Patent Publication Number: US-2023147687-A1

Title: Less Added Sugar in Baked Products

Description:
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING 
     This application contains a Sequence Listing in computer readable form, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method for reducing the amount of recipe sugar in various types of baked products, i.e., less added sugar to the dough, using the combination of an amyloglucosidase and a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase; in particular an amyloglucosidase, an alpha-amylase and a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     World-wide, baked products (breads, biscuits, etc.) containing sugar are one of the most popular segments in bread assortment. The recipe amount of sugar will typically be 1-25% of total flour weight. 
     However, due to increased market price for sugar, and shortage in sugar availability in some parts of the world, there is a need for methods for producing baked products that reduce the amount of added sugar to the dough without sacrificing the quality of the baked product. 
     The present invention relates to recipe sugar reduction in various dough comprising a combination of an amyloglucosidase and a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase; in particular an amyloglucosidase, an alpha-amylase and a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase. The enzyme blend according to the invention is designed to generate simple sugar formation from the starch of the flour during dough fermentation. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Surprisingly, it has been found that it is possible to partially or wholly dispense the amount of added sugar in a dough so we claim: 
     A method of producing a dough with a reduced amount of added sugar comprising adding a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase and a glucoamylase to dough ingredients comprising flour, wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase. 
     In one embodiment, the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. 
     In one embodiment, the method additionally comprises an alpha-amylase. 
     In one embodiment, the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is added in an amount of 0.01-10 mg enzyme protein per kg flour. 
     In one embodiment, the glucoamylase is added in an amount of 1-1000 mg enzyme protein per kg flour. 
     In one embodiment, the alpha-amylase is added in an amount of 0.1-100 mg enzyme protein per kg flour. 
     In one embodiment, the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 10% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, wherein no glucoamylase or raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is added to the dough. 
     In one embodiment, one or more additional enzymes selected from the group consisting of maltogenic amylase, beta amylase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulytic enzyme, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotetrahydrolase, glucanase, galactanase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucose oxidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, hemicellulytic enzyme, invertase, laccase, lipase, mannanase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzymes, peptidoglutaminase, peroxidase, phospholipase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, and xylanase, are added to the dough. 
     In one embodiment, the additional dough ingredients comprise yeast, water, sugar and salt. 
     In one embodiment, the additional dough ingredients comprise fat and/or oil and/or shortenings. 
     In one embodiment, we claim a baked product obtainable by the method according to the invention. 
     In one embodiment, we claim a baking composition comprising a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase, a glucoamylase, and flour, wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase. 
     In one embodiment, the baking composition comprises a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase having an amino acid sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. 
     In one embodiment, the baking composition additionally comprises an alpha-amylase. 
     In one embodiment, we claim the use of a baking composition comprising a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase and a glucoamylase for sugar replacement (i.e. less added sugar), wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase; in particular the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. 
     In one embodiment, we claim the use of a baking composition comprising a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase, a glucoamylase and an alpha-amylase for sugar replacement (i.e. less added sugar), wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase; in particular the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. 
     In one embodiment, we claim the use of a baking composition comprising a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase, a glucoamylase, an alpha-amylase, and flour for sugar replacement (i.e. less added sugar), wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase; in particular the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. 
     In one embodiment, we claim the use of a baking composition comprising a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase and a glucoamylase for increased sweetness and/or less added sugar, wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase; in particular the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. Additionally, the baking composition may comprise an alpha-amylase. 
     In one embodiment, we claim the use of a baking composition comprising a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase and a glucoamylase for increased volume of the baked product, wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase; in particular the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. Additionally, the baking composition may comprise an alpha-amylase. 
     In one embodiment, we claim the use of a baking composition comprising a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase and a glucoamylase for crumb sweetness, wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase; in particular the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. Additionally, the baking composition may comprise an alpha-amylase. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
     Sequence identity: The relatedness between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter “sequence identity”. 
     For purposes of the present invention, the sequence identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970 , J. Mol. Biol.  48: 443-453) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000, Trends Genet. 16: 276-277), preferably version 5.0.0 or later. The parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSS version of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix. The output of Needle labelled “longest identity” (obtained using the—no brief option) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows: 
       (Identical Residues×100)/(Length of Alignment−Total Number of Gaps in Alignment)
 
