Patent Publication Number: US-2011055038-A1

Title: Mobile device communication system

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/168,277 filed Jun. 28, 2005, which application is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application relates generally to the technical field of mobile device communication and in particular to a system and method to conduct financial transactions over a communication network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Mobile commerce, (aka “MCOMMERCE”), e.g., the use of mobile communication devices for commercial and financial transactions, came into existence in the 1990&#39;s. The general view at the time was that mobile payment technologies would develop, mature and become widely available. However, in recent years it has been found that mobile commerce has not been adopted on a large enough scale to make it viable, and it is now accepted that it is necessary for mobile commerce to first become easier to use, cheaper and to attain sufficient economies of scale, before it will become more popular to use for both users and providers. 
     One limitation identified in the implementation of mobile commerce is that a person has to own a mobile communication device and has to have airtime available to conduct financial transactions. There accordingly exists a potential market of people who have up to now not been interested in owning mobile communication devices. A typical reason for not owning a mobile communication device is that a person may want to avoid the potential expenditure associated with owning and using a mobile communication device. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one embodiment, there is provided a system to conduct financial transactions over a communication network, the system including: 
     a database storing data associated with a mobile communication device user, the data including a user mobile communication device identifier, a user mobile airtime account identifier and a financial account identifier to identify a financial account associated with the user;
 
purchase request infrastructure to receive a purchase request from the user via a mobile communication device, the purchase request being for a purchase from a merchant for a purchase amount;
 
an access module with screening logic to identify the purchase request and to provide the user access to the communication network to make the purchase request without debiting the financial account of the user or the user mobile airtime account for the access to the communication network;
 
a payment service provider system to:
 
provide the merchant with the purchase request;
 
automatically debit the at least one financial account of the user with the purchase amount;
 
automatically allocate a service fee which is associated with the purchase amount to the mobile service provider and credit an account of the mobile service provider with the service fee, and
 
automatically credit an account of the merchant with at least a portion of the purchase amount; and
 
an airtime account module to credit the mobile airtime account of the user
 
     According to a further embodiment, there is provided a method to conduct financial transactions over a communication network, the method including: 
     receiving and storing data associated with a mobile communication device user, the data identifying at least one financial account of the user;
 
allocating a user mobile airtime account to the user to manage the airtime availability of the user;
 
receiving a purchase request from the user via a mobile communication device, the purchase request being for a purchase from a merchant for a purchase amount;
 
providing the user access to the communication network to make the purchase request without debiting the financial account of the user or the user mobile airtime account for the access to the communication network;
 
providing the merchant with the purchase request;
 
automatically debiting the at least one financial account of the user with the purchase amount;
 
automatically allocating a service fee which is associated with the purchase amount to the mobile service provider and crediting an account of the mobile service provider with the service fee, and
 
automatically crediting an account of the merchant with at least a portion of a remainder of the purchase amount; and
 
crediting the mobile airtime account of the user.
 
