for example, p-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl, p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl, p-hydroxybenzoate propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate esters such as butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid, benzoates such as sodium benzoate and benzoic acid, sorbates such as potassium sorbate and sorbic acid, like phenols such as phenoxyethanol or o-Cymen-5-ol, D-glucono-1,5 lactone and calcium gluconate. Further, such embodiments can further comprise a container and/or packaging that is effective as a barrier (e.g., barrier(s) to light, moisture, oxidation, etc.) that slows or prevents the uptake or incorporation of external elements in the oral care composition. 
     One of skill in the art will appreciate that many combinations of the above-identified components can be used to arrive at a suitable formulation for a mild oral care composition. Moreover, in general, the compositions as disclosed herein may be prepared by any suitable method. 
     One exemplary embodiment of a mild oral care composition that is a toothpaste is shown in Table 1 below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 Concentration (% by weight) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Purified water 
                 Balance 
               
               
                   
                 Sorbitol (70%) 
                 40.0 
               
               
                   
                 Glycerin 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Propanediol 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium citrate dihydrate 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Xylitol 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium fluoride 
                 0.24 
               
               
                   
                 Citric acid monohydrate 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Sucralose 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium benzoate 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Hydrated silica 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 Xanthan gum 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                 Titanium dioxide 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Mono- and di-glycerides 
                 4.0 
               
               
                   
                 Flavor 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The surfactant in the oral care composition of Table 1 is a nonionic surfactant, particularly, a monoglyceride and diglyceride mixture including multiple mono glycerides and multiple diglycerides. The nonionic surfactant in the formulation of Table 1 is specifically Aldo® HMS (Lonza Inc., Allendale N.J.), which is “mono- and di-glycerides” and has 52% of monoglyceride (alpha) by weight. In other embodiments, the surfactant may be any suitable monoglyceride, diglyceride, or monoglyceride and diglyceride mixture, as discussed above. 
     Cell Hemolysis Experiments 
     Experiments 1-4, reported below, used a cell hemolysis method to measure and quantify adverse effects of several compositions on the cytoplasmic membrane (hemolysis). The cell hemolysis method uses mammalian erythrocytes (i.e., red blood cells) to measure the membranolytic activity of a test substance. In particular, the cell hemolysis method evaluates the substance&#39;s ability to cause destruction of cells in erythrocytes as a measure of cytotoxicity. That is, the cell hemolysis method measures the ability of a solution to cause cell death. Accordingly, the cell hemolysis method was used to evaluate the irritation potential of different surfactants when used in oral care compositions. The cell hemolysis method of Experiments 1-4 was used in lieu of the Draize test for ethical reasons. The merits of this cell hemolysis method as compared to the Draize test are presented in the following literature references: Food and Chemical Toxicology 34 (1996) 79-117, Gettings et al, The CFTA evaluation of in vitro alternatives to the Draize primary eye irritation test (phase III) chemical based formulation; DB-ALM protocol no 37, Red Blood Cell (RBC) test system. 
     The cell hemolysis method of Experiments 1-4 reported in this application yielded an HC 50  value for each composition of toothpaste (hereafter toothpaste). The HC 50  value was calculated based on the cell hemolysis of distilled water. When red blood cells are placed in distilled water, which is hypotonic compared to the solution contained within the cells&#39; membranes, the distilled water will diffuse into the red blood cells and cause them to burst. Accordingly, the percentage of cell hemolysis or death of red blood cells in distilled water is 100% and is therefore the control solution. The control solution yields a control reading when measured using UV-vis spectrophotometric optical density at a wavelength of 560 nm (OD 560 ). Half of the specified reading represents 50% cell hemolysis and was used in Experiment 1 as the HC 50  value. That is, the HC 50  value represents the toothpaste concentration that causes 50% cell hemolysis. The more concentration of toothpaste solution it takes to achieve 50% cell hemolysis, the less irritating the toothpaste solution. In contrast, the less concentration of toothpaste solution it takes to achieve 50% cell hemolysis, the more irritating the toothpaste solution. 
     Assay Method 
     Cell hemolysis for Experiments 1-4 was determined using the following assay method. First, six solutions were prepared for each toothpaste of the various experiments. Each of the six solutions included a different amount of oral care composition (e.g., toothpaste) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). A first solution 1 was created with 0.250% of toothpaste, a second solution 2 was created with 0.277% of toothpaste, a third solution 3 was created with 0.312% toothpaste, a fourth solution 4 was created with 0.357% toothpaste, a fifth solution 5 was created with 0.416% toothpaste, and a sixth solution 6 was created using 0.5% toothpaste. Then, 975 μL of each of the six solutions was mixed with 25 μL of red blood cell suspension to create six assays. Each of the six assays was vortexed for twenty seconds, incubated for ten minutes, and centrifuged for two minutes at 5000 rpm. The resultant supernatant for each of the six assays was then transferred to 1 cm cuvettes and inserted into a spectrophotometer, which measured the UV-vis spectrophotometric optical density at a wavelength of 560 nm. This measurement resulted in an OD 560  measurement representing the percentage of cell hemolysis of each of the six assays (i.e., concentrations of toothpaste). The percentage of cell hemolysis was determined by dividing the OD 560  measurement of the toothpaste and red blood cells mixture by the control OD 560  measurement (e.g., the DI waster and red bloods cells mixture) and multiplying by 100. 
       FIG. 1  corresponds to Table 2 below and illustrates a sample HC 50  calculation for Toothpaste A. The control OD 560  measurement was 3.2558, which was calculated from an average of three samples. A plot was constructed using a scale of % Cell Hemolysis (Y axis) vs. % Toothpaste Concentration (X axis). The HC 50  value was determined by the corresponding toothpaste concentration at 50% cell hemolysis. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the concentration of Toothpaste A that achieves 50% cell hemolysis is between 0.416% and 0.5%. A calibration curve was prepared between the data at 0.4165% and 0.5%. The concentration of Toothpaste A that achieves 50% cell hemolysis (e.g., the HC 50  value) was then calculated from the calibration curve. The HC 50  value for Toothpaste A was about 0.431%. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Solution 
                 Toothpaste A 
                 OD 560   
                 % Cell 
               