     Variant: The term “variant” means a polypeptide comprising an alteration, i.e., a substitution, insertion, and/or deletion, at one or more (e.g., several) positions. A substitution means replacement of the amino acid occupying a position with a different amino acid; a deletion means removal of the amino acid occupying a position; and an insertion means adding one or more amino acids adjacent to and immediately following the amino acid occupying a position. 
     Increased strength: The term “increased strength of the dough” is defined herein as the property of a dough that has generally more elastic properties and/or requires more work input to mould and shape compared to a control. 
     Increased elasticity: The term “increased elasticity of the dough” is defined herein as the property of a dough which has a higher tendency to regain its original shape after being subjected to a certain physical strain compared to a control. 
     Increased stability of the dough: The term “increased stability of the dough” is defined herein as the property of a dough that is less susceptible to mechanical abuse thus better maintaining its shape and volume and is evaluated by the ratio of height:width of a cross section of a loaf after normal and/or extended proof compared to a control. 
     Reduced stickiness of the dough: The term “reduced stickiness of the dough” is defined herein as the property of a dough that has less tendency to adhere to surfaces compared to a control, e.g., in the dough production machinery, and it is either evaluated empirically by the skilled test baker or measured by, e.g., a texture analyser (e.g. TAXT2) as known in the art. 
     Improved extensibility: The term “improved extensibility of the dough” is defined herein as the property of a dough that can be subjected to increased strain or stretching without rupture compared to a control. 
     Improved machine ability: The term “improved machine ability of the dough” is defined herein as the property of a dough that is generally less sticky and/or firmer and/or more elastic compared to a control. 
     Increased volume of the baked product: The term “increased volume of the baked product” is measured as the volume of a given loaf of bread compared to a control. The volume may be determined as known in the art. 
     Improved crumb structure of the baked product: The term “improved crumb structure of the baked product” is defined herein as the property of a baked product with finer cells and/or thinner cell walls in the crumb and/or more uniform/homogenous distribution of cells in the crumb compared to a control and is usually evaluated visually by the skilled baker or by digital image analysis as known in the art (e. g., C-cell, Calibre Control International Ltd, Appleton, Warrington, UK). 
     Improved softness of the baked product: The term “improved softness of the baked product” is the opposite of “firmness” and is defined herein as the property of a baked product that is more easily compressed compared to a control and is evaluated either empirically by the skilled test baker or measured by, e.g., a texture analyser (e.g. TAXT2 or TA-XT Plus from Stable Micro Systems Ltd, surrey, UK) as known in the art. 
     Sensory attributes of the baked products: The sensory attributes may be evaluated using procedures well established in the baking industry, and may include, for example, the use of a panel of trained taste-testers. 
     First bite: The ‘first bite’ test may be done in the following way: Fold a slice of bread once and take a bite. Evaluate the force needed to make the first bite. The control sample is given 5. A higher force indicates firm bread and is given a lower rating. A low force indicates soft bread and is given a higher rating. 
     HunterLab, colour measurement of the crust: HunterLab is a Colorimetric Spectrophotometric method using a light source to illuminate the sample, measuring the amount of light at different wavelengths. The light reflected by the sample passes to a grating which breaks it into its spectral components. Hunter L (lightness) axis: 0 is black and 100 is white. A lower L-value indicates darker colour. 
     The Dough 
     As used herein “dough” means any dough used to prepare a baked product, in particular a bread. 
     According to the present invention, the dough used to prepare a baked product may be made from any suitable dough ingredients comprising flour. 
     The flour may be from any baking grain known in the art, such as, wheat flour, corn flour, rye flour, barley flour, oat flour, rice flour, sorghum flour, potato flour, soy flour, and any combinations thereof (e.g., wheat flour combined with one of the other flour sources; or rice flour combined with one of the other flour sources). 
     In a preferred embodiment, the flour is wheat flour. 
     In a preferred embodiment, at least 10% (w/w) or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 15% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 20% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 25% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 30% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 35% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 40% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 45% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 50% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 55% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 60% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 65% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 70% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 75% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 80% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 85% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 90% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., at least 95% or more of the total flour content is wheat flour, e.g., 100% of total the flour is wheat flour. 
     The dough of the invention is normally a leavened dough or a dough to be subjected to leavening. The dough may be leavened in various ways, such as by adding dough ingredients such as chemical leavening agents, e.g., sodium bicarbonate or by adding a leaven (fermenting dough), but it is preferred to leaven the dough by adding a suitable yeast culture, such as a culture of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (baker&#39;s yeast), e.g., a commercially available strain of  S. cerevisiae.    