     Other features will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a system to implement a method to conduct financial transactions over a communication network according to an example embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2A to 2G  are a number of screenshots from the display screen of a mobile telephone using the method according to the example embodiment of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating the data architecture of information stored in memory according to the example embodiment of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a flow diagram of a method for conducting financial transactions over a communication network according to an example embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a further flow diagram of the method for conducting financial transactions over a communication network according to a detailed example embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram showing a machine for performing any one of the exemplary methods described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A mobile device communication system is described, the system being used in a method for conducting financial transactions over a communication network. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of the system according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
     Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 
     The method and system of the invention may be implemented in a modern telephony network, such as a wireless network, and in one example embodiment in an intelligent network (IN) platform which comprises a plurality of distributed and scalable network nodes which handle call setup logic and specialized routing instructions. The example method and system may also be implemented across multiple telephony networks that are linked but operated by different operators. 
       FIG. 1  shows, in a simplified schematic form, the architecture of a part of a modern GSM-CDMA or other mobile telephone network.  FIG. 1  does not purport to be comprehensive but merely illustrative. The network embodies intelligent network (IN) functionality, but this is not essential for implementation of the invention. 
     In  FIG. 1 , a mobile communication device  10  of a user communicates with a base station  12 , which in turn communicates with a mobile switching center (MSC)  14 . The mobile communication device  10  is typically a mobile or cellular telephone, a smart phone or a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). The mobile communication device  10  has a unique device identifier, such as an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), associated with it. The base station  12  comprises a base station controller (BSC) and a base transceiver station (BTS) with associated antenna (not shown). 
     The mobile switching center (MSC)  14  forms part of the architecture of the Mobile Service Provider (MSP) system  16  and communicates with an access module  18  of the MSP architecture. The access module  18  or service control point has screening logic to identify a purchase request received from a user via the user&#39;s mobile communication device  10 . Purchase request infrastructure  20 , typically systems such as an interactive voice response (IVR) system  22 , a short code module  24  or a short message service (SMS) module  26 , receives the purchase request from the mobile communication device  10  via the mobile switching station  14 . 
     A user mobile airtime account module  28  is connected to the access module  18  and manages airtime availability of users through user airtime accounts. The user mobile airtime account module  28  communicates with a free minutes module  30 , which in particular circumstances allocates free airtime minutes to the user mobile airtime account when a purchase request is received from a user. The mobile airtime account module  28  further communicates with the top-up module  32 , which processes a request from a user of the mobile communication device  10  for the purchase of airtime minutes for the user&#39;s user mobile airtime account. 
     The data relating to multiple user&#39;s user mobile airtime accounts is stored in a mobile service provider database  34 . Each user airtime account is associated and linked with the unique device identifier of the mobile communication device  10  of the user. The mobile communication device data, such as the IMSI number of the user&#39;s mobile communication device  10 , is also stored in the database  34 . The mobile service provider database  34  is also used to store user registration data and user mobile account data. This is discussed in more detail below. 
     The MSP architecture  16  includes an Application Program Interface (API)  36 , which communicates with an Application Program Interface (API)  38  of a payment service provider system  40 . A user registers with a payment service provider in order for the payment service provider system  40  to manage or process purchases made by the user via the user&#39;s mobile communication device. A registration module  42  facilitates the registration process of the user with the payment service provider. Such registration may be conducted over the Internet by filling in on-line forms, via the telephone or may be completed when the user visits a mobile service provider client station. A purchase request issued by a user is relayed via the MSP architecture  16  to the payment service provider system  40 , which system, through a financial account module  44 , automatically debits the at least one financial account of the user with the purchase amount, automatically allocates a service fee which is associated with the purchase amount to the mobile service provider, credits an account of the mobile service provider for this service fee, and automatically credits an account of the merchant with at least a portion of the purchase amount. The payment service provider system  40  is in communication with merchant systems  48  to obtain the relevant merchandise information. The payment service provider system  40  may also be in communication with financial institutions  50  in circumstances where the financial account of a user is with a financial institution. 
     The payment service provider system  40  also has a payment service provider database  46  associated with it, which stores data associated with users. The data is obtained through a registration process. In particular, the database stores mobile communication device data associated with each user, such as the IMSI number of the user&#39;s mobile communication device  10 . This unique identification number is used to identify and associate a purchase request received from a user with the relevant user, the stored user data, and in particular the user&#39;s financial account. The database also stores merchant data which includes various merchant contact details and account details, thereby to facilitate the purchase of goods or services. 