               
                   
                 No. 
                 Concentration 
                 Measurement 
                 Hemolysis 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 0.250 
                 0.7032 
                 21.59 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 0.277 
                 0.7992 
                 24.54 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 0.312 
                 0.8794 
                 27.00 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.357 
                 1.2908 
                 39.64 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.416 
                 1.5674 
                 48.14 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 0.500 
                 1.9104 
                 58.67 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For some samples, a preliminary test was conducted to determine the approximate range of concentrations that resulted in minimal cell hemolysis and 100% cell hemolysis. For example, the range may be 0.250% and 6.25%. Then, once that range was determined, some samples were tested using three samples having concentrations within that range. For example, three concentrations were chosen from a list consisting of 6.25%, 4.167%, 2.500%, 1.667%, 1.000%, 0.833%, 0.500%, 0.416%, 0.357%, 0.250%. Then, the results were plotted as discussed above to determine the HC 50  value for each sample. 
     Experiment 1 
     Nine oral care compositions (e.g., toothpastes) were created and measured using cell hemolysis via the assay method above. Eight of the oral care compositions included different surfactants, and one of the oral care compositions did not include surfactant. Toothpaste composition  10  included mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant at about 1% by weight. Toothpaste  12  had no surfactant. Toothpaste composition  16  included polysorbate 20 as the surfactant at about 1% by weight. Toothpaste composition  18  included sodium lauroyl glutamate as the surfactant at about 1% by weight. Toothpaste composition  20  included sodium cocoyl glycinate as the surfactant at about 1% by weight. Toothpaste composition  22  sodium myristoyl glutamate as the surfactant at about 1% by weight. Toothpaste composition  24  included lauryl glucoside as the surfactant at about 1% by weight. Toothpaste composition  26  included cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) as the surfactant at about 1% by weight. Toothpaste composition  28  included sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as the surfactant at about 1% by weight. The surfactants in toothpaste compositions 10, 16, and 24 are nonionic surfactants, the surfactants in toothpaste compositions 18, 20, 22, and 28 are anionic surfactants, and the surfactant in toothpaste composition  26  is an amphoteric surfactant. 
     The results of Experiment 1 are shown in  FIG. 2  (represented in Table 3 below), which measures the toothpaste concentration that causes 50% cell hemolysis. Toothpaste composition  10  having mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant was the least irritating toothpaste as demonstrated by the more than 6.25% of the toothpaste composition  10  necessary to achieve 50% cell hemolysis. On the other hand, toothpaste composition  28  having the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as the surfactant was the most irritating toothpaste as demonstrated by the about 0.12% of the toothpaste composition  28  to achieve 50% cell hemolysis. The other toothpaste compositions 12, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 fell along a spectrum between toothpaste compositions 10, 28. Notably, toothpaste composition  10  was even less irritating than toothpaste composition  12 , which had no surfactant. This is important because even though surfactants are known to be irritating, Experiment 1 shows that using mono- and di-glycerides as a surfactant is less irritating than no surfactant. This may be because using mono- and di-glycerides as a surfactant may lower irritation of other chemicals. Oral care compositions that have monogylcerides, diglycerides, or a monoglyceride and diglyceride mixture (such as mono- and di-glycerides) may have an HC 50  concentration of greater than 1.83% 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 HC 50 (% by 
               