     The dough of the invention may typically comprise some added sugar as the method according to the invention is able to reduce the amount of added sugar, but normally a partially reduction of sugar is obtained. 
     In one embodiment, the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 10% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, e.g., the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 20% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, e.g., the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 30% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, e.g., the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 40% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, e.g., the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 50% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, e.g., the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 60% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, e.g., the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 70% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, e.g., the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 80% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, e.g., the amount of added sugar is reduced by at least 90% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe, e.g., the amount of added sugar is reduced by 100% (w/w) compared to the amount of sugar added to a dough in an original recipe. 
     The dough may also comprise other conventional dough ingredients, e.g., proteins, such as milk powder, gluten, and soy; eggs (either whole eggs, egg yolks or egg whites); an oxidant such as ascorbic acid, potassium bromate, potassium iodate, azodicarbonamide (ADA) or ammonium persulfate; an amino acid such as L-cysteine; a salt such as sodium chloride, calcium acetate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, diluents such as silica dioxide, and starch of different origins. Still other conventional ingredients include hydrocolloids such as CMC, guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, etc. 
     The dough ingredients may typically comprise fat (triglyceride) and/or oil and/or shortenings, in particular oil such as sunflower oil or rapeseed oil. 
     The dough may be prepared applying any conventional mixing process, such as the continuous mix process, straight-dough process, or the sponge and dough method. 
     The present invention is particularly useful for preparing dough and baked products in industrialized processes in which the dough used to prepare the baked products are prepared mechanically using automated or semi-automated equipment. 
     The process of preparing bread generally involves the sequential steps of dough making, sheeting or dividing, shaping or rolling, and proofing the dough, which steps are well known in the art. 
     As used herein, “baked product” means any kind of baked product including bread types such as pan bread, toast bread, open bread, pan bread with and without lid, buns, Fino bread, Hammam bread, Samoli bread, baguettes, hamburger buns, rolls, brown bread, whole meal bread, rich bread, bran bread, flat bread, biscuits, and any variety thereof. According to the present invention, the baked product may also be a cake or any patisserie product as known in the art. 
     Enzymes 
     The present invention is directed to methods and compositions for preparing dough by applying specific enzymes to a dough. The enzyme combination comprises at least a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase and a glucoamylase, wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase, e.g., the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. 
     In one embodiment, the enzyme combination comprises at least a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase, a glucoamylase and an alpha-amylase, wherein the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase, e.g., the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1. 
     Raw Starch Degrading Alpha-Amylase 
     As used herein, a “raw starch degrading alpha-amylase” refers to an enzyme that can directly degrade raw starch granules below the gelatinization temperature of starch. 
     Examples of raw starch degrading alpha-amylases include the ones disclosed in WO 2005/003311, U.S. Patent Publication no. 2005/0054071, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,326,548. Examples also include those enzymes disclosed in Table 1 to 5 of the examples in U.S. Pat. No. 7,326,548, in U.S. Patent Publication no. 2005/0054071 (Table 3 on page 15), as well as the enzymes disclosed in WO 2004/020499 and WO 2006/06929 and WO 2006/066579. 
     In one embodiment, the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is a GH13_1 amylase. 
     In one embodiment, the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase is an enzyme having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ATSDDWKGKA IYQLLTDRFG RADDSTSNCS NLSNYCGGTY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 EGITKHLDYI SGMGFDAIWI SPIPKNSDGG YHGYWATDFY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 QLNSNFGDES QLKALIQAAH ERDMYVMLDV VANHAGPTSN 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GYSGYTFDDA SLYHPKCTID YNNQTSIEQC WVADELPDID 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TENSDNVAIL NDIVSGWVGN YSFDGIRIDT VKHIRKDFWT 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GYAEAAGVFA TGEVFNGDPA YVGPYQKYLP SLINYPMYYA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 LNDVFVSKSK GFSRISEMLG SNRNAFEDTS VLTTFVDNHD 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 NPRFLNSQSD KALFKNALTY VLLGEGIPIV YYGSEQGFSG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GADPANREVL WTTNYDTSSD LYQFIKTVNS VRMKSNKAVY 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 MDIYVGDNAY AFKHGDALVV LNNYGSGSTN QVSFSVSGKF 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DSGASLMDIV SNITTTVSSD GTVTFNLKDG LPAIFTSATG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTTTATPTG SGSVTSTSKT TATASKTSTS TSSTSCTTPT 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AVAVTFDLTA TTTYGENIYL VGSISQLGDW ETSDGIALSA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 DKYTSSDPLW YVTVTLPAGE SFEYKFIRIE SDDSVEWESD 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 PNREYTVPQA CGTSTATVTD TWR 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 1 belongs to the GH13_1 amylases. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one embodiment, the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase enzyme has at least 70%, e.g. at least 71%, e.g. at least 72%, e.g. at least 73%, e.g. at least 74%, e.g. at least 75%, e.g. at least 76%, e.g. at least 77%, e.g. at least 78%, e.g. at least 79%, e.g., at least 80%, e.g. at least 81%, e.g. at least 82%, e.g. at least 83%, e.g. at least 84%, e.g., at least 85%, e.g. at least 86%, e.g. at least 87%, e.g. at least 88%, e.g. at least 89%, e.g., at least 90%, e.g., at least 91%, e.g., at least 92%, e.g., at least 93%, e.g., at least 94%, e.g., at least 95%, e.g. at least 96%, e.g., at least 97%, e.g., at least 98%, e.g., at least 99% identity to the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase shown as SEQ ID NO:1 herein. 
     In one embodiment, the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase enzyme is SEQ ID NO:1. 
     The amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of 1-30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function, such as a poly-histidine tract, an antigenic epitope, or a binding domain. 
     Examples of conservative substitutions are within the groups of basic amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine), acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine and asparagine), hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine), and small amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine and methionine). Amino acid substitutions that do not generally alter specific activity are known in the art and are described, for example, by H. Neurath and R. L. Hill, 1979, In, The Proteins, Academic Press, New York. Common substitutions are Ala/Ser, Val/Ile, Asp/Glu, Thr/Ser, Ala/Gly, Ala/Thr, Ser/Asn, Ala/Val, Ser/Gly, Tyr/Phe, Ala/Pro, Lys/Arg, Asp/Asn, Leu/Ile, Leu/Val, Ala/Glu, and Asp/Gly. 
     In one embodiment, the raw starch degrading alpha-amylase according to the invention may be added to flour or dough in an amount of 0.01-10 mg enzyme protein per kg flour, e.g., in an amount of 0.1-5 mg enzyme protein per kg flour. 
     Glucoamylases 
     Glucoamylases are also called amyloglucosidases, and Glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.3). 
     According to the present invention, different types of amyloglucosidases may be used, e.g, the amyloglucosidase may be a polypeptide that is encoded by a DNA sequence that is found in a fungal strain of  Aspergillus, Rhizopusor, Talaromyces  or  Penicillium.    
     Examples of suitable fungi include  Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus delemar, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium oxysporum  and  Talaromyces emersonii.    
     The glucoamylase for use in the present invention include the  A. niger  G1 or G2 glucoamylase (Boel et al. (1984), EMBO J. 3 (5), p. 1097-1102), the  A. awamori  glucoamylase disclosed in WO 84/02921, or the  A. oryzae  glucoamylase (Agric. Biol. Chem. (1991), 55 (4), p. 941-949). A suitable commercial glucoamylase is GoldCrust® obtainable from Novozymes A/S. 
     In one embodiment, the glucoamylase according to the invention may be added to flour or dough in an amount of 1-1000 mg enzyme protein per kg flour, e.g., in an amount of 50-500 mg enzyme protein per kg flour. 
     Amylases 
     Alpha-Amylases (alpha-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolases, EC. 3.2.1.1) constitute a group of enzymes which catalyze hydrolysis of starch and other linear and branched 1,4-glucosidic oligo- and polysaccharides. 
     A number of alpha-amylases are referred to as Termamyl™ and “Termamyl™-like alpha-amylases” and are known from, e.g., WO 90/11352, WO 95/10603, WO 95/26397, WO 96/23873 and WO 96/23874. 
     Another group of alpha-amylases are referred to as Fungamyl™ and “Fungamyl™-like alpha-amylases”, which are alpha-amylases related to the alpha-amylase derived from  Aspergillus oryzae  disclosed in WO 01/34784. 
     Suitable commercial alpha-amylase compositions according to the present invention include, e.g., BAKEZYME P 300 (available from DSM) and FUNGAMYL 2500 SG, FUNGAMYL 4000 BG, FUNGAMYL 4000 SG, FUNGAMYL 800 L, FUNGAMYL ULTRA BG and FUNGAMYL ULTRA SG (available from Novozymes A/S). 
     In one embodiment, the alpha-amylase according to the invention may be added to flour or dough in an amount of 0.1-100 mg enzyme protein per kg flour, e.g., in an amount of 0.5-20 mg enzyme protein per kg flour. 
     Additional Enzymes 
     Optionally, one or more additional enzymes, such as maltogenic amylase, beta amylase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulytic enzyme, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotetrahydrolase, glucanase, galactanase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucose oxidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, hemicellulytic enzyme, invertase, laccase, lipase, mannanase, mannosidase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzymes, peptidoglutaminase, peroxidase, phospholipase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, and xylanase may be used together with the enzyme composition according to the invention. 
     The additional enzyme(s) may be of any origin, including mammalian, plant, and microbial (bacterial, yeast or fungal) origin. 
     The maltogenic alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.133) may be from  Bacillus . A maltogenic alpha-amylase from  B. stearothermophilus  strain NCIB 11837 is commercially available from Novozymes A/S under the tradename Novamyl®. 
     The maltogenic alpha-amylase may also be a variant of the maltogenic alpha-amylase from  B. stearothermophilus  as disclosed in, e.g., WO1999/043794; WO2006/032281; or WO2008/148845, e.g., Novamyl® 3D. 
     An anti-staling amylase for use in the invention may also be an amylase (glucan 1,4-alpha-maltotetrahydrolase (EC 3.2.1.60)) from  Pseudomonas  saccharophilia or variants thereof, such as any of the amylases disclosed in WO1999/050399, WO2004/111217 or WO2005/003339. 
     The glucose oxidase may be a fungal glucose oxidase, in particular an  Aspergillus niger  glucose oxidase (such as GLUZYME®, available from Novozymes A/S). 