     The system and method according to the example embodiments of this invention rely on the use of mobile communication devices for the purchase of goods or services. Users issuing purchase requests via mobile communication devices are not charged for the use of and access to the communication network when they make such purchase requests. As will be described in more detail later, a service fee included in the purchase price is allocated per purchase request, while a handling fee may or may not be allocated to the payment service provider. The example embodiments therefore provide for mobile telephone use and access to mobile communication networks for issuing purchase requests without airtime minutes. 
     According to an example embodiment of the method of the invention, mobile communication devices  10 , (e.g., mobile phones) are provided to users without requiring a financial account to be set up for each user with a mobile service provider. Once a user has received a mobile phone from either a third party, which may be a merchant, a payment service provider or a mobile service provider, the user registers the mobile phone with a mobile service provider. As mentioned, registration may be facilitated on-line by filling in certain on-line documentation through a mobile service provider website. Alternatively, a user may visit a client center of a mobile service provider to register his mobile phone with the mobile service provider. By registering the mobile phone, a unique communication device number, such as the IMSI number, is associated with the mobile phone. Other user data, such as the name, postal and physical address may also be obtained and stored during this registration process. It will be appreciated that a user who already owns or uses a mobile phone and has a mobile telephone account with a mobile service provider will not need to register the mobile phone with the mobile service provider, as such registration typically occurs and registration data is typically gathered when the mobile phone account is activated. 
     The user also has to register with a payment service provider in order for the payment service provider to handle and facilitate purchase requests between the user, the mobile service provider and ultimately merchants. Registration with the payment service provider is similar to the mobile service provider registration process, e.g., registration may be facilitated through an on-line registration process, registration by filling in forms, or even registration by using SMS messages on mobile telephones. However, as the payment service provider is responsible for the debiting or crediting of a financial account of the user, user financial account data may be obtained during this registration process. Typically the required data includes the name of the account holder, the account number, the financial institution with which the financial account is kept and authorization from the user that the payment service provider may debit or credit the user&#39;s financial account. Where registration is conducted through SMS, the authorization aspect of registration may be conducted over the phone or by the user sending an authorization fax to the payment service provider. Data relating to the mobile telephone is also required, as a request from the user is routed through the mobile service provider, and the user and the user&#39;s account need to be identifiable. The example list of registration processes is not exhaustive, and other user-friendly systems and processes may be used. 
     The financial account of the user may either be an account (e.g., savings, cheque, credit or other) with a financial institution, or alternatively, the user may open a financial account with the payment service provider. An account with the payment service provider is operated either on a pre-payment basis, where the user deposits money into the account to make use of the payment service provider, or the user may be billed for any outstanding amounts on the account at certain predetermined intervals. For example, the user may receive an invoice at the end of each month for all purchases made through the payment service provider, while interest is charged on the outstanding amount at a rate according to market standards. 
     Merchants interested in using the system and method, according to the example embodiments of this invention, register with the payment service provider. Merchant data is stored on the payment service provider database  46  and typically includes the name and address of merchant, as well as an account name of the merchant account, the account number and the financial institution with which the merchant account is kept. 
     It will be appreciated that the mobile service provider may have an internal payment service provider system, which would obviate the duplicate registration process and separate databases for the mobile service provider and payment service provider. 
     Once a user of a mobile communication device  10  has registered with the mobile service provider and payment service provider, the user can send a purchase request over the communication network to the mobile service provider. The mobile switching center  14  receives the request via the base station  12 . The purchase request is for a purchase from one of the registered merchants of the payment service provider for a particular purchase amount. For example, the mobile phone user may see an advertisement for ring tone downloads from Merchant Music for $1.50 in a catalogue or newspaper. A purchase request to the mobile service provider may comprise an SMS message such as “Merchant Music, RT  15 , $1.50”.  FIG. 2A  provides a screenshot of a mobile phone display with this message. “Merchant Music” identifies the merchant from which the purchase should be made, RT  15  identifies the goods, e.g. Ring Tone  15  which may be a new release by Britney Spears, and $1.50 confirms the purchase amount of the goods. This message is typically sent to the short code of the payment service provider, e.g. 35505. Alternatively, the purchase request may be managed by an IVR system where the user is guided through different questions and answers to identify the merchant, goods or services purchased and purchase amount. It will be appreciated that the purchase request may comprise an SMS message confirmation, e.g., as seen in  FIG. 2B , a message “YES” is sent to a particular short code. In this example certain goods may be advertised for purchase on the basis of a message as displayed in  FIG. 2C  “Send SMS message “YES” to 31205 and collect an entry ticket to the fashion show”. 
     Once the mobile service provider has received the message request from the user of the mobile phone, the mobile service provider may prompt the user for authorization information to allow the purchase request to proceed. Such authorization information may be a secret pin or password that must be sent to a specific number or short code associated with the mobile service provider. An example of a prompt is shown in  FIG. 2D . 