               
                 Solution No. 
                 Surfactant Type 
                 weight) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 10 
                 Mono- and di-glycerides 1.0% 
                 Over 6.25 
               
               
                 12 
                 No surfactant 
                 1.83 
               
               
                 16 
                 Polysorbate 20 1.0% 
                 1.38 
               
               
                 18 
                 Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate 1.0% 
                 1.18 
               
               
                 20 
                 Sodium Cocoyl Glycinate 1.0% 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 22 
                 Sodium Myristoyl Glutamate 1.0% 
                 0.77 
               
               
                 24 
                 Lauryl Glucooside 1.0% 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 26 
                 CAPB 1.0% 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 28 
                 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 1.0% 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Experiment 2 
     Seven oral care compositions (e.g., toothpastes) were created and measured using cell hemolysis via the assay method above. Each of the seven oral care compositions included mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant at a different percentage by weight. In Experiment 2 (as well as in Experiments 3 and 4, discussed below), a more irritating base composition was used than the base composition used in Experiment 1. This is because the use of mono- and di-glycerides with the base composition of Experiment 1 resulted in a value that was over the detection limit of the spectrophotometer. Therefore, the differences between solutions with mono- and di-glycerides at different percentages by weight were not observable. The use of the more irritating base composition of Experiments 2-4 allowed the differences between the different oral care compositions to be observable. 
     Toothpaste composition  100  did not include any mono- and di-glycerides (i.e., the percentage by weight of mono- and di-glycerides was 0.0%). Toothpaste composition  102  included mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant at about 0.5% by weight. Toothpaste composition  104  included mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant at about 1.0% by weight. Toothpaste composition  106  included mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant at about 2.0% by weight. Toothpaste composition  108  included mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant at about 4.0% by weight. Toothpaste composition  110  included mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant at about 6.0% by weight. Toothpaste composition  112  included mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant at about 8.0% by weight. 
     The results of Experiment 2 are shown in  FIG. 3  (represented by Table 4 below), which measures the toothpaste concentration that causes 50% cell hemolysis. Toothpaste composition  112  having mono- and di-glycerides as the surfactant at a percentage by weight of 8.00% was the least irritating toothpaste as demonstrated by the about 2.19% of the toothpaste composition  112  that achieved 50% cell hemolysis. On the other hand, toothpaste composition  100  having as the surfactant at a percentage by weight of 0.00% was the most irritating toothpaste as demonstrated by the about 0.96% of the toothpaste composition  100  that achieved 50% cell hemolysis. Accordingly, Experiment 2 shows that the irritation-lowering effect of mono- and di-glycerides is dose dependent. This test also indicated that higher concentrations of mono- and di-glycerides, while effective to reduce irritation, exhibit an unpleasant taste. Experiment 2 shows a toothpaste having mono- and di-glycerides within a range of about 0.5% to about 5% reduces irritation without sacrificing taste. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 % by Weight Mono- and Di- 
                 HC 50 (% by 
               