     The xylanase which may be of microbial origin, e.g., derived from a bacterium or fungus, such as a strain of  Aspergillus , in particular of  A. aculeatus, A. niger, A. awamori , or A. tubigensis, from a strain of  Trichoderma , e.g.  T. reesei , or from a strain of  Humicola , e.g.,  H. insolens.    
     Suitable commercially available xylanase preparations for use in the present invention include PANZEA BG, PENTOPAN MONO BG and PENTOPAN 500 BG (available from Novozymes A/S), GRINDAMYL POWERBAKE (available from Danisco), and BAKEZYME BXP 5000 and BAKEZYME BXP 5001 (available from DSM). 
     The protease may be from  Bacillus , e.g.,  B. amyloliquefaciens . A suitable protease may be Neutrase® available from Novozymes A/S. 
     The phospholipase may have phospholipase A1, A2, B, C, D or lysophospholipase activity; it may or may not have lipase activity. It may be of animal origin, e.g. from pancreas, snake venom or bee venom, or it may be of microbial origin, e.g., from filamentous fungi, yeast or bacteria, such as  Aspergillus  or  Fusarium , e.g.,  A. niger, A. oryzae  or  F. oxysporum . A preferred lipase/phospholipase from  Fusarium oxysporum  is disclosed in WO 98/26057. Also, the variants described in WO 00/32758 may be used. 
     Suitable phospholipase compositions are LIPOPAN F, LIPOPAN XTRA, and LIPOPAN MAX (available from Novozymes A/S) or PANAMORE GOLDEN and PANAMORE SPRING (available from DSM). 
     Enzyme Compositions 
     The raw starch degrading alpha-amylase and the glucoamylase may be added to flour or dough in any suitable form, such as, e.g., in the form of a liquid, in particular a stabilized liquid, or it may be added to flour or dough as a substantially dry powder or granulate. 
     The raw starch degrading alpha-amylase, the glucoamylase and the alpha-amylase may be added to flour or dough in any suitable form, such as, e.g., in the form of a liquid, in particular a stabilized liquid, or it may be added to flour or dough as a substantially dry powder or granulate. 
     Granulates may be produced, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,106,991 and 4,661,452. Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding a sugar or sugar alcohol or lactic acid according to established procedures. Other enzyme stabilizers are well-known in the art. 
     The enzyme combination may be added to the bread dough ingredients in any suitable manner, such as individual components (separate or sequential addition of the enzymes) or addition of the enzymes together in one step or one composition. 
     Baking Composition 
     The present invention further relates to a baking composition comprising flour together with a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase and a glucoamylase. 
     The present invention further relates to a baking composition comprising flour together with a raw starch degrading alpha-amylase, a glucoamylase, and an alpha-amylase. 
     The baking composition may contain other dough-improving and/or bread-improving additives, e.g., any of the additives, including enzymes, mentioned above. 
     The baking composition may be, e.g., a dough composition, a flour composition, a flour pre-mix, or a bread improver. 
     It will often be advantageous to provide the enzymes used in the treatment of the present invention in admixture with other ingredients used to improve the properties of baked products. These baking compositions are commonly known in the art as “pre-mixes,” which usually comprise flour. 
     Hence, in a further aspect, the present invention relates to a bread premix for improving the quality of dough by reducing the amount of added sugar, which premix comprises the enzyme combination of the present invention. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention further relates to a bread pre-mix comprising the enzyme combination of the present invention and flour, such as, flour from grains, such as, wheat flour, corn flour, rye flour, barley flour, oat flour, rice flour, or sorghum flour, and combinations thereof. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a bread pre-mix comprising the enzyme combination of the present invention and flour, such as, flour from grains, such as, wheat flour, corn flour, rye flour, barley flour, oat flour, rice flour, sorghum, soy flour, and combinations thereof, and one or more additional enzymes, as previously described. 
     The pre-mix may be in the form of a granulate or agglomerated powder, e.g., wherein typically 95% (by weight) of the granulate or agglomerated powder has a particle size between 25 and 500 μm. 
     Granulates and agglomerated powders may be prepared by conventional methods, e.g., by spraying the enzymes onto a carrier in a fluid-bed granulator. The carrier may consist of particulate cores having a suitable particle size. The carrier may be soluble or insoluble, e.g. a salt (such as NaCl or sodium sulfate), a sugar (such as sucrose or lactose), a sugar alcohol (such as sorbitol), starch, rice, corn grits, or soy. 
     Bread Properties 
     Organoleptic qualities or sensory attributes of the bread may be measured as known in the art. The properties of the bread may be referred to herein as sensory attributes, which include anti-staling (bread crumb firmness/hardness), crumb properties and mouth feel, or more precisely, the attributes of bread as detected in the mouth during eating (e.g., bread softness/resistance to first bite, crumb moistness, crumb chewiness and gumminess, and crumb smoothness and melting properties). 
     In one embodiment, the sensory attribute of the baked product is an increased sweetness by using the enzyme solution according to the invention. 
     In one embodiment, the sensory attribute of the baked product is an increased crumb sweetness by using the enzyme solution according to the invention. 
     The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention as well as combinations of one or more of the embodiments. 
     Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. The present invention is further described by the following example which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. 
     Example 1 
     Fino Breads 
     Fino breads (Free standing pan bread, open top) were made in the following way:
 