     In the event that the user of the mobile telephone is registered with both the mobile service provider and the payment service provider, the user access module  18  provides the user access to the communication network without debiting the user&#39;s financial or airtime account. Accordingly, the user of the mobile phone does not pay the mobile service provider for the access or use of the communication network when goods or services are purchased from a merchant. 
     The Application Program Interface (API) of the mobile service provider now routes the purchase request to the API of the payment service provider, who in turn routes the purchase request to the relevant merchant. The financial account module  46  of the payment service provider system  40  now automatically debits the financial account of the user with the purchase amount of the goods or services. The financial account module  44  further allocates a service fee, which is associated with the purchase amount to the mobile service provider. This service fee may be proportionate to the purchase amount, e.g. 6% of the purchase amount, or it may be a fixed service fee, e.g. $1.00 for each purchase request. The financial account module  44  then credits an account of the mobile service provider with the amount of the service fee. The financial account module  44  also credits the account of the relevant merchant with at least a portion of the purchase amount. The account module  44  may also credit an account of the payment service provider with a handling fee for handling the purchase request. Alternatively, the user may be required to pay a monthly subscription fee to the payment service provider, which subscription fee is not related to purchase requests or the amount of purchase requests. 
     If we return to our example of the purchase of a ring tone for $1.50 from Merchant Music, the user financial account is debited for the full amount of $1.50, the mobile service provider account is credited with $0.09 (i.e., 6% of the purchase amount of $1.50) and the merchant account is credited with $1.41. In the example embodiments of the invention, the mobile communication network is effectively a backbone for purchases via mobile phones, with the mobile service provider being cut in on the transaction, and not charging for the access, or service, as such. 
     The purchase request can be for any type of merchandise, whether it is mobile phone related goods or services such as ring tones or additional mailboxes, or whether it is for theatre or movie tickets, clothing from a catalogue or even motor vehicles. 
     The purchase request may also be made by the user by scrolling through menu options made available to the user. For example, the user may phone an 1800 number and using an IVR system, may be guided through menu options of different goods and the purchase prices of the goods. Once the user has determined what the user is interested in purchasing, an option such as “To buy this home theatre system for $500, please re-enter your authorization number” or “Enter 5 to buy this home theatre system for $500”. 
     According to a further example embodiment, the user airtime account module allocates free airtime minutes to the user mobile airtime account on the receipt and responsive to a purchase request received from a user via the user&#39;s mobile phone. The number of free airtime minutes allocated to the user may be fixed, or may be dependent on the purchase amount. For example, for every ring tone purchased by a user, the user may receive one free airtime minute. Alternatively, should the user purchase goods or services to the value of $100, the user may receive 1 minute for every $10 spent on the merchandise. Once the free airtime minutes have been allocated to the user, a confirmation SMS may be sent to the user, as shown in  FIG. 2E , e.g., “Thank you for making this purchase. You have received 5 free airtime minutes.” The mobile service provider and/or payment service provider may restrict the time period in which the free airtime minutes may be used, e.g. free airtime minutes should be used within 3 days. 
     According to yet a further example embodiment, the purchase request received from the user of the mobile phone may be for the purchase of airtime. It will be appreciated that the “merchant” in this instance will be the mobile service provider. The purchase request is similar to the purchase requests described above. The user typically sends an SMS message, as shown in  FIG. 2F , to the mobile service provider, the message being: “MINUTES 40”, which translates into a purchase request for 40 airtime minutes. The access module  18  identifies the purchase request and provides the user free access to the communication network to make the request. Should the user not have a financial account with the mobile service provider, but only with the payment service provider, the API  36  of the mobile service provider routes the purchase request to the payment service provider. The financial account module  44  of the payment service provider now provides the user mobile account module  44  and the top-up module  32  of the mobile service provider with details on the purchase request. According to the request, the top-up module  32  credits the user mobile airtime account with 40 airtime minutes and the user mobile account module to debits the account of the mobile service provider with the relevant amount. This amount may be divided into a standard service fee for facilitating the request, with the remainder of the amount being for the minutes purchased. The account module  44  of the payment service provider also debits the financial account of the user with the value of 40 airtime minutes, which at a rate of $0.80 per minute would be $32.00. 
     Alternatively, should the user require airtime minutes to the value of $40, the user may send an SMS message “MINUTES $40”, shown in  FIG. 2G , to the mobile service provider. At a rate of $0.80 per minute, the user airtime account is credited with 50 airtime minutes. 
     The top-up feature is particularly useful in combination with the mobile user for purchase requests without any airtime minutes, as a user may be in a situation where the user needs to make an urgent telephone call. As the purchase request (and airtime to make the purchase request) is not charged to the user, the user is now in a position to purchase airtime anywhere at any time. 
     This top-up feature may be extended to a situation where a call is in progress. Should the airtime minutes of a user be close to depletion while a call is in progress, the call can be interrupted by the IVR system (which received instructions from the top-up module) prior to the depletion of the last airtime minute, with the IVR system warning the user with a message such as “You have 30 seconds remaining.” The call may also be put on hold at the expiry of the airtime. The system may prompt the user to either enter a particular number or user&#39;s authorization information to instantly purchase further airtime minutes. For example, the IVR system may prompt the user with a message such as “Airtime has run out, press # and enter to instantly purchase an extra 5 minutes of airtime”. Alternatively, the message may be “Airtime has run out, enter your PIN and press enter to instantly purchase an extra 5 minutes of airtime.” As before, once the purchase request has been facilitated, a confirmation SMS is sent to the user, e.g. “Thank you, you have purchased 5 airtime minutes @ $4.00.” 