               
                 Solution No. 
                 glycerides in Composition 
                 weight) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 100 
                 0.0 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 102 
                 0.5 
                 1.24 
               
               
                 104 
                 1.0 
                 1.20 
               
               
                 106 
                 2.0 
                 1.50 
               
               
                 108 
                 4.0 
                 1.53 
               
               
                 110 
                 6.0 
                 1.90 
               
               
                 112 
                 8.0 
                 2.19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Experiment 3 
     Three oral care compositions (e.g., toothpastes) were created and subjected to the cell hemolysis method. Each of the three oral care compositions included a monoglyceride and diglyceride mixture at a percentage by weight of 4.00%, but each of the three toothpastes had a different monoglyceride to digylceride ratio. Toothpaste composition  200  included mono- and di-glycerides having 42% monogylceride. Toothpaste composition  202  included mono- and di-glycerides having 52% monogylceride. Toothpaste composition  204  included a pure monoglyceride (i.e., 100% monogylceride). 
     The results of Experiment 3 are shown in  FIG. 4  (represented by Table 5 below), which measures the toothpaste concentration that causes 50% cell hemolysis. Toothpaste composition  204  having the pure monoglyceride was the least irritating toothpaste as demonstrated by the about 1.58% of the toothpaste composition  206  that achieved 50% cell hemolysis. On the other hand, toothpaste composition  202  having mono- and di-glycerides with 52% monoglyceride was the most irritating toothpaste as demonstrated by the about 1.39% of the toothpaste  202  that achieved 50% cell hemolysis. Toothpaste composition  200  having mono- and di-glycerides with 42% monoglyceride was slightly less irritating than toothpaste composition  202  toothpaste as demonstrated by the about 1.41% of the toothpaste composition  200  that achieved 50% cell hemolysis. In total, however, the difference between the toothpaste compositions having different percentages of monogylcerides is small (about than 0.2%) and therefore, the ratio of monoglycerides to diglycerides does not have a substantial effect on the irritation reducing properties of toothpaste. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 % Monogylceride in Mono- and 
                 HC 50 (% by 
               
               
                 Solution No. 
                 Di-glycerides 
                 weight) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 200 
                 42% Monogylceride 
                 1.41 
               
               
                 202 
                 52% Monoglyceride 
                 1.39 
               
               
                 204 
                 100% Monoglyceride 
                 1.58 
               
               
                   
                 (Glycerol Monostearate) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Experiment 4 
     Four oral care compositions (e.g., toothpastes) were created and subjected to the cell hemolysis method. Each of the three oral care compositions included glyceryl monostearate, which is a monoglyceride surfactant that is a pure monoglyceride. Each of the toothpaste compositions included different percentages by weight of glyceryl monostearate. Toothpaste composition  300  included no (i.e., 0.0%) glyceryl monostearate. Toothpaste composition  302  included 0.50% by weight of glyceryl monostearate. Toothpaste composition  304  included 4.0% by weight of glyceryl monostearate. Toothpaste composition  306  included 8.0% by weight of glyceryl monostearate. 
     The results of Experiment 4 are shown in  FIG. 5  (represented by Table 6 below), which measures the toothpaste concentration that causes 50% cell hemolysis. Toothpaste  306  having 8.0% by weight glyceryl monostearate was the mildest toothpaste as demonstrated by the about 1.35% of the toothpaste  306  that achieved 50% cell hemolysis. Glyceryl monostearate is generally less irritating than other non-mono/diglyceride surfactants, but slightly more irritating and less soluble than a monoglyceride and diglyceride mixture. Glyceryl monostearate is harder to dissolve in an oral care composition than monoglyceride and digylceride mixtures. Accordingly, Experiment 4 shows that the solubility of the surfactant may affect the mildness of the toothpaste. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 HC 50 (% by 
               
               
                 Solution No. 
                 % Glyceryl Monostearate 
                 weight) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 300 
                 0.0 
                 1.09 
               
               
                 302 
                 0.5 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 304 
                 4.0 
                 1.23 
               
               
                 306 
                 8.0 
                 1.35 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, variations and modifications exist within the scope and spirit of the invention as described.