Recipe, % (w/w):
 
     Wheat Flour—100 
     Sugar—10 
     Salt—0.50 
     Dry yeast—1
 
Sunflower oil—2
 
     Water—55-64 
       
                     TABLE 0                  Baking procedure:                             Procedure   Time, min                       Mixing at speed low/high speed    4/4           (80 min −1 /150 min −1 )               Temperature after mixing, ° C.   27-28           Table resting, min   10           Scaling 40 g × 10 pieces   5           Length (20-25 cm)               Fermentation time at 36° C., min   60           Baking at temperature 220-240° C.   6                        
The Fino breads according to the invention were made with only 5% sugar instead of 10% sugar and with the addition of the enzymes:
 
0.4 mg raw starch degrading alpha-amylase (SEQ ID NO:1) protein per kg flour
 
124 mg glucoamylase protein (Gold Crust™) per kg flour
 
4.0 mg amylase protein (Fungamyl™) per kg flour
 
The following results were obtained:
 
                     TABLE 1                  Sensory attributes, 1 and 5 days after baking                                 Sensory attributes   10% sugar   5% sugar                             Sensory evaluation of day: 1                                 First bite/softness:   5   5           Bread chewiness:   5   5           Sweetness:   5   5                 Sensory evaluation of day: 5                                 First bite/softness:   5   5           Bread chewiness:   5   5           Sweetness:   5   4                        
The data shown in Table 1 demonstrate that the sensorial eating characteristics of the Fino bread evaluated 1 and 5 days after baking were almost the same; however, the loss of 1 score point of sweetness for bread (after 5 days) with the solution according to the invention was observed. This reduction in 1 score point can be considered as an insignificant impact when looking at the eating properties as a whole.
 