     Turning to  FIG. 3 , a block diagram illustrating the data architecture of information stored in memory according to the example embodiments of the invention is shown. The memory or data storage means is typically a mobile service provider database  52  and a payment service provider database  54 . 
     As mentioned before, the mobile service provider database stores user data  56 , including the name, address and other details of a user&#39;s mobile communication devices registered with the mobile service provider. The mobile service provider database  52  also stores mobile communication device data  58 , which includes a unique identification number such as the IMSI number of the mobile communication device for each communication device. This unique number is linked to the user&#39;s user data. The mobile communication device data also includes authorization information such as a PIN or a password, which is used by the user of a mobile communication device to authorize the purchase request and to provide a more secure transaction. The mobile service provider database  52  further stores user airtime account data  60  which includes a record of the balance of airtime available to the user. This record is updated whenever airtime minutes are used or purchased. 
     The payment service provider database  54  also stores user data  56  and communication device data  58  similar to that described above. This database  54  further stores financial account data  62  relating to each user registered with the payment service provider. The data includes the account details, e.g., name of the account, type of account, financial institution where the account is held, as well as the account balance and credit limit (if applicable) of the account. 
     Other data stored in the payment service provider database is merchant data  64 , including the merchant name, account details and merchandise information relating to the merchandise which a user can purchase through a purchase request. Such merchandise information may be linked to the IVR system of the mobile service provider system  16 , thereby allowing the user to listen to a list of menu items with related merchandise when making a purchase request. 
     The data service provider database may also store the name and account details of a number of mobile service providers  66 , to allow the payment service provider system  40  to make payments into the accounts of such mobile service providers. 
     A flow diagram of a simplified example method is shown in  FIG. 4 . In operation  68 , data associated with a mobile communication device user is received and stored, the data identifying at least one financial account of the user. A user mobile airtime account is allocated to a user in operation  70 , with the airtime account managing the airtime availability of the user. In operation  72 , a purchase request is received from the user via a mobile communication device  10 , wherein the purchase request is for a purchase from a merchant for a purchase amount. The user is now provided with access to the communication network to make the purchase request without debiting the financial account of the user or the user mobile airtime account for the access to the communication network, as shown in operation  74 . In one embodiment, this access is provided by not debiting an account associated with the user for the access for a user-initiated call. In another embodiment, upon receiving a cell phone short code identifying a product or service, a callback to the cell phone of the user may be initiated so that the user does not pay for the call. 
     The purchase request is provided to the merchant for further processing in operation  76 . In operations  78  and  80  respectively, the at least one financial account of the user is automatically debited with the purchase amount, a service fee which is associated with the purchase amount is automatically allocated to the mobile service provider and an account of the mobile service provider is debited with the service fee. As shown in operation  82 , an account of the merchant is automatically credited with at least a portion of a remainder of the purchase amount. 
       FIG. 5  shows a flow diagram of a more detailed example embodiment of the present invention. The operations of this method are similar to the method described according to  FIG. 4 . However, this method includes an operation  90  which prompts the user of the mobile communication device  10  for authorization information, such as a PIN, after the purchase request has been received in operation  88 . In the event where the correct authorization information is received from the user, the processing of the purchase request proceeds. Should the authorization information be incorrect, the processing of the purchase request will abort. This method further includes the provision of free airtime minutes to a user&#39;s user mobile account on the receipt of a purchase request, as indicated in operation  94 . Lastly, in the event that the user&#39;s airtime minutes are nearing depletion, a warning is provided to the user in operation  104  prior to the depletion of the user&#39;s airtime minutes. 
       FIG. 6  shows a diagrammatic representation of machine in the exemplary form of a computer system  300  within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The exemplary computer system  300  includes a processor  302  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), a main memory  304  and a static memory  306 , which communicate with each other via a bus  308 . The computer system  300  may further include a video display unit  310  (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system  300  also includes an alphanumeric input device  312  (e.g., a keyboard), a user interface (UI) navigation device  314  (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit  316 , a signal generation device  318  (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device  320 . 
     The disk drive unit  316  includes a machine-readable medium  322  on which is stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures (e.g., software  324 ) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The software  324  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  304  and/or within the processor  302  during execution thereof by the computer system  300 , the main memory  304  and the processor  302  also constituting machine-readable media. 
     The software  324  may further be transmitted or received over a network  326  via the network interface device  320  utilizing any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). 
     While the machine-readable medium  322  is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present invention, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with such a set of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media, and carrier wave signals. Although an embodiment of the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.