With a fermentation time of 60 minutes, the breads had a volume increase of 7%.
 
The L-values indicating the extent of crust coloration of Fino bread with 10% sugar and 5% sugar plus enzyme solution according to the invention were similar: 46.8 (10% sugar) and 47.3 (5% sugar+enzyme solution according to the invention).
 
It can be concluded that the method according to the invention gave an intensive crust coloration; a stable bread quality; a good volume; a well-developed crumb structure; and a reduction of almost half the amount from recipe&#39;s sugar amount.
 
     Example 2 
     Hamburger Buns 
     Hamburger buns were made as known in the art using the following recipe: 
                     TABLE 2                  Hamburger bun recipe, % (w/w):                                         6% sugar plus                12%    the enzymes               sugar    according to            Ingredients:   (Control)   the invention                                             Wheat flour type 550   100   100           Fresh yeast %   3   2.5           Salt %   1.3   1.3           Sunflower oil %   3.5   3.5           Sugar %   12   6           Water %   55   57           Enzymes according to the   0   0.4 mg raw            invention       starch degrading                   alpha-amylase                    (SEQ ID NO: 1)                    protein per kg                    flour; and 131                    mg glucoamylase                    protein (Gold                    crust ™) per                    kg flour           Fungamyl ® 4000 SG ppm   10   10           Panzea ® BG ppm   30   30           Lipopan ® Max BG ppm   7   7           Novamyl ® 3D ppm   30   30           Ascorbic acid ppm   60   60           DATEM %   0.2   0.2           Ca propionate %   0.3   0.2                        
The hamburger buns had a fermentation time of 90 min; where after they were baked in the oven at 220° C. for 15 min
 
     Results: 
     Replacing 12% added sugar with 6% added sugar and the enzymes according to the present invention gave the hamburger buns better sensorial characteristics.
 
A blind sensory test revealed high scores for appearances, crust color, first bite, and softness. The results for the recipe with reduced added sugar and the enzymes according to the invention were higher by 1.3 (appearances), 2.1 (crust color), 0.7 (first bite) and 0.9 (softness) than the control with full added sugar content.
 
The sweetness of the control, which contained 12% added sugar, was 5.8.
 
The sweetness of the buns with 6% added sugar and the enzymes according to the invention was 5.3.
 
     Example 3 
     Moroccan Baguettes 
     Moroccan baguettes were made as known in the art using the following recipe: 
                     TABLE 3                  Moroccan baguettes recipe, % (w/w):                             3%    No sugar.           added    Enzymes according        Ingredients   sugar   to the invention                                 Wheat flour %   100   100       Fresh yeast %   2.5   2.5       Salt %   1.5   1.5       Sugar %   3   0       Water %   55   55       Enzymes according    0   0.25 mg raw starch       to the invention*       degrading alpha-amylase               (SEQ ID NO: 1)                protein per kg               flour; and               83 mg                glucoamylase                protein (Gold                crust ™) per kg flour       Fungamyl 4000 SG ppm   7   7       Panzea BG ppm   25   25       Ascorbic acid ppm   40   40                    
The Moroccan baguettes had a fermentation time of 120 min; whereafter they were baked in the oven at 220° C. for 18 min.
 
     Results: 
     The addition of the enzymes according to the invention to Moroccan baguettes with no added sugar lead to baguettes with attractive appearance, nice crust coloration, good volume, and a well-expressed bloom when compared to baguettes with 3% added sugar.
 
The volume of the baguettes without added sugar had a volume increase of 3% compared to the baguettes that contain 3% added sugar.
 
The L-value, indicating the extent of crust coloration, showed that the addition of enzymes according to the invention gave an L-value of 63.6 whereas the L-value for the baguette with 3% added sugar had an L-value of 64.2.
 
The sensory evaluation of the baguettes showed surprisingly that the sweetness was the same for baguettes with 3% added sugar as for baguettes with no added sugar but with the addition of the enzymes according to the invention. This means that the enzymes according to the invention can fully replace 3% added sugar.
 
     Example 4 
     Toast bread (panned bread, open top)—1.5% sucrose added to all dough 
                     TABLE 4               Recipe, % (w/w):                                                Ingredients:               Wheat flour, Kolibri %   100           Fresh yeast %   4           Salt %   0.5           Sucrose %   1.5           Water %   58           Enzyme solution   *           Fungamyl ® 4000 SG ppm   7           Panzea ® BG ppm   25           Ascorbic acid ppm   40                       *): Enzyme solution:           Control (= no starch degrading enzyme and no glucoamylase)            
Enzyme solution A:
 
0.23 mg raw starch degrading alpha-amylase (SEQ ID NO:1) protein per kg flour, and
 
75 mg glucoamylase protein (Gold Crust™) per kg flour
 
Enzyme solution B:
 
0.35 mg raw starch degrading alpha-amylase (SEQ ID NO:1) protein per kg flour, and
 
113 mg glucoamylase protein (Gold Crust™) per kg flour
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Baking procedure: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Procedure 
                 Time, min 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mixing at speed low/high speed  
                 3/7 
               
               
                   
                 (17 rpm/35 rpm) 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Temperature after mixing, ° C. 
                 26.6-26.9 
               
               
                   
                 Floor time 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 Scaling 320 g × 8 bread 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 1200 mL pans 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Table resting/bench time 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Fermentation time at 32° C., min 
                 55 
               
               
                   
                 Baking at temperature 230° C. 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Sensory Evaluation Method: 
     Each assessor was served ½ slice of bread without crust (day 1). Samples were served blind, 3-digits coded, and in random order. 6 trained assessors participated in the evaluation. ‘Crumb sweetness’ was evaluated on 1-9 point intensity scale ranging from little to very intense. Two sensory replicates were performed. 
     Results: 
       
                     TABLE 6                  Sensory ‘Crumb sweetness’, 1 day after baking                             Enzyme solution   Mean                                         B   4.8           A   3.7           Control   1.7                        
The data shown in Table 6 clearly demonstrate that bread with enzyme solution B was sweeter than bread with enzyme solution A which was sweeter than Control.
 
In addition, the bread with enzyme solution A resulted in 1% volume increase, and the bread with enzyme solution B resulted in 3% volume increase.
 
     Example 5 
     Toast bread (panned bread, open top), no sucrose added to dough 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredients: 
                 % (w/w) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Wheat flour, Kolibri % 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Fresh yeast % 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Salt % 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Water % 
                 59.5 
               
               
                   
                 Enzyme solution 
                 ** 
               
               
                   
                 Fungamyl ® 4000 SG ppm 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 Panzea ® BG ppm 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                 Ascorbic acid ppm 
                 60 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 **): Enzyme solution: 
               
               
                   
                 Control (= no starch degrading enzyme and no glucoamylase) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Enzyme solution A: 
     0.23 mg raw starch degrading alpha-amylase (SEQ ID NO:1) protein per kg flour, and
 
75 mg glucoamylase protein (Gold Crust™) per kg flour
 
     Enzyme Solution C: 
     0.46 mg raw starch degrading alpha-amylase (SEQ ID NO:1) protein per kg flour, and
 
150 mg glucoamylase protein (Gold Crust™) per kg flour
 
                     TABLE 8                  Baking procedure:                             Procedure   Time, min                       Mixing at speed low/high speed    3/7           (17 rpm/35 rpm)               Temperature after mixing, ° C.   26.0           Floor time   20           Scaling 320 g × 8 bread   10           1200 mL pans               Table resting/bench time   15           Fermentation time at 32° C., min   55           Baking at temperature 230° C.   30                        
The sensory evaluation method was made in the same way as in Example 4, but in addition to ‘Crumb sweetness’, ‘Dark crust’ colour of the crust was also evaluated.
 
     Results: 
       
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sensory attributes of bread, day 1 after baking 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Enzyme  
                 Enzyme  
               
               
                   
                 Control 
                 solution A 
                 solution C 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dark crust 
                 3.0 
                 5.5 
                 7.4 
               
               
                 Crumb sweetness 
                 2.4 
                 2.5 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The sensory data showed that that the enzyme solution caused higher intensities of ‘Dark crust’, and ‘Crumb sweetness’ than the Control. 
     HunterLab, colour measurement, was also performed. 
                     TABLE 10                  L-value of crust, day 1 after baking                                             Enzyme    Enzyme                Control   solution A   solution C                                                 L-value   55.3   43.6   40.5                        
It can be seen from Table 10 that the enzyme solutions A and C clearly give a darker crust than the Control.